,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is enclos$ 9 und]scores2 boldface text is enclos$ 9 equals signs4 ,subscripts are actual subscript *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 7cov]7 ,,balloon ,,obs]vation & ,,in/ructions on ! subject ( ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,basket ,issu$ by ! ,division ( ,milit>y ,a]onautics ,u4,s4 ,army ,a free translation ( ! ,fr5* booklet 8,in/ructions au sujet du ,travail en ,nacelle10 & an add$ disc\rse on ,balloon ,obs]vations ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,augu/1 #aiah ,,"p ,i4 ,,balloon ,,obs]vation4 ,,introductory ,,note4 ,9 ?is pamphlet w be laid d[n ! g5]al pr9ciples & also ! limitations :i* gov]n obs]vation f balloons4 ,balloon obs]vation includes m ?an actual artill]y obs]vation4 7,see 8,employm5t ( ,balloons407 ,! details ( coop]ation betwe5 balloons & artill]y are issu$ f "t to "t by ! ,g5]al ,/aff 9 ! =m ( pamphlets4 ,:atev] ! sy/em ord]$ at ! "t1 !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* d n *ange4 ,9 artill]y obs]vation x c n be emphasiz$ too /rongly t success dep5ds bo? on-- #a4 ,! effici5cy ( ! balloon obs]v]s1 includ+ an intimate k ( ! gr\nd )9 view4 #b4 ,an intimate k by artill]y comm&]s ( ! possibilities & limitations ( balloon obs]vation4 ,! limitations ( balloon obs]vation are-- #a4 ,di/ance f ! t>get4 #b4 ,height ( obs]v]4 #c4 ,visibility4 ,di/ance f ! t>get is inevitable1 b c be less5$ by advanc$ positions & w9* tracks4 ,dur+ active op]ation x has sometimes be5 possible to approa* balloons )9 #d1ejj met]s 7#d1iba y>ds7 ( ! l9e4 ,! l[ height ( ! balloon comp>$ ) an a]oplane is a drawback1 z x br+s a "q ( dead gr\nd & exagg]at$ p]spective4 ,visibility is ! det]m9+ factor ( ! balloon's usefulness4 ,9 v high w9ds1 v mi/y or cl\dy wea!r1 obs]vation is impossible1 & ow+ to its /ation>y nature ! balloon c n1 by any special ef=t on ! "p ( its obs]v]s1 ov]come unfavorable conditions 9 ! same way z is possible 9 ! case ( a]oplane obs]vation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a balloon fly+ at a height ( #a1ejj met]s 7#a1fdj y>ds7 & #g1jjj met]s 7#g1fea y>ds7 f ! l9e1 "u favorable wea!r conditions1 comb9es 9 a m>k$ degree _m ( ! advantages ( air & gr\nd obs]vation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 glasses c be us$4 ,secondly1 ! balloon obs]v] c conv]se direct ) ! batt]y comm&] by telephone4 ,ap>t1 !re=e1 f ease & c]ta9ty 9 report+ obs]vations1 ! telephone sy/em enables an ela/ic program ( "w to be drawn up & admits ( p]sonal conv]sation betwe5 ! batt]y comm&] & ! obs]v]1 (t5 p]mitt+ mi/akes or misund]/&+s to be cle>$ up dur+ %oot in/ead ( aft]w>ds4 ,f9ally1 ow+ to ! cont9u\s nature ( 8 obs]vation f ! same spot1 ! balloon obs]v] is able to le>n 8 c\ntry 9 ! greate/ detail & c keep a close wat* on suspect$ roads or areas ( c\ntry4 ,,liaison ,,betwe5 ,,balloons ,,& ,,artill]y ,! "w ( balloons is pr9cipally ) ! artill]y1 & close liaison betwe5 ^! two bran*es is indisp5sable if ! be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,?is close liaison %\ld be promot$ on ! foll[+ l9es3 7a7 ,balloon companies %\ld ea*1 z f> z possible1 be allott$ specific artill]y organizations4 ,?is facilitates telephone communication1 prev5ts duplication ( liaison "w1 & leads to a f> m intimate & p]sonal liaison ?an does any o!r me?od4 7b7 ,balloon obs]v]s mu/ visit batt]ies frequ5tly1 & sometimes be atta*$ = %ort p]iods4 ,%oots %\ld be discuss$1 especially if unsuccessful4 ,obs]v]s %\ld prep>e & take ) !m :5 visit+ batt]ies a li/ ( t>gets :i* are cle>ly visible f ! balloon & on :i* !y c obs]ve effectively4 ,simil>ly1 artill]y comm&]s %\ld let balloon obs]v]s "k ( any fur!r t>gets :i* !y especially wi% to engage1 z "w previ\sly prep>$ on ! gr\nd saves "t & gives bett] results4 7c7 ,artill]y (fic]s %\ld visit ! balloon & make asc5ts4 ,!y w ?us become acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( view f ! balloon & ! ability & difficulties ( ! obs]v]s4 ,,employm5t ,,( ,,balloons4 ,9 view ( ! above1 ! "w mo/ suitable = balloons is z foll[s3 ,,g5]al ,,surveyance ,,( ,,enemy',s ,,activities4 7a7 ,report+ modifications ( enemy def5sive organization2 detect+ movem5ts ( convoys & tra9s4 ,_! importance & it9]>ies1 locat+ infantry signals1 & all o!r activities su* z reveal$ by fires1 smokes1 du/1 trails1 etc4 7b7 ,spott+ active ho/ile batt]ies & report+ ho/ile %ell+4 ,report+ ho/ile %ell+ is a duty = :i* balloons are especially suitable1 z !y are favorably situat$ to obs]ve bo? ! fla% ( ! gun & ! fall ( ! %ell4 ,f ?is in=mation x is possible to direct n only neutraliz+ fire on ! ho/ile batt]y1 b (t5 also to e/abli% ! calib] ( ! guns & ! arc ( fire ( ! batt]y4 ,,rang+ ,,& ,,adju/+ ,,( ,,fire4 7a7 ,obs]v+ fire = de/ruction on all t>gets1 c\nt]batt]y1 or bomb>dm5t4 7b7 ,report+ fleet+ t>gets & obs]v+ fire on !m4 7c7 ,obs]v+ = regi/ration fire4 7d7 ,obs]v+ fire on ! enemy's communications4 7e7 ,coop]ation ) a]oplanes4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,basket4 ,translation ( ,fr5* docum5t1 8,in/ructions au sujet du ,travail en ,nacelle10 a publication ( ,fr5* ,g4 ,q4 ,g41 #aiah1 by ,lieut4 ,kellogg4 ,! rapidity & precision ( ! "w 9 ! basket dep5d n only on ! natural gifts ( ! obs]v]1 b also v l>gely on 8 me?ods ( "w4 ,! object ( ! foll[+ in/ructions is to tell ! /ud5t obs]v]s ! g5]al me?ods !y %\ld foll[ & to expla9 ! use ( ^! me?ods4 ,! pr9cipal op]ations :i* !y mu/ be able to execute rapidly are z foll[s3 #a4 ,ori5tation & g5]al reconnaissance ( ! t]ra94 #b4 ,spott+ po9ts on ! gr\nd se5 on ! map & po9ts on ! map se5 on ! gr\nd4 #c4 ,obs]vation ( fire4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,,ori5tation ,,& ,,g5]al ,,reconnaissance ,,( ,,! ,,t]ra94 ,?is is ! op]ation :i* ! obs]v] executes on 8 fir/ asc5sion 9 a new sector2 ?is is h[ x %\ld be conduct$4 #a4 ,rapidly look ov] ! t]ra9 ar\nd ! asc5sional po9t 9 ord] to ori5t ! map4 ,?is is done by f9d+ 9 "s direction f ! asc5sional po9t a l9e giv+ an