,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! spell+1 hyph5ation1 punctuation & acc5tuation are z ! orig9al1 except = app>5t typographical errors :i* h be5 correct$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ ?us4 ,bold text is d5ot$ ?us4 ,,scaffold+ ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co4 ,,ltd41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,london ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,photo by ,?at*] #bh ,cob\rg ,road1 ,s4,e4 ,,d]rick ,,/ag+4 ,,scaffold+ ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,design ,,erection ,,( ,,scaffolds1 ,,gantries1 ,,& ,,/ag+s1 ,) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,appliances us$ 9 connection !re) ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,contractors1 ,,build]s1 ,,cl]ks ,,( ,,works1 ,,etc4 ,) a ,*apt] on ! ,legal ,aspect ( ! ,"q4 ,by ,a4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,?at*]1 ,,build+ ,,surveyor ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,) #adf ,,diagrams ,,& #f ,,full-,,page ,,plates4 ,,london3 ,b4 ,t4 ,,bats=d1 #id ,,high ,,holborn #aijg4 ,,preface ,scaffold+ up to q rec5t ye>s has be5 consid]$ by build]s & o!rs conc]n$1 ) ! exception ( ! actual workm51 to be a matt] ( small importance & consequ5tly unwor?y ( /udy4 ,rec5t legislation1 h[ev] 7! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act1 #ahig1 & ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija1 & prec$+ dates71 has br\ght x into great] prom95ce1 ) ! result t m att5tion has lately be5 giv5 to x4 ,special /udy ( ! subject has1 h[ev]1 rema9$ v difficult ow+ to ! lack ( accessible in=mation4 ,! au?or1 9 ! c\rse ( consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! build+ trade1 has _h opportunities ( exam9+ a l>ge numb] ( scaffolds ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 af=d+ him exceptional facilities = ?or\ghly /udy+ ! subject1 & he has be5 l$ to prep>e ?is treatise 9 ! hope t x may prove useful to ^? engag$ bo? 9 ! design & erection ( scaffolds = build+ purposes4 ,:ile special att5tion has be5 giv5 to practical details1 ! !ory has n be5 neglect$1 b has be5 dealt ) by ! use ( t]ms well und]/ood 9 ! build+ trade4 ,! v>i\s =mul giv5 h be5 simplifi$ z f> z possible1 & x is hop$ t 9 ^! days ( te*nical education !y w n be beyond ! scope ( ! read]4 ,! illu/rations h g5]ally be5 drawn to scale1 b = ! sake ( cle>ness1 details are giv5 to a l>g] scale :]e necess>y4 ,! practice ( all[+ workm5 to erect scaffolds )\t ! aid ( exp]t sup]vision1 z is g5]ally ! case1 is to be /rongly deprecat$4 ,! ar*itect1 build]1 or cl]k ( works1 %\ld 9 all cases be responsible = _! erection--! risk ( defective or unsafe "w be+ !reby m9imis$1 & an economy (t5 effect$ 9 bo? lab\r & mat]ial4 ,! au?or desires to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,g4 ,?at*]1 ( ,h4,m4 ,(fice ( ,works & ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace1 = valuable in=mation contribut$ by him1 & to ,mr4 ,j4 ,cl>k1 ( ! ,factory ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,home ,(fice1 = 8 v c>eful read+ ( ! pro(s2 :ile 8 be/ ?anks are due to ! foll[+ manufactur]s3--,mr4 ,c4 ,bat*elor1 ,messrs4 ,bullivant ,co41 ,ltd41 ,messrs4 ,butt]s ,bros41 ,mr4 ,j4 ,fi%burn1 ,messrs4 ,fro/ ,co41 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,palm]1 :o h furni%$ him ) p>ticul>s ( _! v>i\s specialities4 ,a4 ,g4 ,h4 ,t4 ,,london3 ,febru>y #aijd4 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,rec5t alt]ations 9 & additions to ! legal enactm5ts affect+ scaffold+ & ! p]sons employ$ 9 its erection h r5d]$ necess>y a second edition ( ?is "w4 ,! au?or has accord+ly revis$ ! in=mation relat+ to ! law ( ! subject1 & has embodi$ ! important s]ies ( sugge/ions = ! guidance ( ^? engag$ 9 build+ op]ations1 publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories1 :i*1 if foll[$ out1 w und\bt$ly be ! means ( r$uc+ ! numb] ( fatal & o!r accid5ts occurr+ at su* works4 ,a4 ,g4 ,h4 ,t4 ,octob] #aijg4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,*apt] ,i ,,scaffold+ ,scaffold+--,def9ition (--,nor!rn sy/em--,d]rick /ag+s--,work+ plat=ms--,s\? c\ntry sy/em--,gantries1 commonly call$ travell]s--,travell+ gantry--,gantries :i* s]ve z a base = light] =ms ( scaffold+--,/ag+s--,pole scaffolds--,bricklay]s' scaffolds--,masons' scaffolds--,connections #a-bi ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,scaffolds ,,= ,,special ,,purposes ,ne$le scaffold+--,scaffolds = *imney %afts1 t[]s & /eeples--,domes & ar*es--,sw++ scaffolds--,pa9t]s' boats--,boatswa9's boat--,ladd] scaffolds--,support$ pa9t]'s boat #cj-dh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,%or+ ,,& ,,und]p9n+ ,%or+--,fly+ %ores--,rak+ %ores--,und]p9n+ #di-fa ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,timb] ,classification & /ructure--,defects 9 ! liv+ tree--,fell+--,conv]sion--,season+--,des cription--,selection --,decay--,pres]vation--,durability--,us e ( scaffold+ timb] #fb-ge ,,*apt] ,v ,,cordage ,,& ,,knots ,cordage--,/r5g? (--,knots #gf-hi ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,scaffold+ ,,accessories ,,& ,,_! ,,use ,ladd]s--,tre/les--,cripples--,buckets & skips--,baskets--,b>r[s--,/one bogies--,h& b>r[s--,hods--,timb] trucks--,sack trucks--,crates--,a%l> %e>s--,/one clips & sl+s--,/one lewises--,/one cramps--,wire & *a9 scaffold la%+s--,tight5+ screws--,roll]s--,lev]s--,dog irons--,bolts--,/raps--,wire ropes--,*a9s--,slat]'s truss--,duck runs--,mort> bo>ds--,w$ges--,nails--,spikes--,scaffol d]'s hat*et #ij-aad ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,transport ,,( ,,mat]ial ,crane eng9es--,! crane--,pulleys--,diff]5tial pulleys--,w9*--,jibs--,%e>s--,g9--,rails --,sack trucks--,atta*m5t ( mat]ial--,ironwork--,timb] --,bricks--,slates--,/one #aae-acj ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,/ability ,,( ,a ,,scaffold ,/ability--,w9d pressures--,=ce ( weight or gravity--,to f9d ! c5tre ( gravity ( a body--,two or m bodies--,( a dep5d5t scaffold & ! effect ( loads ^u x--,( a gantry--,( a ,scot* d]rick #aca-adb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,a ,,scaffold ,failure ( beams--,pill>s & /ruts--,ties & traces--,dead loads--,live loads--,break+ weight--,safe load--,con/ants--,beams subject to a transv]se /ra9--,po/s & /ruts subject to compression--,braces & ties subject to a t5sional /ra9 #adc-aec ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,accid5ts ,%ort ladd]s--,sagg+ ( ladd]s--,gu>d rails--,well holes--,edge bo>ds--,traps--,runs--,supports to c5t]+--,damp cordage--,s\nd mat]ial--,compet5t control--,fan gu>ds--,due c>e by workm5 #aed-afj ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,legal ,,matt]s ,,affect+ ,,scaffold+ ,scaffold+ bye-laws--,burgh ,police 7,scotl&7 ,act--,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija--;,ab/ract ( same1 issu$ f ! ,home ,(fice--,notice ( ,accid5t ,act--,report on ,build+ ,accid5ts by a ,home ,(fice ,inspector--,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act1 #aijf--;,application ( ,act & def9itions #afa-agh;,c ,,app5dix3 ,weight ( ,mat]ial #agi ,,index #ahc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,i4 ,d]rick /ag+ ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,ext]nal *imney scaffold ,fac+ p4 #cc ,,iii4 ,knots #gi ,,iv4 ,knots #ha ,v4 ,knots #he ,,vi4 ,knots #hg ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,text ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,elevation ( /ag+ = d]rick crane #d #b4 ,plan ( k+ leg #f #c4 ,%[+ %or+ to c5tral /&>d #f #d4 ,plan ( d]rick plat=m p>tially cov]$ #g #e4 ,%[+ me?od ( fix+ ladd]s #h #f4 ,%[+ d]rick /ag+ m\nt$ on travell+ bogie #aj #g4 ,elevation ( squ>e d]rick /ag+ #aa #h & #h;,a4 ,elevation ( gantry = travell] #ac #i4 ,foot+ blocks = /ruts #ae #aj4 ,elevation ( travell+ gantry #ae #aa4 ,gantry or elevat$ plat=m ov] footpa?s #ag #ab4 ,example ( /ag+s #ah #ac4 ,elevation ( pole scaffold #bj #ad4 ,me?od ( fix+ ris+ /&>d #ba #ae4 ,me?od ( connect+ l$g]s #bb #af4 ,me?od ( connect+ l$g]s #bb #ag4 ,me?od ( connect+ l$g]s #bc #ah4 ,me?od ( connect+ l$g]s #bc #ai4 ,me?od ( support+ putlogs :]e w9d[s occur #bd #bj4 ,me?od ( support+ putlogs :]e w9d[s occur #bd #ba4 ,%ores & ties = dep5d5t scaffolds #be #bb4 ,me?ods ( lay+ bo>ds #bf #bc4 ,me?ods ( lay+ bo>ds #bf #bd4 ,masons' scaffold3 end elevation #bg #be4 ,l&+ /ages #bh #bf4 ,ne$le scaffold #ca #bg4 ,int]nal *imney #cc #bh4 ,me?od ( climb+ *imneys1 /eeples1 c4 #ce #bi4 ,me?od ( climb+ *imneys1 /eeples1 c4 #cf #cj4 ,brackets = climb+ *imneys1 /eeples1 c4 #cg #ca4 ,me?ods ( sl++ pa9t]s' boats on *imneys1 c4 #ch #cb4 ,*imney scaffolds = repairs1 c4 #ci #cc4 ,details ( *imney scaffolds = repairs1 c4 #ci #cd4 ,details ( *imney scaffolds = repairs1 c4 #dj #ce4 ,details ( *imney scaffolds = repairs1 c4 #dj #cf4 ,details ( *imney scaffolds = repairs1 c4 #da #cg4 ,me?od ( support+ /&>ds )9 high t[]s #da #ch4 ,scaffold design$ = repair+ ro(s or ar*es :]e roadway has to be kept op5 #db #ci4 ,pa9t]s' boats or cradles #dc #dj4 ,me?od ( sl++ cradle to move horizontally #dd #da4 ,improv$ pa9t]'s boat #dd #db4 ,boatswa9's boat #de #dc4 ,elevation ( ladd] scaffold+ #df #dd4 ,details ( ladd] scaffold+ #dg #de4 ,details ( ladd] scaffold+ #dg #df4 ,details ( ladd] scaffold+ #dg #dg4 ,examples ( fly+ %ores #ea #dh4 ,examples ( s+le rak+ %ore #eb #di4 ,examples ( sy/em ( rak+ %ores #ec #ej4 ,details ( rak+ %ores #ed #ea4 ,details ( rak+ %ores #ee #eb4 ,details ( rak+ %ores #ef #ec4 ,example ( und]p9n+ #ei #ed4 ,example ( w9d[ /rutt+ #fj #ee4 ,example ( cup %akes 9 timb] #fc #ef4 ,example ( radial %akes 9 timb] #fc #eg4 ,me?od ( cutt+ /iffe/ beam f log #ff #eh4 ,me?od ( cutt+ /ronge/ beam f log #ff #ei4 ,me?od ( cutt+ planks f log #fg #fj4 ,me?od ( /ack+ timb] = season+ #fh #fa4 ,examples ( wea!r %akes 9 balks #fh #fb4 ,me?od ( /rapp+ ends ( bo>ds #gd #fc4 ,details ( ladd] con/ruction #ia #fd4 ,details ( ladd] con/ruction #ia #fe4 ,example ( pa9t]s' tre/les #ib #ff4 ,example ( cripples #ic #fg4 ,example ( cripples #ic #fh4 ,example ( tipp+ pail #id #fi4 ,details ( improv$ safety baskets #ie #gj4 ,details ( improv$ safety baskets #ie #ga4 ,details ( improv$ safety baskets #if #gb4 ,details ( improv$ safety baskets #if #gc4 ,details ( improv$ safety baskets #if #gd4 ,example ( navvy's b>r[ #ih #ge4 ,example ( /one bogie #ih #gf4 ,example ( h& b>r[s #ih #gg4 ,example ( lab\r]'s hod #ih #gh4 ,example ( timb] trucks #ih #gi4 ,example ( sack trucks #ih #hj4 ,example ( brick crates #ii #ha4 ,example ( a%l> %e>s #ajj #hb4 ,example ( a%l> %e>s #ajj #hc4 ,example ( /one clips #aja #hd4 ,me?od ( sl++ /one #aja #he4 ,me?od ( sl++ /one #aja #hf4 ,me?od ( hoi/+ by means ( ! lewis #ajb #hg4 ,me?od ( hoi/+ by means ( ! lewis #ajb #hh4 ,me?od ( hoi/+ by means ( ! lewis #ajb #hi4 ,me?od ( hoi/+ by means ( ! lewis #ajb #ij4 ,example ( ! /one cramp #ajc #ia4 ,wire rope la%+ #ajd #ib4 ,*a9 & bracket la%+ #aje #ic4 ,c\pl+ l9ks #aje #id4 ,roll]s #ajf #ie4 ,lev]s #ajf #if4 ,dog irons #ajg #ig4 ,me?ods ( fix+ dog irons #ajg #ih4 ,me?ods ( fix+ dog irons #ajg #ii4 ,me?ods ( fix+ dog irons #ajg #ajj4 ,iron bolts #ajh #aja4 ,iron /raps #aji #ajb4 ,slat]s' truss #aab #ajc4 ,duck runs #aab #ajd4 ,scaffold]'s hat*et #aac #aje4 ,manual build+ crane #aag #ajf4 ,example ( pulley :eel #aah #ajg4 ,example ( groove = pulley :eel #aai #ajh4 ,example ( groove = pulley :eel #aai #aji4 ,example ( groove = pulley :eel #aai #aaj4 ,example ( groove = pulley :eel #aai #aaa4 ,example ( groove = pulley :eel #aai #aab4 ,example ( sprocket :eel #aai #aac4 ,example ( s+le movable pulley #abj #aad4 ,example ( blocks & tackle #abj #aae & #aaf4 ,example ( diff]5tial pulley #abb #aag4 ,! w9* #abd #aah4 ,! w9* 9 use ) a d\ble rope #abe #aai4 ,example ( a jib #abe #abj4 ,example ( a jib = fix+ purposes #abf #aba4 ,example ( a mason's jib #abg #abb4 ,example ( %e> legs #abg #abc4 ,example ( %e> legs to c>ry jib #abh #abd4 ,example ( movable %e> legs #abh #abe4 ,example ( a g9 #abi #abf4 ,me?od ( sl++ gird]s #abi #abg4 ,diagram %[+ me?od ( f9d+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( a rectangul> body #acf #abh4 ,diagram %[+ me?od ( f9d+ ! c5tre ( gravity betwe5 two comb9$ weights #acg #abi4 ,diagram %[+ me?od ( f9d+ ! c5tre ( gravity betwe5 ?ree or m comb9$ bodies #ach #acj4 ,me?od ( f9d+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( a rectangul> surface #aci #aca4 ,me?od ( f9d+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( a triangul> surface #ada #acb4 ,diagram %[+ ! me?od ( calculat+ ! break+ weights ( beams #adg #acc4 ,diagram %[+ ! me?od ( calculat+ ! break+ weights ( beams #adg #acd4 ,diagram %[+ ! me?od ( calculat+ ! break+ weights ( beams #adh #ace4 ,diagram %[+ ! me?od ( calculat+ ! break+ weights ( beams #adh #acf4 ,diagram %[+ ! me?od ( calculat+ ! break+ weights ( beams #adh #acg4 ,diagram %[+ ! me?od ( calculat+ ! break+ weights ( beams #adh #ach4 ,diagram sugge/ion = prev5t+ accid5ts on %ort ladd]s #aed #aci4 ,me?od ( /ay+ ladd] to prev5t sagg+ #aee #adj4 ,me?od ( /ay+ ladd] to prev5t sagg+ #aee #ada4 ,illu/rat+ dang]\sly laid bo>ds #aef #adb4 ,illu/rat+ ! dang] ( a trap #aef #adc4 ,illu/rat+ me?od ( support+ c5t]+ #aeg #add4 ,illu/rat+ me?od ( support+ c5t]+ #aeh #ade4 ,fan gu>ds #aeh #adf4 ,illu/rat+ cause ( fatal accid5t #aei ,,scaffold+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,scaffold+ ,scaffold+ is ! art ( arrang+ & comb9+ pieces ( timb] 9 ord] to enable workm5 to proce$ ) _! "w1 & f :i*1 if requir$1 to lift & c>ry ! mat]ial necess>y = _! purpose4 ,_m def9itions ( a scaffold h be5 giv5 by au?orities on build+ con/ruction2 "s ( ! be/ kn[n are z foll[s3-- ,mit*ell 7,c4 ,f473 ',tempor>y erections con/ruct$ to support a numb] ( plat=ms at diff]5t heights1 rais$ = ! conv5i5ce ( workm5 to enable !m to get at _! "w & to raise ! necess>y mat]ial = ! same4' ,tr$gold 7,hur/73 ',a scaffold z us$ 9 build+ is a tempor>y /ructure support+ a plat=m by means ( :i* ! workm5 & _! mat]ials are br\ght )9 rea* ( _! "w4' ,riv+ton3 ',scaffolds are tempor>y erections ( timb] support+ plat=ms close to ! "w1 on :i* ! workm5 /& & deposit _! mat]ials4' ,bani/] ,f4 ,flet*]1 9 ',c>p5try & ,jo9]y'3 ',a scaffold is a tempor>y /ructure plac$ alongside a build+ to facilitate its erection by support+ workm5 & rais+ mat]ials dur+ ! con/ruction1 or = ! repair ( build+s4' ,rec5t cases tri$ "u ! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act h giv5 a wid] mean+ to ! ^w1 & ! foll[+ def9ition is p]haps ! mo/ compreh5sive at ! pres5t "t3 ,a scaffold1 z us$ 9 build+1 is a tempor>y arrangem5t ( timb]s comb9$ & support$ 9 v>i\s ways to enable ! workm5 to proce$ ) _! "w1 & :]e requir$1 to af=d facilities = ! lift+ & c>ry+ ( ! mat]ials4 ,! two pr9cipal me?ods ( scaffold+ are kn[n respectively z ! ,nor? & ,s\? c\ntry sy/ems4 ,! nor!rn1 z indicat$ by ! "n1 0 at "o "t 9 use only 9 ,scotl& & ! nor? ( ,engl&1 b its _m advantages1 m especially = ! transport ( mat]ial1 h n[ caus$ x to become g5]al ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! second me?od is ess5tially ! ,s\? c\ntry sy/em1 & is ( great] use :5 p[] is n necess>y = ! con/ruction ( ! build+4 ,a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods is commonly se51 & f\nd useful 9 practice4 ,9 scaffold+1 ! v]tical timb]s are kn[n z /&>ds or uprights4 ,! horizontal timb]s betwe5 ! /&>ds are kn[n z l$g]s :5 ( cyl9drical section1 b z transoms & runn]s :5 ( rectangul> section4 ,braces1 %ores1 /ruts & ties ( any section are pieces us$ to /iff5 ! /ructure4 ,! putlogs1 or joi/s z !y are call$ :5 ( great] l5g?1 c>ry ! bo>ds :i* =m ! work+ plat=m4 ,! ,nor!rn ,sy/em4--,?is scaffold+ c be divid$ into two p>ts4 ,fir/1 ! d]rick /ag+ f :i* ! transport+ p[] acts2 &1 second1 ! plat=ms1 :i* br+ ! workm5 )9 rea* ( _! "w4 ,d]rick ,/ag+s4--,^! /ag+s1 also kn[n z ,scot* d]ricks & ',scot*m51' are erect$ to c>ry ! p[] requir$1 usually a /eam crane4 ,!y consi/ ( ?ree or f\r timb] t[]s or legs support+ a plat=m ^u :i* ! crane /&s4 ,! numb] ( legs dep5ds ^u ! area ov] :i* ! p[] is requir$ to act4 ,:5 "o crane is to be erect$1 ?ree legs are suffici5t to c>ry ! plat=m4 ,if ! build+ is a l>ge "o1 sev]al su* /ag+s may be con/ruct$2 b 9 "s cases two cranes are requir$ :]e ! size ( ! build+ w n all[ ( two /ag+s4 ,9 ^! cases ! plat=m is squ>e & support$ at ea* angle by a leg4 ,! cranes are !n fix$ diametrically opposite ea* o!r4 ,9 det]m9+ ! position ( ! legs !y mu/ be plac$ :]e ! effective range ( ! crane is mo/ requir$1 & also :]e !y w cause ! lea/ possible ob/ruction to ! progress ( ! build+4 ,! position ( ! t[] t c>ries ! crane1 & :i* is kn[n z ! pr9cipal or k+ leg1 is fir/ fix$4 ,! second>y or que5 legs are set out f x 9 ! =m ( an isosceles triangle4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! k+ & que5 legs dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( ! sleep]s4 ,^! run f bel[ ! eng9e to ! l[] ends ( ! guys1 & av]age f #be to #cj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! legs1 especially ! k+ legs1 if int5d$ to rise f ! e>?1 mu/ h a f\ndation ( two ?icknesses ( #c-;in* timb]+ laid crosswise4 ,?is is unnecess>y if !re is a concrete or o!r solid f\ndation4 ,ap>t f ! necessity = any f\ndation1 ! /&>ds %\ld rise f a framework ( balk timb]s ( ab\t #ab 94 by #ab 941 laid on ! gr\nd1 & halv$ at _! int]section 7fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,elevation ,,( ,,/ag+ ,,= ,,d]rick ,,crane ,9 ! case ( ! que5 legs an extra balk is plac$ "u ! framework1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,! legs are f #f to #aj feet squ>e on plan1 ! k+ legs be+ ! l>g]4 ,ea* leg comprises f\r /&>ds1 ei!r ( :ole timb]s or batt5s bolt$ toge!r4 ,! /&>ds = ! k+ legs %\ld measure n less ?an #i 94 by #i 942 if ( batt5s1 !n ?ree pieces #i 94 by #c 94 %\ld be us$4 ,= ! que5 legs1 balks #g 94 by #g 941 or ?ree pieces #g 94 by #b-a_/b 941 are suffici5t sectional area4 ,:]e batt5s are us$ !y are giv5 a lap equal to "o-?ird ( _! full l5g?1 & are bolt$ toge!r by #c_/d-;in* wr\ght-iron bolts4 ,:ole timb]s are us$ :5 !y c be obta9$ 9 "o piece ( suffici5t l5g?4 ,z ! /&>ds rise !y are divid$ into bays by transoms4 ,^! are made out ( ab\t #i-;94 by #c-;94 deals1 plac$ f ab\t #f to #aj feet ap>t4 ,! bays are triangulat$ by cross-braces #g 94 by #b-a_/b 942 bo? ( ^! are usually plac$ on ! outside ( ! bay1 b "o or bo? may be plac$ on ! inside4 ,! fir/ me?od is ! bett]1 z ! braces1 by butt+ aga9/ ! transoms1 give an increas$ resi/ance to movem5t4 ,! k+ leg1 hav+ to c>ry ! weight ( ! eng9e1 requires great] /r5g?4 ,?is is ga9$ by runn+ an extra /&>d up ! c5tre ( ! leg4 ,if x is :ole timb]1 balks ab\t #ad 94 by #ad 94 are requir$2 if built up1 f\r deals #af 94 by #d 94 are us$4 ,x %\ld /& ^u an extra balk laid ) ! horizontal fram+ at ! bottom ( ! leg1 & %\ld re/ on a solid f\ndation4 ,to prev5t any t5d5cy to flexure ?is extra /&>d %\ld be /rutt$ f all f\r ( ! out] /&>ds beh9d ea* transom 7see fig4 #b74 ,ano!r me?od is to %ore ! c5tral /&>d f ! f\ndation1 z 9 fig4 #c4 ,! legs 9 ?is mann] c be made to support a plat=m up to #abj feet 9 height4 ,! requir$ height hav+ be5 rea*$1 ! legs are connect$ by truss$ beams 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two balk timb]s ( ab\t #ab 94 by #h 94 are laid imm$iately above ea* o!r betwe5 ! k+ leg & ea* que5 leg1 re/+ on ! two top transoms1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,!y are f #f to #i feet ap>t1 ! top bay be+ sometimes made slightly l[] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! l[] balks are connect$ to ! c5tre /&>d ( ! k+ leg by wr\ght-iron /raps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plan ,,( ,,k+ ,,leg ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,c5tral ,/&>d4 ,b1 ,%or+s4 ,,fig4 #c4--,,%[+ ,,%or+ ,,to ,,c5tral ,,/&>d ,! top balks project f #f to #aj feet beyond ! k+ leg1 & are halv$ at _! po9t ( int]section4 ,! project+ ends are connect$ to ea* o!r by pieces #h 94 by #f 941 & aga9 to ! return balk by simil> pieces 7see fig4 #d74 ,!y are also support$ by /ruts f ! c5tral /&>d1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,! upp] & l[] balks are connect$ by iron bolts ab\t #aj feet ap>t1 & ea* bay ?us =m$ is cross-brac$ 9 ! same mann] z ! legs4 ,! iron bolts are cov]$ by pieces ( ! same scantl+ z ! braces4 ,9 ! s+le d]ricks ! que5 legs c be connect$ by a truss$ beam simil>ly =m$1 or by a s+le balk c>ri$ across & laid on ! top transom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,plan ,,( ,,top ,,plat=m ,,p>tially ,,cov]$ ,if ! span is consid]able1 /ruts c be c>ri$ f ! que5 legs t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! und]side ( ! balk to prev5t sagg+4 ,on ! truss$ beams ?us =m$1 joi/s ( #i 94 by #c 94 or ord9>y poles are laid ab\t #c feet ap>t4 ,!y are laid p>allel to "o ano!r1 & 9 a direction at "r angles to ! truss or s+le beam =m+ ! back support ( ! plat=m4 ,! c5tre joi/s are cont9u$ to ! ends ( ! balks :i* project beyond ! k+ leg4 ,! advantage ( hav+ cont9u$ ! top balks c n[ be se51 z x gives great] area to ! plat=m imm$iately r\nd ! eng9e4 ,! bo>ds #i 94 by #a-a_/b 94 are laid at "r angles to ! joi/s4 ,ano!r way ( =m+ ! plat=m is to cov] only p>tially ! surface betwe5 ! legs4 ,9 ?is case two additional joi/s1 #f 94 by #f 941 are ?r[n across ! k+ leg 7see fig4 #d71 ! bo>ds n ext5d+ beyond _! l5g?4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! workm5 rea* ! plat=m f ! communicat+ ladd] :i* usually passes up a que5 leg1 by means ( a run two bo>ds wide4 ,x is bett] to lay ! l>g] plat=m1 z1 ap>t f ! "q ( safety to ! m51 x s]ves z a /orage = coal = ! eng9e1 ! weight ( :i* t5ds to keep ! erection /eady4 ,d\ble bo>ds %\ld be laid "u coals or o!r heavy /ores4 ,to rea* ! plat=m1 ladd]s are fix$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,!y c run up inside1 or be fix$ to ! outside ( ! que5 legs4 ,9 ei!r case !y are ne>ly or entirely upright4 ,a bett] me?od is %[n 9 fig4 #e1 & %\ld be c>ri$ out :]ev] possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,fix+ ,,ladd]s ,! d]rick sleep]s1 two 9 numb]1 are ( balk timb]1 & lie across ! plat=m f b5ea? ! eng9e b$ to :i* !y are connect$1 to ! c5tre ( ! que5 legs4 ,! guys or /ays1 also ( balk timb]s1 besides be+ connect$ to ! ma/1 are atta*$ to ! sleep]s ov] ! que5 legs 7see fig4 #a74 ,to c\nt]act ! ov]turn+ =ce ex]t$ by ! jib & ! mat]ial lift$1 ! guys are *a9$ d[n to ! timb] balk at ! bottom ( ! que5 legs 7fig4 #a74 ,?is balk supports a plat=m :i* is load$ ) bricks or /ones m ?an equal to d\ble ! weight t w be lift$4 ,! *a91 :i* works loose ) ! vibration ( ! scaffold1 is tight5$ by means ( a screw c\pl] fix$ 9 its l5g?4 ,! arrangem5t is z foll[s3--,two l5g?s ( heavy *a9 ) l>ge l9ks at ea* end are requir$4 ,"o l5g? is c>ri$ r\nd ! sleep] & !n tak5 d[n ! c5tre ( ! leg4 ,! o!r l5g? is tak5 r\nd ! balk :i* is plac$ und]nea? ! /ag+1 & c>ri$ up ?r\gh ! load1 :5 ! tight5+ screw c be appli$ & ! correct t5sion br\ght up4 ,to prev5t lat]al motion ! legs are cross-brac$ by poles or deals betwe5 ea* leg z %[n on frontispiece4 ,! poles are ti$ to ! legs j b5ea? ! plat=m & connect$ at _! meet+ po9t4 ,:5 cross+ !y %\ld be at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,deals #i 94 by #c 94 c take ! place ( ! poles if requir$1 bolts 9 ?is case be+ us$ in/ead ( ty+s4 ,at ! build+ ( ! new ,po/ ,(fice1 ,le$s1 #ahic1 a diff]5t me?od ( rais+ ! plat=m = ! crane 0 adopt$4 ,! legs1 in/ead ( be+ fram$1 consi/$ ( a s+le balk ( timb] /rutt$ on ea* side f ! gr\nd level1 ! sleep]s & guys be+ firmly atta*$ to ! /&>ds !mselves4 ,:5 erect+ long ranges ( build+s x may be m conv5i5t to h ! d]rick m\nt$ ^u a travell+ bogie ?an to dismantle ! /ructure 9 ord] to re-erect at ano!r po9t4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates ! sy/em1 ! travell+ p[] be+ usually manual4 ,! arrangem5t is suitable = small d]ricks1 & is employ$ :]e ! crane is erect$ outside ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,%[+ ,,/ag+ ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,,travell+ ,,bogie ,ano!r me?od ( us+ travell+ cranes is to erect a plat=m z %[n 9 fig4 #g4 ,! /&>ds1 :i* may be ( balk timb] or built up1 z previ\sly %[n1 are ab\t #aj feet ap>t longitud9ally & #bj to #cj feet transv]sely4 ,!y /& ^u sills ( ! same section :]e ! f\ndation is n solid4 ,on ! head ( ! /&>ds1 ! runn]s are laid connect+ all ! /&>ds 9 ! same r[4 ,head pieces may be fitt$ betwe5 ! /&>ds & runn]s2 ?is s]ves to di/ribute pressure4 ,all ! connections are securely made by dog irons1 bolts1 & /raps4 ,! /ability dep5ds entirely ^u ! brac+1 & ?is1 x is important to note1 %\ld be betwe5 ea* bay longitud9ally1 & at lea/ e second bay transv]sely4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,elevation ,end ,elevation ,,fig4 #g4--;,,elevation ,,( ,,d]rick ,,/ag+ ,timb]s plac$ z ,a 9 fig4 #g give rigidity to ! /&>ds by prev5t+ flexure1 & are necess>y :5 ! l5g?s ( ! uprights exce$ #cj times _! lea/ diamet]4 ,! deals us$ = braces are bolt$ to ! /&>ds2 = poles1 ty+ is resort$ to4 ,work+ ,plat=ms4--,! work+ plat=ms us$ 9 conjunction ) ov]head or ov]h& "w dep5d ^u ! requirem5ts ( ! build+4 ,by ov] head or h& "w is meant t ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! me*anic