,transcrib]'s ,note    ,italic text     
display$ z3 italic            ,,popul>  
,,lessons ,,9 ,,a/ronomy1      ,,on ,a  
,,new ,,plan2      ,,9      ,,:i* ,,"s  
,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,!     
,,sci5ce ,,are ,,illu/rat$    ,,by      
,,actual ,,comp>isons1 ,,indep5d5t ,,(  
,,!    ,,use ,,( ,,numb]s4      ,,by    
,,francis ,j4 ,,grund1      ,,au?or ,,( 
8,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,treatise ,,on ,,plane
 ,,& ,,solid ,,geometry10    8,,elem5ts 
,,( ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,&          
,,*emi/ry10 c4      ,illu/ration3       
,decoration      ,,bo/on      ,,c>t]1   
,,h5dee ,,& ,,co4      #ahcc4           
,,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 !
 ye> #ahcc1    ,by ,,francis ,j4        
,,grund1    9 ! ,cl]k's (fice ( !       
,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts4         
,i4 ,r4 ,,butts1 ,,s*ool ,,/reet4       
,,notice4      ,! ,geographical ,miles1 
:i* are us$ 9 ! scales & tables ( ?is   
book1 are ,g]man ,geographical ,miles1 (
 :i* #ae make "o degree4 ,!  tea*] or   
pupil may easily *ange !m into ,engli%  

,geographical  ,miles1 by multiply+ !m  
by #d1 ! squ>e miles by #af1 & ! cubic  
miles by #fd4          ,,preface4       
,al?\gh _m elem5t>y works on ,a/ronomy  
are already be=e  ! public1 yet x is    
believ$ !re is none 9 :i* ! v>i\s       
magnitudes1 surfaces1 & di/ances ( !    
heav5ly bodies1 are  pres5t$ to ! eye ( 
! le>n] by actual comp>isons2--! only   
way1 p]haps1 9 :i* "y pupils c be       
expect$ to =m a correct  idea ( !m4 ,?is
 ! au?or has attempt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 
,! comp>ative diamet]s1 surfaces &      
di/ances ( ! diff]5t  planets1 are all  
drawn1 9 ! plates1 accord+ to a fix$    
scale (  geographical miles2 ! surfaces 
( ! planets are actually r$uc$  to squ>e
 measure1 & drawn 9 proportion to ea*   
o!r & ! sun2  s t ! y\nge/ pupil1 by a  
m]e glance ( ! eye1 is enabl$ to  =m a  
correct idea ( _! respective magnitudes4
 ,a simil> plan has  be5 pursu$1 9 reg>d
 to ! division ( ! ,e>? into ,zones1 &  
) respect to ! ext5t ( ! five great     
,cont95ts ( our ,globe4  ,! ,app5dix    

conta9s an exposition ( ! population (  
,am]ica1  ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 &    
,au/ralia1 accompani$ by a plate = !    
illu/ration ( ! comp>ative settlem5ts on
 ^? ,cont95ts4    ,bo/on1 ,june #bd1    
#ahcc4          ,,popul> ,,lessons ,,9  
,,a/ronomy4          ,,lesson ,i4    ,,!
 ,,e>? ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,!    
,,sun1 ,,moon ,,& ,,/>s4       #a4 ,!   
,e>? on :i* we live1 & on :i* plants1   
trees & animals  successively live &    
die1 is only a small "p ( ! _w2 x is b  
"o ( ! smalle/ bodies 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,to 
! _w belong yet  ! ,sun f :i* we receive
 w>m? & light1 ! ,moon1 & an  innum]able
 class ( bodies1 :i*1 at night1 appe> to
 u z s _m  po9ts ( light4 ,^! are call$ 
,/>s4     ,! reason :y ! ,/>s appe> to u
 s small1 is because !y are   s f> f u2 
& ?+s appe> small] 9 proportion z !y are
   f>!r remov$ f u4 ,?is y w h notic$1  
:5 look+ f   a high /eeple on ! p bel[1 
or on a vessel f> out 9 !   h>b\r1 or on
 a *a9 ( m\nta9s at a great di/ance4    
#b4 ,mo/ all ,/>s appe> to u1 e night 9 

! same position2  !y seem actually to be
 fix$ 9 ! heav5s2 & = ?is reason  !y are
 call$ fix$ ,/>s4 ,!re are h[ev] ,t5    
o!rs1 ( :i*  x has be5 asc]ta9$ t !y    
move regul>ly r\nd ! ,sun 9  l>ge       
circles4 ,^! are call$ ,planets or w&]+ 
,/>s4--,!  fix$ ,/>s are suppos$ to be  
simil> to ! ,sun1 9 z mu* z !y  are     
bodies :i* h _! own light4 ,! ,planets1 
on ! contr>y1  are ( !mselves d>k       
bodies1 & receive1 l our ,e>?1 light &  
w>m? f ! ,sun4 ,we see !m only 9        
consequ5ce ( ! sol> light  :i* !y       
reflect f _! surfaces1 & ?is is ! reason
 :y  !y appe> to u z bright z ! o!r     
,/>s4     #c4 ,! discov]ies (           
,philosoph]s h prov$ beyond a d\bt1 t   
our ,e>? itself is "o ( ^? ,planets1 :i*
 move r\nd ! ,sun  9 /up5d\s l>ge       
circles1 ^: gr&eur is h>dly conceiv$ by 
! mo/ p[]ful imag9ation4 ,our ,e>?1     
!re=e1 is1 itself1 a  ,w&]+ ,/>1 & ! l9e
 9 :i* x moves r\nd ! ,sun is call$  its
 ,way or ,orbit4     #d4 ,! ,planets1   
toge!r ) our ,e>? keep ea* a c]ta9 fix$ 

di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y d n 
di/urb ea* o!r  9 _! orbits4 ,b !y v>y f
 ea* o!r 9 magnitude2 al?\gh  all ( !m  
7consequ5tly also our ,e>?7 h a r\nd    
%ape1 simil>  to a ball4     ,9 =m]     
times m5 believ$ t ! ,e>? 0 flat1 or a  
circul>   plate on all sides surr\nd$ by
 wat]4 ,b ?is is n true4 ,= x   has be5 
prov$ by a great _m obs]vations & actual
 measurem5ts1   t ! ,e>? has a sph]ical 
7ball-l7 =m4 ,moreov] !re are           
navigators :o h actually sail$ r\nd !   
_w1 & :o h   notic$ ! fact t at sea1 !  
tops ( di/ant objects are se5   soon]   
?an ! re/2 :i* aga9 proves ! sph]ical =m
 ( our   ,e>?4 ,= an illu/ration y may  
look at ! adjo9+ plate ,plate   ,no4 ,i4
     ,! man :o is repres5t$ z /&+ on a  
portion ( our ,e>?1   w at fir/ only see
 ! topma/ ( a vessel at sea2 :5 %e comes
   ne>] 8 eye w discov] a mu* great]    
portion ( h]2 b :5   9 ! ?ird position e
 "p ( ! vessel w be visible4     #e4 ,"s
 ( ! ,planets are1 9 _! motion r\nd !   
,sun1  accompani$ by o!r d>k bodies1    

:i*1 l ! ,planets !mselves1  receive    
light & heat f ! ,sun4 ,^! are call$    
,satellites or  ,moons4 ,su* a          
,satellite is ! ,moon :i* accompanies   
our ,e>?2  & !re are ,planets 7z we %all
 see h]eaft]7 :i* h ,f\r &  ,six1 & ,"o 
t has ev5 ,sev5 ,moons4     #f4 ,besides
 ! ,planets & ,moons !re is yet ano!r   
class (  bodies1 mov+ r\nd ! ,sun 9     
exce$+ly long ovals4 ,!y are b  seldom  
visible1 & are di/+ui%$ f o!r heav5ly   
bodies by a  tail :i* is (t5 ?ree1 f\r1 
& m times l>g] ?an ! body  itself4 ,^!  
are call$ ,comets2 b _! numb] has n1 z  
yet1  be5 precisely asc]ta9$4     #g4 ,!
 ,planets1 ,moons & ,comets1 toge!r ) ! 
,sun ar\nd :i*  !y move1 =m :at is call$
 our ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,b :at w y  say1 if y
 are told t ea* fix$ ,/> 9 ! firmam5t is
 a ,sun  :i*1 l our's1 has its ,planets 
& satellites & ,comets2 9 %ort1  t ea*  
fix$ ,/> is ! c5tre ( a sol> sy/em1 a   
?\s& &  m times l>g] ?an our own66 ,b h[
 inf9itely great mu/ ,god's  ,creation  
appe> to u1 :5 we reflect t all ^!      

globes1 z well  z our own1 may be       
inhabit$ by reasonable be+s666          
,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,i4                  
,,recapitulation ,,( ,,lesson ,i4       
,if ! pupil has le>n$ & und]/ood ?is    
lesson1 x may p]haps   be n unreasonable
 to suppose he w l to "k some?+ m   ab\t
 ! ,planets & ! ,moons 9 our sy/em4 ,b !
 tea*] ought   n to all[ him to ent] ^u 
! second lesson1 be=e he has            
recapitulat$ ! fir/4      ,,que/ions4   
#a4 ,does ! ,e>?1 or ! globe on :i* we  
live1 comprise !  :ole _w :i* ,god has  
creat$8 ,is our ,e>? any consid]able    
portion ( ! ,univ]se8 ,:at o!r bodies   
belong to x8 ,:y d !  ,/>s appe> to u s 
small8     #b4 ,d all ! ,/>s :i* we see 
rema9 9 ! same position8 ,:at  are ^?   
call$ :i* rema9 fix$8 ,:at1 ^?1 :i* are 
mov+  regul>ly r\nd ! ,sun8 ,:at are !  
fix$ ,/>s suppos$ to be8 ,h  ! ,planets 
any light ( _! own8 ,f :at body d !     
,planets  receive _! light8     #c4 ,:at
 important discov]ies h ,philosoph]s    
made respect+ !  nature ( our ,e>?8     

