,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co4 ,inc4 ,,publi%]s ,,( ,,books ,,= ,coal ,age ,electric ,railway ,j\rnal ,electrical ,_w ,eng9e]+ ,news-,record ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ,+5i]a ,int]nacional ,eng9e]+ ,m9+ ,j\rnal ,p[] ,*emical ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+ ,electrical ,m]*&is+ ,illu/ration ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,by ,,amos ,a4 ,,fries ,brigadi] ,g5]al1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,*ief1 ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice ,,& ,,cl>5ce ,j4 ,,we/ ,major1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 ,res]ve ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil ,,fir/ ,,edition ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,inc4 ,,new ,,york3 #cgj ,,sev5? ,,av5ue ,,london3 #f #h ,,b\v]ie ,,/41 ,e4 ,c4 #d #aiba ,,copyright1 #aiba1 ,,by ,,! ,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,preface ,%ortly aft] ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice1 x 0 realiz$ t ! /ory ( ,*emical ,w>f>e %\ld be writt51 p>tly because ( its hi/orical value1 & p>tly because ( ! future ne$s ( a textbook cov]+ ! fundam5tal facts ( ! ,s]vice = ! ,army1 ! ,res]ve ,(fic]1 ! ,national ,gu>d1 & ev5 ! ,civilian ,*emi/4 ,! pres5t "w 0 und]tak5 by bo? au?ors z a labor ( patriotism & because ( _! int]e/ 9 ! ,s]vice4 ,! two ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! initial discussion ( ! outl9es ( ! book h ?or\ghly conv9c$ u ( ! ne$ ( su* a "w4 ,! ,eng9e]s1 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 & mo/ ( ! o!r bran*es ( ! ,army h _! recogniz$ textbooks & manuals4 ,!re has be5 no way1 h[ev]1 by :i* ! un9=m$ c *eck ! accuracy ( /atem5ts reg>d+ ,*emical ,w>f>e4 ,! pres5t volume w s]ve1 9 a measure1 to fill ?is gap4 ,t x does n d s m completely is due 9 "p to ! fact t secrecy mu/ /ill be ma9ta9$ ab\t "s ( ! facts & "s ( ! new discov]ies :i* are ! prop]ty ( ! ,s]vice4 ,^? famili> ) ! "w ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice w discov]1 ?\gh1 t ! foll[+ pages conta9 _m /atem5ts :i* 7 zeal\sly gu>d$ secrets two ye>s ago4 ,?is enl>g$ program ( publicity on ! "p ( ! ,*ief ( ! ,s]vice is be+ ju/ifi$ e day by ! ev] increas+ int]e/ 9 ?is bran* ( w>f>e4 ,:]e five m5 7 discuss+ ,*emical ,w>f>e two ye>s ago1 fifty m5 are talk+ ab\t ! "w & ! possibilities ( ! ,s]vice today4 ,x is hop$ t ! facts "h pres5t$ may fur!r increase ! int]e/ 9 ,*emical ,w>f>e1 = !re is no "q b t x mu/ be recogniz$ z a p]man5t & a v vital bran* ( ! ,army ( e c\ntry4 ,reasons = ?is w be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pages ( ?is book4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t ?is is 9 no s5se a complete hi/orical sket* ( ! developm5t & p]sonnel ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,at lea/ two m volumes are ne$$1--"o on ! ,manufacture ( ,poison\s ,gases & "o on ! ,tactics ( ,*emical ,w>f>e4 ,we h purposely refra9$ f an attempt to give cr$it to individuals = ! accompli%m5ts ( ! v>i\s ,divisions ( ! ,s]vice1 because su* an attempt w\ld h made ! book too volum9\s1 & w\ld h defeat$ ! prim>y purpose1 namely1 t x %\ld pres5t ! in=mation 9 z concise mann] z possible4 ,! publi%$ & unpubli%$ mat]ials ( ! files ( all ! ,divisions h be5 freely drawn ^u 9 writ+ ! v>i\s *apt]s1 & _m old ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 m5 w und\bt$ly recognize :ole s5t5ces :i* !y wrote "u ! /ress ( ! laboratory or plant 8battle front40 ,may ^! few l9es be an ackn[l$gm5t ( _! contributions4 ,^? :o desire to consult ! lit]ature ( ,*emical ,w>f>e w f9d a fairly complete bibliography 7to ab\t ! middle ( #aiai7 9 8,special ,libr>ies0 = ,novemb]1 #aiai4 ,special ackn[l$gm5t is made to ,dr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,essel51 ,jr41 = hav+ read ! manuscript & = helpful & con/ructive criticisms4 ,_m ( ! figures are reproduc$ by p]mission ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry2 ^? %[+ ! ,nelson cell 7 furni%$ by ! ,samuel ,m4 ,gre5 ,company4 ,,amos ,a4 ,,fries1 ,,cl>5ce ,j4 ,,we/4 ,aug4 #a1 #aiba4 ,,=eword ,aft] all peaceful means ( settl+ disputes betwe5 nations h be5 resort$ to & h fail$1 w> is (t5 decl>$ by "o ( ! disputants = ! purpose ( impos+ its w ^u ! o!r by =ce4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 a sup]iority mu/ be e/abli%$ ov] ! adv]s>y 9 tra9$ m5 & 9 implem5ts ( w>4 ,m5 are no?+ 9 mod]n w> unless !y are equipp$ ) ! mo/ effective devices = kill+ & maim+ ! enemy's soldi]s & ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! use ( su* implem5ts4 ,hi/ory proves t an effective implem5t ( w> has nev] be5 disc>d$ until x becomes obsolete4 ,x is impossible to humanize ! act ( kill+ & maim+ ! enemy's soldi]s1 & !re is no logical gr\nds on :i* to condemn an appliance s long z its application c be s conf9$4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries dur+ ! ,_w ,w> completely e/abli%$ ! fact t gas c be s conf9$4 ,! range ( gas cl\ds is no great] ?an t ( artill]y & ! population 9 ! area beh9d ! front l9e mu/1 if !y rema9 9 su* range1 take _! *ance4 ,! dang] area 9 ! future w be kn[n to all4 ,z ! fir/ ,director ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,i speak ) "s exp]i5ce :5 ,i say t !re is no field 9 :i* ! future possibilities are great] ?an 9 *emical w>f>e1 & no field 9 :i* neglect to keep abrea/ ( ! times 9 rese>* & tra9+ w\ld be m disa/r\s4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t gas 0 us$ 9 ! ,_w ,w> two ye>s be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! fray1 practically no?+ 0 done 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ,april1 #aiag1 t[>ds ! developm5t ( any *emical w>f>e appliances1 (f5sive or def5sive1 & _h x n be5 = ! ability ( an ally to supply our troops ) su* appliances1 !y w\ld h be5 z def5seless z ! ,canadians 7 at ,ypres :5 ! ,g]mans s5t ov] _! fir/ gas cl\d4 ,?is book recites ! tr\bles & successes ( ?is new s]vice "u ! /ress ( w> = :i* x 0 unprep>$ & ,i tru/ t its p]usal w create a public op9ion t w insi/ ^u *emical prep>ation = w>4 ,i feel t ?is book w %[ t ! g5ius & patriotism display$ by ! *emi/s & *emical eng9e]s ( ! c\ntry 7 n surpass$ 9 any o!r bran* ( w> "w & t to fail to utilize 9 peace times ?is tal5t w\ld be a crime4 ,,william ,l4 ,,sib]t1 ,major ,g5]al1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 ,retir$4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vii ,,=eword ix ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,poison ,,gases #a ,,ii4 ,,mod]n ,,developm5t ,,( ,,gas ,,w>f>e #aj ,,iii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,s]vice #ca ,,iv4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,france #gb ,v4 ,,*lor9e #aaf ,,vi4 ,,phosg5e #abf ,,vii4 ,,la*rymators #acg ,,viii4 ,,*loropicr9 #add ,,ix4 ,,di*loroe?ylsulfide 7,,mu/>d ,,gas7 #aej ,x4 ,,ars5ic ,,d]ivatives #ahj ,,xi4 ,,c>bon ,,monoxide #aij ,,xii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,mask #aie ,,xiii4 ,,absorb5ts #bcg ,,xiv4 ,,te/+ ,,absorb5ts ,,& ,,gas ,,masks #bei ,,xv4 ,,o!r ,,def5sive ,,measures #bgb ,,xvi4 ,,scre5+ ,,smokes #bhe ,,xvii4 ,,toxic ,,smokes #cac ,,xviii4 ,,smoke ,,filt]s #cbb ,,xix4 ,,signal ,,smokes #ccj ,,xx4 ,,inc5di>y ,,mat]ials #ccf ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,ph>macology ,,( ,,w> ,,gases #cec ,,xxii4 ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,/rategy ,,& ,,tactics #cfc ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,(f5sive ,,use ,,( ,,gas #che ,,xxiv4 ,,def5se ,,aga9/ ,,gas #dje ,,xxv4 ,,peace ,,"t ,,uses ,,( ,,gas #dbg ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,*emical ,,w>f>e #dce ,,index #ddj ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,poison ,,gases#a ,! introduction ( poison gases by ! ,g]mans at ,ypres 9 ,april1 #aiae1 m>k$ a new era 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,! popul> op9ion is t ?is =m ( w>f>e 0 orig9al ) ! ,g]mans4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,quot+ f an article 9 ! ,c&id ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #d1 #efa1 8,all !y c claim is ! inhuman adoption ( devices inv5t$ 9 ,engl&1 & by ,engl& reject$ z too horrible to be ent]ta9$ ev5 = use aga9/ an enemy40 ,b ! use ( poison gases is ev5 ( an e>li] orig9 ?an ?is article claims4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is *apt] orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #di1 pp4 #dab-dag 7#aiai74 ,! fir/ record$ ef=t to ov]come an enemy by ! g5]ation ( poison\s & suffocat+ gases seems to h be5 9 ! w>s ( ! ,a!nians & ,sp>tans 7#dca-djd ,b4,c47 :51 besieg+ ! cities ( ,platea & ,belium1 ! ,sp>tans saturat$ wood ) pit* & sulfur & burn$ x "u ! walls ( ^! cities 9 ! hope ( *ok+ ! def5d]s & r5d]+ ! assault less difficult4 ,simil> uses ( poison\s gases are record$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 effect !y 7 l our mod]n /9k balls1 b 7 project$ by squirts or 9 bottles aft] ! mann] ( a h& gr5ade4 ,! leg5d is told ( ,pre/] ,john 7ab\t ! elev5? c5tury71 t he /uff$ copp] figures ) explosives & combu/ible mat]ials :i*1 emitt$ f ! m\?s & no/rils ( ! effigies1 play$ great havoc4 ,! idea ref]r$ to by ! writ] 9 ! ,c&id ,qu>t]ly ,review1 is f ! p5 ( ! ,engli% ,"l ,dundonald1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! publication entitl$ 8,! ,panmure ,pap]s40 ,?is is an extremely dull record ( an extremely dull p]son1 only r5d]$ int]e/+ by ! "o portion1 conc]n$ ) ! use ( poison gases1 :i*1 x is said1 8%\ld nev] h be5 publi%$ at all40 ,t portion ( ! article f ! ,c&id ,qu>t]ly ,review deal+ ) ! introduction ( poison\s gas by ! ,g]mans1 & ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ p>agraph above1 is quot$ 9 full z foll[s3 8,! great ,admiral ,"l ,dundonald--p]haps ! able/ sea capta9 ev] kn[n1 n ev5 exclud+ ,"l ,nelson--0 also a man ( wide obs]vation1 & no mean *emi/4 ,he _h be5 /ruck 9 #ahaa by ! deadly "* ( ! fumes ( sulphur 9 ,sicily2 &1 :5 ! ,crimean ,w> 0 be+ wag$1 he communicat$ to ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 !n presid$ ov] by ,"l ,palm]/on1 a plan = ! r$uction ( ,seba/opol by sulphur fumes4 ,! plan 0 imp>t$ to ,"l ,panmure & ,"l ,palm]/on1 & ! way 9 :i* x 0 receiv$ is s illu/rative ( ! trick]y & trea*]y ( ! politician t x is wor? :ile to quote ,"l ,palm]/on's private communication ^u x to ,"l ,panmure3 8,,"l ,,palm]/on ,,to ,,"l ,,panmure 8#8,,h\se ,,( ,,commons1 #g? ,augu/1 #ahee 8#8,i agree ) y t if ,dundonald w g out himself to sup]9t5d & direct ! execution ( 8 s*eme1 we ought to accept 8 (f] & try 8 plan4 ,if x succe$s1 x w1 z y say1 save a great numb] ( ,engli% & ,fr5* lives2 if x fails 9 8 h&s1 we %all be exempt f blame1 & if we come 9 = a small %>e ( ! ridicule1 we c be> x1 & ! great] "p w fall on him4 ,y _h be/1 !re=e1 make arrangem5t ) him )\t delay1 & ) z mu* secrecy z ! nature ( ?+s w admit (4' 8,inasmu* z ,"l ,dundonald's plans h already be5 delib]ately publi%$ by ! two p]sons above nam$1 !re c be no h>m 9 n[ republi%+ !m4 ,!y w be f\nd 9 ! fir/ volume ( #8,! ,panmure ,pap]s' 7pp4 #cdj-cdb7 & are z foll[s3 8#87,,enclosure7 8#8,,brief ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations 8#8,x 0 obs]v$ :5 view+ ! ,sulphur ,kilns1 9 ,july1 #ahaa1 t ! fumes :i* escap$ 9 ! rude process ( extract+ ! mat]ial1 ?\gh fir/ elevat$ by heat1 soon fell to ! gr\nd1 de/roy+ all vegetation1 & endang]+ animal life to a great di/ance1 & x 0 ass]t$ t an ord9ance exi/$ prohibit+ p]sons f sleep+ )9 ! di/ance ( ?ree miles dur+ ! melt+ season4 8#8,an application ( ^! facts 0 imm$iately made to ,milit>y & ,naval purposes1 & aft] mature consid]ation1 a ,memorial 0 pres5t$ on ! subject to ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t on ! #ab? ( ,april1 #ahab1 :o 0 graci\sly pleas$ to lay x be=e a ,commission1 consi/+ ( ,"l ,kei?1 ,"l ,exm\? & ,g5]al & ,colonel ,congreve 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,william71 by :om a favorable report hav+ be5 giv51 ,8 ,royal ,highness 0 pleas$ to ord] t secrecy %\ld be ma9ta9$ by all p>ties4 8#87,sign$7 ,,dundonald 8#8#g? ,augu/1 #ahee' 8#8,,memor&um 8#8,mat]ials requir$ = ! expulsion ( ! ,russians f ,seba/opol3 ,exp]im5tal trials h %[n t ab\t five p>ts ( coke effectually vaporize "o "p ( sulphur4 ,mixtures = l& s]vice1 :]e weight is ( importance1 may1 h[ev]1 probably be sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,f>aday1 z to op]ations on %ore ,i h paid little att5tion4 ,f\r or five hundr$ tons ( sulphur & two ?\s& tons ( coke w\ld be suffici5t4 8#8,besides ^! mat]ials1 x w\ld be necess>y to h1 say1 z mu* bitum9\s coal1 & a c\ple ( ?\s& b>rels ( gas or o!r t>1 = ! purpose ( mask+ =tifications to be attack$1 or o!rs t flank ! assail+ positions4 8#8,a quantity ( dry firewood1 *ips1 %av+s1 /raw1 hay or o!r su* combu/ible mat]ials1 w\ld also be requisite quickly to k9dle ! fires1 :i* ought to be kept 9 read9ess = ! fir/ fav\rable & /eady breeze4 8#8,,dundonald 8#8#g? ,augu/1 #ahee' 8#8,note4--,! objects to be accompli%$ be+ specially /at$ ! responsibility ( _! accompli%m5t ought to re/ on ^? :o direct _! execution4 8#8,suppose t ! ,malak(f & ,r$an are ! objects to be assail$ x might be judici\s m]ely to obscure ! ,r$an 7by ! smoke ( coal & t> k9dl$ 9 #8,! ,qu>ries'71 s t x c\ld n annoy ! ,mamelon1 :]e ! sulphur fire w\ld be plac$ to expel ! g>rison f ! ,malak(f1 :i* ought to h all ! cannon t c be turn$ t[>ds its ramp>ts employ$ 9 ov]?r[+ its undef5d$ ramp>ts4 8#8,!re is no d\bt b t ! fumes w envelop all ! def5ses f ! ,malak(f to ! ,b>racks1 & ev5 to ! l9e ( battle%ip1 ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 at an*or 9 ! h>b\r4 8#8,! two out] batt]ies1 on ea* side ( ! ,port1 ought to be smok$1 sulphur$1 & bl[n d[n by explosion vessels1 & _! de/ruction complet$ by a few %ips ( w> an*or$ "u cov] ( ! smoke4' 8,t 0 ,"l ,dundonald's plan 9 #ahee1 improp]ly publi%$ 9 #aijh1 & by ! ,g]mans1 :o ?us le>nt x1 ru?lessly put into practise 9 #aiae4 8,"l ,dundonald's memor&a1 toge!r ) fur!r elucidatory notes1 7 submitt$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ( t day to a committee & subsequ5tly to ano!r committee 9 :i* ,"l ,playfair took lead+ "p4 ,^! committees1 ) ,"l ,dundonald's plans fully & 9 detail be=e !m1 bo? report$ t ! plans 7 p]fectly feasible2 t ! effects expect$ f !m w\ld und\bt$ly be produc$2 b t ^? effects 7 s horrible t no honorable combatant c\ld use ! means requir$ to produce !m4 ,! committee !re=e recomm5d$ t ! s*eme %\ld n be adopt$2 t ,"l ,dundonald's acc\nt ( x %\ld be de/roy$4 ,h[ ! records 7 obta9$ & pres]v$ by ^? :o s improp]ly publi%$ !m 9 #aijh we d n "k4 ,presumably !y 7 f\nd among ,"l ,panmure's pap]s4 ,admiral ,"l ,dundonald himself 0 c]ta9ly no p>ty to _! publication40 ,"o ( ! e>ly1 if n ! e>lie/ sugge/ion z to ! use ( poison gas 9 %ell is f\nd 9 an article on 8,greek ,fire10 by ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson4#b ,footnote #b3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review1 #c1 #agf 7#ahfd74 ,he says3 8,i feel x a duty to /ate op5ly & boldly1 t if sci5ce 7 to be all[$ h] full sw+1 if society w\ld really all[ t #8all is fair 9 w>1' w> might be bani%$ at once f ! e>? z a game :i* nei!r subject nor k+ d>e play at4 ,globes t c\ld di/ribute liquid fire c\ld di/ribute also le?al ag5ts1 )9 ! brea? ( :i* no man1 h[ev] puissant1 c\ld /& & live4 ,f ! summit ( ,primrose ,hill1 a few hundr$ eng9e]s1 prop]ly prep>$1 c\ld r5d] ,reg5t's ,p>k1 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t1 utt]ly un9habitable2 or c\ld make an army ( m51 t %\ld ev5 fill t space1 fall ) _! arms 9 _! h&s1 pro/rate & helpless z ! ho/ ( ,s5na*]ib4 8,! "q is1 %all ^! ?+s be8 ,i d n see t humanity %\ld revolt1 = w\ld x n be bett] to de/roy a ho/ 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k by mak+ ! m5 fall z 9 a my/ical sleep1 ?an to let d[n on !m ano!r ho/ to break _! bones1 te> _! limbs asund] & g\ge out _! entrails ) ?ree-corn]$ pikes2 leav+ a va/ majority undead1 & wri?+ = h\rs 9 torm5ts ( ! damn$8 ,i conceive1 = "o1 t sci5ce w\ld be bless$ 9 spread+ h] w+s on ! bla/1 & brea?+ into ! face ( a desp]ate horde ( m5 prolong$ sleep--= x ne$ n necess>ily be a dea?--:i* !y c\ld n grapple )1 & :i* w\ld yield !m up ) _! implem5ts ( murd] to an enemy t 9 ! imm5sity ( its p[] c\ld af=d to be m]ciful z ,heav54 8,! "q is1 %all ^! ?+s be8 ,i ?9k !y mu/ be4 ,by :at compact c !y be /opp$8 ,x 7 improbable t any congress ( nations c\ld agree on any code regulat+ means ( de/ruction2 b if x did1 x 7 useless2 = sci5ce becomes m p[]ful z %e conc5trates h] =ces 9 ! h&s ( units1 s t a nation c\ld only act1 by ! absolute & individual ass5t ( ea* ( h] repres5tatives4 ,assume1 !n1 t ,france %all lay w> to ,engl&1 & by sup]ior =ce ( m5 %\ld place imm5se ho/s1 well arm$1 on ,engli% soil4 ,is x probable t ! units w\ld re/ 9 peace & all[ %e] brute =ce to w9 its way to empire8 ,or put ,engli% troops on ,fr5* soil1 & rev]se ! "q8 8,to conclude4 ,w> has1 at ?is mom5t1 rea*$1 9 its details1 su* an extravagance ( horror & cruelty1 t x c n be made worse by any art1 & c only be made m m]ciful by be+ r5d]$ m t]ribly en]getic4 ,:o t _h to die f a bl[ w\ld n r place 8 head "u ,nasmy?'s hamm]1 ?an submit x to a drumm]-boy arm$ ) a f]rule80 ,! ,army & ,navy ,regi/] ( ,may #bi1 #aiae1 reports t 8among ! recomm5dations =w>d$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tifications !re may be f\nd _m sugge/ions 9 favor ( ! asphyxiation process1 mo/ly by ! employm5t ( gases conta9$ 9 bombs to be ?r[n )9 ! l9es ( ! foe1 ) v>y+ effects f peaceful slumb] to in/ant dea?4 ,"o +5i\s p]son sugge/$ a bomb lad5 to its full capacity ) snuff1 :i* %\ld be s ev5ly & ?or\ghly di/ribut$ t ! enemy w\ld be convuls$ ) sneez+1 & 9 ?is p]iod ( p>oxysm x w\ld be possible to creep up on him & capture him 9 ! ?roes ( ! convulsion40 ,t ! probable use ( poison\s gas has (t5 be5 9 ! m9ds ( milit>y m5 dur+ rec5t times is evid5c$ by ! fact t at ! ,hague ,conf]5ce 9 #ahii sev]al ( ! m prom95t nations ( ,europe & ,asia pl$g$ !mselves n to use projectiles ^: only object 0 to give out suffocat+ or poison\s gases4 ,_m ( ! ,p[]s did n sign ?is decl>ation until lat]4 ,g]many sign$ & ratifi$ x on ,sept4 #d1 #aijj1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates nev] sign$ x4 ,fur!r1 ?is decl>ation 0 n to be b9d+ 9 case ( a w> 9 :i* a non-signatory 0 or became a bellig]5t4 ,admiral ,mahan1 a ,unit$ ,/ates delegate1 /at$ 8 position 9 reg>d to ! use ( gas 9 %ell 7at t "t an untri$ !ory7 z foll[s3 8,! reproa* ( cruelty & p]fidy address$ aga9/ ^! suppos$ %ells 0 equally utt]$ previ\sly aga9/ fire-arms & torp$oes1 al?\gh bo? are n[ employ$ )\t scruple4 ,x is illogical & n demon/rably humane to be t5d] ab\t asphyxiat+ m5 ) gas1 :5 all are prep>$ to admit t x is all[able to bl[ ! bottom out ( an ironclad at midnight1 ?r[+ f\r or five hundr$ m5 into ! sea to be *ok$ by ! wat]1 ) sc>cely ! remote/ *ance to escape40 ,at ! ,hague ,congress ( #aijg1 article #bc ( ! rules adopt$ = w> on l& /ates3 8,x is expressly =bidd5 7a71 to employ poisons or poison\s weapons40 ,be=e ! ,w> suffocat+ c>tridges 7 %ot f ! c>tridge-?r[+ rifle ( #bf mm4 ,^! c>tridges 7 *>g$ ) e?yl bromoacetate1 a slightly suffocat+ & non-toxic la*rymator4 ,!y 7 int5d$ = attack on ! flank+ works ( p]man5t =tifications1 flank+ casem5ts or caponi]s1 into :i* ! enemy tri$ to make ! c>tridges p5etrate ?r\gh ! n>r[ slits us$ = loopholes4 ,! m5 :o 7 s]v+ ! ma*9e guns or ! cannon ( ! flank+ works w\ld h be5 bo!r$ by ! vapor f ! e?yl bromoacetate1 & ! assailant w\ld h pr(it$ by _! di/urbance to get pa/ ! ob/acle pres5t$ by ! =tification4 ,! employm5t ( ^! devices1 n entail+ dea?1 did n contrav5e ! ,hague conv5tions4 ,! only memorable op]ations 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ^! devices 7 us$ be=e ! ,w> 0 ! attack on ! ,bonnet gang at ,*oisy-le-roi4 ,9 connection ) ! sugge/$ use ( sulfur dioxide by ,"l ,dundonald & ! propos$ use ( poison\s gases 9 %ell1 ! foll[+ description ( a *>coal respirator by ,dr4 ,j4 ,/5h\se1#c communicat$ by ,dr4 ,george ,wilson 9 #ahed1 is ( int]e/4 ,footnote #c3 ,trans4 ,royal ,scotti% ,soc4 ,arts1 #d1 ,app5dix ,o1 #aih 7#ahed74 8,dr4 ,wilson comm5c$ by /at+ t1 hav+ read ) mu* int]e/ ! acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,/5h\se's rese>*es on ! deodoriz+ & dis9fect+ prop]ties ( *>coal1 & ! application ( ^! to ! con/ruction ( a new & important k9d ( respirator1 he _h reque/$ ! accompli%$ *emi/ to s5d "o ( 8 in/rum5ts = exhibition to ! society1 :i* he _h k9dly done4 ,two ( ! in/rum5ts 7 n[ on ! table1 diff]+1 h[ev]1 s slightly 9 con/ruction1 t x w\ld be suffici5t to expla9 ! arrangem5t ( "o ( !m4 ,ext]nally1 x _h ! appe>ance ( a small f5c+-mask ( wire gauze1 cov]+ ! face f ! *9 upw>ds to ! bridge ( ! nose1 b leav+ ! eyes & =ehead free4 ,x consi/$1 ess5tially1 ( two plates ( wire gauze1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a space ( ab\t "o-f\r? or "o-eigh? ( an in*1 s z to =m a small cage fill$ ) small fragm5ts ( *>coal4 ,! frame ( ! cage 0 ( copp]1 b ! edges 7 made ( s(t lead1 & 7 l9$ ) velvet1 s z to admit ( _! be+ made to fit ! *eeks tightly & inclose ! m\? & no/rils4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 no air c\ld ent] ! lungs )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! wire gauze & trav]s+ ! *>coal4 ,an ap]ture is provid$ ) a screw or slid+ valve = ! removal & repl5i%m5t ( ! cont5ts ( ! cage1 :i* consi/ ( ! sift+s or riddl+s ( ! light] k9ds ( wood *>coal4 ,! app>atus is atta*$ to ! face by an ela/ic b& pass+ ov] ! cr[n ( ! head & /r+s ty+ beh9d1 z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y respirator4 ,! important ag5t 9 ?is in/rum5t is ! *>coal1 :i* has s rem>kable a p[] ( absorb+ & de/roy+ irritat+ & o!rwise irrespirable & poison\s gases or vapors t1 arm$ ) ! respirator1 spirits ( h>t%orn1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 hydrosulphuret ( ammonia & *lor9e may be brea!d ?r\gh x ) impunity1 ?\gh b slightly dilut$ ) air4 ,?is result1 fir/ obta9$ by ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 has be5 v]ifi$ by ^? :o h repeat$ ! trial1 among o!rs by ,dr4 ,wilson1 :o has tri$ ! vapors nam$ above on himself & f\r ( 8 pupils1 :o h brea!d !m ) impunity4 ,! explanation ( ?is rem>kable prop]ty ( *>coal is two-fold4 ,x has long be5 kn[n to possess ! p[] ( cond5s+ into its pores gases & vapors1 s t if fre%ly prep>$ & expos$ to ^!1 x absorbs & reta9s !m4 ,b x has sc>cely be5 suspect$ till rec5tly1 :5 ,dr4 ,/5h\se po9t$ out ! fact1 t if *>coal be all[$ to absorb simultane\sly su* gases z sulphurett$ hydrog5 & air1 ! oxyg5 ( ?is absorb$ & cond5s$ air rapidly oxidizes & de/roys ! accompany+ gas4 ,s m>k$ is ?is action1 t if dead animals be imb$d$ 9 a lay] ( *>coal a few in*es deep1 in/ead ( be+ prev5t$ f decay+ z x has hi!rto be5 suppos$ t !y w\ld be by ! suppos$ antiseptic p[]s ( ! *>coal1 !y are f\nd by ,dr4 ,/5h\se to decay mu* fa/]1 :il/ at ! same "t1 no (f5sive effluvia are evolv$4 ,! deodoriz+ p[]s ( *>coal are ?us e/abli%$ 9 a way !y nev] h be5 be=e2 b at ! same "t x is %[n t ! addition ( *>coal to sewage refuse less5s its agricultural value contemporane\sly ) ! less5+ ( odor4 ,f ^! obs]vations1 :i* h be5 fully v]ifi$1 x appe>s t by /rew+ *>coal co>sely p[d]$ to ! ext5t ( a few in*es1 ov] *ur*-y>ds1 or by plac+ x inside ! c(f9s ( ! dead1 ! escape ( noisome & poison\s exhalations may be totally prev5t$4 ,! *>coal respirator embodies ?is important discov]y4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m ( ! miasma1 mal>ia & infecti\s matt]s :i* propagate disease 9 ! human subjects1 ent] ! body by ! lungs1 & impregnat+ ! blood !re1 are c>ri$ ) x ?r\gh\t ! entire body1 :i* !y ?us poison4 ,^! miasma are ei!r gases & vapors or bodies :i*1 l f9e light du/1 are readily c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air2 moreov]1 !y are readily de/roy$ by oxidiz+ ag5ts1 :i* conv]t !m into h>mless1 or at lea/ non-poison\s sub/ances1 su* z wat]1 c>bonic acid & nitrog54 ,!re is e reason1 !re=e1 = believ+ t *>coal w oxidize & de/roy su* miasma z effectually z x does sulphurett$ hydrog5 or hydrosulphuret ( ammonia1 & ?us prev5t _! rea*+ & poison+ ! blood4 ,! int5tion accord+ly is t ^? :o are expos$ to noxi\s vapors1 or compell$ to brea! infect$ atmosph]es1 %all we> ! *>coal respirator1 ) a view to arre/ & de/roy ! volatile poisons conta9$ 9 ^!4 ,"s ( ! non-obvi\s applications ( ! respirator 7 !n ref]r$ to3 8#a4 ,c]ta9 ( ! l>ge *emical manufactur]s 9 ,london are n[ supply+ _! workm5 ) ! *>coal respirators z a protection aga9/ ! m irritat+ vapors to :i* !y are expos$4 8#b4 ,_m dea?s h occurr$ among ^? employ$ to explore ! l>ge dra9s & sew]s ( ,london f exposure to sulphurett$ hydrog51 etc4 ,x may be ass]t$ ) confid5ce t fatal results f exposure to ! dra9age gases w cease z soon z ! respirator is br\ght into use4 8#c4 ,9 di/ricts su* z ! ,campagna ( ,rome1 :]e mal>ia prevails & to travel dur+ night or to sleep 9 :i* is c]ta9ly foll[$ by an attack ( dang]\s & (t5 fatal ague1 ! we>+ ( ! respirator ev5 = a few h\rs may be expect$ to r5d] ! m>% poison h>mless4 8#d4 ,^?1 :o z cl]gym51 physicians or legal advis]s1 h to att5d ! sick-b$s ( suff]]s f infecti\s disord]s1 may1 on occasion1 avail !mselves ( ! protection af=d$ by ,dr4 ,/5h\se's in/rum5t dur+ _! int]c\rse ) ! sick4 8#e4 ,! long+ = a %ort & decisive w> has l$ to ! inv5tion ( #8a suffocat+ bomb%ell1' :i* on bur/+1 spreads f> & wide an irrespirable or poison\s vapor2 "o ( ! liquids propos$ = ! %ell is ! /ronge/ ammonia1 & aga9/ ?is x is believ$ t ! *>coal respirator may def5d our soldi]s4 ,z likely to s]ve ?is end1 x is at pres5t be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 8,dr4 ,wilson /at$1 9 conclusion1 t ,dr4 ,/5h\se _h no int]e/ b a sci5tific "o 9 ! success ( ! respirators4 ,he _h decl9$ to pat5t !m1 & desir$ only to apply 8 rem>kable discov]ies to ! abatem5t ( disease & dea?4 ,*>coal _h long be5 us$ 9 filt]s to r5d] poison\s wat] :olesome2 x 0 n[ to be employ$ to filt] poison\s air40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,mod]n ,,developm5t ,,( ,,gas ,,w>f>e ,! use ( toxic gas 9 ! ,_w ,w> dates f ,april #bb1 #aiae1 :5 ! ,g]mans laun*$ ! fir/ cyl9d] attack1 employ+ *lor9e1 a common & well kn[n gas4 ,judg+ f ! lat] exp]i5ce ( ! ,allies 9 p]fect+ ?is =m ( attack1 x is probable t plans = ?is attack _h be5 "u way = mon?s be=e x 0 laun*$4 ,! sugge/ion t poison\s gases be us$ 9 w>f>e has be5 laid ^u ,pr(4 ,n]n/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 7,auld1 8,gas & ,flame10 page #ae71 :ile ! actual field op]ations 7 said to h be5 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,hab] ( ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,physical ,*emical ,in/itute ( ,b]l94 ,"s writ]s h felt t ! "q ( prep>ation _h be5 a matt] ( ye>s r ?an ( mon?s1 & ref] to ! "w on indu/rial gases z a pro( ( _! /atem5t4 ,! fact t ! gas attack 0 n m successful1 t ! results to be obta9$ 7 n m appreciat$1 & t bett] prep>ation aga9/ retaliation _h n be5 made1 argues aga9/ ?is idea ( a long p]iod ( prep>ation1 except possibly 9 a v desultory way4 ,t su* 0 ! case is mo/ =tunate = ! alli$ cause1 = _h ! ,g]man high comm& kn[n ! real situation at ! close ( ! fir/ gas attack1 or _h t attack be5 m sev]e1 ! outcome ( ! w> ( #aiad w\ld h be5 v diff]5t1 & ! end v mu* e>li]4 ,,fir/ ,,gas ,,attack ,! fir/ sugge/ion ( a gas attack came to ! ,briti% ,army ?r\gh ! /ory ( a ,g]man des]t]4 ,he /at$ t ! ,g]man ,army 0 plann+ to poison _! enemy ) a cl\d ( gas1 & t ! cyl9d]s _h already be5 in/all$ 9 ! tr5*es4 ,no "o li/5$ to ! /ory1 because1 fir/ ( all1 ! :ole proc$ure seem$ s impossible & also because1 9 spite ( ! num]\s examples ( ,g]man b>b>ity1 ! ,engli% did n believe ! ,g]mans capable ( su* a violation ( ! ,hague rules ( w>f>e4 ,! /ory appe>$ 9 ! summ>y ( in=mation f headqu>t]s 78,comic ,cuts07 & z ,auld says 80 pass$ = in=mation = :at x is wor?40 ,b ! /ory 0 true1 & on ! aft]noon ( ! #bbnd ( ,april1 all ! conditions be+ ideal1 ! beg9n+ ( 8gas w>f>e0 0 laun*$4 ,details ( t fir/ gas attack w always be meag]1 = ! simple reason t ! m5 :o c\ld h told ab\t x all lie 9 ,fl&]s field :]e ! poppies gr[4 ,! place select$ 0 9 ! nor!a/ "p ( ! ,ypres sali5t1 at t "p ( ! l9e :]e ! ,fr5* & ,briti% l9es met1 runn+ s\?w>d f :]e ! tr5*es left ! canal ne> ,boes+he4 ,! ,fr5* "r 0 held by ! ---- ,regim5t ( ,turcos1 :ile on ! ,briti% left 7 ! ,canadians4 ,auld describes ! attack z foll[s3 8,try to imag9e ! feel+s & ! condition ( ! color$ troops z !y saw ! va/ cl\d ( gre5i%-yell[ gas spr+ out ( ! gr\nd & sl[ly move d[n w9d t[>ds !m1 ! vapor cl++ to ! e>?1 seek+ out e hole & holl[ & fill+ ! tr5*es & %ell holes z x came4 ,fir/ wond]1 !n fe>2 !n1 z ! fir/1 fr+es ( ! cl\d envelop$ !m & left !m *ok+ & agoniz$ 9 ! fight = brea?