,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations & footnotes h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,skies ,illu/ration3 ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]e ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,skies ,,by ,m4 ,a4 ,,orr 7,,mrs4 ,,john ,,ev]%$7 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,an ,,easy ,,guide ,,to ,,s\!rn ,,/>s0 ,,& 8,,dante ,,& ,,! ,,e>ly ,,a/ronom]s0 8,all exp]i5ce is an ar* :]e?r\gh ,we glimpse ! untravell$ _w ^: m>g9 fades ,=ev] & =ev]40 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,f\r? ,,av5ue #cj,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,& ,,madras #aiae ,all rights res]v$ ,,to ,,miss ,,m>y ,,proctor ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,,! ,,greek ,,lett]s x ,,introduction xi ,i4 ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,! ,,s\?3 ,,mod]n ,,gr\ps #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,! ,,s\?3 ,,anci5t ,,gr\ps #f ,,iii4 ,,! ,,t5 ,,brighte/ ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]e #ae ,,iv4 ,,/>s ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,ages #bc ,v4 ,,"s ,,ne> ,,neighb\rs #cb ,,vi4 ,,d\ble ,,& ,,multiple ,,/>s #ce ,,vii4 ,,! ,,a/oni%+ ,,/>1 ,,eta ,,arg,s #dj ,,viii4 ,,mira1 ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,/> #df ,,ix4 ,,eclips+ ,,/>s #ea ,x4 ,,%ort-,,p]iod ,,v>iable ,,/>s #ed ,,xi4 ,,irregul> ,,& ,,d\btful ,,v>iables #eg ,,xii4 ,,/>-,,clu/]s #ei ,,xiii4 ,,globul> ,,/>-,,clu/]s #ff ,,xiv4 ,,nebulae #gb ,,xv4 ,,o!r ,,types ,,( ,,nebulae #hj ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,cl\ds ,,( ,,magellan #he ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,milky ,,way #hh ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]e to face ,title ,,! ,,old ,,con/ellation ,,figures ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]e to face page #f ,,! ,,ar*] page #aa ,f a ,babylonian ,b\nd>y ,/one n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,,! ,,/>-,,clu/]1 #dg ,,t\cani to face page #fh ,f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's draw+ ,,! ,,milky ,,way ,,9 ,,scorpio1 ,,lupus1 ,,& ,,ara to face page #hh ,photograph$ at ,hanov]1 ,cape ,colony1 by ,bailey & ,s*ultz ,,! ,,greek ,,lett]s ,alpha ,nu ,beta ,xi ,gamma ,omicron ,delta ,pi ,epsilon ,rho ,zeta ,sigma ,eta ,tau ,!ta ,upsilon ,iota ,phi ,kappa ,*i ,lambda ,psi ,mu ,omega ,,introduction ,?is book is = ^? :o h le>n$ or are le>n+ to recognise ! s\!rn con/ellations1 b h n read mu* ab\t a/ronomy1 & h only an op]a-glass or small telescope1 or no in/rum5t b _! own eyes1 = exam9+ ! />s4 ,i assume t !y h /udi$ "s simple guide to ! con/ellations l ,proctor's1 or my ,s\!rn ,/>s1 & t !y w\ld l to "k some?+ m ab\t ! />s !y are look+ at--h[ f> (f !y are1 h[ l>ge1 if !y rema9 always ! same1 & if !re is any connection betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is imm5se univ]se ( />s & nebulae4 ,i hope t ! book w be useful to tea*]s & p>5ts1 help+ !m to answ] "s ( ! se>*+ que/ions *ildr5 put1 & to tea* "s ( ! facts ( a/ronomy 9 ! mo/ vivid & un=gettable way--viz4 9 connection ) special />s & nebulae :i* are at ! mom5t be+ admir$4 ,if an op]a-glass or field-glass c be put into ! *ildr5's h&s1 s t !y !mselves c see a fa9t :ite spot turn into a lovely clu/] ( />s1 x w give !m a %>e 9 ! ?rill ( discov]y1 & help !m to und]/& :at l>ge telescopes c %[4 ,a map ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e is "h giv5 = ready ref]5ce1 b x w\ld be well to possess a good atlas :i* gives ! lett]s & numb]s assign$ to all bright />s & %[s ! positions ( ! brighte/ />-clu/]s & nebulae4 ,norton's ,/>-,atlas & ,telescopic ,h&book is an excell5t "o1 small en\gh to be h&y1 yet complete z f> z x goes1 & up to date1 cle>1 & conv5i5t to use4#a #a ,publi%$ at #es4 by ,gall ,+lis1 ,ed9burgh & ,london4 ,my int5tion is to treat specially ( />s & nebulae visible 9 s\!rn c\ntries1 s ,i h conf9$ myself almo/ entirely to ^? ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ?\gh ( c\rse _m :i* are nor? ( ! cele/ial equator c be se5 also4 ,my read]s w f9d t ! s\!rn hemisph]e possesses ! mo/ beautiful "p ( ! ,milky ,way1 ! two brighte/ />s 9 ! sky1 ! f9e/ col\r$ />-clu/] & ! l>ge/ globul> clu/]1 ! brighte/ d\ble />1 ! ne>e/ ( ! />s1 & ! brighte/ ( ! l>ge gase\s nebulae4 ,let u add t ! s\!rn hemisph]e has be5 less /udi$ ?an ! nor?1 & !re=e !re is an ev5 wid] field = amateur work]s4 ,/>s ( ! ,s\!rn ,skies ,i ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,! ,,s\?3 ,,mod]n ,,gr\ps ,:5 we speak ( ! s\!rn con/ellations1 ev]yone ?9ks ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 & e travell] com+ s\? = ! fir/ "t is eag] to see x4 ,"s are disappo9t$ because x is small & irregul>1 b x is v brilliant1 & lies 9 an extremely ri* region ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,v beautiful1 too1 is ! way 9 :i* x is se5 ris+ on its side & gradually becom+ upright z x rea*es its greate/ height above ! horizon1 !n slop+ aga9 z x glides we/w>d4 ,! ,cross seems to h be5 fir/ s nam$ by ! ,spani% explor] ,am]igo ,vespucci1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & x 0 also describ$ 9 lett]s by ! ,flor5t9e ,&rea ,corsali1 :o says x is s beautiful t 9 8 op9ion no o!r con/ellation 9 ! sky is wor?y to be comp>$ ) x4 ,"s ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! />s _h already be5 recognis$ z =m+ a ,cross z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 because ,dante 9 8 ,purgatory speaks ( f\r />s :i* glorifi$ ! s\!rn sky2 b he does n say !y 7 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & he tells u t !y _h nev] be5 se5 be=e by mortal man except by our fir/ p>5ts1 ^: orig9al dwell+-place he sets 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is negatives ! sugge/ion t "s travell] _h describ$ !m to him4 ,ab\t ! same "t z ! ,cross1 o!r gr\ps 7 nam$ by sailors & travell]s 9 ! "p ( ! sky r\nd ab\t ! s\? pole1 = ?is region _h be5 left a blank by ! fram]s ( ! anci5t con/ellations1 d\btless because !y liv$ too f> nor? to see x4 ,"s /ud5ts ( a/ronomy 9 ! ,middle ,ages conclud$ t !re really 7 no />s 9 ?is "p1 & ,ri/oro ( ,arezzo gravely argu$ t ?is prov$ ! abs5ce ( any l& fur!r s\? ?an ,india & ,e?iopia2 = :]e !re are no />s to p\r d[n influ5ces on ! e>? no animals c live1 & !re=e no vegetation is ne$$ = _! food1 & no l& = x to gr[ on4 ,! new con/ellations 7 mo/ly nam$ aft] /range birds & fi%es se5 by explor]s 9 _! s\!rn voyages1 & !y 7 admitt$ to sci5tific a/ronomy by ,bay]1 :o made a map ( ! skies 9 #afjd4 ,he also introduc$ ! plan ( nam+ ea* /> 9 a con/ellation by a ,greek lett]1 ! brighte/ ( ea* con/ellation usually be+ call$ ,alpha1 ! next brighte/ ,beta1 & s on4 ,"o ( ^! con/ellations is ,grus1 ! ,crane 7orig9ally call$ ! ,flam+o71 & x is conv5i5t to be famili> ) x1 because f x we may easily id5tify sev]al o!rs4 ,! *ief />s ( ,grus =m a /rik+ curve ) a bright /> close beside x4 ,?is bright /> is ,alpha ,gruis1 & ! brighte/ 9 ! curve is ,beta4 ,a l9e ?r\gh ,alpha & ,beta leads 9 "o direction to ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,pho5ix1 9 ! o!r direction to ! brighte/ ( ! ,indian2 a l9e ?r\gh ,alpha & ! little nak$-eye d\ble ,delta takes "o to ,pavo1 ! ,peacock2 a l9e ?r\gh ,gamma 7at "o end ( ! curve7 & ,alpha goes to ! brighte/ /> 9 ! ,t\can4 ,& ^! are all ! mod]n gr\ps conta9+ bright />s except ! ,s\!rn ,triangle1 ne> ! ,po9t]s to ! ,cross 7see p4 #f71 & ,columba1 ! ,dove1 n f> f ,sirius1 ea* ( :i* has "o /> bright] ?an ?ird magnitude4#b ,we may1 h[ev]1 also notice ,alpha ,hydri1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! small ,wat]-,snake1 close to ! bright /> ,a*]n>1 & ,alpha ,dorads1 ! brighte/ ( ! ,sword-,fi%1 betwe5 ,canopus & ,a*]n>4 #b ,/>s are classifi$ by a/ronom]s 9 8magnitudes10 i4e4 degrees ( brightness1 ^? ( fir/ magnitude be+ ! brighte/4 ,/>s bel[ six? magnitude _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,lacaille1 :o did mu* excell5t "w 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ) a t9y telescope ( only half an in* ap]ture1 _h ! unhappy idea ( fill+ up ! spaces /ill left empty ) sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,x is easy to make ,birds ( ,p>adise & ,fly+ ,fi%es out ( ! />s1 b su* ?+s z telescopes1 easels1 & sextants d n l5d !mselves to irregul> gr\ps1 & !y are v mu* out ( place among ! my?ical bea/s & h]oes :i* we are accu/om$ to see on our />-maps4 ,=tunately ! beg9n] ne$ n le>n to recognise ^! intrud]s1 = !re are no bright />s 9 !m1 al?\gh !re are _m int]e/+ objects = telescopic /udy4 ,we ne$ only note t ,octans1 ! ,octant1 occupies ! region 9 :i* ! s\? pole is situat$1 :i* is q b>e ( bright />s4 ,! pole itself may be f\nd by draw+ a l9e f head to foot ( ! ,cross & c>ry+ x on ab\t f\r times z f> aga92 or if ! ,cross is invisible1 ! pole may be f\nd ne> ! middle ( a l9e f ,canopus to ,alpha ,pavonis4 ,,ii ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,! ,,s\?3 ,,anci5t ,,gr\ps ,let u turn once m to ! ,s\!rn ,cross to f9d ! anci5t con/ellations4 ,x is bo? anci5t & mod]n itself1 = its />s 7 kn[n to ! ,greeks ( ,alex&ria1 b 7 includ$ 9 ! ,c5taur4 ,! latt]1 l all ^? %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 is ( great antiquity1 & probably ( ,babylonian orig94 ,! two />s :i* we call ! ,po9t]s to ! ,cross are ,alpha & ,beta ( ! ,c5taur1 & m>k 8 =efeet4 ,ano!r conspicu\s pair1 ,delta & ,gamma1 are on 8 horse's body1 :ile 8 man's %\ld]s are m>k$ by _m bright />s1 & ! head is =m$ by a little gr\p4 ,8 arm /ret*es out ?r\gh bright ,eta to ,kappa1 :i* is v close to ,beta ,lupi4 ,= ! ,c5taur & ,lupus =m "o l>ge & v brilliant gr\p1 & 7 p]haps connect$ ) ! little con/ellation ( ,ara1 ! ,alt>1 ^u :i* ! ,c5taur seems to h be5 imag9$ z (f]+ ! creature :i* we n[ "k z ! ,wolf1 ?\gh its old] "n 0 simply ! ,bea/4 ,aratus1 a ,greek poet ( ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 to :om we owe ! e>lie/ description extant ( ! anci5t con/ellations1 says ( ! ,c5taur3 8,8 "r h& he ev] seems to /ret* ,be=e ! ,alt>'s circle4 ,! h& grasps ,ano!r creature1 v firmly clut*$1 ,! ,wild ,bea/1--s ! m5 ( old x nam$40 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,old ,con/ellation ,figures ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,cross is ano!r spl5did con/ellation1 ! ,%ip ,argo1 :i* cov]s a l>ge space ( ! sky ) _m bright />s1 among !m ,canopus1 ! brighte/ 9 ! :ole heav5s except ,sirius4 ,= conv5i5ce ?is l>ge con/ellation has be5 divid$ into f\r--! ,keel1 ! ,poop1 ! ,ma/1 & ! ,sails4 ,sirius is nor? ( ,canopus1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,dog--,orion's ,dog1 z x is (t5 call$1 = ,orion is a hunt] ) two dogs2 b ! ,little ,dog is 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & ,orion himself has 8 head 9 ! nor? & 8 feet 9 ! s\?1 8 fam\s belt & sword ly+ j s\? ( ! equator4 ,?us he is visible all ov] ! _w1 & only at ! poles w\ld 8 feet or 8 head nev] rise above ! horizon4 ,b5ea? 8 feet is ! little ,h>e1 z ,aratus says3 8,& ceaselessly b5ea? ,orion's feet ,! ,h>e is ev] *as$40 ,f\r />s ( ! ,h>e 71 1 1 71 :i* =m a small squ>e1 7 call$ by ! ,arabs ! 