is to be employ$ rea*es him f ov] head or h&4 ,:5 no outside scaffold+ is ne$$1 ! plat=ms are laid ^u ! floor jo9ts 9 ! int]ior ( ! build+1 be+ rais$ ^u tre/les z ! "w proce$s1 & until ! next floor is rea*$4 ,light =ms ( scaffolds1 z ! ord9>y masons' & bricklay]s' pole scaffolds1 are n[ frequ5tly us$ z work+ plat=ms 9 connection ) ! ,scot* sy/em4 ,! ,s\? ,c\ntry ,sy/em4--,?is sy/em is divid$ into two classes accord+ to ! /r5g? requir$4 ,= ! fir/1 squ>e timb]s are us$2 = ! second1 poles are employ$4 ,! scaffolds built ( squ>e timb]s are kn[n z gantries & /ag+s1 & ! pole erections are t]m$ bricklay]s'1 & masons' or indep5d5t scaffolds4 ,gantries4--,! t]m gantry 0 orig9ally giv5 to erections con/ruct$ ) a view to ! easy c>riage ( heavy mat]ial1 b ( late x has also come to mean a /ructure arrang$ to support light] =ms ( scaffold+ ov] footpa?s :i* h to be kept op5 = public use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,elevation ,,( ,,gantry ,,= ,,travell] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h;,a4--,,end ,,elevation ,,( ,,gantry ,,%[n ,,9 ,,fig4 #h #a/4 ,gantries = transport ( mat]ial1 commonly call$ travell]s4 ,figs4 #h & #h;a %[ ! g5]al con/ruction4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! out] r[s ( /&>ds & ! wall dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,if possible1 ! space %\ld be all[$ = a c>t-way1 z ! mat]ial c ?us be br\ght q close to ! "w be=e be+ lift$4 ,if1 ow+ to adjac5t footpa?s or any o!r reason1 ?is _c be done1 ! uprights %\ld be plac$ close to ! wall on ei!r side1 ! mat]ial be+ lift$ at ! end ( ! gantry or o!r conv5i5t spot1 ov] :i* ! lift+ ge> c be br\ght4 ,! /&>ds ( squ>e timb] = ! gantry are f #f 94 to #ab 94 squ>e1 & are erect$ ^u sleep]s1 or1 z !y are sometimes t]m$1 sills laid 9 ! same direction z ! run ( ! scaffold4 ,"o r[ ( /&>ds is plac$ on ea* side ( ! wall4 ,! /&>ds are plac$ #h to #aj feet ap>t4 ,on ! top ( ! /&>ds runn]s are fix$ connect+ ea* /&>d 9 ! same r[4 ,sills1 /&>ds1 & runn]s %\ld be ( ! same sectional area4 ,! runn]s are /rutt$ on _! und]side1 f ! /&>ds by pieces (1 at lea/1 half ! sectional area ( ! support$ timb]s4 ,if ! /ruts are ( equal size to ! runn]s1 d\ble ! weight c be c>ri$4 ,! cleats f :i* ! /ruts rise1 are simply spik$ to ! /&>ds1 b if design$ to c>ry excessive weights !y are slightly h\s$ 94 ,z ! space betwe5 ea* r[ ( /&>ds has to be kept op5 = ! build+1 no cross brac+ c be all[$ except at ! ends4 ,/rutt+ is !re=e resort$ to 9 ord] to give /ability4 ,! /ruts1 "o to ea* /&>d1 are bolt$ to ! upright ne> ! top1 & aga9 to a foot block driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,o!r me?ods ( fa/5+ d[n ! bottom ends ( ! /ruts are %[n 9 fig4 #i2 ! use ( ea* dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! soil4 ,/ruts are also fix$ at ! ends to prev5t lat]al movem5t4 ,head pieces1 or corbels1 z !y are sometimes t]m$1 are occasionally ins]t$ betwe5 ! /&>ds & runn]s1 & s]ve to di/ribute pressure4 ,/ra9+ pieces spik$ on ! und]side ( ! runn]s1 = ! /ruts to pit* aga9/1 are us$ :5 ! /&>ds are consid]ably ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,foot+ ,,blocks ,,= ,,/ruts ,rails ^u :i* ! travell+ eng9e or travell] c move are laid on top ( ! runn]s1 & are turn$ up at ! ends ( ! plat=m to s]ve z buff]s to ! eng9e plat=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,end ,elevation ,side ,elevation ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,elevation ,,( ,,travell+ ,,gantry ,! eng9e plat=m consi/s ( two truss$ beams ( timb] ab\t #c feet ap>t1 connect$ at _! ends ) %ort pieces ( ! same scantl+1 & fitt$ ) groov$ :eels to move ^u ! rails4 ,rails are also laid ^u ea* beam & s]ve = ! trav]s+ motion ( ! crab4 ,movem5t ( ! travell] is obta9$ f ! crab1 :i* is work$ ei!r by manual or /eam p[]1 & acts ?r\gh a sy/em ( %aft+ & ge>$ :eels4 ,movem5t 9 ?ree directions is necess>y f ! crab3 v]tically = lift+1 & horizontally 9 two directions1 transv]sely & longitud9ally4 ,travell]s are made up to #ej feet wide & any requir$ l5g?4 ,ano!r me?od ( build+ travell]s is %[n 9 fig4 #aj4 ,9 ?is case1 ! rails ^u :i* ! travell] moves 9 a longitud9al direction are fix$ on sleep]s on ! gr\nd level1 & ! /&>ds & runn]s ( ! fir/ example are n requir$4 ,9 _! place is con/ruct$ a triangulat$ sy/em ( balk timb] fram+4 ,! plat=m is fix$ to ! head pieces1 & is brac$ z %[n4 ,less timb] is us$ 9 _! con/ruction1 b ow+ to ! great] weight a /eam w9* is requir$ to imp>t motion4 ,gantries :i* s]ve z a base = light] =ms ( scaffold+4--,^! erections are 9 reality elevat$ plat=ms1 & all[ ( a cle> way = a footpa? :]e requir$4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ( two frames1 plac$ ap>t accord+ to ! wid? ( ! pa? ov] :i* ! plat=m /&s 7fig4 #aa74 ,! me?od ( erection1 s f> z ! side frames are conc]n$1 is ! same z = ! fir/ example ( travell+ gantries4 ,/ability is1 h[ev]1 ga9$ by cross-brac+ z %[n 9 figure1 ?us mak+ /rutt+ unnecess>y4 ,! plat=m c be laid by plac+ %ort bo>ds #i 94 by #c 94 across ! runn]s :5 ! plat=m is n>r[4 ,x is m usual1 h[ev]1 to place joi/s #aj 94 by #b 94 across1 & on ^! to lay ! bo>ds longitud9ally4 ,! joi/s av]age #b to #c feet ap>t1 ! braces are ab\t #b 94 by #g 94 ,on ! outside ( ! scaffold1 p>allel to ! sills1 balk timb]s are plac$ =m+ a 'f5d]' to prev5t ! vehicul> traffic f injur+ or di/urb+ ! erection4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,elevation ,end ,elevation ,,fig #aa4--;,,gantry ,,or ,,elevat$ ,,plat=m ,,ov] ,,footpa?s ,/ag+s4--,/ag+s are erect$ 9 a mann] simil> to travell+ gantries1 b are c>ri$ m ?an "o /orey high 7fig4 #ab74 ,x is a =m ( scaffold+ r>ely se51 m especially s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,scot* d]rick sy/em4 ,! timb]s are erect$ to ! height ( ! fir/ runn] 9 ! same mann] z ! frames 9 fig4 #aa4 ,9 ord] to c>ry ! scaffold high]1 horizontal pieces are laid across ! scaffold1 ov] ! /&>ds1 & are made to project #i or #aj feet on ea* side ( ! runn]s4 ,on ^! beams1 uprights1 z 9 ! fir/ ti]1 are rais$1 be+ connect$ 9 l mann]1 longitud9ally by transoms4 ,! ris+ ti]s ( /&>ds are /rutt$ by timb]s ,a ,a1 ris+ f ! project+ portion ( ! beam call$ ! foot+ piece1 :i* s]ves 9 ! same mann] z a foot+ block4 ,! foot+ piece is support$ by /ruts1 ,b ,b1 ris+ f ! l[] /&>ds4 ,! /ruts ,b ,b are 9 two pieces1 be+ bolt$ to ! sides ( ! foot+ pieces & uprights4 ,?is all[s ! %ores ,a ,a to pass betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,elevation ,cross ,section ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,example ,,( ,,/ag+s ,/rutt+ )9 ! bays =m$ by ! /&>ds is c>ri$ out on ea* ti] ) ! exception ( ! top1 :]e braces are fix$1 z %[n at ,c4 ,on ! top runn]s rails are laid = a travell]4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! =ego+ squ>e timb] erection1 note %\ld be tak5 ( ! foll[+ po9ts3-- ,t ! uprights ( ! upp] ti]s %\ld /& imm$iately ov] ^? ( ! l[] ti]s1 9 ord] to prev5t cross /ra9s on ! runn]s4 ,t ! timb]s %\ld fit z ev5ly z possible1 z !reby ! :ole erection is r5d]$ m /able4 ,t jo9ts betwe5 ! runn]s %\ld occur imm$iately ov] ! /&>ds4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ?is /ructure1 if = tempor>y purposes1 c be connect$ by dog irons2 if = a m p]man5t use1 by bolts & /raps4 ,,pole ,,scaffolds ,bricklay]s' ,scaffolds4--,a bricklay]'s scaffold consi/s ( a s]ies ( upright poles or /&>ds1 to :i* are la%$ horizontal poles1 t]m$ l$g]s4 ,! l$g]s & ! wall ( ! build+ c>ry ! putlogs1 on :i* bo>ds are laid to support ! workman1 8 mat]ial1 & tools 7fig4 #ac74 ,! /&>ds are fir/ erect$1 & may /& s+ly or 9 pairs4 ,9 a repair+ job1 unless ( great height1 & :]e !re is no great weight ( mat]ial1 s+le poles are suffici5t4 ,:]e d\ble poles are requir$1 ! fir/ pair are erect$ ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,! %ort pole is t]m$ a pun*eon4 ,! diff]5ce ( l5g? all[s ( a lap 9 connect+ ! succe$+ poles4 ,! lap %\ld equal half ( ! full-l5g? pole4 ,! /&>ds are plac$ #f to #h feet ap>t1 & f #d to #f feet away f ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,elevation ,,( ,,pole ,,scaffold ,! butt-ends are emb$d$ ab\t #b feet 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* af=ds "s resi/ance to ov]turn+4 ,if !y _c be emb$d$1 !y %\ld be plac$ on end 9 b>rels fill$ ) e>? tightly ramm$4 ,z ! build+ rises additional poles are add$1 be+ la%$ to ! /&>ds already erect$4 ,if ! /&>d is a s+le pole1 ! second pole1 hav+ a lap ( #aj or #ae feet1 /&s ^u a putlog plac$ close to ! fir/ pole = t purpose 7fig4 #ad74 ,! inn] end ( ! putlog is securely fa/5$ d[n to ! scaffold or ins]t$ into ! build+4 ,if ! /&>d is d\ble1 ! ris+ pole is plac$ ^u ! top end ( ! pun*eon1 & aft]w>ds o!rs are plac$ on end ^u ! l[e/ free end ( ! /&>ds already fix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,me?od ,,( ,,fix+ ,,ris+ ,,/&>d ,z ! /&>ds rise1 !y are splic$ or 'm>ri$' toge!r ) b& ties4 ,at a height ( #e feet1 ?is di/ance be+ ! greate/ at :i* a man c "w ) ease1 a l$g] is ti$ across ! /&>ds to =m a support = ! work+ plat=m4 ,:]e a s+le pole is insuffici5t 9 l5g? to =m a cont9u\s l$g]1 two are jo9$ 9 "o ( ?ree ways4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,9 ! fir/ !y are lapp$ ov] ea* o!r z fig4 #ae4 ,?is me?od gives a /rong connection1 b prev5ts ! putlogs be+ laid ev5ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,! second way provides t ! l$g]s %all lap horizontally side by side4 ,?is all[s ( ev5ness ( l9e = ! putlogs1 b is n s /rong 7fig4 #af74 ,9 bo? ( ^! me?ods ! lap %\ld cov] two /&>ds1 & n z %[n 9 fig4 #ag4 ,! ?ird mann] ( connection 7fig4 #ah7 is ! be/4 ,! l$g]s butt end to end4 ,und]nea?1 a %ort pole is plac$ cross+ two /&>ds4 ,! ty+ at ! /&>d embraces ! d\ble l$g]4 ,a b& tie is run r\nd ! support+ pole & ! ends ( ! l$g]s :]e !y butt4 ,great /r5g? is obta9$ 9 ?is way & ! putlogs c be ev5ly laid4 ,additional l$g]s are fix$ z ! "w proce$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,on ! l$g]s1 & at "r angles to !m1 putlogs are laid1 re/+ outw>dly on ! l$g]s & inw>dly on ! wall1 :]e head] bricks h be5 left out = _! reception4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,! putlogs1 :i* are plac$ ab\t #c or #d feet ap>t1 %\ld be ti$ to ! l$g]s & fa/5$ by w$ges into ! wall4 ,?is is n (t5 done1 b at lea/ "o putlog to e ty+ betwe5 /&>d & l$g] %\ld be s treat$4 ,:]e ! putlogs _c be c>ri$ by ! wall ow+ to an ap]ture 9 ! build+1 su* z a w9d[1 !y are support$ by be>]s fix$ z %[n 9 figs4 #ai & #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,by w$g+ ! inn] end ( ! putlog into ! wall1 "s /ability is giv5 to ! scaffold1 b ! connection _c be consid]$ satisfactory1 z ! putlog w\ld draw "u v little /ra94 ,great] /ability c be ga9$ if ! out] frame ( ! scaffold is support$ by "o ( ! ?ree me?ods giv5 z foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,%ores ,,& ,,ties ,,= ,,dep5d5t ,,scaffolds ,a %ore or tie c be fix$ betwe5 ! erection & ! gr\nd z %[n 9 fig4 #ba1 or1 if !re are op5+s 9 ! wall1 supports c be fix$ z ties %[n 9 ! same diagram4 ,! ties or /ruts %\ld be plac$ to e ?ird or f\r? /&>d at ab\t #be feet f ! gr\nd1 & _! fa/5+s made good4 ,additional ties %\ld be c>ri$ )9 ! build+ at a great] height :]e possible4 ,! /ability ( ! scaffold "u loads & cross w9d pressure1 dep5ds greatly ^u ! ties or %ores1 & _! fa/5+s %\ld be well made & kept 9 good ord]4 ,! hi/orical in/ance ( ! me*anic :o1 to escape a %[] ( ra91 /ood ^u ! inn] bo>d ( ! plat=m1 & by lean+ aga9/ ! build+ pu%$ ! scaffold ov]1 %\ld h no opportunity ( recurr5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,to /iff5 ! scaffold longitud9ally braces are ti$ on ! outside ( ! scaffold 9 ! =m ( a ,/4 ,&rew's cross 7see fig4 #ac74 ,!y />t f ! l[] end ( "o /&>d & rise obliquely across ! scaffold to ne> ! top1 or "s di/ance up a /&>d 9 ! same run4 ,ti$ at _! cross+-po9t1 connections are made to all ! ma9 timb]s ( ! scaffold ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,braces are fix$ 9 all expos$ situations1 & g5]ally :]e ! scaffold is m ?an "o pole 7#cj feet7 9 height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,! only exception to effective brac+ be+ c>ri$ out is :]e ! build+1 be+ ( irregul> =m1 creates _m breaks & returns 9 ! scaffold+4 ,x is obvi\s t :]e a scaffold butts aga9/ or breaks ) a return wall1 ! t5d5cy to lat]al motion is less5$4 ,! bo>ds1 :i* are plac$ longitud9ally across ! putlogs1 c be laid to lap or butt at _! ends4 ,:5 lapp+1 "o putlog only is requir$ to c>ry ! ends ( two s]ies ( bo>ds 7fig4 #bb74 ,:5 butt+1 two putlogs are requir$ plac$ ab\t #d in*es ap>t 7fig4 #bc74 ,! second me?od is ! bett]1 z ! bo>ds are n s likely to lose _! place or to trip ! workm54 ,if heavy "w is 9 progress ! bo>ds are laid d\ble4 ,z ! build+ rises1 ! bo>ds are c>ri$ up to ea* successive plat=m1 b ea* ti$ putlog is left 9 its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,masons' ,,scaffolds3 ,,end ,,elevation ,masons' ,scaffolds4--,masons'1 or indep5d5t scaffolds diff] f ! bricklay]s' 9 t !y h to be self-conta9$4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5t mat]ial ( :i* ! build+ is erect$1 ! putlogs _c re/ ^u ! wall4 ,if op5+s 7 left = !m1 z 9 brickwork1 ! wall w\ld be p]man5tly disfigur$1 m especially :5 a%l> front$4 ,9 ord] to ga9 ! necess>y support two p>allel frames ( /&>ds & l$g]s are erect$ along ! l9e ( wall to be built 7fig4 #bd74 ,!y are f #d to #e feet ap>t1 ! inn] frame be+ z close to ! wall z possible4 ,z a heavi] mat]ial has to be dealt )1 ! /&>ds are plac$ clos] toge!r1 say f #d to #e feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,l&+ ,,/ages ,! l$g]s & braces are plac$ z be=e1 ! putlogs n[ re/+ on l$g]s at ea* end1 & n on ! wall at ! inn]mo/ end1 z 9 ! bricklay]'s scaffold4 ,to prev5t cross movem5t ( ! scaffold1 an additional me?od ( brac+ is available 9 ?is sy/em4 ,an inn] & out] /&>d are connect$ by %ort braces across ea* bay1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bd4 ,?is me?od ( cross-brac+ c be cont9u$ to ! top ( ! scaffold1 & ! braces %\ld be put 9 longitud9ally1 ab\t #bj feet ap>t4 ,! plat=ms laid on all pole-scaffolds are f #d to #e feet wide4 ,x is usually necess>y1 on any?+ b ! smalle/ jobs1 to keep ?is wid? free = ! workman & 8 mat]ial4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to provide a plat=m on :i* ! mat]ial c be l&$1 x is conv5i5t to erect1 on ! outside ( ! scaffold1 an additional plat=m f #e to #aj feet squ>e 7fig4 #be74 ,x is con/ruct$ ( /&>ds1 l$g]s1 & braces1 9 l mann] z ! scaffold to :i* x is atta*$4 ,! face-bo>ds1 z %[n 9 ?is figure1 %\ld be fix$ :]ev] mat]ial is be+ hoi/$1 to prev5t any projection ( ! load cat*+ "u a l$g] & upsett+4 ,connections4--,! memb]s ( pole scaffolds are connect$ by cordage4 ,! names ( ! v>i\s knots are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! arrang+ ( ! v>i\s timb]s us$ 9 erect+ scaffolds is a dang]\s occupation1 & "o requir+ skill & consid]able n]ve on ! "p ( ! workm54 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 ! timb]s on ! gr\nd level are plac$ 9 position by manual lab\r only1 %e> legs be+ us$ to facilitate matt]s4 ,:5 ! scaffold rises1 advantage is tak5 ( any rigid memb] on :i* pulley :eels c be hung1 & by ?is means ! succe$+ poles1 c4 are rais$1 manual dext]ity & /r5g? be+ responsible = _! f9al position4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,scaffolds ,,= ,,special ,,purposes ,:5 apply+ ! giv5 me?ods = scaffold+1 difficulties arise ow+ to ! v>y+ designs ( ! build+s "u con/ruction or repair4 ,x is impossible to deal ) ^! cases 9 detail2 !y mu/ be left to ! scaffold]1 :o1 :ile hold+ closely to ! pr9ciples1 by ! ex]cise ( +5uity w make comb9ations & v>iations ( ! v>i\s sy/ems to suit ! special requirem5ts dem&$ 9 ea* case4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 types ( scaffold+ :i* occur ) "s regul>ity1 & ^! w n[ be dealt )4 ,ne$le ,scaffold+4--,ne$le scaffold+ is necess>y :]e x is impossible or too exp5sive to c>ry ! scaffold f ! gr\nd level or o!r solid base4 ,x is us$ bo? = repair+ & new erections4 ,! ne$les f :i* ! scaffold takes its "n are timb]s 7usually poles or balks7 plac$ horizontally ?r\gh & at "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 to ! wall ( ! build+4 ,! projections support a plat=m ^u :i* an ord9>y pole scaffold is erect$ 7fig4 #bf74 ,w9d[s1 or o!r op5+s 9 ! wall1 are utilis$ :]e possible = ! poles to pass ?r\gh4 ,9 o!r cases holes h to be made 9 ! walls1 cut z ne>ly z c be to ! size ( ! ne$les 9 use4 ,! ne$les mu/ be ( suffici5t scantl+ to c>ry ! weight ( ! scaffold & att5dant loads4 ,! /ability ( ! /ructure dep5ds ^u ! means tak5 to fa/5 d[n ! inn] end ( ! ne$le4 ,! usual plan is to tie x d[n to a conv5i5t joi/ or o!r rigid memb] ( ! build+ itself1 b ! me?od %[n on ! diagram is bett]1 z resi/ance to movem5t is ga9$ bo? f above & bel[4 ,/ruts f ! build+ bel[ ! ne$les to _! out] end1 give great] /r5g? to ! beam4 ,:5 erect+ ne$le scaffold+ ar\nd build+s ( small area1 say ( a t[] or *imney %aft1 ! ne$les c be laid across ! build+ 9 "o l5g?1 pi]c+ ! wall on opposite sides4 ,9 ^! cases1 if ! ne$les are w$g$ 91 ! weight ( ! build+ & ! scaffold itself on ! opposite ends ( ! ne$les1 is suffici5t to ma9ta9 equilibrium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,ne$le ,,scaffold ,! plat=m is =m$ ( #i-;94 by #c-;94 deals1 & on ?is is erect$ :atev] scaffold+ may be necess>y4 ,scaffolds = ,*imney ,%afts1 ,t[]s1 & ,/eeples4--,! erection ( *imney %afts c be c>ri$ on entirely by ! aid ( int]nal scaffold+4 ,z ! "w rises putlogs are laid across ! %aft1 ! ends be+ well built into ! wall4 ,on ! putlogs ! plat=m is laid1 be+ c>ri$ up z ! "w proce$s4 ,! putlogs may be left 9 = ! "t1 & /ruck on completion4 ,! plat=m is fitt$ 9 its c5tre ) a h+$ flap door ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial is hoi/$ z requir$4 ,!re is "s objection to ?is me?od ( scaffold+ :]e ! wall is m ?an #a foot #aj-a_/b in*es ?ick 7:i* is ! greate/ dep? ( brickwork ov] :i* a man c rea* & d f9i%$ "w71 = ! me*anics1 9 ord] to rea* ! outside jo9ts1 h to kneel on ! fre%ly laid mat]ial1 :i* is detrim5tal to good workman%ip4 ,= ?is reason ! sy/em ( c>ry+ up an ord9>y pole scaffold ext]nally until ! height is rea*$ :]e ! wall is r$uc$ to #a foot #aj-a_/b in*es 9 ?ickness1 is to be pref]r$4 ,! walls ( a *imney %aft decrease 9 ?ickness #d-a_/b in*es at a "t1 =m+ an int]nal set-back ( t wid? at e #bj feet 9 height4 ,?is set-back is ( advantage to int]nal scaffold+ :5 ! full height ( ! brickwork is rea*$1 & ! cap has to be fix$4 ,! cap or cop+1 :5 ( /one or iron1 does n admit ( ! ins]tion ( putlogs4 ,to ov]come ! difficulty1 f\r or m /&>ds are erect$ at equal di/ances1 & /&+ ^u ! top set-back 7fig4 #bg74 ,! /&>ds project suffici5tly to c>ry ! pulley :eel well above ! total height ( ! *imney1 9 ord] to give head room & to assi/ ! workman 9 fix+ ! cop+4 ,to /iff5 ! /&>ds1 %ort l$g]s are ti$ across z %[n 9 fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,photo by ,w4 ,cottrell ,hight[n1 ,man*e/]4 ,,ext]nal ,,*imney ,,scaffold4 ,erect$ = ! ,willesd5 ,electric ,light+ ,works1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,e4 ,willis1 ,esq41 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 etc4 ,:5 ! *imney is to be erect$ by ext]nal scaffold+ ! ord9>y mason's or bricklay]'s scaffold is us$4 ,ow+ to ! small area ( ! erection ! outside frames ( ! scaffold h a quick return4 ,?is makes x practically impossible = ! scaffold to fail by break+ away f ! build+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! loads x may c>ry4 ,%or+ or ty+ is !re=e n s important4 ,w9d pressures h1 h[ev]1 a great] effect1 especially :5 ! direction is n at "r angles to "o ( ! faces ( ! scaffold4 ,if 9 t direction1 ! ti$ putlogs w\ld (f] resi/ance4 ,braces are !re=e imp]ative1 & !y %\ld be fix$ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ea* pair ?us brac+ a portion ( ! height ( ! scaffold equal to its wid?4 7,see plate #b47 ,= ! repair ( *imney %afts )\t scaffold+ f ! gr\nd level1 means h to be tak5 to br+1 fir/ ! me*anic1 & aft]w>ds 8 mat]ial1 )9 rea* ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,! prelim9>y process ( kite-fly+ is n[ r>ely se51 except = squ>e-topp$ *imneys1 & ev5 9 ^! cases ! delay t may arise :ile wait+ = a suitable /eady w9d is a drawback to its practice4 ,! kites us$ are ab\t #aj feet long & #h feet wide4 ,!y are held at f\r po9ts by cords :i* cont9ue = a di/ance ( ab\t #af feet1 & !n unite into "o4 ,ne> ?is po9t on ! s+le rope ano!r cord is atta*$1 :i* s]ves to manipulate ! kite into position4 ,/rong] ropes or *a9s are !n pull$ ov] ! %aft1 aft] :i* a workman asc5ds1 & ! necess>y pulley :eels & timb]s to =m a regul> means ( asc5t are s5t up aft] him4 ,a light l9e c>ri$ up 9 ! int]ior ( ! %aft by a hot-air balloon is ano!r means ( communication4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 & safe/ me?od ( asc5t is to raise on ! ext]ior ( ! %aft a s]ies ( light ladd]s1 :i* are la%$ to ea* o!r & firmly fix$ to ! *imney z !y asc5d4 ,! ladd]s h p>allel sides1 & are us$ up to #bb feet 9 l5g?4 ,"o me?od ( fix+ is z foll[s3-- ,a ladd] is plac$ aga9/ ! %aft on its s\nde/ side4 ,x re/s at its top end aga9/ a block ( wood slightly long] ?an ! wid? ( ! ladd]1 & :i* keeps x f #g to #i in*es away f ! wall4 ,?is space all[s room = ! workm5's feet :5 climb+4 ,! ladd] is !n fix$ by two hooks ( r\nd /eel driv5 into ! wall1 "o on ea* side imm$iately "u ! blocks1 ! hooks turn+ 9 & clipp+ ! sides ( ! ladd] 7fig4 #bh74 ,! hooks1 :i* h /raight %anks ( #g_/h-;in* diamet] ) w$ge-%ap$ po9ts1 are driv5 well home1 z ! /ability ( ! erection dep5ds ^u _! hold+ firmly4 ,above ! top end ( ! ladd] a /eel hook is driv5 into ! wall on :i* a pulley block c be hung1 or in/ead1 a p9 ) a r+ 9 its head c be s fix$4 ,a rope f ! gr\nd level is pass$ ?r\gh ?is block or r+1 & rea*es d[nw>d aga9 = connection to ! ladd] next requir$4 ,! connection is made by la%+ ! rope to ! top rung & ty+ ! end to ! sev5? or eigh? rung f ! bottom2 ?is causes ! ladd] to rise p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! /eeplejack :o is /&+ on ! already fix$ ladd] cuts ! top la%+ z ! hoi/$ ladd] rea*es him1 & guides x into its place z x rises4 ,:5 ! rung to :i* ! rope is ti$ rea*es ! pulley block1 ! ladd]s %\ld ov]lap ab\t #e feet4 ,!y are at once la%$ toge!r at ! sides1 n r\nd ! rungs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,! workm5 c n[ climb high]1 driv+ 9 hooks r\nd ! sides1 & "u ! rungs ( ! ladd] alt]nately1 la%+s be+ made at ea* po9t4 ,a wood5 block is plac$ "u ! top end ( ! la/ ladd] & fix$ z be=e4 ,! hoi/+ rope1 :i* has be5 kept taut mean:ile1 is n[ loos5$ & ! process repeat$4 ,! ladd]s rise 9 ?is mann] until ! cop+ ( ! %aft is rea*$4 ,"h1 ow+ to ! projection ( ! cap :i* ?r[s ! ladd]s out ( l9e1 x is impossible to la% ! top ladd] to ! l[]4 ,to ov]come ! difficulty1 ! wall is drill$ 9 two places imm$iately ov] ! topmo/ fix$ ladd]1 & expansion bolts are fitt$ !re94 ,to ^! bolts ! l[] end ( ! top ladd] is ti$4 ,! hoi/+ rope is !n tight5$ suffici5tly to hold ! ladd]1 & by ?is means ! workm5 are enabl$ to rea* ! top ( ! %aft4 ,a v>iation ( ?is me?od ( climb+ is to replace ! wood5 blocks by iron dogs ) #i-;in* spikes1 :i* %\ld be driv5 well into ! wall4 ,%ort ladd]s ( ab\t #aj feet 9 l5g? are !n us$1 ^! be+ la%$ to ! dogs z !y rise4 ,ano!r me?od ( fix+ ! ladd]s is %[n 9 fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,9 ?is case eye-bolts are driv5 horizontally into ! wall 9 pairs1 r wid] ap>t ?an ! wid? ( ! ladd]s4 ,iron rods hook into ^! & are fa/5$ to ! ladd] sides by ?umb screws4 ,! ladd]s rise above ea* o!r & are connect$ by #c-;in* sockets4 ,:5 fix$1 !y /& ab\t #ah in*es f ! wall4 ,?is is an advantage1 z x enables ! workm5 to climb on ! inside ( ! ladd]s1 ?us less5+ ! /ra9 on ! eye-bolts1 & ! ladd] c m easily pass a project+ *imney cap4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole weight ( ! ladd]s re/s ^u ! bottom l5g?1 s t if ?r\gh any cause x gave way1 = in/ance "u accid5tal concussion1 ! entire l5g? w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly collapse4 ,?is dang] c\ld be avoid$ if ! ladd]s 7 support$ on brackets z fig4 #cj4 ,no reliance %\ld be plac$ ^u ! ?umb screws1 z !y may "w loose "u vibration4 ,dang] f ?is s\rce w\ld be avoid$ if ! slot 9 :i* ! ladd] peg mov$ 0 made z %[n 9 fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,! necess>y repairs c be c>ri$ out by means ( boats1 cradles1 or scaffold+4 ,cradles & boats are swung f balk timb]s laid across ! top ( ! %aft1 or f hooks :]e ! design ( ! *imney p]mits1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ca4 ,! common me?od ( fix+ light scaffolds r\nd a *imney or /eeple is %[n 9 fig4 #cb4 ,!y are mo/ easily fix$ to squ>e or o!r flat-sid$ erections4 ,! scaffold] hav+ by means ( ladd]s or boats rea*$ ! desir$ height1 fixes a putlog by means ( holdfa/s to "o ( ! walls4 ,ano!r putlog is !n fix$ on ! opposite side ( ! build+ at ! same level4 ,! two are next bolt$ toge!r by #a-;in* iron bolts ( ! requir$ l5g?4 ,! bolts are kept z ne> to ! wall z possible4 ,! process is repeat$ aga9 ab\t #f feet high] on ! build+4 ,! bo>ds = ! plat=ms are next laid4 ,! fir/ are plac$ at "r angles to ! putlogs & project suffici5tly to c>ry ! bo>ds :i* are laid p>allel to ! putlogs4 ,to prev5t ! bo>ds ris+ :5 weight is appli$ at "o side ( ! scaffold1 iron plates bolt$ toge!r 7fig4 #cc7 are fix$ at ! corn]s1 & clips 7fig4 #cd7 connect !m to ! putlogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,! /ability ( ^! scaffolds dep5ds ^u fix+ at lea/ two sets ( putlogs1 connect$ by means ( /ays z %[n 9 fig4 #cb4 ,brac+ is unnecess>y if ! putlogs & bolts tightly grip ! build+4 ,:5 ^! scaffolds are us$ on circul> *imneys1 *ucks h to be fitt$ on ! inside ( ! putlogs to prev5t !m be+ drawn by ! bolts to a curve4 ,! *ucks 7fig4 #ce7 c be fa/5$ to ! putlogs be=e !y are fix$1 if ! curve ( ! build+ is accurately kn[n4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case1 ! putlogs are fix$ by a holdfa/ at _! c5tre4 ,! *ucks are !n plac$ 9 position1 & clamp$ to ! putlogs z %[n 9 fig4 #cf4 ,additional holdfa/s are !n driv5 into ! wall imm$iately "u ! *ucks1 s t ! putlogs are kept level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,! putlogs are fix$ on edge1 & :5 n exce$+ #af feet 9 l5g? are #g 94 by #c 94 ,above t l5g? !y are #i 94 by #c 94 ,! /ays %\ld be #d 94 by #b 941 & connect$ to ! putlogs by #e_/h-;in* iron bolts4 ,! plat=m is usually ( ?ree bo>ds #aa 94 by #b 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,holl[ t[]s are erect$ or repair$ 9 ! same mann] z *imney %afts1 except t climb+ ladd]s are n (t5 requir$4 ,ext]nal or int]nal scaffolds may be erect$4 ,t[]s be+ usually ( l>g] area ?an *imney %afts1 ! putlogs = int]nal scaffold+ are (t5 ( %ort poles f #f to #h in*es diamet]4 ,ev5 ^! may require extra support4 ,?is is ga9$ by c>ry+ /&>ds f ! gr\nd level or o!r solid f\ndation & ty+ to ! putlogs4 ,if ( great height ! /&>ds may be unable to c>ry _! own weight4 ,= ! cases :]e dang] might be appreh5d$ f ?is cause1 fig4 #cg %[s a sy/em ( fram+1 :i*1 be+ support$ by ! set-back 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 w c>ry ! upp] /&>ds4 ,/eeples are g5]ally built by ! aid ( ext]nal scaffolds1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( *imney %afts1 %\ld be well brac$4 ,! l[] portion may also be repair$ 9 ?is way1 ! /&>ds ris+ f ! gr\nd level1 or1 if s design$1 f ! top ( ! t[]4 ,a s]ies ( ne$les c\ld be arrang$ = ! high] portions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,domes & ar*es4--,! scaffold+ = domes & ar*es consi/s ( a s]ies ( /&>ds /&+ ^u ! area cov]$ by ! build+1 & connect$ by l$g]s & braces 9 directions at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! plat=m is laid on ! top l$g]s4 ,:5 ! build+ is ( l>ge span squ>e timb]s are (t5 us$1 balks = /&>ds & runn]s1 & half timb]s = /ruts & braces4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a design = repair+ ro(s & ar*es :]e a roadway has to be kept bel[4 ,sw++ scaffolds4 ,pa9t]s' boats or cradles4--,pa9t]s' boats are useful scaffolds = ! repair ( build+s1 m especially :]e ! "w is light4 ,fig4 #ci %[s ! g5]al con/ruction4 ,!y are susp5d$ f jibs1 fix$ usually on ! ro( = outside "w1 & by means ( blocks & falls !y c be mov$ 9 a v]tical direction by ! workm5 :5 9 ! boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,! boats are fitt$ ) gu>d bo>ds & rails1 & _! safety1 provid+ ! jibs are well fix$ by balanc+ weights1 is 9 _! fav\r4 ,!y are n self-support+1 & !re is a di/9ct dang] ( _! runn+ d[n if ! su/a9+ ropes are n securely fa/5$ (f4 ,! w9d causes !m to sway consid]ably1 & _! use is conf9$ *iefly to faade "w4 ,an improv$ cradle is n[ 9 g5]al use1 :i* is slung by head blocks f a wire cable runn+ betwe5 two jibs 7see fig4 #dj74 ,by ! aid ( guy l9es movem5t 9 ?is case c be also obta9$ horizontally1 :i* removes ! necessity ( %ift+ ! jibs or employ+ a great] numb] ( boats z 9 ! old] me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,ano!r cradle z %[n 9 fig4 #da has advantages :i* _c be ignor$4 ,x has /eel cables ) a break+ weight ( #ae cwt4 in/ead ( fibre ropes1 & ! cradle is rais$ & l[]$ by means ( ge>+ & a drum fix$ 9 ! ge> case ,a4 ,x is self-support+1 & !re=e saf] ?an ! cradle m5tion$ above4 ,! l[] ends ( ! cable are fa/5$ to ! drum1 & ! ge>+ gives suffici5t me*anical advantage = "o man to raise ! scaffold by turn+ ! h&le ,b4 ,! uprights & rails are ( angle /eel or b>rel & w take ap>t & fold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db ,! boatswa9's boat 7see fig4 #db7 is useful "u "s circum/ances1 especially = mak+ exam9ations ( build+s = possible damage4 ,x is dang]\s & awkw>d to "w f1 & is also act$ ^u consid]ably by ! w9d4 ,! boat is slung f a s+le ne$le4 ,! workman has no control ov] its movem5t1 z he has to be rais$ or l[]$ z requir$ by m5 hav+ *>ge ( ! o!r end ( ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,ladd] scaffolds4--,a light scaffold ( ladd]s brac$1 & connect$ by rails1 :i* also s]ve ! purpose ( gu>d rails1 is %[n 9 fig4 #dc4 ,! ladd]s1 :i* h p>allel sides1 are plac$ ab\t #b feet away f ! build+4 ,! bo>ds =m+ ! plat=m c be laid on ! ladd] rungs1 or if necess>y on brackets z %[n 9 fig4 #dd4 ,! ladd]s are prev5t$ f fall+ away f ! build+ by ties :i* are connect$ to ! ladd] z %[n 9 fig4 #de1 & fa/5$ to ! w9d[ op5+s by ext5sion rods z %[n 9 fig4 #df4 ,! same figure illu/rates ! me?od ( ty+ 9 ! scaffold :5 ! ladd]s are n opposite to ! w9d[s1 ! rail ,a be+ connect$ to at lea/ two ladd]s4 ,! braces & gu>d rails are bor$ = ?umb screws at "o end1 ! o!r be+ slott$ s t !y c be adju/$ z requir$4 ,?is =m ( scaffold is only suitable = repair+ purposes1 & no weight ( mat]ial c be /or$ ^u x4 ,a light repair+ scaffold lately put on ! m>ket has a plat=m :i* is support$ & n susp5d$1 b o!rwise af=ds ab\t ! same scope to ! workm5 z ! pa9t]s' boats4 ,x consi/s ( "o pole & a plat=m1 ! latt] be+ lev]$ up & d[n ! pole z requir$ by a man /&+ on ! plat=m itself4 ,! :ole app>atus c be mov$ by "o man /&+ at ! bottom4 ,x is an arrangem5t comp>atively new to ! ,engli% trade1 b is 9 consid]able use 9 ,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 & ,sw$54 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,%or+ ,,& ,,und]p9n+ ,%or+ is ! t]m giv5 to a me?od ( tempor>ily support+ build+s by a fram+ ( timb] act+ aga9/ ! walls ( ! /ructure4 ,if ! frame consi/s ( m ?an "o %ore1 x is call$ a sy/em2 if ( two or m sy/ems1 x becomes a s]ies4 ,! =ces t t5d to r5d] a build+ un/able are due prim>ily to gravity1 b ow+ to ! v>i\s resi/ances set up by ! ty+ toge!r ( ! build+1 ! =ce does n always ex]t itself v]tically d[nw>ds4 ,?is in/ability may arise f v>i\s causes1 ! mo/ common be+ ! unequal settlem5t ( mat]ials 9 new build+s1 ! pull+ d[n ( adjo9+ build+s1 /ructural alt]ations & defects1 & alt]ations or di/urbances ( ! adjac5t gr\nd :i* affect ! f\ndations4 ,! pull+ d[n ( an adjo9+ build+ w\ld1 by remov+ ! correspond+ resi/ance1 all[ ! weight ( ! int]nal /ructure ( ! build+ to set up =ces :i* at fir/ w\ld act 9 a horizontal direction outw>ds4 ,/ructural defects1 su* z an insuffici5tly ti$ ro( truss1 w\ld h ! same effect4 ,/ructural alt]ations1 su* z ! removal ( ! l[] portion ( a wall 9 ord] to ins]t a %op front w\ld all[ a =ce due to gravity to act v]tically d[nw>ds4 ,to resi/ ^! =ces1 ?ree diff]5t me?ods ( %or+ are 9 g5]al use1 & !y are kn[n z fly+ or horizontal %ores1 rak+ %ores1 & und]p9n+4 ,fly+ ,%ores4--,:]e ! ?ru/s act+ ^u ! wall are 9 a horizontal direction1 fly+ or rak+ %ores are us$ to give tempor>y support4 ,! mo/ direct resi/ance is ga9$ by ! fir/-nam$1 ! fly+ or horizontal %ore4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 limits to its application1 z1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ s\nd timb] ( m ?an #ej to #fj feet 9 l5g?1 a solid body is necess>y )9 t di/ance1 f :i* ! requir$ pur*ase c be obta9$4 ,x is a me?od ( %or+ g5]ally us$ :]e "o h\se 9 a r[ is to be tak5 d[n1 ! timb]s be+ erect$ z demolition proce$s1 & tak5 d[n aga9 z ! new "w takes its place4 ,fig4 #dg %[s a half-elevation ( two g5]al sy/ems ( con/ruction4 ,! fram+1 z at ,a1 may be us$ alone :]e ! wall to be support$ is ( mod]ate height & ! op5+ n>r[1 b l>g] frames %\ld be comb9$1 z at ,b4 ,! framework ,c is = wide op5+s & walls ( consid]able height4 ,! wall plates1 #i 94 by #b 94 or #i 94 by #c 941 are fir/ fix$ v]tically on ! walls by wall hooks4 ,!n1 9 a l9e ) ! floors1 rectangul> holes #d 94 by #c 94 are cut 9 ! c5tre ( wall plates4 ,into ^! holes1 & at lea/ #d-a_/b in*es into ! brickwork1 ne$les 7also kn[n z tossles & joggles7 ( ! same size are fitt$1 leav+ a projection out f ! wall plate ( #e 94 or #f 941 suffici5t to c>ry ! %ore ( ab\t #g 94 by #g 94 ,! %ore1 prior to be+ fix$1 has nail$ on its top & "u sides /ra9+ pieces #b in*es ?ick1 & ( ! same wid? z ! %ore4 ,to tight51 oak fold+ w$ges are driv5 at "o end betwe5 ! %ore & wall plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,to /iff5 ! %ore1 & to fur!r equalise ! giv5 resi/ance ov] ! defective wall1 rak+ /ruts are fix$ betwe5 ! /ra9+ pieces1 & cleats are nail$ above & bel[ ! %ore4 ,^! rak+ /ruts are tight5$ by driv+ w$ges betwe5 _! ends & ! /ra9+ pieces4 ,! cleats previ\s to1 & 9 addition to be+ nail$1 %\ld be slightly mortis$ into ! wall plate4 ,?is less5s ! likelihood ( ! nails draw+ "u ! pressure4 ,a ,rak+ ,%ore consi/s ( a triangulat$ sy/em ( timb] fram+1 & is us$ to support defective walls :]e ! resi/ance to ! ?reat5$ rupture has to be d]iv$ f ! gr\nd surr\nd+ ! build+4 ,9 its simple/ =m a rak+ %ore is a balk ( timb] ( v>y+ scantl+s1 b z a rule ( squ>e section1 incl9$ f ! gr\nd to ! defective wall4 ,! angle ( incl9ation is tak5 f ! horizon1 & %\ld v>y betwe5 #fj & #ge degrees4 ,9 settl+ ?is ! space available at ! foot ( ! wall has to be tak5 into consid]ation1 especially 9 urban di/ricts :]e ! wall abuts on ! footpa?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,fig4 #dh %[s a rak+ %ore 9 its simple/ =m1 b usually two or m %ores are us$ 7see fig4 #di74 ,! foll[+ table f ,mr4 ,/ock's book#a %[s ! g5]al rule & also ! scantl+s to be us$3 ,= walls f #ae to #cj feet high #b %ores are necess>y 9 ea* sy/em ,= walls f #cj to #dj feet high #c %ores are necess>y 9 ea* sy/em ,= walls f #dj feet high & upw>ds #d %ores are necess>y 9 ea* sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,example ,,( ,,rak+ ,,%ore ,tak+ ! angle ( ! %ore at f #fj to #ge degrees3 ,= walls f #ae to #bj feet high #e 94 by #e 94 may be ! scantl+ = ea* %ore ,= walls f #bj to #cj feet high #f 94 by #f 94 may be ! scantl+ = ea* %ore ,= walls f #cj to #ce feet high #g 94 by #g 94 may be ! scantl+ = ea* %ore ,= walls f #ce to #dj feet high #h 94 by #h 94 may be ! scantl+ = ea* %ore ,= walls f #dj to #ej feet high #i 94 by #i 94 may be ! scantl+ = ea* %ore ,= walls f #ej feet & upw>ds #ab 94 by #i 94 may be ! scantl+ = ea* %ore ,9 ! greate/ l5g?1 ! beams are #ab 94 by #i 94 to give increas$ rigidity1 :i* prev5ts any likelihood ( sagg+4 ,! wall plate is ! fir/ timb] put into position4 ,x is plac$ v]tically d[n ! face ( ! wall1 & held 9 its position by wall hooks4 ,note %\ld !n be tak5 ( ! position ( floors4 ,if ! floor joi/s run at "r angles to ! wall1 ! %ore %\ld abut on ! wall 9 su* position t x po9ts directly bel[ ! wall plate c>ry+ ! floor joi/4 ,if ! joi/s run p>allel to ! wall1 ! %ore %\ld act directly on a po9t repres5t+ ! meet+ ( l9es drawn d[n ! c5tre ( ! wall & across ! c5tre ( ! floor 7see fig4 #ej74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,to enable ! %ore to fulfil ?is condition1 ! ne$le 7( #d 94 by #c 947 %\ld be let ?r\gh ! plate #d-a_/b in*es into ! wall bel[ ! po9t 9 "q4 ,to /r5g!n ! ne$le cleats are nail$1 & slightly let into ! plate imm$iately above4 ,! foot+1 or sole piece1 has next to be laid4 ,x consi/s ( a timb] #aa 94 by #c 941 & long en\gh to take ! bottom ends ( ! requir$ numb] ( %ores4 ,att5tion %\ld be paid to ! gr\nd 9 :i* x is to be b$d$1 & if ?is is at all s(t1 additional timb]s %\ld be laid "u1 & at "r angles ) x1 to give great] be>+4 ,! sole piece %\ld n be laid at "r angles to ! %ore1 b its face %\ld =m1 ) ! outside l9e ( ! top %ore1 an angle some:at wid]1 say ( #ic degrees4 ,! advantage ( ?is w be se5 pres5tly4 ,! %ore itself has n[ to be prep>$4 ,its top end %\ld be groov$ suffici5tly 7fig4 #ea7 to receive ! ne$le4 ,?is w prev5t lat]al motion :5 "u pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea ,! bottom end %\ld be slightly slott$1 9 ord] to receive ! end ( a cr[b> 7see fig4 #eb74 ,x is n[ plac$ 9 position1 & g5tly tight5$ up by ! lev]age ( a cr[b> act+ 9 ! slot1 & us+ ! sole piece z a fulcrum4 ,! advantage ( ! sole piece n be+ at "r angles to ! %ore c n[ be se51 z if x 7 s laid no tight5+ c\ld be ga9$ by ! lev]age4 ,?is sy/em is an improvem5t ^u ! tight5+ up by w$ges1 z ! /ructure is n j>r$ 9 any mann]4 ,if ! frame is to h m ?an "o %ore1 !y are erect$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! bottom %ore be+ ! fir/ put up1 ! o!rs succe$+ 9 _! turn4 ,:5 9 position ! %ores are dogg$ to ! sole piece & a cleat is nail$ d[n on ! out] side ( ! sy/em4 ,! bottom ends are !n b\nd toge!r by hoop iron j above ! gr\nd level4 ,to prev5t ! %ores sagg+1 /ruts are fix$ z %[n on fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb ,besides prev5t+ ! sagg+ ^! /ruts s]ve ! purpose ( keep+ ! %ores 9 position4 ,!y may be fix$ z ne>ly at "r angles to ! %ores z possible1 or at "r angles to ! wall2 9 any case !y %\ld rea* to ! wall plate at a po9t j bel[ ! ne$le4 ,! /ruts %\ld be nail$ to ! %ores & wall plate4 ,if ! latt] is wid] ?an ! %ores1 x %\ld be cut to receive ! /ruts4 ,x sometimes occurs t ! timb]s are ( insuffici5t l5g? to rea* f ! sole piece to wall plate4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 a %ort timb] is laid on ! sole piece aga9/ & p>allel to ! next middle rak]1 & on ?is %ort timb] a rid] %ore /&s rea*+ to its position on ! wall plate 7see fig4 #di74 ,:5 ?is is done ! top middle rak] %\ld be /iff] to resi/ ! increas$ cross /ra94 ,/iffness is ga9$ by increas+ ! dep?4 ,a rid] %ore is tight5$ by oak fold+ w$ges driv5 betwe5 ! foot ( ! %ore & ! %ort timb] :i* supports x4 ,note mu/ be tak5 t ! out] rak] is n c>ri$ too ne> ! top ( ! build+1 or else ! upw>d ?ru/ ( ! %ores1 :i* always exi/s ) rak+ %ores1 might =ce ! bond or jo9ts4 ,fir is ! be/ wood = %or+ ow+ to ! ease ) :i* x c be obta9$ 9 good l5g?4 ,ano!r advantage is its /raightness ( fibre2 al?\gh1 z x is m easily cru%$ by pressure across ! gra91 x does n answ] s well z oak = w$ges1 sole pieces1 c4 ,9 erect+ fly+ or rak+ %ores1 notice %\ld be tak5 ( ! foll[+ po9ts4 ,! sy/ems %\ld be plac$ f #ab to #ae feet ap>t if on a wall )\t op5+s1 o!rwise on ! pi]s betwe5 ! op5+s4 ,9 v defective walls x is an advantage to use light] scantl+s1 ! sy/ems be+ plac$ clos] toge!r4 ,heavy timb]s h&l$ c>elessly may precipitate ! collapse :i* x is ! int5tion to avoid4 ,w$ge driv+ & tight5+ %\ld be done z g5tly z possible4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t support only is to be giv51 & n new ?ru/s set up1 :i* may result 9 m h>m ?an good4 ,und]p9n+4--,und]p9n+ is necess>y to c>ry ! upp] "p ( a wall1 :ile ! l[] "p is remov$2 = in/ance1 ! ins]tion ( a %op front1 or ! repair+ ( a f\ndation4 ,x is only kept 9 position until a p]man5t resi/ance to ! load is effect$4 ,und]p9n+ is1 z a rule1 unnecess>y :5 ! op5+ to be made is ( less wid? ?an five feet4 ,?is me?od ( %or+ is a simple op]ation1 b yet requires great c>e 9 its execution4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to remove f ! wall all its att5dant loads4 ,?is is accompli%$ by /rutt+ f ! f\ndation floor upw>ds f floor to floor until ! ro( is rea*$ 7see fig4 #ec74 ,head] & sole plates #i 94 by #b 94 are put 9 at "r angles to ! joi/s 9 ord] to give be>+ to ! /ruts4 ,! portion ( ! wall to be tak5 d[n hav+ be5 m>k$ out1 small op5+s are made1 slightly above ! propos$ removal1 at f #e to #g feet ap>t1 & ?r\gh ^!1 at "r angles to ! face ( ! wall itself1 /eel joi/s or balk timb]s #ac 94 by #ac 941 call$ ne$les1 are plac$4 ,^! are support$ at ea* end by v]tical timb]s #ac 94 by #ac 941 call$ dead %ores1 :i* aga9 re/ ^u sleep]s4 ,! sleep]s s]ve z a b$ to ! dead %ores to :i* !y are dogg$1 & by di/ribut+ ! weight ov] a l>g] area1 !y prev5t ! dead %ores s9k+ "u ! pressure4 ,! dead %ores1 if well brac$1 may be ( small] scantl+4 ,:]e x is impossible to arrange = ! dead %ores to be 9 "o l5g?1 ! l[] pieces are fir/ fix$4 ,!y mu/ be ( uni=m l5g?1 & across _! top end a transom is c>ri$ to support ! upp] pieces1 ! bottom ends ( :i* mu/ /& directly ov] ! top ends ( ! l[] pieces 7see fig4 #ec74 ,hav+ plac$ all ! timb]s 9 position1 & be=e ! tight5+ up takes place1 ! w9d[s or o!r op5+s 9 ! wall are /rutt$ to prev5t any twi/+ :i* may take place4 ,?is is done z %[n on fig4 #ed1 b small w9d[s d n require ! c5t]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,example ,,( ,,und]p9n+ ,! tight5+ up is caus$ by ! driv+ home ( oak fold+ w$ges plac$ 9 ! jo9ts betwe5 ! ne$les & ! dead %ores4 ,?is position is bett] ?an betwe5 ! %ore & sleep]1 z any inequality ( driv+ "h w\ld h ! t5d5cy to ?r[ ! %ore out ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,= a simil> reason ! w$ges %\ld be driv5 9 ! same l9e z ! run ( ! ne$le1 z cross driv+1 if unequal1 w\ld cause ! ne$le to pres5t an incl9$ surface to ! wall to be c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,9 c>ry+ out ^! op]ations note %\ld be tak5 ( ! foll[+ po9ts3-- #a4 ,t ! dead %ores %\ld n /& ov] cell>s or su* places4 ,x is bett] to cont9ue ! ne$le to su* a l5g? t solid gr\nd is rea*$1 & ! ne$le c !n be /rutt$ f ! dead %ore4 #b4 ,t extra ne$les %\ld be plac$ "u *imney brea/s1 %\ld !re be any 9 ! wall :i* is to be support$4 ,! same applies :]e corbels1 pi]s1 c4 occur4 #c4 ,sleep]s & %ores %\ld be s plac$ t !y d n int]f]e ) ! prop] con/ruction ( ! new f\ndations or portions ( ! build+4 #d4 ,! inside %ores %\ld be c>ri$ freely ?r\gh ! floors until a solid f\ndation is rea*$4 #e4 ,! removal ( ! %ores aft] ! alt]ations h be5 made is "o requir+ great c>e4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 t :ile ! "w is new x _c (f] its greate/ resi/ance to its int5d$ load4 ,"t %\ld !re=e be giv5 = ! "w to well set1 & !n ! timb]s1 eas$ gradually by ! w$ges be+ loos5$1 %\ld be f9ally tak5 out4 #f4 ,! rak+ %ores1 if us$ 9 conjunction ) und]p9n+1 %\ld be left to ! la/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,timb] ,classification & ,/ructure4--,a %ort /udy ( ! classification & /ructure ( wood w be useful1 z x w enable ! scaffold] to use mat]ial free f ! inh]5t defects ( its gr[?4 ,! trees us$ by ! scaffold] are kn[n z ! exog5s or outw>d-gr[+ trees4 ,! cross section ( an exog5\s tree %[s1 ^u exam9ation1 t ! wood c be divid$ into sev]al p>ts4 ,ne> ! c5tre w be se5 ! pi? or m$ulla1 f :i* radiate :at are kn[n z ! m$ull>y rays4 ,^! 9 ! p9e woods are (t5 f\nd full ( res9\s matt]4 ,next w be not$ ! annual r+s =m+ conc5tric circles r\nd ! pi?4 ,!y are s call$ because 9 temp]ate climates a new r+ is add$ e ye> by ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! sap4 ,z ! tree ages1 ! fir/-laid r+s h>d5 & become :at is kn[n z duram5 or he>twood4 ,! lat] r+s are kn[n z alburnum or sapwood4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is 9 mo/ trees easily recognis$1 ! sapwood be+ light] & s(t] ?an ! he>twood1 :i* is ! /rong] & m la/+4 ,! b>k =ms ! out] cov]+ ( ! tree4 ,defects 9 ! liv+ tree4--,%akes or splits 9 ! int]ior ( ! wood are ! mo/ common defects 9 ! liv+ tree1 & are kn[n z /> or radial & cup or r+ %akes4 ,! cause ( ^! defects is imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,!y are r>ely f\nd 9 small trees1 say ^? ( "u #aj in*es diamet]4 ,/ev5son1 9 8 book on wood1 puts =w>d ! foll[+ reason1 :i*1 up to n[1 has n be5 refut$ by any practical writ]4 ',9 ! spr+1 :5 ! sap rises1 ! sapwood exp&s "u its influ5ce & describes a l>g] circle ?an 9 w9t]4 ,! he>twood1 be+ dead to ?is influ5ce1 resi/s1 & ! two ev5tually "p company1 a cup or r+ %ake be+ ! result' 7see fig4 #ee1 :]e ! cup %ake is %[n 9 its commone/ =m74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,! /> or radial %ake is a v>iant ( ! same defect4 ,9 ?is case ! cohesion betwe5 ! sapwood & ! he>twood is great] ?an ! expansive =ces c ov]come1 ! result be+ t ! he>twood breaks up into sections z %[n 9 fig4 #ef4 ,! /> %ake may h two or m arms4 ,m ?an "o cup %ake1 & sometimes bo? cup & /> %akes are f\nd 9 a s+le tree4 ,! radial %ake is probably ! mo/ common4 ,! bran*es suff] 9 ?is respect 9 l mann] z ! trunk1 ! same %akes be+ noticeable ?r\gh\t ,! developm5t ( ^! defects is ! =]unn] ( fur!r decay 9 ! tree1 giv+1 z !y d1 special facilities = ! introduction ( v>i\s fungi1 m especially t =m ( disease kn[n z ! rot4 ,wet rot is f\nd 9 ! liv+ tree & occurs :]e ! timb] has become saturat$ by ra94 ,o!r au?orities believe t ^! defects are caus$ by sev]e fro/1 & _! idea receives support f ! fact t 9 timb] f w>m] climates ?is fault is less (t5 se54 ,?is may be s = ! reason t x w\ld n pay trad]s to %ip inf]ior timb] f a great di/ance4 ,loose he>ts3 9 ! less res9\s woods1 z ^? f ! ,:ite ,sea1 ! pi? or m$ulla gradually dries & deta*es itself1 becom+ :at is kn[n z a loose he>t4 ,9 ! m res9\s woods1 su* z ! ,baltic & ,memel1 ?is defect is r>e4 ,r9d galls are caus$ by ! imp]fect lopp+ ( ! bran*es1 & %[ z curv$ swell+s "u ! b>k4 ,upsets are ! result ( a well-def9$ injury to ! fibres caus$ by cru%+ dur+ ! gr[?4 ,?is defect is mo/ noticeable 9 h>d woods4 ,x w be ( no practical use to foll[ ! liv+ tree fur!r 9 its /eady progress t[>ds decay1 b take x :5 9 its prime1 & /udy ! processes :i* fit x = ! purpose ( scaffold+4 ,fell+4--,! be/ "t to fell timb]1 accord+ to ,tr$gold1 is mid-w9t]1 z ! vegetative p[]s ( ! tree are !n at re/1 ! result be+ t ! sapwood is h>d] & m durable2 ! f]m5table matt]s :i* t5d to decay hav+ be5 us$ up 9 ! ye>ly vegetation4 ,evelyn1 9 8 ',silva1' /ates t3 ',to make excell5t bo>ds & planks x is ! advice ( "s1 t y %\ld b>k y\r trees 9 a fit season1 & s let !m /& nak$ a full ye> be=e fell+4' ,x is que/ionable if ?is is true ( all trees1 b x is (t5 done 9 ! case ( ! oak4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion is t trees %\ld be fell$ 9 ! w9t]1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 or if 9 summ]1 dur+ ,july4 ,w9t] fell+ is probably ! bett]1 z ! timb]1 dry+ m sl[ly1 seasons bett]4 ,! spruce f ,norway & ! nor!rn fir are g5]ally cut :5 betwe5 #gj & #ajj ye>s old4 ,:5 requir$ = poles1 spruce is cut e>li]1 x hav+ ! advantage ( be+ equally durable at all ages4 ,a%1 l>* & elm are cut :5 betwe5 #ej & #ajj ye>s old4 ,conv]sion4--,by ?is is meant cutt+ ! log to =m balks1 planks1 deals1 c4 ,x is g5]ally c>ri$ out be=e %ipm5t4 ,a log is ! trunk 7sometimes call$ ! /em or bole7 ( a tree ) ! bran*es cut (f4 ,a balk is a log squ>$4 ,ma/s are ! /raight trunks ( trees ) a circumf]5ce ( m ?an #bd in*es4 ,:5 ( less circumf]5ce !y are call$ poles4 ,accord+ to size1 timb]s are class$ z foll[3-- ,balks #ab 94 by #ab in*es to #ah 94 by #ah in*es ,:ole timb] #i 94 by #i in*es to #ae 94 by #ae in*es ,half timb] #i 94 by #d in*es to #ah 94 by #i in*es ,qu>t]+ #b 94 by #b in*es to #f 94 by #f in*es ,planks #aa 94 to #ah in*es by #c 94 to #f in*es ,deals #i in*es by #b 94 to #d in*es ,batt5s #d 94 to #g in*es by 94 to #c in*es ,:5 ( equal sides !y are t]m$ die squ>e4 ,9 conv]sion ! pi? %\ld be avoid$1 z x is liable to dry rot4 ,:5 ! logs are to be conv]t$ to :ole timb]s = use 9 t size1 consid]ation has to be giv5 z to :e!r ! /iffe/ or ! /ronge/ balk is requir$4 ,! /iffe/ beam is t :i* gives mo/ resi/ance to deflection or b5d+4 ,! /ronge/ beam is t :i* resi/s ! greate/ break+ /ra94 ,! det]m9ation ( ei!r c be made by graphic me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg ,to cut ! /iffe/ rectangul> beam out ( a log1 divide ! diamet] ( ! cross section into f\r p>ts 7see fig4 #eg74 ,f ea* outside po9t1 ,a & ,b1 at "r angles to & on diff]5t sides ( ! diamet]1 draw a l9e to ! out] edge ( ! log4 ,! f\r po9ts ?us ga9$ on ! circumf]5tial edge1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 if jo9$ toge!r1 w give ! /iffe/ possible rectangul> beam t c be ga9$ f ! log4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,to cut ! /ronge/ beam3--,9 ?is case ! diamet] is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,f ! two po9ts ,a & ,b ?us m>k$ aga9 c>ry ! l9es to ! out] edge z be=e4 ,jo9 ! f\r po9ts ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 toge!r1 & ! outl9e ( ! /ronge/ possible rectangul> beam w result 7see fig4 #eh74 ,bo>ds--a t]m :i* embraces planks1 deals1 & batt5s--%\ld be cut out ( ! log 9 su* a mann] t ! annual r+s run p>allel to ! wid? ( ! bo>d4 ,?is me?od ( conv]sion all[s ! knots1 :i* are a s\rce ( weakness1 to pass directly ?r\gh ! bo>d1 z ,a1 fig4 #ei1 & n run transv]sely across z o!r sections 7,b7 all[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei ,season+4--,poles & scantl+s1 aft] conv]sion1 are next prep>$ = season+4 ,! dry+ y>d1 :]e ! timb]s are season$1 %\ld give protection f ! sun & high w9ds1 al?