,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics are enclos$ 9 und]scores2 boldface text is enclos$ 9 equals signs4 ,additional notes w be f\nd ne> ! end ( ?is ebook4 ,illu/ration3 7cov]7 ,a ,,boy',s ,,text ,,book ,,on ,,gas ,,eng9es ,a ,book = ,boys ,describ+ & ,expla9+ 9 ,simple ,language ! ,automobile ,gas ,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 7decoration7 ,by ,,fay ,,leone ,,faurote1 ,b4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e4 7,=m] ,in/ructor ,detroit ,motor ,s*ool7 ,publi%$ by ! ,au?or ,,lans+1 ,,mi*igan1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,copyright ,,by ,,fay ,,leone ,,faurote #aijh ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,,smi? ,,pr9t+ ,,co4 ,,*icago--,,lans+ ,,preface ,kn[+ t ! motor c> is fa/ becom+ ! mod]n =m ( transportation1 bo? 9 ! social & comm]cial _w1 & feel+ t ! pr9ciples ( ! me*anism :i* con/itutes its propell+ p[] are z yet some:at ( a my/]y to ! av]age individual & to 8,"y ,am]ica0 9 p>ticul>1 ! au?or feels t "s ( ! simple explanations (f]$ 9 ! foll[+ pages ( ?is book w be welcom$ & appreciat$4 ,:ile !y d n cov] ! entire subject1 x is hop$ t !y may t5d to %$ "s light1 & 9 a way make und]/&able ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! automobile gas eng9e4 ,,fay ,l ,,faurote4 ,novemb] #be1 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,f\r-cyl9d] ,motor1 s section$ t x %[s int]ior ( cyl9d]1 valves1 pi/on1 crank %aft & connect+ rods4 ,a ,,boy',s ,,text ,,book ,,on ,,gas ,,eng9es ,,introduction ,boys1 :5 ,i 0 a small boy1 ,i rememb] h[ mu* ,i 0 int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ :i* 0 me*anical4 ,! eng9e] 0 my h]o2 ! solv+ ( ! my/]ies ( an eng9e & ! le>n+ h[ to drive "o1 0 my ambition4 ,i rememb] well h[ ,i tri$ to read ! dry1 te*nical description ( motors1 /eam eng9es & su* ?+s4 ,i rememb]1 too1 h[ h>d x 0 to und]/& ^? books2 h[ ! v>i\s te*nical t]ms us$ to bo!r me1 until at la/1 9 despair1 ,i w\ld ?r[ ! books aside4 ,x seem$ z if ! m5 :o wrote !m nev] realiz$ t boys exi/$1--t boys want$ to "k ab\t su* ?+s4 ,at o!r times h[ glad ,i 0 :5 ,i f\nd a good-he>t$ eng9e] :o seem$ to "k & und]/& my feel+s & my desire to le>n4 ,h[ easy x 0 to compreh5d 8 explanations1 because he us$ homely1 ev]yday ?+s to illu/rate 8 mean+4 ,he made y =get !re 0 any?+ complicat$ ab\t ma*9]y4 ,he simply took up "o "p at a "t1 & :5 he _h f9i%$ ) x1 ev]y?+ 0 z pla9 z ! nose on y\r face4 ,boys1 !n & !re ,i decid$ t if ,i ev] did und]/& "s ( ^! seem+ my/]ies ( eng9e]+1 ,i w\ld write a book t boys c\ld und]/&4 ,i w\ld write x s t !y c\ldn't help x1 x w\ld be s pla92 !re w\ld be no secrets2 !y %\ld "k all ab\t x1 & :at is m1 %\ld be able to reason x all out = !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--,! ,ess5tial ,p>ts ( a ,gas ,eng9e4 ,let me tell y ab\t ea* "p sep>ately4 ,aft] we h gone ov] ea* "p y w f9d t y w und]/& ! action ( ! motor & o!r p>ts ( ! c> well en\gh s t y w unconsci\sly reason x all out = y\rselves4 ,"s ( ! descriptions & explanations may at fir/ seem unsatisfactory1 b ,i ?9k ) a little ?\ght & /udy y w be able to ma/] !m 9 a %ort "t4 ,i want y\r confid5ce1 boys1 & !n ,i "k we w get along all "r toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b--;,a ,s+le-cyl9d] ,horizontal ,eng9e4 ,note location ( valves 9 ?is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,suction ,,/roke ,,compression ,,/roke ,,work+ ,,/roke ,,exhau/ ,,/roke ,fig4 #c--;,f\r views ( a section ( a ,v]tical ,cyl9d]1 %[+ position ( valves1 pi/ons & cams = ! f\r diff]5t /rokes4 ,,! ,,f\r-,,/roke ,,cycle4 ,?is subject looks l a bugbe>1 doesn't x4 ,well1 x is "o ( ! fir/ ?+s ( :i* we %all h to dispose1 & s we'll tackle x "r away4 ,we w />t backw>ds1 & take ! ^w cycle fir/4 ,if y w look 9 ! diction>y y w f9d t ?is ^w means 8a circle or orbit2 an int]val ( "t 9 :i* a succession ( ev5ts is complet$1 & !n returns 9 ! same ord]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,suction ,,/roke ,,compression ,,/roke ,,work+ ,,/roke ,,exhau/ ,,/roke ,fig4 #d--;,a ,f\r-cycle ,diagram1 %[+ sequ5ce ( /rokes 9 ?is type ( motor4 ,?is does n mean v mu* to y1 does x8 ,well1 let u g into x a little f>!r4 ,suppos+ y 7 runn+ relay races ar\nd a block2 y w\ld run d[n on "o side1 across on ano!r1 back on ! o!r side1 & !n back to ! />t+ po9t1 w\ldn't y8 ,y w\ld h complet$ a cycle !n because y h tak5 a 8c]ta9 "t 9 :i* a succession ( ev5ts 7/reets7 has be5 complet$0 & y are back aga9 at ! />t ready to 8return 9 ! same ord]40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e--;,draw+ %[+ comp>ison betwe5 gas eng9e & a cannon connect$ ) a gr9d/one4 ,!re is n any?