,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts pr9t$ 9 italics & 9 bold face h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores & equal signs respectively2 small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 text repres5ts sup]script *>act]s4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes & an explanation ( ! transcription ( ! 8g5ealogical *>ts0 may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,tool ,,build]s ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,,maudslay ,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,tool ,,build]s ,,by ,,joseph ,,wickham ,,roe ,museum ( ! ,peaceful ,arts1 ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,pr(essor ( ,indu/rial ,eng9e]+1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity ,,fir/ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 #aiaf ,,repr9t$ ,,9 #aibf ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,new ,,york3 #cgj ,,sev5? ,,av5ue ,,london3 #f #h ,,b\v]ie ,,/41 ,e4 ,c4 #d #aibf ,,copyright1 #aiaf ,,by ,,joseph ,,wickham ,,roe ,fir/ publi%$ ,may1 #aiaf ,republi%$ ,m>*1 #aibf 8,man is a ,tool-us+ ,animal4 ,weak 9 himself1 & ( small /ature1 he /&s on a basis1 at mo/ = ! flatte/-sol$1 ( "s half-squ>e foot1 insecurely en\gh2 has to /raddle out 8 legs1 le/ ! v w9d supplant him4 ,feeble/ ( bip$s6 ,?ree qu9tals are a cru%+ load = him2 ! /e] ( ! mead[ tosses him al(t1 l a wa/e rag4 ,nev]!less he c use ,tools1 c devise ,tools3 ) ^! ! granite m\nta9 melts into light du/ be=e him2 seas are 8 smoo? highway1 w9ds & fire 8 unwe>y+ /e$s4 ,n[h]e d y f9d him )\t ,tools2 )\t ,tools he is no?+1 ) ,tools he is all40 ,,c>lyle3 8,s>tor ,res>tus10 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,preface ,! purpose ( ?is book is to br+ out ! importance ( ! "w & influ5ce ( ! great tool build]s4 ,few realize t _! art is fundam5tal to all mod]n indu/rial arts4 ,)\t ma*9e tools mod]n ma*9]y c\ld n be built4 ,little is kn[n by ! g5]al public z to :o ! great tool build]s 71 & less is kn[n ( _! lives & "w4 ,hi/ory takes good c>e ( soldi]s1 /atesm5 & au?ors4 ,x is ev5 k9d to eng9e]s l ,watt1 ,fulton & ,/eph5son1 :o h conspicu\sly & directly affect$ society at l>ge4 ,b little is kn[n1 ev5 among me*anics1 ( ! m5 ^: "w 0 ma9ly )9 ! eng9e]+ pr(ession1 & :o s]v$ o!r eng9e]s r ?an ! g5]al public4 ,! lives & ! p]sonalities ( m5 l ,maudslay1 ,nasmy? & ,eli ,:itney1 c h>dly fail ( int]e/ to ! me*anic ( today4 ,!y 7 busy m5 & mode/1 ^: records are ma9ly 9 iron & /eel1 & 9 me*anical devices :i* are us$ daily ) little ?\ght ( _! orig94 ,9 foll[+ ! hi/ory ( ,engli% & ,am]ican tool build]s1 ! qu]y arises z to :e!r !re might n h be5 important contributions to tool build+ f o!r c\ntries4 ,o!rs h contribut$ to "s degree1 b practically all ( ! creative "w 9 tool build+ has be5 done 9 ^! two c\ntries4 ,al?\gh ! ,fr5* 7 pione]s 9 _m me*anical improvem5ts1 !y h always %[n an aptitude = ref9em5ts & +5i\s novelties r ?an = comm]cial production on a l>ge scale4 ,!y h influ5c$ o!r nations m ?r\gh _! ideas ?an ?r\gh _! ma*9]y4 ,! ,swiss are clev] artisans1 p>ticul>ly 9 f9e "w1 b !y h excell$ 9 p]sonal skill1 op]at+ on a small scale1 r ?an 9 manufactur+4 ,g]many has1 "u ! ,empire1 develop$ spl5did me*anics1 b ! pr9cipal ma*9e tools _h tak5 %ape be=e #ahgj1 :5 ! ,empire began4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engli% & ,am]ican tool build+1 !re=e1 cov]s sub/antially ! entire hi/ory ( ! art4 ,almo/ ! only book ^u tool build]s & _! "w is ,samuel ,smiles' 8,indu/rial ,biography10 :i* is out ( pr9t & little kn[n4 ,x is an admirable & int]e/+ book1 & a m9e ( in=mation ^u ! ,engli% tool build]s d[n to ab\t #ahej4 ,! writ] has us$ x freely & w\ld urge ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject to g to x = fur!r in=mation on ! e>ly me*anics4 ,x 0 writt51 h[ev]1 ov] fifty ye>s ago & conta9s no?+ ab\t mod]n developm5ts or ab\t ! ,am]ican tool build]s :o h contribut$ s mu*4 ,! writ] has tri$ to trace ! orig9 & rise ( tool build+ 9 ,am]ica & to give some?+ ( its spread 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! indu/rial life ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s va/ t a compreh5sive hi/ory ( ev5 a s+le indu/ry1 su* z tool build+1 w\ld run f> beyond ! limits ( "o volume4 ,?is book1 !re=e1 is conf9$ to ! ma9 l9es ( influ5ce 9 tool build+ & to ! p]sonalities & cities :i* h be5 mo/ closely id5tifi$ ) x4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ,am]ican tool build+ has nev] be5 writt54 ,= ?is ! writ] has _h to rely l>gely ^u p]sonal in=mation f ^? :o are famili> ) x1 & :o h _h a "p 9 x4 ,"p ( ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ?is book has appe>$ f "t to "t 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 & ! writ] w\ld ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness mo/ ( all to ,mr4 ,l4 ,p4 ,al=d1 ! editor ( t j\rnal4 ,8 help & c\nsel h giv5 ^! pages mu* ( su* value z !y possess4 ,s _m h help$ ) in=mation1 corrections & sugge/ions t ackn[l$gm5ts c be made only to a few4 ,! writ] w\ld p>ticul>ly ?ank ,mr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,burl+ame1 ,mr4 ,n$ ,lawr5ce1 ,mr4 ,james ,h>tness1 ,mr4 ,coleman ,sell]s & ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,bem5t4 ,if ^! pages s]ve to /imulate int]e/ 9 ! lives & "w ( ! tool build]s1 to :om we owe mu*1 !y w fulfill ! hope ( ! writ]4 ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,octob]1 #aiae4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,9 repr9t+ ?is book c]ta9 m9or corrections h be5 made4 ,9 ! lat] *apt]s ref]5ces occur "h & !re to ! 8pres5t0 condition ( v>i\s plants & firms4 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation1 x seems wise to let ^! /atem5ts /& z !y 7 writt5 9 #aiae4 ,int]e/ 9 ?is subject c5t]s *iefly on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! plants & firms r ?an on rec5t *anges4 ,to revise ! /atem5ts1 br++ !m up to date1 w\ld add little4 ,) ! ev] %ift+ /atus ( a live indu/ry1 ! /atem5ts1 s revis$1 w\ld rema9 correct = only a %ort "t4 ,!re=e1 :5 a ref]5ce is made to pres5t conditions x %\ld be und]/ood to cov] ^? at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,_w ,w>1 :i* is a natural divid+ po9t 9 our indu/rial hi/ory4 ,! g5]al pr$ictions made 9 ! la/ two p>agraphs ( ! book h be5 borne out by ! developm5ts 9 ,am]ican toolbuild+ s9ce t "t4 ,museum ( ! ,peaceful ,arts1 ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,febru>y1 #aibf4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,*apt] ,i4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,e>ly ,tool ,build]s #a ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,wilk9son & ,bramah #aa ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,b5?am & ,brunel #bb ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,h5ry ,maudslay #cc ,*apt] ,v4 ,inv5tors ( ! ,plan] #ej ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ge>+ & ,millwork #fc ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,fairbairn & ,bodm] #ga ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,james ,nasmy? #ha ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,:itwor? #ih ,*apt] ,x4 ,e>ly ,am]ican ,me*anics #aji ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,rise ( ,int]*angeable ,manufacture #abh ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,:itney & ,nor? #ade ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,colt ,armory #afd ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,colt ,workman--,pratt ,:itney #agc ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce #ahf ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,company #bjb ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,c5tral ,new ,engl& #baf ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! ,naugatuck ,valley #bca ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,philadelphia #bci ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,we/]n ,tool ,build]s #bfa ,app5dix ,a #bha ,app5dix ,b1 ,! ,j5n+s ,gun #bib ,a ,p>tial ,bibliography on ,tool ,build+ #bie ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,h5ry ,maudslay ,frontispiece ,fig4 #a4 ,smeaton's ,bor+ ,ma*9e1 ,c>ron ,iron ,works1 #agfi ,fac+ page #b ,fig4 #b4 ,fr5* ,la!s ( ab\t #aggb ,fac+ page #b ,fig4 #c4 ,fr5* ,slide-,re/1 #aggb ,fac+ page #f ,fig4 #d4 ,fr5* ,la! = ,turn+ ,ovals1 #aggb ,fac+ page #f ,fig4 #e4 ,g5ealogy ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,tool ,build]s page #g ,fig4 #f4 ,john ,wilk9son ,fac+ page #ad ,fig4 #g4 ,wilk9son's ,bor+ ,ma*9e ,fac+ page #ad ,fig4 #h4 ,em95t ,m5 ( ,sci5ce ,liv+ 9 #ahjg-h ,fac+ page #bj ,fig4 #i4 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am ,fac+ page #bb ,fig4 #aj4 ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel ,fac+ page #bf ,fig4 #aa4 ,brunel's ,mortis+ ,ma*9e ,fac+ page #cj ,fig4 #ab4 ,brunel's ,%ap+ ,ma*9e ,fac+ page #cj ,fig4 #ac4 ,fr5* ,screw-,cutt+ ,la!1 ,previ\s to #aefi page #cg ,fig4 #ad4 ,fr5* ,screw-,cutt+ ,la!1 ab\t #agdj page #cg ,fig4 #ae4 ,maudslay's ,screw-,cutt+ ,la!1 ab\t #agig ,fac+ page #db ,fig4 #af4 ,maudslay's ,screw-,cutt+ ,la!1 ab\t #ahjj ,fac+ page #db ,fig4 #ag4 ,fr5* ,plan+ ,ma*9e by ,ni*olas ,=q1 #agea ,fac+ page #ej ,fig4 #ah4 ,mat!w ,murray ,fac+ page #eh ,fig4 #ai4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts ,fac+ page #eh ,fig4 #bj4 ,rob]ts' ,plan]1 ,built 9 #ahag ,fac+ page #fj ,fig4 #ba4 ,rob]ts' ,back-,ge>$ ,la! ,fac+ page #fj ,fig4 #bb4 ,james ,nasmy? ,fac+ page #hb ,fig4 #bc4 ,fir/ ,sket* ( ! ,/eam ,hamm]1 ,novemb] #bd1 #ahci ,fac+ page #id ,fig4 #bd4 ,model ( ! ,fir/ ,/eam ,hamm] ,fac+ page #id ,fig4 #be4 ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? ,fac+ page #ajb ,fig4 #bf4 ,samuel ,slat] ,fac+ page #abb ,fig4 #bg4 ,g5ealogy ( ! ,new ,engl& ,gun ,mak]s page #aci ,fig4 #bh4 ,! ,fir/ ,mill+ ,ma*9e1 ,built by ,eli ,:itney ab\t #ahah ,fac+ page #adb ,fig4 #bi4 ,blan*>d 8,gun-,/ock+0 ,la!1 ,built 9 #ahah = ! ,spr+field ,armory ,fac+ page #adb ,fig4 #cj4 ,eli ,:itney ,fac+ page #aeb ,fig4 #ca4 ,samuel ,colt ,fac+ page #afd ,fig4 #cb4 ,! ,colt ,armory ,fac+ page #afh ,fig4 #cc4 ,root's ,*uck+ ,la!1 ab\t #ahee ,fac+ page #agj ,fig4 #cd4 ,root's ,spl9+ ,ma*9e1 ab\t #ahee ,fac+ page #agj ,fig4 #ce4 ,francis ,a4 ,pratt ,fac+ page #agh ,fig4 #cf4 ,amos ,:itney ,fac+ page #agh ,fig4 #cg4 ,g5ealogy ( ! ,robb9s ,lawr5ce ,%op page #ahg ,fig4 #ch4 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce ,armory1 ,w9dsor1 ,vt4 ,fac+ page #aij ,fig4 #ci4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,h[e ,fac+ page #aif ,fig4 #dj4 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,lawr5ce ,fac+ page #aif ,fig4 #da4 ,james ,h>tness ,fac+ page #aih ,fig4 #db4 ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n ,fac+ page #bjb ,fig4 #dc4 ,fir/ ,univ]sal ,mill+ ,ma*9e1 #ahfb ,fac+ page #bjh ,fig4 #dd4 ,e>ly ,micromet] ,calip]s ,fac+ page #bab ,fig4 #de4 ,g5ealogy ( ! ,worce/] ,tool ,build]s page #bbc ,fig4 #df4 ,lucius ,w4 ,pond ,fac+ page #bbh ,fig4 #dg4 ,salmon ,w4 ,putnam ,fac+ page #bbh ,fig4 #dh4 ,hiram ,w4 ,hayd5 ,fac+ page #bcb ,fig4 #di4 ,israel ,holmes ,fac+ page #bcb ,fig4 #ej4 ,g5ealogy ( ! ,naugatuck ,brass ,indu/ry page #bce ,fig4 #ea4 ,william ,sell]s ,fac+ page #bdh ,fig4 #eb4 ,coleman ,sell]s ,fac+ page #beb ,fig4 #ec4 ,william ,b4 ,bem5t ,fac+ page #beb ,fig4 #ed4 ,worce/] ,r4 ,w>n] ,fac+ page #bfb ,fig4 #ee4 ,ambrose ,swasey ,fac+ page #bfb ,fig4 #ef4 ,! 8,mult-au-matic0 ,la!1 #aiad ,fac+ page #bgf ,fig4 #eg4 ,ma*9e ,tool ,build+ ,area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiae page #bgi ,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,tool ,,build]s ,,*apt] ,i ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,tool ,,build]s ,well-in=m$ p]sons are aw>e ( ! "p :i* ma*9]y 9 g5]al has _h on mod]n indu/rial life4 ,b ! pr(\nd influ5ce :i* ma*9e tools h _h 9 t developm5t is sc>cely realiz$1 ev5 by tool build]s !mselves4 ,?ree elem5ts came into indu/rial life dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,fir/1 ! developm5t ( mod]n bank+ & ! /ock company br\ght out ! small private ho>ds f _! hid+ places1 unit$ !m1 & made !m available = indu/rial und]tak+s op]at+ on ! scale call$ = by mod]n requirem5ts4 ,second1 ,watt's developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e & its application to ! production ( cont9u\s rotative motion gave ! requisite s\rce ( p[]4 ,b nei!r ! /eam eng9e itself nor ! ma*9]y ( production 0 possible until ! ?ird elem5t1 mod]n ma*9e tools1 suppli$ ! means ( work+ metals accurately & economically4 ,x is well to glance = a mom5t at ! problems :i* 7 involv$ 9 build+ ! fir/ /eam eng9e4 ,watt _h be5 work+ = sev]al ye>s on ! /eam eng9e :5 ! idea ( ! sep>ate cond5s] came to him on t fam\s ,sunday aft]noon walk on ! ,glasg[ ,gre51 9 ! spr+ ( #agfe1 &1 to use 8 own words1 89 ! c\rse ( "o or two days ! inv5tion 0 ?us f> 7t is1 z a pump+ eng9e7 complete 9 my m9d40#a ,he 0 a skill$ in/rum5t mak] & 8 fir/ small model 0 fairly successful1 b :5 he und]took 8! practice ( me*anics 9 great10 8 skill & all ! skill ( ^? ab\t him 0 incapable ( bor+ satisfactorily a cyl9d] #f in*es 9 diamet] & #b feet long2 & he _h f9ally to resort to "o :i* 0 hamm]$4 ,= t5 we>y ye>s he /ruggl$ to realize 8 plans 9 a full-siz$ eng9e1 unable to f9d ei!r ! workm5 or ! tools :i* c\ld make x a comm]cial success4 ,8 *ief difficulty lay 9 keep+ ! pi/on tight4 ,he 8wrapp$ x ar\nd ) cork1 oil$ rags1 t[1 old hats1 pap]1 & o!r ?+s1 b /ill !re 7 op5 spaces left1 suffici5t to let ! air 9 & ! /eam out40#b ,small wond]6 = we f9d him compla9+ t 9 an #ah-;in* diamet] cyl9d]1 8at ! wor/ place ! long diamet] exce$$ ! %ort by ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*40 ,:5 ,smeaton fir/ saw ! eng9e he report$ to ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s t 8nei!r ! tools nor ! workm5 exi/$ t c\ld manufacture s complex a ma*9e ) suffici5t precision40#c #a ,smiles3 8,b\lton ,watt10 pp4 #ig1 #ih4 ,london1 #aijd4 #b ,ibid41 p4 #aad4 #c ,ibid41 p4 #ahf4 ,smeaton himself _h design$ a bor+ ma*9e 9 #agfi = ! ,c>ron ,iron ,works = ma*9+ cannon1 an illu/ration ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #a4d ,x consi/$ ( a head ) ins]t$ cutt]s m\nt$ on a long1 light1 ov]hung bor+ b>4 ,! "w 0 =c$ =w>d on a rude c>riage1 z %[n4 ,! me?od ( support+ ! cutt] head1 indicat$ 9 ! section1 %[s an +5i\s attempt to obta9 a movable support f an inaccurate surface4 ,"o ne$ h>dly say t ! "w result+ 0 inaccurate4 #d 8,eng9e]10 ,london1 ,m>* #d1 #aiaj2 p4 #bag4 ,drawn f ! description giv5 9 ,f>ey's 8,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,,smeaton',s ,,bor+ ,,ma*9e ,,c>ron ,,iron ,,works1 #agfi ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4 ,,fr5* ,,la!s ,,( ,,ab\t #aggb ,=tunately1 9 #aggd1 ,john ,wilk9son1 ( ,b]%am1 hit ^u ! idea1 :i* _h escap$ bo? ,smeaton & ,watt1 ( mak+ ! bor+ b> heavi]1 runn+ x cle> ?r\gh ! cyl9d] & giv+ x a fix$ support at ! outbo>d end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! sup]iority ( ?is arrangem5t 0 at once manife/1 & 9 #aggf ,b\lton wrote t 8,mr4 ,wilk9son has bor$ u sev]al cyl9d]s almo/ )\t error2 t ( #ej in*es diamet]1 :i* we h put up at ,tipton1 does n err ! ?ickness ( an old %ill+ 9 any "p40#e ,= a numb] ( ye>s1 ,wilk9son ca/ & bor$ all ! cyl9d]s = ,b\lton ,watt4 #e ,f>ey3 8,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e10 p4 #cbh4 #ahbg4 ,! importance to ,b\lton ,watt ( ! timely aid ( ,wilk9son's bor+ ma*9e c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,x made ! /eam eng9e a comm]cial success1 & 0 probably ! fir/ metal-work+ tool capable ( do+ l>ge1 heavy "w ) any?+ l pres5t-day accuracy4#f #f ,watt's beautiful p>allel motion1 inv5t$ 9 #aghe1 0 made necess>y by ! fact t !re 7 no plan]s to ma*9e a cros%ead & guides4 ,plan]s 7 n develop$ until ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,we h>dly realize ! crudity ( ! tools available 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 all ma*9]y ! pr9cipal memb]s 7 ( wood1 z t c\ld be work$ by ! h& tools !n 9 use4 ,! fa/5+s & small] p>ts only 7 ( metal1 & consi/$ ( ca/+s & =g+s fitt$ by h&4 ,!re 7 "s la!s ( ! v simple/ type4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 8pole0 la!s1 op]at$ by a cord rea*+ f a foot treadle1 ar\nd ! "w itself1 & up to a pole or wood5 spr+ atta*$ to ! ceil+4 ,! "w rotat$ alt]nately =w>d & backw>d1 & 0 caught ) a h& tool ea* "t z x came =w>d4 ,two are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 "o at ! back & "o at ! left4 ,only ! v be/ =ms _h cont9u\s motion f a direct drive on ! live sp9dle1 z %[n at ! "r ( ! same figure4 ,?is figure is reproduc$ f ! ,fr5* ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces1 publi%$ 9 #aggb4 ,su* la!s 7 almo/ useless = metal cutt+1 z !y lack$ bo? ! necess>y p[] & a hold+ device /rong en\gh & accurate en\gh to guide a tool4 ,! slide-re/1 :ile x _h be5 inv5t$1 _h n be5 put into practical =m or come into g5]al use4 ,!re 7 a few rude drill+ & bor+ ma*9es1 b no plan+ ma*9es1 ei!r = metal or wood4 ,! tool equipm5t ( ! ma*9i/1 or 8millwright10 z he 0 call$1 consi/$ *iefly ( a hamm]1 *isel & file4 ,! only measur+ devices 7 calip]s & a wood5 rule1 ) occasional ref]5ce p]haps to 8! ?ickness ( an old %ill+10 z above4 ,h& =g+ 0 probably z good z or bett] ?an t ( today4 ,f\ndry "w _h come up to at lea/ ! ne$s ( ! "t4 ,b ! appliances = cutt+ metal 7 little bett] ?an ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,su* 0 ! me*anical equipm5t 9 #agge2 practically :at x _h be5 = g5]ations4 ,by #ahej x 0 sub/antially t ( today4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( ?is *ange came 9 "o g5]ation1 f ab\t #ahjj to #ahdj4 ,s9ce t "t !re h be5 _m improvem5ts & ref9em5ts1 b ! g5]al pr9ciples rema9 little *ang$4 ,) s wond]ful a trans=mation 9 s %ort a "t1 sev]al que/ions arise almo/ inevitably3 ,:]e did ?is developm5t take place1 :o br\ght x ab\t1 & :y 0 x s rapid8 ,! fir/ "q is fairly simple4 ,engl& & ,am]ica produc$ ! mod]n ma*9e tool4 ,9 ! p]iod m5tion$1 ,engl& develop$ mo/ ( ! g5]al ma*9e tools ( ! pres5t day2 ! bor+ ma*9e1 eng9e la!1 plan]1 %ap]1 ! /eam hamm] & /&>d taps & dies4 ,some:at lat]1 b p>tially co9cid5t ) ?is1 ,am]ica develop$ ! special ma*9e tool1 ! drop hamm]1 automatic la!s1 ! widespread comm]cial use ( limit gauges1 & ! int]*angeable sy/em ( manufacture4 ,9 a g5]alization su* z ?is1 ! broad l9es ( influ5ce mu/ be giv5 ! *ief consid]ation4 ,"s ( ! mo/ valuable g5]al tools1 su* z ! univ]sal mill] & ! gr9d]1 & p>ts ( ! /&>d tools1 z ! apron 9 ! la!1 are ( ,am]ican orig94 ,b1 ) all all[ances1 mo/ ( ! g5]al ma*9e tools 7 develop$ 9 ,engl& & spread f !re ?r\gh\t ! _w ei!r by utilization ( _! design or by actual sale4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]*angeable sy/em ( manufacture1 9 a well-develop$ =m1 0 9 op]ation 9 ,engl& 9 ! manufacture ( %ips' blocks at ,portsm\? %ortly aft] #ahjj2 & yet ?is block-mak+ ma*9]y _h be5 runn+ = two g5]ations ) little or no influ5ce on ! g5]al manufactur+ ( ! c\ntry1 :5 ,engl&1 9 #ahee1 import$ f ,am]ica ! ,enfield gun ma*9]y & adopt$ :at !y !mselves /yl$ ! 8,am]ican0 int]*angeable sy/em ( gun mak+4#g #g ,see page #aci4 ,! second "q z to :o br\ght ?is *ange ab\t is n s simple4 ,x is n easy to assign ! cr$it ( an inv5tion4 ,m]e priority ( sugge/ion or ev5 ( exp]im5t seems h>dly suffici5t4 ,ne>ly e great improvem5t has be5 inv5t$ indep5d5tly by a numb] ( m51 sometimes almo/ simultane\sly1 b (t5 9 widely sep>at$ times & places4 ,( ^!1 ! man :o made x a success is usually f\nd to h unit$ to ! elem5t ( inv5tion a sup]ior me*anical skill4 ,he is ! "o :o fir/ embodi$ ! inv5tion 9 su* proportions & me*anical design z to make x comm]cially available1 & f him its p]man5t influ5ce spreads4 ,! *ief cr$it is due to him because he impress$ x on ! _w4 ,"s examples may illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 ! fifte5? c5tury anticipat$ _m ( ! mod]n tools4#h ,8 sket*es are fasc9at+ & %[ a wond]ful & f]tile +5uity1 b1 :ile we wond]1 we smile at _! proportions4 ,_h n a lat] g5]ation ( me*anics aris5 to re-inv5t & re-design ^! tools1 me*anical eng9e]+ w\ld /ill be z unkn[n z :5 he di$4 #h ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,vol4 #cb1 ,"p #b1 pp4 #hba & #hfh4 ,take ! slide-re/4 ,x is cle>ly %[n 9 ! ,fr5* encyclop$ia ( #aggb1 see ,fig4 #c1 & ev5 9 an edition ( #agag4 ,bramah1 ,b5?am & ,brunel1 9 ,engl&1 & ,sylvanus ,br[n1#i 9 ,am]ica1 are all said to h inv5t$ x4 ,david ,wilk9son1 ( ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i41 0 grant$ a pat5t = x 9 #agih4aj ,b ! inv5tion has be51 & w always be1 cr$it$ to ,h5ry ,maudslay1 ( ,london4 ,x is "r t x %\ld be1 = he fir/ design$ & built x prop]ly1 develop$ its possibilities1 & made x g5]ally useful4 ,! mod]n slide-re/ is a l9eal desc5dant f 84 #i ,goodri*3 8,hi/ory ( ,pawtucket10 pp4 #dg-dh4 ,pawtucket1 #ahgf4 #aj ,ibid41 p4 #ea4 ,blan*>d 0 by no means ! fir/ to turn irregul> =ms on a la!4 ,! old ,fr5* rose eng9e la!1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 embodi$ ! idea1 b ,blan*>d accompli%$ x 9 a way m me*anical1 ( a f> wid] range ( usefulness1 & 8 ma*9e is 9 g5]al use to ?is day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4 ,,fr5* ,,slide-,,re/1 #aggb ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4 ,,fr5* ,,la! ,,= ,,turn+ ,,ovals1 #aggb ,! sp9dle sw+s sidewise "u ! influ5ce ( ! two cams :i* be> aga9/ ! upright /ops ,illu/ration3 ------------------------ ----------- ------------- ,,joseph ,,bramah ,sir ,,samuel ,sir ,,m>c ,i4 #agdh-ahad ,,b5?am ,,brunel #ageg-ahca #agfi-ahdi ,inv5t$ ,lock1 ,hydraulic ---------- ------------ press1 #d-way cock1 & wood work+ ma*9]y4 #dd ,,new ,,ma*9es1 ---------------------- ,,block ,m',,*ry-#ahjj-jh ------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,,h5ry ,,maudslay #agga-ahca ,slide re/ = metal "w1 ,block ma*9]y1 ,fl\r1 ,sawmill & ,m9t ma*'ry1 ,pun*es1 ,mill & ,m>9e ,/eam ,eng9es1 ,f9e screw cutt+4 ,laid basis = ,la!1 ,plan] & ,slott] --------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,joseph ,,clem5t #aggi-ahdd ,slide ,la!1 ,plan] #ahbj & #ahbd ,manufactur$ ,taps & ,dies ,/&>d ,screw ,?reads -------------------------- _/ _/ ------- -------- -------- -------------- --------- ,,matt4 ,,james ,,ri*',d4 ,,joseph ,,james ,,murray ,,fox ,,rob]ts ,,:itwor? ,,nasmy? #ahjc-hg #ahjh-ij ,eng9es ,index ,v]satile ,/d4 ,screw ,index ,d-,valve ,cutt+ ,inv5tor1 ,?reads ,mill+ ,plan] ( ,ge>s ,plan] ,=emo/ tool ,%ap] ,la!s1 build] ( ! ,/eam ,plan] #ai? ,c5tury ,hamm] ------- -------- --------- --------------- --------- ,,am4 ,,ma*9i/ ,,figure #e4 ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,tool ,,build]s ,to ! ?ird "q z to :y ?is developm5t :5 once begun %\ld h be5 s rapid1 !re are probably two answ]s4 ,fir/1 an entirely new dem& = accurate tools arose dur+ ^! ye>s1 spr++ f ! inv5tions ( ,arkwright1 ,:itney1 ,watt1 ,fulton1 ,/eph5son & o!rs4 ,! textile indu/ries1 ! /eam eng9e1 railways1 & ! scores ( indu/ries !y call$ into be+1 all call$ = bett] & /rong] means ( production4 ,:ile ! rapidity ( ! developm5t 0 due p>tly to ! pressure ( ?is dem&1 a second elem5t1 t ( cumulative exp]i5ce1 0 pres5t1 & c be cle>ly trac$4 ,wilk9son 0 some:at ( an exception1 z he 0 prim>ily an iron ma/] & n a tool build]1 s 8 relation%ip to o!r tool build]s is n s direct or cle>4 ,b ! connection betwe5 ,bramah1 ,maudslay1 ,clem5t1 ,:itwor? & ,nasmy?1 is %[n 9 ! 8g5ealogical0 table 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,bramah _h a %op 9 ,london :]e1 = _m ye>s1 he manufactur$ locks & built hydraulic ma*9]y & woodwork+ tools4 ,maudslay1 probably ! f9e/ me*anician ( 8 day1 w5t to "w = ,bramah :5 only eighte5 ye>s old & became 8 =eman 9 less ?an a ye>4 ,he left aft] a few ye>s & />t$ 9 = himself1 lat] tak+ ,field into p>tn]%ip1 & ,maudslay ,field's became "o ( ! mo/ fam\s %ops 9 ! _w4 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 :o 0 inspector g5]al ( ! ,briti% navy1 began ! design ( a set ( ma*9es = manufactur+ pulley blocks at ! ,portsm\? navy y>d4 ,he soon met ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel1 a brilliant "y ,royali/ (fic]1 :o _h be5 driv5 out ( ,france dur+ ! ,revolution1 & _h />t$ work+ on block ma*9]y ?r\gh a conv]sation held at ,alex&] ,hamilton's d9n] table :ile 9 ,am]ica a few ye>s be=e4 ,b5?am saw ! sup]iority ( ,brunel's plans1 sub/itut$ !m = 8 own1 & commission$ him to g ahead4 ,9 8 se>* = someone to build ! ma*9]y1 ,brunel 0 ref]r$ to ,maudslay1 !n j />t+ 9 = himself4 ,maudslay built ! ma*9es1 =ty-f\r 9 all1 & !y 7 a brilliant success4 ,!re has be5 consid]able controv]sy z to :e!r ,b5?am or ,brunel design$ !m4 ,:ile ,maudslay's skill appe>s 9 ! practical details1 ! g5]al s*eme 0 und\bt$ly ,brunel's4 ,9 a few ( ! ma*9es ,b5?am's designs seem to h be5 us$1 b he 0 able en\gh & g5]\s en\gh to set aside mo/ ( 8 own designs = ! bett] ones ( ,brunel4 ,( ! e>li] tool build]s1 ,maudslay 0 ! greate/4 ,he1 m ?an any o!r1 develop$ ! slide-re/ & he laid ! basis = ! la!1 plan] & slott]4 ,8 p[]ful p]sonality is br\ght out 9 ,nasmy?'s autobiography writt5 _m ye>s lat]4 ,nasmy? 0 a "y boy1 eag]1 ) r>e me*anical skill & "o ambition1 to g to ,london & "w = ! great ,mr4 ,maudslay4 ,he tells ( _! meet+1 ( ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 ! old] man1 & ( 8 be+ tak5 into ,maudslay's p]sonal (fice to "w beside him4 ,x is a pleas+ picture1 ! "y man & ! old] "o1 two ( ! be/ me*anics 9 all ,engl&1 work+ side by side1 equally pr\d ( ea* o!r4 ,joseph ,clem5t came to ,london & work$ = ,bramah z *ief draftsman & z sup]9t5d5t ( 8 works4 ,aft] ,bramah's dea? he w5t to ,maudslay's & lat] w5t into bus9ess = himself4 ,he 0 an exquisite draftsman1 a f]tile inv5tor1 & _h a v important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! screw-cutt+ la! & plan]4 ,joseph ,:itwor?1 ! mo/ influ5tial tool build] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 work$ = ,maudslay & = ,clem5t & took up _! "w at ! po9t :]e !y left (f4 ,"u 8 influ5ce ma*9e tools 7 giv5 a /r5g? & precision :i* !y _h nev] _h be=e4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts 0 ano!r pupil ( ,maudslay's ^: influ5ce1 ?\gh important1 0 n s great z t ( ! o!rs4 ,we h an excell5t example ( :at ?is succession meant4 ,nasmy? tells ( ! beautiful set ( taps & dies :i* ,maudslay made = 8 own use1 & t he /&>diz$ ! screw-?read practice ( 8 own %op4 ,clem5t c>ri$ ?is fur!r4 ,he e/abli%$ a def9ite numb] ( ?reads p] in* = ea* size1 ext5d$ ! /&>dization ( ?reads1 & began ! regul> manufacture ( dies & taps4 ,he flut$ ! taps by means ( mill+ cutt]s & made !m ) small %anks1 s t !y might drop ?r\gh ! tapp$ hole4 ,:itwor?1 tak+ up ,clem5t's "w1 /&>diz$ ! screw ?reads = all ,engl& & br\ght ord] out ( *aos4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( ma*9e tools 9 ! h&s ( ^! m5 w be giv5 lat]4 ,en\gh has be5 said "h to %[ ! cumulative effect ( _! exp]i5ce1 & its "p 9 ! indu/rial advance ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,simil> successions ( ,am]ican me*anics w be %[n lat]4 ,writ+ f ! /&po9t ( fifty ye>s ago1 ,smiles quotes ,sir ,william ,fairbairn3 8#8,! me*anical op]ations ( ! pres5t day c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ at any co/ ?irty ye>s ago2 & :at 0 !n consid]$ impossible is n[ p]=m$ ) an exactitude t nev] fails to accompli% ! end 9 view4' ,= ?is we are ma9ly indebt$ to ! almo/ creative p[] ( mod]n ma*9e tools1 & ! facilities :i* !y pres5t = ! production & reproduction ( o!r ma*9es40#aa #aa ,smiles3 8,indu/rial ,biography10 p4 #cii4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,wilk9son ,,& ,,bramah ,9 ! previ\s *apt] x 0 /at$ t ,john ,wilk9son1 ( ,b]%am1 made ! /eam eng9e comm]cially possible by fir/ bor+ ,watt's cyl9d]s ) ! degree ( accuracy necess>y1 & t 8 bor+ ma*9e 0 probably ! fir/ metal-cutt+ tool capable ( do+ l>ge "w ) any?+ l mod]n accuracy4 ,al?\gh ,wilk9son 0 n prim>ily a tool build] b an iron ma/]1 ?is a*ievem5t alone is suffici5t to make him int]e/+ to ! tool build]s ( today4 ,he 0 born 9 #agbh4 ,8 fa!r made 8 f9ancial />t by manufactur+ a crimp+ iron = iron+ ! fancy ruffles ( ! day4 ,john ,wilk9son fir/ />t$ a bla/ furnace at ,bel/on & lat] jo9$ 8 fa!r 9 an iron works ! latt] _h built at ,b]%am1 ne> ,*e/]4 ,by develop+ a me?od ( smelt+ & puddl+ iron ) coal in/ead ( wood-*>coal1 he obta9$ an imm5se comm]cial advantage ov] 8 rivals & soon became a p[]ful factor 9 ! iron indu/ry4 ,lat]1 he built o!r works1 notably "o at ,broseley1 ne> ,coalbrookdale on ! ,sev]n4 ,"o ( ! important bran*es ( 8 "w 0 ! ca/+ & f9i%+ ( cannon4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ?is t he inv5t$ ! bor+ ma*9e ref]r$ to4 ,he bor$ ! fir/ cyl9d] = ,b\lton ,watt 9 #agge4 ,f>ey1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e10 says3 ,9 ! old me?od1 ! bor] = cutt+ ! metal 0 n guid$ 9 its progress1#ab & !re=e foll[$ ! incorrect =m giv5 to ! cyl9d] 9 ca/+ x2 x 0 sc>cely insur$ t e "p ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be circul>2 & !re 0 no c]ta9ty t ! cyl9d] w\ld be /raight4 ,?is me?od 0 ?\ght suffici5t = old eng9es2 b ,mr4 ,watt's eng9es requir$ great] precision4 #ab ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son's ma*9e1 :i* is n[ ! common bor+-ma*9e1 has a /raight c5tral b> ( great /r5g?1 :i* occupies ! c5tral axis ( ! cyl9d]1 dur+ ! op]ation ( bor+2 & ! bor]1 or cutt+ in/rum5t1 is accurately fitt$ to slide along ?is b>1 :i*1 be+ made p]fectly /raight1 s]ves z a sort ( rul]1 to give a rectil9e> direction to ! bor] 9 its progress1 s z to produce a cyl9d] equally /raight 9 ! l5g?1 & circul> 9 ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is me?od insures all ! accuracy ! subject is capable (2 = if ! cyl9d] is ca/ ev] s crook$1 ! ma*9e w bore x /raight & true1 provid$ !re is metal en\gh to =m ! requir$ cyl9d] by cutt+ away ! sup]fluities4#ac #ac ,f>ey3 8,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e10 p4 #cbf4 #ahbg4 ,wilk9son's relations ) ,b\lton ,watt became v intimate4 ,he %[$ 8 confid5ce 9 ! new eng9e by ord]+ ! fir/ "o built at ,soho to bl[ ! bell[s ( 8 iron works at ,broseley4 ,great int]e/ 0 felt 9 ! success ( ?is eng9e4 ,o!r iron manufactur]s susp5d$ _! build+ op]ations to see :at ! eng9e c\ld d & ,watt himself sup]9t5d$ e detail ( its con/ruction & erection4 ,be=e x 0 f9i%$ ,b\lton wrote to ,watt3 ,pray tell ,mr4 ,wilk9son to get a doz5 cyl9d]s ca/ & bor$ f #ab to #ej in*es 9 diamet]1 & z _m cond5s]s ( suitable sizes2 ! latt] mu/ be s5t "h1 z we w keep !m ready fitt$ up1 & !n an eng9e c be turn$ out ( h& 9 two or ?ree weeks4 ,i h fix$ my m9d ^u mak+ f #ab to #ae reciprocat+1 & #ej rotative eng9es p] annum4#ad #ad ,smiles3 8,b\lton ,watt10 p4 #ahe4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,?is lett] is int]e/+ z %[+ ,b\lton's cle> grasp ( ! pr9ciples ( manufactur+4 ,lat]1 :5 ,b\lton ,watt 7 h>d press$ f9ancially1 ,wilk9son took a consid]able %>e 9 _! bus9ess & :5 ! rotative eng9e 0 develop$ he ord]$ ! fir/ "o4 ,he consequ5tly has ! honor ( be+ ! pur*as] ( ! fir/ reciprocat+ & ! fir/ rot>y eng9e turn$ out by ,watt4 ,lat]1 :5 ,watt 0 educat+ 8 son to take up 8 "w1 he s5t him = a ye> to ,wilk9son's iron works at ,b]%am1 to le>n _! me?ods4 ,fig4 #g1 tak5 f an old encyclop$ia ( manufactur+ & eng9e]+1 %[s ! bor+ ma*9e us$ = bor+ ,watt's /eam cyl9d]s4 ,on two oak5 /r+]s ,,ss1 frames ,,ff 7 m\nt$ :i* c>ri$ a holl[ bor+ b> ,a driv5 f ! end4 ,! cyl9d] to be bor$ 0 clamp$ to saddles1 z %[n4 ,! cutt]s 7 c>ri$ on a head :i* rotat$ ) ! b> & 0 f$ along x by means ( an int]nal fe$-rod & rack4 ,9 ! ma*9e %[n ! fe$+ 0 done by a weight & lev] :i* actuat$ a p9ion ge>+ ) ! rack ,r1 b lat] a positive fe$1 ?r\gh a tra9 ( ge>s op]at$ by ! ma9 bor+-b>1 0 us$4 ,two r\gh+ cuts & a f9i%+ cut 7 us$1 & ! av]age fe$ is giv5 z in* p] revolution4 ,:ile ?is ma*9e may seem crude1 a comp>ison ) ,smeaton's bor+ ma*9e1 ,fig4 #a1 w %[ h[ great an advance x 0 ov] ! be/ :i* prec$$ x4 ,wilk9son 0 a pione] 9 _m l9es4 ,he built & laun*$ ! fir/ iron vessel & 9 a lett] dat$ ,july #ad1 #aghg1 says3 ,ye/]day week my iron boat 0 laun*$4 ,x answ]s all my expectations1 & has conv9c$ ! unbeliev]s :o 7 #iii 9 a ?\s&4 ,x w be only a n9e days wond]1 & !n be l ,columbus's egg4#ae #ae 8,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,te*nik und ,indu/rie10 #c4 ,b&4 ,s4 #bbg4 ,b]l91 #aiaa4 ,9 ano!r lett] writt5 a little ov] a ye> lat]1 he says3 ,!re h be5 laun*$ two ,iron ,vessels 9 my s]vice s9ce ,sept4 #a/3 "o is a canal boat = ?is i4e41 ,birm+ham navigation1 ! o!r a b>ge ( #dj tons = ! ,riv] ,sev]n4 ,! la/ 0 float$ on ,monday & is1 ,i expect1 at ,/\rport ) a load+ ( b> iron4 ,my cl]k at ,broseley advises me t %e swims rem>kably light & exce$s my expectations4#af #af ,ibid41 #c4 ,b&4 ,s4 #bbg4 ,9 #aghh ,william ,sym+ton built & ran a /eam-op]at$ boat on ,dalsw9ton ,lo* 9 ,scotl&1 :i* 0 a small1 light craft ) two hulls1 made ( t9n$ %eet-iron plates4#ag ,x has be5 errone\sly claim$ t ?is 0 ! fir/ iron boat4 ,x 0 at be/ ! second4 ,al?\gh ( no comm]cial importance1 x is ( v great hi/orical int]e/ z x ant$at$ ,fulton's 8,cl]mont0 by _m ye>s4 #ag ,autobiography ( ,james ,nasmy?1 p4 #cj4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,tw5ty-?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #ahaj1 ,onions ,son ( ,broseley built ! next iron boats1 also = use ^u ! ,sev]n4 ,five ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,j]vons ( ,liv]pool built a small iron boat = use on ! ,m]sey4 ,9 #ahba an iron vessel 0 built at ! ,horsley works 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :i* sail$ f ,london to ,havre & w5t up ! ,se9e to ,p>is4#ah ,iron vessels 7 built f "t to "t aft] t1 b x 0 fully tw5ty-five ye>s be=e !y came into g5]al use4 #ah ,smiles3 8,m5 ( ,inv5tion & ,indu/ry10 pp4 #ea-eb4 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4 ,,john ,,wilk9son ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4 ,,wilk9son',s ,,bor+ ,,ma*9e ,,us$ ,,= ,,ma*9+ ,,! ,,cyl9d]s ,,( ,,watt ,,eng9es ,) ,abraham ,d>by1 #c;d1 ,wilk9son has ! honor ( hav+ built1 9 #aggi1 ! fir/ iron bridge1 :i* spann$ ! ,sev]n at ,broseley4 ,?is bridge _h a span ( #ajj feet #f in*es1 & a cle> height ( #dh feet1 & is /&+ today z good z ev]4#ai ,he inv5t$ also ! me?od ( mak+ cont9u\s lead pipe4 #ai ,smiles3 8,indu/rial ,biography10 p4 #aai4 ,bo/on1 #ahfd4 ,also1 ,beitrge1 etc41 #c4 ,b&4 ,s4 #bbf4 ,he 0 a man ( great ability1 /rong & ma/]ful4 ,b\lton wrote ( him to ,watt3 ,i c't say b t ,i admire ,john ,wilk9son = 8 decisive1 cle>1 & di/9ct "*1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 a fir/-rate "o ( its k9d4#bj #bj ,smiles3 8,b\lton ,watt10 p4 #dch4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,!re is a note ( qualification 9 ! la/ clause4 ,) all 8 admirable qualities ,wilk9son 0 n always amiable & he 0 9 con/ant feud ) ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family4 ,he became v weal?y1 b 8 l>ge e/ate 0 dissipat$ 9 a fam\s lawsuit betwe5 8 heirs4 ,=ceful & able z ,wilk9son 01 ano!r man1 ,joseph ,bramah1 liv+ 9 ,london ab\t ! same "t1 _h a mu* m direct influ5ce on tool build+4 ,bramah 0 a ,york%ire f>m]'s boy1 born 9 #agdh1 & lame4#ba ,z he c\ld n "w on ! f>m he le>n$ ! cab9et mak]'s trade1 w5t to ,london1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w :i* took him into ! well-to-d h\ses ab\t t[n1 he made 8 fir/ successful inv5tion--! mod]n wat]-closet4 ,he pat5t$ x 9 #aggh & #aghc1 & x cont9ues to ?is day 9 sub/antially ! same =m4 ,9 #aghd he pat5t$ a lock1 :i* 0 an improvem5t on ,b>ron's1 inv5t$ t5 ye>s be=e1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful ev] inv5t$4 ,= _m ye>s x _h ! reputation ( be+ absolutely unpickable4 ,confid5t ( ?is1 ,bramah plac$ a l>ge padlock on a bo>d 9 8 %op w9d[ 9 ,piccadilly & po/$ b5ea? x ! foll[+ notice3 8,! arti/ :o c make an in/rum5t t w pick or op5 ?is lock %all receive two hundr$ gu9eas ! mom5t x is produc$40 #ba ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,bramah is giv5 9 ,smiles' 8,indu/rial ,biography10 pp4 #bbh-bdd4 ,bo/on1 #ahfd4 ,_m tri$ to op5 x4 ,9 "o attempt made 9 #ahag1 a clev] me*anic nam$ ,russell sp5t a week on x & gave x up 9 despair4 ,9 #ahea ,alfr$ ,c4 ,hobbs1 an ,am]ican1 ma/]$ x & won ! money4 ,he 0 all[$ a mon? 9 :i* to "w & ! ,committee ( ,ref]ees 9 _! report /at$ t he sp5t sixte5 days1 & an actual work+ "t ( fifty-"o h\rs1 9 do+ x4 ,?is gave ,hobbs a great reputation1 :i* he enhanc$ by pick+ e o!r lock well kn[n 9 ,engl& at t "t1 & !n %[+ h[ x 0 done4 ,?is />t$ up ! livelie/ k9d ( a controv]sy & gave ev]yone a *ance to write to ! ,times4 ,!y all began fir/ pick+1 !n te>+ ea* o!r's locks4 ,headl9es ( 8,love 7,hobbs87 ,laughs at ,locksmi?s10 8,equivocator0 & o!r l t]ms appe>$4#bb #bb ,price3 8,fire & ,?ief-pro( ,depositories1 & ,locks & ,keys40 ,x 0 f9ally recogniz$ t any lock c\ld be pick$ by a skillful me*anic ) a k ( locks1 if he 7 giv5 "t en\gh4 ,! old ,bramah lock1 made1 by ! way1 by ,h5ry ,maudslay himself1 did n f>e s badly4 ,hobbs _h unmole/$ access to x = days ) any tools he c\ld br+ or devise2 & ?\gh he f9ally op5$ x1 a lock probably sixty ye>s old :i* c\ld /& su* an assault = fifty h\rs 0 secure = all ord9>y purposes4#bc #bc ,anyone :o is int]e/$ c f9d an acc\nt ( ! affair 9 ,price's 8,fire & ,?ief-pro( ,depositories1 & ,locks & ,keys10 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 & ,mr4 ,hobbs has giv5 8 own p]sonal acc\nt ( x1 expla9+ h[ ! "w 0 done1 9 ! ,trans4 ( ! ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bdh-bec4 ,:5 ,bramah began manufactur+ ! locks he f\nd almo/ imm$iately t !y call$ = a bett] quality ( workman%ip ?an 0 available1 ) ev5 ! be/ manual skill ab\t him4 ,a s]ies ( ma*9e tools _h to be devis$ if !y 7 to be made 9 ! quantities & ( ! quality desir$4 ,he turn$ fir/ to an old ,g]man 9 ,moodie's %op :o _h ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ +5i\s workman 9 ,london2 b :ile he1 ) ,bramah1 saw ! ne$1 he c\ld n meet x4 ,"o ( 8 %opmates1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ a "y man at ! ,woolwi* ,ars5al nam$ ,h5ry ,maudslay1 !n only eighte5 ye>s old4 ,bramah s5t = him & ,maudslay soon became 8 "r-h& man1 & 0 made sup]9t5d5t ( ! works at n9ete54 ,! "w ( ^! two m5 9 develop+ ! tools ne$$ laid ! f\ndation = ! /&>d metal-cutt+ tools ( today4 ,! mo/ important improvem5t 0 ! slide-re/4 ,nasmy? lat] said t he _h se5 ! fir/ "o1 made by ,maudslay1 runn+ 9 ,bramah's %op & t 89 x 7 all ^? arrangem5ts :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ mod]n slide-re/ ( our own day0 7i4e41 fifty ye>s lat]74 ,o!r p>ts ( ! metal-cutt+ la! also began to take %ape2 x has be5 said t p>ts ( ! lock 7 mill$ on a la! ) rot>y cutt]s1 & t ! beg9n+s ( ! plan] 7 made4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is "w 0 ,bramah's & h[ mu* ,maudslay's x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,bramah 0 a f]tile1 clev] inv5tor2 b ,maudslay 0 ! bett] g5]al me*anic1 _h a sur] judgm5t & a great] influ5ce on subsequ5t tool design4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,bramah inv5t$ ! hydraulic press4 ,z he fir/ built x1 ! ram 0 pack$ ) a /uff+-box & gl&4 ,?is gripp$ ! ram1 ret>d$ ! return /roke1 & gave him a lot ( tr\ble until ,maudslay sub/itut$ ! self-tight5+ cup-lea!r pack+ = ! /uff+-box1 an improvem5t :i* made ! device a success4 ,bramah's re/less +5uity 0 cont9ually at "w4 ,he inv5t$ a v successful be]-pump 9 #agig1 ! f\r-way cock1 a quill %>p5] :i* 0 9 g5]al use until quills 7 sup]s$$ by /eel p5s1 & he dabbl$ ) ! /eam eng9e4 ,he 0 a bitt] oppon5t ( ,watt & te/ifi$ aga9/ him 9 ! fam\s suit ( ,b\lton ,watt aga9/ ,hornbl[]4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! sup]iority ( ! old ,newcom5 eng9es & said t ! pr9ciple ( ! sep>ate cond5s] 0 fallaci\s1 t ,watt _h add$ no?+ new :i* 0 n wor?less1 & t 8 s-call$ improvem5ts 7 8mon/r\s /upidity40 ,9 #ahjb ,bramah obta9$ a pat5t = woodwork+ ma*9]y second only 9 importance to t grant$ ,b5?am 9 #agia4 ,l ,b5?am1 he aim$ to replace manual labor 8= produc+ /raight1 smoo?1 & p>allel surfaces on wood & o!r mat]ials requir+ tru?1 9 a mann] mu* m exp$iti\s & p]fect ?an c be p]=m$ by ! use ( axes1 saws1 planes1 & o!r cutt+ in/rum5ts us$ by h& 9 ! ord9>y way40 ,8 tools 7 c>ri$ 9 fix$ frames & driv5 by ma*9]y4 ,9 8 plan+ ma*9e1 "o ( :i* 0 runn+ 9 ! ,woolwi* ,ars5al = fifty ye>s1 ! cutt]-head1 :i* c>ri$ tw5ty-eight tools1 0 m\nt$ on a v]tical %aft & swept across ! "w 9 a horizontal plane4 ,he us$ ?is same me?od 9 plan+ ! metal p>ts = 8 locks1 :i* corresponds1 ( c\rse1 to our mod]n face-mill+4 ,he provid$ = cutt+ sph]ical & concave surfaces & us$ 8 device = mak+ wood5 b[ls4 ,9 #ahjf he devis$ an automatic ma*9e :i* ! ,bank ( ,engl& us$ _m ye>s 9 numb]+ _! banknotes1 elim9at+ error & sav+ ! labor ( _m cl]ks4 ,maudslay 0 9 8 employ f #aghi to #agig4 ,he 0 gett+ z sup]9t5d5t #cjs4 7#g4ej7 a week4 ,a gr[+ family & 8! high co/ ( liv+0 r5d]$ ?is insuffici5t & he appli$ = m4 ,he 0 refus$ s curtly t he gave up 8 position & />t$ 9 = himself 9 a small work%op on ,ox=d ,/reet 9 ,london4 ,lat] he took ,field 9 z p>tn] "u ! firm "n ( ,maudslay ,field4 ,9 #ahac ,bramah engag$ ano!r man :o lat] _h a great influ5ce1 ,joseph ,clem5t4 ,clem5t soon became 8 *ief draftsman & sup]9t5d5t4 ,sal>ies _h gone up some:at by t "t & he _h an agreem5t = five ye>s />t+ on ! basis ( ?ree gu9eas a week ) an advance ( f\r %ill+s ea* ye>4 ,at ,bramah's dea? n long aft]1 8 sons took *>ge ( ! bus9ess1 & soon grew jeal\s ( ,clem5t's influ5ce4 ,by mutual cons5t ! contract 0 t]m9at$ & he w5t at once to ,maudslay ,field z _! *ief draftsman4 ,lat] he1 too1 set up = himself & _h an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! screw-cutt+ la!1 ! plan] & /&>d screw ?reads4 ,:itwor? 0 "o ( 8 workm5 & ,clem5t's "w on taps & dies =m$ ! basis ( ! ,:itwor? ?read4 ,bramah di$ 9 #ahad1 at ! age ( sixty-six4 ,he 0 a man ( widely recogniz$ influ5ce1 a ke5 & indep5d5t ?9k]1 a good talk]1 &1 ?\gh x might n appe> f :at has be5 said1 a *e]y & always welcome companion4 ,he left a reputation = absolute bus9ess integrity & ! quality ( 8 workman%ip 0 unrival$ until 8 lat] ye>s1 :5 he 0 equal$ only by ^? he _h himself tra9$4 ,he gave ! _w "s great & valuable devices & pav$ ! way = o!rs4 ,8 influ5ce on mod]n tools c probably nev] be accurately judg$1 b ,smiles' tribute to him is z true today z :5 x 0 writt51 two g5]ations ago3 ,f 8 %ops at ,pimlico came ,h5ry ,maudslay1 ,joseph ,clem5t1 & _m m fir/-class me*anics1 :o c>ri$ ! me*anical arts to /ill high] p]fection1 & gave an impulse to me*anical eng9e]+ ! effects ( :i* are /ill felt 9 e bran* ( indu/ry4#bd #bd ,smiles3 8,indu/rial ,biography10 p4 #bdd4 ,bramah _h an inv9cible dislike = sitt+ = 8 portrait & consequ5tly none exi/s4 ,a dea?-mask 0 made by ,sir ,francis ,*antrey1 :o execut$ ! ,watt /atue 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 b x 0 un=tunately de/roy$ by ,lady ,*antrey4 ,! complete catalog ( ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y 9 ,london#be gives ,bramah's "n4 ,! ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 directs "o to ,walk]'s fam\s engrav+ ( ! 8,em95t ,m5 ( ,sci5ce ,liv+ 9 #ahjg-ahjh10 :i* %[s ab\t fifty di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s & eng9e]s gr\p$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,?is engrav+ is ! result ( f\r ye>s' c>eful /udy4 ,x 0 gr\p$ by ,sir ,john ,gilb]t1 drawn by ,john ,skill1 & f9i%$ by ,william ,walk] & 8 wife4 ,bramah's figure1 ,no4 #f1 appe>s 9 ?is gr\p1 b ) 8 back turn$1 ! only "o 9 t position4 ,x is a s+ul> tribute to ,bramah's influ5ce among 8 g5]ation ( sci5ti/s t ?is picture w\ld h be5 consid]$ incomplete )\t him4 ,z no portrait ( him exi/$ he 0 includ$1 b ) 8 face turn$ away4 ,! figure 0 drawn 9 accordance ) a description furni%$ by ,bramah's gr&son1 ,e4 ,h4 ,bramah4 #be ,cu/'s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4 ,,em95t ,,m5 ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,liv+ ,,9 #ahjg-h ,,f ,,walk]',s ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,! ,,national ,,portrait ,,gall]y1 ,,london #a4 ,william ,all51 #aggj-ahdc #b4 ,francis ,bailey1 #aggd-ahdd #c4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 #agdc-ahbj #d4 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 #agcg-ahca #e4 ,mat!w ,b\lton1 #agbh-ahjg #f4 ,joseph ,bramah1 #agdi-ahad #g4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 #aggc-ahei #h4 ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel1 #agfi-ahdi #i4 ,edmund ,c>twright1 #agdc-ahbc #aj4 ,hon4 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 #agca-ahaj #aa4 ,sir ,william ,congreve1 #aggb-ahbh #ab4 ,samuel ,crompton1 #agce-ahbg #ac4 ,john ,dalton1 #agff-ahdd #ad4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 #aggh-ahbi #ae4 ,pet] ,dollond1 #agca-ahbj #af4 ,bryan ,donk91 #agfh-ahee #ag4 ,?omas ,co*rane1 ,e>l ( ,dundonald1 #agge-ahfj #ah4 ,h5ry ,f\rdr9i]1 #agff-ahed #ai4 ,davis ,giddy ,gilb]t1 #agfg-ahci #bj4 ,*>les ,hat*ett1 #agfe-ahdg #ba4 ,william ,h5ry1 #aggd-ahcf #bb4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 #agch-ahbb #bc4 ,edw>d ,*>les ,h[>d1 #aggd-ahaf #bd4 ,joseph ,hudd>t1 #agdj-ahaf #be4 ,edw>d ,j5n]1 #agdi-ahbc #bf4 ,william ,jessop1 #agde-ahad #bg4 ,h5ry ,kat]1 #aggg-ahce #bh4 ,sir ,john ,leslie1 #agff-ahcb #bi4 ,nevil ,maskelyne1 #agcb-ahaa #cj4 ,h5ry ,maudslay1 #agga-ahca #ca4 ,patrick ,mill]1 #agcj-ahae #cb4 ,william ,murdock1 #aged-ahci #cc4 ,rob]t ,nylne1 #agcc-ahaa #cd4 ,alex&] ,nasmy?1 #ageh-ahdj #ce4 ,john ,playfair1 #agdh-ahai #cf4 ,john ,r5nie1 #agfa-ahba #cg4 ,sir ,francis ,ronalds1 #aghh-ahgc #ch4 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 #agec-ahad #ci4 ,daniel ,ru!r=d1 #agdi-ahai #dj4 ,*>les1 ?ird ,e>l ,/anhope1 #agec-ahaf #da4 ,william ,sym+ton1 #agfc-ahca #db4 ,?omas ,tel=d1 #ageg-ahcd #dc4 ,*>les ,t5nant1 #agfh-ahch #dd4 ,?omas ,?omson1 #aggc-aheb #de4 ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 #agga-ahcc #df4 ,james ,watt1 #agcf-ahai #dg4 ,william ,hyde ,wolla/on1 #agff-ahbh #dh4 ,?omas ,"y1 #aggc-ahbi ,gr\p orig9at$ by ,william ,walk]4 ,design$ by ,sir ,john ,gilb]t4 ,engrav$ by ,walk] & ,zobel4 ,! engrav+ includes _m o!r m5 ( int]e/ ^: names are indicat$4 ,"s ( !m h already be5 consid]$2 o!rs1 :ile fam\s z eng9e]s1 work$ 9 fields o!r ?an ! "o we are consid]+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,b5?am ,,& ,,brunel ,9 ! g5ealogical table %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am & ,sir ,m>c ,i4 ,brunel are indicat$ z hav+ orig9at$ ! fam\s 8,portsm\? ,block ,ma*9]y10 :i* 0 built by ,maudslay & :i* fir/ gave him 8 reputation z a tool build]4 ,:ile ,b5?am 0 prim>ily a naval adm9i/rator & ,brunel a civil eng9e]1 !y 7 among ! fir/ to grasp ! pr9ciples ( mod]n manufactur+ & embody !m successfully4 ,bo? 7 m5 ( di/9ction & ea* _h an int]e/+ c>e]4 ,samuel ,b5?am1 ,fig4 #i1 0 a bro!r ( ,j]emy ,b5?am1 ! fam\s ,engli% publici/ & writ] on economics1 & a /ep-bro!r ( ,*>les ,abbott1 speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,he 0 born 9 #ageg1 w5t to ! ,we/m9/] ,s*ool1 & lat] 0 a naval appr5tice 9 ! ,woolwi* ,ars5al4 ,8 ta/es & 8 tra9+ l$ him t[>d ! adm9i/rative & con/ructive "w ( ! navy1 & = ?is he _h ! be/ education available at t "t4 ,he w5t to sea aft] a f9al ye> at ! ,naval ,college at ,portsm\?2 & 9 #aghj1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 abilities1 0 s5t by ,e>l ,h[e1 !n fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 to visit ! v>i\s ports ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,he w5t ?r\gh ! great ports ( ,holl& & ! ,baltic1 ea/w>d to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & 0 introduc$ at ! ,russian c\rt by ! ,briti% ambassador4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4 ,,sir ,,samuel ,,b5?am ,,f ,,an ,,old ,,m9iature ,! ,russians took to him k9dly1 z he 0 h&some1 tall1 & di/+ui%$ 9 mann]1 inspir$ confid5ce1 & made & held fri5ds4 ,he 0 well receiv$ by ! ,empress ,ca!r9e1 & soon became a favorite ( ,pr9ce ,potemk94 ,he travel$ ov] a great] "p ( ! empire f ! ,black ,sea to ! ,arctic & z f> ea/ z ,*9a1 exam9+ m9+ & eng9e]+ works4 ,on 8 return to ,/4 ,pet]sburg he fell 9 love ) a weal?y heiress ( ! nobility4 ,! p>5ts object$2 b ?\gh ! empress1 :o 0 int]e/$1 advis$ an elopem5t1 he gave x up z di%onorable & w5t away to ,crit*eff 9 s\!rn ,russia z a lieut5ant-colonel ( eng9e]s 9 ! ,russian army4 ,:ile !re he took *>ge ( ,potemk9's grossly mismanag$ factories 9 ord] to put !m on a s\nd basis1 an und]tak+ sugge/ive ( ! tw5tie?-c5tury effici5cy eng9e]4 ,9 ?is he 0 n :olly successful4 ,9 #aghg he built & equipp$ a flotilla ( %ips1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> di/+ui%$ himself 9 a naval battle ) ! ,turks1 9 :i* ,john ,paul ,jones 0 also engag$4 ,"o ( ! vital elem5ts 9 ! fight 0 ! use ( ! l>ge guns built by ,b5?am1 :i* fir$ %ells = ! fir/ "t 9 naval w>f>e4 ,n9e ,turki% %ips 7 burn$ or sunk & #hjjj m5 7 kill$ or tak5 prison]s4 ,= 8 "p 9 ?is battle ,b5?am 0 knight$ & made a brigadi]-g5]al4 ,!re 7 few skill$ artisans 9 ,russia & almo/ none available 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces--a ,dani% brass f\nd]1 an ,engli% wat*mak] & two or ?ree s]geants :o c\ld write & draw 7 all he _h4 ,?is set ,b5?am at "w on ! problem ( 8transf]r+ skill0 by means ( ma*9es1 s t unskill$ workm5 might be made to produce ! same results z skill$ labor4 ,:ile ,bramah & ,maudslay 7 work+ 9 ,london on _! metal-cutt+ tools = mak+ locks1 ,b5?am1 9 ,russia1 0 ?9k+ out sub/antially ! same problem 9 woodwork+ ma*9]y4 ,he return$ to ,engl& 9 #agia & t ye> took out 8 fir/ pat5t4 ,c]ta9 sugge/ions :i* he made to ! ,admiralty ab\t ! introduction ( ma*9]y into ! docky>ds l$ to 8 mak+ an ext5d$ inspection ( ! docky>ds ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & he report$ t imm5se sav+s 7 possible4 ,! (fice ( inspector g5]al 0 creat$ = him & au?ority giv5 him to put 8 recomm5dations into effect4 ,= ! next eighte5 ye>s he s]v$ ! ,briti% navy4 ,:5 he took hold x 0 honeycomb$ ) ineffici5cy & worse4 ,8 bus9ess-l me?ods1 8 skill z an eng9e] & naval design]1 & 8 fe>less integrity 7 elem5ts 9 ! prep>$ness ( ! ,briti% navy 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,he 0 an intrepid enemy ( r$ tape & graft & soon made cordial enemies2 b he 0 a good fight]1 ) no weak spots 9 8 armor1 & x took _m ye>s to br+ him d[n4 ,9 #ahje he 0 s5t to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & kept !re on v>i\s pretexts = two ye>s4 ,x 0 rem>k$ by "s ab\t ! ,admiralty (fice1 t s high 0 _! op9ion ( 8 tal5ts !y w\ld be glad to give him #fjjj 7#cj1jjj7 a ye> if by t means !y w\ld nev] see him aga94 ,he return$ 9 #ahjg to f9d 8 (fice aboli%$ & its functions transf]r$ to a bo>d1 ( :i* he 0 made a memb] at an increas$ sal>y4 ,"h 8 p[] 0 dilut$ some:at1 b ev5 ?is solution 0 too /rong & he 0 retir$ on a p5sion 9 #ahab4 ,= ! next fifte5 ye>s he liv$ 9 retirem5t 9 ,france4 ,! ye>s abroad s(t5$ ! rancor ( 8 enemies & f 8 return to ,engl& 9 #ahbg until 8 dea?1 ,b5?am 0 9 frequ5t & fri5dly consultation ) ! navy (ficials4 ,b5?am may well be consid]$ z "o ( ! fir/ & greate/ ( 8effici5cy exp]ts40#bf #bf ,see ! biography ( ,b5?am1 by ,william ,lucas ,s>gant3 8,essays ( a ,birm+ham ,manufactur]10 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 ,v4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,also1 8,memoirs ( ! late ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am10 by ,m>y ,s4 ,b5?am1 9 8,pap]s & ,practical ,illu/rations ( ,public ,works40 ,london1 #ahef4 ,! pat5t ( #agia ref]r$ to is n important1 b x 0 foll[$ by ano!r 9 #agic 9 :i* 0 set =? ! :ole s*eme ( woodwork+ ma*9]y :i* _h be5 matur+ 9 ,b5?am's m9d4 ,?is has be5 *>act]iz$ z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pat5ts ev] issu$ by ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,m ?an fifty ye>s aft]1 "o ( ! ,cr[n judges said ( x 9 summ+ up a case be=e him involv+ woodwork+ ma*9]y1 t 8! specification ( 8 7i4e41 ,b5?am's7 pat5t ( #agic is a p]fect treatise on ! subject2 inde$1 ! only "o wor? quot+ t has to ?is day be5 writt5 on ! subject40 ,j]emy ,b5?am _h revolutioniz$ ! prison sy/em ( ,engl&1 & _h introduc$ ! sy/em ( labor 9 p5it5ti>ies :i* has become an ess5tial elem5t 9 all mod]n p5al sy/ems4 ,woodwork+ 0 ! mo/ available field ( "w1 b ! great] "p ( ! prison]s 7 ( c\rse unskill$1 & ,samuel ,b5?am 0 call$ ^u to devise ma*9es to meet ! ne$4 ,! two bro!rs e/abli%$ a factory & began mak+ woodwork+ ma*9]y = ! prisons & docky>ds4 ,! "w = ! docky>ds soon took def9ite =m4 ,pulley blocks =m$ "o ( ! important supplies ( ! navy4 ,a s+le full-rigg$ frigate us$ ab\t #aejj & ! ,admiralty 7 pur*as+ at t "t ab\t #ajj1jjj ye>ly4 ,?is =m$ a l>ge bus9ess 9 itself & "o 9 :i* ! int]*angeability t ,b5?am 0 cont9ually urg+ 0 especially desirable4 ,on ,b5?am's recomm5dation1 a gov]nm5t factory organiz$ on a manufactur+ basis & utiliz+ ma*9]y _h be5 begun at ,portsm\? & a few ma*9es ( 8 design already in/all$1 :5 ,brunel1 :o _h be5 work+ indep5d5tly on block ma*9]y1 0 introduc$ to him4 ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ,fig4 #aj1 0 a ,norman ,fr5*man1 born 9 #agfi1 :o 0 ! despair ( 8 fa!r because he w\ld n /udy to be a prie/ & w\ld p]si/ 9 draw+ & 9 mak+ ?+s4 ,z a family compromise he receiv$ a naval tra9+ & s]v$ z an (fic] = six ye>s4 ,9 #agic1 8 %ip be+ paid (f1 he 0 9 ,p>is4 ,8 outspok5 loyalty 9 "o ( ! cafs on ! v day :5 ,l\is ,,xvi 0 s5t5c$ to ! guillot9e br\ght d[n ^u him ! ang] ( ! republicans pres5t4 ,he escap$ 9 ! confusion1 sp5t ! night 9 hid+1 & leav+ ,p>is e>ly ! next morn+1 made 8 way to ,r\54 ,"h he hid = a "t ) ,m4 ,c>p5ti]1 ! ,am]ican consul1 9 ^: home he met a "y ,engli% girl :om he aft]w>ds m>ri$4 ,six mon?s lat] he sail$ f ,havre on a =g$ passport1 "u ! nose ( a frigate se>*+ = suspects1 & l&$ 9 ,new ,york only to f9d a ,fr5* republican squadron ly+ 9 port4 ,z he 0 p]sonally kn[n to _m ( ! (fic]s & 9 dang] ( be+ recogniz$1 arre/$ & condemn$ z a des]t]1 he left ! city at once & w5t to ,albany 9 ! vague hope ( f9d+ ,m4 ,ph>\x1 a fri5d :o 0 und]tak+ ! survey ( a l>ge tract ( wild l& 9 ! ,black ,riv] valley1 ea/ ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,brunel f\nd him by good *ance1 jo9$ ! p>ty1 & soon became its real lead]4 ,!y %[$ ! capacity1 :i* ! ,fr5* h always _h1 ( work+ 9 fri5dly relation%ip ) ! ,indians1 & _! "w 0 successfully accompli%$4 ,fifty ye>s lat] !re 7 /ill traditions among ,indians 9 ! valley ( a wond]ful :ite man nam$ 8,brun40 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4 ,,sir ,,m>c ,,isamb>d ,,brunel ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,walk]1 ,,ltd41 ,,( ,,! ,,portrait ,,9 ,,! ,,national ,,gall]y1 ,,london ,brunel rema9$ 9 ,am]ica = ov] five ye>s & 0 naturaliz$ z a citiz5 9 #agif4 ,dur+ ?is "t he 0 engag$ on ! ,hudson-,*ampla9 canal & v>i\s riv] improvem5ts4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,major ,l',enfant1 :o plann$ ! city ( ,wa%+ton & he submitt$ "o ( ! competitive designs = ! orig9al ,capitol4 ,he also design$ & built ! old ,p>k ,!at] 9 ,new ,york1 :i* 0 burn$ 9 #ahba4 ,he 0 appo9t$ *ief eng9e] ( ,new ,york1 built a cannon f\ndry & _h a "p 9 plann+ ! =tifications ( ! ,n>r[s 9 ,new ,york h>bor4 ,he 0 gay1 ref9$ & a favorite among ! emigrs :o enliv5$ ,new ,york society 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 at ,alex&] ,hamilton's d9n] table t ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! block ma*9]y came to him4 ,he _h be5 invit$ to meet a ,m4 ,delabig>re1 :o _h j arriv$ f ,engl&4 ,m4 ,delabig>re _h be5 describ+ ! me?od ( mak+ %ip's blocks & spoke ( _! high & increas+ co/4 ,brunei li/5$ ) att5tion & !n po9t$ out :at he consid]$ ! defects ( ! me?od & sugge/$ t ! mortises might be cut by ma*9]y1 two or ?ree at a "t4 ,! %ap+ ma*9e he aft]w>d us$ 0 conceiv$ :ile he 0 at ,=t ,montgom]y 9 ! highl&s ( ! ,hudson4 ,brunel left ,am]ica = ,engl& e>ly 9 #agii & rema9$ 9 ,engl& ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,8 m>riage soon aft] 8 arrival to ,miss ,k+dom1 ! girl :om he _h met at ,r\51 d\btless gives ! reason = ?is *ange4 ,two mon?s aft] rea*+ ,engl&1 he took out a pat5t = a writ+ & duplicat+ ma*9e & he also inv5t$ a ma*9e = twi/+ cotton ?read4 ,meantime he 0 work+ on ! draw+s = a complete set ( block ma*9]y1 & by #ahja he _h made a work+ model ( ! mortis+ & bor+ ma*9es4 ,he (f]$ 8 plans to ,fox ,taylor1 :o held ! navy contract = blocks4 ,mr4 ,taylor wrote 9 reply t 8 fa!r _h sp5t _m ye>s develop+ _! exi/+ me?ods ( manufacture & !y 7 p]fectly satisfi$ ) !m4 ,he add$1 8,i h no hope ( any?+ bett] ev] be+ discov]$1 & ,i am conv9c$ !re _c40 ,brunel1 ?r\gh introductions br\ght f ,am]ica1 !n laid 8 plans be=e ,"l ,sp5c]1 ( ! ,admiralty1 & ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am4 ,b5?am1 z we h se51 0 already work+ on ! same problem4 ,he saw at once ! sup]iority ( ,brunel's plans &1 ) ! fre$om f jeal\sy & self-int]e/ :i* *>act]iz$ 8 :ole c>e]1 he recomm5d$ _! adoption1 ) ! result t ,brunel 0 commission$ to build & in/all 8 ma*9es4 ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago !re 0 a %>p controv]sy ov] ! orig9 ( ?is ,portsm\? ma*9]y4 ,p>tisans ( ,b5?am & ,brunel ea* claim$ ! entire cr$it = all ( x4 ,! fact is t "s ( ,b5?am's ma*9es 7 us$ = ! r\gh+ out1 b all ! f9i%+ "w 0 done on ,brunel's1 & !re is little d\bt t ! def9ite plan ( op]ations & all ! m intricate ma*9es 7 84 ,b5?am conceiv$ ! ent]prise & _h x well "u way4 ,8 broad-m9d$ & g5]\s sub/itution ( ,brunel's plans = 8 own 0 q z cr$itable to him z ! execution ( ! :ole "w w\ld h be54 ,:ile ,brunel 0 a clev] & orig9al design]1 he 0 n a skill$ me*anic4 ,8 plans call$ = a l>ge numb] ( ref9$ & intricate ma*9es :i* 7 :olly new & he no soon] began actual "w ?an he felt ! ne$ ( a me*anic capable ( build+ !m4 ,maudslay _h j />t$ 9 = himself & 0 work+ 9 8 little %op on ,ox=d ,/reet1 ) "o help]4 ,m4 ,bacquanc\rt1 a fri5d ( ,brunel's1 pass$ 8 door e day & 0 int]e/$ 9 ! beautiful pieces ( workman%ip he us$ to see f "t to "t 9 ! %op w9d[4 ,at 8 sugge/ion ,brunel w5t to ,maudslay1 expla9$ to him 8 designs1 & secur$ 8 help4 ,!re c\ld h>dly h be5 a bett] comb9ation ?an ^! two m54 ,maudslay's wond]ful skill z a me*anic & 8 ke51 practical intuition suppli$ ! "o elem5t ne$$ & toge!r !y execut$ ! entire set ( ma*9es1 =ty-f\r 9 all4#bg #bg ,= a description ( ! ,portsm\? ,block ,ma*9]y1 see ,toml9son's 8,cyclop$ia ( ,useful ,arts10 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aci-adf4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,also1 ,ure's 8,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es10 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cih-djb2 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,london1 #ahge2 & ,rees' 8,cyclop$ia10 article 8,ma*9]y = ,manufactur+ ,%ip's ,blocks40 ,! ma*9]y 0 divid$ into f\r classes4 ,fir/4 ,saw+ ma*9es1 bo? reciprocat+ & circul>1 = r\gh+ out ! blocks4 ,second4 ,bor+1 mortis+1 %ap+ & 8scor+0 ma*9es = f9i%+ ! blocks4 ,?ird4 ,ma*9es = turn+ & bor+ ! %eaves1 = rivet+ ! brass l9] & f9i%-fac+ ! sides4 ,9 ! l>g] sizes small holes 7 drill$ on ! jo9t & %ort wire p9s rivet$ 9 to prev5t slipp+ betwe5 ! l9] & block4 ,f\r?4 ,! iron p9s on :i* ! %eaves turn$ 7 h& =g$ 9 dies1 turn$ & poli%$4 ,9 addition to ^! !re 7 sev]al ma*9es = =m+ 8dead eyes10 or solid blocks )\t %eaves1 us$ 9 ! fix$ rigg+4 ,a detail$ description ( ! entire set w\ld be too long4 ,a brief description ( "o or two ( ! ma*9es w s]ve to give "s idea ( ! o!rs4 ,fig4 #aa is tak5 f an old wood-cut ( ! mortis+ ma*9e4#bh ,a model ( x is %[n 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! portrait ( ,brunel 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 reproduc$ opposite page #bf4 ,a pulley & fly:eel are connect$ by a cone clut* ,m to a %aft ,d4 ,at ! front end ( ?is a crank & connect+-rod drive ! reciprocat+ cutt] head f a po9t a4 ,! *uck c>ry+ ! block1 movable =w>d & backw>d on guides1 0 op]at$ by ! fe$ screw ,r1 a cam1 & ! rat*et motion %[n4 ,a sy/em ( /ops & weight$ lev]s on ! side ?rew out ! rat*et fe$ at ! end ( ! cut1 & ! c>riage 0 return$ by h&1 us+ ! crank r4 ,! cros%ead _h two guid+ po9ts1 a d\ble "o bel[ ! driv+ po9t & a s+le "o above x at ,f1 & made #aej /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! *uck c\ld take ei!r "o or two blocks at a "t4 #bh ,toml9son3 8,cyclop$ia10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ada4 ,fig4 #ab %[s ! %ap+ ma*9e4#bi ,t5 blocks 7 *uck$ betwe5 two l>ge1 circul> frames1 ! same work+ po9ts be+ us$ z 9 ! la/ ma*9e4 ,! pr9ciple ( e/abli%+ & adh]+ to work+ po9ts seems to h be5 cle>ly recogniz$4 ,a cutt] g 0 mov$ across ! face ( ! blocks z !y revolv$1 its motion be+ gov]n$ by ! h&les l & ,g & a =m] i4 ,"o side ( ea* ( ! t5 blocks 0 ?us f9i%$ at a "t4 ,! blocks 7 !n index$ #ij by revolv+ ! bevel ,k1 :i* turn$ ! worm%afts d & rotat$ all ! *ucks simultane\sly4 ,! blocks 7 !n fac$ aga9 9 _! new positions & ! op]ation cont9u$ until ! f\r sides 7 f9i%$4 ,! /rong curv$ b>s at ! top 7 provid$ to protect ! workman 9 case "o ( ! blocks %\ld let g4 ,z ! mom5tum ( ! frame & blocks 0 consid]able1 a spr+ brake 0 provid$ betwe5 ! be>+ & bevel-ge> to br+ !m to re/ quickly4 #bi ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #add4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4 ,,brunel',s ,,mortis+ ,,ma*9e ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4 ,,brunel',s ,,%ap+ ,,ma*9e ,ano!r well-design$ ma*9e 8scor$0 ! outside ( ! blocks = ! ropes or /raps4 ,two disks ) ins]t$ /eel cutt]s groov$ ! blocks :i* 7 *uck$ on a sw++ frame4 ,! dep? & pa? ( cut 7 gov]n$ by a /eel =m] aga9/ :i* a roll] on ! cutt] %aft bore4 ,9 ! metal work+ ma*9es1 "u ! f\r? gr\p1 cutt]s 7 us$ 9 :i* a %ort1 r\nd b> ( temp]$ /eel 0 held by a b9d+ screw 9 a hold] ( ! la!-tool type4 ,f ! sket* ( x %[n by ,holtzapffel1 ! :ole device might almo/ be us$ z an adv]tisem5t = a mod]n tool-hold] = high-spe$ /eel cutt]s4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ^! ma*9es 7 ?or\ghly mod]n 9 _! conception & con/itut$ a complete range ( tools1 ea* p]=m+ its "p 9 a def9ite s]ies ( op]ations4 ,by ?is ma*9]y t5 unskill$ m5 did ! "w ( #aaj skill$ workm54 ,:5 ! plant 0 9 full runn+ ord] 9 #ahjh ! output 0 ov] #acj1jjj blocks p] ye>1 ) a value ( ov] #bej1jjj1 an output great] ?an t previ\sly suppli$ by ! six l>ge/ docky>ds4 ,x cont9u$ = _m ye>s to supply all ! blocks us$ by ! ,royal ,navy1 & 0 9 fact sup]s$$ only :5 wood5 blocks !mselves l>gely made way = iron & /eel ones4 ,brunel devis$ o!r woodwork+ tools1 b none s successful z ^!4 ,he />t$ a mill at ,batt]sea :i* burn$ d[n2 8 f9ances became involv$ & he 0 ?r[n into prison = debt4 ,he 0 fre$ ?r\gh a grant ( #be1jjj :i* fri5ds secur$ f ! gov]nm5t4 ,8 lat] "w 0 9 ! field ( civil eng9e]+--! mo/ fam\s "w be+ ! ,?ames tunnel4 ,he 0 giv5 ! ,legion ( ,honor 9 #ahbi1 0 knight$ 9 #ahda1 & di$ 9 #ahdi4cj #cj ,= full] in=mation1 see ! biography ( ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel by ,ri*>d ,beami%1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,8 son1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,k4 ,brunel1 0 also "o ( ! =emo/ eng9e]s ( ,engl&1 a bridge & %ip build]1 railway eng9e] & rival ( ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 he 0 *ief eng9e] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & built ! /eam] 8,great ,we/]n0 to run f ,bri/ol to ,new ,york z an ext5sion ( t railway sy/em4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ l>ge iron %ip1 ! fir/ regul> transatlantic l9]1 & ! fir/ l>ge /eam%ip us+ ! screw propell]4 ,its success l$ to ! build+ ( ! 8,great ,ea/]n0 f 8 designs4 ,?is %ip 0 ab\t #gjj feet long & = ne>ly fifty ye>s 0 ! l>ge/ "o built4 ,%e 0 a disa/r\s failure f9ancially & aft] a v>i$ c>e]1 :i* includ$ ! lay+ ( ! fir/ transatlantic cable1 %e 0 f9ally brok5 up4 ,brunel 0 a /rong advocate ( ! broad gauge & built ! ,great ,we/]n sy/em ) a #g-;foot gauge1 :i* 0 ultimately *ang$ to /&>d gauge4 ,:ile a numb] ( 8 und]tak+s 7 failures f9ancially1 8 *ief fault seems to h be5 t he 0 9 advance ( 8 g5]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h5ry ,,maudslay ,we h m5tion$ ,h5ry ,maudslay frequ5tly4 ,9 fact1 x is h>d to g f> 9 any hi/orical /udy ( ma*9e tools )\t do+ s4#ca #ca ,= be/ acc\nts ( ,maudslay1 see ,smiles' 8,indu/rial ,biography10 ,*ap4 ,,xii1 & 8,autobiography ( ,james ,nasmy?40 ,maudslay 0 born 9 ,woolwi* 9 #agga4 ,he 0 ! son ( an old soldi] work+ 9 ! ars5al1 & _h b little s*ool+4 ,at twelve he 0 at "w 9 ! ars5al1 fir/ z a 8p[d] monkey0 fill+ c>tridges1 lat] 9 ! c>p5t] %op & smi?y4 ,"y z he 01 he soon became ! lead] among ! workm54 ,he 0 a born craftsman & 8 skill 0 soon ! pride ( ! :ole %op4 ,to dext]ity he add$ an intuitive p[] ( me*anical analysis & a s5se ( proportion possess$ by few m51 & f ! beg9n+ he %[$ a g5ius = *oos+ ! mo/ direct & simple means = accompli%+ 8 purpose4 ,he 0 a great favorite among 8 fell[s f 8 f9e p]sonal appe>ance1 8 op5-he>t$ness & complete fre$om f conceit4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,bramah we h se5 h[ ,bramah1 seek+ someone to help him devise tools to manufacture 8 locks1 turn$ fir/ to an old ,g]man me*anic 9 ,moodie's %op4 ,"o ( ! hamm] m5 9 ,moodie's %op sugge/$ ,maudslay1 apologiz+ = 8 y\?1 b add+ t 8no?+ bet him40 ,:5 ,bramah saw ,maudslay1 :o 0 only eighte51 he 0 almo/ a%am$ to lay 8 case be=e him4 ,maudslay's sugge/ions1 h[ev]1 7 s ke5 & to ! po9t t ! old] man _h to admit t ! boy's head at lea/ 0 old en\gh4 ,he adopt$ ! sugge/ions & (f]$ him a job 9 8 %op at ,pimlico1 :i* ,maudslay gladly accept$4 ,z he _h s]v$ no appr5tice%ip1 ! =eman _h d\bts ( 8 ability to "w among exp]i5c$ h&s4 ,)\t a mom5t's hesitation ,maudslay po9t$ to a worn-out b5* vice & ask$ :e!r he c\ld take 8 rank among ! o!r workm5 if he c\ld fix x z good z new be=e ! end ( ! day4 ,he 0 told to g ahead4 ,he re/eel$ & tru$ ! jaws1 fil$ !m up1 recut & h>d5$ !m1 & be=e ! "t set _h x toge!r1 trimm] & 9 bett] %ape ?an any ( its neighbors4 ,x 0 exam9$1 admir$ & accept$ z 8 diploma z a j\rneyman4 ,8 advancem5t 0 rapid1 & 9 ab\t a ye>1 :ile /ill only n9ete51 he 0 made g5]al =eman & ma9ta9$ 8 lead]%ip )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,he rema9$ ) ,bramah = eight ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! two laid ! f\ndation = _m ( ! mod]n ma*9e tools1 m especially ! slide-re/ & screw-cutt+ la!4 ,we h already consid]$ ,maudslay's "w done 9 connection ) ,bramah & little ne$ be add$ "h 9 reg>d to x4 ,dur+ ?is "t ,bramah inv5t$ ! hydraulic press1 b ! cup-lea!r pack+ :i* is s ess5tial a "p ( x 0 sugge/$ by ,maudslay4 ,he left ! ,pimlico %op because ,bramah w\ld n give him m ?an #cj %ill+s 7#g4ej7 a week1 & ) a s+le help] />t$ a little blacksmi?