\gh a free curr5t ( air %\ld be all[$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t rapid dry+ t5ds to w>p+ & twi/+ ( ! timb]s4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ! timb]s are /ack$ %\ld be dra9$ & kept dry4 ,! me?od ( /ack+ is z foll[s3 ,! timb]s are laid ^u supports a few in*es above ! gr\nd at suffici5t int]vals to all[ ( a free circulation ( air betwe5 !m1 & on ^! o!rs are laid at "r angles4 ,x is usual to put long /rips ( wood ab\t in* squ>e betwe5 ea* r[ to prev5t ! timb]s t\*+1 z1 aft] a %[]1 ! timb]s _c dry = a long "t if "o is re/+ on ! o!r4 ,planks1 deals1 c4 c be /ack$ by lay+ !m 9 "o direction ?r\gh\t1 provid$ t ! space :i* is left betwe5 ! bo>ds occurs 9 "o lay] imm$iately ov] ! c5tre ( ! bo>ds b5ea? 7see fig4 #fj74 ,9 _m cases v little dry+ takes place be=e %ipm5t1 b ! same me?ods ( /ack+ %\ld be obs]v$ :5ev] x takes place4 ,/ack+ poles by plac+ !m on end is n recomm5d$1 z !y may w>p f insuffici5t support4 ,?is po9t is m important :5 ! poles are requir$ = ladd] sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj ,timb] may be consid]$ to be suffici5tly season$ = r\gh "w :5 x has lo/ "o-fif? ( its weight by evaporation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa ,! poles f ,/4 ,pet]sburg h a n>r[ /rip ( b>k remov$ 9 f\r equidi/ant longitud9al l9es ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g?4 ,?is treatm5t assi/s dry+1 & t5ds to prev5t dry rot4 ,wea!r %akes sometimes =m on ! outside ( ! wood :ile season+ 7see fig4 #fa74 ,!y arise ow+ to ! sapwood contract+ m :5 dry+ ?an ! he>twood4 ,unless !y ext5d to a consid]able dep? !y d n affect ! quality ( ! wood4 ,balk timb]s1 :]e ! sapwood is uncut1 & :ole timb]s pr9cipally suff] 9 ?is mann]4 ,wat] season+--t is1 hav+ ! timb]s completely imm]s$ 9 wat] = a %ort "t be=e dry+4 ,?is is a common practice4 ,x is frequ5tly c>ri$ out at ! docks1 :]e ! balks may be se5 float+ ab\t on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is is a bad me?od1 z ! wood is at ! same "t "u ! influ5ce ( wat]1 sun & air4 ,wat] season+ may make ! wood m suitable = "s purposes1 b ,duhamel1 :ile admitt+ its m]its1 says3 ',:]e /r5g? is requir$ x ought n to be put 9 wat]4' ,description4--,p9e or nor!rn fir 7,p9us sylve/ris7 is light & /iff1 & is good = poles & scaffold+ purposes1 b only ! commone/ ( ! ,sw$i% gr[?s are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! h>de/ comes f ! colde/ di/ricts4 ,x has l>ge r$ knots fairly regul>ly plac$1 incl9$ to be s(t1 & />t+ at acute angles4 ,x gr[s *iefly 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,:ite spruce or :ite fir 7,abies excelsa74--,! knots are small & irregul>ly plac$1 are d>k 9 col\r1 & />t at an obtuse angle1 %[+ an abs5ce ( clean wood4 ,x is us$ pr9cipally = scaffold poles & ladd] sides4 ,x w snap "u live loads1 & is n s /rong z p9e4 ,x also *iefly gr[s 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,l>* 7g5us ,l>ix7 is import$ f ,nor!rn ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is yell[ 9 col\r1 t\gh1 & is suitable = poles1 v durable1 free f knots1 b w>ps easily4 ,elm 7g5us ,ulmus7 gr[s 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! col\r v>ies f ! r$di%-br[n ( ! he>twood to yell[i% :ite ( ! sapwood4 ,x be>s consid]able pressure across ! gra91 & is mo/ useful 9 balks1 z x is liable to w>p :5 9 small] sizes4 ,is suitable :]e bolts & nails h to be us$4 ,bir* 7,betula alba74--,light br[n 9 col\r1 h>d1 ev5 gra91 :i* enables x to be easily & readily split 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,x is n consid]$ durable4 ,x is us$ *iefly = putlogs4 ,is export$ f ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,a% 7,frax9us excelsior74--,v light br[n 9 col\r1 extremely t\gh1 & makes excell5t rungs = ladd]s4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,oak 7g5us ,qu]cus71 also kn[n z ! common ,briti% oak1 is a native ( all p>ts ( ,europe1 f ,sw$5 to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! wood has (t5 a r$di% t+e2 & ! gra9 is fairly /raight1 & splits easily4 ,x is g5]ally free f knots1 & is mo/ suitable :]e a /iff1 /raight-gra9$ wood is desirable4 ,x also (f]s consid]able resi/ance to pressure across ! gra94 ,selection4--,! importation ( scaffold+ timb] comm5ces 9 ,m>*4 ,9 ,june ! ,russian timb]s are on ! m>ket1 & ! arrivals cont9ue until ,octob]4 ,poles are select$ f spruce1 p9e1 & l>* trees4 ,balk timb]s are ( elm & fir & spruce4 ,! putlogs are f ! bir*4 ,poles are kn[n 9 two qualities--'prime' & 'brack4' ,^! t]ms ref] to _! /raightness ( gra91 fre$om f knots1 regul>ity ( tap]1 :i* %\ld be slight1 & condition z to season+4 ,buy]s take !m usually unb>k$1 z !y rise f ! /ack1 & sort !m aft]w>ds = _! diff]5t purposes4 ,z soon z possible ! b>k %\ld be remov$1 z x holds ! wat] & insects1 & enc\rages ! gr[? ( a :ite fungus :i* is ! precursor ( dry rot4 ,! ,/4 ,pet]sburg poles are ! mo/ g5]ally us$ = scaffold+4 ,!y are weak] ?an ! ,*ri/iania poles1 break+ %ort] "u cross /ra9s1 are :it] 9 col\r1 h a smoo!r b>k1 are /raight] 9 gra91 & !re=e make bett] ladd] sides4 ,*ri/iania poles are m yell[ 9 col\r1 & break long] "u a cross /ra9 ?an o!r poles4 ,!y are only to be obta9$ e>ly 9 ! ye>1 & are soon b\ght up :5 on ! m>ket4 ,to te/ a pole remove ! b>k1 !n prise across ! gra9 ) a p5knife4 ,if ! fibres break up %ort & br[n1 ! pole is decay$ & useless4 ,to te/ a pole = any local weakness lift "o end1 leav+ ! o!r on ! gr\nd4 ,two or ?ree %>p j]ks w cause undue b5d+ at any spot t may be s]i\sly defective4 ,balk timb]s r+1 if 9 a s\nd condition1 :5 /ruck ) a hamm]4 ,a fre%-cut surface %\ld be firm1 %9+1 & some:at transluc5t4 ,a dull1 *alky1 or woolly appe>ance is a sign ( bad timb]4 ,poles1 unlike mo/ conv]t$ timb]s1 are n br&$4 ,^? kn[n z prime %\ld c]ta9ly be us$ = scaffold+ purposes4 ,! brack are r\gh & irregul> 9 gr[?4 ,balk timb]s & small] scantl+s are1 9 ! f9e/ qualities1 br&$1 ! diff]5t c\ntries f :i* !y are export$ be+ ,russia1 ,norway & ,sw$54 ,russian woods are g5]ally hamm] br&$1 no col\r be+ us$4 ,norwegian woods are m>k$ a blue col\r1 & ,sw$i% wood a r$ col\r4 ,/raight-gra9$ timb] %\ld be *os54 ,twi/+1 :i* may occur to ! ext5t ( #de1 is n s app>5t 9 "y trees4 ,! beam is !reby weak5$ z reg>ds t5sion & compression4 ,l>ge knots %\ld be avoid$4 ,!y weak5 ! beam = t5sion & cross /ra9s1 b s]ve good purpose :5 9 compression4 ,sap 9 ! wood is d5ot$ by a blue /a91 & betok5s inf]iority z to /r5g? & la/+ qualities4 ,?is blu5ess is m noticeable :5 ! wood is wet4 ,x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) d>k wea!r /a9s4 ,! ,decay ( ,timb]4--,timb] expos$ to ! con/ant *anges ( wea!r t5ds to decay e>ly4 ,x has be5 notic$ t wood :5 dri$ aft] be+ expos$ to dampness n only lo/ ! moi/ure x _h absorb$1 b also "p ( its sub/ance4 ,?is loss occurs 9 a great] degree :5 ^! *anges take place a second "t4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t scaffold+ timb]1 expos$ z x is to ! vicissitudes ( ! wea!r1 )\t any protection su* z w\ld be ga9$ by pa9t+1 w soon f ?is cause %[ signs ( decay4 ,quicklime1 :5 wet1 has also a mo/ de/ructive effect ^u timb]2 ! lime1 by ab/ract+ c>bon1 help+ ! decomposition mat]ially4 ,scaffold bo>ds suff] mo/ 9 ?is respect f contact ) fre% mort>1 ! lime 9 :i* has n _h "t to become mild4 ,f a simil> cause1 ! ends ( putlogs :i* are ins]t$ 9 a newly built wall1 z :5 us$ 9 a bricklay]'s scaffold1 t5d to decay rapidly4 ,scaffold+ poles1 :5 us$ z /&>ds1 h an increas$ t5d5cy to decay at _! butt ends1 ow+ to _! be+ imb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd to a di/ance ( two or ?ree feet4 ,! pres5ce ( sap 9 improp]ly season$ wood is also conducive to e>ly decay4 ,pres]vation ( ,timb]4--,scaffold+ timb] be+ comp>atively *eap has little att5tion paid to x 9 reg>d to pres]vation4 ,:5 out ( use ! poles %\ld be /ack$1 & a free curr5t ( air ar\nd ea* ensur$1 n laid c>elessly on ! gr\nd1 :i* is too frequ5tly ! case4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! c>e ( bo>ds4 ,nails :i* h be5 driv5 into ! timb] %\ld1 aft] use1 be c>efully drawn4 ,:5 left 9 ! wood !y ru/1 & set up a new s\rce ( decay4 ,z be=e not$1 ! butt ends ( /&>ds t5d to decay e>ly4 ,a fairly effective me?od ( prev5t+ ?is is to bore ! butt end upw>ds to a di/ance ( ab\t #b feet4 ,! bore1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 %\ld !n be fill$ ) pit* & plugg$4 ,! pit* w f9d its way by capill>ity into ! pores ( ! wood & t5d to keep ! dampness out4 ,coat+ ! outsides ( ! butts ) pit* is also useful1 & a comb9ation ( ! two w\ld no d\bt be effectual2 ?is is especially recomm5d$ :]e ! /&>ds h to rema9 9 "o place = a long "t4 ,ladd]s & fitt+s t are exp5sive are g5]ally pa9t$4 ,! ,durability ( ,wood4--,9 ,"y's ',annals ( ,agriculture' x is /at$ t exp]im5ts 7 made on "s #a-;in* planks ( #cj to #de ye>s' gr[?4 ,!y 7 plac$ 9 ! wea!r = t5 ye>s1 & !n exam9$1 ) ! foll[+ result3 ,l>*--he>t s\nd1 sapwood decay$4 ,spruce fir--s\nd4 ,scot* fir--mu* decay$4 ,bir*--q rott54 ,?is exp]im5t1 :ile useful to %[ ! natural resi/ance ( ! wood to ! wea!r1 does n take into acc\nt ! effect ( we> & te>4 ,x is almo/ impossible1 9 fact1 to arrive at any data f :i* ! life ( scaffold+ timb]s c be gaug$2 b1 r\ghly speak+1 poles may be expect$ to la/ f six to t5 ye>s accord+ to ! c>e ex]cis$4 ,balk timb]s1 be+ usually cut up aft] a "t = o!r purposes1 h only a %ort life on a scaffold1 & !re=e seldom decay :ile 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb ,! ,use ( ,scaffold+ ,timb]4--,poles v>y up to #dj & #ej feet 9 l5g? & up to #h in*es 9 diamet] at ! butt end4 ,z decay1 :i* usually comm5ces at ?is end1 sets 91 ! poles c be %ort5$ & made into s\nd pun*eons or splic+ pieces = ! l$g]s4 ,balks are us$ up to #ej or #fj feet 9 l5g?2 & _! p]iod ( s]vice on a scaffold is (t5 an int]val dur+ :i* !y become well season$ & suitable = o!r requirem5ts4 ,putlogs are ab\t #f feet 9 l5g? & #d in*es squ>e 9 cross section1 tap]+ %>ply to #b-a_/b by #c-a_/b in*es at ! ends :]e requir$ = ins]tion 9 ! wall4 ,be+ ( squ>e section !y are n liable to roll on ! l$g]s4 ,!y %\ld be split1 n sawn1 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?4 ,! fibres are ?us uncut & absorb moi/ure less easily4 ,?is proc$ure x is f\nd increases _! durability4 ,:5 treat$ 9 ?is mann] !y are also /rong]1 z ! fibres1 be+ cont9u\s1 give great] resi/ance to a load1 ! /r5g? n dep5d+ :olly on ! lat]al adhesion1 b also ^u ! longitud9al cohesion4 ,:5 p>tly decay$ !y c be %ort5$ & make good /ruts = timb]+ excavations4 ,! bo>ds are usually f #g 94 to #i 94 wide & #a 94 to #b 94 ?ick4 ,_! l5g? av]ages up to #ad feet4 ,! ends are sawn z fig4 #fb & /rapp$ ) iron to prev5t splitt+4 ,:5 decay$ !y are a s\rce ( dang] = :i* !re is only "o rem$y--sma% !m up4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,cordage ,,& ,,knots ,! fibres us$ = ! ropes & cords = scaffold+ purposes are ( jute & hemp4 ,! /ronge/ rope is made ( ! latt] v>iety1 & ! be/ quality is t]m$ ! ,manilla4 ,! cords are g5]ally t>r$ = pres]vation1 b ?is process has a bad effect ^u ! /r5g? ( ! fibre1 m especially if ! t> is impure4 ,! process ( t>r+ is z foll[s3-- ,! fibres be=e !y are =m$ into /r&s are pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( hot t>4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds1 & :ile /ill hot1 ! mat]ial is squeez$ ?r\gh nipp]s1 by :i* means any surplus t> is remov$4 ,! ropes1 z us$ 9 scaffold+1 are kn[n z %r\d laid or ?ree /r&4 ,a %r\d-laid rope consi/s ( ?ree /r&s w\nd r\nd a core1 ea* conta9+ a suffici5t numb] ( fibres to make an equal ?ickness4 ,a ?ree-/r& rope is simil>1 b has no core4 ,! foll[+ gives ! break+ weights ( scaffold cords & falls accord+ to circumf]5ce#b3-- ,size ,cwts4 qrs4 lbs4 ,t>r$ hemp scaffold #b in*es 9 circumf]5ce #bj #j #j ,cords #b in*es 9 circumf]5ce #be #j #j ,t>r$ jute scaffold #b in*es 9 circumf]5ce #ad #j #j ,cords #b in*es 9 circumf]5ce #ah #j #j ,:ite ,manilla scaffold #b in*es 9 circumf]5ce #cb #j #j ,cord #b in*es 9 circumf]5ce #ci #j #j #b in*es 9 circumf]5ce #dd #j #j ,:ite ,manilla rope = #c in*es 9 circumf]5ce #gj #j #j pulleys & block ropes #c in*es 9 circumf]5ce #ih #j #j #d in*es 9 circumf]5ce #abf #j #j #d in*es 9 circumf]5ce #aeh #j #j ,x %\ld be not$ t all ^! weights are ! actual break+ /ra9s ( ! ropes te/$ to de/ruction4 ,9 practice1 "o six? ( ! break+ weights only %\ld be all[$1 9 ord] to leave a suffici5t m>g9 = safety4 ,! /r5g? ( a rope is ! comb9$ /r5g? ( ea* sep>ate y>n4 ,!re=e1 if ! fibres are n c>efully twi/$ toge!r1 s t ea* be>s an equal /ra91 ! rope is unsafe4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 *oos+ a rope t ! /r&s are closely1 ev5ly & smoo?ly laid4 ,! rope is /ronge/ :5 ! fibres are at an angle ( #de degrees to ! run ( ! rope4 ,:5 at a great] angle ?an ?is1 ! fibres are apt to break1 & :5 at a less angle1 ! friction betwe5 ! p>ts--^u :i* ! /r5g? ( a rope greatly dep5ds--is less5$4 ,! durability ( t>r$ ropes is great] ?an :5 unt>r$1 b n to su* an ext5t if kept dry4 ,a splice weak5s a rope ab\t "o eigh?4 ,ropes are adult]at$ by ! admixture ( rubbi% fibre t]m$ 'bat*4' ,to te/ a rope z to condition1 untwi/ x & notice :e!r any %ort ends break upw>ds4 ,if s1 or if ! t>r+ has decay$ int]nally1 ! rope mu/ be view$ ) suspicion4 ,hemp ropes1 aft] f\r to six mon?s' we>1 are (t5 "o f\r? weak] ?an new ones4 ,scaffold cords are f #ae to #ah feet 9 l5g?4 ,moi/ure w cause a %r9kage ( #f in*es 9 an #ah-;foot cord4 ,a good hemp rope is m reliable ?an an iron *a91 z ! latt] sometimes snaps on surge+4 ,! foll[+ diagrams %[ ! v>i\s knots us$ 9 scaffold+1 bo? 9 ! erection ( ! scaffold & = atta*+ mat]ials to a hoi/4 ,!y are %[n 9 a loose condition z be+ m useful = /udy by a pupil4 ,sev]al knots are1 h[ev]1 too intricate to expla9 by diagram1 & 9 ^! cases an attempt has be5 made1 ) b scant success1 to in/ruct z to _! me?od ( creation 9 ! notes4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd by ! /ud5t t half an h\r ) an exp]t scaffold]1 pref]ably an old sailor1 w af=d m in/ruction ?an h\rs sp5t 9 /udy+ diagrams4 ,! art ( knot mak+ is gov]n$ by ?ree pr9ciples4 ,fir/1 a knot mu/ be made quickly4 ,secondly1 x mu/ n jam1 z ?is prev5ts x be+ undone easily4 ,la/ly1 "u /ra91 x %\ld break be=e slipp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,plate ,,iii4--,no4 #a4 ,ov]h& or ?umb knot4 ,prev5ts ! end ( a rope op5+ out or pass+ ?r\gh ! %eaves ( a block4 ,no4 #b4 ,figure ( eight knot4 ,us$ z ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #c4 ,squ>e or reef knot4 ,w sometimes jam ) small ropes4 ,no4 #d4 ,! knot we all make until we le>n bett]1 kn[n z ! granny1 & w bo? slip & jam4 ,no4 #e4 ,! b5d or weav]'s knot1 us$ = jo9+ ropes toge!r or secur+ a rope ?r\gh an eye splice4 ,no4 #f4 ,wold+ /ick hit*1 is s]viceable only 9 connection ) a pole us$ z a lev]4 ,no4 #g4 ,bale sl+1 = hang+ on to hook ( lift+ tackle4 ,no4 #h4 ,magnus hit*1 or roll+ hit*1 = lift+ mat]ial4 ,no4 #i4 ,two half hit*es1 or build]'s knot1 or clove hit*4 ,us$ = ty+ l$g]s to /&>ds4 ,no4 #aj4 ,loop knot1 us$ :]e ends ( rope are n available4 ,no4 #aa4 ,loop knot1 us$ :]e ends ( pole are n available4 ,no4 #ab4 ,boat knot4 ,no4 #ac4 ,%eep%ank1 or dog%ank1 a me?od ( %ort5+ a rope )\t cutt+ x or r$uc+ its /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,plate ,,iv4--,no4 #ad4 ,blackwall hit*1 v p[]ful1 b requires wat*+ or may slip4 ,no4 #ae4 ,mid%ipman's hit*1 us$ z %[n ) a r\nd$ hook4 ,no4 #af4 ,catspaw is an endless loop1 & is us$ :]e great p[] is requir$4 ,no4 #ag4 ,cap/an knot1 or b[l9e4 ,aft] tight5+ x w n slip4 ,no4 #ah4 ,timb] hit*1 = c>ry+ scaffold poles4 ,take "o turn r\nd ! pole & /&+ "p1 & f9i% ) jamm+ turns4 ,no4 #ai4 ,artific]'s knot1 or half hit* & ov]h&4 ,no4 #bj4 ,topsail halli>d b5d1 us$ z a timb] hit*4 ,no4 #ba4 ,b[l9e on a bight4 ,a bo>d across ! loops makes a useful seat4 ,no4 #bb4 ,rack+ or nipp]+ is a me?od ( tempor>ily jo9+ two ropes = l5g!n+ purposes4 ,! ends are laid side by side = ab\t #ah in*es1 & ! m>l9e or spuny>n is tak5 = ab\t a doz5 turns r\nd bo?1 !n by r\nd turns ov] all & fa/5$ ) a reef knot4 ,nos4 #bc & #bd4 ,r\nd seiz+4 ,) a slip knot at ! end ( ! spuny>n take a turn r\nd ! ropes to be nipp$ toge!r4 ,?is turn %\ld be pull$ tight1 & cont9u$ = ab\t a doz5 turns 7,no4 #bb72 !n take ! end ?r\gh ! la/ turn1 & take turns ov] ! fir/ laid1 f9i%+ by c>ry+ ! spuny>n two or ?ree times betwe5 ! rope & ! seiz+4 ,knot ! end by jamm+ turns1 keep+ ! :ole well taut 7,no4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,plate ,v4--,no4 #be4 ,butt or b>rel sl+ :5 plac$ horizontally4 ,no4 #bf4 ,butt or b>rel sl+ :5 plac$ v]tically4 ,no4 #bg4 ,d\ble ov]h& knot4 ,no4 #bh4 ,runn+ b[l9e4 ,nos4 #bi & #cj4 ,b& tie1 m>ry+ or splic+4 ,comm5ce z ,no4 #bi1 & aft] cont9u+ ! turns until ne> ! end ( ! rope1 take ! rope twice betwe5 ! poles & r\nd ! turns fir/ laid1 & f9i% ) jamm+ turns4 ,tight5 ) a w$ge4 ,nos4 #ca1 #cb & #cc4 ,ty+ betwe5 /&>d & l$g]4 ,comm5ce ) two half hit*es z ,no4 #ca4 ,!n twi/ ropes toge!r z f> z !y w g1 & place l$g] 9 position above ! hit*es 7,no4 #cb74 ,! twi/$ ropes are !n drawn up 9 ! front ( ! l$g] to ! left ( ! /&>d1 tak5 r\nd ! back ( ! /&>d1 br\ght aga9 to ! front & r\nd l$g] at ! "r ( ! /&>d1 !n cross 9 front ( ! /&>d & r\nd ! l$g] at ! left ( ! /&>d1 & br\ght up & c>ri$ r\nd ! back ( ! /&>d4 ,?is process is repeat$ until ! end ( ! rope is ne>ly rea*$1 :5 x is giv5 two or ?ree turns r\nd ! l$g] & fa/5$ (f ) jamm+ turns 7,no4 #cc74 ,to tight51 drive a w$ge at back ( /&>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,plate ,,vi4--,no4 #cd4 ,portuguese knot = %e> legs1 made by sev]al turns ( ! rope r\nd ! poles1 & int]lac$ at ! ends4 ,no4 #ce4 ,runn+ b[ knot--inf]ior to ,no4 #bh4 ,no4 #cf4 ,b[l9e--inf]ior to ,no4 #ag4 ,no4 #cg4 ,d\ble b5d--useful :]e a small rope is b5t on to a l>g]4 ,! end ( ! rope is giv5 "o extra turn r\nd ! bight ( ! o!r1 ) ! consequ5ce ( a great increase ( /r5g?4 ,no4 #ch4 ,fi%]man's knot4 ,no4 #ci4 ,l>k's head1 fa/5$ to a runn+ knot4 ,no4 #dj4 ,:]e increas$ /r5g? is requir$ a small rope c be atta*$ to a l>g] "o by means ( a roll+ hit*4 ,! :ole arrangem5t comes ap>t z soon z ! /ra9 is remov$4 ,no4 #da4 ,a me?od ( lift+ scaffold poles 9 a v]tical position by ! use ( ! timb] hit* & half hit*4 ,if x is requir$ to free ! upp] end :ile ! pole is be+ c>ri$1 ! half hit* c be replac$ by a cord ti$ r\nd ! pole & ! lift+ rope4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,scaffold+ ,,accessories ,,& ,,_! ,,use ,ladd]s4--,a ladd] consi/s ( a pair ( sides connect$ by a s]ies ( oak or a% treads or rungs4 ,! sides ( long ladd]s are =m$ by cutt+ l5g?wise a /raight fir pole into two pieces4 ,%ort ladd]s are made ) squ>e sides1 b !y are heavi] &1 z ! gra9 seldom runs cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 also weak]4 ,! pole = ! sides is select$ = its /raightness ( fibre1 = a twi/$ pole _c be sawn l5g?wise )\t cutt+ across "p ( ! gra91 :i* z be=e /at$ is a s\rce ( weakness4 ,! pole has to be bor$ = ! rungs1 & ?is may be done ei!r be=e or aft] x has be5 cut l5g?wise4 ,x is bett] to bore fir/1 z !n ! holes occur at co9cid5t int]vals on ea* side2 ! rungs by ?is means are kept p>allel & level4 ,! rungs are plac$ #i in*es ap>t1 & are f #a 94 to #a-a_/b-;94 9 dep? 9 ! c5tre1 decreas+ to #e_/h-;in* diamet] at ! ends4 ,! ends ( ! rungs are pa9t$ ) r$ lead be=e ins]tion1 & any projections are aft]w>ds cut (f flu% ) ! sides4 ,!y c be fa/5$ at ea* end ) w$ges 7see fig4 #fc71 or p9s ( #a_/d-;in* diamet] c be cut ?r\gh ! sides1 z fig4 #fd1 to fix e fif? or six? rung4 ,! fir/ me?od is ! bett]1 z cross bor+ ( ! sides greatly weak5s !m2 b z ! w$ges may "w out1 an iron rod #e_/af-;in* 9 diamet] %\ld be plac$ bel[ e eigh? or n9? rung1 & bolt$ on ! outside = extra security4 ,! iron rods %\ld n be us$ z treads in/ead ( ! wood5 rungs z !y (f] an insecure foo?old4 ,! rungs are consid]$ to be dang]\s = use :5 !y h be5 r$uc$ by we> to "o half ( _! orig9al dep?4 ,! be/ rungs are made f old :eel-spokes1 z !y are well season$4 ,! sides1 :i* may be ( suffici5t l5g? to receive #ajj rungs1 are #i in*es ap>t at ! top & f #ab to #ac in*es ap>t at ! bottom1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! ladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,ext5sion ladd]s are useful :]e1 ow+ to ! v>y+ heights ( ! "w1 diff]5t l5g?s ( ladd]s are requir$4 ,! two halves ( ! ladd] are connect$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b if well made !y are easily rais$ & l[]$4 ,!y %\ld be us$ only = ! v lighte/ "w1 su* z pa9t+1 clean+ d[n1 c4 ,tre/les4--,tre/les are us$ *iefly by pa9t]s pla/]]s1 & me*anics engag$ on "w t is n at a great height f ! gr\nd or floor level1 & = :i* a plat=m is requir$4 ,!y /& f #f to #ab feet 9 height1 & ! rungs %\ld be suffici5tly wide to c>ry ?ree bo>ds = ! work+ plat=m4 ,!y are made ( yell[ deal1 ) mortis$ jo9ts & wr\ght-iron h+es 7fig4 #fe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe ,/eps4--,/eps are built up ) two sides ( ! requir$ height1 ab\t #e in*es wide & #a in* ?ick2 ! top & bottom are sawn to a bevel s t !y /& incl9$4 ,! /eps1 :i* are groov$ into ! sides & fix$ ) screws1 are ab\t #f in*es wide by #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 & increase slightly 9 l5g? z !y desc5d4 ,?is increase adds to ! /ability ( ! /eps z ! wid? ( ! base is increas$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ea* /ep is f #g to #i in*es4 ,at ! back ( ! top /ep two legs ab\t #b-a_/b in*es wide by #a in* ?ick are secur$ by /rong flap h+es4 ,! legs are fram$ toge!r by two cross pieces1 #c or #d in*es wide & #a in* ?ick4 ,! back legs1 by op5+ out on ! flap h+es1 enable ! entire framework to /& ^u an ev5 surface4 ,to prev5t ! legs op5+ too f>1 !y are connect$ to ! sides ( ! /eps by cords4 ,cripples4--,! simple/ =m ( cripple is %[n on fig4 #ff1 :i* suffici5tly expla9s ! design4 ,?is cripple =ms a fix$ angle ) ! ladd]1 :i*1 9 ord] to keep ! plat=m level1 c be laid only at "o slope aga9/ ! wall4 ,! defect is remov$ if ! cripple is h+$ & fitt$ ) a quadrant & p91 z %[n on fig4 #fg4 ,! plat=m 9 ?is case c be kept level by adju/m5t irrespective ( slope ( ladd]4 ,! bracket %\ld be long en\gh to c>ry a plat=m ?ree bo>ds wide1 b z a rule x c>ries two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,cripples may project f ei!r side ( ! ladd]1 & are usually hung on ! rungs4 ,an advantage is ga9$ if1 9 addition to ?is1 clips are provid$ to clut* ! sides ( ! ladd]4 ,buckets & ,skips4--,besides ! ord9>y pail1 :i* ne$s no description1 l>g] buckets are commonly us$ = c>ry+ concrete1 mort>1 e>?1 or any o!r moi/ or friable mat]ial4 ,fig4 #fh %[s ! tipp+ bucket1 or skip1 :i* balances on its h+es at ,a4 ,! h+es are s plac$ t !y are above ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! bucket :5 empty1 & bel[ ! c5tre ( gravity :5 full4 ,?is position all[s ! bucket to rema9 upright :5 empty1 b x w make half a revolution & empty its cont5ts :5 full4 ,to prev5t ?is action occurr+ be=e x is requir$1 a cat* on h+es is fix$ on ! rim ( ! bucket at ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh ,:ile ! cat* is 9 ! position %[n1 ! bucket _c tilt1 b if x is turn$ back ! bucket makes ! half revolution requir$1 & aft] empty+ its cont5ts1 sw+s upright ( its own accord4 ,buckets are con/ruct$ ( /eel1 & ! /&>d sizes v>y 9 capacity f #a_/d to #a cubic y>d4 ,= a simil> purpose a /eel box is us$4 ,9 ?is case ! bottom ( ! box is h+$1 & on ! cat* be+ releas$1 drops out1 all[+ ! mat]ial to fall ov] any desir$ spot4 ,! cat* c be releas$ f above or bel[ by means ( a *a9 connect$ !reto1 & ! bottom ( ! box rega9s its position :5 l[]$ to ! gr\nd = refill+4 ,ea* box is fitt$ ) a b[ = *a9 hook1 or lugs = *a9 sl+s2 has a capacity ( ab\t #c cubic feet1 is made ( /eel plates1 & may be r\nd or squ>e on plan4 ,baskets4--,baskets 7z %[n 9 figs4 #fi-gc7 h a capacity ( ab\t #a cubic foot4 ,!re are ?ree qualities ( cane us$ 9 _! con/ruction3 ',mack]el back1' recognis$ by its peculi> m>k+s1 ',%ort ,nature1' & ',squeaky4' ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is ! be/1 ! o!rs foll[+ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,x is a defect ( ! baskets z ord9>ily con/ruct$ t _! h&les & bottoms give way aft] v little we>4 ,sev]al improvem5ts h be5 put on ! m>ket1 ! be/ ( :i* are %[n z foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj ,9 fig4 #fi ! black l9e repres5ts an iron hook b5t to ! %ape requir$1 & ! cane plait$ r\nd z = ! ord9>y basket4 ,x is claim$ t ! h&les & bottoms ( ^! baskets _c give way1 & x is a claim t is probably correct4 ,ow+ to ! difficulties ( con/ruction due to ! rigidity ( ! iron hoop1 !y co/ m ?an ! ord9>y basket1 & ?is1 ) _! extra weight1 is un=tunately aga9/ _! g5]al adoption4 ,v>iations ( ! same idea are %[n on figs4 #gj & #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb ,9 ! fir/ case 7fig4 #gj7 ! iron is 9 two p>ts1 :i* !oretically w\ld all[ ( weakness1 b 9 practice ! basket answ]s its purpose well4 ,9 fig4 #ga ! rigid ironwork is plac$ by a wire rope splic$ to make a complete circle4 ,?is k9d ( basket is easi] to make & less 9 weight ?an ^? j m5tion$1 b ! co/ ( ! rope keeps ! price high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc ,fig4 #gb %[s ano!r safety arrangem5t4 ,a is a t>r$ hemp rope built into ! basket z %[n1 & ! ends fitt$ ) eyelets = hoi/+ purposes1 ! h&les be+ kept = use by ! workm54 ,! arrangem5t is a practical "o1 & gives ! requir$ elem5t ( safety to ! baskets s long z ! rope rema9s s\nd4 ,ord9>ily con/ruct$ baskets c be made tempor>ily safe by pass+ ! sl++ rope or *a9 ?r\gh ! h&les & r\nd ! bottom ( ! basket1 z %[n on fig4 #gc4 ,to prev5t ! rope slipp+1 & to give ! basket a flat bottom1 pieces ( wood c be fitt$ z %[n4 ,navvy ,b>r[s4--,navvy b>r[s 7fig4 #gd7 are ( h>d wood1 wr\ght & ca/ iron fitt+s & /eel axles4 ,!y are fitt$ ) iron1 or wood5 :eels b\nd ) iron1 & v>y 9 weight f #fj to #ge lbs41 & h a capacity ( ab\t #a_/aj ( a cubic y>d4 ,a b>r[ ( ?is class c be slung by pass+ a hook ?r\gh ! :eel & r+s r\nd ! h&les4 ,/one ,bogies4--,/one bogies 7fig4 #ge7 c be fitt$ ) pla9 :eels = runn+ on flat surfaces1 or flang$ :eels = rails4 ,!y are ( oak1 ) /eel axles & ca/-iron :eels4 ,! h&les = pull+ are deta*able & adju/able to ei!r end4 ,h& ,b>r[s4--,h& b>r[s z fig4 #gf are useful = c>ry+ light loads1 &1 :5 be>+ mat]ial t _c roll1 may also be slung4 ,hods4--,hods 7fig4 #gg7 are us$ on small jobs 9 :i* to c>ry mort>1 bricks1 c4 ,9 capacity !y w hold #b_/c ( a cubic foot ( mort> or tw5ty bricks1 b an ord9>y load is #af wall+ or #ab fac+ bricks1 ! weight ( :i* is consid]$ to be en\gh = a man to c>ry up a ladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi ,timb] ,trucks4--,timb] trucks 7fig4 #gh7 are us$ = c>ry+ timb] balks1 iron gird]s1 c4 ,!y are usually #c or #d feet 9 l5g?1 ) a wid? ( ab\t #bd in*es & a height ( #bb in*es4 ,!y are made suffici5tly /rong to c>ry #f1jjj lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj ,sack ,trucks4--,sack trucks 7fig4 #gi7 are con/ruct$ ( h>d wood1 ) fitt+s ( wr\ght & ca/ iron & /eel axles4 ,!y v>y 9 l5g? up to #d feet #d in*es1 & ! foot iron projects f #f to #i in*es4 ,crates1 z %[n on fig4 #hj1 are con/ruct$ ( oak ) iron b9d+s4 ,!y w c>ry a weight ( #a1ejj lbs4 & hold #cej bricks4 ,!y c be fill$ 9 ! build]'s y>d & transf]r$ direct to ! work+ plat=m )\t di/urb+ ! mat]ial1 :i*1 = sav+ "t1 is (t5 ( great advantage4 ,! abs5ce ( sides facilitates load+1 b on ! o!r h&1 if any mat]ials1 say bricks1 are put 9 loosely1 !y may fall out dur+ transf]5ce1 caus+ dang] to ! workm54 ,:5 us$ to c>ry rubble "w :i* _c be /ack$1 x is bett] t sides %\ld be fitt$4 ,:5 us$ to c>ry a roll ( lead1 a /ay %\ld be plac$1 z %[n by dott$ l9e on figure4 ,?is w prev5t ! crate buckl+ at ! bottom4 ,^! crates are sometimes fitt$ ) :eels to run on rails4 ,a%l> ,%e>s4--,! %e>s 7figs4 #ha & #hb7 are useful = lift+ dress$ "w1 ! po9ts fitt+ into small holes :i* h be5 cut out = _! reception 9 ! ends or sides ( ! /one4 ,!re is dang] 9 _! use if ! po9ts drag upw>ds & outw>ds4 ,to prev5t ?is z f> z possible1 ! holes %\ld be cut l[1 b n bel[ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! /one1 or else x w\ld turn ov] & p]haps fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb ,fig4 #hb is a bad =m ( %e>s1 z1 ow+ to ! %>p curve1 ! po9ts c only clut* ne> ! top ( ! /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he ,/one ,clips & ,sl+s4--,! clips 7fig4 #hc7 are useful = lift+ /one slabs4 ,! hook r+s slide along ! *a91 & ! clips are !re=e adju/able to any /one n exce$+ 9 wid? half ! total l5g? ( ! *a94 ,! *a9 sl+s h a r+ at "o end & a hook at ! o!r1 & are useful = a simil> purpose2 b ! mann] ( sl++ dep5ds ^u ! ?ickness ( ! /one4 ,= in/ance fig4 #hd1 kn[n z jack sl++1 answ]s well ) a slab1 say1 ( ov] #f in*es 9 dep?1 b a ?9n] slab lift$ 9 ?is way w\ld be liable to break 9 ! middle4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *a9 7 plac$ z fig4 #he1 & :i* is kn[n z figure-eight sl++1 ?is risk w\ld be remov$4 ,/one ,lewises4--,lewises may be divid$ into two classes1 curv$ & /raight-sid$4 ,fig4 #hf %[s ! fir/1 & fig4 #hg ! second class4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi ,! fir/ class is ! inf]ior1 z1 :5 fitt$ into ! /one1 any j]k ( ! support+ *a9 w\ld act at ! po9ts ,a z a bl[ on ! /one1 ?us increas+ any t5d5cy to fracture4 ,! hole = ! reception ( ! lewis is cut1 s t a l9e d[n its c5tre w\ld run across ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! /one2 & x is made z deep z may be requir$ by ! weight & h>dness ( ! mat]ial4 ,! side or splay$ pieces ( ! lewis %[n on fig4 #hg are fitt$ fir/1 & ! c5tre piece la/4 ,a bolt ?r\gh ! top fixes _! position & also ! r+ by :i* x is to be lift$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! sides ( ! second class ( lewis fit accurately1 = if !y fit z fig4 #hh !y may flu% ! edge & break out1 or if !y fit z fig4 #hi ! risk ( fracture1 z 9 ! fir/ class1 pres5ts itself4 ,9 any case !re is always a dang] ( mi%aps occurr+1 especially :]e ! /one is n free f v5ts4 ,_! use ) safety c only be left to ! judgm5t ( ! mason4 ,/one ,cramps4--,! cramps tight5 on ! /one by means ( a screw ?read1 z %[n on fig4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij ,!y are useful = lift+ light f9i%$ "w4 ,pack+ %\ld be plac$ at ,,aa to prev5t damage4 ,! r+ by :i* x is slung is movable to pres]ve equilibrium4 ,wire & ,*a9 ,scaffold ,la%+s4--,wire rope scaffold la%+s are n[ to be obta9$ = use 9 place ( fibre cords4 ,!y are made 9 l5g?s f #ab to #ah feet1 & are fitt$ at "o end ) an eyelet4 ,9 fix+1 !y comm5ce ) a clove hit*1 ! knot be+ cont9u$ z ) a fibre cord until ne> ! end1 :5 ! la% is tak5 ?r\gh ! eyelet 7see fig4 #ia7 & f9i%$ ) jamm+ turns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia ,x is claim$ t no w$ges are requir$ = tight5+ wire rope la%+s1 z !y d n %r9k or swell2 on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to _! small circumf]5ce1 !y _c be pull$ v tight by ! workm51 & x is que/ionable if !y w\ld be> be+ twi/$ r\nd ! scaffold]'s hamm] )\t injury4 ,accid5ts also might happ5 if ! poles %rank at all aft] be+ fix$4 ,te/s h be5 made f :i* x has be5 e/imat$ t ea* la%+ w c>ry a direct load ( #f tons4 ,a *a9 & bracket arrangem5t = ty+ l$g]s to /&>ds is %[n on fig4 #ib4 ,x is easily & rapidly adju/$1 & is tight5$ by means ( screw nuts at ,a & ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib ,p]man5t injury might1 h[ev]1 be done to ! /&>ds by ! cutt+ 9 ( ! brackets :5 screw$ up1 especially aft] regul> use4 ,! possible loss ( ! p>ts & _! weight & consequ5t disadvantage 9 transport are aga9/ _! g5]al adoption4 ,tight5+ ,screws4--,tight5+ screws or c\pl+ l9ks 7fig4 #ic7 are fix$ 9 ! l5g? ( *a9 t connects ! guys ( ! ,scot* cranes to ! base ( ! que5 legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic ,"u ! cont9u\s vibration ( ! scaffold !y run d[n & release ! *a9 consid]ably4 ,?is c be prev5t$ to "s ext5t by ins]t+ a piece ( wood z %[n on fig4 #ic1 & ty+ its o!r end to a rigid memb] ( ! leg4 ,9 any case ! *a9 requires frequ5t exam9ation1 &1 if necess>y1 retight5+4 ,roll]s4--,roll]s 7fig4 #id7 are us$ = mov+ heavy mat]ial along a smoo? surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id ,pegs %\ld be fix$ at _! ends1 z %[n on fig4 #id1 to =m a h&le by :i* !y c be mov$ :5 "u ! mat]ial )\t dang] to ! workman's h&s1 or bett] /ill1 !y %\ld always be long] ?an ! load is wide4 ,lev]s4--,lev]s ( a%1 fitt$ ) iron %oes1 z fig4 #ie1 are us$ to prise heavy mat]ial (f ! gr\nd1 to facilitate removal on roll]s or o!rwise4 ,9 ?is case ! lev] acts z "o ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,by connect+ ! weight to ! r+s ,a & ,b x c be us$ z a lev] ( ! second or ! ?ird ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie ,dog ,irons4--,dog irons 7fig4 #if7 are b>s ( flat or r\nd wr\ght iron1 turn$ up at ! ends1 :i* are po9t$4 ,if bo? ends po9t 9 ! same plane !y are t]m$ 'male1' if o!rwise 'female4' ,! %ank is ab\t #ab in*es long4 ,besides hold+ ! timb]s toge!r1 !y ex]t a c]ta9 p[] ( compression ^u ! jo9t !y enclose4 ,?is is ga9$ by hamm]+ ! inside ( ! spikes to a splay1 leav+ ! outside to =m a "r angle ) ! %ank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii ,!y may be describ$ z inf]ior /raps1 & _! hold+ p[] is f #fjj to #ijj lbs4 p] in* 9 l5g? ( spikes1 z d$uc$ f exp]im5ts by ,capta9 ,fras]1 ,r4,e4 ,dog irons h ! advantage t _! use does n injure ! timb] to any ext5t1 & s depreciate its value4 ,dogs are fix$ accord+ to ! jo9t to be enclos$4 ,if ! jo9t is at "r angles to ! run ( ! timb]s1 !y are fix$ z fig4 #ig4 ,if ! timb]s are at "r angles !y are fix$ z fig4 #ih4 ,if bo? ^! jo9ts occur ! irons are plac$ z fig4 #ii4 ,!y %\ld be fix$ on bo? sides ( ! timb]s jo9$4 ,bolts4--,bolts 7fig4 #ajj7 are ( wr\ght iron1 & _! diff]5t p>ts %\ld be 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ,?ickness ( nut #a diamet] ( bolt ,?ickness ( head #c_/d diamet] ( bolt ,diamet] ( head or nut ov] sides #a-c_/d diamet] ( bolt ,size ( squ>e wa%] = fir #c-a_/b diamet] ( bolt ,size ( squ>e wa%] = oak #b-a_/b diamet] ( bolt ,?ickness ( wa%] #a_/c diamet] ( bolt ,!re are disadvantages to ! use ( bolts 9 scaffold+4 ,= in/ance1 ! beams are weak5$ by ! cutt+ ( ! fibres2 &1 if ! timb] %r9ks1 ! bolts may become loose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y c be easily tight5$ aft] ! fram+ has settl$ into position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj ,_! /r5g? dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! iron1 b v>ies betwe5 #bj & #be tons ( t5sile /ra9 p] squ>e in* ( ! smalle/ sectional area 7,&]son74 ,wa%]s are us$ to prev5t ! nut s9k+ into ! wood :5 tight5$1 & are equally necess>y1 b n always se51 "u ! head4 ,!y %\ld n be cut into ! "u side ( timb]s subject$ to a cross /ra91 z ! cutt+ ( any fibres is a s\rce ( weakness4 ,bolts are us$ :]e dogs & spikes are ( insuffici5t l5g? or hold+ p[]4 ,/raps4--,/raps are wr\ght-iron b&s ( diff]5t designs1 & are us$ to =m a connection betwe5 timb]s4 ,bran*$ /raps 7fig4 #aja7 are us$ to /r5g!n angle jo9ts4 ,!y are usually fix$ 9 pairs1 & be+ fa/5$ on ! surface ( ! timb]s !y h an advantage ov] bolts 9 t !y d n cut into ! mat]ial4 ,if ! timb]s settle at all1 ! /raps may become subject to cross /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja ,wire ,ropes4--,wire ropes are n[ 9 g5]al use = heavy purposes4 ,!y are /r&$ & laid simil>ly to fibre ropes4 ,!y %\ld be ( mild pl\gh /eel wire4 ,! numb] ( wires 9 a /r& v>ies f #ab to #cg1 & ! numb] ( /r&s is usually #f4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! break+ /ra9s ( ! ropes accord+ to _! circumf]5ce1 & ! lea/ diamet] ( b>rel & %eaves ar\nd :i* !y may be work$ at sl[ spe$s4 ,9 ! table 7p4 #aaj7 ! diamet]s ( ! pulleys1 c4 may be slightly r$uc$ = ! m flexible ropes1 b bett] results c always be ga9$ by us+ pulleys & %eaves ( l>g] diamet]s4 ,a few po9ts on ! work+ ( ^! ropes may be useful4 ,to remove a k9k ?r[ a turn out2 x _c be tak5 out by /ra94 ,! ropes %\ld be ungalvanis$1 & kept greas$ ) any oil t does n conta9 acid or alkali4 ,a rope runn+ 9 a ,v groove has a %ort life4 ,a rope t is all[$ to ride1 *afe on its own "p or to ov]lap1 w be almo/ imm$iately crippl$4 ,! sign ( an ov]load$ rope is excessive /ret*+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,extra ,special ,extra ,flexible ,rope4 ,flexible ,rope4 ,flexible ,rope4 #f /r&s1 ea* #ab wires #f /r&s1 #f /r&s1 ea* ea* #bd wires #cg wires ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,diam4 ( b>rel ,size or %eave r\nd ,gu>ante$ ,gu>ante$ ,gu>ante$ ,circum4:i* x may be ,break+ ,break+ ,break+ work$ at a ,/ra9 ,/ra9 ,/ra9 sl[ spe$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,in*es ,in*es ,tons ,tons ,tons #a-a_/b #i #d #g-a_/b #h #a-c_/d #aj-a_/b #e-a_/b #i-c_/d #aa #b #ab #g #ac #ad-a_/b #b-a_/d #ac-a_/b #i #af-a_/d #ag-a_/b #b-a_/b #ae #ab #bj-a_/b #bb #b-c_/d #af-a_/b #ae #bd #bf-a_/b #c #ah #ah #bh-a_/b #cb-a_/d #c-a_/d #ai-a_/b #bb #cd #cg-a_/b #c-a_/b #ba #bf #ci #dc #c-c_/d #bb-a_/b #bi #de-a_/b #ej #d #bd #cc #ea-a_/b #ef-a_/b #d-a_/d #be-a_/b #cf #ei #fe #d-a_/b #bg #ci #fe #gj-a_/b #d-c_/d #gd #gi #e #hb-a_/b #hh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7,bullivant ,co4 ,ltd47 ,*a9s4--,! /r5g? ( a *a9 dep5ds ^u ! diamet] & quality ( ! iron ( :i* ! l9ks are =m$1 gov]n$ by good workman%ip4 ,! safe load = work+ c be calculat$ approximately by ! foll[+ me?od3-- ,squ>e ! numb] ( eigh?s ( an in* :i* are conta9$ 9 ! diamet] ( ! iron ( :i* ! l9k is made1 & /rike (f ! la/ figure z a decimal4 ,= example1 :]e ! iron is ( #a_/b-;in* diamet]1 squ>e ! numb] ( #a_/h 9 ! diamet]1 i4e4 #d #d #af #af tons4 ,g5]ally be=e leav+ ! factory1 *a9s are te/$ up to half ! weight !y %\ld break "u1 & :i* is ab\t d\ble ! load !y are int5d$ to c>ry 9 practice4 ,?is te/ _c be reli$ ^u = ! future work+ ( ! *a91 z any /ret*+ ( a l9k1 :i* w\ld ultimately result 9 fracture1 w\ld probably n be app>5t "u x4 ,! l9ks %\ld !re=e be exam9$ p]iodically = any appe>ance ( weakness or /ret*+4 ,a /ret*$ l9k %\ld at once be cut out1 z x may break ) mu* less load ?an t :i* x 0 fir/ te/$ to c>ry4 ,a *a9 dur+ use also det]iorates 9 quality1 & x is a good rule to h x p]iodically anneal$4 ,! l9ks %\ld !n be re-te/$ up to d\ble ! weight !y are aga9 requir$ to c>ry4 ,a reliable *a9 is made ( ! treble be/ ,/af=d%ire scrap iron4 ,crane & pulley *a9s %\ld be made ) ! %orte/ l9k possible1 accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! iron us$1 z !re is a consid]able lev]age ex]t$ on a long l9k :5 runn+ r\nd a pulley1 m especially :]e ! diamet] ( ! pulley is small4 ,a ,slat]'s ,truss4--,slat]s' trusses 7fig4 #ajb7 are us$ 9 pairs by slat]s & til]s :5 lay+ _! mat]ial4 ,bo>ds are laid across ! trusses & =m an effective plat=m on :i* ! workman c kneel )\t damage to t "p ( ! ro( already cov]$4 ,!y are slung f ! ridge or o!r suitable fixture1 & c be pull$ high] z ! "w proce$s4 ,an old sack or simil> mat]ial laid "u ! truss w prev5t any possible damage dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb ,duck ,runs4--,duck runs 7fig4 #ajc7 are laid ^u slate & tile ro(s to give foot+ to1 & to prev5t damage be+ done by1 ! workm54 ,!y %\ld be firmly fix$1 ei!r by sl++ f ! ridge or butt+ aga9/ a solid resi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc ,mort> ,bo>ds4--,a mort> bo>d is us$ z a b$ on :i* mort> c be mix$ or deposit$4 ,x is r\ghly made ( f\r or five #i-;in* bo>ds ea* #c or #d feet long1 fram$ toge!r on ! "u side4 ,_! use prev5ts ! new mort> com+ 9 contact ) ! scaffold bo>ds ) an injuri\s effect4 ,w$ges4--,a w$ge is a movable1 d\ble-incl9$ plane1 us$ = sep>at+ bodies1 & by ?is means1 tight5+ any connections betwe5 ! bodies !y t5d to sep>ate4 ,= scaffold+ purposes !y %\ld be ( oak1 or o!r wood :i* gives consid]able resi/ance to pressure across ! gra94 ,= tight5+ cordage w$ges %\ld be ab\t #ab in*es 9 l5g? &1 z f> z possible1 split to %ape4 ,9 cross section !y %\ld be semicircul>4 ,_! tap] %\ld be gradual & n too sudd51 z o!rwise !y might "w out4 ,:5 us$ 9 pairs z = %or+ purposes1 !y are rectangul> 9 cross section1 & are t]m$ fold+ w$ges4 ,nails4--,cut nails /amp$ out ( plates are be/ = scaffolds4 ,^! nails h ! advantage ( be+ easily drawn out ( timb]4 ,:5 driv5 ) _! flat sides ! way ( ! gra91 !y d n t5d to split ! wood4 ,!y are us$ to fix plat=m bo>ds1 & sometimes gu>d bo>ds1 on edge4 ,spikes4--,spikes are nails above #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y =m a *eap me?od ( fix+4 ,capta9 ,fras]1 ,r4,e41 has comput$ f exp]im5ts t _! hold+ p[] 9 fir is f #dfj to #gjj p\nds p] in* ( l5g? ! dep? ( cov] plate be+ d$uct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd ,scaffold]'s hat*et4--,! scaffold]'s hat*et 7fig4 #ajd7 is an ord9>y %+l+ hat*et ) a hamm] head4 ,x is practically ! only tool us$ by ! scaffold]4 ,) x he c %ape ! ends ( ! putlogs1 drive w$ges1 nails1 c41 &1 by giv+ ! cord a turn r\nd ! middle ( ! h&le1 tight5 knots by us+ x z a lev]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,transport ,,( ,,mat]ial ,! transportation ( mat]ial is n altoge!r )9 ! prov9ce ( a scaffold]1 b x is s intimately connect$--inde$1 x is difficult to say :]e 8 connection ) ! lift+ & c>ry+ ( mat]ial comm5ces & f9i%es--t ! subject is "h briefly comm5t$ ^u4 ,crane ,eng9es4--,! eng9es ( ! crane are s arrang$ t all motions 9 connection ) ! d]rick are "u ! control ( ! driv]4 ,! eng9es are d\ble cyl9d] ) l9k-motion rev]s+ ge>4 ,! ge>+ is s+le & d\ble pur*ase = lift+2 ! jib b>rel is fitt$ ) /eel cat* :eel & d\ble-lock safety cat* to prev5t ! jib runn+ d[n4 ,! slew+ ge> is work$ f ! crank %aft1 connect$ to ! upright %aft f bottom race or spur :eel1 & is wr\ght by worm & worm :eel ) d\ble-cone friction slew+ ge>4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits ( slew+ ! crane 9 ei!r direction )\t rev]s+ ! eng9e4 ,x might also be m5tion$ t ! clut* = ! jib motion is hoop$ ) malleable iron to prev5t ! possibility ( its bur/+4 ,crane eng9es c be work$ by electrical1 /eam1 or manual p[]4 ,! small] cranes are n[ s made t ei!r /eam or manual p[] c be us$ z requir$4 ,x is ( rec5t date t ^! eng9es h be5 suppli$ ) electrical p[]1 & ( c\rse _! use is re/rict$ to :]e ?is p[] is obta9able4 ,! ,crane4--,! crane consi/s ( f\r p>ts1 ! ma/1 jib1 sleep]s1 & guys or /ays4 ,! ma/1 :i* rises v]tically1 is connect$ at its base to ! plat=m on :i* ! eng9e /&s2 & at ! top1 to ! guys by a pivot :i* all[s ( rotation 9 a horizontal plane4 ,x may be ( iron1 balk timb] ( oak or pit* p9e1 or 9 two pieces ( ! same1 /rutt$ & brac$4 ,! jib1 :i* may be built ( ! same mat]ials z ! ma/1 is fa/5$ to ! l[] end ( ! ma/ by a jo9t :i* all[s ( rot>y movem5t 9 a v]tical plane4 ,! /eel rope or *a9 :i* supports ! weight runs f ! drum plac$ ne> ! eng9e & ov] ! top ( ! ma/ & jib4 ,:eels are plac$ at ^! po9ts to less5 friction4 ,! comb9ation ( movem5t all[$ by ! pivot ( ! ma/ & jo9ts ( ! jib1 enables ! load to be c>ri$ to any po9t comm&$ by ! effective l5g? ( ! jib1 except t x _c be plac$ beh9d ! guys4 ,jibs are us$ up to #gj feet 9 l5g?4 ,to prev5t slew+ "u w9d pressure1 jibs ov] #ej feet long %\ld be fitt$ ) w9d brakes1 especially on expos$ situations4 ,! crane w /& ! greate/ /ra9 :5 ! jib is mo/ upright1 &1 rev]sely1 less /ra9 z x approa*es ! horizontal4 ,x is a good rule1 & "o :i* works = safety1 n to all[ ! top end ( ! jib to rea* a l[] level ?an ! top ( ! ma/1 :atev] ! weight ( ! load c>ri$ may be4 ,cranes are made suitable = d]rick /ag+ to c>ry a weight ( #g tons4 ,if ! boil] is atta*$ to ! rotat+ plat=m ( ! crane1 x helps to c\nt]balance ! load4 ,cranes1 :ile (f]+ ! readie/ means ( deal+ ) heavy weights1 d n give ! be/ results :5 us$ = plac+ mat]ial 9 its f9al position on ! build+4 ,! vibration ( ! eng9e1 ! sway+ ( ! support+ rope f ! jib1 & ! unev5ness ( l[]+ "u ! b& brake1 prev5t t /ead9ess ( ! mat]ial :i* is necess>y = good fix+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje ,fig4 #aje %[s a small build+ crane2 x is work$ by manual p[]1 & is v suitable = light "w4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! g5]al me?od ( con/ruction1 b !re are o!r patt]ns :i* give great] p[]4 ,! crane is fitt$ ) two hoi/+ ropes :i* are w\nd on ! drum at ,a4 ,"o rope rises :ile ! o!r desc5ds4 ,! ropes pass ?r\gh ! arms ,b1 & :5 ! cat* ,c rises aga9/ ! slot1 x lifts ! arm up4 ,! base ( ! jib to :i* x is connect$ !n rises 9 ! slid+ groove & sw+s inw>d1 c>ry+ ! load well ov] ! plat=m :]e x is to be deposit$4 ,:5 ! new load beg9s to rise1 ! jib sw+s outw>d & d[nw>d1 ! rope pay+ out z requir$4 ,by ?is means ! jibs are 9 use alt]nately = lift+4 ,pulleys4--,! pulley 7fig4 #ajf7 is a circul> iron disc :i* revolves freely on an axle fitt$ into an iron box4 ,! circumf]5tial edge is groov$ to receive ! rope or *a9 :i* passes r\nd x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf ,fig4 #ajg is ! section ( a groove suitable = fibre rope driv+4 ,! rope is gripp$ at its sides1 ?us increas+ its driv+ p[]4 ,fig4 #ajh is ! section ( a groove :]e ! pulley is us$ z a guide only1 ! rope be+ all[$ to re/ on ! bottom4 ,fig4 #aji is ! section ( a groove us$ = wire rope4 ,! groove is l9$ on ! bottom ) pieces ( wood or lea!r to give great] friction1 z ! rope w\ld be injur$ if x 7 gripp$ 9 a groove z fig4 #ajg4 ,figs4 #aaj & #aaa are ! sections ( grooves suitable = *a9s1 ! groove receiv+ e o!r l9k1 ! alt]nate l9ks ly+ flat4 ,fig4 #aaj is suitable :]e ! pulley is us$ z a guide only1 & fig4 #aaa is us$ = driv+ pulleys z 9 ,we/on's blocks4 ,! "p elevation %[n 9 fig4 #aab is kn[n z a sprocket :eel1 & %[s ! sprockets ca/ 9 ! groove ^u :i* ! l9ks cat*4 ,x is us$ = driv+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab ,:5 ! pulley _c rise or fall1 x is t]m$ a fix$ pulley1 o!rwise x is consid]$ movable4 ,! fix$ pulley1 sometimes kn[n z a g9 :eel1 c only *ange ! direction ( a =ce1 & gives no me*anical advantage1 b :5 us$ 9 conjunction ) a movable pulley a me*anical advantage is ga9$4 ,fig4 #aac is an illu/ration ( ! s+le movable pulley4 ,! rope is connect$ to ! beam at ,a1 & passes r\nd ! pulley ,b & ov] ! fix$ pulley ,c ,n[1 if p[] be ex]t$ on ! free end ( ! rope suffici5t to move ! ma*9e1 x w be se5 t = e "o in* ,w rises1 ,p w desc5d two in*es1 !re=e ! me*anical advantage is #b4 ,9 o!r words1 a workman pull+ at ,p ) a =ce equal to #ajj lbs41 w lift ,w weigh+ #bjj lbs41 b ! weight w rise at only half ! spe$ at :i* ,p falls4 ,v>i\s comb9ations ( pulleys are possible1 b ! mo/ common 9 use on build+s is %[n 9 fig4 #aad1 :i* is an illu/ration ( ! sy/em ( pulleys kn[n z block & tackle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad ,! p[] obta9$ by ?is ma*9e is calculat$ z foll[s3 ,divide ! weight by d\ble ! numb] ( pulleys 9 ! l[] block2 ! quoti5t is ! p[] 79 ! same units z ! weight7 requir$ to balance ! load4 ,!oretically1 !re is no limit to ! numb] ( pulleys & consequ5t me*anical advantage1 b ! friction produc$1 & want ( p]fect flexibility 9 ! rope1 prev5t any great increase 9 ! numb]4 ,diff]5tial ,pulleys4--,a diff]5tial block on ,we/on's pr9ciple 7fig4 #aae7 consi/s ( a comp\nd pulley ( two diff]5t diamet]s b ( "o ca/+1 & !re=e rotat+ toge!r4 ,! *a9 is an endless "o1 & passes 9 turn ov] ea* diamet] ( ! pulley4 ,"o ( ! loops ?us =m$ c>ries a s+le movable pulley1 :ile ! o!r loop hangs loose 7see fig4 #aaf74 ,! p[] :i* may be appli$ to ! loose loop on ! side :i* comes f ! l>ge/ diamet] w cause rotation ( ! pulley4 ,! *a9 mu/ be f\r times 9 l5g? ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* x is requir$ to raise ! load4 ,^! pulleys are te/$ to #ej p] c5t4 above ! weight !y w h to lift 9 practice1 & ! maximum load !y w c>ry is /amp$ on ! ca/+s4 ,! me*anical advantage d]iv$ dep5ds ^u ! diff]5ce ( diamet] 9 ! comp\nd pulley4 ,usually ) ^! ma*9es two m5 are requir$ to lift "o ton4 ,ano!r common =m ( diff]5tial pulley is kn[n z ! worm block1 & consi/s ( two ca/-iron too!d :eels at "r angles to ea* o!r1 connect$ by a worm ?read ( case-h>d5$1 mild /eel =g+4 ,! :eel ^u :i* ! p[] acts is work$ by an endless *a91 & ! lift :eel may be fitt$ ) a *a9 or wire rope to :i* ! load is atta*$4 ,pulleys ( ?is k9d possess 9 a great degree /ead9ess 9 lift+ or 9 l[]+4 ,?is is due to ! great me*anical advantage t c be ga9$ by _! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,by ^! pulleys "o man c lift up to #c tons4 ,!y are te/$ & /amp$ ) ! maximum safe load1 z are ^? on ,we/on's pr9ciple4 ,! friction betwe5 ! p>ts is suffici5t to su/a9 ! loads :5 ! p[] is remov$4 ,! /ead9ess ( action all[s ( _! use to lift /ones ( great weight1 & l[] direct into position = fix+ on ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf ,! ,w9*4--,a w9* is a hoi/+ ma*9e 9 :i* an axle is turn$ by a crank h&le1 & a rope or *a9 w\nd r\nd x s z to raise a weight4 ,x is actually a =m ( lev] :]eby a weight may be mov$ ?r\gh ! di/ance requir$4 ,fig4 #aag gives a type ( w9* 9 its simple/ =m4 ,! me*anical advantage ga9$ by its use dep5ds ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! radius ( ! driv+ :eel & ! radius ( ! axle2 or ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel & ! circumf]5ce ( ! axle4 ,if ! radius ( ! axle 7 ! same z ! radius ( ! :eel1 no me*anical advantage w\ld be ga9$ by its use4 ,! advantage t is ga9$ by ! arrangem5t c be calculat$ z foll[s3 ,z ! radius ( ! :eel is to ! radius ( ! drum s is ! weight t c be lift$ to ! p[] appli$ to ! h&le4 ,example4 ,let radius ( :eel ,r1 radius ( drum r1 p[] appli$ to h&le ,p1 & weight lift$ ,w4 7,r ,p7_/r ,w4 ,!n if ,r #ab in*es1 r #d in*es1 ,p #fj lbs4 7#ab #fj7_/d #gbj_/d #ahj lbs4 weight t c be lift$1 giv+ a me*anical advantage ( #c4 ,x is obvi\s t1 ow+ to ! re/riction ( size1 ! me*anical advantage t c be ga9$ by ! simple ma*9e %[n on ?is figure is limit$4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty "o1 two1 or ?ree pairs ( too!d :eels are introduc$ into ! ma*9e1 be+ ?us kn[n z a s+le1 d\ble1 or treble pur*ase w9* or crab4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( tee? betwe5 ! p9ions & :eels gives ! increas$ me*anical advantage t is requir$4 ,! me?od by :i* to f9d ! me*anical advantage ga9$ is z foll[s3 ,! pressure ex]t$ on ! h&le is to ! weight lift$ z ! radius ( ! drum multipli$ by ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! p9ions is to ! radius ( h&le multipli$ by ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! :eels4 ,w9*es1 besides lift+ f ! b>rel1 are also us$ 9 conjunction ) pulley :eels to *ange ! direction ( ! =ce & to ga9 additional me*anical advantage4 ,if a d\ble rope be us$1 consid]able "t w be sav$ 9 ! progress ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag ,fig4 #aah %[s ! d\ble rope4 ,! middle ( ! rope is giv5 a few turns r\nd ! drum1 & ! ends are cont9u$ ov] ! pulleys1 "o suffici5tly f> to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,on rais+ ! load ! high] end ( ! rope desc5ds1 & is ready to c>ry up ! next load by ! "t ! fir/ has be5 tak5 (f4 ,! illu/ration also %[s ! w9* at "w 9 connection ) "o movable pulley2 b unless ! mat]ial is to be rais$ to diff]5t heights1 ! same sy/em ( pulleys %\ld be us$ on ea* rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah ,an improv$ w9* ) an advantage ov] ^? ord9>ily us$ has ! drum groov$ 9 ?ree diamet]s1 s t1 ) a m9imum ( tr\ble1 a *oice ( me*anical advantages is ga9$4 ,!re is no ne$ ) ^! w9*es to pass ! rope sev]al times r\nd ! drum1 = z ! rope works 9 a groove1 great] friction is set up2 & ! clut*es provid$ to keep ! rope 9 contact ) ! b>rel = ?ree qu>t]s ( its circumf]5ce1 /ill fur!r prev5t any likelihood ( slipp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai ,jibs4--,= ! fix+ ( ! ge> a jib 7fig4 #aai7 is suffici5t to c>ry a fix$ pulley4 ,a jib is a s+le pole atta*$ horizontally to ! /&>ds or l$g]s above ! plat=m ^u :i* x is int5d$ to deposit ! mat]ial4 ,x %\ld project slightly m ?an half ! wid? ( ! load to be hoi/$1 usually f #ah in*es to #b feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj ,x is useful at times to h a pulley block fix$ ov] ! "w 9 h&1 especially = fix+ purposes4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! loads be+ usually heavy1 ! jib requires extra support1 :i* is obta9$ by fix+ x z a cont9u\s beam support$ at bo? ends 7fig4 #abj74 ,?is is arrang$ by c>ry+ up on ! int]ior ( ! build+ a s]ies ( /&>ds & l$g]s2 ^! rise f ea* floor z ! "w proce$s4 ,! jib c be c>ri$ "r across ! "w 9 h& & ! ge> fix$ z requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba ,ano!r =m ( jib kn[n z ! 