,transcriber's ,note ,italic text displayed as3 italic ,bold text displayed as3 bold ,,field ,,artillery ,,materiel ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,development1 ,,use ,,and ,,care ,,of ,,modern ,,field ,,artillery ,,equipment1 ,,including ,,the #c0 ,field ,gun1 ,american1 ,french and ,british #ges1 the #d4g0 ,gun1 #aee-mm ,howitzer1 ,,gpf1 ,fire ,control ,instruments1 ,signal ,equipment and small arms used by the ,field ,artillery--automatic pistol1 automatic rifle and the ,browning machine gun4 ,compiled by ,,james ,p4 ,,kelly #a,,st ,,lieut4 ,,field ,,artillery ,u4 ,s4 ,,army ,,copyright ,,by ,,the ,,university ,,co-,,operative ,,store ,,university ,,of ,,missouri ,,columbia1 ,,mo4 #aibj ,,dedication ,to those efficient officers and inspiring gentlemen who interested the 8youngsters0 of the ,yale batteries in the service of their country1 and1 in a time of peace1 prepared them for the duties which they later performed in a time of war1 this book is gratefully and respectfully dedicated4 ,,artillery ,,of ,,the ,,future4 ,illustration3 ,,self-,,propelling ,,caterpillar ,,mark ,,vii #ge-,,mm4 ,,gun4 ,,model #aiaf4 ,illustration3 ,,self-,,propelling ,,caterpillar ,,mark ,,ii #aee-,,mm4 ,,filloux ,,gun4 ,,introduction4 ,the compiler of this volume believes that the ,field ,artillery student should possess a broad1 general knowledge of the history and development of ordnance1 with some idea of the elements of gun construction2 that he should be acquainted with the organization1 ideals and practicalities of modern field artillery armament2 that he should know the ammunition and the guns in our ,field ,artillery service with their care and maintenance4 ,it is also believed that in the ,r4 ,o4 ,t4 ,c4 units of ,field ,artillery the student should make the complete #c0 equipment the basis of his knowledge of materiel4 ,he should become thoroughly and familiarly acquainted with this weapon1 and1 to a lesser extent1 with the other light pieces which are in present use4 ,the reason for this being that our experience in the ,world ,war has shown that a thorough knowledge of one class of materiel permits a ready adaptation to any other type4 ,he should also know the manner of functioning of the #d4g0 and #aee-mm rifles1 with a somewhat more intensive knowledge of the #aee-mm howitzer--and with a sound knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of all4 ,to complete his instruction in materiel he should know the use and care of ,fire ,control equipment1 ,signal equipment1 and the small arms used in the field artillery1 pistol1 automatic rifle and machine gun4 ,the lack of a single volume covering the above has been the cause of the compilation of this book4 ,the compiler hopes the ,r4 ,o4 ,t4 ,c4 student will find in it a text which will be interesting1 instructive and comprehensive4 ,to the lieutenants in charge of ,department 8,a0 and to those who aspire to that responsibility it is hoped that this work will prove a valued addition to their professional libraries4 ,the subjects covered herein have been taken wholly or in part from the various official handbooks1 from 8,ordnance and ,gunnery1 ,u4 ,s4 ,m4 ,a410 8,naval ,gunnery1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a410 8,america's ,munitions10 8,gun ,making in the ,u4 ,s4 ,a410 8,ordnance and ,gunnery for ,field ,artillery ,officers10 8,artillery ,firing10 8,the ,field ,artillery ,journal10 ,ordnance ,doc4 #bjcc1 from lecture notes taken at the ,school of ,fire1 ,brigade ,training ,pamphlets1 and various other sources4 ,the compiler is indebted to ,lt4 ,col4 ,lloyd ,e4 ,jones1 ,f4 ,a4 and ,major ,h4 ,c4 ,jackson1 ,f4 ,a4 for the valuable advice and the helpful assistance they rendered in this compilation4 ,,contents4 ,page ,chapters ,i4 ,definitions4 #aa ,,ii4 ,history and ,development of ,materiel4 #af ,biblical references--,use by ,romans in ,punic wars--,greeks2 ,chinese use of pyrotechmy2 ,french field artillery in the time of ,charles ,,viii2 ,gustavus ,adolphus and artillery in the #agth century2 ,louis ,,xiv2 ,gribeauval's work in #agfe2 ,shrapnel1 #ahjh2 ,smooth bores to rifles1 middle of #aith century2 ,french 8#ge20 ,period #ahig to date4 ,,iii4 ,elements of ,gun ,design and ,construction4 #bg ,guns--wire wrapped and built-up2 twist2 breechblocks2 carriages2 traversing mechanisms2 elevating mechanisms2 recoil systems4 ,air and spring recuperators2 shields2 sights2 wheels2 trails4 ,,iv4 ,modern ,armament4 #df ,discussions of types of artillery and their organization2 missions and guns suitable to accomplish different missions2 ideal and practical types for divisional corps and army artillery4 ,v4 ,three-inch ,field ,gun4 ,weights and dimensions4 #fb ,description of gun1 carriage1 caisson and limbers2 functioning of principal parts4 ,mounting and dismounting4 ,,vi4 #ge-mm ,model #ahig 78,french #ge074 #hd ,weights and dimensions4 ,description and functioning of principal parts4 ,care1 preservation1 dismounting4 ,,vii4 #ge-mm ,model #aiaf 78,american #ge074 #aje ,weights and dimensions4 ,description and functioning of principal parts4 ,care1 preservation1 dismounting1 mounting4 ,,viii4 #ge-mm ,model #aiag 78,british #ge074 #adg ,weights and dimensions4 ,description and functioning of principal parts4 ,,ix4 #d4g0 ,rifle ,model #aijf4 #aed ,weights and dimensions4 ,description and functioning of principal parts4 ,x4 #aee-mm ,rifle 7,filloux ,gun7 7,,gpf74 #afj ,weights and dimensions4 ,description and functioning of principal parts4 ,,xi4 #aee-mm ,howitzer ,model #aiah4 #afg ,weights and dimensions4 ,description and functioning of principal parts4 ,notes on dismounting and mounting--cleaning4 ,,xii4 ,explosives1 ,ammunition and ,fuzes4 #aii ,explosives--classes1 fillers1 ,h4 ,e41 nitrogen compounds4 ,ammunition--classes1 discussion of fixed1 semi-fixed and separate ammunition1 primers1 charges1 construction of different types of shell1 care4 ,fuzes--principle of operation1 arming1 classification1 precautions1 tables of fuzes giving description1 use1 etc4 ,ammunition marking4 ,,xiii4 ,care and ,preservation of ,materiel4 #bcf ,oils and cleaning materials2 tools and accessories2 care and cleaning of different parts of carriages1 emptying1 cleaning and filling cylinders1 cleaning bore1 breech1 springs1 etc42 general instructions for care of cloth1 leather and metal equipment4 ,cleaning schedules4 ,,xiv4 ,fire ,control ,equipment4 #beh ,sights--line1 front and rear1 panoramic2 model #aiae and #aiag with their use1 care and verification4 ,range ,quadrant1 care1 use and adjustment4 ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 model #aiae and ,aiming ,circle model #aiaf1 with their use1 care and adjustment4 ,range ,finder1 #a meter base1 use1 care and adjustment4 ,field ,glasses4 ,fuse ,setters4 ,,xv4 ,signal ,equipment4 #bhe ,telephones and ,monocord ,switchboards--description1 use1 adjustments1 trouble shooting and care4 ,projectors--description1 use1 adjustment1 service code for lamps and buzzer1 conventional signals4 ,pyrotechnical signaling1 classification of rockets1 use1 code4 ,panels--liaison with airplanes1 signals1 description of panels1 panel code4 ,flags--classification1 use of semaphore and wig-wag4 ,radio--,description of equipment1 ,,scr-#ed and ,,scr-#ed-;,a ,sets1 methods of operation1 use of vacuum detectors1 precautions1 sources of trouble1 maintenance1 reception of airplane signals4 ,,xvi4 ,small ,arms4 #cae ,pistol1 machine gun and automatic rifle--description1 use and care4 ,,xvii4 ,motors #cbh ,reconnaissance car1 ,dodge1 ,harley-,davidson motorcycles4 #e-ton tractors1 ammunition trucks1 cargo trucks4 ,how to drive1 sources of trouble1 maintenance4 ,appendices4 #cdi ,a4 ,gunner's ,examinations--preparations1 ,cannoneers' 8,don'ts10 training gun crews4 ,b4 ,tabular comparison of light guns used #cgj in ,world ,war4 ,c4 ,table of ,equivalents4 #cga ,index4 ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,title ,page ,artillery of the ,future ,frontispiece ,diagram ,hydro-,springs and ,hydro-,pneumatic ,recoil ,systems #da #c-;inch ,field ,gun ,breech ,mechanism ,facing #fc ,carriage ,model #aijb1 ,plan ,view ,facing #fe ,elevating ,gear #fg ,traversing ,gear ,facing #ff ,recoil ,controlling ,mechanism ,facing #fi ,caisson ,limber1 ,model #aiaf #gc ,caisson1 ,model #aijb ,facing #gd #ge-mm ,field ,gun1 ,model #ahig 7,french7 #he ,breech ,mechanism #hf ,firing ,mechanism #hh ,gun ,carriage1 ,longitudinal ,section #ij ,gun ,carriage1 ,rear ,view #ia ,gun ,carriage1 ,left ,side #ib ,gun ,carriage1 ,right ,side #ic ,gun ,carriage1 ,plan ,view #id ,wheel ,brake ,mechanism 7,abatage7 #if ,range ,elevating ,mechanism #ih #ge-mm ,field ,gun1 ,model #aiaf 7,american7 #ajg ,breech ,mechanism #ajh ,breech ,mechanism #aji ,gun ,carriage1 ,left ,side #aab ,gun ,carriage1 ,right ,side #aac ,gun ,carriage1 ,rear ,view #aaf ,gun ,carriage1 ,plan ,view #aag ,gun ,carriage1 ,longitudinal and ,transversal ,sections #aai ,recoil ,mechanism #abb ,valve ,turning ,gear #abe ,angle of ,site ,mechanism #abh ,elevating ,mechanism #acj ,traversing ,mechanism #acb #ge-mm ,field ,gun1 ,model #aiag 7,british7 #adh ,breech ,mechanism #adi ,recoil ,mechanism #aea ,gun ,carriage1 ,plan ,view #aeb #d4g-;inch ,gun1 ,model #aijf1 ,longitudinal ,section #aee ,gun ,carriage1 ,left1 ,plan and ,rear ,views #aeh #aee-mm ,gun1 ,model #aiah1 7,,gpf7 7,filloux7 #afa ,longitudinal ,section in ,battery #afc ,carriage and ,limber1 ,traveling ,position ,facing #afe #aee-mm ,howitzer1 ,model #aiah #afi ,carriage and ,limber ,facing #aff ,carriage ,unlimbered ,facing #afg ,breech ,mechanism #aga ,breech ,mechanism #agb ,firing ,mechanism #agd ,longitudinal ,section #ahj ,carriage1 ,left ,side #ahc ,elevating ,mechanism #ahd ,traversing ,rollers #ahf ,traversing ,mechanism #ahh ,air and ,liquid ,pumps #aij ,howitzer ,carriage1 ,plan ,view #aia ,quadrant ,sights1 ,model #aiah #aic ,de,bange ,obturator #bje ,mark ,,ii-,a ,primer #bjg #aee ,steel ,shell ,mark ,,iv #baj #aee ,shrapnel ,mark ,i #bab #d4g-;inch ,gun ,ammunition #bac #c-;inch ,gun ,ammunition ,facing #bad ,detonating ,fuze1 ,mark ,,iii #bbe ,detonating ,fuze1 ,mark ,v #bbf #de ,second ,combination ,fuze1 ,mark #a #bcj #ba ,second ,combination ,fuze1 ,model #aijg ,m #bca #ge-mm ,gun ,ammunition #bcd ,rear ,sight1 #c-;inch ,field ,gun #bei ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model of #aiag #bfa ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model of #aiae #bfd ,range ,quadrant1 #c-;inch ,field ,gun #bff ,battery ,commander's ,telescope1 ,model #aiae #bga ,aiming ,circle #bge ,diagram of ,range ,finder ,principle #bgi ,range ,finder1 ,rear ,view ,facing #bhj ,range ,finder ,tripod ,facing #bha ,three-,steps in ,range ,finding ,facing #bhb ,fuze ,setters ,facing #bhd ,camp ,telephone ,facing #bhf ,diagram ,telephone ,circuit #bhg ,diagram ,radio ,circuit #cjg ,the ,automatic ,pistol1 ,cal4 #de1 ,model #aiaa ,facing #caf ,receiver1 ,barrel and ,slide ,facing #cag ,component ,parts ,facing #cah ,component ,parts ,assembled ,facing #cai ,ammunition ,truck ,facing #ccd ,,chapter ,i ,,definitions4 ,in the study of any subject which is rather technical in nature1 it is absolutely essential that the reader be familiar with the meaning of the words and phrases which must be used in the matter to be discussed4 ,if the subject matter is to be understood there must be a common phraseology4 ,the reader is therefore strongly urged to perfect his knowledge of the following short vocabulary before passing on to the matter which follows4 ,ammunition4 ,a general term applied to all forms of powders1 shells1 cartridges1 primers1 etc4 7a7 ,fixed ,ammunition4 ,when the powder charge is enclosed in a metallic container which is fixed to the projectile1 it is called 8,fixed ,ammunition40 7b7 ,semi-,fixed ,ammunition4 ,when the charge and metallic container are a fixed unit but are not fastened to the projectile1 it is called 8,semi-,fixed ,ammunition40 7c7 ,separate ,ammunition4 ,when the powder charge is contained in bags separate from the projectile and containing not a fixed but a varying charge1 it is called 8,separate ,ammunition40 ,artillery4 ,all firearms not carried by hand1 excepting machine guns4 ,it is divided into two general classifications3 7#a7 artillery of position1 and 7#b7 mobile artillery4 7#a7 ,artillery of ,position is that which is permanently mounted in fortifications4 7#b7 ,mobile ,artillery consists of two classes3 first1 artillery designed to accompany an army in the field2 second1 railway artillery which requires tracks for its transportation4 ,ballistics4 ,the science of hurling projectiles or of the motion of projectiles in their flight4 ,bore4 ,the hole which extends from the muzzle to the breech4 ,the passageway for the projectile4 ,that part of the tube which is bored out4 ,breech4 ,the rear end of the gun1 tube1 or barrel4 ,caisson4 ,a two-wheeled vehicle which supports an ammunition chest4 ,the wheeled equipment of a gun section consists of one gun with its limber and one caisson with its limber4 ,for a caisson section it consists of two caissons with their limbers4 ,caliber 7,calibre74 ,the diameter between the highest points in the bore4 ,carriage1 gun4 ,usually understood to mean all the piece except the tube with its appurtenances and the limber4 ,cartridge case4 ,a hollow cylinder shaped to fit the bore4 ,a container for the propelling charge4 ,charge4 7a7 ,propelling4 ,a quantity of powder used in the bore to generate the gases which propel the projectile from the gun4 7b7 ,bursting4 ,a quantity of powder used in shrapnel to strip off the head of the projectile and to force out the balls4 7c7 ,explosive4 ,the matter used in a shell to detonate it at the end of its flight4 ,cradle4 ,in general1 that part of the carriage which houses the recoil and counter-recoil mechanisms4 ,elevating ,mechanism4 ,the device used to elevate the gun through a vertical arc in order to give the gun an elevation corresponding to the desired range at which the piece is to be fired4 ,fire ,control ,equipment4 ,those instruments used to compute firing data1 observe and correct the fire1 such as ,b4 ,c4 ,telescopes1 ,aiming ,circles1 ,range ,finders1 etc4 ,firing ,mechanism4 ,a device located in the breechblock for exploding the primer and thus causing the ignition of the powder charge4 ,fuze4 ,that part of the round which is fastened to the point or to the base of the projectile and causes the latter to be detonated or exploded near the time or the place desired4 ,fuze ,setter4 ,a device used to set time fuzes in such a manner that shrapnel or shell will burst at or near the desired height in air4 ,gun4 ,a metallic tube from which projectiles are hurled by gases generated from the ignited powder4 ,in general1 all fire arms2 but in ,field ,artillery terms1 comparatively long-barreled weapons using relatively high muzzle velocity in contra-distinction to the howitzers and mortars4 ,howitzer4 ,a weapon which differs from a gun in that for the same caliber it uses a shorter tube1 lower muzzle velocity and generally a more curved trajectory4 ,from two to seven varying strengths of propelling charges may be used in the howitzer4 ,this gives it selective angles of fall1 and allows the howitzer to reach targets that are hidden from the flat trajectories of guns4 ,initial ,velocity4 ,the speed with which the projectile first moves4 ,limber4 ,a two-wheeled carriage which is sometimes used to carry an ammunition chest and always used to support the weight of the trail of the piece or caisson4 ,it adds the other two wheels to make a four-wheeled vehicle4 ,materiel4 ,a term used in the ,field ,artillery in contra-distinction to ,personnel4 ,mortar4 ,a weapon using for the same caliber1 a barrel much shorter than the corresponding howitzer4 ,used at short ranges with extreme steep angles of fall to reach highly defiladed targets4 ,muzzle4 ,the front end of the bore4 ,muzzle ,velocity4 ,speed or velocity of the projectile measured as it leaves the muzzle4 ,ogive4 ,the rounded shoulder of the projectile4 ,ordnance4 ,arms1 ammunition1 and their accessories4 ,piece4 ,a fire arm1 small or large4 ,primer4 ,device used to insure ignition of the propelling charge4 ,projectile4 ,the effect-producing part of the round4 ,the bullet-like form which is thrown toward the target4 ,quadrant1 gunners4 ,a device for measuring angles of elevation4 ,recoil ,mechanism4 ,that part of the piece which checks the recoil--or kick--that always occurs when a piece is fired4 ,it generally includes the counter-recoil mechanism which restores the tube 8into battery0 after it has fired4 ,rifle4 ,a gun4 ,a weapon with a comparatively long barrel and high muzzle velocity4 ,rifles under #f inches seldom use over two different charges4 ,term used in contrast to ,howitzer or ,mortar4 ,rifling4 ,the lands and grooves in the bore of the piece which imparts to the projectile during its passage through the bore1 the rotary motion that increases accuracy and range4 ,round4 ,consists of the primer1 cartridge case or powder bags1 projectile and fuze4 ,for light ,field ,artillery the round weighs about #ah lbs and the projectile about #ae4 ,shell4 ,a projectile which secures its effect by the force of its detonation1 the bursting of its walls1 and the fragmentation and velocity of the fragments4 ,also used as a gas carrier4 ,shrapnel4 ,a projectile which secures its effect by the expulsion in the air of lead balls with shot-gun like effect4 ,trail4 ,that part of the piece which extends from the axle to the rear and transmits the force of recoil to the ground through the trail spade4 ,usually supports the elevating and traversing mechanisms4 ,traversing ,mechanism4 ,a device used to give the piece direction by moving it through a horizontal arc4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,history ,,and ,,development ,,of ,,materiel4 ,in taking up the study of materiel1 the ,field ,artillery student should know something of the history and development of ordnance and the reasons for the various changes which have taken place from time to time4 ,the sole use of a gun is to throw a projectile4 ,the earliest projectile was a stone thrown by the hand and arm of man--either in an attack upon an enemy or upon a beast that was being hunted for food4 ,both of these uses of thrown projectiles persist to this day1 and1 during all time1 from prehistoric days until the present1 every man who has had a missile to throw has steadily sought for a longer range and a heavier projectile4 ,in ancient times the man who could throw the heaviest stone the longest distance was the most powerfully armed4 ,during the ,biblical battle between ,david and ,goliath1 the arm of ,david was strengthened and lengthened by a leather sling of a very simple construction4 ,much practice had given the youthful shepherd muscular strength and direction1 and his stronger arm and straighter aim gave him power to overcome his more heavily armed adversary4 ,projectile-throwing machines were developed after the fashion of a crossbow mounted upon a small wooden carriage which usually was a hollowed trough open on top and upon which a stone was laid4 ,the thong of the crossbow was drawn by a powerful screw operated by man power1 and the crossbow arrangement when released would throw a stone weighing many pounds quite a distance over the walls of a besieged city or from such wall into the camps or ranks of the besiegers4 ,this again was an attempt by mechanical means to develop and strengthen and lengthen the stroke of the arm and the weight of the projectile4 ,the ,bible states that ,king ,usia 7#hji-geg ,b4 ,c47 placed types of artillery on the walls of ,jerusalem4 ,the ,romans used it in the ,punic ,wars4 ,the ,alexandrian technicians established scientific rules for the construction of early weapons4 ,athenaeus reports catapults having a range of #fef meters and that the gigantic siege tower at ,rhodes successfully resisted stone projectiles weighing #agf pounds4 ,references to explosives are to be found in works as old as ,moses4 ,archimedes is said by ,plutarch to have 8cast huge stones from his machines with a great noise20 ,caligua is said by ,dion ,cassius to have had machines which 8imitated thunder and lightning and emitted stones20 and ,marcus ,graecus in the eighth century gives a receipt of one pound of sulphur1 two of willow charcoal and six of saltpetre1 for the discharge of what we should call a rocket4 ,the use of ,greek fire was understood as early as the sixth century1 but powder was earliest used in ,china1 perhaps a thousand years before ,christ1 and was introduced to ,european notice by the ,saracens4 ,from the discovery of gunpowder by the ,english monk ,bacon in #abdh1 sixty-five years elapsed before a ,franciscan monk produced the first gun in ,germany1 about #acac4 ,the first guns were of a small breech-loading type1 supported in front by crossed sticks and anchored by a spike at the breech4 ,later these guns were fastened to cradles1 the latter being mounted on sleighs1 and finally1 in #acgf1 the ,venetians produced the first wheel mounts1 which had become common by #adec1 when the ,turks took ,constantinople4 ,the ancient carriages were remarkable because of the fact that in general design they embodied the same principals which are included in the field carriages of to-day4 ,one example from the fifteenth century shows a breech-loading gun mounted in a cradle supported by trunnions on the forward extension of the trail over the axle4 ,the cradle was elevated by a pin-and-arc arrangement1 supported on the trail4 ,the axle supported by wheels passes through the trail to the rear of and below the cradle trunnion support and in front of the point of attachment of the elevating arc4 ,field guns fell into disuse about #aebe with the introduction of musketry1 and remained so until #afca1 when ,gustavus ,adolphus gave artillery its true position on the battlefield4 ,swedish artillery reigned supreme in the early part of the seventeenth century4 ,gustavus introduced marked changes by making the guns and the carriages lighter and handier1 and by adapting their movements to those of the other arms and to the requirements of the battlefield4 ,in this1 as in all his military efforts1 his motto was mobility and rapidity of fire4 ,in #afbd ,gustavus had all his old types of guns recast into newer models and the following year he himself contrived a gun which three men and one horse could maneuvre to good effect4 ,it was an iron three and four pounder with a cartridge weighing less than a pound and consisting of a charge held in a thin wooden case wired to a ball4 ,this was the first artillery cartridge1 the original fixed ammunition4 ,the gun was afterwards used in other ,european armies and known as the 8piece ,suedoise40 ,not only had it the advantage of lesser weight but its cartridge was always ready to fire and it could be fired eight times to the six times of the infantry musket of that day4 ,in the wars against the ,poles1 ,gustavus employed with profit the so-called leather cannon1 a fact which shows how lacking the times were in artillery power4 ,these guns were invented in the early #afbjs by a ,colonel ,wurmbrandt1 and consisted of a thin copper tube reinforced by iron bands and rings1 then bound with rope set in cement1 the whole covered with sole leather4 ,the tube was made to screw in and out because it grew heated by from eight to twelve charges and had to be cooled4 ,the gun carriage was made of two planks of oak4 ,the gun without the carriage weighed about ninety pounds and was fired with a light charge4 ,they were used during #afbh-bi and then gave way for four pounder cast-iron guns which remained in common usage in ,europe until artillery was reorganized by ,frederick4 ,gustavus' batteries excited universal admiration4 ,grape and canister were generally employed in the field guns and round shot only in the siege guns4 ,artillery was used massed or in groups and also with regiments of foot soldiers4 ,gustavus was probably the first to demonstrate the real capabilities of artillery4 ,mortars throwing bombs were first used at the siege of ,lamotte in #afcd4 ,hand grenades1 shells1 fire-balls1 etc41 came into more general use as the ,german chemists made their new discoveries4 ,artillery practice grew to be something of a science2 experts took it up and the troops were better instructed4 ,regimental artillery1 that is1 artillery with the infantry1 was attended by grenadiers detailed for the work4 ,there were special companies for serving the reserve guns4 ,the period following the ,thirty ,years' ,war--the middle of the seventeenth century--gave no great improvement to the art of war but there were many marked advances in the matter of details of construction4 ,during the era of ,gustavus it was ,sweden that led in making war more modern2 during the era of ,louis ,,xiv it was ,france4 ,artillery ceased to be a guild of cannoneers as it long had been and became an inherent part of the army4 ,more intelligence was devoted to it and more money spent on this arm of the service2 it grew in strength and importance1 and was markedly improved4 ,but while the artillery service ceased to be a mere trade1 it did not put on the dignity of a separate arm1 nor was the artillery of any great utility in the field until well along in the eighteenth century4 ,guns1 however1 in imitation of the ,swedes1 were lightened1 particularly so in ,france2 powder was gradually compounded on better recipes2 gun-metal was improved2 paper and linen cartridges were introduced2 gun carriages were provided with an aiming wedge2 and many new styles of guns and mortars1 and ammunition for them were invented4 ,science lent its aid to practical men1 and not only exhausted chemical ingenuity in preparing powder and metal1 but mathematical formulas were made for the artilleryman1 and value of ricochet firing was discovered4 ,louis ,,xiv founded several artillery schools1 and initiated the construction of many arsenals4 ,fontainebleau1 the ,french artillery school which trained many ,americans during the ,world ,war had its beginning in this period4 ,finally1 the artillery was organized on a battery and a regimental basis1 and careful rules were made for the tactics of the guns4 ,these were served by dismounted men and generally hauled by contract horses4 ,although sensibly improved1 the artillery was far from being skillfully managed and was slow firing2 it usually stood in small bodies all along the line of battle4 ,it was heavy and hard to handle and haul1 principally because the same guns were used for both siege and field work1 and was far from being1 even relatively to the other arms1 the weapon which it is to-day4 ,in #agfe ,general ,gribeauval of ,france introduced artillery improvements1 especially in the carriages1 and formed a distinct artillery service for the field which was lighter than the old service and was drawn by teams which were harnessed double as they are to-day4 ,howitzers were introduced in ,france in #agdi4 ,the weapons were given an early sort of perfection by the ,dutch4 ,the term 8howitzer0 comes from the ,german 8haubitz40 ,in #ahjh the first shrapnel appeared at ,vimera4 ,it was invented by an ,english colonel by the name of ,shrapnel4 ,at the time it was known as case shot4 ,the type employed by ,napoleon1 had a fuze that could be used at two different ranges4 ,the ,french still have this type in their armament4 ,field artillery now began to appear in the form which it was to retain with but a few changes1 until the era of the modern field carriage4 ,the cradle disappeared1 muzzle-loading guns cast with trunnions taking its place1 and a stepped wedge resting on the trail superseded the pin and arc4 ,with the exception of the gun1 most parts of these carriages were of wood and were to remain so until #ahgj1 when metal carriages came into general use4 ,muzzle loading guns had supplanted breech-loaders because of the poor obturation and the many accidents resulting from use of the latter type4 ,although numerous experiments were made1 breech-loading guns did not come into vogue again until #ahej1 when the experiments of ,major ,cavalli 7#ahde71 the ,walnendorff gun 7#ahdf7 and the ,armstrong gun 7#ahed71 produced satisfactory types4 ,up to #ahfj practically all guns were smooth bore4 ,even during the ,civil ,war the smooth bore was generally used1 although the rifled gun began to make an appearance and was used in small numbers by both sides at the battle of ,gettysburg4 ,some breech loaders began to appear at the same time4 ,improvement in the ballistic properties of the gun necessitated a corresponding improvement in the sighting facilities4 ,in #ahhj rifled breech loading and built-up steel cannon came into general use4 ,rifled guns shoot accurately and as a result1 improved methods in direct laying were devised4 ,the period between from #ahhj to the present1 has brought about changes in gun construction which1 possibly1 have been equaled in importance to artillery only by the present change which is taking place in the means of artillery transportation and self-propelling mounts4 ,in this period in rapid succession came the modern breechblock and with it the rapid firing gun4 ,this brought about the change to the present system of breaking the force of recoil of the gun and restoring it to its firing position without disturbing the position of the carriage4 ,this added to the possibilities of rapid and more accurate fire4 ,then came the invention and use in the field artillery of smokeless powder4 ,previous to this time the great amount of smoke produced by the black powder when the piece was fired retarded the rapidity of fire because it enveloped the materiel in a thick cloud of smoke which obscured the target and made it impossible to fire again until the smoke had blown away4 ,it made concealed positions for the artillery almost impossible4 ,the advent of smokeless powder made firing more rapid and made possible the selection of concealed positions4 ,this in turn made indirect fire feasible and necessitated the development of better sights4 ,indirect fire increased the rapidity of fire and gave to the commanders of firing units a greater control over their fire4 ,with the use of recoil mechanisms and shields for the guns1 the cannoneers were permitted to serve the piece continuously--a condition which was impossible with the recoiling carriage4 ,the shields made it almost impossible to put the gun out of action unless some vital part of the mechanism was destroyed4 ,the first of the modern carriages which were produced in the early nineties should be classified as semi-rapid carriages1 as the recoil brakes were so abrupt that the carriage was not stable and jumped considerably1 gaining for the type the sobriquet of 8grass-hopper guns40 ,in #ahig the immortal ,french 8#ge0 was born1 the pioneer of all modern quick-firing field guns1 which still maintains its superiority in many respects over later designs4 ,in #aijb our own #c-;inch field gun was produced and still finds favor among many of our field artillery officers1 even over the ,french 8#ge40 ,the ,deport carriage brought to this country from ,italy1 in #aiab1 introduced to us the split trail1 high angle of fire1 wide traversing type of field gun carriage4 ,this carriage was extensively tested by the ,ordnance ,department2 by the ,field ,artillery ,board at ,fort ,riley1 ,kansas2 and by the ,school of ,fire for ,field ,artillery1 at ,fort ,sill1 ,oklahoma4 ,the ,field ,artillery ,board unqualifiedly approved of the ,deport carriage and recommended that it be adopted4 ,the ,school of ,fire for ,field ,artillery also approved of this type4 ,in #aiaf the ,united ,states produced a #ge-mm field gun which featured a split trail with an elevation of #eg degrees which permits its use as an anti-aircraft weapon and a variable length of recoil which prevents the breech from hitting the ground at the extreme elevations4 ,it has a traverse of #hjj mils in comparison to the #ajf of the ,french #ge and the #adb and #adj of the ,british #ge and ,american three-inch field gun4 ,the outbreak of the late war saw all modern armies largely equipped with guns resembling the ,french 8#ge0 in a long-run recoil mechanism1 weight of projectile and weight of carriage1 etc4 ,the fact that the largest number of horses which could best be handled to maneuver the light guns--about #f--;could not pull over a long period a gun or caisson with its limber if the weight was more than about #dejj pounds1 resulted in the practical standardization of light guns in all armies4 ,so in #aiad we see that time and development had given light gun perfection and mastery of artillery technique to the ,french while the ,germans1 probably1 possessed the most efficient artillery program4 ,the ,german types of weapons were more varied and perhaps better suited to the varying artillery needs in rendering that assistance to the infantry for which the artillery exists4 ,in our service during the ,world ,war1 ,french #ges and the #aee-mm ,howitzer were used as divisional artillery4 ,two regiments of the light guns and one regiment of #aee-;,howitzers were assigned to each infantry division4 ,as the war progressed guns and howitzers ranging from the #d4g0 rifle1 up to1 and including #ad and even #af-;inch naval guns on railroad mounts1 were used as ,corps and ,army artillery4 ,thus artillery development has gone steadily forward4 ,every military power has striven with the aid of its best engineers1 designers and manufacturers to get a stronger gun1 either with or without a heavier projectile1 but in every case striving for greater power4 ,as a special development and a not too important one1 due to its lack of effectiveness in comparison to its cost1 we find the now famous long range gun of the ,germans1 successfully delivered a projectile approximately #i inches in diameter into ,paris punctually every twenty minutes from a point about #ge miles distant4 ,the ,germans used three of these guns in shelling ,paris4 ,their life was probably limited to about #ge rounds due to the excessive demands made upon the materiel4 ,the ,american ,field ,artillery ,service now has before it four types of field gun carriages1 namely our #c0 model of #aijb2 the ,french #ge ,m-#ahig2 the ,british #ah pounder1 ,m-#aije converted to a #ge-mm 7known as the model of #aiag72 and our #ge-mm model1 #aiaf4 ,there is being produced 7#aiai-bj7 an improved model of #aiaf #ge-mm carriage on which the ,st4 ,chamond pneumatic recuperator1 adopted jointly by the ,american and ,french governments1 will be substituted for the spring recuperators2 and the ,french #ge-mm gun will be substituted for our shorter calibered type4 ,from these types one must be selected4 ,an intelligent selection involves a consideration of what may be expected in the future in order that it may best fit in with the new types yet to be evolved4 ,for horsed artillery--and horse artillery will be with us for some years to come--the limiting features of draft and man power will still pertain4 ,for tractor-drawn mobile artillery1 the limiting feature is the tractive power of the tractor with relation to the weight of the gun and carriage1 the unit being physically limited in weight by the supporting-power of the pontoon bridge which is about #aj1jjj pounds per vehicle4 ,for ,caterpillar ,artillery4--,by that is meant guns mounted on caterpillar tractors--the limiting features are power and weight1 coupled with the weight limitations of the pontoon bridge4 ,to circumvent the question of weight1 the load may be divided by mounting the motor by an electric generator on one caterpillar and the gun with an electric motor1 on the other1 a transmission cable connecting the two vehicles4 ,in conclusion it might be said that one of the greatest changes which has ever taken place in the development of field artillery is now underway in the form of motorization4 ,prior to #aiag horse traction had been the sole means of transporting mobile field artillery4 ,the limit of the capabilities of horse traction placed a weight limit upon gun construction and to some extent upon artillery tactics4 ,the increase in the ratio of field artillery to infantry1 the corresponding demand for artillery types of horses and the decrease in the availability of the latter as the war continued1 combined with the great improvements which were constantly being wrought in mechanical transportation as the war lengthened1 opened the way for artillery motorization4 ,the ,french began by placing their #ges on trucks for rapid changes of position4 ,all the armies saw the possible advantages to be gained from the use of trucks with artillery but none planned--nor have any since put into practice--the extensive use of trucks1 caterpillar tractors and motor transportation for personnel1 which the ,united ,states planned on her entrance into the war4 ,it was planned to equip about one-third of the ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 artillery regiments with complete motor equipment4 ,this plan did not entirely materialize but after the armistice the #crd ,field ,artillery ,brigade of the #crd ,division was completely motorized and its practice marches in ,germany were most successful and full of promise for the future4 ,to date the motorization of all our mobile ,field ,artillery1 with the exception of about fifty per cent of the light field guns1 has been authorized4 ,motor traction gives a better performance than animal4 ,while the latter1 especially with the light field guns1 possesses great mobility1 it is not a sustained nor a persistent mobility2 it is more easily exhausted and requires longer to recuperate4 ,these are points of vital importance from a military viewpoint4 ,in #aibj a self-propelling caterpillar mounted with a #ge-mm gun1 model #aiaf1 was tested with a view to ascertaining the ability of the motor to function in water1 i4 e4 fording streams1 etc4 ,the caterpillar successfully moved through ice water which completely submerged the carburetor4 ,passenger cars for the transportation of personnel1 four wheel drive trucks with caterpillar tractors for the transportation of the materiel1 and the development of self-propelling mounts for the #ge and #aee rifles are the latest and the most important developments in field artillery materiel4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,elements ,,of ,,gun ,,construction ,,and ,,design 8,a gun is a machine by which the force of expanding gas is utilized for the purpose of propelling a projectile in a definite direction40 ,it is essentially a metal tube closed at one end1 of sufficient strength to resist the pressure of the gases caused by the combustion of the powder charge in the confined space at the closed end of the tube behind the projectile4 ,the rapid combustion of the powder1 which produces a high temperature1 gives rise to a pressure uniformly exerted in all directions within the confined space4 ,the energy exerted is used in forcing the projectile from the tube4 ,,tubes ,due to the effort of the large amount of superheated gas generated1 which tends to expand in all directions1 tremendous rending stresses are set up in the tube4 ,formerly these stresses were met by a sheer mass of metal1 but1 as the size of the projectiles increased and the necessary pressure to give them muzzle velocity increased1 the size of the guns increased beyond the practical limits of mobility4 ,this was at first offset by forgings of refined alloyed steels1 but even these failed to keep pace with the increasing pressure desired4 ,the new condition was met by the introduction of the 8built-up0 and the 8wire-wrapped0 guns4 ,the modern built-up gun is made by assembling one or more superimposed cylinders around a central tube4 ,the superimposed cylinders1 whose inside dimensions are slightly smaller than the outside dimensions of those on which they are to be assembled1 are expanded by heat sufficiently to allow them to be assembled over the tube4 ,the subsequent contraction on cooling causes each of them to exert a uniform pressure on the cylinder immediately underneath4 ,this method of assembling is called 8shrinkage40 ,this gives a compression to the inner tube and a slight tension to the outer one4 ,the compression is so much additional strength to the tube because it must first be overcome before the powder gases can exert a tension on the inner tube fibers4 ,the exact amount of the compression and tension for all parts of a gun at rest or resisting an explosion is a matter of mathematical calculation4 ,the built-up construction has been used in practically all our present day types of field artillery4 ,,the ,,wire-,,wrapped ,,gun4 ,wire-wrapped guns consist of3 7a7 ,an inner steel tube which forms a support on which the wire is wrapped and in which the rifling grooves are cut4 7b7 ,layers of wire wrapped upon the tube to increase its resistance by the application of an exterior pressure as well as to add to the strength of the structure by their own resistance to extension under fire4 7c7 ,one or more layers consisting of a steel jacket and hoops placed over the wire with or without shrinkage4 ,the jacket generally furnishes longitudinal strength to the guns1 and the breech block is screwed into the jacket1 or into a breech bushing1 which is screwed into the jacket4 ,the principal advantages of this type of gun over the built-up is economy of manufacture and greater facilities for inspection of materiel in the layers over the tube4 ,the wire wrapping has itself a large reserve of strength due to the high elastic limits that may be given it4 ,two methods are used to wrap the wire3 7a7 at constant tension 7b7 at varying tension so that when the gun is fired with the prescribed pressure1 all layers of wire shall be subjected to the same tangential stress4 ,the latter method is theoretically better1 but because of the ease of manufacture1 together with the large factor of safety possible1 the wire is usually wrapped at a constant pressure4 ,,the ,,built-,,up ,,gun4 ,all army guns except small howitzers or mortars are of the built-up or wire-wrapped type4 ,built up guns of less than #e0 caliber1 or howitzers up to #h0 caliber consist of an inner tube and a jacket shrunk onto this tube4 ,the jacket covers the breech end of the gun and extends forward to the center of gravity4 ,built-up guns of larger caliber have one more layer of hoops in addition to the jacket1 one layer of hoops usually extending to the muzzle4 ,the bore of the tube forms the powder chamber1 the seat for the projectile and the rifled bore4 ,rifling consists of a number of helical grooves cut in the surface of the bore4 ,the soft metal of the rotating band of the projectile is forced into these grooves causing the projectile to take up a rotary motion as it passes through the bore4 ,this is necessary in order to keep the projectile stable in its flight4 ,,twist4 ,by twist of rifling is meant the inclination of one of the grooves to the element of the bore at any point4 ,rifling is of two kinds3 7a7 ,uniform twist1 or that in which the twist is constant throughout the bore1 7b7 ,increasing twist or that in which the twist increases from the breech towards the muzzle4 ,the twist of rifling is usually expressed in the number of calibers length of bore in which it makes one complete turn4 ,the twist actually required at the muzzle to maintain the stability of the projectile varies with the kind of projectile and the muzzle velocity4 ,if a uniform twist be used1 the driving force on the rotating band will be at a maximum when the pressure in the guns is at a maximum--or near the origin of rifling 7seat of the projectile74 ,the increasing twist serves to reduce the maximum driving force on the band thus lessening the danger of stripping the band4 ,this is its principal advantage over the uniform twist1 though it also reduces slightly the maximum pressure in the gun4 ,the principal disadvantage of the increasing twist is the continued change in form of the grooves pressed in the rotating band1 as the projectile passes through the bore4 ,this results in increased friction and a higher value for the passive resistance than with a uniform twist4 7,note3 greater ranges obtained by cutting grooves in projectile1 principal used on the long range gun by the ,germans47 ,if the twist increases from zero at the breech uniformly to the muzzle1 the rate of change in the tangent to the groove is constant4 ,a twist in this form offers less resistance than the uniform twist to the initial rotation of the projectile4 ,to still further diminish this resistance a twist that is at first less rapid than the uniformly increasing twist and later more rapid has been generally adopted for rifled guns4 ,formerly in our service the twist was uniform2 one turn in #be calibres for guns and one turn in #bj calibres for howitzers4 ,all the latest model army guns1 however1 have an increasing twist of one turn in #ej calibres at the breech to one turn in #be calibres at a point from #b to #d calibres from the muzzle4 ,in howitzers and mortars the twist is sometimes one turn in #dj calibres at the breech to one turn in #bj calibres at a point several calibres from the muzzle4 ,some mortars are rifled with a uniform twist and some guns have a rifling which begins with a zero twist4 7,the #aije #c0 gun1 #j to #a in #be47 ,,outer ,,cylinders4 ,outside of the tube is the jacket4 ,it extends to the rear of the tube a sufficient distance to allow of seating the breech block4 ,in this manner the longitudinal stress due to the pressure of the powder gases on the face of the breech block is transmitted to the jacket thus relieving the metal of the tube from this stress4 ,in all built-up guns there is some method devised for locking the tube to the jacket so as to prevent relative movement of these parts4 ,considering the gun alone the greatest range is obtained at an angle of about #dc degrees from that gun which fires the heaviest projectile with the greatest velocity4 ,the caliber being limited to from #b4ie inch to #c4c inch1 the projectile is limited in weight to from #ab to #ah pounds4 ,the weight of the gun is limited to between #gjj and #ajjj pounds and in length to between #bg and #cf calibers4 ,the longer the gun1 the greater the weight and velocity from the same charge of powder4 ,a pressure of #cc1jjj pounds per square inch with a corresponding velocity of #agjj f4 s4 has been found to be as high a pressure and velocity as are desirable for a reasonable length of life for a field gun1 the average life of which is #aj1jjj accurate rounds4 ,under the ,french school of artillery1 which dominates our service at present1 our bore is #ge-mm1 the weight of our shell #ab pounds1 our shrapnel #af pounds1 the velocity for the one about #a1gej f4 s4 and for the other about #a1fhj f4 s4 ,,breechblocks4 ,the breechblock appears in four distinct types4 ,our own service has for years used the swinging interrupted screw breechblock which in the #aije model is the equal of any of that type in existence4 ,the swinging block has serious disadvantages for high angle fire in that it requires an excessive amount of room to operate and is difficult to load at high elevations4 ,the ,italians have introduced a new breechblock in one of their recent guns1 consisting of a half cylinder with superimposed spherical face on its cylindrical surface rotating vertically about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the axis of the bore4 ,the gun is loaded through a groove in the breechblock when the latter is in its horizontal position4 ,the block1 which is semi-automatic1 is very satisfactory4 ,it is adapted to high angle fire4 ,the ,french in their 8#ge0 have used the rotating eccentric screw type1 which is rapid in movement and lends itself fairly well to high angle fire4 ,it is completely enclosed and of rugged construction4 ,the ,germans have used the sliding wedge type of block1 moving in a horizontal direction1 which does not lend itself to high angle fire4 ,the ,united ,states in its recent field carriage adopted the sliding wedge type in a vertical plane on account of its manifest superiority in fire at high angles4 ,this block is rather difficult to manufacture and the type has a tendency to stick4 ,the automatic closing necessitates a strong closing spring which fatigues the block operator1 ,no4 #a in the gun squad4 ,it is interesting to note that in a prospective new design for the #aiaf gun carriage the ,american ,ordnance ,department adopted the ,french breechblock2 and the ,st4 ,chamond ,company1 designing for the ,american ,expeditionary ,forces1 adopted the ,american drop block4 ,requirements for a breech mechanism3 ,the following may be said to be the principal requirements for a successful breech mechanism4 #a4 ,safety4 ,to be safe3 7a7 the gas must be restrained from escaping to the rear2 this sealing or obturation must be automatic1 greater pressure insuring better obturation4 7b7 ,the breech of the gun must not be weakened by the fitting of the breech mechanism4 7c7 ,the parts must have ample strength to prevent any portion from being blown to the rear4 7d7 ,the danger of premature discharge must be minimized4 7e7 ,the breechblock must be securely locked to prevent opening on firing4 #b4 ,ease and ,rapidity of ,working4 ,otherwise1 rapid and continuous fire cannot be maintained4 ,hence this would include facility in loading and certainty of extraction for rapid fire guns4 #c4 ,not ,easily ,put ,out of ,order4 ,in other words it must be able to meet service conditions and hard usage4 ,parts should have a reserve strength4 #d4 ,ease of ,repair4 ,parts most exposed to wear should be so designed as to permit being replaced4 ,this will also include accessibility to parts1 so that breakage of a part will not disable the mechanism for a long time4 #e4 ,interchangeability4 ,not only should individual parts be made interchangeable by accurate workmanship1 but the whole mechanism should be capable of being mounted on similar guns4 ,this is to meet service conditions4 ,,gun ,,carriages4 ,a modern gun carriage is expected to stand steady on firing1 so that in the first place it requires no running up1 and in the second place it maintains the direction of the gun so that only a slight correction in elevation and direction is required after each round4 ,the carriage is maintained in position by the spade1 which sinks into the ground1 and by the friction of the wheels upon the ground4 ,if the force of the recoiling gun were communicated directly to the anchored carriage the effect would be to make it jump violently1 which would not only disturb the lay1 but would prevent the cannoneers from maintaining their position4 ,the hydraulic recoil brake is therefore interposed between gun and carriage4 ,if the guns were rigidly attached to the carriage the latter would be forced back a short distance at each round1 and the whole of the recoil energy would have to be absorbed in that short motion4 ,instead of this the gun alone is allowed to recoil several feet and although the recoil energy is in this case greater than it would be if gun and carriage recoiled together yet it is so gradually communicated to the carriage that instead of a violent jerk we have a steady1 uniform pull1 the only effect of which is to slightly compress the earth behind the spade4 ,in a well designed carriage the amount of this pull is always less than that required to lift the wheels off the ground by rotating the carriage about the spade4 ,the only motion of the carriage which takes place is that due to the elastic bending and rebound of its parts under the cross strains set up on discharge4 ,these strains are inevitable since the direction of recoil cannot be always exactly in the line of the resistance of the earth behind the spade4 ,this movement of the axis is known as jump and must be determined by experiment for the individual piece in its particular mounting4 ,the principal parts of the typical gun carriage are the cradle1 a device for mounting the cradle--called in the different models rocker1 pintle yoke1 and top carriage1 the trail1 the wheels and axle4 ,the gun slides in recoil on the upper surface of the cradle and the cradle contains the recoil controlling parts4 ,in the design of the carriage the constructional difficulty lies not so much in preventing the carriage from recoiling but in preventing the wheels from rising off the ground on the shock of discharge4 ,the force of the recoil of the gun1 acting in the line of motion of the center of gravity of the recoiling parts1 tends to turn the carriage over backwards about the point of the trail or center of the spade4 ,this force is resisted by the weight of the gun and carriage1 which tends to keep the wheels on the ground4 ,the leverage with which the overturning force acts is due to the distance of its line of action above the center of the spade2 the leverage with which the overturning force acts is that due to the horizontal distance of the center of gravity of the gun and carriage from the center of the spade4 ,it follows that the steadiness of the carriage for a given muzzle energy may be promoted by four factors4 7a7 ,increasing the weight of the gun and recoiling parts4 ,this reduces the recoil energy4 7b7 ,increasing the length of recoil allowed4 ,this reduces the overturning pull4 7c7 ,keeping this gun as low as possible either by reducing the height of the wheels1 or by cranking the axle downwards4 ,this reduces the leverage of the overturning force4 7d7 ,increasing the length of the trail4 ,this increases the leverage of the steadying force4 ,the well designed gun carriage is one that combines these factors in a practical way so as to give the greatest possible steadiness to the carriage at the same time keeping within the limits of weight imposed by the necessity of mobility4 ,gun carriages are constructed so as to permit movement of the tube in the vertical and generally in the horizontal plane4 ,these two motions may be made simultaneous if so desired by proper combination of the two motions and the axis of a gun aligned in any desired direction within the limits of motion of its mount4 ,the two motions referred to are designated as follows3 7a7 ,rotation of the piece about a vertical axis1 its inclination with the horizontal remaining unchanged is called 8traverse40 7b7 ,movement of the piece in a vertical plane1 the direction of the horizontal projection of the axis of the bore remaining unchanged is called 8elevation40 ,in order to permit of the two motions mentioned1 gun carriages are provided with mechanisms for giving the piece accurately controlled motion in both elevation and traverse4 ,the elevating gear of most ,american guns is an application of the ,chinese or ,telescopic screw4 ,this gives a short assembled length with the necessary extended length required for modern ranges4 ,it also gives the necessary rapidity for action4 ,an entirely different mechanism is used in our howitzers and ,american #ges4 ,in this case motion is communicated to the rockers1 which carry the gun and cradle1 through the engagement of worms with teeth cut on the lower circular edge of the rockers1 the latter being pivoted on the cradle trunnions4 ,,traversing ,,mechanisms4 ,movement of the gun in traverse is accomplished in two general ways4 7a7 ,pivot on the gun carriage axle4 #a4 ,the gun and cradle move around a vertical pintle or pivot placed in a saddle or rocker which itself pivots on horizontal trunnions or bearings usually attached to the axle4 ,the rear end of the rocker forms a seat or bearing on which the cradle and gun move in traverse4 ,the upper end of the elevating screw is also attached to the rear end of the rocker4 ,this allows the rocker and cradle to be moved together in elevation and the cradle to move on the rocker in traverse4 #b4 ,the gun and cradle are mounted by means of horizontal cradle trunnions on a top carriage4 ,the top carriage moves in traverse around a vertical pintle or bearing attached over the axle and between the front end of the trail flasks4 ,the rear end of the top carriage moves on bearings attached to the top of each side of the trail flasks4 ,this allows the gun1 cradle and rocker to move in elevation with respect to the top carriage and the top carriage bearing the gun1 cradle rocker and elevating mechanism to move in traverse with respect to the bottom carriage4 7b7 ,the gun1 cradle and trail move in traverse by sliding along the axle of the carriage on bearings provided for that purpose4 ,in this case the trail spade is the point of pivot4 ,the first system is the one generally used on all ,american gun carriages except the #aee-mm ,howitzer4 ,it gives ease and speed in the manipulation of the piece in traverse1 but has the disadvantage of rendering the carriage less stable in firing due to the fact that the direction of recoil of the gun is in the direction of the line joining the trail spade and the central pivot1 only when the gun is absolutely in the center of its traverse4 ,in all other positions1 which will be the usual case1 there is a component at right angles to the line of trail spade-central pivot which tends to throw the gun off from its proper direction making it necessary to relay each time the gun is fired4 ,the second method is that in use on the ,french #ge-mm gun and the ,french and ,american #aee howitzer4 ,while not so easy of manipulation and giving less freedom of movement in traverse 7about #ajf mils7 it still has the advantage in that it gives greater stability in firing due to the fact that the gun always recoils along the line through the trail spade1 perpendicular to the axle4 ,,elevating ,,mechanisms4 ,there are two general classifications of gun carriages according to the manner in which the laying for elevation is effected4 ,the #c0 gun is an example of one type in which the total quadrant angle of departure is laid off as one angle necessitating at each resetting of a range a new resetting of the range bubble4 ,it is evident that this militates against both speed and accuracy in laying for elevation4 ,the other type is illustrated by the ,american #ge and by the ,french and ,british #ge-mm gun carriages which have what is called the 8independent line of site40 ,it differs from the other type in that there is placed between the top carriage and the cradle an intermediate carriage or rocker arm pivoting on the gun trunnions at one end1 and carrying at the other the support for the elevating device which gives to the cradle and the gun the proper elevation for the range4 ,this intermediate carriage or rocker arm has a toothed edge geared with a pinion fastened to the trail flask1 by means of which1 gun cradle and elevating device may be moved in elevation without disturbing the relation between itself and the gun1 this being done by gears independent of the elevating mechanism4 ,an angle of site may be set off for the intermediate carriage and after the bubble is centered this actuating pinion may be blocked and no further concern be paid to the angle of site4 ,a cannoneer therefore has only to set his range accurately on the index to give the changes in range ordered4 ,elevation is accomplished by telescoping screws1 by circular racks and pinions1 and by worms and arcs4 ,telescoping screws are good for from #ae to #bj degrees in elevation only1 as for greater angles they become rather too large and cumbersome4 ,the elevating arc is attached on the top1 on the bottom or on the side of the cradle and1 if possible1 at its center4 ,when the latter is not possible1 two arcs are generally used to prevent torsional strains developing4 ,top racks are exposed to fire1 side circular racks or arcs interfere with the traverse1 with the placing of the sights1 and with the general handling of the carriage4 ,the bottom of the cradle is perhaps the best location for the rack4 ,as in the traversing mechanism1 a train of bevelled gears transmits the power from the hand wheel to the elevating mechanism4 ,in both the traversing and elevating mechanism1 strength1 simplicity1 power1 accessibility1 non-interference and absence of lost motion are the features sought4 ,to secure these is one of the most difficult things in gun-carriage design2 for1 since the traversing and elevating are the last two elements considered1 they must1 therefore1 be the ground for modification and the means of adapting the great main elements--namely1 wheels1 axle1 trail1 recoil mechanism and gun--into a unit4 ,,recoil ,,mechanism4 ,the recoil system of the gun carriage consists of a recoil brake1 a counter recoil mechanism and a counter recoil brake4 ,the function of each part is apparent from its name4 ,various systems of checking recoil on field guns have been used1 among them may be mentioned2 friction devices including brakes on the wheel1 inclined planes1 pneumatic and hydraulic brakes4 ,all have either been superseded by the last named or are used in connection with hydraulic brakes4 ,the power of the brake lies in the pressure produced in the cylinder through the resistance to motion offered by the liquid flowing through apertures4 ,by varying the size of these apertures the braking effect may be controlled so as to fulfill the conditions demanded by the service4 ,in designing the brake1 the effect of the counter recoil system1 angle of fire1 length of recoil1 friction and pressure within the cylinder must all be considered4 ,in howitzers which are designed to be fired at high angles of elevation1 the recoil must be shortened to prevent the breech striking the ground1 a condition successfully met4 ,since the pressure due to recoil is ultimately led into the ground through the trail and spade1 consideration must be given to the problem of the moment of inertia about the trailspade4 ,the tendency to turn over backward about the spade as the center is offset by the amount of the weight of the carriage with respect to the same point4 ,this raises the question as to how much pressure may be allowed to act to the rear2 all of which must be considered in designing the carriage4 ,the counter recoil systems in general use are two3 spring or pneumatic4 ,the former is illustrated in our #c0 and #ge-mm field guns1 the latter by the ,french #ge-mm gun and #aee-mm howitzer4 ,their purpose1 of course1 is to return the gun 8into battery0 after it has recoiled on the carriage4 ,the recoil mechanism is a study in itself1 of which there are two schools--the advocates of the spring and of the air recuperators4 ,great ,britain1 ,germany and the ,united ,states have been the advocates of spring recuperation and ,france of air recuperation4 ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states were of the spring school1 undoubtedly1 because of the lack of a satisfactory air recuperating system2 which is rather strikingly proven by the fact that both countries have adopted air recuperation since they have procured or developed satisfactory types4 ,both schools have grounds for their position1 however4 ,the spring school has in its favor simplicity of design and manufacture and ease of replacement1 which can be done in the field4 ,on the other hand1 spring recoils have many breakages and greater weight combined with a high replacement of weakened springs1 the life varying from #cjjj to #hjjj rounds4 ,the air school has in its favor a high order of efficiency--smoother action1 general all around efficiency and less weight4 ,but the air recuperator is difficult to manufacture1 costly1 and when damaged must go to the rear to be repaired2 which1 however1 it seldom needs4 ,in mounting the spring recuperator1 the most recent practice has separated the recoil mechanism from the springs in order to distribute the piston rod pull1 thus preventing whip and allowing easy access to the various parts for replacement1 refilling and repairs4 ,in order to lower the center of gravity1 the gun is slung under the recoil cylinder with the two spring recuperators below and on either side4 ,air recuperators are invariably located below the gun for protection and because of their large size and shape1 which adapt them for attaching the elevating mechanism4 ,illustration3 ,,battery ,,or ,,firing ,,position ,,in-,,battery ,,or ,,firing ,,position ,,hydro-,,spring ,,recoil ,,system ,,hydro-,,pneumatic ,,recoil ,,system ,,with ,,fluid ,,in ,,direct ,,contact ,,with ,,the ,,air ,in either system1 the recoil is taken up by means of oil or glycerine and water passing through an orifice created by a slotted piston passing over ribs of varying height1 or through a valve on the pressure side of the piston1 or by a solid or perforated piston passing through a perforated intermediate cylinder4 ,the latter type is particularly adapted to variable recoil guns as the intermediate cylinder can be rotated1 thus throwing varying orifices into position for the flow of oil4 ,counter recoil is accomplished by the springs or by the air pressure in the hydro-pneumatic system1 in which the air pressure is sufficient to hold the gun in battery at all elevations and is built up at recoil4 ,in all counter recoil systems1 it is necessary to insert a buffer to take up the remaining energy of the springs or air pressure so as to bring the gun into battery without appreciable jar4 ,numerous types have been developed and perfected4 ,the counter recoil brake or buffer in our #c0-;gun is a slightly tapered bronze rod1 tightly fitting in the cylindrical bore of the piston rod4 ,the retardation caused by forcing the oil in the piston rod out through the small clearance between the buffer and bore of the piston rod eases the return to battery without jar to the gun1 which has been forced back by the counter recoil springs4 ,the physical law that action and reaction are equal has a peculiar emphasis when applied to the firing of a piece of high powered artillery4 ,the force exerted to throw a heavy projectile #g miles or more from the muzzle of the gun is toward the breech of the weapon in its recoil4 ,how some of these forces are handled safely and easily by mechanical means are almost beyond the mind's grasp4 ,not long ago a touring car1 weighing two tons1 traveled at the rate of #baj miles an hour along a ,florida beach4 ,conceive of such a car going #ccg miles an hour--which is much faster than any man ever traveled2 then conceive of a mechanism which would stop this car1 going nearly six miles a minute1 stop it in #de inches of space and one-half a second of time without the slightest damage to the car4 ,this is precisely the equivalent of the feat performed by the recuperator of a heavy howitzer after a shot4 ,,shields4 ,although cover for the cannoneers had been used off and on since the invention of guns1 it had fallen into disuse until it was firmly established as an essential feature by the ,french on their #ge-mm in #ahig4 ,all modern field guns have such protection both for the cannoneers and for the delicate parts of the material which would be damaged by shrapnel balls or shell fragments4 ,the shield is made of hardened steel capable of withstanding the impact of a bullet of a service rifle at a #ajj yds4 range at a standard velocity4 ,for convenience the shield is divided into three parts known as the top shield1 main shield and apron1 