--panic4 ,^? :o c\ld move broke & ran1 try+1 g5]ally 9 va91 to out/rip ! cl\d :i* foll[$ inexorably aft] !m40 ,x is only to be expect$ t ! fir/ feel+ connect$ ) gas w>f>e 0 "o ( horror4 ,t side ( x is v ?rill+ly describ$ by ,rev4 ,o4 ,s4 ,watk9s 9 ! ,me?odi/ ,record] 7,london74 ,aft] describ+ ! bomb>dm5t ( ! ,city ( ,ypres f ,april #bj? to #bbnd he relates t 9 ! mid/ ( ! upro> came ! poison gas6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,fr5* ,gas ,attack z se5 f an ,a]oplane4 ,! ,fr5* front1 second & ?ird l9e tr5*es are pla9ly visible4 ,! gas is se5 issu+ ov] a wide front f ! front l9e & drift+ t[>ds ! ,g]man l9es4 8,go+ into ! op5 air = a few mom5ts' relief f ! /ifl+ atmosph]e ( ! w>ds1 our att5tion 0 attract$ by v heavy fir+ to ! nor?1 :]e ! l9e 0 held by ! ,fr5*4 ,evid5tly a hot fight--& eag]ly we scann$ ! c\ntry ) our field glasses hop+ to glean "s k ( ! progress ( ! battle4 ,!n we saw t :i* almo/ caus$ our he>ts to /op beat+--figures runn+ wildly & 9 confusion ov] ! fields4 8#8,! ,fr5* h brok51' we exclaim$4 ,we h>dly believ$ our words4444 ,! /ory !y told we c\ld n believe2 we put x d[n to _! t]ror-/rick5 imag9+s--a gre5i%-gray cl\d _h swept d[n ^u !m1 turn+ yell[ z x travel$ ov] ! c\ntry1 bla/+ ev]y?+ x t\*$1 %rivel+ up ! vegetation4 ,no human c\rage c\ld face su* a p]il4 8,!n !re /agg]$ into our mid/ ,fr5* soldi]s1 bl9d$1 c\gh+1 *e/s heav+1 faces an ugly purple color--lips spee*less ) agony1 & beh9d !m1 9 ! gas-*ok$ tr5*es1 we le>n$ t !y _h left hundr$s ( dead & dy+ comrades4 ,! impossible 0 only too true4 8,x 0 ! mo/ fi5di%1 wick$ ?+ ,i h ev] se540 ,x mu/ be said "h1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 true only because ! ,fr5* _h no protection aga9/ ! gas4 ,inde$1 x is f> f be+ ! mo/ horrible =m ( w>f>e1 provid$ bo? sides are prep>$ def5sively & (f5sively4 ,m$ical records %[ t out ( e #ajj ,am]icans gass$ less ?an two di$1 & z f> z records ( f\r ye>s %[1 v few are p]man5tly injur$4 ,out ( e #ajj ,am]ican casualties f all =ms ( w>f>e o!r ?an gas m ?an #be p] c5t di$1 :ile f #b to #e p] c5t m are maim$1 bl9d$ or disfigur$ = life4 ,v>i\s =ms ( gas1 z w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ pages1 make life mis]able or vision impossible to ^? )\t a mask4 ,yet !y d n kill4 ,?us in/ead ( gas w>f>e be+ ! mo/ horrible1 x is ! mo/ humane :]e bo? sides are prep>$ = x1 :ile aga9/ savage or unprep>$ peoples x c be made s humane t b v few casualties w result4 ,! developm5t ( me?ods ( def5se aga9/ gas w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,x w suffice to say "h t1 9 response to an appeal f ,"l ,kit*5]1 a tempor>y protection 0 quickly furni%$ ! m54 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! 8,black ,veil+0 respirator1 & consi/$ ( a cotton pad soak$ 9 ord9>y wa%+ soda solution1 & lat]1 9 a mixture ( wa%+ soda & 8hypo10 to :i* 0 add$ a little glyc]9e4 ,^! furni%$ a fair degree ( protection to ! m5 aga9/ *lor9e1 ! only gas us$ 9 ! e>ly attacks4 ,,phosg5e ,,introduc$ ,! use ( *lor9e alone cont9u$ until ! introduction on ,decemb] #ai1 #aiae1 ( a mixture ( phosg5e ) ! *lor9e4 ,?is mixture (f]$ _m advantages ov] ! use ( *lor9e alone 7see ,*apt] ,,vi74 ,! ,allies 7 able1 ?r\gh w>n+ ( ! imp5d+ use ( phosg5e1 to furni% a means ( protection aga9/ x4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! ,p & ! ,,ph helmets 7 devis$1 ! cotton fill+ be+ impregnat$ ) sodium ph5olate & lat] ) a mixture ( sodium ph5olate & hexame?yl5etetram9e4 ,?is helmet 0 us$ until ! ,/&>d ,box ,respirator 0 develop$ by ! late ,lt4 ,col4 ,h>rison4 ,,allies ,,adopt ,,gas ,= a week or two ! ,allies 7 v hesitant ab\t adopt+ gas w>f>e4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! repeat$ use ( gas by ! ,g]mans made x evid5t t1 9 spite ( :at ! ,hague _h to say ab\t ! matt]1 gas 0 to be a "p1 & z lat] developm5ts %[$1 a v important "p ( mod]n w>f>e1 !y realiz$ !re 0 no *oice on _! "p & t !y _h to retaliate 9 l mann]4 ,?is decision 0 rea*$ 9 ,may ( #aiae4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ! organization ( a ,gas ,s]vice & int5sive "w on ! "p ( *emi/s1 eng9e]s & physiologi/s4 ,x 0 ,septemb] #be1 #aiae1 h[ev]1 be=e ! ,engli% 7 9 a position to r5d] a gas attack4 ,f !n on ! ,s]vice grew 9 numb]s & 9 importance1 :e!r view$ f ! /&po9t ( rese>*1 production1 or field op]ations4 ,! ,allies ( c\rse adopt$ n only *lor9e b phosg5e z well1 s9ce bo? 7 *eap1 easy ( prep>ation & effective4 ,!y felt dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,w> t !y %\ld adopt a sub/ance t w\ld kill in/antly1 & n "o t w\ld cause m5 to suff] ei!r dur+ ! attack or ?r\gh symptoms :i* w\ld develop lat] 9 a hospital4 ,= ?is reason a l>ge am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w 0 c>ri$ out on hydrocyanic acid1 p>ticul>ly by ! ,fr5*4 ,s9ce ?is gas has a v l[ d5sity1 x 0 necess>y to mix ) x sub/ances :i* w\ld t5d to keep x close to ! gr\nd dur+ ! attack4 ,v>i\s mixtures1 all call$ 8v9c5nite10 7 prep>$1--*lor(orm1 ars5ic tri*loride & /annic *loride be+ us$ 9 v>y+ proportions ) ! acid4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e x 0 def9itely le>n$ t ^! mixtures 7 f> f be+ successful1 bo? f ! /&po9t ( /ability & ( poison\s prop]ties4 ,:ile ! ,fr5* actually us$ ^! mixtures 9 con/antly decreas+ quantities on ! field = a long "t1 !y 7 ultimately ab&on$1 ?\gh n until ,am]ican *emi/s _h also c>ri$ out a l>ge numb] ( te/s4 ,h[ev]1 foll[+ ! recomm5dation ( ! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice 9 ,france 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 no v9c5nite 0 ev] manufactur$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,la*rymators ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ! introduction ( ! gas wave attacks1 9 :i* liquefi$ gas "u pressure 0 lib]at$ f cyl9d]s1 came ! use ( la*rymatory or te> gases4 ,^!1 :ile n v poison\s 9 ! conc5trations us$1 7 v effective 9 incapacitat+ m5 ?r\gh ! effects produc$ ^u _! eyes4 ,! l[ conc5tration requir$ 7"o "p 9 t5 million ( "s la*rymators is suffici5t to make vision impossible )\t a mask7 makes ?is =m ( gas w>f>e v economical z well z v effective4 ,ev5 if a mask does completely protect aga9/ su* comp\nds1 _! use compels an army to we> ! mask indef9itely1 ) an exp5diture ( %ell f> %ort ( t requir$ if ! mu* m deadly gases 7 us$4 ,?us ,fries e/imates t "o good la*rymatory %ell w =ce we>+ ! mask ov] an area t w\ld require #ejj to #ajjj phosg5e %ell ( equal size to produce ! same effect4 ,:ile ! numb] ( actual casualties w be v mu* l[]1 ! total effect consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( ! exp5diture ( ammunition & ( ! objectives ga9$1 w be j z valuable4 ,s great is ! h>ass+ value ( te> & irritant gases t ! next w> w see !m us$ 9 quantities approximat+ t ( ! m poison\s gases4 ,! fir/ la*rymator us$ 0 a mixture ( ! *lorides & bromides ( tolu5e4 ,b5zyl *loride & bromide are ! only valuable sub/ances 9 ?is mixture1 ! high] halog5at$ products hav+ little or no la*rymatory value4 ,xylyl bromide is also effective4 ,*loroacetone & bromoacetone are also well kn[n la*rymators1 ?\gh !y are exp5sive to manufacture & are none too /able4 ,because ( ?is ! ,fr5* modifi$ _! prep>ation & obta9$ mixtures to :i* !y gave ! "n 8m>tonite40 ,?is is a mixture ( #hj p] c5t bromoacetone & #bj p] c5t *loroacetone1 & c be made ) ne>ly complete utilization ( ! halog54 ,me?yl e?yl ketone may also be us$1 :i* gives rise to ! 8homom>tonite0 ( ! ,fr5*4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,w>1 :5 brom9e 0 s v exp5sive1 ! ,engli% develop$ e?yl iodoacetate4 ,?is 0 us$ ) or )\t ! addition ( alcohol4 ,lat] ! ,fr5* develop$ bromob5zyl cyanide1 ,c,h,,*7,br7,,cn4 ,?is 0 probably ! be/ la*rymator develop$ dur+ ! ,w> & put into l>ge scale manufacture1 ?\gh v little ( x 0 available on ! field ( battle be=e ! ,w> end$4 ,*loroacetoph5one w\ld h play$ an important "p _h ! ,w> cont9u$4 ,,disadvantage ,,( ,,wave ,,attacks ,z w be discuss$ m fully 9 ! *apt]s on 8,! ,tactics ( ,gas10 ! wave attacks became relatively less important 9 #aiaf ?r\gh ! use ( gas 9 artill]y %ell4 ,?is 0 ! result ( _m factors4 ,cl\d gas attacks1 z c>ri$ out "u ! old conditions1 requir$ a long "t = ! prelim9>y prep>ations1 entail$ a great deal ( labor "u ! mo/ difficult conditions1 & 7 dang]\s ( execution ev5 :5 wea!r conditions became suitable4 ,! difficulties may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! heavy gas cyl9d]s us$ requir$ a great deal ( transportation1 & n only took ! "t ( ! ,infantry b r5d]$ surprise attacks difficult ow+ bo? to ! "t requir$ & to ! unusual activity beh9d ! l9es t became1 ) ! developm5t ( a]oplanes1 m & m readily disc]n$4 7#b7 ,few gases 7 available = wave attacks--*lor9e1 phosg5e &1 to a less ext5t1 *loropicr9 prov+ to be ! only ones successfully us$ by ei!r ! ,allies or ! ,g]mans4 ,hydrog5 sulfide1 c>bon monoxide & hydrocyanic acid gas 7 sugge/$ & tri$1 b 7 ab&on$ = "o reason or ano!r4 7#c7 ,gas cl\d attacks 7 :olly dep5d5t ^u wea!r conditions4 ,n only 7 ! velocity & direction ( ! w9d highly important z reg>ds ! successful c>ry+ ( ! wave ov] ! enemy's l9e1 b also to prev5t dang] to ! troops mak+ ! attack due to a possible %ift ( ! w9d1 :i* w\ld c>ry ! gas back ov] _! own l9e4 7#d7 ,! use ( gas 9 artill]y %ell does n require especially tra9$ troops inasmu* z gas %ell are fir$ 9 ! same mann] z ord9>y %ell1 & by ! same gun crews4 ,moreov]1 s9ce artill]y gas %ell are us$ g5]ally only = ranges ( a mile or m1 ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d are ( m9or importance4 ,ano!r factor :i* adds to ! advantage ( artill]y %ell 9 c]ta9 cases is ! ability to l& high conc5trations ( gas sudd5ly ^u a di/ant t>get ?r\gh employ+ a l>ge numb] ( ! l>ge/ calib] guns available = fir+ gas4 ,not)/&+ ! above nam$ disadvantages ( wave attacks x 0 felt by ! ,am]icans f ! beg9n+ t successful gas cl\d attacks 7 s fruitful 9 produc+ casualties & 7 su* a /ra9 ^u ^? oppos$ to x1 t !y w\ld cont9ue4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce artill]y %ell conta9 ab\t #aj p] c5t gas1 :ile gas cyl9d]s may conta9 #ej p] c5t1 or ev5 m ( ! total weight ( ! cyl9d]1 ! effici5cy ( a cl\d gas attack = at lea/ ! fir/ mile ( ! enemy's t]ritory is f> great] ?an t ( ! artill]y gas attack4 ,x 0 accord+ly felt t ! only ?+ necess>y to make cl\d gas attacks highly useful & ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! future 0 ! developm5t ( mobile me?ods--me?ods :]eby ! gas attack c\ld be laun*$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd & at %ort notice4 ,= ^! reasons gas wave attacks may be expect$ to cont9ue & to ev5tually rea* a place ( v decid$ importance 9 ,*emical ,w>f>e4 ,,gas ,,%ell ,! fir+ ( gas 9 artill]y %ell & 9 bombs has ano!r great advantage ov] ! wave attack j m5tion$4 ,!re is a v great latitude 9 ! *oice ( ^? gases :i* h a high boil+ po9t or :i*1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 are solids4 ,mu/>d gas is an example ( a liquid ) a high boil+ po9t1 & diph5yl*loro>s9e an example ( a gas t is ord9>ily solid4 ,= ! above reason ! t]m 8gas w>f>e0 0 almo/ a misnom] at ! close ( ! ,w>1 & today is true only 9 ! s5se t all ! sub/ances us$ are 9 a gase\s or f9ely divid$ condition imm$iately aft] ! %ell explode or at lea/ :5 !y rea* ! enemy4 ,,projector ,,attacks ,/ill ano!r me?od ( attack1 develop$ by ! ,briti% & fir/ us$ by !m 9 ,july1 #aiag1 0 ! projector 7inv5t$ by ,capta9 ,liv5s74 ,?is 0 us$ v successfully up to ! close ( ! ,w>1 & ?\gh ! ,g]man attempt$ to duplicate x1 8 results 7 nev] z effective4 ,! projector consi/s ( a /eel tube ( uni=m cross section1 ) an int]nal diamet] ( ab\t #h in*es4 ,by us+ nickel /eel ! weight may be decreas$ until x is a "o man load4 ,! projector 0 set aga9/ a press$ /eel base plate 7ab\t #af in*es 9 diamet]7 plac$ 9 a v %all[ tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,liv5s' ,projector4 ,! ,type %[n is an #ah cm4 ,g]man ,gas ,projector1 captur$ dur+ ! #b;d ,battle ( ! ,m>ne4 ,until ab\t ! close ( ! w> projectors 7 in/all$ by digg+ a triangul> tr5* deep en\gh to br+ ! muzzles ( ! projectors ne>ly level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y 7 !n protect$ by s& bags or canvas cov]s1 or cam\flag$ ) wire nett+ to :i* color$ bits ( clo? 7 ti$ to simulate leaves & %ad[s4 ,! projectors 7 fir$ by connect+ !m 9 s]ies ) ord9>y bla/+ ma*9es op]at$ by h& f a conv5i5t po9t 9 ! re>4 ,! digg+ 9 ( ! projectors 9 ,no ,man's ,l& or v close to x 0 a dang]\s & labori\s und]tak+4 ,! ,am]icans e>ly conceiv$ ! idea t projectors c\ld be fir$ j z accurately by digg+ a %all[ tr5* j deep en\gh to =m a support = ! base plate1 & !n support+ ! out] ends ( ! projector on cross$ /icks or a light frame "w ( bo>ds4 ,?is idea prov$ entirely practical except = "o condition4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to fire ) a s+le batt]y all ! projectors ne> en\gh toge!r to be di/urb$ by ! bla/ f any portion ( !m4 ,inasmu* z mo/ ( ! bla/+ ma*9es us$ = fir+ _h a capacity ( only #bj to #cj projectors1 x 0 necess>y to s greatly scatt] a l>ge projector attack t ! me?od 0 v little us$4 ,h[ev]1 inve/igations 7 well "u way at ! close ( ! ,w> to develop portable fir+ batt]ies t w\ld enable ! dis*>ge ( at lea/ #ajj & pref]ably #ejj projectors at "o "t4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a projector attack c\ld be prep>$ & laun*$ 9 two to f\r h\rs1 dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( m5 available4 ,?is enabl$ ! attack to be decid$ ^u 9 ! ev5+ 7if ! wea!r conditions 7 "r71 & to h ! attack laun*$ be=e morn+1 !reby mak+ x impossible = a]oplane obs]v]s1 arm$ ) cam]as1 to discov] ! prep>ation = ! projector attack4 ,s9ce ! bombs us$ 9 ! projector may c>ry z high z #cj p\nds ( gas 7usually phosg5e71 "s idea ( ! am\nt ( de/ruction may be ga9$ :5 x is kn[n t ! ,briti% fir$ ne>ly #bejj at "o "t into ,l5s4 ,,/okes' ,,mort> ,ano!r ,briti% inv5tion is ! ,/okes' gun or tr5* mort>4 ,! range ( ?is gun is ab\t #hjj to #ajjj y>ds4 ,x is !re=e effective only :]e ! front l9es are relatively close toge!r4 ,! %ell consi/s ( a case conta9+ ! high explosive1 smoke mat]ial or gas1 fitt$ to a base fill$ ) a high *>ge ( propell+ p[d]4 ,! %ell is simply dropp$ into ! gun4 ,at ! bottom ( ! gun !re is a projection or /ud t /rikes ! prim]1 sett+ (f ! small *>ge & expell+ ! projectile4 ,9 ord] to obta9 any consid]able conc5tration ( gas 9 a p>ticul> locality1 x is necess>y to fire ! ,/okes' cont9u\sly 7#ae %ots p] m9ute be+ possible "u battle conditions7 = two to five m9utes s9ce ! bomb conta9s only sev5 p\nds ( gas4 ,,sup]palite ,x is believ$ t ! fir/ gas %ell conta9$ la*rymators or te> gases4 ,al?\gh ! use ( ^! %ell cont9u$ up to & ev5 aft] ! introduction ( mu/>d gas1 !y gradually fell (f 9 numb]--! true poison gas %ell tak+ _! place4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #aiae ,auld /ates t ! ,g]mans 7 us+ *lorome?yl *lor(ormate 7palite7 9 %ell4 ,9 #aiaf1 dur+ ! battle ( ! ,somme1 palite 0 replac$ by sup]palite 7tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate1 or diphosg5e7 :i* is m toxic ?an palite1 & ab\t z toxic z phosg5e4 ,x has ! advantage ov] phosg5e ( be+ mu* m p]si/5t4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ,am]ican *emi/s 7 n able to manufacture sup]palite on a l>ge scale1 or at lea/ s successfully t x w\ld compete 9 price ) o!r w> gases1 ! ,g]mans us$ l>ge quantities ( x1 alone & mix$ ) *loropicr91 9 %ell ( e calib] up to & includ+ ! #ae cm4 ,h[itz]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,/okes' ,mort>4 ,,*loropicr9 ,! next gas to be introduc$ 0 *loropicr91 tri*loronitrome?ane or 8vomit+ gas40 ,x has be5 /at$ t a mixture ( *loropicr9 7#be p] c5t7 & *lor9e 7#ge p] c5t7 has be5 us$ 9 cl\d attacks1 b ! high boil+ po9t ( *loropicr9 7#aab ,c47 makes its consid]able use = ?is purpose v unlikely4 ,! gas is mod]ately toxic & some:at la*rymatory1 b x 0 ma9ly us$ because ( its peculi> prop]ty ( caus+ vomit+ :5 inhal$4 ,its value 0 fur!r increas$ at fir/ because x 0 p>ticul>ly difficult to prep>e a *>coal :i* w\ld absorb x4 ,its peculi> prop]ties are apt to cause x to be us$ = a long "t4 ,,sneez+ ,,gas ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiag two new & v important gases 7 introduc$1 &1 z be=e1 by ! ,g]mans4 ,"o ( ^! 0 diph5yl*loro>s9e1 8sneez+ gas0 or 8,blue ,cross40 ,?is is a :ite solid :i* 0 plac$ 9 a bottle & emb$d$ 9 ,,tnt 9 ! %ell4 ,^u explosion ( ! %ell ! solid 0 atomiz$ into v f9e p>ticles4 ,s9ce ! ord9>y mask does n remove smoke or mi/s1 ! sneez+ gas p5etrates ! mask & causes viol5t sneez+4 ,! purpose1 ( c\rse1 is to compel ! removal ( ! mask 9 an atmosph]e ( le?al gas4 7,! fir+ regulations prescrib$ its use ) phosg5e or o!r le?al %ell47 ,! late/ type masks protect aga9/ ?is du/1 b z x is extraord9>ily p[]ful1 its use w cont9ue4 ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,! second gas 0 di*loroe?yl sulfide1 mu/>d gas1 ,yell[ ,cross or ,yp]ite4 ,mu/>d gas1 z x is commonly designat$1 is probably ! mo/ important s+le poison\s sub/ance us$ 9 gas w>f>e4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,g]mans at ,ypres1 ,july #ab1 #aiag4 ,! am\nt ( ?is gas us$ is illu/rat$ by ! fact t at ,nieuport m ?an #ej1jjj %ell 7 fir$ 9 "o night1 "s ( :i* conta9$ ne>ly ?ree gallons ( ! liquid4 ,mu/>d gas is a high boil+ & v p]si/5t mat]ial1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by its vesicant 7sk9 bli/]+7 action4 ,m5 :o come 9 contact ) x1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( f9e spla%es ( ! liquid or 9 ! =m ( vapor1 suff] sev]e bli/]+ ( ! sk94 ,! burns appe> f f\r to twelve h\rs aft] exposure & heal v sl[ly4 ,ord9>y clo?+ is no protection aga9/ ei!r ! vapor or ! liquid4 ,o!r effects w be consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 no important advance s f> z new gases are conc]n$4 ,v>i\s ars5ic d]ivatives 7 prep>$ 9 ! laboratory & te/$ on a small scale4 ,! ,g]mans did actually introduce e?yldi*loro>s9e & ! ,am]icans 7 consid]+ me?yldi*loro>s9e4 ,attempts 7 made to improve ^u mu/>d gas b !y 7 n successful4 ,,lewisite ,x is r a peculi> fact t s few new *emical comp\nds 7 us$ z w> gases4 ,practically all ! sub/ances 7 well kn[n to ! organic *emi/ long be=e ! ,_w ,w>4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable ( ! comp\nds :i* w\ld h f\nd ext5sive use _h ! ,w> cont9u$1 is an ars5ic comp\nd call$ ,lewisite f its discov]]1 ,capt4 ,w4 ,lee ,lewis1 ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,! *emi/ry ( ?is comp\nd is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,because ( ! e>ly recogniz$ value ( ?is comp\nd1 v c>eful secrecy 0 ma9ta9$ z to all details ( ! me?od ( prep>ation & its prop]ties4 ,z a result1 /range /ories 7 circulat$ ab\t its deadly p[]s4 ,*>act]i/ic ( ^! 0 ! /ory t appe>$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,times e>ly 9 #aiai4 ,n[ t ! ,engli% h publi%$ ! *emical & ph>macological prop]ties1 we c say t1 al?\gh ,lewisite 0 nev] prov5 on ! battle field1 laboratory te/s indicate t we h "h a v p[]ful ag5t4 ,n only is x a vesicant ( ab\t ! same ord] ( mu/>d gas1 b ! ars5ical p5etrates ! sk9 ( an animal1 & ?ree drops1 plac$ on ! abdom5 ( a m\se1 are suffici5t to kill )9 two to ?ree h\rs4 ,x is also a p[]ful respiratory irritant & causes viol5t sneez+4 ,its possible use 9 a]oplane bombs has l$ ,g5]al ,fries to apply ! t]m 8,! ,dew ( ,dea?0 to its use 9 ?is way4 ,,cam\flage ,,gases ,consid]able ef=t 0 sp5t on ! "q ( cam\flage gases4 ,?is involv$ two l9es ( rese>*3 7#a7 ,to prev5t ! recognition ( a gas :5 actually pres5t on ! field1 by mask+ its odor4 ,,table ,i ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,gases ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*emical ,bellig]5t ,effect ,means ( ,projection ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,acrole9 ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,h& gr5ades 7allylaldehyde7 ,le?al ,ars5ic *loride 7,9 mixtures4 ,see bel[7 ,b5zyl iodide ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ,b5zyl *loride ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ,bromoacetone ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ,le?al ,bromob5zylcyanide ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ,bromome?yle?ylketone ,g]man ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,b5zyl bromide ,g]man ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ,fr5* ,*lor9e ,g]man ,le?al ,cyl9d]s ,briti% 7cl\d gas7 ,fr5* ,am]ican ,*lorosulfonic acid ,g]man ,irritant ,h& gr5ades1 light m95w]f] ,*loroacetone ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ,*lorob5z5e ,g]man ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell 7z solv5t7 ,*loropicr9 ,briti% ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,tr5* mort> ,g]man bombs ,am]ican ,projectors ,cyanog5 bromide ,au/rian ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,di*lorome?yle!r ,g]man ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell 7z solv5t7 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e ,g]man ,/]nutatory ,artill]y %ell ,le?al ,di*loroe?ylsulfide ,g]man ,vesicant ,artill]y %ell ,fr5* ,le?al ,briti% ,irritant ,am]ican ,e?yldi*loro>s9e ,g]man ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,e?yliodoacetate ,briti% ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell1 #d-;94 ,/okes' mort>s1 h& gr5ades ,hydrocyanic acid ,fr5* 7,9 mixtures4 ,see bel[7 ,me?yl*lorosulfonate ,g]man ,irritant ,m95w]f] ,mono*lorome?yl- ,g]man ,le?al ,artill]y %ell *lor(ormate ,fr5* ,la*rymatory ,phosg5e ,briti% ,le?al ,projectors1 ,fr5* tr5* mort>s1 ,g]man artill]y %ell1 ,am]ican cyl9d]s ,ph5ylc>bylam9e ,g]man ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell *loride ,irritant ,tri*lorme?yl ,g]man ,le?al ,artill]y %ell *lor(ormate ,/annic *loride ,briti% ,irritant ,h& gr5ades ,fr5* ,cl\d =m+,artill]y ,am]ican ,projectors #d-;94 ,/okes' mort> bombs ,sulfuric anhydride ,g]man ,irritant ,h& gr5ades1 m95w]f]1 artill]y %ell ,xylyl bromide ,g]man ,la*rymatory ,artill]y %ell ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table ,i--,cont9u$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*emical ,bellig]5t ,effect ,means ( ,projection ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,mixtures#d ,bromoacetone 7#hj7 & ,*loroacetone 7#bj7 ,fr5* ,la*rymatory,artill]y %ell ,le?al ,*lor9e 7#ej7 & ,briti% ,le?al ,cyl9d]s ,phosg5e 7#ej7 ,g]man ,*lor9e 7#gj7 & ,briti% ,le?al ,cyl9d]s ,*loropicr9 7#cj7 ,la*rymatory ,*loropicr9 7#fe7 & ,briti% ,le?al ,cyl9d]s ,hydrog5 sulfide 7#ce7 ,la*rymatory ,*loropicr9 7#hj7 & ,briti% ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,/annic *loride 7#bj7 ,fr5* ,la*rymatory,tr5* mort> bombs ,am]ican ,irritant ,projectors ,*loropicr9 7#ge7 & ,briti% ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,phosg5e 7#be7 ,la*rymatory,tr5* mort> bombs1 projectors ,di*loroe?yl sulfide 7#hj7 ,g]man ,vesicant ,artill]y %ell & ,fr5* ,le?al ,*lorob5z5e 7#bj7 ,briti% ,am]ican ,e?yl c>bazol 7#ej7 & ,g]man ,/]nutatory,artill]y %ell ,diph5ylcyano>s9e 7#ej7 ,le?al ,e?yldi*loro>s9e 7#hj7 ,g]man ,le?al ,artill]y %ell & ,la*rymatory ,di*lorome?yle!r 7#bj7 ,e?yliodoacetate 7#ge7 & ,briti% ,la*rymatory,artill]y %ell1 ,alcohol 7#be7 #d-;94 ,/okes' mort>s1 h& gr5ades ,hydrocyanic acid 7#ee7 ,briti% ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,*lor(orm 7#be7 & ,ars5i\s *loride 7#bj7 ,hydrocyanic acid 7#ej71 ,fr5* ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,ars5i\s *loride 7#cj71 ,/annic *loride 7#ae7 & ,*lor(orm 7#e7 ,phosg5e 7#ej7 & ,briti% ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,ars5i\s *loride 7#ej7 ,di*loroe?yl sulfide 7#hj7 ,g]man ,vesicant ,artill]y %ell & ,fr5* ,le?al ,c>bon tetra*loride 7#bj7 ,briti% ,am]ican ,phosg5e 7#fj7 & ,briti% ,le?al ,artill]y %ell ,/annic *loride 7#dj7 ,fr5* ,irritant ,me?yl sulfate 7#ge7 & ,fr5* ,la*rymatory,artill]y %ell ,*lorome?yl sulfate 7#be7 ,irritant ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #d3 ,9 ! mixtures ! p]c5tages indicate proportions by weight4 7#b7 ,to simulate ! pres5ce ( a toxic gas4 ,?is may be done ei!r by us+ a sub/ance ^: odor 9 ! field /rongly sugge/s t ( ! gas 9 "q1 or by s ?or\ghly associat+ a totally diff]5t odor ) a p>ticul> 8gas0 9 normal use t1 :5 us$ alone1 x /ill seems to imply ! pres5ce ( t gas4 ,?is use ( imitation gas w\ld ?us be ( s]vice 9 economiz+ ! use ( actual 8gas0 or 9 ! prep>ation ( surprise attacks4 ,:ile !re 0 "s success ) ?is k9d ( 8gas10 v few su* attacks 7 really c>ri$ out1 & ^! 