,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,bold text display$ z3 bold ,,field ,,artill]y ,,mat]iel ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t1 ,,use ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,mod]n ,,field ,,artill]y ,,equipm5t1 ,,includ+ ,,! #c0 ,field ,gun1 ,am]ican1 ,fr5* & ,briti% #ges1 ! #d4g0 ,gun1 #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 ,,gpf1 ,fire ,control ,in/rum5ts1 ,signal ,equipm5t & small arms us$ by ! ,field ,artill]y--automatic pi/ol1 automatic rifle & ! ,br[n+ ma*9e gun4 ,compil$ by ,,james ,p4 ,,kelly #a,,/ ,,lieut4 ,,field ,,artill]y ,u4 ,s4 ,,army ,,copyright ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,co-,,op]ative ,,/ore ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri ,,columbia1 ,,mo4 #aibj ,,d$ication ,to ^? effici5t (fic]s & inspir+ g5tlem5 :o int]e/$ ! 8y\ng/]s0 ( ! ,yale batt]ies 9 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry1 &1 9 a "t ( peace1 prep>$ !m = ! duties :i* !y lat] p]=m$ 9 a "t ( w>1 ?is book is gratefully & respectfully d$icat$4 ,,artill]y ,,( ,,! ,,future4 ,illu/ration3 ,,self-,,propell+ ,,cat]pill> ,,m>k ,,vii #ge-,,mm4 ,,gun4 ,,model #aiaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,self-,,propell+ ,,cat]pill> ,,m>k ,,ii #aee-,,mm4 ,,fill\x ,,gun4 ,,introduction4 ,! compil] ( ?is volume believes t ! ,field ,artill]y /ud5t %\ld possess a broad1 g5]al k ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ordnance1 ) "s idea ( ! elem5ts ( gun con/ruction2 t he %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! organization1 ideals & practicalities ( mod]n field artill]y armam5t2 t he %\ld "k ! ammunition & ! guns 9 our ,field ,artill]y s]vice ) _! c>e & ma9t5ance4 ,x is also believ$ t 9 ! ,r4 ,o4 ,t4 ,c4 units ( ,field ,artill]y ! /ud5t %\ld make ! complete #c0 equipm5t ! basis ( 8 k ( mat]iel4 ,he %\ld become ?or\ghly & famili>ly acqua9t$ ) ?is weapon1 &1 to a less] ext5t1 ) ! o!r light pieces :i* are 9 pres5t use4 ,! reason = ?is be+ t our exp]i5ce 9 ! ,_w ,w> has %[n t a ?or\gh k ( "o class ( mat]iel p]mits a ready adaptation to any o!r type4 ,he %\ld also "k ! mann] ( function+ ( ! #d4g0 & #aee-mm rifles1 ) a some:at m int5sive k ( ! #aee-mm h[itz]--& ) a s\nd k ( ! capabilities & limitations ( all4 ,to complete 8 in/ruction 9 mat]iel he %\ld "k ! use & c>e ( ,fire ,control equipm5t1 ,signal equipm5t1 & ! small arms us$ 9 ! field artill]y1 pi/ol1 automatic rifle & ma*9e gun4 ,! lack ( a s+le volume cov]+ ! above has be5 ! cause ( ! compilation ( ?is book4 ,! compil] hopes ! ,r4 ,o4 ,t4 ,c4 /ud5t w f9d 9 x a text :i* w be int]e/+1 in/ructive & compreh5sive4 ,to ! lieut5ants 9 *>ge ( ,dep>tm5t 8,a0 & to ^? :o aspire to t responsibility x is hop$ t ?is "w w prove a valu$ addition to _! pr(essional libr>ies4 ,! subjects cov]$ h]e9 h be5 tak5 :olly or 9 "p f ! v>i\s (ficial h&books1 f 8,ordnance & ,gunn]y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,m4 ,a410 8,naval ,gunn]y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a410 8,am]ica's ,munitions10 8,gun ,mak+ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a410 8,ordnance & ,gunn]y = ,field ,artill]y ,(fic]s10 8,artill]y ,fir+10 8,! ,field ,artill]y ,j\rnal10 ,ordnance ,doc4 #bjcc1 f lecture notes tak5 at ! ,s*ool ( ,fire1 ,brigade ,tra9+ ,pamphlets1 & v>i\s o!r s\rces4 ,! compil] is indebt$ to ,lt4 ,col4 ,lloyd ,e4 ,jones1 ,f4 ,a4 & ,major ,h4 ,c4 ,jackson1 ,f4 ,a4 = ! valuable advice & ! helpful assi/ance !y r5d]$ 9 ?is compilation4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,*apt]s ,i4 ,def9itions4 #aa ,,ii4 ,hi/ory & ,developm5t ( ,mat]iel4 #af ,biblical ref]5ces--,use by ,romans 9 ,punic w>s--,greeks2 ,*9ese use ( pyrote*my2 ,fr5* field artill]y 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,viii2 ,gu/avus ,adolphus & artill]y 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 ,l\is ,,xiv2 ,gribeauval's "w 9 #agfe2 ,%rapnel1 #ahjh2 ,smoo? bores to rifles1 middle ( #ai? c5tury2 ,fr5* 8#ge20 ,p]iod #ahig to date4 ,,iii4 ,elem5ts ( ,gun ,design & ,con/ruction4 #bg ,guns--wire wrapp$ & built-up2 twi/2 bree*blocks2 c>riages2 trav]s+ me*anisms2 elevat+ me*anisms2 recoil sy/ems4 ,air & spr+ recup]ators2 %ields2 sights2 :eels2 trails4 ,,iv4 ,mod]n ,armam5t4 #df ,discussions ( types ( artill]y & _! organization2 missions & guns suitable to accompli% diff]5t missions2 ideal & practical types = divisional corps & army artill]y4 ,v4 ,?ree-in* ,field ,gun4 ,weights & dim5sions4 #fb ,description ( gun1 c>riage1 caisson & limb]s2 function+ ( pr9cipal p>ts4 ,m\nt+ & dism\nt+4 ,,vi4 #ge-mm ,model #ahig 78,fr5* #ge074 #hd ,weights & dim5sions4 ,description & function+ ( pr9cipal p>ts4 ,c>e1 pres]vation1 dism\nt+4 ,,vii4 #ge-mm ,model #aiaf 78,am]ican #ge074 #aje ,weights & dim5sions4 ,description & function+ ( pr9cipal p>ts4 ,c>e1 pres]vation1 dism\nt+1 m\nt+4 ,,viii4 #ge-mm ,model #aiag 78,briti% #ge074 #adg ,weights & dim5sions4 ,description & function+ ( pr9cipal p>ts4 ,,ix4 #d4g0 ,rifle ,model #aijf4 #aed ,weights & dim5sions4 ,description & function+ ( pr9cipal p>ts4 ,x4 #aee-mm ,rifle 7,fill\x ,gun7 7,,gpf74 #afj ,weights & dim5sions4 ,description & function+ ( pr9cipal p>ts4 ,,xi4 #aee-mm ,h[itz] ,model #aiah4 #afg ,weights & dim5sions4 ,description & function+ ( pr9cipal p>ts4 ,notes on dism\nt+ & m\nt+--clean+4 ,,xii4 ,explosives1 ,ammunition & ,fuzes4 #aii ,explosives--classes1 fill]s1 ,h4 ,e41 nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,ammunition--classes1 discussion ( fix$1 semi-fix$ & sep>ate ammunition1 prim]s1 *>ges1 con/ruction ( diff]5t types ( %ell1 c>e4 ,fuzes--pr9ciple ( op]ation1 arm+1 classification1 precautions1 tables ( fuzes giv+ description1 use1 etc4 ,ammunition m>k+4 ,,xiii4 ,c>e & ,pres]vation ( ,mat]iel4 #bcf ,oils & clean+ mat]ials2 tools & accessories2 c>e & clean+ ( diff]5t p>ts ( c>riages1 empty+1 clean+ & fill+ cyl9d]s1 clean+ bore1 bree*1 spr+s1 etc42 g5]al in/ructions = c>e ( clo?1 lea!r & metal equipm5t4 ,clean+ s*$ules4 ,,xiv4 ,fire ,control ,equipm5t4 #beh ,sights--l9e1 front & re>1 panoramic2 model #aiae & #aiag ) _! use1 c>e & v]ification4 ,range ,quadrant1 c>e1 use & adju/m5t4 ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 model #aiae & ,aim+ ,circle model #aiaf1 ) _! use1 c>e & adju/m5t4 ,range ,f9d]1 #a met] base1 use1 c>e & adju/m5t4 ,field ,glasses4 ,fuse ,sett]s4 ,,xv4 ,signal ,equipm5t4 #bhe ,telephones & ,monocord ,swit*bo>ds--description1 use1 adju/m5ts1 tr\ble %oot+ & c>e4 ,projectors--description1 use1 adju/m5t1 s]vice code = lamps & buzz]1 conv5tional signals4 ,pyrote*nical signal+1 classification ( rockets1 use1 code4 ,panels--liaison ) airplanes1 signals1 description ( panels1 panel code4 ,flags--classification1 use ( semaphore & wig-wag4 ,radio--,description ( equipm5t1 ,,scr-#ed & ,,scr-#ed-;,a ,sets1 me?ods ( op]ation1 use ( vacuum detectors1 precautions1 s\rces ( tr\ble1 ma9t5ance1 reception ( airplane signals4 ,,xvi4 ,small ,arms4 #cae ,pi/ol1 ma*9e gun & automatic rifle--description1 use & c>e4 ,,xvii4 ,motors #cbh ,reconnaissance c>1 ,dodge1 ,h>ley-,davidson motorcycles4 #e-ton tractors1 ammunition trucks1 c>go trucks4 ,h[ to drive1 s\rces ( tr\ble1 ma9t5ance4 ,app5dices4 #cdi ,a4 ,gunn]'s ,exam9ations--prep>ations1 ,cannone]s' 8,don'ts10 tra9+ gun crews4 ,b4 ,tabul> comp>ison ( light guns us$ #cgj 9 ,_w ,w>4 ,c4 ,table ( ,equival5ts4 #cga ,index4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,title ,page ,artill]y ( ! ,future ,frontispiece ,diagram ,hydro-,spr+s & ,hydro-,pneumatic ,recoil ,sy/ems #da #c-;in* ,field ,gun ,bree* ,me*anism ,fac+ #fc ,c>riage ,model #aijb1 ,plan ,view ,fac+ #fe ,elevat+ ,ge> #fg ,trav]s+ ,ge> ,fac+ #ff ,recoil ,controll+ ,me*anism ,fac+ #fi ,caisson ,limb]1 ,model #aiaf #gc ,caisson1 ,model #aijb ,fac+ #gd #ge-mm ,field ,gun1 ,model #ahig 7,fr5*7 #he ,bree* ,me*anism #hf ,fir+ ,me*anism #hh ,gun ,c>riage1 ,longitud9al ,section #ij ,gun ,c>riage1 ,re> ,view #ia ,gun ,c>riage1 ,left ,side #ib ,gun ,c>riage1 ,"r ,side #ic ,gun ,c>riage1 ,plan ,view #id ,:eel ,brake ,me*anism 7,abatage7 #if ,range ,elevat+ ,me*anism #ih #ge-mm ,field ,gun1 ,model #aiaf 7,am]ican7 #ajg ,bree* ,me*anism #ajh ,bree* ,me*anism #aji ,gun ,c>riage1 ,left ,side #aab ,gun ,c>riage1 ,"r ,side #aac ,gun ,c>riage1 ,re> ,view #aaf ,gun ,c>riage1 ,plan ,view #aag ,gun ,c>riage1 ,longitud9al & ,transv]sal ,sections #aai ,recoil ,me*anism #abb ,valve ,turn+ ,ge> #abe ,angle ( ,site ,me*anism #abh ,elevat+ ,me*anism #acj ,trav]s+ ,me*anism #acb #ge-mm ,field ,gun1 ,model #aiag 7,briti%7 #adh ,bree* ,me*anism #adi ,recoil ,me*anism #aea ,gun ,c>riage1 ,plan ,view #aeb #d4g-;in* ,gun1 ,model #aijf1 ,longitud9al ,section #aee ,gun ,c>riage1 ,left1 ,plan & ,re> ,views #aeh #aee-mm ,gun1 ,model #aiah1 7,,gpf7 7,fill\x7 #afa ,longitud9al ,section 9 ,batt]y #afc ,c>riage & ,limb]1 ,travel+ ,position ,fac+ #afe #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 ,model #aiah #afi ,c>riage & ,limb] ,fac+ #aff ,c>riage ,unlimb]$ ,fac+ #afg ,bree* ,me*anism #aga ,bree* ,me*anism #agb ,fir+ ,me*anism #agd ,longitud9al ,section #ahj ,c>riage1 ,left ,side #ahc ,elevat+ ,me*anism #ahd ,trav]s+ ,roll]s #ahf ,trav]s+ ,me*anism #ahh ,air & ,liquid ,pumps #aij ,h[itz] ,c>riage1 ,plan ,view #aia ,quadrant ,sights1 ,model #aiah #aic ,de,bange ,obturator #bje ,m>k ,,ii-,a ,prim] #bjg #aee ,/eel ,%ell ,m>k ,,iv #baj #aee ,%rapnel ,m>k ,i #bab #d4g-;in* ,gun ,ammunition #bac #c-;in* ,gun ,ammunition ,fac+ #bad ,detonat+ ,fuze1 ,m>k ,,iii #bbe ,detonat+ ,fuze1 ,m>k ,v #bbf #de ,second ,comb9ation ,fuze1 ,m>k #a #bcj #ba ,second ,comb9ation ,fuze1 ,model #aijg ,m #bca #ge-mm ,gun ,ammunition #bcd ,re> ,sight1 #c-;in* ,field ,gun #bei ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model ( #aiag #bfa ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model ( #aiae #bfd ,range ,quadrant1 #c-;in* ,field ,gun #bff ,batt]y ,comm&]'s ,telescope1 ,model #aiae #bga ,aim+ ,circle #bge ,diagram ( ,range ,f9d] ,pr9ciple #bgi ,range ,f9d]1 ,re> ,view ,fac+ #bhj ,range ,f9d] ,tripod ,fac+ #bha ,?ree-,/eps 9 ,range ,f9d+ ,fac+ #bhb ,fuze ,sett]s ,fac+ #bhd ,camp ,telephone ,fac+ #bhf ,diagram ,telephone ,circuit #bhg ,diagram ,radio ,circuit #cjg ,! ,automatic ,pi/ol1 ,cal4 #de1 ,model #aiaa ,fac+ #caf ,receiv]1 ,b>rel & ,slide ,fac+ #cag ,compon5t ,p>ts ,fac+ #cah ,compon5t ,p>ts ,assembl$ ,fac+ #cai ,ammunition ,truck ,fac+ #ccd ,,*apt] ,i ,,def9itions4 ,9 ! /udy ( any subject :i* is r te*nical 9 nature1 x is absolutely ess5tial t ! read] be famili> ) ! mean+ ( ! words & phrases :i* mu/ be us$ 9 ! matt] to be discuss$4 ,if ! subject matt] is to be und]/ood !re mu/ be a common phraseology4 ,! read] is !re=e /rongly urg$ to p]fect 8 k ( ! foll[+ %ort vocabul>y be=e pass+ on to ! matt] :i* foll[s4 ,ammunition4 ,a g5]al t]m appli$ to all =ms ( p[d]s1 %ells1 c>tridges1 prim]s1 etc4 7a7 ,fix$ ,ammunition4 ,:5 ! p[d] *>ge is enclos$ 9 a metallic conta9] :i* is fix$ to ! projectile1 x is call$ 8,fix$ ,ammunition40 7b7 ,semi-,fix$ ,ammunition4 ,:5 ! *>ge & metallic conta9] are a fix$ unit b are n fa/5$ to ! projectile1 x is call$ 8,semi-,fix$ ,ammunition40 7c7 ,sep>ate ,ammunition4 ,:5 ! p[d] *>ge is conta9$ 9 bags sep>ate f ! projectile & conta9+ n a fix$ b a v>y+ *>ge1 x is call$ 8,sep>ate ,ammunition40 ,artill]y4 ,all fire>ms n c>ri$ by h&1 except+ ma*9e guns4 ,x is divid$ into two g5]al classifications3 7#a7 artill]y ( position1 & 7#b7 mobile artill]y4 7#a7 ,artill]y ( ,position is t :i* is p]man5tly m\nt$ 9 =tifications4 7#b7 ,mobile ,artill]y consi/s ( two classes3 fir/1 artill]y design$ to accompany an army 9 ! field2 second1 railway artill]y :i* requires tracks = its transportation4 ,balli/ics4 ,! sci5ce ( hurl+ projectiles or ( ! motion ( projectiles 9 _! flight4 ,bore4 ,! hole :i* ext5ds f ! muzzle to ! bree*4 ,! passageway = ! projectile4 ,t "p ( ! tube :i* is bor$ out4 ,bree*4 ,! re> end ( ! gun1 tube1 or b>rel4 ,caisson4 ,a two-:eel$ vehicle :i* supports an ammunition *e/4 ,! :eel$ equipm5t ( a gun section consi/s ( "o gun ) its limb] & "o caisson ) its limb]4 ,= a caisson section x consi/s ( two caissons ) _! limb]s4 ,calib] 7,calibre74 ,! diamet] betwe5 ! highe/ po9ts 9 ! bore4 ,c>riage1 gun4 ,usually und]/ood to mean all ! piece except ! tube ) its appurt5ances & ! limb]4 ,c>tridge case4 ,a holl[ cyl9d] %ap$ to fit ! bore4 ,a conta9] = ! propell+ *>ge4 ,*>ge4 7a7 ,propell+4 ,a quantity ( p[d] us$ 9 ! bore to g5]ate ! gases :i* propel ! projectile f ! gun4 7b7 ,bur/+4 ,a quantity ( p[d] us$ 9 %rapnel to /rip (f ! head ( ! projectile & to =ce out ! balls4 7c7 ,explosive4 ,! matt] us$ 9 a %ell to detonate x at ! end ( its flight4 ,cradle4 ,9 g5]al1 t "p ( ! c>riage :i* h\ses ! recoil & c\nt]-recoil me*anisms4 ,elevat+ ,me*anism4 ,! device us$ to elevate ! gun ?r\gh a v]tical arc 9 ord] to give ! gun an elevation correspond+ to ! desir$ range at :i* ! piece is to be fir$4 ,fire ,control ,equipm5t4 ,^? in/rum5ts us$ to compute fir+ data1 obs]ve & correct ! fire1 su* z ,b4 ,c4 ,telescopes1 ,aim+ ,circles1 ,range ,f9d]s1 etc4 ,fir+ ,me*anism4 ,a device locat$ 9 ! bree*block = explod+ ! prim] & ?us caus+ ! ignition ( ! p[d] *>ge4 ,fuze4 ,t "p ( ! r\nd :i* is fa/5$ to ! po9t or to ! base ( ! projectile & causes ! latt] to be detonat$ or explod$ ne> ! "t or ! place desir$4 ,fuze ,sett]4 ,a device us$ to set "t fuzes 9 su* a mann] t %rapnel or %ell w bur/ at or ne> ! desir$ height 9 air4 ,gun4 ,a metallic tube f :i* projectiles are hurl$ by gases g5]at$ f ! ignit$ p[d]4 ,9 g5]al1 all fire arms2 b 9 ,field ,artill]y t]ms1 comp>atively long-b>rel$ weapons us+ relatively high muzzle velocity 9 contra-di/9ction to ! h[itz]s & mort>s4 ,h[itz]4 ,a weapon :i* diff]s f a gun 9 t = ! same calib] x uses a %ort] tube1 l[] muzzle velocity & g5]ally a m curv$ trajectory4 ,f two to sev5 v>y+ /r5g?s ( propell+ *>ges may be us$ 9 ! h[itz]4 ,?is gives x selective angles ( fall1 & all[s ! h[itz] to rea* t>gets t are hidd5 f ! flat trajectories ( guns4 ,initial ,velocity4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ! projectile fir/ moves4 ,limb]4 ,a two-:eel$ c>riage :i* is sometimes us$ to c>ry an ammunition *e/ & always us$ to support ! weight ( ! trail ( ! piece or caisson4 ,x adds ! o!r two :eels to make a f\r-:eel$ vehicle4 ,mat]iel4 ,a t]m us$ 9 ! ,field ,artill]y 9 contra-di/9ction to ,p]sonnel4 ,mort>4 ,a weapon us+ = ! same calib]1 a b>rel mu* %ort] ?an ! correspond+ h[itz]4 ,us$ at %ort ranges ) extreme /eep angles ( fall to rea* highly defilad$ t>gets4 ,muzzle4 ,! front end ( ! bore4 ,muzzle ,velocity4 ,spe$ or velocity ( ! projectile measur$ z x leaves ! muzzle4 ,ogive4 ,! r\nd$ %\ld] ( ! projectile4 ,ordnance4 ,arms1 ammunition1 & _! accessories4 ,piece4 ,a fire arm1 small or l>ge4 ,prim]4 ,device us$ to insure ignition ( ! propell+ *>ge4 ,projectile4 ,! effect-produc+ "p ( ! r\nd4 ,! bullet-l =m :i* is ?r[n t[>d ! t>get4 ,quadrant1 gunn]s4 ,a device = measur+ angles ( elevation4 ,recoil ,me*anism4 ,t "p ( ! piece :i* *ecks ! recoil--or kick--t always occurs :5 a piece is fir$4 ,x g5]ally includes ! c\nt]-recoil me*anism :i* re/ores ! tube 8into batt]y0 aft] x has fir$4 ,rifle4 ,a gun4 ,a weapon ) a comp>atively long b>rel & high muzzle velocity4 ,rifles "u #f in*es seldom use ov] two diff]5t *>ges4 ,t]m us$ 9 contra/ to ,h[itz] or ,mort>4 ,rifl+4 ,! l&s & grooves 9 ! bore ( ! piece :i* imp>ts to ! projectile dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! bore1 ! rot>y motion t increases accuracy & range4 ,r\nd4 ,consi/s ( ! prim]1 c>tridge case or p[d] bags1 projectile & fuze4 ,= light ,field ,artill]y ! r\nd weighs ab\t #ah lbs & ! projectile ab\t #ae4 ,%ell4 ,a projectile :i* secures its effect by ! =ce ( its detonation1 ! bur/+ ( its walls1 & ! fragm5tation & velocity ( ! fragm5ts4 ,also us$ z a gas c>ri]4 ,%rapnel4 ,a projectile :i* secures its effect by ! expulsion 9 ! air ( lead balls ) %ot-gun l effect4 ,trail4 ,t "p ( ! piece :i* ext5ds f ! axle to ! re> & transmits ! =ce ( recoil to ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! trail spade4 ,usually supports ! elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anisms4 ,trav]s+ ,me*anism4 ,a device us$ to give ! piece direction by mov+ x ?r\gh a horizontal arc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,mat]iel4 ,9 tak+ up ! /udy ( mat]iel1 ! ,field ,artill]y /ud5t %\ld "k some?+ ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ordnance & ! reasons = ! v>i\s *anges :i* h tak5 place f "t to "t4 ,! sole use ( a gun is to ?r[ a projectile4 ,! e>lie/ projectile 0 a /one ?r[n by ! h& & arm ( man--ei!r 9 an attack ^u an enemy or ^u a bea/ t 0 be+ hunt$ = food4 ,bo? ( ^! uses ( ?r[n projectiles p]si/ to ?is day1 &1 dur+ all "t1 f prehi/oric days until ! pres5t1 e man :o has _h a missile to ?r[ has /eadily s\ght = a long] range & a heavi] projectile4 ,9 anci5t times ! man :o c\ld ?r[ ! heavie/ /one ! longe/ di/ance 0 ! mo/ p[]fully arm$4 ,dur+ ! ,biblical battle betwe5 ,david & ,golia?1 ! arm ( ,david 0 /r5g!n$ & l5g!n$ by a lea!r sl+ ( a v simple con/ruction4 ,mu* practice _h giv5 ! y\?ful %eph]d muscul> /r5g? & direction1 & 8 /rong] arm & /raight] aim gave him p[] to ov]come 8 m heavily arm$ adv]s>y4 ,projectile-?r[+ ma*9es 7 develop$ aft] ! fa%ion ( a crossb[ m\nt$ ^u a small wood5 c>riage :i* usually 0 a holl[$ tr\gh op5 on top & ^u :i* a /one 0 laid4 ,! ?ong ( ! crossb[ 0 drawn by a p[]ful screw op]at$ by man p[]1 & ! crossb[ arrangem5t :5 releas$ w\ld ?r[ a /one weigh+ _m p\nds q a di/ance ov] ! walls ( a besieg$ city or f su* wall into ! camps or ranks ( ! besieg]s4 ,?is aga9 0 an attempt by me*anical means to develop & /r5g!n & l5g!n ! /roke ( ! arm & ! weight ( ! projectile4 ,! ,bible /ates t ,k+ ,usia 7#hji-geg ,b4 ,c47 plac$ types ( artill]y on ! walls ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,romans us$ x 9 ! ,punic ,w>s4 ,! ,alex&rian te*nicians e/abli%$ sci5tific rules = ! con/ruction ( e>ly weapons4 ,a!naeus reports catapults hav+ a range ( #fef met]s & t ! gigantic siege t[] at ,rhodes successfully resi/$ /one projectiles weigh+ #agf p\nds4 ,ref]5ces to explosives are to be f\nd 9 works z old z ,moses4 ,ar*im$es is said by ,plut>* to h 8ca/ huge /ones f 8 ma*9es ) a great noise20 ,caligua is said by ,dion ,cassius to h _h ma*9es :i* 8imitat$ ?und] & lightn+ & emitt$ /ones20 & ,m>cus ,graecus 9 ! eigh? c5tury gives a receipt ( "o p\nd ( sulphur1 two ( will[ *>coal & six ( saltpetre1 = ! dis*>ge ( :at we %\ld call a rocket4 ,! use ( ,greek fire 0 und]/ood z e>ly z ! six? c5tury1 b p[d] 0 e>lie/ us$ 9 ,*9a1 p]haps a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & 0 introduc$ to ,european notice by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,f ! discov]y ( gunp[d] by ! ,engli% monk ,bacon 9 #abdh1 sixty-five ye>s elaps$ be=e a ,franciscan monk produc$ ! fir/ gun 9 ,g]many1 ab\t #acac4 ,! fir/ guns 7 ( a small bree*-load+ type1 support$ 9 front by cross$ /icks & an*or$ by a spike at ! bree*4 ,lat] ^! guns 7 fa/5$ to cradles1 ! latt] be+ m\nt$ on sleighs1 & f9ally1 9 #acgf1 ! ,v5etians produc$ ! fir/ :eel m\nts1 :i* _h become common by #adec1 :5 ! ,turks took ,con/ant9ople4 ,! anci5t c>riages 7 rem>kable because ( ! fact t 9 g5]al design !y embodi$ ! same pr9cipals :i* are includ$ 9 ! field c>riages ( to-day4 ,"o example f ! fifte5? c5tury %[s a bree*-load+ gun m\nt$ 9 a cradle support$ by trunnions on ! =w>d ext5sion ( ! trail ov] ! axle4 ,! cradle 0 elevat$ by a p9-&-arc arrangem5t1 support$ on ! trail4 ,! axle support$ by :eels passes ?r\gh ! trail to ! re> ( & bel[ ! cradle trunnion support & 9 front ( ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! elevat+ arc4 ,field guns fell into disuse ab\t #aebe ) ! introduction ( musketry1 & rema9$ s until #afca1 :5 ,gu/avus ,adolphus gave artill]y its true position on ! battlefield4 ,sw$i% artill]y reign$ supreme 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,gu/avus introduc$ m>k$ *anges by mak+ ! guns & ! c>riages light] & h&i]1 & by adapt+ _! movem5ts to ^? ( ! o!r arms & to ! requirem5ts ( ! battlefield4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all 8 milit>y ef=ts1 8 motto 0 mobility & rapidity ( fire4 ,9 #afbd ,gu/avus _h all 8 old types ( guns reca/ into new] models & ! foll[+ ye> he himself contriv$ a gun :i* ?ree m5 & "o horse c\ld maneuvre to good effect4 ,x 0 an iron ?ree & f\r p\nd] ) a c>tridge weigh+ less ?an a p\nd & consi/+ ( a *>ge held 9 a ?9 wood5 case wir$ to a ball4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ artill]y c>tridge1 ! orig9al fix$ ammunition4 ,! gun 0 aft]w>ds us$ 9 o!r ,european armies & kn[n z ! 8piece ,su$oise40 ,n only _h x ! advantage ( less] weight b its c>tridge 0 always ready to fire & x c\ld be fir$ eight times to ! six times ( ! infantry musket ( t day4 ,9 ! w>s aga9/ ! ,poles1 ,gu/avus employ$ ) pr(it ! s-call$ lea!r cannon1 a fact :i* %[s h[ lack+ ! times 7 9 artill]y p[]4 ,^! guns 7 inv5t$ 9 ! e>ly #afbjs by a ,colonel ,wurmbr&t1 & consi/$ ( a ?9 copp] tube re9=c$ by iron b&s & r+s1 !n b\nd ) rope set 9 cem5t1 ! :ole cov]$ ) sole lea!r4 ,! tube 0 made to screw 9 & out because x grew heat$ by f eight to twelve *>ges & _h to be cool$4 ,! gun c>riage 0 made ( two planks ( oak4 ,! gun )\t ! c>riage weigh$ ab\t n9ety p\nds & 0 fir$ ) a light *>ge4 ,!y 7 us$ dur+ #afbh-bi & !n gave way = f\r p\nd] ca/-iron guns :i* rema9$ 9 common usage 9 ,europe until artill]y 0 reorganiz$ by ,fr$]ick4 ,gu/avus' batt]ies excit$ univ]sal admiration4 ,grape & cani/] 7 g5]ally employ$ 9 ! field guns & r\nd %ot only 9 ! siege guns4 ,artill]y 0 us$ mass$ or 9 gr\ps & also ) regim5ts ( foot soldi]s4 ,gu/avus 0 probably ! fir/ to demon/rate ! real capabilities ( artill]y4 ,mort>s ?r[+ bombs 7 fir/ us$ at ! siege ( ,lamotte 9 #afcd4 ,h& gr5ades1 %ells1 fire-balls1 etc41 came into m g5]al use z ! ,g]man *emi/s made _! new discov]ies4 ,artill]y practice grew to be some?+ ( a sci5ce2 exp]ts took x up & ! troops 7 bett] in/ruct$4 ,regim5tal artill]y1 t is1 artill]y ) ! infantry1 0 att5d$ by gr5adi]s detail$ = ! "w4 ,!re 7 special companies = s]v+ ! res]ve guns4 ,! p]iod foll[+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>--! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--gave no great improvem5t to ! art ( w> b !re 7 _m m>k$ advances 9 ! matt] ( details ( con/ruction4 ,dur+ ! era ( ,gu/avus x 0 ,sw$5 t l$ 9 mak+ w> m mod]n2 dur+ ! era ( ,l\is ,,xiv x 0 ,france4 ,artill]y ceas$ to be a guild ( cannone]s z x long _h be5 & became an inh]5t "p ( ! army4 ,m intellig5ce 0 devot$ to x & m money sp5t on ?is arm ( ! s]vice2 x grew 9 /r5g? & importance1 & 0 m>k$ly improv$4 ,b :ile ! artill]y s]vice ceas$ to be a m]e trade1 x did n put on ! dignity ( a sep>ate arm1 nor 0 ! artill]y ( any great utility 9 ! field until well along 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,guns1 h[ev]1 9 imitation ( ! ,sw$es1 7 light5$1 p>ticul>ly s 9 ,france2 p[d] 0 gradually comp\nd$ on bett] recipes2 gun-metal 0 improv$2 pap] & l95 c>tridges 7 introduc$2 gun c>riages 7 provid$ ) an aim+ w$ge2 & _m new /yles ( guns & mort>s1 & ammunition = !m 7 inv5t$4 ,sci5ce l5t its aid to practical m51 & n only exhau/$ *emical +5uity 9 prep>+ p[d] & metal1 b ma!matical =mulas 7 made = ! artill]yman1 & value ( rico*et fir+ 0 discov]$4 ,l\is ,,xiv f\nd$ sev]al artill]y s*ools1 & initiat$ ! con/ruction ( _m ars5als4 ,fonta9ebleau1 ! ,fr5* artill]y s*ool :i* tra9$ _m ,am]icans dur+ ! ,_w ,w> _h its beg9n+ 9 ?is p]iod4 ,f9ally1 ! artill]y 0 organiz$ on a batt]y & a regim5tal basis1 & c>eful rules 7 made = ! tactics ( ! guns4 ,^! 7 s]v$ by dism\nt$ m5 & g5]ally haul$ by contract horses4 ,al?\gh s5sibly improv$1 ! artill]y 0 f> f be+ skillfully manag$ & 0 sl[ fir+2 x usually /ood 9 small bodies all along ! l9e ( battle4 ,x 0 heavy & h>d to h&le & haul1 pr9cipally because ! same guns 7 us$ = bo? siege & field "w1 & 0 f> f be+1 ev5 relatively to ! o!r arms1 ! weapon :i* x is to-day4 ,9 #agfe ,g5]al ,gribeauval ( ,france introduc$ artill]y improvem5ts1 especially 9 ! c>riages1 & =m$ a di/9ct artill]y s]vice = ! field :i* 0 light] ?an ! old s]vice & 0 drawn by teams :i* 7 h>ness$ d\ble z !y are to-day4 ,h[itz]s 7 introduc$ 9 ,france 9 #agdi4 ,! weapons 7 giv5 an e>ly sort ( p]fection by ! ,dut*4 ,! t]m 8h[itz]0 comes f ! ,g]man 8haubitz40 ,9 #ahjh ! fir/ %rapnel appe>$ at ,vim]a4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by an ,engli% colonel by ! "n ( ,%rapnel4 ,at ! "t x 0 kn[n z case %ot4 ,! type employ$ by ,napoleon1 _h a fuze t c\ld be us$ at two diff]5t ranges4 ,! ,fr5* /ill h ?is type 9 _! armam5t4 ,field artill]y n[ began to appe> 9 ! =m :i* x 0 to reta9 ) b a few *anges1 until ! era ( ! mod]n field c>riage4 ,! cradle disappe>$1 muzzle-load+ guns ca/ ) trunnions tak+ its place1 & a /epp$ w$ge re/+ on ! trail sup]s$$ ! p9 & arc4 ,) ! exception ( ! gun1 mo/ p>ts ( ^! c>riages 7 ( wood & 7 to rema9 s until #ahgj1 :5 metal c>riages came into g5]al use4 ,muzzle load+ guns _h supplant$ bree*-load]s because ( ! poor obturation & ! _m accid5ts result+ f use ( ! latt] type4 ,al?\gh num]\s exp]im5ts 7 made1 bree*-load+ guns did n come into vogue aga9 until #ahej1 :5 ! exp]im5ts ( ,major ,cavalli 7#ahde71 ! ,waln5dorff gun 7#ahdf7 & ! ,arm/rong gun 7#ahed71 produc$ satisfactory types4 ,up to #ahfj practically all guns 7 smoo? bore4 ,ev5 dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! smoo? bore 0 g5]ally us$1 al?\gh ! rifl$ gun began to make an appe>ance & 0 us$ 9 small numb]s by bo? sides at ! battle ( ,gettysburg4 ,"s bree* load]s began to appe> at ! same "t4 ,improvem5t 9 ! balli/ic prop]ties ( ! gun necessitat$ a correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! sight+ facilities4 ,9 #ahhj rifl$ bree* load+ & built-up /eel cannon came into g5]al use4 ,rifl$ guns %oot accurately & z a result1 improv$ me?ods 9 direct lay+ 7 devis$4 ,! p]iod betwe5 f #ahhj to ! pres5t1 has br\ght ab\t *anges 9 gun con/ruction :i*1 possibly1 h be5 equal$ 9 importance to artill]y only by ! pres5t *ange :i* is tak+ place 9 ! means ( artill]y transportation & self-propell+ m\nts4 ,9 ?is p]iod 9 rapid succession came ! mod]n bree*block & ) x ! rapid fir+ gun4 ,?is br\ght ab\t ! *ange to ! pres5t sy/em ( break+ ! =ce ( recoil ( ! gun & re/or+ x to its fir+ position )\t di/urb+ ! position ( ! c>riage4 ,?is add$ to ! possibilities ( rapid & m accurate fire4 ,!n came ! inv5tion & use 9 ! field artill]y ( smokeless p[d]4 ,previ\s to ?is "t ! great am\nt ( smoke produc$ by ! black p[d] :5 ! piece 0 fir$ ret>d$ ! rapidity ( fire because x envelop$ ! mat]iel 9 a ?ick cl\d ( smoke :i* obscur$ ! t>get & made x impossible to fire aga9 until ! smoke _h bl[n away4 ,x made conceal$ positions = ! artill]y almo/ impossible4 ,! adv5t ( smokeless p[d] made fir+ m rapid & made possible ! selection ( conceal$ positions4 ,?is 9 turn made indirect fire feasible & necessitat$ ! developm5t ( bett] sights4 ,indirect fire increas$ ! rapidity ( fire & gave to ! comm&]s ( fir+ units a great] control ov] _! fire4 ,) ! use ( recoil me*anisms & %ields = ! guns1 ! cannone]s 7 p]mitt$ to s]ve ! piece cont9u\sly--a condition :i* 0 impossible ) ! recoil+ c>riage4 ,! %ields made x almo/ impossible to put ! gun out ( action unless "s vital "p ( ! me*anism 0 de/roy$4 ,! fir/ ( ! mod]n c>riages :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! e>ly n9eties %\ld be classifi$ z semi-rapid c>riages1 z ! recoil brakes 7 s abrupt t ! c>riage 0 n /able & jump$ consid]ably1 ga9+ = ! type ! sobriquet ( 8grass-hopp] guns40 ,9 #ahig ! immortal ,fr5* 8#ge0 0 born1 ! pione] ( all mod]n quick-fir+ field guns1 :i* /ill ma9ta9s its sup]iority 9 _m respects ov] lat] designs4 ,9 #aijb our own #c-;in* field gun 0 produc$ & /ill f9ds favor among _m ( our field artill]y (fic]s1 ev5 ov] ! ,fr5* 8#ge40 ,! ,deport c>riage br\ght to ?is c\ntry f ,italy1 9 #aiab1 introduc$ to u ! split trail1 high angle ( fire1 wide trav]s+ type ( field gun c>riage4 ,?is c>riage 0 ext5sively te/$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t2 by ! ,field ,artill]y ,bo>d at ,=t ,riley1 ,kansas2 & by ! ,s*ool ( ,fire = ,field ,artill]y1 at ,=t ,sill1 ,oklahoma4 ,! ,field ,artill]y ,bo>d unqualifi$ly approv$ ( ! ,deport c>riage & recomm5d$ t x be adopt$4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,fire = ,field ,artill]y also approv$ ( ?is type4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ a #ge-mm field gun :i* featur$ a split trail ) an elevation ( #eg degrees :i* p]mits its use z an anti-aircraft weapon & a v>iable l5g? ( recoil :i* prev5ts ! bree* f hitt+ ! gr\nd at ! extreme elevations4 ,x has a trav]se ( #hjj mils 9 comp>ison to ! #ajf ( ! ,fr5* #ge & ! #adb & #adj ( ! ,briti% #ge & ,am]ican ?ree-in* field gun4 ,! outbreak ( ! late w> saw all mod]n armies l>gely equipp$ ) guns resembl+ ! ,fr5* 8#ge0 9 a long-run recoil me*anism1 weight ( projectile & weight ( c>riage1 etc4 ,! fact t ! l>ge/ numb] ( horses :i* c\ld be/ be h&l$ to maneuv] ! light guns--ab\t #f--;c\ld n pull ov] a long p]iod a gun or caisson ) its limb] if ! weight 0 m ?an ab\t #dejj p\nds1 result$ 9 ! practical /&>dization ( light guns 9 all armies4 ,s 9 #aiad we see t "t & developm5t _h giv5 light gun p]fection & ma/]y ( artill]y te*nique to ! ,fr5* :ile ! ,g]mans1 probably1 possess$ ! mo/ effici5t artill]y program4 ,! ,g]man types ( weapons 7 m v>i$ & p]haps bett] suit$ to ! v>y+ artill]y ne$s 9 r5d]+ t assi/ance to ! infantry = :i* ! artill]y exi/s4 ,9 our s]vice dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 ,fr5* #ges & ! #aee-mm ,h[itz] 7 us$ z divisional artill]y4 ,two regim5ts ( ! light guns & "o regim5t ( #aee-;,h[itz]s 7 assign$ to ea* infantry division4 ,z ! w> progress$ guns & h[itz]s rang+ f ! #d4g0 rifle1 up to1 & includ+ #ad & ev5 #af-;in* naval guns on railroad m\nts1 7 us$ z ,corps & ,army artill]y4 ,?us artill]y developm5t has gone /eadily =w>d4 ,e milit>y p[] has /riv5 ) ! aid ( its be/ eng9e]s1 design]s & manufactur]s to get a /rong] gun1 ei!r ) or )\t a heavi] projectile1 b 9 e case /riv+ = great] p[]4 ,z a special developm5t & a n too important "o1 due to its lack ( effectiv5ess 9 comp>ison to its co/1 we f9d ! n[ fam\s long range gun ( ! ,g]mans1 successfully deliv]$ a projectile approximately #i in*es 9 diamet] into ,p>is punctually e tw5ty m9utes f a po9t ab\t #ge miles di/ant4 ,! ,g]mans us$ ?ree ( ^! guns 9 %ell+ ,p>is4 ,_! life 0 probably limit$ to ab\t #ge r\nds due to ! excessive dem&s made ^u ! mat]iel4 ,! ,am]ican ,field ,artill]y ,s]vice n[ has be=e x f\r types ( field gun c>riages1 namely our #c0 model ( #aijb2 ! ,fr5* #ge ,m-#ahig2 ! ,briti% #ah p\nd]1 ,m-#aije conv]t$ to a #ge-mm 7kn[n z ! model ( #aiag72 & our #ge-mm model1 #aiaf4 ,!re is be+ produc$ 7#aiai-bj7 an improv$ model ( #aiaf #ge-mm c>riage on :i* ! ,/4 ,*amond pneumatic recup]ator1 adopt$ jo9tly by ! ,am]ican & ,fr5* gov]nm5ts1 w be sub/itut$ = ! spr+ recup]ators2 & ! ,fr5* #ge-mm gun w be sub/itut$ = our %ort] calib]$ type4 ,f ^! types "o mu/ be select$4 ,an intellig5t selection involves a consid]ation ( :at may be expect$ 9 ! future 9 ord] t x may be/ fit 9 ) ! new types yet to be evolv$4 ,= hors$ artill]y--& horse artill]y w be ) u = "s ye>s to come--! limit+ features ( draft & man p[] w /ill p]ta94 ,= tractor-drawn mobile artill]y1 ! limit+ feature is ! tractive p[] ( ! tractor ) relation to ! weight ( ! gun & c>riage1 ! unit be+ physically limit$ 9 weight by ! support+-p[] ( ! pontoon bridge :i* is ab\t #aj1jjj p\nds p] vehicle4 ,= ,cat]pill> ,artill]y4--,by t is meant guns m\nt$ on cat]pill> tractors--! limit+ features are p[] & weight1 c\pl$ ) ! weight limitations ( ! pontoon bridge4 ,to circumv5t ! "q ( weight1 ! load may be divid$ by m\nt+ ! motor by an electric g5]ator on "o cat]pill> & ! gun ) an electric motor1 on ! o!r1 a transmission cable connect+ ! two vehicles4 ,9 conclusion x might be said t "o ( ! greate/ *anges :i* has ev] tak5 place 9 ! developm5t ( field artill]y is n[ und]way 9 ! =m ( motorization4 ,prior to #aiag horse traction _h be5 ! sole means ( transport+ mobile field artill]y4 ,! limit ( ! capabilities ( horse traction plac$ a weight limit ^u gun con/ruction & to "s ext5t ^u artill]y tactics4 ,! increase 9 ! ratio ( field artill]y to infantry1 ! correspond+ dem& = artill]y types ( horses & ! decrease 9 ! availability ( ! latt] z ! w> cont9u$1 comb9$ ) ! great improvem5ts :i* 7 con/antly be+ wr\ght 9 me*anical transportation z ! w> l5g!n$1 op5$ ! way = artill]y motorization4 ,! ,fr5* began by plac+ _! #ges on trucks = rapid *anges ( position4 ,all ! armies saw ! possible advantages to be ga9$ f ! use ( trucks ) artill]y b none plann$--nor h any s9ce put into practice--! ext5sive use ( trucks1 cat]pill> tractors & motor transportation = p]sonnel1 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates plann$ on h] entrance into ! w>4 ,x 0 plann$ to equip ab\t "o-?ird ( ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 artill]y regim5ts ) complete motor equipm5t4 ,?is plan did n entirely mat]ialize b aft] ! armi/ice ! #crd ,field ,artill]y ,brigade ( ! #crd ,division 0 completely motoriz$ & its practice m>*es 9 ,g]many 7 mo/ successful & full ( promise = ! future4 ,to date ! motorization ( all our mobile ,field ,artill]y1 ) ! exception ( ab\t fifty p] c5t ( ! light field guns1 has be5 au?oriz$4 ,motor traction gives a bett] p]=mance ?an animal4 ,:ile ! latt]1 especially ) ! light field guns1 possesses great mobility1 x is n a su/a9$ nor a p]si/5t mobility2 x is m easily exhau/$ & requires long] to recup]ate4 ,^! are po9ts ( vital importance f a milit>y viewpo9t4 ,9 #aibj a self-propell+ cat]pill> m\nt$ ) a #ge-mm gun1 model #aiaf1 0 te/$ ) a view to asc]ta9+ ! ability ( ! motor to function 9 wat]1 i4 e4 =d+ /reams1 etc4 ,! cat]pill> successfully mov$ ?r\gh ice wat] :i* completely subm]g$ ! c>buretor4 ,pass5g] c>s = ! transportation ( p]sonnel1 f\r :eel drive trucks ) cat]pill> tractors = ! transportation ( ! mat]iel1 & ! developm5t ( self-propell+ m\nts = ! #ge & #aee rifles are ! late/ & ! mo/ important developm5ts 9 field artill]y mat]iel4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,gun ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,design 8,a gun is a ma*9e by :i* ! =ce ( exp&+ gas is utiliz$ = ! purpose ( propell+ a projectile 9 a def9ite direction40 ,x is ess5tially a metal tube clos$ at "o end1 ( suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! pressure ( ! gases caus$ by ! combu/ion ( ! p[d] *>ge 9 ! conf9$ space at ! clos$ end ( ! tube beh9d ! projectile4 ,! rapid combu/ion ( ! p[d]1 :i* produces a high temp]ature1 gives rise to a pressure uni=mly ex]t$ 9 all directions )9 ! conf9$ space4 ,! en]gy ex]t$ is us$ 9 =c+ ! projectile f ! tube4 ,,tubes ,due to ! ef=t ( ! l>ge am\nt ( sup]heat$ gas g5]at$1 :i* t5ds to exp& 9 all directions1 trem5d\s r5d+ /resses are set up 9 ! tube4 ,=m]ly ^! /resses 7 met by a %e] mass ( metal1 b1 z ! size ( ! projectiles increas$ & ! necess>y pressure to give !m muzzle velocity increas$1 ! size ( ! guns increas$ beyond ! practical limits ( mobility4 ,?is 0 at fir/ (fset by =g+s ( ref9$ alloy$ /eels1 b ev5 ^! fail$ to keep pace ) ! increas+ pressure desir$4 ,! new condition 0 met by ! introduction ( ! 8built-up0 & ! 8wire-wrapp$0 guns4 ,! mod]n built-up gun is made by assembl+ "o or m sup]impos$ cyl9d]s ar\nd a c5tral tube4 ,! sup]impos$ cyl9d]s1 ^: inside dim5sions are slightly small] ?an ! outside dim5sions ( ^? on :i* !y are to be assembl$1 are exp&$ by heat suffici5tly to all[ !m to be assembl$ ov] ! tube4 ,! subsequ5t contraction on cool+ causes ea* ( !m to ex]t a uni=m pressure on ! cyl9d] imm$iately und]nea?4 ,?is me?od ( assembl+ is call$ 8%r9kage40 ,?is gives a compression to ! inn] tube & a slight t5sion to ! out] "o4 ,! compression is s mu* additional /r5g? to ! tube because x mu/ fir/ be ov]come be=e ! p[d] gases c ex]t a t5sion on ! inn] tube fib]s4 ,! exact am\nt ( ! compression & t5sion = all p>ts ( a gun at re/ or resi/+ an explosion is a matt] ( ma!matical calculation4 ,! built-up con/ruction has be5 us$ 9 practically all our pres5t day types ( field artill]y4 ,,! ,,wire-,,wrapp$ ,,gun4 ,wire-wrapp$ guns consi/ (3 7a7 ,an inn] /eel tube :i* =ms a support on :i* ! wire is wrapp$ & 9 :i* ! rifl+ grooves are cut4 7b7 ,lay]s ( wire wrapp$ ^u ! tube to increase its resi/ance by ! application ( an ext]ior pressure z well z to add to ! /r5g? ( ! /ructure by _! own resi/ance to ext5sion "u fire4 7c7 ,"o or m lay]s consi/+ ( a /eel jacket & hoops plac$ ov] ! wire ) or )\t %r9kage4 ,! jacket g5]ally furni%es longitud9al /r5g? to ! guns1 & ! bree* block is screw$ into ! jacket1 or into a bree* bu%+1 :i* is screw$ into ! jacket4 ,! pr9cipal advantages ( ?is type ( gun ov] ! built-up is economy ( manufacture & great] facilities = inspection ( mat]iel 9 ! lay]s ov] ! tube4 ,! wire wrapp+ has itself a l>ge res]ve ( /r5g? due to ! high ela/ic limits t may be giv5 x4 ,two me?ods are us$ to wrap ! wire3 7a7 at con/ant t5sion 7b7 at v>y+ t5sion s t :5 ! gun is fir$ ) ! prescrib$ pressure1 all lay]s ( wire %all be subject$ to ! same tang5tial /ress4 ,! latt] me?od is !oretically bett]1 b because ( ! ease ( manufacture1 toge!r ) ! l>ge factor ( safety possible1 ! wire is usually wrapp$ at a con/ant pressure4 ,,! ,,built-,,up ,,gun4 ,all army guns except small h[itz]s or mort>s are ( ! built-up or wire-wrapp$ type4 ,built up guns ( less ?an #e0 calib]1 or h[itz]s up to #h0 calib] consi/ ( an inn] tube & a jacket %runk onto ?is tube4 ,! jacket cov]s ! bree* end ( ! gun & ext5ds =w>d to ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,built-up guns ( l>g] calib] h "o m lay] ( hoops 9 addition to ! jacket1 "o lay] ( hoops usually ext5d+ to ! muzzle4 ,! bore ( ! tube =ms ! p[d] *amb]1 ! seat = ! projectile & ! rifl$ bore4 ,rifl+ consi/s ( a numb] ( helical grooves cut 9 ! surface ( ! bore4 ,! s(t metal ( ! rotat+ b& ( ! projectile is =c$ into ^! grooves caus+ ! projectile to take up a rot>y motion z x passes ?r\gh ! bore4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] to keep ! projectile /able 9 its flight4 ,,twi/4 ,by twi/ ( rifl+ is meant ! incl9ation ( "o ( ! grooves to ! elem5t ( ! bore at any po9t4 ,rifl+ is ( two k9ds3 7a7 ,uni=m twi/1 or t 9 :i* ! twi/ is con/ant ?r\gh\t ! bore1 7b7 ,increas+ twi/ or t 9 :i* ! twi/ increases f ! bree* t[>ds ! muzzle4 ,! twi/ ( rifl+ is usually express$ 9 ! numb] ( calib]s l5g? ( bore 9 :i* x makes "o complete turn4 ,! twi/ actually requir$ at ! muzzle to ma9ta9 ! /ability ( ! projectile v>ies ) ! k9d ( projectile & ! muzzle velocity4 ,if a uni=m twi/ be us$1 ! driv+ =ce on ! rotat+ b& w be at a maximum :5 ! pressure 9 ! guns is at a maximum--or ne> ! orig9 ( rifl+ 7seat ( ! projectile74 ,! increas+ twi/ s]ves to r$uce ! maximum driv+ =ce on ! b& ?us less5+ ! dang] ( /ripp+ ! b&4 ,?is is its pr9cipal advantage ov] ! uni=m twi/1 ?\gh x also r$uces slightly ! maximum pressure 9 ! gun4 ,! pr9cipal disadvantage ( ! increas+ twi/ is ! cont9u$ *ange 9 =m ( ! grooves press$ 9 ! rotat+ b&1 z ! projectile passes ?r\gh ! bore4 ,?is results 9 increas$ friction & a high] value = ! passive resi/ance ?an ) a uni=m twi/4 7,note3 great] ranges obta9$ by cutt+ grooves 9 projectile1 pr9cipal us$ on ! long range gun by ! ,g]mans47 ,if ! twi/ increases f z]o at ! bree* uni=mly to ! muzzle1 ! rate ( *ange 9 ! tang5t to ! groove is con/ant4 ,a twi/ 9 ?is =m (f]s less resi/ance ?an ! uni=m twi/ to ! initial rotation ( ! projectile4 ,to /ill fur!r dim9i% ?is resi/ance a twi/ t is at fir/ less rapid ?an ! uni=mly increas+ twi/ & lat] m rapid has be5 g5]ally adopt$ = rifl$ guns4 ,=m]ly 9 our s]vice ! twi/ 0 uni=m2 "o turn 9 #be calibres = guns & "o turn 9 #bj calibres = h[itz]s4 ,all ! late/ model army guns1 h[ev]1 h an increas+ twi/ ( "o turn 9 #ej calibres at ! bree* to "o turn 9 #be calibres at a po9t f #b to #d calibres f ! muzzle4 ,9 h[itz]s & mort>s ! twi/ is sometimes "o turn 9 #dj calibres at ! bree* to "o turn 9 #bj calibres at a po9t sev]al calibres f ! muzzle4 ,"s mort>s are rifl$ ) a uni=m twi/ & "s guns h a rifl+ :i* beg9s ) a z]o twi/4 7,! #aije #c0 gun1 #j to #a 9 #be47 ,,out] ,,cyl9d]s4 ,outside ( ! tube is ! jacket4 ,x ext5ds to ! re> ( ! tube a suffici5t di/ance to all[ ( seat+ ! bree* block4 ,9 ?is mann] ! longitud9al /ress due to ! pressure ( ! p[d] gases on ! face ( ! bree* block is transmitt$ to ! jacket ?us reliev+ ! metal ( ! tube f ?is /ress4 ,9 all built-up guns !re is "s me?od devis$ = lock+ ! tube to ! jacket s z to prev5t relative movem5t ( ^! p>ts4 ,consid]+ ! gun alone ! greate/ range is obta9$ at an angle ( ab\t #dc degrees f t gun :i* fires ! heavie/ projectile ) ! greate/ velocity4 ,! calib] be+ limit$ to f #b4ie in* to #c4c in*1 ! projectile is limit$ 9 weight to f #ab to #ah p\nds4 ,! weight ( ! gun is limit$ to betwe5 #gjj & #ajjj p\nds & 9 l5g? to betwe5 #bg & #cf calib]s4 ,! long] ! gun1 ! great] ! weight & velocity f ! same *>ge ( p[d]4 ,a pressure ( #cc1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* ) a correspond+ velocity ( #agjj f4 s4 has be5 f\nd to be z high a pressure & velocity z are desirable = a reasonable l5g? ( life = a field gun1 ! av]age life ( :i* is #aj1jjj accurate r\nds4 ,"u ! ,fr5* s*ool ( artill]y1 :i* dom9ates our s]vice at pres5t1 our bore is #ge-mm1 ! weight ( our %ell #ab p\nds1 our %rapnel #af p\nds1 ! velocity = ! "o ab\t #a1gej f4 s4 & = ! o!r ab\t #a1fhj f4 s4 ,,bree*blocks4 ,! bree*block appe>s 9 f\r di/9ct types4 ,our own s]vice has = ye>s us$ ! sw++ int]rupt$ screw bree*block :i* 9 ! #aije model is ! equal ( any ( t type 9 exi/5ce4 ,! sw++ block has s]i\s disadvantages = high angle fire 9 t x requires an excessive am\nt ( room to op]ate & is difficult to load at high elevations4 ,! ,italians h introduc$ a new bree*block 9 "o ( _! rec5t guns1 consi/+ ( a half cyl9d] ) sup]impos$ sph]ical face on its cyl9drical surface rotat+ v]tically ab\t a horizontal axis p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! bore4 ,! gun is load$ ?r\gh a groove 9 ! bree*block :5 ! latt] is 9 its horizontal position4 ,! block1 :i* is semi-automatic1 is v satisfactory4 ,x is adapt$ to high angle fire4 ,! ,fr5* 9 _! 8#ge0 h us$ ! rotat+ ecc5tric screw type1 :i* is rapid 9 movem5t & l5ds itself fairly well to high angle fire4 ,x is completely enclos$ & ( rugg$ con/ruction4 ,! ,g]mans h us$ ! slid+ w$ge type ( block1 mov+ 9 a horizontal direction1 :i* does n l5d itself to high angle fire4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 its rec5t field c>riage adopt$ ! slid+ w$ge type 9 a v]tical plane on acc\nt ( its manife/ sup]iority 9 fire at high angles4 ,?is block is r difficult to manufacture & ! type has a t5d5cy to /ick4 ,! automatic clos+ necessitates a /rong clos+ spr+ :i* fatigues ! block op]ator1 ,no4 #a 9 ! gun squad4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 a prospective new design = ! #aiaf gun c>riage ! ,am]ican ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t adopt$ ! ,fr5* bree*block2 & ! ,/4 ,*amond ,company1 design+ = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 adopt$ ! ,am]ican drop block4 ,requirem5ts = a bree* me*anism3 ,! foll[+ may be said to be ! pr9cipal requirem5ts = a successful bree* me*anism4 #a4 ,safety4 ,to be safe3 7a7 ! gas mu/ be re/ra9$ f escap+ to ! re>2 ?is seal+ or obturation mu/ be automatic1 great] pressure insur+ bett] obturation4 7b7 ,! bree* ( ! gun mu/ n be weak5$ by ! fitt+ ( ! bree* me*anism4 7c7 ,! p>ts mu/ h ample /r5g? to prev5t any portion f be+ bl[n to ! re>4 7d7 ,! dang] ( premature dis*>ge mu/ be m9imiz$4 7e7 ,! bree*block mu/ be securely lock$ to prev5t op5+ on fir+4 #b4 ,ease & ,rapidity ( ,work+4 ,o!rwise1 rapid & cont9u\s fire _c be ma9ta9$4 ,h5ce ?is w\ld include facility 9 load+ & c]ta9ty ( extraction = rapid fire guns4 #c4 ,n ,easily ,put ,out ( ,ord]4 ,9 o!r words x mu/ be able to meet s]vice conditions & h>d usage4 ,p>ts %\ld h a res]ve /r5g?4 #d4 ,ease ( ,repair4 ,p>ts mo/ expos$ to we> %\ld be s design$ z to p]mit be+ replac$4 ,?is w also include accessibility to p>ts1 s t breakage ( a "p w n disable ! me*anism = a long "t4 #e4 ,int]*angeability4 ,n only %\ld individual p>ts be made int]*angeable by accurate workman%ip1 b ! :ole me*anism %\ld be capable ( be+ m\nt$ on simil> guns4 ,?is is to meet s]vice conditions4 ,,gun ,,c>riages4 ,a mod]n gun c>riage is expect$ to /& /eady on fir+1 s t 9 ! fir/ place x requires no runn+ up1 & 9 ! second place x ma9ta9s ! direction ( ! gun s t only a slight correction 9 elevation & direction is requir$ aft] ea* r\nd4 ,! c>riage is ma9ta9$ 9 position by ! spade1 :i* s9ks into ! gr\nd1 & by ! friction ( ! :eels ^u ! gr\nd4 ,if ! =ce ( ! recoil+ gun 7 communicat$ directly to ! an*or$ c>riage ! effect w\ld be to make x jump viol5tly1 :i* w\ld n only di/urb ! lay1 b w\ld prev5t ! cannone]s f ma9ta9+ _! position4 ,! hydraulic recoil brake is !re=e int]pos$ betwe5 gun & c>riage4 ,if ! guns 7 rigidly atta*$ to ! c>riage ! latt] w\ld be =c$ back a %ort di/ance at ea* r\nd1 & ! :ole ( ! recoil en]gy w\ld h to be absorb$ 9 t %ort motion4 ,in/ead ( ?is ! gun alone is all[$ to recoil sev]al feet & al?\gh ! recoil en]gy is 9 ?is case great] ?an x w\ld be if gun & c>riage recoil$ toge!r yet x is s gradually communicat$ to ! c>riage t in/ead ( a viol5t j]k we h a /eady1 uni=m pull1 ! only effect ( :i* is to slightly compress ! e>? beh9d ! spade4 ,9 a well design$ c>riage ! am\nt ( ?is pull is always less ?an t requir$ to lift ! :eels (f ! gr\nd by rotat+ ! c>riage ab\t ! spade4 ,! only motion ( ! c>riage :i* takes place is t due to ! ela/ic b5d+ & reb\nd ( its p>ts "u ! cross /ra9s set up on dis*>ge4 ,^! /ra9s are inevitable s9ce ! direction ( recoil _c be always exactly 9 ! l9e ( ! resi/ance ( ! e>? beh9d ! spade4 ,?is movem5t ( ! axis is kn[n z jump & mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]im5t = ! individual piece 9 its p>ticul> m\nt+4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! typical gun c>riage are ! cradle1 a device = m\nt+ ! cradle--call$ 9 ! diff]5t models rock]1 p9tle yoke1 & top c>riage1 ! trail1 ! :eels & axle4 ,! gun slides 9 recoil on ! upp] surface ( ! cradle & ! cradle conta9s ! recoil controll+ p>ts4 ,9 ! design ( ! c>riage ! con/ructional difficulty lies n s mu* 9 prev5t+ ! c>riage f recoil+ b 9 prev5t+ ! :eels f ris+ (f ! gr\nd on ! %ock ( dis*>ge4 ,! =ce ( ! recoil ( ! gun1 act+ 9 ! l9e ( motion ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! recoil+ p>ts1 t5ds to turn ! c>riage ov] backw>ds ab\t ! po9t ( ! trail or c5t] ( ! spade4 ,?is =ce is resi/$ by ! weight ( ! gun & c>riage1 :i* t5ds to keep ! :eels on ! gr\nd4 ,! lev]age ) :i* ! ov]turn+ =ce acts is due to ! di/ance ( its l9e ( action above ! c5t] ( ! spade2 ! lev]age ) :i* ! ov]turn+ =ce acts is t due to ! horizontal di/ance ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! gun & c>riage f ! c5t] ( ! spade4 ,x foll[s t ! /ead9ess ( ! c>riage = a giv5 muzzle en]gy may be promot$ by f\r factors4 7a7 ,increas+ ! weight ( ! gun & recoil+ p>ts4 ,?is r$uces ! recoil en]gy4 7b7 ,increas+ ! l5g? ( recoil all[$4 ,?is r$uces ! ov]turn+ pull4 7c7 ,keep+ ?is gun z l[ z possible ei!r by r$uc+ ! height ( ! :eels1 or by crank+ ! axle d[nw>ds4 ,?is r$uces ! lev]age ( ! ov]turn+ =ce4 7d7 ,increas+ ! l5g? ( ! trail4 ,?is increases ! lev]age ( ! /eady+ =ce4 ,! well design$ gun c>riage is "o t comb9es ^! factors 9 a practical way s z to give ! greate/ possible /ead9ess to ! c>riage at ! same "t keep+ )9 ! limits ( weight impos$ by ! necessity ( mobility4 ,gun c>riages are con/ruct$ s z to p]mit movem5t ( ! tube 9 ! v]tical & g5]ally 9 ! horizontal plane4 ,^! two motions may be made simultane\s if s desir$ by prop] comb9ation ( ! two motions & ! axis ( a gun align$ 9 any desir$ direction )9 ! limits ( motion ( its m\nt4 ,! two motions ref]r$ to are designat$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,rotation ( ! piece ab\t a v]tical axis1 its incl9ation ) ! horizontal rema9+ un*ang$ is call$ 8trav]se40 7b7 ,movem5t ( ! piece 9 a v]tical plane1 ! direction ( ! horizontal projection ( ! axis ( ! bore rema9+ un*ang$ is call$ 8elevation40 ,9 ord] to p]mit ( ! two motions m5tion$1 gun c>riages are provid$ ) me*anisms = giv+ ! piece accurately controll$ motion 9 bo? elevation & trav]se4 ,! elevat+ ge> ( mo/ ,am]ican guns is an application ( ! ,*9ese or ,telescopic screw4 ,?is gives a %ort assembl$ l5g? ) ! necess>y ext5d$ l5g? requir$ = mod]n ranges4 ,x also gives ! necess>y rapidity = action4 ,an entirely diff]5t me*anism is us$ 9 our h[itz]s & ,am]ican #ges4 ,9 ?is case motion is communicat$ to ! rock]s1 :i* c>ry ! gun & cradle1 ?r\gh ! engagem5t ( worms ) tee? cut on ! l[] circul> edge ( ! rock]s1 ! latt] be+ pivot$ on ! cradle trunnions4 ,,trav]s+ ,,me*anisms4 ,movem5t ( ! gun 9 trav]se is accompli%$ 9 two g5]al ways4 7a7 ,pivot on ! gun c>riage axle4 #a4 ,! gun & cradle move ar\nd a v]tical p9tle or pivot plac$ 9 a saddle or rock] :i* itself pivots on horizontal trunnions or be>+s usually atta*$ to ! axle4 ,! re> end ( ! rock] =ms a seat or be>+ on :i* ! cradle & gun move 9 trav]se4 ,! upp] end ( ! elevat+ screw is also atta*$ to ! re> end ( ! rock]4 ,?is all[s ! rock] & cradle to be mov$ toge!r 9 elevation & ! cradle to move on ! rock] 9 trav]se4 #b4 ,! gun & cradle are m\nt$ by means ( horizontal cradle trunnions on a top c>riage4 ,! top c>riage moves 9 trav]se ar\nd a v]tical p9tle or be>+ atta*$ ov] ! axle & betwe5 ! front end ( ! trail flasks4 ,! re> end ( ! top c>riage moves on be>+s atta*$ to ! top ( ea* side ( ! trail flasks4 ,?is all[s ! gun1 cradle & rock] to move 9 elevation ) respect to ! top c>riage & ! top c>riage be>+ ! gun1 cradle rock] & elevat+ me*anism to move 9 trav]se ) respect to ! bottom c>riage4 7b7 ,! gun1 cradle & trail move 9 trav]se by slid+ along ! axle ( ! c>riage on be>+s provid$ = t purpose4 ,9 ?is case ! trail spade is ! po9t ( pivot4 ,! fir/ sy/em is ! "o g5]ally us$ on all ,am]ican gun c>riages except ! #aee-mm ,h[itz]4 ,x gives ease & spe$ 9 ! manipulation ( ! piece 9 trav]se1 b has ! disadvantage ( r5d]+ ! c>riage less /able 9 fir+ due to ! fact t ! direction ( recoil ( ! gun is 9 ! direction ( ! l9e jo9+ ! trail spade & ! c5tral pivot1 only :5 ! gun is absolutely 9 ! c5t] ( its trav]se4 ,9 all o!r positions1 :i* w be ! usual case1 !re is a compon5t at "r angles to ! l9e ( trail spade-c5tral pivot :i* t5ds to ?r[ ! gun (f f its prop] direction mak+ x necess>y to relay ea* "t ! gun is fir$4 ,! second me?od is t 9 use on ! ,fr5* #ge-mm gun & ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican #aee h[itz]4 ,:ile n s easy ( manipulation & giv+ less fre$om ( movem5t 9 trav]se 7ab\t #ajf mils7 x /ill has ! advantage 9 t x gives great] /ability 9 fir+ due to ! fact t ! gun always recoils along ! l9e ?r\gh ! trail spade1 p]p5dicul> to ! axle4 ,,elevat+ ,,me*anisms4 ,!re are two g5]al classifications ( gun c>riages accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! lay+ = elevation is effect$4 ,! #c0 gun is an example ( "o type 9 :i* ! total quadrant angle ( dep>ture is laid (f z "o angle necessitat+ at ea* resett+ ( a range a new resett+ ( ! range bubble4 ,x is evid5t t ?is militates aga9/ bo? spe$ & accuracy 9 lay+ = elevation4 ,! o!r type is illu/rat$ by ! ,am]ican #ge & by ! ,fr5* & ,briti% #ge-mm gun c>riages :i* h :at is call$ ! 8indep5d5t l9e ( site40 ,x diff]s f ! o!r type 9 t !re is plac$ betwe5 ! top c>riage & ! cradle an int]m$iate c>riage or rock] arm pivot+ on ! gun trunnions at "o end1 & c>ry+ at ! o!r ! support = ! elevat+ device :i* gives to ! cradle & ! gun ! prop] elevation = ! range4 ,?is int]m$iate c>riage or rock] arm has a too!d edge ge>$ ) a p9ion fa/5$ to ! trail flask1 by means ( :i*1 gun cradle & elevat+ device may be mov$ 9 elevation )\t di/urb+ ! relation betwe5 itself & ! gun1 ?is be+ done by ge>s indep5d5t ( ! elevat+ me*anism4 ,an angle ( site may be set (f = ! int]m$iate c>riage & aft] ! bubble is c5t]$ ?is actuat+ p9ion may be block$ & no fur!r conc]n be paid to ! angle ( site4 ,a cannone] !re=e has only to set 8 range accurately on ! index to give ! *anges 9 range ord]$4 ,elevation is accompli%$ by telescop+ screws1 by circul> racks & p9ions1 & by worms & arcs4 ,telescop+ screws are good = f #ae to #bj degrees 9 elevation only1 z = great] angles !y become r too l>ge & cumb]some4 ,! elevat+ arc is atta*$ on ! top1 on ! bottom or on ! side ( ! cradle &1 if possible1 at its c5t]4 ,:5 ! latt] is n possible1 two arcs are g5]ally us$ to prev5t torsional /ra9s develop+4 ,top racks are expos$ to fire1 side circul> racks or arcs int]f]e ) ! trav]se1 ) ! plac+ ( ! sights1 & ) ! g5]al h&l+ ( ! c>riage4 ,! bottom ( ! cradle is p]haps ! be/ location = ! rack4 ,z 9 ! trav]s+ me*anism1 a tra9 ( bevell$ ge>s transmits ! p[] f ! h& :eel to ! elevat+ me*anism4 ,9 bo? ! trav]s+ & elevat+ me*anism1 /r5g?1 simplicity1 p[]1 accessibility1 non-int]f]5ce & abs5ce ( lo/ motion are ! features s\ght4 ,to secure ^! is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s 9 gun-c>riage design2 =1 s9ce ! trav]s+ & elevat+ are ! la/ two elem5ts consid]$1 !y mu/1 !re=e1 be ! gr\nd = modification & ! means ( adapt+ ! great ma9 elem5ts--namely1 :eels1 axle1 trail1 recoil me*anism & gun--into a unit4 ,,recoil ,,me*anism4 ,! recoil sy/em ( ! gun c>riage consi/s ( a recoil brake1 a c\nt] recoil me*anism & a c\nt] recoil brake4 ,! function ( ea* "p is app>5t f its "n4 ,v>i\s sy/ems ( *eck+ recoil on field guns h be5 us$1 among !m may be m5tion$2 friction devices includ+ brakes on ! :eel1 incl9$ planes1 pneumatic & hydraulic brakes4 ,all h ei!r be5 sup]s$$ by ! la/ nam$ or are us$ 9 connection ) hydraulic brakes4 ,! p[] ( ! brake lies 9 ! pressure produc$ 9 ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! resi/ance to motion (f]$ by ! liquid fl[+ ?r\gh ap]tures4 ,by v>y+ ! size ( ^! ap]tures ! brak+ effect may be controll$ s z to fulfill ! conditions dem&$ by ! s]vice4 ,9 design+ ! brake1 ! effect ( ! c\nt] recoil sy/em1 angle ( fire1 l5g? ( recoil1 friction & pressure )9 ! cyl9d] mu/ all be consid]$4 ,9 h[itz]s :i* are design$ to be fir$ at high angles ( elevation1 ! recoil mu/ be %ort5$ to prev5t ! bree* /rik+ ! gr\nd1 a condition successfully met4 ,s9ce ! pressure due to recoil is ultimately l$ into ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! trail & spade1 consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! problem ( ! mom5t ( in]tia ab\t ! trailspade4 ,! t5d5cy to turn ov] backw>d ab\t ! spade z ! c5t] is (fset by ! am\nt ( ! weight ( ! c>riage ) respect to ! same po9t4 ,?is raises ! "q z to h[ mu* pressure may be all[$ to act to ! re>2 all ( :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 design+ ! c>riage4 ,! c\nt] recoil sy/ems 9 g5]al use are two3 spr+ or pneumatic4 ,! =m] is illu/rat$ 9 our #c0 & #ge-mm field guns1 ! latt] by ! ,fr5* #ge-mm gun & #aee-mm h[itz]4 ,_! purpose1 ( c\rse1 is to return ! gun 8into batt]y0 aft] x has recoil$ on ! c>riage4 ,! recoil me*anism is a /udy 9 itself1 ( :i* !re are two s*ools--! advocates ( ! spr+ & ( ! air recup]ators4 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 ! advocates ( spr+ recup]ation & ,france ( air recup]ation4 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ( ! spr+ s*ool1 und\bt$ly1 because ( ! lack ( a satisfactory air recup]at+ sy/em2 :i* is r /rik+ly prov5 by ! fact t bo? c\ntries h adopt$ air recup]ation s9ce !y h procur$ or develop$ satisfactory types4 ,bo? s*ools h gr\nds = _! position1 h[ev]4 ,! spr+ s*ool has 9 its favor simplicity ( design & manufacture & ease ( replacem5t1 :i* c be done 9 ! field4 ,on ! o!r h&1 spr+ recoils h _m breakages & great] weight comb9$ ) a high replacem5t ( weak5$ spr+s1 ! life v>y+ f #cjjj to #hjjj r\nds4 ,! air s*ool has 9 its favor a high ord] ( effici5cy--smoo!r action1 g5]al all ar\nd effici5cy & less weight4 ,b ! air recup]ator is difficult to manufacture1 co/ly1 & :5 damag$ mu/ g to ! re> to be repair$2 :i*1 h[ev]1 x seldom ne$s4 ,9 m\nt+ ! spr+ recup]ator1 ! mo/ rec5t practice has sep>at$ ! recoil me*anism f ! spr+s 9 ord] to di/ribute ! pi/on rod pull1 ?us prev5t+ :ip & all[+ easy access to ! v>i\s p>ts = replacem5t1 refill+ & repairs4 ,9 ord] to l[] ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! gun is slung "u ! recoil cyl9d] ) ! two spr+ recup]ators bel[ & on ei!r side4 ,air recup]ators are inv>iably locat$ bel[ ! gun = protection & because ( _! l>ge size & %ape1 :i* adapt !m = atta*+ ! elevat+ me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,batt]y ,,or ,,fir+ ,,position ,,9-,,batt]y ,,or ,,fir+ ,,position ,,hydro-,,spr+ ,,recoil ,,sy/em ,,hydro-,,pneumatic ,,recoil ,,sy/em ,,) ,,fluid ,,9 ,,direct ,,contact ,,) ,,! ,,air ,9 ei!r sy/em1 ! recoil is tak5 up by means ( oil or glyc]9e & wat] pass+ ?r\gh an orifice creat$ by a slott$ pi/on pass+ ov] ribs ( v>y+ height1 or ?r\gh a valve on ! pressure side ( ! pi/on1 or by a solid or p]=at$ pi/on pass+ ?r\gh a p]=at$ int]m$iate cyl9d]4 ,! latt] type is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to v>iable recoil guns z ! int]m$iate cyl9d] c be rotat$1 ?us ?r[+ v>y+ orifices into position = ! fl[ ( oil4 ,c\nt] recoil is accompli%$ by ! spr+s or by ! air pressure 9 ! hydro-pneumatic sy/em1 9 :i* ! air pressure is suffici5t to hold ! gun 9 batt]y at all elevations & is built up at recoil4 ,9 all c\nt] recoil sy/ems1 x is necess>y to ins]t a buff] to take up ! rema9+ en]gy ( ! spr+s or air pressure s z to br+ ! gun into batt]y )\t appreciable j>4 ,num]\s types h be5 develop$ & p]fect$4 ,! c\nt] recoil brake or buff] 9 our #c0-;gun is a slightly tap]$ bronze rod1 tightly fitt+ 9 ! cyl9drical bore ( ! pi/on rod4 ,! ret>dation caus$ by =c+ ! oil 9 ! pi/on rod out ?r\gh ! small cle>ance betwe5 ! buff] & bore ( ! pi/on rod eases ! return to batt]y )\t j> to ! gun1 :i* has be5 =c$ back by ! c\nt] recoil spr+s4 ,! physical law t action & reaction are equal has a peculi> emphasis :5 appli$ to ! fir+ ( a piece ( high p[]$ artill]y4 ,! =ce ex]t$ to ?r[ a heavy projectile #g miles or m f ! muzzle ( ! gun is t[>d ! bree* ( ! weapon 9 its recoil4 ,h[ "s ( ^! =ces are h&l$ safely & easily by me*anical means are almo/ beyond ! m9d's grasp4 ,n long ago a t\r+ c>1 weigh+ two tons1 travel$ at ! rate ( #baj miles an h\r along a ,florida bea*4 ,conceive ( su* a c> go+ #ccg miles an h\r--:i* is mu* fa/] ?an any man ev] travel$2 !n conceive ( a me*anism :i* w\ld /op ?is c>1 go+ ne>ly six miles a m9ute1 /op x 9 #de in*es ( space & "o-half a second ( "t )\t ! slighte/ damage to ! c>4 ,?is is precisely ! equival5t ( ! feat p]=m$ by ! recup]ator ( a heavy h[itz] aft] a %ot4 ,,%ields4 ,al?