,transcriber's ,note3 ,italics are enclosed in underscores2 boldface text is enclosed in equals signs4 ,additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook4 ,illustration3 7cover7 ,a ,,boy',s ,,text ,,book ,,on ,,gas ,,engines ,a ,book for ,boys ,describing and ,explaining in ,simple ,language the ,automobile ,gas ,engine4 ,illustration3 7decoration7 ,by ,,fay ,,leone ,,faurote1 ,b4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e4 7,former ,instructor ,detroit ,motor ,school7 ,published by the ,author ,,lansing1 ,,michigan1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,copyright ,,by ,,fay ,,leone ,,faurote #aijh ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,smith ,,printing ,,co4 ,,chicago--,,lansing ,,preface ,knowing that the motor car is fast becoming the modern form of transportation1 both in the social and commercial world1 and feeling that the principles of the mechanism which constitutes its propelling power are as yet somewhat of a mystery to the average individual and to 8,young ,america0 in particular1 the author feels that some of the simple explanations offered in the following pages of this book will be welcomed and appreciated4 ,while they do not cover the entire subject1 it is hoped that they may tend to shed some light1 and in a way make understandable the construction and operation of the automobile gas engine4 ,,fay ,l ,,faurote4 ,november #be1 #aijg4 ,illustration3 ,a ,four-cylinder ,motor1 so sectioned that it shows interior of cylinder1 valves1 piston1 crank shaft and connecting rods4 ,a ,,boy',s ,,text ,,book ,,on ,,gas ,,engines ,,introduction ,boys1 when ,i was a small boy1 ,i remember how much ,i was interested in everything which was mechanical4 ,the engineer was my hero2 the solving of the mysteries of an engine and the learning how to drive one1 was my ambition4 ,i remember well how ,i tried to read the dry1 technical description of motors1 steam engines and such things4 ,i remember1 too1 how hard it was to understand those books2 how the various technical terms used to bother me1 until at last1 in despair1 ,i would throw the books aside4 ,it seemed as if the men who wrote them never realized that boys existed1--that boys wanted to know about such things4 ,at other times how glad ,i was when ,i found a good-hearted engineer who seemed to know and understand my feelings and my desire to learn4 ,how easy it was to comprehend his explanations1 because he used homely1 everyday things to illustrate his meaning4 ,he made you forget there was anything complicated about machinery4 ,he simply took up one part at a time1 and when he had finished with it1 everything was as plain as the nose on your face4 ,boys1 then and there ,i decided that if ,i ever did understand some of these seeming mysteries of engineering1 ,i would write a book that boys could understand4 ,i would write it so that they couldn't help it1 it would be so plain2 there would be no secrets2 they should know all about it1 and what is more1 should be able to reason it all out for themselves4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a--,the ,essential ,parts of a ,gas ,engine4 ,let me tell you about each part separately4 ,after we have gone over each part you will find that you will understand the action of the motor and other parts of the car well enough so that you will unconsciously reason it all out for yourselves4 ,some of the descriptions and explanations may at first seem unsatisfactory1 but ,i think with a little thought and study you will be able to master them in a short time4 ,i want your confidence1 boys1 and then ,i know we will get along all right together4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b--;,a ,single-cylinder ,horizontal ,engine4 ,note location of valves in this type4 ,illustration3 ,,suction ,,stroke ,,compression ,,stroke ,,working ,,stroke ,,exhaust ,,stroke ,fig4 #c--;,four views of a section of a ,vertical ,cylinder1 showing position of valves1 pistons and cams for the four different strokes4 ,,the ,,four-,,stroke ,,cycle4 ,this subject looks like a bugbear1 doesn't it4 ,well1 it is one of the first things of which we shall have to dispose1 and so we'll tackle it right away4 ,we will start backwards1 and take the word cycle first4 ,if you will look in the dictionary you will find that this word means 8a circle or orbit2 an interval of time in which a succession of events is completed1 and then returns in the same order40 ,illustration3 ,,suction ,,stroke ,,compression ,,stroke ,,working ,,stroke ,,exhaust ,,stroke ,fig4 #d--;,a ,four-cycle ,diagram1 showing sequence of strokes in this type of motor4 ,this does not mean very much to you1 does it8 ,well1 let us go into it a little farther4 ,supposing you were running relay races around a block2 you would run down on one side1 across on another1 back on the other side1 and then back to the starting point1 wouldn't you8 ,you would have completed a cycle then because you have taken a 8certain time in which a succession of events 7streets7 has been completed0 and you are back again at the start ready to 8return in the same order40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e--;,drawing showing comparison between gas engine and a cannon connected with a