with suitable ports equipped with shutters for the line of vision from sights4 ,the main is fastened to the axle and is rigid4 ,the apron is hinged to the main shield or the axle-swinging forward for the traveling position4 ,the top shield is fastened to the main shield by hinges and swings forward and downward for traveling position4 ,,sights4 ,the sights serve three important functions4 ,they improve the vision of the gunner and lay the gun in elevation and direction4 ,the simplest sight is the one over the line of metal which lays for direction only1 the second is the tangent sight mounted on a range arc centered on the axis of rotation in elevation usually having a deflection scale to correct for drift and to lead the moving target4 ,this unit lays for range and direction4 ,the last sight is the telescopic or panoramic sight which is mounted on a range arc and lays for direction only1 it is the unit for indirect fire1 laying for direction1 and markedly improving the vision of the gunner4 ,the latest model of the ,american panoramic sight is superior to any in existence4 ,for precision in indirect fire1 practically all carriages are equipped with some form of range quadrant1 containing a means of setting off the angle of site and the range angle4 ,all instruments are equipped to compensate for difference in wheel level4 ,the ,british carriage automatically corrects for deviation1 simplifying the firing date by that element4 ,,wheels4 ,the height of the wheels affects the draft1 weight1 clearance1 and stability of the carriage both as to road stability--i4 e41 low center of gravity2 and firing stability--i4 e41 the overturning movement about the end of the trail4 ,it is now believed that entirely too much stress has been laid on road clearance4 ,reducing the height of wheel reduces the weight and road clearance1 lowers the center of gravity and increases the firing stability2 but it also reduces the angle of gun elevation unless the trail is shortened4 ,firing stability in general is increased by adding to the weight of the gun1 lengthening the recoil1 slinging the gun as low as possible and lengthening the trail4 ,the less the height of the wheel exceeds four feet the better1 despite the poor draft feature1 which is compensated for to some extent by a reduction in weight and turning radius4 ,,axles4 ,axles are straight or of the offset type4 ,the straight axle is stronger for its weight4 ,the drop axle allows the center of gravity to be lowered4 ,,trails4 ,most modern trails are of the sectional built-up type4 ,some1 however1 are of tubular and telescopic4 ,the most variable portion of the trail is the spade4 ,it consists of two parts1 the spade proper and the float4 ,the former prevents recoil1 the latter the burying of the trail4 ,the spades proper are of three types3 the fixed1 as in the ,french #ge-mm2 semi-fixed1 as in the #aee-mm howitzer2 and driven1 as in the ,deport and ,american #aiaf #ge-mm4 ,each has advantages and disadvantages4 ,the driven spade is considered essential for the split trail carriage1 as the latter has no means of seating itself2 and should one spade take1 and not the other the carriage might be damaged when the gun is fired at an extreme traverse4 ,split trails introduced a novelty in field gun carriages1 in that a compensating device became necessary to adjust for the difference in ground level of the two spades4 ,,conclusion4 ,guns are designed to function in a certain way4 ,they are not temperamental4 ,they follow absolutely and certainly fixed mechanical laws4 ,if they fail there is a reason and it can be remedied4 ,certain parts are given certain shapes and forms1 are machined to nice adjustments1 and in taking down and assembling them1 brains and dexterity are the tools to use rather than force and sledge-hammers4 ,learn from your text when and how to apply force and above all when not to use it4 ,treat these guns as you would a friend on whom you know you can depend4 ,they will not fail you4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,modern ,,armament4 ,,the ,,artillery ,,of ,a ,,field ,,army2 ,,its ,,functions4 ,the artillery assigned to a field army should be of such mobility1 power1 variety and number as to insure the success of its purpose and to enable this success to be gained with the minimum of casualties4 ,the latter point must receive careful consideration in studies of organization1 for without adequate artillery preparation and support the successes of the most gallant infantry can in a series of actions become little more than pyrrhic victories4 ,many actions of our divisions in ,france resulted in casualties whose numbers decreased in proportion to the number of guns with which divisions were supported4 ,the proportion of guns to the thousand gross strength of infantry1 cavalry1 and machine guns adopted by the armies of the first class powers before the opening of the present ,european ,war in #aiad was3 ,british1 #f4h2 ,french1 #d4f2 ,german1 #f4d2 ,american #c4b 7,greble ,board74 ,during the war this proportion was constantly increased until at the close under conditions of position or entrenched warfare it was between #h and #ab per thousand2 this varied of course with the activity in different sectors4 ,in quiet sectors and under conditions of maneuver1 or open warfare1 which necessitated leaving much artillery behind1 it was about #f per thousand4 ,a program of types of artillery weapons should be founded on the object and the means--that is1 the destruction of the target and the projectile to accomplish this4 ,in the study of an artillery program there are two methods of approaching the subject4 ,first1 by starting with a minimum weight of projectile and working up to a reasonable maximum1 according to some law and taking the corresponding calibers1 a theoretical series of guns and howitzers can be expressed4 ,for instance1 if the law be doubling the weight of the projectile the series of types could be3 ,projectile of #ac pounds1 caliber #c04 ,projectile of #bf pounds1 caliber #d04 ,projectile of #eb pounds1 caliber #e04 ,projectile of #ajd pounds1 caliber #f04 ,projectile of #bjh pounds1 caliber #h04 ,projectile of #daf pounds1 caliber #aj04 ,projectile of #hcb pounds1 caliber #ab04 ,projectile of #affd pounds1 caliber #ad04 ,the second and more logical method1 and one followed in our service1 is to consider the artillery missions and determine the types best suited irrespective of any theoretical series of weights and calibers4 ,however1 in the discussion of artillery missions and the proper types for their fulfillment there is a remarkable degree of unanimity of thought on these subjects2 and the above table actually contains1 with slight variations1 the types that are most strongly recommended4 ,while granting the great variety of artillery missions that often shade into each other1 it is believed that they can best be considered in three great classes that follow the tactical composition of a field army3 those of division1 corps and army artillery4 ,,division ,,artillery4 ,missions4 ,the division artillery1 first of all1 must have the mobility that will permit it to accompany the infantry of a division and the maximum power consistent with that mobility2 its object must be primarily the infantry of the opposing division4 ,it is therefore bound to its own infantry with the closest bonds and its tactical use cannot be separated from that of the infantry4 ,the division artillery must fire1 accurately1 a man killing projectile and be prepared for quick changes of targets2 it must have a great range because of depth1 both of its own and the enemy division2 it must continually harass the enemy1 prevent his movement and force him into cover or protected trenches4 ,on the defensive it must break up the opposing infantry formations by preparing a counter-offensive fire and by annihilating fire on points from which the enemy attacks emerge2 and1 failing in these1 be prepared to use the barrage and shrapnel fire at close range4 ,in the offensive the division artillery must play its part in the complex schemes of artillery preparation by cutting wire1 destroying machine gun nests1 gassing areas1 concentrating on infantry positions and taking the principal part in the deep barrage that should precede the infantry attack4 ,its fire1 accompanying the infantry movement1 requires its own movement and by its mobility it often becomes for some time the sole artillery protection in the preparation and holding of a position which has been taken4 ,light ,gun and ,howitzer4 ,the consensus of opinion of artillery officers is that the division artillery missions are best fulfilled by a light field gun and a light field howitzer having a range of at least #aa1jjj yards4 ,while differing in mechanical features1 the field guns of the different ,european countries are practically of the same type and1 though constant effort is being made to improve details1 they can be stated as generally satisfactory to their own governments and not liable to any radical changes4 ,the general type of field gun1 while capable of fulfilling most of the division artillery missions1 must be supplemented by a proper howitzer4 ,there are many instances where the terrain or the lay of the land offers such protection to the infantry that the field gun cannot bring an effective fire4 ,the howitzer has the great advantage that with the proper set of propelling charges and1 therefore1 choice of trajectories for the same range1 protected positions can be chosen for howitzers that guns could not use1 and angles of fall obtained on objectives that the normal ammunition of guns would not give4 ,the low muzzle velocity of howitzers admits of their almost continuous use in harassing fire and allows the use of a projectile double the weight of that of a field gun4 ,such a howitzer renders excellent service in wire cutting and is a useful projector of gas shells4 ,to insure the mobility required of all divisional artillery the weight of the howitzer and carriage should not exceed that of the field gun1 or about #d1ejj pounds4 ,light ,gun ,discussion4 ,the consensus of opinion of all artillery officers--,french1 ,english and ,american--is that the #ge-mm gun1 or approximately this caliber1 firing a #ae-pound projectile or a projectile of approximately this weight1 and having a range of not less than #aa1jjj yards1 is a satisfactory weapon at the present time for use with the division artillery4 ,the projectile in question1 whether a shrapnel or a high explosive shell1 satisfies adequately the criterion of man-killing4 ,at the close of the war the nations were not entirely in accord with respect to their conception of an up-to-date carriage for a light field gun4 ,all the nations whose tendencies have been considered in this report have experienced to a varying degree with field gun carriages1 particularly in a desire to design a carriage permitting a greater angle of elevation and greater movement of the gun in the traverse4 ,the ,italians have expressed themselves in the modified ,deport ,carriage2 this vehicle is of the split trail type and permits an elevation in excess of #ge degrees1 and a traverse on each side of the center of the carriage of about #bj degrees--about #cef mils4 ,up to the time that the board left ,france it was not possible to learn the ,french decision in the matter of a split trail carriage for their light field gun4 ,it is known1 however1 that several types of this carriage have been designed and tested2 it is known1 also1 that considerable favor has been found with the ,american #aiaf1 which type has been tested under the auspices of the ,french ,government4 ,in ,england1 however1 the board was not able to develop any enthusiasm for the split trail type1 although the matter had been seriously considered4 ,in that country the up-to-date field gun carriage appears to be adequately expressed in their new #ah-pounder4 ,the vehicle upon which this gun is mounted permits an elevation of #cg degrees and an axle traverse of #d degrees on each side4 ,the trail is a box trail and the carriage is simple and steady in its construction and lends itself to rapid production4 ,motorization4 ,at some time in the future it is probable that all the division artillery will be motorized4 ,the result of such a change in the prime mover would be to remove the present restriction as to weight of gun and carriage4 ,the board senses a demand in the near future for a light field gun having a maximum range of approximately #ae1jjj yards2 such a range may be achieved by increasing the muzzle velocity and1 perhaps1 the weight of the projectile1 although change in the form of projectiles will give some improvement over the present ranges4 ,it is probable that the limiting features in the design of field guns of the future will be the requirement that it should pass safely over temporary pontoon bridges and that the weight and form and size of ammunition must be such that the present rate of fire will not be slowed down4 ,the board is of the opinion that1 except as to perfection of details1 the limit of carriage design1 as expressed by the most modern type of box-trail and split-trail carriages1 has been reached2 and feels that with the advent of motor transportation the tendency will be toward a gun mounted on a self propelling carriage and expressing the desires of the field artillery with respect to maximum horizontal and vertical arcs of fire4 ,light ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,a gun of about #c0 caliber on a carriage permitting a vertical arc of fire of from #e degrees depression to #hj degrees elevation and a horizontal arc of fire of #cfj degrees2 a projectile weighing not over #bj pounds1 shrapnel and high explosive shell of satisfactory man-killing characteristics with maximum range of #ae1jjj yards2 fixed ammunition1 smokeless1 flashless propelling charge2 time fuse for shrapnel4 ,with shell having safe fuses with different lengths of delayed action after they land4 ,the high explosive shell should be of one type only4 ,two propelling charges should be furnished1 a normal charge for about #aa1jjj yards range and a super charge for maximum range4 ,the proportion should be #ij of the former and #aj of the latter4 ,a maximum rate of fire of #bj rounds per minute is deemed sufficient4 ,light ,gun4 ,practical4 ,for the present1 arm brigades with #ge-mm materiel4 ,models #aiaf1 #ej1 and #ahig 7,french71 #ej4 ,transport4 ,ideal4 ,mechanical transport is the prime mover of the future4 ,the introduction of mechanical transport will undoubtedly cause far-reaching changes in the types of gun carriages4 ,it is not possible now to state just how far this will go or whether a gun mounted on a self propelled vehicle or one mounted on some type of trailing vehicle will be the final result4 ,both types may be necessary4 ,it is urgent that study and development be carried along these lines1 as we are on the verge of changes fully as radical as the introduction of the long recoil field gun and carriage1 and the country first utilizing the new capabilities opened up by mechanical traction and the caterpillar will have a great advantage in the next war4 ,a limit of #d1ejj pounds behind the team has heretofore been imposed on the artillery of this class4 ,the corresponding limit in the future will probably be that imposed by pontoon bridges4 ,transport4 ,practical4 ,therefore it is thought that four regiments of #ge-mm guns 7two regiments of ,french ,model #ahig1 and two regiments of ,u4 ,s4 ,model #aiaf7 should be immediately equipped with motors1 the remainder to be horsed2 mechanical transport to gradually replace horse only after the tractor demonstrates its superiority in service4 ,light ,howitzer ,discussion4 ,the consensus of opinion of ,american army officers consulted is that a howitzer about #d0 in caliber1 firing a projectile weighing from #be to #cj pounds at a maximum range greater than #aj1jjj yards1 is required4 ,this opinion is concurred in by the ,french1 ,italians and ,english1 and it appears to be definitely established that the mobility of the light field howitzer should be practically the same as that of the light field gun4 ,the ,british army was equipped with a #d0 howitzer1 firing a projectile weighing #ce pounds and with a maximum range of #g1gjj yards2 the weight of the howitzer limbered is #dfgf pounds--#aej pounds more than the weight of the #ah-pounder field gun4 ,no evidence was found that the ,british ,government intended making any alterations in the design of this howitzer2 naturally they will attempt to increase the range1 power and accuracy of the projectile by change in its weight1 its capacity and its form4 ,the ,french artillery was not equipped with the light field howitzer of approximately the same weight as the #ge-mm field gun4 ,during the war it was found impracticable to construct a lighter howitzer without interfering with the production of other calibers which were considered more important4 ,in the earlier stages of the war the ,italian artillery was not equipped with a light field howitzer2 however1 before the end of #aiag orders were placed for several hundred howitzers of the #aje-mm type4 ,it should be noted that several hundred howitzers of this caliber were being constructed before the armistice and that many have been captured from the ,austrians by the ,italians2 this1 so far as the ,italians were concerned1 makes it certain that a light field howitzer will be furnished by the ,italian army4 ,the ,german and ,austrian armies were equipped with a howitzer of the light field type2 this weapon had a caliber of #aje-mm type4 ,it fired a projectile weighing #cd4ed pounds at a maximum range of #aj1ejj yards4 7,streamline shell47 ,the weight of the howitzer limbered was #d1ejj pounds4 ,in the opinion of the board1 the ,germans have proceeded on sound principles in their development of the light field howitzer4 ,their '#ih model was a companion piece to their '#if field gun and in the years that passed from #ahih to #aiaf1 which included their early war experience1 they kept to the idea of the relation of the two pieces even to the extent of including in a field artillery regiment one battalion of light howitzers4 ,their #aiaf models of both light gun and howitzers show the endeavor to keep the pieces in the same class2 that is1 the weight of the gun and howitzer in action nearly the same1 #b1gej pounds and #b1gjj pounds2 the weight of the gun limbered and the howitzer limbered are the same1 #d1ejj pounds2 the elevation of both the same--minus #aj to plus #dj degrees2 the carriages are of the same type2 and the extreme ranges of gun and howitzer are respectively #aa1gjj and #aj1ejj yards4 ,from the foregoing it is seen that all the important belligerents except the ,french and the ,americans were equipped with a light field howitzer firing a projectile about twice the weight of the light field gun projectile and having otherwise the same general characteristics4 ,there is no evidence to show that the fire of the ,french and the ,american artillery was not fully effective as that of any other artillery2 however the testimony of the ,french and ,american artillery officers is to the effect3 7a7 ,that the lightest howitzer in use1 i4 e41 the #aee-mm1 was not sufficiently mobile to be a suitable companion piece for the #ge-mm gun4 7b7 ,that many times the fire of the #ge-mm gun proved ineffective due to its flat trajectory2 a howitzer would have been more effective in the attack of certain targets4 7c7 ,that a large volume of fire is necessary4 7d7 ,that while the #aee-mm howitzer is more powerful than the light field howitzer its consumption of ammunition for many purposes is wasteful and extravagant and its volume of fire is insufficient4 7e7 ,that the light howitzer is particularly suited for the destruction of wire entanglements2 its better accuracy and more powerful projectile make it more suitable than the field gun for that purpose4 7f7 ,that the #ge-mm field gun projectile is not so satisfactory a gas shell as the howitzer projectile which has greater weight4 ,light ,howitzer4 ,idea4 ,a weapon of about #aje-mm caliber on a carriage permitting a vertical arc of fire from minus #e degrees to plus #fe degrees1 and a horizontal arc of fire of #cfj degrees4 ,efforts should be made to develop a carriage which can be used interchangeably for the division light gun referred to above and this howitzer4 ,the projectile should weigh about #cj to #ce pounds and should include both shell and shrapnel4 ,a maximum range of #ab1jjj yards will be satisfactory4 ,semi-fixed ammunition with varying charges should be used1 otherwise the ammunition should be similar to that provided for the #ge-mm guns4 ,light ,howitzer4 ,practical4 ,for the present1 the division should be armed with the #aee howitzer1 ,schnieder1 but active development and test should be made on a type as stated under 8,ideal0 above1 and with the ammunition and other accessories to it4 ,upon the development of the carriage as nearly approximating the ideal as may be practically possible1 efforts should be made to secure quantity production in order that it may be incorporated in the division as recommended4 ,in addition1 a split trail carriage for this howitzer should be developed4 ,transport4 ,the light howitzer should have the same means of transport as the light field gun and the same remarks heretofore made as to the probable future development of the field gun also apply to the howitzer carriage4 ,,corps ,,artillery4 ,missions4 ,it will be noted above that the division artillery missions did not include their own protection against the enemy artillery4 ,this counter-battery work is the principal mission of the corps artillery4 ,the corps artillery has also the mission of extensive harassing and interdicting fire along the corps front and to a greater depth than the capabilities of the division artillery2 also of destructive fire on strong points as well as on railroad facilities and points of supply4 ,for the accomplishment of these corps artillery missions there are two types of artillery necessary1 a gun and a howitzer1 each having #af1jjj yards range and each weighing with the carriage about #aa1jjj pounds4 ,there is another class of artillery called anti-aircraft artillery to be considered4 ,this is used first in providing anti-aircraft defense for army zones1 for certain areas in rear of armies or along a certain line of anti-aircraft defense4 ,medium ,gun ,discussion4 ,the consensus of opinion of artillery officers--,italian1 ,english and ,american--is that a medium gun of about #f0 caliber is necessary4 ,the medium type gun furnished to the ,american army was the #d4g 7,model #aijf74 ,this gun has a maximum elevation of #ae degrees with a corresponding maximum range of #h1gej yards4 ,the ,british army was equipped with the #e0 gun--the carriage permits a maximum elevation of #ba degrees and #cj minutes1 giving a maximum range of #ab1ejj yards4 ,the ,french army was equipped with1 to a certain extent1 the #aje-mm and the #adj-mm gun4 ,the #aje-mm gun a maximum elevation of #cg degrees1 with a maximum range of #ac1ijj yards4 ,the #adj-mm gun has a maximum elevation of #cj degrees and1 with a high velocity1 has a maximum range of #ai1ejj yards4 ,the ,french #aje-mm gun is a modern weapon 7#aiac74 ,the ,german artillery was equipped with a #aje-mm gun 7,m-#aiag7 with a maximum elevation of #de degrees1 and a maximum range of #af1jjj yards4 ,the ,german army was also equipped with the #acj-mm gun1 having a maximum range of #af1ejj yards4 ,the ,austrian army was similarity equipped4 ,the ,italians were equipped with a #aje-mm gun essentially of the same characteristics as the ,french #aje-mm ,m-#aiac4 ,medium ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,a caliber of between #d4g and #e0 on a carriage permitting a vertical arc of fire of from minus #e degrees to plus #hj degrees2 a horizontal arc of fire of #cfj degrees4 ,shrapnel and shell weighing not over #fj pounds1 maximum range #ah1jjj yards2 with semi-fixed or separate loading ammunition permissible4 ,medium ,gun ,practical4 ,corps artillery should be armed with the present type #d4g0 gun1 ,model #aijf1 except that at least one regiment should be armed with the ,british type #e0-;guns purchased abroad4 ,transport4 ,all corps guns should be developed for long1 rapid hauls4 ,similar ammunition vehicles should be developed4 ,the wheels for the gun carriage should be rubber-tired4 ,medium ,howitzer4 ,in the opinion of the ,french1 ,italians1 ,british and the ,americans1 the #aee-mm howitzer 7,schnieder7 was conspicuously successful in the present war4 ,it should1 therefore1 be retained as a type4 ,the howitzer and carriage as it stands at present1 is a highly satisfactory and efficient piece of armament4 ,for the future it is believed that effort should be made to increase the range by improvements in the form of projectile1 and it is believed that the form of howitzer and carriage should be studied with a view of obtaining1 through modifications1 a maximum range of approximately #af1jjj yards4 ,many batteries of #aee-mm howitzers 7,schnieder7 were motorized in the ,american ,army in ,france1 and the consensus of opinion is definitely toward the retention of this form of prime mover4 ,it is interesting to note that all the important belligerents have settled upon a howitzer of approximately #f0 in caliber1 and otherwise essentially of the same ballistic characteristics as the type in question4 ,the projectile of this caliber is the smallest projectile which can be called upon to give adequate mining effect against material targets of semi-permanent nature4 ,the place of this howitzer is1 therefore1 determined by considerations of its destructive ability4 ,it is a splendid destruction and neutralizing weapon4 ,medium ,howitzer4 ,ideal4 ,a caliber of about #aee-mm on a carriage permitting a vertical arc of fire of from minus #e degrees to plus #fe degrees2 and a horizontal arc of fire of #cfj degrees4 ,the projectile should not weigh over #ajj pounds and should be interchangeable with projectiles for other guns of this caliber referred to later on4 ,high explosive shell1 only1 should be supplied4 ,medium ,howitzer4 ,practical4 ,the corps should be armed with the #aee-mm 7,schnieder7 howitzer referred to above4 ,the type of fuses for shell should be super quick and long delay4 ,,army ,,artillery4 ,missions4 ,in addition to the division and corps artillery fulfilling the missions outlined above there must be additional artillery available4 ,there are missions of interdiction1 neutralization and destruction which fall beyond the activities or capabilities of the normal corps or medium field types2 there must exist a surplus of division or corps types1 properly transported1 for strategic reinforcements of divisions and corps during such times as the normal allotment to such units is insufficient2 there must be artillery of special purpose--mountain artillery1 trench and super guns and howitzers4 ,of the above additional artillery1 a type of heavy field gun and a type of heavy field howitzer are considered normally necessary in the armament of a field army2 the gun should have a range of approximately #be1jjj yards1 and the howitzer a range of about #ah1jjj yards4 ,these weapons are more powerful than the medium field types1 add range to the interdiction and harassing and to the neutralization and destruction possible with the corps type4 ,considering the paragraphs pertaining to divisional artillery and the introduction to corps artillery it will be seen that the normal artillery of a field army can be accomplished by the assignments of two caliber1 i4 e41 two light weapons1 two medium weapons and two heavy weapons--a gun and a howitzer in each class--and a satisfactory anti-aircraft gun4 ,heavy ,field ,gun4 ,the consensus of opinion of all artillery officers--,british1 ,italian and ,american--is that the heavy field gun should be of approximately #f0 caliber and that guns of greater caliber than this are necessary in limited number for field operations4 ,the ,french were constructing #aid-mm guns during the latter stages of the war4 ,it is believed that in developing this type of gun the ,french were actuated almost entirely by the necessity for increased range1 since the ,german #aej-mm gun1 ,model #aiaf1 outranged the ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 by approximately #e1ejj yards4 ,the ,french have recently made considerable progress in securing the necessary increase in range with the ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,all of the principal nations engaged in the war used a heavy field gun of approximately #f0 caliber4 ,this type has given such general satisfaction that its continuance is assured4 ,the principal mission of the heavy field gun is harassing and interdiction fire1 and for these uses the #f0 projectile is sufficiently heavy4 ,the maximum practicable traverse and elevation should be provided by the carriage of the heavy field gun4 ,the ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 carriage has given general satisfaction1 but its wide tread and the excessive time required to occupy a position are very objectionable features4 ,it is the consensus of all artillery officers--,french1 ,british and ,american--that the heavy field gun should be of approximately #f0 caliber and with a range in excess of #be1jjj yards1 with not less than #fj degree traverse1 weighing not more than #ab tons1 limbered1 capable of occupying and leaving a position quickly1 and with a width of tread which does not prevent two-way traffic on ordinary roads4 ,the ,italians differ from this opinion only in that they are satisfied with a maximum range of #ah1jjj yards4 ,heavy ,field ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,a caliber of about #aee-mm on a carriage permitting a vertical arc of fire from #j degrees to plus #fe degrees2 with a horizontal arc of fire of #cfj degrees4 ,the maximum range should be about #be1jjj yards4 ,heavy ,field ,gun4 ,practical4 ,arm with the present type #aee-mm ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 and carry on experiments for type of carriage as outlined for division field gun4 ,the fuses should be super-quick and short delay4 ,transport4 ,all artillery of this type should be motorized and tested and experiments for ammunition vehicles to correspond with the types of carriages developed1 and should be carried on simultaneously4 ,heavy ,field ,howitzer4 ,no type of heavy field howitzer developed during the war has given general satisfaction4 ,the consensus of all army artillery officers--,french1 ,english and ,american--is that two calibers of howitzers are necessary--one a companion piece for the #f0 gun and one of the maximum possible power consistent with the necessary mobility4 ,the lighter of these two howitzers should have the same mobility as the #f0 gun1 with a caliber of about #h0 and a maximum range of not less than #af1jjj yards4 ,the heavy field howitzer should be of about #i4e0 caliber with a range in excess of #af1jjj yards2 the carriage should provide for wide traverse and must have sufficient mobility to accompany the army in the field4 ,it will probably be necessary to transport this howitzer in more than one load1 and the maximum weight of any load should not exceed #ab tons4 ,the average time necessary for occupying a position should not exceed six hours under actual field conditions4 ,heavy ,field ,howitzer4 ,ideal4 ,a caliber of about #h0 on a carriage permitting a vertical arc of fire of from #j to plus #fe degrees2 and a horizontal arc of fire of #cfj degrees4 ,the maximum range should be #ah1jjj yards4 ,heavy ,field ,howitzer4 ,practical4 ,use at present #h0 material of ,british design which is on hand4 ,railway ,artillery4 ,the war has demonstrated the necessity for long range and powerful guns for distant interdiction and harassing work and for super-heavy howitzers for the destruction of semi-permanent fortifications4 ,artillery of these types can best be mounted on railway carriages and this type of mount offers no serious disadvantages since these guns will not be used except with large forces which require extensive railroad systems for their supply4 ,this does not apply to guns of the type used to bombard ,paris2 such guns have no military value and their construction is not justifiable4 ,,anti-,,aircraft ,,guns4 ,light ,gun4 ,ideal4 ,caliber about #c0 with initial velocity of at least #b1fjj f4 s42 semi-automatic breechblock1 mounted on carriage1 permitting #hj degrees elevation and #cfj degrees traverse2 projectiles weighing not less than #ae pounds1 of one type high explosive shell with maximum ballistic qualities and as large explosive charge as possible2 fixed ammunition2 smokeless1 flashless powder1 mechanical fuse4 ,in this type every effort must be made to increase the rate of fire and decrease time of flight2 this latter is limited only by considerations of a reasonable accuracy life for the gun4 ,light ,gun4 ,practical4 ,arm units with present #c0 anti-aircraft equipment4 ,continue experiments leading to the development of the ideal4 ,transport4 ,ideal4 ,caterpillar mount or caterpillar trailer mount drawn by caterpillar tractor1 each unit to permit a sustained speed of #ab miles per hour4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the #c-;,,inch ,,field ,,gun4 ,,the ,,gun4 ,the ,gun is known officially as the #c-;inch ,field ,gun1 ,model #aije4 ,it is a built-up construction of nickel-steel and consists of a tube with a rifled bore1 #c inches in diameter1 upon which are shrunk the jacket1 locking hoop and front clip hoop4 ,the jacket reinforces the rear half of the tube4 ,the locking hoop serves to secure the jacket from any longitudinal movement to the rear4 ,on the under side of the gun1 extending the entire length of the jacket1 locking hoop1 and front clip1 are formed two recoil guides or clips which fit over and secure the gun to the guide rails of the cradle4 ,when the gun is fired1 it slides along the guide rails4 ,the dust guard covers the part of the guide rails between the locking hoop and the front clip4 ,the rifling of the bore is right-hand twist and starts with #j turns at the breech increasing to #a turn in #be calibers at #aj inches from the muzzle1 then uniform to the muzzle4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight of gun #ghh lbs4 ,calibre #c inches ,length about #g feet ,number of lands and grooves #bd ,muzzle velocity #agjj ft4 sec4 ,maximum pressure per sq4 in4 #cc1jjj lbs4 ,limit of depression 7#ij mils47 #e degrees ,maximum elevation 7#bfe mils47 #ae degrees ,maximum range1 trail sunk1 about #h1ejj yds4 7#e ,m7 ,range at #ae elevation 7#bfe mils7 #f1jjj yds4 7#c ,m7 ,illustration3 #c ,inch ,field ,gun1 ,models of #aijd #aije4 ,breech ,mechanism ,assembled4 ,nomenclature of parts of ,gun3-- ,jacket4 ,locking hoop4 ,tube4 ,bore4 ,rifling4 ,lands4 ,grooves ,breech recess4 ,front clip4 ,muzzle4 ,dust guard4 ,recoil guides or clips4 ,chamber4 ,recoil lug4 ,line sight 7front and rear74 ,handy oilers4 ,,the ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,the breechblock is of the interrupted-screw type1 and is provided with four threaded and four slotted sectors4 ,the front end of the axial recess in the block is closed by a bushing4 ,four ventholes lead from a cavity in the bushing and permit the escape of gas to the rear in case of a ruptured primer4 ,on the rear face of the breechblock are cut gear teeth1 in which the gear teeth of the operating lever bevelgear mesh4 ,the breechblock is concentrically mounted on a hub on the block carrier1 in which the firing-lock case is fitted4 ,its position in the breech of the gun with reference to the axis of the bore is eccentric4 ,the breechblock is closed or locked by a continuous movement of the operating lever4 ,when the block is swung to the closed position the front face of the block latch comes in contact with the rear face of the breech of the gun1 thus forcing the latch out of the notch in the breechblock and back into a recess in the carrier4 ,by continuing the motion of closing the mechanism1 the breechblock is then rotated on the hub of the carrier and its threads engage with corresponding ones in the gun4 ,when the breechblock is in the closed position1 a lug on the firing-lock case serves to lock the carrier to the breechblock and prevents displacement due to a blowback4 ,the firing mechanism belongs to that type known as a continuous-pull mechanism2 that is1 no cocking of the firing-pin is required4 ,the firing-lock case is eccentrically fitted in the hub of the block carrier1 in such a position that the axis of the firing-pin is always in line with the bore of the gun4 ,the vent bushing in the front end of the breech block through which the firing pin passes when in the fired position1 is fitted eccentrically with reference to the breechblock4 ,this eccentric arrangement of the breechblock1 masks the point of the firing-pin and prevents any possible contact between the pin and the primer in the cartridge case when the block is unlocked4 ,the block will be practically fully locked before any contact between the firing-pin and primer can take place4 ,nomenclature of important parts of ,breech ,firing ,mechanism4 ,mod4 #aije3-- ,name of ,part ,where located ,breech ,block ,on block carrier ,vent ,bushing ,front end of block ,block ,carrier ,hinged to jacket2 supports block ,block ,stop ,screwed into front face of carrier ,hinge ,pin ,hinges carrier to jacket ,hinge ,pin ,catch ,in hinge pin ,extractor ,in breech recess ,extractor ,lever ,mounted on hinge pin ,operating ,lever ,pivoted on block carrier ,lever ,pivot ,pivots lever on block carrier ,lever ,latch ,in operating lever ,lever ,latch ,spring ,in operating lever1 lower part ,lever ,latch ,pivot ,in operating lever1 lower part ,block ,latch ,in recess in carrier ,block ,latch ,spring ,around latch bolt ,firing ,lock ,case ,in hub of the block carrier ,locking ,bolt ,nut and ,pin ,on firing lock case1 rear face of carrier ,firing ,pin ,in axle hole1 center of firing lock case ,firing ,pin ,spring ,around firing pin ,firing ,spring ,sleeve ,around firing pin spring ,sear ,in slot in firing lock case ,trigger ,fork ,rear end firing lock case ,trigger ,shaft ,on rear end firing lock case ,trigger ,shaft ,detent ,on trigger shaft ,firing ,pallet ,on pallet shank ,pallet ,shank ,on recoil lug of gun ,firing ,handle ,on firing handle shaft ,firing ,handle ,bracket ,attached to right side of cradle ,firing ,handle ,shaft ,assembled in bracket1 right side of cradle ,trip ,latch ,attached to trip latch plunger ,trip ,latch ,plunger ,assembled to firing handle ,adjusting ,screw ,assembled to firing handle bracket ,check ,nut ,assembled in adjusting screw ,illustration3 #c ,inch ,gun ,carriage1 ,model of #aijb4 ,plan ,,the ,,gun ,,carriage4 ,the gun carriage for the #c-;inch gun ,model #aije is of the type known as the long-recoil1 in which the gun is permitted a sufficient length of recoil 7about #de inches7 upon the carriage to render the latter stationary under firing stresses4 ,the gun is mounted upon a cradle which forms a housing for the recoil controlling parts4 ,the cradle rests upon the rocker and has a small traversing motion of #gj mils on each side of the axis of the carriage4 ,the rocker is journaled upon the axle and its rear end is supported by the elevating mechanism1 which is seated in the trail4 ,the principal parts of the carriage are the wheels1 axle1 trail and elevating mechanism forming the lower carriage1 the cradle and recoil-controlling parts constituting the upper carriage1 and the rocker and traversing mechanism intermediate between the two4 ,in addition there are provided shields1 ammunition carriers1 the road brake1 and the axle seats4 ,the ,wheels and the ,axle4 ,the wheels are a modified form of the ,archibald pattern1 #ef inches in diameter1 with #c-;inch tires4 ,the axle is hollow and forged from a single piece of steel4 ,the wheels are held on by the wheel fastenings4 ,trail4--,the trail consists of two steel flasks of channel section with the flanges turned inward1 tied together by transoms and plates to form the sight and the tool boxes4 ,attached to the trail are the trail spade1 float trail handspike1 trail handles and the lunette4 ,elevating ,gear4--,the elevating gear is of double-screw type and consists of an inner and outer elevating screw1 an elevating-gear bracket1 an elevating bevel gear1 two elevating bevel pinions1 and two elevating crank shafts4 ,the inner elevating screw is a steel screw1 threaded with a right-hand thread4 ,it is attached at its upper end by the elevating pin to the rear end of the rocker4 ,the outer elevating screw is of bronze and is threaded on the exterior with a right-hand thread to take the inner elevating screw4 ,on the exterior are also cut two longitudinal keyways1 in which the keys of the bevel gear work4 ,traversing ,mechanism4--,the traversing mechanism consists of a shaft1 called the traversing shaft1 mounted in bearings in the traversing-gear case1 and a traversing nut moving longitudinally on the shaft1 but restrained from turning with it by its bearings in the gear case4 ,a cylindrical lug on top of the nut fits in a hole in a bronze traversing link1 the right end of which is pivoted by the traversing-link pivot to the traversing lug on the underside of the cradle4 ,this pivot is secured to the cradle-traversing lug by a nut and split pin4 ,the left bearing of the traversing shaft is split for the purpose of assembling and rests between two collars on the shaft4 ,the bearing1 with the shaft in place1 is slipped into its seat in the gear case1 where it is held in position by two pins4 ,illustration3 ,,traversing ,,gear1 ,,vertical ,,section ,illustration3 ,elevating ,gear ,half ,elevation and ,half ,section ,the ,cradle ,complete4--,the cradle supports the gun1 guides it in recoil1 and forms a housing for the recoil-controlling parts2 it consists of a flange steel body with the upper edges flanged outward4 ,the flanges are bronze lined1 engage the clips on the gun1 forming the guide rails for the gun on recoil4 ,riveted to the bottom of the cradle are four steel forgings1 the pintle1 traversing lug1 rear clip1 and elevating and traversing lock lug4 ,the pintle fits the pintle socket in the rocker and forms a bearing upon which the cradle is traversed4 ,the traversing lug has been heretofore mentioned as affording a point of attachment for the traversing-link pivot4 ,the cradle rear clip1 in addition to embracing the rear end of the rocker1 has a broad bearing on the latter directly over the point of attachment of the elevating screw4 ,to relieve the pointing mechanism from all strains in travelling1 an elevating and traversing lock is provided1 by which the cradle may be securely locked to the trail4 ,the recoil-controlling parts contained inside the cradle are the cylinder1 the piston rod1 the counter-recoil buffer1 the counter-recoil springs and the spring support4 ,to the rear end of the cradle is riveted a steel cradle head1 rear1 through which the cylinder moves in recoil and projects for attachment to the recoil lug on the gun by means of the cylinder end stud and nut4 ,the front end of the cradle is closed by the cradle head1 front1 and the retaining ring4 ,illustration3 ,recoil ,controlling ,mechanism ,the cylinder lies inside the cradle and is surrounded by the counter-recoil springs4 ,its rear end is closed and has a projection on the inside to which is screwed the counter-recoil buffer1 a tapered bronze rod which fits with small clearance into a bore at the rear end of the piston-rod4 ,the front end of the cylinder is closed by a bronze oiltight gland1 through which the piston-rod slides4 ,the cylinder is filled with a neutral oil called hydroline4 ,the interior of the cylinder is cylindrical4 ,three longitudinal ribs or throttling bars of uniform width but varying height extend along the interior from the rear end to within #ai inches from the front end4 ,three notches are cut in the piston head1 forming ports for the passage of the liquid from one side of the piston to the other4 ,the height of the throttling bars is calculated so that the resistance which the liquid offers1 plus the resistance of the springs1 is constant and such that the recoil will be checked at the desired point4 ,during recoil the front end of the cylinder is supported by the spring support4 ,the piston rod is of steel1 and is provided with a bronze piston head1 screwed against a shoulder at the rear end4 ,the head has three notches cut in its perimeter1 which fit over the throttling-bar projections on the cylinder wall4 ,the rear end of the piston is bored out to take the counter-recoil buffer4 ,in counter recoil the oil in this bore can escape only by a small clearance4 ,in this way the return of the gun into battery is so eased and regulated that very little shock and consequent derangement of the aim of the piece occur4 ,the front end of the piston-rod is attached to the cradle head1 front1 by means of the piston-rod nut4 ,the counter-recoil springs 7three in number each #cf inches long7 are helical1 being made from a rectangular steel bar coiled on edge4 ,they are assembled in the cradle1 end to end around the cylinder and bear in front against the spring support and in the rear against the cradle head1 rear4 ,they are assembled under an initial compression of approximately #gej lbs4 which is sufficient to return the gun into battery at the maximum elevation4 ,in place of the single counter-recoil springs a set of three inner and three outer counter-recoil springs is also being issued4 ,the spring support forms a support for the front end of the cylinder and a bearing for the front end of the spring column4 ,it has guide lugs which fit into and glide along guide rails inside the cradle during recoil4 ,the spring support is held in place by the retaining ring4 ,action of the ,mechanism4 ,the action of the recoil mechanism when the gun is fired is as follows3--,the gun moves to the rear #de inches on the cradle1 carrying with it the cylinder and compressing the recoil springs4 ,the piston rod being attached to a fixed part of the carriage in front1 7the cradle-head7 does not move4 ,therefore1 since the cylinder moves to the rear1 the oil in it must pass from one side of the piston head to the other4 ,the energy of recoil of the gun is therefore absorbed by the resistance which the oil offers when being forced through small openings between the notches in the piston head and the throttling bars along the inside of the cylinder and also by the resistance of the counter-recoil springs to additional compression4 ,the energy stored up by the springs during this compression1 returns the gun and cylinder to the firing or original position4 ,this return movement is eased and regulated by the counter-recoil buffer4 ,the piston rod pull and the spring resistance are transmitted to the carriage1 but owing to the latter's weight and the resistance opposed to the trail spade by its engagement in the ground the carriage remains stationary4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight of gun and carriage complete #b1ebj lbs4 ,width of track #fj inches ,length of recoil on carriage #de inches ,amount of traverse of gun on carriage #adj mils ,nomenclature of important parts of the ,gun ,carriage3-- ,axle ,trail1 consisting of-- ,flasks 7right and left7 ,tool box ,elevating gear transom ,rear sight box ,spade ,spade ,edge ,float ,handspike fulcrum ,cradle1 head1 rear ,gun slides or ,guide ,rails ,cradle ,pintle ,traversing lug ,rear clip ,lug for elevating and traversing lock ,bracket seat1 firing handle ,quadrant fastening ,rear-sight bracket support ,front-sight bracket support ,spring-support guides ,retaining ring1 with hasp and fastening ,cradle head1 front ,shoulder guard ,cradle brush ,recoil-indicator throw ,recoil indicator ,cylinder head ,cylinder with cylinder end screwed in ,cylinder end stud and nut ,counter-recoil buffer ,rings1 packing ,gland ,piston rod1 with plug1 screwed in ,piston ,piston-rod nut ,filling plug with gasket ,drain plug ,spring support ,counter-recoil springs ,rocker ,cradle ,pintle socket ,elevating and traversing lock ,traversing mechanism1 consisting of-- ,traversing-gear case ,traversing plate ,handwheel with handle and spindle ,traversing shaft ,traversing-shaft bearing in two parts ,traversing link with bushing ,traversing-link pivot with nut ,azimuth pointer and scale ,elevating mechanism1 consisting of-- ,elevating pin ,inner elevating screw ,outer elevating screw ,wheels guards ,trail handles ,trail seats ,trail-seat supports ,sponge-staff socket ,name plate ,handspike ,lunette ,cradle1 consisting of-- ,cradle body ,elevating bevel gear ,elevating bevel pinions ,elevating crank shafts1 with handles ,elevating screw cover ,axle seats1 include-- ,seat arms ,seat-arm guards ,foot rests ,tie rods ,shield braces ,apron shield ,apron latches ,main shield1 consisting of-- ,main shield ,hood ,shutter1 open-sight port ,shutter1 panoramic-sight port ,top shield1 consisting of-- ,top shield ,top shield fastenings ,road brake1 includes-- ,brake beams ,brake shoes ,springs with covers ,brake rods ,brake lever ,brake shaft ,brake segment with two segment racks ,ammunition carriers ,range quadrant case ,panoramic sight case ,front sight ,rear sight1 consisting of-- ,rear-sight bracket with shank socket ,rear-sight shank ,panoramic sight ,range quadrant ,wheels1 consisting of-- ,felloe1 segments ,spokes ,tires ,hub boxes ,hub liners ,hub-latch plungers ,oil ,valve ,carriage bolts and nuts ,hub bands ,hub caps ,wheel fastenings ,plugs ,,the #c-;,,inch ,,gun 7,,caisson7 ,,limber4 ,the limber is of metal throughout excepting the spokes and felloes of the wheels4 ,the principal parts are the wheels1 axle1 pintle1 frame1 ammunition chest1 pole1 doubletree1 singletrees1 and neck yoke4 ,the wheels and wheel fastenings are the same as1 and interchangeable with those used on the carriage4 ,seats for three cannoneers are provided by a perforated metal bucket-holder on top of the chest4 ,the paulin issued to each limber serves as a seat cushion and is held in place by paulin straps4 ,grip straps are also provided for use by the cannoneers when the carriage is moving at rapid gaits4 ,on the sides and front of1 and under the ammunition chest1 suitable straps1 brackets and connections are provided for securing all tools and accessories4 ,with each limber are issued three tubular oil cans1 each in the form of a cartridge and with a capacity of two-thirds of a gallon4 ,these are intended to hold hydroline1 lubricating and coal oil and are carried in the central row of cartridge holes in the ammunition chest4 ,illustration3 #c ,,inch ,,gun ,,caisson ,,limber1 ,,model ,,of #aiaf ,,side ,,and ,,rear ,,views4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight of limber1 completely equipped and loaded #agdj lbs4 ,weight of gun1 carriage and limber1 completely equipped and loaded #dbfj lbs4 ,number of rounds carried #cf ,nomenclature of important parts of limber3-- ,pole1 complete1 consisting of-- ,pole body ,neck-yoke counter stop ,neck-yoke stop ,neck-yoke chafing plate ,butt reinforce ,doubletree ,doubletree rods ,name plate ,limber prop ,foot rest ,tie-rods ,pintle with bearing1 consisting of-- ,pintle ,pintle latch ,pintle latch spring ,wheels and wheel fastenings ,axle ,middle rail ,side rails ,ammunition chest1 consisting of-- ,hand rail ,door chains ,shot bolts ,bucket holder ,chest rails ,chest-rail connections ,body ,door ,cartridge holes ,diaphragms ,lantern brackets ,grip-straps ,paulin straps ,various tool brackets ,various tools ,paulins ,picket ropes ,lanterns ,canvas buckets ,,the ,,caisson ,the ,caisson is made of metal throughout with the exception of the spokes and felloes of the wheels4 ,the principal parts are the wheels1 axle1 pintle1 lunette1 apron shield1 fuze setter bracket1 frame1 road brake1 and ammunition chest4 ,illustration3 ,caisson1 ,plan ,the wheels and wheel fastenings are interchangeable with those of the gun carriage and the limber4 ,the caisson road brake is modeled after that of the gun carriage1 all parts as far as possible being interchangeable4 ,the frame upon which the ammunition chest rests1 is diamond shaped1 and consists principally of two steel side rails riveted to lugs on the axle1 meeting in front to form the lunette for attachment to the limber1 and in rear to form a pintle for attachment of another caisson in case it is desired to tow several caissons by one team and limber1 as for instance in the ammunition train4 ,in other respects the construction is similar to that of the limber excepting that the ammunition chest is much larger and has a capacity of #gj rounds4 ,the front of the chest and the chest door are made of armor plate4 ,a bracket for the fuse setter is also provided4 ,an apron shield1 similar to the one on the gun carriage is hinged under the axle1 giving the cannoneers at the caisson full protection4 ,a spare-pole body can be carried under the caisson frame1 large end of pole to the front4 ,on the sides and front of1 and under the ammunition chest1 suitable straps1 brackets and connections are provided for securing all tools and accessories4 ,to lock the caissons and limbers1 a padlock is provided4 ,these locks are interchangeable and can be unlocked by the same key4 ,this key is marked 8,ammunition40 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight of caisson only1 completely equipped and loaded #bhbj lbs4 ,weight of caisson and limber1 both completely equipped and loaded with #ajf rounds #defj lbs4 ,number of rounds of ammunition carried in caisson only #gj ,nomenclature of important parts of ,caisson3-- ,wheels ,wheel fastenings1 complete ,axle ,middle-rails ,side rails ,pintle with bearing1 consisting of-- ,pintle ,pintle latch ,pintle-latch spring ,name plate ,channel supports ,frame handles ,lunette1 with nut ,caisson prop1 with chains ,road brake1 consisting of-- ,brake-beams ,brake shoes ,brake rods ,brake-rod springs and covers ,brake shaft1 with two keys ,brake segment ,segment rack ,brake lever ,spare-pole fastening ,ammunition chest1 consisting of-- ,diaphragms ,grip-straps ,paulin-straps ,chest rails ,foot rest ,handrails ,door props ,door handles ,hand rails ,supports and ,brackets for attaching various tools and accessories ,apron ,apron latches ,fuze-setter bracket ,fuze-setter latch ,fuze setter ,paulin ,picket ropes ,various tools and accessories ,spare pole ,to ,dismount and to ,assemble ,parts of the ,gun and ,carriage4 ,to dismantle and to assemble the breech mechanism4--,grasp the operating lever and open the breech2 when the block is open1 force the block latch out of its seat in the block by gently pressing it into its seat in the carrier4 ,take hold of the block and revolve it to the left until it stops2 then pull it to the rear1 taking care not to drop it4 ,the block latch can now be readily removed4 ,after the firing-lock case has been removed the operating lever can be removed by forcing its pivot up from beneath by a gentle pressure from the palm of the hand4 ,the lever latch can be removed by pressing in on the latch at a point near its lower end opposite its pivot2 a hole in the latch is cut eccentric with reference to the pivot and a shoulder on the pivot prevents their displacement until the latch is forced in and the hole is concentric with the pivot4 ,when this occurs1 the pivot can be readily pulled out and the latch removed4 ,to remove the block carrier force the hinge pin up by hand until it can be caught by the head1 and by swinging the carrier back and forth1 if the pin sticks1 it can readily be removed1 taking care not to drop the extractor lever4 ,the extractor can now be removed from the gun4 ,to dismantle and to assemble the firing-lock case and mechanism4--,take hold of the milled headed locking bolt situated at the lower end of the firing-lock case1 pull it to the rear2 at the same time revolve the firing-lock case upward about #de and pull it gently to the rear4 ,this will remove the case with the firing mechanism complete from the gun4 ,press the trigger-shaft detent until it disengages from the notch in the firing-lock case4 ,this will allow the trigger shaft with its detent1 to be withdrawn4 ,then gently press on the front end of the firing pin1 forcing it back into the casing4 ,this will allow the trigger fork to fall out4 ,then1 with one finger placed on the front end of the sear1 force it outward2 at the same time grasp the front end of the firing pin1 which is roughened for the purpose4 ,give it a sharp pull4 ,this will remove the firing-pin spring and sleeve from the casing4 ,then place the front end of the firing pin against a block of wood1 bear down on the firing-spring sleeve until the spring is compressed sufficiently to disengage the slot in the rear end of the sleeve from the small lug on the rear end of the firing pin2 slightly turn the sleeve1 and then the sleeve can be separated from the spring and pin4 ,by an unscrewing motion the spring can be removed from the pin4 ,the sear can be removed by gently pressing it in toward the center of the casing4 ,to assemble1 reverse these operations1 taking care before driving too hard on the end of the trigger shaft that the square hole in the trigger fork is in position to receive the tapered end of the trigger shaft4 ,no tools are required for assembling or dismantling this mechanism4 ,to remove the recoil indicator4--,the ends of the clips of the recoil-indicator guide are bent down to form stops to hold the indicator in place4 ,to remove the indicator1 these parts are opened up sufficiently to permit sliding the indicator out of the guide4 ,when the indicator is assembled1 these clips should always be closed down to prevent its loss4 ,to dismount the gun4--,elevate the muzzle slightly4 ,remove the recoil indicator throw1 unscrew the cylinder-end stud nut1 and shove the gun to the rear until the clips are free from the guides4 ,as the gun slides off the cradle1 it must be properly supported4 ,for this purpose1 from #f to #h men working in pairs with lifting bars are required4 ,to mount the gun4--,depress the muzzle slightly4 ,shove the piece from the rear over the cradle guides with the clips engaging the guides4 ,assemble the cylinder-end stud nut1 taking care that the locking stud on the recoil lug enters one of the recesses provided for it in the end of the cylinder4 ,assemble the recoil indicator throw4 ,the dust guard should be assembled with the gun4 ,in moving the gun on or off of the cradle particular care must be taken to support the breech end so that the gun clips remain in line with the gun slides4 ,the firing shaft is also quite liable to injury during this operation1 and care should be taken to prevent its being struck by the nozzle of the gun or by implements in the hands of the cannoneers4 ,the cradle should be placed at the desired elevation and azimuth before beginning either of these operations and not changed during its progress1 since the working of either the elevating or traversing mechanisms when the gun is only part way in battery brings an excessive and unnecessary strain and wear upon those parts4 ,to dismount the cylinder4--,bring the gun to approximately zero degrees elevation2 unscrew the cylinder-end stud nut and the piston-rod nut2 remove the cradle head1 front4 ,the cylinder is now free and may be pulled out to the front4 ,to assemble the cylinder in the cradle4--,the counter-recoil springs and the retaining ring being in assembled position1 shove the cylinder 7turned so that the drain plug in cylinder head comes on top7 into its seat from the front1 with the projecting stud on the recoil lug of the gun entering one of the recesses provided for it in the cylinder end2 assemble the cradle head2 screw in place the piston-rod nut and cylinder-end stud nut4 ,be sure that the projecting stud on the gun enters one of the holes for it in the cylinder end before screwing the cylinder-end stud nut up all the way4 ,to assemble the parts of cylinder after cleaning4--,the parts should be reassembled immediately after cleaning and inspection1 and the cylinder filled with hydroline oil issued for that purpose4 ,the piston should be moved back and forth in the cylinder by hand to make sure that all parts are correctly assembled and are without interference4 ,the cylinder should then be assembled in the cradle and the gun pulled from battery by hand and permitted to counter recoil rapidly to insure that all parts are in proper position for firing4 ,this should never be done1 however1 unless the cylinder is known to be filled with oil4 ,in reassembling the parts the condition of the vulcanized-fibre washers between cylinder head and cylinder1 and between cylinder-end stud and cylinder end should be noted2 they should be replaced whenever necessary to prevent leakage4 ,in removing and inserting the piston rod care should be taken to keep it central in the cylinder1 so as not to bind1 burr1 or spring any parts4 ,the dismounting and reassembling of the parts of the cylinder should in every case be supervised by a commissioned officer4 ,before firing an inspection should be made to ascertain that the different parts1 especially the piston rod and the cylinder-end stud nuts1 are correctly assembled4 ,to pack the stuffing box4--,the stuffing box is packed with five rings of ,garlock's hydraulic waterproof packing1 #j4be inch square4 ,the packing is issued cut into rings of such size that the ends meet around the piston rod4 ,the latter being assembled1 each ring1 placed so as to break joints with the preceding one1 is forced in succession into its seat by a packing tool of copper or hard wood1 one end of which is shaped like a carpenter's gouge and the other end forms a handle strong enough to stand light taps from a hammer4 ,such a tool may be readily improvised by one of the battery mechanics4 ,after the five rings are firmly seated in the box1 screw the gland down on the packing4 ,in assembling the glands be sure that at least four of its threads are engaged with the threads of the cylinder head2 otherwise the threads of the gland may be stripped in firing4 ,with new packing it may be found difficult to insert more than four rings and secure sufficient engagement of the gland4 ,in such a case the box should be packed with four rings and the piece fired a few rounds1 after which the fifth ring should be inserted4 ,adjustment of the gland4--,the adjustment of the gland will require the exercise of some judgment4 ,if screwed up too tight1 the frictional resistance of the packing on the piston rod will be increased so much that the counter-recoil springs may fail to return the gun to battery1 especially at high angles of elevation4 ,it should be screwed up just tight enough to prevent the leakage of oil through the stuffing box4 ,ordinarily this can be done by hand1 but in cases where hand power is not sufficient the wrench provided for the purpose should be used4 ,when its proper adjustment is determined1 the gland should be lashed with copper wire to prevent it from screwing up or unscrewing4 ,to remove the piston rod4--,unscrew the gland sufficiently to release the pressure of the packing upon the rod2 unscrew and remove the cylinder head4 ,the rod may then be withdrawn from the cylinder4 ,in dismounting and assembling the cylinder head 7and also the cylinder-end stud71 the cylinder should be held from turning by a spanner applied to the head retainer or flange on the front end of the cylinder4 ,it should never he clamped in a vise1 as its walls are thin and not intended to withstand such usage4 ,to remove the counter-recoil buffer4--,remove the cylinder-end stud screw2 unscrew and remove the cylinder-end stud2 the counter-recoil buffer is attached to the latter4 ,to dismount the springs4--,bring the gun to approximately zero degrees elevation2 unscrew the cylinder-end stud nut and the piston-rod nut2 shove the gun about #a inch from the battery2 attach the sleeve end of the spring compressor to the cylinder-end stud and put sufficient strain on the compressor to relieve the retaining ring from spring pressure2 then remove retaining ring 7and cradle head7 by loosening and swinging aside the retaining-ring bolts2 ease off slowly on the spring compressor until the springs are free4 ,to assemble the double counter-recoil springs4--,with the cradle at maximum elevation and the trail horizontal1 place one outer and one inner spring in the cradle until the front ends are about #b inches in2 set up a separator against the forward end of these sections and enter the second outer and inner springs1 keeping the separator upheld between the sections2 similarly when the outer end of the second section is #b inches inside the cradle set up the second separator2 place the third outer and inner sections on the recoil cylinder4 ,screw the spring centering tool onto the cylinder-end stud1 the small end pointing rearward2 pass the sleeve end of the spring compressor through the gun lug and the inner springs and attach it to the cylinder-end stud4 ,enter the rear end of the cylinder in the spring at the front end of the cradle and push the cylinder back until the springs are at free height1 keeping the spring compressor taut4 ,attach the block and fall carried in the battery wagon to the spade of the carriage or to some improvised support and connect it to the spring compressor2 put sufficient strain on the spring compressor to bring the spring column to its assembled height4 ,as the spring column approaches its assembled height the spring support must be turned so that its guide lugs properly enter in the spring-support guide grooves in the cradle2 assemble the retaining ring1 disconnect the spring compressor and the spring centering tool from the cylinder-end stud2 push the gun back into battery and assemble the cylinder-end stud nut4 ,when the retaining ring is assembled the nuts for the retaining ring bolts should be screwed up until they just come into contact with the retaining ring4 ,if these nuts are screwed up too tight they will deform the retaining ring1 with the result that it becomes difficult to assemble and dismount the cradle head4 ,a wrench is provided for turning the spring support to its proper position4 ,to assemble the single counter recoil spring4--,the same method is followed except that no separators are used4 ,the spring compressor is provided with a second eye at its large end which may be used in case the sleeve end should become broken2 in case this end is used1 however1 it will be necessary to pass the compressor through the cradle from front to rear1 through the gun lug4 ,for disconnecting the compressor the method used is identical to that previously described4 ,the cylinder-end stud nut should never be removed when the gun is at an elevation1 and the gun should not be elevated when the cylinder-end stud nut is not in place4 ,to prevent the cylinder-end stud from rotating a screw for the cylinder end is provided4 ,this screw for the cylinder end must be removed before attempting to unscrew the cylinder-end stud4 ,since the springs are assembled under an initial load of