\gh cov] = ! cannone]s _h be5 us$ (f & on s9ce ! inv5tion ( guns1 x _h fall5 into disuse until x 0 firmly e/abli%$ z an ess5tial feature by ! ,fr5* on _! #ge-mm 9 #ahig4 ,all mod]n field guns h su* protection bo? = ! cannone]s & = ! delicate p>ts ( ! mat]ial :i* w\ld be damag$ by %rapnel balls or %ell fragm5ts4 ,! %ield is made ( h>d5$ /eel capable ( )/&+ ! impact ( a bullet ( a s]vice rifle at a #ajj yds4 range at a /&>d velocity4 ,= conv5i5ce ! %ield is divid$ into ?ree p>ts kn[n z ! top %ield1 ma9 %ield & apron1 ) suitable ports equipp$ ) %utt]s = ! l9e ( vision f sights4 ,! ma9 is fa/5$ to ! axle & is rigid4 ,! apron is h+$ to ! ma9 %ield or ! axle-sw++ =w>d = ! travel+ position4 ,! top %ield is fa/5$ to ! ma9 %ield by h+es & sw+s =w>d & d[nw>d = travel+ position4 ,,sights4 ,! sights s]ve ?ree important functions4 ,!y improve ! vision ( ! gunn] & lay ! gun 9 elevation & direction4 ,! simple/ sight is ! "o ov] ! l9e ( metal :i* lays = direction only1 ! second is ! tang5t sight m\nt$ on a range arc c5t]$ on ! axis ( rotation 9 elevation usually hav+ a deflection scale to correct = drift & to lead ! mov+ t>get4 ,?is unit lays = range & direction4 ,! la/ sight is ! telescopic or panoramic sight :i* is m\nt$ on a range arc & lays = direction only1 x is ! unit = indirect fire1 lay+ = direction1 & m>k$ly improv+ ! vision ( ! gunn]4 ,! late/ model ( ! ,am]ican panoramic sight is sup]ior to any 9 exi/5ce4 ,= precision 9 indirect fire1 practically all c>riages are equipp$ ) "s =m ( range quadrant1 conta9+ a means ( sett+ (f ! angle ( site & ! range angle4 ,all in/rum5ts are equipp$ to comp5sate = diff]5ce 9 :eel level4 ,! ,briti% c>riage automatically corrects = deviation1 simplify+ ! fir+ date by t elem5t4 ,,:eels4 ,! height ( ! :eels affects ! draft1 weight1 cle>ance1 & /ability ( ! c>riage bo? z to road /ability--i4 e41 l[ c5t] ( gravity2 & fir+ /ability--i4 e41 ! ov]turn+ movem5t ab\t ! end ( ! trail4 ,x is n[ believ$ t entirely too mu* /ress has be5 laid on road cle>ance4 ,r$uc+ ! height ( :eel r$uces ! weight & road cle>ance1 l[]s ! c5t] ( gravity & increases ! fir+ /ability2 b x also r$uces ! angle ( gun elevation unless ! trail is %ort5$4 ,fir+ /ability 9 g5]al is increas$ by add+ to ! weight ( ! gun1 l5g!n+ ! recoil1 sl++ ! gun z l[ z possible & l5g!n+ ! trail4 ,! less ! height ( ! :eel exce$s f\r feet ! bett]1 despite ! poor draft feature1 :i* is comp5sat$ = to "s ext5t by a r$uction 9 weight & turn+ radius4 ,,axles4 ,axles are /raight or ( ! (fset type4 ,! /raight axle is /rong] = its weight4 ,! drop axle all[s ! c5t] ( gravity to be l[]$4 ,,trails4 ,mo/ mod]n trails are ( ! sectional built-up type4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are ( tubul> & telescopic4 ,! mo/ v>iable portion ( ! trail is ! spade4 ,x consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! spade prop] & ! float4 ,! =m] prev5ts recoil1 ! latt] ! bury+ ( ! trail4 ,! spades prop] are ( ?ree types3 ! fix$1 z 9 ! ,fr5* #ge-mm2 semi-fix$1 z 9 ! #aee-mm h[itz]2 & driv51 z 9 ! ,deport & ,am]ican #aiaf #ge-mm4 ,ea* has advantages & disadvantages4 ,! driv5 spade is consid]$ ess5tial = ! split trail c>riage1 z ! latt] has no means ( seat+ itself2 & %\ld "o spade take1 & n ! o!r ! c>riage might be damag$ :5 ! gun is fir$ at an extreme trav]se4 ,split trails introduc$ a novelty 9 field gun c>riages1 9 t a comp5sat+ device became necess>y to adju/ = ! diff]5ce 9 gr\nd level ( ! two spades4 ,,conclusion4 ,guns are design$ to function 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,!y are n temp]am5tal4 ,!y foll[ absolutely & c]ta9ly fix$ me*anical laws4 ,if !y fail !re is a reason & x c be rem$i$4 ,c]ta9 p>ts are giv5 c]ta9 %apes & =ms1 are ma*9$ to nice adju/m5ts1 & 9 tak+ d[n & assembl+ !m1 bra9s & dext]ity are ! tools to use r ?an =ce & sl$ge-hamm]s4 ,le>n f y\r text :5 & h[ to apply =ce & above all :5 n to use x4 ,treat ^! guns z y w\ld a fri5d on :om y "k y c dep5d4 ,!y w n fail y4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,armam5t4 ,,! ,,artill]y ,,( ,a ,,field ,,army2 ,,its ,,functions4 ,! artill]y assign$ to a field army %\ld be ( su* mobility1 p[]1 v>iety & numb] z to insure ! success ( its purpose & to enable ?is success to be ga9$ ) ! m9imum ( casualties4 ,! latt] po9t mu/ receive c>eful consid]ation 9 /udies ( organization1 = )\t adequate artill]y prep>ation & support ! successes ( ! mo/ gallant infantry c 9 a s]ies ( actions become little m ?an pyrrhic victories4 ,_m actions ( our divisions 9 ,france result$ 9 casualties ^: numb]s decreas$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( guns ) :i* divisions 7 support$4 ,! proportion ( guns to ! ?\s& gross /r5g? ( infantry1 cavalry1 & ma*9e guns adopt$ by ! armies ( ! fir/ class p[]s be=e ! op5+ ( ! pres5t ,european ,w> 9 #aiad 03 ,briti%1 #f4h2 ,fr5*1 #d4f2 ,g]man1 #f4d2 ,am]ican #c4b 7,greble ,bo>d74 ,dur+ ! w> ?is proportion 0 con/antly increas$ until at ! close "u conditions ( position or entr5*$ w>f>e x 0 betwe5 #h & #ab p] ?\s&2 ?is v>i$ ( c\rse ) ! activity 9 diff]5t sectors4 ,9 quiet sectors & "u conditions ( maneuv]1 or op5 w>f>e1 :i* necessitat$ leav+ mu* artill]y beh9d1 x 0 ab\t #f p] ?\s&4 ,a program ( types ( artill]y weapons %\ld be f\nd$ on ! object & ! means--t is1 ! de/ruction ( ! t>get & ! projectile to accompli% ?is4 ,9 ! /udy ( an artill]y program !re are two me?ods ( approa*+ ! subject4 ,fir/1 by />t+ ) a m9imum weight ( projectile & work+ up to a reasonable maximum1 accord+ to "s law & tak+ ! correspond+ calib]s1 a !oretical s]ies ( guns & h[itz]s c be express$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! law be d\bl+ ! weight ( ! projectile ! s]ies ( types c\ld be3 ,projectile ( #ac p\nds1 calib] #c04 ,projectile ( #bf p\nds1 calib] #d04 ,projectile ( #eb p\nds1 calib] #e04 ,projectile ( #ajd p\nds1 calib] #f04 ,projectile ( #bjh p\nds1 calib] #h04 ,projectile ( #daf p\nds1 calib] #aj04 ,projectile ( #hcb p\nds1 calib] #ab04 ,projectile ( #affd p\nds1 calib] #ad04 ,! second & m logical me?od1 & "o foll[$ 9 our s]vice1 is to consid] ! artill]y missions & det]m9e ! types be/ suit$ irrespective ( any !oretical s]ies ( weights & calib]s4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! discussion ( artill]y missions & ! prop] types = _! fulfillm5t !re is a rem>kable degree ( unanimity ( ?\ght on ^! subjects2 & ! above table actually conta9s1 ) slight v>iations1 ! types t are mo/ /rongly recomm5d$4 ,:ile grant+ ! great v>iety ( artill]y missions t (t5 %ade into ea* o!r1 x is believ$ t !y c be/ be consid]$ 9 ?ree great classes t foll[ ! tactical composition ( a field army3 ^? ( division1 corps & army artill]y4 ,,division ,,artill]y4 ,missions4 ,! division artill]y1 fir/ ( all1 mu/ h ! mobility t w p]mit x to accompany ! infantry ( a division & ! maximum p[] consi/5t ) t mobility2 its object mu/ be prim>ily ! infantry ( ! oppos+ division4 ,x is !re=e b\nd to its own infantry ) ! close/ bonds & its tactical use _c be sep>at$ f t ( ! infantry4 ,! division artill]y mu/ fire1 accurately1 a man kill+ projectile & be prep>$ = quick *anges ( t>gets2 x mu/ h a great range because ( dep?1 bo? ( its own & ! enemy division2 x mu/ cont9ually h>ass ! enemy1 prev5t 8 movem5t & =ce him into cov] or protect$ tr5*es4 ,on ! def5sive x mu/ break up ! oppos+ infantry =mations by prep>+ a c\nt]-(f5sive fire & by annihilat+ fire on po9ts f :i* ! enemy attacks em]ge2 &1 fail+ 9 ^!1 be prep>$ to use ! b>rage & %rapnel fire at close range4 ,9 ! (f5sive ! division artill]y mu/ play its "p 9 ! complex s*emes ( artill]y prep>ation by cutt+ wire1 de/roy+ ma*9e gun ne/s1 gass+ areas1 conc5trat+ on infantry positions & tak+ ! pr9cipal "p 9 ! deep b>rage t %\ld prec$e ! infantry attack4 ,its fire1 accompany+ ! infantry movem5t1 requires its own movem5t & by its mobility x (t5 becomes = "s "t ! sole artill]y protection 9 ! prep>ation & hold+ ( a position :i* has be5 tak54 ,light ,gun & ,h[itz]4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion ( artill]y (fic]s is t ! division artill]y missions are be/ fulfill$ by a light field gun & a light field h[itz] hav+ a range ( at lea/ #aa1jjj y>ds4 ,:ile diff]+ 9 me*anical features1 ! field guns ( ! diff]5t ,european c\ntries are practically ( ! same type &1 ?\gh con/ant ef=t is be+ made to improve details1 !y c be /at$ z g5]ally satisfactory to _! own gov]nm5ts & n liable to any radical *anges4 ,! g5]al type ( field gun1 :ile capable ( fulfill+ mo/ ( ! division artill]y missions1 mu/ be supplem5t$ by a prop] h[itz]4 ,!re are _m in/ances :]e ! t]ra9 or ! lay ( ! l& (f]s su* protection to ! infantry t ! field gun _c br+ an effective fire4 ,! h[itz] has ! great advantage t ) ! prop] set ( propell+ *>ges &1 !re=e1 *oice ( trajectories = ! same range1 protect$ positions c be *os5 = h[itz]s t guns c\ld n use1 & angles ( fall obta9$ on objectives t ! normal ammunition ( guns w\ld n give4 ,! l[ muzzle velocity ( h[itz]s admits ( _! almo/ cont9u\s use 9 h>ass+ fire & all[s ! use ( a projectile d\ble ! weight ( t ( a field gun4 ,su* a h[itz] r5d]s excell5t s]vice 9 wire cutt+ & is a useful projector ( gas %ells4 ,to insure ! mobility requir$ ( all divisional artill]y ! weight ( ! h[itz] & c>riage %\ld n exce$ t ( ! field gun1 or ab\t #d1ejj p\nds4 ,light ,gun ,discussion4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion ( all artill]y (fic]s--,fr5*1 ,engli% & ,am]ican--is t ! #ge-mm gun1 or approximately ?is calib]1 fir+ a #ae-p\nd projectile or a projectile ( approximately ?is weight1 & hav+ a range ( n less ?an #aa1jjj y>ds1 is a satisfactory weapon at ! pres5t "t = use ) ! division artill]y4 ,! projectile 9 "q1 :e!r a %rapnel or a high explosive %ell1 satisfies adequately ! crit]ion ( man-kill+4 ,at ! close ( ! w> ! nations 7 n entirely 9 accord ) respect to _! conception ( an up-to-date c>riage = a light field gun4 ,all ! nations ^: t5d5cies h be5 consid]$ 9 ?is report h exp]i5c$ to a v>y+ degree ) field gun c>riages1 p>ticul>ly 9 a desire to design a c>riage p]mitt+ a great] angle ( elevation & great] movem5t ( ! gun 9 ! trav]se4 ,! ,italians h express$ !mselves 9 ! modifi$ ,deport ,c>riage2 ?is vehicle is ( ! split trail type & p]mits an elevation 9 excess ( #ge degrees1 & a trav]se on ea* side ( ! c5t] ( ! c>riage ( ab\t #bj degrees--ab\t #cef mils4 ,up to ! "t t ! bo>d left ,france x 0 n possible to le>n ! ,fr5* decision 9 ! matt] ( a split trail c>riage = _! light field gun4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t sev]al types ( ?is c>riage h be5 design$ & te/$2 x is kn[n1 also1 t consid]able favor has be5 f\nd ) ! ,am]ican #aiaf1 :i* type has be5 te/$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! bo>d 0 n able to develop any en?usiasm = ! split trail type1 al?\gh ! matt] _h be5 s]i\sly consid]$4 ,9 t c\ntry ! up-to-date field gun c>riage appe>s to be adequately express$ 9 _! new #ah-p\nd]4 ,! vehicle ^u :i* ?is gun is m\nt$ p]mits an elevation ( #cg degrees & an axle trav]se ( #d degrees on ea* side4 ,! trail is a box trail & ! c>riage is simple & /eady 9 its con/ruction & l5ds itself to rapid production4 ,motorization4 ,at "s "t 9 ! future x is probable t all ! division artill]y w be motoriz$4 ,! result ( su* a *ange 9 ! prime mov] w\ld be to remove ! pres5t re/riction z to weight ( gun & c>riage4 ,! bo>d s5ses a dem& 9 ! ne> future = a light field gun hav+ a maximum range ( approximately #ae1jjj y>ds2 su* a range may be a*iev$ by increas+ ! muzzle velocity &1 p]haps1 ! weight ( ! projectile1 al?\gh *ange 9 ! =m ( projectiles w give "s improvem5t ov] ! pres5t ranges4 ,x is probable t ! limit+ features 9 ! design ( field guns ( ! future w be ! requirem5t t x %\ld pass safely ov] tempor>y pontoon bridges & t ! weight & =m & size ( ammunition mu/ be su* t ! pres5t rate ( fire w n be sl[$ d[n4 ,! bo>d is ( ! op9ion t1 except z to p]fection ( details1 ! limit ( c>riage design1 z express$ by ! mo/ mod]n type ( box-trail & split-trail c>riages1 has be5 rea*$2 & feels t ) ! adv5t ( motor transportation ! t5d5cy w be t[>d a gun m\nt$ on a self propell+ c>riage & express+ ! desires ( ! field artill]y ) respect to maximum horizontal & v]tical arcs ( fire4 ,light ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,a gun ( ab\t #c0 calib] on a c>riage p]mitt+ a v]tical arc ( fire ( f #e degrees depression to #hj degrees elevation & a horizontal arc ( fire ( #cfj degrees2 a projectile weigh+ n ov] #bj p\nds1 %rapnel & high explosive %ell ( satisfactory man-kill+ *>act]i/ics ) maximum range ( #ae1jjj y>ds2 fix$ ammunition1 smokeless1 fla%less propell+ *>ge2 "t fuse = %rapnel4 ,) %ell hav+ safe fuses ) diff]5t l5g?s ( delay$ action aft] !y l&4 ,! high explosive %ell %\ld be ( "o type only4 ,two propell+ *>ges %\ld be furni%$1 a normal *>ge = ab\t #aa1jjj y>ds range & a sup] *>ge = maximum range4 ,! proportion %\ld be #ij ( ! =m] & #aj ( ! latt]4 ,a maximum rate ( fire ( #bj r\nds p] m9ute is deem$ suffici5t4 ,light ,gun4 ,practical4 ,= ! pres5t1 arm brigades ) #ge-mm mat]iel4 ,models #aiaf1 #ej1 & #ahig 7,fr5*71 #ej4 ,transport4 ,ideal4 ,me*anical transport is ! prime mov] ( ! future4 ,! introduction ( me*anical transport w und\bt$ly cause f>-rea*+ *anges 9 ! types ( gun c>riages4 ,x is n possible n[ to /ate j h[ f> ?is w g or :e!r a gun m\nt$ on a self propell$ vehicle or "o m\nt$ on "s type ( trail+ vehicle w be ! f9al result4 ,bo? types may be necess>y4 ,x is urg5t t /udy & developm5t be c>ri$ along ^! l9es1 z we are on ! v]ge ( *anges fully z radical z ! introduction ( ! long recoil field gun & c>riage1 & ! c\ntry fir/ utiliz+ ! new capabilities op5$ up by me*anical traction & ! cat]pill> w h a great advantage 9 ! next w>4 ,a limit ( #d1ejj p\nds beh9d ! team has h]et(ore be5 impos$ on ! artill]y ( ?is class4 ,! correspond+ limit 9 ! future w probably be t impos$ by pontoon bridges4 ,transport4 ,practical4 ,!re=e x is ?\ght t f\r regim5ts ( #ge-mm guns 7two regim5ts ( ,fr5* ,model #ahig1 & two regim5ts ( ,u4 ,s4 ,model #aiaf7 %\ld be imm$iately equipp$ ) motors1 ! rema9d] to be hors$2 me*anical transport to gradually replace horse only aft] ! tractor demon/rates its sup]iority 9 s]vice4 ,light ,h[itz] ,discussion4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion ( ,am]ican army (fic]s consult$ is t a h[itz] ab\t #d0 9 calib]1 fir+ a projectile weigh+ f #be to #cj p\nds at a maximum range great] ?an #aj1jjj y>ds1 is requir$4 ,?is op9ion is concurr$ 9 by ! ,fr5*1 ,italians & ,engli%1 & x appe>s to be def9itely e/abli%$ t ! mobility ( ! light field h[itz] %\ld be practically ! same z t ( ! light field gun4 ,! ,briti% army 0 equipp$ ) a #d0 h[itz]1 fir+ a projectile weigh+ #ce p\nds & ) a maximum range ( #g1gjj y>ds2 ! weight ( ! h[itz] limb]$ is #dfgf p\nds--#aej p\nds m ?an ! weight ( ! #ah-p\nd] field gun4 ,no evid5ce 0 f\nd t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t int5d$ mak+ any alt]ations 9 ! design ( ?is h[itz]2 naturally !y w attempt to increase ! range1 p[] & accuracy ( ! projectile by *ange 9 its weight1 its capacity & its =m4 ,! ,fr5* artill]y 0 n equipp$ ) ! light field h[itz] ( approximately ! same weight z ! #ge-mm field gun4 ,dur+ ! w> x 0 f\nd impracticable to con/ruct a light] h[itz] )\t int]f]+ ) ! production ( o!r calib]s :i* 7 consid]$ m important4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! w> ! ,italian artill]y 0 n equipp$ ) a light field h[itz]2 h[ev]1 be=e ! end ( #aiag ord]s 7 plac$ = sev]al hundr$ h[itz]s ( ! #aje-mm type4 ,x %\ld be not$ t sev]al hundr$ h[itz]s ( ?is calib] 7 be+ con/ruct$ be=e ! armi/ice & t _m h be5 captur$ f ! ,au/rians by ! ,italians2 ?is1 s f> z ! ,italians 7 conc]n$1 makes x c]ta9 t a light field h[itz] w be furni%$ by ! ,italian army4 ,! ,g]man & ,au/rian armies 7 equipp$ ) a h[itz] ( ! light field type2 ?is weapon _h a calib] ( #aje-mm type4 ,x fir$ a projectile weigh+ #cd4ed p\nds at a maximum range ( #aj1ejj y>ds4 7,/reaml9e %ell47 ,! weight ( ! h[itz] limb]$ 0 #d1ejj p\nds4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! bo>d1 ! ,g]mans h proce$$ on s\nd pr9ciples 9 _! developm5t ( ! light field h[itz]4 ,_! '#ih model 0 a companion piece to _! '#if field gun & 9 ! ye>s t pass$ f #ahih to #aiaf1 :i* includ$ _! e>ly w> exp]i5ce1 !y kept to ! idea ( ! relation ( ! two pieces ev5 to ! ext5t ( includ+ 9 a field artill]y regim5t "o battalion ( light h[itz]s4 ,_! #aiaf models ( bo? light gun & h[itz]s %[ ! endeavor to keep ! pieces 9 ! same class2 t is1 ! weight ( ! gun & h[itz] 9 action ne>ly ! same1 #b1gej p\nds & #b1gjj p\nds2 ! weight ( ! gun limb]$ & ! h[itz] limb]$ are ! same1 #d1ejj p\nds2 ! elevation ( bo? ! same--m9us #aj to plus #dj degrees2 ! c>riages are ( ! same type2 & ! extreme ranges ( gun & h[itz] are respectively #aa1gjj & #aj1ejj y>ds4 ,f ! =ego+ x is se5 t all ! important bellig]5ts except ! ,fr5* & ! ,am]icans 7 equipp$ ) a light field h[itz] fir+ a projectile ab\t twice ! weight ( ! light field gun projectile & hav+ o!rwise ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! fire ( ! ,fr5* & ! ,am]ican artill]y 0 n fully effective z t ( any o!r artill]y2 h[ev] ! te/imony ( ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican artill]y (fic]s is to ! effect3 7a7 ,t ! lighte/ h[itz] 9 use1 i4 e41 ! #aee-mm1 0 n suffici5tly mobile to be a suitable companion piece = ! #ge-mm gun4 7b7 ,t _m times ! fire ( ! #ge-mm gun prov$ ineffective due to its flat trajectory2 a h[itz] w\ld h be5 m effective 9 ! attack ( c]ta9 t>gets4 7c7 ,t a l>ge volume ( fire is necess>y4 7d7 ,t :ile ! #aee-mm h[itz] is m p[]ful ?an ! light field h[itz] its consumption ( ammunition = _m purposes is wa/eful & extravagant & its volume ( fire is insuffici5t4 7e7 ,t ! light h[itz] is p>ticul>ly suit$ = ! de/ruction ( wire entanglem5ts2 its bett] accuracy & m p[]ful projectile make x m suitable ?an ! field gun = t purpose4 7f7 ,t ! #ge-mm field gun projectile is n s satisfactory a gas %ell z ! h[itz] projectile :i* has great] weight4 ,light ,h[itz]4 ,idea4 ,a weapon ( ab\t #aje-mm calib] on a c>riage p]mitt+ a v]tical arc ( fire f m9us #e degrees to plus #fe degrees1 & a horizontal arc ( fire ( #cfj degrees4 ,ef=ts %\ld be made to develop a c>riage :i* c be us$ int]*angeably = ! division light gun ref]r$ to above & ?is h[itz]4 ,! projectile %\ld weigh ab\t #cj to #ce p\nds & %\ld include bo? %ell & %rapnel4 ,a maximum range ( #ab1jjj y>ds w be satisfactory4 ,semi-fix$ ammunition ) v>y+ *>ges %\ld be us$1 o!rwise ! ammunition %\ld be simil> to t provid$ = ! #ge-mm guns4 ,light ,h[itz]4 ,practical4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! division %\ld be arm$ ) ! #aee h[itz]1 ,s*ni$]1 b active developm5t & te/ %\ld be made on a type z /at$ "u 8,ideal0 above1 & ) ! ammunition & o!r accessories to x4 ,^u ! developm5t ( ! c>riage z ne>ly approximat+ ! ideal z may be practically possible1 ef=ts %\ld be made to secure quantity production 9 ord] t x may be incorporat$ 9 ! division z recomm5d$4 ,9 addition1 a split trail c>riage = ?is h[itz] %\ld be develop$4 ,transport4 ,! light h[itz] %\ld h ! same means ( transport z ! light field gun & ! same rem>ks h]et(ore made z to ! probable future developm5t ( ! field gun also apply to ! h[itz] c>riage4 ,,corps ,,artill]y4 ,missions4 ,x w be not$ above t ! division artill]y missions did n include _! own protection aga9/ ! enemy artill]y4 ,?is c\nt]-batt]y "w is ! pr9cipal mission ( ! corps artill]y4 ,! corps artill]y has also ! mission ( ext5sive h>ass+ & int]dict+ fire along ! corps front & to a great] dep? ?an ! capabilities ( ! division artill]y2 also ( de/ructive fire on /rong po9ts z well z on railroad facilities & po9ts ( supply4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( ^! corps artill]y missions !re are two types ( artill]y necess>y1 a gun & a h[itz]1 ea* hav+ #af1jjj y>ds range & ea* weigh+ ) ! c>riage ab\t #aa1jjj p\nds4 ,!re is ano!r class ( artill]y call$ anti-aircraft artill]y to be consid]$4 ,?is is us$ fir/ 9 provid+ anti-aircraft def5se = army zones1 = c]ta9 areas 9 re> ( armies or along a c]ta9 l9e ( anti-aircraft def5se4 ,m$ium ,gun ,discussion4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion ( artill]y (fic]s--,italian1 ,engli% & ,am]ican--is t a m$ium gun ( ab\t #f0 calib] is necess>y4 ,! m$ium type gun furni%$ to ! ,am]ican army 0 ! #d4g 7,model #aijf74 ,?is gun has a maximum elevation ( #ae degrees ) a correspond+ maximum range ( #h1gej y>ds4 ,! ,briti% army 0 equipp$ ) ! #e0 gun--! c>riage p]mits a maximum elevation ( #ba degrees & #cj m9utes1 giv+ a maximum range ( #ab1ejj y>ds4 ,! ,fr5* army 0 equipp$ )1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! #aje-mm & ! #adj-mm gun4 ,! #aje-mm gun a maximum elevation ( #cg degrees1 ) a maximum range ( #ac1ijj y>ds4 ,! #adj-mm gun has a maximum elevation ( #cj degrees &1 ) a high velocity1 has a maximum range ( #ai1ejj y>ds4 ,! ,fr5* #aje-mm gun is a mod]n weapon 7#aiac74 ,! ,g]man artill]y 0 equipp$ ) a #aje-mm gun 7,m-#aiag7 ) a maximum elevation ( #de degrees1 & a maximum range ( #af1jjj y>ds4 ,! ,g]man army 0 also equipp$ ) ! #acj-mm gun1 hav+ a maximum range ( #af1ejj y>ds4 ,! ,au/rian army 0 simil>ity equipp$4 ,! ,italians 7 equipp$ ) a #aje-mm gun ess5tially ( ! same *>act]i/ics z ! ,fr5* #aje-mm ,m-#aiac4 ,m$ium ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,a calib] ( betwe5 #d4g & #e0 on a c>riage p]mitt+ a v]tical arc ( fire ( f m9us #e degrees to plus #hj degrees2 a horizontal arc ( fire ( #cfj degrees4 ,%rapnel & %ell weigh+ n ov] #fj p\nds1 maximum range #ah1jjj y>ds2 ) semi-fix$ or sep>ate load+ ammunition p]missible4 ,m$ium ,gun ,practical4 ,corps artill]y %\ld be arm$ ) ! pres5t type #d4g0 gun1 ,model #aijf1 except t at lea/ "o regim5t %\ld be arm$ ) ! ,briti% type #e0-;guns pur*as$ abroad4 ,transport4 ,all corps guns %\ld be develop$ = long1 rapid hauls4 ,simil> ammunition vehicles %\ld be develop$4 ,! :eels = ! gun c>riage %\ld be rubb]-tir$4 ,m$ium ,h[itz]4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,fr5*1 ,italians1 ,briti% & ! ,am]icans1 ! #aee-mm h[itz] 7,s*ni$]7 0 conspicu\sly successful 9 ! pres5t w>4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be reta9$ z a type4 ,! h[itz] & c>riage z x /&s at pres5t1 is a highly satisfactory & effici5t piece ( armam5t4 ,= ! future x is believ$ t ef=t %\ld be made to increase ! range by improvem5ts 9 ! =m ( projectile1 & x is believ$ t ! =m ( h[itz] & c>riage %\ld be /udi$ ) a view ( obta9+1 ?r\gh modifications1 a maximum range ( approximately #af1jjj y>ds4 ,_m batt]ies ( #aee-mm h[itz]s 7,s*ni$]7 7 motoriz$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,army 9 ,france1 & ! cons5sus ( op9ion is def9itely t[>d ! ret5tion ( ?is =m ( prime mov]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t all ! important bellig]5ts h settl$ ^u a h[itz] ( approximately #f0 9 calib]1 & o!rwise ess5tially ( ! same balli/ic *>act]i/ics z ! type 9 "q4 ,! projectile ( ?is calib] is ! smalle/ projectile :i* c be call$ ^u to give adequate m9+ effect aga9/ mat]ial t>gets ( semi-p]man5t nature4 ,! place ( ?is h[itz] is1 !re=e1 det]m9$ by consid]ations ( its de/ructive ability4 ,x is a spl5did de/ruction & neutraliz+ weapon4 ,m$ium ,h[itz]4 ,ideal4 ,a calib] ( ab\t #aee-mm on a c>riage p]mitt+ a v]tical arc ( fire ( f m9us #e degrees to plus #fe degrees2 & a horizontal arc ( fire ( #cfj degrees4 ,! projectile %\ld n weigh ov] #ajj p\nds & %\ld be int]*angeable ) projectiles = o!r guns ( ?is calib] ref]r$ to lat] on4 ,high explosive %ell1 only1 %\ld be suppli$4 ,m$ium ,h[itz]4 ,practical4 ,! corps %\ld be arm$ ) ! #aee-mm 7,s*ni$]7 h[itz] ref]r$ to above4 ,! type ( fuses = %ell %\ld be sup] quick & long delay4 ,,army ,,artill]y4 ,missions4 ,9 addition to ! division & corps artill]y fulfill+ ! missions outl9$ above !re mu/ be additional artill]y available4 ,!re are missions ( int]diction1 neutralization & de/ruction :i* fall beyond ! activities or capabilities ( ! normal corps or m$ium field types2 !re mu/ exi/ a surplus ( division or corps types1 prop]ly transport$1 = /rategic re9=cem5ts ( divisions & corps dur+ su* times z ! normal allotm5t to su* units is insuffici5t2 !re mu/ be artill]y ( special purpose--m\nta9 artill]y1 tr5* & sup] guns & h[itz]s4 ,( ! above additional artill]y1 a type ( heavy field gun & a type ( heavy field h[itz] are consid]$ normally necess>y 9 ! armam5t ( a field army2 ! gun %\ld h a range ( approximately #be1jjj y>ds1 & ! h[itz] a range ( ab\t #ah1jjj y>ds4 ,^! weapons are m p[]ful ?an ! m$ium field types1 add range to ! int]diction & h>ass+ & to ! neutralization & de/ruction possible ) ! corps type4 ,consid]+ ! p>agraphs p]ta9+ to divisional artill]y & ! introduction to corps artill]y x w be se5 t ! normal artill]y ( a field army c be accompli%$ by ! assignm5ts ( two calib]1 i4 e41 two light weapons1 two m$ium weapons & two heavy weapons--a gun & a h[itz] 9 ea* class--& a satisfactory anti-aircraft gun4 ,heavy ,field ,gun4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion ( all artill]y (fic]s--,briti%1 ,italian & ,am]ican--is t ! heavy field gun %\ld be ( approximately #f0 calib] & t guns ( great] calib] ?an ?is are necess>y 9 limit$ numb] = field op]ations4 ,! ,fr5* 7 con/ruct+ #aid-mm guns dur+ ! latt] /ages ( ! w>4 ,x is believ$ t 9 develop+ ?is type ( gun ! ,fr5* 7 actuat$ almo/ entirely by ! necessity = increas$ range1 s9ce ! ,g]man #aej-mm gun1 ,model #aiaf1 outrang$ ! ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 by approximately #e1ejj y>ds4 ,! ,fr5* h rec5tly made consid]able progress 9 secur+ ! necess>y increase 9 range ) ! ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,all ( ! pr9cipal nations engag$ 9 ! w> us$ a heavy field gun ( approximately #f0 calib]4 ,?is type has giv5 su* g5]al satisfaction t its cont9uance is assur$4 ,! pr9cipal mission ( ! heavy field gun is h>ass+ & int]diction fire1 & = ^! uses ! #f0 projectile is suffici5tly heavy4 ,! maximum practicable trav]se & elevation %\ld be provid$ by ! c>riage ( ! heavy field gun4 ,! ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 c>riage has giv5 g5]al satisfaction1 b its wide tread & ! excessive "t requir$ to occupy a position are v objectionable features4 ,x is ! cons5sus ( all artill]y (fic]s--,fr5*1 ,briti% & ,am]ican--t ! heavy field gun %\ld be ( approximately #f0 calib] & ) a range 9 excess ( #be1jjj y>ds1 ) n less ?an #fj degree trav]se1 weigh+ n m ?an #ab tons1 limb]$1 capable ( occupy+ & leav+ a position quickly1 & ) a wid? ( tread :i* does n prev5t two-way traffic on ord9>y roads4 ,! ,italians diff] f ?is op9ion only 9 t !y are satisfi$ ) a maximum range ( #ah1jjj y>ds4 ,heavy ,field ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,a calib] ( ab\t #aee-mm on a c>riage p]mitt+ a v]tical arc ( fire f #j degrees to plus #fe degrees2 ) a horizontal arc ( fire ( #cfj degrees4 ,! maximum range %\ld be ab\t #be1jjj y>ds4 ,heavy ,field ,gun4 ,practical4 ,arm ) ! pres5t type #aee-mm ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 & c>ry on exp]im5ts = type ( c>riage z outl9$ = division field gun4 ,! fuses %\ld be sup]-quick & %ort delay4 ,transport4 ,all artill]y ( ?is type %\ld be motoriz$ & te/$ & exp]im5ts = ammunition vehicles to correspond ) ! types ( c>riages develop$1 & %\ld be c>ri$ on simultane\sly4 ,heavy ,field ,h[itz]4 ,no type ( heavy field h[itz] develop$ dur+ ! w> has giv5 g5]al satisfaction4 ,! cons5sus ( all army artill]y (fic]s--,fr5*1 ,engli% & ,am]ican--is t two calib]s ( h[itz]s are necess>y--"o a companion piece = ! #f0 gun & "o ( ! maximum possible p[] consi/5t ) ! necess>y mobility4 ,! light] ( ^! two h[itz]s %\ld h ! same mobility z ! #f0 gun1 ) a calib] ( ab\t #h0 & a maximum range ( n less ?an #af1jjj y>ds4 ,! heavy field h[itz] %\ld be ( ab\t #i4e0 calib] ) a range 9 excess ( #af1jjj y>ds2 ! c>riage %\ld provide = wide trav]se & mu/ h suffici5t mobility to accompany ! army 9 ! field4 ,x w probably be necess>y to transport ?is h[itz] 9 m ?an "o load1 & ! maximum weight ( any load %\ld n exce$ #ab tons4 ,! av]age "t necess>y = occupy+ a position %\ld n exce$ six h\rs "u actual field conditions4 ,heavy ,field ,h[itz]4 ,ideal4 ,a calib] ( ab\t #h0 on a c>riage p]mitt+ a v]tical arc ( fire ( f #j to plus #fe degrees2 & a horizontal arc ( fire ( #cfj degrees4 ,! maximum range %\ld be #ah1jjj y>ds4 ,heavy ,field ,h[itz]4 ,practical4 ,use at pres5t #h0 mat]ial ( ,briti% design :i* is on h&4 ,railway ,artill]y4 ,! w> has demon/rat$ ! necessity = long range & p[]ful guns = di/ant int]diction & h>ass+ "w & = sup]-heavy h[itz]s = ! de/ruction ( semi-p]man5t =tifications4 ,artill]y ( ^! types c be/ be m\nt$ on railway c>riages & ?is type ( m\nt (f]s no s]i\s disadvantages s9ce ^! guns w n be us$ except ) l>ge =ces :i* require ext5sive railroad sy/ems = _! supply4 ,?is does n apply to guns ( ! type us$ to bomb>d ,p>is2 su* guns h no milit>y value & _! con/ruction is n ju/ifiable4 ,,anti-,,aircraft ,,guns4 ,light ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,calib] ab\t #c0 ) initial velocity ( at lea/ #b1fjj f4 s42 semi-automatic bree*block1 m\nt$ on c>riage1 p]mitt+ #hj degrees elevation & #cfj degrees trav]se2 projectiles weigh+ n less ?an #ae p\nds1 ( "o type high explosive %ell ) maximum balli/ic qualities & z l>ge explosive *>ge z possible2 fix$ ammunition2 smokeless1 fla%less p[d]1 me*anical fuse4 ,9 ?is type e ef=t mu/ be made to increase ! rate ( fire & decrease "t ( flight2 ?is latt] is limit$ only by consid]ations ( a reasonable accuracy life = ! gun4 ,light ,gun4 ,practical4 ,arm units ) pres5t #c0 anti-aircraft equipm5t4 ,cont9ue exp]im5ts lead+ to ! developm5t ( ! ideal4 ,transport4 ,ideal4 ,cat]pill> m\nt or cat]pill> trail] m\nt drawn by cat]pill> tractor1 ea* unit to p]mit a su/a9$ spe$ ( #ab miles p] h\r4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! #c-;,,in* ,,field ,,gun4 ,,! ,,gun4 ,! ,gun is kn[n (ficially z ! #c-;in* ,field ,gun1 ,model #aije4 ,x is a built-up con/ruction ( nickel-/eel & consi/s ( a tube ) a rifl$ bore1 #c in*es 9 diamet]1 ^u :i* are %runk ! jacket1 lock+ hoop & front clip hoop4 ,! jacket re9=ces ! re> half ( ! tube4 ,! lock+ hoop s]ves to secure ! jacket f any longitud9al movem5t to ! re>4 ,on ! "u side ( ! gun1 ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( ! jacket1 lock+ hoop1 & front clip1 are =m$ two recoil guides or clips :i* fit ov] & secure ! gun to ! guide rails ( ! cradle4 ,:5 ! gun is fir$1 x slides along ! guide rails4 ,! du/ gu>d cov]s ! "p ( ! guide rails betwe5 ! lock+ hoop & ! front clip4 ,! rifl+ ( ! bore is "r-h& twi/ & />ts ) #j turns at ! bree* increas+ to #a turn 9 #be calib]s at #aj in*es f ! muzzle1 !n uni=m to ! muzzle4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight ( gun #ghh lbs4 ,calibre #c in*es ,l5g? ab\t #g feet ,numb] ( l&s & grooves #bd ,muzzle velocity #agjj ft4 sec4 ,maximum pressure p] sq4 94 #cc1jjj lbs4 ,limit ( depression 7#ij mils47 #e degrees ,maximum elevation 7#bfe mils47 #ae degrees ,maximum range1 trail sunk1 ab\t #h1ejj yds4 7#e ,m7 ,range at #ae elevation 7#bfe mils7 #f1jjj yds4 7#c ,m7 ,illu/ration3 #c ,in* ,field ,gun1 ,models ( #aijd #aije4 ,bree* ,me*anism ,assembl$4 ,nom5clature ( p>ts ( ,gun3-- ,jacket4 ,lock+ hoop4 ,tube4 ,bore4 ,rifl+4 ,l&s4 ,grooves ,bree* recess4 ,front clip4 ,muzzle4 ,du/ gu>d4 ,recoil guides or clips4 ,*amb]4 ,recoil lug4 ,l9e sight 7front & re>74 ,h&y oil]s4 ,,! ,,bree* ,,me*anism4 ,! bree*block is ( ! int]rupt$-screw type1 & is provid$ ) f\r ?read$ & f\r slott$ sectors4 ,! front end ( ! axial recess 9 ! block is clos$ by a bu%+4 ,f\r v5?oles lead f a cavity 9 ! bu%+ & p]mit ! escape ( gas to ! re> 9 case ( a ruptur$ prim]4 ,on ! re> face ( ! bree*block are cut ge> tee?1 9 :i* ! ge> tee? ( ! op]at+ lev] bevelge> me%4 ,! bree*block is conc5trically m\nt$ on a hub on ! block c>ri]1 9 :i* ! fir+-lock case is fitt$4 ,its position 9 ! bree* ( ! gun ) ref]5ce to ! axis ( ! bore is ecc5tric4 ,! bree*block is clos$ or lock$ by a cont9u\s movem5t ( ! op]at+ lev]4 ,:5 ! block is swung to ! clos$ position ! front face ( ! block lat* comes 9 contact ) ! re> face ( ! bree* ( ! gun1 ?us =c+ ! lat* out ( ! not* 9 ! bree*block & back into a recess 9 ! c>ri]4 ,by cont9u+ ! motion ( clos+ ! me*anism1 ! bree*block is !n rotat$ on ! hub ( ! c>ri] & its ?reads engage ) correspond+ ones 9 ! gun4 ,:5 ! bree*block is 9 ! clos$ position1 a lug on ! fir+-lock case s]ves to lock ! c>ri] to ! bree*block & prev5ts displacem5t due to a bl[back4 ,! fir+ me*anism belongs to t type kn[n z a cont9u\s-pull me*anism2 t is1 no cock+ ( ! fir+-p9 is requir$4 ,! fir+-lock case is ecc5trically fitt$ 9 ! hub ( ! block c>ri]1 9 su* a position t ! axis ( ! fir+-p9 is always 9 l9e ) ! bore ( ! gun4 ,! v5t bu%+ 9 ! front end ( ! bree* block ?r\gh :i* ! fir+ p9 passes :5 9 ! fir$ position1 is fitt$ ecc5trically ) ref]5ce to ! bree*block4 ,?is ecc5tric arrangem5t ( ! bree*block1 masks ! po9t ( ! fir+-p9 & prev5ts any possible contact betwe5 ! p9 & ! prim] 9 ! c>tridge case :5 ! block is unlock$4 ,! block w be practically fully lock$ be=e any contact betwe5 ! fir+-p9 & prim] c take place4 ,nom5clature ( important p>ts ( ,bree* ,fir+ ,me*anism4 ,mod4 #aije3-- ,"n ( ,"p ,:]e locat$ ,bree* ,block ,on block c>ri] ,v5t ,bu%+ ,front end ( block ,block ,c>ri] ,h+$ to jacket2 supports block ,block ,/op ,screw$ into front face ( c>ri] ,h+e ,p9 ,h+es c>ri] to jacket ,h+e ,p9 ,cat* ,9 h+e p9 ,extractor ,9 bree* recess ,extractor ,lev] ,m\nt$ on h+e p9 ,op]at+ ,lev] ,pivot$ on block c>ri] ,lev] ,pivot ,pivots lev] on block c>ri] ,lev] ,lat* ,9 op]at+ lev] ,lev] ,lat* ,spr+ ,9 op]at+ lev]1 l[] "p ,lev] ,lat* ,pivot ,9 op]at+ lev]1 l[] "p ,block ,lat* ,9 recess 9 c>ri] ,block ,lat* ,spr+ ,ar\nd lat* bolt ,fir+ ,lock ,case ,9 hub ( ! block c>ri] ,lock+ ,bolt ,nut & ,p9 ,on fir+ lock case1 re> face ( c>ri] ,fir+ ,p9 ,9 axle hole1 c5t] ( fir+ lock case ,fir+ ,p9 ,spr+ ,ar\nd fir+ p9 ,fir+ ,spr+ ,sleeve ,ar\nd fir+ p9 spr+ ,se> ,9 slot 9 fir+ lock case ,trigg] ,=k ,re> end fir+ lock case ,trigg] ,%aft ,on re> end fir+ lock case ,trigg] ,%aft ,det5t ,on trigg] %aft ,fir+ ,pallet ,on pallet %ank ,pallet ,%ank ,on recoil lug ( gun ,fir+ ,h&le ,on fir+ h&le %aft ,fir+ ,h&le ,bracket ,atta*$ to "r side ( cradle ,fir+ ,h&le ,%aft ,assembl$ 9 bracket1 "r side ( cradle ,trip ,lat* ,atta*$ to trip lat* plung] ,trip ,lat* ,plung] ,assembl$ to fir+ h&le ,adju/+ ,screw ,assembl$ to fir+ h&le bracket ,*eck ,nut ,assembl$ 9 adju/+ screw ,illu/ration3 #c ,in* ,gun ,c>riage1 ,model ( #aijb4 ,plan ,,! ,,gun ,,c>riage4 ,! gun c>riage = ! #c-;in* gun ,model #aije is ( ! type kn[n z ! long-recoil1 9 :i* ! gun is p]mitt$ a suffici5t l5g? ( recoil 7ab\t #de in*es7 ^u ! c>riage to r5d] ! latt] /ation>y "u fir+ /resses4 ,! gun is m\nt$ ^u a cradle :i* =ms a h\s+ = ! recoil controll+ p>ts4 ,! cradle re/s ^u ! rock] & has a small trav]s+ motion ( #gj mils on ea* side ( ! axis ( ! c>riage4 ,! rock] is j\rnal$ ^u ! axle & its re> end is support$ by ! elevat+ me*anism1 :i* is seat$ 9 ! trail4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! c>riage are ! :eels1 axle1 trail & elevat+ me*anism =m+ ! l[] c>riage1 ! cradle & recoil-controll+ p>ts con/itut+ ! upp] c>riage1 & ! rock] & trav]s+ me*anism int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,9 addition !re are provid$ %ields1 ammunition c>ri]s1 ! road brake1 & ! axle seats4 ,! ,:eels & ! ,axle4 ,! :eels are a modifi$ =m ( ! ,ar*ibald patt]n1 #ef in*es 9 diamet]1 ) #c-;in* tires4 ,! axle is holl[ & =g$ f a s+le piece ( /eel4 ,! :eels are held on by ! :eel fa/5+s4 ,trail4--,! trail consi/s ( two /eel flasks ( *annel section ) ! flanges turn$ inw>d1 ti$ toge!r by transoms & plates to =m ! sight & ! tool boxes4 ,atta*$ to ! trail are ! trail spade1 float trail h&spike1 trail h&les & ! lunette4 ,elevat+ ,ge>4--,! elevat+ ge> is ( d\ble-screw type & consi/s ( an inn] & out] elevat+ screw1 an elevat+-ge> bracket1 an elevat+ bevel ge>1 two elevat+ bevel p9ions1 & two elevat+ crank %afts4 ,! inn] elevat+ screw is a /eel screw1 ?read$ ) a "r-h& ?read4 ,x is atta*$ at its upp] end by ! elevat+ p9 to ! re> end ( ! rock]4 ,! out] elevat+ screw is ( bronze & is ?read$ on ! ext]ior ) a "r-h& ?read to take ! inn] elevat+ screw4 ,on ! ext]ior are also cut two longitud9al keyways1 9 :i* ! keys ( ! bevel ge> "w4 ,trav]s+ ,me*anism4--,! trav]s+ me*anism consi/s ( a %aft1 call$ ! trav]s+ %aft1 m\nt$ 9 be>+s 9 ! trav]s+-ge> case1 & a trav]s+ nut mov+ longitud9ally on ! %aft1 b re/ra9$ f turn+ ) x by its be>+s 9 ! ge> case4 ,a cyl9drical lug on top ( ! nut fits 9 a hole 9 a bronze trav]s+ l9k1 ! "r end ( :i* is pivot$ by ! trav]s+-l9k pivot to ! trav]s+ lug on ! und]side ( ! cradle4 ,?is pivot is secur$ to ! cradle-trav]s+ lug by a nut & split p94 ,! left be>+ ( ! trav]s+ %aft is split = ! purpose ( assembl+ & re/s betwe5 two coll>s on ! %aft4 ,! be>+1 ) ! %aft 9 place1 is slipp$ into its seat 9 ! ge> case1 :]e x is held 9 position by two p9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trav]s+ ,,ge>1 ,,v]tical ,,section ,illu/ration3 ,elevat+ ,ge> ,half ,elevation & ,half ,section ,! ,cradle ,complete4--,! cradle supports ! gun1 guides x 9 recoil1 & =ms a h\s+ = ! recoil-controll+ p>ts2 x consi/s ( a flange /eel body ) ! upp] edges flang$ outw>d4 ,! flanges are bronze l9$1 engage ! clips on ! gun1 =m+ ! guide rails = ! gun on recoil4 ,rivet$ to ! bottom ( ! cradle are f\r /eel =g+s1 ! p9tle1 trav]s+ lug1 re> clip1 & elevat+ & trav]s+ lock lug4 ,! p9tle fits ! p9tle socket 9 ! rock] & =ms a be>+ ^u :i* ! cradle is trav]s$4 ,! trav]s+ lug has be5 h]et(ore m5tion$ z af=d+ a po9t ( atta*m5t = ! trav]s+-l9k pivot4 ,! cradle re> clip1 9 addition to embrac+ ! re> end ( ! rock]1 has a broad be>+ on ! latt] directly ov] ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! elevat+ screw4 ,to relieve ! po9t+ me*anism f all /ra9s 9 travell+1 an elevat+ & trav]s+ lock is provid$1 by :i* ! cradle may be securely lock$ to ! trail4 ,! recoil-controll+ p>ts conta9$ inside ! cradle are ! cyl9d]1 ! pi/on rod1 ! c\nt]-recoil buff]1 ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s & ! spr+ support4 ,to ! re> end ( ! cradle is rivet$ a /eel cradle head1 re>1 ?r\gh :i* ! cyl9d] moves 9 recoil & projects = atta*m5t to ! recoil lug on ! gun by means ( ! cyl9d] end /ud & nut4 ,! front end ( ! cradle is clos$ by ! cradle head1 front1 & ! reta9+ r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,recoil ,controll+ ,me*anism ,! cyl9d] lies inside ! cradle & is surr\nd$ by ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s4 ,its re> end is clos$ & has a projection on ! inside to :i* is screw$ ! c\nt]-recoil buff]1 a tap]$ bronze rod :i* fits ) small cle>ance into a bore at ! re> end ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,! front end ( ! cyl9d] is clos$ by a bronze oiltight gl&1 ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on-rod slides4 ,! cyl9d] is fill$ ) a neutral oil call$ hydrol9e4 ,! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] is cyl9drical4 ,?ree longitud9al ribs or ?rottl+ b>s ( uni=m wid? b v>y+ height ext5d along ! int]ior f ! re> end to )9 #ai in*es f ! front end4 ,?ree not*es are cut 9 ! pi/on head1 =m+ ports = ! passage ( ! liquid f "o side ( ! pi/on to ! o!r4 ,! height ( ! ?rottl+ b>s is calculat$ s t ! resi/ance :i* ! liquid (f]s1 plus ! resi/ance ( ! spr+s1 is con/ant & su* t ! recoil w be *eck$ at ! desir$ po9t4 ,dur+ recoil ! front end ( ! cyl9d] is support$ by ! spr+ support4 ,! pi/on rod is ( /eel1 & is provid$ ) a bronze pi/on head1 screw$ aga9/ a %\ld] at ! re> end4 ,! head has ?ree not*es cut 9 its p]imet]1 :i* fit ov] ! ?rottl+-b> projections on ! cyl9d] wall4 ,! re> end ( ! pi/on is bor$ out to take ! c\nt]-recoil buff]4 ,9 c\nt] recoil ! oil 9 ?is bore c escape only by a small cle>ance4 ,9 ?is way ! return ( ! gun into batt]y is s eas$ & regulat$ t v little %ock & consequ5t d]angem5t ( ! aim ( ! piece occur4 ,! front end ( ! pi/on-rod is atta*$ to ! cradle head1 front1 by means ( ! pi/on-rod nut4 ,! c\nt]-recoil spr+s 7?ree 9 numb] ea* #cf in*es long7 are helical1 be+ made f a rectangul> /eel b> coil$ on edge4 ,!y are assembl$ 9 ! cradle1 end to end ar\nd ! cyl9d] & be> 9 front aga9/ ! spr+ support & 9 ! re> aga9/ ! cradle head1 re>4 ,!y are assembl$ "u an initial compression ( approximately #gej lbs4 :i* is suffici5t to return ! gun into batt]y at ! maximum elevation4 ,9 place ( ! s+le c\nt]-recoil spr+s a set ( ?ree inn] & ?ree out] c\nt]-recoil spr+s is also be+ issu$4 ,! spr+ support =ms a support = ! front end ( ! cyl9d] & a be>+ = ! front end ( ! spr+ column4 ,x has guide lugs :i* fit into & glide along guide rails inside ! cradle dur+ recoil4 ,! spr+ support is held 9 place by ! reta9+ r+4 ,action ( ! ,me*anism4 ,! action ( ! recoil me*anism :5 ! gun is fir$ is z foll[s3--,! gun moves to ! re> #de in*es on ! cradle1 c>ry+ ) x ! cyl9d] & compress+ ! recoil spr+s4 ,! pi/on rod be+ atta*$ to a fix$ "p ( ! c>riage 9 front1 7! cradle-head7 does n move4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! cyl9d] moves to ! re>1 ! oil 9 x mu/ pass f "o side ( ! pi/on head to ! o!r4 ,! en]gy ( recoil ( ! gun is !re=e absorb$ by ! resi/ance :i* ! oil (f]s :5 be+ =c$ ?r\gh small op5+s betwe5 ! not*es 9 ! pi/on head & ! ?rottl+ b>s along ! inside ( ! cyl9d] & also by ! resi/ance ( ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s to additional compression4 ,! en]gy /or$ up by ! spr+s dur+ ?is compression1 returns ! gun & cyl9d] to ! fir+ or orig9al position4 ,?is return movem5t is eas$ & regulat$ by ! c\nt]-recoil buff]4 ,! pi/on rod pull & ! spr+ resi/ance are transmitt$ to ! c>riage1 b ow+ to ! latt]'s weight & ! resi/ance oppos$ to ! trail spade by its engagem5t 9 ! gr\nd ! c>riage rema9s /ation>y4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight ( gun & c>riage complete #b1ebj lbs4 ,wid? ( track #fj in*es ,l5g? ( recoil on c>riage #de in*es ,am\nt ( trav]se ( gun on c>riage #adj mils ,nom5clature ( important p>ts ( ! ,gun ,c>riage3-- ,axle ,trail1 consi/+ (-- ,flasks 7"r & left7 ,tool box ,elevat+ ge> transom ,re> sight box ,spade ,spade ,edge ,float ,h&spike fulcrum ,cradle1 head1 re> ,gun slides or ,guide ,rails ,cradle ,p9tle ,trav]s+ lug ,re> clip ,lug = elevat+ & trav]s+ lock ,bracket seat1 fir+ h&le ,quadrant fa/5+ ,re>-sight bracket support ,front-sight bracket support ,spr+-support guides ,reta9+ r+1 ) hasp & fa/5+ ,cradle head1 front ,%\ld] gu>d ,cradle bru% ,recoil-indicator ?r[ ,recoil indicator ,cyl9d] head ,cyl9d] ) cyl9d] end screw$ 9 ,cyl9d] end /ud & nut ,c\nt]-recoil buff] ,r+s1 pack+ ,gl& ,pi/on rod1 ) plug1 screw$ 9 ,pi/on ,pi/on-rod nut ,fill+ plug ) gasket ,dra9 plug ,spr+ support ,c\nt]-recoil spr+s ,rock] ,cradle ,p9tle socket ,elevat+ & trav]s+ lock ,trav]s+ me*anism1 consi/+ (-- ,trav]s+-ge> case ,trav]s+ plate ,h&:eel ) h&le & sp9dle ,trav]s+ %aft ,trav]s+-%aft be>+ 9 two p>ts ,trav]s+ l9k ) bu%+ ,trav]s+-l9k pivot ) nut ,azimu? po9t] & scale ,elevat+ me*anism1 consi/+ (-- ,elevat+ p9 ,inn] elevat+ screw ,out] elevat+ screw ,:eels gu>ds ,trail h&les ,trail seats ,trail-seat supports ,sponge-/aff socket ,"n plate ,h&spike ,lunette ,cradle1 consi/+ (-- ,cradle body ,elevat+ bevel ge> ,elevat+ bevel p9ions ,elevat+ crank %afts1 ) h&les ,elevat+ screw cov] ,axle seats1 include-- ,seat arms ,seat-arm gu>ds ,foot re/s ,tie rods ,%ield braces ,apron %ield ,apron lat*es ,ma9 %ield1 consi/+ (-- ,ma9 %ield ,hood ,%utt]1 op5-sight port ,%utt]1 panoramic-sight port ,top %ield1 consi/+ (-- ,top %ield ,top %ield fa/5+s ,road brake1 includes-- ,brake beams ,brake %oes ,spr+s ) cov]s ,brake rods ,brake lev] ,brake %aft ,brake segm5t ) two segm5t racks ,ammunition c>ri]s ,range quadrant case ,panoramic sight case ,front sight ,re> sight1 consi/+ (-- ,re>-sight bracket ) %ank socket ,re>-sight %ank ,panoramic sight ,range quadrant ,:eels1 consi/+ (-- ,felloe1 segm5ts ,spokes ,tires ,hub boxes ,hub l9]s ,hub-lat* plung]s ,oil ,valve ,c>riage bolts & nuts ,hub b&s ,hub caps ,:eel fa/5+s ,plugs ,,! #c-;,,in* ,,gun 7,,caisson7 ,,limb]4 ,! limb] is ( metal ?r\gh\t except+ ! spokes & felloes ( ! :eels4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts are ! :eels1 axle1 p9tle1 frame1 ammunition *e/1 pole1 d\bletree1 s+letrees1 & neck yoke4 ,! :eels & :eel fa/5+s are ! same z1 & int]*angeable ) ^? us$ on ! c>riage4 ,seats = ?ree cannone]s are provid$ by a p]=at$ metal bucket-hold] on top ( ! *e/4 ,! paul9 issu$ to ea* limb] s]ves z a seat cu%ion & is held 9 place by paul9 /raps4 ,grip /raps are also provid$ = use by ! cannone]s :5 ! c>riage is mov+ at rapid gaits4 ,on ! sides & front (1 & "u ! ammunition *e/1 suitable /raps1 brackets & connections are provid$ = secur+ all tools & accessories4 ,) ea* limb] are issu$ ?ree tubul> oil cans1 ea* 9 ! =m ( a c>tridge & ) a capacity ( two-?irds ( a gallon4 ,^! are int5d$ to hold hydrol9e1 lubricat+ & coal oil & are c>ri$ 9 ! c5tral r[ ( c>tridge holes 9 ! ammunition *e/4 ,illu/ration3 #c ,,in* ,,gun ,,caisson ,,limb]1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf ,,side ,,& ,,re> ,,views4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight ( limb]1 completely equipp$ & load$ #agdj lbs4 ,weight ( gun1 c>riage & limb]1 completely equipp$ & load$ #dbfj lbs4 ,numb] ( r\nds c>ri$ #cf ,nom5clature ( important p>ts ( limb]3-- ,pole1 complete1 consi/+ (-- ,pole body ,neck-yoke c\nt] /op ,neck-yoke /op ,neck-yoke *af+ plate ,butt re9=ce ,d\bletree ,d\bletree rods ,"n plate ,limb] prop ,foot re/ ,tie-rods ,p9tle ) be>+1 consi/+ (-- ,p9tle ,p9tle lat* ,p9tle lat* spr+ ,:eels & :eel fa/5+s ,axle ,middle rail ,side rails ,ammunition *e/1 consi/+ (-- ,h& rail ,door *a9s ,%ot bolts ,bucket hold] ,*e/ rails ,*e/-rail connections ,body ,door ,c>tridge holes ,diaphragms ,lant]n brackets ,grip-/raps ,paul9 /raps ,v>i\s tool brackets ,v>i\s tools ,paul9s ,picket ropes ,lant]ns ,canvas buckets ,,! ,,caisson ,! ,caisson is made ( metal ?r\gh\t ) ! exception ( ! spokes & felloes ( ! :eels4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts are ! :eels1 axle1 p9tle1 lunette1 apron %ield1 fuze sett] bracket1 frame1 road brake1 & ammunition *e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,caisson1 ,plan ,! :eels & :eel fa/5+s are int]*angeable ) ^? ( ! gun c>riage & ! limb]4 ,! caisson road brake is model$ aft] t ( ! gun c>riage1 all p>ts z f> z possible be+ int]*angeable4 ,! frame ^u :i* ! ammunition *e/ re/s1 is diamond %ap$1 & consi/s pr9cipally ( two /eel side rails rivet$ to lugs on ! axle1 meet+ 9 front to =m ! lunette = atta*m5t to ! limb]1 & 9 re> to =m a p9tle = atta*m5t ( ano!r caisson 9 case x is desir$ to t[ sev]al caissons by "o team & limb]1 z = in/ance 9 ! ammunition tra94 ,9 o!r respects ! con/ruction is simil> to t ( ! limb] except+ t ! ammunition *e/ is mu* l>g] & has a capacity ( #gj r\nds4 ,! front ( ! *e/ & ! *e/ door are made ( armor plate4 ,a bracket = ! fuse sett] is also provid$4 ,an apron %ield1 simil> to ! "o on ! gun c>riage is h+$ "u ! axle1 giv+ ! cannone]s at ! caisson full protection4 ,a sp>e-pole body c be c>ri$ "u ! caisson frame1 l>ge end ( pole to ! front4 ,on ! sides & front (1 & "u ! ammunition *e/1 suitable /raps1 brackets & connections are provid$ = secur+ all tools & accessories4 ,to lock ! caissons & limb]s1 a padlock is provid$4 ,^! locks are int]*angeable & c be unlock$ by ! same key4 ,?is key is m>k$ 8,ammunition40 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight ( caisson only1 completely equipp$ & load$ #bhbj lbs4 ,weight ( caisson & limb]1 bo? completely equipp$ & load$ ) #ajf r\nds #defj lbs4 ,numb] ( r\nds ( ammunition c>ri$ 9 caisson only #gj ,nom5clature ( important p>ts ( ,caisson3-- ,:eels ,:eel fa/5+s1 complete ,axle ,middle-rails ,side rails ,p9tle ) be>+1 consi/+ (-- ,p9tle ,p9tle lat* ,p9tle-lat* spr+ ,"n plate ,*annel supports ,frame h&les ,lunette1 ) nut ,caisson prop1 ) *a9s ,road brake1 consi/+ (-- ,brake-beams ,brake %oes ,brake rods ,brake-rod spr+s & cov]s ,brake %aft1 ) two keys ,brake segm5t ,segm5t rack ,brake lev] ,sp>e-pole fa/5+ ,ammunition *e/1 consi/+ (-- ,diaphragms ,grip-/raps ,paul9-/raps ,*e/ rails ,foot re/ ,h&rails ,door props ,door h&les ,h& rails ,supports & ,brackets = atta*+ v>i\s tools & accessories ,apron ,apron lat*es ,fuze-sett] bracket ,fuze-sett] lat* ,fuze sett] ,paul9 ,picket ropes ,v>i\s tools & accessories ,sp>e pole ,to ,dism\nt & to ,assemble ,p>ts ( ! ,gun & ,c>riage4 ,to dismantle & to assemble ! bree* me*anism4--,grasp ! op]at+ lev] & op5 ! bree*2 :5 ! block is op51 =ce ! block lat* out ( its seat 9 ! block by g5tly press+ x into its seat 9 ! c>ri]4 ,take hold ( ! block & revolve x to ! left until x /ops2 !n pull x to ! re>1 tak+ c>e n to drop x4 ,! block lat* c n[ be readily remov$4 ,aft] ! fir+-lock case has be5 remov$ ! op]at+ lev] c be remov$ by =c+ its pivot up f b5ea? by a g5tle pressure f ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! lev] lat* c be remov$ by press+ 9 on ! lat* at a po9t ne> its l[] end opposite its pivot2 a hole 9 ! lat* is cut ecc5tric ) ref]5ce to ! pivot & a %\ld] on ! pivot prev5ts _! displacem5t until ! lat* is =c$ 9 & ! hole is conc5tric ) ! pivot4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! pivot c be readily pull$ out & ! lat* remov$4 ,to remove ! block c>ri] =ce ! h+e p9 up by h& until x c be caught by ! head1 & by sw++ ! c>ri] back & =?1 if ! p9 /icks1 x c readily be remov$1 tak+ c>e n to drop ! extractor lev]4 ,! extractor c n[ be remov$ f ! gun4 ,to dismantle & to assemble ! fir+-lock case & me*anism4--,take hold ( ! mill$ head$ lock+ bolt situat$ at ! l[] end ( ! fir+-lock case1 pull x to ! re>2 at ! same "t revolve ! fir+-lock case upw>d ab\t #de & pull x g5tly to ! re>4 ,?is w remove ! case ) ! fir+ me*anism complete f ! gun4 ,press ! trigg]-%aft det5t until x dis5gages f ! not* 9 ! fir+-lock case4 ,?is w all[ ! trigg] %aft ) its det5t1 to be )drawn4 ,!n g5tly press on ! front end ( ! fir+ p91 =c+ x back into ! cas+4 ,?is w all[ ! trigg] =k to fall out4 ,!n1 ) "o f+] plac$ on ! front end ( ! se>1 =ce x outw>d2 at ! same "t grasp ! front end ( ! fir+ p91 :i* is r\gh5$ = ! purpose4 ,give x a %>p pull4 ,?is w remove ! fir+-p9 spr+ & sleeve f ! cas+4 ,!n place ! front end ( ! fir+ p9 aga9/ a block ( wood1 be> d[n on ! fir+-spr+ sleeve until ! spr+ is compress$ suffici5tly to dis5gage ! slot 9 ! re> end ( ! sleeve f ! small lug on ! re> end ( ! fir+ p92 slightly turn ! sleeve1 & !n ! sleeve c be sep>at$ f ! spr+ & p94 ,by an unscrew+ motion ! spr+ c be remov$ f ! p94 ,! se> c be remov$ by g5tly press+ x 9 t[>d ! c5t] ( ! cas+4 ,to assemble1 rev]se ^! op]ations1 tak+ c>e be=e driv+ too h>d on ! end ( ! trigg] %aft t ! squ>e hole 9 ! trigg] =k is 9 position to receive ! tap]$ end ( ! trigg] %aft4 ,no tools are requir$ = assembl+ or dismantl+ ?is me*anism4 ,to remove ! recoil indicator4--,! ends ( ! clips ( ! recoil-indicator guide are b5t d[n to =m /ops to hold ! indicator 9 place4 ,to remove ! indicator1 ^! p>ts are op5$ up suffici5tly to p]mit slid+ ! indicator out ( ! guide4 ,:5 ! indicator is assembl$1 ^! clips %\ld always be clos$ d[n to prev5t its loss4 ,to dism\nt ! gun4--,elevate ! muzzle slightly4 ,remove ! recoil indicator ?r[1 unscrew ! cyl9d]-end /ud nut1 & %ove ! gun to ! re> until ! clips are free f ! guides4 ,z ! gun slides (f ! cradle1 x mu/ be prop]ly support$4 ,= ?is purpose1 f #f to #h m5 work+ 9 pairs ) lift+ b>s are requir$4 ,to m\nt ! gun4--,depress ! muzzle slightly4 ,%ove ! piece f ! re> ov] ! cradle guides ) ! clips engag+ ! guides4 ,assemble ! cyl9d]-end /ud nut1 tak+ c>e t ! lock+ /ud on ! recoil lug ent]s "o ( ! recesses provid$ = x 9 ! end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,assemble ! recoil indicator ?r[4 ,! du/ gu>d %\ld be assembl$ ) ! gun4 ,9 mov+ ! gun on or (f ( ! cradle p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to support ! bree* end s t ! gun clips rema9 9 l9e ) ! gun slides4 ,! fir+ %aft is also q liable to injury dur+ ?is op]ation1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t its be+ /ruck by ! nozzle ( ! gun or by implem5ts 9 ! h&s ( ! cannone]s4 ,! cradle %\ld be plac$ at ! desir$ elevation & azimu? be=e beg9n+ ei!r ( ^! op]ations & n *ang$ dur+ its progress1 s9ce ! work+ ( ei!r ! elevat+ or trav]s+ me*anisms :5 ! gun is only "p way 9 batt]y br+s an excessive & unnecess>y /ra9 & we> ^u ^? p>ts4 ,to dism\nt ! cyl9d]4--,br+ ! gun to approximately z]o degrees elevation2 unscrew ! cyl9d]-end /ud nut & ! pi/on-rod nut2 remove ! cradle head1 front4 ,! cyl9d] is n[ free & may be pull$ out to ! front4 ,to assemble ! cyl9d] 9 ! cradle4--,! c\nt]-recoil spr+s & ! reta9+ r+ be+ 9 assembl$ position1 %ove ! cyl9d] 7turn$ s t ! dra9 plug 9 cyl9d] head comes on top7 into its seat f ! front1 ) ! project+ /ud on ! recoil lug ( ! gun ent]+ "o ( ! recesses provid$ = x 9 ! cyl9d] end2 assemble ! cradle head2 screw 9 place ! pi/on-rod nut & cyl9d]-end /ud nut4 ,be sure t ! project+ /ud on ! gun ent]s "o ( ! holes = x 9 ! cyl9d] end be=e screw+ ! cyl9d]-end /ud nut up all ! way4 ,to assemble ! p>ts ( cyl9d] aft] clean+4--,! p>ts %\ld be reassembl$ imm$iately aft] clean+ & inspection1 & ! cyl9d] fill$ ) hydrol9e oil issu$ = t purpose4 ,! pi/on %\ld be mov$ back & =? 9 ! cyl9d] by h& to make sure t all p>ts are correctly assembl$ & are )\t int]f]5ce4 ,! cyl9d] %\ld !n be assembl$ 9 ! cradle & ! gun pull$ f batt]y by h& & p]mitt$ to c\nt] recoil rapidly to insure t all p>ts are 9 prop] position = fir+4 ,?is %\ld nev] be done1 h[ev]1 unless ! cyl9d] is kn[n to be fill$ ) oil4 ,9 reassembl+ ! p>ts ! condition ( ! vulcaniz$-fibre wa%]s betwe5 cyl9d] head & cyl9d]1 & betwe5 cyl9d]-end /ud & cyl9d] end %\ld be not$2 !y %\ld be replac$ :5ev] necess>y to prev5t leakage4 ,9 remov+ & ins]t+ ! pi/on rod c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep x c5tral 9 ! cyl9d]1 s z n to b9d1 burr1 or spr+ any p>ts4 ,! dism\nt+ & reassembl+ ( ! p>ts ( ! cyl9d] %\ld 9 e case be sup]vis$ by a commission$ (fic]4 ,be=e fir+ an inspection %\ld be made to asc]ta9 t ! diff]5t p>ts1 especially ! pi/on rod & ! cyl9d]-end /ud nuts1 are correctly assembl$4 ,to pack ! /uff+ box4--,! /uff+ box is pack$ ) five r+s ( ,g>lock's hydraulic wat]pro( pack+1 #j4be in* squ>e4 ,! pack+ is issu$ cut into r+s ( su* size t ! ends meet ar\nd ! pi/on rod4 ,! latt] be+ assembl$1 ea* r+1 plac$ s z to break jo9ts ) ! prec$+ "o1 is =c$ 9 succession into its seat by a pack+ tool ( copp] or h>d wood1 "o end ( :i* is %ap$ l a c>p5t]'s g\ge & ! o!r end =ms a h&le /rong en\gh to /& light taps f a hamm]4 ,su* a tool may be readily improvis$ by "o ( ! batt]y me*anics4 ,aft] ! five r+s are firmly seat$ 9 ! box1 screw ! gl& d[n on ! pack+4 ,9 assembl+ ! gl&s be sure t at lea/ f\r ( its ?reads are engag$ ) ! ?reads ( ! cyl9d] head2 o!rwise ! ?reads ( ! gl& may be /ripp$ 9 fir+4 ,) new pack+ x may be f\nd difficult to ins]t m ?an f\r r+s & secure suffici5t engagem5t ( ! gl&4 ,9 su* a case ! box %\ld be pack$ ) f\r r+s & ! piece fir$ a few r\nds1 aft] :i* ! fif? r+ %\ld be ins]t$4 ,adju/m5t ( ! gl&4--,! adju/m5t ( ! gl& w require ! ex]cise ( "s judgm5t4 ,if screw$ up too tight1 ! frictional resi/ance ( ! pack+ on ! pi/on rod w be increas$ s mu* t ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s may fail to return ! gun to batt]y1 especially at high angles ( elevation4 ,x %\ld be screw$ up j tight en\gh to prev5t ! leakage ( oil ?r\gh ! /uff+ box4 ,ord9>ily ?is c be done by h&1 b 9 cases :]e h& p[] is n suffici5t ! wr5* provid$ = ! purpose %\ld be us$4 ,:5 its prop] adju/m5t is det]m9$1 ! gl& %\ld be la%$ ) copp] wire to prev5t x f screw+ up or unscrew+4 ,to remove ! pi/on rod4--,unscrew ! gl& suffici5tly to release ! pressure ( ! pack+ ^u ! rod2 unscrew & remove ! cyl9d] head4 ,! rod may !n be )drawn f ! cyl9d]4 ,9 dism\nt+ & assembl+ ! cyl9d] head 7& also ! cyl9d]-end /ud71 ! cyl9d] %\ld be held f turn+ by a spann] appli$ to ! head reta9] or flange on ! front end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x %\ld nev] he clamp$ 9 a vise1 z its walls are ?9 & n int5d$ to )/& su* usage4 ,to remove ! c\nt]-recoil buff]4--,remove ! cyl9d]-end /ud screw2 unscrew & remove ! cyl9d]-end /ud2 ! c\nt]-recoil buff] is atta*$ to ! latt]4 ,to dism\nt ! spr+s4--,br+ ! gun to approximately z]o degrees elevation2 unscrew ! cyl9d]-end /ud nut & ! pi/on-rod nut2 %ove ! gun ab\t #a in* f ! batt]y2 atta* ! sleeve end ( ! spr+ compressor to ! cyl9d]-end /ud & put suffici5t /ra9 on ! compressor to relieve ! reta9+ r+ f spr+ pressure2 !n remove reta9+ r+ 7& cradle head7 by loos5+ & sw++ aside ! reta9+-r+ bolts2 ease (f sl[ly on ! spr+ compressor until ! spr+s are free4 ,to assemble ! d\ble c\nt]-recoil spr+s4--,) ! cradle at maximum elevation & ! trail horizontal1 place "o out] & "o inn] spr+ 9 ! cradle until ! front ends are ab\t #b in*es 92 set up a sep>ator aga9/ ! =w>d end ( ^! sections & ent] ! second out] & inn] spr+s1 keep+ ! sep>ator upheld betwe5 ! sections2 simil>ly :5 ! out] end ( ! second section is #b in*es inside ! cradle set up ! second sep>ator2 place ! ?ird out] & inn] sections on ! recoil cyl9d]4 ,screw ! spr+ c5t]+ tool onto ! cyl9d]-end /ud1 ! small end po9t+ re>w>d2 pass ! sleeve end ( ! spr+ compressor ?r\gh ! gun lug & ! inn] spr+s & atta* x to ! cyl9d]-end /ud4 ,ent] ! re> end ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! spr+ at ! front end ( ! cradle & pu% ! cyl9d] back until ! spr+s are at free height1 keep+ ! spr+ compressor taut4 ,atta* ! block & fall c>ri$ 9 ! batt]y wagon to ! spade ( ! c>riage or to "s improvis$ support & connect x to ! spr+ compressor2 put suffici5t /ra9 on ! spr+ compressor to br+ ! spr+ column to its assembl$ height4 ,z ! spr+ column approa*es its assembl$ height ! spr+ support mu/ be turn$ s t its guide lugs prop]ly ent] 9 ! spr+-support guide grooves 9 ! cradle2 assemble ! reta9+ r+1 disconnect ! spr+ compressor & ! spr+ c5t]+ tool f ! cyl9d]-end /ud2 pu% ! gun back into batt]y & assemble ! cyl9d]-end /ud nut4 ,:5 ! reta9+ r+ is assembl$ ! nuts = ! reta9+ r+ bolts %\ld be screw$ up until !y j come into contact ) ! reta9+ r+4 ,if ^! nuts are screw$ up too tight !y w de=m ! reta9+ r+1 ) ! result t x becomes difficult to assemble & dism\nt ! cradle head4 ,a wr5* is provid$ = turn+ ! spr+ support to its prop] position4 ,to assemble ! s+le c\nt] recoil spr+4--,! same me?od is foll[$ except t no sep>ators are us$4 ,! spr+ compressor is provid$ ) a second eye at its l>ge end :i* may be us$ 9 case ! sleeve end %\ld become brok52 9 case ?is end is us$1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to pass ! compressor ?r\gh ! cradle f front to re>1 ?r\gh ! gun lug4 ,= disconnect+ ! compressor ! me?od us$ is id5tical to t previ\sly describ$4 ,! cyl9d]-end /ud nut %\ld nev] be remov$ :5 ! gun is at an elevation1 & ! gun %\ld n be elevat$ :5 ! cyl9d]-end /ud nut is n 9 place4 ,to prev5t ! cyl9d]-end /ud f rotat+ a screw = ! cyl9d] end is provid$4 ,?is screw = ! cyl9d] end mu/ be remov$ be=e attempt+ to unscrew ! cyl9d]-end /ud4 ,s9ce ! spr+s are assembl$ "u an initial load ( ov] #gej p\nds1 a pull ( m ?an #gej p\nds mu/ be ex]t$ ^u ! spr+ compressor 9 assembl+ !m4 ,?is c be done by pass+ a h&spike ?r\gh ! loop at ! re> end ( ! compressor & mak+ use ( ! s]vice ( ! entire gun squad1 or ! block & tackle may be us$ z describ$ above4 ,to avoid ! possibility ( injury to ! gun squad 9 compress+ or releas+ ! spr+s1 all %\ld be requir$ to keep arms & bodies away f ! front ( ! spr+ column dur+ ^! op]ations4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fr5* #ge ,,gun4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight #ajae lbs4 ,total ,l5g? 7ab\t7 #ajg 94 ,rifl+ #bd grooves ,twi/--"r-h& slope1 #g degrees1 #a turn 9 #be4f calib]s4 ,,c>riage4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight complete #afdb lbs4 ,weight ( gun & c>riage complete #bfeg lbs4 ,weight at end ( trail1 c>riage limb]$ #aad lbs4 ,diamet] ( :eels #eb4e 94 ,l5g? ( recoil 7ab\t7 #de 94 ,maximum angle ( elevation 7#cch mils47 #ai degrees ,maximum angle ( depression 7#agh mils47 #aj degrees ,am\nt ( trav]se ( gun on c>riage 7#ajf mils47 #f degrees ,! gun is ( ! built-up type & consi/s ( a =g$ /eel tube :i* ext5ds f muzzle to bree*4 ,a bree* hoop is %runk ov] ! re> ( ! tube & ext5ds beyond x to provide a bree* recess4 ,?is recess is ?read$ ) sev5 ?reads to take ! bree*block4 ,a bronze jacket encircles ! c5tral portion ( ! tube4 ,inn] & out] lock+ hoops screw to & firmly fa/5 ! tube1 hoop & jacket toge!r & prev5t !m f sep>at+ "u ! /resses ( recoil4 ,a muzzle hoop is screw$ on ! tube at ! end ( ! muzzle4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,( #ahig 7,,fr5*7 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,( #ahig 7,,fr5*7 ,a recoil lug on ! "u side ( ! bree* hoop =ms a po9t ( atta*m5t betwe5 gun & recoil me*anism ?r\gh ! m$ia ( a pi/on rod & c\pl+ key4 ,! re> sight is atta*$ to ! re> portion ( ! bree* hoop4 ,on top ( ! hoop at its re> end are two quadrant seat plugs4 ,! front sight is fix$ on top ( ! re> end ( ! jacket4 ,a sweep] plate :i* sweeps & lubricates ! roll] is secur$ to ! front end ( ! jacket4 ,! bree*block is ! ,nord5feld rotat+ type1 cyl9drical ) sev5 ?reads :i* s]ve to screw x into ! re> ( ! bree*4 ,! bree* is op5$ & clos$ by rotat+ ! block #abj degrees ar\nd its axis4 ,! block advances dur+ ! rotation due to ! pit* ( its ?reads & =ces ! c>tridge case into ! bore4 ,! gun _c be fir$ until ! block has be5 completely clos$1 a condition :i* mu/ exi/ be=e ! /rik] ( ! fir+ me*anism is 9 l9e ) ! prim] c>tridge ( ! projectile4 ,! extractor consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 #a4 ,two arms connect$ by a holl[ %aft4 #b4 ,a sp9dle :i* passes ?r\gh ! %aft & fa/5s x to ! bree*4 #c4 ,an extractor tang4 ,! action ( ! extractor is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! bree* is clos$ ! arms ( ! extractor are press$ aga9/ ! face ( ! tube by ! rim ( ! c>tridge case :i* be>s aga9/ !m4 ,! extractor tang projects into a groove 9 ! inn] face ( ! bree*block kn[n z ! load+ groove4 ,?is groove is circul> & its dep? is equal to ! projection ( ! extractor tang4 ,x t]m9ates 9 a helical guide surface call$ ! 