+ & jobb+ %op on 8 own acc\nt ne> ,wells & ,ox=d /reets 9 ,london4 ,8 fir/ cu/om] 0 an arti/ :o gave him an ord] = an iron easel4 ,bus9ess prosp]$ & he f\nd pl5ty ( "w4 ,8 reputation 0 e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 9 connection ) ! ,portsm\? block ma*9]y1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! build+ ( ?is ma*9]y occupi$ ab\t eight ye>s1 f #ahjj to #ahjh4 ,! design 0 sub/antially ,brunel's1 b ,mr4 ,nasmy? says t 8e memb] ( x 0 full ( ,maudslay's pres5ce & ! me*anical p]fection ( its details1 its practicability & adaptability %[ 8 h&iwork at e turn40 ,soon aft] ?is "w 0 und]tak51 ,maudslay mov$ 8 %op to ,m>g>et ,/reet1 ne> ,cav5di% ,squ>e4 ,dur+ ! build+ ( ! block ma*9]y ,maudslay _h met ,jo%ua ,field1 :o _h be5 engag$ z a draftsman 9 ! ,portsm\? docky>ds "u ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am & _h work$ ) him 9 ! developm5t ( ! ma*9]y4 ,field 0 transf]r$ to ,g5]al ,b5?am's (fice at ! ,admiralty 9 #ahjd1 & a ye> lat] jo9$ ,maudslay4 ,five ye>s lat] !y mov$ to ,lambe? on ! s\? side ( ! ,?ames & b\ght an old rid+ s*ool on ,we/m9/] ,road on :at 0 =m]ly a swampy m>%4 ,"h ! firm ( ,maudslay ,field cont9u$ its long & fam\s c>e]4 ,few firms h influ5c$ me*anical developm5t m1 & = _m ye>s x 0 "o ( ! lead+ ma*9e %ops ( ! _w4 ,"h ,maudslay did 8 life "w z "o ( ! lead]s 9 ! developm5t n only ( ma*9e tools b ( ! /eam eng9e1 bo? /ation>y & m>9e4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahca ! bus9ess 0 cont9u$ by ,mr4 ,field1 :o outliv$ him _m ye>s1 & by ,maudslay's son & gr&son1 bo? ( :om 7 f9e me*anics & m5 ( great influ5ce4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ! slide-re/ & screw-cutt+ la! t ,maudslay is be/ kn[n4 ,too mu* value _c be plac$ on ! slide-re/ & its comb9ation ) a lead screw1 op]at$ by *ange ge>s4 ,x is us$ 9 "s =m 9 almo/ e ma*9e tool & is "o ( ! great inv5tions ( hi/ory4 ,l mo/ ( ! great inv5tions1 x 0 ! "w ( _m m54 ,9 crude applications1 p>ts ( x date back to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci caught an inkl+ ( x4 ,fr5* writ]s 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies describe & illu/rate devices :i* involve ! p>ts ( x4 ,fig4 #ac1 reproduc$ f an illu/ration 9 ! old "w ( ,besson1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aefi1cb %[s a lead screw4 ,! copy f :i* ?is illu/ration 0 tak5 is pr9t$ 9 ,lat9 & is 9 ! ,a/or libr>y1 ,new ,york4 ,! upp] %aft _h ?ree drums2 ! middle "o c>ri$ ! rope :i* 0 manipulat$ by ! op]ator4 ,( ! drums at ! ends1 ! "o at ! left op]at$ a lead screw & ! "o on ! "r1 ! piece be+ cut4 ,! two out] weights held ! foll[] up aga9/ ! lead screw4 ,! cutt+ 01 ( c\rse1 int]mitt5t1 z 9 all ! e>li] types ( la!s4 ,! idea ( ! lead screw occurs 9 o!r ,fr5* works ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! la! %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 f a ,fr5* book publi%$ 9 #agda1cc ge>s in/ead ( ropes 7 us$ to connect ! rotation ( ! lead screw ) t ( ! "w1 b if ! idea ( *ange ge>s 0 contemplat$1 x 0 n develop$4 #cb 8,des ,in/rum5ts ,ma?matiques et ,m*aniques1 c41 ,inv5tes p> ,jacques ,besson40 ,fir/ ,lat9 & ,fr5* ,edit41 #aefi4 ,plate #i4 ,two lat] editions 7 publi%$ at ,lyons1 "o 9 #aegh & "o 9 #aehb4 ,! same copp] plates 7 us$ 9 ! ?ree editions4 #cc ,holtzapffel3 8,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fah4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4 ,,fr5* ,,screw-,,cutt+ ,,la!1 ,,previ\s ,,to #aefi ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4 ,,fr5* ,,screw-,,cutt+ ,,la!1 ,,ab\t #agdj ,! slide-re/ 0 also kn[n4 ,an illu/ration ( a ,fr5* slide-re/1 publi%$ long be=e ,maudslay's "t1 is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,9 ,bramah's orig9al 8slide-tool10 ! tail-/ock & slide-re/ 7 comb9$4#cd ,x 0 made ab\t #agie by ,maudslay :ile /ill 8 =eman4 ,h[ mu* ( ! design 0 ,bramah's & h[ mu* ,maudslay's we _c tell4 ,x 0 a light1 flimsy affair & v diff]5t f ! slide-re/s ,maudslay 0 mak+ only a few ye>s lat]4 #cd ,bu*anan3 8,practical ,essays on ,mill ,"w & ,o!r ,ma*9]y40 ,london1 #ahda4 ,volume ( ,plates4 ,9 none ( ^! 0 ! slide-re/ comb9$ ) *ange ge>s & a p[]-driv5 lead screw4 ,x 0 ?is comb9ation :i* =m$ ,maudslay's great contribution1 toge!r ) improvem5ts 9 proportion & 9 me*anical design :i* rais$ ! device f an +5i\s b cumb]some me*anical movem5t to an in/rum5t ( precision & p[]4 ,jesse ,ramsd51 a fam\s in/rum5t mak]1 is said to h made a small la! 9 #agge1 :i* _h *ange :eels & a slid+ tool hold] mov$ by a lead screw4 ,! writ] has be5 unable to f9d any illu/ration or description ( x1 & if su* a la! exi/$1 x c]ta9ly did n ex]t a v wide influ5ce4 ,! comb9ation 0 anticipat$ 9 ,b5?am's fam\s pat5t ( #agic4 ,9 ?is pat5t ,b5?am says3 8,:5 ! motion is ( a rotative k9d1 advancem5t 7( ! tool7 may be provid$ by h&1 yet regul>ity may be m effectually insur$ by ! aid ( me*anism4 ,= ?is purpose "o exp$i5t is ! connect+1 = in/ance1 by cogg$ :eels1 ( ! advanc+ motion ( ! piece ) ! rotative motion ( ! tool40#ce ,?is pat5t conta9$ no draw+s1 & ! sugge/ion 0 n1 s f> z is kn[n1 embodi$ 9 any def9ite con/ruction4 #ce ,see ! ,briti% pat5t records4 ,pat5t ,no4 #aiea1 dat$ ,april #bc1 #agic4 ,_m m5 7 work+ at ! problem ( g5]at+ an accurate screw ?read4 ,! use ( dies 0 q well kn[n1 b _! design & workman%ip 0 ( ! crude/ ord] & _! product ( ! same "*2 & !y 7 inadequate = ! mak+ ( any l>ge ?reads4 ,holtzapffel's book on 8,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation10 publi%$ 9 ,london1 #ahdg1 describes "s ( ! attempts ( ! e>li] me*anics to devise o!r means4#cf ,at ! fam\s ,soho works 9 ,birm+ham a workman by ! "n ( ,an?ony ,rob9son cut a screw #g feet long & #f in*es 9 diamet] ) a squ>e1 triple ?read4 ,aft] ! cyl9d] _h be5 turn$1 pap] 0 cut & fitt$ ar\nd x1 remov$1 m>k$ 9 ink ) p>allel oblique l9es1 !n replac$ on ! cyl9d] & ! l9es 7 prick$ ?r\gh ) a c5t] pun*4 ,! pap] 0 aga9 remov$ & dots connect$ by f9e l9es ) a file4 ,! alt]nate spaces betwe5 ! l9es 7 !n cut out ) a *isel & hamm] & smoo!d by fil+4 ,a block ( lead & t91 z a tempor>y guide nut1 0 !n ca/ ar\nd ! p>tially =m$ screw4 ,adju/able cutt]s 7 fix$ ^u ?is guide nut & x 0 us$ z a k9d ( tool-hold+ slide-re/1 be+ rotat$ ar\nd ! screw by h& lev]s1 !reby cutt+ ! f9i%$ ?read4 ,9 o!r words1 a lead screw 0 cut on ! piece itself & ! tempor>y nut 0 us$ z a tool hold] to f9i% ! "w4 #cf ,holtzapffel4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fce-fee4 ,"o me?od us$ = "s purposes 0 to coil two wires ar\nd a core 9 close contact ) ea* o!r4 ,"o ( ^! 0 !n remov$1 leav+ a space correspond+ to ! holl[ ( ! ?read4 ,! core & rema9+ wire 7 !n dipp$ 9 melt$ t9 & sold]$ toge!r4 ,9 "s cases !y 7 actually us$ 9 ?is =m z ! desir$ screw ?read4 ,9 o!rs1 ! helical wire 0 us$ to guide a sleeve nut :i* controll$ a tool us$ to cut a ?read locat$ f>!r up on ! l5g? ( ! core4 ,ano!r me?od resort$ to 0 t ( groov+ a smoo? cyl9d] by a %>p-edg$ cutt] /&+ at ! requir$ pit* angle & rely+ on ! contact ( ! knife-edge to produce ! prop] trav]se along ! cyl9d] z x 0 rotat$1 ?us develop+ ! screw4 ,?is me?od is n s crude z x seems & 0 "o ( ^? us$ by ,maudslay himself4 ,he also us$ a flat /eel tape w\nd ab\t a cyl9drical b>1 b he f\nd ! incl9$ knife me?od m satisfactory4 ,! device :i* he us$ 0 a me*anism ( consid]able ref9em5t4 ,he employ$ cyl9d]s ( wood1 t91 brass & o!r s(t metals accurately m\nt$ to revolve betwe5 c5t]s4 ,! h>d5$ knife 0 cresc5t-%ap$1 ne>ly fitt+ ! cyl9d]1 & fix$ at ! requir$ angle ) great precision by means ( a l>ge graduat$ :eel & tang5t screw4 ,a *as+ tool c>ri$ by a small1 adju/able slide cut ! ?read z ! /ock mov$ =w>d "u ! incisive action ( ! incl9$ knife edge4 ,hundr$s ( screws1 bo? "r & left1 7 made by ?is device1 & _! agreem5t ) ea* o!r is said to h be5 rem>kable4 ,?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ,maudslay g5]at$ 8 fir/ lead screws4 ,) ! be/ ( ! screws s obta9$ ,maudslay made ! fir/ screw-cutt+ la! a few ye>s prior to #ahjj1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1cg :i* _h two triangul> b>s = a b$1 & 0 ab\t ?ree feet long4 ,! head/ock c>ri$ a live sp9dle1 :i* 0 connect$ ) a lead screw by a pair ( ge>s1 & a slide-re/ ran ^u ! triangul> b>s "u control ( a lead screw hav+ f\r squ>e ?reads p] in*4 ,9 ?is ma*9e he at fir/ us$ diff]5t lead screws = diff]5t pit*es4 ,! inn] end ( ! l[] sp9dle 9 ! head/ock _h a two-jaw$ driv+ device1 :i* might be disconnect$ & into :i* v>i\s lead screws might be fitt$4 ,lat] he add$ *ange ge> :eels4 #cg ,no4 #afja 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london4 ,cat4 ,m4 ,e4 ,collection1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bff4 ,! great idea ( us+ a s+le lead screw = v>i\s pit*es1 by means ( *ange ge>s1 0 ,maudslay's own4 ,fig4 #af %[s h[ rapidly ! idea 0 develop$4#ch ,?is ma*9e1 built ab\t #ahjj1 is di/9ctly mod]n 9 appe>ance4 ,x has a sub/antial1 well-design$1 ca/-iron b$1 a lead screw ) #cj ?reads to ! in*1 a back re/ = /eady+ ! "w1 & 0 fitt$ ) #bh *ange :eels ) tee? v>y+ 9 numb] f #ae to #ej4 ,! int]m$iate :eel _h a wide face & 0 c>ri$ on ! sw++1 adju/able arm 9 ord] to me% ) :eels ( v>i\s diamet]s on ! fix$ c5t]s4 ,sample screws hav+ f #af to #ajj ?reads p] in* are %[n on ! rack 9 front4 ,bo? ( ^! la!s are n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 9 ,london4 ,) la!s ( ?is design1 ,maudslay cut ! be/ screws :i* _h be5 made up to t "t4 ,"o ( ^! 0 #e feet long1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 ) #ej ?reads to ! in*1 & ! nut fitt$ to x 0 #ab in*es long1 ?us engag+ #fjj ?reads4 8,?is screw 0 pr9cipally us$ = divid+ scales = a/ronomical & o!r metrical purposes ( ! highe/ class4 ,by its means divisions 7 produc$ ) su* m9ut5ess t !y c\ld only be made visual by a microscope40#ci #ch ,no4 #afjb 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london4 ,cat4 ,m4 ,e4 ,collection1 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #bff-bfg4 #ci 8,autobiography ( ,james ,nasmy?10 p4 #adj4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,"s idea ( h[ f> ,maudslay 0 9 advance ( 8 "t is %[n by ! fact t ! wood5 pole-la!s 9 ,fig4 #b repres5t fairly ! /ate ( ! art at t "t4 ,?is =m _h be5 9 use 9 _m c\ntries = c5turies4 ,"o ( ^! wood5 la!s1 built 9 #ahjj1 ! same ye> z ,maudslay's la!1 ,fig4 #af1 is also 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 & 0 9 use z late z #ahgi4 ,simil> la!s are said to be /ill us$ by *air mak]s 9 c]ta9 portions ( ,engl&4#dj #dj ,no4 #aeif 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,museum1 ,london4 ,cat4 ,m4 ,e4 ,collection1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bfd4 ,ab\t #ahcj1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ,maudslay design$ & con/ruct$ a la! ) a face-plate #i feet 9 diamet] op]at+ ov] a pit #bj feet deep4 ,?is la! _h a massive b$ & 0 us$ to turn fly:eel rims4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) a bor+ b> & 0 capable ( bor+ /eam cyl9d]s up to #aj feet 9 diamet]4 ,we regret t no picture ( ?is la! is available4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ z x w\ld %[ 9 a /rik+ way ! developm5t ( ! slide-re/ & la! 9 ! h&s ( ?is great me*anic4 ,maudslay's "w on ! screw ?read 0 n conf9$ to ! la!4 ,he improv$ ! sy/em ( taps & dies :]eby !y 7 made to cut ! ?reads in/ead ( squeez+ !m up1 & he introduc$ ! use ( ?ree or m cutt+ edges4#da ,he made ! fir/ move t[>d ! sy/ematiz+ ( ?read sizes & made a s]ies ( taps f #f in*es 9 diamet]1 = tapp+ /eam pi/ons1 d[n to ! smalle/ sizes us$ 9 wat* "w4 ,! diamet]s ( ^! taps v>i$ by eigh?s & sixte5?s ( an in*1 & _! ?reads 7 det]m9$ by ! respective /r5g?s ( ea* screw4 ,he e/abli%$ = 8 own use def9ite /&>d pit*es4 ,_m copies ( ^! ?reads f\nd _! way to o!r %ops & influ5c$ ! con/ruction ( simil> tools else:]e4 ,9 fact1 ,holtzapffel says3 8,i believe x may be fairly advanc$1 t dur+ ! p]iod f #ahjj to #ahaj1 ,mr4 ,maudslay effect$ ne>ly ! entire *ange f ! old1 imp]fect1 accid5tal practice ( screw mak+ to ! mod]n1 exact1 sy/ematic mode n[ g5]ally foll[$ by eng9e]s2 & he pursu$ ! subject ( ! screw ) m or less ard\r1 & at an enorm\s exp5se1 until 8 dea?40#db #da ,holtzapffel1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fdf4 #db ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4 ,,maudslay',s ,,screw-,,cutt+ ,,la! ,,ab\t #agig ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af4 ,,maudslay',s ,,screw-,,cutt+ ,,la! ,,ab\t #ahjj ,:ile we w\ld n detract f ! +5uity ( o!rs :o conceiv$ ! idea ( ! slide-re/ & lead screw1 en\gh has be5 giv5 to %[ t no o!r me*anic ( 8 day appreciat$ _! possibilities z he did1 & none embodi$ !m 9 =ms z useful4 ,! fact t = _m ye>s ! slide-re/ 0 popul>ly kn[n z 8,maudslay's g-c>t0 indicates t 8 contempor>ies recogniz$ him z its orig9ator4 ,! bus9ess at ,lambe? grew /eadily until x employ$ sev]al hundr$ m51 & embrac$ ! mak+ ( saw- & fl\r-mills1 m9t ma*9]y & /eam eng9es ( all k9ds4 ,) 8 ke5 me*anical intuition he saw t ! cumb]some wood5 walk+ beam *>act]i/ic ( ! ,newcom5 & ,watt eng9es 0 unnecess>y4 ,he !re=e disp5s$ ) x & drove direct f ! eng9e cros%ead to ! crank1 ?us mak+ ! fir/ direct-act+ eng9e1 :i* held ! m>ket = a long "t4 ,he built ! fir/ m>9e eng9es 9 ,engl&1 & 8 lead]%ip 9 t field 0 un*all5g$ = _m ye>s4 ,ano!r ( 8 inv5tions 0 ! pun*+ ma*9e = pun*+ boil] plates & iron "w4 ,8 influ5ce 0 felt 9 _m directions 9 ! field ( ma*9e design4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! weakness ( ! clean1 %>p corn]s 9 ca/+s :i* 7 s priz$ at t "t1 & advocat$ ! use ( fillets1 %[+ t !y greatly increas$ ! /r5g?4 ,to ! end ( 8 life he reta9$ 8 p]sonal dext]ity at bo? ! anvil & ! b5*4 ,"o ( 8 greate/ delights 0 to g into ! %op & 8h a g0 at a piece ( "w :i* 8 workm5 f\nd impossible to d4 ,"o ( 8 old workm51 ye>s aft]w>d1 speak+ 9 k9dl+ pride ( him1 said3 8,x 0 a pleasure to see him h&le a tool ( any k9d1 b he 0 q spl5did ) an #ah-;in* file40 ,nasmy? confirms ?is1 say+3 8,to be p]mitt$ to /& by & obs]ve ! sy/ematic way 9 :i* ,mr4 ,maudslay w\ld fir/ m>k or l9e out 8 "w1 & ! ma/]ly mann] 9 :i* he w\ld deal ) 8 mat]ials1 & cause !m to assume ! desir$ =ms1 0 a treat beyond all expression4 ,e /roke ( ! hamm]1 *isel1 or file1 told z an effective /ep t[>ds ! int5d$ result4 ,x 0 a nev]-to-be-=gott5 lesson 9 workman%ip1 9 ! mo/ exalt$ s5se ( ! t]m4444 ,no "o t ,i ev] met ) c\ld g beyond ,h5ry ,maudslay himself 9 8 dext]\s use ( ! file4 ,by a few ma/]ly /rokes he c\ld plane surfaces s true t :5 _! accuracy 0 te/$ by a /&>d plane surface ( absolute tru? !y 7 nev] f\nd defective2 nei!r convex nor concave nor #8cross-w9d+1'--t is1 twi/$40#dc #dc 8,autobiography ( ,james ,nasmy?10 pp4 #adg-adh4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,:itwor? is usually cr$it$ ) hav+ be5 ! orig9ator ( ! me?od ( mak+ plane surfaces ?ree at a "t1 us+ !m to correct ea* o!r4 ,nasmy?1 h[ev]1 says t ,maudslay us$ ?is me?od & t surface plates s made 7 9 daily use 9 8 %op4 ,8 te/imony is s cle> t x is giv5 9 full3 8,! importance ( hav+ ,/&>d ,planes caus$ him i4e41 ,maudslay to h _m ( !m plac$ on ! b5*es beside 8 workm51 by means ( :i* !y might at once conv5i5tly te/ _! "w4 ,?ree ( ea* 7 made at a "t s t by ! mutual rubb+ ( ea* on ea* ! project+ surfaces 7 effac$4 ,:5 ! surfaces approa*$ v ne> to ! true plane1 ! /ill project+ m9ute po9ts 7 c>efully r$uc$ by h>d /eel scrap]s1 until at la/ ! /&>d plane surface 0 secur$4 ,:5 plac$ ov] ea* o!r !y w\ld float ^u ! ?9 /ratum ( air betwe5 !m until dislodg$ by "t & pressure4 ,:5 !y adh]$ closely to ea* o!r1 !y c\ld only be sep>at$ by slid+ ea* (f ea*4 ,?is art ( produc+ absolutely plane surfaces is1 ,i believe1 a v old me*anical #8dodge4' ,b1 z employ$ by ,maudslay's m51 x greatly contribut$ to ! improvem5t ( ! "w turn$ out4 ,x 0 us$ = ! surfaces ( slide valves1 or :]ev] absolute true plane surfaces 7 ess5tial to ! atta9m5t ( ! be/ results1 n only 9 ! ma*9]y turn$ out1 b 9 educat+ ! ta/e ( 8 m5 t[>ds fir/-class workman%ip40#dd ,:itwor?'s lat] success ) ! g5]ation ( plane surfaces seems cle>ly to be a ref9em5t & outgr[? ( ,maudslay's "w4 #dd ,ibid41 pp4 #adh-adi4 ,maudslay's /&>d ( accuracy c>ri$ him beyond ! use ( ord9>y calip]s1 & he _h a b5* micromet] ( great accuracy :i* he kept 9 8 own work%op & always ref]r$ to z 8,! ,"l ,*ancellor40 ,x 0 ab\t #af in*es long & _h two plane jaws & a horizontal screw4 ,! scale 0 graduat$ to in*es & t5?s ( an in*2 & ! index disk on ! screw to "o hundr$ equal p>ts4 ,speak+ f ! /&po9t ( fifty ye>s ago1 ,nasmy? says3 8,n only absolute measure c\ld be obta9$ by ?is means1 b also ! am\nt ( m9ute diff]5ces c\ld be asc]ta9$ ) a degree ( exactness t w5t q beyond all ! requirem5ts ( eng9e]+ me*anism2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ?\s&? "p ( an in*40#de #de ,ibid41 p4 #aej4 ,maudslay's record1 z left beh9d him 9 /eel & iron1 w\ld give him a secure place 9 eng9e]+ hi/ory1 b 8 influ5ce z a tra9] ( m5 is q z great4 ,he lov$ good "w = its own sake & impress$ t /&>d on all 9 8 employ4 ,clem5t1 ,rob]ts1 ,:itwor?1 ,nasmy?1 ,seaw>d1 ,muir & ,lewis work$ = him1 & all %[$ ?r\gh\t _! lives1 9 a m>k$ way1 8 influ5ce ^u !m4 ,o!r workm51 ^: names are n s prom95t1 spread into ! v>i\s %ops ( ,engl& ! me?ods & /&>ds ( ,maudslay ,field 7lat] ,maudslay1 ,sons ,field7 & made ,engli% tool build]s ! lead]s ( ! _w = fifty ye>s4 ,j4 ,g4 ,moon1 :o aft]w>ds became manag] ( ,james ,watt ,company ( ,soho1 ! successor ( ,b\lton ,watt1 0 appr5tic$ to ,maudslay1 ,sons ,field & gives ! foll[+ picture ( ! %op at ! z5i? ( its prosp]ity4 ,!re 7 n m ?an p]haps a doz5 la!s 9 use !re1 ) ca/-iron box b$s su* z we n[ "k2 b ne>ly all ! la!s _h be5 con/ruct$ by ! firm itself & 7 made )\t a b$1 ! poppet or back c5t] & ! slide-re/ be+ support$ on a wr\ght-iron triangul> b>1 v>y+ 9 size f1 say1 #c-;94 to #f-;94 side4 ,?is b> 0 support$ on ca/-iron /&>ds1 & rea*$ f ! fix$ la! head to ! l5g? requir$ ( ! 8b$40 ,if ! la!s 7 self-act+1 !re 7 two su* triangul> b>s ) ! guide screw runn+ betwe5 !m4 ,! advantage ( ^! la!s 0 great1 = if a l>ge *uck job 0 on h&1 ! b>s c\ld be )drawn f ! fix$ head1 support$ on /&>ds1 & any?+ t w\ld miss ! ro( or sw+ 9 a pit b5ea? c\ld be tackl$4 ,!re 0 "o screw+ ma*9e or la! :i* all appr5tices 9 ! vice l(t 7z ! fitt+ %op 9 :i* ! writ] 0 appr5tic$ 0 call$7 _h to "w dur+ _! curriculum--?is 0 a small d\ble-b> la! ) a guide screw betwe54 ,! fix$ head 0 on ! "r ( ! op]ator1 & ! la! 0 work$ by h& by means ( a :eel v mu* l a m9iature %ip's /e]+ :eel4 ,?is :eel 0 ab\t #b-;ft4 diamet]1 ) h&les r\nd ! rim1 & we appr5tices 7 put at ?is ma*9e to develop ! muscles ( ! "r arm4 ,! advantages ( hav+ ! fix$ head on ! "r 7in/ead ( on ! left1 z 9 an ord9>y la!7 0 t 9 cutt+ a "r-h& ?read ! tool rec$$ away f ! />t & ran (f ! end1 & ?us prev5t$ a 8root 910 :i* might happ5 if1 :il/ pull+ at ! :eel1 y became absorb$ 9 ! discussion ( ! abilities ( a music-hall 8/>0 or o!r equally int]e/+ topics ) a fell[-appr5tice4 ,! writ] rememb]s us+ a pair ( calip]s at t "t1 ^: 8po9ts0 7 ab\t 94 wide = measur+ ov] ! tops ( a ?read4 ,^! 7 /amp$ 8,j4 ,:itwor?1 #ahcj10 & =m]ly belong$ to ! great screw-?read re=m]4 ,ne>ly all ! b> la!s 7 driv5 by gut b&s1 & "o c rememb] gut b&s ( #a-;94 diamet] be+ us$4 ,mo/ ( ! plan+ ma*9es 7 made & suppli$ by ,joseph ,:itwor? ,co41 & ! tool boxes 7 ( ! 8,jim ,cr[0 type1 :i* us$ to make a half-turn r\nd by means ( a cord :5 ! belt 0 %ift$ at ! end ( ea* /roke1 ?us cutt+ ea* way4 ,! =]unn] ( ?is us$ to int]e/ ! writ]--a ma*9e 9 ! vice l(t t 0 v>i\sly call$ a %ap+ ma*9e & a plan+ ma*9e4 ,x 0 driv5 by means ( a disc ab\t #c-;ft4 diamet]1 ) a slot d[n ! disc = v>y+ ! /roke4 ,a connect+ rod f ! disc to ! tool box complet$ ?is portion ( ! ma*9e4 ,! tool box 0 support$ & kept true by two cyl9drical b>s or guides on ea* side1 s t ! :ole arrangem5t 0 l ! cros%ead ( an eng9e work$ by disc & connect+ rod4 ,on ! top ( ! tool box 0 fix$ a too!d sector ( a :eel1 & at ! end ( ea* /roke ?is sector engag$ ) a rack1 & 9 ?is way ! tool box took a half-turn & 0 ready = cutt+ on ! return /roke4 ,! writ] und]/&s t x 0 f ?is ma*9e t ,:itwor? develop$ 8 8,jim ,cr[0 tool box4 ,!re 0 also a huge %ap+ ma*9e1 ^: /roke 0 any?+ up to ab\t #f ft41 :i* 0 simply a tool box fix$ on ! end ( a l>ge triangul> b> ( ab\t #ab-;94 side ) ! 8,v0 d[nw>ds4 ,to ! back ( ! b> 0 atta*$ a rack1 & ?is1 ge>+ ) a p9ion1 gave ! motion4 ,x 0 a great fasc9ation to wat* ?is pond]\s b> ) its tool box sl[ly com+ =w>d out ( its cas+ & tak+ imm5se cuts4 ,ano!r ma*9e tool t also us$ to int]e/ ! writ] 0 a ma*9e = turn+ ! crank p9s ( v l>ge solid cranks1 ! crank p9s be+ ab\t #ah-;94 to #bj-;94 diamet]1 & ! crank %afts ab\t #bd-;94 to #cj-;94 diamet]4 ,^! imm5se crank %afts us$ to be set 9 ! c5t] ( ! ma*9e1 & ! tool w\ld travel r\nd ! crank p9 until ! "w 0 complet$1 ! fe$ be+ work$ by means ( a rat*et actuat$ by lead5 weights fall+ to & fro z ! ma*9es sl[ly revolv$4#df #df ,junior ,in/itution ( ,eng9e]s1 pp4 #afg-afh4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,maudslay 0 a l>ge man1 ov] #f feet #b in*es 9 height1 ) a l>ge1 r\nd head1 a wide =ehead1 a good-humor$ face1 & ke51 /raight=w>d eyes4 ,8 r++ laugh & cordial mann] made fri5ds ev]y:]e & 8 k9dl9ess & unv>y+ integrity held !m4 ,x w repay anyone :o c>es to d s to look up ! acc\nt ( him z giv5 9 ! 8,autobiography ( ,james ,nasmy?10 :o w5t to ,maudslay z a "y man & work$ beside him z 8 private assi/ant4 ,9 read+ ?is affectionate acc\nt "o c easily see :y ,maudslay influ5c$ ^? ab\t him s deeply & :y he rais$ ! /&>d ( 8 craft4 ,l ,nasmy? & _m o!r great me*anics1 ,maudslay became int]e/$ 9 a/ronomy1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? he 0 plann+ to build a #bd-;in* reflect+ telescope = 8 own use4 ,he pat5t$ b few inv5tions1 & reli$ r ^u 8 reputation & workman%ip to protect him4 ,he 0 full ( qua9t maxims & rem>ks1 z true today z !n1 ! outcome ( ke5 obs]vation & wide exp]i5ce4 ,he us$ to say3 8,fir/ get a cle> notion ( :at y desire to accompli% & !n 9 all probability y w succe$ 9 do+ x40 8,keep a %>p look\t ^u y\r mat]ial40 8,get rid ( e p\nd ( mat]ial y c d )\t2 put to y\rself ! "q1 #8,:at bus9ess has ?is to be !re8'0 8,avoid complexities4 ,make ev]y?+ z simple z possible40 ,8 %op 0 ! pride ( ! c\ntry1 & ,nasmy? tells ( ! intimate visits ( ,f>aday1 ,b5?am1 ,brunel1 ,*antrey ! sculptor1 ,b>ton ( ! ,royal ,m9t1 & ,bryan ,donk9 ! eng9e]1 :o us$ to call & *at ) him :ile he work$ at 8 b5*4 ,no bett] tribute to ,maudslay & 8 influ5ce c be giv5 ?an t ( ,nasmy?1 :o said t 8 8useful life 0 en?usia/ically devot$ to ! great object ( produc+ p]fect workman%ip & ma*9]y2 to him we are c]ta9ly indebt$ = ! slide-re/ & indirectly s = ! va/ b5efits :i* h result$ f ! introduction ( s p[]ful an ag5t 9 p]fect+ our ma*9]y & me*anism g5]ally4 ,! indefatigable c>e :i* he took 9 inculcat+ & diffus+ among 8 workm5 & me*anical m5 g5]ally1 s\nd ideas ( practical k & ref9$ views ( con/ructions1 has & ev] w cont9ue to id5tify 8 "n ) all t is noble 9 ! ambition ( a lov] ( me*anical p]fection4 ,! va/ results :i* h sprung f 8 admirable m9d1 are 8 be/ monum5t & eulogium40#dg #dg ,t4 ,bak]3 8,elem5ts ( ,me*anism10 p4 #bcb4 ,second ,edition ) rem>ks by ,james ,nasmy?4 ,london1 #aheh-ahei4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,inv5tors ,,( ,,! ,,plan] ,9 almo/ no case is ! cr$it+ ( inv5tion m difficult ?an 9 t ( ! plan]4 ,n only 0 ?is tool ! product ( _m m5 b no s+le man /&s out cle>ly z ,maudslay1 = in/ance1 does 9 ! developm5t ( ! la!4 ,! inv5tion ( ! metal plan] has be5 claim$ 9 ,engl& on behalf ( ,spr+ ( ,ab]de51 ,james ,fox1 ,george ,r5nie1 ,mat!w ,murray1 ,joseph ,clem5t & ,ri*>d ,rob]ts4 ,! plan] 0 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s e>ly t x may also h be5 inv5t$ indep5d5tly 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh1 )\t d\bt1 lat] ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,) ! plan] z ) ! la!1 ! ,fr5* 7 ! pione]s4 ,plumi]1 a ,fr5* writ] on me*anical subjects1 publi%$ 9 #aged a description ( a ma*9e :i* _h be5 us$ = "s ye>s1 consi/+ ( two p>allel b>s ( wood or iron connect$ at _! extremities4 ,! article to be plan$ 0 fix$ betwe5 !m1 & a frame guid$ betwe5 ! same b>s 0 mov$ l5g?wise by a long screw & c>ri$ a tool :i* took a plan+ cut f ! "w4 ,! ma*9e 0 int5d$ = ornam5t+ ! h&les ( knives & 0 said by ,plumi] to h be5 an ,engli% inv5tion4 ,a plan+ ma*9e inv5t$ 9 #agea by ,ni*olas ,=q1 a ,fr5* clock mak]1 = ! purpose ( plan+ ! pump b>rels us$ 9 ! ,m>ly wat] works to supply ! f\nta9s at ,v]sailles1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,^! pump b>rels 7 made up ( wr\ght iron /aves b\nd toge!r by hoops4 ,!re 7 q a numb] ( ^! b>rels f #aj in*es to #d feet 9 diamet] & f #g feet to #aj feet long4 ,! illu/ration1 tak5 f ,bu*anan's 8,mill ,"w10 publi%$ 9 #ahda1dh is n complete1 z x lacks ! c>riage c>ry+ ! plan+ tool :i* 0 n %[n on ! orig9al draw+4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ma*9e h[ev] is q cle>4 ,! built-up b>rel is %[n 9 place4 ,! cutt] 0 c>ri$ backw>d & =w>d betwe5 two p>allel iron b>s set horizontally ?r\gh ! cyl9d]4 ,ei!r ! tool or ! pump b>rel mu/ h be5 giv5 a rotative fe$4 ,its action 0 !re=e equival5t to plan+ on c5t]s1 & x is said to h done ?is fairly l>ge "w 9 a satisfactory mann]4 #dh ,bu*anan3 8,practical ,essays on ,mill ,"w & ,o!r ,ma*9]y40 ,london1 #ahda4 ,volume ( ,plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,note4--,! spots on ! photograph 7 ! yell[ /a9s ( age on ! orig9al plate ,,figure #ag4 ,,fr5* ,,plan+ ,,ma*9e ,,by ,,ni*olas ,,=q1 #agea ,b5?am describ$ a plan] 9 8 well-kn[n pat5t ( #agic & ,bramah 9 8 pat5t ( #ahjb4 ,mat!w ,murray is said to h built "o 9 #ahad to ma*9e ! faces ( ,d-slide valves1 :i* 7 orig9ally inv5t$ by ,murdock 9 #aghf b improv$ by ,murray 9 #ahjb4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts built a plan] 9 #ahag :i* is1 )\t d\bt1 ! e>lie/ plan] n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 9 ,london & a picture ( x is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bj4di ,x w be se5 t ! mod]n plan] design 0 already beg9n+ to take %ape4 ,! *isel & file m>ks on ! b$ & ways indicate t x 0 itself made )\t ! use ( a plan]4 ,x _h v]tical & horizontal fe$s1 an angul> adju/m5t & sep>ate tool-fe$ = ! head1 & a h+$ clamp = ! tool to all[ x to lift on ! return /roke4 ,! table1 :i* 0 h&-op]at$ ?r\gh a *a9 drive1 0 #eb in*es long by #aa in*es wide4 #di ,no4 #afai4 ,cat4 ,m4 ,e4 ,collection1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bgb4 ,george ,r5nie built a plan] 9 #ahbj ) a movable b$ op]at$ by a screw & furni%$ ) a revolv+ cutt+ tool4#ej ,james ,fox built "o 9 #ahba1 capable ( plan+ "w #aj feet1 #f in*es long1 #bb in*es wide1 & #ab in*es deep1 to plane ! b>s ( lace ma*9es4 ,joseph ,clem5t made 8 fir/ plan] 9 #ahbj to plane ! triangul> b>s ( la!s & ! sides ( weav+ looms4 ,"s ye>s lat] he built 8 8great plan]10 a rem>kable ma*9e f bo? a me*anical & a f9ancial /&po9t4 ,a v full description ( x 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,v>ley 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,arts0 9 ,london 9 #ahcb1ea illu/rat$ by a set ( copp] plates made f ,clem5t's own draw+s4 ,clem5t's reputation ( be+ ! mo/ exp]t draftsman ( 8 day is well borne out by ^! draw+s4 ,9 ?is plan] two cutt+ tools 7 us$1 "o = ! =w>d & "o = ! return /roke4 ,! b$ ran on roll]s1 m\nt$ on a concrete f\ndation1 :i* 7 said to h be5 s true t 8if y put a piece ( pap] "u "o ( ! roll]s x w\ld /op all ! re/40 ,x 0 fitt$ ) c5t]s & 0 us$ = plan+ circul>1 spiral & conical "w z well z flat "w4 ,x took 9 "w #f feet squ>e & 0 h&-driv54 ,! cutt+ spe$ mu/ h be5 l[1 = 8! p[] ( "o man 0 suffici5t to keep x 9 motion = ord9>y "w1 ?\gh two 7 employ$ to make long & full cuts bo? ways40 ,= m ?an t5 ye>s x 0 ! only "o ( its size & x ran = _m ye>s night & day on jobb+ "w1 its e>n+s =m+ ,clem5t's pr9cipal income4 ,smiles says t 8 *>ge = plan+ 0 #ah %ill+s1 or #d4cb1 p] squ>e foot1 :i* am\nt$ to ab\t #aj p] day ( twelve h\rs1 or1 ) two %ifts1 to ab\t #ajj a day4#eb ,on ?is basis he mu/ h ma*9$ an av]age ( ab\t #aa squ>e feet 9 twelve h\rs4 #ej ,bu*anan1 p4 xlii4 #ea ,vol4 ,,xlix1 p4 #aeg4 #eb ,smiles3 8,indu/rial ,biography10 p4 #cjf4 ,bo/on1 #ahfd4 ,by #ahdj ! design ( ! plan] _h become fairly well settl$ & its use g5]al4 ,9 ,am]ica1 plan]s 7 built by ,gay1 ,silv] ,company ( ,nor? ,*elms=d1 ,mass41 z e>ly z #ahca4 ,p$rick ,ay] ( ,philadelphia are also said to h built a plan] at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! e>ly ,am]ican tool build]s w be tak5 up 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,little is kn[n ( ! p]sonalities & hi/ories ( "s ( ^! m51 su* z ,spr+ ( ,ab]de54 ,spr+'s "n is m5tion$ by ,smiles 9 8 8,indu/rial ,biography0#ec z "o ( ! inv5tors ( ! plan]1 b no fur!r ref]5ce is made to him4 #ec p4 #bbc4 ,james ,fox 0 ! f\nd] ( a well-kn[n firm ( ma*9e-tool build]s 9 ,d]by4 ,he 0 orig9ally a butl]1 b 8 me*anical skill turn$ him t[>d ! design & build+ ( lace ma*9]y4 ,! g5tleman 9 ^: employ he _h s]v$ furni%$ him ) ! means ( beg9n+ bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt1 & he soon obta9$ "w f ! great firms ( ,arkwright & ,/rutt1 ! f\nd]s ( mod]n cotton manufacture4 ,8 plan]1 built ab\t #ahad1 0 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is ma*9]y4 ,x is describ$ by ,samuel ,hall1 a =m] workman "u ,fox1 z foll[s3 8,x 0 ess5tially ! same 9 pr9ciple z ! plan+ ma*9e n[ 9 g5]al use1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 detail4 ,x _h a self-act+ rat*et motion = mov+ ! slides ( a comp\nd slide-re/1 & a self-act+ rev]s+ tackle1 consi/+ ( ?ree bevel :eels1 "o a /ud1 "o loose on ! driv+ %aft1 & ano!r on a socket1 ) a p9ion on ! opposite end ( ! driv+ %aft runn+ on ! socket4 ,! o!r end 0 ! place = ! driv+ pulley4 ,a clut*-box 0 plac$ betwe5 ! two opposite :eels1 :i* 0 made to slide on a fea!r1 s t by means ( ano!r %aft conta9+ lev]s & a tumbl+ ball1 ! box on rev]s+ 0 c>ri$ f "o bevel-:eel to ! opposite "o40#ed ,?is plan] 0 9 regul> use z late z #ahei4 ,! driv+ & rev]s+ me*anism describ$ above is almo/ exactly t us$ on ,clem5t's great plan]1 built a doz5 ye>s lat]4 ,fox is said to h also inv5t$ a screw-cutt+ ma*9e1 an automatic ge> cutt] & a self-act+ la!1 b ! evid5ce 9 reg>d to _! dates is unc]ta94 #ed ,ibid41 p4 #cae4 ,george ,r5nie 0 ! bro!r ( ,sir ,john ,r5nie4 ,!y succe$$ to ! bus9ess f\nd$ by _! fa!r1 ! eld] ,john ,r5nie1 "o ( ,watt's be/-kn[n workm5 & next to ,murdock ! mo/ important ( 8 assi/ants1 :o built ! ,albion ,fl\r ,mills 9 ,black ,fri>s1 :]e "o ( ! fir/ rotative eng9es 0 in/all$ ab\t #aghh4 ,! mill 0 a great success until x burn$ d[n a few ye>s lat]4 ,john ,r5nie's connection ) x e/abli%$ 8 reputation & he %ortly aft] />t$ out = himself z a millwright & f\nd$ ! bus9ess :i* 8 two sons c>ri$ on = _m ye>s & :i* _h a great influ5ce ?r\gh\t all ,engl&4 ,sir ,william ,fairbairn 0 "o ( ^? :o work$ = ,george ,r5nie & furni%es ano!r example ( ! cumulative influ5ce ( a succession ( /rong me*anics4 ,mat!w ,murray 0 born at ,/ockton ab\t #agfe4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to a blacksmi? & soon became an exp]t me*anic4 ,he m>ri$ be=e 8 t]m ( appr5tice%ip expir$ & z x 0 difficult to f9d suffici5t "w ne> ,/ockton1 he left 8 wife beh9d him z soon z he 0 free & set out = ,le$s ) 8 bundle on 8 back4 ,he obta9$ employm5t ) a ,john ,m>%all :o _h begun ! manufacture ( flax ma*9]y ne> ,adel4 ,murray sugge/$ improvem5ts :i* br\ght him a pres5t ( #bj & rapid promotion until he soon became ! fir/ me*anic 9 ! %op4 ,he s5t = 8 wife & settl$ d[n 9 ,le$s1 rema9+ ) ,mr4 ,m>%all = ab\t twelve ye>s4 ,he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,james ,f5ton & ,david ,wood & />t$ an eng9e]+ & ma*9e-build+ factory at ,le$s 9 #agie4 ,"h he began ! manufacture ( /eam eng9es & soon e/abli%$ a high reputation1 pu%+ ,b\lton ,watt h>d4 ,murdock 0 s5t d[n to ,le$s1 call$ on ,murray1 0 receiv$ cordially1 & 0 %[n freely ov] ! entire "w4 ,on visit+ ! ,soho works a %ort "t aft]w>d ,murray 0 receiv$ cordially by ,murdock1 & 0 invit$ to d9n] b 0 told t !re 0 a rule aga9/ admitt+ anyone 9 ! trade to ! works4 ,"u ! circum/ances ,murray 0 indignant & decl9+ ! invitation to d9n] left )\t fur!r delay4 ,a little lat] ,b\lton ,watt attempt$ to 8plug him up0 by buy+ ! prop]ty adjo9+ 8 factory1 & ?is tract ( l& rema9$ vacant = ov] #ej ye>s4 ,he improv$ ! ,d-slide valve & did mu* "w t[>d simplify+ ! design ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,! flat surfaces requir$ 9 ?is type ( valve l$ to ! build+ ( 8 plan]4 ,mr4 ,m>*1 a well-kn[n tool manufactur] ( ! next g5]ation1 w5t to "w = ,murray 9 #ahad4 ,mr4 ,m>* said ! plan] 0 9 use at t "t4 8,i recollect x v di/9ctly10 he cont9ues1 8& ev5 ! sort ( fram+ on :i* x /ood4 ,! ma*9e 0 n pat5t$1 & l _m inv5tions 9 ^? days x 0 kept z mu* a secret z possible1 be+ lock$ up 9 a small room by itself1 to :i* ! ord9>y workm5 c\ld n obta9 access4 ,! ye> 9 :i* ,i rememb] x be+ 9 use 01 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 long be=e any plan+ ma*9e ( a simil> k9d _h be5 inv5t$40#ee #ee ,ibid41 p4 #caf4 ,l _m ( ! own]s ( t "t ,murray liv$ directly opposite 8 works & he in/all$ 9 8 h\se a /eam heat+ app>atus :i* excit$ mu* wond] & :i* mu/ h be5 "o ( ! fir/ 9 use4 ,he built ! fir/ locomotive :i* 0 put to successful comm]cial use4 ,trevi?ick _h inv5t$ a /eam road-eng9e ) a s+le /eam cyl9d] & a l>ge fly:eel1 :i* _h attract$ consid]able att5tion1 b 0 :olly impracticable4 ,x 0 important1 h[ev]1 z x _h "o ( ! fir/ high-pressure eng9es1 work+ above atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 #ahaa ,bl5k9sop ( ,le$s1 tak+ 8 idea f ,trevi?ick1 _h a numb] ( locomotives built to op]ate a railway f ! ,middlet[n colli]ies to ,le$s1 a di/ance ( #c miles4 ,bl5k9sop 0 n a me*anic & ! "w 0 design$ & execut$ by ,mat!w ,murray4 ,murray us$ two /eam cyl9d]s in/ead ( "o1 driv+ onto ! same %aft ) cranks set at "r angles1 & !re=e introduc$ "o ( ! mo/ important features ( mod]n locomotive design4 ,^! eng9es 7 9 daily use = _m ye>s & 7 inspect$ by ,george ,/eph5son :5 he began 8 developm5t ( ! locomotive4 ,murray's design =m$ ! basis f :i* he />t$4 ,! eng9es1 h[ev]1 7 op]at$ by a cog-:eel driv+ onto a cont9u\s rack laid along ! road b$4 ,x 0 n until a numb] ( ye>s lat] t ,h$ley & ,/eph5son e/abli%$ ! fact t ! :eel friction ( smoo? driv]s w\ld furni% adequate tractive p[]4 ,! old ,bl5k9sop eng9es1 z !y 7 call$1 haul$ ab\t ?irty coal wagons at a spe$ ( #c miles an h\r4 ,murray's mo/ important inv5tions 7 connect$ ) ! flax indu/ry & = ^! he obta9$ a gold m$al f ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,at ! "t !y 7 develop$1 ! flax trade 0 dy+4 ,_! effect 0 to e/abli% ! ,briti% l95 trade on a p]man5t & secure f\ndation4 ,all ! ma*9e tools us$ 9 8 e/abli%m5t 7 design$ & built by himself & among ^! 0 ! plan] :i* 0 unque/ionably "o ( ! e>lie/ built4 ,he made simil> articles = o!r firms & />t$ a bran* ( eng9e]+ = :i* ,le$s became fam\s4 ,he 0 a frank1 op5-he>t$ man1 & "o :o contribut$ greatly to ! indu/rial supremacy ( ,engl&4 ,joseph ,clem5t 0 born 9 ,we/morel& 9 #aggi4ef ,8 fa!r 0 a weav]1 a man ( little education b ( m5tal ability1 a great lov] ( nature & some?+ ( a me*anic4 ,joseph ,clem5t himself _h only ! m]e/ elem5ts ( read+ & writ+4 ,he />t$ 9 life z a ?at*] & slat]1 b pick$ up ! rudim5ts ( me*anics at ! village blacksmi? %op4 ,be+ grateful to ! blacksmi?1 he repaid him by mak+ = him a la! :i* 0 a pretty cr$itable ma*9e4 ,on ?is he himself made flutes & fifes = sale & also a microscope = 8 fa!r to use 9 8 nature /udies4 ,z e>ly z #ahjd he began to "w on screw cutt+ & made a set ( die-/ocks1 al?\gh he _h nev] se5 any4 ,he work$ 9 sev]al small c\ntry %ops1 !n 9 ,c>lisle & 9 ,glasg[1 :]e he took lessons 9 draw+ f a ,pet] ,ni*olson & became "o ( ! mo/ skillful draftsm5 9 ,engl&4 ,lat] he w5t to ,ab]de5 & 0 e>n+ ?ree gu9eas 7#ae7 a week design+ & fitt+ up p[] looms4 ,by ! end ( #ahac he _h sav$ #ajj4 ,) ?is he w5t to ,london1 mean+ soon] or lat] to set up = himself4 ,he fir/ work$ = an ,alex&] ,gall[ay1 a w>d politician & tradesman :o own$ a small %op4 ,gall[ay 0 a slov5ly manag] & left ?+s to run !mselves4 ,:5 ,clem5t />t$ 9 he f\nd ! tools s poor t he c\ld n d good "w ) !m1 & imm$iately set to "w tru+ !m up1 to ! surprise ( 8 %opmates :o _h settl$ d[n to ! slip%od /&>ds ( ! %op4 ,see+ t ,clem5t 0 capable ( ! highe/ grade "w1 "o ( 8 %opmates told him to g to ,bramah's :]e su* workman%ip w\ld be appreciat$4 #ef ,! be/ in=mation on ,clem5t comes f ,smiles' 8,indu/rial ,biography10 ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,he saw ,bramah & engag$ to "w = him = a mon? on trial4 ,! result 0 s satisfactory t he sign$ an agreem5t = five ye>s1 dat$ ,april #a1 #ahad1 "u :i* he became *ief draftsman & sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,pimlico works4 ,clem5t ?rew himself eag]ly into ! new "w & took great satisfaction 9 ! high quality ( "w :i* 0 ! /&>d 9 ,bramah's e/abli%m5t4 ,bramah 0 greatly pleas$ ) him & told him1 8,if ,i _h secur$ y\r s]vices five ye>s s9ce ,i w\ld n[ h be5 a ri*] man by _m ?\s&s ( p\nds40 ,bramah di$1 h[ev]1 )9 a ye> & 8 two sons return+ f college took *>ge ( ! bus9ess4 ,!y soon became jeal\s ( ,clem5t's influ5ce & by mutual cons5t ! agreem5t sign$ ) _! fa!r 0 t]m9at$4 ,clem5t imm$iately w5t to ,maudslay ,field's z *ief draftsman & assi/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! e>ly m>9e eng9es :i* !y 7 build+ at t "t4 ,9 #ahag he />t$ 9 = himself 9 a small %op 9 ,new+ton1 ) a capital ( #ejj & 8 "w !re until 8 dea? 9 #ahdd is ( great importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ah4 ,,mat!w ,,murray ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ai4 ,,ri*>d ,,rob]ts ,z already po9t$ out1 he _h be5 work+ = _m ye>s on ! problem ( screw cutt+4 ,maudslay _h c>ri$ ?is to a m ref9$ po9t ?an any o!r me*anic4 ,pr(it+ by ,maudslay's exp]i5ce1 ,clem5t began ! regul> manufacture ( taps & dies 9 #ahbh1 us+ ! ?read /&>ds develop$ by ,maudslay z 8 basis4 ,he introduc$ ! tap ) a small squ>$ %ank :i* w\ld fall ?r\gh ! ?read$ hole & save ! "t ( back+ out4 ,he is said to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ 9 ,engl& to employ revolv+ cutt]s1 us+ !m to flute 8 taps4 ,:ile he may h us$ su* cutt]s1 he 0 c]ta9ly n ! fir/ to d s1 z !y 7 9 use 9 ,france at lea/ ?irty ye>s e>li]4 ,he did important "w 9 develop+ ! screw-cutt+ la!1 aga9 improv+ ^u ,maudslay's "w & increas+ ! accuracy ( ! device4 ,he 0 giv5 a numb] ( gold m$als = v>i\s improvem5ts 9 x1 z well z = 8 "w on ! plan]4 ,we h already ref]r$ to 8 8great plan]0 & w only say "h t ( ^? :o contribut$ to ! e>ly developm5t ( ?is ma*9e none h _h a great] influ5ce4 ,he execut$ ! "w on ,*>les ,babbage's fam\s calculat+ ma*9e1 :i* attract$ s mu* att5tion eighty ye>s ago & 0 probably ! mo/ ref9$ & intricate piece ( me*anism con/ruct$ up to t "t4 ,clem5t 0 a r\gh & heavy-br[$ man1 )\t poli%1 :o reta9$ until ! la/ 8 /rong ,we/morel& dialect4 ,at no "t did he employ ov] ?irty workm5 9 8 factory1 b !y 7 all ( ! v highe/ class4 ,among !m 0 ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor?1 :o cont9u$ 8 "w on screw ?reads & br\ght ab\t ! g5]al use ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,:itwor? ?read4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts1 ! la/ ( ^? m5tion$ z inv5tors ( ! metal plan]1 0 born 9 ,wales 9 #aghi4 ,l mo/ ( ! e>ly me*anics he _h little or no education1 & z soon z he 0 /rong en\gh he began "w z a labor] 9 a qu>ry ne> 8 home4 ,8 me*anical aptitude l$ him into odd jobs & he soon became kn[n = 8 dext]ity4 ,he f9ally det]m9$ to become a me*anic & work$ 9 sev]al %ops 9 ! neighborhood4 ,he 0 employ$ = a "t z patt]n mak] at ,john ,wilk9son's works at ,bradley1 & is "o ( ! few l9ks betwe5 ,wilk9son1 :o made ! fir/ mod]n metal-cutt+ tool--8 bor+ ma*9e--& ! lat] g5]ation ( tool build]s4 ,he drift$ ab\t1 a jack-(-all-trades--turn]1 millwright1 patt]n mak] & :eelwright--to ,birm+ham1 ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/] & f9ally up to ,london1 :]e1 aft] be+ ) ,holtzapffel = a %ort "t1 he f\nd "w ) ,maudslay 9 #ahad & rema9$ ) him sev]al ye>s4 ,8 exp]i5ce "h 0 valuable z he came 9 contact ) ! be/ me*anical practice4 ,! memoir ( ,rob]ts 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s0#eg /ates t he work$ on ! ,portsm\? block ma*9]y1 b ?is c\ld h>dly h be5 true1 z t ma*9]y 0 9 op]ation by #ahjh4 ,he ceas$ rov+ & did s well t he det]m9$ to return to ! ,nor? & beg9 bus9ess = himself4 #eg ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #ecf4 #ahfd4 ,he />t$ at ,man*e/] 9 #ahag & !re he sp5t ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,few inv5tors h be5 m prolific or m v]satile4 ,)9 a ye> or two he _h made "o ( ! fir/ plan]s1 already describ$2 _h inv5t$ ! back-ge>$ head/ock1 hav+ ! cone pulley runn+ loose ^u ! ma9 sp9dle1#eh %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 & made o!r improvem5ts 9 ! screw-cutt+ la!2 inv5t$ ! fir/ successful gas met] & built ge>-cutt+1 broa*+ & slott+ ma*9es & an improv$ beam-scale4 ,holtzapffel says3 8,probably no individual has orig9at$ s _m useful v>ieties ( drill+ ma*9es z ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts40 ,?r\gh\t 8 book he frequ5tly illu/rates & describes tools & ma*9]y design$ by ,rob]ts1 cr$it+ him ) ! inv5tion ( ! slott] & key-seat]1 :i* he ?9ks 0 an outgr[? ( ,brunel's mortis+ ma*9e1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,rob]ts' pun*+ & %e>+ ma*9]y 0 ! /&>d = t "t4#ei #eh ,ibid41 p4 #ecg4 #ei ,holtzapffel3 8,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #efh1 #ijj1 #ibj-ibb4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bj4 ,,rob]ts' ,,plan]1 ,,built ,,9 #ahag ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ba4 ,,rob]ts' ,,back-,,ge>$ ,,la! ,by #ahbe 8 reputation _h s increas$ t 8 firm1 ,%>p1 ,rob]ts ,company1 0 ask$ by a committee ( ! cotton manufactur]s ( ,man*e/] to und]take ! developm5t ( an automatic sp9n+ mule4 ,! sp9n]s 7 ! highe/ paid labor 9 ,lanca%ire textile indu/ry1 b !y 7 difficult to "w ) & prone to /rike on a mom5t's notice1 clos+ ! mills & ?r[+ o!r workm5 out ( employm5t4 ,! op]ators ask$ ,rob]ts repeat$ly to help !m b he gave !m no enc\ragem5t1 z ! problem 0 conc$$ to be difficult & he said he 0 n famili> ) textile ma*9]y4 ,he _h be5 ?9k+ ov] ! problem1 h[ev]1 & ! ?ird "t !y call$ on him he said t he n[ ?\ght he c\ld con/ruct ! requir$ ma*9]y4 ,! result 0 ! inv5tion 9 #ahbe ( 8 delicate & complex automatic sp9n+ mule 9 :i* hundr$s ( sp9dles 8run !mselves0 ) only ! att5tion ( a few unskill$ help]s to wat* = brok5 ?reads & m5d !m4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! great textile inv5tions & has _h an enorm\s influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! cotton indu/ry4 ,! next ye>1 #ahbf1 he w5t to ,mlh\se 9 ,alsace & laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n ,fr5* cotton manufacture4 ,lat] he inv5t$ & pat5t$ a numb] ( o!r important textile ma*9es4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! railway 8 firm began ! manufacture ( locomotives4 ,!y built m ?an #aejj1 & e/abli%$ a reputation equal to t ( ,/eph5son ,company 9 ,newca/le4 ,! eng9es 7 built int]*angeably to templates & gauges1 & ,rob]ts' works 7 "o ( ! fir/ 9 ,engl& to grasp & use ! mod]n sy/em ( int]*angeable manufacture4 ,9 addition to all t has be5 m5tion$1 he inv5t$ ! iron billi>d table1 a successful pun*+ & %e>+ ma*9e1 ! mo/ p[]ful electro-magnet !n made1 a turret clock1 a cig>-mak+ ma*9e & a sy/em ( con/ruct+ /eam%ips & equipp+ !m ) tw9 screws hav+ indep5d5t eng9es4 ,) a wond]ful me*anical g5ius1 he 0 lack+ 9 worldly wisdom & 0 a poor bus9ess man4 ,he sev]$ 8 connection ) ,%>p1 ,rob]ts ,company1 became involv$ f9ancially & f9ally di$ at ,london 9 #ahfd 9 pov]ty4 ,at 8 dea? a popul> subscription1 head$ by ,sir ,william ,fairbairn & _m ( ! nobility1 0 />t$ to provide = 8 only daught] z a memorial ( ! debt :i* ,engl& ow$ him4 ,! memoir ( him 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s0 closes ) ! foll[+ words3 8,! c>e] ( ,mr4 ,rob]ts 0 rem>kable1 & x %\ld be c>efully writt5 by "s "o :o c\ld inve/igate imp>tially ! num]\s inv5tions & improvem5ts to :i* claim c\ld ju/ly be laid = him1 & :o1 at ! same "t1 w\ld1 ) equal ju/ice1 %[ :]e 8 inv5tions h be5 pirat$40 ,x is a great pity t ?is 0 nev] done4 ,he 0 a rugg$1 /raight=w>d1 k9dly man1 ( great inv5tive p[]4 ,he improv$ ne>ly ev]y?+ he t\*$ or sup]s$$ x entirely by some?+ bett]1 & nei!r 8 "n nor 8 "w %\ld be =gott54 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ge>+ ,,& ,,millwork ,by #ahcj ! use ( ma*9e tools 0 becom+ g5]al2 !y 7 be+ regul>ly manufactur$ & _! design 0 cry/alliz+4 ,x 0 ! p]iod ( ar*itectural embelli%m5t :5 no tool 0 complete )\t at lea/ a pair ( ,doric columns1 & plan]s 7 furni%$ 9 ! ,greek or ,go?ic /yle4 ,z ! fir/ ma*9e frames 7 made ( wood1 mu* ( ! "w probably be+ done by cab9et mak]s1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld %[ ! same influ5ce t furniture did4 ,x took sev]al g5]ations ( me*anics to "w out ! simpl] l9es ( ! lat] ma*9es4 ,! application ( sci5tific =ms = ge> tee? came at ab\t ?is "t ) ! g5]al developm5t ( ! ma*9e tool4 ,! sugge/ion ( ! use ( epicyclic & involute curves is mu* old] ?an mo/ ( u realize4 ,! fir/ idea ( !m is ascrib$ to ,roem]1 a ,dani% ma!matician1 :o is said to h po9t$ out ! advantages ( ! epicyclic curve 9 #afgd4 ,de la ,hire1 a ,fr5*man1 sugge/$ x a few ye>s lat]1 & w5t fur!r1 %[+ h[ ! direction ( motion might be *ang$ by too!d :eels4 ,on ! basis ( ?is1 ! inv5tion ( ! bevel-ge> has be5 attribut$ to him4 ,willis1#fj h[ev]1 has po9t$ out t he miss$ ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( roll+ cones1 z ! conical lant]n :eel :i* he us$ 0 plac$ ! wrong way1 its apex po9t+ away f1 in/ead ( co9cid+ )1 ! int]section ( ! axes4 ,de la ,hire also inve/igat$ ! involute & consid]$ x equally suitable = too? outl9es4 ,eul]1 9 #agfj1 & ,kae/n]1 9 #agga1 improv$ ! me?od ( apply+ ! involute1 & ,camus1 a ,fr5* ma!matician1 did mu* to cry/allize ! mod]n pr9ciples ( ge>+4 ,! two :o _h ! mo/ influ5ce 7 ,camus & ,rob]t ,willis1 a pr(essor ( natural philosophy 9 ,cambridge1 ^: "n /ill survives 9 8 odontograph & tables4 ,all ( ! lat] writ]s base _! "w on ! latt]'s essay on 8,! ,tee? ( ,:eels10 :i* appe>$ orig9ally 9 ! second volume ( ! 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s10 #ahcg4 ,willis' 8,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism10 publi%$ 9 #ahda1 :i* includ$ ! above1 laid d[n ! g5]al pr9ciples ( me*anical motion & transmission ma*9]y4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! figures us$ 9 8 book are f\nd almo/ un*ang$ 9 ! text-books ( today4 ,smeaton is said to h fir/ introduc$ ca/-iron ge>s 9 #agfi at ! ,c>ron ,iron ,works ne> ,glasg[1 & ,arkwright us$ iron bevels 9 #agge4 ,all ( ^!1 except ! la/ two1 7 ma!maticians2 & no phase ( mod]n ma*9]y owes m to pure !ory ?an ! ge>+ practice ( today4 #fj 8,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism10 p4 #di4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,camus gave lectures on ma!matics 9 ,p>is :5 he 0 twelve ye>s old4 ,at an e>ly age he _h atta9$ ! highe/ academic honors 9 8 own & =eign c\ntries1 & _h become exam9] ( eng9es & pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,ar*itecture 9 ,p>is4 ,he publi%$ a 8,c\rse ( ,ma!matics10 9 ! second volume ( :i* 7 two books1 or sections1 devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! tee? ( :eels1 by f> ! fulle/ & cle>e/ treatm5t ( ?is subject !n publi%$4 ,^! 7 translat$ sep>ately1 ! fir/ ,engli% edition appe>+ 9 ,london 9 #ahjf1 & ! second 9 #ahcg4fa ,9 ^! ! !ory ( spur-1 bevel-1 & p9-ge>+ is fully develop$ = epicycloidal tee?4 ,9 ! edition ( #ahcg1 !re is an app5dix by ,john ,hawk9s1 ! translator1 :i* is ( unusual int]e/4 ,he gives ! result ( an inquiry :i* he made 9 reg>d to ! ,engli% ge> practice at t "t4#fb ,z ! edition is long s9ce out ( pr9t & to be f\nd only 9 ! l>g] libr>ies1 we give 8 f9d+s r fully4 ,8 inquiries 7 address$ to ! pr9cipal manufactur]s ( ma*9]y 9 :i* ge>+ 0 us$1 & includ$1 among o!rs1 ,maudslay ,field1 ,r5nie1 ,bramah1 ,clem5t1 & ,%>p1 ,rob]ts ,company4 ,to quote ,hawk9s3 #fa 8,a ,treatise on ! ,tee? ( ,:eels40 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,camus by ,john ,isaac ,hawk9s1 ,c4,e4 ,london1 #ahcg4 #fb ,ibid41 p4 #age4 ,a pa9ful task n[ pres5ts itself1 :i* ! editor w\ld gladly avoid1 if he c\ld d s )\t a d]eliction ( duty2 namely1 to decl>e t !re is a lam5table defici5cy ( ! k ( pr9ciples1 & ( correct practice1 9 a majority ( ^? mo/ respectable h\ses 9 =m+ ! tee? ( _! :eel-"w4 ,"s ( ! eng9e]s & millwrights said t !y foll[$ ,camus1 & =m$ _! tee? f ! epicycloid d]iv$ f ! diamet] ( ! opposite :eel4444 ,"o said1 8,we h no me?od b ! rule ( ?umb20 ano!r1 8,we ?umb out ! figure20 by bo? :i* expressions may be und]/ood t !y left _! workm5 to take _! own c\rse4 ,"s set "o po9t ( a pair ( compasses 9 ! c5t] ( a too?1 at ! primitive circle 7pit*-circle71 & ) ! o!r po9t describe a segm5t ( a circle = ! (f side ( ! next too?4444 ,o!rs set ! po9t ( ! compasses at diff]5t di/ances f ! c5t] ( ! too?1 ne>] or f>!r (f2 also )9 or )\t ! l9e ( c5t]s1 ea* accord+ to "s inexplicable notion receiv$ f 8 gr&fa!r or pick$ up by *ance4 ,x is said inexplicable1 because no too? b\nd$ at ! sides by segm5ts ( circles c "w toge!r )\t su* friction z w cause an unnecess>y we>+ away4 ,x is admitt$ t ) a c]ta9 numb] ( tee? ( a c]ta9 proportionate l5g? z comp>$ ) ! radii1 !re may be a segm5t ( a circle drawn f "s c5t] :i* w\ld give 8v ne>0 a true figure to ! too?2 b 8v ne>0 ought to be expung$ f ! vocabul>y ( eng9e]s & millwrights2 = t 8v ne>0 w dep5d on ! *ance ( hitt+ ! "r c5t] & "r radius1 accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 & ! numb] ( tee?2 aga9/ :i* hitt+1 ! odds are v great inde$4 ,among ! ,ma!matical ,in/rum5t ,mak]s1 ,*ronomet]1 ,clock & ,wat* ,mak]s1 ! answ]s to ! inquiries 71 by "s1 8,we h no rule b ! eye 9 ! =mation ( ! tee? ( our :eels20 by o!rs1 8,we draw ! too? correctly on a l>ge scale to assi/ ! eye 9 judg+ ( ! figure ( ! small tee?20 by ano!r1 8,9 ,lanca%ire1 !y make ! tee? ( wat* :eels ( :at is call$ ! bay leaf patt]n2 !y are =m$ altoge!r by ! eye ( ! workman2 & !y w\ld />e at y = a simpleton to he> y talk ab\t ! epicycloidal curve40 ,aga91 8,! a/ronomical in/rum5t mak]s hold ! bay leaf patt]n to be too po9t$ a =m = smoo? action2 !y make ! end ( ! too? m r\nd+ ?an ! figure ( ! bay leaf40 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ) :at accuracy ! practic$ eye w det]m9e =ms4444 ,h[ important x is1 !n1 t ^! ,lanca%ire bay leaf fanci]s %\ld be furni%$ ) patt]n tee? ( l>ge dim5sions cut accurately 9 metal or at lea/ 9 c>dbo>d2 & t !y %\ld frequ5tly /udy !m1 & comp>e _! "w ) ! patt]ns4 ,^! ,lanca%ire workm5 are call$ bay leaf fanci]s1 because !y _c be bay leaf copi]s2 s9ce x is notori\s t !re are n two bay leaves ( ! same figure4 ,hawk9s !n describes a me?od ( g5]at+ correctly curv$ tee?1 or r ( tru+ !m aft] !y _h be5 r\ghly =m$1 devis$ by ,mr4 ,saxton ( ,philadelphia1 8:o is ju/ly celebrat$ = 8 excessively acute feel+ ( ! nature & value ( accuracy 9 me*anism2 & :o is reput$ n to be excell$ by any man 9 ,europe or ,am]ica = exquisite nicety ( workman%ip40 ,by ?is me?od ! faces ( ! tee? 7 mill$ true by a cutt]1 ! side ( :i* lay 9 a plane ?r\gh ! axis ( a describ+ circle :i* 0 roll$ ar\nd a pit* circle clamp$ to ! side ( ! ge> be+ cut4 ,x is by ?is g5]al me?od t ! mo/ accurate ge>s & ge> cutt]s are =m$ today4 ,:ile he by no means orig9at$ ! sy/em1 ,hawk9s seems fir/ to h grasp$ ! practical advantages ( ! involute =m ( tee?4 ,break+ away f ! influ5ce ( ,camus1 ! v au?ority he 0 translat+1 :o seems to h controll$ ! ?\ght ( ev]yone else1 ,hawk9s writes ! foll[+ r rem>kable words3#fc #fc ,ibid41 pp4 #afj et seq4 ,s9ce ,m4 ,camus has treat$ ( no o!r curve ?an ! epicycloid1 x w\ld appe> t he consid]$ x to sup]s$e all o!rs = ! figure ( ! tee? ( :eels & p9ions4 ,& ! editor mu/ c&idly ackn[l$ge t he ent]ta9$ ! same op9ion until aft] ! great] "p ( ! =ego+ %eets 7 pr9t$ (f2 b on critically exam9+ ! prop]ties ( ! involute ) a view to ! bett] expla9+ ( its application to ! =mation ( ! tee? ( :eels & p9ions1 ! editor has discov]$ advantages :i* _h be=e escap$ 8 notice1 ow+1 p]haps1 to 8 prejudice 9 favor ( ! epicycloid1 f hav+1 dur+ a long life1 he>d x extoll$ above all o!r curves2 a prejudice /r5g!n$ too by ! supremacy giv5 to x by ,de la ,hire1 ,doctor ,robison1 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid1 ,mr4 ,bu*annan1 & _m o!rs1 :o h1 inde$1 describ$ ! involute z a curve by :i* equable motion might be communicat$ f :eel to :eel1 b sc>ce any ( :om h held x up z equally eligible ) ! epicycloid2 & ow+ also to 8 p]fect conviction1 result+ f /rict rese>*1 t a :eel & p9ion1 or two :eels1 accurately =m$ accord+ to ! epicycloidal curve1 w\ld "w ) ! lea/ possible degree ( friction1 & ) ! greate/ durability4 ,b ! editor _h n suffici5tly adv]t$ to ! case :]e "o :eel or p9ion drives1 at ! same "t1 two or m :eels or p9ions ( diff]5t diamet]s1 = :i* purpose ! epicycloid is n p]fectly applicable1 because ! =m ( ! too? ( ! driv+ :eel _c be g5]at$ by a circle equal to ! radius ( m ?an "o ( ! driv5 :eels or p9ions4 ,9 consid]+ ?is case1 he f\nd t ! involute satisfies all ! conditions ( p]fect figure1 = :eels ( any sizes1 to "w smoo?ly 9 :eels ( any o!r sizes2 al?\gh1 p]haps1 n equal to ! epicycloid = p9ions ( few leaves4 ,) ,joseph ,clem5t1 he exp]im5t$ some:at to det]m9e ! relative end-?ru/ ( involute & cycloidal tee?1 decid+ t ! advantage1 if any1 lay ) ! =m]4 ,he details me?ods ( lay+ out involute tee? & concludes3 ,be=e dismiss+ ! involute x may be well to rem>k t :at has be5 said respect+ t curve %\ld be consid]$ z a m]e sket*1 !re appe>+ to be _m v int]e/+ po9ts 9 reg>d to its application 9 ! =mation ( ! tee? ( :eels :i* require /rict inve/igation & exp]im5t4 ,x is ! editor's int5tion to pursue ! inquiry & %\ld he discov] a cle> !ory & sy/ematic practice 9 ! use ( ! involute1 he %all feel himself b\nd to give 8 views to ! public 9 a sep>ate treatise4 ,he ?9ks he p]ceives a wide field1 b is free to confess t 8 vision is z yet obscure4 ,:at he has giv5 on ! involute is m ?an 0 due f him1 z editor ( ,camus1 :o treat$ only ( ! epicycloid1 b ! zeal ( a new conv]t to any doctr9e is n easily re/ra9$4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s ?is is ! fir/ real appreciation ( ! value ( ! involute curve = too? outl9es1 & ,hawk9s %\ld be giv5 a cr$it :i* he has n receiv$1#fd especially z he po9ts ! way1 = ! fir/ "t1 to ! possibility ( a set ( ge>s any "o ( :i* w ge> correctly ) any o!r ( ! set4 ,x 0 ?\ght at t "t t !re %\ld be two diamet]s ( describ+ circles us$ 9 ea* pair ( ge>s1 ea* equal to ! pit* radius ( ! opposite :eel or p9ion4 ,?is gave radial flanks = all tee?1 b made ! faces diff]5t = ea* pair4 ,! use ( a s+le size ( describ+ circle ?r\gh\t an entire set ( cycloidal ge>s1 :]eby !y c\ld be made to ge> toge!r 9 any comb9ation1 0 n kn[n until a little lat]4 #fd ,john ,isaac ,hawk9s 0 a memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,he 0 ! son ( a wat* & clock mak] & 0 born at ,taunton1 ,som]set%ire1 9 #aggb4 ,at an e>ly age he w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 8ent]$ college at ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 z a /ud5t ( m$ic9e10 b did n foll[ x up4 ,he 0 a f9e musician & _h a m>k$ aptitude = me*anics4 ,he return$ to ,engl&1 travel$ a great deal on ! ,cont95t1 & acquir$ a wide exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 consult$ frequ5tly on all k9ds ( eng9e]+ activities1 "o ( !m be+ ! attempt1 9 #ahjh1 to drive a tunnel "u ! ,?ames4 ,= _m ye>s he practic$ 9 ,london z a pat5t ag5t & consult+ eng9e]4 ,he w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9 9 ! prosecution ( "s ( 8 inv5tions1 & di$ 9 ,elizabe?1 ,n4 ,j41 9 #ahfe4 ,f a ,memoir 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s10 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #eab4 #ahfe4 ,pr(essor ,willis seems to be ! fir/ to h po9t$ out ! prop] basis ( ?is int]*angeability 9 cycloidal ge>+4 ,) ! cle>ness :i* *>act]iz$ all 8 "w he /ates3 8,if = a set ( :eels ( ! same pit* a con/ant describ+ circle be tak5 & employ$ to trace ^? portions ( ! tee? :i* project beyond ea* pit* l9e by roll+ on ! ext]ior circumf]5ce1 & ^? :i* lie )9 x by roll+ on its int]ior circumf]5ce1 !n any two :eels ( ?is set w "w correctly toge!r4444 ,! diamet] ( ! describ+ circle mu/ n be made great] ?an ! radius ( ! pit*-circle ( any ( ! :eels4444 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! describ+ circle is less 9 diamet] ?an ! radius ( ! pit*-circle1 ! root ( ! too? spreads1 & x acquires a v /rong =m4444 ,! be/ rule appe>s to be t ! diamet] ( ! con/ant describ+ circle 9 a giv5 set ( :eels %all be made equal to ! lea/ radius ( ! set40#fe ,?is practice is /&>d = cycloidal ge>+ to ?is day4 ,9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism10 ,willis did ! "w on involute ge>+ :i* ,hawk9s set be=e himself2 & also describes 8a diff]5t mode ( siz+ ! tee?0 :i* _h 8be5 adopt$ 9 ,man*e/]10 = :i* he sugge/s ! "n 8diametral pit*40#ff #fe ,willis3 8,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism10 ,articles #aad-aaf4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,see also 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ia4 #ff ,diametral pit*1 :i* is cr$it$ to ,john ,george ,bodm]1 0 long kn[n z 8,man*e/] pit*40 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,fairbairn ,,& ,,bodm] ,) ! improvem5t 9 ma*9]y came improvem5t 9 millwork & p[] transmission4 ,we quote 9 ! next *apt] ,nasmy?'s description ( ! millwork ( 8 boyhood4#fg ,two ( ! me*anics mo/ influ5tial 9 ! *ange f ^! conditions 7 ,sir ,william ,fairbairn & 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,sir ,pet] ,fairbairn4 ,!y 7 born 9 ,scotl& b sp5t _! boyhood 9 pov]ty 9 ! neighborhood ( ,newca/le1 9 ! same village ) ,george ,/eph5son4 #fg ,see page #he4 ,sir ,william ,fairbairn w5t to ,london 9 #ahaa & obta9$ "w ) ! ,r5nies4 ,! %op1 h[ev]1 0 fill$ ) union m5 :o set _! %\ld]s aga9/ all outsid]s4 ,aft] /ruggl+ = a foo?old = six weeks1 he 0 set adrift1 almo/ p5niless1 & turn$ 8 face nor?w>d4 ,he obta9$ odd jobs 9 ,h]t=d%ire z a millwright1 & return$ aga9 to ,london 9 a few weeks1 :]e he f9ally f\nd "w & rema9$ = two ye>s1 mo/ ( ! "t at ,mr4 ,p5n's eng9e %op 9 ,gre5wi*4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahac he work$ 8 way ?r\gh s\!rn ,engl& & ,wales to ,dubl91 :]e he sp5t ! summ] con/ruct+ nail-mak+ ma*9]y = a ,mr4 ,rob9son1 :o _h det]m9$ to introduce ! indu/ry into ,irel&4 ,! ma*9]y1 h[ev]1 0 nev] set at "w ow+ to ! opposition ( ! workm51 & ! trade left ,irel& p]man5tly4 ,fairbairn w5t f ,dubl9 to ,liv]pool & proce$$ to ,man*e/]1 ! city to :i* ,nasmy?1 ,rob]ts1 ,:itwor? & ,bodm] all gravitat$4 ,he f\nd "w ) an ,adam ,p>k9son1 rema9+ ) him = two ye>s z a millwright1 at good wages4 8,9 ^? days10 wrote ,fairbairn1 8a good millwright 0 a man ( l>ge res\rces2 he 0 g5]ally well educat$1 & c\ld draw out 8 own designs & "w at ! la!2 he _h a k ( mill ma*9]y1 pumps1 & cranes1 c\ld turn 8 h& to ! b5* or ! =ge ) equal adroitness & facility4 ,if h>d press$1 z 0 frequ5tly ! case 9 c\ntry places f> f t[ns1 he c\ld devise = himself exp$i5ts :i* enabl$ him to meet special requirem5ts1 & to complete 8 "w )\t assi/ance4 ,?is 0 ! class ( m5 ) :om ,i associat$ 9 e>ly life1--pr\d ( _! call+1 f]tile 9 res\rces1 & aw>e ( _! value 9 a c\ntry :]e ! indu/rial arts 7 rapidly develop+40#fh #fh 8,useful ,in=mation = ,eng9e]s1 ,second ,s]ies10 p4 #bab4 ,9 #ahag ,fairbairn & ,james ,lillie1 a %opmate1 />t$ out z g5]al millwrights4 ,!y hir$ a small %$ = #ab %ill+s a week & equipp$ x ) a la! ( _! own mak+1 to turn %afts1 & 8a /rong ,iri%man to drive x40 ,_! fir/ ord] ( importance came f ,mr4 ,adam ,murray1 a l>ge cotton sp9n]1 :o took !m ov] 8 mill & ask$ !m :e!r !y 7 compet5t to r5ew 8 ma9 drive4 ,!y boldly repli$ t !y 7 will+ & able to execute ! "w1 b 7 m ?an appreh5sive :5 ,mr4 ,murray told !m he w\ld call ! next day & look ov] _! work%op to satisfy himself4 ,he came1 pond]$ ov] 8! nak$ness ( ! l&10 8siz$ up0 ! "y p>tn]s & told !m to g ahead4 ,al?\gh a ru% job1 ! "w 0 done on "t & s well t ,murray recomm5d$ ! new firm to ,mr4 ,john ,k5n$y1 ! l>ge/ cotton sp9n] 9 ! k+dom4 ,= 8 firm1 ,mac,connel ,k5n$y1 ,fairbairn ,lillie equipp$ a l>ge1 new mill 9 #ahah1 :i* 0 an imm$iate success & at once put ! /ruggl+ p>tn]s 9 ! front rank ( eng9e]+ millwrights4 8,!y f\nd ! ma*9]y driv5 by l>ge1 squ>e ca/-iron %afts on :i* huge wood5 drums1 "s ( !m z mu* z f\r feet 9 diamet]1 revolv$ at ! rate ( ab\t =ty revolutions a m9ute2 & ! c\pl+s 7 s badly fitt$ t !y might be he>d creak+ & groan+ a long way (f4444 ,ano!r s]i\s defect lay 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %afts1 & 9 ! mode ( fix+ ! c\pl+s1 :i* 7 con/antly giv+ way1 s t a week seldom pass$ )\t "o or m breaks-d[n40#fi #fi ,smiles3 8,indu/rial ,biography10 p4 #chi4 ,fairbairn rem$i$ ?is by ! introduction ( wr\ght-iron %afts1 driv5 at d\ble or treble ! spe$1 & by improv+ & /&>diz+ ! design ( pulleys1 hang]s & c\pl+s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s a revolution 0 effect$1 & by #ahdj ! %aft+ spe$s 9 textile mills _h ris5 to f #cjj to #cej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,william ,fairbairn's influ5ce 0 felt 9 _m ways4 ,8 treatise on 8,mills & ,millwork0 & num]\s pap]s be=e ! le>n$ societies 7 au?oritative = _m ye>s4 ,he improv$ ! design ( wat]:eels1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ to und]take iron %ipbuild+ z a special indu/ry4 ,he e/abli%$ a plant at ,millwall1 on ! ,?ames1 8:]e 9 ! c\rse ( "s f\rte5 ye>s he built upw>ds ( a hundr$ & tw5ty iron %ips1 "s ( !m above two ?