,:at is ! l9e 9 :i* our ,e>? moves r\nd 
! ,sun1 call$8     #d4 ,:y d ! orbits ( 
! diff]5t ,planets n di/urb ea*  o!r8   
,are all ,planets ( ! same magnitude8   
,:at is _! %ape8 ,:at  is ! %ape ( our  
,e>?8 ,:at reason h y to believe1 t !   
,e>? is r\nd8 ,expla9 ,plate ,i8     #e4
 ,by :at are "s ,planets 9 _! motion    
r\nd ! ,sun  accompani$8 ,:at are !     
bodies :i* accompany !m call$8 ,:at body
  accompanies our ,e>? 9 its motion r\nd
 ! ,sun8 ,are !re ,planets  :i* h m ?an 
,"o ,moon8     #f4 ,:at o!r class (     
bodies is !re1 besides ! ,planets &  !  
,moons8 ,are ^! bodies always visible8  
,by :at are ^! bodies  di/+ui%$8 ,:at   
are !y call$8     #g4 ,:at d ! ,planets1
 ,moons & ,comets1 toge!r ) ! ,sun1     
r\nd :i* !y move1 =m8 ,:at is ea* fix$  
,/> suppos$ to be8          ,,lesson    
,,ii4    ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,,& ,,_!     
,,relative ,,position ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to  
,,! ,,sun ,,&  ,,ea* ,,o!r4       #h4 ,!
 ,planets ( :i* we h spok5 9 ! ,fir/    
,lesson are ,elev5  9 numb]1 ( :i* ea*  

has receiv$ a prop] "n4 ,!y are 9 !     
ord] 9 :i* !y are plac$ f ! ,sun1 !     
foll[+3      ,m]cury4    ,v5us4    ,!   
,e>?4    ,m>s4    ,ve/a4    ,juno4      
,c]es4    ,pallas4    ,jupit]4          
,saturn4    ,h]s*el4    ,! adjo9+       
diagram1 on ,plate ,no4 ,,ii1 may s]ve =
 an illu/ration4  ,y w see f x1 t ! ,e>?
 is ! ?ird ,planet f ! ,sun4  ,m]cury & 
,v5us come be=e x2 ! mo/ remote f ! ,sun
 is  ,h]s*el1 s call$ f ! a/ronom]'s "n1
 :o has b lately  discov]$ x4     #i4 ,!
 ,e>? is con/antly att5d$ by ,"o        
,satellite 7,lesson ,i1   #e72 ,jupit]  
by ,f\r 7see ! diagram71 ,saturn by     
,six1 & ,h]s*el by  ,sev54 ,saturn is1  
besides1 con/antly surr\nd$ by a broad  
lum9\s  r+1 :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!r   
,planets1 & ( :i* we  %all speak        
h]eaft]4     #aj4 ,) reg>d to !         
magnitude ( ! diff]5t ,planets x has be5
  obs]v$ t al?\gh "s ( !m are mu* l>g]  
?an ,our ,e>?2 yet  9 ,comp>ison to !   
,sun !y are b small bodies1 z y may see 
f  ! figures on plate ,no4 ,,iii1 9 :i* 

! diff]5t ,planets are drawn  9         
proportion to ! ,sun3 y w p]ceive f x2  
#a4 ,t ! ,sun is a great _m times#a l>g]
 ?an ei!r ( !  ,planets4                
,illu/ration3      ,no4 ,,ii4           
,illu/ration3      ,no4 ,,iii44      #b4
 ,t ! ,sun is mu* l>g] ?an all !        
,planets 7our ,e>?  includ$7 tak5       
toge!r4    #c4 ,t ,jupit] is ! greate/  
,planet 9 our sol> sy/em4    #d4 ,t     
,saturn is ! second ,planet ) reg>d to  
magnitude4    #e4 ,t ,h]s*el ranks ?ird4
    #f4 ,t ! ,e>? ranks f\r?2 b t    #g4
 ,ea* ( ! o!r ,planets & ! ,moon are    
small] ?an ! ,e>?4    #h4 ,t ei!r ( !   
,planets ,c]es1 ,ve/a1 ,juno1 ,pallas is
 small]  ?an ! ,moon4     #aa4 ,if y cut
 a ball or a sph]e 9 halves1 & ?r\gh !  
c5tre  ( "o ( ! flat surfaces1 draw a   
/raight l9e across ! :ole  surface1 !n  
?is l9e is call$ ! ,diamet] ( ! ball or 
sph]e4--,n[ z ! ,sun & ! ,planets are   
no?+ else b l>ge balls  or sph]es       
7,lesson ,i1  #d71 we may also speak (  
_! ,diamet]s4--,?us  we say1 8! ,diamet]

 ( ! ,sun is s _m times l>g] ?an t (  ! 
,e>?2 ! ,diamet] ( ,jupit] is s _m times
 l>g] ?an t (  ,v5us10 etc4     ,y w n[ 
easily und]/& :at ! /raight l9e means1  
:i*1   9 plate ,no4 ,,iii is drawn ?r\gh
 ! c5tre ( ! circle1 :i*   repres5ts !  
,sun2 also ! /raight l9es :i* are drawn 
?r\gh   ! circles :i* repres5t !        
,planets4--,y w also p]ceive f   ! fir/ 
figure on plate ,no4 ,,iii1 t ! ,sun's  
,diamet] is l>g]   ?an ! ,diamet]s ( all
 ! ,planets tak5 toge!r4     #ab4 ,plate
 ,no4 ,,iv repres5ts ! surfaces ( !     
,planets1 comp>$  to t ( ! ,sun4--,= y  
mu/ "k t x is possible to measure  !    
surface ( a sph]e2 :i* is done by       
suppos+ x to be spread  out1 & !n see+  
h[ _m squ>e in*es1 feet or y>ds x       
conta9s4  ,?is we h suppos$ to be done )
 ! surfaces ( ! ,sun &  ,planets1 &     
accord+ly1 h drawn _! squ>e measurem5ts1
 9  ,plate ,no4 ,,iv4 9 proportion to   
ea* o!r4    ,y w see f ?is ,plate3      
#a4 ,t ! squ>e-,cont5ts ( ! ,sun's      
surface is great] ?an t  ( ! surfaces ( 

all ! ,planets tak5 toge!r4    #b4 ,t ! 
squ>e-,cont5ts ( ! ,e>?'s surface is    
ne>ly z l>ge  z t ( ! surfaces ( ,m]cury
 & ,v5us tak5 toge!r4    ,illu/ration3  
,no4 ,,iv4      #c4 ,t ! squ>e-,cont5ts 
( ! surfaces ( ,ve/a1 ,c]es1 ,juno &    
,pallas1 tak5 toge!r1 is n yet suffici5t
 to cov] ! surface (  our ,e>?4    #d4  
,t ! squ>e-,cont5ts ( ,jupit]'s surface 
is l>g] ?an t (  ! surface ( any o!r    
,planet4    #e4 ,t ! squ>e-,cont5ts (   
,jupit]'s surface is great] ?an t  ( !  
surfaces ( all o!r ,planets tak5 toge!r4
    #f4 ,t ,saturn's surface is ! next  
l>ge/4    #g4 ,t ,h]s*el's is /ill l>g] 
?an ^? ( our ,e>?1 ,v5us &  ,m]cury tak5
 toge!r4    #h4 ,t ! squ>e-,cont5ts ( ! 
,moon is ne>ly z l>ge z t (  ! surfaces 
( ,c]es1 ,ve/a & ,juno1 tak5 toge!r2 & t
 x is  l>g] ?an t ( ,pallas' surface    
tak5 alone4    ,9 ord] t y may be bett] 
able to comp>e1 y w f9d on ,plate  ,no4 
,v    #a4 ,! surfaces ( ! diff]5t       
,planets1 all drawn ^u ! ,sun's         
surface2 f :i* y may see1 h[ mu* l>g] ! 