over #gej pounds1 a pull of more than #gej pounds must be exerted upon the spring compressor in assembling them4 ,this can be done by passing a handspike through the loop at the rear end of the compressor and making use of the service of the entire gun squad1 or the block and tackle may be used as described above4 ,to avoid the possibility of injury to the gun squad in compressing or releasing the springs1 all should be required to keep arms and bodies away from the front of the spring column during these operations4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,french #ge ,,gun4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight #ajae lbs4 ,total ,length 7about7 #ajg in4 ,rifling #bd grooves ,twist--right-hand slope1 #g degrees1 #a turn in #be4f calibers4 ,,carriage4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight complete #afdb lbs4 ,weight of gun and carriage complete #bfeg lbs4 ,weight at end of trail1 carriage limbered #aad lbs4 ,diameter of wheels #eb4e in4 ,length of recoil 7about7 #de in4 ,maximum angle of elevation 7#cch mils47 #ai degrees ,maximum angle of depression 7#agh mils47 #aj degrees ,amount of traverse of gun on carriage 7#ajf mils47 #f degrees ,the gun is of the built-up type and consists of a forged steel tube which extends from muzzle to breech4 ,a breech hoop is shrunk over the rear of the tube and extends beyond it to provide a breech recess4 ,this recess is threaded with seven threads to take the breechblock4 ,a bronze jacket encircles the central portion of the tube4 ,inner and outer locking hoops screw to and firmly fasten the tube1 hoop and jacket together and prevent them from separating under the stresses of recoil4 ,a muzzle hoop is screwed on the tube at the end of the muzzle4 ,illustration3 #ge ,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,of #ahig 7,,french7 ,illustration3 #ge ,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,of #ahig 7,,french7 ,a recoil lug on the under side of the breech hoop forms a point of attachment between gun and recoil mechanism through the media of a piston rod and coupling key4 ,the rear sight is attached to the rear portion of the breech hoop4 ,on top of the hoop at its rear end are two quadrant seat plugs4 ,the front sight is fixed on top of the rear end of the jacket4 ,a sweeper plate which sweeps and lubricates the roller is secured to the front end of the jacket4 ,the breechblock is the ,nordenfeld rotating type1 cylindrical with seven threads which serve to screw it into the rear of the breech4 ,the breech is opened and closed by rotating the block #abj degrees around its axis4 ,the block advances during the rotation due to the pitch of its threads and forces the cartridge case into the bore4 ,the gun cannot be fired until the block has been completely closed1 a condition which must exist before the striker of the firing mechanism is in line with the primer cartridge of the projectile4 ,the extractor consists of three parts3 #a4 ,two arms connected by a hollow shaft4 #b4 ,a spindle which passes through the shaft and fastens it to the breech4 #c4 ,an extractor tang4 ,the action of the extractor is as follows3 ,when the breech is closed the arms of the extractor are pressed against the face of the tube by the rim of the cartridge case which bears against them4 ,the extractor tang projects into a groove in the inner face of the breechblock known as the loading groove4 ,this groove is circular and its depth is equal to the projection of the extractor tang4 ,it terminates in a helical guide surface called the 8ejecting ramp40 ,illustration3 #ge ,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,of #ahig 7,,french7 ,the first part of the movement of opening the breech serves to move the grooves in front of the extractor tang4 ,this pressure forces the extractor tang back into its slot in the breech hoop and as the extractor tang is firmly seated in the extractor1 the arms of the latter are rotated around the extractor spindle4 ,the arms being brought to the rear1 press against the rim of the cartridge case1 which is thereby started and ejected4 ,inversely 7the breech being open7 when a cartridge case is smartly inserted in the chamber the rim carries the arms of the extractor forward4 ,the extractor tang is thereby forced against the beveled surface of the ejecting ramp and automatically starts the closing movement of the breechblock4 ,a safety catch is provided to keep the breech locked between the time that the breech is closed and the shot is fired4 ,the firing mechanism consists of a striker or firing pin seated in the breechblock1 a firing hammer1 firing rack1 spring and lanyard4 ,by pulling the lanyard the hammer is drawn back and the rack moves forward against the compression of the spring due to its being geared to the hammer4 ,when the lanyard is released1 the spring forces the rack back which in turn causes the hammer to fly forward and strike the primer4 ,a safety device is provided for locking the hammer while the piece is in the traveling position4 ,,the ,,carriage4 ,the gun is mounted upon a cradle which encloses the recoil and counter-recoil mechanisms4 ,the device for elevating the gun through the angle between the horizontal and the line gun-target 7angle of site7 is interposed between the trail and the rocker while the device for giving the gun elevation for range is placed between the rocker and the cradle4 ,this arrangement is known as the independent angle of site or independent line of sight4 ,it has the advantage over the three-inch type in that it allows the range elevation to be altered without disturbing the elevation for site4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #ahig ,,mi7,,french74 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #ahig ,,mi ,,french ,,rear ,,view ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #ahig ,,mi7,,french7 ,,left ,,side ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #ahig ,,mi7,,french7 ,,right ,,side ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #ahig ,,mi7,,french7 ,,plan ,,view ,the principal parts of the carriage are3 trail1 axle1 wheels1 brakes1 shields1 angle of site elevating mechanism1 range elevating mechanism1 traversing mechanism1 rocker1 cradle and sights4 ,when traveling or resting1 the tube rests on the cradle which supports it by means of the jacket4 ,when firing1 it recoils on the cradle by means of the rollers4 ,the jacket has two pairs of rollers1 and the muzzle hoop is provided with a single pair of rollers4 ,on the upper part of the cradle are the lower slides1 on which the jacket rollers1 supporting the tube1 roll during the recoil4 ,when the jacket rollers are about to leave the lower slides1 the muzzle rollers come under the upper slides2 the tube is then supported until the end of the recoil by the muzzle rollers and the more forward of the two pairs of jacket rollers4 ,this device gives the gun a long recoil upon short slides4 ,inclined planes are used in such a manner that when the gun returns into battery the rollers rise from the lower slides thereby relieving the slides from the weight of the tube when the tube is in the traveling position4 ,the carriage supports the cradle which in turn supports the tube4 ,the cradle and the tube together are displaced1 during the laying for elevation with respect to the carriage which remains stationary4 ,the carriage is held steady on the ground by means of the trail spade which with abatage prevents the carriage from recoiling on the ground4 ,abatage consists of elevating the wheels on the brake shoes which are provided with small spades which prevent lateral movement4 ,the brake shoes are fastened to brake beams attached to a sliding rack beneath the trail in such a manner that the abatage frame may be placed under the carriage during travel4 ,in preparing to fire1 the frame may be adjusted to allow the brake shoes to slip from a position in rear of the carriage wheels to a point directly beneath the wheels4 ,illustration3 #ge-,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #ahig1 ,,mi7,,french7 ,,wheel ,,brake ,,mechanism ,abatage is accomplished as follows3 7#a7 ,the brake shoes are dropped to the ground in rear of the point of contact of the wheels with the ground2 7#b7 ,the trail is lifted1 turning around the axle1 until the spade is about five feet in the air4 ,tie rods and a slide working on a rack beneath the trail move forward in this action2 7#c7 ,the trail is then brought down4 ,the rack prevents the slide from moving to the rear and the carriage turns on the abatage frame until the wheels rest upon the brake shoes4 ,this gives the gun a three point support1 two small spades under the wheels and a larger one at the end of the trail4 ,laying in direction is accomplished by traversing the piece on the axle4 ,the trail spade is fixed and the axle is straight and rigid so that in the movement of the gun to the right and left on the axle both wheels must turn--one to the front and one to the rear4 ,the device for laying for direction is composed of a threaded axle1 which is prevented from rotating by a spur and a sliding nut which is contained in a box fixed on the left flask of the gun4 ,this nut bears one of the bevel gears1 which is put in motion by the hand wheel4 ,the traverse is three degrees either side of the center or a total of #f degrees or about #aje mils4 ,laying for elevation4 ,to obtain greater accuracy and speed in firing the #ge has an independent angle of site4 ,a rocker with two trunnions is interposed between the cradle and the carriage4 ,the rocker trunnions are seated in the cradle trunnions and support them4 ,this gives the same rotating axis to both rocker and cradle4 ,this is necessary for the mechanical addition of the angle of site elevation and for the range elevation4 ,when the angle of site handwheel is revolved it turns a pinion1 which meshes in the rocker rack and thus causes the rocker to move in relation to the carriage4 ,this gives the cradle through the rocker the elevation equal to the difference in elevation between the target and the gun4 ,it is independent of the angle given to the gun for the elevation due to range to the target4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #ahig ,,mi7,,french74 ,,range ,,elevating ,,mechanism ,the angle given the gun for range is effected through a telescopic screw4 ,this screw is fastened at one of its extremities in the rocker and at the other in the cradle4 ,the nut which receives the elevating screw is seated in an oscillating support which allows it to always remain perpendicular to the axis of the bore at any elevation4 ,the angular displacements of the cradle with respect to the rocker 7angle of elevation7 are recorded by the elevating system composed of a graduated arc and a range drum4 ,the lower part of the arc is connected with the right arm of the rocker4 ,the arc is graduated in meters4 ,when the range handle is turned the arc does not move1 but a brass slide block connected with the gun and the cradle and bearing an index slides along the arc4 ,it is thus possible to set the range in meters4 ,however1 the arc graduations are not very legible and it has been supplanted by a graduated range drum having more legible readings4 ,the black part of the arc bears a rack which meshes with a pinion1 which in turn rotates around an axle fixed on the cradle4 ,when the cradle moves1 the pinion rotates and carries with it the range drum4 ,the elevation on level ground varies from a minus #aa degrees to a plus #bj degrees4 ,greater elevation may be obtained by sinking the spade4 ,the ,recoil and ,counter-recoil mechanisms are of the ,hydro-pneumatic type4 ,their accurate description is a secret4 ,the following brief description will give only a general idea of the working of the mechanism4 ,the whole apparatus is inside of the cradle through which are bored two cylinders3 an upper cylinder #dj mm diameter1 and a lower cylinder #ff mm diameter4 ,these cylinders may communicate through a large hole4 ,a piston moves in the upper cylinder1 the piston rod1 #bd mm diameter1 being fast to the gun4 ,in the lower cylinder are3 7#a7 ,the valve carrier pipe screwed in the rear part of the cylinder supporting spring valves2 in the inner walls of the pipe are cut two grooves2 the valve carrier pipe is ended by a circular ring4 7#b7 ,the diaphragm with its hollow rod4 7#c7 ,the loose piston with its small rod1 which may come in contact with the upper rack of the gauge4 ,the two cylinders are full of liquid1 usually ,russian oil4 ,the front part of the upper cylinder in front of the piston may communicate freely with the air through the ,front ,plug4 ,the front part of the lower cylinder is closed by a plug and contains compressed air at a pressure of #aej kg4 per sq4 cm4 ,operation4 ,in recoil the piston of the upper cylinder compresses the liquid1 which has to pass through the spring valves and between the circular ring and the hollow rod of the diaphragm4 ,the passage of the liquid through these different openings constitutes the braking effect4 ,in so moving the liquid opens the valves1 which are widely opened at the beginning of the recoil and gradually close in proportion to the decrease of the speed of the recoil4 ,at the same time1 the air of the recuperator is compressed by the action of the liquid on the diaphragm4 ,when the recoil is finished1 the compressed air pushes back the diaphragm4 ,the liquid thus compressed acts on the small cylinder piston and obliges it to come back into its initial position1 bringing with it the tube4 ,the liquid in flowing back completely closes the valves and must pass between the diaphragm rod and the inner wall of the pipe4 ,at beginning of the return into battery1 the space between the rod and the bottom of the groove is large4 ,this space decreases in proportion to the progress of the return4 ,the passing of the liquid through this constantly decreasing space causes the braking which at the end reduces the speed of the return to nil4 ,,care ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,french #ge4 ,dismountings4 ,cannoneer ,dismountings4 ,a4 ,breechblock4 #a4 ,safety piece4 #b4 ,striker4 #c4 ,lanyard4 #d4 ,striker hammer4 #e4 ,hammer spindle4 #f4 ,spring assembling pin4 #g4 ,rack springs4 #h4 ,rack4 #i4 ,latch pin4 7,pawl ,pin47 #aj4 ,latch 7,pawl74 #aa4 ,latch spring4 7,pawl spring47 ,b4 ,extractor4 #a4 ,clow4 7,tang47 #b4 ,spindle4 #c4 ,arms4 ,c4 ,level4 ,d4 ,sight case4 ,e4 ,wheels4 ,f4 ,limber pole4 ,g4 ,fuze setter from caisson4 ,h4 ,luggage frame from limber4 ,mechanic ,dismountings4 ,a4 ,coupling keg4 ,b4 ,push gun back on slides4 ,c4 ,safety bolt4 ,d4 ,friction piece4 7,sweeper plate47 ,e4 ,wiper4 7,guide piece47 ,f4 ,front plug4 ,g4 ,filling hole plug4 ,h4 ,elevating screw pin4 ,i4 ,elevating screw4 ,j4 ,trunnion caps4 ,k4 ,rocker ,trunnion caps4 7,half ,rings47 ,daily ,cleaning and ,lubricating4 7,by cannoneers47 #a4 ,clean sight support and socket4 #b4 ,lubricate oil holes #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 #c4 ,clean base of sight column4 #d4 ,clean levels4 #e4 ,lubricate range mechanism4 7,holes ,nos4 #a and #b47 #f4 ,clean and oil rocker trunnion caps4 #g4 ,oil holes #g and #h4 #h4 ,clean and grease exposed parts of axle4 #i4 ,dismount and clean breech and all its parts4 #aj4 ,clean and grease the bore if the gun has been fired4 #aa4 ,clean and grease the slides if the gun has been fired4 #ab4 ,grease the wheels if the gun has been on the road4 #ac4 ,clean fuze setter4 #ad4 ,the life of a gun depends on 8,daily ,care40 ,forbidden ,practices4 #a4 ,readjustment of ,french ,sights4 #b4 ,fitting with files4 #c4 ,forging and ,riveting4 #d4 ,unauthorized ,dismountings4 ,care of ,recoil ,mechanism4 7,chief ,mechanic ,only7 ,caution4--,never remove piston rod nut1 as piston is under pressure and would pull piston rod into cylinder4 ,the recoil apparatus proper cannot be dismounted4 ,if properly taken care of the recoil mechanism will not go wrong for years2 but if neglected1 its destruction is only a matter of very little firing4 ,the position of the gauge finger is the index as to whether or not the recoil is being properly absorbed4 ,the joints are not absolutely tight1 the slight leakage which takes place during fire or even when gun is at rest is not important4 ,in normal firing conditions the recoil apparatus contains a slightly greater quantity of oil than absolutely necessary2 this quantity is called the 8reserve40 ,when the reserve is exhausted any loss is liable to reduce the quantity strictly necessary4 ,the loss may prevent the gun from fully returning to battery when firing4 ,the amount of reserve is indicated by the position of the gauge4 ,no reserve3 ,the gauge finger is down deep in its recess4 ,full reserve3 ,the end of the gauge finger is level with the gauge index4 ,excess reserve3 ,the gauge finger projects beyond the index4 ,no firing should be done with an excess reserve4 ,the gauge finger should be between the index and inch below the index4 ,it is the duty of the ,chief ,mechanic to see that the gauge finger is in the proper position before firing4 ,it is the duty of the ,executive and the ,chief of ,section to see that the gauge finger is in the proper position during fire2 if it moves from this position the ,chief ,mechanic will be called to make the proper adjustments4 ,when the gauge finger has been brought to the proper position there are only two conditions which call for tampering with recoil apparatus4 #a4 ,the gun goes into battery too slowly1 or has to be pushed in4 ,in this case the gauge finger will usually be found too deep in its seat1 and the pump will have to be used4 ,if the gauge is in the proper position look at the slides4 ,either they will be found dirty or bits of the wiper may be nicked off4 ,in the latter case the gun can be fired without the wiper4 #b4 ,the gun jumps badly4 ,in this case the gauge finger will generally be found beyond the index4 ,when this is the case the oil extractor must be used until the gauge finger is in the proper position4 ,if after cleaning slides1 putting gun in abatage and adjusting gauge finger1 the gun still jumps badly--complete draining of the reserve and refilling will frequently remedy the trouble4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 #ge-,,mm4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model #aiaf4 ,,the ,,gun4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight ,kg #cci4gd pounds #gdi4 ,caliber mm #ge4 inches #b4iec ,total length mm #b1cjh4e inches #ij4i ,length of bore mm #b1acd4 inches #hd4 ,length of rifled portion of bore mm #a1hdg4 inches #gb4gb ,number of grooves #bd ,width of grooves mm #g4cj inches 4#bhgd ,depth of grooves mm 4#eja inches 4#jb ,width of lands mm #b4eb inches 4#jiib ,twist1 right hand1 zero turns from origin to a point #b4hi inches from origin4 ,increasing from one turn in #aai calibers at a point #b4hi inches from origin to one turn in #be4d calibers at a point #i4gb inches from muzzle4 ,uniform from a point #i4gb inches from muzzle to the muzzle4 ,description of the #ge-,,mm ,field ,gun4 ,the gun is built up of alloy-steel forgings1 consisting of a tube1 jacket1 breech hoop1 and clip4 ,all of the parts are assembled with a shrinkage4 ,the tube extends from the muzzle to the rear end of the powder chamber and two recesses are cut in its rear face to form seats for the lips on the extractors4 ,the jacket is assembled over the muzzle end of the tube4 ,the jacket carries two flanges on its lower side1 which form guides for the gun in the cradle of the carriage1 and a lug on top near the forward end which contains a ,t slot1 which holds the recoil cylinder in place4 ,the rear end of the jacket is threaded on the outside to receive the breech hoop4 ,the breech hoop is threaded at its forward end and screws on to the rear of the jacket4 ,the breech ring carries a recoil lug at the top for the attachment of the hydraulic recoil cylinder1 and another lug at the bottom for attachment of the two spring piston rods4 ,the rear part of the breech hoop is cut away to form the breech recess4 ,the clip is a short hoop shrunk on the tube near the muzzle4 ,it carries two lugs on its under side which form guides for the gun in the carriage4 ,the rear ends of the guides on the jacket are extended to the face of the recoil lugs by short extensions riveted in place to prevent entrance of dust between surfaces of the guides and their bearing surfaces on the cradle4 ,for the same purpose the forward ends of the guides on the jacket are connected by steel-plate dust guards with the rear ends of the guides on the clip4 ,description of the ,breech ,mechanism4 ,the mechanism is known as the drop-block type1 and is semi-automatic in design in that the block closes automatically when a round of ammunition is inserted4 ,a rectangular hole extending through the rectangular section of the breech hoop forms seat for the sliding block4 ,the upper part of the breech hoop in rear of this slot is cut away1 leaving a ,u-shaped opening which permits the passage of the cartridge case4 ,illustration3 #ge-,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,barrel ,illustration3 #ge-,m4,m4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,of #aiaf ,,miii ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,illustration3 #ge-,,mm4 ,,field ,,gun ,,model ,,of #aiaf ,m ,,iii ,,breech ,,mechanism ,recesses cut in both the side faces of the breech recess form seats for trunnions for the two extractors4 ,holes bored into these recesses from the rear face form seats for the extractor plungers1 springs and plugs4 ,the block slides up and down in the breech recess under the action of the operating arm which is pivoted on the operating shaft and acts as an oscillating crank in raising and lowering the block4 ,the operating shaft which rotates the operating arm is actuated by the operating handle4 ,the operating handle is provided with a latch to keep it in the closed position and is connected by a chain1 piston1 and piston rod to the closing spring1 which is carried in the closing-spring case4 ,the closing spring is under compression and tends to keep the block closed or to close the block when it is opened4 ,when the block is opened as far as it will go1 it is locked in that position by the inside trunnions on the extractors4 ,these trunnions are forced over horizontal shoulders on the block by means of the extractor plungers and holds the block in the open position4 ,when a cartridge is pushed smartly into the gun1 its rim striking against the lips on the extractor frees the trunnions from the shoulders on the block and allows the block to close under the action of the closing spring4 ,a continuous-pull firing mechanism is carried in the recess bored out in the center of the block and is operated by the trigger shaft which projects from the bottom of the block4 ,this mechanism is cocked and fired by one continuous motion of the trigger shaft so that in case of a misfire the primer may be struck a second blow by releasing the shaft and rotating it again4 ,a lanyard may be attached to the projecting end of the trigger shaft4 ,,carriage4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight of carriage1 complete1 fully equipped1 without the gun #bbhj pounds ,weight of gun and carriage fully equipped #cjde pounds ,weight of lunette1 carriage limbered #adj pounds ,diameter of wheels #ef inches ,width of track1 center to center of wheels #fj inches ,length of recoil of gun on carriage1 variable recoil #ah to #df ,height of axis of gun about ground #db approx4 ,amount of elevation with elevating handwheel #db degrees ,total limits of elevation #g to plus #ec degrees ,maximum traverse either side of center #djj mils ,over all width of trails1 spread #acj inches ,over all length1 muzzle of gun to end of lunette #agc inches ,limits of elevation with angle of site handwheel1 minus #g degrees depression to #aa degrees elevation4 ,description4 ,the carriage is of the split trail1 variable long-recoil type4 ,the length of recoil is regulated automatically1 so that the breech of the gun will not strike the ground on recoil at an angle of elevation of less than #dg degrees4 ,at elevations greater than #dg a hole must be dug for the breech in recoil4 ,the gun is mounted in slides on a cradle formed by the spring cylinder4 ,the spring cylinder is suspended by trunnions mounted in bearings in the top carriage1 which is supported by the pintle bearing to which are attached axle arms bearing in the wheels4 ,the carriage has an independent angle of site elevating mechanism1 by means of which a maximum depression of seven degrees and an angle of elevation of #aa degrees may be obtained4 ,the remaining elevation is obtained through the elevating handwheel4 ,the principal parts of the carriage are3 ,trail ,cradle ,recoil mechanism ,top carriage ,pintle bearing ,equalizing gear ,shields ,angle of site mechanism ,elevating mechanism ,traversing mechanism ,axle seat ,brake mechanism ,shoulder guards ,firing mechanism ,sight1 model of #aiaf ,wheels4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,left ,,elevation4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,carriage4 ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,right ,,elevation4 ,the trail is made in two halves of box section built of bent and riveted steel plate4 ,each half is bolted to a lug on the equalizing gear1 so that it may be rotated horizontally from the junction point of the trail to the point where the trail hits the wheel4 ,the trails are locked together in traveling position by means of a cone-shaped vertical lug on the lunette bracket which fits in a socket in the trail coupling1 and is locked in place by the trail-coupling latch4 ,trail-coupling latch has a handle and catch with a vertical spindle seated in a socket in the lunette bracket4 ,a handle-return spring is assembled around the spindle and the latch engages a catch on the trail coupling when trails are fixed in the traveling position4 ,latch is opened by moving handle forward4 ,lunette consists of a ring for attaching the carriage to the limber and is bolted through the lunette bracket4 ,floats are attached to the bottoms of both trails at their rear ends1 consisting of flanged steel plates for the purpose of increasing bearing area of the trails on soft ground4 ,spade bearings are riveted to rear of the trails and form bearings for spades in firing position4 ,spades are driven through the bearings1 and their upward movement relative to the trails is prevented by spade latch4 ,spade-latch bracket consists of a bronze plate with a cylindrical chamber for a spring and plunger and two bearings for latch-handle pin4 ,bracket is riveted to the inside top of trail in front of the spade4 ,spade-latch plunger1 with a spring assembled around it1 is seated in the chamber and the spade-latch handle is pinned in the bearing4 ,top of handle extends through the trail and is roughened for use as a foot pedal4 ,lower part of handle engages with the plunger4 ,when the spade is driven the plunger is forced into a notch in the spade by means of the spring1 and the slope on face of plunger allows a downward movement of the spade and prevents upward movement4 ,to release spade the foot pedal on latch handle is pressed down1 disengaging plunger from spade1 and the spade is removed4 ,trail handles are riveted to outside of both trails for lifting trails4 ,name plate is riveted to outside lower left trail4 ,it is important that the number of carriage on this plate be recorded by the officer in charge of the unit to which it is assigned and that this number be used as a reference in all correspondence4 ,wheel guards1 rear1 are plates riveted to the outside lower left of both trails for the protection of trail bodies against contact with limber wheels on short turns4 ,trail guards are bent plates riveted to the top of trail in front of trail-coupling latch to prevent battering of trails by sledges used for driving the spades4 ,sponge-staff fastenings are riveted to tops of both trails4 ,sponge staffs are inserted in upper rings of staff fastenings and the lower ends are clamped in place4 ,the smallest section of sponge staffs fits in sponge fastenings4 ,sledge fastenings are similar to sponge staff fastenings and are riveted to the outside of each trail4 ,wheel guards 7front7 are plates riveted to the outside of trails near the front to prevent contact of trails with wheels when the trails are separated4 ,spare parts case is a steel box with a hinged steel cover provided with a bolt snap and padlock riveted to the outside of front left trail4 ,this case contains spare parts for emergency use4 ,trail seats are made of formed bent plates riveted to the tops of trails near breech of gun4 ,oiler support with springs is under the right-hand trail seat4 ,oiler rests on this support and is held in place by springs4 ,illustration3 #ge-,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,rear ,,view4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,plan ,,view4 ,traveling lock bar consists of a forged steel bar pinned to lock bar bearing on left trail and made to swing across trails in traveling position and along left trail in firing position4 ,in traveling position the socket in the middle of the lock bar engages with the traveling lock stud in the bottom of cradle1 and right end of lock bar is held in lock bar clip on right trail by the latch4 ,to disengage the latch for firing1 the latch handle is lifted and the lock bar swung to fastening in left trail1 where it latches4 ,to lock the cradle1 the gun is brought to #j azimuth and the traveling lock pointer on right trunnion cap brought to line marked 8,march40 ,in this position the traveling lock socket fits over stud1 and the lock is latched4 ,the latch consists of a lever pinned at one end to the lock bar with a plunger pinned in center extending through the bar with a spring around the plunger body to hold the latch in place4 ,trail connections are riveted to front end of trail and bolted to equalizing pinions4 ,the cradle comprises the spring cylinder with attached parts4 ,the spring cylinder is below and shorter than the gun4 ,it is in the form of two cylinders joined at the center1 with axes in the same horizontal plane4 ,above the cylinders are the gun ways1 parallel to the cylinders1 bronze lined1 and opening toward the center line of cylinders4 ,traveling lock stud is bolted through a lug at the rear and below the cylinders4 ,firing-shaft bracket is riveted to the left side and range-scale bracket to the right side of the cylinder at its rear end4 ,shoulder guards are pinned in sockets in both firing-shaft and range scale brackets to prevent contact of the gun during recoil1 with the cannoneers4 ,trunnions are riveted and keyed to the cylinder near center4 ,elevating arc is bolted to lugs on the bottom of cylinder at trunnions4 ,piston-rod bracket is riveted to projections on the cylinder above the gun slides near the front end4 ,cylinder cover is pinned to cylinder clips1 which are riveted to the front of spring cylinder4 7,note3 ,on some carriages the clips are made integral with the cylinder47 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,longitudinal ,,and ,,transverse ,,sections ,the recoil mechanism is designed for variable recoil1 the length of which is regulated automatically by the elevation of the gun4 ,the following table gives lengths at various elevations3 7,these lengths are based on theoretical calculations4 ,actual lengths of recoil between #h' and #de' elevation are generally greater47 ,elevation4 ,length of ,recoil4 -#g4j to plus #h4j degrees #df inches4 -#h4j to plus #af4dg degrees #df to #bh inches4 -#af4dg to plus #bg4bj degrees #bh inches4 -#bg4bj to plus #cf4g degrees #bh to #ah inches4 -#cf4g to plus #ec degrees #ah inches4 ,the breech of the gun on short recoil will strike the ground at the level with the bottom of the wheels at an elevation of #dg degrees or over4 ,the recoil mechanism is of the hydraulic spring type1 with the recoil cylinder mounted above the gun and the counter-recoil springs in the cradle below the gun4 ,the recoil cylinder is held in place by a slot machined in the gun jacket at the front and rests in the cylindrical opening in the gun lug above the rear of the gun4 ,it is held in place by the cylinder retainer1 which screws into the rear cylinder parallel to the center line4 ,the recoil valve is a cylinder with a collar at the front end and three lands inside and parallel to the bore4 ,three rows of holes are bored at the lands4 ,the recoil valve fits inside the cylinder1 resting on the lands1 and is held in place by a collar bearing against the edge of the counterbore in the cylinder at the front1 while the rear end of the valve bears against the inside rear end of the cylinder4 ,the piston is screwed and pinned to the piston rod and is of bronze1 slotted to fit lands and grooves in the recoil valve4 ,the piston rod is hollow for almost the entire length4 ,the front end passes through the gland in the cylinder head and piston-rod sleeve4 ,the front of the recoil cylinder is closed by the front cylinder head1 which is screwed in place with a gasket4 ,a bronze gland with four rings of #e_/af inch ,garlock packing prevents leakage around the piston rod4 ,the counter-recoil buffer consists of a buffer rod screwed into the buffer nut at the rear end of the recoil cylinder1 and extending through the buffer bushing into the interior of the piston rod4 ,the buffer head is screwed and pinned into the front end of the buffer rod4 ,the buffer head is of two diameters and connected by a short cone4 ,the rear end is the smaller diameter and is threaded inside to screw over the buffer rod4 ,the coned surface contains slots leading to a hollow chamber in front4 ,the front end of head is faced and provided with a central bearing for valve stem4 ,the bearing is supported by webs to main body of guide4 ,valve stem has a stop on rear and a valve screwed to front4 ,valve is faced to seat on front of the bearing1 webs and circular face of main body of guide4 ,the counter-recoil springs are assembled around spring rods in spring cylinder4 ,spring rods fit in gun lug and are fixed in place by taper keys driven diagonally through lug and rod4 ,the rod is hollow for entire length1 except at the rear1 where the outside diameter is decreased to permit entrance in gun lug4 ,collars are screwed and pinned to front ends of rods4 ,three coils of inner counter-recoil springs are assembled over the spring rod1 surrounded by three coils of outer springs4 ,inner and outer springs are coiled in opposite direction to prevent nesting1 and sets of coils are separated by a bronze separator4 ,rear ends of cylinder are bushed for spring rods4 ,the operation of recoil mechanism is as follows3 ,when the gun is fired it moves back in slides on cradle1 carrying with it spring rods1 buffer rod1 recoil cylinder1 and recoil valve4 ,the piston1 piston rod1 and spring cylinder remain stationary1 being fixed to carriage4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,longitudinal ,,section1 ,,recoil ,,and ,,counter ,,recoil ,,mechanism ,the recoil cylinder being full of oil1 this oil is forced by the piston through holes in recoil valve in front of piston up into annular space between valve and cylinder and into space behind and vacated by the piston4 ,the hydraulic resistance caused by forcing the oil through the holes in valve absorbs most of the recoil energy of the gun1 and the remaining energy is taken up by compression of the counter-recoil springs and friction4 ,when the gun reaches the end of recoil all of the recoil energy has been absorbed and the counter-recoil springs acting against spring-rod piston force the gun back to battery position4 ,the purpose of the counter-recoil buffer is to overcome the tendency for gun to return to battery too rapidly1 at the same time allowing sufficient speed of counter recoil to permit maximum rapidity of fire4 ,buffer action is necessary1 as the strength of springs required to return the gun to battery at high elevations is greater than is required at lower elevations4 ,the action of counter-recoil buffer is as follows3 ,as the buffer rod moves backward in piston rod the valve in buffer-rod head is opened by the pressure of oil in back of valve and the vacuum in front1 which forces oil into buffer chamber in front of the buffer-rod head4 ,at full recoil the buffer chamber is full of oil and buffer-rod head is inside the rear end of piston rod4 ,when springs force gun back in counter recoil1 buffer rod moves forward1 compressing oil in chamber and forcing valve closed4 ,this prevents escape of oil through valve and forces oil to throttle between outside surface of buffer-rod head and inside surface of piston rod1 offering resistance to spring action and thus easing the gun into battery4 ,the inside bore of piston rod is tapered at front end to increase resistance and obtain desired decrease in counter-recoil velocity4 ,if guns fails to return to battery after a few rounds of rapid firing1 it is probably due to expansion of oil4 ,this may be determined and corrected by loosening filling plug4 ,if oil spurts out1 allow it to run until gun is back in battery4 ,it may be necessary to relieve oil two or three times immediately after filling4 ,gun should never be allowed to remain out of battery more than #a inch on counter recoil without determining and correcting the cause4 ,if gun remains out of battery and the relief of oil does not cause it to return1 it is due to3 7a7 ,weak or broken springs2 7b7 piston-rod gland too tight2 7c7 dirt or lack of lubrication in gun slides2 7d7 distortion of gun on gun ways2 7e7 distortion of piston rod due to improper counter recoil action4 ,the majority of cases are due to 7a71 7b7 and 7c74 7a7 ,can be determined only by removing springs1 and should be undertaken only after all other methods have been tried4 7b7 ,can be determined by loosening piston-rod gland4 ,if gland is too tight1 gun will return to battery when it is loosened4 ,if gland cannot be loosened1 piston-rod is probably distorted4 7c7 ,flood slides with oil1 and if possible retract gun and examine gun ways and slide for dirt4 7d7 ,if possible allow gun to cool for #ae or #bj minutes4 ,in case of 7a71 7c7 or 7d7 gun can generally be pushed back into battery by hand4 7e7 ,if piston rod or interior mechanism is distorted1 mechanism must be disassembled and defective parts replaced4 ,if distortion has occurred1 it can generally be identified by very rapid counter recoil for round on which gun does not return to battery4 ,this may be caused by foreign matter in oil causing buffer valve to stick1 or by lack of sufficient oil4 ,if distortion has occurred1 it will be near gland and can generally be felt by running hand along rod from bracket to gland4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #aiaf ,,valve ,,turning ,,gear ,,and ,,recoil ,,cylinder ,,assembled4 ,in case of any improper functioning of recoil mechanism during recoil or counter recoil1 cease firing until cause has been determined and corrected4 ,a piece is out of action when recoil mechanism is not operating properly and will almost certainly be damaged seriously if further firing is attempted4 ,after dismounting any part of recoil mechanism or filling recoil cylinder1 gun is to be retracted and released to allow counter recoil if possible4 ,in performing this test1 valve-turning mechanism must be disconnected and valve turned to correspond to an elevation of carriage of #ec before gun is retracted4 ,gun must not be held out of battery more than #aj seconds before being released4 ,variable recoil is obtained by varying the area of effective throttling holes in the recoil valve4 ,an arm on the trunnion cap is connected by means of connecting rod1 valve-turning arm1 valve-turning gear1 and a piston-rod gear1 to the piston rod itself4 ,as the gun is elevated the relation of the cylinder to the trunnion changes1 causing the piston rod to turn by means of the valve-turning mechanism4 ,slots in the piston engage lands in the valve1 causing the valve to turn with the piston4 ,as the cylinder remains stationary the location of the lands inside of the cylinder change with relation to the three rows of holes in the valve1 and these rows of holes are covered to produce variations in the length of recoil4 ,at long recoil all the rows are uncovered2 at intermediate recoil one row is uncovered2 and at short recoil two rows are uncovered4 ,the setting of the valve in degrees elevation is shown by the scale on the piston-rod sleeve and index mark on the edge of the piston-rod bracket bushing at the top of the piston rod4 ,the top carriage carries trunnions of the spring cylinders and rests on pintle bearing4 ,the top carriage bears on the circular bronze slides in upper part of pintle bearing and is centered on the bronze pintle collar of the pintle bearing4 ,the pintle bearing carries the top carriage1 the equalizing pinions and the equalizing gear1 and is supported by the axle arms1 which are shrunk in the arms of the pintle bearing4 ,axle arms bear in the wheels4 ,the object of the equalizing gear is to increase the stability of the carriage in firing when the wheels are at different elevations4 ,equalizing gear is an ,h-section with bevel tooth sector on each end and bronze-bushed bearing in the center4 ,it bears over the vertical journal below the pintle bearing and is held in place by equalizing-gear support screwed inside the journal4 ,vertical deflection is prevented by the equalizing-gear bolts which are fixed to the pintle bearing by means of nut and shoulder1 pass through slots in equalizing gear1 and support gear on bolt heads4 ,equalizing pinions are bevel pinions sectors1 bronze bushed1 bearing over the arms of the pintle bearing1 and have the lugs for trail connection bolts4 ,pinions are held in place by locking rings screwed over axle arms and are free to revolve about the pintle bearing arms4 ,equalizing pinions mesh with equalizing gear4 ,when the carriage is laid with wheels at different elevations1 it is more unstable than when wheels are level4 ,if fired under this condition1 the force of recoil tends to overturn the carriage4 ,the function of the equalizing gear is to overcome this tendency4 ,when carriage is fired1 firing stresses are transmitted to trails1 and the side on which the smaller stress is exerted tends to rise4 ,this motion is transmitted through equalizing pinion and equalizing gear to equalizing pinion on other side1 applying downward force on this trail and preserving the stability of carriage4 ,the angle of site mechanism is designed to give the gun a maximum depression of about #f and a maximum elevation of #aa1 independent of the elevating mechanism4 ,the mechanism is operated by two handwheels1 one on each side of gun4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,diagram ,,of ,,angle ,,of ,,site ,,mechanism4 ,handwheel on right side operates through bevel gear on handwheel shaft and intermediate shaft1 both mounted in angle of site bracket1 right1 and cross shaft mounted in bronze bushings in top carriage4 ,handwheel on left side operates through bevel gears on handwheel shaft1 mounted in angle of site bracket1 left1 and cross shaft mounted in bronze bushings in top carriage4 ,bevel gears on ends of both cross shafts mesh with bevel gear on angle of site worm1 which is mounted in bushings in top carriage and held in place by angle of site-worm caps4 ,this worm meshes with teeth cut in rocker4 ,rocker is a ,u-shaped piece with bearings at the tops of both arms and teeth cut in bottom of ,u4 ,the bearings bear over and are free to revolve about trunnions on cradle independent of trunnion bearing in top of carriage4 ,top half of right bearing is formed by rocker arm1 right1 which extends back and carries angle of site scale1 pointer1 rack1 and level and forms a bearing for elevating handwheel shaft4 ,rear of rocker arm1 right1 is braced by rocker arm brace1 a diagonal hollow rod attached to rocker arm and rocker4 ,top half of left bearing is formed by rocker arm1 left1 a diagonal arm extending upward to the rear to form a support for sight4 ,movement of the angle of site mechanism is limited in elevation by the rocker stop bolted to the side of the rocker and in depression by a screw in the arc4 ,the elevating mechanism is designed to allow an elevation of the gun of #db independent of the angle of site mechanism4 ,the mechanism is operated by one handwheel on the right side of carriage1 which is turned in a clockwise direction to elevate gun4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,elevating ,,mechanism4 ,the elevating mechanism is operated through bevel gears on elevating handwheel shaft mounted on a rocker arm1 right1 elevating intermediate shaft inside rocker-arm brace1 elevating cross shaft1 mounted in an elevating cross-shaft bearing bolted to the rocker1 and the elevating worm1 which bears inside lower part of the rocker4 ,the elevating worm meshes with the elevating arc1 which is bolted to the bottom of the spring cylinder4 ,in indirect fire the angle of site in mils is laid off on the angle of site scale with the pointer and the desired range of graduation brought opposite the pointer by means of the elevating handwheel4 ,operation of the ,angle of ,site and ,elevating ,mechanism4 ,the angle of site mechanism is operated by turning handwheel1 the movement of which is transmitted through the shafts and gears to the angle of site worm meshing with the rocker4 ,movement of the rocker is transmitted directly through the elevating worm1 elevating arc1 and spring cylinder to the gun1 and through the rocker arms to the elevating mechanism1 gun1 cradle1 and sights4 ,the elevating mechanism moves only gun and cradle through movement of handwheel shafts1 and the elevating worm inside the rocker1 which meshes with the elevating arc4 ,the angle of site scale is graduated in mils from #agj to #ejj4 ,the range scale is graduated in meters4 ,the zero setting of the gun is with ,o on the range scale opposite #cjj on the angle of site scale and the level bubble on the rocker arm1 right1 at the center of the tube4 ,this allows the maximum depression of #g degrees 7about #acj mils7 or the maximum elevation of #aa of angle of site mechanism to be read on the angle of site scale against the zero of the range scale4 ,the sight1 model of #aiaf1 which acts as a support for the panoramic or peep sight1 is attached to the rocker arm1 left4 ,illustration3 #ge ,,mm4 ,,gun ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiaf4 ,,traversing ,,mechanism4 ,in direct fire1 the axle of the bore is brought on the line of site by operating the angle of site handwheel until the cross hairs of the sight are on the target and the range is laid off independently by bringing the desired range graduation opposite #cjj on the angle of site scale4 ,line of site may be set independent of the range1 as there are two angle of site handwheels4 ,traversing ,mechanism4 ,the total traverse of the gun on the carriage is #hjj mils4 ,the traversing handwheel is located on the left side of the carriage and turns in a clockwise direction for left traverse4 ,the traversing handwheel shaft is mounted in the angle of site bracket1 left1 and the angle of site bracket cover1 left4 ,a bevel pinion on upper end of the shaft meshes with bevel gear on traversing shaft1 which bears in angle of site bracket1 cover1 left and intermediate shaft bearing bolted to top carriage4 ,a bevel pinion at lower end of the intermediate shaft meshes with bevel gear on end of traversing-worm shaft1 which is mounted in bearing in top carriage4 ,traversing worm meshes with traversing rack which is screwed to pintle bearing4 ,traversing stops are filister head screws between end teeth of traversing racks to limit movement of worm in rack4 ,the movement of handwheel is transmitted through shafts and bevel gears to worm and rack4 ,rack is mounted in pintle bearing1 which remains stationary1 and top carriage moves about its bearing in center of pintle bearing and bronze-lined slides around the outside of pintle bearing4 ,traversing scale is screwed to pintle bearing above rack1 and pointer is formed on traversing worm-shaft bearing4 ,,dismounting ,,and ,,assembling ,,carriage4 ,note4--,the first and most important precaution to be observed in assembling guns and carriages is that all parts must be clean4 ,where dismounting but not assembling operation is described1 assembling is approximately the reverse of dismounting4 ,i4 ,to remove recoil cylinder4 ,,ii4 ,to disassemble recoil cylinder4 ,,iii4 ,to assemble recoil cylinder4 ,,iv4 ,to dismount gun4 ,v4 ,to remove counter-recoil spring4 ,,vi4 ,to remove breechblock4 ,,vii4 ,to replace piston rod1 gland pkg4 ,,viii4 ,to remove wheel4 ,,ix4 ,to remove shields4 ,x4 ,to remove spring cylinder4 ,,xi4 ,to remove sight4 ,,xii4 ,to remove rocker and rocker arms4 ,,xiii4 ,to remove top carriage4 ,,xiv4 ,to remove equalizing gear and pinions4 ,,xv4 ,to remove brake mechanism4 ,,xvi4 ,to remove trails4 ,i4 ,to ,remove ,recoil ,cylinder4 #a4 ,remove valve turning gear cover 7take out four 0 bolts attaching it to the piston rod bracket74 #b4 ,remove valve turning gear1 valve turning arm and connecting-rod as a unit by removing split pin1 nut1 and connecting rod pin from trunnion cap1 right4 #c4 ,remove piston rod 7remove lash wire and two #c_/af0 split pins7 slide piston rod gear forward and remove4 #d4 ,remove 0 locking screw from top of piston rod bracket4 #e4 ,remove #c_/af0 cylinder retainer screw and loosen cylinder retainer1 but do not remove retainer4 #f4 ,remove brass spring-rod plugs from rear ends of both spring rods4 #g4 ,screw spring compressor eye into rear of left spring rod4 ,make loop in compressor and attach double sheave close to cradle4 ,attach single sheave to lunette by means of loose cord of sheave rope4 #h4 ,man pulling rope with from four to six men1 retract gun not less than #aj01 and secure rope to lunette4 #i4 ,remove cylinder retainer1 slide cylinder forward until free of groove in gun and remove cylinder4 ,handle carefully4 #aj4 ,allow gun to return to battery slowly by slacking off on pull rope4 ,,ii4 ,to ,disassemble ,recoil ,cylinder4 ,note4--,the interior parts of recoil cylinder are made with great accuracy to insure proper operation and must be handled with care to avoid injury4 #a4 ,remove recoil cylinder from carriage4 7,see ,i47 #b4 ,drain recoil cylinder by resting on blocks at front and rear1 removing both filling plugs and drain plug1 and tipping rear end up to allow all oil to flow out of drain-plug hole4 #c4 ,unscrew buffer-rod nut from rear cylinder head1 draw out buffer rod until wrench can be applied on flats1 and remove nut4 ,push rod back into cylinder4 #d4 ,remove lower split pin from gland lock1 swing gland lock back until free of notches in gland1 and loosen gland with gland wrench4 ,unscrew front cylinder head with special wrench4 ,threads may be started by striking handle of wrench with soft hammer4 ,do not hold cylinder in a vise4 #e4 ,draw out piston rod slowly1 supporting it at both ends as it leaves cylinder4 ,hold recoil valve in cylinder with ends of fingers4 ,keep receptacle under front of cylinder to catch surplus oil4 #f4 ,drain surplus oil from piston rod by holding vertically over receptacle with piston down and holding buffer rod in place4 #g4 ,rest piston rod on blocks1 remove buffer-bushing locking screw1 and unscrew buffer bushing1 holding piston rod by wrench on flats at front end of rod4 ,have supporting blocks under both ends of rod so that rod will not be strained4 #h4 ,draw out buffer rod carefully4 #i4 ,draw out recoil valve with fingers4 ,remaining parts can now be easily disassembled4 ,buffer head is locked in place with bronze pin1 which must be driven out before head can be unscrewed4 ,,iii4 ,to ,assemble ,recoil ,cylinder4 ,this operation is the reverse of ,,ii4 ,be sure that all gaskets and locking screws and pins are replaced and are in good condition4 ,be sure that all parts of mechanism are perfectly clean and dry1 and that oil is clean4 ,oil must be strained through double thickness of clean cloth and if clean oil is not available use new oil4 ,do not make piston-rod gland too tight4 ,tighten with hand and screw up with wrench one additional notch to lock gland4 ,fill recoil cylinder before replacing on carriage1 as follows3 7a7 ,with drain plug in place and filling plugs out1 pour hydroline oil into filling hole slowly to avoid the formation of air bubbles4 7b7 ,when oil is level in filling-plug openings1 tilt cylinder slightly to allow escape of air and replenish oil4 7c7 ,loosen filling plug in front end of piston rod enough to allow oil to drip1 and tighten plug4 7d7 ,replace rear filling plug1 raise front of cylinder about #f inches1 and tap cylinder lightly with wood block or lead hammer to remove air4 ,level cylinder1 fill1 and replace front filling plug4 ,be sure that all gaskets are in place and properly centered4 ,note4--,after recoil mechanism has been disassembled and replaced on carriage gun should be retracted #df inches and eased back into battery slowly to be sure that it is properly reassembled4 ,,iv4 ,to ,dismount ,gun4 #a4 ,remove recoil cylinder 7see ,i7 and breechblock 7see ,,vi74 #b4 ,raise and block up trails in horizontal position1 elevate gun until axis of bore is parallel with trails1 and attach retracting mechanism 7see ,i-#g7 to left spring rod1 retract gun about #f inches1 remove #c-af-;inch split pin in left spring-rod key1 and drive out key with bronze drift4 ,ease gun into battery slowly and permit further forward movement of spring rod until rope is slack and front end of spring-rod rests against spring cylinder cover4 #c4 ,transfer retracting apparatus to right spring-rod1 retract gun about inch1 remove split pin and spring-rod key1 ease gun into battery until spring-rod rests against spring-cylinder cover1 and detach retracting mechanism4 ,note4--,in this position full pressure of springs is against cylinder cover and gun is free to slide in ways4 ,men should be kept from in front of spring-cylinder and care must be exercised to prevent tipping of cradle to the rear1 which may cause gun to slide off4 #d4 ,bring gun to maximum depression4 #e4 ,lower trails to ground1 spread trails against wheels1 set brake1 and bring gun to zero elevation4 #f4 ,requires seven men and four pick handles or implements of almost the same length and strength4 ,slide gun about #cf inches to the rear by hand1 place one pick handle in bore of gun at breech with one man1 one pick handle with a man on each side under gun slides at front of cradle1 and four men with two pick handles under gun as gun is drawn out4 #g4 ,push gun out of ways1 supported by men1 and remove4 ,note4--,in using pick handles do not place them under dust guards at gun lugs4 ,care must be taken to keep gun properly supported at same level as cradle guides at all points until free of guides4 ,in remounting gun on cradle be sure that ways are well oiled and ways and slides thoroughly clean4 ,mounting gun is the reverse of ,,iv4 ,v4 ,to ,remove ,counter-recoil ,springs4 #a4 ,close and latch trails4 7,open spring-cylinder cover47 #b4 ,set brake and drive one spade 7to secure carriage74 #c4 ,remove breechblock 7see ,,vi47 #d4 ,attach spring-compressor to right spring rod 7see ,i-#g74 #e4 ,secure single block of retracting apparatus to fixed point1 such as 8dead man10 driven spade1 or tree4 ,the holding power of this fixed point must be at least equivalent to a driven spade and attaching point of rope should not be higher than center of spring rod4 ,note4--,sufficient slack of rope must be allowed to permit spring compressor to travel full length of spring cylinder and be detached from spring rod at front end4 #f4 ,retract gun about #f inches1 remove split pin in spring-rod key and drive out spring-rod key with bronze drift4 #g4 ,release retracting mechanism gradually until spring compressor rope is slack1 draw spring rod out of front end of spring cylinder1 and detach spring compressor4 #h4 ,attach retracting mechanism to spring rod1 right4 #i4 ,retract spring rod about inch1 remove split pin1 and drive out spring-rod key4 #aj4 ,release retracting mechanism gradually until spring compressor rope is slack1 draw spring rod out of front end of spring-cylinder and detach spring compressor4 ,note4--,assembly of counter-recoil springs is reverse of removal4 ,the following precautions must be observed in assembling3 7a7 ,if tension-spring compressor brings spring rod up solid against spring cylinder bushing in rear of spring cylinder1 ease off rope slightly and pry up rod with bronze drift until it will enter the bushing4 7b7 ,before key slot enters gun lug see that keyways in spring-rods and keyways in gun lugs are in line4 ,if not1 turn spring-rod by means of drift until keyways are in line4 ,,vi4 ,to ,remove ,breechblock4 #a4 ,remove operating-shaft detent1 slide operating handle to the right as far as the chain will permit1 remove #a-af inch split pin from studlink pin4 #b4 ,remove chain1 piston rod1 spring piston1 piston-rod nut1 and locknut as a unit by drawing out of closing-spring case4 #c4 ,remove closing spring from case4 ,note4--,for complete instructions regarding disassembly of the breech mechanism see page #ai4 #d4 ,remove trigger-shaft detent split pin and trigger-shaft detent by drawing it out of the breechblock to the right4 #e4 ,remove trigger shaft by prying gently straight down with screw driver or similar tool4 ,keep breechblock supported for all succeeding operations4 #f4 ,remove operating handle by sliding to the right and off operating shaft4 #g4 ,remove operating shaft by sliding to the left4 #h4 ,raise breechblock as far as possible 7about #c-h inch71 move bottom part of operating arm to the rear1 and remove operating arm4 #i4 ,remove breechblock by sliding down free of breech ring4 #aj4 ,remove extractors by sliding toward center line of gun4 ,,vii4 ,to ,replace ,piston ,rod ,gland ,packing4 7,packing1 #d rings1 #e-af-;inch square ,garlock hydraulic packing47 7,gun in battery or cylinder removed47 #a4 ,remove lower split pin from gland lock1 swing gland lock up out of notch in gland4 #b4 ,unscrew gland with special wrench and slide forward on rod4 #c4 ,remove packing with bent wire4 #d4 ,insert five rings of new packing1 one ring at a time1 and push each ring home with packing tool of copper or hardwood to fit into gland recess4 ,break joints in rings and tap packing tool lightly with hammer to drive each ring of packing home4 #e4 ,screw up gland by hand and not more than three additional notches with wrench so that gland lock will catch and replace split pin4 ,note4--,for the first few rounds after inserting new packing there will be some leakage at gland and occasional tightening will be necessary4 ,gland should not be screwed up tight with a wrench1 as it can be made sufficiently tight by hand to prevent leakage if properly packed4 ,,viii4 ,to ,remove ,wheel4 #a4 ,raise and support carriage under equalizing gear near each end 7about #ab0 each side of center47 #b4 ,disengage hubcap latch2 unscrew and remove hubcap4 #c4 ,disengage wheel fastening plunger and remove wheel fastening4 #d4 ,remove wheel4 ,,ix4 ,to ,remove ,shields4 ,a4 ,top shield4--#a4 ,remove four 0 pins1 two 0 locking pins1 and lift off shield4 ,b4 ,apron4--#a4 ,remove four 0 hinge pins and remove apron4 ,c4 ,cradle ,shield4--#a4 ,remove two #c_/cb0 split pins1 nuts and bolts4 ,on carriages number #fbe to number #fgh inclusive1 remove two cradle shield extensions4 ,d4 ,main ,shield1 left4--#a4 ,remove six 0 bolts from shield bracket outer left4 #b4 ,remove three 0 bolts from shield socket1 inner left4 #c4 ,lift off shield4 ,main ,shield1 right--#a4 ,remove right wheel 7see ,,vii74 #b4 ,remove 0 pin from brake band end1 remove adjusting nut and force 7by hand7 brake band out of position1 to clear main shield1 right4 #c4 ,remove four 0 bolts from shield bracket1 outer right1 and two 0 bolts from brake lever bracket4 ,remove two #b_/af0 bolts from tool and remove tool carrier4 ,remove three 0 bolts from shield bracket1 inner right4 #d4 ,lift out shield4 ,x4 ,to ,remove ,spring ,cylinder4 #a4 ,remove recoil cylinder 7,i71 gun 7,,iv71 counter recoil springs 7,v71 sight 7,,xi7 and shields 7,,ix74 #b4 ,remove trunnion caps 7right and left7 by raking out four split pins1 loosening swing bolt nuts1 and withdrawing 0 trunnion cap pins4 #c4 ,remove rocker stops 7right and left7 by taking out four split pins and 0 bolts4 #d4 ,unlatch and spread trails4 ,note4--,seven men and four pick handles 7or similar implements7 are required for succeeding operations4 #e4 ,post two men with one pick handle at rear1 two men with one pick handle immediately in front of elevating arc1 and two men with one pick handle at front end of spring cylinder4 #f4 ,raise cradle slowly1 slightly to the rear until rocker clears top carriage4 ,carry to the rear sufficiently to rest middle pick handle in trunnions and transfer two men with handle to rear of carriage4 ,continue to the rear sufficiently to rest front pick handle in trunnions1 transfer men to rear1 and remove spring cylinder4 ,,xi4 ,to ,remove ,sight4 #a4 ,remove three 0 bolts from rocker arm1 left4 #b4 ,remove one 0 pin from sight lever in left trunnion4 #c4 ,remove sight and sight link4 ,,xii4 ,to ,remove ,rocker and ,rocker ,arms4 #a4 ,remove spring cylinder 7see ,x74 #b4 ,remove two #c_/cb0 split pins1 with 0 nuts and bolts1 two 0 cap screws with lock washers1 four 0 screws1 driving out four ,o4#bdg0 by ,o4#cd0 by ,o4#hgb0 keys from rocker arms1 right and left4 #c4 ,remove rocker arm1 left1 by sliding up and out of rocker4 #d4 ,remove cross-shaft bearing cover by taking out three #c_/cb0 split pins and removing three #c_/af0 nuts4 #e4 ,drive out 0 pin from intermediate shaft pinion1 remove two 0 split pins1 two 0 nuts1 one 0 split pin1 and one 0 cap screw from rocker-arm cap and remove rocker-arm cap4 #f4 ,lift out elevating handwheel and handwheel shaft as a unit4 #g4 ,draw intermediate shaft up and out of rocker-arm brace1 draw rocker down from trunnions 7keeping in line with rocker-arm bearings7 and remove4 ,swing rocker arm1 right1 up and around trunnions until free of range-scale bracket and remove4 ,,xiii4 ,to ,remove ,top ,carriage4 #a4 ,remove spring cylinder 7see ,x7 rocker and rocker arms 7see ,,xii74 #b4 ,remove angle of site bracket1 left1 by removing three split pins and nuts from 0 bolts in angle of site bracket cover1 left1 taking off cover1 removing nut and split pin from traversing handwheel shaft1 removing handwheel and drawing shaft out to the left4 #c4 ,remove two split pins and 0 nuts from cross shaft pinion case 7left7 bolts1 extract bolts1 and remove case4 #d4 ,remove cross shaft pinion case1 right1 as in ,,xiii-#c4 #e4 ,remove split pins and two nuts from cross shafts1 right and left4 #f4 ,remove split pins and nuts from four 0 studs securing angle of site bracket1 left1 and remove bracket with attached parts as a unit4 #g4 ,remove angle of site bracket1 right1 as in ,,xii-#e4 #h4 ,draw out cross shafts1 right and left1 and remove cross shaft pinions1 right and left4 #i4 ,traverse top carriage to the right 7by turning intermediate shaft gear by hand7 sufficiently to allow traversing stop1 rear to be removed4 ,extract split pin1 remove nut1 and take off traversing stop1 rear4 #aj4 ,traverse top carriage to the left until traversing worm is disengaged from rack1 remove split pins and nuts from four studs securing traversing worm shaft bearing to top carriage1 and remove bearing and attached parts as a unit4 #aa4 ,lift out traversing worm with attached parts as a unit4 #ab4 ,turn top carriage to the right #ij degrees from zero azimuth1 remove three screws that attach traversing rack to pintle bearing and remove traversing rack4 #ac4 ,turn top carriage to the right #ij degrees 7#ahj degrees from zero azimuth71 remove four screws that attach dust guard to pintle bearing and remove dust guard4 #ad4 ,remove two screws that secure clip to pintle bearing and take off clip4 #ae4 ,raise top carriage from pintle bearing4 ,,xiv4 ,to ,remove ,equalizing ,gear and ,pinions4 #a4 ,remove top carriage 7see ,,xiii71 wheels 7see ,,viii71 brake mechanism 7see ,,xv7 and trails 7see ,,xvi74 #b4 ,turn pintle bearing bottom side up1 remove #bi screws which attach washers and binders and remove equalizing-gear cover4 #c4 ,remove split pins and nuts from both locking ring-clamp bolts1 unscrew and remove rings 7one right1 one left74 #d4 ,slide equalizing pinion off axle arms4 #e4 ,remove split pins from right equalizing-gear bolts1 hold nuts tight1 unscrew and remove bolt1 remove nut and washer1 remove left equalizing-gear bolt1 nut1 and washer in the same manner4 #f4 ,remove locking screw and equalizing-gear support 7using special wrench74 ,lift up and remove equalizing gear4 ,,xv4 ,to ,remove ,brake ,mechanism4 #a4 ,remove wheels 7see ,,viii74 #b4 ,remove brake bands1 right and left1 by extracting four split pins and removing four brake pins from ends of brake shaft4 #c4 ,remove one split pin from each type 8,a0 pin securing brake lever1 foot to brake lever bracket and to sleeve extension4 ,remove type 8,a0 pins and brake lever4 #d4 ,extract two split pins from brake lever sleeve near center of carriage1 draw out and remove brake shaft1 left4 #e4 ,remove shield bracket1 outer right1 brake shaft1 right and brake lever sleeve with all permanent parts attached1 by removing main shield 7see ,,ix1 ,d and ,e71 removing split pin and nut from brakehanger bolt1 taking out bolt1 and sliding parts off axle arm4 #f4 ,remove shield bracket1 outer left1 by removing split-pin1 nut1 and brake hanger bolt and sliding brake hanger with permanent parts attached1 off axle arm4 ,,xvi4 ,to ,remove ,trails4 #a4 ,support carriage at front of pintle bearing4 #b4 ,remove two split pins and nuts from connection bolts1 drive out bolts with copper drift1 slide trails to the rear and remove4 ,,general ,,instructions4 ,filling ,recoil ,cylinder 7,cylinder ,mounted on ,carriage47 ,if the recoil cylinder is not completely filled1 loss of stability will occur and there is danger of serious damage to material4 ,before firing1 a commissioned officer should always verify the filling of cylinder by removing one filling plug 7with gun level7 in which case oil should be visible above recoil valve4 ,to fill recoil cylinder when assembled to carriage1 elevate the gun about five degrees1 remove both filling plugs and pour ,hydroline oil in slowly with funnel until oil appears at rear filling plug hole4 ,level gun and again fill until oil appears at both filling holes4 ,shake carriage gently and continue to refill slowly until air ceases to come out of cylinder4 ,replace rear plug1 elevate gun about five degrees1 remove valve turn-gear cover1 and loosen plug in end of piston rod sufficiently to allow oil to drip out4 ,as soon as oil starts to drip1 tighten plug2 be sure that gasket is centered4 ,replace rear filling plug1 rock carriage to permit air to escape from filling hole and fill with oil4 ,replace plug1 level gun1 and perform same operation with rear filling hole4 ,when air is all