8eject+ ramp40 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,( #ahig 7,,fr5*7 ,! fir/ "p ( ! movem5t ( op5+ ! bree* s]ves to move ! grooves 9 front ( ! extractor tang4 ,?is pressure =ces ! extractor tang back into its slot 9 ! bree* hoop & z ! extractor tang is firmly seat$ 9 ! extractor1 ! arms ( ! latt] are rotat$ ar\nd ! extractor sp9dle4 ,! arms be+ br\ght to ! re>1 press aga9/ ! rim ( ! c>tridge case1 :i* is !reby />t$ & eject$4 ,inv]sely 7! bree* be+ op57 :5 a c>tridge case is sm>tly ins]t$ 9 ! *amb] ! rim c>ries ! arms ( ! extractor =w>d4 ,! extractor tang is !reby =c$ aga9/ ! bevel$ surface ( ! eject+ ramp & automatically />ts ! clos+ movem5t ( ! bree*block4 ,a safety cat* is provid$ to keep ! bree* lock$ betwe5 ! "t t ! bree* is clos$ & ! %ot is fir$4 ,! fir+ me*anism consi/s ( a /rik] or fir+ p9 seat$ 9 ! bree*block1 a fir+ hamm]1 fir+ rack1 spr+ & lany>d4 ,by pull+ ! lany>d ! hamm] is drawn back & ! rack moves =w>d aga9/ ! compression ( ! spr+ due to its be+ ge>$ to ! hamm]4 ,:5 ! lany>d is releas$1 ! spr+ =ces ! rack back :i* 9 turn causes ! hamm] to fly =w>d & /rike ! prim]4 ,a safety device is provid$ = lock+ ! hamm] :ile ! piece is 9 ! travel+ position4 ,,! ,,c>riage4 ,! gun is m\nt$ ^u a cradle :i* encloses ! recoil & c\nt]-recoil me*anisms4 ,! device = elevat+ ! gun ?r\gh ! angle betwe5 ! horizontal & ! l9e gun-t>get 7angle ( site7 is int]pos$ betwe5 ! trail & ! rock] :ile ! device = giv+ ! gun elevation = range is plac$ betwe5 ! rock] & ! cradle4 ,?is arrangem5t is kn[n z ! indep5d5t angle ( site or indep5d5t l9e ( sight4 ,x has ! advantage ov] ! ?ree-in* type 9 t x all[s ! range elevation to be alt]$ )\t di/urb+ ! elevation = site4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #ahig ,,mi7,,fr5*74 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #ahig ,,mi ,,fr5* ,,re> ,,view ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #ahig ,,mi7,,fr5*7 ,,left ,,side ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #ahig ,,mi7,,fr5*7 ,,"r ,,side ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #ahig ,,mi7,,fr5*7 ,,plan ,,view ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! c>riage are3 trail1 axle1 :eels1 brakes1 %ields1 angle ( site elevat+ me*anism1 range elevat+ me*anism1 trav]s+ me*anism1 rock]1 cradle & sights4 ,:5 travel+ or re/+1 ! tube re/s on ! cradle :i* supports x by means ( ! jacket4 ,:5 fir+1 x recoils on ! cradle by means ( ! roll]s4 ,! jacket has two pairs ( roll]s1 & ! muzzle hoop is provid$ ) a s+le pair ( roll]s4 ,on ! upp] "p ( ! cradle are ! l[] slides1 on :i* ! jacket roll]s1 support+ ! tube1 roll dur+ ! recoil4 ,:5 ! jacket roll]s are ab\t to leave ! l[] slides1 ! muzzle roll]s come "u ! upp] slides2 ! tube is !n support$ until ! end ( ! recoil by ! muzzle roll]s & ! m =w>d ( ! two pairs ( jacket roll]s4 ,?is device gives ! gun a long recoil ^u %ort slides4 ,incl9$ planes are us$ 9 su* a mann] t :5 ! gun returns into batt]y ! roll]s rise f ! l[] slides !reby reliev+ ! slides f ! weight ( ! tube :5 ! tube is 9 ! travel+ position4 ,! c>riage supports ! cradle :i* 9 turn supports ! tube4 ,! cradle & ! tube toge!r are displac$1 dur+ ! lay+ = elevation ) respect to ! c>riage :i* rema9s /ation>y4 ,! c>riage is held /eady on ! gr\nd by means ( ! trail spade :i* ) abatage prev5ts ! c>riage f recoil+ on ! gr\nd4 ,abatage consi/s ( elevat+ ! :eels on ! brake %oes :i* are provid$ ) small spades :i* prev5t lat]al movem5t4 ,! brake %oes are fa/5$ to brake beams atta*$ to a slid+ rack b5ea? ! trail 9 su* a mann] t ! abatage frame may be plac$ "u ! c>riage dur+ travel4 ,9 prep>+ to fire1 ! frame may be adju/$ to all[ ! brake %oes to slip f a position 9 re> ( ! c>riage :eels to a po9t directly b5ea? ! :eels4 ,illu/ration3 #ge-,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #ahig1 ,,mi7,,fr5*7 ,,:eel ,,brake ,,me*anism ,abatage is accompli%$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! brake %oes are dropp$ to ! gr\nd 9 re> ( ! po9t ( contact ( ! :eels ) ! gr\nd2 7#b7 ,! trail is lift$1 turn+ ar\nd ! axle1 until ! spade is ab\t five feet 9 ! air4 ,tie rods & a slide work+ on a rack b5ea? ! trail move =w>d 9 ?is action2 7#c7 ,! trail is !n br\ght d[n4 ,! rack prev5ts ! slide f mov+ to ! re> & ! c>riage turns on ! abatage frame until ! :eels re/ ^u ! brake %oes4 ,?is gives ! gun a ?ree po9t support1 two small spades "u ! :eels & a l>g] "o at ! end ( ! trail4 ,lay+ 9 direction is accompli%$ by trav]s+ ! piece on ! axle4 ,! trail spade is fix$ & ! axle is /raight & rigid s t 9 ! movem5t ( ! gun to ! "r & left on ! axle bo? :eels mu/ turn--"o to ! front & "o to ! re>4 ,! device = lay+ = direction is compos$ ( a ?read$ axle1 :i* is prev5t$ f rotat+ by a spur & a slid+ nut :i* is conta9$ 9 a box fix$ on ! left flask ( ! gun4 ,?is nut be>s "o ( ! bevel ge>s1 :i* is put 9 motion by ! h& :eel4 ,! trav]se is ?ree degrees ei!r side ( ! c5t] or a total ( #f degrees or ab\t #aje mils4 ,lay+ = elevation4 ,to obta9 great] accuracy & spe$ 9 fir+ ! #ge has an indep5d5t angle ( site4 ,a rock] ) two trunnions is int]pos$ betwe5 ! cradle & ! c>riage4 ,! rock] trunnions are seat$ 9 ! cradle trunnions & support !m4 ,?is gives ! same rotat+ axis to bo? rock] & cradle4 ,?is is necess>y = ! me*anical addition ( ! angle ( site elevation & = ! range elevation4 ,:5 ! angle ( site h&:eel is revolv$ x turns a p9ion1 :i* me%es 9 ! rock] rack & ?us causes ! rock] to move 9 relation to ! c>riage4 ,?is gives ! cradle ?r\gh ! rock] ! elevation equal to ! diff]5ce 9 elevation betwe5 ! t>get & ! gun4 ,x is indep5d5t ( ! angle giv5 to ! gun = ! elevation due to range to ! t>get4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #ahig ,,mi7,,fr5*74 ,,range ,,elevat+ ,,me*anism ,! angle giv5 ! gun = range is effect$ ?r\gh a telescopic screw4 ,?is screw is fa/5$ at "o ( its extremities 9 ! rock] & at ! o!r 9 ! cradle4 ,! nut :i* receives ! elevat+ screw is seat$ 9 an oscillat+ support :i* all[s x to always rema9 p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! bore at any elevation4 ,! angul> displacem5ts ( ! cradle ) respect to ! rock] 7angle ( elevation7 are record$ by ! elevat+ sy/em compos$ ( a graduat$ arc & a range drum4 ,! l[] "p ( ! arc is connect$ ) ! "r arm ( ! rock]4 ,! arc is graduat$ 9 met]s4 ,:5 ! range h&le is turn$ ! arc does n move1 b a brass slide block connect$ ) ! gun & ! cradle & be>+ an index slides along ! arc4 ,x is ?us possible to set ! range 9 met]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! arc graduations are n v legible & x has be5 supplant$ by a graduat$ range drum hav+ m legible read+s4 ,! black "p ( ! arc be>s a rack :i* me%es ) a p9ion1 :i* 9 turn rotates ar\nd an axle fix$ on ! cradle4 ,:5 ! cradle moves1 ! p9ion rotates & c>ries ) x ! range drum4 ,! elevation on level gr\nd v>ies f a m9us #aa degrees to a plus #bj degrees4 ,great] elevation may be obta9$ by s9k+ ! spade4 ,! ,recoil & ,c\nt]-recoil me*anisms are ( ! ,hydro-pneumatic type4 ,_! accurate description is a secret4 ,! foll[+ brief description w give only a g5]al idea ( ! work+ ( ! me*anism4 ,! :ole app>atus is inside ( ! cradle ?r\gh :i* are bor$ two cyl9d]s3 an upp] cyl9d] #dj mm diamet]1 & a l[] cyl9d] #ff mm diamet]4 ,^! cyl9d]s may communicate ?r\gh a l>ge hole4 ,a pi/on moves 9 ! upp] cyl9d]1 ! pi/on rod1 #bd mm diamet]1 be+ fa/ to ! gun4 ,9 ! l[] cyl9d] are3 7#a7 ,! valve c>ri] pipe screw$ 9 ! re> "p ( ! cyl9d] support+ spr+ valves2 9 ! inn] walls ( ! pipe are cut two grooves2 ! valve c>ri] pipe is end$ by a circul> r+4 7#b7 ,! diaphragm ) its holl[ rod4 7#c7 ,! loose pi/on ) its small rod1 :i* may come 9 contact ) ! upp] rack ( ! gauge4 ,! two cyl9d]s are full ( liquid1 usually ,russian oil4 ,! front "p ( ! upp] cyl9d] 9 front ( ! pi/on may communicate freely ) ! air ?r\gh ! ,front ,plug4 ,! front "p ( ! l[] cyl9d] is clos$ by a plug & conta9s compress$ air at a pressure ( #aej kg4 p] sq4 cm4 ,op]ation4 ,9 recoil ! pi/on ( ! upp] cyl9d] compresses ! liquid1 :i* has to pass ?r\gh ! spr+ valves & betwe5 ! circul> r+ & ! holl[ rod ( ! diaphragm4 ,! passage ( ! liquid ?r\gh ^! diff]5t op5+s con/itutes ! brak+ effect4 ,9 s mov+ ! liquid op5s ! valves1 :i* are widely op5$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! recoil & gradually close 9 proportion to ! decrease ( ! spe$ ( ! recoil4 ,at ! same "t1 ! air ( ! recup]ator is compress$ by ! action ( ! liquid on ! diaphragm4 ,:5 ! recoil is f9i%$1 ! compress$ air pu%es back ! diaphragm4 ,! liquid ?us compress$ acts on ! small cyl9d] pi/on & obliges x to come back into its initial position1 br++ ) x ! tube4 ,! liquid 9 fl[+ back completely closes ! valves & mu/ pass betwe5 ! diaphragm rod & ! inn] wall ( ! pipe4 ,at beg9n+ ( ! return into batt]y1 ! space betwe5 ! rod & ! bottom ( ! groove is l>ge4 ,?is space decreases 9 proportion to ! progress ( ! return4 ,! pass+ ( ! liquid ?r\gh ?is con/antly decreas+ space causes ! brak+ :i* at ! end r$uces ! spe$ ( ! return to nil4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,fr5* #ge4 ,dism\nt+s4 ,cannone] ,dism\nt+s4 ,a4 ,bree*block4 #a4 ,safety piece4 #b4 ,/rik]4 #c4 ,lany>d4 #d4 ,/rik] hamm]4 #e4 ,hamm] sp9dle4 #f4 ,spr+ assembl+ p94 #g4 ,rack spr+s4 #h4 ,rack4 #i4 ,lat* p94 7,pawl ,p947 #aj4 ,lat* 7,pawl74 #aa4 ,lat* spr+4 7,pawl spr+47 ,b4 ,extractor4 #a4 ,cl[4 7,tang47 #b4 ,sp9dle4 #c4 ,arms4 ,c4 ,level4 ,d4 ,sight case4 ,e4 ,:eels4 ,f4 ,limb] pole4 ,g4 ,fuze sett] f caisson4 ,h4 ,luggage frame f limb]4 ,me*anic ,dism\nt+s4 ,a4 ,c\pl+ keg4 ,b4 ,pu% gun back on slides4 ,c4 ,safety bolt4 ,d4 ,friction piece4 7,sweep] plate47 ,e4 ,wip]4 7,guide piece47 ,f4 ,front plug4 ,g4 ,fill+ hole plug4 ,h4 ,elevat+ screw p94 ,i4 ,elevat+ screw4 ,j4 ,trunnion caps4 ,k4 ,rock] ,trunnion caps4 7,half ,r+s47 ,daily ,clean+ & ,lubricat+4 7,by cannone]s47 #a4 ,clean sight support & socket4 #b4 ,lubricate oil holes #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 #c4 ,clean base ( sight column4 #d4 ,clean levels4 #e4 ,lubricate range me*anism4 7,holes ,nos4 #a & #b47 #f4 ,clean & oil rock] trunnion caps4 #g4 ,oil holes #g & #h4 #h4 ,clean & grease expos$ p>ts ( axle4 #i4 ,dism\nt & clean bree* & all its p>ts4 #aj4 ,clean & grease ! bore if ! gun has be5 fir$4 #aa4 ,clean & grease ! slides if ! gun has be5 fir$4 #ab4 ,grease ! :eels if ! gun has be5 on ! road4 #ac4 ,clean fuze sett]4 #ad4 ,! life ( a gun dep5ds on 8,daily ,c>e40 ,=bidd5 ,practices4 #a4 ,readju/m5t ( ,fr5* ,sights4 #b4 ,fitt+ ) files4 #c4 ,=g+ & ,rivet+4 #d4 ,unau?oriz$ ,dism\nt+s4 ,c>e ( ,recoil ,me*anism4 7,*ief ,me*anic ,only7 ,caution4--,nev] remove pi/on rod nut1 z pi/on is "u pressure & w\ld pull pi/on rod into cyl9d]4 ,! recoil app>atus prop] _c be dism\nt$4 ,if prop]ly tak5 c>e ( ! recoil me*anism w n g wrong = ye>s2 b if neglect$1 its de/ruction is only a matt] ( v little fir+4 ,! position ( ! gauge f+] is ! index z to :e!r or n ! recoil is be+ prop]ly absorb$4 ,! jo9ts are n absolutely tight1 ! slight leakage :i* takes place dur+ fire or ev5 :5 gun is at re/ is n important4 ,9 normal fir+ conditions ! recoil app>atus conta9s a slightly great] quantity ( oil ?an absolutely necess>y2 ?is quantity is call$ ! 8res]ve40 ,:5 ! res]ve is exhau/$ any loss is liable to r$uce ! quantity /rictly necess>y4 ,! loss may prev5t ! gun f fully return+ to batt]y :5 fir+4 ,! am\nt ( res]ve is indicat$ by ! position ( ! gauge4 ,no res]ve3 ,! gauge f+] is d[n deep 9 its recess4 ,full res]ve3 ,! end ( ! gauge f+] is level ) ! gauge index4 ,excess res]ve3 ,! gauge f+] projects beyond ! index4 ,no fir+ %\ld be done ) an excess res]ve4 ,! gauge f+] %\ld be betwe5 ! index & in* bel[ ! index4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,*ief ,me*anic to see t ! gauge f+] is 9 ! prop] position be=e fir+4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,executive & ! ,*ief ( ,section to see t ! gauge f+] is 9 ! prop] position dur+ fire2 if x moves f ?is position ! ,*ief ,me*anic w be call$ to make ! prop] adju/m5ts4 ,:5 ! gauge f+] has be5 br\ght to ! prop] position !re are only two conditions :i* call = tamp]+ ) recoil app>atus4 #a4 ,! gun goes into batt]y too sl[ly1 or has to be pu%$ 94 ,9 ?is case ! gauge f+] w usually be f\nd too deep 9 its seat1 & ! pump w h to be us$4 ,if ! gauge is 9 ! prop] position look at ! slides4 ,ei!r !y w be f\nd dirty or bits ( ! wip] may be nick$ (f4 ,9 ! latt] case ! gun c be fir$ )\t ! wip]4 #b4 ,! gun jumps badly4 ,9 ?is case ! gauge f+] w g5]ally be f\nd beyond ! index4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! oil extractor mu/ be us$ until ! gauge f+] is 9 ! prop] position4 ,if aft] clean+ slides1 putt+ gun 9 abatage & adju/+ gauge f+]1 ! gun /ill jumps badly--complete dra9+ ( ! res]ve & refill+ w frequ5tly rem$y ! tr\ble4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 #ge-,,mm4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model #aiaf4 ,,! ,,gun4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight ,kg #cci4gd p\nds #gdi4 ,calib] mm #ge4 in*es #b4iec ,total l5g? mm #b1cjh4e in*es #ij4i ,l5g? ( bore mm #b1acd4 in*es #hd4 ,l5g? ( rifl$ portion ( bore mm #a1hdg4 in*es #gb4gb ,numb] ( grooves #bd ,wid? ( grooves mm #g4cj in*es 4#bhgd ,dep? ( grooves mm 4#eja in*es 4#jb ,wid? ( l&s mm #b4eb in*es 4#jiib ,twi/1 "r h&1 z]o turns f orig9 to a po9t #b4hi in*es f orig94 ,increas+ f "o turn 9 #aai calib]s at a po9t #b4hi in*es f orig9 to "o turn 9 #be4d calib]s at a po9t #i4gb in*es f muzzle4 ,uni=m f a po9t #i4gb in*es f muzzle to ! muzzle4 ,description ( ! #ge-,,mm ,field ,gun4 ,! gun is built up ( alloy-/eel =g+s1 consi/+ ( a tube1 jacket1 bree* hoop1 & clip4 ,all ( ! p>ts are assembl$ ) a %r9kage4 ,! tube ext5ds f ! muzzle to ! re> end ( ! p[d] *amb] & two recesses are cut 9 its re> face to =m seats = ! lips on ! extractors4 ,! jacket is assembl$ ov] ! muzzle end ( ! tube4 ,! jacket c>ries two flanges on its l[] side1 :i* =m guides = ! gun 9 ! cradle ( ! c>riage1 & a lug on top ne> ! =w>d end :i* conta9s a ,t slot1 :i* holds ! recoil cyl9d] 9 place4 ,! re> end ( ! jacket is ?read$ on ! outside to receive ! bree* hoop4 ,! bree* hoop is ?read$ at its =w>d end & screws on to ! re> ( ! jacket4 ,! bree* r+ c>ries a recoil lug at ! top = ! atta*m5t ( ! hydraulic recoil cyl9d]1 & ano!r lug at ! bottom = atta*m5t ( ! two spr+ pi/on rods4 ,! re> "p ( ! bree* hoop is cut away to =m ! bree* recess4 ,! clip is a %ort hoop %runk on ! tube ne> ! muzzle4 ,x c>ries two lugs on its "u side :i* =m guides = ! gun 9 ! c>riage4 ,! re> ends ( ! guides on ! jacket are ext5d$ to ! face ( ! recoil lugs by %ort ext5sions rivet$ 9 place to prev5t entrance ( du/ betwe5 surfaces ( ! guides & _! be>+ surfaces on ! cradle4 ,= ! same purpose ! =w>d ends ( ! guides on ! jacket are connect$ by /eel-plate du/ gu>ds ) ! re> ends ( ! guides on ! clip4 ,description ( ! ,bree* ,me*anism4 ,! me*anism is kn[n z ! drop-block type1 & is semi-automatic 9 design 9 t ! block closes automatically :5 a r\nd ( ammunition is ins]t$4 ,a rectangul> hole ext5d+ ?r\gh ! rectangul> section ( ! bree* hoop =ms seat = ! slid+ block4 ,! upp] "p ( ! bree* hoop 9 re> ( ?is slot is cut away1 leav+ a ,u-%ap$ op5+ :i* p]mits ! passage ( ! c>tridge case4 ,illu/ration3 #ge-,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,b>rel ,illu/ration3 #ge-,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,( #aiaf ,,miii ,,bree* ,,me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 #ge-,,mm4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,( #aiaf ,m ,,iii ,,bree* ,,me*anism ,recesses cut 9 bo? ! side faces ( ! bree* recess =m seats = trunnions = ! two extractors4 ,holes bor$ into ^! recesses f ! re> face =m seats = ! extractor plung]s1 spr+s & plugs4 ,! block slides up & d[n 9 ! bree* recess "u ! action ( ! op]at+ arm :i* is pivot$ on ! op]at+ %aft & acts z an oscillat+ crank 9 rais+ & l[]+ ! block4 ,! op]at+ %aft :i* rotates ! op]at+ arm is actuat$ by ! op]at+ h&le4 ,! op]at+ h&le is provid$ ) a lat* to keep x 9 ! clos$ position & is connect$ by a *a91 pi/on1 & pi/on rod to ! clos+ spr+1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 ! clos+-spr+ case4 ,! clos+ spr+ is "u compression & t5ds to keep ! block clos$ or to close ! block :5 x is op5$4 ,:5 ! block is op5$ z f> z x w g1 x is lock$ 9 t position by ! inside trunnions on ! extractors4 ,^! trunnions are =c$ ov] horizontal %\ld]s on ! block by means ( ! extractor plung]s & holds ! block 9 ! op5 position4 ,:5 a c>tridge is pu%$ sm>tly into ! gun1 its rim /rik+ aga9/ ! lips on ! extractor frees ! trunnions f ! %\ld]s on ! block & all[s ! block to close "u ! action ( ! clos+ spr+4 ,a cont9u\s-pull fir+ me*anism is c>ri$ 9 ! recess bor$ out 9 ! c5t] ( ! block & is op]at$ by ! trigg] %aft :i* projects f ! bottom ( ! block4 ,?is me*anism is cock$ & fir$ by "o cont9u\s motion ( ! trigg] %aft s t 9 case ( a misfire ! prim] may be /ruck a second bl[ by releas+ ! %aft & rotat+ x aga94 ,a lany>d may be atta*$ to ! project+ end ( ! trigg] %aft4 ,,c>riage4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight ( c>riage1 complete1 fully equipp$1 )\t ! gun #bbhj p\nds ,weight ( gun & c>riage fully equipp$ #cjde p\nds ,weight ( lunette1 c>riage limb]$ #adj p\nds ,diamet] ( :eels #ef in*es ,wid? ( track1 c5t] to c5t] ( :eels #fj in*es ,l5g? ( recoil ( gun on c>riage1 v>iable recoil #ah to #df ,height ( axis ( gun ab\t gr\nd #db approx4 ,am\nt ( elevation ) elevat+ h&:eel #db degrees ,total limits ( elevation #g to plus #ec degrees ,maximum trav]se ei!r side ( c5t] #djj mils ,ov] all wid? ( trails1 spread #acj in*es ,ov] all l5g?1 muzzle ( gun to end ( lunette #agc in*es ,limits ( elevation ) angle ( site h&:eel1 m9us #g degrees depression to #aa degrees elevation4 ,description4 ,! c>riage is ( ! split trail1 v>iable long-recoil type4 ,! l5g? ( recoil is regulat$ automatically1 s t ! bree* ( ! gun w n /rike ! gr\nd on recoil at an angle ( elevation ( less ?an #dg degrees4 ,at elevations great] ?an #dg a hole mu/ be dug = ! bree* 9 recoil4 ,! gun is m\nt$ 9 slides on a cradle =m$ by ! spr+ cyl9d]4 ,! spr+ cyl9d] is susp5d$ by trunnions m\nt$ 9 be>+s 9 ! top c>riage1 :i* is support$ by ! p9tle be>+ to :i* are atta*$ axle arms be>+ 9 ! :eels4 ,! c>riage has an indep5d5t angle ( site elevat+ me*anism1 by means ( :i* a maximum depression ( sev5 degrees & an angle ( elevation ( #aa degrees may be obta9$4 ,! rema9+ elevation is obta9$ ?r\gh ! elevat+ h&:eel4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! c>riage are3 ,trail ,cradle ,recoil me*anism ,top c>riage ,p9tle be>+ ,equaliz+ ge> ,%ields ,angle ( site me*anism ,elevat+ me*anism ,trav]s+ me*anism ,axle seat ,brake me*anism ,%\ld] gu>ds ,fir+ me*anism ,sight1 model ( #aiaf ,:eels4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,left ,,elevation4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,c>riage4 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,"r ,,elevation4 ,! trail is made 9 two halves ( box section built ( b5t & rivet$ /eel plate4 ,ea* half is bolt$ to a lug on ! equaliz+ ge>1 s t x may be rotat$ horizontally f ! junction po9t ( ! trail to ! po9t :]e ! trail hits ! :eel4 ,! trails are lock$ toge!r 9 travel+ position by means ( a cone-%ap$ v]tical lug on ! lunette bracket :i* fits 9 a socket 9 ! trail c\pl+1 & is lock$ 9 place by ! trail-c\pl+ lat*4 ,trail-c\pl+ lat* has a h&le & cat* ) a v]tical sp9dle seat$ 9 a socket 9 ! lunette bracket4 ,a h&le-return spr+ is assembl$ ar\nd ! sp9dle & ! lat* engages a cat* on ! trail c\pl+ :5 trails are fix$ 9 ! travel+ position4 ,lat* is op5$ by mov+ h&le =w>d4 ,lunette consi/s ( a r+ = atta*+ ! c>riage to ! limb] & is bolt$ ?r\gh ! lunette bracket4 ,floats are atta*$ to ! bottoms ( bo? trails at _! re> ends1 consi/+ ( flang$ /eel plates = ! purpose ( increas+ be>+ area ( ! trails on s(t gr\nd4 ,spade be>+s are rivet$ to re> ( ! trails & =m be>+s = spades 9 fir+ position4 ,spades are driv5 ?r\gh ! be>+s1 & _! upw>d movem5t relative to ! trails is prev5t$ by spade lat*4 ,spade-lat* bracket consi/s ( a bronze plate ) a cyl9drical *amb] = a spr+ & plung] & two be>+s = lat*-h&le p94 ,bracket is rivet$ to ! inside top ( trail 9 front ( ! spade4 ,spade-lat* plung]1 ) a spr+ assembl$ ar\nd x1 is seat$ 9 ! *amb] & ! spade-lat* h&le is p9n$ 9 ! be>+4 ,top ( h&le ext5ds ?r\gh ! trail & is r\gh5$ = use z a foot p$al4 ,l[] "p ( h&le engages ) ! plung]4 ,:5 ! spade is driv5 ! plung] is =c$ into a not* 9 ! spade by means ( ! spr+1 & ! slope on face ( plung] all[s a d[nw>d movem5t ( ! spade & prev5ts upw>d movem5t4 ,to release spade ! foot p$al on lat* h&le is press$ d[n1 dis5gag+ plung] f spade1 & ! spade is remov$4 ,trail h&les are rivet$ to outside ( bo? trails = lift+ trails4 ,"n plate is rivet$ to outside l[] left trail4 ,x is important t ! numb] ( c>riage on ?is plate be record$ by ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! unit to :i* x is assign$ & t ?is numb] be us$ z a ref]5ce 9 all correspond5ce4 ,:eel gu>ds1 re>1 are plates rivet$ to ! outside l[] left ( bo? trails = ! protection ( trail bodies aga9/ contact ) limb] :eels on %ort turns4 ,trail gu>ds are b5t plates rivet$ to ! top ( trail 9 front ( trail-c\pl+ lat* to prev5t batt]+ ( trails by sl$ges us$ = driv+ ! spades4 ,sponge-/aff fa/5+s are rivet$ to tops ( bo? trails4 ,sponge /affs are ins]t$ 9 upp] r+s ( /aff fa/5+s & ! l[] ends are clamp$ 9 place4 ,! smalle/ section ( sponge /affs fits 9 sponge fa/5+s4 ,sl$ge fa/5+s are simil> to sponge /aff fa/5+s & are rivet$ to ! outside ( ea* trail4 ,:eel gu>ds 7front7 are plates rivet$ to ! outside ( trails ne> ! front to prev5t contact ( trails ) :eels :5 ! trails are sep>at$4 ,sp>e p>ts case is a /eel box ) a h+$ /eel cov] provid$ ) a bolt snap & padlock rivet$ to ! outside ( front left trail4 ,?is case conta9s sp>e p>ts = em]g5cy use4 ,trail seats are made ( =m$ b5t plates rivet$ to ! tops ( trails ne> bree* ( gun4 ,oil] support ) spr+s is "u ! "r-h& trail seat4 ,oil] re/s on ?is support & is held 9 place by spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 #ge-,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,re> ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,plan ,,view4 ,travel+ lock b> consi/s ( a =g$ /eel b> p9n$ to lock b> be>+ on left trail & made to sw+ across trails 9 travel+ position & along left trail 9 fir+ position4 ,9 travel+ position ! socket 9 ! middle ( ! lock b> engages ) ! travel+ lock /ud 9 ! bottom ( cradle1 & "r end ( lock b> is held 9 lock b> clip on "r trail by ! lat*4 ,to dis5gage ! lat* = fir+1 ! lat* h&le is lift$ & ! lock b> swung to fa/5+ 9 left trail1 :]e x lat*es4 ,to lock ! cradle1 ! gun is br\ght to #j azimu? & ! travel+ lock po9t] on "r trunnion cap br\ght to l9e m>k$ 8,m>*40 ,9 ?is position ! travel+ lock socket fits ov] /ud1 & ! lock is lat*$4 ,! lat* consi/s ( a lev] p9n$ at "o end to ! lock b> ) a plung] p9n$ 9 c5t] ext5d+ ?r\gh ! b> ) a spr+ ar\nd ! plung] body to hold ! lat* 9 place4 ,trail connections are rivet$ to front end ( trail & bolt$ to equaliz+ p9ions4 ,! cradle comprises ! spr+ cyl9d] ) atta*$ p>ts4 ,! spr+ cyl9d] is bel[ & %ort] ?an ! gun4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( two cyl9d]s jo9$ at ! c5t]1 ) axes 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,above ! cyl9d]s are ! gun ways1 p>allel to ! cyl9d]s1 bronze l9$1 & op5+ t[>d ! c5t] l9e ( cyl9d]s4 ,travel+ lock /ud is bolt$ ?r\gh a lug at ! re> & bel[ ! cyl9d]s4 ,fir+-%aft bracket is rivet$ to ! left side & range-scale bracket to ! "r side ( ! cyl9d] at its re> end4 ,%\ld] gu>ds are p9n$ 9 sockets 9 bo? fir+-%aft & range scale brackets to prev5t contact ( ! gun dur+ recoil1 ) ! cannone]s4 ,trunnions are rivet$ & key$ to ! cyl9d] ne> c5t]4 ,elevat+ arc is bolt$ to lugs on ! bottom ( cyl9d] at trunnions4 ,pi/on-rod bracket is rivet$ to projections on ! cyl9d] above ! gun slides ne> ! front end4 ,cyl9d] cov] is p9n$ to cyl9d] clips1 :i* are rivet$ to ! front ( spr+ cyl9d]4 7,note3 ,on "s c>riages ! clips are made integral ) ! cyl9d]47 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,longitud9al ,,& ,,transv]se ,,sections ,! recoil me*anism is design$ = v>iable recoil1 ! l5g? ( :i* is regulat$ automatically by ! elevation ( ! gun4 ,! foll[+ table gives l5g?s at v>i\s elevations3 7,^! l5g?s are bas$ on !oretical calculations4 ,actual l5g?s ( recoil betwe5 #h' & #de' elevation are g5]ally great]47 ,elevation4 ,l5g? ( ,recoil4 -#g4j to plus #h4j degrees #df in*es4 -#h4j to plus #af4dg degrees #df to #bh in*es4 -#af4dg to plus #bg4bj degrees #bh in*es4 -#bg4bj to plus #cf4g degrees #bh to #ah in*es4 -#cf4g to plus #ec degrees #ah in*es4 ,! bree* ( ! gun on %ort recoil w /rike ! gr\nd at ! level ) ! bottom ( ! :eels at an elevation ( #dg degrees or ov]4 ,! recoil me*anism is ( ! hydraulic spr+ type1 ) ! recoil cyl9d] m\nt$ above ! gun & ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s 9 ! cradle bel[ ! gun4 ,! recoil cyl9d] is held 9 place by a slot ma*9$ 9 ! gun jacket at ! front & re/s 9 ! cyl9drical op5+ 9 ! gun lug above ! re> ( ! gun4 ,x is held 9 place by ! cyl9d] reta9]1 :i* screws into ! re> cyl9d] p>allel to ! c5t] l9e4 ,! recoil valve is a cyl9d] ) a coll> at ! front end & ?ree l&s inside & p>allel to ! bore4 ,?ree r[s ( holes are bor$ at ! l&s4 ,! recoil valve fits inside ! cyl9d]1 re/+ on ! l&s1 & is held 9 place by a coll> be>+ aga9/ ! edge ( ! c\nt]bore 9 ! cyl9d] at ! front1 :ile ! re> end ( ! valve be>s aga9/ ! inside re> end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on is screw$ & p9n$ to ! pi/on rod & is ( bronze1 slott$ to fit l&s & grooves 9 ! recoil valve4 ,! pi/on rod is holl[ = almo/ ! entire l5g?4 ,! front end passes ?r\gh ! gl& 9 ! cyl9d] head & pi/on-rod sleeve4 ,! front ( ! recoil cyl9d] is clos$ by ! front cyl9d] head1 :i* is screw$ 9 place ) a gasket4 ,a bronze gl& ) f\r r+s ( #e_/af in* ,g>lock pack+ prev5ts leakage ar\nd ! pi/on rod4 ,! c\nt]-recoil buff] consi/s ( a buff] rod screw$ into ! buff] nut at ! re> end ( ! recoil cyl9d]1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh ! buff] bu%+ into ! int]ior ( ! pi/on rod4 ,! buff] head is screw$ & p9n$ into ! front end ( ! buff] rod4 ,! buff] head is ( two diamet]s & connect$ by a %ort cone4 ,! re> end is ! small] diamet] & is ?read$ inside to screw ov] ! buff] rod4 ,! con$ surface conta9s slots lead+ to a holl[ *amb] 9 front4 ,! front end ( head is fac$ & provid$ ) a c5tral be>+ = valve /em4 ,! be>+ is support$ by webs to ma9 body ( guide4 ,valve /em has a /op on re> & a valve screw$ to front4 ,valve is fac$ to seat on front ( ! be>+1 webs & circul> face ( ma9 body ( guide4 ,! c\nt]-recoil spr+s are assembl$ ar\nd spr+ rods 9 spr+ cyl9d]4 ,spr+ rods fit 9 gun lug & are fix$ 9 place by tap] keys driv5 diagonally ?r\gh lug & rod4 ,! rod is holl[ = entire l5g?1 except at ! re>1 :]e ! outside diamet] is decreas$ to p]mit entrance 9 gun lug4 ,coll>s are screw$ & p9n$ to front ends ( rods4 ,?ree coils ( inn] c\nt]-recoil spr+s are assembl$ ov] ! spr+ rod1 surr\nd$ by ?ree coils ( out] spr+s4 ,inn] & out] spr+s are coil$ 9 opposite direction to prev5t ne/+1 & sets ( coils are sep>at$ by a bronze sep>ator4 ,re> ends ( cyl9d] are bu%$ = spr+ rods4 ,! op]ation ( recoil me*anism is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! gun is fir$ x moves back 9 slides on cradle1 c>ry+ ) x spr+ rods1 buff] rod1 recoil cyl9d]1 & recoil valve4 ,! pi/on1 pi/on rod1 & spr+ cyl9d] rema9 /ation>y1 be+ fix$ to c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,longitud9al ,,section1 ,,recoil ,,& ,,c\nt] ,,recoil ,,me*anism ,! recoil cyl9d] be+ full ( oil1 ?is oil is =c$ by ! pi/on ?r\gh holes 9 recoil valve 9 front ( pi/on up into annul> space betwe5 valve & cyl9d] & into space beh9d & vacat$ by ! pi/on4 ,! hydraulic resi/ance caus$ by =c+ ! oil ?r\gh ! holes 9 valve absorbs mo/ ( ! recoil en]gy ( ! gun1 & ! rema9+ en]gy is tak5 up by compression ( ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s & friction4 ,:5 ! gun rea*es ! end ( recoil all ( ! recoil en]gy has be5 absorb$ & ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s act+ aga9/ spr+-rod pi/on =ce ! gun back to batt]y position4 ,! purpose ( ! c\nt]-recoil buff] is to ov]come ! t5d5cy = gun to return to batt]y too rapidly1 at ! same "t all[+ suffici5t spe$ ( c\nt] recoil to p]mit maximum rapidity ( fire4 ,buff] action is necess>y1 z ! /r5g? ( spr+s requir$ to return ! gun to batt]y at high elevations is great] ?an is requir$ at l[] elevations4 ,! action ( c\nt]-recoil buff] is z foll[s3 ,z ! buff] rod moves backw>d 9 pi/on rod ! valve 9 buff]-rod head is op5$ by ! pressure ( oil 9 back ( valve & ! vacuum 9 front1 :i* =ces oil into buff] *amb] 9 front ( ! buff]-rod head4 ,at full recoil ! buff] *amb] is full ( oil & buff]-rod head is inside ! re> end ( pi/on rod4 ,:5 spr+s =ce gun back 9 c\nt] recoil1 buff] rod moves =w>d1 compress+ oil 9 *amb] & =c+ valve clos$4 ,?is prev5ts escape ( oil ?r\gh valve & =ces oil to ?rottle betwe5 outside surface ( buff]-rod head & inside surface ( pi/on rod1 (f]+ resi/ance to spr+ action & ?us eas+ ! gun into batt]y4 ,! inside bore ( pi/on rod is tap]$ at front end to increase resi/ance & obta9 desir$ decrease 9 c\nt]-recoil velocity4 ,if guns fails to return to batt]y aft] a few r\nds ( rapid fir+1 x is probably due to expansion ( oil4 ,?is may be det]m9$ & correct$ by loos5+ fill+ plug4 ,if oil spurts out1 all[ x to run until gun is back 9 batt]y4 ,x may be necess>y to relieve oil two or ?ree times imm$iately aft] fill+4 ,gun %\ld nev] be all[$ to rema9 out ( batt]y m ?an #a in* on c\nt] recoil )\t det]m9+ & correct+ ! cause4 ,if gun rema9s out ( batt]y & ! relief ( oil does n cause x to return1 x is due to3 7a7 ,weak or brok5 spr+s2 7b7 pi/on-rod gl& too tight2 7c7 dirt or lack ( lubrication 9 gun slides2 7d7 di/ortion ( gun on gun ways2 7e7 di/ortion ( pi/on rod due to improp] c\nt] recoil action4 ,! majority ( cases are due to 7a71 7b7 & 7c74 7a7 ,c be det]m9$ only by remov+ spr+s1 & %\ld be und]tak5 only aft] all o!r me?ods h be5 tri$4 7b7 ,c be det]m9$ by loos5+ pi/on-rod gl&4 ,if gl& is too tight1 gun w return to batt]y :5 x is loos5$4 ,if gl& _c be loos5$1 pi/on-rod is probably di/ort$4 7c7 ,flood slides ) oil1 & if possible retract gun & exam9e gun ways & slide = dirt4 7d7 ,if possible all[ gun to cool = #ae or #bj m9utes4 ,9 case ( 7a71 7c7 or 7d7 gun c g5]ally be pu%$ back into batt]y by h&4 7e7 ,if pi/on rod or int]ior me*anism is di/ort$1 me*anism mu/ be disassembl$ & defective p>ts replac$4 ,if di/ortion has occurr$1 x c g5]ally be id5tifi$ by v rapid c\nt] recoil = r\nd on :i* gun does n return to batt]y4 ,?is may be caus$ by =eign matt] 9 oil caus+ buff] valve to /ick1 or by lack ( suffici5t oil4 ,if di/ortion has occurr$1 x w be ne> gl& & c g5]ally be felt by runn+ h& along rod f bracket to gl&4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #aiaf ,,valve ,,turn+ ,,ge> ,,& ,,recoil ,,cyl9d] ,,assembl$4 ,9 case ( any improp] function+ ( recoil me*anism dur+ recoil or c\nt] recoil1 cease fir+ until cause has be5 det]m9$ & correct$4 ,a piece is out ( action :5 recoil me*anism is n op]at+ prop]ly & w almo/ c]ta9ly be damag$ s]i\sly if fur!r fir+ is attempt$4 ,aft] dism\nt+ any "p ( recoil me*anism or fill+ recoil cyl9d]1 gun is to be retract$ & releas$ to all[ c\nt] recoil if possible4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is te/1 valve-turn+ me*anism mu/ be disconnect$ & valve turn$ to correspond to an elevation ( c>riage ( #ec be=e gun is retract$4 ,gun mu/ n be held out ( batt]y m ?an #aj seconds be=e be+ releas$4 ,v>iable recoil is obta9$ by v>y+ ! area ( effective ?rottl+ holes 9 ! recoil valve4 ,an arm on ! trunnion cap is connect$ by means ( connect+ rod1 valve-turn+ arm1 valve-turn+ ge>1 & a pi/on-rod ge>1 to ! pi/on rod itself4 ,z ! gun is elevat$ ! relation ( ! cyl9d] to ! trunnion *anges1 caus+ ! pi/on rod to turn by means ( ! valve-turn+ me*anism4 ,slots 9 ! pi/on engage l&s 9 ! valve1 caus+ ! valve to turn ) ! pi/on4 ,z ! cyl9d] rema9s /ation>y ! location ( ! l&s inside ( ! cyl9d] *ange ) relation to ! ?ree r[s ( holes 9 ! valve1 & ^! r[s ( holes are cov]$ to produce v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( recoil4 ,at long recoil all ! r[s are uncov]$2 at int]m$iate recoil "o r[ is uncov]$2 & at %ort recoil two r[s are uncov]$4 ,! sett+ ( ! valve 9 degrees elevation is %[n by ! scale on ! pi/on-rod sleeve & index m>k on ! edge ( ! pi/on-rod bracket bu%+ at ! top ( ! pi/on rod4 ,! top c>riage c>ries trunnions ( ! spr+ cyl9d]s & re/s on p9tle be>+4 ,! top c>riage be>s on ! circul> bronze slides 9 upp] "p ( p9tle be>+ & is c5t]$ on ! bronze p9tle coll> ( ! p9tle be>+4 ,! p9tle be>+ c>ries ! top c>riage1 ! equaliz+ p9ions & ! equaliz+ ge>1 & is support$ by ! axle arms1 :i* are %runk 9 ! arms ( ! p9tle be>+4 ,axle arms be> 9 ! :eels4 ,! object ( ! equaliz+ ge> is to increase ! /ability ( ! c>riage 9 fir+ :5 ! :eels are at diff]5t elevations4 ,equaliz+ ge> is an ,h-section ) bevel too? sector on ea* end & bronze-bu%$ be>+ 9 ! c5t]4 ,x be>s ov] ! v]tical j\rnal bel[ ! p9tle be>+ & is held 9 place by equaliz+-ge> support screw$ inside ! j\rnal4 ,v]tical deflection is prev5t$ by ! equaliz+-ge> bolts :i* are fix$ to ! p9tle be>+ by means ( nut & %\ld]1 pass ?r\gh slots 9 equaliz+ ge>1 & support ge> on bolt heads4 ,equaliz+ p9ions are bevel p9ions sectors1 bronze bu%$1 be>+ ov] ! arms ( ! p9tle be>+1 & h ! lugs = trail connection bolts4 ,p9ions are held 9 place by lock+ r+s screw$ ov] axle arms & are free to revolve ab\t ! p9tle be>+ arms4 ,equaliz+ p9ions me% ) equaliz+ ge>4 ,:5 ! c>riage is laid ) :eels at diff]5t elevations1 x is m un/able ?an :5 :eels are level4 ,if fir$ "u ?is condition1 ! =ce ( recoil t5ds to ov]turn ! c>riage4 ,! function ( ! equaliz+ ge> is to ov]come ?is t5d5cy4 ,:5 c>riage is fir$1 fir+ /resses are transmitt$ to trails1 & ! side on :i* ! small] /ress is ex]t$ t5ds to rise4 ,?is motion is transmitt$ ?r\gh equaliz+ p9ion & equaliz+ ge> to equaliz+ p9ion on o!r side1 apply+ d[nw>d =ce on ?is trail & pres]v+ ! /ability ( c>riage4 ,! angle ( site me*anism is design$ to give ! gun a maximum depression ( ab\t #f & a maximum elevation ( #aa1 indep5d5t ( ! elevat+ me*anism4 ,! me*anism is op]at$ by two h&:eels1 "o on ea* side ( gun4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,angle ,,( ,,site ,,me*anism4 ,h&:eel on "r side op]ates ?r\gh bevel ge> on h&:eel %aft & int]m$iate %aft1 bo? m\nt$ 9 angle ( site bracket1 "r1 & cross %aft m\nt$ 9 bronze bu%+s 9 top c>riage4 ,h&:eel on left side op]ates ?r\gh bevel ge>s on h&:eel %aft1 m\nt$ 9 angle ( site bracket1 left1 & cross %aft m\nt$ 9 bronze bu%+s 9 top c>riage4 ,bevel ge>s on ends ( bo? cross %afts me% ) bevel ge> on angle ( site worm1 :i* is m\nt$ 9 bu%+s 9 top c>riage & held 9 place by angle ( site-worm caps4 ,?is worm me%es ) tee? cut 9 rock]4 ,rock] is a ,u-%ap$ piece ) be>+s at ! tops ( bo? arms & tee? cut 9 bottom ( ,u4 ,! be>+s be> ov] & are free to revolve ab\t trunnions on cradle indep5d5t ( trunnion be>+ 9 top ( c>riage4 ,top half ( "r be>+ is =m$ by rock] arm1 "r1 :i* ext5ds back & c>ries angle ( site scale1 po9t]1 rack1 & level & =ms a be>+ = elevat+ h&:eel %aft4 ,re> ( rock] arm1 "r1 is brac$ by rock] arm brace1 a diagonal holl[ rod atta*$ to rock] arm & rock]4 ,top half ( left be>+ is =m$ by rock] arm1 left1 a diagonal arm ext5d+ upw>d to ! re> to =m a support = sight4 ,movem5t ( ! angle ( site me*anism is limit$ 9 elevation by ! rock] /op bolt$ to ! side ( ! rock] & 9 depression by a screw 9 ! arc4 ,! elevat+ me*anism is design$ to all[ an elevation ( ! gun ( #db indep5d5t ( ! angle ( site me*anism4 ,! me*anism is op]at$ by "o h&:eel on ! "r side ( c>riage1 :i* is turn$ 9 a clockwise direction to elevate gun4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,elevat+ ,,me*anism4 ,! elevat+ me*anism is op]at$ ?r\gh bevel ge>s on elevat+ h&:eel %aft m\nt$ on a rock] arm1 "r1 elevat+ int]m$iate %aft inside rock]-arm brace1 elevat+ cross %aft1 m\nt$ 9 an elevat+ cross-%aft be>+ bolt$ to ! rock]1 & ! elevat+ worm1 :i* be>s inside l[] "p ( ! rock]4 ,! elevat+ worm me%es ) ! elevat+ arc1 :i* is bolt$ to ! bottom ( ! spr+ cyl9d]4 ,9 indirect fire ! angle ( site 9 mils is laid (f on ! angle ( site scale ) ! po9t] & ! desir$ range ( graduation br\ght opposite ! po9t] by means ( ! elevat+ h&:eel4 ,op]ation ( ! ,angle ( ,site & ,elevat+ ,me*anism4 ,! angle ( site me*anism is op]at$ by turn+ h&:eel1 ! movem5t ( :i* is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! %afts & ge>s to ! angle ( site worm me%+ ) ! rock]4 ,movem5t ( ! rock] is transmitt$ directly ?r\gh ! elevat+ worm1 elevat+ arc1 & spr+ cyl9d] to ! gun1 & ?r\gh ! rock] arms to ! elevat+ me*anism1 gun1 cradle1 & sights4 ,! elevat+ me*anism moves only gun & cradle ?r\gh movem5t ( h&:eel %afts1 & ! elevat+ worm inside ! rock]1 :i* me%es ) ! elevat+ arc4 ,! angle ( site scale is graduat$ 9 mils f #agj to #ejj4 ,! range scale is graduat$ 9 met]s4 ,! z]o sett+ ( ! gun is ) ,o on ! range scale opposite #cjj on ! angle ( site scale & ! level bubble on ! rock] arm1 "r1 at ! c5t] ( ! tube4 ,?is all[s ! maximum depression ( #g degrees 7ab\t #acj mils7 or ! maximum elevation ( #aa ( angle ( site me*anism to be read on ! angle ( site scale aga9/ ! z]o ( ! range scale4 ,! sight1 model ( #aiaf1 :i* acts z a support = ! panoramic or peep sight1 is atta*$ to ! rock] arm1 left4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,,trav]s+ ,,me*anism4 ,9 direct fire1 ! axle ( ! bore is br\ght on ! l9e ( site by op]at+ ! angle ( site h&:eel until ! cross hairs ( ! sight are on ! t>get & ! range is laid (f indep5d5tly by br++ ! desir$ range graduation opposite #cjj on ! angle ( site scale4 ,l9e ( site may be set indep5d5t ( ! range1 z !re are two angle ( site h&:eels4 ,trav]s+ ,me*anism4 ,! total trav]se ( ! gun on ! c>riage is #hjj mils4 ,! trav]s+ h&:eel is locat$ on ! left side ( ! c>riage & turns 9 a clockwise direction = left trav]se4 ,! trav]s+ h&:eel %aft is m\nt$ 9 ! angle ( site bracket1 left1 & ! angle ( site bracket cov]1 left4 ,a bevel p9ion on upp] end ( ! %aft me%es ) bevel ge> on trav]s+ %aft1 :i* be>s 9 angle ( site bracket1 cov]1 left & int]m$iate %aft be>+ bolt$ to top c>riage4 ,a bevel p9ion at l[] end ( ! int]m$iate %aft me%es ) bevel ge> on end ( trav]s+-worm %aft1 :i* is m\nt$ 9 be>+ 9 top c>riage4 ,trav]s+ worm me%es ) trav]s+ rack :i* is screw$ to p9tle be>+4 ,trav]s+ /ops are fili/] head screws betwe5 end tee? ( trav]s+ racks to limit movem5t ( worm 9 rack4 ,! movem5t ( h&:eel is transmitt$ ?r\gh %afts & bevel ge>s to worm & rack4 ,rack is m\nt$ 9 p9tle be>+1 :i* rema9s /ation>y1 & top c>riage moves ab\t its be>+ 9 c5t] ( p9tle be>+ & bronze-l9$ slides ar\nd ! outside ( p9tle be>+4 ,trav]s+ scale is screw$ to p9tle be>+ above rack1 & po9t] is =m$ on trav]s+ worm-%aft be>+4 ,,dism\nt+ ,,& ,,assembl+ ,,c>riage4 ,note4--,! fir/ & mo/ important precaution to be obs]v$ 9 assembl+ guns & c>riages is t all p>ts mu/ be clean4 ,:]e dism\nt+ b n assembl+ op]ation is describ$1 assembl+ is approximately ! rev]se ( dism\nt+4 ,i4 ,to remove recoil cyl9d]4 ,,ii4 ,to disassemble recoil cyl9d]4 ,,iii4 ,to assemble recoil cyl9d]4 ,,iv4 ,to dism\nt gun4 ,v4 ,to remove c\nt]-recoil spr+4 ,,vi4 ,to remove bree*block4 ,,vii4 ,to replace pi/on rod1 gl& pkg4 ,,viii4 ,to remove :eel4 ,,ix4 ,to remove %ields4 ,x4 ,to remove spr+ cyl9d]4 ,,xi4 ,to remove sight4 ,,xii4 ,to remove rock] & rock] arms4 ,,xiii4 ,to remove top c>riage4 ,,xiv4 ,to remove equaliz+ ge> & p9ions4 ,,xv4 ,to remove brake me*anism4 ,,xvi4 ,to remove trails4 ,i4 ,to ,remove ,recoil ,cyl9d]4 #a4 ,remove valve turn+ ge> cov] 7take out f\r 0 bolts atta*+ x to ! pi/on rod bracket74 #b4 ,remove valve turn+ ge>1 valve turn+ arm & connect+-rod z a unit by remov+ split p91 nut1 & connect+ rod p9 f trunnion cap1 "r4 #c4 ,remove pi/on rod 7remove la% wire & two #c_/af0 split p9s7 slide pi/on rod ge> =w>d & remove4 #d4 ,remove 0 lock+ screw f top ( pi/on rod bracket4 #e4 ,remove #c_/af0 cyl9d] reta9] screw & loos5 cyl9d] reta9]1 b d n remove reta9]4 #f4 ,remove brass spr+-rod plugs f re> ends ( bo? spr+ rods4 #g4 ,screw spr+ compressor eye into re> ( left spr+ rod4 ,make loop 9 compressor & atta* d\ble %eave close to cradle4 ,atta* s+le %eave to lunette by means ( loose cord ( %eave rope4 #h4 ,man pull+ rope ) f f\r to six m51 retract gun n less ?an #aj01 & secure rope to lunette4 #i4 ,remove cyl9d] reta9]1 slide cyl9d] =w>d until free ( groove 9 gun & remove cyl9d]4 ,h&le c>efully4 #aj4 ,all[ gun to return to batt]y sl[ly by slack+ (f on pull rope4 ,,ii4 ,to ,disassemble ,recoil ,cyl9d]4 ,note4--,! int]ior p>ts ( recoil cyl9d] are made ) great accuracy to insure prop] op]ation & mu/ be h&l$ ) c>e to avoid injury4 #a4 ,remove recoil cyl9d] f c>riage4 7,see ,i47 #b4 ,dra9 recoil cyl9d] by re/+ on blocks at front & re>1 remov+ bo? fill+ plugs & dra9 plug1 & tipp+ re> end up to all[ all oil to fl[ out ( dra9-plug hole4 #c4 ,unscrew buff]-rod nut f re> cyl9d] head1 draw out buff] rod until wr5* c be appli$ on flats1 & remove nut4 ,pu% rod back into cyl9d]4 #d4 ,remove l[] split p9 f gl& lock1 sw+ gl& lock back until free ( not*es 9 gl&1 & loos5 gl& ) gl& wr5*4 ,unscrew front cyl9d] head ) special wr5*4 ,?reads may be />t$ by /rik+ h&le ( wr5* ) s(t hamm]4 ,d n hold cyl9d] 9 a vise4 #e4 ,draw out pi/on rod sl[ly1 support+ x at bo? ends z x leaves cyl9d]4 ,hold recoil valve 9 cyl9d] ) ends ( f+]s4 ,keep receptacle "u front ( cyl9d] to cat* surplus oil4 #f4 ,dra9 surplus oil f pi/on rod by hold+ v]tically ov] receptacle ) pi/on d[n & hold+ buff] rod 9 place4 #g4 ,re/ pi/on rod on blocks1 remove buff]-bu%+ lock+ screw1 & unscrew buff] bu%+1 hold+ pi/on rod by wr5* on flats at front end ( rod4 ,h support+ blocks "u bo? ends ( rod s t rod w n be /ra9$4 #h4 ,draw out buff] rod c>efully4 #i4 ,draw out recoil valve ) f+]s4 ,rema9+ p>ts c n[ be easily disassembl$4 ,buff] head is lock$ 9 place ) bronze p91 :i* mu/ be driv5 out be=e head c be unscrew$4 ,,iii4 ,to ,assemble ,recoil ,cyl9d]4 ,?is op]ation is ! rev]se ( ,,ii4 ,be sure t all gaskets & lock+ screws & p9s are replac$ & are 9 good condition4 ,be sure t all p>ts ( me*anism are p]fectly clean & dry1 & t oil is clean4 ,oil mu/ be /ra9$ ?r\gh d\ble ?ickness ( clean clo? & if clean oil is n available use new oil4 ,d n make pi/on-rod gl& too tight4 ,tight5 ) h& & screw up ) wr5* "o additional not* to lock gl&4 ,fill recoil cyl9d] be=e replac+ on c>riage1 z foll[s3 7a7 ,) dra9 plug 9 place & fill+ plugs out1 p\r hydrol9e oil into fill+ hole sl[ly to avoid ! =mation ( air bubbles4 7b7 ,:5 oil is level 9 fill+-plug op5+s1 tilt cyl9d] slightly to all[ escape ( air & repl5i% oil4 7c7 ,loos5 fill+ plug 9 front end ( pi/on rod en\gh to all[ oil to drip1 & tight5 plug4 7d7 ,replace re> fill+ plug1 raise front ( cyl9d] ab\t #f in*es1 & tap cyl9d] lightly ) wood block or lead hamm] to remove air4 ,level cyl9d]1 fill1 & replace front fill+ plug4 ,be sure t all gaskets are 9 place & prop]ly c5t]$4 ,note4--,aft] recoil me*anism has be5 disassembl$ & replac$ on c>riage gun %\ld be retract$ #df in*es & eas$ back into batt]y sl[ly to be sure t x is prop]ly reassembl$4 ,,iv4 ,to ,dism\nt ,gun4 #a4 ,remove recoil cyl9d] 7see ,i7 & bree*block 7see ,,vi74 #b4 ,raise & block up trails 9 horizontal position1 elevate gun until axis ( bore is p>allel ) trails1 & atta* retract+ me*anism 7see ,i-#g7 to left spr+ rod1 retract gun ab\t #f in*es1 remove #c-af-;in* split p9 9 left spr+-rod key1 & drive out key ) bronze drift4 ,ease gun into batt]y sl[ly & p]mit fur!r =w>d movem5t ( spr+ rod until rope is slack & front end ( spr+-rod re/s aga9/ spr+ cyl9d] cov]4 #c4 ,transf] retract+ app>atus to "r spr+-rod1 retract gun ab\t in*1 remove split p9 & spr+-rod key1 ease gun into batt]y until spr+-rod re/s aga9/ spr+-cyl9d] cov]1 & deta* retract+ me*anism4 ,note4--,9 ?is position full pressure ( spr+s is aga9/ cyl9d] cov] & gun is free to slide 9 ways4 ,m5 %\ld be kept f 9 front ( spr+-cyl9d] & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t tipp+ ( cradle to ! re>1 :i* may cause gun to slide (f4 #d4 ,br+ gun to maximum depression4 #e4 ,l[] trails to gr\nd1 spread trails aga9/ :eels1 set brake1 & br+ gun to z]o elevation4 #f4 ,requires sev5 m5 & f\r pick h&les or implem5ts ( almo/ ! same l5g? & /r5g?4 ,slide gun ab\t #cf in*es to ! re> by h&1 place "o pick h&le 9 bore ( gun at bree* ) "o man1 "o pick h&le ) a man on ea* side "u gun slides at front ( cradle1 & f\r m5 ) two pick h&les "u gun z gun is drawn out4 #g4 ,pu% gun out ( ways1 support$ by m51 & remove4 ,note4--,9 us+ pick h&les d n place !m "u du/ gu>ds at gun lugs4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep gun prop]ly support$ at same level z cradle guides at all po9ts until free ( guides4 ,9 rem\nt+ gun on cradle be sure t ways are well oil$ & ways & slides ?or\ghly clean4 ,m\nt+ gun is ! rev]se ( ,,iv4 ,v4 ,to ,remove ,c\nt]-recoil ,spr+s4 #a4 ,close & lat* trails4 7,op5 spr+-cyl9d] cov]47 #b4 ,set brake & drive "o spade 7to secure c>riage74 #c4 ,remove bree*block 7see ,,vi47 #d4 ,atta* spr+-compressor to "r spr+ rod 7see ,i-#g74 #e4 ,secure s+le block ( retract+ app>atus to fix$ po9t1 su* z 8dead man10 driv5 spade1 or tree4 ,! hold+ p[] ( ?is fix$ po9t mu/ be at lea/ equival5t to a driv5 spade & atta*+ po9t ( rope %\ld n be high] ?an c5t] ( spr+ rod4 ,note4--,suffici5t slack ( rope mu/ be all[$ to p]mit spr+ compressor to travel full l5g? ( spr+ cyl9d] & be deta*$ f spr+ rod at front end4 #f4 ,retract gun ab\t #f in*es1 remove split p9 9 spr+-rod key & drive out spr+-rod key ) bronze drift4 #g4 ,release retract+ me*anism gradually until spr+ compressor rope is slack1 draw spr+ rod out ( front end ( spr+ cyl9d]1 & deta* spr+ compressor4 #h4 ,atta* retract+ me*anism to spr+ rod1 "r4 #i4 ,retract spr+ rod ab\t in*1 remove split p91 & drive out spr+-rod key4 #aj4 ,release retract+ me*anism gradually until spr+ compressor rope is slack1 draw spr+ rod out ( front end ( spr+-cyl9d] & deta* spr+ compressor4 ,note4--,assembly ( c\nt]-recoil spr+s is rev]se ( removal4 ,! foll[+ precautions mu/ be obs]v$ 9 assembl+3 7a7 ,if t5sion-spr+ compressor br+s spr+ rod up solid aga9/ spr+ cyl9d] bu%+ 9 re> ( spr+ cyl9d]1 ease (f rope slightly & pry up rod ) bronze drift until x w ent] ! bu%+4 7b7 ,be=e key slot ent]s gun lug see t keyways 9 spr+-rods & keyways 9 gun lugs are 9 l9e4 ,if n1 turn spr+-rod by means ( drift until keyways are 9 l9e4 ,,vi4 ,to ,remove ,bree*block4 #a4 ,remove op]at+-%aft det5t1 slide op]at+ h&le to ! "r z f> z ! *a9 w p]mit1 remove #a-af in* split p9 f /udl9k p94 #b4 ,remove *a91 pi/on rod1 spr+ pi/on1 pi/on-rod nut1 & locknut z a unit by draw+ out ( clos+-spr+ case4 #c4 ,remove clos+ spr+ f case4 ,note4--,= complete in/ructions reg>d+ disassembly ( ! bree* me*anism see page #ai4 #d4 ,remove trigg]-%aft det5t split p9 & trigg]-%aft det5t by draw+ x out ( ! bree*block to ! "r4 #e4 ,remove trigg] %aft by pry+ g5tly /raight d[n ) screw driv] or simil> tool4 ,keep bree*block support$ = all succe$+ op]ations4 #f4 ,remove op]at+ h&le by slid+ to ! "r & (f op]at+ %aft4 #g4 ,remove op]at+ %aft by slid+ to ! left4 #h4 ,raise bree*block z f> z possible 7ab\t #c-h in*71 move bottom "p ( op]at+ arm to ! re>1 & remove op]at+ arm4 #i4 ,remove bree*block by slid+ d[n free ( bree* r+4 #aj4 ,remove extractors by slid+ t[>d c5t] l9e ( gun4 ,,vii4 ,to ,replace ,pi/on ,rod ,gl& ,pack+4 7,pack+1 #d r+s1 #e-af-;in* squ>e ,g>lock hydraulic pack+47 7,gun 9 batt]y or cyl9d] remov$47 #a4 ,remove l[] split p9 f gl& lock1 sw+ gl& lock up out ( not* 9 gl&4 #b4 ,unscrew gl& ) special wr5* & slide =w>d on rod4 #c4 ,remove pack+ ) b5t wire4 #d4 ,ins]t five r+s ( new pack+1 "o r+ at a "t1 & pu% ea* r+ home ) pack+ tool ( copp] or h>dwood to fit into gl& recess4 ,break jo9ts 9 r+s & tap pack+ tool lightly ) hamm] to drive ea* r+ ( pack+ home4 #e4 ,screw up gl& by h& & n m ?an ?ree additional not*es ) wr5* s t gl& lock w cat* & replace split p94 ,note4--,= ! fir/ few r\nds aft] ins]t+ new pack+ !re w be "s leakage at gl& & occasional tight5+ w be necess>y4 ,gl& %\ld n be screw$ up tight ) a wr5*1 z x c be made suffici5tly tight by h& to prev5t leakage if prop]ly pack$4 ,,viii4 ,to ,remove ,:eel4 #a4 ,raise & support c>riage "u equaliz+ ge> ne> ea* end 7ab\t #ab0 ea* side ( c5t]47 #b4 ,dis5gage hubcap lat*2 unscrew & remove hubcap4 #c4 ,dis5gage :eel fa/5+ plung] & remove :eel fa/5+4 #d4 ,remove :eel4 ,,ix4 ,to ,remove ,%ields4 ,a4 ,top %ield4--#a4 ,remove f\r 0 p9s1 two 0 lock+ p9s1 & lift (f %ield4 ,b4 ,apron4--#a4 ,remove f\r 0 h+e p9s & remove apron4 ,c4 ,cradle ,%ield4--#a4 ,remove two #c_/cb0 split p9s1 nuts & bolts4 ,on c>riages numb] #fbe to numb] #fgh inclusive1 remove two cradle %ield ext5sions4 ,d4 ,ma9 ,%ield1 left4--#a4 ,remove six 0 bolts f %ield bracket out] left4 #b4 ,remove ?ree 0 bolts f %ield socket1 inn] left4 #c4 ,lift (f %ield4 ,ma9 ,%ield1 "r--#a4 ,remove "r :eel 7see ,,vii74 #b4 ,remove 0 p9 f brake b& end1 remove adju/+ nut & =ce 7by h&7 brake b& out ( position1 to cle> ma9 %ield1 "r4 #c4 ,remove f\r 0 bolts f %ield bracket1 out] "r1 & two 0 bolts f brake lev] bracket4 ,remove two #b_/af0 bolts f tool & remove tool c>ri]4 ,remove ?ree 0 bolts f %ield bracket1 inn] "r4 #d4 ,lift out %ield4 ,x4 ,to ,remove ,spr+ ,cyl9d]4 #a4 ,remove recoil cyl9d] 7,i71 gun 7,,iv71 c\nt] recoil spr+s 7,v71 sight 7,,xi7 & %ields 7,,ix74 #b4 ,remove trunnion caps 7"r & left7 by rak+ out f\r split p9s1 loos5+ sw+ bolt nuts1 & )draw+ 0 trunnion cap p9s4 #c4 ,remove rock] /ops 7"r & left7 by tak+ out f\r split p9s & 0 bolts4 #d4 ,unlat* & spread trails4 ,note4--,sev5 m5 & f\r pick h&les 7or simil> implem5ts7 are requir$ = succe$+ op]ations4 #e4 ,po/ two m5 ) "o pick h&le at re>1 two m5 ) "o pick h&le imm$iately 9 front ( elevat+ arc1 & two m5 ) "o pick h&le at front end ( spr+ cyl9d]4 #f4 ,raise cradle sl[ly1 slightly to ! re> until rock] cle>s top c>riage4 ,c>ry to ! re> suffici5tly to re/ middle pick h&le 9 trunnions & transf] two m5 ) h&le to re> ( c>riage4 ,cont9ue to ! re> suffici5tly to re/ front pick h&le 9 trunnions1 transf] m5 to re>1 & remove spr+ cyl9d]4 ,,xi4 ,to ,remove ,sight4 #a4 ,remove ?ree 0 bolts f rock] arm1 left4 #b4 ,remove "o 0 p9 f sight lev] 9 left trunnion4 #c4 ,remove sight & sight l9k4 ,,xii4 ,to ,remove ,rock] & ,rock] ,arms4 #a4 ,remove spr+ cyl9d] 7see ,x74 #b4 ,remove two #c_/cb0 split p9s1 ) 0 nuts & bolts1 two 0 cap screws ) lock wa%]s1 f\r 0 screws1 driv+ out f\r ,o4#bdg0 by ,o4#cd0 by ,o4#hgb0 keys f rock] arms1 "r & left4 #c4 ,remove rock] arm1 left1 by slid+ up & out ( rock]4 #d4 ,remove cross-%aft be>+ cov] by tak+ out ?ree #c_/cb0 split p9s & remov+ ?ree #c_/af0 nuts4 #e4 ,drive out 0 p9 f int]m$iate %aft p9ion1 remove two 0 split p9s1 two 0 nuts1 "o 0 split p91 & "o 0 cap screw f rock]-arm cap & remove rock]-arm cap4 #f4 ,lift out elevat+ h&:eel & h&:eel %aft z a unit4 #g4 ,draw int]m$iate %aft up & out ( rock]-arm brace1 draw rock] d[n f trunnions 7keep+ 9 l9e ) rock]-arm be>+s7 & remove4 ,sw+ rock] arm1 "r1 up & ar\nd trunnions until free ( range-scale bracket & remove4 ,,xiii4 ,to ,remove ,top ,c>riage4 #a4 ,remove spr+ cyl9d] 7see ,x7 rock] & rock] arms 7see ,,xii74 #b4 ,remove angle ( site bracket1 left1 by remov+ ?ree split p9s & nuts f 0 bolts 9 angle ( site bracket cov]1 left1 tak+ (f cov]1 remov+ nut & split p9 f trav]s+ h&:eel %aft1 remov+ h&:eel & draw+ %aft out to ! left4 #c4 ,remove two split p9s & 0 nuts f cross %aft p9ion case 7left7 bolts1 extract bolts1 & remove case4 #d4 ,remove cross %aft p9ion case1 "r1 z 9 ,,xiii-#c4 #e4 ,remove split p9s & two nuts f cross %afts1 "r & left4 #f4 ,remove split p9s & nuts f f\r 0 /uds secur+ angle ( site bracket1 left1 & remove bracket ) atta*$ p>ts z a unit4 #g4 ,remove angle ( site bracket1 "r1 z 9 ,,xii-#e4 #h4 ,draw out cross %afts1 "r & left1 & remove cross %aft p9ions1 "r & left4 #i4 ,trav]se top c>riage to ! "r 7by turn+ int]m$iate %aft ge> by h&7 suffici5tly to all[ trav]s+ /op1 re> to be remov$4 ,extract split p91 remove nut1 & take (f trav]s+ /op1 re>4 #aj4 ,trav]se top c>riage to ! left until trav]s+ worm is dis5gag$ f rack1 remove split p9s & nuts f f\r /uds secur+ trav]s+ worm %aft be>+ to top c>riage1 & remove be>+ & atta*$ p>ts z a unit4 #aa4 ,lift out trav]s+ worm ) atta*$ p>ts z a unit4 #ab4 ,turn top c>riage to ! "r #ij degrees f z]o azimu?1 remove ?ree screws t atta* trav]s+ rack to p9tle be>+ & remove trav]s+ rack4 #ac4 ,turn top c>riage to ! "r #ij degrees 7#ahj degrees f z]o azimu?71 remove f\r screws t atta* du/ gu>d to p9tle be>+ & remove du/ gu>d4 #ad4 ,remove two screws t secure clip to p9tle be>+ & take (f clip4 #ae4 ,raise top c>riage f p9tle be>+4 ,,xiv4 ,to ,remove ,equaliz+ ,ge> & ,p9ions4 #a4 ,remove top c>riage 7see ,,xiii71 :eels 7see ,,viii71 brake me*anism 7see ,,xv7 & trails 7see ,,xvi74 #b4 ,turn p9tle be>+ bottom side up1 remove #bi screws :i* atta* wa%]s & b9d]s & remove equaliz+-ge> cov]4 #c4 ,remove split p9s & nuts f bo? lock+ r+-clamp bolts1 unscrew & remove r+s 7"o "r1 "o left74 #d4 ,slide equaliz+ p9ion (f axle arms4 #e4 ,remove split p9s f "r equaliz+-ge> bolts1 hold nuts tight1 unscrew & remove bolt1 remove nut & wa%]1 remove left equaliz+-ge> bolt1 nut1 & wa%] 9 ! same mann]4 #f4 ,remove lock+ screw & equaliz+-ge> support 7us+ special wr5*74 ,lift up & remove equaliz+ ge>4 ,,xv4 ,to ,remove ,brake ,me*anism4 #a4 ,remove :eels 7see ,,viii74 #b4 ,remove brake b&s1 "r & left1 by extract+ f\r split p9s & remov+ f\r brake p9s f ends ( brake %aft4 #c4 ,remove "o split p9 f ea* type 8,a0 p9 secur+ brake lev]1 foot to brake lev] bracket & to sleeve ext5sion4 ,remove type 8,a0 p9s & brake lev]4 #d4 ,extract two split p9s f brake lev] sleeve ne> c5t] ( c>riage1 draw out & remove brake %aft1 left4 #e4 ,remove %ield bracket1 out] "r1 brake %aft1 "r & brake lev] sleeve ) all p]man5t p>ts atta*$1 by remov+ ma9 %ield 7see ,,ix1 ,d & ,e71 remov+ split p9 & nut f brakehang] bolt1 tak+ out bolt1 & slid+ p>ts (f axle arm4 #f4 ,remove %ield bracket1 out] left1 by remov+ split-p91 nut1 & brake hang] bolt & slid+ brake hang] ) p]man5t p>ts atta*$1 (f axle arm4 ,,xvi4 ,to ,remove ,trails4 #a4 ,support c>riage at front ( p9tle be>+4 #b4 ,remove two split p9s & nuts f connection bolts1 drive out bolts ) copp] drift1 slide trails to ! re> & remove4 ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions4 ,fill+ ,recoil ,cyl9d] 7,cyl9d] ,m\nt$ on ,c>riage47 ,if ! recoil cyl9d] is n completely fill$1 loss ( /ability w occur & !re is dang] ( s]i\s damage to mat]ial4 ,be=e fir+1 a commission$ (fic] %\ld always v]ify ! fill+ ( cyl9d] by remov+ "o fill+ plug 7) gun level7 9 :i* case oil %\ld be visible above recoil valve4 ,to fill recoil cyl9d] :5 assembl$ to c>riage1 elevate ! gun ab\t five degrees1 remove bo? fill+ plugs & p\r ,hydrol9e oil 9 sl[ly ) funnel until oil appe>s at re> fill+ plug hole4 ,level gun & aga9 fill until oil appe>s at bo? fill+ holes4 ,%ake c>riage g5tly & cont9ue to refill sl[ly until air ceases to come out ( cyl9d]4 ,replace re> plug1 elevate gun ab\t five degrees1 remove valve turn-ge> cov]1 & loos5 plug 9 end ( pi/on rod suffici5tly to all[ oil to drip out4 ,z soon z oil />ts to drip1 tight5 plug2 be sure t gasket is c5t]$4 ,replace re> fill+ plug1 rock c>riage to p]mit air to escape f fill+ hole & fill ) oil4 ,replace plug1 level gun1 & p]=m same op]ation ) re> fill+ hole4 ,:5 air is all out ( cyl9d]1 tight5 bo? plugs & elevate to five degrees1 all[ to /& = ab\t five m9utes1 !n remove front plug & aga9 refill4 ,loos5 dra9 plug & dra9 out ab\t -gill ( oil into receptacle4 ,d n all[ oil to run d[n into gun slides4 ,ab\t f\r qu>ts ( ,hydrol9e oil is requir$ to fill recoil cyl9d]4 ,oil mu/ be clean & free f dirt & %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh clean l95 or musl9 clo? be=e us+4 ,9 em]g5cies glyc]9 & wat]1 or any buff] or eng9e oils may be us$ 9 recoil cyl9d]s1 b %\ld be replac$ by ,hydrol9e z soon z possible4 ,:]e ! above liquids are us$1 all int]ior p>ts ( recoil me*anism mu/ be empti$1 disassembl$1 ?or\ghly clean$ & dri$ be=e refill+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii #ge-,,mm ,,field ,,gun ,,model #aiag 7,,briti%74 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight #iie lbs4 ,calib] #b4ie 94 ,total l5g? #hh4ba 94 ,l5g? ( bore #hc4iae 94 ,l5g? ( rifl$ portion #gb4gb 94 ,rifl+ #bd grooves1 "r h& twi/1 z]o turns at ! orig9 to #a turn 9 #ge 94 7#be4d calib]s7 at #i4gb 94 f ! muzzle !nce uni=m4 ,! ,c>riage4 ,weight ( c>riage1 complete #aiej lbs4 ,weight ( gun & c>riage complete #bide lbs4 ,weight at end ( trail c>riage limb]$ #if lbs4 ,diamet] ( :eels #ef 94 ,wid? ( track #fj 94 ,l5g? ( recoil #di 94 ,maximum angle ( elevation #af degrees ,maximum angle ( depression #e degrees ,maximum am\nt ( trav]se ( gun on ! c>riage #adb mils ,,description4 ,! gun is a comb9ation ( a built up & a wire wrapp$ gun4 ,x consi/s ( a tube1 a s]ies ( lay]s ( /eel wire1 jacket & bree* r+4 ,! tube ext5ds f ! re> end ( ! *amb] to ! muzzle4 ,ov] ! re> portion ( ! tube are w\nd #ae lay]s ( ,o4#jd by ,o4#be0 /eel wire4 ,! jacket is fitt$ ov] ! wire & ! tube1 & is secur$ longitud9ally by correspond+ %\ld]s & ! bree* r+1 :i* is screw$ ov] ! jacket at ! re>1 & secur$ by a set screw4 ,! bree* r+ is prep>$ = ! reception ( ! bree* me*anism1 & is provid$ on ! upp] side ) a lug = ! atta*m5t ( ! hydraulic buff]4 ,illu/ration3 #ge mm4 ,field ,gun1 ,model ( #aiag 7,briti%74 ,illu/ration3 #ge mm ,field ,gun1 ,model ( #aiag 7,briti%7 ,bree* ,me*anism ,assembl$ ,! bree*block is ( ! sw++ type1 int]rupt$ screw ) two ?read$ & two slott$ sectors in/ead ( ! f\r we are famili> ) 9 ! #c04 ,! fir+ me*anism is ( ! cont9u\s pull type4 ,! ammunition us$ is simil> to t us$ ) ! ,am]ican & ,fr5* types ( #ges4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( ! ,c>riage are3 ,trail ,top ,c>riage ,cradle ,recoil cyl9d] ,spr+s ,elevat+ ge> ,range ge> ,trav]s+ ge> ,fir+ ,me*anism ,brakes ,%ield ,axle & :eels ,sights ,gravity tank ,! trail is tubul>4 ,! top c>riage h\ses be>+s to receive ! cradle trunnions & 9 travel x is lock$ to ! trail4 ,! bronze cradle pivots on ! top c>riage4 ,! cradle trunnions support ! sight4 ,! recoil sy/em is ( ! hydraulic-spr+ type4 ,! recoil cyl9d] is surr\nd$ by ! c\nt]-recoil spr+s :i* 9 turn are enclos$ by a /eel case--all ( :i* is screw$ on top ( ! cradle above ! gun4 ,! sy/em op]ates 9 ! same mann] z ! #c0 mat]iel ) ! exception t x possesses ! additional feature ( a gravity tank :i* replaces oil lo/ dur+ fir+4 ,illu/ration3 #ge-mm4 ,gun ,c>riage1 ,model ( #aiag4 7,briti%7 ,recoil ,controll+ ,sy/em ,illu/ration3 #ge mm4 ,gun ,c>riage1 ,model ( #aiag4 7,briti%7 ,plan ,! elevat+ me*anism is ( ! d\bl$-end$ screw type ) ! indep5d5t angle ( site4 ,! ge>s are s arrang$ t ! elevation = range c be made )\t di/urb+ ! lay+ = diff]5ce 9 elevation ( ! gun & ! t>get1 t is1 ! l9e ( sight4 ,! h&:eel on ! "r is = range to ! t>get :ile ! h&:eel on ! left is = ! angle ( site4 ,! trav]s+ me*anism is ( ! p9tle type1 consi/+ ( a cros%ead1 l9k nut1 & an actuat+ screw ) a h&:eel4 ,x p]mits ( a #gb mil4 trav]se ei!r side ( ! c5t]4 ,a scale /rip & a po9t] indicate ! angle ( trav]se4 ,! fir+ me*anism l t ( ! ,am]ican #ge is locat$ on ! left side ( ! gun in/ead ( ! "r side z on ! #c0 & ! ,fr5* #ge4 ,! gun c be fir$ :5 x is )9 #b in*es ( ! 