easily id5tifi$ direction 7a road1 an edge ( woods1 etc474 ,ori5t ! map s z to make ?is l9e on ! map p>allel to ! l9e on ! gr\nd4 ,! map c also be ori5t$ by means ( ! compass4 #b4 ,locate ! horizontal projection ( ! balloon4 ,! obs]v] may "k already ! w9* position1 b ! balloon is c>ri$ (f horizontally f ! w9* sometimes z mu* z #djj or #ejj met]s 7#dcf to #ede y>ds74 ,?us x is ess5tial n to confuse ! w9* position ) ! horizontal projection ( ! balloon4 ,if ?is is done1 errors w be made 9 ! op]ations :i* we are go+ to discuss lat]1 :]e we make use ( ?is kn[n po9t4 ,x is pretty h>d to mat]ialize def9itely ! v]tical l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! basket4 ,! effect ( ! w9d & ! movem5ts ( ! balloon make x impossible to use a plumb l9e4 ,! obs]v] has to f9d 8 projection on ! gr\nd by lean+ fir/ f "o side ( ! basket & !n f ! o!r 9 ord] to dim9i% ! *ances ( error4 ,an approximation ( #be or #ej met]s is suffici5tly accurate = ! g5]al reconnaissance :i* x is necess>y to make4 #c4 ,leav+ ! region b5ea? ! balloon1 acqua9t y\rself1 /ep by /ep1 ) ! mo/ prom95t po9ts 9 diff]5t directions--masses ( woods1 villages1 etc4 ,!re are two me?ods--by ! process ( *em9em5t or trac+ l&m>ks & by ! process ( direct alignm5t4 ,! process ( 8*em9em5t0 or trac+ consi/s 9 foll[+ outl9es1 su* z roads1 /reams1 or h$ges1 id5tify+ z y g along details ( ! t]ra9 :i* ^! l9es pass ?r\gh or ne>4 ,on acc\nt ( ! de=mations due to ! effect ( p]spective & to ! unev5ness ( ! gr\nd1 & p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( ! de=mation ( angles1 if x is a w9d+ road1 ?is me?od (t5 leads to errors2 x %\ld be employ$ only 9 c]ta9 cases def9$ bel[3 ,! process ( 8direct alignm5t0 consi/s ( /udy+ ! t]ra9 by foll[+ successive directions f ! balloon position4 ,we call ! 8alignm5t0 ( a po9t ! trace1 on ! t]ra91 ( ! v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ?is po9t & ?r\gh ! eye ( ! obs]v]2 9 p]spective vision1 :5 ! obs]v] det]m9es ! po9t 9 "q1 ?is alignm5t w\ld appe> to him a v]tical l9e4 ,on ! map x is no?+ m ?an ! /raight l9e jo9+ ! po9t "u consid]ation to ! v]tical projection ( ! balloon4 ,! me?od ( alignm5t1 !n1 consi/s 9 fir/ id5tify+ ! mo/ prom95t po9ts ne> ! balloon & f9d+1 by *em9em5t or trac+1 ! l9es runn+ f ^! po9ts4 ,a po9t f\nd directly by *em9em5t %\ld n be consid]$ z def9itely det]m9$ until its alignm5t has be5 v]ifi$4 ,?is fir/ reconnaissance is n to /udy ! t]ra9 9 all its details1 b only to fix 9 ! memory a c]ta9 numb] ( prom95t po9ts scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! sector 9 ord] to facilitate lat] "w4 ,^! po9ts %\ld be v di/9ct1 visible to ! nak$ eye1 & ( *>act]i/ic =ms1 s t !re w be no dang] ( confus+ !m ) o!rs--masses ( woods1 important villages1 etc4 ,roads ) bord]s ( trees1 l>ge pa?s = haul+ supplies1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 are v valuable = quickly f9d+ o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,spott+ ,,( ,,po9ts4 ,g5]alities4--,9 all spott+ op]ations1 :e!r