,,volume ,,iv1 ,no4 #e4 ,,may1 #aiad ,,the ,,delinquent 7,,formerly ,,the ,,review7 ,a ,,monthly ,,periodical1 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,national ,,prisoners' ,,aid ,,association ,,at #ace ,,east #aeth ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,this ,,copy ,,ten ,,cents4 ,,one ,,dollar ,a ,,year 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,f4 ,garver1 ,president4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,r4 ,french1 ,vice-,president4 ,o4 ,f4 ,lewis1 ,secretary1 ,treasurer and ,editor ,the ,delinquent4 ,edward ,fielding1 ,chairman ,ex4 ,committee4 ,f4 ,emory ,lyon1 ,member ,ex4 ,committee4 ,w4 ,g4 ,mc,laren1 ,member ,ex4 ,committee4 ,a4 ,h4 ,votaw1 ,member ,ex4 ,committee4 ,e4 ,a4 ,fredenhagen1 ,member ,ex4 ,committee4 ,joseph ,p4 ,byers1 ,member ,ex4 ,committee4 ,r4 ,b4 ,mc,cord1 ,member ,ex4 ,committee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,entered as second-class mail matter at ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,safeguarding ,,our ,,youths ,,from ,,prison ,,by ,a ,,prison ,,graduate ,written for ,the ,delinquent by a 8,long-,termer40 ,one dull grey morning during the closing days of ,september1 #aiab1 ,i sat poring over the records of the ---- ,state ,prison at a desk in the administrative offices where ,i was employed1 when the shrill voice of a woman rang out on the street directly outside my barred window1 attracting the startled attention of the prison clerk1 the doorkeeper and myself4 ,they rushed into the room past me and raised the sash4 ,and what a sight met our eyes6 ,there1 beneath the stone ledge1 stood a poor wild-eyed ,slav woman1 tying a stout rope from behind both wrists of her son1 a lad of about twelve years1 punctuating each knot with cuffs on his ears and wild gesticulations and admonitions in her native tongue and in broken ,english4 8,now you go to school1 huh80 the woman cried when she had tied the last knot behind the lad's back4 ,but the little fellow seemed as unmoved and dogged as she was excited and persistent4 ,with another cuff behind his ear she sent him sprawling along the sidewalk4 ,but never a whimper from the lad4 ,the doorkeeper1 accustomed as he is to the hardest of characters that pass in and out the grey prison doors1 and to pathetic scenes on visiting days1 melted at the sight4 8,what are you doing to that boy80 he shouted at the woman from the prison window4 ,she turned quickly1 and with eyes ablaze1 retorted3 8,dot's not you' business60 and then gave her attention to the boy1 cuffing and pushing him on ahead of her4 8,you'll get arrested1 if you don't stop treating your boy that way60 the doorkeeper warned her4 ,but the woman kept on cuffing and pushing the little fellow while shouting back over her shoulder as she moved away3 8,dot's not you' business60 ,the doorkeeper and clerk shook their heads1 looked at each other and left the office in silence4 ,we were stunned by what we had seen1 and marvelled that such a thing could happen in the capital city of one of our foremost states in this civilized century which boasts its wonderful advancement in every branch of life4 8,is that mother right80 ,i asked myself4 8,will her boy bend and become a dutiful son and worthy citizen8 ,or will he mistake his mother's good intentions1 administered so cruelly1 run away from home and finally land here in prison80 ,from whatever side ,i viewed it1 the situation was pathetic4 ,the poor mother1 no doubt1 had great hopes for her boy through giving him an education which1 perhaps1 she and her laboring husband were denied4 ,but what boy1 with his misdirected faculties ahunger for adventure and mischief1 can see things with the mature eyes of an ambitious parent8 ,would that the ,slav woman might have known how much of the rod 7in this case the rope7 to administer and how much to spare in her boy's case6 ,but what parent knows8 ,i kept thinking of that ,slav mother dragging her child along the street on the end of a rope2 thinking of the stubbornness of a boy1 so tender in years1 yet so indifferent to such barbarous treatment4 ,i thought also of how much good so self-willed a lad was capable if properly guided2 how much harm1 if nourished by evil influences4 ,my mind travelled into the interior of the prison1 whither so many men and women have drifted and are still drifting1 from just such a start as that truant boy's4 ,not that their parents had tried to put their good intentions into execution so barbarously1 but the fatal misunderstanding between parent and child was there just the same4 ,i have seen men come in1 serve their time1 go out and then come back again and again for similar offenses4 ,and yet they were once good innocent boys1 born of good1 industrious and well-meaning parents1 who had great hopes for their future careers4 ,in the end ,society suffered from the repeated damage they had done1 their parents grieved in disappointment and sorrow1 and the erring boys finally become social outcasts and parasites1 of no use to themselves nor to any one else4 ,surely1 thought ,i1 there must be something radically wrong or stupid with a world that permits so much damage and misery to go on unchecked4 ,i thought of the terrible destruction caused by floods in times past1 and of the wonderful good that came from those same bodies of water when harnessed to machinery or when floating our great ships1 laden with all the necessaries of life1 to all quarters of the globe4 ,the same is true with respect to the possibilities--good and bad--of all mankind4 ,the population of our prisons is simply the misguided flood of ,society's stream1 destroying everything that obstructs it1 and polluting itself as it courses along its aimless path4 ,the officials of penal institutions are doing their best to guide the wayward and polluted stream into cleaner channels of usefulness2 but penal institutions are1 at best1 but weak dams1 unable to cope with the situation unless something be done to check the cause1 or source1 of the flood4 ,that crime is increasing1 criminals becoming bolder1 the prison population becoming larger each year1 and new and larger prisons are being built1 is ample proof of this contention4 ,pondering these matters1 vital to society1 to fond and ambitious parents and to growing children1 my thoughts finally crystallized themselves into a plan that should at least prevent many future youths from swelling ,society's destructive and polluted stream of crime4 ,experience has shown how the reputations of many good men and women have been blasted in moments of temporary weakness when temptation beset them4 ,they may have gone through life up to that time with little or no temptation1 knowledge of the wickednesses of the world being withheld from them by watchful parents4 ,many have gone on offending for a long time before they are exposed2 while others1 tempted on all sides from youth upwards to commit crime1 resist the temptations repeatedly by sheer force of character and will power4 ,the tendency of youths in general1 however1 is in the direction of mischief when curiosity and temptation beckon2 and from the knowledge that our faculties grow strong in proportion to our exercise of them1 we may conclude that it is far wiser that children be taught to cultivate the power of resistance to evil than that that knowledge of evil be withheld from them4 ,we know not how or when temptation may overcome us or those dear to us2 but we do know that in the lives of even the worst of those that have fallen from grace1 there was a first fall6 ,and the crucial time1 therefore1 to begin crime prevention is before that first fall1 during the time of youth4 ,from what has been said it might be urged that crime prevention should begin in and be confined to the home4 ,no one will deny that the home is the most potent factor in preserving the peace and purity of any community4 ,we know if our youths will but follow the teachings of the religions of their parents1 they will not fall into the error and follow lives of crime4 ,but religion is not practiced in every home2 and all parents do not know how to influence or control the minds of their children any more than did the poor ,slav woman1 when in desperation1 she dragged her boy to school on a rope4 ,again1 many youths turn out badly in spite of religious parents and good homes1 