,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t1 ,,or ,,r1 ,,! ,,mis-,,managem5t1 ,,( ,,woods1 ,,plantations1 ,,& ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,timb]4 ,,by ,j4 ,,we/1 ,l& ,ag5t1 c4 c4 ,,nor? ,,coll+ham1 ,,new>k1 ,,notts4 ,,new>k4 ,,pr9t$ ,,& ,,sold ,,by ,j4 ,,p]fect1 ,,c>t]gate4 ,,longman ,co4 ,,london4 #ahdb4 ,,to ,,john ,,evelyn ,,d5ison1 ,,esq4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,sir1 ,hav+ _h ! honor to sp5d n9ete5 ye>s 9 y\r s]vice z resid5t ,l& ,ag5t--hav+ dur+ t p]iod1 z well z s9ce1 receiv$ f y _m m>ks ( fav\r--hav+ on y\r ,e/ate laid ! f\ndation1 & to "s ext5t te/$ ! accuracy1 ( ! op9ions :i* are giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages2 ,i am1 ,i assure y1 deeply grateful = ! k9d p]mission ) :i* y h fav\r$ me1 to d$icate !m to y4 ,if ,i 7 to all[ myself to indulge 9 ! expression ( feel+s1 :i* a recollection ( my long connection ) y\r ,e/ates might prompt1 ,i %\ld risk y\r displeasure1 = ,i well "k1 h[ di/a/eful to y w\ld be ! language ( adulation2 ,i %all !re=e only add1 t x gives me pleasure to d$icate my ,book to y1 because1 f long exp]i5ce1 ,i "k y to be ! zeal\s patron ( improvem5t 9 e dep>tm5t ( rural economy1 & because y are practically & intimately acqua9t$ ) ! subject on :i* ,i h writt54 ,enc\rag+ z x w\ld be to me if x 7 s1 ,i d n expect t y w concur ) me 9 all ! views to :i* ,i h giv5 expression3 nev]!less1 ,i tru/ ,i may be all[$ to hope t1 9 ! ma91 ! pr9ciples :i* are develop$ w approve !mselves to y\r judgm5t1 & comm& y\r approbation4 ,i h ! honor to be1 ,,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t oblig$ ,s]vant1 ,j4 ,,we/4 ,nor? ,coll+ham1 ,notts4 #ac? ,june1 #ahdb4 ,,preface4 ,x has probably be5 ) _m o!rs z x is ) ! writ] ( ?is1 :o f9ds ! little :i* he has to say by way ( ,preface1 m disagreeable1 & m difficult1 ?an he has f\nd any o!r "p ( 8 book4 ,a ,preface1 h[ev]1 ( "s sort or o!r1 mu/ be writt54 ,! writ] _c say1 z "s h done1 t he has pu%$ (f 8 b>k1 & is cont5t to leave x to its fate--he does n pret5d1 ) ,k5t1 ! au?or ( 8,h9ts to ,g5tlem5 ( ,l&$ ,prop]ty10 t 8^! h9ts are publi%$ f no motives ( int]e/ :atev]0--on ! contr>y he is ready to av[1 t1 :ile he w\ld feel x1 "u a c]ta9 modification ( circum/ances1 a mo/ agreeable & cong5ial occupation ( 8 "t1 to be employ$ 9 e/abli%+ a bett] practice 9 ! managem5t ( ,woods1 ,plantations1 c4 he is n 9 a position to be s dis9t]e/$ z altoge!r to lose sight ( 8 own int]e/ 9 ! matt]4 ,fur!r3 :ile he feels x to be an object ( va/ importance to ! great body ( ,l&$ ,proprietors1 & o!rs1 t a new sy/em %\ld be laid d[n & act$ ^u1 ! ,au?or wi%es n to disguise ! fact1 t he seeks ! hon\rable di/9ction ( be+ p]mitt$ to assi/ 9 correct+ ! evils1 :i* he ?9ks he may h be5 ! fir/ s /rongly to po9t out4 ,! ,au?or _c b hope t he has prov$ all t c be fairly consid]$ z impli$ 9 8 ,title2 & if he h done s1 x may be productive ( mu* advantage to ^? :o possess prop]ty 9 ,woods1 c43 _! att5tion be+ once /rongly call$ to ! subject1 !y _c fail to p]ceive t !re is pl5ty = !m to d4 ,! ,au?or ne$s n to be told1 = ( t he is q consci\s--t 8 book is v defective 9 arrangem5t1 & faulty 9 /yle1 b if he h succe$$ 9 ! attempt to be tol]ably 8pla9 & p]spicu\s10 & 8n v ungrammatical10 t is z mu*1 p]haps1 z ought to be requir$ ( a practical man4 ,"o ^w is necess>y "h1 ) ref]5ce to ,sir ,h4 ,/eu>t1 ^: "n1 z a ,plant]1 ! ,au?or has m5tion$ at page #eh4 ,he wi%es to correct an impression :i* he may h produc$1 t ! hon\rable ,b>onet is altoge!r oppos$ to ! practice ( prep>+ ! soil previ\s to plant+4 ,?is is n ! case2 b ,sir ,h5ry1 ) s+ul> inconsi/5cy1 aft] speak+ 9 ! highe/ t]ms 9 fav\r ( tr5*+1 manur+1 c4 decl>es ! practice to be inapplicable to ,plantations on a l>ge scale4 ,x is unnecess>y to rem>k "h1 t on ?is po9t ! ,au?or is ( a diff]5t op9ion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 ,s4 ,! ,au?or reviews neglect$ ,woods1 ,plantations1 c4 & gives directions = _! prop] managem5t1 or he w\ld contract ) any ,noblem5 or ,g5tlem5 to ov]look _! ,woods1 c4 at s mu* p] acre p] ye>4 ,,introduction4 ,9 writ+ ! few 8,,pla9 ,,rem>ks0 :i* foll[1 ,i %all1 9 a great measure1 conf9e myself to ! consid]ation ( two ma9 po9ts1 viz4--! pres5t /ate1 & ! pres5t mode ( manag+ su* ,old ,woods1 ,plantations1 & ,h$ge-,r[ ,timb]1 z ,i deem to be "u a c\rse ( improp] treatm5t1 sugge/+1 z ,i g on1 an improv$ sy/em ( managem5t ( !m all4 ,respect+ bo? ^! po9ts1 ,i %all h to make /atem5ts :i*1 to me1 appe> v important--/atem5ts1 :i* ,i "k _c be controv]t$1--& :i*1 ?\gh !y may apply1 z !y are int5d$ to apply1 m p>ticul>ly to "s di/ricts ?an to o!rs1 w1 m or less1 apply to all :]e ,woods1 ,plantations1 & well-/ock$ ,h$ge-,r[s ab\nd4 ,^u ! second po9t 9 p>ticul>1--,i mean ! pres5t modes ( manag+ prop]ty ( ?is description1--,i %all endeav\r to %[ 9 :at respects1 &1 z well z ,i am able1 to :at ext5t1 x is errone\s or defective4 ,b fir/1 ,i w\ld rem>k g5]ally1 t al?\gh ! treatm5t ( ,plantations is bad en\gh1 x is n s grossly bad z is t ( ,anci5t ,woods & ,h$ge-,r[ ,timb]4 ,i h1 = "s "t1 _h x 9 my m9d to write respect+ ! two latt]1 hav+ be5 long conv9c$ t a mo/ ext5sive wa/e ( prop]ty1 & loss ( "t1 0 go+ on1 b1 until n[1 ,i h nei!r _h leisure to prep>e =1 nor confid5ce to submit to1 a 8disc]n+ public10 ^? views :i* h be5 matur$ dur+ an eighte5 ye>s obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,i h n[1 h[ev]1 resolv$ to pr9t1 & :atev] may be ! precise result to myself1 if1 by means ( ?is publication1 ! att5tion ( ,noblem5 & ,g5tlem5 is drawn only to "o hundr$? "p ( _! neglect$ ,woods & ,plantations1 & ( _! abus$ ,h$ge-,r[s1 s z to induce !m imm$iately to det]m9e to arre/ ! progress ( ! mis*ief t is go+ on1 & n only to comm5ce ! "w ( improvem5t1 b to proce$ to ! necess>y ext5t 9 c>ry+ x on1 two mo/ important results1 at lea/1 w be produc$2 viz42 to ,proprietors !mselves a v consid]able pres5t or prospective advantage--9 "s cases bo?--& a l>ge measure ( real b5efit to ! ,lab\r+ ,classes1 9 ! increas$ dem& :i* w be creat$ = ! lab\r ( _! h&s4 ,?is la/ object is s va/ly important1 t an enlight5$ & b5evol5t m9d w always be ready to li/5 to any sugge/ions t may be ?r[n out to promote x2 b at a p]iod l ! pres5t1 :5 "o great con/itutional *ange 9 our dome/ic policy has be5 made1 & :5 !re is too mu* cause to fe> t ano!r is ab\t to be tri$1--ea* ( :i* is z mu* an exp]im5t 9 morals z any ?+ else1--x is inve/$ ) a mu* high] claim on ! att5tion ( ^? to :om ! appeal may be made1 ?an 9 ord9>y circum/ances x w\ld be4 ,x w readily be se5 t ,i ref] to ! new ,poor ,law & to ! ,corn ,laws2 ! =m] ( :i* ?r[s ! poor man almo/ exclusively on 8 own res\rces4 ,to provide him !re=e ) heal?ful employm5t1 at su* a "t1 & "u su* circum/ances1 w t5d m ?an any ?+ else c d1 to less5 ! difficulty & dang] ( ! transition f ! old to ! new law1 & to mitigate ! p]haps necess>y sev]ity ( ! provisions ( ! latt]4 ,be=e ,i proce$ any fur!r ,i w\ld /ate1 t ,i %all n attempt any ?+ l a sy/ematic c\rse1 nor %all ,i conf9e myself to a sci5tific arrangem5t ( my subjects3 nor aga91 %all ,i tr\ble myself ab\t ! te*nical names ( ! sev]al ,trees :i* ,i may h to m5tion3 nor1 la/ly1 is x my int5tion to aim at elegance ( composition4 ,i d n write to e/abli% a lit]>y reputation1 well kn[+ t to su* an object ,i am unequal1 & t if x 7 o!rwise1 !re is a want ( adaptation 9 my subject2 b ,i wi% to be und]/ood z address+ myself to ^? :o1 n be+ !mselves practically acqua9t$ ) ! subjects "h treat$ (1 are n unwill+ to li/5 to ! op9ions :i* ,i h =m$1 & pr(it by ! exp]i5ce :i* ,i h d]iv$ f close & ext5sive obs]vation1 :ile myself actually employ$ 9 ! details ( managem5t1 connect$ alike ) ! ,timb] & ,coppice ( anci5t ,woods1 ) ! plant+ & subsequ5t treatm5t ( ,plantations & ) ,h$ge-,r[ ,timb]4 ,( c\rse ,i am aw>e t mu* has be5 said1 & mu* has be5 writt51 by o!rs :o h prec$$ me1 on ^! subjects1 b not)/&+ t ?is be true1 ,i am n at all ( op9ion t ?is bran* ( rural economy has receiv$ its fair %>e ( att5tion1 or t ! subject has be5 view$ 9 t p>ticul> aspect 9 :i* x is "h pres5t$1 highly important & int]e/+ z t view mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be1 :5 consid]$ z x affects ! gr[]s ( ,timb]1 ! lab\r+ poor1 & ! community at l>ge4 ,!re w be _m1 d\btless1 :o w diss5t f "s ( my op9ions4 ,!y w h a good & suffici5t cause to d s1 if !y adjudge !m to be errone\s3 !y h j z mu* "r to hold _! op9ions z ,i h to hold m9e1 b ,i wi% x to be always rememb]$ by ^? :o may read ! foll[+ pages1 t e conclusion to :i* ,i h be5 br\ght1 & e inf]5ce t ,i h drawn1 has _h its orig9 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,to practical m51 & m p>ticul>ly /ill1 to su* practical m5 z are l myself--to use a homely phrase--m at home 9 a ,wood or ,plantation ?an any :]e else--,i ne$ n make m ?an a g5]al ref]5ce to :at !y daily see1 9 pro( ( ! 8mismanagem5t0 :i* ,i int5d to %[1 b z to ! ,proprietors x surely mu/ be o!rwise4 ,!y _c1 "o w\ld suppose1 be at all aw>e ( ! fact1 t "o "p1 & t a mo/ int]e/+ & valuable "p1 ( _! prop]ty1 is s mismanag$ z to call l\dly = an imm$iate rem$y6 ,i affirm1 h[ev]1 )\t hesitation1 t :ile ,agriculture has made rapid /rides 9 ! m>* ( improvem5t1 & :ile t fir/ ( all improvem5ts 9 ,agriculture1 ,dra9+--7al?\gh z yet b v imp]fectly und]/ood1 &1 9 a v s]i\s numb] ( cases1 v ill done7--has be5 ext5sively att5d$ to--:ile ! adaptation ( ,manures 7al?\gh sci5ce has yet mu* to d1 & mu* to tea* u1 on ?is po9t7 has be5 c>ri$ to su* an ext5t1 z is unp>allel$ 9 any age1 & almo/ 9 any c\ntry b our own2 & )al s successfully1 z to turn b>r5 & hi!rto /]ile ,wa/es1 ,=e/s1 & ,moors1 into productive occupations--:ile su* an extraord9>y degree ( +5uity has be5 appli$ to ! inv5tion & practical work+ ( diff]5t implem5ts1 z to r5d] ! op]ations ( husb&ry comp>atively simple & easy--& :ile yet once m1 ! att5tion :i* has be5 paid to ! bre$+ & re>+ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,/ock1 has rais$ !m to a pit* ( excell5ce :i* our =efa!rs nev] contemplat$1 & :i* sc>cely leaves any room = fur!r ef=t--:ile all ?is proves1 ,i say1 t ! l>ge l&$ ,proprietors ( ?is c\ntry1 /imulat$ & assi/$ by ! skill ( ! man ( sci5ce1 & by ! ent]prize & p]sev]+ ef=ts ( ! ,t5ant ,f>m]1 h paid almo/ adequate att5tion to "o "p ( _! e/ates1 x is equally und5iable t ! pres5t condition ( a l>ge proportion ( ! ,woods1 ,h$ge-,r[s1 & ,plantations1 furni%es pro( ( ! grosse/ neglect1 & a p]fectly unacc\ntable want ( att5tion4 ,to po9t out :]e9 ?is neglect consi/s1 & to prove ?is want ( att5tion1 w be ! object ( ! foll[+ 8,rem>ks40 ,x is really surpris+ t 9 an age l ?is1 :5 !re is an onw>d movem5t 9 almo/ ev]y?+ else1 su* in/ances ( 8mismanagem5t0 ( ,woods1 c4 %\ld e :]e meet ! eye4 ,if any "o well acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 7 to take horse & ride ?r\gh e c\nty ( ! k+dom1 he w\ld f9d 9 n9ety cases out ( a hundr$1 ! ,old ,woods especially1 to be 9 z bad a condition z if !y 7 solely int5d$ = fox or game cov]s1 & incapable ( be+ turn$ to any o!r use4 ,!y are p]mitt$ to cont9ue precisely 9 ! same uncultivat$ /ate 9 :i* _! pres5t possessors f\nd !m1 ,g5tlem5 too (t5 totally ov]look+ ! important fact1 t :ile !y might1 by prop] att5tion to ! dra9+ & improvem5t ( _! ,woods1 & ! be/ mode ( dispos+ ( ! produce1 give employm5t to a v consid]able numb] ( _! poor dep5d5ts2 increase ! pres5t rev5ue1 & lay ! f\ndation ( a greatly improv$ p]man5t income f !m1 !y w\ld1 to a v small ext5t1 if at all1 injure ! cov]s = sport+ purposes4 ,z to ,plantations1 ! treatm5t may be said to be some:at bett]1 b1 z ,i h be=e said1 9 mo/ cases x is bad en\gh1 z ,i %all h]eaft] %[4 ,( ! ,h$ge-,r[s ,i affirm1 t !y are1 v g5]ally1 ei!r left entirely to !mselves1 or to ! t5d] m]cies ( ! occupi]s ( ! soil1 :o1 hav+ no int]e/ 9 _! success1 b r ! contr>y1 _c1 ( c\rse1 be expect$ to ex]cise any c>e 9 _! pres]vation4 ,hav+ ?us briefly introduc$ ! v>i\s subjects :i* x is my int5tion to notice m fully "u sep>ate & di/9ct heads1 ,i %all comm5ce my fir/ *apt] ) 8,anci5t ,woods40 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,woods4 ,:ile pr(essionally employ$1 & :ile pass+ f "o "p ( ! c\ntry to ano!r1 my surprise has (t5 be5 great1 :5 ,i h witness$1 f its effects1 ! indiff]5ce :i* _m g5tlem5 manife/1 z to ! /ate & managem5t ( ?is description ( prop]ty3 !re appe>s1 9 comp>atively few in/ances1 to be any ?+ wor? ! "n ( an ef=t to rescue !m f t /ate ( wild unproductiv5ess 9 :i* !y h be5 = ages6 ,"o g5]ation passes away aft] ano!r1 & l z 0 ! fa!r1 s is ! son--& z 0 ! ag5t ( ! =m]1 s is ! ag5t ( ! latt]6 ,all !y h done = ages gone by1 !y d n[1 & little or no?+ m4 ,!y calculate1 ) tol]able accuracy1 ! return ( ! ye>1 :51 accord+ to immemorial cu/om1 !y ought to 8cut1 & hack1 & hew10 & !y g into ! wood = ! purpose ( sett+ out ! piece :i* !y int5d to fell3 ?is !y divide1 9 _m di/ricts1 into a c]ta9 numb] ( lots1 or ranges1 ( :at !y call 8,gad ,wood10 :i* v>y consid]ably 9 size1 b :i*1 z f> z !y g1 include all ! ,und]wood4 ,at ! same "t1 ! sapi5t woodman contrives to satisfy himself--& x is seldom t 8 sup]iors make any inquiry into ! matt]--z to ! numb] ( ,oak ,trees1 c4 t x is prop] to take d[n2 & !n1 aft] due notice giv51 ! :ole is sold1 ,und]wood & all1 by ,auction4 ,x is a common practice to describe a r+ r\nd a portion ( ! ,/&>d ,trees :i* are to rema9--su* z ! ,oak1 ,a%1 c4--& ^!1 ( c\rse1 are int5d$ = future timb]1 ! selection be+ (t5 z bad z x well c be1 b ! :ole sy/em1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 is mo/ objectionable1 & x is matt] ( a/oni%m5t t x %\ld h cont9u$ s long4 ,x is objectionable = _m reasons1 among :i* ,i m5tion ! foll[+3 viz43 because ! ,proprietor ?r[s out ( 8 own h&s t control :i* a g5tleman ought to h ov] e p]son :o ent]s 8 woods1 :e!r z a pur*as] or z a workman4 ,?is control is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to secure two ?+s1 = :i* ,conditions ( ,sale1 h[ev] well !y may be drawn up1 (f] b a v feeble security--,i mean ! prev5tion ( entry by teams1 c4 at an improp] season1 & ! cle>+ ( ! ,woods at a giv5 "t4 ,!re are o!r reasons :i* apply m or less /rongly1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! wood1 z to its /ock1 & ! /aple ( its soil4 ,c>t+1 or r team+1 = c>ts are n (t5 us$1 w inevitably d mu* injury 9 woods t are well /ock$1 if ! utmo/ possible c>e is n tak51 :atev] ! soil may be2 b if x be a t5aci\s1 ret5tive1 cold1 clay1 damage w\ld be done 9 two ways3 viz43 9 ! poa*+ ( ! l&1 & 9 t :i* w\ld be done to ! /ock by ! :eels4 ,! injury to :i* woods are liable f ^! two causes1 & o!rs1 may be almo/ :olly prev5t$ by ! active sup]vision ( an intellig5t woodman4 ,su* a p]son w take c>e to divide 8 cutt+s z ne>ly z he c to suit ! local dem&1 & to beg9 z e>ly z possible1 s t e opportunity may be seiz$1 9 suitable wea!r1 = gett+ away ! produce1 & x mu/ be 8 own p]sonal duty to see t no avoidable injury is done to ! /ools by ! c>riages4 ,^! reasons appe> to me to be q suffici5t to e/abli% a decid$ pref]5ce = ! mode :i* ,i recomm5d ov] ! sy/em to :i* ,i h ref]r$2 b !re is ano!r1 :i* ,i _c b ?9k w be deem$ ( importance en\gh by itself to decide ! "q1 & x is ?is3 viz43 ! impossibility ( decid+1 be=e ! ,und]wood is cut1 :at ,oak ,trees ought1 or ought n1 to come d[n4 ,x is q possible1 ,i admit1 to jump to a conclusion on ! subject3 to d5y ?is 9 ! face ( ! evid5ce :i* e succe$+ ,w9t] af=ds1 w\ld be absurd2 b ,i affirm t no woodman c d x correctly4 ,he ought1 at lea/1 to h a cle> coa/1 to enable him to give due consid]ation to ! v>i\s po9ts on :i* he %\ld be fully satisfi$1 be=e he cuts d[n t1 :i* 8 :ole life w\ld n suffice to set up aga94 ,h[ little consid]ation ent]s into ^! matt]s1 x is easy = ^? :o really und]/& !m to judge4 ,= my own "p1 ,i am compell$ to say1 t ,i nev] yet saw a s+le in/ance1 :]e timb] 0 select$ 9 ! way to :i* ,i ref]1 )\t gross blund]s be+ committ$4 ,b m ?an ?is may be affirm$--& x is n an ov]-we5+ fondness = my own plans1 b a p]fect conviction ( ! utt] want ( adaptation 9 ! pres5t practice ( _m1 :i* induces me to say x--!re is n "o solit>y argum5t t c be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! practice :i* ,i h condemn$4 ,if ?is be s1 !n let all g5tlem5 ab&on x2 if n1 let ! argum5ts be br\ght =w>d4 ,i h said t ! :ole sy/em is wrong1 & ,i add1 t no good w be done by a pat*work attempt to am5d x4 ,s long1 = in/ance1 z a proprietor reta9s ! 