work+ f ! map to ! t]ra9 or vice v]sa1 ! difficulty is due to ! fact t ! situation ( ! po9t has to be f\nd on a two-dim5sion surface4 ,! be/ me?od ( "w w be1 !n1 t :i* suppresses z quickly z possible "o ( ^! dim5sions & to conduct ! rese>* on a /raight l9e4 ,any po9t c be plac$ on ! t]ra9 or on ! map if y "k ! foll[+ elem5ts3 #a4 ,its 8direction0 or alignm5t4 #b4 ,its situation on ?is alignm5t--t is1 its 8range40 ,9 oblique vision1 a digression 9 direction is always mu* m app>5t ?an a digression ( ! same size 9 range4 ,?us ! direction ( a po9t c be id5tifi$ ) m facility & precision ?an its range4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! foll[+ me?ods consid] two di/9ct phases 9 all spott+ op]ations3 #a4 ,inve/igation ( direction4 #b4 ,inve/igation ( range4 ,! inve/igation 9 direction always comes fir/1 z x is easi]1 & its result makes ! inve/igation = range easi]4 ,,locat+ ,,on ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,an ,,object ,,se5 ,,on ,,! ,,maps4 ,if x is a "q ( a v visible po9t 7cross-roads1 an isolat$ h\se1 a corn] ( woods1 etc471 ! spott+ c be done almo/ imm$iately1 x 0 f\nd 9 ! g5]al reconnaissance ( ! t]ra91 :i* 0 discuss$ 9 *apt] #a4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! po9t "u consid]ation is difficult to f9d 7a piece ( tr5* 9 a confus$ & cut-up region1 a batt]y emplacem5t1 etc471 we mu/ h rec\rse to a precise me?od4 #a4 ,,rese>* ,,9 ,,direction4 ,jo9 on ! map ! projection ( ! balloon & ! c5t] ( ! objective4 ,id5tify ?is direction on ! t]ra9 by f9d+ on ! alignm5t a prom95t po9t4 ,?is l9e c be drawn 9 ! basket4 ,x is a good ?+ to draw ! alignm5t on a v]tical photograph ( ! objective also1 9 ord] to h a great] numb] ( ref]5ce po9ts ?an ! map c\ld give4 #b4 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,range4 ,id5tify on ! map 7or photo7 two po9ts1 "o situat$ ov] & "o %ort ( ! objective4 ,n>r[ d[n ?is bracket /ep by /ep until ! object is recogniz$4 ,z ?is inve/igation ( ! range is ! m difficult1 obs]v]s mu/ be w>n$ aga9/ c]ta9 me?ods :i* are to be absolutely avoid$-- #a4 ,nev] id5tify ! range ( a po9t by comp>+ x ) t ( a ne>-by po9t situat$ on a diff]5t alignm5t4 ,if ^! two po9ts are n at exactly ! same height1 ! de=mations due to oblique vision c falsify _! app>5t relative range4 ,! po9t f>!/ away c ev5 seem ne>]1 & ! ne>e/ po9t f>!r away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,,example 7fig4 #a74--,suppose !re are two trees1 ,a & ,b1 ,a be+ ne>] ! balloon & high] ?an ,b4 ,x c happ5 t1 9 oblique vision 7fig4 #b71 ,b hav+ its image ,b & ,a its image ,a1 ! depression ( ! image ,b is m ?an t ( ,a4 ,9 ?is case1 ! obs]v] w be tempt$ to believe t ! tree ,b is ne>] him ?an ! tree ,a4 #b4 ,all oblique alignm5t 9 inve/igat+ ! range mu/ be absolutely avoid$4 ,oblique alignm5t means a l9e connect+ two po9ts on ! map & n pass+ ?r\gh ! horizontal projection ( ! balloon4 ,y might be tempt$ to use an alignm5t to f9d ! range ( an objective aft] hav+ det]m9$ ! direction4 ,! process