'mason's' is %[n 9 fig4 #aba4 ,x is ( fram$ timb] f #i 94 by #c 94 to #aa 94 by #c 941 leav+ a #d-;in* op5+ d[n ! c5tre1 & re/s across ! l$g]s4 ,x all[s ! pulleys :i* are hung on to ! iron movable axle1 to be %ift$ horizontally ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,= heavy mat]ial ?is is invaluable1 z ! load c be rais$1 mov$ to its position = fix+1 & l[]$ z requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb ,%e>s4--,! %e>s or %e> legs is ano!r contrivance = support+ heavy weights4 ,x consi/s ( two legs =m+ two sides ( a triangle1 & may c>ry a pulley at ! apex z %[n 9 fig4 #abb1 or a jib z %[n 9 fig4 #abc4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! legs are n rigidly fix$1 b are kept 9 position by ropes1 ,a & ,b1 :i*1 on be+ slack5$1 all[ ! %e>s to move f ! p]p5dicul> 7fig4 #abd74 ,9 ?is mann] loads c be lift$ & plac$ 9 a diff]5t position o!r ?an t imm$iately ov] ! "o !y fir/ occupi$4 ,! range is1 h[ev]1 limit$1 z 9 practice ! %e>s %\ld n move m ?an #ah in*es to #b feet f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd ,%e>s are useful = rais+ & l[]+ ! ma*9]y on ,scot* d]ricks1 & are (t5 fix$ on gantries to c>ry jibs4 ,= heavy weights1 ! legs & also ! jib c be ( two or ?ree poles ti$ toge!r4 ,g94--,! gyn1 or g91 consi/s ( ?ree legs usually f #ab to #ac feet long4 ,!y are set up & jo9$ toge!r at ! top1 ?us =m+ a triangulat$ frame4 ,a pulley :eel or block is fa/5$ at ! apex1 & extra p[] c be ga9$ if !y are furni%$ ) a crab w9* /&+ betwe5 two ( ! legs4 ,!y are useful 9 lift+ or 9 l[]+ mat]ial ?r\gh a well or op5+ 9 ! work+ plat=m1 z %[n 9 fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf ,rails4--,scaffolds ( a p>ticul>ly /rong con/ruction h1 :5 necess>y1 rails laid ^u !m1 9 ord] t light trucks may be mov$ freely f place to place4 ,sack trucks are also us$ on plat=ms to c>ry cem5t1 c41 :]e requir$4 ,o!r accessories = c>ry+ purposes1 ! uses ( :i* are obvi\s1 are describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,scaffold+ ,accessories4 ,! atta*m5t ( mat]ial to ! transport+ p[] is )9 ! prov9ce ( ! scaffold]4 ,to take ea* class ( mat]ial sep>ately3-- ,ironwork4--,ironwork is pr9cipally us$ 9 ! =m ( gird]s & columns4 ,^! are sometimes slung by a *a9 r\nd ! middle1 & z ev5ly balanc$ z possible4 ,!re is consid]able dang] ( ! *a9 slipp+1 h[ev] well balanc$2 m especially is ?is ! case if ! load is tilt$ :5 sw++4 ,?is may happ5 by ! load receiv+ a j> ?r\gh t\*+ "s "p ( ! erection1 & ?us all[+ ! mat]ial to fall4 ,to prev5t ?is 's(t5]s'--i4e4 old bags1 sacks1 or ev5 pieces ( wood--are plac$ betwe5 ! *a9 & load4 ,!n1 ) ! *a9 turn$ twice r\nd ! :ole tightly1 ! dang] is m9imis$4 ,an extra *a9 may also be run f ea* end ( ! load to a po9t "s di/ance up ! support+ *a91 z %[n on fig4 #abf4 ,timb]4--,timb] 9 l5g?s c be c>ri$ 9 ! same mann] z ironwork1 b1 ow+ to ! great] friction set up1 x is n s likely to slip z ! =m]4 ,! same precautions %\ld be tak54 ,to c>ry timb] or ironwork v]tically1 ! support+ *a9 is giv5 a timb] hit* r\nd "o end ( ! pole1 & a half hit* r\nd ! end :i* is meant to rise fir/4 ,x is sometimes advantage\s to sub/itute a cord la%+ = ! half hit*4 ,!n1 :5 ! highe/ end ( ! pole rea*es ! plat=m1 ! la%+ c be remov$ & ! pole receiv$ horizontally4 ,?is me?od is useful :]e ! load has to be pass$ ?r\gh a w9d[4 ,bricks1 slates1 c41 are slung 9 crates & baskets1 & on small jobs are c>ri$ 9 hods by lab\r]s4 ,^! accessories are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,note %\ld be tak5 t ^! fitt+s are 9 ! fir/ in/ance /rongly made1 kept 9 prop] repair1 n ov]load$1 & t spr+ hooks are us$ on ! sl+s4 ,/one4--,/one-"w c be slung by means ( ! lewis1 sl+s1 cramps1 clips1 or %e>s4 ,ano!r me?od is to pass ! *a9 sev]al times r\nd ! mat]ial1 z = gird] lift+4 ,x is only suitable = r\gh "w1 z any f9i%$ edges or *amf]s may be flu%$ ev5 if 's(t5]s' are us$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,/ability ,,( ,a ,,scaffold ,a scaffold1 consid]$ z a :ole1 is 9 a /able condition :51 "u ! =ces t may act ^u x1 x rema9s 9 a /ate ( re/ or equilibrium4 ,two =ces :i* t5d to create a loss ( equilibrium are3 ! pressure ( w9d :i* acts f any direction 9 a horizontal plane1 & ! =ce ( gravity due to ! weight ( ! scaffold & t ( att5dant loads4 ,w9d ,pressures4--,! effect ( w9d ^u a pole scaffold3 ,! effect ( w9d act+ on a s+le scaffold pole1 erect$ z a /&>d1 c be fir/ consid]$4 ,= ?is purpose ! pole %all be tak5 z #cb feet long1 #b feet ( :i* are bel[ gr\nd level4 ,! =ce ( w9d dep5ds ^u its velocity1 & x is measur$ by ! pressure x ex]ts on a squ>e foot ( surface normal to its direction4 ,if a po9t 9 a body is fix$1 s t ! body _c move out ( its place1 b may rotate ab\t t po9t2 a =ce :i* acts at any o!r po9t1 b 9 a direction t does n pass ?r\gh ! fix$ po9t1 w produce rotation4 ,9 apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! effect ( w9d on ! scaffold pole1 ! gr\nd level w be ! fix$ po9t ab\t :i* ! /&>d may rotate4 ,! w9d act+ ^u ! expos$ surface ( ! pole may be lik5$ to a s]ies ( p>allel =ces t1 n act+ ?r\gh ! fix$ po9t1 t5d to produce rotation4 ,an advantage is ga9$ if1 in/ead ( tak+ ! w9d z a s]ies ( p>allel =ces1 x is consid]$ z a resultant =ce ( proportionate magnitude ex]t+ a pressure ^u ! c5tre ( ! expos$ surface4 ,9 practice x w be suffici5tly correct to take ! c5tre ( surface ( ! pole at a po9t at half its height4 ,! t5d5cy ( a =ce to produce rotation ab\t a fix$ po9t is t]m$ its mom5t ab\t t po9t4 ,x is measur$ by multiply+ ! units ( =ce ex]t$ by ! units ( ! di/ance betwe5 its po9t ( application & ! fix$ po9t4 ,example3 ,if at ! c5tre ( surface ( ! pole "u consid]ation1 t is at #ae feet above ! fix$ po9t1 ! resultant =ce ( ! w9d is equal to a pressure ( #ajj lbs41 ! mom5t ab\t ! fix$ po9t w be #ae by #ajj #aejj4 ,9 l mann] ! mom5t ( resi/ance due to ! weight ( e>? pack$ r\nd t portion ( ! pole bel[ gr\nd c be e/imat$4 ,= ! pole to rema9 9 equilibrium x w be necess>y = ! mom5t ( resi/ance to equal ! mom5t ( ! ov]turn+ =ce1 assum+ t ! fix$ po9t is /able4 ,no practical good c result by pursu+ ?is calculation fur!r4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t z ! w9d occasionally ex]ts a pressure ( ov] #ej lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 & a pressure ( #dj lbs4 p] squ>e foot is ! lea/ = :i* calculations %\ld be made1 x w always be necess>y :5 scaffold+ to any height to adopt special measures to pres]ve /ability4 ,:5 ! l$g]s are add$ to ! /&>ds !y h "s effect ^u ! equilibrium ( ! erection1 & ?is mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,! w9d c be tak5 z act+ f two directions1 fir/ directly along ! scaffold1 & secondly across ! scaffold4 ,:5 at any o!r angle to ! /ructure x w h effect 9 bo? ( ^! directions1 be+ greate/ 9 ! "o ) :i* x mo/ ne>ly corresponds4 ,:5 bl[+ along ! scaffold4--,! /&>ds & l$g]s =m ) ! gr\nd level a s]ies ( rectangul> p>allelograms4 ,! connections betwe5 ! sides ( ! p>allelograms are n rigid4 ,!y mo/ ne>ly approa* cup & ball jo9ts1 & z su*1 x w be wise to reg>d !m z entirely loose to a rotat+ =ce4 ,! %ape ( a p>allelogram ) loose jo9ts c be alt]$ by a =ce act+ 9 ! plane ( its surface1 & ?is alt]ation ( %ape c take place )\t creat+ any /ra9 on its jo9ts or memb]s4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! ty+s & l$g]s ( ! erection may be consid]$ z (f]+ no resi/ance to a =ce t5d+ to rotate ! /&>ds ab\t _! fix$ po9ts2 b by add+ to ! surface ^u :i* ! =ce c act1 ! l$g]s increase ! ov]turn+ mom5t ab\t ! fix$ po9t4 ,9 practice1 al?\gh ! scaffold may n entirely fail1 any *ange f regul>ity ( /ructure due to w9d pressure w\ld cause ! memb]s ( ! erection to (f] a less effective resi/ance to ! o!r =ces act+ ^u x4 ,?is be+ s1 means mu/ be tak5 to give t rigidity to ! /&>ds1 )\t :i* ! scaffold may collapse4 ,al?\gh a p>allelogram ) loose jo9ts w alt] its %ape "u pressure1 a triangle "u simil> conditions _c d s4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is fact to obta9 ! rigidity :i* is necess>y4 ,tak+ a /&>d1 & "o ( ! l$g]s1 or ! gr\nd level z =m+ two sides ( a triangle1 a pole1 t]m$ a brace1 is fix$ to =m ! ?ird side4 ,! triangle ?us =m$ is a rigid figure (f]+ resi/ance to any =ce act+ ^u x 9 ! same plane z its surface1 & x w rema9 rigid until ! de/ruction ( "o ( its jo9ts or memb]s4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! /&>d =m+ "o side ( ! triangle becomes a suffici5tly rigid body to )/& any pressure ( w9d t may act ^u x4 ,! o!r /&>ds 9 ! erection1 if n ti$ to ! brace1 ga9 rigidity f ! triangulat$ /&>d because ( _! connection !reto by ! l$g]s4 ,:5 ! w9d is bl[+ across ! scaffold4--,if ! erection is ( ! dep5d5t type1 ! /&>ds1 putlogs1 wall ( build+1 & gr\nd level =m a s]ies ( p>allelograms :i* diff] f ^? previ\sly not$ 9 t a suffici5tly rigid angle is =m$ betwe5 ! wall & gr\nd level4 ,! effect ( ?is inflexibility is to create rigidity ?r\gh\t ! p>allelogram1 always provid+ t ! o!r sides are firmly connect$ at _! po9ts ( juncture4 ,9 practice ?is is n s2 ! putlogs1 if ti$ to ! l$g]s1 :i* = ?is purpose is ! same z be+ ti$ to ! /&>ds1 h no fix$ connection to ! wall ( ! build+2 b if !y are supplem5t$ by poles ti$ f ! /&>ds to )9 ! build+1 !y c be reg>d$ z hav+1 9 effect1 fix$ jo9ts4 ,if x be impossible to tie ! /&>ds )9 ! build+1 ! same effect c be ga9$ by /rutt+ f ! gr\nd level4 ,?is scaffold1 if s treat$1 is suffici5tly rigid to )/& any w9d =ce t t5ds to ov]turn ! /&>d1 ei!r t[>ds or f ! build+4 ,if ! erection is ( ! indep5d5t type1 ! cross section also %[s a s]ies ( p>allelograms ) loose jo9ts1 & s simil> conditions exi/ z 9 ! fir/ example1 except t ! ov]turn+ =ce is act+ 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,any ( ! me?ods ( ga9+ rigidity already giv51 & %[n on figs4 #ba & #bd1 c be appli$ 9 ?is in/ance4 ,gu>d bo>ds1 rails1 face bo>ds1 c41 h no o!r effect ?an t ( increas+ ! surface ^u :i* ! w9d c act4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! ov]turn+ mom5t ( ! /&>ds ab\t _! fix$ po9t is also great]4 ,gantries =m p>allelograms ) fix$ jo9ts ) suffici5t /r5g?--unless c>ri$ to a great height--to )/& any w9d pressure4 ,if necess>y1 !y c be brac$ 9 ! same mann] z ! pole scaffold4 ,scot* d]ricks are s /rongly built t1 unless a w9d =ce ex]t+ great pressure act$ ^u !m1 !y c\ld be consid]$ safe f de/ruction by t means4 ,! f\r pill>s /&+ squ>e to =m ea* leg are cross$ at "r angles by transoms :i* are bolt$ to ! uprights4 ,! p>allelograms ?us =m$ h jo9ts :i* all[ ( rotation2 b ! cross braces fitt$ 9 ea* bay give rigidity 9 two ways4 ,besides triangulat+ ! frame1 !y (f] a def9ite resi/ance to movem5t on ! bolt by butt+ aga9/ ! transom1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to fig4 #a4 ,?is resi/ance to movem5t is to "s ext5t due to ! resi/ance ( ! timb] to cru%+4 ,! l>g] p>allelograms =m$ by any two legs1 ! truss$ beam & ! gr\nd level1 h jo9ts t c only be de/roy$ by v great =ce4 ,z ! highe/ pressures not$ 9 ?is c\ntry h equall$ #hj lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 & !re=e h to be gu>d$ aga9/1 x is wise to triangulate ! sides z %[n on ,frontispiece4 ,! ,=ce ( ,weight or ,gravity4--,! weight ( a body equals ! =ce ) :i* t body is drawn t[>ds ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,! weight ( a scaffold may ?us be consid]$ z a =ce act+ v]tically d[nw>ds4 ,! po9t at :i* ! =ce acts is kn[n z ! c5tre ( weight or ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,z a fir/ example1 ! effect ( ! =ces ( gravity may be consid]$ :5 act+ ^u an indep5d5t unload$ scaffold 9 its simple/ =m1 consi/+ ( f\r /&>ds1 erect$ squ>e on plan1 ) l$g]s & braces on ea* side4 ,?is =m ( scaffold hav+ regul> sides1 & its weight be+ equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t1 may be consid]$ z a s+le1 ev5ly dispos$1 rigid1 rectangul> body4 ,! c5tre ( su* a body w co9cide ) its geometrical c5tre1 & may be f\nd ?us3-- ,draw a diagonal f ,a to ,b & f ,c to ,d 7see fig4 #abg74 ,! po9t ( int]section w repres5t ! c5tre ( gravity requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg ,9 practice1 x w be be/ to consid] ! scaffold z a regul> body1 compris$ z to height )9 ! top & bottom l$g]s4 ,! extra l5g? ( /&>ds 9 ?is connection c safely be ignor$4 ,if a body re/s on a h>d surface1 x w /& or fall accord+ z to :e!r a v]tical l9e1 drawn f ! c5tre ( gravity1 falls )9 or )\t its base4 ,! base ( a body is )9 a l9e drawn r\nd ! po9ts ( support4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t s long z ! scaffold is n act$ ^u by any o!r =ce x w rema9 9 equilibrium4 ,b a scaffold is erect$ to c>ry weights1 & ! effect ( ^! weights ^u ! /ability mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,! effect ( a load ^u ! scaffold is to alt] ! position ( its c5tre ( gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh ,consid]+ ! scaffold & its load z two sep>ate bodies1 ! po9t or c5tre ( gravity ab\t :i* ! two comb9$ weights w\ld act is f\nd z foll[s3-- ,let ,a & ,b1 fig4 #abh1 repres5t two heavy bodies4 ,jo9 ! c5tre ( ,a to c5tre ( gravity ( ,b2 divide ?is l9e into z _m p>ts z !re are units ( weights 9 ,a & ,b toge!r4 ,!n m>k (f f ,a ! numb] ( units !re are 9 ,b1 & ! po9t ?us f\nd is ! po9t ab\t :i* ! comb9$ weights act1 i4e4 ! requir$ c5tre ( gravity ( ! bodies4 ,! scaffold may1 h[ev]1 h sev]al loads to c>ry1 "o or m ( :i* may be mat]ials slung on ! hoi/4 ,to f9d ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity ( a numb] ( ,bodies4--,f9d ! c5tre ( gravity ( two ( ! bodies ,a & ,b 7fig4 #abi74 ,f ! po9t ?us f\nd1 take a l9e to ! c5tre ( gravity ( a ?ird1 ,c4 ,divide ! l9e into z _m p>ts z !re are units ( weight 9 all ?ree bodies4 ,!n f ! c5tre ( gravity ( ,a & ,b divide (f a numb] ( units ( di/ance equal to ! numb] ( units ( weight 9 ,c4 ,! po9t ?us f\nd is ! requir$ c5tre ( gravity4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until all ! bodies h be5 consid]$1 c>e be+ tak5 t all ! units ( weight 9 ! bodies :i* h be5 consid]$ are add$ to ! units ( weight 9 ! body "u consid]ation :5 divid+ ! l9e 9 :i* ! c5tre ( gravity is f\nd4 ,! f9al c5tre ( gravity f\nd is ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! entire mass4 ,if ! v]tical l9e tak5 f x falls )9 ! base1 ! scaffold is 9 equilibrium & !re=e /able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi ,:5 bo>ds are laid on a scaffold1 !y may be treat$ z a load4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! entire top ( a scaffold1 _! comp>atively light weight may be usually neglect$1 z1 _! c5tre ( gravity occurr+ imm$iately above ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! scaffold itself1 w\ld h no o!r effect ?an to slightly raise ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! /ructure4 ,to f9d ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity ( ,scaffold ,bo>ds laid to =m a ,plat=m4--,a scaffold+ plat=m1 be+ ( a slight dep? 9 comp>ison ) its l5g? & bread?1 may be treat$ z a surface usually rectangul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj ,! c5tre ( gravity ( a rectangul> surface is ! po9t ( int]section ( its diagonals 7fig4 #acj74 ,to f9d ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity ( a ,dep5d5t ,scaffold & ! ,effect ( ,loads ^u x4--,a dep5d5t scaffold1 hav+ only "o frame ( /&>ds & l$g]s1 to :i* are atta*$ ! putlogs1 _c be consid]$ z an ev5ly dispos$ regul> body4 ,nev]!less1 ! rule t ! scaffold w n be 9 equilibrium unless a l9e f ! c5tre ( gravity fall )9 ! base /ill holds good4 ,9 ! case "u consid]ation1 z ! wall ( ! build+ to :i* ! scaffold is securely atta*$ by ! putlogs & ties1 c>ries its %>e ( ! weight ( ! loads & putlogs1 x mu/ be tak5 z =m+ an integral portion ( ! scaffold itself4 ,!re=e ! c5tre ( gravity ( a dep5d5t scaffold w be ! resultant c5tre ( gravity ( ! out] frame1 ! putlogs1 & ! wall1 consid]$ z sep>ate bodies4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! frame may be f\nd by tak+ x z a rectangul> surface4 ,if necess>y1 ! bo>ds may be treat$ 9 l mann]4 ,! sy/em ( putlogs1 if !y are regul>ly plac$1 may be treat$ z a regul> body1 & ! c5tre ( gravity f\nd by ! me?od already giv52 b 9 practice _! weight w\ld h no effect t[>ds loss ( equilibrium4 ,! wall may also be treat$ 9 l mann] if ( ev5 ?ickness4 ,if ( v>y+ ?ickness1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( ea* portion ( ev5 ?ickness %\ld be f\nd4 ,! resultant w be f\nd by ! me?od already giv5 = f9d+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( a numb] ( bodies4 ,! base ( ! erection 9 ?is case %\ld include ! base ( ! wall4 ,! effect ( ord9>y loads ^u ! /ability ( a scaffold ( ?is type is practically nil4 ,no weight t ! scaffold 0 capable ( c>ry+ 9 itself c\ld br+ ! resultant c5tre ( gravity ( ! scaffold & wall outside ( ! base2 s t unless ! scaffold fail$ f rupture ( its memb]s or connections1 x may be consid]$ safe f collapse due to in/ability4 ,to f9d ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity ( a ,gantry4--,?is c be f\nd by ! me?od giv5 = indep5d5t pole scaffolds4 ,to f9d ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity ( a ,scot* ,d]rick4--,ow+ to ! unev5ly di/ribut$ weights ab\t ^! scaffolds1 !y _c be tak5 z regul> bodies4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to take ea* "p ( ! erection sep>ately1 & aft] f9d+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ea*1 to f9d ! resultant c5tre ( gravity ( ! mass by ! me?od already giv54 ,to f9d ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity ( ea* ,"p4--,ea* leg c be treat$ z an ev5ly dispos$ rigid body4 ,! mass ( brickwork t is plac$ at ! foot ( ! legs may be treat$ simil>ly4 ,! plat=m may be consid]$ z a surface4 ,if triangul>1 ! c5tre ( gravity is f\nd by ! foll[+ me?od3-- ,bisect ! base & jo9 ! po9t ( bisection to ! opposite angle4 ,! c5tre ( gravity is at a po9t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! l9e measur$ f ! side divid$ 7fig4 #aca74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! joi/s support+ ! plat=m c be tak5 ) t ( ! plat=m itself1 provid+ t ! weights ( ea* are add$ toge!r & ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! plat=m only l[]$ to half ! dep? ( ! joi/s4 ,! truss$ gird]s support+ ! plat=m may be treat$ z rectangul> surfaces4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! guys1 sleep]s1 & jib w be at a po9t 9 ! c5tre ( _! l5g?4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! eng9e may be some:at difficult to f9d1 b x w be suffici5t to treat x z a cyl9d]4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( a cyl9d] is ! middle ( its axis4 ,loads may be ( v>i\s =ms1 b ! c5tre ( gravity w be f\nd on a l9e drawn d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! load imm$iately "u ! support+ *a94 ,9 actual practice no load1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( :i*1 consid]$ sep>ately1 falls )9 ! base ( ! scaffold :i* supports x1 w cause in/ability4 ,! greate/ effect x c h is to br+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! entire mass ne>ly to ! edge ( ! base1 s t a comp>atively light load act+ f )\t may cause loss ( equilibrium4 ,x has be5 s f> assum$ t1 ow+ to ! use ( braces1 ties1 /ruts1 c41 ! scaffolds consid]$ h be5 rigid bodies1 & :]e ?is is s ! pr9ciples giv5 hold good4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! lack (1 or only p>tial use (1 ! memb]s j m5tion$1 scaffolds are (t5 m or less flexible bodies4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 ! lack ( rigidity greatly increases ! dang] ( collapse1 z ! timb]s1 ?r\gh yield+ by flexure to ! loads t act ^u !m1 all[ su* an alt]ation ( ! %ape ( ! scaffold t ! c5tre ( gravity may be c>ri$ outside ! base4 ,ev5 :]e ?is does n occur1 ! rack+ movem5t all[$ is dang]\s1 z ! connections are /ra9$ & become loose1 creat+ an elem5t ( risk t ! o!rwise c>eful scaffold] _c altoge!r remove4 ,= ! scaffold] ! lesson to be le>n$ is--t1 :e!r ! =ce he is deal+ ) arises f ! w9d1 loads1 or a comb9ation ( bo?1 he mu/ triangulate--,,triangulate4 ,x w be necess>y to "k ! weight ( mat]ial 9 work+ out ^! problems4 ,^! h be5 giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,a ,,scaffold ,! /r5g? ( a scaffold equals ! resi/ance t its memb]s & _! connections c (f] to ! /ra9s t act ^u x4 ,! timb]s us$ may fail 9 v>i\s ways4 ,fir/4--,z beams1 !y may fail to resi/ a cross /ra94 ,secondly4--,z pill>s & /ruts1 !y may fail to resi/ compression 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?4 ,?irdly4--,z ties & braces1 !y may fail to resi/ t5sion2 t is1 a /ra9 t5d+ to pull a beam asund] by /ret*+4 ,! loads t act ^u a scaffold may be dead1 t is to say1 !y d n create a %ock2 or live1 :i* means !y are n /ation>y1 & may cause %ock & vibration4 ,a live load causes ne>ly d\ble ! /ra9 t a dead load produces4 ,if1 !re=e1 bo? are ( equal weight1 ! timb] "u /ra9 w c>ry z a live load only "o half ( :at x w\ld c>ry z a dead load4 ,! break+ weight is ! load t w cause fracture 9 ! mat]ial4 ,! safe load is ! greate/ weight t %\ld be all[$ 9 practice4 ,x is 9 proportion to ! break+ load1 & t proportion is t]m$ ! factor ( safety4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made to det]m9e ! resi/ance ( timb] to fracture "u ! v>i\s =ces t act ^u x4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts is express$ by a giv5 numb]1 t]m$ a con/ant1 :i* v>ies ) ! diff]5t gr[?s ( timb] & ! diff]5t /ra9s to :i* !y are subject$4 ,! con/ants 7,c7 = ! /r5g? ( diff]5t k9ds ( timb] "u a cross /ra9 are z foll[s3 ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,c 9 lbs4 = ,mat]ial rectangul> beams ,au?ority support$ at bo? ends ---------------------------------------- ------- ,spruce #djc ,l>* #cib ,fir1 ,nor!rn ,fir1 ,dantzic #ddh ,fir1 ,memel ,fir1 ,riga #cib ,hur/ ,elm #ccf ,bir* #ddh ,a%1 ,engli% #fgb ,oak1 ,engli% #efj ,oak1 ,baltic #dha ---------------------------------------- ------- ,! factor ( safety = beams "u a cross /ra9 is "o-fif?4 ,,table ,,ii4--,con/ants 7,d7 = compression4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,d#c 9 lbs4 = ,d#d 9 lbs4 = ,mat]ial cru%+ only ,mat]ial flexure = long pill>s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wet ,dry ,spruce #f1dii to #f1hai ,spruce -- ,l>* 7fall5 two ,l>* #a1fde mon?s7 #c1bja to #e1efh ,fir1 ,riga #b1jce ,fir 7:ite deal7 #f1gha to #g1bic ,fir1 ,memel #b1cfa ,elm #aj1cca ,elm #a1fbj ,bir*1 ,engli% #c1big to #f1djb ,bir* -- ,bir*1 ,am]ican #aa1ffc ,a% #h1fhc to #i1cfc ,a% #a1hdj ,oak1 ,engli% #f1dhd to #aj1jeh ,oak1 ,engli% #b1jfh ,oak1 ,dantzic ,oak1 ,dantzic #b1daj 7v dry7 #g1gca ,pill>s ( m$ium l5g?--! con/ant = b5d+ is tak5 at #bi = all timb]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! work+ load on pill>s %\ld n be great] ?an "o-t5? ( ! break+ weight2 b if ! pill>s are us$ = tempor>y purposes1 & are ov] #ae & "u #cj diamet]s "o-eigh?1 & "u #ae diamet]s "o-fif? may be tak5 z ! factor ( safety4 ,,table ,,iii4--,! ,con/ants 7,e7 = ,break+ ,weight "u t5sional /ress4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,mat]ial ,e 9 lbs4 p] unit ( #a sq4 in* ,au?ority ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spruce #c1cfj ,l>* #c1cfj ,fir #c1cfj ,hur/ ,elm #d1dhj ,a% #d1dhj ,oak #f1gbj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! work+ load %\ld n exce$ "o-fif? ( ! weight t w\ld cause rupture4 ,beams subject to a ,transv]se ,/ra94--,! loads t act ^u a beam may be conc5trat$1 t is1 act+ at "o po9t1 or di/ribut$1 :i* means t ! load is ev5ly plac$ ov] ! entire l5g? ( ! beam or a portion ( ! beam4 ,an ev5ly di/ribut$ load is consid]$ to act at a po9t imm$iately bel[ its c5tre ( gravity4 ,if a beam c>ries sev]al loads !y are consid]$ to act at a po9t imm$iately bel[ ! resultant c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole4 ,beams may be fix$1 loose1 or cont9u\s4 ,:5 fix$ !y are built into ! /ructure2 if loose !y are support$ only2 & are cont9u\s :5 !y h m ?an two po9ts ( support 9 _! l5g?4 ,= practical purposes1 a cont9u\s beam may be consid]$ "o-half /rong] ?an :5 support$ at two po9ts only4 ,! /r5g? ( a solid rectangul> beam v>ies directly z its bread?1 ! squ>e ( its dep?1 & inv]sely z its l5g?4 ,! =mula = f9d+ ! break+ weight 7,b4,w47 ( a solid rectangul> beam support$ at ea* end & load$ at its c5tre is z foll[s3 ,b4,w4 7bd#b7_/l c :]e b bread? 