grindstone4 ,there is not anything complicated about that1 is there8 ,in other words just change the four-stroke cycle to a four-street circle1 and this will help you to keep in mind the meaning of this term4 ,do you remember last ,fourth of ,july when you had your cannon out1 how many things you had to do to fire it1 or in other words to complete the cycle of operations4 ,you did four things1 didn't you8 ,no4 #a4 ,you put in the powder4 ,no4 #b4 ,you rammed it in with a ramrod4 ,no4 #c4 ,you fired it by touching a match to it4 ,no4 #d4 ,you cleaned it out4 ,you had gone around your four-sided circle1 and were back again1 at the start1 ready to do the same things over again4 ,you were running a gas engine then1 only you did not realize it4 ,let us assume for the sake of argument1 that you had a bullet in your cannon1 and that to this bullet was connected a rod which had its other end fastened to the crank of a grindstone4 ,then if the barrel of the cannon was long enough1 and the rod which connected the bullet and crank was short1 the bullet could not get out of the cannon barrel1 could it8 ,it would therefore have to go back and forth very much like the pedal on a grindstone does4 ,of course the rod and the crank would have to be very strong in order to keep the bullet in1 but we will assume that they are1 and that the bullet must travel back and forth inside the barrel4 ,now1 if the bullet is going to stay in the barrel we must provide some way to load the cannon1 and also to clean it out1 therefore we will cut two holes in the end1 one at ,i and one at ,e1 and then instead of using powder suppose you use some explosive gas which will not leave so much soot behind it4 ,you know how a squirt gun works--how you draw the water in by pulling out the plunger1 and how you force the water out again by pushing it in again4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,let us work the cannon the same way4 ,let us call the farthest point to which the bullet travels going in 8,h0 and the farthest point to which it travels going out 8,k40 ,now let us assume that the bullet is at 8,h10 and that it is just starting out in the direction of 8,k40 ,if we open the hole 8,i0 in the side of the cannon by taking out the plug 8,l10 and put a hose1 connected with our gas tank1 in there1 then the outward motion of the bullet 8,p0 will pull the cannon full of gas1 won't it8 ,before the gas has a chance to escape we will put in the plug 8,l0 again4 ,now we have the cylinder full of gas1 but as the bullet is at the end of its stroke1 and cannot go any further1 we will have to push the gas together again and get the bullet into position 8,h40 ,this will be a good thing for the gas1 because it will crowd the particles of it closer together1 and make it explode quicker1 so we will do this4 ,of course1 in order to keep the gas in there we have had to close up the touch-hole of the cannon1 but now that we are ready to fire it1 we will take this plug out1 and touch a match to the gas4 ,an explosion follows1 and the bullet travels from the position 8,h0 to the position 8,k40 ,all this time the crank of the grindstone must have been turning because the bullet and the crank are fastened together1 and therefore1 instead of traveling through the air1 the bullet has used up its energy in turning the grindstone4 ,when you get a grindstone started it is rather hard to stop1 isn't it8 ,and if you didn't stop it1 it would keep on turning around1 wouldn't it8 ,if this is true1 we might as well let it clean the cannon4 ,as the hole 8,i0 is connected with the gas tank1 we cannot let it force the burnt gas out there1 can we8 ,we will therefore pull out the plug 8,j0 in the hole 8,e0 just as the bullet reaches the point 8,k0 so that in coming back it will force the burnt gases and smoke out through the hole 8,e40 ,now we are all ready to start over again2 the cannon has been cleaned out1 and the bullet still being fastened to the grindstone1 which is turning1 as a result of the explosion1 would immediately begin starting out on another outward stroke4 ,if we put in the plug 8,j0 again and pull out the plug 8,l10 the bullet or piston as we might call it now1 will suck in another charge of gas4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g--;,grinding a valve4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h--;,a section of a ,cylinder showing location of various parts--end view4 ,you can see that if you had two boys1 one of them to pull out the plugs1 and another to fire the charge you could keep the gun firing steadily1 and run the grindstone4 ,after you have done this for a while you will get tired of taking out the plugs and putting them in1 and standing there with a match lit all the time1 and you would wish there was some way to make the grindstone1 which was running1 do all this for you4 ,this is exactly what happened to some of the old engineers1 and so they set about trying to accomplish this result4 ,they succeeded in rigging a piece of machinery that would open and close these holes automatically1 and with the introduction of electricity they also devised a way whereby the charge could be ignited by an electric spark instead of a match4 ,the plugs which cover the holes1 they called valves and the