w\ld consi/ 9 f9d+ on ! map two po9ts s plac$ t ! /raight l9e betwe5 !m passes ?r\gh ! objective1 visualiz+ ?is l9e on ! t]ra91 & plac+ ! objective at ! int]section ( ?is visualiz$ l9e & ! direct alignm5t4 ,?is result1 :i* w\ld be accurate if ! gr\nd 7 absolutely flat1 is made errone\s by ! unev5ness ( ! t]ra94 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 ! oblique alignm5t does n pass1 9 oblique vision1 ?r\gh ! same po9ts z its horizontal projection on ! map4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,,example 7fig4 #c74--,on ! map ,c is ! objective1 ,a & ,b two po9ts s situat$ t ! l9e ,,ab passes ?r\gh ,c1 & ,,ef ! direct alignm5t1 or ! l9e balloon objective4 ,! l9e ,,ab co9cid$ on ! t]ra91 ) ! trace ( ! v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ,a & ,b4 ,9 oblique vision 7fig4 #d7 x is diff]5t4 ,! l9e ,a,c,b is a curve :i* foll[s ! irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd1 & ! po9t ,c is n on ! oblique alignm5t ,a,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,,locat+ ,,on ,,! ,,map ,,an ,,object ,,se5 ,,on ,,! ,,gr\nd4 #a4 ,det]m9e fir/ on ! map ! approximate region :]e ! objective is se54 ,a result :i* y c obta9 v quickly1 ?anks to ! po9ts :i* y _h f\nd 9 y\r fir/ reconnaissance ( ! t]ra94 #b4 ,inve/igation ( direction4 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! alignm5t ( ! objective4 ,z ?is alignm5t is a /raight l9e1 y only h to "k two po9ts4 ,"o ( !m c\ld be ! horizontal projection ( ! balloon2 b y mu/ realize t ?is position is always *ang+ a little1 & x is h>d to det]m9e x ) absolute precision4 ,x is bett] to c>ry on ! op]ation indep5d5t ( ?is position1 :i* means apply+ ! foll[+ me?od3 ,*oose on ! alignm5t ( ! c5t] ( ! objective two po9ts1 "o ov] & "o %ort1 & easily id5tifiable on ! map4 ,draw ) a p5cil 9 ! region ( ! objective ! alignm5t ?us obta9$4 ,^! po9ts %\ld be1 z f> z possible1 precise details ( ! t]ra91 su* z a corn] ( woods1 an angle ( a h\se1 a place :]e roads or tr5*es cross1 an isolat$ tree1 etc4 ,:5 ! alignm5t ( ! objective does n pass ?r\gh any su* po9ts1 ! difficulty c be ov]come by det]m9+ 9 :at proportions x cuts a kn[n elem5t1 su* z an edge ( woods or a h$ge1 provid$ ?is elem5t is pla9ly p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( obs]vation4 ,?is direction c be approximat$ to ! ext5t ( ! ?ickness ( ! p5cil m>k4 ,on its accuracy ! f9al result dep5ds4 ,! difficulty lies 9 mat]ializ+ ! alignm5t--t is1 ! v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! objective--9 ord] to less5 ! *ances = mi/akes4 ,/ud5t obs]v]s %\ld h frequ5t practice 9 ?is ex]cise4 ,:5 ! po9t to be f\nd is ne> ! edge ( ! map x is sometimes necess>y to take bo? ref]5ce po9ts betwe5 ! balloon & ! objective2 ?is %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 because x is apt to be less exact ?an :5 ! objective is bracket$ by its ref]5ce po9ts4 ,?us 7fig4 #e71 two ref]5ce po9ts ,a & ,b det]m9e ! alignm5t ,,ab1 ,o1 ! objective1 is situat$ at "s po9t betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,an error ,,aa 9 ! spott+ ( "o ( ^! po9ts leads to a small] error 9 ! position ( ! objective ,,oo--t is1 small] ?an ,,aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,on ! o!r h&1 let bo? ! ref]5ce po9ts 8a0 & 8b0 7fig4 #f7 be situat$ %ort ( ! objective ,o1 8a0 be+ ne>] ! objective & 8b0 ne>] to ! balloon4 ,an error aa 9 spott+ 8a0 leads to an error ,,oo 9 ! objective great] ?an aa4 ,notice t ?is error dim9i%es z 8,a0 approa*es ,o1 ?us 8a0 be+ z a1 ! error aa equal to aa leads to an error ,,oo1 9 ! objective1 less ?an ,,oo4 ,we w\ld ?us obta9 an analog\s result if we w\ld move ! po9t 8b0 f>!r away4 ,!re=e1 :5 y are oblig$ to take ! two ref]5ce po9ts betwe5 y & ! objective1 *oose "o z ne> ! objective z possible & ! o!r z ne> z possible to ! balloon4 #c4 ,inve/igation ( range4 ,id5tify details ( ! t]ra9 situat$ ov] & %ort ( ! objective on ! alignm5t4 ,n>r[ ?is bracket d[n /ep by /ep2 situate ! objective on ! map accord+ to its relative di/ance f ! two ne>e/ id5tifiable ref]5ce po9ts1 tak+ into acc\nt ! de=mations due to ! laws ( p]spective & ! relief ( ! gr\nd4 ,if y h a v]tical photograph ( ! region1 trace ! alignm5t on ?is photograph & make ! inve/igation 9 range by ! same means4 ,! dang]s aga9/ :i* ,i w>n$ y be=e 9 connection ) ! inve/igation ( range apply 9 ?is case also1 s x is unnecess>y to repeat !m4 ,:5 ! two la/ id5tifiable ref]5ce po9ts are "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 ! situation ( ! objective has a possible error1 ( :i* y "k ! size accord+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! two ref]5ce po9ts2 x might be int]e/+ to rememb] ?is 9 case diff]5t in=mation is obta9$ on ?is objective f t obta9$ 9 ! balloon4 ,?is error c be consid]ably dim9i%$ if y use a v]tical photograph2 ! inve/igation c !n be c>ri$ on by ! same me?od z on ! map1 ) great] precision4 ,9 ! case ( a batt]y1 p>ticul>ly1 x is = ! obs]v] to f9d ! position ( ea* piece4 ,9 case1 on acc\nt ( dead gr\nd or ( a mask be=e ! batt]y1 ! obs]v] sees ! fla%es or ! smoke )\t see+ ! batt]y itself1 he %\ld m>k ! exact alignm5t 9 :i* ! fla%es or smoke are se51 & det]m9e ! bracket 9 range--t is1 ! ref]5ce po9ts ne>e/ ! objective :i* are cle>ly ov] & %ort4 ,?is docum5t comp>$ ) o!r in=mation c facilitate ! id5tification ( ! batt]y4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,fire4 ,! obs]vation ( fire is ess5tially ! foll[+ op]ation1 repeat$ = ea* %ot or salvo3 ,locat+ on ! gr\nd ! position ( "o po9t1 :i* is ! po9t ( bur/1 & ann\nc+ its situation 9 ref]5ce to ano!r po9t1 :i* is ! t>get4 ,b x has be5 demon/rat$ t x is impossible1 )\t us+ ! map1 to det]m9e ! error 9 range ( "o po9t relatively to ano!r po9t n on ! same alignm5t4 ,! op]ation mu/ consi/ 93 #a4 ,spott+ on ! map ! po9t ( bur/4 #b4 ,read+ its position 9 ref]5ce to ! t>get4 ,! obs]vation ( ! bur/--t is1 ! spott+ ( ! po9t ( impact--is ! same :e!r ! obs]vation is direct or lat]al4 #a4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,fire4 ,draw on ! map1 & copy if possible on a v]tical photograph1 ! l9e balloon t>get 7alignm5t ( ! c5t] ( ! objective7 & draw ?r\gh ?is po9t a p]p5dicul> to ! alignm5t4 ,9 case ! obs]vation is lat]al1 draw also ! l9e batt]y t>get & its p]p5dicul>4 ,to draw ! l9e balloon t>get1 x is n necess>y to "k ! horizontal projection ( ! balloon4 ,x is en\gh to f9d on ! gr\nd a po9t situat$ directly on ! alignm5t ( ! c5t] ( ! objective4 #b4 ,,obs]vation ,,( ,a ,,%ot4 ,:5 ! %ell bur/s1 take quickly an alignm5t & ref]5ce po9ts 9 range ( ! po9t ( bur/2 spot ?is po9t on ! map or on ! photograph2 give its error 9 ref]5ce to ! l9e batt]y-t>get1 measur+ x by ! scale on ! map or on ! photograph4 7,x is well to put ! graphic scale on ! photos47 ,! delicate "p ( ! op]ation consi/s 9 see+ ! %ot at ! mom5t ( bur/4 ,"o mu/ try to spot ! apex ( ! inv]t$ cone =m$ by ! bur/1 )\t pay+ any att5tion to ! m or less consid]able cl\d ( smoke :i* foll[s & :i* w cause mi/akes if ! bur/ 0 n se5 imm$iately4 ,! me?od ( situat+ ! po9t is ! same z t describ$ above4 ,= ! direction1 "o ref]5ce po9t is en\gh1 because "o c consid] ! alignm5t ( ! po9t z practically p>allel to ! balloon-t>get4 ,= ! range1 a rapid /udy ( ! t]ra9 be=e ! fire is suffici5t to all[ ! obs]v] to "k ! ref]5ce po9ts by :i* he c guide himself4 ,8 eyes mu/ nev] leave ! po9t ( bur/ until he has fix$ well 9 8 m9d its situation 9 ref]5ce to appropriate ref]5ce po9ts4 ,n to d ?is w\ld lead to errors & to loss ( "t :ile he has to f9d ! po9t aga9 ) 8 glasses to /udy x "s m4 ,:5 ! obs]vation is direct1 ! direction ( ! bur/ is1 ( c\rse1 kn[n z soon z x is se54 ,:5 ! obs]vation is lat]al1 x is well to rememb] t ! l9e batt]y-t>get c n be mat]ializ$ on ! gr\nd because x is 9 reality an oblique alignm5t1 lead+ to ! same errors :i* we h discuss$4 ,x foll[s all irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd &1 on acc\nt ( ?is1 c n be foll[$ exactly 9 oblique vision4 ,p>ticul>ly ar\nd batt]ies1 ! gr\nd is (t5 v irregul>4 ,!re may ev5 be little spaces ( dead gr\nd1 caus$ by holl[s :i* ! map does n always %[4 ,! above me?od1 appli$ ) ! help ( photographs1 all[s y to avoid errors result+ f ! exi/5ce ( ^! hidd5 p>ts4 ,,practical ,,advice4 #a4 ,"w sitt+ d[n1 ) ! map on y\r knees & lean+ aga9/ ! edge ( ! basket4 ,?is position is pref]able to all o!rs1 because x all[s ! obs]v]-- 7a7 ,to correct ) 8 head & %\ld]s ! movem5ts ( ! basket4 7b7 ,to h ! map always be=e him4 ,he c consult x at any mom5t1 m>k ! necess>y alignm5ts )\t loss ( "t1 use x z a desk = draw+ or tak+ notes1 or z a w9d %ield :5 look+ at photographs4 ,! obs]v] :o works /&+ up mu/ ei!r pick up 8 map f ! bottom ( ! basket e "t he ne$s x1 :i* is out ( ! "q1 or fa/5 x outside ! basket2 ! latt] solution is inadvisable1 x necessitates work+ 9 ! w9d :5 ! map is ref]r$ to1 & e "t ! obs]v] turns to look at 8 map he di/urbs ! equilibrium ( ! basket4 ,x is advisable to "w /&+ up only on days :5 !re is practically no w9d1 & ! balloon is cont9ually turn+ & nev] becomes