\s& tons burd54 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! fir/ great iron %ipbuild+ y>d 9 ,brita940#gj ,to facilitate ! build+ ( 8 iron %ips he inv5t$1 ab\t #ahci1 improv$ rivet+ ma*9]y4 ,) ,rob]t ,/eph5son he built ! ,conway & ,britannia ,tubul> ,bridges4 ,probably no man 9 ,engl& did s mu* to ext5d ! use ( iron into new fields1 & 8 =mul = ! /r5g? ( boil]s1 tub+1 %aft+1 etc41 7 /&>d = ye>s4 ,l ,nasmy?1 ,william ,fairbairn has left an autobiography :i* gives a full acc\nt ( 8 c>e]4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s well writt5 or s int]e/+4 ,he di$ 9 #ahgd1 at ! age ( eighty-five1 load$ ) e honor ! nation c\ld be/[4 #gj ,ibid41 p4 #cid4 ,8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,sir ,pet] ,fairbairn1 ( ,le$s1 0 appr5tic$ to a millwright :ile ,william 0 a j\rneyman me*anic 9 ,london4 ,a few ye>s lat] he became =eman 9 a ma*9e %op con/ruct+ cotton ma*9]y1 & = t5 ye>s he work$ 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl& & on ! ,cont95t1 :olly on textile ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahbh he came to ,le$s1 9 ! fir/ flu% ( its manufactur+ prosp]ity4 ,mr4 ,m>%all1 :o _h help$ ,mat!w ,murray1 gave him 8 />t & enc\rag$ him to take ov] ! ,well+ton ,f\ndry1 :i*1 "u ,fairbairn's managem5t1 0 = ?irty ye>s "o ( ! greate/ ma*9e %ops 9 ,engl&4 ,to ! manufacture ( textile ma*9]y he add$ t ( g5]al ma*9]y & l>ge tools = cutt+1 bor+1 rifl+1 plan+ & slott+4 ,he _h a great reputation 9 8 day1 b 8 "w seems to h be5 m t ( a build] ( /&>d tools ?an an orig9ator ( new tools & me?ods4 ,*>les ,holtzapffel1 ano!r well-kn[n eng9e] ( t g5]ation1 0 ! son ( a ,g]man me*anic :o came to ,london 9 #aghg4 ,he receiv$ a good education1 !oretical z well z practical1 & became a skill$ me*anician & a tool build] ( wide influ5ce4 ,8 pr9cipal book1 8,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation10 publi%$ 9 #ahdc 9 ?ree volumes1 is an admirable piece ( "w4 ,cov]+ a field mu* wid] ?an its title indicates1 x is ! fulle/ & be/ /atem5t ( ! art at t "t2 & scatt]$ ?r\gh x !re is a l>ge am\nt ( v reliable me*anical hi/ory4 ,by #ahdj ! numb] ( m5 engag$ 9 tool build+ 0 increas+ rapidly1 & x is impossible to consid] _m ,engli% tool build]s :o 7 well kn[n & :o did valuable "w1 su* z ,lewis ( ,man*e/]1 ,b4 ,hick ,son ( ,bolton1 & o!rs4 ,"o notewor?y man1 h[ev]1 ought to be m5tion$--,john ,george ,bodm]1 :o 0 nei!r an ,engli%man1 nor1 prim>ily1 a tool build]4#ga ,he 0 a ,swiss :o work$ 9 ,bad5 & ,au/ria1 z well z 9 ,engl&1 & 8 f]tile +5uity cov]$ s _m fields t a li/ ( ! subjects cov]$ by 8 pat5ts occupy six pages 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s40 #ga ,= a 8,memoir0 ( ,bodm] see 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s10 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #egc4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,bodm] 0 born at ,zuri* 9 #aghf4 ,aft] s]v+ 8 appr5tice%ip he op5$ a small %op = millwright "w ne> t city4 ,a ye> or s lat] he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,b>on d',ei*?al & ) workm5 br\ght f ,/4 ,eti5ne1 ,france1 he />t$ a factory 9 an old conv5t at ,/4 ,blaise1 9 ! ,black ,=e/1 fir/ = ! manufacture ( textile ma*9]y & lat]1 9 #ahjf1 ( small arms4 8,in/ead ( conf9+ himself to ! ord9>y process ( gun-mak+ by manual lab\r1 ,mr4 ,bodm] inv5t$ & successfully appli$ a s]ies ( special ma*9es by :i* ! v>i\s p>ts--m especially ^? ( ! lock--7 %ap$ & prep>$ = imm$iate use1 s z to insure p]fect uni=mity & to economise lab\r4 ,among/ ^! ma*9es !re 0 also a plan+ ma*9e on a small scale2 & ,mr4 ,bodm] has be5 he>d to obs]ve h[ /range x 0 t x %\ld n h occurr$ to him to produce a l>g] ma*9e ( ! same k9d1 ) a view to its use = g5]al purposes40#gb ,he does n seem to h us$ ! process ( mill+ until mu* lat]4 ,bodm] 0 ?us among ! fir/ to disc]n & to realize _m ( ! possibilities ( int]*angeable manufacture1 ,eli ,:itney hav+ begun ! manufacture ( fire>ms on ! int]*angeable basis at ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 ab\t #ahjj1 only a few ye>s be=e4 ,:y ,bodm]'s attempt %\ld h fail$ ( ! influ5ce :i* ,:itney's _h is n q cle>4 ,a possible explanation may lie 9 ! fact t ! use ( limit gauges does n seem to h be5 a "p ( ,bodm]'s plan4 ,?is use 0 recogniz$ by ! ,am]ican gun mak]s z an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! int]*angeable sy/em almo/ f ! />t4 #gb ,ibid41 p4 #egf4 7,! italics are ours47 ,bodm] 0 appo9t$1 by ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,bad51 director ( ! iron works & milit>y inspector ) ! rank ( capta9 & = a numb] ( ye>s mu* ( 8 en]gy 0 giv5 to ! developm5t ( small arms & field artill]y4 ,he inv5t$ & built a #ab-p\nd bree*-load+ cannon 9 #ahad1 :i* he _h te/$ by ! ,fr5* artill]y (fic]s4 ,x fail$ to satisfy !m1 & 0 s5t a few ye>s lat] to ,engl&1 :]e x 0 dec5tly buri$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,! foll[+ ye> he built a fl\r-mill at ,zuri* = 8 bro!r4 ,in/ead ( ea* set ( /ones be+ driv5 by a small wat]:eel1 all ! ma*9]y connect$ ) ! mill 0 driv5 by a s+le l>ge :eel ?r\gh mill ge>+4 ,! mill/ones 7 arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r4 8,ea* set c\ld be />t$ & /opp$ sep>ately1 & 0 besides furni%$ ) a contrivance = accurately adju/+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! top & bottom /ones4 ,by means ( a hoi/ ( simple con/ruction1 consi/+ 9 fact only ( a l>ge & broad-flang$ /rap-pulley & a rope-drum1 bo? m\nt$ on ! same sp9dle 7! latt] be+ h+$ at "o end1 s t x c\ld be rais$ & l[]$ by means ( a rope71 ! sacks ( gra9 or fl\r c\ld be made to asc5d & to desc5d at pleasure1 & ! op]atives !mselves c\ld pass f "o floor to any o!r by simply tight5+ & releas+ ! rope4#gc ,! %aft+ ( ?is mill 0 made ( wr\ght iron1 & ! :eels1 pulleys1 hang]s1 p$e/als1 frames1 c41 ( ca/ iron1 mu* 9 accordance ) mod]n practice40#gd ,?is 0 sev]al ye>s be=e ,fairbairn & ,lillie began _! improvem5ts at ,man*e/]4 #gc ,app>5tly ! mod]n belt conveyor4 #gd 8,memoir10 p4 #egi4 ,bodm] w5t to ,engl& = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahaf & visit$ all ! pr9cipal ma*9e %ops1 textile mills & iron works4 ,he return$ 9 #ahbd & aga9 9 #ahcc1 ?is "t rema9+ _m ye>s4 ,on 8 second trip he e/abli%$ a small factory = ! manufacture ( textile ma*9]y at ,bolton1 9 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! fir/1 travel+ crane4#ge ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 la/ & long resid5ce 9 ,engl&1 ,bodm] appo9t$ ,%>p1 ,rob]ts ,company mak]s ( 8 improv$ cotton ma*9]y1 :i* !y also und]took to recomm5d & introduce4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 n successful1 & a few ye>s lat]1 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,birley1 ,bodm] />t$ a ma*9e %op & f\ndry 9 ,man*e/] = build+ ma*9]y4 #ge ,ibid41 p4 #eha4 ,ne>ly all ( ! ma*9]y = ! ,man*e/] plant 0 design$ & built by ,bodm] himself & x =ms ! subject ( two rem>kable pat5ts1 grant$1 "o 9 #ahci & ! o!r 9 #ahda4gf ,! two pat5ts cov] 9 reality ne>ly =ty di/9ct inv5tions 9 ma*9]y & tools 8= cutt+1 plan+1 turn+1 drill+1 & roll+ metal10 & 8screw+ /ocks1 taps & dies1 & c]ta9 o!r tools40 8,gradually1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ^! tools 7 actually con/ruct$ & set to "w4 ,! small la!s1 ! l>ge la!s1 & ! plan+1 drill+1 & slott+ ma*9es 7 sy/ematically arrang$ 9 r[s1 accord+ to a c>efully-prep>$ plan2 ! l>ge la!s be+ provid$1 ov]head1 ) small travel+ cranes1 fitt$ ) pulley-blocks1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! workm5 m economically & conv5i5tly to set ! articles to be op]at$ ^u 9 ! la!s1 & to remove !m aft] be+ f9i%$4 ,small cranes 7 also erect$ 9 suffici5t numb]s )9 easy rea* ( ! plan+ ma*9es1 c41 besides :i* sev]al l9es ( rails trav]s$ ! %op f end to end = ! easy conveyance on trucks ( ! p>ts ( ma*9]y to be op]at$ ^u40#gg ,!re 71 9 addition to ^!1 h[ev]1 8a l>ge radial bor+ ma*9e & a :eel-cutt+ ma*9e capable ( tak+ 9 :eels ( #ae feet 9 diamet]1 & ( spl5did workman%ip1 especially 9 reg>d to ! divid+ :eel1 & a numb] ( useful break or gap-la!s1 7 also con/ruct$ & us$ ) advantage4 ,x is especially necess>y to m5tion a numb] ( small1 #f-;in*1 screw+ la!s1 :i*1 by means ( a treadle act+ ^u ! driv+ ge> ov]head1 & a d\ble slide-re/--"o ( ! tools mov+ into cut z ! o!r 0 )drawn1--screw cutt+ c\ld un9t]rupt$ly proce$ bo? 9 ! =w>d & 9 ! backw>d motion ( ! toolslide1 & !re=e a giv5 am\nt ( "w accompli%$ 9 half ! "t :i* x w\ld occupy by ! use ( ! ord9>y means4 ,"s ( ! slide-la!s 7 also arrang$ = tak+ simultane\sly a r\gh+ & f9i%+ cut40#gh #gf ,! fir/ ( ^! is describ$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ( ,m>* #ac1 #aijb1 p4 #cfi4 #gg 8,memoir10 p4 #ehh4 #gh ,ibid41 p4 #eig-eih4 ,! latt] "p ( ,bodm]'s life 0 sp5t 9 & ne> ,vi5na1 work+ on eng9es & boil]s1 beet sug> ma*9]y & ordnance2 & at ,zuri*1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahfd1 9 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>4 ,bodm] does n seem to h orig9at$ any new types ( ma*9e tools1 ) ! exception ( ! v]tical bor+-mill1 :i* he cle>ly describes1 t]m+ x a 8circul> plan]40 ,x 0 little us$ 9 ,engl&1 & has be5 consid]$ an ,am]ican developm5t4 ,x is h>d n[ to det]m9e h[ f> ,bodm] has influ5c$ tool design4 ,x 0 mu*1 anyway4 ,speak+ ( ! pat5t j ref]r$ to1 ,john ,ri*>ds1 :o has himself done s mu* = tool design1 says1 8,"h 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! practice t endur$40 ,he has describ$ "s ( ,bodm]'s tools 9 a s]ies ( articles :i* %[ a /&>d ( design greatly 9 advance ( ! practice ( 8 "t4#gi ,ano!r writ] says ( ,bodm]1 8,he seems always to h ?or\ghly und]/ood ! problems he und]took to solve40 8,"o is lo/ 9 admiration at ! v]satility ( ! inv5tive g5ius :i* c\ld at any "o "t--& t s e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ma*9e design--evolve su* excell5t conceptions ( :at 0 ne$$ 9 s _m bran*es ( ! me*anics' art40#hj #gi ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #ceb1 #cgi1 #djb1 #dcj1 #deg1 #dgh1 #ejg1 #eca1 #eei1 #ehf1 #fjg1 #fcg4 #hj ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #cfi4 ,bodm] 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 #ahce1 & 8 /&+ among 8 contempor>ies is %[n by ! fact t ?irty-five pages 9 ! 8,transactions0 ( ! ,in/itution = #ahfh are giv5 to 8 memoir4 ,= a =eign] to h won respect & di/9ction 9 ! fields ( textile ma*9]y1 ma*9e tools & /eam eng9es 9 ,engl&1 :]e all ?ree orig9at$1 0 surely 8c>ry+ coals to ,newca/le40 ,n only did he succe$ 9 ^! fields1 b he inv5t$ ! travel+ crane1 ! *a9 grate = boil]s1 ! ,mey] type ( cut-(f valve ge>1 ! roll+ ( locomotive tires1 & introduc$ ! sy/em ( diametral pit*1 :i* 0 long kn[n z ! 8,man*e/] pit*10 f its hav+ orig9at$ 9 8 plant at ,man*e/]4 ,?\gh ,bodm] 0 nev] regul>ly engag$ 9 ! build+ ( ma*9e tools1 8 contribution to t field is f> too great to be =gott54 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,james ,,nasmy? ,we "k m ( ! life ( ,nasmy? ?an ( any ( ! o!r tool build]s4 ,n only did ,smiles give an acc\nt ( him 9 8,indu/rial ,biography10#ha b =tunately ,nasmy? 0 induc$ 9 lat] life to write 8 recollections1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! =m ( an autobiography1 edit$ by ,smiles4#hb ,) ! exception ( ,sir ,william ,fairbairn1 he is ! only great eng9e] :o has done ?is4 ,8 intimate k ( ! rise ( tool build+1 ! di/+ui%$ "p he himself _h 9 x1 & 8 ke5 & g5]\s appreciation ( o!rs1 make 8 record valuable4 ,we h already quot$ him 9 connection ) ,maudslay1 & :]ev] possible w let him tell 8 own /ory4 #ha 8,indu/rial ,biography10 ,*ap4 ,,xv4 ,bo/on1 #ahfd4 #hb 8,james ,nasmy?1 ,eng9e]1 ,an ,autobiography10 edit$ by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! e>ly me*anics1 ,james ,nasmy? came f a family ( di/9ction dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y lo/ _! prop]ty 9 ! w>s ( ! ,cov5ant]s & 8 direct ance/ors took refuge 9 ,ed9burgh1 leav+ _! impress on ! city z ! ar*itects & build]s ( _m ( its mo/ fam\s & beautiful build+s4 ,alex&] ,nasmy?1 ! fa!r ( ,james1 0 a well-kn[n arti/1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,scot* ,s*ool ( ,l&scape ,pa9t+1 & a fri5d ( ,burns1 ,raeburn & ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,he 0 a l&scape ar*itect & en\gh ( an eng9e] to be includ$ 9 ,walk]'s engrav+ ( 8,! ,em95t ,m5 ( ,sci5ce ,liv+ 9 #ahjg-ahjh10 reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,he inv5t$ ! 8b[-/r+0 truss 9 #agid1 ! fir/ "o ( :i* 0 erect$ ov] a deep rav9e 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 & also ! sett+ ( rivets by pressure in/ead ( hamm]+4 ,?is la/1 by ! way1 0 ! result ( try+ to d a surreptiti\s job on ,sunday )\t outrag+ ! fe>some ,scot* 8,sawba?40 ,alex&] ,nasmy? 0 "o ( ! six m5 on ! fir/ trip made on ,dalsw9ton ,lo*1 ,octob] #ad1 #aghh1 by ! /eamboat built by ,sym+ton = ,patrick ,mill]4 ,?is 0 ! second trip ( a /eam-propell$ vessel1 ! fir/ "o be+ t ( ,john ,fit* on ! ,delaw>e1 ,augu/ #bb1 #aghg4 ,x 0 an iron boat ) d\ble hulls & made ab\t five miles an h\r4 ,x b>ely escap$ be+ ! fir/ iron vessel1 z ,wilk9son's iron boat on ! ,sev]n 0 laun*$ less ?an a ye> be=e4 ,! picture ( ?is trial trip :i* has come d[n to u 0 made by ,alex&] ,nasmy? at ! "t4#hc #hc ,ibid41 pp4 #bh-ca4 ,james ,nasmy? 0 born 9 #ahjh1 ! t5? 9 a family ( elev5 *ildr54 ,l all ( 8 bro!rs & si/]s1 he inh]it$ 8 fa!r's arti/ic ta/es4 ,if he _h n be5 an eng9e] he w\ld probably h become di/+ui%$ z an arti/4 ,he 0 ambidextr\s1 & to ! end ( 8 life 8 skill ) 8 p5cil 0 a con/ant s\rce ( pleasure & conv5i5ce4 ,! notebook 9 :i* ! lat] record ( 8 ma!matical ideas is conta9$1 is cr[d$ ) funny little sket*es1 l&scapes1 little devils & :imsical figures runn+ 9 & out among ! calculations4 ,! leaf 9 ?is book on :i* he made 8 fir/ memor&um ( ! /eam hamm] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,9 #ahag1 ,watt1 !n 9 8 eighty-fir/ ye>1 visit$ ,ed9burgh & 0 ent]ta9$ at ! ,e>l ( ,bu*an's1 :]e ,alex&] ,nasmy? met him at d9n]4 ,watt delight$ all ) 8 k9dly talk1 & a/oni%$ !m ) ! ext5t & pr(undity ( 8 in=mation4 ,! foll[+ day ,watt visit$ ,nasmy? to exam9e 8 arti/ic & o!r works4 ,james ,nasmy?1 a n9e-ye>-old boy1 return+ f s*ool1 met him at ! door/ep z he 0 leav+1 & nev] =got ! tall1 b5t figure ( 8! ,great ,eng9e]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bb4 ,,james ,,nasmy? ,,f ,,an ,,et*+ ,,by ,,paul ,,rajon ,nasmy?'s fa!r _h a private work%op :i* 0 well equipp$ = ^? days4 ,nasmy? play$ !re f *ildhood & _h ma/]$ ! use ( all ! tools :ile /ill a s*oolboy4 8,by means ( my fa!r's excell5t foot la!10 he says1 8,i turn$ out sp9n+ tops 9 capital /yle1 s mu* s t ,i became q not$ among/ my s*ool companions4 ,!y w\ld give any price = !m4 ,! pe]ies 7 turn$ ) p]fect accuracy1 & ! /eel %od1 or sp9n+ pivot1 0 c5t]$ s z to correspond ) ! heavie/ diamet] at ! top4 ,!y c\ld sp9 twice z long z ! b\ght pe]ies4 ,:5 at full spe$ !y w\ld #8sleep1' t is1 turn r\nd )\t a p>ticle ( wav+4 ,?is 0 consid]$ high art z reg>d$ top-sp9n+40#hd ,he e/abli%$ a brisk bus9ess 9 ^!1 9 small brass cannon1 & especially 9 l>ge cell> keys1 :i* he conv]t$ into a sort ( h& cannon1 ) a small t\*-hole bor$ into ! b>rel & a slid+ brass coll> :i* all[$ !m to be load$1 prim$1 & !n c>ri$ ar\nd 9 ! pocket4 #hd ,ibid41 p4 #hi4 ,he haunt$ all ! %ops & f\ndries 9 ! neighborhood1 mak+ fri5ds ) ! skill$ workm5 & absorb+ ! my/]ies ( f\ndry "w1 =g+1 h>d5+ & temp]+1 & ^? arts :i* 7 h&$ d[n f man to man4 ,speak+ ( ,patt]son's old %op1 ,nasmy? says3 8,to me x 0 ! mo/ in/ructive s*ool ( practical me*anics4 ,al?\gh ,i 0 only ab\t ?irte5 at ! "t1 ,i us$ to l5d a h&1 9 :i* he>ty zeal made up = want ( /r5g?4 ,i look back on ^! days1 especially to ! ,saturday aft]noons sp5t 9 ! work%ops ( ?is admirably conduct$ iron f\ndry1 z a mo/ important "p ( my education z a me*anical eng9e]4 ,i did n read ab\t su* ?+s2 = words 7 ( little use4 ,b ,i saw & h&l$1 & ?us all ! ideas 9 connection ) !m became p]man5tly root$ 9 my m9d4444 8,"o ( ^! excell5t m51 ) :om ,i 0 frequ5tly br\ght into contact1 0 ,william ,watson4 ,he took special *>ge ( all t relat$ to ! con/ruction & repairs ( /eam eng9es1 wat]:eels1 & millwork g5]ally4 ,he 0 a skillful design] & draughtsman & an excell5t patt]n mak]4 ,8 designs 7 drawn 9 a bold & di/9ct /yle1 on l>ge deal bo>ds1 & 7 pass$ into ! h&s ( ! me*anics to be translat$ by !m into actual "w40#he #he ,ibid41 p4 #ib4 ,aft] tell+ ( v>i\s workm51 ,nasmy? says3 8,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al *>act]s ab\t ! f\ndry1 h[ev]1 0 ,johnie ,syme4 ,he took *>ge ( ! old ,b\lton ,watt /eam eng9e1 :i* gave motion to ! ma*9]y ( ! works4444 ,johnie 0 a complete inc>nation ( te*nical k4 ,he 0 ! ,jack-(-all-trades ( ! e/abli%m5t2 & ! /&+ c\nsel 9 e out-(-!-way case ( manag+ & ov]com+ me*anical difficulties4 ,he 0 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! bor+ ma*9es4 ,9 ^? days ! bor+ ( a /eam eng9e cyl9d] 0 consid]$ high art 9 excelsis6 ,patt]son's firm 0 celebrat$ = ! accuracy ( its bor+4 8,i owe ,johnie ,syme a special debt ( gratitude1 z x 0 he :o fir/ initiat$ me into t mo/ important ( all te*nical processes 9 practical me*anism--! art ( h>d5+ & temp]+ /eel40#hf ,f ano!r ( 8 fri5ds1 ,tom ,smi?1 ,nasmy? pick$ up ! rudim5ts ( practical *emi/ry1 z x 0 !n und]/ood4 #hf ,ibid41 p4 #ic4 ,travel+ ) 8 fa!r f "t to "t1 he _h good opportunities = meet+ _m di/+ui%$ eng9e]s & ( visit+ ! great iron works1 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* 0 ! ,c>ron ,iron ,works4 8,! ,c>ron ,iron ,works10 he writes1 8are classic gr\nd to eng9e]s4 ,!y are associat$ ) ! memory ( ,roebuck1 ,watt1 & ,mill] ( ,dalsw9ton4 ,= !re1 ,roebuck & ,watt began ! fir/ work+ /eam eng9e2 ,mill] appli$ ! /eam eng9e to ! purposes ( navigation1 & inv5t$ ! ,c>ronade gun4 ,! works exi/$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,briti% iron manufacture4 ,mu* ( ! ma*9]y cont9u$ to be ( wood4 ,al?\gh effective 9 a g5]al way x 0 mon/r\sly cumbr\s4 ,x gave ! idea ( va/ p[] & capability ( resi/ance1 :ile x 0 f> f be+ s 9 reality4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 truly impos+ & impressive 9 its effect ^u /rang]s4 ,:5 se5 p>tially lit up by ! gl[+ masses ( :ite-hot iron1 ) only ! rays ( bright sun%9e gleam+ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! ro(1 & ! d>k1 black1 smoky vaults 9 :i* ! cumbr\s ma*9]y 0 he>d rumbl+ away 9 ! di/ance--:ile ! mov+ p>ts 7 dimly se5 ?r\gh ! murky atmosph]e1 mix$ ) ! s\nds ( escap+ /eam & ru%es ( wat]2 ) ! half-nak$ m5 d>t+ ab\t ) masses ( r$-hot iron & ladles full ( molt5 ca/-iron--x made a p[]ful impression ^u ! m9d40#hg #hg ,ibid41 p4 #aji4 ,by ! "t he 0 sev5te5 ,nasmy? _h become a skill$ model mak]4 ,:ile he 0 /ill att5d+ lectures 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,s*ool ( ,arts & 9 ! ,univ]sity1 he _h built up q a brisk bus9ess 9 eng9e models1 = :i* he *>g$ #aj ea*4 ,he made 8 brass ca/+s 9 8 own b$room at night1 arrang+ a furnace 9 8 grate4 ,he _h a secret box ( m\ld+ s& & ramm$ 8 patt]ns g5tly s z n to awak5 8 fa!r :o slept bel[4 ,9 ! morn+ ! room w\ld be all clean & gave no indication t x 0 s]v+ = a f\ndry z well z a b$room1 & by "s miracle he manag$ to complete 8 practical education )\t burn+ d[n ! h\se4 ,9 #ahbg1 :5 he 0 n9ete51 he built a /eam road c>riage :i* ran ab\t ! /reets ( ,ed9burgh = _m mon?s1 b ! condition ( ! ,scot* roads 0 su* z to make a ma*9e ( ?is k9d almo/ useless4 ,:5 he w5t to ,london he broke x up1 & sold ! eng9e & boil] = #fg4 ,f inspect+ ! eng9es con/ruct$ by diff]5t mak]s1 ,nasmy? became impress$ ) ! sup]iority ( ^? turn$ out by ! ,c>mi*aels ( ,dundee4 8,i aft]w>ds f\nd10 he writes1 8t ! ,c>mi*aels 7 among ! fir/ ( ! ,scotti% eng9e mak]s :o gave due att5tion to ! employm5t ( improv$ me*anical tools1 ) ! object ( produc+ accurate "w ) great] ease1 rapidity1 & economy1 ?an c\ld possibly be effect$ by ! h& labor ( ev5 ! mo/ skillful workm54 ,i 0 told t ! cause ( ! excell5ce ( ! ,c>mi*aels' "w 0 n only 9 ! ability ( ! heads ( ! firm1 b 9 _! employm5t ( ! be/ eng9e]s' tools4 ,"s ( _! lead+ m5 _h work$ at ,maudslay's ma*9e %op 9 ,london1 ! fame ( :i* _h already rea*$ ,dundee1 & ,maudslay's sy/em ( employ+ ma*9e tools _h be5 import$ into ! nor!rn /eam factory40#hh ,^! reports built up an ambition1 :i* develop$ into a passion1 to g to ,london & "w 9 ,maudslay's %op "u 8?is greate/ ( me*anics40 #hh ,ibid41 p4 #abc4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahbi1 he w5t ) 8 fa!r to ,london & made application to ,maudslay to "w ) him z an appr5tice4 ,maudslay told !m 9 ! fri5dlie/ way1 b unmi/akeably1 t he _h _h no satisfaction f g5tleman appr5tices & t he _h def9itely settl$ t he w\ld nev] employ "o aga94 ,he %[$ !m ab\t 8 %op1 h[ev]1 & began to melt :5 he saw ! boy's ke5 int]e/ & intellig5t appreciation ( ev]y?+ ab\t him4 ,nasmy? _h br\ght ) him "s ( 8 draw+s & "o ( 8 eng9e models4 ,at ! end ( ! visit he mu/]$ c\rage to ask ,maudslay if he w\ld look at !m4 ,! next day ,maudslay & 8 p>tn] look$ !m ov]4 8,i wait$ anxi\sly4 ,tw5ty long m9utes pass$4 ,at la/ he ent]$ ! room1 & f a lively expression 9 8 c\nt5ance ,i obs]v$ 9 a mom5t t ! great object ( my long *]i%$ ambition _h be5 atta9$6 ,he express$1 9 good r\nd t]ms1 8 satisfaction at my practical ability z a workman eng9e] & me*anical draughtsman4 ,!n1 op5+ ! door :i* l$ f 8 libr>y into 8 beautiful private work%op1 he said1 #8,?is is :]e ,i wi% y to "w1 beside me1 z my assi/ant workman4 ,f :at ,i h se51 !re is no ne$ ( an appr5tice%ip 9 y\r case4'#hi #hi ,ibid41 p4 #abi4 8,mr4 ,maudslay seem$ at once to take me into 8 confid5ce4 ,he treat$ me 9 ! mo/ k9dly mann]--n z a workman or an appr5tice1 b z a fri5d4 ,i 0 an anxi\s li/5] to ev]y?+ t he said2 & x gave him pleasure to obs]ve t ,i und]/ood & valu$ 8 conv]sation4 ,! greate/ treat ( all 0 9 /ore = me4 ,he %[$ me 8 exquisite collection ( taps & dies & screw-tackle1 :i* he _h made ) ! utmo/ c>e = 8 own s]vice4 ,!y re/$ 9 a succession ( draw]s ne> to ! b5* :]e he work$4444 8,he proce$$ to dilate ^u ! importance ( ! uni=mity ( screws4 ,"s may call x an improvem5t1 b x might almo/ be call$ a revolution 9 me*anical eng9e]+ :i* ,mr4 ,maudslay introduc$4 ,be=e 8 "t no sy/em _h be5 foll[$ 9 proportion+ ! numb] ( ?reads ( screws to _! diamet]4 ,e bolt & nut 0 ?us a specialty 9 itself1 & nei!r possess$ nor admitt$ ( any community ) its neighbors4 ,to su* an ext5t _h ?is practice be5 c>ri$ t all bolts & _! correspond+ nuts _h to be specially m>k$ z belong+ to ea* o!r4444 8,none b ^? :o liv$ 9 ! comp>atively e>ly days ( ma*9e manufacture c =m an adequate idea ( ! annoyance1 delay1 & co/ ( ?is utt] want ( sy/em1 or c appreciate ! va/ s]vices r5d]$ to me*anical eng9e]+ by ,mr4 ,maudslay1 :o 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! practical measures necess>y = its rem$y40#ij #ij ,ibid41 pp4 #aca-acb4 ,!re 0 no place 9 all ,engl& :]e ,nasmy? c\ld h le>n$ m4 ,he 0 9 close p]sonal contact ) "o ( ! be/ me*anics 9 ! _w4 ,he _h ,maudslay's w>me/ p]sonal int]e/ & he>d all ! discussions ( ! eng9e]s & fam\s m5 :o us$ to come to ! work%op4 8,among ,mr4 ,maudslay's mo/ frequ5t visitors 0 ,g54 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 ,mr4 ,b>ton1 director ( ! ,royal ,m9t1 ,mr4 ,bryan ,donk91 ,mr4 ,f>aday1 & ,mr4 ,*antrey1 ! sculptor4 ,z ,mr4 ,maudslay wi%$ me to be at h& to give him any necess>y assi/ance1 ,i _h ! opportunity ( li/5+ to ! conv]sation betwe5 him & ^! di/+ui%$ visitors4 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am call$ v (t54 ,he _h be5 associat$ ) ,maudslay dur+ ! contrivance & con/ruction ( ! block ma*9]y4 ,he 0 bro!r ( ! celebrat$ ,j]emy ,b5?am1 & he appli$ ! same cle> common s5se to me*anical subjects :i* ! o!r _h done to legal1 social & political que/ions4 8,x 0 9 ! highe/ degree int]e/+ & in/ructive to he> ^! two great pione]s 9 ! hi/ory & application ( me*anics discuss+ ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! block-mak+ ma*9]y4 ,9 fact1 ,maudslay's connection ) ! subject _h l$ to ! developm5t ( mo/ ( our mod]n eng9e]+ tools4 ,!y may s9ce h be5 some:at alt]$ 9 arrangem5t1 b n 9 pr9ciple4 ,sc>cely a week pass$ )\t a visit f ! ,g5]al4 ,he sat 9 ! beautiful work%op1 :]e he always seem$ s happy4 ,x 0 a great treat to he> him & ,maudslay fight _! battles ov] aga91 9 rec\nt+ ! difficulties1 bo? (ficial & me*anical1 ov] :i* !y _h s glori\sly triumph$40#ia #ia ,ibid41 pp4 #aea-aeb4 ,:ile ) ,maudslay1 ,nasmy? design$ & built an index mill+ ma*9e = f9i%+ ! sides ( hexagon nuts4 ,aft] ,maudslay's dea? 9 #ahca1 he rema9$ a few mon?s ) ,mr4 ,field to f9i% "s "w 9 h&1 & !n left to />t 9 bus9ess = himself4 ,nasmy? speaks 9 ! k9dlie/ t]ms ( ,mr4 ,field1 & d\btless w\ld h _h m to say ab\t him if 8 relation%ip ) ,maudslay _h n be5 s close4 ,jo%ua ,field 0 a man to be appreciat$4 ,he 0 a draftsman at ! ,portsm\? docky>d :5 ! block ma*9]y 0 be+ built1 & %[$ s cle> a grasp ( ! "w 9 h& t ,b5?am _h him transf]r$ to ! ,admiralty at ,:itehall4 ,9 #ahjd he left ! s]vice & w5t to ,maudslay's1 :5 he 0 at ,m>g>et ,/reet & employ$ ab\t eighty m54 ,he rose /eadily1 0 tak5 into p>tn]%ip 9 #ahbb1 at ! same "t z ,maudslay's elde/ son1 & 0 ! s5ior p>tn] aft] ,maudslay's dea? :5 ! firm 0 at ! height ( its long prosp]ity4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? consult$ 9 ! lay+ ( ! ,atlantic cable & 9 ! design+ ( ma*9]y = do+ x4 8,mr4 ,field 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ! orig9 ( :i* 0 v humble4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahaf1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,rob9son ,palm]1 :o 0 !n a pupil ( ! late ,mr4 ,bryan ,donk91 sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,field ! idea ( =m+ a society ( "y eng9e]s1 = _! mutual improvem5t 9 me*anical & eng9e]+ sci5ce2 & ! e>lie/ memb]s 7 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,rob9son ,palm]1 ,mr4 ,william ,ni*olson ,maudslay1 & ,mr4 ,jo%ua ,field4 ,to ^! ?ree 7 %ortly add$ ,mr4 ,james ,jones1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,coll+e1 & ,mr4 ,james ,a%well4 ,!y met occasionally 9 a room hir$ = ! purpose1 & to !m 7 soon attract$ o!rs hav+ ! same objects 9 view4 ,mr4 ,field 0 ! fir/ *airman ( ! ,in/itution1 be+ elect$ to t po/ on ! six? ( ,janu>y1 #ahah4 ,subsequ5tly he became1 9 #ahcg1 a vice-presid5t1 an (fice he fill$ until he 0 elect$ presid5t 9 #ahdh1 & 9 #ahdi1 & he cont9u$ to ! la/ to be an active memb] & w>m support] ( ! ,in/itution40#ib ,mr4 ,field did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to give ,nasmy? a />t1 all[+ him to make ! ca/+s = "s ma*9e tools :i* he propos$ to f9i% lat] = use 9 8 own plant4 #ib ,memoir1 9 8,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s10 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #dia4 #ahfc4 ,nasmy? return$ to ,ed9burgh & took tempor>y qu>t]s 9 a little outbuild+ #af feet by #bd feet1 )9 a few m9utes' walk ( 8 fa!r's home4 ,he hir$ "o me*anic1 ,ar*ie ,torry1 :o rema9$ ) him ! re/ ( 8 life & became "o ( 8 pr9cipal =em54 ,8 p[] plant consi/$ ( "o husky labor] :o turn$ a crank4 ,toge!r !y f9i%$ up ! ca/+s br\ght f ,maudslay ,field's1 mak+ fir/ a la!1 !n a plan] #bj in*es by #cf in*es1 & ) ^! a few bor+ & drill+ ma*9es4 ,he c>ri$ ! exp5se ( ?is by do+ "s "w = an en?usia/ic inv5tor ( a wond]ful rot>y /eam eng9e4 ,nasmy? honorably in=m$ ! inv5tor t 8 ma*9e w\ld n "w1 b z ! inv5tor 0 b5t on sp5d+ 8 money1 ,nasmy? execut$ ! "w = him1 & ! proce$s enabl$ him to build 8 ma*9]y4 ,9 a few mon?s he 0 ready to beg94 ,he w5t to ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] look+ = a location1 & soon made _m p[]ful fri5ds 9 bo? cities4 ,9 #ahca he r5t$ a s+le floor 9 ,man*e/]1 #bg feet by #acj feet1 ) p[]1 & t5 days lat] ,ar*ie foll[$ ) ! tools4 ,x 0 a p>ticul>ly =tunate "t & place = />t+ su* an ent]prise4 ,! success ( ! ,liv]pool ,man*e/] ,railway1 j op5$1 creat$ a great dem& = locomotives & = ma*9e tools4 ,ord]s came 9 fa/1 & ! plan] especially 0 busy all ! "t4 ,if its pr(its 7 any?+ l ^? ( ,clem5t's plan]1 x mu/ h be5 a v heavy e>n]4 ,z ! bus9ess grew1 ,nasmy? add$ m tools1 always mak+ !m himself & /eadily improv+ _! design & con/ruction4 ,he soon outgrew 8 qu>t]s2 & 9 #ahcf he secur$ l& at ,patricr(t1 a mile or s outside ( ! city1 admirably locat$ betwe5 ! new railway & ! ,bridgewat] ,canal1 & built a new plant :i* he call$ ! ,bridgewat] ,f\ndry4 ,9 ! new f\ndry he us$ ! fir/ worm-ge>$ tilt+ p\r+-ladle4 ,z x elim9at$ a common & v dang]\s s\rce ( accid5ts1 he refra9$ f pat5t+ x & 9 a %ort "t its use 0 univ]sal4 ,he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,holbrook ,gaskell1 :o took ! bus9ess end ( ! ent]prise1 & ! firm ( ,nasmy? ,gaskell _h a v prosp]\s c>e] until1 sixte5 ye>s lat]1 ,mr4 ,gaskell 0 =c$ to retire on acc\nt ( ill heal?4 ,nasmy? built ma*9e tools ( all k9ds4 ,9 #ahcf he inv5t$ ! %ap] :i* 0 long kn[n z 8,nasmy?'s ,/eel ,arm40 ,descriptions & illu/rations ( "s ( ,nasmy?'s tools may be f\nd at ! end ( 8 autobiography1#ic 9 ,bu*anan's 8,mill ,"w10#id & 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/4#ie ,he pat5t$ b few ( 8 inv5tions1 rely+ = protection ma9ly ^u ! reputation :i* he soon e/abli%$4 8,9 me*anical /ructures & contrivances10 he says1 8,i h always endeavor$ to atta9 ! desir$ purpose by ! employm5t ( ! fewe/ p>ts1 ca/+ aside e detail n absolutely necess>y1 & gu>d+ c>efully aga9/ ! intrusion ( m]e traditional =ms & arrangem5ts4 ,! latt] are apt to ins9uate !mselves1 & to int]f]e ) t simplicity & directness ( action :i* is 9 all cases s desirable a quality 9 me*anical /ructures4 ,pla9 common s5se %\ld be app>5t 9 ! g5]al design1 z 9 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! details2 & a "* ( sev]e utility p]vade ! :ole1 accompani$ ) z mu* att5tion to gracefulness ( =m z is consi/5t ) ! nature & purpose ( ! /ructure40#if ,?is 0 writt5 9 lat] life4 ,:ile 8 lat] "w 0 9 ?or\gh con=mity ) ^! pr9ciples1 x 0 "s "t be=e he fre$ himself f ! tradition ( ,greek /yle 9 ma*9e frames4 ,he 0 "o ( ^?1 h[ev]1 :o l$ ! way into ! m correct practice indicat$ above1 ?\gh he 0 probably n s influ5tial 9 ?is direction z ,:itwor?4 #ic p4 #djj et seq4 #id ,volume ( ,plates4 #ie ,oct4 #ad1 #aiji1 p4 #fed4 #if ,autobiography1 p4 #dci4 ,8 greate/ inv5tion unque/ionably 0 t ( ! /eam hamm]1 :i* came ab\t 9 an int]e/+ way4 ,he _h built a numb] ( locomotives = ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,?is railway op]at$ a l9e ( /eam]s f ,bri/ol to ,new ,york & 0 plann+ a %ip l>g] & fa/] ?an any !n built1 to be call$ 8,! ,great ,brita940 ,x 0 to be a side-:eel] & ! plans call$ = a l>ge & heavy paddle %aft1 #cj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,mr4 ,humphries1 its design]1 wrote to ,nasmy? ask+ = help1 say+ s l>ge a %aft c\ld n be =g$ ) any ( ! hamm]s !n 9 use4 ,nasmy? saw at once ! limitations ( ! prevail+ tilt hamm]--:i* 0 simply a smi?'s h& hamm]1 enl>g$1 ) a range s small t x 8gagg$0 on l>ge "w1--& t ! design ( l>ge hamm]s mu/ be approa*$ 9 an entirely new way4 8,! obvi\s rem$y 0 to contrive "s me?od by :i* a pond]\s block ( iron %\ld be lift$ to a suffici5t height above ! object on :i* x 0 desir$ to /rike a bl[1 & !n to let ! block fall d[n ^u ! =g+1 guid+ x 9 its desc5t by su* simple means z %\ld give ! requir$ precision 9 ! p]cussive action ( ! fall+ mass4 ,foll[+ up ?is idea10 he writes1 8,i got out my #8,s*eme ,book1' on ! pages ( :i* ,i g5]ally ?\ght out1 ) ! aid ( p5 & p5cil1 su* me*anical adaptations z ,i _h conceiv$ 9 my m9d1 & 0 !reby enabl$ to r5d] !m visible4 ,i !n rapidly sket*$ out my /eam hamm]1 hav+ x all cle>ly be=e me 9 m9d's eye4 ,9 little m ?an half an h\r aft] receiv+ ,mr4 ,humphries's lett] n>rat+ 8 unlook$-= difficulty1 ,i _h ! :ole contrivance1 9 all its executant details1 be=e me 9 a page ( my ,s*eme ,book1 a r$uc$ photograph copy ( :i* ,i app5d to ?is description4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47 ,! date ( ?is fir/ draw+ 0 ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,novemb]1 #ahci44440ig #ig ,ibid41 p4 #bdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bc4 ,,fir/ ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,hamm] ,,nov4 #bd1 #ahci ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bd4 ,,model ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/eam ,,hamm] ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum1 ,,london 8,rude & rapidly sket*$ out z x 01 ?is1 my fir/ del9eation ( ! /eam hamm]1 w be f\nd to comprise all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! inv5tion4#ih ,e detail ( ! draw+ reta9s to ?is day ! =m & arrangem5t :i* ,i gave to x =ty-?ree ye>s ago4 ,i believ$ t ! /eam hamm] w\ld prove practically successful2 & ,i look$ =w>d to its g5]al employm5t 9 ! =g+ ( heavy masses ( iron4 ,x is no small gratification to me n[1 :5 ,i look ov] my rude & ha/y fir/ sket*1 to f9d t ,i hit ! m>k s exactly1 n only 9 ! g5]al /ructure b 9 ! details2 & t ! inv5tion z ,i !n conceiv$ x & put x into %ape1 /ill reta9s its =m & arrangem5ts intact 9 ! ?\s&s ( /eam hamm]s t are n[ do+ good s]vice 9 ! me*anical arts ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w40#ii #ih ,comp>e ,nasmy?'s sket*1 ,fig4 #bc1 ) ,fig4 #bd1 :i* 0 tak5 f ! model ( 8 fir/ hamm] n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 7,exhibit ,no4 #aega74 ,! description ( x 9 ! catalog is z foll[s3 8,x consi/s ( a base plate ) a l>ge c5tral op5+ ?r\gh :i* projects ! top ( ! anvil1 s t a bl[ on ! anvil is n transmitt$ to ! base plate4 ,on ! plate are secur$ two /&>ds :i* =m guides = ! hamm]-head or tup1 & also support an ov]head cyl9d]1 ! pi/on ( :i* is connect$ ) ! tup by a pi/on rod pass+ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,/eam is admitt$ to ?is cyl9d] by a /op valve 9 ! =m ( a slide1 & !n by a slide valve on ! front ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* by a h& lev] c be mov$ s z to let /eam 9 bel[ ! pi/on & s raise ! heavy tup4 ,:5 x is lift$ to a height proportionate to ! en]gy ( ! bl[ requir$1 ! /eam is by ! slide valve p]mitt$ to escape & ! hamm] falls ^u ! =g+ plac$ on ! anvil4 ,! cyl9d] is !re=e only s+le-act+1 b ! top is clos$1 & a r+ ( holes communicat+ ) ! exhau/ pipe is provid$ at a little di/ance d[n inside4 ,9 ?is way an air cu%ion is =m$ :i* helps to />t ! pi/on d[nw>ds :5 a long /roke is be+ tak51 & also ! /eam bel[ ! pi/on is p]mitt$ to escape :5 ! tup has be5 lift$ z high z x c safely g4 ,soon aft] its inv5tion ! /eam hamm] 0 greatly increas$ 9 p[] by accel]at+ ! fall ( ! tup by admitt+ /eam above ! pi/on 9 ! d[n/roke & s *ang+ x into ! usual d\ble-act+ /eam hamm]40 ,cat4 ,ma*9]y ,collection1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bee4 #ii ,autobiography1 p4 #bdb4 ,! %aft1 h[ev]1 0 nev] built4 ,screw propulsion 0 j com+ into use2 ! design ( ! vessel 0 *ang$1 & ! :ole s*eme laps$4 ,a ye> or s lat]1 ,m4 ,s*neid]1 ! ,fr5* iron ma/] ( ,creuzot1 & 8 eng9e]1 ,m4 ,b\rdon1 visit$ ,bridgewat] :ile ,nasmy? happ5$ to be away4 ,mr4 ,gaskell1 aft] tak+ !m ab\t ! plant1 %[$ !m ! ,s*eme ,book & po9t$ out ! sket* ( ! hamm]1 tell+ !m ( ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,!y 7 impress$ ) x & took c>eful notes & sket*es ( its details4 ,nasmy? 0 in=m$ ( _! visit ^u 8 return1 b knew no?+ ( _! hav+ tak5 sket*es ( ! hamm]4 ,9 #ahdb ,nasmy? visit$ ,france1 & 0 cordially receiv$ at ,creuzot & %[n ab\t ! works4 8,on ent]+10 he writes1 8"o ( ! ?+s t p>ticul>ly /ruck me 0 ! excell5ce ( a l>ge wr\ght-iron m>9e eng9e s+le crank1 =g$ ) a rem>kable degree ( exactness 9 its g5]al =m4 ,i obs]v$ also t ! l>ge eye ( ! crank _h be5 pun*$ & drift$ ) extraord9>y smoo?ness & tru?4 ,i inquir$ ( ,m4 ,b\rdon #8h[ t crank _h be5 =g$8' ,8 imm$iate reply 01 #8,x 0 =g$ by y\r /eam hamm]6'444 ,he told me 444 t he _h tak5 c>eful notes & sket*es1 & t among ! fir/ ?+s he did aft] 8 return to ,creuzot 0 to put 9 h& ! necess>y "w = ! erection ( a /eam hamm]4444 ,m4 ,b\rdon conduct$ me to ! =ge dep>tm5t ( ! works1 t ,i might1 z he said1 #8see my own *ild'2 & !re x 01 9 tru?--a ?ump+ *ild ( my bra940#ajj ,=tunately x 0 /ill "t to save 8 pat5t rights4 ,he mov$ rapidly & 9 ,june1 #ahdb1 two mon?s aft] 8 visit to ,creuzot1 a pat5t 0 obta9$4#aja4 ,! /eam hamm] soon f\nd its way into all ! l>ge %ops ( ! _w & greatly increas$ ,nasmy?'s already com=table =tune4 ,nasmy? transf]r$ 8 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t to ,s4 ,v4 ,m]rick ( ,philadelphia1 :o introduc$ ! hamm] into ! ,am]ican iron works4 #ajj ,ibid41 pp4 #bdf-bdg4 ,! self-act+ valve motion = ! /eam hamm] 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,wilson1 :5 ,nasmy? 0 abs5t on bus9ess4 ,wilson 0 manag] at ,patricr(t & lat] became a p>tn]4 ,x 0 mu* us$ = a "t b ) ! adv5t ( balanc$ pi/on-valves ! h&-op]at$ ge> supplant$ x4 ,nasmy?'s inv5tion ( ! hamm] 0 d5i$ by ,m4 ,s*neid] 9 #ahga4 ,= full] discussion ( ! hi/ory ( ?is hamm] see ,london ,eng9e]1 ,may #af1 #ahij1 & a pamphlet by ,t4 ,s4 ,r[l&son1 entitl$ 8,hi/ory ( ! ,/eam ,hamm]40 ,man*e/]1 #ahff4 #aja ,no4 #ichb1 ,june #i1 #ahdb4 ,besides "w on ! hamm] & ma*9e tools1 ,nasmy? made a numb] ( inv5tions ( int]e/4 ,:ile /ill ) ,maudslay he inv5t$ ! flexible %aft made ( a coil$ spr+1 & speaks ) amusem5t at 8 f9d+ ! same idea 9 a d5tal eng9e _m ye>s lat] cr$it$ z an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,he inv5t$ ! ball-&-socket jo9t = %aft+ hang]s & also ! s+le w$ge gate valve4 ,8 /eam pil$riv]1 an adaptation ( ! /eam hamm]1 0 ! inv5tion 9 :i* he seems to h tak5 ! mo/ satisfaction4 ,he 0 work+ out a me?od ( puddl+ iron ) a bla/ ( /eam :5 he 0 eclips$ by ,bessem]'s brilliant inv5tion1 9 #ahee1 ( ! air bla/4 ,nasmy? 0 a memb] ( ! ,small ,arms ,committee :i* remodel$ ! ,small ,arms ,factory at ,enfield4 ,8 connection ) ?is w be tak5 up 9 ! consid]ation ( ! rise ( int]*angeable manufacture4 ,nasmy? retir$ f bus9ess 9 #ahef1 b\ght an e/ate 9 ,k5t1 & sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 travel & 9 8 /udies 9 a/ronomy4 ,he 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ?is /udy f boyhood4 ,be=e he 0 tw5ty he _h built an excell5t #f-;in* reflect+ telescope1 & x 0 he :o ar\s$ ,maudslay's int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,he _h a #aj-;in* telescope at ,patricr(t & a l>ge "o at ,hamm]sfield4 ,he began 8 /udy ( ! moon 9 #ahdb1 & receiv$ a m$al = 8 "w at ! ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,8 book1 8,! ,moon1 ,consid]$ z a ,planet1 a ,_w1 & a ,satellite10 publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 9 conjunction ) ,james ,c>p5t]1 ! result ( 8 ?irty-two ye>s ( "w1 is au?oritative today4 ,nasmy? di$ 9 #ahij at ! age ( eighty-two4 ,he 0 mu* m ?an a spl5did me*anic4 ,8 p]sonal *>m & quality ( m9d c be/ be appreciat$ by read+ 8 own /ory4 ,?is *apt] w h s]v$ its purpose if x induces ! read] to read ! autobiography f :i* we h quot$ s freely4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,:itwor? ,! "w ( ! e>li] g5]ation ( ,engli% tool build]s may be said to h culm9at$ 9 t ( ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor?4 ,= a man ( 8 comm&+ influ5ce1 ! in=mation 9 reg>d to 8 life is s+ul>ly meag]4 ,he left no acc\nt ( himself z ,nasmy? & ,william ,fairbairn did2 no biography ( him 0 writt5 by 8 contempor>ies1 & ! v>i\s memoirs :i* appe>$ at ! "t ( 8 dea? are %ort & incomplete4 ,he 0 born at ,/ockport 9 #ahjc4 ,8 fa!r 0 a m9i/] & s*oolma/]4 ,at f\rte5 he 0 plac$ 9 ! (fice ( 8 uncle1 a cotton sp9n] 9 ,d]by%ire1 to le>n ! bus9ess4 ,b comm]cial "w did n appeal to him4 ,he slight$ ! (fice z mu* z possible & delv$ into e nook & corn] ( ! manufactur+ & me*anical dep>tm5ts ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,9 a few ye>s he _h ma/]$ ! con/ruction ( e ma*9e 9 ! place & acquir$ ! deep-seat$ conviction t all ! ma*9]y ab\t him 0 imp]fect4 ,he ran away to ,man*e/] to escape a r\t9e bus9ess life1 & f\nd "w ) ,creighton ,company1 z a work+ me*anic4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #ahbe1 & %ortly aft]w>d w5t to "w ) ,maudslay ,field 9 ,london4 ,maudslay soon plac$ him next to ,john ,hampson1 a ,york%ireman1 :o 0 8 be/ workman4 ,:ile !re1 ,:itwor? develop$ 8 me?od ( mak+ accurate plane surfaces by h& scrap+ !m1 ?ree at a "t4 ,on leav+ ,maudslay1 ,:itwor? work$ = ,holtzapffel1 & lat] = ,clem5t4 ,he return$ to ,man*e/] 9 #ahcc1 r5t$ a room ) p[]1 & hung out a sign1 8,joseph ,:itwor?1 ,tool ,mak] f ,london40 ,"h he began 8 improvem5ts 9 ma*9e tools--! la!1 plan]1 drill+1 slott+ & %ap+ ma*9es4 ,he improv$ ,nasmy?'s %ap]1 add+ ! quick-return motion1 :i* has be5 kn[n ev] s9ce z ! ,:itwor? quick-return motion4 ,8 tools became ! /&>d ( ! _w1 & 9 ! ,london ,exhibition ( #ahea /ood 9 a class by !mselves4 ,_! prem95ce lay n s mu* 9 novelty ( design z 9 ! /&>d ( accuracy & quality ( workman%ip :i* !y embodi$4 ,) un]r+ judgm5t1 ,:itwor? _h turn$ 8 att5tion fir/1 to use 8 own words1 8to ! va/ importance ( att5d+ to ! two great elem5ts 9 con/ructive me*anics1--namely1 a true plane & p[] ( measurem5t4 ,! latt] _c be atta9$ )\t ! =m]1 :i* is1 !re=e1 ( prim>y importance4444 ,all excell5ce 9 workman%ip dep5ds ^u x40#ajb #ajb ,presid5tial ,address4 ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #ahef1 p4 #abe4 ,! fir/ /ep1 ! production ( true plane surfaces1 made :ile he 0 at ,maudslay's1 01 we are told1 a self-impos$ task4 ,! me?od ( produc+ ^!1 ?ree at a "t1 is g5]ally cr$it$ to ,:itwor?4 ,we h already quot$ ,nasmy?'s /atem5t t ! me?od 0 9 use at ,maudslay's & t x 0 8a v old me*anical dodge40 ,:ile ?is is probably true1 ,:itwor? contribut$ some?+ to ! me?od1 :i* v greatly increas$ ! accuracy ( ! product4 ,! writ] is incl9$ to believe t t elem5t 0 ! sub/itution ( h& scrap+ = gr9d+ 9 ! f9al f9i%+ op]ations4 ,:itwor?'s pap]1 read be=e ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,glasg[ 9 #ahdj1 indicates ?is1 al?\gh x does n say s directly4 ,9 ?is pap] he specifically po9ts out ! reason :y planes %\ld n be f9i%$ by gr9d+ !m toge!r ) abrasive p[d] 9 betwe52 namely1 t ! action ( ! gr9d+ p[d] 0 "u no control1 t !re 0 no means ( secur+ its equal diffusion or modify+ its application & localiz+ its action to ! p>ticul> spot :i* ne$$ x4 ,holtzapffel confirms ?is view1 say+1 9 #ahdg3 8,! entire process ( gr9d+1 al?\gh app>5tly good1 is s fraught ) unc]ta9ty1 t accurate me*anicians h long agre$ t ! less gr9d+ t is employ$ on rectil9e> works ! bett]1 & ,mr4 ,:itwor? has rec5tly %[n 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1#ajc t 9 su* works gr9d+ is entirely unnecess>y1 & may1 ) ! greate/ advantage be disp5s$ )1 z ! fur!r prosecution ( ! scrap+ process is q suffici5t to lead to ! limit ( atta9able accuracy4444 ,! au?or's previ\s exp]i5ce _h s fully prep>$ him = admission ( ! s\ndness ( ^! views1 t 9 8 own work%op he imm$iately adopt$ ! sugge/ion ( accompli%+ all accurate rectil9e> works by ! cont9uance ( scrap+1 to ! entire exclusion ( gr9d+40#ajd #ajc ,ref]r+ to ! pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahdj4 #ajd 8,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hgb4 ,:5 ,:itwor? det]m9$ to make a bett] set ( planes ?an any 9 use at ! ,maudslay %op1 we are told t he 0 laugh$ at by ,hampson & 8 o!r fell[ workm5 = und]tak+ an impossible job4 ,he n only succe$$1 b ! tru? ( ! planes he produc$ ar\s$ ! admiration & wond] ( all :o saw !m4 ,nasmy? di/9ctly m5tions scrap+1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t he work$ at ,maudslay's f\r or five ye>s aft] ,:itwor? w5t !re1 & scrap+ may h be5 introduc$ into _! old] me?ods ( mak+ triple surface-plates by ,:itwor?1 & h acc\nt$ = ! wond]ful accuracy ( :i* ,nasmy? speaks4 ,hav+ realiz$ :at he consid]$ ! fir/ elem5t 9 good workman%ip1 ,:itwor? began on ! second1--improv$ me?ods 9 measurem5t4 ,he introduc$ ! sy/em ( 8end measurem5ts10 rely+ ord9>ily on ! s5se ( t\* r ?an eyesight2 &1 = extreme accuracy1 on ! fall+ ( a tumbl] held by friction betwe5 two p>allel planes4 ,at ! pres5tation ( ! address be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 9 #ahef1 he exhibit$ a measur+ ma*9e built on ?is pr9ciple :i* detect$ diff]5ces ( l5g? z small z "o-million? ( an in*4 ,! address 0 l>gely devot$ to ! advantages ( end measurem5t4 ,ref]r+ to ! ma*9e be=e him1 he said3 8,we h 9 ?is mode ( measurem5t all ! accuracy we c desire2 & we f9d 9 practice 9 ! work%op t x is easi] to "w to ! t5-?\s&? ( an in* f /&>ds ( end measurem5ts1 ?an to "o-hundr$? ( an in* f l9es on a two-foot rule4 ,9 all cases ( fitt+1 end measure ( l5g? %\ld be us$1 in/ead ( l9es40 ,?is pr9ciple has become almo/ univ]sal = comm]cial "w1 al?\gh = extremely accurate "w ^u f9al /&>ds l9e measurem5ts1 aid$ by ! microscope1 are us$4 ,x 0 ,:itwor? :o br\ght ab\t ! /&>dization ( screw ?read practice 9 ,engl&4 ,he _h come into contact ) ! be/ ?read practice at ,maudslay's & at ,clem5t's1 b 9 ! o!r %ops ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry !re 0 *aos1 s f> z any recogniz$ /&>d 0 conc]n$4 ,us+ _! "w z a basis1 & collect+ & comp>+ all ! screws obta9able1 ,:itwor? arriv$ at a pit* = all sizes & a ?read cont\r1 :i* he propos$ 9 a pap] be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 #ahda4aje ,x 0 receiv$ ) favor1 & by #ahfj ! 8,:itwor? ?read0 _h be5 g5]ally adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 #aje ,! ,m9utes ( ! ,in/itution1 ,vol4 ,i1 give only an ab/ract ( ?is pap]4 ,a rec5t writ]1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 p4 #aagh1 quotes ,:itwor? z foll[s3 ,x is impossible to d$uce a precise rule = ! ?reads ( screws f me*anical pr9ciples or f any numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nature ( ! case is su* t m]e approximation w\ld be unimportant1 absolute id5tity ( ?read = a giv5 diamet] be+ indisp5sable4 ,!re are ?ree ess5tial *>act]s belong+ to ! screw ?read1 namely1 pit*1 dep? & =m4 ,ea* ( ^! may be indef9itely modifi$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 & any *ange w m or less affect ! sev]al conditions ( p[]1 /r5g? & durability4 ,! selection ( ! ?read is also affect$ by ! mutual relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! ?ree con/itu5t *>act]s ( pit*1 dep? & =m4 ,ea* ( ^! may be sep>ately modifi$2 b practically no "o "* c be det]m9$ irrespective ( ! o!rs4 ,we f9d in/ead ( t uni=mity :i* is s desirable1 a div]sity s great z almo/ to disc\rage any hope ( its removal4 ,! only mode 9 :i* ?is c\ld be attempt$ ) any probability ( success w\ld be by a sort ( compromise1 all p>ties cons5t+ to adopt a m$ium = ! sake ( common advantage4 ,! av]age pit* & dep? ( ! v>i\s ?reads us$ by ! lead+ eng9e]s w\ld ?us become ! common /&>d1 :i* w\ld n only h ! advantage ( conciliat+ g5]al concurr5ce1 b w\ld1 9 all probability1 be ne>] ! true /&>d = practical purposes ?an any o!r4 ,an ext5sive collection 0 made ( screw bolts f ! pr9cipal work%ops ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 & ! av]age ?read 0 c>efully obs]v$ = diff]5t diamet]s4 7,!n foll[s ! well-kn[n table %[+ ! numb] ( ?reads p] in*47 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ?reads1 ( :i* ! prec$+ table %[s ! av]age1 are us$ 9 ca/ iron z well z wr\ght2 & ?is circum/ance has _h its effect 9 r5d]+ !m co>s] ?an !y w\ld h be5 if re/rict$ to wr\ght-iron4 ,! v>iation 9 dep? among ! diff]5t specim5s 0 f\nd to be great] proportionately ?an 9 pit*4 ,! angle made by ! sides ( ! ?read w af=d a conv5i5t expression = ! dep?4 ,! mean ( ! v>iations ( ?is angle 9 #a-;94 screws 0 f\nd to be ab\t #ee deg41 & ?is 0 also pretty ne>ly ! mean ( ! angle 9 screws ( diff]5t diamet]s4 ,z x is = v>i\s reasons desirable t ! angle %\ld be con/ant1 m especially ) ref]5ce to g5]al uni=mity ( sy/em1 ! angle ( #ee deg4 has be5 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! entire scale4 ,a con/ant proportion is ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! dep? & ! pit* ( ! ?read4 ,9 calculat+ ! =m]1 a d$uction is to be made = ! quantity r\nd$ (f1 am\nt+ to "o-?ird ( ! :ole dep?--t is1 "o-six? f ! top & "o-six? f ! bottom ( ! ?read4 ,mak+ ?is d$uction x w be f\nd t ! angle ( #ee deg4 gives = ! actual dep? r m ?an ?ree-fif?s & less ?an two-?irds ( ! pit*4 ,! precaution ( r\nd+ (f is adopt$ to prev5t ! injury :i* ! ?read ( ! screw1 & t ( ! taps & dies1 might su/a9 f accid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #be4 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,:itwor? ,9 #ahec ,:itwor? visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 conjunction ) ,george ,wallis ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 report$ on ! ent]prises & manufactures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#ajf ,ne>ly all ! memoirs ( ,:itwor? ref] to ! pr(\nd effect ( ?is report4 ,z "o reads x today1 x seems difficult to see :y x %\ld h _h s mu* influ5ce4 ,x is probable t ,:itwor?'s own p]sonal report to ! influ5tial m5 ab\t him conta9$ mu* :i* does n appe> 9 ! =mal report4 ,9 x he takes up /eam eng9es1 railway supplies1 woodwork+ tools1 electric telegraph1 textile mills1 & gives brief acc\nts ( "s ( ! factories & me?ods :i* he f\nd at v>i\s places 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,! longe/ description is giv5 to ! ,spr+field ,armory1 b ev5 ?is is a m]e fragm5t1 & ! only detail$ in=mation is ( ! "t necess>y to f9i% a gun-/ock4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ?is armory & ! v>i\s private armories !y saw1 made an impression ^u ,:itwor? & ! :ole ,commission :i* l$ to ! remodel+ ( ! ,briti% gun-mak+ plant at ,enfield4 ,nasmy? 0 also conc]n$ 9 ?is & a full] acc\nt ( x w be giv5 lat]4 #ajf 8,report ( ! ,briti% ,commission]s to ! ,new ,york ,indu/rial ,exhibition40 ,london1 #ahed4 ,! conclusion ( ,:itwor?'s report %[s cle>ly t he 0 deeply impress$ ) ! ext5t to :i* ! automatic pr9ciple 0 be+ appli$ to ma*9e tools 9 ,am]ica4 8,! lab\r+ classes10 he says1 8are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 b ?is is c\nt]balanc$ by1 & inde$1 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! *ief causes (1 ! eag]ness ) :i* !y call 9 ! aid ( ma*9]y 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( indu/ry4 ,:]ev] x c be introduc$ z a sub/itute = manual lab\r1 x is univ]sally & will+ly resort$ to4444 ,x is ?is condition ( ! lab\r m>ket1 & ?is eag] resort to ma*9]y :]ev] x c be appli$1 to :i*1 "u ! guidance ( sup]ior education & intellig5ce1 ! rem>kable prosp]ity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ma9ly due40 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ican manufacture attract$ 8 att5tion1--! t5d5cy t[>d /&>dization4 ,9 8 address 9 #ahef he condemns ! ov]multiplication ( sizes preval5t 9 e bran* ( ,engli% indu/ry4 ,%ortly aft] 8 return f ,am]ica1 ,:itwor? 0 reque/$ by ! gov]nm5t to design a complete plant = ! manufacture ( muskets4 ,he disapprov$ ( ! ,enfield rifle & decl9$ to und]take ! "w until exhau/ive te/s 7 made to det]m9e ! be/ type ( rifle4 ,! gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 equipp$ a te/+ plant & range ne> ,man*e/]1 & ,:itwor? began a s]ies ( te/s :i* %[$ ! ,enfield rifle to be inf]ior 9 almo/ e respect4 ,he !n submitt$ a new rifle1 design$ on ! basis ( 8 exp]im5ts1 :i* embodi$ ! small bore1 an elongat$ projectile & a rapid rifle-twi/ & great accuracy ( manufacture4 ,al?\gh ?is rifle excell$ all o!rs 9 accuracy1 p5etration & range1 x 0 reject$ by ! w> (fice4 ,"s ?irty ye>s lat]1 ! ,lee-,met=d rifle1 :i* embodi$ ,:itwor?'s improvem5ts1 0 adopt$1 b only aft] ^! pr9ciples _h be5 recogniz$ & us$ by e o!r gov]nm5t 9 ,europe4 ,8 contributions to ! manufacture ( heavy ordnance 7 ev5 great]1 b !y met ) ! same reception f ! w> (fice4 ,9 #ahfb he complet$ a high-p[]$ rifle cannon ) a range ( six miles1 ! proportions ( :i* 7 sub/antially ^? 9 use today4 ,he develop$ ! manufacture ( fluid compress$ /eel1 ab\t #ahgj1 to supply a /rong] & m reliable mat]ial = ordnance use4 ,few m5 9 any c\ntry h _h a great] influ5ce on ! design & developm5t ( ordnance & armor4 ,8 p>tn]%ip ) ,sir ,william ,arm/rong result$ 9 "o ( ! greate/ gun factories 9 ! _w4 ,:itwor? m>ri$ twice b _h no *ildr54 ,he acquir$ a great =tune4 ,dur+ 8 lifetime he e/abli%$ ! fam\s ,:itwor? s*ol>%ips4 ,at 8 dea?1 l>ge sums 7 di/ribut$ by fri5ds1 to :om he _h will$ !m = ! execution ( 8 wi%es1 & !y devot$ ne>ly #fjj1jjj 7#c1jjj1jjj7 to ! f\ndation or end[m5t ( ! ,:itwor? ,in/itute1 ,ow5s ,college1 & ! ,man*e/] ,te*nical ,s*ools1 & o!r public in/itutions4 ,9 #ahgd he conv]t$ 8 ,man*e/] bus9ess into a /ock company1 giv+ ! majority ( ! /ock to 8 =em5 & mak+ provision = ! acquir+ ( fur!r /ock by 8 cl]ks & workm54 ,:ile he 0 sl[ 9 receiv+ recognition f 8 own gov]nm5t1 he became univ]sally recogniz$ z "o ( ! greate/ eng9e]+ au?orities 9 ! _w1 & 0 honor$ z few eng9e]s h be51 be+ elect$ to ! ,royal ,society1 *os5 presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 giv5 degrees by ,dubl9 & ,ox=d1 ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor2 &1 9 #ahfi1 made a b>onet4 ,z he grew old] he became irritable & exce$+ly dogmatic1 possibly because ( 8 long conte/s ) sl[-mov+ gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,*>les ,t4 ,port]1 9 8 autobiography1 br+s out ?is side ( 8 nature & %[s t ! initiative ( subord9ates 9 8 %op 0 practically kill$4 ,p]haps ?is limit$ 8 s]vice some:at 9 8 lat] ye>s1 b :5 all is tak5 into acc\nt1 he 01 )\t "q1 "o ( ! greate/ ( me*anical eng9e]s4 ,he 0 a ma/] exp]im5t]4 ,te/s :i* he made 7 ?or\gh1 conclusive1 & always l$ some:]e4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 :e!r 9 ma*9e tools1 screw ?reads1 or ordnance1 always result$ 9 a design or process :i* soon] or lat] became /&>d4 ,:itwor?'s position z a tool build] is n weak5$ by ! fact t mo/ ( ! g5]al tools _h be5 inv5t$ by ! "t he began 8 indep5d5t "w4 ,he rais$ ! :ole art ( tool build+ by gett+ at ! fundam5tal conditions4 ,he l$ ! way 9 ! *ange f ! weak1 ar*itectural /yle ( fram+2 introduc$ ! box design or holl[ frame = ma*9]y1 tak+ 8 sugge/ion f ! human body1 & v greatly increas$ ! weight ( metal us$4 ,9 #ahej ,:itwor? 01 )\t d\bt1 ! =emo/ tool build] 9 ! _w4 ,he _h introduc$ a /&>d ( accuracy 9 ma*9e tools unkn[n be=e1 & s improv$ _! design & workman%ip t he dom9at$ ,engli% tool practice = sev]al g5]ations4 ,9 fact1 ! v asc5d5cy ( ,:itwor?'s me?ods seems to h be5 an elem5t 9 ! loss ( ,engl&'s lead]%ip 9 tool build+4 ,mo/ ( ! progressive "w = ! next fifty ye>s 0 done 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s we h trac$ briefly ! "w ( ! great ,engli% me*anics f #ahjj to #ahej4 ,_! s]vices to eng9e]+1 &1 9 fact1 to mank9d1 _c be measur$4 ,:5 !y began1 ma*9e tools 9 any mod]n s5se did n exi/4 ,"u _! lead]%ip ne>ly all ( ! great metal-work+ tools 7 giv5 =ms :i* h rema9$ ess5tially un*ang$4 ,engl& _h ! unque/ion$ lead]%ip 9 ! field ( ma*9e tools4 ,ma*9e-tool build+ 9 ,g]many & ,france 0 "o or two g5]ations beh9d t ( ,engl&1 & ne>ly all _! ma*9]y 0 import$ f t c\ntry4 ,) ! exception ( ! e>ly & incomplete "w ( ! +5i\s ,fr5* me*anics1 :i* we h ref]r$ to f "t to "t1 practically all ( ! pione] "w 0 done by ,engli%m54 ,9 glanc+ back at ^! e>ly tool build]s1 x w be se5 t few ( !m 7 m5 ( education4 ,all 7 m5 ( p[]ful m9ds1 _m ( !m ) broad intellectual int]e/s4 ,x is sugge/ive to note "o ?+1 :atev] may be its be>+4 ,only ?ree ( all ^! m51 ,mat!w ,murray & ! two ,fairbairns1 s]v$ a regul> appr5tice%ip4 ,b5?am & ,brunel 7 naval (fic]s2 ,bramah1 a f>m]'s boy & cab9etmak]2 ,maudslay1 a blacksmi?2 ,clem5t1 a slat]2 ,rob]ts1 a qu>ry labor]2 ,nasmy?1 a clev] s*ool boy2 & ,:itwor?1 an (fice cl]k4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! reason1 ! rapid advance ( ! ,engli% ma*9e-tool build]s ceas$ ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 & !y h made b few radical *anges or improvem5ts s9ce t "t4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! ,am]ican eng9e]s introduc$ a numb] ( improvem5ts ( v great importance4 ,! great di/ance ( ,am]ica f ,engl& =c$ x into a situation ( m or less comm]cial & me*anical indep5d5ce4 ,:ile ,france & ,g]many 7 import+ ma*9e tools f ,engl&1 ,am]ica began mak+ !m & soon develop$ indep5d5ce ( design4 ,! int]*angeable sy/em ( manufactures & ! g5]al use ( accurate work+ gauges1 :i* 7 h>dly kn[n 9 ,engl&1 develop$ rapidly 9 ,am]ica4 ,^!1 ) ! introduction ( ! turret1 ! protean cam1 & precision gr9d+ ma*9]y1 & ! great ext5sion ( ! process ( mill+1 s]v$ 9 ! next fifty ye>s to transf] ! lead]%ip 9 ma*9e-tool design f ,engl& to ,am]ica4 ,a visit to any "o ( ! great ma*9e %ops 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many or ,france w conv9ce "o t ! lead]%ip n[ re/s ) ! ,am]ican tool build]s4 ,! rema9+ *apt]s w take up ! lives & "w ( ^? :o h contribut$ to ?is great *ange4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,e>ly ,,am]ican ,,me*anics ,! phrase 8,yankee +5uity0 has become a "p ( ! ,engli% language4 ,if ,new ,engl& no long] holds all ! good me*anics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re 0 a "t :5 %e came s ne> x t ! t]m 8,new ,engl& me*anic0 _h a v def9ite mean+ ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! indu/rial developm5t ( ,new ,engl& 0 long delay$1 b once />t$ x 0 rapid4 ,up to #ahjj ,new ,engl& artisans suppli$ m]ely small local ne$s & !re 0 little or no manufactur+ 9 any mod]n s5se2 b f !n on ! developm5t 0 s rapid t by #ahej ,new ,engl& 0 n only supply+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) mo/ ( its manufactur$ products1 b 0 beg9n+ to export ma*9]y & tools to ,engl&1 :]e ma*9e tools orig9at$4 ,= five g5]ations1 ,am]ican me*anics _h little or no indu/rial influ5ce on ,europe1 & !n )9 fifty ye>s !y began to compete on ev5 t]ms4 ,!re 7 sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,a m>ket = ma*9]y mu/ ( necessity be a wide "o1 = no s+le community1 n ev5 a l>ge mod]n city1 c alone support a great manufactur+ ent]prise4 ,ma*9]y build+ c ?rive only 9 a settl$ c\ntry hav+ a l>ge pur*as+ p[] & good transportation facilities4 ,! colonies lack$ all ( ^! conditions2 ! p 7 widely scatt]$ & poor1 & !re 7 practically no facilities = heavy transportation1 at lea/ by l&4 ,! colonial me*anics 7 (t5 +5i\s & skill$1 b !y _h few raw mat]ials & !y c\ld supply only _! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,any approa* to specialization & ref9em5t 0 !re=e impossible4 ,! second cause = delay$ developm5t 0 ,engl&'s indu/rial policy t[>d h] ,am]ican colonies4 ,! coloni/s _h h>dly ga9$ a foo?old :5 !y began to %[ a manufactur+ _s & an indu/rial indep5d5ce :i* ar\s$ ! appreh5sion ( ! manufactur+ int]e/s 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ importations ( iron into ,engl& f ! colonies came f ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&1 ab\t #agah4ajg ,! importations = a few ye>s !reaft] are n kn[n1 z no records are available4 ,!y 7 suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to ar\se ! jeal\sy ( ! ,engli% iron ma/]s1 =1 al?\gh !re 0 pl5ty ( iron ore 9 ,engl&1 !y 7 beg9n+ to feel s]i\sly ! %ortage 9 wood :i* 0 !n us$ = its r$uction4 ,!y felt t ! abundance ( iron ore1 fuel & wat] p[] 9 ,am]ica con/itut$ a s]i\s m5ace1 & !y vigor\sly oppos$ ! gr[? ( any k9d ( manufacture 9 ! colonies4 ,?is result$ 9 a prohibition ( ! manufacture ( any =m ( ironw>e & ( b> or pig iron by =ges or o!r works4 ,9 spite ( ^! repressive measures1 a report on manufactures 9 ! colonies1 made to ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agca1 indicat$ t ,new ,engl& _h six furnaces1 n9ete5 =ges1 "o slitt+ mill & "o nail factory4#ajh ,^! c\ld1 h[ev]1 h suppli$ only a small "p ( ! mat]ials requir$ ev5 = colonial use4 ,by #agcg mu* discussion _h aris5 respect+ ! policy ( enc\rag+ importation ( ,am]ican iron1 & petitions 9 favor ( do+ s 7 pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t4 ,engl& import$ at t "t ab\t #bj1jjj tons ( =eign iron1 #ae1jjj f ,sw$5 & #ejjj f ,russia1 mo/ ( :i* 0 paid = 9 money4#aji ,x 0 urg$ t if ?is c\ld be obta9$ f ! colonies x c\ld be paid = 9 ,briti% manufactures1 at a sav+ ( #ahj1jjj annually4 ,! annual production ( b> iron 9 ,engl& 0 ab\t #ah1jjj tons1 & on acc\nt ( ! %ortage ( wood ?is c\ld n be mat]ially increas$4 ,to enc\rage colonial exportation ( pig & b> iron to ,engl& w\ld1 x 0 urg$1 be ! be/ means ( prev5t+ su* fur!r manufactur+ z w\ld int]f]e ) _! own4 ,x 01 !re=e1 propos$ t a heavy duty be laid on all iron & manufactur$ products import$ into ! colonies f cont95tal ,europe1 & on all iron import$ into ,engl& except f ,am]ica4 ,^! views prevail$ & result$ 9 ! act ( #agej1 :i* 0 entitl$ 8,an act to enc\rage ! importation ( pig & b> iron f ,8 ,maje/y's ,plantations 9 ,am]ica10 & provid$ t 8pig-iron made 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies 91 ,am]ica1 may be import$1 duty free1 & b>-iron into ! port ( ,london2 no b>-iron1 s import$1 to be c>ri$ coa/wise1 or to be l&$ at any o!r port1 except = ! use ( 8 ,maje/y's dock y>ds2 & n to be c>ri$ beyond t5 miles f ,london40#aaj ,) ?is 0 incorporat$ ano!r clause design$ to arre/ all manufacture at t /age4 ,x 0 enact$ t 8f & aft] ! #bd? day ( ,june1 #agej1 no mill1 or o!r eng9e = slitt+ or roll+ ( ,iron1 or any plat+ =ge to "w ) a tilt-hamm]1 or any furnace = mak+ /eel %all be erect$1 or aft] su* erection1 cont9u$ 9 any ( 8 ,maje/y's ,colonies ( ,am]ica0 "u p5alty ( #bjj4aaa ,?is attempt to /ifle ! indu/rial life ( ! colonies1 p]si/5tly adh]$ to1 ultimately br\ght ab\t ! ,revolution4 #ajg ,j4 ,l4 ,bi%op3 8,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,manufactures10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fbe4 #ajh ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fbc4 #aji ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fbc4 #aaj ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fbd4 #aaa ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fbd-fbe4 ,f #agcj to #agej !re _h be5 an importation ( ab\t #bcjj tons ( b> iron annually1 #ij p] c5t ( :i* came f ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia1 & a little less ?an #f p] c5t f ,p5nsylvania4 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york 7 produc+ iron by t "t1 b 7 us+ ne>ly all ( _! product1 h5ce _! small %>e 9 ! trade4 ,! iron ma/]s ( ! midl& c\nties 9 ,engl& prote/$ aga9/ ?is act1 prophesy+ ! utt] ru9 ( ! ,engli% iron indu/ry4 ,engl&1 !y said1 w\ld be r5d]$ dep5d5t ^u ! colonies1 & ?\s&s ( ,engli% workm5 w\ld be r$uc$ to want & mis]y2 ,am]ican iron c\ld nev] supply ! place ( ! ,sw$i% iron 9 quality1 nor ! ,russian iron 9 *eapness1 consequ5tly ! manufacture ( tools w\ld be /opp$ & numb]less families r$uc$ to begg>y4 ,! manufactur]s ( ,birm+ham1 on ! o!r h&1 petition$ t ! bill 0 a b5efit to _! trade & to ! coloni/s1 :o w\ld ex*ange _! raw products = ,briti% manufactures2 t manufactur+ 0 m valuable to ! nation ?an ! production ( raw mat]ials1 & z iron c\ld n be produc$ at home 9 su* quantity & at su* price z to supply all ! ne$s ( ! manufactur]s1 x 0 ! duty ( ,p>liam5t to enc\rage ! importation ( raw mat]ials1 ev5 if x %\ld arre/ _! production 9 ,engl&2 t ! importation ( iron f ,am]ica c\ld affect ! iron works no m ?an ! same quantity f any o!r c\ntry1 & ! home production 0 less ?an "o-half ! am\nt requir$1 & gr[+ /eadily de>]3 t ! increas+ activity ( ! ,engli% manufactur]s r5d]$ x m & m necess>y to obta9 ^! mat]ials at ! l[e/ price1 & ! only way to d ?is 0 ei!r to r$uce ! duty on cont95tal iron1 or make x necess>y = ,engli% iron ma/]s to r$uce _! prices by rais+ up a rival 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y he>tily concurr$1 h[ev]1 9 ! prohibition ( all f9i%+ ( mat]ials z an int]f]5ce ) ,briti% manufactures4 ,! m]*ants ( ,bri/ol petition$ t ,am]ican b> iron1 :i* 0 admitt$ only at ! port ( ,london1 be import$ duty free into all ( ,8 ,maje/y's ports4 ,?is discussion cont9u$ until #ageg1 :5 ! privilege ( importation 0 ext5d$ to ! o!r ports ( ,great ,brita94#aab #aab ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fbf-fbg4 ,"u ! act ( #agej1 ! importation rose to ab\t #cbej tons1 #id p] c5t ( :i* /ill came f ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania4 ,practically all ! iron produc$ 9 ,new ,engl& 0 us$ !re1 =1 despite ! repressive measures f ! "m c\ntry1 small local manufactur+ ent]prises1 8moon%9e iron works10 7 con/antly cropp+ up4 ,! iron supply ( ,new ,engl& came at fir/ f ! bog ores 9 ea/]n ,massa*usetts & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,by #agcj-agfj bett] m9es 7 op5$ at ,salisbury1 ,conn41 & 9 ,orange ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 s t ! production ( iron 9 ! bog-ore regions gradually dw9dl$4 ,! ,revolution t]m9at$ ,briti% legislative control ov] ! trade & manufactures ( ,am]ica4 ,! w> itself furni%$ a m>ket = supplies = ! army1 & ! manufacture ( cannon & guns 0 active4 ,_m ( ^! factories 7 ru9$ by ! flood ( imports :i* foll[$ ! ,revolution4 ,9 #aghi ! pres5t ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t replac$ ! ineffective ,conf$]ation1 :i* _h left to ! sep>ate /ates ! duty ( protect+ _! manufactur+ int]e/s1 & a t>iff 0 plac$ ^u manufactur$ articles4 ,fre$ f ! old re/rictions1 & ) =eign competition l>gely preclud$1 manufactur+ indu/ries began to spr+ up on e h&4 ,a ?ird cause contribut$ to rapid developm5t at ?is "t4 ,an enorm\s production ( cotton foll[$ ,:itney's inv5tion ( ! cotton g9 9 #agib1 & ! ,s\?1 :i* _h nev] be5 a manufactur+ community1 furni%$ bo? a s\rce ( supply & a ri* m>ket1 easily accessible by coa/wise trade4 ,! beg9n+s ( ,new ,engl&'s manufactur+ indu/ries are closely id5tifi$ ) ! rise ( ! ,am]ican cotton crop1 & mo/ ( ! fir/ ma*9e %ops 7 develop$ to manufacture textile ma*9]y4 ,engl&1 :o seems to h blund]$ :5ev] %e legislat$ on e>ly ,am]ican trade1 made "o m s]i\s mi/ake4 ,9 #aghe ,p>liam5t pass$ a /r+5t law1 ) sev]e p5alties1 to /op ! emigration ( all me*anics & workm5 9 iron & /eel manufactures1 & to prev5t n only ! exportation ( e description ( tool1 eng9e or ma*9e1 or p>ts ( a ma*9e us$ 9 mak+ & work+ up iron & o!r mat]ials1 b ev5 ! models & plans ( su* ma*9]y4#aac ,engl& 0 !n ! mo/ advanc$ ( all c\ntries 9 ! production ( eng9es1 tools & textile ma*9]y1 & x 0 hop$ by ?is act t manufactur+ might be kept !re4 ,x _h ! opposite effect s f> z ,am]ica 0 conc]n$4 ,x 0 inevitable t me*anics1 su* z ,samuel ,slat] & ,william ,crompton1 %\ld get away1 & ) !m1 ideas4 ,! act only /imulat$ a race ( skillful me*anics 9 ,am]ica to indep5d5t developm5t ( ma*9e tools1 textile ma*9]y1 & ! l4 ,am]ica1 in/ead ( buy+ h] ma*9]y f ,engl& z %e w\ld naturally h done1 proce$$ to make x h]self4 #aac ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fcj4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,am]ican me*anics 0 ,joseph ,j5ks1 :o came f ,hamm]smi?1 ,engl&1 to ,lynn1 ,mass41 ab\t #afdb1 & di$ 9 #afhc4 ,) ! back+ ( ,gov]nor ,w9?rop1 he set up an iron f\ndry & =ge ne> a bog-iron m9e4 ,! v fir/ attempt 9 ,am]ica to />t an iron works _h be5 made 9 ,virg9ia m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e1 at ! settlem5t ( ,jame/[n4 ,x 0 h>dly />t$1 h[ev]1 be=e x 0 de/roy$ 9 ! g5]al sack ( ! settlem5t1 & = "o hundr$ ye>s !re 0 no fur!r attempt at produc+ iron 9 ,virg9ia4#aad #aad ,bev]ley3 8,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia40 ,bi%op3 8,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,manufactures10 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dfi1 #eie4 ,f ! little =ge & f\ndry />t$ at ,lynn1 !re is no break 9 ! spread ( iron manufactur+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! =ge 0 locat$ on ! l&s ( ,?omas ,hudson1 ( ! same family z ,h5drick ,hudson1 ! explor]4 ,j5ks 0 8! fir/ f\nd] :o work$ 9 brass & iron on ! we/]n cont95t4 ,by 8 h&s1 ! fir/ models 7 made & ! fir/ ca/+s tak5 ( _m dome/ic implem5ts & iron tools40#aae ,! v fir/ ca/+ is said to h be5 an iron qu>t pot4 #aae ,lewis3 8,hi/ory ( ,lynn40 ,= _m ye>s ! colonial records ref] to 8 v>i\s activities4 ,he made ! dies = ! e>ly ,massa*usetts co9age1 includ+ ! fam\s p9e-tree %ill+4#aaf ,9 #afdf ! ,g5]al ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts resolv$ t 8,9 answ] to ! peticon ( ,joseph ,j5ckes1 = lib]ty to make exp]i5ce ( 8 abilityes & ,inv5tions = ye mak+ ( ,eng9es = mills to g ) wat] = ye m spe$y despat* ( "w ?an =m]ly1 & mills = ye mak+ ( ,si!s & o!r ,edg$ tools1 ) a new inv5t$ ,sawe-,mill1 t ?