8,gad-,wood0 plan1 he w insure ! cont9uance ( ! old sy/em ( 8mismanagem5t40 ,he might z well ?9k ( b5d+1 by 8 own p]sonal /r5g?1 "o ( ! /urdy /ems ( 8 well-gr[n oaks1 z attempt to turn 8 woodman g5tly aside out ( 8 usual track--especially if he be an old man--!re mu/ be a total revolution effect$--he mu/ be put into an entirely new c\rse1 if ei!r ! condition ( ! woods1 or ! rev5ue aris+ f !m1 is to be improv$4 ,un=tunately x seldom happ5s t cu/om]s are n f\nd = all t may be (f]$1 9 almo/ any neighb\rhood1 & 9 any way4 ,i say un=tunately1 inasmu* z x keeps ! manag]s ( _m woods exactly /ation>y1 :ile ev]ybody else is go+ on4 ,if !y _h a little difficulty to cont5d )1 x might1 p]haps1 induce a little reflection1 & raise a d\bt 9 _! m9ds z to ! propriety ( ! c\rse !y 7 pursu+2 :i* w\ld be a great po9t ga9$1 z !re has be5 v little ?\ght appli$ to ! managem5t ( ?is species ( prop]ty1 ei!r by its own]s1 or by ! p]sons !y h employ$4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 _m refre%+ in/ances ( good managem5t to be met )--,i c\ld myself m5tion a few1 7 x n invidi\s to d s--b 9 a l>ge majority ( cases1 f mi/ak5 managem5t1 woods are 9 a high degree1 & = _m reasons1 a discr$it to ^? :o belong to !m4 ,if ! ,woodman's acc\nt 7 fairly exam9$--if a ,dr4 & ,cr4 balance %eet 7 exhibit$1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! l& 0 pay+ a v small r5t inde$ f ! und]wood1 ev5 :]e !re might be v little oak1 :i* mo/ assur$ly ought n to be ! case2 = ,i cont5d t !re is no ,anci5t ,woodl& :i* is n consid]ably bel[ ! av]age quality ( :at ,i h se51 t is n q capable ( gr[+ a full crop--ei!r ( und]wood or ( oak2 & = ?is pla9 reason1 viz42 because ! p]iod ( pecuni>y sacrifice1 ! infancy ( ! wood1 is gone by3 & t woodman's managem5t is ess5tially defective1 :o _c %[1 ^u e acre "u 8 c>e1 a good crop ei!r ( ! "o or ! o!r4 ,i w\ld "h rem>k1 t a full crop ( bo? _c contemporane\sly gr[ up toge!r2 & ?is consid]ation is ( f> m importance 9 ! managem5t ( woods ?an is at fir/ sight imag9$1 or1 ?an by a slight acqua9tance ) ! subject w\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,if !re is f\nd 9 a wood a sup]abundance ( oaks1 & if !y are se5 to be ?rifty1 no?+ c\ld possibly be s ill judg$ z to ?9 !m too freely1 ev5 ?\gh ! crop ( und]wood 7 entirely sacrific$2 =1 ! v objects mo/ to be desir$1 c only be atta9$ by br++ ab\t t /ate ( ?+s :i* is "h suppos$1 & :i* necess>ily involves ! sacrifice ( ! und]wood1 or1 at ! lea/1 all idea ( any consid]able pr(it f x4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! ex]tions ( ! skilful ,woodman w be direct$ to ! secur+ ( great l5g? ( bole or /em2 = ^!1 & ^! alone1 are ! trees :i* h any legitimate "r to a place 9 a wood3 &1 ( c\rse1 ! long] _! boles are1 ! bett]4 ,hav+ atta9$ ?is object1 ! woodman w !n anxi\sly employ ! be/ means 9 8 p[]1 = enc\rag+ ! gr[? ( ! und]wood1 s f> z1 at lea/1 to keep x alive1 & z heal?y z possible2 & if he h well consid]$ ! subject1 he w h contriv$ to lay d[n a plan1 a regul>ly sy/ematic plan1 t 8 successors c nei!r mi/ake1 nor1 )\t "s good reason1 dep>t f1 by :i*1 dur+ ! p]iod t ! crop ( oaks is be+ tak51 ! /ock ( und]wood %all gradually be acquir+ /r5g? & vig\r1 & gett+ well hold ( ! soil2 z well z t1 !y %all be s equally diffus$ ov] x1 z fully & b5eficially to occupy ! gr\nd1 :5 ! oaks are all gone4 ,all ^! calculations1 & _m m1 :i* x is impossible to enum]ate1 w sugge/ !mselves to ! m9d ( a man well-skill$ 9 ! managem5t ( woods2 b !re are v few inde$1 :o ei!r see ! necessity ( mak+1 or w give !mselves ! tr\ble to make1 any calculations at all4 ,9 ! ov]sight ( woods1 c4 mu* m is includ$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,he :o imag9es1 z too _m d1 t :5 woods h be5 cut1 !y may be safely left to !mselves2 & t :5 ! p]iod comes r\nd aga9 = fell+1 !y w d all t c\ld be expect$ f !m1 has a v imp]fect k ( ! subject1 or1 r1 no k at all3 & fur!r2 he :o does n "k t woods w ultimately pay well = ! highe/ degree ( c>e1 att5tion1 & culture1 is n a fitt+ p]son to h ! ov]sight ( !m4 ,b su* is ! ignorance on ! "p ( _m1 :o call !mselves woodm51 & ! c>elessness ( _! employ]s1 t !re is a total negation ( =e?\ght & calculation1 in/ead ( e /ep t is tak5 hav+ ref]5ce to a remote p]iod4 ,a nobleman1 or g5tleman1 or 8 ag5t1 may calculate :at w be ! effect ^u a f>m at ! expiration ( a lease ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 if x be n cultivat$ z x ought to be1 &1 by introduc+ c]ta9 clauses into ! lease1 he may secure himself aga9/ ! c]ta9 & s]i\s loss :i* w\ld accrue to him f bad managem5t2 & he :o does n s calculate1 has a v inadequate idea ( ! nature ( ! contract :i* he is ab\t to make2 b ! man :o takes ^u himself ! managem5t ( woods1 & ^: views & plans are n ext5d$ ov] sev]al ( ^? cycles ( "t :i* int]v5e betwe5 ! seasons ( cutt+1 does n rightly compreh5d ! peculi> duties :i* he has und]tak5 to p]=m1 & ought1 at once1 to be reliev$ f !m1 & provid$ = 9 "s o!r way2 = if woods are wor? hav+ at all1 !y are wor? look+ aft]1 & if !y w pay = prop] culture1 :i* no "o :o und]/&s ! subject w d5y1 !y ought to receive x1 = v>i\s weighty reasons1 :i* h be5 be=e adv]t$ to4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks w apply1 ( c\rse1 mo/ directly1 to woods :]e !re is an app>5t r$undancy ( oak4 ,i w n[ suppose ! case ( a wood :]e !re is a defici5cy1 or little or no oak4 ,"h !re ought1 unque/ionably1 to be a full crop ( und]wood4 ,?is und]wood ought to be adapt$1 z to k9d1 fir/1 to ! nature ( ! soil2 &1 secondly1 to ! local dem&1 if ! local dem& be good3 & z to its age1 ( c\rse x mu/ be t :i* be/ suits ! m>ket1 or :51 comp>atively1 x w fet* ! be/ price2 s t 9 "s di/ricts1 z 9 ,k5t1 = in/ance1 x w sell be/1 & !re=e ought to be cut1 at ab\t twelve ye>s ( age3 9 o!rs x w\ld n sell s well at less ?an f fifte5 to tw5ty ye>s old4 ,b x does n foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse1 t because a wood has always1 previ\sly1 /ood f tw5ty to tw5ty-five ye>s1 x %\ld = ev] cont9ue to d s2 on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld say1 t !re are v few woods inde$1 if any1 :i* ought to /& m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & a great proportion ( !m1 no?+ l s long4 ,! great reason :y ! produce ( woods does n e>li] come to maturity1 is ! gross 8mismanagem5t0 to :i* !y are subject$3 b :5 ! "t %all arrive t !y %all be deem$ wor?y ( z mu* 8c>e1 att5tion1 & culture10 z any o!r "p ( an e/ate1 !n w !y be f\nd1 probably1 to yield q z good a return = x2 & ! pres5t no sy/em managem5t w be explod$4 ,9 all cases :]e ! cycle has run beyond tw5ty ye>s1 x w1 at lea/1 be well = ! proprietor1 or 8 manag]1 to sit d[n & calculate :e!r ! /uff w\ld n pay bett] if fell$ "s ye>s e>li]4 ,! inquiry c d no h>m2 & mu* good may possibly arise out ( x4 ,9 ! case la/ suppos$1 viz43 a wood ) little or no oak1 & well /ock$ ) und]wood ( a suitable k9d1 !re _c be a d\bt ^u ! subject2 = if ! /ock--by :i* t]m ,i mean ! %oots :i* h sprung up f ! /ools--has be5 prop]ly treat$1 x w h arriv$1 9 tw5ty ye>s1 at a size q l>ge en\gh = agricultural uses1 & x c v seldom be all[$ to /& long] )\t s]i\s injury to ! /ools4 ,a v little consid]ation w conv9ce any "o1 :o does n resi/ conviction1 t su* ought to be ! /ate ( a wood s circum/anc$ z to oak2 b nev]!less ! actual condition ( mo/ woods is widely diff]5t f ?is3 in/ead ( !re be+ a full crop ( und]wood1 :]e !re is a defici5cy ( timb]1 or a full crop ( timb]1 :]e !re is little or no und]wood1 x too frequ5tly happ5s t !re is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 ev5 on l& :i* is1 z 0 rem>k$ be=e1 capable ( yield+ a h&some rev5ue6 ,& "h let x n be suppos$ t ,i am speak+ ( extreme cases only1 or t !re are b few woods 9 ?is /ate3 ! cases are num]\s3 ,i h se51 & c\ld po9t out _m1 b ?is ,i %all n d3 ,i r *oose to leave ^! obs]vations ) 8all :om !y may conc]n10 to "w conviction :]e !y are se5 to be j1 q indiff]5t z to ! effect :i* !y may produce on ! m9ds ( any :o may oppose !m4 ,& n[ let me ask--if ?is be ! /ate ( _m woods--if nei!r a crop ( timb] nor ( und]wood is f\nd--to :at is x ow+8 ! reply is n difficult3 x is ma9ly attributable to proprietors !mselves1 & to _! ag5ts3 to woodm5 9 a subord9ate degree4 ,9 pro( ( my fir/ position1 ,i w\ld respectfully rem>k1 t if a g5tleman *ooses to sacrifice e ?+ to ! idea ( hav+ good cov]s2 &1 suppos+ t any ?+ :i* int]f]es ) ! primeval /ate ( 8 woods1 is incompatible ) ?is object1 refuses to d any ?+ at !m1 ! woodman may n be> ! blame4 ,aga93 if a proprietor happ51 un=tunately1 to h su* an av]sion to fell+ timb]--& !re are _m su*--t he w soon] let x rot d[n1 or all[ "o tree to de/roy ano!r2 or aga92 suff] ! timb] trees to /& s ?ickly t !y n only totally de/roy ea* o!r1 b ! und]wood bel[ also1 ! woodman ought n to be c5sur$2 except inde$1 he h advis$ su* a c\rse1 :i* ,i c h>dly ?9k any man accu/om$ to woods c\ld d1 9 ! pres5t day4 ,once m2 if g5tlem5 lack ! moral c\rage--& ,i h met ) "s ( ?is description--to treat ) ! contempt :i* x des]ves ! vulg> m$dl+1 ! idle tattle ( ^? :o are ev] ready to say1 :5 timb] is fell$1 t ! own]'s pov]ty1 & n 8 w1 cons5ts to ! de$1 we are furni%$ ) abundance ( reasons = ! s]i\s wa/e ( prop]ty t is go+ on1 b ! woodman is n 9 fault1 nei!r ought he to be blam$4 ,la/ly3 if proprietors commit ! managem5t ( _! woods to p]sons :o are :olly incompet5t--z is too (t5 ! case--to dis*>ge ! duties confid$ to !m1 ,i _c see t ! m5 are to be condemn$1 b r _! employ]s4 ,:]ev] su* 8mismanagem5t0 prevails z ,i h attempt$ to describe1 & h se5 s mu* cause to lam5t1 x may g5]ally1 ,i ?9k1 be trac$1 ei!r to ignorance on ! "p ( woodm51 or inatt5tion on ! "p ( _! employ]s3 b x w be q cle> to all1 :o w all[ !mselves "t to ?9k on ! subject1 t ! grosse/ mismanagem5t is to be met )1 n on fir/1 nor ev5 on second1 b on ?ird1 & f\r?-rate e/ates1 :]e regul> woodm5 are n kept1 & bel[ t grade d[nw>ds1 to prop]ty :i* is 9 ! h&s ( ,tru/ees1 or ma9ly "u ! control ( ,solicitors1 or ,corporate bodies2 or1 :i* is probably worse ?an all1 "u ! supreme direction ( m5 :o hav+1 dur+ ! :ole ( _! bus9ess life1 _h too _m ,/ew>d%ips1 c4 = any human be+ to look aft] & manage well1 _c ( c\rse be deem$ capable ( judg+ rightly on a subject :i* requires ! close/ possible att5tion1 ! nice/ discrim9ation1 & an ext5d$ & v>i$ exp]i5ce4 ,mu* mis*ief has also aris5 f ! employm5t by g5tlem51 & by _! ag5ts1 ( p]sons1 :o1 :ile !y may1 usefully & cr$itably1 fulfil _! duties z village c>p5t]s & ! l1 _c possibly possess ^? enl>g$1 compreh5sive views1 :i* are necess>y to ! prop] managem5t ( timb] g5]ally1 & ,anci5t ,woods especially4 ,i mu/ "h prote/ aga9/ ! conclusion be+ drawn1 t ,i am do+ inju/ice to any class ( m5 9 rem>k+1 z ,i h done1 on _! mann] ( dis*>g+ ! tru/ committ$ to !m4 ,z to ! pr(essional g5tlem51 ei!r _! engagem5ts1 _! position1 or _! habits1 int]pose an insurm\ntable difficulty1 & relieve !m f ! *>ge ( wilful neglect3 & z to ! o!rs x is no inju/ice to !m to affirm1 z ,i d mo/ positively1 t !re are pr9ciples & consid]ations involv$ 9 ?is subject1 :i* !y c1 9 no wise1 grasp or compreh5d3 & s p]fectly cle> is ?is to me1 s fully am ,i borne out by a long c\rse ( 8obs]vation & exp]i5ce10 t ,i h nev] yet se5 "o solit>y in/ance1 :]e ! timb] tak5 d[n 9 ?9n+1 ei!r 9 woods or plantations1 :5 9 su* h&s1 has be5 prop]ly done2 & 9 v few cases inde$1 ei!r "h1 or high] up ! scale1 )\t ! mo/ s]i\s blund]s4 ,"o case has fall5 "u my obs]vation ?is ,w9t]1 7#ahdb17 :]e oak timb] trees 7 select$ & m>k$ = sale1 :i* 7 exactly1 9 e respect1 su* z a good judge w\ld wi% to see 9 e wood2 & n only1 n too ?ick1 b1 f ! same injudici\s mode ( select+ & m>k+ at previ\s auctions1 mu* too ?94 ,!y 7 also 9 a /ate ( high vigor\s heal?1 & moreov]1 !re 0 no und]wood :i* c\ld be b5efit$6 ,i admit t ?is 0 a m flagrant outrage aga9/ ! pr9ciples :i* ought to rule 9 select+1 ?an is usually committ$1 b ! "w is h>dly ev] done z x ought to be4 ,b :atev] diff]5ce ( op9ion may arise among practical m51 ^u ! po9ts n[ "u consid]ation1 & on :omsoev] ! blame may re/1 x is unque/ionable t ! actual /ate ( a l>ge proportion ( our ,anci5t ,woods is v bad inde$3 !y are ei!r cr[d$ ) inf]ior oak timb]1 along ) ! mo/ mis]able rubbi% z und]wood2 or1 if !y conta9 any ?+ valuable 9 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 no pr9ciples1 or rules ( any k9d1 are appli$ 9 ! managem5t ( !m2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y are1 on "s acc\nt or o!r1 & ( c\rse m or less rapidly1 pass+ ?r\gh ! /age ( det]ioration1 & are annually los+ to _! own]s1 a heavy p] c5tage on _! value4 ,9 _m cases1 ! oak1 f ages ( 8mismanagem5t10 is /unt$ 9 gr[?1 & ( a =m1 & %ape1 totally unsuit$ to ! place :]e x /&s2 & ! und]wood consi/s ( t alone :i* is indig5\s to ! soil1 & :i*1 !re=e1 no neglect c de/roy1 nor any culture improve3 9 addition to all ?is1 !y are (t51 nay almo/ always1 on clayey1 ret5tive soils1 ru9$ ) wat]3 !y are p]iodically %ut up1 = f eighte5 to tw5ty-five ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t1 x is impossible to d any ?+ at !m2 &1 :5 !y are cle>$ ( ! und]wood1 in/ead ( ! opportunity be+ gratefully seiz$1 = ! purpose ( effect+ ^? op]ations :i* c only be c>ri$ on at su* a "t1 !y are %ut up aga91 & left 9 _! orig9al /ate--except inde$ !y may h be5 despoil$ ( "s ( _! oak--no?+ be+ done at !m1 or1 if any ?