+ complicat$ ab\t t1 is !re8 ,9 o!r words j *ange ! f\r-/roke cycle to a f\r-/reet circle1 & ?is w help y to keep 9 m9d ! mean+ ( ?is t]m4 ,d y rememb] la/ ,f\r? ( ,july :5 y _h y\r cannon out1 h[ _m ?+s y _h to d to fire x1 or 9 o!r words to complete ! cycle ( op]ations4 ,y did f\r ?+s1 didn't y8 ,no4 #a4 ,y put 9 ! p[d]4 ,no4 #b4 ,y ramm$ x 9 ) a ramrod4 ,no4 #c4 ,y fir$ x by t\*+ a mat* to x4 ,no4 #d4 ,y clean$ x out4 ,y _h gone ar\nd y\r f\r-sid$ circle1 & 7 back aga91 at ! />t1 ready to d ! same ?+s ov] aga94 ,y 7 runn+ a gas eng9e !n1 only y did n realize x4 ,let u assume = ! sake ( argum5t1 t y _h a bullet 9 y\r cannon1 & t to ?is bullet 0 connect$ a rod :i* _h its o!r end fa/5$ to ! crank ( a gr9d/one4 ,!n if ! b>rel ( ! cannon 0 long en\gh1 & ! rod :i* connect$ ! bullet & crank 0 %ort1 ! bullet c\ld n get out ( ! cannon b>rel1 c\ld x8 ,x w\ld !re=e h to g back & =? v mu* l ! p$al on a gr9d/one does4 ,( c\rse ! rod & ! crank w\ld h to be v /rong 9 ord] to keep ! bullet 91 b we w assume t !y are1 & t ! bullet mu/ travel back & =? inside ! b>rel4 ,n[1 if ! bullet is go+ to /ay 9 ! b>rel we mu/ provide "s way to load ! cannon1 & also to clean x out1 !re=e we w cut two holes 9 ! end1 "o at ,i & "o at ,e1 & !n in/ead ( us+ p[d] suppose y use "s explosive gas :i* w n leave s mu* soot beh9d x4 ,y "k h[ a squirt gun works--h[ y draw ! wat] 9 by pull+ out ! plung]1 & h[ y =ce ! wat] out aga9 by pu%+ x 9 aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,let u "w ! cannon ! same way4 ,let u call ! f>!/ po9t to :i* ! bullet travels go+ 9 8,h0 & ! f>!/ po9t to :i* x travels go+ out 8,k40 ,n[ let u assume t ! bullet is at 8,h10 & t x is j />t+ out 9 ! direction ( 8,k40 ,if we op5 ! hole 8,i0 9 ! side ( ! cannon by tak+ out ! plug 8,l10 & put a hose1 connect$ ) our gas tank1 9 !re1 !n ! outw>d motion ( ! bullet 8,p0 w pull ! cannon full ( gas1 won't x8 ,be=e ! gas has a *ance to escape we w put 9 ! plug 8,l0 aga94 ,n[ we h ! cyl9d] full ( gas1 b z ! bullet is at ! end ( its /roke1 & _c g any fur!r1 we w h to pu% ! gas toge!r aga9 & get ! bullet into position 8,h40 ,?is w be a good ?+ = ! gas1 because x w cr[d ! p>ticles ( x clos] toge!r1 & make x explode quick]1 s we w d ?is4 ,( c\rse1 9 ord] to keep ! gas 9 !re we h _h to close up ! t\*-hole ( ! cannon1 b n[ t we are ready to fire x1 we w take ?is plug out1 & t\* a mat* to ! gas4 ,an explosion foll[s1 & ! bullet travels f ! position 8,h0 to ! position 8,k40 ,all ?is "t ! crank ( ! gr9d/one mu/ h be5 turn+ because ! bullet & ! crank are fa/5$ toge!r1 & !re=e1 in/ead ( travel+ ?r\gh ! air1 ! bullet has us$ up its en]gy 9 turn+ ! gr9d/one4 ,:5 y get a gr9d/one />t$ x is r h>d to /op1 isn't x8 ,& if y didn't /op x1 x w\ld keep on turn+ ar\nd1 w\ldn't x8 ,if ?is is true1 we might z well let x clean ! cannon4 ,z ! hole 8,i0 is connect$ ) ! gas tank1 we _c let x =ce ! burnt gas out !re1 c we8 ,we w !re=e pull out ! plug 8,j0 9 ! hole 8,e0 j z ! bullet rea*es ! po9t 8,k0 s t 9 com+ back x w =ce ! burnt gases & smoke out ?r\gh ! hole 8,e40 ,n[ we are all ready to />t ov] aga92 ! cannon has be5 clean$ out1 & ! bullet /ill be+ fa/5$ to ! gr9d/one1 :i* is turn+1 z a result ( ! explosion1 w\ld imm$iately beg9 />t+ out on ano!r outw>d /roke4 ,if we put 9 ! plug 8,j0 aga9 & pull out ! plug 8,l10 ! bullet or pi/on z we might call x n[1 w suck 9 ano!r *>ge ( gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g--;,gr9d+ a valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h--;,a section ( a ,cyl9d] %[+ location ( v>i\s p>ts--end view4 ,y c see t if y _h two boys1 "o ( !m to pull out ! plugs1 & ano!r to fire ! *>ge y c\ld keep ! gun fir+ /eadily1 & run ! gr9d/one4 ,aft] y h done ?is = a :ile y w get tir$ ( tak+ out ! plugs & putt+ !m 91 & /&+ !re ) a mat* lit all ! "t1 & y w\ld wi% !re 0 "s way to make ! gr9d/one1 :i* 0 runn+1 d all ?is = y4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5$ to "s ( ! old eng9e]s1 & s !y set ab\t try+ to accompli% ?is result4 ,!y succe$$ 9 rigg+ a piece ( ma*9]y t w\ld op5 & close ^! holes automatically1 & ) ! introduction ( electricity !y also devis$ a way :]eby ! *>ge c\ld be ignit$ by an electric sp>k in/ead ( a mat*4 ,! plugs :i* cov] ! holes1 !y call$ valves & ! plug :i* conta9$ ! electric wires1 us$ = fir+ ! gas1 !y call$ a sp>k plug4 ,n[ let u see :at we h le>n$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we h f\nd t x takes f\r /rokes to explode "o *>ge ( gas #a4 ,suction /roke1 dur+ :i* ! gas is suck$ into ! b>rel ( ! cannon1 or cyl9d] z x is call$4 #b4 ,! compression /roke1 dur+ :i* ! gas is compress$ s t x w burn easi]4 #c4 ,! explosive /roke1 or work+ /roke1 call$ s on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! explosive =ce ( ! gas is us$ to turn ! :eel4 #d4 ,! cleans+1 or exhau/ /roke1 dur+ :i* ! burnt gas & smoke is =c$ out ( ! b>rel4 ,= ?is reason1 a gas eng9e :i* works on ?is pr9ciple is call$ a ,f\r-,/roke ,cycle ,eng9e4 ,x requires f\r /rokes to complete ! entire op]ation & br+ x back to ! beg9n+ ready to />t ov] aga94 ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,s f> we h conf9$ ourselves to ! p>ts ( a cannon1 b n[ t we are go+ to take up ! /udy ( ! motor 9 its details let u call !m by _! regul> names4 ,! b>rel ( ! cannon we w call a cyl9d]4 ,9 an actual motor a cyl9d] is made out ( ca/ iron1 c>efully bor$ out inside1 s t ! hole is p]fectly r\nd1 & ! sides ( ! wall z smoo? z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,y w realize t ?is is necess>y z we want to r$uce1 z mu* z possible1 any rubb+ or friction1 z x is call$1 betwe5 ! pi/on & cyl9d] walls4 ,next we mu/ provide "s means ( cool+ ^! walls1 z y "k t ! cont9u\s fir+ w\ld soon make !m v hot4 ,?is is done by surr\nd+ ! cyl9d] ) :at is kn[n z a wat] jacket ?r\gh :i* wat] c be circulat$1 !reby c>ry+ (f ! heat1 & keep+ ! iron f gett+ r$ hot4 ,we mu/ also cut two holes 9 ! side ( ! cyl9d] to make places = ! valves & a place = ! sp>k plug4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj--;,end view ( ,horizontal ,"o-cyl9d] ,motor1 %[+ pi/on1 valves & valve me*anism4 ,a cyl9d] is g5]ally m\nt$ on its side 9 a "o cyl9d] eng9e1 & is set up on end :5 x is desir$ to use m ?an "o4 ,!re=e1 9 a "o cyl9d] motor y w notice t ! pi/on moves back & =?1 :]eas 9 a two-cyl9d]1 f\r-cyl9d] or six-cyl9d] type1 ! pi/ons move up & d[n4 ,z f> z ! action ( ! p>ts is conc]n$ !y "w 9 exactly ! same way1 only t ! valve me*anism has to be *ang$ some:at4 ,! cyl9d] is bolt$ to a framework call$ ! crank case :i* furni%es a solid f\ndation ^u :i* x c re/4 ,illu/ration ,,valves ,y w rememb] t 9 fir/ discuss+ ! draw+ 9 & clean+ out ( ! gas t two holes _h to be cut 9 ! sides ( ! cyl9d] wall4 ,"o ( ^! ?r\gh :i* ! fre% gas might be suck$ 91 & ! o!r ?r\gh :i* ! burnt gas might be expell$4 ,also rememb] t we kept ^! holes plugg$ except :5 x 0 necess>y to h !m op5 to p]=m _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa--,! evolution ( a ,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab--;,a regul> ,valve4 ,n[ let u take a section ( a valve & see h[ x is made up4 ,y w notice fir/ ! little plug 8,a0 :i* cov]s ! hole 9 ! cyl9d]2 x is tap]$ v mu* l a glass /opp] 9 a bottle = ! reason t 9 ?is =m x is easi] to fit x to ! op5+2 x c be 8gr\nd 90 9 ! same way t a glass /opp] c1 9 ord] to make an air-tight fit4 8,b0 is a rod kn[n z ! valve /em1 & is simply a r\nd piece ( /eel fa/5$ to ! valve plug 8,a40 8,s0 is a valve spr+ :i* holds ! valve d[n into ! cyl9d] wall1 or valve-seat1 z x is call$4 ,9 ord] to op5 ^! valves y c see t all t is necess>y = y to d is to pu% up on ! valve /em 8,b40 ,?is w raise ! valve 8,a0 away f its seat into ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 leav+ a space all ar\nd ?r\gh :i* ! gas may ent] or leave4 ,9 an actual motor1 h[ev]1 little irregul> pieces ( /eel1 cut out 9 g5]al %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad p]=m ! op]ation ( rais+ ! valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac--,?ree positions ( a ,valve ,cam4 ,fig4 #ac %[s ?ree positions ( "o ( ^! revolv+ pieces ( /eel1 te*nically call$ cams1 fir/1 9 ! act ( j />t+ to raise ! valve2 second1 its position :5 ! valve is entirely op52 ?ird1 its position :5 ! valve has j clos$4 ,if bo? valves are op]at$ by ^! cams y c see t if !y are set at ! prop] position !y c be op5$ at diff]5t times & entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,if y w look at ,fig4 #c y w see a complete motor1 ! inlet valve on ! left side1 & ! exhau/ valve on ! "r side4 ,?is figure w also %[ y ! little cams 9 _! v>i\s positions at diff]5t po9ts ( ! f\r /rokes4 ,sometimes ! two valves1 in/ead ( be+ on opposite sides ( ! cyl9d]1 are plac$ on ! same side1 & bo? cams are put on ! same %aft1 :i*1 by ! way1 is call$ a cam-%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad--,names ( ,valve ,p>ts4 ,fig4 #ad %[s two su* valves1 ! left h& "o op5+1 & ! "r h& "o clos$4 ,! extreme left h& view %[s ! way !y w\ld look if view$ f ! end4 ,x also gives y ! names ( all ! p>ts4 ,fig4 #g %[s h[ ! valves are 8gr\nd 940 ,! way y d x is to take ! valve out1 & coat x ) v f9e em]y du/ & oil1 & !n put x back 9 place leav+ (f ! spr+1 fit a wr5* to x on top z %[n 9 ! picture & twirl x ar\nd z y w\ld a glass /opp] 9 a bottle until x is p]fectly air-tight1 aft] :i* ! valve %\ld be remov$ & bo? x & ! valve seat c>efully wip$ (f s t none ( ! em]y w get into ! cyl9d] or o!r work+ p>ts ( ! eng9e & cause !m to be cut4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t ways ( mak+ valves & sev]al places to put !m s t y mu/ n always expect to f9d !m 9 ! same place4 ,_! action is ! same1 h[ev]1 no matt] :]e !y are situat$ or h[ !y are op]at$1 & ,i ?9k ) a little exam9ation & /udy y w always be able to f9d !m & und]/& h[ !y "w 9 any eng9e4 ,,! ,,pi/on ,! pi/on =ms1 z y w recall1 ! bullet 9 ! cannon1 :i* in/ead ( leav+ ! b>rel1 0 made to travel back & =? inside ( ! cyl9d] "u ! action ( ! explosive gas4 ,ow+ to ! fact t a solid piece ( iron w\ld be v heavy & w\ld get v w>m1 ! real pi/on us$ 9 a motor is made holl[ s t x is m]ely a %ell4 ,in/ead ( fa/5+ ! rod to ! end ( x1 a small rod1 call$ ! pi/on p9 is 9 ! c5t] ( x1 & to ?is ! connect+ rod is connect$4 ,fig4 #af %[s a section ( ! pi/on4 ,y w notice t ! pi/on p9 is kept f slid+ sideways by a bolt t is screw$ into x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae--;,a ,pi/on1 ,pi/on ,r+1 & ,pi/on ,p94 ,ow+ to ! fact t bo? ! cyl9d] walls & pi/on get hot1 & t iron exp&s & contracts accord+ to its temp]ature1 x is n possible to make a pi/on alone :i* w\ld rema9 air-tight all ! "t4 ,eng9e]s1 !re=e1 f\nd x necess>y to put r+s1 :i* 7 cut at "s po9t 9 _! circumf]5ce1 on ! outside ( ! pi/on itself4 ,^! pi/on r+s1 due to ! fact t !y are cut1 c accommodate !mselves to ! v>y+ diamet]s ( ! cyl9d]1 & c !re=e keep an air-tight fit1 ev5 :5 ! pi/on is mov+ back & =? all ! "t4 ,mo/ ( y1 no d\bt1 "k t ! plung] 9 a pump is made air-tight by "o or a set ( lea!r wa%]s1 :i*1 ow+ to _! pliable /ructure1 c exp& or contract s z to always fit air-tightly ! pipe 9 ! pump4 ,pi/on r+s "w 9 precisely ! same mann]1 & are always kept lubricat$ s t !y w "w smoo?ly1 ?us do+ away ) any friction :i* might result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af--;,a section ( a ,pi/on1 %[+ location ( pi/on p9 & end ( connect+ rods4 ,,! ,,crank ,,%aft ,mo/ ( y are famili> ) a crank z appli$ to a gr9d/one4 ,a crank 9 a motor is practically ! same %ape except t x is support$ on two be>+s in/ead ( "o & is !re=e made 9 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! crank %afts = two & f\r-cyl9d] motors are only a comb9ation ( two or f\r ( ^! s+le cranks4 ,crank %afts are made up ( /eel1 c>efully =g$1 & !n turn$ & gr\nd d[n to prop] size to fit ! be>+s = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,!y are h>d5$ & e precaution tak5 to keep !m f we>+4 ,!y =m "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! motor because !y *ange ! back & =? motion ( ! pi/on into ! rot>y motion ( ! fly :eel4 ,! fly :eel 9 our =m] illu/ration 0 repres5t$ by ! gr9d/one itself4 ,9 ! real motor ! fly :eel is made ( ca/ iron1 & aft] be+ c>efully balanc$ s t x turns ev5ly1 x is securely bolt$ to ! crank %aft1 s t !y practically =m "o piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag--;,a ,f\r-cyl9d] ,crank ,%aft4 ,,! ,,connect+ ,,rod ,! connect+ rod1 z y c guess f its "n1 =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! pi/on & crank %aft1 transf]r+ ! en]gy ( ! explosive gas1 act+ beh9d ! pi/on1 to ! crank %aft & fly :eel1 f :i* x c be transmitt$ to ! driv+ :eels ( ! automobile4 ,x is made up 9 "s su* =m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah & is made ( /eel or bronze4 ,x has a be>+ at ea* end1 ! small] "o fitt+ ar\nd ! pi/on p91 ! l>g] "o surr\nd+ a portion ( ! crank %aft call$ ! crank p94 ,bo? ( ^! be>+s are lubricat$ by oil :i* spla%es up f ! bottom ( ! crank case :5 ! eng9e is runn+4 ,y w notice t "o ( ! be>+s is cut 9 two & bolt$ toge!r s t y c take x (f f ! crank %aft1 %\ld y wi% to exam9e x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah--;,a typical ,connect+ ,rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai--,! two halves ( ! ,connect+ ,rod ,be>+4 ,,! ,,crank ,,case ,! crank case ( a motor s]ves z a f\ndation = ! eng9e1 furni%es a support = ! ma9 be>+s 9 :i* ! crank %aft revolves & encloses ! work+ p>ts 9 su* a way z to provide = _! lubrication & protect !m f ! du/ & o!r sub/ances :i* might mat]ially h9d] ! prop] p]=mance ( _! functions4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! crank case might be comp>$ to ! framework ( ! gr9d/one1 al?