8,?rone ( ! ,giant0 7i4e4 ( ,orion72 or sometimes 8^? :i* qu5* ! ?ir/ ( ! camel10 9 allusion to ! riv] ( ! ,milky ,way :i* fl[s close by4 ,orion is m5tion$ 9 ! books ( ,job & ,isaiah1 & also by ,hesiod & ,hom]4 ,above ! ,c5taur & ! ,%ip ,argo /ret*es ! long /raggl+ con/ellation ( ,hydra1 ! ,wat]-,snake4 ,its head rea*es beyond ! equator into ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 b ! beautiful r$ /> ,alph>d is 9 our hemisph]e4 ,?is ,snake is oddly connect$ ) a ,cr[ & a ,cup1 :i* are someh[ p]*$ on its back4 7,i h se5 a snake pursu$ by an ,indian cr[1 :i* kept peck+ at its tail until ! snake f\nd refuge 9 a /ream47 ,crat]1 ! ,cup1 has no bright />s2 ,corvus1 ! ,cr[1 is an irregul> little squ>e :i* sailors call ,spica's ,spank]1 a spank] be+ a sail ( ?is %ape1 & two />s ( ! f\r po9t to ,spica1 ! bright /> ( ! ,virg94 ,virgo1 ! ,virg91 is "o ( ! con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac1 t zone ( />s :i* m>ks ! app>5t pa?way ( sun1 moon1 & planets 9 ! sky4 ,all ! twelve zodiacal con/ellations c be se5 9 bo? hemisph]es1 b ^? s\? ( ! equator1 :i* are lea/ well se5 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 are ( c\rse ! be/ se5 9 ! s\?4 ,^! are ! ,scales1 ,scorpion1 ,ar*]1 ,sea-,goat1 & ,wat]-c>ri]1 ) a v small "p ( ! ,fi%es1 & ! "p ( ,virgo :i* conta9s h] brighte/ />1 ,spica1 ! ,e> ( ,corn held 9 h] h&4 ,! ,romans call$ h] ! ,goddess ( ,ju/ice1 b ^! con/ellations 7 inv5t$ long be=e ,rome 0 a great p[]1 & ! e> ( corn %[s t %e 0 r a goddess ( ! fields4 ,!y add$ t ! ,scales 7 h] balance :]e9 %e weigh$ ! de$s ( m51 b ?is con/ellation 0 ( mu* lat] orig9 ?an ! ,virg93 its place 0 e>li] held by ! ,claws ( ! ,scorpion4#c ,9 "s old books we f9d a compromise betwe5 ! two ideas1 = a pair ( t9y scales is hung on ! great claws ( ,scorpio4 #c ,comp>e ,aratus3 8,! ,virg9 & ! ,claws1 ! ,scorpion1 ,! ,ar*] & ! ,goat40 ,scorpio is a magnific5t con/ellation z se5 9 ! s\?4 ,9 ,engl& x m]ely creeps along ! s\!rn horizon 9 ! pale summ] skies1 b 9 s\!rn c\ntries its :ole spl5did l5g? rises high & %9es1 f ! bright />s 9 its head & ! ruby ,ant>es on its back to ! /+ 9 its tail1 repres5t$ by two />s close toge!r4 ,close beh9d ,scorpio is ,sagitt>ius1 ! ,ar*]1 also a brilliant con/ellation1 ) 8 b[ /rung ready to %oot ! ,scorpion2 he is a c5taur1 l ! figure ne> ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,he is foll[$ by ,capricornus1 a v /range animal1 = x has ! head & horns ( a goat & ! tail ( a fi%4 ,z a mod]n writ] qua9tly says3 8,a />tl+ mon/]'s hybrid =m ,y\r eyes w !re assail2 ,t sign s (t5 dubb$ ! ,goat1 ,yet ) a fi%'s tail40 ,capricorn has v few bright />s4 ,!re are two 9 8 goat's head1 ( :i* ! brighte/1 ,alpha1 is a beautiful nak$-eye d\ble1 & !re are two 9 8 fi%'s tail4 ,^! ?ree figures--a ,scorpion1 ,c5taur-ar*]1 & ,capricorn--are c>v$ on old ,babylonian b\nd>y-/ones belong+ to ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,foll[+ ^! is ,aqu>ius1 ! ,wat]-c>ri]1 8 %\ld] m>k$ by ! /> 1 & 8 pot by f\r />s 71 1 1 71 f :i* fall spla%es & /reams ( fa9t />s1 aptly repres5t+ ! wat] :i* he is p\r+ out4 ,he is a famili> figure to ^? :o h liv$ 9 "s c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ :]e wat] is all c>ri$ by h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ar*] ,f a ,babylonian ,b\nd>y ,/one n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is is a v wat]y "p ( ! heav5s1 = ! zodiacal pair ( ,fi%es foll[s ! ,wat]-c>ri] 7_! only bright /> 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e71 & !re is also a solit>y ,fi%1 ,piscis ,au/ralis1 swimm+ 9 ! wat] p\r$ out2 :ile a little fur!r ea/ is ! great ,sea-,mon/]1 :i* belongs to ! nor!rn gr\p ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a & h] p>5ts ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia4 ,only ! head ( ,cetus1 ! ,sea-,mon/]1 is 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 b t conta9s its brighte/ />4 ,betwe5 ! dim ,sea-,mon/] & ! bright ,orion fl[s ! w9d+ ,riv] ,eridanus3 x rises ne> ,orion's foot1 & n[ ends v f> s\? 9 ! bright /> ,a*]n>2 b ?is /> 0 n visible to ,ptolemy :5 he drew up 8 />-catalogue 9 ,alex&ria1 & ! orig9al ,a*]n>1 or ,la/-(-!-,riv]1 seems to h be5 :at we n[ call ,!ta ,eridani1 :i* 0 mu* bright] "s c5turies ago ?an x is n[4 ,al-,sufi1 an ,arab writ] ( ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d41 calls x a /> ( fir/ magnitude4 ,to complete our survey ( ! con/ellations s\? ( ! equator we mu/ add ! tip ( ! ,eagle's w+1 ! legs ( ! ,unicorn1 & "p ( ,ophiu*us ) ! ,s]p5t he is /rangl+ z he treads ! ,scorpion "u foot 7a gallant h]o1 to cont5d ) bo? ^! enemies at once74 ,x is wor? not+ t j z ! ?ree />s ( ,orion's belt m>k ! cele/ial equator 9 "o "p ( ! sky1 s ! ?ree bright />s ( ! ,eagle m>k x 9 ! opposite "p 7,altair1 ) & on ei!r side72 b !y are j nor? ( x1 & ,orion's belt is j s\?4 ,z x is (t5 int]e/+ to "k :]e ! ecliptic lies1 we may po9t out t ! foll[+ s\!rn />s lie ne> x3 ,spica1 ,librae1 ,ant>es1 & ,capricorni 7& 9 ! nor? ! ,pleiades1 ,aldeb>an1 ,regulus74 ,x is also conv5i5t to rememb] ! positions ( a few con/ellations z a guide to "r asc5sion4 ,?us1 ,a*]n> is 9 ! ,i/ h\r1 ,canopus & ,sirius are 9 ! ,v,ith1 ! ,cross & ,corvus 9 ! ,x,i,ith1 & ! ,b[ ( ,sagitt>ius is 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith4#d #d ,"r asc5sion 9 ! skies corresponds ) longitude on e>?1 b is m (t5 reckon$ 9 "t ?an 9 degrees4 ,= in/ance1 ,r4,a4 #a h\r #ce m9utes1 ! "r asc5sion ( ,a*]n>1 means t ?is /> w be on ! m]idian #a h\r #ce m9utes lat] ?an ! 8fir/ po9t ( ,aries0--t is1 ! po9t at :i* ! equator cuts ! ecliptic at ! spr+ equ9ox1 ! fundam5tal po9t correspond+ ) ,gre5wi* 9 e>?ly longitude4 ,!re are m bright />s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ?an 9 ! nor?1 = a c\nt ( all ^? above f\r? magnitude %[s t !re are #bbh s\? ( ! equator aga9/ only #afd nor?4 ,b :]eas ! />s 9 ! nor? are fairly ev5ly di/ribut$1 !re is a m /rongly m>k$ t5d5cy 9 ! s\? to congregate on ! ,milky ,way1 s t1 :ile ! tract ?r\gh ,argo & ! ,cross to ,scorpio & ,sagitt>ius is extraord9>ily ri*1 ! "p betwe5 ,orion & ,fomalhaut is comp>atively d>k & b>e1 & ! regions r\nd ! s\? pole & nor? ( ,argo are also v b>r5 ( bright />s4 ,"s regions1 h[ev]1 :i* look dull to ! eye ab\nd 9 m>vels = ! telescope & cam]a4 ,! brilliance & ! complex /ructure ( ! ,milky ,way is und\bt$ly :at mo/ /rikes ! nor!rn] travell+ s\?4 ,9 ,engl& we h a glimpse ( x 9 ,cygnus & ,aquila1 :]e ?is ri* & bright "p beg9s2 b !re is no?+ to equal ! brightness or ! m+l+ ( d>k & light :i* we see 9 ,argo & ne> ! ,cross1 9 ,scorpio & 9 ,sagitt>ius4 ,:5 ?is "p is ab\t to rise1 !re is (t5 a gl[ on ! horizon z if x 7 dawn4 ,,iii ,,! ,,t5 ,,brighte/ ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]e ,! bright] ( ! two ,po9t]s to ! ,cross1 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 ranks v high among fir/-magnitude />s1 ?\gh x is excell$ 9 brightness by ,sirius & ,canopus2 b its greate/ claim to our int]e/ is t among all ! ho/ ( />s x is our ne>e/ neighb\r4 ,yet1 %\ld we decide to pay a visit & travel ) ! spe$ ( light 7#aa million miles a m9ute71 x w\ld be f\r ye>s & ?ree mon?s be=e we c\ld rea* our de/9ation--s great are ! spaces :i* sep>ate our sun ) 8 family ( planets f ! ne>e/ ( 8 bro!r suns4 ,alpha ,c5tauri is also int]e/+ z a d\ble />4 ,! two compon5ts are ne>ly equal 9 brightness1 & are se5 z a brilliant yell[ pair 9 q a small telescope4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ d\bles kn[n1 be+ discov]$ z su* 9 #afhi2 & ,h]s*el calls x a 8sup]b d\ble />1 beyond all comp>ison ! mo/ /rik+ object ( ! k9d 9 ! heav5s40 ,! two />s he describes z 8bo? ( a high ruddy or orange col\r1 ?\gh t ( ! small] is ( a some:at m sombre & br[ni% ca/40 ,all />s are suns1 b !y v>y s mu* 9 brightness & size & quality ( light t x is z difficult to mat* two />s 9 ! sky z two trees 9 a wood4 ,yet "o ( ?is pair is an almo/ exact c\nt]p>t ( our sun4 ,! pair is approa*+ u1 & at ! same "t revolv+ "o ab\t ! o!r 9 a p]iod ( ab\t eighty ye>s4 ,! o!r ,po9t]1 ,beta ,c5tauri1 is a /> v diff]5t f our sun4 ,x belongs to a type call$ 8,orion />s0 because s _m are f\nd 9 t con/ellation4 ,in/ead ( %9+ ) a yell[ light1 !y are blue or blui%-:ite1 & _! gl[+ atmosph]es conta9 quantities ( helium1 ! gas :i* 0 only rec5tly discov]$ on e>? ?\gh x _h be5 kn[n = _m ye>s 9 ! sun4 ,oxyg5 & nitrog5 & "s yet unkn[n elem5ts are also pres5t4 ,alpha ,crucis1 ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,cross1 is also a blue ,orion />1 & ! telescope %[s x to be triple4 ,!re are two bright tw9 />s1 & a fa9t] "o :i* w\ld be j visible to ! nak$ eye if alone1 b be+ ov]p[]$ by ! brilliance ( ! bright pair c only be se5 9 a l>ge telescope4 ,q a small telescope w sep>ate ! tw9s4 ,a*]n>1 ! ,la/-(-!-,riv]1 is also an ,orion />1 #ge light-ye>s di/ant f u--i4e4 light takes #ge ye>s to come f x to u4 ,! sun if remov$ to a ?ird ( ?is di/ance w\ld be b>ely visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,rigel1 ,orion's foot1 is ! brighte/ /> ( ?is class4 ,its intr9sic brilliancy & its size mu/ be enorm\s1 = its di/ance is c]ta9ly m ?an #cfj light-ye>s1 & may be greatly m4 ,& ! di/ance is increas+ at ! rate ( #ci miles a second4 ,rigel is also a d\ble />1 b its companion is v fa9t4 ,9 an #h-;in* telescope ! bright /> looks :ite or pale lemon-yell[1 contra/+ beautifully ) ! little companion :i* is blue4 ,spica1 ! ,e> ( ,corn 9 ! h& ( ! ,virg91 is immeasurably di/ant f u1 & its companion is invisible ev5 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,x 0 discov]$ by means ( ! spectroscope1 =1 :5 ! light ( ! /> is drawn out into a long ra9b[-col\r$ ribbon cross$ by d>k l9es1 x is f\nd t !re are two ribbons1 "o bright1 ! o!r v fa9t1 & t ! l9es ( ^! two spectra draw ap>t & !n come toge!r aga9 once 9 e f\r days1 %[+ t !re are two />s close toge!r & revolv+ r\nd "o ano!r 9 ?is %ort "t4 ,! jo9t mass ( ! pair is two & a half times t ( ! sun4 ,spica is "o ( ! fir/ />s ^: invisible companion 0 discov]$ 9 ?is way1 & x is also connect$ ) ano!r discov]y1 made ne>ly tw5ty c5turies e>li] by ,hipp>*us 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes4 ,he 0 pati5tly plott+ ! positions ( all ! visible />s1 :5 he f\nd a slight discrepancy betwe5 ! places giv5 to ,spica by himself & ano!r ,greek a/ronom]1 :o _h obs]v$ ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,exam9+ into ?is l$ him to discov] t all />s *ange _! app>5t positions v sl[ly1 complet+ a cycle ( *ange 9 ne>ly #bf1jjj ye>s1 s t #bdj c5turies m mu/ elapse be=e any a/ronom] sees ,spica 9 exactly ! same place z :]e ,hipp>*us saw h]4 ,x rema9$ = mod]n a/ronom]s to discov] t ! app>5t *ange is due to a sl[ nodd+ motion ( ! ,e>?'s axis4 ,brighte/ ( all />s 9 ! :ole sky is ,sirius1 ! ,dog-,/>4 ,x 0 wor%ipp$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & ! day on :i* x rose j be=e ! sun 0 c\nt$ z ! fir/ day ( _! ye>4 ,! ,arabs1 :5 !y le>n$ ! a/ronomy ( m anci5t nations1 7 =bidd5 to adopt _! />-wor%ip1 h5ce ! say+ 9 ! ,koran1 (t5 quot$ by ,arab writ]s3 8,! ,highe/ sai?1 ,he is "l ( ,sirius40 ,sirius is mov+ rapidly ?r\gh space1 n uni=mly b ) an oscillat+ movem5t1 & ,bessel 9 #ahdd 8f\nd$ ! a/ronomy ( ! invisible0 by %[+ t ^! irregul>ities might be caus$ by a d>k di/urb+ companion4 ,eight ye>s lat]1 ,mr4 ,alvan ,cl>k1 wi%+ to te/ a l>ge l5s j made by 8 firm1 turn$ x on ,sirius1 & lo6 !re 0 ! satellite 9 ! position requir$ to expla9 ! vag>ies ( ,sirius4 ,x is n !re=e :olly d>k1 b x %9es ) s feeble a light t1 if x 7 br\ght z ne> to u z our own sun1 x w\ld appe> only "o-hundr$? z bright z he is1 ev5 ?