7 9 connection ) projector attacks4 ,,gases ,,us$ ,table ,i gives a li/ ( all ! gases us$ by ! v>i\s armies1 ! nation :i* us$ !m1 ! effect produc$ & ! means ( projection us$4 ,table ,,ii gives ! prop]ties ( ! m important w> cases 7compil$ by ,major ,r4 ,e4 ,wilson1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s474 ,! gases us$ by ! ,g]mans may also be classifi$ by ! names ( ! %ell 9 :i* !y 7 us$4 ,table ,,iii gives su* a classification4 ,,m>k+s ,,= ,,am]ican ,,%ell ,9 select+ m>k+s = ,am]ican *emical %ell1 r$ b&s 7 us$ to d5ote p]si/5cy1 :ite b&s to d5ote non-p]si/5cy & le?al prop]ties1 yell[ b&s to d5ote smoke1 & purple b&s to d5ote inc5di>y action4 ,! numb] ( b&s indicates ! relative /r5g? ( ! prop]ty indicat$2 ?us1 ?ree r$ b&s d5ote a gas m p]si/5t ?an "o r$ b&4 ,! foll[+ %ell m>k+s 7 actually us$3 #a ,:ite ,diph5yl*loro>s9e #b ,:ite ,phosg5e #a ,:ite1 #a r$ ,*loropicr9 #a ,:ite1 #a r$1 #a :ite #ge ,*loropicr91 #be ,phosg5e #a ,:ite1 #a r$1 #a yell[ #hj ,*loropicr91 #bj ,/annic ,*loride #a ,r$ ,bromoacetone #b ,r$ ,bromob5zylcyanide #c ,r$ ,mu/>d ,gas #a ,yell[ ,:ite ,phosphorus #b ,yell[ ,titanium ,tetra*loride ,,table ,,ii ,,physical ,,con/ants ,,( ,,important ,,w> ,,gases ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,liquid ,d5sity ,"n ( ,gas ,=mula ,molecul> at #bj ,c4 ,weight "u ,own ,pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,bromoacetone ,c,h,br,o #acf4ih #a4g787 ,c>bon monoxide ,,co #bh4jj 7,gas7 ,cyanog5 bromide ,br,c,n #ajf4jb #b4ja ,cyanog5 *loride ,cl,c,n #fa4ef #a4ahf ,*lor9e ,cl #gj4ib #a4djh ,*loropicr9 ,cl,c7,,no7 #afd4ci #a4fed ,di*loroe?yl sulfide 7,,*,c,h,cl7,s #afi4jf #a4bgd ,diph5yl*loro>s9e 7,c,h7,as,cl #bfd4ef #a4dbb ,hydrocyanic acid ,,hcn #bg4aa 4#fig ,ph5yldi*loro>s9e ,c,h,as,cl #baj4if #a4fdj ,phosg5e ,c,o,cl #ih4ib #a4ch ,/annic *loride ,sn,cl #bfj4ed #b4bbf ,sup]palite ,c,cl,c,o,o,cl #aig4he #a4fe ,xylyl bromide 7 ,,*7,c,h,,*,br #ahe4jc #a4cha ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,vapor ,"n ( ,gas ,melt+ ,boil+ ,pressure po9t1 po9t1 at #bj ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 7mm4 ,hg7 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,bromoacetone - #ed #abf #i787 ,c>bon monoxide -#bjg -#aij 7,gas7 ,cyanog5 bromide #eb #fa4c #hi ,cyanog5 *loride - #f #ae #ajjb ,*lor9e -#aja4e #cc4f #eabf ,*loropicr9 - #fi4b #aab #ah4i ,di*loroe?yl sulfide #ab4e #baf 4#jf ,diph5yl*loro>s9e #dd #ccc 4#jjbe ,hydrocyanic acid - #ad #bf4a #fjc ,ph5yldi*loro>s9e 444 #bec 4#jbb ,phosg5e 444 #h4b #abae ,/annic *loride - #cc #aad #ah4eh ,sup]palite 444 #abh #aj4c ,xylyl bromide - #b #bad4e 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,table ,,iii ,,g]man ,,%ell ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"n ( ,%ell ,%ell ,fill+ ,nature ( ,effect ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b-%ell ,k %ell ,bromoketone 7,bromo- ,la*rymator 7,:ite ,b or ,,bm7 me?yle?yl ketone7 ,blue ,cross 7a7 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e ,/]nutator 7b7 ,diph5ylcyano>s9e ,/]nutator 7c7 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e1 ,e?yl c>bazol ,c-%ell 7,gre5 ,cross7 ,sup]palite ,asphyxiant 7,:ite ,c7 ,d-%ell 7,:ite ,d7 ,phosg5e ,le?al ,gre5 ,cross 7a7 ,sup]palite ,asphyxiant 7b7 ,ph5ylc>bylam9e *loride ,gre5 ,cross #a ,sup]palite #fe1 ,asphyxiant ,*loropicr9 #ce ,gre5 ,cross #b ,sup]palite1 ,phosg5e1 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e ,asphyxiant ,gre5 ,cross #c ,e?yldi*loro>s9e1 ,asphyxiant 7,yell[ ,cross #a7 ,me?yldibromo>s9e1 ,di*lorome?yl e!r ,k-%ell 7,yell[7 ,*lorome?yl ,la*rymator *lor(ormate 7,palite7 ,asphyxiant ,t-%ell ,xylyl bromide1 ,la*rymator 7,black or gre5 ,t7 ,bromo ketone ,yell[ ,cross ,mu/>d gas1 ,vesicant ,dilu5t 7,c,cl1 ,c,h,cl1 ,c,h,,no7 ,yell[ ,cross #a ,see ,gre5 ,cross #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,s]vice ,mod]n *emical w>f>e dates f ,april #bb1 #aiae4 ,really1 h[ev]1 x may be said to h />t$ some:at e>li]1 = ,g]many und\bt$ly _h sp5t sev]al mon?s 9 p]fect+ a successful gas cyl9d] & a me?od ( attack4 ,! ,allies1 surpris$ by su* a me?od ( w>f>e1 7 =c$ to develop1 "u pressure1 a me?od ( def5se1 & !n1 :5 x 0 f9ally decid$ to retaliate1 a me?od ( gas w>f>e4 8,(f5sive organizations 7 enroll$ 9 ! ,eng9e] ,corps ( ! two armies & tra9$ = ! purpose ( us+ poison\s gases2 ! fir/ op]ation ( ?is k9d 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,briti% at ! battle ( ,loos 9 ,septemb]1 #aiae4 8,%ortly aft] ?is ! ,briti% ,army 9 ! field amalgamat$ all ! (f5sive1 def5sive1 advisory & supply activities connect$ ) gas w>f>e & =m$ a #8,gas ,s]vice' ) a ,brigadi] ,g5]al z ,director4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 almo/ z a matt] ( necessity1 & because ( ! cont9ually increas+ importance ( ! use ( gas 9 ! w> 7,auld740 ,at once ! accumulation ( valuable in=mation & exp]i5ce 0 />t$4 ,lat] ?is 0 v will+ly & freely plac$ at ! disposal ( ,am]ican work]s4 ,too mu* _c be said ab\t ! he>ty co-op]ation ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,)\t x & ! lat] ex*ange ( in=mation on all matt]s reg>d+ gas w>f>e1 ! progress ( gas rese>* 9 all ! alli$ c\ntries w\ld h be5 v mu* ret>d$4 ,:ile _m bran*es ( ! ,am]ican ,army 7 engag$ 9 foll[+ ! progress ( ! w> dur+ #aiae-aiaf1 ! gr[+ importance ( gas w>f>e 0 f> f be+ appreciat$4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl>$ w> on ,g]many ,april #f1 #aiag1 !re 7 a few scatt]$ obs]vations on gas w>f>e 9 v>i\s (fices ( ! diff]5t bran*es1 b !re 0 no attempt at an organiz$ survey ( ! field1 :ile absolutely no ef=t _h be5 made by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t to inaugurate rese>* 9 a field t lat] _h #b1jjj m5 alone 9 pure rese>* "w4 ,equally important 0 ! fact t no bran* ( ! ,s]vice _h any idea ( ! practical me?ods ( gas w>f>e4 ,! only man :o seem$ to h ! vision & ! c\rage ( 8 convictions 0 ,van ,h4 ,mann+1 ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,bureau 9 #aijh x _h ma9ta9$ a /aff ( inve/igators /udy+ poison\s & explosive gases 9 m9es1 ! use ( self-conta9$ brea?+ app>atus = explor+ m9es fill$ ) noxi\s gases1 ! treatm5t ( m5 ov]come by gas1 & simil> problems4 ,at a conf]5ce ( ! ,director ( ! ,bureau ) 8 ,division ,*iefs1 on ,febru>y #g1 #aiag1 ! matt] ( national prep>$ness 0 discuss$1 & especially ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,bureau c\ld be ( mo/ imm$iate assi/ance ) its p]sonnel & equipm5t4 ,on ,febru>y #h1 ! ,director wrote ,c4 ,d4 ,walcott1 ,*airman ( ! ,milit>y ,committee ( ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil1 po9t+ out t ! ,bureau ( ,m9es c\ld imm$iately assi/ ! ,navy & ! ,army 9 develop+1 = naval or milit>y use1 special oxyg5 brea?+ app>atus simil> to t us$ 9 m9+4 ,he also /at$ t ! ,bureau c\ld be ( aid 9 te/+ types ( gas masks us$ on ! fight+ l9es1 & _h available te/+ gall]ies at ! ,pittsburgh exp]im5t /ation & an exp]i5c$ /aff4 ,dr4 ,walcott repli$ on ,febru>y #ab t he 0 br++ ! matt] to ! att5tion ( ! ,milit>y ,committee4 ,a meet+ 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! ,bureau & ! ,w> ,college1 ! latt] organization be+ repres5t$ by ,brigadi] ,g5]al ,kuhn & ,major ,l4 ,p4 ,williamson4 ,at ?is conf]5ce ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t en?usia/ically accept$ ! (f] ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es & agre$ to support ! "w 9 e way possible4 ,! sup]vision ( ! rese>* on gases 0 (f]$ to ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,burrell1 = a numb] ( ye>s 9 *>ge ( ! *emical "w done by ! ,bureau 9 connection ) ! inve/igation ( m9e gases & natural gas4 ,he accept$ ! (f] on ,april #g1 #aiag4 ,! smoo?ness ) :i* ! "w progress$ "u 8 direction & ! importance ( ! results obta9$ 7 ! result ( ,colonel ,burrell's great tact1 8 k ( e bran* ( rese>* "u inve/igation & 8 imag9ation & g5]al broad-m9d$ness4 ,once1 h[ev]1 t ! importance ( gas w>f>e _h be5 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! *emi/s ( ! c\ntry1 ! response 0 v eag] & soon _m ( ! be/ m5 ( ! univ]sity & indu/rial plants 7 associat$ ) ,burrell 9 all ! phases ( gas rese>*4 ,! /aff grew v rapidly & laboratories 7 />t$ at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! ,ea/ & ,middle ,we/4 ,x 0 imm$iately evid5t t !re %\ld be a c5tral laboratory 9 ,wa%+ton to co-ord9ate ! v>i\s activities & also to consid]ably enl>ge ^? activities "u ! jo9t direction ( ! ,army1 ! ,navy & ! ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,=tunately a site 0 available = su* a laboratory at ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity1 ! use ( ! build+s & gr\nds hav+ be5 t5d]$ ,presid5t ,wilson on ,april #cj1 #aiag4 ,?us orig9at$ ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 lat] to become ! ,rese>* ,division ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,mean:ile o!r organizations 7 gett+ "u way4 ,! procurem5t ( toxic gases & ! fill+ ( %ell 0 assign$ to ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 ,june1 #aiag1 ,g5]al ,crozi]1 !n ,*ief ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 approv$ ! g5]al proposition ( build+ a suitable plant = fill+ %ell ) toxic gas4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 x 0 decid$ to e/abli% su* a plant at ,gunp[d] ,neck1 ,m>yl&4 ,ow+ to ! inability ( ! *emical manufactur]s to supply ! necess>y toxic gases1 x 0 fur!r decid$1 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 to erect at ! same place su* *emical plants z w\ld be necess>y to supply ^! gases4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! "n 0 *ang$ to ,edgewood ,ars5al1 & ! project 0 made a sep>ate ,bureau ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,col4 ,william ,h4 ,walk]1 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 be+ soon aft]w>ds put 9 comm&4 ,:ile1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,w>1 gas %ell 7 h&l$ by ! regul> artill]y1 special troops 7 ne$$ = cyl9d] attacks1 ,/okes' mort>s1 ,liv5s' projectors & = o!r =ms ( gas w>f>e4 ,g5]al ,p]%+ e>ly cabl$1 ask+ = ! organization & tra9+ ( su* troops1 & recomm5d$ t !y be plac$1 z 9 ! ,engli% ,army1 "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,eng9e] ,corps4 ,on ,augu/ #ae1 #aiag1 ! ,g5]al ,/aff au?oriz$ "o regim5t ( ,gas & ,flame troops1 :i* 0 designat$ ! 8#cj? ,eng9e]s10 & 0 comm&$ by ,major 7lat] ,colonel7 ,e4 ,j4 ,atkisson4 ,?is lat] became ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t1 ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,ab\t ?is "t 7,septemb]1 #aiag7 ! ne$ ( gas tra9+ 0 recogniz$ by ! organization ( a ,field ,tra9+ ,section1 "u ! direction ( ! ,sanit>y ,corps1 ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t4 ,lat] x 0 recogniz$ t nei!r ! ,tra9+ ,section nor ! ,divisional ,gas ,(fic]s %\ld be "u ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 &1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! organization 0 transf]r$ to ! ,eng9e] ,corps4 ,all ( ^!1 ) ! exception ( ! ,gas & ,flame regim5t1 7 = s]vice on ?is side4 ,! ne$ = an ,ov]seas =ce 0 recogniz$ & def9itely /at$ 9 a lett]1 dat$ ,augu/ #d1 #aiag4 ,on ,septemb] #c1 #aiag1 an ord] 0 issu$ e/abli%+ ! ,gas ,s]vice1 "u ! comm& ( ,lt4 ,col4 7lat] ,brigadi] ,g5]al7 ,a4 ,a4 ,fries1 z a sep>ate ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 9 ,france4 ,9 spite ( a cable on ,septemb] #bf?1 9 :i* ,g5]al ,p]%+ _h said 8,s5d at once *emical laboratory1 complete equipm5t & p]sonnel1 includ+ physiological & pa?ological sections1 = ext5sive inve/igation ( gases & p[d]s44440 x 0 n until ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #aiah1 t ,colonel ,r4 ,f4 ,bacon ( ! ,mellon ,in/itute sail$ = ,france ) ab\t fifty m5 & a complete laboratory equipm5t4 ,meantime a ,*emical ,s]vice ,section _h be5 organiz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is holds ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ recognition ( *emi/ry z a sep>ate bran* ( ! milit>y s]vice 9 any c\ntry or any w>4 ,?is 0 au?oriz$ ,octob] #af1 #aiag1 & 0 to consi/ ( an (fic] ( ! ,eng9e]s1 n above ! rank ( colonel1 :o 0 to be ,director ( ,gas ,s]vice1 ) assi/ants1 n above ! rank ( lieut5ant colonel f ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t & ,*emical ,s]vice ,section4 ,! ,section itself 0 to consi/ ( #dg commission$ & #ie non-commission$ (fic]s & privates4 ,colonel ,c4 ,l4 ,pott]1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 0 appo9t$ ,director & ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,walk] 0 commission$ ,lieut5ant ,colonel & made ,assi/ant ,director ( ! ,gas ,s]vice & ,*ief ( ! ,*emical ,s]vice ,section4 ,?is 0 increas$ on ,feb4 #ae1 #aiah to #bbg commission$ & #fbe enli/$ m51 & on ,may #f1 #aiah to #cic commission$ & #ibj enli/$ m54 ,mean:ile ,lt4 ,col4 ,walk] _h be5 transf]r$ to ! ,ordnance & ,lt4 ,col4 ,bog]t _h be5 appo9t$ 9 8 place4 ,at ?is "t practically e bran* ( ! ,army _h "s connection ) ,gas ,w>f>e4 ,! ,m$ical ,corps direct$ ! ,gas ,def5se production4 ,(f5se production 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,al>m devices1 etc41 7 made by ! ,signal ,corps4 ,! ,eng9e]s contribut$ _! #cj? ,regim5t 7,gas & ,flame7 & ! ,field ,tra9+ ,section4 ,! ,rese>* ,section 0 /ill 9 *>ge ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 9 spite ( repeat$ attempts to milit>ize x4 ,& 9 addition1 ! ,*emical ,s]vice ,section _h be5 =m$ prim>ily to deal ) ov]seas "w4 ,:ile ! ,director ( ! ,gas ,s]vice 0 expect$ to co-ord9ate all ^! activities1 he 0 giv5 no au?ority to control policy1 rese>* or production4 ,9 ord] to improve ^! conditions ,major ,g5]al ,wm4 ,l4 ,sib]t1 a di/+ui%$ ,eng9e] ,(fic] :o built ! ,gatun ,locks & ,dam ( ! ,panama ,canal & :o _h comm&$ ! ,fir/ ,division 9 ,france1 0 appo9t$ ,director ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice on ,may #aa1 #aiah4 ,"u 8 direction ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 0 organiz$ ) ! foll[+ ,divisions3 ,ov]seas ,brigadi] ,g5]al ,amos ,a4 ,fries ,rese>* ,colonel ,g4 ,a4 ,burrell ,developm5t ,colonel ,f4 ,m4 ,dorsey ,gas ,def5se ,production ,colonel ,bradley ,dewey ,gas ,(f5se ,production ,colonel ,wm4 ,h4 ,walk] ,m$ical ,colonel ,w4 ,j4 ,ly/] ,prov+ ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,s4 ,bacon ,adm9i/ration ,brigadi] ,g5]al ,h4 ,c4 ,newcom] ,gas & ,flame ,colonel ,e4 ,j4 ,atkisson ,! f9al p]sonnel au?oriz$1 ?\gh nev] rea*$ ow+ to ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice1 0 #d1jff commission$ (fic]s & #dd1fae enli/$ m52 ?is 0 includ+ ?ree gas regim5ts ( eighte5 companies ea*4 ,g5]al ,sib]t br\ght ) him n only an ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 organiz+ & conduct+ big bus9ess1 b a /rong sympa?y = ! "w & an appreciation ( ! problem t ! ,am]ican ,army 0 fac+ 9 ,france4 ,he v quickly weld$ ! great organization ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice into a :ole1 & saw to x t ea* dep>tm5t n only c>ri$ on its own duties b co-op]at$ ) ! o!rs 9 c>ry+ out ! l>g] program1 :i*1 _h ! w> cont9u$1 w\ld h beat5 ! ,g]man at 8 own game4 ,m detail$ acc\nts w n[ be giv5 ( ! v>i\s ,divisions ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,,adm9i/ration ,,division ,! ,adm9i/ration ,division 0 ! result ( ! developm5t :i* has be5 sket*$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,x is n necess>y to review t1 b ! organization z ( ,octob] #ai1 #aiah w be giv53 ,director ,major ,g5]al ,wm4 ,l4 ,sib]t ,/aff3 ,m$ical ,(fic] ,colonel ,w4 ,j4 ,ly/] ,ordnance ,(fic] ,lt4 ,col4 ,c4 ,b4 ,?ummel ,briti% ,milit>y ,mission ,major ,j4 ,h4 ,brightman ,assi/ant ,director ,colonel ,h4 ,c4 ,newcom] ,(fice ,adm9i/ration ,major ,w4 ,w4 ,p>k] ,relations ,section ,colonel ,m4 ,t4 ,bog]t ,p]sonnel ,section ,major ,f4 ,e4 ,brei?ut ,contracts & ,pat5ts ,section ,capta9 ,w4 ,k4 ,jackson ,f9ance ,section ,major ,c4 ,c4 ,coombs ,requirem5ts & ,progress ,section ,capt4 ,s4 ,m4 ,cadwell ,confid5tial ,in=mation ,section ,major ,s4 ,p4 ,mullik9 ,transportation ,section ,capta9 ,h4 ,b4 ,%>key ,tra9+ ,section ,lt4 ,col4 ,g4 ,n4 ,lewis ,procurem5t ,section ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,j4 ,noonan ,! adm9i/rative (fices 7 locat$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ,build+4 ,! function ( mo/ ( ! sections is indicat$ by _! names4 ,! ,indu/rial ,relations ,section 0 creat$ to c>e = ! int]e/s ( ! indu/rial plants :i* 7 consid]$ z ess5tial w> indu/ries4 ,?r\gh its activity _m vitally important indu/ries 7 enabl$ to reta91 on def]r$ classification or on indef9ite furl\gh1 ^? skill$ *emi/s )\t :i* !y c\ld n h ma9ta9$ a maximum output ( w> munitions4 ,9 ! same way ! ,univ]sity ,relations ,section c>$ = ! educational & rese>* in/itutions4 ,9 ?is way our recruit+ /ations = *emi/s 7 kept 9 z active op]ation z w> conditions p]mitt$4 ,ano!r important a*ievem5t ( ! ,adm9i/ration ,section 0 to secure ! ord] f ,! ,adjutant ,g5]al1 dat$ ,may #bh1 #aiah1 t read3 8,ow+ to ! ne$s ( ! milit>y s]vice = a great _m m5 tra9$ 9 *emi/ry1 x is consid]$ mo/ important t all enli/$ m5 :o are graduate *emi/s %\ld be assign$ to duty :]e _! special k & tra9+ c be fully utiliz$4 99 99 99 99 99 8,enli/$ m5 :o are graduate *emi/s w n be s5t ov]seas unless !y are to be employ$ on *emical duties44440 ,:ile ?is und\bt$ly creat$ a great deal ( feel+ among ! m5 :o naturally 7 anxi\s to see actual fight+ 9 ,france1 x 0 v important t ?is ord] be c>ri$ out 9 ord] to cons]ve our *emical /r5g?4 ,! foll[+ clipp+ f ! ,septemb]1 #aiah1 issue ( ,! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry %[s ! result ( ?is ord]4 8,,*emi/s ,,9 ,,camp 8,z ! result ( ! lett] f ,! ,adjutant ,g5]al ( ! ,army1 dat$ ,may #bh1 #aiah1 #a1gdi *emi/s h be5 report$ on4 ,( ^! ! report ( action to ,augu/ #a1 #aiah1 %[s t #bha 7 ord]$ to rema9 ) _! milit>y organization because !y 7 already p]=m+ *emical duties1 #cd 7 reque/$ to rema9 ) _! milit>y organization because !y 7 m useful 9 ! milit>y "w :i* !y 7 do+1 #ab 7 furl\gh$ back to indu/ry1 #afe 7 n *emi/s 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w & 71 !re=e1 ord]$ back to ! l9e1 & #a1bid n[ plac$ 9 actual *emical "w4 ,!re 7 be+ held = fur!r inve/igation ( _! qualifications on ,augu/ #a1 #aiah1 #dcb m54 ,! rema9+ #bc m5 7 unavailable = transf]1 because !y _h already receiv$ _! ov]seas ord]s4 8,! #a1bid m51 :o w\ld o!rwise be s]v+ 9 a purely milit>y capacity & ^: *emical tra9+ is n[ be+ utiliz$ 9 *emical "w1 h1 !re=e1 be5 sav$ f wa/e4 8,ea* case has be5 consid]$ individually1 ! man's qualifications & exp]i5ce h be5 /udi$ ) c>e1 ! ne$s ( ! ,gov]nm5t plants & bureaus h be5 consid]$ ) equal c>e1 & ea* man has be5 assign$ to ! position = :i* 8 tra9+ & qualifications seem to fit him be/4 8,und\bt$ly1 !re h be5 "s cases 9 :i* squ>e pegs h be5 fitt$ into r\nd holes1 b1 on ! :ole1 x is felt t ! adju/m5ts h be5 z well z c\ld be expect$ "u ! circum/ances40 ,,rese>* ,,division ,! ,am]ican ,univ]sity ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 e/abli%$ by ! ,bureau ( ,m9es 9 ,april1 #aiag1 became ,july #a1 #aiah ! ,rese>* ,division ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,= ! fir/ five mon?s "w 0 c>ri$ out 9 v>i\s laboratories1 scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 ! build+s ( ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity became available2 a little lat] portions ( ! new *emical laboratory ( ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 ,wa%+ton1 7 tak5 ov]4 ,bran* laboratories 7 e/abli%$ 9 _m ( ! laboratories ( ! ,univ]sities & indu/rial plants1 ( :i* ,johns ,hopk9s1 ,pr9ceton1 ,yale1 ,ohio ,/ate1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,h>v>d1 ,mi*igan1 ,columbia1 ,cornell1 ,wiscons91 ,cl>k1 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,nela ,p>k & ! ,national ,c>bon ,company 7 active all ?r\gh ! w>4 ,at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ! organization ( ! ,rese>* ,division 0 z foll[s3 ,col4 ,g4 ,a4 ,burrell ,*ief ( ,rese>* ,division ,dr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,lewis ,9 ,*>ge ( ,def5se ,problems ,dr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,kohl]#e ,9 ,*>ge ( ,(f5se ,problems ,dr4 ,reid ,hunt ,advisor on ,ph>macological ,problems ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,d4 ,bancr(t ,9 ,*>ge ( ,editorial ,"w & ,catalytic ,rese>* ,lt4 ,col4 ,a4 ,b4 ,lamb#f ,9 ,*>ge ( ,def5se ,*emical ,rese>* ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,jones#g ,9 ,*>ge ( ,(f5se ,*emical ,rese>* ,major ,a4 ,c4 ,fieldn] ,9 ,*>ge ( ,gas ,mask ,rese>* ,major ,g4 ,a4 ,ri*t] ,9 ,*>ge ( ,pyrote*nic ,rese>* ,capt4 ,e4 ,k4 ,m>%all#h ,9 ,*>ge ( ,ph>macological ,rese>* ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,loev5h>t#i ,9 ,*>ge ( ,toxicological ,rese>* ,major ,r4 ,c4 ,tolman ,9 ,*>ge ( ,disp]soid ,rese>* ,major ,w4 ,s4 ,r[l&#aj ,9 ,*>ge ( ,small ,scale ,manufacture ,major ,b4 ,b4 ,fogl]#aa ,9 ,*>ge ( ,me*anical ,rese>* & ,developm5t ,capta9 ,g4 ,a4 ,rank9 ,9 ,*>ge ( ,explosive ,rese>* ,major ,ri*mond ,lev]+ ,9 ,*>ge ( ,adm9i/ration ,section ,footnote #e3 ,succe$$ ,dr4 ,john ,johnson :o w5t to ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil4 ,footnote #f3 ,at fir/ ,lt4 ,col4 ,j4 ,f4 ,norris 0 9 *>ge ( all *emical rese>*4 ,ab\t ,decemb]1 #aiag1 x 0 divid$ into ,(f5se & ,def5se1 & ,lt4 ,col4 ,lamb 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ,def5se4 ,:5 ,col4 ,norris w5t to ,engl& z ,liaison ,(fic]1 ,dr4 ,jones took 8 place4 ,footnote #g3 ,at fir/ ,lt4 ,col4 ,j4 ,f4 ,norris 0 9 *>ge ( all *emical rese>*4 ,ab\t ,decemb]1 #aiag1 x 0 divid$ into ,(f5se & ,def5se1 & ,lt4 ,col4 ,lamb 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ,def5se4 ,:5 ,col4 ,norris w5t to ,engl& z ,liaison ,(fic]1 ,dr4 ,jones took 8 place4 ,footnote #h3 ,at fir/ ,lt4 ,col4 ,j4 ,f4 ,norris 0 9 *>ge ( all *emical rese>*4 ,ab\t ,decemb]1 #aiag1 x 0 divid$ into ,(f5se & ,def5se1 & ,lt4 ,col4 ,lamb 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ,def5se4 ,:5 ,col4 ,norris w5t to ,engl& z ,liaison ,(fic]1 ,dr4 ,jones took 8 place4 ,footnote #i3 ,9 ! e>ly organization ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,dr4 ,y&all ,h5d]son 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces4 ,associat$ ) him 7 ,dr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,und]hill1 9 *>ge ( ,!rapeutic ,rese>*2 ,major ,m4 ,c4 ,w9t]nitz1 9 c ( ,pa?ological ,rese>* & ,capta9 ,e4 ,k4 ,m>%all 9 *>ge ( ,ph>macological ,rese>*4 ,ab\t ,may #a1 #aiah1 ,ph>macological ,rese>* became s ext5sive t ! ,section 0 made into two1 ) ,m>%all & ,loev5h>t 9 *>ge1 :ile ,dr4 ,hunt 0 appo9t$ special advis] on ph>macological problems4 ,:5 ! transf] to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 0 made1 ,h5d]son1 ,und]hill1 ,w9t]nitz & ,m>%all 7 transf]r$ to ! ,m$ical ,division4 ,footnote #aj3 ,lt4 ,col4 ,mc,pherson 0 =m]ly 9 *>ge1 & 0 lat] transf]r$ to ,ordnance4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is ,section 0 orig9ally "u ,h4 ,h4 ,cl>k4 ,lat] x 0 split into two1 ) ,cl>k & ,fogl] 9 *>ge1 & f9ally consolidat$ "u ,fogl]4 ,! *ief functions ( ! ,rese>* ,division 73 #a4 ,to prep>e & te/ comp\nds :i* might be ( value 9 gas w>f>e1 det]m9+ ! prop]ties ( ^! sub/ances & ! conditions "u :i* !y might be effective 9 w>f>e4 #b4 ,to develop satisfactory me?ods ( mak+ su* comp\nds z seem$ promis+ 7,small ,scale74 #c4 ,to develop ! be/ me?ods ( utiliz+ ^! comp\nds4 #d4 ,to develop mat]ials :i* %\ld absorb or de/roy w> gases1 /udy+ _! prop]ties & det]m9+ ! conditions "u :i* !y might be effective4 #e4 ,to develop satisfactory me?ods ( mak+ su* absorb5ts z might seem promis+4 #f4 ,to develop masks1 cani/]s1 protective clo?+1 etc4 #g4 ,to develop inc5di>ies1 smokes1 signals1 etc41 & ! be/ me?ods ( us+ ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,am]ican ,univ]sity ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 %[+ ,small ,scale ,plants4 #h4 ,to co-op]ate ) ! manufactur+ divisions 9 reg>d to difficulties aris+ dur+ ! op]ations ( manufactur+ w> gases1 absorb5ts1 etc4 #i4 ,to co-op]ate ) o!r bran*es ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 civil & milit>y1 9 reg>d to w> problems4 #aj4 ,to collect & make available to ! ,director ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice all in=mation 9 reg>d to ! *emi/ry ( gas w>f>e4 ,! relation ( ! v>i\s sections may be/ be %[n by outl9+ ! g5]al proc$ure us$ :5 a new toxic sub/ance 0 develop$4 ,! sub/ance 9 "q may h be5 us$ by ! ,g]mans or ! ,allies2 x may h be5 sugge/$ by someone outside ! /ation2 or ! /aff may h ?\ght ( x f a se>* ( ! lit]ature1 f analogy or f pure inspiration4 ,! ,(f5se ,rese>* ,section made ! sub/ance4 ,if x 0 a solid x 0 s5t to ! ,disp]soid ,section1 :]e me?ods ( disp]s+ x 7 work$ out4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 done1 or1 at once1 if ! comp\nd 0 a liquid or vapor1 x 0 s5t to ! ,toxicological ,section to be te/$ = toxicity1 la*rymatory p[]1 vesicant action1 or o!r special prop]ties4 ,if ^! te/s prov$ ! comp\nd to h a high toxicity or a peculi> physiological behavior1 x 0 !n turn$ ov] to a numb] ( diff]5t sections4 ,! ,(f5se ,rese>* ,section tri$ to improve ! me?od ( prep>ation4 ,:5 a satisfactory me?od _h be5 f\nd1 ! ,*emical ,production or ,small ,scale ,manufactur+ ,section endeavor$ to make x on a l>ge scale 7#ej p\nds to a ton7 & work$ out ! manufactur+ difficulties4 ,if fur!r te/s %[$ t ! sub/ance 0 valuable1 ! manufacture 0 !n giv5 to ! ,developm5t ,division or ! ,gas ,(f5se ,production ,division = l>ge scale production4 ,mean:ile ! ,analytical ,section _h be5 work+ on a me?od = te/+ ! purity ( ! mat]ial & = analyz+ air mixtures1 & ! ,gas ,mask ,section _h run te/s aga9/ x ) ! /&>d cani/]s4 ,if ! protection af=d$ did n seem suffici5t1 ! ,def5se ,*emical ,section /udi$ *anges 9 ! +r$i5ts ( ! cani/] or ev5 develop$ a new absorb5t or mixture ( absorb5ts to meet ! em]g5cy4 ,if a *ange 9 ! me*anical con/ruction ( ! cani/] 0 necess>y1 ?is 0 ref]r$ to ! ,me*anical ,rese>* ,section2 ?is "w 0 especially important 9 case ! mat]ial 0 to be us$ z a toxic smoke4 ,! comp\nd 0 also s5t to ! ,pyrote*nic ,section1 :i* /udi$ its behavior :5 fir$ f a %ell1 or1 if suitable1 :5 us$ 9 a cyl9d]4 ,if x prov$ /able on detonation1 l>ge field te/s 7 !n made by ! ,prov+ ,division1 9 connection ) ! ,pyrote*nic & ,toxicological ,sections ( ! ,rese>* ,division1 to le>n ! effect :5 %ell load$ ) ! comp\nd 7 fir$ f guns on a range1 ) animals plac$ suitably 9 or ne> ! tr5*es4 ,! ,analytical ,section work$ out me?ods ( detect+ ! gas 9 ! field1 :]ev] possible4 ,! ,m$ical ,division1 work+ ) ! ,toxicological & ,ph>macological ,sections1 /udi$ pa?ological details1 me?ods ( treat+ gass$ cases1 ! effect ( ! gas on ! body1 & 9 "s cases ev5 consid]$ o!r que/ions1 su* z ! susceptibility ( diff]5t m54 ,if ! "q ( an o9tm5t or clo?+ ent]$ into ! matt] ( protection1 ^! 7 usually attack$ by sev]al ,sections f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,out ( ! #bej gases prep>$ by ! ,(f5se ,*emical ,rese>* ,section1 v few 7 suffici5tly valuable to pass all ( ^! te/s & ?us ! numb] ( gases actually put into l>ge scale production 7 less ?an a doz54 ,?is _h its advantages1 = x made unnecess>y a l>ge numb] ( factories & ! tra9+ ( m5 9 ! manufactur+ details ( _m gases4 ,z "o ,briti% report /at$1 8,! ultimate object ( *emical w>f>e %\ld be to produce two sub/ances only2 "o p]si/5t & ! o!r non-p]si/5t2 bo? %\ld be le?al & bo? %\ld be p5etrants40 ,!y might well h add$ t bo? %\ld be in/antly & p[]fully la*rymatory4 ,s9ce mo/ ( ! "w ( ! ,rese>* ,division w be cov]$ 9 detail 9 lat] *apt]s1 only a brief summ>y ( ! pr9cipal problems w be giv5 "h4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important problem 0 ! developm5t ( a gas mask4 ,?is 0 be=e ,sections _h be5 organiz$ & 0 ! "w ( ! entire ,division4 ,aft] comp>+ ! exi/+ types ( masks x 0 decid$ t ! ,/&>d ,box ,respirator ( ! ,briti% 0 ! be/ "o to copy4 ,because we 7 entirely new at ! game t meant "w on *>coal1 soda-lime1 & ! v>i\s me*anical p>ts ( ! mask1 su* z ! facepiece1 ela/ics1 eyepieces1 m\?piece1 noseclip1 hose1 c1 valves1 etc4 ,! /ory ( ! 8fir/ tw5ty ?\s&0 is v well told by ,colonel ,burrell4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #aa1 #ic 7#aiai74 8,,! ,,fir/ ,,tw5ty ,,?