out of cylinder1 tighten both plugs and elevate to five degrees1 allow to stand for about five minutes1 then remove front plug and again refill4 ,loosen drain plug and drain out about -gill of oil into receptacle4 ,do not allow oil to run down into gun slides4 ,about four quarts of ,hydroline oil is required to fill recoil cylinder4 ,oil must be clean and free from dirt and should be strained through clean linen or muslin cloth before using4 ,in emergencies glycerin and water1 or any buffer or engine oils may be used in recoil cylinders1 but should be replaced by ,hydroline as soon as possible4 ,where the above liquids are used1 all interior parts of recoil mechanism must be emptied1 disassembled1 thoroughly cleaned and dried before refilling4 ,,chapter ,,viii #ge-,,mm ,,field ,,gun ,,model #aiag 7,,british74 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight #iie lbs4 ,caliber #b4ie in4 ,total length #hh4ba in4 ,length of bore #hc4iae in4 ,length of rifled portion #gb4gb in4 ,rifling #bd grooves1 right hand twist1 zero turns at the origin to #a turn in #ge in4 7#be4d calibers7 at #i4gb in4 from the muzzle thence uniform4 ,the ,carriage4 ,weight of carriage1 complete #aiej lbs4 ,weight of gun and carriage complete #bide lbs4 ,weight at end of trail carriage limbered #if lbs4 ,diameter of wheels #ef in4 ,width of track #fj in4 ,length of recoil #di in4 ,maximum angle of elevation #af degrees ,maximum angle of depression #e degrees ,maximum amount of traverse of gun on the carriage #adb mils ,,description4 ,the gun is a combination of a built up and a wire wrapped gun4 ,it consists of a tube1 a series of layers of steel wire1 jacket and breech ring4 ,the tube extends from the rear end of the chamber to the muzzle4 ,over the rear portion of the tube are wound #ae layers of ,o4#jd by ,o4#be0 steel wire4 ,the jacket is fitted over the wire and the tube1 and is secured longitudinally by corresponding shoulders and the breech ring1 which is screwed over the jacket at the rear1 and secured by a set screw4 ,the breech ring is prepared for the reception of the breech mechanism1 and is provided on the upper side with a lug for the attachment of the hydraulic buffer4 ,illustration3 #ge mm4 ,field ,gun1 ,model of #aiag 7,british74 ,illustration3 #ge mm ,field ,gun1 ,model of #aiag 7,british7 ,breech ,mechanism ,assembled ,the breechblock is of the swinging type1 interrupted screw with two threaded and two slotted sectors instead of the four we are familiar with in the #c04 ,the firing mechanism is of the continuous pull type4 ,the ammunition used is similar to that used with the ,american and ,french types of #ges4 ,the ,principal ,parts of the ,carriage are3 ,trail ,top ,carriage ,cradle ,recoil cylinder ,springs ,elevating gear ,range gear ,traversing gear ,firing ,mechanism ,brakes ,shield ,axle and wheels ,sights ,gravity tank ,the trail is tubular4 ,the top carriage houses bearings to receive the cradle trunnions and in travel it is locked to the trail4 ,the bronze cradle pivots on the top carriage4 ,the cradle trunnions support the sight4 ,the recoil system is of the hydraulic-spring type4 ,the recoil cylinder is surrounded by the counter-recoil springs which in turn are enclosed by a steel case--all of which is screwed on top of the cradle above the gun4 ,the system operates in the same manner as the #c0 materiel with the exception that it possesses the additional feature of a gravity tank which replaces oil lost during firing4 ,illustration3 #ge-mm4 ,gun ,carriage1 ,model of #aiag4 7,british7 ,recoil ,controlling ,system ,illustration3 #ge mm4 ,gun ,carriage1 ,model of #aiag4 7,british7 ,plan ,the elevating mechanism is of the doubled-ended screw type with the independent angle of site4 ,the gears are so arranged that the elevation for range can be made without disturbing the laying for difference in elevation of the gun and the target1 that is1 the line of sight4 ,the handwheel on the right is for range to the target while the handwheel on the left is for the angle of site4 ,the traversing mechanism is of the pintle type1 consisting of a crosshead1 link nut1 and an actuating screw with a handwheel4 ,it permits of a #gb mil4 traverse either side of the center4 ,a scale strip and a pointer indicate the angle of traverse4 ,the firing mechanism like that of the ,american #ge is located on the left side of the gun instead of the right side as on the #c0 and the ,french #ge4 ,the gun can be fired when it is within #b inches of the 8in battery0 position1 which increases the possible speed of firing4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the #d4g0 ,,rifle1 ,,model #aijf4 ,,gun4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight #b1fhh lb4 ,caliber #d4g in4 ,total length #acd4ib in4 ,length of bore #abi4db in4 ,length of rifling #aaa4i in4 ,number of grooves #db ,twist ,right hand4 ,weight of proj4 based fuse #fj lb4 ,weight of proj4 point fuse #de lb4 ,weight of powder charge #ie oz4 ,muzzle velocity1 #fj lb4 proj4 #a1gjj ft4 per second ,muzzle velocity1 #de lb4 proj4 #b1jej ft4 per second ,maximum range #aa1jjj meters ,,the ,,carriage4 ,weight of carriage complete #e1cbj pounds ,weight of carriage and gun complete #h1jfh pounds ,maximum elevation #ae degrees ,maximum depression #e degrees ,maximum traverse #adj mils4 ,the gun is built up and consists of a tube1 jacket1 locking hoop and clip4 ,the jacket covers the rear half of the tube and projects beyond the tube at the rear to form the breech recess4 ,the jacket also has a recoil lug on the under side for connecting the recoil cylinder4 ,the clip is a short hoop near the muzzle and has guides formed on it to guide the gun in the cradle on recoil4 ,the jacket also has guides formed on it4 ,the length of the gun is approximately #aa feet4 ,illustration3 #d4g0 ,rifle ,the breechblock is of the interrupted screw type having four threaded and four plain sectors4 ,it is operated by a handle which swings from left to right turning and withdrawing the breech with one motion4 ,an extractor is fitted for throwing out the shell case when the breech is opened after firing4 ,the firing mechanism is of the type known as a continuous pull mechanism1 that is1 the mechanism is cocked and fired by the pull on the lanyard or by downward pressure on the firing handle located at the right side of the breech4 ,the recoil system is of the hydro-spring type4 ,the two parallel steel tubes 7the spring cylinders7 are fitted into a frame surmounted by heavy steel rails which form the gun slides thus forming the cradle4 ,the recoil cylinder is fitted between these two4 ,the recoil and counter-recoil piston rods are attached to the gun lug and recoil with the gun1 while the spring cylinders and recoil cylinder remain stationary4 ,the recoil is constant1 being #gj inches for all elevations4 ,the recoil cylinder uses hydroline oil as the buffer medium4 ,throttling is obtained by three throttling bars running lengthwise of the cylinder which are of varying height to give a throttling effect with corresponding slots in the recoil piston4 ,a counter-recoil buffer is fitted in the piston rod to take up the shock when the springs return the gun into battery4 ,the trunnions on the cradle are mounted in bearings formed by a yoke which swivels in a pintle bearing provided at the front of the trail4 ,traverse is obtained by means of a handwheel and screw mounted on the left side of the trail which swings the yoke in traverse carrying the gun with it4 ,a traverse of #gj mils on each side of center is possible4 ,the piece is elevated by a double screw type of mechanism4 ,the upper end is attached to the cradle and so raises and lowers it4 ,the screw is operated thru gearing by two handwheels one on each side of the trail from #e elevation dep4 to #ae elevation4 ,the trail is of the solid type made up of flasks of channel section4 ,it has housings for the axle and carries the pintle bearing in which the top carriage or yoke swings4 ,a tool box is provided in the trail4 ,a seat is provided on each side of the trail for the cannoneers4 ,the lunette transom is fitted about #bg inches from the rear of the trail and carries a bearing that fits the limber pintle4 ,a trail prop is provided for supporting the trail when limbering4 ,the spade can be released and folded up on the trail when traveling4 ,a traveling lock is provided on the trail for locking the gun when traveling4 ,the piston rod and spring rods must be disconnected before the gun can be drawn back far enough to lock4 ,the wheels are #fa #f inch with rubber tires and band brakes4 ,some older vehicles have steel tires and are fitted with tire brakes4 ,an armor plate shield is fitted to the carriage for the protection of the personnel4 ,the instruments for sighting and laying the piece included a line sight1 a rear sight1 a front sight1 a panoramic sight and a range quadrant4 ,the line sight consists of a conical point as a front sight and a ,v notch as a rear sight4 ,these are located on the ,jacket of the gun1 and are useful for giving a general direction to the gun4 ,illustration3 #d4g0 ,rifle ,the sighting is similar to the #c01 #aijb4 ,the rear sight and front sight are used for direct aiming4 ,the rear sight is a peep sight mounted on a range scale quadrant by a bracket on right side of the cradle4 ,the front sight is a pair of cross wires mounted in a ring attached by a bracket on the cradle about #c ft4 ahead of the rear sight4 ,the range scale quadrant has a socket in which the ,standard ,u4 ,s4 ,panoramic sight may be mounted4 ,for indirect fire the gunner on the left of the carriage lays for direction only4 ,on the right side of the cradle is mounted the ,range ,quadrant which has in combination with it the ,angle of ,site ,mechanism4 ,for indirect fire the gunner on the right of the piece lays for range with this instrument4 ,fixed ammunition is used with this gun4 ,shrapnel and high explosive shell are used4 ,the base fuzed steel shell and the shrapnel weigh #fj lbs4 ,the point fuzed steel shell weighs #de lbs4 ,gas shell are also issued identical with the #de lb4 steel shell4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the #aee-,,mm ,,filloux ,,gun4 ,,weights1 ,,dimensions1 ,,etc4 ,weight of ,gun including breech mechanism #h1gie lbs4 ,length #bcb4hg inches4 ,caliber #aee-mm 7#f4ajdb inches47 ,muzzle velocity #b1chj ft4-sec4 ,rifling1 one turn in #b4ihi4 ,caliber1 right hand uniform4 ,weight of projectile #ie lbs4 ,maximum range #af1bjj meters4 ,weight of maximum powder charge #be lbs4 ,weight of carriage #aa1jfe lbs4 ,weight of gun and carriage1 complete #ai1hfj lbs4 ,diameter of wheels #a1afjmm4 ,width of track #b1bej mm4 ,height of axis of gun #a1dhb mm4 ,elevation #j to #ce degrees4 ,maximum traverse #fj degrees4 ,weight of limber complete #c1aij lbs4 ,weight of gun carriage and limber #bc1jej lbs4 ,the distance from center line of carriage axle to center line of limber axle1 approximately #d1ejj mm4 ,illustration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,gun ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,filloux7 ,the gun is of the built-up type and consists of the tube strengthened by the following jackets and hoops beginning at the breech end3 ,the breech ring1 the jacket1 the hoop ,a1 the hoop ,b1 the clip hoop1 the clip hoop set on the hoop ,b and the muzzle bell4 ,the length of the gun from the muzzle to the breech base is approximately #ah feet4 ,a recoil lug on the underside of the breech ring provides means of attaching the recoil and recuperator rods4 ,hinge lugs for the breech are also formed on the breech ring4 ,bronze clips to serve as guides in the cradle are screwed to the sides of the jackets4 ,the breechblock is of the interrupted screw type1 having four plain and four threaded sectors4 ,the breech mechanism is of the plastic obturator type1 having the forward mushroom-shaped head of the breechblock equipped with the asbestos ring1 known as the obturator pad4 ,upon firing1 this ring is compressed and acts as a gas check to prevent the leakage of powder gases back through the breech4 ,it has sufficient resiliency to resume its original form after firing4 ,the firing mechanism is of the ,french percussion primer type which is described under 8#aee-mm ,schneider howitzer0 and is interchangeable with the guns enumerated therein4 ,the cradle is a steel forging pivoted by trunnions in the trunnion bearings of the top carriage4 ,it is bored with three parallel cylinders for housing the recoil and recuperator mechanism4 ,on its upper side are slots for the gun slides and the elevating rack is bolted to the lower side4 ,the recoil mechanism is of the hydro-pneumatic variable recoil type4 ,the larger of the three cylindrical bores in the cradle block contains the recoil mechanism2 the two smaller ones1 the parts of the recuperator mechanism4 ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,gun ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,filloux7 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,in ,,battery ,the recoil mechanism consists of a piston and piston rod and a counter rod4 ,the piston rod is connected to the breech lug and1 therefore1 recoils with the gun4 ,grooves of variable depth are milled along the length of the counter rod1 controlling the flow of oil through the ports of the piston during the recoil4 ,this counter rod assembles within the bore of the piston rod4 ,it does not move longitudinally1 but rotates4 ,the amount of this rotation changes the area of the orifices through which the oil can pass4 ,its rotation is accomplished as the gun is elevated by means of an arm and gear sectors in such a manner as to shorten the recoil as the gun elevates4 ,a replenisher or gravity tank is provided in connection with the recoil cylinder which assures the recoil cylinder being full at all times and also takes care of any expansion of the oil due to heating4 ,its capacity is about #ag quarts4 ,the recuperator mechanism consists of two connected cylinders1 one containing the piston and piston rod which are attached to the breech lug1 while the other contains a mushroom valve and a diaphragm4 ,the diaphragm separates the oil contained in the first cylinder and part of the second cylinder from the high pressure air which compels the return of the gun into battery after recoil4 ,normally a small amount of oil must be between the valve and diaphragm4 ,oleonapth is the liquid used in this recoil mechanism4 ,the amount of oil in the recoil and recuperator mechanism is shown by an indicator so that it can always be seen whether or not they need filling4 ,the top carriage is a large steel casting mounted on the bottom carriage on which it pivots to traverse the piece4 ,the handwheels and mechanism for both elevating and traversing1 are mounted on the top carriage4 ,the tipping parts are carried on the trunnions of the top carriage4 ,belleville ,springs carry the weight of the gun when traversing1 but on firing the springs compress and the firing stresses are taken on the bearing surfaces between the top and bottom carriages4 ,the bottom carriage is a large steel casting suspended from the axle 7in traveling position7 by a heavy multiple leaf spring4 ,it supports the top carriage1 houses the axle and provides hinge connections for the trail4 ,when firing the axle is unshackled from the left spring and the bottom carriage bears directly on the axle4 ,traversing is accomplished by turning the top carriage which pivots on the bottom carriage4 ,this is done by means of a rack and train of gears which are operated by the handwheel on the left side of the carriage4 ,a traverse of #fj degrees1 #cj degrees right and #cj degrees left1 is possible4 ,elevating is accomplished by a rack on the cradle operated through gears by the handwheel located on the gear box at the left of the top carriage4 ,elevations from #j degrees to #ce degrees can be obtained4 ,the trail is of the split type and consists of steel plate beams of box section4 ,locks are pivoted at the forward end of the trails for securing them in the open position4 ,when closed together they are clamped and attached to the limber4 ,a traveling lock is provided on the trail for retaining the gun in retracted position4 ,two types of spade are pivoted1 one for soft and one for hard ground4 ,when traveling the spades are always removed from the trail4 ,the wheels are of cast steel1 each wheel having two solid rubber tires4 ,wheel shoes for traveling over soft ground are provided1 which assemble over the rubber tires4 ,they consist of twelve plates for each wheel which give a broad bearing surface under the wheel4 ,the wheels are equipped with band brakes4 ,the sighting equipment is exactly the same as that described with the #aee-mm ,schneider howitzer4 ,the ammunition used is of the separate loading type4 ,either shrapnel or high explosive steel shell is used1 as well as gas shells and other special ammunition4 ,the projectile weighs #ie lbs4 ,the propelling charge of smokeless powder is a sectionalized charge made up of two sections2 a base charge and one smaller increment4 ,the weight of the charge is #be lbs4 ,the fuzes commonly used are the #ca sec4 combination fuse for use with shrapnel and combining time and percussion elements3 the point detonating fuse ,mark ,,iv used with the steel high explosive shell and the mark ,,iii point detonating fuze used with gas shell4 ,illustration3 #aee-,,mm4 ,,howitzer ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider74 ,,traveling ,,position4 ,illustration3 #aee-,,mm4 ,,howitzer ,,carriage1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider74 ,,right ,,side ,,view4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the #aee ,,howitzer1 ,,model #aiah ,,the ,,howitzer4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,material ,alloy steel4 ,weight 7including breech mechanism7 #a1bdh kg4--#b1gde lbs4 ,caliber #aee-mm4--#f4a inch4 ,total length #b1ccb-mm4--#ia4h inch4 ,length of bore #b1agg-mm4--#he4g inch4 ,length of rifled portion of bore #gcg-mm4--#fh4d inch4 ,rifling ,number of grooves #dh4 ,width of grooves #g4ade-mm4--#j4bhac inch4 ,depth of grooves #a-mm4--#j4jcicg inch4 ,width of lands #c-mm4--#j4aaha inch4 ,twist1 right hand1 uniform1 one turn in #be4ehf cal4 ,powder chamber3 ,diameter #aeh4ge-mm4--#f4be inch4 ,length #cci4he-mm4--#ac4ch inch4 ,volume #f1ife4ge cu4 in4--#dbe cu4 in4 ,obturation ,pad4 ,firing mechanism ,percussion4 ,general ,description4 ,the #aee-mm howitzer1 ,model of #aiah 7,schneider7 is of the hydro-pneumatic long recoil type1 which may be used for direct fire1 but was specially designed for siege fire4 ,on account of its high trajectory it is able to direct shells on targets inaccessible to standard #f-;inch howitzers of limited elevation4 ,this howitzer has given satisfactory results in service and has proven to be more superior than guns of similar caliber4 ,it has a muzzle velocity of #a1dhj foot-seconds and attains a maximum range of #ab1fjj yards1 the projectile weighing about #ie pounds4 ,a maximum rate of fire of four or five rounds per minute may be attained1 but heating as well as difficulty of preparing and transporting the ammunition by the gun crew renders such rate impossible for more than a few minutes4 ,however1 the normal rate of fire is two per minute and may be loaded at any degree of elevation4 ,the howitzer is mounted on a sleigh and rigidly secured by means of a breech key and the holding down band4 ,the sleigh contains the recoil and recuperator mechanisms which permits long recoil and insures stability at low elevations4 ,when the gun is fired the sleigh recoils on bronze slides on the cradle1 which is a ,u-shaped steel plate and rests in the trunnion bearings of the trail4 ,this howitzer may be elevated from #j degrees to #db degrees by means of the elevating mechanism4 ,the traverse is #eb4b mils right and left1 the carriage sliding on the axle and pivoting on the spade1 which prevents the carriage recoiling when the gun is fired4 ,the customary shield protects the gunners from flying shrapnel and fragments4 ,illustration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,howitzer ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,in traveling position the howitzer is retracted and locked to the cradle1 the cradle locked to the trail1 the spade revolved and secured to the bottom of the trail4 ,the lower end of trail rests on the carriage limber1 which is used to carry the proportionate share of the load of the howitzer and carriage in traveling position4 ,the limber is equipped with a connecting pole for motor traction4 ,the carriage and limber wheels are rubber tired and considered able to negotiate any roads suitable for field artillery4 ,howitzer ,description4 ,the howitzer1 consists of a tube and jacket4 ,the jacket is shrunk over1 approximately1 the rear half of the tube and screwed to it by a short thread near the rear end of the tube4 ,the rear end of the tube is prepared for the reception of the breechblock4 ,on the right of the jacket at its rear are two lugs which receive the hinge pintle of the operation lever4 ,a flat seat with two transverse slots is machined on the top of the jacket at the rear end for receiving the counterweight4 ,the counterweight is securely fastened to the jacket by six screws1 and two lugs which engage the slots in the jacket4 ,the bridle is fitted to the underside of the jacket near the rear end and held in place by four screws4 ,the breech key passes through the bridle and holds the howitzer in its seat on the sleigh4 ,on the underside of the jacket just forward of the bridle seat are seven square threads which engage corresponding threads on the sleigh4 ,a holding-down band which encircles the jacket at its forward end also secures the howitzer to the sleigh4 ,on the top surface of the counterweight are two nickel silver leveling plates4 ,vertical and horizontal axis lines are cut on the breech and muzzle faces4 ,a line showing the actual center of gravity with the breech mechanism in place is cut on the upper side of the jacket marked ,c4 of ,g4 ,the name and model of the howitzer are stamped on the left side of the jacket just below the counterweight4 ,the name of the manufacturer1 year of manufacture1 serial number of the howitzer and the weight of the howitzer1 including the breech mechanism1 are stamped on the muzzle face4 ,illustration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,howitzer ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,breech ,,mechanism ,,assembly ,illustration3 #aee ,m4,m4 ,,howitzer ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,breech ,,mechanism ,,assembly ,the breech mechanism is of the plastic obturator1 interrupted screw type having four plain sectors and four threaded sectors4 ,the block can be loaded with one-eighth of a turn4 ,two of the plain sectors are relieved to permit the breechblock to enter the breech recess4 ,the breechblock is screwed into the block carrier and rides on the hub of the latter4 ,the block carrier is hinged to the right side of the jacket by means of the pintle hinge of the operating lever4 ,the pintle hinge is fitted at the lower end with an operating lever collar and detent4 ,the dead weight of the breech is carried by the block carrier hinge plate4 ,the block is rotated by means of a rack which engages teeth cut in the upper surface of the block at its rear end4 ,the rack is actuated by a lug on the under side of the operating lever which engages a slot in the rack4 ,the rack is located in the inside face of the block carrier4 ,when the breech is tightly closed this lock bears against the breech face of the howitzer and is forced back against the rack lock spring leaving the rack free to move4 ,as the breech starts to open the rack lock is forced up by its spring and locks the rack1 preventing further rotary motion of the breechblock4 ,the operating lever is provided with an operating lever handle which is kept in its raised position by the operating lever handle spring4 ,when the breech is closed and locked the lower portion of the operating lever handle engages the block carrier lever catch4 ,when the breech is fully open the operating lever latch which extends through the operating lever1 engages the operating lever catch and holds the breech in that position4 ,illustration3 #aee-,,mm ,,howitzer ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,firing ,,mechanism ,the obturator spindle is of the mushroom head type4 ,it passes through the center of the breechblock and is screwed into the front end of the firing mechanism housing1 which fits into the hub of the block carrier4 ,the obturator spindle is prevented from turning by the firing mechanism housing key spring4 ,a vent for the passage of the primer flame is drilled through the center of the obturator spindle4 ,the obturator spindle bushing is screwed into the front end of the obturator spindle and the obturator spindle plug into the rear end--the latter forming a chamber for the primer4 ,the obturator spindle spring bears against the firing mechanism housing and the breechblock1 keeping the head of the obturator spindle tightly against the gas check pad4 ,the gas check pad or plastic obturator is composed of a mixture of one part asbestos and three parts nonfluid oil1 contained in a canvas covering4 ,the pad is protected by the front1 rear and small split rings4 ,a steel filling-in disk is placed between the gas check pad and the breechblock4 ,the firing mechanism housing is provided with a firing mechanism safety plunger which is forced by the firing mechanism safety plunger spring against the inside circumference of a circular boss on the face of the breechblock4 ,when the breechblock is rotated to its locked position1 the plunger slips into a notch in the boss and permits the entrance of the firing mechanism block4 ,when the breech is unlocked the lower end of the firing mechanism safety plunger extends into the firing mechanism housing and obstructs the entrance of the firing mechanism block4 ,this safety device makes it impossible to unlock the breech while the firing mechanism block is in place or to insert the firing mechanism block while the breech is unlocked4 ,the firing mechanism block is provided with a handle1 and screws into the firing mechanism housing4 ,the primer seat plug is screwed into the front end of the firing mechanism block and is provided with a notch into which the primer is inserted4 ,the firing pin guide is located just back of the primer seat plug and forms a guide for the firing pin as well as a bearing for the firing pin spring4 ,the firing pin housing is screwed into the rear end of the firing mechanism block and held in place by the firing pin housing holding screw4 ,the firing pin passes through the firing pin housing and the firing pin guide and is forced to the rear by the firing pin spring4 ,the firing mechanism block is provided with a flange at its outer edge in which a slot is cut to receive a projection on the front of the percussion hammer4 ,this prevents the hammer from striking the firing pin when the firing mechanism block is not screwed home4 ,the firing mechanism block latch is located on the outer face of the block carrier and prevents the firing mechanism block from being unscrewed accidentally4 ,the firing mechanism block is interchangeable with the firing mechanism blocks used on the following cannon3 #aee-mm4 gun1 model of #aiah 7,filloux74 #h-;inch howitzer1 model of #aiag 7,vickers ,mark ,,vi and ,,viii74 #bdj-mm4 howitzer1 model of #aiah 7,schneider74 ,the percussion hammer is carried by the percussion hammer operating shaft which is journaled in the percussion hammer operating shaft housing4 ,this housing is secured to the breech face by means of a dove tail projection which fits into a slot1 cut across the entire breech face just below the breech opening4 ,the percussion hammer operating shaft is fitted with a lever at its right end which receives the blow of the firing mechanism striker when the lanyard is pulled4 ,the percussion hammer shaft plunger and spring are located in the percussion hammer operating shaft housing to the left of the hammer4 ,when the breech is open the plunger is forced up by its spring1 thereby causing a projection on the plunger to engage in a recess in the operating shaft1 locking the shaft so that the hammer cannot be operated4 ,when the breech is closed the underside of the block carrier strikes on the beveled head of the shaft plunger1 forcing it down and thus unlocking the mechanism4 ,the percussion hammer lock bolt is screwed to the face of the carrier to the left of the percussion hammer4 ,its function is to lock the hammer in the traveling position when the howitzer is not in use4 ,operation of the ,breech ,mechanism4 ,when the breech is closed and locked1 the threaded portions of the breechblock mesh with the threads in the breech recess4 ,the operating lever is held by the lower end of the operating lever handle which engages the block carrier lever catch1 thus preventing any rotary motion of the breechblock at the instant of firing4 ,the firing pin receives the blow of the percussion hammer and fires the primer4 ,the flame passes through the vent in the obturator spindle1 igniting the propelling charge4 ,the gas pressure in the bore forces the mushroom head of the obturator spindle hard against the gas check pad causing the latter to expand and press against the walls of the chamber1 forming a gas-tight joint4 ,after the explosion the elasticity of the pad causes it to resume its former shape1 allowing the obturator to be withdrawn freely from its seat when the breech is unlocked4 ,to ,open the ,breech4 ,after the piece has been fired1 and before unlocking the breech1 press back the firing mechanism block safety latch1 screw out the firing mechanism block and remove the used primer4 ,the breech can not be unlocked with the firing mechanism block in place4 ,an attempt to do so will result in jamming of the firing mechanism safety plunger4 ,it is therefore important that the firing mechanism block should be removed before attempting to unlock the breech4 ,press down on the handle of the operating lever in order to disengage it from the block carrier lever catch4 ,move the lever toward the rear and then to the right4 ,in the first part of this movement1 the operating lever turns freely around the hinge pin and its lug operates the rack which turns the breechblock4 ,the threaded parts of the breechblock are thus disengaged from the threads in the breech recess4 ,as the rack reaches the limit of its travel1 the block carrier is swung on its hinge drawing the breechblock out of the breech recess4 ,as the block carrier leaves the breech face of the howitzer the rack lock is forced by its spring into the recess in the rack preventing any further rotary motion of the breechblock in either direction4 ,as the breech reaches its full open position the right end of the operating lever catch engages the operating lever catch1 locking the breech in open position4 ,in loading1 care should be taken to ram the projectile home and to enter the propelling charge in such a way that the igniter of the base charge will be in contact with the mushroom head of the obturator spindle when the breech is closed4 ,to ,close the ,breech4 ,press down on the operating lever handle to disengage the operating lever latch from the operating lever catch and move the operating lever to the left and forward4 ,as the block carrier comes in contact with the breech face of the howitzer1 the rack lock is pushed back into its seat1 freeing the rack4 ,further movement of the operating lever forces the rack to the left1 rotating the breechblock until its threaded portions mesh with the threads in the breech recess4 ,at the end of the movement of the operating lever1 the operating lever handle engages the block carrier lever catch and fastens the breech in locked position4 ,insert a new primer in the primer seat plug and replace the firing mechanism block4 ,the firing mechanism block can not be entered until the breech is closed and locked4 ,any attempt to do so may cause damage to the firing mechanism safety plunger or some part of the firing mechanism4 ,,the ,,carriage4 ,for the purpose of description1 the carriage is considered as composed of the following groups3 ,sleigh 7including recoil mechanism71 cradle1 trail1 traveling lock1 elevating mechanism1 traversing mechanism1 wheels1 road brake1 and shield4 ,the sleigh contains the recoil and counter-recoil mechanism and serves as a support for the howitzer1 being secured to it by the breech key and the holding-down band4 ,the recoil counter-recoil cylinders1 and two air cylinders are bored in the sleigh and form the recoil mechanism4 ,the ends of the recoil and counter-recoil cylinders are attached to the cradle and when the howitzer is fired the sleigh and howitzer recoil1 sliding on the cradle sides4 ,the holding down band is anchored on either side to the front band clips1 which are secured to the sleigh4 ,grooves are cut underneath the two top edges of the sleigh1 and are lined with bronze liners1 known as sleigh slides4 ,these liners slide on the cradle clips and guide the howitzer during recoil4 ,five longitudinal cylinders are bored in the sleigh1 the two upper cylinders running about one-third the length of the sleigh1 forming air tanks and are closed at the front end by the air tank heads4 ,the left air tank head is provided with an opening in which the gage-cock body is assembled4 ,a pressure gage may be assembled through an adapter to this gage-cock for ascertaining the pressure in the counter recoil system4 ,the gage-cock is also provided with a pointer which registers the quantity of liquid in the system on a scale provided on the air tank head4 ,the two lower cylinders extending the full length of the sleigh1 form a housing for the recoil mechanism1 the right cylinder being the counter-recoil cylinder and the left the recoil cylinder4 ,the small equalizing cylinder in the center of the sleigh1 extending only a short distance1 is closed at the front end with the filling valve1 through which air or liquid is introduced into the system4 ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,howitzer1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,section1 ,,in ,,battery ,the counter recoil cylinder is connected by a passage to the right air tank and also to the small equalizing cylinder1 the latter being connected to the left air cylinder1 thus maintaining equal pressure in both air cylinders and in the counter-recoil cylinder4 ,the counter-recoil cylinder is closed at the rear end with the counter-recoil cylinder head and at the front end with the stuffing box1 through which the counter-recoil rod and its piston moves4 ,the recoil cylinder is closed at the rear end with the recoil cylinder head and at the front end with the recoil cylinder stuffing box1 through which the recoil piston rod operates4 ,this rod is hollow and serves as a buffer chamber for the buffer rod1 which is securely screwed to the recoil cylinder head at one end1 the other end carrying the counter-recoil valve4 ,the recoil and counter-recoil rods are fitted with the piston rod nuts on the front end which engage the piston rod lock plate4 ,the cradle is a steel ,u-shaped plate reinforced by several transoms and supported by the trunnion bracket1 elevating segment brackets1 and in traveling position by the cradle band which engages the clips on which the howitzer recoils when in action4 ,the sleigh traveling locks are mounted at the extreme ends of the cradle and used to lock the sleigh to cradle when the howitzer is in traveling position4 ,the cradle is mounted on trunnions on the carriage1 and by means of elevating segments geared with the elevating mechanism may be inclined at various firing angles4 ,when carriage is traveling the rear end of the cradle rests on the cradle traveling lock1 thereby relieving the elevating mechanism of the weight of the howitzer1 sleigh and cradle4 ,the left trunnion of the cradle is bored out to receive the sight and bracket4 ,the shoulder guard is located on left side of the cradle just back of the trunnion bracket and protects the gunner from the recoiling parts4 ,the firing mechanism is located on the right side of the cradle and provided with a safety device which prevents the piece from being fired when the piston rod nuts are not engaged by piston lock4 ,the recoil indicator is located just back of the trunnion bracket on the right side of the cradle and consists of a steel spring which is adjusted by means of a nut so that the pointer bears against a scale engraved on the edge of the sleigh indicating the length of recoil4 ,the front end of the cradle is covered by the cradle head and provided with an opening through which the pressure-gauge adapter may be assembled to the gauge-cock body4 ,the lower half of the front end of the cradle is closed by the front transom1 forming a guide for the piston-rod lock which is operated by means of a lever4 ,when this lever is lowered the lock plate moves to the right1 releasing the piston-rod nuts4 ,when the lever is raised the lock moves to the left1 locking the nuts in firing position4 ,the locking device is protected by the cradle front cover which holds the lever in firing position when closed4 ,the filling valve is accessible through the cradle bottom cover located on the bottom of the cradle to the rear of the front transom4 ,the pump bracket is located on the left side of the cradle near the front4 ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,howitzer1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,left ,,side ,,elevation1 ,,in ,,battery ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,howitzer1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,elevating ,,mechanism ,recoil and ,counter-,recoil ,mechanisms4 ,when the howitzer is fired the recoil mechanism exercises its retarding influence by means of a liquid which is obliged to pass through an orifice whose size diminishes as the movement proceeds1 thus checking the recoiling mass4 ,the recoiling movement of the gun actuates at the same time the counter-recoil mechanism1 which acts on the counter-recoil liquid and forces it into two reservoirs1 thus further compressing a gas therein contained4 ,when the recoil movement is ended the expansion of gas forces the counter-recoil mechanism back 8into battery10 and the recoil cylinder again exercises its retarding influence to prevent a too rapid return and shock4 ,the normal recoil is #ea4cge inches 7#a4cje meters74 ,when the piece is fired the howitzer and sleigh move to the rear1 the recoil and counter-recoil rods1 which are held by the piston-rod lock remaining stationary4 ,the liquid in the counter-recoil cylinder is thus forced into the air cylinders1 building up a pressure sufficient to return the howitzer to battery4 ,the liquid in the recoil cylinder is forced through the orifices in the recoil piston rod and then through the throttling ring4 ,the tapered buffer rod1 which is attached to the recoil cylinder head1 moves through the throttling ring1 gradually closing the orifice1 thus keeping the pressure constant as the velocity of recoil is reduced4 ,as the buffer rod moves to the rear the counter-recoil valve is opened1 allowing the liquid to pass freely into the buffer chamber4 ,as the gun returns to battery the buffer valve closes1 forcing the liquid to pass through the small clearance around the valve1 thus absorbing the energy of counter recoil4 ,by means of the elevating mechanism the howitzer1 sleigh and cradle are inclined at the various firing angles1 varying from zero to #db degrees1 by rotation in the trunnions of the cradle4 ,two elevating segments attached to the cradle are actuated by the elevating pinion shaft operating in bearings integral with the elevating worm wheel case secured to trail4 ,to lower end of worm shaft is fitted a worm which engages a worm wheel and pinion shaft in the gear case4 ,on upper end of worm shaft is attached the elevating hand wheel fitted with a handle and plunger enabling the operator to lock the howitzer at any desired elevation4 ,the motion of the handwheel is transmitted through the worm gear to the pinion shaft and thence to the elevating segments4 ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,howitzer1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,traversing ,,rollers ,the handwheel is provided with a handle of a spring locking type1 downward pressure on which unlocks it from the handwheel latch plate1 permitting the mechanism to be operated4 ,traversing ,mechanism4 ,the traverse of the carriage is obtained by means of the traversing mechanism causing the carriage to slide on the axle1 the trail pivoting on the spade4 ,the movement is #c degrees each side of center or a total of #aje mils4 ,at the center of the axle is rigidly attached a bronze traversing nut through which passes the traversing screw which may be operated from either side of the carriage by means of handwheels connected to the screw through bevel gears and shaft4 ,the traversing screw operates in the travelling housing longitudinally and held in position by thrust bearings and thrust bearing adjusters at both ends of the screw4 ,when either of the handwheels is operated the traversing screw is rotated and moves to the right or left as the case may be1 carrying the entire carriage which moves across the axle on traversing rollers4 ,in order to reduce friction during the traversing operation the carriage rests on the axle through ,belleville springs and two concave faced traversing rollers mounted on roller shafts in the axle housing4 ,when gun is fired the ,belleville springs are compressed and the carriage rests on the axle through the bronze traversing roller boxes4 ,on top of axle projecting to the left of carriage is riveted an azimuth scale graduated in mils so that the position of the carriage on the axle may easily be seen at any time4 ,when in traveling position the carriage should be locked to the axles by the axle traveling lock1 thus relieving the traversing mechanism from unnecessary stress4 ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,howitzer1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,traversing ,,mechanism ,the axle traveling lock is a device employed to relieve the traversing mechanism from unnecessary stress when the carriage is in traveling position4 ,when the carriage is prepared for traveling the traveling lock engages a series of square grooves cut in the center of the axle4 ,the lock is operated by an eccentric on the end of the traveling lock shaft which is controlled by the lock lever fixed on outer end4 ,the lock lever may be placed in two positions marked 8to travel0 and 8to fire10 by means of its handle which is provided with a spring plunger engaging the traveling lock catch4 ,in order to properly lock the carriage in traveling position it is necessary to traverse the carriage to the center position on the axle1 thus permitting the locking device to engage the grooves cut in the center of the axle4 ,the air pump is furnished for the purpose of charging and maintaining the necessary pressure in the counter recoil reservoirs4 ,when in operation it is attached to a bracket on the carriage by means of a screw clamp and connected to the reservoir by the filling pipe4 ,the pump will operate against a pressure of #djj to #fjj pounds per square inch4 ,the liquid pump is a single-acting-plunger used for charging the counter-recoil system and for the purpose of replenishing losses of liquid from the cylinders4 ,power is applied through a hand lever connected by parallel links and a cross-beam at the lower end of the piston4 ,the hand lever is detachable and also used in connection with the air pump4 ,when in operation the pump is attached to a bracket on the carriage by means of a screw clamp4 ,the filling pipe is employed to connect the liquid pump with the recuperator cylinder4 ,the reservoir for compressed gas is a commercial seamless cylinder with a capacity of #b1hdb cubic inches and is charged with nitrogen gas at a working pressure of #b1jjj pounds per square inch 7#adj kilograms per square centimeter74 ,the reservoir is provided with a needle valve and a connection for the pressure gage or filling pipe4 ,this cylinder is used for charging the counter-recoil system and may be carried on the artillery supply truck furnished with #aee-mm organizations4 ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,howitzer1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,air ,,and ,,liquid ,,pumps ,illustration3 #aee ,,mm ,,howitzer1 ,,model ,,of #aiah 7,,schneider7 ,,traveling ,,position ,the filling pipe is used to connect the counter-recoil reservoirs with the air or liquid pump or with the compressed gas reservoir4 ,pressure ,gage4 ,the gage for the compressed gas reservoir is calibrated from #j to #aej kilograms per square centimeter4 ,it is used to ascertain the pressure of gas in the reservoir and must be attached before screwing on the filling pipe4 ,the gage for the pressure-gage adapter is calibrated from #j to #fj kilograms per square centimeter1 is screwed into the side of the adapter and used to test the pressure in the counter-recoil system4 ,the quadrant sight1 model of #aiah 7,schneider71 is mounted on the left trunnion of the carriage1 both in traveling and in action1 and should not be removed by the battery mechanics4 ,the principal features of the quadrant sight are3 ,the cross-leveling mechanism1 the elevating mechanism1 and the angle of site mechanism4 ,the cross-leveling mechanism principally consists of the leveling worm1 leveling stop1 antibacklash spring1 leveling clamp1 and cross levels4 ,by means of the cross-leveling mechanism the quadrant sight is adjusted to proper alignment with the bore of the howitzer4 ,the bracket fits into the trunnion on the left side of the carriage and is provided with four tennons which engage slots in the face of the trunnions keeping the sight in proper alignment with the bore of the howitzer4 ,the bracket is screwed in place by the bracket bolt2 the front end of the body of the quadrant sight fits into the cylindrical part of the bracket and is held in place longitudinally by four lugs4 ,illustration3 ,,quadrant ,,sight1 ,,model ,,of #aiah4 7,,schneider7 ,the body of the sight is rotated by the leveling worm engaging the worm segment cut on the under side of the body4 ,the outer end of the worm is provided with a knurled hand wheel by means of which the leveling mechanism is operated4 ,the leveling stop1 secured to bracket1 engages slot in the body1 thus limiting the angular motion of the body in either direction4 ,the rear end of the cylindrical part of the bracket is split and provided with a leveling clamp by means of which the body may be locked in position after it has been leveled4 ,the cross level is located on the rear edge of the sight shank and serves the gunner in determining the level position of the instrument4 ,the level vial is a glass tube1 closed at both ends1 and partially filled with a liquid consisting of #d per cent alcohol and #fj per cent ether1 a small bubble remaining in the tube4 ,graduations are etched on the circumference of the tube to indicate the central position of the bubble4 ,the vial is held in a level-vial tube1 the ends being wrapped in paper and set in plaster of paris4 ,the knurled cross-level cover fits over the holder and1 together with the level-vial tube1 are held in place by the cross-level caps1 which close the ends of the holder4 ,when closed1 the cover serves as a protection for the vial4 ,the elevating mechanism consists principally of a sight shank1 elevating worm wheel1 antibacklash pinion1 elevating worm1 elevating worm eccentric1 elevating scale drum1 and scale drum housing4 ,,notes ,,on ,,care ,,of ,,the #aee ,,howitzer4 ,the executive should be perfectly familiar with the working of the recoil and know when to put a gun out of action due to faulty recoil4 ,the length of the recoil should be such that the end of the gun slides do not recoil over the end of the cradle rails4 ,in counter-recoil1 the sleigh should be perceptibly slowed down at a point about #aj centimeters from the front of the cradle1 and from there on should ease gently into battery without a sound or shock4 ,strict watch should be kept to see that no excessive leakage takes place through the stuffing boxes1 the valve in the gauge adapter1 or the oil hole in the cylinder end nut4 ,slight leakage can hardly be helped1 as one of the stuffing boxes is under more than four hundred pounds of pressure per square inch when the gun is at rest1 and three or four times that amount when the gun is in full recoil4 ,however1 if a pool of liquid is found after the gun has been standing all night1 it is time to report the matter and have the packings replaced4 ,the gun must be dismounted1 the stuffing-box repacked1 and the dermatine inspected4 ,the dermatine packing is a compound resembling rubber1 but it has the quality of resisting any chemical action that the liquid may set up in the recuperator4 ,a worn dermatine packing may be replaced by the simple expedient of turning it wrong side out and then using it again as before4 ,this has actually been tried and found to give good results4 ,another temporary repair was effected by cutting a ring from a solid truck tire and using it in the place of the dermatine1 until a packing of the latter could be obtained4 ,the ,french obtain a very tight fit in their stuffing boxes by the peculiar design that allows the liquid pressure to actuate a strong spring which in turn expands the packing against the rod or cylinder wall4 ,leakage through the recuperator stuffing box will be noticed by the liquid coming out of the oil hole in the right-hand cylinder end nut4 ,in dismounting ,french materiel1 care must be used to replace the same nuts on the bolts from which they were taken4 ,threads are not standardized as to diameter2 hence1 trouble is likely to occur when remounting4 ,to dismount the tube from the recoil mechanism1 or sleigh as it is denoted1 a suitably strong overhead beam is selected and the carriage run beneath it4 ,mount two one-ton duplex blocks on the beam over either end of the tube and thread the bore with a half-inch wire cable sling1 in such a manner as to leave a bight at both muzzle and breech ends4 ,into these loops the hooks of the block catch4 ,gunny sacks form a suitable packing at the muzzle and breech to prevent the cable damaging these parts of the tube4 ,provide several blocks of two by four or four by four stuff1 to block up the sleigh as it is moved to the rear--as we shall soon see that it does4 ,remove the locking hoop by knocking out the retaining bolts1 and also remove the cradle bolts from their housing on the cradle4 ,this will allow the sleigh to move to the rear of the cradle4 ,take a strain on the blocks and carefully move the sleigh back over the trail until the recoil-lug key 7locking the recoil lug to the sleigh7 clears the end of the cradle4 ,remove the set screw from the bottom of the sleigh which locks the tapered key in place1 and proceed to drive the key out with a sledge hammer and a block of wood4 ,during this operation the rear of the sleigh must be blocked up on the trail in order to take the strain off the cradle rails4 ,after the key is cleared1 the tube may be raised by means of the two blocks1 care being taken to make the lift vertical1 otherwise the slots and grooves just in front of the breech will jam and be damaged4 ,remove the carriage and lower the tube onto blocks4 ,the process of mounting is just the reverse of the above4 ,the elevating and traversing mechanisms give little trouble1 if all gear cases are kept packed in grease4 ,it is extremely important that1 in laying for elevation with this piece1 the final turns of the handwheel should bring the gun into correct position by raising the breech and not by lowering it4 ,in this way all backlash is taken out of the gearing and the howitzer rests solidly for firing4 ,the gunner may easily be taught to remember this by always having him bring the range bubble to the front of the glass and then slowly elevate the breech1 bringing the bubble to him4 ,the traversing mechanism moves the whole carriage1 including gun1 along the axle1 about the spade as the center of rotation4 ,the traversing screw moves the carriage by being rotated through nut set solidly in the axle4 ,the axle and nut are stationary and the screw moves laterally by means of the traversing handwheel4 ,hence1 the carriage being attached to the screw1 must move when the screw moves4 ,inasmuch as the axle is straight1 it must accommodate itself to the arc of the circle described about the spade as the center4 ,it does so by moving tangent to the arc1 and consequently one end moves to the front and the other end moves to the rear1 carrying the wheels with them4 ,from this it will be seen that before attempting to traverse the piece1 the brake must be 8off40 ,the movement of the wheels may be easily seen1 if a pencil line be drawn across the tire just above the brake shoe and then the piece traversed4 ,the line will be seen either to raise or lower according to whether the piece be traversed to the right or left4 ,in filling the 8brake0 or recoil cylinder1 good results have been obtained by merely leveling the gun and filling the brake cylinder until full4 ,trying to pour out one hundred cubic centimeters of the liquid after the brake is full1 as the ,french drill regulations lay down1 is almost impossible2 and no bad effects will be noticed provided the gun does not become excessively warm during the firing4 ,if it should become warmed up sufficiently to affect the recoil1 level the gun1 unscrew filling plug to release the pressure1 rescrew1 and continue the fire4 ,in using the manometer gauge1 to measure the pressure and the height of the liquid in the recuperator1 it will be found that the valve in gauge adapter will sometimes stick open to the extent of letting out all the air in the recuperator tanks4 ,the only sure remedy for this is entirely to dismount the gun1 remove the adapter1 and replace its valve packing1 which no doubt will be found to be worn and frayed1 or else some foreign substance will be found to be lying between it and its seat4 ,the gauges should be tested about once in three months by means of a standard steam gauge testing apparatus1 making the appropriate transformations if the tester be graduated to pounds per square inch as most steam testers are4 ,it will be found that the maximum steam pressures used are rather lower than these gauges read1 hence only the lower readings may ordinarily be tested4 ,to set the pointer to the correct pressure reading1 pull the pointer loose and apply a known pressure to the gauge4 ,set the pointer at the corresponding reading on the manometer and press it on tightly4 ,in general1 this is sufficient for practical work4 ,after each firing the breechblock should be entirely dismounted and each part washed in caustic soda solution and then stippled with oil before reassembling4 ,the wheels are made of smaller members than those that we are accustomed to see in our own materiel4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that the ,french designed their wheels for much better roads than ours2 and1 in comparison with our materiel throughout1 this fact must be borne in mind4 ,the wheels must be carefully watched1 especially through the dry weather1 for they tend to check and crack4 ,remedies are tire shrinking and soaking in water over night1 followed by a thorough and careful application of linseed oil4 ,fast travel1 as when the piece is coupled to a truck1 must be avoided if the life of the carriage is to be assured4 ,according to the ,french drill of the gun squads1 in going into action1 the piece is first unlimbered and the trail is then laid on the ground1 and the cannoneers change posts to the extent of the gunner going to his position by his sight2 while the remaining cannoneers lift the trail again and set the spade4 ,this is slow and cumbersome work4 ,much better results may be obtained by setting the spade at the time that the piece is unlimbered1 without moving the cannoneers from their posts4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,explosives1 ,,ammunition ,,and ,,fuses4 ,,explosives4 ,as a matter of practical interest1 explosives may be divided into three classes1 namely3 7#a7 ,progressive or propelling explosives called low explosives4 7#b7 ,detonating or disruptive explosives1 termed high explosives4 7#c7 ,detonators or exploders1 known as fulminates4 ,the first includes all classes of gun powders used in firearms of all kinds2 the second1 explosives used in shell1 torpedoes1 and for demolitions2 the third1 those explosives used to originate explosive reactions in the two first classes4 ,corresponding names are given to the phenomena characteristic of each class of explosives1 7#a7 explosions proper1 of low order1 progressive1 or combustions1 7#b7 detonations1 of high order1 7#c7 fulminations1 this last possessing exceptional brusqueness4 ,the explosion of low order is marked by more or less progression2 the time element is involved as a controlling factor1 the time required to complete the explosive reaction being large compared with that of the other forms of explosion4 ,the second class of explosion is of a different nature4 ,the explosive reaction is not limited or confined to the surfaces exposed but appears to progress in all directions throughout the mass radially from the point of initial explosion4 ,it has been determined experimentally that the velocity of propagation of the explosive wave throughout a mass of guncotton is from #ag1jjj to #ba1jjj feet per second4 ,fulmination is a class of explosion still more brusque than the last4 ,the abruptness of their explosion and the consequent sharpness of the blow and the concentration of heat on the point of ignition constituting their efficiency as originators of explosions of the first two classes4 ,methods of ,exploding4 ,explosives may be exploded by three methods2 in reality but two1 by heat and by application of energy as by a blow4 ,the heat may be applied directly by friction1 by electricity and detonating cap1 these two methods of applying the heat giving rise to the three practical methods above mentioned4 ,as it is not practical to apply heat directly to the charge1 small charges of special explosives are made up into primers and these are exploded in one of the ways above mentioned and so communicate the explosion to the main charge4 ,fulminate of mercury is one of the high explosives fulfilling the requirements and it is readily exploded by any one of the methods mentioned4 ,it is used in all detonating caps4 ,primers for cannon also contain an additional charge of black powder to increase the flame4 ,for this purpose also igniting charges of black powder are attached to the smokeless powder charges for the larger calibers4 ,uses4 ,the chief use of low or progressive explosives is as a propelling charge in guns and for blasting where it is desired to exert a pushing effect rather than a blow4 ,high explosives are used when it is desired to exert a high pressure and shatter the container1 as in a shell1 mine1 etc4 ,this class is not satisfactory as a propelling charge for the reason that its rapidity of action is so great that the pressure exerted would burst the gun before the projectile could start4 ,low explosives are not satisfactory shell fillers for the reason that their action is so low that the shell would break at its weakest point before all the explosives had exploded and what remained would be wasted4 ,with a high explosive1 all or most of the charge explodes before the shell can break up4 ,the greater the rapidity of action of an explosive the finer the fragmentation of the projectile4 ,with too rapid action the pieces are too small2 with too slow action they are too large4 ,experience teaches the proper rapidity of action to attain the fragmentation most efficient against animate and material targets4 ,propelling ,charges4 ,up to the present time nitrocellulose powder has complied better with the requirements of a suitable1 smokeless powder than any other that has been proposed and is used in our service for propelling charges in guns4 ,the danger of manufacture is also less than that of nitroglycerine powders4 ,moreover the latter1 which was formerly used in our service and still is in the ,british and some others1 causes too much erosion of the tubes due to the greater heat of explosion4 ,it has the advantage of requiring a smaller charge for the same muzzle velocity and therefore a smaller powder space and consequent lighter weight of gun4 ,shell ,fillers4 ,high explosives for shell fillers4 ,up to the present explosive 8,d10 trinitrotoluol and picric acid are the principal high explosives which fulfill the requirements as shell fillers4 ,explosive 8,d0 on account of its great insensitiveness to shock is used in armor piercing projectiles and also in field gun and howitzer shell4 ,it is detonated by a fuze4 ,trinitrotoluol is used in submarine mines and in general demolition work as it is much easier to explode than explosive 8,d40 ,table of ,explosives4 ,the following table gives a good idea of the principal explosives in use in our service and the characteristics of each3 ,high ,purpose4 or ,low4 ,name4 ,propelling charge in guns4 ,l ,nitrocellulose1 smokeless powder4 ,bursting charge1 projectiles4 ,h ,picric acid1 explosive 8,d0 7powder form7 ,trinitrotoluol4 ,blank1 saluting charges4 ,l ,black ,powder4 ,re-inforce charges1 primers4 ,l ,black ,powder4 ,base charge1 shrapnel4 ,l ,black ,powder4 ,time trains1 fuzes4 ,l ,black ,powder4 ,igniting charges1 cannon4 ,l ,black ,powder4 ,charges1 submarine mines4 ,h ,trinitrotoluol wet guncotton4 ,igniting elements1 fuzes ,h ,fulminate of mercury1 chlorate and primers4 of potash 7potassium chlorate74 ,high ,explosives4 ,the principal high explosives used as shell fillers in our service are3 picric acid1 explosive 8,d0 and trinitrotoluol1 or more popularly known at ,,tnt4 ,the picric acid and picrates used as shell fillers are secret compositions4 ,mellinite1 essentially picric acid alone or with some other substance is used as a shell filler by the ,french4 ,it is poured into the shell in a fused state and allowed to harden1 thus giving a very compact charge and one easily handled4 ,it has the disadvantage however of forming unstable compounds with the metal of the shell and great care must be exercised in coating the interior of the shell with a protective coat before pouring in the fused mellinite4 ,lyddite is the ,english equivalent of mellinite4 ,picric acid was also used by the ,japanese or it may be a mixture of picric acid and some nitro compound4 ,the most successful explosive of this type is explosive 8,d0 invented by ,colonel ,dunn of our ,ordnance ,department and sometimes known as 8,dunnite40 ,it is not fusible and must be compressed for use as a shell filler1 being forced into the shell by compression4 ,this is a disadvantage as compared to mellinite as the density of loading is less and weight for weight therefore less efficient4 ,it is little sensitive to shock and therefore not very dangerous to load even under great pressure4 ,trinitrotoluol is also used as a shell filler but its chief use is in demolition work and as the charge for submarine mines4 ,nitrogen ,compounds4 ,it may be interesting to note that all of the principal explosives with which we have been dealing are compounds containing nitrogen4 ,in fact the war has been fought with fixed nitrogen which explains the great interest taken in the various attempts to fix the free nitrogen of the air which is the world's great storehouse of free nitrogen4 ,as nitrogen is also a necessary ingredient in the various fertilizers1 the result to the world of a commercial process for speeding up the cycle of changes through which nitrogen passes in its life giving mission from free nitrogen in the air to its various compounds in the nitrogeneous animal and vegetable tissues is almost limitless and as usual war has been the incentive to speed up a process which will result in incalculable value to mankind4 ,classification4 ,guns are loaded with three kinds of ammunition3 fixed1 semi-fixed and separate loading ammunition4 ,in fixed ammunition the round is complete and projectile and powder loaded into the chamber at the same time4 ,in semi-fixed the projectile is separate from the powder charge1 which however is put up and loaded into the chamber in a container4 ,in separate loading ammunition the powder is loaded into the chamber in bags4 ,in the first two cases the cartridge case furnishes the means for sealing the rear of the powder chamber against escape to the rear of the powder gases4 ,in the last case some form of obturating device is made a part of the breechblock furnishing a gas check to seal the rear of the powder chamber4 ,fixed ,ammunition4 ,all of our field guns below #e inches in calibre use fixed ammunition4 ,the powder is placed loose in the cartridge case1 the space not filled with powder being stuffed with packing paper1 excelsior1 or felt wadding next to the projectile so as to hold the powder in contact with the primer1 in some fixed ammunition a brass diaphragm is soldered to the inside of the case for the same purpose and to keep out moisture1 7#d4g0 ,gun74 ,an igniting charge of black powder is a part of the primer and in some cases an additional charge is placed at the forward end of the powder space in the cartridge case to insure rapid ignition of the smokeless powder4 ,in this case it is held in place between two quilted disks of crinoline4 ,semi-fixed ammunition is employed in our #f0 and #d4g0 field howitzers4 ,the cartridge case contains three weights of propelling charge for firing in the three zones designed to give a high angle of all with these weapons4 ,access to the charge is had by tearing off the brass diaphragm closing the forward end of the cartridge case4 ,by removing the first charge the remaining charge is that prescribed for the second zone1 and by removing the top two charges the remaining charge is that of the first zone4 ,the three charges are tied together and the middle charge has an igniting charge of black powder attached4 ,the removal of charges is facilitated by the separate container for the powder charge and the round is more easily handled in the two parts especially in the case of the six-inch howitzer1 where the projectile weighs #abj lbs4 ,the same primer is used as in fixed ammunition1 the cartridge case performing the function of an obturator4 ,illustration3 ,,breech ,,mechanism ,,of #aee ,,gun ,,showing ,,de ,,bange ,,obturator4 ,separate ,ammunition4--,obturation4 ,the #aee-mm ,filloux gun and #aee-mm howitzer use separate ammunition4 ,in such guns there must be provided some form of a gas check which will prevent the powder gases from rushing to the rear into the threaded portion of the breechblock1 as this would soon erode the thread sectors and render the gun useless beside losing a large amount of pressure in the bore4 ,the device used