\gh ! latt] does n answ] z _m purposes z ! real crank case ( ! motor does4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj--,! two halves ( a ,f\r-cyl9d] ,crank ,case4 ,! case itself is made ( iron or alum9um1 & is s put toge!r t1 al?\gh practically air-tight1 !re is /ill a means provid$ = gett+ inside ( x = exam9ation ( ! work+ p>ts or an adju/m5t ( ! be>+s4 ,,! ,,c>buretor ,! c>buretor or mix+ *amb]1 z x is sometimes call$1 is a device us$ = obta9+ an explosive mixture ( gasol9e & air4 ,x consi/s1 z %[n by ! accompany+ draw+1 ( two pr9cipal p>ts1 an air pipe & gasol9e pipe1 ! latt] runn+ ?r\gh ! wall & dis*>g+ into ! c5t] ( ! =m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba--,simple draw+ ( a ,c>buretor4 ,9 ord] to make sure t ! am\nt ( gasol9e fl[+ out ( ! gasol9e jet %all be j ! "r am\nt at all times x is necess>y to provide a little gasol9e tank1 :i* =ms a "p ( ! c>buretor ca/+ itself1 :i* is kn[n z a float *amb]1 s t ! am\nt ( gasol9e 9 ! ma9 tank w n affect ! am\nt dis*>g$ at ! nozzle4 ,y c see :y ?is is necess>y if y ?9k ( a wat] tank or a dam4 ,if ! wat] 0 almo/ up to ! top ( ! dam & y %\ld bore a hole ?r\gh ! wall some:]e ne> ! bottom1 ! wat] w\ld fl[ out fa/] ?an if ! wat] 0 l[4 ,by putt+ ?is little gasol9e tank 9 ! c>buretor itself & keep+ a c]ta9 height ( gasol9e 9 ?is small] res]voir1 :i* always automatically %uts (f ! supply at ! "r "t1 y c make ! pressure1 & !re=e ! fl[ ( ! liquid1 always ! same4 ,! illu/ration w %[ ?is pla9ly4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! gasol9e gets l[ ! little float w gradually drop d[n until ! ball on ! end ( ! float /em w op5 ! valve 9 ! gasol9e pipe4 ,! gasol9e w !n fl[ 9 f ! tank until ! prop] am\nt has fill$ ! float *amb] & caus$ ! float to bob up to its =m] position1 c>ry+ ! ball1 :i* closes ! gasol9e (f1 up ) x4 ,by ?is means ! requisite am\nt ( gasol9e is always kept 9 ! float *amb]4 ,! am\nt ( air ent]+ ! mix+ *amb] is controll$ by *ang+ ! size ( ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! air ent]s & ! quantity ( gasol9e admitt$ is regulat$ by means ( a ne$le valve 9 ! gasol9e pipe4 ,al?\gh _m c>buretors1 9 fact mo/ ( !m1 d n look l ?is draw+1 yet _! action is ! same1 & by c>eful /udy y w f9d t ! same pr9ciples ent] into _! con/ruction4 ,fig4 #bb %[s an actual sectional draw+ ( a c>buretor us$ on a f\r-cyl9d] motor4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> c>buretor1 h[ev]1 ! float *amb] & float surr\nd ! mix+ *amb]1 & ! float valve1 in/ead ( be+ directly "u ! float1 is at ! "r h& side & is op]at$ by means ( a lev]4 ,! ne$le valve1 :i* is ! little r\nd rod hav+ a 8,t0 h&le1 runn+ up ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! mix+ *amb]1 controls ! am\nt ( gasol9e fl[+ f ! gasol9e *amb] to ! nozzle4 ,! air comes up ?r\gh ! bottom & ar\nd ! gasol9e jet4 ,at ! left y w notice a small valve :i* op5s d[nw>d1 :i* y d n f9d on ! o!r c>buretor4 ,x is kn[n z an auxili>y air valve & all[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( air to be add$ to ! mixture1 a small quantity ( :i* is sometimes ne$$ to keep ! mixture j "r4 ,! ?rottle valve1 :i* looks l a damp] 9 a /ovepipe & :i* controls ! am\nt ( gasol9e vapor go+ 9 to ! eng9e1 w be se5 9 ! upp] pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb--;,a ,typical ,f\r-cyl9d] ,c>buretor4 ,,! ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,! ignition sy/em is ! "n appli$ to ! batt]ies1 coils1 commutator & sp>k plug :i*1 act+ z a :ole1 produce an electric sp>k hot en\gh & at ! "r "t to fire ! *>ge 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* an electric curr5t may be obta9$ :i* h be5 f\nd to be ( practical use 9 automobile con/ruction4 ,fir/1 by a dry batt]y2 second1 by a /orage batt]y2 & ?ird1 by magneto or dynamo4 ,y c look up ! con/ruction ( ^! ?