plug which contained the electric wires1 used for firing the gas1 they called a spark plug4 ,now let us see what we have learned in this chapter4 ,we have found that it takes four strokes to explode one charge of gas #a4 ,suction stroke1 during which the gas is sucked into the barrel of the cannon1 or cylinder as it is called4 #b4 ,the compression stroke1 during which the gas is compressed so that it will burn easier4 #c4 ,the explosive stroke1 or working stroke1 called so on account of the fact that the explosive force of the gas is used to turn the wheel4 #d4 ,the cleansing1 or exhaust stroke1 during which the burnt gas and smoke is forced out of the barrel4 ,for this reason1 a gas engine which works on this principle is called a ,four-,stroke ,cycle ,engine4 ,it requires four strokes to complete the entire operation and bring it back to the beginning ready to start over again4 ,,the ,,cylinder ,so far we have confined ourselves to the parts of a cannon1 but now that we are going to take up the study of the motor in its details let us call them by their regular names4 ,the barrel of the cannon we will call a cylinder4 ,in an actual motor a cylinder is made out of cast iron1 carefully bored out inside1 so that the hole is perfectly round1 and the sides of the wall as smooth as possible4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,you will realize that this is necessary as we want to reduce1 as much as possible1 any rubbing or friction1 as it is called1 between the piston and cylinder walls4 ,next we must provide some means of cooling these walls1 as you know that the continuous firing would soon make them very hot4 ,this is done by surrounding the cylinder with what is known as a water jacket through which water can be circulated1 thereby carrying off the heat1 and keeping the iron from getting red hot4 ,we must also cut two holes in the side of the cylinder to make places for the valves and a place for the spark plug4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj--;,end view of ,horizontal ,one-cylinder ,motor1 showing piston1 valves and valve mechanism4 ,a cylinder is generally mounted on its side in a one cylinder engine1 and is set up on end when it is desired to use more than one4 ,therefore1 in a one cylinder motor you will notice that the piston moves back and forth1 whereas in a two-cylinder1 four-cylinder or six-cylinder type1 the pistons move up and down4 ,as far as the action of the parts is concerned they work in exactly the same way1 only that the valve mechanism has to be changed somewhat4 ,the cylinder is bolted to a framework called the crank case which furnishes a solid foundation upon which it can rest4 ,illustration ,,valves ,you will remember that in first discussing the drawing in and cleaning out of the gas that two holes had to be cut in the sides of the cylinder wall4 ,one of these through which the fresh gas might be sucked in1 and the other through which the burnt gas might be expelled4 ,also remember that we kept these holes plugged except when it was necessary to have them open to perform their work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa--,the evolution of a ,valve4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab--;,a regular ,valve4 ,now let us take a section of a valve and see how it is made up4 ,you will notice first the little plug 8,a0 which covers the hole in the cylinder2 it is tapered very much like a glass stopper in a bottle for the reason that in this form it is easier to fit it to the opening2 it can be 8ground in0 in the same way that a glass stopper can1 in order to make an air-tight fit4 8,b0 is a rod known as the valve stem1 and is simply a round piece of steel fastened to the valve plug 8,a40 8,s0 is a valve spring which holds the valve down into the cylinder wall1 or valve-seat1 as it is called4 ,in order to open these valves you can see that all that is necessary for you to do is to push up on the valve stem 8,b40 ,this will raise the valve 8,a0 away from its seat into the position shown by the dotted lines1 leaving a space all around through which the gas may enter or leave4 ,in an actual motor1 however1 little irregular pieces of steel1 cut out in general shape shown in ,fig4 #ad perform the operation of raising the valve4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac--,three positions of a ,valve ,cam4 ,fig4 #ac shows three positions of one of these revolving pieces of steel1 technically called cams1 first1 in the act of just starting to raise the valve2 second1 its position when the valve is entirely open2 third1 its position when the valve has just closed4 ,if both valves are operated by these cams you can see that if they are set at the proper position they can be opened at different times and entirely independent of each other4 ,if you will look at ,fig4 #c you will see a complete motor1 the inlet valve on the left side1 and the exhaust valve on the right side4 ,this figure will also show you the little cams in their various positions at different points of the four strokes4 ,sometimes the two valves1 instead of being on opposite sides of the cylinder1 are placed on the same side1 and both cams are put on the same shaft1 which1 by the way1 is called a