\gh x is a some:at m massive body4 ,sirius itself is only ab\t two & a half times z massive z our sun1 b imm5sely m brilliant4 ,x is ! typical /> ( ! 8,sirian0 class1 to :i* belong _m ( ! brighte/ />s 9 ! heav5s1 :ite />s 9 ^: spectra broad hydrog5 l9es =m ! mo/ /rik+ feature1 indicat+ a v ext5sive atmosph]e ( gl[+ hydrog54 ,bright ,sirius & 8 dim companion revolve r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity 9 fifty ye>s4 ,fomalhaut1 ! m\? ( ! ,fi%1 belongs to ! ,sirian type ( />s1 & is also v brilliant1 giv+ out f\rte5 & a half times z mu* light z our sun4 ,its di/ance is #be light-ye>s4 ,canopus1 ! rudd] ( ! ,%ip ,argo1 mu/ be a giant sun1 = its di/ance is altoge!r beyond rea* ( measurem5t & x is /eadily rec$+ f u1 yet x %9es z ! brighte/ /> 9 ! sky except ,sirius4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india x is call$ ,aga/ya1 aft] a ,brahm9 ri%i :o l$ an e>ly ,aryan colony to ! s\?1 & be=e :om ! ,v9dhya ,m\nta9s pro/rat$ !mselves z he pass$4 ,greek a/ronom]s notic$ t ?is /> rose only j above ! horizon ( ,rhodes1 b #g degrees above x at ,alex&ria1 f :i* ,poseidonius calculat$ t ! circumf]5ce ( ! :ole e>?1 i4e4 #cfj1 mu/ be #bdj1jjj /adia4 ,?is is equal to ne>ly #bc1ejj miles1 a value surpris+ly ne> ! correct figure1 consid]+ h[ difficult x mu/ h be5 to measure ! di/ance ov] ! sea betwe5 ,rhodes & ,alex&ria4 ,ant>es1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! ,scorpion1 0 s nam$ by ! ,greeks because x rivals ! r$ planet ,m>s 7,greek ,ares7 9 col\r4 ,x is r$ because a d5se atmosph]e %uts out mo/ ( its blue rays4 ,l mo/ r$ />s x is v di/ant1 & its light takes #aee ye>s to rea* u4 ,nev]!less x %9es #bjjj times z brightly z our sun w\ld d at ! same di/ance1 h5ce x mu/ be ( an enorm\s size4 ,?is imm5se r$ /> is accompani$ by a little gre5 satellite1 & !re is also a v close companion :i* c nev] be se51 b is kn[n to exi/ ?r\gh ! %ift+ ( l9es 9 ! spectrum1 l t ( ,spica4 ,:at an amaz+ v>iety among ^! t5 />s6 ,?\gh ! eye c only decide t all are mu* bright] ?an ! av]age1 & t !y diff] some:at 9 col\r among !mselves1 sci5ce tells u t !y v>y enorm\sly 9 _m ways4 ,half belong to ! class ( blue ,orion />s1 o!rs to ! :ite ,sirian1 yell[ sol>1 r$ ,ant>ian classes2 m ?an half are kn[n to be d\ble or multiple1 & among ^! we f9d tw9s1 :ile o!rs h fa9t companions diff]+ f !mselves 9 col\r4 ,9 "o case ! pair is widely sep>at$1 & revolves 9 a p]iod ( half a c5tury1 :ile ano!r pair is s close t ! circuit is p]=m$ 9 f\r days4 ,aga91 :ile "o /> is ! same size z ! sun1 o!rs are mu* great]1 & _! di/ances f u v>y all ! way f f\r light-ye>s to spaces we are p[]less to plumb4 ,,iv ,,/>s ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,ages ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! diff]5t types ( />s--! blue1 ! yell[1 & ! r$8 & c a /> *ange its col\r & type8 ,yes1 we believe t all ! blue />s1 if !y foll[ ! normal c\rse1 w 9 c\ntless ages become r$1 & ?\gh ! life ( ! :ole human race may p]haps n be long en\gh to witness a s+le in/ance1 we feel confid5t t ?is process is go+ on4 ,"o walk ?r\gh a =e/ is en\gh to tea* u t a tree gr[s f se$ to sapl+1 f maturity to decay1 because we see trees ar\nd u 9 all ^! /ages4 ,s ) ! />s4 ,"h ! process ( developm5t is f> m difficult to und]/&1 & we are /ill ignorant conc]n+ ! bir? & dea? ( />s2 b x is cle> t we see a s]ies ( /ages :i* pass gradually into "o ano!r1 & t ! cause ( a />'s gr[+ old is a gradual loss ( heat by radiation4 ,! blue ,orion />s are ! brighte/ & hotte/ ( all ^? ab\t :i* we h spok51 & are g5]ally ?\ght to h rea*$ ! climax ( a />'s c>e]4 ,!y are great globes ( ?9 gas1 mu* less d5se ?an wat]1 b gl[+ hot ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,! out] lay]s naturally "p ) _! heat fir/1 & 9 cool+ !y absorb m & m light f ! radiant c5tre4 ,z ! blue rays are always fir/ & mo/ p[]fully affect$1 ! blue t9t is soon lo/1 & ! col\r sl[ly *anges ?r\gh :ite1 yell[1 & orange to deep-r$4 ,at ! same "t *anges take place :i* cause diff]5t gases to become mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! />'s spectrum at diff]5t /ages4 ,b :at are ! e>ly /ages :i* prec$e ! brilliance ( an ,orion />8 ,argum5ts h be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ t "y />s also are comp>atively cool1 b ev5 less d5se ?an ,orion />s1 t z !y gr[ d5s] & small] ?r\gh gravity1 :i* causes all ! p>ticles ( a /> to cond5se t[>ds its c5tre1 !y mu/ at fir/ gr[ gradually hott] & bright] until a c]ta9 po9t is rea*$1 aft] :i* !y w gr[ cool] & fa9t] aga9 until !y become q cold & d>k2 & s !re is a d\ble progression1 viz4 f r$ t[>ds blue1 & back aga9 to r$1 "s />s *ang+ 9 "o direction & "s 9 ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /age :i* imm$iately prec$es ! ,orion type some:at resembles a peculi> class ( nebulae1 s ! upw>d progression ( ! ,orion />s may h be5 f nebulae ?r\gh ?is /age4 ,let u see :at ^! /ages are4 ,at "o end ( ! s]ies we f9d />s l ,gamma 9 ! ,sails ( ! ,%ip ,argo4 ,:5 its light is spread out by prisms into a col\r$ b& x is a wond]ful sight1 = n only are !re d>k l9es & d>k flut+s1 b wide bright b&s m+le ) ^! & /& out aga9/ ! fa9t] backgr\nd4 ,we are =tunate to possess ,velorum 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 = x is ! only bright /> ( its class4 ,! type is kn[n z ,,wolf-,,rayet ,,/>s1 f ! "n ( _! discov]]4 ,only a few are kn[n1 & because ( _! fa9tness n v mu* has be5 discov]$ ab\t !m1 b x is rem>kable t all ( !m lie ne> ! middle l9e ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,! bright l9es 9 _! spectra & "s o!r features ( ,wolf-,rayet />s po9t 7z we h said7 to a connection ) gase\s nebulae1 & x is possible t !y develop$ f nebulae n v long ago--z "t is reckon$ 9 a/ronomy4 ,?\gh ?is pa/ is d\btful1 ! future ( ^! />s is cle>ly indicat$3 !y are de/9$ to become ,orion />s1 = 9 />s l ,canis majoris we see an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! two types4 ,,orion ,,/>s sometimes h bright l9es 9 _! spectra also1 especially ! v blue ones f\nd ne> nebulae1 b ! mo/ /rik+ & *>act]i/ic feature is ! s]ies ( d>k helium l9es1 f :i* !y are (t5 call$ 8helium />s40 ,! ?ree 9 ,orion's belt are typical ( ?is class2 sev]al fir/-magnitude />s belong to x1 z we h se51 & x conta9s o!rs :i* are v bright1 su* z & ,crucis1 ,scorpii1 ,lupi1 ,pavonis1 ,gruis1 ,sagitt>ii4 ,spica is a di/9ctly blue ,orion />2 ,rigel & ,gruis h already lo/ ! blue t9t & are approa*+ ! next /age4 ,= ! ,orion class passes by gradual transition into ! ,,sirian ,,/>s1 :i* may be call$ 8hydrog5 />s10 f ! wide hazy l9es ( hydrog5 :i* are ! mo/ conspicu\s feature 9 _! spectrum4 ,!y are also v hot & bright1 ?\gh less s ?an ! ,orion />s4 ,besides ,sirius1 a l>ge numb] ( bright s\!rn />s belong to ?is class1 among :i* we may m5tion ,fomalhaut1 ,c5tauri1 ,c>9ae1 ,velorum1 & ,pavonis4 ,among />s visible to ! nak$ eye ?is is by f> ! mo/ num]\s class1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 because !y are intr9sically bright & !re=e visible at di/ances :]e r$d] />s c\ld n be se54 ,?is _c h[ev] be ! :ole explanation1 or ! ,orion />s w\ld be /ill m num]\s in/ead ( be+ comp>atively r>e4 ,! blue end ( ! spectrum beg9s to be d>k5$ z a /> rea*es ! /age ( sun-l or ,,sol> ,,/>s1 & al?\gh ! hydrog5 l9es gr[ n>r[] & less int5se1 an imm5se numb] ( f9e l9es cross ! bright b& & absorb mu* ( ! light4 ,c5tauri1 z we h se51 is a replica ( ! sun1 & ano!r /> :i* almo/ exactly resembles x1 9 spectrum if n 9 mass1 is ,hydri4 ,gruis & "o /> ( ! nak$-eye d\ble 9 ,grus1 ,gruis1 are also sol> />s4 ,?is class may be subdivid$ into ?ree3 ! ,sirian-sol>1 :i* is typifi$ by ,canopus1 & also by ,crucis & ,hydri2 ! sol>1 closely resembl+ ! sun2 & ! r$-sol>1 :i* t5d t[>ds ! r$ />s4 ,! temp]atures app>5tly are l[] & l[] 9 ^! ?ree divisions 9 ! ord] giv51 & all sol> />s are cool] ?an ^? ( ! prec$+ classes4 ,among ^! r$-sol> />s is ! beautiful ,c>9ae1 ! foot ( ! ,false ,cross1#e :i* is a ri* r$di% orange ev5 to ! nak$ eye1 & m brilliantly col\r$ 9 a b9ocul>4 ,o!rs are ,t\cani1 ,trianguli au/rali1 ,crucis 7! little fif? /> ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross71 ! two brighte/ />s ( ,indus 7 & 71 almo/ all ! bright />s ( ! ,pho5ix 71 1 1 71 & ,scorpii :i* is beautifully col\r$4 ,?is class is also extremely num]\s among nak$-eye />s1 al?\gh !y _c be s bright intr9sically z ! :it] sol> />s3 ! significance ( ! fact is n easy to und]/&4 #e ,! />s & ,c>9ae1 & ,velorum1 =m a cross mu* l ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 b less bright1 & ?is is call$ ! ,false ,cross4 ,! deep-r$ /age is rea*$ 9 suns l ,ant>es1 ^: spectrum %[s n only l9es l ^? 9 ! sun b also a s]ies ( broad b&s or flut+s :i* absorb mu* ( its light1 & 9 photographs a great "p ( ! violet end is :olly cut (f4 ,7 x n su* an enorm\s size1 ?is w\ld be a v dim />4 ,,ant>ian ,,/>s are almo/ all v remote4 ,!y are (t5 v fa9t1 & _m ( !m are un/able 9 _! light1 z if fluctuat+ t[>ds ext9ction4 & ,gruis & ,hydri are among !m1 & ,mira1 ! wond]ful v>iable />4 ,comp>e ! ruddy 9 ! ,cross ) pale to see ! contra/ betwe5 />s ( ?is class & ! ,orion-type4 ,because ( ! want ( blue rays 9 ! =m] x makes s little impression on a photographic plate comp>$ ) 1 1 & 1 :i* are all ,orion />s1 t "o c sc>cely recognise ! =m ( ! ,cross 9 a photograph4 ,! brighte/ ( ^! r$ />s are 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 viz4 ,betelgueux 9 ! %\ld] ( ,orion1 & ,aldeb>an1 ! eye ( ! ,bull3 bo? are slightly bright] ?an ,ant>es4 ,ne>ly all ! />s we "k h a place 9 ?is s]ies1 ?