+1 probably s little1 or s ill done1 t no good result is produc$4 ,b :at ought to be ! c\rse pursu$ at su* a "t8 ,:y1 z x is only dur+ ! ye> ( 8hagg+10 & ! foll[+ season1 t any "w ( magnitude1 any improvem5t wor? m5tion+1 c be c>ri$ on2 a proprietor %\ld m c>efully exam9e 8 woods :5 !y h be5 cut1 ?an he w\ld any o!r description ( prop]ty3 he %\ld himself1 if he und]/& x--:i*1 h[ev]1 is v seldom ! case--or if he d n1 by a p]son :o is conv]sant ) su* matt]s1 make a mo/ rigid1 & p>ticul> survey1 9 ord] to satisfy himself z to :at ought to be done2 & ?is he mu/ d imm$iately :5 ! und]wood is cut1 or r1 z soon z any consid]able portion is done1 s t he may h be=e him all ! "t :i* he c possibly comm&1 = c>ry+ on1 & complet+1 8 improvem5ts4 ,he mu/ n be det]r$ f comm5c+ !m by any consid]ation ( ! remot5ess ( ! prospect ( return ^u 8 outlay2 b1 in/ead ( visit+ ! s9s ( 8 fa!rs ^u ! g5]ations foll[+ him1 he mu/1 if ! case dem& x1 make a pres5t sacrifice1 = ! b5efit ( 8 po/]ity3 ,i say if ! case dem& x1 b ?is w n v frequ5tly happ51 z !re are v few in/ances ( 8mismanagem5t0 :]e ! fe> ( cutt+ timb] has n be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( t mismanagem5t2 & :]e ?is is s1 !re is at once f\nd a s\rce f :5ce may be obta9$ ! means ( amply pay+ = any outlay t may be requir$4 ,i h ?us f> rem>k$ only on :at may1 & :at ought to be done1 :5 ,anci5t ,woods come to be fell$ 9 ! regul> way1 & at ! usual "t & age2 b !re are va/ numb]s ( cases :]e1 fir/1 ! condition ( ! woods is s bad1 t all consid]ations ab\t ! usual "t1 are m]g$ 9 ! necessity = imm$iately comm5c+ ! "w ( r5ovation2 &1 secondly1 ! in/ances are n few1 :]e ! same c\rse is desirable1 9 ord] t a m pr(itable way ( dispos+ ( ! produce may be introduc$1 to sup]s$e ! old jog-trot mode ( gett+ rid ( x4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 x w at once be p]ceiv$1 by a practical eye1 & a s\nd judgm5t1 :e!r a wood is 9 su* a /ate1 z to ! prospect ( a crop1 t x is ! proprietor's int]e/ to make a sacrifice 9 ! und]wood & cut x1 al?\gh x may sell = no?+ b faggots1 r ?an f9i%1 or run out1 ! t]m1 at ! end ( :i* x w\ld be cut 9 ! usual c\rse4 ,i h se5 hundr$s ( su* cases3 !re are _m 9 almo/ e neighb\rhood :]e woods exi/ at all2 & ,i confid5tly ask1 :at w\ld be ! use1 or h[ w\ld x be possible to %[ ! propriety1 ( complet+ ! t]m ( ! cycle1 if1 fir/1 ! wood conta9$ no?+ valuable z und]wood2 & if1 secondly1 x conta9$ a consid]able portion ( timb] t requir$ imm$iate att5tion1 on "s acc\nt or o!r8 ,i %\ld1 = in/ance1 in/antly det]m9e to cut1 :]e ,i f\nd a wood cr[d$ ) a class ( unheal?y oaks1 or o!r timb]3 b x is n necess>y to p>ticul>ize1 z ,i w\ld n pret5d to give su* directions "h z w\ld enable a g5tleman to decide1 = t c\ld only be done aft] inspection4 ,s _m po9ts h to be consid]$1 t a c>eful survey ( a wood mu/ be made4 ,?is done1 =tunately !re is no difficulty 9 com+ to a correct conclusion ^u su* a "q z ?is4 ,a practical man1 :o und]/&s :at he is ab\t1 w be 9 no dang] ( committ+ an error 9 ! decision to :i* he w be l$1 = ^! are n subjects on :i* a diff]5ce ( op9ion might naturally arise ^u an exam9ation tak54 ,! v>i\s consid]ations = cutt+1 or =be>+ to cut1 w\ld s c]ta9ly pres5t !mselves to ! m9d ( a p]son really compet5t to judge1 t ,i %\ld say !re w\ld be no d\bt :atev]1 ( 8 decid+ correctly1 if he 7 n int]f]$ ) by ! p]sonal wi%1 or ta/e1 ( 8 employ]4 ,x is ) ?is z ) mo/ o!r subjects3--:]ev] m5 und]/& :at !y are ab\t1 & are guid$ & gov]n$ by fix$ pr9ciples1 matt]s g on well2 b ! mis=tune1 ) reg>d to woods1 is1 t ages ( 8mismanagem5t10 & o!r causes1 int]pose ob/acles & difficulties :i* x w be no slight task to ov]come4 ,to give a brief summ>y ( my views ^u ?is important po9t1 ,i w\ld rem>k1 t no wood ought to be all[$ to run out its t]m :i* is n /ock$ z x ought to be1 or :i*1 if /ock$ tol]ably well1 is suff]+ injury f imp]fect dra9age4 ,z ,i h j said1 ^! po9ts mu/ be det]m9$ by an exam9ation ( ! wood by "s p]son ^: judgm5t may be reli$ ^u2 b any g5tleman may see at once1 if he w1 t if a wood is really 9 ! /ate :i* ,i h suppos$1 viz41 )\t ei!r timb] or und]wood wor? /&+1 c4 x w\ld be p]fectly absurd to let x /&2 = at ! end ( ! cycle x w\ld be v little bett] ?an at ! beg9n+1 & s mu* m "t w\ld be irrecov]ably lo/4 ,z to ! second po9t--! improvem5t ( rev5ue to be d]iv$ f a diff]5t mode ( dispos+ ( ! produce1 ,i am ( op9ion t mu* might be done1 9 _m places1 )\t lay+ an increas$ tax on ! local buy]s1 :o are g5]ally ei!r f>m]s1 or _! tradesm51 ! :eelwrights & c>p5t]s ( e neighb\rhood1 & :o already pay q en\gh = :at !y get2 & especially ! =m]1 to :om ,i w\ld mu* soon] recomm5d _! l&lords to all[ an abatem5t1 z an enc\ragem5t to !m to keep _! f5ces1 gates1 c4 9 good ord]1 ?an any ?+ 9 ! %ape ( an advance4 ,b /ill1 mu* may be done to increase ! returns f woodl& prop]ty1 by an improv$ sy/em ( managem5t1 &1 fir/1 ,i %\ld advise a c>eful assortm5t ( ! /uff aft] x is fell$3 ,i w\ld "h1 z 9 e ?+ else1 classify1 by :i* means1 ! diff]5t k9ds1 z well z ! diff]5t sizes1 & %apes1 w come into ! h&s ( su* p]sons z !y may exactly suit1 in/ead ( jumbl+ all sorts toge!r1 s t a buy] is oblig$ to pur*ase t :i* he does n want1 9 ord] to come at ano!r portion ( ! same lot :i* he is desir\s ( hav+4 ,secondly3 ,!re is room to d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 z h9t$ be=e1 :e!r mi/akes are n (t5 made1 9 n adapt+ ! produce ( woods bett] z to its age1 bo? to ! local dem&1 & ! int]e/s ( ! proprietor4 ,?irdly3 ,s num]\s are ! facilities 9 ! pres5t day1 to :at !y us$ to be1 = ! transmission ( produce ( e k9d f "o place to ano!r1 & s _m dem&s h1 by comm]cial ent]prize1 be5 op5$ out1 :i* 7 altoge!r unkn[n a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 t x may1 ev5 z to heavy produce1 l t ( woods1 be always que/ion$1 :5 ! dem& is slack1 & :5 prices are l[1 :e!r ! local m>ket be inde$ ! be/ m>ket1 or :e!r ! produce may n be mu* bett] dispos$ ( 9 "s o!r way4 ,t ?is sometimes occurs1 ,i c prove f my own exp]i5ce 9 _m cases1 b ,i w m5tion only "o1 :i* 0 t ( an ,anci5t ,wood1 a tw5tie? portion ( :i* 0 fell$ e ye>1 & 9 :i*1 f 8mismanagem5t10 a l>ge quantity ( ! /uff 0 annually left unsold1 b :]e1 aft] ! introduction ( a bett] sy/em1 ! :ole 0 dispos$ ( )\t difficulty4 ,f\r?ly3 ,a great increase ( rev5ue may be d]iv$ f a bett] mode ( manag+ ! /ock1 bo? ( timb] & und]wood3 ! latt] may1 by timely & judici\s prun+1 by a prop] att5tion to dra9+1 c4 be br\ght to maturity at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an x has hi!rto be5 done 9 _m places1 & ?us1 ( c\rse1 be made to return a great] r5t4 ,x is incr$ible h[ little is done to ,anci5t ,woods comp>$ ) :at ought to be done1 9 ! way ( dra9+1 prun+1 /ubb+ up rubbi%1 & fill+ up ) "y plants2 al?\gh x is manife/ t1 :5ev] a wood is op5$1 ^! important op]ations %\ld claim ! v p>ticul> att5tion ( ! proprietor or 8 woodman4 ,b !y d n receive x2 & h5ce "o _c wond] at ! /unt$1 unheal?y appe>ance1 :i* _m woods exhibit4 ,!y are almo/ always )\t any effective dra9age1 x be+ g5]ally ?\ght q suffici5t to op5 out a few paltry dra9s1 :i* ! fall+ leaves ( ! fir/ ,autumn w *oke up4 ,x w inde$ v seldom be f\nd1 t ev5 ! outside dit*es are well look$ aft]3 :]eas x %\ld always be ! anxi\s conc]n ( ! woodman to provide1 z well z he possibly c1 = ! effectual dra9age ( a wood aft] be+ fell$1 n only dur+ a ye> or two1 b = ! t]m ( ! :ole cycle4 ,( c\rse ,i am aw>e t ! leaves mu/ fall1 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! free egress ( ! wat] mu/1 9 "s degree1 be imp$$1 b1 nev]!less1 x is 9 ! p[] ( ! woodman to provide1 9 a great measure1 if n :olly1 aga9/ ?is cont+5cy1 by mak+ a suffici5t numb] ( dit*es1 ( ample capacity1 & by putt+ !m 9 ! be/ direction4 ,b in/ead ( ?is1 x w v r>ely be f\nd1 z ,i h j n[ said1 t ev5 ! outside dit*es are prop]ly att5d$ to4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! oaks1 & our be/ und]wood1 ! a%1 n lik+ too mu* moi/ure1 become diseas$1 & make comp>atively sl[ progress3 9 fact1 _! exi/5ce is %ort5$ by x1 z ! =m] w be f\nd ^u cold clay l&1 hav+ a /rong subsoil1 to be v /unt$ & sickly 9 _! appe>ance1 & ultimately to die at ! top1 :51 ( c\rse1 !y mu/ be cut d[n2 :ile ! latt] w mu* soon] become holl[1 & !y too1 w f9ally p]i%4 ,a small outlay 9 dra9+1 if judici\sly exp5d$1 w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 prev5t ^! effects1 & z x w\ld only require to be done once 9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 x c\ld n lay m ?an a trifl+ *>ge ^u ! l&4 ,prun+ is also a v necess>y op]ation 9 ,anci5t ,woods1 bo? ( ! oak & ( ! und]wood4 ,i %all n "h ent] ^u an inquiry into ! g5]al "q ( prun+1 b1 cont9u+ to treat my subject practically1 v5ture to rem>k1 t1 z our woods are n[ circum/anc$1 prun+1 ( "s k9d or o!r1 is1 z f> z ! oak is conc]n$1 q indisp5sable4 ,:e!r x %\ld be by =e-%ort5+1 close prun+1 or "s o!r me?od1 mu/ be det]m9$ ^u an exam9ation tak51 b ,i d n hesitate to express my belief1 t ! prun+ ( oak trees 9 woods1 may be almo/ :olly disp5s$ )1 aft] ! few fir/ ye>s1 if !y are well tra9$ f ! beg9n+2 b t be+ ! case ) v few1 prun+ mu/ be resort$ to4 ,& z to ! und]wood1 ! "q has /ill less difficulty 9 x4 ,:5 a wood is well /ock$ ) und]wood ( ! "r sort1 ! object to be aim$ at by ! woodman is to br+ x to maturity z soon z possible1 & "o means :i* he possesses1 if he w make use ( x1 is prun+2 :i* he %\ld comm5ce1 aft] "o ye>'s gr[?1 & occasionally repeat--say on ! f\r? & six? ye>s1 all[+ ! int]vals to pass )\t int]f]+ ) x4 ,if ?is op]ation be p]=m$ z x ought to be1 ! /ools w h a numb] ( poles proportion$ to _! size & capacity ( support+ !m1 & ! poles !mselves w n only be m ( an uni=m size1 b !y w be mu* /raight]1 & on e acc\nt bett] adapt$ to ! use = :i* !y may be int5d$4 ,b if a wood be /ock$ ) no?+ b rubbi%1 su* z hazel1 bir*1 ald]1 c4 x w n be wor? prun+1 & ! be/ c\rse to take ) x1 w\ld be to /ub x up1 & get rid ( x altoge!r4 ,f9ally1 on ?is po9t1 & m p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to timb]1 if ! prun+ be judici\sly done1 x w t5d greatly to improve ! heal? ( ! wood1 b ! indiscrim9ate use ( ! prun+ knife might d mu* h>m1 x %\ld1 !re=e1 only be done "u ! mo/ c>eful direction4 ,/ubb+ up rubbi%1 su* z ?orns1 bri]s1 bir*1 &1 9 _m places1 hazel1 is mu* to be recomm5d$1 z by ?is means1 light & air w be admitt$ m freely1 & ! heal? ( ! wood promot$1 &1 ( c\rse1 its gr[? facilitat$4 ,x is p]haps j possible1 t !re may be a few cases :]e ! dem& may be su* = bir*1 hazel1 or ald]1 z to w>rant a woodman 9 keep+ !m z a "p ( 8 /ock2 b ,i h g5]ally f\nd1 ^u inquiry1 t !y h fet*$ su* a mis]able price1 z to yield v little m ?an w\ld pay exp5ces4 ,! absolute necessity ( fill+ up ) "y plants mu/ be univ]sally admitt$1 al?\gh 9 practice1 x is v r>ely done1 or1 if done at all1 x is v g5]ally s ill done1 z to produce no p]ceptible improvem5t 9 ! /ock4 ,x too (t5 happ5s t suffici5t c>e is n be/[$ 9 select+ ! plants4 ,!y are frequ5tly put 9 too small1 & :5 !y are long en\gh1 !y are (t5 defici5t 9 ?ickness4 ,all plants put into old woods1 %\ld be ( good size1 /iff1 & well root$4 ,aga93 x w be admitt$1 t !y are (t5 plant$ 9 a mo/ slov5ly & c>eless mann]4--,! foll[+ is a specim5 ( :at ,i h se54 ,! workman takes 8 spade1 & ins]ts x 9 ! gr\nd z f> z x w g1 9 a slop+ direction2 he !n raises x to a p]p5dicul> position1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 produces a 8nick10 into :i* he ?ru/s ! plant1 & hav+ put 8 heavy foot ^u x1 !re & ?us1 he leaves x to its fate1 & pursues 8 ill-direct$ lab\r1 )\t a gleam ( light break+ 9 ^u him1 z to ! possibility ( 8 be+ m usefully employ$1 or do+ 8 "w 9 a m effective mann]6 ,9 ?is way1 or 9 "s su* way z ?is1 ?\s&s ( acres ( ,anci5t ,woods are treat$ e ye>2 b x mu/ be cle> to e "o1 t su* a practice is a disgrace to ^? :o pursue x4 ,if ! workm5 are ask$ _! op9ion ( x1 !y w1 9 mo/ cases1 assure y1 t ! plants w 8all gr[10 b ! mis=tune is1 t exp]i5ce is aga9/ !m4 ,bo? !ory & practice are directly oppos$ to _! view4 ,b indep5d5tly ( facts1 :i* e :]e condemn su* me?ods1 no "o acqua9t$ ) ! rudim5ts ( ! subject1 ne$s to be told1 t x is utt]ly unlikely t ei!r an oak or an a% plant %\ld gr[1 "u ! manife/ disadvantages 9 :i* x is plac$1 :5 its roots are ?us jumbl$ toge!r1 & =c$ into a 8nick0 fit only = a will[ set2 & :51 moreov]1 x has to comm5ce its c\rse 9 competition ) o!r und]wood1 :i* has already possession ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is absurd to suppose t x %\ld succe$4 ,i d n presume to say t "s woods d n receive diff]5t treatm5t1 9 all respects1 to t :i* ,i h d5\nc$3 t w\ld n be true2 b ^! are ! exceptions1 & ev5 :]e ! managem5t is be/1 !re is mu* to compla9 (4 ,9 comm5c+ ! subject ( ,plant+1 ,i am impress$ ) a s5se ( ! importance :i* %\ld be atta*$ to x 9 su* a "w z ?is4 ,i mean plant+ by way ( fill+ up1 9 ,anci5t ,woods4 ,i am q aw>e t x dem&s su* a l>g5ess & compreh5sion ( view1 t x might well be suppos$ likely to disc\rage "o ( /\t] n]ves ?an m9e4 ,x is important because1 fir/1 e wood 9 ! k+dom ought to be well plant$1 :e!r x is or n3 ,x is s1 secondly1 because !re are v few t are prop]ly plant$4 ,z ,i h /at$ be=e1 ! infancy ( a wood1 or plantation1 is ! only "t :5 x _c be expect$ to pay4 ,aft] x has arriv$ at a c]ta9 age1 say f fifte5 to tw5ty ye>s1 x ought to beg9 to make "s return4 ,9 woods1 if !y are prop]ly plant$1 x w necess>ily be small dur+ ! fir/ two cycles ( tw5ty ye>s ea*4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ,i am "h speak+ ( ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( an ,anci5t ,wood1 suppos+ x to h be5 ?or\ghly purg$ ( its rubbi%1 reta9+ all ! valuable /ock1 & to h be5 re-plant$4 ,! return mu/ be small1 because ! oaks w h be5 plant$ ?ickly1 9 ord] t !y may acquire great l5g? ( bole3 & ?is be+ ! case1 :atev] und]wood may h be5 put 91 x w be treat$ ) direct ref]5ce to ! heal? & prosp]ity ( ! entire class ( timb] trees4 ,aft] ! expiration ( ! fir/ cycle1 t portion ( ! /uff put 9 = und]wood w be cut ov]1 & su* prun+ ( ! oak z may be requir$ 7:i* w be v slight7 w be done1 c>e be+ tak5 nev] to lose sight ( ! pr9ciple ( classification ( ! oaks1 into c]ta9 families ( l>g] or small] size1 accord+ to ! t]m :i* a skilful woodman w allot = _! entire exi/5ce4 ,?is is ( imm5se consequ5ce1 & w embrace calculations1 & a k ( ! habits ( trees1 :i* c only be acquir$ by 8close obs]vation & long exp]i5ce40 ,:]e a suffici5t numb] ( oaks h be5 introduc$1 ! und]wood w yield v little return p] acre1 ev5 at ! end ( ! second cycle2 b if ! wood has be5 well manag$1 x w h be5 kept alive & tol]ably heal?y2 & :5 x is cut1 at ! end ( =ty ye>s1 a consid]able numb] ( oaks ( a useful size = f>m]s1 :eelwrights1 c4 w be tak5 d[n3 ?is w admit light & air1 & 9 a slight degree1 p]haps1 improve ! position ( ! und]wood dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ?ird cycle4 ,i ne$ n pursue ! subject f>!r "h1 hav+1 ,i tru/1 succe$$ 9 op5+ to ! read] a g5]al view ( ! plan :i* %\ld be pursu$4 ,b !re are o!r woods :]e a l>g] portion1 bo? ( oak & ( und]wood1 w be f\nd1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 x w be m ! object ( ! woodman to improve by less ext5sive measures ?an w\ld be adopt$ 9 su* a case z ! "o j ref]r$ to4 ,x w mo/ly be be/ to d ?is by prun+1 /ubb+1 & plant+--always suppos+ t an effectual dra9age has be5 secur$--& "h ,i w\ld rem>k1 t :5ev] plant+ is done 9 a wood1 x %\ld be z well done z circum/ances w possibly all[4 ,in/ead ( ! 