ori5t$4 #b4 ,h always )9 rea* a flat rule1 a p5cil1 & a duodecimet] rule4 ,to be able to trace an alignm5t on ! map ) precision1 ! rule mu/ re/ on a firm surface4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! map is m\nt$ on a draw+ bo>d2 :5 x is m\nt$ on a frame ) roll]s1 ! frame %\ld h1 betwe5 ! two ?icknesses ( ! map1 a bo>d level ) ! edges ( ! frame on :i* ! rule c slide ) its :ole l5g? on ! map4 ,) a h>d p5cil1 well %>p5$1 precise & neat alignm5ts c be drawn4 ,! duodecimet] rule is = measur+ di/ances on photographs & on ! map2 *iefly 9 obs]vations ( fire4 #c4 ,hold ! field glasses ) bo? h&s4 ,?is advice1 sometimes ignor$ by obs]v]s )\t exp$i5ce1 has a great influ5ce on ! accuracy ( in=mation4 ,:5 an obs]v] holds ! glasses 9 "o h&1 x is mu* m difficult = him to correct ! movem5ts caus$ by ! balloon & to conc5trate on a po9t4 ,x is v important1 !re=e1 to hold ! glasses firmly ) bo? h&s1 especially :5 y are mak+ a delicate obs]vation or :5 y wi% to /udy an 8objective0 9 detail4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,app5dix4 ,,note #a4--;,all obs]vations ( r\nds ref] to ! l9e batt]y t>get 7b-t7 & a l9e p]p5dicul> to same pass+ ?r\gh ! t>get4 ,obs]vations are giv5 9 met]s "r & left & :e!r ! r\nd is ov] or %ort4 ,indications z to deflection are giv5 be=e ^? ( range4 ,indications z to ! am\nt ( error prec$e ^? z to ! s5se ( ! error4 ,example1 #ej met]s 8,"r10 8ov]40 ,ow+ to ! disp]sion ( fire :5 adju/+ fire = field artill]y or h[itz]1 x is unnecess>y & ( little value to ! batt]y to give ! am\nt ( ! error 9 range except :5 ask$ = by ! batt]y comm&] or :5 ! error 9 range is abnormal 7ov] #bjj met]s74 ,:5 ! t>get is cle>ly visible & ! effect ( a r\nd hitt+ a t>get is evid5t1 ! obs]vation 8,t>get0 is report$4 ,unless ! obs]v] is c]ta9 ( hav+ se5 ! bur/s 8,unobs]v$0 w be s5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] a few seconds smoke c be se5 ris+ f trees1 h\ses1 etc41 9 proximity to ! t>get1 ! obs]vation 8,unobs]v$1 b smoke se5 ris+ left & ov]10 may be giv54 ,,note #b4--,obs]v]s mu/ bew>e ( be+ ov]-confid5t 9 _! own p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,true confid5ce only comes ) exp]i5ce1 & ?is is be/ atta9$ by mak+ asc5ts ) a tra9$ obs]v] :5 rang+ a batt]y & *eck+ "o's own obs]vations ) ^? giv5 by him4 ,an obs]vation mu/ nev] be giv5 unless ! obs]v] is q c]ta9 z to its correctness4 ,x is ess5tial to good results t ! artill]y may be able to rely absolutely on ! obs]vations s5t d[n4 ,! obs]v] mu/ wat* ! t>get b mu/ avoid /ra9+ 8 eyes by putt+ up 8 glasses z soon z a r\nd is fir$4 ,he %\ld arrange = ! *>t room to in=m him :5 a %ell is ab\t to fall4 ,! latt] mu/ "k ! "t ( flight4 ,obs]v]s mu/ le>n to di/+ui% readily ! bur/s ( diff]5t k9ds ( %ells4 ,,note #c4--;,if ! balloon-t>get l9e makes an angle ) ! batt]y-t>get l9e ( m ?an #cj ) field artill]y & #bj ) heavy1 ! balloon position w be giv5 to ! batt]y1 & all obs]vations w be giv5 ) ref]5ce to ! balloon-t>get l9e & ! batt]y w replot accord+ly4