\gh !re are individual peculi>ities1 b !re is "o class :i* seems to lie outside x4 ,/>s ( ?is class are r$ & h spectra cross$ by d>k b&s1 b !y are unlike ! ,ant>ian b&s & resemble in/ead ^? se5 9 ! spectra ( comets & ( c&le-flames4 ,!y are due to c>bon comp\nds1 s ^! />s may be call$ ,,c>bon ,,/>s4 ,mo/ ( !m are extremely remote1 & all are s fa9t t among ! v brighte/ is ,u ,hydrae1 j visible to ! nak$ eye a little ea/ ( ,alph>d4 ,!y are probably ag$ />s1 b no l9ks betwe5 !m & ! o!r types h yet be5 discov]$ to enable u to place !m 9 ! s]ies4 ,/range & int]e/+ discov]ies h be5 made by gr\p+ l>ge numb]s ( />s into _! classes & comp>+ ! av]age motions1 di/ances1 c41 ( ! gr\ps4 ,x is f\nd t ! r$d] />s are on an av]age mov+ m rapidly & 9 a m r&om fa%ion ?an blue & :ite />s4 ,?us1 ,wolf-,rayet & ,orion />s h a l[ av]age spe$1 & bo? are v mu* m num]\s 9 & ne> ! ,milky ,way ?an else:]e2 ,sirian />s are travell+ a good deal fa/]1 %[ a m>k$ t5d5cy to congregate 9 two /reams1 & move *iefly p>allel ) ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way2 sol> />s1 includ+ our own sun1 move m rapidly /ill & %[ less pref]5ce = ! ,galaxy & ! two /reams3 ,ant>ians h ! mo/ rapid motions ( all1 b ^! appe> to be haphaz>d1 & ! />s are scatt]$ all ov] ! sky 9 e direction4 ,^! facts are v unexpect$ & v difficult to expla94 ,x looks z if ! ,milky ,way 7 ! bir?place ( ! />s1 & t z !y develop !y gradually scatt] ?r\gh space2 b h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t spe$ & direction ( movem5t diff] = diff]5t types8 ,!re seems to be no reason :y a cool] /> %\ld move m quickly ?an a hott] "o1 & none ( ! !ories yet advanc$ c be consid]$ f9al4 ,v ,,"s ,,ne> ,,neighb\rs ,if x is rem>k$ t ,sirius is fifty millions ( millions ( miles away f u1 x is n at once obvi\s t he is "o ( our v ne> neighb\rs2 b ?is is equal to #h light-ye>s1 n twice ! di/ance ( ,c5tauri1 our next-door neighb\r among ! />s4 ,"s fa9t />s 9 ! s\? mu/ also be c\nt$ z v close to u3 su* are a little /> 9 ,cetus1 ,ceti1 only #aj light-ye>s away2 ,indi1 #aa2 & two 9 ! ,riv] ,eridanus1 & ,eridani1 #aj & #ah respectively4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ among ^! ne> neighb\rs ( ! s\? is a little yell[ /> 9 ,pictor1 too fa9t to be se5 )\t a good b9ocul> or a telescope1 & be>+ ! v mod]n "n ( ,,cz #e4bdc4 ,?is /&s = ,cordoba ,zones #e4bdc h\rs1 & means t x 0 catalogu$ at ,cordoba ,obs]vatory 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & its position fix$ 9 ! fif? h\r ( ,"r ,asc5sion4 ,aft] ?is x 0 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,innes at ! ,cape1 & he 0 />tl$ to f9d 7l ,hipp>*us comp>+ 8 "w ) t ( ,timo*>is7 t its position no long] agre$ ) t f\nd at ,cordoba4 8,c ?is be motion80 he ask$1 & f\nd t ! /> _h inde$ a l>g] visible motion across ! sky ?an any o!r1 n ev5 except+ ! fam\s 8runaway />0 9 ,ursa ,major4 ,app>5t motion1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u di/ance z well z real spe$1 & :5 ! di/ance ( ,,cz #e4bdc _h be5 calculat$ x 0 f\nd t its real spe$1 amaz+ z x is1 yet falls slightly %ort ( t ( ! nor!rn />4 ,! rates are #afc & #agd miles p] second4 ,a few o!r />s are kn[n to move at spe$s approa*+ #ajj miles a second1 & "o 0 ann\nc$ 9 ,decemb] #aiac to h a velocity ( #bjj miles a second1 b runaway />s are r>e4 ,!y d n seem to %[ any pref]5ce = special p>ts ( ! sky or special /ell> types1 & x is impossible to say :at causes !m to ru% ) su* headlong ha/e ?r\gh space1 or :at is _! goal4 ,! av]age rate = a /> is ab\t #ac miles a second1 b1 z we h se51 x diff]s ) diff]5t types1 ! av]age spe$ increas+ progressively f ! blue to ! r$ classes4 ,ano!r rem>kable fact lately discov]$ is t ! diff]5t types ( />s are n indiscrim9ately scatt]$ ?r\gh space4 ,our own sun seems to be surr\nd$1 to a di/ance ( ab\t #ajj light-ye>s1 by suns m or less l himself1 :ile ! great] numb] ( ! r$ ,ant>ian />s lie at a mu* great] di/ance f u4 ,mo/ di/ant ( all1 consid]$ z a class1 are ! blue/ ( ! ,orion />s2 = ?\gh ! di/ances ( individuals v>y greatly1 ! av]age di/ance ( ^! />s f u is m ?an #ejj light-ye>s4 ,yet !y are (t5 v bright1 s ?is is ano!r pro( ( _! great intr9sic brilliancy4 ,,vi ,,d\ble ,,& ,,multiple ,,/>s ,among ! bright] />s at lea/ "o 9 f\r is d\ble1 & ,i %all only m5tion a few :i* = diff]5t reasons are ( special int]e/4 ,! brighte/ d\ble 9 ! sky has already be5 m5tion$1 ,c5tauri1 & we h also describ$ ano!r s\!rn pair sc>cely less brilliant1 ,crucis1 ,sirius ) 8 v dim companion1 ,rigel & ,ant>es ) !irs ( contra/+ col\rs4 ,o!r f9e s\!rn d\bles are3 ,piscis au/ralis1 a :ite /> ) r$di% companion1 visible 9 a #c-;in* telescope4 ,corvi1 an unequal di/ant pair1 pale yell[ & blui%1 easily sep>at$ 9 a #d-;in* telescope4 ,scorpii 7ne> ,ant>es71 :ite & blue4 #cb ,eridani1 yell[ & blue-gre5--8magnifici1 sup]bi10 accord+ to ,sec*i4 ,capricorni 7close to ! spl5did nak$-eye d\ble ,capricorni71 orange-yell[ & blue4 ,crucis1 orange-yell[1 companion fif? magnitude1 r di/ant4 ,leporis1 companion crimson4 ,!re is also a ?ird fa9t />1 =m+ a triple gr\p4 ,capricorni1 l ,ant>es1 besides its visible companion1 has a close invisible "o1 only kn[n by ! %ift+ ( l9es 9 ! spectrum1 & ?is is n an uncommon case4 ,crucis consi/s simil>ly ( two bright />s & a spectroscopic companion1 & s also ,eridani4 ,velorum & ,pavonis h spectroscopic companions only1 "o revolv+ 9 a p]iod ( #aaf days1 ! o!r ( only #aa days1 & ! p]iod ( ,scorpii is c\nt$ 9 h\rs6--#cd h\rs #db m9utes4 ,! brief p]iods ( ^! spectroscopic b9>ies#f are 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ^? ( _m visual b9>ies1 su* z ,sagitt>ii ) a p]iod ( #ai ye>s & ,c5tauri ) #aej ye>s2 & ?is is :at "o w\ld expect1 s9ce ! />s mu/ be comp>atively f> ap>t & _! orbits ample = !m to be visible sep>ately4 ,sometimes ! />s ( a pair or ( a gr\p are kn[n to be mov+ toge!r ?r\gh space1 ?\gh no movem5t ( revolution r\nd a common c5tre has yet be5 detect$1 probably because x is v sl[4 #f ,a 8b9>y0 is a sy/em ( two />s :i* are kn[n to be comp>atively close toge!r & influ5c+ "o ano!r's movem5ts4 ,a 8d\ble />0 may be a b9>y1 or ! two />s may really be v f> ap>t & h no connection1 m]ely happ5+ to lie "o ne>ly beh9d ! o!r4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t mo/ ( ! spectroscopic b9>ies1 :i* are su* close & rapid pairs1 are f\nd among ! blue & :ite />s1 ! numb]s /eadily decreas+ z we pass ?r\gh ! yell[ to ! r$ />s4 ,a significant fact ab\t visual b9>ies is t companions :i* diff] mu* 9 col\r inv>iably diff] mu* 9 brightness also4 ,?is is probably to be expla9$ by suppos+ t "o 0 f ! beg9n+ mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r1 & t !re is consequ5tly a diff]5ce 9 ! rapidity ) :i* ea* runs ?r\gh its life-*anges4 ,:]e ! two are alike 9 col\r & spectrum1 l ! two sol> />s ( ,c5tauri & ! two ,orion />s ( ,crucis1 x is f\nd t !y are also ne>ly equal 9 mass1 s !y keep ! same pace & gr[ old toge!r4 ,among multiple />s !re are "s v rem>kable in/ances 9 ,scorpio4 ,scorpii is a pair ( bright />s 7easily sep>at$ ) a #c-;in* telescope7 ) a ?ird fa9t] companion1 & besides ^!1 "o ( ! bright compon5ts is a spectroscopic pair1 & ! :ole company is travell+ toge!r ?r\gh space4 ,! jo9t mass ( ! spectroscopic pair is tw5ty-"o times z great z t ( our sun1 & !y revolve ab\t "o ano!r 9 sev5 days2 b a v /range feature is t "s l9es 9 _! jo9t spectrum1 due to calcium gas1 behave diff]5tly f ! re/1 & x is ?\ght t ^! two revolv+ />s may be envelop$ 9 a calcium cl\d :i* travels ) !m4 ,scorpii is a telescopic d\ble :i* has be5 wat*$ ?r\gh\t a complete revolution ( n9ety-six ye>s4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 #aghb4 ,"h also !re is a ?ird />1 mu* fa9t] & m di/ant ?an ! bright] companion1 & all are travell+ toge!r ?r\gh space4 ,scorpii is "o ( ! 8d\ble-d\bles10 ( :i* a good _m are kn[n1 :]e a /> t looks s+le to ! nak$ eye is se5 z a pair ) a telescope1 & ea* ( ^! becomes a pair ) high] p[]s4 ,x has be5 describ$ z 8p]haps ! mo/ beautiful quadruple 9 ! heav5s40 ,bo? pairs j\rney toge!r ?r\gh ! skies4 ,orionis1 ! f\r?-magnitude /> j bel[ ,orion's belt1 sep>ates v easily into two unequal compon5ts4 ,h]s*el f\nd ea* ( ^! to be triple1 & call$ x a 8d\ble-treble40 ,lat] x 0 f\nd to be 8d\ble-quadruple10 ) m />s betwe5 ! two gr\ps4 ,9 ! same way ! beautiful nak$-eye d\ble /> ,capricorni is se5 9 good telescopes to consi/ ( two gr\ps ( />s1 "o 77 triple1 ! o!r 77 quadruple4 ,if a gr\p l ?is =ms a connect$ sy/em1 ! motions ( ! sev]al />s mu/ be highly complicat$4 ,,vii ,,! ,,a/oni%+ ,,/>1 ,,eta ,,arg,s ,midway betwe5 ! ,s\!rn ,cross & ! ,false ,cross !re is a nebula visible to ! nak$ eye1 & 9 x once %one a bright />4 ,:5 ,halley 0 obs]v+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 he catalogu$ x z ( f\r? magnitude1 b ,lacaille & lat] a/ronom]s m>k$ x z second4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el fir/ saw x 9 #ahcd1 :5 he 0 at ! ,cape1 & he says t x rema9$ /eady = ?ree ye>s1 f #ahcd to #ahcg4 ,on ! #af? ( ,decemb] #ahcg he began 8 obs]vations z usual by not+ ! brighte/ />s 9 ! heav5s & arrang+ !m 9 ord] on a li/1 :5 to 8 a/oni%m5t he saw 8a new c&idate = di/9ction among ! v brighte/ />s ( fir/ magnitude0 9 a "p ( ! sky :]e he 0 q sure no su* brilliant object _h be5 se5 be=e4 ,he consult$ a map & satisfi$ himself t x 0 8 8old fri5d ,eta ,args10 b ne>ly ?ree times z bright z usual4 ,he made c>eful comp>isons ) o!r bright />s !n visible1 & says t 8,fomalhaut & ,alpha ,gruis 7 at ! "t n q s high1 & ,alpha ,crucis mu* l[]1 b all 7 f9e & cle>1 & ,eta ,args w\ld n be> to be l[]$ to _! /&>d40 ,x 0 a little bright] ?an ,rigel1 & ! only />s :i* out%one x 7 ,sirius & ,canopus4 ,/ill x grew bright]1 = twelve days lat] x greatly surpass$ ,rigel & c\ld only be comp>$ ) ,c5tauri4 ,aft] ?is ! light began to fade1 & by ,april #ahch x 0 n mu* bright] ?an ,aldeb>an4 ,h]s*el n[ return$ to ,engl&1 & !re=e he did n see ! /ill m />tl+ *anges ( ?is wond]ful />1 b he has record$ :at he he>d f o!rs4 ,9 ,m>* #ahdc x became mu* bright] ?an ,rigel or ,c5tauri1 b its light wav]$1 & he says3 8,we h "h an epo* ( great int]e/1 a tempor>y m9imum1 ) a k9d ( trepidation or flutt]+ ( light1 foll[$1 h[ev]1 by ano!r /ep 9 advance ev5 yet m extraord9>y40 ,?is 0 9 ! foll[+ mon?1 ,april #ahdc1 :5 ,eta became almo/ equal to ,sirius1 ! brighte/ ( all />s4 ,x 0 ! highe/ po9t rea*$ by ?is extraord9>y />1 & two ye>s lat] ,macle> at ! ,cape wrote to ! ,a/ronom]-,royal 9 ,engl&3 8,:5 y see ,sir ,john ,h]s*el aga91 tell him t ,eta ,args has be5 = "s "t r l>g] ?an ,canopus1 & seems aga9 on ! decl9e40 ,sir ,john's conclud+ rem>ks seem to indicate some?+ ( pa9$ surprise t a /> c\ld behave 9 s erratic & unacc\ntable a fa%ion3 8,a /range field ( speculation is op5$ by ?is ph5om5on4 ,"h we h a /> fitfully v>iable to an a/oni%+ ext5t1 & ^: fluctuations ext5d ov] c5turies4444 ,:at orig9 are we to ascribe to ^! sudd5 fla%es & relapses8 ,:at conclusions are we to draw z to ! com=t or habitability ( a sy/em dep5d+ = its supply ( light & heat on s unc]ta9 a s\rce80 ,eta ,args cont9u$ to fade1 & = _m ye>s x has n be5 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,:5 ! pres5t writ] look$ = x 9 ,april #aijh x 0 beyond ! p[] ( ! b9ocul>1 al?\gh sev5?-magnitude />s 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 cle>ly di/+ui%$ & id5tifi$4 ,9 a telescope x 9 no way /&s out f ! cr[d ( small />s scatt]$ ov] ! nebula ^: light x once almo/ blott$ out by its brilliance4 ,reports n[ & !n arise t ,eta is bright5+ aga91 b x always turns out t "s neighb\r 9 ! ?rong1 a little bright] ?an ! fad$ />1 has be5 mi/ak5 = x4 ,a few o!r cases are kn[n 9 :i* a bright /> has appe>$ :]e none _h be5 se5 be=e4 ,x is said t x 0 ! appe>ance ( su* a 8new />0 9 ,scorpio 9 ! ye> #acf ,b4,c4 :i* l$ ,hipp>*us ( ,rhodes to draw up 8 fam\s />-catalogue4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aegb 8,ty*o's />0 blaz$ out 9 ,cassiopeia1 & 9 #afjd 8,kepl]'s />0 9 ,ophiu*us a/oni%$ ev]yone4 ,! old *ronicle says3 8,x 0 exactly l "o ( ! />s1 except t 9 ! vividness ( its lu/re & ! quickness ( its sp>kl+ x exce$$ any?