,sun's surface is  ?an ! surfaces ( all 
! ,planets & ! ,moon tak5 toge!r4    #b4
 ,! surface ( ! ,e>? comp>$ to t (      
,m]cury & ,v5us4    #c4 ,! ,e>?'s       
surface comp>$ to t ( ! ,f\r ,a/]oids   
,pallas1  ,c]es1 ,juno & ,ve/a4    #d4  
,jupit]'s surface comp>$ to ^? ( all !  
o!r ,planets4    #e4 ,! squ>e-,cont5ts (
 ! ,moon comp>$ to ! surfaces ( ,ve/a1  
,juno & ,c]es4    #f4 ,h]s*el's         
squ>e-,cont5ts comp>$ to t ( our ,e>?1  
,v5us &  ,m]cury tak5 toge!r4     #ac4  
,! ,f\r ,planets1 ,c]es1 ,ve/a1 ,juno1 &
 ,pallas1 are s small  9 proportion to !
 o!r ,planets1 & are s ne> ea* o!r 7!y  
are almo/ at ! same di/ance f !         
,sun--see ,plate ,,ii7 t _m  di/+ui%$   
philosoph]s are ( op9ion1 !y are b !    
fragm5ts  ( ,"o l>ge ,planet1 :i*1 f "s 
cause or o!r1 has bur/4--,b  ?is is no  
subject = u n[ to inquire into2--we w   
!re=e  proce$ to describe 9 ! next      
lesson1 ! motion ( ! diff]5t  ,planets  
r\nd ! ,sun4    ,illu/ration3      ,no4 
,v4        ,,recapitulation ,,( ,,lesson

 ,,ii4      ,,que/ions4     #h4 ,:at are
 ! names ( ! ,elev5 ,planets 9 ! ord] 9 
:i*  !y are plac$ f ! ,sun8 ,h[ _m      
,planets are !re betwe5 !  ,e>? & !     
,sun8 ,h[ _m ,planets come aft] our     
,e>?8 ,9 :at ord]  !n1 is our ,e>? plac$
 among ! ,planets8 7,is x ! fir/1       
second1  etc4 f ! ,sun78     #i4 ,h[ _m 
satellites accompany our ,e>?8 ,:at is x
 call$8 ,h[  _m satellites or ,moons has
 ,jupit]8 ,h[ _m has ,saturn8 ,h[ _m has
  ,h]s*el8 ,by :at is ,saturn p>ticul>ly
 di/+ui%$ f all o!r  ,planets8     #aj4 
,are all ,planets ( ! same magnitude z  
our ,e>?8 ,are !  ,planets 9 comp>ison  
to ! ,sun l>ge or small bodies8--,is !  
,sun mu*  l>g] ?an any ( ! ,planets8 ,is
 ! ,sun l>g] or small] ?an all  !       
,planets1 includ+ our ,e>?1 tak5 toge!r8
 ,:i* is ! greate/  ( all ,planets8 ,:i*
 ,planet ranks1 9 magnitude1 next to    
,jupit]8  ,:i* ( ! ,planets ranks ?ird 9
 magnitude8 ,:i*1 ,f\r?8 ,:at  ,planets 
are small] ?an our ,e>?8 ,:at ,planets  
are small] ?an !  ,moon8     #aa4 ,:at d

 y call ! ,diamet] ( a ball or sph]e8   
,is !  ,diamet] ( ! ,sun l>g] or small] 
?an ! ,diamet]s ( all !  ,planets tak5  
toge!r8     ,! tea*] may yet ask a numb]
 ( que/ions respect+ ! ,diamet]s   ( !  
,planets1 :i* ! pupil w be able to answ]
 by look+   on ,plate ,,iii4 ,he may1 = 
in/ance1 ask :e!r ! ,diamet] ( !   ,e>? 
is l>g] or small] ?an t ( ,v5us8 ,:e!r !
 ,diamet] (   ,jupit] or ,saturn is !   
l>ge/1 etc48 ,?is w oblige ! pupil to   
comp>e ! diff]5t magnitudes ( ! ,planets
 & _! ,diamet]s4     #ab4 ,:at          
proportion does ! squ>e-,cont5ts ( !    
,sun's surface  be> to t ( ! surfaces ( 
all ! ,planets8 ,:at two ,planets  h    
toge!r a surface ne>ly z l>ge z t ( our 
,e>?8 ,are !  surfaces ( ,c]es1 ,ve/a1  
,juno & ,pallas tak5 toge!r suffici5t   
or n1 to cov] ! surface ( our ,e>?8 ,:at
 ,planets1 !re=e1  c\ld be cov]$ ) !    
,e>?'s surface8 ,:i* ,planet has ! l>ge/
  surface8 ,:at d y obs]ve ) reg>d to ! 
squ>e-,cont5ts (  ,jupit]'s surface8 & t
 ( ! surfaces ( all o!r ,planets1 tak5  

toge!r8 ,:at ,planet's surface comes    
next 9 magnitude to ,jupit]'s8  ,:at    
,planet's surface is l>g] ?an t ( our   
,e>?1 ,v5us &  ,m]cury tak5 toge!r8 ,:at
 ?ree ,planets' surfaces tak5 toge!r    
are small] ?an t ( ! ,moon8 ,:at ,planet
 has ne>ly z l>ge a  surface z ! ,moon8 
#ac4 ,:at is ! op9ion ( philosoph]s     
respect+ ! ,f\r  ,planets1 ,c]es1 ,ve/a1
 ,juno & ,pallas8      ,,footnotes3     
#a ,numb]s are purposely omitt$ "h1     
because ab/ract numb]s convey  little or
 no ideas to "y pupils4 ,^? :o wi% ^!   
relations  express$ 9 numb]s w f9d !m 9 
,table ,i at ! end ( ! book4            
,,lesson ,,iii4    ,,expla9+ ,,!        
,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,,& ,,comets 
,,r\nd ,,! ,,sun4       #ad4 ,y h le>n$1
 9 ! prec$+ lesson1 t ! ,e>? &  ! o!r   
,planets are regul>ly mov+ r\nd ! ,sun2 
b y mu/  "k t ! "t :i* ea* requires to  
complete a :ole revolution1  t is1 ! "t 
:i* ea* ne$s to move once r\nd1 _c be ! 
same ) all2 z y may easily judge        
y\rself3 = ! ,planets :i*  are next to !

 ,sun w1 ( c\rse1 h a mu* small] j\rney 
to  p]=m1 ?an ^? :i* are fur!r f x4 ,?us
 ,m]cury1 :i* is  ! fir/ ,planet 9 ord] 
f ! ,sun1 w naturally come r\nd mu*     
soon] ?an ,jupit]1 :i* is plac$ at a mu*
 great] di/ance f x4    ,t y may ! easi]
 und]/& ?is1 ! foll[+ ,plate1 ,no4 ,,vi1
  w repres5t to y our ,sol> ,sy/em3     
,! ,sun f :i* proce$s all light & heat1 
is plac$ 9 !  c5tre4 ,!n come ! ,planets
 ,m]cury & ,v5us2 ,?ird 9 ord] is our   
,e>? ) its ,satellite ! ,moon2 & s on4  
,! re/ ( ! ,planets  9 ! same ord] 9 :i*
 !y are repres5t$ on ,plate ,,ii4 ,y w  
also p]ceive !re ! orbs ( two ,comets1  
di/+ui%$ z y 7  told1 by a tail ( light4
 ,! ,planets ,jupit]1 ,saturn & ,h]s*el 
are ea* repres5t$ ) _! ,moons1 & !      
,planet ,saturn ) its  lum9\s r+4       
,illu/ration3      ,no4 ,,vi4      ,n[ y
 w easily und]/& t ,c]es1 ,ve/a1 ,juno1 
,pallas1 ,m>s1  ,jupit]1 ,saturn &      
,h]s*el1 h ea* a mu* great] di/ance to  
travel1 ?an our ,e>?2 b t1 on ! contr>y1
 ,v5us & ,m]cury  c complete _!         

revolution 9 a mu* %ort] "t4#b     #ae4 
,! "t :i* our ,e>? ne$s to travel once  
completely r\nd  ! ,sun1 7to f9i% "o    
revolution7 is call$ a ,ye>4 ,su* a ye> 
has ?ree hundr$ & ,sixtyfive days2--&   
ea* ( ^! days has aga9  ,tw5tyf\r h\rs4 
,y see f ?is t ! revolution ( ! ,e>?    
r\nd ! ,sun gives  u a means ( measur+  
"t1 by :i* we are able to br+ ord] &    
regul>ity into our bus9ess &            
transactions ( life4 ,= ! mak+  ( clocks
 & wat*es is b a late inv5tion1 & we    
%\ld be left  entirely 9 ! d>k z reg>ds 
! hi/ory ( =m] ages1 & a great  _m p    
w\ld1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 be incapable 
( =m+  a correct e/imate ( "t1 if       
,provid5ce _h n giv5 to all ?is         
appropriate means ( measur+ x4     #af4 
,:ile ! ,e>? ne$s a :ole ye> = "o       
revolution r\nd !  ,sun2 ,m]cury        
requires b ,eightyone days1 & ,v5us only
 ab\t two  ?irds ( ,"o ( our ye>s4 ,m>s1
 on ! contr>y1 ne$s = "o ( 8            
revolutions almo/ ,two ye>s2 ,ve/a almo/
 ,f\r2 ,juno1 ,c]es & ,pallas  ov] ,f\r 

ye>s2 ,jupit] almo/ ,twelve1 ,saturn ov]
 ,tw5tyn9e1 &  ,h]s*el ne>ly ,eightyf\r 
( our ye>s6#c--;,& if ^! ,planets1 z  we
 h reason to believe1 are inhabit$ by   
be+s end[$ ) human  und]/&+ & faculties1
 numb]+ _! ye>s z we d ours--by !       
revolution ( _! ,planets r\nd ! ,sun--h[
 diff]5t f ours mu/  be ! ,p]iod ( _!   
exi/5ce66     #ag4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! ,e>?  
is p]=m+ h] j\rney r\nd  ! ,sun1 !      
,moon1 our con/ant att5dant1 is         
cont9ually mov+ r\nd  ! ,e>?1 &         
completes "o ( ^! revolutions 9 little m
 ?an  ,tw5tysev5 days4--,v important &  
int]e/+ to u are ! *anges  9 appe>ance  
:i* %e exhibits dur+ ea* ( ^!           
revolutions4--,y  probably w "k1 t !    
,moon does n appe> to u1 at all times1  
! same4 ,sometimes %e is h>dly at all   
visible1 7at lea/ n )  ! nak$ eye72 at  
o!r times only a small rim ( h] is se51 
:i*  by degrees becomes l>g] & l>g]1    
until f9ally %e appe>s 9 h]  full r\nd  
=m4 ,aft] ?is %e beg9s aga9 to dim9i%1  
*anges aga9  into a small lum9\s rim1 & 