89 batt]y0 position1 :i* increases ! possible spe$ ( fir+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! #d4g0 ,,rifle1 ,,model #aijf4 ,,gun4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight #b1fhh lb4 ,calib] #d4g 94 ,total l5g? #acd4ib 94 ,l5g? ( bore #abi4db 94 ,l5g? ( rifl+ #aaa4i 94 ,numb] ( grooves #db ,twi/ ,"r h&4 ,weight ( proj4 bas$ fuse #fj lb4 ,weight ( proj4 po9t fuse #de lb4 ,weight ( p[d] *>ge #ie oz4 ,muzzle velocity1 #fj lb4 proj4 #a1gjj ft4 p] second ,muzzle velocity1 #de lb4 proj4 #b1jej ft4 p] second ,maximum range #aa1jjj met]s ,,! ,,c>riage4 ,weight ( c>riage complete #e1cbj p\nds ,weight ( c>riage & gun complete #h1jfh p\nds ,maximum elevation #ae degrees ,maximum depression #e degrees ,maximum trav]se #adj mils4 ,! gun is built up & consi/s ( a tube1 jacket1 lock+ hoop & clip4 ,! jacket cov]s ! re> half ( ! tube & projects beyond ! tube at ! re> to =m ! bree* recess4 ,! jacket also has a recoil lug on ! "u side = connect+ ! recoil cyl9d]4 ,! clip is a %ort hoop ne> ! muzzle & has guides =m$ on x to guide ! gun 9 ! cradle on recoil4 ,! jacket also has guides =m$ on x4 ,! l5g? ( ! gun is approximately #aa feet4 ,illu/ration3 #d4g0 ,rifle ,! bree*block is ( ! int]rupt$ screw type hav+ f\r ?read$ & f\r pla9 sectors4 ,x is op]at$ by a h&le :i* sw+s f left to "r turn+ & )draw+ ! bree* ) "o motion4 ,an extractor is fitt$ = ?r[+ out ! %ell case :5 ! bree* is op5$ aft] fir+4 ,! fir+ me*anism is ( ! type kn[n z a cont9u\s pull me*anism1 t is1 ! me*anism is cock$ & fir$ by ! pull on ! lany>d or by d[nw>d pressure on ! fir+ h&le locat$ at ! "r side ( ! bree*4 ,! recoil sy/em is ( ! hydro-spr+ type4 ,! two p>allel /eel tubes 7! spr+ cyl9d]s7 are fitt$ into a frame surm\nt$ by heavy /eel rails :i* =m ! gun slides ?us =m+ ! cradle4 ,! recoil cyl9d] is fitt$ betwe5 ^! two4 ,! recoil & c\nt]-recoil pi/on rods are atta*$ to ! gun lug & recoil ) ! gun1 :ile ! spr+ cyl9d]s & recoil cyl9d] rema9 /ation>y4 ,! recoil is con/ant1 be+ #gj in*es = all elevations4 ,! recoil cyl9d] uses hydrol9e oil z ! buff] m$ium4 ,?rottl+ is obta9$ by ?ree ?rottl+ b>s runn+ l5g?wise ( ! cyl9d] :i* are ( v>y+ height to give a ?rottl+ effect ) correspond+ slots 9 ! recoil pi/on4 ,a c\nt]-recoil buff] is fitt$ 9 ! pi/on rod to take up ! %ock :5 ! spr+s return ! gun into batt]y4 ,! trunnions on ! cradle are m\nt$ 9 be>+s =m$ by a yoke :i* swivels 9 a p9tle be>+ provid$ at ! front ( ! trail4 ,trav]se is obta9$ by means ( a h&:eel & screw m\nt$ on ! left side ( ! trail :i* sw+s ! yoke 9 trav]se c>ry+ ! gun ) x4 ,a trav]se ( #gj mils on ea* side ( c5t] is possible4 ,! piece is elevat$ by a d\ble screw type ( me*anism4 ,! upp] end is atta*$ to ! cradle & s raises & l[]s x4 ,! screw is op]at$ ?ru ge>+ by two h&:eels "o on ea* side ( ! trail f #e elevation dep4 to #ae elevation4 ,! trail is ( ! solid type made up ( flasks ( *annel section4 ,x has h\s+s = ! axle & c>ries ! p9tle be>+ 9 :i* ! top c>riage or yoke sw+s4 ,a tool box is provid$ 9 ! trail4 ,a seat is provid$ on ea* side ( ! trail = ! cannone]s4 ,! lunette transom is fitt$ ab\t #bg in*es f ! re> ( ! trail & c>ries a be>+ t fits ! limb] p9tle4 ,a trail prop is provid$ = support+ ! trail :5 limb]+4 ,! spade c be releas$ & fold$ up on ! trail :5 travel+4 ,a travel+ lock is provid$ on ! trail = lock+ ! gun :5 travel+4 ,! pi/on rod & spr+ rods mu/ be disconnect$ be=e ! gun c be drawn back f> en\gh to lock4 ,! :eels are #fa #f in* ) rubb] tires & b& brakes4 ,"s old] vehicles h /eel tires & are fitt$ ) tire brakes4 ,an armor plate %ield is fitt$ to ! c>riage = ! protection ( ! p]sonnel4 ,! in/rum5ts = sight+ & lay+ ! piece includ$ a l9e sight1 a re> sight1 a front sight1 a panoramic sight & a range quadrant4 ,! l9e sight consi/s ( a conical po9t z a front sight & a ,v not* z a re> sight4 ,^! are locat$ on ! ,jacket ( ! gun1 & are useful = giv+ a g5]al direction to ! gun4 ,illu/ration3 #d4g0 ,rifle ,! sight+ is simil> to ! #c01 #aijb4 ,! re> sight & front sight are us$ = direct aim+4 ,! re> sight is a peep sight m\nt$ on a range scale quadrant by a bracket on "r side ( ! cradle4 ,! front sight is a pair ( cross wires m\nt$ 9 a r+ atta*$ by a bracket on ! cradle ab\t #c ft4 ahead ( ! re> sight4 ,! range scale quadrant has a socket 9 :i* ! ,/&>d ,u4 ,s4 ,panoramic sight may be m\nt$4 ,= indirect fire ! gunn] on ! left ( ! c>riage lays = direction only4 ,on ! "r side ( ! cradle is m\nt$ ! ,range ,quadrant :i* has 9 comb9ation ) x ! ,angle ( ,site ,me*anism4 ,= indirect fire ! gunn] on ! "r ( ! piece lays = range ) ?is in/rum5t4 ,fix$ ammunition is us$ ) ?is gun4 ,%rapnel & high explosive %ell are us$4 ,! base fuz$ /eel %ell & ! %rapnel weigh #fj lbs4 ,! po9t fuz$ /eel %ell weighs #de lbs4 ,gas %ell are also issu$ id5tical ) ! #de lb4 /eel %ell4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! #aee-,,mm ,,fill\x ,,gun4 ,,weights1 ,,dim5sions1 ,,etc4 ,weight ( ,gun includ+ bree* me*anism #h1gie lbs4 ,l5g? #bcb4hg in*es4 ,calib] #aee-mm 7#f4ajdb in*es47 ,muzzle velocity #b1chj ft4-sec4 ,rifl+1 "o turn 9 #b4ihi4 ,calib]1 "r h& uni=m4 ,weight ( projectile #ie lbs4 ,maximum range #af1bjj met]s4 ,weight ( maximum p[d] *>ge #be lbs4 ,weight ( c>riage #aa1jfe lbs4 ,weight ( gun & c>riage1 complete #ai1hfj lbs4 ,diamet] ( :eels #a1afjmm4 ,wid? ( track #b1bej mm4 ,height ( axis ( gun #a1dhb mm4 ,elevation #j to #ce degrees4 ,maximum trav]se #fj degrees4 ,weight ( limb] complete #c1aij lbs4 ,weight ( gun c>riage & limb] #bc1jej lbs4 ,! di/ance f c5t] l9e ( c>riage axle to c5t] l9e ( limb] axle1 approximately #d1ejj mm4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,gun ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,fill\x7 ,! gun is ( ! built-up type & consi/s ( ! tube /r5g!n$ by ! foll[+ jackets & hoops beg9n+ at ! bree* end3 ,! bree* r+1 ! jacket1 ! hoop ,a1 ! hoop ,b1 ! clip hoop1 ! clip hoop set on ! hoop ,b & ! muzzle bell4 ,! l5g? ( ! gun f ! muzzle to ! bree* base is approximately #ah feet4 ,a recoil lug on ! und]side ( ! bree* r+ provides means ( atta*+ ! recoil & recup]ator rods4 ,h+e lugs = ! bree* are also =m$ on ! bree* r+4 ,bronze clips to s]ve z guides 9 ! cradle are screw$ to ! sides ( ! jackets4 ,! bree*block is ( ! int]rupt$ screw type1 hav+ f\r pla9 & f\r ?read$ sectors4 ,! bree* me*anism is ( ! pla/ic obturator type1 hav+ ! =w>d mu%room-%ap$ head ( ! bree*block equipp$ ) ! asbe/os r+1 kn[n z ! obturator pad4 ,^u fir+1 ?is r+ is compress$ & acts z a gas *eck to prev5t ! leakage ( p[d] gases back ?r\gh ! bree*4 ,x has suffici5t resili5cy to resume its orig9al =m aft] fir+4 ,! fir+ me*anism is ( ! ,fr5* p]cussion prim] type :i* is describ$ "u 8#aee-mm ,s*neid] h[itz]0 & is int]*angeable ) ! guns enum]at$ !re94 ,! cradle is a /eel =g+ pivot$ by trunnions 9 ! trunnion be>+s ( ! top c>riage4 ,x is bor$ ) ?ree p>allel cyl9d]s = h\s+ ! recoil & recup]ator me*anism4 ,on its upp] side are slots = ! gun slides & ! elevat+ rack is bolt$ to ! l[] side4 ,! recoil me*anism is ( ! hydro-pneumatic v>iable recoil type4 ,! l>g] ( ! ?ree cyl9drical bores 9 ! cradle block conta9s ! recoil me*anism2 ! two small] ones1 ! p>ts ( ! recup]ator me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,fill\x7 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,9 ,,batt]y ,! recoil me*anism consi/s ( a pi/on & pi/on rod & a c\nt] rod4 ,! pi/on rod is connect$ to ! bree* lug &1 !re=e1 recoils ) ! gun4 ,grooves ( v>iable dep? are mill$ along ! l5g? ( ! c\nt] rod1 controll+ ! fl[ ( oil ?r\gh ! ports ( ! pi/on dur+ ! recoil4 ,?is c\nt] rod assembles )9 ! bore ( ! pi/on rod4 ,x does n move longitud9ally1 b rotates4 ,! am\nt ( ?is rotation *anges ! area ( ! orifices ?r\gh :i* ! oil c pass4 ,its rotation is accompli%$ z ! gun is elevat$ by means ( an arm & ge> sectors 9 su* a mann] z to %ort5 ! recoil z ! gun elevates4 ,a repl5i%] or gravity tank is provid$ 9 connection ) ! recoil cyl9d] :i* assures ! recoil cyl9d] be+ full at all times & also takes c>e ( any expansion ( ! oil due to heat+4 ,its capacity is ab\t #ag qu>ts4 ,! recup]ator me*anism consi/s ( two connect$ cyl9d]s1 "o conta9+ ! pi/on & pi/on rod :i* are atta*$ to ! bree* lug1 :ile ! o!r conta9s a mu%room valve & a diaphragm4 ,! diaphragm sep>ates ! oil conta9$ 9 ! fir/ cyl9d] & "p ( ! second cyl9d] f ! high pressure air :i* compels ! return ( ! gun into batt]y aft] recoil4 ,normally a small am\nt ( oil mu/ be betwe5 ! valve & diaphragm4 ,oleonap? is ! liquid us$ 9 ?is recoil me*anism4 ,! am\nt ( oil 9 ! recoil & recup]ator me*anism is %[n by an indicator s t x c always be se5 :e!r or n !y ne$ fill+4 ,! top c>riage is a l>ge /eel ca/+ m\nt$ on ! bottom c>riage on :i* x pivots to trav]se ! piece4 ,! h&:eels & me*anism = bo? elevat+ & trav]s+1 are m\nt$ on ! top c>riage4 ,! tipp+ p>ts are c>ri$ on ! trunnions ( ! top c>riage4 ,belleville ,spr+s c>ry ! weight ( ! gun :5 trav]s+1 b on fir+ ! spr+s compress & ! fir+ /resses are tak5 on ! be>+ surfaces betwe5 ! top & bottom c>riages4 ,! bottom c>riage is a l>ge /eel ca/+ susp5d$ f ! axle 79 travel+ position7 by a heavy multiple leaf spr+4 ,x supports ! top c>riage1 h\ses ! axle & provides h+e connections = ! trail4 ,:5 fir+ ! axle is un%ackl$ f ! left spr+ & ! bottom c>riage be>s directly on ! axle4 ,trav]s+ is accompli%$ by turn+ ! top c>riage :i* pivots on ! bottom c>riage4 ,?is is done by means ( a rack & tra9 ( ge>s :i* are op]at$ by ! h&:eel on ! left side ( ! c>riage4 ,a trav]se ( #fj degrees1 #cj degrees "r & #cj degrees left1 is possible4 ,elevat+ is accompli%$ by a rack on ! cradle op]at$ ?r\gh ge>s by ! h&:eel locat$ on ! ge> box at ! left ( ! top c>riage4 ,elevations f #j degrees to #ce degrees c be obta9$4 ,! trail is ( ! split type & consi/s ( /eel plate beams ( box section4 ,locks are pivot$ at ! =w>d end ( ! trails = secur+ !m 9 ! op5 position4 ,:5 clos$ toge!r !y are clamp$ & atta*$ to ! limb]4 ,a travel+ lock is provid$ on ! trail = reta9+ ! gun 9 retract$ position4 ,two types ( spade are pivot$1 "o = s(t & "o = h>d gr\nd4 ,:5 travel+ ! spades are always remov$ f ! trail4 ,! :eels are ( ca/ /eel1 ea* :eel hav+ two solid rubb] tires4 ,:eel %oes = travel+ ov] s(t gr\nd are provid$1 :i* assemble ov] ! rubb] tires4 ,!y consi/ ( twelve plates = ea* :eel :i* give a broad be>+ surface "u ! :eel4 ,! :eels are equipp$ ) b& brakes4 ,! sight+ equipm5t is exactly ! same z t describ$ ) ! #aee-mm ,s*neid] h[itz]4 ,! ammunition us$ is ( ! sep>ate load+ type4 ,ei!r %rapnel or high explosive /eel %ell is us$1 z well z gas %ells & o!r special ammunition4 ,! projectile weighs #ie lbs4 ,! propell+ *>ge ( smokeless p[d] is a sectionaliz$ *>ge made up ( two sections2 a base *>ge & "o small] increm5t4 ,! weight ( ! *>ge is #be lbs4 ,! fuzes commonly us$ are ! #ca sec4 comb9ation fuse = use ) %rapnel & comb9+ "t & p]cussion elem5ts3 ! po9t detonat+ fuse ,m>k ,,iv us$ ) ! /eel high explosive %ell & ! m>k ,,iii po9t detonat+ fuze us$ ) gas %ell4 ,illu/ration3 #aee-,,mm4 ,,h[itz] ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]74 ,,travel+ ,,position4 ,illu/ration3 #aee-,,mm4 ,,h[itz] ,,c>riage1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]74 ,,"r ,,side ,,view4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! #aee ,,h[itz]1 ,,model #aiah ,,! ,,h[itz]4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,mat]ial ,alloy /eel4 ,weight 7includ+ bree* me*anism7 #a1bdh kg4--#b1gde lbs4 ,calib] #aee-mm4--#f4a in*4 ,total l5g? #b1ccb-mm4--#ia4h in*4 ,l5g? ( bore #b1agg-mm4--#he4g in*4 ,l5g? ( rifl$ portion ( bore #gcg-mm4--#fh4d in*4 ,rifl+ ,numb] ( grooves #dh4 ,wid? ( grooves #g4ade-mm4--#j4bhac in*4 ,dep? ( grooves #a-mm4--#j4jcicg in*4 ,wid? ( l&s #c-mm4--#j4aaha in*4 ,twi/1 "r h&1 uni=m1 "o turn 9 #be4ehf cal4 ,p[d] *amb]3 ,diamet] #aeh4ge-mm4--#f4be in*4 ,l5g? #cci4he-mm4--#ac4ch in*4 ,volume #f1ife4ge cu4 94--#dbe cu4 94 ,obturation ,pad4 ,fir+ me*anism ,p]cussion4 ,g5]al ,description4 ,! #aee-mm h[itz]1 ,model ( #aiah 7,s*neid]7 is ( ! hydro-pneumatic long recoil type1 :i* may be us$ = direct fire1 b 0 specially design$ = siege fire4 ,on acc\nt ( its high trajectory x is able to direct %ells on t>gets inaccessible to /&>d #f-;in* h[itz]s ( limit$ elevation4 ,?is h[itz] has giv5 satisfactory results 9 s]vice & has prov5 to be m sup]ior ?an guns ( simil> calib]4 ,x has a muzzle velocity ( #a1dhj foot-seconds & atta9s a maximum range ( #ab1fjj y>ds1 ! projectile weigh+ ab\t #ie p\nds4 ,a maximum rate ( fire ( f\r or five r\nds p] m9ute may be atta9$1 b heat+ z well z difficulty ( prep>+ & transport+ ! ammunition by ! gun crew r5d]s su* rate impossible = m ?an a few m9utes4 ,h[ev]1 ! normal rate ( fire is two p] m9ute & may be load$ at any degree ( elevation4 ,! h[itz] is m\nt$ on a sleigh & rigidly secur$ by means ( a bree* key & ! hold+ d[n b&4 ,! sleigh conta9s ! recoil & recup]ator me*anisms :i* p]mits long recoil & insures /ability at l[ elevations4 ,:5 ! gun is fir$ ! sleigh recoils on bronze slides on ! cradle1 :i* is a ,u-%ap$ /eel plate & re/s 9 ! trunnion be>+s ( ! trail4 ,?is h[itz] may be elevat$ f #j degrees to #db degrees by means ( ! elevat+ me*anism4 ,! trav]se is #eb4b mils "r & left1 ! c>riage slid+ on ! axle & pivot+ on ! spade1 :i* prev5ts ! c>riage recoil+ :5 ! gun is fir$4 ,! cu/om>y %ield protects ! gunn]s f fly+ %rapnel & fragm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,h[itz] ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,9 travel+ position ! h[itz] is retract$ & lock$ to ! cradle1 ! cradle lock$ to ! trail1 ! spade revolv$ & secur$ to ! bottom ( ! trail4 ,! l[] end ( trail re/s on ! c>riage limb]1 :i* is us$ to c>ry ! proportionate %>e ( ! load ( ! h[itz] & c>riage 9 travel+ position4 ,! limb] is equipp$ ) a connect+ pole = motor traction4 ,! c>riage & limb] :eels are rubb] tir$ & consid]$ able to negotiate any roads suitable = field artill]y4 ,h[itz] ,description4 ,! h[itz]1 consi/s ( a tube & jacket4 ,! jacket is %runk ov]1 approximately1 ! re> half ( ! tube & screw$ to x by a %ort ?read ne> ! re> end ( ! tube4 ,! re> end ( ! tube is prep>$ = ! reception ( ! bree*block4 ,on ! "r ( ! jacket at its re> are two lugs :i* receive ! h+e p9tle ( ! op]ation lev]4 ,a flat seat ) two transv]se slots is ma*9$ on ! top ( ! jacket at ! re> end = receiv+ ! c\nt]weight4 ,! c\nt]weight is securely fa/5$ to ! jacket by six screws1 & two lugs :i* engage ! slots 9 ! jacket4 ,! bridle is fitt$ to ! und]side ( ! jacket ne> ! re> end & held 9 place by f\r screws4 ,! bree* key passes ?r\gh ! bridle & holds ! h[itz] 9 its seat on ! sleigh4 ,on ! und]side ( ! jacket j =w>d ( ! bridle seat are sev5 squ>e ?reads :i* engage correspond+ ?reads on ! sleigh4 ,a hold+-d[n b& :i* encircles ! jacket at its =w>d end also secures ! h[itz] to ! sleigh4 ,on ! top surface ( ! c\nt]weight are two nickel silv] level+ plates4 ,v]tical & horizontal axis l9es are cut on ! bree* & muzzle faces4 ,a l9e %[+ ! actual c5t] ( gravity ) ! bree* me*anism 9 place is cut on ! upp] side ( ! jacket m>k$ ,c4 ( ,g4 ,! "n & model ( ! h[itz] are /amp$ on ! left side ( ! jacket j bel[ ! c\nt]weight4 ,! "n ( ! manufactur]1 ye> ( manufacture1 s]ial numb] ( ! h[itz] & ! weight ( ! h[itz]1 includ+ ! bree* me*anism1 are /amp$ on ! muzzle face4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,h[itz] ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,bree* ,,me*anism ,,assembly ,illu/ration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,h[itz] ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,bree* ,,me*anism ,,assembly ,! bree* me*anism is ( ! pla/ic obturator1 int]rupt$ screw type hav+ f\r pla9 sectors & f\r ?read$ sectors4 ,! block c be load$ ) "o-eigh? ( a turn4 ,two ( ! pla9 sectors are reliev$ to p]mit ! bree*block to ent] ! bree* recess4 ,! bree*block is screw$ into ! block c>ri] & rides on ! hub ( ! latt]4 ,! block c>ri] is h+$ to ! "r side ( ! jacket by means ( ! p9tle h+e ( ! op]at+ lev]4 ,! p9tle h+e is fitt$ at ! l[] end ) an op]at+ lev] coll> & det5t4 ,! dead weight ( ! bree* is c>ri$ by ! block c>ri] h+e plate4 ,! block is rotat$ by means ( a rack :i* engages tee? cut 9 ! upp] surface ( ! block at its re> end4 ,! rack is actuat$ by a lug on ! "u side ( ! op]at+ lev] :i* engages a slot 9 ! rack4 ,! rack is locat$ 9 ! inside face ( ! block c>ri]4 ,:5 ! bree* is tightly clos$ ?is lock be>s aga9/ ! bree* face ( ! h[itz] & is =c$ back aga9/ ! rack lock spr+ leav+ ! rack free to move4 ,z ! bree* />ts to op5 ! rack lock is =c$ up by its spr+ & locks ! rack1 prev5t+ fur!r rot>y motion ( ! bree*block4 ,! op]at+ lev] is provid$ ) an op]at+ lev] h&le :i* is kept 9 its rais$ position by ! op]at+ lev] h&le spr+4 ,:5 ! bree* is clos$ & lock$ ! l[] portion ( ! op]at+ lev] h&le engages ! block c>ri] lev] cat*4 ,:5 ! bree* is fully op5 ! op]at+ lev] lat* :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! op]at+ lev]1 engages ! op]at+ lev] cat* & holds ! bree* 9 t position4 ,illu/ration3 #aee-,,mm ,,h[itz] ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,fir+ ,,me*anism ,! obturator sp9dle is ( ! mu%room head type4 ,x passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! bree*block & is screw$ into ! front end ( ! fir+ me*anism h\s+1 :i* fits into ! hub ( ! block c>ri]4 ,! obturator sp9dle is prev5t$ f turn+ by ! fir+ me*anism h\s+ key spr+4 ,a v5t = ! passage ( ! prim] flame is drill$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! obturator sp9dle4 ,! obturator sp9dle bu%+ is screw$ into ! front end ( ! obturator sp9dle & ! obturator sp9dle plug into ! re> end--! latt] =m+ a *amb] = ! prim]4 ,! obturator sp9dle spr+ be>s aga9/ ! fir+ me*anism h\s+ & ! bree*block1 keep+ ! head ( ! obturator sp9dle tightly aga9/ ! gas *eck pad4 ,! gas *eck pad or pla/ic obturator is compos$ ( a mixture ( "o "p asbe/os & ?ree p>ts nonfluid oil1 conta9$ 9 a canvas cov]+4 ,! pad is protect$ by ! front1 re> & small split r+s4 ,a /eel fill+-9 disk is plac$ betwe5 ! gas *eck pad & ! bree*block4 ,! fir+ me*anism h\s+ is provid$ ) a fir+ me*anism safety plung] :i* is =c$ by ! fir+ me*anism safety plung] spr+ aga9/ ! inside circumf]5ce ( a circul> boss on ! face ( ! bree*block4 ,:5 ! bree*block is rotat$ to its lock$ position1 ! plung] slips into a not* 9 ! boss & p]mits ! entrance ( ! fir+ me*anism block4 ,:5 ! bree* is unlock$ ! l[] end ( ! fir+ me*anism safety plung] ext5ds into ! fir+ me*anism h\s+ & ob/ructs ! entrance ( ! fir+ me*anism block4 ,?is safety device makes x impossible to unlock ! bree* :ile ! fir+ me*anism block is 9 place or to ins]t ! fir+ me*anism block :ile ! bree* is unlock$4 ,! fir+ me*anism block is provid$ ) a h&le1 & screws into ! fir+ me*anism h\s+4 ,! prim] seat plug is screw$ into ! front end ( ! fir+ me*anism block & is provid$ ) a not* into :i* ! prim] is ins]t$4 ,! fir+ p9 guide is locat$ j back ( ! prim] seat plug & =ms a guide = ! fir+ p9 z well z a be>+ = ! fir+ p9 spr+4 ,! fir+ p9 h\s+ is screw$ into ! re> end ( ! fir+ me*anism block & held 9 place by ! fir+ p9 h\s+ hold+ screw4 ,! fir+ p9 passes ?r\gh ! fir+ p9 h\s+ & ! fir+ p9 guide & is =c$ to ! re> by ! fir+ p9 spr+4 ,! fir+ me*anism block is provid$ ) a flange at its out] edge 9 :i* a slot is cut to receive a projection on ! front ( ! p]cussion hamm]4 ,?is prev5ts ! hamm] f /rik+ ! fir+ p9 :5 ! fir+ me*anism block is n screw$ home4 ,! fir+ me*anism block lat* is locat$ on ! out] face ( ! block c>ri] & prev5ts ! fir+ me*anism block f be+ unscrew$ accid5tally4 ,! fir+ me*anism block is int]*angeable ) ! fir+ me*anism blocks us$ on ! foll[+ cannon3 #aee-mm4 gun1 model ( #aiah 7,fill\x74 #h-;in* h[itz]1 model ( #aiag 7,vick]s ,m>k ,,vi & ,,viii74 #bdj-mm4 h[itz]1 model ( #aiah 7,s*neid]74 ,! p]cussion hamm] is c>ri$ by ! p]cussion hamm] op]at+ %aft :i* is j\rnal$ 9 ! p]cussion hamm] op]at+ %aft h\s+4 ,?is h\s+ is secur$ to ! bree* face by means ( a dove tail projection :i* fits into a slot1 cut across ! entire bree* face j bel[ ! bree* op5+4 ,! p]cussion hamm] op]at+ %aft is fitt$ ) a lev] at its "r end :i* receives ! bl[ ( ! fir+ me*anism /rik] :5 ! lany>d is pull$4 ,! p]cussion hamm] %aft plung] & spr+ are locat$ 9 ! p]cussion hamm] op]at+ %aft h\s+ to ! left ( ! hamm]4 ,:5 ! bree* is op5 ! plung] is =c$ up by its spr+1 !reby caus+ a projection on ! plung] to engage 9 a recess 9 ! op]at+ %aft1 lock+ ! %aft s t ! hamm] _c be op]at$4 ,:5 ! bree* is clos$ ! und]side ( ! block c>ri] /rikes on ! bevel$ head ( ! %aft plung]1 =c+ x d[n & ?us unlock+ ! me*anism4 ,! p]cussion hamm] lock bolt is screw$ to ! face ( ! c>ri] to ! left ( ! p]cussion hamm]4 ,its function is to lock ! hamm] 9 ! travel+ position :5 ! h[itz] is n 9 use4 ,op]ation ( ! ,bree* ,me*anism4 ,:5 ! bree* is clos$ & lock$1 ! ?read$ portions ( ! bree*block me% ) ! ?reads 9 ! bree* recess4 ,! op]at+ lev] is held by ! l[] end ( ! op]at+ lev] h&le :i* engages ! block c>ri] lev] cat*1 ?us prev5t+ any rot>y motion ( ! bree*block at ! in/ant ( fir+4 ,! fir+ p9 receives ! bl[ ( ! p]cussion hamm] & fires ! prim]4 ,! flame passes ?r\gh ! v5t 9 ! obturator sp9dle1 ignit+ ! propell+ *>ge4 ,! gas pressure 9 ! bore =ces ! mu%room head ( ! obturator sp9dle h>d aga9/ ! gas *eck pad caus+ ! latt] to exp& & press aga9/ ! walls ( ! *amb]1 =m+ a gas-tight jo9t4 ,aft] ! explosion ! ela/icity ( ! pad causes x to resume its =m] %ape1 all[+ ! obturator to be )drawn freely f its seat :5 ! bree* is unlock$4 ,to ,op5 ! ,bree*4 ,aft] ! piece has be5 fir$1 & be=e unlock+ ! bree*1 press back ! fir+ me*anism block safety lat*1 screw out ! fir+ me*anism block & remove ! us$ prim]4 ,! bree* c n be unlock$ ) ! fir+ me*anism block 9 place4 ,an attempt to d s w result 9 jamm+ ( ! fir+ me*anism safety plung]4 ,x is !re=e important t ! fir+ me*anism block %\ld be remov$ be=e attempt+ to unlock ! bree*4 ,press d[n on ! h&le ( ! op]at+ lev] 9 ord] to dis5gage x f ! block c>ri] lev] cat*4 ,move ! lev] t[>d ! re> & !n to ! "r4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is movem5t1 ! op]at+ lev] turns freely ar\nd ! h+e p9 & its lug op]ates ! rack :i* turns ! bree*block4 ,! ?read$ p>ts ( ! bree*block are ?us dis5gag$ f ! ?reads 9 ! bree* recess4 ,z ! rack rea*es ! limit ( its travel1 ! block c>ri] is swung on its h+e draw+ ! bree*block out ( ! bree* recess4 ,z ! block c>ri] leaves ! bree* face ( ! h[itz] ! rack lock is =c$ by its spr+ into ! recess 9 ! rack prev5t+ any fur!r rot>y motion ( ! bree*block 9 ei!r direction4 ,z ! bree* rea*es its full op5 position ! "r end ( ! op]at+ lev] cat* engages ! op]at+ lev] cat*1 lock+ ! bree* 9 op5 position4 ,9 load+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to ram ! projectile home & to ent] ! propell+ *>ge 9 su* a way t ! ignit] ( ! base *>ge w be 9 contact ) ! mu%room head ( ! obturator sp9dle :5 ! bree* is clos$4 ,to ,close ! ,bree*4 ,press d[n on ! op]at+ lev] h&le to dis5gage ! op]at+ lev] lat* f ! op]at+ lev] cat* & move ! op]at+ lev] to ! left & =w>d4 ,z ! block c>ri] comes 9 contact ) ! bree* face ( ! h[itz]1 ! rack lock is pu%$ back into its seat1 free+ ! rack4 ,fur!r movem5t ( ! op]at+ lev] =ces ! rack to ! left1 rotat+ ! bree*block until its ?read$ portions me% ) ! ?reads 9 ! bree* recess4 ,at ! end ( ! movem5t ( ! op]at+ lev]1 ! op]at+ lev] h&le engages ! block c>ri] lev] cat* & fa/5s ! bree* 9 lock$ position4 ,ins]t a new prim] 9 ! prim] seat plug & replace ! fir+ me*anism block4 ,! fir+ me*anism block c n be ent]$ until ! bree* is clos$ & lock$4 ,any attempt to d s may cause damage to ! fir+ me*anism safety plung] or "s "p ( ! fir+ me*anism4 ,,! ,,c>riage4 ,= ! purpose ( description1 ! c>riage is consid]$ z compos$ ( ! foll[+ gr\ps3 ,sleigh 7includ+ recoil me*anism71 cradle1 trail1 travel+ lock1 elevat+ me*anism1 trav]s+ me*anism1 :eels1 road brake1 & %ield4 ,! sleigh conta9s ! recoil & c\nt]-recoil me*anism & s]ves z a support = ! h[itz]1 be+ secur$ to x by ! bree* key & ! hold+-d[n b&4 ,! recoil c\nt]-recoil cyl9d]s1 & two air cyl9d]s are bor$ 9 ! sleigh & =m ! recoil me*anism4 ,! ends ( ! recoil & c\nt]-recoil cyl9d]s are atta*$ to ! cradle & :5 ! h[itz] is fir$ ! sleigh & h[itz] recoil1 slid+ on ! cradle sides4 ,! hold+ d[n b& is an*or$ on ei!r side to ! front b& clips1 :i* are secur$ to ! sleigh4 ,grooves are cut und]nea? ! two top edges ( ! sleigh1 & are l9$ ) bronze l9]s1 kn[n z sleigh slides4 ,^! l9]s slide on ! cradle clips & guide ! h[itz] dur+ recoil4 ,five longitud9al cyl9d]s are bor$ 9 ! sleigh1 ! two upp] cyl9d]s runn+ ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! sleigh1 =m+ air tanks & are clos$ at ! front end by ! air tank heads4 ,! left air tank head is provid$ ) an op5+ 9 :i* ! gage-cock body is assembl$4 ,a pressure gage may be assembl$ ?r\gh an adapt] to ?is gage-cock = asc]ta9+ ! pressure 9 ! c\nt] recoil sy/em4 ,! gage-cock is also provid$ ) a po9t] :i* regi/]s ! quantity ( liquid 9 ! sy/em on a scale provid$ on ! air tank head4 ,! two l[] cyl9d]s ext5d+ ! full l5g? ( ! sleigh1 =m a h\s+ = ! recoil me*anism1 ! "r cyl9d] be+ ! c\nt]-recoil cyl9d] & ! left ! recoil cyl9d]4 ,! small equaliz+ cyl9d] 9 ! c5t] ( ! sleigh1 ext5d+ only a %ort di/ance1 is clos$ at ! front end ) ! fill+ valve1 ?r\gh :i* air or liquid is introduc$ into ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,h[itz]1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,section1 ,,9 ,,batt]y ,! c\nt] recoil cyl9d] is connect$ by a passage to ! "r air tank & also to ! small equaliz+ cyl9d]1 ! latt] be+ connect$ to ! left air cyl9d]1 ?us ma9ta9+ equal pressure 9 bo? air cyl9d]s & 9 ! c\nt]-recoil cyl9d]4 ,! c\nt]-recoil cyl9d] is clos$ at ! re> end ) ! c\nt]-recoil cyl9d] head & at ! front end ) ! /uff+ box1 ?r\gh :i* ! c\nt]-recoil rod & its pi/on moves4 ,! recoil cyl9d] is clos$ at ! re> end ) ! recoil cyl9d] head & at ! front end ) ! recoil cyl9d] /uff+ box1 ?r\gh :i* ! recoil pi/on rod op]ates4 ,?is rod is holl[ & s]ves z a buff] *amb] = ! buff] rod1 :i* is securely screw$ to ! recoil cyl9d] head at "o end1 ! o!r end c>ry+ ! c\nt]-recoil valve4 ,! recoil & c\nt]-recoil rods are fitt$ ) ! pi/on rod nuts on ! front end :i* engage ! pi/on rod lock plate4 ,! cradle is a /eel ,u-%ap$ plate re9=c$ by sev]al transoms & support$ by ! trunnion bracket1 elevat+ segm5t brackets1 & 9 travel+ position by ! cradle b& :i* engages ! clips on :i* ! h[itz] recoils :5 9 action4 ,! sleigh travel+ locks are m\nt$ at ! extreme ends ( ! cradle & us$ to lock ! sleigh to cradle :5 ! h[itz] is 9 travel+ position4 ,! cradle is m\nt$ on trunnions on ! c>riage1 & by means ( elevat+ segm5ts ge>$ ) ! elevat+ me*anism may be incl9$ at v>i\s fir+ angles4 ,:5 c>riage is travel+ ! re> end ( ! cradle re/s on ! cradle travel+ lock1 !reby reliev+ ! elevat+ me*anism ( ! weight ( ! h[itz]1 sleigh & cradle4 ,! left trunnion ( ! cradle is bor$ out to receive ! sight & bracket4 ,! %\ld] gu>d is locat$ on left side ( ! cradle j back ( ! trunnion bracket & protects ! gunn] f ! recoil+ p>ts4 ,! fir+ me*anism is locat$ on ! "r side ( ! cradle & provid$ ) a safety device :i* prev5ts ! piece f be+ fir$ :5 ! pi/on rod nuts are n engag$ by pi/on lock4 ,! recoil indicator is locat$ j back ( ! trunnion bracket on ! "r side ( ! cradle & consi/s ( a /eel spr+ :i* is adju/$ by means ( a nut s t ! po9t] be>s aga9/ a scale engrav$ on ! edge ( ! sleigh indicat+ ! l5g? ( recoil4 ,! front end ( ! cradle is cov]$ by ! cradle head & provid$ ) an op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! pressure-gauge adapt] may be assembl$ to ! gauge-cock body4 ,! l[] half ( ! front end ( ! cradle is clos$ by ! front transom1 =m+ a guide = ! pi/on-rod lock :i* is op]at$ by means ( a lev]4 ,:5 ?is lev] is l[]$ ! lock plate moves to ! "r1 releas+ ! pi/on-rod nuts4 ,:5 ! lev] is rais$ ! lock moves to ! left1 lock+ ! nuts 9 fir+ position4 ,! lock+ device is protect$ by ! cradle front cov] :i* holds ! lev] 9 fir+ position :5 clos$4 ,! fill+ valve is accessible ?r\gh ! cradle bottom cov] locat$ on ! bottom ( ! cradle to ! re> ( ! front transom4 ,! pump bracket is locat$ on ! left side ( ! cradle ne> ! front4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,h[itz]1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,left ,,side ,,elevation1 ,,9 ,,batt]y ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,h[itz]1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,elevat+ ,,me*anism ,recoil & ,c\nt]-,recoil ,me*anisms4 ,:5 ! h[itz] is fir$ ! recoil me*anism ex]cises its ret>d+ influ5ce by means ( a liquid :i* is oblig$ to pass ?r\gh an orifice ^: size dim9i%es z ! movem5t proce$s1 ?us *eck+ ! recoil+ mass4 ,! recoil+ movem5t ( ! gun actuates at ! same "t ! c\nt]-recoil me*anism1 :i* acts on ! c\nt]-recoil liquid & =ces x into two res]voirs1 ?us fur!r compress+ a gas !re9 conta9$4 ,:5 ! recoil movem5t is end$ ! expansion ( gas =ces ! c\nt]-recoil me*anism back 8into batt]y10 & ! recoil cyl9d] aga9 ex]cises its ret>d+ influ5ce to prev5t a too rapid return & %ock4 ,! normal recoil is #ea4cge in*es 7#a4cje met]s74 ,:5 ! piece is fir$ ! h[itz] & sleigh move to ! re>1 ! recoil & c\nt]-recoil rods1 :i* are held by ! pi/on-rod lock rema9+ /ation>y4 ,! liquid 9 ! c\nt]-recoil cyl9d] is ?us =c$ into ! air cyl9d]s1 build+ up a pressure suffici5t to return ! h[itz] to batt]y4 ,! liquid 9 ! recoil cyl9d] is =c$ ?r\gh ! orifices 9 ! recoil pi/on rod & !n ?r\gh ! ?rottl+ r+4 ,! tap]$ buff] rod1 :i* is atta*$ to ! recoil cyl9d] head1 moves ?r\gh ! ?rottl+ r+1 gradually clos+ ! orifice1 ?us keep+ ! pressure con/ant z ! velocity ( recoil is r$uc$4 ,z ! buff] rod moves to ! re> ! c\nt]-recoil valve is op5$1 all[+ ! liquid to pass freely into ! buff] *amb]4 ,z ! gun returns to batt]y ! buff] valve closes1 =c+ ! liquid to pass ?r\gh ! small cle>ance ar\nd ! valve1 ?us absorb+ ! en]gy ( c\nt] recoil4 ,by means ( ! elevat+ me*anism ! h[itz]1 sleigh & cradle are incl9$ at ! v>i\s fir+ angles1 v>y+ f z]o to #db degrees1 by rotation 9 ! trunnions ( ! cradle4 ,two elevat+ segm5ts atta*$ to ! cradle are actuat$ by ! elevat+ p9ion %aft op]at+ 9 be>+s integral ) ! elevat+ worm :eel case secur$ to trail4 ,to l[] end ( worm %aft is fitt$ a worm :i* engages a worm :eel & p9ion %aft 9 ! ge> case4 ,on upp] end ( worm %aft is atta*$ ! elevat+ h& :eel fitt$ ) a h&le & plung] enabl+ ! op]ator to lock ! h[itz] at any desir$ elevation4 ,! motion ( ! h&:eel is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! worm ge> to ! p9ion %aft & !nce to ! elevat+ segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,h[itz]1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,trav]s+ ,,roll]s ,! h&:eel is provid$ ) a h&le ( a spr+ lock+ type1 d[nw>d pressure on :i* unlocks x f ! h&:eel lat* plate1 p]mitt+ ! me*anism to be op]at$4 ,trav]s+ ,me*anism4 ,! trav]se ( ! c>riage is obta9$ by means ( ! trav]s+ me*anism caus+ ! c>riage to slide on ! axle1 ! trail pivot+ on ! spade4 ,! movem5t is #c degrees ea* side ( c5t] or a total ( #aje mils4 ,at ! c5t] ( ! axle is rigidly atta*$ a bronze trav]s+ nut ?r\gh :i* passes ! trav]s+ screw :i* may be op]at$ f ei!r side ( ! c>riage by means ( h&:eels connect$ to ! screw ?r\gh bevel ge>s & %aft4 ,! trav]s+ screw op]ates 9 ! travell+ h\s+ longitud9ally & held 9 position by ?ru/ be>+s & ?ru/ be>+ adju/]s at bo? ends ( ! screw4 ,:5 ei!r ( ! h&:eels is op]at$ ! trav]s+ screw is rotat$ & moves to ! "r or left z ! case may be1 c>ry+ ! entire c>riage :i* moves across ! axle on trav]s+ roll]s4 ,9 ord] to r$uce friction dur+ ! trav]s+ op]ation ! c>riage re/s on ! axle ?r\gh ,belleville spr+s & two concave fac$ trav]s+ roll]s m\nt$ on roll] %afts 9 ! axle h\s+4 ,:5 gun is fir$ ! ,belleville spr+s are compress$ & ! c>riage re/s on ! axle ?r\gh ! bronze trav]s+ roll] boxes4 ,on top ( axle project+ to ! left ( c>riage is rivet$ an azimu? scale graduat$ 9 mils s t ! position ( ! c>riage on ! axle may easily be se5 at any "t4 ,:5 9 travel+ position ! c>riage %\ld be lock$ to ! axles by ! axle travel+ lock1 ?us reliev+ ! trav]s+ me*anism f unnecess>y /ress4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,h[itz]1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,trav]s+ ,,me*anism ,! axle travel+ lock is a device employ$ to relieve ! trav]s+ me*anism f unnecess>y /ress :5 ! c>riage is 9 travel+ position4 ,:5 ! c>riage is prep>$ = travel+ ! travel+ lock engages a s]ies ( squ>e grooves cut 9 ! c5t] ( ! axle4 ,! lock is op]at$ by an ecc5tric on ! end ( ! travel+ lock %aft :i* is controll$ by ! lock lev] fix$ on out] end4 ,! lock lev] may be plac$ 9 two positions m>k$ 8to travel0 & 8to fire10 by means ( its h&le :i* is provid$ ) a spr+ plung] engag+ ! travel+ lock cat*4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly lock ! c>riage 9 travel+ position x is necess>y to trav]se ! c>riage to ! c5t] position on ! axle1 ?us p]mitt+ ! lock+ device to engage ! grooves cut 9 ! c5t] ( ! axle4 ,! air pump is furni%$ = ! purpose ( *>g+ & ma9ta9+ ! necess>y pressure 9 ! c\nt] recoil res]voirs4 ,:5 9 op]ation x is atta*$ to a bracket on ! c>riage by means ( a screw clamp & connect$ to ! res]voir by ! fill+ pipe4 ,! pump w op]ate aga9/ a pressure ( #djj to #fjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! liquid pump is a s+le-act+-plung] us$ = *>g+ ! c\nt]-recoil sy/em & = ! purpose ( repl5i%+ losses ( liquid f ! cyl9d]s4 ,p[] is appli$ ?r\gh a h& lev] connect$ by p>allel l9ks & a cross-beam at ! l[] end ( ! pi/on4 ,! h& lev] is deta*able & also us$ 9 connection ) ! air pump4 ,:5 9 op]ation ! pump is atta*$ to a bracket on ! c>riage by means ( a screw clamp4 ,! fill+ pipe is employ$ to connect ! liquid pump ) ! recup]ator cyl9d]4 ,! res]voir = compress$ gas is a comm]cial seamless cyl9d] ) a capacity ( #b1hdb cubic in*es & is *>g$ ) nitrog5 gas at a work+ pressure ( #b1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* 7#adj kilograms p] squ>e c5timet]74 ,! res]voir is provid$ ) a ne$le valve & a connection = ! pressure gage or fill+ pipe4 ,?is cyl9d] is us$ = *>g+ ! c\nt]-recoil sy/em & may be c>ri$ on ! artill]y supply truck furni%$ ) #aee-mm organizations4 ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,h[itz]1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,air ,,& ,,liquid ,,pumps ,illu/ration3 #aee ,,mm ,,h[itz]1 ,,model ,,( #aiah 7,,s*neid]7 ,,travel+ ,,position ,! fill+ pipe is us$ to connect ! c\nt]-recoil res]voirs ) ! air or liquid pump or ) ! compress$ gas res]voir4 ,pressure ,gage4 ,! gage = ! compress$ gas res]voir is calibrat$ f #j to #aej kilograms p] squ>e c5timet]4 ,x is us$ to asc]ta9 ! pressure ( gas 9 ! res]voir & mu/ be atta*$ be=e screw+ on ! fill+ pipe4 ,! gage = ! pressure-gage adapt] is calibrat$ f #j to #fj kilograms p] squ>e c5timet]1 is screw$ into ! side ( ! adapt] & us$ to te/ ! pressure 9 ! c\nt]-recoil sy/em4 ,! quadrant sight1 model ( #aiah 7,s*neid]71 is m\nt$ on ! left trunnion ( ! c>riage1 bo? 9 travel+ & 9 action1 & %\ld n be remov$ by ! batt]y me*anics4 ,! pr9cipal features ( ! quadrant sight are3 ,! cross-level+ me*anism1 ! elevat+ me*anism1 & ! angle ( site me*anism4 ,! cross-level+ me*anism pr9cipally consi/s ( ! level+ worm1 level+ /op1 antibackla% spr+1 level+ clamp1 & cross levels4 ,by means ( ! cross-level+ me*anism ! quadrant sight is adju/$ to prop] alignm5t ) ! bore ( ! h[itz]4 ,! bracket fits into ! trunnion on ! left side ( ! c>riage & is provid$ ) f\r t5nons :i* engage slots 9 ! face ( ! trunnions keep+ ! sight 9 prop] alignm5t ) ! bore ( ! h[itz]4 ,! bracket is screw$ 9 place by ! bracket bolt2 ! front end ( ! body ( ! quadrant sight fits into ! cyl9drical "p ( ! bracket & is held 9 place longitud9ally by f\r lugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,quadrant ,,sight1 ,,model ,,( #aiah4 7,,s*neid]7 ,! body ( ! sight is rotat$ by ! level+ worm engag+ ! worm segm5t cut on ! "u side ( ! body4 ,! out] end ( ! worm is provid$ ) a knurl$ h& :eel by means ( :i* ! level+ me*anism is op]at$4 ,! level+ /op1 secur$ to bracket1 engages slot 9 ! body1 ?us limit+ ! angul> motion ( ! body 9 ei!r direction4 ,! re> end ( ! cyl9drical "p ( ! bracket is split & provid$ ) a level+ clamp by means ( :i* ! body may be lock$ 9 position aft] x has be5 level$4 ,! cross level is locat$ on ! re> edge ( ! sight %ank & s]ves ! gunn] 9 det]m9+ ! level position ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! level vial is a glass tube1 clos$ at bo? ends1 & p>tially fill$ ) a liquid consi/+ ( #d p] c5t alcohol & #fj p] c5t e!r1 a small bubble rema9+ 9 ! tube4 ,graduations are et*$ on ! circumf]5ce ( ! tube to indicate ! c5tral position ( ! bubble4 ,! vial is held 9 a level-vial tube1 ! ends be+ wrapp$ 9 pap] & set 9 pla/] ( p>is4 ,! knurl$ cross-level cov] fits ov] ! hold] &1 toge!r ) ! level-vial tube1 are held 9 place by ! cross-level caps1 :i* close ! ends ( ! hold]4 ,:5 clos$1 ! cov] s]ves z a protection = ! vial4 ,! elevat+ me*anism consi/s pr9cipally ( a sight %ank1 elevat+ worm :eel1 antibackla% p9ion1 elevat+ worm1 elevat+ worm ecc5tric1 elevat+ scale drum1 & scale drum h\s+4 ,,notes ,,on ,,c>e ,,( ,,! #aee ,,h[itz]4 ,! executive %\ld be p]fectly famili> ) ! work+ ( ! recoil & "k :5 to put a gun out ( action due to faulty recoil4 ,! l5g? ( ! recoil %\ld be su* t ! end ( ! gun slides d n recoil ov] ! end ( ! cradle rails4 ,9 c\nt]-recoil1 ! sleigh %\ld be p]ceptibly sl[$ d[n at a po9t ab\t #aj c5timet]s f ! front ( ! cradle1 & f !re on %\ld ease g5tly into batt]y )\t a s\nd or %ock4 ,/rict wat* %\ld be kept to see t no excessive leakage takes place ?r\gh ! /uff+ boxes1 ! valve 9 ! gauge adapt]1 or ! oil hole 9 ! cyl9d] end nut4 ,slight leakage c h>dly be help$1 z "o ( ! /uff+ boxes is "u m ?an f\r hundr$ p\nds ( pressure p] squ>e in* :5 ! gun is at re/1 & ?ree or f\r times t am\nt :5 ! gun is 9 full recoil4 ,h[ev]1 if a pool ( liquid is f\nd aft] ! gun has be5 /&+ all night1 x is "t to report ! matt] & h ! pack+s replac$4 ,! gun mu/ be dism\nt$1 ! /uff+-box repack$1 & ! d]mat9e inspect$4 ,! d]mat9e pack+ is a comp\nd resembl+ rubb]1 b x has ! quality ( resi/+ any *emical action t ! liquid may set up 9 ! recup]ator4 ,a worn d]mat9e pack+ may be replac$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( turn+ x wrong side out & !n us+ x aga9 z be=e4 ,?is has actually be5 tri$ & f\nd to give good results4 ,ano!r tempor>y repair 0 effect$ by cutt+ a r+ f a solid truck tire & us+ x 9 ! place ( ! d]mat9e1 until a pack+ ( ! latt] c\ld be obta9$4 ,! ,fr5* obta9 a v tight fit 9 _! /uff+ boxes by ! peculi> design t all[s ! liquid pressure to actuate a /rong spr+ :i* 9 turn exp&s ! pack+ aga9/ ! rod or cyl9d] wall4 ,leakage ?r\gh ! recup]ator /uff+ box w be notic$ by ! liquid com+ out ( ! oil hole 9 ! "r-h& cyl9d] end nut4 ,9 dism\nt+ ,fr5* mat]iel1 c>e mu/ be us$ to replace ! same nuts on ! bolts f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,?reads are n /&>diz$ z to diamet]2 h5ce1 tr\ble is likely to occur :5 rem\nt+4 ,to dism\nt ! tube f ! recoil me*anism1 or sleigh z x is d5ot$1 a suitably /rong ov]head beam is select$ & ! c>riage run b5ea? x4 ,m\nt two "o-ton duplex blocks on ! beam ov] ei!r end ( ! tube & ?read ! bore ) a half-in* wire cable sl+1 9 su* a mann] z to leave a bight at bo? muzzle & bree* ends4 ,into ^! loops ! hooks ( ! block cat*4 ,gunny sacks =m a suitable pack+ at ! muzzle & bree* to prev5t ! cable damag+ ^! p>ts ( ! tube4 ,provide sev]al blocks ( two by f\r or f\r by f\r /uff1 to block up ! sleigh z x is mov$ to ! re>--z we %all soon see t x does4 ,remove ! lock+ hoop by knock+ out ! reta9+ bolts1 & also remove ! cradle bolts f _! h\s+ on ! cradle4 ,?is w all[ ! sleigh to move to ! re> ( ! cradle4 ,take a /ra9 on ! blocks & c>efully move ! sleigh back ov] ! trail until ! recoil-lug key 7lock+ ! recoil lug to ! sleigh7 cle>s ! end ( ! cradle4 ,remove ! set screw f ! bottom ( ! sleigh :i* locks ! tap]$ key 9 place1 & proce$ to drive ! key out ) a sl$ge hamm] & a block ( wood4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! re> ( ! sleigh mu/ be block$ up on ! trail 9 ord] to take ! /ra9 (f ! cradle rails4 ,aft] ! key is cle>$1 ! tube may be rais$ by means ( ! two blocks1 c>e be+ tak5 to make ! lift v]tical1 o!rwise ! slots & grooves j 9 front ( ! bree* w jam & be damag$4 ,remove ! c>riage & l[] ! tube onto blocks4 ,! process ( m\nt+ is j ! rev]se ( ! above4 ,! elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anisms give little tr\ble1 if all ge> cases are kept pack$ 9 grease4 ,x is extremely important t1 9 lay+ = elevation ) ?is piece1 ! f9al turns ( ! h&:eel %\ld br+ ! gun into correct position by rais+ ! bree* & n by l[]+ x4 ,9 ?is way all backla% is tak5 out ( ! ge>+ & ! h[itz] re/s solidly = fir+4 ,! gunn] may easily be taught to rememb] ?is by always hav+ him br+ ! range bubble to ! front ( ! glass & !n sl[ly elevate ! bree*1 br++ ! bubble to him4 ,! trav]s+ me*anism moves ! :ole c>riage1 includ+ gun1 along ! axle1 ab\t ! spade z ! c5t] ( rotation4 ,! trav]s+ screw moves ! c>riage by be+ rotat$ ?r\gh nut set solidly 9 ! axle4 ,! axle & nut are /ation>y & ! screw moves lat]ally by means ( ! trav]s+ h&:eel4 ,h5ce1 ! c>riage be+ atta*$ to ! screw1 mu/ move :5 ! screw moves4 ,inasmu* z ! axle is /raight1 x mu/ accommodate itself to ! arc ( ! circle describ$ ab\t ! spade z ! c5t]4 ,x does s by mov+ tang5t to ! arc1 & consequ5tly "o end moves to ! front & ! o!r end moves to ! re>1 c>ry+ ! :eels ) !m4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t be=e attempt+ to trav]se ! piece1 ! brake mu/ be 8(f40 ,! movem5t ( ! :eels may be easily se51 if a p5cil l9e be drawn across ! tire j above ! brake %oe & !n ! piece trav]s$4 ,! l9e w be se5 ei!r to raise or l[] accord+ to :e!r ! piece be trav]s$ to ! "r or left4 ,9 fill+ ! 8brake0 or recoil cyl9d]1 good results h be5 obta9$ by m]ely level+ ! gun & fill+ ! brake cyl9d] until full4 ,try+ to p\r out "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid aft] ! brake is full1 z ! ,fr5* drill regulations lay d[n1 is almo/ impossible2 & no bad effects w be notic$ provid$ ! gun does n become excessively w>m dur+ ! fir+4 ,if x %\ld become w>m$ up suffici5tly to affect ! recoil1 level ! gun1 unscrew fill+ plug to release ! pressure1 rescrew1 & cont9ue ! fire4 ,9 us+ ! manomet] gauge1 to measure ! pressure & ! height ( ! liquid 9 ! recup]ator1 x w be f\nd t ! valve 9 gauge adapt] w sometimes /ick op5 to ! ext5t ( lett+ out all ! air 9 ! recup]ator tanks4 ,! only sure rem$y = ?is is entirely to dism\nt ! gun1 remove ! adapt]1 & replace its valve pack+1 :i* no d\bt w be f\nd to be worn & fray$1 or else "s =eign sub/ance w be f\nd to be ly+ betwe5 x & its seat4 ,! gauges %\ld be te/$ ab\t once 9 ?ree mon?s by means ( a /&>d /eam gauge te/+ app>atus1 mak+ ! appropriate trans=mations if ! te/] be graduat$ to p\nds p] squ>e in* z mo/ /eam te/]s are4 ,x w be f\nd t ! maximum /eam pressures us$ are r l[] ?an ^! gauges read1 h5ce only ! l[] read+s may ord9>ily be te/$4 ,to set ! po9t] to ! correct pressure read+1 pull ! po9t] loose & apply a kn[n pressure to ! gauge4 ,set ! po9t] at ! correspond+ read+ on ! manomet] & press x on tightly4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is is suffici5t = practical "w4 ,aft] ea* fir+ ! bree*block %\ld be entirely dism\nt$ & ea* "p wa%$ 9 cau/ic soda solution & !n /ippl$ ) oil be=e reassembl+4 ,! :eels are made ( small] memb]s ?an ^? t we are accu/om$ to see 9 our own mat]iel4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,fr5* design$ _! :eels = mu* bett] roads ?an ours2 &1 9 comp>ison ) our mat]iel ?r\gh\t1 ?is fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,! :eels mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 especially ?r\gh ! dry wea!r1 = !y t5d to *eck & crack4 ,rem$ies are tire %r9k+ & soak+ 9 wat] ov] night1 foll[$ by a ?or\gh & c>eful application ( l9se$ oil4 ,fa/ travel1 z :5 ! piece is c\pl$ to a truck1 mu/ be avoid$ if ! life ( ! c>riage is to be assur$4 ,accord+ to ! ,fr5* drill ( ! gun squads1 9 go+ into action1 ! piece is fir/ unlimb]$ & ! trail is !n laid on ! gr\nd1 & ! cannone]s *ange po/s to ! ext5t ( ! gunn] go+ to 8 position by 8 sight2 :ile ! rema9+ cannone]s lift ! trail aga9 & set ! spade4 ,?is is sl[ & cumb]some "w4 ,mu* bett] results may be obta9$ by sett+ ! spade at ! "t t ! piece is unlimb]$1 )\t mov+ ! cannone]s f _! po/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,explosives1 ,,ammunition ,,& ,,fuses4 ,,explosives4 ,z a matt] ( practical int]e/1 explosives may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 namely3 7#a7 ,progressive or propell+ explosives call$ l[ explosives4 7#b7 ,detonat+ or disruptive explosives1 t]m$ high explosives4 7#c7 ,detonators or explod]s1 kn[n z fulm9ates4 ,! fir/ includes all classes ( gun p[d]s us$ 9 fire>ms ( all k9ds2 ! second1 explosives us$ 9 %ell1 torp$oes1 & = demolitions2 ! ?ird1 ^? explosives us$ to orig9ate explosive reactions 9 ! two fir/ classes4 ,correspond+ names are giv5 to ! ph5om5a *>act]i/ic ( ea* class ( explosives1 7#a7 explosions prop]1 ( l[ ord]1 progressive1 or combu/ions1 7#b7 detonations1 ( high ord]1 7#c7 fulm9ations1 ?is la/ possess+ exceptional brusqu5ess4 ,! explosion ( l[ ord] is m>k$ by m or less progression2 ! "t elem5t is involv$ z a controll+ factor1 ! "t requir$ to complete ! explosive reaction be+ l>ge comp>$ ) t ( ! o!r =ms ( explosion4 ,! second class ( explosion is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,! explosive reaction is n limit$ or conf9$ to ! surfaces expos$ b appe>s to progress 9 all directions ?r\gh\t ! mass radially f ! po9t ( initial explosion4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ exp]im5tally t ! velocity ( propagation ( ! explosive wave ?r\gh\t a mass ( guncotton is f #ag1jjj to #ba1jjj feet p] second4 ,fulm9ation is a class ( explosion /ill m brusque ?an ! la/4 ,! abruptness ( _! explosion & ! consequ5t %>pness ( ! bl[ & ! conc5tration ( heat on ! po9t ( ignition con/itut+ _! effici5cy z orig9ators ( explosions ( ! fir/ two classes4 ,me?ods ( ,explod+4 ,explosives may be explod$ by ?ree me?ods2 9 reality b two1 by heat & by application ( en]gy z by a bl[4 ,! heat may be appli$ directly by friction1 by electricity & detonat+ cap1 ^! two me?ods ( apply+ ! heat giv+ rise to ! ?ree practical me?ods above m5tion$4 ,z x is n practical to apply heat directly to ! *>ge1 small *>ges ( special explosives are made up into prim]s & ^! are explod$ 9 "o ( ! ways above m5tion$ & s communicate ! explosion to ! ma9 *>ge4 ,fulm9ate ( m]cury is "o ( ! high explosives fulfill+ ! requirem5ts & x is readily explod$ by any "o ( ! me?ods m5tion$4 ,x is us$ 9 all detonat+ caps4 ,prim]s = cannon also conta9 an additional *>ge ( black p[d] to increase ! flame4 ,= ?is purpose also ignit+ *>ges ( black p[d] are atta*$ to ! smokeless p[d] *>ges = ! l>g] calib]s4 ,uses4 ,! *ief use ( l[ or progressive explosives is z a propell+ *>ge 9 guns & = bla/+ :]e x is desir$ to ex]t a pu%+ effect r ?an a bl[4 ,high explosives are us$ :5 x is desir$ to ex]t a high pressure & %att] ! conta9]1 z 9 a %ell1 m9e1 etc4 ,?is class is n satisfactory z a propell+ *>ge = ! reason t its rapidity ( action is s great t ! pressure ex]t$ w\ld bur/ ! gun be=e ! projectile c\ld />t4 ,l[ explosives are n satisfactory %ell fill]s = ! reason t _! action is s l[ t ! %ell w\ld break at its weake/ po9t be=e all ! explosives _h explod$ & :at rema9$ w\ld be wa/$4 ,) a high explosive1 all or mo/ ( ! *>ge explodes be=e ! %ell c break up4 ,! great] ! rapidity ( action ( an explosive ! f9] ! fragm5tation ( ! projectile4 ,) too rapid action ! pieces are too small2 ) too sl[ action !y are too l>ge4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es ! prop] rapidity ( action to atta9 ! fragm5tation mo/ effici5t aga9/ animate & mat]ial t>gets4 ,propell+ ,*>ges4 ,up to ! pres5t "t nitrocellulose p[d] has compli$ bett] ) ! requirem5ts ( a suitable1 smokeless p[d] ?an any o!r t has be5 propos$ & is us$ 9 our s]vice = propell+ *>ges 9 guns4 ,! dang] ( manufacture is also less ?an t ( nitroglyc]9e p[d]s4 ,moreov] ! latt]1 :i* 0 =m]ly us$ 9 our s]vice & /ill is 9 ! ,briti% & "s o!rs1 causes too mu* erosion ( ! tubes due to ! great] heat ( explosion4 ,x has ! advantage ( requir+ a small] *>ge = ! same muzzle velocity & !re=e a small] p[d] space & consequ5t light] weight ( gun4 ,%ell ,fill]s4 ,high explosives = %ell fill]s4 ,up to ! pres5t explosive 8,d10 tr9itrotoluol & picric acid are ! pr9cipal high explosives :i* fulfill ! requirem5ts z %ell fill]s4 ,explosive 8,d0 on acc\nt ( its great ins5sitiv5ess to %ock is us$ 9 armor pi]c+ projectiles & also 9 field gun & h[itz] %ell4 ,x is detonat$ by a fuze4 ,tr9itrotoluol is us$ 9 subm>9e m9es & 9 g5]al demolition "w z x is mu* easi] to explode ?an explosive 8,d40 ,table ( ,explosives4 ,! foll[+ table gives a good idea ( ! pr9cipal explosives 9 use 9 our s]vice & ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*3 ,high ,purpose4 or ,l[4 ,"n4 ,propell+ *>ge 9 guns4 ,l ,nitrocellulose1 smokeless p[d]4 ,bur/+ *>ge1 projectiles4 ,h ,picric acid1 explosive 8,d0 7p[d] =m7 ,tr9itrotoluol4 ,blank1 salut+ *>ges4 ,l ,black ,p[d]4 ,re-in=ce *>ges1 prim]s4 ,l ,black ,p[d]4 ,base *>ge1 %rapnel4 ,l ,black ,p[d]4 ,"t tra9s1 fuzes4 ,l ,black ,p[d]4 ,ignit+ *>ges1 cannon4 ,l ,black ,p[d]4 ,*>ges1 subm>9e m9es4 ,h ,tr9itrotoluol wet guncotton4 ,ignit+ elem5ts1 fuzes ,h ,fulm9ate ( m]cury1 *lorate & prim]s4 ( pota% 7potassium *lorate74 ,high ,explosives4 ,! pr9cipal high explosives us$ z %ell fill]s 9 our s]vice are3 picric acid1 explosive 8,d0 & tr9itrotoluol1 or m popul>ly kn[n at ,,tnt4 ,! picric acid & picrates us$ z %ell fill]s are secret compositions4 ,mell9ite1 ess5tially picric acid alone or ) "s o!r sub/ance is us$ z a %ell fill] by ! ,fr5*4 ,x is p\r$ into ! %ell 9 a fus$ /ate & all[$ to h>d51 ?us giv+ a v compact *>ge & "o easily h&l$4 ,x has ! disadvantage h[ev] ( =m+ un/able comp\nds ) ! metal ( ! %ell & great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 coat+ ! int]ior ( ! %ell ) a protective coat be=e p\r+ 9 ! fus$ mell9ite4 ,lyddite is ! ,engli% equival5t ( mell9ite4 ,picric acid 0 also us$ by ! ,japanese or x may be a mixture ( picric acid & "s nitro comp\nd4 ,! mo/ successful explosive ( ?is type is explosive 8,d0 inv5t$ by ,colonel ,dunn ( our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & sometimes kn[n z 8,dunnite40 ,x is n fusible & mu/ be compress$ = use z a %ell fill]1 be+ =c$ into ! %ell by compression4 ,?is is a disadvantage z comp>$ to mell9ite z ! d5sity ( load+ is less & weight = weight !re=e less effici5t4 ,x is little s5sitive to %ock & !re=e n v dang]\s to load ev5 "u great pressure4 ,tr9itrotoluol is also us$ z a %ell fill] b its *ief use is 9 demolition "w & z ! *>ge = subm>9e m9es4 ,nitrog5 ,comp\nds4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note t all ( ! pr9cipal explosives ) :i* we h be5 deal+ are comp\nds conta9+ nitrog54 ,9 fact ! w> has be5 f\ght ) fix$ nitrog5 :i* expla9s ! great int]e/ tak5 9 ! v>i\s attempts to fix ! free nitrog5 ( ! air :i* is ! _w's great /oreh\se ( free nitrog54 ,z nitrog5 is also a necess>y +r$i5t 9 ! v>i\s f]tiliz]s1 ! result to ! _w ( a comm]cial process = spe$+ up ! cycle ( *anges ?r\gh :i* nitrog5 passes 9 its life giv+ mission f free nitrog5 9 ! air to its v>i\s comp\nds 9 ! nitrog5e\s animal & vegetable tissues is almo/ limitless & z usual w> has be5 ! inc5tive to spe$ up a process :i* w result 9 incalculable value to mank9d4 ,classification4 ,guns are load$ ) ?ree k9ds ( ammunition3 fix$1 semi-fix$ & sep>ate load+ ammunition4 ,9 fix$ ammunition ! r\nd is complete & projectile & p[d] load$ into ! *amb] at ! same "t4 ,9 semi-fix$ ! projectile is sep>ate f ! p[d] *>ge1 :i* h[ev] is put up & load$ into ! *amb] 9 a conta9]4 ,9 sep>ate load+ ammunition ! p[d] is load$ into ! *amb] 9 bags4 ,9 ! fir/ two cases ! c>tridge case furni%es ! means = seal+ ! re> ( ! p[d] *amb] aga9/ escape to ! re> ( ! p[d] gases4 ,9 ! la/ case "s =m ( obturat+ device is made a "p ( ! bree*block furni%+ a gas *eck to seal ! re> ( ! p[d] *amb]4 ,fix$ ,ammunition4 ,all ( our field guns bel[ #e in*es 9 calibre use fix$ ammunition4 ,! p[d] is plac$ loose 9 ! c>tridge case1 ! space n fill$ ) p[d] be+ /uff$ ) pack+ pap]1 excelsior1 or felt wadd+ next to ! projectile s z to hold ! p[d] 9 contact ) ! prim]1 9 "s fix$ ammunition a brass diaphragm is sold]$ to ! inside ( ! case = ! same purpose & to keep out moi/ure1 7#d4g0 ,gun74 ,an ignit+ *>ge ( black p[d] is a "p ( ! prim] & 9 "s cases an additional *>ge is plac$ at ! =w>d end ( ! p[d] space 9 ! c>tridge case to insure rapid ignition ( ! smokeless p[d]4 ,9 ?is case x is held 9 place betwe5 two quilt$ disks ( cr9ol9e4 ,semi-fix$ ammunition is employ$ 9 our #f0 & #d4g0 field h[itz]s4 ,! c>tridge case conta9s ?ree weights ( propell+ *>ge = fir+ 9 ! ?ree zones design$ to give a high angle ( all ) ^! weapons4 ,access to ! *>ge is _h by te>+ (f ! brass diaphragm clos+ ! =w>d end ( ! c>tridge case4 ,by remov+ ! fir/ *>ge ! rema9+ *>ge is t prescrib$ = ! second zone1 & by remov+ ! top two *>ges ! rema9+ *>ge is t ( ! fir/ zone4 ,! ?ree *>ges are ti$ toge!r & ! middle *>ge has an ignit+ *>ge ( black p[d] atta*$4 ,! removal ( *>ges is facilitat$ by ! sep>ate conta9] = ! p[d] *>ge & ! r\nd is m easily h&l$ 9 ! two p>ts especially 9 ! case ( ! six-in* h[itz]1 :]e ! projectile weighs #abj lbs4 ,! same prim] is us$ z 9 fix$ ammunition1 ! c>tridge case p]=m+ ! function ( an obturator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bree* ,,me*anism ,,( #aee ,,gun ,,%[+ ,,de ,,bange ,,obturator4 ,sep>ate ,ammunition4--,obturation4 ,! #aee-mm ,fill\x gun & #aee-mm h[itz] use sep>ate ammunition4 ,9 su* guns !re mu/ be provid$ "s =m ( a gas *eck :i* w prev5t ! p[d] gases f ru%+ to ! re> into ! ?read$ portion ( ! bree*block1 z ?is w\ld soon erode ! ?read sectors & r5d] ! gun useless beside los+ a l>ge am\nt ( pressure 9 ! bore4 ,! device us$ z a gas *eck is call$ an obturator4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( obturation 9 use1 nam$ aft] _! inv5tors3 ,! ,de,bange & ! ,freyre4 ,! =m] is us$ 9 ! #aee's4 ,x consi/s ( a /eel mu%room head clos+ ! re> ( ! p[d] *amb]1 ! sp9dle ( :i* passes ?r\gh a c5tral hole 9 ! bree*block4 ,betwe5 ! mu%room head & ! face ( ! bree*block is a pad ( asbe/os1 p>aff9e & tall[1 press$ into %ape by a hydraulic press & cov]$ by canvas or asbe/os wireclo?4 ,split r+s hav+ h>d5$ out] surfaces are fitt$1 "o j beh9d ! mu%room head & "o j 9 front ( ! face ( ! bree*block4 ,_! diamet] is slightly great] 9 ! free /ate ?an ! conical surface ( ! bore :]e !y be> :5 ! bree* is clos$ s t !y always close ! re> ( ! p[d] *amb]4 ,! pressure ( ! p[d] gases =ces ! mu%room head to ! re> & ?is compresses ! asbe/os pad :i* 9 turn =ces ! split r+s to be> ) great] =ce aga9/ ! walls ( ! p[d] *amb] ?us securely clos+ ! re> op5+ ( ! p[d] *amb]4 ,= m details ( ?is device see pages #cjb to #cjf ,ts*appat's ,o ,g4 ,p[d] ,bags4 ,c>tridge bags = sep>ate load+ are made ( raw silk1 & are sew$ ) silk ?read4 ,o!r mat]ials are apt to produce fl>e-backs or premature explosions because !y are n entirely consum$ 9 ! bore or cont9ue to burn if n consum$4 ,! raw silk h[ev] ei!r is entirely consum$ or if n1 ! p>ts ignit$ imm$iately g out z soon z ! flame is remov$ & d n sm\ld]4 ,specially treat$ cotton fibre bags h be5 tri$ b s f> z ,i "k h n z yet sup]s$$ ! raw silk = ! purpose4 ,! gases rema9+ 9 ! bore aft] ! dis*>ge ( a *>ge ( smokeless p[d] are explosive & ) air =m an explosive mixture1 h5ce ! dang] ^u op5+ ! bree* if any sm\ld]+ p>ticles rema9 9 ! bore4 ,illu/ration3 #ba ,,gra9 ,,p]cussion ,,prim] ,,m>k ,,ii-,a ,prim]s4 ,! devices = initiat+ explosions ( propell+ *>ges 9 milit>y guns are call$ prim]s4 ,) fix$ & semi-fix$ ammunition ! prim]s are seat$ 9 ! base ( ! c>tridge case4 ,9 ! case ( sep>ate load+ ammunition ! prim]s are ins]t$ sep>ately 9 ! bree*block1 ! exp&+ gases ( ! detonat$ prim] =c+ ! walls ( ! prim] case tightly aga9/ ! bore ?r\gh ! bree*block & ?us seal+ ?is *annel ( escape = ! gases f ! p[d] *amb]4 ,?is necessitates a mu* l>g] & /rong] case = sep>ate load+ prim]s ?an = ^? ins]t$ 9 ! base ( a c>tridge case4 ,classes ( prim]s4 ,prim]s are divid$ into ?ree classes accord+ to ! me?od by :i* !y are fir$3 7a7 friction prim]s1 7#b7 electric prim]s1 7#c7 p]cussion prim]s4 ,comb9ation prim]s are made :i* may be fir$ by any two ( ^! me?ods1 usually electric & "o ( ! o!rs4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( a good prim] are1 c]ta9ty ( action1 safety 9 h&l+1 no det]ioration 9 /orage1 simplicity 9 con/ruction & be *eap to manufacture4 ,!y are also divid$ into obturat+ & non-obturat+ dep5d+ ^u :e!r !y close ! v5t dur+ dis*>ge or n4 ,prim] press+4 ,prim]s = fix$ ammunition are ins]t$ 9 ! base ( ! c>tridge cases by means ( a special press = ?is purpose4 ,! prim] body is a trifle l>g] ?an ! seat 9 ! c>tridge case provid$4 ,?is seat is r\gh bor$ to a diamet] less ?an ! f9i%$ size & !n m&rel$ to f9i%$ dim5sions ) a /eel tap]$ plug4 ,?is process t\gh5s ! mat]ial ( ! case ar\nd ! prim] seat & prev5ts ! expansion ( ! prim] seat "u pressure ( ! exp&+ gases4 ,p]cussion prim]s4 ,except = v heavy siege guns & railroad artill]y ! guns h&l$ by ! ,field ,artill]y use p]cussion prim]s4 ,! #aaj-;gra9 p]cussion prim] is ! "o 9 use 9 our s]vice & z typical w be describ$4 ,! *>ge consi/+ ( #aaj gra9s ( compress$ black p[d] makes ! *>ge burn l a tor* r ?an explode1 :i* facilitates ! ignition ( ! *>ge ( smokeless p[d]1 ) :i* ! flame comes 9 contact4 ,! diametral holes spray ! flame 9 sev]al directions ?us insur+ ignition at _m po9ts simultane\sly4 ,! p]cussion elem5t consi/s ( a p]cussion prim] cup1 ! p]cussion composition & an anvil1 all ( :i* are assembl$ toge!r 9 a cup 9 ! re> face ( ! prim] case4 ,! p]cussion composition is made up ( *lorate ( pota%1 sulphide ( antimony1 gr\nd glass & sulphur4 ,a bl[ ^u ! cap by ! fir+ p9 detonates ! p]cussion composition & ! flame f ?is detonation ignites ! black p[d] :i* 9 turn explodes ! *>ge ( smokeless p[d]4 ,! ,g5]al ,%ape & ,nom5clature ( ,projectiles4 ,! reason = ! p>ticul> %ape ( %ells may n be cle> to all4 ,9 ! fir/ place all matt] has ! prop]ty kn[n z in]tia1 :i* we may def9e z t t5d5cy ( matt] to rema9 9 a /ate ( re/ or to cont9ue at a uni=m velocity if 9 motion4 ,x (f]s a resi/ance to any *ange 9 ! /ate ( ei!r re/ or motion :e!r ( am\nt or direction4 ,consequ5tly :5 we apply a sudd5 & trem5d\s =ce to ! base ( a projectile by means ( ! expansive =ce ( explod+ p[d] gases1 !re w be set up 9 ! metal a resi/ance to ?is =ce 9 :i* e p>ticle ( ! projectile w resi/ by an am\nt proportional to ! mass ( p>ticles beyond ! po9t ( application ( ! =ce to itself4 ,! actual =ce w be proportional to ! weight & accel]ation produc$ by ! appli$ =ce 9 ! projectile4 ,?is expla9s ! reason :y ! walls ( ! projectile are ?ick] ne> ! base4 ,x also expla9s ! me?od ( calculat+ ! ?ickness ( walls1 = if we "k ! weight at any cross section & ! co-effici5t ( /r5g? ( ! metal we may calculate ! ?ickness ( walls necess>y to )/& ! pressure = any giv5 muzzle velocity :i* is fix$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,x expla9s also ! pref]5ce = /eel 9 projectiles z = ! same weight ! /eel is mu* /rong] mak+ x possible to ?r[ a great] am\nt ( %rapnel or high explosives 9 %ell4 ,illu/ration3 #aee-,,mm ,,common ,,/eel ,,%ell ,,mk ,,iv ,! necessity = compact load+1 especially 9 ! case ( high explosive %ell is also not$ z o!rwise ! %ock due to in]tia w\ld break up ! *>ge & p]haps cause a premature explosion4 ,h5ce x is v necess>y to gu>d aga9/ airholes 9 fill+ %ell cavities4 ,9 ord] to secure regul> & un9t]rupt$ movem5t ( ! projectile ?r\gh ! bore x is necess>y t ! projectile & bore h ! same geometric axis4 ,also ! projectile mu/ be seat$ exactly & uni=mly = succe$+ r\nds 9 its seat+ 9 ! bore4 ,?is latt] is necess>y 9 ord] t ! p[d] *amb] may n v>y z ?is w\ld give irregul> pressures4 ,! liability ( /rapp+ ! rotat+ b&s or sett+ (f ! fuze 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( fuzes are also expla9$ by in]tia4 ,x might ev5 cause suffici5t %ock to detonate ! *>ge 9 ! %ell4 ,! rem$y is accurate seat+ ( ea* projectile by reason ( tra9$ gun crews us+ ! same am\nt ( =ce at ea* ramm+4 ,! fir/ condition1 co9cid5ce ( axes1 is obta9$ by means ( ! ogival head :i* has a diamet] "s t5?s ( a millimet] small] ?an ! diamet] ( ! bore1 & s]ves z a front support = ! projectile :ile ! rotat+ b&s c5t] x 9 re>4 ,7 x n = ! bell ! projectile1 held only by ! s(t mat]ial ( ! rotat+ b&1 w\ld wabble 9 its travel ?r\gh ! bore & tumble soon aft] leav+ x4 ,x is also necess>y t ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! projectile be on its geometric axis4 ,o!rwise x w travel on a spiral ( ! same pit* z ! grooves & knock ! tube walls z x travels ?r\gh ! bore & )\t ! support ( ! bell might cause a premature explosion by actuat+ ! fuze4 ,illu/ration3 #aee,m_/,m ,,%rapnel--#ie ,,lbs4--,,m>k-,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,/eel ,,%ell ,,m>k ,i4 ,,common ,,/eel ,,%ell ,,model ,,( #aije4 ,,%rapnel4 ,,c>tridge ,,case4 #d4g0 ,gun ,ammunition4 ,?ree-in* ,ammunition4 ,fix$ ammunition is us$ 9 ! #c0 field guns1 & is made up ) ei!r common %rapnel1 high explosive %rapnel1 or common /eel %ell4 ,! r\nds z made up v>y 9 l5g? ) ! type ( projectile us$4 ,! ammunition *e/s ( ! batt]y are ( suffici5t size to take any "o ( ! r\nds furni%$1 s t ! numb] ( ea* k9d to be c>ri$ is a matt] = regulation by prop] au?ority4 ,ea* r\nd is issu$ ) projectile fill$ & fus$4 ,! weight ( ! projectile is #ae p\nds1 & ! total weight ( "o r\nd is #ah4ge p\nds4 ,! compon5ts ( "o r\nd are ! c>tridge case ) prim]1 ! p[d] *>ge1 ignit]1 projectile & fuze4 ,! c>tridge case4--,! c>tridge case is a solid drawn-brass case #aj4h in*es long2 x has a capacity ( #ff4e cubic in*es1 & weighs1 ) prim]1 #b4be p\nds4 ,a circul> groove is cut 9 ! base ( ! c>tridge case & ! groove is pa9t$ r$ = high explosive %rapnel1 yell[ = common %rapnel1 & black = high explosive %ell4 ,! prim]4--,! p]cussion prim]1 kn[n z ! 