+s may be af=d$ *eap] ?an =m]ly1 & t = f\rte5 ye]es )\t di/urbance by any o!rs sett+ up l inv5tions2 444 ?is peticon is grant$40#aag ,9 #afee he 0 grant$ a ,massa*usetts pat5t = scy!s1 8 improvem5t consi/+ ( mak+ !m long & ?91 in/ead ( %ort & ?ick1 z 9 ! old ,engli% scy!1 & ( weld+ a b> ( iron ^u ! back to /r5g!n x1 :i* lat] became ! univ]sal practice1#aah & no radical *ange has be5 made 9 ! blade ( ?is implem5t s9ce 8 day4 ,he built = ! t[n ( ,bo/on ! fir/ fire eng9e us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & also made ma*9es = draw+ wire4 ,j5ks seems to h also be5 int]e/$ 9 ano!r iron works />t$ at ,bra9tree betwe5 #afde & #afej4 #aaf ,we$53 8,economic & ,social ,hi/ory ( ,new ,engl&10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aia4 #aag ,goodri*3 8,hi/ory ( ,pawtucket10 p4 #ag4 #aah ,we$51 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahd4 ,bi%op1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dgg4 ,an iron works 0 />t$ at ,raynham 9 #afeb by ! ,leon>ds1 :o came f ,engl& ab\t ! same "t z ,j5ks & _h work$ at ,lynn4#aai ,! ,j5ks & ,leon>d families 7 all me*anics4 ,x us$ to be said t :]ev] y f\nd a ,leon>d y f\nd a me*anic2 & ! ,j5ks family has be5 9 "s =m ( manufactur+ cont9u\sly f ! days ( ,joseph ,j5ks to ! pres5t "t4 #aai ,bi%op1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dgi4 ,we$51 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aib4 ,! ne>-by portions ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,massa*usetts c5t]+ on ! headwat]s ( ,n>ragansett ,bay1 became fam\s = ! production & manufacture ( iron4 ,a "y ,scot*man1 ,hugh ,orr1 settl$ 9 ,bridgewat] ab\t #agch4 ,he 0 a pione] 9 ! manufacture ( edg$ tools1 & is said to h introduc$ ! trip hamm] into ?is c\ntry4 8,= sev]al ye>s he 0 ! only edge-tool mak] 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 & %ip-c>p5t]s1 millwrights1 etc41 444 con/antly resort$ to him = supply4 ,&1 inde$1 su* 0 8 fame1 t applications 7 frequ5tly made to him f ! di/ance ( tw5ty miles = ! purpose ( hav+ an axe1 an adze or an aug] new temp]$ by 8 h&s40 ,9 #agdh1 he built #ejj /&-(-arms = ! prov9ce1 ! fir/ made 9 ,am]ica1 & lat] did mu* ca/+ & bor+ ( cannon dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,aft] ! w>1 he made cotton ma*9]y until 8 dea? 9 #agih1 at ! age ( eighty-two4 ,we$5 cr$its ,hugh ,orr ) be+ 8p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s0 ,am]ican iron work] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,8 son1 ,rob]t ,orr1 0 also a skill$ me*anic1 & 0 "o ( ! v e>ly ma/] armor]s ( ! ,spr+field ,ars5al4#abj #abj ,we$51 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fhe4 ,bi%op1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dhf-dhg4 ,joseph ,holmes is ano!r ( ! pione]s ( ?is neighborhood4 ,he is said to h made m ?an #cjjj tons ( iron f bog ore1 & 8,holmes' iron0 0 fam\s = an*ors4 ,he also furni%$ _m ( ! cannon us$ 9 ! ,revolution4#aba ,! ,hope ,furnace at ,scituate1 ,r4 ,i41 fam\s = _m ye>s1 0 />t$ ab\t #agce by ,daniel ,waldo4#abb ,a nail mill 0 9 op]ation at ,milton1 ,mass41 ab\t #agdj or #agdb4 ,ano!r 0 />t$ at ,middleboro ab\t #agde1 on in=mation /ol51 x is said1 f ,milton by a me*anic disguis$ z a ru/ic4#abc ,a mill = mak+ scy!s 0 9 op]ation at ,&ov] 9 #agae1 & a 8heavy0 =ge 0 9 op]ation at ,bo/on 9 #agbj4abd ,ne>ly all ! cannon = ! e>ly ,am]ican frigates 7 ca/ 9 & ab\t ,provid5ce4 ,capt4 ,/eph5 ,j5ks 0 mak+ arms 9 ,nor? ,provid5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution4#abe ,an acc\nt ( ! e>ly attempts 9 iron manufacture 9 ,rhode ,isl& c be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,,iii ( ,field's 8,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations40 #aba ,bi%op1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dhi4 #abb ,field3 8,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cca4 #abc ,we$51 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dii4 #abd ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dih4 #abe ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gic4 ,! ,j5ks' influ5ce _h spread to ,rhode ,isl& z e>ly z #afee :5 ,joseph ,j5ks1 ,jr41 :o _h le>n$ ! bus9ess ) 8 fa!r1 mov$ f ,lynn to ! headwat]s ( ,n>ragansett ,bay1 & f\nd$ ,pawtucket4 ,he built a =ge ne> a bog-ore m9e & wat] p[]1 & began mak+ dome/ic ut5sils & iron tools4 ,! settlem5t 0 de/roy$ by ! ,indians 9 #afge1 dur+ ,k+ ,philip's w>1 b 0 soon rebuilt4 ,! son ( ?is ,j5ks1 ! ?ird ,joseph ,j5ks1 0 born !re1 & lat] became a v influ5tial man 9 ! colony4 ,he 0 gov]nor = five ye>s & 0 int]e/$ 9 _m ( its activities4#abf ,provid5ce1 f its bett] situation comm]cially1 e>ly became a trad+ c5t]1 b ne>ly all ! manufactur+ 0 done at ,pawtucket on acc\nt ( ! abundant wat] p[]4 ,9 fact1 x 0 n until ! /eam eng9e r5d]$ manufactur+ indep5d5t ( wat] p[] t ,provid5ce took ! lead z an indu/rial c5t]4 #abf ,goodri*1 pp4 #ah-bc4 ,9 ! ent]prises c5t]+ ab\t ,pawtucket & ,provid5ce1 "o f9ds cont9ually ! names ( ,j5ks1 ,wilk9son1 ,br[n & ,gre5e1 among ! latt] t ( ,na?aniel ,gre5e1 ! ,revolution>y g5]al1 :o _h a cannon factory at ,cov5try4 ,( ^! e>ly families ! ,wilk9sons 7 ! mo/ influ5tial4 ,oziel ,wilk9son1 a ,quak]1 came to ,pawtucket f ,smi?field1 ,r4 ,i41 e/abli%$ an an*or =ge !re 9 #aghd1 & soon became ! lead+ man 9 ! community4 ,he built an air furnace 9 #agia1 & ?ree ye>s lat] he furni%$ ca/+s = ! ,cambridge drawbridge & = canal locks1 probably ^? fir/ us$ on ! ,m]rimac ,riv]4#abg ,he & 8 family _h a mo/ important "p 9 ! developm5t ( e>ly manufactur+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,he _h six sons & f\r daught]s4 ,f\r ( ! sons work$ 9 two p>tn]%ips1 "o ( ,abraham & ,isaac 7tw9s71 ! o!r ( ,david & ,daniel4 ,! fif? son 0 also a successful manufactur]4 ,"o ( 8 daught]s m>ri$ ,samuel ,slat]1 :o w be m5tion$ lat]2 "o m>ri$ ,timo?y ,gre5e1 ano!r1 ,william ,wilk9son1 & ! y\nge/1 ,hezekiah ,h[e1 all ( :om 7 manufactur]s4 ,! rema9+ son1 ! only *ild unacc\nt$ =1 di$ at ! age ( f\r ye>s4#abh #abg ,ibid41 p4 #ea4 #abh ,israel ,wilk9son3 8,memoirs ( ! ,wilk9son ,family10 pp4 #bbj1 #dfa4 ,jacksonville1 ,ill41 #ahfi4 ,9 #agid ,david ,wilk9son built a /eamboat & made a trip 9 x ( ?ree & "o-half miles f ,w9sor's ,cove to ,provid5ce4 ,he 0 n impress$ ) ! practical value ( x1 & dismantl$ x aft] _! 8frolic40 ,be=e x 0 de/roy$1 h[ev]1 a "y man nam$ ,daniel ,lea* exam9$ x c>efully ) ! greate/ int]e/4 ,lat]1 :5 ,fulton made 8 plans = ! 8,cl]mont10 ! draw+s 7 said to h be5 made by ?is same man1 ,lea*4#abi #abi ,ibid41 pp4 #eji-eac2 also1 ,field1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cgb4 ,! "n "h is giv5 z ,fr5*4 ,9 #agig ,david ,wilk9son inv5t$ a slide la! :i* 0 pat5t$ ! next ye>4 ,! writ] has n be5 able to obta9 an accurate description ( ?is4 ,! mo/ direct ref]5ce to x is a lett] ( ,samuel ,gre5e to ,za*>iah ,all51 a prom95t ,rhode ,isl& cotton manufactur]1 dat$ ,june #ag1 #ahfa1 :i* says3 8,i suppose ,david ,wilk9son to be ! inv5tor ( ! slide la!1 at fir/ appli$ to ! mak+ ( l>ge press screws1 = :i* ,i believe he got a pat5t4 ,i "k he made application to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 & ,i h he>d said did get a grant40 ,! pat5t ran out be=e ! la! came into g5]al use4 ,fifty ye>s lat] ,congress vot$ ,wilk9son #aj1jjj 8= b5efits accru+ to ! public s]vice = ! use ( ! pr9ciple ( ! gauge & slid+ la!1 ( :i* he 0 ! inv5tor40#acj ,he seems to h be5 work+ on x 9 ,am]ica at ! same "t z ,maudslay 9 ,london4#aca ,sylvanus ,br[n1 :o help$ ,slat] build ! fir/ ,arkwright cotton ma*9]y at ,pawtucket1 is also said to h inv5t$ ! slide la! /ill e>li] 79 #agia7 & to h also us$ x = cutt+ wr\ght-iron screws = sp]m-oil presses4#acb ,!re are good records ( ,maudslay's slide la!s2 9 fact1 screw-cutt+ la!s made by him prior to #ahjj are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum at ,london4 ,priority c h>dly be claim$ = ^! ,am]ican la!s until some?+ m is kn[n ( !m1 & :e!r !y 7 ! equal ( ,maudslay's 9 design & quality4 #acj ,! ,s5ate ,committee :i* recomm5d$ ?is action consi/$ ( ,rusk ( ,texas1 ,cass ( ,mi*igan1 ,davis ( ,mississippi1 ,dix ( ,new ,york1 & ,b5ton ( ,miss\ri4 ,! bill pass$ ! ,s5ate 9 ,june1 & ! ,h\se 9 ,augu/1 #ahdh4 #aca 8,memoirs ( ! ,wilk9son ,family10 pp4 #ejf-ejh1 #eah4 ,goodri*1 p4 #ea4 #acb ,goodri*1 p4 #dh4 ,! ,wilk9sons 7 closely id5tifi$ ) ! e>ly textile ent]prises4 ,z ! gun indu/ry develop$ ! int]*angeable sy/em1 s ! cotton indu/ry develop$ ! ,am]ican g5]al ma*9e tool4 ,at ! close ( ! ,revolution1 _m attempts 7 made to />t textile indu/ries1 by ,orr 9 #aghf1 ,cabot at ,bev]ly 9 #aghg1 & ,an?ony at ,provid5ce 9 #aghh1 & also at ,worce/]4 ,a man nam$ ,alex&] is said to h op]at$ ! fir/ loom ) ! fly+ %uttle 9 ,am]ica1 :i* 0 lat] mov$ to ,pawtucket4 ,moses ,br[n1 ab\t #agij1 import$ a few sp9n+ frames to ,provid5ce1 b !y prov$ a failure4 ,samuel ,slat]1 :o m>ri$ ,wilk9son's daught]1 0 an ,engli%man :o _h s]v$ 8 "t ) ,arkwright & ,/rutt1 & _h become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! ,arkwright ma*9]y4 ,9 #aghi he _h emigrat$ to ,am]ica ) ! purpose ( />t+ a textile indu/ry4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! emb>go :i* ,engl& plac$ on me*anics & on all k9ds ( ma*9]y4 ,?is _h compell$ ,slat] to use ! greate/ caution 9 leav+ ! c\ntry4 ,disguis$1 x is said1 z a ru/ic1 he w5t to ,london & sail$ f !re1 giv+ no indication ( 8 plans until aft] he _h gone1 :5 he _h a lett] s5t to 8 family4 ,he w5t fir/ to ,philadelphia1 b he>+ ( ,moses ,br[n's attempts at sp9n+ 9 ,provid5ce1 he wrote to ,br[n & made arrangem5ts to g to ,pawtucket & reproduce = him ! ,arkwright ma*9]y4 ,slat] 0 at t "t only tw5ty ye>s old4 ,aft] a w9t] ( h>d "w he succe$$ 9 mak+ sev]al frames ) a total ( sev5ty-two sp9dles1 & two c>d+ ma*9es4 ,^! 7 />t$ 9 a small build+1 lat] kn[n z ! ,old ,slat] ,mill1 ) an old negro nam$ 8,primus0 ,j5ks z motive p[]4 ,dur+ ?is w9t] ,slat] liv$ 9 ! family ( ,oziel ,wilk9son & m>ri$ 8 daught]4 ,! second mill 0 />t$ 9 #agii by ,oziel ,wilk9son & 8 ?ree sons-9-law1 ,slat]1 ,gre5e & ,wilk9son4#acc #acc ,ibid41 pp4 #ci-ea4 ,doctor ,dwight1 9 8 travels1 9 #ahaj1acd writes ( ,pawtucket3 #acd ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bg-bh4 8,!re is probably no spot 9 ,new ,engl& ( ! same ext5t1 9 :i* ! same quantity or v>iety ( manufactur+ bus9ess is c>ri$ on4 ,9 ! ye> #agif1 !re 7 "h ?ree an*or =ges1 "o tann+ mill1 "o fl\r+ mill1 "o slitt+ mill1 ?ree snuff mills1 "o oil mill1 ?ree full+ mills1 a clo?i]'s works1 "o cotton factory1 two ma*9es = cutt+ nails1 "o furnace = ca/+ holl[ w>e--all mov$ by wat]--"o ma*9e = cutt+ screws1 mov$ by a horse1 & sev]al =ges = smi?'s "w40 ,?is 0 long be=e ,l[ell1 ,lawr5ce & ,man*e/] _h come into exi/5ce4 ,! ,wilk9sons 7 int]e/$ 9 o!r ?+s z well z 9 ! cotton indu/ries4 ,david e/abli%$ a %op & f\ndry 9 ,pawtucket1 :]e = "o ?+ he made cannon :i* he bor$ by an improv$ me?od consi/+ ( 8mak+ 8 drill & bore /ation>y & hav+ ! cannon revolve ab\t ! drill40 ,he built textile ma*9]y = almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry1 f nor!rn ,new ,engl& to ,l\isiana1 & made ! ma*9]y us$ at ,new ,b$=d & o!r :al+ ports = press+ sp]m oil4#ace ,ab\t #ahaf ,david & ,daniel ,wilk9son b\ght out a man nam$ ,dwight ,fi%] & manufactur$ nails until #ahbi1 _! output be+ ab\t #djjj p\nds daily4#acf ,9 #ahbi ,david ,wilk9son mov$ to ,cohoes1 ,n4 ,y41 & ) ,de,witt ,cl9ton1 ,/eph5 ,van ,r5ssela] & o!rs1 />t$ ! textile indu/ries 9 t city4#acg ,9 #ahcb ,zebulon ,:ite />t$ up "o ( ! ab&on$ ,wilk9son furnaces1 :i* ?ree ye>s lat] 0 kn[n z ! ,pawtucket ,cupola ,furnace ,company4 ,?is aft]w>ds became ! firm ( ,j4 ,s4 ,:ite ,company4#ach #ace ,goodri*1 p4 #fi4 #acf ,field3 8,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cgc4 #acg ,van ,slyck3 8,repres5tatives ( ,new ,engl& ,manufactur]s10 p4 #eae4 #ach ,field1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bf4 ,,samuel ,,slat] ,oziel ,wilk9son di$ 9 #ahae1 b ! influ5ce ( ! ,wilk9son family cont9u$ = _m ye>s4 ,slat] /eadily wid5$ 8 op]ations & 0 s influ5tial 9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! textile indu/ry t he became kn[n z 8! fa!r ( ! ,am]ican cotton indu/ry40 ,h[ rapidly ! cotton indu/ry spread is %[n by a memorial to ,congress 9 #ahae1 /at+ t !re 7 #adj cotton manufactures )9 ?irty miles ( ,provid5ce1 employ+ #bf1jjj h&s & op]at+ #acj1jjj sp9dles4#aci ,only a few ( ! m important ramifications c be giv54 #aci ,bi%op1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bad4 ,9 #ahbb ,samuel ,slat]1 ,l>n$ ,pit*] & ?ree o!rs b\ght a little two-/ory build+ at :at 0 !n ,g(f/[n1 on ! ,m]rimac ,riv]1 & f\nd$ ! great ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,company1 & ! city ( ,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,h4 ,x is n[ kn[n z ! greate/ textile mill 9 ! _w1 b ! company's orig9al *>t] 0 v broad1 &1 9 addition to its o!r int]e/s1 ! company op]at$ = _m ye>s "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ influ5tial ma*9e %ops 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e 7 built locomotives1 eng9es1 boil]s1 all k9ds ( textile ma*9]y1 ma*9e tools & mill ma*9]y4 ,alfr$ ,j5ks1 :o le>n$ 8 trade "u ,slat]1 mov$ to ,holmesburg1 ne> ,philadelphia1 9 #ahaj1 tak+ ) him draw+s ( e v>iety ( cotton ma*9]y1 z f> z x _h !n advanc$1 & comm5c$ its manufacture4#adj ,he furni%$ ! ma*9]y = ! fir/ cotton mill 9 t portion ( ,p5nsylvania & = ! fir/ wool5 mill 9 ! entire /ate1 & develop$ :at 0 = _m ye>s "o ( ! mo/ important plants = ! build+ ( textile ma*9]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #adj ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ah4 ,eleaz] ,j5ks built a ma*9e %op at ,pawtucket 9 #ahac = heavy =g+ & = ! manufacture ( sp9n+ ma*9]y1 :i* 0 occupi$ by ,david ,wilk9son = _m ye>s4#ada ,! same ye>1 ,l>n$ ,pit*] also />t$ a %op !re1 & soon took 9 ,p4 ,hovey & ,asa ,arnold4 ,9 #ahai ,ira ,gay 0 tak5 91 & ! firm became ,pit*] ,gay1 "o ( ! l>ge/ manufactur]s ( cotton ma*9]y4 ,gay rema9$ 9 ,pawtucket until #ahbd1 :5 he w5t to ,new ,hamp%ire 9 connection ) ! ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,company & ! ,na%ua ,manufactur+ ,company1 !n j />t+4#adb ,a few ye>s lat] ,ira ,gay & ,zeba1 8 bro!r1 />t$ a %op at ,nor? ,*elms=d = build+ textile ma*9]y4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! ,m]rimac textile int]e/s1 ?is plant became v influ5tial & is runn+ today4 ,! firm has *ang$ sev]al times ) ! dea?s ( v>i\s p>tn]s1 & is n[ kn[n z ! ,nor? ,*elms=d ,ma*9e ,supply ,company4 ,x has pres]v$ _m ( ! old tools us$ 9 ! e>ly days1 & !re are few %ops ( great] hi/orical int]e/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 #ada ,goodri*1 p4 #fd4 #adb ,ibid41 p4 #ff4 ,capt4 ,james ,s4 ,br[n1 son ( ! ,sylvanus ,br[n ref]r$ to1 :o _h work$ = ,david ,wilk9son 9 #ahag1 succe$$ ,ira ,gay 9 ! ,pawtucket %op1 ! firm becom+ ,pit*] ,br[n4 ,9 #ahdb ,br[n became sole own] & greatly enl>g$ ! works4 ,! %op :i* he built 9 #ahdg 0 #djj feet long & employ$ ov] #cjj workm54 ,br[n liv$ = _m ye>s & made _m valuable inv5tions1 :i* includ$ a bevel$ ge> cutt]1 bor+ ma*9e1 gr9d]1 improvem5t 9 ! ,blan*>d type ( la!1 & _m improvem5ts 9 textile ma*9]y4 ,"s ( ! la!s :i* he himself built 9 #ahbj 7 9 use = sev5ty ye>s4#adc #adc ,ibid41 pp4 #ga-gb4 ,col4 ,/eph5 ,j5ks />t$ a %op 9 #ahbj = ! mak+ ( nuts & screws1 :i* lat] became ! ,william ,h4 ,haskell ,company ( ,pawtucket4 ,alv9 ,j5ks1 ( ,/eph5 ,j5ks ,sons1 w5t to ,c5tral ,falls 9 #ahbi & ! next ye> ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,david ,g4 ,fales4 ,?is firm1 kn[n z ,fales1 ,j5ks ,company1 built cotton ma*9]y = _m ye>s1 & mov$ to ,pawtucket 9 #ahfe4add ,! ,j5kses ( ! ,fales ,j5ks ,ma*9e ,company1 z x is kn[n n[1 are l9eal desc5dants ( ! orig9al ,joseph ,j5ks ( ,lynn4 #add ,ibid41 p4 #gb4 ,also1 ,field1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cgc4 ,9 #ahcd ,j]emiah ,o4 ,arnold1 :o z a "y man work$ = ,david ,wilk9son1 & 8 bro!r1 ,joseph ,arnold1 />t$ 9 ,pawtucket ! fir/ press = mak+ nuts4 ,lat]1 ,joseph ,arnold retir$ & ,william ,field took 8 place1 ! firm becom+ ,william ,field ,company4 ,!y mov$ to ,provid5ce 9 #ahdf1 & 9 #ahdg became ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company4#ade ,! ,provid5ce ,=ge ,nut ,company 0 organiz$ by "s m5 f ! ,tool ,company 9 #aheb1 & a plant 0 built4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ! new v5ture 0 absorb$ by ! p>5t company1 :i* mov$ to ! new plant4 ,! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company _h a wide influ5ce = _m ye>s1 manufactur+ ! ,h\sehold sew+ ma*9e & ! ,m>t9i rifle1 z well z a l9e ( tools4 ,9 #ahhc x 0 reorganiz$ & became ! pres5t ,rhode ,isl& ,tool ,company4 #ade ,goodri*1 p4 #ge4 ,! ,frankl9 ,ma*9e ,company 0 />t$ by ,/an=d ,newell1 ,isaac ,?urb] & o!rs1 ab\t #ahjj4 ,! plant 0 always ref]r$ to 9 ! old records z 8,! ,cupola40 ,dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab x 0 busy mak+ cannon "u ! *>ge ( ,isaac ,wilk9son1 "o ( ,oziel's sons1 :o 0 !n a boy only sev5te5 ye>s old4#adf ,! ,build]s ,iron ,f\ndry1 =m]ly kn[n z 8,! ,high ,/reet ,furnace10 began bus9ess "s "t prior to #ahbj4 ,! ,am]ican ,screw ,company _h its beg9n+ 9 ! ,eagle ,screw ,company1 organiz$ 9 #ahch "u ! lead]%ip ( ,william ,g4 ,angell4 ,hamp]$ by s]i\s litigation & %>p competition1 x cont9u$ ) indiff]5t success until #ahdi1 :5 ,mr4 ,angell1 adopt+ a ma*9e inv5t$ by ,?omas ,j4 ,sloan ( ,new ,york1 br\ght out ! po9t$ screw4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,screw ,company1 ^: inv5tor1 ,cull5 ,:ipple1 _h come f ! e>li] ,provid5ce ,screw ,company1 unit$ ) ! ,eagle ,screw ,company 9 #ahfj1 =m+ ! pres5t ,am]ican ,screw ,company4 #adf ,field1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cge4 ,! ,corliss ,ma*9e ,works 7 />t$ 9 #ahdh4 ,br[n ,%>pe1 ! mo/ important & influ5tial ( all ! ,provid5ce plants1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahcc by ,david ,br[n & 8 son1 ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is company is s important t x w be tak5 up 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,"o c h>dly turn f ! hi/ory ( manufactures 9 ,provid5ce )\t "s ref]5ce to ! manufactur+ ( jewelry4 ,a ,cyril ,dodge made silv] %oe buckles 8two doors nor? ( ! ,bapti/ meet+-h\se0 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 b ! fir/ real manufactur] ( jewelry 9 ,provid5ce 0 ,nehemiah ,dodge1 :o1 j aft] ! ,revolution1 />t$ 9 a little %op on ,nor? ,ma9 ,/reet z a goldsmi? & wat*mak]4 ,he also made necklaces1 r+s & m9iature cases4 ,dodge liv$ to be ov] n9ety ye>s old & to see ! indu/ry spread wond]fully4 ,by #ahje !re 7 ?ree o!r jewel]s1 "o ( :om1 by ! way1 0 a ,j5ks1 & !y employ$ all told ab\t ?irty workm54 ,9 #ahaj !re 7 #ajj workm52 9 #ahae1 #age2 & 9 #ahcb1 #bhb4 ,! c5sus writ]s ( #ahfj give eighty-six %ops ) #agfa workm52 9 #ahhj1 #adh %ops ) #cbfd employees1 & 9 #ahij !re 7 #agj %ops employ+ #dchj4 ,^! figures cov] ,provid5ce only4 ,_m o!r %ops 7 locat$ 9 ne>-by t[ns4 ,^! 7 all small & t5d$ to multiply4 ,! j\rneym5 7 ! highe/ paid artisans any:]e ab\t1 e>n+ f #e to #aj a day1 & two or ?ree 7 con/antly sett+ up = !mselves4 ,! olde/ jewelry firm 9 or ab\t ,provid5ce is said to be ! ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,company n[ locat$ 9 ! suburb ( ,elmwood4 ,jabez ,gorham1 its f\nd]1 0 fir/ engag$ z a jewel] ) f\r o!rs ab\t #ahac4 ,9 #ahca he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,h4 ,l4 ,web/]1 a j\rneyman silv]smi? f ,bo/on1 & specializ$ on ! mak+ ( silv] spoons1 ?us />t+ ! ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,company4#adg ,palm] ,capron1 ano!r old firm1 0 f\nd$ ab\t #ahdj4 #adg ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cgg-cha4 ,!re 7 o!r e>ly c5t]s ( me*anical influ5ce4 ,) ! inv5tion ( /eam navigation1 ,new ,york became a c5t] ( eng9e build+ = ! /eamboat trade1 & ! ,allaire1 ,qu9t>d1 ,flet*]1 ,delamat]1 & o!r works1 7 well kn[n _m ye>s ago1 b = "s reason ,new ,york ,city has nev] be5 conspicu\s = tool build+1 ! ,g>v9 ,ma*9e ,company be+ ! only l>ge firm 9 ?is field4 ,worce/]1 ,h>t=d1 ,philadelphia & ,w9dsor1 ,vt4 7small & seclud$ z x is71 h contribut$ signally to tool build+ ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 & w be tak5 up lat]4 ,we h consid]$ ,pawtucket fir/1 because x 0 ! e>lie/ c5t] & because its wide influ5ce 9 build+ up o!r c5t]s is little realiz$4 ,! ext5sive wat] p[] available 9 ! ,m]rimac ,valley gave rise to ! great textile int]e/s ( ,man*e/]1 ,l[ell & ,lawr5ce1 :i* h f> out/ripp$ ^? c5t]$ ab\t ,pawtucket1 b ! textile indu/ry began 9 ,pawtucket & ) x ! build+ ( ma*9]y & tools4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,int]*angeable ,,manufacture ,x is well1 9 beg9n+1 to def9e :at we mean by ! int]*angeable sy/em4 ,we w consid] x z ! art ( produc+ complete ma*9es or me*anisms1 ! correspond+ p>ts ( :i* are s ne>ly alike t any "p may be fitt$ into any ( ! giv5 me*anisms4 ,s consid]$1 x does n include ! manufacture ( sep>ate articles1 closely l ea* o!r1 b :i* d n fit toge!r p]man5tly into a me*anism4 ,if ?is 7 meant1 ! "w ( ! e>ly typef\nd]s w\ld cle>ly ant$ate t ( ! mod]n manufactur]s1 z !y produc$ pr9t+ types by ! process ( ca/+ :i* 7 simil> to ea* o!r )9 v close limits4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! p>ts 9 su* a me*anism z a gun1 = individual types are n p]man5tly articulat$4 ,! int]*angeable sy/em 0 develop$ by gun mak]s4 ,x is comm]cially applicable *iefly to articles ( a high grade1 made 9 l>ge numb]s1 & 9 :i* int]*angeability is desirable4 ,( ! typical articles1 su* z fire>ms1 bicycles1 typewrit]s1 sew+ ma*9es1 & ! l1 n[ produc$ by ! int]*angeable sy/em1 guns & pi/ols are ! only ones :i* ant$ate ! sy/em itself4 ,^! 7 us$ 9 great numb]s1 & 9 milit>y arms especially int]*angeability 0 ( ! highe/ value4 ,"u ! old sy/em ) h&-made muskets1 9 :i* ea* "p 0 fitt$ to its neighbors1 ! loss or injury ( a s+le important "p put ! :ole gun out ( use until x c\ld be repair$ by an exp]t gunsmi?4 ,eli ,:itney1 9 a lett] to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 9 #ahab1 /at$ t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t _h on h& ov] #bjj1jjj /&s ( muskets1 p>tially f9i%$ or await+ repairs4#adh ,! desirability1 !re=e1 ( "s sy/em ( manufacture by :i* all ! p>ts c\ld be /&>diz$ & int]*angeable1 0 well recogniz$4 ,!re exi/$ a dem& = milit>y arms :i* c\ld meet ?is condition1 b x 0 felt at ! "t t x 0 impossible to meet x4 #adh ,blake3 8,hi/ory ( ,hamd51 ,conn410 p4 #acc4 ,! sy/em ( int]*angeable manufacture is g5]ally consid]$ to be ( ,am]ican orig94 ,9 fact1 = _m ye>s x 0 kn[n 9 ,europe z ! 8,am]ican ,sy/em0 ( manufacture4 ,if priority be assign$ to ! s\rce :i* fir/ made x successful1 x is ,am]ican2 b ! fir/ sugge/ions ( ! sy/em came f ,france4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,fr5* me*anics 7 ! fir/ to "w ^u _m ( ! great me*anical improvem5ts2 b "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! slide-re/ & plan]1 !y seem to h caught ! idea only4 ,x 0 left to o!rs to make x a practical success4 ,at lea/ two attempts 7 made to manufacture guns int]*angeably 9 ,france1 "o 9 #agag1 ! o!r 9 #aghe4 ,( ! fir/ we "k little4 ,fit*1 9 8 8,report on ! ,manufactures ( ,int]*angeable ,me*anisms10 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus ( #ahhj1 speaks ( x1 b says x 0 a failure4#adi ,we "k ( ! second f an int]e/+ & surpris+ s\rce4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 :ile ,m9i/] to ,france1 wrote a lett] to ,john ,jay1 dat$ ,augu/ #cj1 #aghe1 :i* conta9s ! foll[+3 #adi p4 #b4 ,an improvem5t is made "h 9 ! con/ruction ( muskets1 :i* x may be int]e/+ to ,congress to "k1 %\ld !y at any "t propose to procure any4 ,x consi/s 9 ! mak+ e "p ( !m s exactly alike1 t :at belongs to any "o1 may be us$ = e o!r musket 9 ! magaz9e4 ,! gov]nm5t "h has exam9$ & approv$ ! me?od1 & is e/abli%+ a l>ge manufactory = ! purpose ( putt+ x into execution4 ,z yet1 ! inv5tor has only complet$ ! lock ( ! musket1 on ?is plan4 ,he w proce$ imm$iately to h ! b>rel1 /ock1 & o!r p>ts1 execut$ 9 ! same way4 ,suppos+ x might be useful 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i w5t to ! workman4 ,he pres5t$ me ! p>ts ( fifty locks tak5 to pieces1 & arrang$ 9 comp>tm5ts4 ,i put sev]al toge!r myself1 tak+ pieces at haz>d z !y came to h&1 & !y fitt$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,! advantages ( ?is1 :5 arms ne$ repair1 are evid5t4 ,he effects x by tools ( 8 own contrivance1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 abridge ! "w1 s t he ?9ks he %all be able to furni% ! musket two livres *eap] ?an ! common price4 ,b x w be two or ?ree ye>s be=e he w be able to furni% any quantity4 ,i m5tion x n[1 z x may h an influ5ce on ! plan = furni%+ our magaz9es ) ?is arm4#aej #aej 8,! ,writ+s ( ,?omas ,jeff]son10 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,a4 ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #daa4 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ,six mon?s lat] he wrote a lett] to ! gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 :i* is almo/ a copy ( ?is "o4 ,9 ano!r lett] writt5 _m ye>s lat] to ,james ,monroe1 ,jeff]son gives ! "n ( ?is me*anic z ,le ,blanc1 say+ t he _h ext5d$ 8 sy/em to ! b>rel1 m\nt+ & /ock1 & /at+3 8,i endeavor$ to get ! ,u4 ,s4 to br+ him ov]1 :i* he 0 ready = on mod]ate t]ms4 ,i fail$ & ,i d n "k :at became ( him40#aea ,we wi% to give full cr$it to ?is g5ius :o seems to h caught a cle> idea ( "s at lea/ ( ! pr9ciples involv$1 ^? ( int]*angeability & ! sub/itution ( ma*9e "w = h& "w4 ,! acc\nt makes no m5tion ( gauges or ( ! division ( labor1 b ?is might easily h be5 due to ,jeff]son's unfamili>ity ) ! details ( manufacture4 #aea 8,! ,writ+s ( ,?omas ,jeff]son10 ,edit$ by ,paul ,l4 ,=d1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #aja4 ,new ,york1 #ahhg4 ,we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt] t a close approa* to ! int]*angeable sy/em 0 made 9 ! ,portsm\? block ma*9]y ( ,b5?am & ,brunel4 ,?is 0 r an application ( mod]n manufactur+ pr9ciples ?an a specific case ( int]*angeable manufacture4 ,! int]*angeability ( product obta9$ 0 incid5tal to good manufactur+ me?ods1 n a di/9ct object aim$ at1 & !re does n seem to h be5 any sy/em ( gaug+ dur+ ! processes ( manufacture1 to insure ma9ta9+ ! v>i\s p>ts )9 specifi$ limits ( accuracy4 ,9 fact1 ! output itself did n require x1 z %ip's blocks d n call = any?+ l ! precision necess>y 9 guns or ! o!r typical products ( ! int]*angeable sy/em4 ,we h se51 too1 t ,john ,george ,bodm] began ab\t #ahjf to manufacture guns at ,/4 ,blaise 9 ! ,black ,=e/1 us+ special ma*9]y = mu* ( ! "w previ\sly done by h&1 especially = ! p>ts ( ! lock1 :i* 87 %ap$ & prep>$ = imm$iate use1 s z to insure p]fect uni=mity & economize labor40 ,9 bo? ( ^! in/ances1 ! ,portsm\? block ma*9]y & ! ,/4 ,blaise factory1 def9ite /eps :i* =m "p ( ! int]*angeable sy/em 7 tak51 b x does n seem probable t ! sy/em exi/$ 9 any?+ l ! complet5ess ) :i* x 0 be+ develop$ at t "t 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #agih & #agii two contracts 7 let by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = fire>ms1 "o to ,eli ,:itney 9 #agih1 ! o!r to ,simeon ,nor? 9 #agii4 ,^! contracts are ( ! greate/ importance4 ,:itney _h inv5t$ ! cotton g9 9 #agib4 ,?is inv5tion1 z is well kn[n1 _h a pr(\nd economic effect on ! :ole civiliz$ _w1 b ! condition ( ! pat5t laws at t "t & ! v value ( ! inv5tion itself made x impossible = him to def5d 8 rights2 &1 al?\gh he _h practically creat$ a va/ indu/ry1 he actually lo/ m money by ! inv5tion ?an he ga9$4 ,by #agih he made up 8 m9d t he mu/ turn to some?+ else4 ,he *ose ! manufacture ( muskets1 & address$ a lett] to ,oliv] ,wolcott1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 9 :i* he said3 ,i %\ld l to und]take ! manufacture ( t5 to fifte5 ?\s& /& ( arms4 ,i am p]suad$ t ma*9]y mov$ by wat]1 adapt$ to ?is bus9ess w\ld greatly dim9i% ! labor & greatly facilitate ! manufacture ( ?is article4 ,ma*9es = =g+1 roll+1 float+1 bor+1 gr9d+1 poli%+1 etc41 may all be made use ( to advantage4#aeb #aeb 8,new ,hav5 ,colony ,hi/orical ,society ,pap]s10 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aag4 ,8 contract ( #agih result$4 ,f ! v />t ,:itney propos$ to manufacture ^! arms on a 8new pr9ciple40 ,he built a mill at ,:itneyville1 j outside ( ! city ( ,new ,hav51 utiliz+ a small wat] p[]4 ,ne>ly two ye>s 7 requir$ to get ! plant into op]ation1 z he _h to design & build all ( 8 propos$ ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahab :5 mak+ application = ano!r contract = #ae1jjj muskets1 ,:itney writes3 ,! subscrib] begs leave fur!r to rem>k t he has = ! la/ #ab ye>s be5 engag$ 9 manufactur+ muskets2 t he n[ has ! mo/ respectable private e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = c>ry+ on ?is important bran* ( bus9ess4 ,t ?is e/abli%m5t 0 comm5c$ & has be5 c>ri$ on ^u a plan :i* is unkn[n 9 ,europe1 & ! great lead+ object ( :i* is to sub/itute correct & effective op]ations ( ma*9]y = t skill ( ! arti/ :i* is acquir$ only by long practice & exp]i5ce2 a species ( skill :i* is n possess$ 9 ?is c\ntry to any consid]able ext5t4#aec #aec ,ibid41 p4 #abb4 ,9 ano!r place x is /at$ t ! object at :i* he aim$ & :i* he accompli%$ 0 8to make ! same p>ts ( diff]5t guns1 z ! locks1 = example1 z mu* l ea* o!r z ! successive impressions ( a copp]-plate engrav+40#aed #aed ,d5ison ,olm/ead3 8,memoir ( ,eli ,:itney10 p4 #ej4 #ahdf4 ,mr4 ,:itney's det]m9ation to introduce ?is sy/em ( manufactur+ 0 ridicul$ & laugh$ at by ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ordnance (fic]s to :om he expla9$ x4 ,!y said t by 8 sy/em e arm w\ld be a model & t arms s made w\ld co/ enorm\sly4 ,ev5 ! ,wa%+ton (ficials 7 skeptical & became uneasy at advanc+ s mu* money )\t a s+le gun hav+ be5 complet$1 & ,:itney w5t to ,wa%+ton1 tak+ ) him t5 pieces ( ea* "p ( a musket4 ,he exhibit$ ^! to ! ,secret>y ( ,w> & ! army (fic]s int]e/$1 z a succession ( piles ( diff]5t p>ts4 ,select+ indiscrim9ately f ea* ( ! piles1 he put toge!r t5 muskets1 an a*ievem5t :i* 0 look$ on ) amazem5t4 ,we h n ! exact date ( ?is occurr5ce1 b x 0 probably ab\t #ahjj4aee #aee ,blake3 8,hi/ory ( ,hamd51 ,conn410 p4 #ach4 ,meantime ,simeon ,nor?1 :o unlike ,:itney 0 a gun mak] by trade1 _h complet$ 8 fir/ contract = #aejj pi/ols1 & _h execut$ a numb] ( o!rs4 ,9 ^! no m5tion 0 made ( int]*angeability1 b :e!r indep5d5tly or n1 he v soon began to develop ! same me?ods z ,:itney4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy 9 #ahjh1 ,nor? says3 ,i f9d t by conf9+ a workman to "o p>ticul> limb ( ! pi/ol untill he has made two ?\s&1 ,i save at lea/ "o qu>t] ( 8 lab\r1 to :at ,i %\ld provid$ ,i f9i%d !m by small quantities2 & ! "w w be z mu* bett] z x is quick] made4#aef #aef ,s4 ,n4 ,d4 & ,r4 ,h4 ,nor?3 8,memoir ( ,simeon ,nor?10 p4 #fd4 #aiac4 ,he also says 9 ! same lett]3 ,i h "s sev5te5 ?\s& screws o!r p>ts ( pi/ols n[ =gd4 _m p>ts ne>ly f9i%$ ! bus9ess is go+ on brisk & lively4 ,"h is cle>ly ! pr9ciple ( subdivision ( labor & ! beg9n+ ( ! /&>diz+ ( p>ts4 ,9 #ahac ,nor? contract$ to furni% #bj1jjj pi/ols4 ,?is agreem5t conta9$ ! foll[+ significant clause3 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ! pi/ols are to correspond s exactly t any limb or "p ( "o ,pi/ol may be fitt$ to any o!r ,pi/ol ( ! ,tw5ty ?\s&4#aeg #aeg ,ibid41 p4 #ha4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! valuable memoir ( ,simeon ,nor?1 by 8 great-gr&sons1 t ?is is ! fir/ gov]nm5t contract 9 :i* ! contractor agre$ to produce arms hav+ int]*angeable p>ts1 & x is consequ5tly claim$ = ,colonel ,nor? t he orig9at$ ?is process4 ,we h n _h an opportunity to exam9e ! (ficial records 9 ,wa%+ton 9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,:itney's deal+s1 b x is q cle> f 8 lett] ( #ahab t he _h be5 op]at+ on ?is basis = ne>ly t5 ye>s1 al?\gh x may n h be5 =mally recogniz$ 9 8 contracts ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,capt4 ,decius ,wadswor?1 !n inspector ( muskets1 wrote to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury 9 #ahjj z foll[s3 ,b :]e ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! lock are ea* =m$ & fa%ion$ successively by a prop] ma*9e1 & by ! same h&1 !y w be f\nd to diff] s ins5sibly t ! simil> p>ts ( diff]5t locks may be mutually sub/itut$4 ,! ext5d+ ( ?is pr9ciple to all p>ts ( a musket has be5 a favorite idea ) ,mr4 ,:itney f ! beg9n+4 ,x has be5 treat$ & ridicul$ z a va9 & impracticable attempt by almo/ all ^? :o pret5d$ to sup]ior k & exp]i5ce 9 ! bus9ess4 ,he has ! satisfaction1 h[ev]1 n[ ( %ew+ ! practicability ( ! attempt4 ,al?\gh ,i am ( ! op9ion t !re is m to please ! imag9ation ?an ( real utility 9 ! plan1 yet z x af=ds an incalculable pro( ( 8 sup]ior skill z a workman1 & is :at ,i believe has nev] be5 attempt$ ) success be=e1 x is des]v+ ( mu* consid]ation4#aeh #aeh ,blake1 p4 #bif4 ,fur!rmore1 ,jeff]son1 9 ! lett] to ,monroe writt5 9 #ahja1 says 9 speak+ ( ,:itney3 ,he has inv5t$ molds & ma*9es = mak+ all ! pieces ( 8 locks s exactly equal1 t take #ajj locks to pieces & m+le _! p>ts & ! #ajj locks may be put toge!r by tak+ ! pieces :i* come to h&4#aei #aei ,see note #aej1 page #acj4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ,w> 9 ,june1 #ahja1 ,:itney writes3 8444 my sy/em & plan ( op]ations are1 ,i believe1 entirely new & diff]5t f ^? h]et(ore pursu$ 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 8,x 0 ! und]/&+ & expectation ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ) :om ,i contract$1 t ,i %\ld e/abli% a manufactory on ! pr9ciples :i* 7 !n po9t$ out & expla9$ to him4 ,?is sy/em has be5 uni=mly pursu$ f ! beg9n+40#afj #afj ,blake1 p4 #cjj4 ,x w\ld seem t ! /ipulation 9 ,nor?'s contract ( #ahac 0 n s mu* ! beg9n+ ( a new me?od z a recognition ( me?ods :i* _h already come into exi/5ce4 ,x seems almo/ inevitable t ! two m51 pione] manufactur]s & gov]nm5t contractors 9 closely alli$ indu/ries1 & locat$ b tw5ty miles ap>t1 mu/ h kn[n m or less ( ea* o!r's "w & h be5 influ5c$ by ea* o!r's me?ods4 ,)\t try+ to diff]5tiate ! cr$it betwe5 !m too closely x is q c]ta9 t 9 ! "w ( ^! two m5 ! int]*angeable sy/em _h its bir?4 ,colonel ,nor?'s "w = ! ,gov]nm5t 0 inv>iably well done1 & = m ?an fifty ye>s he cont9u$ to supply1 fir/ pi/ols1 & lat] rifles = ! army & navy4 ,( ! two1 ,:itney _h ! great] influ5ce 9 spread+ ! int]*angeable sy/em ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 well kn[n & influ5tial ?r\gh 8 inv5tion ( ! cotton g9 & 0 locat$ 9 a l>g] c5t]4 ,he 0 call$ ^u by ! ,gov]nm5t = advice1 & at its reque/ s5t to ,spr+field "s ( 8 be/ workm5 to introduce 8 sy/em !re1 & also help to />t x at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 ,:itney built 8 factory 9 #agih or #ahjj1 & employ$ at ! />t ab\t sixty m54 ,colonel ,nor? mov$ f ,b]l9 to ,middlet[n 9 #ahac1 & built a factory at a co/ ( ab\t #ajj1jjj1 :]e he employ$ sev5ty m5 & produc$ ab\t ?irty pi/ols a day4 ,! int]*angeable sy/em 0 well begun 9 bo? ( ^! factories by #ahae4 ,! ,spr+field armory _h be5 />t$ dur+ ! ,revolution1 ma9ly = mak+ cannon4 ,9 #agib ,congress au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to e/abli% two ars5als = small arms4 ,^! 7 locat$ at ,spr+field 9 ! ,nor?1 & ,h>p]'s ,f]ry 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 #ahaa ,capta9 ,hall 0 grant$ a pat5t = a gun :i* 0 adopt$ z ! gov]nm5t /&>d 9 #ahai & ! ,gov]nm5t und]took to manufacture !m at "o ( its own armories4 ,capta9 ,hall 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! "w & ! plant at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry 0 equipp$ = int]*angeable manufacture4#afa ,lat] _m ( ^! rifles 7 made by private contractors1 su* z ,colonel ,nor?4 ,by #ahbh 9 "o ( ,colonel ,nor?'s contracts we f9d ! pr9ciple ( int]*angeability ext5d$ /ill fur!r4 ,x is gu>ante$ t ! compon5t p>ts %\ld be int]*angeable1 n only 9 ! lot contract$ =1 b t !y may be ex*ang$ 9 a simil> mann] ) ! rifles made or mak+ at ! national armories4#afb #afa 8,memoir ( ,simeon ,nor?10 pp4 #afh-afi4 #afb ,ibid41 p4 #afj4 ,9 #ahcf ,samuel ,colt inv5t$ 8 revolv]1 & ! fir/ lot contract$ = by ! ,gov]nm5t 0 made at ! ,:itney works 9 #ahdg4 ,mr4 ,colt det]m9$ ab\t #ahej to e/abli% 8 own factory1 mov$ to ,h>t=d1 & 9 #ahed-ahee built ! pres5t ,colt's ,armory1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( int]*angeable manufacture 7 adopt$ 9 a mo/ advanc$ =m4 ,h& "w 0 practically elim9at$ & automatic & semi-automatic ma*9]y sub/itut$4 ,a type ( manufactur+ mill]1 built = ?is "w by ,george ,s4 ,l9coln ,company1 is /ill kn[n z ! ,l9coln mill]4 ,e4 ,k4 ,root1 sup]9t5d5t "u ,colt1 _h a pr(\nd influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( manufactur+ at ?is "t4 ,he put ! art ( die =g+ on its pres5t basis4 ,at fir/ he us$ a type ( hamm] 9 :i* f\r impressions 7 arrang$ 9 f\r diff]5t sets ( dies4 ,! hamm]s 7 lift$1 fir/ by a set ( dogs1 lat] by a c5tral screw1 & ! op]ator walk$ ar\nd ! ma*9e1 us+ ! impressions successively4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! pres5t =m ( bo>d drop 0 develop$4 ,two ( ,george ,s4 ,l9coln ,company's m5 7 ,francis ,a4 ,pratt1 sup]9t5d5t1 & ,amos ,:itney1 contractor1 :o lat] f\nd$ ! firm ( ,pratt ,:itney4 ,9 #aheg ,smi? ,wesson began manufactur+ revolv]s at ,spr+field along simil> l9es4 ,mr4 ,smi? _h work$ 9 ! old ,:itney %ops4 ,ano!r firm ( great influ5ce 0 t ( ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 lat] ! ,w9dsor ,ma*9e ,company1 9 ,w9dsor1 ,vt4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,h[e built !re a numb] ( ma*9es = pr(ile mill+1 rifl+1 b>rel drill+1 & is said to h design$ ! fir/ 8univ]sal0 mill] 9 #aheb4afc ,! ,ames ,manufactur+ ,company 9 ,*icopee1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #ahbi1 0 also engag$ 9 ?is "w4 ,by #ahej ! int]*angeable sy/em began to ext5d its influ5ce abroad4 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce _h an exhibit ( int]*angeable guns 9 ! exposition at ,london 9 #ahea1 :i* attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 #ahec a ,briti% ,commission came to ?is c\ntry & visit$ ! gov]nm5t & private armories1 ! ,ames ,manufactur+ ,company & ,robb9s ,lawr5ce4 ,dur+ ! visit ( ?is ,commission at ,spr+field1 ,major ,ripley1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! armory1 ord]$ t5 guns1 :i* _h be5 manufactur$ 9 t5 successive ye>s1 f #ahdc to #ahec1 to be /ripp$1 & ! p>ts to be reassembl$ at r&om4 #afc ,n to be confus$ ) ! ,br[n ,%>pe univ]sal mill+ ma*9e1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n 9 #ahga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?os4 ,,blan*>d ,,eli ,,:itney ,,simeon ,,nor? ,blan*>d la! & ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,middlet[n1 ,conn4 /ock+ ma*9]y ,aft] 8 dea? ,f\r sons--,reub51 99#a1 #b99 bus9ess c>ri$ on ,james1 ,alv9 & by ,e4 ,w4 ,philos ,selah ,blake1 nephews1 99#h1 #i99 foll[$ by ,eli ,:itney1 ,jr4 ,bus9ess sold to ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co4 #ahhh 99#c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g99 #a1 #c1 #h #b #g #i ,,spr+field ,,armory ,,h>p]',s ,,f]ry ,,armory ,capt4 ,john ,h4 ,hall ,jas4 ,h4 ,burton 99#ae99 #f ,,robb9s ,,lawr5ce ,,smi? ,,wesson ,w9dsor1 ,vt4 ,norwi*1 ,conn4 lat] ,fr$k4 ,w4 ,h[e ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,h5ry ,d4 ,/one ,horace ,smi? work$ 99#aj #aa #ab #ac #ad99 = ,:itney ,arms ,co4 ,d4 ,b4 ,wesson inv5t$ c>tridge1 :i* 0 sold to 99#af99 #d #af ,,ames ,,mfg4 ,,co4 ,,samuel ,,colt ,,volcanic ,,arms ,,co4 ,*icopee1 ,mass4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,sold to ,o4 ,f4 ,n4 ,p4 ,ames1 ,fir/ revolv]s ,w9*e/] ,jas4 ,t4 ,ames1 made by ,:itney 99#bc #bd99 99#ag99 ,arms ,co4 #ae 99#ai #bj #ba #bb99 ,jas4 ,h4 ,burton 99#ah99 #ab #ag #bj #ad #bc ,,enfield ,,gun ,,ma*9]y ,e4 ,k4 ,,root ,,tyl] ,,h5ry & o!r ma*9]y ,built ,colt's ,armory3 ,workman at ,robb9s = ,european ,drop hamm]s1 c>tridge ,lawr5ce4 ,improv$ ! gov]nm5ts ma*9]y ,j5n+s' ,rifle 99#be99 99#bf99 #ah #ai #ac #ba #be #bd #bf ,c4 ,m4 ,,sp5c] ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,l9coln ,,co4 ,,new ,,hav5 ,,arms ,,co4 ,rifles1 drop ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 8,h5ry0 ,rifle hamm]s1 automatic ,l9coln ,mill]1 fir/ 99#bh99 la!s built = ,colt4 ,pratt 99#bi99 & ,:itney 7 two ( _! =em5 99#bg99 #aa #bb #bg #e #bh ,,jones ,,lamson ,,ma*4 ,,pratt ,,:itney ,,w9*e/] ,,repeat+ ,,co4 ,h>t=d4 ,conn4 ,,arms ,,co4 ,turret la!s1 etc4 ,gun ma*9]y1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ma*9e tools1 etc4 8,model '#ff0 ,w9*e/]1 etc4 #aj #bb #bi #cj ,,bill+s ,,sp5c] ,,h>t=d ,,ma*4 ,,scr4 ,,co4 ,drop ,hamm]s1 ,drop ,=g+s1 etc4 ,automatic ,la!s1 ,screw ,ma*9e ,bill+s appr5tice at ,robb9s ,products ,lawr5ce4 ,fairfield & ,sp5c]4 ,bo? work$ ,bill+s & ,sp5c] work$ at at ,colt's ,colt's4 99#cj99 ,,figure #bg4 ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,engl& ,,gun ,,mak]s ,z a result ( ?is visit #bj1jjj int]*angeable ,enfield rifles 7 ord]$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 & 9 #ahee1 #aeg ma*9es = ! manufacture ( guns 7 s5t to ,engl&4 ,^! ma*9es compris$ sev5ty-f\r mill]s1 tw5ty-?ree drill+ ma*9es1 five tapp+ ma*9es1 & sev5 edg+ ma*9es4 ,! rema9d] 7 special ma*9es = ?read+1 rifl+1 turn+1 bor+1 & s on4#afd ,9 ?is li/ ( ma*9es sc>cely a s+le la! is f\nd & no m5tion is made ( any turret ma*9es4 ,t5 or fifte5 ye>s lat] !re w\ld h be5 a l>ge numb]4 ,james ,h4 ,burton1 :o _h be5 at ! ,h>p]'s ,f]ry armory & 0 at ! "t ) ! ,ames ,manufactur+ ,company1 w5t ov] to ,engl& to in/all ! new sy/em & op]ate ! new plant4 ,! ,ames ,manufactur+ ,company alone is said to h export$ f\r to five hundr$ /ock+ ma*9es ( ! ,blan*>d type on ^! e>ly =eign ord]s4 ,)9 ! next fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ne>ly e gov]nm5t 9 ,europe 0 suppli$ ) ,am]ican gun-mak+ ma*9]y1 all plann$ to op]ate on ! int]*angeable sy/em1 :i* 0 kn[n ev]y:]e z 8! ,am]ican sy/em40 #afd ,fit*3 8,report on ,manufactures ( ,int]*angeable ,me*anism10 ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus1 #ahhj4 ,volume on 8,manufactures40 ,nasmy? 0 conc]n$ 9 ! introduction ( ?is ma*9]y into ,engl&4 ,8 m5tion ( x 9 8 autobiography ?r[s light on h[ ! int]*angeable sy/em 0 look$ ^u by ! ,engli% eng9e]s3 ,9 #ahec ,i 0 appo9t$ a memb] ( ! ,small ,arms ,committee = ! purpose ( remodel+ &1 9 fact1 re-e/abli%+1 ! ,small ,arms ,factory at ,enfield4 ,! wond]ful success ( ! ne$le gun 9 ! w> betwe5 ,prussia & ,d5m>k 9 #ahdh occasion$ "s al>m among/ our milit>y au?orities z to ! /ate ( affairs at home4 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton to ! la/ proclaim$ ! suffici5cy ( 8,br[n ,bess0 z a weapon ( (f5se & def5se2 b matt]s c\ld no long] be def]r$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 ?\gh possess+ only a v small /&+ army1 _h e/abli%$ at ,spr+field a small arms factory1 :]e1 by ! use ( ma*9e tools specially design$ to execute ) ! mo/ un]r+ precision all ! details ( muskets & rifles1 !y 7 enabl$ to disp5se ) m]e manual dext]ity1 & to produce arms to any am\nt4 ,x 0 f9ally det]m9$ to improve ! musketry & rifle sy/ems ( ! ,engli% army4 ,! ,gov]nm5t resolv$ to introduce ! ,am]ican sy/em1#afe by :i* arms might be produc$ mu* m p]fectly1 & at a great dim9ution ( co/4 ,x 0 "u su* circum/ances t ! ,small ,arms ,committee 0 appo9t$4 #afe ,italics are ours4 ,colonel ,colt _h br\ght to ,engl& "s /rik+ examples ( ! admirable tools us$ at ,spr+field#aff & he e/abli%$ a manufactory at ,pimlico = ! production ( 8 well-kn[n revolv]s4 ,! committee resolv$ to make a p]sonal visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,factory at ,spr+field4 ,my own bus9ess engagem5ts at home prev5t$ my accompany+ ! memb]s :o 7 select$2 b z my fri5d ,john ,&]son 7n[ ,sir ,john7 act$ z _! guide1 ! committee _h 9 him ! mo/ able & effective help]4 ,he direct$ _! att5tion to ! mo/ important & available details ( t admirable e/abli%m5t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t act$ mo/ lib]ally 9 all[+ ! committee to obta9 e in=mation on ! subject2 & ! heads ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 :o 7 intellig5t & zeal\s1 r5d]$ !m e att5tion & civility4 #aff ,h>t=d8 ,! memb]s ( ! mission return$ home en?usia/ically delight$ ) ! results ( _! inquiry4 ,! committee imm$iately proce$$ ) ! entire remodel+ ( ! ,small ,arms ,factory at ,enfield4 ,! work%ops 7 equipp$ ) a complete s]ies ( special ma*9e tools1 *iefly obta9$ f ! ,spr+field factory4#afg ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t also p]mitt$ sev]al ( _! be/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ workm5 & sup]9t5d5ts to take s]vice "u ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t4#afh #afg ,?is mu/ be a mi/ake4 ,! ma*9]y seems to h be5 suppli$ *iefly by ,bobb9s ,lawr5ce & ! ,ames ,mfg4 ,co4 ,mr4 ,burton ( ! latt] company in/all$ x4 #afh ,autobiography ( ,james ,nasmy?1 pp4 #cfb-cfc4 ,9 us+ ! t]m 8int]*angeable0 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! mean+ atta*$ to ?is ^w grew dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,! int]*angeability ( #ahac w\ld n h be5 consid]$ satisfactory 9 #ahee1 mu* less s today4 ,:5 ,hall complet$ 8 fir/ hundr$ rifles at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry 9 #ahbd1 x is said t 8! jo9t ( ! bree* block 0 s fitt$ t a %eet ( pap] w\ld slide loosely 9 ! jo9t1 b two %eets w\ld /ick40 ,?is sy/em ( gaug+ w h a famili> s\nd to ! old] me*anics :o grew up be=e ! days ( ! micromet]4 ,:5 ,colonel ,nor? 0 giv5 8 fir/ contract = ! rifles & furni%$ two models to "w f1 ^! models 7 s unlike t he ask$ to h "o set aside & t he be all[$ to gauge 8 "w f ! o!r4 ,( ! v>i\s tools associat$ ) int]*angeable manufacture1 drill+ jigs 7 9 use v e>ly1 probably f ! />t4 ,! fil+ jig is said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,selah ,nor?1 ! son ( ,colonel ,nor?1 b x 0 us$ by ,:itney almo/ z e>ly4 ,bo? ,:itney & ,colonel ,nor? 7 us+ pla9 mill+ by #ahbj4 ,a light sort ( mill+ ma*9e is %[n 9 ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$ia ( #aggb1 already ref]r$ to1 b ! fir/ successful "o 0 built by ,mr4 ,:itney "s "t prior to #ahah4 ,?is ma*9e1 /ill 9 exi/5ce & n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 is %[n aga9 9 ,fig4 #bh4afi ,9 #ahag to #ahbb we f9d ! introduction ( =g+ 9 h& dies1 b>rel turn+ by special ma*9]y1 & ! ,blan*>d la! = gun-/ocks4 ,receiv+ gauges are said to h be5 us$ at ,middlet[n 9 #ahbi1 & 7 regul>ly 9 use at ,spr+field by #ahdj4 ,automatic ma*9]y = ! woodwork+ 0 fir/ inv5t$ by ,blan*>d 9 #ahah = ! ,spr+field armory4 ,! accuracy ( ^! ma*9es1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 outran t ( ! metal "w ( ! "t4 ,to accommodate ! v>iations /ill pres5t 9 ! metal p>ts ,blan*>d devis$ a ma*9e :i* us$ ! actual lock plates z =m]s & cut ! /ocks to mat*1 & su* ma*9es 7 us$ at ,spr+field until #ahdj4 ,by t "t ! "w on ! metal p>ts c\ld be made z accurately z ! /ocks1 & ?is me?od 0 no long] necess>y4 ,a mod]n degree ( accuracy 9 %ap+ ( ! metal portions 0 n possible until ! mill] came into g5]al use = irregul> %apes1 :i* 0 "s "t 9 ! =ties4 ,by #ahdb1 = ! new musket to be manufactur$ at ,spr+field1 !re 0 a complete set ( model jigs1 taps & gauges4 ,! pr(il+ ma*9e 0 develop$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,h[e1 ,r4 ,s4 ,lawr5ce1 & ,e4 ,k4 ,root1 f #ahdh to #aheb4 ,a drop hamm] ) dies 0 us$ by ,hall ( ,h>p]'s ,f]ry 9 #ahbg1 ! head ( :i* 0 rais$ by a mov+ *a9 & fre$ by a trip at ! desir$ height4 ,lat] ,peck inv5t$ 8 lift]1 us+ a /rap4 ,! ,root drop hamm]s we h already m5tion$4 ,! bo>d drop is l>gely ! "w ( ,sp5c]4 #afi ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ?is ma*9e & its hi/ory see ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #ajcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bh4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mill+ ,,ma*9e ,,built ,,by ,,eli ,,:itney ,,ab\t #ahah4 ,,n[ ,,9 ,,! ,,mason ,,laboratory1 ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bi4 ,,blan*>d 8,,gun-,,/ock+0 ,,la! ,,built ,,9 #ahah ,,= ,,! ,,spr+field ,,armory4 ,,9 ,,use ,,ov] ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,probably no ma*9e has _h s great an influ5ce on int]*angeable manufacture z ! automatic turret la!4 ,! turret la!1 8! fir/ radical improvem5t on ,maudslay's slide-re/10 0 built comm]cially by ,robb9s ,lawr5ce 9 #ahed1 & is said to h gr[n out ( a revolv+-head bolt cutt] :i* ,h5ry ,d4 ,/one saw at ,h>t=d4 ,! turret idea 0 n orig9at$ by ,/one4 ,root & ,h[e _h us$ x a numb] ( ye>s be=e1 & x _h be5 utiliz$ by sev]al o!rs4 ,all ( ^! turrets except ,h[e's seem to h _h a horizontal axis in/ead ( ! v]tical "o :i* became g5]al4 ,lat] improvem5ts by ,c4 ,m4 ,sp5c] & a long l9e ( brilliant me*anics h increas$ ! accuracy ( ! turret la! & made x m ne>ly automatic ?an any o!r type ( g5]al ma*9e tool4 ,today x is1 ) ! mill+ ma*9e1 ! ma9 reliance = int]*angeable "w4 ,9 sket*+ ! developm5t ( int]*angeable me?ods 9 ,am]ican %ops1 we h conf9$ our att5tion to gun mak]s *iefly4 ,!y 7 by no means ! only ones to h a "p 9 ?is developm5t1 b !y 7 its orig9ators1 !y det]m9$ its me?ods1 & develop$ mo/ ( ! ma*9es typical ( ! process4 ,ab\t #ahcj ,*auncey ,j]ome began ! manufacture ( brass clocks4 ,t]ry1 ,?omas & o!r ,connecticut me*anics _h be5 manufactur+ wood5 clocks1 :i* gave way to metal clocks z ! advantage ( int]*angeable manufacture became recogniz$4 ,9 #ahdh ,a4 ,l4 ,d5nison f\nd$ ! ,am]ican ,wat* ,company at ,wal?am4 ,! int]*angeable sy/em has n[h]e rea*$ a high] developm5t ?an 9 ! "w ( ?is company & ( ! o!r great wat* factories4 ,9 #ahdf ,elias ,h[e 0 grant$ 8 pat5t on sew+ ma*9es1 & )9 f\r or five ye>s _! manufacture sprang up on a l>ge scale4 ,bo? ( ^! indu/ries1 wat* & clock manufacture & ! manufacture ( sew+ ma*9es1 utiliz$ a sy/em :i* 0 already well e/abli%$4 ,s9ce t "t x has be5 appli$ to a wide v>iety ( articles4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,:itney ,,& ,,nor? ,9 ! la/ *apt] we consid]$ ! rise ( ! int]*angeable sy/em ( manufacture & saw t x />t$ 9 ! %ops ( ,eli ,:itney1 at ,new ,hav51 & ( ,simeon ,nor?1 at ,middlet[n4 ,! lives ( ^! m5 are ( mu* int]e/1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,:itney4 ,8 /ruggle 9 def5se ( 8 pat5t rights on ! cotton g9 is in/ructive = all :o see a high road to =tune 9 ! pat5t+ ( a valuable inv5tion4 ,measur$ by its economic effect1 ! cotton g9 is "o ( ! greate/ ( inv5tions4 ,z an indu/rial factor its success 0 imm$iate & f>-rea*+4 ,x develop$ ! agricultural res\rces ( ne>ly half ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 made possible its gigantic cotton crop1 va/ly increas$ ! weal? ( ?is c\ntry &1 to a sc>cely less ext5t1 t ( ,engl&2 & yet t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 ,mr4 ,:itney said t he _h h>dly m ?an 8come out ev5 on x02 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t 8 pat5t 0 su/a9$ & 0 app>5tly "o ( ! mo/ valuable ev] grant$4 ,a pat5t = an inv5tion :i* meets a widespread & press+ ne$1 & = :i* !re is a trem5d\s dem&1 is difficult to def5d4 ,watt's rights 9 ! /eam eng9e 7 e/abli%$ only aft] a long & bitt] fight1 & he w\ld h fail$ & di$ a disappo9t$ man _h x n be5 = ! indomitable c\rage & bus9ess skill ( 8 p>tn]1 ,mat!w ,b\lton4 ,:itney 0 a f> bett] bus9ess man ?an ,watt1 b 8 p>tn] 0 n 9 any way ! equal ( ,b\lton4 ,if he _h be51 ! /ory ( ! cotton g9 might h be5 diff]5t4 ,:itney saw ! futility ( dep5d+ solely on pat5t rights & wisely turn$ 8 spl5did tal5ts to manufactur+2 :]e1 )\t pat5t protection ( any k9d1 by me?ods !n new1 b :i* h s9ce spread ?r\gh\t ! _w1 he built up a =tune4 ,someone has said t ! besett+ s9 ( me*anics is inv5tion4 ,?is may1 or may n1 be true1 b x is wor? pond]+ :e!r sup]ior me?ods & bus9ess judgm5t are n /ill ! be/ indu/rial protection4 ,eli ,:itney1 ^: portrait is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 0 born 9 ,we/bor\gh1 ,mass41 9 #agfe4 ,he came f t be/ s*ool ( me*anics1 ! ,new ,engl& hill f>m4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly ,am]ican me*anics1 l him1 came f ! c\ntry & _h ! same tra9+ ( h>d "w ) simple implem5ts1 & le>n$ to turn _! h& to ne>ly ev]y?+1 & to "w ) few & r\gh tools4 ,f 8 boyhood he %[$ me*anical tal5t4 ,:5 he 0 fifte51 ) 8 fa!r's cons5t1 he began mak+ nails ) ! aid ( su* rudim5t>y tools z he c\ld contrive4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 :5 nails 7 9 great dem& & br\ght a high price4 ,by h>d "w he built up a pr(itable little bus9ess :i* he c>ri$ on = two w9t]s 9 addition to ! ord9>y "w ( ! f>m dur+ ! summ]4 ,! bus9ess grew beyond 8 capacity to c>e = alone1 s he set out on horseback to a neighbor+ t[n 9 que/ ( a fell[ labor]4 ,n f9d+ "o z easily z he _h anticipat$1 he rode f t[n to t[n ) ! p]si/5ce :i* 0 a /rong trait 9 8 "*1 until =ty miles f home he f\nd su* a workman z he desir$4 ,dur+ ?is j\rney he call$ at e work%op on 8 way & absorb$ all ! in=mation he c\ld respect+ ! me*anical arts4 ,:5 ! nail bus9ess ceas$ to be pr(itable aft] ! w>1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to knife blades & to ! mak+ ( ! long p9s = bonnets !n 9 fa%ion4 ,he %[$ s mu* skill t he ne>ly monopoliz$ ! latt] bus9ess4 ,:5 n9ete5 ye>s old1 ,:itney det]m9$ to obta9 a lib]al education1 b he 0 n able to ga9 8 fa!r's cons5t until he 0 tw5ty-?ree4 ,!n1 9 #aghh1 ) money made p>tly 9 8 little manufactur+ bus9ess & p>tly f tea*+ s*ool1 he ent]$ ,yale ,college4 ,he complet$ 8 college education ) b little exp5se to 8 fa!r :o paid a few ( ! la/ ( 8 college bills1 = :i* ! son gave 8 note & :i* he paid soon aft] graduation4 ,8 "w at college 0 cr$itable1 r ?an brilliant2 he left a m>k$ impression beh9d him = good judgm5t1 s\nd reason+ & /eady1 intellig5t "w4#agj #agj ,! be/ s\rces ( in=mation on ,:itney are3 ,olm/ead3 8,memoir ( ,eli ,:itney1 ,esqr40 ,new ,hav51 #ahdf4 ,blake3 8,hi/ory ( ,hamd51 ,conn40 ,new ,hav51 #ahhh4 ,blake3 8,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,eli ,:itney10 8,new ,hav5 ,colony ,hi/orical ,society ,pap]s10 ,vol4 ,v1 #ahid4 ,!re 7 few s*ool facilities 9 ! ,s\? at t "t & _m ( ! weal?y plant]s _h _! *ildr5 educat$ by private tutors4 ,9 ! fall ( #agib1 ! ye> 9 :i* he graduat$1 ,:itney 0 engag$ z a private tutor 9 a family 9 ,georgia4 ,on 8 way !re he met ,mrs4 ,gre5e1 ! wid[ ( ,g5]al ,na?aniel ,gre5e1 :o 0 return+ to ,savannah aft] sp5d+ ! summ] 9 ! ,nor?4 ,:5 ,:itney rea*$ ,georgia he f\nd t1 despite 8 engagem5t1 ano!r _h be5 giv5 8 place & he 0 /r&$1 practically p5niless1 a ?\s& miles f home & n kn[+ :i* way to turn4 ,mrs4 ,gre5e k9dly invit$ him to make h] h\se 8 home4 ,he did s1 & began to /udy law "u h] hospitable ro(4 ,"h he met ,ph9eas ,mill]1 a native ( ,connecticut & also a graduate ( ,yale ,college1 :o _h himself come s\? z a tutor 9 ! ,gre5e family & aft] ,g5]al ,gre5e's dea? _h become manag] ( 8 e/ate4 ,he 0 a man ( cultivat$ m9d1 ( eag]1 hopeful temp]am5t & lat] he m>ri$ ,mrs4 ,gre5e4 ,%ortly aft] ,:itney's com+1 a l>ge p>ty ( g5tlem5 f ,augu/a & ! upp] c\ntry1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( (fic]s :o _h s]v$ "u ! ,g5]al 9 ! ,revolution>y army1 7 visit+ ,mrs4 ,gre5e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! conv]sation ! deplorable /ate ( agriculture 0 discuss$1 & great regret express$ t !re 0 no means ( sep>at+ gre5 se$ cotton f its se$1 s9ce all ! l&s :i* 7 unsuitable = ! cultivation ( rice & long /aple cotton1 w\ld yield l>ge crops ( gre5 se$ cotton4 ,! black or long /aple cotton _h already be5 introduc$ successfully 9 ! ,sea ,isl&s1 b x c\ld n be gr[n inl&4 ,x 0 va9 to ?9k ( rais+ gre5 se$ or upl& cotton = ! m>ket unless "s ma*9e c\ld be devis$ :i* w\ld facilitate ! process ( clean+4 ,sep>at+ "o p\nd ( ! /aple f ! se$ 0 a day's "w = "o woman4 ,dur+ ?is conv]sation ,mrs4 ,gre5e told !m t ,:itney c\ld inv5t _! ma*9e1 say+1 8,he c make any?+40 ,?is incid5t turn$ ,:itney's att5tion to ! subject4 ,enc\rag$ by ,mill] he dropp$ 8 law /udies1 w5t to ,savannah1 obta9$ a small p>cel ( raw cotton1 & set himself at "w on ! problem4 ,) su* res\rces z ! plantation af=d$ he made tools suit$ to 8 purpose1 drew 8 own wire & by ! close ( ! w9t] _h s f> develop$ ! ma*9e z to leave no d\bt ( its success4 ,! fir/ model he made 7made1 x is said1 9 ab\t two weeks7 is /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! possession ( 8 gr&son1 ! pres5t ,eli ,:itney4 ,! ?ree ess5tial elem5ts ( 8 g91 ! rot>y :eel ) =w>d po9t+ wires or tee?1 ! slott$ b>1 & ! revolv+ bru%es = clean+ ! tee?1 rema9 practically un*ang$ today4 ,at t "t ! m>ket 0 glutt$ ) su* products z ,georgia produc$1 trade 0 langui%+1 & !re 0 little employm5t = ! negroes or support = ! :ite inhabitants4 ,mrs4 ,gre5e indiscreetly %[$ ! fir/ ma*9e to visitors & ! news soon leak$ out t a means _h be5 devis$ = sep>at+ m cotton 9 "o day1 ) ! labor ( a s+le man1 ?an c\ld h be5 done 9 ! usual mann] 9 ! space ( _m mon?s4 ,an inv5tion s important to ! agricultural int]e/ c\ld n long rema9 a secret4 ,! k spread ?r\gh\t ! /ate & s great 0 ! excitem5t t multitudes f all qu>t]s came to see ! ma*9e4 ,x 0 n deem$ safe to gratify _! curiosity until pat5t rights 7 secur$1 b s det]m9$ 7 !y t ! build+ 0 brok5 into by night & ! ma*9e c>ri$ (f4 ,9 ?is way ! public became possess$ ( ! inv5tion1 & be=e ,:itney c\ld secure 8 pat5t a numb] ( ma*9es 7 9 successful op]ation4 ,!y deviat$ only slightly f ! orig9al & gave ,:itney mu* tr\ble lat] 9 e/abli%+ 8 rights to ! inv5tion4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #agic1 ,mill] & ,:itney =m$ a p>tn]%ip "u ! "n ( ,mill] ,:itney1 = develop+ ! bus9ess1 & ,:itney return$ to ,connecticut to p]fect ! ma*9e1 obta9 a pat5t1 & manufacture & %ip to ,georgia ma*9es to meet ! dem&4 ,at ! />t !y made a fatal error ( policy 9 decid+ to buy ! se$ !mselves1 g9 x & sell ! product4 ,protect$ by _! pat5t1 !y plann$ to ma9ta9 a monopoly ( ?is bus9ess4 ,lat] !y 7 will+ to manufacture & sell ! ma*9es = g5]al use or to sell ! rights4 ,if !y _h done ?is at ! />t mu* ( ! opposition :i* !y incurr$ might h be5 obviat$4 ,:itney1 at lea/1 0 a cle>-sight$ bus9ess man & if he _h realiz$ ! magnitude ( ! result ( 8 inv5tion he w\ld probably n h *os5 ?is c\rse4 ,!re is n ano!r in/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tion ( ! lett+ loose ( su* trem5d\s indu/rial =ces s sudd5ly4 ,! inv5tions ( ,arkwright1 ,watt1 ,fulton & ,/eph5son h affect$ society q z pr(\ndly z did t ( ! cotton g91 "s ( !m m s1 b 9 none ( ^! cases 7 ! results s imm$iate4 ,9 #aghd1 only eight ye>s be=e ,:itney's inv5tion1 eight bales ( cotton f ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* 7 l&$ at ,liv]pool 7 seiz$ on ! gr\nd t !y c\ld n h be5 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#aga ,9 #agia ! total production ( cotton 9 ! _w 0 e/imat$ at #dij1jjj1jjj p\nds1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ #b1jjj1jjj p\nds1 or only 1 ( :i* #ahi1caf p\nds 7 export$4 ,9 #agib !y export$ #ach1cbh p\nds1 an actual decrease ( #ea1jjj p\nds f ! previ\s ye>4 ,9 #agic1 ! ye> aft] ! g9 0 inv5t$1 !re 0 an exportation ( #dhg1jjj p\nds2 9 #agid ( #a1fja1jjj p\nds2 9 #agie ( #f1bgf1jjj p\nds4 ,by #ahjj ! total production _h ris5 to #ce1jjj1jjj p\nds1 ( :i* #ag1gij1jjj p\nds 7 export$4 ,9 #ahde ! total e/imat$ output ( ! _w 0 #a1afi1fjj1jjj p\nds1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ ne>ly sev5-eigh?s4#agb ,at ! pres5t "t ! output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t #ae1jjj1jjj bales1 or #g1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,less ?an #a p] c5t ( ?is is 8,sea ,isl&0 or long /aple cotton4 ,all ! re/ is upl& or gre5 se$ cotton1 clean$ on ! ,:itney type ( g91 & made comm]cially available by 8 me?od ( clean+4 #aga ,olm/ead3 8,memoir ( ,eli ,:itney1 ,esqr40 p4 #fc4 ,also1 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 ,elev5? ,edition1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfd4 #agb ,olm/ead3 8,memoir40 ,also ,m]*ant's ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,article on 8,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,cotton ,trade10 by ,james ,h4 ,lanman4 ,! int5sity ( ! dem& = ! use ( ?is ma*9e made x practically impossible to def5d a pat5t "r ^u x4 ,! pat5t laws ( ! c\ntry1 z has be5 /at$1 7 crude at t "t1 & ! infr+em5t suits 7 tri$ be=e juries compos$ ( ! v m5 :o 7 int]e/$ 9 break+ ! pat5t4 ,ne>ly all ( ! great inv5tions h be5 developm5ts to :i* a numb] ( inv5tors h contribut$1 z 9 ! case ( ! /eam eng9e1 ! locomotive1 & ! /eamboat2 b ! fundam5tal inv5tion ( ! cotton g9 0 due to ,:itney & to ,:itney alone4 ,& yet 9 a lett] writt5 to ,rob]t ,fulton1 at a lat] date1 he says3 ,my inv5tion 0 new & di/9ct f e o!r3 x /ood alone4 ,x 0 n int]wov5 ) any?+ be=e kn[n2 & x c seldom happ5 t an inv5tion or improvem5t is s /rongly m>k$1 & c be s cle>ly & specifically id5tifi$2 & ,i h always believ$1 t ,i %\ld h _h no difficulty 9 caus+ my rights to be respect$1 if x _h be5 less valuable1 & be5 us$ only by a small portion ( ! community4 ,b ! use ( ?is ma*9e be+ imm5sely pr(itable to almo/ e plant] 9 ! cotton di/ricts1 all 7 int]e/$ 9 trespass+ ^u ! pat5t-"r1 & ea* kept ! o!r 9 c\nt5ance4 ,demagogs made !mselves popul> by misrepres5tation & unf\nd$ clamors1 bo? aga9/ ! "r & aga9/ ! law made = its protection4 ,h5ce !re arose associations & comb9ations to oppose bo?4 ,at "o "t1 b few m5 9 ,georgia d>$ to come into c\rt & te/ify to ! mo/ simple facts )9 _! k1 relative to ! use ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 "o in/ance1 ,i _h great difficulty 9 prov+ t ! ma*9e _h be5 us$ 9 ,georgia1 al?\gh1 at ! same mom5t1 !re 7 ?ree sep>ate sets ( ?is ma*9]y 9 motion1 )9 fifty y>ds ( ! build+ 9 :i* ! c\rt sat1 & all s ne> t ! rattl+ ( ! :eels 0 di/9ctly he>d on ! /eps ( ! c\rt-h\se4#agc #agc ,olm/ead1 p4 #eh4 7,italics are ours47 ,x %\ld 9 ju/ice be said t at fir/ !re 0 no widespread disposition on ! "p ( ! ,georgia plant]s to avail !mselves ( ! inv5tion unlawfully1 b lat] ne>ly all1 delud$ by ! g5]al attitude1 jo9$ 9 ! attack ^u ! inv5tor's rights4 ,! un=tunate policy adopt$ by ,mill] ,:itney work$ to _! disadvantage 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 !y c\ld n !mselves produce ma*9es fa/ en\gh to g9 ! rapidly increas+ crops2 & second1 _! policy ( buy+ ! se$ & g9n+ x !mselves meant f9anc+ ! entire crop & call$ = a va/ly great] capital ?an !y _h at _! comm&4 ,infr++ ma*9es sprang up on e side1 _! mo/ =midable rival be+ ! saw g9 ( ,hodg9 ,holmes1 9 :i* circul> saws 7 us$ in/ead ( a drum ) ins]t$ wires z 9 ,:itney's orig9al g94 ,! idea ( su* tee? _h occurr$ to ,:itney1 z he aft]w>d prov$2 b n until #ahjg did he completely e/abli% 8 "r ov] ?is ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cj4 ,,eli ,,:itney ,p]plexities & disc\ragem5ts dogg$ _! /eps f ! />t4 ,9 #agie ! %op :i* !y _h built 9 ,new ,hav51 toge!r ) all ma*9es & pap]s1 0 consum$ by fire4 ,9 ! di>y ( ,presid5t ,/iles ( ,yale ,college is an entry3 8,m>* #ab 7#agie74 ,ye/]day morn+ ,mr4 ,:itney's work%op consum$ by fire4 ,loss #cjjj ,dol4 ab\t #aj f9i%$ ma*9es = se$+ cotton #e or #f unf9i%$1 all ! tools :i* no man c make b ,mr4 ,:itney1 ! inv5tor1 :i* he has be5 #b ye>s 9 mak+40 ,!y f\nd great difficulty 9 rais+ money1 ev5 at rates f #ab to #be p] c5t4 ,) ^! mis=tunes ^u !m1 ^w 0 receiv$ f ,engl& t ! manufactur]s condemn$ ! cotton clean$ by _! ma*9es on ! gr\nd t ! /aple 0 injur$4 ,!y _h ?irty g9s at "w 9 eight diff]5t places 9 ,georgia & _m ( ^! 7 br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,x 0 ne>ly two ye>s be=e ?is prejudice c\ld be ov]come4 ,by t "t1 h[ev]1 encroa*m5ts on _! pat5t "r _h become s ext5sive z almo/ to annihilate its value4 ,! fir/ infr+em5t suit 0 tri$ 9 #agig & w5t aga9/ !m4 ,an appeal 0 d5i$ on te*nicalities4#agd ,at a second trial1 9 #agih1 a great numb] ( witnesses _h be5 collect$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 "s ( !m f "o hundr$ miles away1 :5 ! judge fail$ to appe>1 &1 ( c\rse1 no c\rt 0 held4#age ,mr4 ,mill] writes 9 #agii t 8! prospect ( mak+ any?+ by g9n+ 9 ?is ,/ate1 is at an end4 ,surreptiti\s g9s are be+ erect$ 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry2 & ! jurym5 at ,augu/a h come to an und]/&+ among !mselves1 t !y w nev] give a v]dict 9 our favor1 let ! m]its ( ! case be z !y may40#agf ,! firm w\ld n[ gladly h rel9qui%$ _! plan ( do+ ! g9n+ !mselves & conf9$ _! op]ations to ! sale ( pat5t rights2 b few p w\ld buy a pat5t "r :i* c\ld be us$ ) impunity )\t pur*ase4 #agd ,ibid41 p4 #bf4 #age ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 #agf ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 ,9 #ahja ,s\? ,c>ol9a vot$ ! pur*ase ( ! pat5t rights on ! cotton g9 = t /ate = #ej1jjj1 #bj1jjj to be paid 9 h& & ! rema9d] 9 ?ree annual paym5ts ( #aj1jjj ea*4 ,a ye> lat] ,:itney sold ! "r = ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! legislature laid a tax on e saw1 to be cont9u$ = five ye>s4 ,aft] d$uct+ ! exp5ses ( collection1 ! proce$s 7 to be pass$ ov] to ! pat5tee4 ,negotiations 7 also ent]$ into ) ! /ate ( ,t5nessee4 ,! prospects ( ! firm 71 !re=e1 gr[+ m favorable1 :5 ! legislature ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a sudd5ly annull$ ! contract1 refus$ paym5t due1 & su$ = ! refund+ ( :at _h already be5 paid4 ,d\bts 7 rais$ z to ! validity ( ! pat5t2 ! pat5tees 7 *>g$ ) nonfulfillm5t ( a "p ( _! contract relat+ to ! submission ( models2 x 0 *>g$ t somebody 9 ,switz]l& _h conceiv$ ( ! idea be=eh&2 & t ,:itney _h be5 ant$at$ 9 ! use ( saws in/ead ( wire tee? by ,holmes4 ,?is action 0 ! result ( ! political agitation aga9/ ! pat5t1 :i* 0 /rong ?r\gh\t ! cotton-gr[+ /ates4 ,t5nessee foll[$ ! example ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ! same attempt 0 made 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 b ! legislative committee to :om x 0 ref]r$ report$ 9 ,:itney's favor1 decl>+ t su* action 0 a brea* ( contract & ( good fai?4 ,9 #ahjc ,mr4 ,mill]1 :o _h repres5t$ ! firm 9 ! ,s\?1 di$ disappo9t$ & brok5 by ! /ruggle4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,s\? ,c>ol9a resc9d$ its action & c>ri$ out its contract1 s t f ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,:itney receiv$ a consid]able sum4 ,9 all he receiv$ ab\t #ij1jjj2 #ej1jjj f ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 at lea/ #cj1jjj f ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ab\t #aj1jjj f ,t5nessee4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is am\nt 01 h[ev]1 balanc$ by ! co/ ( ! endless litigation 9 ,georgia4 ,m ?an sixty suits _h be5 in/itut$ 9 ! latt] /ate be=e ! fir/ decision 0 obta9$ on ! m]its ( ! claims4 ,?is decision 0 r5d]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt 9 ,decemb]1 #ahjg1 by ,judge ,johnson4 ,:itney1 z ! survivor ( ! firm ( ,mill] ,:itney1 0 su+ a man nam$ ,ar?ur ,=t = violation ( ! pat5t "r & = a p]petual injunction re/ra9+ him f use ( ! g94 ,judge ,johnson's decision is s cle> a /atem5t ( ! situation1 & s spl5did an example ( ju/ice 9 ! face ( popul> agitation t we give x ne>ly 9 full3 ,def5dant admits mo/ ( ! facts 9 ! bill set =?1 b cont5ds t ! compla9ants are n entitl$ to ! b5efits ( ! act ( ,congress on ?is subject1 because3 #a/4 ,! inv5tion is n orig9al4 #b;d4 ,x is n useful4 #c;d4 ,t ! ma*9e :i* he uses is mat]ially diff]5t f _! inv5tions1 9 ! application ( an improvem5t1 ! inv5tion ( ano!r p]son4444 ,!re are circum/ances 9 ! k ( all mank9d1 :i* prove ! orig9ality ( ?is inv5tion m satisfactorily to ! m9d1 ?an ! direct te/imony ( a ho/ ( witnesses4 ,! cotton plant furni%$ clo?