cam-shaft4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad--,names of ,valve ,parts4 ,fig4 #ad shows two such valves1 the left hand one opening1 and the right hand one closed4 ,the extreme left hand view shows the way they would look if viewed from the end4 ,it also gives you the names of all the parts4 ,fig4 #g shows how the valves are 8ground in40 ,the way you do it is to take the valve out1 and coat it with very fine emery dust and oil1 and then put it back in place leaving off the spring1 fit a wrench to it on top as shown in the picture and twirl it around as you would a glass stopper in a bottle until it is perfectly air-tight1 after which the valve should be removed and both it and the valve seat carefully wiped off so that none of the emery will get into the cylinder or other working parts of the engine and cause them to be cut4 ,there are several different ways of making valves and several places to put them so that you must not always expect to find them in the same place4 ,their action is the same1 however1 no matter where they are situated or how they are operated1 and ,i think with a little examination and study you will always be able to find them and understand how they work in any engine4 ,,the ,,piston ,the piston forms1 as you will recall1 the bullet in the cannon1 which instead of leaving the barrel1 was made to travel back and forth inside of the cylinder under the action of the explosive gas4 ,owing to the fact that a solid piece of iron would be very heavy and would get very warm1 the real piston used in a motor is made hollow so that it is merely a shell4 ,instead of fastening the rod to the end of it1 a small rod1 called the piston pin is in the center of it1 and to this the connecting rod is connected4 ,fig4 #af shows a section of the piston4 ,you will notice that the piston pin is kept from sliding sideways by a bolt that is screwed into it4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae--;,a ,piston1 ,piston ,ring1 and ,piston ,pin4 ,owing to the fact that both the cylinder walls and piston get hot1 and that iron expands and contracts according to its temperature1 it is not possible to make a piston alone which would remain air-tight all the time4 ,engineers1 therefore1 found it necessary to put rings1 which were cut at some point in their circumference1 on the outside of the piston itself4 ,these piston rings1 due to the fact that they are cut1 can accommodate themselves to the varying diameters of the cylinder1 and can therefore keep an air-tight fit1 even when the piston is moving back and forth all the time4 ,most of you1 no doubt1 know that the plunger in a pump is made air-tight by one or a set of leather washers1 which1 owing to their pliable structure1 can expand or contract so as to always fit air-tightly the pipe in the pump4 ,piston rings work in precisely the same manner1 and are always kept lubricated so that they will work smoothly1 thus doing away with any friction which might result4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af--;,a section of a ,piston1 showing location of piston pin and end of connecting rods4 ,,the ,,crank ,,shaft ,most of you are familiar with a crank as applied to a grindstone4 ,a crank in a motor is practically the same shape except that it is supported on two bearings instead of one and is therefore made in the form shown in ,fig4 #ag4 ,the crank shafts for two and four-cylinder motors are only a combination of two or four of these single cranks4 ,crank shafts are made up of steel1 carefully forged1 and then turned and ground down to proper size to fit the bearings for which they are intended4 ,they are hardened and every precaution taken to keep them from wearing4 ,they form one of the most important parts of the motor because they change the back and forth motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the fly wheel4 ,the fly wheel in our former illustration was represented by the grindstone itself4 ,in the real motor the fly wheel is made of cast iron1 and after being carefully balanced so that it turns evenly1 it is securely bolted to the crank shaft1 so that they practically form one piece4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag--;,a ,four-cylinder ,crank ,shaft4 ,,the ,,connecting ,,rod ,the connecting rod1 as you can guess from its name1 forms the connecting link between the piston and crank shaft1 transferring the energy of the explosive gas1 acting behind the piston1 to the crank shaft and fly wheel1 from which it can be transmitted to the driving wheels of the automobile4 ,it is made up in some such form as shown in ,fig4 #ah and is made of steel or bronze4 ,it has a bearing at each end1 the smaller one fitting around the piston pin1 the larger one surrounding a portion of the crank shaft called the crank pin4 ,both of these bearings are lubricated by oil which splashes up from the bottom of the crank case when the engine is running4 ,you will notice that one of the bearings is cut in two and bolted together so that you can take it off from the crank shaft1 should you wish to examine it4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah--;,a typical ,connecting ,rod4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai--,the two halves of the ,connecting ,rod ,bearing4 ,,the ,,crank ,,case ,the crank case of a motor serves as a foundation for the engine1 furnishes a support for the main bearings in which the crank shaft revolves and encloses the working parts in such a way as to provide for their lubrication and protect them from the dust and other substances which might materially hinder the proper performance of their functions4 ,to a certain extent the crank case might be compared to the framework of the grindstone1 although the latter does not answer as many purposes as the real crank case of the motor does4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj--,the two halves of a ,four-cylinder ,crank ,case4 ,the case itself is made of iron or aluminum1 and is so put together that1 although practically air-tight1 there is still a means provided for getting inside of it for examination of the working parts or an adjustment of the bearings4 ,,the ,,carburetor ,the carburetor or mixing chamber1 as it is sometimes called1 is a device used for obtaining an explosive mixture of gasoline and air4 ,it consists1 as shown by the accompanying drawing1 of two principal parts1 an air pipe and gasoline pipe1 the latter running through the wall and discharging into the center of the former4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba--,simple drawing of a ,carburetor4 ,in order to make sure that the amount of gasoline flowing out of the gasoline jet shall be just the right amount at all times it is necessary to provide a little gasoline tank1 which forms a part of the carburetor casting itself1 which is known as a float chamber1 so that the amount of gasoline in the main tank will not affect the amount discharged at the nozzle4 ,you can see why this is necessary if you think of a water tank or a dam4 ,if the water was almost up to the top of the dam and you should bore a hole through the wall somewhere near the bottom1 the water would flow out faster than if the water was low4 ,by putting this little gasoline tank in the carburetor itself and keeping a certain height of gasoline in this smaller reservoir1 which always automatically shuts off the supply at the right time1 you can make the pressure1 and therefore the flow of the liquid1 always the same4 ,the illustration will show this plainly4 ,for instance1 when the gasoline gets low the little float will gradually drop down until the ball on the end of the float stem will open the valve in the gasoline pipe4 ,the gasoline will then flow in from the tank until the proper amount has filled the float chamber and caused the float to bob up to its former position1 carrying the ball1 which closes the gasoline off1 up with it4 ,by this means the requisite amount of gasoline is always kept in the float chamber4 ,the amount of air entering the mixing chamber is controlled by changing the size of the hole through which the air enters and the quantity of gasoline admitted is regulated by means of a needle valve in the gasoline pipe4 ,although many carburetors1 in fact most of them1 do not look like this drawing1 yet their action is the same1 and by careful study you will find that the same principles enter into their construction4 ,fig4 #bb shows an actual sectional drawing of a carburetor used on a four-cylinder motor4 ,in this particular carburetor1 however1 the float chamber and float surround the mixing chamber1 and the float valve1 instead of being directly under the float1 is at the right hand side and is operated by means of a lever4 ,the needle valve1 which is the little round rod having a 8,t0 handle1 running up through the center of the mixing chamber1 controls the amount of gasoline flowing from the gasoline chamber to the nozzle4 ,the air comes up through the bottom and around the gasoline jet4 ,at the left you will notice a small valve which opens downward1 which you do not find on the other carburetor4 ,it is known as an auxiliary air valve and allows a certain amount of air to be added to the mixture1 a small quantity of which is sometimes needed to keep the mixture just right4 ,the throttle valve1 which looks like a damper in a stovepipe and which controls the amount of gasoline vapor going in to the engine1 will be seen in the upper pipe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb--;,a ,typical ,four-cylinder ,carburetor4 ,,the ,,ignition ,,system ,the ignition system is the name applied to the batteries1 coils1 commutator and spark plug which1 acting as a whole1 produce an electric spark hot enough and at the right time to fire the charge in the cylinder4 ,there are three ways in which an electric current may be obtained which have been found to be of practical use in automobile construction4 ,first1 by a dry battery2 second1 by a storage battery2 and third1 by magneto or dynamo4 ,you can look up the construction of these things in any good book on electricity1 so that ,i will not explain them further here4 ,as the object of the whole system is to produce a sufficiently hot spark to fire the mixture at the right time1 it is sometimes necessary to raise the pressure of the electric current4 ,when either a dry battery or storage battery or a certain type of magneto is used1 it is necessary to put it through what is known as an induction coil in order to raise the pressure so