because of vicious associations abroad4 ,for these reasons1 then1 ,i believe that the problem of crime prevention must be solved in our schools and colleges1 leaving to parents the matter of selecting neighborhood companions of their children and of selecting respectable neighborhoods in which to bring them up4 ,because the children of our public schools represent so many religious denominations1 it has been deemed politic to exclude religious teachings therefrom2 and the child1 in consequence1 is seriously handicapped4 ,there is a common ground1 however1 upon which all schools and colleges1 private1 parochial and public may unite to make up considerably for this handicap to the habit-forming youth4 ,and that is by establishing a system wherein teacher and pupil may co-operate in mutual discussion of the various temptations that befall men and women from time to time2 what one should do under given circumstances2 the penalties of indulgence in evil2 and the benefits of following resistance4 ,the teachers should not confine themselves to lectures on the abstract qualities of truth1 honesty1 purity1 justice1 etc41 as these are usually wasted when delivered to children4 ,let them take concrete examples from the columns of our newspapers and impress upon the pupils the moral lesson in each selected article1 and thereby cause the press to become a moral agency instead of a contaminator of weak youthful minds4 ,let them discuss such matters as quarrelling1 slander1 intoxication1 fighting 7as distinguished from manly defense71 gambling1 smuggling1 bribery1 thefts from parent's purses1 from pantries1 from the family's storekeepers1 picking pockets on the streets1 all sorts of abuses and impurities1 and the terrible consequences these lead up to4 ,there are innumerable examples to choose from in our daily life4 ,the teacher might formulate a series of real or imaginary situations and catechise the pupils as to how they would act when confronted by them in real life4 ,these situations should be made dramatic enough to engage the full attention of the children's eyes1 ears1 minds and wills1 so as to leave lasting impressions upon them4 ,parties of children could be formed to visit local jails and prisons1 where the teachers could hold up mirrors to them of young men1 husbands and fathers being torn from their loved ones and thrown into prison2 of the long hours of bitter anguish spent in solitary cells year after year4 ,make this penal sacrifice of suffering mortals count for something more than mere restraint and punishment of crime4 ,make it the price paid in advance for the saving of youths in the future4 ,the pupils should be made to write essays on the subject of temptations met and resisted1 to discuss the traits of one another frankly1 to commend the good and discourage the vicious among their number2 thus imbuing the whole class with a feeling in common of protective fellowship4 ,it is the right of every child to be safeguarded in a way that it may not1 through ignorance or lack of proper guidance and warning1 be doomed to spend its life behind prison bars4 ,it will surely be an agreeable and noble task for our teachers to so safeguard the child4 ,in this way1 it may fall to the lot of one of them to prevent that poor ,slav boy from ending his days with another rope about his neck4 ,who knows8 ,,the ,,maryland ,,penitentiary ,the annual report of the ,maryland ,penitentiary for the year #aiac1 which has recently been issued1 must be of particular interest to all those that have followed the fortunes of that penitentiary during the past years4 ,the report is full of meat4 ,but most interesting perhaps1 is the list of reforms instituted during the year1 as given on page #ad4 ,night schools have been established for both male and female illiterates4 ,the lock-step has been abolished4 ,the uniforms of the male prisoners have been changed from stripes to dark grey1 and those of the female prisoners from blue check to dark grey4 ,china dishes and aluminum spoons are used instead of tinware4 ,the male inmates make a detour of the grounds in going to dining room and shops1 and are permitted to exercise in the open air for three-quarters of an hour on ,sundays4 ,they march two abreast1 and each inmate is allowed to converse with his companion4 ,the female prisoners are allowed to exercise in the yard three times a day on week days1 and on ,sundays for about two hours4 ,the convalescent sick are allowed to walk around the grounds the greater part of the day1 when the weather is favorable4 ,the prisoner's hair is never clipped1 except occasionally for sanitary reasons when received4 ,inmates now receive two shaves a week and one haircut a month gratis4 ,they are allowed to smoke in their rooms4 ,they are permitted to converse in a low tone in the dining room4 ,instead of one letter a month they now have the privilege of writing every ten days4 ,entertainments are given on ,july #dth1 ,thanksgiving and ,christmas4 ,the dark cell1 whipping and cuffing-up have been abolished4 ,instead of the dark cell a well-ventilated room is now used1 in which a bed and a blanket are placed at night4 ,the punishments now in vogue consist of bread and water diet1 and the taking away of all privileges1 the forfeiture of commutation and in extreme cases1 compelling the prisoner who is locked in cell to stand at the door without tension1 during working hours4 ,a list is sent to the ,prisoners' ,aid ,association1 on the #aeth of each month1 so that1 if necessary1 provision can be made for their care until they find employment4 ,an interne has been appointed1 thus giving the institution the services of a physician instantly in emergency cases4 ,this work was formerly done by a prisoner4 ,a steam chest has been installed1 so that all clothes from the hospital can be disinfected and washed within the hospital grounds4 ,surely1 where so many and such reforms have been instituted during a year there must have been room for reform1 and congratulations for the reforms are due4 ,,humanizing ,a ,,court ,by ,james ,a4 ,collins ,former ,city ,judge of ,indianapolis4 ,a paper read before the ,national ,conference of ,charities and ,correction1 ,memphis1 ,tenn41 ,may #ab1 #aiad4 ,it is not my purpose to present a theory for dealing with the poor and unfortunate who make up the daily toll of police duty1 but the actual working of a definite plan4 ,probation has been defined as a judicial system1 under which an offender against penal law1 instead of being imprisoned1 is given an opportunity to reform himself under supervision and subject to conditions imposed by the court1 to the end that if he makes good no penalty will be imposed4 ,the enactment of a law by the legislature of ,indiana in #aijg1 under which courts may exercise the right to suspend sentence or withhold judgment in the case of adults1 made possible the application of the probation system in the administration of justice in circuit and criminal courts and courts having concurrent jurisdiction4 ,the probation method of dealing with minor offenders in our ,state was an attempt to follow the spirit of the constitutional provision that 8the penal code shall be founded on the principles of reformation and not of vindictive justice40 ,the aim of the ,city ,court of ,indianapolis during my term of four years was to administer justice tempered with humanity4 ,the welfare of unfortunates1 and the saving of women and children from hunger and want1 was to the court a matter of greater moment than the piling up of a vast amount of fines and costs4 ,if the efficiency of the court was to be determined by the number of dollars and cents1 wrested from offenders1 then the constitutional provision above referred to should be rewritten and the law of #aijg repealed4 ,such a step1 however1 would be to turn back the dial of human progress one hundred years4 ,so long as the constitution and the laws of the ,state permit1 the people will demand that justice shall be administered upon human lines4 ,in order that the best possible results might be obtained both for society and the individual1 the probation system as established in the ,city ,court of ,indianapolis contemplated the following3 #a4 ,the suspended sentence4 ,the power to suspend sentence where the circumstances seemed to justify has saved many novices in crime from