8#aaj-;gra9 p]cussion prim]10 conta9s an ignit+ *>ge ( #aaj gra9s ( black p[d] 9 addition to ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a p]cussion prim]4 ,! purpose ( ! black p[d] is to insure ! ignition ( ! smokeless p[d] *>ge 9 c>tridge case4 ,illu/ration3 ,common ,/eel ,%ell4 ,common ,%rapnel4 ,c>tridge ,case4 ,semple ,trac]4 ,high ,explosive ,%rapnel4 #c0 ,,ammunition ,! p[d] *>ge4--,! p[d] is a nitrocellulose p[d] compos$ ( multip]=at$ 7#g p]=ations7 cyl9drical gra9s1 ea* #j4ce0 long & #j4aie0 9 diamet]4 ,! *>ge v>ies slightly = diff]5t lots ( p[d]1 b is approximately #bd ounces4 ,! *>ge gives a muzzle velocity = %rapnel ( #a1gjj feet p] second 7#afjj f_/s = %ell7 ) a maximum pressure 9 ! bore n exce$+ #cc1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,at ! front end ( ! c>tridge case !re is an ignit] ( black p[d] weigh+ ab\t oz4 :i* assi/s 9 ! uni=m ignition ( ! smokeless p[d] *>ge4 ,! projectiles4--,all projectiles h a copp] rotat+ b& #a4b0 f ! base4 ,?is b& engages 9 ! rifl+ ( ! bore ( ! piece1 & gives ! projectile a rapid rotation ab\t its long axis dur+ flight4 ,?is causes x to travel /raight1 po9t on1 )\t tumbl+4 ,common %rapnel4--,! common %rapnel is a base-*>g$ %rapnel fitt$ ) a comb9ation fuze4 ,! case is ( /eel ) solid base4 ,! %rapnel fill+ is compos$ ( #beb balls1 ea* approximately #afg gra9s 9 weight 7#db to ! p\nd74 ,! balls are approximately #j4e0 9 diamet]4 ,! balls are p\r$ ar\nd a c5tral tube & re/ ^u a /eel diaphragm1 ! int]/ices conta9+ a smoke-produc+ matrix4 ,! bur/+ *>ge consi/+ ( #b oz4 ( black p[d] is 9 ! base & is cov]$ by ! diaphragm :i* supports ! c5tral tube1 af=d+ a conduit to ! flame lead+ f ! fuze to ! bur/+ *>ge4 ,9 action ! case is n ruptur$ ^u ! explosion ( ! bur/+ *>ge2 ! head is /ripp$ & ! balls are %ot out ( ! case ) an increase ( velocity ( ab\t #bgd feet p] second4 ,! rema9+ velocity ( ! %rapnel at #f1ejj y>ds is approximately #gbd feet p] second & ! "t ( flight #bb seconds1 s t at t extreme range1 ) ! increase ( velocity due to ! bur/+ *>ge1 ?is %rapnel ) #ba-second fuze w be effective4 ,! weight ( ! %rapnel ) fuze is #ae p\nds4 ,%rapnel is a projectile conta9+ a great numb] ( h>d5$ /eel balls1 ea* approximately 0 diamet]1 :i* may be project$ f a po9t 9 ! air 7call$ ! po9t ( bur/7 close to b %ort ( ! t>get4 ,ea* ball is capable ( kill+ a man or horse at a di/ance up to #bej or #cjj y>ds f ! po9t ( bur/4 ,tak5 collectively1 ! pa?s ( ^! balls =m a cone1 call$ ! cone ( disp]sion4 ,! gr\nd section ( ?is cone is elliptical 9 %ape ) its long] axis approximately 9 ! plane ( fire4 ,at mid-range :5 bur/ at normal height ( bur/ 7,h4 ,b4 #c mils71 ! dim5sions ( ?is area are approximately #bj y>ds wide by #bej y>ds deep4 ,^! dim5sions w h[ev] v>y ) ! angle ( fall1 ! height ( bur/1 ! slope ( ! gr\nd at ! t>get1 & ! relation betwe5 ! l9e> & ! rotational velocities ( ! %rapnel at in/ant ( bur/ 9 ! air4 ,a #c-mil ,h4 ,b4 is *os5 because ?is gives an av]age d5sity ( #a hit p] squ>e y>d ( v]tical t>get area4 ,an infantry skirmi%] 7/&+7 ) 8 int]val occupies approximately #a squ>e y>d4 ,%rapnel has v little effect ^u mat]ial objects4 ,x is v effective aga9/ p]sonnel n protect$ by cov]1 or to se>* an area :i* is kn[n to be occupi$1 or :i* mu/ be trav]s$1 by ho/ile troops4 ,ehrh>dt ,high-explosive %rapnel4--,! ,ehrh>dt high-explosive %rapnel is fitt$ ) a comb9ation fuze & a high explosive head4 ,! case is drawn /eel ) solid base4 ,! %rapnel fill+ is compos$ ( #bhe balls1 ea* approximately #ach gra9s 9 weight 7#ej to ! p\nd74 ,! balls are p\r$ ar\nd ! c5tral tube & re/ ^u ! /eel diaphragm1 ! int]/ices conta9+ a matrix ( high explosive4 ,9 "t action 7bur/ 9 air71 ! case is n ruptur$ ^u ! explosion ( ! bur/+ *>ge1 b ! head is =c$ out & ! balls are %ot out ( ! case ) an increase ( velocity ( f #bej to #cjj feet p] second4 ,9 ! meantime ! head cont9ues its flight1 detonat+ on impact4 ,if ! fuze be set at 8safety0 or = a "t great] ?an ! actual "t ( flight1 ?is %rapnel may be us$ 9 lieu ( high-explosive %ell4 ,^u impact a high-explosive %rapnel is detonat$ by means ( ! p]cussion elem5t ( ! comb9ation fuze1 ! head be+ detonat$ fir/1 :i* detonation causes ! sympa!tic detonation ( high-explosive matrix surr\nd+ ! balls4 ,common /eel %ell4--,?is /eel %ell is high-explosive & fitt$ ) a base detonat+ fuze4 ,! case is holl[ & made ( drawn /eel4 ,x is provid$ ) an ogival head4 ,! /eel %ell conta9s a bur/+ *>ge ( #ac4ab ounces ( ,explosive ,d4 ,! weight ( ! %ell ) bur/+ *>ge & fuze is #ae p\nds4 ,! %ell is always issu$ fill$ & fuz$4 ,?is %ell bur/s on impact & ) great =ce ex]t$ 9 all directions4 ,x is a p[]ful in/rum5t = ! de/ruction ( mat]ial objects su* z guns1 intr5*m5ts1 h\ses1 /one walls1 etc4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 is v local4 ,frank=d ,ars5al comb9ation fuzes4--,^! fuzes are po9t fuzes ) comb9ation "t & p]cussion elem5ts = use ) common %rapnel4 ,!y are ( ! type kn[n z ! r+ or 8dial0 fuze1 9 :i* ! "t tra9 is set by turn+ a graduat$ r+ :i* c>ries "p ( ! tra94 ,^! fuzes may be reset z (t5 z desir$4 ,ehrh>dt comb9ation fuze = high explosive %rapnel4--,?is fuze is simil> to ! ,frank=d ,ars5al ,comb9ation "t & p]cussion fuze b 9 addition conta9s a high explosive head & detonat+ elem5t4 ,due to ?is arrangem5t1 bo? ! projectile & ! high explosive head h a high-explosive %ell effect :5 /rik+ on impact4 ,! s]vice base detonat+ fuze4--,! details ( ! detonat+ fuze & ! composition ( ! detonator are kept secret4 ,a detonat+ fuze is necess>y 9 ord] to produce a high] ord] ( explosion by caus+ an in/antane\s conv]sion ( ! high explosive comp\nd call$ 8,explosive ,d0 ) :i* ! %ell is *>g$4 ,if an ord9>y p]cussion fuze 7 us$ only an ord9>y explosion w\ld be produc$ z 9 ! explosion ( black p[d]4 ,prep>ation ( blank metallic ammunition4--,blank metallic ammunition w always be assembl$ "u ! p]sonal sup]vision ( a commission$ (fic]1 :o w be held responsible t x is prep>$ 9 ! mann] prescrib$4 7,g4 ,o4 #i1 ,w> ,dept41 ,jan4 #aa1 #aijh47 ,= ?is purpose !re are issu$ blank-c>tridge cases1 black p[d] 9 bulk1 tight-fitt+ felt wads1 rubb]9e1 or o!r quick-dry+ pa9t1 prim]s1 etc4 ,be=e assembl+1 ! c>tridge cases %\ld be c>efully inspect$ to see t !y are 9 s\nd condition & ?or\ghly clean & dry4 ,!y %\ld also be te/$ by try+ !m 9 ! gun1 to det]m9e :e!r !y h become de=m$4 ,any cases t d n readily ent] ! *amb] 9 ! gun or t are o!rwise s]i\sly de=m$ %\ld be laid aside = resiz+4 ,aft] inspect+ ! c>tridge cases ! blank ammunition %\ld be prep>$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,ins]t ! prim]s ) ! prim]-ins]t+ press4 7b7 ,p\r into ! c>tridge case ! prop] weight ( black p[d] & %ake x d[n well4 7c7 ,ins]t ! felt wad & press x d[n h>d until x re/s squ>ely on ! p[d] *>ge4 7d7 ,give ! upp] surface ( ! felt wad & ! inside ( ! c>tridge case j above ! wad a good coat ( ! rubb]9e or o!r quick-dry+ pa9t furni%$ = ! purpose1 us+ a bru%1 & all[ ! case to /& until ?is coat is dry4 ,!n apply ano!r coat ( rubb]9e pa9t 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! object ( us+ rubb]9e pa9t1 :i* is /rongly adhesive1 is to ?or\ghly seal ! jo9t betwe5 ! wad & ! case to prev5t any p[d] gra9s f leak+ out1 & at ! same "t to firmly hold ! wad 9 place4 ,! reload+ & clean+ outfit4--,?is outfit consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts1 & is furni%$ to ea* batt]y3 ,prim]-ins]t+ press1 small ,bu%+ ,p[d] measure1 salut+ ,decapp+ tool1 ) guide ,clean+ bru% ,hamm] ,case hold] ,case-hold] /& ,/orage *e/ ,! bu%+ is us$ 9 ! prim]-ins]t+ press = ! ins]tion ( new prim]s4 ,! decapp+ tool & case hold] & /& are us$ = remov+ explod$ prim]s f ! c>tridge cases4 ,a light bl[ on ! rod ) a piece ( wood or ! bronze hamm] g5]ally removes ! prim]4 ,a p[d] measure to suit ! salut+ *>ge = ! gun is furni%$1 & :5 level full holds ! requir$ *>ge4 ,! clean+ bru% is furni%$ = clean+ ! c>tridge cases aft] !y h be5 us$ & %\ld be ord]$ to suit ! size ( case = :i* int5d$4 ,c>e ( ,c>tridge ,cases4--,z soon aft] fir+ z practicable ! explod$ prim]s %\ld be remov$ f ! c>tridge case by means ( ! decapp+ tools furni%$ ) ! reload+ outfit4 ,! case %\ld !n be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 a /rong solution ( s(t soap & soda to remove all p[d] residue4 ,x %\ld !n be ?or\ghly dri$4 ,if ! c>tridge cases are c>efully clean$ & wa%$ imm$iately aft] fir+1 n only w less labor be requir$ b ! life ( ! c>tridge case w be greatly prolong$4 ,a good solution = wa%+ c>tridge cases may be prep>$ by us+ +r$i5ts 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 #a gallon ( wat]1 #b ounces ( s(t soap1 #e ounces soda4 ,! mixture %\ld be boil$ & /irr$ until ! +r$i5ts are entirely dissolv$4 ,9 wa%+ c>tridge cases ?is solution %\ld be us$ hot & 9 suffici5t quantity to completely imm]se ! cases4 ,nei!r acids nor solutions ( acids w be us$ = clean+ c>tridge cases4 ,precautions to be ,obs]v$ ) ,fix$ ,ammunition4 7a7 ,d n unnecess>ily expose ammunition to ! sun or load x into a w>m gun be=e "t = fir+2 if ?is is done1 erratic %oot+ w result4 7b7 ,h&le c>efully1 o!rwise c>tridges may become de=m$ & cause jams4 7c7 ,nev] use =ce or any implem5ts on ! base ( ! c>tridge 9 load+4 7d7 ,see t fuzes set at safety or are provid$ ) wat]pro( brass cov] = transport4 7e7 ,d n fire ammunition :i* has be5 "u wat] ) ! wat]pro( brass cov] remov$4 7f7 ,bo? s]vice & blank ammunition %\ld nev] be c>ri$ 9 ! batt]y at ! same "t4 ,if conditions are su* t bo? may be us$ 9 ex]cises1 only "o k9d %\ld be 9 ! fir+ batt]y2 ! o!r %\ld be "u lock & key outside ! fir+ position4 7g7 ,misfires & hangfires are ( exce$+ly r>e occurr5ce4 ,9 case ( a failure to fire1 ! fir+ h&le %\ld be pull$ aga9 9 ord] to snap ! trigg]4 ,if ?is fails to fire1 ! bree* %\ld n be op5$ until aft] ! expiration ( at lea/ "o m9ute1 :5 ! r\nd or c>tridge %\ld be remov$ & plac$ to "o side4 ,defective ammunition1 c>tridges & prim]s %\ld be report$4 ,) ,blank ,ammunition4 ,fir+ ) blank ammunition w be greatly facilitat$ by a c>eful obs]vance ( ! foll[+3 7a7 ,be=e fir+1 a c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! assembl$ r\nds to see t ! felt wads h n become displac$ or ! c>tridge cases d5t$ or de=m$ by c>eless h&l+4 ,if ! c>tridge cases h be5 prop]ly resiz$ & are clean1 no difficulty %\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 ins]t+ !m 9 ! gun1 provid$ ! *amb] ( ! latt] is clean4 ,! cont9u$ ins]tion ( c>tridge cases t are n clean causes an accumulation 9 ! gun *amb] :i* may make ! ins]tion ( subsequ5t r\nds difficult or impossible4 7b7 ,9 fir+ blank ammunition ! gun *amb] w be spong$ aft] ea* r\nd ) a damp sponge1 to ext+ui% sp>ks & remove p[d] residue result+ f ! previ\s r\nd1 be=e ! ins]tion ( ano!r r\nd4 7c7 ,c>e w be tak5 to see t ! sponges are n worn & t !y ?or\ghly fit ! *amb]4 ,! int]val betwe5 r\nds 9 fir+ blank ammunition %\ld be suffici5t to all[ ?or\gh spong+ ( ! *amb] & exam9ation to asc]ta9 t all sp>ks h be5 ext+ui%$4 7d7 ,wads = ! prep>ation ( blank metallic ammunition are made to tightly fit 9 ! c>tridge case4 ,no wads %\ld be us$ t are n a tight fit 9 ! case4 ,,fuzes4 ,pr9ciple ( op]ation4--,we h j le>n$ some?+ ( ! =ce ( in]tia 9 connection ) a projectile4 ,mo/ fuzes are actuat$ by ?is =ce4 ,f our k ( ! trajectory we "k t usually a projectile does n /rike on its nose4 ,!re=e we _c devise our fuzes to "w l ! driv+ ( a nail into a bo>d4 ,! /rik+ elem5t is ! anvil & is a fix$ po9t$ spur aga9/ :i* a slid+ elem5t conta9+ a fulm9ate /rikes4 ,! slid+ block c>ries a small *>ge ( black p[d] :i* is set (f by ! fulm9ate1 ?us ignit+ ! tra9 :i* leads to ! high explosive *>ge detonator4 ,7 ?is slid+ block left free to slide back & =? at all times x w\ld be unsafe to transport ! fuze1 z x might be set (f by accid5t4 ,!re mu/ be !re=e "s means ( hold+ x safely away f ! anvil until x is desir$ to detonate ! *>ge4 ,!re are ?us two conflict+ conditions to be met3 safety dur+ transportation & s5sitiv5ess at ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,x may n be und]/ood at fir/ :y s5sitiv5ess at ! po9t ( dep>ture %\ld be a condition to be met4 ,suffice x to say t all fuzes are design$ to arm at dis*>ge or soon aft] leav+ ! bore = !y mu/ be ready to act at any "t aft] leav+ ! muzzle4 ,7 !y to be safe dur+ flight !y might be s safe t ! rema9+ velocity w\ld n be suffici5t to set !m (f4 ,all fuzes are design$ to arm z we say ei!r dur+ travel ?r\gh ! bore or imm$iately aft]4 ,me?ods ( ,arm+4 ,spr+ me?od4--,let u suppose t aft] our projectile has />t$ on its way ! slid+ block is free to move )9 a cavity at ! =w>d end ( :i* is ! anvil4 ,if ! projectile comes to a sudd5 drop or ev5 sudd5 r$uction ( velocity ! block if unre/ra9$ w1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( in]tia1 keep on go+ till some?+ /ops x4 ,! some?+ 9 ?is case is ! anvil & ! fulm9ate cap is set (f4 ,b x is n s simple4 ,= :ile ! projectile is 9 flight x is act$ ^u by ! air resi/ance & sl[s d[n b ! block 9 ! cavity ( ! head is n subject$ to ?is resi/ance4 ,x !re=e ga9s on ! projectile or creeps =w>d 9 ! cavity unless re/ra9$ z x is by a spr+4 ,n[ "o m po9t & ?is type ( fuze is complete4 ,we suppos$ t our block 0 free to slide4 ,= safety's sake x is p9n$ to ! cavity4 ,aga9 we call ^u in]tia to bread ! p9 s z to leave ! block free to slide4 ,! /r5g? ( ! p9 is calculat$ s t ! =ce ( in]tia ( ! mass ( ! block is great] ?an ! resi/ance ( ! safety p9 & :5 ! projectile />ts ! p9 breaks & ! spr+ =ces ! block to ! re> ( ! cavity until ! sudd5 /op ( ! projectile p]mits ! block to slide =w>d z expla9$4 ,su* a fuze requires a comp>atively high initial velocity & is n adapt$ to h[itz]s us+ l[ muzzle velocities4 ,!re are ?ree o!r me?ods 9 use to arm ! fuze4 ,!y are in]tia ( a sleeve2 c5trifugal =ce & p[d] pellet sy/em1 t is1 combu/ion ( a gra9 ( p[d] hold+ ! slid+ block f ! anvil by means ( an arm re/+ aga9/ ! unburn$ p[d] gra94 ,^! are m s5sitive ?an ! type describ$4 ,9 ! fir/ sy/em1 a sleeve fitt+ ar\nd ! plung] c>ry+ ! cap slides to ! re> by in]tia :5 ! projectile />ts & two clips engage 9 not*es on ! plung] body mak+ ! sleeve & plung] !reaft] move z "o body1 !y are ?us held toge!r by a plung] spr+ :i* be=e arm+ held ! plung] away f ! anvil4 ,! safety spr+ held ! sleeve & plung] away f ! anvil & aft] arm+ prev5ts =w>d creep+ by ! plung] & sleeve n[ lock$ toge!r4 ,^u /rik+1 ! plung] & sleeve move =w>d z "o body & ! cap /rikes ! anvil4 ,9 c5trifugal sy/ems ! prim] plung] is kept safely away f ! anvil by a lock :i* is kept 9 place by spr+s4 ,:5 ! rotational velocity rea*es a c]ta9 po9t ! =ce ( ! spr+s is ov]come by ! c5trifugal =ce & ! locks are ?r[n aside or op5$ & ! plung] is free to move =w>d on impact4 ,9 ! p[d] pellet sy/em 7! "o l>gely us$ by ! ,g]mans7 !re is a well or *annel fill$ ) compress$ p[d]1 ?is is set (f by a fulm9ate cap :i* is fir$ by in]tia1 a small plung]-anvil /rik+ ! cap4 ,:5 ! p[d] is consum$ x leaves a *annel into :i* an arm atta*$ to ! slid+ block c>ry+ ! ignit+ fulm9ate = ! *>ge may slide1 ?us p]mitt+ ! block to slide =w>d to ! anvil fix$ 9 ! =w>d "p ( ! cavity4 ,x is held f creep+ =w>d aft] ! compress$ p[d] is burn$ by a safety spr+1 ?us insur+ suffici5tly h>d an impact to set (f ! cap4 ,h]et(ore 9 our s]vice ! fulm9at+ cap has be5 fix$ & ! plung] c>ri$ ! anvil or z we call x ! fir+ p94 ,su* is n[ ! sy/em 9 our base detonat+ fuzes1 & 9 our comb9ation fuze4 ,! new po9t detonat+ fuzes are patt]n$ aft] ! ,fr5* & are practically ,fr5* fuzes4 ,fuzes ,classification4 ,fuses are classifi$ z3 7a7 ,p]cussion if x acts on impact1 produc+ a l[ ord] ( explosion4 7b7 ,"t :5 x acts 9 ! air at a c]ta9 po9t ( ! trajectory4 7c7 ,comb9ation if x is able to act 9 ! air or ^u impact4 7d7 ,detonat+ :5 x conta9s a fulm9ate :i* w br+ ab\t detonation ^u impact4 ,! detonator may be sep>ate or incorporat$ 9 ! fuse4 ,= ! #ge-mm gun & ! #aee-mm h[itz] x =ms a "p ( ! fuze4 ,_m fuzes are arm$ on set-back4 ,an exception to ?is is ! long detonat+ fuse1 ,,mk #aaa1 :i* is arm$ by ! unroll+ ( a brass spiral hold+ toge!r two half r+s made ( /eel s fitt$ z to prev5t ! anvil & ! head ( ! fuse f gett+ close toge!r4 ,! spiral unrolls :5 ! rotational velocity ( ! projectile rea*es a c]ta9 spe$1 ?us draw+ away ! two /eel r+s & arm+ ! fuse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,detonat+ ,,fuze--,,m>k-,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,detonat+ ,,fuze--,,m>k-,v4 ,x is ( great importance t ! spiral spr+ be n unroll$ dur+ transportation or /orage4 ,?is is prev5t$ by w9d+ a tape ( t>r$ canvas ar\nd ! spirals1 ! head be+ cov]$ by a ?9 b& ( t9foil4 ,j be=e load+ ! projectile ! head & tape are remov$ by pull+ ! free end ( ! tape4 ,! foll[+ precautions conc]n+ fuses mu/ be rigidly obs]v$ to prev5t grave accid5ts3 #a4 ,all detonators & detonat+ po9t fuses mu/ be fitt$ ) a felt wa%] und]nea?1 ?us insur+ prop] seat+ 9 ! c5tral tube4 #b4 ,nev] disassemble a fuse by unscrew+4 #c4 ,any fuse1 ! p>ts ( :i* h become accid5tally unscrew$1 mu/ be de/roy$ at once4 ,if fir$ x may cause a premature bur/2 if h&l$ a grave accid5t may result4 #d4 ,any fuse or projectile :i* has be5 fir$ is dang]\s1 because x may !n be able to detonate by a v slight %ock4 ,x is =bidd5 to t\* x4 #e4 ,nev] remove ! t9 hood f ! long fuse be=e hav+ screw$ ! fuse 9 ! c5tral tube4 #f4 ,aft] hav+ remov$ ! t9 hood1 be sure t ! spiral is 9 its prop] position4 ,nev] use a long fuse )\t ! spiral4 #g4 ,be sure ! m5 und]/& t ?is spiral mu/ n be remov$4 ,x has happ5$ t m5 h remov$ ?is spiral1 ?9k+ t x 0 a device simil> to ! safety r+ 9 tr5* mort> fuzes1 ,,mk ,,vii ,e4 #h4 ,see t ! r+ ( ! long fuze :i* connects ! p[d] tra9 to ! fuze body _c be unscrew$4 ,if x c be unscrew$ ! fuze %\ld be s5t back to ! depot4 #i4 ,if x is necess>y to remove a %ell ) a long fuze by means ( ! ramm]1 be sure to h a special ramm] cup 9 ! %ape ( a holl[ cyl9d] ( wood :i* w fit betwe5 ! %ell & ! ramm]4 #aj4 ,"t & comb9ation fuzes _c be made absolutely wat]-tight2 ! cov] mu/ !re=e n be remov$ until ! projectile is ab\t to be load$4 ,fuse ,tables4 ,tables %[+ ,am]ican & ,fr5* fuses to be us$ by our ,field ,artill]y1 ) in=mation conc]n+ m>k+s1 color1 "t ( delay1 size ( fuse1 etc4 ,,detonat+ ,,fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,"t ( delay4 ,color4 ,size ( ,fuse4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,mk ,i #b-ajj ,:ite head4 ,%ort4 ,m ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj ,,mk ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj ,:ite top4 ,%ort4 ,,mk ,,ii 7%ort delay7 #e-ajj ,black top4 ,%ort4 ,m ,,ii 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,black head4 ,%ort4 ,,mk ,,iii 7,sup]s5sitive7 z]o ,no color4 ,long4 ,,mk ,,iv 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,:ite top4 ,%ort4 ,,mk ,,iv 7%ort delay7 #e-ajj ,black top4 ,%ort4 ,,mk ,,iv 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,black top violet ,%ort4 detonator socket4 ,,mk ,v 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,:ite top4 ,%ort4 ,,mk ,v 7%ort delay7 #e-ajj ,black top4 ,%ort4 ,m>k--,,vii 7non delay7 #b-ajj ,:ite4 ,%ort ,m>k ,,vii 7long delay7 #bj-ajj ,black top ) violet ,%ort detonator socket ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,"t ( delay4 ,correspond+ to4 ,cannon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,mk ,i #b-ajj ,russian #c;,,gt4 #c0 gun = t>get practice only4 ,m ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj #h01 #i4b01 ,,mk ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj #bjd-m_/m4 ,,mk ,,ii 7%ort delay7 #e-ajj ,modifi$4 ,gun & ,h[itz]4 ,m ,,ii 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,russian4 ,,mk ,,iii 7,sup]s5sitive7 z]o ,fr5* ,,ial4 #ge ,g2 #c4h0;,g & ,h2 #d4g 94 ,g & ,h #f0;,h2 #aee;,h2 all gas %ells4 ,,mk ,,iv 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,fr5* #bd_/ca ,h[itz] only4 ,,sr 7#ii-ae74 ,,mk ,,iv 7%ort delay7 #e-ajj ,fr5* #bd_/ca ,h[itz] only4 ,,ar 7#ii-ae74 ,,mk ,,iv 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,fr5* #bd_/ca ,h[itz] only4 ,,sr 7#ii-ae74 ,,mk ,v 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,fr5* #bd_/ca ,all guns1 b n ,,sr 7#ii-jh74 ,h[itz]s4 ,,mk ,v 7%ort delay7 #e-ajj ,fr5* #bd_/ca ,all guns1 b n ,,ar 7#ii-jh74 ,h[itz]s4 ,m>k--,,vii 7non delay7 #b-ajj #f0 ,t4 ,m4 ,m>k ,,vii 7long delay7 #bj-ajj #f0 ,t4 ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,lett] 8,e0 aft] m>k ,,vii indicates safety device4 ,note3--,all ,am]ican po9t detonat+ fuses are /amp$ on head cap 9 lett]s & figures1 4#abe 9 high1 ) "n ( use1 am\nt ( delay1 initials ( load]1 lot & numb]2 ?us3 ,,pdf4 ,,miv1 xx ,delay1 ,,fa1 ,lot ,no4 xx4 ,illu/ration3 #de-,,second ,,comb9ation ,,fuze ,,m>k ,i4 ,illu/ration3 #ba ,,second ,,comb9ation ,,fuze ,,model ,,( #aijg ,m4 ,,comb9ation ,,fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,total "t ,fuse4 burn+ ,correspond+ ,sec4 ,fr5* ,type4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ba s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a41 #aijg ,m4 #ba #bb_/ca,m #ahig1 #bd sec4 #ba s_/comb4 ,f4,a41 #aiae #ba #bb_/ca,m #aiaf1 #bd sec4 ,,aa4 #ca s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a4 #aiae #ca #cj_/ee,m #ahhi1 #dj sec4 #de s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a4 #aijg ,m4 #de ,same z above4 #cj_/ee,m #ahhi1 #dj sec4 #cj_/ee,m #aiac1 #dj sec4 ,,aa4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,fuse4 ,on :at ,by :at cannon ,wt4 ( projectile us$4 fir$4 fuse4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ba s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a41 #aijg ,m4 ,com4 ,%rapnel4 ,all #c0 & #ge-mm #a lbs4 #ba s_/comb4 ,m,ki4 guns ,f4,a41 #aiae ,com4 ,%rapnel4 ,all #c0 & #ge-mm #a lbs4 #ca s_/comb4 ,m,ki4 guns ,f4 ,a4 #aiae ,com4 ,%rapnel4 #d4g0 gun4 #b lbs4 #de s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a4 #aijg ,m4 ,com4 ,%rapnel4 #aee ,h[4 ,m,ki4 ,c4 ,s4 ,%ell ,,aa #d4g0 gun ,m,kiii ,anti-aircraft4 ,,aa4 ,%rapnel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,action ,,( ,,am]ican ,,& ,,fr5* ,,detonat+ ,,fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"t z]o #a_/ajj #b_/ajj ,color ,no color4 ,r$4 ,:ite4 ,am]ican ,m,kii ,none be+ made4 ,,mk i ,detonat+ ,fuse is consid]$ ,,mk ii 7,,nd7 unsafe ,,mk i,v 7,,nd7 safe ,,mk i,v 7,,nd7 ,fuses ,w be ab&on$ by ,fr5* ,,mk ,v 7,,nd7 ,fr5* i,a,l4 #a ,,sr4 detonat+ fuses ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,"t #e_/ajj #ae_/ajj ,color ,black4 ,black ) violet socket4 ,am]ican ,,mk ii 7,,sd7 ,,mk ii 7,,ld7 ,detonat+ ,,mk ii 7,,sd7 ,,mk iv 7,,ld7 ,,mk ,v 7,,sd7 ,,mk ,v 7,,sd7 ,fuses ,fr5* ,,ar4 ,,lr4 detonat+ fuses ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,notes on ,ammunition ,m>k+4 ,m>ks on ,h4 ,e4 ,%ell4 ,^! are ( two k9ds4 7a7 ,/amp$ m>ks made ) a /eel pun* on ! body ( ! projectile j above ! rotat+ b&4 ,^! ref] to ! manufacture ( ! projectile4 7b7 ,pa9t$ m>ks or b&s :i* are cle>ly visible4 ,!y ref] to ! load+1 to ! weight ( ! projectile & to ! special purposes = :i* ! projectile is to be us$4 ,pa9t$ m>ks ref]r+ to load+ are f\nd on ! ogive4 ,h4 ,e4 %ells are usually pa9t$ r$4 ,m>ks ref]r+ to weight are pa9t$ 9 black j above ! rotat+ b&1 z foll[s3 ,l4--v light4 --light4 --normal4 --heavy4 --v heavy4 ,a :ite cross above ^! m>ks means t a plate has be5 weld$ on ! base4 ,^! m>ks are also pa9t$ on ! boxes4 ,%ells fitt$ ) c>tridge cases 7fix$ ammunition7 are n pa9t$ bel[ ! rotat+ b&s4 ,special ,%ell4 ,inc5di>y %ells4--,^! inc5di>y %ells are fill$ ) "s flame-produc+ liquid1 alum9o !rmic *>ge or inc5di>y cyl9d] compos$ ( sl[ burn+ l9/ock & /r+ /rongly impregnat$ ) saltpet]4 ,m>k+s4--,gre5 ) r$ ogive4 ,all %ells conta9+ black p[d] are m or less inc5di>y4 ,p]cussion %rapnel is inc5di>y4 ,illu/ration3 #ge-mm ,ammunition4 ,/> ,%ells4--,= #aee h[itz]4 ,^u bur/+1 !y lib]ate eight :ite />s fitt$ ) silk5 p>a*utes4 ,! />s are project$ backw>d ?r\gh ! base ( ! projectile at ! po9t ( bur/4 ,! p>a*utes op51 ! />s desc5d+ v sl[ly1 illum9at+ ! surr\nd+ objects = ab\t #de sec4 ,! be/ height ( bur/ is ab\t #cjj m42 ! bur/ int]val %\ld n be ov] #cjj4 ,^! %ells are also inc5di>y4 ,m>k+s3 a blue /> & an 8,e40 ,gas %ells are ei!r toxic or te>-produc+4 7a7 ,toxic %ells are numb]$ ei!r #d or #e4 ,! liquids #d & #e volatize1 imm$iately ^u contact ) ! air4 ,! gases are quickly diffus$ & easily c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,effect4--,liquid #d acts imm$iately & is felt in/antly4 ,liquid #e1 on ! contr>y1 works m sl[ly & its effects are app>5t only aft] sev]al h\rs4 ,m>k+s3 ,gre5 ) :ite b&s1 & numb]s #d or #e on ! ogive4 7b7 ,te> %ells4--,^! %ells are numb]$ #aa1 #ab & #ac4 ,!y are fill$ ) two liquids1 ei!r mix$ or sep>at$1 "o liquid be+ te> produc+1 ! o!r smoke produc+4 ,:5 ! %ell bur/s1 a great] "p ( ! liquid is volatiliz$1 ! rema9d] be+ project$ to ! gr\nd 9 small drops :i* volatize ) v>iable spe$4 ,m>k+s3 ,gre5 ) numb]s #aa1 #ab or #ac on ! ogive4 ,trac] %ell4--,?is %ell is fitt$ ) a "t fuse :i* ignites ! inside *>ge1 ! flames ( :i* pass ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! ogive ?us trac+ ! trajectory4 ,trac] %ells are us$ 9 fire = adju/m5t on aircraft4 ,!y are also inc5di>y4 ,m>k+s3 ,:ite ) blue ogive4 ,lett] 8,t0 pa9t$ on body4 ,,precautions ,,9 ,,sep>ate ,,load+ ,,projectiles4 ,all projectiles mu/ be seat$ accurately & c>efully 9 load+1 o!rwise n only inaccurate fire w result b also premature detonations may occur4 ,rotat+ b&s %\ld be smoo!d & lightly greas$ j be=e load+4 ,9 transport & 9 /orage ! b&s %\ld be protect$ by rope b&s1 /raw ti!s1 etc41 to prev5t de=mation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,c>e ,,& ,,pres]vation4 ,,oils ,,& ,,clean+ ,,mat]ial1 ,,tools ,,& ,,accessories ,,= ,,artill]y ,,mat]iel ,,) ,,_! ,,use4 ,9 ord] t all p>ts ( ! mat]iel may function easily1 x is necess>y t all ! work+ & be>+ surfaces may be prop]ly clean$ & lubricat$ ) ! appropriate lubricant4 ,:]e su* surfaces are n directly accessible1 oil holes are provid$2 ^! holes %\ld be kept free f grit & dirt4 ,except dur+ oil+1 !y %\ld be kept fully clos$ by ! means provid$4 ,= use 9 s]vice1 = ! clean+ & pres]vation ( ?is mat]iel1 ! ordnance dep>tm5t issues hydrol9e oil1 lubricat+ oil1 clock oil1 vasel9e1 sp]m oil1 coal oil1 neat's-foot oil & light slu%+ oil4 ,ea* ( ^! oils are suit$ = ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* x is issu$1 z /at$ bel[1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t x is n us$ = o!r purposes4 ,hydrol9e oil4--,us$ 9 ! recoil cyl9d]s ( ! c>riage & = no o!r purpose4 ,nev] us$ z a lubricant4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by its l[ freez+ po9t & its non-corrosive action on metals4 ,lubricat+ oil 7,eng9e oil ,numb] #a74--;,a light petroleum oil us$ exclusively 9 all oil holes ( ! mat]iel1 & 9 lubricat+ su* p>ts z :eels & axles1 guns & cradle slides1 cradle p9tle & socket elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anisms1 ext]ior ( cyl9d]s1 brake be>+s1 h+es1 diff]5t surfaces ( bree*blocks1 ?reads1 bree* recess1 et cet]a4 ,clock oil4--,us$ on ! sp9dle & all ge>+s ( ! ,batt]y ,comm&]'s telescope1 be>+s ( ! panoramic sight1 range quadrants & fuze sett]s4 ,9 all cases clock oil %\ld be us$ only :5 ! in/rum5ts m5tion$ are disassembl$ = clean+4 ,x %\ld be appli$ by dropp+ f ! end ( ! dropp] atta*$ to ! end ( ! cork4 ,9 case ( em]g5cy1 use z a sub/itute ei!r sp]m oil or ,eng9e oil ,no4 #a1 9 ! ord] m5tion$4 ,vasel9e 7,petrolatum74--,! heavy petroleum oil free f ros94 ,us$ on ! worm ge>s & ! worm racks ( ! panoramic sight1 ! h& & bracket fuze sett]1 ,b4 ,c4 telescope1 & on ! micromet] screw & bu%+ ( ! quadrant4 ,! sp>e p>ts ( ! bree* me*anism %\ld also be coat$ ) vasel9e & ea* piece !n wrapp$ 9 pap] to prev5t ! oil f be+ rubb$ (f4 ,sp]m oil4--,a light] lubricant ?an ! lubricat+ oils1 & may be us$ on ! ge>s ( sights1 fuze sett]s1 ranges1 quadrants1 p>ts ( revolv]s1 et cet]a2 lubricat+ oil may also be us$ on su* p>ts4 ,x is also us$ z a tempor>y ru/ prev5tive4 ,its l[ viscosity & light body make x unsuitable = ?is purpose = m ?an a few days4 ,coal oil4--,us$ = clean+ purposes4 ,9 ! field x may be us$ = lant]ns4 ,coal oil = g5]al illum9at+ purposes is furni%$ by ! qu>t]ma/] dep>tm5t4 ,neat's-foot ,oil4--,an animal oil us$ = s(t5+ & pres]v+ lea!r4 ,appli$ ) a moi/5$ clo? to ! fle% side ( moi/5$ lea!r4 ,light slu%+ oil4--,! heavy petroleum oil simil> to cosmic4 ,us$ z a ru/ prev5tive4 ,ess5tially a m9]al oil conta9+ a l>ge p] c5t ( ros94 ,prescrib$ = use 9 ! protection & pres]vation ( all bright or unpa9t$ ( /eel or iron on all p>ts ( ! equipm5t :5 ! mat]iel is to rema9 unus$ = an appreciable l5g? ( "t4 ,its use z a lubricant = mobile artill]y is =bidd54 ,be=e apply+ ! slu%+ oil to any surface1 ! p>ts %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ s z to be free f ru/1 coal oil1 lubricat+ oil1 et cet]a1 z _! pres5ce w cause ru/+ "u ! slu%+ oil4 ,! slu%+ oil %\ld !n be appli$ 9 a ?91 uni=m coat1 s9ce ?is is all t is necess>y to give good protection4 ,except 9 v cold wea!r x c be appli$ by us+ a pa9t bru% z :5 pa9t+1 9 cold wea!r x %\ld be appli$ by /ippl+--t is1 by hold+ ! bru% p]p5dicul> to ! surface to be coat$ & !n tapp+ ! surface ) ! po9t ( ! bru%4 ,x c be appli$ ?r\gh ! bore ( ! gun by a slu% bru% issu$ = t purpose4 ,9 cold wea!r x %\ld be w>m$ be=e us$ 9 ! bore ( ! gun4 ,x may be readily remov$ by burlap or wa/e dipp$ coal oil4 ,borax4--,issu$ = use z a flux 9 weld+4 ,laval9e4--,a metal poli% issu$ int]*angeable ) ,gibson's soap poli%4 ,us$ on bits & coll>s4 ,lye1 p[d]$4--,:5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 "o p\nd to six qu>ts ) suffici5t lime to give a consi/5ce ( pa9t1 is us$ to remove old & bli/]$ pa9t4 ,nap?al9e4--,a mo? prev5tive1 effective only aft] eggs & grubs already pres5t h be5 remov$4 ,us$ 9 ! /orage ( blankets1 et cet]a4 ,poli%1 ,gibson's ,soap4--,a metal poli% issu$ int]*angeably ) laval9e4 ,us$ on bits & coll>s4 ,pa9t1 rubb]9e4--,us$ 9 connection ) load+ ammunition 9 accordance ) in/ructions reg>d+ ! same4 ,prim]1 br[n enamel4--,a h>d1 quick dry+ enamel us$ = pa9t+ p>ts ( horse coll>s1 draft spr+s1 et cet]a4 ,sal ,soda1 ,bic>bonate ( ,soda4--,a saturat$ solution ( soda & wat] makes an alkal9e solution t w n ru/4 ,! solution mu/ be saturat$1 t is1 at lea/ #bj or "o-f\r? p\nd ( soda 7#f heap+ spoonfuls to "o cup ( wat]74 ,?is solution is an effective solv5t ( p[d] f\l+ & %\ld always be us$ aft] fir+1 :e!r metal f\l+ solution is to be us$ or n4 ,x r$uces ! labor ( clean+ ) oil alone by m ?an half4 ,us$ also 9 a weak] solution 7"o-half p\nd to #h qu>ts ( wat]7 9 wa%+ surfaces to be pa9t$ & to remove dirt & grease4 ,soap1 ,h4 ,h4--,a neutral naph?a soap us$ 9 wa%+ blankets1 web & clo? equipm5t4 ,appli$ 9 ! =m ( a solution 7"o cake to #i cups ( hot wat]74 ,if = any cause ?is soap is n obta9able1 a good laundry soap 7ivory or equal7 may be us$1 b 9 no case %\ld yell[ soap conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( alkali be us$4 ,soap1 ca/ile4--,an alkal9e soap us$ 9 clean+ lea!r equipm5t4 ,appli$ on a moi/5$ sponge4 ,soap1 saddle 7,holl+%ead74--,a soap us$ z a dress+ = lea!r equipm5t4 ,appli$ ) a ?ick la!r on a moi/5$ sponge4 ,swabb+ solution1 conta9s4--,ammonium p]sulphate1 #fj gra9s or "o half spoonful smoo!d (f4 ,ammonia #bh1 #f oz4 or ( a p9t or #ab spoonfuls4 ,wat]1 #d oz4 or p9t or #h spoonfuls4 ,dissolve ! ammonium p]sulphate 9 ! wat] & add ! ammonia4 ,keep 9 a tightly cork$ bottle4 ,p\r out only :at is necess>y at a "t & keep ! bottle cork$4 ,,tools ,,& ,,accessories4 ,9 ! repair ( all equipm5t1 x is lit]ally true t 8a /it* 9 "t saves n9e10 & t a timely repair w save ! entire article4 ,tool ,kits w be kept complete & s]viceable2 edges ( cold *isels free f nicks2 drifts & pun*es prop]ly %ap$ imm$iately aft] us+2 & files kept clean4 ,to prev5t unscrew+1 copp] wire is us$ to la% nuts & o!r ?read$ p>ts :i* are n secur$ by split p9s4 ,cont5ts ( ,lea!r ,p\* = ,sp>e ,p>ts 7c>ri$ 9 ,trail ,boxes ( #c-;in* ,guns73-- ,= ,bree*block-- #ej ,split p9s #a ,block lat* & spr+ #a ,fir+ p9 & spr+ #a ,fir+ p9 sleeve #b ,h&y oil]s1 #e-af in* #a ,h+e p9 cat* #a ,lev] lat* spr+ #a ,lock+ bolt1 nut & p9 #a ,lock+ bolt spr+ #b ,oil hole cov]s ) screws #a ,pallet p9 #a ,se> #b ,trigg] %aft det5t ,= ,h& ,fuze ,sett]-- #b ,corrector scale screws #a ,guide plate lock screw #b ,index b> screws #a ,index plung] & spr+ #b ,oil hole screws #a ,range index #c ,range r+ screws #a ,/op p9 screw ,= ,bracket ,fuze ,sett]-- #a ,corrector scale screw #c ,guide screws #d ,h\s+ screws split wa%]s #a ,knob wa%] #a ,range worm crank knob tap] p9 #a ,range worm crank h&le #b ,range r+ screws #c ,split p9s 7#j4abe7 #a ,spr+ & spr+ cov] ) screw #b ,/op p9s ) rivets ,= ,cyl9d]-- #a ,dra9-plug1 cyl9d] #a ,elevat+ trav]s+ lock spr+ #a ,fill+ plug 7pi/on rod7 #e ,r+s ,g>lock pack+1 9 ,special ,wr5*es1 ,spann]s1 o!r tools & accessories w be us$ only = ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,?is purpose is usually /amp$ ^u ! tool4 ,9 assembl+ or disassembl+ p>ts ( ! mat]iel1 no "p w be /ruck directly ) a hamm]4 ,if =ce is necess>y1 a piece ( wood or copp] %\ld be int]pos$ betwe5 ! hamm] & ! "p /ruck4 ,all nuts are provid$ ) split p9s z keep]s4 ,a pair ( wire cutt+ pli]s is provid$ = use 9 pull+ split p9s1 cutt+ wire la%+s1 etc4 ,:5 a nut is assembl$ ! split p9 %\ld always be ins]t$ & prop]ly op5$4 ,axes1 hat*ets1 picks1 pick mattocks & %ovels are c>ri$ on ! c>riage = use 9 ! field & w n be put to o!r uses4 ,! work+ edges w be kept bright & lightly oil$1 ! edges be+ %>p5$ if int5d$ = cutt+1 or smoo? if int5d$ = digg+4 ,de=m$ blades1 edges or po9ts %\ld be /raight5$ at ! anvil & =ge or 9 a vise4 ,%ovel po9ts are /raight5$ ) a hamm] on a block ( wood4 ,! side edges ( %ovel blades %\ld n be us$ z a mattock1 z su* treatm5t w de=m ! blade4 ,9 ! field1 split h&les %\ld be wrapp$ ) a cord until !y c be replac$ by new h&les4 ,canvas ,buckets are us$ = wat]+ animals1 = wa%+ c>riages & equipm5t4 ,:5ev] possible1 !y %\ld be dri$ be=e fold+ & replac+ 9 ! hold]s on ! c>riages4 ,a rip or hole may be pat*$ & made practically wat]-tight by a coat ( %ellac4 ,lant]ns are us$ = illum9at+ purposes 9 ! field only4 ,paul9s are us$ to cov] ! h>ness & guns :5 9 ! field or 9 p>k4 ,on ! m>* !y are c>ri$ on ! c>riages1 be+ fold$ to s]ve z seat cu%ions4 ,holes & te>s %\ld always be prop]ly sew$1 /it*$ or d>n$ z soon z practicable4 ,picket ,ropes are us$ 9 ! field z drag ropes = ! c>riages or z picket l9es = ! animals4 ,! ropes mu/ be 9 a s]viceable condition & free f knots4 ,to keep !m 9 a s]viceable condition1 splic+ may (t5 be necess>y4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,clean+ ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,c>riages4 ,to disassemble & to clean ! cyl9d]4--,= clean+1 ! cyl9d] is dism\nt$ & empti$ & ! cyl9d] head1 c\nt] recoil buff]1 & pi/on rod remov$4 ,! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pi/on1 ! c\nt] recoil buff] & ! /uff+ box %\ld !n be ?or\ghly clean$ by ! use ( cotton wa/e4 ,! removal ( ! pack+ is n necess>y 9 clean+4 ,! cyl9d] bore %\ld be c>efully inspect$1 & if any ru/ has =m$ x %\ld be remov$ ) coal oil1 us+ if necess>y1 f9e em]y clo?4 ,! latt] mu/ be us$ ) great c>e to prev5t any increase 9 ! cle>ance betwe5 ! pi/on & ! cyl9d]4 ,if rubb+1 burr+1 or scor+ ( ! p>ts is not$1 ! r\gh spots %\ld be c>efully smoo!d d[n by a skill$ workman ) a dead smoo? file or ) em]y clo?1 & ! cause ( ! r\ghness asc]ta9$ & remov$4 ,:]e unusual rubb+ or scor+ has occurr$1 ! facts w be report$ to ! ,(fic] ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t *>g$ ) ! duty ( keep+ ! batt]y 9 repair1 = 8 in=mation & action4 ,! ext]ior ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be kept well oil$ & free f ru/ & dirt1 & an inspection made at lea/ once a mon? to asc]ta9 its condition4 ,:]e ru/ has =m$ x %\ld be remov$ ) coal oil1 &1 if necess>y1 em]y clo?4 ,= %ipm5t or /orage1 or :]e ! c>riage is to /& )\t fir+ = ext5d$ p]iods1 ! cyl9d] %\ld be coat$ ) ! light slu%+ oil us$ = ! bore ( guns4 ,to fill ! recoil cyl9d]4--,if ! cyl9d] is n completely fill$1 loss ( /ability w occur & high] /resses ?an normal w be develop$ 9 ! c>riage4 ,= ?is reason ! cyl9d] %\ld be fill$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 a commission$ %\ld1 himself1 v]ify t ! cyl9d] is full & t no air is left 9 x1 exception ( ! void not$ bel[4 ,x is f> easi] to fill ! cyl9d] :5 x is disassembl$ f ! cradle4 ,if assembl$ 9 ! cradle1 br+ ! gun to its maximum elevation & remove bo? fill+ & dra9 plugs4 ,x is necess>y t ! dra9 plug holes %\ld be lubricat$ on top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,fill ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! pi/on rod4 ,all[ a few m9utes = ! air to escape & ! oil to settle4 ,refill & repeat two or ?ree times4 ,:5 satisfi$ t ! cyl9d] is entirely full ( oil1 ins]t bo? plugs1 & depress ! gun to its maximum depression4 ,aft] a few mom5ts elevate aga9 to its maximum elevation & unscrew bo? plugs4 ,n[ refill z describ$ above4 ,:5 entirely full1 all[ n m ?an two cubic in*es 7ab\t "o-f\r? ( a gill7 ( ! oil to escape1 ins]t bo? plugs & la% !m ) copp] wire4 ,x may happ5 t aft] fir+ a few r\nds ! gun w n return to batt]y4 ,?is may be due to1 fir/1 weakness ( spr+s1 second1 /uff+ box gl& be+ screw$ up too tight1 or ?ird1 ! oil hav+ exp&$1 due to heat4 ,x any case ! cause mu/ be asc]ta9$ & rem$i$1 if due to expansion ( oil1 x is prov5 by ! fact t ! gun _c be pu%$ into batt]y by =ce ex]t$ on ! bree* ( ! gun4 ,9 t case elevate ! gun to its maximum elevation & remove ! fill+ plug4 ,! oil w n[ escape p]mitt+ ! gun to return to batt]y4 ,9 em]g5cies1 wat] may be us$ 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,?is %\ld be done only :5 absolutely necess>y1 & nev] 9 freez+ wea!r1 & z soon z practicable ! cyl9d] %\ld be empti$1 clean$1 & ?or\ghly dri$ & fill$ ) hydrol9e oil4 ,ab\t #i p9ts ( hydrol9e oil are requir$ = fill+ ! recoil cyl9d]4 ,to empty ! recoil cyl9d]4--,! cyl9d] may be empti$ ei!r :5 assembl$ or disassembl$ f ! cradle4 ,9 ei!r case1 remove bo? ! fill+ & dra9 plugs1 depress ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d] & dra9 ! cont5ts into a clean c or o!r receptacle ov] :i* a piece ( l95 or musl9 has be5 /ret*$1 = /ra9+ ! oil4 ,to clean ! recoil cyl9d] oil4--,! hydrol9e oil us$ 9 ! cyl9d] %\ld be clean$ & free f grit & dirt4 ,! oil %\ld be /or$ 9 ! clos$ cans provid$ = ! purpose1 & be c>efully protect$ f dirt1 s&1 or wat]4 ,oil )drawn f ! cyl9d]s & conta9+ any s$im5t mu/ n be us$ aga9 until x has be5 all[$ to settle = n less ?an #bd h\rs4 ,:5 s$im5t has ?us be5 p]mitt$ to settle great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to di/urb x 9 remov+ ! oil4 ,to insure ! cleanl9ess ( all cyl9d] oil x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a clean piece ( l95 or musl9 be=e us+4 ,to clean ! bore ( ! gun4--,aft] fir+ & at o!r times :5 necess>y1 ! bore ( ! gun %\ld be clean$ to remove ! residue ( smokeless p[d]1 & !n oil$4 ,9 clean+1 wa% ! bore ) a solution made by dissolv+ "o-half p\nd ( ,sal ,soda 9 "o gallon ( boil+ wat]4 ,aft] wa%+ ) ! soda solution1 wipe p]fectly dry & !n oil ! bore ) a ?9 coat+ ( ! light slu%+ oil furni%$ = t purpose4 ,briefly /at$1 ! c>e ( ! bore consi/s ( remov+ ! f\l+ result+ f fir+1 9 obta9+ a *emically clean surface & 9 coat+ ?is surface ) a film ( oil to prev5t ru/+4 ,! f\l+ :i* results f fir+ ( two k9ds--"o1 ! production ( combu/ion ( p[d]1 ! o!r1 copp] scrap$ (f ! rotat+ b&4 ,p[d] f\l+ because ( its acid reaction1 is highly corrosive1 t is1 x w induce ru/ & mu/ be remov$4 ,metal f\l+ ( itself is unactive1 b its pres5ce prev5ts ! action ( clean+ ag5ts4 ,x %\ld be remov$ if x accumulates4 ,at e opportunity 9 ! int]mission ( fire1 ! bore ( ! gun %\ld be clean$ & lubricat$4 ,to clean ! bree* me*anism4--,! bree* me*anism %\ld be kept clean & well lubricat$4 ,x %\ld be dism\nt$ = exam9ation & oil$ :5 assembl$4 ,to clean ! recoil spr+s4--,dism\nt to clean4 ,all ru/ %\ld be remov$ & ! spr+s well oil$ be=e assembl+4 ,:5 ! spr+s are dism\nt$ ! int]ior ( ! cradle %\ld be clean$ & exam9$ = defective rivet+1 miss+ rivet heads & scor+4 ,! condition ( ! spr+ support guide %\ld be not$ & all burrs or scores c>efully smoo!d (f4 ,to clean1 lubricate & c>e = ! elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anism4--,! contact surfaces betwe5 ! cradle & ! rock] %\ld be kept clean1 ?or\ghly oil$1 & free f ru/4 ,if indications ( ru/+1 cutt+1 or scor+ ( ^! surfaces appe>1 ! cradle %\ld be dism\nt$1 ! ru/ remov$1 & r\gh spots smoo!d away4 ,! elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anisms %\ld be dism\nt$ = ?or\gh clean+ & ov]haul+4 ,!y %\ld be kept well oil$ & %\ld "w easily4 ,if at any "t ei!r me*anism works h>d] ?an usual1 x %\ld be imm$iately ov]haul$ & ! cause discov]$ & remov$4 ,9 travel+1 ! cradle %\ld be lock$ to ! trail by means ( ! elevat+ & trav]s+ lock1 s z to relieve ! po9t+ me*anism ( all travel /resses4 ,to clean1 lubricate & c>e = ! :eels4--,! :eel & :eel fa/5+s %\ld be dism\nt$ p]iodically & ! fa/5+s1 hub boxes1 axle arms1 & axle bore clean$ & exam9$4 ,all r\ghness due to scor+ or cutt+ %\ld be smoo!d (f4 ,! holl[ "p ( ! axle acts z a res]voir = ! oil to lubricate ! :eel be>+s4 ,exp]i5ce w %[ h[ mu* oil is ne$$1 b en\gh %\ld be us$ to insure t ! oil w pass ?r\gh ! axle arms to ! hub caps4 ,! nuts on ! hub bolts %\ld be tight5$ mon?ly dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( s]vice & twice a ye> !reaft]4 ,! ends ( ! bolts %\ld be lightly rivet$ ov] to prev5t ! nut f unscrew+4 ,:5 ! hub bolts are tight5$1 ! hub b& %\ld be screw$ up z tightly z possible aga9/ ! lock wa%] at ! out] end ( ! hub r+4 ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,c>e ,,& ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,mat]iel ,assembl+ & ,disassembl+4 7a7 ,cradle me*anism1 cyl9d]1 spr+s et cet]a4 ,all "w ^u recoil cyl9d]s1 sights1 & o!r optical equipm5t %\ld be done 9 ! pres5ce ( a commission$ (fic]4 ,! recoil cyl9d] %\ld nev] be clamp$ 9 a vise1 b :5 necess>y to hold x f turn+1 a spann] appli$ to ! front end ( cyl9d] %\ld be us$4 ,nev] remove ! cyl9d] end /ud nut :5 ! piece is at an elevation4 ,see t prop] k9d ( oil is us$ 9 cyl9d]s & = lubrication4 ,/ra9 ! oil us$ 9 fill+ ! cyl9d]s ?r\gh a f9e clean clo? & be sure t ! receptacles us$ 9 h&l+ ! oil are clean4 ,take e precaution to keep ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]s clean & to prev5t ! entrance ( =eign p>ticles4 ,9 assembl+ ! gl& be sure t at lea/ f\r ?reads ( ! gl& are engag$ ) ! ?reads ( ! cyl9d] head4 ,la% p>ts ) copp] wire to prev5t unscrew+4 ,close d[n ! ends ( ! recoil-indicator guide to avoid loss ( ! indicator4 ,prev5t possible injury to cannone]s by caus+ !m to /& cle> ( ! c\nt]-recoil spr+ column 9 assembl+ or dism\nt+4 ,remove cyl9d] end /ud screw be=e try+ to unscrew cyl9d] end /ud4 7b7 ,gun ,9 mov+ ! gun on or (f ! cradle1 provide ample support = ! bree* end1 s t ! gun clips are 9 prolongation ( ! cradle guides2 if ?is is n done ! cradle guides may be ru9$4 7c7 ,elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anism4 ,if ! gun w n rema9 at ! elevation at :i* set1 ! crank %afts are probably n correctly assembl$4 ,if ! elevat+ screw d n h\se 9 travel+1 !y are incorrectly assembl$4 7d7 ,sights & quadrant4 ,frequ5tly v]ify ! adju/m5ts ( sights & quadrant4 ,require special c>e 9 h&l+ sights4 ,d n p]mit cannone]s to use front sight z a h&le 9 m\nt+4 ,be sure t ! range disk ( ! quadrant & range /rip ( ! re> sight %ank are graduat$ = ! p>ticul> type ( ammunition us$ by ! batt]y4 ,?is also applies to ! fuze sett]4 ,c>e ( ,mat]iel4 7a7 ,p>ts ( ! ,c>riages4 ,all nuts are secur$ by split p9s1 :i* %\ld be replac$ & prop]ly op5$ :5 nuts are screw$ home4 ,d n /rike any metal "p directly ) a hamm]2 int]pose a buff] ( wood or copp]4 ,all work+ & be>+ surfaces ( ! c>riage require oil+2 ^? n directly accessible = ?is purpose are provid$ ) oil holes clos$ by spr+ cov]s or h&y oil]s4 ,d n p]mit brake lev]s to be releas$ ) a kick or bl[4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! apron h+es occasionally become brok51 & t ! apron h+e p9s are frequ5tly lo/4 ,:5ev] ?is happ5s ! h+e or h+e-p9s %\ld be imm$iately replac$4 ,= if ?is is n done ! apron1 :i* is v exp5sive is apt to become crack$ or brok54 ,:5 ! lunette becomes loos5$ ! lunette nuts %\ld at once be tight5$4 7b7 ,:eels4 ,keep hub bolts & hub b&s prop]ly tight5$4 ,to tight5 ! hub b&s screw !m z tightly z possible ) a wr5* & !n =ce !m f>!r by /rik+ ! end ( ! wr5* ) a hamm]4 ,all :eels & p9tle be>+s %\ld be frequ5tly oil$4 7c7 ,inspections4 ,batt]y comm&] %\ld frequ5tly make a detail$ inspection ( all ! vehicles 9 ! batt]y1 to see if any p>ts ( !m are brok5 or if any screws1 nuts1 split-p9s1 et cet]a are miss+4 ,if any su* defects are f\nd !y %\ld imm$iately take /eps to replace miss+ or brok5 p>ts4 ,at ^! inspections ! mat]ial %\ld also be exam9$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! clean+ s*$ules h be5 prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,compliance ) ^! in/ructions w d mu* t[>d prolong+ ! life ( ! c>riage4 ,fir+1 ,precautions & ,prep>ations =4 ,be=e fir+1 inspect to see t cyl9d]s are prop]ly clos$ & t ! cyl9d] end /ud nut & pi/on rod-nut are 9 place4 ,if "t p]mits1 oil slides be=e fir+4 ,note l5g? ( recoil = ! fir/ few %ots to be sure t ! recoil me*anism is work+ prop]ly4 ,!re is no dang] z long z ! recoil does n exce$ #dh in*es4 ,!re=e1 = fir/ %ot always set recoil indicator = ab\t #db in*es4 ,if ! gun fails to return fully into batt]y1 x is probably due 7#a7 to dirt on slides & guides1 7#b7 to cutt+ ( slide surfaces on acc\nt ( lack ( oil1 7#c7 to gl& be+ screw$ up too tightly1 7#d7 to dirt or =eign p>ticles 9 ! cyl9d]1 & especially 9 ! c\nt] recoil buff] recess1 7#e7 to weakness ( spr+s1 #ij ( su* cases w be f\nd to be due to #a1 #b or #c4 ,lock ! cradle to ! trail at drill & at travel+ to avoid unnecess>y /ra9 ^u ! po9t+ me*anism4 ,aft] unlimb]+1 release elevat+ & trav]s+ lock be=e attempt+ to elevate or trav]se gun4 ,clean+ & ,c>e ( ,lea!r4 ,all lea!r conta9s m or less oil4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( oil decreases ! lea!r becomes h>d]1 less pliable1 & %[s a t5d5cy to crack4 ,x loses its ela/icity & breaks m readily "u sudd5 /ra9s4 ,exposure to ! sun evaporates ! oil & exposure to ! ra9 wa%es x out1 bo? conditions t5d+ 9 ! long run to br+ ! same result1 namely1 h>d5+ & /iff5+ ( ! lea!r4 ,accumulations ( =eign sub/ances are v injuri\s = !y t5d to absorb ! oil f ! lea!r und]nea?1 leav+ x dry & h>d1 or !y reta9 moi/ure on ! surface1 prev5t ! air f gett+ to x & rot ! lea!r4 ,also _m sub/ances su* z p]spiration & excretion f ! horse conta9 *emicals :i* are v injuri\s4 ,= ^! reasons all lea!r mu/ be kept clean4 ,! clean+ ag5t us$ is ca/ile soap ) wat]4 ,all pieces %\ld be tak5 ap>t & z mu* dirt & du/ z possible remov$ ) a damp sponge or clo?4 ,all rema9+ dirt is !n remov$ by wa%+ ) ca/ile soap & wat]4 ,9 do+ ?is always use z little wat] z possible4 ,wr+ ! sponge out ne>ly dry1 rub x on ! soap & "w x ) ! h&s until a ?ick1 creamy la!r is =m$4 ,!n scrub ! lea!r ?or\ghly until all dirt is remov$4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 ar\nd spots t h be5 9 contact ) metal p]spiration or excreta4 ,if !re is an old accumulation ( dirt a s(t /ick may be us$ to scrape ?is (f4 ,nev] all[ a knife or a piece ( glass to be us$ or any %>p edg$ in/rum5t4 ,aft] all dirt is remov$ run ! sponge 9 "o direction1 all ! way along ! lea!r to remove all rema9+ dirt & extra la!r4 ,nev] all[ ! pieces to be r9s$ (f 9 a bucket ( wat]4 ,metal p>ts %\ld be wa%$ ?or\ghly & dri$ & if necess>y any ru/ remov$ ) a crocus clo?4 ,al?\gh z little wat] z possible is us$ "s ( ! oil 9 ! lea!r w c]ta9ly be wa%$ out1 &1 to keep ! lea!r 9 prop] condition1 x mu/ be replac$4 ,aft] an ord9>y clean+ ?is is normally done by an application ( saddle soap4 ,saddle soap is n a clean+ ag5t--only a dress+ = lea!r4 ,x conta9s en\gh oil to replace1 if prop]ly appli$1 all loss ?r\gh ord9>y use4 ,x is us$ 9 ! same mann] z ca/ile soap1 9 ! =m ( a ?ick1 creamy la!r1 rubb$ well into ! lea!r & all[$ to dry4 ,! lea!r %\ld be well rubb$ ) ! h&s :ile dry+1 to keep x s(t & pliable1 & to "w ! oil 94 ,always all[ x to dry 9 ! %ade1 pref]ably = sev]al h\rs1 & nev] assemble pieces1 especially fa/5+ /raps into buckles until ?or\ghly dry4 ,oil is nev] appli$ directly to lea!r unless x has become s h>d & dry t saddle soap is n suffici5t to s(t5 x4 ,!re is only "o oil issu$ = t purpose4 ,t is 8,neat's ,foot ,oil40 ,?is %\ld only be appli$ to ! fle% side ( ! lea!r & v lightly4 ,sev]al light applications give mu* bett] results ?an a few heavy ones4 ,! oil %\ld be well rubb$ 9 ) ! h&s & %\ld be pref]ably appli$ aft] clean+ ! lea!r ) ca/ile soap & wat]1 z ! pores ( ! lea!r are !n m op5 & ! oil p5etrates mu* bett]4 ,nev] oil lea!r until x becomes greasy1 =1 besides wa/eful1 x makes ! lea!r too spongy4 ,9 em]g5cies1 :]e ,neat's ,foot ,oil _c be procur$ any good vegetable oil may be us$1 pref]ably olive oil4 ,?is is only = em]g5cies & is n to be us$ unless ,neat's ,foot ,oil or saddle soap _c be _h4 ,all new lea!r equipm5t %\ld be clean$ ) ca/ile soap & wat] z soon z unpack$ z lea!r v (t5 becomes cov]$ ) mold aft] be+ pack$ 9 boxes = "s "t4 ,ordnance lea!r z x comes to ! batt]y is v dry & %\ld be ?or\ghly oil$ be=e be+ us$4 ,new equipm5t aft] be+ wa%$ ?or\ghly1 %\ld be giv51 9 sev]al light applications z mu* oil z x w absorb )\t becom+ greasy4 ,ea* application %\ld be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly & %\ld be giv5 frequ5t rubb+s to s(t5 ! lea!r4 ,) ! prop] k9d ( prep>ation = use !re is no excuse = ! l>ge am\nt ( brok5 new lea!r equipm5t :i* is s common4 ,9 pack+ h>ness = %ipm5t1 especially into h>ness sacks ! h>ness %\ld be clean$ & oil$ & !n dri$ = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e putt+ into ! sacks4 ,aft] remov+ f ! sacks at ! de/9ation1 clean+ & dress+ ) saddle soap is suffici5t4 ,:5 ! lea!r is dirty1 clean x--n to improve its looks b to pres]ve x4 ,:5 wet all[ x to dry 9 a w>m 7n hot7 place1 9 cold wea!r2 or 9 ! %ade 9 summ]4 ,:5 x is dry apply saddle soap or oil4 ,nev] hang any piece ( equipm5t ov] a nail or %>p edge z cracks always develop :]e ! lea!r has be5 fold$ ov] %>ply4 ,ord9>y oils & greases rot lea!r1 s all su* equipm5t mu/ be kept away f contact ) !m4 ,nev] leave any piece ( lea!r :]e x w *afe aga9/ any %>p edge or corn] & nev] leave x expos$ to ! sun long] ?an necess>y4 ,c>e ( ,clo? ,equipm5t4 ,all clo? equipm5t %\ld be kept z clean z possible by cont9ual bru%+4 ,! few] times necess>y to wa% x1 ! long] its life4 ,canvas goods su* z paul9s1 webb+1 etc41 :5 x becomes necess>y to wa% !m %\ld be scrubb$ ) ,paco1 or ,h4 ,h4 soap & wat]4 ,make a solution ( "o cake ( ei!r soap 9 n9e cups ( hot wat]4 ,bru% ! article to be clean$ ?or\ghly & spread x on a clean table4 ,scrub ) ! above solution & scrubb+ bru% until a good la!r appe>s4 ,r9se 9 clean wat] & hang 9 ! %ade to dry4 ,wool5 articles may be clean$ 9 ! same mann] or ) ord9>y laundry soap4 ,! fir/ me?od be+ always ! be/4 ,x is pref]able to wa% ^! 