+ to mank9d be=e ! age ( ,h]odotus4 ,! gre5 se$ is a species mu* m productive ?an ! black1 & by nature adapt$ to a mu* great] v>iety ( climate4 ,b by reason ( ! /rong adh]5ce ( ! fib] to ! se$ )\t ! aid ( "s m p[]ful ma*9e = sep>at+ x1 ?an any =m]ly kn[n among u1 ! cultivation ( x w\ld nev] h be5 made an object4 ,! ,ma*9e ( :i* ,mr4 ,:itney claims ! inv5tion1 s facilitates ! prep>ation ( ?is species = use1 t ! cultivation ( x has sudd5ly become an object ( inf9itely great] national importance ?an t ( ! o!r species ev] c be4 ,is x !n to be imag9$ t if ?is ma*9e _h be5 be=e discov]$1 ! use ( x w\ld ev] h be5 lo/1 or c\ld h be5 conf9$ to any tract or c\ntry left unexplor$ by comm]cial ent]prise8 ,b x is unnecess>y to rem>k fur!r ^u ?is subject4 ,a numb] ( ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,mr4 ,:itney took out 8 pat5t1 & no "o has produc$ or pret5d$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( a ma*9e ( simil> con/ruction or use4 #b;d4 ,) reg>d to ! utility ( ?is discov]y1 ! ,c\rt w\ld deem x a wa/e ( "t to dwell long ^u ?is topic4 ,is !re a man :o he>s u1 :o has n exp]i5c$ its utility8 ,! :ole int]ior ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 0 langui%+1 & its inhabitants emigrat+ = want ( "s object to engage _! att5tion & employ _! indu/ry1 :5 ! inv5tion ( ?is ma*9e at once op5$ views to !m1 :i* set ! :ole c\ntry 9 active motion4 ,f *ildhood to age x has pres5t$ to u a lucrative employm5t4 ,individuals :o 7 depress$ ) pov]ty & sunk 9 idl5ess1 h sudd5ly ris5 to weal? & respectability4 ,our debts h be5 paid (f4 ,our capitals h increas$1 & our l&s trebl$ !mselves 9 value4 ,we _c express ! weight ( ! obligation :i* ! c\ntry owes to ?is inv5tion4 ,! ext5t ( x _c n[ be se54 ,"s fa9t pres5tim5t may be =m$ f ! reflection t cotton is rapidly supplant+ wool1 flax1 silk1 & ev5 furs 9 manufactures1 & may "o day pr(itably supply ! use ( specie 9 our ,ea/ ,india trade4 ,our si/] /ates1 also1 p>ticipate 9 ! b5efits ( ?is inv5tion2 =1 besides af=d+ ! raw mat]ial = _! manufactures1 ! bulk9ess & quantity ( ! article af=d a valuable employm5t = _! %ipp+4 #c;d4 ,! ?ird & la/ gr\nd tak5 by ! def5dant1 appe>s to be t on :i* he mo/ly relies4 ,9 ! specification1 ! tee? made use ( are ( /rong wire ins]t$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,a ,mr4 ,holmes has cut tee? 9 plates ( iron1 & pass$ !m ov] ! cyl9d]4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a m]itori\s improvem5t 9 ! me*anical process ( con/ruct+ ?is ma*9e4 ,b at la/1 :at does x am\nt to except a m conv5i5t me?od ( mak+ ! same ?+8 ,e *>act]i/ic ( ,mr4 ,:itney's ma*9e is pres]v$4 ,! cyl9d]1 ! iron too?1 ! rot>y motion ( ! too?1 ! brea/ "w & bru%1 & all ! m]it t ?is discov]y c assume1 is t ( a m exp$iti\s mode ( atta*+ ! too? to ! cyl9d]4 ,aft] be+ atta*$1 9 op]ation & effect !y are entirely ! same4 ,mr4 ,:itney may n be at lib]ty to use ,mr4 ,holmes' iron plate1 b c]ta9ly ,mr4 ,holmes' improvem5t does n de/roy ,mr4 ,:itney's pat5t "r4 ,let ! decree = a p]petual injunction be ent]$4#agg #agg ,ibid41 p4 #ci4 ,?is decision 0 confirm$ by a s]ies ( subsequ5t ones1 & f t "t onw>d !re 0 no s]i\s que/ion+ ( ! pat5t "r4 ,9 #ahab ,mr4 ,:itney made application to ,congress = ! r5ewal ( 8 pat5t4 ,9 8 memorial he po9ts out t 8 pat5t _h ne>ly expir$ be=e x 0 su/a9$2 t 8 inv5tion _h be5 a s\rce ( weal? to ?\s&s ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 t ! exp5se to :i* he _h gone 9 def5se ( ! pat5t _h left him little or no return on ! inv5tion2 t ! m5 :o _h gr[n ri* by ! use ( 8 ma*9e _h comb9$ to prev5t ! pat5tee f d]iv+ rew>d f 8 inv5tion2 t 9 ! /ate :]e he _h fir/ introduc$ ! ma*9es he _h receiv$ no?+2 t f no /ate _h he receiv$ all told an am\nt equal to c5t p] p\nd on ! cotton clean$ by 8 ma*9e 9 "o ye>2 t ! :ole am\nt receiv$ by him = 8 inv5tion _h n be5 equal to ! labor sav$ 9 "o h\r by ! cotton g9s !n 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 t ! inv5tion _h already trebl$ ! value ( l& ?r\gh\t a great ext5t ( t]ritory2 t ! degree to :i* ! cultivation ( cotton w\ld /ill be augm5t$ 0 incalculable2 & t ! species ( cotton gr[n _h f "t immemorial nev] be5 kn[n z an article ( comm]ce until 8 me?od ( clean+ x _h be5 inv5t$4 ,he clos$ ) an argum5t = ! policy ( provid+ adequate rew>d = ! enc\ragem5t ( inv5tion4#agh ,not)/&+ ^! argum5ts & a favorable committee report1 ! application 0 reject$4 ,) ! exception ( a few lib]al-m9d$ m51 ne>ly all ! memb]s f ! cotton-gr[+ /ates oppos$ ! application /rongly4 #agh ,ibid41 pp4 #ee-eg4 ,:itney comb9$ 9 a s+ul> degree high inv5tive capacity ) cle> judgm5t & /eady det]m9ation4 ,by #agih he saw t 8 hopes = any l>ge return f ! cotton g9 7 unc]ta94 ,he turn$ to ! manufacture ( fire>ms & by /eady1 sure /eps built up ano!r bus9ess & di$ a well-to-d man4 ,9 ?is second ent]prise he develop$ ! int]*angeable sy/em ( manufacture & !reby influ5c$ mod]n society almo/ z greatly z he _h 9 ! inv5tion ( ! cotton g91 al?\gh ?is is little realiz$ by ! g5]al public4 ,9 ! *apt] on 8,! ,rise ( ,int]*angeable ,manufacture0 we trac$ ,:itney's "w z a gun manufactur] f #agih1 :5 he fir/ appli$ = 8 contract = t5 ?\s& muskets4 ,8 und]tak+ ( ?is contract requir$ c\rage & self-confid5ce4 ,al?\gh he 0 n a tra9$ gun mak]1 he propos$ 8f ! />t0 to manufacture guns by a new me?od1 :i* 0 ridicul$ by ^? famili> ) ! manufacture ( fire>ms at t "t4 ,he _h to build a plant1 design & equip x ) new & untri$ types ( tools2 & to educate workm5 to 8 me?ods4 ,fur!rmore1 he did ?is "w1 involv+ #acd1jjj1 "u bond = satisfactory p]=mance4 ,! high e/imation 9 :i* ,:itney 0 held by ^? :o knew him is evid5c$ by ! fact t1 al?\gh he 0 already emb>rass$ & emb>k+ on an entirely new k9d ( ent]prise1 t5 ( ! =emo/ m5 ( ,new ,hav5 sign$ 8 bond = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 contract4 ,a contempor>y1 intimately acqua9t$ ) 8 "w1 has outl9$ 8 me?od ( manufacture 9 words :i* describe ! int]*angeable sy/em1 z x exi/s today1 s accurately t we give x 9 full3 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ! muskets 71 "u ?is sy/em1 c>ri$ along ?r\gh ! v>i\s processes ( manufacture1 9 lots ( "s hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ea*4 ,9 _! v>i\s /ages ( progress1 !y 7 made to und]go successive op]ations by ma*9]y1 :i* n only va/ly abridg$ ! labor1 b at ! same "t s fix$ & det]m9$ _! =m & dim5sions1 z to make comp>atively little skill necess>y 9 ! manual op]ations4 ,su* 7 ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( ?is ma*9]y1 t x c\ld be work$ by p]sons ( little or no exp]i5ce1 & yet x p]=m$ ! "w ) s mu* precision1 t :51 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! process1 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! musket came to be put toge!r1 !y 7 z readily adapt$ to ea* o!r1 z if ea* _h be5 made = its respective fell[4444 ,x w be readily se5 t "u su* an arrangem5t any p]son ( ord9>y capacity w\ld soon acquire suffici5t dext]ity to p]=m a bran* ( ! "w4 ,inde$1 s easy did ,mr4 ,:itney f9d x to in/ruct new & inexp]i5c$ workm51 t he uni=mly pref]r$ to d s1 r ?an to attempt to combat ! prejudices ( ^? :o _h le>n$ ! bus9ess "u a diff]5t sy/em4#agi #agi ,ibid41 pp4 #ec-ed4 ,x took him a mu* long] "t to fulfill ! contract ?an he _h anticipat$2 two ye>s elaps$ be=e 8 plant 0 ready4 ,only #ejj guns 7 deliv]$ ! fir/ ye> in/ead ( #djjj1 & ! entire contract requir$ eight ye>s in/ead ( two f ! "t :5 he began actual manufacture4 ,9 spite ( ?is delay he kept ! confid5ce ( ! gov]nm5t (ficials1 :o 7 v lib]al 9 _! treatm5t ( him2 s mu* _h be5 advanc$ to him to help him develop 8 ma*9]y t :5 ! contract 0 complet$ only #bdej out ( ! total ( #acd1jjj rema9$ to be paid4 ,! "w 0 highly satisfactory1 & 9 #ahab he 0 aw>d$ ano!r contract = #ae1jjj muskets f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t & "o = a simil> numb] f ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,:at is kn[n ( 8 me?ods & ma*9]y is giv5 9 ! *apt] ref]r$ to1 :i* %[s also h[ !y spread to o!r armories ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! bus9ess :i* ,mr4 ,:itney />t$ 0 c>ri$ on = n9ety ye>s4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahbe ! armory 0 manag$ = t5 ye>s by ,eli ,:itney ,blake1 lat] inv5tor ( ! ,blake /one cru%]1 & ,philos ,blake1 8 nephews4 ,f #ahce to #ahdb x 0 manag$ by ex-,gov]nor ,edw>ds1 a tru/ee ( ,mr4 ,:itney's e/ate4 ,8 son1 ,eli ,:itney1 ,jr41 !n became ( age & assum$ ! managem5t1 & t same ye> obta9$ a contract = mak+ ! 8,h>p]'s ,f]ry0 rifle1--! fir/ p]cussion lock rifle1 all guns be=e t date hav+ _h fl9t locks4 ,eli ,:itney1 ,jr41 cont9u$ to develop ! art ( gun mak+4 ,he introduc$ improvem5ts 9 b>rel drill+ & 0 ! fir/ to use /eel = gun b>rels4 ,9 #ahdg1 dur+ ! ,mexican ,w>1 ,jeff]son ,davis1 !n a colonel 9 a ,mississippi regim5t1 wrote to ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 t x 0 8 op9ion t ! /eel-b>rel$ muskets f ! ,:itney armory 7 8! be/ rifles :i* _h ev] be5 issu$ to any regim5t 9 ! _w40 ,! ,:itney ,arms ,company suppli$ ! ,gov]nm5t ) m ?an #cj1jjj rifles ( ?is model4 ,! company cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce until #ahhh1 :5 ! plant 0 sold to ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,company4 ,x 0 op]at$ by !m = a numb] ( ye>s 9 ! manufacture ( #bb-;calibre rifles4 ,?is "w 0 subsequ5tly remov$ to _! ma9 works & ! plant 0 sold to ! ,acme ,wire ,company1 & lat] to ! ,s5t9el ,gas ,appliance ,company1 its pres5t own]4 ,"s ( ! orig9al build+s are /ill /&+4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note t at ! "t ! works 7 fir/ built1 a r[ ( sub/antial /one h\ses 0 built by ,:itney = 8 workm51 :i* are said to h be5 ! fir/ workm5's h\ses erect$ by an employ] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 p]son ,mr4 ,:itney 0 tall & dignifi$4 ,he _h a cultivat$ m9d & a mann] at once ref9$1 frank & agreeable4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! be/ society ( 8 day & 0 a fri5d ( e presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,george ,wa%+ton to ,john ,qu9cy ,adams4 ,he _h a comm&+ influ5ce among all :o knew him4 ,seldom has a great inv5tor be5 m sane1 = 8 p[]s ( inv5tion 7 "u p]fect control & nev] ran wild4 ,unlike ^? :o devise _m ?+s b complete few1 he left no?+ half execut$4 ,rob]t ,fulton said t ,arkwright1 ,watt & ,:itney 7 ! ?ree ( 8 contempor>ies :o _h done ! mo/ = mank9d4#ahj ,"l ,macaulay is quot$ z say+1 8,:at ,pet] ! ,great did to make ,russia dom9ant1 ,eli ,:itney's inv5tion ( ! cotton g9 has m ?an equal$ 9 its relation to ! progress & p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40#aha ,he contribut$ immeasureably to ! agriculture & ! manufactur+ me?ods ( ! :ole _w & few me*anics h _h a great] influ5ce4 #ahj ,blake3 8,hi/ory ( ,hamd51 ,conn410 p4 #cjc4 #aha ,devans3 8,our ,fir/ ,c5tury10 p4 #aec4 ,simeon ,nor? 0 born at ,b]l91 ,conn41 ! same ye> z ,:itney1 & l him1 />t$ life z a f>m]4 ,9 #agie he began mak+ scy!s 9 an old mill adjo9+ 8 f>m4 ,j :5 he began mak+ pi/ols is n cle>4 ,x is said t he made "s = private sale z e>ly z ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 & x is probable t he _h begun _! manufacture 9 a small way prior to receiv+ 8 fir/ gov]nm5t contract4 ,he may h le>n$ ! rudim5ts ( ! trade f ,elias ,beckley1 :o _h a gun %op ab\t a mile f ,nor?'s bir?place4#ahb #ahb ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ,simeon ,nor? is giv5 9 ! 8,memoir ( ,simeon ,nor?10 by ,s4 ,n4 ,d4 ,nor? & ,r4 ,h4 ,nor?4 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h41 #aiac4 ,9 ,m>* ( #agii1 ab\t a ye> aft] ,:itney receiv$ 8 fir/ contract = muskets1 ,nor? receiv$ 8 fir/ contract = horse-pi/ols1 #ejj1 :i* 7 to be deliv]$ 9 "o ye>4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by o!rs = #aejj 9 #ahjj2 #bjjj 9 #ahjb2 #bjjj 9 #ahjh2 #ajjj 9 #ahaj1 & o!rs n kn[n4 ,by #ahac he _h made at lea/ #aj1jjj & 0 employ+ =ty or fifty m54 ,9 none ( ^! contracts 0 !re any m5tion made ( int]*angeability1 b "s "t dur+ ^! ye>s ,nor? began to use int]*angeable me?ods4 ,! correspond5ce quot$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] & ! quotations already giv5 %[ t ,:itney 0 work+ on ! same basis f ! />t4 ,x is a great pity t ,colonel ,nor?'s pap]s 7 de/roy$ aft] 8 dea?1 z !y might h ?r[n "s light on ! "q z to h[ & :5 he began to use int]*angeable me?ods4 ,x is impossible n[ to say h[ mu* ,:itney & ,nor? influ5c$ ea* o!r if !y did at all4 ,9 #ahab ! ,secret>y ( ,w> visit$ ,nor?'s %op at ,b]l91 ,conn41 & urg$ him to increase 8 plant4 ,on receiv+ ! contract ( #ahac1 ,nor? pur*as$ l& 9 ,middlet[n1 ,conn41 & built a dam & a ?ree-/ory brick armory1 #hf x #cf feet1 on ! be/ l9es kn[n at t "t1 involv+ 9 all an exp5diture ( #ajj1jjj4 ,! old factory 0 run 9 conjunction ) ! new "o until #ahdc1 :5 x 0 clos$4 ,nor? began mak+ b>rels ( /eel 9 #ahdh1 only a ye> or two aft] ,eli ,:itney1 ,jr41 & contribut$ _m improvem5ts 9 ! design ( ! pi/ols & guns :i* he built4 ,! ,rem+ton ,arms ,company1 ! ,savage ,fire ,arms ,company1 ! ,mayn>d ,rifle ,company & ! ,massa*usetts ,arms ,company1 all trace back 9 "s way to him1 &1 l ,:itney1 he deeply influ5c$ ! practice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 its armories at ,spr+field & ,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 ,colonel ,nor?'s fir/ contract ) ! ,gov]nm5t 0 made 9 #agii2 8 la/ 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahec1 a ye> aft] 8 dea?1 cov]+ 9 all ab\t #ej1jjj pi/ols & #cc1jjj rifles4 ,he work$ "u sixte5 adm9i/rations1 repres5t+ all p>ties1 & 9 all ! fifty-?ree ye>s he nev] receiv$ a repro( or a criticism ( 8 "w4 ,he _h an old-fa%ion$ s5se ( honor4 ,9 #ahbf he 0 call$ on to pay a note = #fh1jjj :i* he _h indors$4 ,al?\gh advis$ t he c\ld n be held legally1 he said t 8 "n 0 !re & he w\ld /& by x4 ,he plac$ a mortgage on 8 prop]ty1 & x 0 tw5ty-two ye>s be=e he _h made good ! loss1 :i*1 pr9cipal & int]e/1 am\nt$ to ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,b = ?is endorsem5t he w\ld h di$1 = t "t1 a weal?y man4 ,colonel ,nor? 0 a c\ntry-br$ man1 /rong1 quiet & almo/ pa9fully mode/4 ,he lack$ ,:itney's education & influ5ce1 b l him he repres5t$ ! be/ :i* ,am]ican me*anical & bus9ess life has produc$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,colt ,,armory ,! city ( ,h>t=d has be5 m closely id5tifi$ ) ! lat] developm5t ( int]*angeable manufacture ?an almo/ any o!r city4 ,! gun mak]s h be5 s vital an elem5t 9 its indu/rial life t1 be=e leav+ !m1 we w trace _! influ5ce4 ,! gri/ & saw mills1 always ! pione]s1 _h made _! appe>ance 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,) recurr+ attempts at silk manufacture1 mo/ ( ! meag] indu/rial life 0 direct$ t[>d "s bran* ( textiles up to & ev5 aft] #ahjj4 ,9 #agdg ,col4 ,joseph ,pitk9 />t$ a prosp]\s =ge = mak+ b> iron & a mill = iron slitt+4 ,x 0 kill$ by ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t ( #agej1 already ref]r$ to1 b ! ,pitk9 family balanc$ ! acc\nt by us+ ! build+s dur+ ! ,revolution to make p[d] = ! ,cont95tal army4 ,lat] ! build+s 7 put to _! orig9al use4 ,! ,pitk9s 7 indu/rial lead]s = _m ye>s 9 textiles1 & 9 ! manufacture ( silv]w>e1 clocks1 wat*es1 & heat+ app>atus4 ,h5ry & ,james ,f4 ,pitk9 made ! old 8,am]ican lev]0 wat*es 9 #ahcd1 & _m ( ! e>ly workm5 :o w5t to ,wal?am 7 tra9$ by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ca4 ,,samuel ,,colt ,! assessors' returns = #ahdf to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate gave = ,h>t=d only ?ree 8ma*9e factories0 ) a total capital ( #be1jjj1 an annual output ( #ce1jjj1 & =ty-five m5 employ$4 ,!re 7 two boil] %ops1 a screw factory1 a pl[ factory1 a p9 factory1 two brass & f\r iron f\ndries1 & "o poor gun mak] :o did a bus9ess ( #fbe a ye>4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ^! ent]prises av]ag$ only ab\t #ae1jjj 9 capital1 #bj1jjj 9 annual output & fifte5 employees ea*4 ,?is is h>dly m ?an w\ld be expect$ 9 any t[n ( its size1 & c]ta9ly does n m>k ! city z a manufactur+ c5t]4 ,book publi%+ employ$ ov] twice1 & clo?+ %ops m ?an f\r times1 z _m m5 z all ! ma*9e %ops toge!r4 ,9 #ahba ,alpheus & ,truman ,hanks pur*as$ a small f\ndry & began ! bus9ess :i* lat] became ,woodruff ,bea*4 ,?is firm _h a long & successful c>e] 9 build+ heavy ma*9]y1 eng9es & boil]s1 & 0 among ! e>lie/ mak]s ( iron pl[s4 ,9 #ahga x became ,h4 ,b4 ,bea* ,son1 boil] mak]s1 & ! firm is /ill runn+1 ,h4 ,l4 ,bea* be+ n[ 7#aiad7 ! only survivor ( ! old works4 ,9 #ahcd ,levi ,l9coln />t$ ! ,phnix ,iron ,works4 ,"u v>i\s names 7,george ,s4 ,l9coln ,company1 ,*>les ,l4 ,l9coln ,company1 ,! ,l9coln ,company1 ,! ,taylor ,f5n ,company7 ! bus9ess has be5 ma9ta9$ by 8 desc5dants to ?is day4 ,levi ,l9coln inv5t$ a numb] ( ma*9es1 among !m ! fir/ successful hook-&-eye ma*9e = ,h5ry ,nor? ( ,new ,brita91 :i* became v valuable & help$ to lay ! f\ndation ( ! prosp]ity ( t t[n4 ,george ,s4 ,l9coln ,company built ma*9e tools1 ar*itectural iron "w & vaults4 ,_! "n is p]man5tly associat$ ) ! 8,l9coln0 mill]1 :i* 0 fir/ built 9 #ahee 9 _! %op = ! new ,colt ,armory1 f ! design ( ,f4 ,a4 ,pratt4 ,x 0 an adaptation & improvem5t ( a ,robb9s ,lawr5ce mill] :i* _h be5 br\ght to ,h>t=d a ye> or two be=e4 ,few ma*9es h *ang$ s little or h be5 us$ s widely4 ,x has be5 said t m ?an #aej1jjj ( !m h be5 built 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4 ,ev5 9 ,europe1 ! type is def9itely kn[n by ?is "n4 ,! build+ ( ! ,colt ,armory 9 #ahec to #ahed m>ks a def9ite era 9 ,h>t=d's hi/ory & ! beg9n+ ( manufactur+ !re on a l>ge scale4 ,samuel ,colt _h an adv5tur\s life1 & di$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 success :ile less ?an fifty ye>s old4 ,born 9 ,h>t=d 9 #ahad1 he _h a r /ormy c>e] z a s*oolboy & %ipp$ be=e ! ma/ to ,calcutta be=e he 0 sixte54 ,aft] 8 return f ?is voyage1 he work$ = "s mon?s 9 8 fa!r's dye works at ,w>e1 ,mass41 :]e he got a smatt]+ ( *emi/ry4 ,at eighte5 he />t$ out aga91 ?is "t z a lectur] "u ! "n ( 8,dr4 ,c\lt10 giv+ demon/rations ( nitr\s-oxide1 or laugh+ gas1 :i* 0 little kn[n to ! public at t "t4 ,dr4 ,c\lt's 8lectures0 7 frankly popul>1 ) a view m to laught] ?an ! imp>t+ ( k1 b he 0 clev] & a good adv]tis]4 ,x is said t he gave laugh+ gas to m m51 wom5 & *ildr5 ?an any o!r lectur] s9ce *emi/ry 0 fir/ kn[n4 ,= ?ree ye>s he drift$ ov] ! c\ntry f ,quebec to ,new ,orleans1 gett+ into all k9ds ( exp]i5ces1 f adm9i/]+ gas = *ol]a :5 impress$ into s]vice on acc\nt ( 8 assum$ title1 to flee+ ! /age f big blacksmi?s :o took laugh+ gas too s]i\sly & actively4 ,he made ! fir/ crude model ( 8 revolv] on 8 voyage to ,calcutta & us$ ! means d]iv$ f 8 8lectures0 = develop+ ! inv5tion4 ,9 #ahce he w5t to ,engl& & took out 8 fir/ pat5t !re & on 8 return 9 #ahcf he took out 8 fir/ ,am]ican pat5t4 ,^! cov]$ a fire>m ) a rotat+ cyl9d] conta9+ sev]al *amb]s1 to be dis*>g$ ?r\gh a s+le b>rel4 ,! same ye>1 #ahcf1 he organiz$ ! ,pat5t ,fire ,arms ,company at ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j41 & tri$ to get ! revolv] adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahcg an army bo>d report$ 8t f its complicat$ "*1 its liability to accid5t1 & o!r reasons1 ?is arm 0 entirely unsuit$ to ! g5]al purposes ( ! s]vice40 ,colt's fir/ m>ket 0 secur$ on ! ,texas fronti]4 ,8 e>lie/ revolv]s are kn[n z ! ,walk] & ,texas models1 & ! hold :i* he acquir$ ) fronti]sm5 at t "t has nev] be5 lo/4 ,! ,sem9ole ,w> 9 ,florida gave ,colt an opportunity to demon/rate ! value ( ! revolv]4 ,9 #ahdj two gov]nm5t bo>ds gave x a qualifi$ approbation & two small ord]s foll[$1 "o = "o hundr$ & ! o!r = sixty weapons4 ,! pi/ols1 h[ev]1 7 exp5sive1 ! sales small1 & 9 #ahdb ! ,pat]son company fail$ & ceas$ bus9ess4 ,9 ! next few ye>s ! tide turn$4 ,! sup]iority ( ! revolv]s out/&+ 0 creat+ a great dem&4 ,) ! break+ out ( ! ,mexican ,w> 9 #ahdf came two ord]s = #ajjj pi/ols ea*1 & f t "t onw>d ,colt's c>e] 0 "o ( rapid & brilliant success4 ,z 8 ,pat]son plant _h clos$1 ,colt _h ! fir/ ( ! l>ge gov]nm5t ord]s made at ! ,:itney ,armory 9 ,new ,hav51 :]e he foll[$ m9utely e detail ( _! manufacture4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #ahdh1 ,colt mov$ to ,h>t=d & = a few ye>s r5t$ a small build+ ne> ! c5t] ( ! city4 ,) rapidly increas+ bus9ess1 l>g] qu>t]s soon became necess>y4 ,9 #ahec he began 8 new armory1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,s\? ( ! city on ! riv] front1 lay an ext5sive flat1 ov]fl[$ at high wat] & consequ5tly ne>ly valueless4 ,he pur*as$ a l>ge tract ( ?is1 built a protective dike #cj feet high & #a miles long1 & dra9$ x4 ,8 armory built on ?is site m>ks an epo* n only 9 ! hi/ory ( ,h>t=d1 b 9 ,am]ican manufactur+4 ,aft] ! failure ( 8 fir/ v5ture at ,pat]son1 ,colt _h se5 ! advantage ( int]*angeable manufacture at ! ,:itney %op1 & det]m9$ to c>ry x ev5 fur!r 9 8 new plant4 ,s ?or\ghly 0 ?is done t ! me?ods cry/alliz$ !re1 & _m ( ! tools in/all$ h und]gone little *ange to ?is day4 ,ma*9e "w almo/ :olly sup]s$$ h& "w4 ,mod]n ma*9es 7 develop$1 & int]*angeability & /&>ds ( accuracy giv5 an entirely new mean+4 ,! build+ 0 9 ! =m ( an 8,h10 #ejj feet long & #c /ories high4 ,x conta9$ ov] #adjj ma*9es1 ! great] "p ( :i* 7 design$ & built on ! premises4 ,! tools & fixtures co/ ab\t z mu* z ! ma*9es !mselves1 a proportion unhe>d ( be=e4 ,9 #ahfa ! plant 0 d\bl$4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! fir/ build+ 0 burn$ to ! gr\nd1 b 0 imm$iately rebuilt4 ,?is plant 0 ! l>ge/ private armory 9 ! _w & f>-&-away ! be/ !n exi/+ = economical & accurate production ( a high-grade output4 ,_m rivals h sprung up 9 ! pa/ sixty ye>s1 b ! ,colt ,armory is /ill "o ( ! lead+ gun factories ( ! _w4 ,colonel ,colt 0 a rem>kable man1 ma/]ful1 d>+ & brilliant4 ,he />t$ ! l>g] indu/rial developm5t ( 8 city1 & affect$ manufactur+ me?ods m ?an any o!r man ( 8 g5]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cb4 ,,! ,,colt ,,armory ,,f ,,an ,,old ,,wood-,,cut ,"o ( ! elem5ts ( 8 success 0 8 ability to ga!r & hold ab\t him m5 ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,among ^! 0 ,eli%a ,k4 ,root1 "o ( ! able/ me*anics ,new ,engl& has ev] produc$4 ,root 0 a ,massa*usetts f>m]'s boy1 a few ye>s old] ?an ,colt4 ,he s]v$ an appr5tice%ip1 work$ at ,w>e & at ,*icopee ,falls1 & came to ! ,coll9s ,company1 axe mak]s1 at ,coll9sville1 ,conn41 9 #ahcb4 ,he began "w !re z a la! h& 9 ! repair %op1 b v soon became =eman & virtual sup]9t5d5t4 ,8 inv5tions & me?ods conv]t$ a primitive %op into a mod]n factory & gave ! ,coll9s ,company control1 = a long "t1 ( ! ,am]ican m>ket1 & op5$ up a l>ge export trade4 ,9 #ahde he 0 made sup]9t5d5t1 & t same ye> 0 (f]$ ?ree important positions else:]e1 "o ( !m t ( ma/] armor] at ,spr+field4 ,9 #ahdi ,colt (f]$ him ! position ( sup]9t5d5t at a l>ge sal>y4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,colt t1 al?\gh he 0 j />t+ & /ill 9 small r5t$ qu>t]s1 he outbid ?ree o!rs to get ! be/ sup]9t5d5t 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,root mov$ to ,h>t=d1 design$ & built ! new armory & in/all$ its ma*9]y4 ,_m ( ! ma*9es devis$ by him at t "t are /ill runn+1 hold+ _! own 9 accuracy & economy ( production ) ^? ( today4 ,almo/ e process us$ 9 ! plant felt 8 influ5ce4 ,he inv5t$ ! be/ =m ( drop hamm] !n 9 use1 ma*9es = bor+1 rifl+1 mak+ c>tridges1 /ock turn+1 spl9+1 etc41 & work$ out ! :ole sy/em ( jigs1 fixtures1 tools & gauges4 ,! cr$it = ! revolv] belongs to ,colt2 = ! way !y 7 made1 ma9ly to ,root4 ,fig4 #cc1 a *uck+ la!1 & ,fig4 #cd1 a spl9+ ma*9e1 are two ( ,mr4 ,root's ma*9es :i* are /ill at "w4 ,:5 ,colonel ,colt di$1 ,mr4 ,root became presid5t ( ! company & cont9u$ until 8 dea? 9 #ahfe1 receiv+1 x is said1 ! highe/ sal>y paid 9 ! /ate ( ,connecticut4 ,he 0 a me*anic & inv5tor ( high ord]1 a wise executive1 & ! success ( ! two companies he s]v$ 0 9 a l>ge measure due to him4 ,he 0 quiet1 ?\ghtful & mode/4 ,8 influ5ce w5t into fle% & blood z well z iron & /eel1 = "u him h work$ ,f4 ,a4 ,pratt & ,amos ,:itney1 ,*>les ,e4 ,bill+s & ,c4 ,m4 ,sp5c]1 ,george ,a4 ,fairfield1 ( ! ,h>t=d ,ma*9e ,screw ,company1 ,william ,mason & a ho/ ( o!rs :om we _c m5tion "h4 ,l a p>5t1 a sup]9t5d5t may be judg$1 9 "s measure1 by ! *ildr5 he re>s1 & few sup]9t5d5ts c %[ su* a family4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] ! build+ ( ! ,colt ,armory1 manufactur+ at ,h>t=d _h tak5 a def9ite "*4 ,f t day to ?is x has c5t]$ almo/ :olly on high-grade products1 su* z guns1 sew+ ma*9es1 typewrit]s1 bicycles1 automobiles & ma*9e tools4 ,naturally1 dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation1 ! skill$ me*anics ( ! city h attract$ _m new & important indu/ries1 only indirectly connect$ ) ! armory1 :i* we _c consid] "h4 ,9 #ahdh ,*ri/ian ,%>ps inv5t$ 8 bree*-load+ rifle1 & 9 #ahea a company 0 =m$ at ,h>t=d to manufacture x4 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,lawr5ce came f ,w9dsor1 ,vt41 z its ma/] armor]1 & is said to h br\ght ) him ! fir/ mill] us$ 9 ! city4 ,!y did a l>ge bus9ess = "s ye>s1 b lat] mov$ to ,bridgeport1 & ! plant 0 sold to ! ,we$ ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bill+s & ,george ,a4 ,fairfield1 bo? 8,colt m510 7 sup]9t5d5ts ( ?is plant4 ,:5 ! ,columbia bicycles 7 introduc$1 ! ,we$ ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company made !m = ! ,pope ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,bo/on4 ,lat] ?is company b\ght ! plant1 & x became "o ( ! greate/ bicycle factories 9 ! _w4 ,( late ye>s x has be5 us$ = ! manufacture ( automobiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cc4 ,,root',s ,,*uck+ ,,la! ,,ab\t #ahee ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cd4 ,,root',s ,,spl9+ ,,ma*9e ,,ab\t #ahee ,two great indu/ries sprang up 9 ! neighborhood ( ,h>t=d 9 ! e>ly days & _h a vigor\s life q indep5d5t ( x4 ,we h not$ t ,levi ,l9coln contribut$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! h>dw>e indu/ry at ,new ,brita94 ,al?\gh ,new ,brita9 is b a few miles f ,h>t=d1 its manufactures h mov$ 9 a di/9ctly diff]5t direction4 ,9 fact1 by #ahbj x _h tak5 its "* z a h>dw>e manufactur+ c5t]4 ,nor? ,%ipman _h begun mak+ sleigh-bells1 hooks & plat$ goods1 & ,lee 0 mak+ buttons & saddl]y h>dw>e4 ,9 #ahci ,h5ry ,e4 ,russell & ,cornelius ,b4 ,erw9 became active p>tn]s 9 ,/anley1 ,russell ,company1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,russell ,erw9 ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,! ,/anley ,works & ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k _h _! beg9n+s 9 #ahdb2 ,p4 ,f4 ,corb9 9 #ahdh1 & ! ,/anley ,rule ,level ,company 9 #ahed4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,elna?an ,peck1 aft] a p>tn]%ip ) ,george ,dewey & ,h5ry ,walt]1 sold out to ,j4 ,b4 ,s>g5t1 :o lat] mov$ to ,new ,hav54 ,mr4 ,peck also mov$ to ,new ,hav5 & />t$ :at is n[ ,peck ,bro!rs4 ,x is a rem>kable case ( ! localization ( a great indu/ry4 ,^! companies1 all l>ge & important1 />t$ )9 fifte5 ye>s 9 "o small village ( only a few ?\s& inhabitants4 ,! o!r indu/ry :i* />t$ ne> ,h>t=d b has develop$ sep>ately is ! manufacture ( clocks4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,eli ,t]ry1 fir/ at ,w9dsor1 j nor? ( ,h>t=d1 & lat] at :at is n[ ,?oma/on1 ,conn41 began us+ ma*9]y 9 mak+ wood5 clocks1 & by #ahdj he _h r$uc$ ! price = a movem5t f #ej to #e4 ,ab\t #ahdj ,*auncey ,j]ome1 an appr5tice ( ,t]ry's1 introduc$ ! "o-day brass clock :i* c\ld be made = less ?an fifty c5ts4 ,9 #ahdb he %ipp$ 8 fir/ consignm5t to ,engl&4 ,!y 7 promptly confiscat$ at _! invoice prices by ! cu/oms au?orities = "u-valuation4 ,?is 0 p]fectly agreeable to ,j]ome1 z x furni%$ him ) a spot-ca% buy] at full price1 ) no sell+ exp5ses4 ,he !re=e s5t ano!r & l>g] %ipm5t1 :i* %>$ ! same fate4 ,:5 a ?ird /ill l>g] "o arriv$1 ! au?orities )drew f ! clock bus9ess & let x 94 ,! exports soon spread ev]y:]e1 & today ,connecticut manufactures ?ree-fif?s ( ! clocks produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ne>ly all ! great clock companies ( ,connecticut1 l ! ,new ,hav51 ,se? ,?omas & ,wat]bury companies1 trace back directly or indirectly to ,j]ome & ,t]ry4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,colt ,,workm5--,,pratt ,,:itney ,at lea/ two ( ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! ,colt ,armory %\ld be m5tion$--,pr(4 ,*>les ,b4 ,ri*>ds & ,william ,mason4 ,mr4 ,ri*>ds 0 n prim>ily a tool build]1 b 8 contributions to me*anical eng9e]+ are too great to pass )\t notice4 ,ab\t #ahfj he help$ ,*>les ,t4 ,port] develop ! design ( ! fir/ high-spe$ /eam eng9e1 & 9 ord] to /udy ! action ( ?is eng9e he inv5t$ ! ,ri*>ds /eam eng9e indicator4 ,indicators1 m or less crude1 _h be5 9 use f ! "t ( ,watt1 b ! ,ri*>ds indicator 0 ! fir/ "o accurate en\gh & delicate en\gh to meet ! dem&s ( mod]n eng9e practice2 & its influ5ce has be5 f>-rea*+4 ,aft] a few ye>s 9 ,new ,york z a consult+ eng9e]1 he 0 = _m ye>s 9 ! ,colt ,armory z eng9e]+ sup]9t5d5t "u ,mr4 ,root1 & lat] 0 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,s\?w>k ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,company 9 ,philadelphia4 ,9 #ahhd he became ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ at ! ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 :]e he rema9$ = tw5ty-five ye>s z ! head ( ! me*anical eng9e]+ dep>tm5t4 ,william ,mason 0 ano!r ( ^? :o help$ make ! ,colt ,armory :at x 04 ,he 0 a mode/1 k9dly man1 little kn[n outside ( 8 imm$iate associates1 b ( s+ul> f]tility 9 inv5tion & almo/ un]r+ me*anical judgm5t4 ,he le>n$ 8 trade ) ! ,rem+ton ,arms ,company at ,ilion1 ,n4 ,y41 & aft] a long association ) !m he 0 = sixte5 ye>s sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,colt ,armory4 ,9 #ahhe he became ma/] me*anic ( ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,company ( ,new ,hav51 & held t position until 8 dea? 9 #aiac4 ,he _h grant$ to him m ?an #abe pat5ts1 mo/ ( !m 9 connection ) arms & ammunition & tools = _! manufacture1 b !y includ$ _m appliances = looms & weav+1 /eam pumps1 & bridge "w1 & he assi/$ ) ! developm5t ( ! ,kn[les /eam pump & ,kn[les looms4 ,asa ,cook1 a bro!r-9-law ( ,f4 ,a4 ,pratt1 0 = ye>s a =eman & contractor at ,colt's4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds a design] & manufactur] ( ma*9]y = mak+ wood screws1 bolt ma*9]y & _m o!r types ( tools4 ,george ,a4 ,fairfield1 ano!r ,colt =eman1 became sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,we$ ,sew+ ,ma*9e factory & lat] presid5t ( ! ,h>t=d ,ma*9e ,screw ,company2 ano!r workman1 ,a4 ,f4 ,cu%man1 ( ! ,cu%man ,*uck ,company1 = _m ye>s manufactur$ la! *ucks4 ,9 fact1 !re is h>dly a %op 9 ,h>t=d :i* dates f ! sev5ties & eighties :i* does n trace back 9 "s way to ! ,colt ,armory4 ,its influ5ce is by no means conf9$ to ,h>t=d1 = su* m5 z ,bull>d & ,gleason c>ri$ its /&>ds & me?ods to o!r cities4 ,f\r ( ! ,colt workm5 =m$ two p>tn]%ips ( wide influ5ce3 ,*>les ,e4 ,bill+s & ,*ri/oph] ,m4 ,sp5c]1 :o organiz$ ! ,bill+s ,sp5c] ,company1 & ,francis ,a4 ,pratt & ,amos ,:itney1 ( ! ,pratt ,:itney ,company4 ,*>les ,e4 ,bill+s 0 a ,v]mont]1 :o s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip 9 ! old ,robb9s ,lawr5ce %op at ,w9dsor1 ,vt4 ,:5 tw5ty-"o1 he came to ,colt's1 9 #ahef1 z a die s9k] & tool mak] & became _! exp]t on ! drop =g+ process4 ,9 #ahfb he w5t to ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons1 :]e he built up _! =g+ plant1 increas+ its effici5cy _m times1 sav+ #ej1jjj1 x is said1 by "o improvem5t 9 frame =g+ alone4 ,at ! end ( ! w> he return$ to ,h>t=d z ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,we$ ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 :i* _h tak5 ov] ! old ,%>ps ,rifle ,works1 built by ,robb9s ,lawr5ce4 ,= a %ort "t 9 #ahfh ,mr4 ,bill+s 0 at ,amh]/1 ,mass41 associat$ ) ,sp5c] 9 ! ,rop] ,repeat+ ,arms ,company4 ,! v5ture 0 n a success1 & ! next ye>1 #ahfi1 !y came back to ,h>t=d & =m$ ! ,bill+s ,sp5c] ,company4 ,?is company has probably done m ?an any o!r = ! art ( drop =g+1 n only 9 develop+ ! mod]n bo>d drop hamm] itself1 b 9 ext5d+ ! accuracy & application ( ! process4 ,mr4 ,bill+s 0 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s 9 #ahie4 ,*ri/oph] ,m4 ,sp5c] 0 born at ,man*e/]1 ,conn4 ,he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip 9 ! ma*9e %ops ( ! silk mills !re f #ahdg to #ahdi1 & rema9$ = sev]al ye>s z a j\rneyman ma*9i/ ) ,*5ey ,bro!rs4 ,9 #ahec he w5t to ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 to le>n some?+ ( ! o!r k9ds ( ma*9]y1 work+ 9 a tool build+ %op & a locomotive %op4 ,aft] "s ye>s at ! ,colt ,armory he w5t back to ,*5ey ,bro!rs & soon obta9$ 8 fir/ pat5t = an automatic silk-w9d+ ma*9e4 ,?is 0 adopt$ by ! ,willimantic ,l95 ,company1 ) "s modifications made by ,hezekiah ,conant1 & 0 ! ma*9e :i* ,pratt ,:itney began manufactur+ 9 _! fir/ r5t$ room 9 ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has _h a passion = fire>ms f boyhood4 ,9 #ahfj he obta9$ a pat5t = ! ,sp5c] repeat+ rifle4 ,! ,civil ,w> creat$ a trem5d\s dem& = x1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ord]$ fir/ #ajjj1 !n #aj1jjj1 & be=e ! w> 0 ov] x _h pur*as$ ab\t #bjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahfb1 :ile ! fir/ contracts 7 p5d+1 ,sp5c] saw ,presid5t ,l9coln at ,wa%+ton4 ,he & ,l9coln w5t d[n on ! ,:ite ,h\se gr\nds ) ! new rifle1 set up a bo>d & %ot at x4 ,l9coln enjoy$ x l a s*oolboy1 & %ot well1 too4 ,he tore 8 coat pocket 9 ! process1 b told ,sp5c] n to worry ov] x1 z he 8nev] _h any?+ ( value 9 x to lose40 ,at ! close ( ! w> ,sp5c] w5t to ,amh]/ & 0 !re fir/ associat$ ) ,c4 ,e4 ,bill+s 9 ! ,rop] ,company1 z we not$4 ,a ye> lat] he jo9$ 9 />t+ ! ,bill+s ,sp5c] ,company & cop]at$ ) him 9 ! developm5t ( ! drop hamm]4 ,a successful ma*9e :i* ,sp5c] inv5t$ = turn+ sew+ ma*9e spools sugge/$ to ,sp5c] ! possibility ( mak+ metal screws automatically4 ,! result 0 8 inv5tion ( ! automatic turret la!4 ,! importance ( ! blank cam cyl9d]1 ) its flat /rips adju/able = v>i\s jobs1 0 :olly ov]-look$ by 8 pat5t attorney1 ) ! result t ,sp5c] obta9$ no pat5t "r on ! mo/ valuable feature 9 ! :ole ma*9e4 ,! importance ( ?is inv5tion c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,x ranks ) ,maudslay's slide-re/ & ! turret tool-hold]1 z x is an ess5tial feature 9 all mod]n automatic la!s1 bo? = b>-/ock & *uck+ "w4 ,assur$ ( ! success ( ! ma*9e1 ,sp5c] )drew f active connection ) ! ,bill+s ,sp5c] ,company 9 #ahgd1 & 9 #ahgf1 ) ,george ,a4 ,fairfield1 !n sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,we$ ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 & o!rs1 =m$ ! ,h>t=d ,ma*9e ,screw ,company1 "o ( ! mo/ successful ent]prises 9 ! city4 ,un=tunately1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] )drew 9 #ahhb to manufacture a new repeat+ %otgun & rifle :i* he _h inv5t$4 ,! gun 0 a success me*anically1 b ! ,sp5c] ,arms ,company1 :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 #ahhc at ,w9dsor1 ,conn41 0 a failure1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] lo/ heavily4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s ,mr4 ,sp5c] has return$ to ! field :]e he did 8 mo/ brilliant "w1 automatic la!s4 ,he repres5ts ! ,new ,engl& me*anic at 8 be/1 & 8 tireless & productive +5uity has made a p]man5t impress on mod]n manufactur+ me?ods4 ,francis ,a4 ,pratt 0 born at ,wood/ock1 ,vt4 ,:5 he 0 eight ye>s old 8 family mov$ to ,l[ell4 ,he 0 a me*anic f boyhood b he _h ! good =tune to be appr5tic$ z a ma*9i/ ) ,w>r5 ,aldri*1 a good me*anic & a wise tea*]4 ,at tw5ty1 ,mr4 ,pratt w5t to ,gl\ce/]1 ,n4 ,j41 :]e he 0 employ$ fir/ z a j\rneyman1 lat] z a contractor4 ,9 #aheb he came to ! ,colt %op1 :]e he work$ = two ye>s4 ,he !n accept$ ! =eman%ip ( ! ,phnix ,iron ,works1 :i* 0 run by ,levi ,l9coln & 8 two sons4 ,amos ,:itney 0 born 9 ,ma9e & mov$ to ,lawr5ce1 ,mass41 :]e he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip ) ! ,essex ,ma*9e ,company :i* built cotton ma*9]y1 locomotives & ma*9e tools4 ,he came f a family ( me*anics4 ,8 fa!r 0 a locksmi? & ma*9i/1 8 gr&fa!r 0 an exp]t blacksmi?1 8 great-gr&fa!r 0 a small manufactur] ( agricultural tools1 & he is ( ! same family z ,eli ,:itney ( ,new ,hav51 & ,baxt] ,d4 ,:itney1 ! vet]an tool build] ( ,w9*5don4 ,9 #ahej bo? he & 8 fa!r 7 work+ at ,colt's factory at ,h>t=d4 ,9 #ahed ,amos ,:itney jo9$ ,pratt 9 ! ,phnix ,iron ,works1 :]e !y work$ toge!r = t5 ye>s1 ! =m] z a contractor1 ! latt] z sup]9t5d5t4 ,:itney 0 e>n+ ov] eight doll>s a day :5 he left ,colt's & took up ! new contract "w :i* (f]$ at ! beg9n+ only two doll>s a day4 ,_m ( ! %ops ( t g5]ation 7 8contract %ops40 ,! ,colt ,armory 0 run on t basis1 at lea/ 9 its manufactur+ dep>tm5ts4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! firm or company furni%$ all ! mat]ials1 ma*9]y1 tools1 %op room & supplies1 :ile ! workm5 7 employ$ by ! contractor1 _! wages be+ paid by ! firm b *>g$ aga9/ ! contractor's acc\nt4 ,a bett] tra9+ = future manufactur]s c\ld h>dly be devis$1 & a surpris+ numb] ( ^! old-"t contractors h succe$$ lat] 9 bus9ess = !mselves4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfj ,pratt & ,:itney r5t$ a small room &1 9 addition to _! regul> employm5t1 began do+ "w on _! own acc\nt1 i4e41 manufactur+ ! small w9d] = ! ,willimantic ,l95 ,company4 ,mr4 ,:itney's fa!r-9-law act$ z patt]n mak]1 millwright1 bookkeep] & g5]al utility man4 ,! foll[+ ,febru>y !y 7 burn$ out1 b 7 runn+ aga9 a mon? lat] 9 o!r qu>t]s4 ,"h !y cont9u$ to spread f room to room until all available space 0 outgr[n4 ,!y succe$$ f ! v />t1 & at once became lead]s & tea*]s ( o!r me*anics1 sugge/]s ( new me?ods ( "w & ( new means = its accompli%m5t4 ,bo? ,pratt & ,:itney 7 ?or\ghly famili> ) gun manufacture1 & ! bus9ess 0 h>dly />t$ :5 ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> gave !m m ?an !y c\ld d4 ,9 #ahfb !y took into p>tn]%ip ,monroe ,/ann>d ( ,new ,brita91 ea* ( ! ?ree contribut+ #abjj4 ,mr4 ,/ann>d took *>ge ( ! %op1 z ,pratt & ,:itney 7 /ill ) ! ,phnix ,iron ,works4 ,)9 two ye>s ! bus9ess _h increas$ to su* an ext5t t !y gave up _! positions at ! ,phnix works & 9 #ahfe erect$ ! fir/ build+ on _! pres5t site4 ,f #cfjj 9 #ahfb _! net assets grew 9 f\r ye>s to #ge1jjj1 & dur+ ! ?ree ye>s foll[+ t !y e>n$ & put back into ! bus9ess m ?an #ajj1jjj4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,pratt ,:itney ,company 0 =m$ ) a capital ( #cej1jjj1 lat] increas$ to #ejj1jjj4 ,9 #ahic x 0 reorganiz$ ) a capitalization ( #c1jjj1jjj4 ,s9ce t "t x has become a "p ( ! ,niles-,bem5t-,pond ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ce4 ,,francis ,a4 ,,pratt ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cf4 ,,amos ,,:itney ,beg9n+ ) ! manufacture ( ma*9e tools & tools = mak+ guns & sew+ ma*9es1 !y h ext5d$ _! l9es until _! catalog fills hundr$s ( pages4 ,f _! wide exp]i5ce 9 int]*angeable manufacture1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld take a prom95t "p 9 develop+ ! ma*9]y = ! manufacture ( bicycles & typewrit]s1 :51 lat]1 ^! 7 introduc$4 ,soon aft] ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 an ag5t ( ! company visit$ ,prussia & f\nd ! royal & private gun factories equipp$ ) old & inf]ior ma*9]y & ! armories b>e4 ,mr4 ,pratt 0 s5t =1 & return$ to ,h>t=d ) ord]s f ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t = #cej1jjj wor? ( gun ma*9]y4 ,dur+ ! next few ye>s ,mr4 ,pratt made no less ?an t5 trips to ,europe1 tak+ ord]s aggregat+ ov] #b1jjj1jjj wor? ( ma*9]y4 ,:5 ! panic ( #ahgc pro/rat$ ! indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,pratt ,:itney _h ord]s1 mo/ly =eign1 :i* kept !m busy until #ahge4 ,_! equipm5t ( ! ?ree royal armories ( ,sp&au1 ,erfurt & ,danzig result$ 9 an improvem5t 9 quality ( output & a sav+ ( #ej p] c5t 9 wages4 ,pratt ,:itney's production ( gun-mak+ ma*9]y alone has run into _m millions ( doll>s1 & !re are few gov]nm5ts :i* h n at "o "t or ano!r pur*as$ f !m4 ,pratt ,:itney f ! />t 7 lead]s 9 e/abli%+ /&>ds1 p>ticul>ly 9 screw ?reads4 ,_! gauges = pipe ?reads h = ye>s be5 ! /&>d = ! c\ntry4 ,! tr\bles :i* arose f ! lack ( agreem5t ( /&>d gauges & ! gr[+ dem& = int]*angeable bolts & nuts l$ to a dem& on ! company = a set ( gauges ^u :i* all c\ld agree4 ,9 und]tak+ ?is "w ,pratt ,:itney exam9$ _! own /&>ds ( l5g? ) ref]5ce to gov]nm5t & o!r /&>ds 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4 ,! results 7 conflict+ & v unsatisfactory4 ,by diff]5t measurem5ts ! same b> w\ld be report$ z above & z bel[ ! /&>d l5g?1 & ! inve/igation produc$ no results :i* c\ld be us$ = a work+ basis4 ,at l5g? ,pr(4 ,william ,a4 ,rog]s ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,george ,m4 ,bond1 back$ by ! ,pratt ,:itney ,company1 develop$ ! ,rog]s-,bond comp>ator ) :i* !y det]m9$ ! l5g? ( ! /&>d foot4 ,:5 !y began1 ! l5g? ( ! y>d & its subdivisions v>i$ ) ! numb] ( y>d/icks4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s' "w 0 bas$ on l9e measurem5t r ?an ! end measurem5t :i* _h held sway f ! "t ( ,:itwor? & :i* is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ to be inf]ior = f9al ref]5ce "w4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s w5t back ( all ! second>y /&>ds to ! ,imp]ial ,y>d 9 ,london & ! /&>d met] 9 ! ,ar*ives at ,p>is4 ,he obta9$ reliable transf]s ( ^!1 & ) ! cop]ation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey1 ! mo/ delicate & exhau/ive comp>isons 7 made ( ! /&>d b>s prep>$ by him = ! use ( ! company ) ! gov]nm5t /&>d y>d designat$ 8,bronze ,no4 #aa40 ,_m ?\s&s ( doll>s & ?ree ye>s ( "t w5t into ?is "w4 ,! me?ods us$ & ! results obta9$ 7 exam9$ & report$ ^u by a committee ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 & ! conclusion giv5 9 _! report is z foll[s3 ,! completion ( ! ,rog]s-,bond comp>ator m>ks a long /ride 9 advance ov] any me?od hi!rto 9 use = comp>ison & subdivision ( l9e-measure /&>ds1 comb9+1 z x does1 all ! approv$ me?ods ( =m] obs]v]s ) o!rs orig9al ) ! design]s4 ,comp>isons c ?us be *eck$ ?or\ghly by diff]5t sy/ems1 s t ! f9al result ( ! s]ies may be reli$ on z be+ mu* ne>] absolute accuracy ?an any hi!rto produc$4 ,! calip]+ atta*m5t to ! comp>ator des]ves special comm5dation1 be+ simple 9 ! extreme1 & solv+ completely ! problem ( end measurem5ts )9 ! limit ( accuracy atta9able 9 l9e read+1 by means ( ! microscope ) ! micromet] eye-piece4 ,! /&>d to :i* ! end measurem5ts are ref]r$ is n t\*$1 & ea* measurem5t is ref]r$ back to ! same z]o1 s t error f end we> does n ent] into ! problem4 ,?is atta*m5t is 9 advance ( all hi!rto kn[n me?ods ( comp>+ end measures1 ei!r ) o!r end measures or ) l9e /&>ds1 bo? z to rapidity ( manipulation & accuracy ( its read+s1 ! /rong po9t 9 its con/ruction be+ t x ref]s all end measures to a c>efully divid$ & inve/igat$ /&>d b>1 :i* is n t\*$ dur+ its use1 & _c be 9 ! slighte/ degree injur$ by ?is s]vice1 ?us giv+ conv9c+ assurance t ! measures & gauges produc$ by its use w be accurate & int]*angeable4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ?is committee1 ! degree ( accuracy already atta9$ is su* t no future improvem5ts c occasion *anges suffici5tly great to affect ! practical usefulness ( ! magnitudes "h det]m9$1 or ! int]*angeability ( /ructures bas$ ^u !m ) ^? involv+ fur!r ref9em5t4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,a4 ,rog]s & ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,bond are unque/ionably entitl$ to great cr$it = ! admirable mann] 9 :i* !y h solv$ ! problem ( exact & uni=m measurem5t1 :ile ! ent]prise ( ! ,pratt ,:itney ,company 9 br++ ! :ole matt] into practical %ape1 is des]v+ ( ! ?anks ( ! eng9e]+ community4#ahc #ahc ,^? int]e/$ may f9d detail$ descriptions ( ! me?ods us$ & ( ! ,rog]s-,bond comp>ator 9 ! foll[+ ref]5ces3 ,george ,m4 ,bond3 ,pap] on 8,/&>d ,measurem5ts10 ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hj4 ,george ,m4 ,bond3 ,pap] on 8,a ,/&>d ,gauge ,sy/em10 ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #abb4 ,report ( ,committee on ,/&>ds & ,gauges1 ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ba 7quot$ above74 ,w4 ,a4 ,rog]s3 ,pap]1 8,on a ,practical ,solution ( ! ,p]fect ,screw ,problem10 ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #baf4 ,two lectures deliv]$ by ,george ,m4 ,bond be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahhd1 on3 #a4 8,/&>ds ( ,l5g? & _! ,subdivision40 #b4 8,/&>ds ( ,l5g? z ,appli$ to ,gauge ,dim5sions40 ,! /&>ds s obta9$ became ! basis ( ! gauges :i* ,pratt ,:itney h produc$4 ,9 #ahhh ! company receiv$ its fir/ ord] = ,hot*kiss revolv+ cannon1 & = ?ree- & six-p\nd]s rapid-fire guns4 ,!y h made hundr$s ( ^! guns = ! second>y batt]ies ( w> vessels4 ,9 #ahie !y br\ght out a "o-p\nd] inv5t$ by ,e4 ,g4 ,p>khur/1 an exp]t me*anic1 :o _h ent]$ _! employm5t z assi/ant sup]9t5d5t 9 #ahfi & lat] took *>ge ( _! gun dep>tm5t4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,pratt ,:itney tool-room la!s 7 ! /&>d = ! c\ntry4 ,lat] _! lead]%ip 0 mat]ially affect$ by ! ,h5dey ,ma*9e ,company ( ,torr+ton1 ,conn41 :o built a high grade tool-room la! hav+ ! *ange-ge> box :i* has s9ce be5 appli$ to ne>ly all types ( ma*9e tools4 ,! *ange-ge> box is "o ( ! important contributions to tool build+ made 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,among ! lat] developm5ts introduc$ by ,pratt ,:itney is ! process ( ?read mill+1 & !y h design$ a full l9e ( ma*9es = ?is "w4 ,! ,pratt ,:itney works1 l ! ,colt ,armory1 has be5 a tra9+ s*ool = successful tool build]s4 ,worce/] ,r4 ,w>n] & ,ambrose ,swasey 7 bo? =em5 at ,pratt ,:itney's & left !re to g we/1 fir/ to ,*icago & !n to ,clevel&4 ,"s acc\nt ( ^! two m5 w be giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,pratt ,:itney h _h a m>k$ influ5ce on tool build+ 9 ,clevel&1 =1 9 addition to ,w>n] & ,swasey1 ,e4 ,c4 ,h5n & ,hakewessel ( ! ,national ,acme ,manufactur+ ,company :o develop$ ! multi-sp9dle automatic la!1 ,a4 ,f4 ,foote ( ,foote1 ,burt ,company1 & ,george ,c4 ,b>dons ( ,b>dons ,oliv]1 come f _! %op4 ,john/on ( ,pott] ,john/on1 ,pawtucket1 0 *ief draftsman at ,pratt ,:itney's2 & ,j4 ,n4 ,lapo9te :o lat] develop$ ! broa*+ ma*9e1 ,dudley ,seym\r ( ,*icago1 ,gleason ( ! ,gleason ,works 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,e4 ,p4 ,bull>d ( ,bridgeport1 & ,f4 ,n4 ,g>dn] ( ,beloit1 ,wis41 inv5tor ( ! ,g>dn] gr9d]1 7 all workm5 !re4 ,mr4 ,gleason 0 also a workman 9 ! ,colt ,armory4 ,he w5t to ,ro*e/] 9 #ahfe & ! works :i* he develop$ =m ! mo/ important tool build+ int]e/ 9 we/]n ,new ,york4 ,!re h be5 8a good _m />ts !re 9 tool build+ & almo/ z _m f9i%es40 ,mr4 ,gleason always said t b = ! tra9+ & me?ods he _h ga9$ at ,h>t=d he w\ld h %>$ _! fate4 ,l _m o!rs1 8 company began ) a g5]al l9e ( ma*9e tools b has come to specialize on "o type ( ma*9e1 bevel-ge> cutt]s1 ( :i* !y build a mo/ ref9$ type4 ,e4 ,p4 ,bull>d1 l ,gleason1 work$ at bo? ,colt's & ,pratt ,:itney's4 ,lat] he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,j4 ,h4 ,pre/ & ,william ,p>sons1 manufactur+ millwork & 8all k9ds ( tools0 9 ,h>t=d4 ,9 #ahff he organiz$ ! ,norwalk ,iron ,works ,company ( ,norwalk1 b aft]w>ds )drew & cont9u$ ! bus9ess 9 ,h>t=d4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ,mr4 ,bull>d 0 9 ! ,s\? & ,middle ,we/1 at ,a!ns1 ,ga41 at ,c9c9nati1 :]e he organiz$ ! ma*9e tool dep>tm5t ( ,po/ ,company1 & at ,columbus1 :]e he 0 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,gill ,c> ,works4 ,9 #ahge he e/abli%$ a ma*9]y bus9ess 9 ,beekman ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 "u ! firm "n ( ,allis1 ,bull>d ,company4 ,mr4 ,allis )drew 9 #ahgg & ! ,bull>d ,ma*9e ,company 0 organiz$4 ,recogniz+ a dem& = a high grade la! he w5t to ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 & engag$ ,a4 ,d4 ,laws to manufacture la!s ( 8 design1 agree+ to take 8 entire output4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! same ye> ,mr4 ,bull>d took ov] ! bus9ess & x became ! ,bridgeport ,ma*9e ,tool ,works4 ,9 #ahhc he design$ 8 fir/ v]tical bor+ & turn+ mill1 a s+le head1 belt fe$ ma*9e ( #cg in*es capacity4 ,?is is believ$ to be ! fir/ small bor+ ma*9e design$ to d ! accurate "w previ\sly p]=m$ on ! face plate ( a la!4 ,up to t "t bor+ ma*9es 7 reli$ on only = l>ge & r\gh "w4 ,9 #ahhi he transf]r$ 8 ,new ,york connections to ,j4 ,j4 ,mc,cabe & gave 8 entire att5tion to manufactur+1 ! bus9ess be+ incorporat$ z ! ,bull>d ,ma*9e ,tool ,company 9 #ahid4 ,! build+ ( bor+ mills gradually cr[d$ out ! la!s1 & = tw5ty ye>s ! company has conc5trat$ on ! bor+ ma*9e z a specialty4 ,9 _! h&s x has receiv$ a rem>kable developm5t4 ,!y introduc$ a range ( small-siz$ mills capable ( mu* m accurate "w ?an _h be5 done on ?is type ( ma*9e4 ,!y appli$ ! turret pr9ciple to ! head c>ri$ on ! cross rail & a few ye>s lat] introduc$ a mill hav+ a head c>ri$ on ! side ( ! frame :i* p]mitt$ ( ! close work+ ( ! tools4 ,^! improvem5ts trans=m$ ! bor+ mill into a manufactur+ ma*9e1 & x became practically a v]tical turret la! ) ! advantages inh]5t 9 t type ( ma*9e4 ,?is tr5d t[>d ! la! type has f9ally result$ 9 a multiple /ation-type ( ma*9e :i* is 9 effect a v]tical multi-sp9dle automatic *uck+ la! ) five indep5d5t tool heads1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,comp>ison ( ?is ) ,fig4 #ae1 %[s h[ ! la! has develop$ 9 ! #aae ye>s s9ce ,maudslay introduc$ ! slide-re/ pr9ciple & ! lead screw4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,robb9s ,,lawr5ce ,a glance at ! g5ealogical *>t1 ,fig4 #cg1 w %[ :y ! old ,robb9s ,lawr5ce %op1 at ,w9dsor1 ,vt41 9 ! backwoods ( nor!rn ,new ,engl&1 des]ves a special *apt]4 ,:5 built1 x 0 miles away f a railroad4 ,x 0 nev] l>ge1 & ! :eels ( ! orig9al %op h long s9ce ceas$ to turn1 b few plants h _h s great an influ5ce on ,am]ican manufactur+4 ,?ree brilliant me*anics1 ,lawr5ce1 ,h[e & ,/one1 7 work+ !re 9 ! e>ly fifties1 & f !m & _! successors came :olly1 or 9 "p1 ! v]tical la! turret1 ! mill]1 ! pr(il] & a l>ge numb] ( ! mod]n ma*9es us$ 9 int]*angeable manufacture4 ,( ^! ?ree1 ,lawr5ce w5t to ,h>t=d1 ,h[e to ,provid5ce1 :ile ,/one rema9$ at ,w9dsor4 ,9 ea* case an important l9e ( influ5ce may be trac$4 ,9 ! region ab\t ,w9dsor1 sixty or sev5ty ye>s ago1 !re 7 a numb] ( small cu/om gun %ops1 & "o firm1 ,n4 ,k5dall ,company1 0 regul>ly mak+ guns at ! ,w9dsor prison1 us+ prison labor 9 addition to t ( a numb] ( free me*anics1 :o did ! f9] "w4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,robb9s ,lawr5ce ,company beg9s ab\t #ahch1 :5 ,lawr5ce came to ,w9dsor f ! neighborhood ( ,wat]t[n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,=tunately he wrote out an acc\nt ( 8 life %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 at ! reque/ ( 8 son1 giv+ a v int]e/+ record ( 8 e>ly "w & 8 connections ) 8 v>i\s manufactur+ ent]prises4 ,?is acc\nt %[s cle>ly ! integrity1 mode/y & wor? ( ! man4#ahd #ahd ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,n$ ,lawr5ce ?is acc\nt is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,x has nev] be5 publi%$ be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,n4 ,,k5dall ,,co4 ,r4 ,s ,,lawr5ce ,k5dall ,lawr5ce ,cu/om ,gun ,%op1 ,w9dsor1 ,vt4 99#a99 #a ,,robb9s ,,lawr5ce ,guns & ,gun ,ma*9]y1 ,turret ,la!s1 ,mill]s1 etc4 ,r ,s4 ,lawr5ce1 ,h4 ,d4 ,/one1 ,f4 ,w4 ,h[e 99#b #c #d #e #f #g99 #b #g ,,enfield ,,gun ,,ma*ry41 #ahee ,,*as4 ,e4 ,,bill+s ,enfield1 ,engl& ,bill+s ,sp5c]1 ,h>t=d #e ,,lamson1 ,,goodn[ #c ,,yale1 #ahei #f ,,%>ps ,,rifle ,,works lat] ,,provid5ce ,j4 ,r4 ,,br[n ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,lamson ,,co4 ,,tool ,,works ,s4 ,b4 ,,d>l+1 99#h99 ,guns1 ,sew+ ,f4 ,w4 ,h[e1 ,,etc4 ,ma*9es1 ,ma*9e ,supt41 99#ab99 ,tools1 #ahec-fh ,w9dsor 99#aj #aa99 99#i99 #d ,j4 ,d4 ,,alvord a contractor 9 ,r4 ,l4 ,%op1 ,h>t=d ,%>pe ,wks4 ,built ! ,:eel] ,wilson ,%op1 ,bridgeport 99#ac99 #h #i #aa #ab ,,we$ ,,sew+ ,,ma*4 ,sew+ ,ma*9e bus9ess sold ,,br[n ,,%>pe ,,co4 ab\t #ahfa to ,mr4 ,:ite ,f4 ,w4 ,h[e1 ,supt41 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 99#ae #af99 #ahfh-gc 99#ad99 ,pla9 & ,univ4 ,mill]s1 ,turret ,la!s #ad #aj ,,pope ,,mfg4 ,,co4 ,,rhode ,,isl& ,,tool ,,co4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,successors ( ,provid5ce ,tool ,works #ac ,,:eel] ,,wilson ,,putnam ,,ma*4 ,,co4 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,fit*burg1 ,mass4 ,sew+ ,ma*9es ,s4 ,c4 ,wright 99#ag99 #ae #af #ai ,,:ite ,,sew+ ,,ma*4 ,,w9dsor ,,manufactur+ ,,sullivan ,,ma*ry4 ,,co4 ,,co4 ,,co4 ,cl>emont1 ,n4 ,h4 ,clevel&1 ,o4 #ahfe ,m9e & ,qu>ry+ 99#bj99 99#ah #ai99 ,ma*9]y #bj #ah #ba ,,clevel& ,,auto ,,ma*4 ,,jones1 ,,lamson ,,co41 ,,james ,,h>tness ,,co41 ,,etc4 #ahfi #ahhi ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,,jones ,,lamson ,,ma*9e 99#ba #bb99 ,,co41 #ahgi #bc #bh ,mov$ f ,w9dsor to #ag #bb #be #bg ,,w9dsor ,,ma*9e ,,co4 ,spr+field1 ,vt41 9 ,,fit*burg ,,ma*4 ,,works ,w9dsor1 ,vt41 #ahhi1 #ahhi ,fit*burg1 ,mass4 ,gridley ,automation ,h>tness ,flat ,turret1 ,lo-,sw+ ,la! ,fay ,automatic ,la!s 99#bc #bd99 #bd ,,james ,,h>tness #bi 99#be #bg99 #bf ,,bryant ,,*uck+ ,e4 ,r4 ,,fell[s ,,fell[s ,,ge> ,,gr9d] ,,co4 99#bf99 ,,%ap] ,,co4 ,spr+field1 ,vt4 ,g4 ,o4 ,,gridley ,spr+field1 ,vt4 99#bh99 ,wm4 ,,bryant 99#bi99 ,,figure #cg4 ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,! ,,robb9s ,,lawr5ce ,,%op ,ri*>d ,s4 ,lawr5ce1 ^: portrait appe>s 9 ,fig4 #dj1 0 born 9 ,*e/]1 ,vt41 9 #ahag4 ,:5 two ye>s old1 8 fa!r mov$ to ,jeff]son ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 & 8 boyhood 0 sp5t 9 ! neighborhood ( ,wat]t[n4 ,he 0 only n9e ye>s old :5 8 fa!r di$1 & consequ5tly he _h a h>d boyhood1 ) v little s*ool+1 & 0 e>ly at "w 9 ! support ( ! family4 ,he work$ on a f>m & lat] 9 a woodwork+ %op1 mak+ c>p5t]'s & jo9]'s tools4 ,9 ! basem5t ( ?is place 0 a cu/om gun %op1 :]e he sp5t mu* ( 8 sp>e "t & became an exp]t gun mak]4 ,he work$ ) indiff]5t success at v>i\s jobs until ! w9t] ( #ahcg-ahch1 :5 he s]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army = ?ree mon?s1 gu>d+ ! fronti] dur+ ! ,canadian ,rebellion4 ,at 8 dis*>ge he det]m9$ to />t 9 else:]e = himself & ?\ght ( 8 relatives 9 ,v]mont4 ,aft] a long j\rney by ! ,erie ,canal1 ! newly built ,albany ,s*5ectady ,railroad1 & by /age1 he rea*$ ,w9dsor 9 #ahch4 ,a week or two aft] 8 arrival1 :ile visit+ a ,doctor ,/ory1 he und]took to repair an old rifle1 a 8,turkey rifle10 made by ! doctor's bro!r 9 a gun %op 9 ! neighborhood1 & put on a peep-sight1 a ?+ nev] he>d ( be=e 9 t neighborhood4 ,he took ! gun ap>t1 lead$ out ! b>rel1 =g$ & f9i%$ ! sight & put x on ! gun4 ,8 skill 9 h&l+ tools a/oni%$ ^? :o wat*$ him4 ,two days lat]1 :5 ! "w 0 done1 ! doctor & ,lawr5ce w5t out to try ! gun4 ,!y pac$ (f twelve rods f a maple tree :i* _h a ?ree-qu>t]-in* aug] hole 9 x t _h be5 us$ = a sap sp\t4 ,lawr5ce did ! %oot+4 ,8 own acc\nt ( x is z foll[s3 8,! doctor t5d$ t>get4 ,c\ld f9d no ball hole4 ,said ,i miss$ ! tree4 ,i fir$ aga91 no ball hole to be f\nd4 ,doctor came up to me & said ,i _h spoil$ 8 rifle4 ,be=e my repairs he c\ld kill a *ick5 e "t at twelve rods4 ,i said1 #8,uncle1 ,i am v sorry1 b ,i w make ! gun all "r be=e ,i leave x4' ,he said he c\ld n cons5t to my do+ any?+ m to improve ! %oot+ qualities--! sight he lik$ v mu*4 ,i said t z ! gun 0 load$ ,i w\ld take "o m %ot & see if ,i c\ld n hit ! tree4 ,aft] ! ?ird %ot ,i w5t up to ! tree to inve/igate1 & all ( ! ?ree balls :i* ,i _h fir$ 7 f\nd 9 ! aug] hole40#ahe ,! doctor 0 a/oni%$1 = he _h nev] he>d ( su* %oot+4 #ahe ,quot$ f ! full acc\nt giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,! next day he took ,lawr5ce d[n to see ,n4 ,k5dall ,company1 :o 7 mak+ guns at ! ,w9dsor prison4 ,!y hir$ him at once = two ye>s at #ajj a ye>4 ,8 fir/ "w 0 /ock+ rifles by h& & ! fir/ day he put on five /ocks4 ,! next day ! sup]9t5d5t look$ ov] ! "w & said x 0 well done1 b x w\ld nev] d to ru% ! "w z he _h1 = he w\ld 8soon gun-/ock !m out ( t[n10 & he 8mu/ take x m easy40 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next six mon?s1 he _h s f> ma/]$ e process 9 ! factory1 ev5 t ( engrav+ 9 :i* he c\ld soon compete ) ! olde/ h&s1 t he 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! %op4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ! company gave up ! gun bus9ess1 & = a "t ,lawr5ce rema9$ z =eman ( ! c>riage dep>tm5t 9 ! prison %op4 ,9 #ahdc ,k5dall & ,lawr5ce hir$ a small %op 9 ,w9dsor village & />t$ a cu/om gun %op4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahdd ,s4 ,e4 ,robb9s1 a bus9ess man1 came to !m & said t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 9 ! m>ket = #aj1jjj rifles4 ,! matt] 0 talk$ ov]1 a p>tn]%ip =m$1 & a bid s5t to ,wa%+ton4 ,9 spite ( ! opposition ( ne>ly all ! o!r ,gov]nm5t contractors1 :o said !y c\ld nev] d ! "w1 x result$ 9 ! aw>d ( a contract = #aj1jjj to ,robb9s1 ,k5dall ,lawr5ce1 at #aj4ij ea*1 atta*m5ts extra1 to be furni%$ )9 ?ree ye>s4 ,!y b\ght l&1 built a %op1 & b\ght or made ! necess>y ma*9]y4 ,x 0 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is & ! subsequ5t contract t _m ( ! e>ly ma*9e tools 7 develop$4 ,! contract 0 f9i%$ eighte5 mon?s ahead ( "t1 at a good pr(it1 & !y obta9$ a second contract = #ae1jjj at ! same price4 ,soon aft] f9i%+ ! fir/ contract1 ,robb9s & ,lawr5ce b\ght out ,k5dall's int]e/ 9 ! firm1 :i* became ,robb9s ,lawr5ce4 ,! bus9ess prov$ v pr(itable4 ,ab\t #ch p] c5t ( _! "w = ! ,gov]nm5t _h to be reject$ on acc\nt ( poor mat]ial & workman%ip1 b ! ,cali=nia gold excitem5t 0 !n at its height & guns 7 9 great dem&4 ,!y 7 !re=e able to sell _! second-quality "w = ! full gov]nm5t price4 ,ab\t #ahej !y contract$ ) ,c\rtl& ,c4 ,palm] = #ejjj ,j5n+s rifles1 a gun :i* lat] develop$ ?r\gh ! ,h5ry rifle into ! pres5t well-kn[n ,w9*e/] rifle4 ,ab\t #ahej ,robb9s ,lawr5ce took ! fir/ ( ! /eps :i* l$ to _! undo+4 ,! railroad _h j be5 complet$ ?r\gh ,w9dsor1 & ,s4 ,f4 ,belknap1 a l>ge railroad contractor1 induc$ !m to />t 9 ! c> bus9ess1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h no rational relation ) _! ma9 activity ( build+ guns4 ,mr4 ,belknap assur$ !m t he c\ld control all ! c> "w 9 t section1 & put 9 #bj1jjj z a sil5t p>tn]4 ,! firm w5t to a l>ge outlay1 b j z !y 7 f9i%+ ! fir/ c>s1 ,belknap qu>rel$ ) ! presid5t ( ! railroad & ! firm c\ld n sell a s+le c> :5 !y _h expect$ to4 ,aft] a consid]able delay !y 7 sold to o!r roads1 & /ock :i* prov$ valueless 0 tak5 9 paym5t4 ,! op]ation involv$ an actual loss ( #acd1jjj1 :i* 0 lat] increas$ to ne>ly #bdj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ch4 ,,robb9s ,,lawr5ce ,,armory1 ,,w9dsor1 ,,vt4 ,,f ,,an ,,old ,,li?ograph ,9 all ( _! gun "w1 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce us$ ! int]*angeable sy/em1 & !y contribut$ v l>gely to its developm5t4 ,lawr5ce1 ,h[e1 & lat] ,/one1 7 con/antly improv+ ! me?ods ( manufacture4 ,fit*'s article on ,int]*angeable ,manufacture 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,report ( #ahhj1 describes & illu/rates a pr(il+ ma*9e built by ,h[e z e>ly z #ahdh4 ,! design %[n !re 0 us$ = _m ye>s ?r\gh\t all ! gun %ops 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he also design$ a b>rel drill+ & rifl+ ma*9e1 & he & ,lawr5ce design$ & built a pla9 mill]1 :i* 0 ! =]unn] ( ! well-kn[n ,l9coln mill]4 ,"o ( ^! mill]s1 built 9 #ahec1 is /ill runn+ 9 ! %op ( ! ,nor? ,bro!rs ,manufactur+ ,company 9 ,philadelphia4 ,?is ma*9e _h a rack-&-p9ion fe$ = ! table1 :i* *att]$ badly :5 />t+ a heavy cut4 ,! pr9cipal improvem5t :i* ,f4 ,a4 ,pratt introduc$ 9 ! ,l9coln mill] 0 ! sub/itution = ?is ( a screw & nut4 ,! orig9al draw+ ( ?is ,robb9s ,lawr5ce ma*9e is /ill on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company & %[s cle>ly t x furni%$ ! basis ( ! design ( ! ,l9coln mill]4 ,9 #ahea ,robb9s ,lawr5ce s5t to ! ,exposition 9 ,london a set ( rifles built on ! int]*angeable sy/em1 :i* excit$ great int]e/ & = :i* !y receiv$ a m$al4 ,?is l$ to ! visit ( an ,engli% commission :i* result$ 9 a l>ge contract to ,robb9s ,lawr5ce = ,enfield rifles1 & = gun ma*9]y :i* 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,armory at ,enfield1 ne> ,london4 ,x has be5 said t ?is contract caus$ ! failure ( ,robb9s ,lawr5ce4 ,?is is n true4 ,9 #aheb ! company contract$ to make #ejjj ,%>ps c>b9es at ,w9dsor1 & #ae1jjj rifles & c>b9es at a plant :i* !y 7 to erect 9 ,h>t=d4 ,! ,%>ps ,company advanc$ #dj1jjj to enable !m to build a new factory & ,mr4 ,lawr5ce mov$ to ,h>t=d 9 #ahec to sup]9t5d ! build+ & equipm5t ( ! plant4 ,%ortly aft] x 0 complet$1 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 already /ra9$ by _! losses 9 ! c>-build+ v5ture & ) ! erect+ ( ! new plant1 und]took a contract ) ,fox1 ,h5d]son ,company = #be1jjj ,m9i rifles4 ,!y 7 assur$ by ! ag5t t he _h 9 8 pockets contracts = #cjj1jjj m1 :i* he promis$ !m on ! completion ( ! #be1jjj4 ,lawr5ce object$ /r5u\sly to sign+ ! contract = ! #be1jjj )\t m assurance z to ! #cjj1jjj to foll[1 z ! outlay = ! "w w\ld greatly exce$ ! pr(its on ! fir/ contract4 ,x 0 sign$1 h[ev]1 & x lat] develop$ t ! ag5t _h no au?orization = ! #cjj1jjj4 ,x 0 ?is :i* caus$ ! failure ( ,robb9s ,lawr5ce4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce left ! firm & took *>ge ( ! new ,h>t=d plant :i* _h be5 b\ght by ! ,%>ps ,rifle ,company4 ,j4 ,d4 ,alvord1 "o ( ! contractors at ,h>t=d "u ,lawr5ce1 lat] built ! ,:eel] ,wilson plant at ,bridgeport4 ,robb9s & o!rs leas$ ! ,w9dsor %ops & began ! manufacture ( sew+ ma*9es4 ,9 #ahei ! plant & bus9ess 7 pur*as$ by ,lamson1 ,goodn[ ,yale1 :o reta9$ ,h5ry ,d4 ,/one z _! me*anical exp]t4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! plant 0 giv5 ov] entirely to ! manufacture ( army rifles1 & ! sew+-ma*9e bus9ess 0 sold to ,mr4 ,:ite ( ! ,:ite ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,9 ! e>ly ?irties ,silas ,lamson _h begun manufactur+ scy! sna?s 9 "o ( ! hill t[ns ( we/]n ,massa*usetts4 ,up to t "t ! f>m]s _h ei!r us$ /raight poles or ^? :i* happ5$ naturally to h a conv5i5t twi/4 ,lamson conceiv$ ! idea ( /eam+ ! poles & b5d+ !m to a pr$et]m9$ curve4 ,ab\t #ahdj 8 sons1 ,na?an & ,e4 ,g4 ,lamson1 mov$ to ,%elburne ,falls & aft] "s ye>s began ! manufacture ( cutl]y1 f\nd+ ! factory :i* has be5 9 successful op]ation ev] s9ce4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! railroad ?r\gh ,w9dsor1 !y mov$ _! sna? factory to t place4 ,!y & _! successors1 ! ,lamson ,goodn[ ,manufactur+ ,company1 cont9u$ ?is "w !re = _m ye>s4 ,:5 ! ,robb9s ,lawr5ce prop]ty 0 put on ! m>ket x 0 pur*as$ by ,e4 ,g4 ,lamson1 ,a4 ,f4 ,goodn[ & ,b4 ,b4 ,yale1 "u ! "n ( ,lamson1 ,goodn[ ,yale4 ,e4 ,g4 ,lamson ,company & ! ,w9dsor ,manufactur+ ,company succe$$ ?is firm & cont9u$ ! manufacture ( ma*9e tools & ,ball & ,palm] c>b9es1 & complet$ a numb] ( gov]nm5t rifle contracts4 ,9 #ahfi ,r4 ,l4 ,jones1 a bus9ess man1 ( ! ,ascutney ,mill at ,w9dsor1 jo9$ ! firm1 :i* became ,jones1 ,lamson ,company1 & a small cotton mill 0 add$ to _! o!r activities4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! ,jones ,lamson ,company 0 organiz$ to take ov] ! ma*9e bus9ess4 ,dur+ all ^! *anges ,h5ry ,d4 ,/one cont9u$ z ! design]4 ,a l>ge po/] ( ! ,w9dsor ,manufactur+ ,company1 pr9t$ "s "t ab\t #ahfe1 %[s t !y _h pl5ty ( irons 9 ! fire1 = !y 7 prep>$ to furni% guns & ma*9]y = manufactur+ guns1 sew+ ma*9es & ne$les1 a /&>d l9e ( h&-op]at$ turret la!s1 pla9 & index mill]s1 plan]s1 trimm+ presses1 drill presses1 sawmills1 rock drills & m9+ ma*9]y4 ,lat] _! m9+ & qu>ry-ma*9]y bus9ess 0 mov$ to ,cl>emont1 ,n4 ,h41 & became ! ,sullivan ,ma*9]y ,company4 ,9 #ahhi ! pres5t ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company mov$ to ,spr+field1 ,vt41 :]e x n[ is4 ,t same ye>1 ,james ,h>tness ent]$ ! employm5t ( ! company z sup]9t5d5t4 ,) 8 adv5t ! scatt]+ ( activities ceas$ & ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company began conc5trat+ on turret la!s1 :i* ,robb9s ,lawr5ce & _! v>i\s successors h be5 manufactur+ cont9u\sly s9ce ! e>ly fifties4 ,a numb] ( ! old me*anics & =em51 :o _h homes 9 ,w9dsor at ! "t ! company 0 mov+ to ,spr+field1 took ov] ! old %ops & organiz$ ! pres5t ,w9dsor ,ma*9e ,company :i* n[ manufactures ! ,gridley ,automatic ,la!s4 ,?is1 briefly1 is ! hi/ory ( ! old ,robb9s ,lawr5ce %op4 ,! m51 h[ev]1 :o work$ ) ,robb9s ,lawr5ce & its successors1 are ( great] int]e/4 ,:ile ,lawr5ce cont9u$ z ma/]-armor] ( ! ,%>ps ,rifle ,works1 ! company 0 successful f9ancially4 ,fit*1 9 ! ,c5sus article frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 says t he br\ght ) him 8f ,w9dsor ! fir/ pla9 mill+ ma*9e us$ 9 ,h>t=d40 ,lawr5ce also appli$ ! broa*+ process to ! manufacture ( ,%>ps rifles1 effect+ great economies1 & 0 ! inv5tor ( ! split pulley :i* 0 fir/ made = him at ,l9coln's ,phnix ,iron ,works4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahej ,lawr5ce introduc$ ! practice ( lubricat+ rifle bullets ) tall[1 mak+ possible ! repeat+ rifle :i* _h be5 a failure up to t "t z ! b>rel 8lead$0 & ! gun lo/ its accuracy4 ,?is 0 done 9 connection ) "s trials ( ! ,j5n+s rifle dur+ ! visit ( ,l\is ,kossu?1 ! ,hung>ian patriot1 :o 0 9 ?is c\ntry = ! suppos$ purpose ( pur*as+ rifles4#ahf ,mr4 ,lawr5ce left ! ,%>ps company 9 #ahgb & 0 = _m ye>s an (ficial 9 ! city ( ,h>t=d1 z ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,/reets & on ! ,wat] & ,fire ,bo>ds4 ,he di$ 9 #ahib4 #ahf ,see ,app5dix ,b4 ,! ,%>ps ,rifle ,works1 aft] ,lawr5ce's retirem5t1 7 b\ght by ! ,we$ ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 & lat] by ! ,pope ,manufactur+ ,company1 :o ext5d$ x greatly = ! manufacture ( ! ,columbia bicycle4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,h[e1 ! second ( ! ,robb9s ,lawr5ce me*anics m5tion$1 ^: portrait appe>s 9 ,fig4 #ci1 le>n$ 8 trade 9 ! old ,gay ,silv] %op at ,nor? ,*elms=d4 ,we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt] ! connection ( ?is company1 ?r\gh ,ira ,gay1 ) ! e>ly me*anics at ,pawtucket4 ,x is an int]e/+ & p]haps significant fact t bo? mill+ ma*9es & turret la!s 7 9 use 9 ?is %op1 probably at ! "t :5 ,h[e work$ !re4 ,h[e 0 fir/ a draftsman & lat] sup]9t5d5t at ,w9dsor & 0 intimately associat$ ) ! design+ !re at t "t4 ,! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company /ill h draw+s ( ma*9e tools made by him z e>ly z #ahdh4 ,z bo? ,lawr5ce & ,h[e 7 design+ 9 ! ,w9dsor %op at t p]iod1 x is difficult today to apportion ! cr$it betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce fail$1 ,h[e w5t to ,provid5ce z sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company & 8 "w !re contribut$ greatly to ! success ( t firm4 ,:ile ) bo? ,robb9s ,lawr5ce & ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company1 he work$ on ! turret-head screw ma*9e & ! pla9 mill]4 ,! fir/ screw ma*9e br\ght out by ,br[n ,%>pe 9 #ahfa 0 built = ,mr4 ,h[e4 ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n add$ c]ta9 valuable features to x1 b ! p>ts = ! fir/ ma*9e 7 said to h be5 ca/ f ,h[e's patt]ns4 ,h[e inv5t$ & built a univ]sal mill+ ma*9e1#ahg b x %\ld n be confus$ ) :at is n[ kn[n z ! 