\s& 8,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may1 #aiag1 ,major ,l4 ,p4 ,williamson1 act+ z liaison (fic] betwe5 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es & ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 put ! la/ ounce ( #8pep' into ! organization by ask+ u to build #bj1jjj gas masks = %ipm5t ov]seas4 #bj1jjj masks did n seem l a v l>ge ord]4 ,we did n fully appreciate all ! conditions :i* a w> gas mask _h to enc\nt]1 s we readily & will+ly accept$ ! ord]4 ,!n began a /ruggle ) c manufactur]s1 buckle mak]s1 manufactur]s ( /raps1 rubb] facepieces1 eyepieces1 knapsacks1 etc4 ,! c\ntry 0 canvass$ f ! ,atlantic ,coa/ to ! ,mississippi ,riv] = manufactur]s :o c\ld turn out ! diff]5t p>ts acceptably & 9 a hurry4 8,*>coal 0 made f r$ c$> by ! ,day ,*emical ,co4 ( ,we/l9e1 ,p5nsylvania2 soda-lime p]manganate 0 manufactur$ by ! ,g5]al ,*emical ,company2 knapsacks by ! ,simmons ,h>dw>e ,company 9 ,/4 ,l\is2 facepieces by ! ,goodri* & ,goodye> ,rubb] ,companies at ,akron2 cani/]s by ! ,am]ican ,c ,company2 & ! assembly made at "o ( ! plants ( ! ,am]ican ,c ,company 9 ,long ,isl& ,city4 8,! writ] _c recall all ! d\bts1 fe>s1 optimism1 & en?usiasm felt 9 turn by diff]5t memb]s ( ! organization dur+ ! fabrication ( ^? fir/ #bj1jjj masks4 ,we 7 p]=m+ an important task = ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,night became day4 ,dewey1 ,lewis1 ,h5d]son1 ,gibbs1 & o!rs /epp$ f "o tra9 to ano!r1 & we us$ ! telephone betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,/4 ,l\is or ,bo/on z freely z we us$ ! local ,wa%+ton telephone4 8,we ?\ght we c\ld improve on ! ,engli% box respirator on v>i\s po9ts4 ,we made ! cani/] l>g]1 & h be5 glad ev] s9ce t we did4 ,we ?\ght ! ,engli% m\?piece 0 too flexible & too small1 & made ours /iff & l>g]1 & 7 sorry we made ! *ange4 ,we te/$ ! fill+s aga9/ *lor9e1 phosg5e1 prussic acid1 etc41 & _h a cani/] t 0 all t 0 desir$ = absorb+ ^! gases4 ,b1 alas1 we did n "k t *loropicr9 0 de/9$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important w> gases us$ by ! v>i\s bellig]5ts4 ,fur!r1 x 0 n fully appreciat$ t ! rubb]iz$ clo? us$ 9 mak+ ! facepiece _h to be highly imp]meable aga9/ gases1 t h>dness z mu* z any?+ else 0 desir$ 9 ! make-up ( ! soda-lime granules 9 ord] to )/& r\gh jolt+ s t ! f9es w\ld n clog ! cani/]1 & raise ! resi/ance to brea?+ to a prohibitive figure4 ,nei!r 0 x appreciat$ at t "t by any ( ! allies1 t ! gas mask really %\ld be a be a fight+ in/rum5t1 "o t m5 c\ld "w h>d 91 run 91 & we> = h\rs1 )\t too s]i\s discom=t4 8,! fir/ #bj1jjj masks s5t ov] to ,engl& 7 complet$ by ! ,rese>* ,division 9 record "t4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ,fr5* masks1 !y 7 f> sup]ior1 giv+ great] protection aga9/ *lor9e1 phosg5e1 sup]palite1 prussic acid1 xylyl bromide1 etc4 ,! ,fr5* mask 0 ( ! clo? type1 con=m+ to ! face1 & consi/+ ( tw5ty lay]s ( *eeseclo? impregnat$ ) sodium ph5ate & hexame?yl5etetram9e4 ,*loropicr9 w5t ?r\gh ?is l a %ot4 ,j be=e ! masks 7 s5t abroad1 we receiv$ di/urb+ rumors ( ! contemplat$ use ( l>ge quantities ( *loropicr94 ,! ,fr5*1 app>5tly1 _h no int5tion ( *ang+ ! design ( _! mask1 & did n d s = mon?s to come4 ,we !re=e releas$ ! masks1 !y 7 s5t abroad1 & an anxi\s rese>* gr\p on ?is side ( ! wat] wait$ expectantly = ! v]dict4 ,x came4 ,a brief cablegram told u :at our ,engli% c\s9s ?\ght ( u4 ,x 0 a subject !y _h be5 wre/l+ ) = two ye>s & a half4 ,!y _h _h battlefield exp]i5ce2 !y _h gone ?r\gh ! grief ( develop+ poor masks into bett] ones1 knew ! /ory bett] ?an we did1 & aft] a ?or\gh te/ #8hamm]$' ! ,am]ican design unm]cifully4 8,?is exp]i5ce put ! ,rese>* ,division on its mettle4 ,our fir/ attempt _h giv5 u ! necess>y prelim9>y exp]i5ce2 cablegrams & reports travel$ back & =?2 an exp]t or two ev5tually came to ?is c\ntry f ,engl& 9 response to previ\s appeals = assi/ance1 & we turn$ ) adequate in=mation to ! developm5t ( a real mask40 ,! /ory ( mu/>d gas is giv5 lat]4 ,x probably occupi$ m "t & ?\ght on ! "p ( ! ,rese>* ,division1 z well z t ( ,edgewood ,ars5al & ! ,developm5t ,division1 ?an any o!r gas4 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e l$ to ! prep>ation ( a s]ies ( ars5ic comp\nds1 "s m easily prep>$ & m or less effective4 ,cyanog5 *loride & cyanog5 bromide1 report$ by ! ,italians z hav+ be5 us$ by ! ,g]mans1 7 ext5sively /udi$4 ,! ,inorganic ,section 0 e>ly int]e/$ 9 special inc5di>y mat]ials :i* 7 develop$ = bombs1 %ells1 d>ts & gr5ades1 & :i* 7 lat] tak5 ov] by ! ,pyrote*nic ,section1 & f9ally adopt$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 discuss+ ! "w "o c v well />t ) ! ,(f5se ,section4 ,?is ,section _h two aims 9 view always1 to develop me?ods ( mak+ ! gases us$ by ! ,g]mans m economically ?an !y 7 mak+ !m1 & to develop bett] gases if possible4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w>1 *lor9e1 phosg5e & *loropicr9 7 ! le?al gases us$1 :ile bromoacetone & xylyl bromide 7 ! la*rymators4 ,x 0 n a difficult matt] to prep>e ^!4 ,b ! introduction ( mu/>d gas 9 ! summ] ( #aiag & ( diph5yl*loro>s9e 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>1 n only made our *emi/s pond] ov] a manufactur+ me?od1 b also s revis$ our notions ( w>f>e t ! possibility ( us+ o!r sub/ances creat$ ! ne$ = ext5sive rese>*4 ,! developm5t ( bromob5zylcyanide by ! ,fr5* likewise op5$ a new field among la*rymatory sub/ances4 ,color$ rockets & smokes 7 develop$ = ! ,navy & ,army4 ,! smoke box 0 also /udi$ b ! "w 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,pyrote*nic ,section4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( pure inorganic rese>* on ars9e & ars5ides1 fluor9e1 hydr(luoric acid & fluorides1 cyanides1 cyanog5 sulfide & nitrog5 tetroxide 0 c>ri$ out1 sometimes successfully & at o!r times ) little or no success4 ,! ,analytical ,section n only c>ri$ out all r\t9e analyses b develop$ me?ods = _m new gases4 ,! ,(f5se ,section work$ 9 v close contact ) ! ,small ,scale ,manufactur+ ,section 7,*emical ,production ,section74 ,(t5 x happ5$ t a me?od1 app>5tly successful 9 ! laboratory1 0 ( no value 9 ! plant4 ,small scale plants 7 develop$ = mu/>d gas1 hydrocyanic acid1 cyanog5 *loride1 ars5ic tri*loride1 ars5ic trifluoride1 magnesium ars5ide1 sup]palite & bromob5zylcyanide4 ,! ,*emical ,def5se ,section1 organiz$ ,janu>y1 #aiah1 0 occupi$ ) problems relat+ to protection1 su* z *>coal1 soda-lime1 & special absorb5ts1 eyepieces1 smoke filt]s1 effici5cy ( absorb5ts1 & special "w ) mu/>d gas4 ,*>coal dem&$ ext5sive rese>*4 ,raw mat]ials requir$ a _w-wide se>*1 c>boniz+ me?ods _h to be develop$1 & impregnat+ ag5ts 7 ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,?is /ory is told 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,soda-lime 0 likewise a difficult problem4 ,/>t+ ) ! ,briti% =mula1 ! influ5ce ( ! v>i\s factors 0 /udi$ & a balance betwe5 a numb] ( desirable qualities1 absorptive activity1 capacity1 h>dness1 resi/ance to abrasion1 *emical /ability1 etc41 obta9$4 ,! f9al product consi/$ ( a mixture ( lime1 cem5t1 kieselguhr1 sodium p]manganate & sodium hydroxide4 ,equally valuable "w 0 p]=m$ 9 ! p]fection ( two c>bon monoxide absorb5ts = ! ,navy4 ,! bett] ( ^! consi/$ ( a mixture ( suitably prep>$ oxides :i* acts catalytically "u c]ta9 conditions1 & causes ! c>bon monoxide to react ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,s9ce !re are color *anges connect$ ) ! iod9e p5toxide reaction 7! fir/ absorb5t7 x has be5 possible to develop ?is s z to s]ve z a v s5sitive detector = ! pres5ce ( c>bon monoxide 9 air4 ,:ile ! "q ( smoke filt]s 0 s important t x occupi$ ! att5tion ( sev]al ,sections1 ! ,def5se ,section develop$1 z a "p ( its "w1 a /&>d me?od ( te/+ & comp>+ filt]s1 & did a great deal ( "w on ! prep>ation ( pap] = ?is purpose4 ,v>i\s problems relat$ to mu/>d gas 7 also /udi$4 ,! "q ( a protective o9tm5t 0 solv$ z successfully z possible "u ! circum/ances1 b 0 dropp$ :5 x appe>$ d\btful if "u battlefield conditions ( conc5tration & l5g? ( exposure1 any o9tm5t (f]$ suffici5t protection to pay = ! tr\ble ( apply+ x4 ,! removal ( mu/>d gas f clo?+ 0 inve/igat$1 especially by ! accel]at+ effect ( turkey r$ oil4 ,ano!r phase ( ! "w conc]n$ ! de/ruction ( mu/>d gas on ! gr\nd1 :ile a f\r? phase relat$ to ! p]si/5cy ( mu/>d 7& o!r gases7 on ! field ( battle4 ,! ,gas ,mask ,rese>* ,section conc]n$ itself l>gely ) develop+ me?ods ( te/+ cani/]s & ) r\t9e te/s4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! numb] ( gases /udi$ exp]im5tally1 ! l>ge numb] ( exp]im5tal cani/]s develop$1 all ( :i* 7 te/$ aga9/ two or m gases1 & fur!r t ! ,section assi/$ 9 ! control ( ! production at ,long ,isl& ,city1 x is se5 t ?is 0 no small job4 ,9 addition1 ! effect ( v>i\s conditions1 su* z temp]ature1 humidity1 age+1 size ( p>ticles1 7 /udi$ 9 _! relation to ! life ( absorb5ts & cani/]s4 ,man te/s & me*anical te/s w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,o!r /udies 7 conc]n$ ) wea!r+ te/s ( gas mask fabrics1 mu/>d gas detector1 & cov]+ = dug\t entrances 7dug\t blankets71 :i* 7 impregnat$ ) a mixture ( m9]al & vegetable oils4 ,9 /udy+ ! c\rse ( gases ?r\gh a cani/] ! 8wave front0 me?od 0 ( great value 9 detect+ defects 9 cani/] design & fill+4 ,! ,pyrote*nic ,section 0 compos$ ( a numb] ( units1 ea* ) its own problem4 ,! gas %ell 0 /udi$1 ) special ref]5ce to ! /ability ( gases & toxic solids1 bo? on /orage & on detonation4 ,ext5sive "w 0 c>ri$ out on smoke scre5s--a ,navy funnel1 an ,army portable smoke app>atus1 us+ silicon tetra*loride1 a gr5ade1 a ,liv5s1 & v>i\s %ell be+ develop$ = t purpose4 ,! smoke scre5 0 adapt$ to ! tank & ! airplane z well z to ! funnel ( a %ip4 ,sev]al types ( inc5di>y bombs & d>ts 7 p]fect$4 ,! liquid fire gun 0 /udi$ b ! results 7 nev] utiliz$ because ( ! ab&onm5t z useless ( t =m ( w>f>e4 ,v>i\s =ms ( signal lights1 fl>es1 rockets & color$ smokes 7 /udi$ & 9 mo/ cases specifications 7 writt54 ,ext5sive /udies 7 also c>ri$ out on gas %ell l9+s1 f :i* a lead & an enamel l9+ 7 evolv$4 ,_m physical prop]ties ( w> gases & _! mixtures 7 det]m9$4 ,! ,disp]soid ,section /udi$ ! production ( smokes or mi/s f v>i\s solid & liquid sub/ances4 ,app>atus 7 develop$ to /udy ! conc5tration ( smoke cl\ds & _! rate ( settl+4 ,! effici5cy ( v>i\s filt]s & cani/]s 0 det]m9$1 & among o!r ?+s1 a new smoke c&le 0 p]fect$4 ,me*anical rese>* at fir/ 0 relat$ to design & con/ruction ( a cani/] & mask1 bas$ on ! ,engli% type4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( #aiag ! ,tissot type ( mask 0 /udi$ & !n turn$ ov] to ! ,gas ,def5se ,division4 ,a ,navy ,head ,mask & cani/] 0 p]fect$4 ,! horse mask 0 develop$ along ! l9es ( ! ,briti% type1 & also a dog mask ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,horse boots 7 also con/ruct$1 ?\gh !y nev] 7 us$ at ! front4 ,_m ,ordnance & ,pyrote*nic problems 7 also successfully complet$1 n ! lea/ ( :i* 0 a noiseless gas cyl9d]4 ,?is section develop$ ! fir/ special poison gas suit1 compos$ ( an oilclo? suit1 a mask & helmet & a special cani/]4 ,! ,manufactur+ ,developm5t ,section _h g5]al *>ge ( ! def5se problems1 & really act$ z an em]g5cy section1 fill+ 9 z occasion dem&$4 ,!y develop$ mu/>d gas clo?+ & a horse mask4 ,!y con/ruct$ a hydrog5 plant at ,langley ,field1 assi/$ 9 solv+ ! difficulties relat+ to ,bat*ite *>coal at ,spr+field1 ,mass41 & co-op]at$ 9 ! /udy ( pap] & felt z filt]+ mat]ials = smokes4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! w> ! ,section 0 int]e/$ 9 ! application ( ! gas mask to ! indu/ries4 ,! ,physiological "w is discuss$ "u ! ,m$ical ,division4 ,! ,editorial ,section receiv$ reports f all ! o!r ,sections1 f :i* a semi-mon?ly report 0 writt51 & di/ribut$ to au?oriz$ repres5tatives ( ! ,army & ,navy & to our ,allies4 ,reports 7 also receiv$ f abroad & ! in=mation ?us receiv$ 0 made available to ! ,rese>* ,division4 ,z ! numb] ( reports increas$ ! "w 0 collect$ toge!r into monographs on ! v>i\s w> gases1 absorb5ts1 smokes1 etc4 ,aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ^! 7 revis$ & increas$ 9 numb]1 s t ab\t fifty 7 f9ally turn$ ov] to ! ,director ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,,gas ,,def5se ,,division ,! /ory ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division is l>gely ! /ory ( ! gas mask4 ,colonel 7!n ,mr47 ,bradley ,dewey 0 9 *>ge ( ! 8fir/ tw5ty ?\s&40 ,soon aft] t "w 0 und]tak51 he 0 commission$ ,major 9 ! ,gas ,def5se ,division ( ! ,sanit>y ,corps & 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! entire manufactur+ program4 ,! "w ( ! ,division includ$ ! developm5t & manufacture z well z ! te/+ & inspection ( gas masks1 & o!r def5se equipm5t4 ,! magnitude ( ! "w is se5 f ! foll[+ record ( production3 #e1fib1jjj complet$ gas masks1 #c1fad1ibe ( :i* 7 produc$ at ! ,long ,isl& ,city ,plant1 :ile ! rema9d] 7 assembl$ at ! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,company's ,plant at ,philadelphia1 #cgg1hha horse masks1 #aia1chh dug\t blankets1 #b1dej protective suits & #a1ggc pairs ( gloves1 #a1bdf tons ( protective o9tm5t1 #de1ijf gas w>n+ signals 7l>gely h& horns71 #ej1edi tr5* fans & _m oxyg5 inhalators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,! ,defective ,gas ,mask4 ,successfully us$ by ! ,gas ,def5se ,division to /imulate c>e 9 e "p ( ! op]ation ( ! manufacture ( ,gas ,masks4 ,! /ory ( ! 8fir/ tw5ty ?\s&0 has already be5 told on page #dc4 ,t ^! masks 7 f> f satisfactory is no reflection ^u ! m5 :o made !m4 ,ev5 ) ! /&>d design ( ! ,briti% z a patt]n1 x 0 impossible to atta9 all ! k conc]n+ gas masks 9 two mon?s4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ?is /ruggle enabl$ ! ,army to take up ! manufacture ( gas masks1 9 ,july1 #aiag1 ) a m complete realization ( ! s]i\sness ( ! task4 ,! masks 7 n lo/1 ei!r1 = !y 7 s5t to ! v>i\s camps z tra9+ masks & s]v$ a v useful purpose4 ,! fir/ ord] aft] ?is 0 = #a1ajj1jjj masks1 to be complet$ )9 a ye> f date4 ,= ?is production !re 0 au?oriz$ "o major1 two capta9s1 & t5 lieut5ants4 ,h[ little ! problem 0 und]/ood is evid5t :5 we realize t 9 ! end !re 7 #ab1jjj employees 9 ! ,gas ,def5se ,plant at ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! fir/ attempts 7 to secure ^! ?r\gh exi/+ conc]ns4 ,! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,philadelphia und]took ! "w & c>ri$ on c]ta9 portions ( x all ?r\gh ! ,w>4 ,exp]i5ce soon %[$1 h[ev]1 t because ( ! necessity = extreme c>e 9 ! manufacture & inspection ( ! mask1 ! ord9>y comm]cial organization 0 n adapt$ to c>ry on _! manufacture on ! scale necessitat$ by ! ,army program4 ,consequ5tly1 on ,nov4 #ba1 #aiag1 ! ,secret>y ( ,w> au?oriz$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a gov]nm5t op]at$ plant1 & exp]i5c$ (ficials 7 drawn f ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 ,bo/on & o!r manufactur+ c5t]s to c>ry on ! "w4 ,build+s 9 ,long ,isl& ,city1 n f> f ! *emical plant 7*>coal & soda lime7 at ,a/oria1 7 tak5 ov] by ! (fic]s ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,s]vice1 until 9 ,july1 #aiah1 five l>ge build+s 7 occupi$1 hav+ a total floor space ( #a1jjj1jjj squ>e feet 7#bc acres74 ,! organization grew f ! orig9al ?irte5 (fic]s until x includ$ "s #ab1jjj employees ( :om ab\t #h1ejj 7 wom54 ,because ( ! c>e requir$ 9 all ! "w1 attempt 0 made to secure1 z f> z possible1 ^? :o _h relatives ) ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,! ?\ght 0 t _! p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "w w\ld result 9 great] c>e 9 manufacture & inspection4 ,! p]sonnel 0 unique 9 t ! au?ority 0 app>5tly divid$ betwe5 civilian & milit>y1 b !re 0 no friction because ( ?is4 ,! effici5cy ( ! entire organization is %[n by ! fact t ! masks manufactur$ at ,long ,isl& ,city co/ fifty c5ts less p] mask ?an ^? manufactur$ "u contract4 ,! fir/ actual %ipm5t 7ov]seas7 ( box respirators 0 made f ! ,gas ,def5se ,plant on ,m>* #d1 #aiah4 ,f ?is date ! production increas$ by leaps & b\nds4 ,z m5tion$ above1 betwe5 ?is date & ,novemb] #bf1 :5 ! la/ mask 0 manufactur$1 #c1adf1dac masks ( ! box respirator type 7 pass$ ?r\gh f9al inspection 9 ! plant4 ,! greate/ daily production1 #dc1ibf masks1 0 rea*$ on ,octob] #bf1 #aiah4 ,! process ( manufacture w be discuss$ "u ! *apt] on ! ,gas ,mask4 ,dur+ ! la/ half ( #aiah ! ,kops ,tissot mask 0 manufactur$4 ,?is mask _h be5 p]fect$ dur+ ! mon?s prec$+ ,augu/1 #aiah1 :5 its manufacture 0 />t$4 ,consid]able difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 its production1 b ! fir/ mask 0 complet$ on ,septemb] #ad1 & betwe5 t "t & ! ,armi/ice1 #ahi1fjc masks ( ?is type _h be5 manufactur$4 ,along ) ?is manufactur+ developm5t w5t ! build+ up ( an elaborate procurem5t =ce *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( provid+ p>ts to be assembl$ at ! ,gas ,def5se ,plant & at ! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,?is ,section fac$ a h>d & intricate task1 b1 ?\gh !re 7 in/ances :]e ! %ortage ( p>ts tempor>ily caus$ a sl[+ d[n ( production1 ^! 7 rem>kably r>e4 ,n only _h ! p>ts to be /&>diz$1 & specifications writt51 b a field inspection =ce _h to be tra9$ 9 ord] t ! f9i%$ p>ts might be suitable = ! f9al assembly plant4 ,! problem 0 fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t ! design 0 con/antly *ang+1 z improvem5t foll[$ improvem5t4 ,(fic]s1 tra9$ 9 inspection 9 a day1 7 s5t out to tra9 inspectors 9 ! indu/rial c5t]s4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 %ortly be=e ! ,g]man drive comm5c$1 requisitions 7 receiv$ = sample lots ( oil$ mitt5s & oil$ union suits z protection aga9/ mu/>d gas4 ,^! 7 prep>$ 9 quantity & s5t to ! front1 z 0 also a consid]able am\nt ( *loride ( lime = neutraliz+ ! mu/>d gas 9 ! field4 ,ano!r phase ( ! "w consi/$ ( ! ,field ,te/+ ,section1 :i* 0 organiz$ to provide field te/+ conditions = ! regul> product & = ! developm5t organization4 ,lat] !re 7 add$ a prelim9>y c\rse ( tra9+ = (fic]s = ov]seas duty 9 *emical w>f>e1 ! milit>y tra9+ ( ! ,gas ,def5se (fic]s locat$ 9 & ne> ,new ,york & ! tra9+ ( boat crews engag$ 9 c>ry+ (f5sive gas supplies4 ,! ,field ,te/+ ,section r5d]$ valuable s]vice 9 po9t+ out weaknesses ( designs z developm5ts took place & especially ^? uncom=table features ( ! masks :i* 7 app>5t only ?r\gh long we>4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is "w ! section built a complete tr5* sy/em 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad y>ds ) an elaborate dug\t1 ! equal ( any ( ! fam\s ,g]man qu>t]s on ! ,we/]n front4 ,! *apt]s on ,*>coal1 ,soda-,lime & ! ,gas ,mask mu/ be read 9 ?is connection to ga9 an idea ( ! "w c>ri$ out by ?is ,division4 ,x is summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t t ,am]ican soldi]s 7 provid$ ) equipm5t :i* neutraliz$ ! be/ effects ( ,g]man *emical k z evid5c$ by ! (f5sive me?ods & mat]ials employ$4 ,! organization ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division1 z ( ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah1 0 z foll[s3 ,colonel ,bradley ,dewey ,(fic] 9 ,*>ge ,lieut4 ,col4 ,a4 ,l4 ,besse ,as/4 ,(fic] 9 ,*>ge ,major ,m4 ,l4 ,em]son ,adm9i/ration ,section ,major ,h4 ,p4 ,s*uit ,comptroll+ ,section ,mr4 ,r4 ,skemp ,procurem5t ,section ,major ,c4 ,r4 ,johnson ,te*nical ,director ,capt4 ,k4 ,att]bury ,field ,te/+ ,section ,major ,j4 ,c4 ,woodruff ,*emical ,manufactur+ & ,developm5t ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,ri*>dson ,manag]1 ,gas ,def5se ,plant ,capt4 ,h4 ,p4 ,scott ,(fic] 9 ,*>ge1 ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,major ,l4 ,w4 ,cottman ,eng9e]+ ,bran* ,major ,t4 ,l4 ,:eel] ,*emical ,developm5t ,major ,i4 ,w4 ,wilson ,a/oria ,bran* ,capt4 ,w4 ,e4 ,brophy ,san ,francisco ,bran* ,lt4 ,e4 ,j4 ,noble ,clevel& ,bran* ,lt4 ,l4 ,m]rill ,spr+field ,bran* ,,edgewood ,,ars5al ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 9 mak+ plans = a %ell fill+ plant1 ?\ght to int]e/ exi/+ *emical firms 9 ! manufacture ( ! requir$ toxic mat]ials4 ,z plans develop$1 h[ev]1 difficulties arose 9 c>ry+ out ?is program4 ,! manufacture ( su* mat]ial at private plants necessitat$ its %ipm5t to ! fill+ plant at ,edgewood4 ,! transportation ( l>ge quantities ( highly toxic gases seem$ att5d$ ) great dang]4 ,! ,director ,g5]al ( ,railroads rul$ t all su* %ipm5ts mu/ be made by special tra91 a v exp5sive me?od ( transportation4 ,/ill m s]i\s objections 7 enc\nt]$ 9 ! attempt to enli/ ! co-op]ation ( exi/+ firms4 ,!y recogniz$ t ! manufacture ( su* mat]ial w\ld be att5d$ by v great dang]2 t ! "w w\ld be limit$ to ! duration ( ! w>2 & t ! processes involv$1 z well z ! plants necess>y = c>ry+ out _! processes1 w\ld h little po/-w> value4 ,moreov]1 su* firms z _h ! p]sonnel & equipm5t 7 already ov]-work$4 ,) a few exceptions 7notably ! ,am]ican ,syn!tic ,color ,company1 ! ,oldbury ,electro-,*emical ,co41 ,z9ss] ,co41 & ! ,d[ ,*emical ,company7 !y 7 unwill+ to und]take "w ( ?is "* on any t]ms :atev]4 ,e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 !re=e1 x 0 decid$ to erect1 on ! site ( ! %ell fill+ plant1 su* *emical plants z w\ld be necess>y to furni% ! toxic mat]ials requir$ = fill+ ! %ell4 ,! ,ars5al is situat$ 9 an isolat$ di/rict1 tw5ty miles ea/ ( ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&1 on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 & comprises #c1djj acres4 ,s9ce ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad runs on "o side ( ! tract1 :ile on ano!r is ! ,bu% ,riv]1 only a few miles f its m\? 9 ,*esapeake ,bay1 ! tract 0 ideally situat$ = %ipp+4 ,?is site 0 ref]r$ to1 at fir/1 z 8,gunp[d] ,res]vation10 b on ,may #d1 #aiah1 ! "n 0 (ficially *ang$ to 8,edgewood ,ars5al40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,! upp] view %[s ! site z x appe>$ ,oct4 #bd1 #aiag4 ,! l[] view %[s ! same z x appe>$ n9e mon?s lat]4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t ( ! "w may be ga9$ f ! foll[+ facts4 ,on ,octob] #a1 #aiah1 !re 7 #bcc (fic]s1 #f1idh enli/$ m5 & #c1jff civilians engag$ 9 "w at ,edgewood4 #hf cantonm5ts 7 built1 accommodat+ ab\t #h1ejj m51 :ile ! five (fic]s' b>racks provid$ accommodations = #bij4 ,! complet$ hospital unit consi/$ ( #cd build+s1 accommodat+ #dbj pati5ts "u ord9>y conditions4 ,! total numb] ( build+s erect$ on ! ,ars5al gr\nds 0 #eej4 #ad4h miles ( improv$ roads 7 built1 & #ba miles ( /&>d gauge & #ae miles ( n>r[ gauge railway4 ,a sy/em furni%+ #i4e million gallons ( salt wat] & ano!r furni%+ two millions ( fre% wat] daily 7 successfully in/all$4 ,l>ge p[] plants 7 built 9 connection ) ! %ell fill+ plants & ! *lor9e plant4 ,plants = phosg5e1 *loropicr91 mu/>d gas1 *lor9e & sulfur *loride 7 built & plac$ 9 successful op]ation4 ,mo/ ( ! raw mat]ials1 ) ! exception ( sulfur *loride1 7 obta9$ f comm]cial firms4 ,! o!r gases & manufactur$ mat]ials us$1 su* z phosphorus1 t9 & silicon tetra*lorides1 bromob5zylcyanide & ars5ic d]ivatives 7 suppli$ by v>i\s plants scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,ea/ & ,middle ,we/ ,/ates4 ,! raw mat]ials us$ by ! ,ars5al 9 #aiah 7 z foll[s3 ,salt #ag1ceh1jjj p\nds ,blea* #db1chd1jjj 8 ,picric acid #c1gah1jjj 8 ,alcohol #c1gah1jjj 8 ,sulfur #bd1iab1jjj 8 ,sulfur *loride #f1fbd1jjj 8 ,brom9e #bch1jjj 8 ,b5zyl *loride #bf1jjj 8 ,! production ( toxic mat]ials & ! am\nt %ipp$ ov]seas 9 bulk foll[3 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,production1 ,%ipp$ 9 ,p\nds ,bulk1 ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- --------- ,*lor9e3 ,liquid #e1ddf1jjj #b1igf1jjj ,gase\s #b1bjh1jjj ,*loropicr9 #e1eeb1jjj #c1hjf1jjj ,phosg5e #c1bcc1jgj #hdj1jjj ,mu/>d gas #a1dbb1jjj #chj1jjj ,bromob5zyl cyanide #aj1jjj ,:ite phosphorus #b1jab1jjj #cdb1jjj ,t9 tetra*loride #b1jab1jjj #bab1jjj ,titanium tetra*loride #cfb1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,= ne>ly a mon? previ\s to ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice1 ! v>i\s plants at ! ,ars5al _h %ut d[n or 7 op]at$ only to an ext5t suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! ma*9]y & equipm5t 9 good work+ ord]1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( %ell into :i* to fill ! gas1 s t ! above figures d n at all repres5t maximum productive capacity4 ,^! plants w be describ$ 9 ! appropriate *apt]s4 ,! %ell fill+ plant 0 really compos$ ( sev]al small plants1 ea* ( :i* 0 made up ( units radiat+ f a c5tral refrig]ation plant :i* w\ld s]ve all ! units4 ,ea* unit c\ld !n be fitt$ ) ma*9]y adapt$ = fill+ %ell ( a diff]5t size1 & = a p>ticul> gas4 ,moreov]1 an accid5t 9 "o ( ! units w\ld 9 no way impair ! work+ ( ! rema9d]4 ,! problem involv$ 9 ! fill+ ( a %ell ) toxic mat]ial 7:i* is always a liquid or a solid & nev] a gas "u ! conditions 9 :i* x is load$ 9 ! %ell7 is simil> 9 a way to t ( fill+ bottles ) c>bonat$ wat]4 ,9 ! developm5t ( plans = ! fill+ plant1 _m sugge/ions 7 obta9$ f a /udy ( ! app>atus us$ 9 comm]cial bottl+ plants4 ,x 0 necess>y to keep 9 m9d n only ! l>ge numb] ( %ell to be fill$1 b also ! highly toxic "* ( ! fill+ mat]ial to be us$4 ,x 0 ess5tial t ! "w ( fill+ & clos+ ! %ell %\ld be done by ma*9]y 9 s f> z t 0 possible1 & t ! op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a ?or\ghly v5tilat$ room or tunnel1 arrang$ s t ! ma*9]y conta9$ 9 ! tunnel c\ld be op]at$ f ! outside4 ,special c>e 0 tak5 9 clos+ ! %ell1 ! clos+ be+ accompli%$ by motors actuat$ by compress$ air1 :i*1 9 ! clos+ process 7 driv5 until !y /all$4 ,9 ?is way a uni=m clos+ torque 0 obta9$4 ,! f9al results secur$ 7 admirable1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact1 report$ by ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,(fic] at ,v9c5nes on ,novemb] #ae1 #aiah1 t n a s+le leaky %ell _h be5 f\nd among ! #bjj1jjj %ell receiv$ up to t date4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,a ,typical ,%ell fill+ ,plant at ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,details ( ! fill+ process w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on ,phosg5e4 ,besides ! ord9>y gas fill+ plants 7( :i* "o 0 complet$ & two 7 #hj p] c5t complet$7 !re 0 a plant = /annic *loride gr5ades1 "o = :ite phosphorus gr5ades1 & "o = smoke %ell also fill$ ) phosphorus & a plant = fill+ inc5di>y bombs4 ,%ell are designat$ by _! diamet] 9 in*es or millimet]s4 ,! approximate am\nt ( toxic gas requir$ = fill+ ea* type ( %ell 7#aj4e p] c5t void7 is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,%ell ,phosg5e1 ,n4 ,c41#ac ,mu/>d ,gas1 ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ---- #ge mm #a4cb #a4ge #a4ce #d4g in* #d4bg #f4bj #d4bj #aee mm #aa4jj #ae4dj #aj4ce #h in* #bb4jj #cj4cj #ba4fj ,liv5s #cj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,footnote #ac3 ,n4,c4 is a mixture ( #hj p] c5t *loropicr9 & #bj p] c5t /annic *loride4 ,! gas gr5ades held #j4ddf p\nd ( /annic *loride1 & ! smoke gr5ades held #j4fg p\nd ( :ite phosphorus4 ,! only type ( %ell fill$ 0 ! #ge mm4 v>iety1 because ei!r ! %ell ( ! o!r sizes or ! accompany+ boo/]s 7bur/+ *>ges7 7 n available4 ,! "w done by ! fill+ plant is %[n by ! foll[+ figures1 repres5t+ ! numb] ( %ell1 gr5ades1 etc4 #ge mm4 ,%ell ------------------------------------ ,fill$ ,%ipp$ ,ov]seas ------------------------------------ ,phosg5e #b1jji ,n4 ,c4 #dbg1gga #cjj1jjj ,mu/>d gas #aee1jbe #aej1jjj ------------------------------------ ,liv5s ,drum ------------------------------------ ,phosg5e #be1fhi #ah1fjj ------------------------------------ ,gr5ades ------------------------------------ ,:ite phosphorus #ddj1aec #bbd1ihd ,t9 tetra*loride #cfc1ggf #age1jhj ------------------------------------ ,inc5di>y ,drop ,bomb ------------------------------------ ,m>k ,i4 #edb ,m>k ,,ii4 #b1ajd ------------------------------------ ,! total mon?ly capacity ( ! fill+ plants at ! date ( ! ,armi/ice 0 z foll[s3 ,p\nds #ge mm4 %ell #b1djj1jjj #d4g in* %ell #dej1jjj #aee mm4 %ell #edj1jjj #f in* %ell #ahj1jjj ,gas gr5ade #gej1jjj ,smoke gr5ade #dhj1jjj ,liv5s drum #cj1jjj ,"o po9t relat+ to ! casualties result+ f ! "w %\ld p]haps be m5tion$ "h4 ,! numb] ( casualties %\ld *ange ! m9d ( anyone :o feels t m5 *ose ?is "w z be+ 8safe0 in/ead ( go+ to ,france4 ,dur+ ! six mon?s f ,june to ,decemb] !re 7 #ibe casualties1 ( :i* ?ree 7 fatal1 two be+ due to phosg5e & "o to mu/>d gas4 ,^! 