+ ,kepl] _h ev] se5 be=e4 ,x 0 e mom5t *ang+ into "s ( ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 z yell[1 orange1 purple1 & r$1 ?\gh x 0 g5]ally :ite :5 x 0 at "s di/ance f ! vap\rs ( ! horizon40 ,?is 8new />0 mu/ h be5 ev5 bright] ?an ,eta ,args1#g = x out%one ,jupit]1 & 0 only surpass$ by ,v5us4 ,x rema9$ visible = ab\t a ye> & !n vani%$4 #g ,n[ (t5 call$ ,eta ,c>9ae1 s9ce ,argo has be5 subdivid$ 7see p4 #g74 ,s9ce ! skies h be5 m c>efully wat*$ by a/ronom]s all ov] ! _w1 & especially s9ce !y h be5 frequ5tly photograph$1 q a consid]able numb] ( new />s h be5 record$1 & ab\t half a doz5 h become visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 ! tw5ty-sev5 ye>s betwe5 #ahhe & #aiab1 tw5ty 7 record$1 & half ( ^! 7 discov]$ by ,mrs4 ,flem+ ( ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory f ! exam9ation ( photographs4 ,a/ronom]s are /ill ask+1 l ,h]s*el1 :at is ! orig9 ( ^! my/]i\s objects8 ,are !y lit]ally new />s1 or is x ! la/ fl>e-up ( a dy+ sy/em1 or are we witness+ "s cata/rophe :i* only ov]takes a few suns among ! univ]se ( />s8 ,a collision betwe5 two d>k />s1 or betwe5 a /> & a nebula1 is a supposition :i* naturally sugge/s itself1 & "s probability is l5t to ?is supposition by ! fact t ne>ly e new /> has appe>$ 9 or ne> ! ,milky ,way1 :]e />s ?rong mo/ ?ickly2 b !re are difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ ?is hypo!sis4 ,!re is a /rong lik5ess betwe5 all t h be5 exam9$ spectroscopically1 & 9 ! decl9+ /age !y become s di/9ctly nebul> 9 type t we seem ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t new />s *ange into small gase\s nebulae4 ,does ?is mean t !y are dy+1 or is x ! fir/ /age 9 ! life-hi/ory ( a />1 imm$iately prec$+ ! n altoge!r dissimil> ,wolf-,rayet /age8 ,we d n "k en\gh yet ab\t nebulae to answ] ?is "q4 ,,viii ,,mira1 ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,/> ,! head ( ,cetus1 ! ,sea-,mon/]1 is =m$ ( ?ree />s 9 a crook$ l9e 71 1 72 & a little beyond !m1 z f> f z t is f 1 y may sometimes see ano!r />1 m>k$ on ! map by ! "n 8,mira10 :i* means 8,wond]ful40 ,wat* x c>efully1 & if x is on ! upw>d grade y w see x sl[ly bright5 until x equals 1 !n 1 & if y are lucky x may ev5 approa* 9 brightness2 & mean:ile x w pass f r$ to a cle> orange-yell[2 !n x w wane once m & gradually be lo/ to view1 ?\gh y c foll[ x mu* long] 9 ev5 a small op]a-glass1 & y w notice t z x gr[s fa9t] ! col\r becomes deep] & deep] crimson4 ,unlike ,args ) its "o brilliant phase 9 two c5turies1 ,mira waxes & wanes once 9 e elev5 mon?s1 al?\gh !re is a caprici\s unc]ta9ty 9 bo? ! p]iod & ! brightness :i* makes h] a mo/ fasc9at+ object to obs]ve4 ,sometimes ! maximum brightness is sev]al days e>li]1 sometimes lat]1 ?an ! av]age2 sometimes %e only equals 1 %e has be5 se5 to excel 2 & no "o c =etell exactly :at & :5 h] maximum w be4 ,q a numb] ( o!r />s h be5 discov]$ :i* behave l ,mira1 & anyone :o wi%es to contribute some?+ to a/ronomical rese>* )\t hav+ to buy l>ge & exp5sive in/rum5ts1 or to /udy difficult problems1 _c d bett] ?an obs]ve "s ( ^! />s1 c>efully comp>+ !m night aft] night ) />s 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,"h is a li/ ( a few s\!rn 8v>iable />s ( long p]iod10 z !y are call$1 all ( :i* are easily visible at maximum brightness ) a b9ocul>1 & "s ev5 )\t4 ,a map %\ld be made ( ! surr\nd+ />s1 & a li/ drawn up ( ^? :i* are ( ! diff]5t magnitudes ?r\gh :i* ! v>iable passes4 ,e f9e night ! /> %\ld be comp>$ ) ^!1 & record$ 9 a note-book z bright] ?an "o1 fa9t] ?an o!rs1 p]haps equal to ano!r1 & s on1 sev]al comp>isons be+ made to *eck ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! v>iable passes out ( ! range ( ! b9ocul>1 ?is %\ld be not$4 ,! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 :i* has a bran* 9 ,au/ralia1 has a ,v>iable-/> ,section1 & anyone :o becomes a memb] w receive ready help & advice1 & may h ! pleasure ( feel+ t he is do+ useful "w 9 a/ronomy4 ,mo/ long-p]iod v>iables are r$ />s ( ! ,ant>ian or ( ! c>bon /> classes ) b&$ spectra1 b !y diff] f ord9>y r$ />s by occasionally %[+ bright l9es1 :i* indicate an upru% ( int5sely hot hydrog5 gas 9 _! atmosph]es4 ,^! bright l9es always appe> at times ( maximum1 & prove t ! /> p]iodically und]goes "s physical *ange3 b :at is ! nature & ! cause ( ?is *ange8 ,x c sc>cely be due to ! ne> approa* ( a satellite1 because ( ! irregul>ity 9 ! "t ( maximum4 ,!re is a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ! light waxes & wanes & ! wax+ & wan+ 9 ! numb] ( sunspots on ! sun1 & spectra ( ^! ,mira />s also some:at resemble sunspot spectra3 c x be t our sun is an incipi5t v>iable /> ) a p]iod ( ab\t elev5 ye>s8 ,x is true t sunspots seem to be cool] r ?an hott] regions on ! sun1 b a "t ( maximum spots is also a "t ( maximum activity2 slightly m heat is actually radiat+1 ! corona is bright] & l>g]1 & ! bright sc>let flames ( hydrog5 & calcium :i* we call prom95ces are l>g] & m abundant4 ,possibly x is a trem5d\s display ( ^! on ,mira :i* makes ! hydrog5 l9es bright at maximum4 ,,"s ,,s\!rn ,,v>iable ,,/>s ,,( ,,long ,,p]iod ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"n4 ,maximum ,m9imum ,p]iod4 ,rem>ks4 ,magnitude4,magnitude4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,days4 ,mira #a4g #i4f #cca ,discov]$ 9 #aeif4 ,l>ge irregul>- ities 9 p]iod & max4 brightness4 ,r ,sculptoris #f4b #h4h #cgf ,a r$ 8c>bon />40 ,r ,leporis #f4a #i4g #dcf ,crimson4 ,a 8c>bon />40 ,obs]v$ f #aheb to #ahhc1 b v few obs]vations publi%$ s9ce1 s new "w w\ld be valuable4 ,t ,c5tauri #f4e #h4j #ij ,p]iod unusually %ort = ?is class ( v>iables4 ,r ,c5tauri #e4c #ac4j #efh ,an ,ant>ian />4 ,d\ble max4 & m94 ,! second>y m94 ab\t mag4 #h4 ,r ,scuti #d4h #g4h 8 ,bright & fa9t m9ima1 usually alt]native4 ,p]iod p]haps irregul>4 ,s ,sculptoris #e4h #aa4h8 #cff ,r ,horologii #e4i #ab4j #dje ,l ,puppis #c4d #f4b #adj or long] ,r ,c>9ae #d4e #aj4j #cji ,ant>ian />s4 ,spectra v simil> ,s ,c>9ae #e4h #i4j #adh to t ( ,mira4 ,r ,hydrae #d4j #i4h #dbe ,s ,virg9is #e4f #ab4c #cgi ,r ,aqu>ii #f4b #aa4j #chg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,aga9/ ?is sugge/ion we mu/ set ! fact t no />s h be5 f\nd to l9k toge!r ! sl[ & slight *ange repres5t$ by ! sunspot p]iod ) ! rapid & viol5t *ange suff]$ by ,mira v>iables4 ,_! p]iods1 ?\gh nev] less ?an ?ree mon?s1 are nev] m ?an two ye>s1 & ! light radiat$ by ,mira at maximum sometimes am\nts to five ?\s& times z mu* z at a fa9t m9imum4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact t ^! p]plex+ />s are a l9k 9 an unbrok5 *a9 ( :i* our sun also =ms "p sugge/s t rese>* on ! sun1 our ne>e/ />1 w "s day help u to und]/& m ab\t ,mira & />s l ,mira4 ,,ix ,,eclips+ ,,/>s ,!re is ano!r type ( v>iables q di/9ct f ! ,mira />s4 ,^! run ?r\gh small] light-*anges 9 mu* %ort] p]iods1 also !y *ange abruptly ) clockwork regul>ity1 & ! spectrum %[s no bright l9es at maximum1 indicative ( physical *ange4 ,! fir/ kn[n 0 ,algol1 ! ,gh\l or ,demon ,/> 9 ,p]seus1 & ! brighte/ s\!rn /> ( ! ,algol type is ,librae4 ,x %9es /eadily = a little m ?an two days z a fif?-magnitude />1 !n 9 a few h\rs drops sudd5ly to bel[ six? magnitude1 becom+ invisible to ! nak$ eye1 & z quickly recov]s its usual brightness4 ,! entire *ange takes place regul>ly 9 less ?an two & a half days4 ,a few bright ,algol />s 9 ! s\? are3 ,,s\!rn ,,algol ,,v>iables ---------------------------------------- ------- ,"n4 ,maximum ,m9imum ,p]iod4 ,magnitude4,magnitude4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,days4 ,h\rs4 ,,rs ,sagitt>ii #e4i #f4c #b #i ,r ,canis majoris #e4h #f4d #a #b ,librae #d4h #f4b #b #g ,r ,arae #f4h #g4i #d #i ---------------------------------------- ------- ,altoge!r ne>ly a hundr$ ,algol />s are n[ kn[n1 & sev5ty-f\r ( ^! lie 9 or ne> ! ,milky ,way4 ,unlike ! my/]i\s ,mira />s1 ! v>iation ( ,algol />s has be5 expla9$4 ,! sudd5 drop 9 ! light is a p>tial eclipse1 caus$ by a d>k or p>tly d>k companion :i* = a "t hides ! bright /> f u4 ,:5 a s\rce ( light is com+ t[>ds u1 ! l9es 9 its spectrum are %ift$ t[>ds ! violet1 :5 go+ away !y are %ift$ t[>ds ! r$1 exactly z ! :i/le ( an eng9e becomes m %rill :5 approa*+ u1 & falls to a l[] pit* :5 go+ away4 ,9 ?is way x has be5 discov]$ t an ,algol /> is revolv+ r\nd an invisible companion1 = x alt]nately approa*es & rec$es1 & ^! movem5ts correspond ) its light-*anges4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a spectroscopic b9>y :i* happ5s to h an orbit ^: plane lies j 9 our l9e ( sight1 s t at e revolution "o /> passes beh9d ! o!r4 ,! spe$ ( ! /> 9 its orbit c be accurately det]m9$ 7by ! am\nt ( %ift 9 ! spectrum l9es7 9 miles p] second1 ev5 :5 we d n "k its di/ance f u2 h5ce ! size ( its orbit c be calculat$1 s9ce we "k ! p]iod 9 :i* x is complet$2 &1 fur!r1 ! size ( ! orbit gives u ! mass ( ! />s1 = _! movem5ts dep5d ^u ! attraction !y ex]cise ov] "o ano!r1 & ?is is proportional to _! mass2 & s we are able to picture ! sy/em1 al?\gh ! eclips+ /> is nev] se5 & ! di/ance f u may nev] be kn[n4 ,"h is inde$ a triumph ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,v curi\s are ! sy/ems ?us discov]$4 ,algol />s are extraord9>ily light = _! size1 _! d5sity be+ always less1 & sometimes imm5sely less1 ?an t ( wat]1 & ! companions are usually extraord9>ily close toge!r4 ,9 "s pairs !y seem to be actually t\*+4 ,ne>ly all are ,sirian />s2 a few are ( ,orion & sol> types4 ,sometimes ! companion /> gives light also1 in/ead ( be+ d>k1 & !n we h a diff]5t type ( v>iation4 ,!re are two eclipses 9 "o revolution1 ea* /> pass+ alt]nately beh9d ! o!r1 b nei!r is a v d>k eclipse1 only a less5+ ( light4 ,lyrae 0 ! fir/ /> ( ?is k9d to be discov]$2 its s\!rn c\nt]p>t is ,u ,scuti1 :i* v>ies f magnitude #i4a to #i4f1 & runs ?r\gh its two maxima & two m9ima 9 less ?an tw5ty-?ree h\rs6 ,x is a ,sirian />4 ,x ,,%ort-,,p]iod ,,v>iable ,,/>s ,ano!r extremely int]e/+ class ( v>iable />s runs ?r\gh ! p]iods z punctually z ! ,algol />s1 b ! light is v>y+ up & d[n ! :ole "t )\t any p]iod ( /ead9ess4 ,! l5g?1 too1 is (t5 mu* great]1 ?