8nick0 sy/em1 or any simil> plan1 ! woodman %\ld dig holes = ! und]wood 9 ! ,autumn1 & plant 9 ,febru>y1 or e>ly 9 ,m>*4 ,= oak1 he %\ld dig a l>g] hole1 9 ! ,autumn1 give x a ,summ] fall[1 & put 9 a vigor\s1 /iff plant1 ! ,autumn foll[+1 or 9 ! ,febru>y next b "o4 ,if "s su* plan z ?is 7 pursu$1 !re is n mu* fe> b ! plants w\ld gr[1 & 9 ?is way woods may be gradually br\ght into a prosp]\s /ate1 in/ead ( _! be+1 z !y n[ are1 9 ! aggregate1 a comp>atively valueless prop]ty to _! own]s4 ,i may "h illu/rate my view by a ref]5ce to a p>ticul> case1 :i* came "u my pr(essional notice4 ,x 0 a wood held on lease by a g5tleman1 "u an ecclesia/ical body1 ! lease be+ = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 r5ewable ^u ! paym5t ( a f9e e sev5 ye>s4 ,"s dissatisfaction 0 felt by ! lessee at ! am\nt ( ! f9es dem&$1 & ! lease 0 p]mitt$ to lapse1 at :i* "t ! intr9sic value ( ! /ock1 :e!r ( timb] or und]wood1 0 lit]ally no?+4 ,! oak 0 all gone1 z x 0 q natural t1 ) a lease s fram$1 x %\ld be1 & ! und]wood1 in/ead ( be+ usefully & b5eficially occupy+ ! gr\nd1 ( :i* x !n _h entire possession1 0 n wor? ! tr\ble ( cutt+6 ,h[ diff]5t w\ld h be5 ! position ( ! lessors 9 ?is in/ance1 ,i ne$ n say1 if1 dur+ ! two la/ cycles1 :5 ! oaks 7 becom+ v ?9ly scatt]$1 ! und]wood _h be5 *]i%$1 z x mo/ und\bt$ly ought to h be54 ,! neighb\rhood 0 "o :]e !re 0 pl5ty ( dem& = ! produce ( woods2 ! p>ticul> wood ref]r$ to1 w\ld h be51 on e acc\nt1 z good a cov]1 & all p>ties w\ld h be5 alike int]e/$ 9 ! cont9uance ( ! lease4 ,b z ,i mu/ n[ v %ortly br+ su* ( my 8,rem>ks0 z ref] to 8,anci5t ,woods10 to a close1 x may be z well j to run ov] ! :ole subject 9 a recapitul>y =m1 s z to pres5t x to ! read] 9 a sort ( bird's-eye view4 ,i h1 !n1 endeav\r$ to %[1 t ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,anci5t ,woods ( ?is k+dom is v f> f :at x ought to be1 & fully proves t _! own]s h paid little att5tion to !m3 t !y are almo/ valueless to !m1 simply & only = want ( bett] managem5t3 t !y are capable ( su* a degree ( improvem5t z w\ld insure f !m a fair1 reasonable return3 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ ?is by contra/+ ! plans ( woodm51 if !y c be said to h any1 ) ^? :i*1 9 my judgm5t1 ought to be pursu$2 & ,i am n aw>e t ,i h1 ^u any "o po9t1 expos$ ! errors ( _! c\rse1 )\t sugge/+ t :i* ,i conceive w\ld be ! "r "o4 ,x is q impossible1 h[ev]1 to lay d[n 9 a book l ?is1 or 9 any o!r1 specific rules or directions :i* %all con/itute a suffici5t guide = ! manag] ( woods1 out ( ! difficulties ( a false position1 or enable him to re=m ! errors ( a vici\s practice3 =1 fir/1 n "o woodman 9 fifty w\ld be conv9c$1 by any process ( reason+1 t ! pres5t /ate ( woods is s bad z ,i h describ$ x to be2 & if !y w\ld n admit ! exi/5ce ( ! evil1 !y w\ld n be likely to p]ceive ! value ( any rem$ial measures t might be recomm5d$4 ,next3 a difficulty w\ld e :]e pres5t itself1 if woods 7 improp]ly treat$1 f ! woodman feel+ t ! introduction ( any new plans w\ld1 necess>ily1 involve ! condemnation ( 8 own4 ,besides all ?is1 z ,i h rem>k$ be=e1 s _m ?+s h to be consid]$ z to ! /ate ( a wood1 be=e a safe op9ion c\ld be giv5 z to ! be/ c\rse to be tak5 ) x1 t no?+ less ?an a m9ute exam9ation1 af=d+ ! opportunity ( duly weigh+ all ! circum/ances ( ea* p>ticul> case1 w\ld ju/ify any man 9 sugge/+ a specific c\rse4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ,i w\ld (f] ! example ( a wood :i* ,i w suppose to be ( =ty ye>s /&+1 & to h be5 />t$ ) z _m oak plants z w\ld suffice to insure a suffici5t numb] ( timb] trees1 possess+ ample l5g? ( bole1 or /em4 ,^u ! plan ( managem5t :i* ,i h sugge/$1 !re w\ld be1 at ! second cutt+ ( ! "u wood1 a c]ta9 numb] ( oaks to cut out also1 & f ! /ools ( ^!1 !re w\ld />t "y %oots1 :i*1 if prop]ly dealt )1 w\ld1 ) ^? :i* w\ld spr+ f e subsequ5t cutt+1 furni% a succession ( timb] trees2 b if no c>e 7 tak5 9 nurs+ !m1 ! probability is1 t !y w\ld be unfit = timb]1 & t x w\ld !re=e be necess>y1 occasionally1 to introduce a small numb] ( maid5 plants1 ev5 z e>ly z ! expiration ( ! second cycle4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,,plantations4 ,9 ord] to af=d "s facility to ! read] 9 p]us+ :at ,i may write1 ,i %all divide :at ,i h to say into sev]al di/9ct heads2 &1 fir/1 z to ! ,pres5t ,modes ( ,plant+4 ,mu* may1 & probably ought1 to be said1 on ! errors ( bad plant]s3 x is inde$ a prolific1 z well z an important subject2 & if !re 7 any solid gr\nd on :i* to re/ a hope t an exposure ( all ! mi/akes :i* are made 9 plant+1 w\ld lead to ! ab&onm5t ( su* plans & practices z w\ld be %[n to be wrong1 x w\ld be a duty wor?y ! ex]cise ( tal5ts ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 absolutely require ! aid ( brilliant tal5t1 or f]vid eloqu5ce1 to place ^! matt]s 9 _! prop] light be=e ^? :o are mo/ conc]n$2 a pla9 ref]5ce to facts w be q suffici5t = t purpose4 ,! case ( an ,anci5t ,wood 9 an un?rifty & unpr(itable condition1 does n /& out s prom95tly--x is n s gl>+ly discr$itable to its own]1 z is a ,plantation 9 ! same /ate1 :i* has be5 made by himself2 = z to ! =m]1 ! fact t 8x always 0 s10 is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 an excuse = bad managem5t2 & 9 tru?1 x w g5]ally be f\nd a v difficult affair1 z ,i h h9t$ be=e1 to e/abli% a new sy/em :]e ! prejudice ( ages1 9 fav\r ( an old "o1 w meet ! p]son :o may attempt x1 at e turn2 b x is n s z to ,plantations2 :51 !re=e1 a g5tleman decides to plant1 & has himself to d ) ! "w f ! beg9n+1 bo? 8 int]e/1 & 8 duty1 po9t out ! necessity ( 8 see+ t x be well done2 b ! v rev]se ( ?is1 is ! av]age ( ! g5]al practice1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[4 ,x w\ld be q =eign to my purpose1 to ref] to ! m9or %ades ( diff]5ce :i* exi/ 9 ! practice ( plant]s3 su* diff]5ce inde$ may be met )1 betwe5 plans :i* are ea* 9 !mselves excell5t2 ,i %all cont5t myself1 !re=e1 ) ref]r+1 & t 9 g5]al t]ms1 to ! mo/ gl>+ mi/akes :i* are committ$1 giv+ a few examples4 ,to an eye t c take 9 ! :ole1 x is lam5table to see ! effects ( ignorance & neglect1 9 ! orig9al =mation1 z well z 9 ! subsequ5t treatm5t1 ( ,plantations6 ,) _m1 x seems to be expect$ t !y w ?rive & prosp]1 no matt] h[ !y may be put 91 :]eas ! v contr>y is ! fact4 ,) _m plant]s !re is a vague1 indef9ite notion--( c\rse !re is no calculation--t :5 once !y are plant$1 trees w gr[1 n only )\t lab\r or culture1 b "u su* adv]se circum/ances z at once conv9ce ! exp]i5c$ plant] ( ! utt] impossibility ( _! do+ s4 ,z ,i h else:]e said1 a "y *ild1 a "y animal1 & a "y tree1 all require ! greate/ possible att5tion1 & ! t5d]e/ treatm5t2 & ! blight+ effects :i* mu/ result1 & :i* d result1 f ! abs5ce ( e>ly att5tion1 are to be se5 q z /rongly m>k$ 9 ! la/1 z 9 ! o!r two4 ,9 num]\s in/ances--& ?is ,i %all call mi/ake ! fir/--! trees are put 9 )\t any previ\s prep>ation ( ! soil4 ,x is n possible1 9 ! ord9>y run ( cases1 to commit a great] error ?an ?is4 ,x is1 emphatically1 to build ^u a bad f\ndation1 & x is v r>ely inde$ t ,plantations1 s comm5c$1 ev] make any ?+ out4 ,:5 ,i say ?is1 ,i d n mean to ass]t t !y nev] become trees ( any size3 un=tunately !y d1 9 "s situations1 & m5 are s ignorant--!re is s little real sci5tific k ( ! subject to be met ) any:]e--t ! mo/ errone\s conclusions are drawn f ?is fact4 ,! "q z to :at a ,plantation might h done1 or :at x w\ld h done1 if x _h be5 prop]ly treat$1 is nev] ?\ght (6 ,no "o ev] dreams ( in/itut+ a comp>ison betwe5 su* a ,plantation z x is1 & z x ought to h be54 ,& yet ?is is ! v fir/ "q :i* %\ld be ask$1 or r :i* %\ld be anticipat$4 ,b ! majority ( ,plantations1 :i* are comm5c$ )\t any prep>ation ( ! soil1 are complete failures1 z may be se5 by any "o :o *ooses to take ! tr\ble to exam9e = himself4 ,influ5c$ by a mo/ mi/ak5 notion ( economy1 _m p]sons plant _! trees on l& :i* is already fully occupi$--x may be1 by l+1 by brack51 or by long grass1 or twit*--& 9 mo/ cases ( ?is sort1 ! great] numb] die2 b !re may probably rema9 a few :i* su/a9 a feeble exi/5ce1 s z j to make a %[ ( a ,plantation1 & ! own] seldom gives himself ! tr\ble to attempt to asc]ta9 :y x is no bett]4 ,! me?od usually adopt$1 :5 plant+ is done 9 ?is way1 is1 to dig small holes at fix$ di/ances1 into :i* ! plants are put by ! workman 9 ! be/ mann] t he c1 & !y are left to fight _! way z be/ !y may4 ,mr4 ,)]s1 ( ,holt1 9 ,norfolk1 has ably1 & indignantly1 d5\nc$ ! hole-digg+ sy/em1 & has %[n1 mo/ cle>ly1 ! advantage ( 8! highe/ degree ( culture10 = rais+ timb]1 :e!r z a pecuni>y "q1 or :]e x is want$ = m]ely ornam5tal purposes4 ,x is true t an op9ion at v>iance ) 81 has be5 giv5 by "s1 b e practical man w1 at once1 p]ceive :]e ! tru? lies2 nor w he be at any loss1 :e!r1 9 ! prep>ation ( a field = plant+1 to foll[ ! directions ( ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t1 or ^? ( ,mr4 ,)]s4 ,x 0 ! practice ( ! latt] g5tleman1 to tr5* 8 gr\nd f 8f\rte5 to eighte5 in*es deep10 & on poor l&1 to 8put on z mu* manure z if turnips 7 int5d$ to be s[n10 & to hoe & keep clean ! l&1 = sev5 ye>s aft] plant+4 ,! results 71 extraord9>y rapidity ( gr[?1 & a consequ5t e>ly & ample return ^u ! capital inve/$1 9 addition to ! full accompli%m5t ( an object1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 ard5tly desir$ by e plant]3 viz43 ! pleasure ( see+ rapidly rise up be=e him1 a heal?y & mo/ promis+ race ( trees4 ,! second mi/ake :i* ,i %all notice is a v common "o2 & is committ$ by ^? :o prep>e ! l& well1 b1 by a bad selection ( plants1 ei!r z to age1 or k9d1 or bo?1 r5d] success impossible4 ,! error z to age consi/s1 mo/ frequ5tly1 9 _! be+ too old3 t z to ! k9d1 9 n *oos+ su* z are adapt$ to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,a ?ird class ( plant]s may be met )1 :o1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 avoid all ! mi/akes previ\sly ref]r$ to1 b :o commit ! unacc\ntable blund] ( ?r[+ ! v>i\s k9ds promiscu\sly toge!r1 )\t any reg>d to cong5iality z to ! plants2 & 9 ?is case1 ! trees t are really valuable are ov]topp$1 & ma/]$ by a set ( wor?less tra%1 :i*1 :5 full gr[n1 are h>dly wor? ! tr\ble ( cutt+ d[n4 ,:5 a ,plantation is made 9 ?is b>b>\s mann]1 & left 9 ?is /ate = tw5ty ye>s1 or ev5 less1 no subsequ5t ef=ts1 h[ev] s\nd ! judgm5t :i* is ex]cis$ may be1 c :olly repair ! mis*ief :i* is done4 ,by ?is mi/ake1 an imm5se loss ( prop]ty accrues to ! proprietor1 & ! wor/ ( all is1 t ! trite consolation is n left him1 t :at is 88 loss1 is ano!r's ga910 = "h nobody is b5efitt$2 :ile to himself !re is sup]add$ ! mortification ( a loss ( "t1 8:i* no man c re/ore40 ,t ! /rong language :i* ,i h "h employ$ is fully ju/ifi$1 w at once be admitt$ by e reflect+ p]son1 :o has any acqua9tance ) ^! matt]s2 = x w appe> at ! outset1 t if a sl[-gr[+ tree is plant$ close to "o :i* w gr[ half z fa/ aga91 & if ! sl[ gr[] is ! tree int5d$ = timb]1 ! latt] mu/ inevitably be s mu* damag$ z to affect its heal? = ev]1 if some?+ be n done to relieve x4 ,i %all n1 9 ?is place1 8rem>k0 m p>ticul>ly on ?is po9t1 ?an to say1 t ,i h (t5 se5 ! oak 9 ?is relative position1 ) ! ald]1 ! bir*1 ! popl>1 ! l>*1 & o!r trees4 ,to imag9e t a comp>atively sl[-gr[+ tree c be plac$ 9 ne> contiguity ) ano!r ^: rate ( progress is mu* quick]1 )\t receiv+ injury1 is to manife/ a want ( k ( ! habits ( trees1 :i* may be excus$ 9 an amateur plant]1 b :i* _c be ov]look$ 9 a practical man1 :o is well paid = 8 s]vices4 ,a f\r? error :i* is committ$1 is "o ^u :i* ,i h slightly t\*$ already1 & ref]s to ! "q ( adaptation ( ! k9d ( tree plant$1 fir/1 to ! nature ( ! soil plant$ ^u1 & next1 if ! object ( ! plant] be pr(it1 to ! local dem&4 ,mo/ s]i\s mi/akes h be5 committ$ ^u bo? ^! po9ts1 ev5 by m5 ^: writ+s h procur$ !m a ni*e 9 ! ,temple ( ,fame4 ,"u ?is head a few cases w n[ be ref]r$ to4 ,x is impossible1 at ?is di/ance ( "t1 to fix ! exact am\nt ( blame1 or responsibility1 :i* ( "r atta*es itself to ! "n ( ,pontey1 = in/ance1 :o plant$ an imm5se tract ( l& ne> ,l9coln1 belong+ to t spl5did *>ity1 ,*ri/'s ,hospital3 tradition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may d him inju/ice1 accuses him ( hav+ contract$ to plant ) ,l>* & ,oak1 & hav+1 on "s pret5ce or o!r1 sub/itut$ ,scot* ,fir4 ,:atev] 0 ! precise am\nt ( responsibility atta*+ to him1 ,i "k n2 he might be foll[+ out ! lett] ( 8 in/ructions1 = ought t ,i c tell1 b x is q c]ta9 t1 ev5 ) ! !n imp]fect k :i* 0 possess$ ( ! value ( l>*1 a v great mi/ake 0 committ$1 9 plant+ ne>ly a ?\s& acres ( l&1 :i* 0 well adapt$ bo? = oak & l>*1 ) pr(itless rubbi% l t :i* is n[ se5 ^u x4 ,a "w ( t magnitude ought n to h be5 intru/$ to any "o :o1 ei!r f m]c5>y motives1 or f limit$ views1 0 capable ( fall+ into su* a gross error1 z to ! int]e/s ( 8 employ]s4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say1 t if ! ,skell+?orpe ,plantation _h be5 plant$1 z x ought to h be51 ) oak & l>*1 toge!r ) a few spruce firs1 & if ,pontey _h left suitable in/ructions ) ^? :o _h to take c>e ( x1 aft] 8 sup]9t5d5ce _h ceas$1 x w\ld n[ h be51 at ! mo/ mod]ate computation1 fifte5 hundr$ p] c5t4 m valuable ?an x is6 ,if x 7 private prop]ty1 ,i %\ld n presume to add :at ,i n[ feel myself at p]fect lib]ty to d1 ) ref]5ce to its pres5t condition1 & ! future prospect respect+ x4 ,x is at pres5t1 almo/ univ]sally1 a ,scot* ,fir ,plantation3 ^! are ( a mo/ mis]able size1 comp>$ ) :at !y might h be51 "u good managem5t1 & !y are )al v co>se4 ,!re may be se5 among/ !m1 j ,l>*es en\gh to p]petuate ! folly ( ! orig9al plant]2 & to excite1 at 8 p]iodical sales1 ! ke5 regret ( ! pres5t ,/ew>d1 t he has n m ( !m to sell4 ,!re are also a few oaks1 ( su* quality z fully to prove t !y w\ld h ?riv5 well--_h !y be5 plant$4 ,fur!r3 ! ,scot* firs are s ?ick1 & !y are fea!r$ d[n s l[1 t ! ,plantation is n heal?y4 ,x is true t1 "u ! pres5t mu* improv$ managem5t1 an attempt is be+ made to rem$y ?is evil1 & x is q cle>1 t ! condition ( ! trees w gradually be bett]$1 b ! mis=tune is--& "h ,i come to speak ( ! prospects ( ! ,plantation--t !y are n wor? culture4 ,i h no hesitation 9 /at+ ?is to be my delib]ate op9ion4 ,! timb]1 if timb] x c be call$1 is wor? almo/ no?+ n[1 &1 9 su* a locality1 ,i c see no probability ( its ev] realiz+1 s z to ju/ify ^? 