undergoing the harsh punishment that would otherwise be meted out to them1 and that seems to be contrary to the constitutional provision that 8all penalties shall be proportioned according to the nature of the offense40 ,as has been well said3 8,the system under which a father and husband pleading guilty to a charge of larceny1 based upon the taking of a bundle of oats or a loaf of bread1 was sent up1 was often sure to work brutal injustice4 ,that it continued as long as it did is a remarkable fact40 ,during my term ,i suspended judgment in #gjj cases and withheld judgment in #geei4 ,of this latter class less than #c per cent4 were returned for a second or subsequent offense4 ,while there is no provision under the law for the employment of paid probation officers1 adequate supervision in #ege cases was made possible by good citizens1 volunteering to serve in that capacity4 ,these probationers were required to furnish the court a monthly report signed by the probation officer4 ,time will not permit the details of these reports4 ,each tells its own story of heroic efforts toward right living4 #b4 ,paying fines on installments4 ,the payment of money fines on installments was a new department in the administration of justice4 ,the old method of collecting money fines which compelled the defendant to pay or replevy the same the moment he was fined was always a source of great hardship on the poor4 ,it was unreasonable to expect a common laborer arrested late at night1 and convicted in the morning1 to be prepared to settle with the ,state4 ,if he was unable to pay or make arrangements to have his fine staid for the statutory period1 he was sent to prison1 not because the court had given him a term of imprisonment1 but because he was poor1 which is in effect imprisonment for debt4 ,the pitiable scenes of wives and mothers and sobbing children crowding the corridors of the court1 pleading for the release of a husband or father1 against whom a money fine had been assessed and who was utterly without money to stay or pay the same1 was a powerful argument in favor of a plan that would relieve such a deplorable situation4 ,the power to parole a misdemeanant carried with it the power to direct him to pay into the probation department a dollar a week toward the satisfaction of a fine and costs to be assessed against him when the final payment was made4 ,such a plan as this requires no legislative action and could be introduced into any court where the judge has such powers as are granted the courts of ,indiana4 ,in city courts1 defendants may be divided into three classes3--,those who can pay the fines assessed against them2 those who would pay if they had a chance2 and those who wouldn't pay if they could and couldn't if they would4 ,the middle class represents very largely mechanics1 clerks and laborers1 in no sense criminals1 but who for some breach of the peace are brought into court and who are generally of a deserving character4 ,it is to this class that the work has been directed4 ,a money fine is their punishment1 but instead of imprisoning them1 they were paroled with instructions to pay into the probation department each week one dollar or as much as could be spared from the family treasury1 until the amount indicated by the court is paid in full4 ,during the four years that this plan was in operation these probationers paid into the court #cd1jad4 ,out of #chcb persons placed on probation to pay fines1 #cbbj paid their fines and costs in full1 while #ajb were given credit for partial payments and committed to serve out the balance4 ,however1 #bje were unable to pay anything and were committed to the jail or workhouse4 ,in #aeb cases1 the circumstances of the families were such that the court felt justified in withholding judgment rather than committing the defendants4 ,out of the entire number placed on probation1 #adc did not live up to their agreement with the court1 and re-arrests were ordered in each of those cases4 ,the plan operated to the benefit of the individual in several ways4 ,it saved him his employment2 it saved his family from humiliation and disgrace2 better than all1 it saved his self-respect4 #c4 ,drunkenness and the ,pledge ,system4 ,no unfortunates appeal more strongly to the court than the victims of the liquor habit4 ,in all cases of first offenders charged with being drunk1 and where the defendant had others dependent upon him for support1 the court made it a condition on withholding judgment or suspending the sentence that the defendant take the pledge for a period varying from six months to one year4 ,three hundred and eighty-two pledges were taken1 all of which were kept faithfully but #bg4 ,when the family or relatives could afford it1 persons were sent to institutions for treatment1 and the records show but one failure4 ,where the financial condition of the defendant was such that he could not pay for the treatment1 arrangements were made for the payment of the money into the probation department in weekly installments1 thus assuring the defendant the benefit of the treatment and the institution the satisfaction of its debt4 ,with the assistance of ,w4 ,h4 ,roll1 a volunteer probation officer1 supervision was successfully provided for #acf men charged with drunkenness who had reached the down-and-out stage4 ,without friends or relatives1 and in many instances unemployed1 these men were drifting into a condition where they would soon become public charges4 ,the reports furnished the court show that this timely help and assistance was the means of saving these men to useful citizenship4 ,in the severe cases1 where the defendant was bordering on delirium tremens1 he was committed to the workhouse and the superintendent informed of his condition4 ,while there were no special arrangements for the treatment of inebriates at the workhouse1 the superintendent successfully provided a separate department in the wing formerly used as the woman's prison4 ,these cases were thoroughly examined by the physician in charge1 and such medical and special attention was given to them as the circumstances seemed to justify4 ,while these facilities were inadequate1 yet a splendid work was done among this class of unfortunate and harmless offenders4 #d4 ,medical and ,surgical ,treatment4 ,it was not an infrequent experience for the court to find persons charged with offences of a character that disclosed physical or mental defects4 ,arrangements were always made for medical care and treatment4 ,in meeting the problem presented by such conditions the court had the co-operation and assistance of the superintendent of the ,city ,hospital1 as well as some of the best known physicians and surgeons of ,indianapolis4 #e4 ,imprisonment of ,minors4 ,one of the most difficult problems that confronted the courts was the disposition of minors1 when the offense was so serious that the best interests of society would be subserved by incarceration4 ,through an arrangement with the superintendent of the workhouse1 an unused wing of the building was set apart for such offenders1 and in this way they were kept separate and apart from the old and hardened offender4 #f4 ,restitution4 ,the criminal code of ,indiana is absolutely silent upon the question of recovery for loss or damage to property and injuries to the person growing out of criminal acts1 except that in cases of malicious trespass the court may fine a defendant a sum equal to twice the amount of the property damaged4 ,to fine a person double the value of the property damaged and1 because of his failure to pay the same1 place the additional burden on the citizen of supporting him in the workhouse or jail seems in itself an absurdity4 ,as a part of the probation plan1 the court required every person charged with any offense involving the loss or damage to property and injuries to the person to make full and complete restitution to the injured party before the final disposition of the case4 ,upon a proper showing that restitution has been made1 the court was then in a position to take such action as the other facts in the case justified4 ,under this plan #g1aff4hc in restitution money was recovered and paid over to the proper parties4 #g4 ,separate ,session for the ,trial of ,women4 ,to ,amos ,w4 ,butler and ,demarchus ,c4 ,brown1 of the ,board of ,state ,charities1 was due the