it will be high enough to jump across the two points in the cylinder4 ,an induction coil consists merely of a bundle of soft wires around which is wound two separate coils of wire4 ,the first1 known as the primary winding1 is of coarse wire1 and the second1 known as the secondary winding1 is of fine wire4 ,when the current flowing through the primary coil is rapidly made and broken1 another current of very high voltage is created in the secondary circuit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc--,wiring ,diagram1 showing electric circuit for one cylinder4 ,the sketch is only diagrammatic--not a reproduction of any actual wiring system4 ,when the current starts to flow through the primary winding1 the bundle of wires immediately becomes a magnet and attracts the vibrator4 ,as soon as this occurs1 however1 the flow of the current is interrupted and the vibrator resumes its former position and the action is repeated4 ,thus you can see that the coil automatically makes and breaks its own circuit4 ,the rapidity with which this is done may be changed at will by adjusting the vibrator screw4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd--,the ,four-cylinder1 ,four-cycle ,diagram1 showing the order in which the various cylinders do their work4 ,having thus obtained an electric current of sufficient strength to fire the mixture it is necessary to supply a device which will automatically open and close the electric circuit at the proper time4 ,such a device is called a commutator and consists of two parts2 one a rotating part1 actuated by the engine1 which makes a metallic contact with one or more points on a stationary part1 the points being so located that contact occurs at the proper time for igniting the charge in any particular cylinder4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be--;,four-cylinder ,wiring ,diagram4 ,in the four-cylinder wiring diagram 7,fig4 #be7 various parts of an ignition system may be easily seen4 ,the electric current is furnished either by a set of dry cells or by a storage battery4 ,four individual coils and a four point commutator are used4 ,the commutator is driven by means of bevel gears from the engine itself4 ,a single switch controls the whole circuit1 it being provided with two points1 making it possible for either battery to be used at will4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf--,types of ,spark ,plugs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg--;,a ,single ,cylinder ,commutator4 ,diagrammatic sketch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh--;,a ,two-point ,switch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi--;,a ,four-cylinder ,commutator4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj--;,a ,two-cylinder ,commutator4 ,,the ,,cooling ,,system ,in order to prevent the walls of the cylinder from becoming red hot1 it is necessary to cool them by some means1 and this is done by surrounding the cylinder with a water jacket through which the cooling water is circulated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca--;,a ,diagram showing piping and direction of circulation in a ,one-cylinder ,water-cooled ,motor4 ,in order to prevent the water from boiling and evaporating1 thus making the constant addition of water necessary1 a radiator is introduced into the system4 ,this radiator is made up of very thin tubes which give up their heat rapidly1 thereby keeping the temperature of the water below the boiling point4 ,a fan is also used sometimes to draw the air through between the tubes1 thereby making the process of cooling take place more rapidly4 ,the system is so arranged that the water is drawn from the lower part of the radiator where the water is coldest by means of a pump and forced up through the water jackets and back into the radiator again4 ,several different styles of pumps are used1 but a very common one is the gear pump shown in ,fig4 #cb4 ,as you will see by the drawing1 it consists of two gears en mesh with each other which revolve in the direction indicated by the arrow4 ,the water entering through the inlet pipe is drawn around the outside and forced out through the outlet at the top4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb--;,a ,gear ,water ,pump4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc--;,front ,end of ,motor1 showing radiator1 fan and cam shaft gears4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd--;,a typical ,radiator4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce--,valve side of a ,four-cylinder ,motor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf--,opposite side of same ,motor showing ,carburetor and ,inlet ,pipe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg--;,bottom view of same ,motor with oil pan removed showing ,crank ,shaft1 and ,connecting ,rods4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch--,top view of same ,motor showing ,valve ,caps and ,holes for ,spark ,plugs4 ,,note--,both views show motor mounted in ring frames used for assembling in factory4 ,,the ,,two-,,cycle ,,motor4 ,although the four-stroke cycle type of motor is used by most of the automobile manufacturers1 yet there is another type which has given such good results that it is destined to become one