\gh n ne>ly s great z t ( ! ,mira v>iables4 ,"h are a few />s ( ?is class bright en\gh to be obs]v$ ) a b9ocul>1 at lea/ at maximum3 ,,s\!rn ,,%ort-,,p]iod ,,v>iables ---------------------------------------- --------- ,"n4 ,maximum ,m9imum ,p]iod4 ,magnitude4,magnitude4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,days4 ,w ,sagitt>ii #d4c #e4a #g ,pavonis #d4c #e4b #i l ,c>9ae #c4f #e4j #ce ,s ,crucis #f4e #g4f #d ,v ,c5taurii #f4d #g4h #e ,s ,trianguli au/rali #f4d #g4d #f ,s ,normae #f4f #g4f #i ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! ?ree fir/ on ! li/ h be5 discov]$ to be spectroscopic b9>ies1 ! motions v>y+ ) ! light1 & z ?is is f\nd to be ! case ) all ^? ^: motions are kn[n1 !re c be little d\bt t all v>iables ( ?is class are b9>ies4 ,_! orbits1 h[ev]1 are some:at l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,algol v>iables1 & are tilt$ t[>ds u s t nei!r /> c be se5 to pass 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,= ! gradual & cont9ual *ange ( light _c possibly be caus$ by an eclipse4 ,yet x seems cle> t x is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! revolution ( two />s ab\t "o ano!r4 ,v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made1 su* z t ! revolv+ /> is unequally bright ov] its surface1 & %[s u n[ its bright] & n[ its dull] face2 t ! two pull "o ano!r out ( %ape :5 !y approa* mo/ ne>ly2 t !y are p]man5tly elliptical1 & turn to u fir/ ! broad & !n ! n>r[ face4 ,any or all ( ^! may play "s "p 9 ! v>iations ( ! light4 ,b ! mo/ hopeful !ory takes into acc\nt a v /range fact lately e/abli%$1 viz4 t ! v>iable is at its brighte/ n :5 approa*+ its fell[ b :5 com+ directly t[>d u1 & at its fa9te/ :5 rec$+ directly f u4 ,?is !ory is t a d>k & bright /> are involv$ 9 a k9d ( ?9 nebul\s cl\d1 & t ! bright revolv+ /> has an envelop+ atmosph]e4 ,z x moves ?r\gh ! cl\d ?is atmosph]e is cont9ually bru%$ back f its advanc+ face1 & !re=e we %all see x :5 com+ /raight t[>ds u ?r\gh a less ?ickness ( atmosph]e1 & x w look bright] ?an :5 x is retreat+ f u4 ,!re are grave difficulties 9 accept+ ?is view1 b x receives "s support f ! case ( ,scorpii1 9 :i*1 z we saw1 a d\ble /> is suspect$1 = q a diff]5t reason1 ( be+ surr\nd$ by a ?9 cl\d4 ,& ! atmosph]e suppos$ to be surr\nd+ ! bright /> may resemble ! 8smoky veil0 :i* we "k envelops our own sun1 & causes a consid]able absorption ( light1 = ^! v>iables are sol> />s4 ,! resi/ance ( ! cl\d to ! motion ( ! revolv+ /> ought 9 "t to %ort5 its p]iod1 & "s v>iables h be5 f\nd to be %ort5+ _! p]iods4 ,%ort-p]iod v>iables are f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,,xi ,,irregul> ,,& ,,d\btful ,,v>iables ,besides ^! well-m>k$ classes ( long-p]iod1 %ort-p]iod1 & ,algol v>iables1 !re are "s />s :i* seem to v>y spasmodically1 rema9+ sometimes = mon?s or ev5 = ye>s )\t any *ange2 & !re are o!rs ^: v>iability is suspect$ b has nev] be5 confirm$4 ,useful "w might be done by amateurs 9 try+ to decide ! /atus ( ^! d\btful />s4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t r$ />s are notori\sly difficult objects4 ,two obs]v]s comp>+ "o at ! same "t ) ! same /> w (t5 come to opposite conclusions1 %[+ h[ difficult x is to comp>e />s :i* diff] mu* 9 col\r4 ,:5ev] possible1 r$ comp>ison />s %\ld be select$ to avoid ?is unc]ta9ty4 ,! second /> on ! li/ bel[ has a v peculi> type ( v>iation1 unlike any o!r except a nor!rn />1 ,r ,coronae1 & a ?ird rec5tly discov]$4 ,! spectra ( ,,ry ,sagitt>ii & ,r ,coronae are also peculi> & resemble "o ano!r4 ,! foll[+ are bright s\!rn v>iables suspect$ to v>y1 or kn[n to v>y )\t recognis$ laws3 ,,s\!rn ,,irregul> ,,& ,,suspect$ ,,v>iables ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"n4 ,maximum ,m9imum ,rem>ks4 ,magnitude4,magnitude4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,z ,sculptoris #f #h ,p]iod unkn[n4 ,,ry ,sagitt>ii #f4e ,fa9t] ,usually /eady1 b subject ?an #aa4e to a sudd5 drop at irregul> int]vals4 ,wor? wat*+4 ,,rt ,capricorni #f4e ,ab\t #h ,p]iod probably irregul>4 ,v few obs]vations publi%$4 ,s ,pho5icis #g4b #h4g ,obs]v]s diff]4 or or ,p]iod irregul>4 #f4h #h4d ,w ,ceti #f4e #ab ,p]iod p]haps #cff days ,t ,ceti #e4d #f4i ,irregul>4 ,s ,leporis #f4e #g4e ,irregul>4 ,u ,hydrae #d4e #f4c ,irregul>4 ,r$ 8c>bon />40 ,apodis #e4e #f4f ,p]iod probably irregul>4 ,r ,apodis #e4e #f4b ,suspect$4 ,t ,indi #g4b #h4i ,no regul> p]iod f\nd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,xii ,,/>-,,clu/]s ,endlessly v>i$ is ! gr\p+ ( ! />s4 ,we f9d solit>y />s1 tw9 />s1 l>ge />s ) small companions1 bright />s ) fa9t companions1 />s alike 9 col\r & type1 />s 9 /rongly contra/$ col\rs1 "o "y1 ! o!r ag$1 />s ) invisible companions1 c\ples close en\gh to t\* "o ano!r1 & c\ples s di/ant t ! satellite takes m ?an a c5tury to revolve r\nd its prim>y4 ,"o or ev5 bo? compon5ts ( a bright pair may be !mselves divisible into a clos] pair1 sometimes into a :ole gr\p ( />s4 ,m beautiful & wond]ful /ill are ! clu/]s ( />s ( v>i\s t9ts & magnitudes1 :]e scores1 ev5 hundr$s1 are ga!r$ toge!r 9 :at to ! eye is a t9y pat*1 ?\gh x may 9 fact take light _m ye>s to cross f "o side ( x to ! o!r4 ,! f9e/ example 9 ! heav5s ( ?is k9d ( clu/] is ,kappa ,crucis1 ne> 9 ! ,s\!rn ,cross4#h ,x is j visible to ! nak$ eye z a small />1 & 9 a b9ocul> ! ma9 /> is se5 to be surr\nd$ by a numb] ( o!rs2 9 a telescope x is a glori\s sight4 ,orange & r$ />s are easily di/+ui%$ 9 ! brilliant ?rong1 ev5 if we h n ,h]s*el's eye = col\r & fail to discrim9ate ! 8gre5i%-:ite1 gre51 r$1 blue-gre51 & ruddy0 :i* made up :at he lik5$ to 8a sup]b piece ( fancy jewell]y40 ,he *>t$ ov] a hundr$ />s ( all magnitudes f #g to #ag4 ,h]s*el's obs]vations at ! ,cape 7 made betwe5 #ahcd & #ahch4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,russell *>t$ ! />s ( ,kappa ,crucis at ! ,sydney ,obs]vatory 9 #ahgb1 he f\nd #be t _h n be5 record$ by ,h]s*el1 al?\gh ! great reflector 0 mu* l>g] ?an ! ,sydney in/rum5t2 _m ( ,h]s*el's />s _h drift$1 & five c\ld n be f\nd at all4 ,if *anges s /rik+ z ?is take place 9 less ?an =ty ye>s1 8x is evid5t10 z ,russell obs]v$1 8t m att5tion %\ld be be/[$ on clu/]s40 #h ,x is easy to rememb] ! names ( ! />s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,beg9 at ! foot1 :i* is obvi\sly ! brighte/1 & c\nt r\nd ! ,cross 9 clockwise direction 1 1 1 4 is beyond 9 a l9e ) 1 4 ,q a doz5 />-clu/]s ( ?is k9d are visible to ! nak$ eye 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! mo/ /rik+ be+ 9 ,scorpio1 :]e x %9es z a conspicu\s silv]y spot j beyond ! ,scorpion's tail1 midway betwe5 ,scorpii & ,sagitt>ii4 ,x is nam$ ,m #g1 :i* means ! sev5? 9 ,messi]'s li/ ( clu/]s & nebulae4 ,9 a b9ocul> x is se5 to be a gr\p ( v _m />s1 "s close toge!r1 o!rs scatt]$4 ,lacaille1 ) 8 little half-in* telescope1 c\nt$ f #ae to #bj />s1 & ,h]s*el1 ) 8 l>ge reflector1 e/imat$ ! numb] at #fj4 ,at ,cordoba ,obs]vatory no less ?an #aci 7 catalogu$4 ,m #f1 a little nor? & we/ ( ,m #g1 is also visible to ! nak$ eye z a nebul\s pat*1 & is a f9e clu/]4 ,ab\t #ej />s betwe5 magnitudes eight & twelve h be5 photograph$1 & !re are d\btless _m m ( less] brightness4 ,look also j above ! nak$-eye d\ble 9 ,scorpio1 & see :at appe>s to be a hazy />4 ,a b9ocul> sep>ates ?is into a numb] ( small />s1 & #aej h be5 photograph$1 ( magnitudes sev5 to twelve4 ,x is kn[n z h #cfeb or ,n4,g4,c4 #fbca1 ! =m] be+ ! numb] 9 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's catalogue1 ! latt] 9 ,drey]'s ,new ,g5]al ,catalogue ( />-clu/]s & nebulae4 ,a little s\? ( ,sirius is a pat* ( nebul\s light :i* %[s z />s 9 a b9ocul>4 ,?is 0 regi/]$ by ,messi] 9 #agfd z a 8mass ( small />s10 & is kn[n z ,m #da4 ,webb saw ! bright] />s arrang$ 9 curves & a ruddy /> ne> ! c5tre4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty-f\r />s 7 regi/]$ by ,g\ld1 ( :i* only five are z bright z eigh? magnitude4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,cross !re are q a numb] ( l>ge bright clu/]s1 = !y mu/ be l>ge & bright above ! av]age to be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! %ort] arm ( ! ,false ,cross--i4e4 f ,velorum to ,c>9ae1 ! nak$-eye d\ble--& cont9u$ = an equal di/ance beyond1 leads to a :ite oval pat* :i* is pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye1 & 9 ! b9ocul> appe>s l a few />s sp>kl+ on a nebul\s backgr\nd4 ,) high] p[]s ! backgr\nd also is resolv$ into />s1 ( :i* !re are "s two hundr$ ( ! fifte5? magnitude & bright] up to ! eigh?4 ,?is is ,n4,g4,c4 #caad4 ,9 ! same direction is ,c>9ae1 a bright ,orion-type /> ) num]\s small />s cr[d+ close to x4 ,?is is a v lovely gr\p 9 a good b9ocul>4 ,x conta9s ab\t tw5ty />s ( magnitudes betwe5 ?ree & eight1 & ) high p[]s appe>s z a brilliant1 loosely scatt]$ clu/] cov]+ a portion ( sky equal 9 bread? to twice ! sun's app>5t diamet]4 ,v simil> is a clu/] close to ! bright & ri*ly col\r$ /> ,x ,c>9ae4 ,x looks l an elliptical nebula 9 a b9ocul>1 ) a few />s scatt]$ ov] x4 ,two hundr$ h be5 photograph$4 ,ne> ,c>9ae1 ! beautiful ruddy /> at ! foot ( ! ,false ,cross1 is yet ano!r mo/ beautiful clu/]1 :i* conta9s ab\t fifty />s ( ! n9? magnitude & bright]4 ,x is visible to ! nak$ eye1 b :5 a telescope is turn$ ^u x ! brilliancy is />tl+4 ,radiant />s are scatt]$ all ov] ! field4 ,j ea/ ( ,puppis1 ! top ( ! poop ( ,argo1 is a f\r?-magnitude /> ,c ( a bright orange col\r1 & r\nd x is a clu/] :i* ,g\ld describes z 8extremely impressive to ! nak$ eye40 ,n9ety-two />s %[ on 8 photograph4 ,close to ,velorum 79 ! ,false ,cross7 is ! /> ,velorum4 ,ev5 to ! nak$ eye ! bright /> 7#c mag47 is se5 to be surr\nd$ by a clu/] ( fa9t />s1 & 9 a b9ocul> x is a spl5did sight4 ,! numb] ( />s is small1 b !y are bright1 t5 be+ above ! n9? magnitude4 ,la/ly we may m5tion a rem>kably f9e clu/] :i* is visible 9 a b9ocul> ?\gh n to ! nak$ eye1 9 ! ,c5taur1 among a /ream ( small />s betwe5 ! ,cross & ,args4 ,dunlop call$ x 8a pretty l>ge clu/] ( />s ( mixt magnitudes02 ,brisbane1 8a prodigi\s numb] ( small />s v close toge!r40#i ,!re are at lea/ a hundr$ above ! sixte5? magnitude4 #i ,^! two a/ronom]s obs]v$ at ,p>amatta1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ne>ly all ^! clu/]s are 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & ! re/ are v ne> x1 = ?is is *>act]i/ic ( />-clu/]s l ^!1 viz4 irregul> gr\ps conta9+ mix$ magnitudes ( />s4 ,9 a li/ ( all bright objects ( ?is k9d1 only two are f\nd z f> z #cj away f ! middle l9e ( ! ,galaxy1 :ile #hi are )9 #cj nor? or s\? ( x4 ,!re are besides #ch 9 ! ,cl\ds ( ,magellan1 :i* resemble ! ,milky ,way 9 con/itution4 ,_m clu/]s are simply unusually d5se portions ( ! ,milky ,way1 & we may almo/ say t ?is type =ms "p ( x & ( ! ,magellan ,cl\ds4 ,,xiii ,,globul> ,,/>-,,clu/]s ,if ,kappa ,crucis is ! f9e/ irregul> />-clu/] 9 ! sky1 ,omega ,c5tauri is und\bt$ly ! l>ge/ & mo/ spl5did ( all ! globul> />-clu/]s1 = its diamet] is m ?an twice ! diamet] ( ! fam\s nor!rn clu/] 9 ,h]cules4 ,x is easily f\nd1 be+ ne>ly 9 l9e ) & ,c5tauri 7! two conspicu\s />s j nor? ( ! ,cross7 & a little fur!r f ?an is f 4 ,! clu/] looks to ! nak$ eye j l a tailless comet1 & 0 mi/ak5 = "o by ! au?or :5 fir/ se54 ,9 a b9ocul> x is q r\nd1 ! s(t milky light gr[+ gradually bright] t[>ds ! c5tre1 b )\t ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( irregul>ity1 & no appe>ance ( />s4 ,x mu/ h be5 se5 by ! e>ly navigators :o nam$ ! s\!rn con/ellations1 b x 0 fir/ discov]$ z a />-clu/] by ,halley 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,mo/ amaz+ is its appe>ance 9 a telescope1 = ! milky disc breaks up into ?