credit for the suggestion of a separate session for the trial of women and girls4 ,acting upon this suggestion1 the court set apart ,wednesday afternoon for the trial of such cases4 ,to the ,local ,council of ,women was due the credit of putting the suggestion into effect1 by guaranteeing the expense of a woman probation officer for the court4 ,to make the separate trials of women and girls something more than a perfunctory task an adequate system of investigating and supervision was absolutely essential4 ,like all innovations connected with matters pertaining to the work of the police1 it was at first looked upon as a fad1 and predictions were freely made that the life of the plan would be short because of the nature of the work and the rapidity with which it must be discharged4 ,but notwithstanding the criticisms1 it proved to be a sane and wholesome method of dealing with the delinquent women of the city4 ,the legislature of #aiaa enacted a law1 providing for the appointment of a court matron in cities of the first and second class1 and this act prescribed her duties as follows3 8,she shall1 under the direction of the judge of the city court1 investigate and report to such judge upon the past histories1 conditions of living1 character1 morals and habits of all women and girls awaiting trial in such city court and shall have supervision of such women and girls while not in actual custody until final disposition of the charges against them40 ,as a result of this legislation a definite work is now being done throughout the ,state in aiding and assisting a class of women1 heretofore most shamefully neglected4 ,the following report by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,p4 ,hopkins1 court matron1 who has charge of the investigation and supervision of women during my term1 tells its own story3 ,total number of cases investigated #ehf ,judgment withheld #cag ,fined #bh ,committed to ,women's ,prison and ,jail #fa ,dismissed #ij ,discharged #bf ,continued indefinitely #ch ,judgment suspended #ai ,sent to ,grand ,jury #f ,committed to ,house of ,good ,shepherd #a ,of this number1 #fi were placed on probation under the supervision of volunteer probation officers1 and #gb were returned to their homes2 #fa girls sent to the ,faith ,home were detained there until employment was secured for them4 ,the most important work1 however1 of this department was the aid given to girls living in houses of prostitution4 ,through the special work in this connection1 #bc girls gave up their lives of shame1 and the reports show that they were all working and leading better lives4 #h4 ,domestic ,relations ,session4 ,no more important problem was presented to the court than those cases involving domestic relations4 ,the need for a change in the method of dealing stood1 when one realizes the many things involved in the imprisonment of the head of the family1 especially when there are many mouths to feed4 ,in order to deal intelligently with these people and to arrive at a just conclusion1 ,thursday afternoon was set apart for their consideration4 ,a thorough investigation was made by the court matron of the conditions surrounding the man1 his home1 his employment and his associates1 and was presented to the court at this special session1 to the end that in the final disposition of the case the same might be disposed of to the best interests of the family as well as the individual4 ,since the establishment of this session and up to the close of my term #ddj cases were investigated1 and were disposed of as follows3 ,total number of cases investigated #ddj ,judgment withheld #aee ,fines and costs #ajf ,workhouse and jail #cd ,juvenile court #aa ,dismissed #ci ,discharged #bg ,continued indefinitely #dd ,grand ,jury #f ,sentence suspended #ah #i4 ,employment4 ,through the probation department1 the court attempted to meet every angle of the social problem as represented by the delinquents brought before the court4 ,to the need of employment could be traced many cases of delinquency4 ,to meet this condition1 special efforts were made to obtain employment for men4 ,from a crude beginning1 it developed into a permanent plan1 resulting in all of the larger employers of labor looking to the probation department for their help4 ,more than #fjj persons secured employment in this way4 ,in the presentation of a subject like this one realizes that the material side must always be at the forefront1 but to one whose daily life was spent in the very midst of these problems1 and who viewed them from every angle1 there are many arguments that cannot be expressed in facts and figures4 ,the problems presented by #di1iaf persons brought into the court during my term were large and varied4 ,to meet them was a gigantic task1 but the results have more than justified the effort4 ,any innovation in the administration of justice is the subject for more or less criticism1 just and unjust4 ,did this work place additional burden on the taxpayer8 ,emphatically1 ,no6 ,it reduced the number of commitments to the jail and workhouse by more than #ej per cent4 ,during the first year of its operation there was a saving in the cost of feeding prisoners in the county jail of #a1bic and in the maintenance of the workhouse of #d1fca4 ,however1 the results of a system of justice are not to be measured by dollars and cents4 ,such a work aims at the physical1 mental and moral uplift of the individual rather than at the cold satisfaction of the law4 ,it aspires to restore the erring to society as useful citizens and transforms our penal system into a mighty influence for the uplifting of society4 ,the reports to the court showed that home conditions had improved2 that men had abstained from the use of intoxicating liquors2 that employers had been enlisted in taking a more friendly interest in employees2 that men had joined churches and in other ways added to a higher standard of living4 ,this touch of humanity in the administration of justice in a criminal court was not only a profitable investment so far as the public was concerned1 but better than all1 it made possible the social regeneration of thousands of men and women4 ,,the ,,industrial ,,farm#a ,if results are ever obtained in the handling of unfortunates it will be through right treatment4 ,there must be a thorough investigation before the stain of prison life sentence is passed4 ,in a great percentage of the cases for minor offences1 rather than a workhouse sentence1 these unfortunates require nothing more than a dismissal with a friendly word of encouragement from the court4 ,or1 if in the judgment of the courts they need supervision1 they should be turned over to a practical probation officer who will see to it that it is not necessary to commit them to imprisonment4 ,a prisoner should never be committed to jail to serve time4 ,the average jails of this country are a disgrace to civilization and are cesspools for the breeding of diseases and crime4 ,many of the cases that come to the police and criminal courts for minor offences only require supervision1 change of surroundings and a new home4 ,institutional treatment should be the last remedy4 ,what we must do1 is to abolish the fixed sentence and de-institutionalize our institutions1 and1 finally1 these people must be made to feel whether in an institution or out of one they are working for home-making4 ,modern penology must not be sentimental2 it should be practical4 ,then we must have prevention1 which is formation1 not reformation2 for #ie per cent4 of our subjects in the penal institutions and reformatories of the country have never been correctly formed in their mental and physical make-up4 ,modern penology1 in order to aid social progress1 must sentence its unkempt1 immoral and diseased citizens to an indefinite term of sunshine1 fresh air and honest work1 with such system as will make of them an asset rather than a liability when returned to society4 ,modern penology must be able to say that if this cannot be done1 then sterilization or definite isolation on the farm must be provided4 ,modern penology1 in addition to all this1 must impress upon society the importance of ideal administration for its wayward subjects2 that of humane1 educated and trained employees in all departments of our penal institutions4 ,we are attempting at the ,district of ,columbia ,farm