8univ]sal0 mill]1 :i* 0 fir/ built by ,br[n ,%>pe1 also 9 #ahfa1 = ,mr4 ,h[e to mill ! flutes 9 twi/ drills4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two ma*9es has be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,burl+ame4 ,! ,no4 #ab pla9 mill] :i* ,br[n ,%>pe build today 0 design$ by ,h[e1 & = _m ye>s 0 kn[n z ! 8,h[e0 type ( mill]4 ,f #ahfh to #ahgc ,mr4 ,h[e 0 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ,br[n ,%>pe1 & built ! fir/ build+ on _! pres5t site4 ,lat] he />t$ 9 bus9ess = himself z a consult+ me*anical eng9e] & 0 design+ a typewrit] 7:i* 0 nev] built7 at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,he 0 a smoo?-fac$1 well-dress$ man1 ) a re/less inv5tive m9d1 apt to *ange ?+s frequ5tly1 improv+ ea* "t1 h[ev]1 & :5 he f9i%$ any?+ x 0 ?or\ghly done4 ,he left a deep impress on me*anical developm5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :ile ,lawr5ce 0 p]haps ! be/ me*anic1 ,h[e 0 probably ! able/ ( ! ?ree m5 connect$ ) ! e>ly ,robb9s ,lawr5ce hi/ory4 #ahg ,illu/rat$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ( ,augu/ #ac1 #aiad4 ,see also p4 #bjh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ci4 ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,h[e ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dj4 ,,ri*>d ,s4 ,,lawr5ce ,h5ry ,d4 ,/one 0 born 9 #ahae & di$ at ,w9dsor 9 #ahih4 ,he le>n$ 8 trade z a millwright at ,wood/ock1 ,vt41 b soon aft]w>d came to ,robb9s ,lawr5ce4 ,he rema9$ ) !m & _! successors = ! re/ ( 8 c>e]1 m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,he has be5 v g5]ally cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! v]tical turret z appli$ to ! la!1 b ! idea 0 by no means orig9al ) him4 ,9 #ahde a horizontal turret 0 design$ & built by ,/eph5 ,fit* at ,middlefield1 ,conn41 to manufacture p]cussion locks = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ( ,may #bd1 #aijj4 ,x _h a horizontal axis ) eight positions = z _m tools4 ,9 ! same magaz9e = ,novemb] #bh1 #aijh1 two turret la!s are illu/rat$ & describ$1 "o ) a v]tical & ! o!r ) a horizontal turret1 bo? ( :i* 7 9 use 9 ! ,gay ,silv] %op at an e>ly date1 probably 9 ! =ties1 at ! "t ,h[e 0 !re z an appr5tice4 ,! horizontal turret pr9ciple 0 also 9 use by ,e4 ,k4 ,root at ! ,colt ,armory1#ahh & ,j4 ,d4 ,alvord is said to h us$ a turret screw ma*9e 9 ! ,h>t=d plant 9 #ahec4 ,!re is little d\bt t bo? ,h[e & ,lawr5ce _h some?+ to d ) ! developm5t ( ! turret la! at ,w9dsor4 ,! turret designs :i* ,h[e _h built = him a few ye>s lat] 9 ,provid5ce are all along ! same l9es4 ,/one unque/ionably _h a %>e 9 ! developm5t ( ! turret1 = he made ! draw+ ( ! fir/ ,robb9s ,lawr5ce turret ma*9es & cont9u$ = _m ye>s ! developm5t ( ! turret la! = ! v>i\s companies :i* successively op]at$ 9 ,w9dsor4 ,) ! turret screw ma*9e came ! box-tool & holl[ mill4 ,ma*9]y ( ,may1 #aiab1 illu/rat$ & describ$ a box-tool1 fitt$ ) two back re/s & two cutt+ tools1 :i* 0 made by ,robb9s ,lawr5ce at ,w9dsor 9 #ahej4 #ahh ,see ,fig4 #cc4 ,see also ! valuable article by ,e4 ,g4 ,p>khur/ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ( ,may #bd1 #aijj1 p4 #dhi1 ref]r$ to above4 ,! second p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is company1 or succession ( companies1 beg9s ) ! com+ ( ,james ,h>tness to ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company 9 #ahhi4 ,mr4 ,h>tness 0 born 9 ,s*5ectady 9 #ahfa & le>n$ 8 trade by 8pick+ x up10 fir/ ) ,y\nglove1 ,massey ,company1 ( ,clevel&1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 sup]9t5d5t1 & !n 9 ! ma*9e %op ( ! ,union ,/eel ,screw ,works4 ,9 ! latt] %op he fir/ came 9 contact ) close1 accurate "w4 ,! practice ( ?is company 0 due to ,jason ,a4 ,bidwell1 :o came f ! ,am]ican ,screw ,company1 9 ,provid5ce1 :i* we h ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,h>tness w5t to ! ,lake ,erie ,iron ,works z tool mak]4 ,9 #ahhb he w5t to ,w9/$1 ,conn41 z =eman 9 ! ,?omson1 ,/ack] ,bolt ,company1 & 9 #ahhe to ! ,union ,h>dw>e ,company ( ,torr+ton1 manufactur]s ( gun implem5ts1 fir/ z tool mak]1 !n =eman1 & lat] z inv5tor4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahhh he work$ = a few mon?s at ! ,pratt ,:itney %op 9 ,h>t=d1 at ,scottdale1 ,pa41 & ) ! ,eaton1 ,cole ,burnham ,company1 9 ,bridgeport4 ,he w5t to ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhi1 ! ye> 9 :i* !y mov$ to _! pres5t location at ,spr+field1 ,vt4 ,he 0 fir/ sup]9t5d5t until #ahic1 !n manag] until #aijj1 & presid5t f !n on4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ,mr4 ,h>tness has become "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial design]s ( ma*9e tools ( ?is g5]ation & 9 #aiad he 0 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,:5 he w5t to ,w9dsor1 ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company 0 manufactur+ pr9cipally a /&>d type ( high-turret la!1 lev]-op]at$1 ) p[] fe$ & back ge>s4 ,mr4 ,h>tness imm$iately began an inve/igation ( ! problem :i* result$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,h>tness flat-turret la! & _m improvem5ts 9 ! details ( ! tools us$ on x4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,h>tness 0 develop+ c]ta9 details ( ! turret con/ruction1 he f\nd 9 ! records ( ! company sket*es ( ! id5tical me*anism1 made by ,h[e ne>ly =ty ye>s be=e1 :i* %[ n only t ,h[e 0 engag$ 9 turret-la! design b t he 0 a g5]ation ahead ( 8 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #da4 ,,james ,,h>tness ,"u ,mr4 ,h>tness' managem5t1 ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company h conc5trat$ on a s+le design ( ma*9e :i* !y h develop$ to ! utmo/4 ,r ?an be div]t$ f ?is s+le object1 he has1 z new inv5tions h come up1 help$ o!rs to develop !m indep5d5tly4 ,! result has be5 t :ile ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company1 ) "o exception1 has conf9$ its att5tion to flat-turret la!s1 a numb] ( important ma*9es1 :i* h sprung f m5 connect$ ) t company1 are n[ be+ manufactur$ by o!r firms4 ,! ,fell[s ge> %ap] is "o ( ^! ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,fell[s' c>e] is a problem to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! tra9+ ( me*anics4 ,he 0 a w9d[ dress] 9 a dry goods /ore 9 ,torr+ton & also ran ! c>pet dep>tm5t4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,h>tness came to ,spr+field1 ,mr4 ,fell[s1 !n tw5ty-two ye>s old1 came ) him4 ,)\t any previ\s me*anical tra9+ or te*nical education he work$ = "o week 9 ! %op1 slott+ screw heads1 & !n w5t into ! draw+ room4 ,he succe$$ s well "h t 9 a %ort "t he 0 *ief draftsman4 ,9 #ahif he inv5t$ 8 ge> %ap]1 ! ,fell[s ,ge> ,%ap] ,company 0 organiz$1 & has be5 9 successful op]ation ev] s9ce4 ,z ! !ory und]ly+ ?is inv5tion is ( a v ref9$ ord] & ! problems involv$ 9 its manufacture h be5 work$ out ) great skill1 "o w\ld expect x to be ! product ( long exp]i5ce & high te*nical tra9+4 ,t ,mr4 ,fell[s %\ld h br\ght out s ref9$ a ma*9e )9 a few ye>s f ! "t he fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to me*anical matt]s is a rem>kable tribute to 8 qualities z a ma*9e design]4 ,mr4 ,george ,o4 ,gridley is ano!r me*anic :o work$ "u ,mr4 ,h>tness at ,spr+field4 ,he develop$ ! s+le- & lat] ! multi-sp9dle automatic la!s :i* are n[ manufactur$ by ! ,w9dsor ,ma*9e ,company 9 ! new plant :i* has be5 built ne> ! old ,robb9s ,lawr5ce %op at ,w9dsor4 ,! orig9al plant ( ! fifties is n[ us$ z a club h\se = ! m54 ,! ,lo-,sw+ la!1 manufactur$ by ! ,fit*burg ,ma*9e ,works at ,fit*burg1 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,h>tness4 ,! ,fit*burg ,ma*9e ,works 0 f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly sixties by ,sylve/] ,c4 ,wright1 :o came f ! ,putnam ,ma*9e ,works4 ,= _m ye>s !y manufactur$ a g5]al l9e ( ma*9e tools1 b !y n[ conf9e _! att5tion entirely to ! ,lo-,sw+ la!4 ,! ,bryant *uck+ gr9d]1 inv5t$ by ,william ,l4 ,bryant1 is ano!r ma*9e :i* has sprung f ! ,jones ,lamson %op ( rec5t ye>s4 ,x is manufactur$ by a sep>ate company1 ! ,bryant ,*uck+ ,gr9d] ,company1 also at ,spr+field1 ,vt4 ,! ,fay automatic la!1 n[ manufactur$ by ,jones ,lamson ,company1 is ! exception to _! policy ( conc5tration on ! flat turret4 ,l ! ,lo-,sw+1 x is int5d$ = "w :i* _c be done on ! flat-turret la!1 m p>ticul>ly su* pieces z are c>ri$ on m&rels4 ,! cutt+ tools are controll$ by cams & a cam drum4 ,l ! ,lo-,sw+1 x is int5d$ to supplem5t ! field ( ! turret la! & to give ! advantage ( multiple tools1 con/ant sett+1 & automatic op]ation = "w :i* c\ld n be put ^u a turret ma*9e4 ,we h foll[$ ! f\r ma9 l9es ( influ5ce f ! old %op at ,w9dsor2 "o1 ?r\gh ,lawr5ce1 to ,h>t=d2 "o1 ?r\gh ,h[e1 to ,provid5ce2 "o1 ?r\gh ,/one & lat] ,gridley1 at ,w9dsor2 & ! f\r?1 ?r\gh ,h>tness & ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company to ,spr+field4 ,ano!r l9e ( influ5ce comes ?r\gh ,*>les ,e4 ,bill+s1 :o le>n$ 8 trade "u ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 w5t to ! ,colt ,armory1 & z we h se5 else:]e1 f\nd$ ! ,bill+s ,sp5c] ,company4 ,l ,mr4 ,h>tness1 he also has be5 a presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,!re are o!r l9es ( influ5ce 9 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania & else:]e :i* we _c foll[ out "h4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,br[n ,,%>pe ,,manufactur+ ,,company ,two companies1 bo? 9 ,new ,engl&1 h be5 conspicu\s = _! lead]%ip 9 tool build+ & ! introduction ( precision me?ods 9 manufacture4 ,"o ( !m1 ! ,pratt ,:itney ,company1 we h consid]$4 ,! o!r1 ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,provid5ce1 calls also = special notice4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahcc by ,david ,br[n & 8 son ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n4#ahi ,= ne>ly tw5ty ye>s its bus9ess compris$ ! mak+ & repair+ ( clocks1 wat*es & ma!matical in/rum5ts1 9 a small %op )\t p[]4 ,its influ5ce 0 h>dly m ?an local & only f\rte5 p]sons 7 employ$ 9 #ahec1 :5 ,lucian ,%>pe 0 tak5 into ! p>tn]%ip1 & ! firm became ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe4#aij #ahi ,david ,br[n retir$ 9 #ahda4 ,= ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,david & ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n see ,van ,slyck3 8,repres5tative ,m5 ( ,new ,engl&40 #aij ,! writ] w\ld ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,burl+ame = mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! real developm5t ( ! bus9ess _h begun a few ye>s be=e4 ,9 #ahej ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n _h inv5t$ & built a l9e> divid+ eng9e :i* 01 s f> z is kn[n1 ! fir/ automatic ma*9e = graduat+ rules us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 fully automatic1 adapt$ to a wide v>iety ( "w1 & provid$ ) devices = correct+ ! inaccuracies ( ! ma*9e z built1 & su* z might develop on acc\nt ( we>4 ,v>i\s improvem5ts 7 made 9 ?is ma*9e )9 ! next few ye>s & two m 7 built1 "o 9 #ahed & "o 9 #ahei1 ess5tially l x4 ,^! ?ree ma*9es are 9 use today & do+ "w :i* meets mod]n requirem5ts ( accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #db4 ,,joseph ,r4 ,,br[n ,soon aft] ! fir/ graduat+ ma*9e 0 put into use1 ! v]ni] calip]1 read+ to ?\s&?s ( an in*1 0 br\ght out by ,mr4 ,br[n2 ! fir/ 0 made z e>ly z #ahea4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he appli$ ! v]ni] to protractors4 ,a writ]1 9 speak+ ( ! inv5tion ( ! v]ni] calip]1 says1 8,x 0 ! fir/ practical tool = exact measurem5ts :i* c\ld be sold 9 any c\ntry at a price )9 ! rea* ( ! ord9>y ma*9i/1 & its importance 9 ! atta9m5t ( accuracy = f9e "w c h>dly be ov]e/imat$40 ,! introduction ( ! v]ni] calip] 0 sl[1 only f\r be+ made 9 ! fir/ ye>4 ,9 #aheb ,mr4 ,br[n ask$ ! ,new ,york ag5ts to return "o :i* !y _h on exhibition because he ne$$ x = "s f9e "w & did n h ano!r 9 ! %op4 ,)9 a ye> or two ! sales improv$1 = ,mr4 ,%>pe wrote 8 ag5t at ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 9 #ahed1 t x c\ld n be expect$ !re w\ld be a m>ket = _m m tools 9 t neighborhood1 z #ejj wor? _h already be5 sold !re4 ,mr4 ,br[n did n h ! m>ket long1 = 9 #aheb ,samuel ,d>l+ also inv5t$ & built a graduat+ eng9e & began ! manufacture ( rules & squ>es at ,bangor1 ,ma9e4 ,mr4 ,d>l+ _h be5 a f>m] & sawmill own]1 ) a /rong b5t = me*anics4 ,he _h gone to "w 9 a ma*9e %op six ye>s be=e & almo/ f ! fir/ _h giv5 8 att5tion to improvem5ts 9 ma*9i/s' tools4 ,8 fir/ p>tn] 0 ,edw>d ,h4 ,bailey1 b aft] a ye> a new p>tn]%ip 0 =m$ ) ,mi*ael ,s*w>tz1 a saw mak] & h>dw>e deal] ( ,bangor4 ,!y soon became active competitors ( ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe1 & to ?is day me*anics "h & !re h scales m>k$ 8,d4 ,s41 ,bangor1 ,me40 ,competition betwe5 ! two firms1 bo? 9 prices & quality ( "w1 became s ke5 t a truce 0 call$ 9 #ahff1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( ! p>tn]%ip ( ,d>l+1 ,br[n ,%>pe1 :i* conduct$ ?is "p ( ! bus9ess until #ahib1 :5 ,d>l+'s int]e/ 0 b\ght out4 ,! entire bus9ess 0 soon aft] conduct$ "u ! "n ,! ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,company1 ! orig9al firm ( ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe hav+ be5 incorporat$ "u t "n 9 #ahfh4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfh ,mr4 ,d>l+ mov$ to ,provid5ce1 br++ ) him 8 graduat+ eng9e1 ma*9]y & six ( 8 mo/ exp]i5c$ workm54 ,d>l+'s eng9e 0 built along radically diff]5t l9es f ,br[n's1 an int]e/+ feature be+ t _m ( its p>ts 7 made ( saw-/ock1 :i* he also us$ z ! mat]ial = 8 scales & squ>es4 ,8 ma*9es & processes _h be5 kept secret1 & x 0 n until aft] ! p>tn]%ip 0 =m$ t ,mr4 ,br[n _h opportunity ( see+ !m at ,bangor4 ,mr4 ,d>l+'s orig9al divid+ ma*9e is also /ill runn+ at ! ,br[n ,%>pe works1 hav+ be5 op]at$ = ov] fifty ye>s by ,john ,e4 ,hall1 :o rememb]s ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,d>l+ fir/ br\ght 8 new p>tn]s to see x4 ,bo? ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe & ,mr4 ,d>l+ _h _h _! /&>ds comp>$ ) ^? at ,wa%+ton prior to ! =mation ( ! p>tn]%ip4 ,/&>ds ( a /ill high] degree ( accuracy 7 prep>$ ab\t #ahgg1 & ! foll[+ is quot$ f a lett] to ,j4 ,e4 ,hilg>d1 ( ! ,coa/ ,survey ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 reg>d+ ! metric /&>d 9 use by ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,company at t "t3 ,tak+ #ci4cgj z ! /&>d1 !re is only #j4jjjbc 94 9 ! met] diff]5ce 9 our comp>ison1 :i* p]haps is z close z may be expect$4 ,we %all n[ consid] y\r comp>ison ( our /eel b> ) ! /&>d at ,wa%+ton z correct1 & 9 our comp>isons ) x %all be able to detect errors z small z #j4jjjjbe 94 ,/ill lat] & m accurate /&>ds 7 made by ,osc> ,j4 ,beale 9 #ahic4aia #aia ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #ajbe4 ,! e>ly bus9ess ( ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe connect$ !m closely ) ! v>i\s /&>ds !n 9 use = measur+ wire1 %eet metal1 & ! l4 ,mr4 ,%>pe 0 impress$ ) ! irregul>ity & confusion ( ^! v>i\s gauges1 s t aft] he became ,mr4 ,br[n's p>tn]1 he int]e/$ himself 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a m sy/ematic /&>d = wire gauges4 ,9 #ahee he correspond$ ) v>i\s p 9 reg>d to gauges = clock spr+s4 ,by ,janu>y ( #ahef ! wire gauge ) a regul> progression ( sizes _h be5 conceiv$1 & a mon? lat] a table ( sizes 0 made4 ,! new sy/em 0 laid be=e ! ,wat]bury ,brass ,association by ,mr4 ,%>pe1 & 9 ,novemb] ( t ye> fifty gauges 7 s5t to ,william ,br[n1 presid5t ( ! ,association1 = inspection by ! memb]s to %[ !m ! uni=mity 9 size :i* c\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 mak+ a numb] ( gauges4 ,! ,association pass$ resolutions adopt+ ?is /&>d1 & 9 ,febru>y1 #aheg1 eight ( ! lead+ ,am]ican manufactur]s sign$ ^! resolutions4 ,! new gauge1 introduc$ to ! public ?r\gh a circul> s5t out 9 ,m>* ( t ye>1 became ! /&>d1 s9ce kn[n z ! ,am]ican ,wire ,gauge4 ,! subject ( accurate ge>+ came up 9 connection ) ! clock bus9ess !n conduct$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe4 ,!re 7 also calls = ge>s to be cut :i* 7 beyond ! capacity ( ! ma*9e !y !n _h = su* "w4 ,?is l$ to ! design & build+ ( a precision ge> cutt]1 n only to produce accurate ge>s1 b also to drill index plates & d circul> graduat+4 ,! second ( ! l9e> divid+ eng9es1 built 9 #ahed1 _h a graduat$ silv] r+ set into ! divid+ :eel4 ,?is r+ 0 graduat$ at ! (fice ( ! ,coa/ ,survey 9 ,wa%+ton by ,william ,wurdeman on a ma*9e hav+ an index :eel ) #dcbj graduations copi$ f ! plate ( ! ,tr\ghton ,simms ma*9e 9 ,london4 ,mr4 ,br[n w5t to ,wa%+ton to see ! "w done & 0 s well satisfi$ ) x t he arrang$ ) ,mr4 ,wurdeman to graduate ! copp] r+ us$ 9 ! precision ge> cutt] :i* 0 built 9 #ahee4 ,patrick ,h>l[1 :o op]at$ ?is ma*9e f ab\t #ahfj to #aiaj1 says t x 0 ,mr4 ,br[n's special pride1 t x 0 giv5 ! honor & c>e due a precision ma*9e1 0 locat$ 9 a room by itself & c>efully cov]$ e night to protect x f injury4 ,long aft] x 0 supplant$ by automatic ge> cutt]s1 x 0 us$ = index drill+4 ,! =m$ mill+ cutt]1 :i* reta9s accurately ! cont\r ( its cutt+ edge ?r\gh successive %>p5+s1 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahfd by ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ) special ref]5ce to ! cutt+ ( ge> tee?4 ,9 fact1 ! olde/ mill+ cutt] kn[n 0 us$ = cutt+ ge> tee?4 ,?is cutt] 0 made "s "t prior to #aghb by ! ,fr5* me*anic ,jacques de ,vaucanson & came into ! possession ( ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,company ab\t #ahie4 ,! tee? are v f9e & app>5tly 7 cut ) *isels4 ,! hole 9 ! c5t] is octagonal & seems to h be5 broa*$4 ,! =m$ cutt]s came z "o ( ! important elem5ts 9 ! sy/em ( int]*angeable involute ge>s1 introduc$ by ,br[n ,%>pe1 bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( ,pr(essor ,willis4 ,:ile !y us$ bo? ! involute & cycloidal sy/ems1 !y ?rew ! weight ( _! influ5ce t[>d ! =m] & 7 a /rong factor 9 ! g5]al adoption ( ! involute =m = cut ge>+1 z well z = ! use ( diametral pit*1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 sugge/$ by ,bodm] 9 ,man*e/]1 ,engl&4 ,e>ly 9 ! ,civil ,w> ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company took up ! manufacture ( ,spr+field muskets = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,h[e1 :o _h become sup]9t5d5t ( t company aft] leav+ ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 _h be5 design+ turret ma*9es = a numb] ( ye>s1 z we h se54 ,9 ord] to equip ! ,tool ,company = ?is "w1 & especially = mak+ ! nipples1 he w5t to ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe & arrang$ ) !m to build a turret screw ma*9e = ?is purpose4 ,! g5]al design ( ?is ma*9e 0 simil> to ^? ( ,h[e ,/one1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,lamson tells ! writ] t ! ca/+s = x 7 made at ! ,jones ,lamson %op 9 ,w9dsor4 ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n add$ ! self-revolv+ turret1 utiliz+ a rat*et & pawl action on ! return motion ( ! slide1 ! device = releas+1 fe$+ & gripp+ ! b>-/ock :ile 9 motion1 & ! rev]s+ die hold]4 ,:ile ,br[n 0 ! fir/ to adapt ^! features to ! ,h[e ma*9e1 ! revolv+ fe$+ me*anism _h be5 us$ be=e & ,pratt ,:itney _h begun ! manufacture ( turret screw ma*9es ) self-revolv+ heads t same ye>1 #ahfa4aib #aib 8,orig9 ( ! ,turret10 ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,may #bd1 #aijj1 p4 #dhi4 ,?is screw ma*9e seems to h be5 ! fir/ ma*9e tool built = sale by ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,company4 ,v>i\s sizes ( screw ma*9es1 ( bo? h& & automatic types1 7 built by !m dur+ & s9ce ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 ! e>ly eighties1 ,s4 ,l4 ,worsley develop$ = !m ! complete automatic screw ma*9e1 _m features ( :i* are /ill 9 use 9 ! ma*9es n[ be+ built4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! w> pla9 mill+ ma*9es _h be5 9 use = _m ye>s4 ,! ,l9coln mill] _h tak5 its pres5t =m & ,h[e _h design$ a mill] ) a v]tically adju/able cutt]-slide & a swivel+ *uck :i* c\ld be revolv$1 index$ & swivel$ 9 two planes & f$ longitud9ally "u ! cutt]4#aic ,! /atem5t by ,fit* 9 ! 8,report on ! ,manufacture ( ,int]*angeable ,me*anism0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus1 #ahhj1 t ! 8univ]sal mill]0 0 design$ by ,h[e 9 #aheb1 is d\btless bas$ on ?is ma*9e or a =]unn] ( x4 ,! draw+s ( x1 h[ev]1 %[ a ma*9e ( radically diff]5t design f :at is n[ kn[n z ! 8univ]sal mill]10 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n 9 #ahfa-ahfb1 at ,h[e's sugge/ion4 #aic ,illu/rat$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,aug4 #ac1 #aiad1 pp4 #bif-big4 ,! ,br[n ,%>pe univ]sal mill] is indirectly connect$ ) ! p]cussion nipple :i* br\ght ab\t _! fir/ screw ma*9e4 ,! hole 9 ?is piece 0 drill$ by twi/ drills :i* ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company 7 mak+ = !mselves4 ,"o day ,h[e came into ! %op & wat*$ ! workman fil+ ! spiral grooves 9 tool-/eel wire ) a rat-tail file4 ,he decid$ t ! me?od 0 too exp5sive & consult$ ) ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n to f9d a bett] & m economical way ( mak+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dc4 ,,fir/ ,,univ]sal ,,mill+ ,,ma*9e #ahfb ,mr4 ,br[n appreciat$ ! ne$ ( a ma*9e to d ?is "w1 especially z he 0 j beg9n+ to use su* drills himself 9 ! manufacture ( ! ,wilcox ,gibbs sew+ ma*9es4 ,he set himself at once to ! task ( develop+ a ma*9e :i* w\ld n only cut ! grooves 9 twi/ drills1 b w\ld be suitable = _m k9ds ( spiral mill+1 ge> cutt+1 & o!r "w :i* _h up to t "t requir$ exp5sive h& op]ations4 ,little "t 0 lo/1 & ! fir/ ma*9e 7,fig4 #dc7 0 built & sold to ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahfb4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh sev]al h&s x came back ?irty ye>s lat] into ! possession ( its build]s & is n[ pres]v$ by !m = its hi/orical int]e/4 ,! fir/ publi%$ acc\nt ( ! ma*9e appe>$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,decemb] #bg1 #ahfb4 ,! limit$ facilities ( ! %op 7 tax$ to meet ! dem& creat$1 & t5 ma*9es 7 built & sold dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye> #ahfb1 mo/ ( ! sales be+ 9 ! ea/]n /ates4 ,! fir/ ma*9e sold 9 ! we/ w5t to ! ,elg9 ,national ,wat* ,company1 & ! fir/ "o sold abroad w5t to ,france4 ,h[e nev] claim$ to be ! inv5tor ( ?is ma*9e1 &1 9 fact1 :ile /ill sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company he wrote a te/imonial to ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe1 9 :i* he said1 8,i take great pleasure 9 recomm5d+ y\r celebrat$ univ]sal mill]s40 ,h[e 0 connect$ ) ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,company f ,janu>y #a1 #ahfh1 to ab\t #ahgc4 ,?is is ! la/ ye> t he appe>s 9 ! directory z be+ at _! works4 ,!re 0 "s =m ( p>tn]%ip by :i* he & ,mr4 ,mc,farlane1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 _h an int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess s t 8 "n does n occur 9 its li/ ( employees4 ,! pla9 mill+ ma*9e manufactur$ = ye>s by ,br[n ,%>pe is 8 design1 & 8 "w 0 p>tly t ( special design+ & p>tly sup]9t5d+ ! build+ ( _! new plant on ! pres5t site4 ,!y mov$ into ?is 9 #ahgb f _! old wood5 build+s4 ,at t "t !y employ$ f #aej to #bjj m54 ,9 ! e>ly sixties ! company began ! manufacture ( ! ,wilcox ,gibbs sew+ ma*9e1 :i* !y h manufactur$ ev] s9ce4 ,!y us$ cyl9drical & calip] gauges1 includ+ limit gauges1 = ?is "w4 ,9 #ahfe a set ( /&>ds 0 made = ,john ,ri*>ds1 & cyl9drical & limit gauges ( v>i\s =ms 7 regul>ly manufactur$ dur+ ! e>ly sev5ties4 ,= a long "t ! basis ( accuracy = ^! 0 a set ( ,:itwor? plugs & r+s1 :i* are /ill pres]v$ among _! ar*ives4 ,! sizes above ! #b in* are ca/-iron1 & comm5c+ ) ! #b in* !y are holl[ & ribb$4 ,^! 7 look$ ^u ) rev]5ce by ! ,br[n ,%>pe workm5 & 7 us$ z ma/] gauges = ! comm]cial plugs & r+s4 ,!y f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 try+ ! ,:itwor? plugs1 say in* & #a in* into a #b in* r+ & !n o!r comb9ations into ! same r+1 an appreciable v>iation 9 fit c\ld be notic$4 ,?is l$ to consid]ation ( means = obta9+ great] accuracy ?an 0 possible ) dep5d5ce on ^! ,:itwor? gauges4 ,at ! "t ! "q arose ,ri*mond ,viall _h j become sup]9t5d5t & ,osc> ,j4 ,beale 0 *ief inspector4 ,x 0 decid$ to make a measur+ ma*9e :i* %\ld be an orig9al /&>d = measur+ z well z a comp>ator4 ,?is ma*9e1 built 9 #ahgh1 0 l>gely ! "w ( ,mr4 ,beale4 ,x has a measur+ :eel graduat$ to read to t5-?\s&?s ( an in* & a v]ni] read+ to hundr$-?\s&?s4 ,!re is also an adju/m5t :i* reads ev5 f9] ?an ! fam\s 8million? divid+ eng9e0 ( ,:itwor?4 ,! basis ( accuracy = ! microscopic scale 0 a /&>d y>d1 :i* _h be5 comp>$ ) ! /&>ds at ,wa%+ton4 ,! micromet] calip] 0 introduc$ by ,br[n ,%>pe 9 #ahfg4 ,al?\gh n ! pione]s 9 ! s5se ( be+ ! inv5tors1 !y 7 ! fir/ to recognize ! practical value ( ?is tool = ma*9i/s1 & to put x on ! m>ket4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! v]ni] calip]1 ! introduction ( ! micromet] calip] into ev]yday %opwork m>k$ an important /ep 9 rais+ ! /&>d ( accuracy4 ,! pr9ciple is v old4 ,william ,gascoigne1 ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 us$ x ab\t #afcg1 mov+ two p>allel edges or po9t]s to & fro by means ( a screw provid$ ) a divid$ head4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s ! pr9ciple has be5 us$ 9 controll+ ! movem5t ( spid] webs & cross hairs 9 transits & o!r optical in/rum5ts4 ,x is well kn[n t ,watt _h "o 7n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 9 ,london71 & we h already m5tion$ ! 8,"l ,*ancellor10 us$ by ,maudslay be=e #ahcj4 ,r4 ,hoe ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 9 #aheh1 _h a b5* micromet] read+ up to #i in*es4 ,b none ( ^! c\ld ev] h influ5c$ me*anical /&>ds g5]ally z did ! /rong1 compact little in/rum5t develop$ by ,br[n ,%>pe4 ,! circum/ances surr\nd+ its introduction are z foll[s3 ,9 #ahfg ! ,bridgeport ,brass ,company _h a lot ( %eet brass return$ to !m f ! ,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,company z 8out ( gauge40 ,inve/igation %[$ t ! %eets 7 to ! gauge ( ! manufactur]1 b t ! gauge us$ by ! cu/om] did n agree1 &1 fur!r1 :5 bo? gauges 7 te/$ by a ?ird1 no two ( !m agre$4 ,all ?ree gauges 7 suppos$ to be ! regul> ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d1 adopt$ by ! wire manufactur]s 9 #aheg1 ( ! well-kn[n r\nd1 flat =m1 ) slits = ! v>i\s sizes cut 9 ! circumf]5ce4 ,gauges ( ?is =m 7 ! be/ & mo/ accurate me?od !n kn[n = measur+ %eet metal4 ,s4 ,r4 ,wilmot1 !n sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,bridgeport ,brass ,company1 see+ t ! difficulty 0 likely to occur aga91 devis$ ! micromet] %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #dd1 & _h six ( !m made by a skill$ ma*9i/ nam$ ,hiram ,driggs1 "u ! direction ( ,a4 ,d4 ,laws1 :o 0 !n 9 *>ge ( ! me*anical dep>tm5t ( ! ,brass ,company4 ,! read+ ( ! ?\s&?s ( an in* 0 giv5 by a po9t] & a spiral l9e ( ! same pit* z ! screw1 #dj to ! in*1 runn+ ar\nd ! cyl9d] & cross$ by a set ( #be lat]al1 p>allel l9es4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahfg1 ! matt] 0 tak5 up ) ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n ,%>pe ) a view to hav+ !m manufacture ! gauges1 & ! "o %[n1 ,a1 ,fig4 #dd1 ) ,mr4 ,laws' "n /amp$ on x1 is /ill 9 _! possession4 ,z submitt$1 ! tool 0 n consid]$ to be ( comm]cial value1 = ! cyl9d] 0 completely cov]$ ) spiral & /raight l9es int]sect+ ea* o!r s closely t x 0 impossible to put any figures ^u x1 ?us mak+ x v difficult to read4 ,9 #ahdh ,jean ,laur5t ,palm]1 a skill$ me*anic 9 ,p>is1 pat5t$ a 8screw calip]10 %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #dd1 & began manufactur+ x "u ! "n ( 8,sy/eme ,palm]40 ,9 ?is micromet] ! graduations 7 divid$1 "o set be+ on ! cyl9d] ( ! frame & ! o!r on ! revolv+ b>rel1 an arrangem5t :i* p]mitt$ all ! m>k+s necess>y = cle>ness4 ,! importance ( ?is tool does n seem to h be5 appreciat$ until ,augu/1 #ahfg1 :5 ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n & ,lucian ,%>pe saw "o at ! ,p>is ,exposition4 ,!y at once recogniz$ its possibilities & br\ght "o home ) !m4 ,to use ,mr4 ,%>pe's own words3 8,z a gauge 0 want$ = measur+ %eet metal1 we adopt$ ,palm]'s plan ( division1 & ! ,bridgeport man's size ( gauge1 add+ ! clamp = tight5+ ! screw & ! adju/+ screw = comp5sat+ ! we> ( end ( po9ts :]e ! metal is measur$1 & produc$ our #8,pocket ,%eet ,metal ,gauge4'444 ,we %\ld nev] h made su* a gauge z 0 %[n u by ! ,bridgeport man 9 #ahfg1 to sell on our own acc\nt1 z x w\ld be too tr\blesome to read to be salable4 ,if we _h n happ5$ to f9d ! ,palm] gauge1 & !reby f\nd a practical way to read ?\s&?s ( an in*1 no gauges w\ld h be5 made4 ,if we _h nev] se5 ! ,bridgeport device we %\ld h f\nd ! ,palm] at ,p>is1 & )\t d\bt h made su* gauges1 b possibly w\ld h made a l>g] "o fir/4 ,! imm$iate reason ( mak+ ! #8,pocket ,%eet ,metal ,gauge' 0 ! sugge/ion com+ f ! ,bridgeport ,brass ,company ( ! want ( a gauge ( ! size ( ! sample %[n u = ! use ( ! brass trade40#aid #aid ,f a lett] ( ,lucian ,%>pe1 quot$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ( ,decemb] #ae1 #ahib1 p4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,,figure #dd4 ,,e>ly ,,micromet] ,,calip]s ,a--,wilmot's ,micromet]1 #ahfg ,b--,palm] ,micromet]1 br\ght f ,p>is by ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n & ,lucian ,%>pe1 #ahfg ,c--8,pocket ,%eet ,metal ,gauge10 ,br[n ,%>pe1 #ahfh ,d--,"o-in* ,micromet]1 ,br[n ,%>pe1 #ahgg ,?is gauge1 %[n at ,c1 9 ,fig4 #dd1 0 put on ! m>ket 9 #ahfh1 & appe>$ 9 ! catalog ( #ahfi4 ,comp>ison ( ,a1 ,b1 & ,c 9 ,fig4 #dd %[s cle>ly _! close relation%ip4 ,! t]m 8micromet]0 calip] 0 fir/ appli$ to ! "o-in* calip] 7,d1 ,fig4 #dd7 :i* 0 br\ght out & illu/rat$ 9 ! catalog ( #ahgg4 ,9 ,ma*9]y ( ,june1 #aiae1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,burl+ame has giv5 an admirable & v complete acc\nt ( ! v>i\s improvem5ts :i* h be5 br\ght out s9ce t "t4 ,9 connection ) ! article1 a mod]n micromet] is %[n & its v>i\s features1 ) ! inv5tors ( ea*1 are cle>ly indicat$4#aie #aie ,! orig9 & developm5t ( ! pres5t =m ( micromet] is fur!r discuss$ 9 ,ma*9]y1 ,augu/1 #aiae1 p4 #iii1 & ,septemb]1 #aiae1 pp4 #aa1 #eh4 ,! cyl9drical gr9d] 0 fir/ made z a crude gr9d+ la! 9 ! e>ly sixties1 & us$ = gr9d+ ! ne$le & foot b>s ( ! ,wilcox ,gibbs sew+ ma*9es4 ,9 #ahfd & #ahfe ! regul> manufacture ( gr9d+ la!s 0 begun by us+ p>ts ( #ad-;in* ,putnam la!s modifi$ to produce ! automatic gr9d+ la!s4 ,^! modifications consi/$ 9 m\nt+ a gr9d+ :eel on ! c>riage1 provid+ an automatic fe$+ & rev]s+ atta*m5t1 & includ$ ! use ( a dead c5t] pulley4 ,f #ahfh until #ahgf v>i\s plans 7 work$ out = a complete univ]sal gr9d]1 & by #ahgf "o _h be5 built & 0 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition4 ,! fir/ "o us$ at ! factory 0 put into s]vice a few days aft] ,mr4 ,br[n's dea?1 :i* occurr$ ,july #bc1 #ahgf4 ,! pat5t grant$ to ,mr4 ,br[n's heirs = ?is ma*9e includ$ n only ! ord9>y devices ( ! univ]sal gr9d] s well kn[n today1 b also provision = =m gr9d+4 ,! design+ ( surface ma*9es z well z _m o!r v>ieties foll[$1 ! "w be+ done "u ! direction ( ,*>les ,h4 ,norton1 :o lat] _h *>ge ( ! design ( _! gr9d+ ma*9]y4 ,! manufacture ( automatic ge> cutt]s 0 comm5c$ by ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,company 9 #ahgg1 two designs by ,edw>d ,h4 ,p>ks1 a small manufactur+ ma*9e = bevel & spur ge>s & ! l>g] ma*9e = g5]al use1 be+ br\ght out 9 t ye>4 ,9 sixty ye>s ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,company has gr[n f an obscure local %op into a great plant employ+ ?\s&s1 b its influ5ce & its product repres5t a great] a*ievem5t4 ,_m me*anics ( high ability h gone to o!r %ops1 among :om are ,h5ry ,m4 ,lel&1 presid5t ( ! ,cadillac ,motor ,c> ,company2 ,j4 ,t4 ,slocomb1 ,horace ,?ur/on1 ,elm] ,a4 ,beaman & ,george ,smi?1 ( ,provid5ce2 ,*>les ,h4 ,norton1 ( ,worce/]2 ,john ,j4 ,grant1 ( ,bo/on2 ,william ,s4 ,dav5port1 ( ,new ,b$=d2 ,a4 ,j4 ,%aw1 ( ! ,%aw ,electric ,crane ,company1 & ,h4 ,k4 ,le,blond1 ( ,c9c9nati4 ,hundr$s ( o!rs1 h[ev]1 z manag]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 *ief draftsm5 & tool mak]s1 h p]haps done m to spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! me?ods & /&>ds ( accuracy :i* h made ,am]ican ma*9e tools :at !y are4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,lel&1 :o 0 tra9$ 9 ! ,provid5ce %op1 says3 ,! man :o is responsible = ?is & :o ?or\ghly demon/rat$ 8 r>e ability & wond]ful p]si/5cy 9 br++ out ! accurate measur+ tools & in/rum5ts1 & ! advanc$ types ( m effici5t & unique ma*9]y1 0 ! f\nd]1 ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n4 ,i h (t5 said t 9 my judgm5t ,mr4 ,br[n des]v$ great] cr$it ?an any o!r man = develop+ & mak+ possible ! great accuracy & ! high effici5cy ( mod]n ma*9e practice & 9 mak+ x possible to manufacture int]*angeable p>ts1 because ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,company 7 ! fir/ p to place on ! m>ket & to educate ! me*anics ( ! c\ntry 9 ! use ( ! v]ni] calip]4 ,!y 7 also ! fir/ to make ! micromet] calip]4 ,i rememb] t 9 ^? e>ly days p came to ,br[n ,%>pe f all ov] ! _w to consult ) ,mr4 ,br[n 9 ref]5ce to obta9+ great accuracy & secur+ difficult results :i* _h be5 deem$ insurm\ntable by o!r high-grade me*anics4 ,! me*anical eng9e]s are n[ se>*+ ! records = m5 :o h made !mselves em95t 9 ! indu/rial _w z inv5tors & manufactur]s2 = a li/ ( m5 to h honorable m5tion & to h _! a*ievem5ts & ability s record$ t ! mod]n _w may be/[ ^u !m ! cr$it & gratitude :i* !y s ri*ly des]ve4 ,among ^! names ,i "k ( none :o des]ves a high] place ?an1 or :o has done s mu* = ! mod]n high /&>ds ( ,am]ican manufactur]s ( int]*angeable p>ts z ,joseph ,r4 ,br[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,c5tral ,,new ,,engl& ,at ! close ( ! *apt] on 8,e>ly ,am]ican ,me*anics0 we ref]r$ to ! spread ( ma*9]y build+ nor?w>d f ,rhode ,isl& to ! ,m]rimac ,valley & c5tral ,massa*usetts4 ,?is by no means implies t all ! nor!rn %ops 7 />t$ by ,rhode ,isl& me*anics1 b _! influ5ce is s /rong z to be cle>ly se52 & "h1 z 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ! e>ly %ops 7 closely id5tifi$ ) ! textile indu/ry4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ influ5tial ( ^! 0 ! ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! ,amoskeag ,company 7 made by a ,b5jam9 ,prit*>d1 ( ,new ,ipswi*1 ,n4 ,h41 :o built a small textile mill at ,amoskeag ,village1 !n ,g(f/[n1 9 #ahji4 ,9 #ahbb x 0 b\ght by ,olney ,rob9son1 f :om1 t same ye>1 ,samuel ,slat] receiv$ a lett] ask+ = a loan ( #cjjj4 ,?is 0 accompani$ by a magnific5t salmon z a sample ( ! products ( ,amoskeag4 ,slat]1 ) ! in/9cts ( a good sportsman & a c>eful bus9ess man1 w5t !re to inve/igate1 ) ! result t he b\ght ! prop]ty1 :i* !n consi/$ ( a wat] p[]1 a two-/ory wood5 mill & two or ?ree small t5em5ts4 ,l>n$ ,pit*] soon jo9$ him1 & 9 #ahbe f\r o!r p>tn]s 7 tak5 91 ,will>d ,sayles1 ,lyman ,tiffany1 ,oliv] ,dean & ,ira ,gay4 ,?ree ( ! p>tn]s 7 ,pawtucket m5--,slat]1 ,pit*] & ,gay4 ,slat] & ,gay 7 v influ5tial 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! company4 ,! bus9ess grew rapidly & 9 #ahda !y =m$ ! ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,company1 :i* has _h a long & successful c>e]4 ,_! *>t] 0 broad1 & !y ext5d$ _! op]ations until !y includ$ textile mills1 ext5sive improvem5ts ( ! wat] p[]s on ! ,m]rimac1 ! f\nd+ ( ! city ( ,man*e/]1 & ! op]ation ( a l>ge ma*9e %op4 ,! la/1 :i* int]e/s u mo/1 0 />t$ ab\t #ahdj4 ,at fir/ x 0 us$ only = build+ & repair+ textile ma*9]y1 b be=e v long x 0 actively engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( /eam boil]s1 locomotives1 /eam fire eng9es1 turb9e :eels & ma*9e tools4 ,x compris$ two ?ree-/ory %ops1 ea* ne>ly #djj feet long1 ) f\ndries & =ge %ops1 & employ$ 9 all #gjj m5--a l>ge plant = sev5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,william ,a4 ,burke1 its fir/ head1 left 9 #ahde to organize ! ,l[ell ,ma*9e ,%op1 :i* built textile & pap] ma*9]y & locomotives1 & did g5]al millwright "w4 ,"o ( ! workm5 :o help$ in/all ! ma*9]y 9 ! ,amoskeag %op 0 ,william ,b4 ,bem5t4 ,he rema9$ !re = two ye>s z =eman & contractor1 & 9 #ahde jo9$ ,burke at ,l[ell4 ,o4 ,w4 ,bayley1 :o succe$$ ,burke z head ( ! ,amoskeag %op1 left 9 #ahee & f\nd$ ! ,man*e/] ,locomotive ,works4 ,ira ,gay came to ,new ,hamp%ire f ,pawtucket 9 #ahbd4 ,besides ! ,na%ua ,manufactur+ ,company & ! ,na%ua ,iron ,/eel ,works1 he & 8 bro!r1 ,ziba ,gay1 f\nd$ 7ab\t #ahcj7 ! ,gay ,silv] ,company1 lat] ! ,nor? ,*elms=d ,ma*9e ,supply ,company ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,h[e1 :o did su* important "w ) ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company1 & ,br[n ,%>pe1 le>n$ 8 trade 9 ! ,gay ,silv] %op4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! %op ( ,gage1 ,w>n] ,:itney1 e/abli%$ by ,john ,h4 ,gage at ,na%ua 9 #ahcg1 0 ! fir/ "o devot$ exclusively to ! manufacture ( ma*9e tools4 ,if ?is is true1 x does n involve z high a degree ( specialization z w\ld seem1 = ,bi%op 9 #ahfj says3 8,_! manufactures include iron plan]s ( all sizes1 eng9e la!s1 f ! smalle/ wat* mak]'s up to a size suitable = turn+ locomotive driv+ :eels six or eight feet 9 diamet]1 h& la!s ( all sizes1 *uck+ la!s ( all dim5sions1 ) slid+ b$1 bolt cutt+ ma*9es = rapidly trans=m+ any "p ( a pla9 bolt into a nice1 ev5ly ?read$ screw1 upright & sw+ drills1 bor+ ma*9es = %ap+ ! int]ior ( /eam cyl9d]s1 or o!r bores ( l>ge diamet]1 slabb]s ( all k9ds1 ge>-cutt+ eng9es ( all sizes = %ap+ & smoo?+ ! tee? ( ge> :eels ) p]fect accuracy1 p[] pun*+ ma*9es ( v>i\s sizes1 etc40#aif ,9 #aheb !y began build+ /eam eng9es4 ,) all ?is =midable li/1 x seems nev] to h be5 a v l>ge %op4 #aif 8,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,manufactures10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dea4 ,9 #ahbe ! improvem5t ( ! wat] p[] at :at is n[ ,l[ell 0 begun4 ,almo/ at ! v beg9n+ ( ?is developm5t "w1 a l>ge ma*9e %op 0 built & plac$ "u ! *>ge ( ,paul ,moody1 :o 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! =emo/ me*anics ( 8 day & 0 an exp]t 9 cotton ma*9]y4 ,?is %op 0 reta9$ by ! ,wat] ,p[] ,company = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 :5 x 0 sold 7#ahde7 & reorganiz$ z ! ,l[ell ,ma*9e ,%op "u ,burke's lead]%ip4 ,x employ$ at times "o ?\s& m51 & became "o ( ! mo/ important %ops 9 ! :ole ,m]rimac ,valley4 ,james ,b4 ,francis1 ! great hydraulic eng9e]1 began 8 life "w z a draftsman "h 9 #ahcc2 & lat] ,bem5t became its *ief draftsman1 leav+ x to g to ,philadelphia4 ,f #ahbj to #ahdj1 o!r %ops sprang up 9 ! ,m]rimac ,valley1 su* z ,c4 ,m4 ,m>vel ,company1 ( ,l[ell1 ! ,lawr5ce ,ma*9e ,%op1 & ! ,essex ,ma*9e ,%op1 :]e ,amos ,:itney1 ( ,pratt ,:itney1 le>n$ 8 trade1 almo/ all ( !m build+ textile ma*9]y1 z well z ma*9e tools4 ,! output ( ^! %ops %[$ little specialization4 ,!y built almo/ any?+ :i* !y c\ld sell4 ,( ! ,massa*usetts t[ns1 ,worce/] & ,fit*burg seem to h be5 ! fir/ to develop successful %ops produc+ ma*9e tools only4 ,9 ,worce/] also ! ma*9]y trade _h its beg9n+ 9 ! manufacture ( textile ma*9]y2 9 fact1 ,worce/] ant$ates ev5 ,pawtucket 9 its attempts at cotton sp9n+1 b ^! at fir/ 7 unsuccessful4 ,practically all ! e>ly wat] privileges 9 & ab\t ! t[n1 n us$ = sawmills1 7 us$ = textile mills4 ,prior to #ahaj !re 0 a small clock %op1 "s pap] mills1 & a few o!r ent]prises1 b !y c\ld h>dly be dignifi$ z factories4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! old %op :]e ,?omas ,blan*>d inv5t$ 8 copy+ la! = turn+ irregul> =ms4 ,an ,abraham ,l9coln op]at$ a mill & a =ge ) a trip hamm] z e>ly z #agie4 ,"h1 9 qu>t]s r5t$ f ,l9coln1 ,e>le ,williams />t$1 ab\t #ahaj1 ! fir/ ma*9e %op 9 ! city4 ,! t[n grew sl[ly & its int]e/s 7 l>gely local4 ,x 0 n until #ahbj t ,worce/] took fir/ rank ev5 among ! t[ns 9 ! c\nty4 ,!re 0 q an excitem5t ov] ! discov]y ( coal 9 #ahbc4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 to be s poor1 t1 z someone put x at ! "t1 8!re 0 a ---- sight m coal aft] burn+ x ?an !re 0 be=e40 ,! ,provid5ce ,worce/] canal 0 op5$ 9 #ahbh1 b its usefulness = navigation 0 greatly limit$ by ! _m p[] privileges along its r\te4 ,its traffic 0 nev] l>ge & x w5t out ( bus9ess 9 #ahdh4 ,x s]v$1 h[ev]1 to ha/5 ! build+ ( ! ,bo/on ,worce/] ,railroad1 :i* 0 built by ,bo/on capital to deflect ! trade ( ! c5tral ,massa*usetts t[ns f ,provid5ce to t city4 ,x op5$ 9 #ahce2 & 9 #ahcf !re 7 li/$ 9 ,worce/] 8sev5 ma*9]y works10 "o wire mill & "o iron f\ndry4 ,mo/ ( ! e>li] tool build]s 7 tra9$ 9 ! small textile-ma*9]y %ops :i* _h sprung up aft] #ahaj1 su* z ,wa%burn ,godd>d's1 ,g\ld+'s1 ,phelps ,bick=d's1 ,:ite ,boyd5's4 ,! rapid developm5t ( railroads creat$ a dem& = ma*9e tools :i* ! ,worce/] me*anics 7 quick to recognize1 z _h ,nasmy? & ,rob]ts 9 ,engl&4 ,?omas ,blan*>d1 :o 0 born ne> ,worce/]1 is "o ( ! picturesque & attractive figures 9 our me*anical hi/ory4 ,he 0 a %y1 timid boy1 :o /amm]$ badly1 & 0 consid]$ 8backw>d40 ,! +5i\s t9k]]1 laugh$ at by all1 fir/ secur$ 8 /&+ by devis+ an apple-p>] :i* made a hit1 social & me*anical4 ,at eighte5 he began build+ a tack ma*9e & work$ six ye>s on x be=e he consid]$ x f9i%$4 ,! ess5tials ( its design h be5 little *ang$ s9ce4 ,x made ov] two hundr$ tacks a m9ute & its product 0 m uni=m & bett] ?an ! h&-made tacks4 ,blan*>d sold ! pat5t = x = #ejjj1 a l>ge price = ^? days1 b only a fraction ( its real value4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ab\t #ahah1 he inv5t$ ! la! = turn+ irregul> =ms :i* is associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,x 0 fir/ built = turn+ gun-/ocks at ! ,spr+field ,armory1 & ! orig9al ma*9e 7,fig4 #bi7 is /ill pres]v$ !re 9 ! museum4 ,blan*>d work$ at ! ,armory = sev]al ye>s z an exp]t design] & inv5t$ or improv$ ab\t a doz5 ma*9es = ! manufacture ( fire>ms1 *iefly mortis+ & turn+ ma*9es4 ,he 0 a f]tile inv5tor & work$ 9 _m l9es besides tool build+4 ,8 pr9cipal income came f royalties on 8 8copy+0 la!4 ,_m /ories are told ( 8 +5uity & homely wit4 ,9 8 lat] life he 0 a pat5t exp]t4 ,8 ke5 me*anical intuitions1 8 wide & v>i$ exp]i5ce & unsw]v+ hone/y1 gave weight to 8 op9ions1 & 8 old age 0 sp5t 9 com=table circum/ances4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfd4 ,9 #ahbc ,william ,a4 ,:eel] came to ,worce/]1 & two ye>s lat] he 0 op]at+ a f\ndry4 ,he did "s ma*9e "w1 & _h ! fir/ /eam eng9e & ! fir/ bor+ ma*9e 9 ,worce/]1 & also an iron plan] 8weigh+ #aej lb41 #d ft4 long & #bj 94 wide10 ! fir/ "o1 x is said1 9 ! /ate4 ,beg9n+ ) ?ree or f\r h&s1 ?is f\ndry employ$ at times two hundr$ m54 ,its long c>e] clos$ 9 ! summ] ( #aiad4 ,samuel ,flagg mov$ to ,worce/] f ,we/ ,boyl/on 9 #ahci1 to be ne> ! ,:eel] f\ndry f :i* he got 8 ca/+s4 8,uncle ,sammy ,flagg0 0 ! fir/ man 9 ,worce/] to devote himself entirely to tool build+1 & is consid]$ ! fa!r ( ! indu/ry !re4 ,he made h& & eng9e la!s 9 r5t$ qu>t]s 9 ! old ,c\rt ,mills1 :i* has be5 call$ ! cradle ( ! ,worce/] tool build+ indu/ry4 ,8 fir/ la!s 7 light & crude1 ) a wood5 b$1 wr\ght-iron /rips = ways1 *a9-op]at$ c>riage1 & ca/ ge>s1 z cut ge>s 7 unhe>d ( 9 ! city at t "t4 ,8 fir/ competitor1 ,pi]son ,c[ie1 began mak+ *a9 plan]s ab\t #ahde4 ,aft] a few ye>s he sold 8 bus9ess to ,woodburn1 ,light ,company1 :i* 9 a few ye>s became ,wood1 ,light ,company1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! old] firms4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,s4 ,c4 ,coombs began mak+ la!s & plan]s4 ,flagg meantime _h organiz$ ! firm ( ,samuel ,flagg ,company1 :i* includ$ two ( 8 =m] appr5tices1 ,l4 ,w4 ,pond 7^: portrait appe>s 9 ,fig4 #df7 & ,e4 ,h4 ,bell[s4 ,pond lat] b\ght out ,flagg & ,bell[s & develop$ ! bus9ess greatly4 ,x 0 incorporat$ z ! ,pond ,ma*9e ,tool ,company1 9 #ahge1 specializ$ 9 heavy eng9e la!s1 & is n[ "p ( ! ,niles-,bem5t-,pond ,company4 ,bell[s w5t into ! eng9e bus9ess1 & ,flagg />t$ ano!r ent]prise1 ! ,ma*9i/ ,tool ,company1 :i* did n la/ long4 ,x la/$ long en\gh1 h[ev]1 to build "o ( ! l>ge/ la!s made up to t "t1 #ce feet long ) ways #h feet wide4 ,f ! old ,phelps ,bick=d & ,s4 ,c4 ,coombs %ops came ! two ,:itcomb bro!rs1 ,c>t] & ,alonzo1 :o =m$ ! ,c>t] ,:itcomb ,company 9 #ahdi1 :i* became ! ,:itcomb ,manufactur+ ,company 9 #ahgb4 ,f ! ,coombs company also came successively ,%ep>d1 ,la! ,company2 ,la!1 ,morse ,company1 & ! ,drap] ,ma*9e ,tool ,company4 ,p4 ,blaisdell ,company 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfe by ,p>ritt ,blaisdell1 :o _h be5 fifte5 ye>s ) ,wood1 ,light ,company2 & ,s4 ,e4 ,hildre?1 :o _h work$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s ) ,flagg & ,pond1 became a p>tn] 9 ?is firm eight ye>s lat]4 ,! ,:itcomb1 ,drap] & ,blaisdell companies 7 unit$ 9 #aije into ! pres5t ,:itcomb-,blaisdell ,ma*9e ,tool ,company4 ,f ! old ,blaisdell %op came also ,j4 ,e4 ,snyd] ,son ?r\gh ,curri] ,snyd]1 :o began build+ drills 9 #ahcc & 7 bo? old workm5 at ,blaisdell's4 ,! orig9al ,re$ ,pr5tice ,company 0 />t$ by ,a4 ,f4 ,pr5tice1 :o sold a half int]e/ to ,f4 ,e4 ,re$ 9 #ahge4 ,! ,woodw>d ,p[ell ,plan] ,company comes f ! ,p[ell ,plan] ,company1 incorporat$ 9 #ahgf4 ,?is maze ( relation%ips is made cle> by ref]5ce to ! table giv5 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,! ,norton ,company comes f ,f4 ,b4 ,norton1 :o began exp]im5t+ on vitrifi$ em]y :eels ab\t #ahgc & put !m on ! m>ket 9 #ahgi4 ,at 8 dea? ! bus9ess 0 incorporat$ z ! ,norton ,em]y ,:eel ,company1 n[ ! ,norton ,company4 ,*>les ,h4 ,norton's "w 9 develop+ precision gr9d+ has be5 p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%$ contribution to ! lat] g5]ation ( ,worce/] me*anics4 ,he began "w 9 ! %ops ( ! ,se? ,?omas ,clock ,company at ,?oma/on1 ,conn41 "u 8 uncle1 ,n4 ,a4 ,norton1 :o 0 ma/] me*anic !re = ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,at 8 uncle's dea?1 ,norton became ma/] me*anic4 ,he 0 ) ! ,clock ,company ab\t tw5ty ye>s 9 all1 mo/ ( ! "t 9 *>ge ( ! design & build+ ( all _! tools1 ma*9]y & l>ge t[] clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,a4 ,,:eel]1 ,,phelps ,,bick=d ,,i*abod ,,wa%burn #ahbc ,textile ,ma*9]y ,c>ds & ,textile ,f\ndry--,came f ,s4 ,c4 ,coombs ,ma*ry4 ,brookfield1 99#b99 99#c99 ,plant clos$ 9 #aiad 99#a99 #c ,,wa%burn ,,h[>d ,c>ds1 ,textile ,ma*ry4 & ,wire #ahbj 99#d99 #a #b #d ,j4 ,a4 ,,fay ,,samuel ,,flagg1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,coombs ,,wa%burn ,,co4 #ahci ,,co4 ,,godd>d ,woodwork+ ,fir/ tool- #ahde ,textile1 ,ma*ry build] 9 city ,r4 ,r4 ,%ep>d ,ma*ry4 ,ke5e1 ,n4 ,h4 --came f & ,m>t9 & ,wire ,j4 ,a4 ,fay & ,we/ ,boyl/on ,la! #ahbb ,edw4 ,josslyn4 to be ne> 99#i99 99#aj #aa99 #ahcf ,:eel] ,a4 ,a4 99#e99 f\ndry ,:itcomb 99#f #g99 99#h99 #aa ,,pi]son ,,c[ie #i ,c4 ,,read ,,co4 ,,?os4 ,e4 ,ab\t #ahde--,made ,,%ep>d1 ,,la! ,worce/]--,screws ,,daniels *a9 plan]s ,,co4 99#ad99 ,woodwork+ 99#ab99 99#ac99 ,ma*ry4 ,worce/] 99#ae99 #h #ad #g ,c4 ,,:itcomb ,,co4 ,,am]ican ,,screw ,,co4 #ae ,,samuel ,,flagg #ahdi--;,c>t] & ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,ta9t] ,,co4 ,alonzo ,:itcomb ,,g>dn] ,,*ilds ,l4 ,w ,pond1 99#ba99 ,daniels ,plan]1 ,e4 ,h4 ,bell[s1 etc4 ,s4 ,e4 ,hildre? ,worce/] ,pond b\ght out 99#af99 o!r p>tn]s4 #ahdg 99#ai #bj99 #ac ,,la!1 ,,morse ,,co4 ,,lor+ ,a4 ,g4 ,,coes 99#ag99 #ahcf 99#ah99 #ab ,,woodburn1 #ag #ah ,,light ,,co4 ,,drap] ,,ma*4 ,began mak+ #ahdf ,,tool ,,co4 screw wr5*es 99#bb99 99#bc99 #ahda 99#bd99 #e #af ,,ri*>dson1 ,,m]riam #ba ,,co4 ,,:itcomb ,,mfg4 ,,co4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,norton ,worce/]4 ,ri*>dson #ahgb ,began exp]im5ts on 0 ,josslyn's nephew4 99#bg99 :eels 9 #ahgc4 ,began ,"n ( ,j4 ,a4 ,fay 0 sale 9 #ahgi4 ,di$ sold to ,we/]n #ahhe & bus9ess ag5ts1 ab\t #ahfb incorporat$ #ahhf 99#be99 99#bf99 #bb #f ,,wood1 #aj ,?omson1 ,sk9n] ( ,,light ,,co4 ,,wa%burn ,co4 ( ,*icopee ,p>ritt ,,mo5 ,falls1 b\ght out ,blaisdell ,wire #ahej ,flagg's orig9al 99#bi99 99#cb99 bus9ess 99#bh99 #bf #bh #bj #bi ,,norton ,,new ,,hav5 ,,mfg4 ,p4 ,,blaisdell ,a4 ,f4 ,,pr5tice ,,em]y ,,:eel ,,co4 ,,co4 ,,co4 ,sold half #ahhf ,new ,hav51 #ahfe int]e/ to 99#cc #cd99 ,conn4 ,p4 ,blaisdell1 ,f4 ,e4 ,re$1 ,s4 ,e4 ,hildre?1 #ahge #cc ,eno* ,e>le1 ,,*as4 ,h4 ,,norton ,curri]1 ,snyd] ,inv5t$ ,gr9d+ 99#cj #ca99 ,ma*9es1 ,came f ,br[n ,%>pe 99#cg99 #ai #cj ,,pond ,,ma*4 ,,tool ,,curri] ,,snyd] ,,re$ ,,pr5tice ,,co4 ,bo? work$ = ,re$ b\ght :ole #ahge ,blaisdell4 bus9ess #ahhc 9 #ahgg 99#ce99 99#cf99 #be #cb #cg ,j4 ,a4 ,,fay ,mov$ to ,,p[ell ,incorporat$ ,,norton ,,co4 ,pla9field1 ,,plan] lat] z ,,gr9d+ ,c9c9nati1 ,n4 ,j41 ,,co4 ,wa%burn ,,co4 ,ohio1 #ahhh #ahhg ,mo5 ,gr9d+ #ahfb 99#ci99 99#dj99 ,mfg4 ,co4 ,ma*9es 99#ch99 99#da99 #aijj #ci #cf #bd ,,egan ,,co4 ,,niles-,,bem5t- ,,re$-,,pr5tice ,,co4 ,,coes ,,wr5* ,,co4 ,c9c9nati1 ,,pond ,,co4 #ahhh ,ohio1 ,hamilton1 ,o4-- #ahgc ,philadelphia-- 99#db99 ,pla9field #ce #dj ,j4 ,e4 ,,snyd] ,,son ,,woodw>d ,,p[ell ,,plan] ,,co4 #ch #db #bc #bg #ca #da #cd ,j4 ,a4 ,,fay ,,:itcomb-,,blaisdell ,,am4 ,,/eel ,,wire ,,co4 ,,norton ,,co4 ,,egan ,,co4 ,,ma*4 ,,tool ,,co4 ,worce/] ,plant-- ,em]y ,:eels1 ,c9c9nati1 ,worce/]--#aije #ahii etc4 ,ohio4 #aijf #ahic ,,figure #de4 ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,! ,,worce/] ,,tool ,,build]s ,9 #ahhf ,mr4 ,norton w5t to ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,provid5ce z assi/ant to ,mr4 ,p>ks1 _! *ief eng9e]4 ,soon aft]w>d he became design] & eng9e] = _! "w 9 cyl9drical gr9d+ ma*9]y1 rema9+ 9 t capacity = f\r ye>s4 ,9 #ahij he w5t to ,detroit ) ,h5ry ,m4 ,lel& & =m$ a corporation call$ ! ,lel&-,falkn]-,norton ,company1 ,falkn] be+ a ,mi*igan lumb] man4 ,associat$ ) !m 0 ,*>les ,h4 ,/rell+]1 a well-kn[n deal] 9 tools & ma*9]y4 ,six ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,norton return$ to ,br[n ,%>pe & 0 aga9 _! eng9e] ( gr9d+ ma*9]y until he w5t to ,worce/] 9 #aijj4 ,! ,norton ,gr9d+ ,company1 organiz$ t ye> & f9anc$ by m5 connect$ ) ! ,norton ,em]y ,:eel ,company1 h built cyl9drical & pla9 surface gr9d+ ma*9]y design$ by ,*>les ,h4 ,norton1 & "u 8 direction h be5 lead]s 9 ref9+ & ext5d+ ! process ( precision gr9d+4 ,! ,norton ,company & ! ,norton ,gr9d+ ,company %\ld n be confus$4 ,! =m] make gr9d+ :eels2 ! latt] build gr9d+ ma*9es4 ,nei!r %\ld ,f4 ,b4 ,norton1 :o f\nd$ ! gr9d+ :eel indu/ry & :o di$ 9 #ahhe1 be confus$ ) ,*>les ,h4 ,norton1 :o did n come to ,worce/] until fifte5 ye>s lat]4 ,!re is no connection 9 _! "w1 & despite ! simil>ity ( "n1 !y 7 9 no way relat$4 ,! greate/ indu/ry 9 ,worce/] is ! ,am]ican ,/eel & ,wire ,company1 =m]ly ! ,wa%burn ,mo5 ,company4 ,:ile x is no long] associat$ ) tool build+1 x pass$ ?r\gh t phase & traces back to ! textile indu/ry z well4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,i*abod ,wa%burn1 :o />t$ 9 z a boy 9 a cotton factory 9 ,k+/on1 ,r4 ,i41 dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab4 ,mak+ up 8 m9d to become a ma*9i/1 he s]v$ an appr5tice%ip & !n work$ 9 ,asa ,wat]s' armory & ) ,william ,hovey1 "o ( ! e>ly me*anics 9 ,worce/]4 ,ab\t #ahbj he began ! manufacture ( wool5 ma*9]y & lead pipe 9 p>tn]%ip fir/ ) ,william ,h[>d & lat] ) ,b5jam9 ,godd>d4 ,! ent]prise prosp]$4 ,z he 0 mak+ c>ds = cotton & wool5 ma*9]y1 he det]m9$ to manufacture ! necess>y wire himself by a new draw+ process4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts 7 a failure1 b by #ahcj !y 7 successful en\gh to ju/ify 8 und]tak+ regul> manufacture4 ,he sup]s$$ ! old me?ods entirely & built up ! pres5t great bus9ess4 ,godd>d retir$1 &1 aft] v>i\s *anges 9 p>tn]%ip1 ,wa%burn took 9 8 son-9-law1 ,philip ,l4 ,mo51 9 #ahej4 ,by #ahfh ! firm employ$ m ?an n9e hundr$ m51 & wire draw+1 :i* began z an incid5t 9 ! manufacture ( textile ma*9]y1 _h become _! sole activity4 ,today ! works employ eight ?\s& m54 ,9 #ahcc ,wa%burn1 9 ord] to make an outlet = 8 wire products1 induc$ ! ,read bro!rs to move to ,worce/] f ,provid5ce & beg9 ! manufacture ( screws4 ,?is bus9ess 0 op]at$ sep>ately "u ! "n ( ,c4 ,read ,company4 ,lat] x 0 mov$ back to ,provid5ce1 :]e x develop$ into ! ,am]ican ,screw ,company4 ,worce/] me*anics h made _m ?+s besides ma*9e tools2 9 small tools & 9 gun "w !y h long be5 successful4 ,! ,coes ,wr5* ,company 0 />t$ 9 #ahcf by ,lor+ & ,a4 ,g4 ,coes1 & began to make ! pres5t =m ( screw wr5* 9 #ahda4 ,asa ,wat]s1 9 ,millbury ne> by1 0 "o ( ! e>ly ,am]ican gun mak]s4 ,aft] ,wat]s came o!r gun mak]s1 ,e?an ,all51 ,=eh& ,wadswor?1 ,h>r+ton ,ri*>dson1 & ,iv] ,johnson1 :o lat] mov$ to ,fit*burg4 ,mu* ( ,worce/]'s prom95ce z a manufactur+ c5t] is due to ! unusual facilities x (f]$ to me*anics to beg9 bus9ess 9 a small way4 ,ne>ly e manufactur+ ent]prise 9 ! city began 9 small1 r5t$ qu>t]s4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( l>ge build+s :i* r5t$ space ) p[] to ^! small ent]prises2 "o ( !m1 ,m]rifield's1 0 ?ree /ories high1 #aajj feet long1 & _h fifty t5ants1 employ+ two to eight hundr$ m54 ,coes1 ,flagg1 ,daniels1 ,wood1 ,light ,company1 ,coombs1 ,la! ,morse1 ,:itcomb1 ,pond & ,j4 ,a4 ,fay1 all began1 or at "s "t op]at$1 9 ?is way4 ,"o is /ruck1 9 look+ ov] ! old records1 ) ! con/ant recurr5ce ( c]ta9 names1 z ! ,e>les1 ,godd>ds1 ,wa%burns1 & realizes t he is among a race ( me*anics :i* 0 c]ta9 soon] or lat] to build up a successful manufactur+ community4 ,fit*burg1 :ile n s l>ge or s influ5tial1 is almo/ z old a tool build+ community z ,worce/]4 ,its hi/ory c5t]s ab\t ! ,putnam ,ma*9e ,company :i* 0 />t$ by ,john & ,salmon ,w4 ,putnam1 :o came f a family ( me*anics4 ,! latt]'s portrait appe>s 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,!y1 too1 began 9 cotton manufactur+1 ,john z a contractor mak+ cotton ma*9e p>ts1 & ,salmon z a bobb9 boy & lat] z an ov]se] at ,new ,ipswi* & ,l[ell4 ,9 #ahcf !y w5t to ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 int5d+ to />t a ma*9e %op !re1 b ! panic ( #ahcg int]v5$ & made x impossible4 ,!y _h !mselves built mo/ ( ! ma*9es requir$2 !y /or$ ^! & f\nd employm5t until bus9ess conditions improv$4 ,f9ally1 !y />t$ 9 a hir$ basem5t 9 ,a%burnham1 ,mass41 "u ! "n ( ,j4 ,s4 ,w4 ,putnam4 ,a ye> lat] !y mov$ to ,fit*burg & began repair+ cotton ma*9]y4 ,at fir/ !y did _! "w entirely !mselves1 b _! bus9ess increas$ rapidly & !y soon hir$ an appr5tice4 ,_! fir/ manufactur$ product 0 a ge> cutt]4 ,?is gave !m a />t & !y soon develop$ a full l9e ( /&>d tools4 ,?\gh he 0 ! y\ng] bro!r1 ,s4 ,w4 ,putnam 0 ! lead+ _s4 ,he fir/ built upright drills ) a sw++ table s t ! "w c\ld be mov$ ab\t "u ! drill )\t unclamp+4 ,he design$ ! pres5t =m ( back re/ = la!s1 & is said to h inv5t$ ! univ]sal hang]4 ,! latt] inv5tion1 h[ev]1 has be5 claim$ = sev]al o!r me*anics 9 bo? ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahdi ! bro!rs 7 burn$ out1 )\t insurance4 ,!y repair$ _! ma*9]y1 built a tempor>y %$ ov] x1 & 7 at "w aga9 9 two weeks4 ,! pres5t company 0 =m$ 9 #aheh4 ,! ,putnam company has be5 influ5tial 9 o!r l9es ?an ma*9e tools4 ,putnam eng9es 7 = _m ye>s among ! be/ kn[n 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! company 0 also intimately conc]n$ ) ! e>ly developm5t ( ! rock drill1 ?r\gh ,*>les ,burleigh1 ! head ( _! plan] dep>tm5t & ! inv5tor ( ! ,burleigh drill4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ successful drills1 ^? = ! ,hoosac tunnel1 toge!r ) ! compressors1 7 design$ & built 9 ! ,putnam %ops4 ,sylve/] ,wright1 :o f\nd$ ! ,fit*burg ,ma*9e ,works1 0 = t5 ye>s =eman ( _! la! dep>tm5t1 & mo/ ( ! old me*anics 9 & ab\t ,fit*burg 7 ,putnam m54 ,scatt]$ "h & !re are o!r companies4 ,at ,na%ua 7 ,gage1 ,w>n] ,:itney1 to :i* we h ref]r$1 & ! ,fla!r ,manufactur+ ,company :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,joseph ,fla!r1 an ,engli%man1 9 #ahfg4 ,! ,ames ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,*icopee ,falls came f ! old ,ames ,fi%] %op at ,nor? ,*elms=d4 ,?is 0 />t$ by ,na?an ,p4 ,ames1 ,s5ior1 9 #agia1 :o op]at$ a trip hamm] & o!r ma*9]y1 mak+ edg$ tools & millwork4 ,! %op 0 burn$ 9 #ahaj1 & he mov$ to ,d$ham1 ,mass41 = a ye> or s1 b return$ & resum$ 8 =m] bus9ess on ! old site4 ,8 sons1 ,na?an ,p41 ,jr41 & ,james ,t41 le>n$ _! trade ) _! fa!r4 ,! old] bro!r1 ,na?an1 mov$ to ,*icopee ,falls 9 #ahbi4 ,james jo9$ him 9 #ahcd4 ,! ,ames ,manufactur+ ,company1 =m$ ! same ye>1 liv$ = sixty ye>s & employ$ at "o "t ov] a ?\s& m54 ,f ! />t !y _h close relations ) ! ,gov]nm5t & did an ext5sive bus9ess 9 all k9ds ( milit>y supplies1 swords1 bayonets1 guns1 cannon1 cavalry goods1 etc4 ,!y ca/ bronze /atu>y1 & ! fam\s doors ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton 7 made by !m4 ,!y rival$ ,robb9s ,lawr5ce 9 gun ma*9]y & %>$ ) !m ! ord] = ! ,enfield ,armory4 ,?is contract alone took ?ree ye>s to complete4 ,_! gun-/ock ma*9]y w5t to ne>ly e gov]nm5t 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #df4 ,,lucius ,w4 ,,pond ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dg4 ,,salmon ,w4 ,,putnam ,9 addition to all ?is !y built ! fam\s ,boydon wat]:eel1 mill ma*9]y1 & a li/ ( /&>d ma*9e tools q z ca?olic z t ( ,gage1 ,w>n] ,:itney4 ,!y did _! "w well1 contribut$ mat]ial improvem5ts to manufactur+ me?ods & _h "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial %ops ( _! day4 ,mo/ ( ! plants = manufactur+ woodwork+ ma*9]y c be trac$ back to a comp>atively small area limit$ approximately by ,fit*burg1 ,g>dn]1 ,ke5e & ,na%ua4 ,?is section 0 poor f>m+ l&1 r\gh & heavily wood$1 & ! +5uity ( its inhabitants 0 e>ly direct$ t[>d utiliz+ ! timb]4 ,mr4 ,smi?1 ( ! ,h4 ,b4 ,smi? ,company ( ,smi?ville1 ,n4 ,j41 came orig9ally f ,wood/ock1 ,vt41 & ,walt] ,haywood />t$ at ,g>dn]4 ,j4 ,a4 ,fay & ,edw>d ,josslyn began manufactur+ woodwork+ ma*9]y z ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,company at ,ke5e1 9 #ahcf4 ,9 #ahec !y felt ! ne$ ( bett] facilities & pur*as$ ,ta9t] ,*ilds' %op at ,worce/]1 :i* 0 manufactur+ ! ,daniels wood plan]4 ,mr4 ,fay di$ soon aft]1 & ! bus9ess pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,h4 ,a4 ,ri*>dson1 ,josslyn's nephew1 to ,ri*>dson1 ,m]riam ,company4 ,!y built up a good bus9ess be=e ! ,civil ,w>1 & _h bran* (fices 9 ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 & ,c9c9nati4 ,9 ! e>ly sixties ! we/]n ag5ts b\ght ! "n ( ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,company & />t$ manufactur+ at ,c9c9nati4 ,lat] ?is 0 unit$ ) ! ,egan ,company1 & ! pres5t ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,egan ,company =m$4 ,:5 ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,company 0 />t$ at ,c9c9nati1 ma*9]y1 sup]9t5d5t & me*anics 7 br\ght f ,worce/]1 &1 z ! "n implies1 ! pres5t company 0 a direct desc5dant f ! old ,worce/] & ,ke5e ent]prise4 ,w9*5don1 9 ! c5t] ( ! di/rict ref]r$ to1 has long be5 kn[n = its woodwork+ ma*9]y4 ,baxt] ,d4 ,:itney began !re be=e #ahdj4 ,he di$ 9 #aiae1 ag$ n9ety-eight ye>s1 ! la/ ( ! e>ly g5]ation ( me*anics4 ,= _m ye>s he 0 a lead] 9 ! developm5t ( woodwork+ tools1 & ! bus9ess :i* he f\nd$ is /ill 9 successful op]ation "u ! managem5t ( 8 son1 ,william ,m4 ,:itney4 ,spr+field1 al?\gh an important manufactur+ city1 has _h few prom95t tool build]s4 ,"o company1 h[ev]1 ! ,bau% ,ma*9e ,tool ,company1 has built up a wide reputation = drill+ ma*9es1 especially l>ge multiple sp9dle ma*9es4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,naugatuck ,,valley ,! mo/ casual consid]ation ( ,new ,engl&'s me*anical developm5t br+s "o squ>ely aga9/ a mo/ int]e/+ & baffl+ phase ( ,am]ican indu/rial life1 ! brass indu/ry ( ! ,naugatuck ,valley4 ,"h1 9 a n>r[ di/rict sc>cely ?irty miles long1 c5t]+ ab\t ,wat]bury1 is produc$ approximately #hj p] c5t ( ! roll$ brass & copp] & f9i%$ brass w>es us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 an output am\nt+ to upw>d ( #hj1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,no conc5tration on s l>ge a scale exi/s else:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,= example1 9 #aijj1 ,p5nsylvania produc$ b #ed p] c5t ( ! iron & /eel1 & ,massa*usetts b #de p] c5t ( ! boots & %oes4 ,fur!rmore1 !re seems to be no s]i\s t5d5cy to dislodge x4 ,:ile !re is m competition f outside1 its asc5d5cy is ne>ly z m>k$ today z x 0 a g5]ation ago4 ,:y %\ld ?is small di/rict1 a ?\s& miles or m f its s\rces ( raw mat]ial1 f> f its m>ket1 & )\t *eap coal or adequate wat] p[]1 ga9 & hold ?is lead]%ip8#aig #aig ,! be/ /udy ( ! brass indu/ry ( ! ,naugatuck ,valley has be5 made by ,william ,g4 ,la?rop1 & has be5 publi%$ by him at ,%elton1 ,conn41 #aiji1 "u ! "n ( 8,! ,brass ,indu/ry40 ,mr4 ,la?rop _h intimate k ( ! subject &1 9 addition1 unusual facilities = inve/igation4 ,! p]sonal hi/ory ( _m ( ! m5 :o h figur$ 9 its gr[? w be f\nd 9 ,&]son's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,t[n & ,city ( ,wat]bury10 #c vols4 #ahie4 ,x 0 n ! fir/ 9 ! field4 ,! ,rev]e ,copp] ,company1 9 ,massa*usetts1 f\nd$ by ,paul ,rev]e1 began roll+ copp] 9 #ahja1 & ! ,soho ,copp] ,company1 at ,belleville1 ,n4 ,j41 9 #ahac4 ,! brass bus9ess 9 ,connecticut _h its orig9 ) ,h5ry ,grilley1 ( ,wat]bury1 :o began mak+ pewt] buttons !re 9 #agij4 ,9 #ahjb ,abel & ,levi ,port] jo9$ him1 & !y />t$ mak+ brass buttons "u ! "n ( ,abel ,port] ,company4 ,9 #ahaa all ! orig9al p>tn]s retir$ & a new firm 0 =m$1 ,leav5wor?1 ,hayd5 ,scovill4 ,9 #ahbg ,leav5wor? & ,hayd5 sold out to ,william ,h4 ,scovill1 & ! firm became ,j4 ,m4 ,l4 ,w4 ,h4 ,scovill4 ,j4 ,m4 ,l4 ,scovill did ! sell+ & 8 bro!r ran ! %op & ! f9ances4 ,9 #ahej ! firm 0 incorporat$ z ! pres5t ,scovill ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,meantime1 ,a>on ,b5$ict e/abli%$1 9 #ahab1 a factory at ,wat]bury = mak+ bone & ivory buttons1 &1 9 #ahbc1 he too began mak+ brass buttons4 ,ab\t #ahbj ,james ,cr(t1 a brass work] f ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 came to ! ,scovills4 ,a ye> lat] ,b5$ict secur$ him1 & :5 ,b5$ict & ,israel ,coe =m$ ! firm ( ,b5$ict ,coe1 9 #ahbi1 ,cr(t became "o ( ! p>tn]s4 ,cr(t's com+ m>ks a vital po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ry4 ,on 8 advice1 bo? ,scovill & ,b5$ict began to d _! own roll+4 ,x 0 8 influ5ce :i* induc$ !m to import f ,birm+ham workm51 processes & ma*9]y4 ,he w5t to ,engl& sev5 times = ,b5$ict1 & ,israel ,holmes w5t ?ree times = ,scovill to br+ back ,engli% ma*9]y1 roll]s & f9i%]s4 ,israel ,coe also w5t to ,engl& :5 ! ,wolcottville ,brass ,company 0 />t$4#aih ,f t "t1 ! bus9ess may be said to h pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age1 & its gr[? f #ahcj 0 rapid4 ,william ,la?rop1 :o has made a /udy ( x1 has trac$1 p]haps bett] ?an any o!r1 ! co9cid5t gr[? ( ! m>ket & ! indu/ry4 ,! raw mat]ial 0 at fir/ ma9ly scrap copp]1 old %ip %ea?+1 kettles1 boil]s & /ills1 collect$ by ! ,connecticut p$dl]s4 ,m & m copp] 0 import$ until aft] #ahej :5 ! m9+ ( we/]n copp] began develop+4 ,all ( ! z9c 0 import$ until ab\t #ahgj4 #aih ,la?rop1 p4 #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dh4 ,,hiram ,w4 ,,hayd5 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #di4 ,,israel ,,holmes ,at fir/ !y roll$ brass only = _! own use1 b new dem&s = x 7 aris+4 ,by #ahdj ,*auncey ,j]ome _h develop$ ! *eap brass clock4 ,! discov]y & ref9+ ( petroleum creat$ a lamp indu/ry4 ,! p9 ma*9]y1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,h[e1 ,f[l]1 & ,slocum ,jillson1 op5$ up ano!r great outlet4 ,dagu]reotype plates gave ano!r1 & metallic c>tridges ano!r1 :ile ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph enorm\sly ext5d$ ! use ( copp] wire4 ,! ,wat]bury m5 7 be/ able to meet ^! new dem&s1 z !y 7 ! only ones 9 ! c\ntry ) ! facilities & exp]i5ce ne$$1 & !y 8got 9 fir/40 ,:ile ! roll+ & ! draw+ processes 7 import$ bodily f ,engl&1 & h cont9u$ almo/ un*ang$1 ,yankee +5uity 0 con/antly at "w devis+ new articles made ( brass & improv+ ! ma*9]y = mak+ ! old ones4 ,) ! increas+ dem&1 firms began to multiply4 ,israel ,holmes1 :o _h be5 ) ! ,scovills = t5 ye>s1 />t$ ,holmes ,hot*kiss 9 #ahcj1 & ) ,engli% workm5 & ma*9]y made wire & tub+ = ! m>ket4 ,aft] sev]al *anges 9 p>tn]%ip1 ! firm became ,br[n ,elton 9 #ahch4 ,meantime1 ,holmes1 ) ,israel ,coe1 ,anson ,phelps & ,john ,hung]=d1 />t$ ! ,wolcottville ,brass ,company 9 #ahcd1 9 :at is n[ ,torr+ton4 ,!y built up a prosp]\s bus9ess 9 %eet-brass kettles1 b lo/ heavily :5 ,hiram ,w4 ,hayd51 !n ) ,scovill1 inv5t$ ! sp9n+ process4 ,_! prop]ty 0 ev5tually sold to ,lyman ,coe1 & became ! ,coe ,brass ,company4 ,! ,wat]bury ,brass ,company 0 />t$ 9 #ahde1 ) ,holmes z presid5t4 ,associat$ ) him 7 ,h4 ,w4 ,hayd51 ,elton1 & ,lyman ,coe1 son ( ,israel ,coe4 ,9 #ahec ,holmes f\nd$ ,holmes1 ,boo? ,hayd5s1#aii & 9 #ahfi ,holmes1 ,boo? ,atwood1 :i* two ye>s lat] 0 =c$ to *ange its "n to ,plume ,atwood on acc\nt ( its resemblance to ! old] company4 #aii ,!re 7 two ,hayd5s 9 ! firm1 ,h4 ,w4 ,hayd5 0 9 *>ge ( ! manufactur+ & ,h4 ,h4 ,hayd5 9 *>ge ( m>ket+ ! product4 ,israel ,holmes /&s out among ! indomitable p]sonalities :o built up ! brass indu/ry4 ,9 addition to 8 invaluable "w = ! ,scovills1 he />t$ five ( ! /ronge/ firms 9 ! valley1 & 0 ! fir/ presid5t ( ?ree4 ,b5$ict ,coe became ,b5$ict ,burnham 9 #ahcd1 & f ?is firm has come ! ,am]ican ,p9 ,company1 ! ,wat]bury ,button ,company & ! ,wat]bury ,clock & ,wat* companies4 ,anson ,phelps soon )drew f ! ,wolcottville ,brass ,company & />t$ ,smi? ,phelps at ,d]by 9 #ahcf4 ,enc\rag$ by its success1 ,phelps plann$ to organize a l>ge manufactur+ community !re1 b he 0 held up by a man :o rais$ ! price ( "s necess>y l& f #e1jjj to #cj1jjj1 s he mov$ two miles up ! riv] & f\nd$ :at is n[ ! city ( ,ansonia4 ,9 #ahed ! firm 0 incorporat$ z ! ,ansonia ,brass ,copp] ,company4 ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,c[les1 :o came f ,wolcottville 9 #ahdh1 0 its executive head = =ty ye>s until 8 dea?4 ,f x sprang ! ,ansonia ,clock ,company1 ( ,brooklyn1 ,wallace ,sons1 :i* fail$ 9 #ahif & became "p ( ! ,coe ,brass ,company1 & a numb] ( o!r companies4 ,! ,*ase ,roll+ ,mills ,company develop$ f ! ,wat]bury ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,b5$ict ,burnham1 & ,holmes1 ,boo? ,hayd5s4 ,r&olph ,cl[es came d[n ?r\gh ,br[n ,bro!rs1 & ,br[n ,elton f ! old ,holmes ,hot*kiss firm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,,grilley1 #agij ,pewt] ,buttons 99#a99 #a ,,abel ,,port] ,,co41 #ahjb ,,a>on ,,b5$ict1 #ahab ,beg9s mak+ brass buttons ,bone & ivory buttons4 99#b99 ,/>t$ mak+ brass ones #ahbc 99#c99 #b ,,leav5wor?1 ,,hayd5 ,,scovill1 #c #e #ahaa ,,b5$ict ,,coe1 #ahbi ,fr$'k ,leav5wor?1 ,david ,hayd51 ,a>on ,b5$ict1 ,israel ,coe1 ,j4 ,m4 ,l4 ,scovill1 ,james ,cr(t1 ,jas4 ,cr(t ,israel ,holmes4 99#f #g99 99#d #e99 #d #aj ,j4 ,m4 ,l4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,holmes ,,hot*kiss1 ,,scovill1 #ahbg #ahcj ,israel ,holmes1 ,israel ,holmes1 ,h4 ,w4 ,hayd5 ,horace ,hot*kiss1 99#h #i #aj99 ,philo ,br[n 99#aa #ab99 #f #g #ab ,h[e ,mfg4 ,co41 ,,b5$ict ,,burnham1 ,,wolcottville ,,brass ,,co41 ,d>by2 ,slocum #ahcd #ahcd ,jillson1 ,a4 ,*as4 ,b5$ict1 ,israel ,coe1 ,israel ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,g4 ,w4 ,burnham1 ,a4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,anson ,g4 ,phelps1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,f[l] ,*ase1 ,f4 ,a4 ,mason1 ,john ,hung]=d1 ,geo4 ,p4 ,bros41 ,nor?