9 cool or w>m wat]1 z hot wat] %r9ks !m4 ,nev] wr+ wool5s out1 b aft] wa%+1 r9se 9 clean wat] & hang imm$iately up to dry4 ,saddle blankets %\ld be kept well bru%$ & %\ld be frequ5tly unfold$1 hung 9 ! sun & beat5 ) a :ip4 ,:5 remov$ f ! horse !y %\ld be d\bl$ ov] ) ! wet side out & put 9 ! %ade to dry4 ,if no %ade is available1 & !y mu/ be expos$ to ! sun1 always fold ! wet side inw>d4 ,) ^! precautions1 saddle blankets %\ld n ne$ wa%+ (t5] ?an twice a ye>4 ,9 wa%+ imm]se ! blanket 9 tepid soap suds repeat$ly until clean1 r9se 9 clean wat]1 & hang 9 ! sun to dry4 ,d n scrub ! blanket4 ,c>e ( ,metal4 ,all metal equipm5t %\ld be kept clean & free f ru/4 ,coal oil is us$ to remove ru/1 b x mu/ always be remov$ z x w ru/ ! metal if all[$ to rema94 ,! coal oil %\ld be appli$ to ! metal & if possible all[$ to rema9 = a %ort "t4 ,?is w loos5 & p>tially dissolve ! ru/ s t x c be rubb$ (f ) a rag or a sponge4 ,cont9u$ applications may be necess>y if !re is mu* ru/4 ,a solution ( ,sal ,soda is also a good ru/ remov]4 ,! articles mu/ be wa%$ ?or\ghly aft] us+ ?is to remove all traces ( ! soda z x is a v active corrosive4 ,nev] sc\r metals to remove ru/ if x c be avoid$ z ?is leaves a r\gh5$ surface :i* w ru/ aga9 mu* m easily4 ,poli%$ surfaces su* z brass fitt+s %\ld be clean$ & poli%$ ) ,laval9e4 ,?is may also be us$ on ! be>+ surfaces ( /eel coll>s4 ,all surfaces aft] clean+ %\ld be dri$ ?or\ghly & if n pa9t$ %\ld be greas$ ) cosmis or cosmol9e4 ,^! =m an air-pro( coat+ ov] ! metal surface s t no moi/ure may rea* x & cause ru/+4 ,if ! metal is n dri$ ?or\ghly1 "s moi/ure may be held betwe5 ! grease & ! metal surface :i* w 9 "t cause ru/ to appe>4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! grease cov]s ! surface completely4 ,all surfaces aga9/ :i* !re is no friction %\ld be pa9t$ & kept s4 ,ord9>y olive drab or coll> pa9t is v satisfactory = ?is purpose4 ,c>e ( ,guns ,dur+ & ,aft] ,fir+4 ,always :ile fir+ keep ! bore z clean z possible4 ,if !re is "t to swab out betwe5 %ots1 d s4 ,dur+ cont9u$ fir+ a bucket ( wat] %\ld be kept ne> ! gun1 & ! sponge on ! ramm]s /aff kept wet :ile swabb+4 ,wat* ! recoil indicator & occasionally pu% x ahead s z to be sure y are gett+ a correct read+4 ,be sure t ! gun returns fully into batt]y aft] ea* %ot4 ,keep ! ammunition1 & especially ! rotat+ b&s1 free f du/ & dirt4 ,! rotat+ b& %\ld be greas$ v lightly ) cosmis j be=e ins]t+ ! projectile into ! bree*4 ,9 cont9u$ fir+1 oil ! slides frequ5tly4 ,keep ! fuze sett] clean & be c>eful t no dirt gets d[n ar\nd ! /op p94 ,exam9e ! bree* recess frequ5tly & wipe out all dirt & brass fil+ t may accumulate4 ,! gun %\ld be clean$ ?or\ghly imm$iately aft] fir+4 ,make a solution ( "o p\nd ( sal soda 9 "o gallon ( boil+ wat]4 ,remove ! bree*block & c>ri]1 & let "o man clean & oil x ?or\ghly :ile ! re/ ( ! gun is be+ clean$4 ,remove ! sponge f ! ramm] /aff1 & ov] ! brass ramm]1 fit a piece ( fold$ burlap4 ,fold ?is burlap z _m times z y c & /ill =ce x ?r\gh ! bore4 ,soak ! burlap 9 ! sal soda solution & swab ! bore out ?or\ghly4 ,be c>eful to remove all copp] fil+1 & ! bore %\ld be z bright z a piece ( glass :5 f9i%$4 ,aft] clean+ x is be/ ?\gh n absolutely necess>y to swab out ) clean wat]4 ,!n dry ?or\ghly ) a dry swab1 & grease e expos$ surface4 ,9 clean+ ! bree*block & fir+ me*anism always dismantle x completely4 ,clean & oil ! slides1 fuze sett]s & all p>ts ( ! c>riage4 ,decap ! empty c>tridge cases & wa% !m out ?or\ghly ) ! sal soda solution4 ,!re is a decapp+ set ) e batt]y4 ,r9se out 9 clean wat] & set !m 9 ! sun to dry4 ,a ,,clean+ ,,s*$ule ,,= ,,mat]iel4 ,daily4 ,be=e leav+ ! p>k3 #a4 ,unlock boxes & *e/s & secure !m ) snaps4 #b4 ,see t all tools1 paul9s1 etc41 are secure4 ,aft] return+ to ! p>k3 #a4 ,remove f c>riages all du/1 excess oil & mud4 ,exam9e = miss+ nuts1 split p9s1 brok5 p>ts & p>ts t ne$ adju/m5t4 ,make necess>y repairs4 #b4 ,clean & oil bree* recess & bree*block2 aft] fir+1 clean bore ) salsoda solution1 wipe p]fectly dry & oil4 #c4 ,oil :eels1 elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anism1 tools if necess>y4 #d4 ,see t all oil holes are prop]ly clos$ & t c>riages are ready = imm$iate use4 #e4 ,clean & oil )\t dism\nt+2 re> sight1 quadrant & fuze sett]4 #f4 ,lock all boxes & *e/s4 #g4 ,signal detail3 clean all in/rum5ts1 oil all expos$ be>+ surfaces4 ,te/ telephones & g ov] all wire us$ t day & repair same by cov]+ expos$ p>ts4 ,h all in/rum5ts1 wire etc41 ready = imm$iate use4 #h4 ,clean all coll>s & bits & dry ! blankets2 wipe dirt f ! h>ness4 #i4 ,clean & oil all pi/ols & revolv]s t h be5 us$ t day4 ,weekly4 #a4 ,wa% & clean entire c>riage4 #b4 ,disassemble & cle> all oil bree* me*anism4 ,always d s imm$iately aft] fir+4 #c4 ,clean out & fill ) oil1 all oil holes ( gun clips & cradle p9tle4 #d4 ,clean all lea!r /raps z y w\ld clean h>ness4 #e4 ,take ap>t & ?or\ghly clean all p>ts ( h>ness4 #f4 ,take ap>t & clean & oil all pi/ols & revolv]s4 #g4 ,clean ) ca/ile soap & h>ness soap all lea!r ( ! p]sonal equipm5t4 ,mon?ly4 #a4 ,disassemble ! foll[+ & clean & oil3 elevat+ me*anism1 trav]s+ me*anism4 #b4 ,pull f batt]y & clean & oil guide rails & clips4 ,trip gun & te/ recoil4 #c4 ,tight5 all hub nuts & inspect :eels = di%4 #d4 ,take (f :eels1 clean & oil axles & hubs4 ,replace hub l9] :5 necess>y4 #e4 ,dism\nt poles1 d\ble trees & sp>e pole1 clean & oil4 #f4 ,dism\nt re> sight bracket f support1 clean & oil4 ,d ! same = ! front sight4 ,e ,?ree ,mon?s4 #a4 ,dism\nt1 clean1 oil & assemble ! recoil me*anism4 #b4 ,inspect ! surplus kits & replace all articles t are n 9 prop] condition4 #c4 ,unpack1 clean1 oil & repack ! batt]y & /ore wagons1 =ge limb]4 ,e ,six ,mon?s4 #a4 ,inspect all articles ( ! p]man5t camp equipm5t1 dry1 oil & repair :5 ne$$4 ,pit* t5tage = exam9ation & dry+4 #b4 ,exam9e all articles 9 /ore su* z lea!r1 h>ness & sp>e metal p>ts4 ,clean ! h>ness1 dub ! lea!r1 oil all metal p>ts4 ,,precautions ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions4 #a4 ,nev] all[ /eel p>ts to be /ruck ) a /eel hamm]4 ,always use a copp] drift betwe5 ! hamm] & ! /eel "p4 #b4 ,nev] try to =ce a delicate "p if /uck4 ,! /ick+ is probably due to ru/ & ! p>ts c be loos5$ by soak+ 9 coal oil or by heat+ ! ext]ior surfaces ) a tor*4 #c4 ,be c>eful 9 us+ screw driv]s or wr5*es n to let !m slip & ?us ru9 ! heads ( ! screw or nut4 #d4 ,insi/ ^u ! rule t any "p ne$+ repairs be repair$ imm$iately ^u arrival 9 g>rison or camp4 #e4 ,nev] all[ a brok5 "p to be /or$ except = ! action ( an inspector or survey4 #f4 ,be=e any article is put away = /orage1 h x ?or\ghly inspect$ & make necess>y repairs4 #g4 ,see t all articles ( y\r equipm5t are always m>k$ or /amp$ ) ! insignia & ! batt]y numb]4 #h4 ,hold all memb]s ( y\r organization responsible = any c>elessness or neglig5ce 9 ! c>e ( ! equipm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,fire ,,control ,,equipm5t4 ,,sights4 ,! in/rum5ts provid$ = sight+ & lay+ ! gun include a l9e sight1 a re> sight1 a front sight1 a panoramic sight1 & a range quadrant4 ,l9e sights4--,! l9e sight consi/s ( a conical po9t z a front sight & a ,v not* z a re> sight1 locat$ on ! top elem5t ( ! gun4 ,!y det]m9e a l9e ( sight p>allel to ! axis ( ! bore1 useful 9 giv+ g5]al direction to ! gun4 ,front & re> sights4--,! front & re> sights are = g5]al use 9 direct aim+4 ,! front sight c>ries cross wires4 ,! re> sight is ( ! peep v>iety1 con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,to ! sight bracket is atta*$ ! %ank socket ^u :i* a _s level is m\nt$ = ! necess>y correction due to diff]5ce 9 level ( :eels4 ,! sight %ank consi/s ( a /eel arc1 ! c5t] ( :i* is ! front sight4 ,x slides up & d[n 9 ! %ank socket & is op]at$ by a scroll ge>4 ,a range /rip is atta*$ to ! face ( ! %ank & is graduat$ up to #fejj y>ds1 lea/ read+ #ej y>ds4 ,to ! left side ( ! %ank is an elevation _s level1 p]mitt+ approximate quadrant elevations to be giv5 ) ! sight %ank :5 ! quadrant is out ( ord]4 ,! peep sight & its deflection scale are m\nt$ above ! %ank4 ,?is peep trav]ses along a screw op]at$ by a knurl$ head4 ,a socket & rat*et are also provid$ = ! atta*m5t ( ! panoramic sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,re> ,sight4 ,nom5clature ( ! important p>ts ( ! ,re> ,sight3-- ,peep sight ,elevation level ,deflection scale ,peep sight screw & head ,range /rip ,%ank ,%ank socket ,cross level ,level+ screw ,scroll ge> & h&le ,re> sight bracket ,panoramic sight socket & rat*et ,,panoramic ,,sight1 ,,model #aiag4 ,description4 ,! panoramic sight is a v]tical telescope s fitt$ ) an optical sy/em ( reflect+ prisms & l5ses t ! gunn] c br+ into 8 field any po9t 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! telescope4 ,! optical *>act]i/ics ( ! in/rum5ts are z foll[s3 ,p[] #d4 ,field ( view #aj4 ,! rotat+ head prism has a movem5t ( #fjj mils 9 a v]tical plane2 movem5t is obta9$ by turn+ elevation micromet]4 ,! am\nt & direction ( rotation is indicat$ on a scale 9 ! head by ! elevation index & micromet]4 ,! scale is graduat$ 9 #ajj-mil int]vals1 ! micromet] 9 mils4 ,"o complete turn ( ! micromet] is equival5t to "o space on ! sale4 ,! head is level :5 ! index is opposite #c & micromet] at z]o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panoramic ,,sight ,,model ,,( #aiag ,movem5t 9 azimu? is obta9$ by turn+ azimu? worm4 ,! am\nt ( rotation is read f ! scale on ! azimu? circle & ! azimu? micromet]4 ,! azimu? micromet] may be turn$ indep5d5tly ( ! azimu? worm to set any desir$ deflection4 ,figures 9 black are = "r-h& deflection & 9 r$ = left-h& deflection4 ,! scale on ! azimu? circle is graduat$ 9 #ajj-mil divisions f #j to #cb 9 ea* half circle4 ,! micromet] is graduat$ = e mil4 ,= l>g] angul> deflections1 by turn+ ! ?r[-out lev] ! azimu? worm is dis5gag$1 p]mitt+ ! head to be turn$ to any desir$ position4 ,! reticule is provid$ ) a horizontal & a v]tical cross l9e4 ,! horizontal l9e is graduat$ 9 mils4 ,an op5 sight atta*$ to ! side ( ! rotat+ head is = approximate sett+ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,no disassembl+ or adju/m5t ( ! panoramic sight1 except z describ$ h]e91 is to be made1 except by ordnance p]sonnel detail$ = su* "w4 ,! panoramic sight is seat$ 9 a ,t slot 9 a socket ( ! sight1 model ( #aiaf1 9 fir+1 & is c>ri$ 9 a panoramic sight case on ! %ield :5 travel+4 ,use ( ! ,panoramic ,sight = ,direct ,fire4 ,level rock] ) z]o on range scale opposite #cjj on angle-(-site scale & gun at c5t] ( trav]se4 ,set azimu? scale at z]o1 azimu? micromet] knob at z]o1 micromet] index at z]o1 elevation scale at #c1 & elevation micromet] knob at z]o4 ,by means ( cross-level+ knob on sight socket br+ cross-level bubble level4 ,correct = deflection 9 azimu? by turn+ azimu? micromet] until requir$ deflection is opposite fix$ arr[ po9t]2 br+ z]o on micromet] index to z]o on azimu? micromet] by means ( micromet]-index knob4 ,elevate gun by means ( angle-(-site h&:eel & trav]se until cross hairs ( panoramic sight are on t>get4 ,= ,indirect ,fire4 ,level rock] & set scales = z]o sett+ z direct$ 9 fir/ p>agraph "u 8direct fire40 ,lay (f requir$ deflection 9 azimu? by means ( micromet] index & azimu? worm knob1 s t deflection may be read f azimu? index & azimu? micromet]4 ,trav]se gun until v]tical cross hair ( panoramic sight is on aim+ po9t4 ,v]tical angles may be read by means ( elevation scale & micromet] scale4 ,z]o po9t ( elevation scale is #c4 ,ea* division on elevation scale repres5ts #ajj mils4 ,all scales are graduat$ 9 mils4 ,! op5 sight on side ( rotat+ head is us$ to obta9 prelim9>y direction ( sight4 ,9 turn+ azimu? angles great] ?an #ajj mils ! ?r[-out lev] may be press$ & rotat+ head turn$ to ne>e/ division 9 ev5 hundr$s desir$4 ,ea* unit on azimu? scale repres5ts #ajj mils4 ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model ( #aiae4 ,! panoramic sight is a v]tical telescope s fitt$ ) an optical sy/em ( reflect+ prisms & l5ses t ! gunn] ) 8 eye at ! fix$ eyepiece 9 a horizontal position c br+ into ! field ( view an object situat$ at any po9t 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! telescope4 ,! rays com+ f ! object are reflect$ d[nw>d f ! rotat+ head prism into ! rotat+ prism4 ,! rotat+ prism rectifies ! rays2 aft] _! passage ?r\gh ! a*romatic objective l5s1 ! l[] reflect+ prism reflects !m 9 su* a way t !re is pres5t$ to ! eyepiece a rectifi$ image1 :i* ! eyepiece magnifies4 ,a glass reticule m>k$ ) graduat$ cross l9es is locat$ 9 ! focal plane ( ! in/rum5t1 ) ! int]section ( ! cross l9es co9cid5t4 ,! in/rum5t has a univ]sal focus1 a magnify+ p[] ( #d & field ( view ( #ahj mils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panoramic ,,sight ,,model ,,( #aiae ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! panoramic sight are ! rotat+ head1 ! elevation device & its micromet]1 ! azimu? me*anism ) limb & micromet]1 ! rotat+ prism me*anism1 ! deflection me*anism1 ,r & ,l scale & micromet]1 ! %ank & ! eyepiece4 ,! limb or azimu? scale is divid$ into #fd p>ts1 ea* division repres5t+ #ajj mils4 ,! azimu? micromet] is divid$ 9 #ajj equal divisions or mils1 numb]$ e #e mils4 ,"o complete revolution ( ! azimu? micromet] is equal to ! di/ance betwe5 divisions on ! azimu? scale4 ,! limb ( ! deflection scale is divid$ into six divisions2 ?ree on ea* side ( ! z]o1 r$ = "r & black = left1 ea* division repres5t+ #ajj mils4 ,! deflection micromet]1 engrav$ ^u ! front end1 is graduat$ into #ajj equal divisions1 numb]$ e #aj mils1 r$ & black 9 opposite directions4 ,,! ,,range ,,quadrant ,! range quadrant consi/s ( ! quadrant spr+ fa/5+ & bracket1 rock]1 body1 scroll ge>1 range disk1 range & cross levels ) suitable level+ screws1 & a micromet] to set (f ! angle ( site4 ,! range disk is graduat$ to #fejj y>ds1 lea/ read+ e #ej y>ds1 scale numb]$ e #ejj y>ds4 ,?is disk is op]at$ by a scroll ge>4 ,l>ge *anges 9 range may be made by pull+ out ! h&:eel1 ?us dis5gag+ ! scroll ge>1 & mov+ ! body & index to ! approximate range1 :]eupon ! h&:eel is releas$1 & ! range accurately set by aga9 turn+ ! h&:eel4 ,! micromet] has #ajj divisions & is op]at$ by a mill$ head4 ,! limb ( ! micromet]1 call$ ! level scale1 is graduat$ f #b to #e1 ea* division correspond+ to "o complete revolution ( ! micromet]4 ,! arbitr>y ref]5ce po9t or mean position ( ! level hold] is #cjj :i* corresponds to a po9t on ! same level z ! gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,range ,,quadrant ,,revis$ ,,june #d1 #aijh1 ,,july #cj1 #aiaj1 ,,feb #f1 #aiaa4 ,,class #cf-;,,division #bb ,,draw+ #e ,,c>e ,,& ,,inspection ,,( ,,sights4 ,re> sight ,bracket4--,%\ld n be b5t1 brok5 or crack$4 ,mu/ be seat$ firmly 9 ! bracket support4 ,%ank ,socket ,me*anism4--,n b5t or burr$2 int]ior ( %ank socket1 scroll & worm ge>s free ( scrat*es1 burrs or de=m$ ?reads4 ,sight %ank easily ins]t$ & mov$ up & d[n 9 ! socket4 ,scroll ge> securely held 9 me% ) rack ( sight %ank4 ,= l>ge movem5ts ( %ank1 %\ld be easily dis5gag$ by pull+ out scroll ge> h&le2 mu/ be securely held 9 place by spr+ :5 releas$4 ,keep int]ior well lubricat$4 ,see t level vials ( cross & elevation levels are intact & bubbles n too l>ge4 ,sight ,%ank4--,rack on "r side mu/ engage ) scroll ge>2 keep lightly oil$4 ,sight %ank %\ld rema9 9 fix$ position except :5 dis5gag$ or op]at$ by scroll ge> h&les4 ,= *anges 9 range ( #cjj y>ds or less use only ! scroll ge>2 ov] #cjj y>ds pull scroll ge> h&le & slide %ank up or d[n 9 socket by h&1 mak+ accurate sett+ ) ! scroll ge>4 ,panoramic ,sight4--,lug mu/ fit snugly 9 ,t slot ( re> sight & !n held fa/ by clamp screw & rat*et4 ,:5 mak+ ready = m>* ord]1 fir/ set ! azimu? & ,r ,l deflection scales at z]o1 & ! elevation scale at #cjj4 ,release clamp screw & rat*et4 ,9 remov+ panoramic sight1 grasp at c5t] bel[ ! azimu? ge> case1 lift v]tically out ( ! socket1 l[] ! top ( sight to ! left & replace 9 panoramic sight box4 ,quadrant4--,mu/ fit snugly 9 its bracket1 spr+ cat* engag+4 ,nut on range disk mu/ be tight to prev5t slipp+4 ,to remove quadrant1 press on spr+ cat* be=e slid+ (f bracket4 ,! sights are correctly adju/$ :51 at z]o elevation & deflection1 correction hav+ also be5 made = diff]5ce ( level ( :eels1 ! l9e ( sight is p>allel to ! axis ( ! bore4 ,! range quadrant is correctly adju/$ :51 ) ! range disk set at z]o1 level set at #cjj1 axis ( gun horizontal & correct$ = diff]5ce ( level ( :eels1 ! bubble ( ! range level is c5t]$4 ,9 adju/+ sights1 ! panoramic sight %\ld fir/ be correct$4 ,if ! re> sight is adju/$ fir/1 x w require readju/m5t if ! subsequ5t adju/m5t ( ! panoramic sight causes a *ange 9 position ( ! re>-sight range /rip4 ,to adju/ ! panoramic sight4--,select a well def9$ po9t at lea/ #bjjj y>ds di/ant4 ,if ! bore sights are n available1 /ret* two ?reads or hairs f ! tail ( a horse across ! grooves m>k$ on ! face ( ! muzzle & fa/5 !m by a /rap or rubb] b&4 ,remove ! fir+-lock case f ! hub ( ! block-c>ri]4 ,by sight+ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! v5t bu%+ ( ! bree*block1 adju/ ! int]section ( ! cross hairs on ! di/ant po9t1 us+ ! elevat+ & trav]s+ me*anisms ( ! gun4 ,n[ )\t mov+ ! gun or di/urb+ ! lay+ ( ! cross hairs1 br+ ! cross wires ( ! panoramic sight on ! same di/ant po9t by means ( ! azimu? scale worm-knob & ! scroll ge> ( ! re> sight 7on panoramic sights1 ,m#aiae1 to ! deflection ,r ,l scale %\ld fir/ be made to read #j1 & ! elevation scale ( ! objective to read #cjj74 ,! cross hairs ( ! gun & ! cross wires ( ! panoramic sight w ?us be laid on ! same po9t4 ,n[ adju/ ! azimu? micromet] scale to read #j by means ( unscrew+ & tight5+ ! screw on ! mill$ head4 ,loos5 ! nut on ! range /rip2 move x up or d[n until x reads 7#j7 #ajj4 ,tight5 ! nut aga94 ,v]ify ! lay+4 ,= ?is adju/m5t1 x is n necess>y to h ! :eels or ! c>riage on a level plat=m2 cross level %\ld be level$4 ,to adju/ ! re> sight4--,hav+ adju/$ ! panoramic sight & ! re> sight range /rip z describ$ above1 & )\t di/urb+ ! lay+ ( ! gun1 %ift ! deflection scale ( ! peep sight & raise or l[] ! front sight until ! cross wires ( ! latt] are laid ^u ! same di/ant po9t4 ,n[ loos5 ! two screws ( ! deflection scale & place ! #j ( ?is scale opposite ! index ( ! peep sight4 ,! front sight is rais$ or l[]$ by remov+ ! split p9s & !n turn+ ! front sight 9 ! sight bracket sleeve ei!r up or d[n4 ,to adju/ ! quadrant4--7a7 ,if an adju/$ ,b4 ,c4 telescope or ano!r gun ) its quadrant 9 prop] adju/m5t is available1 ! angle ( site ( "s di/9ctly visible & di/ant po9t is measur$ by ei!r ( ^! means4 ,! gun to be adju/$ is !n laid ^u ?is di/ant po9t ei!r ) ! bore sights1 or ) ! tang5t sight set at #j 7or "s o!r conv5i5t7 range4 ,! measur$ angle ( site is !n set (f on ! level scale ( ! quadrant & ! bubble ( ! range level is c5t]$ by turn+ ! h&:eel ( ! range disk4 ,by us+ ! quadrant wr5*1 ! range disk is !n adju/$ to read #j range1 7or ! conv5i5t range previ\sly set (f on ! tang5t sight74 7b7 ,if no means are at h& to correctly measure ! angle ( site ( a di/ant po9t1 ! quadrants may be adju/$ by us+ two guns z foll[s3 ,unlimb] two guns at ab\t ! same level1 fir/ see+ t ! sights are 9 adju/m5t 7p>4 #ge74 ,lay bo? guns ^u "s di/ant po9t by means ( ! panoramic sight set at #j range4 ,n[ set bo? quadrants = ! same angle ( site 7r\ghly e/imat$ ,a4 ,s4 ( ! di/ant po9t7 & c5t] ! bubbles ( ! range level by turn+ ! h&:eel ( ! range disks4 ,by means ( ! quadrant wr5*1 adju/ ! range disk ( "o ( ! quadrants to agree ) ! o!r4 ,:atev] error exi/s w n[ be ! same 9 ea* quadrant4 ,n[ move "o ( ! guns ab\t #ajj y>ds away & turn ! muzzles t[>d ea* o!r4 ,) ! sights set at #j range1 lay ! panoramic sights ^u ea* o!r & measure ! angle ( site ( ea* gun4 ,half ! diff]5ce ( ! two read+s w be ! slope ( ! l9e ( sight betwe5 ! two guns4 ,on ! level scale ( ! quadrant :i* read ! great] angle ( site1 set (f #cjj plus ! half-diff]5ce1 on ! o!r quadrant set (f #cjj m9us ! half-diff]5ce4 ,n[ c5t] ! bubble ( ! range level by turn+ ! h&:eel ( ! range disk4 ,by us+ ! quadrant wr5*1 adju/ ! range disk until x reads #j range4 ,hav+ ?us adju/$ two guns1 ! o!rs may be adju/$ by ! fir/ means describ$4 ,,obs]v+ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 ,m4 #aiae4 ,! ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 ,m4 #aiae1 is a b9ocul> obs]v+ in/rum5t ( ! scissors type4 ,! two tubes ( ! telescope may be clamp$ ei!r 9 a v]tical or a horizontal position4 ,9 ! =m] position ! objectives are #ab in*es above ! eyes ( ! obs]v]1 & 9 ! latt] position !y are #bd in*es ap>t & at ! same height z ! eyes ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 bo? cases !y p]mit ! obs]v] to take advantage ( "s %ield or o!r cov] & /ill obta9 a full view ( ! sector ( obs]vation4 ,! tubes may be adju/$ = ! obs]v]'s int]pupill>y di/ance 9 ei!r ! v]tical or ! horizontal position4 ,! eyepieces may be adju/$ to ! eyes ( ! obs]v] by screw+ 9 or out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,batt]y ,,comm&]',s ,,telescope ,,model ,,( #aiae4 #cf-bb-ca ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! telescope are3--,level+ me*anism1 azimu? me*anism1 elevat+ me*anism1 angle ( site me*anism1 ! telescopes & ! tripod4 ,a c>ry+ case is provid$ sep>ately = ! in/rum5t & = ! tripod4 ,9 g>rison a /orage case is also provid$4 ,! level+ me*anism consi/s ( a ball & socket jo9t op]at$ by ! v]tical sp9dle clamp+ screw4 ,! azimu? me*anism consi/s ( ! azimu? worm knob ) its lev]1 op]at+ ! azimu? worm & worm :eel2 ! adju/+ or sl[ motion knob & ! azimu? clamp4 ,! azimu? limb is divid$ into #fd p>ts1 ea* division repres5t+ #ajj mils4 ,! azimu? micromet] is divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts or mils1 numb]$ e #aj mils4 ,"o complete revolution ( ! micromet] is equal to "o division ( ! limb4 ,! scales !re=e correspond to ^? on ! panoramic sight1 #fdjj mils to ! circumf]5ce4 ,! level+ me*anism is op]at$ by ! small elevation worm knob4 ,! angle ( site me*anism consi/s ( ! level1 ! angle ( site scale & micromet] ) its worm knob4 ,! telescopes consi/ ( ! eyepieces1 telescopic tubes ) _! optical sy/ems4 ,9 ! "r eyepiece is a graduat$ cross wire :i* c be rotat$ = ei!r ! horizontal or ! v]tical position4 ,! tripod is simil> to ! usual telescopic in/rum5t tripod4 ,! optical *>act]i/ics ( ! in/rum5t are z foll[s3--,p[] #aj2 field ( view #ge mils2 focal l5g? ( objectives #aa in*es2 ! field is flat1 free f *romatic & sph]cial ab]ration1 coma & di/ortion4 ,c>e & ,in/ructions4 ,to set up ! telescope4--,fir/ set up ! tripod1 clamp+ & propp+ ! legs s z to obta9 ! desir$ cov] & view4 ,by means ( ! v]tical sp9dle clamp+ lev]1 approximately c5t] level on azimu? worm case & clamp tightly4 ,c>efully take out ,b4 ,c4 telescope f case & :ile press+ on lock] plung]1 place telescope on v]tical sp9dle s t ! projection on ! azimu? worm case w fit into ! correspond+ slott$ segm5t ( ! telescope4 ,release ! lock+ plung]4 ,to focus ! eye pieces4--,adju/ ea* eye piece sep>ately by turn+ ! same until ! image ( a di/ant object appe>s %>ply def9$4 ,read ! diopt] scale1 plus or m9us1 & note = future use4 ,to adju/ ! int]pupill>y di/ance4--,! eye pieces hav+ be5 focuss$1 loos5 ! l>ge friction clamp knob 9 front4 ,grasp bo? tubes ) ! h&s & sep>ate or close !m 9 7ei!r 9 ! v]tical or horizontal position7 until ! fields ( view ( ! two eye pieces are exactly co9cid5t & pres5t a s+le image to ! eyes4 ,?is c be te/$ by alt]nately clos+ "o eye & !n ! o!r1 not+ any movem5t 9 ! image4 ,tight5 ! l>ge friction clamp knob4 ,read ! int]pupill>y scale & note = future use4 ,to lay #j on any po9t4--,level ! in/rum5t by means ( ! v]tical sp9dle clamp+ screw4 ,bubble mu/ rema9 approximately c5t]$ :ile in/rum5t is turn$ #afjj mils4 ,set bo? ! azimu? index & ! micromet] to read z]o4 ,release ! azimu? clamp %aft knob2 turn ! telescope t[>d ! po9t & tight5 ! azimu? clamp %aft knob4 ,br+ ! v]tical wire accurately on ! po9t by turn+ ! azimu? adju/+ worm knob4 ,to measure ! deflection & site ( a t>get4--,lay ! z]o on ! aim+ po9t z above4 ,if ! l9e ( sight mu/ be mov$ ?r\gh a l>ge angle1 press d[n ! azimu? worm lev] z f> z x w g & :ile hold+ x d[n move ! azimu? me*anism until ! l9e ( sight is approximately direct$ ^u ! t>get2 !n release ! worm lev] & br+ ! cross wires accurately on ! t>get by turn+ ! azimu? worm knob 7= deflection7 & ! elevation worm knob 7= elevation74 ,c5t] ! site level4 ,read ! deflection & site4 ,= c>ry+ ! ,b4 ,c4 telescope assembl$ on ! tripod1 clamp tightly ! v]tical sp9dle clamp+ lev]2 close 9 & clamp ! tubes ( ! telescope2 slide up & clamp ! l[] tripod legs2 !n c>ry ! telescope ov] ! %\ld] by grasp+ ! tripod legs1 tube bases ( telescope re/+ on ! %\ld]4 ,to dism\nt ! ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope & to pack 9 c>ry+ case4--,screw 9 bo? eye pieces4 ,press on ! lock+ plung] & lift ! telescope v]tically (f ! sp9dle4 ,unclamp ! l>ge friction clamp knob1 br++ ! tubes toge!r & ins]t 9 ! c>ry+ case2 close & lock ! lid4 ,9 dism\nt+ ! tripod ! leg sep>ators ( ! upp] sections %\ld fir/ be unclamp$4 ,aft] ! l[] legs h be5 assembl$1 !y %\ld be clamp$4 ,to set up ! tripod ! op]ation is rev]s$4 ,aim+ ,circle1 ,m1 #aiaf4 ,! ,aim+ ,circle is an angle measur+ in/rum5t only & consi/s ( a telescope1 level+ me*anism1 angle ( site device1 elevat+ me*anism1 azimu? circle & compass1 m\nt$ on a tripod4 ,its level+1 azimu? & angle ( site me*anisms are simil> to ^? 9 ! ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 z is also ! tripod4 ,! elevat+ me*anism consi/s ( elevat+ worm knob & ge> connect+ x ) ! telescope4 ,! telescope has a univ]sal focus1 magnify+ p[] ( #d1 & a field ( #ahj mils4 ,! cross wires are illum9at$ by a w9d[4 ,! compass is secur$ by ! ne$le release button4 ,c>e & ,in/ructions4 ,glass compass cov] %\ld fit tightly4 ,compass ne$le :5 clamp$ %\ld n rotate :ile in/rum5t is revolv$ or tipp$4 ,:5 release button is press$1 compass mu/ sw+ freely on pivot & aga9 rema9 clamp$ :5 button is releas$4 ,compass %\ld be releas$ only :5 aim+ circle is set up & horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aim+ ,,circle #cf-bb-cj ,bubble mu/ rema9 approximately c5t]$ :ile in/rum5t is turn$ #afjj mils4 ,to lay #j on any po9t4--,set bo? ! azimu? index & ! micromet] to read z]o4 ,release ! w+ nut2 turn ! telescope t[>d ! po9t & aga9 tight5 ! w+ nut4 ,br+ ! v]tical wire accurately on ! po9t by turn+ ! adju/+ worm :eel4 ,to measure ! deflection & site ( a t>get4--,lay #j on ! aim+ po9t z above4 ,if ! l9e ( sight mu/ be mov$ ?r\gh a l>ge angle1 press d[n on ! azimu? worm lev] z f> z x w g & :ile hold+ x d[n1 move ! azimu? me*anism until ! l9e ( sight is approximately direct$ ^u ! t>get2 !n release ! worm knob 7= deflection7 & ! elevation worm knob 7= elevation74 ,c5t] ! site level4 ,read ! deflection & site4 ,to measure ! compass deflection ( a t>get4--,set bo? ! azimu? index micromet] to read #dj4 ,release ! w+ nut2 turn ! telescope until ! ,n & ,s poles ( ! compass are respectively ne> ! ,n & ,s po9ts m>k$ on ! compass box4 ,make ! co9cid5ce accurately ) ! adju/+ worm :eel4 ,n[ proce$ to measure ! deflection & site ( ! t>get z describ$ above4 ,! ,tripod & ,azimu? ,ge> ,case4--,! lea!r cov] protect+ ! ball & socket jo9t mu/ fit snugly bo? above & bel[1 & be free ( rips or holes4 ,! ball & socket jo9t & ! tripod legs %\ld be easily adju/$ & mov$1 b %\ld rema9 fix$ :5 clamp$ by ! clamp+ lev]s4 ,= c>ry+ ! aim+ circle assembl$ on ! tripod1 ! w+ nut & ! v]tical sp9dle clamp+ lev] %\ld be clamp$ tightly & ! in/rum5t c>ri$ ov] ! %\ld] by grasp+ ! tripod legs1 head ( tripod re/+ on ! %\ld]4 ,adju/m5ts ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope & ,aim+ ,circle4 ,! ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope & ! ,aim+ ,circle are correctly adju/$ :5 ! foll[+ conditions prevail3 ,telescope prop]ly focuss$2 plane ( level p]p5dicul> to ! v]tical axis ( ! in/rum5t2 angle ( site scale read+ #cjj :5 ! l9e ( sight is horizontal2 lo/ motion on worm ge>s elim9at$4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! adju/m5ts ( ! ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope & ( ! ,aim+ ,circle are exactly ! same4 ,! level+ & focus+ h already be5 describ$4 ,detail$ in/ructions ( ! op]ations 9 elim9at+ lo/ motion 9 ! worm ge>s w be f\nd 9 ! ,h&book = ,f4 ,a4 ,fire ,control ,equipm5t1 #aiaf4 ,to make ! site scale read #cjj :5 ! l9e ( sight is horizontal4--,set up ! telescope or aim+ circle4 ,level ! in/rum5t s t ! bubble on ! azimu? worm case w rema9 c5t]$ :ile ! in/rum5t is turn$ #afjj mils4 ,lay on "s po9t ( a /ake or o!r v]tical l9e> object :i* is at a conv5i5t di/ance b n clos] ?an #ajj y>ds to ! in/rum5t4 ,! po9t select$ %\ld be at su* a height t ! telescope c lat] be set up close to x1 ) ! objective at ! same height z ! select$ po9t4 ,read ! angle ( site4 ,?is read+ w be equal to 7#cjj ,s ,e71 9 :i* ,s is ! angle ( slope ( ! l9e ( sight1 & ,e is ! error 9 ! site adju/m5t4 ,be=e leav+ ?is /ation1 set up a second /ake ne> ! telescope & m>k on x a po9t :i* is at ! height ( ! objective4 ,n[ move ! telescope to ! fir/ /ake2 set up & level ! in/rum5t ) ! objective at ! height ( ! po9t m>k$ on ?is /ake4 ,lay on ! m>k$ po9t ( ! second /ake & read ! site4 ,?is angle w be equal to 7#cjj -,s ,e74 ,subtract+ "o read+ f ! o!r we h3--7#cjj ,s ,e7 - 7#cjj - ,s ,e7 #b,s2 or "o-half ! diff]5ce ( ! two read+s is equal to ! angle ( slope ( ! l9e ( sight4 ,!re=e ) ! cross wires direct$ ^u ! m>k$ po9t ( ! second /ake1 c5t] ! bubble ( ! site level4 ,n[ loos5 ! angle ( site lock+ screw & turn ! micromet] to read 7#cjj - ,s71 be+ c>eful to keep ! bubble c5t]$4 ,screw up ! lock+ screw4 ,! in/rum5t is n[ 9 adju/m5t4 ,aft] "o telescope has be5 adju/$1 o!r telescopes1 aim+ circles & quadrants may be adju/$ by m]ely measur+ ! site ( "s di/ant po9t4 ,! o!r telescopes & guns1 be+ 9 position ne> ! adju/$ telescope1 are !n made to read ! prop] site :5 laid ^u ! di/ant po9t4 ,,field ,,artill]y ,,range ,,f9d]1 #a ,,met] ,,base 7,baus* ,lomb47 ,! in/rum5t & accessories consi/ ( ! range f9d] prop]1 ! tripod m\nt1 ! tripod1 ! adju/+ b>1 ! c>ry+-case & ! /orage box4 ,! optical p>ts ( ! range f9d] are embodi$ 9 a seamless1 /eel tube 7,a7 cov]$ ) canvas & asbe/os1 to m9imize ! effects ( ! *ange ( temp]ature4 ,! eyepiece 7,b7 is locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! in/rum5t & is equipp$ ) a focus+ device graduat$ 9 diopt]s4 ,a s(t rubb] eye cap is furni%$ to protect ! obs]v]'s eye f %ocks & /ray light4 ,a ray filt] hav+ two sets ( glass is op]at$ by a small lev] 7,c7 situat$ to ! l[] left ( ! eyepiece h\s+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,! ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,range-,,f9d]s4 ,! objective op5+s on ! end boxes are op5$ & clos$ by means ( rotat+ %utt]s 7,d74 ,buff]s 7,e7 are provid$ on ! ends z a protection aga9/ %ocks4 ,! range f9d] is ( ! type kn[n z ! fix$ base1 inv]t1 s+le co9cid5ce4 ,! magnify+ p[] is #ae2 actual field ( view #ej mils2 %orte/ di/ance measurable #djj y>ds4 ,! in/rum5t weighs ab\t #bj p\nds4 ,"u favorable conditions & ) exp]t op]ators ! av]age errors are3 #ajjj yds4 #e yds4 #bjjj yds4 #ae yds4 #cjjj yds4 #cj yds4 #djjj yds4 #ee yds4 #ejjj yds4 #ij yds4 #fjjj yds4 #acj yds4 #gjjj yds4 #age yds4 #hjjj yds4 #bbe yds4 ,9 practical use "u ord9>y conditions & ) av]age op]ators1 ! errors are ?ree times z great4 ,! tripod m\nt consi/s ( a spr+ cat* 7a72 clamp+ lev] 7,n72 elevation worm case 7b72 elevation worm knob 7c72 worm :eel support 7d72 angle ( site micromet] 7e72 angle ( site h\s+ 7f72 angle ( site vial hold] 7g72 clamp screw h&le 7h72 azimu? worm knob 7i72 azimu? micromet] 7j72 azimu? worm lev] 7k72 azimu? scale 7m72 adju/+ worm knob 7n72 & ! v]tical sp9dle clamp+ lev] 7p74 ,! tripod1 consi/+ ( sp9dle bu%+ lock+ screws 7t72 tripod legs upp] 7r72 tripod legs l[] 7q72 clamp+ w+ nuts 7w72 & lock+ clamp arms 7x71 is simil> to t provid$ = ! ,b4 ,c4 telescope & ! aim+ circle4 ,c>e & ,in/ructions4 ,to set up ! ,range ,f9d]4--,set up ! tripod z h]et(ore prescrib$1 take ! range f9d] f its case1 hold+ x ) ! eye piece t[>d ! body1 hook d[n4 ,place ! in/rum5t on ! support & engage ! spr+ cat* 7a74 ,! in/rum5t is !n firmly seat$ on ! tripod4 ,remove ! protective hood f ! eye piece & ! rotat+ %utt]s 7,d7 f ! objective ap]tures4 ,loos5 ! lock+ lev] s t ! range f9d] may be made horizontal1 !n turn t[>d ! t>get & clamp ! lev]4 ,to dism\nt ! range f9d] ! op]ations are execut$ 9 an inv]se mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re> ,,view ,,range ,,f9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,range ,,f9d]4 ,to ,measure a ,di/ance4--,focus ! eye piece4 ,9 v bright light or 9 ?ick haze use ! amb] ray filt] 9 ! eye piece4 ,by means ( ! clamps & worm knobs ( ! azimu? me*anism & ! worm knob ( ! elevation me*anism1 lay ! range f9d] on ! t>get r\ghly by look+ ?r\gh ! op5 sight on top ( ! in/rum5t4 ,f9al adju/m5t 9 deflection is made by ! adju/+ worm knob 7n7 & 9 elevation by ! elevation worm knob 7c74 ,n[1 look into ! in/rum5t4 ,! field ( view is divid$ into two p>ts by a horizontal l9e4 ,9 ! l[] "p ! image is erect1 9 ! upp] "p inv]t$4 ,by turn+ ! elevation worm knob 7c71 ! images are l9$ up s t ! same po9ts w t\* ! divid+ l9e4 ,n[1 by turn+ ! measur+ roll] 7,m7 on ! "r h& top side ( ! range f9d]1 ! upp] image is %ift$ lat]ally until ! same v]tically dispos$ po9ts ( ! t>get are exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,! range is !n read on ! range scale 7,h71 :i* is protect$ by a slid+ %utt] 7,q74 ,9 case ! t>get is )\t prom95t v]tical features1 su* z a cre/ l9e1 ! di/ance is measur$ by fir/ turn+ ! in/rum5t to a v]tical position 7,plate ,,xv74 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! clamp screw h&le 7h7 on ! tripod m\nt4 ,f9al adju/m5t 9 deflection is !n made by ! elevation worm knob 7c71 & 9 elevation by ! clamp+ lev] 7,n74 ,adju/m5ts4 ,adju/m5t = ,height4--,! erect & inv]t images sometimes d n t\* ! divid+ l9e ) simil> po9t s t "o image rea*es ?is l9e be=e ! o!r4 ,9 ?is case1 lay ! range f9d] on an object hav+ a %>ply def9$ horizontal l9e or v prom95t po9t1 & br+ ! images ( ?is po9t exactly opposite ea* o!r by means ( ! measur+ roll] 7,m74 ,! two images are !n br\ght to ! divid+ l9e1 ! l[] image by means ( ! elevation worm knob 7c71 & ! upp] image by means ( ! halv+ adju/+ roll] 7,j74 ,adju/m5t = ,range4--,?ree me?ods are available = adju/+ ! range f9d] = range2 ! artificial inf9ity me?od1 us+ ! adju/+ b>2 ! actual inf9ity me?od us+ ! sun1 moon1 />1 or a v prom95t di/ant po9t2 ! kn[n range me?od1 us+ a po9t ! range to :i* is kn[n4 ,( ! ?ree1 ! fir/ is ! be/ & %\ld habitually be us$4 ,by ! ,adju/+ ,b>4--,set up ! range f9d]2 take ! adju/+ b> & place x #ajj y>ds f ! in/rum5t1 sight+ ?r\gh ! peep sight 7y7 ( ! adju/+ b> & mov+ x until ! range f9d] appe>s 9 ! c5t] ( ! field ( view4 ,set ! range scale at inf9ity by turn+ ! measur+ roll] 7,m71 !n make an obs]vation on ! adju/+ b>4 ,! "r h& l9e ( ! upp] image ( ! adju/+ b> & ! left h& l9e ( ! l[] image %\ld n[ be co9cid5t1 9 :i* case ! in/rum5t is 9 adju/m5t 7,fig4 #aj74 ,if n1 br+ ^! l9es 9 co9cid5ce by turn+ ! key :i* fits ! squ>e %aft 7,k71 :i* op]ates ! range correction dial 7,l74 ,?is op]ation %\ld be repeat$ at lea/ ?ree times1 ! read+ ( ! range correction dial be+ not$ ea* "t4 ,n[1 set ! range correction dial at ! mean ( ! ?ree read+s4 ,remove ! key4 ,! in/rum5t is n[ 9 adju/m5t4 ,be=e us+1 always note ! read+ ( ! range correction dial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,/eps ,,9 ,,measur+ ,a ,,di/ance4 ,by ! ,actual ,inf9ity ,me?od4--,?is me?od is 9 all respects ! same z ! "o ) ! adju/+ b>1 except = ! images4 ,aft] ! in/rum5t is set = inf9ity1 actual co9cid5ce is made z 9 p>agraph #ii4 ,by ! ,kn[n ,range ,me?od4--,op]ate ! measur+ roll] 7,m7 until ! range dial reads ! actual di/ance to ! object4 ,aft] ! range f9d] has be5 set = ?is kn[n range1 actual co9cid5ce is obta9$ by us+ ! key :i* op]ates ! range correction dial4 ,,field ,,glasses4 ,! in/rum5ts = focus+ ! eyepieces & = adju/+ ! int]pupill>y di/ance are ! same z = ! telescope4 ,! two b>rels %\ld revolve easily ab\t ! c5tral pivot & clamp 9 any position ( ! int]pupill>y scale4 ,aft] be+ once adju/$1 ! field glasses %\ld fit into ! case )\t be+ *ang$4 ,c>ry+ /rap1 button /rap & ra9 %ield %\ld always be "p ( ! equipm5t4 ,amb] %ades & camels hair bru% %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! case = use4 ,! v]tical scale 9 ! ,type ,,ee ,field ,glass repres5ts ! ,infantry range scale & does n apply to ,field ,artill]y4 ,compass %\ld always be securely clamp$ except :5 9 use4 ,,! ,,bracket ,,fuze ,,sett]1 ,,model #aije ,m4 ,! bracket fuze sett] is atta*$ to ! re> end ( ! fuze sett] bracket on ! caisson4 ,x consi/s ( ! foll[+ pr9cipal p>ts3 ,base1 h\s+1 corrector-worm case1 guide1 range & corrector worms1 r+s1 & scales4 ,! corrector scale reads f #j to #fj1 numb]$ e #aj po9ts1 #cj be+ ! normal or mean arbitr>y po9t4 ,! range r+ is graduat$ to #fdjj y>ds1 numb]$ e #ejj y>ds1 lea/ read+ #ej y>ds4 ,^! r+s are graduat$ = ! ,f4 ,a4 fuze on "o side & = ! ,ehrh>dt fuze on ! o!r4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! prop] side is up :5 fir+ ! two diff]5t k9ds ( %rapnel4 ,,! ,,h& ,,fuze ,,sett]1 ,,model #aiab4 ,! h& fuze sett] is provid$ = ! same purpose z ! bracket fuze sett]1 & is int5d$ to supplem5t ! latt]4 ,"o h& fuze sett] is issu$ 9 a lea!r case & is c>ri$ 9 ! trail box ( ea* gun4 ,x is int5d$ = ! use 9 case ! bracket fuze sett] %\ld become disabl$1 or 9 case ! gun %\ld = any reason be sep>at$ f its caissons4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts are ! case1 ! range index me*anism1 range me*anism1 corrector me*anism1 & guide plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,fuze ,,sett]1 ,,mod4 ,,( #aiab ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,signal ,,equipm5t4 ,,classification4 ,! mo/ important & widely us$ means ( communication us$ by artill]y ) _! advantages & disadvantages foll[3 7a7 ,telephone4 ,! telephone is ! quicke/ & mo/ satisfactory means ( communication1 & is ! mo/ g5]ally us$ ( all means4 ,ne> ! front1 9 areas subject$ to fire x is (t5 difficult to ma9ta9 l9es & unless a l9e be a v c>efully insulat$ & transpos$ metallic circuit1 conv]sations held ov] x are pick$ up by ! enemy li/5+ s]vice4 ,to gu>d aga9/ su* in=mation be+ ( value to him1 telephone codes h be5 devis$1 = use 9 important messages4 7b7 ,radio4 ,radio provides a reasonably c]ta9 means ( communication1 b su* messages are always int]cept$ by ! enemy4 ,its use requires enciph]$ messages4 7c7 ,projectors4 ,projectors af=d a v reliable means ( communication1 b _! use dep5ds1 to a great ext5t1 on atmosph]ic conditions1 & frequ5tly !y may n be us$ f re> to front & are sl[ 9 op]ation4 7d7 ,flags4 ,semaphore & wig-wag prove fairly satisfactory only on exceptionally favorable conditions & 9 op5 w>f>e4 7e7 ,runn]s4 ,us$ z a la/ resort4 ,sl[ & wa/eful b usually reliable4 ,9 ea* battalion 7,f4 ,a47 !re are a radio (fic]1 telephone (fic]1 & enli/$ p]sonnel = ! ma9t5ance ( ! communication sy/em4 ,! ,camp ,telephone4 ,?is telephone1 :i* sup]s$es ! field telephone1 0 develop$ by ! ,signal ,corps = use 9 connection ) camp telephone sy/ems & small arms t>get range sy/ems1 & may be in/all$ 9 t5ts & /ructures1 or consid]$ a portable in/rum5t = use 9 ! field = te/+ l9es or o!r purposes4 ,x is ( local batt]y type4 ,! batt]y employ$ is "o unit ( ,tung/on ,type ,a :i* is made up ( two small cells s plac$ 9 a rigid pap] t !y are connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,! comb9ation gives a total voltage ( #c--a be+ normal voltage ( ea* cell4 ,! in/rum5t is made z compact z practicable & is conta9$ 9 an oak case #d #g #aj0 high4 ,! top consi/s ( a metal h+$ cov] ) circuit diagram on inside1 held rigid :5 clos$ by a spr+ snap :i* c be readily releas$ by depress+ a button4 ,! bottom ( ! case is cov]$ by a flang$ piece ( metal1 ! flange project+ approximately "o-half in* up sides ( case4 ,?r\gh "o side ( ! case are six ?ree-eigh?s in* holes :i* are cov]$ on ! outside by a close me% metal scre5 held 9 place by a metal frame4 ,^! ap]tures are = ! purpose ( all[+ ! r+] to be di/9ctly he>d4 ,! case is equipp$ ) a sub/antial1 adju/able c>ry+ /rap1 ea* end ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! case by means ( h+$ metal r+s4 ,a small #c-;b> magneto g5]ator1 small r+]1 induction coil1 alum9um *amb] = ! s+le unit ( tung/on ,type ,a dry batt]y1 h>d rubb] block ^u :i* are m\nt$ l9e b9d+ po/s1 plug connections = ! h&set us$ ) ! in/rum5t1 hook swit* & hook op]at+ x & auxili>y batt]y b9d+ po/s1 are all m\nt$ on a common base :i* may be readily remov$ f case aft] remov+ magneto g5]ator crank1 metal h\s+ = x & ?ree screws :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! case4 ,! in/rum5t may be op]at$ ) cov] clos$ :i* is highly advantage\s 9 inclem5t wea!r4 ,to accompli% ?is !re is a suitable op5+ = lead+ out ! #c-;conductor cord to receiv] & transmitt]1 ! two latt] be+ m\nt$ 9 ! =m ( a unit1 t]m$ a h&set4 ,?is h&set consi/s ( a transmitt] & a receiv] m\nt$ on a metal piece & is s design$ t :5 ! transmitt] is normally plac$ to ! m\?1 ! receiv] is automatically adju/$ to ! e>4 ,! hook ( hook swit* is s design$ t x protrudes ?r\gh ! case4 ,:5 x is desir$ to transport ! in/rum5t or to remove ! base ^u :i* is m\nt$ all p>ts ( ! in/rum5t1 x is m]ely necess>y to depress ! hook & pu% x t[>d ! base4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! hook is n only held 9 ! d[n position !reby op5+ ! batt]y circuit1 b x is also protect$4 ,! alum9um *amb] = h\s+ ! s+le unit ( tung/on type ,a batt]y is equipp$ ) a spr+ cat* s locat$ t :5 upp] h+$ piece is depress$ to prop] position1 ! batt]y compresses a helical spr+1 !reby insur+ cont9ual contact4 ,! base is equipp$ ) two screw b9d+ po/s :i* may be us$ to connect leads to an outside batt]y 9 ! ev5t ( !re be+ no tung/on type ,a batt]ies available4 ,an alum9um frame :i* is support$ on ! base previ\sly m5tion$ =ms a comp>tm5t = ! h&set :5 in/rum5t is be+ transport$4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is in/all$ = a tempor>y p]iod1 unless 9 actual op]ation1 ! prop] place = ! h&set is hang+ on hook ( hook swit*1 !re be+ a r+ on ! h&set = ?is purpose4 ,a small screwdriv] :i* w fit practically all ! screws us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t is support$ by ! metal frame & is furni%$ ) ea* in/rum5t4 ,! in/rum5t complete weighs ab\t #aa p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,camp ,,telephone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,camp ,,telephone ,,wir+4 ,! ,monocord ,swit*bo>d4 ,! liaison ( telephone int]communication betwe5 army units is frequ5tly su* t a tempor>y1 quickly in/all$ & flexible type ( small c5tral ex*ange locat$ 9 ! field1 is ess5tial4 ,su* an ex*ange is usually plac$ 9 a well protect$ dug\t at ! infantry battalion headqu>t]s1 artill]y battalion headqu>t]s1 c5tral artill]y obs]vation po/1 etc41 :]e x w be ! c5tral t]m9al po9t ( f f\r to twelve or m l9es connect+ ) ! headqu>t]s ( ! high] comm&1 ) ! sev]al units work+ ) ! battalion1 & ) ! jo9+ simil> battalions4 ,! swit*bo>d :i* has be5 design$ to meet ^! requirem5ts is call$ ! 8monocord swit*bo>d0 & is made up ( ei!r f\r1 eight or twelve ( ! type ,,ee-#b swit*bo>d units4 ,! monocord swit*bo>d is made up ( unit panels1 on ea* ( :i* is m\nt$ all ! app>atus ne$$ = ! c5tral ex*ange end ( "o telephone l9e4 ,^! panels are made ( insulat+ mat]ial & are m\nt$ 9 special wood5 frames 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 eight & twelve units1 accord+ to ! size ( ! in/allation necess>y4 ,! two sizes mo/ commonly us$ 9 ov]seas "w are ! f\r unit & twelve unit bo>ds4 ,ea* unit is removable f ! frame1 !reby l5d+ flexibility to ! bo>d & facilitat+ repair & replacem5t4 ,g5]ally1 ?is type ( bo>d is us$ only = a small numb] ( l9es z ! op]at+ facilities d n p]mit spe$y connections1 & x is always bett] practice to use only ?ree l9es on a f\r unit bo>d & #aa l9es on a twelve unit bo>d 9 ord] to h a sp>e unit imm$iately available4 ,! monocord swit*bo>d may be us$ ) ei!r a magneto telephone1 camp telephone1 field telephone ,model #aiag1 buzz]phone or s]vice buzz]4 ,! op]ator's telephone set is n furni%$ z a "p ( ! swit*bo>d & a sep>ate telephone set ( "o type previ\sly m5tion$ mu/ be suppli$ = ?is purpose4 ,swit*bo>d ,frame4--,! swit*bo>d frame is made ( h>d wood1 v>ni%$ 9 ord] to make x moi/ure pro(4 ,its function is to hold ! v>i\s units toge!r & to protect !m f du/ & me*anical injury4 ,9 ! back ( ! frame !re are ?ree horizontal brass b>s ext5d+ ! wid? ( ! bo>d4 ,9 addition to provid+ a me*anical support = ! v>i\s units1 ! top b> s]ves z a common gr\nd connection & ! middle & bottom b>s z common night bell & batt]y connections = all units4 ,?ree ,fahne/ock clips on ,am]ican made bo>ds & b9d+ po/s on ,fr5* made bo>ds are in/all$ at ! top ( ! frame & f\r at ! bottom4 ,on ! ,fr5* made bo>ds ! upp] ?ree b9d+ po/s are m>k$ ,s#a1 ,s#b & ,t1 & are us$ = connect+ by indep5d5t wires1 respectively1 ! night bell & gr\nd4 ,! two po/s at ! bottom ( ! frame m>k$ ,,zs & ,,cs are us$ = connect+ ! two poles ( ! night bell batt]y4 ,to ! o!r two m>k$ ,p#a & ,p#b are connect$ ! op]ators telephone & ! op]ators plug4 ,! t]m9als at ! top ( ! ,am]ican made bo>ds are m>k$ ,a1 ,a#a & ,g1 correspond+ ) ! ,fr5* ,s#a1 ,s#b & ,t1 & ^? at ! bottom are m>k$ ,b1 ,b#a1 ,l#a & ,l#b1 correspond+ to ,,zs1 ,,cs1 ,p#a & ,p#b1 respectively4 ,if two or m multi-unit bo>ds are connect$ 9 p>allel = op]ation at "o ex*ange1 ! int]connections betwe5 bo>ds 9 ord] to use "o gr\nd1 "o night bell & "o batt]y = ! :ole ex*ange are made4 ,! correspond+ b9d+ po/s at ! top & bottom ( ! frames are simply connect$ to ea* o!r1 z ,s#a & ,s#b ( ,no4 #a bo>d to ,s#a & ,s#b1 respectively1 ( ,no4 #b bo>d4 ,unit ,panel4--,ea* unit comprises all ! necess>y app>atus = ! ex*ange t]m9als ( "o l9e 7two wires74 ,! v>i\s p>ts are li/$ bel[ accord+ to _! position on ! panel f top to bottom3 ,two connect+ blocks = ! l9e wires4 ,lightn+ arre/] betwe5 ^! blocks4 ,two fuses4 ,l9e numb] plate4 ,l9e drop signal & night bell contact4 ,jack4 ,cord & l9e plug4 ,ea* unit is held 9 ! frame by means ( two ma*9e screws1 "o at ! top & "o at ! bottom ( ! unit1 :i* engages ! brass b>s 9 back ( ! bo>d & hold ! unit firmly 9 place4 ,rigidity ( con/ruction is ess5tial1 z con/ant use & transf]r+ f "o place to ano!r t5d to loos5 ! units f ! frame & di/urb ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! adju/m5t ( ! l9e drop4 ,lightn+ ,arre/]4--,! lightn+ arre/] is a simple too!d wa%] held aga9/ ! panel by ! support+ screw4 ,?is screw is gr\nd$ ?r\gh ! upp] brass b>4 ,if lightn+ comes 9 on ! l9e wires1 ! ma9 portion ( x jumps ! small air gap f ! b9d+ po/ to ! gr\nd$ wa%] & !nce passes to ! gr\nd1 s t only a small portion ( ! high frequ5cy curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! swit*bo>d app>atus4 ,if ! latt] portion is at all heavy1 ! fuses burn out1 op5+ ! circuit ?r\gh ! swit*bo>d ) a mu* wid] gap1 & h5ce high] resi/ance ?an t 9 ! circuit to gr\nd across ! arre/]4 ,l9e ,fuses4--,two glass enclos$ removable fuses1 :i* fit into spr+ connections1 are provid$ to protect ea* side ( ! l9e f excessive curr5ts4 ,9 ord] t burn$ out fuses may be readily se51 ! panel is pa9t$ :ite beh9d !m4 ,! glass is usually smok$ up m or less :5 a fuse burns out & ?is aga9/ ! :ite backgr\nd is easily notic$4 ,l9e ,numb] ,plate4--,! l9e numb] plate is a small :ite celluloid /rip on :i* ! l9e numb] is writt54 ,?is numb] may easily be eras$ if x is necess>y to *ange x4 ,l9e ,drop ,signal4--,! l9e drop signal consi/s ( a %utt] held normally 9 a v]tical position by a brass trip lat*4 ,?is trip lat* is atta*$ to ! armature ( a small electromagnet :i* is normally connect$ across ! l9e ?r\gh ! anvil & ! jack tip contact spr+ ( ! swit*bo>d jack4 ,:5 ! coils ( ! magnet are en]giz$ by a curr5t s5t ov] ! wire f a call+ /ation1 ! armature & trip lat* are lift$1 !reby releas+ ! %utt]1 :i* falls by gravity to a horizontal position & attracts ! att5tion ( ! op]ator4 ,! electromagnet is adju/$ to op]ate on a v small curr5t4 ,= lock+ ! %utt] 9 ! v]tical position & protect+ x f me*anical injury dur+ transport1 a flat spr+ lev] is provid$ :i* may be turn$ up f a pivot at "o end to press aga9/ ! %utt]4 ,night ,bell ,spr+ ,contact4--,! night bell contact is locat$ 9 ! back ( ! panel4 ,! batt]y & bell circuit ?r\gh ?is contact is clos$ :5 ! l9e signal drop %utt] is releas$ by ! electromagnet1 ?is =c+ ! spr+ back aga9/ ! contact po9t4 ,! night bell spr+ contact consi/s ( a n>r[ flat brass spr+1 screw$ at "o end to ! drop m\nt+ plate4 ,! contact po9t is m\nt$ on ! back ( ! panel1 ! re> end ( ?is rod mak+ contact ) ! night bell bus b>1 aga9/ :i* ! rod presses :5 ! panel is screw$ 9 place on ! b>s along ! back ( ! swit*bo>d4 ,swit*bo>d ,jack & ,l9e ,plug4--,ea* unit is provid$ ) a jack & plug4 ,! jack consi/s ( a cyl9drical op5+ 9 ! panel ( ! unit1 beh9d :i* are arrang$ ! tip contact spr+1 ! sleeve contact spr+ & ! anvil4 ,! tip spr+ is connect$ ?r\gh "o ( ! fuses to "o ( ! l9e wires4 ,! anvil is connect$ to ! o!r l9e wire ?r\gh ! electromagnet coils & ! o!r fuse4 ,! magnet circuit is normally clos$ across ! l9e :5 !re is no plug 9 ! jack1 z ! tip spr+ & ! anvil are !n 9 contact4 ,a curr5t com+ 9 ov] ! l9e1 !n1 w\ld en]gize ! coil4 ,! sleeve spr+ ( ! jack is connect$ directly to ! same l9e wire z ! anvil1 ! l9e plug is bridg$ across ! tip & sleeve contact spr+4 ,x is a /&>d two-contact type1 ! tip & ! sleeve mak+ direct connection to ! l9e4 ,op]ators ,equipm5t4--,any equipm5t :i* is n individual to a l9e1 b :i* is us$ 9 common to all l9es 9 ! process ( int]connection1 is call$ ! op]ator's equipm5t4 ,?is consi/s ( an ord9>y telephone set1 employ+ ei!r magneto or buzz] & includ+ a transmitt]1 receiv]1 induction coil1 g5]ator1 batt]y & connection1 toge!r ) ! wir+ & ! associate p>ts necess>y to co-ord9ate !m ) ! re/ ( ! app>atus4 ,an op]ator's equipm5t also includes a night bell & batt]y4 ,c>ry+ ,case4--,c>ry+ cases made ( fib] & provid$ ) h& /raps are furni%$ ) monocord swit*bo>ds to provide a conv5i5t means ( c>ry+ !m & to protect !m f damage dur+ transportation4 ,^! cases are made s t !y w hold n only ! frame ) ! assembl$ unit1 b also ! swit*bo>d cords4 ,to move ! bo>d x is necess>y to disconnect ! night bell batt]y1 ! night bell1 ! gr\nd connection1 ! op]ator's set & ! sev]al l9e wires4 ,c>e & ,adju/m5ts4--,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :5 a bo>d is in/all$ to make sure t ! frame is 9 a v]tical & level position4 ,:5 assembl$ at ! factory1 all adju/m5ts are made ) ! bo>d 9 a v]tical position & all op]ations conductive to satisfactory s]vice dep5ds on ?is pr]equisite be+ obs]v$4 ,! l9e signals ( ! monocord swit* bo>ds are ( ! gravity type & require c>eful adju/m5t4 ,any adju/m5t fur!r ?an t done at ! factory %\ld be made by an exp]t :o is ?or\ghly famili> ) ?is "w4 ,dur+ transportation & in/allation ( ?is bo>d1 ! l9e drop %utt]s %\ld be held closely by ! flat spr+s previ\sly describ$4 ,! burn+ out ( a fuse :5 excessive curr5t comes 9 on a l9e t is deta*$ by an op5 circuit on t l9e4 ,a bad fuse g5]ally %[s pla9ly aga9/ ! :ite backgr\nd on ! panel4 ,h[ev]1 if x is n possible to see :e!r or n ! fuse is burn$ out1 ! l9e may be %ort circuit$ mom5t>ily by means ( a piece ( b>e copp] wire plac$ across ! two l9e t]m9als4 ,! op]ators is !n ins]t$ 9 ! jack ( ! unit "u te/1 & ! magneto crank turn$4 ,if ! fuse is burn$ out1 ! crank w turn ov] easy2 if n1 x w turn h>d1 indicat+ t ! op5 circuit is else:]e on ! l9e4 ,a burn$ out fuse %\ld be replac$ imm$iately 9 ord] to keep all l9es work+4 ,sev]al sp>e fuses %\ld be kept on h& at all times b 9 case no fuse is available1 a /r& ( small copp] wire may be connect$ across ! upp] & l[] fuse clips4 ,to remove a fuse1 take ! bottom metal cap ( ! fuse betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] & pu% upw>d aga9/ ! spr+ hold] on ! l9e t]m9al block1 at ! same "t pull+ outw>d4 ,to in/all a fuse1 hold x 9 ! same mann] & put ! o!r end ( ! fuse 9 ! upp] spr+ contact1 =c+ x upw>d until ! bottom ends slip into place4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! small air gap betwe5 ! too!d wa%] & ! l9e t]m9al clean4 ,if ?is precaution is n tak51 & ! air gap is all[$ to clog up ) du/ & dirt1 x w introduce a leak to gr\nd or betwe5 wires ) result+ poor transmission4 ,all m\nt+ screws & all wire connections %\ld be kept tight4 ,:5ev] ! unit is damag$1 x %\ld be replac$ by ano!r "o1 ! damag$ unit be+ s5t back to headqu>t]s = repair4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be not$ t ! ,am]ican unit panels & p>ts h be5 made int]*angeable ) ! ,fr5* to facilitate repair4 ,to remove a unit f ! frame1 x is only necess>y to disconnect ! l9e t]m9als & remove ! top & bottom screws :i* engage ! brass b>s beh9d ! bo>d4 ,9 h&l+ ! swit*bo>d cords1 !y %\ld be grasp$ by ! plug1 n by ! cord4 ,! connection ( ! wires to ! tip & sleeve ( a plug w break1 is subject to undue /ra9 or abuse1 & by tak+ hold ( ! plug :ile ins]t+ x & pull+ x out1 ! likelihood ( break+ ! int]nal connections & we>+ out ! wires w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,disadvantages ( ! ,monocord ,swit*bo>d4 #a4 ,x does n af=d z quick connections z ! by-cords swit*bo>d type4 #b4 ,x is n self-conta9$4 ,a self-conta9$ swit*bo>d includes op]ators1 receiv] & transmitt] & r++ & night al>m circuits4 #c4 ,! op]ator's telephone is usually equipp$ ) a h& set1 7receiv] & transmitt]7 :i* leaves him ) only "o free h& = mak+ connections4 #d4 ,"o swit*bo>d is equipp$ ) b "o ma/]1 or op]ators cord1 ?is af=ds only "o means ( answ]+ & call+4 ,advantages ( ! ,monocord ,swit*bo>d4 #a4 ,small1 compact1 light weight4 #b4 ,simple wir+4 #c4 ,quickly in/all$4 #d4 ,p>ticul>ly suit$ = small c5tral ex*anges4 #e4 ,units c be remov$ quickly1 9 case ( tr\ble 9 int]ior circuits4 ,any unit c be remov$ )\t di/urb+ o!r units4 ,common ,faults & ,rem$ies ( ! ,magneto ,telephone4 ,! mo/ common tr\ble 9 telephone in/rum5ts are due g5]ally to "o ( ?ree causes4 7#a7 ,loose or dirty connections at ! b9d+ po/s ( ! in/rum5t1 at ! b9d+ po/s ( ! batt]ies1 or 9 jo9ts ( ! l9e wires1 7#b7 exhau/$1 poor1 or weak batt]ies1 7#c7 cross$1 op51 or defective wires4 ,^! tr\bles1 ( c\rse1 d n include ^? aris+ f inf]ior or defective in/rum5ts4 ,if ! connections are dirty1 corrod$ or greasy1 scrape ! wires & clean out ! b9d+ po/s1 !n screw ! wires firmly 9 place4 ,if ! telephone does n !n "w prop]ly1 exam9e ! batt]ies & see :e!r !y are run d[n or :e!r ! z9cs are eat5 away4 ,) wet batt]ies1 x may be possible t ! wat] has evaporat$2 9 dry batt]ies1 ! z9cs may be eat5 ?r\gh or ! batt]ies may be o!rwise defective4 ,! simple/ way to te/ a batt]y is to try a new batt]y1 & see :e!r x w make ! telephone "w prop]ly2 if x does1 ! tr\ble is ) ! old batt]y4 ,if ! tr\ble is pres5t aft] *ang+ ! batt]y1 exam9e ! l9e connections & ! l9e outside2 if any loose connections are f\nd1 correct !m at once4 ,:5 inspect+ ! l9e outside see t x does n t\* any?+ except ! insulators1 & t x is nei!r cross$ nor brok54 ,on gr\nd$ l9es--gr\nd$ l9es are obsolete n[ 9 mod]n w>f>e on ! acc\nt ( ! _m means ( detect+ & pick+ up messages n[ employ$2 9 fact ! metallic circuit telephone l9es are n[ us$ )9 a mile ( ! front l9es except = messages :i* w\ld be ( no value to ! enemy--exam9e ! gr\nd connections ! fir/ ?+ & see :e!r x is 9 good condition1 & if a plate is us$ see t x is 9 moi/ gr\nd4 ,! frequ5t tr\ble ) transmitt]s is ! fry+ noise2 t is usually caus$ by induction or /atic electricity1 & may also be caus$ by loose connections4 #a4 ,op5 ,l9e4 ,effect3 ,_c receive a call or get c5tral4 ,te/3 ,foll[ l9e ) portable magneto te/ set & r+2 if c5tral gets r+1 op5 is t[>d /ation or visa v]sa4 ,effect3 ,c he> & receive c5tral call b _c talk4 #b4 ,op5 ,batt]y4 ,te/3 ,/rap out prim>y w9d+ or transmitt] ) te/ receiv]1 & leav+ ! receiv] (f ! hook at /ation1 li/5 #c4 ,op5 prim>y w9d+4 9 ei!r = click :ile mov+ swit*hook up & d[n4 ,if no noise be he>d1 batt]y circuit mu/ be op51 & circuit %\ld be foll[$ ) te/ #d4 ,op5 ,transmitt]4 receiv]1 :i* w click l\d :]e batt]y is f\nd to be ,o4 ,k4 ,effect3 ,no signal w %[ at magneto #e4 ,%ort ,circuit$ swit*bo>d1 & use ( /ation ,l9e4 in/rum5t w be impair$ & magneto w turn h>d4 #f4 ,wet or %ort ,circuit$ ,te/3 ,op5 l9e & r+2 if magneto /ill ,in/rum't4 turns h>d op5 connections "o at a "t1 :]e available ?r\gh\t entire w9d+ until magneto turns freely4 ,effect3 ,o!r talk+ he>d on ! l9e #g4 ,l9e cross$ ) :5 ! receiv] is (f ! hook4 ano!r l9e4 ,te/3 ,r+ magneto & ) c5tral's help try to locate o!r p>ty2 !n trace l9e4 #h4 ,op5 second>y w9d+4 ,effect3 ,c r+ & he> c5tral r+ b #i4 ,op5 receiv]4 _c he> 9 receiv] al?\gh c be #aj4 ,receiv] diaphragm he>d4 miss+ or badly ,te/3 ,/rap te/ receiv] across op5 "p4 d5t$4 ,effect3 ,c he> well b _c be he>d #aa4 ,weak batt]y ,cells4 cle>ly4 ,te/3 ,use amp]e met] & see if ea* cell be weak4 ,effect3 ,c talk & he> 9 receiv] b #ab4 ,op5 ,bell4 bell does n r+4 ,te/3 ,/rap bell coils out ) te/ receiv] & li/5 94 ,effect3 ,bell r+s f c5tral b does #ac4 ,op5 magneto ,armature n r+ :5 magneto h&le is turn$ ,w9d+4 nor c c5tral be call$4 ,te/3 ,r+ ) ano!r magneto or te/ set4 #ad4 ,slight ,%ort ,circuit ,effect3 ,c r+ op]ator b _c he> 7escape7 to nor be he>d cle>ly4 ,gr\nd4 ,te/3 ,op5 l9e1 "o l9e at a "t1 & foll[ circuit ) te/ set4 ,escapes are due to wires t\*+ damp walls1 metal ro(1 or o!r gr\nd$ wire :]e insulation has be5 rubb$ (f4 ,signal+ by ,means ( ,lamps4 ,visual signal+ by means ( ! lamp has be5 f\nd to be v important & effici5t4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t dur+ ! fir/ h\rs ( a battle1 p>ticul>ly 9 an advance1 be=e x has be5 possible to e/abli% ! telephone sy/ems1 ! lamp has furni%$ ! mo/ dep5dable means ( communication bo? by day & night4 ,ev5 9 /ation>y or tr5* w>f>e 9 sectors ) well organiz$ sy/ems ( communication1 ! lamp is mo/ s]viceable 9 transmitt+ %ort messages su* z call+ = a b>rage1 re9=cem5ts1 etc41 = :i* arbitr>y signals are us$4 ,9 fact1 ?is me?od is m precise ?an ! use ( rockets & m rapid ?an ! telephone 9 transmitt+ in=mation cov]$ by ^! arbitr>y signals4 ,= ^! reasons1 all important telephone l9es ne> ! front are p>allel$ by ! lamp sy/em4 ,description ( ! ,lamps4--,! signal+ lamps are made 9 ?ree sizes call$ ! #ad1 #bd & #ce c5timet] lamps4 ,^! dim5sions indicate ! diamet] ( ! reflector4 ,! #bd cm lamp consi/s ( a portable se>*light1 simil> 9 pr9cipal to an automobile headlight1 b equipp$ ) a sight+ or aim+ tube on top1 a h+$ lid to cov] ! glass reflector1 & a two-wire cable us$ to connect ! batt]ies = op]at+ ! bulb4 ,! batt]y comprises eight dry cells 9 s]ies1 c>ri$ 9 two lea!r p\*es1 ea* hold+ f\r cells4 ,^! p\*es are atta*$ to a lea!r belt support$ by %\ld] /raps4 ,! belt has also an additional p\* 9 :i* ?ree extra lamp bulbs are c>ri$4 ,a brass pu% button :i* projects ?r\gh ?is p\* is us$ z a key 9 complet+ ! batt]y & lamp circuit to make signals ( %ort & long fla%es4 ,connection betwe5 ! lamp & batt]y is complet$ by ! two wire cable & ! plug & socket connector4 ,! complete app>atus1 compris+ ! lamp & ! belt & ?ree sp>e light bulbs & eight dry batt]ies1 is furni%$ 9 a wood5 c>ry+ case4 ,! #ad cm lamp is simil> to ! #bd cm1 b small]1 us+ a batt]y ( f\r dry cells & be+ slightly diff]5t 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x is c>ri$4 ,! #ad cm lamps come ?ree 9 a wood5 case ) extra batt]ies & lamp bulbs4 ,! #ce cm lamp is a l>g] model ( ! #bd cm lamp1 is n z readily portable & employs a /orage batt]y4 x is us$ only = p]man5t in/allations4 ,me?od ( ,op]ation4 ,! lamp & batt]y circuit is complet$ by means ( ! plug & socket connector4 ,! lid cov]+ ! reflector is !n op5$ & ! op]ator sights ?r\gh ! tube to locate ! /ation ) :i* he is to communicate1 & signals by means ( ! pu% button key4 ,x is ess5tial t ! lamp be held rigidly & ! sight+ tube be cont9u\sly aim$ exactly at ! receiv+ /ation dur+ signal+4 ,a slight movem5t ( ! lamp makes ! signals appe> blurr$ or entirely invisible to ! receiv+ /ation4 ,a lamp /ation %\ld always be locat$ 9 ! %ade or protect$ f direct sun rays1 :i* w\ld o!rwise produce a cont9u\s gl>e f ! reflector & make ! electric light signals invisible4 ,a lamp may be held 9 ! h& :ile signal+ or fa/5$ to any?