to lay the foundation and inaugurate a system that will be practical1 a system where the inmates will not suffer by having too much done for them1 a system where the inmates must be made to feel1 whether in an institution or out of it1 that there is work for them to do individually4 ,we believe that beneficial results cannot be successfully maintained in the old-time prisons with high walls1 locks and bars2 we believe that walls must come down and the locks and bars go to the scrap pile4 ,we believe that for every bar of restriction removed1 more rays of sunlight and hope will reach the heart of the convicted man4 ,with these preliminary thoughts1 ,i will now briefly describe the ,district of ,columbia ,farm1 which less than four years ago was a wilderness in the hills of ,virginia1 #bj miles south of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the farm consists of #aaej acres of land1 costing the ,general ,government #ah per acre4 ,on this land we have constructed some #cj buildings1 consisting of dormitories1 dining rooms1 lounging halls1 hospital1 horse and dairy barns4 ,these are all one-story buildings1 and are built of wood1 with a view of giving ample light and ventilation4 ,the plan for the prisoners is that of the congregate or dormitory system1 having no cells1 locks or bars about the institution4 ,two hundred prisoners are taken care of during the night in each dormitory1 and as we have #fjj male prisoners this requires three buildings4 ,cots are arranged side by side in these dormitories on raised platforms4 ,sufficient bedding1 consisting of mattress1 sheets and pillows1 blankets and comforts are given to each prisoner4 ,all the buildings are steam-heated and electric-lighted and have ample water1 both hot and cold1 in each of the buildings1 with a modern and up-to-date sewerage system4 ,during the evening and after the days' work is done and on ,sundays the men are taken to a large building known as the ,rest ,hall and ,library1 where they are permitted to talk1 play checkers1 read the daily newspapers1 which are bought for them by the management1 and they have access to a library of over #d1jjj volumes4 ,on summer evenings and on ,sundays the inmates are permitted to take the benches out into the yard where it is possible to enjoy more freedom and have an abundance of fresh air4 ,in one of the buildings referred to there is a shower bath and arrangements where the inmates make their toilets4 ,in this building #abe men can be taken care of at one time4 ,we have no wash basins1 but have a faucet for each man1 which makes it more sanitary1 and the men are also furnished with individual towels and soap4 ,the fact that prisoners are sent to us for short sentences 7the time now being from #ae days to three years1 our average sentence being #ce days7 makes it very necessary and important that the sanitary conditions should be closely looked after1 as from #aj per cent4 to #ae per cent4 of the prisoners sent us1 when received1 have vermin on their persons4 ,this however is looked after so closely that though we handle from five to six thousand people a year we are absolutely free from vermin in all of the #cj buildings4 ,in working prisoners we give them1 from #ae to #bj men1 to an officer4 ,his part is to direct this number in a humane and intelligent manner1 and to have them understand it is our purpose to be helpful4 ,with such methods we have very little trouble so far as discipline is concerned4 ,work on this #aaej acres of land consists of building roads1 constructing buildings1 farming1 making brick1 crushing stone1 building and repairing wagons1 painting and whitewashing the buildings1 poultry raising1 dairy1 etc4 ,at the present time we are working #gj head of horses2 these are all cared for by the inmates without an officer with them1 and neither the farm or the buildings are enclosed by as much as a fence4 ,we lose very few prisoners by escaping1 less on an average than two per month4 ,our results show we get a fair day's work from each of our able-bodied inmates4 ,in handling prisoners for the past sixteen years1 starting with the old-time methods of having a #cj foot wall1 cells1 locks and bars1 with stripes for clothing 7and a prisoner when reported by an officer for failure to comply with some order was taken into a room1 his clothing removed and lashed with a cat-o-nine tails by the officer who reported him7 convinces me that the open-air method1 with as few restrictions as possible so far as the inmates are concerned1 will give us better results from the standpoint of discipline and reformation4 ,we handle the women prisoners from the ,city of ,washington with the same system of buildings as are provided for the men4 ,the female department is managed by women and the two institutions are some distance apart4 ,the average population of the female department is about one hundred4 ,the women do the laundry work and make the clothes for the population of the two institutions4 ,in addition1 a number of them work on the lawn and in the garden1 and do the painting and other sanitary work about the buildings4 ,the female department1 like the male department1 has neither cell1 lock or bar2 the buildings are one story with neither wall or fence around them4 ,we have handled three thousand women in the past three and a half years and have only lost three by escaping4 ,we have very little sickness1 and this we attribute to our method of work1 sanitation1 and to the construction of the buildings which give open-air treatment at all times with plenty of sunshine4 ,ninety-five per cent4 of our inmates1 both male and female1 show decided improvement on their discharge both in their mental and physical condition4 ,the time is coming when the ,district of ,columbia ,workhouse will be self-supporting1 if not more4 ,when it is1 ,i believe an appropriation should be provided whereby the dependent families of the inmates1 whether they be sent to us because of non-support or for other violation of the statutes1 should be paid a sum of money sufficient to provide in a comfortable manner for their support during the confinement of the offenders4 ,if such a system were inaugurated1 the financial benefit received by the family would only be a secondary consideration4 ,the greatest benefit would be the lasting impression made on the individual while at the institution1 developing in him industrial habits and self-confidence1 which would help him to become a self-supporting citizen1 capable of caring for his family after he is released4 ,this certainly would be true in #fj per cent4 of the cases we have1 if there could be brought about a change in the penal code of the ,district of ,columbia through having the inmates committed on an indeterminate sentence rather than on a fixed sentence such as is now being given4 #a ,read by ,w4 ,h4 ,whittaker1 ,superintendent of the 7,occoquan7 ,district of ,columbia ,workhouse1 at ,national ,conference of ,charities and ,correction1 ,memphis1 ,may1 #aiad4 ,a ,,prison ,,of ,,the ,,twentieth ,,century ,by ,o4 ,f4 ,lewis ,general ,secretary of the ,prison ,association of ,new ,york ,reprinted from ,the ,independent of ,may #ah1 #aiad4 ,the three-car train came out of the ,canadian woods from the south and stopped by the stationless road4 ,twenty-five young fellows jumped down1 formed in twos1 and1 led by an older man1 and followed by two older men1 walked up the road over the concrete bridge to the prison buildings4 ,they were prisoners1 convicted of crimes and serving time4 ,that morning they had left the ,central ,prison of ,toronto--left the forbidding old building1 with its bolts1 its gloom1 its cells and corridors2 and now1 but a few hours later1 they were hastening without shackles1 without armed guards1 without prison garb1 toward the latest ,canadian prison1 the ,central ,prison ,farm of ,guelph4 ,this means a new era1 this method of treating prisoners--an overturning of the old traditions of prison government1 a serious break with the past1 an almost scornful disregard of the cherished traditions of bars and cells1 tortures and punishments4 ,it means an amazing change in the attitude of society toward the prisoner1 and a startling change in the feeling of the prisoner toward society4 ,you have read in recent months about the mutinies at ,sing ,sing in ,new ,york ,state2 how