f9ally disappe>s entirely f our  sight4 
,^! successive *anges 9 ! ,moon's       
appe>ance are call$  ! ,moon's ,phases1 
or ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! ,moon4 ,! "t  dur+ 
:i* ! ,moon is n se5 is call$ ,new      
,moon2 ! "t dur+  :i* %e exhibits h]    
full %ape is call$ ! ,full ,moon2 & !   
diff]5t p]iods ( h] wax+ & wan+ 7:5 %e  
appe>s to u 9  ! =m ( a cresc5t7 are    
call$ ,qu>t]s4 ,?us we speak ( !  ,fir/ 
& ( ! ,la/ ,qu>t] ( ! ,moon4 ,! ,fir/   
,qu>t] takes  place aft] ,new ,moon2 !  
la/ ,qu>t] aft] ,full ,moon4     ,!     
foll[+ diagram1 ,plate ,no4 ,,vii1 may  
s]ve to repres5t to y   ! ,moon's phases
 z se5 f our ,e>?4     ,:5 ! ,moon is 9 
a1 !n ! light ( ! ,sun falls j on t     
side ( x :i* is turn$ f ! ,e>?4 ,x is   
!n1 we h ,new   ,moon4 ,:5 9 b1 a small 
brim ( ! ,moon is se51 because a small  
portion ( its light$ surface is !n turn$
 t[>ds ! ,e>?4--,:5   9 c half ( h]     
light$ surface is turn$ t[>ds u1 & we h 
! ,fir/ ,qu>t]4 ,9 d a /ill great]      
portion ( ! ,moon's   light$ surface is 

visible1 & 9 e1 we h ,full ,moon1       
because h]   :ole light$ surface is !n  
turn$ t[>ds ! ,e>?4 ,9 f !   moon       
comm5ces to wane 7to gr[ small]17 & 9 g 
! la/ qu>t]   comm5ces2 f9ally1 :5 pass$
 ?r\gh ! po9t h1 we h 9   a1 aga9 ,new  
,moon4 ,= famili> illu/ration y may also
 take a   :ite ivory ball1 hold+ x be=e 
a light$ c&le1 :i* may take   ! place ( 
! ,sun4 ,:5 ! ball is 9 a /raight l9e   
betwe5   y\r eye & ! c&le x w appe> to y
 all d>k2 because !   light$ "p is !n   
entirely turn$ t[>d ! c&le 7away f   y71
 & y h ! same case :i* is repres5t$ to y
 9 !   diagram1 :5 ! ,moon is 9 a4 ,b if
 y move ! ball a little to   ! "r1 y w  
p]ceive a /reak ( light1 simil> to !    
,fir/   ,qu>t] repres5t$ 9 ! ,diagram1  
:5 ! ,moon is 9 c4 ,if mov$   /ill f>!r 
to ! "r1 s t ! :ole light$ "p (   ! ball
 is se51 x w resemble ! ,full ,moon2    
repres5t$ 9 !   ,diagram1 :5 ! ,moon is 
9 e4    ,illu/ration3      ,no4 ,,vii4  
,illu/ration3      ,no4 ,,viii4         
#ah4 ,:ile ! ,moon is mov+ r\nd ! ,e>?1 

x (t5 occurs t  %e is plac$ 9 a direct  
l9e betwe5 ourselves & ! ,sun4 ,9 ?is   
case a great] or less "p ( ! ,sun is    
conceal$ f u1 :i*  causes a dim9ution ( 
light or a p>tial d>kness on our ,e>?4  
,?is  we call an ,eclipse ( ! ,sun4     
7,su* an ,eclipse took place 9 #ahca1  &
 y w probably h an opportunity ( see+ _m
 m74 ,if1 on  ! contr>y1 ! ,e>? is plac$
 9 a direct l9e betwe5 ! ,sun &  !      
,moon1 !n ! ,moon w be obscur$ by our   
,e>?4 ,?is is call$  an ,eclipse ( !    
,moon4 ,! foll[+ two figures on ,plate  
,no4 ,,viii  w s]ve = an illu/ration4   
,y w easily p]ceive f !m t if ! ,moon 7z
 repres5t$ 9   ,figure ,i7 is plac$ 9 a 
direct l9e betwe5 ! ,sun & ourselves1 x 
mu/ necess>ily conceal f u "p ( t       
lum9>y2 & 9 ?is   /ate ca/ a %ade ^u our
 ,e>?4     ,b if ! ,e>? is plac$ 9 a    
direct l9e betwe5 ! ,sun & !   ,moon1 7z
 repres5t$ 9 ,figure ,,ii71 !n ! ,moon w
 be mu* m   obscur$1 because ! ,e>? is  
mu* l>g] ?an ! ,moon1 & w   !re=e ca/ a 
mu* great] %ade ^u h]4     #ai4 ,x      

rema9s = u to speak ( t class ( bodies  
kn[n by !  "n ( ,comets1 7see ,lesson   
,i1  #f74 ,( ^! an unkn[n numb]  belongs
 to our ,sol> ,sy/em4--7,"s philosoph]s 
h e/imat$ _!  numb] to be ab\t          
,tw5tyone2 o!rs ?9k x mu/ am\nt to      
sev]al  hundr$74 ,!y move r\nd ! ,sun 9 
exce$+ly long ovals1 hav+  _! transp>5t 
tails always turn$ away f t lum9>y4 ,:at
  is mo/ rem>kable ab\t !m is ! a/oni%+ 
degree ( heat to  :i* !y are expos$ on  
acc\nt ( pass+ s ne> ! ,sun1 & !        
a/oni%+ velocity ) :i* !y travel4     ,!
 ,comet :i* appe>$ 9 ! ye> #afhj1 is    
suppos$ to su/a9 a   heat ne>ly ,two    
,?\s& times great] ?an t ( r$ hot iron1 
&   to move at ! rate ( sev]al ,hundr$  
,?\s& miles an h\r66                    
,,recapitulation ,,( ,,lesson ,,iii4    
,,que/ions4     #ad4 ,d all ,planets ne$
 ! same "t to complete a :ole           
revolution r\nd ! ,sun8 ,:y n8     ,if !
 pupils are old en\gh to und]/& ! use ( 
,divid]s1 x   w p]haps be well = ! tea*]
 to let !m draw ! ,sol> ,sy/em   on a   

piece ( pap]4--,if n1 he ought to let !m
 expla9 ,plate ,,iv1 or   an orr]y1 if  
"o be at h&4     #ae4 ,:at is ! "t      
call$1 :i* our ,e>? ne$s = a complete   
revolution r\nd ! ,sun8 ,h[ _m days are 
!re 9 a ye>8 ,h[ _m  h\rs are !re 9 a   
day8     ,:at is ! revolution ( ! ,e>?  
r\nd ! ,sun1 ! means (8     #af4 ,:at "t
 does ,m]cury require = a complete      
revolution r\nd  ! ,sun8 ,:at "t does   
,v5us require = ! same purpose8 ,:at "t 
does ,c]es1 ,ve/a1 ,juno & ,pallas ne$8 
,:at1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 &  ,h]s*el8     
#ag4 ,:at motion does ! ,moon make :il/ 
! ,e>? is travell+  r\nd ! ,sun8 ,h[ _m 
days does ! ,moon ne$ = a complete      
revolution r\nd ! ,e>?8 ,does ! ,moon   
dur+ its revolution r\nd  ! ,e>? always 
exhibit ! same %ape8 ,:at *anges !n does
 %e  gradually und]go8 ,:at d y call !  
successive *anges 9 !  ,moon's          
appe>ance8 ,:at d y call ! "t dur+ :i* !
 ,moon is  n se58 ,:at1 t1 dur+ :i* %e  
exhibits h] full %ape8 ,:at1  ! diff]5t 
p]iods ( h] wax+ & wan+8 ,:5 does !     

,fir/  ,qu>t] take place8 ,:5 ! la/8    
,! tea*] might n[ require ! explanation 
( ,plate ,v2 ! eld]   pupils may draw ! 
,diagram4     #ah4 ,:at does frequ5tly  
occur dur+ ! ,moon's motion r\nd !      
,e>?8 ,:at is ! consequ5ce ( ! ,moon's  
position 9 a direct l9e  betwe5 ! ,sun &
 ourselves8 ,:at is su* a dim9ution (   
light 9  consequ5ce ( ! ,moon be+ plac$ 
betwe5 u & ! ,sun1 call$8  ,:at takes   
place :5 ! ,e>? is plac$ betwe5 ! ,sun &
 !  ,moon8 ,:at is su* an obscuration ( 
! ,moon1 9 consequ5ce ( !  ,e>?'s       
position betwe5 h] & ! ,sun1 call$8     
,! y\ng] pupils ought n[ to expla9      
,plate ,,viii2 ! eld] pupils   ought to 
draw ! ,diagram on a slate or pap]4     
#ai4 ,is ! numb] ( ,comets belong+ to   
our ,sol> ,sy/em precisely  asc]ta9$8   
,h[ _m are !re suppos$ to belong to our 
,sy/em8 ,9  :at mann] d !y move r\nd !  
,sun8 ,:at rem>kable prop]ty d  !y      
possess8      ,,footnotes3    #b ,if !  
tea*] has an orr]y at h&1 if x be ev5 ( 
! mo/  simple con/ruction1 he may       

exhibit x n[4 ,b x is ! au?or's  belief 
t a consid]able portion ( ! pupil's     
int]e/ is lo/1 if  he be acqua9t$ ) x1  
at ! beg9n+ ( ! /udy2 or1 z x is  !     
cu/om 9 "s s*ools1 if an orr]y is hung  
up among ! *>ts  & maps ( ! s*ool room4 
,! pupil ought n to see ! orr]y1  until 
he kn[s t x is b a fa9t illu/ration ( ! 
inf9ite  gr&eur ( ! heav5s4 ,no?+       
detracts s mu* f our e/imation  ( ?+s z 
a too famili> acqua9tance ) !m1 be=e we 
"k  _! real value4    #c ,! exact numb]s
 are giv5 9 ,table ,,ii1 at ! end ( !   
book4          ,,lesson ,,iv4           
,,rotation ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,&
 ,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,,on ,,_!  
,,axes4--,,day ,,&                      
,,night4--,,incl9ation ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s 
,,axis4--,,seasons4       #bj4 ,besides 
! progressive motion ( ! ,planets1 ( :i*
 we h  spok5 9 ! la/ ,lesson1 !y h yet a
 peculi> motion l a :eel  turn+ on its  
,axle-tree4 ,?is motion is call$ !      
rotation ( !  ,planets on _! ,axes2     
because ea* ( !m seems to move r\nd a   