9 ^: c>e x is plac$1 9 cont9u+ x z x is4 ,! pla9 & obvi\s c\rse ( ! manag]s ( ?is f9e e/ate1 !n1 is to /ub up ! ,scot* fir1 & replant ! l& ) oak & l>*4 ,9 fur!r pro( ( ! propriety ( ?is op9ion1 ,i w\ld rem>k t1 9 ?is locality1 bo? oak & l>* fet* v high prices1 & !re are probable gr\nds = expect+ t !y always w d s2 :ile1 if ! pres5t race ( ,scot* firs %\ld /& z long aga9 z !y h already /ood1 !y w make comp>atively little4 ,x is n too mu* to say1 t if ?is ,plantation 7 ! prop]ty ( a private g5tleman1 ! ,scot* firs w\ld be extirpat$ z spe$ily z possible1 & a sy/ematic plan1 provid+ t a c]ta9 numb] ( acres %\ld be /ubb$ & re-plant$ e ye>1 w\ld at once be laid d[n2 b public bodies are n s easily mov$1 & x is !re=e to be fe>$1 t1 9 ?is case1 ! public w n1 = "s "t to come1 d]ive t b5efit f ! prop]ty1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be ! result ( prop] managem5t4 ,! :ole might be re-/ock$ ) suitable k9ds ( trees1 )\t any consid]able outlay to ! hospital1 if arrangem5ts 7 made ) a p>ty capable ( c>ry+ out "s su* compreh5sive plan z ! foll[+2 viz43 ,an agreem5t ) a responsible p]son1 c>efully word$1 provid+ t he %\ld /ub1 or grub up1 a /ipulat$ numb] ( acres at ! comm5cem5t ( a sort ( lease1 tak+ ! /uff1 ei!r 9 "p paym5t1 or :olly1 if x 7 suffici5t3 & t he %\ld1 on su* t]ms z c\ld be agre$ ^u1 cont9ue to grub up1 & plant1 a specifi$ numb] ( acres e succe$+ ye>4 ,9 twelve ye>s1 if ! "w 7 well done1 !re w\ld be "s return f ! ?9n+s ( ! piece fir/ plant$2 & ! rate ( return & pr(it1 w\ld1 f t "t1 cont9ue to increase e ye>1 until an am\nt w\ld be realiz$ :i* w\ld mu* m ?an equal ! l>ge/ expectations ( ! ,gov]nors4 ,i %all only m5tion "o case m1 z to ! want ( adaptation ( ! k9d ( tree to ! soil1 & to ! local dem&1 & t is a wood belong+ to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,"l ,middleton1 at ,/aple=d1 ne> ,new>k1 & :i*1 "s ye>s ago1 consi/$ almo/ entirely ( ,scot* fir4 ,x is n[ ( an age & size t enables me to cite x 9 pro( ( ! op9ion :i* ,i h giv51 relative to ! prospect = ! ,skell+?orpe ,plantation4 ,! timb] has arriv$ at a good m>ketable size1 & is sold at z high a rate z !re is any reason to suppose w\ld be made ( ! ,skell+?orpe ,scot*1 :5 x %all h rea*$ to ! same size4 ,t price is app>5tly mod]ate1 b x is s inf]ior 9 quality1 or1 p]haps1 x is m correct to say1 su* a bad op9ion is =m$ ( x1 by mo/ p1 t :5 x is conv]t$ into bo>ds or scantl+1 ! price x fet*es is s l[ z to hold out little inducem5t to ,timb] m]*ants to pur*ase x4 ,& z to ! gr[]1 ,i am p]suad$ t1 if simple int]e/ ^u ! orig9al inve/m5t 7 to be calculat$1 up to ! "t :5 ! wood fir/ began to cle> its own exp5ces1 & add$ to ! fir/ co/1 x w\ld n be f\nd t !re is mu* surplus ov] ! necess>y exp5ces ( managem5t4 ,at all ev5ts x w\ld be se5 !re1 z well z at ,skell+?orpe1 f ! little ,l>* & ,oak :i* !y h _h to sell1 t ! returns are comp>atively small to :at !y w\ld h be51 if ,l>* _h fir/ be5 plant$ along ) ,oak4 ,?is l>ge ,plantation w1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 "u ! pres5t enlight5$ & skilful managem5t1 to a great ext5t1 be cle>$ ( ! ,scot* firs2 9 place ( :i*1 ! noble proprietor w h a race ( f9e oaks1 ?us prov+1 to actual demon/ration1 ! great mi/ake :i* 0 orig9ally committ$1 9 occupy+ ! l& ) a class ( trees :i*1 :5 !y h arriv$ at maturity1 are ( comp>atively little value4 ,i pass on to rem>k ^u a fif? error4 ,"o g5tleman w1 f motives ( economy1 /ick 9 ! plants ) z little lab\r z possible3 ano!r w aim at ! same result1 by putt+ 9 few]1 or small] plants ?an he ought to d4 ,bo? ^!1 & inde$ all ! p>ties1 :o are influ5c$ by ! same n>r[ & %ortsight$ views1 greatly err3 ^! are n ! *eape/1 b ! mo/ exp5sive1 z well z ! wor/ adapt$1 modes ( plant+4 ,to insure a heal?y & vigor\s comm5cem5t to a ,plantation1 if t is foll[$ up by suitable treatm5t aft]w>ds1 is to secure bo? rapid progress1 & e>ly maturity1 & by necess>y consequ5ce1 ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( pecuni>y return4 ,la/ly1 z to modes ( plant+1 & )\t rang+ ei!r p>ty among ^? :o are cle>ly & decid$ly mi/ak5 9 _! views1 "o class ( p]sons w plant ?ickly1 & ano!r class w plant ?9ly1 f v>i\s motives1 b bo? )\t pay+ due reg>d to ! capabilities1 & adaptation ( ! soil1 &1 z is v natural1 9 ! abs5ce ( all calculation1 bo? are frequ5tly subject$ to ! same result1--ei!r a p>tial or complete failure ( _! expectations4 ,x is nei!r my purpose1 nor is x 9 my p[]1 to decide1 ^u pap]1 :at is ! be/ av]age di/ance at :i* ! trees ( a "y ,plantation %\ld be plac$ f ea* o!r4 ,_m que/ions ought to be previ\sly ask$1 z _m v important consid]ations w pres5t !mselves to ! m9d ( a practical man1 be=e he w decide4 ,9 ! av]age ( cases1 :]e plant+ = pr(it is ! object1 ! "q is n "o ( mu* practical difficulty2 b 9 _m o!rs1 ! prim>y purpose1 or ! ultimate aim1 ( ! plant]--! local m>ket--! co/ ( plants1 c4 w claim v special att5tion4 ,:5 ! object is to beautify ! ,l&scape1 or to produce effect 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a ,mansion1 x w be necess>y to set aside ord9>y rules1 & to dep>t f "s ( ! recogniz$ pr9ciples :i* ought always to gov]n1 9 plant+ = pr(it4 ,b ev5 "h1 no?+ %\ld be done1 no?+ %\ld be attempt$1 :i* is n 9 /rict consi/5ce ) ^? g5]al laws :i* ! pr9ciples ( vegetable physiology impose1 alike on a ,g5tleman :o removes a l>ge tree ^u ! plan recomm5d$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t1 & on ! practical ,plant]1 :o is pr(essionally employ$ to plant a l>ge tract ( c\ntry4 ,x is no "p ( my bus9ess to rem>k ^u ! m]its ( ! respective plans :i* h be5 tri$ by diff]5t p]sons1 = enri*+ ! sc5]y ( a ,p>k2 b ,i h no difficulty 9 say+ t1 :]e x is well und]/ood & prop]ly c>ri$ out1 ! comb9ation ( ,sir ,h5ry's plan1 ) ! judici\s arrangem5t ( small ,plantations2 putt+ into a well prep>$ soil1 good1 /\t1 well-root$1 & vigor\s plants1 at a consid]able di/ance1 w be/ effect t object4 ,& z ,i h ref]r$ to ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t's me?od ( remov+ l>ge trees1 x w n be out ( place "h to obs]ve1 t ! abuse ( t plan has v frequ5tly br\ght x into disrepute1 & giv5 bir? to ! conclusion1 t x 0 n adapt$ to ! end propos$3 & ?us blame has fall5 on ! +5i\s1 skilful1 & sci5tific ,b>onet1 in/ead ( its re/+ on ! heads ( ^? ^: 8mismanagem5t0 _h actually invit$ ! failures :i* !y 7 doom$ to suff]4 ,^? :o h mo/ c>efully att5d$ to ,sir ,h5ry's in/ructions 9 remov+ l>ge subjects1 w h be5 mo/ successful2 & :ile !y w be ! fir/ to admit t ! plan is "o ( v consid]able difficulty1 & requir+ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( att5tion2 !y w be ! mo/ p[]ful & decid$ witnesses 9 its fav\r1 = ! purposes = :i* x is "h recomm5d$4 ,b :5 ,plantations on a l>ge scale are desir$1 & :5 ! plant] consid]s 8 po/]ity m ?an himself1 !re c be no d\bt at all1 t1 on c]ta9 qualities ( soil1 tol]ably ?ick plant+ is be/4 ,& if x be desir$ to h a race ( f9e noble ,oaks1 !y mu/ be put 9 v ?ick1 & ! plant] mu/ n expect1 dur+ a life ( av]age duration1 any pr(it at all2 =1 9 ord] to secure 8 object1 he mu/1 fir/1 prep>e ! gr\nd well3 & next1 he mu/ ei!r s[ acorns1 or he mu/ put 9 an imm5se numb] ( plants--&1 9 ei!r case1 he w incur a heavy outlay4 ,he mu/1 = ! fir/ sev5 ye>s1 keep ! gr\nd clean1 & he mu/ plant along ) ! ,oak1 a selection ( ^? k9ds ( trees1 z nurses1 :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! purpose1 & n ^? :i* might probably1 at ! e>lie/ p]iod1 f9d _! way into ! local m>ket1 & make ! be/ price :5 !re2 al?\gh ^! po9ts %\ld n be left out ( consid]ation4 ,b n[1 ! "q z to plant+1 or s[+1 or1 if ! =m] be pref]r$1 t ( ! di/ance ( ! plants1 be+ settl$1 ! next :i* pres5ts itself is ?is3 :at k9ds %all be plant$ z ! ,nurses = ! ,oak4 ,"h aga91 a good deal w dep5d ^u ! object ( ! plant]1 ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! exact arrangem5ts :i* are made at ! "t ( plant+2 = x might be q prop] to plant a species ( ,tree 9 "o place1 :ile1 ow+ to a diff]5ce 9 ! /aple or ! condition ( ! soil1 x w\ld be j ! rev]se 9 ano!r4 ,! rem>ks :i* ,i %all h to make on ?is subject h1 9 "s degree1 be5 anticipat$ by ! obs]vations :i* ,i h already made1 respect+ ! ,skell+?orpe ,plantation1 b a m p>ticul> ref]5ce to a few well-kn[n k9ds1 may n be amiss4 ,i beg9 ) ! ,l>*1 :i*1 f its great value to ,f>m]s & o!rs1 is fairly entitl$ to prec$5ce4 ,! ,l>* is f\nd1 9 great] or small] proportions1 9 mo/ places :]e ,plantations are made2 & x is entirely ! plant]'s fault1 if he be n well acqua9t$ ) its "*1 z a nurse = ,oak4 ,i say ?is1 because x has be5 s ext5sively te/$1 & its habits are s well kn[n1 t no "o1 hav+ ! slighte/ wi% to become acqua9t$ ) x1 c h fail$ = want ( opportunity4 ,i h v (t5 se5 ! ,l>* :]e x has prov$ an exce$+ly bad nurse2 :]e1 9 fact1 in/ead ( nurs+ ! ,oaks1 x has de/roy$ !m3 b ?is has1 ( c\rse1 aris5 f 8mismanagem5t10 & might h be5 avoid$4 ,:5 good1 /iff1 heal?y ,oak ,plants are put 9 ) ,l>* only1 or b ) v few ( any o!r sort1 ! ,l>* ought n1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be put too ne>--! exact di/ance c only be det]m9$ relatively to t ( ! ,oaks--secondly3 an advantage %\ld be giv5 to ! ,oaks1 if possible1 at ! />t2 ei!r by assign+ !m a portion ( ! soil f ! l& int5d$ = ! ,l>*1 or 9 "s o!r way2 aft] :i*1 if ! latt] are con/antly wat*$1 !y w approve !mselves v suitable & valuable nurses2 b if !y are all[$1 z !y too g5]ally are1 to take ! lead ( ! ,oak1 !y w pl5tifully avail !mselves ( ! lic5ce1 to ! s]i\s &1 p]haps1 irrep>able injury ( t plant4 ,= l>ge ,plantations1 int5d$ = pr(it1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 any ?+ else ?an ,oak & ,l>* %\ld be plant$1 & ! di/ance mu/ be decid$ aft] due consid]ation is giv5 to ! quality & condition ( ! l&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a disposition is felt to plant o!r k9ds1 z nurses1 !re c be no objection1 provid$ t _! companion%ip is made fully to squ>e ) ! well-be+ ( ! trees int5d$ = timb]4 ,b :]e x is int5d$ to introduce no?+ t %all n act z a good nurse = ! ,oak1 exception mu/ c]ta9ly be tak5 to ! ,ald]1 ! ,popl>s1 ! ,sycamore1 ! ,horse ,*esnut1 ! ,bir*1 & ! ,scot* ,fir1 c4 ,n "o ( ^! discov]s any cong5iality = ! ,oak1 nor any fitness = ! (fice ( nurs+ x2 & x does really appe> to my m9d1 z mo/ unacc\ntably /range1 t trees ( all sorts %\ld1 )\t =e?\ght1 or calculation--& mo/ p>ticul>ly1 t no ref]5ce %\ld be made to _! suitability or adaptation = ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are to be plac$--be plant$ at a great] co/ ?an w\ld h suffic$ to procure an ample numb] ( ! "r sort4 ,^u a suitable soil1 ! ,spruce ,fir has always appe>$ to me1 to be decid$ly & incomp>ably ! be/ nurse ( ! ,oak4 ,i h1 = in/ance1 (t5 se51 on a clay soil1 a ,spruce ,fir1 & an ,oak ( tw5ty-five ye>s gr[?1 fl\ri%+ admirably1 9 close proximity ) ea* o!r--ev5 )9 a foot & a half4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is c\ld be said ( any o!r tree ?an ! ,spruce ,fir2 b besides ?is1 !re is almo/ always a v peculi> heal?9ess ab\t ! ,oaks1 :]e ! ,spruce has be5 plant$ & *]i%$ z ! pr9cipal nurse4 ,!re seems to be ! be/ possible und]/&+ betwe5 !m--no /ruggl+ = pre-em95ce--no blight+ influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! "o ov] ! o!r4 ,b ! ,spruce ,fir is n f\nd to fl\ri% s well on "s soils z on o!rs3 x w !re=e1 mo/ly1 be advisable to unite ) x1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 ! ,l>*1 :i* may be s plac$ z to be all we$$ out dur+ ! c\rse ( ?9n+1 :i* ought to comm5ce 9 a few ye>s aft] plant+1 & g on until !re rema9s no?+ b ,oak 9 possession ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 conclud+ my rem>ks on ,plant+1 ,i _c help ref]r+ to ! specim5s ( s[+ & ?ick plant+1 :i* may be se5 on ! ext5sive e/ate ( ! ,duke ( ,portl&1 at ,welbeck1 & 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,x has always be5 ,8 ,grace's practice1 ei!r to s[ ,acorns1 or to plant ,oaks1 9 alt]nate b$s1 hav+ ,l>* betwe54 ,if ! ,oaks 7 plant$1 !y 7 put 9 v ?ickly2 & al?\gh _! progress 0 necess>ily sl[] ?an x w\ld h be51 if !y _h be5 all[$ m room1 x _c be d\bt$ t ,8 ,grace _h a great advantage 9 ! almo/ unlimit$ *oice :i* x gave him1 ( trees ( p]fect =m1 = ! ultimate crop ( timb]4 ,! sy/em ( ?ick plant+ has be5 fully c>ri$ out3 hav+ prep>$ ! gr\nd well1 ,8 ,grace appe>s to h nev] lo/ sight1 = an in/ant1 ( ! "y trees t he _h und]tak5 to re>3 !re has be5 no mi/ak5 practice--no nigg>dly economy--no ru9\s neglect1 r5d]+ all 8 previ\s c>e abortive1 & sacrific+ 8 l>ge outlay at ! comm5cem5t4 ,:5 ! ,plantations h requir$ att5tion1 !y h evid5tly _h x4 ,! admir] ( f9e timb] w see1 9 ! ,duke's ,plantations & gr\nds1 "s ( ! mo/ p]fectly =m$ trees t c be conceiv$ (1 & t n on a small scale1 b to an ext5t z compreh5sive z t truly noble ,duke's g5ius1 ( :om x may probably be said t he unites1 9 8 m9d & p]son1 z _m ( ^? qualities :i* con/itute true ,nobility1 z any ,g5tleman ( 8 day4 ,x is n 9 ! p[] ( my feeble p5 to %[ ! imm5se am\nt ( good :i* has accru$ to ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 f ! employm5t ( ! poor 9 ! locality1 9 c>ry+ on1 & 9 complet+1 ^? spl5did improvem5ts :i* ,8 ,grace has orig9at$1 & :i* h caus$ ! lit]al des]t to 8blossom z ! rose03 mu* less c ,i describe ! area ( ! va/ circle1 )9 :i* ! mo/ b5eficial effects h be5 felt1 f ! influ5ce ( ! noble ,duke's example1 :ile p]fect+1 z he has done1 8 v>i\s plans = ! improvem5t ( 8 f9e e/ate4 ,9 ! ,welbeck ,plantations w be f\nd1 z ,i h said1 a class ( trees1 mo/ p]fectly suit$ to ! situations :]e !y /&1 & giv+ ! sure/ promise ( future sup]iority3 b :at1 let me ask1 w\ld h be5 ! quality ( ! ,oaks1 if ! noble ,duke _h jumbl$ toge!r an incongru\s admixture ( v>i\s sorts1 z has be5 recomm5d$ by v>i\s writ]s ( em95ce1 ev5 9 our own day8 ,i am n dispos$ to ent] into a controv]sy ) any ( ^? :o h record$ _! op9ions 9 _! writ+s1 o!rwise ,i might h pl5ty ( "w on my h&s3 x w be q z mu* z ought to be expect$ f me1 if ,i def5d my own3 b ,i w\ld j quote a s+le p>agraph f an int]e/+ & useful1 b1 on "s po9ts1 incorrect volume1 publi%$ by 8,! ,society = ! diffusion ( ,useful ,k40 ,x is entitl$ 8,useful & ,ornam5tal ,plant+40 ,! passage to :i* ,i ref]1 w be f\nd 9 ! #dcrd page1 & runs ?us3 8,simple ,plantations consi/ ( "o or two species ( trees only2 mix$ ,plantations ( _m diff]5t species4 ,! latt]1 on suitable soils1 are ! mo/ pr(itable3 !y af=d an e>li]1 m p]man5t1 & a l>g] return = ,capital ?an simple ,plantations40 ,9 a book :]e !re is s mu* to comm5d1 :]e s _m valuable practical directions are giv51 x _c b excite regret1 to meet ) a p>agraph s vague & unsatisfactory z ! above2 = ,i _c b rem>k1 t if any plant] %\ld adopt ! sugge/ion :i* is ?r[n out1 x w end 9 disappo9tm5t & loss4 ,x w1 9 my judgm5t1 g5]ally be be/ = ! plant] to select su* trees = nurses z are mo/ cong5ial1 & be/ adapt$ to ! local m>ket2 & surely ^! w n be ! ,bir*1 ! ,bee*1 ! ,ald]1 or ! ,scot* ,fir2 none ( :i* are ev] f\nd to answ] ! purpose ( nurs+ ! m valuable timb] trees1 or ( secur+ a fair return = ! inve/m5t ( capital4 ,x is true t ! op9ion :i* ,i h quot$1 is aft]w>ds qualifi$ by ! rem>k1 t c]ta9 8circum/ances connect$ ) ! gr[? ( ! v>i\s species ( =e/ trees1 effectually control ! plant] 9 8 modes ( arrangem5t1 c40 b ev5 ) ?is limitation1 ! plant] is liable to be misl$1 = he is n taught to set a high] value ^u ! ,l>*1 :i* may 9 almo/ e locality be plant$ ) a mu* bett] *ance ( pr(it1 ?an ! o!r k9ds ) :i* x is rank$1 & :i* ought !re=e1 if pr(it be ! object1 = t reason alone1 to be pref]r$4 ,9 any ?