the prisoners have been for almost a century forced into atrociously small cells1 with insufficient light and air4 ,you have read how prisoners have been doubled-up1 two in a cell1 because of the congestion of population4 ,you have learned that prisoners have had to stay in their cells some fourteen hours out of the twenty-four2 that these cells are carriers of tuberculosis and venereal disease4 ,and many other terrible things you have read4 ,in the light of that story1 hear this tale of a prison farm4 ,when ,i alighted from an earlier train ,i looked for ,warden ,gilmour in vain4 ,in the road stood a man in civilian's clothes4 8,i'm ,sergeant ,grant10 said he1 8and the warden was to come on this train4 ,he'll come later1 though1 with the draft40 ,we walked toward the prison4 ,on the way we crossed an attractive concrete bridge4 8,all built by prisoners10 said the sergeant1 8and we had hard work to find the bottom for some of the piers4 ,we made this macadam road1 also graded up the approaches to the bridge1 designed the balustrades1 and even hydrated the lime that went into the concrete1 after having quarried it from the limestone quarries up there40 ,approaching the prison ,i looked for the wall and found none4 ,not a thing apparently1 to prevent the men from running away4 ,i asked the sergeant how many escapes they had4 8,about one and a half per cent4 of the population4 ,we've lost from three to five this year4 ,fact is there's nothing in the way of guns to prevent the men from breaking away any time4 ,there isn't a guard here that carries a revolver4 ,the warden says3 #8,we haven't taken away the guns from the guards1 because we haven't ever given them guns6' ,as a matter of fact1 ,i carry a revolver10 said the sergeant1 8but ,i've never used it in eighteen years4 ,but ,i feel more comfortable with it40 ,which made me smile1 because it was an example of an age-long tradition dying hard4 ,the dinner whistle blew at #aa3de4 ,here ,i saw what in the old-line prison would be the unbelievable4 ,from all parts of the farm came the men in to dinner4 ,it was the reverse of the usual factory procession4 ,here the crowd poured into the door of a factory building temporarily used as a dining-room and kitchen4 ,there was absolute order4 ,the garb was not unlike that of the average farmer's helper4 ,even the customary vizored cap of many prisons was absent1 and the old straw hat had taken its place4 ,on the tables1 for dinner1 were meat and vegetables1 tapioca1 soup and milk--a liberal amount4 ,meanwhile ,warden ,gilmour had arrived with his detail of prisoners4 ,he has been in prison work for seventeen years2 before that he was a physician4 ,he is regarded as one of the best prison administrators in the country4 ,he loves the land1 not for what it produces alone1 but in humanity also4 ,the frequency1 moreover1 with which bits of biblical quotations drop from his lips leads one to believe that the injunctions of ,holy ,writ form a considerable part of his sanction for life1 and for that of the men in his charge4 ,there is nothing mawkish or apologetic in his adherence to ,holy ,writ as a guide4 ,there is a certain severity of viewpoint in his daily work4 ,nothing is happy-go-lucky about the ,guelph ,prison ,farm2 it has all been thought out1 and the warden is the dominant personality4 8,remember10 he said1 8this is not run on honor1 this prison4 ,i don't believe in the so-called honor prison1 as the word is generally understood4 ,this is a prison that is successful because the supervision is successful4 ,supervision will do what formerly guns and wall accomplished4 8,we talk about the originality of a prison like this8 ,why1 originality consists in doing what other people are afraid to do4 ,i have not been afraid to build this prison without walls4 ,but we are everlastingly watchful4 ,thirty miles east of ,toronto1 at ,whitby1 ,i have a hundred prisoners building an asylum for the insane on the cottage plan4 ,the plaster1 the lime1 the sashes and the window frames are shipped from here4 ,here at ,guelph we can perform with prison labor more than seventy-five per cent4 of the building operations4 8,punishments8 ,we don't have them here4 ,that is1 if a prisoner gets bad here1 disturbs the order of the place1 and we cannot make him see that he must conform to the rules1 we send him back to the ,central ,prison at ,toronto4 ,but most of the men prefer the life out here a thousand times4 ,we take men that generally have still some months to serve4 ,we have been taking men whose sentences run up to two years1 but more recently we have received men with longer sentences4 ,let me tell you about one man who was here4 8,i asked this boy1 some time ago1 who had been in the ,toronto prison1 what he found the greatest difference between the prison in the city and the farm out here4 ,he said1 #8,warden1 the getting away from that cell6 ,to sit there1' the boy added1 #8on ,sunday1 every evening and on holidays1 and have that cell gate staring you in the face1 is hell6'0 ,we walked toward the new building--all of them being built by the prisoners4 ,under construction1 in a kind of hollow square formation1 were kitchen and dining hall1 several dormitories and cell buildings1 an administration building and officers quarters4 ,one of the largest and best dairy and hay barns that ,i have ever seen is already up2 also a little creamery building4 ,most of the work is of poured concrete4 ,as we went through one building1 where some score of prisoners were silently working at plastering1 painting1 carpentering and stone cutting1 ,warden ,gilmour said3 8,you see1 ,i have my cells only on one side of the central corridor4 ,i mean that all the cells shall have southern exposure4 ,each of the cells contains eight hundred cubic feet40 ,i thought of the twelve hundred cells at ,sing ,sing1 still used1 which contain less than two hundred cubic feet of air space1 and have no windows opening to the outer air as at ,guelph4 8,then we have dormitories10 continued the warden1 8not the big dormitories of olden times1 but comfortably small rooms that will accommodate from twenty-five to thirty men4 ,we are trying the experiment4 ,i don't know yet how it will work out4 ,we are expecting to have here ultimately about seven hundred men40 ,i asked him about the expense of all this4 8,are you saving money or saving men80 was his sharp retort4 8,nevertheless1 we are demonstrating every day the economy of using prison labor1 as well as the economy of giving these men reasonable accommodations4 ,i can't give you as yet the figures you want4 ,we are teaching these men how to work1 and the usefulness of work4 ,the bulk of them1 when they leave here1 are not going upon farms1 but back to the cities from which they came4 ,so we are teaching some city trades1 but without neglecting farm industries4 ,we are raising about all we need to eat1 as well as the stock we raise for food4 ,but a prison farm without important and diversified industries is a mistake40 ,i looked around the eight hundred acres4 ,there was a sweep of horizon1 a tingling acid in the air1 a quietude1 a blessed monotony in comparison with the feverish city1 a spaciousness of possibilities1 as compared with the walled-in prisons like ,sing ,sing2 in short1 an approximation to the sanest kind of normal life4 8,work80 ,the warden smiled4 8,why1 we're working here ten hours a day2 seven to twelve1 one to six4 ,each man that works here gets a gratuity of two dollars a month1 but he loses a part of that gratuity if he offends against the rules of the place4 ,they get the money when they go out4 ,our payments to prisoners amount to between one hundred and fifty and two hundred dollars a month4 ,we discharge each month about thirty to forty men4 ,they get1 in addition1 a ticket back to the place from which they were sent40 ,i asked the warden if he was ultimately going to build a wall around the place4 8,not if ,i can help it4 ,i don't think bars on cell windows are necessary2 but supervision is4 ,however1 we may as well proceed with reasonable speed in our modern ideas4 ,ultimately we may need the protected windows40 ,for the completed prison1 ,warden ,gilmour is planning a number of industries1 all directly related to the life of the institution4 ,there will be tailoring1 carpentry1 shoemaking1 a woolen mill1 a machine