+ t w aid /ability4 ,9 p]man5t & semi-p]man5t /ations an arrangem5t = hold+ ! lamp 9 a fix$ position1 direct$ at ! receiv+ /ation1 %\ld be in/all$4 ,9 addition1 a wood5 tube tap]+ d[n 9 size t[>d ! out] end & be+ #f ft4 to #i ft4 long & approximately ! size ( ! lamp at ! inn] end1 %\ld be con/ruct$ & also p]man5tly align$ on ! receiv+ /ation4 ,?is r$uces ! diffusion ( ! rays ( ! lamp1 & also m9imizes ! possibility ( ! signals be+ read :]e n int5d$4 ,adju/m5ts ( ,lamps4--,! reflect+ app>atus ( a lamp is c>efully adju/$ be=e x is issu$4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible t a slightly diff]5t adju/m5t w give bett] results :5 a new bulb is ins]t$4 ,to focus ! lamp ! light is fla%$ on "s d>k backgr\nd1 su* z wall a few y>ds away1 & ! screws support+ ! p>abolic mirror c>efully turn$ until ! light becomes conc5trat$ 9 ! smalle/ possible circle4 ,! adju/m5t screws are !n tight5$1 b !y %\ld nev] be set tight4 ,if ! receiv+ op]ator is hav+ tr\ble 9 receiv+ signals1 he w in=m ! s5d+ /ation by s5d+ a s]ies ( dots4 ,! s5d+ op]ator w !n exam9e 8 app>atus to see if ! lamp is prop]ly direct$ at ! receiv+ /ation1 if ! reflector is out ( focus1 or if ! batt]y has become weak4 ,! receiv+ op]ator indicates ! mann] 9 :i* he is receiv+ ! signals by ! me?od 9 :i* he s5ds ! dots4 ,if ! signals become worse1 ! dots are made m rapidly4 ,z ! adju/m5t becomes bett]1 ! dots are made m sl[ly4 ,:5 a good readable adju/m5t has be5 obta9$1 he w signal ,,br1 mean+ 8g ahead40 ,,precautions ,,9 ,,lamp ,,signal+4 ,don't leave ! lamp cov] op5 :5 n 9 use4 ,don't =get to op5 x :5 y />t to transmit4 ,don't t\* ! mirror4 ,if necess>y1 x %\ld be clean$ by wip+ ) gauze or cotton or wip$ ) clean wat]4 ,don't pull ! wire cable fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! lamp :5 remov+ f ! box4 ,don't return brok5 or burn$-out globes to ! p\*1 b ?r[ !m away unless ord]$ to turn !m 94 ,don't use ! lamp = illum9at+ purposes4 ,don't neglect to keep a con/ant wat* on ! /ations ) :i* y are suppos$ to communicate4 ,,signal+ ,,range ,,( ,,lamps4 ,day4 ,night4 #ad cm #a to #c kilomet]s #b to #f kilomet]s4 #bd cm #a to #f kilomet]s #c to #aj kilomet]s4 #ce cm #e to #aj kilomet]s #h to #ae kilomet]s4 ,signals may be transmitt$ by us+ ei!r :ite or r$ bulbs1 b ! range :5 us+ r$ bulbs is r$uc$ approximately #ej4 ,,g5]al ,,s]vice ,,code ,,& ,,conv5tional ,,signals ,,= ,,use ,,) ,,projectors1 ,,buzz]s ,,& ,,wigwag4 ,a 4- ,g --4 ,m -- ,s 444 ,y -4-- #e 44444 ,b -444 ,h 4444 ,n -4 ,t - ,z --44 #f -4444 ,c -4-4 ,i 44 ,o --- ,u 44- #a 4--- #g --444 ,d -44 ,j 4--- ,p 4--4 ,v 444- #b 44--- #h ---44 ,e 4 ,k -4- ,q --4- ,w 4--4 #c 444-- #i ----4 ,f 44-4 ,l 4-44 ,r 4-4 ,x -44- #d 4444- #aj ----- ,mann] ( ,s5d+ ,messages4 ,messages are s5t by us+ ! ,g5]al ,s]vice ,code & %\ld always be z %ort z possible4 ,e "t a lett] c be omitt$1 ! *ance ( error is r$uc$4 ,a dot is made by a %ort fla% ( ab\t second duration4 ,a da% is a long] fla% ( ab\t two seconds duration4 ,! int]val betwe5 dot & da% is ab\t second duration4 ,! int]val betwe5 lett]s is ab\t #b seconds duration4 ,! int]val betwe5 words is ab\t #d seconds duration4 ,9 ord] t lamp signals may be easily read1 x is necess>y t ! signals be n too rapid1 #ae to #bj *>act]s p] m9ute %\ld be tak5 z ! upp] limit4 ,successive lett]s mu/ be well spac$4 ,an int]val ( #b seconds betwe5 lett]s w enable ! receiv+ op]ator to call (f ea* lett] to 8 assi/ant z he receives x4 ,9 g5]al1 two m5 = ea* %ift are necess>y to op]ate a lamp /ation4 ,at ! s5d+ /ation "o man dictates ! message lett] by lett]1 & wat*es ! receiv+ /ation = breaks4 ,! o!r s5ds ! message4 ,at ! receiv+ /ations1 "o man receives ! message & calls x (f by lett] to 8 help] :o writes x d[n4 ,to call a /ation1 its call lett] %\ld be s5t sev]al times & at int]vals ! /ation call+ %\ld signal its own call lett]4 ,z soon z a /ation obs]ves t x is be+ call$1 x w answ] by signal+ its call lett] & ! signal ,,br1 8g ahead40 ,! message is !n transmitt$ & ! receiv+ /ation ackn[l$ges receipt ( ea* ^w4 ,by "o dot1 if x has be5 und]/ood4 ,by ! int]rogation m>k1 if x has n be5 und]/ood & repetition is desir$4 7,:ile ! int]rogation is (ficial1 two dots are inv>iably us$ = ?is signal47 ,at ! end ( a message ! s5d+ /ation signals ,,ar1 mean+1 8end ( message40 ,! receiv+ /ation s5ds a dot if ! message has be5 und]/ood4 ,signal+ by ,means ( ,fireworks4 ,! use ( fireworks 9 mod]n battles = s5d+ signals has be5 greatly develop$ & is n[ "o ( ! mo/ important means reli$ ^u to s5d a few fundam5tal signals f ! front l9e ( ! infantry to ! support+ artill]y )9 ! division & betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! airplanes4 ,! ,fireworks ,code4 ,z ! signals t are made by fireworks are always ( ! mo/ important "*1 x is ess5tial t ! sy/em = _! use be s p]fectly work$ out t !re w be no *ance ( confusion4 ,! small] ! numb] ( signals to be s5t by fireworks1 ! less *ance !re is ( confusion4 ,classification ( ,fireworks4 ,! fireworks n[ be+ us$ by ! ,am]ican ,army are divid$ into ! foll[+ classes3 #a4 ,v ,pi/ol c>tridges4 #b4 ,,vb c>tridges 7commonly call$ 8,tromblons074 #c4 ,rockets4 #d4 ,fl>es4 ,! complete directions = fir+ ^! v>i\s fireworks are g5]ally atta*$ to ! conta9] or box 9 :i* !y are pack$4 ,!y are fully discuss$ 9 ,annex #ad1 ,translation ( ! #aiag 8,in/ruction on ,liaison = ,troops ( all ,arms1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f40 #a4 ,v ,pi/ol ,c>tridges4 ,! ,v pi/ol c>tridges are made 9 two sizes1 a #be-mm size1 :i* is issu$ to ! companies ( infantry1 & a #ce-mm size1 :i* is us$ by ! airplanes4 ,^! ,v pi/ols fire bo? signal & illum9at+ c>tridges4 #b4 ,,vb ,c>tridges4 ,! ,,vb c>tridges are fir$ f a cyl9d] :i* is atta*$ to ! end ( a rifle4 ,?is cyl9d]1 on acc\nt ( its resemblance to ! old-fa%ion$ blund]buss 7:i* ! ,fr5* call 8,tromblon07 has tak5 ! "n ( tromblon & n[ ev5 ! ,,vb c>tridges1 :i* are fir$ f ?is cyl9d]1 are (t5 spok5 ( z ,tromblons4 #c4 ,rockets4 ,! rockets comprise fireworks :i* are made 9 ! =m ( c>tridges atta*$ to a wood5 /ick & fir$ f a tube or tr\gh4 ,!y are us$ bo? = signal+ & illum9at+4 #d4 ,fl>es4 ,fl>es are us$ only 9 ! front l9es to m>k ! position ( ! advanc$ troops :5 call$ = by an airplane4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,classes ,,( ,,fireworks4 ,x w be se5 t ! above classification ( fireworks is an arbitr>y "o1 made accord+ to ! me?od ( project+ !m4 ,! same signal c be made by sev]al diff]5t means4 ,! means employ$ dep5d ^u ! type ( fireworks issu$ to ! p>ticul> unit us+ !m & also ^u ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! signal mu/ be read4 ,fl>es are n project$ at all & consequ5tly h ! mo/ limit$ range ( visibility 9 any b a p]p5dicul> direction4 ,! #be-mm ,v pi/ol projects its signals ab\t #bjj ft4 & c be se5 f ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,! tromblon projects its signals to a height ( #cjj ft4 & is next 9 range ( visibility4 ,! rockets :i* project a signal at ! height ( #ajjj ft4 or ov] h ! maximum range ( visibility4 ,! #ce-mm ,v pi/ol projects signals :i* are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! #be-mm pi/ol1 b ?r[s !m a %ort] di/ance 7ab\t #aej ft474 ,z its use is conf9$ to ! airplane ?is is n a factor 9 its visibility4 ,! foll[+ are important uses t may be made ( fireworks3 #a4 ,by ! infantry platoon1 company or battalion comm&] 9 signal+ to ! artill]y = a b>rage1 or o!rwise direct+ ! fire ( ! artill]y4 #b4 ,= signal+ betwe5 ! front l9e troops & ! contact airplane 9 an advance4 #c4 ,w>n+ ( enemy gas attack giv5 by ! fireworks signal] ne>e/ to :]e ! gas is discov]$4 #d4 ,z a me?od ( ackn[l$g+ v>i\s visual signals4 #e4 ,occasionally1 dur+ ! prep>ation ( an attack & ^u ord]s f ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 fireworks may be us$ 9 liaison betwe5 ! artill]y & ! artill]y airplanes4 ,signal+ by ,means ( ,panels4 ,! increas+ use ( ! airplane 9 mod]n w>f>e has necessitat$ ! developm5t ( reliable communication betwe5 x & ! e>?4 ,?is has gradually be5 work$ out 9 ! foll[+ me?ods3 #a4 ,! direct dropp+ ( messages by ! airplane4 #b4 ,! use ( radio app>atus4 #c4 ,! use ( visual signal+ by means ( lamps1 fireworks & panels4 ,panels are pieces ( clo? or o!r mat]ials ( v>i\s designs :i* are spread out on ! gr\nd 9 a mann] to be easily se5 by ! airplane4 ,!y are = ?ree purposes4 #a4 ,to signal to an airplane ! id5tity & location ( a unit's headqu>t]s by ! use ( its di/9ctive panel1 call$ its 8id5tification panel40 ,?is is display$ ei!r :5 ! airplane reque/s x 7by means ( radio7 or :5 ! headqu>t]s desires to attract ! att5tion ( ! airplane4 #b4 ,to signal to ! airplane o!r brief in=mation by ! use ( rectangul> panels kn[n z 8signal+ panels0 & arrang$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r by !mselves or 9 conjunction ) ! unit's id5tification panel4 #c4 ,to signal to ! airplane ! position ( ! front l9e 9 a daylight advance by ! use ( special panels call$ 8m>k+ panels40 ,^! are display$ only :5 call$ = by ! airplane4 ,all panels are remov$ z soon z an ackn[l$gm5t is receiv$ f ! airplane4 ,z ! use ( panels is always 9 conjunction ) airplanes1 all panel signall]s %\ld und]/& "s ( ! uses ( ! v>i\s airplanes4 ,miscellane\s ,me?ods ( ,visual ,signal+4 ,wig-,wag ,flags4--,flags = use 9 wig-wagg+ are n[ issu$ to divisions "u ! "n ( 8kits1 flag1 comb9ation1 /&>d40 ,ea* kit includes "o wig-wag /aff & two wig-wag flags1 & also two semaphore /aff & two semaphore flags4 ,a division is suppli$ ) #a1jbb ( ^! kits4 ,! use ( ! wig-wag flags is already fairly well kn[n 9 ! ,am]ican ,army4 ,signals are transmitt$ by describ+ an arc ( #ij degrees to ! "r & left to =m dots & da%es1 & spaces by a d[nw>d front motion4 ,! g5]al s]vice c be transmitt$ by ?is means4 ,wig-wag flag signal+ %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood & practic$ by all signal m51 z x =ms an excell5t me?od = becom+ famili> ) ! code4 ,signals c be s5t by ?is means m]ely by ! use ( ! h&1 & consequ5tly ! sy/em =ms an excell5t way = troops to put 9 _! "t :5 travel+ by tra9 or on %ipbo>d4 ,its use 9 ! pres5t w> has be5 limit$1 b x w und\bt$ly be us$ m & m1 especially :5 op5 w>f>e is resum$4 ,semaphore4--,signals by semaphore are transmitt$ by ! arms1 ei!r alone or ) ! semaphore flags t are issu$ 9 ! /&>d comb9ation flag kits4 ,x is a /&>d means ( communication 9 ! ,am]ican ,navy & well kn[n 9 ! army4 ,x is n us$ by ! armies ( ,europe1 b x might s]ve a useful purpose to l9em5 & o!rs = int]communication4 ,radio ,equipm5t4 ,! ,radio receiv+ sets1 type ,,scr-#ec & ,,scr-#ed-;,a =m ! /&>d units = ! reception on ! gr\nd ( signals f airplanes1 & 9 g5]al1 ( all damp$ wave signals or modulat$ wave signals4 ,! use = ^! sets may p]haps be said to be t 9 connection ) ! "w ( ! fire control airplanes 9 direct+ ! fire ( ! artill]y4 ,b 9 addition1 !y are us$ = s _m o!r classes ( radio "w1 t !y may inde$ be consid]$ among ! mo/ important radio sets4 ,type ,,scr-#ed ,set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circuit ,,diagram ,,( ,,scr-#ed;,a ,,radio ,,telegraph ,,receiv+ ,,set ,! type ,,scr-#ed set is v simil> to ! ,fr5* type ,a-#a receiv+ set4 ,! ,,scr #ed-;,a set is an improv$ ,am]ican product1 design$ along ! same g5]al l9es z ! type ,,scr-#ed b diff]+ 9 "s respects1 bo? me*anical & electrical1 to improve ! op]at+ *>act]i/ics4 ,! type ,a-#b & ,a-#b-;,b ant5nae are fully describ$ 9 ,radio ,pamphlet ,no4 #b4 ,) _! use ! receiv+ sets h a wave l5g? range ( approximately f #aej to #fej met]s4 ,if prop]ly op]at$1 !y af=d q %>p tun+4 ,?is feature & _! compact1 rugg$ & simple con/ruction h made !m ( v consid]able value on ! ,we/]n ,front4 ,z %[n 9 ! wir+ diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 ! type ,,scr-#ed;,a receiv+ set comprises a prim>y 7ant5na7 circuit & a second>y circuit1 bo? ( :i* may be tun$ by means ( ! v>iable capacitance & v>iable inductance compris$ 9 bo? circuits4 ,! second>y circuit may also be made ap]iodic by plac+ ! swit* ,m on ! position m>k$ 8,,ap40 ,?is connects ! cond5s] 9 or disconnects x f ! circuit4 ,a sep>ate buzz] circuit is in/all$ 9 ! cov] ( ! box to excite ! set :5 adju/+ ! cry/al detector4 ,! adju/able capacitance 9 ea* circuit is a v>iable air cond5s] :i* is adju/$ by means ( an insulat+ h&le1 m>k$ 8,prim>y0 or 8,second>y10 m\nt$ directly on ! rotat+ %aft ( ! cond5s]4 ,! relative am\nt ( capacitance 9 ! circuit1 correspond+ to ! v>i\s positions ( ^! h&les1 is indicat$ by a po9t] fa/5$ to ! %aft1 :i* moves ov] a dial graduat$ f #j to #ij4 ,! position #j corresponds to ! m9imum & ! position #ij to ! maximum capacitance ( ! cond5s]4 ,! two cond5s]s are id5tical 9 design1 & h a maximum capacitance ( #ejj micro-mfd4 ,! prim>y & second>y inductances are v>i$ by means ( two dial swit*es m>k$ 8,p0 & 8,s10 respectively4 ,! prim>y inductance comprises #fj turns ( wire divid$ into six /eps ( #aj turns ea*1 :ile ! second>y inductance comprises #fj turns divid$ into f\r /eps ( #ae turns ea*4 ,^! two inductance coils are w\nd on sep>ate wood5 cyl9d]s s arrang$ t _! relative positions may be readily v>i$4 ,! c\pl+ ( ! two circuits1 :i* is accompli%$ by ! mutual induction effect ( ^! two coils1 is v>i$ by *ang+ ! relative me*anical positions ( ! coils4 ,! second>y coil may be rotat$ by means ( a h&le m>k$ 8,c\pl+10 & a po9t] mov+ ov] a scale graduat$ f #j to #ij indicates its position4 ,:5 9 ! #j position ! axes ( ! two coils are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & ! degree ( c\pl+ is #j4 ,:5 9 ! position 8#ij0 ! axes are p>allel1 & ! c\pl+ is a maximum4 ,! telephone & detector circuit %unts ! second>y cond5s]4 ,?is circuit consi/s ( a cry/al detector connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! telephone receiv] :i* are %unt$ by s-call$ /opp+ cond5s]s4 ,! latt] is a 4#jjb mfd4 mica cond5s]4 ,two cry/al detectors are furni%$ ) a set2 "o ( !m is enclos$ 9 a glass tube1 :i* protects ! cry/al f du/ or dirt4 ,! o!r is op51 hav+ no su* protect+ cas+4 ,ei!r "o may be us$ by screw+ x to ! two b9d+ po/s ( ! set m>k$ 8,detector40 ,! buzz] is m\nt$ 9 a comp>tm5t ( set box cov]1 & consi/s ( a small buzz] connect$ 9 s]ies ) a dry batt]y type ,,ba-#d1 & a swit*4 ,! buzz] is en]giz$ :5 ?is swit* is clos$4 ,a sp>e dry = ! buzz]1 a screwdriv]1 ! enclos$ detector1 "s sp>e wire & sp>e cry/als are normally /or$ 9 comp>tm5ts or metal clips 9 ! cov]4 ,two type ,p-#aa telephone head sets are kept 9 a special comp>tm5t 9 ! box4 ,?is set box :5 clos$ may be c>ri$ by a lea!r /rap atta*$ to x4 ,me?od ( ,op]at+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 putt+ ! set 9 op]at+ condition is to select a suitable place & set up ! ant5na4 ,! set box is !n in/all$ 9 a dry & protect$ place1 & ! arial & gr\nd 7or c\nt]poise7 leads are connect$ to _! respective t]m9als on ! op]at+ panel1 & ! telephone head set plugg$ into ! jack ) ! in/allation ?us complet$ ! fir/ /ep is to adju/ ! cry/al detector4 ,to d ?is1 place ! 8,c\pl+0 h&le ne> ! maximum position1 & connect ! %ort piece ( wire f ! t]m9al clip 9 ! buzz] circuit to ! 8,ant5na0 or 8,gr\nd0 t]m9al ( ! op]at+ panel4 ,close ! buzz] swit* to en]gize ! buzz]1 & c>efully explore ! surface ( ! cry/al ) ! spr+ contact po9t until a s5sitive spot is f\nd1 z evid5c$ by a good audible s\nd 9 ! telephone receiv]4 ,! %ort wire runn+ f ! buzz] to ! panel is !n remov$ & ! buzz] /opp$ by op5+ ! buzz] swit*4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to di/urb ! cry/al adju/m5t by me*anical vibration or %ock4 ,?is adju/m5t is v delicate1 & if de/roy$1 x mu/ be re/or$ be=e any signals c be receiv$4 ,) ! cry/al adju/$1 ! set is !n ready = tun+4 ,! proc$ure v>ies some:at accord+ to :e!r ! wave l5g? ( ! /ation x is desir$ to receive is kn[n or n4 7a7 ,wave ,l5g?s ( ,signals ,unkn[n4--,! swit* ,m 9 ! c5t] ( ! panel is ?r[n to ! position 8,,ap0 7ap]iodic74 ,?is disconnects ! second>y cond5s]1 & makes ! second>y circuit responsive to signals ( any wave l5g?4 ,! c\pl+ is made a maximum1 & ! second>y inductance dial swit* ,s plac$ at ! position 8#fj40 ,! prim>y inductance swit* ,p is !n plac$ successively at ! positions m>k$ #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej & #fj1 &1 at ea* po9t1 ! h&le ( ! prim>y cond5s] is sl[ly turn$ ov] its full range1 until ! l\de/ signals are obta9$ 9 ! telephone4 ,! /ation is !n id5tifi$ by its call lett]s1 & if x is ! /ation desir$1 tun+ ( ! set is complet$ z expla9$ bel[4 ,x may happ5 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is se>* = signals1 sev]al /ations are he>d1 simultane\sly or = diff]5t positions ( ! h&les4 ,! process ( se>*+ is kept up until ! desir$ /ation1 z id5tifi$ by its call lett]s1 is he>d ) ! greate/ int5sity4 ,! c\pl+ po9t] is !n mov$ t[>d ! m9imum position1 s t ! signals w be j l\d en\gh to be easily read4 ,! swit* ,m is plac$ 9 ! position ,t 7tune71 :i* connects ! second>y cond5s] 9 ! second>y circuit4 ,! second>y circuit is !n tun$ by op]at+ ! second>y inductance dial swit* ,s & ! second>y 9 ! same way t 0 foll[$ 9 tun+ ! prim>y4 ,! second>y circuit is 9 tune :5 ! signals are he>d l\de/4 ,! set is !n ready = op]ation4 ,if necess>y1 ! /r5g? ( ! signals may be increas$ by increas+ ! c\pl+1 b ?is %\ld n be done unless ! signal become too fa9t to be read1 s9ce increas+ ! c\pl+ increases ! likelihood ( int]f]5ce by o!r s5d+ /ations4 ,:5 ! c\pl+ is *ang$1 "s slight adju/m5ts ( ! prim>y & second>y cond5s]s w be f\nd to improve ! signals4 7b7 ,wave l5g?s ( ,signals ,kn[n4--,:5 ! receiv+ op]ator has be5 advis$ ( ! wave l5g? ( ! signals he is to pick up1 ! process ( tun+ 9 is some:at facilitat$ by ! use ( ! table ( wave l5g?s :i* is pa/$ 9 ! cov] ( ! box4 ,! prim>y circuit ( ! set is fir/ tun$1 z expla9$ above1 ) ! swit* on 8,,ap10 ! second>y inductance on 8#fj0 & ) maximum c\pl+4 ,aft] ! signals h be5 id5tifi$ & ! prim>y has be5 tun$ to give maximum l\dness1 ! c\pl+ is r$uc$ z be=e & ! swit* ,m mov$ to ,t4 ,! second>y inductance sett+ to be us$ is !n giv5 9 ! table4 ,?us1 = a wave l5g? ( #bhj met]s1 ! sett+ may be #cj or #de4 ,x is be/ to use ! high] value #de4 ,! f9al second>y adju/m5t is !n made z be=e by means ( ! second>y cond5s]4 ,use ( a ,vacuum ,tube ,detector ) ! ,,scr-#ed ,set4 ,x is sometimes desirable to use a vacuum tube detector 9 place ( ! cry/al detector suppli$ ) ! set4 ,9 ?is case1 ! telephone /opp+ cond5s] ( ! set mu/ be %ort circuit$ by ins]t+ a dummy brass plug 9 ! telephone jack4 ,! cry/al detector is !n disconnect$1 & wires are connect$ f ! detector b9d+ po/s ( ! set to ! prop] t]m9als ( ! vacuum tube detector set4 ,! telephone receiv]s %\ld n be plugg$ 91 z be=e1 9 ! jack ( ! set box1 b mu/ be connect$ to ! prop] t]m9als or jack ( ! vacuum tube detector box4 ,precautions1 ,s\rces ( ,tr\ble1 ,ma9t5ance4 ,9 us+ ?is set1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to always keep x 9 z dry a place z possible4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 a clean condition1 especially ! op]at+ panel1 ! contacts1 b9d+ po/s1 dial swit* /uds1 & ! telephone jacks4 ,oil or grease on ^! contacts w make ! connections unc]ta9 & un/eady & impair or ev5 prev5t ! satisfactory op]ation ( ! set4 ,! set %\ld be h&l$ c>efully to avoid w>p+ ! cond5s] plates or o!rwise damag+ ! set4 ,no =eign sub/ance %\ld be plac$ 9 ! set box4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! telephone receiv] cords d n get wet1 = ! result+ leakage ( curr5t ?r\gh !m w\ld consid]ably decrease ! /r5g? ( signals & introduce an annoy+ noise4 ,! telephones d n require any adju/m5t1 & ! e>pieces %\ld always be kept screw$ up tight4 ,! telephone receiv] %\ld nev] be tak5 ap>t1 s9ce _! adju/m5t at ! factory is v accurate & p]man5t4 ,if x becomes necess>y to remove ! cord connections f ei!r ! telephones or ! plug1 ! wires mu/ be connect$ z f\nd1 accord+ to _! diff]5t colors4 ,?is is important s9ce o!rwise ! p]man5t magnets w be p>tially demagnetiz$ & ! effici5cy ( ! telephone receiv]s w be s]i\sly impair$4 ,9 pack+ ! set = transportation ! telephone head set receiv]s are plac$ face to face s t ! diaphragms w be protect$ & kept free ( mud & dirt4 ,! telephone cord is !n w\nd ar\nd ! head b& 9 su* a way z to hold ! receiv]s toge!r4 ,! telephone plug is f9ally slipp$ inside ! coil ?us =m$ by ! connection cord1 & ! entire set is c>efully plac$ 9 its comp>tm5t 9 ! set box4 ,among ! tr\bles mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$ are ^? consid]$ bel[4 ,x may happ5 t ! buzz] does n "w4 ,?is may be due to a poor adju/m5t ( ! buzz] vibrator1 or to a run d[n dry batt]y4 ,if ! radio does n "w x may be because ! cry/al detector is n mak+ contact ) ! s5sitive spot4 ,readju/ x ) ! aid ( ! buzz]4 ,no s\nd 9 ! receiv] may be due to ! fact t ! telephone is n all ! way 9 ! jack1 or t x is dirty4 ,9 ?is case see t ! plug is cle> 91 or remove x & wipe x (f ) a clean clo?4 ,also1 ! dummy brass plug may be 9 ! telephone jack4 ,?is w\ld prev5t op]ation entirely ) ! cry/al detector4 ,scrat*+ noises 9 ! telephone may be ! result ( wet connection cord1 or ! connection at ! plug or ei!r telephone receiv] may be loose4 ,if ! ant5na or gr\nd connections is loose1 or if ! ariel or lead 9 wire is gr\nd$ ?r\gh a bran* ( a tree1 or 9 "s o!r way1 ! set w fail to op]ate4 ,make sure ( good insulation all ar\nd4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a wire w break inside ! set box4 ,?is g5]ally occurs to "o ( ! wires connect+ ! second>y induction coils to ! v>i\s taps to ! second>y dial swit*4 ,"o way to discov] ?is fault is to turn ! 8,c\pl+0 h&le back & =?2 ! signals may !n sudd5ly /op = a c]ta9 position ( ! h&le1 al?\gh !y w be audible ) ! h&le on ei!r side ( ?is position4 ,f9ally1 a plate ( "o ( ! v>iable air cond5s]s may become w>p$ & %ort circuit ! cond5s]4 ,?is is g5]ally evid5c$ by ! fact t ! cond5s]1 :5 v>i$ ov] its :ole range1 does n *ange ! l\dness ( ! signals4 ,9 active s]vice1 ! receiv+ sets are requir$ to be 9 cont9u\s work+ condition4 ,to insure ?is1 sp>e p>ts mu/ be kept on h& at all times 9 ord] to replace defective p>ts ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,su* sp>e p>ts %\ld include sp>e cry/als1 telephones & telephone cords4 ,complete extra set %\ld always be 9 /ock at ! c5tral ,radio supply /ation to provide = replacem5t promptly :5 sets are de/roy$4 ,! sets 9 use %\ld also be frequ5tly te/$ to det]m9e & read9ess = an int5sive & cont9u\s activity4 ,! cond5s] & inductance circuits %\ld be te/$ to make sure t ea* "p ( ea* circuit is 9 p]fect work+ condition4 ,te/+ ( circuit p>ts may be simply done ) a head phone & dry cell1 a click ?r\gh clos$ circuits1 & ! abs5ce ( a click ?r\gh ! cond5s] circuits1 be+ ! indication :i* %\ld be not$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,small ,,arms4 ,notes on ! ,automatic ,pi/ol1 ,cal4 #de1 ,model #aiaa4 ,! pi/ol is kn[n z ! ,automatic ,pi/ol1 ,cal4 #de1 ,model #aiaa4 ,by calib] is meant ! calib] ( ! bore4 ,all pi/ols us$ 9 ! s]vice are m>k$ on ! left side ( ! receiv]1 8,unit$ ,/ates ,prop]ty10 & on ! "r side ) ! s]ial numb]1 :i* mu/ be memoriz$ by ! p]son to :om ! pi/ol is issu$4 ,x is important t e man h a ?or\gh k ( ! nom5clature1 c>e & repair1 me?od ( assembl+ & dism\nt+ ! pi/ol z well z its use & op]ation4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! pi/ol are ! receiv]1 ! b>rel & ! slide4 ,to ,dism\nt & ,assemble ! ,pi/ol3--,press ! magaz9e cat* & remove ! magaz9e4 ,press ! plug inw>d1 turn ! b>rel bu%+ to ! "r & by eas+ (f on ! spr+ let ! plug & spr+ protrude gradually4 ,draw ! slide to ! re> until ! small recess is opposite ! ?umb piece ( ! slide /op4 ,press g5tly aga9/ ! end ( ! p9 ( ! slide /op on ! opposite side & remove ! slide /op4 ,?is releases ! l9k & all[s ! b>rel & ! slide ) all its p>ts to be slid =w>d (f ! guide rails ( ! receiv]4 ,to ,disassemble ! ,slide3--,remove ! plug by turn+ x to ! left & )draw ! recoil spr+ ) its guide f ! re>2 or remove ! recoil spr+ guide & )draw ! coil spr+ ) its plug f ! front4 ,turn ! b>rel bu%+ to ! left & )draw x =w>d f ! slide4 ,! b>rel may n[ be )drawn f ! slide4 ,to remove ! fir+ p91 press ! re> end ( ! p9 =w>d until x cle>s ! fir+ p9 /op4 ,!n )draw ! /op d[nw>d f its seat1 :]eupon ! fir+ p91 ! fir+ p9 spr+1 & ! extractor are remov$ by )draw+ !m to ! re>4 ,= ord9>y clean+1 no fur!r dism\nt+ w be f\nd necess>y & no disassembl+ ( ! receiv] %\ld be p]mitt$ except by p]mission ( an (fic]4 ,:5 ! int]ior ( ! pi/ol has be5 expos$ to wat]1 or :5 x is desir$ to make repairs1 ! receiv] may be completely dism\nt$ z foll[s3 ,cock ! hamm]1 move ! safety lock to a position half way betwe5 its upp] & l[] position4 ,press ! end ( ! safety lock p9 on ! opposite side & )draw ! safety lock4 ,n[ l[] ! hamm] by press+ ! trigg]4 ,pu% out ! hamm] p9 & take out ! hamm] & /rut4 ,next pu% out ! h\s+ p94 ,?is may require a little extra pressure4 ,x is ! only p9 pu%$ out by pressure f ! left side ( ! receiv]4 ,! ma9-spr+ h\s+ may !n be )drawn d[nw>d & ! grip safety )drawn to ! re>4 ,?is exposes ! se> spr+1 :i* is easily remov$4 ,by pu%+ out ! se> p91 ! se> & ! disconnector are releas$4 ,! ma9-spr+ h\s+ is disassembl$ by compress+ ! ma9 spr+1 pu%+ out ! small ma9-spr+ cap p91 :]eupon ! ma9-spr+ cap1 ! ma9 spr+ & ! h\s+ p9 reta9] w come out4 ,! ma9 spr+ may be easily compress$ by us+ ! p9 ( ! slide /op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,automatic ,,pi/ol1 ,,calib] #de1 ,,model #aiaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,receiv]1 ,,b>rel ,,& ,,slide4 ,to remove ! magaz9e cat*1 press ! button inw>d4 ,by means ( a small screw driv] or ! %ort leaf ( ! se> spr+1 give ! screw head ( ! magaz9e cat* lock a qu>t] turn to ! left & remove ! magaz9e cat*4 ,! trigg] c !n be )drawn to ! re>4 ,! hamm] /rut1 a small nail or ! long arm ( ! screw driv] may be us$ to pu% out all p9s except ! ma9 spr+ cap p9 & ! ejector p94 ,to remove ^! a tack or p9 may be f\nd necess>y4 ,to assemble ! pi/ol proce$ 9 ! rev]se ord]1 except t ! ma9 spr+ h\s+ %\ld be left to project ab\t "o-eigh? in*4 ,d n pu% ! ma9-spr+ h\s+ home & ins]t ! h\s+ p9 until aft] ! safety lock is replac$ & ! hamm] l[]$4 ,! ,op]ation ( ! ,pi/ol4--,! act ( draw+ back ! slide 9 load+ cocks ! hamm]1 compresses ! recoil spr+1 p]mitt+ ! magaz9e foll[] to raise ! upp] c>tridge into ! pa? ( ! slide4 ,^u releas+ ! slide1 ! recoil spr+ =ces ! slide =w>d1 c>ry+ ! fir/ c>tridge into ! *amb] ( ! b>rel4 ,z ! slide approa*es its =w>d position1 x enc\nt]s ! re> end ( ! b>rel1 =c+ ! latt] =w>d4 ,s9ce ! front ( ! b>rel pivots 9 ! b>rel bu%+ & ! re> end is free to sw+ upw>d on ! l9k1 ! re> end ( ! b>rel is rais$1 caus+ ! lock+ ribs on ! outside ( ! b>rel & ! inside ( ! slide to engage1 ?us positively lock+ ! b>rel & ! slide toge!r4 ,! jo9t =w>d movem5t ( ! b>rel & ! slide 7ab\t ?ree-eights ( an in*7 is /opp$ :5 ! b>rel lug enc\nt]s ! p9 ( ! slide /op4 ,! pi/ol is !n ready = fir+4 ,:5 ! hamm] is cock$1 ! hamm] /rut moves d[nw>d1 compress+ ! ma9 spr+4 ,! se>1 "u ! action ( ! long leaf ( ! se> spr+1 engages its nose 9 ! not* ( ! hamm]4 ,^u pull+ ! trigg] & press+ on ! grip safety1 ! se> is mov$1 ?us releas+ ! hamm]4 ,! latt] !n /rikes ! fir+ p9 :i* transmits ! bl[ to ! prim] ( ! c>tridge4 ,! explosion ( ! c>tridge g5]ates ! necess>y gas pressure to =ce ! bullet ?r\gh ! b>rel1 ! initial muzzle velocity be+ ab\t #hjj ft4 p] second4 ,! pressure ex]t$ to ! re> aga9/ ! face ( ! slide c>ries ! latt] & ! b>rel to ! re> toge!r4 ,b due to ! l9k atta*m5t1 ! b>rel is almo/ imm$iately swung d[n & unlock$ f ! slide1 leav+ ! slide to cont9ue its movem5t to ! re>1 ?us op5+ ! bree*1 cock+ ! hamm]1 extract+ & eject+ ! empty c>tridge & compress+ ! recoil spr+4 ,:5 ! slide rea*es its re>mo/ position ! magaz9e foll[] raises ano!r c>tridge into ! pa? ( ! slide4 ,?is c>tridge is !n =c$ into ! b>rel by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! slide z be=e describ$4 ,al?\gh x might be suppos$ t ! d[nw>d sw++ ( ! b>rel w\ld affect ! accuracy ( ! fire1 ?is is n ! case4 ,! bullet has ga9$ its maximum velocity & pass$ out ( ! muzzle be=e ! unlock+ movem5t betwe5 ! b>rel & slide comm5ces4 ,:5 ! magaz9e has be5 empti$ ! magaz9e foll[] is free to press aga9/ ! projection on ! slide /op1 ?us =c+ ! slide /op into ! front recess ( ! slide1 !reby lock+ ! slide 9 ! op5 position & rem9d+ ! p]son fir+ t ! empty magaz9e mu/ be replac$ be=e fir+ c be cont9u$4 ,int]e/+ ,facts ab\t ! ,pi/ol4 7a7 ,weight #b p\nds4 ,trigg] pull1 ab\t #g p\nds4 7b7 ,rifl+1 #f grooves ) left-h& twi/4 ,! drift due to ! rifl+ is !re=e to ! left1 b ?is is m ?an neutraliz$ by ! pull ( ! trigg] :5 ! pi/ol is fir$ f ! "r h&4 7c7 ,= ranges up to #ge y>ds ! trajectory is v flat & ! drift slight1 giv+ ! pi/ol great accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,compon5t ,,p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,compon5t ,,p>ts4 #a4 ,receiv]4 #b4 ,b>rel4 #c4 ,slide4 #d4 ,plung] ,tube4 #e4 ,slide ,/op ,plung]4 #f4 ,plung] ,spr+4 #g4 ,safety-lock ,plung]4 #h4 ,slide ,/op4 #i4 ,re> ,sight4 #aj4 ,front ,sight4 #aa4 ,l9k4 #ab4 ,l9k ,p94 #ac4 ,b>rel ,bu%+4 #ad4 ,recoil ,spr+4 #ae4 ,recoil ,spr+ ,guide4 #af4 ,plug4 #ag4 ,extractor4 #ah4 ,ejector4 #ai4 ,ejector ,p94 #bj4 ,fir+ ,p94 #ba4 ,fir+ ,p9 ,spr+4 #bb4 ,fir+ ,p9 ,/op4 #bc4 ,hamm]4 #bd4 ,hamm] ,p94 #be4 ,hamm] ,/rut4 #bf4 ,hamm] ,/rut ,p94 #bg4 ,ma9spr+4 #bh4 ,ma9spr+ ,cap4 #bi4 ,ma9spr+ ,cap ,p94 #cj4 ,se>4 #ca4 ,se> ,spr+4 #cb4 ,se> ,p94 #cc4 ,disconnector4 #cd4 ,trigg]4 #ce4 ,grip ,safety4 #cf4 ,safety ,lock4 #cg4 ,ma9spr+ ,h\s+4 #ch4 ,h\s+ ,p94 #ci4 ,h\s+ ,p9 ,reta9]4 #dj4 ,lany>d ,loop4 #da4 ,lany>d ,loop ,p94 #db4 ,magaz9e ,tube4 #dc4 ,magaz9e ,base4 #dd4 ,magaz9e ,p9s 7#b74 #de4 ,magaz9e ,loop4 ,magaz9e #df4 ,magaz9e ,spr+4 #dg4 ,magaz9e ,foll[]4 #dh4 ,magaz9e ,cat*4 #di4 ,magaz9e ,cat* ,spr+4 #ej4 ,magaz9e ,cat* ,lock4 #ea4 ,/ocks1 ,"r & ,left4 #eb4 ,/ock ,screws 7#d74 #ec4 ,screws ,bu%+s 7#d74 7d7 ,beyond #bej y>ds ! trajectory is v curv$ & ! drift becomes consid]able4 ,fir+ is !re=e v inaccurate4 7e7 ,to hit a t>get at ranges ov] #ge y>ds x w be necess>y to lay on a displac$ po9t above & to ! "r ( t>get = ranges approximately z foll[s3 ,v]tical ,lat]al ,range1 ,y>ds4 ,displacem5t4 ,displacem5t1 "r4 #ajj y>d y>d #aej #a y>ds y>d #bjj #c y>ds #a y>d #bej #e y>ds #b y>ds 7f7 ,! /rik+ en]gy ( ! bullet is suffici5tly great to surely disable a man by caus+ a dang]\s w\nd at all ranges up to #ejj y>ds4 7g7 ,! pi/ol has be5 fir$ by exp]ts at #be y>ds1 aim$ fire1 at ! rate ( #ba %ots 7#c magaz9es7 9 #cj seconds4 ,su* rapidity is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y or desirable 9 s]vice fir+4 ,accuracy is always ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,precautions4 #a4 ,:5ev] ! pi/ol is tak5 out ( or return$ to ! arm rack1 also bo? be=e & aft] drill or o!r ex]cises ) ! pi/ol1 remove ! magaz9e & see t x is empty4 ,!n draw back ! slide :i* w eject any c>tridge 9 ! *amb]4 ,f9ally look ?r\gh ! bore to see t ! pi/ol is unload$ & ! bore n ob/ruct$ by a plug or wad4 ,replace all p>ts1 come to raise pi/ol & l[] hamm]4 #b4 ,nev] place ! trigg] f+] )9 ! trigg] gu>d until x is int5d$ to fire & ! pi/ol po9t$ t[>d ! t>get4 #c4 ,d n c>ry ! pi/ol 9 ! hol/] ) ! hamm] cock$ & ! safety lock on1 except 9 an em]g5cy4 #d4 ,always press ! trigg] ) ! =ef+]4 #e4 ,aft] ea* %ot relieve ! pressure on ! trigg] s t ! se> may re-engage4 #f4 ,:5 ins]t+ ! magaz9e be sure t x engages ! magaz9e cat*4 ,nev] ins]t ! magaz9e by /rik+ x sm>tly2 always apply a cont9u\s pu%4 #g4 ,! pi/ol mu/ be kept clean1 free f ru/ & prop]ly oil$4 #h4 ,nev] disassemble ! receiv] except by p]mission ( a (fic]4 #i4 ,9 disassembl+ ! receiv] be sure t 7a7 ! disconnector & se> are prop]ly assembl$2 7b7 t ! hamm] is n snapp$ :5 ! pi/ol is p>tially assembl$2 7c7 t ! /ocks are n remov$2 7d7 t no hamm] is us$ 9 ei!r assembl+ or disassembl+4 ,c>e & ,clean+ ( ! ,automatic ,pi/ol4 ,9 clean+ ! b>rel ( ! automatic pi/ol aft] fir+ proce$ z foll[s3 ,swab out ! bore ) soda solution to remove p[d] f\l+4 ,remove & dry ) a c\ple ( pat*es4 ,exam9e to see t no pat*es ( metal f\l+ are 9 evid5ce1 !n swab out ) ! swabb+ solution--a dilute metal-f\l+ solution4 ,! am\nt ( swabb+ requir$ ) ! swabb+ solution c be det]m9$ only by exp]i5ce assi/$ by ! color ( ! flannel pat*es4 ,normally a c\ple ( m9utes' "w is suffici5t4 ,dry ?or\ghly & oil ) sp]m oil4 ,! prop] me?od ( oil+ a b>rel is z foll[s3 ,wipe ! clean+ rod dry2 select a clean pat* & ?or\ghly saturate x ) sp]m or light slu%+ oil1 be+ sure t ! oil has p5etrat$ ! pat*2 scrub ! bore ) ! pat*1 f9ally draw+ ! pat* smoo?ly f ! muzzle to ! bree*1 all[+ ! clean+ rod to turn ) ! rifl+4 ,! bore w be f\nd n[ to be smoo? & bright s t any subsequ5t ru/ or sweat+ c be easily detect$ by inspection4 ,! pr9ciples z outl9$ above apply equally well = ! c>e ( ! b>rel ( ! sub-calibre c>tridge4 ,,ma*9e ,,guns ,,& ,,automatic ,,rifles ,,z ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,artill]y4 ,! field artill]y employs ma*9e guns & automatic rifles only def5sively1 ei!r aga9/ ho/ile aircraft1 or aga9/ enemy infantry 9 case ( a break-?r\gh4 ,= ?is reason ! tactical use ( ^! weapons by ! artill]y is consid]ably diff]5t f t by ! infantry1 & ! dispositions t mu/ be made are adapt$ to p>ticul> ne$s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! field artill]y mu/ def5d itself3 7a7 ,on ! m>*4 7b7 ,9 position4 7c7 ,at ! e*elon 7horse-l9es74 ,def5se on ! ,m>*4 #a4 ,ma*9e ,gun4 ,ma*9e guns may be us$ on ! m>* 9 case ( surprise attack or aga9/ l[-fly+ a]oplanes4 ,fire on roads & convoys f l[-fly+ a]oplanes has be5 develop$ to su* an ext5t t x is imp]ative at all times = a column to be prep>$ to def5d itself aga9/ su* attacks4 #a4 ,:5 a batt]y is 9 ! advanc$ zone1 "o ma*9e gun is m\nt$ on a special m\nt on ! second caisson ( ! fif? section4 ,?is gun is kept ready = fire at all times1 ! load$ belt if x is a ,br[n+1 be+ kept 9 ! load$ position4 ,ab\t #ejj r\nds ,cal4 #cj ammunition are c>ri$ on ! caisson4 ,! ma*9e gunn] 9 *>ge ( ! gun m>*es ) ! #e? section4 ,a me*anic c v easily modify ! special m\nt = ! ,br[n+1 = use aga9/ aircraft1 s t x also w be adaptable = use on ! caisson4 ,"o gun is atta*$ to ! fif? section1 s t on subdivision ( ! batt]y = action1 ! o!r gun w be ) ! ,combat ,tra9 or e*elon1 be+ c>ri$ 9 ! batt]y wagon or ! p>k wagon4 ,! second gun may be c>ri$ /or$ 9 ! batt]y wagon or on escort wagon4 ,9 position w>f>e ! fir+ batt]y goes into position usually at night4 ,! escort wagon !n goes up ) tools1 (fic]s' rolls1 etc4 & ! ma*9e gun ) its special m\nt1 ! regul> tripod1 & ab\t #bjjj r\nds ( ammunition4 ,if n c>ri$ z /at$1 provision mu/ be made = c>ry+ ! gun ) ! fir+ batt]y4 #b4 ,automatic ,rifles4 ,! automatic rifles are assign$ "o to ea* section4 ,all eight automatic rifles %\ld be 9 read9ess = in/ant use :5 on ! m>*4 ,!y %\ld be ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! batt]y1 & h&l$ by m5 :o h _h special tra9+4 ,at lea/ two magaz9es p] gun 7#dj r\nds7 %\ld be in/antly available4 ,:ile x is difficult to br+ d[n a plane ) a ma*9e gun or rifle1 a well direct$ fire w limit ! action ( ho/ile planes4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t (t5 :5 9 ! advanc$ zone fri5dly a]oplanes are detail$ to gu>d a batt]y on ! m>*4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to make no mi/akes 9 id5tify+ a]oplanes4 ,nev] %oot at a %ip unless ! di/9ctive m>k+s on ! w+s are cle>ly di/+ui%$ & id5tifi$4 ,^u subdivision = action1 ! automatic rifles g ) ! section to :i* assign$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 may be v>i$ accord+ to ! situation4 7,b47 ,def5se ( ! ,position4 ,! ma*9e gun emplacem5t %\ld be c>efully select$ & con/ruct$4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is a good field ( fire2 ! second is good concealm5t4 ,usually x is plac$ on a flank ( ! batt]y4 ,situat$ on ! flank ( ! batt]y1 a great] field ( fire is obta9$ = ! gun4 ,moreov] :5 fir+ aga9/ ho/ile airplanes1 ! position ( ! batt]y w n necess>ily be disclos$4 ,9 case ! batt]y is %ell$1 ! position ( ! ma*9e gun on ! flank r5d]s x less liable to be hit4 ,! emplacem5t = a ma*9e gun at a batt]y position diff]s f ^? g5]ally built by ! infantry 9 t x is design$ prim>ily = anti-aircraft %oot+4 ,!re c be no ov]head cov]1 all protection be+ provid$ by well con/ruct$ concealm5t4 ,cam\flage mu/ be arrang$ = & s plac$ t x c be in/antly ?r[n aside = fir+4 ,! plans = close def5se ( ! batt]y %\ld include ! assignm5t ( positions & sectors ( fire = ! automatic rifles4 ,! me?ods ( fire & ! te*nical po9ts involv$1 9 fir+ aga9/ ho/ile airplanes1 w be consid]$ else:]e4 ,a s5t9el equipp$ ) a pair ( field glasses mu/ be on duty 9 ! emplacem5t at all times4 ,! memb]s ( ! ma*9e gun squad are detail$ = ?is duty by ro/]4 ,types ( ,anti-,aircraft ,m\nts4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t furni%es no anti-aircraft m\nt1 b improvis$ m\nts c be easily made4 ,,br[n+ ,,ma*9e ,,gun--,,model #aiag4 ,! ,br[n+ ,ma*9e ,gun1 ,model #aiag1 is wat]-cool$ & is *amb]$ = calib] 4#cj ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,rifle ,ammunition4 ,! gun is class$ z a heavy wat]-cool$ gun1 recoil op]ative & belt f$4 ,! wat] jacket holds ab\t #g p9ts ( wat] & is p]fectly smoo? on its int]ior4 ,! /eam escape tube is 9 ! top ( ! wat] jacket1 & is made up ( two tubes4 ,!y slide "o ^u ! o!r1 ! out] "o be+ a little %ort] ?an ! inn] "o4 ,?is all[s ! out] tube to slide t[>d ei!r end & uncov] ! highe/ /eam escape hole4 ,! =ce ( recoil is utiliz$ to p]=m ! v>i\s me*anical op]ations ( fe$+ 9 ! c>tridges1 load+1 cock+1 fir+ ! gun & eject+ ! empty %ells ?r\gh ! bottom4 ,! sev]al cams ( ! gun make ea* mov+ "p ( ! gun h a positive motion4 ,! fe$ belt is made ( wov5 fabric & has no metal p>ts to cause fe$ jams & to add extra weight to ! piece4 ,also ! metallic dis9tegrat+ l9ks are us$ ) ! a]oplane gun4 ,! fibre belt usually conta9s f #bej to #ejj r\nds4 ,! metallic belts c be made to conta9 any numb] ( r\nds desir$4 ,! gun has v few screws & spr+s4 ,x is compos$ ( ab\t =ty p>ts :i* may be tak5 d[n 9 ! field4 ,!re are a few p>ts :i* c be assembl$ incorrectly & x _c be det]m9$ t !y are s assembl$ until ! gun is ready to be put into action4 ,at ?is po9t ! gunn] w f9d t ! gun w n op]ate1 !re=e great c>e %\ld & mu/ be us$ 9 ! /udy ( a quick & positive assembl+4 ,! weight ( ?is gun is ab\t #cj p\nds )\t wat]4 ,?is weight makes x necess>y to use ! gun on a tripod or o!r suitable m\nt4 ,g5]al ,data4 ,weight ( ! gun--no wat] #cj lbs4 ,weight ( ! gun fill$ #cf4ge lbs4 ,weight ( ! belt1 #bej r\nds #ae4be lbs4 ,l5g? ( ! b>rel #bd 94 ,weight ( ! belt1 empty #g4e oz4 ,sight graduat$ to #bhjj met]s4 ,rate ( fire 7%ots p] m9ute7 #djj-ebe4 ,aim$ %ots p] m9ute #abj4 ,calibre ( bore 4#cj 94 ,weight ( bullet #aej grs4 ,weight ( c>tridge #cid grs4 ,*amb] pressure lbs4 p] sq4 94 #dg1jjj-ej1jjj4 ,muzzle velocity 7ft4 p] sec41 !oretical7 #bgjj4 ,,! ,,br[n+ ,,automatic ,,rifle4 ,g5]al ,description4 ,! ,br[n+ ,automatic ,rifle1 ,model ( #aiah1 is *amb]$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d ammunition4 ,?is rifle is classifi$ z a light automatic rifle commonly ref]r$ to z ! 8,light ,br[n+40 ,x has be5 fir$ #adh %ots p] m9ute1 semi-automatic1 :ile m>*+1 & #aaj %ots p] m9ute1 semi-automatic1 f ! %\ld] :ile 9 prone position4 ,! rates ( fire1 :i* give ! be/ results are f #hj to #ajj r\nds p] m9ute1 semi-automatic m>*+ fire & #ej to #fj %ots p] m9ute1 semi-automatic aim$ fire4 ,op]ation4 ,exp&+ p[d] gases furni% ! en]gy = ! op]ation ( ! gun4 ,aft] ! gun is fir$ & ! bullet has pass$ ! gas port 9 ! b>rel1 ! live p[d] gases exp& ?r\gh ! gas port into ! gas cyl9d] & imp+e aga9/ ! head ( ! pi/on4 ,?is sudd5 bl[ =ces ! pi/on to ! re>1 compress+ ! recoil spr+ & /or+ up en]gy = ! return movem5t4 ,! v>i\s lugs & cams actuate ! fe$+1 fir+1 extraction & ejection1 & also control ! op]ation ( ! gun4 ,! fe$+ is accompli%$ ?r\gh a magaz9e hold+ #bj or #dj r\nds 9 d\ble r[s4 ,x is held betwe5 ! sides ( ! receiv]1 9 front ( ! trigg] gu>d4 ,?is magaz9e is compos$ ( a rectangul> tube & a r\nd wire spr+ w\nd to fit ! tube4 ,also !re is a bottom plate :i* slide 9 ! bottom & =ms ! re/ = ! spr+4 ,on top ( ! spr+ is a foll[]1 :i* =ces ! c>tridge up aga9/ ! lips ( ! magaz9e tube & :i* holds x 9 place until /ripp$ out by ! lug on ! bottom ( ! bolt4 ,! automatic action ( ?is gun is n di/urb$ by hold+ x 9 any position :atev]4 ,! magaz9e c be ins]t$ :ile ! me*anism ( ! gun is 9 ei!r ! cock$ or =w>d position4 ,all p>ts ( ! gun are design$ s z to impose a m9imum ( %ock & /ra9 ^u !m4 ,!y are also made /rong en\gh to hold up "u ! maximum am\nt ( "w t !y c be made to p]=m4 ,!re are few p>ts t c be assembl$ incorrectly b ! gun w n function unless ^! p>ts are assembl$ correctly4 ,! dism\nt+ & assembl+ ( ! rifle c be accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( a s+le tool unless ! b>rel & gas cyl9d] are remov$ :i* necessitates ! use ( a special spann] wr5* provid$ 9 ! kit4 ,g5]al ,data4 ,weight ( gun #ae lbs4 #h oz4 ,weight ( ,magaz9e1 empty 7#bj r\nds7 #g oz4 ,weight ( ,magaz9e1 fill$ 7#bj r\nds7 #a lb4 #g oz4 ,l5g? ( b>rel #bd in*es4 ,sights graduat$ up to #a1fjj y>ds4 ,calibre bore #j4cj in*4 ,gas port =m muzzle #f in*es4 ,rate ( fire #ejj %ots p'm4 ,aim$ %ots p] m9ute1 semi-automatic #fj %ots p'm4 ,weight ( bullet #aej gra9s4 ,weight ( ,p[d] #dg gra9s4 ,weight ( ,c>tridge 7total7 #cie4e gra9s4 ,*amb] pressure1 p\nds p] squ>e in* #dg1jjj to #ej1jjj4 ,muzzle velocity #b1fhb ft4 p's4 ,habitual type ( fire semi-automatic4 ,cool+ ,sy/em4 ,x has no special cool+ sy/em or device1 ! b>rel m]ely be+ expos$ to ! air & ! h& ( ! fir] be+ protect$ on ! "u side ( ! b>rel by a l>ge wood5 =e>m4 ,s9ce ! b>rel soon becomes v hot1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid t\*+ x dur+ fir+ or = five or t5 m9utes !reaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,motors4 ,,reconnaissance ,,c>4 ,! reconnaissance c> z suppli$ to regim5ts ( #aee-mm h[itz]s1 motoriz$1 consi/s ( two units3 ,reconnaissance body1 model #aiah2 #a-ton truck *assis1 ,:ite1 ,t ,e ,b-#j4 ,fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ^! units w be f\nd 9 ,ordnance ,h&books 8,reconnaissance ,body1 ,model #aiah20 8#a-,ton ,truck ,*assis ,:ite1 ,t ,e ,b-#j0 7,no4 #aigb74 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,rat$ load capacity 7body all[ance plus normal load7 #a ton--#a1jdj kg4 ,body weight all[ance #a1ejj lb4--#hfb kg4 ,*assis only #c1hej lb4--#a1gej kg4 ,oil1 wat] & gasol9e #aij lb4--#hf4e kg4 ,*a9s #fi lb4--#ca4e kg4 ,tool kit #cg lb4--#af4h kg4 ,*assis weight on front tires 7)\t load7 #ed4 ,*assis weight on re> tires 7)\t load7 #df4 ,gross weight 7capacity load7 #g1aej lb4--#c1bej kg4 ,load weight on front tires #j4gh4 ,load weight on re> tires #ii4bb4 ,gross weight on front tires #bg4 ,gross weight on re> tires #gc4 ,ov]all l5g? ( *assis 7)\t body7 #bje 94--#e1bbj-mm4 ,ov]all wid? ( *assis 7at wide/ "p7 #fa 94--#a1eej-mm4 ,*assis :eel base #adj 94--#c1efj-mm4 ,p]missible load+ space back ( driv]'s seat #ig 94--#b1dgj-mm4 ,wid? ( frame 7outside dim5sion1 wide/ "p7 #cd 94--#hfe-mm4 ,height ( re> end ( frame f gr\nd 7empty7 #cc4ge 94--#hef-mm4 ,diamet] ( turn+ circle 7"r7 #fj ft4--#ah4c met]s 7left7 #de ft4--#ac4g met]s4 ,tread ( :eels #ef 94--#a1dbb-mm4 ,road cle>ance "u front axle 7l[e/ po9t7 #aj4ge 94--#bgc-mm4 ,road cle>ance "u re> axle 7l[e/ po9t7 #aj 94--#bed-mm4 ,l5g? ( reconnaissance body1 ov]all #afj 94--#d1jgb-mm4 ,wid? ( body #ei4hge 94--#a1ebb-mm4 ,height ( body1 ov]all 7includ+ top7 #fb4abe 94--#a1ehj-mm4 ,weight ( body 7)\t equipm5t7 #a1ahj lbs4--#ecf kg4 ,brief ,description4 ,! reconnaissance c> is provid$ ) a special /eel body1 m\nt$ on a #a-ton truck *assis1 ,:ite ,model ,t ,e ,b-#j4 ,f\r seats are built into ! body4 ,! two front seats are plac$ back to back4 ,! two re> seats h a space betwe5 !m ( ab\t #b feet & are also plac$ back to back4 ,!re is a comp>tm5t betwe5 ! two pairs ( seats4 ,! floor bo>ds at ! back end are ext5d$ to =m a foot re/ = ! re> seat4 ,! c> is protect$ by a canopy top & roll curta9s4 ,a full set ( tools is c>ri$ on ! c>4 ,also five *e/s are provid$ 9 :i* are c>ri$ all ! special equipm5t assign$ to ! c>4 ,"o *e/ slides into ! body comp>tm5t "u ! re> front seat1 "o into ! comp>tm5t betwe5 ! re> seats1 & ! o!r ?ree "u ! re> seat4 ,! *assis us$ is simil> to t us$ ) ! ,/aff ,obs]vation c> on page #ie4 ,a complete description & directions = c>e1 op]ation1 & ma9t5ance are conta9$ 9 ! 8,h&book ( ! ,reconnaissance ,c>1 ,model ( #aiah40 ,ordnance pamphlet ,no4 #aigb4 ,,artill]y ,,tractor1 #e-,,ton ,,model ,,( #aiag4 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,ov]all l5g? 7armor$7 #acc4e 94--#c1djj-mm4 ,ov]all wid? #fc 94--#a1fje-mm4 ,height 7armor$1 to top ( muffl]7 #gb4e 94--#a1hde-mm4 ,l5g? ( gr\nd contact #ia 94--#b1cae-mm4 ,gr\nd cle>ance #aa 94--#bhj-mm4 ,weight 7complete ) full equipm5t7 #i1bjj lbs4--#d1ahj kg4 ,gr\nd pressure 7#i & #aa in* treads7 #e4f-d4e p] sq4 94 --#j4cid-j4caf kg4 p] sqcm4 ,weight ( ea* track #ede lbs4--#edh kg4 ,weight ( ea* track %oe 7#i-;947 #ab lbs4--#e4de kg4 ,wid? ( track %oes #i-aa 94--#bii-bhj-mm4 ,tread ( tracks 7c5t] to c5t] ( tracks7 #dh4hge 94--#a1bdc-mm4 ,diamet] ( turn+ circle 7ov]all cle>ance7 #agf 94--#d1dbe-mm4 ,eng9e1 numb] ( cyl9d]s #d ,bore #d4ge 94--#bbj4h-mm4 ,/roke #f 94--#aeb4e-mm4 ,horsep[] at #a1bjj revolutions p]-m9 #ef4 ,oil res]voir capacity #c4be ,u4 ,s4 ,gal--#ab4bb lit]s4 ,road spe$-ge> us$ 7p] h\r7 ,l[ spe$ at #a1bjj rev4 p] m9ute ( eng9e #a4id miles--#c4ab kilos4 ,direct spe$ at #a1bjj rev4 p] m9ute ( eng9e #c4ib miles--#f4ca kilos4 ,high spe$ at #a1bjj rev4 p] m9ute ( eng9e #g4cg miles--#aa4he kilos4 ,rev]se spe$ at #a1bjj rev4 p] m9ute ( eng9e #a4da miles--#b4bg kilos4 ,capacity ( ma9 gasol9e tanks 7two7 comb9$ #bd ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#ij4e lit]s4 ,capacity ( auxili>y tank "u armor #aj ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#cg4he lit]s4 ,capacity ( transmission case #c ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#aa4c lit]s4 ,capacity ( track oil] tank #b4e ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#i4dc lit]s4 ,brief ,description4 ,! #e-ton artill]y tractor1 ,model #aiag1 is a self-propell$ road vehicle ( ! 8,track lay+0 type2 t is1 ! p[] is transmitt$ to ! gr\nd ?r\gh a flexible endless *a9 :i* acts z a track & is compos$ ( /eel l9ks & %oes ca/ integral & connect$ by h>d5$ /eelp9s4 ,! advantage ( ?is type ( tractor z comp>$ ) ! usual type ( :eel tractor or truck1 is its ability1 due to v l[ unit gr\nd pressure1 to negotiate v s(t & unev5 surfaces1 impassable to ! usual type ( self-propell$ vehicle except "u ! mo/ extreme difficulties4 ,! g5]al design & con/ruction ( ! #e-ton tractor does n diff] mat]ially f t ( ! mod]n truck except 9 ! me?od ( transmitt+ ! p[] f ! transmission unit to ! gr\nd4 ,x is us$ solely z a p[] vehicle = haul+ h[itz]s c>riages & caissons4 ,ea* c>riage & c>riage limb] are drawn by "o tractor & ea* pair ( caissons are drawn by "o tractor4 ,a complete description & in/ructions = c>e1 ma9t5ance1 & op]ation are conta9$ 9 ! 8,h&book ( #e-,ton ,artill]y ,tractor1 ,model ( #aiag40 7,no4 #aiif74 ,outl9e ,specifications4 ,eng9e4--,f\r cyl9d]1 f\r cycle1 valve-9-!-head type4 ,bore #d4gd04 ,/roke1 #f04 ,cyl9d] case 9 pairs4 ,horsep[] #ef at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,radiator4--,honey-comb tubul> type4 ,eight sep>ate head]s4 ,ignition4--,eisemann1 ,model ,g-#d1 high t5sion magneto ) automatic impulse />t]4 ,c>buretor4--,model ,a ,s*ebl] c>buretor ) ,/ew>t vacuum fe$ sy/em2 #a4e04 ,gov]nor4--,c5trifugal flyball type m\nt$ on special %aft & driv5 (f cam%aft ge>4 ,ma/] ,clut*4--,dry plate multiple disk type4 ,transmission4--,selective slid+ ge> type4 ,?ree spe$s =w>d1 "o rev]se4 ,direct drive on second4 ,/epp$ up on high4 ,drive4--,f transmission ?r\gh bevel ge>s to /e]+ clut* %aft ?r\gh /e]+ clut*es to spur p9ions1 :i* me% ) int]m$iate spur ge>s1 !nce ?r\gh outside ge>s1 encas$1 to sprocket drive sleeve & drive sprockets4 ,/e]+ ,clut*es4--,two us$ ( dry plate multiple disk type4 ,/e]+4--,by means ( /e]+ clut*es op]at$ f h& /e]+ device & brake b&s op]at$ by foot p$als1 :i* act on outside ( /e]+ clut* drums4 ,control4--,/e]+ ge> locat$ on ! "r h& side4 ,*ange ge>1 ma/] clut* op]at+ lev]1 & brake lev]1 left ( /e]+ ge>1 left to "r respectively4 ,sp>k & ?rottle lev]s op]ate on sector clamp$ to /e]+ column4 ,/e]+ clut* p$als "r & left at bottom (1 & 9 front ( /e]+ column4 ,brakes4--,"o set4 ,ext]nal contract+ type4 ,raybe/os1 or equal1 l9$4 ,op]ate on /e]+ clut* h\s+s4 ,gasol9e ,tank4--,t]neplate tanks4 ,two indep5d5t duplicate tanks ea* ( #ab gallon capacity4 ,auxili>y t]neplate tank "u armor1 #aj-;gallon capacity4 ,ma9 ,frame4--,ca/ 9 "o piece-op5 he>? /eel4 ,roll] ,frames4--,f\r frames /eel *annel1 jo9$ by oscillat+ %aft4 ,two frames "r & left front4 ,two frames "r & left re>4 ,truck ,roll]s4--,six on ea* side ( tractor1 fitt$ ) roll] be>+s1 turn$ on /eel gudgeons1 flank$ to foll[ track rail4 ,track4--,made up ( malleable iron track %oes ) track l9ks4 ,integral1 fitt$ ) space blocks1 & #a4be0 p9s4 ,track ,drive ,sprockets4--,two4 ,tee? me% ) op5+ 9 tracks4 ,blank ,sprockets4--,two4 ,fitt$ ) roll] be>+s :i* turn on /eel gudgeons4 ,us$ to adju/ track t5sion4 ,track ,support+ ,roll]s4--,f\r on ea* side ( tractor1 two m\nt$ on brackets atta*$ to front roll] frame *annel1 & two 9 ! re> m\nt$ on spr+ bracket :i* is bolt$ to ma9 frame4 ,spr+s4--,f\r d\ble coil spr+s at re>1 two on ea* side betwe5 re> roll] frame & bracket on ma9 frame & f\r--two on ea* side ( equaliz+ b> at front4 ,equaliz+ ,b>4--,spr+ support$ on front roll] frame sections4 ,,ammunition ,,truck4 ,! ammunition truck suppli$ to regim5ts ( #aee-mm h[itz]s1 model ( #aiah1 motoriz$1 consi/s ( two units3 ,ammunition truck body1 model ( #aiah2 #b-ton truck *assis1 ,na% model #djag-;,a & #djag-,l4 ,fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ^? units w be f\nd 9 ! ,ordnance ,h&books4 8,ammunition truck body1 model ( #aiah0 7,no4 #bjjb72 8#b-ton truck *assis1 ,na% model #djag-;,a & #djag-,l40 ,weights & ,dim5sions4 ,weight ( body #a1bjj p\nds4 ,ov]all l5g? ( body #abj in*es4 ,ov]all wid? ( body #ef in*es4 ,ov]all height ( body #ed in*es4 ,wid? ( floor 7inside7 #dc in*es4 ,l5g? ( floor 7inside7 #aad in*es4 ,height ( sides 7inside7 #cf in*es4 ,brief ,description ( ,ammunition ,truck ,body4 ,! ammunition truck body1 model ( #aiah1 consi/s ( a box-type /eel body op5+ only at its re> end4 ,! body is design$ to accommodate orig9al pack+ cases ( any type ( ammunition4 ,:5 ?is vehicle is us$ ne> ! front l9es all f\r sides & its floor are l9$ ) deta*able heavy cocoa matt+ to prev5t undue noise4 ,a t>paul9 cov] atta*es to ! body1 & s protects its cont5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ammunition ,,truck4 ,9 addition to ! designation ( 8ammunition truck10 z expla9$ ! ammunition body ) v>i\s loads is designat$ :5 m\nt$ on *assis models z foll[s3 8,wireless10 8,telephone10 8,tanks10 8,p]sonnel10 8,baggage10 & 8,ration40 ,! *assis & bodies = ! above are id5tical = all purposes4 ,! diff]5ces 9 *assis & body equipm5t & ! load c>ri$ :5 ! truck is us$ = diff]5t purposes are not$ "u tables ( equipm5t on page #afa4 ,all ( ! above bodies are m\nt$ on a #b-ton ,na% truck *assis4 ,outl9e ,specifications ( all #b-,ton ,*assis1 ,na% ,models ,rat$ load capacity #d1jjj lb4--#a1hbj kg4 ,body weight all[ance #a1bjj lb4--#edf kg4 ,weight ( *assis only #f1gjj lb4--#c1jcj kg4 ,maximum gross weight 7includ+ *assis1 body & load7 #aa1ijj lb4--#e1dbj kg4 ,p]c5tage ( *assis weight on front tires 7)\t load7 #ff4ff ,p]c5tage ( *assis weight on re> tires 7)\t load7 #cc4cc ,p]c5tage ( load weight on front tires #cj4jj ,p]c5tage ( load weight on re> tires #gj4jj ,p]c5tage ( gross weight on front tires #de4jj ,p]c5tage ( gross weight on re> tires #ee4jj ,ov]all l5g? ( *assis 7)\t body7 #bjb4ej in*es--#e1ajj-mm4 ,ov]all wid? ( *assis 7at wide/ "p7 #gh4ej in*es--#a1iej-mm4 ,*assis :eelbase #abd4jj in*es--#c1aee-mm4 ,l5g? ( frame back ( driv]s seat #aag4ac in*es--#b1ihj-mm4 ,wid? ( frame 7outside dim5sions7 #ch4ac in*es--#ifh-mm4 ,height ( re> end ( frame f gr\nd load$ #ce4ej in*es--#hij-mm4 ,height ( re> end ( frame f gr\nd unload$ #ch4ej in*es--#ihj-mm4 ,diamet] ( turn+ circle #ej4jj feet--#ae4be met]s4 ,tread ( front :eels #fj4ej in*es--#a1edj-mm4 ,tread ( re> :eels #fj4ej in*es--#a1edj-mm4 ,road cle>ance "u front axle 7l[e/ po9t7 #ad4ge in*es--#cgd-mm4 ,road cle>ance "u re> axle 7l[e/ po9t7 #ad4ge in*es--#cgd-mm4 ,brief ,description1 ,models #djag-;,a1 #djag-,l1 & #djag-;,f4 ,! *assis ( all ^! models is ( #abd-;in* :eel base & is fitt$ ) a ,buda model ,h-,u f\r-cyl9d] eng9e1 dry disk clut*1 f\r spe$ transmission1 & a drive to all f\r :eels ?r\gh %afts & int]nal ge>+4 ,al?\gh ! great] numb] ( units 9 all ?ree *assis are alike1 !re are c]ta9 /ructural diff]5ces :i* exi/1 ma9ly 9 ! model #djag-;,f *assis z aga9/ ! o!r two4 ,! #djag-;,f is a two :eel /e] *assis1 :ile ! o!rs h f\r :eel /e]+4 ,all ( !m use f\r :eel drive & brak+4 ,! models #djag-;,a & #djag-,l are fundam5tally ! same1 diff]+ only 9 c]ta9 details ( equipm5t4 ,model #djag-,l has an acetyl5e g5]ator & se>*light1 & oil side & tail lamps1 bo? spe$omet] & odomet] & an impulse />t] on ! magneto %aft1 :ile ! #djag-;,a has no impulse />t]1 uses a ,bijur electric g5]ator1 /orage batt]y & electric lamps1 & is fitt$ ) an odomet] only4 ,aside f ! two :eel /e]+ & ! necess>y *anges br\ght ab\t by x1 models #djag-;,f & #djag-,l are practically ! same1 ?\gh a few slight diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! da%1 ! brake cross %aft & rods & ! :eel univ]sals z describ$ 9 detail 9 ! ,ordnance ,h&book ,no4 #aiii4 ,! eng9e is a /&>d design ,l-head1 ,buda model ,h-,u us+ =ce-fe$ lubrication1 pump cool+1 & fitt$ ) a ,/romb]g c>buretor fe$+ ?r\gh cor$ passages 9 ! cyl9d] block1 & ,eisemann magneto1 & on ! model #djag-;,a only1 ) a ,bijur g5]ator4 ,! clut* is ( ! dry plate type & ! drive f x is ?r\gh an op5 two-jo9t propell] %aft to a f\r spe$ slid+ jaw-clut* type transmission4 ,f ! latt] ext5d two-jo9t propell] %afts1 "o =w>d & "o re>w>d1 to int]nal ge>-drive axles4 ,! live memb] has expos$ axle %afts ext5d+ f x1 & ! ends ( ^! %afts are fitt$ ) a univ]sal jo9t & a spur p9ion1 ! latt] me%+ ) an int]nal ge> bolt$ to a disk /eel :eel4 ,all ! :eels are int]*angeable & are all driv+ & /e]+ :eels 9 models #djag-;,a & #djag-,l1 :ile 9 ! model #djag-;,f only ! front :eels /e]4 ,a complete description ( ! #b-ton truck *assis1 models #djag-;,a1 #djag-,l1 & #djag-;,f1 ) in/ructions = c>e1 ma9t5ance1 & op]ation1 is giv5 9 ! 