+ else b plant+1 ! mis*ief ( su* a mi/ake1 z produc+ t :i* 0 wor?less :5 produc$1 w\ld1 9 a %ort "t1 h cur$ itself2 b s little ( sci5ce1 or ev5 ( common calculation1 h be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! practice ( ,arboriculture1 t1 not)/&+ ! evid5ce :i* is e :]e to be met )1 ( s]i\s 8loss & disappo9tm5t10 = want ( calculation1 ^! matt]s g on v mu* z !y 8always h done40 ,f9ally1 z to plant+1 x mu/1 9 e case1 be p]fectly cle> to "o :o is compet5t to judge1 t1 :e!r ! object be pr(it m]ely1 or ! embelli%m5t ( ! l&scape1 ! l& ought to be z well prep>$ z circum/ances w p]mit1 & t su* species ( trees %\ld be pref]r$1 z are be/ adapt$ to ! specific object ( ! plant]4 ,! di/ance at :i* ! plants %all be put 91 is m a matt] ( op9ion ?an "s plant]s w\ld be incl9$ to admit4 ,= myself1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 t "s advantages are lo/ to a ,plantation1 "u c]ta9 comb9ations ( soil & circum/ances1 :5 x is plant$ ?ickly1 b ,i w\ld n ei!r rate ! loss too highly1 or express my op9ion1 ) unseemly positiv5ess3 my notion is1 t ! suppos$ advantages ( plant+ ?ickly may g5]ally be suppli$ by e>ly1 judici\s prun+1 & t ! progress ( ! ,plantation w\ld be facilitat$ !reby3 t1 9 fact1 a ,plantation ( trees at a di/ance ( ?ree feet1 be+ prop]ly assort$1 hav+ _h a good />t1 & suitable treatm5t 9 all respects aft]w>ds1 w\ld rea* any giv5 po9t z to size1 & quality1 9 less "t ?an w\ld ano!r ,plantation1 ^u ! same soil1 if ! me?od ( ei!r s[+ acorns1 c41 or plant+ v ?ickly1 7 adopt$4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i by no means wi% to condemn ! practice ( ?ick plant+2 to d ?is1 9 ! face ( pro(s ( success1 su* z ,i h describ$ z exi/+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 w\ld be an absurdity ( :i* ,i w\ld n will+ly be guilty2 b at ! same "t1 ,i w\ld n hesitate to range myself among ^? :o pref]1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to plant at a mod]ate di/ance1 & rely ^u e>ly prun+1 = secur+ ! object :i* ! close plant] has 9 view1 viz41 l5g? ( bole1 or /em1 & cle>ness ( gra94 ,i come n[ to rem>k ^u ! ,pres5t mode ( manag+ ,plantations aft] !y are made4 ,abid+ /ill1 mo/ /rictly1 by ! rule laid d[n = myself1 to deal ) e "p ( my subject practically1 ,i proce$ to obs]ve1 t ! in/ances :]e ,plantations are treat$ ) due reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( ,arboricultural sci5ce1 are n ! rule1 b ! exceptions to ! rule1 z e sci5tific plant]1 :o has look$ r\nd him1 mu/ "k4 ,in/ead ( ! trees int5d$ = timb] be+ nurs$ ) ! t5d]e/ c>e f _! infancy--in/ead ( _! be+ treat$ accord+ to ! kn[n & fix$ laws :i* regulate1 & effectually control1 ! economy ( vegetable life1 :e!r m5 att5d to !m or n--!y too frequ5tly meet ) treatm5t :i* is 9 direct opposition to ^? laws4 ,i %all %[ ?is z cle>ly1 & z pla9ly1 z ,i c4 ,:5 a g5tleman has decid$ to plant1 :5 he has fix$ ^u ! "r mode ( do+ x1 & has f9i%$ x 9 a prop] mann]2 s f> he has done all t c\ld be expect$ f him2 b if1 aft] ?is1 he leaves 8 ,plantation to itself = five1 t51 or fifte5 ye>s1 he transgresses ! laws to :i* ,i h ref]r$2 & 8 error is "o ( omission4 ,aga93 7 ! same g5tleman1 aft] ! lapse ( t5 ye>s1 or ev5 less1 to ent] 8 ,plantation1 & cut & ?9 v freely1 he w\ld violate ^? laws by an error ( commission1 & 9 ?is case1 z well z ! o!r1 ! ,plantation w\ld v mat]ially suff]4 ,a ,plantation :i* %\ld be subject$1 at s e>ly a /age ( its exi/5ce z t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 to ! ordeal ( bo? ^! classes ( errors1 c\ld h b little *ance ( succe$+3 x c\ld n be expect$ to make any m ?an v sl[ progress aft] su* treatm5t z ?is3 & yet ?is is exactly ! way 9 :i* _m ,plantations are manag$1 at all /ages ( _! gr[?4 ,i h rec5tly met ) a spl5did ,l>* ,plantation1 :i* has nev] be5 ?9n$1 f ! fir/1 except by 8fits & />ts02 ( :i* injudici\s treatm5t1 ,i c\ld see v s]i\s 8outw>d & visible signs40 ,al?\gh x is ^u exce$+ly weak & poor l&1 x w\ld h produc$1 if x _h be5 prop]ly manag$1 a f9e class ( ,l>*es1 :i* w\ld h yield$ to ! proprietor an abundant return ^u 8 outlay4 ,if any "o d\bt ?is1 let him look ar\nd & see if he _c f9d a ,plantation ( =ty or fifty ye>s gr[?1 :i* is cr[d$ ) trees--say ( ,l>* only--& he w1 ^u exam9ation1 p]ceive t !re are two or ?ree di/9ct classes ( trees /ill /&+1 all ( :i* ought1 long be=e1 to h be5 tak5 out2 & t !re is b "o class ( ,l>*es1 probably1 :i* %\ld be /&+4 ,! o!r two classes :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 w\ld be f\nd1 if ! fact c\ld be cle>ly come at1 v ne>ly ( ! same size z !y _h be5 _m ye>s be=e2 inasmu* z !y c\ld n possibly make any wood1 be+ !mselves ov]topp$ by _! m ?riv+ & vigor\s neighb\rs4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s too1 t ! injury aris+ to ! ,plantation w\ld n /op "h4 ,s long z "u-/rapp]s 7 all[$ to rema91 !y w\ld1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h ! effect ( prev5t+ ! admission ( light & air into ! ,plantation1 :i* w\ld mat]ially affect ! heal? & ! progress ( ! /&>d trees4 ,! errors ( omission are bo? s]i\s & num]\s3 ^? ( commission1 great ?\gh !y be1 are n equally s4 ,! =m] are g5]ally fir/ 9 ! ord] ( "t1 = :]e "o ,plantation is injur$ f too e>ly ?9n+1 !re are t5 t suff] = ! want ( x2 & ?is e>ly neglect affects ! vitality & prosp]ity ( a ,plantation mu* m ?an might be suppos$4 ,omitt+ to d :at ought to be done w1 h[ev]1 be v prejudicial to ! heal? ( ,plantations at any /age ( _! exi/5ce1 & x is q well kn[n to ! exp]i5c$ ,=e/]1 t !y ought ev] to be wat*$ ) mo/ t5d] c>e1 until ! plant] is fully satisfi$ t he has complet$ ! nurs+ & tra9+ ( a suffici5t numb] ( /&>d trees1 to furni% ! ultimate crop4 ,b errors ( omission sometimes admit ( rem$y2 :]eas1 if injury is committ$ by excessive ?9n+1 or by cutt+ d[n trees :i* ought to h rema9$1 x is (t5 difficult1 & sometimes impossible1 to repair ! mis*ief t is done4 ,bo? ! errors to :i* ,i h allud$1 mu/ be avoid$ by ! plant] :o w\ld desire to h a heal?y & cont9u\sly ?riv+ ,plantation4 ,hav+ consid]$ well ! foll[+ po9ts1 viz41 ! prep>ation ( 8 l&--! selection ( ! species ( trees t he w plant--_! size & quality--& ! di/ance at :i* !y %all /& f ea* o!r1 he mu/ rememb] t1 f ! v fir/1 !y w n only require1 b !y w well pay =1 8 close/ att5tion4 ,dur+ ! fir/ sev5 ye>s1 he may1 probably1 h little else to d at !m ?an to keep ! l& clean2 b ?is w1 9 "s degree1 dep5d ^u ! di/ance :i* he has *os5 = !m2 & on ! k9d :i* he int5ds = ! f9al crop ( timb]4 ,b :atev] !y may be--:e!r ! ,oak alone1 or along ) "s o!r species1 ! trees int5d$ = timb] w dem& ! peculi>1 ! unremitt$1 att5tion ( ! plant]3 8 object mu/ ev] be to deal ) all ! re/1 ) di/9ct1 direct1 & positive ref]5ce to ! c>eful nurs+ ( ^?3 & x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d1 t :atev] be ! fate ( ! nurses1 ^? :i* ,i w aga9 di/+ui% f ! re/1 by call+ !m ! /&>d trees1 mu/1 if possible1 be kept 9 vigor\s heal?4 ,?is c only be done1 concurr5tly ) ! ultimate object ( secur+ great l5g? ( bole1 by prun+ ( "s sort or o!r4 ,if ! trees are s plant$ z to insure natural prun+1 no o!r1 except ( ! nurses1 w be requir$1 b ! fir/ op]ation w be ?9n+2 :i* %\ld be done ) great c>e & judgm5t4 ,:]e x is n s done1 x is m ?an probable t trees w be tak5 :i* %\ld h be5 left1 & ! contr>y4 ,z x respects ! ,oak1 ! pr9cipal po9t to be aim$ at is1 to sp>e all ^?1 z ! ?9n+ goes on1 t h ! be/ def9$ heads4 ,?is w be an easy matt] ) an exp]i5c$ & well-taught plant]1 or woodman1 & ! difficulty1 if any !re be1 w be less at ea* succe$+ ?9n+1 z ! heads ( ! trees develope !mselves4 ,b :5 trees are n plant$ s ?ickly z to insure l5g? ( bole by natural prun+1 !y mu/ be prun$ ) ! knife & ! bill-hook1 & ! e>li] ! op]ation is begun1 ! bett]4 ,i d\bt n b "s ( my read]s w /amp ?is advice ) _! unqualifi$ disapprobation4 ,x may be v good & correct not)/&+4 ,my own exp]i5ce1 z well z t ( _m o!rs :om ,i h consult$1 conv9ces me t ! notion1 :i* s ext5sively prevails1 z to ! injuri\s effects ( prun+1 is decid$ly incorrect4 ,x may h _h its orig9 9 ! evid5ce ( injury to timb]1 :i* has be5 furni%$ by injudici\s prun+2 & ?us :at w\ld h else be5 univ]sally se5 to be necess>y1 has come to be almo/ univ]sally condemn$3 b ?is is a common error1 & has be5 too (t5 %[n1 to r5d] x necess>y = me to expose x "h4 ,"s v valuable obs]vations on prun+ h be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,ma91 9 8 excell5t little "w1 entitl$ 8,! ,=e/ ,plant] & ,prun]'s ,assi/ant40 ,at page #ec1 ! foll[+ p>agraph occurs3 8,b ! only "p ( a woodman's duty :i* does n appe> to be well def9$1 or at lea/ n g5]ally agre$ ^u by practical m51 is relative to ! necessity ( c>efully prun+ & manag+ ! trees dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ( _! gr[?40 ,i quote ! la/ memb] ( ! above ) entire approbation3 t is1 s f> z ! necessity = prun+ is recogniz$ 9 x3 & ,i fur!r ?9k1 t ! reasons :i* are giv5 by ,mr4 ,ma9 = prun+1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he has illu/rat$ 8 pr9ciple--! cle> & satisfactory way 9 :i* he has treat$ ! :ole subject--entitle him to ! confid5ce1 & to ! ?anks1 ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! gr[? ( trees4 ,b ,i am v f> inde$ f agree+ ) him 9 ! op9ion s adv5tur\sly giv51 t 8! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! reception ( ! plants--mann] ( transplant+--! soils mo/ suitable = ea* species--are all ?or\ghly & univ]sally und]/ood40 ,my belief is1 on ! contr>y1 t comp>atively few plant]s1 or woodm51 d 8?or\ghly0 und]/& ^! matt]s4 ,if !y did1 _! practice w\ld n be s ext5sively wrong z x is4 ,if x 7 s1 :y h plant]s s widely diff]$8 ,:y is !re se5 su* discrepancy 9 _! modes ( managem5t8 ,b :at does ,mr4 ,ma9 wi% 8 read]s to und]/& by ! t]m 8practical m508 ,if he ref] to ^? :o h ! ov]sight & ! direction ( ! practical op]ations includ$ 9 ! 8prep>ation ( ! soil = ! reception ( ! plants--mann] ( transplant+--! soils mo/ suitable = ea* species1 c402 & if he wi% to convey ! idea t1 by ?is class ( p]sons1 ^! po9ts are 8?or\ghly & univ]sally und]/ood10 ,i hold him to be :olly & widely wrong3 b if he only mean t sci5tific m51 :o h well /udi$ ! subject1 & :o h writt5 ^u x1 & really intellig5t woodm51 are agre$ z to ! be/ practice1 ,i d n greatly diff] f him2 nor d ,i conceive t ! ma9 po9t1 at :i* ,i h aim$ 9 ?is publication1 w be at all affect$ by any concession :i* ,i make to ?is effect3 my pr9cipal object has be51 & w be1 to %[ t1 h[ev] cle>ly & /rongly may h be5 %[n1 ! propriety ( act+ 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 9 ! orig9al =mation ( ,woods & ,plantations1 9 ! plant+ ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 & 9 ! g5]al managem5t ( !m all1 ! practice ( 8practical m510 has be51 8except z be=e except$10 s bad1 t ! mo/ *>itable conclusion :i* c be drawn is1 t !y 8?or\ghly0 misund]/& almo/ e "p ( ! subject6 ,x seems r to me1 t in/ead ( !re be+ only "o po9t 9 _! practice on :i* !y ne$ enlight5m5t1 t !re is b "o on :i* !y may be said to agree1 & t is 9 a ?or\gh contempt = all rules1 all pr9ciples1 all sci5ce6 9 o!r words1 t ?is class ( p]sons has display$ an am\nt ( ignorance1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 has be5 m _! mis=tune ?an _! fault17 & ! want ( a prop] appreh5sion ( ! nature & ext5t ( _! obligations1 & duties1 :i* has no p>allel 9 ! managem5t ( any o!r description ( prop]ty4 ,b ?is is a digression3 ,i pass on1 !re=e1 to ! "q ( prun+1 on :i* ,i w\ld aga9 comm5d to ! notice ( my read]s1 ! valuable rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,ma91 z well z "s excell5t practical obs]vations f ! p5 ( t vet]an 9 ! s]vice1 ,francis ,blakie1 ,esq41 late ,/ew>d to ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 f ^: small pamphlet1 entitl$ 8,a ,treatise on ! ,managem5t ( ,h$ges & ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]10 ! mo/ useful in=mation may be ga!r$4 ,mr4 ,ma9's is an able & lucid exam9ation ( ! "q ( prun+1 &1 to my ?9k+1 mo/ fully & satisfactorily settles x4 ,he %[s t :5 prun+ is prop]ly done1 & :5 x is comm5c$ e>ly en\gh1 & s manag$ z to secure ! desir$ result 9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 x may n only be done ) safety1 & )\t mat]ial injury to ! timb]1 b t no o!r plan or practice w answ] s well4 ,?is he cle>ly proves ^u sci5tific data1 famili>ly illu/rat$ by num]\s plates1 & confirm$ by practical /atem5ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 only f neglect+ to prune t ! ,plantations ( ?is k+dom _h gone wrong1 ! 8mismanagem5t0 w\ld n h furni%$ a subject = rem>ks s /rong z x n[ does2 b1 z ,i h /at$ ov] & ov] aga91 ! practice is1 9 mo/ cases & on _m acc\nts1 at e /age ( _! progress1 almo/ z bad z x c be4 ,! treatm5t :i* a ,plantation ought to receive1 may be compris$ 9 a v few words4 ,! pr9cipals w require prun+ f an e>ly p]iod aft] be+ plant$1 & ! prun+ mu/ be cont9u$1 m or less1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ei!r e ye> or e alt]nate ye>1 until x is f fifte5 to tw5ty ye>s old2 &1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 a small portion ( ?9n+ w probably be requir$4 ,z to ! nurses1 !y mu/ be wat*$ con/antly aft] ! f\r? ye>1 & !y mu/ be treat$ ) sole ref]5ce to ! prosp]ity ( ! o!r trees2 !y may1 !re=e1 be prun$1 or lopp$ 9 any way t w be/ subs]ve t end4 ,( c\rse ,i am n[ speak+ ( ,plantations :]e ! trees are n put ne>] to ea* o!r ?an ?ree feet1 & :51 9 consequ5ce1 !y mu/ h artificial prun+4 ,9 cases :]e prun+ beg9s soon en\gh1 ! "q :i* has be5 rais$ z to ! mann] ( do+ x--:e!r by close prun+1 snag prun+1 or =e-%ort5+--w n apply4 ,all ! pr9cipals %\ld be close prun$ ) a %>p in/rum5t1 c>e be+ tak5 n to w\nd ! b>k too ext5sively4 ,! pr9ciple to be kept 9 view at all times1 :5 deal+ ) a ,plantation1 is1 to subject x to no sudd5 *anges1 b :5 prun+ is f\nd to be insuffici5t1 to comm5ce a c\rse ( gradual ?9n+1 :i* %all n1 9 any consid]able degree1 at any p]iod1 di/urb ! temp]ature ( ! ,plantation4 ,if ?is po9t be duly att5d$ to1 & a s\nd judgm5t be ex]cis$ 9 select+ ! pr9cipals1 ! plant]'s mo/ sangu9e expectations w n be disappo9t$4 ,s f> z ,i h v5tur$ to (f] sugge/ions = ! prop] managem5t ( ,plantations1 ,i h int5d$ !m to apply to su* z are n ov] tw5ty ye>s ( age2 b x is well kn[n to all :o conc]n !mselves 9 su* matt]s1 t a class ( ,plantations rang+ above t age1 up to =ty or fifty1 may be met ) 9 v>i\s localities1 :i* /&s mu* 9 ne$ ( bett] 8managem5t40 ,9 all cases ( great neglect1 :i* has be5 cont9u$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 ! nice/ judgm5t is necess>y4 ,! difficulty is1 h[ev]1 always 9 proportion to ! degree ( neglect4 ,:]e ! trees h be5 put 9 ?ickly1 & no?+1 or almo/ no?+1 has be5 done1 little c be expect$ ev5 f ! mo/ judici\s treatm5t2 b /ill ! means ought to be tri$1 = "o ?+ is q c]ta91 viz41 t ! long] rem$ial /eps are put (f1 ! less *ance !re mu/ be ( _! do+ any good4 ,if1 :5 ! ,plantation has be5 ?us neglect$1 a p]son is call$ 9 :o does n fully und]/& :at he is ab\t1 irrep>able mis*ief w be done3 he is almo/ sure to ?9 too freely4 ,a proprietor ( long neglect$ ,plantations mu/1 !re=e1 be well assur$ be=eh&1 t ! p]son he employs w be guid$ 9 ! c\rse he takes by correct views1 bo? practical & sci5tific1 ^u ! :ole subject2 & :5 su* is ! case1 ! mo/ suitable & appropriate plans w be adopt$4 ,%\ld any "o dem& ( me be=e ,i close1 "s data on :i* he may judge :e!r or n a ,plantation is 9 a condition requir+ unusual att5tion1 ,i (f] ! foll[+3 ,fir/3 ,if1 ^u exam9ation1 x be f\nd t ! trees int5d$ = timb] h n an aspect & position sup]ior to ! o!rs :i* are ar\nd !m3 ,secondly3 ,if1 at any p]iod aft] tw5ty ye>s f ! "t ( plant+1 x be f\nd difficult to id5tify & po9t out ! trees :i* are to be ! f9al crop3 ,?irdly3 ,:5 !re are any decid$ indications ( a want ( heal? & vig\r1 !re is pro( suffici5t t some?