shop1 a tile factory and other industries4 ,and as for recreation1 plans are not failing4 ,there is already a ball team that has beaten1 with one exception1 all the teams that have come from the surrounding towns4 ,there is fishing and swimming in case of good behavior4 ,and when the warden gets the prison all built1 he is going to turn much of the land1 which is not used for farming1 in to a kind of natural park4 ,up there1 across the line1 some thirty miles north of ,lake ,ontario1 where the summer heat gets into the nineties1 and the winter cold sends the bulb down to thirty and more below1 there is going to be a radical overturning of old prison regime4 ,inevitably the influence of ,guelph and of a dozen other prisons in the 8,states0 will send the walls of the older prisons crumbling4 ,for ,guelph means nothing else than a reversal of the theories of prison administration4 ,the old prison believed in dungeons and bars4 ,the new prison substitutes therefor single rooms and ,god's outdoors4 ,the old prison feared an escape like the plague4 ,the new prison forces an escape into its proper perspective as a serious episode in the training of the prisoner for honest life4 ,the old prison shut out life and hope by monstrous walls4 ,in the new prison1 walls for all prisoners are regarded as monstrous things4 ,the old prison drove men like brutes to work and often to mutiny4 ,the new prison blows the whistle at noon1 and the men come in from all over the farm to dinner1 and go to their rooms or to the dormitories afterward for a short rest1 and then back to normal work4 ,the old prison--and there are many of them still--believed in squeezing the life blood out of the prisoners for the benefit of the ,state and of private contractors4 ,the new prison believes in the working of the men for ,state profit1 if for profit at all4 ,and the modern chiefs of new prisons are giving sober attention to a fairer division of the profits of prisoners' labor between the prisoner and his compulsory employer1 the government4 ,the old prison believed in wretchedly small cells1 in a minimum of fresh air1 in messes of poorly prepared food2 in the lock step1 the stripes and the shaven head2 in punitive methods4 ,the new prison believes in an ample cell and an outdoor life so far as possible2 in decent food1 the abolition of the lock step1 a decent head of hair and a decent uniform--in reformation1 if possible4 ,as to the future1 who can tell8 ,the new prison is an experiment4 ,so far1 it has worked in general remarkably well4 ,its sanction lies in the fact that it makes on the average mind the impression of being a common-sense proposition4 ,,book ,,reviews ,young ,delinquents4--,mary ,g4 ,barnett1 ,london #aiac1 ,methuen and ,co4 ,ltd41 pp4 #bbb4 ,miss ,barnett's book is a very clear exposition of the ,british system of ,industrial and ,reformatory ,schools for taking care of children fallen1 or in the danger of falling1 into criminal ways4 ,as such an exposition it very properly gives1 after a few introductory statements as to the chief causes of juvenile delinquency1 the legal basis of the system at present in vogue which is found in the ,children's ,act of #aijh1 by which the existing schools and their accessories take their proper places in the scheme provided or sanctioned4 ,thus far the book is merely the description of the fundamental determinants1 in a legal way1 for a particular place--,great ,britain4 ,with the description of the schools themselves1 their physical conditions1 financing1 management1 difficulties of personnel1 discipline1 methods of elementary1 industrial and religious education1 of social training1 of employment1 inadequate facilities of proper aftercare1 the methods of administration of single institutions and of the whole system of institutions1 their inspection1 and a horde of other things1 we get into territory that is as pertinent to our own problems in this field as it is across the sea4 ,the book shows that the author has had an extended and intimate acquaintance with her subject1 and has made good use of her gift of observation4 ,as one would expect1 there are numerous weaknesses in the system for which remedies should be found4 ,such suggested remedies are included in the last chapter of the book1 in a resume of the findings and conclusions of the ,departmental ,committee appointed in #aiaa to look into the matter of these schools4 ,to give a complete list of all the recommendations of that committee would be out of place here4 ,but its most important features should be1 if only briefly1 mentioned4 ,first appears the need for a special central authority1 expert and responsible1 to set a standard and maintain it2 there should be woman members on the boards of managers2 employees should be properly pensioned4 ,the chief cause of unsatisfactory conditions is found to be inadequate finances4 ,in reference to the children themselves1 the principal demands are for more intensive classification1 particularly by age1 more education1 especially physical training1 less drudgery1 less punishment1 more individual attention4 ,definite methods for rendering reports1 for extending after-care1 for utilising voluntary aid are suggested1 and the uselessness is shown of some of the petty yet harmful restrictions1 as for example silence at meals4 ,miss ,barnett discusses conditions in a different land1 but the greater part of her discussion can be applied directly to our own conditions4 ,the book should be in the hands of every member of the board of managers of a reform school4 ,p4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,prostitution in ,europe4 ,abraham ,flexner1 ,new ,york1 ,the ,century ,co41 #aiad4 ,publication of the ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene4 ,pp4 #dee4 ,a splendid contribution to the subject1 especially useful to ,american penologists and criminologists1 who have been obliged to put up with sporadic and often inaccurate reports of this very important and social evil in ,continental countries4 ,mr4 ,flexner promises a study shortly of prostitution in the ,united ,states4 ,let us hope that it will meet the high standard of the work under discussion4 ,it is almost trite to say that no library of a social worker should be without this book4 ,mr4 ,flexner's treatment is dispassionate1 careful1 thorough1 and broad4 ,he has persistently gone after the facts4 ,the book is commendably free from propaganda4 ,he defines prostitution1 discusses the demand and supply1 and after showing the relation of prostitution to law and law enforcement gives several chapters to the discussion of regulation1 after which he treats with equal detail the method of treatment commonly called 8abolition04 ,the last chapter1 summing up the outcome of ,european experience1 is for ,americans cognizant of the many surveys of the social evil in ,american cities1 of especial interest and importance4 8,prostitution is a modifiable phenomenon1 arising out of the complicated interaction of personal factors and social conditions4 ,the attempt to stamp it out completely by summary1 even though persistent action1 cannot be hopefully regarded4 ,repression requires an abundance of institutional facilities such as nowhere exists4 ,although important good is achieved at the moment 7by repression7 and still more in the long run1 prostitution as a formidable problem will still remain4 ,repression is what the physicians call symptomatic treatment40 ,nevertheless1 ,mr4 ,flexner1 having shown that 8regulation0 does not regulate1 and that repression does not wholly repress1 says in conclusion that a direct frontal attack in the repressive spirit would accomplish much4 8,it is well worth doing2 it is1 humanly speaking1 a possible undertaking4 ,let us not1 however1 deceive ourselves into thinking that such a frontal attack absolves us from effort in other and different directions4 ,further achievements depend upon alterations in the constitution of society and its component parts40 ,and after outlining the important social factors that make for prostitution1 such as ignorance1 mental or moral defect1 natural impulses1 alcohol1 illegitimacy1 broken homes1 bad homes1 low wages1 wretched industrial conditions--and their potential offsets through education1 religion1 science1 sanitation1 enlightened and far-reaching statesmanship1 he