\s&s ( t9y po9ts ( light1 d5sely cr[d$1 all alike1 innum]able4 8,?is mo/ glori\s object10 z ,h]s*el calls x1 8! noble globul> clu/] ,c5tauri1 beyond all comp>ison ! ri*e/ & l>ge/ object ( ! k9d 9 ! heav5s10 is evid5tly q di/9ct f ,crucis & clu/]s l ^? describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 =m x is circul>1 & ! cond5sation t[>ds ! c5tre sugge/s t x is sph]ical4 ,!re are "s scatt]$ memb]s ( ! gr\p ly+ outside ! bright cr[d$ sph]e4 ,! />s are also imm5sely m num]\s & m closely pack$ ?an 9 ! irregul> clu/]s1 _! total numb] be+ e/imat$ at #aj1jjj1 & #fjjj h be5 actually c\nt$ on photographs1 & all ^! 9 a space :i* looks little l>g] ?an t occupi$ by ! sun 9 ! sky4 ,ano!r /rik+ diff]5ce is t1 in/ead ( bright & fa9t />s m+l$ toge!r1 "h !y are all ne>ly alike & v m9ute4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x is f\nd t !y belong to two magnitudes1 & two only1 ! ?irte5? & fifte5?1 & ?is seems to be a feature ( all globul> clu/]s1 z well z ! =m & ! d5se cr[d+ ( ! />s4 ,h]s*el at fir/ ?\ght ! />s 9 ,c5tauri 8s+ul>ly equal1 & di/ribut$ ) ! mo/ exact equality1 ! cond5sation be+ t ( a sph]e equally fill$40 ,b he imm$iately adds3 8,look+ att5tively1 ,i retract :at is said ab\t ! equal scatt]+ & equal sizes ( ! />s4 ,!re are two sizes 444 )\t great] or less1 & ! l>g] />s =m r+s l lace-"w on x40 ,9 8 lat] notes he is aga9 d\btful1 = he ?9ks t ! effect may be optical1 & ! l>g] />s only knots ( fa9t />s2 b photography has settl$ ! "q 9 our day4 ,yet ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 globul> & irregul> clu/]s is t ! latt] (t5 h wisps ( nebulosity cl++ ab\t !m1 b globul> clu/]s are entirely free f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/>-,,clu/] #dg ,,t\cani ,f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's draw+ ,small] ?an ,c5tauri1 b ev5 m beautiful 9 ! telescope1 is ! clu/] #dg ,t\cani1#aj :i* to ! unaid$ eye appe>s l a f\r?-magnitude /> ne> ! small] ,cl\d ( ,magellan4 ,! long curve ( ,grus foll[$ s\?w>ds leads to x4 ,ne>ly z _m />s z 9 ,c5tauri1 or ab\t #iejj1 are "h mass$ into a /ill small] space1 s ! clu/] is bright]1 & is 8compress$ to a blaze ( light0 at ! c5tre4 ,! two sets ( />s1 :i* are m+l$ toge!r ?r\gh\t1 are ( ?irte5? to fifte5? & ( sev5te5? magnitudes respectively4 ,h]s*el saw ! inn] d5s] "p rose-col\r$ :ile ! out] 0 :ite1 b ! pres5t writ] c\ld n see ?is nor f9d anyone to confirm x to-day1 possibly because ! refract+ telescopes n[ s (t5 us$ d n %[ col\r s well z l>ge reflectors l ,h]s*el's4 ,a d\ble /> ( #aa? magnitude1 :i* is conspicu\s 9 ,h]s*el's draw+1 is d\btless f> outside ! clu/]1 & only appe>s project$ aga9/ x by p]spective4 #aj ,also nam$ ,t\cani4 ,ne> ,aqu>ii !re %9es ) ! light ( a six?-magnitude /> ano!r 8magnific5t ball ( />s0 :i* has be5 comp>$ to 8a heap ( f9e s&40 ,x is nam$ #b ,m ,aqu>ii4 ,ov] sev5ty ( ^! tightly pack$ balls ( />s are kn[n1 ev5 c\nt+ only ! brighte/1 & _! di/ribution is r curi\s4 ,a l>ge numb] 7ab\t tw5ty7 occur 9 ! ,cl\ds ( ,magellan1 & m ?an half ( ! sev5ty are 9 ! ,milky ,way1 n scatt]$ ev5ly along its c\rse1 b almo/ if n entirely conf9$ to its s\!rn "p1 & *iefly ga!r$ 9 a great gr\p 9 its brighte/ portion1 :]e x passes ?r\gh ,sagitt>ius1 ,ophiu*us1 & ,aquila4 ,"h !y are m+l$ )--or p]haps project$ aga9/--num]\s />s ( ! same magnitudes2 b _m balls are also f\nd outside ! ,milky ,way1 widely scatt]$1 & 9 ^! p>ts ( ! sky !re are relatively few ( ! fa9t-magnitude />s :i* compose all ! globul> clu/]s4 #dg ,t\cani1 = in/ance1 ?\gh x is ne> ! small ,magellanic ,cl\d1 /&s q ap>t f x1 isolat$ 9 a black sky4 ,we d n "k ! di/ances ( any ( ^! balls ( />s4 ,^? :i* h be5 exam9$ spectroscopically %9e l ,canopus--t is1 !y are ( a type int]m$iate betwe5 ,sirius & our sun--b ! *ief light comes1 ( c\rse1 f ! bright] />s1 & x may be t ! fa9t] />s m+l$ ) !m belong to a diff]5t type4 ,a rem>kable fact lately discov]$ is t _m globul> clu/]s--b n all--conta9 a l>ge numb] ( v>iable />s4 ,^! v>y 9 light 9 a p]iod ( ab\t a day & h a range ( ab\t "o magnitude4 ,!y are n ( ! ,algol type1 nor q ( ! usual 8%ort-p]iod0 types1 & x is n yet cle> :at is ! cause ( v>iation1 ?\gh x seems probable t 8clu/]-v>iables0 are d\ble />s4 ,,xiv ,,nebulae ,a?w>t ! ,false ,cross1 f ,velorum to ,c>9ae1 a l9e pass+ on leads to ! r\nd :ite spot :i* we f\nd to be a />-clu/]4 ,a little fur!r 9 ! same direction is a l>g] curv$ :ite pat*1 bright en\gh to be visible1 once x is famili>1 ev5 aft] ! moon has ris54 ,?is is ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,argo1 ! ,keyhole ,nebula1 9 :i* ,eta ,args once blaz$ out4 ,ev5 a b9ocul> w divide x into two p>ts sep>at$ by a *asm1 & w %[ ! pe>ly backgr\nd p[d]$ ov] ) _m small />s4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes d n resolve ?is pale backgr\nd into />s1 z !y resolve ! />-clu/] j m5tion$3 x rema9s a pe>ly mi/1 ! bright] "p /rangely brok5 by d>k rifts1 ! fa9t]1 beyond ! *asm1 a tangl$ ske9 ( long cl\dy /reaks rea*+ out into ! d>kness & gradually1 irregul>ly1 fad+ away4 ,:5 ,h]s*el f\nd ?is backgr\nd unresolvable into />s1 he conclud$ t x did n =m "p ( ! ,milky ,way1 b 0 at an immeasurable di/ance beh9d1 s t "h he 0 look+ "r ?r\gh ! ,galaxy at a /ill m di/ant region ( />s1 too di/ant & fa9t = 8 telescope to di/+ui% !m sep>ately4 ,b ! spectroscope has taught u t ^! cl\d-l nebulae1 ?\gh />s are (t5 m+l$ ) !m1 are n =m$ ( />s at all1 b ( in*oate masses ( fa9tly lum9\s gas2 & !y clu/] s ?ickly 9 ! ,milky ,way1 g5]ally avoid+ o!r p>ts ( ! sky1 t x seems evid5t t !y lie 9 x & =m "p ( x4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! ,great] ,magellanic ,cl\d4 ,if ! days ( ! ,h]s*el's photography _h n come to ! aid ( a/ronom]s1 & ,sir ,john speaks ( ! feel+ ( despair :i* (t5 almo/ ov]came him :5 try+1 night aft] night1 to draw ! 8endless details0 ( ?is nebula1 s caprici\s 9 _! =ms are its curv+ bran*es & ! d>k spaces betwe51 s /rangely does its brightness v>y 9 diff]5t regions1 & s num]\s are ! />s scatt]$ ov] x4 ,) extraord9>y pati5ce he succe$$ 9 catalogu+ ! positions ( ov] #abjj ( ^!4 ,to comp>e ! pres5t aspect ( ! />s ) 8 catalogue w\ld be a labori\s task1 b might lead to results ( great value4 ,! curi\s d>k oval rift 9 ! mid/ ( ! bright "p1 :i* he comp>$ ) a keyhole1 he f\nd to be n entirely devoid ( light1 a ?9 nebul\s veil cov]+ "p ( x2 & _m ( ! d>k lanes & holes :i* 9 small in/rum5ts look p]fectly black1 are actually fill$ ) fa9t />s & extremely fa9t nebulosity4 ,! :ole region ne> ! nebula is exce$+ly ri* 9 />s1 & also 9 />-clu/]s1 z we h already se54 ,to quote ,h]s*el once aga93 8,nor is x easy = language to convey a full impression ( ! beauty & sublimity ( ! spectacle x (f]s :5 view$ 9 a sweep1 u%]$ 9 z x is by s glori\s & innum]able a procession ( />s1 to :i* x =ms a sort ( climax1 ju/ify+ expressions :i*1 ?\gh ,i f9d !m writt5 9 my j\rnal1 9 ! excitem5t ( ! mom5t1 w\ld be ?\ght extravagant if convey$ to ^! pages4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible = anyone ) ! lea/ sp>k ( a/ronomical en?usiasm ab\t him to pass sob]ly 9 review1 ) a p[]ful telescope & 9 a f9e night1 t portion ( ! s\!rn sky 444 su* are ! v>iety & int]e/ ( ! objects he w enc\nt]1 & su* ! dazzl+ ri*ness ( ! />ry gr\nd on :i* !y are pres5t$ to 8 gaze40 ,9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,sword-fi%1 on ! edge ( ! ,great ,cl\d ( ,magellan1 is ano!r nebula1 #cj ,dorads1 ! ,great ,loop$ ,nebula1 :i* is ev5 m m>vell\s 9 complexity ( /ructure ?an ! ,keyhole ,nebula 9 ,argo4 ,no photograph c reproduce1 & no words c describe1 ! filmy appe>ance ( ^! nebulae z se5 9 a telescope4 ,! ,loop$ ,nebula seems to consi/ entirely ( /rangely curv$ & twi/$ /ream]s on a backgr\nd ( d>k sky1 ) a few sp>kl+ />s ( v>i\s brightness scatt]$ ov] x4 ,at ! complicat$ c5tre "o ( ! loops =ms a ne>ly p]fect figure-(-eight1 & ano!r takes ! outl9e ( an eye4 ,brighte/ ( all ! l>ge gase\s nebulae is ! well-kn[n ,orion ,nebula1 9 ! sword ( ! giant4 ,a #c-;in* telescope %[s ! ma9 features well1 ! d>k bay runn+ into its brighte/ region1 ! r[ ( ?ree brilliant />s & ! 8trapezium0 ( f\r t9y ones v close toge!r1 & ! long outly+ bran*es :i* h su* fanta/ic curves4 ,because ( its comp>ative brightness1 its entranc+ beauty1 & its position :]e x c be se5 f all latitudes1 ?is nebula has be5 /udi$ m ?an any o!r4 ,! fir/ draw+ ( x 0 made 9 #afef1 ! fir/ photograph 9 #ahhj4 ,x rema9s a baffl+ my/]y /ill1 b a few facts h em]g$4 ,its di/ance is immeasurable3 x has be5 guess$ at a ?\s& light-ye>s4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be inconceivably va/ 9 ext5t1 b x is probably excessively t5u\s1 l a comet's tail1 ( :i* a million miles conta9 a negligible am\nt ( matt]4 ,x is almo/ /ation>y 9 space1 & a c>eful /udy ( its =m s9ce #ageh proves t !re has be5 no visible *ange1 except p]haps 9 ! relative brightness ( "s ( its p>ts4 ,yet a rec5t spectroscopic inve/igation %[s t movem5ts are tak+ place 9 diff]5t directions )9 ! nebula1 & a sl[ rotation ( ! :ole mass1 or ( its brighte/ portion1 is sugge/$4 ,x is compos$ ( fa9tly lum9\s gas1 ?\gh :e!r x gl[s f heat or f "s o!r cause we d n "k4 ,photographs ( nebulae are v mislead+ ) reg>d to brightness3 "o mu/ rememb] t !y h (t5 be5 expos$ = _m h\rs4 ,helium1 hydrog51 & an unkn[n gas :i* we call nebulium are m+l$ toge!r1 b n 9 equal quantities4 ,9 "s ( ! fa9t] regions ( ! nebula1 especially on ! s\? & we/ bord]s1 hydrog5 produces a great deal ( ! light2 9 ! brighte/ p>ts1 ne> ! trapezium1 ! gl[ ( nebulium is mu* m prom95t4 ,x is sc>cely d\btful t _m ( ! />s :i* appe> to be involv$ 9 ! nebula are physically connect$ ) x1 especially s9ce !y are ( a type frequ5tly f\nd ne> nebulae1 viz4 v blue ,orion-type />s ) "s ( _! hydrog5 l9es n d>k b bright1 z 9 ! nebula4 ,! s\!rn hemisph]e is ri* 9 nebulae small] b ( ! same k9d z ^! ?ree magnific5t objects1 ! ,keyhole1 ! ,loop$1 & ! ,orion ,nebulae--t is1 l>ge irregul> masses ( gas1 (t5 spangl$ ) />s--& ea* has "s special beauty ( its own2 b = mo/ ( !m l>ge telescopes are ne$$ to grasp ! fa9t details4 ,!re is a ne/ ( !m 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,sagitt>ius3 a cl\dy /reak visible to ! nak$ eye1 a little nor? ( ! /> ,sagitt>ii1 repres5ts ?ree nebulae & clu/]s close toge!r--,m #h1 ,m #bj1 & ,m #ba4 ,! fir/ is a wond]ful comb9ation ( a bright scatt]$ />-clu/] & a gase\s nebula1 ) d>k rifts divid+ ! cl\dy /ructure4 ,! second is ! celebrat$ ,trifid ,nebula1 less bright & l>ge1 b ) ev5 m /rik+ black lanes :i* split ! pr9cipal "p into ?ree almo/ sep>ate portions4 ,_m fa9t />s are scatt]$ ov] x1 b z !y are sc>cely m num]\s ?an 9 ! surr\nd+ regions1 mo/ ( !m probably are n connect$ ) ! nebula4 ,m #ba is a />-clu/]4 ,ne> ^!1 :]e ,sagitt>ius bord]s on ,aquila1#aa is a small b v rem>kable nebula1 kn[n f its %ape z ! ,horse%oe or ! ,omega ,nebula 7,m #ag74 ,x has a curi\s mottl$ appe>ance1 ) bright knots "h & !re4 #aa ,on ,scutum 9 maps :]e ?is con/ellation is n includ$ 9 ,aquila4 ,& a little fur!r we/1 ne> toge!r1 