of the important forms to be used in gas engine vehicle manufacture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,it therefore merits a brief description4 ,it has the advantage of being very simple in construction and operation1 and for this reason it has become very popular among the marine engine builders1 although with a few exceptions it has not as yet been accepted by motor car engineers4 ,it is called a ,two-stroke ,cycle ,motor1 so named because it combines in two strokes the series of changes ordinarily accomplished in four in the four-stroke cycle type4 ,its operation may be seen by referring to the accompanying diagrams4 ,it is first assumed that the engine is being turned over by hand in the direction indicated by the arrow4 ,you will note that as the piston moves up it will uncover a port 7,h71 allowing the gasoline vapor from the mixing chamber to enter the crank case4 ,as soon as the piston moves down again1 a port 7,j7 will be opened1 allowing the mixture which has just been compressed to rush through a 8by-pass0 7,f71 into the 8combustion chamber10 or upper part of the cylinder4 ,now1 as the piston moves up again on the next stroke1 this charge is compressed still more1 then as the piston reaches its uppermost position the charge is ignited and the engine begins to work under its own power4 ,the gases continue to act on the piston until nearly the end of the stroke is reached1 when you will notice1 by referring to the drawing1 the exhaust port 7,g7 is passed4 ,at this point the burned gases rush out into the air4 ,you will also notice that in order to aid the discharge and fill the cylinder again1 as the piston travels a little farther down1 the inlet port will be again uncovered1 and the next charge1 which has meanwhile been taken into the crank case and compressed1 will enter the cylinder1 forcing the exhaust gases out4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,in order to prevent the vapor which has just entered the cylinder from traveling straight across and out through the exhaust port1 thus wasting a portion of the fuel1 a 8baffle plate0 7,k7 is cast on top of the piston which deflects the gases toward the top of the combustion chamber1 producing a sort of whirling action which tends to scavenge the cylinder most thoroughly4 ,in order to prevent the burning gases from traveling back into the crank case and igniting the gas there1 thus producing a 8back explosion10 a wire gauze 7,s7 is placed in the 8by-pass40 ,you will note that this type of motor has no valves1 no cams and no cam shaft1 in fact1 its simplicity is such that it practically cannot get out of adjustment4 ,it therefore is a form of gas engine which as soon as engineers are able to educate the public to its peculiarities bids fair to become as popular and practical as the four-stroke cycle4 ,,index ,cam shaft #ba ,cam #bj ,carburetor #bh ,commutator #cc ,connecting rod #bf ,connecting rod--lubrication of #bf ,cooling system #cg ,crank case #bg ,crank shaft #be ,cycle--explanation of four-stroke type #i ,cycle--explanation of two-stroke type #db ,cylinder #af ,electrical ignition #ca ,exhaust valve #ba ,fan--radiator #ci ,float chamber #bh ,gasoline valve #cj ,ignition #ca ,induction coil #cb ,inlet valve #ba ,piston pin #bd ,piston ring #bd ,piston #bc ,pump--water #ch ,radiator #ci ,spark plug #ce ,switch--electric #cf ,valve grinding #ba ,valves #ai ,valves--mechanism #ba ,water cooling system #cg ,water pump #ch ,wiring diagram--four-cylinder #cd ,wiring diagrams--single-cylinder #cb ,,another ,,book ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author ,a bigger and more comprehensive work on the same subject4 8,the ,how and ,why of the ,automobile0 ,illustration ,did you ever read a book which gave you just the information you wanted without being compelled to go through page after page of introduction and history8 ,did you ever talk to a man who came over on your side of the fence and talked ,,with you and not ,,at you--who explained things in such a way that you laughed at yourself afterwards for not understanding the subject before--it was really so simple8 ,do you remember when you used to study by outlines--how difficult problems unfolded themselves--how the logical sequence of facts seemed to make what you expected to find hard1 readily understandable8 ,do you remember the innumerable times you have said to yourself 8,if ,i only had somebody here to explain things--someone who would go through this proposition with me until ,i understood it--someone who would use homely and familiar examples to explain things1 instead of talking over my head by using technical terms80 ,the author realized all these difficulties himself1 because he has been through it all4 ,not only that1 but his experience as an instructor of a large motor school taught him the way to explain the various parts of a motor vehicle in simple language1 so that even the boy of fifteen could understand and appreciate them4 ,for instance1 did you ever think that the physician uses a form of carburetor whenever he gives chloroform or ether--do you realize that a shotgun is a form of gas engine whose action is almost identical with that of an automobile motor8 ,do you want to know what a sliding gear