9 in*es2 d#b dep? multipli$ by itself 9 in*es2 l l5g? ( beam betwe5 supports 9 feet2 c ! con/ant f\nd by exp]im5t on ! timb] 9 use4 ,example4--,f9d ! ,b4,w4 ( a solid rectangul> beam ( ,nor!rn fir1 #i 94 by #i 941 & #aj feet betwe5 supports1 load$ at its c5tre4 ,! con/ant = ,nor!rn fir 7,table ,i47 is #ddh4 ,b4,w4 7#i #ib7_/aj #ddh 7#i #i x #i x #ddh7_/aj #ad tons #aa;cwt4 #bqrs4 #aa-a_/e lbs4 ,"o-fif? ( ?is mu/ be tak5 z a safe load1 say #b tons #ah cwt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /r5g? ( a solid cyl9drical beam v>ies directly z its diamet] cub$1 & inv]sely z its l5g?4 ,! =mula = f9d+ ! break+ weight 7,b4,w47 ( a solid cyl9drical beam support$ at ea* end & load$ at its c5tre is z foll[s3 ,b4,w4 d#c_/l c #aj_/ag :]e d#c lea/ diamet] 9 in*es cub$2 l l5g? ( beam betwe5 supports 9 feet2 c ! con/ant f\nd by exp]im5t on rectangul> beams2 #aj_/ag ! proportion t cyl9drical beams be> to squ>e beams1 ,example4--,f9d ! ,b4,w4 ( a solid cyl9drical beam ( spruce fir #f in*es 9 diamet] & #d feet betwe5 supports4 ,! con/ant ,c = spruce fir is 7,table ,i47 #djc4 ,b4,w4 7#f #f #f #djc #aj7_/7d #ag7 #ab1hja-c_/ag lbs4 #e tons #ad cwt4 #aqr4 #e-c_/aglbs4 ,"o-fif? ( ?is mu/ be tak5 z a safe load1 say #a ton #b cwt4 #c qrs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb ,! above diagram 7fig4 #acb7 illu/rates ! supports & load+ ( ! beams j consid]$4 ,! foll[+ diagrams %[ beams v>i\sly support$ & load$1 & _! relative /r5g? to ! fir/4 ,by add+ to ! =mul already giv51 ! proportion t ^! foll[+ be> to ! fir/1 ! same =mul c be us$ = all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc ,beam support$ at bo? ends & load equally di/ribut$ be>s d\ble ( fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd ,beam fix$1 load 9 c5tre1 be>s half m ?an fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace ,beam fix$1 load ev5ly di/ribut$1 be>s triple ( fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf ,beam fix$ "o end only1 load on free end1 be>s a qu>t] ( fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg ,beam fix$ "o end only1 load ev5ly di/ribut$1 be>s half ( fig4 #acb4 ,to f9d ! effective l5g? ( a beam support$ at bo? ends :5 ! position ( ! load is v>i$3 ,rule4--,divide f\r times ! product ( ! di/ances ( ! load f bo? supports by ! :ole span1 9 feet4 ,example4--,f9d ! effective l5g? ( a beam ! supports ( :i* are #f feet ap>t1 ! load act+ at a po9t #a foot f its c5tre4 ,! di/ances ( ! load f ea* support 9 ?is case are #b feet & #d feet4 ,!re=e 7#b #d #d7_/f #e-a_/c feet1 effective l5g? ( beam4 ,po/s & ,/ruts subject to ,compression4#e--,po/s & /ruts1 :5 above #cj diamet]s 9 l5g?1 t5d to fail by b5d+ & subsequ5t cross break+4 ,:5 bel[ #cj & above #e diamet]s 9 l5g?1 _! weakness may p>tly be 9 _! b5d+ & p>tly by cru%+1 & :5 bel[ #e diamet]s 9 l5g? by cru%+ alone2 b1 z ^! latt] are r>ely met ) 9 scaffold+1 !y ne$ n be consid]$4 ,on ! resi/ance ( long po/s4--,to f9d ! greate/ weight1 ,w1 t a squ>e po/ ( #cj diamet]s & upw>ds w c>ry3 ,multiply ! f\r? p[] ( ! side ( ! po/ 9 in*es by ! value ( ,d 7,table ,,ii471 & divide by ! squ>e ( ! l5g? 9 feet4 ,! quoti5t w be ! weight requir$ 9 p\nds4 ,! =mula is z foll[s3 ,w 7d#d ,d7_/,l#b weight 9 lbs4 = squ>e po/s to resi/ b5d+1 :]e d dep? 9 in*es1 ,d con/ant 9 p\nds1 = flexure1 ,l l5g? 9 feet4 ,example4--,f9d ! weight t may be plac$ ^u a po/ ( elm #ab feet long & #d in*es squ>e4 ,! value ( ,d 7,table ,,ii47 be+ #a1fbj1 7#dd #a1fbj7_/abb 7#bef #a1fbj7_/add #b1hhj lbs4 ,"o-t5? ( ?is mu/ be tak5 z a safe work+ load #bhh lbs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /r5g? ( cyl9drical po/s is to squ>e ones z #aj is to #ag1 ! re/ ( ! =mula rema9+ ! same1 except t d diamet] ( po/ 9 in*es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! pill> is rectangul>4--,multiply ! great] side by ! cube ( ! less] 9 in*es1 & divide by ! squ>e ( ! l5g? 9 feet4 ,! quoti5t multipli$ by ! value ( ,d 7,table ,,ii47 w give ! weight :i* ! po/ w c>ry 9 p\nds4 ,! =mula is z foll[s3 ,w 7,,bt#c ,d7_/,l#b1 :]e ,b bread? ( po/ 9 in*es2 ,t lea/ ?ickness 9 in*es1 & ! re/ ( notation z be=e4 ,example4--,f9d ! weight t may be plac$ on a rectangul> po/ ( ,dantzic oak #h 94 by #f 94 & #ah feet long4 ,! value ( ,d 7,table ,,ii47 be+ #b1daj lbs41 7#h #fc #b1daj7_/ahb 7#h #baf #b1daj7_/cbd #ab1hec lbs4 ,! safe work+ load say1 #a1bhe lbs4 ,on ! /r5g? ( po/s ( m$ium l5g?4--,:5 a po/ is less ?an #cj1 b ov] #e1 diamet]s 9 l5g?1 & !re=e t5d+ to fail by cru%+ z well z by b5d+1 ! resi/ance to cru%+ is a consid]able proportion ( ! /r5g?4 ,?is mu/1 9 consequ5ce1 be all[$ = 9 any calculation = ! break+ weight4 ,to f9d ! weight t w\ld break a squ>e or rectangul> po/ ( betwe5 #e & #cj diamet]s 9 l5g?3 ,multiply ! area ( ! cross section ( ! po/ 9 squ>e in*es by ! weight 9 p\nds t w\ld cru% a %ort prism ( #a in* squ>e 7,table ,,ii471 & divide ! product by #aa add$ to ! squ>e ( ! l5g? 9 feet1 divid$ by #bi times ! squ>e ( ! lea/ ?ickness 9 in*es4 ,! =mula is z foll[s3 ,w ,,ds_/7#aa ,l#b_/,t#b #bi7 :]e ,d ! con/ant = ! resi/ance to cru%+4 ,s ! area ( ! cross section ( ! po/ 9 squ>e in*es4 #aa is a modification introduc$ 9 ord] t ! result may be 9 accord ) ! result ( exp]im5ts4 ,l ! l5g? ( ! po/ 9 feet4 ,t ! lea/ ?ickness 9 in*es4 #bi ! con/ant = ! resi/ance to b5d+1 & :i* is tak5 at t figure = all timb]s 7,table ,,ii474 ,example4--,f9d ! break+ weight ( a po/ ( ,dantzic oak #aj feet long & #f in*es squ>e4 ,! con/ant = ,dantzic oak 7,table ,,ii47 is #g1gca4 ,w 7#g1gca #cf7_/7aa #ajj_/7bi #cf77 #bgh1caf_/bje #ace1gfc lbs4 ,! factor safety is #a_/h4 ,!re=e ! safe load w be #af1igj lbs4 ,! /r5g? ( cyl9drical pill>s is to squ>e ones z #aj is to #ag4 ,braces & ,ties subject to a ,t5sional ,/ra94--,! weight t w produce fracture 9 a beam /ra9$ 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 is 9 proportion to ! area ( ! cross section ( ! beam multipli$ by ! weight t w\ld fracture a unit ( t area4 ,! =mula is z foll[s3 ,b4,w4 ,e ,s :]e ,e ! cohesive =ce 9 lbs4 p] unit ( #a squ>e in*1 z 9 ,table ,,iii4 ,s ! sectional area ( ! beam 9 squ>e in*es4 ,example4--,f9d ! ,b4,w4 ( a rectangul> elm brace #i 94 by #c 94 "u a t5sional /ra94 ,! value ( ,e 7,table ,,iii47 is #d1dhj4 ,b4,w4 #d1dhj #i #c #abj1ifj lbs4 ,"o-fif? ( ?is %\ld be tak5 z a safe load1 #bd1aib lbs4 #aj tons #af cwt4 :i* is ! safe load requir$4 ,to f9d ! sectional area ( a cyl9drical beam squ>e its diamet] & multiply by #ghed4 ,! effect ( fracture ( a memb] ( a scaffold dep5ds ^u its cause & ^u ! importance ( ! memb] de/roy$4 ,if ! fracture is caus$ by a live load1 say a heavy /one be+ sudd5ly plac$ ov] a putlog1 x is probable t ! susp5d+ rope1 if /ill atta*$1 w\ld prev5t m damage be+ done4 ,if ! fracture arose f an increas+ dead load1 say a /ack ( bricks be+ gradually built up by lab\r]s1 ! mass w\ld probably te> its way ?r\gh all ob/ructions4 ,nev]!less1 ! entire scaffold1 if well brac$ & /rutt$1 %\ld n come d[n1 ! damage rema9+ local4 ,! result ( fracture ( a /&>d "u direct cru%+ w\ld be some:at diff]5t1 z1 provid+ t ! scaffold is rigid1 ! great] /ra9 ?r[n ^u ! l$g]s1 due to ! increas$ di/ance betwe5 supports1 w\ld probably cause !m to fracture4 ,9 ?is case ! damage w\ld probably /ill rema9 local4 ,if1 ow+ to ! fracture1 ! effect ( ! brac+ 7 lo/1 ! :ole scaffold w\ld probably fail1 z %[n 9 ! *apt] on ,/ability4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! l$g]s1 toge!r ) ! putlogs :5 fix$ at bo? ends1 ap>t f c>ry+ ! loads1 h an important effect ^u ! /&>ds1 z1 :5 securely connect$1 !y divide ! uprights into a s]ies ( %ort po/s1 ?us dispell+ any likelihood ( fail+ by flexure4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,accid5ts ,! safety ( workm5 dep5ds n altoge!r ^u ! /ability & /r5g? ( a scaffold1 b also ^u ! use ( c]ta9 precautions :i*1 :ile n requisite = ! progress ( ! "w1 are mo/ necess>y = ! prev5tion ( accid5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach ,put briefly1 ! pr9cipal ( ^! precautions are3 ,ladd]s %\ld rise at lea/ #f feet #f in*es above ! top plat=m !y s]ve4 ,if ! ladd] is too %ort = ?is height to be all[$1 a ,t piece z fig4 #ach %\ld be fix$ across ! top ( ! ladd] to give w>n+ to ! workman t he has no high] h& hold4 ,ladd]s above #be feet 9 l5g? betwe5 foot & re/ %\ld be /ay$ 9 ! c5tre to prev5t sagg+4 ,! /ay %\ld be a wood5 %aft ) an iron clip4 ,by clipp+ ! rung z %[n 9 fig4 #aci !y d n meet ! workman's h&s & feet :5 climb+4 ,! same effect is ga9$ :5 ! top ( ! ladd] rises consid]ably above ! po9t ( re/1 by /ay+ z %[n on fig4 #adj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj ,ladd]s %\ld h a level foot+ & be firmly ti$ to ! po9t ( re/4 ,work+ plat=ms %\ld be fitt$ ) gu>d rails along ! outside & at ! ends1 at a height ( #c feet #f in*es f ! plat=m4 ,!y may be tempor>ily remov$ = ! l&+ ( ! workm5 & mat]ial1 al?\gh x is n always necess>y to d s 9 ! latt] case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada ,if a well is left 9 ! work+ plat=m ?r\gh :i* to hoi/ mat]ial1 ! op5+ %\ld be gu>d$ ) rails z = ! outside & ends4 ,a well hole1 if likely to be ( p]man5t use1 %\ld be fitt$ ) a h+$ flap door1 t c be %ut d[n z requir$4 ,bo>ds on edge %\ld be fitt$ on ! outside & ends ( work+ plat=ms1 & %\ld rise above ! plat=m at lea/ #g in*es4 ,?is w all[ ( a #i-;in* bo>d be+ us$ /&+ on ! putlogs4 ,!y %\ld n be fix$ ne> ladd]s :]e ! workm5 l&4 ,additional bo>ds %\ld be plac$ at ! back ( any /ack ( bricks or o!r mat]ial 9 ord] to prev5t x fall+ (f ! scaffold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb ,edge bo>ds are usually nail$ to ! /&>ds4 ,on expos$ situations x is bett] to tie !m1 z ! w9d1 cont9ually act+ on _! surface1 w 9 "t draw ! nails4 ,plat=m bo>ds1 :5 lapp+1 frequ5tly lose _! place1 be+ kick$ by ! workm5 dur+ _! progress ab\t ! scaffold4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! bo>ds assume ! position %[n on fig4 #ada1 & :at is kn[n z a trap is =m$4 ,! dang] ( a trap is %[n on fig4 #adb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc ,plat=m bo>ds to be safe f tilt+1 %\ld n project m ?an #f in*es beyond ! putlogs4 ,at ?is di/ance ! weight ( ! workman is mo/ ov] ! putlog1 & ev5 if he /ood on ! extreme edge1 exp]im5ts h %[n t 8 weight is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! weight & l5g? ( an ord9>y bo>d4 ,:]e scaffold bo>ds are us$ z a means ( communication betwe5 "o "p ( ! scaffold & ano!r !y %\ld be laid 9 pairs1 s z to =m 'runs' at lea/ #ah in*es wide4 ,to prev5t unequal sagg+ !y %\ld be /rapp$ on ! "u side4 ,x w\ld be bett] to h prop]ly con/ruct$ gangways & mo/ decid$ly saf]4 ',bridg+ runs' = b>r[s are usually ?ree bo>ds wide4 ,five bo>ds wide is bett]1 &1 z previ\sly %[n1 !y %\ld be jo9$ to prev5t unequal sagg+4 ,c5t]+ %\ld be c>ri$ on supports :i* rise f a solid f\ndation 7fig4 #adc74 ,! practice ( tru/+ ! supports to keep _! position "u pressure f ! /ay ,a 7fig4 #add71 or by be+ spik$ to ! new "w1 is to be regrett$1 z ! only reason = its use is to effect a v slight sav+ ( timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade ,! v>i\s knots1 ty+s1 m>ry+s1 c41 %\ld be c>efully wat*$1 z1 if us$ 9 a damp condition1 ! cordage relaxes consid]ably :5 dry+4 ,! scaffold] %\ld h in/ructions to exam9e c>efully all cordage 9 use & tight5 ! same z requir$4 ,! use ( s\nd plant %\ld be insi/$ ^u4 ,defective plant %\ld be at once m>k$1 s t its use _c be unkn[+ly cont9u$4 ,only ! scaffold] or 8 assi/ant %\ld be all[$ to erect1 alt] or adapt ! scaffold+ = its diff]5t purposes4 ,_m accid5ts1 aga91 occur ow+ to ! scaffold+ hav+ be5 alt]$ dur+ a tempor>y abs5ce ( ! me*anic1 & ! recon/ruction n hav+ be5 made safe by 8 return4 ,?is mo/ frequ5tly happ5s :5 ! scaffold+ is n "u ! *>ge ( "o responsible p]son4 ,no work+ plat=m %\ld be us$ by ! me*anic until its con/ruction is complete4 ,suffici5t plant %\ld be on ! job to enable ?is to be done )\t di/urb+ ! plat=m already 9 use4 ,scaffolds %\ld n be heavily load$4 ,ap>t f ! risk ( ! timb]s fail+1 ! weight1 9 ! case ( ! bricklay]s' scaffold1 has a bad effect ^u ! new "w4 ,fan gu>ds1 z %[n on fig4 #ade1 are usually erect$ 9 urban di/ricts to safegu>d ! public f fall+ mat]ial4 ,!re is no reason :y1 = ! safety ( ! workm51 !y %\ld n be always fix$4 ,due c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ by ! workm5 !mselves1 & obs]vance made to ! unwritt5 rules ( exp]i5ce4 ,! foll[+ in/ance is giv5 z an illu/ration ( :at is meant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf ,a scaffold] requir+ a pole c>ri$ x f po9t ,a on fig4 #adf to po9t ,b4 ,he c>elessly c>ri$ x ^u 8 "r %\ld]1 & 9 turn+ ! corn] ! pole hit aga9/ ! /&>d ,c1 ! recoil knock+ him (f ! scaffold4 ,if he _h c>ri$ ! pole on 8 left %\ld] he w\ld h fall5 inw>dly on ! bo>ds1 & 8 life w\ld n h be5 lo/4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,legal ,,matt]s ,,affect+ ,,scaffold+4 ,,local ,,bye-,,laws ,regulations gov]n+ ! erection ( scaffold+ h be5 made by _m ( ! pr9cipal ,local ,au?orities 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,_! purpose is to safegu>d ! public us+ ! ?or\ghf>es ne> :i* ! /ructures are built4 ,^? issu$ by ! ,city ,corporation ( ,london are summ>is$ z foll[s3-- ,,corporation ,,( ,,london ,,regulations ,,= ,,scaffolds ,,applications ,ea* application = a scaffold is to be ent]$ 9 a book1 ) head+s = ! foll[+ in=mation3-- ,"n ( /reet or place1 & numb] ( h\se4 ,nature ( "w to be execut$4 ,area ( gr\nd level ( new premises to be built1 or old premises l>gely alt]$4 ,numb] ( /oreys1 includ+ gr\nd floor1 if new premises are to be built or old premises alt]$4 ,l5g? ( scaffold+ ne$$4 ,"t = :i* lic5se is reque/$4 ,"n & address ( ,own]4 ,"n & address ( ,ar*itect4 ,"n & address ( ,build]4 ,date ( ,application4 ,signature ( ,applicant4 ,,regulations ,! ,inspector ( ,pavem5ts is to report 9 ! application book ! "t he ?9ks ne$ful = ! scaffold to be lic5s$2 ! lic5se is !n to be made out1 & ! conditions ent]$ 9 ! book by ! ,eng9e]'s ,cl]k4 ,if !re is disagreem5t betwe5 ! applicant & ! ,inspector1 z to ! "t ne$$1 ! ,eng9e] w decide4 ,no scaffold is to project beyond ! foot-way pavem5t :]e x is n>r[1 nor m ?an #f feet :]e x is wide en\gh to admit ( su* projection2 any deviation on acc\nt ( special reasons is to be /at$ ^u ! lic5se4 ,no scaffold is to be enclos$ s z to prev5t pass5g]s pass+ "u x4 ,! l[] /ages ( scaffolds are to be close or d\bly plank$2 ea* /age to h fan & edge bo>ds1 & su* o!r precautions to be tak5 z ! ,inspector ( ,pavem5ts requires1 to prev5t dirt or wet fall+ ^u ! public1 or = ! public safety4 ,no mat]ials are to be deposit$ bel[ any scaffold4 ,:]e practicable or ne$$1 a bo>d$ plat=m1 #d feet wide1 & z mu* wid] z may be necess>y = ! traffic1 ) /\t po/ rails1 & :eel k]bs on ! outside ( x1 are to be con/ruct$ outside ! scaffold1 z ! ,inspector may direct4 ,:]e x is necess>y 9 ! public int]e/1 applicants %all =m a gantry1 /age1 or bridge ov] ! public-way1 if requir$1 s z to all[ ! foot pass5g]s to pass b5ea? x4 ,! gantry is to be d\ble plank$1 & s con/ruct$ z to prev5t du/1 rubbi%1 or wat] fall+ ^u ! foot pass5g]s1 & ! lic5see %all keep ! public-way b5ea? x clean to ! satisfaction ( ! ,inspector4 ,scaffolds are to be wat*$ & light$ at night4 ,all fire hydrants mu/ be left un5clos$ 9 recesses =m$ ( su* size & 9 su* mann] z may enable ! hydrant to be easily got at & us$4 ,public lamps are n to be enclos$ )\t ! p]mission ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,:5 su* enclosure is p]mitt$1 ! applicant %all put a lamp or lamps tempor>ily outside ! scaffold1 s t ! public-way may be prop]ly light$4 ,! lic5see %all und]take to employ & pay ! ,contractors to ! ,corporation to make good ! pavem5ts1 lamps1 & all works di/urb$1 to ! satisfaction ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,lic5ses are n all[$ to be transf]r$4 ,o!r cities h simil> regulations1 b are n g5]ally s complete 9 detail4 ,scaffold+s4--,! ,burgh ,police 7,scotl&7 ,act ( #aijc 7#c ,edw4 ,,vii41 *4 #cc7 conta9s among its g5]al clauses ! foll[+3-- ,sec4 #cb4--,! dean ( guild c\rt %all on ! application ( ! burgh surveyor h p[] to prohibit & /op ! erection1 use1 or employm5t1 & to ord] ! alt]ation or removal ( any crane1 scaffold+1 /ag+1 or %or+ 9 or connect$ ) ! con/ruction & erection1 or ! demolition1 alt]ation1 repair1 or secur+ ( any new or exi/+ build+1 or 9 or connect$ ) any excavation = ! purpose ( any "w au?oris$ by ! dean ( guild c\rt1 :]e su* crane1 scaffold+1 /ag+ or %or+ is1 or is likely to be1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! burgh surveyor1 a s\rce ( dang]4 ,sec4 #ajc4--';,dean ( guild c\rt' %all1 9 ?is ,act1 z reg>ds burghs :]e !re is no dean ( guild c\rt1 mean ! t[n c\ncil4 ,! above ,act applies to ,scotl& only1 & ! section m5tion$ fir/ is c>ri$ out only s f> z x affects ! safety ( ! public at l>ge4 ,,factory ,,& ,,work%op ,,act1 #aija ,section #aje ( ! above ,act1 s f> z x relates to build+s1 reads z foll[s3-- ,,build+s #aje4--7a74 ,! provisions ( ?is ,act ) respect to-- 7#a7 p[] to make ord]s z to dang]\s ma*9es 7section #ag72 7#b7 accid5ts 7sections #ai-bb72 7#c7 regulations = dang]\s trades 7sections #gi-hf72 7#d7 p[]s ( inspection 7section #aai72 & 7#e7 f9es 9 case ( dea? or injury 7section #acf7 %all h effect z if any premises on :i* ma*9]y work$ by /eam1 wat]1 or o!r me*anical p[]1 is tempor>ily us$ = ! purpose ( ! con/ruction ( a build+ or any /ructural "w 9 connection ) a build+ 7 includ$ 9 ! ^w 'factory1' & ! purpose = :i* ! ma*9]y is us$ 7 a manufactur+ process1 & z if ! p]son :o1 by himself1 8 ag5ts1 or workm51 tempor>ily uses any su* ma*9]y = ! be=e-m5tion$ purpose 7 ! occupi] ( ! said premises2 & = ! purpose ( ! en=cem5t ( ^? provisions ! p]son s us+ any su* ma*9]y %all be deem$ to be ! occupi] ( a factory4 7#b74 ,! provisions ( ?is ,act ) respect to notice ( accid5ts1 & ! =mal inve/igation ( accid5ts1 %all h effect z if any build+ :i* exce$s #cj feet 9 height1 & :i* is be+ con/ruct$ or repair$ by means ( a scaffold+ 444 7 includ$ 9 ! ^w 'factory1' & z if 444 ! employ] ( ! p]sons engag$ 9 ! con/ruction or repair 444 7 ! occupi] ( a factory4 ,x w be notic$ t ! provisions ( ! ,act are m /r+5t = build+s :i* are be+ con/ruct$ or repair$ by ma*9]y1 & t ^! build+s come )9 ! provisions ( ! ,act :e!r or n !y exce$ ! limit ( #cj feet4 ,! provisions ( ! ,act z m5tion$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is section h be5 embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ ab/ract1 issu$ f ! ,home ,(fice1 ,janu>y #aijb4 ,=m #eg4f ,janu>y #aijb4 ,,factory ,,& ,,work%op ,,act1 #aija ,ab/ract ( ! provisions ( ! ,act z to ,,build+s ,,9 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,or ,,repair ,h4,m4 ,,inspector ,,( ,,factories1 ,to :om ,communications & ,notices %\ld be address$ ,h4,m4 ,,sup]9t5d+ ,,inspector ,,( ,,factories ,h4,m4 ,,*ief ,,inspector ,,( ,,ar?ur ,,:itelegge1 ,,factories ,,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,home ,(fice1 ,london1 ,s4 ,w4 ,,c]tify+ ,,surgeon ,c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 includ+ ^? :i* are /at$ bel[1 apply z if any premises on :i* ma*9]y work$ by me*anical p[] is tempor>ily us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a build+1 or 9 /ructural "w 9 connection ) a build+1 7 a factory1 & z if ! purpose = :i* ! ma*9]y is us$ 7 a manufactur+ process4 ,= ! purpose ( ! en=cem5t ( ^? provisions1 ! p]son s us+ 7by himself1 8 ag5ts1 or workm57 any su* ma*9]y is deem$ to be ! occupi] ( a factory4 ,9 ! case ( build+s ov] #cj feet 9 height1 :i* are be+ con/ruct$ or repair$ by means ( scaffold+1 p>agraphs #d & #f apply 9 l mann]1 :e!r ma*9]y be us$ or n2 & = ! purpose ( _! en=cem5t ! employ] ( ! p]sons engag$ 9 ! con/ruction or repair is deem$ to be ! occupi] ( a factory4 ,! provisions /at$ bel[ apply also to any private l9e or sid+ us$ 9 connection ) a build+ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction or repair z above4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang]\s ,ma*9]y or ,plant4 #a4--;,if any "p ( ! ways1 works1 ma*9]y1 or plant 7includ+ a /eam boil]7 is 9 su* condition t x _c be us$ )\t dang] to life or limb1 a ,c\rt ( ,summ>y ,jurisdiction may1 on compla9t ( an ,inspector1 make an ord] prohibit+ x f be+ us$1 absolutely or until x is duly repair$ or alt]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang]\s ,processes4 #b4--;,if any ma*9]y1 plant1 process1 or description ( manual lab\r is dang]\s or injuri\s to heal?1 or dang]\s to life or limb1 regulations may be made by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,/eam ,boil]s4 #c4--;,e /eam boil] mu/ 7a7 be ma9ta9$ 9 prop] condition1 & 7b7 h a prop] safety-valve1 /eam-gauge1 & wat]-gauge1 all ma9ta9$ 9 prop] condition1 & 7c7 be ?or\ghly exam9$ by a compet5t p]son e #ad mon?s4 ,a sign$ report ( ! result ( ! exam9ation mu/ be ent]$ )9 #ad days 9 a ,regi/] to be kept = ! purpose 9 ! premises 7,=m #gcg74 ,sid5ote3 ,accid5ts4 #gd4--,:5 !re occurs 9 ! premises any accid5t :i* causes to a p]son employ$ !re9 su* injury z to prev5t him on any "o ( ! ?ree work+ days next aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! accid5t f be+ employ$ = five h\rs on 8 ord9>y "w1 writt5 ,notice 7,=m #dcg7 mu/ be s5t =?) to ,h4,m4 ,inspector = ! di/rict4 #e4--;,e su* accid5t mu/ also be ent]$ 9 a ,regi/] to be kept = ! purpose 9 ! premises 7,=m #gcg74 #f4--;,if ! accid5t is fatal1 or is produc$ by ma*9]y mov$ by p[]1 or by a vat or pan conta9+ hot liquid1 or by explosion1 or by escape ( gas or /eam1 writt5 ,notice 7,=m #dcg7 mu/ also be s5t =?) to ! ,c]tify+ ,surgeon = ! di/rict4 ,sid5ote3 ,returns4 #g4--;,if s requir$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 a return ( ! p]sons employ$ mu/ be s5t to ,h4,m4 ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories at su* times & ) su* p>ticul>s z may be direct$4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[]s ( ,inspectors4 #h4--;,h4,m4 ,inspectors h p[] to inspect e "p ( ! premises by day or by night4 ,!y may require ! production ( regi/]s1 c]tificates1 & o!r pap]s4 ,!y may exam9e any p]son f\nd 9 ! premises ei!r alone or 9 ! pres5ce ( any o!r p]son z !y ?9k fit1 & may require him to sign a decl>ation ( ! tru? ( ! matt]s ab\t :i* he is exam9$4 ,!y may also ex]cise su* o!r p[]s z may be necess>y = c>ry+ ! ,act into effect4 ,e p]son ob/ruct+ an ,inspector1 or refus+ to answ] 8 que/ions1 is liable to a p5alty4 ,! limit+ height ( #cj feet has be5 ins]t$ = ! reason1 app>5tly1 t x 0 n consid]$ desirable to br+ ^? m9or accid5ts :i* might reasonably be expect$ to occur on ! small] build+s into notice4 ,,notice ,,( ,,accid5ts ,,act1 #aijf ,c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija1 h rec5tly be5 repeal$1 viz4 ,sec4 #ai1 :i* deals ) ! notification ( accid5ts4 ,! repeal+ ,act1 & :i* conta9s clauses replac+ ! section1 is kn[n z ,notice ( ,accid5ts ,act1 #aijf1 :i* came into op]ation on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y #aijg4 ,! f\r? section1 :i* applies to build+s1 reads z foll[s3-- ,sec4 #d4--7a7 ,:]e any accid5t occurs 9 a factory or work%op :i* is ei!r-- 7a7 an accid5t caus+ loss ( life to a p]son employ$ 9 ! factory or work%op2 or 7b7 an accid5t due to any ma*9]y mov$ by me*anical p[]1 or to molt5 metal1 hot liquid explosion1 escape ( gas or /eam1 or to electricity1 & s disabl+ any p]son employ$ 9 ! factory or work%op z to cause him to be abs5t ?r\gh\t at lea/ "o :ole day f 8 ord9>y "w2 or 7c7 an accid5t due to any o!r special cause :i* ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may specify by ord]1 & caus+ su* disablem5t z a=esaid2 or 7d7 an accid5t disabl+ = m ?an sev5 days a p]son employ$ 9 ! factory or work%op f work+ at 8 ord9>y "w1 writt5 notice ( ! accid5t1 9 su* =m & accompani$ by su* p>ticul>s z ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate prescribes1 %all =?) be s5t to ! inspector ( ! di/rict & also 9 ! case ( ! accid5ts m5tion$ 9 p>agraphs 7a7 & 7b7 ( ?is subsection1 & 7if ! ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate specify+ ! special cause s requires7 ( accid5ts m5tion$ 9 p>agraph 7c71 to ! c]tify+ surgeon ( ! di/rict4 7#b7 ,if any accid5t caus+ disablem5t is notifi$ "u ?is section1 & aft] notification !re( results 9 ! dea? ( ! p]son disabl$1 notice 9 writ+ ( ! dea? %all be s5t to ! inspector z soon z ! dea? comes to ! k ( ! occupi] ( ! factory or work%op4 7#c7 ,if any notice ) respect to an accid5t 9 a factory or work%op requir$ to be s5t by ?is section is n s5t z s requir$1 ! occupi] ( ! factory or work%op %all be liable to a f9e n exce$+ t5 p\nds4 7#d7 ,if any accid5t to :i* ?is section applies occurs to a p]son employ$ 9 a factory or work%op ! occupi] ( :i* is n ! actual employ] ( ! p]son kill$ or injur$1 ! actual employ] %all imm$iately report ! same to ! occupi]1 & 9 default %all be liable to a f9e n exce$+ five p\nds4 7#e7 ,! =ego+ provisions ( ?is section %all be sub/itut$ = section n9ete5 ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija4h ,?is am5dm5t1 z be=e /at$1 r5d]s ,"p #d ( ! ,ab/ract inop]ative4 ,! ,notice ( ,accid5ts ,act also imposes new duties ^u employ]s4 ,section #e reads z foll[s3-- ,sec4 #e4--7a7 ,if ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate consid]s t1 by reason ( ! risk ( s]i\s injury to p]sons employ$1 x is exp$i5t t notice %\ld be giv5 "u ?is ,act 9 e case ( any special class ( explosion1 fire1 collapse ( build+s1 accid5ts to ma*9]y or plant1 or o!r occurr5ces 9 a m9e or qu>ry1 or 9 a factory or work%op1 includ+ any place :i* = ! purpose ( ! provisions ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija1 ) respect to accid5ts is a factory or work%op1 or is includ$ 9 ! ^w 'factory' or 'work%op1' or is "p ( a factory or work%op1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may by ord] ext5d ! provisions ( ?is ,act requir+ notice ( accid5ts to be giv5 to an inspector to any class ( occurr5ces1 :e!r p]sonal injury or disablem5t is caus$ or n1 &1 :]e any su* ord] is made1 ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all h effect z ext5d$ by ! ord]4 7#b7 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may by any su* ord] all[ ! requir$ notice ( any occurr5ce to :i* ! ord] relates1 in/ead ( be+ s5t =?)1 to be s5t )9 ! "t limit$ by ! ord]4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 act+ "u ?is section1 issu$ an ord] 9 ,decemb] #aijf :i* /ipulates t su* an occurr5ce z ! break+ ( a rope1 *a91 or o!r appliance us$ = rais+ or l[]+ p]sons or goods by means ( me*anical p[] %\ld be =?) notifi$ on ,=m #dc by ! occupi] ( ! factory to ! ,inspector = ! di/rict4 ,,report ,,by ,,an ,,inspector ,,( ,,! ,,home ,,(fice ,,on ,,build+ ,,accid5ts ,"u ,sections #gi-he ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is emp[]$ to make regulations = any description ( manual lab\r t is dang]\s or injuri\s to heal?1 or dang]\s to life or limb4 ,no regulations = ! build+ trade h z yet be5 made1 b 9 ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories' ,annual ,report = #aije a numb] ( sugge/ions made by a memb] ( ! factory dep>tm5t 7 pr9t$ = ! guidance ( ^? engag$ 9 build+ op]ations4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,all work+ plat=ms f :i* x is possible = a workman or mat]ial1 tools1 & plant to fall a di/ance ( m ?an #h feet %\ld1 be=e employm5t takes place !reon1 be provid$ ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g? bo? on ! inside & outside1 & at ! ends-- 7a7 ) a gu>d-rail fix$ at a height ( #c feet #f in*es above ! scaffold bo>ds2 7b7 ) bo>ds fix$ s t _! bottom edges re/ on or abut to ! scaffold bo>ds4 ,! bo>ds s fix$ %all rise above ! work+ plat=m n less ?an #g in*es4 ,always provid+-- 7i7 t :]e ! work+ plat=m is fix$ )9 a di/ance ( #ab in*es f ! build+s1 ! gu>d-rail & bo>ds ne$ n be suppli$ to ! inw>d side2 7ii7 t :]e x is necess>y to deposit ^u ! work+ plat=m mat]ial :i* c\ld n be deposit$ !reon if ! gu>d-rail & bo>ds 7 fix$1 ! gu>d-rail & bo>ds may be remov$ = ?is purpose2 7iii7 t ! gu>d-rail & bo>ds ne$ n be fix$ )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ea* side ( any ladd] :i* provides a means ( access to ! work+ plat=m2 7iv7 t ! gu>d-rail & bo>ds may be remov$ betwe5 any two /&>ds betwe5 :i* mat]ial is be+ l&$2 7v7 t ! gu>d-rail may be consid]$ unnecess>y :]e additional bo>ds on edge are fix$ to a height ( #c feet #f in*es4 ,! reason = ! limit ( #h feet is z foll[s3-- ,! fir/ plat=m is g5]ally #e to #f feet above ! gr\nd & ! mat]ial requir$ on t plat=m c be plac$ ^u x f ! gr\nd level4 ,if ?is is done safegu>ds are 9 ! way4 ,b on ! second plat=m ab\t #aj feet high ?is w\ld n hold good1 & f t po9t safegu>ds %\ld be provid$4 ,gu>d-rails %\ld be rigid1 & n movable z w\ld be ! case if a rope or *a9 7 fix$4 ,workm5 are us$ to rigidity 9 _! surr\nd+s1 & _! s5se ( safety is increas$ by ! use ( rigid rails4 ,x w\ld also be difficult to keep ropes at ! requir$ height z !y l5g!n 9 dry wea!r4 ,bo>ds to be plac$ on edge are usually #i in*es wide2 !re=e a rise ( #g in*es c easily be provid$1 ev5 :5 ! bo>ds butt to ! plat=m by re/+ on ! putlogs4 ,9 expos$ situations !y are bett] ti$ into position ?an nail$ z nails draw "u w9d pressure4 ,a scaffold is usually )9 a few in*es ( ! build+1 except :]e breaks 9 ! wall ( ! erection occur1 s t rails & edge bo>ds are n usually necess>y on ! inside ( ! plat=m4 ,9 all[+ a reasonable di/ance on ea* side ( a ladd]1 consid]ation mu/ be giv5 n only = ! l&+ ( workm5 b also = mat]ial be+ c>ri$2 #d or #e feet %\ld be suffici5t4 #b4 ,all bridg+ runs betwe5 diff]5t portions ( a scaffold or build+1 & f :i* a workman c\ld fall a di/ance ( m ?an #h feet1 %\ld be n less ?an #ah in*es wide4 ,if compos$ ( two or m bo>ds !y %\ld be fa/5$ toge!r 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t unequal sagg+4 ,! ^w 'bridg+' is us$ to diff]5tiate f ^? runs :i* are cont9u\sly support$ along ! top ( a wall or 9 o!r ways4 ,"s discretion %\ld be us$ z to ! prev5tion ( unequal sagg+4 ,if ! runs h frequ5t supports1 say e #c feet1 ! sagg+ w\ld be s slight z to be negligible4 ,:]e necess>y1 9 lieu ( a prop]ly con/ruct$ gangway1 wood5 /raps screw$ on ! "u side & at "r angles to ! run w\ld be satisfactory4 #c4 ,scaffold bo>ds =m+ "p ( a work+ plat=m or run %\ld be c>ri$ at ea* end by a putlog or simil> support & %\ld n project m ?an #f in*es beyond x unless lapp$ by o!r bo>ds :i* %\ld re/ p>tly on or ov] ! same putlog & p>tly ^u putlogs o!r ?an ^? ^u :i* ! support$ bo>d re/s4 ,always provid+3--,t ?is sugge/ion %\ld n apply to any projection at ! ends ( ! work+ plat=m & simil> places effectively gu>d$4 ,?is sugge/ion is int5d$ to prev5t ! =mation ( traps1 t is3 bo>ds s laid ^u ! putlogs t !y w\ld tilt "u pressure4 ,traps are ! cause ( accid5ts f :i* ! victims h little *ance ( escape1 = :5 on a plat=m x is n easy to asc]ta9 h[ ! plat=m is support$4 ,also1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t workm5 d n always note ! position ( ! putlogs :i* support !m4 ,ev5 :5 orig9ally well laid1 bo>ds (t5 lose _! position unless !y are butt$1 & ?is means t con/ant sup]vision %\ld be giv5 to _! position by ! scaffold]4 ,:5 butt$1 ! putlogs at ! bo>d ends %\ld be )9 #ab in*es ( ea* o!r & ! bo>ds giv5 an equal projection1 o!rwise !y may tilt4 ,al?\gh ?is may n result 9 su* a s]i\s accid5t z :5 ! bo>ds lap ea* o!r1 x /ill rema9s a dang] to be avoid$4 #d4 ,ladd]s us$ z a means ( communication 91 on1 or ab\t a scaffold or build+ "u con/ruction or repair %\ld rise at lea/ #f feet above ! place !y give access to4 ,:5 climb+ a ladd] a man's arms are at ab\t "r angles to 8 body1 b to l& x is easi] & !re=e saf] to raise !m some:at high]4 ,!re=e ! limit ( #f feet w\ld be safe except to a tall man4 ,a piece ( wood or rope nail$ at ! top ( a %ort ladd] w\ld h[ev] give notice t !re 0 no high] h& hold4 #e4 ,ladd]s us$ z a means ( communication 91 on1 or ab\t a scaffold or build+ "u con/ruction or repair %\ld h a level & solid foot+ & be securely fix$ at ! top po9t ( re/4 ,a firmly fix$ w$ge w usually supply a level-foot+4 ,a slop+ pavem5t g5]ally causes ?is dang] :5 ! ladd] is n /&+ at "r angles to ! incl9e4 ,a solid foot+ is also mo/ necess>y4 ,ladd]s are sometimes se5 rais$ ^u a /ack ( loose bricks or o!r simil> mat]ial1 :i* is a mo/ dang]\s practice4 ,ladd]s c be fix$ 9 v>i\s ways3-- 7a7 by lodgm5t on a suitable "p ( ! build+1 say )9 an embrasure2 7b7 by ty+ to ! highe/ po9t ( re/2 7c7 by ! use ( guy ropes to adjac5t p>ts ( ! build+4 ,z to-- 7a7 ,?is is a fairly satisfactory me?od & is saf] ) long & !re=e heavy ladd]s1 ! weight be+ helpful to keep ! prop] position4 7b7 is ! mo/ secure b n always possible4 7c7 all[s ( consid]able play1 b is fairly safe if ! ladd] has a fix$ foot+4 #f4 ,no ladd] s]v+ z a means ( communication 91 on1 or ab\t a scaffold or build+ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction or repair %\ld h an additional small] ladd] atta*$ to or splic$ on to x = ! purpose ( obta9+ extra l5g?4 ,ladd]s are (t5 splic$ especially = light "w4 ,! dang] arises f ! displacem5t ( ! usual h&hold & also foo?old1 if ! ty+ slips or gives suffici5tly1 s t ! rungs1 :]e ! lap takes place1 are n on ! same level4 #g4 ,op5+s )9 ! work+ plat=ms ?r\gh :i* workm5 c\ld fall a di/ance great] ?an #h feet %\ld be surr\nd$ ) a gu>d-rail fix$ at a height ( #c feet #f in*es above ! work+ plat=m4 ,a gu>d-rail may at times int]f]e ) ! free use ( ! plat=m1 & :]e ?is occurs an alt]native is to fit ! well hole ) trap doors :i* c be clos$ :5 ! well is out ( use4 #h4 ,no loose putlogs or o!r timb]s %\ld be all[$ to rema9 project+ f ! face ( ! scaffold :]e hoi/+ or l[]+ ( mat]ial or plant is c>ri$ on4 ,! dang] f any project+ timb]s is a real "o4 ,if loose ! transport ( mat]ial may di/urb x by contact1 or ! mat]ial itself may fall4 ,! face ( ! scaffold w\ld be an imag9>y l9e drawn f /&>d to /&>d on _! outside4 #i4 ,baskets :5 load$ %\ld n be slung f ! h&les only1 b ! sl+ %\ld be pass$ r\nd ! bottom ( ! basket4 ,provid$ always t if means h be5 tak5 9 ! con/ruction ( ! basket to prev5t its h&les & bottom break+ out1 ?is sugge/ion ne$ n apply4 ,sev]al baskets are n[ on ! m>ket ) wire ropes c4 us$ 9 _! con/ruction1 & :i* prev5t ! h&les c4 break+ away4 ,! life ( an ord9>y basket 9 con/ant use av]ages ab\t a =tnight1 b mu* dep5ds ^u ! mat]ial c>ri$1 slates1 = in/ance1 hav+ a p>ticul>ly we>+ effect4 #aj4 ,all poles be=e be+ us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! scaffold %\ld be b>k$4 ,?is is g5]ally done1 b is imp]ative :5 ! poles are to be us$ z /&>ds4 ,if n ripp$ (f ! b>k acts z a %ea? to ! pole1 & hav+ little adhesion !reto w slip "u pressure su* z is ex]t$ by ! l$g]s4 #aa4 ,no "w %\ld take place on a work+ plat=m until its con/ruction is complete1 unless ! portion incomplete is effectively gu>d$ f ! m5 us+ x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( build+1 ! work+ plat=ms h to be rais$ z ! "w progresses4 ,x is at ^! times t ! dang]s arise :i* ! above sugge/ion is int5d$ to prev5t4 ,z a rule only "o plat=m is completely %eet$ 7i4e41 bo>d$7 at a "t1 & 9 ! transition /age ( rais+ ! plat=m ! workm5 are tempt$ to proce$ ) _! "w be=e x is complet$ & safegu>d$4 ,! rem$y is = ! use ( additional timb]4 #ab4 ,no alt]ation ( or int]f]5ce ) ! con/ruction ( ! scaffold %\ld be made except ) ! au?ority ( a responsible p]son4 ,on small jobs ! g5]al =eman %\ld take responsibility 9 ?is connection4 ,on l>ge works1 :]e a =eman scaffold] is engag$1 x %\ld be 8 bus9ess to sup]9t5d all alt]ations4 #ac4 ,all plant %\ld be con/antly exam9$1 & if any be f\nd defective x %\ld be dispos$ ( 9 su* a mann] t its use _c be cont9u$ unkn[+ly4 ,_m build]s h no objection to ! total de/ruction ( m9or details ( plant f\nd defective :5 ! same is ord]$ by ! =eman4 ,no g5]al sy/em ( m>k+ defective plant is 9 use1 b a good plan is to arrange = its removal f ! build+1 c>e be+ tak5 t its return to ! y>d z defective %\ld be made kn[n to ^? conc]n$4 #ad4 ,9 su* places :]e ! scaffold+ has n be5 erect$ by ! direct employ] ( ! m5 us+ x1 or :]e its managem5t has n be5 "u 8 p]sonal or deput$ control or sup]vision1 he %\ld satisfy himself ei!r p]sonally or by 8 ag5ts be=e all[+ 8 employees to "w !reon t ! =ego+ sugge/ions are kept 9 =ce on t portion ( ! scaffold & build+ ) :i* he is conc]n$4 ,?is sugge/ion has a simil> int5tion to ! foll[+ clause (t5 embodi$ 9 build+ contracts4 ,x reads z foll[s3-- ',! sub-contractor %all h ! use 9 common ) ! workm5 ( ! contractors & ( o!r sub-contractors ( exi/+ scaffold+ only4 ,! sub-contractor %all1 h[ev]1 satisfy himself t any scaffold+ us$ = ! purpose ( ?is contract is fit & prop] = 8 purpose & %all be solely responsible = any accid5ts :i* may result f ! us] ( su* scaffold+ or plant to himself or m5 9 8 employ4' ,x is ( c\rse unnecess>y to add t accid5ts w occur ev5 :5 ! greate/ att5tion & c>e are ex]cis$4 ,!re is frequ5tly no o!r reason = mi%aps ?an ov]work1 ru%+1 misdirect$ economy 9 plant1 &1 x may be add$1 intoxicat+ liquors4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! =eman 9 ^! matt]s4 ,!y are (t5 fir/-rate manag]s ( ma*9]y1 h an excell5t k ( ! be/ means ( c>ry+ out "w1 & n cont5t ) _! exi/+ reputations attempt to be also successful driv]s ( m54 ,?is is1 p]haps1 m likely to occur :5 ! job is n pay+3 a h9t f ! employ] to t effect w almo/ c]ta9ly result 9 an ef=t be+ made to retrieve matt]s4 ,?is is only natural & praisewor?y1 if to ga9 ! desir$ end ! safety ( ! workm5 is n jeop>dis$4 ,! co/ ( prop]ly safegu>d+ a scaffold is c]ta9ly an item1 especially on l>ge works1 b %\ld n be difficult to calculate4 ,x is an exp5diture t w n be 9 proportion to ! co/ ( ! build+1 b w\ld be a direct *>ge ^u ! scaffold+ requir$4 ,i h made "s calculations1 & 9 e/imat+ x w\ld probably be f\nd n to exce$ an increase ( #e p] c5t4 ^u ! am\nt devot$ to ! co/ ( ! scaffold4 ,,! ,,workm5',s ,,comp5sation ,,act1 #aijf ,9 ?is ,act1 :i* came into =ce on ,july #a1 #aijg1 no m5tion is made ( ! limitations includ$ 9 ! sup]s$$ ,act ( #ahig1 & :i* specially m5tion$ t comp5sation %\ld only be paid = accid5ts occurr+ 91 on1 or ab\t build+s :i* exce$$ #cj feet 9 height & 7 ei!r be+ con/ruct$ or repair$ by means ( a scaffold+1 or be+ demoli%$1 or on :i* ma*9]y driv5 by /eam1 wat]1 or o!r me*anical p[] 0 us$ = ! purpose ( ! con/ruction1 repair1 or demolition !re(4 ,9 ! new ,act ! liability ( employ]s to workm5 = injuries is express$ 9 ,sec4 #a z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,if 9 any employm5t#i p]sonal injury#aj by accid5t aris+ out ( & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 employm5t is caus$ to a workman1 8 employ] %all1 subject z h]e9aft] m5tion$1 be liable to pay comp5sation 9 accordance ) ! fir/ s*$ule to ?is ,act4 ,provid$ t-- 7a7 ! employ] %all n be liable "u ?is ,act 9 respect ( any injury :i* does n disable ! workman = a p]iod ( at lea/ "o week#aa f e>n+ full wages at ! "w at :i* he 0 employ$2 7b7 :5 ! injury 0 caus$ by ! p]sonal neglig5ce or wilful act ( ! employ] or ( "s p]son = ^: act or default ! employ] is responsible1 no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all affect any civil liability ( ! employ]1 b 9 t case ! workman may at 8 option ei!r claim comp5sation "u ?is ,act1 or take proce$+s indep5d5tly ( ?is ,act#ab2 b ! employ] %all n be liable to pay comp5sation = injury to a workman by accid5t aris+ out ( & 9 ! c\rse ( ! employm5t bo? indep5d5tly ( & also "u ?is ,act1 & %all n be liable to any proce$+s indep5d5tly ( ?is ,act1 except 9 case ( su* p]sonal neglig5ce or wilful act z a=esaid2 7c7 if x is prov$ t ! injury to a workman is attributable to ! s]i\s & wilful misconduct ( t workman1 any comp5sation claim$ 9 respect ( t injury %all1 unless t injury results 9 dea? or s]i\s & p]man5t disablem5t1#ac be disall[$4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,employ] ,,& ,,workman ,sec4 #ac4--;,9 ?is ,act1 unless ! context o!rwise requires1-- ',employ]' includes any body ( p]sons corporate or incorporate & ! legal p]sonal repres5tative ( a deceas$ employ]1 &1 :]e ! s]vices ( a workman are tempor>ily l5t or let on hire to ano!r p]son by ! p]son ) :om ! workman has ent]$ into a contract ( s]vice or appr5tice%ip1 ! latt] %all1 = ! purposes ( ?is ,act1 be deem$ to cont9ue to be ! employ] ( ! workman :il/ he is work+ = t o!r p]son2 ',workman' does n include any p]son employ$ o!rwise ?an by way ( manual lab\r ^: remun]ation exce$s two hundr$ & fifty p\nds a ye>1 or a p]son ^: employm5t is ( a casual nature & :o is employ$ o!rwise ?an = ! purposes ( ! employ]'s trade or bus9ess1 or a memb] ( a police =ce1 or an out work]1 or a memb] ( ! employ]'s family dwell+ 9 8 h\se1 b1 save z a=esaid1 means any p]son :o has ent]$ into or works "u a contract ( s]vice or appr5tice%ip ) an employ]1 :e!r by way ( manual lab\r1 cl]ical "w1 or o!rwise1 & :e!r ! contract is express$ or impli$1 is oral or 9 writ+2 ,any ref]5ce to a workman :o has be5 injur$ %all1 :]e ! workman is dead1 include a ref]5ce to 8 legal p]sonal repres5tative or to 8 dep5dants or o!r p]son to :om or = ^: b5efit comp5sation is payable4 ,bo? ( ^! def9itions h be5 alt]$ f ^? giv5 9 ! ,act ( #ahig4 ,! def9ition ( employ] has be5 ext5d$ f ! words 'deceas$ employ]4' ,! def9ition ( workman is mu* m def9ite1 & does n all[ ( mu* !oris+4 ,) ! few exceptions m5tion$ x cov]s all classes ( s]vice1 & %\ld c]ta9ly cov] any p]sons ^: duties are connect$ ) scaffold+4 ,,app5dix ,,weight ,,( ,,mat]ial lbs4 p] cubic foot ,asphalte 7gritt$7 #aefjj ,brick 7common7 f #igca ,brick 7common7 to #abejj ,brick 7r$7 #aceej ,brick 7pale r$7 #acjca ,brick 7,common ,london ,/ock7 #aaejj ,brick pav+ 7,engli% cl9k]7 #ajcca ,brick pav+ 7,dut* cl9k]7 #ibfb ,brickwork 9 mort>1 ab\t #aajjj ,cem5t 7,roman7 & s& 7equal p>ts7 #aacef ,cem5t alone 7ca/7 #ajjjj ,*alk f #abejj ,*alk to #affjj ,*alk 7,dork+7 #aafha ,clay 7common7 #aaiic ,clay 7) gravel7 #afjjj ,concrete 7lime7 #acjjj ,concrete 7cem5t7 #acfjj ,e>? 7common7 f #iejj ,e>? 7common7 f #abdjj ,e>? 7loamy7 #abfjj ,e>? 7ramm$7 #iijj ,e>? 7loose or s&y7 #iejj ,fire/one #aabjj ,fl9t f #afabe ,fl9t to #afdcg ,granite f #aehfb ,granite to #ahgdg ,gravel #ajicb ,iron 7b>7 f #dgejj ,iron 7b>7 to #dhgej ,iron 7hamm]$7 #dheah ,iron 7n hamm]$7 #dgejj ,iron 7ca/7 f #dejjj ,iron 7ca/7 to #dgejj ,lead 7mill$7 #gabic ,lead 7ca/7 #gjiej ,lime 7quick7 #ebfh ,m>ble f #afabe ,m>ble to #aggej ,mort> 7,new7 #aajjj ,mort> 7( riv] s& #c p>ts1 ( lime 9 pa/e #b p>ts7 #ajjic ,mort> well beat5 toge!r #aahca ,mort> 7( pit s&7 #iibe ,mort> well beat5 toge!r #aahic ,mort> 7common ( *alk1 lime & s&1 dry7 #ifhg ,mort> 7lime1 s&1 & hair = pla/]+ dry7 #hfej ,s& 7pure qu>tz7 #agahg ,s& 7riv]7 #aaghg ,s& 7,riv] ,?ames be/7 #ajbcg ,s& 7pit1 clean b co>se7 #ajjfb ,s& 7pit1 b f9e gra9$7 #ibej ,s& 7road grit7 #iccg ,s& 7,riv] ,?ames inf]ior7 #ijhg ,slate1 ,wel% #ahjej ,slate1 ,anglesea #agige ,slate1 ,we/morel& 7pale blue7 #agdgc ,slate1 ,we/morel& 7f9e-gra9$ pale blue7 #agjge ,slate1 ,we/morel& 7d>k blue7 #agcdc ,slate1 ,we/morel& 7pale gre5i% blue7 #agcjj ,slate1 ,we/morel& 7black blue = floors7 #agbcg ,slate1 ,wel% rag #agbjj ,slate1 ,cornwall 7greyi% blue7 #aegjj ,sn[ f #hjj ,sn[ to #adjj ,%+le #iejj ,/eel f #dhfbe ,/eel to #dijjj ,/one1 ,ba? 7roe /one7 #aeehg ,/one1 ,ba? #abcdc ,/one1 blue lias 7lime/one7 #edah ,/one1 ,bramley ,fall 7s&/one7 #effb ,/one1 ,bri/ol #efhg ,/one1 ,ca5 #cage ,/one1 ,cli!roe 7lime/one7 #fghg ,/one1 ,d]by%ire 7r$ friable s&/one7 #dffb ,/one1 ,dundee #ehab ,/one1 ,hilton 7s&/one7 #cfjf ,/one1 ,k5ti% rag #ffjj ,/one1 ,ketton 7roe /one7 #eehg ,/one1 ,k9c>d9e 7s&/one7 #ecjj ,/one1 ,p5>? 7lime/one7 #feha ,/one1 ,portl& 7roe /one7 #echa ,/one1 ,portl& #aeadc ,/one1 ,purbeck #fgej ,/one1 ,wood/ock 7flag/one7 #fccg ,/one1 ,york%ire 7pav+7 #effh ,tile 7common pla97 #afae ,wat] 7sea7 #fdah ,wat] 7ra97 #fbej ,wood 7a%7 #ejjj ,wood 7bir*7 #dejj ,wood 7bee*7 #dejj ,wood 7elm1 common1 dry7 #cdjj ,wood 7fir1 ,memel dry7 #cdjj ,wood 7fir1 ,norway spruce7 #cbjj ,wood 7fir1 ,riga dry7 #biab ,wood 7fir1 ,scot* dry7 #bfhj ,wood 7l>*1 :ite wood season$7 #bbge ,wood 7l>*1 dry7 #chca ,wood 7oak1 ,engli% season$7 #dhef ,wood 7oak1 ,dantzic season$7 #dgbd ,wood 7oak1 ,riga dry7 #dcjj ,z9c #dejjj ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,a ,treatise on ,%or+ & ,und]p9n+1 & g5]ally deal+ ) ,dang]\s ,/ructures4 ,by ,cecil ,had5 ,/ock4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ by ,f4 ,r4 ,f>r[4 7,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d47 ,footnote #b3 ,z d]iv$ f te/s made by ,messrs4 ,fro/ ,bros41 ,ltd41 rope manufactur]s1 ,london1 ,e4 ,footnote #c3 ,au?ority1 ,hodgk9son4 ,footnote #d3 ,^! con/ants1 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]im5ts1 are assum$ to v>y accord+ to ! modulus ( ela/icity ( ! wood4 7,tr$gold1 f ,dr4 ,"y's ,nat4 ,philos41 vol4 ii47 ,footnote #e3 ,tr$gold's ,c>p5try4 ,footnote #f3 ,^! =ms are to be obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,fett] ,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,footnote #g3 ,,note4--,"p #d is n[ inop]ative4 ,see p4 #afg4 ,footnote #h3 #a ,edw4 ,,vii41 c4 #bb4 ,footnote #i3 ,?is br+s ab\t ! inclusion ( any workm5 :o are def9$ z su* 9 ,sec4 #ac ( ?is ,act4 7,see po/1 page #agh;,c47 ,footnote #aj3 ,^! words may br+ an injury due to n]v\s %ock )9 ! provisions ( ! ,act4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is is an alt]ation f ! ,act ( #ahig1 9 :i* two weeks 0 ! p]iod ( disablem5t necess>y be=e comp5sation c\ld be claim$4 ,footnote #ab3 ,!re is a slight alt]ation 9 draft+ "h f ! ,act ( #ahig1 b 9 no way is ! sub/ance affect$4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! words 'unless t injury results 9 dea? or s]i\s & p]man5t disablem5t' are new & consid]ably enl>ge ! scope ( ! section4 ,,index ,accid5ts ,act1 notice (1 #afg ,accid5ts1 report on1 by ,home ,(fice ,inspector1 #agj ,a%1 #gj ,a%l> %e>s1 #ajj ,atta*m5t = hoi/+1 #abi ,balks1 #gd ,b>r[s1 #ig -- h&1 #ig ,baskets1 #ie ,beams1 /r5g? (1 #adc1 #ade -- /iffe/1 #ff -- /ronge/1 #ff ,bir*1 #gj ,blocks & tackle1 #abj ,bo>ds1 #b1 #bf -- cutt+ (1 #fg ,boatswa9s' boats1 #de ,bogies1 /one1 #ig ,bolts1 #ajh ,braces1 #b1 #bf -- /r5g? (1 #adc1 #aea ,buckets1 #ic ,bye-laws1 scaffold+1 ,london1 #afa ,c5t]+1 supports to1 #aeh ,c5tre ( gravity1 to f9d1 #acf ,*a9 la%+s1 #ajc ,*a9s1 #i1 #aaj ,*imney climb+1 #cc ,cleats1 #ea ,connections1 #bi ,con/ants1 #adc ,cordage1 #gf -- dang] f damp1 #aeh -- /r5g? (1 #gf ,c\pl+ l9ks1 #i1 #aje ,crabs1 #af ,cradles1 #dc ,crane1 #aaf ,crates1 #ii ,cripples1 #ic ,dang]\s occurr5ces1 notice (1 #afi ,dead %ores1 #eh ,d]rick plat=m1 #f -- /ag+ = travell]1 #aj -- /ag+s1 #c -- travell+1 #aj ,dog irons1 #ajg -- -- fix+ (1 #ajg ,duck runs1 #aab ,edge bo>ds1 #aef ,effect ( weight1 #acf -- ( w9d pressure1 #aca ,elm1 #gj ,employ]1 def9ition (1 #agh;,b ,eng9es1 #aae ,face bo>ds1 #bh ,factory ,act1 ab/ract (1 #afe -- -- repeal ( ,sec4 #ai1 #afg -- -- application (1 #afd ,fan gu>ds1 #aei ,fly+ %ores1 #ej ,foot+ blocks1 #ad1 #ag -- piece1 #ee ,gantries1 #ab1 #af ,g91 #abh ,guys1 #i ,hat*et1 #aac ,height ( build+ "u ,factory ,act1 #afd ,hods1 #ig ,horizontal %ores1 #ej ,jibs1 #abe -- masons'1 #abg ,joggles1 #ej ,k+ legs1 #c ,kites1 #cc ,knots1 #gh ,ladd]s1 #ij -- accid5ts f1 #aed -- fix+ (1 #h ,l&+ /ages1 #bh ,l>*1 #fi ,l$g]s1 #b -- connections betwe51 #bb ,lev]s1 #ajf ,lewises1 #ajb ,masons' jibs1 #abg ,mat]ials1 weight (1 ,app5dix ,mort> bo>ds1 #aab ,nails1 #aac ,ne$les1 #cj -- = %or+1 #ej ,notice ( accid5ts1 #afg -- -- dang]\s occurr5ces1 #afi ,oak1 #gj ,pa9t]s' boats1 #dc ,p9e1 #fi ,plant1 dang] f uns\nd1 #aeh -- dang] f insuffici5t1 #aei ,plat=ms1 #f1 #ab -- = travell]1 #ae ,poles1 #gd ,po/s1 /r5g? (1 #adc1 #adi ,pulleys1 #aah -- diff]5tial1 #aba ,pun*eons1 #bj ,putlogs1 #b1 #gd -- fix+ (1 #bc ,que5 legs1 #c ,rak+ %ores1 #eb -- -- scantl+s =1 #ed -- /ruts1 #ea ,repeal ( ,sec4 #ai ,factory ,act1 #aija1 #afg ,report by ,home ,(fice ,inspector on build+ accid5ts1 #agj ,rid] %ore1 #eg ,roll]s1 #ajf ,runn]s1 #b ,runs1 #aeg ,scaffold]s' hat*et1 #aac ,scaffold+1 def9ition (1 #a -- f\ndations1 #c -- application ,burgh ,police ,scotl& ,act1 #afc ,scaffold+ ne$le1 #cj -- prop] control (1 #aeh -- sy/em (1 #b ,scaffolds1 bricklay]s'1 #ai -- = *imneys1 #ca1 #cg -- = domes & ar*es1 #db -- ladd]1 #df -- masons'1 #bg -- = /eeples1 #db -- sw++1 #dc -- = t[]s1 #da ,%akes1 cup1 #fb -- radial1 #fb -- wea!r1 #fi ,%e> legs1 #abg ,%e>s1 a%l>1 #ajj ,%ore1 prep>ation (1 #ee ,%ores1 #b ,%or+1 #di ,skips1 #ic ,slat]'s truss1 #aaa ,sleep]s1 #i ,sole piece1 #ee ,spikes1 #aac ,spruce1 #fi ,/ag+s1 #ag ,/&>ds1 #b -- fix+ ( ris+1 #ba ,/one clips1 #aja -- cramps1 #ajc -- sl+s1 #aja ,/ra9+ pieces1 #ea ,/raps1 #aji ,/ruts1 #b -- /r5g? (1 #adi -- to %or+1 #ef ,sy/em1 ,nor? c\ntry1 #b -- ,s\? c\ntry1 #ab ,ties1 #b -- /r5g? (1 #adc1 #aea ,timb]1 br&+1 #ga ,timb]1 classification & /ructure1 #fb -- conv]sion1 #fe -- decay (1 #gb -- defects 9 liv+ tree1 #fb -- description1 #fi -- durability (1 #gd -- fell+1 #fd -- pres]vation1 #gc -- scantl+s1 #fe -- season+1 #fg -- selection1 #gj -- /ack+1 #fg -- te/+1 #ga -- use ( scaffold+1 #gd ,tossles1 #ej ,transoms1 #b ,traps1 dang] f1 #aeg ,tre/les1 #ib ,trucks1 sack1 #ii -- timb]1 #ii ,und]p9n+1 #eg ,wall plates1 #ej ,w$ge driv+1 #eg1 #fj ,w$ges1 #aab ,weight1 effect (1 #acf -- ( mat]ials1 ,app5dix ,wells1 safegu>ds1 #aef ,w9*1 #abc ,w9d pressures1 #aca ,w9d[ /rutt+1 #eh ,wire la%+s1 #ajc -- ropes1 #aji ,workman1 def9ition (1 #agh;,c ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act1 #agh;,a -- -- -- liability ( employ]s #agh;,a ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co4 ,,ltd41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,london 99