=d1 ,geo4 ,som]s ,c[les1 ,john ,davol-- ,ct41 develop$ 99#ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj99 ,torr+ton1 ,conn4 successful p9 99#ba #bb #bc99 ma*9]y 99#ac99 #aa #ac #bj #bc ,,br[n ,,elton1 ,,wat]bury ,,button ,,co41 ,,smi? ,,phelps1 #ahcf #ahch #ahdi ,anson ,g4 ,phelps1 ,geo4 ,p4 ,philo ,br[n1 ,j4 ,c[les1 ,?os4 ,wallace1 ,p4 ,elton--,sold ,?os4 ,james4,fir/ at to ,br[n ,bros4 ,d]by--,co4 f\nd$ at & ,holmes1 ,ansonia 9 #ahdd ,boo? ,hayd5s 99#bi #cj #ca99 99#bd #be #bf #bg99 #ad #bg #bb ,,am]ican ,,p9 ,,co41 #ahdf ,davol organis$ ,brooklyn ,brass ,copp] ,co4 9 #ahec 99#bh99 #i #ba #bf #bi #ca ,,wat]bury ,,brass ,,wallace ,,son1 #ahdh ,,humphreysville ,,copp] ,,co41 #ahde ,?os4 ,wallace--,co4 ,,co41 #ahdi ,israel ,holmes1 ,j4 fail$ 9 #ahie--,plant ,?os4 ,james1 ,seym\r1 ,ct4 ,p4 ,elton1 ,h4 ,w4 sold to ,coe ,br4 ,co4 9 99#ce99 ,hayd51 ,lyman ,w4 #ahif ,coe1 son ( ,israel ,coe 99#cb #cc #cd99 #h #ai #ce ,,scovill ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,,wat]bury ,,clock ,,co41 ,,new ,,hav5 ,,copp] ,,co41 #ahej #aheg #ahee ,! ,scovill ,bro!rs1 ,f4 ,j4 ,k+sb]y1 ,sr4 #bd #cd ,,br[n ,,bros41 #ahea ,,coe ,,brass ,,co41 #ahfc ,philo ,br[n--,fail$ 9 #ahhf4 ,l4 ,w4 ,coe1 ,*as4 ,f4 ,brook] ,geo ,h4 ,cl[es 99#ch99 99#cf #cg99 #ae #be #cb #cj ,,holmes1 ,,boo? ,,hayd5s1 #ahec ,,ansonia ,,brass ,,copp] ,,co41 ,israel ,holmes1 ,g4 ,w4 ,burnham1 #ahed ,a4 ,s4 ,*ase1 ,l4 ,j4 ,atwood ,anson ,phelps1 ,geo4 ,p4 ,c[les 99#ci #dj #da #db99 99#dc99 #ci #ah #bh #dc ,holmes1 ,boo? ,,bridgeport ,,brass ,,ansonia ,,clock ,,co41 ,atwood1 #ahfi4 ,,co41 #ahfe #ahgh ,"n *ang$ to ,john ,davol1 ,f4 ,a4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,plume ,,atwood1 ,mason1 ,geo4 ,som]s1 #ahga ,f4 ,j4 ,k+sbury1 ,israel ,holmes1 ,jr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,boo?1 ,l4 ,j4 ,atwood #dj #ag ,,wat]bury ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,,wat]bury ,,wat* #ahgf ,,co41 #ahhj ,a4 ,s4 ,*ase1 ,h5ry #dd ,s4 ,*ase1 ,fr$k4 ,s4 ,,*ase ,,roll+ ,,mill ,*ase ,,co41 #aijj 99#dd99 ,h5ry ,s4 ,*ase1 #cg #db ,fr$k4 ,s4 ,*ase ,,seym\r-,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,,wat]bury ,,brass 99#de99 #ahgh ,,goods ,,corporation #cf #af #cc #ch #da #de ,,r&olph ,,cl[es1 ,,am]ican ,,brass ,,co41 ,,*ase ,,metal ,,works1 #ahhf #ahii #aiad ,r4 ,f4 ,r&olph1 ,*as4 ,f4 ,brook] ,geo4 ,h4 ,cl[es ,,figure #ej4 ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,! ,,naugatuck ,,brass ,,indu/ry ,! ,am]ican ,brass ,company 0 =m$ 9 #ahii1 & n[ comprises ! ,wat]bury ,brass ,company1 ,holmes1 ,boo? ,hayd5s1 ,b5$ict ,burnham1 ! ,coe ,brass ,company & ! ,ansonia ,brass ,copp] ,company4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ brass company 9 ! _w4 ,su*1 briefly1 is an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! l>g] companies4 ,to an outsid] _! int]relations are almo/ inextricable4 ,! *>t 7,fig4 #ej7 does little m ?an indicate !m4 ,z phases ( ! bus9ess grew1 !re 0 a cle>ly def9$ policy ( sett+ !m (f z sep>ate ent]prises4 ,! ,am]ican ,p9 ,company1 ! ,clock1 ,wat* & ,button companies1 & ! ,brass ,goods ,corporation are examples4 ,only ! m important ( ^! manufactur+ companies are %[n4 ,:ile !re has be5 at times %>p competition among !m1 x always /opp$ %ort ( w>1 & :5 fac+ outside competition ! companies pull toge!r4 ,_m ( ! heavy /ockhold]s1 z ,holmes1 ,elton1 ,burnham & ,*ase1 7 int]e/$ 9 sev]al companies4 ,ne>ly all ( ! lead]s 7 born & grew up 9 ! valley & 7 full ( local _s4 ,israel ,coe1 ,holmes1 ! ,scovill bro!rs & ,phelps1 ( ! e>li] ord]1 7 m5 ( great ability1 z also ,lyman ,coe1 ,c[les & ,*>les ,f4 ,brook]1 ( ! lat] g5]ation4 ,! inv5tions ( ,hiram ,w4 ,hayd5 vitally affect$ ! hi/ory ( f\r companies4 ,!y s]i\sly und]m9$ ! old ,wolcottville company1 %ut ! ,brooklyn ,brass ,company out ( important phases ( its bus9ess1 & built up ! prosp]ity ( ! ,wat]bury ,brass ,company1 & ,holmes1 ,boo? ,hayd5s4 ,l4 ,j4 ,atwood1 ( ,holmes1 ,boo? ,hayd5s1 &1 lat]1 ,plume ,atwood1 ,l4 ,s4 ,:ite1 ( ,br[n ,bro!rs1 & ,w4 ,n4 ,we$51 ( ,b5$ict ,burnham1 7 prolific inv5tors1 & _! "w contribut$ to ! gr[? ( ! indu/ry4 ,o!r influ5tial m5 h built ma*9]y = ! l>ge companies4 ,almon ,f>rel f\nd$ ! ,f>rel ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,company 9 #ahea1 & _h two e/abli%m5ts1 "o 9 ,ansonia & "o 9 ,wat]bury4 ,! ,wat]bury plant 0 op]at$ = _m ye>s by ,e4 ,c4 ,lewis z ag5t4 ,he b\ght x 9 #ahhj1 b z a matt] ( s5tim5t reta9$ ! old "n1 prefix+ ! ^w ,wat]bury4 ,! two plants h come to specialize some:at1 ! ,wat]bury "o build+ ma9ly presses & /amp+ ma*9es1 & ! ,ansonia "o roll+ mills & heavy ma*9]y4 ,e4 ,j4 ,manville1 an exp]t me*anic f ! ,pratt ,:itney %op 9 ,h>t=d1 ) 8 five sons1 f\nd$ ! ,e4 ,j4 ,manville ,ma*9e ,company1 :i* has built up a wide reputation = its presses & head]s4 ,among ! _m o!rs are ,william ,wallace ( ,wallace ,sons1 ,ansonia1 ,*>les ,johnson & ,a4 ,c4 ,campbell4 ,! answ]1 !n1 to our "q z to orig9 & success ( ! ,naugatuck brass indu/ry is z foll[s4 ,x sprang f ! local manufacture ( buttons4 ,a small gr\p ( able1 =ceful & +5i\s m5 develop$ ! be/ facilities 9 ! c\ntry = roll+ & draw+ brass1 & :5 new dem&s came !y 7 ! only ones ) exp]i5ce prep>$ to meet !m4 ,!y 7 orig9ally well situat$ = raw mat]ial4 ,lat] !y b\ght _! copp] 9 ,baltimore4 ,by ! "t copp] began com+ f ! ,we/1 ! ,wat]bury companies 7 firmly e/abli%$4 ,copp] is exp5sive1 its unit ( weight is ! p\nd & n ! ton1 & freight rates are f> less important ?an ) /eel1 s ! indu/ry's deta*$ location did n outweigh ! advantage ( its e>ly />t4 ,a l>ge =ce ( workm5 skill$ 9 h&l+ brass has be5 develop$ 9 ^! factories & no l>ge ent]prise c\ld n[ be />t$ else:]e )\t draw+ ^u !m4 ,_m ( ^! workm5 own _! homes1 & _! relations ) ! employ]s h g5]ally be5 s fri5dly t high] wages else:]e d n seem to attract !m4 ,f9ally1 & p]haps mo/ important ( all1 are ! m5 :o h design$ & built ! tools us$4 ,connecticut leads all o!r /ates 9 ! ratio ( pat5ts to ! population1 & ,wat]bury has l$ ! re/ ( ,connecticut 9 ! proportion ( ne>ly two to "o4 ,all ! f9i%+ or 8cutt+ up0 %ops1 z !y are locally kn[n1 conta9 highly develop$ ma*9]y--ne>ly all ( x special1 mu* ( x design$ & built 9 ! %op :]e x is us$4 ,?is includes ma*9]y = mak+ eyelets1 hooks & eyes1 p9s1 c>tridges1 wire =m+ ma*9]y1 ?read roll+1 & head]s & /amp+ ma*9]y4 ,"s ( ^! ma*9es1 z1 = in/ance1 ! la/ two m5tion$1 are m or less /&>d1 b _! tool equipm5t has be5 wond]fully develop$ & is bewild]+ 9 its v>iety4 ,mu* ( ?is ma*9]y has nev] be5 made public1 & ne>ly all ( x is too special1 too intricate & too v>i$ = description "h4 ,x is natural1 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ! me*anics :o develop$ ^! tools %\ld be comp>atively little kn[n4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 be5 a vital elem5t 9 ! ,naugatuck brass indu/ry1 & %\ld be recogniz$ z successful ,am]ican tool build]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,philadelphia ,al?\gh ! comm]cial manufacture ( ma*9]y began 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,philadelphia became1 & = a long "t rema9$1 ! l>ge/ tool build+ c5t] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,its l>ge population & ne>ness to coal1 iron & tide wat]1 made ?is almo/ inevitable1 b x 0 ha/5$ by ! "w ( two brilliant me*anics1 ,william ,sell]s & ,william ,bem5t4 ,bi%op1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,manufactures10#bjj says3 8,9 ! inv5tion & con/ruction ( ma*9]y & in/rum5ts = practical & sci5tific purposes1 ,philadelphia me*anics e>ly acquir$ a reputation = skill4 ,! records ( orig9al ,am]ican inv5tion conta9 few names m di/+ui%$ ?an ^? ( ,godfrey1 ! inv5tor ( ! quadrant1 ( ,ritt5h\se1 :o made ! fir/ telescope con/ruct$ 9 ,am]ica1 & ^: orr]y & o!r sci5tific in/rum5ts display$ unusual me*anical & ma!matical g5ius2 ( ,frankl91 ,evans1 ,fulton1 ,fit*1 & o!rs ^: inv5tive & con/ructive skill h add$ to ! p]man5t weal? ( ! ,/ate & ! ,union40 ,( ^!1 ,oliv] ,evans seems to h affect$ mod]n manufactur+ me?ods ! mo/4 #bjj ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #egf4 ,evans 0 born 9 ,delaw>e 9 #agee4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to a :eelwright1 & inv5t$ a c>d ma*9e z e>ly z #aggg1 b nev] foll[$ x up4 ,9 #aghe he built a fl\r mill 9 ,newca/le ,c\nty1 ,del42 &1 impati5t at ! crude me?ods 9 use1 he began a s]ies ( improvem5ts :i* =m ! basis ( ! mod]n art ( h&l+ mat]ials4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ,evans /ole _m ( ^! ideas f ! ,ellicotts 9 ,m>yl&4 ,?is does n seem probable4 ,?omas ,ellicott wrote a portion ( ! 8,millwright & ,mill]s ,guide0 :i* ,evans publi%$ to help introduce 8 ma*9]y1 & 9 ?is ,ellicott himself ref]s to 8! elevators1 hopp]-boys1 etc41 inv5t$ by ,oliv] ,evans1 late ( ,delaw>e1 ?\gh n[ ( ,philadelphia40 ,evans develop$ a numb] ( closely relat$ transport+ devices ab\t :i* no "q is rais$ & no claims on behalf ( ! ,ellicotts made2 & _m ye>s lat]1 9 #ahab1 ,evans su$ ^? ,ellicotts :o 7 !n op]at+ = infr+em5t ( 8 pat5ts & obta9$ judgm5t4 ,if !y c\ld h prov$ priority x seems natural t !y w\ld h done s4 ,evans' improvem5ts relat$ *iefly to ! movem5t ( mat]ials dur+ ! processes ( manufacture4 ,he modifi$ ! anci5t ,egyptian *a9 ( pots1 us$ = irrigation1 by us+ an endless belt c>ry+ iron buckets s arrang$ z to fill ) dry mat]ial f a boot at ! bottom & to empty by gravity into a hopp] z !y w5t ov] ! head pulley4 ,he us$ a belt conveyor = horizontal movem5t1 )\t h[ev] ! tr\gh+ feature :i* is a lat] improvem5t4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge end 0 l[e/1 ,evans utiliz$ gravity to drive x1 & call$ x a 8desc5d]40 ,:at ,evans call$ a 8drill0 0 an 8elevator laid horizontally0 & provid$ ) wood5 cleats :i* scrap$ ! gra9 along ! bottom ( ! box 9 :i* x ran1 & 0 no?+ m nor less ?an our mod]n flight or scrap] conveyor4 ,evans' 8conveyor0 0 a r\nd1 wood5 %aft on :i* he nail$ a %eet-iron spiral :i* pu%$ ! gra9 along a tr\gh 9 :i* ! %aft rotat$2 & :5 he wi%$ to /ir or dry ! mat]ial z he mov$ x1 he broke up ! cont9u\s helix into a numb] ( sep>ate arms arrang$ spirally4 ,^! ( c\rse correspond to ! mod]n screw conveyor4 ,8 s-call$ 8hopp]-boy0 consi/$ ( a v]tical %aft ) a horizontal cross b> at its l[] end provid$ on its l[] side ) flights :i* spread ! meal = dry+1 & sl[ly work$ x 9 a spiral t[>d a hopp] at ! c5t]4 ,! angle ( ! flights 0 adju/able s t ! "t all[$ = cool+ c\ld be v>i$4 ,he also us$ pivot$ wood5 sp\ts at ! dis*>ge ( ! elevators to deliv] ! gra9 into diff]5t b9s4 ,^! improvem5ts are said to h effect$ a sav+ ( ov] #cj1jjj a ye> 9 ! ,ellicott ,mill at ,patapsco1 ,md41 on an output ( #cbe b>rels a day4#bja ,9 8 pat5ts & v>i\s books ,evans %[s ne>ly all ( ! mod]n transport+ devices 9 sub/antially _! pres5t =ms4#bjb #bja ,pap] by ,coleman ,sell]s on 8,oliv] ,evans & 8 ,inv5tions40 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,cxxii1 p4 #a4 #bjb ,sections ( ,evans' mills are %[n 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ( ,novemb] #g1 #aijg1 & ,decemb] #ag1 #aiad4 ,9 bo? cases ! conveyor sy/em 0 arrang$ to take mat]ial ei!r f wagons on "o side ( ! mill or f boats on ! opposite side4 ,evans mov$ to ,philadelphia "s "t prior to #agij4 ,9 #ahjj he _h a mill ne> ,?ird & ,m>ket ,/reets & ! next ye> 0 sell+ mill supplies at ,n9? & ,m>ket ,/reets4 ,z a boy he _h become int]e/$ 9 ! /eam eng9e4 ,a description ( ! ,newcom5 eng9e fell into 8 h&s & he 0 /ruck ) ! fact t ! /eam 0 us$ only to produce a vacuum & saw t m p[] c\ld be obta9$ if x 7 us$ to produce pressure4 ,aft] 8 removal to ,philadelphia he made an eng9e #f in*es diamet] by #ah in*es /roke1 :i* 0 runn+ 9 #ahjb1 gr9d+ pla/] ( ,p>is & saw+ wood4 ,x co/1 boil] & all1 m ?an #cgjj & ne>ly impov]i%$ him4 ,its successful op]ation1 h[ev]1 l$ to an ord] = an eng9e to drive a /eamboat on ! ,mississippi1 :i* 0 s5t to ,new ,orleans b nev] us$ = its orig9al purpose4 ,! boat x 0 int5d$ = _h be5 /r&$ high & dry dur+ a flood1 s ! eng9e 0 set to runn+ a saw mill & lat] a cotton press4 ,9 #ahjc ,evans began bus9ess z a regul> eng9e build] & 0 unque/ionably ! fir/ "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he advocat$ long /roke eng9es op]at+ "u high /eam pressure1 ( :i* he _h built fifty by #ahaf4 ,9 #ahjd he built a flat bottom$ boat1 fitt$ ) a /eam driv51 *a9 bucket dr$ge1 :i* he call$ ! 8,oruktor ,amphibolos0 or 9 good ,engli% ! ,amphibi\s ,digg]4 ,x 0 built m ?an a mile f ! riv]1 & 0 m\nt$ on roll]s connect$ ) ! eng9e4 ,aft] mov+ ar\nd :at is n[ ! ,city ,hall ,squ>e ea* day = sev]al days1 ! boat walk$ out ,m>ket ,/reet to ! ,s*uykill & into ! wat]2 its roll]s 7 disconnect$1 a /]n paddle :eel sub/itut$1 & x /eam$ d[n ! ,s*uykill & ar\nd up ! ,delaw>e to ! city4 ,9 #ahje he adv]tis$ a new book1 8,! ,"y ,eng9e]'s ,guide10 :i* he int5d$ to be v complete & 8ab/ruse40 ,disappo9t$ 9 8 application = ! ext5sion ( 8 pat5ts & crippl$ by 8 fir/ eng9e v5tures1 he issu$ x mu* abridg$1 ) only "p ( ! illu/rations plann$1 & call$ x 8,! ,abortion ( ! ,"y ,eng9e]'s ,guide40 ,! proportions giv5 9 ?is book = "o ( 8 /eam eng9es 73 diamet] ( cyl9d]1 #bj in*es2 /roke1 #e feet2 /eam pressure1 #aid to #bbj p\nds4 ,! boil]s 7 ( ca/ iron1 #cj in*es 9 diamet]1 #bd feet long1 fir$ at "o end1 ) a s+le return flue4 ,an eng9e 0 actually built to ^! proportions = ! ,fairm\nt ,wat] ,works4 ,x may be add$ t ! boil]s bur/ on ?ree diff]5t occasions4 ,9 #ahjg ,evans 0 e/abli%$ z 8,millwright & ,eng9e]0 at ! ,m>s ,works at ,n9? & ,v9e ,/reets4 ,an old description ( ! plant says t x consi/$ ( an iron f\ndry1 m\ld-mak]'s %op1 /eam eng9e manufactory1 blacksmi?'s %op1 & mill-/one manufactory1 & a /eam eng9e us$ = gr9d+ mat]ials = ! use ( ! works1 & = turn+ & bor+ heavy ca/ or wr\ght iron "w4 ,! build+s occupy "o hundr$ & eighty-eight feet front & ab\t ?irty-five workm5 are daily employ$4 ,!y manufacture all ca/ or wr\ght-iron "w = ma*9]y = mills1 = gr9d+ gra9 or saw+ timb]2 = =ges1 roll+ & slitt+-mills1 sug>-mills1 apple-mills1 b>k-mills1 c4 ,pans ( all dim5sions us$ by sug>-boil]s1 soap-boil]s1 c4 ,screws ( all sizes = cotton-presses1 tobacco-presses1 pap]-presses1 ca/ iron gudgeons1 & boxes = mills & wagons1 c>riage-boxes1 c41 & all k9ds ( small :eels & ma*9]y = ,cotton & ,wool sp9n+1 c4 ,mr4 ,evans also makes /eam eng9es on improv$ pr9ciples1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ! proprietor1 :i* are m p[]ful & less complicat$1 & *eap] ?an o!rs2 requir+ less fuel1 n m ?an "o-fiftie? "p ( ! coals commonly us$4 ,! small "o 9 use at ! works is on ?is improv$ pr9ciple1 & x is ( great use 9 facilitat+ ! manufacture ( o!rs4 ,! proprietor has erect$ "o ( 8 improv$ /eam eng9es 9 ! t[n ( ,pittsburg1 & employ$ x to drive ?ree pair ( l>ge mill/ones ) all ! ma*9]y = clean+ ! gra91 elevat+1 spread+1 & /irr+ & cool+ ! meal1 ga!r+ & bolt+1 c41 c4 ,! p[] is equal to tw5ty-f\r horses & w d z mu* "w z sev5ty-two horses 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 x w\ld drive five pair ( six-feet mill/ones1 & gr9d five hundr$ bu%els ( :eat 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4#bjc #bjc ,fre$ley3 8,philadelphia & its ,manufactures10 pp4 #ed-ee4 ,philadelphia1 #aheh4 ,incid5tally ! la/ s5t5ce is an admirable illu/ration ( ! orig9 ( ! t]m 8horse p[]40 ,?is bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on until ,evans' dea?4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ f> he influ5c$ ! design ( ,mississippi riv] boat eng9es :i* h reta9$ ! proportions *>act]i/ic ( ! eng9es :i* he fir/ built = t s]vice4 ,evans' be/-kn[n book1 8,! ,"y ,millwright & ,mill]'s ,guide10 w5t ?r\gh a numb] ( editions & 0 translat$ & publi%$ abroad4 ,9 ?is he gives 8 idea ( 8,! ,true ,pa? to ,inv5tions40 ,x is well wor? quot+1 z x expla9s1 9 "p1 8 own success z an inv5tor4 ,necessity is call$ ! "m ( ,inv5tion--b ^u inquiry we %all f9d t ,reason & ,exp]im5t br+ !m =?4--,= almo/ all inv5tions h result$ f su* /eps z ! foll[+3 ,/ep ,i4 ,is to inve/igate ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! !ory1 & process1 ( ! art or manufacture we wi% to improve4 ,,ii4 ,to consid] :at is ! be/ plan1 9 !ory1 t c be d$uc$ f1 or f\nd$ on1 ^? pr9ciples to produce ! effect we desire4 ,,iii4 ,to inquire :e!r ! !ory is already put 9 practice to ! be/ advantage2 & :at are ! imp]fections or disadvantages ( ! common process1 & :at plans are likely to succe$ bett]4 ,,iv4 ,to make exp]im5ts 9 practice1 ^u any plans t ^! speculative reason+s may sugge/1 or lead to4--,any +5i\s arti/1 tak+ ! =ego+ /eps1 w probably be l$ to improvem5ts on 8 own art3 = we see by daily exp]i5ce t e art may be improv$4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be 9 va9 to attempt improvem5ts unless ! m9d be fre$ f prejudice1 9 fav\r ( e/abli%$ plans4#bjd #bjd pp4 #cde-cdf4 ,evans 0 c]ta9ly an indep5d5t1 & probably ! fir/1 inv5tor ( ! high pressure /eam eng9e1 a type ( eng9e :i* he saw 0 well suit$ to ,am]ican pione] conditions4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 /eam locomotion1 & pr$ict$ ! developm5t ( railways ) s+ul> accuracy4 ,! "t w come :5 p w travel 9 /ages mov$ by /eam eng9es f "o city to ano!r almo/ z fa/ z birds fly--fifte5 to tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! air ) su* velocity--*ang+ ! sc5es 9 su* rapid succession--w be ! mo/ exhil>at+1 delightful ex]cise4 ,a c>riage w set out f ,wa%+ton 9 ! morn+1 & ! pass5g]s w breakfa/ at ,baltimore1 d9e at ,philadelphia1 & sup at ,new ,york ! same day4 ,to accompli% ?is1 two sets ( railways w be laid s ne>ly level z n 9 any place to deviate m ?an two degrees f a horizontal l9e1 made ( wood or iron1 on smoo? pa?s ( brok5 /one or gravel1 ) a rail to guide ! c>riages s t !y may pass ea* o!r 9 diff]5t directions & travel by night z well z by day2 & ! pass5g]s w sleep 9 ^! /ages z com=tably z !y d n[ 9 /eam /age-boats4 ,a /eam eng9e t w consume f "o-qu>t] to "o-half a cord ( wood w drive a c>riage #ahj miles 9 twelve h\rs1 ) tw5ty or ?irty pass5g]s1 & w n consume six gallons ( wat]4 ,! c>riages w n be ov]load$ ) fuel or wat]4444 ,& x %all come to pass t ! memory ( ^? sordid & wick$ wret*es :o oppose su* improvem5ts w be execrat$ by e good man1 z !y ought to be n[4 ,po/]ity w n be able to discov] :y ! ,legislature or ,congress did n grant ! inv5tor su* protection z might h enabl$ him to put 9 op]ation ^! great improvem5ts soon]--he hav+ ask$ nei!r money nor a monopoly ( any exi/+ ?+4#bje #bje ,evans3 ,extract f 8,address to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 quot$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,cxxii1 p4 #ac4 ,he practically initiat$ ! mod]n sci5ce ( h&l+ mat]ials4 ,:ile _m ( 8 !ories 7 faulty1 8 me*anical practice 0 seldom wrong4 ,he 0 a re/less man1 discont5t$ & incl9$ to air 8 grievances 9 public4 ,once1 9 a fit ( pique1 he de/roy$ ! draw+s & records (1 x is said1 m ?an eighty inv5tions--an act :i* he regrett$ lat]4 ,?\gh frequ5tly disappo9t$1 he 0 9 ! end fairly successful1 & 0 unque/ionably "o ( ! =emo/ ( ! e>ly ,am]ican me*anics4 ,9 ,philadelphia1 z 9 ,new ,engl&1 _m ( ! e>ly %ops made textile ma*9]y4 ,arkwright ma*9es 7 built by ,james ,dav5port at ! ,globe ,mills at ! nor? end ( ,second ,/reet1 :i* ,wa%+ton visit$ 9 #agig :5 ! new ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t inaugurat$ its policy ( develop+ ,am]ican indu/ries4 ,dav5port di$ soon aft]1 ! bus9ess ceas$ & ! factory 0 sold 9 #agih4 ,cotton ma*9]y is said to h be5 manufactur$ also by ,eltonhead 9 #ahjc4 ,philadelphia 0 !n ! l>ge/ city 9 ! c\ntry1 ) an active indu/rial life4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ! tools & me?ods develop$ 9 & ab\t ,pawtucket %\ld1 soon] or lat]1 take root !re4 ,9 #ahaj ,alfr$ ,j5ks1 a direct desc5dant ( ,joseph ,j5ks1 ( ,lynn1 hav+ s]v$ 8 "t ) ,samuel ,slat] 9 ,pawtucket1 mov$ to ,holmesburg1 ,pa41 & />t$ ! fir/ factory 9 ,p5nsylvania = mak+ textile ma*9]y4 ,8 bus9ess grew rapidly & 9 #ahbj he mov$ to ,bridesburg1 n[ a "p ( ,philadelphia1 br++ 8 %op along ) him on roll]s4 ,by #ahbe !re 7 ?irty cotton mills 9 & ab\t ! city1 mo/ ( :i* he _h equipp$4 ,z ! dem& = wool5 ma*9]y arose ,j5ks met x & he equipp$ ! fir/ wool5 mill built 9 ! /ate4 ,"u 8 lead]%ip & t ( 8 son1 ,b>ton ,h4 ,j5ks1 ! %op _h a wide influ5ce & 0 ! =emo/ ( ! e>ly ,philadelphia plants build+ textile ma*9]y4 ,o!r e>ly %ops 9 ?is field 7 ^? ( ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 ,h9dle ,sons1 ,james ,smi? ,company1 ,w4 ,p4 ,uhl+] ,company4#bjf #bjf ,fre$ley3 8,philadelphia & its ,manufactures10 pp4 #bii-cjb1 #dbg4 ,philadelphia1 #aheh4 ,! two plants :i* gave ,philadelphia its great reputation = tool build+ 7 ^? e/abli%$ by ,sell]s & ,bem5t4 ,probably no "o has _h a great] influ5ce on ma*9e tools 9 ,am]ica ?an ,william ,sell]s4 ,he has be5 call$ ! ,:itwor? ( ,am]ica1 & !re is a s+ul> p>allelism 9 ! "w & influ5ce ( ! two m54 ,sell]s 0 born 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahbd1 0 educat$ 9 a private s*ool ma9ta9$ by 8 fa!r1 & lat] appr5tic$ to 8 uncle1 ,john ,m4 ,poole1 at ,wilm+ton1 ,del4#bjg ,:5 only tw5ty-"o he took *>ge ( ! ma*9e %op ( ,fairbanks1 ,bancr(t ,company 9 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he began ! manufacture ( ma*9e tools & mill ge>+ at ,?irtie? & ,*e/nut ,/reets1 ,philadelphia1 & 0 soon aft] jo9$ by ,edw>d ,bancr(t1 :o mov$ f ,provid5ce1 ! firm becom+ ,bancr(t ,sell]s4 ,john ,sell]s1 ,jr41 a bro!r ( ,william1 became a p>tn] & 9 #ahec !y mov$ to ,sixte5? ,/reet & ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue4 ,mr4 ,bancr(t di$ 9 #ahee & ! firm became ,william ,sell]s ,company1 :i* 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahhf1 ) ,william ,sell]s z presid5t4 #bjg ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,clix1 pp4 #cfe-chc4 ,bancr(t 0 ! inv5tive memb] ( ! firm & ,mr4 ,sell]s ! executive4 ,sell]s' design+ ability did n develop until aft] ,bancr(t's dea?4 ,8 fir/ pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #aheg4 ,9 all he 0 grant$ ov] n9ety ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts & _m o!rs 9 =eign c\ntries1 cov]+ a wide v>iety ( subjects2 ma*9e tools ( all k9ds1 injectors :i* he introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 rifl+ ma*9es1 rivet]s1 boil]s1 hydraulic ma*9]y1 hoi/+ cranes1 /eam hamm]s & eng9es1 ordnance1 turntables1 etc4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ orig9al ( ,sell]s' ma*9es 0 ! spiral ge>$ plan] pat5t$ 9 #ahfb1 :i* has always be5 associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,almo/ f ! fir/ ,sell]s cut loose f ! accept$ designs ( ! day4 ,he 0 among ! fir/ to realize t r$ pa9t1 beads & m\ld+s1 & ar*itectural embelli%m5ts 7 false 9 ma*9e design4 ,he introduc$ ! 8ma*9e gray0 pa9t :i* has become univ]sal2 made ! =m ( ! ma*9e foll[ ! function to be p]=m$ & fre$ x f all pockets & bead+4 ,l ,bem5t he realiz$ t ,am]ican tools !n be+ built 7 too light2 & !y bo? put m metal into _! ma*9es ?an 0 ! practice else:]e4 ,f ! fir/ he adopt$ /&>ds & adh]$ to !m s closely t repair p>ts c be suppli$ today = ma*9es made fifty ye>s ago4 ,9 ,april1 #ahfd1 ,sell]s1 z presid5t ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 read a pap] on 8,a ,sy/em ( ,screw ,?reads & ,nuts10 9 :i* he propos$ ! sy/em ( screw ?reads s9ce v>i\sly kn[n z ! ,sell]s1 ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 or ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d4#bjh ,!y embodi$ ! sixty degree angle & a flat ( "o-eigh? ( ! pit* at ! top & bottom ( ! ?read4 ,9 ?is pap] ,sell]s /at$ cle>ly ! ne$ = "s g5]ally accept$ /&>d1 review$ ! v>i\s ?reads !n us$1 p>ticul>ly ! ,:itwor? ?read1 ) its fifty-five degree angle & r\nd$ corn]s1 :i* he disapprov$ ( on ?ree gr\nds2 fir/1 t x 0 difficult to secure a fit at ! top & bottom2 second1 t ! angle 0 difficult to v]ify2 & ?ird1 ! high co/ ( mak+ cutt+ tools :i* w\ld con=m accurately to ! /&>d4 ,he propos$ ! sixty degree angle z easi] to make & already 9 g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! flat top z easy to g5]ate & to v]ify4 ,he w5t a /ep fur!r1 & propos$ at ! same "t a /&>d = bolt-heads & nuts1 9 :i* ! dim5sions 7 d]iv$ f a simple =mula & ! di/ance across flats 0 ! same = squ>e & hexagon nuts1 s t ! same wr5* w\ld d = ei!r /yle ( nut4 #bjh ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,lxxvii1 p4 #cdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ea4 ,,william ,,sell]s ,?is pap] _h z great influ5ce 9 ,am]ica z ,:itwor?'s pap] ( #ahda _h 9 ,engl&4 ,a committee 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! "q & recomm5d a /&>d4 ,on ?is committee1 among o!rs1 7 ,william ,b4 ,bem5t1 ,c4 ,t4 ,p>ry ( ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 ,s4 ,v4 ,m]rick1 ,j4 ,h4 ,t[ne1 & ,coleman ,sell]s4 ,e>ly 9 ! next ye> ! committee report$ 9 favor ( ! ,sell]s /&>d1 ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute communicat$ _! f9d+s to o!r societies1 & recomm5d$ ! g5]al adoption ( ! sy/em ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! ,sell]s' ?read 0 adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = all gov]nm5t "w 9 #ahfh1 by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad 9 #ahfi1 ! ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' ,association 9 #ahgb1 & soon became practically univ]sal4 ,aft] exhau/ive inve/igation ! ,sell]s' =m ( ?read 0 adopt$ 9 #ahih by ! ,int]national ,congress = ! /&>dization ( screw ?reads1 at ,zuri*1 & is n[ 9 g5]al use on ! cont95t ( ,europe4#bji #bji ,= ! discussion ( ! ,sell]s' screw ?read & ! circum/ances surr\nd+ its adoption1 see3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,lxxvii1 p4 #cdd2 ,vol4 ,,lxxix1 pp4 #ec1 #aaa2 ,vol4 ,,cxxiii1 p4 #bfa2 ,vol4 ,,cxxv1 p4 #ahe4 ,9 #ahfh ,william ,sell]s organiz$ ! ,edgemoor ,iron ,company :i* furni%$ ! iron "w = ! pr9cipal ,c5t5nial build+s & all ! /ructural "w ( ! ,brooklyn ,bridge4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is bus9ess1 he l$ ! way 9 ! di/9ctly ,am]ican me?ods & ma*9]y by :i* ! build+ ( bridges has be51 to a great ext5t1 put ^u a manufactur+ basis4 ,?is involv$ ! design & introduction ( hydraulic ma*9]y1 l>ge multiple pun*es1 rivet]s1 cranes1 bor+ ma*9es1 etc4 ,! excell5ce ( 8 ma*9]y soon br\ght him into contact ) gov]nm5t eng9e]s & ?r\gh\t 8 life 8 influ5ce 9 ! ,w> & ,navy ,dep>tm5ts 0 great4 ,9 #ahij ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t call$ = bids on an eight-foot la!1 ) a total l5g? ( ov] #abh feet1 to bore & turn sixte5-in* cannon = ! ,naval ,gun ,factory at ,wa%+ton4 ,sell]s disapprov$ ( ! design & refus$ to bid on x4 ,he propos$ an alt]native "o ( 8 own1 argu$ its m]its 9 p]son be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s1 & secur$ its adoption & a contract = x4 ,?is great la!1 weigh+ ov] #ejj1jjj p\nds1 has attract$ ! att5tion ( eng9e]s f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 #ahgc ,mr4 ,sell]s reorganiz$ ! ,william ,but*] ,/eel ,works z ! ,midvale ,/eel ,company & became its presid5t4 ,"u 8 managem5t ! company grew rapidly1 & lat] became a lead] 9 production ( heavy ordnance4 ,x 0 "h t ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,taylor began 9 #ahhj 8 "w on ! art ( cutt+ metals1 :i* result$ 9 mod]n high-spe$ tool /eels & a g5]al re-design ( ma*9e tools4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 cov]+ a p]iod ( tw5ty-six ye>s1 co/ upw>ds ( #bjj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,taylor has frequ5tly ackn[l$g$ 8 indebt$ness 9 ?is "w to ! pati5ce & c\rage ( ,mr4 ,sell]s1 :o 0 !n an old man & might h be5 expect$ to oppose radical *ange4 ,x 0 he :o made ! "w possible1 h[ev]1 & he support$ ,taylor unwav]+ly 9 ! face ( con/ant prote/s4#baj ,mr4 ,sell]s 0 a man ( comm&+ pres5ce1 direct b graci\s 9 mann]1 :o won & held ! respect & loyalty ( all ab\t him4 ,8 judgm5t 0 almo/ un]r+ & he dom9at$ ea* ( ! great e/abli%m5ts he built up4 #baj ,f4 ,w4 ,taylor3 ,pap] on ! 8,art ( ,cutt+ ,metals10 ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #cd4 ,! firm ( ,william ,sell]s ,company _h ano!r ma/] m9d 9 t ( ,dr4 ,coleman ,sell]s1 a second c\s9 ( ,william ,sell]s4#baa ,he 0 born 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahbg1 8 fa!r1 ,coleman ,sell]s1 be+ also an inv5tor & me*anic4 ,l ,nasmy? he sp5t 8 s*ool holidays 9 8 fa!r's %op1 :i* 0 at ,c>d+ton4 ,9 #ahdf1 :5 he 0 n9ete5 ye>s old1 he w5t to ,c9c9nati & work$ 9 ! ,globe ,roll+ ,mill1 op]at$ by 8 eld] bro!rs1 :]e ! fir/ locomotives = ! ,panama ,railroad 7 built2 & 9 two ye>s he became sup]9t5d5t4 ,9 #ahea he became =eman ( ! works ( ,james & ,jona?an ,niles1 :o 7 !n 9 ,c9c9nati & build+ locomotives4 ,six ye>s lat] he return$ to ,philadelphia1 became *ief eng9e] ( ,william ,sell]s ,company1 & rema9$ ) !m = ov] ?irty ye>s1 becom+ a p>tn] 9 #ahgc4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he design$ a wide range ( ma*9]y1 :i* naturally cov]$ mu* ! same field z t ( ,william ,sell]s1 b 8 famili>ity ) locomotive "w especially fitt$ him = ! design ( railway tools4 ,8 designs 7 orig9al1 correct & ref9$4 ,! ,sell]s c\pl+ 0 8 inv5tion & he did mu* to introduce ! mod]n sy/ems ( p[] transmission4 #baa ,see ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xxix1 p4 #aafc2 ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #aijc1 p4 #ceb2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,cxlix1 p4 #e4 ,doctor ,sell]s 0 a good physici/1 an exp]t photograph]1 telegraph]1 microscopi/1 & a pr(essor 9 ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 8 lectures always draw+ l>ge audi5ces4 ,l ,william ,sell]s1 he 0 a memb] ( mo/ ( ! great eng9e]+ & sci5tific societies1 "h & abroad2 & he 0 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ( :i* he 0 a *>t] memb]4 ,he 0 receiv$ ) ! greate/ di/9ction 9 8 visits to ,europe4 ,9 #ahhf impair$ heal? compell$ 8 rel9qui%+ regul> "w & he resign$ 8 position ( eng9e] = ,william ,sell]s ,company1 be+ succe$$ by 8 son1 ! pres5t presid5t ( ! company4 ,8 la/ great "w 0 9 connection ) ! p[] developm5t ( ,niag>a ,falls4 ,he 0 eng9e] = ! ,cat>act ,con/ruction ,company & s]v$ on ! commission :i* det]m9$ ! types ( turb9es & g5]ators & ! me?ods ( p[] transmission f9ally adopt$4 ,among ! o!rs on ?is commission 7 ,"l ,kelv91 ,colonel ,turret9i1 ! great ,swiss eng9e]1 & ,pr(essor ,unw91 & its report =ms ! f\ndation ( mod]n l>ge hydro-electric "w4 ,william ,sell]s ,company has a unique di/9ction among ! build]s ( ma*9e tools 9 hav+ _h ! lead]%ip ( two su* m5 z ,william & ,coleman ,sell]s4 ,william ,b4 ,bem5t1 ! son ( a ,connecticut f>m] & blacksmi?1 0 born at ,brad=d1 ,n4 ,h41 9 #ahag4 ,8 education 0 obta9$ 9 ! di/rict s*ools & 9 8 fa!r's blacksmi? %op4 ,8 me*anical aptitude 0 s cle> t he 0 appr5tic$ to ,moore ,colby1 manufactur]s ( wool5 & cotton ma*9]y at ,pet]boro1 ,n4 ,h4 ,8 progress at fir/ 0 rapid4 ,)9 two ye>s he became =eman1 & on ! )drawal ( "o ( ! p>tn]s1 0 admitt$ into ! firm4 ,he cont9u$ !re ?ree ye>s1 already giv+ mu* ?\ght to ma*9e tools1 = :i* he saw ! ris+ ne$4 ,9 #ahdj he w5t to ,man*e/] & ent]$ ! ,amoskeag %op :5 x 0 j f9i%$1 rema9+ !re two ye>s z a =eman & contractor "u ,william ,a4 ,burke1 to :om we h ref]r$ else:]e4 ,f !re ,bem5t w5t to take *>ge ( a %op = manufactur+ wool5 ma*9]y at ,mi%awaka1 ,ind4 ,un=tunately x 0 burn$ to ! gr\nd :ile ,bem5t _h gone back to ,new ,hamp%ire = 8 family1 s t :5 he return$ ) !m he f\nd himself )\t employm5t & ) only t5 doll>s 9 h&4 ,= ! "t be+ he work$ z a blacksmi? & gunsmi?1 & made an eng9e la! = himself 9 ! %op ( ! ,/4 ,joseph ,iron ,company1 :i* gave him p]mission to use _! tools 9 return = ! use ( 8 patt]ns to make a simil> ma*9e = !mselves4 ,mu* ( ! "w 9 mak+ ?is la! 0 done by h& z !re 0 no plan] )9 _m hundr$ miles4 ,! ,/4 ,joseph ,iron ,company1 see+ 8 "w1 (f]$ him ! *>ge ( _! %op1 to :i* he agre$1 provid$ ! plant 7 enl>g$ & equipp$ ) prop] tools4 ,?is 0 done1 b j z ev]y?+ 0 complet$ ?is plant also 0 burn$ d[n4 ,bem5t _h plans = ano!r %op ready ! foll[+ day1 w5t into ! woods ) o!rs1 cut ! necess>y timb]1 & a new %op 0 soon complet$4 ,he rema9$ !re = ?ree ye>s1 con/ruct+ a v>iety ( ma*9e tools1 "o ( :i* 0 a ge> cutt] said to h be5 ! fir/ "o built 9 ! ,we/1 or us$ beyond ,clevel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #eb4 ,,coleman ,,sell]s ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ec4 ,,william ,b4 ,,bem5t ,he return$ to ,new ,engl& z a contractor 9 ! ,l[ell ,ma*9e ,%op "u ,burke1 :o _h gone !re f ! ,amoskeag ,mills 9 #ahde4 ,on acc\nt ( ,bem5t's res\rcefulness & skill 9 design+1 ,burke induc$ him to rel9qui% 8 contracts & take *>ge ( _! design+1 :i* he did = ?ree ye>s1 8 resid5ce at ,l[ell cov]+ 9 all ab\t six ye>s4 ,9 #ahea ,elijah ,d4 ,m>%all1 :o _h e/abli%$ a bus9ess ( engrav+ rolls = pr9t+ calicos 9 #ahdh & _h a small %op at ,tw5tie? & ,call[hill ,/reets 9 ,philadelphia1 (f]$ ,bem5t a p>tn]%ip4 ,he mov$ to ,philadelphia 9 ,septemb] ( t ye>1 & ) ,m>%all & ,gilb]t ,a4 ,colby1 a nephew1 he began ! manufacture ( ma*9e tools "u ! "n ( ,m>%all1 ,bem5t ,colby1 ?us />t+ only a ye> or s aft] ,sell]s4 ,m>%all 0 a l>ge man1 dignifi$ & delib]ate 9 spee*4 ,bem5t 0 /rong1 vigor\s1 a born design]1 a rem>kably rapid draftsman1 & _h a capacity = "w r>ely equall$4 ,colby 0 also a man ( consid]able me*anical ability1 ) advanc$ bus9ess ideas4 ,_! %op consi/$ ( a s+le ?ree-/ori$1 /one1 :itewa%$ build+1 #dj by #ij feet4 ,_! entire ma*9e %op 0 on ! fir/ floor1 ) a #aj- by #ab-;foot room = an (fice4 ,! eng9e1 boil] & blacksmi? %op 7 9 small outbuild+s4 ,"p ( ! second floor 0 r5t$ to ano!r factory & ! re/ 0 sometimes us$ = religi\s meet+s1 :ile ! ?ird floor 0 us$ = engrav+ pr9t+ rolls4 ,_! tools 7 few & crude2 among !m 7 a #cf-;in* la! ) a wood5 b$ & iron /raps = ways1 & a #dh-;in* by #ad-;foot plan] ) ornate ,doric uprights4 ,m>%all & ,colby soon retir$1 ! latt] go+ to ,niles1 ,mi*41 :]e he 0 v successful4 ,james ,d\gh]ty1 an exp]t f\ndryman1 & ,george ,c4 ,?omas ent]$ ! firm1 :i* became ,bem5t ,d\gh]ty1 ! plant be+ kn[n z ! 8,indu/rial ,works40 ,mr4 ,?omas contribut$ consid]able capital1 & a new %op & a f\ndry 7 built4 ,at ! same "t !y in/all$ a plan] #aj feet wide by #h feet high1 to plane "w #de feet long1 a notable tool = t day4 ,aft] a few ye>s ( /ruggle1 ! plant began to gr[ rapidly & at "o "t 0 ! l>ge/ ( its k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,bem5t & ,sell]s 7 among ! fir/ to conc5trate :olly on tool build+4 ,!y conf9$ !mselves to "w ( ! highe/ quality4 ,bo? made mu* heavi] tools1 z we h said1 ?an ! ,new ,engl& build]s1 _! only competitors1 & 9 a %ort "t _h e/abli%$ great reputations4 ,bem5t reli$ little on pat5t protection1 tru/+ to quality & con/ant improvem5t4 ,?omas retir$ f ! p>tn]%ip 9 #ahef & ,d\gh]ty 9 #ahgj2 & ,cl>5ce ,s4 ,bem5t jo9$ ! firm1 :i* became ,william ,b4 ,bem5t ,son4 ,john ,m4 ,%rigley became a p>tn] 9 #ahge1 ,william ,p4 ,bem5t 9 #ahgi1 & ,frank ,bem5t 9 #ahhh4 ,fr$]ick ,b4 ,miles 0 an employee ( ,bem5t ,d\gh]ty :o e/abli%$ a tool bus9ess "u ! "n ( ,f]ris ,miles1 :i* aft]w>d became ! ,ma*9e ,tool ,works4 ,:ile head ( ^! works1 ,miles greatly improv$ ! /eam hamm]1 p>ticul>ly its valve me*anism1 & _m details ( :at is kn[n z ! ,bem5t hamm] 7 inv5t$ by ,miles4 ,9 #ahhe ! ,ma*9e ,tool ,works consolidat$ ) ,william ,bem5t ,son1 =m+ ,bem5t1 ,miles ,company4 ,mr4 ,miles 0 an accompli%$ eng9e] & design]1 ) ! unusual equipm5t ( six languages at 8 comm&1 an asset ( value 9 ! firm's =eign bus9ess4 ,william ,bem5t1 ,s5ior1 di$ 9 #ahig1 & 9 #aijj ! bus9ess became a "p ( ! ,niles-,bem5t-,pond ,company4 ,mr4 ,miles retir$ at t "t & has n s9ce be5 active 9 ! tool bus9ess4#bab #bab ,mo/ ( ! =ego+ details 9 reg>d to ! ,bem5t ,miles ,works h be5 obta9$ f ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,s4 ,bem5t & ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,hagman1 _! pres5t g5]al manag]4 ,al?\gh ,bem5t & ,sell]s contribut$ m to ! art ( tool build+ ?an any ( ! o!r ,philadelphia me*anics1 "s ( ^! o!rs ought to be m5tion$4 ,mat?ias ,w4 ,baldw91 a native ( ,new ,j]sey1 began z a jewel]'s appr5tice4 ,9 p>tn]%ip ) ,david ,h4 ,mason he began mak+ bookb9d]s' tools1 to :i* he add$ 9 #ahbb ! engrav+ ( rolls = pr9t+ cotton goods & lat] ( bank notes4 ,f ! inv5tion & manufacture ( a v>iety ( tools us$ 9 t bus9ess !y 7 l$ gradually into ! ma*9e tool bus9ess1 ! build+ ( hydraulic presses1 cal5d] rolls1 /eam eng9es1 & f9ally locomotives4 ,9 #ahcj ,baldw9 built a model locomotive = ! ,peale ,museum :i* l$ to an ord] f ! ,philadelphia ,g]mant[n ,railroad = an eng9e :i* 0 complet$ 9 #ahcb & plac$ on ! road 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcc4 ,an adv]tisem5t ( t "t says3 8,! locomotive eng9e built by ,mr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,baldw9 ( ?is city w dep>t daily1 :5 ! wea!r is fair1 ) a tra9 ( pass5g] c>s4 ,on ra9y days horses w be atta*$ 9 ! place ( ! locomotive40 ,f ?is beg9n+ has sprung ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 :i* employs approximately #bj1jjj m54 ,9 #ahcd !y built five locomotives2 9 #ahce1 f\rte52 9 #ahcf1 =ty4 ,_! "o ?\s&? locomotive 0 built 9 #ahfa2 ! five ?\s&? 9 #ahhj & ! =ty ?\s&? 9 #aiac4 ,^! works h naturally greatly influ5c$ ! neighbor+ tool mak]s4 ,f ! beg9n+1 bo? ,bem5t & ,sell]s specializ$ on railway ma*9]y & !y h always built a class ( tools l>g] ?an ^? manufactur$ 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! ,s\?w>k ,f\ndry 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahcf1 fir/ z a f\ndry only1 b a l>ge ma*9e %op 0 soon add$4 ,! own]s 7 ,s4 ,v4 ,m]rick1 :o became ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 & ,john ,h5ry ,t[ne1 :o 0 ! eng9e]+ p>tn]4 ,! firm design$ & built /eam eng9es & o!r heavy ma*9]y & introduc$ ! /eam hamm] into ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u arrangem5t ) ,james ,nasmy?4 ,f ! designs ( ,capt4 ,john ,ericsson !y built ! eng9es = ! 8,pr9ceton10 ! fir/ ,am]ican man-(-w> propell$ by a screw1 & lat] 7 id5tifi$ ) ! ,port]-,all5 /eam eng9e4 ,mr4 ,t[ne )drew f ! firm ab\t #ahdh1 & ! firm "n became successively ,m]rick ,son1 ,m]rick ,sons1 ,h5ry ,g4 ,morris1 & f9ally ! ,s\?w>k ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,company4 ,i4 ,p4 ,morris ,company came f ,levi ,morris ,company1 f\nd$ 9 #ahbh1 & = _m ye>s 7 engag$ 9 a simil> "w4 ,9 #ahfb ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,t[ne1 above ref]r$ to1 0 admitt$ to ! firm z ! eng9e]+ p>tn]1 & ! firm "n !n became ,i4 ,p4 ,morris1 ,t[ne ,company1 until ab\t #ahfi :5 ,mr4 ,t[ne )drew4 ,at 8 )drawal ! firm "n 0 re/or$ to its orig9al =m1 ,i4 ,p4 ,morris ,company4 ,x is n[ a dep>tm5t ( ! ,cramp ,%ip ,build+ ,company4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! works 7 occupi$ l>gely 9 build+ eng9es & boil]s = gov]nm5t vessels1 & bla/ furnace & sug> mill ma*9]y4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,h5ry ,r4 ,t[ne1 son ( ,j4 ,h4 ,t[ne1 ent]$ ! works z an appr5tice1 s]v$ 9 ! draw+ room & %ops1 & f9ally 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! erection at ! navy y>ds ( ,bo/on & ,kitt]y ( ! eng9es1 boil]s1 etc41 built = two ( ! d\ble-turret$ monitors4 ,return+ to ,philadelphia1 he 0 made assi/ant sup]9t5d5t ( ! works4 ,j4 ,h4 ,t[ne 0 a me*anical eng9e] ( em95ce 9 8 day1 ^: "w z a design] %[$ unusual ?or\ghness & f9i%4 ,he 0 a w>m fri5d & admir] ( bo? ,william & ,coleman ,sell]s1 & ?r\gh 8 influ5ce1 ,h5ry ,r4 ,t[ne 0 at "o "t a /ud5t appr5tice 9 ! %ops ( ,william ,sell]s ,company1 acquir+ !re an exp]i5ce :i* _h a m>k$ influ5ce on 8 future "w4 ,bo? ( ! firms ) :i* ,j4 ,h4 ,t[ne 0 connect$ built ma*9e tools = !mselves & = o!rs1 especially ( ! heavi] & l>g] k9ds1 & ?us 7 among ! e>ly tool build]s4 ,i4 ,p4 ,morris ,company1 ab\t #ahfj1 design$ & built = _! own use :at 0 !n ! l>ge/ v]tical bor+ mill 9 ?is c\ntry4#bac #bac ,f correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,t[ne4 ,x may surprise "s to le>n t ! well-kn[n ,new ,engl& firm1 ! ,yale ,t[ne ,manufactur+ ,company 9 ,/am=d1 ,conn41 is a desc5dant ( ^! ,philadelphia companies4 ,x 0 organiz$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahfh1 by ,l9us ,yale1 ,jr41 & ,h5ry ,r4 ,t[ne1 :o 7 br\ght toge!r by ,william ,sell]s4 ,mr4 ,yale di$ 9 ! foll[+ ,decemb]4 ,?is company1 "u ! direction & control ( ,mr4 ,t[ne1 has _h a wide influ5ce on ! lock & h>dw>e indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:ile ! products ( ! ,yale ,t[ne ,manufactur+ ,company h always consi/$ *iefly ( locks & relat$ articles1 !y h add$ s9ce #ahgf ! manufacture ( *a9 blocks1 electric hoi/s1 &1 dur+ a consid]able p]iod1 two l9es alli$ to tool build+1 namely1 cranes & te/+ ma*9es4 ,?is company 0 ! pione] crane build] ( ?is c\ntry1 organiz+ a dep>tm5t = ?is purpose z e>ly z #ahgh1 & develop+ a l>ge bus9ess 9 ?is field1 :i* 0 sold 9 #ahid to ! ,br[n ,hoi/+ ,ma*9e ,company ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,! build+ ( te/+ ma*9es 0 und]tak5 9 #ahhb1 to utilize ! inv5tions ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,em]y1 & 0 cont9u$ until #ahhg1 :5 ?is bus9ess 0 sold to ,william ,sell]s ,company1 = ! same reason t ! crane bus9ess 0 sold2 namely1 t bo? 7 incongru\s ) ! o!r & pr9cipal products ( ! company4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! ,bilgram ,ma*9e ,works1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,hugo ,bilgram1 an exp]t ,philadelphia me*anic1 has made valuable contributions to ! art ( accurate ge> cutt+4 ,9 ! cities betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 & "h & !re 9 ! small] t[ns ( ,p5nsylvania1 are sev]al tool build]s ( influ5ce4 ,g\ld ,eb]h>dt 9 ,new>k is "o ( ! olde/ firms 9 ! bus9ess1 hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 #ahcc4 ,ezra ,g\ld1 its f\nd]1 le>n$ 8 trade at ,pat]son1 & />t$ 9 = himself at ,new>k 9 a s+le room1 #af feet squ>e4 ,)9 a few ye>s ! ,g\ld ,ma*9e ,company 0 organiz$1 ! bus9ess mov$ to its pres5t location1 & a l9e ( la!s1 plan]s & drill presses 0 manufactur$4 ,to ^! !y add$ fire eng9es4 ,ulri* ,eb]h>dt />t$ z an appr5tice 9 #aheh & became a p>tn] 9 #ahgg1 ! firm "n becom+ ,e4 ,g\ld ,eb]h>dt1 & lat] ,g\ld ,eb]h>dt4 ,mr4 ,g\ld retir$ 9 #ahia1 & di$ 9 #aija4 ,mr4 ,eb]h>dt also di$ 9 #aija2 ! bus9ess has s9ce be5 incorporat$ & is n[ "u ! managem5t ( 8 ?ree sons4 ,!y employ ab\t #djj m5 9 ! manufacture ( ge> & rack cutt+ ma*9]y & %ap]s4 ,! ,pond ,ma*9e ,tool ,company1 :i* mov$ f ,worce/] to ,pla9field1 ,n4 ,j41 9 #ahhh1 0 f\nd$ by ,lucius ,w4 ,pond4#bad ,x is a l>ge & influ5tial %op & "o ( ! f\r plants ( ! ,niles-,bem5t-,pond ,company4 ,_! output is *iefly plan]s1 bor+ mills & l>ge la!s4 #bad ,see p4 #bbb4 ,! ,l&is ,tool ,company1 ( ,waynesboro1 ,pa41 build]s ( gr9d+ ma*9]y1 spr+s f ! firm ( ,l&is ,bro!rs1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahij by ,f4 ,f4 & ,a4 ,b4 ,l&is4 ,"o 0 sup]9t5d5t & ! o!r a tool mak] 9 a small plant build+ portable eng9es & agricultural ma*9]y4 ,a small ,br[n ,%>pe gr9d+ ma*9e 0 pur*as$ = use 9 ^! works4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,l&is became int]e/$ 9 ! design ( a ma*9e m suit$ to _! p>ticul> "w1 & f ?is has develop$ ! ,l&is gr9d]4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,we/]n ,,tool ,,build]s ,prior to #ahhj practically all ( ! tool build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 done ea/ ( ! ,allegh5ies4 ,! few tools built "h & !re 9 ,ohio & ,indiana 7 mo/ly copies ( ea/]n ones & _! quality 0 n high4 ,9 fact1 !re 7 few %ops 9 ! ,we/ equipp$ to d accurate "w4 8,*ordal's ,lett]s10 publi%$ fir/ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ & lat] 9 book =m1#bae give an excell5t picture ( ! we/]n ma*9e %op 9 ! transition /age f pione] conditions to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 #bae ,h5ry ,w4 ,see3 8,extracts f ,*ordal's ,lett]s02 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 #ab? ,edition4 #aiji4 ,good tool build+ appe>$ 9 ,ohio 9 ! e>ly eighties1 & )9 t5 ye>s its competition 0 felt by ! ea/]n tool build]s4 ,! fir/ we/]n c5t]s 7 ,clevel&1 ,c9c9nati & ,hamilton4 ,( ^!1 ,clevel& seems to h be5 ! fir/ to build tools ( ! highe/ grade4 ,we h already not$ t ! ,pratt ,:itney %op 9 ,h>t=d furni%$ ,clevel& ) a numb] ( its =emo/ tool build]s4 ,! olde/ ( ^! & p]haps ! be/ kn[n is ! ,w>n] ,swasey ,company4 ,?is company has ! di/9ction1 %>$ ) only "o o!r1 ( hav+ furni%$ two presid5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,oddly en\gh ! o!r company is also a ,clevel& firm1 ! ,wellman1 ,seav]1 ,morgan ,company1 build]s ( coal- & ore-h&l+ ma*9]y1 & ( /eel mill equipm5t4 ,worce/] ,e4 ,w>n]1 ( ! ,w>n] ,swasey ,company1 0 born at ,cumm+ton1 ,mass41 9 #ahdf4 ,al?\gh a f>m]'s son & d5i$ a college education1 he _h access 9 8 own home to an admirable libr>y1 :i* he us$ to great advantage4 ,:5 n9ete5 ye>s old he w5t to ,bo/on & le>n$ me*anical draw+ 9 ! (fice ( ,george ,b4 ,brayton4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he 0 transf]r$ to ! %op at ,exet]1 ,n4 ,h41 :]e he fir/ met ,ambrose ,swasey4 ,mr4 ,swasey 0 born at ,exet]1 also 9 #ahdf1 w5t to ! traditional 8little r$ s*oolh\se10 & le>n$ 8 trade z a ma*9i/ 9 ! %op to :i* ,w>n] came4 ,9 #ahgj !y w5t toge!r to ,h>t=d1 ent]$ ! ,pratt ,:itney %op z j\rneym5 me*anics1 & 9 a %ort "t _h become =em5 & contractors4 ,mr4 ,swasey soon ga9$ a reputation = accurate workman%ip & r>e ability 9 ! solution ( complex me*anical problems4 ,he _h *>ge ( ! ge> dep>tm5t1 & inv5t$ & develop$ a new process ( g5]at+ spur ge> tee?1 :i* 0 giv5 9 a pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4#baf ,mr4 ,w>n]1 also1 became "o ( ! company's mo/ tru/$ me*anics1 0 head ( ! plan+ dep>tm5t1 & _h *>ge ( ! ,pratt ,:itney exhibit at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition 9 ,philadelphia4 #baf ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #bfe4 ,9 #ahha !y left ,h>t=d & w5t fir/ to ,*icago1 int5d+ to build eng9e la!s1 ea* putt+ #ejjj into ! v5ture2 b f9d+ difficulty 9 obta9+ good workm5 !re1 !y mov$ 9 ab\t a ye> to ,clevel&1 :]e !y h rema9$4 ,_! fir/ ord] 0 = twelve turret la!s1 & !y h built ?is type ( ma*9e ev] s9ce4 ,at v>i\s times !y h built spe$ la!s1 die-s9k+ ma*9es1 horizontal bor+ mills1 & h& ge>-cutt]s1 b !y n[ conf9e _! tool build+ to h&-op]at$ turret la!s4 ,!y h nev] built automatics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ed4 ,,worce/] ,r4 ,,w>n] ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ee4 ,,ambrose ,,swasey ,! build+ ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts 0 n 9 _! orig9al s*eme1 b ,mr4 ,w>n]'s ta/e = a/ronomy & ,mr4 ,swasey's skill 9 intricate & delicate me*anical problems1 l$ !m to take up ?is "w4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 usually design$ by a/ronom]s & in/rum5t mak]s1 7 9 g5]al mu* too light2 at lea/ ! l>ge ones 74 ,f _! long exp]i5ce z tool build]s1 ,w>n] & ,swasey realiz$ t /r5g? & rigidity are q z ess5tial z accuracy ( workman%ip :]e great precision is requir$4 ,! design ( a l>ge telescope c>ry+ a l5s weigh+ ov] #ejj p\nds at ! end ( a /eel tube =ty or sixty feet long1 & weigh+ five or six tons1 :i* mu/ be practically free f flexure & vibration & "u intricate & accurate control1 becomes di/9ctly an eng9e]+ problem4 ,to ?is problem bo? ,mr4 ,w>n] & ,mr4 ,swasey br\ght eng9e]+ skill & exp]i5ce ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,:5 ! tru/ees ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory call$ 9 #ahhf = designs = ! great #cf-;in* telescope1 ,w>n] ,swasey submitt$ "o :i* provid$ = mu* heavi] m\nt+s ?an _h ev] be5 us$ be=e1 & heavi] con/ruction ?r\gh\t4 ,!y 7 aw>d$ ! contract & ! in/rum5t 0 built & in/all$ "u ,mr4 ,swasey's p]sonal sup]vision4 ,x is locat$ on ! v top ( ,m\nt ,hamilton 9 ,cali=nia1 #dbjj feet above sea-level2 & to give room = ! obs]vatory #db1jjj tons ( rock _h to be remov$4 ,! great in/rum5t1 weigh+ ) its m\nt+s m ?an =ty tons1 80 transport$ 9 sections1 ov] a newly made m\nta9 road1 sometimes 9 a driv+ sn[/orm1 ) ! w9d bl[+ f sixty to eighty miles an h\r40#bag #bag ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e1 ,m>*1 #ahig1 p4 #djc4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! in/rum5t 0 a brilliant success4 ,! ,w>n] ,swasey ,company has s9ce design$ & built ! m\nt+s = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory telescope1 ! #dj-;in* ,y]kes telescope1 ! #gb-;in* reflect+ telescope = ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t1 & ! #fj-;in* reflect+ telescope = ! ,national ,obs]vatory at ,cordoba1 ,arg5t9a1 ! l>ge/ 9 use 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 addition to ?is l>ge "w1 ! firm has built m]idian circles1 transits & o!r in/rum5ts = a/ronomical "w1 range f9d]s = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 & introduc$ ! prismatic b9ocul> into ?is c\ntry4 ,9 connection ) ?is a/ronomical "w ,mr4 ,swasey design$ & built a divid+ eng9e capable ( divid+ circles ( #dj in*es 9 diamet] ) an error ( less ?an "o second ( arc4 ,a second ( arc subt5ds ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* at ! di/ance ( "o mile4 ,al?\gh ! graduations on ! inlaid silv] b& ( ?is ma*9e are s f9e t !y c sc>cely be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 ! wid? ( ea* l9e is twelve times ! maximum error 9 ! automatic graduations :i* ! ma*9e produces4 ,al?\gh _! reputation z telescope build]s is int]national1 ,w>n] ,swasey are1 & always h be51 prim>ily tool build]s4 ,!y 7 n ! fir/ to build tools 9 ! ,middle ,we/1 b !y 7 ! fir/ to turn out "w comp>able 9 quality ) t ( ! be/ %ops 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,w>n] ,swasey %op has _h ! advantage ( o!r good me*anics besides its proprietors4 ,walt] ,all51 an exp]t tool design]1 did 8 entire "w ) !m1 ris+ f appr5tice to works manag]4 ,frank ,kempsmi?1 orig9ally a ,br[n ,%>pe man1 0 at "o "t _! sup]9t5d5t4 ,lucas1 ( ! ,lucas ,ma*9e ,tool ,company1 0 a =eman4 ,george ,b>dons1 :o s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip ) ,pratt ,:itney1 w5t we/ ) ,w>n] & ,swasey :5 !y />t$ 9 bus9ess & 0 _! sup]9t5d5t2 & ,john ,oliv]1 a graduate ( ,worce/] ,polyte*nic1 0 _! *ief draftsman4 ,! la/ two left ,w>n] ,swasey 9 #ahia & e/abli%$ ! firm ( ,b>dons ,oliv] = build+ la!s4 ,ano!r old ,pratt ,:itney workman is ,a4 ,w4 ,foote ( ! ,foote-,burt ,company1 build]s ( drill+ ma*9es4 ,unlike ! o!rs1 h[ev]1 ,foote did n "w = ,w>n] ,swasey4 ,! fir/ multi-sp9dle automatic screw ma*9es 7 manufactur$ 9 ,clevel&4 ,! ,clevel& automatic 0 develop$ 9 ! plant ( ! ,:ite ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company = _! own "w1 & its success l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a sep>ate company = its manufacture4 ,! ,acme automatic 0 inv5t$ by ,re9holdt ,hakewessel & ,e4 ,c4 ,h5n 9 ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,hakewessel 0 a ,pratt ,:itney man & ,mr4 ,h5n a ,new ,brita9 boy1 :o _h work$ fir/ 9 ,lora9 & ,c9c9nati & !n = twelve ye>s 9 ,h>t=d ) ,pratt ,cady1 ! valve manufactures4 ,9 #ahie ,h5n & ,hakewessel began manufactur+ bicycle p>ts 9 a little ,h>t=d attic1 develop+ = ?is "w a five-sp9dle automatic4 ,sev5 ye>s lat] ! bus9ess 0 mov$ to ,clevel&1 :]e x became ! ,national-,acme ,manufactur+ ,company1 organiz$ by ,e4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,w4 ,h5n & ,w4 ,d4 ,b4 ,alex&]1 :o came f ! ,union ,/eel ,screw ,works4 ,_! bus9ess ( manufactur+ automatic screw ma*9]y & screw ma*9e products has gr[n rapidly & is n[ "o ( ! l>ge/ indu/ries 9 ,clevel&4 ,! ,:ite ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company & ! ,union ,/eel ,screw ,works 7 among ! fir/ 9 ,clevel& to use accurate me?ods & to produce int]*angeable "w4 ,x 0 at ! ,union ,/eel ,screw ,works t ,james ,h>tness1 ( ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,company1 got 8 fir/ tra9+ 9 accurate "w4 ,_! %op practice 0 good & 0 due to ,jason ,a4 ,bidwell1 :o came f ! ,am]ican ,tool ,company ( ,provid5ce4 ,! ,/&>d ,tool ,company is an (fspr+ ( ,b+ham ,company1 ,clevel&1 & ( ! ,morse ,twi/ ,drill ,company ( ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,f ! ,/&>d ,tool ,company has come ! ,:itman-,b>nes ,company ( ,akron1 & f t ! ,mi*igan ,twi/ ,drill & ,ma*9e ,company4 ,newton ,cox 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgf1 & built plan]s & mill+ ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,newton sold 8 %>e 9 ! bus9ess to ,f4 ,f4 ,pr5tiss 9 #ahhj1 w5t to ,philadelphia1 & />t$ ! ,newton ,ma*9e ,tool ,works4 ,cox ,pr5tiss lat] became ! ,clevel& ,twi/ ,drill ,company4 ,!y drift$ into ! drill bus9ess ?r\gh n be+ able to buy su* drills z !y requir$4 ,!y began mak+ drills fir/ = !mselves1 !n = _! fri5ds1 & gradually took up _! manufacture1 giv+ up ! bus9ess 9 ma*9e tools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c9c9nati is said to h upw>ds ( #ae1jjj m5 engag$ 9 ! tool build+ indu/ry1 & to be ! l>ge/ tool build+ c5t] 9 ! _w4 ,!re are approximately =ty firms !re engag$ 9 ?is "w1 _m ( !m l>ge & widely kn[n4 ,?is developm5t1 :i* has tak5 place )9 ! pa/ ?irty-five ye>s1 may possibly h sprung indirectly f ! old riv] traffic4 ,sev5ty ye>s ago ?is traffic 0 l>ge1 & ,c9c9nati did ! great] "p ( ! eng9e & boat build+ & repair "w4 ,:5 ! riv] trade vani%$1 ! me*anics engag$ 9 ?is "w 7 compell$ to turn _! att5tion to some?+ else1 & !re may be "s significance 9 ! co9cid5ce ( ! rise ( tool build+ ) ! decl9e ( ! old] indu/ry4 ,!re _h be5 m or less manufactur+ 9 ,c9c9nati = _m ye>s1 b little ( x c\ld be describ$ z tool build+4 ,miles ,gre5wood e/abli%$ ! ,eagle ,iron ,works 9 #ahcb on ! site n[ occupi$ by ! ,ohio ,me*anics ,in/itute4 ,x compris$ a g5]al ma*9e %op1 an iron f\ndry1 brass f\ndries1 & a h>dw>e factory :i* rival$ ^? ( ,new ,engl&1 employ+ 9 all ov] #ejj m54 ,! h>dw>e factory 0 important en\gh to attract ! special att5tion ( ! ,engli% commission]s :o visit$ ?is c\ntry 9 #ahec4 ,9 ! fifties & e>ly sixties1 ,niles ,company built /eamboat & /ation>y eng9es1 locomotives & sug> ma*9]y1 & employ$ f #bjj to #cjj m54 ,?is company 0 ! =]unn] ( ! pres5t ,niles ,tool ,works 9 ,hamilton4 ,lane ,bodley 7 build+ woodwork+ ma*9]y ab\t ! same "t1 & ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,company1 ano!r firm build+ woodwork+ ma*9]y1 :i* />t$ 9 ,ke5e1 ,n4 ,h41 began "w 9 ,c9c9nati 9 ! e>ly sixties4 ,! fir/ build] ( metal-work+ tools 9 ,c9c9nati 0 ,john ,/eptoe2 9 fact1 he is said to h be5 = _m ye>s ! only tool build] we/ ( ! ,allegh5ies4 ,/eptoe came to ?is c\ntry f ,oldham1 ,engl&1 "s "t 9 ! =ties4 ,x is said t he 0 a f\ndl+ & t 8 "n came f 8 hav+ be5 left on a door/ep4 ,he 0 m>ri$ be=e he came to ,c9c9nati1 & _h s]v$ an appr5tice%ip ( sev5 ye>s1 al?\gh he 0 s "y 9 appe>ance t no "o w\ld believe x4 ,aft] work+ "s "t = ,gre5wood1 he />t$ 9 bus9ess = himself1 mak+ a foot p[] mortis+ ma*9e & lat] a l9e ( woodwork+ tools4 ,! fir/ metal-work+ tool :i* he built 0 a copy ( ! ,putnam la!4 ,) ,?omas ,mc,farlan1 ano!r ,engli%man1 he =m$ ! firm ( ,/eptoe ,mc,farlan1 & 8 %op1 call$ ! ,we/]n ,ma*9e ,works1 employ$ by #ahgj ab\t #cjj m54 ,_! old payrolls conta9 ! names ( ,william ,e4 ,gang ( ! ,william ,e4 ,gang ,company2 ,mr4 ,oe/]li5 ( ! ,oe/]li5 ,ma*9e ,company2 & ,mr4 ,dietz ( ! old ,dietz1 ,s*uma*] ,boye ,company1 n[ ! ,boye ,emmes ,ma*9e ,tool ,company4 ,/eptoe 0 n an orig9ator or an inv5tor4 ,he 0 a r\gh man1 pla9 spok51 hone/ & well in=m$4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhh at ab\t eighty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,?omas ,p4 ,egan ( ! ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,egan ,company1 :o _h work$ = ,/eptoe & 0 ! adm9i/rator ( 8 e/ate1 sold ! bus9ess = ! wid[ to ,ott+ ,laud]4#bah ,9 compliance ) ,/eptoe's wi% x 0 /ipulat$ t 8 "n %\ld be reta9$ & x has be5 p]petuat$ 9 ! v>i\s *anges ?r\gh :i* ! bus9ess has gone4 ,today ! ,john ,/eptoe ,company manufactures %ap]s & mill+ ma*9es4 ,/eptoe's "n %\ld be rememb]$1 = ,c9c9nati tool build+ owes its />t m to him ?an to anyone else1 ) ! possible exception ( ,william ,lodge1 :o 0 himself "o ( ,/eptoe's workm54 #bah ,! above facts are giv5 by sev]al ( ,/eptoe's old workm54 ,mr4 ,lodge1 ! son ( ,george ,lodge1 a skill$ me*anic 9 ! textile indu/ry1 0 born 9 ,le$s1 ,engl&1 9 #ahdh4 ,aft] s]v+ 8 appr5tice%ip 9 ! %ops ( ,fairbairn ,company1 ,le$s1 he came to ,philadelphia1 :]e he work$ = ,*amb]s ,bro!rs f #ahfi to #ahgb1 mak+ pap]-fold+ ma*9]y4 ,he came to ,c9c9nati 9 #ahgb & work$ = ,/eptoe = eight ye>s1 fir/ z a j\rneyman ma*9i/ & lat] z a =eman4 ,hav+ sav$ #ajjj1 he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,william ,b>k] & !y />t$ 9 bus9ess ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 #ahhj1 at ,fif? ,/reet & ! ,c4 ,h4 ,d4 tracks4 ,associat$ ) !m = a %ort "t 0 ,mr4 ,be*le1 ano!r ,/eptoe workman4 ,_! fir/ task 0 to true up a few second-h& ma*9es :i* !y _h b\ght = _! %op1 aft] :i* !y w5t out1 secur$ "s bus9ess1 & came back & execut$ x !mselves1 s9ce !y _h no "o 9 _! employ4 ,"p ( ?is fir/ bus9ess 0 mak+ "s op5+ dies = ,p[ell & a small turret la! = ,lunk5heim]4 ,lunk5heim] imm$iately ord]$ ?ree m & dur+ ! foll[+ ye> eighte5 la!s 7 made & sold4 ,beg9n+ ) #ajjj1 ! bus9ess inv5tori$ at ! end ( ! fir/ ye> #gjjj2 at ! end ( ! second ye> #cb1jjj2 & at ! end ( t5 ye>s #djj1jjj4 ,fifte5 mon?s aft] />t+ !y employ$ sev5ty-five m54 ,!re is little d\bt t ?is rapid success induc$ q a numb] ( ! bett] & m ambiti\s me*anics 9 ,c9c9nati to take up simil> "w4 ,mr4 ,lodge 0 well kn[n among ! me*anics ( ! city & _h be5 presid5t ( _! union4 ,if "o ( _! own numb] c\ld build up a successful bus9ess1 :y c\ld !y n d ! same8 ,"s ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,c9c9nati tool build+ firms 7 e/abli%$ dur+ ! few ye>s aft] ,mr4 ,lodge's />t4 ,9 #ahhf ,mr4 ,b>k] sold 8 int]e/ to ,*>les ,davis & began mak+ ,fox la!s & monitors indep5d5tly4 ,lodge & ,davis cont9u$ 9 p>tn]%ip until #ahib1 :5 ,mr4 ,lodge sold 8 int]e/ to ,mr4 ,?omas ,p4 ,egan & ! firm became ,davis ,egan1 & lat] ! ,am]ican ,tool ,works4 ,mr4 ,lodge1 mean:ile1 organiz$ ! ,ohio ,ma*9e ,tool ,company & a ye> lat] became associat$ ) ,murray ,%ipley1 =m+ ! pres5t ,lodge ,%ipley ,ma*9e ,tool ,company4 ,mr4 ,lodge's fir/ export ord] 0 receiv$ 9 #ahhi4 ,alfr$ ,h]b]t1 :o _h j />t$ 9 ,cov5try1 s5t an inquiry 9 reg>d to drill presses to ,c9c9nati1 :i* 0 =w>d$ to ,mr4 ,lodge 9 ,london4 ,mr4 ,lodge w5t d[n to see him & ask$ :e!r ! inquiry 0 = purposes ( in=mation or = pur*ase4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t said t if ,lodge _h a bett] ma*9e he w\ld buy4 ,mr4 ,lodge ask$ to see 8 ma*9e & aft] a little hesitation he 0 tak5 out into ! %op4 ,! fir/ ma*9e he saw 0 a plan]4 ,he said t he c\ld save #cj p] c5t on ! "w z x 0 be+ done1 & w\ld sell !m a ma*9e :i* w\ld d x = #ajj4 ,he 0 told t ! plan] !y 7 look+ at co/ only #fe & repli$ t t 0 all x 0 wor?4 ,he sp5t sev]al h\rs 9 ! %op1 & left ! plant n only ) an ord]1 b ) ! *eck 9 paym5t !re(4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a l>ge export bus9ess4 ,:ile ! firm 0 ,lodge ,davis1 x built la!s1 plan]s & drill presses4 ,mr4 ,lodge want$ to manufacture r ?an build1 & to specialize ^u la!s4 ,mr4 ,davis1 :o 0 a bus9ess man1 want$ a complete l9e ( tools1 z he saw ! opportunities ( sell+ o!r ma*9es ) ! la!s4 ,?is l$ to a policy1 ! effect ( :i* 0 to build up a numb] ( small tool build+ ent]prises1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b n compet+4 ,ab\t #ahhg ,lodge ,davis began conc5trat+ _! manufactur+ ^u eng9e la!s1 & plac+ ord]s = o!r types ( tools ) me*anics kn[n to !m :o 7 j />t+ up1 or ) workm5 or =em5 f _! own plant :om !y help$ to />t 9 bus9ess4 ,= in/ance1 to ,smi? ,mills1 :o _h be5 =em5 ) ,/eptoe & _h />t$ mak+ set screws & cap screws1 !y gave an ord] = #cjj %ap]s4 ,ano!r firm1 ,smi? ,silk1 also built %ap]s = ,lodge ,davis4 ,lat] !y add$ plan]s1 & 9 ! e>ly n9eties !y mov$ to ,k5ton1 ,ohio1 & began build+ %ap]s & plan]s = _! own acc\nt4 ,to ,r4 ,k4 ,le,blond1 :o _h s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip ) ,br[n ,%>pe & _h come to ,c9c9nati to make pr9t]s' ma*9]y & supplies1 ,lodge ,davis gave a l>ge ord] = slide-re/s4 ,to ,william ,ow51 "o ( _! workm51 !y gave an ord] = ,fox monitors4 ,ow5 w5t into p>tn]%ip ) ,philip ,montanus & />t$ ! ,spr+field ,ma*9e ,tool ,company1 & ,lodge ,%ipley b\ght _! entire product = eight ye>s4 ,?r\gh ,mr4 ,lodge's influ5ce1 ,frank ,kempsmi? came f ,w>n] ,swasey z "o ( ! p>tn]s 9 ?is firm4 ,he aft]w>ds mov$ to ,milwaukee & />t$ ! ,kempsmi? ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,?is policy on ! "p ( ,lodge ,davis unque/ionably set ^u _! feet a numb] ( small companies :i* h s9ce gr[n into successful1 indep5d5t ent]prises4 ,william ,e4 ,gang work$ = ,lodge z vice-=eman4 ,greaves 0 8 plan] =eman2 ,h5ry ,dreses 0 8 *ief draftsman2 & ,william ,h]man1 ( ! ,fosdick ,ma*9e ,tool ,company1 0 8 sup]9t5d5t4 ,gang ,dietz1 & ,fosdick ,pluck] also began by do+ "w = ,lodge ,davis4 ,?r\gh v>i\s *anges ! =m] has become ! pres5t ,boye ,emmes ,ma*9e ,tool ,company & ! latt] ! ,fosdick ,ma*9e ,tool ,company4 ,dreses1 ) ,osc> ,muell]1 />t$ ,dreses1 ,muell] ,company 9 #ahif4 ,9 #aijb !y sep>at$ & ea* =m$ a company ( 8 own4 ,greaves1 ) ,h4 ,klussman1 began build+ woodwork+ ma*9]y ab\t #ahij1 to :i* !y h s9ce add$ ! build+ ( eng9e la!s4 ,! ,c9c9nati ,plan] ,company is ano!r (f%oot ( ,lodge ,davis & ,davis ,egan ?r\gh ,b4 ,quill5 & ,w4 ,burtn]1 :o 7 9 _! (fice4 ,x is impossible "h to give ! hi/ory ( all ! ,c9c9nati tool build]s & only a few c be m5tion$4 ,h5ry ,bick=d1 a native ( ,new ,hamp%ire & an employee ( ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,company1 />t$ a few ye>s be=e ,mr4 ,lodge4 ,9 #ahgd he began build+ five sizes ( upright drills1 f #bj to #ch in*es 9 capacity4 ,:ile 8 gr[? 0 n s rapid z ,mr4 ,lodge's1 x 0 /eady & by #ahhe he _h built #cjjj ma*9es4 ,! fir/ ma*9es 7 *eap & built = competition1 b f !m has develop$ a product ( ! highe/ quality4 ,! ,bick=d ,drill ,company 0 organiz$ 9 #ahhg & ! bus9ess 0 ext5d$ to include radial & univ]sal drills4 ,! company 0 reorganiz$ 9 #ahic1 & 9 #ahid x absorb$ ! ,univ]sal ,radial ,drill ,company1 its only competitor 9 ?is special field 9 ! city4 ,"s ye>s ago ! "n 0 *ang$ to ! ,c9c9nati ,bick=d ,tool ,company4 ,mr4 ,anton ,mill & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,norris h 9 ! ma9 be5 responsible = _! eng9e]+ practice4 ,mr4 ,mill 0 a ,g]man :o came to !m f ! ,c9c9nati ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,company & ,mr4 ,norris is a ,cornell graduate ) a wide exp]i5ce 9 ! ea/]n tool build+ %ops4 ,! ,c9c9nati ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,company comes f ! ,c9c9nati ,screw ,tap ,company1 />t$ by ,fr$]ick ,holtz1 :o began mak+ screws & taps 9 a kit*5 ab\t #ahhj4 ,he made a mill+ ma*9e ) a wood5 base = flut+ 8 taps1 because he 0 too poor to buy "o4 ,lunk5heim] saw ?is ma*9e & ord]$ "o1 & f ?is />t came _! pres5t mill+ ma*9e bus9ess4 ,! firm became ! ,c9c9nati ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,company 9 #ahhi ) ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,gei] z presid5t4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,de,leeuw 0 = a numb] ( ye>s eng9e] = ?is company & 8 exp]im5ts 9 cutt+ tools h _h a wide influ5ce on all mill+ ma*9e practice4 ,! prom95ce ( ,hamilton1 ,ohio1 9 tool build+ is due *iefly to ! ,niles ,tool ,works1 :i* mov$ ?i!r f ,c9c9nati ab\t #ahgf4 ,be=e ! w> ! old firm1 ,niles ,company1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 occasionally built tools = _! own use4 ,aft] ! w>1 ,george ,gray1 :o 0 _! design] & sup]9t5d5t1 0 s5t ?r\gh ! ea/]n /ates to famili>ize himself ) ma*9e tool build+ & ! company took x up z "p ( _! regul> "w4 ,aft] _! removal to ,hamilton1 !y conf9$ !mselves :olly to ?is "w & h gr[n to be "o ( ! l>ge/ firms 9 ! c\ntry 9 ?is field4 ,ab\t #aijj ! ,niles ,tool ,works 7 br\ght "u ! same managem5t z ,bem5t1 ,miles ,company ( ,philadelphia1 ! ,pond ,ma*9e ,tool ,company ( ,pla9field1 ,n4 ,j41 & ! ,pratt ,:itney ,company ( ,h>t=d1 & !y are n[ op]at$ z "o ( ! plants ( ! ,niles-,bem5t-,pond ,company4 ,9 #ahhj ,gray left ! ,niles ,tool ,works & />t$ ! ,univ]sal ,radial ,drill ,company 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,?is company built ! fir/ r\nd column radial drills1 pla9 & univ]sal1 aft] ,mr4 ,gray's designs4 ,he left ! company 9 #ahhc & ab\t t5 ye>s lat] x ceas$ bus9ess4 ,! ,g4 ,a4 ,gray ,company1 :i* he />t$ 9 #ahhc1 at fir/ built la!s1 b has specializ$ on plan]s & is n[ "o ( ! =emo/ firms 9 ! c\ntry specializ+ 9 ?is type ( tool4 ,z ! dem& = ma*9e tools spread we/w>d1 tool build+ has foll[$ x1 & an increas+ numb] ( companies are spr++ up 9 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois & ,wiscons94 ,! olde/ ( ^!1 ! ,w4 ,f4 ,john ,b>nes ,company ( ,rock=d1 ,ill41 began mak+ jig saws 9 #ahgb4 ,six ye>s lat] !y add$ ! build+ ( small la!s4 ,ab\t ! same "t !y made "s drill presses = _! own use & !n began manufactur+ !m = ! trade4 ,lat]1 tool gr9d]s1 arbor presses1 radial & gang drills 7 add$ successively to _! l9e ( ma*9es4 ,_! only competitors 7 9 ,worce/] & ,c9c9nati1 & ! high freight rates at t "t gave !m an important advantage 9 ! ,we/4 ,_! e>ly ma*9]y1 built to meet pione] conditions1 f\nd a consid]able m>ket 9 ! less develop$ =eign c\ntries & !y h built up a widespread export bus9ess4 ,rock=d has become a cle>ly def9$ c5t] = tool build]s4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,w4 ,f4 ,john ,b>nes ,company 0 ! only "o 9 ! city1 b 9 #ahhh ! ,me*anics ,ma*9e ,company 0 e/abli%$4 ,ab\t #ahic ! ,+]soll ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,company mov$ to ,rock=d f ,clevel&1 :]e ,mr4 ,+]soll _h be5 associat$ ) ,cox ,pr5tiss4 ,?is company has be5 ! lead] 9 ! developm5t ( heavy multiple-head mill+ ma*9es ( ! plan] type4 ,! ,b>b]-,coleman ,company began mak+ me*anics' tools & ge> cutt]s ab\t #ahif4 ,! ,b4 ,f4 ,b>nes ,company1 n[ ! ,rock=d ,drill+ ,ma*9e ,company1 & ! ,b>nes ,drill ,company 7 e/abli%$ 9 #ahig1 by ,b4 ,f4 ,b>nes1 a bro!r ( ,w4 ,f4 & ,john ,b>nes1 :o _h be5 associat$ ) !m = tw5ty ye>s z sup]9t5d5t4 ,9 addition to ^! firms !re are ! ,rock=d ,ma*9e ,tool ,company1 ! ,rock=d ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,company1 ! ,rock=d ,la! ,tool ,company1 ! ,rock=d ,iron ,works & ,w4 ,f4 ,l+r5 ,company4 ,! fir/ ( ^! companies />t$ 9 #ahig1 mak+ %ap]s & plan]s4 ,9 #aiac x b\ght out ! drill bus9ess ( ! old] ,me*anics ,ma*9e ,company4 ,x is said t "o ( ! reasons :y ,rock=d has become su* a tool build+ c5t] is t ! neighborhood 0 settl$ by ,sw$i% immigrants1 :o h furni%$ excell5t mat]ial = ! developm5t ( skill$ me*anics4 ,! ,int]national ,ma*9e ,tool ,company ( ,indianapolis 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aijf4 ,?is company manufactures ! turret la!s develop$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,libbey1 :o 0 = elev5 ye>s *ief eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,bull>d ,ma*9e ,tool ,company ( ,bridgeport2 aft]w>ds sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,pacific ,iron ,works ( ! same city1 & ( ! ,ludwig-,loewe ,company1 ,b]l91 ,g]many2 & = f\r ye>s & a half con/ruction eng9e] ( ! ,gi%olt ,ma*9e ,company ( ,madison1 ,wis4 ,f ,madison he w5t to ,indianapolis4 ,!re are a numb] ( tool build]s 9 ,*icago1 b ?