+ m is requir$ to be done ?an has yet be5 done4 ,! gross] cases ( ,plantations :i* h nev] be5 ent]$ = any purpose1 = five1 t51 fifte51 or tw5ty ye>s toge!r1 ne$ n be po9t$ at4 ,e "o :o sees !m mu/ p]ceive ! necessity ( _! be+ reliev$ )\t loss ( "t4 ,no plant1 ( :i* we h any k1 c exi/ )\t light & air1 & 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* !y are exclud$ f ,plantations1 w be ! injuri\s effect produc$ ^u ! heal? ( ! trees4 ,9 fact1 x may be laid d[n z a univ]sal rule1 t 9 proportion to ! judgm5t & discrim9ation :i* are ex]cis$ 9 gradually admitt+ bo? light & air into ,plantations1 ( almo/ e description1 w be _! heal?y progress4 ,i conclude my rem>ks on ?is "p ( my subject by obs]v+ t1 hav+ admitt$1 z ,i mo/ fully & readily d1 t a few in/ances may be met ) 9 almo/ e c\nty :]e ! sci5ce ( ,arboriculture is tol]ably well und]/ood1 & its pr9ciples c>ri$ out1 ,i mu/ /ill cont5d t cases en\gh may be f\nd--,fir/2 ( a want ( prep>ation ( ! gr\nd3 ,secondly2 ( an improp] selection ( plants1 ei!r z to k9d or size3 ,?irdly2 ( an unsuitable admixture ( !m3 ,f\r?ly2 ( mi/akes committ$ z to _! di/ance f ea* o!r3 ,fif?ly2 :5 !y are injur$ = want ( e>ly att5tion3 ,six?ly2 :5 injury is done to !m = want (1 or f imprud5t1 or excessive1 ?9n+1 to fully ju/ify me1 or any "o else1 9 br++ be=e ! public ! 8mismanagem5t0 ( ,plantations4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,timb]4 ,9 comm5c+ ?is1 ! ?ird "p ( my subject1 ,i am fully impress$ ) a s5se ( its magnitude & difficulty2 & no?+ b a ?or\gh conviction re/+ on my own m9d1 ( ! tru? ( ! position :i* ,i h tak5 ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t /ate1 & ! pres5t managem5t ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 w\ld h embold5$ me to give expression to views :i* _c b be unpalatable to _m1 h[ev] j !y may be1 & h[ev] /rong _! claim1 to ! s]i\s notice ( o!rs4 ,i am fully prep>$ to expect t c5sure may be dealt out by "s1 9 n v measur$ t]ms1 b ?is does n move me3 hav+ no?+ b a pla91 unv>ni%$ tale to tell1 ,i %all tell t tale z fe>lessly z if ,i 7 ab\t to p\r sweete/ music into ! e>s ( ^? :o may read4 ,i "k :]e( ,i speak2 & :ile ,i h z little fe> ( any "o successfully attempt+ to disprove :at ,i %all advance1 z ,i h at pres5t1 ,i c contemplate1 )\t a s+le di/urb$ feel+1 ! liability to :i* ,i %all assur$ly expose myself1 ( hav+ sundry missiles ?r[n at me by ^? :o are deeply implicat$ 9 ! pres5t 8mismanagem5t0 ( ?is valuable prop]ty4 ,?us mu* ) ref]5ce to ^? :o are 9 (fices ( tru/ & confid5ce1 z ! manag]s ( ,woods1 ,plantations1 & ,h$ge-,r[s1 if any su* %all fav\r me ) a p]usal4 ,b ,i may n proce$ any fur!r1 be=e ,i say a few words 9 deprecation ( ! displeasure ( a m important class ( p]sons :o w1 ,i tru/1 d me ! hon\r to read my 8,rem>ks02 ,i mean1 ! proprietors ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]4 ,to ^!--or r to t portion ( !m :o h hi!rto paid little att5tion to ?is "p ( _! prop]ty--,i w\ld say1 let my obs]vations be 8weigh$ 9 ! balances10 &1 if !y are 8f\nd want+10 let ^! be set aga9/ :at _c be call$ m ?an a v5ial error--an error ( judgm5t--! /rong1 ! ard5t desire t ,i h to see introduc$ ! correction ( :at ,i h1 at lea/1 deem$ to be1 a s]i\s mis*ief4 ,if ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] has be5 8mismanag$0--& :o c d\bt x--on :om %all ! blame fall8 ,z ,i h m ?an once said be=e1 n on a class ( m5 :o1 f _! education1 mu/ necess>ily be limit$ to ! me*anical duties connect$ ) _! (fice1 b on ! ,own]s ( ,timb]1 f :om ei!r directly1 or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( p]sons duly qualifi$1 su* rules & regulations ought to proce$1 z w\ld insure a bett] sy/em ( managem5t4 ,practices are all[$1 & su* a /ate ( ?+s is p]mitt$ by ! proprietors ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 z abundantly prove t _m ( !m h nev] ei!r und]/ood its value1 or giv5 !mselves ! tr\ble to enquire :e!r x 0 "u a c\rse ( suitable treatm5t or n4 ,i h /at$ t ,i consid] ! "q :i* ,i am h&l+ a difficult "o4 ,i feel x to be s--n because ,i h any difficulty 9 prov+ 8mismanagem5t0 on ! "p ( ^? :o h to d ) ! timb] ( our h$ges--n because ,i c feel a d\bt t my /atem5ts w c>ry conviction along ) !m2 b because ,i mu/ necess>ily come into collision1 bo? ) ! ref9$ ta/es1 & ) ! prejudices1 ( _m ( my read]s4 ,= in/ance3 if ,i ass]t1 z ,i d )\t any hesitation1 t _m ,noblem5 & ,g5tlem5 suff] _! ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] to /& mu* too long--:]e is ! admir] ( ! beauties ( l&scape sc5]y1 :o w n in/antly1 & p]haps indignantly1 ?r[ d[n my book1 & *>ge me ) be+ ! mo/ presumptu\s ( grumbl]s1 &1 z to ta/e1 a v h]etic6 ,if to su* a *>ge z ?is ,i plead 8n guilty10 z1 aft] all t c be said1 ,i really mu/ d1 ,i am aw>e t ,i mu/ be prep>$ ) a v /rong def5ce4 ,i ?9k ,i am s prep>$4 ,my def5ce w re/ on ?ree pr9cipal po9ts1 :i* x w be my endeav\r to br+ out 9 ! c\rse ( my 8,rem>ks3 viz43 ,fir/2 ,i %all %[ t ! magnitude ( ! sacrifice :i* arises f ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] be+ suff]$ to /& s long1 is disproportionate to ! good result+ f x4 ,secondly2 t ! embelli%m5t ( a l&scape does n necess>ily include ! p]petuity ( any "o race ( timb] trees4 ,& ?irdly2 t ! pres5t mode ( 8mismanag+0 ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 is a p]petual (f5ce aga9/ good ta/e40 ,al?\gh ,i h arrang$ my ?ree propositions z above1 ,i d n int5d to b9d myself to take !m up aga91 & dispose ( !m 9 consecutive ord]3 ,i h nei!r "t nor ! ability to adapt my 8rem>ks0 to ! niceties ( exact logical arrangem5t2 x w be suffici5t = me1 if ,i %all succe$ 9 leav+ ^u ! m9ds ( ^? :o may read !m1 an impression ( _! tru?4 ,if t result is arriv$ at1 x surely w be q suffici5t to draw ! p>ticul> att5tion ( proprietors to ! subject2 :i* w be m ?an half way t[>ds secur+ ! improvem5t :i* is s l\dly call$ =2 & t w\ld be z mu* p]haps1 z c\ld at once be reasonably expect$4 ,x may n be amiss to glance = an in/ant1 at ! value ( ! prop]ty ab\t :i* ,i am writ+4 ,few p1 ,i imag9e1 h any prop] conception ( ! aggregate am\nt4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to (f] m ?an a conjecture on ! subject2 b probably x is n less1 9 ,engl& alone1 ?an ,"o ,hundr$ ,millions /]l+6 ,x is q cle> t a c\rse ( managem5t :i* only1 9 "s ( its details1 falls %ort ( :at x ought to be1 w\ld involve1 z x affect$ su* an imm5se inve/m5t1 a v s]i\s loss to somebody4 ,h[ mu* m s]i\s !n1 mu/ x be1 if1 n only "s ( ! m9or details ( managem5t1 b ! entire c\rse ( treatm5t1 be radically wrong1 z x respects a consid]able proportion1 & v defective inde$ z to ! rema9d]8 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to /op "h ) a view to argue1 9 pro( ( :at mu/ appe> to e "o to be no?+ less ?an an axiom4 ,t proprietors ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] are n solely influ5c$ by consid]ations ( ta/e 9 _! managem5t ( x1 is mo/ evid5t to an exp]i5c$ eye2 b ! heavy loss1 :i* is consequ5t ^u all[+ x to /& s long1 has1 probably1 nev] be5 fairly und]/ood by !m1 or "s ef=ts w\ld h be5 made to prev5t x4 ,if a ,nobleman or ,g5tleman m]ely suff]$ 8 timb] to /& beyond maturity 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 h\se1 or on ! doma9 :]e 8 mansion /ood1 h[ev] ext5sive x might be3--or if he g5]\sly sp>$ ! trees :i*1 ?\gh at a great di/ance f 8 resid5ce1 7 s plac$ z to enri*1 if n con/itute ! pr9cipal beauty (1 "s spl5did sc5e 9 nature1 no "o1 :o possesses a gra9 ( ta/e1 w\ld regret x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld feel grateful = ?is sacrifice to "o ( ! mo/ hall[$ emotions ( ! he>t1 :5 survey+ ! ,creator's works1 :i* are all p]fect2 & ! t\*es ( ^: p5cil are all lovel9ess--:e!r z se5 9 ! refre%+ beauty ( foliage :i* di/+ui%es ! v]nal season1 or ! mell[$ m+l+s ( ,autumn's en*ant+ exhibitions3 b :5 x is consid]$1 t a majority ( ! ,nobility & ,g5try1 ?us treat _! remote & ev5 mo/ di/ant e/ates1 :]e besides1 !re is no?+ p>ticul>ly attractive 9 ! sc5]y1 ! propriety ( ! c\rse :i* !y pursue may1 ,i ?9k1 be fairly que/ion$4 ,"s o!r reason !re=e1 ?an a def]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( good ta/e mu/ be f\nd1 9 ord] to acc\nt = _! conduct2 & 9 look+ r\nd = a reason ,i %\ld say1 a good deal mu/ be set d[n to indiff]5ce1 & pure neglect4 ,?is ,i say1 because x w n admit ( "q1 t a mo/ ext5sive loss arises1 bo? to !mselves1 & ! community 9 consequ5ce2 & x is n (t5 t g5tlem5 wilfully close _! eyes to ! importance ( pecuni>y consid]ations1 except !re is "s p[]ful & ju/ifiable reason :i* leads !m to d s4 ,)\t speculat+ fur!r z to ! precise cause1 x is c]ta9 t ! am\nt ( prop]ty :i* is ?us wa/$1 absolutely wa/$--& 9 almo/ e case )\t any advantage to any p>ty :atev]--is enorm\s1 z x w\ld be easy to %[ by /ati/ical details & calculations1 apply+ to any e/ate :]e ?is horror ( fell+ timb] may h exi/$ = half a c5tury4 ,7 ?is accurately done1 !re c\ld n b be su* a %[+1 z w\ld fully e/abli% ! tru? ( :at ,i h advanc$4 ,!re w\ld inde$ be no difficulty 9 fix+ ^u an e/ate1 9 any locality1 :i* w\ld illu/rate my position1 b ,i %all n "h attempt x1 = v>i\s reasons1 :i* w be obvi\s to all4 ,x w\ld be travell+ beyond ! b\nds ( legitimate rem>k1 7 ,i to ref] to any p>ticul> e/ate1 & any o!r ref]5ces1 h[ev] accurate 9 po9t ( fact1 w\ld n be suffici5tly specific4 ,i w\ld r recomm5d any g5tleman ^: e/ate may be pretty well cov]$ ) timb]1 already1 or long s9ce1 arriv$ at maturity1 to make z ne> an e/imate z he c ( its pres5t value1 or procure x to be made2 & hav+ calculat$ ! am\nt :i* w\ld be exhibit$ ( ! gross sum at comp\nd int]e/1 = any giv5 t]m ( ye>s1 !n let him 8try back10 & endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at1 accord+ to ?is mode ( calculation1 may h be5 8 individual loss4 ,b :5 a g5tleman coolly makes up 8 m9d to all[ 8 ,timb] ,trees to g to decay )\t ev] int5d+1 or wi%+1 to make any ?+ ( !m1 :y !n1 9 t case1 no?+ c be advanc$1 b to sugge/ ! means ( protract+ _! exi/5ce to ! longe/ possible p]iod4 ,x is impossible n to d homage to ! feel+ :i* prompts a g5tleman to make s l>ge a sacrifice to ta/e1 z to suff] ! great] "p ( 8 ,h$ge-r[ & deta*$ ,timb] to p]i% by sl[ decay2 b if x c be prov$ t he acts ^u mi/ak5 views1 & t1 by a bett] sy/em ( managem5t1 8 object might be ga9$ )\t ! v s]i\s pecuni>y loss :i*1 on ! o!r plan1 he mu/ necess>ily suff]1 x _c be d\bt$ t su* a sugge/ion ought to comm& 8 in/ant att5tion4 ,x w h>dly be d5i$1 ,i ?9k1 by any "o :o fully und]/&s ! subject1 t su* a regul> succession ( ,timb] ,trees 9 ! ,fields & ,h$ge-r[s might be secur$ by a prop] sy/em ( managem5t1 z w\ld su/a9 & p]petuate ! beauties ( ! l&scape1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ne>ly e tree %\ld be tak5 9 its turn z x arriv$ at maturity4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 require an entire *ange ( sy/em1 or r ( practice1 & ! *ange w\ld necess>ily involve a consid]able outlay1 inasmu* z a con/ant sup]vision w\ld be requir$ f ! "t ( plant+1 b :atev] might be ! exp5se1 x w\ld be amply return$2 & :atev] might be ! app>5t difficulty1 x w\ld n be su* b t skill & p]sev]ance w\ld be sure to surm\nt x4 ,if !n ! objection :i* w\ld be made by ! man ( ta/e1 to ! fell+ ( ,h$ge-r[ & deta*$ ,timb]1 c\ld be effectually obviat$1 by provid+ a regul> succession to take ! place ( su* z might be cut d[n--= ! diff]5ce ( a few y>ds 9 ! site ne$ h>dly be tak5 into ! acc\nt--"o great difficulty1 at lea/1 w\ld be ov]come2 & in/ead ( wa/+1 z is done "u ! pres5t practice1 a quantity ( ,timb]1 ! aggregate value ( :i* makes x an object ( national importance1 ! gr[]s might take d[n _! trees :5 !y arriv$ at maturity1 & ?us produce a con/ant supply ( ! be/ sort = home consumption3 & x w n surely be argu$ by ! mo/ det]m9$ advocate = free trade1 t x w\ld be = ! int]e/ ( ! ,engli% ,g5tleman to give a high] price = ,=eign ,p9e ?an he w\ld be able to make ( home-gr[n ,oak6 ,no6 emphatically ,no66 ,:5 ! navy requires x1 by all means let x be s appropriat$1 & if ! dem& be suffici5t f t qu>t]1 ! relative price w be kept up1 b let n ,engli% he>t ( ,oak be r$uc$ 9 our home m>ket bel[ ! value ( an inf]ior article1 ) all ! co/s ( transit add$ to ! orig9al price4 ,?is 7 inde$ to %[ a mo/ extravagant & unacc\ntable pref]5ce ( a crot*et ov] ! obvi\s dictates ( reason1 & ! sugge/ions ( prud5ce4 ,x w\ld inde$ be to drop ! sub/ance1 & grasp at ! %ad[4 ,i tru/ ,i may n[ conclude t ,i h satisfactorily prov$1 n only t ! 8magnitude ( ! sacrifice :i* ! pres5t practice involves is disproportionate to ! good result+10 b t 8! embelli%m5t ( a l&scape does n necess>ily include ! p]petuity ( any "o race ( ,trees40 ,9 h&l+ ! rema9+ proposition1 & 9 endeav\r+ to prove t ! pres5t treatm5t ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] is 8a p]petual (f5ce aga9/ good ta/e10 ,i %all at ! same "t1 be accumulat+ evid5ce 9 support ( ! o!r two4 ,x is prop] to rem>k be=e ,i proce$ any fur!r1 t :5 ,i speak ( ,timb] be+ all[$ to /& too long1 & ( ! consequ5t heavy loss ^u x to ! proprietors1 ,i ref] to su* z belongs to ! ,nobility & ,g5try1 =1 al?\gh _! example has 9 ?is1 z well z 9 e ?+ else1 "s effect ^u ^? bel[ !m1 x does happ5 t1 9 ?is respect at lea/1 ! middle classes are wis] 9 _! day & g5]ation ?an _! sup]iors1 ! ,timb] ^u small e/ates be+ g5]ally tak5 d[n at an e>li] p]iod ?an on l>ge ones4 ,!re is inde$ among ! high] ord]s--( c\rse ) a few exceptions--a prejudice aga9/ fell+ ,timb]1 old] ?an ! olde/ ,timb] ,tree 9 exi/5ce2 & z /rong z ! mo/ en?usia/ic admir] ( ! beauties ( l&scape sc5]y c desire x to be3 & s f> is ?is feel+ c>ri$1 t1 by _m1 ,timb] ( ! mo/ unsightly "*1 & 9 situations :]e x c be associat$ ) no idea connect$ ) ! sc5]y1 is religi\sly sp>$1 & sp>$ long aft] x has ceas$ to be ei!r useful or ornam5tal :]e x /&s4 ,hav+ v5tur$ ?us /rongly to po9t out ! loss to proprietors1 ,i w n[ %[1 by an example1 h[ ! community is affect$ by ! dis9cl9ation to fell "o p>ticul> k9d ( timb]2 viz41 ! ,a%4 ,?is tree is h>dly ev] cut d[n be=e x becomes exce$+ly t5d]2 & z almo/ e agricultural implem5t is ei!r :olly1 or p>tly compos$ ( x1 ! consum]s--^? :o we> out ! wagons & c>ts1 ! pl\ghs & h>r[s--are proportionate suff]]s2 = x _c = a mom5t be suppos$1 t timb] :i* is 9 ! la/ /age ( decay1 or inde$1 approa*+ to t /age1 w we> half s long z t :i* is cut d[n z soon z x has arriv$ at full maturity4 ,! p]iod :5 x has done s1 w be indicat$ to a practic$ eye1 at a s+le glance1 ev5 ) t class ( trees :i* has _h fair play2 or 9 o!r words1 :]e premature decay has n be5 br\ght on by mal-treatm5t4 ,b ! latt] class is by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 & x requires v little ei!r ( sci5ce1 or ( k ( a practical k9d1 to tea* a man h[ to deal ) !m4 ,x is ( no use to let !m /&4 ,if !y are n want$ = ornam5t1 ! soon] !y are fell$ ! bett]1 = ! process ( decay is v rapid 9 ?is p>ticul> tree4 ,_! e>ly removal is fur!r necess>y1 because !y injuri\sly affect ! ,f>m] 9 ano!r way1 z ,i w %[4 ,! roots1 c4 ( "o s+le ,a% ,tree are said to am\nt to a million 9 numb]1 & to ext5d !mselves z f> all r\nd ! bole z ! bran*es4 ,i d n pr(ess to be able to =m a v decid$ op9ion z to ! numb] ( ! roots1 rootlets1 fibres1 c41 b ,i h se5 q en\gh ( ! habits ( ! tree to conv9ce me1 t ! roots ext5d !mselves mu* f>!r ?an is "h suppos$2 & x is well kn[n to all f>m]s1 t to a di/ance f> beyond ?is1 vegetation is almo/ totally de/roy$2 & t1 ne> a ,h$ge-r[ 7divid+ two arable fields7 :i* is fill$ ) fil?y1 scabb$1 /unt$ ,a% ,trees1 :i*1 f 8mismanagem5t10 h be5 br\ght into su* a condition z positively to be mak+ no progress at all1 s[ :at he may1 ! f>m] c nev] reap any ?+3 & yet ^! unsightly ?