7 divid$ among ! diff]5t gases z foll[s3 ,mu/>d gas #fgd ,/annic *loride #ej ,phosg5e #ej ,*loropicr9 #dd ,*lor9e #fb ,o!r mat]ial #de ,( ^! #bgi occurr$ dur+ ,augu/1 #aig dur+ ,septemb] & #bic dur+ ,octob]4 ,s9ce production /opp$ e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 !re 7 only #ad dur+ t mon? & ?ree dur+ ,decemb]4 ,! ,/aff at ,edgewood ,ars5al at ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice 0 z foll[s3 ,comm&+ ,(fic] ,colonel ,wm4 ,h4 ,walk] ,lt4 ,colonel ,george ,cahoon1 ,jr4 ,adm9i/rative ,(fic]s ,lt4 ,col4 ,edw>d ,m4 ,ellicott ,lt4 ,col4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,gall[hur ,lt4 ,col4 ,wm4 ,mc,pherson ,9 ,*>ge ( ,outside ,plants ,major ,adrian ,nagelvoort ,major ,*>les ,r4 ,wrai? ,capta9 ,john ,d4 ,rue ,%ell ,fill+ ,plant ,lt4 ,col4 ,edw9 ,m4 ,*ance ,*lor9e ,plant ,lt4 ,col4 ,*>les ,vaughn ,*emical ,plants ,major ,dana ,j4 ,demore/ ,*emical ,laboratory ,major ,william ,l4 ,evans ,z ! "w ( ! ,ars5al exp&$ x 0 necess>y to manufacture c]ta9 ( ! *emicals at outside plants4 ,! m5 9 *>ge ( ^! plants 73 ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,lt4 ,william ,r4 ,*appell ,/am=d1 ,conn4 ,lt4 ,v4 ,e4 ,fi%burn ,ha/+s-on-,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,major ,f4 ,g4 ,z9nss] ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,major ,a4 ,nagelvoort ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lt4 ,a4 ,w4 ,davison ,k+sport1 ,t5n4 ,lt4 ,e4 ,m4 ,hayd5 ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va4 ,lt4 ,m4 ,r4 ,hoyt ,midl&1 ,mi*4 ,major ,m4 ,g4 ,donk ,croyl&1 ,pa4 ,capt4 ,a4 ,s4 ,hulburt ,aft] ! ,armi/ice1 ,edgewood ,ars5al 0 select$ z ! logical home ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 & all ! outside activities ( ! ,s]vice 7 gradually clos$ up & ! physical prop]ty & files mov$ to ,edgewood4 ,at fir/ ! comm& ( ! ,ars5al 0 9 ! h&s ( ,lt4 ,col4 ,fries1 b :5 he 0 appo9t$ ,*ief ( ! ,s]vice1 ,major ,e4 ,j4 ,atkisson1 :o _h s successfully comm&$ ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 0 happily *os5 8 successor4 ,at ! pres5t "t 7,july #a1 #aiba71 ! organization ( ,edgewood ,ars5al is z foll[s3 ,comm&+ ,(fic] ,major ,e4 ,j4 ,atkisson ,executive ,(fic] ,major ,r4 ,c4 ,ditto ,te*nical ,director ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,mills ,*emical ,division ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,bradn] ,me*anical ,division ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,johnson ,plant ,division ,capt4 ,e4 ,g4 ,?ompson ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s*ool ,major ,o4 ,r4 ,m]$i? ,prop]ty ,major ,a4 ,m4 ,h]itage ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t ,major ,c4 ,w4 ,mason ,mask ,production ,division ,lt4 ,l4 ,a4 ,elliott ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ,major ,t4 ,l4 ,gore ,pa?ological ,division ,lt4 ,h4 ,a4 ,kuhn ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t ,capt4 ,h4 ,l4 ,hudson ,f9ance ,dep>tm5t ,capt4 ,c4 ,r4 ,insley ,,developm5t ,,division ,! ,developm5t ,division _h its orig9 9 ! rese>* laboratories ( ! ,national ,c>bon ,company & ( ! ,national ,lamp ,works ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company4 ,bo? ( ^! companies knew *>coal1 & !y 7 ask$ to produce a satisfactory absorb5t *>coal4 ,! success ( ?is und]tak+ w be se5 9 ! *apt] on ,absorb5ts4 ,aft] a %ort "t all ! laboratory "w 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,national ,c>bon ,co41 :ile ! developm5tal "w 0 assign$ to ! ,national ,lamp ,works4 ,:5 ! f9al organization ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice took place1 ! ,national ,c>bon ,laboratory became "p ( ! ,rese>* ,division1 :ile ! ,national ,lamp ,works became ! ,def5se ,section ( ! ,developm5t ,division4 ,! ,developm5t ,division may be consid]$ z hav+ be5 compos$ ( ! foll[+ sections3 #a4 ,def5se #b4 ,(f5se #c4 ,midl& #d4 ,will\ghby #e4 ,special ,inve/igation4 ,! "w ( ! ,def5se ,section consi/$ ( ! developm5t ( a *>coal suitable = use 9 gas masks1 & its manufacture4 ,:ile ! details w be giv5 lat]1 x may be m5tion$ "h t ?ree weeks aft] ! organization ( ! ,section 7,april #bh1 #aiag7 ! furnaces ( ! ,national ,c>bon ,company 7 turn+ out c$> *>coal1 us+ a /raight di/illation proc$ure4 ,c$> 0 select$ f a l>ge v>iety ( mat]ials z giv+ ! highe/ absorptive value aga9/ *lor9e4 ,b phosg5e & *loropicr9 7 also be+ us$1 & x 0 f\nd t ! c$> *>coal 0 n effective aga9/ ei!r4 ,proce$+ on a def9ite hypo!sis1 fifty mat]ials 7 inve/igat$ to f9d ! *>coal ) ! highe/ d5sity4 ,cocoanut hulls furni%$ ! raw mat]ial1 :i* yield$ ! mo/ active *>coal4 ,by a process ( air activation a *>coal 0 obta9$ :i* possess$ high absorptive p[] = su* gases z *loropicr9 & phosg5e4 ,lat] ?is air process 0 *ang$ to "o 9 :i* /eam is us$2 ! cocoanut %ell *>coal activat$ ) /eam 0 giv5 ! "n 8,dorsite40 ,complete app>atus = ?is air process 0 in/all$ at ! plant ( ! ,a/oria ,light1 ,heat ,p[] ,company1 ,long ,isl& ,city1 & ! fir/ *>coal 0 prep>$ dur+ ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a l>ge am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w1 relat+ to ! raw mat]ial1 ! me?od ( activation1 & ! type ( furnace us$4 ,because ( ! %ortage ( cocoanut hulls1 x lat] became necess>y to use a mixture ( cocoanuts ) cohune nuts1 apricot & pea* pits1 *]ry pits & vegetable ivory4 ,ano!r sub/itute = cocoanut *>coal 0 f\nd 9 a /eam activat$ product f high grade an?racite coal1 call$ 8,bat*ite40 ,! ,(f5se ,section & ! ,midl& ,section 7 conc]n$ ) ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas4 ,?is "w 0 greatly delay$ because ( ! unsatisfactory nature ( ! s-call$ *lorohydr9 process4 ,ano!r difficulty 0 ! developm5t ( a satisfactory e?yl5e furnace4 ,f9ally 9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 ,pope 9 ,engl& discov]$ ! sulfur *loride me?od ( mak+ mu/>d gas4 ,at once all ! en]gies ( ! ,rese>* ,division 7 conc5trat$ on ?is process1 & 9 ,m>* /eps 7 tak5 to put ?is process into production4 ,an exp]im5tal plant 0 e/abli%$ at ,clevel&2 no attempt 0 made to manufacture mu/>d gas on a l>ge scale1 b ! results obta9$ 9 ! exp]im5tal /udies 7 imm$iately transmitt$ to ! manufactur+ plants at ,edgewood ,ars5al1 ! ,ha/+s-on-,hudson plant1 ! ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,company 7,buffalo7 plant1 & ! ,d[ ,*emical ,company 7,midl&7 plant4 ,! details ( ! "w on mu/>d gas w be giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,special inve/igations 7 und]tak5 to develop a boo/] cas+ & adapt] = #ge mm4 gas %ell1 & to duplicate ! ,fr5* process ( l9+ gas %ell ) glass4 ,! organization ( ! ,developm5t ,division at ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice 0 z foll[s3 ,colonel ,f4 ,m4 ,dorsey ,*ief ( ! ,division ,major ,l4 ,j4 ,willi5 ,supt41 ,(f5se ,section ,capt4 ,o4 ,l4 ,b>nebey ,supt41 ,def5se ,section ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,g4 ,wilcox ,supt41 ,exp]im5tal ,/ation ,capt4 ,duncan ,mac,rae ,special ,inve/igation ,section ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,smi? ,midl& ,section ,capt4 ,j4 ,r4 ,duff ,adm9i/rative ,section ,,prov+ ,,division ,! ,prov+ ,division _h its orig9 9 ! decision to build an ,exp]im5tal ,gr\nd = gas w>f>e "u ! direction ( ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,:ile ?is decision 0 rea*$ ab\t ,septemb]1 #aiag1 actual "w on ! f9al location 7,lakehur/1 ,n4 ,j47 0 n />t$ until ,m>* #bf1 #aiah1 & ! con/ruction "w 0 n complet$ until ,augu/ #a1 #aiah4 ,h[ev]1 fir+ trials 7 />t$ on ,april #be1 #aiah1 & 9 all #hb 7 c>ri$ out4 ,! ,prov+ ,division 0 creat$ to d two ?+s3 ,to exp]im5t ) gas %ell be=e !y rea*$ ! po9t :]e !y c\ld be manufactur$ safely 9 l>ge numb]s = %ipm5t ov]seas2 & to prove gas %ell1 presumably p]fect & ready = %ipm5t1 to gu>d aga9/ any me*anical inaccuracies 9 manufacture or fill+4 ,x is evid5t t ! second proposition is dep5d5t ^u ! fir/4 ,%ell c n be prov$ to asc]ta9 ! effect ( gases "u v>i\s conditions & conc5trations until ! me*anical details ( ! %ell itself1 purely an ,ordnance matt]1 h be5 /&>diz$4 ,un=tunately _m ( ! te/s c>ri$ out _h to d ) ?is v "q ( te/+ ,ordnance4 ,= field conc5tration "w two complete & sep>ate l9es ( tr5*es 7 us$ & also sev]al impact gr\nds4 ,! tr5*es 7 built to simulate ! tr5*es actually us$ 9 w>f>e4 ,ea* l9e ( tr5* conta9$ sev]al concrete %ell-pro( dug\ts & 0 also equipp$ ) %elves into :i* boxes c\ld be plac$ = hold+ ! sample bottles4 ,at int]vals ( "o y>d ?r\gh\t ! tr5*es !re 7 electrical connections available = electrical sampl+ purposes4 ,! v>i\s impact gr\nds 7 us$ = cl\d gas attacks1 & exp]im5ts ) mu/>d gas or 9 _m cases = /atic trials4 ,! samples 7 collect$ by means ( an automatic sampl+ app>atus4 ,! "w ( ! ,division consi/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( det]m9+ ! prop] bur/+ *>ge4 ,:ile a great deal ( ?is "w _h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,europe1 ,am]ican gas %ell 7 en\gh diff]5t to require t te/s be c>ri$ out on !m4 ,! importance ( ?is "w is obvi\s1 s9ce phosg5e1 a sub/ance ) a l[ boil+ po9t1 w\ld require a small] bur/+ *>ge to op5 ! %ell & all[ ! sub/ance to vaporize ?an w\ld mu/>d gas1 :]e ! bur/+ *>ge mu/ be n only suffici5t to fragm5t ! %ell b also to scatt] ! liquid s t x w\ld be atomiz$ ov] ! l>ge/ possible area4 ,9 ! case ( l[ boil+ liquids x 0 necess>y t ! *>ge be work$ out v c>efully z a diff]5ce ( "o or two grams w\ld s]i\sly affect ! conc5tration4 ,too small a *>ge w\ld all[ a cup to be =m$ by ! base ( ! %ell :i* w\ld c>ry "s ( ! liquid into ! gr\nd1 :ile too great an am\nt ( explosive t5d$ to ?r[ ! gas too high into ! air4 ,aft] ! bur/+ *>ge _h be5 det]m9$ a l>ge numb] ( %ell 7 repeat$ly fir$ into ! tr5*es1 wood$ areas1 roll+ & level gr\nd1 & ! conc5tration ( gas produc$ & ! effect ^u animals plac$ )9 ! area asc]ta9$4 ,f ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts ! ,prov+ ,division 0 able to furni% ! artill]y ) data reg>d+ h[ _m %ell ( giv5 calib] %\ld be us$1 ) corrections = ranges1 w9d velocities1 temp]atures1 gr\nd conditions1 etc4 ,trials 7 also held to det]m9e h[ _m high explosive 7,h4,e47 %ell c\ld be fir$ ) gas %ell on ! same area )\t unduly affect+ ! conc5tration4 ,?is 0 important1 because ,h4,e4 %ell 7 useful 9 disguis+ gas bomb>dm5ts4 ,gas %ell c usually be di/+ui%$ by ! small detonation on bur/+4 ,exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ to det]m9e ! decomposition ( v>i\s gases on detonation4 ,! %ell 7 fir$ at a l>ge wood5 scre5 & bur/ on impact4 ,samples ( gas 7 tak5 imm$iately & analyz$4 ,co-op]ative te/s 7 c>ri$ out ) ! ,gas ,def5se ,division to det]m9e ! value ( giv5 masks "u field conditions4 ,companies ( infantry1 fully equipp$ = ! field1 w\ld we> masks = h\rs at a "t digg+ tr5*es1 cutt+ timb]1 drill+1 etc41 & imitat+ 9 e way1 z f> z possible1 actual field conditions4 ,dur+ ^! activities tons ( gas 9 cyl9d]s 7 releas$ 9 su* a way t ! m5 7 envelop$ 9 a f> high] conc5tration ?an w\ld probably ev] be ! case 9 actual battle4 ,^! te/s gave valuable data = criticiz+ gas mask con/ruction4 ,ano!r l9e ( activity consi/$ ( a /udy ( ! p]si/5cy & relative effectiv5ess ( v>i\s samples ( mu/>d gas1 9 :i* ! liquid 0 di/ribut$ uni=mly ^u ! surface ( grassy zones "o to ?ree feet 9 wid?1 :i* =m$ ! p]iph]y ( circul> areas #ad to #ba feet 9 diamet]1 ! c5tral "p ( ea* circle be+ occupi$ by animals4 ,! "w ( ! ,prov+ ,division 0 br\ght to an end 7by ! ,armi/ice7 j at ! "t :5 x _h rea*$ its greate/ usefulness4 ,n only 7 ! physical prop]ties & p]sonnel ( ! ,division develop$ to ! maximum degree1 b ! production ( gas %ell 9 ?is c\ntry = %ipm5t to ,france _h j rea*$ ! /age :]e ! ,prov+ ,gr\nd c\ld h be5 us$ to its fulle/ ext5t 9 _! prov+4 ,,tra9+ ,,division ,f ! /&po9t ( ! man at ! front ! ,tra9+ ,division is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,to him gas w>f>e is an ev] pres5t titanic /ruggle betwe5 poison\s vapors t kill on "o side1 & ! gas mask & a k ( h[ & :5 to we> x1 on ! o!r4 ,because ( ?is x is r surpris+ t we did n he> m ab\t ?is bran* ( ! ,s]vice4 ,x did exi/1 h[ev]1 & cr$it mu/ be giv5 to ^? camp gas (fic]s :o rema9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]=m+ an inconspicu\s & ardu\s duty 9 ! face ( _m local ob/acles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! ,field ,tra9+ ,division ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 organiz$ 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 & consi/$ ( ,major ,j4 ,h4 ,walton & #de fir/ lieut5ants1 all *emi/s4 ,^! m5 7 giv5 a ?ree mon?s' milit>y tra9+ at ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity4 ,! arrival ( ,major 7n[ ,colonel7 ,auld dur+ ?is "t 0 v helpful1 z he 0 able to give ! ,section fir/-h& k4 ,ab\t #ab ( ! #de m5 wore s5t to ,france1 :ile ! rema9d]1 toge!r ) ,briti% ,gas ,(fic]s1 7 assign$ to v>i\s ,divisions /ill 9 tra9+4 ,!re 0 little idea at t "t z to :at con/itut$ real gas tra9+4 ,no "o knew h[ mu* gas tra9+ w\ld be receiv$ 9 ,france1 & s9ce little 0 (t5 receiv$ due to lack ( "t1 _m m5 w5t into action ) no idea ( :at ?is tra9+ really meant4 ,moreov]1 an ord] t ! gas (fic]s %\ld n g to ,france ) _! ,divisions _h1 z 0 only natural1 a disc\rag+ effect ^u ! m5 & ^u gas tra9+ & discipl9e g5]ally4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! gas (fic]s 7 transf]r$ to ! ,eng9e]s1 & designat$ z ! #dgc;d ,eng9e]s4 ,lat] an ,army ,gas ,s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ,camp ,humphreys4 ,because ( ! rapidly *ang+ p]sonnel1 ow+ to ov]seas assignm5ts1 ! policy 0 adopt$ ( s5d+ specializ$ gas (fic]s only to ,divisional ,camps & ! l>g] tra9+ c5t]s4 ,! ne$ ( a l>g] unit & increas$ au?ority 0 recogniz$ by all intimately associat$ ) ! "w1 b little 0 accompli%$ until ! transf] to ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,^u ! appo9tm5t ( ,brigadi] ,g5]al ,h4 ,c4 ,newcom] z ,assi/ant ,director ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 he 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( all milit>y affairs ( ! ,s]vice1 & ! adm9i/rative (fic]s ( ! ,tra9+ ,section became 8 8milit>y assi/ants40 ,a few weeks lat] ! ,tra9+ ,section ( ! ,adm9i/ration ,division1 ,c4,w4,s4 0 =m$4 ,at ?is "t new duties fell to ! lot ( ?is ,section1 among ! m important be+3 7#a7 ,! organization ( gas troops & casual deta*m5ts = ov]seas duty2 7#b7 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a ,*emical ,w>f>e ,tra9+ ,camp2 7#c7 ,! procurem5t & tra9+ ( (fic]s = ov]seas duty4 ,= ?is purpose a tra9+ camp 0 e/abli%$ ne> ! ,prov+ ,gr\nd 7,camp ,k5drick7 to hold #acjj (fic]s & m54 ,l9e (fic]s 7 s5t f ! l>g] camps = tra9+1 ! be/ ( :om might lat] be transf]r$ to ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice = duty z ,gas ,(fic]s4 ,! "w ( ! ,section ev5tually grew to su* proportions t x 0 recogniz$ z ! ,tra9+ ,division ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,x diff]$ f o!r ,divisions 9 t all adm9i/rative r\t9e 0 c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! (fices ( ! ,director1 & ) ! assi/ance & co-op]ation ( its v>i\s ,sections4 ,because ( ! =mation ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice & ! app>5t ne$ = (fic]s1 ! (fice 0 soon flood$ ) applications = commissions4 ,^! 7 c>efully exam9$ & ! m5 7 s5t fir/1 by c\rtesy ( ! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 to ,camp ,humphreys = a mon?'s c\rse ( milit>y tra9+4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod !y 7 s5t to ,camp ,k5drick z /ud5ts ( ! ,army ,gas ,s*ool4 ,t[>d ! la/ ( ,octob] all ! (fic]s & enli/$ m5 7 transf]r$ to ,camp ,k5drick :]e an ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,battalion 0 organiz$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! gas tra9+ ( troops 0 ! mo/ responsible duty ( ! ,tra9+ ,division4 ,!re 0 con/antly 9 m9d an ideal ( sup]vis$ & /&>diz$ tra9+ = all troops 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,division1 at ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice1 = ! fir/ "t f\nd itself ) a ne>ly adequate corps ( (fic]s ?r\gh :om ?is ideal c\ld be realiz$4 ,,m$ical ,,division ,dr4 ,y&ell ,h5d]son ( ,yale ,univ]sity 0 ! logical man to inaugurate ! m$ical "w ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 because ( 8 exp]i5ce ) oxyg5 rescue app>atus4 ,a memb] ( ! fir/ committee ( ! ,bureau1 he secur$1 9 ,july1 #aiag1 an appropriation = ! /udy ( toxic gases at ,yale4 ,?is 0 9 *>ge ( ,doctors ,und]hill1 !rapy2 ,m>%all1 ph>macology2 & ,w9t]nitz1 pa?ology4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity ,/ation 0 op5$ ,m>%all 0 giv5 *>ge ( ! ph>macology4 ,ab\t ! same "t a factory protection unit 0 organiz$ "u ! direction ( ,doctors ,bradley1 ,ey/] & ,loev5h>t4 ,at fir/ ?is committee report$ to ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 b lat] ! "w 0 transf]r$ to ! ,gas ,def5se ,s]vice4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,m$ical ,advisory ,bo>d 0 organiz$4 ,?is includ$ all ! m5 :o 7 c>ry+ on exp]im5tal "w ( a m$ical nature4 ,?is bo>d _h z its object ! correlation ( all m$ical "w2 new "w 0 outl9$ & attempts 7 made to secure ! co-op]ation ( sci5tific m5 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ gr\ps ( work]s assi/$ 9 ?is ef=t3 ,at ,yale1 ,und]hill /udi$ !rapy1 turn+ 8 animals ov] to ,w9t]nitz = pa?ological /udy4 ,h5d]son 0 specially int]e/$ 9 ! physiology ( aviation4 ,at ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity ,m>%all c>ri$ on ph>macological rese>*1 specially z reg>ds mu/>d gas1 ! toxicology be+ cov]$ by ,loev5h>t4 ,a pa?ological laboratory 0 also />t$1 "u ,w9t]nitz1 :]e _m valuable /udies 7 made4#ad ,at ,clevel& ,sollmann 0 busy ) mu/>d gas & protective ag5ts4 ,pe>ce1 work+ 9 co-op]ation ) ,dr4 ,ge] ( ! ,goodri* ,rubb] ,company1 p]fect$ ! ,goodri* ,lakeside ,mask4 ,8 /udy 0 v valuable z conc]n+ ! physiology ( ! gas mask4 ,at ,ann ,arbor ,w>?9 & ,well]#ae 7 /udy+ ! physiology & pa?ology ( mu/>d gas4 ,wells1 ,amb]g1 ,helmholz & ,au/9 ( ! ,o?o ,sprague ,memorial ,in/itute 7 int]e/$ 9 protective clo?+1 :ile at ,madison1 ,ey/]1 ,loev5h>t & ,meek 7 engag$ 9 a /udy ( ! *ronic effect ( long exposures to l[ conc5trations1 & lat] exp&$ _! "w to protective o9tm5ts & c]ta9 problems 9 pa?ology4 ,footnote #ad3 ,see ! ,pa?ology ( ,w> ,gas ,poison+1 #aibj1 ,yale ,press4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,m$ical ,aspects ( ,mu/>d ,gas ,poison+1 #aiai1 ,c4 ,o4 ,mosby ,co4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah _m ( ^! m5 7 commission$ into ! ,gas ,def5se ,s]vice ( ! ,sanit>y ,corps1 & 7 lat] transf]r$ to ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice z ! ,m$ical ,division1 ) ,colonel ,w4 ,j4 ,ly/]1 ,m4,c41 9 *>ge4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important functions ( ?is ,division 0 ! daily te/+ ( a l>ge numb] ( comp\nds = toxicity1 la*rymatory or vesicant prop]ties4 ,! accuracy ( ^! te/s might & probably did save a l>ge am\nt ( unnecess>y exp]im5tal "w on ! "p ( ! ,rese>* ,division4 ,^! te/s are describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,v int]e/+ & likewise valuable 0 ! /udy ( mu/>d gas by ,m>%all1 ,lyn* & ,smi?4 ,!y 7 able to "w out ! me*anism ( its action & ! v>y+ degrees ( susceptibility 9 individuals 7see page #aga74 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t 0 ! fact t 9 ! case ( c]ta9 gases !re is a cumulative effect4 ,) sup]palite & mu/>d gas ! le?al conc5tration 7t conc5tration :i* is fatal aft] a giv5 exposure7 is l[] on long] exposures4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is no cumulative effect ) hydrocyanic acid4 ,:e!r ! action is cumulative or n dep5ds on ! rate at :i* ! sy/em de/roys or elim9ates ! poison4 ,,liaison ,,(fic]s ,?is *apt] %\ld n be clos$ )\t ref]5ce to ! ,liaison ,s]vice t 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & h] ,allies1 especially ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days no "o 9 ! ,/ates 0 famili> ) ! details ( gas w>f>e4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,m$ical ,corps1 ^u ! urg5t repres5tations ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 ,a4,e4,f41 ,capta9 7n[ ,major7 ,h4 ,w4 ,dudley 0 s5t to ?is c\ntry 7,sept41 #aiag7 to assi/ 9 ! developm5t & manufacture ( gas masks4 ,= "s "t he 0 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal on ne>ly all te*nical po9ts reg>d+ matt]s ( def5se4 ,dudley's cont9ual insi/5ce on ! ne$ = ma9ta9+ ! highe/ possible /&>d ( factory inspection 0 "o ( ! factors result+ 9 ! excell5t con/ruction ( ! ,am]ican ,mask4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,dewey & ,capta9 ,dudley made a trip to ,engl& & ,france1 dur+ :i* ! idea ( a liaison betwe5 ! def5se organizations ( ! two c\ntries orig9at$4 ,dudley 0 transf]r$ to ! ,eng9e]s1 promot$ & plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! ,liaison s]vice4 ,:ile ! "t until ! ,armi/ice 0 too %ort to really te/ ! idea1 en\gh 0 accompli%$ to %[ ! extreme desirability ( "s su* arrangem5t4 ,probably ! be/ kn[n liaison (fic] f ! ,briti% 0 ,colonel ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,auld1 also s5t ^u ! urg5t repres5tations ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 ,a4,e4,f4 ,he arriv$ 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 #aiag1 9 *>ge ( #bh (fic]s & #bh non-commission$ (fic]s1 :o 7 to act z advis]s 9 tra9+ & _m o!r milit>y subjects besides gas w>f>e4 ,s9ce ,auld _h _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ) gas w>f>e z !n practic$ at ! front1 8 advice 0 welcom$ mo/ he>tily by all ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,army !n h&l+ gas w>f>e4 ,on que/ions ( g5]al policy ,auld 0 practically ! sole =eign advis]4 ,! matt] ( gas tra9+ 0 transf]r$ f ! ,m$ical ,corps to ! ,eng9e]s1 & 0 greatly assi/$ by f\r pamphlets on ,gas ,w>f>e issu$ by ! ,w> ,college1 :i* 7 prep>$ by ,major ,auld ) ! assi/ance ( ,capta9 ,walton & ,lieut4 ,bohnson4 ,lat] ,auld gave ! ,am]ican public a v cle> idea ( gas w>f>e 9 8 s]ies ( articles appe>+ 9 ! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/1 & re-writt5 z 8,gas & ,flame40 ,major ,h4 ,r4 ,le,sueur1 :o 0 at ,porton previ\s to 8 arrival 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 r5d]$ valuable aid 9 e/abli%+ ! ,exp]im5tal ,prov+ ,gr\nd & 9 its lat] op]ations4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! w> ! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice _h drawn up a s*eme = a ,gas ,mission1 :i* 0 to correlate all ! gas activities ( ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,?is 0 nev] c>ri$ ?r\gh because ( ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,! ,fr5* repres5tatives1 ,m4 ,grign>d1 ,capt4 ,hank] & ,lt4 ,engel furni%$ valuable in=mation z to ,fr5* me?ods1 b !y 7 h&icapp$ by ! fact t ,fr5* manufactur]s did n disclose _! trade secrets ev5 to _! own ,gov]nm5t4 ,ab\t ,augu/1 #aiah1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,james ,f4 ,norris op5$ an (fice 9 ,london4 ,8 duties 7 to e/abli% cordial & intimate relations n only ) ! v>i\s ag5cies ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t :i* 7 connect$ ) gas w>f>e1 b also ) ! v>i\s laboratories :]e exp]im5ts 7 be+ conduct$1 t important *anges might be transmitt$ to ,am]ica ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,! ,engli% made ,colonel ,norris a memb] ( ! ,briti% ,*emical ,w>f>e ,committee4 ,"h aga9 ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice prev5t$ a full realization ( ! importance ( ?is "w4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,france ,x is wor? not+ "h t ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 0 organiz$ z a sep>ate s]vice 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ne>ly t5 mon?s be=e x 0 organiz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t ! organization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z h]et(ore describ$ 0 patt]n$ closely on t f\nd s successful 9 ,france4 ,v soon aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl>$ w> aga9/ ! ,c5tral ,p[]s1 a commission 0 s5t abroad to /udy ! v>i\s phases ( w>f>e z c>ri$ on by ! ,allies1 & z f> z possible by ! enemy4 ,c]ta9 memb]s ( ?is commission gave att5tion to *emical w>f>e4 ,"o ( ^? :o did ?is 0 ,pr(essor ,hulett ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,he1 ) c]ta9 ,g5]al ,/aff (fic]s1 ga!r$ :at in=mation !y c\ld 9 ,engl& & ,france conc]n+ ! gases us$ & me?ods ( manufactur+ !m1 & to a v slight ext5t ! me?ods ( project+ ^? gases ^u ! enemy4 ,"s att5tion 0 paid to gas masks1 b !re be+ nobody on ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 or any:]e else 9 ! ,regul> ,army1 ^: duty x 0 to look out p>ticul>ly = *emical w>f>e mat]ials1 ^! /udies produc$ no results4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t />t$ ! manufacture ( masks1 & ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,director1 ,mr4 ,mann+1 began /udies ^u poison\s gases & ! me?ods ( manufactur+ !m j be=e or %ortly aft] w> 0 decl>$4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh ,am]ican troops left = ,france 9 ,may1 #aiag1 x 0 n until ! end ( ,augu/--! #ag? to be exact--t def9ite action 0 tak5 t[>d e/abli%+ a ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 or1 z x 0 !n kn[n1 a ,gas ,s]vice 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,on t date a cablegram 0 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! effect t x 0 desir$ to make ,lieut4 ,col4 ,amos ,a4 ,fries1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 & reque/+ t no assignm5ts to ! regim5t ( gas troops au?oriz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be made :i* w\ld conflict ) ?is appo9tm5t4 ,on ,augu/ #bb;d1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,fries ent]$ ^u 8 duties z ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,!re 7 !n 9 ,france ab\t #cj miles f ! ,g]man l9es1 "s #ab1jjj ,am]ican troops )\t any gas masks or tra9+ :atev] 9 ,*emical ,w>f>e4 ,imm$iate /eps 7 tak5 to tea* ! we>+ ( ! masks1 & ,engli% & ,fr5* gas masks 7 obta9$ = !m at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t4 ,at ! same "t ef=ts 7 made to obta9 (fic] p]sonnel = ! ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 & to h s5t to ,france a laboratory = mak+ su* em]g5cy rese>*es1 exp]im5ts1 & te/+ z might become necess>y4 ,f t "t to ! end ( ! w> ! ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 cont9u$ to develop on broad l9es cov]+ rese>*1 developm5t1 & manufacture2 ! fill+ ( %ell & o!r conta9]s ) poison\s gases1 smoke & inc5di>y mat]ials2 ! pur*ase ( gas masks & o!r protective devices1 z well z ! h&l+ & supply ( ^! mat]ials 9 ! field2 ! tra9+ ( ! ,army 9 *emical w>f>e me?ods1 bo? 9 (f5se & def5se2 & ! organization1 equipm5t & op]ation ( special gas troops4 ,?is gave an ideal organization :]eby rese>* 0 l9k$ ) ! close/ possible ties to ! fir+ l9e1 & :]e ! necessities ( ! fir+ l9e 7 br\ght home to ! supply & manufactur+ bran*es & to ! developm5t & rese>* elem5ts ( ! ,s]vice in/antly & ) a =ce t c\ld n h be5 obta9$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,! success ( ! ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 9 ! field & at home 0 due to ?is complete organization4 ,to ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 ,g5]al ,p]%+1 is due ! cr$it = au?oriz+ ?is organization & = back+ x up :5ev] occasion dem&$4 ,o!r details ( ?is "w w be consid]$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,adm9i/rative2 ,tra9+2 ,*emical ,w>f>e ,troops2 ,supply2 ,te*nical2 ,intellig5ce2 & ,m$ical4 ,,adm9i/rative ,,duties ,! duties ( adm9i/ration cov]$ ^? necess>y = a g5]al control ( rese>*1 ( supply1 ( tra9+1 & ! op]ation ( special gas troops4 ,at fir/ ! ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice compris$ ! :ole ( ! ,s]vice s9ce he 0 )\t p]sonnel1 mat]ial1 rules1 regulations1 or any?+ else ( a *emical w>f>e nature4 ,! exp]i5ce 9 gett+ toge!r ?is organization %\ld be suffici5t to insure t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w nev] place on any o!r man's %\ld]s ! burd5 ( organiz+ a new & p[]ful s]vice 9 ! mid/ ( w>1 #d1jjj miles f home1 )\t prec$5t1 mat]ial1 or any?+ else on :i* to base action4 ,x is true ! ,am]icans _h available ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*1 & x %\ld be said to ! cr$it ( bo? ( ^! nations t !y gave ( _! exp]i5ce1 _! "t1 & _! mat]ial ) ! greate/ fre$om & will+ness1 b j z ,am]icans are ,am]icans & 7 ,am]icans 9 #aiag1 j s ! me?ods ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% or ( ! enemy 7 n entirely suitable to ,am]ican conditions4 ,if !re is any "o ?+ ne$$ 9 ! tra9+ ( ,u4 ,s4 ,army lead]s ( today & = ! future1 x is vision--vision t c =esee ! size ( a conflict & make prep>ations accord+ly4 ,we d n mean vision t w ord]1 z happ5$ 9 "s cases1 t5 times z mu* mat]ial z c\ld possibly be us$ by ev5 #e1jjj1jjj troops1 b ! sort ( vision t c\ld =esee 9 ! fall ( #aiag t #b1jjj1jjj m5 might be ne$$ 9 ,france & !n make prep>ations to get mat]ials !re = ^? troops by ! "t !y arriv$4 ,9 ord] to cov] ! e>ly =mative p]iod ( ! ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 9 ,france & to %[ "s ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$1 ! foll[+ runn+ acc\nt is giv5 ( "s ( ! e>ly happ5+s )\t reg>d to ! subdivisions "u :i* !y might prop]ly be consid]$4 ,assignm5t ( ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,sail+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! #bc;d ( ,july1 #aiag1 ,fries arriv$ 9 ,p>is on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ad1 #aiag1 & 0 imm$iately assign$ ! task ( organiz+ a highway s]vice = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,five days lat] & be=e ! highway ord] 0 issu$1 he 0 ask$ :at he w\ld ?9k if 8 ord]s 7 *ang$ s z to make him ,*ief ( ! newly propos$ ,gas ,s]vice4 ,be+ giv5 "o night to ?9k x ov] he told ! ,g5]al ,/aff he w\ld und]take ! "w4 ,! road "w 0 imm$iately clos$ up & on ! #bb;d ( ,augu/ ! organization ( a ,gas ,s]vice 0 actively />t$4 ,at t "t "s in=mation conc]n+ gases & gas troops _h be5 ga!r$ by ,colonel ,b>b] ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,likewise1 ,colonel 7lat] ,brigadi] ,g5]al7 ,hugh ,a4 ,drum _h made a r\gh draft ( an ord] accompani$ by a diagram = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,?is in=mation 0 turn$ ov] to ,fries :o 0 told to complete ! draft ( ! ord]1 toge!r ) an organization *>t1 = ! action ( ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief4 ,aft] "o & a half days _h be5 put on ?is "w ! draft & *>t 7 consid]$ 9 good en\gh %ape to submit to ,g5]al ,p]%+1 ,comm&]-9-,*ief4 ,fir/ ,trip to ,briti% ,gas ,headqu>t]s4 ,not+ t ! propos$ organization provid$ = ! h&l+ ( #d-;in* ,/okes' mort>s by gas troops1 ,g5]al ,p]%+ ask$ :y ?is "w c\ld n be done by regul> tr5* mort> companies4 ,he 0 told t gas op]ations 7 too te*nical & dang]\s to be intru/$ to any b especially tra9$ troops1 & t1 fur!rmore1 x 0 und]/ood t #d-;in* ,/okes' mort>s 7 us$ only by ! ,briti% troops4 ,g5]al ,p]%+ said1 8,y _h bett] beat x to ! ,briti% ,gas ,headqu>t]s 9 ! field & settle def9itely t & c]ta9 o!r m9or po9ts40 ,fries told him he 0 only too glad to d ?is1 &1 hav+ complet$ prep>ations1 left on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #be? ) ,colonel ,*ur* & ,capta9 ,boo?by1 bo? ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 = ,/4 ,om]1 ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,briti% ,gas ,s]vice 9 ! ,field4 ,colonel ,*ur* ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t _h be5 9 ,france ne>ly "o & a half ye>s prior to ! entry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ! w>1 & _h tak5 suffici5t int]e/ 9 ,gas ,w>f>e to collect consid]able in=mation & a numb] ( docum5ts f ,fr5* s\rces be>+ on ! def5sive side ( ! subject4 ,capta9 ,boo?by _h done ! same ) ! ,briti%1 includ+ a c\rse 9 a ,briti% ,gas ,def5se ,s*ool4 ,on ?is trip !y took up ! def5sive side ) ! ,briti%1 :ile ,fries took up ! (f5sive side ( ! ,s]vice4 ,! latt] includ$ gases us$1 gas troops1 & ammunition & guns us$ 9 ,gas ,w>f>e by ! ,artill]y & o!r bran*es ( ! ,s]vice4 ,! trip includ$ a brief visit to ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,fir/ ,briti% ,army 9 ! vic9ity ( ,l5s1 :]e ! ,briti% ,gas ,s]vice _h a l>ge depot ( (f5sive gas mat]ial4 ,ord] ,=m+ ,s]vice4 ,return+ on ! #bh? ( ,augu/ ! ord]1 toge!r ) a *>t organiz+ ! ,s]vice1 0 complet$ & submitt$ to ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,?is 0 publi%$ z ,g4 ,o4 #ca1 ,septemb] #c1 #aiag4 ,z a result ( a /udy ( ! in=mation submitt$ by ,colonel ,b>b] & ,g5]al ,drum1 toge!r ) 8 own obs]vations ( ,briti% organization & "w1 ,fries decid$ x 0 advisable to make ! ,s]vice cov] z complete a scope z possible & to make ! ord] v g5]al1 leav+ details to be work$ out z "t & exp]i5ce p]mitt$4 ,?is prov$ to be a v wise decision1 because ! entire abs5ce ( gas k among ,am]icans ei!r 9 ,france or ! ,unit$ ,/ates made x necess>y to build f ! bottom up & d x rapidly4 ,at t "t1 & at all times s9ce1 x 0 f\nd utt]ly impossible to sep>ate ! def5sive side f ! (f5sive side4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! wor/ tr\bles ( ! ,briti% ) _! ,gas ,s]vice ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole w> arose f su* a division ( duties 9 _! ,s]vice4 ,?us1 ! developm5t ( masks mu/ be kept p>allel ) ! developm5t ( gases & me?ods ( dis*>g+ !m4 ,o!rwise a new gas inv5t$ may p5etrate exi/+ masks & prep>ations be c>ri$ f> t[>ds us+ x be=e ! developm5t ( masks are und]tak5 to c>e = ! new gas4 ,obvi\sly a gas :i* our own masks w n take c>e ( _c be safely us$ by our own troops until new masks are develop$ to protect aga9/ x4 ,am]ican & ,briti% ,masks4 ,j prior to ,fries's assignm5t z ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice tw5ty ?\s& ,am]ican-made masks or box respirators 7 receiv$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?r\gh ! en]gy ( ,capta9 ,boo?by sev]al ( ^! _h be5 s5t at once to ! ,briti% = te/4 ,! te/ %[$ t ! granules 9 ! cani/]s 7 entirely too s(t1 ! *>coal ( poor quality1 & m ?an all else1 ! fabric ( ! face piece 0 s p]vi\s to gases t *loropicr9 became unbe>able to ! eyes 9 less ?an a m9ute "u ! /&>d te/ us$ by ! ,briti%4 ,a cable conta9+ ?is in=mation _h be5 fram$ & s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates j prior to ,fries's appo9tm5t z ,*ief ( ! ,s]vice4 ,augu/ #bc;d1 ! day aft] ,fries took *>ge1 x 0 decid$ to adopt ! ,briti% mask or box respirator z ! pr9cipal mask & ! ,fr5* ,m-#b z an em]g5cy1 bo? to be c>ri$ by ! soldi]1 ! ,fr5* ,m-#b1 h[ev]1 to be us$ only :5 ! ,briti% mask became lo/ or unfit = use4 ,a requisition = "o hundr$ ?\s& ( ea* 0 at once submitt$ & v %ortly approv$ by ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,gett+ ,gas ,supplies4 ,x %\ld be /at$ "h t inasmu* z no ,gas ,s]vice _h be5 organiz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no money appropriation _h be5 made = x1 !reby mak+ x necess>y = ! ,gas ,s]vice to obta9 all its supplies ?r\gh o!r dep>tm5ts ord9>ily h&l+ ! same or simil> mat]ials4 ,?us def5sive supplies 7 obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t & (f5sive supplies ?r\gh ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 :ile o!r miscellane\s equipm5t 0 obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t1 or ! ,signal ,corps4 ,?is proc$ure prov$ exce$+ly emb>rass+1 cumb]some & ineffici5t4 ,to beg9 ) x 0 necess>y to get "s agreem5t betwe5 ! dep>tm5ts z to :at ea* w\ld supply4 ,?is 0 v difficult1 result+ 9 delays & consumption ( "t :i* 0 urg5tly ne$$ on o!r "w4 ,n only 0 !re tr\ble 9 gett+ ord]s accept$ & />t$ on ! way b foll[+ !m up became practically impossible4 ,none ( ! ,dep>tm5ts furni%+ ! mat]ials 7 especially int]e/$ 9 !m nor 9 _m in/ances did !y realize ! vital nature ( !m4 ,accord+ly 9 ord] to get any action x 0 necess>y to cont9ually foll[ up all ord]s & do+ ?is ?r\gh ano!r dep>tm5t creat$ friction & misund]/&+4 ,(fic]s ( ^! dep>tm5ts took ! attitude t ! :ole "q ( obta9+ supplies %\ld be left to !m1 once ! requisition 0 turn$ 94 ,?is c\ld n be done4 ,! ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice 0 absolutely responsible = gas supplies1 & he fully realiz$ t no excuses w\ld be accept$1 no matt] :o /ood 9 ! way4 ,x 0 necess>y to get action4 ,f9ally ! matt] 0 settl$1 "s six mon?s aft] ! ,s]vice 0 organiz$1 by giv+ ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice ! "r ( direct pur*ase4 ,pur*ase ( ,(f5sive ,gas ,supplies4 ,realiz+ ! difficulty t w\ld probably be enc\nt]$ 9 gett+ supplies at all times f ! ,briti% & ,fr5*1 two requisitions = (f5sive gas supplies to be pur*as$ f ! ,briti% 7 submitt$ on ,septemb] #h? & #aj? respectively4 ,x w\ld seem prop] to /ate "h t inve/igation %[$ ! ,briti% gas organization to be f> sup]ior to ! ,fr5*4 ,inde$1 ! latt] practically _h no organization4 ,consequ5tly x 0 det]m9$ to pur*ase complete equipm5t = gas troops & = ! def5sive side ( ! s]vice f ! ,briti% & to make no attempt to produce new mat]ials1 me?ods or equipm5t until ample supplies ( ! /&>d equipm5t ( ! ,briti% 7 at h& or 9 process ( manufacture or deliv]y4 ,?is 0 ano!r exce$+ly wise conclusion4 ,no supplies ( any k9d 7 receiv$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! next eight mon?s1 & !n only masks & c]ta9 def5sive supplies4 ,inde$1 no cyl9d]s1 mort>s1 projectors or artill]y %ell conta9+ gas 7 receiv$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates until j be=e ! ,armi/ice1 ?\gh gas _h be5 available 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = mon?s 9 l>ge quantities1 ov] #c1fjj tons hav+ be5 %ipp$ 9 "o ton conta9]s to ! ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,! ,ordnance mat]ial 0 :at 0 lack+4 ,obta9+ ,p]sonnel4 ,on ,septemb]4 #h1 ,colonel ,r4 ,w4 ,craw=d 0 assign$ to duty ) ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,?is matt] ( obta9+ p]sonnel became imm$iately1 & cont9u$ = almo/ a ye> to be1 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties fac+ ! new ,gas ,s]vice4 ,! tr\bles "h aga9 7 ! same z ^? 9 respect to supplies4 ,none ( ! old dep>tm5ts 7 especially int]e/$ 9 gas & h5ce none ( !m desir$ to let good (fic]s be transf]r$4 ,(fic]s 7 sc>ce 9 ! e>ly days 9 ,france 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! ,s]vice1 consequ5tly a new dep>tm5t ) no organization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & no prec$5ts or opportunities = promotion made ! obta9+ ( (fic]s almo/ a matt] ( impossibility4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 :ile ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t 0 at fir/ suppos$ to furni% mo/ ( ! (fic] p]sonnel1 x fail$ to d s1 app>5tly look+ ^u ! ,gas ,s]vice z an unimportant matt] :5 comp>$ ) ! regul> "w ( ! ,eng9e]s4 ,x 0 necess>y to make direct application to ! ,*ief ( ,/aff to obta9 ,colonel ,craw=d & %ortly !reaft] to cable directly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = (fic]s4 ,a ye> lat] en\gh (fic]s 7 obta9$ b only aft] ! organization ( a sep>ate ,s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,supplies = ,gas ,troops4 ,colonel ,craw=d 0 at once put 9 ,*>ge ( all supplies = ! ,gas ,s]vice1 includ+ ! location & con/ruction ( sep>ate depots = t ,s]vice4 ,prior to ?is ! ,g5]al ,/aff _h decid$ to h *emical supplies /or$ 9 depots sep>ate f ^? ( o!r supplies on acc\nt ( ! poison\s nature ( ! gases :i* might prove v annoy+ if leakage occurr$ ne> any o!r class ( supplies4 ,colonel ,craw=d took hold ( ?is "w ) zeal & en]gy & s conduct$ x z to relieve ! ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice ( all anxiety 9 t matt]4 ,z be=e /at$1 on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] a requisition = a v l>ge quantity ( (f5sive supplies = gas troops 0 submitt$ to ! ,g5]al ,/aff = approval4 ,inasmu* z ?is involv$ approximately #ej1jjj gas cyl9d]s1 #ej1jjj ,liv5's drums1 ) at lea/ #bj1jjj ,liv5's projectors & a l>ge numb] ( ,/okes' mort>s & bombs1 !re 0 consid]able difficulty 9 gett+ x approv$4 ,f9ally ,colonel ,malone ( ! ,tra9+ ,section1 :o took an active int]e/ 9 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 got x approv$4 ,!n began ! difficulty ( gett+ ! ord] plac$ & ( try+ to exp$ite ! fill+ ( ! ord] on "t4 ,^! difficulties 7 nev] ov]come until aft] ! entire pur*ase ( supplies 01 z previ\sly relat$1 tak5 c>e ( by ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,fir/ ,int]-alli$ ,gas ,conf]5ce4 ,! fir/ int]-alli$ gas conf]5ce 0 held 9 ,p>is on ,septemb] #af?1 & consi/$ ( ,am]ican1 ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,belgian delegates4 ,! conf]5ce busi$ itself ma9ly ) que/ions ( ! m$ical treatm5t ( gass$ cases & ( def5se aga9/ gas4 ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,! pr9cipal topic "u consid]ation at ?is conf]5ce 0 ! effects ( ! new mu/>d gas fir/ us$ at ,ypres aga9/ ! ,briti% on ! nights ( ! #aa? & #ab? ( ,july1 #aiag4 ,! ,briti% suff]$ ne>ly #bj1jjj casualties f ?is gas dur+ ! fir/ six weeks ( its use1 & 7 s worri$ ov] x t ! />t ( ! attacks c>ri$ out lat] 9 ! fall ( #aiag aga9/ ,ypres 7 delay$ sev]al days4 ,! casualties 7 p>ticul>ly heavy because ! smell ( ! gas 0 entirely new & n unpleasant & because ( ! delay$ action ( ! gas1 :]eby m5 got no indication ( its s]i\sness until #d to #h h\rs aft] exposure4 ,= ^! reasons m5 simply took %elt] f ! bomb>dm5t )\t putt+ on masks or tak+ o!r precautions4 ,z a result ( ! ,p>is conf]5ce a long cable 0 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ask+ among o!r ?+s t imm$iate report be made on ! possibilities ( produc+ e?yl5e *lorhydr91 "o ( ! ess5tials 9 ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas by ! only me?od !n kn[n4 ,)9 two weeks aft] ?is conf]5ce1 !re occurr$ an incid5t :i* illu/rates ! v great dang] 9 tak+ ! views ( any "o man unless c]ta9 t he is 9 a position to be po/$ on all sides ( ! "q "u discussion4 ,a high ,briti% (ficial 0 ask$ :at he _h he>d 9 reg>d to ! new mu/>d gas1 & :at & h[ x 0 consid]$4 ,he said ) emphasis t ! ,briti% _h no fur!r fe> ( x s9ce !y _h le>n$ :at x 0 & h[ to take c>e ( !mselves & t x _h ceas$ to be any long] a problem ) !m4 ,fries1 kn[+ :at he did1 0 conv9c$ t ?is did n repres5t ! attitude ( ! ,briti% au?orities :o knew :at ! gas 0 do+1 & ! /atem5t 0 n all[$ to influ5ce ! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice 9 ! lea/4 ,?is 0 a v =tunate ?+ z ev5ts lat] prov$4 ,x %\ld also be add$ t a q simil> report 0 made by a ,fr5* (fic] 9 reg>d to mu/>d gas "s "t 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]4 ,! ,fr5* (fic] _h m reason = 8 attitude ?an ! ,briti% (fic] z up to t "t mu/>d gas _h n be5 l>gely us$ aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,h[ev]1 bo? cases simply emphasize ! dang] ( accept+ ! views ( any man :o has se5 b "o angle ( a problem s complicat$ z gas 9 w>4 ,,tra9+ ,tra9+ 9 ,gas ,def5se4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,octob] sev5te5 "y eng9e] (fic]s1 :o _h j arriv$ 9 ,france1 7 assign$ to ! ,gas ,s]vice & 7 promptly s5t to ,briti% ,gas ,s*ools = tra9+ 9 mask inspection1 salvage & repair & 9 tra9+ m5 to we> masks & take o!r necess>y precautions aga9/ gas 9 ! field4 ,x 0 also necess>y at ?is "t to e/abli% gas tra9+ 9 ! ,fir/ ,division1 & ,capta9 ,boo?by 0 assign$ to t "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,de/roy+ ,mu/>d ,gas on ! ,battle ,field4 ,x is important to note t ! ,gas ,s]vice _h to beg9 op]ations imm$iately ^u its organization al?\gh x _h almo/ no facilities ( any k9d to "w )4 ,at "o & ! same "t x 0 necess>y to decide ^u ! k9ds ( masks to be us$ & !n to obta9 !m2 to decide ^u me?ods ( tra9+ troops 9 gas def5se & />t at once to d x2 to decide ^u gases to be us$ & manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !n obta9 & s5d ! necess>y data & f9ally to decide :at weapons gas troops 7 to use & to pur*ase ^? weapons1 s9ce none ( !m exi/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,worse /ill no "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 tak+ any int]e/ 9 !m4 ,new ,mask4 ,ab\t ,novemb] #a1 ,major ,k>l ,connell ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 ,national ,gu>d ( ,new ,york1 report$ = duty 9 response to a cablegram t _h be5 s5t ask+ = him by "n4 ,x 0 int5d$ to s5d him to a ,briti% ,s*ool to le>n ! art ( tea*+ gas def5se4 ,h[ev]1 le>n+ aft] a %ort talk ) him t he _h be5 int]e/$ 9 mak+ masks = adm9i/]+ an/hesia1 !re 0 at once turn$ ov] to him samples ( all ! masks 9 use by bo? ! ,allies & ! ,g]mans1 ) a view to gett+ 8 ideas = a new mask4 ,)9 two or ?ree h\rs he sugge/$ a new mask hav+ a metal face piece ) sponge rubb] aga9/ ! face & ) a cani/] to be c>ri$ on ! back ( ! head4 ,at t e>ly date x 0 realiz$ t a new mask mu/ be inv5t$ :i* w\ld be f> m com=table & give bett] vision ?an ! ,briti% respirators adopt$ = use4 ,connell1 ?irty-six h\rs aft] report+1 _h s f> develop$ 8 idea t he 0 s5t to ,p>is to make ! fir/ model1 :i* he succe$$ 9 do+ 9 ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,?is fir/ mask 0 good en\gh to risk te/+ 9 a high conc5tration ( *lor9e & :ile x leak$ to "s ext5t x indicat$ t ! idea 0 s\nd4 ,! problem !n 0 to p]fect ! mask & det]m9e h[ x c\ld be produc$ comm]cially on ! l>ge scale necess>y to equip an army4 ,s9ce ! ,briti% at ?is "t & practically ?r\gh\t ! w> 7 mu* ahead ( ! ,fr5* 9 all phases ( gas w>f>e1 ,connell 0 s5t to ,london4 ,!re he succe$$ 9 gett+ additional models 9 su* %ape t "o ( !m 0 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! fir/ few days ( ,janu>y1 #aiah4 ,connell's "w & exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ s successfully t aft] a model _h be5 submitt$ to ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 z well z to ,g5]al ,p]%+ himself1 "o ?\s& 7 ord]$ to be made e>ly 9 ,may ) a view to an ext5sive field te/ prep>atory to _! adoption = g5]al use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,9 ?is connection1 dur+ ,novemb]1 #aiag1 a lett] 0 writt5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates /at+ t :ile ! ,gas ,s]vice 9 ,france insi/$ on ! manufacture ( ,briti% respirators exactly z ! ,briti% 7 mak+ !m1 !y desir$ to h exp]im5ts pu%$ on a m com=table mask to meet ! future ne$s ( ! ,army4 ,! foll[+ f\r pr9ciples 7 set d[n 9 t lett]3 7a7 ,t ! mask mu/ give protection & t exp]i5ce _h %[n t suitable protection c\ld only be obta9$ by draw+ ! air ?r\gh a box fill$ ) *emicals & *>coal4 7b7 ,t !re mu/ be cle> vision & t exp]i5ce to date indicat$ t ! ,tissot me?od ( br++ ! inspir$ air ov] ! eyepieces 0 by f> ! be/1 7c7 ,t ! mask mu/ be z com=table z compatible ) reasonable protection1 & t ?is meant ! m\?piece & noseclip mu/ be omitt$4 7d7 ,t ! mask mu/ be z ne>ly fool pro( z x c\ld be made4 ,t is1 x %\ld be ( quick & accurate adju/m5t1 9 ! d>k or 9 ! tr5*es1 & be difficult to dis>range or injure once 9 position4 ,gas ,tra9+ & ,battle ( ,pic>dy ,pla9s4 ,on ,m>* #ba1 #aiah1 z is kn[n to ev]yone1 ! ,g]mans began _! great drive f ,cambrai across ! ,pic>dy ,pla9s to ,ami5s4 ,:ile ! battle 0 expect$ x came z a complete surprise s f> z ! tactics us$1 & ! ext5t & =ce ( ! attack1 7 conc]n$4 ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,g4 ,n4 ,lewis1 :o _h be5 s5t ab\t ,m>* #a to ,briti% ,gas ,s*ools1 & _h be5 assign$ to "o ( ! s*ools run by ! ,canadians1 0 ?us j on ! edge ( ! attack4 ,?is gave him an opportunity to actually obs]ve "s ( t attack & to le>n f eye-witnesses a great deal m4 ,! s*ool1 ( c\rse1 0 ab&on$ hurri$ly & ! /ud5ts ord]$ back to _! /ations4 ,lewis submitt$ two brief reports cov]+ facts be>+ on ! use ( gas & smoke by ! ,g]mans4 ,^! reports exhibit$ su* a grasp ( gas & smoke battle tactics t he 0 imm$iately ord]$ to headqu>t]s z assi/ant on ! ,def5se side ( gas "w1 t is1 on tra9+ 9 gas def5se4 ,up to t "t no "o _h be5 able to organize ! ,def5sive side ( gas "w 9 ! way x 0 felt x mu/ be organiz$ if x 7 to prove a ?or\gh success4 ,a mon? lat] he 0 put at ! head ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,section1 & 9 two mon?s he _h put ! ,def5se ,division on a s\nd basis4 ,he 0 !n ord]$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to help organize ,gas ,def5se ,tra9+ !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,close ,bur/ ( a ,gas ,%ell4 ,! #f? ,m>9es 9 ! ,somm$i5e ,sector ne> ,v]dun1 ,april #cj1 #aiah4 ,cabl$ ,report on ,pic>dy ,battle4 ,bas$ p>tly on ,colonel ,lewis's writt5 & oral reports1 & also on in=mation conta9$ 9 ,intellig5ce dispat*es & ! newspap]s1 a cablegram ( m ?an #cjj words 0 draft$ recit+ ! ma9 features ( ! battle s f> z !y p]ta9$ to ! use ( gas4 ,?is cablegram end$ ) ! /atem5t t 8! above illu/rates ! trem5d\s importance ( com=t 9 a mask0 & t 8! future mask mu/ omit ! m\?piece & noseclip40 ,keep+ ! ,g5]al ,/aff ,in=m$ ( ,"w4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,may1 #aiah1 ! ,am]icans arriv$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,montdidi]1 s\? ( ,ami5s1 on ! mo/ ?reat5$ po9t ( ! we/]n front4 ,x 0 on ,may #ah1 #aiah1 t ! ,am]icans attack$1 took1 & held aga9/ sev]al c\nt]-attacks ! t[n ( ,cantigny4 ,%ortly aft]w>d !y 7 v heavily %ell$ ) mu/>d gas & suff]$ 9 "o night ne>ly #ijj casualties4 ,inve/igation %[$ t ^! casualties 7 due to a numb] ( causes m or less usual1 b also to ! fact t ! m5 _h to we> ! mask #ab to #ae h\rs if !y 7 to escape be+ gass$4 ,su* long we>+ ( ! ,briti% mask ) its m\?piece & noseclip is practically an impossibility & scores became gass$ simply ?r\gh exhau/ion & inability to we> ! mask4 ,an inspector f ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s 9 report+ on supplies & equipm5t 9 ! ,fir/ ,division1 /at$ t "o ( ! mo/ urg5t ne$s 0 a m com=table mask4 ,! ,fir/ ,division sugge/$ a mask on ! pr9ciples ( ! new ,fr5* mask :i* 0 !n becom+ kn[n & :i* omitt$ ! m\?piece & noseclip4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice 9 ,france to p]fect a mask )\t a m\?piece & noseclip 7 s well kn[n & s mu* appreciat$ t !y did n ev5 call ^u ! ,gas ,s]vice = rem>k4 ,! assi/ant to ! ,*ief ( ,/aff :o drew up ! memor&um to ! ,*ief simply said ! matt] 0 be+ att5d$ to by ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,?is illu/rates ! value ( keep+ ! ,g5]al ,/aff ?or\ghly in=m$ ( :at is be+ done to meet ! ne$s ( ! troops on ! fir+ l9e4 ,!n1 z always1 x 0 urg$ t a reasonably good mask 0 f> m desirable ?an ! delay necess>y to get a m p]fect "o4 ,bas$ on ^! exp]i5ces ) mask developm5t1 ! au?ors are conv9c$ t ! :ole t5d5cy ( work]s 9 g5]al1 9 laboratories f> f ! front1 is to ov]-e/imate ! value ( p]fect protection bas$ on laboratory /&>ds4 ,x is difficult = laboratory work]s to realize t battle conditions always require a compromise betwe5 p]fection & gett+ some?