/raight l9e pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre2 l a  
ball turn+ r\nd a  piece ( wire run     
?r\gh ! middle ( x4--,moreov] x is      
cu/om>y to  call su* a /raight l9e      
imag9$ to be drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a    
,planet--! ,axis ( t ,planet4     ,!    
d\ble motion ( ! ,planets1--progressive 
& rot>y1--is   p]haps "o ( ! mo/        
difficult ?+s = "y pupils prop]ly   to  
und]/&1 )\t "s popul> illu/ration4 ,if !
 tea*]1   !re=e1 has no orr]y to %[ ?is 
motion to 8 pupils1 he may   comp>e x to
 a screw :i* is turn$ r\nd :il/ x suff]s
 at !   same "t a progressive motion2 or
 p]haps ) m propriety to a   sp9n+-top1 
:i* is cont9ually turn+ on its ,axis1   
:ile at !   same "t x describes l>ge    
circles4#d     #ba4 ,if y h well        
und]/ood :at has j be5 said1 y w be     
able to compreh5d1 t our ,e>?1 :ile x is
 p]=m+ its great  j\rney r\nd ! ,sun 9  
,?ree ,hundr$ & ,sixtyfive days1 is1 at 
!  same "t1 e ,tw5tyf\r h\rs turn+ on   
its ,axis4 ,?is rot>y  motion ( our ,e>?
 on its ,axis is ! cause ( ! successive 

*anges  ( day & night2 t portion ( !    
,e>? :i* is turn$ t[>d !  ,sun hav+     
always day1 :5 ! o!r1 :i* is turn$ away 
f him1  has night4     ,?is is aga9 a   
wise disp5sation ( ,god's provid5ce4 ,= 
if !   ,e>? w\ld always keep ! same     
relative position to ! ,sun1 !n   t     
portion ( x1 :i* w\ld !n be turn$ t[>d !
 ,sun1 w\ld   h cont9ual day1 :il/ !    
o!r1 :i* w\ld !n be turn$ away   f him1 
w\ld be envelop$ 9 p]petual d>kness4 ,b 
z x is n[   arrang$ by ! ,e>?'s rotation
 on its ,axis1 mo/ e portion (   its    
surface mu/ at lea/ once e ,tw5tyf\r    
h\rs be turn$   t[>d ! ,sun & receive f 
him light & heat4 ,)\t ?is1 "o   great  
half ( our ,e>? w\ld h a p]petual w9t]1 
de/ructive to   plants & animals1 :ile  
an ev]la/+ summ] w\ld scor* ! o!r   half
 & r5d] x equally unfit = ! support (   
man4    ,! foll[+ ,diagram1 ,plate ,,ix1
 may s]ve to give y an idea ( !  ,e>?'s 
rotation r\nd its ,axis1 & ! alt]nate   
succession ( ,day  & ,night1 result+ f  
x4 ,:5 ! ,e>? is situat$ z repres5t$  9 

! ,diagram1 !n t portion ( x1 :i* is    
m>k$ ,a1 w h  ,day1 because x is turn$  
t[>d ! ,sun2 & ! portion m>k$ ,b1  w h  
,night4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! next ,twelve   
h\rs ! ord]  w be rev]s$4 ,! portion :i*
 is m>k$ ,b1 w be turn$ t[>d  ! ,sun & h
 day1 :il/ ! portion ,a w be turn$ f    
him1 &  h night4     #bb4 ,! rotation ( 
! ,e>? on its ,axis is also ! cause ( ! 
,ris+ & ,sett+ ( ! ,sun4 ,= no portion (
 our ,e>? is at  once turn$ t[>d or f ! 
,sun2 b moves t[>d or f x by  degrees 7z
 y may see by sl[ly turn+ a ball ne> !  
flame ( a  c&le74 ,?is gradual motion ( 
ea* portion ( ! ,e>?'s surface  t[>d or 
f ! ,sun1 makes ! ,sun himself appe> to 
u z ris+  & go+ d[n2 :ile1 9 fact1 we   
ourselves are turn+ t[>ds1 or  rec$+ f  
him4 ,?is is a k9d ( deception simil> to
 t :i*  y exp]i5ce :5 sl[ly glid+ d[n a 
riv]2 :5 ! objects on  %ore h !         
appe>ance ( rec$+ f y1 :ile 9 fact1 x is
  y1 y\rself1 :o are travell+ away f !m4
    ,illu/ration3      ,no4 ,,ix4       
,! gradual rise & sett+ ( ! ,sun is     

ano!r excell5t provision   ( nature4 ,7 
we f ! d>kness ( night at once expos$ to
   ! lum9\s rays ( ! ,sun1 x w\ld dazzle
 our eyes & r5d]   !m unfit to di/+ui% a
 s+le object4--,x is only by a gradual  
transition f d>kness to light t we are  
able to accu/om our   eyes to !         
brilliancy ( noon4     #bc4 ,!re is     
ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! situation ( our    
,e>? )  reg>d to ! ,sun1 :i* y h n yet  
le>n$4 ,! ,e>?'s ,axis  is n ev5        
7p>allel7 ) t ( ! ,sun2 b is some:at    
incl9$  t[>ds x1 z repres5t$ 9 ! la/    
,diagram4 ,to ?is is ow+ !  ,*ange ( !  
,seasons4 ,= on acc\nt ( ! incl9ation ( 
!  ,e>?'s ,axis1 ! ,sun's rays fall1    
sometimes ne>ly p]p5dicul> ^u  u1 :ile  
at o!r times !y are /rik+ u m           
obliquely#e4 ,?is  is ! pr9cipal cause (
 ^? *anges ( temp]ature :i* we are 9  ! 
habit ( di/+ui%+ by ! names1 ,spr+1     
,summ]1 ,autumn  & ,w9t]4     ,9 w9t] ! 
,sun's rays /rike u mo/ obliquely2 x is 
!re=e ! colde/ season ( ! ye>4 ,9 summ] 
!y are mo/   p]p5dicul>2--,summ] !re=e  

is ! hotte/ season4 ,spr+ &   autumn are
 /&+ 9 ! middle betwe5 ^! two4 ,f spr+  
till mid-summ] ! ,sun's rays are /rik+ u
 m & m   p]p5dicul>ly2 f mid-summ] till 
w9t] m & m obliquely4    ,a simil> *ange
 ( temp]ature is felt e day f ,sun-rise 
7:5 ! ,sun-beams are mo/ oblique7 till  
noon1 7:5 !y are mo/  p]p5dicul>72 & f  
noon aga9 t[>ds ev5+ or ,sun-set1 :5  !y
 are aga9 oblique4     #bd4 ,x has be5  
m5tion$ 7,lesson ,,iv1  #bj71 t ea*     
,planet 9 our  ,sol> ,sy/em is regul>ly 
turn+ on its ,axis4 ,b all ( !m d n     
p]=m ?is rotation ) equal velocity4 ,!  
,planets :i* are  f>!r f ! ,sun are     
turn+ quick] ?an ^? :i* are ne> him4    
,jupit]1 = in/ance1 turns on its ,axis  
twice z fa/ z our ,e>?4  ,! nights 9    
,jupit]1 !re=e1 d n la/ half z long z   
ours4     ,?is is1 9 "s degree1         
necess>y4 ,= 9 proportion z a planet    
is fur!r f ! ,sun1 x receives less light
 & heat1 :i*   defici5cy is1 9 "p1 made 
up by a m frequ5t exposition to 8       
rays4     #be4 ,! ,sun himself is also  

kn[n to turn regul>ly on 8 ,axis1  & to 
complete "o :ole rotation 9 ab\t        
,tw5tysix ( our days4 ,?is  we h be5    
able to p]ceive f ! spots :i* h be5     
discov]$  on its surface1 & :i*         
gradually move t[>d & disappe> on "o    
side1 :5 9 a %ort "t aft] !y appe> aga9 
on ! o!r4     #bf4 ,! ,moon1 & !        
,satellites ( ! o!r ,planets h no rot>y 
motion2 b h always ! same side turn$    
t[>ds _! ,planets4  ,?us ! moon keeps   
con/antly ! same side turn$ t[>ds !     
,e>?2  b h] mon?ly motion r\nd ! ,e>?   
7,lesson ,,iii1  #ag7 is equal to  a    
rotation on h] axis2 because by ?is     
means e "p ( h] is1  at lea/1 once e    
,tw5tysev5 days turn$ t[>d ! ,sun2 z y  
may see f ! ,moon's phases1 repres5t$ on
 plate ,,vii4 ,a day 9 !  ,moon1 !re=e1 
is equal to ,tw5tysev5 ( our days2      
because ! ,moon  moves 9 ,tw5tysev5 (   
our days r\nd ! ,e>?1 :i* is equal to   
turn+ once on h] axis4                  
,,recapitulation ,,( ,,lesson ,,iv4     
,,que/ions4     #bj4 ,is ! progressive  