are two wond]ful nebulae :i* surr\nd ! two />s ,rho ,ophiu*i & ,nu ,scorpii4 ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 :o has /udi$ & tak5 exquisite photographs ( _m nebulae1 consid]s ! fir/ ( ^! ! f9e/ 9 ! sky1 because ( its d>k1 w9d+ lanes & ! veil+ ( ! />s 9 places by p>tly transp>5t nebul\s matt]4 ,,xv ,,o!r ,,types ,,( ,,nebulae ,! l>ge irregul> nebulae describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] are all m or less m+l$ ) />s1 at lea/ 9 appe>ance1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t !y are />-clu/]s 9 process ( =mation1 ) l>g] & bright] masses ( filmy nebulosity all ab\t !m ?an at lat] /ages1 = long-exposure photographs reveal "s exce$+ly fa9t nebulosities surr\nd+ ,kappa ,crucis & ! ,pleiades & o!r fully-develop$ />-clu/]s4 ,b ?is c only be a guess until we "k m ab\t ! nature ( nebulae4 ,9 "s regions ( ! sky we f9d va/ spaces ?9ly veil$ by nebulosity s fa9t & transp>5t t x seems to h rea*$ ! v limit at :i* matt] c exi/ & be recognis$ z su*4 ,?us 9 ! con/ellation ( ,orion ne>ly all ! bright />s are connect$ toge!r by ! va/ convolutions ( an exce$+ly fa9t diffus$ nebula 9 spiral =m1 ! inn]mo/ curve ( :i* ends 9 ! ,great ,nebula ( ! ,sword1 & ! :ole region )9 is fill$ ) fa9t light4 ,q di/9ct f ^! nebulae are o!rs ( p]fectly regul> =m1 v small1 purely gase\s1 )\t int]m+l+ ( any />s1 b usually ) "o bright />-l nucleus at ! c5tre4 ,"o =m is ! r+ nebula1 ( :i* mu* ! be/ kn[n is t 9 ! nor!rn con/ellation ( ! ,lyre4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s 9 ! s\?4 ,9 a l>ge telescope !y appe> l little gold5 w$d+-r+s aga9/ ! d>k sky backgr\nd4 ,ano!r regul> =m is ! 8planet>y nebula10 s call$ because !y look mu* l planets 9 l>ge telescopes1 be+ p]fectly r\nd or oval ) a %>ply-def9$ edge1 & 9 sev]al cases !re are h&le-l app5dages1 :i* may possibly be encircl+ r+s1 l ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,^! nebulae %9e ) a peculi> blui%-gre5 light1 ! col\r ( ! unkn[n gas nebulium1 ( :i* !y are *iefly compos$4 ,9 ,hydra1 s\? ( ! /> ,mu1 is "o ( ! brighte/ & l>ge/1 kn[n z ,h #bg--t is1 ,no4 #bg on ,william ,h]s*el's li/4 ,x is elliptical & ( a lovely blui% col\r1 ) a bright nucleus exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,by means ( ^! %>ply-def9$ c5tral nuclei x has be5 f\nd possible to measure ! approa*+ or rec$+ movem5ts ( ^! nebulae1 & al?\gh ! "o j m5tion$ is rec$+ f u ) a spe$ ( only #c miles a second1 _! av]age spe$ is high1 am\nt+ to #dj or #ej miles a second4 ,"o 9 ,sagitt>ius is rec$+ at m ?an #hj miles a second1 & ano!r 9 ,lupus atta9s a spe$ ( ov] a hundr$4 ,^! are movem5ts comp>able ) ^? ( />s1 b ! av]age is high] ?an ev5 = ! mo/ rapidly mov+ class ( />s1 ! r$-sol> & ,ant>ians4 ,may we1 !n1 place ! planet>y nebulae at ! end ( our />-s]ies1 s9ce we saw t f ! blue d[n to ! r$ ! av]age movem5ts became fa/] & fa/]1 & may we believe t all />s ev5tually become gase\s nebulae1 z 8new />s0 seem to d8 ,b we saw t 9 spectrum ^! nebulae r resemble ! />s at ! o!r end ( ! s]ies1 ! ,wolf-,rayet1 :i* lead directly to ! hotte/ & brighte/ ( all1 ! ,orion />s4 ,planet>y nebulae also resemble ,wolf-,rayet1 ,orion1 & ,sirian />s1 & diff] f sol> & r$ />s 9 t !y clu/] ne> ! ,milky ,way1 & are sc>cely ev] f\nd f> f x4 ,_! place 9 ! univ]se _c be e/abli%$ yet4 ,"o m k9d ( nebula1 ! mo/ num]\s ( all1 rema9s to be m5tion$1 ! s-call$ 8:ite nebulae10 :i* d n gl[ gre5 l _m ( ! bright] planet>ies1 b %9e ) a :ite light & h m or less />-l spectra1 al?\gh n ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes c resolve ! :ite cl\d9ess into />s4 ,! typical nebula ( ?is class is ! fam\s ,&rom$a ,nebula1 visible to ! nak$ eye 9 nor!rn skies z a l>ge oval spot %9+ s(tly 8l a c&le %9+ ?r\gh horn40 ,photography fir/ disclos$ ! rem>kable fact t x has ! =m ( a great1 closely-w\nd spiral1 & fur!r rese>* has %[n t by f> ! great] numb] ( 8:ite nebulae0 h ?is =m4 ,!re is a v f9e "o 9 ,aqu>ius1#ab :i* has be5 kn[n s9ce #ahbd1 b visual obs]vations gave absolutely no idea ( its true =m4 ,a photograph expos$ = f\r h\rs 9 ,septemb] #aiab %[$ x cle>ly z ab\t two turns ( a great spiral4 #ab ,n4 ,g4 ,c4 #gbic4 ,! di/ribution ( ?is k9d ( nebula is q diff]5t f t ( ! gase\s nebulae1 =1 in/ead ( clu/]+ t[>ds ! ,milky ,way1 !y avoid x1 & especially ! brighte/ region1 :]e we saw t ! o!rs mo/ ab\nd1 viz4 9 ,scorpio1 ,sagitt>ius1 & ,ophiu*us4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! l>ge/ numb] ( ^! is f\nd ne> ! nor? pole ( ! ,galaxy--t is1 z f> remov$ f x z possible1 9 ,virgo4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no correspond+ gr\p ab\t ! s\? pole ( ! ,galaxy4 ,"o inve/igator has f\nd ! di/ance ( ! ,&rom$a ,nebula to be tw5ty light-ye>s1 b ! di/ance & ! movem5ts ( ?is type are difficult to discov]4 ,!y are evid5tly v diff]5t f ! o!rs1 & q z my/]i\s4 ,,xvi ,,! ,,cl\ds ,,( ,,magellan ,"o ( ! wond]s :i* mo/ attract$ ! att5tion ( e>ly explor]s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & r\s$ z mu* int]e/ z ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 0 ! pair ( fa9t cl\ds1 look+ l deta*$ pieces ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* are se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,m>co ,polo made a sket* ( ! ,great] ,cl\d1 :i* he describes wond]+ly z 8a /> z big z a sack40 ,al?\gh "s />-maps %[ %ort bran*es ( ,milky ,way po9t+ t[>ds ! two ,cl\ds1 ?is is incorrect1 & !y are q sep>ate f x4 ,h]s*el 0 /ruck by _! isolation1 especially 9 ! case ( ! ,little ,cl\d1 :i* he describ$ z situat$ 9 a 8mo/ oppressively desolate des]t10 its only neighb\r be+ ! globul> clu/] #dg ,t\cani1 :i* is ne>1 b sep>at$ by a p]fectly black sky4 ,! ,great] ,cl\d is mu* bright] to ! nak$ eye ?an ! ,less]1 & x is mu* m complex & int]e/+ 9 ! telescope4 ,x conta9s1 moreov]1 ! wond]ful ,loop$ ,nebula1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,bo? ,cl\ds consi/ ( gase\s nebulae & />-clu/]s on a backgr\nd ( vague nebulosity & cr[ds ( almo/ indi/+ui%able />s4 ,b ! :ite nebulae %un ! ,cl\ds1 j z !y %un ! ,milky ,way4 ,an imm5se numb] ( v>iable />s h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,cl\ds ( ,magellan1 ( ! same type z ^? 9 globul> clu/]s4 ,miss ,leavitt ( ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory catalogu$ f photographs no less ?an #ifi 9 ! ,less] ,cl\d & #hjj 9 ! ,great]4 ,9 ! latt] ! greate/ numb] ( v>iables 0 f\nd 9 a /ream ( fa9t />s :i* connects a gr\p ( />-clu/]s ) ! ,loop$ ,nebula1 & o!rs occur locally 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,cl\d1 b few are 9 its nor!rn region or 9 p>ts :]e _m ( ! bright] />s congregate4 ,all ! v>iables are v fa9t1 ! usual m9imum 9 bo? ,cl\ds be+ ab\t f\rte5? magnitude1 & ! maximum seldom m ?an "o magnitude bright]4 ,a few 9 ! ,less] ,cl\d h be5 f\nd ) p]iods unusually long = ?is 8clu/] type0 ( v>iables1 am\nt+ to #cb1 #ff1 & ev5 #abg days4 ,^! long] p]iods seem to belong to some:at bright] />s1 b !y are q z exact z ! usual p]iod ( a few days or a s+le day4 ,,xvii ,,! ,,milky ,,way ,l a great riv] return+ into itself1 ! ,galaxy encircles ! />ry heav5s1 & ^? :o "k only its nor!rn c\rse h no idea ( its brilliance & wond]ful complexity 9 its brighte/ "p4 ,its light is s(t1 milky1 & almo/ uni=m1 betwe5 ,cygnus & ,sirius1 b :5 x ent]s ,argo x becomes extremely broad1 & spreads out l a riv] on a flat m>%y pla91 9 _m twi/+ *annels ) spaces betwe54 ,:]e ,canopus %9es on ! bank !re is a n>r[ w9d+ =d "r across its :ole bread?1 z if a pa? _h be5 made by ! cross+ ( a />4 ,aft] ?is x sudd5ly becomes extremely n>r[1 b s bright t all ! light :i* 0 %9+ 9 ! broad *annel seems to be cond5s$ 9 ?is n>r[ b$4 ,9 ! brighte/1 ri*e/ "p ! ,great ,nebula ( ,argo is easily di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,contra/+ ) ?is & o!r bright cond5sations are black gaps1 ! l>ge/ & blacke/ ( :i* is ! well-kn[n ,coal-,sack ne> ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,milky ,,way ,,9 ,,scorpio1 ,,lupus1 ,,& ,,ara ,photograph$ at ,hanov]1 ,cape ,colony1 by ,bailey & ,s*ultz ,! riv] n[ divides4 ,"o %ort /ream1 :i* goes nor? f ,c5taur t[>ds ,ant>es1 is fa9t & soon lo/2 b ano!r nor!rn /ream is s bright & s p]si/5t t f ,c5taur to ,cygnus we may say t ! ,galaxy fl[s 9 a d\ble curr5t4 ,?is nor!rn portion =ms fir/ ! smoke ( ! ,alt> on :i* ! ,c5taur is ab\t to (f] ! ,bea/1 !n passes ?r\gh ! ,scorpion into ! ,s]p5t-,hold]1 & "h1 betwe5 ,ophiu*i & ,corona ,au/ralis1 ! d\ble /ream has its greate/ wid?4 ,! nor!rn division soon gr[s dim & seems to die out1 b beg9s aga9 ne> ,ophiu*i1 &1 curv+ ?r\gh a little gr\p ( />s1 passes ?r\gh ! head ( ! ,eagle & =ms an oval lagoon 9 ! ,swan4 ,! s\!rn /ream passes ?r\gh ! ,scorpion's ,tail into ,sagitt>ius1 !n ?r\gh ! ,eagle & ! ,arr[ till x fl[s close beside ! nor!rn /ream 9 ! ,swan1 & f9ally rejo9s x 9 a bright pat* r\nd ,cygni4 ,except j "h x is mu* bright] ?an ! nor!rn /ream1 & its /ructure is ev5 full] ( wond]ful detail ?an 9 ,argo4 ,9 ,sagitt>ius x consi/s ( great r\nd$ pat*es ) d>k spaces betwe54 ,! brighte/ ( ^! conta9s ! /> ,sagitt>ii2 !n foll[s a rem>kable region ( small pat*es & /reaks1 ! portion pass+ ?r\gh ,sagitt>ius & ,aquila be+ ?ickly /udd$ ) nebulae4 ,?is is foll[$ by ano!r bright pat*1 rivall+ t r\nd ,sagitt>ii1 :i* involves ! />s & #f ,aquilae4 ,?is ends ! mo/ brilliant & wond]ful "p ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,:5 well se51 z we see x 9 ! s\?1 x recalls ,h]s*el's words1 writt5 at ! ,cape :5 x came into view 9 8 telescope3 8,! real ,milky ,way is j come on 9 great semi-nebul\s masses1 runn+ into "o ano!r1 heaps on heaps40 ,& aga93 8,! ,milky ,way is l s&1 n /rew$ ev5ly z ) a sieve1 b z if flung d[n by h&fuls1 & bo? h&s at once40 ,:at is x8 ,! anci5ts ?\ght x ! pa?way ( dep>t$ spirits1 or fi]y exhalations f ! e>? imprison$ 9 ! skies1 or a =m] road ( ! sun ?r\gh ! />s4 ,b ,democritus & "s o!r inquir+ ,greeks believ$ x to be ! %9+ ( multitudes ( />s too fa9t & too close toge!r to be se5 sep>ately1 & we "k ?is to be ! tru?4 ,we "k also1 f simply c\nt+ ! />s 9 diff]5t regions ( ! sky1 t _! numb]s increase regul>ly z we g f nor? or s\? t[>ds ! ,milky ,way1 & />s ( all magnitudes are mo/ abundant )9 its c\rse4 ,we saw also t />-clu/]s & c]ta9 k9ds ( nebulae frequ5t x1 :ile o!r k9ds avoid x1 & t blue & :ite />s are ! mo/ abundant ne> x1 & t5d to move ?r\gh space 9 planes p>allel ) x1 :ile ! r$d] />s are scatt]$ & move ab\t 9 all directions4 ,facts l ^! lead a/ronom]s to believe t ! ,milky ,way has a def9ite relation ) all ! visible univ]se1 t ev5 ! mo/ di/ant nebula is n an outly+ univ]se ap>t f ours1 b all are p>ts ( "o va/ /ell> sy/em4 ,x is possible t ! ,milky ,way1 :i* we see z a great circle1 d\ble 9 "o "p1 is really an imm5se spiral1 & t we are ne>e/ "o curve ( x1 ! great s\!rn division :i* looks s bright4 ,x may be t ! spiral nebulae1 va/ ?\gh !y are 9 t]ms ( e>?ly measurem5t1 are t9y models ( "o trem5d\s spiral :i* enfolds ! univ]se ) its coils4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london