\gh a great manufactur+ c5t]1 ,*icago1 l ,new ,york1 has n specializ$ 9 tool build+ z h "s ( ! small] places4 ,!re are p]haps a doz5 firms mak+ l>ge & small tools4 ,( ^? :o build ! l>g] types ( tools1 ,*>les ,h4 ,besly ,company1 manufactur]s ( gr9d+ ma*9es1 are be/ kn[n4 ,fr$]ick ,m4 ,g>dn]1 ( ,beloit1 ,wis41 :o 0 at "o "t ) ?is company1 0 l>gely responsible = ! developm5t ( disk gr9d+ ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,g>dn] 0 born 9 ,a%field1 ,mass41 & s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip ) ,wiley ,russell 9 ,gre5field4 ,f !re he w5t to ,pratt ,:itney's1 0 lat] plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! small tool dep>tm5t until1 ab\t #ahhe1 he 0 transf]r$ to ,*icago z _! special we/]n repres5tative on ! ,pratt ,:itney tools !n be+ sold by ,*>les ,h4 ,besly ,company4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ,mr4 ,besly l$ to ! =mation ( a company1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,g>dn] 0 sup]9t5d5t1 locat$ at ,beloit because ( ,mr4 ,besly's int]e/ 9 ! wat] p[] !re4 ,?is company manufactur$ taps1 dies1 clamps & o!r small tools4 ,! disk gr9d] 0 orig9at$ ab\t #ahij = use 9 ! manufacture ( _! clamps4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s x reta9$ sub/antially its fir/ =m1 b ) ! adv5t ( co>s] grades ( em]y1 a m p[]ful design ) v>i\s ref9em5ts & adju/m5ts 0 develop$4 ,9 #aije ,mr4 ,g>dn] organiz$ a sep>ate company kn[n z ! ,g>dn] ,ma*9e ,company4 ,s9ce t "t /ill l>g] & m p[]ful ma*9es h be5 design$1 lev] fe$s & micromet] /op screws add$1 & v>i\s types1 su* z d\ble sp9dle1 v]tical sp9dle & patt]n mak]s' gr9d]s1 built4 ,abrasive r+ :eels1 int]*angeable ) disk :eels all[ ! use ( wet gr9d+ & ?us ext5d ! field ( ?is type ( ma*9e4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,g>dn] di$ 9 #aiac4 ,8 sons1 :o 7 ) him f ! orig9 ( ! disk gr9d]1 are cont9u+ 8 "w 9 ! ,g>dn] ,ma*9e ,company4 ,! ,gi%olt ,ma*9e ,works at ,madison1 :i* grew out ( a plant manufactur+ agricultural ma*9]y1 has develop$ a widely us$ turret ma*9e = *uck+ "w inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,conrad ,n4 ,conradson4 ,?is ma*9e appli$ ! turret pr9ciple to mu* l>g] "w ?an x _h be5 us$ = up to t "t4 ,mr4 ,conradson has left ! ,gi%olt ,company & has s9ce design$ a p[]ful1 multi-sp9dle automatic la! :i*1 l ! ,bull>d ma*9e 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ef71 is v]tical1 &1 al?\gh a la!1 x has assum$ a =m :i* w\ld sc>cely be recogniz$ z su*4 ,?is ma*9e is built by ! ,gidd+s ,lewis ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,fond du ,lac1 ,wis4 ,milwaukee is rapidly e/abli%+ a reputation = tool build+4 ,ke>ney ,treck] & ! ,kempsmi? ,manufactur+ ,company are well-kn[n build]s ( mill+ ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,kempsmi?1 z we h already se51 0 a ,br[n ,%>pe man1 aft]w>ds sup]9t5d5t ( ,w>n] ,swasey & = sixte5 ye>s at ,spr+field1 ,ohio1 ) ,william ,smi? & ,philip ,montanus4 ,o!r tool build]s su* z ! ,milwaukee ,ma*9e ,tool ,company & ! ,/e9le ,turret ,ma*9e ,company ( ,madison are help+ to spread ! art ( tool build+ 9 ?is new region4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ef4 ,,! 8,,mult-,,au-,,matic0 ,,la! #aiad ,we h n be5 able to m5tion all ( ! we/]n tool build]s4 ,mo/ ( ^! firms h be5 e/abli%$ 9 rec5t ye>s & are busy build+ up a m>ket & a reputation4 ,"s ( !m w take positions ( lead]%ip z ,w>n] ,swasey & ,lodge ,%ipley h done1 b ?is ( c\rse requires "t4 ,!re c be no 8conclusion0 to ! hi/ory ( a live & gr[+ indu/ry4 ,a few ( ! pres5t t5d5cies1 h[ev]1 may be po9t$ out4 ,"o ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ influ5ces ev] receiv$ by tool build+ came f ! introduction ( high spe$ /eel ?r\gh ! "w ( ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,taylor & 8 associates4 ,^! /eels made possible mu* heavi] cuts1 & increases 9 cutt+ spe$s1 to two or two & "o-half times ! previ\s prevail+ practice4 ,mr4 ,taylor also made a rem>kable inve/igation ( ! la!-plan] type ( cutt+ tool4 ,a4 ,l4 ,de,leeuw & o!rs h /udi$ ! mill+ cutt] & twi/ drill & exam9$ ! causes ( ! failure ( cutt+ edges 9 action1 & ! influ5ce ( l>ge cle>ances = *ips & coolants4 ,! new cutt+ /eels & ^! inve/igations h compell$ an ext5sive r$esign ( ma*9e tools dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s1 a process :i* is /ill go+ on z new dem&s are made ^u ! tool build]s4 ,^! ye>s h also witness$ a developm5t ( ! 8/ation-type0 ( ma*9e1 or "o 9 :i* !re are multiple *ucks1 index$ f /ation to /ation1 "o position be+ us$ = putt+ 9 & tak+ out "w :ile a succession ( op]ations is simultane\sly go+ on at ! o!r /ations4 ,9 g5]al ^! are high production ma*9es suitable = long runs ( /&>d "w4 ,! multi-sp9dle automatic b>-/ock la! is an example4 ,"o ( ! late/ ( ^! /ation-type tools is ! v]tical ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 :i* p]=ms all ! functions ( an eng9e la! & is 9 effect five la!s 9 "o ma*9e4 ,ano!r developm5t ( rec5t ye>s has be5 ! ext5sion ( ! gr9d+ process1 bo? = ! rapid removal ( metal & = precision "w4 ,?is has be5 made possible by ! introduction ( new & m active abrasives4 ,! map1 ,fig4 #eg1bai gives a bird's-eye view ( ! di/ribution ( ! tool build+ indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & %[s t x is locat$ 9 a rectangle :i* includes s\!rn ,new ,engl& & t portion ( ! ,atlantic & ,middle ,/ates ly+ r\ghly nor? ( ! ,potomac & ,ohio & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]s4 ,! /rong t5d5cy t[>d conc5tration 9 c]ta9 localities is cle>ly se54 7,ea* dot 9 ! map repres5ts a %op47 ,( ! #egj plants %[n1 #aag are 9 ,ohio1 #ih 9 ,massa*usetts1 #ff 9 ,connecticut1 #fj 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #eg 9 ,new ,york1 #db 9 ,ill9ois1 #bi 9 ,mi*igan & #ah 9 ,wiscons94 ,?irty ye>s ago practically none w\ld h be5 f\nd we/ ( ,buffalo4 ,today ! majority are !re1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! m important companies are /ill 9 ! ,ea/4 ,unque/ionably ?is w equalize itself z ! new] we/]n %ops develop4 #bai ,f ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aiad1 p4 #baj4 ,! g5]al types ( ma*9e tools seem to be firmly e/abli%$1 & new or />tl+ inv5tions & revolution>y *anges seem unlikely4 ,! pres5t tr5d is t[>d high] spe$s1 heavi] cuts ) ! use ( great quantities ( lubricant1 fur!r ref9em5ts ( jigs & hold+ devices1 & ! use ( highly develop$ automatic ma*9es :i* may be op]at$ by unskill$ labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #eg4 ,,ma*9e ,,tool ,,build+ ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #aiae ,! unprec$5t$ dem& ^u ,am]ican tool build]s made by ! ,european ,w> has va/ly increas$ _! facilities1 & w probably t5d to e/abli% !m ev5 m firmly z _w lead]s 9 ! indu/ry4 ,,app5dix ,a ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? ,ri*>d ,s4 ,lawr5ce wrote = 8 son1 ,n$ ,lawr5ce1 an acc\nt ( 8 life1 :i* has nev] be5 publi%$4 ,x unconsci\sly reveals 8 g5u9e wor?1 & draws a simple b accurate picture ( ! life & /ruggles ( an ,am]ican me*anic sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,n$ ,lawr5ce x is giv5 bel[4 ,a few portions1 only1 deal+ ) family matt]s ( no g5]al int]e/1 are omitt$4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 ,dec4 #ag?1 #ahij4 ,to my son ,n$ ,lawr5ce4 ,by y\r reque/ ,i w give y f memory 9 "p a hi/ory ( my life4 ,i 0 born 9 ,*e/]1 ,v]mont1 ,novemb] #bb;d1 #ahag4 ,:5 ,i 0 two ye>s old my ,fa!r mov$ to ,h\nsfield1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 locat$ on a f>m half way betwe5 ,wat]t[n & ,blan*>d's ,corn]s4 ,:5 ,i 0 f\r ye>s old my ,fa!r mov$ to ,blan*>ds ,corn]s & kept a ,log ,tav]n4 ,?is 0 on ! road f ,wat]t[n to ,sackett's ,h>b\r4444 ,:5 ,i 0 six ye>s old my ,fa!r mov$ on to a f>m "o-half mile nor? ( ,blan*>ds ,corn]s4 ,at ?is "t my ,fa!r _h a h>d "t 9 cle>+ up a new f>m ( #ajj acres4 ,9 ord] to make ends meet1 ,fa!r1 :5 f>m "w 0 n driv+1 c>t$ cannon & grape %ot f ,sackett's ,h>b\r to ,wat]t[n4 ,?is mat]ial 0 s5t to ! ,h>b\r dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab1 & condemn$ & sold aft] ! ,w> by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t4444 ,?is 0 ! "t t ,i fir/ comm5c$ go+ to s*ool1 :i* did n am\nt to mu*4 ,fa!r di$ on ?is f>m :5 ,i 0 n9e ye>s old1 leav+ ,"m ) ?ree *ildr54444 ,"m mov$ ab\t ?is "t ) h] ,fa!r to ! t[n ( ,pamelia4 ,"h !y liv$ ab\t ?ree ye>s1 !n mov$ to ano!r small f>m 9 ! same t[n4 ,i sp5t mo/ ( my "t help+ on ^! two f>ms1 & break+ /e]s4 ,_h yokes made = ye>l+s1 _h a little sl$1 & _m times 9 w9t] drove to ,wat]t[n ,village to mill ) gri/s4 ,:5 ,i 0 fifte5 ye>s old ,gr&fa!r & ,"m mov$ to :at is n[ call$ ,nor? ,wat]t[n onto a small f>m4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,i began to feel a little uneasy1 & want$ to try some?+ else = a liv+4 ,i w5t to live ) ,uncle ,judah ,"l 9 ,jewellville1 ,nor? ,wat]t[n4 ,work$ = him mak+ ,c>p5t]s' & ,jo9]s' ,tools4 ,my "w = ! fir/ ye> 0 saw+ by h& season$ bea* plank into blocks = planes4 ,?is 0 h>d "w & ,i wi%$ myself 9 "s bett] place 7_m times74 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! lea/ to give me c\rage1 b aft] a :ile ,i c\ld make tools v well4 ,:at little sp5d+ money ,i _h 0 e>n$ by night "w1 mak+ pack+ boxes = a pap]-mill ne>by4 ,work$ half ! night = #be4 ,up to ?is "t ,i nev] _h b "o suit ( clo!s at ! same "t1 & 0 do+ ab\t z mu* "w z ^? t _h mu* m pay4 7,i only _h my bo>d4 ,my folks furni%$ my clo!s47 ,"l's bus9ess 0 dull1 & ,i w5t to "w = ,orange ,woods ,co4 mak+ w9d[ sa%es4 7,w say "h t 9 ! basem5t ( ,"l's ,tool ,%op 0 a ,cu/om ,gun ,%op4 ,i 0 always anxi\s to le>n :at ,i c\ld ( any?+ 9 me*anical l9e1 & sp5t my sp>e "t ) a "y man employ$ 9 ?is %op1 t9k]+ on guns1 & became q h&y ) tools1 & c\ld d g5]al repairs q well4 ,?is 0 ! =e-runn] ( my gun "w47 ,made sa% & doors "u contract4 ,all "w 0 done by ! be/ ma*9es1 & ?is gave me a good *ance to in/ruct myself on ma*9es4 ,at ! end ( "o ye> ! %op burnt up1 & ,i 0 left out 9 ! cold4 ,aft] a :ile ,wood ,co4 b\ght out ,judah ,"l's ,tool ,%op & comm5c$ tool mak+4 ,!y hir$ me to "w on tools4 ,9 ab\t six mon?s ?is %op burnt up & ,i 0 left out 9 ! cold aga94 ,at ?is "t ,i 0 ab\t sev5te5 ye>s old1 0 ne>ly di%e>t5$ & ?\ght ,i mu/ try "s new bus9ess4 ,"l _h mov$ to ,br[nsville & _h *>ge ( a ,rope ,factory & ,pla/] ,mill4 ,he hir$ me to run ! mill #ab h\rs ea* day4 ,?is 0 v unpleasant "w1 t]ribly dirty4 ,9 ab\t "o ye> ?is mill /opp$ & ,i 0 left 9 ! cold aga94 ,"l mov$ into a ,hotel & hir$ me to g ) him z ,b>t5d]1 ,ho/l]1 etc4 ,:5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s old 7liv+ ) ,"l7 0 draft$ out 9 ! s]vice ( ,u4 ,s4 to gu>d ! ,fronti] 9 ! ,canada ,rebellion ( '#cg-'ch4 ,s]v$ ?ree mon?s1 0 regul>ly dis*>g$1 paid (f1 & drew my ,b\nty l& 7& sold x74 ,return$ to ,br[nsville & decid$ to /rike out 9 some?+ new4 ,be+ 9 my #ba/ ye> ,i ?\ght x "t to settle on some?+ 9 a l>g] field ?an f\nd 9 ,br[nsville4 ,?\ght ,i w\ld />t = ,v]mont4 ,w5t to ,utica ) a fri5d 9 york wagon 7no railroad !n74 ,?is fri5d 0 tak+ two *ildr5 to _! ,fa!r :o 0 ! ,eng9e] 7,mr4 ,h>dy7 on ! ,albany ,s*5ectady ,rail ,road1 ! only road !n built t ,i knew (4 ,?is fri5d 0 tak5 sick at ,utica & s5t me on ) ! *ildr5 to ,s*5ectady1 :i* 0 no small job1 z ! j\rney 0 on ! ,canal4 ,aft] see+ ! *ildr5 safe ) _! ,fa!r1 ,i *ang$ my m9d & ?\ght ,i w\ld g we/1 s bo>d$ a ,canal boat & />t$4 ,on arriv+ at ,utica /ept (f ! ,boat & a f>m] liv+ t5 miles f ,utica 9 ! t[n ( ,clay1 hir$ me = a mon?4 ,work$ out my mon?1 & two weeks = ano!r f>m]1 !n ,i ?\ght x be/ to visit my fri5ds 9 ,v]mont1 & took ,canal boat = ,albany1 !nce by /age ov] ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s to ,w9dsor4 ,i f\nd ,w9dsor ,village a dull place4 ,! next morn+ ,i />t$ on foot = ! we/ "p ( ! t[n :]e my fri5ds all liv$4 ,on ! road met a man ) a team1 made enquiry :]e ,mr4 ,fo/] ,f>well liv$1 an uncle :o m>ri$ my ,fa!r's si/]4 ,he look$ at me & said1 8,get into my wagon & ,i w take y back to ,w9dsor & !n %[ y "o ( ! be/ ,aunts y ev] _h4 ,i "k y by y\r looks--y\r "n is ,smi? ,lawr5ce40 ,he _h n se5 me be=e s9ce ,i 0 two ye>s old4 ,f\nd my fri5ds all glad to see me4 ,visit$ ) !m = sev]al weeks4 ,:ile ) ,doct4 ,/ory f\nd he _h two ,rifles1 "o made by 8 ,bro!r1 ,asa ,/ory1 :o _h a gun %op close by4 ,?is he call$ 8 ,turkey ,rifle1 ! o!r 0 an old ,p5nsylvania ,rifle1 full /ock1 b>rel #d feet long1 all ru/y4 ,! ,doctor said x _h be5 "o ( ! be/4 ,he _h kill$ _m a de] ) x4 ,i ask$ him to let me repair ! rifle & put on a peep sight4 ,he _h he>d ( ?is sight b _h nev] se5 "o4 ,0 v mu* int]e/$ ab\t ! sight b did n d>e let me repair ! ,rifle = fe> ,i w\ld spoil x4 ,aft] a :ile he cons5t$ to let me make ! trial & w5t ov] ) me to 8 bro!r's %op & obta9$ 8 cons5t to let me use 8 %op & tools4 ,i w5t to "w1 took ! gun all ap>t1 lead$ out ! b>rel1 =g$ out ! sight1 f9i%$ x & put x on ! gun4 ,8 bro!r wat*$ me all day4 ,he _h nev] se5 a peep sight & a m]e boy h&l+ tools & =g+ out "w z ,i did 0 a little a/oni%+ to him4 ,on ! ,doctor's return f 8 daily trip he made = ! %op to see :at ,i _h done ) 8 ,rifle4 ,he f\nd x 9 su* nice %ape t he c\ld n say too mu* 9 my praise4 ,he made an appo9tm5t = a trial ! next day z to ! %oot+ qualities4 ,i _h mo/ ( ! day to give ! ,rifle a trial & adju/ ! sights4 ,we w5t out1 he pac$ (f #ab rods f a maple tree :i* _h a aug] hole 9 7made = sap spill74 ,he said to fire at t4 ,i f\nd a good re/1 lay d[n on ! gr\nd & fir$4 ,! ,doct4 t5d$ t>get4 ,c\ld f9d no ball hole4 ,said ,i _h miss$ ! tree4 ,i fir$ aga9--no ball hole to be f\nd4 ,doct4 came up to me & said ,i _h spoil$ 8 ,rifle4 ,be=e my repairs he c\ld kill a *ick5 e "t at #ab rods4 ,i said1 8,uncle1 ,i am v sorry1 b ,i w make ! gun all "r be=e ,i leave x40 ,he said he c\ld n cons5t to my do+ any?+ m to improve ! %oot+ qualities--! sight he lik$ v mu*4 ,i said t z ! gun 0 load$ w\ld take "o m %ot & see if ,i c\ld n hit ! tree4 ,aft] ! ?ird %ot ,i w5t up to ! tree to inve/igate1 & all ( ! ?ree balls :i* ,i _h fir$ 7 f\nd 9 ! aug] hole4 ,! ,doct4 0 a/oni%$--dumbf\nd$4 ,said he nev] he>d ( su* %oot+4 ,we sp5t half ( ! night talk+ ab\t guns4 ,he said we mu/ g d[n to ,w9dsor ,prison :]e ,n4 ,k5dall ,co4 7 mak+ guns4 ,!y mu/ "k ab\t ! peep sights4 ,m9e 0 ! fir/ ev] se5 9 t section4 ,we w5t d[n to ! ,prison ! next day4 ,! ,doct4 told !m all ab\t ! sight & 8 ,rifle4 ,! ,company hir$ me at once = ! t]m ( two ye>s at ab\t #ajj4 p] ye> & bo>d4 ,my fir/ "w 0 /ock+ rifles 7%ort /ocks1 _! rifles 7 /ock$ only on ! bree*74 ,! fir/ day ,i put on five /ocks1 all h& "w4 ,! next morn+ ,mr4 ,smi?1 "o ( ! ,company1 came along & look$ ! "w ov]4 ,said ! "w 0 done well b x w\ld nev] d to ru% "w z ,i _h1 = ,i w\ld soon gun-/ock !m out ( t[n--mu/ hold up a little & take x m easy4 ,aft] a few days ,i 0 put on iron "w4 ,i made x a po9t n to let any?+ be done 9 ! %op t ,i did n make myself famili> )1 & soon f\nd myself capable ( do+ ! be/ "w4 ,! ,co4 _h q a numb] ( free m5 to "w on v>i\s bran*es ( ! "w1 nice p>ts1 engrav+1 etc4 ,i f\nd t ,i 0 equal to any ( !m except engrav+4 ,c\ld n at ! end ( six mon?s d z nice engrav+ z ! old] h&s1 b soon aft] c\ld compete ) any ( !m4 ,at ! end ( six mon?s f beg9n+ 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! %op1 mu* to ! dislike ( ! old] h&s1 b ,i c>ri$ ! "w along )\t any tr\ble1 to ! satisfaction ( all4 ,! =eman ( ea* %op by ! rules ( ! prison act$ z turnkey1 s ,i _h "o section ( prison]s to lock up4 ,i work$ out my two ye>s engagem5t4444 ,9 #ahdj ,i aga9 ent]$ into ! employ ( ,n4 ,k5dall ,co41 wages #a4jh p] day & bo>d4444 ,i cont9u$ "w at ! ,prison4 ,?is 0 9 #ahdb4 ,dur+ ?is ye> ! ,co4 gave up ! gun bus9ess4 ,i !n engag$ ) ! ,/ate z =eman 9 ! c>riage dep>tm5t1 cont9u$ 9 ?is position = ab\t "o & "o-half ye>s1 !n 9 company ) ,n4 ,k5dall1 hir$ a %op 9 ,w9dsor ,village on ,mill ,riv] & />t$ ! ,cu/om ,gun ,works & ,jobb+4 ,c>ri$ on ! bus9ess = ab\t "o ye>1 done a fair bus9ess4 ,"o day 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdd ,mr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,robb9s came into ! %op & spoke ( ! ,gov]nm5t ask+ = bids = ,rifles4 ,we talk$ ! bus9ess ov] & decid$ to put 9 a bid = #aj1jjj ,u4 ,s4 ,rifles4 ,mr4 ,robb9s1 ) a fri5d ,price1 w5t on to ,wa%+ton to put 9 a bid = ! ,rifles at #aj4ij ea*1 app5dages extra4 ,?is 0 #aj bel[ any o!r bid4 ,! contract 0 aw>d$ to ,robb9s1 ,k5dall ,lawr5ce4 ,?is 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,mexican ,w> & ! ,gov]nm5t 0 v mu* 9 want ( ,rifles4 ,we made ! contract to f9i% ! job 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,guns 7 n made at ?is day v fa/4 ,we _h no?+ to />t )--build+s or capital4 ,we _h mu* opposition f all ! ,gov]nm5t ,gun ,contractors4 ,!y said we c\ld nev] d ! "w4 ,we _h n]ve & pluck & 7 det]m9$ to c>ry out ! contract4 ,! real "w fell ^u myself1 ,robb9s n be+ a me*anic & ,k5dall n exactly calculat$ = su* nice "w1 made x h>d = me4 ,we w5t to "w ) a w--b\ght l&1 built factories1 b\ght & made ma*9]y ) det]m9$ w4 ,we />t$ ! bus9ess 9 good %ape4 ,soon aft] f9i%+ ! ,rifles1 ,robb9s & myself b\ght out ,k5dall4 ,robb9s !n said to me1 8,lawr5ce1 if x 7 n = y z a me*anic & by y\r att5tion to bus9ess we c\ld nev] g along ) ! heavy outlay 7debts7 on our h&s40 ,we f9i%$ ! contract #ah mon?s inside ( ! "t4 ,made a nice ?+ out ( ! job4 ,w5t on to ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,ord9ance ,bo>d 7,g54 ,talcott7 told u t ours 0 ! only ,gun ,contract ev] f9i%$ )9 ! contract "t4 ,he said1 8,:at d y want n[8 ,y h done well & f9i%$40 ,we said1 8,we want ano!r contract = ,rifles40 ,he said1 8,come ) me ov] to ! ,secret>y ( ,w>'s ,(fice0 7,sec4 ,m>cy74 ,g54 ,talcott told ! ,secret>y all ab\t our "w & wants4 ,! ,secret>y said !y w\ld see ab\t x4 ,on our way back to ,g54 ,talcott's (fice he saw t we 7 a little disappo9t$4 ,he said1 8,g "r home & a contract w be s5t to y 9 a few days40 ,! contract came = #ae1jjj ,rifles1 :i* plac$ u above bo>d4 ,9 manufactur+ ,govt4 ,rifles a loss ( ab\t #ch 0 consid]$ = bad mat]ial & workman%ip4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,cali=nia ,gold excitem5t 0 rag+4 ,guns 7 9 great dem&4 ,we sold all ( our second quality "w & good mixt ) x1 any?+ to make up ! gun = full ,govt4 price4 ,?is 0 a great relief e way4 ,?+s look$ v bright4 ,?is 0 9 #ahdi-ej4 ,ab\t ?is "t we contract$ ) ,c\rtl& ,c4 ,palm] = ! manufacture ( #e1jjj ( ! ,j5n+s ,rifles1 n[ ! ,w9*e/] 7improv$74 ,?is requir$ new build+s & ma*9]y4 ,we made ! guns4 ,be=e ?is date we 7 v un=tunately situat$ ab\t freight1 z no ,rail ,road pass$ ?r\gh ,w9dsor4 ,mo/ ( our freight came by team f ,bo/on4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,rail ,road 0 built ?r\gh ,w9dsor1 :i* put u 9 ! m>ket mu* to our advantage4 ,! ,rail ,road contractor1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,f4 ,belknap1 came to u & want$ to />t ! c> bus9ess ) u1 l$ u to believe t he c\ld control all ! ,rail ,road c> "w 9 t section4 ,we w5t into ! bus9ess ) him4 ,he put 9 #bj1jjj z a sil5t p>tn]4 ,we w5t to a l>ge outlay1 & ab\t ! "t we f9i%$ ! fir/ c>s1 ,belknap _h a qu>rel ) ! ,presid5t ( ! ,road & we c\ld n sell a c> :5 we expect$ to sell4 ,we sold ! c>s to ! ,rutl& & ,burl+ton ,road1 took /ock & lo/ e doll> to ! tune ( #dj1jjj4 ,!n we sold #ad1jjj to ,bo/on1 ,concord ,montreal ,road1 lo/ x all2 #e1jjj to ,sullivan ,road1 #ge1jjj to ,v]mont ,c5tral4 ,?is total loss ( #acd1jjj 0 a dra9 on ! gun "w & cramp$ u t]ribly4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,belknap di$4 ,9 settl+ 8 e/ate !y br\ght 9 a *>ge ( #aje1jjj aga9/ ,robb9s ,lawr5ce z money l5t4 ,?is ,i knew no?+ ab\t4 ,z ne> z ,i c\ld le>n ,belknap ,robb9s lo/ ?is money 9 /ocks 9 ,bo/on4 ,we _h to pay ! *>ge1 :i* made a total loss up to ?is "t ( #bci1jjj1 all paid f gun %op bus9ess4 ,we gave up ! c> bus9ess aft] a :ile4 ,x 0 a mi/ake 9 ev] go+ into ?is bus9ess4 ,:ile we 7 f9i%+ ! #ae1jjj ,gov]nm5t ,rifles & ,j5n+s guns 9 #aheb1 we contract$ ) ! ,%>ps ,company = ! manufacture ( #e1jjj ,%>pes' c>b9es 9 ,w9dsor1 & #ae1jjj ,c>b9es & ,rifles 9 ,h>t=d4 ,%>ps ,co4 advanc$ #dj1jjj to enable u to build ! factories 9 ,h>t=d4 ,i mov$ to ,h>t=d 9 #ahec1 & aft] mu* tr\ble & _m trials />t$ up ! works4 ,want ( funds by heavy =m] losses made x v h>d & tr\blesome "w to />t ! bus9ess4 ,aft] />t+ ! bus9ess on ! ,%>ps gun 9 ,h>t=d1 ! ,m9ie ,rifle contract 0 tak5 f ,fox ,h5d]son ,co4 = #be1jjj ,m9ie ,rifles4 ,be=e ?is contract 0 tak5 we _h ! assurance f ,dr4 ,black1 ,fox ,h5d]son ,co4's ,ag5t1 t he _h 9 8 pocket contracts = #cjj1jjj m z soon z we f9i%$ ! #be1jjj4 ,fox ,h5d]son ,co4 agre$ & did advance on ! contract #ajj1jjj4 ,i did n l to ent] into ?is contract = #be1jjj only1 z ! outlay = ! "w w\ld co/ m ?an all ! pr(its twice ov]4 ,i object$ to sign+ ! contract )\t see+ ! l>ge contract 9 ,dr4 ,black's pocket1 & propos$ to ask ! ,doctor to %[ x4 ,?is ,mr4 ,robb9s object$ to /rongly1 said x w\ld be an insult to ,dr4 ,black4 ,aft] a long talk ,i yield$ ! po9t1 b told ,mr4 ,robb9s t ! m9ute we sign$ ! contract we w\ld be floor$4 ,we _h bett] h cut (f our "r h&s4 ,we sign$ ! contract4 ,x prov$ t ,doct4 ,black _h no additional contract4 ,"p ( ! "w 0 done at ,w9dsor & "p 9 ,h>t=d4 ,= want ( funds ! :ole ?+ 0 a total failure4 ,! inspection z f> z we w5t 0 v sev]e4 ,) all ! gun "w on my h&s 9 #ahee & #ahef _h a v h>d "t4 ,! failure ( ! ,robb9s ,lawr5ce ,co4 at ,w9dsor br\ght ,robb9s ,lawr5ce "u4 ,a new ,company 0 =m$ at ,w9dsor4 ,i /ept out & engag$ ) ! ,%>ps ,co4 on a sal>y ( #d1jjj4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,robb9s ,lawr5ce's ,ag5t1 ,mr4 ,robb9s' fri5d1 fail$4 ,i _h a notice ( 8 indebt$ness to ,robb9s ,lawr5ce ( #dc1jjj4 ,i w5t imm$iately to ,mr4 ,robb9s = an explanation4 ,he said t he put ?is money into ,fo/]'s h&s to fall back on 9 case he _h any tr\ble4 ,i said1 8,y left me out 9 ! cold40 ,!n he said1 8,y are all "r--c dem& a l>ge sal>y any "t40 ,?is 0 ! v money t ,%>ps ,co4 _h advanc$ to ,robb9s ,lawr5ce to aid !m 9 />t+ ! ,h>t=d %ops4 ,robb9s done all ! f9anc+ & ,i att5d$ to ! me*anical "w--nev] c\ld f9d out mu* ab\t our books4 ,he kept all mo/ly on memor&um books z ,i f\nd at la/4 ,?is #dc1jjj made 9 all z f> z ,i "k ( #bhb1jjj lo/ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,i _h lab\r$ night & day to build up a bus9ess & make myself com=table & well (f = old age4 ,all ! disappo9tm5ts 7 ab\t all t ,i c\ld /& "u1 b ,i said to myself t ,i />t$ out 9 life ) no?+ b good heal?1 & w\ld try once m1 & try & keep a "p ( my e>n+s4 ,:ile 9 ! employ ( ,%>ps ) my sal>y1 pat5ts & speculations on ma*9]y 9 w> "t1 ,i f\nd myself z ,i ?\ght wor? ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,i w5t to fri5ds = advice :at to inve/ 94 ,all said1 8,put y\r money into real e/ate4 ,x nev] w decrease 9 ,h>t=d40 ,i took ?is advice :i* prov$ a v disa/r\s speculation4 ,9 #ahgb1 aft] leav+ ,%>ps ,co4 w5t into ! ,/reet ,dep>tm5t1 ?9k+ myself well (f 9 ?is _w's goods1 b ! h>d times ( #ahgc came unexpect$1 & x took all my sal>y to furni% my family ) a respectable liv+1 & take c>e ( my real e/ate4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to let ! :ole g & pass ?r\gh bankruptcy z _m o!rs did4 ,my pride & ! "n ( my family prev5t$ me f do+ ?is4 ,x 0 a mi/ake b _c n[ be help$4 ,i h s]v$ #ah ye>s z ,supt4 ( ,/reets 9 ,h>t=d1 #i ye>s on ,wat] ,bo>d1 #ad ye>s on ,fire ,bo>d z ,*airman1 #d ye>s on ,bo>d ( ,ald]m51 & "o ye> on ,c\ncil ,bo>d1 #df ye>s 9 all4 ,,note ,:5 we fir/ comm5c$ ! gun bus9ess at ,w9dsor we comm5c$ build+ nice ma*9]y1 made _m ma*9es = o!r gun mak]s4 ,made at ,w9dsor = ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t mo/ ( _! gun ma*9es = ! ,enfield armory4 ,we ran a regul> ma*9e %op also4 ,9 ,h>t=d we ran a ma*9e %op & ,%>ps ,co4 cont9u$ ! "w4 ,9 ,h>t=d made mo/ ( ! ma*9es us$ 9 ! factory1 & _m o!rs = ! ,engli% & ,spani% ,gov]nm5ts1 & o!r ,gun & ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,mak]s4 ,/>t$ ! manufactur+ ( gun ma*9]y 9 ,h>t=d :i* br\ght ,pratt & ,:itney into ! bus9ess4 ,i tri$ to h ,%>ps ,co4 ent] into ! bus9ess m ext5sively z !re 7 bright prospects 9 ! future1 b !y c\ld n see x1 & decl9$4 ,%>ps ,co4 comm5c$ on a capital ( #ajj1jjj1 increas$ x to #abe1jjj4 ,! /ockhold]s 7 paid back _! full subscription ( /ock1 ab\t #bjj1jjj 9 divid5ds4 ,%>ps 0 paid #a4jj on ea* gun made2 ,p5field 0 paid ab\t #a4be on ea* gun or #aj p] c5t on all sales4 ,! ,company c\ld n agree on any?+ & sold out ! :ole plant = ab\t #bbe1jjj4 ,x w be se5 t ! /ockhold]s made a good ?+ out ( ! ent]prise4 ,?is 0 all accompli%$ by ! use & skill ( my bra91 z ,i _h ! full *>ge & control ( ! bus9ess4 ,if ! ,company _h tak5 my urg5t advice !y might today be 9 ! position & place ( ! ,pratt ,:itney ,co4 ,"o ( my mis=tunes 9 bus9ess all my life 0 be+ engag$ ) m5 n me*anics1 !re=e n be+ able to compreh5d ! po9ts com+ up e day 9 bus9ess4 ,%>ps ,co4 _h ! *ance ( tak+ sev]al contracts :i* ,i work$ up = !m :]e ! pr(its w\ld h be5 ov] half a million4 ,!y c\ld n see x & decl9$4 ,:5 too late !y saw _! mi/ake4 ,,note #b ,i introduc$ ! fir/ edg+ ma*9e ev] 9 use1 on ! ,%>ps gun 9 ,w9dsor4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is ma*9e is n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,also introduc$ ! fir/ ma*9e = press+ on c> :eels on a tap] )\t spl9+ or key+4 ,?is 0 done at ,w9dsor4 ,?is pr9ciple has s9ce be5 us$ 9 all ,rail ,road %ops4 ,made a great mi/ake 9 n secur+ pat5ts on bo? ( ! above4 ,,note #c ,introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( lubricat+ ! bullet = brea* load+ guns :i* 0 ! salvation ( brea* load+ guns4 ,! guns 7 ( no use be=e ?is4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! w9t] ( #ahej4bbj #bbj ,see ,app5dix ,b4 ,,note #d ,be=e #ahee all anneal+ & case h>d5+ 0 done ) ,*> coal :i* 0 v exp5sive4 ,ab\t ?is "t 9 ,h>t=d ,i introduc$ ! plan & furnaces = us+ h>d coal :i* prov$ a great success & is n[ us$ ev]y:]e = bo? case h>d5+ & anneal+4 ,_m o!r improvem5ts on gun "w & ma*9]y :i* ,i h made might be m5tion$1 b ! above is suffici5t4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,! ,,j5n+s ,,gun 8,rem9isc5ces ( ! fir/ magaz9e rifle4 ,mo/ important discov]y by ,r4 ,s4 ,lawr5ce ( ?is city 7,h>t=d1 ,conn474--,orig9al use ( lubricat+ mat]ial 9 fire arms40 ,a few days ago ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,brooks ( ?is city 7,h>t=d1 ,conn47 receiv$ a v curi\s & int]e/+ magaz9e gun f ,new ,york1 be>+ ! "n ( ,ex-,sup]9t5d5t ,r4 ,s4 ,lawr5ce ( ! /reet dep>tm5t z ! manufactur]4 ,conceiv+ t !re mu/ be a good /ory connect$ ) ! arm :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/ magaz9e guns ev] made 9 ?is c\ntry1 a report] ( ,! ,po/ s\ght out ,mr4 ,lawr5ce & le>n$ ! hi/ory ( ! gun4 8,! rifle :i* ,mr4 ,brooks br\ght to my notice1 ) my "n on x10 said ,ex-,sup]9t5d5t ,lawr5ce1 8is "o ( a lot ( #e1jjj manufactur$ at ,w9dsor1 ,v]mont1 by ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 = ,mr4 ,c\rtl& ,c4 ,palm] ( ,new ,york4 ,?is rifle 0 kn[n z ! ,j5n+s gun4 ,a portion ( ! lot 0 !n call$ s+le load]s1 & a portion repeat+ rifles1 c>ry+ tw5ty *>ges4 ,! *>ge ( p[d] 0 conta9$ 9 ! ball1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-two gra9s ( p[d] only4 ,) ! repeat+ rifle ,i h (t5 fir$ tw5ty %ots )9 "o m9ute1 b n ) any accuracy1 = ! reason t all bree*-load+ guns up to ?is "t us$ :at is call$ ! nak$ ball )\t any pat* or lubricat+ mat]ial4 ,! result 9 fir+ ! gun 0 t ! ball lead$ ! b>rel1 by build+ on1 to su* an ext5t t 9 fir+ tw5ty %ots f a #ej-ajj calibre bore !re w\ld be a hole 9 ! b>rel less ?an #be-ajj40 8,9 ! w9t] ( #ahej1 :ile ! guns 7 be+ manufactur$ at ,w9dsor1 ,kossu? arriv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z 0 suppos$ by _m = ! purpose ( pur*as+ rifles4 ,mr4 ,palm] 0 anxi\s to sell 8 rifles1 & telegraph$ on to ,w9dsor t ,kossu? w\ld pur*ase l>gely1 if he c\ld be %[n t ! ,j5n+s rifle c\ld be fir$ ) suffici5t accuracy to hit ! size ( a man t5 times out ( tw5ty-five at ! di/ance ( #ejj y>ds4 ,i answ]$ by say+ t x 0 impossible to d any su* ?+ ) ! ,j5n+s rifle4 ,ano!r message 0 s5t to ,w9dsor to come to ,new ,york by ! fir/ tra9 & br+ ! be/ gun & ammunition4 ,i compli$ ) ! reque/4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,dixon1 ,mr4 ,palm]'s ag5t1 _h all ?+s arrang$ = ! trial at ,a/oria1 ,l4 ,i4 ,i did my be/ 9 try+ to accompli% ! desir$ effect ask$ =1 b n "o ( ! tw5ty-five %ots hit ! t>get4 ,mr4 ,dixon said t we mu/ make ano!r trial ! next day4 ,i w5t to 8 hotel1 m ?an ev] disgu/$ ) bree* load+ rifles1 z all ef=ts _h fail$ to make any accurate %oot+ ) any nak$ balls4 ,all gun m5 w und]/& ?is4 ,my bus9ess 0 manufactur+ rifles = ! ,gov]nm5t & = ! ,%>ps ,rifle ,mfg4 ,co4 ,mo/ ( ! night at ! hotel 0 sp5t 9 try+ to devise "s way to rem$y ! tr\ble !n exi/+ ) bree* load+ guns4 ,at la/ ! simple rem$y came1 :i* has prov5 ! salvation ( all bree* load+ guns40 8,e>ly ! next morn+ we />t$ = ! t>get field4 ,i did n tell ,mr4 ,dixon at fir/ ( my discov]y4 ,i simply told him t ! tr\ble 0 all ov] )4 ,if he w\ld /op at ! ,fulton ,m>ket & pur*ase a small piece ( tall[ ! rifle w\ld d all t 0 requir$ ( x1 b he _h s little confid5ce 9 ! gun t he w\ld n be prevail$ ^u to pur*ase ! tall[4 ,i !n ?\ght t ,i w\ld keep ! new discov]y to myself = a:ile1 b *ang$ my m9d on arriv+ on ! t>get field1 & tramp$ a mile on ! ice to a f>mh\se1 & pur*as$ a small piece ( tall[4 ,) ! aid ( a la! 9 ! c>tridge %op on ! gr\nd1 ,i turn$ out a numb] ( grooves on ! balls & fill$ !m ) tall[4 ,i !n w5t on to ! /& & hit ! t>get t5 times 9 tw5ty %ots4 ,by ?is "t ,i _h ! sights regulat$ & c\ld hit ! t>get ab\t e %ot1 & f9i%$ aft] _m %ots ) a clean gun b>rel4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/ance ( lubricat+ mat]ial be+ us$ 9 bree* load+ guns or any o!r guns4 ,i *all5ge any dispute on ?is subject4 ,?is 0 ! salvation ( bree* load+ guns40 8,at ?is "t ,william ,e41 a bro!r ( ,mr4 ,c\rtl& ,c4 ,palm]1 0 9 ,p>is ) ! ,j5n+s gun4 ,all p>ties 7 s int]e/$ ) ! success ( ! gun t ,mr4 ,dixon1 ! ag5t1 _h two boxes ( ammunition made up & s5t by ! next /eam] to ,w4 ,e4 ,palm] 9 ,p>is4 ,9 two weeks f ! "t ( ! trial 9 ,new ,york1 ! inv5tion 0 kn[n 9 ,p>is & appli$ to ! ,fr5* guns ) ! same success z 0 met ) 9 ! ,j5n+s rifle4 ,! same pr9ciple is us$ today 9 all bree* load+ guns4 ,i came direct f ,new ,york to ,h>t=d1 & in=m$ ! presid5t ( ! ,%>ps ,rifle ,mfg4 ,co4 ( my new discov]y & tri$ to induce ! company to introduce ! lubricat+ mat]ial 9 ! ,%>ps ,rifle1 z ?is rifle !n us$ ! nak$ ball & 0 subject to ! same v s]i\s tr\ble z ! ,j5n+s4 ,mr4 ,%>ps 0 call$ on & ! use ( ! lubricat+ expla9$1 b he ignor$ ! :ole matt]1 call+ x a #8humbug4' ,i return$ to ,v]mont some:at disgu/$4 ,9 less ?an "o week ! presid5t ( ! ,%>ps ,rifle ,mfg4 ,co4 wrote to ,w9dsor to /op all "w until ,mr4 ,%>ps & himself arriv$1 /at+ t ,mr4 ,%>ps _h tri$ ! lubricat+ mat]ial & f\nd t x 0 indisp5sable1 & t no m guns mu/ g out be=e ! *ange 0 made = lubrication4 ,! ,j5n+s rifles1 ( :i* a few _h be5 made = samples1 7 9 a crude /ate4 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce made new models & manufactur$ ! #e1jjj = ,mr4 ,c\rtl& ,c4 ,palm]4 ,aft] ?is ,mr4 ,tyl] ,h5ry1 an old & fir/-class workman ( ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 made 9 ,new ,hav5 great improvem5ts on ! ,j5n+s rifle4 ,aft] ?is x w5t into ! h&s ( ! ,w9*e/] ,arms ,company ( ,new ,hav54 ,!y made great improvem5ts on ! gun & call$ x ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,rifle4 ,x is ! outcrop ( ! old ,j5n+s rifle40#bba #bba ,f ! ,h>t=d ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,tuesday1 ,feb4 #be1 #ahij4 ,a ,,p>tial ,,bibliography ,,on ,,tool ,,build+ ,smiles3 ,indu/rial ,biography4 ,bo/on1 #ahfd4 ,smiles3 ,m5 ( ,inv5tion & ,indu/ry4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhe4 ,smiles3 ,b\lton & ,watt4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,smiles3 ,! ,/eph5sons4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,smiles3 ,smeaton & ,r5nie4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,beck3 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,mas*95baues4 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ,mats*oss3 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,te*nik und ,indu/rie4 ,b]l91 ,bnde ,i-,v1 #aiji-aiac4 ,s>gant3 8,sir ,samuel ,b5?am10 9 8,essays ( a ,birm+ham ,manufactur]40 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,b5?am1 ,m>y ,s43 ,memoirs ( ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 9 ,pap]s & ,practical ,illu/rations ( ,public ,works4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,beami%3 ,life ( ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,nasmy?3 ,autobiography ( ,james ,nasmy?1 ,edit$ by ,smiles4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,holtzapffel3 ,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,bu*anan3 ,millwork & o!r ,ma*9]y4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,p]rigo3 ,mod]n ,am]ican ,la! ,practice4 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg4 ,p]rigo3 ,*ange ,ge> ,devices4 ,n4 ,y41 #aiae4 ,camus3 ,treatise on ! ,tee? ( ,:eels 7,engli% ,translation74 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,willis3 ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,fairbairn3 ,mills & ,millwork4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,pole3 ,life ( ,sir ,william ,fairbairn4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,memoir ( ,john ,george ,bodm]1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,f>ey3 ,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,london1 #ahbg4 ,price3 ,fire & ,?ief-pro( ,depositories1 & ,locks & ,keys4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,bak]3 ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,bi%op3 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,manufactures4 #c ,vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahfh4 ,we$53 ,economic & ,social ,hi/ory ( ,new ,engl&4 #b ,vols4 ,bo/on1 #ahij4 ,field3 ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations4 ,goodri*3 ,hi/ory ( ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,pawtucket1 #ahgf4 ,wilk9son3 ,memoir ( ! ,wilk9son ,family4 ,jacksonville1 ,ill41 #ahfi4 ,fit*3 ,report on ,manufactures ( ,int]*angeable ,me*anism1 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus1 #ahhj4 ,volume on 8,manufactures40 ,durfee3 8,developm5t ( ! ,art ( ,int]*angeable ,con/ruction 9 ,me*anism10 9 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #abbe4 ,olm/ead3 ,memoir ( ,eli ,:itney4 ,new ,hav51 #ahdf4 ,woodwor?3 ,am]ican ,tool ,mak+ & ,int]*angeable ,manufactur+4 ,n4 ,y41 #aiaa4 ,blake3 ,hi/ory ( ,hamd51 ,conn4 ,new ,hav51 #ahhh4 ,blake3 ,new ,hav5 ,colony ,hi/orical ,pap]s1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,new ,hav51 #ahid4 ,nor?3 ,memoir ( ,simeon ,nor?4 ,concord1 #aiac4 ,wa%burn3 ,manufactur+ & ,me*anical ,indu/ries ( ,worce/]4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhi4 ,iles3 ,lead+ ,am]ican ,inv5tors4 ,n4 ,y41 #aiab4 ,p>ton3 ,capta9s ( ,indu/ry4 ,bo/on1 #ahia4 ,van ,slyck3 ,repres5tatives ( ,new ,engl&4 ,bo/on1 #ahga4 ,godd>d3 ,em95t ,eng9e]s4 ,n4 ,y41 #aije4 ,la?rop3 ,! ,brass ,indu/ry4 ,%elton1 ,conn41 #aiji4 ,&]son3 ,! ,t[n & ,city ( ,wat]bury4 #c ,vols4 ,new ,hav51 #ahif4 ,evans3 ,! ,"y ,millwright & ,mill]'s ,guide4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbf4 ,fre$ley3 ,philadelphia & its ,manufactures4 ,philadelphia1 #aheh4 ,ci/3 ,c9c9nati 9 #ahea4 ,c9c9nati1 #ahea4 ,ci/3 ,c9c9nati 9 #ahei4 ,c9c9nati1 #ahei4 ,port]3 ,eng9e]+ ,rem9isc5ces4 ,n4 ,y41 #aijh4 ,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,london4 ,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,london4 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,philadelphia4 ,files ( 8,am]ican ,ma*9i/10 ,new ,york4 ,files ( 8,ma*9]y10 ,new ,york4 ,files ( 8,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e10 ,new ,york4 ,files ( 8,cassi]'s ,magaz9e10 ,new ,york4 ,files ( 8,eng9e]+ ,news10 ,london4 ,files ( 8,eng9e]+10 ,london4 ,mu* ( ! data 9 ! latt] portions ( ?is book is d]iv$ f private correspond5ce & p]sonal int]views1 & is1 !re=e1 n available = ref]5ce4 ,,index ,,index ,acme ,wire ,co43 #afj4 ,all51 ,e?an3 #bbf4 ,all51 ,walt]3 #bfd4 ,alvord1 ,j4 ,d43 #aib1 #aig4 ,am]ican ,brass ,co43 #bcf4 ,am]ican indu/ries3 reasons = delay$ developm5t1 #aji-aad2 influ5ce ( ! cotton g91 #aad4 ,am]ican iron3 results ( exportation to ,engl&1 #aaj-aac2 e>ly production1 #aae4 ,am]ican ,p9 ,co43 #bcd4 ,am]ican ,screw ,co43 #abe1 #aih1 #bbf2 po9t$ screw1 #abf4 ,am]ican ,/eel ,wire ,co43 #bbe-bbf4 8,am]ican sy/em03 see ,int]*angeable manufacture4 ,am]ican ,tool ,works3 #bfi4 ,am]ican ,wat* ,co43 int]*angeable sy/em1 #add1 #afd4 ,am]ican ,wire ,gauge3 #bje4 ,ames ,manufactur+ ,co43 gun-mak+ ma*9]y1 etc41 #ach1 #adj1 #bbh-bbi4 ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,co43 #abc1 #abd1 #baf-bag1 #bec4 ,&ov]1 ,mass43 scy! mill1 #aag4 ,angell1 ,william ,g43 #abf4 ,ansonia ,brass ,copp] ,co43 #bcd4 ,ansonia ,clock ,co43 #bcd4 ,arkwright1 ,sir ,ri*>d3 #f1 #fd1 #aba1 #aej1 #afa4 ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,william3 #aje4 ,arnold1 ,asa3 p>tn] ( ,pit*]1 #abd4 ,arnold1 ,j]emiah ,o43 #abe4 ,arnold1 ,joseph3 bro!r ( ,j]emiah1 #abe4 ,atwood1 ,l4 ,j43 #bcg4 ,babbage1 ,*>les3 calculat+ ma*9e1 #ei4 ,baldw91 ,mat?ias3 ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 #bef4 ,bancr(t1 ,edw>d3 ,bancr(t ,sell]s1 #bdg4 ,b>b]-,coleman ,co43 #bgd4 ,b>dons ,oliv]3 #ahc1 #bfe4 ,b>k]1 ,william3 p>tn] ( ,lodge1 #bfi-bgj4 ,b>nes1 ,b4 ,f43 #bgd4 ,b>nes1 ,w4 ,f4 ,john1 ,co43 #bgc4 ,b>nes ,drill ,co43 #bgd4 ,bau% ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 drill+ ma*9es1 #bcj4 ,bayley1 ,o4 ,w43 #bag4 ,bea*1 ,h4 ,l43 #afe4 ,bea*1 ,h4 ,b41 ,son3 #afe4 ,beale1 ,osc> ,j43 accurate /&>ds1 #bje4 ,beckley1 ,elias3 gun %op1 #afb4 ,bell[s1 ,e4 ,h43 #bbb4 ,bem5t1 ,cl>5ce ,s43 #bee4 ,bem5t1 ,william ,b43 #bag1 #bai1 #bdi1 #beb-bed2 e/imate (1 #bee2 hamm]1 #bee4 ,bem5t ,d\gh]ty3 #bed4 ,bem5t1 ,miles ,co43 hi/ory (1 #bed-bee4 ,b5$ict1 ,a>on3 brass work]1 #bcb4 ,b5$ict ,burnham3 #bcd4 ,b5$ict ,coe3 brass work]s1 #bcb4 ,b5?am ,j]emy3 #bb1 #be4 ,b5?am1 ,sir ,samuel3 #g1 #bb1 #di1 #hi1 #ajg2 "w on ,portsm\? block ma*9]y1 #h1 #i1 #ah1 #bb1 #bf1 #bh2 9 ,russia1 #bc1 #bd2 9 ,briti% navy s]vice1 #bd2 woodwork+ ma*9]y1 #bd1 #be2 plan]1 #ea2 pat5t ( #agic1 #ch2 slide-re/1 #f1 #ch2 relations ) ,maudslay1 #hi4 ,bessem]1 ,sir ,h5ry3 #if4 ,besly1 ,*>les ,h41 ,co43 #bge4 ,bibliography3 #bie-big4 ,bick=d1 ,h5ry3 #bgb4 ,bidwell1 ,jason ,a43 #aih1 #bff4 ,bilgram ,ma*9e ,works3 ge> cutt+1 #bei4 ,bill+s1 ,*>les ,e43 #agj1 #agd-age1 #bja4 ,bill+s ,sp5c] ,co43 #age-agf4 ,blake1 ,eli ,:itney3 #afj4 ,blake1 ,philos3 #afj4 ,blaisdell1 ,p41 ,co43 #bbb4 ,blan*>d1 ,?omas3 #bbj-bba2 la! = turn+ gun-/ocks1 #f1 #adj1 #adb1 #bai1 #bbj-bba4 ,bl5k9sop3 ,locomotives1 #ef4 ,block ma*9]y3 see ,portsm\? block ma*9]y4 ,bodm]1 ,john ,george3 #ge-hj2 e/imate (1 #gi2 diametral pit*1 #gj note #ff2 int]*angeable manufacture1 #gf1 #aca2 fire>ms1 #gf2 two pat5ts1 #gg-gi2 travel+ crane1 #gg1 #hj2 mill ma*9]y1 #gf4 ,bond1 ,george ,m43 ,rog]s-,bond ,comp>ator1 #ahj-ahb4 ,bor+ ma*9es3 ,smeaton's1 #b1 #ac2 ,wilk9son's1 #c1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #fj2 9 #ah? c5tury1 #d4 ,bo/on1 ,mass43 heavy =ge1 #aag4 ,bo/on ,worce/] ,r4 ,r43 #bbj4 ,b\lton1 ,mat!w3 #ade2 on ,wilk9son's bor+ ma*9e1 #c2 on ,wilk9son1 #ade4 ,b\lton ,watt3 #c1 #aa1 #df1 #ee2 relations ) ,wilk9son1 #ab1 #ac4 ,b[-/r+ truss3 #hb4 ,boye ,emmes ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bfh1 #bga4 ,bramah1 ,joseph3 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #ajg2 e/imate (1 #ai1 #bj2 inv5tion ( slide-re/1 #f1 #cf2 plan]1 #ej2 hydraulic press1 #ah2 ma*9e = numb]+ banknotes1 #ai2 woodwork+ ma*9]y1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd2 o!r inv5tions1 #ah2 relations ) ,maudslay1 #ag1 #ai1 #cc1 #cd2 ) ,watt1 #ah2 ) ,clem5t1 #ai1 #eh4 ,bridgeport ,brass ,co43 micromet]1 #baa-bac4 ,bridgeport ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #ahd4 ,briti% ,small ,arms ,commission3 #ach1 #adj1 #ada4 ,brook]1 ,*>les ,f43 #bcf4 ,br[n1 ,david3 #abf1 #bjb4 ,br[n1 ,capt4 ,james ,s43 #abd4 ,br[n1 ,joseph ,r43 #abf1 #bjb2 e/imate (1 #bae2 8,univ]sal0 mill]1 #ach note #afc1 #aif1 #bjh-bji2 l9e> divid+ eng9es1 #bjb1 #bjd-bje1 #bjf2 v]ni] calip]1 #bjc2 =m$ mill+ cutt]1 #bjf1 #bjg2 improvem5ts on turret screw ma*9e1 #bjg2 univ]sal gr9d]1 #bad4 ,br[n1 ,moses3 textile indu/ry1 #abj1 #aba4 ,br[n1 ,sylvanus3 #abd4 inv5tor ( slide-re/1 #f2 slide la!1 #abj4 ,br[n ,hoi/+ ,ma*9e ,co43 #beh4 ,br[n ,elton3 wire & tub+1 #bcc4 ,br[n ,%>pe ,manufactur+ ,co43 #abe1 ,*apt] ,,xvi2 ,j4 ,r4 ,br[ne ,%>pe1 #bjb1 #bjd2 8,univ]sal0 mill]1 #ach note #afc1 #aif1 #bjh2 l9e> divid+ eng9es1 #bjf2 precision ge> cutt]1 #bjf2 turret screw ma*9es1 #bjg-bjh2 limit gauges1 #baj2 micromet] calip]1 #baa-bac2 cyl9drical gr9d]1 #bac2 automatic ge> cutt]s1 #bad4 ,brunel1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,k43 #cb4 ,brunel1 ,sir ,m>c ,i43 #g1 #bf1 #bg1 #ca1 #di1 #ajg2 slide-re/1 #f2 inv5tions1 #bg2 ,portsm\? block ma*9]y1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh4 ,bryant1 ,william ,l43 *uck+ gr9d]1 #bjj4 ,bu*anan3 ,engli% writ]1 #ej4 ,build]s ,iron ,f\ndry or 8,high ,/reet ,furnace03 #abe4 ,bull>d1 ,e4 ,p43 #ahc-ahd4 v]tical bor+ & turn+ mill1 #ahd-ahe4 ,bull>d ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #ahd4 ,burke1 ,william ,a43 #bec2 ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,co41 #bag2 ,l[ell ,ma*9e ,%op1 #bag1 #bah4 ,burleigh1 ,*>les3 rock drill1 #bbh4 ,burl+ame1 ,l4 ,d43 hi/ory ( micromet]1 #bac4 ,burton1 ,james ,h43 ,enfield gun ma*9]y1 #adj4 ,calip]s3 8,"l ,*ancellor10 #de1 #baa2 v]ni]1 #bjc2 micromet]1 orig9 (1 #baa-bac4 ,campbell1 ,a4 ,c43 #bcg4 ,camus3 #fd2 8,! ,tee? 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c5tury1 #d4 ,drop hamm]3 develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 #e1 #adc1 #age4 ,dwight1 ,dr4 ,timo?y3 on ,pawtucket1 #aba4 ,eagle ,screw ,co43 #abf4 ,e>le ,williams3 #bai4 ,eb]h>dt1 ,ulri*3 #bei4 ,edgemoor ,iron ,co43 #bdi-bej4 ,egan1 ,?omas ,p43 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,em95t ,m5 ( ,sci5ce ,liv+ 9 #ahjg-ahjh4 engrav+ by ,walk]1 #bj4 ,enfield ,armory3 #e1 #if1 #ajc2 ,nasmy? on reorganization (1 #adj-ada2 ,briti% ,small ,arms ,commission1 #ach1 #adj2 gun-ma*9]y1 #ach-ada2 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 #aia-aib4 ,epicyclic curve3 #fc1 #fg1 #fh4 ,essex ,ma*9e ,%op3 #bai4 ,eul]3 ge>+1 #fd4 ,evans1 ,oliv]3 #bci-bdf2 conveyors = h&l+ mat]ials1 #bdj-bda1 #bdf2 /eam eng9e1 #bda-bdb1 #bde2 description ( %op1 #bdc2 /eamboat1 #bdb2 pr$iction ( railways1 #bde2 8,eng9e]'s ,guide10 #bdb2 8,mill]'s ,guide10 #bdd4 ,fairbairn1 ,sir ,pet]3 #ga1 #gd1 #ajg4 ,fairbairn1 ,sir ,william3 #fb1 #ajg2 on ma*9e tools1 #aj2 ) ,george ,r5nie1 #ed1 #ga2 millwork1 #ga2 on 8a good millwright10 #gb2 ,fairbairn ,lillie1 #gb-gc1 #gg2 treatise on 8,mills & ,millwork10 #gc2 iron %ips1 #gc-gd2 bridge build+1 #gd4 ,fairbairn ,co43 #bfh4 ,fairfield1 ,george ,a43 #agj1 #agd1 #agf4 ,fales ,j5ks ,ma*9e ,co43 #abe4 ,f>rel ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,co43 #bcg4 ,fay1 ,j4 ,a41 ,co43 woodwork+ ma*9]y1 #bbi-bcj1 #bfg4 ,fay1 ,j4 ,a41 ,egan ,co43 #bcj4 ,fell[s1 ,e4 ,r43 #aii4 ,fell[s ,ge> ,%ap] ,co43 #aii4 ,field1 ,jo%ua3 #ce1 #hi2 relations ) ,maudslay1 #h1 #ce1 #ij2 f\nd] ( ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 #ij4 ,fire eng9e3 fir/ 9 ,am]ica1 #aaf4 ,fit*1 ,john3 /eamboat1 #hb4 ,fit*1 ,/eph53 horizontal turret1 #aig4 ,fit*burg1 ,mass43 #bai1 #bbg-bbh4 ,fit*burg ,ma*9e ,works3 #bbh2 ,lo-sw+ la!1 #bjj4 ,flagg1 ,samuel1 ,co43 #bba1 #bbb4 ,fla!r ,manufactur+ ,co43 #bbh4 ,flax indu/ry3 ,murray's influ5ce on1 #eg4 ,foote-,burt ,co43 #ahc2 drill+ ma*9es1 #bfe4 ,=eh& ,wadswor?3 #bbf4 ,=q1 ,ni*olas3 plan]1 #ej4 ,fosdick ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bga4 ,fosdick ,pluck]3 #bga4 ,fox1 ,james3 #g1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed4 ,fox ,taylor3 manufactur]s ( blocks1 #bh4 ,fox1 ,h5d]son ,co43 #aib4 ,francis1 ,james ,b43 hydraulic eng9e]1 #bah4 ,frankl9 ,ma*9e ,co43 #abe4 ,fulton1 ,rob]t3 #aej1 #aea1 #afa4 ,gage1 ,w>n] ,:itney3 #bah1 #bbh4 ,gang1 ,william ,e43 #bfh1 #bga4 ,gang ,dietz3 #bga4 ,g>dn]1 ,fr$]ick ,m43 disk gr9d+ ma*9es1 #bge4 ,g>dn] ,ma*9e ,co43 #bgf4 ,g>v9 ,ma*9e ,co43 #abg4 ,gascoigne1 ,william3 pr9ciple ( micromet]1 #baa4 ,gay1 ,ira3 #abd1 #baf-bag4 ,gay1 ,zeba3 #abd1 #bag4 ,gay ,silv] ,co43 #aie1 #aig1 #bag2 plan]1 #ec4 ,ge>+ & ,millwork3 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,gei]1 ,fr$]ick ,a43 #bgb-bgc4 8,g5ealogies03 ,e>ly ,engli% ,tool ,build]s1 ,fig4 #e2 ,new ,engl& ,gun-mak]s1 ,fig4 #bg2 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce ,%op1 ,fig4 #cg2 ,worce/] ,tool ,build]s1 ,fig4 #de2 ,naugatuck ,brass ,indu/ry1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,gidd+s ,lewis ,manufactur+ ,co43 #bgf4 ,gi%olt ,ma*9e ,works3 #bgf4 ,gleason ,works3 #ahc4 ,globe ,roll+ ,mill3 #bea4 ,godd>d1 ,b5jam93 #bbe4 ,gorham1 ,jabez3 #abg4 ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,co43 f\nd$1 #abg4 ,g\ld ,eb]h>dt3 #bei4 ,grant1 ,john ,j43 #bad4 ,gray1 ,g4 ,a41 ,co43 #bgc4 8,great ,ea/]n10 ,!3 #cb4 8,great ,we/]n10 ,!3 #cb4 ,great ,we/]n ,railway3 /eam]s1 #ic4 ,gre5e1 ,na?aniel3 cannon factory (1 #aah4 ,gre5e1 ,mrs4 ,na?aniel3 fri5d to ,eli ,:itney1 #adg2 connection ) cotton-g91 #adh-adi4 ,gre5e1 ,timo?y3 #aai1 #aba4 ,gre5wood1 ,miles3 #bfg4 ,gridley1 ,george ,o43 automatic la!s1 #aid1 #bjj4 ,grilley1 ,h5ry3 f\nd] ( brass indu/ry1 #bcb4 ,gr9d]3 develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 #e2 ,br[n ,%>pe's1 #bac-bad2 disc1 #bge-bgf4 ,hakewessel1 ,re9holdt3 #ahc2 ,acme automatic1 #bfe4 ,hamilton1 ,alex&]3 ent]ta9s ,brunel1 #h1 #bg4 ,hamilton1 ,ohio3 tool build]s 91 #bgc4 ,hampson1 ,john3 ) ,maudslay1 #ih4 ,hanks1 ,alpheus & ,truman3 f\ndry1 #afe4 ,h>p]'s ,f]ry ,ars5al3 #adj1 #adc1 #afc2 e/abli%$1 #acf2 int]*angeable equipm5t1 #acg2 rifle1 #afj4 ,h>r+ton ,ri*>dson3 #bbf4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn43 #abg2 manufactories (1 #afd1 #afe1 #agj2 gun mak]s (1 #afd1 #aff4 ,h>t=d ,ma*9e ,screw ,co43 #agj1 #agd1 #agf4 ,h>tness1 ,james3 #aid1 #aig-aih1 #bff2 design] ( ma*9e tools1 #aih2 flat-turret la!1 #aih2 ,lo-sw+ la!1 #bjj4 ,haskell1 ,co41 ,! ,william ,h43 #abd4 ,hawk9s1 ,john ,isaac3 #fi2 on e>ly ge> too? practice1 #fe-fh1 #gj4 ,hayd51 ,hiram ,w43 #bcd1 #bcf4 ,h5dey ,ma*9e ,co43 tool-room la!1 #ahb4 ,h5n1 ,e4 ,c43 ,acme automatic1 #bfe4 ,h]man1 ,william3 #bga4 ,hick1 ,b41 ,son3 #ge4 ,high ,/reet ,furnace3 #abe4 ,hildre?1 ,s4 ,e43 #bbb4 ,hobbs1 ,alfr$ ,c43 picks ,bramah's lock1 #af4 ,holmes1 ,hodg93 cotton g91 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,holmes1 ,israel3 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bcf4 ,holmes1 ,joseph3 pione] iron work]1 #aag4 ,holmes ,hot*kiss3 #bcc4 ,holmes1 ,boo? ,hayd5s3 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,holtz1 ,fr$]ick3 mill+ ma*9e1 #bgb4 ,holtzapffel1 ,*>les3 #gd1 #ii2 on ,rob]ts1 #fj-fa2 plane surfaces1 #ajj4 ,hovey1 ,p43 p>tn] ( ,pit*]1 #abd4 ,h[e1 ,elias3 sew+ ma*9e1 #add4 ,h[e1 ,fr$]ick ,w43 #aie1 #aif1 #bji1 #bag2 mill+ ma*9es1 #ach1 #aif1 #bjh1 #bji2 pr(il+ ma*9e1 #adc1 #aia2 turret-head screw ma*9e1 #aie-aif1 #bjg2 turret la!1 #aig1 #aii4 ,h[e1 ,hezekiah3 #aai4 ,humphries3 sugge/s inv5tion ( l>ge hamm]1 #ic4 ,hydraulic press3 inv5t$ by ,bramah1 #ah1 #cd4 ,indu/rial conditions3 new elem5ts 9 #ah? c5tury1 #a4 ,+]soll ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,co43 #bgd4 ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s3 f\nd+ (1 #ij4 ,int]*angeable manufacture3 rise (1 ,*apt] ,,xi2 develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 #e1 #abi2 def9$1 #abh2 abroad1 #ach1 #adj2 9 ,france1 #abi-aca2 9 ,h>t=d1 #afd2 tools =1 #adb-adc4 clock1 wat* & sew+ ma*9e indu/ries1 #add2 ,bodm]1 #gf2 ,colt1 #acg1 #afh2 ,enfield1 #ach1 #ada2 ,simeon ,nor?1 #aca1 #acc1 #ace-acf1 #acg1 #afb2 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce1 #aia2 ,eli ,:itney1 #aca-acc1 #acf4 ,int]national ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bge4 ,involute ge>s3 #fc1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #bjg4 ,iron bridge1 ! fir/3 #ae4 ,iron boats3 ,wilk9son builds ! fir/1 #ad2 ,sym+ton1 #ad1 #hb2 ,brunel1 #cb2 ,onions ,sons1 #ad2 ,j]vons1 #ad2 at ,horsley ,works1 #ad2 8,great ,ea/]n0 & 8,great ,we/]n10 #cb2 ,fairbairn1 #gc-gd4 ,jeff]son1 ,?omas3 on int]*angeable sy/em 9 ,france1 #abi-aca2 on ,:itney1 #ace4 ,j5ks1 ,alfr$3 textile ma*9]y1 #abc1 #bdf-bdg4 ,j5ks1 ,alv93 cotton ma*9]y1 #abd-abe4 ,j5ks1 ,b>ton ,h43 #bdg4 ,j5ks1 ,eleaz]3 sp9n+ ma*9]y1 #abc4 ,j5ks1 ,joseph3 #aae-aaf1 #abe4 ,j5ks1 ,joseph1 ,jr43 f\nd] ( ,pawtucket1 #aah4 ,j5ks1 ,joseph1 #c;d3 gov]nor ( ,rhode ,isl& ,colony1 #aah4 ,j5ks1 ,capt4 ,/eph53 guns1 #aag2 nuts & screws1 #abd2 ,j5ks ,sons1 #abe4 ,j5n+s gun3 orig9 (1 #bib-bid4 ,j]ome1 ,*auncey3 brass clocks1 #add1 #aga-agb1 #bcc4 ,j]vons3 iron boat1 #ad4 ,jewelry indu/ry 9 ,provid5ce3 #abf-abg4 ,johnson1 ,*>les3 #bcg4 ,johnson1 ,iv]3 #bbf4 ,johnson1 ,judge3 decision1 ,:itney vs4 ,=t1 #aee-aeg4 ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,co43 #aia1 #aic1 #aid1 #aig2 flat-turret la!1 #aih-aii2 ,fay automatic la!1 #bjj4 ,kae/n]3 ge>+1 #fd4 ,ke>ney ,treck]3 #bgf4 ,kempsmi?1 ,frank3 #bfd-bfe1 #bga4 ,kempsmi? ,manufactur+ ,co43 #bga1 #bgf4 ,k5dall1 ,n41 ,co43 #ahf1 #ahi4 ,key-seat]3 #fa4 ,lamson1 ,goodn[ ,yale3 #aib1 #aic4 ,lamson ,ma*9e ,co43 #aih4 ,l&is ,tool ,co43 #bei-bfj4 ,lane ,bodley3 #bfg4 ,lapo9te1 ,j4 ,n43 broa*+ ma*9e1 #ahc4 ,la!s3 pole1 #c1 #da2 eng9e1 #d2 9 #ah? c5tury1 #c1 #d2 automatic1 #e1 #agf2 ,fr5* rose eng9e1 #f2 screw-cutt+1 #ai1 #ce1 #dj1 #aai-abj2 tool-room1 #ahb2 ,lo-sw+1 #bjj2 ,bramah & ,maudslay1 #ag2 ,ramsd51 #ch2 ,b5?am1 #ch2 ,maudslay1 #dj-db1 #df2 ,wilk9son1 #aai-abj2 ,blan*>d1 #adj1 #adb-adc2 ,sp5c]'s turret la!1 #agf2 ,fay automatic1 #bjj2 ,sell]s1 #bej4 ,la!1 ,morse ,co43 #bbb4 ,lawr5ce1 ,ri*>d ,s43 #ahh-ahi1 #aie2 pr(il+ ma*9e1 #adc2 ma/] armor]1 ,%>ps ,works1 #agj1 #aid2 lubricat$ bullet1 #aid2 mill]1 #aia1 #aid2 split pulley1 #aid2 turret la!1 #aig2 autobiography1 #bha-bia4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass43 #abg4 ,lawr5ce ,ma*9e ,%op3 #bai4 ,lead screw3 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dc4 ,le ,blanc3 int]*angeable gun manufacture 9 ,france1 #acj4 ,le ,blond1 ,r4 ,k43 #bga4 ,lee-,met=d rifle3 #aje4 ,lel&1 ,h5ry ,m43 #bad2 on ,j4 ,r4 ,br[n1 #bae4 ,leon>ds3 #aaf4 ,libbey1 ,c4 ,l43 turret la!s1 #bge4 ,limit gauges3 develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 #e4 ,l9coln1 ,levi3 #afe1 #aga4 ,l9coln ,co41 ,!3 #afe4 ,l9coln1 ,*>les ,l41 ,co43 #afe4 ,l9coln1 ,george ,s41 ,co43 #acg1 #afe4 ,l9coln mill]3 #acg1 #afe-aff1 #bjh4 ,l9e> divid+ eng9es3 #bjf4 ,l+r51 ,w4 ,f41 ,co43 #bgd4 ,locomotives3 e>ly inv5tions1 #ef2 ,%>p1 ,rob]ts ,co41 #fa-fb2 ,nasmy?1 #ic4 ,lodge1 ,william ,e43 #bfh-bga4 ,lodge ,davis3 policy (1 #bgj-bga4 ,lodge ,%ipley ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bgj4 ,l[ell1 ,mass43 #abg2 ma*9e %ops (1 #bah4 ,l[ell ,ma*9e ,%op3 #bag1 #bah1 #bec4 ,lucas ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bfe4 ,mc,farlan1 ,?omas3 #bfh4 ,macaulay1 ,"l3 on ,eli ,:itney1 #afa4 ,ma*9e tools3 effect ( mod]n1 #a2 crudity 9 #ah? c5tury1 #c1 #d2 developm5ts (1 #d1 #e1 #fc1 #ajg2 ,fairbairn on1 #aj2 ,bramah & ,maudslay1 #cd2 ,:itwor?1 #ii2 ,greek or ,go?ic /yle1 #fc2 develop$ by cotton indu/ry1 #abj4 ,ma*9e ,tool ,works3 #bee4 ,ma*9i/ ,tool ,co43 #bbb4 ,madison1 ,wis43 #bgf4 ,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,h43 #abc1 #abg2 f\nd+ (1 #bag4 ,man*e/] ,locomotive ,works3 #bag4 ,man*e/] pit*3 #gj note #ff1 #hj4 ,manville1 ,e4 ,j43 #bcg4 ,map ( tool build+ indu/ry3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,m>%all1 ,elijah ,d43 #bed4 ,m>vel1 ,c4 ,m41 ,co43 #bai4 ,mason1 ,william3 #agj1 #agc-agd4 ,massa*usetts ,arms ,co43 #afb4 ,maudslay1 ,h5ry3 #g1 #h1 ,*apt] ,,iv2 e/imates (1 #i1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #dh1 #di1 #hh2 taps & dies1 #aj1 #db1 #hh2 ,portsm\? block ma*9]y1 #h1 #bi1 #ce2 screw ?read practice1 #aj1 #dj1 #db1 #hh1 #aja2 cup-lea!r pack+1 #ah1 #cd2 ! slide-re/1 #f1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #dj1 #dc1 #di1 #adc2 screw-cutt+ la!1 #ce1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #ej1 #abj2 eng9e improvem5ts1 #dc2 "w on plane surfaces1 #dd1 #de1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,maudslay ,field3 #h1 #ai1 #ce1 #eh1 #ih2 influ5ce on ,engli% tool build]s1 #df2 ,moon's description ( %op1 #df-dh4 ,mayn>d ,rifle ,co43 #afa4 ,me*anics ,ma*9e ,co43 #bgd4 ,m]rick1 ,s4 ,v43 introduces /eam hamm] into ,unit$ ,/ates1 #if1 #beg4 ,m]rimac ,valley3 textile works1 #abd1 #abg2 %ops (1 #baf-bai4 ,mi*igan ,twi/ ,drill ,ma*9e ,co43 #bff4 ,midvale ,/eel ,co43 #bej4 ,miles1 ,fr$]ick ,b43 /eam hamm]1 #bee4 ,mill1 ,anton3 #bgb4 ,mill]1 ,patrick3 #hb4 ,mill]1 ,ph9eas3 p>tn] ( ,eli ,:itney1 #adh-adi1 #aec1 #aed4 ,mill] ,:itney3 #adi1 #aeb4 ,mill]1 univ]sal3 orig9 (1 #e1 #ach note #afc1 #bjh-bji4 ,mill+ cutt]1 =m$3 #bjf-bjg1 #bjh4 ,mill+ ma*9e3 ,:itney1 #adb2 fir/ 9 ,h>t=d1 #agj1 #aid2 ,lawr5ce1 #aia2 ,l9coln1 #acg1 #afe-aff1 #bjh4 ,millwork3 ,*apt] ,,vi2 ,nasmy? on1 #ga4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis43 tool build]s 91 #bgf-bgg4 ,milwaukee ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bgg4 ,mo51 ,philip ,l43 #bbe4 ,montanus1 ,philip3 #bga4 ,moody1 ,paul3 exp]t 9 cotton ma*9]y1 #bah4 ,moore ,colby3 #beb4 ,morris1 ,i4 ,p41 ,co43 #beg1 #beh4 ,muell]1 ,osc>3 #bga4 ,murdock3 #ee2 ,d-slide valves1 #ea4 ,murray1 ,mat!w3 #g1 #ed-eg1 #ajg2 plan]1 #ej1 #ea1 #ee1 #eg2 ,d-slide valve1 #ee2 /eam heat+1 #ef2 locomotives1 #ef2 influ5ce on flax indu/ry1 #ef4 ,na%ua ,manufactur+ ,co43 #abd4 ,nasmy?1 ,alex&]3 #ha1 #hb1 #hc4 ,nasmy?1 ,james3 #g1 #h1 ,*apt] ,,viii2 ) ,maudslay1 #df1 #dh1 #hg1 #hh2 millwork1 #ga1 #hh2 /eam road c>riage1 #hf2 mill+ ma*9e1 #hi2 %ap]1 #ib2 me?od ( inv5tion1 #ib2 /eam hamm] & o!r inv5tions1 #ic-if2 /udy ( ! moon1 #ig2 on int]*angeable sy/em ( manufacture1 #adj-ada4 ,nasmy? ,gaskell3 #ib4 ,national ,acme ,manufactur+ ,co43 multi-sp9dle automatic la!1 #ahc1 #bfe4 ,naugatuck ,valley3 ,*apt] ,,xviii2 brass indu/ry 91 #bca-bch2 p9 ma*9]y1 #bcc4 ,new ,brita91 ,conn43 h>dw>e manufacture 91 #aga4 ,newell1 ,/an=d3 ,frankl9 ,ma*9e ,co43 #abe4 ,new ,engl& indu/ries3 e>ly developm5t (1 #aji-aaj2 cotton1 #aad2 iron1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah4 ,new ,engl& ,screw ,co43 #abf4 ,newton ,cox3 #bff4 ,newton ,ma*9e ,tool ,works3 #bff4 ,new ,york3 e>ly /eamboat trade1 #abg4 ,niles1 ,james & ,jona?an3 #bea4 ,niles ,co43 #bfg1 #bgc4 ,niles-,bem5t-,pond ,co43 #agi1 #bbb1 #bee1 #bei1 #bgc4 ,niles ,tool ,works3 #bfg1 #bgc4 ,norris1 ,h5ry ,m43 #bgb4 ,nor? ,*elms=d ,ma*9e ,supply ,co43 #abd4 ,nor?1 ,h5ry3 #afe4 ,nor?1 ,selah3 fil+ jig1 #adb4 ,nor?1 ,simeon3 #afa-afc2 gun contracts1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #afb1 #afc2 int]*angeable sy/em1 #acc-acd1 #acf1 #adb1 #ade1 #afb4 ,norton1 ,*>les ,h43 precision gr9d+1 #bad1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,norton1 ,f4 ,b43 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,norton ,company1 ,!3 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,norton ,em]y ,:eel ,co43 #bbd4 ,norton ,gr9d+ ,co43 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,norwalk ,iron ,works ,co43 #ahd4 ,oe/]li5 ,ma*9e ,co43 #bfh4 ,ohio ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bfi4 ,orr1 ,hugh3 e>ly me*anic1 #aaf-aag4 ,orr1 ,rob]t3 ma/] armor] at ,spr+field1 #aag4 ,ott+ ,laud]3 #bfh4 ,ow51 ,william3 #bga4 ,palm]1 ,c\rtl& ,c43 #aij4 ,palm]1 ,jean ,laur5t3 screw calip]1 #bab1 #bac4 ,palm] ,capron3 #abg4 ,p>allel motion3 #c note #f4 ,p>khur/1 ,e4 ,g43 #ahb4 ,p>ks1 ,edw>d ,h43 automatic ge> cutt]s1 #bad4 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i43 manufactur+ c5t]1 #aah1 #abg2 ,dr4 ,dwight on1 #aba2 manufactures (1 #aah-abe4 ,peck3 lift] = drop hamm]1 #adc4 ,p$rick ,ay]3 plan]1 #ec4 ,phelps ,bick=d3 #bbb4 ,phnix ,iron ,works3 #afe4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa43 tool build]s 91 ,*apt] ,,xix2 e>ly textile ma*9]y1 #bdf4 ,p9 ma*9]y3 #bcc4 ,pit*]1 ,l>n$3 ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,co43 #abc2 ,pit*] ,br[n1 #abd4 ,pitk91 ,h5ry & ,james ,f43 ,am]ican lev] wat*es1 #afd4 ,pitk91 ,col4 ,joseph3 pione] iron work]1 #afd4 ,plan]3 9 #ah? c5tury1 #d2 develop$ 9 ,engl&1 #d2 ,bramah1 #ah2 ,clem5t1 #ai1 #eb2 inv5tors ( !1 ,*apt] ,v2 e>ly ,fr5*1 #ej2 ,rob]ts1 #ea2 ,murray1 #eg2 ,bodm]1 #ge1 #gf2 ,sell]s1 #bdh4 ,plane surfaces1 scrap+ (3 ,maudslay1 #dd1 #de2 ,:itwor?1 #dd1 #ih-aja4 ,plume ,atwood3 #bcd4 ,plumi]3 ,fr5* writ]1 #ej4 ,pond ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bbb1 #bei4 ,pope ,manufactur+ ,co43 #agj4 ,portsm\? block ma*9]y3 influ5ce on g5]al manufactur+1 #e2 "w ( ,b5?am & ,brunel1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh2 ,maudslay's contribution to1 #bi1 #ce2 description (1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca2 ,rob]ts1 #fj2 ,maudslay & ,b5?am1 #hi2 approa*es int]*angeable sy/em1 #aca4 ,pott] ,johnson3 #ahc4 ,pratt1 ,francis ,a43 #acg1 #agj1 #agg2 ,l9coln mill]1 #afe1 #aia4 ,pratt ,:itney3 #acg1 #agh-ahc2 ,int]*angeable sy/em1 #agi2 gun ma*9]y & manufacture1 #agi-ahj1 #ahb2 screw ?reads1 #ahj-ahb2 tool-room la!1 #ahb2 ?read-mill+1 #ahc2 workm51 #ahc2 turret screw ma*9es1 #bjg4 ,precision ge> cutt]3 #bjf4 ,pr5tice1 ,a4 ,f43 #bbd4 ,pr5tiss1 ,f4 ,f43 #bff4 ,priority 9 inv5tion3 #e4 ,prit*>d1 ,b5jam93 #baf4 ,pr(il+ ma*9e3 inv5tors (1 #adc4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i43 e>ly cannon manufacture1 #aag2 trad+ c5t]1 #aah2 textile indu/ry1 #abc2 manufactures 91 #aah-abf2 jewelry indu/ry (1 #abf-abg4 ,provid5ce ,=ge ,nut ,co43 #abe4 ,provid5ce ,tool ,co43 #abe2 turret screw ma*9e built =1 #bjg2 univ]sal mill] built =1 #bji4 ,provid5ce ,worce/] ,canal3 #bai-bbj4 ,pun*+ ma*9e1 ,maudslay's3 #dc4 ,putnam1 ,john3 #bbg-bbh4 ,putnam1 ,salmon ,w43 #bbg-bbh4 ,putnam ,ma*9e ,co4 ,works3 #bjj1 #bbg-bbh4 ,ramsd51 ,jesse3 la!1 #ch4 ,r&olph ,cl[es3 #bcf4 ,re$1 ,f4 ,e43 #bbd4 ,re$ ,pr5tice ,co43 #bbb4 ,rem+ton ,arms ,co43 #afa4 ,rem+ton1 ,e41 ,sons3 #age4 ,r5nie1 ,george3 #ed2 plan]1 #ej1 #ea4 ,r5nie1 ,sir ,john3 #ed4 ,r5nie1 ,john3 millwright1 #ed4 ,rhode ,isl& ,tool ,co43 #abe4 ,ri*>ds1 ,*>les ,b43 #agc4 ,ri*>ds1 ,john3 on ,bodm]1 #gi4 ,robb9s ,lawr5ce3 ,*apt] ,,xv2 int]*angeable sy/em1 #ach2 turret la!1 #adc1 #aig2 mill]1 #afe1 #aia2 gov]nm5t contracts1 #aij2 ,enfield rifle & gun ma*9]y1 #aia-aib2 cause ( failure1 #aib2 successive own]s ( plant1 #aib-aid1 #bjj4 ,robb9s1 ,k5dall ,lawr5ce3 #ahi-aij4 ,rob]ts1 ,ri*>d3 #g1 #i1 #ei-fj1 #fb1 #ajg2 ) ,maudslay1 #df1 #fj2 plan]1 #ej1 #ea1 #fj2 locomotives1 #fa-fb2 ,%>p1 ,rob]ts ,co43 #fa1 #fb4 ,rob9son1 ,an?ony3 screw ?read1 #ci4 ,rock=d1 ,ill43 tool build]s 91 #bgd-bge4 ,rock=d ,drill+ ,ma*9e ,co43 #bgd4 ,rock=d ,iron ,works3 #bgd4 ,rock=d ,la! ,tool ,co43 #bgd4 ,rock=d ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bgd4 ,rock=d ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,co43 #bgd4 ,roem]3 epicyclic curve1 #fc4 ,rog]s1 ,william ,a43 ,rog]s-,bond comp>ator1 #ahj-ahb4 ,root1 ,eli%a ,k43 #afh-afi1 #agj2 influ5ce on die =g+1 #acg2 pr(il+ ma*9e1 #adc2 drop hamm]1 #adc1 #afi2 ,colt ,armory1 #afi2 ma*9]y inv5t$ by1 #afi2 horizontal turret pr9ciple1 #aig4 ,rop] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co43 #age4 ,/4 ,joseph ,iron ,co43 #bec4 ,savage ,fire ,arms ,co43 #afa4 ,saxton3 ge> tee?1 #ff-fg4 ,s*neid]1 ,m41 & ,nasmy?'s /eam hamm]3 #ie-if4 ,scituate1 ,r4 ,i43 ,hope ,furnace1 #aag4 ,scovill ,manufactur+ ,co43 #bcb4 ,screw ma*9es1 multi-sp9dle automatic3 #bfe4 ,screw-?read practice3 ,maudslay & ,clem5t1 #aj1 #ai1 #db1 #eh-ei1 #hh2 ,:itwor? /&>dizes1 #aj1 #aja2 e>ly me?ods ( screw cutt+1 #ch-dj2 ,pratt ,:itney1 #ahj-ahb2 hi/ory ( ,sell]s' or ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d1 #bdi4 ,sell]s1 ,dr4 ,coleman3 #bea-beb2 design ( railway tools1 #bea2 screw ?read1 ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d1 #bdi4 ,sell]s1 ,william3 #bdg-bea1 #bee2 inv5tions1 #bdg-bdh2 plan]1 #bdh2 sy/em ( screw ?reads1 #bdh-bdi2 bridge build+ ma*9]y1 #bej2 great la!1 ,wa%+ton ,navy ,y>d1 #bej4 ,sell]s1 ,william1 ,co43 #bea1 #beb4 ,s5t9el ,gas ,appliance ,co43 #afj4 ,%ap]s3 develop$ 9 ,engl&1 #d2 ,brunel's1 #bg2 ,nasmy?'s 8,/eel ,arm10 #ib4 ,%>p1 ,rob]ts ,co43 #fa1 #fb4 ,%>pe1 ,lucian3 #bjb2 ,am]ican wire gauge1 #bje4 ,%>ps1 ,*ri/ian3 bree* load+ rifle1 #agj1 #aib4 ,%>ps ,rifle ,works3 #aib1 #aid1 #aie4 ,%aw1 ,a4 ,j43 #bad4 ,%ep>d1 ,la! ,co43 #bbb4 ,%ipley1 ,murray3 #bgj4 ,slat]1 ,samuel3 #aad1 #aai1 #aba2 ,arkwright cotton ma*9]y1 #abj1 #aba2 textile indu/ry1 #abb2 ,amoskeag ,co41 #baf-bag4 ,slide-re/3 9 #ah? c5tury1 #d2 inv5tors (1 #f2 e>ly =ms (1 #f1 #cf2 ,bramah & ,maudslay1 #ag2 ,maudslay1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #dj1 #dc1 #di4 ,sloan1 ,?omas ,j43 screw ma*9e1 #abf4 ,slocomb1 ,j4 ,t43 #bad4 ,slott]3 #fa4 ,smeaton1 ,john3 #b1 #c2 bor+ ma*9e1 #b1 #ac2 ca/ iron ge>s1 #fd4 ,smi?1 ,george3 #bad4 ,smi? ,mills3 #bgj4 ,smi? ,phelps3 #bcd4 ,smi? ,silk3 #bga4 ,smi? ,wesson3 #ach4 ,snyd]1 ,j4 ,e41 ,son3 #bb4 ,s\?w>k ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,co43 #agc1 #bef-beg4 ,sp5c]1 ,*ri/oph] ,m43 #agj1 #age-agg2 turret la!1 #adc1 #agf2 bo>d drop1 #adc2 silk-w9d+ ma*9e1 #age2 repeat+ rifle1 #age4 ,sp5c] ,arms ,co43 #agg4 ,spr+3 plan]1 #ej1 #ec4 ,spr+field1 ,mass43 #bcj4 ,spr+field ,armory3 #ajc1 #acf1 #ach1 #adc1 #afc2 ,blan*>d's la!s1 #adb-adc4 ,spr+field ,ma*9e ,tool ,co43 #bga4 ,/&>d ,tool ,co43 #bff4 ,/ann>d1 ,monroe3 ) ,pratt ,:itney1 #agh4 ,/eam boats3 e>ly1 #hb2 ,wilk9son's1 #aai4 ,/eam eng9e1 ,watt's3 new elem5t 9 indu/ry1 #a2 problems 9 build+1 #a-c2 fir/ built at ,soho1 #ab2 ,maudslay's improvem5ts1 #dc4 ,/eam hamm]3 #d2 ,nasmy?'s inv5tion (1 #ic-if4 ,/eam heat+ app>atus3 ,murray1 #ef4 ,/e9le ,turret ,ma*9e ,co43 #bgg4 ,/eph5son1 ,george3 #f1 #cb1 #ef1 #aej4 ,/eptoe1 ,john3 #bfg-bfh4 ,/eptoe ,co41 ,! ,john3 %ap]s & mill+ ma*9es1 #bfh4 ,/one1 ,h5ry ,d43 #aib1 #aic1 #aif2 turret la!1 #adc1 #aig4 ,swasey1 ,ambrose3 #ahc1 #bfb1 #bfc2 divid+ eng9e1 #bfd4 ,syme1 ,johnie3 ,nasmy? on1 #hd4 ,sym+ton1 ,william3 iron boat1 #ad1 #hb4 ,taps & dies3 develop$ 9 ,engl&1 #d2 ,maudslay's1 #aj1 #db2 ,clem5t's1 #ei4 ,taylor1 ,fr$]ick ,w43 high-spe$ tool /eels1 #bej1 #bgg4 ,taylor ,f5n ,co43 #afe4 ,t]ry1 ,eli3 clocks1 #add1 #aga1 #agb4 ,textile indu/ries3 ,arkwright & ,/rutt1 #ec2 influ5ce ( ,:itney's cotton g91 #aad2 9 ,new ,engl&1 #aad1 #abj1 #abc1 #abg2 ,slat]'s influ5ce on1 #abb4 ,textile ma*9]y3 ,rob]t's sp9n+ mule1 etc41 #fa2 ,bodm]1 #gg2 9 ,new ,engl&1 #aad1 #abj-aba2 ,wilk9son1 #abb2 ,alfr$ ,j5ks1 #abc4 ,?omas1 ,se?3 clocks1 #add4 ,?oma/on1 ,conn43 clock manufacture1 #aga4 ,?urb]1 ,isaac3 ,frankl9 ,ma*9e ,co41 #abe4 ,?ur/on1 ,horace3 #bad4 ,tool build]s3 g5]al e/imate ( e>ly1 #ajg2 9 ,c5tral ,new ,engl&1 ,*apt] ,,xvii2 ,we/]n1 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,tool build+ c5t]s3 #abg2 map (1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,torry1 ,ar*ie3 ,nasmy?'s =eman1 #ia4 ,t[ne1 ,h5ry ,r43 #beg1 #beh4 ,t[ne1 ,john ,h5ry3 #bef-beg1 #beh2 screw ?read1 ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d1 #bdi4 ,travel+ crane1 fir/3 #gg1 #hj4 ,trevi?ick3 /eam road eng9e1 #ef4 ,turret la!s3 #adj2 e>ly produc]s (1 #adc2 ,sp5c]1 #agf2 ,h[e & ,lawr5ce1 #aig2 ,h>tness' flat-turret1 #aih2 ,w>n] ,swasey1 #bfb4 ,turret screw ma*9e1 improvem5ts on3 #bjg4 ,union ,/eel ,screw ,works3 #aih1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,univ]sal ,radial ,drill ,co43 #bgc4 ,wadswor?1 ,capt4 ,decius3 on ,:itney's int]*angeable sy/em1 #acd-ace4 ,waldo1 ,daniel3 ,hope ,furnace1 #aag4 ,wallace1 ,william3 #bcg4 ,wallace ,sons3 #bcd4 ,wal?am ,wat* ,works1 see ,am]ican ,wat* ,co4 ,w>n]1 ,worce/] ,r43 #ahc1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,w>n] ,swasey ,co43 #bfa-bfe2 build+ ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 #bfc-bfd4 ,wa%burn1 ,i*abod3 ,am]ican ,/eel ,wire ,co41 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,wa%burn ,mo5 ,co43 #bbe4 ,wat]bury ,brass ,co43 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,wat]bury ,button ,co43 #bcd4 ,wat]bury ,clock ,wat* ,co43 #bcd4 ,wat]s1 ,asa3 #bbf4 ,wa/on1 ,william3 ,nasmy? 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