motion ( ! ,planets r\nd ! ,sun ! only  
"o :i* !y are p]=m+8 ,:at o!r motion h  
!y besides  ?is8 ,:at is ?is motion     
call$8 ,:y is x call$ s8 ,:at d y call  
a /raight l9e imag9$ to be drawn ?r\gh !
 c5tre ( a ,planet8     ,to :at may !   
d\ble motion ( ! ,planets' progression &
 rot>y   be comp>$8     #ba4 ,:at "t    
does ! ,e>? ne$ to turn once on its     
axis8 ,h[  _m times does ! ,e>? turn on 
its axis dur+ its :ole j\rney  r\nd !   
,sun8#f ,:at is ?is rot>y motion ( our  
,e>? ! cause  (8 ,:i* portion ( ! ,e>?  
has day8 ,:i* night8     ,:at w\ld be ! 
case1 if ! ,e>? 0 always to keep ! same 
relative position ) reg>d to ! ,sun8    
,:at is ! advantage   d]iv$ f ! rotation
 ( ! ,e>? on its ,axis4 ,w\ld ! ,e>? be 
habitable )\t x or n8     ,! pupil ought
 n[ to expla9 plate ,,ix4     #bb4 ,:at 
is ! rotation ( ! ,e>? on its axis fur!r
 ! cause  (8 ,:at does ! gradual motion 
( ea* portion ( our ,e>? t[>ds  ! ,sun  
produce8     ,:at w\ld be ! case1 if f !
 d>kness ( night we 7 at once   expos$  

to ! lum9\s rays ( ! ,sun8 ,c\ld our    
eyes endure !   brightness ( noon )\t a 
gradual transition f d>kness to   light8
     #bc4 ,:at o!r peculi>ity is !re 9 !
 situation ( ! ,e>?  ) reg>d to ! ,sun8 
,:at is ?is ! cause (8 ,d ! rays ( !    
,sun /rike u at all times equally       
p]p5dicul> or obliquely8 ,:at  *anges ( 
temp]ature are !reby creat$8     ,h[ d !
 rays ( ! ,sun /rike u 9 w9t]8 ,:at     
season1   !re=e1 is x8 ,h[ d ! rays ( ! 
,sun /rike u 9 summ]8   ,:at season1    
!re=e1 is summ] ) reg>d to temp]ature8  
,h[ are   ! rays ( ! ,sun /rik+ u f spr+
 till mid-summ]8 ,h[1   f mid-summ] till
 w9t]8 ,:at simil> *ange ( temp]ature d 
we exp]i5ce e day f ,sun-rise till noon1
 & f noon till   ev5+ or ,sun-set8      
#bd4 ,d all ,planets turn on _! axes )  
equal velocities8 ,:i*  ,planets turn   
quick]1 ^? :i* are ne>] or ^? :i* are   
fur!r  f ! ,sun8 ,give an in/ance4 ,h[  
long are ,jupit]'s nights 9  comp>ison  
to our's8     ,:y is ?is1 9 "s degree1  
necess>y8     #be4 ,is ! ,sun himself   

also kn[n to turn on its axis l !       
,planets8 ,h[ _m days does he ne$ = "o  
complete rotation8 ,by :at  means h we  
be5 able to obs]ve ?is motion8     #bf4 
,h ! ,moon & ! ,satellites ( ! o!r      
,planets also a  rot>y motion8 ,9 :at   
position does ! ,moon rema9 ) reg>d to  
! ,e>?8 ,b :at is h] mon?ly revolution  
r\nd ! ,e>? equal to8  ,:y8 ,:at is a   
day 9 ! ,moon equal to8 ,:y8            
,,footnotes3    #d ,! propriety ( ?is   
comp>ison becomes /ill m evid5t1 :5  we 
reflect t ! ,axis ( ! top is g5]ally    
some:at incl9$ to  ! plane4    #e ,if ! 
t]ms p]p5dicul> & oblique1 %\ld n be    
p]fectly  und]/ood by ! pupils1 x w be  
easy = ! tea*] to expla9  _! mean+4     
#f ,if ! ,e>? requires #cfe days to     
travel r\nd ! ,sun2 & ea*  day has      
tw5tyf\r h\rs2 !n ! ,e>? w1 dur+ ! :ole 
( ?is  "t1 turn ,?ree ,hundr$ &         
,sixtyfive times on its axis4           
,,lesson ,v4    ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,& 
,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,& ,,"s  
,,( ,,! ,,planets  ,,:5 ,,view$ ,,?r\gh 

,a ,,telescope4       #bg4 ,next to !   
,sun !re is no heav5ly body s int]e/+ to
 u  z ! ,moon4 ,:5 view$ ?r\gh a good   
,telescope#g %e has ne>ly  ! same       
appe>ance z 9 ,figure ,i1 ,plate ,x4 ,! 
bright p>ts are  suppos$ to be l(ty     
m\nta9s & tracts ( l&2 7:i* is evid5t   
also f ! %ad[ :i* !y ca/7 & ! d>k spots 
are suppos$  to be valleys & cav]ns4 ,_m
 ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,moon are high]  ?an ! 
l>ge/ m\nta9s on ! ,e>?4 ,"s ( !m are   
volcanos1 &  _! eruptions h be5 di/9ctly
 obs]v$ by _m di/+ui%$  ,philosoph]s4   
,"s ( ! cav]ns are asc]ta9$ to h a dep? 
(  _m miles & a wid? ( almo/ ,?ree      
miles4--,no wat] has z yet be5  discov]$
 9 ! ,moon4 ,h5ce if %e is inhabit$1 z  
we h reason  to believe1 h] inhabitants 
mu/ be v diff]5tly con/ruct$ f          
ourselves4     #bh4 ,among ! ,planets   
,v5us is by f> ! mo/ beautiful 9        
appe>ance4 ,%e is kn[n also by ! "n ( ! 
,morn+ & ,ev5+  ,/>4 ,h] light is s     
bright t %e is (t5 se5 at ,noon4 ,:5    
view$ ?r\gh a good telescope %e exhibits

 phases simil> to ^? (  ! ,moon 7,lesson
 ,,iii1  #ag71 :i* proves h] sph]ical =m
 7,lesson ,i1   #c74 ,! m\nta9s 9 ,v5us 
h be5 calculat$ to be at lea/ ,six      
times z high z ^? on our ,e>?4 ,h]      
,atmosph]e is only half z  d5se z ours4 
#bi4 ,m>s appe>s 9 _m respects simil> to
 our ,e>?4 ,8 light is  r$ & *angeable2 
8 surface exhibits black *angeable spots
 7see  ,figure ,,ii1 ,plate ,x74 ,"s    
philosoph]s pret5d to h notic$ a region 
( ice on 8 poles4 ,8 atmosph]e is twice 
z d5se z ours4    ,illu/ration3         
,no4 ,x4       #cj4 ,jupit]1 view$ ?r\gh
 a telescope1 exhibits a surface cov]$  
) /ripes4 ,^! are suppos$ to be cl\ds4  
,a repres5tation ( !m  is giv5 9 ,fig4  
,,iii1 ,plate ,x4 ,8 light is v :ite &  
subject  to b little v>iation4 ,8       
atmosph]e is ne>ly ,tw5tysev5 times     
d5s] 7?ick]7 ?an ours4     #ca4 ,v      
rem>kable1 z we h already obs]v$1 is !  
,planet  ,saturn1 on acc\nt ( its lum9\s
 r+4 ,view$ ?r\gh a telescope x  has !  
appe>ance1 repres5t$ 9 ,figure ,,iv4 ,x 

is highly probable  t to ! inhabitants (
 t ,planet1 ?is r+ has an entirely      
diff]5t appe>ance f :at x has to u4 ,x  
appe>s to be a  solid opaque mass1 & is 
probably inhabit$ l ! ,planet1 :i*  x   
con/antly accompanies on its j\rney r\nd
 ! ,sun4 ,saturn's  atmosph]e is ne>ly  
,n9ety times d5s] ?an t ( our ,e>?4 ,no 
m\nta9s h z yet be5 discov]$ on its     
surface4           99       99       99 
99       99     ,h]s*el is too remote1 =
 u to "k mu* ab\t its surface4 ,its     
atmosph]e is suppos$ to be ,?ree ,hundr$
 & ,sixty-"o times ?ick]   ?an ours4    
,m]cury1 be+ ! ne>e/ ,planet to ! ,sun1 
has a v bright light2   b is only se5   
e>ly be=e ,sun-rise1 & imm$iately aft]  
,sun-set4   ,x exhibits ,phases l !     
,moon4      ,,recapitulation ,,(        
,,lesson ,v4      ,,que/ions4     #bg4  
,:at d y "k ab\t ! ,moon's surface8     
,:at1 ab\t its  m\nta9s1 volcanos &     
cav]ns8 ,h any great wat]s be5 discov]$ 
9 x8     #bh4 ,:at d y "k ab\t ! ,planet
 ,v5us8 ,by :at o!r "n is  %e kn[n8 ,:at