+s1 :i* are ! late/ ( all o!r ( our common decidu\s trees1 9 gett+ _! foliage1 & almo/ ! e>lie/ out aga91 are suff]$ to l+] out _! feeble1 b blight+ exi/5ce1 until by sl[ decay !y become s uns\nd1 t ! w9d bl[s !m d[n1 & !y are fit = no?+ b ! fire6 or1 if !y d n actually rea* ?is /age1 !y are only cut d[n because ! own] has ! fe> ( su* a result be=e 8 eyes6 ,a volume might be writt5 ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> tree1 7 x necess>y to take up e "o ( ! po9ts :i* pres5t !mselves1 z condemn+ ! pres5t practice 9 its managem5t1 b t is n ne$$1 = ! ,a% ,tree is s g5]ally met ) 9 a diseas$ /ate1 t x may be consid]$ z ! subject ( gross] 8mis-managem5t0 ?an any o!r ( our dome/ic trees4 ,if any "o /ill d5y ?is1 let him look r\nd him & say1 :y ,h$ge-r[s s ab\nd e :]e1 9 puny1 sickly1 ,a% ,timb]1 :i* _c possibly atta9 to a useful size3 & :5 he has confess$ ! fact1 t !y really d exi/ 9 t /ate1 ,i w reit]ate ! ass]tion1 t ! cause is bad managem5t6 ,if ! pres5t condition ( ,h$ge-r[ ,a%1 g5]ally1 does n prove 8mis-managem5t10 ,i am at a loss to "k :at does1 = :5 ! diff]5t k9ds are plant$ ^u a cong5ial soil1 if !y be prop]ly treat$1 !y w cont9ue to gr[1 m or less rapidly1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & = a long] or %ort] p]iod1 z ! natural t]m ( _! exi/5ce may rule3 b z !y are n[ treat$1 !y are nev] heal?y1 = ! pr9ciple ( decay is introduc$ at a v e>ly /age ( _! exi/5ce1 & 9 consequ5ce1 premature old age is br\ght on4 ,to ! abs5ce ( e>ly tra9+1 may be attribut$ mu* ( :at is se5 to be wrong 9 ! pres5t condition & quality ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 b mu* m to ! vile practice ( mutilat+ ! trees1 :i* almo/ e :]e obta9s4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 "s qu>t]s1 su* p]fect indiff]5ce manife/$ ab\t ! well-be+ ( ! trees1 t free lic5ce is all[$ to ! t5ants ( ! l& to d z !y w ) !m3 & free use !y make ( x1 z may well be suppos$1 & z is abundantly evid5t 9 all su* places4 ,& :y %\ld x be o!rwise8 ,x has s long be5 ! practice1 & x is s f> out ( _! way to really und]/& ! matt]1 t f>m]s may well be excus$4 ,!y cut (f ! roots1 & r$uce ! ext5t ( ! bran*es1 ( _! enemy1 9 self def5ce2 & )\t hav+ ! remote/ idea t !y are do+ s s]i\s an injury to ! prop]ty ( _! l&lords4 ,?is is fully prov$ by ! fact1 t !y treat _! own trees 9 precisely ! same way4 ,x is1 !n1 to ! indiff]5ce t has hi!rto be5 manife/$ by ! proprietors ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 & ! consequ5t preval5ce ( mi/ak5 views on ! subject1 t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s is to be attribut$4 ,"s g5tlem5 d inde$ introduce into _! ,agreem5ts1 clauses affect+ to provide aga9/ ! mis*iev\s prun+ :i* is "h condemn$1 b1 except 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a mansion1 :]e a /rict look out is g5]ally kept1 !y are q inop]ative--!y are a dead lett]1 = n only does ! prun+ g on1 b1 z ,i h j h9t$1 ! trees are (t5 attack$ bel[ too1 & depriv$ ( _! roots1 z well z _! bran*es1 ?us cutt+ (f _! supply ( nutrim5t f ! atmosph]e above1 & f _! legitimate s\rces ( supply f ! soil4 ,bo? ^! practices ought to be mo/ /rictly int]dict$4 ,my indignation & regret h a ?\s& times be5 excit$1 on see+ ! noble/ ( all our ,h$ge-r[ ,trees1 ! ,oak1 clipp$ ( its beautiful proportions1 & r$uc$ by repeat$ sn>+1 z x is mo/ aptly call$1 to ! capacity & %ape ( a huge besom6 & by ?is truly infam\s treatm5t1 depriv$ n only ( all its sc5ic beauty1 b actually ( its specific "*6 &1 if n altoge!r /opp$ 9 its gr[?1 r5d]$ utt]ly wor?less = application to ! *ief end & purpose = :i* x is adapt$ & int5d$4 ,i ne$ n say1 t ,i mean--! build+ ( %ips4 ,^u ?is subject !re ought n to be two op9ions3 nei!r w !re1 among ^? :o really und]/& x2 b x is mu* to be lam5t$1 t a v l>ge portion ( ! ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] ( ?is c\ntry is 9 ! h&s ( p]sons :o ei!r d n und]/& ! managem5t ( x1 or :o are indiff]5t ab\t x4 ,x v frequ5tly happ5s1 t !re is no p]son b ! ,l& ,/ew>d1 :o c make any pret5sions to a correct judgm5t 9 ! matt]1 & he has (t5 q en\gh to att5d to1 )\t s responsible a duty z ?is is--be+ add$ to 8 dep>tm5t4 ,he !re=e1 v naturally1 att5ds to ^? duties :i* are indisp5sable2 & z = ! ,timb]1 c4 c4 he only ?9ks ab\t x s]i\sly1 :5 he wi%es to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( x he c turn to pr(it4 ,e consid]able e/ate ought to h a p]son ^u x1 ^: att5tion %all exclusively be devot$ to ! sup]vision ( ! ,woods1 ,plantations & ,h$ge ,r[s1 c4 ,he %\ld be a well-educat$ & an intellig5t man2 & %\ld be s well-paid = 8 s]vices1 z to feel t 8 employ] has a moral claim ^u him1 = ! entire devotion ( 8 m9d1 z well z 8 physical p[]s1 to ! effici5t dis*>ge ( 8 duties4 ,an inquiry into ! natural hi/ory ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 if ,i may s speak ( x1 w\ld furni% a field = highly int]e/+ rem>k1 & x w\ld assur$ly remove any d\bts t might rema9 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h gone no f>!r ?an to suspect t ! managem5t ( x has be5 bad4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! ,timb] ( our ,h$ges is ! product ( *ance1 or ev5 worse ?an t1 t x has gr[n to :at x is1 not)/&+ t x has be5 subject$ to ! mo/ b>b>\s treatm5t2 x is impossible n to p]ceive1 t if x _h be5 wat*$ & t5d$ z x ought to h be51 x w\ld h equall$ any ?+ t c\ld h be5 conceiv$ ( x4 ,! classes ( trees :i* may be met ) 9 our ,h$ge-r[s are v>i\s1 & are s situat$ 9 _m places1 z to really give rise to ! idea j n[ ref]r$ to--t !y are f\nd !re1 m z a matt] ( *ance1 ?an ( design3 & ?is may be assign$1 p>tly at lea/1 z ! reason :y !y h be5 s neglect$1 or s %amefully us$4 ,if !y _h be5 plant$1 & if any calculation at all 7 made be=e plant+1 x might be imag9$ t a g5tleman w\ld wi% to asc]ta9 :at w\ld be ! sure/ mode ( rais+ a class ( f9e unblemi%$ trees1 :e!r !y 7 ,oaks1 or ,elms1 or ,a%1 or any o!r k9d2 & hav+ c>efully1 & at "s exp5se1 introduc$ !m into 8 h$ges1 x is difficult to suppose1 t he w\ld ei!r leave !m to %ift = !mselves1 or to ! t5d] m]cies ( _! natural enemies1 ! occupi]s ( ! l& on :i* !y might be gr[+3 x is !re=e m ?an probable1 t a consid]able proportion ( !m are 9 ! h$ges m by accid5t ?an any ?+ else4 ,b h[ev] t may be1 ! fact rema9s ! same3 !y are1 v g5]ally1 /&+ memorials ( ! ignorance ( ! m5 9 ^: c>e !y h be5 plac$1 & a triumphant v9dication ( ! propriety ( my title4 ,if ,h$ge-r[ ,trees h l5g? ( bole1 !y h x--n because !y 7 prop]ly tra9$ & assi/$ :5 !y 7 "y1 & !re=e ne$$ x1 b--9 consequ5ce1 mo/ likely1 ( indiscrim9ate lopp+ & prun+ at "s =m] p]iod ( _! gr[?1 ! fruits ( :i*1 al?\gh n[ invisible to ! unpractic$ eye1 w appe> h]eaft]1 to ! dismay1 & s]i\s loss1 ( ! p]son :o may h to saw !m up4 ,i h else:]e giv5 my op9ion v freely on ! subject ( prun+1 b z x w be necess>y j to glance at x1 9 connection ) ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 ,i w aga9 take ! ,oak1 :i* is almo/ ! only tree t ,i w\ld recomm5d = h$ges4 ,z ?is noble tree w naturally gr[ ( a bu%-l %ape1 :5 /&+ alone1 x is absolutely necess>y t x be prun$1 or x w n acquire suffici5t l5g? ( /em4 ,i am n1 !re=e1 ! :olesale condemn] ( prun+1 ev5 ( ,h$ge-r[ ,trees1 b ,i w\ld h no prun+ done aft] !y _h arriv$ at a c]ta9 age--say1 tw5ty ye>s3 all "w ( ?is k9d %\ld be done dur+ ! infancy ( ! tree1 or n at all4 ,i w\ld mu* soon] cut d[n a tree1 if x _h n suffici5t l5g? ( bole1 & tru/ to ! *ance ( rais+ a bett] f its /ool1 ?an take (f l>ge bran*es1 p>ticul>ly if x 0 n ov] ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,inde$ ! =m] me?od ( repair+ ! mis*ief ( long neglect1 appe>s to me z "o peculi>ly adapt$ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* "s e/ates are plac$1 z to ! timb]2 & ,i %\ld n hesitate to adopt x ^u an ext5sive scale4 ,i h1 9 fact1 se5 _m e/ates :]e ,i %\ld cut d[n ,oaks v freely1 :i* h n l5g? ( bole1 or :i*1 f "s cause or o!r1 are n heal?y2 ev5 ?\gh !y might n produce timb] en\gh to pay = ! co/ ( cutt+4 ,!re are e/ates )9 less ?an two h\rs ride ( my resid5ce1 :i* are app>5tly well /ock$ ) timb]1 b x is ( su* quality t1 7 x "u my own managem5t1 ,i %\ld in/antly cut x d[n2 & f a l>ge proportion ( ! /ools ,i %\ld tra9 up a new race ( trees4 ,^! w\ld1 if well att5d$ to1 gr[ into a class & quality ( timb]1 v little1 if at all1 inf]ior to maid5 trees2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 f ^? :i* are /&+1 :atev] l5g? ( "t !y may rema91 no?+ c be expect$1 b a small quantity ( timb]1 & t ( middl+ quality4 ,b to return to prun+4 ,9 a ,wood1 or a ,plantation1 trees w draw up ea* o!r to a c]ta9 l5g?1 & _m ( ! lat]al bran*es1 f ! exclusion ( light & air1 w die1 & "s ( !m w fall (f2 ?is is1 ( c\rse1 natural prun+3 b 9 a ,h$ge-r[1 !y h no su* help1 !y w1 !re=e1 require artificial prun+2 :i* %\ld comm5ce at ! "t ( plant+1 & cont9ue until x c be se5 t !y w assur$ly acquire ample l5g? ( bole4 ,! k9d ( prun+ :i* is "h advocat$ _c possibly d any h>m1 if x be well done1 & done at a prop] season4 ,! s\ndness ( an ,oak w 9 no degree be impair$ by x2 & consequ5tly1 x w be1 on all acc\nts1 m s]viceable = naval purposes1 ?an if x 7 n prun$2 = x w n surely be cont5d$1 t cle>ness ( gra91 & l5g? ( /em1 are n likely to recomm5d x to ! %ip-build]4 ,s f> f hav+ a d\bt ^u ?is po9t1 ,i am ( op9ion t timb] ?us c>efully tra9$1 w be1 on e acc\nt1 incomp>ably sup]ior to t :i* is at pres5t obta9$ f our ,h$ge-r[s2--x w exhibit a heal?y developem5t1 f ! pi? to ! alburnum2 s t :]ev] !re is a b5d1 a crook1 or a knee1 9 x1 ! pur*as] w be sure t x is s\nd--:]eas ! v opposite is ! case ) by f> ! great] "p ( t :i* n[ comes into ! m>ket4 ,! reckless ext5t to :i* ! abom9able practice ( prun+1 lopp+1 or sn>+--:i*ev] x may be call$--is c>ri$1 r5d]s ! conv]sion ( timb] a v haz>d\s speculation1 & %\ld long s9ce h taught ! gr[]s ( x1 to avoid ! commission ( su* an error !mselves1 & to impose a heavy p5alty on all ^? belong+ to !m1 :o %\ld be f\nd guilty ( x4 ,to illu/rate a little fur!r ! /atem5t "h made1 & ! op9ion "h giv51 x may be rem>k$1 t ! effect ( su* a vile mutilation ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] z is1 9 almo/ e qu>t]1 p]mitt$1 is se5 & felt mo/ 9 ^? v p>ts :]e /r5g? is mo/ want$1 & :i*1 if s\nd1 w\ld r5d] ! timb] s mu* ! m valuable4 ,x is on ! outsides ( b5ds or knees1 t blemi%es are s frequ5tly f\nd1 & :i* are (t5 s consid]able1 z to r$uce ! value ( a valuable crook to almo/ no?+4 ,^! defects 9 timb] are sometimes s f> )9 ! body ( ! tree1 z to elude ! scrut9y ( ! ke5e/ eye1 prov+1 9 "s v old trees1 t prun+ is n an evil ( mod]n date4 ,9 a /ill great] proportion1 z to ! :ole quantity1 h[ev]1 ! eye ( ,%ip-build]s1 or ,timb] ,m]*ants--all ( :om h frequ5tly be5 bitt5--w detect1 f ext]nal appe>ances1 ! snag-prun+1 cov]$ ov] bo? ) wood & b>k2 & consequ5tly1 !y protect !mselves z well z !y c 9 _! pur*ases1 aga9/ ! cont+5cy ( uns\nd timb]1 by %ap+ _! (f]s accord+ly4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 affects ! sell] 9 no inconsid]able degree1 & is "o o!r reason :y he %\ld put a /op to ! practice ( prun+ altoge!r1 except :5 x c\ld be done "u ! eye ( 8 own ,wood ,manag]4 ,! la/ po9t connect$ ) ,h$ge-r[ ,trees :i* ,i %all m5tion1 is ! plant+ ( !m2 b ^u ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i %all n say mu*4 ,i might1 inde$1 h pass$ x ov] 9 sil5ce1 & /ill h fulfill$ ! requirem5ts ( my ,title-page2 b inasmu* z ! plant+ ( ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 mu/ =m a "p ( an improv$ sy/em ( managem5t1 h[ev] x may be left out ( ! pres5t practice1 x does n seem q "r to ov]look x altoge!r4 ,if ,h$ge-r[ ,trees are to succe$ at all1 !y mu/ h a good />t2 & if !y are to h a good />t1 !re mu/1 ( necessity1 be "s tr\ble be/[$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! site on :i* !y are to be plant$4 ,9 ! f5ces ( new inclosures !re w be no difficulty at all4 ,if ! bord]1 z x is (t5 call$1 be well prep>$ = ! quick1 x w be 9 a "r /ate = an ,oak ,tree2 & x w\ld really appe> to be a piece ( unacc\ntable neglect--an inexpla9able circum/ance1 z ! act ( a man ( bus9ess--if a tract ( l& 7 to be enclos$1 & new f5ces put d[n1 )\t ! opportunity be+ seiz$ to plant a suitable numb] ( ,oak ,trees4 ,i say1 ( ,oak ,trees1 because ,i am p]suad$ t x w\ld be v difficult inde$ to f9d a locality :]e any o!r k9d ( timb]1 o!r circum/ances be+ equal1 w\ld be likely to pay s well4 ,9 ! l9e ( e ,quick f5ce1 !n1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d t heal?y ,oak ,plants1 ( f\r ye>s old1 :i* h be5 at lea/ twice transplant$ 9 ! nurs]y1 %\ld be ins]t$1 at a di/ance f ea* o!r--say1 ( tw5ty y>ds--& if !y are prop]ly gu>d$ & nurs$1 no?+ is m c]ta91 ?an t !y w become a f9e race ( trees4 ,b plant+ "y ,oaks1 or "y trees ( any k9d1 9 an old ,h$ge-r[1 is q a diff]5t affair4 ,x is inde$ an und]tak+ involv+ real difficulty1 & requir+ a v consid]able degree ( skill on ! "p ( ! workman1 & ( firmness & det]m9ation on ! "p ( 8 employ]4 ,x w\ld be f\nd all b impossible to re> a "y ,oak 9 ! exact l9e ( an old & vigor\s ?orn h$ge2 b !re are _m situations :i* pres5t mu* less difficulty4 ,= example3 ,9 ! ye> :5 a h$ge is pla%$ or laid1 :]e !re is a mod]ate space on ! bank :i* has be5 rais$ :5 ! quick 0 fir/ plant$--say1 ( a foot or m--!re w be room = a tree2 & 9 all cases1 :]e ! bank has n be5 p>$ d[n1 !re w be m room ?an is "h suppos$4 ,_m o!r places1 su* z ! sides ( ! banks ( l>ge dit*es1 ! gaps ( h$ges1 c4 c4 may be met )1 on almo/ e e/ate1 :i* ought to be fill$ ) ,oaks1 aft] ! gr\nd has be5 prep>$ 9 a suitable mann]4 ,b1 a previ\s prep>ation ( ! plant is necess>y4 ,plant+ 9 ,h$ge-r[s1 :]e plant+ has be5 done at all1 has be5 p]=m$ 9 ! same ill-adapt$ way z e ?+ else relat+ to timb]4 ,! plants h be5 tak5 out ( ! nurs]y1 indiscrim9ately ) o!rs1 :i* h be5 int5d$ = close plant+2 in/ead ( hav+ su*1 & su* only1 z h be5 twice or ?rice %ift$1 & ea* "t into a m expos$ situation1 & wid] ap>t1 9 ord] t !y might acquire m fibr\s roots1 & induration ( b>k1 & ?us be enabl$ to cope )1 & surm\nt1 ! disadvantages ( _! new position4 ,ano!r po9t1 :i* has previ\sly be5 h9t$ at1 is ! gu>d+ ( ! trees4 ,no matt] :at ! exp5se may be1 if a g5tleman det]m9es to h ,h$ge-r[ ,timb]1 he mu/ gu>d x well4 ,x /&s m 9 ne$ ( ! wat*ful eye ( ! ,wood ,manag] ?an almo/ any ?+ else3 9 fact1 x is ( little or no use plant+ at all1 if a good & suffici5t gu>d f5ce be n imm$iately put d[n3 b1 hav+ put 9 good plants1 & effectually protect$ !m1 ,i say aga91 ,i "k ( no reason :y ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] %\ld n ?rive & prosp]1 &1 ultimately1 turn out z s\nd1 z any o!r4 ,t x is n s ) ! race ( ,timb] ,trees n[ gr[+1 except to a v limit$ ext5t1 ,i ass]t )\t fe> ( contradiction2 &1 ) ! same confid5ce1 ,i plead ?is fact z my ju/ification1 :5 ,i re-ass]t1 t _! treatm5t1 f fir/ to la/1 is nei!r m nor less1 ?an a c\rse ( gross 8,,mismanagem5t40 ,,! ,,end4 ,pr9t$ by ,j4 ,,p]fect1 ,c>t]gate1 ,new>k4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #dg ,*ang$3 9 ! agregate1 a comp>atively valueless prop]ty to3 9 ! aggregate1 a comp>atively valueless prop]ty pg #aai ,*ang$3 hav+ c>efully1 & at "s exp5ce to3 hav+ c>efully1 & at "s exp5se pg #abb ,*ang$3 are n likely to recomm$ x to3 are n likely to recomm5d x