+s 9 any good book on electricity1 s t ,i w n expla9 !m fur!r "h4 ,z ! object ( ! :ole sy/em is to produce a suffici5tly hot sp>k to fire ! mixture at ! "r "t1 x is sometimes necess>y to raise ! pressure ( ! electric curr5t4 ,:5 ei!r a dry batt]y or /orage batt]y or a c]ta9 type ( magneto is us$1 x is necess>y to put x ?r\gh :at is kn[n z an induction coil 9 ord] to raise ! pressure s x w be high en\gh to jump across ! two po9ts 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,an induction coil consi/s m]ely ( a bundle ( s(t wires ar\nd :i* is w\nd two sep>ate coils ( wire4 ,! fir/1 kn[n z ! prim>y w9d+1 is ( co>se wire1 & ! second1 kn[n z ! second>y w9d+1 is ( f9e wire4 ,:5 ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! prim>y coil is rapidly made & brok51 ano!r curr5t ( v high voltage is creat$ 9 ! second>y circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc--,wir+ ,diagram1 %[+ electric circuit = "o cyl9d]4 ,! sket* is only diagrammatic--n a reproduction ( any actual wir+ sy/em4 ,:5 ! curr5t />ts to fl[ ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+1 ! bundle ( wires imm$iately becomes a magnet & attracts ! vibrator4 ,z soon z ?is occurs1 h[ev]1 ! fl[ ( ! curr5t is int]rupt$ & ! vibrator resumes its =m] position & ! action is repeat$4 ,?us y c see t ! coil automatically makes & breaks its own circuit4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is is done may be *ang$ at w by adju/+ ! vibrator screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd--,! ,f\r-cyl9d]1 ,f\r-cycle ,diagram1 %[+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s cyl9d]s d _! "w4 ,hav+ ?us obta9$ an electric curr5t ( suffici5t /r5g? to fire ! mixture x is necess>y to supply a device :i* w automatically op5 & close ! electric circuit at ! prop] "t4 ,su* a device is call$ a commutator & consi/s ( two p>ts2 "o a rotat+ "p1 actuat$ by ! eng9e1 :i* makes a metallic contact ) "o or m po9ts on a /ation>y "p1 ! po9ts be+ s locat$ t contact occurs at ! prop] "t = ignit+ ! *>ge 9 any p>ticul> cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be--;,f\r-cyl9d] ,wir+ ,diagram4 ,9 ! f\r-cyl9d] wir+ diagram 7,fig4 #be7 v>i\s p>ts ( an ignition sy/em may be easily se54 ,! electric curr5t is furni%$ ei!r by a set ( dry cells or by a /orage batt]y4 ,f\r individual coils & a f\r po9t commutator are us$4 ,! commutator is driv5 by means ( bevel ge>s f ! eng9e itself4 ,a s+le swit* controls ! :ole circuit1 x be+ provid$ ) two po9ts1 mak+ x possible = ei!r batt]y to be us$ at w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf--,types ( ,sp>k ,plugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg--;,a ,s+le ,cyl9d] ,commutator4 ,diagrammatic sket*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh--;,a ,two-po9t ,swit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi--;,a ,f\r-cyl9d] ,commutator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj--;,a ,two-cyl9d] ,commutator4 ,,! ,,cool+ ,,sy/em ,9 ord] to prev5t ! walls ( ! cyl9d] f becom+ r$ hot1 x is necess>y to cool !m by "s means1 & ?is is done by surr\nd+ ! cyl9d] ) a wat] jacket ?r\gh :i* ! cool+ wat] is circulat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca--;,a ,diagram %[+ pip+ & direction ( circulation 9 a ,"o-cyl9d] ,wat]-cool$ ,motor4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! wat] f boil+ & evaporat+1 ?us mak+ ! con/ant addition ( wat] necess>y1 a radiator is introduc$ into ! sy/em4 ,?is radiator is made up ( v ?9 tubes :i* give up _! heat rapidly1 !reby keep+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] bel[ ! boil+ po9t4 ,a fan is also us$ sometimes to draw ! air ?r\gh betwe5 ! tubes1 !reby mak+ ! process ( cool+ take place m rapidly4 ,! sy/em is s arrang$ t ! wat] is drawn f ! l[] "p ( ! radiator :]e ! wat] is colde/ by means ( a pump & =c$ up ?r\gh ! wat] jackets & back into ! radiator aga94 ,sev]al diff]5t /yles ( pumps are us$1 b a v common "o is ! ge> pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,z y w see by ! draw+1 x consi/s ( two ge>s en me% ) ea* o!r :i* revolve 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,! wat] ent]+ ?r\gh ! inlet pipe is drawn ar\nd ! outside & =c$ out ?r\gh ! outlet at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb--;,a ,ge> ,wat] ,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc--;,front ,end ( ,motor1 %[+ radiator1 fan & cam %aft ge>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd--;,a typical ,radiator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce--,valve side ( a ,f\r-cyl9d] ,motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf--,opposite side ( same ,motor %[+ ,c>buretor & ,inlet ,pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg--;,bottom view ( same ,motor ) oil pan remov$ %[+ ,crank ,%aft1 & ,connect+ ,rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch--,top view ( same ,motor %[+ ,valve ,caps & ,holes = ,sp>k ,plugs4 ,,note--,bo? views %[ motor m\nt$ 9 r+ frames us$ = assembl+ 9 factory4 ,,! ,,two-,,cycle ,,motor4 ,al?