 does %e exhibit1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a      
telescope8 ,:at  d y "k ab\t h] m\nta9s8
 ,:at1 ab\t h] atmosph]e8     #bi4 ,:at 
d y "k ab\t ! ,planet ,m>s8 ,:at1 ab\t 8
 light1  surface & atmosph]e8     #cj4  
,:at surface does ,jupit] exhibit :5    
view$ ?r\gh a  telescope8 ,( :at color  
is ! light ( ,jupit]8 ,:at d y "k  ab\t 
8 atmosph]e8     #ca4 ,:at d y "k ab\t !
 ,planet ,saturn8 ,:at does ! r+  (     
,saturn appe> to be8 ,:at d y "k ab\t ! 
atmosph]e ( ?is  ,planet8               
,,footnotes3    #g ,?is is an in/rum5t  
?r\gh :i* we c see ?+s mu* cle>]  & l>g]
 ?an we c\ld ) ! nak$ eye4              
,,lesson ,,vi4    ,,description ,,( ,,! 
,,e>?',s ,,surface4--,,division ,,( ,,x 
,,into ,,zones4--,,torrid1  ,,temp]ate  
,,& ,,arctic ,,zones4--,,! ,,five       
,,great ,,cont95ts4--,,relative         
,,dim5sions ,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,europe1     
,,asia1 ,,africa ,,& ,,au/ralia4        
#cb4 ,hav+ le>n$ ! relation ( our ,e>?  
to ! ,sun & !  ,planets1 x w be well to 
acqua9t ourselves ) ! pr9cipal  objects 

on its surfaces4--,:at ! ,int]ior ( our 
,e>? consi/s (1  we h z yet no idea1    
because we h n yet be5 able to p5etrate 
deep] ?an a few hundr$ feet2 & ?is is1 9
 proportion to !  ,e>?'s ,diamet]1      
little m ?an no?+4 ,b z reg>ds h]       
surface1  we "k t x consi/s p>tly ( l& &
 p>tly ( wat]4 ,little  m ?an "o f\r? ( 
! ,e>?'s surface is cov]$ ) l&2  all !  
re/ is wat]4--,! great l&s are call$    
,cont95ts2 !  great wat]s are call$     
,oceans4 ,small] portions ( l& surr\nd$ 
on all sides by wat]1 are call$ ,isl&s4 
,small] bodies ( wat]  surr\nd$ by l&   
are call$ ,lakes4     #cc4 ,! l& on our 
,e>? is divid$ into ,five ,cont95ts3    
,am]ica1  ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa &     
,au/ralia4--,^!1 h[ev]1 are n all ( !   
same ext5t4 ,europe is ! smalle/ ( !m4  
,am]ica & ,asia are !  greate/4     ,!  
adjo9+ ,plate ,no4 ,,xi1 w give y an    
idea ( ! proportion (   l& & wat] on our
 ,e>?1 & ( ! relative ext5t ( ! ,five   
,cont95ts4     ,fig4 ,i repres5ts !     
surface ( ! ,e>? divid$ into l& &       

wat]4 ,7 all l& on our ,e>? put toge!r 9
 a circle1 & !   wat] plac$ r\nd x1 !n !
 l& w\ld only fill ! inn] circle1   !   
wat] occupy+ ! surr\nd+ r+1 a space     
ne>ly f\r times   z l>ge z ! circle4    
,fig4 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v & ,,vi      
repres5t !   comp>ative surfaces (      
,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa &      
,au/ralia4   ,fig4 ,,vii repres5ts !    
comp>ative surface ( ! ,moon4    ,^u    
close inspection ( ^! figures y w       
p]ceive2    #a4 ,t ! ext5t ( ,am]ica &  
,asia are ne>ly equal2 b t ea*  ( ^!    
,cont95ts is sev]al times l>g] ?an ei!r 
,europe or  ,au/ralia4    #b4 ,t ! next 
greate/ portion ( our ,globe is ,africa1
 :i* is  m ?an ?ree times l>g] ?an      
,europe4    #c4 ,t ,europe is ! smalle/ 
,cont95t ( our globe4    #d4 ,t ! :ole  
surface ( ! ,moon w\ld n be m ?an en\gh 
to  cov] ei!r ,am]ica or ,asia4         
,illu/ration3      ,no4 ,,xi4      ,fig4
 #a4    ,,! ,,ocean    ,,! ,,l&         
,fig4 #b4    ,,europe      ,fig4 #c4    
,,asia      ,fig4 #d4    ,,africa       

,fig4 #e4    ,,am]ica      ,fig4 #f4    
,,au/ralia      ,fig #g4    ,,!         
,,moon',s    ,,surface                  
,geographical ,miles4      ,illu/ration3
      ,no4 ,,xii4      ,fig4 #a4    ,,! 
,,:ole ,,torrid ,,zone      ,comp>ative 
,ext5t    ( !    ,,two ,,temp]ate       
,,zones      ,comp>ative    ,,ext5t    (
 !    ,,two ,,arctic    ,,zones         
,fig4 #b4      ,comp>ative ,ext5t    (  
"o ( !    ,,:ole ,,torrid    ,,zone     
,fig4 #c4      ,comp>ative ,ext5t    (  
"o ( !    ,,two ,,temp]ate    ,,zones   
,fig4 #d4      ,,"o    ( !    ,,arctic  
,,zones      ,fig4 #e4      ,comp>ative 
,ext5t    ( !    ,,:ole ,,l&    on our  
,,globe      ,illu/ration3      ,no4    
,,xiii4      ,illu/ration3      ,no4    
,,xiv4      ,squ>e cont5ts    ( ! ,two  
,,temp]ate    ,,zones4      ,squ>e      
cont5ts    ( !    ,,:ole ,,torrid       
,,zone4      ,squ>e cont5ts    ( ! ,two 
,,arctic ,,zones4      ,! :ole surface  
( ! five    ,,great ,,cont95ts    on our
    ,,globe    ,comp>$ to "o ( ! two    

,,temp]ate ,,zones4       #cd4 ,! ,e>?'s
 surface is n ?r\gh\t equally illum9$ or
 heat$  by ! ,sun2 because ! ,sun's rays
 /rike "s portions ( ! ,e>?  m          
p]p5dicul> ?an o!rs4 ,our ,e>?1 !re=e1  
is divid$ into  ,climates or ,zones1 :i*
 y w und]/& bett] f ,plate ,,xii4    ,y 
w see f x t ! ,sun's rays are p]p5dicul>
 to !  c5tral "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface2 b t
 t[>d ! extremities (  ! ,e>?'s ,diamet]
 ^! rays /rike u m & m obliquely4  ,!   
greate/ heat1 !re=e1 mu/ be felt by ! p 
liv+ betwe5  ! two circles ,,ef & ,,ik4 
,! circle ,,gh1 :i* is expos$ to !      
p]p5dicul> rays1 is t]m$ ! ,equator2 & !
 two circles ,,ef &  ,,ik1 :i* are at   
equal di/ance f ! ,equator1 are call$   
,tropic  ,circles4 ,! :ole surface      
includ$ by ^! two circles is call$  !   
torrid ,zone4 ,! space betwe5 ei!r ( !  
circles ,,cd & ,,ef1  or ,,ik & ,,lm1 is
 call$ a temp]ate ,zone2 because !      
,sun's rays  /rik+ ^! portions nei!r    
p]p5dicul> nor v obliquely1 _!          
inhabitants suff] nei!r great heat nor  

cold4 ,9 "o ( ^! ,zones  are situat$ !  
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ! great]      
portion (  ,europe4 ,beyond !m1 t[>d !  
extremities ( ! ,diamet] ,,ab1 are !    
two icy or arctic zones4 ,! ,sun's rays 
/rike !m v obliquely2  :i* is ! cause ( 
_! be+ almo/ cont9ually cov]$ ) ice  or 
sn[4    ,! two circles1 ,,cd & ,,lm1 are
 call$ ,pol> circles2 & ! two           
extremities1 ,a & ,b1 ( ! ,e>?'s        
,diamet]1 situat$ 9 ^?  regions1 are    
call$ ! ,poles4 ,a is call$ !           
,nor?-,pole & ,b !  ,s\?-,pole ( ! ,e>?4
     #ce4 ,! diff]5t zones ( :i* we h j 
spok51 are n equal  to "o ano!r4 ,plate 
,,xiii1 w %[ _! relative ext5t4         
,fig4 ,i repres5ts ! surface ( ! ,e>?   
divid$ proportionally   into its ?ree   
zones3 ! torrid1 ! temp]ate & ! arctic4 
,! inn] circle repres5ts bo? ! arctic   
zones2 ! yell[ r+ b1   :i* surr\nds x1  
repres5ts ! unit$ ext5t ( ! two temp]ate
   zones2 & ! outmo/ r$ r+1 ! :ole ( !  
two torrid zones4     ,fig4 ,,ii        
repres5ts sep>ately ! :ole torrid       

zone2--,fig4 ,,iii "o (   ! temp]ate    
zones2--,fig4 ,,iv "o ( ! arctic zones2 
& ,fig4 ,v !   :ole ext5t ( l& on our   
globe4     ,! next ,plate1 ,no4 ,,xiv1  
repres5ts ! comp>ative surfaces ( ^!    
zones1 drawn sep>ately 9 =m ( squ>es2 & 
! la/ figure on   t ,plate1 %[s ! ext5t 
( ! five cont95ts1 comp>$ to "o   ( !   
temp]ate zones4    ,illu/ration3        
,no4 ,,xv4      ,fig4 #a4    ,fig4 #b4  
,fig4 #c4    ,fig4 #d4    ,fig4 #e4     
,fig4 #f4      ,y w obs]ve f a close    
inspection ( ^! figures1 t  ! :ole ext5t
 ( l& on our globe is ne>ly equal to t (
 a  temp]ate zone2 & t if x 7 possible  
to unite ,am]ica1 ,europe1  ,asia1      
,africa & ,au/ralia into "o1 _! unit$   
ext5t w\ld n yet  fill "o ( ! temp]ate  
zones6 ,y w also p]ceive t ! two        
temp]ate zones occupy toge!r ! greate/  
portion ( ! ,e>?'s  surface1 & t !      
arctic zones occupy comp>atively !      
smalle/4      ,,recapitulation ,,(      
,,lesson ,,vi4      ,,que/ions4     #cb4
 ,d we "k any?+ ab\t ! ,int]ior ( our   