as a gas check is called an obturator4 ,there are two systems of obturation in use1 named after their inventors3 ,the ,de,bange and the ,freyre4 ,the former is used in the #aee's4 ,it consists of a steel mushroom head closing the rear of the powder chamber1 the spindle of which passes through a central hole in the breechblock4 ,between the mushroom head and the face of the breechblock is a pad of asbestos1 paraffine and tallow1 pressed into shape by a hydraulic press and covered by canvas or asbestos wirecloth4 ,split rings having hardened outer surfaces are fitted1 one just behind the mushroom head and one just in front of the face of the breechblock4 ,their diameter is slightly greater in the free state than the conical surface of the bore where they bear when the breech is closed so that they always close the rear of the powder chamber4 ,the pressure of the powder gases forces the mushroom head to the rear and this compresses the asbestos pad which in turn forces the split rings to bear with greater force against the walls of the powder chamber thus securely closing the rear opening of the powder chamber4 ,for more details of this device see pages #cjb to #cjf ,tschappat's ,o ,g4 ,powder ,bags4 ,cartridge bags for separate loading are made of raw silk1 and are sewed with silk thread4 ,other materials are apt to produce flare-backs or premature explosions because they are not entirely consumed in the bore or continue to burn if not consumed4 ,the raw silk however either is entirely consumed or if not1 the parts ignited immediately go out as soon as the flame is removed and do not smoulder4 ,specially treated cotton fibre bags have been tried but so far as ,i know have not as yet superseded the raw silk for the purpose4 ,the gases remaining in the bore after the discharge of a charge of smokeless powder are explosive and with air form an explosive mixture1 hence the danger upon opening the breech if any smouldering particles remain in the bore4 ,illustration3 #ba ,,grain ,,percussion ,,primer ,,mark ,,ii-,a ,primers4 ,the devices for initiating explosions of propelling charges in military guns are called primers4 ,with fixed and semi-fixed ammunition the primers are seated in the base of the cartridge case4 ,in the case of separate loading ammunition the primers are inserted separately in the breechblock1 the expanding gases of the detonated primer forcing the walls of the primer case tightly against the bore through the breechblock and thus sealing this channel of escape for the gases from the powder chamber4 ,this necessitates a much larger and stronger case for separate loading primers than for those inserted in the base of a cartridge case4 ,classes of primers4 ,primers are divided into three classes according to the method by which they are fired3 7a7 friction primers1 7#b7 electric primers1 7#c7 percussion primers4 ,combination primers are made which may be fired by any two of these methods1 usually electric and one of the others4 ,the characteristics of a good primer are1 certainty of action1 safety in handling1 no deterioration in storage1 simplicity in construction and be cheap to manufacture4 ,they are also divided into obturating and non-obturating depending upon whether they close the vent during discharge or not4 ,primer pressing4 ,primers for fixed ammunition are inserted in the base of the cartridge cases by means of a special press for this purpose4 ,the primer body is a trifle larger than the seat in the cartridge case provided4 ,this seat is rough bored to a diameter less than the finished size and then mandreled to finished dimensions with a steel tapered plug4 ,this process toughens the material of the case around the primer seat and prevents the expansion of the primer seat under pressure of the expanding gases4 ,percussion primers4 ,except for very heavy siege guns and railroad artillery the guns handled by the ,field ,artillery use percussion primers4 ,the #aaj-;grain percussion primer is the one in use in our service and as typical will be described4 ,the charge consisting of #aaj grains of compressed black powder makes the charge burn like a torch rather than explode1 which facilitates the ignition of the charge of smokeless powder1 with which the flame comes in contact4 ,the diametral holes spray the flame in several directions thus insuring ignition at many points simultaneously4 ,the percussion element consists of a percussion primer cup1 the percussion composition and an anvil1 all of which are assembled together in a cup in the rear face of the primer case4 ,the percussion composition is made up of chlorate of potash1 sulphide of antimony1 ground glass and sulphur4 ,a blow upon the cap by the firing pin detonates the percussion composition and the flame from this detonation ignites the black powder which in turn explodes the charge of smokeless powder4 ,the ,general ,shape and ,nomenclature of ,projectiles4 ,the reason for the particular shape of shells may not be clear to all4 ,in the first place all matter has the property known as inertia1 which we may define as that tendency of matter to remain in a state of rest or to continue at a uniform velocity if in motion4 ,it offers a resistance to any change in the state of either rest or motion whether of amount or direction4 ,consequently when we apply a sudden and tremendous force to the base of a projectile by means of the expansive force of exploding powder gases1 there will be set up in the metal a resistance to this force in which every particle of the projectile will resist by an amount proportional to the mass of particles beyond the point of application of the force to itself4 ,the actual force will be proportional to the weight and acceleration produced by the applied force in the projectile4 ,this explains the reason why the walls of the projectile are thicker near the base4 ,it also explains the method of calculating the thickness of walls1 for if we know the weight at any cross section and the co-efficient of strength of the metal we may calculate the thickness of walls necessary to withstand the pressure for any given muzzle velocity which is fixed by other considerations4 ,it explains also the preference for steel in projectiles as for the same weight the steel is much stronger making it possible to throw a greater amount of shrapnel or high explosives in shell4 ,illustration3 #aee-,,mm ,,common ,,steel ,,shell ,,mk ,,iv ,the necessity for compact loading1 especially in the case of high explosive shell is also noted as otherwise the shock due to inertia would break up the charge and perhaps cause a premature explosion4 ,hence it is very necessary to guard against airholes in filling shell cavities4 ,in order to secure regular and uninterrupted movement of the projectile through the bore it is necessary that the projectile and bore have the same geometric axis4 ,also the projectile must be seated exactly and uniformly for succeeding rounds in its seating in the bore4 ,this latter is necessary in order that the powder chamber may not vary as this would give irregular pressures4 ,the liability of strapping the rotating bands or setting off the fuze in certain kinds of fuzes are also explained by inertia4 ,it might even cause sufficient shock to detonate the charge in the shell4 ,the remedy is accurate seating of each projectile by reason of trained gun crews using the same amount of force at each ramming4 ,the first condition1 coincidence of axes1 is obtained by means of the ogival head which has a diameter some tenths of a millimeter smaller than the diameter of the bore1 and serves as a front support for the projectile while the rotating bands center it in rear4 ,were it not for the bell the projectile1 held only by the soft material of the rotating band1 would wabble in its travel through the bore and tumble soon after leaving it4 ,it is also necessary that the center of gravity of the projectile be on its geometric axis4 ,otherwise it will travel on a spiral of the same pitch as the grooves and knock the tube walls as it travels through the bore and without the support of the bell might cause a premature explosion by actuating the fuze4 ,illustration3 #aee,m_/,m ,,shrapnel--#ie ,,lbs4--,,mark-,i4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,steel ,,shell ,,mark ,i4 ,,common ,,steel ,,shell ,,model ,,of #aije4 ,,shrapnel4 ,,cartridge ,,case4 #d4g0 ,gun ,ammunition4 ,three-inch ,ammunition4 ,fixed ammunition is used in the #c0 field guns1 and is made up with either common shrapnel1 high explosive shrapnel1 or common steel shell4 ,the rounds as made up vary in length with the type of projectile used4 ,the ammunition chests of the battery are of sufficient size to take any one of the rounds furnished1 so that the number of each kind to be carried is a matter for regulation by proper authority4 ,each round is issued with projectile filled and fused4 ,the weight of the projectile is #ae pounds1 and the total weight of one round is #ah4ge pounds4 ,the components of one round are the cartridge case with primer1 the powder charge1 igniter1 projectile and fuze4 ,the cartridge case4--,the cartridge case is a solid drawn-brass case #aj4h inches long2 it has a capacity of #ff4e cubic inches1 and weighs1 with primer1 #b4be pounds4 ,a circular groove is cut in the base of the cartridge case and the groove is painted red for high explosive shrapnel1 yellow for common shrapnel1 and black for high explosive shell4 ,the primer4--,the percussion primer1 known as the 8#aaj-;grain percussion primer10 contains an igniting charge of #aaj grains of black powder in addition to the essential elements of a percussion primer4 ,the purpose of the black powder is to insure the ignition of the smokeless powder charge in cartridge case4 ,illustration3 ,common ,steel ,shell4 ,common ,shrapnel4 ,cartridge ,case4 ,semple ,tracer4 ,high ,explosive ,shrapnel4 #c0 ,,ammunition ,the powder charge4--,the powder is a nitrocellulose powder composed of multiperforated 7#g perforations7 cylindrical grains1 each #j4ce0 long and #j4aie0 in diameter4 ,the charge varies slightly for different lots of powder1 but is approximately #bd ounces4 ,the charge gives a muzzle velocity for shrapnel of #a1gjj feet per second 7#afjj f_/s for shell7 with a maximum pressure in the bore not exceeding #cc1jjj pounds per square inch4 ,at the front end of the cartridge case there is an igniter of black powder weighing about oz4 which assists in the uniform ignition of the smokeless powder charge4 ,the projectiles4--,all projectiles have a copper rotating band #a4b0 from the base4 ,this band engages in the rifling of the bore of the piece1 and gives the projectile a rapid rotation about its long axis during flight4 ,this causes it to travel straight1 point on1 without tumbling4 ,common shrapnel4--,the common shrapnel is a base-charged shrapnel fitted with a combination fuze4 ,the case is of steel with solid base4 ,the shrapnel filling is composed of #beb balls1 each approximately #afg grains in weight 7#db to the pound74 ,the balls are approximately #j4e0 in diameter4 ,the balls are poured around a central tube and rest upon a steel diaphragm1 the interstices containing a smoke-producing matrix4 ,the bursting charge consisting of #b oz4 of black powder is in the base and is covered by the diaphragm which supports the central tube1 affording a conduit to the flame leading from the fuze to the bursting charge4 ,in action the case is not ruptured upon the explosion of the bursting charge2 the head is stripped and the balls are shot out of the case with an increase of velocity of about #bgd feet per second4 ,the remaining velocity of the shrapnel at #f1ejj yards is approximately #gbd feet per second and the time of flight #bb seconds1 so that at that extreme range1 with the increase of velocity due to the bursting charge1 this shrapnel with #ba-second fuze will be effective4 ,the weight of the shrapnel with fuze is #ae pounds4 ,shrapnel is a projectile containing a great number of hardened steel balls1 each approximately 0 diameter1 which may be projected from a point in the air 7called the point of burst7 close to but short of the target4 ,each ball is capable of killing a man or horse at a distance up to #bej or #cjj yards from the point of burst4 ,taken collectively1 the paths of these balls form a cone1 called the cone of dispersion4 ,the ground section of this cone is elliptical in shape with its longer axis approximately in the plane of fire4 ,at mid-range when burst at normal height of burst 7,h4 ,b4 #c mils71 the dimensions of this area are approximately #bj yards wide by #bej yards deep4 ,these dimensions will however vary with the angle of fall1 the height of burst1 the slope of the ground at the target1 and the relation between the linear and the rotational velocities of the shrapnel at instant of burst in the air4 ,a #c-mil ,h4 ,b4 is chosen because this gives an average density of #a hit per square yard of vertical target area4 ,an infantry skirmisher 7standing7 with his interval occupies approximately #a square yard4 ,shrapnel has very little effect upon material objects4 ,it is very effective against personnel not protected by cover1 or to search an area which is known to be occupied1 or which must be traversed1 by hostile troops4 ,ehrhardt ,high-explosive shrapnel4--,the ,ehrhardt high-explosive shrapnel is fitted with a combination fuze and a high explosive head4 ,the case is drawn steel with solid base4 ,the shrapnel filling is composed of #bhe balls1 each approximately #ach grains in weight 7#ej to the pound74 ,the balls are poured around the central tube and rest upon the steel diaphragm1 the interstices containing a matrix of high explosive4 ,in time action 7burst in air71 the case is not ruptured upon the explosion of the bursting charge1 but the head is forced out and the balls are shot out of the case with an increase of velocity of from #bej to #cjj feet per second4 ,in the meantime the head continues its flight1 detonating on impact4 ,if the fuze be set at 8safety0 or for a time greater than the actual time of flight1 this shrapnel may be used in lieu of high-explosive shell4 ,upon impact a high-explosive shrapnel is detonated by means of the percussion element of the combination fuze1 the head being detonated first1 which detonation causes the sympathetic detonation of high-explosive matrix surrounding the balls4 ,common steel shell4--,this steel shell is high-explosive and fitted with a base detonating fuze4 ,the case is hollow and made of drawn steel4 ,it is provided with an ogival head4 ,the steel shell contains a bursting charge of #ac4ab ounces of ,explosive ,d4 ,the weight of the shell with bursting charge and fuze is #ae pounds4 ,the shell is always issued filled and fuzed4 ,this shell bursts on impact and with great force exerted in all directions4 ,it is a powerful instrument for the destruction of material objects such as guns1 intrenchments1 houses1 stone walls1 etc4 ,the effect1 however1 is very local4 ,frankford ,arsenal combination fuzes4--,these fuzes are point fuzes with combination time and percussion elements for use with common shrapnel4 ,they are of the type known as the ring or 8dial0 fuze1 in which the time train is set by turning a graduated ring which carries part of the train4 ,these fuzes may be reset as often as desired4 ,ehrhardt combination fuze for high explosive shrapnel4--,this fuze is similar to the ,frankford ,arsenal ,combination time and percussion fuze but in addition contains a high explosive head and detonating element4 ,due to this arrangement1 both the projectile and the high explosive head have a high-explosive shell effect when striking on impact4 ,the service base detonating fuze4--,the details of the detonating fuze and the composition of the detonator are kept secret4 ,a detonating fuze is necessary in order to produce a higher order of explosion by causing an instantaneous conversion of the high explosive compound called 8,explosive ,d0 with which the shell is charged4 ,if an ordinary percussion fuze were used only an ordinary explosion would be produced as in the explosion of black powder4 ,preparation of blank metallic ammunition4--,blank metallic ammunition will always be assembled under the personal supervision of a commissioned officer1 who will be held responsible that it is prepared in the manner prescribed4 7,g4 ,o4 #i1 ,war ,dept41 ,jan4 #aa1 #aijh47 ,for this purpose there are issued blank-cartridge cases1 black powder in bulk1 tight-fitting felt wads1 rubberine1 or other quick-drying paint1 primers1 etc4 ,before assembling1 the cartridge cases should be carefully inspected to see that they are in sound condition and thoroughly clean and dry4 ,they should also be tested by trying them in the gun1 to determine whether they have become deformed4 ,any cases that do not readily enter the chamber in the gun or that are otherwise seriously deformed should be laid aside for resizing4 ,after inspecting the cartridge cases the blank ammunition should be prepared as follows3 7a7 ,insert the primers with the primer-inserting press4 7b7 ,pour into the cartridge case the proper weight of black powder and shake it down well4 7c7 ,insert the felt wad and press it down hard until it rests squarely on the powder charge4 7d7 ,give the upper surface of the felt wad and the inside of the cartridge case just above the wad a good coat of the rubberine or other quick-drying paint furnished for the purpose1 using a brush1 and allow the case to stand until this coat is dry4 ,then apply another coat of rubberine paint in a similar manner4 ,the object of using rubberine paint1 which is strongly adhesive1 is to thoroughly seal the joint between the wad and the case to prevent any powder grains from leaking out1 and at the same time to firmly hold the wad in place4 ,the reloading and cleaning outfit4--,this outfit consists of the following parts1 and is furnished to each battery3 ,primer-inserting press1 small ,bushing ,powder measure1 saluting ,decapping tool1 with guide ,cleaning brush ,hammer ,case holder ,case-holder stand ,storage chest ,the bushing is used in the primer-inserting press for the insertion of new primers4 ,the decapping tool and case holder and stand are used for removing exploded primers from the cartridge cases4 ,a light blow on the rod with a piece of wood or the bronze hammer generally removes the primer4 ,a powder measure to suit the saluting charge for the gun is furnished1 and when level full holds the required charge4 ,the cleaning brush is furnished for cleaning the cartridge cases after they have been used and should be ordered to suit the size of case for which intended4 ,care of ,cartridge ,cases4--,as soon after firing as practicable the exploded primers should be removed from the cartridge case by means of the decapping tools furnished with the reloading outfit4 ,the case should then be thoroughly washed in a strong solution of soft soap and soda to remove all powder residue4 ,it should then be thoroughly dried4 ,if the cartridge cases are carefully cleaned and washed immediately after firing1 not only will less labor be required but the life of the cartridge case will be greatly prolonged4 ,a good solution for washing cartridge cases may be prepared by using ingredients in the following proportions3 #a gallon of water1 #b ounces of soft soap1 #e ounces soda4 ,the mixture should be boiled and stirred until the ingredients are entirely dissolved4 ,in washing cartridge cases this solution should be used hot and in sufficient quantity to completely immerse the cases4 ,neither acids nor solutions of acids will be used for cleaning cartridge cases4 ,precautions to be ,observed with ,fixed ,ammunition4 7a7 ,do not unnecessarily expose ammunition to the sun or load it into a warm gun before time for firing2 if this is done1 erratic shooting will result4 7b7 ,handle carefully1 otherwise cartridges may become deformed and cause jams4 7c7 ,never use force or any implements on the base of the cartridge in loading4 7d7 ,see that fuzes set at safety or are provided with waterproof brass cover for transport4 7e7 ,do not fire ammunition which has been under water with the waterproof brass cover removed4 7f7 ,both service and blank ammunition should never be carried in the battery at the same time4 ,if conditions are such that both may be used in exercises1 only one kind should be in the firing battery2 the other should be under lock and key outside the firing position4 7g7 ,misfires and hangfires are of exceedingly rare occurrence4 ,in case of a failure to fire1 the firing handle should be pulled again in order to snap the trigger4 ,if this fails to fire1 the breech should not be opened until after the expiration of at least one minute1 when the round or cartridge should be removed and placed to one side4 ,defective ammunition1 cartridges and primers should be reported4 ,with ,blank ,ammunition4 ,firing with blank ammunition will be greatly facilitated by a careful observance of the following3 7a7 ,before firing1 a careful examination should be made of the assembled rounds to see that the felt wads have not become displaced or the cartridge cases dented or deformed by careless handling4 ,if the cartridge cases have been properly resized and are clean1 no difficulty should be experienced in inserting them in the gun1 provided the chamber of the latter is clean4 ,the continued insertion of cartridge cases that are not clean causes an accumulation in the gun chamber which may make the insertion of subsequent rounds difficult or impossible4 7b7 ,in firing blank ammunition the gun chamber will be sponged after each round with a damp sponge1 to extinguish sparks and remove powder residue resulting from the previous round1 before the insertion of another round4 7c7 ,care will be taken to see that the sponges are not worn and that they thoroughly fit the chamber4 ,the interval between rounds in firing blank ammunition should be sufficient to allow thorough sponging of the chamber and examination to ascertain that all sparks have been extinguished4 7d7 ,wads for the preparation of blank metallic ammunition are made to tightly fit in the cartridge case4 ,no wads should be used that are not a tight fit in the case4 ,,fuzes4 ,principle of operation4--,we have just learned something of the force of inertia in connection with a projectile4 ,most fuzes are actuated by this force4 ,from our knowledge of the trajectory we know that usually a projectile does not strike on its nose4 ,therefore we cannot devise our fuzes to work like the driving of a nail into a board4 ,the striking element is the anvil and is a fixed pointed spur against which a sliding element containing a fulminate strikes4 ,the sliding block carries a small charge of black powder which is set off by the fulminate1 thus igniting the train which leads to the high explosive charge detonator4 ,were this sliding block left free to slide back and forth at all times it would be unsafe to transport the fuze1 as it might be set off by accident4 ,there must be therefore some means of holding it safely away from the anvil until it is desired to detonate the charge4 ,there are thus two conflicting conditions to be met3 safety during transportation and sensitiveness at the point of departure4 ,it may not be understood at first why sensitiveness at the point of departure should be a condition to be met4 ,suffice it to say that all fuzes are designed to arm at discharge or soon after leaving the bore for they must be ready to act at any time after leaving the muzzle4 ,were they to be safe during flight they might be so safe that the remaining velocity would not be sufficient to set them off4 ,all fuzes are designed to arm as we say either during travel through the bore or immediately after4 ,methods of ,arming4 ,spring method4--,let us suppose that after our projectile has started on its way the sliding block is free to move within a cavity at the forward end of which is the anvil4 ,if the projectile comes to a sudden drop or even sudden reduction of velocity the block if unrestrained will1 according to the principle of inertia1 keep on going till something stops it4 ,the something in this case is the anvil and the fulminate cap is set off4 ,but it is not so simple4 ,for while the projectile is in flight it is acted upon by the air resistance and slows down but the block in the cavity of the head is not subjected to this resistance4 ,it therefore gains on the projectile or creeps forward in the cavity unless restrained as it is by a spring4 ,now one more point and this type of fuze is complete4 ,we supposed that our block was free to slide4 ,for safety's sake it is pinned to the cavity4 ,again we call upon inertia to bread the pin so as to leave the block free to slide4 ,the strength of the pin is calculated so that the force of inertia of the mass of the block is greater than the resistance of the safety pin and when the projectile starts the pin breaks and the spring forces the block to the rear of the cavity until the sudden stop of the projectile permits the block to slide forward as explained4 ,such a fuze requires a comparatively high initial velocity and is not adapted to howitzers using low muzzle velocities4 ,there are three other methods in use to arm the fuze4 ,they are inertia of a sleeve2 centrifugal force and powder pellet system1 that is1 combustion of a grain of powder holding the sliding block from the anvil by means of an arm resting against the unburned powder grain4 ,these are more sensitive than the type described4 ,in the first system1 a sleeve fitting around the plunger carrying the cap slides to the rear by inertia when the projectile starts and two clips engage in notches on the plunger body making the sleeve and plunger thereafter move as one body1 they are thus held together by a plunger spring which before arming held the plunger away from the anvil4 ,the safety spring held the sleeve and plunger away from the anvil and after arming prevents forward creeping by the plunger and sleeve now locked together4 ,upon striking1 the plunger and sleeve move forward as one body and the cap strikes the anvil4 ,in centrifugal systems the primer plunger is kept safely away from the anvil by a lock which is kept in place by springs4 ,when the rotational velocity reaches a certain point the force of the springs is overcome by the centrifugal force and the locks are thrown aside or opened and the plunger is free to move forward on impact4 ,in the powder pellet system 7the one largely used by the ,germans7 there is a well or channel filled with compressed powder1 this is set off by a fulminate cap which is fired by inertia1 a small plunger-anvil striking the cap4 ,when the powder is consumed it leaves a channel into which an arm attached to the sliding block carrying the igniting fulminate for the charge may slide1 thus permitting the block to slide forward to the anvil fixed in the forward part of the cavity4 ,it is held from creeping forward after the compressed powder is burned by a safety spring1 thus insuring sufficiently hard an impact to set off the cap4 ,heretofore in our service the fulminating cap has been fixed and the plunger carried the anvil or as we call it the firing pin4 ,such is now the system in our base detonating fuzes1 and in our combination fuze4 ,the new point detonating fuzes are patterned after the ,french and are practically ,french fuzes4 ,fuzes ,classification4 ,fuses are classified as3 7a7 ,percussion if it acts on impact1 producing a low order of explosion4 7b7 ,time when it acts in the air at a certain point of the trajectory4 7c7 ,combination if it is able to act in the air or upon impact4 7d7 ,detonating when it contains a fulminate which will bring about detonation upon impact4 ,the detonator may be separate or incorporated in the fuse4 ,for the #ge-mm gun and the #aee-mm howitzer it forms a part of the fuze4 ,many fuzes are armed on set-back4 ,an exception to this is the long detonating fuse1 ,,mk #aaa1 which is armed by the unrolling of a brass spiral holding together two half rings made of steel so fitted as to prevent the anvil and the head of the fuse from getting close together4 ,the spiral unrolls when the rotational velocity of the projectile reaches a certain speed1 thus drawing away the two steel rings and arming the fuse4 ,illustration3 ,,detonating ,,fuze--,,mark-,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,,detonating ,,fuze--,,mark-,v4 ,it is of great importance that the spiral spring be not unrolled during transportation or storage4 ,this is prevented by winding a tape of tarred canvas around the spirals1 the head being covered by a thin band of tinfoil4 ,just before loading the projectile the head and tape are removed by pulling the free end of the tape4 ,the following precautions concerning fuses must be rigidly observed to prevent grave accidents3 #a4 ,all detonators and detonating point fuses must be fitted with a felt washer underneath1 thus insuring proper seating in the central tube4 #b4 ,never disassemble a fuse by unscrewing4 #c4 ,any fuse1 the parts of which have become accidentally unscrewed1 must be destroyed at once4 ,if fired it may cause a premature burst2 if handled a grave accident may result4 #d4 ,any fuse or projectile which has been fired is dangerous1 because it may then be able to detonate by a very slight shock4 ,it is forbidden to touch it4 #e4 ,never remove the tin hood from the long fuse before having screwed the fuse in the central tube4 #f4 ,after having removed the tin hood1 be sure that the spiral is in its proper position4 ,never use a long fuse without the spiral4 #g4 ,be sure the men understand that this spiral must not be removed4 ,it has happened that men have removed this spiral1 thinking that it was a device similar to the safety ring in trench mortar fuzes1 ,,mk ,,vii ,e4 #h4 ,see that the ring of the long fuze which connects the powder train to the fuze body cannot be unscrewed4 ,if it can be unscrewed the fuze should be sent back to the depot4 #i4 ,if it is necessary to remove a shell with a long fuze by means of the rammer1 be sure to have a special rammer cup in the shape of a hollow cylinder of wood which will fit between the shell and the rammer4 #aj4 ,time and combination fuzes cannot be made absolutely water-tight2 the cover must therefore not be removed until the projectile is about to be loaded4 ,fuse ,tables4 ,tables showing ,american and ,french fuses to be used by our ,field ,artillery1 with information concerning markings1 color1 time of delay1 size of fuse1 etc4 ,,detonating ,,fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,time of delay4 ,color4 ,size of ,fuse4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,mk ,i #b-ajj ,white head4 ,short4 ,m ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj ,,mk ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj ,white top4 ,short4 ,,mk ,,ii 7short delay7 #e-ajj ,black top4 ,short4 ,m ,,ii 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,black head4 ,short4 ,,mk ,,iii 7,supersensitive7 zero ,no color4 ,long4 ,,mk ,,iv 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,white top4 ,short4 ,,mk ,,iv 7short delay7 #e-ajj ,black top4 ,short4 ,,mk ,,iv 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,black top violet ,short4 detonator socket4 ,,mk ,v 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,white top4 ,short4 ,,mk ,v 7short delay7 #e-ajj ,black top4 ,short4 ,mark--,,vii 7non delay7 #b-ajj ,white4 ,short ,mark ,,vii 7long delay7 #bj-ajj ,black top with violet ,short detonator socket ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,time of delay4 ,corresponding to4 ,cannon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,mk ,i #b-ajj ,russian #c;,,gt4 #c0 gun for target practice only4 ,m ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj #h01 #i4b01 ,,mk ,,ii 7non delay7 #b-ajj #bjd-m_/m4 ,,mk ,,ii 7short delay7 #e-ajj ,modified4 ,gun and ,howitzer4 ,m ,,ii 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,russian4 ,,mk ,,iii 7,supersensitive7 zero ,french ,,ial4 #ge ,g2 #c4h0;,g and ,h2 #d4g in4 ,g and ,h #f0;,h2 #aee;,h2 all gas shells4 ,,mk ,,iv 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,french #bd_/ca ,howitzer only4 ,,sr 7#ii-ae74 ,,mk ,,iv 7short delay7 #e-ajj ,french #bd_/ca ,howitzer only4 ,,ar 7#ii-ae74 ,,mk ,,iv 7long delay7 #ae-ajj ,french #bd_/ca ,howitzer only4 ,,sr 7#ii-ae74 ,,mk ,v 7non-delay7 #b-ajj ,french #bd_/ca ,all guns1 but not ,,sr 7#ii-jh74 ,howitzers4 ,,mk ,v 7short delay7 #e-ajj ,french #bd_/ca ,all guns1 but not ,,ar 7#ii-jh74 ,howitzers4 ,mark--,,vii 7non delay7 #b-ajj #f0 ,t4 ,m4 ,mark ,,vii 7long delay7 #bj-ajj #f0 ,t4 ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,letter 8,e0 after mark ,,vii indicates safety device4 ,note3--,all ,american point detonating fuses are stamped on head cap in letters and figures1 4#abe in high1 with name of use1 amount of delay1 initials of loader1 lot and number2 thus3 ,,pdf4 ,,miv1 xx ,delay1 ,,fa1 ,lot ,no4 xx4 ,illustration3 #de-,,second ,,combination ,,fuze ,,mark ,i4 ,illustration3 #ba ,,second ,,combination ,,fuze ,,model ,,of #aijg ,m4 ,,combination ,,fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,total time ,fuse4 burning ,corresponding ,sec4 ,french ,type4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ba s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a41 #aijg ,m4 #ba #bb_/ca,m #ahig1 #bd sec4 #ba s_/comb4 ,f4,a41 #aiae #ba #bb_/ca,m #aiaf1 #bd sec4 ,,aa4 #ca s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a4 #aiae #ca #cj_/ee,m #ahhi1 #dj sec4 #de s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a4 #aijg ,m4 #de ,same as above4 #cj_/ee,m #ahhi1 #dj sec4 #cj_/ee,m #aiac1 #dj sec4 ,,aa4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,fuse4 ,on what ,by what cannon ,wt4 of projectile used4 fired4 fuse4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ba s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a41 #aijg ,m4 ,com4 ,shrapnel4 ,all #c0 and #ge-mm #a lbs4 #ba s_/comb4 ,m,ki4 guns ,f4,a41 #aiae ,com4 ,shrapnel4 ,all #c0 and #ge-mm #a lbs4 #ca s_/comb4 ,m,ki4 guns ,f4 ,a4 #aiae ,com4 ,shrapnel4 #d4g0 gun4 #b lbs4 #de s_/comb4 ,f4 ,a4 #aijg ,m4 ,com4 ,shrapnel4 #aee ,how4 ,m,ki4 ,c4 ,s4 ,shell ,,aa #d4g0 gun ,m,kiii ,anti-aircraft4 ,,aa4 ,shrapnel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,action ,,of ,,american ,,and ,,french ,,detonating ,,fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,time zero #a_/ajj #b_/ajj ,color ,no color4 ,red4 ,white4 ,american ,m,kii ,none being made4 ,,mk i ,detonating ,fuse is considered ,,mk ii 7,,nd7 unsafe ,,mk i,v 7,,nd7 safe ,,mk i,v 7,,nd7 ,fuses ,will be abandoned by ,french ,,mk ,v 7,,nd7 ,french i,a,l4 #a ,,sr4 detonating fuses ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,time #e_/ajj #ae_/ajj ,color ,black4 ,black with violet socket4 ,american ,,mk ii 7,,sd7 ,,mk ii 7,,ld7 ,detonating ,,mk ii 7,,sd7 ,,mk iv 7,,ld7 ,,mk ,v 7,,sd7 ,,mk ,v 7,,sd7 ,fuses ,french ,,ar4 ,,lr4 detonating fuses ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,notes on ,ammunition ,marking4 ,marks on ,h4 ,e4 ,shell4 ,these are of two kinds4 7a7 ,stamped marks made with a steel punch on the body of the projectile just above the rotating band4 ,these refer to the manufacture of the projectile4 7b7 ,painted marks or bands which are clearly visible4 ,they refer to the loading1 to the weight of the projectile and to the special purposes for which the projectile is to be used4 ,painted marks referring to loading are found on the ogive4 ,h4 ,e4 shells are usually painted red4 ,marks referring to weight are painted in black just above the rotating band1 as follows3 ,l4--very light4 --light4 --normal4 --heavy4 --very heavy4 ,a white cross above these marks means that a plate has been welded on the base4 ,these marks are also painted on the boxes4 ,shells fitted with cartridge cases 7fixed ammunition7 are not painted below the rotating bands4 ,special ,shell4 ,incendiary shells4--,these incendiary shells are filled with some flame-producing liquid1 alumino thermic charge or incendiary cylinder composed of slow burning linstock and string strongly impregnated with saltpeter4 ,markings4--,green with red ogive4 ,all shells containing black powder are more or less incendiary4 ,percussion shrapnel is incendiary4 ,illustration3 #ge-mm ,ammunition4 ,star ,shells4--,for #aee howitzer4 ,upon bursting1 they liberate eight white stars fitted with silken parachutes4 ,the stars are projected backward through the base of the projectile at the point of burst4 ,the parachutes open1 the stars descending very slowly1 illuminating the surrounding objects for about #de sec4 ,the best height of burst is about #cjj m42 the burst interval should not be over #cjj4 ,these shells are also incendiary4 ,markings3 a blue star and an 8,e40 ,gas shells are either toxic or tear-producing4 7a7 ,toxic shells are numbered either #d or #e4 ,the liquids #d and #e volatize1 immediately upon contact with the air4 ,the gases are quickly diffused and easily carried by the wind4 ,effect4--,liquid #d acts immediately and is felt instantly4 ,liquid #e1 on the contrary1 works more slowly and its effects are apparent only after several hours4 ,markings3 ,green with white bands1 and numbers #d or #e on the ogive4 7b7 ,tear shells4--,these shells are numbered #aa1 #ab and #ac4 ,they are filled with two liquids1 either mixed or separated1 one liquid being tear producing1 the other smoke producing4 ,when the shell bursts1 a greater part of the liquid is volatilized1 the remainder being projected to the ground in small drops which volatize with variable speed4 ,markings3 ,green with numbers #aa1 #ab or #ac on the ogive4 ,tracer shell4--,this shell is fitted with a time fuse which ignites the inside charge1 the flames of which pass through the holes in the ogive thus tracing the trajectory4 ,tracer shells are used in fire for adjustment on aircraft4 ,they are also incendiary4 ,markings3 ,white with blue ogive4 ,letter 8,t0 painted on body4 ,,precautions ,,in ,,separate ,,loading ,,projectiles4 ,all projectiles must be seated accurately and carefully in loading1 otherwise not only inaccurate fire will result but also premature detonations may occur4 ,rotating bands should be smoothed and lightly greased just before loading4 ,in transport and in storage the bands should be protected by rope bands1 straw tithes1 etc41 to prevent deformation4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,care ,,and ,,preservation4 ,,oils ,,and ,,cleaning ,,material1 ,,tools ,,and ,,accessories ,,for ,,artillery ,,materiel ,,with ,,their ,,use4 ,in order that all parts of the materiel may function easily1 it is necessary that all the working and bearing surfaces may be properly cleaned and lubricated with the appropriate lubricant4 ,where such surfaces are not directly accessible1 oil holes are provided2 these holes should be kept free from grit and dirt4 ,except during oiling1 they should be kept fully closed by the means provided4 ,for use in service1 for the cleaning and preservation of this materiel1 the ordnance department issues hydroline oil1 lubricating oil1 clock oil1 vaseline1 sperm oil1 coal oil1 neat's-foot oil and light slushing oil4 ,each of these oils are suited for the particular purpose for which it is issued1 as stated below1 and care should be taken that it is not used for other purposes4 ,hydroline oil4--,used in the recoil cylinders of the carriage and for no other purpose4 ,never used as a lubricant4 ,it is characterized by its low freezing point and its non-corrosive action on metals4 ,lubricating oil 7,engine oil ,number #a74--;,a light petroleum oil used exclusively in all oil holes of the materiel1 and in lubricating such parts as wheels and axles1 guns and cradle slides1 cradle pintle and socket elevating and traversing mechanisms1 exterior of cylinders1 brake bearings1 hinges1 different surfaces of breechblocks1 threads1 breech recess1 et cetera4 ,clock oil4--,used on the spindle and all gearings of the ,battery ,commander's telescope1 bearings of the panoramic sight1 range quadrants and fuze setters4 ,in all cases clock oil should be used only when the instruments mentioned are disassembled for cleaning4 ,it should be applied by dropping from the end of the dropper attached to the end of the cork4 ,in case of emergency1 use as a substitute either sperm oil or ,engine oil ,no4 #a1 in the order mentioned4 ,vaseline 7,petrolatum74--,the heavy petroleum oil free from rosin4 ,used on the worm gears and the worm racks of the panoramic sight1 the hand and bracket fuze setter1 ,b4 ,c4 telescope1 and on the micrometer screw and bushing of the quadrant4 ,the spare parts of the breech mechanism should also be coated with vaseline and each piece then wrapped in paper to prevent the oil from being rubbed off4 ,sperm oil4--,a lighter lubricant than the lubricating oils1 and may be used on the gears of sights1 fuze setters1 ranges1 quadrants1 parts of revolvers1 et cetera2 lubricating oil may also be used on such parts4 ,it is also used as a temporary rust preventive4 ,its low viscosity and light body make it unsuitable for this purpose for more than a few days4 ,coal oil4--,used for cleaning purposes4 ,in the field it may be used for lanterns4 ,coal oil for general illuminating purposes is furnished by the quartermaster department4 ,neat's-foot ,oil4--,an animal oil used for softening and preserving leather4 ,applied with a moistened cloth to the flesh side of moistened leather4 ,light slushing oil4--,the heavy petroleum oil similar to cosmic4 ,used as a rust preventive4 ,essentially a mineral oil containing a large per cent of rosin4 ,prescribed for use in the protection and preservation of all bright or unpainted of steel or iron on all parts of the equipment when the materiel is to remain unused for an appreciable length of time4 ,its use as a lubricant for mobile artillery is forbidden4 ,before applying the slushing oil to any surface1 the parts should be thoroughly cleaned so as to be free from rust1 coal oil1 lubricating oil1 et cetera1 as their presence will cause rusting under the slushing oil4 ,the slushing oil should then be applied in a thin1 uniform coat1 since this is all that is necessary to give good protection4 ,except in very cold weather it can be applied by using a paint brush as when painting1 in cold weather it should be applied by stippling--that is1 by holding the brush perpendicular to the surface to be coated and then tapping the surface with the point of the brush4 ,it can be applied through the bore of the gun by a slush brush issued for that purpose4 ,in cold weather it should be warmed before used in the bore of the gun4 ,it may be readily removed by burlap or waste dipped coal oil4 ,borax4--,issued for use as a flux in welding4 ,lavaline4--,a metal polish issued interchangeable with ,gibson's soap polish4 ,used on bits and collars4 ,lye1 powdered4--,when dissolved in water1 one pound to six quarts with sufficient lime to give a consistence of paint1 is used to remove old and blistered paint4 ,napthaline4--,a moth preventive1 effective only after eggs and grubs already present have been removed4 ,used in the storage of blankets1 et cetera4 ,polish1 ,gibson's ,soap4--,a metal polish issued interchangeably with lavaline4 ,used on bits and collars4 ,paint1 rubberine4--,used in connection with loading ammunition in accordance with instructions regarding the same4 ,primer1 brown enamel4--,a hard1 quick drying enamel used for painting parts of horse collars1 draft springs1 et cetera4 ,sal ,soda1 ,bicarbonate of ,soda4--,a saturated solution of soda and water makes an alkaline solution that will not rust4 ,the solution must be saturated1 that is1 at least #bj or one-fourth pound of soda 7#f heaping spoonfuls to one cup of water74 ,this solution is an effective solvent of powder fouling and should always be used after firing1 whether metal fouling solution is to be used or not4 ,it reduces the labor of cleaning with oil alone by more than half4 ,used also in a weaker solution 7one-half pound to #h quarts of water7 in washing surfaces to be painted and to remove dirt and grease4 ,soap1 ,h4 ,h4--,a neutral naphtha soap used in washing blankets1 web and cloth equipment4 ,applied in the form of a solution 7one cake to #i cups of hot water74 ,if for any cause this soap is not obtainable1 a good laundry soap 7ivory or equal7 may be used1 but in no case should yellow soap containing a large percentage of alkali be used4 ,soap1 castile4--,an alkaline soap used in cleaning leather equipment4 ,applied on a moistened sponge4 ,soap1 saddle 7,hollingshead74--,a soap used as a dressing for leather equipment4 ,applied with a thick lather on a moistened sponge4 ,swabbing solution1 contains4--,ammonium persulphate1 #fj grains or one half spoonful smoothed off4 ,ammonia #bh1 #f oz4 or of a pint or #ab spoonfuls4 ,water1 #d oz4 or pint or #h spoonfuls4 ,dissolve the ammonium persulphate in the water and add the ammonia4 ,keep in a tightly corked bottle4 ,pour out only what is necessary at a time and keep the bottle corked4 ,,tools ,,and ,,accessories4 ,in the repair of all equipment1 it is literally true that 8a stitch in time saves nine10 and that a timely repair will save the entire article4 ,tool ,kits will be kept complete and serviceable2 edges of cold chisels free from nicks2 drifts and punches properly shaped immediately after using2 and files kept clean4 ,to prevent unscrewing1 copper wire is used to lash nuts and other threaded parts which are not secured by split pins4 ,contents of ,leather ,pouch for ,spare ,parts 7carried in ,trail ,boxes of #c-;inch ,guns73-- ,for ,breechblock-- #ej ,split pins #a ,block latch and spring #a ,firing pin and spring #a ,firing pin sleeve #b ,handy oilers1 #e-af inch #a ,hinge pin catch #a ,lever latch spring #a ,locking bolt1 nut and pin #a ,locking bolt spring #b ,oil hole covers with screws #a ,pallet pin #a ,sear #b ,trigger shaft detent ,for ,hand ,fuze ,setter-- #b ,corrector scale screws #a ,guide plate lock screw #b ,index bar screws #a ,index plunger and spring #b ,oil hole screws #a ,range index #c ,range ring screws #a ,stop pin screw ,for ,bracket ,fuze ,setter-- #a ,corrector scale screw #c ,guide screws #d ,housing screws split washers #a ,knob washer #a ,range worm crank knob taper pin #a ,range worm crank handle #b ,range ring screws #c ,split pins 7#j4abe7 #a ,spring and spring cover with screw #b ,stop pins with rivets ,for ,cylinder-- #a ,drain-plug1 cylinder #a ,elevating traversing lock spring #a ,filling plug 7piston rod7 #e ,rings ,garlock packing1 in ,special ,wrenches1 ,spanners1 other tools and accessories will be used only for the purposes for which they are intended4 ,this purpose is usually stamped upon the tool4 ,in assembling or disassembling parts of the materiel1 no part will be struck directly with a hammer4 ,if force is necessary1 a piece of wood or copper should be interposed between the hammer and the part struck4 ,all nuts are provided with split pins as keepers4 ,a pair of wire cutting pliers is provided for use in pulling split pins1 cutting wire lashings1 etc4 ,when a nut is assembled the split pin should always be inserted and properly opened4 ,axes1 hatchets1 picks1 pick mattocks and shovels are carried on the carriage for use in the field and will not be put to other uses4 ,the working edges will be kept bright and lightly oiled1 the edges being sharpened if intended for cutting1 or smooth if intended for digging4 ,deformed blades1 edges or points should be straightened at the anvil and forge or in a vise4 ,shovel points are straightened with a hammer on a block of wood4 ,the side edges of shovel blades should not be used as a mattock1 as such treatment will deform the blade4 ,in the field1 split handles should be wrapped with a cord until they can be replaced by new handles4 ,canvas ,buckets are used for watering animals1 for washing carriages and equipment4 ,whenever possible1 they should be dried before folding and replacing in the holders on the carriages4 ,a rip or hole may be patched and made practically water-tight by a coat of shellac4 ,lanterns are used for illuminating purposes in the field only4 ,paulins are used to cover the harness and guns when in the field or in park4 ,on the march they are carried on the carriages1 being folded to serve as seat cushions4 ,holes and tears should always be properly sewed1 stitched or darned as soon as practicable4 ,picket ,ropes are used in the field as drag ropes for the carriages or as picket lines for the animals4 ,the ropes must be in a serviceable condition and free from knots4 ,to keep them in a serviceable condition1 splicing may often be necessary4 ,,care ,,and ,,cleaning ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,carriages4 ,to disassemble and to clean the cylinder4--,for cleaning1 the cylinder is dismounted and emptied and the cylinder head1 counter recoil buffer1 and piston rod removed4 ,the interior of the cylinder1 the piston1 the counter recoil buffer and the stuffing box should then be thoroughly cleaned by the use of cotton waste4 ,the removal of the packing is not necessary in cleaning4 ,the cylinder bore should be carefully inspected1 and if any rust has formed it should be removed with coal oil1 using if necessary1 fine emery cloth4 ,the latter must be used with great care to prevent any increase in the clearance between the piston and the cylinder4 ,if rubbing1 burring1 or scoring of the parts is noted1 the rough spots should be carefully smoothed down by a skilled workman with a dead smooth file or with emery cloth1 and the cause of the roughness ascertained and removed4 ,where unusual rubbing or scoring has occurred1 the facts will be reported to the ,officer of the ,ordnance ,department charged with the duty of keeping the battery in repair1 for his information and action4 ,the exterior of the cylinder should be kept well oiled and free from rust and dirt1 and an inspection made at least once a month to ascertain its condition4 ,where rust has formed it should be removed with coal oil1 and1 if necessary1 emery cloth4 ,for shipment or storage1 or where the carriage is to stand without firing for extended periods1 the cylinder should be coated with the light slushing oil used for the bore of guns4 ,to fill the recoil cylinder4--,if the cylinder is not completely filled1 loss of stability will occur and higher stresses than normal will be developed in the carriage4 ,for this reason the cylinder should be filled with the greatest care1 a commissioned should1 himself1 verify that the cylinder is full and that no air is left in it1 exception of the void noted below4 ,it is far easier to fill the cylinder when it is disassembled from the cradle4 ,if assembled in the cradle1 bring the gun to its maximum elevation and remove both filling and drain plugs4 ,it is necessary that the drain plug holes should be lubricated on top of the cylinder4 ,fill through the hole in the piston rod4 ,allow a few minutes for the air to escape and the oil to settle4 ,refill and repeat two or three times4 ,when satisfied that the cylinder is entirely full of oil1 insert both plugs1 and depress the gun to its maximum depression4 ,after a few moments elevate again to its maximum elevation and unscrew both plugs4 ,now refill as described above4 ,when entirely full1 allow not more than two cubic inches 7about one-fourth of a gill7 of the oil to escape1 insert both plugs and lash them with copper wire4 ,it may happen that after firing a few rounds the gun will not return to battery4 ,this may be due to1 first1 weakness of springs1 second1 stuffing box gland being screwed up too tight1 or third1 the oil having expanded1 due to heat4 ,it any case the cause must be ascertained and remedied1 if due to expansion of oil1 it is proven by the fact that the gun cannot be pushed into battery by force exerted on the breech of the gun4 ,in that case elevate the gun to its maximum elevation and remove the filling plug4 ,the oil will now escape permitting the gun to return to battery4 ,in emergencies1 water may be used in the cylinder4 ,this should be done only when absolutely necessary1 and never in freezing weather1 and as soon as practicable the cylinder should be emptied1 cleaned1 and thoroughly dried and filled with hydroline oil4 ,about #i pints of hydroline oil are required for filling the recoil cylinder4 ,to empty the recoil cylinder4--,the cylinder may be emptied either when assembled or disassembled from the cradle4 ,in either case1 remove both the filling and drain plugs1 depress the forward end of the cylinder and drain the contents into a clean can or other receptacle over which a piece of linen or muslin has been stretched1 for straining the oil4 ,to clean the recoil cylinder oil4--,the hydroline oil used in the cylinder should be cleaned and free from grit and dirt4 ,the oil should be stored in the closed cans provided for the purpose1 and be carefully protected from dirt1 sand1 or water4 ,oil withdrawn from the cylinders and containing any sediment must not be used again until it has been allowed to settle for not less than #bd hours4 ,when sediment has thus been permitted to settle great care must be taken not to disturb it in removing the oil4 ,to insure the cleanliness of all cylinder oil it should be strained through a clean piece of linen or muslin before using4 ,to clean the bore of the gun4--,after firing and at other times when necessary1 the bore of the gun should be cleaned to remove the residue of smokeless powder1 and then oiled4 ,in cleaning1 wash the bore with a solution made by dissolving one-half pound of ,sal ,soda in one gallon of boiling water4 ,after washing with the soda solution1 wipe perfectly dry and then oil the bore with a thin coating of the light slushing oil furnished for that purpose4 ,briefly stated1 the care of the bore consists of removing the fouling resulting from firing1 in obtaining a chemically clean surface and in coating this surface with a film of oil to prevent rusting4 ,the fouling which results from firing of two kinds--one1 the production of combustion of powder1 the other1 copper scraped off the rotating band4 ,powder fouling because of its acid reaction1 is highly corrosive1 that is1 it will induce rust and must be removed4 ,metal fouling of itself is unactive1 but its presence prevents the action of cleaning agents4 ,it should be removed if it accumulates4 ,at every opportunity in the intermission of fire1 the bore of the gun should be cleaned and lubricated4 ,to clean the breech mechanism4--,the breech mechanism should be kept clean and well lubricated4 ,it should be dismounted for examination and oiled when assembled4 ,to clean the recoil springs4--,dismount to clean4 ,all rust should be removed and the springs well oiled before assembling4 ,when the springs are dismounted the interior of the cradle should be cleaned and examined for defective riveting1 missing rivet heads and scoring4 ,the condition of the spring support guide should be noted and all burrs or scores carefully smoothed off4 ,to clean1 lubricate and care for the elevating and traversing mechanism4--,the contact surfaces between the cradle and the rocker should be kept clean1 thoroughly oiled1 and free from rust4 ,if indications of rusting1 cutting1 or scoring of these surfaces appear1 the cradle should be dismounted1 the rust removed1 and rough spots smoothed away4 ,the elevating and traversing mechanisms should be dismounted for thorough cleaning and overhauling4 ,they should be kept well oiled and should work easily4 ,if at any time either mechanism works harder than usual1 it should be immediately overhauled and the cause discovered and removed4 ,in traveling1 the cradle should be locked to the trail by means of the elevating and traversing lock1 so as to relieve the pointing mechanism of all travel stresses4 ,to clean1 lubricate and care for the wheels4--,the wheel and wheel fastenings should be dismounted periodically and the fastenings1 hub boxes1 axle arms1 and axle bore cleaned and examined4 ,all roughness due to scoring or cutting should be smoothed off4 ,the hollow part of the axle acts as a reservoir for the oil to lubricate the wheel bearings4 ,experience will show how much oil is needed1 but enough should be used to insure that the oil will pass through the axle arms to the hub caps4 ,the nuts on the hub bolts should be tightened monthly during the first year of service and twice a year thereafter4 ,the ends of the bolts should be lightly riveted over to prevent the nut from unscrewing4 ,when the hub bolts are tightened1 the hub band should be screwed up as tightly as possible against the lock washer at the outer end of the hub ring4 ,,general ,,instructions ,,for ,,the ,,care ,,and ,,maintenance ,,of ,,materiel ,assembling and ,disassembling4 7a7 ,cradle mechanism1 cylinder1 springs et cetera4 ,all work upon recoil cylinders1 sights1 and other optical equipment should be done in the presence of a commissioned officer4 ,the recoil cylinder should never be clamped in a vise1 but when necessary to hold it from turning1 a spanner applied to the front end of cylinder should be used4 ,never remove the cylinder end stud nut when the piece is at an elevation4 ,see that proper kind of oil is used in cylinders and for lubrication4 ,strain the oil used in filling the cylinders through a fine clean cloth and be sure that the receptacles used in handling the oil are clean4 ,take every precaution to keep the interior of the cylinders clean and to prevent the entrance of foreign particles4 ,in assembling the gland be sure that at least four threads of the gland are engaged with the threads of the cylinder head4 ,lash parts with copper wire to prevent unscrewing4 ,close down the ends of the recoil-indicator guide to avoid loss of the indicator4 ,prevent possible injury to cannoneers by causing them to stand clear of the counter-recoil spring column in assembling or dismounting4 ,remove cylinder end stud screw before trying to unscrew cylinder end stud4 7b7 ,gun ,in moving the gun on or off the cradle1 provide ample support for the breech end1 so that the gun clips are in prolongation of the cradle guides2 if this is not done the cradle guides may be ruined4 7c7 ,elevating and traversing mechanism4 ,if the gun will not remain at the elevation at which set1 the crank shafts are probably not correctly assembled4 ,if the elevating screw do not house in traveling1 they are incorrectly assembled4 7d7 ,sights and quadrant4 ,frequently verify the adjustments of sights and quadrant4 ,require special care in handling sights4 ,do not permit cannoneers to use front sight as a handle in mounting4 ,be sure that the range disk of the quadrant and range strip of the rear sight shank are graduated for the particular type of ammunition used by the battery4 ,this also applies to the fuze setter4 ,care of ,materiel4 7a7 ,parts of the ,carriages4 ,all nuts are secured by split pins1 which should be replaced and properly opened when nuts are screwed home4 ,do not strike any metal part directly with a hammer2 interpose a buffer of wood or copper4 ,all working and bearing surfaces of the carriage require oiling2 those not directly accessible for this purpose are provided with oil holes closed by spring covers or handy oilers4 ,do not permit brake levers to be released with a kick or blow4 ,it has been found that the apron hinges occasionally become broken1 and that the apron hinge pins are frequently lost4 ,whenever this happens the hinge or hinge-pins should be immediately replaced4 ,for if this is not done the apron1 which is very expensive is apt to become cracked or broken4 ,when the lunette becomes loosened the lunette nuts should at once be tightened4 7b7 ,wheels4 ,keep hub bolts and hub bands properly tightened4 ,to tighten the hub bands screw them as tightly as possible with a wrench and then force them farther by striking the end of the wrench with a hammer4 ,all wheels and pintle bearings should be frequently oiled4 7c7 ,inspections4 ,battery commander should frequently make a detailed inspection of all the vehicles in the battery1 to see if any parts of them are broken or if any screws1 nuts1 split-pins1 et cetera are missing4 ,if any such defects are found they should immediately take steps to replace missing or broken parts4 ,at these inspections the material should also be examined to ascertain whether the cleaning schedules have been properly carried out4 ,compliance with these instructions will do much toward prolonging the life of the carriage4 ,firing1 ,precautions and ,preparations for4 ,before firing1 inspect to see that cylinders are properly closed and that the cylinder end stud nut and piston rod-nut are in place4 ,if time permits1 oil slides before firing4 ,note length of recoil for the first few shots to be sure that the recoil mechanism is working properly4 ,there is no danger as long as the recoil does not exceed #dh inches4 ,therefore1 for first shot always set recoil indicator for about #db inches4 ,if the gun fails to return fully into battery1 it is probably due 7#a7 to dirt on slides and guides1 7#b7 to cutting of slide surfaces on account of lack of oil1 7#c7 to gland being screwed up too tightly1 7#d7 to dirt or foreign particles in the cylinder1 and especially in the counter recoil buffer recess1 7#e7 to weakness of springs1 #ij of such cases will be found to be due to #a1 #b or #c4 ,lock the cradle to the trail at drill and at traveling to avoid unnecessary strain upon the pointing mechanism4 ,after unlimbering1 release elevating and traversing lock before attempting to elevate or traverse gun4 ,cleaning and ,care of ,leather4 ,all leather contains more or less oil4 ,when the amount of oil decreases the leather becomes harder1 less pliable1 and shows a tendency to crack4 ,it loses its elasticity and breaks more readily under sudden strains4 ,exposure to the sun evaporates the oil and exposure to the rain washes it out1 both conditions tending in the long run to bring the same result1 namely1 hardening and stiffening of the leather4 ,accumulations of foreign substances are very injurious for they tend to absorb the oil from the leather underneath1 leaving it dry and hard1 or they retain moisture on the surface1 prevent the air from getting to it and rot the leather4 ,also many substances such as perspiration and excretion from the horse contain chemicals which are very injurious4 ,for these reasons all leather must be kept clean4 ,the cleaning agent used is castile soap with water4 ,all pieces should be taken apart and as much dirt and dust as possible removed with a damp sponge or cloth4 ,all remaining dirt is then removed by washing with castile soap and water4 ,in doing this always use as little water as possible4 ,wring the sponge out nearly dry1 rub it on the soap and work it with the hands until a thick1 creamy lather is formed4 ,then scrub the leather thoroughly until all dirt is removed4 ,special care should be taken around spots that have been in contact with metal perspiration or excreta4 ,if there is an old accumulation of dirt a soft stick may be used to scrape this off4 ,never allow a knife or a piece of glass to be used or any sharp edged instrument4 ,after all dirt is removed run the sponge in one direction1 all the way along the leather to remove all remaining dirt and extra lather4 ,never allow the pieces to be rinsed off in a bucket of water4 ,metal parts should be washed thoroughly and dried and if necessary any rust removed with a crocus cloth4 ,although as little water as possible is used some of the oil in the leather will certainly be washed out1 and1 to keep the leather in proper condition1 it must be replaced4 ,after an ordinary cleaning this is normally done by an application of saddle soap4 ,saddle soap is not a cleaning agent--only a dressing for leather4 ,it contains enough oil to replace1 if properly applied1 all loss through ordinary use4 ,it is used in the same manner as castile soap1 in the form of a thick1 creamy lather1 rubbed well into the leather and allowed to dry4 ,the leather should be well rubbed with the hands while drying1 to keep it soft and pliable1 and to work the oil in4 ,always allow it to dry in the shade1 preferably for several hours1 and never assemble pieces1 especially fastening straps into buckles until thoroughly dry4 ,oil is never applied directly to leather unless it has become so hard and dry that saddle soap is not sufficient to soften it4 ,there is only one oil issued for that purpose4 ,that is 8,neat's ,foot ,oil40 ,this should only be applied to the flesh side of the leather and very lightly4 ,several light applications give much better results than a few heavy ones4 ,the oil should be well rubbed in with the hands and should be preferably applied after cleaning the leather with castile soap and water1 as the pores of the leather are then more open and the oil penetrates much better4 ,never oil leather until it becomes greasy1 for1 besides wasteful1 it makes the leather too spongy4 ,in emergencies1 where ,neat's ,foot ,oil cannot be procured any good vegetable oil may be used1 preferably olive oil4 ,this is only for emergencies and is not to be used unless ,neat's ,foot ,oil or saddle soap cannot be had4 ,all new leather equipment should be cleaned with castile soap and water as soon as unpacked as leather very often becomes covered with mold after being packed in boxes for some time4 ,ordnance leather as it comes to the battery is very dry and should be thoroughly oiled before being used4 ,new equipment after being washed thoroughly1 should be given1 in several light applications as much oil as it will absorb without becoming greasy4 ,each application should be allowed to dry thoroughly and should be given frequent rubbings to soften the leather4 ,with the proper kind of preparation for use there is no excuse for the large amount of broken new leather equipment which is so common4 ,in packing harness for shipment1 especially into harness sacks the harness should be cleaned and oiled and then dried for at least twenty-four hours before putting into the sacks4 ,after removing from the sacks at the destination1 cleaning and dressing with saddle soap is sufficient4 ,when the leather is dirty1 clean it--not to improve its looks but to preserve it4 ,when wet allow it to dry in a warm 7not hot7 place1 in cold weather2 or in the shade in summer4 ,when it is dry apply saddle soap or oil4 ,never hang any piece of equipment over a nail or sharp edge as cracks always develop where the leather has been folded over sharply4 ,ordinary oils and greases rot leather1 so all such equipment must be kept away from contact with them4 ,never leave any piece of leather where it will chafe against any sharp edge or corner and never leave it exposed to the sun longer than necessary4 ,care of ,cloth ,equipment4 ,all cloth equipment should be kept as clean as possible by continual brushing4 ,the fewer times necessary to wash it1 the longer its life4 ,canvas goods such as paulins1 webbing1 etc41 when it becomes necessary to wash them should be scrubbed with ,paco1 or ,h4 ,h4 soap and water4 ,make a solution of one cake of either soap in nine cups of hot water4 ,brush the article to be cleaned thoroughly and spread it on a clean table4 ,scrub with the above solution and scrubbing brush until a good lather appears4 ,rinse in clean water and hang in the shade to dry4 ,woolen articles may be cleaned in the same manner or with ordinary laundry soap4 ,the first method being always the best4 ,it is preferable to wash these in cool or warm water1 as hot water shrinks them4 ,never wring woolens out1 but after washing1 rinse in clean water and hang immediately up to dry4 ,saddle blankets should be kept well brushed and should be frequently unfolded1 hung in the sun and beaten with a whip4 ,when removed from the horse they should be doubled over with the wet side out and put in the shade to dry4 ,if no shade is available1 and they must be exposed to the sun1 always fold the wet side inward4 ,with these precautions1 saddle blankets should not need washing oftener than twice a year4 ,in washing immerse the blanket in tepid soap suds repeatedly until clean1 rinse in clean water1 and hang in the sun to dry4 ,do not scrub the blanket4 ,care of ,metal4 ,all metal equipment should be kept clean and free from rust4 ,coal oil is used to remove rust1 but it must always be removed as it will rust the metal if allowed to remain4 ,the coal oil should be applied to the metal and if possible allowed to remain for a short time4 ,this will loosen and partially dissolve the rust so that it can be rubbed off with a rag or a sponge4 ,continued applications may be necessary if there is much rust4 ,a solution of ,sal ,soda is also a good rust remover4 ,the articles must be washed thoroughly after using this to remove all traces of the soda as it is a very active corrosive4 ,never scour metals to remove rust if it can be avoided as this leaves a roughened surface which will rust again much more easily4 ,polished surfaces such as brass fittings should be cleaned and polished with ,lavaline4 ,this may also be used on the bearing surfaces of steel collars4 ,all surfaces after cleaning should be dried thoroughly and if not painted should be greased with cosmis or cosmoline4 ,these form an air-proof coating over the metal surface so that no moisture may reach it and cause rusting4 ,if the metal is not dried thoroughly1 some moisture may be held between the grease and the metal surface which will in time cause rust to appear4 ,care must be taken that the grease covers the surface completely4 ,all surfaces against which there is no friction should be painted and kept so4 ,ordinary olive drab or collar paint is very satisfactory for this purpose4 ,care of ,guns ,during and ,after ,firing4 ,always while firing keep the bore as clean as possible4 ,if there is time to swab out between shots1 do so4 ,during continued firing a bucket of water should be kept near the gun1 and the sponge on the rammers staff kept wet while swabbing4 ,watch the recoil indicator and occasionally push it ahead so as to be sure you are getting a correct reading4 ,be sure that the gun returns fully into battery after each shot4 ,keep the ammunition1 and especially the rotating bands1 free from dust and dirt4 ,the rotating band should be greased very lightly with cosmis just before inserting the projectile into the breech4 ,in continued firing1 oil the slides frequently4 ,keep the fuze setter clean and be careful that no dirt gets down around the stop pin4 ,examine the breech recess frequently and wipe out all dirt and brass filing that may accumulate4 ,the gun should be cleaned thoroughly immediately after firing4 ,make a solution of one pound of sal soda in one gallon of boiling water4 ,remove the breechblock and carrier1 and let one man clean and oil it thoroughly while the rest of the gun is being cleaned4 ,remove the sponge from the rammer staff1 and over the brass rammer1 fit a piece of folded burlap4 ,fold this burlap as many times as you can and still force it through the bore4 ,soak the burlap in the sal soda solution and swab the bore out thoroughly4 ,be careful to remove all copper filing1 and the bore should be as bright as a piece of glass when finished4 ,after cleaning it is best though not absolutely necessary to swab out with clean water4 ,then dry thoroughly with a dry swab1 and grease every exposed surface4 ,in cleaning the breechblock and firing mechanism always dismantle it completely4 ,clean and oil the slides1 fuze setters and all parts of the carriage4 ,decap the empty cartridge cases and wash them out thoroughly with the sal soda solution4 ,there is a decapping set with every battery4 ,rinse out in clean water and set them in the sun to dry4 ,a ,,cleaning ,,schedule ,,for ,,materiel4 ,daily4 ,before leaving the park3 #a4 ,unlock boxes and chests and secure them with snaps4 #b4 ,see that all tools1 paulins1 etc41 are secure4 ,after returning to the park3 #a4 ,remove from carriages all dust1 excess oil and mud4 ,examine for missing nuts1 split pins1 broken parts and parts that need adjustment4 ,make necessary repairs4 #b4 ,clean and oil breech recess and breechblock2 after firing1 clean bore with salsoda solution1 wipe perfectly dry and oil4 #c4 ,oil wheels1 elevating and traversing mechanism1 tools if necessary4 #d4 ,see that all oil holes are properly closed and that carriages are ready for immediate use4 #e4 ,clean and oil without dismounting2 rear sight1 quadrant and fuze setter4 #f4 ,lock all boxes and chests4 #g4 ,signal detail3 clean all instruments1 oil all exposed bearing surfaces4 ,test telephones and go over all wire used that day and repair same by covering exposed parts4 ,have all instruments1 wire etc41 ready for immediate use4 #h4 ,clean all collars and bits and dry the blankets2 wipe dirt from the harness4 #i4 ,clean and oil all pistols and revolvers that have been used that day4 ,weekly4 #a4 ,wash and clean entire carriage4 #b4 ,disassemble and clear all oil breech mechanism4 ,always do so immediately after firing4 #c4 ,clean out and fill with oil1 all oil holes of gun clips and cradle pintle4 #d4 ,clean all leather straps as you would clean harness4 #e4 ,take apart and thoroughly clean all parts of harness4 #f4 ,take apart and clean and oil all pistols and revolvers4 #g4 ,clean with castile soap and harness soap all leather of the personal equipment4 ,monthly4 #a4 ,disassemble the following and clean and oil3 elevating mechanism1 traversing mechanism4 #b4 ,pull from battery and clean and oil guide rails and clips4 ,trip gun and test recoil4 #c4 ,tighten all hub nuts and inspect wheels for dish4 #d4 ,take off wheels1 clean and oil axles and hubs4 ,replace hub liner when necessary4 #e4 ,dismount poles1 double trees and spare pole1 clean and oil4 #f4 ,dismount rear sight bracket from support1 clean and oil4 ,do the same for the front sight4 ,every ,three ,months4 #a4 ,dismount1 clean1 oil and assemble the recoil mechanism4 #b4 ,inspect the surplus kits and replace all articles that are not in proper condition4 #c4 ,unpack1 clean1 oil and repack the battery and store wagons1 forge limber4 ,every ,six ,months4 #a4 ,inspect all articles of the permanent camp equipment1 dry1 oil and repair when needed4 ,pitch tentage for examination and drying4 #b4 ,examine all articles in store such as leather1 harness and spare metal parts4 ,clean the harness1 dub the leather1 oil all metal parts4 ,,precautions ,,and ,,general ,,instructions4 #a4 ,never allow steel parts to be struck with a steel hammer4 ,always use a copper drift between the hammer and the steel part4 #b4 ,never try to force a delicate part if stuck4 ,the sticking is probably due to rust and the parts can be loosened by soaking in coal oil or by heating the exterior surfaces with a torch4 #c4 ,be careful in using screw drivers or wrenches not to let them slip and thus ruin the heads of the screw or nut4 #d4 ,insist upon the rule that any part needing repairs be repaired immediately upon arrival in garrison or camp4 #e4 ,never allow a broken part to be stored except for the action of an inspector or survey4 #f4 ,before any article is put away for storage1 have it thoroughly inspected and make necessary repairs4 #g4 ,see that all articles of your equipment are always marked or stamped with the insignia and the battery number4 #h4 ,hold all members of your organization responsible for any carelessness or negligence in the care of the equipment4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,fire ,,control ,,equipment4 ,,sights4 ,the instruments provided for sighting and laying the gun include a line sight1 a rear sight1 a front sight1 a panoramic sight1 and a range quadrant4 ,line sights4--,the line sight consists of a conical point as a front sight and a ,v notch as a rear sight1 located on the top element of the gun4 ,they determine a line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore1 useful in giving general direction to the gun4 ,front and rear sights4--,the front and rear sights are for general use in direct aiming4 ,the front sight carries cross wires4 ,the rear sight is of the peep variety1 constructed as follows3 ,to the sight bracket is attached the shank socket upon which a spirit level is mounted for the necessary correction due to difference in level of wheels4 ,the sight shank consists of a steel arc1 the center of which is the front sight4 ,it slides up and down in the shank socket and is operated by a scroll gear4 ,a range strip is attached to the face of the shank and is graduated up to #fejj yards1 least reading #ej yards4 ,to the left side of the shank is an elevation spirit level1 permitting approximate quadrant elevations to be given with the sight shank when the quadrant is out of order4 ,the peep sight and its deflection scale are mounted above the shank4 ,this peep traverses along a screw operated by a knurled head4 ,a socket and ratchet are also provided for the attachment of the panoramic sight4 ,illustration3 ,rear ,sight4 ,nomenclature of the important parts of the ,rear ,sight3-- ,peep sight ,elevation level ,deflection scale ,peep sight screw and head ,range strip ,shank ,shank socket ,cross level ,leveling screw ,scroll gear and handle ,rear sight bracket ,panoramic sight socket and ratchet ,,panoramic ,,sight1 ,,model #aiag4 ,description4 ,the panoramic sight is a vertical telescope so fitted with an optical system of reflecting prisms and lenses that the gunner can bring into his field any point in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the telescope4 ,the optical characteristics of the instruments are as follows3 ,power #d4 ,field of view #aj4 ,the rotating head prism has a movement of #fjj mils in a vertical plane2 movement is obtained by turning elevation micrometer4 ,the amount and direction of rotation is indicated on a scale in the head by the elevation index and micrometer4 ,the scale is graduated in #ajj-mil intervals1 the micrometer in mils4 ,one complete turn of the micrometer is equivalent to one space on the sale4 ,the head is level when the index is opposite #c and micrometer at zero4 ,illustration3 ,,panoramic ,,sight ,,model ,,of #aiag ,movement in azimuth is obtained by turning azimuth worm4 ,the amount of rotation is read from the scale on the azimuth circle and the azimuth micrometer4 ,the azimuth micrometer may be turned independently of the azimuth worm to set any desired deflection4 ,figures in black are for right-hand deflection and in red for left-hand deflection4 ,the scale on the azimuth circle is graduated in #ajj-mil divisions from #j to #cb in each half circle4 ,the micrometer is graduated for every mil4 ,for larger angular deflections1 by turning the throw-out lever the azimuth worm is disengaged1 permitting the head to be turned to any desired position4 ,the reticule is provided with a horizontal and a vertical cross line4 ,the horizontal line is graduated in mils4 ,an open sight attached to the side of the rotating head is for approximate setting of the instrument4 ,no disassembling or adjustment of the panoramic sight1 except as described herein1 is to be made1 except by ordnance personnel detailed for such work4 ,the panoramic sight is seated in a ,t slot in a socket of the sight1 model of #aiaf1 in firing1 and is carried in a panoramic sight case on the shield when traveling4 ,use of the ,panoramic ,sight for ,direct ,fire4 ,level rocker with zero on range scale opposite #cjj on angle-of-site scale and gun at center of traverse4 ,set azimuth scale at zero1 azimuth micrometer knob at zero1 micrometer index at zero1 elevation scale at #c1 and elevation micrometer knob at zero4 ,by means of cross-leveling knob on sight socket bring cross-level bubble level4 ,correct for deflection in azimuth by turning azimuth micrometer until required deflection is opposite fixed arrow pointer2 bring zero on micrometer index to zero on azimuth micrometer by means of micrometer-index knob4 ,elevate gun by means of angle-of-site handwheel and traverse until cross hairs of panoramic sight are on target4 ,for ,indirect ,fire4 ,level rocker and set scales for zero setting as directed in first paragraph under 8direct fire40 ,lay off required deflection in azimuth by means of micrometer index and azimuth worm knob1 so that deflection may be read from azimuth index and azimuth micrometer4 ,traverse gun until vertical cross hair of panoramic sight is on aiming point4 ,vertical angles may be read by means of elevation scale and micrometer scale4 ,zero point of elevation scale is #c4 ,each division on elevation scale represents #ajj mils4 ,all scales are graduated in mils4 ,the open sight on side of rotating head is used to obtain preliminary direction of sight4 ,in turning azimuth angles greater than #ajj mils the throw-out lever may be pressed and rotating head turned to nearest division in even hundreds desired4 ,each unit on azimuth scale represents #ajj mils4 ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model of #aiae4 ,the panoramic sight is a vertical telescope so fitted with an optical system of reflecting prisms and lenses that the gunner with his eye at the fixed eyepiece in a horizontal position can bring into the field of view an object situated at any point in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the telescope4 ,the rays coming from the object are reflected downward from the rotating head prism into the rotating prism4 ,the rotating prism rectifies the rays2 after their passage through the achromatic objective lens1 the lower reflecting prism reflects them in such a way that there is presented to the eyepiece a rectified image1 which the eyepiece magnifies4 ,a glass reticule marked with graduated cross lines is located in the focal plane of the instrument1 with the intersection of the cross lines coincident4 ,the instrument has a universal focus1 a magnifying power of #d and field of view of #ahj mils4 ,illustration3 ,,panoramic ,,sight ,,model ,,of #aiae ,the principal parts of the panoramic sight are the rotating head1 the elevation device and its micrometer1 the azimuth mechanism with limb and micrometer1 the rotating prism mechanism1 the deflection mechanism1 ,r and ,l scale and micrometer1 the shank and the eyepiece4 ,the limb or azimuth scale is divided into #fd parts1 each division representing #ajj mils4 ,the azimuth micrometer is divided in #ajj equal divisions or mils1 numbered every #e mils4 ,one complete revolution of the azimuth micrometer is equal to the distance between divisions on the azimuth scale4 ,the limb of the deflection scale is divided into six divisions2 three on each side of the zero1 red for right and black for left1 each division representing #ajj mils4 ,the deflection micrometer1 engraved upon the front end1 is graduated into #ajj equal divisions1 numbered every #aj mils1 red and black in opposite directions4 ,,the ,,range ,,quadrant ,the range quadrant consists of the quadrant spring fastening and bracket1 rocker1 body1 scroll gear1 range disk1 range and cross levels with suitable leveling screws1 and a micrometer to set off the angle of site4 ,the range disk is graduated to #fejj yards1 least reading every #ej yards1 scale numbered every #ejj yards4 ,this disk is operated by a scroll gear4 ,large changes in range may be made by pulling out the handwheel1 thus disengaging the scroll gear1 and moving the body and index to the approximate range1 whereupon the handwheel is released1 and the range accurately set by again turning the handwheel4 ,the micrometer has #ajj divisions and is operated by a milled head4 ,the limb of the micrometer1 called the level scale1 is graduated from #b to #e1 each division corresponding to one complete revolution of the micrometer4 ,the arbitrary reference point or mean position of the level holder is #cjj which corresponds to a point on the same level as the gun4 ,illustration3 ,,range ,,quadrant ,,revised ,,june #d1 #aijh1 ,,july #cj1 #aiaj1 ,,feb #f1 #aiaa4 ,,class #cf-;,,division #bb ,,drawing #e ,,care ,,and ,,inspection ,,of ,,sights4 ,rear sight ,bracket4--,should not be bent1 broken or cracked4 ,must be seated firmly in the bracket support4 ,shank ,socket ,mechanism4--,not bent or burred2 interior of shank socket1 scroll and worm gears free of scratches1 burrs or deformed threads4 ,sight shank easily inserted and moved up and down in the socket4 ,scroll gear securely held in mesh with rack of sight shank4 ,for large movements of shank1 should be easily disengaged by pulling out scroll gear handle2 must be securely held in place by spring when released4 ,keep interior well lubricated4 ,see that level vials of cross and elevation levels are intact and bubbles not too large4 ,sight ,shank4--,rack on right side must engage with scroll gear2 keep lightly oiled4 ,sight shank should remain in fixed position except when disengaged or operated by scroll gear handles4 ,for changes in range of #cjj yards or less use only the scroll gear2 over #cjj yards pull scroll gear handle and slide shank up or down in socket by hand1 making accurate setting with the scroll gear4 ,panoramic ,sight4--,lug must fit snugly in ,t slot of rear sight and then held fast by clamp screw and ratchet4 ,when making ready for march order1 first set the azimuth and ,r ,l deflection scales at zero1 and the elevation scale at #cjj4 ,release clamp screw and ratchet4 ,in removing panoramic sight1 grasp at center below the azimuth gear case1 lift vertically out of the socket1 lower the top of sight to the left and replace in panoramic sight box4 ,quadrant4--,must fit snugly in its bracket1 spring catch engaging4 ,nut on range disk must be tight to prevent slipping4 ,to remove quadrant1 press on spring catch before sliding off bracket4 ,the sights are correctly adjusted when1 at zero elevation and deflection1 correction having also been made for difference of level of wheels1 the line of sight is parallel to the axis of the bore4 ,the range quadrant is correctly adjusted when1 with the range disk set at zero1 level set at #cjj1 axis of gun horizontal and corrected for difference of level of wheels1 the bubble of the range level is centered4 ,in adjusting sights1 the panoramic sight should first be corrected4 ,if the rear sight is adjusted first1 it will require readjustment if the subsequent adjustment of the panoramic sight causes a change in position of the rear-sight range strip4 ,to adjust the panoramic sight4--,select a well defined point at least #bjjj yards distant4 ,if the bore sights are not available1 stretch two threads or hairs from the tail of a horse across the grooves marked on the face of the muzzle and fasten them by a strap or rubber band4 ,remove the firing-lock case from the hub of the block-carrier4 ,by sighting through the hole in the vent bushing of the breechblock1 adjust the intersection of the cross hairs on the distant point1 using the elevating and traversing mechanisms of the gun4 ,now without moving the gun or disturbing the laying of the cross hairs1 bring the cross wires of the panoramic sight on the same distant point by means of the azimuth scale worm-knob and the scroll gear of the rear sight 7on panoramic sights1 ,m#aiae1 to the deflection ,r ,l scale should first be made to read #j1 and the elevation scale of the objective to read #cjj74 ,the cross hairs of the gun and the cross wires of the panoramic sight will thus be laid on the same point4 ,now adjust the azimuth micrometer scale to read #j by means of unscrewing and tightening the screw on the milled head4 ,loosen the nut on the range strip2 move it up or down until it reads 7#j7 #ajj4 ,tighten the nut again4 ,verify the laying4 ,for this adjustment1 it is not necessary to have the wheels or the carriage on a level platform2 cross level should be leveled4 ,to adjust the rear sight4--,having adjusted the panoramic sight and the rear sight range strip as described above1 and without disturbing the laying of the gun1 shift the deflection scale of the peep sight and raise or lower the front sight until the cross wires of the latter are laid upon the same distant point4 ,now loosen the two screws of the deflection scale and place the #j of this scale opposite the index of the peep sight4 ,the front sight is raised or lowered by removing the split pins and then turning the front sight in the sight bracket sleeve either up or down4 ,to adjust the quadrant4--7a7 ,if an adjusted ,b4 ,c4 telescope or another gun with its quadrant in proper adjustment is available1 the angle of site of some distinctly visible and distant point is measured by either of these means4 ,the gun to be adjusted is then laid upon this distant point either with the bore sights1 or with the tangent sight set at #j 7or some other convenient7 range4 ,the measured angle of site is then set off on the level scale of the quadrant and the bubble of the range level is centered by turning the handwheel of the range disk4 ,by using the quadrant wrench1 the range disk is then adjusted to read #j range1 7or the convenient range previously set off on the tangent sight74 7b7 ,if no means are at hand to correctly measure the angle of site of a distant point1 the quadrants may be adjusted by using two guns as follows3 ,unlimber two guns at about the same level1 first seeing that the sights are in adjustment 7par4 #ge74 ,lay both guns upon some distant point by means of the panoramic sight set at #j range4 ,now set both quadrants for the same angle of site 7roughly estimated ,a4 ,s4 of the distant point7 and center the bubbles of the range level by turning the handwheel of the range disks4 ,by means of the quadrant wrench1 adjust the range disk of one of the quadrants to agree with the other4 ,whatever error exists will now be the same in each quadrant4 ,now move one of the guns about #ajj yards away and turn the muzzles toward each other4 ,with the sights set at #j range1 lay the panoramic sights upon each other and measure the angle of site of each gun4 ,half the difference of the two readings will be the slope of the line of sight between the two guns4 ,on the level scale of the quadrant which read the greater angle of site1 set off #cjj plus the half-difference1 on the other quadrant set off #cjj minus the half-difference4 ,now center the bubble of the range level by turning the handwheel of the range disk4 ,by using the quadrant wrench1 adjust the range disk until it reads #j range4 ,having thus adjusted two guns1 the others may be adjusted by the first means described4 ,,observing ,,instruments4 ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 ,m4 #aiae4 ,the ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 ,m4 #aiae1 is a binocular observing instrument of the scissors type4 ,the two tubes of the telescope may be clamped either in a vertical or a horizontal position4 ,in the former position the objectives are #ab inches above the eyes of the observer1 and in the latter position they are #bd inches apart and at the same height as the eyes of the observer4 ,in both cases they permit the observer to take advantage of some shield or other cover and still obtain a full view of the sector of observation4 ,the tubes may be adjusted for the observer's interpupillary distance in either the vertical or the horizontal position4 ,the eyepieces may be adjusted to the eyes of the observer by screwing in or out4 ,illustration3 ,,battery ,,commander',s ,,telescope ,,model ,,of #aiae4 #cf-bb-ca ,the principal parts of the telescope are3--,leveling mechanism1 azimuth mechanism1 elevating mechanism1 angle of site mechanism1 the telescopes and the tripod4 ,a carrying case is provided separately for the instrument and for the tripod4 ,in garrison a storage case is also provided4 ,the leveling mechanism consists of a ball and socket joint operated by the vertical spindle clamping screw4 ,the azimuth mechanism consists of the azimuth worm knob with its lever1 operating the azimuth worm and worm wheel2 the adjusting or slow motion knob and the azimuth clamp4 ,the azimuth limb is divided into #fd parts1 each division representing #ajj mils4 ,the azimuth micrometer is divided into #ajj equal parts or mils1 numbered every #aj mils4 ,one complete revolution of the micrometer is equal to one division of the limb4 ,the scales therefore correspond to those on the panoramic sight1 #fdjj mils to the circumference4 ,the leveling mechanism is operated by the small elevation worm knob4 ,the angle of site mechanism consists of the level1 the angle of site scale and micrometer with its worm knob4 ,the telescopes consist of the eyepieces1 telescopic tubes with their optical systems4 ,in the right eyepiece is a graduated cross wire which can be rotated for either the horizontal or the vertical position4 ,the tripod is similar to the usual telescopic instrument tripod4 ,the optical characteristics of the instrument are as follows3--,power #aj2 field of view #ge mils2 focal length of objectives #aa inches2 the field is flat1 free from chromatic and sphercial aberration1 coma and distortion4 ,care and ,instructions4 ,to set up the telescope4--,first set up the tripod1 clamping and propping the legs so as to obtain the desired cover and view4 ,by means of the vertical spindle clamping lever1 approximately center level on azimuth worm case and clamp tightly4 ,carefully take out ,b4 ,c4 telescope from case and while pressing on locker plunger1 place telescope on vertical spindle so that the projection on the azimuth worm case will fit into the corresponding slotted segment of the telescope4 ,release the locking plunger4 ,to focus the eye pieces4--,adjust each eye piece separately by turning the same until the image of a distant object appears sharply defined4 ,read the diopter scale1 plus or minus1 and note for future use4 ,to adjust the interpupillary distance4--,the eye pieces having been focussed1 loosen the large friction clamp knob in front4 ,grasp both tubes with the hands and separate or close them in 7either in the vertical or horizontal position7 until the fields of view of the two eye pieces are exactly coincident and present a single image to the eyes4 ,this can be tested by alternately closing one eye and then the other1 noting any movement in the image4 ,tighten the large friction clamp knob4 ,read the interpupillary scale and note for future use4 ,to lay #j on any point4--,level the instrument by means of the vertical spindle clamping screw4 ,bubble must remain approximately centered while instrument is turned #afjj mils4 ,set both the azimuth index and the micrometer to read zero4 ,release the azimuth clamp shaft knob2 turn the telescope toward the point and tighten the azimuth clamp shaft knob4 ,bring the vertical wire accurately on the point by turning the azimuth adjusting worm knob4 ,to measure the deflection and site of a target4--,lay the zero on the aiming point as above4 ,if the line of sight must be moved through a large angle1 press down the azimuth worm lever as far as it will go and while holding it down move the azimuth mechanism until the line of sight is approximately directed upon the target2 then release the worm lever and bring the cross wires accurately on the target by turning the azimuth worm knob 7for deflection7 and the elevation worm knob 7for elevation74 ,center the site level4 ,read the deflection and site4 ,for carrying the ,b4 ,c4 telescope assembled on the tripod1 clamp tightly the vertical spindle clamping lever2 close in and clamp the tubes of the telescope2 slide up and clamp the lower tripod legs2 then carry the telescope over the shoulder by grasping the tripod legs1 tube bases of telescope resting on the shoulder4 ,to dismount the ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope and to pack in carrying case4--,screw in both eye pieces4 ,press on the locking plunger and lift the telescope vertically off the spindle4 ,unclamp the large friction clamp knob1 bringing the tubes together and insert in the carrying case2 close and lock the lid4 ,in dismounting the tripod the leg separators of the upper sections should first be unclamped4 ,after the lower legs have been assembled1 they should be clamped4 ,to set up the tripod the operation is reversed4 ,aiming ,circle1 ,m1 #aiaf4 ,the ,aiming ,circle is an angle measuring instrument only and consists of a telescope1 leveling mechanism1 angle of site device1 elevating mechanism1 azimuth circle and compass1 mounted on a tripod4 ,its leveling1 azimuth and angle of site mechanisms are similar to those in the ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope1 as is also the tripod4 ,the elevating mechanism consists of elevating worm knob and gear connecting it with the telescope4 ,the telescope has a universal focus1 magnifying power of #d1 and a field of #ahj mils4 ,the cross wires are illuminated by a window4 ,the compass is secured by the needle release button4 ,care and ,instructions4 ,glass compass cover should fit tightly4 ,compass needle when clamped should not rotate while instrument is revolved or tipped4 ,when release button is pressed1 compass must swing freely on pivot and again remain clamped when button is released4 ,compass should be released only when aiming circle is set up and horizontal4 ,illustration3 ,,aiming ,,circle #cf-bb-cj ,bubble must remain approximately centered while instrument is turned #afjj mils4 ,to lay #j on any point4--,set both the azimuth index and the micrometer to read zero4 ,release the wing nut2 turn the telescope toward the point and again tighten the wing nut4 ,bring the vertical wire accurately on the point by turning the adjusting worm wheel4 ,to measure the deflection and site of a target4--,lay #j on the aiming point as above4 ,if the line of sight must be moved through a large angle1 press down on the azimuth worm lever as far as it will go and while holding it down1 move the azimuth mechanism until the line of sight is approximately directed upon the target2 then release the worm knob 7for deflection7 and the elevation worm knob 7for elevation74 ,center the site level4 ,read the deflection and site4 ,to measure the compass deflection of a target4--,set both the azimuth index micrometer to read #dj4 ,release the wing nut2 turn the telescope until the ,n and ,s poles of the compass are respectively near the ,n and ,s points marked on the compass box4 ,make the coincidence accurately with the adjusting worm wheel4 ,now proceed to measure the deflection and site of the target as described above4 ,the ,tripod and ,azimuth ,gear ,case4--,the leather cover protecting the ball and socket joint must fit snugly both above and below1 and be free of rips or holes4 ,the ball and socket joint and the tripod legs should be easily adjusted and moved1 but should remain fixed when clamped by the clamping levers4 ,for carrying the aiming circle assembled on the tripod1 the wing nut and the vertical spindle clamping lever should be clamped tightly and the instrument carried over the shoulder by grasping the tripod legs1 head of tripod resting on the shoulder4 ,adjustments ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope and ,aiming ,circle4 ,the ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope and the ,aiming ,circle are correctly adjusted when the following conditions prevail3 ,telescope properly focussed2 plane of level perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument2 angle of site scale reading #cjj when the line of sight is horizontal2 lost motion on worm gears eliminated4 ,in principle1 the adjustments of the ,b4 ,c4 ,telescope and of the ,aiming ,circle are exactly the same4 ,the leveling and focusing have already been described4 ,detailed instructions of the operations in eliminating lost motion in the worm gears will be found in the ,handbook for ,f4 ,a4 ,fire ,control ,equipment1 #aiaf4 ,to make the site scale read #cjj when the line of sight is horizontal4--,set up the telescope or aiming circle4 ,level the instrument so that the bubble on the azimuth worm case will remain centered while the instrument is turned #afjj mils4 ,lay on some point of a stake or other vertical linear object which is at a convenient distance but not closer than #ajj yards to the instrument4 ,the point selected should be at such a height that the telescope can later be set up close to it1 with the objective at the same height as the selected point4 ,read the angle of site4 ,this reading will be equal to 7#cjj ,s ,e71 in which ,s is the angle of slope of the line of sight1 and ,e is the error in the site adjustment4 ,before leaving this station1 set up a second stake near the telescope and mark on it a point which is at the height of the objective4 ,now move the telescope to the first stake2 set up and level the instrument with the objective at the height of the point marked on this stake4 ,lay on the marked point of the second stake and read the site4 ,this angle will be equal to 7#cjj -,s ,e74 ,subtracting one reading from the other we have3--7#cjj ,s ,e7 - 7#cjj - ,s ,e7 #b,s2 or one-half the difference of the two readings is equal to the angle of slope of the line of sight4 ,therefore with the cross wires directed upon the marked point of the second stake1 center the bubble of the site level4 ,now loosen the angle of site locking screw and turn the micrometer to read 7#cjj - ,s71 being careful to keep the bubble centered4 ,screw up the locking screw4 ,the instrument is now in adjustment4 ,after one telescope has been adjusted1 other telescopes1 aiming circles and quadrants may be adjusted by merely measuring the site of some distant point4 ,the other telescopes and guns1 being in position near the adjusted telescope1 are then made to read the proper site when laid upon the distant point4 ,,field ,,artillery ,,range ,,finder1 #a ,,meter ,,base 7,bausch ,lomb47 ,the instrument and accessories consist of the range finder proper1 the tripod mount1 the tripod1 the adjusting bar1 the carrying-case and the storage box4 ,the optical parts of the range finder are embodied in a seamless1 steel tube 7,a7 covered with canvas and asbestos1 to minimize the effects of the change of temperature4 ,the eyepiece 7,b7 is located in the center of the instrument and is equipped with a focusing device graduated in diopters4 ,a soft rubber eye cap is furnished to protect the observer's eye from shocks and stray light4 ,a ray filter having two sets of glass is operated by a small lever 7,c7 situated to the lower left of the eyepiece housing4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,to ,,illustrate ,,the ,,general ,,principle ,,of ,,range-,,finders4 ,the objective openings on the end boxes are opened and closed by means of rotating shutters 7,d74 ,buffers 7,e7 are provided on the ends as a protection against shocks4 ,the range finder is of the type known as the fixed base1 invert1 single coincidence4 ,the magnifying power is #ae2 actual field of view #ej mils2 shortest distance measurable #djj yards4 ,the instrument weighs about #bj pounds4 ,under favorable conditions and with expert operators the average errors are3 #ajjj yds4 #e yds4 #bjjj yds4 #ae yds4 #cjjj yds4 #cj yds4 #djjj yds4 #ee yds4 #ejjj yds4 #ij yds4 #fjjj yds4 #acj yds4 #gjjj yds4 #age yds4 #hjjj yds4 #bbe yds4 ,in practical use under ordinary conditions and with average operators1 the errors are three times as great4 ,the tripod mount consists of a spring catch 7a72 clamping lever 7,n72 elevation worm case 7b72 elevation worm knob 7c72 worm wheel support 7d72 angle of site micrometer 7e72 angle of site housing 7f72 angle of site vial holder 7g72 clamp screw handle 7h72 azimuth worm knob 7i72 azimuth micrometer 7j72 azimuth worm lever 7k72 azimuth scale 7m72 adjusting worm knob 7n72 and the vertical spindle clamping lever 7p74 ,the tripod1 consisting of spindle bushing locking screws 7t72 tripod legs upper 7r72 tripod legs lower 7q72 clamping wing nuts 7w72 and locking clamp arms 7x71 is similar to that provided for the ,b4 ,c4 telescope and the aiming circle4 ,care and ,instructions4 ,to set up the ,range ,finder4--,set up the tripod as heretofore prescribed1 take the range finder from its case1 holding it with the eye piece toward the body1 hook down4 ,place the instrument on the support and engage the spring catch 7a74 ,the instrument is then firmly seated on the tripod4 ,remove the protective hood from the eye piece and the rotating shutters 7,d7 from the objective apertures4 ,loosen the locking lever so that the range finder may be made horizontal1 then turn toward the target and clamp the lever4 ,to dismount the range finder the operations are executed in an inverse manner4 ,illustration3 ,,rear ,,view ,,range ,,finder4 ,illustration3 ,,range ,,finder4 ,to ,measure a ,distance4--,focus the eye piece4 ,in very bright light or in thick haze use the amber ray filter in the eye piece4 ,by means of the clamps and worm knobs of the azimuth mechanism and the worm knob of the elevation mechanism1 lay the range finder on the target roughly by looking through the open sight on top of the instrument4 ,final adjustment in deflection is made by the adjusting worm knob 7n7 and in elevation by the elevation worm knob 7c74 ,now1 look into the instrument4 ,the field of view is divided into two parts by a horizontal line4 ,in the lower part the image is erect1 in the upper part inverted4 ,by turning the elevation worm knob 7c71 the images are lined up so that the same points will touch the dividing line4 ,now1 by turning the measuring roller 7,m7 on the right hand top side of the range finder1 the upper image is shifted laterally until the same vertically disposed points of the target are exactly opposite each other4 ,the range is then read on the range scale 7,h71 which is protected by a sliding shutter 7,q74 ,in case the target is without prominent vertical features1 such as a crest line1 the distance is measured by first turning the instrument to a vertical position 7,plate ,,xv74 ,this is accomplished by the clamp screw handle 7h7 on the tripod mount4 ,final adjustment in deflection is then made by the elevation worm knob 7c71 and in elevation by the clamping lever 7,n74 ,adjustments4 ,adjustment for ,height4--,the erect and invert images sometimes do not touch the dividing line with similar point so that one image reaches this line before the other4 ,in this case1 lay the range finder on an object having a sharply defined horizontal line or very prominent point1 and bring the images of this point exactly opposite each other by means of the measuring roller 7,m74 ,the two images are then brought to the dividing line1 the lower image by means of the elevation worm knob 7c71 and the upper image by means of the halving adjusting roller 7,j74 ,adjustment for ,range4--,three methods are available for adjusting the range finder for range2 the artificial infinity method1 using the adjusting bar2 the actual infinity method using the sun1 moon1 star1 or a very prominent distant point2 the known range method1 using a point the range to which is known4 ,of the three1 the first is the best and should habitually be used4 ,by the ,adjusting ,bar4--,set up the range finder2 take the adjusting bar and place it #ajj yards from the instrument1 sighting through the peep sight 7y7 of the adjusting bar and moving it until the range finder appears in the center of the field of view4 ,set the range scale at infinity by turning the measuring roller 7,m71 then make an observation on the adjusting bar4 ,the right hand line of the upper image of the adjusting bar and the left hand line of the lower image should now be coincident1 in which case the instrument is in adjustment 7,fig4 #aj74 ,if not1 bring these lines in coincidence by turning the key which fits the square shaft 7,k71 which operates the range correction dial 7,l74 ,this operation should be repeated at least three times1 the reading of the range correction dial being noted each time4 ,now1 set the range correction dial at the mean of the three readings4 ,remove the key4 ,the instrument is now in adjustment4 ,before using1 always note the reading of the range correction dial4 ,illustration3 ,,three ,,steps ,,in ,,measuring ,a ,,distance4 ,by the ,actual ,infinity ,method4--,this method is in all respects the same as the one with the adjusting bar1 except for the images4 ,after the instrument is set for infinity1 actual coincidence is made as in paragraph #ii4 ,by the ,known ,range ,method4--,operate the measuring roller 7,m7 until the range dial reads the actual distance to the object4 ,after the range finder has been set for this known range1 actual coincidence is obtained by using the key which operates the range correction dial4 ,,field ,,glasses4 ,the instruments for focusing the eyepieces and for adjusting the interpupillary distance are the same as for the telescope4 ,the two barrels should revolve easily about the central pivot and clamp in any position of the interpupillary scale4 ,after being once adjusted1 the field glasses should fit into the case without being changed4 ,carrying strap1 button strap and rain shield should always be part of the equipment4 ,amber shades and camels hair brush should be carried in the case for use4 ,the vertical scale in the ,type ,,ee ,field ,glass represents the ,infantry range scale and does not apply to ,field ,artillery4 ,compass should always be securely clamped except when in use4 ,,the ,,bracket ,,fuze ,,setter1 ,,model #aije ,m4 ,the bracket fuze setter is attached to the rear end of the fuze setter bracket on the caisson4 ,it consists of the following principal parts3 ,base1 housing1 corrector-worm case1 guide1 range and corrector worms1 rings1 and scales4 ,the corrector scale reads from #j to #fj1 numbered every #aj points1 #cj being the normal or mean arbitrary point4 ,the range ring is graduated to #fdjj yards1 numbered every #ejj yards1 least reading #ej yards4 ,these rings are graduated for the ,f4 ,a4 fuze on one side and for the ,ehrhardt fuze on the other4 ,care should be taken that the proper side is up when firing the two different kinds of shrapnel4 ,,the ,,hand ,,fuze ,,setter1 ,,model #aiab4 ,the hand fuze setter is provided for the same purpose as the bracket fuze setter1 and is intended to supplement the latter4 ,one hand fuze setter is issued in a leather case and is carried in the trail box of each gun4 ,it is intended for the use in case the bracket fuze setter should become disabled1 or in case the gun should for any reason be separated from its caissons4 ,the principal parts are the case1 the range index mechanism1 range mechanism1 corrector mechanism1 and guide plate4 ,illustration3 ,,hand ,,fuze ,,setter1 ,,mod4 ,,of #aiab ,,chapter ,,xv ,,signal ,,equipment4 ,,classification4 ,the most important and widely used means of communication used by artillery with their advantages and disadvantages follow3 7a7 ,telephone4 ,the telephone is the quickest and most satisfactory means of communication1 and is the most generally used of all means4 ,near the front1 in areas subjected to fire it is often difficult to maintain lines and unless a line be a very carefully insulated and transposed metallic circuit1 conversations held over it are picked up by the enemy listening service4 ,to guard against such information being of value to him1 telephone codes have been devised1 for use in important messages4 7b7 ,radio4 ,radio provides a reasonably certain means of communication1 but such messages are always intercepted by the enemy4 ,its use requires enciphered messages4 7c7 ,projectors4 ,projectors afford a very reliable means of communication1 but their use depends1 to a great extent1 on atmospheric conditions1 and frequently they may not be used from rear to front and are slow in operation4 7d7 ,flags4 ,semaphore and wig-wag prove fairly satisfactory only on exceptionally favorable conditions and in open warfare4 7e7 ,runners4 ,used as a last resort4 ,slow and wasteful but usually reliable4 ,in each battalion 7,f4 ,a47 there are a radio officer1 telephone officer1 and enlisted personnel for the maintenance of the communication system4 ,the ,camp ,telephone4 ,this telephone1 which supersedes the field telephone1 was developed by the ,signal ,corps for use in connection with camp telephone systems and small arms target range systems1 and may be installed in tents and structures1 or considered a portable instrument for use in the field for testing lines or other purposes4 ,it is of local battery type4 ,the battery employed is one unit of ,tungston ,type ,a which is made up of two small cells so placed in a rigid paper that they are connected in series4 ,the combination gives a total voltage of #c--a being normal voltage of each cell4 ,the instrument is made as compact as practicable and is contained in an oak case #d #g #aj0 high4 ,the top consists of a metal hinged cover with circuit diagram on inside1 held rigid when closed by a spring snap which can be readily released by depressing a button4 ,the bottom of the case is covered by a flanged piece of metal1 the flange projecting approximately one-half inch up sides of case4 ,through one side of the case are six three-eighths inch holes which are covered on the outside by a close mesh metal screen held in place by a metal frame4 ,these apertures are for the purpose of allowing the ringer to be distinctly heard4 ,the case is equipped with a substantial1 adjustable carrying strap1 each end of which is fastened to the case by means of hinged metal rings4 ,a small #c-;bar magneto generator1 small ringer1 induction coil1 aluminum chamber for the single unit of tungston ,type ,a dry battery1 hard rubber block upon which are mounted line binding posts1 plug connections for the handset used with the instrument1 hook switch and hook operating it and auxiliary battery binding posts1 are all mounted on a common base which may be readily removed from case after removing magneto generator crank1 metal housing for it and three screws which extend through the case4 ,the instrument may be operated with cover closed which is highly advantageous in inclement weather4 ,to accomplish this there is a suitable opening for leading out the #c-;conductor cord to receiver and transmitter1 the two latter being mounted in the form of a unit1 termed a handset4 ,this handset consists of a transmitter and a receiver mounted on a metal piece and is so designed that when the transmitter is normally placed to the mouth1 the receiver is automatically adjusted to the ear4 ,the hook of hook switch is so designed that it protrudes through the case4 ,when it is desired to transport the instrument or to remove the base upon which is mounted all parts of the instrument1 it is merely necessary to depress the hook and push it toward the base4 ,by this arrangement the hook is not only held in the down position thereby opening the battery circuit1 but it is also protected4 ,the aluminum chamber for housing the single unit of tungston type ,a battery is equipped with a spring catch so located that when upper hinged piece is depressed to proper position1 the battery compresses a helical spring1 thereby insuring continual contact4 ,the base is equipped with two screw binding posts which may be used to connect leads to an outside battery in the event of there being no tungston type ,a batteries available4 ,an aluminum frame which is supported on the base previously mentioned forms a compartment for the handset when instrument is being transported4 ,when the instrument is installed for a temporary period1 unless in actual operation1 the proper place for the handset is hanging on hook of hook switch1 there being a ring on the handset for this purpose4 ,a small screwdriver which will fit practically all the screws used in the construction of the instrument is supported by the metal frame and is furnished with each instrument4 ,the instrument complete weighs about #aa pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,camp ,,telephone4 ,illustration3 ,,camp ,,telephone ,,wiring4 ,the ,monocord ,switchboard4 ,the liaison of telephone intercommunication between army units is frequently such that a temporary1 quickly installed and flexible type of small central exchange located in the field1 is essential4 ,such an exchange is usually placed in a well protected dugout at the infantry battalion headquarters1 artillery battalion headquarters1 central artillery observation post1 etc41 where it will be the central terminal point of from four to twelve or more lines connecting with the headquarters of the higher command1 with the several units working with the battalion1 and with the joining similar battalions4 ,the switchboard which has been designed to meet these requirements is called the 8monocord switchboard0 and is made up of either four1 eight or twelve of the type ,,ee-#b switchboard units4 ,the monocord switchboard is made up of unit panels1 on each of which is mounted all the apparatus needed for the central exchange end of one telephone line4 ,these panels are made of insulating material and are mounted in special wooden frames in groups of four1 eight and twelve units1 according to the size of the installation necessary4 ,the two sizes most commonly used in overseas work are the four unit and twelve unit boards4 ,each unit is removable from the frame1 thereby lending flexibility to the board and facilitating repair and replacement4 ,generally1 this type of board is used only for a small number of lines as the operating facilities do not permit speedy connections1 and it is always better practice to use only three lines on a four unit board and #aa lines on a twelve unit board in order to have a spare unit immediately available4 ,the monocord switchboard may be used with either a magneto telephone1 camp telephone1 field telephone ,model #aiag1 buzzerphone or service buzzer4 ,the operator's telephone set is not furnished as a part of the switchboard and a separate telephone set of one type previously mentioned must be supplied for this purpose4 ,switchboard ,frame4--,the switchboard frame is made of hard wood1 varnished in order to make it moisture proof4 ,its function is to hold the various units together and to protect them from dust and mechanical injury4 ,in the back of the frame there are three horizontal brass bars extending the width of the board4 ,in addition to providing a mechanical support for the various units1 the top bar serves as a common ground connection and the middle and bottom bars as common night bell and battery connections for all units4 ,three ,fahnestock clips on ,american made boards and binding posts on ,french made boards are installed at the top of the frame and four at the bottom4 ,on the ,french made boards the upper three binding posts are marked ,s#a1 ,s#b and ,t1 and are used for connecting by independent wires1 respectively1 the night bell and ground4 ,the two posts at the bottom of the frame marked ,,zs and ,,cs are used for connecting the two poles of the night bell battery4 ,to the other two marked ,p#a and ,p#b are connected the operators telephone and the operators plug4 ,the terminals at the top of the ,american made boards are marked ,a1 ,a#a and ,g1 corresponding with the ,french ,s#a1 ,s#b and ,t1 and those at the bottom are marked ,b1 ,b#a1 ,l#a and ,l#b1 corresponding to ,,zs1 ,,cs1 ,p#a and ,p#b1 respectively4 ,if two or more multi-unit boards are connected in parallel for operation at one exchange1 the interconnections between boards in order to use one ground1 one night bell and one battery for the whole exchange are made4 ,the corresponding binding posts at the top and bottom of the frames are simply connected to each other1 as ,s#a and ,s#b of ,no4 #a board to ,s#a and ,s#b1 respectively1 of ,no4 #b board4 ,unit ,panel4--,each unit comprises all the necessary apparatus for the exchange terminals of one line 7two wires74 ,the various parts are listed below according to their position on the panel from top to bottom3 ,two connecting blocks for the line wires4 ,lightning arrester between these blocks4 ,two fuses4 ,line number plate4 ,line drop signal and night bell contact4 ,jack4 ,cord and line plug4 ,each unit is held in the frame by means of two machine screws1 one at the top and one at the bottom of the unit1 which engages the brass bars in back of the board and hold the unit firmly in place4 ,rigidity of construction is essential1 as constant use and transferring from one place to another tend to loosen the units from the frame and disturb the sensitiveness of the adjustment of the line drop4 ,lightning ,arrester4--,the lightning arrester is a simple toothed washer held against the panel by the supporting screw4 ,this screw is grounded through the upper brass bar4 ,if lightning comes in on the line wires1 the main portion of it jumps the small air gap from the binding post to the grounded washer and thence passes to the ground1 so that only a small portion of the high frequency current flows through the switchboard apparatus4 ,if the latter portion is at all heavy1 the fuses burn out1 opening the circuit through the switchboard with a much wider gap1 and hence higher resistance than that in the circuit to ground across the arrester4 ,line ,fuses4--,two glass enclosed removable fuses1 which fit into spring connections1 are provided to protect each side of the line from excessive currents4 ,in order that burned out fuses may be readily seen1 the panel is painted white behind them4 ,the glass is usually smoked up more or less when a fuse burns out and this against the white background is easily noticed4 ,line ,number ,plate4--,the line number plate is a small white celluloid strip on which the line number is written4 ,this number may easily be erased if it is necessary to change it4 ,line ,drop ,signal4--,the line drop signal consists of a shutter held normally in a vertical position by a brass trip latch4 ,this trip latch is attached to the armature of a small electromagnet which is normally connected across the line through the anvil and the jack tip contact spring of the switchboard jack4 ,when the coils of the magnet are energized by a current sent over the wire from a calling station1 the armature and trip latch are lifted1 thereby releasing the shutter1 which falls by gravity to a horizontal position and attracts the attention of the operator4 ,the electromagnet is adjusted to operate on a very small current4 ,for locking the shutter in the vertical position and protecting it from mechanical injury during transport1 a flat spring lever is provided which may be turned up from a pivot at one end to press against the shutter4 ,night ,bell ,spring ,contact4--,the night bell contact is located in the back of the panel4 ,the battery and bell circuit through this contact is closed when the line signal drop shutter is released by the electromagnet1 this forcing the spring back against the contact point4 ,the night bell spring contact consists of a narrow flat brass spring1 screwed at one end to the drop mounting plate4 ,the contact point is mounted on the back of the panel1 the rear end of this rod making contact with the night bell bus bar1 against which the rod presses when the panel is screwed in place on the bars along the back of the switchboard4 ,switchboard ,jack and ,line ,plug4--,each unit is provided with a jack and plug4 ,the jack consists of a cylindrical opening in the panel of the unit1 behind which are arranged the tip contact spring1 the sleeve contact spring and the anvil4 ,the tip spring is connected through one of the fuses to one of the line wires4 ,the anvil is connected to the other line wire through the electromagnet coils and the other fuse4 ,the magnet circuit is normally closed across the line when there is no plug in the jack1 as the tip spring and the anvil are then in contact4 ,a current coming in over the line1 then1 would energize the coil4 ,the sleeve spring of the jack is connected directly to the same line wire as the anvil1 the line plug is bridged across the tip and sleeve contact spring4 ,it is a standard two-contact type1 the tip and the sleeve making direct connection to the line4 ,operators ,equipment4--,any equipment which is not individual to a line1 but which is used in common to all lines in the process of interconnection1 is called the operator's equipment4 ,this consists of an ordinary telephone set1 employing either magneto or buzzer and including a transmitter1 receiver1 induction coil1 generator1 battery and connection1 together with the wiring and the associate parts necessary to co-ordinate them with the rest of the apparatus4 ,an operator's equipment also includes a night bell and battery4 ,carrying ,case4--,carrying cases made of fiber and provided with hand straps are furnished with monocord switchboards to provide a convenient means of carrying them and to protect them from damage during transportation4 ,these cases are made so that they will hold not only the frame with the assembled unit1 but also the switchboard cords4 ,to move the board it is necessary to disconnect the night bell battery1 the night bell1 the ground connection1 the operator's set and the several line wires4 ,care and ,adjustments4--,care must be exercised when a board is installed to make sure that the frame is in a vertical and level position4 ,when assembled at the factory1 all adjustments are made with the board in a vertical position and all operations conductive to satisfactory service depends on this prerequisite being observed4 ,the line signals of the monocord switch boards are of the gravity type and require careful adjustment4 ,any adjustment further than that done at the factory should be made by an expert who is thoroughly familiar with this work4 ,during transportation and installation of this board1 the line drop shutters should be held closely by the flat springs previously described4 ,the burning out of a fuse when excessive current comes in on a line that is detached by an open circuit on that line4 ,a bad fuse generally shows plainly against the white background on the panel4 ,however1 if it is not possible to see whether or not the fuse is burned out1 the line may be short circuited momentarily by means of a piece of bare copper wire placed across the two line terminals4 ,the operators is then inserted in the jack of the unit under test1 and the magneto crank turned4 ,if the fuse is burned out1 the crank will turn over easy2 if not1 it will turn hard1 indicating that the open circuit is elsewhere on the line4 ,a burned out fuse should be replaced immediately in order to keep all lines working4 ,several spare fuses should be kept on hand at all times but in case no fuse is available1 a strand of small copper wire may be connected across the upper and lower fuse clips4 ,to remove a fuse1 take the bottom metal cap of the fuse between the thumb and finger and push upward against the spring holder on the line terminal block1 at the same time pulling outward4 ,to install a fuse1 hold it in the same manner and put the other end of the fuse in the upper spring contact1 forcing it upward until the bottom ends slip into place4 ,care should be taken to keep the small air gap between the toothed washer and the line terminal clean4 ,if this precaution is not taken1 and the air gap is allowed to clog up with dust and dirt1 it will introduce a leak to ground or between wires with resulting poor transmission4 ,all mounting screws and all wire connections should be kept tight4 ,whenever the unit is damaged1 it should be replaced by another one1 the damaged unit being sent back to headquarters for repair4 ,in this connection it should be noted that the ,american unit panels and parts have been made interchangeable with the ,french to facilitate repair4 ,to remove a unit from the frame1 it is only necessary to disconnect the line terminals and remove the top and bottom screws which engage the brass bars behind the board4 ,in handling the switchboard cords1 they should be grasped by the plug1 not by the cord4 ,the connection of the wires to the tip and sleeve of a plug will break1 is subject to undue strain or abuse1 and by taking hold of the plug while inserting it and pulling it out1 the likelihood of breaking the internal connections and wearing out the wires will be reduced to a minimum4 ,disadvantages of the ,monocord ,switchboard4 #a4 ,it does not afford as quick connections as the by-cords switchboard type4 #b4 ,it is not self-contained4 ,a self-contained switchboard includes operators1 receiver and transmitter and ringing and night alarm circuits4 #c4 ,the operator's telephone is usually equipped with a hand set1 7receiver and transmitter7 which leaves him with only one free hand for making connections4 #d4 ,one switchboard is equipped with but one master1 or operators cord1 this affords only one means of answering and calling4 ,advantages of the ,monocord ,switchboard4 #a4 ,small1 compact1 light weight4 #b4 ,simple wiring4 #c4 ,quickly installed4 #d4 ,particularly suited for small central exchanges4 #e4 ,units can be removed quickly1 in case of trouble in interior circuits4 ,any unit can be removed without disturbing other units4 ,common ,faults and ,remedies of the ,magneto ,telephone4 ,the most common trouble in telephone instruments are due generally to one of three causes4 7#a7 ,loose or dirty connections at the binding posts of the instrument1 at the binding posts of the batteries1 or in joints of the line wires1 7#b7 exhausted1 poor1 or weak batteries1 7#c7 crossed1 open1 or defective wires4 ,these troubles1 of course1 do not include those arising from inferior or defective instruments4 ,if the connections are dirty1 corroded or greasy1 scrape the wires and clean out the binding posts1 then screw the wires firmly in place4 ,if the telephone does not then work properly1 examine the batteries and see whether they are run down or whether the zincs are eaten away4 ,with wet batteries1 it may be possible that the water has evaporated2 in dry batteries1 the zincs may be eaten through or the batteries may be otherwise defective4 ,the simplest way to test a battery is to try a new battery1 and see whether it will make the telephone work properly2 if it does1 the trouble is with the old battery4 ,if the trouble is present after changing the battery1 examine the line connections and the line outside2 if any loose connections are found1 correct them at once4 ,when inspecting the line outside see that it does not touch anything except the insulators1 and that it is neither crossed nor broken4 ,on grounded lines--grounded lines are obsolete now in modern warfare on the account of the many means of detecting and picking up messages now employed2 in fact the metallic circuit telephone lines are now used within a mile of the front lines except for messages which would be of no value to the enemy--examine the ground connections the first thing and see whether it is in good condition1 and if a plate is used see that it is in moist ground4 ,the frequent trouble with transmitters is the frying noise2 that is usually caused by induction or static electricity1 and may also be caused by loose connections4 #a4 ,open ,line4 ,effect3 ,cannot receive a call or get central4 ,test3 ,follow line with portable magneto test set and ring2 if central gets ring1 open is toward station or visa versa4 ,effect3 ,can hear and receive central call but cannot talk4 #b4 ,open ,battery4 ,test3 ,strap out primary winding or transmitter with test receiver1 and leaving the receiver off the hook at station1 listen #c4 ,open primary winding4 in either for click while moving switchhook up and down4 ,if no noise be heard1 battery circuit must be open1 and circuit should be followed with test #d4 ,open ,transmitter4 receiver1 which will click loud where battery is found to be ,o4 ,k4 ,effect3 ,no signal will show at magneto #e4 ,short ,circuited switchboard1 and use of station ,line4 instrument will be impaired and magneto will turn hard4 #f4 ,wet or short ,circuited ,test3 ,open line and ring2 if magneto still ,instrum't4 turns hard open connections one at a time1 where available throughout entire winding until magneto turns freely4 ,effect3 ,other talking heard on the line #g4 ,line crossed with when the receiver is off the hook4 another line4 ,test3 ,ring magneto and with central's help try to locate other party2 then trace line4 #h4 ,open secondary winding4 ,effect3 ,can ring and hear central ring but #i4 ,open receiver4 cannot hear in receiver although can be #aj4 ,receiver diaphragm heard4 missing or badly ,test3 ,strap test receiver across open part4 dented4 ,effect3 ,can hear well but cannot be heard #aa4 ,weak battery ,cells4 clearly4 ,test3 ,use ampere meter and see if each cell be weak4 ,effect3 ,can talk and hear in receiver but #ab4 ,open ,bell4 bell does not ring4 ,test3 ,strap bell coils out with test receiver and listen in4 ,effect3 ,bell rings from central but does #ac4 ,open magneto ,armature not ring when magneto handle is turned ,winding4 nor can central be called4 ,test3 ,ring with another magneto or test set4 #ad4 ,slight ,short ,circuit ,effect3 ,can ring operator but cannot hear 7escape7 to nor be heard clearly4 ,ground4 ,test3 ,open line1 one line at a time1 and follow circuit with test set4 ,escapes are due to wires touching damp walls1 metal roof1 or other grounded wire where insulation has been rubbed off4 ,signaling by ,means of ,lamps4 ,visual signaling by means of the lamp has been found to be very important and efficient4 ,experience has shown that during the first hours of a battle1 particularly in an advance1 before it has been possible to establish the telephone systems1 the lamp has furnished the most dependable means of communication both by day and night4 ,even in stationary or trench warfare in sectors with well organized systems of communication1 the lamp is most serviceable in transmitting short messages such as calling for a barrage1 reinforcements1 etc41 for which arbitrary signals are used4 ,in fact1 this method is more precise than the use of rockets and more rapid than the telephone in transmitting information covered by these arbitrary signals4 ,for these reasons1 all important telephone lines near the front are paralleled by the lamp system4 ,description of the ,lamps4--,the signaling lamps are made in three sizes called the #ad1 #bd and #ce centimeter lamps4 ,these dimensions indicate the diameter of the reflector4 ,the #bd cm lamp consists of a portable searchlight1 similar in principal to an automobile headlight1 but equipped with a sighting or aiming tube on top1 a hinged lid to cover the glass reflector1 and a two-wire cable used to connect the batteries for operating the bulb4 ,the battery comprises eight