transmission is--explained in such simple language that anyone can understand it8 ,would you like to see what's inside of an automobile engine--would you like to know the name of every part--be able to talk intelligently about it and be your own mechanic--tell your chauffeur what to do--know when he is bluffing you8 ,in a word1 would you like to know all about a motor car--how it works--how to drive it and how to take care of it8 ,then subscribe for a copy of 8,,the ,,how ,,and ,,why ,,of ,,the ,,automobile0 ,by ,,fay ,l4 ,,faurote ,,price1 #a4jj ,,prepaid ,don't delay--send in your order to-day4 ,get the complete story of a motor car--the advanced course of which the book you have just finished is only the beginning4 ,address1 ,motor ,text ,book ,dept4 ,,robert ,,smith ,,ptg4 ,,co41 ,lansing1 ,mich41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 8,,the ,,how ,,and ,,why ,,of ,,the ,,automobile0 ,a book of practical information for seekers after the fundamental facts regarding the gasoline engine and its application to the motor car4 ,interesting and instructive to both the beginner and the expert--the former for information1 the latter for reference4 ,written by ,fay ,l4 ,faurote1 ,b4 ,s4 7,m4 ,e471 for five years closely associated with the ,experimental ,department of a pioneer automobile factory1 for two years instructor in the ,detroit ,motor ,school4 ,the book1 which is handsomely bound in full cloth1 printed on high-grade enameled paper1 contains over #bjj pages and #bej illustrations and covers the following subjects3 ,,contents ,,general ,,theory ,,of ,,gas ,,engines--,simple explanation of cycle--,the four-stroke cycle--,the two-stroke cycle--,advantages and disadvantages of each4 ,,motor ,,design--,,cylinder1 what it is and its use4 ,,valves1 mechanical and automatic--,forms of valves--,valve timing and its influence on the motor--,valve grinding1 how to do it--,valve nomenclature4 ,,crank ,,case--,the construction ,bearings--,accessibility--,working parts--,uses4 ,a crank case oiling system4 ,,crank ,,shafts--,what they are--,one1 two1 four and six-cylinder crank shafts--,crank case diagram1 showing instantly conditions in all cylinders--,diagram showing firing points and sequence of same4 ,,connecting ,,rods--,construction and material--,bearings and lubrication4 ,,pistons--,piston rings--,piston pins4 ,,the ,,carburetor--,a very simple explanation of carburetion--,the mixing valve--,a few of the first types--,some of the modern carburetors--,foreign carburetors4 ,,ignition--,the make and break system--,a simple explanation of the apparatus used4 ,,the ,,jump ,,spark ,,system--,electrical units4 ,,sources ,,of ,,electricity--,the dry cell--,the storage cell--,dynamos and magnetos--,the spark coil--,commutators and timing devices--,spark plugs--,wiring diagrams4 ,,cooling ,,system--,,air ,,cooling4 ,,water ,,cooling--,direction of circulation--,radiators--,water pumps--,fans--,anti-freezing solutions4 ,,the ,,transmission--,reason for and use of transmission4 ,,simple ,,explanation ,,of ,,action--,individual clutch type--,the sliding gear--,the three speed progressive--,the three speed selective--,the four speed selective--,planetary gear--,friction drive4 ,,methods ,,of ,,driving--,single chain drive--,double chain drive--,bevel gear drive4 ,,running ,,gear--,,front ,,axle--,construction of--,steering ,gear4 ,,rear ,,axle--,differential gear--,the live axle--,the dead axle--,wheel construction--,bearings4 ,,horse ,,power ,,determinations--,engine testing--,indicated horse power--,brake horse power--,mechanical and heat efficiency--,road testing4 ,what a ,prominent ,trade ,paper ,says ,about ,it4 ,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,practical ,,value--,the latest addition to the popular type of automobile handbook4 8,the ,how and ,why of the ,automobile10 by ,fay ,l4 ,faurote1 fulfills what its author has set himself to achieve1 namely1 to present a plain1 easily understood description of the modern automobile4 ,assuming that his reader knows nothing about the subject1 the author introduces the automobile in as simple and untechnical a manner as possible4 ,the entire field is covered and covered so completely that the work can be recommended as a handbook for beginners or those with only a limited knowledge of this subject4--,automobile1 ,april #ah4 ,send in your order at once--don't delay4 ,the price is #a4jj postage pre-paid1 and the address is ,motor ,text ,book ,dept41 ,,robert ,,smith ,,ptg4 ,,co41 ,lansing1 ,mich41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,punctuation1 hyphenation1 and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book2 otherwise they were not changed4 ,simple typographical errors were corrected2 unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious1 and otherwise left unbalanced4 ,illustrations in this e,book are shown as close as possible to their original positions in the printed book1 so several of them actually are mid-paragraph4 ,this was done because some of them are referenced only by their content1 not by their names4 ,this book does not have a ,table of ,contents4 ,the index was not in good alphabetical order2 ,transcriber re-sorted it4 ,it was not checked for correct page references4