\gh ! f\r-/roke cycle type ( motor is us$ by mo/ ( ! automobile manufactur]s1 yet !re is ano!r type :i* has giv5 su* good results t x is de/9$ to become "o ( ! important =ms to be us$ 9 gas eng9e vehicle manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,x !re=e m]its a brief description4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ v simple 9 con/ruction & op]ation1 & = ?is reason x has become v popul> among ! m>9e eng9e build]s1 al?\gh ) a few exceptions x has n z yet be5 accept$ by motor c> eng9e]s4 ,x is call$ a ,two-/roke ,cycle ,motor1 s nam$ because x comb9es 9 two /rokes ! s]ies ( *anges ord9>ily accompli%$ 9 f\r 9 ! f\r-/roke cycle type4 ,its op]ation may be se5 by ref]r+ to ! accompany+ diagrams4 ,x is fir/ assum$ t ! eng9e is be+ turn$ ov] by h& 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,y w note t z ! pi/on moves up x w uncov] a port 7,h71 all[+ ! gasol9e vapor f ! mix+ *amb] to ent] ! crank case4 ,z soon z ! pi/on moves d[n aga91 a port 7,j7 w be op5$1 all[+ ! mixture :i* has j be5 compress$ to ru% ?r\gh a 8by-pass0 7,f71 into ! 8combu/ion *amb]10 or upp] "p ( ! cyl9d]4 ,n[1 z ! pi/on moves up aga9 on ! next /roke1 ?is *>ge is compress$ /ill m1 !n z ! pi/on rea*es its upp]mo/ position ! *>ge is ignit$ & ! eng9e beg9s to "w "u its own p[]4 ,! gases cont9ue to act on ! pi/on until ne>ly ! end ( ! /roke is rea*$1 :5 y w notice1 by ref]r+ to ! draw+1 ! exhau/ port 7,g7 is pass$4 ,at ?is po9t ! burn$ gases ru% out into ! air4 ,y w also notice t 9 ord] to aid ! dis*>ge & fill ! cyl9d] aga91 z ! pi/on travels a little f>!r d[n1 ! inlet port w be aga9 uncov]$1 & ! next *>ge1 :i* has mean:ile be5 tak5 into ! crank case & compress$1 w ent] ! cyl9d]1 =c+ ! exhau/ gases out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! vapor :i* has j ent]$ ! cyl9d] f travel+ /raight across & out ?r\gh ! exhau/ port1 ?us wa/+ a portion ( ! fuel1 a 8baffle plate0 7,k7 is ca/ on top ( ! pi/on :i* deflects ! gases t[>d ! top ( ! combu/ion *amb]1 produc+ a sort ( :irl+ action :i* t5ds to scav5ge ! cyl9d] mo/ ?or\ghly4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! burn+ gases f travel+ back into ! crank case & ignit+ ! gas !re1 ?us produc+ a 8back explosion10 a wire gauze 7,s7 is plac$ 9 ! 8by-pass40 ,y w note t ?is type ( motor has no valves1 no cams & no cam %aft1 9 fact1 its simplicity is su* t x practically _c get out ( adju/m5t4 ,x !re=e is a =m ( gas eng9e :i* z soon z eng9e]s are able to educate ! public to its peculi>ities bids fair to become z popul> & practical z ! f\r-/roke cycle4 ,,index ,cam %aft #ba ,cam #bj ,c>buretor #bh ,commutator #cc ,connect+ rod #bf ,connect+ rod--lubrication ( #bf ,cool+ sy/em #cg ,crank case #bg ,crank %aft #be ,cycle--explanation ( f\r-/roke type #i ,cycle--explanation ( two-/roke type #db ,cyl9d] #af ,electrical ignition #ca ,exhau/ valve #ba ,fan--radiator #ci ,float *amb] #bh ,gasol9e valve #cj ,ignition #ca ,induction coil #cb ,inlet valve #ba ,pi/on p9 #bd ,pi/on r+ #bd ,pi/on #bc ,pump--wat] #ch ,radiator #ci ,sp>k plug #ce ,swit*--electric #cf ,valve gr9d+ #ba ,valves #ai ,valves--me*anism #ba ,wat] cool+ sy/em #cg ,wat] pump #ch ,wir+ diagram--f\r-cyl9d] #cd ,wir+ diagrams--s+le-cyl9d] #cb ,,ano!r ,,book ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,a bigg] & m compreh5sive "w on ! same subject4 8,! ,h[ & ,:y ( ! ,automobile0 ,illu/ration ,did y ev] read a book :i* gave y j ! in=mation y want$ )\t be+ compell$ to g ?r\gh page aft] page ( introduction & hi/ory8 ,did y ev] talk to a man :o came ov] on y\r side ( ! f5ce & talk$ ,,) y & n ,,at y--:o expla9$ ?+s 9 su* a way t y laugh$ at y\rself aft]w>ds = n und]/&+ ! subject be=e--x 0 really s simple8 ,d y rememb] :5 y us$ to /udy by outl9es--h[ difficult problems unfold$ !mselves--h[ ! logical sequ5ce ( facts seem$ to make :at y expect$ to f9d h>d1 readily und]/&able8 ,d y rememb] ! innum]able times y h said to y\rself 8,if ,i only _h somebody "h to expla9 ?+s--someone :o w\ld g ?r\gh ?is proposition ) me until ,i und]/ood x--someone :o w\ld use homely & famili> examples to expla9 ?