dry cells in series1 carried in two leather pouches1 each holding four cells4 ,these pouches are attached to a leather belt supported by shoulder straps4 ,the belt has also an additional pouch in which three extra lamp bulbs are carried4 ,a brass push button which projects through this pouch is used as a key in completing the battery and lamp circuit to make signals of short and long flashes4 ,connection between the lamp and battery is completed by the two wire cable and the plug and socket connector4 ,the complete apparatus1 comprising the lamp and the belt and three spare light bulbs and eight dry batteries1 is furnished in a wooden carrying case4 ,the #ad cm lamp is similar to the #bd cm1 but smaller1 using a battery of four dry cells and being slightly different in the manner in which it is carried4 ,the #ad cm lamps come three in a wooden case with extra batteries and lamp bulbs4 ,the #ce cm lamp is a larger model of the #bd cm lamp1 is not as readily portable and employs a storage battery4 it is used only for permanent installations4 ,method of ,operation4 ,the lamp and battery circuit is completed by means of the plug and socket connector4 ,the lid covering the reflector is then opened and the operator sights through the tube to locate the station with which he is to communicate1 and signals by means of the push button key4 ,it is essential that the lamp be held rigidly and the sighting tube be continuously aimed exactly at the receiving station during signaling4 ,a slight movement of the lamp makes the signals appear blurred or entirely invisible to the receiving station4 ,a lamp station should always be located in the shade or protected from direct sun rays1 which would otherwise produce a continuous glare from the reflector and make the electric light signals invisible4 ,a lamp may be held in the hand while signaling or fastened to anything that will aid stability4 ,in permanent and semi-permanent stations an arrangement for holding the lamp in a fixed position1 directed at the receiving station1 should be installed4 ,in addition1 a wooden tube tapering down in size toward the outer end and being #f ft4 to #i ft4 long and approximately the size of the lamp at the inner end1 should be constructed and also permanently aligned on the receiving station4 ,this reduces the diffusion of the rays of the lamp1 and also minimizes the possibility of the signals being read where not intended4 ,adjustments of ,lamps4--,the reflecting apparatus of a lamp is carefully adjusted before it is issued4 ,however1 it is possible that a slightly different adjustment will give better results when a new bulb is inserted4 ,to focus the lamp the light is flashed on some dark background1 such as wall a few yards away1 and the screws supporting the parabolic mirror carefully turned until the light becomes concentrated in the smallest possible circle4 ,the adjustment screws are then tightened1 but they should never be set tight4 ,if the receiving operator is having trouble in receiving signals1 he will inform the sending station by sending a series of dots4 ,the sending operator will then examine his apparatus to see if the lamp is properly directed at the receiving station1 if the reflector is out of focus1 or if the battery has become weak4 ,the receiving operator indicates the manner in which he is receiving the signals by the method in which he sends the dots4 ,if the signals become worse1 the dots are made more rapidly4 ,as the adjustment becomes better1 the dots are made more slowly4 ,when a good readable adjustment has been obtained1 he will signal ,,br1 meaning 8go ahead40 ,,precautions ,,in ,,lamp ,,signaling4 ,don't leave the lamp cover open when not in use4 ,don't forget to open it when you start to transmit4 ,don't touch the mirror4 ,if necessary1 it should be cleaned by wiping with gauze or cotton or wiped with clean water4 ,don't pull the wire cable fastened to the bottom of the lamp when removing from the box4 ,don't return broken or burned-out globes to the pouch1 but throw them away unless ordered to turn them in4 ,don't use the lamp for illuminating purposes4 ,don't neglect to keep a constant watch on the stations with which you are supposed to communicate4 ,,signaling ,,range ,,of ,,lamps4 ,day4 ,night4 #ad cm #a to #c kilometers #b to #f kilometers4 #bd cm #a to #f kilometers #c to #aj kilometers4 #ce cm #e to #aj kilometers #h to #ae kilometers4 ,signals may be transmitted by using either white or red bulbs1 but the range when using red bulbs is reduced approximately #ej4 ,,general ,,service ,,code ,,and ,,conventional ,,signals ,,for ,,use ,,with ,,projectors1 ,,buzzers ,,and ,,wigwag4 ,a 4- ,g --4 ,m -- ,s 444 ,y -4-- #e 44444 ,b -444 ,h 4444 ,n -4 ,t - ,z --44 #f -4444 ,c -4-4 ,i 44 ,o --- ,u 44- #a 4--- #g --444 ,d -44 ,j 4--- ,p 4--4 ,v 444- #b 44--- #h ---44 ,e 4 ,k -4- ,q --4- ,w 4--4 #c 444-- #i ----4 ,f 44-4 ,l 4-44 ,r 4-4 ,x -44- #d 4444- #aj ----- ,manner of ,sending ,messages4 ,messages are sent by using the ,general ,service ,code and should always be as short as possible4 ,every time a letter can be omitted1 the chance of error is reduced4 ,a dot is made by a short flash of about second duration4 ,a dash is a longer flash of about two seconds duration4 ,the interval between dot and dash is about second duration4 ,the interval between letters is about #b seconds duration4 ,the interval between words is about #d seconds duration4 ,in order that lamp signals may be easily read1 it is necessary that the signals be not too rapid1 #ae to #bj characters per minute should be taken as the upper limit4 ,successive letters must be well spaced4 ,an interval of #b seconds between letters will enable the receiving operator to call off each letter to his assistant as he receives it4 ,in general1 two men for each shift are necessary to operate a lamp station4 ,at the sending station one man dictates the message letter by letter1 and watches the receiving station for breaks4 ,the other sends the message4 ,at the receiving stations1 one man receives the message and calls it off by letter to his helper who writes it down4 ,to call a station1 its call letter should be sent several times and at intervals the station calling should signal its own call letter4 ,as soon as a station observes that it is being called1 it will answer by signaling its call letter and the signal ,,br1 8go ahead40 ,the message is then transmitted and the receiving station acknowledges receipt of each word4 ,by one dot1 if it has been understood4 ,by the interrogation mark1 if it has not been understood and repetition is desired4 7,while the interrogation is official1 two dots are invariably used for this signal47 ,at the end of a message the sending station signals ,,ar1 meaning1 8end of message40 ,the receiving station sends a dot if the message has been understood4 ,signaling by ,means of ,fireworks4 ,the use of fireworks in modern battles for sending signals has been greatly developed and is now one of the most important means relied upon to send a few fundamental signals from the front line of the infantry to the supporting artillery within the division and between the ground and the airplanes4 ,the ,fireworks ,code4 ,as the signals that are made by fireworks are always of the most important character1 it is essential that the system for their use be so perfectly worked out that there will be no chance of confusion4 ,the smaller the number of signals to be sent by fireworks1 the less chance there is of confusion4 ,classification of ,fireworks4 ,the fireworks now being used by the ,american ,army are divided into the following classes3 #a4 ,very ,pistol cartridges4 #b4 ,,vb cartridges 7commonly called 8,tromblons074 #c4 ,rockets4 #d4 ,flares4 ,the complete directions for firing these various fireworks are generally attached to the container or box in which they are packed4 ,they are fully discussed in ,annex #ad1 ,translation of the #aiag 8,instruction on ,liaison for ,troops of all ,arms1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f40 #a4 ,very ,pistol ,cartridges4 ,the ,very pistol cartridges are made in two sizes1 a #be-mm size1 which is issued to the companies of infantry1 and a #ce-mm size1 which is used by the airplanes4 ,these ,very pistols fire both signal and illuminating cartridges4 #b4 ,,vb ,cartridges4 ,the ,,vb cartridges are fired from a cylinder which is attached to the end of a rifle4 ,this cylinder1 on account of its resemblance to the old-fashioned blunderbuss 7which the ,french call 8,tromblon07 has taken the name of tromblon and now even the ,,vb cartridges1 which are fired from this cylinder1 are often spoken of as ,tromblons4 #c4 ,rockets4 ,the rockets comprise fireworks which are made in the form of cartridges attached to a wooden stick and fired from a tube or trough4 ,they are used both for signaling and illuminating4 #d4 ,flares4 ,flares are used only in the front lines to mark the position of the advanced troops when called for by an airplane4 ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,various ,,classes ,,of ,,fireworks4 ,it will be seen that the above classification of fireworks is an arbitrary one1 made according to the method of projecting them4 ,the same signal can be made by several different means4 ,the means employed depend upon the type of fireworks issued to the particular unit using them and also upon the distance through which the signal must be read4 ,flares are not projected at all and consequently have the most limited range of visibility in any but a perpendicular direction4 ,the #be-mm ,very pistol projects its signals about #bjj ft4 and can be seen from the immediate vicinity4 ,the tromblon projects its signals to a height of #cjj ft4 and is next in range of visibility4 ,the rockets which project a signal at the height of #ajjj ft4 or over have the maximum range of visibility4 ,the #ce-mm ,very pistol projects signals which are larger than those of the #be-mm pistol1 but throws them a shorter distance 7about #aej ft474 ,as its use is confined to the airplane this is not a factor in its visibility4 ,the following are important uses that may be made of fireworks3 #a4 ,by the infantry platoon1 company or battalion commander in signaling to the artillery for a barrage1 or otherwise directing the fire of the artillery4 #b4 ,for signaling between the front line troops and the contact airplane in an advance4 #c4 ,warning of enemy gas attack given by the fireworks signaler nearest to where the gas is discovered4 #d4 ,as a method of acknowledging various visual signals4 #e4 ,occasionally1 during the preparation of an attack and upon orders from the ,general ,staff1 fireworks may be used in liaison between the artillery and the artillery airplanes4 ,signaling by ,means of ,panels4 ,the increasing use of the airplane in modern warfare has necessitated the development of reliable communication between it and the earth4 ,this has gradually been worked out in the following methods3 #a4 ,the direct dropping of messages by the airplane4 #b4 ,the use of radio apparatus4 #c4 ,the use of visual signaling by means of lamps1 fireworks and panels4 ,panels are pieces of cloth or other materials of various designs which are spread out on the ground in a manner to be easily seen by the airplane4 ,they are for three purposes4 #a4 ,to signal to an airplane the identity and location of a unit's headquarters by the use of its distinctive panel1 called its 8identification panel40 ,this is displayed either when the airplane requests it 7by means of radio7 or when the headquarters desires to attract the attention of the airplane4 #b4 ,to signal to the airplane other brief information by the use of rectangular panels known as 8signaling panels0 and arranged in various ways1 either by themselves or in conjunction with the unit's identification panel4 #c4 ,to signal to the airplane the position of the front line in a daylight advance by the use of special panels called 8marking panels40 ,these are displayed only when called for by the airplane4 ,all panels are removed as soon as an acknowledgment is received from the airplane4 ,as the use of panels is always in conjunction with airplanes1 all panel signallers should understand some of the uses of the various airplanes4 ,miscellaneous ,methods of ,visual ,signaling4 ,wig-,wag ,flags4--,flags for use in wig-wagging are now issued to divisions under the name of 8kits1 flag1 combination1 standard40 ,each kit includes one wig-wag staff and two wig-wag flags1 and also two semaphore staff and two semaphore flags4 ,a division is supplied with #a1jbb of these kits4 ,the use of the wig-wag flags is already fairly well known in the ,american ,army4 ,signals are transmitted by describing an arc of #ij degrees to the right and left to form dots and dashes1 and spaces by a downward front motion4 ,the general service can be transmitted by this means4 ,wig-wag flag signaling should be thoroughly understood and practiced by all signal men1 as it forms an excellent method for becoming familiar with the code4 ,signals can be sent by this means merely by the use of the hand1 and consequently the system forms an excellent way for troops to put in their time when traveling by train or on shipboard4 ,its use in the present war has been limited1 but it will undoubtedly be used more and more1 especially when open warfare is resumed4 ,semaphore4--,signals by semaphore are transmitted by the arms1 either alone or with the semaphore flags that are issued in the standard combination flag kits4 ,it is a standard means of communication in the ,american ,navy and well known in the army4 ,it is not used by the armies of ,europe1 but it might serve a useful purpose to linemen and others for intercommunication4 ,radio ,equipment4 ,the ,radio receiving sets1 type ,,scr-#ec and ,,scr-#ed-;,a form the standard units for the reception on the ground of signals from airplanes1 and in general1 of all damped wave signals or modulated wave signals4 ,the use for these sets may perhaps be said to be that in connection with the work of the fire control airplanes in directing the fire of the artillery4 ,but in addition1 they are used for so many other classes of radio work1 that they may indeed be considered among the most important radio sets4 ,type ,,scr-#ed ,set4 ,illustration3 ,,circuit ,,diagram ,,of ,,scr-#ed;,a ,,radio ,,telegraph ,,receiving ,,set ,the type ,,scr-#ed set is very similar to the ,french type ,a-#a receiving set4 ,the ,,scr #ed-;,a set is an improved ,american product1 designed along the same general lines as the type ,,scr-#ed but differing in some respects1 both mechanical and electrical1 to improve the operating characteristics4 ,the type ,a-#b and ,a-#b-;,b antennae are fully described in ,radio ,pamphlet ,no4 #b4 ,with their use the receiving sets have a wave length range of approximately from #aej to #fej meters4 ,if properly operated1 they afford quite sharp tuning4 ,this feature and their compact1 rugged and simple construction have made them of very considerable value on the ,western ,front4 ,as shown in the wiring diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 the type ,,scr-#ed;,a receiving set comprises a primary 7antenna7 circuit and a secondary circuit1 both of which may be tuned by means of the variable capacitance and variable inductance comprised in both circuits4 ,the secondary circuit may also be made aperiodic by placing the switch ,m on the position marked 8,,ap40 ,this connects the condenser in or disconnects it from the circuit4 ,a separate buzzer circuit is installed in the cover of the box to excite the set when adjusting the crystal detector4 ,the adjustable capacitance in each circuit is a variable air condenser which is adjusted by means of an insulating handle1 marked 8,primary0 or 8,secondary10 mounted directly on the rotating shaft of the condenser4 ,the relative amount of capacitance in the circuit1 corresponding to the various positions of these handles1 is indicated by a pointer fastened to the shaft1 which moves over a dial graduated from #j to #ij4 ,the position #j corresponds to the minimum and the position #ij to the maximum capacitance of the condenser4 ,the two condensers are identical in design1 and have a maximum capacitance of #ejj micro-mfd4 ,the primary and secondary inductances are varied by means of two dial switches marked 8,p0 and 8,s10 respectively4 ,the primary inductance comprises #fj turns of wire divided into six steps of #aj turns each1 while the secondary inductance comprises #fj turns divided into four steps of #ae turns each4 ,these two inductance coils are wound on separate wooden cylinders so arranged that their relative positions may be readily varied4 ,the coupling of the two circuits1 which is accomplished by the mutual induction effect of these two coils1 is varied by changing the relative mechanical positions of the coils4 ,the secondary coil may be rotated by means of a handle marked 8,coupling10 and a pointer moving over a scale graduated from #j to #ij indicates its position4 ,when in the #j position the axes of the two coils are at right angles to each other1 and the degree of coupling is #j4 ,when in the position 8#ij0 the axes are parallel1 and the coupling is a maximum4 ,the telephone and detector circuit shunts the secondary condenser4 ,this circuit consists of a crystal detector connected in series with the telephone receiver which are shunted by so-called stopping condensers4 ,the latter is a 4#jjb mfd4 mica condenser4 ,two crystal detectors are furnished with a set2 one of them is enclosed in a glass tube1 which protects the crystal from dust or dirt4 ,the other is open1 having no such protecting casing4 ,either one may be used by screwing it to the two binding posts of the set marked 8,detector40 ,the buzzer is mounted in a compartment of set box cover1 and consists of a small buzzer connected in series with a dry battery type ,,ba-#d1 and a switch4 ,the buzzer is energized when this switch is closed4 ,a spare dry for the buzzer1 a screwdriver1 the enclosed detector1 some spare wire and spare crystals are normally stored in compartments or metal clips in the cover4 ,two type ,p-#aa telephone head sets are kept in a special compartment in the box4 ,this set box when closed may be carried by a leather strap attached to it4 ,method of ,operating4 ,the first step in putting the set in operating condition is to select a suitable place and set up the antenna4 ,the set box is then installed in a dry and protected place1 and the arial and ground 7or counterpoise7 leads are connected to their respective terminals on the operating panel1 and the telephone head set plugged into the jack with the installation thus completed the first step is to adjust the crystal detector4 ,to do this1 place the 8,coupling0 handle near the maximum position1 and connect the short piece of wire from the terminal clip in the buzzer circuit to the 8,antenna0 or 8,ground0 terminal of the operating panel4 ,close the buzzer switch to energize the buzzer1 and carefully explore the surface of the crystal with the spring contact point until a sensitive spot is found1 as evidenced by a good audible sound in the telephone receiver4 ,the short wire running from the buzzer to the panel is then removed and the buzzer stopped by opening the buzzer switch4 ,care should be taken not to disturb the crystal adjustment by mechanical vibration or shock4 ,this adjustment is very delicate1 and if destroyed1 it must be restored before any signals can be received4 ,with the crystal adjusted1 the set is then ready for tuning4 ,the procedure varies somewhat according to whether the wave length of the station it is desired to receive is known or not4 7a7 ,wave ,lengths of ,signals ,unknown4--,the switch ,m in the center of the panel is thrown to the position 8,,ap0 7aperiodic74 ,this disconnects the secondary condenser1 and makes the secondary circuit responsive to signals of any wave length4 ,the coupling is made a maximum1 and the secondary inductance dial switch ,s placed at the position 8#fj40 ,the primary inductance switch ,p is then placed successively at the positions marked #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej and #fj1 and1 at each point1 the handle of the primary condenser is slowly turned over its full range1 until the loudest signals are obtained in the telephone4 ,the station is then identified by its call letters1 and if it is the station desired1 tuning of the set is completed as explained below4 ,it may happen however1 that in this search for signals1 several stations are heard1 simultaneously or for different positions of the handles4 ,the process of searching is kept up until the desired station1 as identified by its call letters1 is heard with the greatest intensity4 ,the coupling pointer is then moved toward the minimum position1 so that the signals will be just loud enough to be easily read4 ,the switch ,m is placed in the position ,t 7tune71 which connects the secondary condenser in the secondary circuit4 ,the secondary circuit is then tuned by operating the secondary inductance dial switch ,s and the secondary in the same way that was followed in tuning the primary4 ,the secondary circuit is in tune when the signals are heard loudest4 ,the set is then ready for operation4 ,if necessary1 the strength of the signals may be increased by increasing the coupling1 but this should not be done unless the signal become too faint to be read1 since increasing the coupling increases the likelihood of interference by other sending stations4 ,when the coupling is changed1 some slight adjustments of the primary and secondary condensers will be found to improve the signals4 7b7 ,wave lengths of ,signals ,known4--,when the receiving operator has been advised of the wave length of the signals he is to pick up1 the process of tuning in is somewhat facilitated by the use of the table of wave lengths which is pasted in the cover of the box4 ,the primary circuit of the set is first tuned1 as explained above1 with the switch on 8,,ap10 the secondary inductance on 8#fj0 and with maximum coupling4 ,after the signals have been identified and the primary has been tuned to give maximum loudness1 the coupling is reduced as before and the switch ,m moved to ,t4 ,the secondary inductance setting to be used is then given in the table4 ,thus1 for a wave length of #bhj meters1 the setting may be #cj or #de4 ,it is best to use the higher value #de4 ,the final secondary adjustment is then made as before by means of the secondary condenser4 ,use of a ,vacuum ,tube ,detector with the ,,scr-#ed ,set4 ,it is sometimes desirable to use a vacuum tube detector in place of the crystal detector supplied with the set4 ,in this case1 the telephone stopping condenser of the set must be short circuited by inserting a dummy brass plug in the telephone jack4 ,the crystal detector is then disconnected1 and wires are connected from the detector binding posts of the set to the proper terminals of the vacuum tube detector set4 ,the telephone receivers should not be plugged in1 as before1 in the jack of the set box1 but must be connected to the proper terminals or jack of the vacuum tube detector box4 ,precautions1 ,sources of ,trouble1 ,maintenance4 ,in using this set1 care should be taken to always keep it in as dry a place as possible4 ,it should be kept in a clean condition1 especially the operating panel1 the contacts1 binding posts1 dial switch studs1 and the telephone jacks4 ,oil or grease on these contacts will make the connections uncertain and unsteady and impair or even prevent the satisfactory operation of the set4 ,the set should be handled carefully to avoid warping the condenser plates or otherwise damaging the set4 ,no foreign substance should be placed in the set box4 ,care should be taken that the telephone receiver cords do not get wet1 for the resulting leakage of current through them would considerably decrease the strength of signals and introduce an annoying noise4 ,the telephones do not require any adjustment1 and the earpieces should always be kept screwed up tight4 ,the telephone receiver should never be taken apart1 since their adjustment at the factory is very accurate and permanent4 ,if it becomes necessary to remove the cord connections from either the telephones or the plug1 the wires must be connected as found1 according to their different colors4 ,this is important since otherwise the permanent magnets will be partially demagnetized and the efficiency of the telephone receivers will be seriously impaired4 ,in packing the set for transportation the telephone head set receivers are placed face to face so that the diaphragms will be protected and kept free of mud and dirt4 ,the telephone cord is then wound around the head band in such a way as to hold the receivers together4 ,the telephone plug is finally slipped inside the coil thus formed by the connection cord1 and the entire set is carefully placed in its compartment in the set box4 ,among the troubles most frequently encountered are those considered below4 ,it may happen that the buzzer does not work4 ,this may be due to a poor adjustment of the buzzer vibrator1 or to a run down dry battery4 ,if the radio does not work it may be because the crystal detector is not making contact with the sensitive spot4 ,readjust it with the aid of the buzzer4 ,no sound in the receiver may be due to the fact that the telephone is not all the way in the jack1 or that it is dirty4 ,in this case see that the plug is clear in1 or remove it and wipe it off with a clean cloth4 ,also1 the dummy brass plug may be in the telephone jack4 ,this would prevent operation entirely with the crystal detector4 ,scratching noises in the telephone may be the result of wet connection cord1 or the connection at the plug or either telephone receiver may be loose4 ,if the antenna or ground connections is loose1 or if the ariel or lead in wire is grounded through a branch of a tree1 or in some other way1 the set will fail to operate4 ,make sure of good insulation all around4 ,it sometimes happens that a wire will break inside the set box4 ,this generally occurs to one of the wires connecting the secondary induction coils to the various taps to the secondary dial switch4 ,one way to discover this fault is to turn the 8,coupling0 handle back and forth2 the signals may then suddenly stop for a certain position of the handle1 although they will be audible with the handle on either side of this position4 ,finally1 a plate of one of the variable air condensers may become warped and short circuit the condenser4 ,this is generally evidenced by the fact that the condenser1 when varied over its whole range1 does not change the loudness of the signals4 ,in active service1 the receiving sets are required to be in continuous working condition4 ,to insure this1 spare parts must be kept on hand at all times in order to replace defective parts with the least possible delay4 ,such spare parts should include spare crystals1 telephones and telephone cords4 ,complete extra set should always be in stock at the central ,radio supply station to provide for replacement promptly when sets are destroyed4 ,the sets in use should also be frequently tested to determine and readiness for an intensive and continuous activity4 ,the condenser and inductance circuits should be tested to make sure that each part of each circuit is in perfect working condition4 ,testing of circuit parts may be simply done with a head phone and dry cell1 a click through closed circuits1 and the absence of a click through the condenser circuits1 being the indication which should be noted4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,small ,,arms4 ,notes on the ,automatic ,pistol1 ,cal4 #de1 ,model #aiaa4 ,the pistol is known as the ,automatic ,pistol1 ,cal4 #de1 ,model #aiaa4 ,by caliber is meant the caliber of the bore4 ,all pistols used in the service are marked on the left side of the receiver1 8,united ,states ,property10 and on the right side with the serial number1 which must be memorized by the person to whom the pistol is issued4 ,it is important that every man have a thorough knowledge of the nomenclature1 care and repair1 method of assembling and dismounting the pistol as well as its use and operation4 ,the principal parts of the pistol are the receiver1 the barrel and the slide4 ,to ,dismount and ,assemble the ,pistol3--,press the magazine catch and remove the magazine4 ,press the plug inward1 turn the barrel bushing to the right and by easing off on the spring let the plug and spring protrude gradually4 ,draw the slide to the rear until the small recess is opposite the thumb piece of the slide stop4 ,press gently against the end of the pin of the slide stop on the opposite side and remove the slide stop4 ,this releases the link and allows the barrel and the slide with all its parts to be slid forward off the guide rails of the receiver4 ,to ,disassemble the ,slide3--,remove the plug by turning it to the left and withdraw the recoil spring with its guide from the rear2 or remove the recoil spring guide and withdraw the coil spring with its plug from the front4 ,turn the barrel bushing to the left and withdraw it forward from the slide4 ,the barrel may now be withdrawn from the slide4 ,to remove the firing pin1 press the rear end of the pin forward until it clears the firing pin stop4 ,then withdraw the stop downward from its seat1 whereupon the firing pin1 the firing pin spring1 and the extractor are removed by withdrawing them to the rear4 ,for ordinary cleaning1 no further dismounting will be found necessary and no disassembling of the receiver should be permitted except by permission of an officer4 ,when the interior of the pistol has been exposed to water1 or when it is desired to make repairs1 the receiver may be completely dismounted as follows3 ,cock the hammer1 move the safety lock to a position half way between its upper and lower position4 ,press the end of the safety lock pin on the opposite side and withdraw the safety lock4 ,now lower the hammer by pressing the trigger4 ,push out the hammer pin and take out the hammer and strut4 ,next push out the housing pin4 ,this may require a little extra pressure4 ,it is the only pin pushed out by pressure from the left side of the receiver4 ,the main-spring housing may then be withdrawn downward and the grip safety withdrawn to the rear4 ,this exposes the sear spring1 which is easily removed4 ,by pushing out the sear pin1 the sear and the disconnector are released4 ,the main-spring housing is disassembled by compressing the main spring1 pushing out the small main-spring cap pin1 whereupon the main-spring cap1 the main spring and the housing pin retainer will come out4 ,the main spring may be easily compressed by using the pin of the slide stop4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,automatic ,,pistol1 ,,caliber #de1 ,,model #aiaa4 ,illustration3 ,,receiver1 ,,barrel ,,and ,,slide4 ,to remove the magazine catch1 press the button inward4 ,by means of a small screw driver or the short leaf of the sear spring1 give the screw head of the magazine catch lock a quarter turn to the left and remove the magazine catch4 ,the trigger can then be withdrawn to the rear4 ,the hammer strut1 a small nail or the long arm of the screw driver may be used to push out all pins except the main spring cap pin and the ejector pin4 ,to remove these a tack or pin may be found necessary4 ,to assemble the pistol proceed in the reverse order1 except that the main spring housing should be left to project about one-eighth inch4 ,do not push the main-spring housing home and insert the housing pin until after the safety lock is replaced and the hammer lowered4 ,the ,operation of the ,pistol4--,the act of drawing back the slide in loading cocks the hammer1 compresses the recoil spring1 permitting the magazine follower to raise the upper cartridge into the path of the slide4 ,upon releasing the slide1 the recoil spring forces the slide forward1 carrying the first cartridge into the chamber of the barrel4 ,as the slide approaches its forward position1 it encounters the rear end of the barrel1 forcing the latter forward4 ,since the front of the barrel pivots in the barrel bushing and the rear end is free to swing upward on the link1 the rear end of the barrel is raised1 causing the locking ribs on the outside of the barrel and the inside of the slide to engage1 thus positively locking the barrel and the slide together4 ,the joint forward movement of the barrel and the slide 7about three-eights of an inch7 is stopped when the barrel lug encounters the pin of the slide stop4 ,the pistol is then ready for firing4 ,when the hammer is cocked1 the hammer strut moves downward1 compressing the main spring4 ,the sear1 under the action of the long leaf of the sear spring1 engages its nose in the notch of the hammer4 ,upon pulling the trigger and pressing on the grip safety1 the sear is moved1 thus releasing the hammer4 ,the latter then strikes the firing pin which transmits the blow to the primer of the cartridge4 ,the explosion of the cartridge generates the necessary gas pressure to force the bullet through the barrel1 the initial muzzle velocity being about #hjj ft4 per second4 ,the pressure exerted to the rear against the face of the slide carries the latter and the barrel to the rear together4 ,but due to the link attachment1 the barrel is almost immediately swung down and unlocked from the slide1 leaving the slide to continue its movement to the rear1 thus opening the breech1 cocking the hammer1 extracting and ejecting the empty cartridge and compressing the recoil spring4 ,when the slide reaches its rearmost position the magazine follower raises another cartridge into the path of the slide4 ,this cartridge is then forced into the barrel by the forward movement of the slide as before described4 ,although it might be supposed that the downward swinging of the barrel would affect the accuracy of the fire1 this is not the case4 ,the bullet has gained its maximum velocity and passed out of the muzzle before the unlocking movement between the barrel and slide commences4 ,when the magazine has been emptied the magazine follower is free to press against the projection on the slide stop1 thus forcing the slide stop into the front recess of the slide1 thereby locking the slide in the open position and reminding the person firing that the empty magazine must be replaced before firing can be continued4 ,interesting ,facts about the ,pistol4 7a7 ,weight #b pounds4 ,trigger pull1 about #g pounds4 7b7 ,rifling1 #f grooves with left-hand twist4 ,the drift due to the rifling is therefore to the left1 but this is more than neutralized by the pull of the trigger when the pistol is fired from the right hand4 7c7 ,for ranges up to #ge yards the trajectory is very flat and the drift slight1 giving the pistol great accuracy4 ,illustration3 ,,component ,,parts4 ,illustration3 ,,component ,,parts4 #a4 ,receiver4 #b4 ,barrel4 #c4 ,slide4 #d4 ,plunger ,tube4 #e4 ,slide ,stop ,plunger4 #f4 ,plunger ,spring4 #g4 ,safety-lock ,plunger4 #h4 ,slide ,stop4 #i4 ,rear ,sight4 #aj4 ,front ,sight4 #aa4 ,link4 #ab4 ,link ,pin4 #ac4 ,barrel ,bushing4 #ad4 ,recoil ,spring4 #ae4 ,recoil ,spring ,guide4 #af4 ,plug4 #ag4 ,extractor4 #ah4 ,ejector4 #ai4 ,ejector ,pin4 #bj4 ,firing ,pin4 #ba4 ,firing ,pin ,spring4 #bb4 ,firing ,pin ,stop4 #bc4 ,hammer4 #bd4 ,hammer ,pin4 #be4 ,hammer ,strut4 #bf4 ,hammer ,strut ,pin4 #bg4 ,mainspring4 #bh4 ,mainspring ,cap4 #bi4 ,mainspring ,cap ,pin4 #cj4 ,sear4 #ca4 ,sear ,spring4 #cb4 ,sear ,pin4 #cc4 ,disconnector4 #cd4 ,trigger4 #ce4 ,grip ,safety4 #cf4 ,safety ,lock4 #cg4 ,mainspring ,housing4 #ch4 ,housing ,pin4 #ci4 ,housing ,pin ,retainer4 #dj4 ,lanyard ,loop4 #da4 ,lanyard ,loop ,pin4 #db4 ,magazine ,tube4 #dc4 ,magazine ,base4 #dd4 ,magazine ,pins 7#b74 #de4 ,magazine ,loop4 ,magazine #df4 ,magazine ,spring4 #dg4 ,magazine ,follower4 #dh4 ,magazine ,catch4 #di4 ,magazine ,catch ,spring4 #ej4 ,magazine ,catch ,lock4 #ea4 ,stocks1 ,right and ,left4 #eb4 ,stock ,screws 7#d74 #ec4 ,screws ,bushings 7#d74 7d7 ,beyond #bej yards the trajectory is very curved and the drift becomes considerable4 ,firing is therefore very inaccurate4 7e7 ,to hit a target at ranges over #ge yards it will be necessary to lay on a displaced point above and to the right of target for ranges approximately as follows3 ,vertical ,lateral ,range1 ,yards4 ,displacement4 ,displacement1 right4 #ajj yard yard #aej #a yards yard #bjj #c yards #a yard #bej #e yards #b yards 7f7 ,the striking energy of the bullet is sufficiently great to surely disable a man by causing a dangerous wound at all ranges up to #ejj yards4 7g7 ,the pistol has been fired by experts at #be yards1 aimed fire1 at the rate of #ba shots 7#c magazines7 in #cj seconds4 ,such rapidity is1 however1 not necessary or desirable in service firing4 ,accuracy is always the first consideration4 ,precautions4 #a4 ,whenever the pistol is taken out of or returned to the arm rack1 also both before and after drill or other exercises with the pistol1 remove the magazine and see that it is empty4 ,then draw back the slide which will eject any cartridge in the chamber4 ,finally look through the bore to see that the pistol is unloaded and the bore not obstructed by a plug or wad4 ,replace all parts1 come to raise pistol and lower hammer4 #b4 ,never place the trigger finger within the trigger guard until it is intended to fire and the pistol pointed toward the target4 #c4 ,do not carry the pistol in the holster with the hammer cocked and the safety lock on1 except in an emergency4 #d4 ,always press the trigger with the forefinger4 #e4 ,after each shot relieve the pressure on the trigger so that the sear may re-engage4 #f4 ,when inserting the magazine be sure that it engages the magazine catch4 ,never insert the magazine by striking it smartly2 always apply a continuous push4 #g4 ,the pistol must be kept clean1 free from rust and properly oiled4 #h4 ,never disassemble the receiver except by permission of a officer4 #i4 ,in disassembling the receiver be sure that 7a7 the disconnector and sear are properly assembled2 7b7 that the hammer is not snapped when the pistol is partially assembled2 7c7 that the stocks are not removed2 7d7 that no hammer is used in either assembling or disassembling4 ,care and ,cleaning of the ,automatic ,pistol4 ,in cleaning the barrel of the automatic pistol after firing proceed as follows3 ,swab out the bore with soda solution to remove powder fouling4 ,remove and dry with a couple of patches4 ,examine to see that no patches of metal fouling are in evidence1 then swab out with the swabbing solution--a dilute metal-fouling solution4 ,the amount of swabbing required with the swabbing solution can be determined only by experience assisted by the color of the flannel patches4 ,normally a couple of minutes' work is sufficient4 ,dry thoroughly and oil with sperm oil4 ,the proper method of oiling a barrel is as follows3 ,wipe the cleaning rod dry2 select a clean patch and thoroughly saturate it with sperm or light slushing oil1 being sure that the oil has penetrated the patch2 scrub the bore with the patch1 finally drawing the patch smoothly from the muzzle to the breech1 allowing the cleaning rod to turn with the rifling4 ,the bore will be found now to be smooth and bright so that any subsequent rust or sweating can be easily detected by inspection4 ,the principles as outlined above apply equally well for the care of the barrel of the sub-calibre cartridge4 ,,machine ,,guns ,,and ,,automatic ,,rifles ,,as ,,employed ,,by ,,the ,,artillery4 ,the field artillery employs machine guns and automatic rifles only defensively1 either against hostile aircraft1 or against enemy infantry in case of a break-through4 ,for this reason the tactical use of these weapons by the artillery is considerably different from that by the infantry1 and the dispositions that must be made are adapted to particular needs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the field artillery must defend itself3 7a7 ,on the march4 7b7 ,in position4 7c7 ,at the echelon 7horse-lines74 ,defense on the ,march4 #a4 ,machine ,gun4 ,machine guns may be used on the march in case of surprise attack or against low-flying aeroplanes4 ,fire on roads and convoys from low-flying aeroplanes has been developed to such an extent that it is imperative at all times for a column to be prepared to defend itself against such attacks4 #a4 ,when a battery is in the advanced zone1 one machine gun is mounted on a special mount on the second caisson of the fifth section4 ,this gun is kept ready for fire at all times1 the loaded belt if it is a ,browning1 being kept in the loaded position4 ,about #ejj rounds ,cal4 #cj ammunition are carried on the caisson4 ,the machine gunner in charge of the gun marches with the #eth section4 ,a mechanic can very easily modify the special mount for the ,browning1 for use against aircraft1 so that it also will be adaptable for use on the caisson4 ,one gun is attached to the fifth section1 so that on subdivision of the battery for action1 the other gun will be with the ,combat ,train or echelon1 being carried in the battery wagon or the park wagon4 ,the second gun may be carried stored in the battery wagon or on escort wagon4 ,in position warfare the firing battery goes into position usually at night4 ,the escort wagon then goes up with tools1 officers' rolls1 etc4 and the machine gun with its special mount1 the regular tripod1 and about #bjjj rounds of ammunition4 ,if not carried as stated1 provision must be made for carrying the gun with the firing battery4 #b4 ,automatic ,rifles4 ,the automatic rifles are assigned one to each section4 ,all eight automatic rifles should be in readiness for instant use when on the march4 ,they should be evenly distributed throughout the battery1 and handled by men who have had special training4 ,at least two magazines per gun 7#dj rounds7 should be instantly available4 ,while it is difficult to bring down a plane with a machine gun or rifle1 a well directed fire will limit the action of hostile planes4 ,it should be borne in mind that often when in the advanced zone friendly aeroplanes are detailed to guard a battery on the march4 ,great care must be taken to make no mistakes in identifying aeroplanes4 ,never shoot at a ship unless the distinctive markings on the wings are clearly distinguished and identified4 ,upon subdivision for action1 the automatic rifles go with the section to which assigned4 ,this1 of course1 may be varied according to the situation4 7,b47 ,defense of the ,position4 ,the machine gun emplacement should be carefully selected and constructed4 ,the first consideration is a good field of fire2 the second is good concealment4 ,usually it is placed on a flank of the battery4 ,situated on the flank of the battery1 a greater field of fire is obtained for the gun4 ,moreover when firing against hostile airplanes1 the position of the battery will not necessarily be disclosed4 ,in case the battery is shelled1 the position of the machine gun on the flank renders it less liable to be hit4 ,the emplacement for a machine gun at a battery position differs from those generally built by the infantry in that it is designed primarily for anti-aircraft shooting4 ,there can be no overhead cover1 all protection being provided by well constructed concealment4 ,camouflage must be arranged for and so placed that it can be instantly thrown aside for firing4 ,the plans for close defense of the battery should include the assignment of positions and sectors of fire for the automatic rifles4 ,the methods of fire and the technical points involved1 in firing against hostile airplanes1 will be considered elsewhere4 ,a sentinel equipped with a pair of field glasses must be on duty in the emplacement at all times4 ,the members of the machine gun squad are detailed for this duty by roster4 ,types of ,anti-,aircraft ,mounts4 ,the ,ordnance ,department furnishes no anti-aircraft mount1 but improvised mounts can be easily made4 ,,browning ,,machine ,,gun--,,model #aiag4 ,the ,browning ,machine ,gun1 ,model #aiag1 is water-cooled and is chambered for caliber 4#cj ,u4 ,s4 ,standard ,rifle ,ammunition4 ,the gun is classed as a heavy water-cooled gun1 recoil operative and belt fed4 ,the water jacket holds about #g pints of water and is perfectly smooth on its interior4 ,the steam escape tube is in the top of the water jacket1 and is made up of two tubes4 ,they slide one upon the other1 the outer one being a little shorter than the inner one4 ,this allows the outer tube to slide toward either end and uncover the highest steam escape hole4 ,the force of recoil is utilized to perform the various mechanical operations of feeding in the cartridges1 loading1 cocking1 firing the gun and ejecting the empty shells through the bottom4 ,the several cams of the gun make each moving part of the gun have a positive motion4 ,the feed belt is made of woven fabric and has no metal parts to cause feed jams and to add extra weight to the piece4 ,also the metallic disintegrating links are used with the aeroplane gun4 ,the fibre belt usually contains from #bej to #ejj rounds4 ,the metallic belts can be made to contain any number of rounds desired4 ,the gun has very few screws and springs4 ,it is composed of about forty parts which may be taken down in the field4 ,there are a few parts which can be assembled incorrectly and it cannot be determined that they are so assembled until the gun is ready to be put into action4 ,at this point the gunner will find that the gun will not operate1 therefore great care should and must be used in the study of a quick and positive assembling4 ,the weight of this gun is about #cj pounds without water4 ,this weight makes it necessary to use the gun on a tripod or other suitable mount4 ,general ,data4 ,weight of the gun--no water #cj lbs4 ,weight of the gun filled #cf4ge lbs4 ,weight of the belt1 #bej rounds #ae4be lbs4 ,length of the barrel #bd in4 ,weight of the belt1 empty #g4e oz4 ,sight graduated to #bhjj meters4 ,rate of fire 7shots per minute7 #djj-ebe4 ,aimed shots per minute #abj4 ,calibre of bore 4#cj in4 ,weight of bullet #aej grs4 ,weight of cartridge #cid grs4 ,chamber pressure lbs4 per sq4 in4 #dg1jjj-ej1jjj4 ,muzzle velocity 7ft4 per sec41 theoretical7 #bgjj4 ,,the ,,browning ,,automatic ,,rifle4 ,general ,description4 ,the ,browning ,automatic ,rifle1 ,model of #aiah1 is chambered for the ,united ,states standard ammunition4 ,this rifle is classified as a light automatic rifle commonly referred to as the 8,light ,browning40 ,it has been fired #adh shots per minute1 semi-automatic1 while marching1 and #aaj shots per minute1 semi-automatic1 from the shoulder while in prone position4 ,the rates of fire1 which give the best results are from #hj to #ajj rounds per minute1 semi-automatic marching fire and #ej to #fj shots per minute1 semi-automatic aimed fire4 ,operation4 ,expanding powder gases furnish the energy for the operation of the gun4 ,after the gun is fired and the bullet has passed the gas port in the barrel1 the live powder gases expand through the gas port into the gas cylinder and impinge against the head of the piston4 ,this sudden blow forces the piston to the rear1 compressing the recoil spring and storing up energy for the return movement4 ,the various lugs and cams actuate the feeding1 firing1 extraction and ejection1 and also control the operation of the gun4 ,the feeding is accomplished through a magazine holding #bj or #dj rounds in double rows4 ,it is held between the sides of the receiver1 in front of the trigger guard4 ,this magazine is composed of a rectangular tube and a round wire spring wound to fit the tube4 ,also there is a bottom plate which slide in the bottom and forms the rest for the spring4 ,on top of the spring is a follower1 which forces the cartridge up against the lips of the magazine tube and which holds it in place until stripped out by the lug on the bottom of the bolt4 ,the automatic action of this gun is not disturbed by holding it in any position whatever4 ,the magazine can be inserted while the mechanism of the gun is in either the cocked or forward position4 ,all parts of the gun are designed so as to impose a minimum of shock and strain upon them4 ,they are also made strong enough to hold up under the maximum amount of work that they can be made to perform4 ,there are few parts that can be assembled incorrectly but the gun will not function unless these parts are assembled correctly4 ,the dismounting and assembling of the rifle can be accomplished without the aid of a single tool unless the barrel and gas cylinder are removed which necessitates the use of a special spanner wrench provided in the kit4 ,general ,data4 ,weight of gun #ae lbs4 #h oz4 ,weight of ,magazine1 empty 7#bj rounds7 #g oz4 ,weight of ,magazine1 filled 7#bj rounds7 #a lb4 #g oz4 ,length of barrel #bd inches4 ,sights graduated up to #a1fjj yards4 ,calibre bore #j4cj inch4 ,gas port form muzzle #f inches4 ,rate of fire #ejj shots p'm4 ,aimed shots per minute1 semi-automatic #fj shots p'm4 ,weight of bullet #aej grains4 ,weight of ,powder #dg grains4 ,weight of ,cartridge 7total7 #cie4e grains4 ,chamber pressure1 pounds per square inch #dg1jjj to #ej1jjj4 ,muzzle velocity #b1fhb ft4 p's4 ,habitual type of fire semi-automatic4 ,cooling ,system4 ,it has no special cooling system or device1 the barrel merely being exposed to the air and the hand of the firer being protected on the under side of the barrel by a large wooden forearm4 ,since the barrel soon becomes very hot1 care must be taken to avoid touching it during firing or for five or ten minutes thereafter4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,motors4 ,,reconnaissance ,,car4 ,the reconnaissance car as supplied to regiments of #aee-mm howitzers1 motorized1 consists of two units3 ,reconnaissance body1 model #aiah2 #a-ton truck chassis1 ,white1 ,t ,e ,b-#j4 ,further information concerning these units will be found in ,ordnance ,handbooks 8,reconnaissance ,body1 ,model #aiah20 8#a-,ton ,truck ,chassis ,white1 ,t ,e ,b-#j0 7,no4 #aigb74 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,rated load capacity 7body allowance plus normal load7 #a ton--#a1jdj kg4 ,body weight allowance #a1ejj lb4--#hfb kg4 ,chassis only #c1hej lb4--#a1gej kg4 ,oil1 water and gasoline #aij lb4--#hf4e kg4 ,chains #fi lb4--#ca4e kg4 ,tool kit #cg lb4--#af4h kg4 ,chassis weight on front tires 7without load7 #ed4 ,chassis weight on rear tires 7without load7 #df4 ,gross weight 7capacity load7 #g1aej lb4--#c1bej kg4 ,load weight on front tires #j4gh4 ,load weight on rear tires #ii4bb4 ,gross weight on front tires #bg4 ,gross weight on rear tires #gc4 ,overall length of chassis 7without body7 #bje in4--#e1bbj-mm4 ,overall width of chassis 7at widest part7 #fa in4--#a1eej-mm4 ,chassis wheel base #adj in4--#c1efj-mm4 ,permissible loading space back of driver's seat #ig in4--#b1dgj-mm4 ,width of frame 7outside dimension1 widest part7 #cd in4--#hfe-mm4 ,height of rear end of frame from ground 7empty7 #cc4ge in4--#hef-mm4 ,diameter of turning circle 7right7 #fj ft4--#ah4c meters 7left7 #de ft4--#ac4g meters4 ,tread of wheels #ef in4--#a1dbb-mm4 ,road clearance under front axle 7lowest point7 #aj4ge in4--#bgc-mm4 ,road clearance under rear axle 7lowest point7 #aj in4--#bed-mm4 ,length of reconnaissance body1 overall #afj in4--#d1jgb-mm4 ,width of body #ei4hge in4--#a1ebb-mm4 ,height of body1 overall 7including top7 #fb4abe in4--#a1ehj-mm4 ,weight of body 7without equipment7 #a1ahj lbs4--#ecf kg4 ,brief ,description4 ,the reconnaissance car is provided with a special steel body1 mounted on a #a-ton truck chassis1 ,white ,model ,t ,e ,b-#j4 ,four seats are built into the body4 ,the two front seats are placed back to back4 ,the two rear seats have a space between them of about #b feet and are also placed back to back4 ,there is a compartment between the two pairs of seats4 ,the floor boards at the back end are extended to form a foot rest for the rear seat4 ,the car is protected by a canopy top and roll curtains4 ,a full set of tools is carried on the car4 ,also five chests are provided in which are carried all the special equipment assigned to the car4 ,one chest slides into the body compartment under the rear front seat1 one into the compartment between the rear seats1 and the other three under the rear seat4 ,the chassis used is similar to that used with the ,staff ,observation car on page #ie4 ,a complete description and directions for care1 operation1 and maintenance are contained in the 8,handbook of the ,reconnaissance ,car1 ,model of #aiah40 ,ordnance pamphlet ,no4 #aigb4 ,,artillery ,,tractor1 #e-,,ton ,,model ,,of #aiag4 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,overall length 7armored7 #acc4e in4--#c1djj-mm4 ,overall width #fc in4--#a1fje-mm4 ,height 7armored1 to top of muffler7 #gb4e in4--#a1hde-mm4 ,length of ground contact #ia in4--#b1cae-mm4 ,ground clearance #aa in4--#bhj-mm4 ,weight 7complete with full equipment7 #i1bjj lbs4--#d1ahj kg4 ,ground pressure 7#i and #aa inch treads7 #e4f-d4e per sq4 in4 --#j4cid-j4caf kg4 per sqcm4 ,weight of each track #ede lbs4--#edh kg4 ,weight of each track shoe 7#i-;in47 #ab lbs4--#e4de kg4 ,width of track shoes #i-aa in4--#bii-bhj-mm4 ,tread of tracks 7center to center of tracks7 #dh4hge in4--#a1bdc-mm4 ,diameter of turning circle 7overall clearance7 #agf in4--#d1dbe-mm4 ,engine1 number of cylinders #d ,bore #d4ge in4--#bbj4h-mm4 ,stroke #f in4--#aeb4e-mm4 ,horsepower at #a1bjj revolutions per-min #ef4 ,oil reservoir capacity #c4be ,u4 ,s4 ,gal--#ab4bb liters4 ,road speed-gear used 7per hour7 ,low speed at #a1bjj rev4 per minute of engine #a4id miles--#c4ab kilos4 ,direct speed at #a1bjj rev4 per minute of engine #c4ib miles--#f4ca kilos4 ,high speed at #a1bjj rev4 per minute of engine #g4cg miles--#aa4he kilos4 ,reverse speed at #a1bjj rev4 per minute of engine #a4da miles--#b4bg kilos4 ,capacity of main gasoline tanks 7two7 combined #bd ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#ij4e liters4 ,capacity of auxiliary tank under armor #aj ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#cg4he liters4 ,capacity of transmission case #c ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#aa4c liters4 ,capacity of track oiler tank #b4e ,u4 ,s4 ,gal4--#i4dc liters4 ,brief ,description4 ,the #e-ton artillery tractor1 ,model #aiag1 is a self-propelled road vehicle of the 8,track laying0 type2 that is1 the power is transmitted to the ground through a flexible endless chain which acts as a track and is composed of steel links and shoes cast integral and connected by hardened steelpins4 ,the advantage of this type of tractor as compared with the usual type of wheel tractor or truck1 is its ability1 due to very low unit ground pressure1 to negotiate very soft and uneven surfaces1 impassable to the usual type of self-propelled vehicle except under the most extreme difficulties4 ,the general design and construction of the #e-ton tractor does not differ materially from that of the modern truck except in the method of transmitting the power from the transmission unit to the ground4 ,it is used solely as a power vehicle for hauling howitzers carriages and caissons4 ,each carriage and carriage limber are drawn by one tractor and each pair of caissons are drawn by one tractor4 ,a complete description and instructions for care1 maintenance1 and operation are contained in the 8,handbook of #e-,ton ,artillery ,tractor1 ,model of #aiag40 7,no4 #aiif74 ,outline ,specifications4 ,engine4--,four cylinder1 four cycle1 valve-in-the-head type4 ,bore #d4gd04 ,stroke1 #f04 ,cylinder case in pairs4 ,horsepower #ef at #a1bjj revolutions per minute4 ,radiator4--,honey-comb tubular type4 ,eight separate headers4 ,ignition4--,eisemann1 ,model ,g-#d1 high tension magneto with automatic impulse starter4 ,carburetor4--,model ,a ,schebler carburetor with ,stewart vacuum feed system2 #a4e04 ,governor4--,centrifugal flyball type mounted on special shaft and driven off camshaft gear4 ,master ,clutch4--,dry plate multiple disk type4 ,transmission4--,selective sliding gear type4 ,three speeds forward1 one reverse4 ,direct drive on second4 ,stepped up on high4 ,drive4--,from transmission through bevel gears to steering clutch shaft through steering clutches to spur pinions1 which mesh with intermediate spur gears1 thence through outside gears1 encased1 to sprocket drive sleeve and drive sprockets4 ,steering ,clutches4--,two used of dry plate multiple disk type4 ,steering4--,by means of steering clutches operated from hand steering device and brake bands operated by foot pedals1 which act on outside of steering clutch drums4 ,control4--,steering gear located on the right hand side4 ,change gear1 master clutch operating lever1 and brake lever1 left of steering gear1 left to right respectively4 ,spark and throttle levers operate on sector clamped to steering column4 ,steering clutch pedals right and left at bottom of1 and in front of steering column4 ,brakes4--,one set4 ,external contracting type4 ,raybestos1 or equal1 lined4 ,operate on steering clutch housings4 ,gasoline ,tank4--,terneplate tanks4 ,two independent duplicate tanks each of #ab gallon capacity4 ,auxiliary terneplate tank under armor1 #aj-;gallon capacity4 ,main ,frame4--,cast in one piece-open hearth steel4 ,roller ,frames4--,four frames steel channel1 joined by oscillating shaft4 ,two frames right and left front4 ,two frames right and left rear4 ,truck ,rollers4--,six on each side of tractor1 fitted with roller bearings1 turned on steel gudgeons1 flanked to follow track rail4 ,track4--,made up of malleable iron track shoes with track links4 ,integral1 fitted with space blocks1 and #a4be0 pins4 ,track ,drive ,sprockets4--,two4 ,teeth mesh with opening in tracks4 ,blank ,sprockets4--,two4 ,fitted with roller bearings which turn on steel gudgeons4 ,used to adjust track tension4 ,track ,supporting ,rollers4--,four on each side of tractor1 two mounted on brackets attached to front roller frame channel1 and two in the rear mounted on spring bracket which is bolted to main frame4 ,springs4--,four double coil springs at rear1 two on each side between rear roller frame and bracket on main frame and four--two on each side of equalizing bar at front4 ,equalizing ,bar4--,spring supported on front roller frame sections4 ,,ammunition ,,truck4 ,the ammunition truck supplied to regiments of #aee-mm howitzers1 model of #aiah1 motorized1 consists of two units3 ,ammunition truck body1 model of #aiah2 #b-ton truck chassis1 ,nash model #djag-;,a and #djag-,l4 ,further information concerning those units will be found in the ,ordnance ,handbooks4 8,ammunition truck body1 model of #aiah0 7,no4 #bjjb72 8#b-ton truck chassis1 ,nash model #djag-;,a and #djag-,l40 ,weights and ,dimensions4 ,weight of body #a1bjj pounds4 ,overall length of body #abj inches4 ,overall width of body #ef inches4 ,overall height of body #ed inches4 ,width of floor 7inside7 #dc inches4 ,length of floor 7inside7 #aad inches4 ,height of sides 7inside7 #cf inches4 ,brief ,description of ,ammunition ,truck ,body4 ,the ammunition truck body1 model of #aiah1 consists of a box-type steel body opening only at its rear end4 ,the body is designed to accommodate original packing cases of any type of ammunition4 ,when this vehicle is used near the front lines all four sides and its floor are lined with detachable heavy cocoa matting to prevent undue noise4 ,a tarpaulin cover attaches to the body1 and so protects its contents4 ,illustration3 ,,ammunition ,,truck4 ,in addition to the designation of 8ammunition truck10 as explained the ammunition body with various loads is designated when mounted on chassis models as follows3 8,wireless10 8,telephone10 8,tanks10 8,personnel10 8,baggage10 and 8,ration40 ,the chassis and bodies for the above are identical for all purposes4 ,the differences in chassis and body equipment and the load carried when the truck is used for different purposes are noted under tables of equipment on page #afa4 ,all of the above bodies are mounted on a #b-ton ,nash truck chassis4 ,outline ,specifications of all #b-,ton ,chassis1 ,nash ,models ,rated load capacity #d1jjj lb4--#a1hbj kg4 ,body weight allowance #a1bjj lb4--#edf kg4 ,weight of chassis only #f1gjj lb4--#c1jcj kg4 ,maximum gross weight 7including chassis1 body and load7 #aa1ijj lb4--#e1dbj kg4 ,percentage of chassis weight on front tires 7without load7 #ff4ff ,percentage of chassis weight on rear tires 7without load7 #cc4cc ,percentage of load weight on front tires #cj4jj ,percentage of load weight on rear tires #gj4jj ,percentage of gross weight on front tires #de4jj ,percentage of gross weight on rear tires #ee4jj ,overall length of chassis 7without body7 #bjb4ej inches--#e1ajj-mm4 ,overall width of chassis 7at widest part7 #gh4ej inches--#a1iej-mm4 ,chassis wheelbase #abd4jj inches--#c1aee-mm4 ,length of frame back of drivers seat #aag4ac inches--#b1ihj-mm4 ,width of frame 7outside dimensions7 #ch4ac inches--#ifh-mm4 ,height of rear end of frame from ground loaded #ce4ej inches--#hij-mm4 ,height of rear end of frame from ground unloaded #ch4ej inches--#ihj-mm4 ,diameter of turning circle #ej4jj feet--#ae4be meters4 ,tread of front wheels #fj4ej inches--#a1edj-mm4 ,tread of rear wheels #fj4ej inches--#a1edj-mm4 ,road clearance under front axle 7lowest point7 #ad4ge inches--#cgd-mm4 ,road clearance under rear axle 7lowest point7 #ad4ge inches--#cgd-mm4 ,brief ,description1 ,models #djag-;,a1 #djag-,l1 and #djag-;,f4 ,the chassis of all these models is of #abd-;inch wheel base and is fitted with a ,buda model ,h-,u four-cylinder engine1 dry disk clutch1 four speed transmission1 and a drive to all four wheels through shafts and internal gearing4 ,although the greater number of units in all three chassis are alike1 there are certain structural differences which exist1 mainly in the model #djag-;,f chassis as against the other two4 ,the #djag-;,f is a two wheel steer chassis1 while the others have four wheel steering4 ,all of them use four wheel drive and braking4 ,the models #djag-;,a and #djag-,l are fundamentally the same1 differing only in certain details of equipment4 ,model #djag-,l has an acetylene generator and searchlight1 and oil side and tail lamps1 both speedometer and odometer and an impulse starter on the magneto shaft1 while the #djag-;,a has no impulse starter1 uses a ,bijur electric generator1 storage battery and electric lamps1 and is fitted with an odometer only4 ,aside from the two wheel steering and the necessary changes brought about by it1 models #djag-;,f and #djag-,l are practically the same1 though a few slight differences exist in the dash1 the brake cross shaft and rods and the wheel universals as described in detail in the ,ordnance ,handbook ,no4 #aiii4 ,the engine is a standard design ,l-head1 ,buda model ,h-,u using force-feed lubrication1 pump cooling1 and fitted with a ,stromberg carburetor feeding through cored passages in the cylinder block1 and ,eisemann magneto1 and on the model #djag-;,a only1 with a ,bijur generator4 ,the clutch is of the dry plate type and the drive from it is through an open two-joint propeller shaft to a four speed sliding jaw-clutch type transmission4 ,from the latter extend two-joint propeller shafts1 one forward and one rearward1 to internal gear-drive axles4 ,the live member has exposed axle shafts extending from it1 and the ends of these shafts are fitted with a universal joint and a spur pinion1 the latter meshing with an internal gear bolted to a disk steel wheel4 ,all the wheels are interchangeable and are all driving and steering wheels in models #djag-;,a and #djag-,l1 while in the model #djag-;,f only the front wheels steer4 ,a complete description of the #b-ton truck chassis1 models #djag-;,a1 #djag-,l1 and #djag-;,f1 with instructions for care1 maintenance1 and operation1 is given in the 8,handbook of the #b-ton ,chassis ,nash ,models #djag-;,a1 #djag-,l and #djag-;,f10 ,ordnance ,pamphlet ,no4 #aiii4 ,,how ,,to ,,drive4 ,before starting an engine the driver should see that the gear shift lever is in neutral position and that the emergency brakes are set4 ,the spark lever should be set at the proper position4 ,if battery ignition is used it is best to have the lever in full retard position1 as the spark will occur no matter how slow the engine is cranked4 ,if magneto ignition is used the lever should be advanced slightly as a hotter spark is obtained in the advanced position than in the retarded4 ,there is less probability of a kick back when starting on magneto since it is necessary to turn the engine at a fairly high rate of speed1 approximately #ajj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 to generate sufficient current to produce a spark4 ,the position of the throttle hand control should be set so that the throttle will be slightly open4 ,in case the carburetor is equipped with an air-choking device this should be closed to cause a rich mixture for starting4 ,the ignition switch should be turned on and the engine cranked by pulling up quickly on the crank handle a quarter turn at a time4 ,if an electric cranking motor is provided depress the starting button and advance the spark4 ,if magneto ignition is used it is best to spin the engine4 ,crank the engine with the left hand if possible and stand in such a position that if the engine should kick back the crank will not cause injury4 ,after the engine has started release the choke on the carburetor advance the spark and close the throttle to a position which will prevent racing4 ,if a special dash adjustment is provided for regulating the mixture allow this to remain in a position to cause a rich mixture until the engine warms up4 ,to ,start the ,car4 ,allow the engine to warm up sufficiently to overcome missing and to run smoothly4 ,when satisfied that the engine is running properly release the emergency brake4 ,in case the car is on a grade apply the foot brake to prevent the car from moving4 ,press the clutch pedal all the way down and move the gear shift lever to first speed position4 ,the clutch should be allowed to engage gradually and at the same time the throttle should be opened sufficiently to prevent stalling1 but not cause racing of the engine4 ,if the foot brake has been employed it should be released as the clutch is engaged4 ,after the clutch has been fully engaged the throttle should be opened sufficiently to accelerate the car to change to the next higher speed4 ,the throttle should be controlled by the foot accelerator pedal4 ,once the car is in motion the driver must at all times keep his eyes on the road in the direction in which the car is moving or about to move when changing direction4 ,to ,shift ,gears 7,increasing ,speed74 ,before starting a driver should practice moving the gear shift lever to the different positions and getting his feet and hands accustomed to the location of the foot pedals and hand levers4 ,then it will not be necessary to look away from the road in order to shift gears or in any other way to control the operation of the car4 ,to change gears the clutch pedal should be depressed 7it may not be necessary to push it all the way down against the floor boards7 and the foot removed from the accelerator pedal at the same time4 ,move the gear shift lever