8,h&book ( ! #b-ton ,*assis ,na% ,models #djag-;,a1 #djag-,l & #djag-;,f10 ,ordnance ,pamphlet ,no4 #aiii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,drive4 ,be=e />t+ an eng9e ! driv] %\ld see t ! ge> %ift lev] is 9 neutral position & t ! em]g5cy brakes are set4 ,! sp>k lev] %\ld be set at ! prop] position4 ,if batt]y ignition is us$ x is be/ to h ! lev] 9 full ret>d position1 z ! sp>k w occur no matt] h[ sl[ ! eng9e is crank$4 ,if magneto ignition is us$ ! lev] %\ld be advanc$ slightly z a hott] sp>k is obta9$ 9 ! advanc$ position ?an 9 ! ret>d$4 ,!re is less probability ( a kick back :5 />t+ on magneto s9ce x is necess>y to turn ! eng9e at a fairly high rate ( spe$1 approximately #ajj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 to g5]ate suffici5t curr5t to produce a sp>k4 ,! position ( ! ?rottle h& control %\ld be set s t ! ?rottle w be slightly op54 ,9 case ! c>buretor is equipp$ ) an air-*ok+ device ?is %\ld be clos$ to cause a ri* mixture = />t+4 ,! ignition swit* %\ld be turn$ on & ! eng9e crank$ by pull+ up quickly on ! crank h&le a qu>t] turn at a "t4 ,if an electric crank+ motor is provid$ depress ! />t+ button & advance ! sp>k4 ,if magneto ignition is us$ x is be/ to sp9 ! eng9e4 ,crank ! eng9e ) ! left h& if possible & /& 9 su* a position t if ! eng9e %\ld kick back ! crank w n cause injury4 ,aft] ! eng9e has />t$ release ! *oke on ! c>buretor advance ! sp>k & close ! ?rottle to a position :i* w prev5t rac+4 ,if a special da% adju/m5t is provid$ = regulat+ ! mixture all[ ?is to rema9 9 a position to cause a ri* mixture until ! eng9e w>ms up4 ,to ,/>t ! ,c>4 ,all[ ! eng9e to w>m up suffici5tly to ov]come miss+ & to run smoo?ly4 ,:5 satisfi$ t ! eng9e is runn+ prop]ly release ! em]g5cy brake4 ,9 case ! c> is on a grade apply ! foot brake to prev5t ! c> f mov+4 ,press ! clut* p$al all ! way d[n & move ! ge> %ift lev] to fir/ spe$ position4 ,! clut* %\ld be all[$ to engage gradually & at ! same "t ! ?rottle %\ld be op5$ suffici5tly to prev5t /all+1 b n cause rac+ ( ! eng9e4 ,if ! foot brake has be5 employ$ x %\ld be releas$ z ! clut* is engag$4 ,aft] ! clut* has be5 fully engag$ ! ?rottle %\ld be op5$ suffici5tly to accel]ate ! c> to *ange to ! next high] spe$4 ,! ?rottle %\ld be controll$ by ! foot accel]ator p$al4 ,once ! c> is 9 motion ! driv] mu/ at all times keep 8 eyes on ! road 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! c> is mov+ or ab\t to move :5 *ang+ direction4 ,to ,%ift ,ge>s 7,increas+ ,spe$74 ,be=e />t+ a driv] %\ld practice mov+ ! ge> %ift lev] to ! diff]5t positions & gett+ 8 feet & h&s accu/om$ to ! location ( ! foot p$als & h& lev]s4 ,!n x w n be necess>y to look away f ! road 9 ord] to %ift ge>s or 9 any o!r way to control ! op]ation ( ! c>4 ,to *ange ge>s ! clut* p$al %\ld be depress$ 7x may n be necess>y to pu% x all ! way d[n aga9/ ! floor bo>ds7 & ! foot remov$ f ! accel]ator p$al at ! same "t4 ,move ! ge> %ift lev] f fir/ to neutral position1 paus+ if necess>y & !n move to second spe$ position4 ,engage ! clut* imm$iately & op5 ! ?rottle ) ei!r h& or foot control z soon z ! clut* is engag$4 ,! process ( *ang+ f second to ?ird or ?ird to f\r? is id5tical4 ,be> 9 m9d t be=e ea* *ange is made ! spe$ ( ! c> %\ld be accel]at$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 *ang+ f l[] to a high] spe$ t ! c> is mov+ at a suffici5t rate ( spe$ s t an undue /ra9 w n be put on ! eng9e4 ,practice alone 9 driv+ ! p>ticul> app>atus w acqua9t ! driv] ) ! necess>y spe$ requir$ to *ange f "o ge> ratio to ano!r4 ,to ,%ift ,ge>s 7,decreas+ ,spe$74 ,:5 x is desir$ to *ange f a high] to a l[] ge> ratio release ! clut* & all[ ! h& or foot ?rottle control to rema9 op5 f> en\gh s t ! eng9e w spe$ up4 ,move ! ge> %ift lev] to ! neutral position & aga9 engage ! clut* = an in/ant4 ,release ! clut* imm$iately & quickly move ! ge> %ift lev] f neutral to ! next l[] spe$ position & engage ! clut* imm$iately1 op5+ ! ?rottle by h& or foot control4 ,ano!r me?od ( %ift+ to a l[] ge> ratio is to leave ! ?rottle op5 & release ! clut* j en\gh to all[ x to slip & ! eng9e to spe$ up4 ,! ge> %ift lev] %\ld !n be mov$ ?r\gh neutral directly to ! next l[] spe$ position & ! clut* engag$4 ,?is me?od does n require z mu* practice b is objectionable s9ce x we>s or burns ! clut* fac+4 ,to ,/op ! ,c>4 ,to /op ! c>1 ! ?rottle %\ld be clos$1 ! clut* releas$1 & ! brakes appli$1 all be+ p]=m$ at ! same "t4 ,! am\nt ( pressure appli$ at ! brake p$al dep5ds ^u ! di/ance 9 :i* ! driv] desires to /op ! c>4 ,be=e all[+ ! clut* to engage aft] ! c> has /opp$1 move ! ge> %ift lev] to ! neutral position4 ,if ! c> is to /& apply ! em]g5cy brakes4 ,if ! eng9e is to be /opp$ spe$ x up by op5+ ! ?rottle j be=e turn+ ! ignition swit* to ! position 8(f40 ,if ! wea!r is cold use ! *oke :5 /opp+ ! eng9e or set da% adju/m5t to give a ri* mixture4 ,?is w make />t+ easi] if ! eng9e is />t$ 9 a reasonable l5g? ( "t4 ,driv+ ,sugge/ions4 ,9 op]at+ a c> x is always be/ to alt]nate ! s]vice & em]g5cy brakes r ?an to use "o cont9u\sly1 to equalize ! we> on !m4 ,:5 approa*+ a v /eep d[n grade x is safe/ to move ! ge> %ift lev] to a l[] spe$ position1 clos+ ! ?rottle & p]mitt+ ! c> to drive ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! grade is n excessively /eep ! eng9e c be us$ z a brake ) ! position ( ! ge> %ift lev] rema9+ un*ang$4 ,?is w save ! brakes & t5d to cool ! eng9e4 ,! brakes %\ld nev] be appli$ sudd5ly en\gh to slide ! driv+ :eels except 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,:5 a /op is to be made apply ! brakes soon en\gh s t ! motion ( ! c> w be gradually dim9i%$ & br\ght to a /op at ! po9t desir$4 ,to avoid accid5ts on ! road all rules & regulations gov]n+ ! driv+ ( motor vehicles on ! road %\ld be obs]v$4 ,:5 turn+ corn]s or approa*+ cross-roads w>n+ %\ld be giv5 to avoid collision ) o!r vehicles :i* may be hidd5 f ! view ( ! driv]4 ,be=e back+ ! ma*9e ! driv] %\ld be sure t ! road is cle>4 ,9 manipulat+ ! c> ! front :eels %\ld nev] be turn$ by mov+ ! /e]+ :eel :5 ! c> is n 9 motion4 ,?is puts undue /ra9 on ! /e]+ app>atus & w cause lo/ motion 9 ! /e]+ ge>4 ,if x becomes necess>y to move ! front :eels ( a c> :ile x is /&+ /ill1 !y %\ld be mov$ by apply+ =ce n only to ! /e]+ :eel b also by pull+ ! front :eels ar\nd4 ,:5 a c> skids1 ! t5d5cy is = an inexp]i5c$ driv] to apply ! brakes & turn ! front :eels 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* he is skidd+4 ,?is %\ld n be done z x only acc5tuates ! skidd+ & ! c> may be dit*$ or skid into ano!r vehicle or ! curb+4 ,:5 ! ma*9e />ts to skid turn ! /e]+ :eel 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! c> is skidd+ & p>tially close ! ?rottle b n entirely1 or x w h ! same effect z apply+ ! brakes4 ,:5 ! c> /raight5s out ! p[] may aga9 be appli$ gradually1 & ! ma*9e br\ght back to ! c5t] ( ! road4 ,:5 skidd+ on n>r[ roads x is be/ to apply ! p[] & /e] to ! c5t] ( ! road4 ,?is w aggravate ! skid = a mom5t b br+s ! ma*9e ar\nd at an angle ) ! front :eels 9 ! c5t] ( ! road4 ,! mom5tum ( ! c> w cause ! re> :eels to climb back onto ! road aga94 ,,eng9e ,,tr\bles4 ,if ! ma*9e w n />t ! tr\ble1 c only be locat$ by a sy/ematic se>*4 ,x is always be/ to look ov] ! ignition sy/em fir/1 !n see if !re is any gasol9e 9 ! c>buretor4 ,x w (t5 take "s "t to f9d ! tr\ble4 ,h[ev]1 if ! eng9e once />ts !re is little difficulty 9 locat+ ! tr\ble z !re w always be an indication :i* %\ld po9t to ! s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,! great difficulty ) inexp]i5c$ driv]s is t !y d n reason out ! matt] c>efully be=e attempt+ to rem$y x4 ,also an inexp]i5c$ man usually looks = tr\ble 9 ! same place no matt] :at ! indication may be4 ,ne>ly all difficulties arise f "o ( ?ree s\rces1 ignition1 c>buretion1 or eng9e4 ,^! are outl9$ 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! tr\ble is locat$ by ! tr\ble x gives ! driv]4 ,i4 ,eng9e misses3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,plugs4 a4 ,%ort circuit4 b4 ,brok5 porcela94 c4 ,too l>ge a gap4 #b4 ,cable4 a4 ,brok54 b4 ,gr\nd$4 #c4 ,in/rum5t4 a4 ,dirty c>buretor4 b4 ,int]rupt] po9ts on magneto4 ,b4 ,c>buretor4 #a4 ,wat] 9 c>buretor4 #b4 ,dirt 9 ! l9e4 #c4 ,no pressure or no gas4 #d4 ,too lean a mixture4 ,c4 ,eng9e4 #a4 ,cold4 #b4 ,valves /ick+4 ,,ii4 ,back ,fires ,?r\gh ,c>buretor3 ,a4 ,ignition #a4 ,wir$ wrong4 #b4 ,tim$ wrong4 ,b4 ,c>buretor4 #a4 ,wat] 9 c>buretor4 #b4 ,dirt 9 l9e4 #c4 ,no pressure or no gas4 #d4 ,too lean a mixture4 ,c4 ,eng9e4 #a4 ,valve /ick+ 7,inlet74 ,,iii4 ,eng9e ,knocks3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,ret>d$ sp>k4 ,sp>k too f> advanc$4 ,b4 ,eng9e4 #a4 ,c>boniz$ cyl9d]s 7pre-ignition74 #b4 ,ov]heat$ eng9e4 #c4 ,loose be>+s4 #d4 ,loose pi/ons4 ,,iv4 ,eng9e ,lacks ,p[]3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,ret>d$ sp>k4 ,b4 ,c>buretor4 #a4 ,too ri* a mixture4 ,c4 ,eng9e4 #a4 ,exhau/ valve n seat+4 #b4 ,c>bon 9 cyl9d]4 #c4 ,ov]heat$ eng9e4 #d4 ,lack ( lubrication4 #e4 ,gov]nor connections /ick+4 ,d4 ,brakes4 #a4 ,dragg+4 ,e4 ,clut*4 #a4 ,slipp+4 ,v4 ,eng9e ,ov]heats4 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,ret>d$ sp>k4 ,b4 ,c>buretor4 #a4 ,ri* mixture4 ,c4 ,eng9e4 #a4 ,cool+ sy/em4 a4 ,fan belt (f4 b4 ,no wat]4 c4 ,no circulation4 d4 ,anti-freez+ mixture4 #b4 ,c>boniz$ cyl9d]4 #c4 ,lack ( lubrication4 ,,vi4 ,eng9e ,/ops3 ,a4 ,eng9e & c> /op gradually4 #a4 ,tr\ble ) fuel4 ,b4 ,eng9e & c> /op sudd5ly4 #a4 ,me*anical tr\ble4 ,c4 ,eng9e /ops sudd5ly1 c> gradually4 #a4 ,tr\ble ) ignition4 ,,vii4 ,eng9e ,won't ,/op3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,cable4 #b4 ,swit*4 ,b4 ,pre-ignition4 #a4 ,c>bon 9 cyl9d]s4 #b4 ,ov]heat$ eng9e4 ,consid] h[ ea* ( ^! indications may diff] s t x is possible to locate ! exact s\rce ( tr\ble )\t fir/ inve/igat+4 ,if ! c> has be5 on ! road = "s "t & ! eng9e misses x w ei!r miss regul>ly 9 "o or m cyl9d]s or irregul>ly 9 all cyl9d]s4 ,if ! =m]1 ! miss is due to ignition4 ,! cyl9d] 9 :i* ! miss is occurr+ c be easily det]m9$ by %ort circuit+ ea* plug ) a screw driv]4 ,?is is done by all[+ ! screw driv] to t\* ! c5tral electrode ( ! plug & also ! eng9e4 ,:5 a plug is %ort circuit$ & x does n affect ! op]ation ( ! eng9e1 x %[s !re 0 no sp>k jump+ across ! electrodes ( ! plug4 ,if ! cable to ?is plug is disconnect$ & held a %ort di/ance f ! electrode ( ! plug f :i* x 0 remov$1 a sp>k w or w n jump ?is gap4 ,if x does jump ! gap x %[s t ! plug is %ort circuit$4 ,!n ! plug is ei!r c>boniz$ or ! insulator is brok54 ,if a sp>k does n occur place ! cable ne> ! eng9e & if a sp>k occurs x %[s t ! gap 0 too l>ge at ! electrodes ( ! plug4 ,if no sp>k occurs x %[s t ! tr\ble is n 9 ! plug b at "s po9t ahead ( ?is4 ,if ! eng9e is fir+ on all b "o cyl9d] ! tr\ble mu/ be "s place betwe5 ! di/ributor rotor & ! plug4 ,fir/ see if ! di/ributor is dirty & !n *eck up ! cable to see if x is brok5 or gr\nd$4 ,"o po9t to be rememb]$ is t ! p>ts ( ! magneto or ! batt]y ignition sy/em incorporat$ 9 ! in/rum5ts w affect ! op]ation on all ! cyl9d]s & !re is no ne$ ( look+ = ! tr\ble !re if only "o cyl9d] misses4 ,if e o!r cyl9d] to fire misses & magneto ignition is us$1 x is (t5 due to ! "t lev] h\s+ be+ jamm$ ov] to "o side s t ! int]rupt] po9ts are op5$ only by "o cam4 ,9 no case is x necess>y to file ! int]rupt] po9ts to ov]come a miss1 = ! int]rupt] affects ! op]ation on e cyl9d] & n on "o4 ,if ! miss is irregul> x is due to c>buretor or to fuel tr\ble4 ,to locate ! tr\ble op5 ! pet cock at ! bottom ( ! c>buretor & if !re is any wat] 9 ! c>buretor x w run out4 ,?is op]ation also %[s :e!r or n ! gas runs freely4 ,if x does n !re may be dirt 9 ! l9e or no gasol9e supply4 ,aft] ev]y?+ else has be5 tri$ to ov]come ! tr\ble1 adju/ ! c>buretor to comp5sate = too lean a mixture4 ,:5 an eng9e is fir/ />t$ x w (t5 miss4 ,?is is due to ! eng9e be+ cold4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld "t be wa/$ to ov]come miss+ until ! eng9e is w>m4 ,if an exhau/ valve /icks x w cause ! eng9e to miss z ! gases w be =c$ out on ! compression /roke4 ,?is is difficult to locate z x is a regul> miss b usually results f an ov]heat$ eng9e4 ,if an eng9e backfires :5 fir/ />t$ & does s cont9u\sly x is be/ to *eck up on ! wir+ & tim+ ( ! ignition sy/em4 ,if ! eng9e is runn+ smoo?ly & sudd5ly />ts to backfire ?r\gh ! c>buretor x is possible t ! magneto c\pl+ has slipp$4 ,if !re is wat] 9 ! c>buretor x may sudd5ly %ut (f ! supply ( gasol9e & cause s lean a mixture t backfir+ results4 ,dirt 9 ! l9e or runn+ out ( gasol9e w\ld h ! same effect4 ,if backfir+ 9 ! c>buretor is exp]i5c$ 9 addition to ! miss+ ( ! eng9e x is probably due to too lean a mixture4 ,backfir+ also results f ! inlet valve /ick+ or n seat+ prop]ly4 ,if ! eng9e sudd5ly develops a knock :ile 9 op]ation x may be due to ! ignition be+ too f> advanc$ = ! condition = :i* ! c> is op]at+ & ! sp>k lev] %\ld be ret>d$4 ,?is w be notic$ mo/ly :5 ! c> is "u a h>d pull su* z on h>d hills or go+ ?r\gh s&y roads4 ,if ! eng9e develops a knock1 aft] hav+ be5 run = a %ort :ile1 :i* c n be ov]come by ret>d+ ! sp>k x may be due to c>bon 9 ! cyl9d]s or an ov]heat$ eng9e1 bo? ( :i* w\ld cause pre-ignition ( ! *>ge4 ,by pre-ignition is meant t ! incom+ *>ge :5 "u compression is ignit$ due to ! heat 9 ! cyl9d] reg>dless ( :5 ! ignition sp>k takes place4 ,loose be>+s & loose pi/ons w knock b ^! %\ld be easily di/+ui%$ f ignition knocks z !y are pres5t at all times4 ,if ! eng9e %[s a lack ( p[] x may be t ! ignition sy/em is too f> ret>d$ due to ! c\pl+ driv+ ( ! magneto hav+ slipp$4 ,if too ri* a mixture is us$ x w cause a loss ( p[] b c easily be di/+ui%$ by ! black smoke :i* is giv5 (f at ! exhau/ pipe4 ,e precaution %\ld be tak5 to locate ! tr\ble :5 an eng9e %[s a lack ( p[] z x may be caus$ f ! valve n seat+ prop]ly1 c>bon 9 ! cyl9d]s1 ov]heat$ eng9e1 lack ( lubrication1 or ! gov]nor connection /ick+4 ,if lack ( lubrication is caus+ ! tr\ble x w soon lead to me*anical tr\ble su* z scor+ ! cyl9d] walls or burn+ out ! be>+s4 ,an eng9e w (t5 give an app>5t indication ( a lack ( p[] due to ! brakes dragg+ or ! clut* slipp+4 ,if an eng9e ov]heats x is be/ to *eck up & see :e!r or n ! c> is be+ op]at$ on a ret>d$ sp>k or if ! mixture is too ri*4 ,! usual tr\ble ( ! eng9e ov]heat+ are tr\bles exp]i5c$ ) ! cool+ sy/em4 ,fan belts (t5 break or slip1 ! wat] may h leak$ out some:]e 9 ! cool+ sy/em1 or ! circulation may be /opp$ up 9 "s way4 ,if anti-freez+ mixtures are all[$ to rema9 9 ! cool+ sy/em 9 w>m wea!r !y w cause ov]heat+ ( ! eng9e due to _! l[ conductivity ( heat4 ,c>bon 9 ! cyl9d] causes ! cyl9d] to ov]heat & is detrim5tal to its op]ation4 ,if ! eng9e is n lubricat$ prop]ly x w ov]heat due to ! additional friction ( ! p>ts4 ,if aft] ! c> is 9 op]ation ! c> & eng9e sl[ d[n gradually ! tr\ble is )\t d\bt due to lack ( fuel or "s tr\ble ) ! fuel sy/em or ! c>buretor4 ,:5 ! c> /ops "u ^! conditions ! eng9e usually backfires into ! c>buretor j be=e ! c> /ops4 ,if ! c> & ! eng9e /op sudd5ly x is an indication ( "s me*anical tr\ble su* z a froz5 be>+1 brok5 connect+ rod1 or "s o!r "p :i* sudd5ly puts a brake on ! movem5t ( ! c>4 ,if ! eng9e sudd5ly /ops op]at+ & ! c> cont9ues to coa/ ! tr\ble c be trac$ to ! ignition sy/em4 ,a disconnect$ or a brok5 wire usually causes ! tr\ble4 ,if ! eng9e w n /op :5 ! ignition swit* is ?r[n to ! 8(f0 position x is possible ) magneto ignition t ! cable betwe5 ! swit* & ! magneto is brok5 or disconnect$4 ,t is1 ! swit* does n connect ! prim>y ( ! magneto to ! gr\nd4 ,if ! eng9e is ov]heat$1 due to lack ( prop] cool+ or c>bon 9 ! cyl9d]s1 ! eng9e w cont9ue to op]ate due to ! pre-ignition4 ,,app5dix 8,a0 ,,gunn]s' ,,exam9ations4 ,,prep>ation4 ,9 ! prep>ation = ! gunn]s' exam9ation m5 %\ld pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! foll[+ po9ts4 ,sett+ ! ,panoramic ,sight4 ,be=e />t+ to use ! panoramic sight1 ! peep sight %\ld be turn$ z f> z possible to ! "r or left4 ,?is %\ld be done to make x easi] = ! gunn] to look ?r\gh ! panoramic sight & also to prev5t him f look+ ?r\gh ! peep sight4 ,m5 %\ld get 9 ! habit ( work+ f ! top ( ! sight d[n1 p]=m+ _! duties always 9 ! same ord]--?is is v important4 ,9 o!r words 9 indirect lay+ he sets ! deflection1 applies ! deflection diff]5ce1 levels ! cross level bubble & !n lays = direction4 ,9 direct lay+1 he sets ! deflection1 sets ! range1 levels ! cross level bubble1 & lays ! piece = direction & range4 ,9 sett+ ! range on ! sight %ank ! gunn] %\ld place 8 eye on a level ) ! index s t ! range c be set exactly4 ,if a range ( ov] #ejj y>ds is giv51 ! fa/ motion ( ! scroll ge> %\ld be us$4 ,z soon z he has laid 8 gun he w call 8,ready0 & /ep cle> ( ! piece4 ,aft] he has call$ 8,ready0 "u no circum/ances w he attempt to f9i% any ( 8 duties4 ,if he does he w lose t trial4 ,all scales %\ld be set rapidly4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 m5 mu/ n try to make any ma!matical calculations4 ,! sett+ ( sights %\ld be absolutely me*anical4 ,! gunn] %\ld "k exactly 9 :at direction to turn ! knobs1 :eels & cranks 9 ord] to increase or decrease ! sett+s & to move ! bubbles 9 any p>ticul> direction4 ,a li/ ( reasons = disqualification are giv5 9 ! ,regulations = ,gunn]s' ,exam9ation4 ,x is mo/ important 9 indirect lay+ t ! gunn] be assi/$ by ,,tra9$ *iefs ( sections & ,no4 #b's4 ,m5 %\ld be pick$ = ?is dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! c\rse & tra9$ = t "w4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! ability ( ^! m54 ,sett+ ! ,peep ,sight4 ,9 us+ ! peep sight 9 direct lay+ ! panoramic sight head %\ld be turn$ to ei!r flank s t !re w be no *ance ( ! gunn]s look+ ?r\gh ! panoramic sight4 ,! gunn] 9 look+ ?r\gh ! peep sight %\ld keep 8 eye ab\t six in*es f x4 ,sett+ ! ,quadrant4 ,c&idates %\ld get 9 ! habit ( p]=m+ ! requir$ duties 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a7 ,sett+ ! site ) 8 "r h&4 7#b7 ,sett+ ! range ) 8 left h& z prescrib$ = ,no4 #a 7,in/ruction ,memor&um ,no4 #aa--e? h\r1 #a/ week74 7#c7 ,c5t]+ ! cross level bubble ) 8 "r h&4 7#d7 ,level+ ! range bubble ) 8 "r h&4 ,! c&idate %\ld be sure to look & see :]e ! bubble is be=e he />ts to turn ! elevat+ crank h&le4 ,he %\ld turn ! h&le quickly4 ,aft] level+ ! range bubble he calls 8,set0 & /eps cle> ( ! :eels4 ,fuse ,sett+4 ,c&idates 9 sett+ ! bracket fuze sett] %\ld /& imm$iately 9 re> ( x & %\ld cr\* d[n4 ,! corrector %\ld be set fir/ & ! range next1 bo? scales be+ set ) ! "r h&4 ,8 assi/ant %\ld /& imm$iately to ! left & %\ld pass ! r\nd to ! c&idate :o is be+ exam9$1 z ,no4 #e passes ! r\nd to ,no4 #d 9 p]cussion fire4 ,! c&idate aft] sett+ ! scales rises up1 grasps ! projectile & ins]ts x 9 ! fuze sett]4 ,he !n sets ! fuze & calls 8,ready40 ,! assi/ant %\ld hold ! projectile s t ! lug on ! "t r+ is at #aj o'clock 7v]tical clock face74 ,! c&idate :5 he ins]ts ! r\nd 9 ! fuze sett] %\ld place x s t ! lug on ! "t r+ falls j to ! left ( ! rotat+ p9 not*4 ,?is is done s t ! two %all engage z soon z possible4 ,9 sett+ ! fuze ) ! h& fuze sett]1 ! c&idate takes ! position prescrib$ = ,no4 #c 9 ! s]vice ( ! piece1 8 assi/ant takes ! position ( ,no4 #e :5 ! h& fuze sett] is us$4 ,! c&idate mu/ be sure to press d[n on ! h& fuze sett] :ile sett+ ! fuze4 ,c&idates mu/ be caution$ to rememb] all necess>y data4 ,!y _c ask ! exam9+ (fic] = any4 ,x mu/ be impress$ on !m also t "u no circum/ances c !y />t to set ! scales be=e ! in/ant prescrib$ by ! ,regulations = ! ,gunn]s' ,exam9ations4 ,drill ( ! ,gun ,squad4 ,c&idates %\ld be famili> ) ! foll[+ p>agraphs ( ! ,d4 & ,s4 ,r4 ,f4 ,a43 ,=mation ( ! gun squads 7#ace1 #ach72 to =m ! gun squad 7#agj-agc72 to tell (f ! gun squad 7#agd72 po/ ( ! gun squads 7#age-agg72 to po/ ! gun squad 7#agh-agi72 po/ ( ! cannone]s1 c>riages limb]$ 7#ahj-ahb72 to m\nt ! cannone]s 7#ahc-ahe72 to dism\nt ! cannone]s 7#ahf-ahg72 to *ange po/s 7#ahi-aij72 to move by h& ! c>riages limb]$ 7#aia-aib72 to leave ! p>k 7#bjd72 action front 7#aii72 po/s ( ! cannone]s1 c>riages unlimb]$ b n prep>$ = action 7#ahh72 limb] front & re> 7#bjb72 action re> 7#bjj72 limb] re> 7#bjc72 to move by h& ! c>riages unlimb]$ 7#icg72 prep>e = action 7#ich72 m>* ord] 7#idb72 po/s ( ! cannone]s1 c>riages unlimb]$ & prep>$ = action 7#ida72 duties 9 detail ( ! gunn] 7#hde-hfi72 duties 9 detail ,no4 #a 7#hjg-hia72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #b 7#hib-ija72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #c 7#ijb-iaa72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #d 7#iac-iah72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #e 7#iai-ibd72 me?ods ( lay+ 7#ihe-ihh72 & me?ods ( fire 7#iie-ajjh74 ,! que/ions w only cov] ! important po9ts cov]$ 9 ! p>agraphs above4 ,mat]iel4 ,c&idates %\ld be famili> ) ! foll[+ 7,h&book ( ! #c-;in* ,mat]iel73 ,nom5clature ( h>ness & ( ! p>ts & accessories ( ! :eel$ mat]iel2 use ( oils2 me?od ( clean+ & lubricat+ p>ts & me*anisms2 me?od ( clean+ cyl9d] oil & ( empty+ & fill+ cyl9d]s2 use ( tools2 ! k9ds ( projectiles1 ( fuses1 & ( p[d] actually issu$ = use1 & _! g5]al purpose & effect1 omitt+ que/ions z to con/ruction1 weight1 manufacture1 & te*nical description2 ! c>e & pres]vation ( saddle & h>ness equipm5t 9 use4 ,description (3 bree* me*anism to dism\nt1 to assemble1 elevat+ screws1 to dism\nt2 to assemble2 hub l9]1 to remove1 to assemble2 brakes1 piece & caisson1 to adju/2 :eel1 to remove1 to replace4 ,,regulations ,,= ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,gunn]s4 ,a record ( m>ks w be kept dur+ ! exam9ation1 & at ! conclusion !re( x w be submitt$ directly to ! comm&] ord]+ ! exam9ation4 ,! m>k receiv$ by ea* man 9 ea* subject w appe> opposite ! man's "n & ! appropriate totals w be c>ri$ out4 ,! tabul> li/1 ^u approval by ! comm&] ord]+ ! exam9ation1 w be publi%$ 9 ord]s4 ,m51 to be classifi$ z exp]t fir/ class gunn]s1 mu/ atta9 an av]age ( n less ?an #he 9 ea* ( ! subjects :i* foll[3 to be class$ z fir/ class gunn]s1 a g5]al av]age ( n less ?an #he ) an av]age 9 ea* subject ( n less ?an #ge2 to be class$ z second class gunn]s1 a g5]al av]age ( n less ?an #ge1 ) an av]age 9 ea* subject ( n less ?an #fe4 ,exam9ations w include ! foll[+3 ,value ( ,subjects4 ,subject4 ,gun ,batt]ies4 ,direct lay+ #bd ,indirect lay+ #bd ,lay+ = range #ah ,fuse sett+ #ah ,drill ( ! ,gun ,squad #h ,mat]iel #h ,! foll[+ g5]al rules w gov]n ! ,exam9+ ,(fic]s3 #a4 ,! conditions ( exam9ation w be made1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! same = all ( ! m54 #b4 ,sett+ ( scales w be consid]$ correct if any "p ( ! index is co9cid5t ) any "p ( ! l9e ( ! graduation ( ! sett+ ord]$4 #c4 ,sett+s ord]$ w always be ev5 divisions ( ! scale1 & n fraction !re(4 ,:5 a numb] great] ?an five is us$1 x w be a multiple ( five1 except 9 sett+s ( ! angle ( site & corrector scales4 #d4 ,! man may select any ( ! assi/ants au?oriz$4 #e4 ,! man is p]mitt$ to trav]se ! piece to ! middle po9t ( trav]se be=e ea* trial at direct lay+4 #f4 ,! sight1 quadrant1 or fuse sett]1 etc41 w be 9 ! position 9 :i* x w\ld be 9 s]vice be=e ! comm& = trial ) x is giv52 ! scales w be set at read+s diff]5t f ^? to be giv5 = ! trial4 #g4 ,! trials = direct lay+ w be ) diff]5t deflections & ranges2 = indirect lay+ ) diff]5t deflections & deflection diff]5ces2 = lay+ = range1 ) diff]5t angles ( site & ranges4 ,! trail w be %ift$ 9 ?ree trials at direct lay+4 #h4 ,*anges 9 sett+ ( scales requir$ ( m5 w n exce$ ! foll[+3 ,deflection scale ( peep sight1 #ae mils2 ( panoramic sight1 #bjj mils2 deflection diff]5ce scale1 #cj mils2 corrector scale1 #aj mils2 angle ( site scale1 #aj mils2 range scales1 #hjj y>ds4 ,at direct lay+ ! deflections ann\nc$ w be betwe5 #fcgj & #cj4 ,at direct lay+ ! cross level ( ! tang5t sight w be ?r[n out ( level by ! exam9] = ! trials requir+ %ift+ ( ! trail4 ,9 "t trials1 "t w be tak5 f ! ^w at :i* ! c&idate is in/ruct$ by ?is ord] to comm5ce 8 trial to ! c&idate's 8,ready10 or to ! la/ ^w ( any ann\ncem5t requir$4 ,no cr$its w be all[$ if ! c&idate p]=ms any "p ( ! trial aft] ?is int]val or if ! "t tak5 exce$s ! maximum giv5 9 ! appropriate table ( ^? %[n h]e9aft]4 ,%\ld any trial be vitiat$ ?r\gh ! fault ( an exam9]1 ( an assi/ant1 ( ! sight or o!r in/rum5t us$1 t trial w be void & ! c&idate w be giv5 imm$iately ano!r trial ( ! same nature4 ,direct ,lay+4 #ab trials3 ,six ) ! peep sight & six ) ! panoramic sight4 ,! t>get w repres5t a %ield$ gun & caisson & w be plac$1 z ne>ly z practicable1 at a di/ance ( #a1jjj y>ds f ! gun us$ 9 ! trials4 ,! c&idate be+ seat$ on ! gunn]'s seat1 an (fic] ( ! batt]y comm&s1 = example3 #a4 ,t>get1 t gun4 #b4 ,deflection1 #aj4 #c4 #bdjj4 ,at ! indication ( ! t>get1 ! c&idate causes an assi/ant at ! trail to po9t ! piece 9 its g5]al direction2 at ! la/ ^w ( ! la/ comm& he sets (f ! deflection & ! range ord]$2 corrects = diff]5ce ( level ( ! :eels2 op]ates ! elevat+ & trav]s+ app>atus s z to br+ ! l9e ( sight ^u ! t>get2 calls 8,ready10 & /eps cle>4 ,no cr$its w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7#a7 ,if ! sight is incorrectly set = deflection or range4 7#b7 ,if1 :5 ! bubble ( ! cross level is accurately c5t]$1 ! l9e ( sight is f\nd n to be on any portion ( ! t>get4 ,if ! piece is f\nd to be correctly laid )9 ! limits prescrib$1 cr$its w be giv5 z foll[s ,"t 9 seconds1 exactly1 or less ?an #af #ah #bj #ba #bb #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cr$its #b4j #a4i #a4g #a4e #a4d #a4c ,indirect ,lay+4 #ab trials4 ,two aim+ po9ts w be select$1 "o t[>d ! front & "o t[>d ! re>4 ,!y %\ld be ( ! type us$ 9 actual fir+ &1 = ! purpose ( ?is exam9ation1 %\ld be ab\t #b mils 9 wid?1 well def9$1 ( su* height z readily to be br\ght )9 ! field ( view1 & ab\t #aejj y>ds di/ant4 ,!y %\ld be cle>ly po9t$ out to ! c&idates4 ,all ( ! guns ( ! batt]y w be plac$ 9 ! ord] 9 batt]y & a c&idate w be assign$ to ea*4 ,= all trials ! bo>d w assume a situation 9 ! conduct ( fire = adju/m5t by batt]y1 comm5c+ ) ! fir/ salvo1 t w require comm&s involv+ a %ift ( ! trail = ?is fir/ trial1 &1 = all trials1 su* deflection & deflection diff]5ce sett+s & *anges ( sett+s ( scales1 n exce$+ ! limits prescrib$ 9 p>agraph #e ( ?is ord]1 z may reasonably be expect$ 9 s]vice4 ,:5 ! aim+ po9t is 9 re> ! c&idate w be all[$ an assi/ant :o1 f a position 9 front ( ! axle1 signals to a man at ! end ( ! trail to move x1 if necess>y1 s z to br+ ! aim+ po9t )9 ! field ( view ( ! sight4 ,:5 ! aim+ po9t is 9 front1 an assi/ant at ! end ( ! trail is all[$4 ,! c&idates be+ seat$ on ! gunn]s' seats1 an (fic] ( ! batt]y comm&s1 = example3 #a4 ,aim+ po9t1 ! *imney on t :ite h\se4 #b4 ,deflection1 #ddj4 #c4 ,on ,no4 #b close #aj4 ,at ! la/ ^w ( comm& = ! deflection ea* man sets (f ! deflection2 applies ! correction = deflection diff]5ce appropriate = 8 piece2 causes ! trail to be %ift$ until ! sight is direct$ ^u ! aim+ po9t2 corrects = diff]5ce ( level ( ! :eels2 raises or l[]s ! panoramic sight until ! field ( view w include ! aim+ po9t2 trav]ses ! piece until ! v]tical hair is on ! aim+ po9t2 calls 8,ready0 & /eps cle>4 ,! trial be+ complet$ & ! m5 aga9 be+ seat$1 ! (fic] comm&s = example1 9 cont9uance ( ! assum$ situation3 #a4 ,"r1 #abj4 #b4 ,on ,no4 #d1 close #e4 ,at ! la/ ^w ( comm& = ! deflection1 ea* man op]ates ! sight &1 if necess>y1 ! trail z be=e2 trav]ses ! piece until ! v]tical hair is on ! aim+ po9t2 calls 8,ready0 & /eps cle>4 ,! ?ird & f\r? trial is simil>ly conduct$4 ,no cr$its w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ cases3 #a4 ,if ! sight is incorrectly set = ! deflection or deflection diff]5ce4 #b4 ,if1 :5 ! bubble ( ! cross level is accurately c5t]$1 ! v]tical cross hair is f\nd n to be on ! aim+ po9t4 #c4 ,if1 at any "t dur+ ! trial1 ! man has op]at$ ! elevat+ device4 ,if ! piece is f\nd to be correctly laid )9 ! limits prescrib$1 cr$its w be giv5 z foll[s3 ,"t 9 seconds1 exactly1 or less ?an #ah #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cr$its #b4j #a4i #a4g #a4e #a4d #a4c ,lay+ = ,range4 ,six trials1 us+ ! range quadrant4 ,! man be+ seat$ on ! seat on ! "r side ( ! trail1 an (fic] ( ! batt]y comm&s1 = example3 #a4 ,site1 #bhj4 #b4 #cdjj4 ,at ! la/ ^w ( ! comm&1 ! man sets (f ! angle ( site2 sets ! quadrant = range2 corrects = diff]5ce ( level ( :eels2 turns ! elevat+ crank s z to c5t] ! range bubble2 calls 8,ready0 & /eps cle>4 ,no cr$its w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ cases3 #a4 ,if ! quadrant is incorrectly set = angle ( site or range4 #b4 ,if no "p ( ! bubble ( ! cross level is betwe5 ! middle two l9es on ! glass tube4 #c4 ,if !re be f\nd to be an error ( m ?an #ej y>ds 9 lay+ = any range less ?an #a1ejj y>ds or m ?an #be y>ds = any equal range to or exce$+ #a1ejj y>ds4 ,if ! piece is f\nd to be correctly laid )9 ! limits prescrib$1 cr$its w be giv5 z foll[s3 ,"t 9 seconds1 exactly1 or less ?an #ad #af #ah #ai #bj #ba ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,cr$its #c4j #b4c #b4f #b4d #b4b #b ,fuse ,sett+4 #ab ,trials3 #f ) ! bracket fuse sett]1 #f ) ! h& fuse sett]4 ,drill c>tridges ) fuses 9 good ord] set at safety are plac$ z 9 s]vice4 ,an (fic] ( ! batt]y comm&s1 = example3 #a4 ,corrector1 #bd4 #b4 #bgjj4 ,at ! la/ ^w ( ! comm& = ! corrector1 9 trials ) ! bracket fuse sett]1 ! man sets ! fuse sett] at ! corrector1 &1 z ! data are receiv$1 at ! range ord]$1 receives ! c>tridge f an assi/ant1 ins]ts its head 9 ! in/rum5t1 sets ! fuse & calls 8,ready40 ,at ! la/ ^w ( ! comm& = ! corrector1 9 trials ) ! h& fuse sett]1 ! c&idate sets ! fuse sett] at ! corrector1 &1 z ! data are receiv$ at ! range1 ord]$2 ) ! aid ( an assi/ant1 sets ! fuse1 & calls 8,ready40 ,no cr$its are giv5 9 ! foll[+ cases3 #a4 ,if ! fuse sett] is incorrectly set = corrector or range4 #b4 ,if ! c&idate fails to obta9 a correct fuse sett+ )9 "o-fif? ( a second4 ,if ! fuse sett] is f\nd to be correctly set & is prop]ly op]at$1 cr$its are giv5 z foll[s3 ,"t 9 seconds1 exactly1 or less ?an #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cr$its #a4e #a4d #a4c #a4b #a4a #a4j ,drill ( ! ,gun ,squad4 ,! subjects w embrace su* p>ts ( ! foll[+ ex]cises 7,d4 & ,s4 ,r4 ,f4 ,a47 z w ?or\ghly te/ ! c&idate's famili>ity ) ! s]vice ( ! piece3 ,=mation ( ! gun squad 7#ace1 #ach72 to =m ! gun squad 7#agj-agc72 to tell (f ! gun squad 7#agd72 po/ ( ! gun squads 7#age-agg72 to po/ ! gun squad 7#agh-agi72 po/s ( ! cannone]s1 c>riages limb]$ 7#ahj-ahb72 to m\nt ! cannone]s 7#ahc-ahe72 to dism\nt ! cannone]s 7#ahf-ahg72 to *ange po/s 7#ahi-aij72 to move by h& ! c>riages limb]$ 7#aia-aib72 to leave ! p>k 7#bjd72 action front 7#aii72 po/s ( ! cannone]s1 c>riages unlimb]$ b n prep>$ = action 7#ahh72 limb] front & re> 7#bjb72 action re> 7#bjj72 limb] re> 7#bjc72 to move by h& ! c>riages unlimb]$ 7#icg72 prep>e = action 7#ich72 m>* ord] 7#idb72 po/s ( ! cannone]s1 c>riages unlimb]$ & prep>$ = action 7#ida72 duties 9 detail ( ! gunn] 7#hde-hfi72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #a 7#hgj-hia72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #b 7#hib-ija72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #c 7#ijb-iaa72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #d 7#iac-iah72 duties 9 detail ( ,no4 #e 7#iai-ibd72 me?ods ( lay+ 7#ihe-ihh72 & me?ods ( fire 7#iie-ajjh74 ,! que/ions w only cov] ! important p>ts cov]$ 9 ! p>agraphs above4 ,mat]iel4 ,! exam9ation ( ea* c&idate w be suffici5tly ext5d$ to te/ 8 famili>ity ) ! use & c>e ( ! mat]iel ( 8 organization1 & w be !oretical4 ,! exam9ation w be conduct$ by que/ions on ! foll[+ subjects3 ,nom5clature ( h>ness & ( ! p>ts & accessories ( ! :eel$ mat]iel2 use ( oils2 me?od ( clean+ & lubricat+ p>ts & me*anisms2 me?od ( clean+ cyl9d] oil & ( empty+ & fill+ cyl9d]s2 use ( tools2 ! k9ds ( projectiles1 ( fuses1 & ( p[d] actually issu$ = use1 & _! projectiles1 ( fuses1 & ( p[d] actually issu$ = use1 & _! g5]al purpose & effect1 omitt+ que/ions z to con/ruction1 weight1 manufacture1 & te*nical description2 ! c>e & pres]vation ( saddle & h>ness equipm5t 9 use4 ,description (3 bree* me*anism1 to m\nt1 to assemble2 elevat+ screws1 to dism\nt1 to assemble2 hub l9]1 to remove1 to assemble2 brakes1 piece & caisson1 to adju/2 :eel1 to remove1 to replace4 ,*evrons w be issu$ to ^? c&idates :o qualify & w be worn z prescrib$ 9 ord]s4 ,,don',,ts ,,= ,,cannone]s4 ,don'ts = ,all ,cannone]s3 --,sacrifice accuracy = spe$4 --,guess at ! data4 --,expose y\rself4 --,let y\r att5tion be di/ract$4 --,make unnecess>y moves4 --,talk4 ,don'ts = ,*ief ( ,section3 --,=get t y are responsible = ! "w ( y\r squad4 --,fail to assi/ ! gunn] 9 lay+ on ! aim+ po9t4 --,say 8,muzzle ,"r 7left710 m]ely move y\r h& 9 ! direction y desire ! trail %ift$4 --,write d[n ! data4 --,=get y\r prop] pose1 cov]+ ,no4 #c opposite ! float4 --,=get to ext5d y\r arm v]tically1 f+]s jo9$1 aft] ! gunn] has ann\nc$ 8,ready40 --,fail to caution 8,) ! ,lany>d0 = ! fir/ %ot4 --,fail to look at bo? gunn] & executive4 --,comm& 8,fire20 m]ely drop y\r arm4 --,fail to designate :o %all assi/ ,no4 #b :5 he is unable to %ift ! trail4 --,=get to ann\nce 8,volley ,complete40 --,=get to select ! individual ,aim+ ,po9ts = ! gunn]4 --,=get to ann\nce 8,no4 7s s7 on ,aim+ ,po9t10 9 reciprocal lay+4 --,ev] say 8,range #cjjj10 m]ely 8#cjjj40 ,dont's = ,gunn]3 --,=get to place ! sight bracket cov] 9 ! left axle seat4 --,=get to put ! sight %ank cov] 9 ! trail box4 --,=get to close ! panoramic sight box1 & fa/5 x ) y\r left h&4 --,=get to clamp ! panoramic sight 9 its seat4 --,=get to close ! ports 9 ! %ield4 --,=get to put y\r weight aga9/ ! %\ld] gu>d :ile lay+4 --,t\* any adju/m5t aft] call+ 8,ready40 --,=get to move y\r head f ! panoramic sight aft] call+ 8,ready40 --,lean aga9/ ! :eel4 --,fail to take up lo/ motion 9 ! prop] direction4 --,fail to wat* ! executive aft] call+ 8,ready40 --,signal ) y\r h& = movem5ts ( ! trail4 --,fail to id5tify ,aim+ ,po9ts or ,t>gets4 --,fail to secure hood on sight bracket4 --,say 8,:oa0 to ,no4 #b :ile ! trail is be+ %ift$4 ,say 8,trail ,d[n40 --,fail to l[] ! top %ield at once at ! comm& 8,m>* ,ord]40 --,=get to relay v]tical hair on ,a4 ,p4 at completion ( sweep+ volley4 --,=get to set range #ajjj1 deflection z]o 9 8,fire at ,w40 --,=get to say 8,ready0 j l\d en\gh = ! *ief ( section to he>4 --,=get to *alk up ! deflection on ! ma9 %ield 9 reciprocal lay+4 --,=get to set site & level bubble 7,briti%74 --,=get to release ! brake 9 trail %ifts 7,briti%74 --,=get to c\nt 8#ajja1 #ajjb0 to pres]ve prop] fir+ int]val4 ,dont's = ,numb] #a3 --,t\* ! fir+ h&le until y ann\nce 8,set40 --,fire ! piece ) ! "r h&4 --,try to ?r[ ! drill c>tridge ov] ! float by j]k+ ! bree* op54 --,slam ! bree*4 --,fail to level bubbles4 --,fail to set & release brake 9 trail %ifts4 --,fail to look squ>ely at ! scales ( ! quadrant4 --,fail to take up lo/ motion prop]ly4 --,=get to close ! quadrant box4 --,fire ! piece until ! comm& is giv54 --,lean aga9/ ! :eel4 --,=get to keep up ) ! range 9 direct lay+4 --,=get to l[] ! top %ield imm$iately at 8,m>* ,ord]40 --,talk4 ,dont's = ,numb] #b3 --,?r[ ! bree* cov] on ! gr\nd4 --,fail to engage ! h&spike4 --,slam ! apron4 --,put feet on ! float4 --,wait = ! comm& 9 %ifts ( #ej mils or m4 --,move ! trail 9 a s]ies ( %ifts4 --,fail to m>k (f #aa l9es #ej mils ap>t at once on tak+ y\r po/4 --,fail to secure ! bree* cov]4 --,fail to secure ! h&spike 9 8,m>* ,ord]40 --,run betwe5 c>riages4 --,fail to ?r[ empty c>tridge cases out ( ! way ( ! cannone]s4 --,=get ! t[ & wa/e4 --,talk4 ,dont's = ,numb] #c3 --,run betwe5 ! c>riages4 --,?r[ ! muzzle cov] on ! gr\nd4 --,?r[ ! front sight cov] on ! gr\nd4 --,slam ! apron4 --,fail to see t fuze is set at safety at 8,m>* ,ord]40 --,fail to look directly d[n at ! fuze sett] :ile adju/+ scales4 --,take "r h& f ! corrector worm knob & left f ! range worm crank1 dur+ drill4 --,=get to set range z]o 9 8,fire at ,w40 --,cross y\r legs4 --,=get to set ea* ann\nc$ range reg>dless ( ! k9d ( fire be+ us$4 --,talk4 ,dont's = ,numb] #d3 --,?r[ ! fuze sett] cov] on ! gr\nd4 --,slam ! apron4 --,=get to set ! fuze at 8,safety0 9 8,m>* ,ord]40 --,fail to glance into ! bore to get ! alignm5t4 --,t\* a r\nd aft] ins]t+ x 9 ! bree*4 --,fail to completely set ea* fuze4 --,=get to take ! r\nd f ,no4 #e f b5ea? 9 p]cussion fire & f ! top :5 ! h& fuze sett] is us$4 --,=get to say1 8#cbjj1 #b1 la/ r\nd10 only l\d en\gh to rea* ! *ief ( section4 --,=get to secure ! cov] on ! fuze sett]4 --,attempt to move ! caisson ) ! door op54 --,=get to set & release ! caisson brake 7,model #aijb74 --,turn ! r\nd to ! left aft] sett+4 --,talk4 ,dont's = ,numb] #e3 --,slam ! apron4 --,attempt to move ! caisson ) ! door op54 --,=get to put y\r left elb[ on ! outside ( y\r left knee 9 us+ ! h& fuze sett]4 --,=get to set ! brake on ! #aiaf caisson4 --,?r[ ! wat]pro( caps "u y\r feet4 --,talk4 ,,tra9+ ,,gun ,,crews4 ,?is article is n int5d$ to cov] all ( ! "w ( ! gun crew1 x is int5d$ m]ely to cov] c]ta9 po9ts sometimes lo/ sight (4 ,ref]5ces are to ! #c0 gun1 b any crew effici5t 9 s]v+ t excell5t weapon w h little tr\ble 9 ma/]+ any o!r4 ,all ref9em5ts taught h b "o prime object1 t is accuracy ( fire4 ,x is ( no value to make atmosph]ic & velocity corrections if /ill great] v>iations are con/antly introduc$ by poor s]vice ( ! piece4 ,! f\ndation ( batt]y effici5cy is well-tra9$ gun crews4 ,(fic]s may be able to lay out ori5t+ l9es ) ! greate/ facility1 may "k ! range tables 9 ! d>k1 b x w avail little if !y _c tra9 m5 to apply prop]ly & accurately ! data det]m9$4 ,! safety ( our own infantry & ! effectiv5ess ( our fire are absolutely dep5d5t on ! cont9u\s tra9+ ( gun crews1 & ! resultant precision & sur5ess ) :i* !y p]=m _! "w4 ,?is c only be obta9$ by con/ant drill f ! day ! recruit jo9s until ! day ( 8 dis*>ge2 n by long drills 9 :i* he gr[s tir$ & loses int]e/1 b by %ort p]iods brok5 by in/ruction 9 o!r subjects2 n by _m h\rs "o week & none ! next1 b by a %ort p]iod e day ( ! week4 ,! be/ gunn]s gr[ ru/y 9 a v few days2 con/ant %ort drills w give results & are ! secret ( success4 ,e man mu/ get in/ructions e day1 be he raw recruit or exp]t gunn]4 ,cannone]s %\ld be taught t ! greate/ crime t c be committ$ 9 lay+ ! piece is to make an error--! only crime = :i* !re is no puni%m5t4 ,an error or mi/ake 9 ! correct s]vice ( ! piece %\ld n be puni%$1 b x %\ld be c>efully expla9$ h[ ! effici5cy ( ! batt]y dep5ds on ea* memb]1 & to insure t crime is n committ$ aga91 additional h\rs ( in/ruction beyond t requir$ = ! re/ ( ! crew w be necess>y4 ,e man mu/ be on 8 toes f ! "t he comes 9 sight ( 8 gun1 e movem5t at ! piece mu/ be at a run4 ,sl[ & sleepy motions ( "o man w kill all ! snap & en]gy ( e o!r memb] ( ! crew4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 confuse spe$ ( p]=m+ any giv5 motion ) hurry 9 execution ( detail4 ,= example1 ! gunn] mu/ move ) snap & en]gy 9 gett+ 8 eye back to ! sight & 8 h& on ! trav]s+ h&:eel aft] ! piece is fir$1 b he mu/ nev] be hurri$ 9 gett+ ! v]tical wire exactly on ! aim+ po9t1 or 9 mak+ ! ord]$ *anges 9 ! deflection sett+4 ,/op wat*es %\ld n be us$4 ,!y are a fruitful cause ( errors4 ,spe$ comes f cont9ual practice & x _c be artificially atta9$ by /op-wat* tim+4 ,d n und]/& t spe$ is n desirable1 x is highly desirable1 b practice alone w give x & x w ne>ly always be f\nd t ! be/-tra9$ crew is ! fa/e/ crew4 ,competitions betwe5 crews mu/ be = accuracy1 n spe$4 ,if e motion is made ) a snap & at a run ! results z reg>ds spe$ w be satisfactory4 ,! accuracy ( fire is affect$ by brakes n be+ adju/$ = equal t5sion1 by direction ( recoil n be+ 9 l9e ) ! trail1 by ,no4 #b sitt+ on ! h&spike & %ift+ 8 weight aft] ! gunn] has call$ 8,ready20 by ,no4 #a j]k+ ! fir+ h&le2 by ! gunn] n keep+ 8 %\ld] aga9/ ! gu>d2 by elevat+ cranks n be+ prop]ly assembl$2 by sights & quadrants n be+ prop]ly adju/$ or lock$ ) means provid$ 7?is subject des]ves sev]al pages72 by v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( oil 9 ! cyl9d]2 by improp] adju/m5t ( ! gl&2 by ! gunn] com+ on to ! aim+ po9t sometimes f ! "r1 sometimes f ! left2 by ! ,no4 #a c5t]+ ! bubble sometimes f front to re>1 sometimes f re> to front4 ,y may h /ood beh9d a batt]y fir+ & notic$ h[ "o or two guns jump viol5tly 9 recoil1 :ile o!rs w\ld h>dly di/urb ! prov]bial glass ( wat] on top ( ! :eel1 al?\gh all guns ( equal s]vice4 ,?is 0 due almo/ entirely to ! lack ( prop] adju/m5t ( "s ( ! p>ts m5tion$ above4 ,e memb] ( ! crew mu/ "k 8 duties s well z to make 8 motion automatic2 ! direction to turn ! v>i\s h&:eels1 mill$ heads1 & ge>s to obta9 ! desir$ result1 & he mu/ always d ^! ?+s 9 ! same way4 ,! effect ( small diff]5ces 9 lay+ may be graphically %[n ! gun crew by fir+ sub-calib] ammunition at a small arms /eel t>get :i* r+s a bell :5 a bull's-eye is made4 ,erratic %ots means poor adju/m5ts ( equipm5t or poor tra9+ ( ! gun crew4 ,pleas t worn mat]ial or lo/ motion1 or defective ammunition are ! causes ( erratic %oot+ are l>gely excuses = ignorance1 laz9ess1 & lack ( prop] in/ruction4 ,worn mat]iel requires m make%ifts1 takes long] to lay & m c>eful wat*+1 s t fire _c be s rapid1 b except = we> 9 ! bore ( ! gun x is possible to d almo/ z accurate %oot+ ) worn mat]iel1 especially if ! new mat]iel has n be5 ?or\ghly work$ 94 ,among ! m important duties ( ! m5 may be m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,*ief ( ,section4--,mu/ tea* 8 m5 to h pride 9 ! gun !y s]ve1 & ! reputation ( ! section4 ,he %[s ea* memb] h[ ! accuracy ( fir+ is dep5d5t on him1 & t "o man may ru9 ! be/ ef=ts ( all ! o!rs4 ,he mu/ keep 8 mat]iel z clean z :5 x left ! mak]s h&1 e "p function+ prop]ly1 e screw & nut tight5$1 no burr$ nuts or bolts1 or miss+ split p9s4 ,he helps ea* memb] to take a pride 9 keep+ ! "p = :i* he is responsible z clean z a new p9 & 9 p]fect condition4 ,he sees t ! v>i\s canvas cov]s & sponge & ramm] nev] t\* ! gr\nd :]e !y w ga!r dirt4 ,he kn[s ! prop] use ( 8 tools1 & ! correct adju/m5t ( ! fir+ me*anism4 ,he mu/ be able to assemble & disassemble bl9dfold$ ! fir+ lock & bree* me*anism4 ,9 fir+ he kn[s ! sett+s ( all scales )\t ref]5ce to a data book4 ,! ,gunn]4--,kn[s t turn+ ! levell+ screw clockwise moves cross bubble to ! "r2 t turn+ scroll ge> clockwise increases ! range2 t turn+ ! peep sight screw clockwise increases deflection1 & s on ) all h&:eels1 etc41 t he op]ates & mu/ "k ^! ?+s s well t he op]ates !m 9 ! prop] direction automatically4 ,mu/ always br+ v]tical wire on aim+ po9t f ! left to take up any play 9 trav]s+ me*anism4 ,he v]ifies t he is on ! aim+ po9t aft] ! bree* is clos$ & if !re is any delay1 aga9 imm$iately be=e fir+4 ,he gets 8 eye back to ! sight & relays imm$iately ! gun returns to batt]y4 ,he kn[s 8 scale read+s at all times4 ,he keeps 8 sight scrupul\sly clean1 nev] p]mits 8 f+] to t\* ! objective prism :5 turn+ ! rotat+ head1 nor wipes (f eye piece ) h&4 ,he keeps 8 %\ld] aga9/ ! gu>d at all times4 ,! ,numb] #a4--;,he kn[s 8 site & range scale read+s )\t hav+ to look at !m4 ,9 c5t]+ ! bubble he br+s x always f front to re> to take up play 9 ! elevat+ me*anism4 ,he c5t]s ! bubble s accurately t x is n ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( tissue pap] ne>] "o graduation ?an ! o!r1 & :at is mo/ important he sees t x /ays !re until he fires ! pieces1 :5 he promptly rec5tres x4 7,! latitude all[$ 9 c5tr+ ! bubble by our gunn]s' exam9ation is responsible = #bj p] c5t4 ( our field probable error47 ,he mu/ n fire ! piece ) a j]k b ) a con/ant ev5 pressure1 else he may de/roy all 8 accuracy ( levell+4 ,! same pr9ciple applies if he uses ! lany>d4 ,he keeps 8 quadrant free f any sign ( dirt & assures himself t x is 9 p]fect condition4 ,if ! gunn] fails to keep 8 %\ld] aga9/ ! gu>d :5 ! piece is fir$ he rem9ds him ( x4 ,9 c5tr+ ! bubble or sett+ ! scales he gets 8 eye squ>ely opposite ! scale or bubble4 ,! ,numb] #b4--;,he kn[s ! wid? ( ! spade1 float1 etc41 9 mils1 & is able to make any %ift "u two hundr$ mils1 )9 #e mils4 ,he %ifts ! trail s z to br+ ! direction ( recoil 9 l9e ) x 7except = mov+ t>gets74 ,9 receiv+ empty cases he %\ld n p]mit !m to /rike ! trail or ?r[ !m aga9/ ea* o!r1 z !y mu/ !n be resiz$ be=e !y c be aga9 us$4 ,if he sits on ! h&spike he mu/ n %ift 8 weight aft] ! piece is laid4 ,! ,numb] #c4--;,he kn[s t turn+ ! corrector worm knob clockwise decreases ! sett+2 turn+ ! range worm crank clockwise increases ! range4 ,9 mak+ ^! sett+s he keeps 8 eye squ>ely ov] ! scales4 ,he kn[s 8 scale sett+s at all times4 ,he is taught to keep 8 fuze sett] & its cov] clean1 & is %[n h[ a small pile ( dirt or wax beh9d ! /op p9 or 9 ! rotat+ p9 not* c ?r[ out 8 sett+s & ru9 ! reputation ( 8 section4 ,gum f ! fuze (t5 collects 9 ^! places4 ,! sure/ way is to keep a mat* /ick h&y & clean out ^! places :5ev] !re is a lull 9 ! fir+4 ,! ,numb] #d4--;,if necess>y to reset ! fuze he mu/ turn ! projectile until x br+s up aga9/ ! /op p91 !n cease all turn+ movem5t & draw ! projectile /raight out ( ! fuze sett]4 ,if he cont9ues ! turn+ motion unconsci\sly he c easily alt] ! sett+ by a fif? ( a second4 ,9 load+ he is c>eful n to /rike ! fuze aga9/ ! bree* & s alt] ! fuze sett+4 ,! ,numb] #e4--;,he kn[s :]e ! rotat+ p9 not* is 9 ! fuze sett]1 & :]e ! correspond+ p9 is on ! fuze4 ,he places ! fuze s t ! p9 is seat$ 9 ! not* ) little or no turn+ movem5t & turns rapidly b ) no m =ce ?an requir$4 ,he is c>eful to set all fuzes ) ! same =ce1 t is1 n turn "o ) a viol5t twi/ & ! next b>ely up to ! /op4 ,,app5dix 8,b0--,comp>ative table ( guns us$ 9 ,_w's ,w>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,gt4 ,au/ria1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,brita91 #aije #ahig #aijf #aiag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,calib]1 in*es #c4ja #b4ie #c4jc #c4c ,weight ( %rapnel1 lbs4 #ad4gb #af4jj #ae4jj #ah4jj ,muzzle velocity1 f4 s4 #afdj #agej #agfj #afhj ,muzzle en]gy1 ft4 tons #bge #cce #bdb #cdj ,weight ( gun #gjj #ajjj #gff #hhj ,weight ( gun & #bjjj #bfej #ahfj #bfjj c>riage ,weight ( g41 c4 & #cgej #daej #dbjj #dajj limb] ,maximum elevation #ah #ah #af #cc ,total trav]se1 degrees #h #f #h #h ,l5g? ( recoil1 in*es #ea4e #dg #dd #bh-dh ,height ( :eels #d'c0 #d' #d'e0 #d'c0 ,indep5d5t l9e ( sight ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,sights1 goniometric1 telescopic1 panoramic1 ,p4 ,g4 ,t4 ,g4 ,o4 ,p4 ord9>y ,bree* block1 w$ge sw++1 ecc5tric ,w4 ,e4 ,s4 ,w4 ,s4 screw4 ,trav]se1 axle or p9tle ,p4 ,a4 ,p4 ,a4 ,recup]ation1 spr+ or hydro-pneumatic ,s4 ,h4 ,s4 ,h4 ,l5g? ( gun1 calib]s #cj #cf #bg4c #bh4j ,wid? ( track1 in*es #fj #fj #fj #ff ,range1 maximum #fdjj #geej #gfjj #ijjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,u4 ,u4 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,/ates1 ,/ates1 #aiab #aijc #aijb #aiaf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,calib]1 in*es #b4ie #c4 #c4 #b4ie ,weight ( %rapnel1 lbs4 #ad4c #ad4da #ae4jj #af4jj ,muzzle velocity1 f4 s4 #aeaj #aicj #agjj #afjj ,muzzle en]gy1 ft4 tons #bbd #bgc #cjj #caa ,weight ( gun #fij #ghe #gaj #gfe ,weight ( gun & #bbfj #bjge #bbcj #cjjj c>riage ,weight ( g41 c4 & #ccej #chej #cgcj #ddjj limb] ,maximum elevation #fe #af #af #ec ,total trav]se1 degrees #eb #e #h #de ,l5g? ( recoil1 in*es #ah-ec #db4e #ej #ah-df ,height ( :eels #d'c0 #d'd0 #d'h0 #d'h0 ,indep5d5t l9e ( sight ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,sights1 goniometric1 telescopic1 panoramic1 ,t4 ,p4 ,o4 ,p4 ,o4 ,p4 ,o4 ,p4 ord9>y ,bree* block1 w$ge sw++1 ecc5tric ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b4 ,w4 screw4 ,trav]se1 axle or p9tle ,p4 ,a4 ,a4 ,p4 ,recup]ation1 spr+ or hydro-pneumatic ,h4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,l5g? ( gun1 calib]s #cj #cj #bi4b #cj4h ,wid? ( track1 in*es #eh #fj #fj #fj ,range1 maximum #hhej #ghjj #fejj #ifej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,app5dix 8,c0 ,,table ,,( ,,equival5ts4 #a mil4 #c4cg m9utes4 #a met] 7m7 #ci4cg in*es4 #a c5timet] 7cm7 4#cicg in*4 #a millimet] 7mm7 4#jcicg in*4 #a kilogram 7kg7 #b4bjdf p\nds4 #a dekagram 7dkg7 4#cebg ounce4 #a gram #ae4dcb gra9s4 #a lit] #a4jefga qu>ts 7,u4,s474 #a in* #b4ed c5timet]s4 #a foot 4#cjdh met]4 #a y>d 4#iadd met]4 #a squ>e in* #f4deb squ>e c5timet]s4 #a cubic in* #af4ci cubic c5timet]s4 #a cubic foot 4#jbhcb cubic met]4 #a cubic y>d 4#gfde cubic met]4 #a ounce #bh4ce grams4 #a p\nd 4#decf kilogram4 #a qu>t 7,u4 ,s47 4#idfc lit]4 #a degree #ag4ggg mils4 #a kilogram 7kg7 p] #ad4bbc p\nds p] squ>e c5timet] squ>e in*4 ,,index ,abatage1 ,fr5* #ge-mm1 #ie ,action ( ,recoil ,me*anism1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #gj ,aim+ ,circle1 #bgd ,air & ,liquid ,pumps1 #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #ahi ,am]ican #ge1 #aje ,ammunition1 #aii ,ammunition #c-;in* ,gun1 #bad ,ammunition1 ,def9ition (1 #aa ,ammunition ,m>k+1 #bcc ,ammunition ,truck1 #ccd ,angle ( ,site ,me*anism1 ,am]ican #ge1 #abg ,anti-,aircraft ,guns1 #fj ,armam5t1 ,mod]n1 #df ,army ,artill]y1 #eg ,artill]y1 ,def9ition (1 #aa ,artill]y ,tractor1 #ccj ,assembl+ #c-;in* ,gun1 #gf1 #bdb ,assembl+ ,am]ican #ge1 #acc ,automatic ,pi/ol1 #cae ,automatic ,rifle1 #cbb1 #cbe ,axles1 ,discussion1 #dd ,balli/ics1 ,def9ition (1 #aa ,batt]y ,comm&]'s ,telescope ,model #aiae1 #bgj ,biblical ,ref]5ces to ,artill]y1 #af ,bic>bonate ( ,soda1 #bci ,bore1 ,def9ition (1 #aa ,borax1 #bch ,bracket1 ,fuze ,sett]1 #bhc ,bree*block1 #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aef ,bree*block1 ,briti% #ge1 #aej ,bree*block1 ,fr5* #ge1 #hg ,bree*blocks1 ,discussion (1 #ca ,bree*1 ,def9ition (1 #ab ,bree* ,me*anism #c-;in* ,gun1 #fc ,bree* ,me*anism1 ,am]ican #ge1 #ajf ,bree* ,me*anism1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afb ,bree* ,me*anism1 #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #agc ,briti% #ge1 #adg ,br[n+ ,automatic ,rifle1 #cbe ,br[n+ ,ma*9e ,gun1 #cbc ,built-up ,guns1 ,discussion (1 #bi ,caisson #c-;in* ,gun1 #gd ,caisson1 ,def9ition (1 #ab ,calib]1 ,def9ition (1 #ab ,camp ,telephone1 #bhf ,canvas ,buckets1 #bda ,c>e ( #c-;in* ,gun1 #bdb ,c>e & ,clean+ ( ,clo?1 #beb ,c>e & ,clean+ ( ,lea!r1 #bdi ,c>e & ,clean+ ( ,metal1 #beb ,c>e & ,inspection ( ,sights1 #bfg ,c>e & ,pres]vation1 ,fr5* #ge1 #aja ,c>e ( ,guns ,dur+ ,fir+1 #bec ,c>e ( #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 ,notes on1 #aid ,c>e & ,pres]vation ( ,mat]iel1 #bcf ,c>riages1 ,gun1 #c-;in*1 #fe ,c>riage1 ,gun1 ,def9ition (1 #ab ,c>riage1 ,am]ican #ge1 ,description1 #aaa ,c>riage #d4g-;in* ,gun1 ,description1 #aed ,c>riage #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 ,description1 #agi ,c>tridge ,case1 ,c>e (1 #bai ,c>tridge1 ,case1 ,def9ition1 #ab ,*>ge1 ,def9ition1 #ab ,classification ( fuzes1 #bbd ,clean+ ,mat]ial1 #bcf ,clean+ ,s*$ule1 #bed ,clock ,oil1 ,use (1 #bcg ,clo? ,equipm5t1 ,c>e (1 #beb ,coal ,oil1 ,use (1 #bcg ,comb9ation ,fuzes1 ,tables (1 #bcb ,cannone]s' 8,don'ts01 #cfj ,conv5tional ,signals1 #cja ,corps ,artill]y1 ,discussion1 #ee ,cradle1 ,def9ition (1 #ab ,cradle1 ,am]ican #ge1 ,description1 #aah ,cradle1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,description1 #afb ,cradle #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 ,description1 #aha ,cradle #c-;in* ,gun1 ,description1 #ff ,cyl9d]s #c-;in* ,gun1 ,c>e (1 #bdd ,cyl9d]s #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 ,description1 #aha ,cyl9d]s1 ,out]1 ,discussion1 #ca ,detonat+ ,fuzes1 ,tables (1 #bbi ,detonators1 ,discussion1 #aii ,dism\nt+ ,am]ican #ge1 #acc ,dism\nt+ ,fr5* #ge1 #aja ,dism\nt+ #c-;in* ,gun1 #gf ,divisional ,artill]y1 #dg 8,dont's0 = ,cannone]s1 #cfc ,elevat+ ,ge>1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #ff ,elevat+ ,me*anism1 ,am]ican #ge1 #abi ,elevat+ ,me*anism1 ,briti% #ge1 #aej ,elevat+ ,me*anism1 ,def9ition1 #ac ,elevat+ ,me*anisms1 ,discussion1 #cg ,elevat+ ,me*anism #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aeg ,elevat+ ,me*anism1 #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #ahe ,eng9e ,oils1 ,use (1 #bch ,eng9e ,tr\bles1 ,motors1 #cde ,equaliz+ ,ge>1 ,am]ican #ge1 #abg ,equival5ts1 ,tables (1 #cga ,explosives1 ,discussion1 #aii ,extractor1 ,fr5* #ge1 #hg ,faults1 ,common 9 ,telephones1 #big ,field ,glasses1 #bhc ,fill+ ,am]ican #ge ,cyl9d]s1 #ade ,fill\x #aee-mm ,gun1 #afj ,fire ,control ,equipm5t1 ,def9ition1 #ac ,fire ,control ,in/rum5ts1 #bfj ,fir+ ,me*anism1 ,am]ican #ge1 #aaj ,fir+ ,me*anism1 ,fr5* #ge1 #hi ,fir+ ,me*anism1 ,def9ition1 #ac ,fir+ ,me*anism1 #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aef ,fir+ ,me*anism1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #fd ,fir+ ,me*anism1 #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #age ,fireworks1 ,signall+1 #cjd ,fix$ ,ammunition1 #bjc ,flags1 ,signall+1 #bhe ,floats1 ,am]ican #ge1 #aad ,fr5* #ge1 #hd ,front & ,re> ,sights1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #bfj ,fulm9ates1 #aii ,fuzes1 #bba ,fuze ,classification1 #bbd ,fuze1 ,def9ition1 #ac ,fuze ,sett]1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #bhc ,fuze ,sett]s1 ,def9ition1 #ac ,g5]al ,s]vice ,code1 #cja ,gribeauval1 ,ref]5ce to1 #bj ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 7,gr&e ,puissance ,fill\x71 #afj ,gun1 ,def9ition1 #ac ,gun ,crews1 ,tra9+ (1 #cfg ,gun ,c>riages1 ,discussion1 #cc ,gun ,c>riage1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #fe ,gunn]s ,exam9ations1 #ceb ,guns1 ,c>e ( 9 ,fir+1 #bed ,guns ,us$ 9 ,_w ,w>1 #cgj ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,ref]5ce to1 #ah ,h & ,h ,soap1 ,use (1 #bci ,h& ,fuze ,sett]1 #bhd ,heavy ,field ,gun1 ,discussion1 #eh ,heavy ,field ,h[itz]1 ,discussion1 #ei ,high ,explosives1 #bjb ,hi/ory & ,developm5t ( ,mat]iel1 #af ,holl+%ead ,soap1 ,use (1 #bci ,h[ to ,drive ,motors1 #cdj ,h[itz]s1 #aee-mm1 ,c>e (1 #aid ,h[itz]1 #aee-mm1 ,model #aiah1 #afg ,h[itz]1 ,def9ition (1 #ac ,hydrol9e ,oil1 ,use (1 #bci ,indep5d5t ,angle ( ,site1 #aaa ,initial ,velocity1 ,def9ition (1 #ac ,lamps1 ,signall+1 #bih ,lant]ns1 #bdb ,laval9e1 ,use (1 #bch ,lea!r1 ,c>e (1 #bdi ,light ,gun & ,h[itz]1 ,discussion1 #dh ,light ,slu%+ ,oil1 ,use (1 #bcg ,limb]1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,limb]1 #c-;in* ,gun 7,caisson71 #gb ,l9e ,sights1 #beh ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,ref]5ce to1 #bj ,liquid ,pumps = #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #ahi ,lubricat+ ,oil1 ,use (1 #bcf ,lye ,p[d]$1 ,use (1 #bch ,ma*9e ,gun1 ,br[n+1 #cbd ,ma*9e ,guns1 ,use (1 #cba ,m>ks on ,ammunition1 #bcc ,mat]iel1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,m$ium ,gun & ,h[itz]1 #ee ,metal1 ,c>e (1 #beb ,mod]n ,armam5t ,discussion1 #df ,monocord ,swit*bo>d1 #bhh ,motors1 #cbh ,mort>1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,motorization1 #ej ,muzzle1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,muzzle ,velocity1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,naph?al9e1 use (1 #bch ,neats-foot ,oil1 ,use (1 #bcg ,nitrog5 ,comp\nds1 #bjc ,obs]v+ ,in/rum5ts1 #bgj ,obturation1 #bjd ,ogive1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,ordnance1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,out] ,cyl9d]s1 ,discussion (1 #ca ,pa9t1 ,rubb]9e1 #bch ,panels1 ,signall+1 #cje ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model #aiag1 #bfj ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model #aiae1 #bfc ,paul9s1 #bdb ,p]cussion ,prim]s1 #bjh ,petrolatum1 #bcg ,picket ,ropes1 #bdb ,piece1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,pi/ol1 ,automatic1 #cae ,poli%1 ,gibson's ,soap1 #bch ,p[d] ,bags1 #bjf ,prep>ation = ,gunn]s ,exam9ations1 #cdi ,pressure ,gauge1 #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #aib ,prim]s1 #bjf ,prim]1 ,br[n ,enamel1 #bch ,prim]1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,prim]1 ,press+1 #bjh ,projectile1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,projectile1 ,%ape & ,nom5clature1 #bji ,projectors1 ,signall+1 #bih ,propell+ ,*>ges1 #bja ,pumps1 ,air & ,liquid1 #ahi ,quadrant1 ,gunn]s1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,quadrant1 ,range #c-;in* ,gun1 #bfe ,quadrant1 ,sight #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #aib ,radio1 ,,scr #ed & #ed;a1 #cjg ,railway ,artill]y1 ,discussion1 #fj ,range ,f9d]1 #bgh ,range ,quadrant #c-;in* ,gun1 #bfe ,recoil ,me*anism1 ,def9ition (1 #ad ,recoil ,me*anism1 ,discussion1 #ci ,recoil ,me*anism1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #fh ,recoil ,me*anism1 ,am]ican #ge1 #abj ,recoil ,me*anism1 ,briti% #ge1 #aej ,recoil ,me*anism1 ,fr5* #ge1 #ii ,recoil ,me*anism1 #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aef ,recoil ,me*anism1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afb ,recoil ,me*anism1 #aee-mm ,h[itz]1 #ahb ,reconnaissance ,c>1 #cbh ,regulations = ,gunn]s' ,exam9ations1 #ceb ,rifle1 ,def9itions (1 #ad ,rifl+1 ,def9ition (1 #ae ,r\nds1 ,def9ition (1 #ae ,runn]s1 #bhe ,sal ,soda1 #bci ,s*$ule1 ,clean+1 #bed ,semi-fix$ ,ammunition1 #bjd ,semaphore1 #cjf ,sep>ate ,ammunition1 #bjd ,%ell1 ,def9ition (1 #ae ,%ell ,fill]s1 #bja ,%ields1 ,discussion (1 #dc ,%rapnel1 ,def9ition (1 #ae ,sights1 #beh ,sights1 ,c>e ( & ,inspection1 #bfg ,sights1 ,discussion (1 #dc ,sights1 ,front & ,re>1 #beh ,sights1 ,l9e1 #beh ,sights1 ,panoramic1 #bfj ,signals1 ,conv5tional1 #cja ,signal ,equipm5t1 #bhe ,small ,arms1 #cae ,soap ,h & ,h1 #bci ,soap1 ,ca/ile1 #bci ,soap1 ,saddle1 #bci ,spades1 ,am]ican #ge-mm1 #aad ,sp>e ,p>ts #c-;in* ,gun1 #bdj ,sp]m ,oil1 ,use (1 #bcg ,swabb+ ,solution1 #bci ,swit*bo>d1 ,monocord1 #bhh ,table ( ,equival5ts1 #cga ,table ( ,explosives1 #bjb ,table ( ,fuzes1 #bcb ,telephone1 ,camp1 #bhf ,telephone ,faults1 #bie ,telescope1 ,b4 ,c4 ,models1 #aiae & #aiag1 #bgj ,tools & ,accessories #c-;in* ,gun1 #bci ,tra9+ ,gun ,crews1 #cfd ,trail1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #ff ,trail1 ,am]ican #ge1 #aad ,trail1 ,briti% #ge1 #aej ,trail1 #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aeg ,trail1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,gun1 #afe ,trails1 ,def9ition (1 #ae ,trails1 ,discussion (1 #de ,trav]s+ ,me*anism #c-;in* ,gun1 #ff ,trav]s+ ,me*anism1 ,am]ican #ge1 #acc ,trav]s+ ,me*anism1 ,briti% #ge1 #aec ,trav]s+ ,me*anism1 #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aef ,trav]s+ ,me*anism1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afe ,trav]s+ ,me*anism1 #aee ,h[itz]1 #ahg ,trav]s+ ,me*anism1 ,def9ition (1 #ae ,trav]s+ ,me*anisms1 ,discussion (1 #cf ,tubes1 ,discussion (1 #bg ,twi/1 ,discussion (1 #bi ,type ,,scr #ed & #ed;a ,radio1 #cjg ,vacuum ,tube ,detector1 #caa ,vasel9e1 #bcg ,v>iable ,recoil1 ,am]ican #ge1 #abf ,weights & ,dim5sions #c-;in* ,gun1 #fb ,weights & ,dim5sions #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aed ,weights & ,dim5sions ,am]ican #ge1 #aje ,weights & ,dim5sions ,briti% #ge1 #adg ,:eels1 ,c>e (1 #bdh ,:eels1 ,discussions (1 #dd ,:eels1 #c-;in* ,gun1 #fe ,:eels1 #d4g-;in* ,gun1 #aeg ,:eels1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afe ,wig-,wag1 #cjf ,wire-,wrapp$ ,guns1 ,discussion1 #bh ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #h ,*ang$3 ,h>ley-,davidson motorcicles to3 ,h>ley-,davidson motorcycles pg #i ,*ang$3 ,gun ,c>riage1 ,e> ,view to3 ,gun ,c>riage1 ,re> ,view pg #bc ,*ang$3 :i* c\ld be/ be h&l$ to manuev] to3 :i* c\ld be/ be h&l$ to maneuv] pg #bd ,*ang$3 we f9$ ! n[ fam\s long range to3 we f9d ! n[ fam\s long range pg #cd ,*ang$3 ,if ! guns 7 rigidily atta*$ to3 ,if ! guns 7 rigidly atta*$ pg #ce ,*ang$3 ,! lev]ages ) :i* ! ov]turn+ to3 ,! lev]age ) :i* ! ov]turn+ pg #df ,*ang$3 little m ?an phyrric victories to3 little m ?an pyrrhic victories pg #eg ,*ang$3 & ! conc5sus ( op9ion to3 & ! cons5sus ( op9ion pg #fc ,*ang$3 ,breezh recess4 to3 ,bree* recess4 pg #ajj ,*ang$3 7#b7 ,! diaphram ) its holl[ rod to3 7#b7 ,! diaphragm ) its holl[ rod pg #ajj ,*ang$3 may communi8ate freely ) ! air to3 may communicate freely ) ! air pg #aja ,*ang$3 ,canone] ,dism\nt+s4 to3 ,cannone] ,dism\nt+s4 pg #aaj ,*ang$3 =c$ ov] horiztonal %\ld]s to3 =c$ ov] horizontal %\ld]s pg #abd ,*ang$3 7b7 ,flood slides ) oil1 to3 7c7 ,flood slides ) oil1 pg #aca ,*ang$3 by means ( ! elevat+ haul:eel to3 by means ( ! elevat+ h&:eel pg #ace ,*ang$3 ,remove l[] spl9t p9 to3 ,remove l[] split p9 pg #aid ,*ang$3 :i* ! levl+ me*anism is op]at$ to3 :i* ! level+ me*anism is op]at$ pg #bag ,*ang$3 ,! %ell is always issu$ fill$ & fux$ to3 ,! %ell is always issu$ fill$ & fuz$ pg #bcb ,*ang$3 ,w be abanond$ by ,fr5* to3 ,w be ab&on$ by ,fr5* pg #bcf ,*ang$3 mat]iel may funtion easily to3 mat]iel may function easily pg #bci ,*ang$3 ,wat]1 #d oz4 or #a_/d pnt to3 ,wat]1 #d oz4 or #a_/d p9t pg #bde ,*ang$3 results f fir+ ( two two k9ds to3 results f fir+ ( two k9ds pg #bej ,*ang$3 h be5 9 contact ) meta to3 h be5 9 contact ) metal pg #bfi ,*ang$3 = ! same angle ( site 7r\ghtly e/imat$ to3 = ! same angle ( site 7r\ghly e/imat$ pg #bgb ,*ang$3 ,to set up ! tesescope4 to3 ,to set up ! telescope4 pg #bgb ,*ang$3 & sph]cial ab]ration to3 & sph]ical ab]ration pg #bgf ,*ang$3 is set up & horiontal to3 is set up & horizontal pg #bgf ,*ang$3 turn ! teslecope until to3 turn ! telescope until pg #bgh ,*ang$3 ,sub/ract+ "o read+ f ! o!r to3 ,subtract+ "o read+ f ! o!r pg #bhj ,*ang$3 & ! v]ticle sp9dle to3 & ! v]tical sp9dle pg #bhe ,*ang$3 reliable means ( communition to3 reliable means ( communication pg #bhi ,*ang$3 connect+ by indep5dant wires to3 connect+ by indep5d5t wires pg #bia ,*ang$3 pivot at "o to press aga9/ ! %utt] to3 pivot at "o end to press aga9/ ! %utt] pg #bib ,*ang$3 tip spr+ & ! anvil are !n contact to3 tip spr+ & ! anvil are !n 9 contact pg #bib ,*ang$3 equipm5t also inculdes a night bell to3 equipm5t also includes a night bell pg #big ,*ang$3 /ation in/rum5t w be imp>i$ to3 /ation in/rum5t w be impair$ pg #bih ,*ang$3 p>ticul>ily 9 an advance to3 p>ticul>ly 9 an advance pg #cjc ,*ang$3 ,! ,v pi/ol c>trdiges to3 ,! ,v pi/ol c>tridges pg #cji ,*ang$3 adju/ ! cru/al detector to3 adju/ ! cry/al detector pg #cab ,*ang$3 kept 9 a clean contion to3 kept 9 a clean condition pg #cac ,*ang$3 ,scrat*+ noises 9 ! telepone to3 ,scrat*+ noises 9 ! telephone pg #cad ,*ang$3 evid5c$ by ! fact t ! condes] to3 evid5c$ by ! fact t ! cond5s] pg #cbc ,*ang$3 diff]s f ^? g5]aly built to3 diff]s f ^? g5]ally built pg #ccf ,*ang$3 diff]+ only 9 c]t9 details to3 diff]+ only 9 c]ta9 details pg #cda ,*ang$3 may aga9 be appli$ graually to3 may aga9 be appli$ gradually pg #ced ,*ang$3 maximum giv5 9 ! appropropriate to3 maximum giv5 9 ! appropriate pg #cfa ,*ang$3 completion ( sweep+ voley to3 completion ( sweep+ volley