,e>?8 ,:y n8  ,:at does ! surface ( our 
,e>? consi/ (8 ,:at proportion does  !  
l& be> to ! wat]8 ,:at are ! great l&s  
call$8 ,:at1 !  great wat]s8 ,:at are   
small] portions ( l&1 surr\nd$ by wat]1 
call$8 ,:at1 small portions ( wat]1     
surr\nd$ by l&8     #cc4 ,into h[ _m    
cont95ts is all ! l& ( our ,globe       
divid$8  ,:at are !y8 ,are all !        
cont95ts ( our globe ( ! same ext5t8    
,:i* is ! smalle/ ( !m8 ,:i* are !      
l>ge/8 ,expla9 ,plate1  ,no4 ,,xi4      
,:at proportion does ! ext5t ( ,am]ica  
be> to t ( ,asia8 ,:at  relation d ^!   
cont95ts be> to ,europe or ,au/ralia8   
,:at is !  next greate/ portion on our  
globe8 ,:i* cont95t is ! smalle/8  ,:at 
relation does ! surface ( ! ,moon be> to
 ,am]ica or ,asia8     #cd4 ,is ! :ole  
,e>? equally illum9$ or heat$ by ! ,sun8
 ,:y  n8 ,:at is1 !re=e1 ! surface ( our
 ,e>? divid$ into8 ,^u  :at portion (   
our ,e>? d ! ,sun's rays fall           
p]p5dicul>8 ,:at  portion d !y /rike m  
obliquely8 ,:at p1 !re=e1 w  exp]i5ce ! 

greate/ heat8     ,! pupil ought n[ to  
expla9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,! eld] pupils     
ought to   draw a sph]e ) ! ,equator1 ! 
tropic & arctic circles4 ,!y   ought    
also to draw ! ,diamet] ( ! ,e>?1 &     
indicate ! ,nor?   & ,s\? ,pole4        
#ce4 ,if y comp>e ! :ole ext5t ( l& on  
our globe to !  ,cont5ts ( "o ( !       
temp]ate zones1 :at proportion d y f9d  
!m to be> to ea* o!r8 ,if x 7 possible  
to unite ! five great  cont95ts1        
,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa &      
,au/ralia1 :at zone  w\ld !y ne>ly fill8
 ,:at two zones occupy ! l>ge/ portion (
  ! ,e>?'s surface8 ,:at two1 ! smalle/8
          ,,app5dix    ,,conta9+ ,,!    
,,comp>ative ,,population ,,( ,,!       
,,diff]5t ,,qu>t]s ,,( ,,our  ,,globe4  
,! numb]s are giv5 9 ,table ,,iii4      
#cf4 ,! ,five pr9cipal p>ts ( our globe1
 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1  ,africa &    
,au/ralia are n equally ?ickly settl$4  
,europe & ,asia  h1 9 proportion to _!  
ext5t1 ! greate/ population2 ,am]ica  & 
,au/ralia ! lea/4--,! foll[+ ,plate1    

,no4 ,,xv1 %[s !  comp>ative population 
( ^! cont95ts4    ,fig4 ,i repres5ts !  
:ole surface ( l& on our globe1 inhabit$
 by  ne>ly ,"o ,?\s& ,millions 7,"o     
,billion7 human be+s4 ,if ^! 7  to live 
?r\gh\t z close toge!r z 9 ,europe1 !n  
!y w\ld  only occupy a surface ( l& z   
l>ge 9 proportion1 z ! inn]  circle m>k$
 a4 ,b ! two r+s1 b & c1 occupy ea* z   
mu*  surface z ! circle a2 h5ce !re is  
yet room = twice z _m  human be+s2 be=e 
ea* qu>t] ( ! _w is z ?ickly settl$ z   
,europe4    ,fig4 ,,ii repres5ts ,asia &
 its population4 ,if ?is qu>t] 7  settl$
 z ?ickly z ,europe is1 !n its          
inhabitants w\ld only fill  ! inn]      
circle m>k$ b2 ! r+ a1 !re=e1 is /ill   
left =  settlem5t4    ,fig4 ,,iii       
exhibits ! population ( ,africa4 ,if !  
inhabitants ( ?is  cont95t liv$ z close 
toge!r z ^? ( ,europe1 !y w\ld only     
fill ! inn] circle1 m>k$ c1 & ! surr\nd+
 r+ might yet  be inhabit$4    ,fig4    
,,iv %[s ! comp>ative population (      
,am]ica4 ,its inhabitants1  cr[d$ toge!r

 z ! inhabitants ( ,europe1 w\ld only   
occupy !  small circle e2 ! :ole broad  
r+ f1 !re=e1 is /ill left  = settlem5t66
    ,fig4 ,v repres5ts ,au/ralia4 ,its  
inhabitants1 settl$ z 9 ,europe1  w\ld  
only fill ! circle a4    ,fig4 ,,vi     
repres5ts ! population ( ,europe fill+ !
 :ole ( t  ,qu>t]4    ,! :ole ( ^! ,six 
figures may repres5t to ! pupil !       
comp>ative ext5ts ( ! five great        
cont95ts ( our globe2 b !  inn] circles 
( ^! figures1 & ! :ole ( ! six? figure1 
%[ _! comp>ative populations4 ,f a close
 inspection ( ?is  plate ! pupil may    
le>n3    #a4 ,t ! population ( ,asia is 
yet great] ?an t ( all ! re/  ( ! _w4   
7,! circle b 9 figure ,,ii be+ yet l>g] 
?an !  inn] circles ( all ! o!r figures1
 & figure ,,vi tak5 toge!r47    #b4 ,t !
 population ( ,europe is z yet l>g] ?an 
t ( ,am]ica1  ,africa & ,au/ralia1 tak5 
toge!r4    #c4 ,t ! population ( ,africa
 is l>g] ?an ! jo9t populations  (      
,am]ica & ,au/ralia4    #d4 ,t ,am]ica  
if once settl$ z ,europe is1 w h m ?an  

,six  times h] population4     ,! tea*]1
 if he ?9k prop] to ask ! pupils "s     
que/ions 9   ref]5ce to ! ,app5dix1 w   
f9d no difficulty 9 adapt+ !m to   !    
capacity ( 8 pupils4      ,,table ,i4   
,%[+ ! ,diamet]1 ,surface1 & ,cubic     
,cont5ts ( ! ,sun & !  ,planets4        
,diamet] 9      ,surface 9       ,cubic 
,cont5ts                ,geographical   
,geographical     9 ,geographical       
,names4         ,miles4        ,squ>e   
,miles4      ,cubic ,miles4    ,,sun1   
#aid1jjj     #aah1jic1jjj1jjj           
#c1hbe1ijc1bec1igj1jjj    ,m]cury1      
#fjh           #a1afa1cad               
#aag1fei1jii    ,v5us1           #afgh  
#h1hdd1jfc          #b1dgc1dfi1gdc      
,e>?1           #agai                   
#i1bhb1jff          #b1fei1aei1jfa      
,m>s1            #ajjf                  
#c1agh1hje            #ecb1iif1cag      
,ve/a1             #gd                  
#ae1jjj              #b1aba1cdg         
,juno1             #cji                 
#bhb1fij              #b1cee1gej        

,c]es1            #ceb                  
#chi1ahb             #bb1hcb1jcd        
,pallas1           #dfe                 
#fej1bff             #eb1hhf1dgb        
,jupit]1        #aieff                  
#a1bjb1bhj1djf     #bc1ecc1adc1eig1fca  
,saturn1         #agbfc                 
#icf1ecj1fbj      #b1geg1edg1idf1gge    
,h]s*el1        #gefd                   
#agc1fif1iaa      #a1cei1bbg1dch1heh    
,moon1             #dhj                 
#gbc1fhf             #ea1efa1egh        
,,table ,,ii4    ,%[+ ! exact ,duration 
( ! ,revolutions ( ! diff]5t ,planets   
r\nd ! ,sun4                            
,duration ( !    ,planets4   ,ye>s4     
,days4   ,h\rs4   ,m94   ,sec4  ,moon's 
revolution                              
r\nd ! ,e>?4    ,m]cury1     --      #hg
       #bc      #ae     #dd    #bg days1
 #g h\rs1 #dc    ,v5us1       --        
#bbd       #af      #di     #aj         
m9utes1 & #ab    ,e>?1        #a      --
        #f       #i      #h             
seconds4    ,m>s1         #a     #cba   

#bb      #ah     #ca    ,ve/a1        #c
     #bbe       --      --     --       
,juno1         #d     #aca       #aj    
#cj     --    ,c]es1        #d     #bbj 
#ac       #d     --    ,pallas1       #d
     #bba       #ae      #ce     --     
,jupit]1     #aa     #cad       #bj     
#ci     --    ,saturn1      #bi     #aff
        #b      --     --    ,h]s*el1   
#hc     #bff        #i      --     --   
,,table ,,iii4    ,%[+ ! ,ext5t &       
,population ( ! five great ,cont95ts4   
,names ( ! ,cont95ts4    ,ext5t 9 ,sq4  
,miles4      ,population4    ,am]ica1   
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,europe1                                
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,asia1                                  
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,africa1                                
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,au/ralia1                              
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