+s1 in/ead ( talk+ ov] my head by us+ te*nical t]ms80 ,! au?or realiz$ all ^! difficulties himself1 because he has be5 ?r\gh x all4 ,n only t1 b 8 exp]i5ce z an in/ructor ( a l>ge motor s*ool taught him ! way to expla9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( a motor vehicle 9 simple language1 s t ev5 ! boy ( fifte5 c\ld und]/& & appreciate !m4 ,= in/ance1 did y ev] ?9k t ! physician uses a =m ( c>buretor :5ev] he gives *lor(orm or e!r--d y realize t a %otgun is a =m ( gas eng9e ^: action is almo/ id5tical ) t ( an automobile motor8 ,d y want to "k :at a slid+ ge> transmission is--expla9$ 9 su* simple language t anyone c und]/& x8 ,w\ld y l to see :at's inside ( an automobile eng9e--w\ld y l to "k ! "n ( e "p--be able to talk intellig5tly ab\t x & be y\r own me*anic--tell y\r *auffeur :at to d--"k :5 he is bluff+ y8 ,9 a ^w1 w\ld y l to "k all ab\t a motor c>--h[ x works--h[ to drive x & h[ to take c>e ( x8 ,!n subscribe = a copy ( 8,,! ,,h[ ,,& ,,:y ,,( ,,! ,,automobile0 ,by ,,fay ,l4 ,,faurote ,,price1 #a4jj ,,prepaid ,don't delay--s5d 9 y\r ord] to-day4 ,get ! complete /ory ( a motor c>--! advanc$ c\rse ( :i* ! book y h j f9i%$ is only ! beg9n+4 ,address1 ,motor ,text ,book ,dept4 ,,rob]t ,,smi? ,,ptg4 ,,co41 ,lans+1 ,mi*41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 8,,! ,,h[ ,,& ,,:y ,,( ,,! ,,automobile0 ,a book ( practical in=mation = seek]s aft] ! fundam5tal facts reg>d+ ! gasol9e eng9e & its application to ! motor c>4 ,int]e/+ & in/ructive to bo? ! beg9n] & ! exp]t--! =m] = in=mation1 ! latt] = ref]5ce4 ,writt5 by ,fay ,l4 ,faurote1 ,b4 ,s4 7,m4 ,e471 = five ye>s closely associat$ ) ! ,exp]im5tal ,dep>tm5t ( a pione] automobile factory1 = two ye>s in/ructor 9 ! ,detroit ,motor ,s*ool4 ,! book1 :i* is h&somely b\nd 9 full clo?1 pr9t$ on high-grade enamel$ pap]1 conta9s ov] #bjj pages & #bej illu/rations & cov]s ! foll[+ subjects3 ,,cont5ts ,,g5]al ,,!ory ,,( ,,gas ,,eng9es--,simple explanation ( cycle--,! f\r-/roke cycle--,! two-/roke cycle--,advantages & disadvantages ( ea*4 ,,motor ,,design--,,cyl9d]1 :at x is & its use4 ,,valves1 me*anical & automatic--,=ms ( valves--,valve tim+ & its influ5ce on ! motor--,valve gr9d+1 h[ to d x--,valve nom5clature4 ,,crank ,,case--,! con/ruction ,be>+s--,accessibility--,work+ p>ts--,uses4 ,a crank case oil+ sy/em4 ,,crank ,,%afts--,:at !y are--,"o1 two1 f\r & six-cyl9d] crank %afts--,crank case diagram1 %[+ in/antly conditions 9 all cyl9d]s--,diagram %[+ fir+ po9ts & sequ5ce ( same4 ,,connect+ ,,rods--,con/ruction & mat]ial--,be>+s & lubrication4 ,,pi/ons--,pi/on r+s--,pi/on p9s4 ,,! ,,c>buretor--,a v simple explanation ( c>buretion--,! mix+ valve--,a few ( ! fir/ types--,"s ( ! mod]n c>buretors--,=eign c>buretors4 ,,ignition--,! make & break sy/em--,a simple explanation ( ! app>atus us$4 ,,! ,,jump ,,sp>k ,,sy/em--,electrical units4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,electricity--,! dry cell--,! /orage cell--,dynamos & magnetos--,! sp>k coil--,commutators & tim+ devices--,sp>k plugs--,wir+ diagrams4 ,,cool+ ,,sy/em--,,air ,,cool+4 ,,wat] ,,cool+--,direction ( circulation--,radiators--,wat] pumps--,fans--,anti-freez+ solutions4 ,,! ,,transmission--,reason = & use ( transmission4 ,,simple ,,explanation ,,( ,,action--,individual clut* type--,! slid+ ge>--,! ?ree spe$ progressive--,! ?ree spe$ selective--,! f\r spe$ selective--,planet>y ge>--,friction drive4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,driv+--,s+le *a9 drive--,d\ble *a9 drive--,bevel ge> drive4 ,,runn+ ,,ge>--,,front ,,axle--,con/ruction (--,/e]+ ,ge>4 ,,re> ,,axle--,diff]5tial ge>--,! live axle--,! dead axle--,:eel con/ruction--,be>+s4 ,,horse ,,p[] ,,det]m9ations--,eng9e te/+--,indicat$ horse p[]--,brake horse p[]--,me*anical & heat effici5cy--,road te/+4 ,:at a ,prom95t ,trade ,pap] ,says ,ab\t ,x4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,practical ,,value--,! late/ addition to ! popul> type ( automobile h&book4 8,! ,h[ & ,:y ( ! ,automobile10 by ,fay ,l4 ,faurote1 fulfills :at its au?or has set himself to a*ieve1 namely1 to pres5t a pla91 easily und]/ood description ( ! mod]n automobile4 ,assum+ t 8 read] kn[s no?+ ab\t ! subject1 ! au?or introduces ! automobile 9 z simple & unte*nical a mann] z possible4 ,! entire field is cov]$ & cov]$ s completely t ! "w c be recomm5d$ z a h&book = beg9n]s or ^? ) only a limit$ k ( ?is subject4--,automobile1 ,april #ah4 ,s5d 9 y\r ord] at once--don't delay4 ,! price is #a4jj po/age pre-paid1 & ! address is ,motor ,text ,book ,dept41 ,,rob]t ,,smi? ,,ptg4 ,,co41 ,lans+1 ,mi*41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book are %[n z close z possible to _! orig9al positions 9 ! pr9t$ book1 s sev]al ( !m actually are mid-p>agraph4 ,?is 0 done because "s ( !m are ref]5c$ only by _! cont5t1 n by _! names4 ,?is book does n h a ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,! index 0 n 9 good alphabetical ord]2 ,transcrib] re-sort$ x4 ,x 0 n *eck$ = correct page ref]5ces4