from first to neutral position1 pausing if necessary and then move to second speed position4 ,engage the clutch immediately and open the throttle with either hand or foot control as soon as the clutch is engaged4 ,the process of changing from second to third or third to fourth is identical4 ,bear in mind that before each change is made the speed of the car should be accelerated4 ,care should be taken when changing from lower to a higher speed that the car is moving at a sufficient rate of speed so that an undue strain will not be put on the engine4 ,practice alone in driving the particular apparatus will acquaint the driver with the necessary speed required to change from one gear ratio to another4 ,to ,shift ,gears 7,decreasing ,speed74 ,when it is desired to change from a higher to a lower gear ratio release the clutch and allow the hand or foot throttle control to remain open far enough so that the engine will speed up4 ,move the gear shift lever to the neutral position and again engage the clutch for an instant4 ,release the clutch immediately and quickly move the gear shift lever from neutral to the next lower speed position and engage the clutch immediately1 opening the throttle by hand or foot control4 ,another method of shifting to a lower gear ratio is to leave the throttle open and release the clutch just enough to allow it to slip and the engine to speed up4 ,the gear shift lever should then be moved through neutral directly to the next lower speed position and the clutch engaged4 ,this method does not require as much practice but is objectionable since it wears or burns the clutch facing4 ,to ,stop the ,car4 ,to stop the car1 the throttle should be closed1 the clutch released1 and the brakes applied1 all being performed at the same time4 ,the amount of pressure applied at the brake pedal depends upon the distance in which the driver desires to stop the car4 ,before allowing the clutch to engage after the car has stopped1 move the gear shift lever to the neutral position4 ,if the car is to stand apply the emergency brakes4 ,if the engine is to be stopped speed it up by opening the throttle just before turning the ignition switch to the position 8off40 ,if the weather is cold use the choke when stopping the engine or set dash adjustment to give a rich mixture4 ,this will make starting easier if the engine is started in a reasonable length of time4 ,driving ,suggestions4 ,in operating a car it is always best to alternate the service and emergency brakes rather than to use one continuously1 to equalize the wear on them4 ,when approaching a very steep down grade it is safest to move the gear shift lever to a lower speed position1 closing the throttle and permitting the car to drive the engine4 ,when the grade is not excessively steep the engine can be used as a brake with the position of the gear shift lever remaining unchanged4 ,this will save the brakes and tend to cool the engine4 ,the brakes should never be applied suddenly enough to slide the driving wheels except in cases of emergency4 ,when a stop is to be made apply the brakes soon enough so that the motion of the car will be gradually diminished and brought to a stop at the point desired4 ,to avoid accidents on the road all rules and regulations governing the driving of motor vehicles on the road should be observed4 ,when turning corners or approaching cross-roads warning should be given to avoid collision with other vehicles which may be hidden from the view of the driver4 ,before backing the machine the driver should be sure that the road is clear4 ,in manipulating the car the front wheels should never be turned by moving the steering wheel when the car is not in motion4 ,this puts undue strain on the steering apparatus and will cause lost motion in the steering gear4 ,if it becomes necessary to move the front wheels of a car while it is standing still1 they should be moved by applying force not only to the steering wheel but also by pulling the front wheels around4 ,when a car skids1 the tendency is for an inexperienced driver to apply the brakes and turn the front wheels in the opposite direction to that in which he is skidding4 ,this should not be done as it only accentuates the skidding and the car may be ditched or skid into another vehicle or the curbing4 ,when the machine starts to skid turn the steering wheel in the direction in which the car is skidding and partially close the throttle but not entirely1 or it will have the same effect as applying the brakes4 ,when the car straightens out the power may again be applied gradually1 and the machine brought back to the center of the road4 ,when skidding on narrow roads it is best to apply the power and steer to the center of the road4 ,this will aggravate the skid for a moment but brings the machine around at an angle with the front wheels in the center of the road4 ,the momentum of the car will cause the rear wheels to climb back onto the road again4 ,,engine ,,troubles4 ,if the machine will not start the trouble1 can only be located by a systematic search4 ,it is always best to look over the ignition system first1 then see if there is any gasoline in the carburetor4 ,it will often take some time to find the trouble4 ,however1 if the engine once starts there is little difficulty in locating the trouble as there will always be an indication which should point to the source of trouble4 ,the great difficulty with inexperienced drivers is that they do not reason out the matter carefully before attempting to remedy it4 ,also an inexperienced man usually looks for trouble in the same place no matter what the indication may be4 ,nearly all difficulties arise from one of three sources1 ignition1 carburetion1 or engine4 ,these are outlined in the following table4 ,the trouble is located by the trouble it gives the driver4 ,i4 ,engine misses3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,plugs4 a4 ,short circuit4 b4 ,broken porcelain4 c4 ,too large a gap4 #b4 ,cable4 a4 ,broken4 b4 ,grounded4 #c4 ,instrument4 a4 ,dirty carburetor4 b4 ,interrupter points on magneto4 ,b4 ,carburetor4 #a4 ,water in carburetor4 #b4 ,dirt in the line4 #c4 ,no pressure or no gas4 #d4 ,too lean a mixture4 ,c4 ,engine4 #a4 ,cold4 #b4 ,valves sticking4 ,,ii4 ,back ,fires ,through ,carburetor3 ,a4 ,ignition #a4 ,wired wrong4 #b4 ,timed wrong4 ,b4 ,carburetor4 #a4 ,water in carburetor4 #b4 ,dirt in line4 #c4 ,no pressure or no gas4 #d4 ,too lean a mixture4 ,c4 ,engine4 #a4 ,valve sticking 7,inlet74 ,,iii4 ,engine ,knocks3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,retarded spark4 ,spark too far advanced4 ,b4 ,engine4 #a4 ,carbonized cylinders 7pre-ignition74 #b4 ,overheated engine4 #c4 ,loose bearings4 #d4 ,loose pistons4 ,,iv4 ,engine ,lacks ,power3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,retarded spark4 ,b4 ,carburetor4 #a4 ,too rich a mixture4 ,c4 ,engine4 #a4 ,exhaust valve not seating4 #b4 ,carbon in cylinder4 #c4 ,overheated engine4 #d4 ,lack of lubrication4 #e4 ,governor connections sticking4 ,d4 ,brakes4 #a4 ,dragging4 ,e4 ,clutch4 #a4 ,slipping4 ,v4 ,engine ,overheats4 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,retarded spark4 ,b4 ,carburetor4 #a4 ,rich mixture4 ,c4 ,engine4 #a4 ,cooling system4 a4 ,fan belt off4 b4 ,no water4 c4 ,no circulation4 d4 ,anti-freezing mixture4 #b4 ,carbonized cylinder4 #c4 ,lack of lubrication4 ,,vi4 ,engine ,stops3 ,a4 ,engine and car stop gradually4 #a4 ,trouble with fuel4 ,b4 ,engine and car stop suddenly4 #a4 ,mechanical trouble4 ,c4 ,engine stops suddenly1 car gradually4 #a4 ,trouble with ignition4 ,,vii4 ,engine ,won't ,stop3 ,a4 ,ignition4 #a4 ,cable4 #b4 ,switch4 ,b4 ,pre-ignition4 #a4 ,carbon in cylinders4 #b4 ,overheated engine4 ,consider how each of these indications may differ so that it is possible to locate the exact source of trouble without first investigating4 ,if the car has been on the road for some time and the engine misses it will either miss regularly in one or more cylinders or irregularly in all cylinders4 ,if the former1 the miss is due to ignition4 ,the cylinder in which the miss is occurring can be easily determined by short circuiting each plug with a screw driver4 ,this is done by allowing the screw driver to touch the central electrode of the plug and also the engine4 ,when a plug is short circuited and it does not affect the operation of the engine1 it shows there was no spark jumping across the electrodes of the plug4 ,if the cable to this plug is disconnected and held a short distance from the electrode of the plug from which it was removed1 a spark will or will not jump this gap4 ,if it does jump the gap it shows that the plug is short circuited4 ,then the plug is either carbonized or the insulator is broken4 ,if a spark does not occur place the cable near the engine and if a spark occurs it shows that the gap was too large at the electrodes of the plug4 ,if no spark occurs it shows that the trouble is not in the plug but at some point ahead of this4 ,if the engine is firing on all but one cylinder the trouble must be some place between the distributor rotor and the plug4 ,first see if the distributor is dirty and then check up the cable to see if it is broken or grounded4 ,one point to be remembered is that the parts of the magneto or the battery ignition system incorporated in the instruments will affect the operation on all the cylinders and there is no need of looking for the trouble there if only one cylinder misses4 ,if every other cylinder to fire misses and magneto ignition is used1 it is often due to the time lever housing being jammed over to one side so that the interrupter points are opened only by one cam4 ,in no case is it necessary to file the interrupter points to overcome a miss1 for the interrupter affects the operation on every cylinder and not on one4 ,if the miss is irregular it is due to carburetor or to fuel trouble4 ,to locate the trouble open the pet cock at the bottom of the carburetor and if there is any water in the carburetor it will run out4 ,this operation also shows whether or not the gas runs freely4 ,if it does not there may be dirt in the line or no gasoline supply4 ,after everything else has been tried to overcome the trouble1 adjust the carburetor to compensate for too lean a mixture4 ,when an engine is first started it will often miss4 ,this is due to the engine being cold4 ,under no circumstances should time be wasted to overcome missing until the engine is warm4 ,if an exhaust valve sticks it will cause the engine to miss as the gases will be forced out on the compression stroke4 ,this is difficult to locate as it is a regular miss but usually results from an overheated engine4 ,if an engine backfires when first started and does so continuously it is best to check up on the wiring and timing of the ignition system4 ,if the engine is running smoothly and suddenly starts to backfire through the carburetor it is possible that the magneto coupling has slipped4 ,if there is water in the carburetor it may suddenly shut off the supply of gasoline and cause so lean a mixture that backfiring results4 ,dirt in the line or running out of gasoline would have the same effect4 ,if backfiring in the carburetor is experienced in addition to the missing of the engine it is probably due to too lean a mixture4 ,backfiring also results from the inlet valve sticking or not seating properly4 ,if the engine suddenly develops a knock while in operation it may be due to the ignition being too far advanced for the condition for which the car is operating and the spark lever should be retarded4 ,this will be noticed mostly when the car is under a hard pull such as on hard hills or going through sandy roads4 ,if the engine develops a knock1 after having been run for a short while1 which can not be overcome by retarding the spark it may be due to carbon in the cylinders or an overheated engine1 both of which would cause pre-ignition of the charge4 ,by pre-ignition is meant that the incoming charge when under compression is ignited due to the heat in the cylinder regardless of when the ignition spark takes place4 ,loose bearings and loose pistons will knock but these should be easily distinguished from ignition knocks as they are present at all times4 ,if the engine shows a lack of power it may be that the ignition system is too far retarded due to the coupling driving of the magneto having slipped4 ,if too rich a mixture is used it will cause a loss of power but can easily be distinguished by the black smoke which is given off at the exhaust pipe4 ,every precaution should be taken to locate the trouble when an engine shows a lack of power as it may be caused from the valve not seating properly1 carbon in the cylinders1 overheated engine1 lack of lubrication1 or the governor connection sticking4 ,if lack of lubrication is causing the trouble it will soon lead to mechanical trouble such as scoring the cylinder walls or burning out the bearings4 ,an engine will often give an apparent indication of a lack of power due to the brakes dragging or the clutch slipping4 ,if an engine overheats it is best to check up and see whether or not the car is being operated on a retarded spark or if the mixture is too rich4 ,the usual trouble of the engine overheating are troubles experienced with the cooling system4 ,fan belts often break or slip1 the water may have leaked out somewhere in the cooling system1 or the circulation may be stopped up in some way4 ,if anti-freezing mixtures are allowed to remain in the cooling system in warm weather they will cause overheating of the engine due to their low conductivity of heat4 ,carbon in the cylinder causes the cylinder to overheat and is detrimental to its operation4 ,if the engine is not lubricated properly it will overheat due to the additional friction of the parts4 ,if after the car is in operation the car and engine slow down gradually the trouble is without doubt due to lack of fuel or some trouble with the fuel system or the carburetor4 ,when the car stops under these conditions the engine usually backfires into the carburetor just before the car stops4 ,if the car and the engine stop suddenly it is an indication of some mechanical trouble such as a frozen bearing1 broken connecting rod1 or some other part which suddenly puts a brake on the movement of the car4 ,if the engine suddenly stops operating and the car continues to coast the trouble can be traced to the ignition system4 ,a disconnected or a broken wire usually causes the trouble4 ,if the engine will not stop when the ignition switch is thrown to the 8off0 position it is possible with magneto ignition that the cable between the switch and the magneto is broken or disconnected4 ,that is1 the switch does not connect the primary of the magneto to the ground4 ,if the engine is overheated1 due to lack of proper cooling or carbon in the cylinders1 the engine will continue to operate due to the pre-ignition4 ,,appendix 8,a0 ,,gunners' ,,examinations4 ,,preparation4 ,in the preparation for the gunners' examination men should pay particular attention to the following points4 ,setting the ,panoramic ,sight4 ,before starting to use the panoramic sight1 the peep sight should be turned as far as possible to the right or left4 ,this should be done to make it easier for the gunner to look through the panoramic sight and also to prevent him from looking through the peep sight4 ,men should get in the habit of working from the top of the sight down1 performing their duties always in the same order--this is very important4 ,in other words in indirect laying he sets the deflection1 applies the deflection difference1 levels the cross level bubble and then lays for direction4 ,in direct laying1 he sets the deflection1 sets the range1 levels the cross level bubble1 and lays the piece for direction and range4 ,in setting the range on the sight shank the gunner should place his eye on a level with the index so that the range can be set exactly4 ,if a range of over #ejj yards is given1 the fast motion of the scroll gear should be used4 ,as soon as he has laid his gun he will call 8,ready0 and step clear of the piece4 ,after he has called 8,ready0 under no circumstances will he attempt to finish any of his duties4 ,if he does he will lose that trial4 ,all scales should be set rapidly4 ,in order to do this1 men must not try to make any mathematical calculations4 ,the setting of sights should be absolutely mechanical4 ,the gunner should know exactly in what direction to turn the knobs1 wheels and cranks in order to increase or decrease the settings and to move the bubbles in any particular direction4 ,a list of reasons for disqualification are given in the ,regulations for ,gunners' ,examination4 ,it is most important in indirect laying that the gunner be assisted by ,,trained chiefs of sections and ,no4 #b's4 ,men should be picked for this during the earlier part of the course and trained for that work4 ,a great deal depends on the ability of these men4 ,setting the ,peep ,sight4 ,in using the peep sight in direct laying the panoramic sight head should be turned to either flank so that there will be no chance of the gunners looking through the panoramic sight4 ,the gunner in looking through the peep sight should keep his eye about six inches from it4 ,setting the ,quadrant4 ,candidates should get in the habit of performing the required duties in the following order3 7#a7 ,setting the site with his right hand4 7#b7 ,setting the range with his left hand as prescribed for ,no4 #a 7,instruction ,memorandum ,no4 #aa--eth hour1 #ast week74 7#c7 ,centering the cross level bubble with his right hand4 7#d7 ,leveling the range bubble with his right hand4 ,the candidate should be sure to look and see where the bubble is before he starts to turn the elevating crank handle4 ,he should turn the handle quickly4 ,after leveling the range bubble he calls 8,set0 and steps clear of the wheels4 ,fuse ,setting4 ,candidates in setting the bracket fuze setter should stand immediately in rear of it and should crouch down4 ,the corrector should be set first and the range next1 both scales being set with the right hand4 ,his assistant should stand immediately to the left and should pass the round to the candidate who is being examined1 as ,no4 #e passes the round to ,no4 #d in percussion fire4 ,the candidate after setting the scales rises up1 grasps the projectile and inserts it in the fuze setter4 ,he then sets the fuze and calls 8,ready40 ,the assistant should hold the projectile so that the lug on the time ring is at #aj o'clock 7vertical clock face74 ,the candidate when he inserts the round in the fuze setter should place it so that the lug on the time ring falls just to the left of the rotating pin notch4 ,this is done so that the two shall engage as soon as possible4 ,in setting the fuze with the hand fuze setter1 the candidate takes the position prescribed for ,no4 #c in the service of the piece1 his assistant takes the position of ,no4 #e when the hand fuze setter is used4 ,the candidate must be sure to press down on the hand fuze setter while setting the fuze4 ,candidates must be cautioned to remember all necessary data4 ,they cannot ask the examining officer for any4 ,it must be impressed on them also that under no circumstances can they start to set the scales before the instant prescribed by the ,regulations for the ,gunners' ,examinations4 ,drill of the ,gun ,squad4 ,candidates should be familiar with the following paragraphs of the ,d4 and ,s4 ,r4 ,f4 ,a43 ,formation of the gun squads 7#ace1 #ach72 to form the gun squad 7#agj-agc72 to tell off the gun squad 7#agd72 post of the gun squads 7#age-agg72 to post the gun squad 7#agh-agi72 post of the cannoneers1 carriages limbered 7#ahj-ahb72 to mount the cannoneers 7#ahc-ahe72 to dismount the cannoneers 7#ahf-ahg72 to change posts 7#ahi-aij72 to move by hand the carriages limbered 7#aia-aib72 to leave the park 7#bjd72 action front 7#aii72 posts of the cannoneers1 carriages unlimbered but not prepared for action 7#ahh72 limber front and rear 7#bjb72 action rear 7#bjj72 limber rear 7#bjc72 to move by hand the carriages unlimbered 7#icg72 prepare for action 7#ich72 march order 7#idb72 posts of the cannoneers1 carriages unlimbered and prepared for action 7#ida72 duties in detail of the gunner 7#hde-hfi72 duties in detail ,no4 #a 7#hjg-hia72 duties in detail of ,no4 #b 7#hib-ija72 duties in detail of ,no4 #c 7#ijb-iaa72 duties in detail of ,no4 #d 7#iac-iah72 duties in detail of ,no4 #e 7#iai-ibd72 methods of laying 7#ihe-ihh72 and methods of fire 7#iie-ajjh74 ,the questions will only cover the important points covered in the paragraphs above4 ,materiel4 ,candidates should be familiar with the following 7,handbook of the #c-;inch ,materiel73 ,nomenclature of harness and of the parts and accessories of the wheeled materiel2 use of oils2 method of cleaning and lubricating parts and mechanisms2 method of cleaning cylinder oil and of emptying and filling cylinders2 use of tools2 the kinds of projectiles1 of fuses1 and of powder actually issued for use1 and their general purpose and effect1 omitting questions as to construction1 weight1 manufacture1 and technical description2 the care and preservation of saddle and harness equipment in use4 ,description of3 breech mechanism to dismount1 to assemble1 elevating screws1 to dismount2 to assemble2 hub liner1 to remove1 to assemble2 brakes1 piece and caisson1 to adjust2 wheel1 to remove1 to replace4 ,,regulations ,,for ,,the ,,examination ,,of ,,gunners4 ,a record of marks will be kept during the examination1 and at the conclusion thereof it will be submitted directly to the commander ordering the examination4 ,the mark received by each man in each subject will appear opposite the man's name and the appropriate totals will be carried out4 ,the tabular list1 upon approval by the commander ordering the examination1 will be published in orders4 ,men1 to be classified as expert first class gunners1 must attain an average of not less than #he in each of the subjects which follow3 to be classed as first class gunners1 a general average of not less than #he with an average in each subject of not less than #ge2 to be classed as second class gunners1 a general average of not less than #ge1 with an average in each subject of not less than #fe4 ,examinations will include the following3 ,value of ,subjects4 ,subject4 ,gun ,batteries4 ,direct laying #bd ,indirect laying #bd ,laying for range #ah ,fuse setting #ah ,drill of the ,gun ,squad #h ,materiel #h ,the following general rules will govern the ,examining ,officers3 #a4 ,the conditions of examination will be made1 as nearly as possible1 the same for all of the men4 #b4 ,setting of scales will be considered correct if any part of the index is coincident with any part of the line of the graduation of the setting ordered4 #c4 ,settings ordered will always be even divisions of the scale1 and not fraction thereof4 ,when a number greater than five is used1 it will be a multiple of five1 except in settings of the angle of site and corrector scales4 #d4 ,the man may select any of the assistants authorized4 #e4 ,the man is permitted to traverse the piece to the middle point of traverse before each trial at direct laying4 #f4 ,the sight1 quadrant1 or fuse setter1 etc41 will be in the position in which it would be in service before the command for trial with it is given2 the scales will be set at readings different from those to be given for the trial4 #g4 ,the trials for direct laying will be with different deflections and ranges2 for indirect laying with different deflections and deflection differences2 for laying for range1 with different angles of site and ranges4 ,the trail will be shifted in three trials at direct laying4 #h4 ,changes in setting of scales required of men will not exceed the following3 ,deflection scale of peep sight1 #ae mils2 of panoramic sight1 #bjj mils2 deflection difference scale1 #cj mils2 corrector scale1 #aj mils2 angle of site scale1 #aj mils2 range scales1 #hjj yards4 ,at direct laying the deflections announced will be between #fcgj and #cj4 ,at direct laying the cross level of the tangent sight will be thrown out of level by the examiner for the trials requiring shifting of the trail4 ,in time trials1 time will be taken from the word at which the candidate is instructed by this order to commence his trial to the candidate's 8,ready10 or to the last word of any announcement required4 ,no credits will be allowed if the candidate performs any part of the trial after this interval or if the time taken exceeds the maximum given in the appropriate table of those shown hereinafter4 ,should any trial be vitiated through the fault of an examiner1 of an assistant1 of the sight or other instrument used1 that trial will be void and the candidate will be given immediately another trial of the same nature4 ,direct ,laying4 #ab trials3 ,six with the peep sight and six with the panoramic sight4 ,the target will represent a shielded gun and caisson and will be placed1 as nearly as practicable1 at a distance of #a1jjj yards from the gun used in the trials4 ,the candidate being seated on the gunner's seat1 an officer of the battery commands1 for example3 #a4 ,target1 that gun4 #b4 ,deflection1 #aj4 #c4 #bdjj4 ,at the indication of the target1 the candidate causes an assistant at the trail to point the piece in its general direction2 at the last word of the last command he sets off the deflection and the range ordered2 corrects for difference of level of the wheels2 operates the elevating and traversing apparatus so as to bring the line of sight upon the target2 calls 8,ready10 and steps clear4 ,no credits will be given in the following cases3 7#a7 ,if the sight is incorrectly set for deflection or range4 7#b7 ,if1 when the bubble of the cross level is accurately centered1 the line of sight is found not to be on any portion of the target4 ,if the piece is found to be correctly laid within the limits prescribed1 credits will be given as follows ,time in seconds1 exactly1 or less than #af #ah #bj #ba #bb #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,credits #b4j #a4i #a4g #a4e #a4d #a4c ,indirect ,laying4 #ab trials4 ,two aiming points will be selected1 one toward the front and one toward the rear4 ,they should be of the type used in actual firing and1 for the purpose of this examination1 should be about #b mils in width1 well defined1 of such height as readily to be brought within the field of view1 and about #aejj yards distant4 ,they should be clearly pointed out to the candidates4 ,all of the guns of the battery will be placed in the order in battery and a candidate will be assigned to each4 ,for all trials the board will assume a situation in the conduct of fire for adjustment by battery1 commencing with the first salvo1 that will require commands involving a shift of the trail for this first trial1 and1 for all trials1 such deflection and deflection difference settings and changes of settings of scales1 not exceeding the limits prescribed in paragraph #e of this order1 as may reasonably be expected in service4 ,when the aiming point is in rear the candidate will be allowed an assistant who1 from a position in front of the axle1 signals to a man at the end of the trail to move it1 if necessary1 so as to bring the aiming point within the field of view of the sight4 ,when the aiming point is in front1 an assistant at the end of the trail is allowed4 ,the candidates being seated on the gunners' seats1 an officer of the battery commands1 for example3 #a4 ,aiming point1 the chimney on that white house4 #b4 ,deflection1 #ddj4 #c4 ,on ,no4 #b close #aj4 ,at the last word of command for the deflection each man sets off the deflection2 applies the correction for deflection difference appropriate for his piece2 causes the trail to be shifted until the sight is directed upon the aiming point2 corrects for difference of level of the wheels2 raises or lowers the panoramic sight until the field of view will include the aiming point2 traverses the piece until the vertical hair is on the aiming point2 calls 8,ready0 and steps clear4 ,the trial being completed and the men again being seated1 the officer commands for example1 in continuance of the assumed situation3 #a4 ,right1 #abj4 #b4 ,on ,no4 #d1 close #e4 ,at the last word of command for the deflection1 each man operates the sight and1 if necessary1 the trail as before2 traverses the piece until the vertical hair is on the aiming point2 calls 8,ready0 and steps clear4 ,the third and fourth trial is similarly conducted4 ,no credits will be given in the following cases3 #a4 ,if the sight is incorrectly set for the deflection or deflection difference4 #b4 ,if1 when the bubble of the cross level is accurately centered1 the vertical cross hair is found not to be on the aiming point4 #c4 ,if1 at any time during the trial1 the man has operated the elevating device4 ,if the piece is found to be correctly laid within the limits prescribed1 credits will be given as follows3 ,time in seconds1 exactly1 or less than #ah #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,credits #b4j #a4i #a4g #a4e #a4d #a4c ,laying for ,range4 ,six trials1 using the range quadrant4 ,the man being seated on the seat on the right side of the trail1 an officer of the battery commands1 for example3 #a4 ,site1 #bhj4 #b4 #cdjj4 ,at the last word of the command1 the man sets off the angle of site2 sets the quadrant for range2 corrects for difference of level of wheels2 turns the elevating crank so as to center the range bubble2 calls 8,ready0 and steps clear4 ,no credits will be given in the following cases3 #a4 ,if the quadrant is incorrectly set for angle of site or range4 #b4 ,if no part of the bubble of the cross level is between the middle two lines on the glass tube4 #c4 ,if there be found to be an error of more than #ej yards in laying for any range less than #a1ejj yards or more than #be yards for any equal range to or exceeding #a1ejj yards4 ,if the piece is found to be correctly laid within the limits prescribed1 credits will be given as follows3 ,time in seconds1 exactly1 or less than #ad #af #ah #ai #bj #ba ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,credits #c4j #b4c #b4f #b4d #b4b #b ,fuse ,setting4 #ab ,trials3 #f with the bracket fuse setter1 #f with the hand fuse setter4 ,drill cartridges with fuses in good order set at safety are placed as in service4 ,an officer of the battery commands1 for example3 #a4 ,corrector1 #bd4 #b4 #bgjj4 ,at the last word of the command for the corrector1 in trials with the bracket fuse setter1 the man sets the fuse setter at the corrector1 and1 as the data are received1 at the range ordered1 receives the cartridge from an assistant1 inserts its head in the instrument1 sets the fuse and calls 8,ready40 ,at the last word of the command for the corrector1 in trials with the hand fuse setter1 the candidate sets the fuse setter at the corrector1 and1 as the data are received at the range1 ordered2 with the aid of an assistant1 sets the fuse1 and calls 8,ready40 ,no credits are given in the following cases3 #a4 ,if the fuse setter is incorrectly set for corrector or range4 #b4 ,if the candidate fails to obtain a correct fuse setting within one-fifth of a second4 ,if the fuse setter is found to be correctly set and is properly operated1 credits are given as follows3 ,time in seconds1 exactly1 or less than #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,credits #a4e #a4d #a4c #a4b #a4a #a4j ,drill of the ,gun ,squad4 ,the subjects will embrace such parts of the following exercises 7,d4 and ,s4 ,r4 ,f4 ,a47 as will thoroughly test the candidate's familiarity with the service of the piece3 ,formation of the gun squad 7#ace1 #ach72 to form the gun squad 7#agj-agc72 to tell off the gun squad 7#agd72 post of the gun squads 7#age-agg72 to post the gun squad 7#agh-agi72 posts of the cannoneers1 carriages limbered 7#ahj-ahb72 to mount the cannoneers 7#ahc-ahe72 to dismount the cannoneers 7#ahf-ahg72 to change posts 7#ahi-aij72 to move by hand the carriages limbered 7#aia-aib72 to leave the park 7#bjd72 action front 7#aii72 posts of the cannoneers1 carriages unlimbered but not prepared for action 7#ahh72 limber front and rear 7#bjb72 action rear 7#bjj72 limber rear 7#bjc72 to move by hand the carriages unlimbered 7#icg72 prepare for action 7#ich72 march order 7#idb72 posts of the cannoneers1 carriages unlimbered and prepared for action 7#ida72 duties in detail of the gunner 7#hde-hfi72 duties in detail of ,no4 #a 7#hgj-hia72 duties in detail of ,no4 #b 7#hib-ija72 duties in detail of ,no4 #c 7#ijb-iaa72 duties in detail of ,no4 #d 7#iac-iah72 duties in detail of ,no4 #e 7#iai-ibd72 methods of laying 7#ihe-ihh72 and methods of fire 7#iie-ajjh74 ,the questions will only cover the important parts covered in the paragraphs above4 ,materiel4 ,the examination of each candidate will be sufficiently extended to test his familiarity with the use and care of the materiel of his organization1 and will be theoretical4 ,the examination will be conducted by questions on the following subjects3 ,nomenclature of harness and of the parts and accessories of the wheeled materiel2 use of oils2 method of cleaning and lubricating parts and mechanisms2 method of cleaning cylinder oil and of emptying and filling cylinders2 use of tools2 the kinds of projectiles1 of fuses1 and of powder actually issued for use1 and their projectiles1 of fuses1 and of powder actually issued for use1 and their general purpose and effect1 omitting questions as to construction1 weight1 manufacture1 and technical description2 the care and preservation of saddle and harness equipment in use4 ,description of3 breech mechanism1 to mount1 to assemble2 elevating screws1 to dismount1 to assemble2 hub liner1 to remove1 to assemble2 brakes1 piece and caisson1 to adjust2 wheel1 to remove1 to replace4 ,chevrons will be issued to those candidates who qualify and will be worn as prescribed in orders4 ,,don',,ts ,,for ,,cannoneers4 ,don'ts for ,all ,cannoneers3 --,sacrifice accuracy for speed4 --,guess at the data4 --,expose yourself4 --,let your attention be distracted4 --,make unnecessary moves4 --,talk4 ,don'ts for ,chief of ,section3 --,forget that you are responsible for the work of your squad4 --,fail to assist the gunner in laying on the aiming point4 --,say 8,muzzle ,right 7left710 merely move your hand in the direction you desire the trail shifted4 --,write down the data4 --,forget your proper pose1 covering ,no4 #c opposite the float4 --,forget to extend your arm vertically1 fingers joined1 after the gunner has announced 8,ready40 --,fail to caution 8,with the ,lanyard0 for the first shot4 --,fail to look at both gunner and executive4 --,command 8,fire20 merely drop your arm4 --,fail to designate who shall assist ,no4 #b when he is unable to shift the trail4 --,forget to announce 8,volley ,complete40 --,forget to select the individual ,aiming ,points for the gunner4 --,forget to announce 8,no4 7so so7 on ,aiming ,point10 in reciprocal laying4 --,ever say 8,range #cjjj10 merely 8#cjjj40 ,dont's for ,gunner3 --,forget to place the sight bracket cover in the left axle seat4 --,forget to put the sight shank cover in the trail box4 --,forget to close the panoramic sight box1 and fasten it with your left hand4 --,forget to clamp the panoramic sight in its seat4 --,forget to close the ports in the shield4 --,forget to put your weight against the shoulder guard while laying4 --,touch any adjustment after calling 8,ready40 --,forget to move your head from the panoramic sight after calling 8,ready40 --,lean against the wheel4 --,fail to take up lost motion in the proper direction4 --,fail to watch the executive after calling 8,ready40 --,signal with your hand for movements of the trail4 --,fail to identify ,aiming ,points or ,targets4 --,fail to secure hood on sight bracket4 --,say 8,whoa0 to ,no4 #b while the trail is being shifted4 ,say 8,trail ,down40 --,fail to lower the top shield at once at the command 8,march ,order40 --,forget to relay vertical hair on ,a4 ,p4 at completion of sweeping volley4 --,forget to set range #ajjj1 deflection zero in 8,fire at ,will40 --,forget to say 8,ready0 just loud enough for the chief of section to hear4 --,forget to chalk up the deflection on the main shield in reciprocal laying4 --,forget to set site and level bubble 7,british74 --,forget to release the brake in trail shifts 7,british74 --,forget to count 8#ajja1 #ajjb0 to preserve proper firing interval4 ,dont's for ,number #a3 --,touch the firing handle until you announce 8,set40 --,fire the piece with the right hand4 --,try to throw the drill cartridge over the float by jerking the breech open4 --,slam the breech4 --,fail to level bubbles4 --,fail to set and release brake in trail shifts4 --,fail to look squarely at the scales of the quadrant4 --,fail to take up lost motion properly4 --,forget to close the quadrant box4 --,fire the piece until the command is given4 --,lean against the wheel4 --,forget to keep up with the range in direct laying4 --,forget to lower the top shield immediately at 8,march ,order40 --,talk4 ,dont's for ,number #b3 --,throw the breech cover on the ground4 --,fail to engage the handspike4 --,slam the apron4 --,put feet on the float4 --,wait for the command in shifts of #ej mils or more4 --,move the trail in a series of shifts4 --,fail to mark off #aa lines #ej mils apart at once on taking your post4 --,fail to secure the breech cover4 --,fail to secure the handspike in 8,march ,order40 --,run between carriages4 --,fail to throw empty cartridge cases out of the way of the cannoneers4 --,forget the tow and waste4 --,talk4 ,dont's for ,number #c3 --,run between the carriages4 --,throw the muzzle cover on the ground4 --,throw the front sight cover on the ground4 --,slam the apron4 --,fail to see that fuze is set at safety at 8,march ,order40 --,fail to look directly down at the fuze setter while adjusting scales4 --,take right hand from the corrector worm knob and left from the range worm crank1 during drill4 --,forget to set range zero in 8,fire at ,will40 --,cross your legs4 --,forget to set each announced range regardless of the kind of fire being used4 --,talk4 ,dont's for ,number #d3 --,throw the fuze setter cover on the ground4 --,slam the apron4 --,forget to set the fuze at 8,safety0 in 8,march ,order40 --,fail to glance into the bore to get the alignment4 --,touch a round after inserting it in the breech4 --,fail to completely set each fuze4 --,forget to take the round from ,no4 #e from beneath in percussion fire and from the top when the hand fuze setter is used4 --,forget to say1 8#cbjj1 #b1 last round10 only loud enough to reach the chief of section4 --,forget to secure the cover on the fuze setter4 --,attempt to move the caisson with the door open4 --,forget to set and release the caisson brake 7,model #aijb74 --,turn the round to the left after setting4 --,talk4 ,dont's for ,number #e3 --,slam the apron4 --,attempt to move the caisson with the door open4 --,forget to put your left elbow on the outside of your left knee in using the hand fuze setter4 --,forget to set the brake on the #aiaf caisson4 --,throw the waterproof caps under your feet4 --,talk4 ,,training ,,gun ,,crews4 ,this article is not intended to cover all of the work of the gun crew1 it is intended merely to cover certain points sometimes lost sight of4 ,references are to the #c0 gun1 but any crew efficient in serving that excellent weapon will have little trouble in mastering any other4 ,all refinements taught have but one prime object1 that is accuracy of fire4 ,it is of no value to make atmospheric and velocity corrections if still greater variations are constantly introduced by poor service of the piece4 ,the foundation of battery efficiency is well-trained gun crews4 ,officers may be able to lay out orienting lines with the greatest facility1 may know the range tables in the dark1 but it will avail little if they cannot train men to apply properly and accurately the data determined4 ,the safety of our own infantry and the effectiveness of our fire are absolutely dependent on the continuous training of gun crews1 and the resultant precision and sureness with which they perform their work4 ,this can only be obtained by constant drill from the day the recruit joins until the day of his discharge2 not by long drills in which he grows tired and loses interest1 but by short periods broken by instruction in other subjects2 not by many hours one week and none the next1 but by a short period every day of the week4 ,the best gunners grow rusty in a very few days2 constant short drills will give results and are the secret of success4 ,every man must get instructions every day1 be he raw recruit or expert gunner4 ,cannoneers should be taught that the greatest crime that can be committed in laying the piece is to make an error--the only crime for which there is no punishment4 ,an error or mistake in the correct service of the piece should not be punished1 but it should be carefully explained how the efficiency of the battery depends on each member1 and to insure that crime is not committed again1 additional hours of instruction beyond that required for the rest of the crew will be necessary4 ,every man must be on his toes from the time he comes in sight of his gun1 every movement at the piece must be at a run4 ,slow and sleepy motions of one man will kill all the snap and energy of every other member of the crew4 ,do not1 however1 confuse speed of performing any given motion with hurry in execution of detail4 ,for example1 the gunner must move with snap and energy in getting his eye back to the sight and his hand on the traversing handwheel after the piece is fired1 but he must never be hurried in getting the vertical wire exactly on the aiming point1 or in making the ordered changes in the deflection setting4 ,stop watches should not be used4 ,they are a fruitful cause of errors4 ,speed comes from continual practice and it cannot be artificially attained by stop-watch timing4 ,do not understand that speed is not desirable1 it is highly desirable1 but practice alone will give it and it will nearly always be found that the best-trained crew is the fastest crew4 ,competitions between crews must be for accuracy1 not speed4 ,if every motion is made with a snap and at a run the results as regards speed will be satisfactory4 ,the accuracy of fire is affected by brakes not being adjusted for equal tension1 by direction of recoil not being in line with the trail1 by ,no4 #b sitting on the handspike and shifting his weight after the gunner has called 8,ready20 by ,no4 #a jerking the firing handle2 by the gunner not keeping his shoulder against the guard2 by elevating cranks not being properly assembled2 by sights and quadrants not being properly adjusted or locked with means provided 7this subject deserves several pages72 by variations in the amount of oil in the cylinder2 by improper adjustment of the gland2 by the gunner coming on to the aiming point sometimes from the right1 sometimes from the left2 by the ,no4 #a centering the bubble sometimes from front to rear1 sometimes from rear to front4 ,you may have stood behind a battery firing and noticed how one or two guns jump violently in recoil1 while others would hardly disturb the proverbial glass of water on top of the wheel1 although all guns of equal service4 ,this was due almost entirely to the lack of proper adjustment of some of the parts mentioned above4 ,every member of the crew must know his duties so well as to make his motion automatic2 the direction to turn the various handwheels1 milled heads1 and gears to obtain the desired result1 and he must always do these things in the same way4 ,the effect of small differences in laying may be graphically shown the gun crew by firing sub-caliber ammunition at a small arms steel target which rings a bell when a bull's-eye is made4 ,erratic shots means poor adjustments of equipment or poor training of the gun crew4 ,pleas that worn material or lost motion1 or defective ammunition are the causes of erratic shooting are largely excuses for ignorance1 laziness1 and lack of proper instruction4 ,worn materiel requires more makeshifts1 takes longer to lay and more careful watching1 so that fire cannot be so rapid1 but except for wear in the bore of the gun it is possible to do almost as accurate shooting with worn materiel1 especially if the new materiel has not been thoroughly worked in4 ,among the more important duties of the men may be mentioned in the following3 ,chief of ,section4--,must teach his men to have pride in the gun they serve1 and the reputation of the section4 ,he shows each member how the accuracy of firing is dependent on him1 and that one man may ruin the best efforts of all the others4 ,he must keep his materiel as clean as when it left the makers hand1 every part functioning properly1 every screw and nut tightened1 no burred nuts or bolts1 or missing split pins4 ,he helps each member to take a pride in keeping the part for which he is responsible as clean as a new pin and in perfect condition4 ,he sees that the various canvas covers and sponge and rammer never touch the ground where they will gather dirt4 ,he knows the proper use of his tools1 and the correct adjustment of the firing mechanism4 ,he must be able to assemble and disassemble blindfolded the firing lock and breech mechanism4 ,in firing he knows the settings of all scales without reference to a data book4 ,the ,gunner4--,knows that turning the levelling screw clockwise moves cross bubble to the right2 that turning scroll gear clockwise increases the range2 that turning the peep sight screw clockwise increases deflection1 and so on with all handwheels1 etc41 that he operates and must know these things so well that he operates them in the proper direction automatically4 ,must always bring vertical wire on aiming point from the left to take up any play in traversing mechanism4 ,he verifies that he is on the aiming point after the breech is closed and if there is any delay1 again immediately before firing4 ,he gets his eye back to the sight and relays immediately the gun returns to battery4 ,he knows his scale readings at all times4 ,he keeps his sight scrupulously clean1 never permits his finger to touch the objective prism when turning the rotating head1 nor wipes off eye piece with hand4 ,he keeps his shoulder against the guard at all times4 ,the ,number #a4--;,he knows his site and range scale readings without having to look at them4 ,in centering the bubble he brings it always from front to rear to take up play in the elevating mechanism4 ,he centers the bubble so accurately that it is not the thickness of a sheet of tissue paper nearer one graduation than the other1 and what is most important he sees that it stays there until he fires the pieces1 when he promptly recentres it4 7,the latitude allowed in centring the bubble by our gunners' examination is responsible for #bj per cent4 of our field probable error47 ,he must not fire the piece with a jerk but with a constant even pressure1 else he may destroy all his accuracy of levelling4 ,the same principle applies if he uses the lanyard4 ,he keeps his quadrant free from any sign of dirt and assures himself that it is in perfect condition4 ,if the gunner fails to keep his shoulder against the guard when the piece is fired he reminds him of it4 ,in centring the bubble or setting the scales he gets his eye squarely opposite the scale or bubble4 ,the ,number #b4--;,he knows the width of the spade1 float1 etc41 in mils1 and is able to make any shift under two hundred mils1 within #e mils4 ,he shifts the trail so as to bring the direction of recoil in line with it 7except for moving targets74 ,in receiving empty cases he should not permit them to strike the trail or throw them against each other1 as they must then be resized before they can be again used4 ,if he sits on the handspike he must not shift his weight after the piece is laid4 ,the ,number #c4--;,he knows that turning the corrector worm knob clockwise decreases the setting2 turning the range worm crank clockwise increases the range4 ,in making these settings he keeps his eye squarely over the scales4 ,he knows his scale settings at all times4 ,he is taught to keep his fuze setter and its cover clean1 and is shown how a small pile of dirt or wax behind the stop pin or in the rotating pin notch can throw out his settings and ruin the reputation of his section4 ,gum from the fuze often collects in these places4 ,the surest way is to keep a match stick handy and clean out these places whenever there is a lull in the firing4 ,the ,number #d4--;,if necessary to reset the fuze he must turn the projectile until it brings up against the stop pin1 then cease all turning movement and draw the projectile straight out of the fuze setter4 ,if he continues the turning motion unconsciously he can easily alter the setting by a fifth of a second4 ,in loading he is careful not to strike the fuze against the breech and so alter the fuze setting4 ,the ,number #e4--;,he knows where the rotating pin notch is in the fuze setter1 and where the corresponding pin is on the fuze4 ,he places the fuze so that the pin is seated in the notch with little or no turning movement and turns rapidly but with no more force than required4 ,he is careful to set all fuzes with the same force1 that is1 not turn one with a violent twist and the next barely up to the stop4 ,,appendix 8,b0--,comparative table of guns used in ,world's ,war4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,gt4 ,austria1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,britain1 #aije #ahig #aijf #aiag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,caliber1 inches #c4ja #b4ie #c4jc #c4c ,weight of shrapnel1 lbs4 #ad4gb #af4jj #ae4jj #ah4jj ,muzzle velocity1 f4 s4 #afdj #agej #agfj #afhj ,muzzle energy1 ft4 tons #bge #cce #bdb #cdj ,weight of gun #gjj #ajjj #gff #hhj ,weight of gun and #bjjj #bfej #ahfj #bfjj carriage ,weight of g41 c4 and #cgej #daej #dbjj #dajj limber ,maximum elevation #ah #ah #af #cc ,total traverse1 degrees #h #f #h #h ,length of recoil1 inches #ea4e #dg #dd #bh-dh ,height of wheels #d'c0 #d' #d'e0 #d'c0 ,independent line of sight ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,sights1 goniometric1 telescopic1 panoramic1 ,p4 ,g4 ,t4 ,g4 ,o4 ,p4 ordinary ,breech block1 wedge swinging1 eccentric ,w4 ,e4 ,s4 ,w4 ,s4 screw4 ,traverse1 axle or pintle ,p4 ,a4 ,p4 ,a4 ,recuperation1 spring or hydro-pneumatic ,s4 ,h4 ,s4 ,h4 ,length of gun1 calibers #cj #cf #bg4c #bh4j ,width of track1 inches #fj #fj #fj #ff ,range1 maximum #fdjj #geej #gfjj #ijjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,u4 ,u4 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,states1 ,states1 #aiab #aijc #aijb #aiaf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,caliber1 inches #b4ie #c4 #c4 #b4ie ,weight of shrapnel1 lbs4 #ad4c #ad4da #ae4jj #af4jj ,muzzle velocity1 f4 s4 #aeaj #aicj #agjj #afjj ,muzzle energy1 ft4 tons #bbd #bgc #cjj #caa ,weight of gun #fij #ghe #gaj #gfe ,weight of gun and #bbfj #bjge #bbcj #cjjj carriage ,weight of g41 c4 and #ccej #chej #cgcj #ddjj limber ,maximum elevation #fe #af #af #ec ,total traverse1 degrees #eb #e #h #de ,length of recoil1 inches #ah-ec #db4e #ej #ah-df ,height of wheels #d'c0 #d'd0 #d'h0 #d'h0 ,independent line of sight ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,sights1 goniometric1 telescopic1 panoramic1 ,t4 ,p4 ,o4 ,p4 ,o4 ,p4 ,o4 ,p4 ordinary ,breech block1 wedge swinging1 eccentric ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b4 ,w4 screw4 ,traverse1 axle or pintle ,p4 ,a4 ,a4 ,p4 ,recuperation1 spring or hydro-pneumatic ,h4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,length of gun1 calibers #cj #cj #bi4b #cj4h ,width of track1 inches #eh #fj #fj #fj ,range1 maximum #hhej #ghjj #fejj #ifej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,appendix 8,c0 ,,table ,,of ,,equivalents4 #a mil4 #c4cg minutes4 #a meter 7m7 #ci4cg inches4 #a centimeter 7cm7 4#cicg inch4 #a millimeter 7mm7 4#jcicg inch4 #a kilogram 7kg7 #b4bjdf pounds4 #a dekagram 7dkg7 4#cebg ounce4 #a gram #ae4dcb grains4 #a liter #a4jefga quarts 7,u4,s474 #a inch #b4ed centimeters4 #a foot 4#cjdh meter4 #a yard 4#iadd meter4 #a square inch #f4deb square centimeters4 #a cubic inch #af4ci cubic centimeters4 #a cubic foot 4#jbhcb cubic meter4 #a cubic yard 4#gfde cubic meter4 #a ounce #bh4ce grams4 #a pound 4#decf kilogram4 #a quart 7,u4 ,s47 4#idfc liter4 #a degree #ag4ggg mils4 #a kilogram 7kg7 per #ad4bbc pounds per square centimeter square inch4 ,,index ,abatage1 ,french #ge-mm1 #ie ,action of ,recoil ,mechanism1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #gj ,aiming ,circle1 #bgd ,air and ,liquid ,pumps1 #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #ahi ,american #ge1 #aje ,ammunition1 #aii ,ammunition #c-;inch ,gun1 #bad ,ammunition1 ,definition of1 #aa ,ammunition ,marking1 #bcc ,ammunition ,truck1 #ccd ,angle of ,site ,mechanism1 ,american #ge1 #abg ,anti-,aircraft ,guns1 #fj ,armament1 ,modern1 #df ,army ,artillery1 #eg ,artillery1 ,definition of1 #aa ,artillery ,tractor1 #ccj ,assembling #c-;inch ,gun1 #gf1 #bdb ,assembling ,american #ge1 #acc ,automatic ,pistol1 #cae ,automatic ,rifle1 #cbb1 #cbe ,axles1 ,discussion1 #dd ,ballistics1 ,definition of1 #aa ,battery ,commander's ,telescope ,model #aiae1 #bgj ,biblical ,references to ,artillery1 #af ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 #bci ,bore1 ,definition of1 #aa ,borax1 #bch ,bracket1 ,fuze ,setter1 #bhc ,breechblock1 #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aef ,breechblock1 ,british #ge1 #aej ,breechblock1 ,french #ge1 #hg ,breechblocks1 ,discussion of1 #ca ,breech1 ,definition of1 #ab ,breech ,mechanism #c-;inch ,gun1 #fc ,breech ,mechanism1 ,american #ge1 #ajf ,breech ,mechanism1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afb ,breech ,mechanism1 #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #agc ,british #ge1 #adg ,browning ,automatic ,rifle1 #cbe ,browning ,machine ,gun1 #cbc ,built-up ,guns1 ,discussion of1 #bi ,caisson #c-;inch ,gun1 #gd ,caisson1 ,definition of1 #ab ,caliber1 ,definition of1 #ab ,camp ,telephone1 #bhf ,canvas ,buckets1 #bda ,care of #c-;inch ,gun1 #bdb ,care and ,cleaning of ,cloth1 #beb ,care and ,cleaning of ,leather1 #bdi ,care and ,cleaning of ,metal1 #beb ,care and ,inspection of ,sights1 #bfg ,care and ,preservation1 ,french #ge1 #aja ,care of ,guns ,during ,firing1 #bec ,care of #aee-mm ,howitzer1 ,notes on1 #aid ,care and ,preservation of ,materiel1 #bcf ,carriages1 ,gun1 #c-;inch1 #fe ,carriage1 ,gun1 ,definition of1 #ab ,carriage1 ,american #ge1 ,description1 #aaa ,carriage #d4g-;inch ,gun1 ,description1 #aed ,carriage #aee-mm ,howitzer1 ,description1 #agi ,cartridge ,case1 ,care of1 #bai ,cartridge1 ,case1 ,definition1 #ab ,charge1 ,definition1 #ab ,classification of fuzes1 #bbd ,cleaning ,material1 #bcf ,cleaning ,schedule1 #bed ,clock ,oil1 ,use of1 #bcg ,cloth ,equipment1 ,care of1 #beb ,coal ,oil1 ,use of1 #bcg ,combination ,fuzes1 ,tables of1 #bcb ,cannoneers' 8,don'ts01 #cfj ,conventional ,signals1 #cja ,corps ,artillery1 ,discussion1 #ee ,cradle1 ,definition of1 #ab ,cradle1 ,american #ge1 ,description1 #aah ,cradle1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,description1 #afb ,cradle #aee-mm ,howitzer1 ,description1 #aha ,cradle #c-;inch ,gun1 ,description1 #ff ,cylinders #c-;inch ,gun1 ,care of1 #bdd ,cylinders #aee-mm ,howitzer1 ,description1 #aha ,cylinders1 ,outer1 ,discussion1 #ca ,detonating ,fuzes1 ,tables of1 #bbi ,detonators1 ,discussion1 #aii ,dismounting ,american #ge1 #acc ,dismounting ,french #ge1 #aja ,dismounting #c-;inch ,gun1 #gf ,divisional ,artillery1 #dg 8,dont's0 for ,cannoneers1 #cfc ,elevating ,gear1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #ff ,elevating ,mechanism1 ,american #ge1 #abi ,elevating ,mechanism1 ,british #ge1 #aej ,elevating ,mechanism1 ,definition1 #ac ,elevating ,mechanisms1 ,discussion1 #cg ,elevating ,mechanism #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aeg ,elevating ,mechanism1 #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #ahe ,engine ,oils1 ,use of1 #bch ,engine ,troubles1 ,motors1 #cde ,equalizing ,gear1 ,american #ge1 #abg ,equivalents1 ,tables of1 #cga ,explosives1 ,discussion1 #aii ,extractor1 ,french #ge1 #hg ,faults1 ,common in ,telephones1 #big ,field ,glasses1 #bhc ,filling ,american #ge ,cylinders1 #ade ,filloux #aee-mm ,gun1 #afj ,fire ,control ,equipment1 ,definition1 #ac ,fire ,control ,instruments1 #bfj ,firing ,mechanism1 ,american #ge1 #aaj ,firing ,mechanism1 ,french #ge1 #hi ,firing ,mechanism1 ,definition1 #ac ,firing ,mechanism1 #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aef ,firing ,mechanism1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #fd ,firing ,mechanism1 #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #age ,fireworks1 ,signalling1 #cjd ,fixed ,ammunition1 #bjc ,flags1 ,signalling1 #bhe ,floats1 ,american #ge1 #aad ,french #ge1 #hd ,front and ,rear ,sights1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #bfj ,fulminates1 #aii ,fuzes1 #bba ,fuze ,classification1 #bbd ,fuze1 ,definition1 #ac ,fuze ,setter1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #bhc ,fuze ,setters1 ,definition1 #ac ,general ,service ,code1 #cja ,gribeauval1 ,reference to1 #bj ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 7,grande ,puissance ,filloux71 #afj ,gun1 ,definition1 #ac ,gun ,crews1 ,training of1 #cfg ,gun ,carriages1 ,discussion1 #cc ,gun ,carriage1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #fe ,gunners ,examinations1 #ceb ,guns1 ,care of in ,firing1 #bed ,guns ,used in ,world ,war1 #cgj ,gustavus ,adolphus1 ,reference to1 #ah ,h and ,h ,soap1 ,use of1 #bci ,hand ,fuze ,setter1 #bhd ,heavy ,field ,gun1 ,discussion1 #eh ,heavy ,field ,howitzer1 ,discussion1 #ei ,high ,explosives1 #bjb ,history and ,development of ,materiel1 #af ,hollingshead ,soap1 ,use of1 #bci ,how to ,drive ,motors1 #cdj ,howitzers1 #aee-mm1 ,care of1 #aid ,howitzer1 #aee-mm1 ,model #aiah1 #afg ,howitzer1 ,definition of1 #ac ,hydroline ,oil1 ,use of1 #bci ,independent ,angle of ,site1 #aaa ,initial ,velocity1 ,definition of1 #ac ,lamps1 ,signalling1 #bih ,lanterns1 #bdb ,lavaline1 ,use of1 #bch ,leather1 ,care of1 #bdi ,light ,gun and ,howitzer1 ,discussion1 #dh ,light ,slushing ,oil1 ,use of1 #bcg ,limber1 ,definition of1 #ad ,limber1 #c-;inch ,gun 7,caisson71 #gb ,line ,sights1 #beh ,louis ,,xiv1 ,reference to1 #bj ,liquid ,pumps for #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #ahi ,lubricating ,oil1 ,use of1 #bcf ,lye ,powdered1 ,use of1 #bch ,machine ,gun1 ,browning1 #cbd ,machine ,guns1 ,use of1 #cba ,marks on ,ammunition1 #bcc ,materiel1 ,definition of1 #ad ,medium ,gun and ,howitzer1 #ee ,metal1 ,care of1 #beb ,modern ,armament ,discussion1 #df ,monocord ,switchboard1 #bhh ,motors1 #cbh ,mortar1 ,definition of1 #ad ,motorization1 #ej ,muzzle1 ,definition of1 #ad ,muzzle ,velocity1 ,definition of1 #ad ,naphthaline1 use of1 #bch ,neats-foot ,oil1 ,use of1 #bcg ,nitrogen ,compounds1 #bjc ,observing ,instruments1 #bgj ,obturation1 #bjd ,ogive1 ,definition of1 #ad ,ordnance1 ,definition of1 #ad ,outer ,cylinders1 ,discussion of1 #ca ,paint1 ,rubberine1 #bch ,panels1 ,signalling1 #cje ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model #aiag1 #bfj ,panoramic ,sight1 ,model #aiae1 #bfc ,paulins1 #bdb ,percussion ,primers1 #bjh ,petrolatum1 #bcg ,picket ,ropes1 #bdb ,piece1 ,definition of1 #ad ,pistol1 ,automatic1 #cae ,polish1 ,gibson's ,soap1 #bch ,powder ,bags1 #bjf ,preparation for ,gunners ,examinations1 #cdi ,pressure ,gauge1 #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #aib ,primers1 #bjf ,primer1 ,brown ,enamel1 #bch ,primer1 ,definition of1 #ad ,primer1 ,pressing1 #bjh ,projectile1 ,definition of1 #ad ,projectile1 ,shape and ,nomenclature1 #bji ,projectors1 ,signalling1 #bih ,propelling ,charges1 #bja ,pumps1 ,air and ,liquid1 #ahi ,quadrant1 ,gunners1 ,definition of1 #ad ,quadrant1 ,range #c-;inch ,gun1 #bfe ,quadrant1 ,sight #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #aib ,radio1 ,,scr #ed and #ed;a1 #cjg ,railway ,artillery1 ,discussion1 #fj ,range ,finder1 #bgh ,range ,quadrant #c-;inch ,gun1 #bfe ,recoil ,mechanism1 ,definition of1 #ad ,recoil ,mechanism1 ,discussion1 #ci ,recoil ,mechanism1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #fh ,recoil ,mechanism1 ,american #ge1 #abj ,recoil ,mechanism1 ,british #ge1 #aej ,recoil ,mechanism1 ,french #ge1 #ii ,recoil ,mechanism1 #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aef ,recoil ,mechanism1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afb ,recoil ,mechanism1 #aee-mm ,howitzer1 #ahb ,reconnaissance ,car1 #cbh ,regulations for ,gunners' ,examinations1 #ceb ,rifle1 ,definitions of1 #ad ,rifling1 ,definition of1 #ae ,rounds1 ,definition of1 #ae ,runners1 #bhe ,sal ,soda1 #bci ,schedule1 ,cleaning1 #bed ,semi-fixed ,ammunition1 #bjd ,semaphore1 #cjf ,separate ,ammunition1 #bjd ,shell1 ,definition of1 #ae ,shell ,fillers1 #bja ,shields1 ,discussion of1 #dc ,shrapnel1 ,definition of1 #ae ,sights1 #beh ,sights1 ,care of and ,inspection1 #bfg ,sights1 ,discussion of1 #dc ,sights1 ,front and ,rear1 #beh ,sights1 ,line1 #beh ,sights1 ,panoramic1 #bfj ,signals1 ,conventional1 #cja ,signal ,equipment1 #bhe ,small ,arms1 #cae ,soap ,h and ,h1 #bci ,soap1 ,castile1 #bci ,soap1 ,saddle1 #bci ,spades1 ,american #ge-mm1 #aad ,spare ,parts #c-;inch ,gun1 #bdj ,sperm ,oil1 ,use of1 #bcg ,swabbing ,solution1 #bci ,switchboard1 ,monocord1 #bhh ,table of ,equivalents1 #cga ,table of ,explosives1 #bjb ,table of ,fuzes1 #bcb ,telephone1 ,camp1 #bhf ,telephone ,faults1 #bie ,telescope1 ,b4 ,c4 ,models1 #aiae and #aiag1 #bgj ,tools and ,accessories #c-;inch ,gun1 #bci ,training ,gun ,crews1 #cfd ,trail1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #ff ,trail1 ,american #ge1 #aad ,trail1 ,british #ge1 #aej ,trail1 #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aeg ,trail1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,gun1 #afe ,trails1 ,definition of1 #ae ,trails1 ,discussion of1 #de ,traversing ,mechanism #c-;inch ,gun1 #ff ,traversing ,mechanism1 ,american #ge1 #acc ,traversing ,mechanism1 ,british #ge1 #aec ,traversing ,mechanism1 #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aef ,traversing ,mechanism1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afe ,traversing ,mechanism1 #aee ,howitzer1 #ahg ,traversing ,mechanism1 ,definition of1 #ae ,traversing ,mechanisms1 ,discussion of1 #cf ,tubes1 ,discussion of1 #bg ,twist1 ,discussion of1 #bi ,type ,,scr #ed and #ed;a ,radio1 #cjg ,vacuum ,tube ,detector1 #caa ,vaseline1 #bcg ,variable ,recoil1 ,american #ge1 #abf ,weights and ,dimensions #c-;inch ,gun1 #fb ,weights and ,dimensions #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aed ,weights and ,dimensions ,american #ge1 #aje ,weights and ,dimensions ,british #ge1 #adg ,wheels1 ,care of1 #bdh ,wheels1 ,discussions of1 #dd ,wheels1 #c-;inch ,gun1 #fe ,wheels1 #d4g-;inch ,gun1 #aeg ,wheels1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f41 #afe ,wig-,wag1 #cjf ,wire-,wrapped ,guns1 ,discussion1 #bh ,transcriber's ,notes pg #h ,changed3 ,harley-,davidson motorcicles to3 ,harley-,davidson motorcycles pg #i ,changed3 ,gun ,carriage1 ,ear ,view to3 ,gun ,carriage1 ,rear ,view pg #bc ,changed3 which could best be handled to manuever to3 which could best be handled to maneuver pg #bd ,changed3 we fined the now famous long range to3 we find the now famous long range pg #cd ,changed3 ,if the guns were rigidily attached to3 ,if the guns were rigidly attached pg #ce ,changed3 ,the leverages with which the overturning to3 ,the leverage with which the overturning pg #df ,changed3 little more than phyrric victories to3 little more than pyrrhic victories pg #eg ,changed3 and the concensus of opinion to3 and the consensus of opinion pg #fc ,changed3 ,breezh recess4 to3 ,breech recess4 pg #ajj ,changed3 7#b7 ,the diaphram with its hollow rod to3 7#b7 ,the diaphragm with its hollow rod pg #ajj ,changed3 may communi8ate freely with the air to3 may communicate freely with the air pg #aja ,changed3 ,canoneer ,dismountings4 to3 ,cannoneer ,dismountings4 pg #aaj ,changed3 forced over horiztonal shoulders to3 forced over horizontal shoulders pg #abd ,changed3 7b7 ,flood slides with oil1 to3 7c7 ,flood slides with oil1 pg #aca ,changed3 by means of the elevating haulwheel to3 by means of the elevating handwheel pg #ace ,changed3 ,remove lower splint pin to3 ,remove lower split pin pg #aid ,changed3 which the levling mechanism is operated to3 which the leveling mechanism is operated pg #bag ,changed3 ,the shell is always issued filled and fuxed to3 ,the shell is always issued filled and fuzed pg #bcb ,changed3 ,will be abanonded by ,french to3 ,will be abandoned by ,french pg #bcf ,changed3 materiel may funtion easily to3 materiel may function easily pg #bci ,changed3 ,water1 #d oz4 or #a_/d pnt to3 ,water1 #d oz4 or #a_/d pint pg #bde ,changed3 results from firing of two two kinds to3 results from firing of two kinds pg #bej ,changed3 have been in contact with meta to3 have been in contact with metal pg #bfi ,changed3 for the same angle of site 7roughtly estimated to3 for the same angle of site 7roughly estimated pg #bgb ,changed3 ,to set up the tesescope4 to3 ,to set up the telescope4 pg #bgb ,changed3 and sphercial aberration to3 and spherical aberration pg #bgf ,changed3 is set up and horiontal to3 is set up and horizontal pg #bgf ,changed3 turn the teslecope until to3 turn the telescope until pg #bgh ,changed3 ,substracting one reading from the other to3 ,subtracting one reading from the other pg #bhj ,changed3 and the verticle spindle to3 and the vertical spindle pg #bhe ,changed3 reliable means of communition to3 reliable means of communication pg #bhi ,changed3 connecting by independant wires to3 connecting by independent wires pg #bia ,changed3 pivot at one to press against the shutter to3 pivot at one end to press against the shutter pg #bib ,changed3 tip spring and the anvil are then contact to3 tip spring and the anvil are then in contact pg #bib ,changed3 equipment also inculdes a night bell to3 equipment also includes a night bell pg #big ,changed3 station instrument will be imparied to3 station instrument will be impaired pg #bih ,changed3 particularily in an advance to3 particularly in an advance pg #cjc ,changed3 ,the ,very pistol cartrdiges to3 ,the ,very pistol cartridges pg #cji ,changed3 adjust the crustal detector to3 adjust the crystal detector pg #cab ,changed3 kept in a clean contion to3 kept in a clean condition pg #cac ,changed3 ,scratching noises in the telepone to3 ,scratching noises in the telephone pg #cad ,changed3 evidenced by the fact that the condeser to3 evidenced by the fact that the condenser pg #cbc ,changed3 differs from those generaly built to3 differs from those generally built pg #ccf ,changed3 differing only in certin details to3 differing only in certain details pg #cda ,changed3 may again be applied graually to3 may again be applied gradually pg #ced ,changed3 maximum given in the appropropriate to3 maximum given in the appropriate pg #cfa ,changed3 completion of sweeping voley to3 completion of sweeping volley