continues3 8,civilization has stripped for a life-and-death wrestle with tuberculosis1 alcohol and other plagues4 ,it is on the verge of a similar struggle with the crassest forms of commercial vice4 ,sooner or later1 it must fling down the gauntlet to the whole horrible thing4 ,this will be the real contest--a contest that will tax the courage1 the self-denial1 the faith1 the resources of humanity to their uttermost40 ,o4 ,f4 ,l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,why ,crime does not ,pay4 ,sophie ,lyons4 ,j4 ,s4 ,ogilvie1 ,new ,york4 pp4 #bfh4 ,a series of not uninteresting sketches of alleged actual adventures in crime by one who claims to have been called the 8,queen of the ,bank ,burglars04 ,the publishers call her the most remarkable and greatest criminal of modern times1 a thief from the cradle4 ,the burden of the stories is that crime does not pay4 ,she was associated with a number of noted bank burglars1 among them ,ned ,lyons1 her husband1 and ,george ,bliss1 alias ,george ,white1 who some half dozen years ago published a strikingly well-written narrative of his own criminal career1 entitled 8,from ,boniface to ,bank ,burglar04 ,mrs4 ,lyons' stories are circumstantial and give detail accounts of daring and often successful burglaries4 ,o4 ,f4 ,l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,history of ,penal ,methods4--,george ,ives4 ,stanley ,paul and ,co41 ,london1 #aiad4 pp4 #dji4 ,a distinct contribution and a distinct disappointment4 ,the amount of research into the most diverse authorities is remarkable4 ,for chapter after chapter practically every sentence is annotated by reference to the authority from which the fact is culled4 ,the earlier chapters are relatively full1 and even laboriously worked out4 ,the early methods of compensation1 of torture1 of banishment1 transportation1 etc41 are fully treated--but almost entirely from the standpoint of ,english experience4 ,rarely does one find so pretentious a book so insular in its actual scope4 ,the student desirous of knowing how penal methods developed in ,france1 or ,germany1 or the ,united ,states would be at sea1 save for the most occasional reference4 ,and when we come to the developments of the ,english penal system itself since the #gj's of the last century1 we obtain little4 ,the reader1 ignorant of recent ,english development1 would be very unclear at the end4 ,there is little about the treatment of juvenile adults1 the ,borstal system1 the preventive detention plan1 the development of the work for discharged prisoners1 and other important and almost epoch-making innovations4 ,in short1 instead of having a book that1 on the basis of past penal methods1 studies illuminatingly the most recent developments1 we have a book of distinct value for early ,english penal history4 ,o4 ,f4 ,l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,causes and ,cures of ,crime4--,thomas ,speed ,mosby4 ,c4 ,v4 ,mosby ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 #aiac4 ,pp4 #ced4 ,because the 8cost of crime in the ,united ,states now amounts to one-third the total cost of the ,government1 and because the burden is yearly increasing01 ,mr4 ,mosby has made a careful compendium of the statements of many authorities1 including his own opinions1 on the subject of the book4 ,the reader finds the little volume a useful manual4 ,etiology1 prophylaxis1 and therapeutics are the logical divisions of the subject4 ,the specialist will find little that is new2 the student will be grateful to ,mr4 ,mosby for getting so much together in available form4 ,like most writers of today1 the author has little use for the traditional penitentiary system4 ,the book is not a quick1 hastily-compiled potpourri of what other people happen to say2 it is a carefully selected collection of material that we all want to have handy4 ,and what ,mr4 ,mosby himself contributes is not a small part of the product4 ,o4 ,f4 ,l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,beating ,back4--,al ,jennings and ,will ,irwin4 ,appleton's1 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,pp4 #cee4 ,a most readable narrative of the career of the 8famous train robber01 ,al ,jennings1 who figured in a number of holdups and subsequently in the ,ohio ,state ,prison and the ,federal ,prison at ,leavenworth as inmate1 and still later as candidate for county attorney in ,oklahoma1 and now as candidate for ,governor of ,oklahoma4 ,will ,irwin has edited the autobiography1 and it reads many times better than the old-style 8,from ,log ,cabin to ,white ,house0 literature1 besides being very human1 and1 to penologists1 more than interesting4 ,here is a man that1 according to his story1 did not start out along criminal lines1 but through force of circumstances and considerable of a temper1 swung into crime in woolly ,western days4 ,he was finally caught1 imprisoned1 underwent the pretty rigorous penitentiary discipline of ,ohio and ,kansas1 and discovered the importance of being honest4 ,the tale is as good as a novel of adventure2 more moral than many a didactic screed2 and more just to prison regimes of the older days than many a diatribe of a narrow-visioned reformer4 ,o4 ,f4 ,l4 ,,notes4 ,the most 8innovating0 sheet of the ,umpire is that on which the schedule of baseball games1 to be played this season at the ,eastern ,penitentiary1 is given4 ,the following clubs are included3 8,cubs1 ,ninth1 ,shed1 ,band40 ,there are both home games and games on other grounds1 but all within the prison yard4 ,total number of games to be played1 #ef4 ,contracts1 protests1 violations of agreements1 ground rules1 limitation of number of players carried by each club1 limitation by ground rules 7ball lodging on the roof to be counted for two bases only71 furnishing of balls by the home club1 etc41 are all down in black and white4 ,good luck to the series6 ,this is the institution that started by adopting solitary confinement in all its severity4 ,even now the ,pennsylvania system is treasured as a great historical fact in ,europe1 and most continental prisons are built largely on the architectural model of the old penitentiary4 ,how long will it be before the ,european prisons adopt the new ,pennsylvania methods8 99 99 99 99 99 ,hereafter all executions in the ,state of ,new ,york must take place at ,sing ,sing prison4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the first monthly report of ,charles ,h4 ,girardeau1 who was named warden following the recent shake-up in the county convict camps of ,georgia1 shows that whippings under the new regime have been reduced by more than #ej per cent4 ,he admits the truth of the report that the food served the convicts was bad in some instances and makes a number of recommendations for further reforms in the system4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sale of convict labor to private contractors was condemned by the investigators of the ,chicago efficiency division of the city service commission1 who report that labor which sold for #ch;c4 a day was worth #ig;c4 a day to the city4 ,,statement ,,of ,,the ,,ownership1 ,,management1 ,,etc4 of ,,the ,,delinquent4 ,published monthly at ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 required by the ,act of ,august #bdth1 #aiab4 ,,name ,,of ,,post ,,office ,,address ,editor1 ,o4 ,f4 ,lewis1 #ace ,east #aeth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,managing ,editor1 ,o4 ,f4 ,lewis1 #ace ,east #aeth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,business ,manager1 ,o4 ,f4 ,lewis1 #ace ,east #aeth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,publisher1 ,the ,national ,prisoners' ,aid ,association1 #ace ,east #aeth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,owners1 ,the ,national ,prisoners' ,aid ,association1 #ace ,east #aeth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,there are no bondholders1 mortgages1 or other security holders4 ,o4 ,f4 ,,lewis1 ,editor and ,business ,manager4 ,sworn to and subscribed before me this #cjth day of ,september1 #aiac4 ,h4 ,l4 ,mc,c,o,r,m,i,c,k1 ,notary ,public ,no4 #f1 ,kings ,county4 ,my ,commission expires ,march #ca1 #aiad4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,a number of typographical errors were corrected silently4 ,new original cover art included with this e,book is granted to the public domain4