+ 9 "t = ! battle4 ,x 0 e>ly evid5t to ! ,gas ,s]vice 9 ,france t we 7 los+1 & w\ld cont9ue to lose1 va/ly m m5 ?r\gh removal ( masks ( ! ,briti% type1 due to discom=t & exhau/ion1 ?an we w\ld f a m com=table b less p]fect mask4 ,9 o!r words :5 protection becomes s mu* ( a burd5 t ! av]age man _c or w n /& x1 x is high "t to f9d out :at m5 w /&1 & !n supply x ev5 at ! exp5se ( occasional casualties4 ,protection 9 battle is always relative4 ,! only p]fect protection is to /ay at home on ! f>m4 ,! man :o _c balance protection aga9/ legitimate risks has no bus9ess pass+ on arms1 equipm5t or tactics to be us$ at ! ,front4 ,z e>ly z ,septemb]1 #aiag1 gas tra9+ 0 begun 9 ! ,fir/ ,division at ,condrec\rt4 ,?is tra9+ s*ool became ! ,fir/ ,corps ,s*ool4 ,lat] a s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ,langres kn[n z ! ,army ,gas ,s*ool :ile two o!rs kn[n z ! ,second & ,?ird ,corps ,gas ,s*ools 7 e/abli%$ else:]e4 ,! fir/ program ( tra9+ = troops 9 ,france provid$ = a total p]iod ( ?ree mon?s4 ,( ?is1 two days 7 all[$ ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,lat] ?is 0 r$uc$ to six h\rs1 not)/&+ a vigor\s prote/ by ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,h[ev]1 foll[+ ! fir/ gas attacks aga9/ ! ,am]icans ) ,g]man projectors 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 foll[$ a little lat] by ext5sive attacks ) mu/>d gas1 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,gas ,def5se ,s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ! ,exp]im5tal ,field4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made = ! accommodation ( #bjj (fic]s = a six-day c\rse4 ,! numb] in/ruct$ actually av]ag$ ab\t #aej1 due to ! feel+ among ,division ,comm&]s t !y c\ld n sp>e q s _m (fic]s z 7 requir$ to furni% #bjj p] week4 ,?is s*ool 0 conduct$ "u ! ,comm&ant ( ,hanlon ,field1 ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,hildebr&1 by ,capta9 ,bu% ( ! ,briti% ,s]vice4 ,?is ,gas ,def5se ,s*ool became "o ( ! mo/ effici5t s*ools 9 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 & 0 develop+ me?ods ( tea*+ t 7 highly successful 9 protect+ troops 9 ! field4 ,failure ( ,g]man ,gas4 ,! losses ( ! ,am]icans f ,g]man gas attacks fluctuat$ ?r\gh r wide limits4 ,!re 7 times 9 ! e>ly days dur+ tra9+ :5 ?is rea*$ #fe p] c5t ( ! total casualties4 ,!re 7 o!r times 9 battle1 :5 due to extremely sev]e losses f ma*9e gun fire 9 attacks1 t ! proportion ( gas losses to all o!r =ms ( casualties 0 v small4 ,on ! :ole ! casualties f gas rea*$ #bg4c ( all casualties4 ,?is small p]c5tage 0 due solely to ! fact t :5 ! ,am]icans made _! big attacks at ,san ,mihiel & ! ,argonne1 ! ,g]man supply ( gas _h run v l[4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true ( ! supply ( mu/>d gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,g]man ,gas ,al>ms4 ,fries 0 at ! front visit+ ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,fir/ ,army & ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! #a/1 #c;d1 & #e? ,corps f two days be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! battle ( ! ,argonne to f\r days aft]w>ds4 ,he wat*$ reports ( ! battle on ! morn+ ( ! attack at ! ,army ,headqu>t]s & lat] at ! #a/1 #e? & #c;d ,corps headqu>t]s 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,no reports ( any gas casualties 7 receiv$4 ,?is situation cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,x 0 s rem>kable t he told ! ,*ief ( ,/aff he c\ld attribute ! ,g]man failure to use gas to only "o ( two possible conditions2 fir/1 ! enemy 0 out ( gas2 second1 he 0 prep>+ "s ma/] /roke4 ,! fir/ prov$ to be ! case z exam9ation aft] ! ,armi/ice ( ,g]man %ell dumps captur$ dur+ ! advance reveal$ less ?an #a p] c5t ( mu/>d gas %ell4 ,ev5 "u ^! circum/ances ! ,g]mans caus$ q a l>ge numb] ( gas casualties dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! fight+ 9 ! ,argonne-,meuse sector4 ,evid5tly ! ,g]mans1 imm$iately aft] ! op5+ ( ! attack1 or m probably "s days be=e1 began to ga!r toge!r all available mu/>d gas & o!r gases along ! entire we/]n battle front1 & %ip !m to ! ,am]ican sector4 ,?is conclusion seems ju/ifi$ because ! enemy nev] _h a bett] *ance to use gas effectively ?an he did ! fir/ ?ree or f\r days ( ! ,argonne fight1 & kn[+ ?is fact he c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h fail$ to use ! gas if x _h be5 available4 ,_h he possess$ #ej p] c5t ( 8 artill]y %ell 9 ! %ape ( mu/>d gas1 our losses 9 ! ,argonne-,meuse fight w\ld h be5 at lea/ #ajj1jjj m ?an x 04 ,inde$1 x is m ?an possible we w\ld nev] h succe$$ 9 tak+ ,s$an & ,mezi]es 9 ! fall ( #aiah4 ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,camp4 ,! fir/ lot ( ab\t #ajj (fic]s 7 s5t to ,france 9 ,july1 #aiah1 ) only a few days' tra9+1 & 9 "s cases ) no tra9+ at all4 ,accord+ly1 arrangem5ts 7 made to tra9 ^! m5 9 ! duties ( ! soldi] 9 ! ranks1 & !n z (fic]s4 ,_! tra9+ 9 gas def5se & (f5se foll[$ a mon? ( /r5u\s "w along ! above m5tion$ l9es4 ,?is camp 0 e/abli%$ ne> ,hanlon 7,exp]im5tal7 ,field1 at a little t[n call$ ,*oignes4 ,! "w z laid out includ$ squad & company tra9+ = ! ord9>y soldi]1 ea* (fic] tak+ turns 9 comm&+ ! company at drill4 ,!y 7 giv5 "w 9 map read+ z well z (fice & company adm9i/ration4 ,?is little comm& 0 a model ( cleanl9ess & milit>y discipl9e1 & attract$ mo/ favorable comm5t f /aff (fic]s on duty at ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s less ?an two miles di/ant4 ,j be=e ! ,armi/ice arrangem5ts 7 made to transf] ?is "w to ,*ignon1 ab\t #be miles s\!a/ ( ,t\rs1 :]e ample build+s & gr\nds 7 available to c>ry out n alone tra9+ ( (fic]s b ( soldi]s along ! v>i\s l9es ( "w !y w\ld enc\nt]1 f ! h&l+ ( a squad1 to be+ ,*ief ,gas ,(fic] ( a ,division4 ,educat+ ! ,army 9 ! ,use ( ,gas4 ,z has be5 rem>k$ be=e1 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t 9 />t+ ! manufacture ( gas masks & o!r def5sive appliances1 & ! ,bureau ( ,m9es 9 />t+ rese>*es into poison\s gases z well z def5sive mat]ials1 7 ! only (ficial bodies :o e>ly int]e/$ !mselves 9 gas w>f>e4 ,due to ?is e>ly "w ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es & ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t 9 />t+ mask manufacture z well z tra9+ 9 ! we>+ ( gas masks1 ! def5sive side ( gas w>f>e became kn[n ?r\gh\t ! army v f> 9 advance ( ! (f5sive side4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 :i* 0 at fir/ *>g$ ) ! manufacture ( poison\s gases1 made practically no move = mon?s1 ! (f5sive use ( gas did n become kn[n among ,unit$ ,/ates troops until aft] !y l&$ 9 ,france4 ,moreov]1 no gas %ell 0 all[$ to be fir$ by ! artill]y 9 practice ev5 9 ,france1 s t all ! tra9+ 9 gas ! artill]y c\ld get until x w5t into ! l9e 0 def5sive1 ) lectures on ! (f5sive4 ,! "w ( rais+ gas troops 0 n begun until ! late fall ( #aiag & z _! "w is highly te*nical & dang]\s1 !y 7 n ready to beg9 active "w on ! ,am]ican front until ,june1 #aiah4 ,by t "t ! army 0 gett+ pretty well drill$ 9 gas def5se & despite c>e 9 t respect 7 gett+ into a frame ( m9d almo/ ho/ile to ! use ( gas by our own troops4 ,among c]ta9 /aff (fic]s1 z well z "s comm&]s ( fight+ units1 ?is ho/ility 0 outspok5 & almo/ viol5t4 ,mu* ! h>de/1 mo/ try+ & mo/ skillful "w requir$ ( ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice (fic]s 0 to p]suade su* ,/affs & ,comm&]s t gas 0 useful & get !m to p]mit ( a demon/ration on _! front4 ,repeat$ly ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice (fic]s on ,division /affs 7 told by (fic]s 9 ! field t !y _h no?+ to d ) gas 9 (f5se1 t !y 7 simply def5sive (fic]s4 ,& yet no "o else knew any?+ ab\t ! use ( gas4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 by con/antly keep+ be=e ! ,g5]al ,/aff & o!rs ! results ( gas attacks by ! ,g]mans1 by ! ,briti%1 by ! ,fr5*1 & by ourselves1 headway 0 made t[>d gett+ our ,armies to use gas effectively 9 (f5se4 ,b s sl[ 0 ?is "w t x 0 necess>y to tra9 m5 p>ticul>ly h[ to appeal to (fic]s & comm&]s on ! subject4 ,inde$ ! foll[+ phrase1 us$ fir/ by ,colonel ,mayo-,smi?1 became a wat*word ?r\gh\t ! ,s]vice 9 ! latt] "p ( ! w>--8,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice (fic]s h got to g out & sell gas to ! ,army40 ,9 o!r words we _h to adopt mu* ! same means ( mak+ gas kn[n t ! manufactur] ( a new article adopts to make a ?+ manufactur$ by him kn[n to ! public4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,a ,typical ,%ell ,dump ne> ! ,front4 ,?is "w 0 exce$+ly try+1 requir+ great skill1 great pati5ce & above all a mo/ ?or\gh k ( ! subject4 ,z illu/rat+ "s ( ^! difficulties1 ! ,assi/ant ,*ief ( ,/aff1 ,g-#c 7,op]ations7 ( a c]ta9 ,am]ican ,corps refus$ to consid] a recomm5dation to use gas on a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! battle ( ! ,argonne unless ! gas (fic] w\ld /ate 9 writ+ t if ! gas 0 s us$ x c\ld n possibly result 9 ! casualty ( a s+le ,am]ican soldi]4 ,su* an attitude 0 p]fectly absurd4 ,! ,infantry always expects "s losses f our own high explosive :5 foll[+ a b>rage1 & ?\gh realiz+ ! trem5d\s value ( gas1 ?is /aff (fic] refus$ to use x )\t an absolute gu>antee 9 writ+ t x c\ld n possibly injure a s+le ,am]ican soldi]4 ,ano!r argum5t (t5 us$ 0 t a gas attack br\ght retaliatory fire on ! front :]e ! gas 0 us$4 ,su* objectors 7 n>r[ en\gh n to realize t ! m]e fact ( heavy retaliation indicat$ ! success ( ! gas on ! enemy = ev]yone kn[s an enemy does n retaliate aga9/ a ?+ :i* does n worry him4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! value ( gas troops _h become fully kn[n1 ! reque/s = !m 7 s great t a s+le platoon _h to be assign$ to brigades1 & sometimes ev5 to :ole ,divisions4 ,?us x fell to ! ,lieut5ants comm&+ ^! platoons to conf] ) ,division ,comm&]s & ,/affs1 to recomm5d h[1 :5 & :]e to use gas1 & d s 9 a mann] :i* w\ld impress ! ,comm&+ ,g5]al & ! ,/aff suffici5tly to all[ !m to und]take ! job4 ,t no case ( failure has be5 report$ is evid5ce ( ! spl5did ability ( ^! (fic]s on duty ) ! gas troops4 ,effici5cy 9 ! big ,am]ican battles 0 dem&$ to an ext5t unhe>d ( 9 peace1 & _h any "o ( ^! (fic]s made a consid]able failure1 x c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 report$ & ,fries w\ld h he>d ( x4 ,equally h>d1 & 9 _m cases ev5 m s1 0 ! "w ( ! gas (fic]s on ,division1 ,corps & ,army ,/affs1 :o h&l$ ! tra9+ 9 ,divisions1 & :o also 7 requir$ to recomm5d ! use ( gas troops1 ! use ( gas 9 artill]y %ell & 9 gr5ades1 & ! use ( smoke by ! infantry 9 attack4 ,h[ev]1 ! success ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ! field ) ^! ,/aff (fic]s 0 j z great z ) ! ,regim5t4 ,to ! ev]la/+ cr$it ( ^? ,/aff ,(fic]s & ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,gas ,regim5t f ,colonel ,atkisson d[n1 bo? ,/aff ,gas (fic]s & (fic]s ( ! ,gas ,regim5t work$ toge!r 9 ! fulle/ h>mony ) ! s+le object ( defeat+ ! ,g]mans4 ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,troops ,*emical ,w>f>e troops 7 divid$ into two di/9ct divisions--gas regim5ts & /aff troops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,fir+ a #aee-,millimet] ,h[itz]4 ,! m5 are we>+ gas masks to keep out ! enemy gas fir$ at !m 9 ,oct41 #aiah4 ,/aff ,troops4 ,! /aff troops ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice p]=m$ all "w requir$ ( gas troops except t ( actual fight+4 ,!y h&l$ all ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice supplies f ! "t !y 7 unload$ f %ips to ! "t !y 7 issu$ to ! fight+ troops at ! front1 :e!r ! fight+ troops 7 ,*emical ,w>f>e or any o!r4 ,!y furni%$ m5 = cl]ical & o!r s]vices ) ! ,army1 ,corps & ,division ,gas ,(fic]s1 & !y manufactur$ poison\s gases1 fill$ gas %ells & did all repair+ & alt]+ ( gas masks4 ,?\gh ^! m5 receiv$ none ( ! glam\r or glory t goes ) ! fight+ m5 at ! front1 yet !y p]=m$ s]vices ( ! mo/ vital k9d & 9 _m cases did "w z dang]\s & hair rais+ z go+ ov] ! top 9 ! face ( bur/+ %ell & scream+ ma*9e gun bullets4 ,?9k ( ! int5se int]e/ ^! m5 mu/ h felt :5 c>ry+ f ! field ( battle to ! laboratory or exp]im5tal field1 %ell load$ ) /range & unhe>d ( comp\nds & :i* might any mom5t bur/ & end =ev] _! exi/5ce6 ,or wat* !m drill+ into a new %ell kn[+ n :at p[]ful poison or explosive x might conta9 or :at might happ5 :5 ! drill 8w5t ?r\gh06 ,& aga9 :at det]m9ation x took to "w #ab or #af h\rs a day way back at ! depots repair+ or alt]+ masks1 &1 z 0 done at ,*at]\x1 alt] & repair #ae1jjj masks a day & be s ru%$ t at times !y _h a b>e day's "w ( remodel$ masks ahead4 ,b !y kept ahead & to ! great glory ( ^! m5 no ,am]ican soldi] ev] _h to g to ! front )\t a mask4 ,& :at f9] "w ?an t ( ^! m5 :o1 9 ! laboratory & te/+ room1 toy$ ) dea? 9 te/+ unkn[n gases ) ,am]ican & =eign masks ev5 to ! ext5t ( apply+ ! gases to _! own bodies4 ,h]oic1 real ,am]ican "w1 all ( x & done 9 real ,am]ican /yle z "p ( ! day's "w )\t ?\ght ( glory & )\t hope ( rew>d4 ,! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t4 ,9 ! fir/ /udy ( army organization made by ! ,g5]al ,/aff x 0 decid$ to recomm5d rais+ "u ! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s "o regim5t ( six companies ( gas troops4 ,%ortly aft] ! cable ( ,augu/ #ag1 #aiag1 0 s5t /at+ t ,lieut4 ,colonel ,fries w\ld be made ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t promot$ him to be ,colonel ( ! #cj? ,eng9e]s :i* lat] became ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t4 ,at almo/ ! same "t1 ,capta9 ,atkisson1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 0 appo9t$ ,lieut4 ,col4 ( ! ,regim5t4 ,al?\gh ,colonel ,fries rema9$ ! nom9al ,comm&] ( ! regim5t1 he nev] act$ 9 t capacity1 = 8 duties z ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice left him nei!r "t nor opportunity4 ,all ! cr$it = rais+1 tra9+1 & equipp+ ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t belongs to ,colonel ,e4 ,j4 ,atkisson & ! (fic]s pick$ by him4 ,imm$iately ^u ! =mation ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 ! ,*ief urg$ t _m m ?an six companies ( gas troops %\ld be provid$4 ,^! recomm5dations 7 repeat$ & urg$ = ! next two mon?s or until ab\t ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 :5 x became app>5t t an increase c\ld n be obta9$ at t "t & t any fur!r urg+ w\ld only cause irritation4 ,! matt] 0 !re=e dropp$ until a m auspici\s "t %\ld arrive4 ,?is arriv$ ! next spr+ :5 ! fir/ ,g]man projector attack aga9/ ,unit$ ,/ates troops produc$ sev]e casualties1 exactly z _h be5 =eca/$ by ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 #aiah1 an increase f two battalions to six battalions 7eighte5 companies7 0 au?oriz$4 ,a fur!r increase to ?ree regim5ts ( six battalions ea* 7a total ( fifty-f\r companies7 0 au?oriz$ e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 aft] ! v great value ( gas troops _h be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! fight f ! ,m>ne to ! ,vesle 9 ,july4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,receiv+ & ,transmitt+ ,data = ,fir+ ,gas ,%ell :ile ,we>+ ,gas ,masks4 ,battlefield ( ! ,argonne1 ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,no ,equipm5t = ,gas ,troops4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,decemb] a cablegram 0 receiv$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates /at+ t due to lack ( equipm5t ! v>i\s regim5ts ( special eng9e]s rec5tly au?oriz$1 includ+ ! #cj? 7,gas & ,flame7 w\ld n be organiz$ until ! spr+ ( #aiah4 ,an urg5t cablegram 0 !n s5t call+ att5tion to ! fact t gas troops 7 n s]vice ( supply troops b fir/ l9e fight+ troops1 & consequ5tly t !y %\ld be rais$ & tra9$ 9 "t to take ! field ) ! fir/ ,am]icans go+ into ! l9e4 ,at ?is same "t ! #cj? regim5t 0 giv5 e>ly priority by ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 on ! priority li/s = troop %ipm5ts f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! rais+ ( ! fir/ two companies 0 !n cont9u$ "u ,colonel ,atkisson at ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,ab\t ,janu>y #ae ^w 0 receiv$ t ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! regim5t & ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,fir/ ,battalion toge!r ) ,companies ,a & ,b ( ! #cj? ,eng9e]s 7lat] ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t7 7 expect$ to arrive v soon4 ,"s mon?s prior ,g5]al ,f\lkes1 ,*ief ( ! ,briti% ,gas ,s]vice 9 ! field1 _h /at$ t he w\ld be glad to h ! gas troops assign$ to him = tra9+4 ,x 0 agre$ t ! tra9+ %\ld include op]ations 9 ! front l9e = a "t to enable ! ,am]ican ,gas ,troops to c>ry on gas op]ations indep5d5tly ( anyone else & ) entire safety to !mselves & ! re/ ( ! ,army4 ,due to ! fact t ! ,briti% 7 occupy+ _! gas s*ool1 ! ,briti% ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s 7 a little reluctant to take ! ,am]ican troops ,feb4 #a4 ,h[ev]1 ,g5]al ,f\lkes made room = ! ,am]ican troops by mov+ 8 own troops out4 ,he !n plac$ 8 be/ (fic]s 9 *>ge ( _! tra9+ & at all times did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to help ! ,am]ican ,gas ,troops le>n ! gas game & get suffici5t supplies to op]ate )4 ,colonel ,h>tley1 ,assi/ant to ,g5]al ,f\lkes1 also did ev]y?+ he c\ld to help ! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice4 ,^! two (fic]s did m ?an any o!r =eign (fic]s 9 ,france to enable ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice to make ! success x did4 ,second ,battle ( ! ,m>ne4 ,! ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 foll[+ a visit to ! ,briti% ,gas ,headqu>t]s1 & ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,am]ican #b;d ,corps !n op]at+ ) ! ,briti%1 arriv$ on ! ev5+ ( ,july #ag1 #aiah1 at #a/ ,corps ,headqu>t]s at ,la ,f]te s\s ,j\>re ab\t #aj miles s\!a/ ( ,*teau-,?i]ry4 ,two companies ( ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t w\ld h be5 ready 9 #dh h\rs to put (f a projector attack aga9/ an excell5t t>get j we/ ( ,belleau ,wood _h n ! #b;d battle ( ! ,m>ne op5$ :5 x did4 ,x is said t ,g5]al ,fo* _h kept ?is special attack s secret t ! ,fir/ ,am]ican ,corps ,comm&] knew x less ?an #dh h\rs prior to ! h\r set = its beg9n+4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice knew no?+ ( x until ab\t #i3jj ,p4,m41 ! night ( ,july #ag?4 ,consequ5tly ! gas attack 0 n made4 ,at t "t s little 0 kn[n ( ! usefulness ( gas troops t !y 7 />t$ on road "w4 ,at ,colonel ,atkisson's sugge/ion t gas troops c\ld clean out ma*9e gun ne/s1 he 0 ask$ to visit ! ,fir/ ,corps headqu>t]s & take up 8 sugge/ion vigor\sly ) ! ,fir/ ,corps ,/aff4 ,attack+ ,ma*9e ,gun ,ne/s4 ,!reupon ! ,gas troops 7 all[$ to try attack+ ma*9e gun ne/s ) phosphorus & !rmite4 ,?is "w prov$ s satisfactory t n long aft]w>ds ! ,g5]al ,/aff au?oriz$ an increase 9 gas troops f #ah companies to #ed companies1 to be =m$ into ?ree regim5ts ( two battalions ea*4 ,! #f companies 9 ,france did excell5t "w ) smoke & !rmite dur+ all ! second battle ( ! ,m>ne to ! ,vesle riv]1 :]e by means ( smoke scre5s !y made possible ! cross+ ( t riv] & ! ga9+ ( a foo?old on ! nor? or ,g]man side4 ,) ! assembl+ ( ,am]ican troops 9 ! sector ne> ,v]dun 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 ! gas troops 7 all collect$ !re ) ! exception ( "o or two companies & took a v active "p 9 ! capture ( ! ,/4 ,mihiel sali5t4 ,x 0 at ?is battle t ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice really began to h&le (f5sive gas op]ations 9 ! way !y %\ld be h&l$4 ,plans 7 drawn = ! use ( gas & smoke by artill]y & gas troops bo?4 ,! use ( high explosives 9 ,liv5's bombs 0 also plann$4 ,^? plans 7 prop]ly co-ord9at$ ) all ! o!r arms ( ! s]vice 9 mak+ ! attack4 ,gas 0 to be us$ n alone by gas troops b by ! artill]y4 ,plans 7 made s t ! diff]5t k9ds ( gases w\ld be us$ :]e !y w\ld d ! mo/ good4 ,:ile ^! plans & _! execution 7 f> f p]fect1 !y m>k$ a trem5d\s advance & demon/rat$ to ev]yone ! possibilities t lay 9 gas & smoke bo? ) artill]y & ) gas troops4 ,foll[+ ! attack on ! ,/4 ,mihiel sali5t1 came ! battle ( ! ,argonne1 :]e plans 7 drawn z be=e1 us+ ! add$ k ga9$ at ,/4 ,mihiel4 ,! "w 0 accord+ly m satisfactory4 ,h[ev]1 ! attempt to cov] ! entire ,am]ican front ( n9e divisions ) only six companies prov$ too great a task4 ,practically all gas troops 7 put 9 ! front l9e ! morn+ ( ! attack4 ,due to wea!r conditions !y us$ mo/ly phosphorus & !rmite ) #d in* ,/okes' mort>s4 ,hav+ le>n$ h[ useful ^! 7 9 tak+ ma*9e gun ne/s1 plans 7 made to h !m keep "r up ) ! ,infantry4 ,?is !y did 9 a rem>kable mann] consid]+ ! weight ( ! ,/okes' mort> & ! base plates & also t ea* ,/okes' mort> bomb weigh$ ab\t #be p\nds4 ,!re 7 cases :]e !y c>ri$ ^! mort>s & bombs = miles on _! backs1 :ile 9 o!r cases !y us$ pack animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,sett+ ,up a ,smoke ,b>rage ) ,smoke ,pots4 ,n expect+ ! battle to be ne>ly cont9u\s z x 0 = ?ree weeks1 ! m51 z be=e /at$1 7 all put 9 ! front l9e ! morn+ ( ! attack4 ,?is result$ 9 _! ne>ly complete exhau/ion ! fir/ week1 s9ce !y f\ght or m>*$ day & night dur+ ne>ly ! :ole "t4 ,tak+ a lesson f ?is1 9 lat] attacks only half ! m5 7 put 9 ! l9e 9 ! fir/ place1 no matt] if c]ta9 sectors _h to be omitt$4 ,fully z good results 7 obta9$ because1 z ! m5 became worn out1 fre% ones 7 s5t 9 & ! o!rs giv5 a *ance to recup]ate4 ,(fic]s relate _m diff]5t occurr5ces %[+ ! discipl9e & "* ( ^! gas troops4 ,on "o occasion :]e a battalion ( infantry 0 be+ held up by a ma*9e gun ne/1 volunte]s 7 call$ =4 ,only two m51 bo? f ! gas regim5t1 volunte]$ ?\gh !y 7 jo9$ a little lat] by two o!rs f ! same regim5t1 & ^! f\r took ! guns4 ,:ile x 0 n consid]$ desirable = gas troops to attempt to take prison]s1 yet ! regim5t took q a numb]1 due solely to ! fact t !y 7 n only ) ! advanc+ infantry b at times actually 9 front ( x4 ,on ano!r occasion a gas (fic]1 see+ a ma*9e gun battalion badly %ot up & m or less rattl$1 took comm& & got !m into action 9 f9e %ape4 ,at ?is /age ! ,second ,army 0 =m$ to ! s\!a/ ( ,v]dun & plans 7 drawn = a big attack ab\t ,novemb] #ad4 ,! value ( gas troops 0 appreciat$ s mu* t ! ,second ,army ask$ to h ,briti% gas troops assign$ to !m s9ce no ,am]ican gas troops 7 available4 ,accord+ly 9 response to a reque/ made by ! ,am]ican ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s1 ! ,briti% s5t #aj companies ( _! gas troops4 ,^! rea*$ ! front j be=e ! ,armi/ice1 & h5ce 7 unable to c>ry out any attacks !re4 ,?is %ort hi/ory ( ! op]ations ( ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t cov]s only ! high spots 9 its organization & "w4 ,x cov]s p>ticul>ly its e>ly tr\bles1 z ^? are felt to be ! ones mo/ important to h 9 m9d if ev] x be necess>y aga9 to organize ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 troops on an ext5sive scale4 ,! ,regim5t engag$ 9 ne>ly #bjj sep>ate actions ) poison\s gases1 smoke & high explosives1 & took "p 9 e big battle f ! second battle ( ! ,m>ne to ! end ( ! ,w>4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ ,am]ican troops to tra9 ) ! ,briti%1 & 7 und\bt$ly ! fir/ ,am]ican troops to take actual "p 9 fight+ ! enemy z !y aid$ ! ,briti% individually & z entire units 9 putt+ (f gas attacks1 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aiah4 ,x w\ld be a long hi/ory itself to recite ! actions 9 :i* ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t took "p & 9 :i* x won di/9ction4#af ,footnote #af3 ,/ory ( ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t1 ,james ,t4 ,addison4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 #aiai4 ,no bett] summ>y ( ! "w ( ?is ,regim5t c be writt5 ?an t ( ,colonel ,atkisson 9 ! f\r conclud+ p>agraphs ( 8 (ficial report writt5 j aft] ! ,armi/ice3 8,! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t 0 made up l>gely ( volunte]s--volunte]s = ?is special s]vice4 ,little 0 kn[n ( its "* :5 ! fir/ in=mation 0 s5t broadca/ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 br++ x to ! att5tion ( ! m5 ( our c\ntry4 ,! keynote ( ?is in=mation 0 a desire = ke51 r$-blood$ m5 :o want$ to fight4 ,!y came into x 9 ! _s ( a fight+ unit1 & 7 ready1 n only to develop1 b to make a new s]vice4 ,no ef=t 0 sp>$ to make ! organization z useful z ! /r5g? ( ! limit$ p]sonnel all[$4 8,! fir/ unit to arrive 9 ,france mov$ to ! =w>d area )9 eight weeks ( its arrival1 &1 f t "t1 ) ! exception ( f\r weeks1 0 cont9u\sly 9 =w>d areas c>ry+ on op]ations4 ,! ?ird & la/ unit mov$ =w>d )9 six weeks ( its arrival 9 ,france1 & 0 cont9u\sly engag$ until ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice4 8,t ! regim5t ent]$ ! fight & c>ri$ ! me?ods develop$ into execution :]e !y w\ld be ( value1 is witness$ by ! fact t ov] ?irty-five p]c5t ( ! /r5g? ( ! unit became casualties4 8,x is only fitt+ to record ! _s & true devotion :i* prompt$ ! (fic]s & m5 :o came f civil life into ?is ,regim5t1 ma/]$ ! details ( ?is new s]vice1 &1 ?r\gh _! untir+ ef=ts & utt] disreg>d ( self1 made possible any success :i* ! ,regim5t may h _h4 ,x 0 truly 9 keep+ ) ! high ideals :i* h prompt$ our entire ,army & ,c\ntry 9 ?is conflict4 ,!y made ! motto ( #8,s]vice1' a real1 liv+1 inspir+ ?+40 ,,supply ,z previ\sly /at$ x 0 decid$ e>ly t ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice %\ld h a complete supply s]vice includ+ pur*ase1 manufacture1 /orage & issue1 & accord+ly sep>ate supply depots 7 pick$ out = ! ,gas ,s]vice e>ly 9 ! fall by ,col4 ,craw=d4 ,:]e practicable ^! 7 locat$ 9 ! same area z all o!r depots ?\gh 9 "o in/ance ! ,fr5* =c$ ! ,gas ,s]vice to locate its gas %ell & bomb depot "s fifte5 miles f ! g5]al depots ?r\gh an unreasonable fe> ( ! gas4 ,manufacture ( ,gases4 ,due to ! "t requir$ & ! co/ ( manufactur+ gases1 an e>ly decision became imp]ative z to :at gases %\ld be us$ by ! ,am]icans1 & into :at %ells & bombs !y %\ld be fill$4 ,z !re 0 no "o else work+ on ! subject ! sole responsibility fell ^u ! ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,! "w 0 fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t ! ,briti% & ,fr5* did n agree ^u :at gases %\ld be us$4 ,! ,briti% condemn$ vici\sly ,v9c5nite 7hydrocyanic acid gas ) "s add$ +r$i5ts7 ( ! ,fr5*1 :ile ! ,fr5* /at$ t *loropicr91 us$ by ! ,briti% pr9cipally z a la*rymator1 0 wor?less4 ,fries felt ! trem5d\s responsibility t re/$ ^u him & f9ally aft] mu* ?\ght & be=e com+ to any conclusion1 wrote ! fir/ draft ( a %ort pap] on gas w>f>e4 ,9 t pap] he took up ! tactical uses to :i* gases might be put & !n /udi$ ! be/ & mo/ available gases to meet ^? tactical ne$s4 ,)\t /at+ fur!r details x 0 decid$ to recomm5d ! manufacture & use ( *lor9e1 phosg5e1 *loropicr91 bromoacetone & mu/>d gas4 ,z ! gas s]vice 0 also *>g$ ) h&l+ smoke & inc5di>y mat]ials1 smoke 0 prescrib$ 9 ! proportion ( #e p] c5t ( ! total *emicals to be furni%$4 ,! smoke mat]ial decid$ ^u 0 :ite phosphorus4 ,! pap] on ,gas ,w>f>e 0 !n re-draft$ & submitt$ to ! ,fr5* & ,briti% & writt5 up 9 f9al =m prescrib+ ! gases above m5tion$ on ,octob] #bf4 ,foll[+ ?is a cable 0 drawn & submitt$ to ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,aft] _m conf]5ces & "s delay ! cable w5t =w>d on ,novemb] #c4 ,,cable #bfh1 ,,novemb] #d1 #aiag ,p>agraph #ab4 ,= *ief ( ,ordnance4 ,) ref]5ce to p>agraph #b my cablegram #aha1 desire prompt in=mation z to :e!r recomm5dation is approv$ t phosg5e1 *loropicr91 hydrocyanic acid1 & *lor9e be pur*as$ 9 ,france or ,engl& & fill+ plants e/abli%$ 9 ,france = fill+ %ells & bombs ) ^? gases4 ,subp>agraph ,a4 ,ref]5ce to y\r telegram #bec1 recomm5d fill+ approximately #aj p] c5t all %ells ) gases z giv5 bel[1 b t fill+ plants & gas factories be made capable ( fill+ a total ( #be p] c5t4 ,unless ord9>y "n is giv51 gases are designat$ by numb]s 9 *emical code ,w> ,gas inve/igations4 ,( #ge millimet] %ells fill #a p] c5t ,v9c5nite1 #d p] c5t phosg5e or tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate1 #b p] c5t *loropicr91 #b p] c5t mu/>d gas1 p] c5t ) bromoacetone & p] c5t ) smoke mat]ial4 ,accord+ to ,fr5* #ge millimet] /eel %ells %\ld n be fill$ ) ,v9c5nite m ?an ?ree mon?s be=e be+ us$4 ,no tr\ble ) o!r gases or o!r siz$ %ells except t bromoacetone mu/ be 9 glass l9$ %ells4 ,( #d4g in* %ells fill #e p] c5t ) phosg5e or tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate1 #b p] c5t ) *loropicr91 #b p] c5t ) mu/>d gas1 p] c5t ) bromoacetone & p] c5t ) smoke mat]ial4 ,provide same p]c5tage = all o!r %ells up to & includ+ #h in* calib] z = #d4g in* %ells4 #d in* ,/okes' mort> w use same gases & smoke %ells & 9 addition !rmit4 #h in* projector bombs w use ! same z ! ,/okes' mort> & also oil to break into flame on bur/+4 ,cl\d gas cyl9d]s w be fill$ ) #ej or #fj p] c5t phosg5e1 mix$ ) #dj to #ej p] c5t *lor9e1 or phosg5e & "s o!r gas4 ,r5ew recomm5dation t fill+ plants be e/abli%$ 9 ,france to provide sudd5 %ifts 9 gas w>f>e ( all k9ds1 z well z = fill+ all #d in* ,/okes' mort> bombs1 #h in* projector bombs & cl\d gas cyl9d]s4 ,x is /rongly recomm5d$ t ef=ts be made to produce :ite phosphorus on l>ge scale = its usefulness bo? z smoke scre5s & to produce casualties4 ,subp>agraph ,b4 ,= ! ,adjutant ,g5]al ( ! ,army4 ,) ref]5ce to p>agraph #b1 my cablegram #aha1 desire in=mation z to :e!r recomm5dation is approv$ t an eng9e] (fic] assi/$ by ,pr(essor ,hulett be assign$ to ,gas ,s]vice 9 ,wa%+ton to h&le all ord]s & correspond5ce conc]n+ gas4 ,subp>agraph ,c4 ,= ,surgeon ,g5]al4 ,) ref]5ce to p>agraph #b y\r cablegram #bje1 & p>agraph #b1 my cablegram #aha1 :at is /atus ( *emical laboratory = ,france8 ,also h ! #ab select$ ,res]ve ,(fic]s = tra9+ 9 gas def5se sail$ = ,france8 ,subp>agraph ,d4 ,) ref]5ce to p>agraph #ag y\r cablegram #afe & p>agraph #b my cablegram #aha1 ,tissot has con/ruct$ simpl] model ( 8 mask = atta*m5t to any box4 ,h ord]$ #f :i* w be complet$ 9 two weeks1 #c ( :i* w be =w>d$ at once4 ,a simple type su* z ?is may prove useful = l>ge numb] ( troops4 ,lett] ( p]mission to manufacture ,tissot masks be+ =w>d$4 ,subp>agraph ,e4 ,) ref]5ce to p>agraph #h y\r cablegram #adc1 & p>agraph #d y\r cablegram #bdg1 9 consid]+ *>coal & o!r fill]s = cani/] ( box respirator x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! front is v damp1 ! air be+ ne>ly saturat$ dur+ great] "p ( w9t]1 fall & spr+4 ,?is cable is giv5 9 full to %[ t n lat] ?an ,novemb] #d1 #aiag1 x 0 kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n only :at gases w\ld be requir$ b also 9 :at %ells1 bombs1 guns & mort>s ea* w\ld be us$4 ,:ile a small quantity ( ,v9c5nite 0 recomm5d$ 9 ?is cable1 ano!r cable s5t )9 a mon? reque/$ t no ,v9c5nite :atev] be manufactur$4 ,?is decision z to gases & guns 9 :i* !y 7 to be us$1 :ile v progressive1 prov$ entirely s\nd & rema9$ un*ang$1 ) slight exceptions due to new discov]ies1 until ! end ( ! w>4 ,)\t a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( tactics a prop] *oice ( gases c\ld n h be5 made4 ,?is fact emphasizes ! necessity ( hav+ a tra9$ te*nical army man at ! head ( any gas s]vice4 ,due to ! abs5ce ( a ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ?is "t1 a v great deal ( ! in=mation s5t f ,france1 :e!r by cable or by lett]1 nev] rea*$ ^? ne$+ x4 ,smoke4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,decemb] aft] a /udy ( results obta9$ by ! ,briti% & ! ,g]mans 9 ! use ( smoke 9 artill]y %ells = scre5+ purposes1 ! ,gas ,s]vice decid$ t mu* m smoke ?an _h be5 /at$ 9 cable #bfh to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 desirable4 ,! ,g5]al ,/aff1 h[ev]1 refus$ to au?orize any increase1 b did all[ to be s5t 9 a cable a /atem5t to ! effect t a l>ge increase 9 smoke mat]ials might be advisable = smoke scre5s1 & t accord+ly ! am\nt ( phosphorus ne$$ 9 a ye> ( w> w\ld probably be ?ree or f\r times ! "o & a half million p\nds ( :ite phosphorus /at$ to h be5 contract$ = by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is advanc$ position ( ! ,gas ,s]vice 9 reg>d to smoke prov$ s\nd 9 #aiah1 :5 e ef=t 0 made to increase ! quantity ( :ite phosphorus available & to ext5d its use 9 artill]y %ells includ+ ev5 ! #c in* ,/okes' mort>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,troops ,advanc+ ,beh9d a ,smoke ,b>rage 7,phosphorus74 ,ov]seas ,repair ,section ,no4 #a4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,novemb]1 #aiag1 ,ov]seas ,repair ,section ,no4 #a1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,mayo-,smi?1 ,sanit>y ,corps1 ) f\r o!r (fic]s & #acj m51 arriv$ 9 ,france4 ,s9ce mask developm5t & manufacture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 /ill "u ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 ?is mask repair section 0 organiz$ z a "p ( ! ,sanit>y ,corps4 ,z !re 7 at t "t no masks to be repair$ & no laboratory equipm5t or build+s = t purpose on h& & none likely to be = mon?s to come1 ,capta9 ,mayo-,smi? 0 assign$ to duty "u ,colonel ,craw=d1 ,*ief ,gas ,(fic] ) ! ,l9e ( ,communication1 9 ,p>is4 ,a site = a mask repair plant 0 locat$ at ,*teaur\x1 & a site = a gas depot at ,gievres 0 inve/igat$4 ,inasmu* z !re 0 at t "t great] ne$ = m5 to le>n ! h&l+ ( poison\s gases ?an to repair masks1 "s #dj or #ej ( ! company 7 put 9 gas %ell fill+ plants at ,aub]villi]s & ,v9c5nes 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is1 :ile lat] /ill o!rs 7 assign$ to ,pont de ,claix ne> ,gr5oble4 ,! rema9d] ( ! company 7 us$ 9 ! ,gas ,depot at ,gievres & 9 ! (fice 9 ,p>is4 ,x 0 n until ! latt] "p ( ,june1 #aiah1 t ! mask repair plant began op]ations4 ,9 ! meantime ^! m5 did v valuable "w 9 %ell fill+ & 9 le>n+ ! manufacture ( gases4 ,sev]al ( !m 7 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "s ( !m rema9+ ?r\gh\t ! w> to aid 9 gas manufacture & 9 %ell fill+4 ,con/ruction ,division1 ,gas ,s]vice4 ,! ,con/ruction ,division "u ,colonel ,craw=d 9 ,p>is made complete plans = phosg5e manufactur+ plants1 = %ell fill+ plants & = ! ,mask ,repair ,plant4 ,^! plans includ$ a complete lay\t ( ! "w = all p]sons to be employ$ 9 ! plants4 ,dur+ ?is same "t a v c>eful /udy ( ! possibilities = manufactur+ gas = fill+ %ell 9 ,france 0 made4 ,f9ally ab\t ,m>* #a1 9 accordance ) ! /rong recomm5dations ( ^! m51 ,fries report$ to ,g5]al ,p]%+ 9 p]son t ! manufacture ( gas z well z ! fill+ ( %ell 9 ,france 0 inadvisable f e po9t ( view & accord+ly he recomm5d$ t gas manufacture & %ell fill+ 9 ,france be giv5 up4 ,g5]al ,p]%+ /rongly approv$ ! recomm5dation & a cablegram 0 at once s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to t effect4 ,! ma9 reason = ?is action 0 ! lack ( *lor9e1 s9ce *lor9e 0 ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ne>ly all poison\s gases !n 9 use4 ,*lor9e takes1 besides salt1 electric p[] & lots ( x4 ,electric p[] requires coal or wat] p[]4 ,nei!r ( ! latt] s\rces 7 available 9 ,france4 ,?is "q 0 gone into v ?or\ghly4 ,! only place :]e p[] might h be5 develop$ 0 9 a remote spot ne> ,spa91 & ! outlook !re 0 su* t x appe>$ impossible to beg9 ! manufacture ( *lor9e "u two ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! %ipm5t ( *lor9e f ! ,unit$ ,/ates requir$ f #ge p] c5t to #ajj p] c5t ( ! tonnage requir$ to %ip ! manufactur$ gases !mselves1 to say no?+ ( ! labor1 raw mat]ials1 & ! ma*9]y t w\ld h _h to be %ipp$ 9 ord] to manufacture gas 9 ,france4 ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,z previ\sly /at$ ,mu/>d ,gas 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,g]mans aga9/ ! ,briti% at ,ypres on ! nights ( ,july #aa & #ab1 #aiag4 ,x 0 n us$ mu* aga9/ ! ,fr5* until m ?an two mon?s lat]4 ,inde$1 gas 0 nev] us$ by ! ,g]mans to ! same ext5t aga9/ ! ,fr5* z aga9/ ! ,engli%4 ,!re are probably two reasons = ?is2 fir/1 ! ,g]mans _h a deep] hatr$ = ! ,briti% ?an ! ,fr5*2 second1 ! ,briti% morale 0 high] ?an ! ,fr5* 9 #aiag1 & ! ,g]man ?\ght t if he c\ld break d[n ?is ,briti% morale1 he c\ld w9 ! w>4 ,! fir/ attack came z a surprise & accord+ly got an unusually l>ge numb] ( casualties4 ,z previ\sly /at$ ! casualties numb]$ ab\t #bj1jjj 9 ab\t six weeks4 ,?is numb] 0 consid]$ s s]i\s t ! beg9n+ ( ! s]ies ( attacks aga9/ ,ypres 9 ! fall ( #aiag1 0 delay$ by ! ,briti% = #aj days or two weeks until !y c\ld /udy bett] h[ to avoid su* great losses f mu/>d gas4 ,:ile ! composition ( ! gas 0 kn[n )9 two or ?ree days1 z well z ! laboratory me?od by :i* x 0 fir/ manufactur$ by ,victor ,mey] 9 #ahhf1 x took "s #aa mon?s to develop reliable & practical me?ods ( manufactur+ x on a l>ge scale4 ,! ,int]-alli$ ,gas ,conf]5ce 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 gave a great deal ( att5tion to mu/>d gas & me?ods ( combat+ x bo? f ! view po9t ( prev5tion & ( cur+ ^? gass$ by x4 ,j foll[+ ! close ( t conf]5ce a cable 0 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ask+ ! possibility ( manufactur+ e?yl5e *lorhydr91 ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas by ! only process !n kn[n4 ,lat]1 t is ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 a cablegram 0 s5t urg+ inve/igation into ! manufacture ( ?is gas4 ,x is believ$ a great deal ( "t might h be5 sav$ _h ! policy ( undue secrecy n be5 adopt$ by ! ,briti% & o!rs be=e ! ,am]icans ent]$ ! w>4 ,9 fact we 7 only told 9 :isp]s ! =mula = mu/>d gas1 & :]e a description ( x c\ld be f\nd 9 ,g]man *emi/ries4 ,?is 0 arrant nons5se s9ce if ! ,g]mans _h gott5 all mu/>d gas in=mation !n 9 ! h&s ( ! ,briti% !y w\ld h receiv$ f> less in=mation ?an !y already possess$ on mu/>d gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--8,:o ,said ,gas80 ,:e!r ! in=mation s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates on mu/>d gas ultimately prov$ ( any great value is an op5 "q s9ce ! me?ods adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 v greatly sup]ior to ^? us$ 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france4 ,x probably help$ by sugge/ion r ?an by actual details ( design4 ,anyh[ x all emphasizes ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 w> :5 s vital a sub/ance z mu/>d gas mu/ be inve/igat$ aft] ! enemy has begun us+ x on a l>ge scale4 ,delay ( ,briti% ,masks4 ,z ,decemb] #a approa*$1 & z no?+ fur!r _h be5 he>d ( ! ord] = #cjj1jjj ,briti% ,respirators plac$ ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 a telegram 0 s5t to ,engl& ask+ if deliv]ies w\ld be made z requir$ 9 ! ord] = ! masks4 ,?is ord] requir$ ! fir/ #ge1jjj to be deliv]$ ,decemb] #a1 #aiag4 ,9 reply x 0 /at$ t ! ,briti% c\ld n furni% ^! masks1 & t !y und]/ood t ! ,am]icans 7 j beg9n+ a l>ge output ( masks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an ex*ange ( cablegrams ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[$ t no masks c\ld be expect$ f !re = #c to #e mon?s4 ,moreov] x became increas+ly evid5t t ! ,am]icans 7 go+ into ! battle l9e soon] ?an at fir/ contemplat$4 ,ano!r cablegram 0 !n s5t to ,engl& urg+ ! deliv]y ( ^! masks4 ,! reply 0 to ! effect t ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t c\ld n deliv] ! masks because !y did n h en\gh = _! own use4 ,?is situation 0 v s]i\s4 ,unless ! ord] = #cjj1jjj masks plac$ ) ! ,briti% c\ld be fill$1 we 7 fac+ ! necessity ( s5d+ ,am]ican troops into ! front l9e ) only ! ,fr5* ,m-#b mask4 ,:ile ! ,m-#b mask 0 !n ! only mask us$ by ! ,fr5*1 x 0 well kn[n to af=d practically no protection aga9/ ! high conc5trations ( phosg5e obta9$ f cl\d or projector attacks4 ,& x 0 j su* attacks z ^! t our m5 w\ld enc\nt] 9 ! front l9e dur+ tra9+4 ,accord+ly arrangem5ts 7 made = a hurri$ trip to ,engl&4 ,colonel ,h>rison ( ! ,briti% ,royal ,eng9e]s 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,briti% manufacture ( masks & x is desir$ "h to express appreciation ( 8 uni=m c\rtesy & great helpfulness4 ,he exhibit$ _! me?ods & facilities & assur$ u !y c\ld meet any requirem5ts ( ours = masks up to a half million1 or ev5 m if necess>y1 provid$ !y 7 giv5 "t to e/abli% additional facilities4 ,f9ally aft] a fur!r ex*ange ( cables ! masks 7 obta9$4 ,dur+ ,decemb]1 #aiag & ,janu>y1 #aiah1 :5 e ef=t 0 be+ made to hurry a lot ( masks f ,havre--,havre be+ ! ,briti% supply base 9 ,france f :i* ! masks 7 issu$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! sev]e cold & sn[ _h s disorganiz$ ,fr5* traffic t x 0 extremely difficult to get c>s mov+ at all4 ,9 an ef=t to get ! masks1 priority ( %ipm5t 0 obta9$ & two or ?ree (fic]s 7 assign$ to convoy ! c>s4 ,not)/&+ convoy+1 "o c>load ( #d1jjj masks1 ma9ly ?rees & f\rs1 became lo/ & only turn$ up five weeks lat]4 ,to make matt]s worse ! ,briti% 7 s5d+ u v _m m ( ! small siz$ ,no4 #b masks ?an we c\ld use4 ,! loss ( ?is c>load ( #d1jjj numb] ?rees & f\rs 0 all b a trag$y4 ,inde$1 9 ord] to get ! ,fir/ ,brigade ( ! ,fir/ ,division equipp$ 9 "t x 0 necess>y to take a l>ge numb] ( masks already issu$ to m5 ( ! ,second ,brigade4 ,^! masks 7 fir/ ?or\ghly wa%$ & dis9fect$ & !n re-issu$4 ,?is all emphasizes ! great difficulties t are enc\nt]$ :5 a new & vital s]vice mu/ be organiz$ 9 w> #d1jjj miles ov]seas )\t mat]ial1 home supplies1 or m5 to draw f4 ,?is /ruggle to get suffici5t masks to keep all m5 fully equipp$ rema9$ v acute until 9 ,july1 #aiah1 :5 ! arrival ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( masks f ! ,unit$ ,/ates made ! situation entirely safe4 ,ev5 !n ! necessity ( weak5+ ! ela/ics & %ort5+ ! rubb] tub+ ( ! m\?pieces on "s #gjj1jjj masks1 d\bl$ up our "w trem5d\sly1 & add$ enorm\sly to our tr\bles 9 gett+ masks to ! front 9 "t4 ,not)/&+ ^! tr\bles ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,supply ,s]vice nev] fail$ & f9ally =g$ to ! v =efront ( all ,am]ican supply s]vices4 ,its me?od ( issu+ supplies to troops at ! front has be5 adopt$ z ! /&>d = ,am]ican field armies ( ! future4 ,,te*nical ,gas ,laboratory 9 ,p>is4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! fir/ memb]s ( ! ,*emical ,s]vice ,section1 ,national ,army1 "u ! comm& ( ,colonel ,r4 ,f4 ,bacon1 arriv$ 9 ,france & report$ = duty4 ,previ\sly1 a laboratory site at ,puteaux1 a suburb ( ,p>is1 _h be5 select$4 ,?is plant _h be5 built by a society = inve/igation into tub]culosis4 ,previ\s to ! arrival ( ! ,*emical ,s]vice ,section1 in=mation _h be5 reque/$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates by cable z to ! size ( ! laboratory section to be s5t ov]4 ,! reply /at$ t ! numb] w\ld probably total ab\t #ajj commission$ & enli/$4 ,! site at ,puteaux 0 accord+ly def9itely decid$ ^u4 ,j foll[+ ?is decision two cables1 "o aft] ! o!r1 came f ! ,unit$ ,/ates recomm5d+ c]ta9 specifi$ build+s 9 ,p>is = ! laboratory4 ,x 0 f\nd ^u inve/igation 9 bo? cases t ! build+s 7 ei!r absolutely unsuit$ or unf9i%$4 ,?is 0 ano!r case ( try+ to fight a w> ov] #d1jjj miles ( cable4 ,colonel ,bacon 0 made head ( ! ,te*nical ,division1 :i* position he held ?r\gh\t ! w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,%ap] = ,op5+ ,captur$ ,gas ,%ell4 ,te*nically ,tra9$ ,m54 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 9 response to a cable f ! ,unit$ ,/ates a reque/ _h be5 made on ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to s5d six ( _! able/ glass bl[]s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to aid 9 mak+ glass l9$ %ells4 ,! ,fr5* ,gas au?orities said t x w\ld be impossible to s5d ^? or inde$ any o!r m5 tra9$ 9 ! manufacture or h&l+ ( poison\s gases or gas conta9]s z !y did n h en\gh su* m5 = _! own "w4 ,accord+ly a cablegram 0 draft$ & s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 reque/+ t #ej m5 exp]i5c$ 9 v>i\s l9es ( te*nical & *emical "w be s5t to ,france4 ,! ,fr5* au?orities said !y w\ld put !m 9 any factories1 laboratories or exp]im5tal places t ! ,*ief ( ! ,gas ,s]vice desir$4 ,a second inquiry ab\t ^! m5 0 s5t b nev]!less no answ] 0 ev] receiv$ & no m5 7 s5t4 ,protection ,aga9/ ,p>ticulate ,cl\ds4 ,j at ?is "t1 ab\t ! fir/ ( ,febru>y1 #aiah1 ! dang] t ! ,g]mans might devise "s bett] me?od ( s5d+ ov] diph5yl*loro>s9e ?an by pulv]iz+ x 9 high explosive %ell 0 felt to be s]i\s4 ,! ,briti% _h j !n p]fect$ protection aga9/ diph5yl*loro>s9e by employ+ unsiz$ sulfate wood pulp pap]--#dh to #fj lay]s be+ requir$4 ,?is numb] ( lay]s 0 f\nd to be necess>y z !y are v ?9 & por\s4 ,! ,briti% _h develop$ a me?od ( putt+ ?is pap] ar\nd a cani/] & yet keep+ ! cani/] small en\gh to fit into ! knapsack by rev]s+ its position !re92 t is1 putt+ ! cani/] 9 ! comp>tm5t ( ! knapsack made = ! face piece & putt+ ! face piece 9 ! o!r comp>tm5t4 ,"s ( our own (fic]s & enli/$ m5 7 s5t to ,engl& to "w ) ! ,briti% on ?is & an ord] giv5 !m = #bjj1jjj ( ! protect$ cani/]s4 ,!y improv$ on ! me?ods ( ! ,briti% & z x 0 f\nd t sulfate pap] 0 v sc>ce1 inve/igations 7 made to see if any ( x c\ld be manufactur$ 9 ,france4 ,v soon !reaft] su* a place 0 locat$ ne> ! city ( ,nancy4 ,foll[+ ?is a cablegram 0 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates giv+ complete specifications = mak+ ?is diph5yl*loro>s9e protection4 ,f ?is cablegram successful samples 7 made ?\gh some:at m bulky ?an ^? develop$ 9 ,engl&4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 ( ^! 7 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates due1 we 7 in=m$1 to ! poor quality ( ! sulfate pap]4 ,"w 0 h[ev] begun en]getically 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on o!r me?ods ( protection aga9/ diph5yl*loro>s9e4 ,numb]s ( ,*emi/s ,ne$$4 ,x 0 figur$ t out ( a total =ce ( "s #a1djj gas (fic]s !re w\ld be ne$$ 9 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 exclusive ( ^? 9 regim5ts1 approximately #bjj *emi/s1 i4e41 ab\t #ae p] c5t ( ! :ole4 ,we arrang$ to h a good *emi/ on ea* ,division1 ,corps & ,army ,/aff1 & a c]ta9 numb] ) ! gas troops4 ,x 0 propos$ to put #bj to #dj 9 ! laboratory 9 ,p>is & n to exce$ #bj at ! exp]im5tal field4 ,?is subject ( p]sonnel is t\*$ on = ! reason t a few p seem to h ! idea t ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice %\ld be made up ( *emi/s exclusively4 ,?is is v f> f be+ true4 ,x 0 & is believ$ t ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice %\ld be compos$ ( m5 f e walk ( life4 ,9 ?ree positions out ( e f\r 9 ! field a good p]sonality comb9$ ) en]gy1 h>d "w & common s5se c\nt = m ?an m]e te*nical tra9+4 ,hanlon 7,exp]im5tal7 ,field4 ,z e>ly z ,decemb] #ae1 #aiag1 x 0 decid$ t an exp]im5tal field 9 ,france 0 necess>y1 & a lett] 0 writt5 to ! ,g5]al ,/aff reque/+ au?ority to e/abli% "o4 ,aft] consid]able delay ! au?ority 0 grant$ & se>* = a site begun4 ,?is 0 no easy task4 ,:ile ! ,fr5* 7 load+ millions ( gas %ells at ! edge ( ,p>is1 !y appe>$ unwill+ at fir/ to h u e/abli% a gas exp]im5tal field except 9 ab&on$ or inaccessible spots4 ,f9ally a v good site 0 f\nd & agre$ to by ! ,fr5* "s #g miles s\? ( ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s4 ,j :5 we 7 ready to />t "w ! ,fr5* discov]$ t ! propos$ field includ$ a portion ( "o ( _! artill]y fir+ ranges4 ,!y !n sugge/$ ano!r site )9 #c miles ( ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s4 ,?is 0 a r =tunate accid5t z ! site sugge/$ 0 a bett] "o ?an at fir/ pick$ out4 ,! field 0 r\ghly rectangul> f #g to #h miles 9 l5g?1 & #c to #d miles 9 wid?4 ,! total area 0 ab\t #bj squ>e miles4 ,! "w ( ?is exp]im5tal field prov$ a great success & 0 rapidly becom+ ! real c5t] ( ! ,gas ,s]vice 9 ,france4 ,! old say+ t ! hi/ory ( a happy c\ntry is v brief applies to ?is /ory ( ! ,te*nical ,section ( ! ,gas ,s]vice 9 ,france4 ,its "w did n beg9 z e>ly z t ( ! o!r sections1 & z consid]able ( x 0 ( a nature t c\ld be put (f )\t imm$iate fatal effects1 ! ,section 0 enabl$ to gr[ )\t ! v s]i\s drawbacks enc\nt]$ by o!r ,sections ( ! ,gas ,s]vice4 ,nev]!less its usefulness 0 v great4 ,^? ( ! ,te*nical ,section ei!r at ! exp]im5tal field or at ! laboratory 7 *>g$ ) ! op5+ ( all sorts ( kn[n & unkn[n gas & high explosive %ells1 fuses & simil> ?+s to det]m9e _! cont5ts & _! poison\s or explosive qualities4 ,?is 0 "w ( a v te*nical nature1 & at ! same "t highly dang]\s4 ,z /at$ else:]e1 ! det]m9ation ( ! life ( ! masks became "o ( ! problems :i* ! laboratory 0 try+ to solve4 ,hundr$s ( cani/]s 7 te/$1 & hundr$s p] mon? w\ld h cont9u$ to h be5 te/$ ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! w> _h ! w> gone into #aiai4 ,x 0 on ! ,te*nical ,section t devolv$ ! duty ( det]m9+ at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t ! physical prop]ties z well z ! physiological effects ( any new gas4 ,also on t ,section fell ! prelim9>y reports z to ! probable usefulness 9 w> ( a new gas :e!r s5t ov] by ! enemy or sugge/$ by our own ,te*nical m51 or ^? ( our ,allies4 ,?is 0 inde$ a task by itself1 z x requir$ a wide k ( ! me?ods ( us+ gases1 me?ods ( manufactur+ !m1 & me?ods ( project+ !m on ! field ( battle4 ,9 addition1 x 0 ! duty ( ! ,te*nical ,section to keep ! ,*ief ( ! ,s]vice fully in=m$ on all ! late/ developm5ts 9 gases & to get t in=mation 9 %ape s t ! ,*ief ) 8 increas+ly wide range ( duties w\ld be enabl$ to keep track ( !m )\t read+ ! enorm\s am\nt ord9>ily writt54 ,a mu* e>li] />t on te*nical "w w\ld h prov$ ( imm5se advantage4 ,9 case ( ano!r w>1 ! te*nical side ( *emical w>f>e %\ld be tak5 up ) ! v fir/ exp$ition t proce$s to ! ho/ile zone4 ,_h t be5 done 9 ,france1 we w\ld h _h masks & gases & prop] %ells & bombs at lea/ six mon?s be=e we did4 ,,intellig5ce ,:ile ,intellig5ce 0 = a long "t "u ! ,tra9+ or ,te*nical ,divisions1 x f9ally assum$ su* importance t x 0 made a sep>ate ,division4 ,x 0 s ?or\ghly organiz$ t by ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice ! ,*ief ( ! ,division c\ld g any:]e among ! ,unit$ ,/ates =ces d[n to companies & imm$iately locate ! ,gas ,intellig5ce (fic]4 ,intellig5ce ,division4 ,?is "w 0 />t$ by ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,goss )9 a mon? aft] he report$ 9 ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,! ,intellig5ce ,division develop$ ! publication ( num]\s occasional pamphlets & also a weekly gas bullet94 ,s ext5sive 0 ! "w ( ?is ,division t ?ree mimeograph ma*9es 7 kept con/antly go+4 ,! weekly bullet9 receiv$ v flatt]+ notice f ! ,briti% ,assi/ant ,*ief ( ,gas ,s]vice 9 ! ,field4 ,he /at$ t x conta9$ a great deal ( in=mation he 0 unable to get f any o!r s\rce4 ,among o!r "w und]tak5 by ?is ,intellig5ce ,division 0 ! compilation ( a ,hi/ory ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ,france4 ,?is alone involv$ a lot ( "w4 ,9 ord] t ?is hi/ory might be truly repres5tative1 ab\t ?ree mon?s be=e ! ,armi/ice bo? mov+ & /ill pictures 7 tak5 ( actual battle conditions1 z well z ( num]\s works along ! ,s]vice ( ,supplies4 ,)\t go+ into fur!r detail x is suffici5t to say t :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$ !re 7 available "s #bjj /ill pictures1 & "s #h1jjj feet ( mov+ picture films4 ,/eps 7 imm$iately tak5 to h ?is "w cont9u$ along def9ite l9es to give a complete & cont9u\s hi/ory ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ,france 9 all its phases4 ,! intellig5ce "w ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 :ile p>allel to a small ext5t ) ! ,g5]al ,intellig5ce ,s]vice ( ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 _h to spread to a f> great] ext5t 9 ord] to get ! te*nical details ( rese>*1 manufacture1 developm5t1 prov+1 & h&l+ poison\s gases 9 ! field4 ,x includ$ also obta9+ in=mation at ! seats ( ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,allies1 z well z f ! enemy & o!r =eign s\rces4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s intellig5ce "w done along ^! l9es 0 by ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,j4 ,e4 ,zanetti1 :o 0 made ,*emical ,w>f>e liaison (fic] ) ! ,fr5* 9 ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,he ga!r$ toge!r & =w>d$ ?r\gh ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice to ! ,unit$ ,/ates m in=mation conc]n+ =eign gases1 & =eign me?ods ( manufactur+ & h&l+ !m1 ?an 0 s5t f all o!r s\rces comb9$4 ,by 8 p]sonality1 en]gy & indu/ry he obta9$ ! complete confid5ce ( ! ,fr5* & ,briti%4 ,?is confid5ce 0 ( ! utmo/ importance 9 enabl+ him to get in=mation :i* c\ld h be5 obta9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,suffice to say t 9 ! #ac mon?s he 0 liaison (fic] ) ! ,fr5* dur+ ! w>1 he prep>$ ov] #gej reports1 "s ( !m v te*nical & ( great l5g?4 ,z a :ole1 ! ,intellig5ce ,division 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful p>ts ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,/>t+ #b ye>s aft] ! ,briti% & ,fr5*1 ! weekly bullet9 & occasional pap]s s5t out by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice on *emical w>f>e matt]s came to be look$ ^u z ! be/ available s\rce = *emical w>f>e in=mation1 n alone by our own troops b also by ! ,briti%4 ,,m$ical ,! ,m$ical ,section ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 0 compos$ ( (fic]s ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,army atta*$ to ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,^! 7 9 addition to o!rs :o work$ z an integral "p ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 ei!r at ! laboratory or on ! exp]im5tal field 9 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts on animals to det]m9e ! effectiv5ess ( ! gases4 ,! ,m$ical ,section 0 important = ! reason t x =m$ ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice & ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t4 ,?r\gh ?is ,section1 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t 0 enabl$ to "k ! k9ds ( gases t w\ld probably be h&l$1 bo? by our own troops & by ! enemy1 & _! probable physiological effects4 ,colonel ,h4 ,l4 ,gil*ri/1 ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 0 ! head ( ?is ,section4 ,x 0 ?r\gh 8 ef=ts t ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t realiz$ 9 "t ! size ( ! problem t x _h to enc\nt] 9 c>+ = gas pati5ts4 ,inde$1 records ( ! w> %[$ t out ( #bbd1jhi m51 exclusive ( ,m>9es1 admitt$ to ! hospitals 9 ,france1 #gj1eeb 7 suff]+ f gas alone4 ,^! m5 receiv$ a total ( #bff1aab w\nds1 ( :i* #hh1ihj1 or #cc4d p] c5t1 7 gas4 ,?us ( all w\nds receiv$ by m5 admitt$ to ! hospital 7 gas4 ,:ile ! records %[ t ! gas cases did n rema9 on ! av]age 9 ! hospitals q z long z 9 ! case ( o!r classes ( w\nds1 yet gas cases became "o ( ! mo/ important features ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t's "w 9 ! field4 ,! ,m$ical ,section1 ?r\gh its intimate k ( :at 0 go+ on 9 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice z well z :at 0 contemplat$ & be+ exp]im5t$ )1 0 enabl$ to "w out me?ods ( h&l+ all gas cases f> 9 advance ( :at c\ld h be5 done _h !re be5 no su* section4 ,"o in/ance alone illu/rates ?is fully4 ,x became kn[n fairly e>ly t if a man :o _h be5 gass$ ) mu/>d gas c\ld get a ?or\gh cleans+ & an entire *ange ( clo?+ )9 an h\r aft] exposure1 ! body burns c\ld be elim9at$ or l>gely decreas$ 9 sev]ity4 ,?is l$ to ! developm5t ( degass+ units4 ,^! consi/$ ( #a1bjj gallon tanks on five-ton trucks equipp$ ) a heat]4 ,accompany+ ?is 7 spr9kl+ arrangem5ts :]eby a man c\ld be giv5 a %[] ba?1 8 nose1 eyes & e>s treat$ ) bic>bonate ( soda1 & !n be giv5 an entire *ange ( clo?+4 ,^! prov$ a v great success1 al?\gh !y 7 n develop$ 9 "t to be us$ ext5sively be=e ! w> clos$4 ,!re is an important side to ! ,m$ical ,section dur+ peace1 t mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,! f9al decision z to :e!r a gas %\ld be manufactur$ on a l>ge scale & us$ ext5sively on ! field ( battle dep5ds ^u its physiological & morale effect ^u troops4 ,9 ! case ( ! mo/ p[]ful gases1 ! det]m9ation ( ! relative values ( ^? gases s f> z _! effects on human be+s is conc]n$ is a v labori\s & exact+ job4 ,su* gases h to be h&l$ ) extreme caution1 necessitat+ _m exp]im5ts ov] long p]iods ( "t 9 ord] to arrive at correct decisions4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,*lor9e ,*lor9e is ( int]e/ 9 *emical w>f>e1 n only because x 0 ! fir/ poison gas us$ by ! ,g]mans1 b also because ( its ext5sive use 9 ! prep>ation ( o!r w> gases4 ,! fact t1 :5 ,g]many decid$ ^u h] gas program1 h] *emi/s select$ *lor9e z ! fir/ sub/ance to be us$1 0 ! direct result ( an analysis ( ! requirem5ts ( a poison gas4 ,to be ( value = ?is purpose1 a *emical mu/ satisfy at lea/ ! foll[+ conditions3 7#a7 ,x mu/ be highly toxic4 7#b7 ,x mu/ be readily manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities4 7#c7 ,x mu/ be readily compressible to a liquid & yet be m or less easily volatiliz$ :5 ! pressure is releas$4 7#d7 ,x %\ld h a consid]ably high] d5sity ?an t ( air4 7#e7 ,x %\ld be /able aga9/ moi/ure & o!r *emicals4 ,consid]+ ! prop]ties ( *lor9e 9 ! light ( ^! requirem5ts1 we f9d3 7#a;a7 ,*lor9e is fairly toxic1 ?\gh its le?al conc5tration 7#b4e milligrams p] lit] ( air7 is v high :5 comp>$ ) "s ( ! lat] gases develop$4 ,?is figure is ! conc5tration necess>y to kill a dog aft] an exposure ( ?irty m9utes4 ,its effects dur+ ! fir/ gas attack %[$ t1 ) no protection1 ! gas 0 v effective4 7#b;a7 ,*lor9e is v readily manufactur$ by ! electrolysis ( a salt 7sodium *loride7 solution4 ,! op]ation is describ$ bel[4 ,9 #ajj-p\nd cyl9d]s1 ! comm]cial product sold be=e ! ,w> = #e c5ts a p\nd4 ,!re=e on a l>ge scale1 x c be manufactur$ at a v mu* small] figure4 7#c;a7 ,*lor9e is easily liquefi$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature by compression1 a pressure ( #af4e atmosph]es be+ requir$ at #ah ,c4 ,! liquid :i* is =m$ boils at -#cc4f ,c4 at ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 s t x readily vaporizes ^u op5+ ! valve ( ! conta9+ cyl9d]4 ,su* rapid evaporation inside w\ld cause a consid]able cool+ ( ! cyl9d]1 b ?is is ov]come by runn+ ! outlet pipe to ! bottom ( ! tank1 s t evaporation takes place at ! end ( ! outlet pipe4 7#d;a7 ,*lor9e is #b4e times z heavy z air1 & !re=e ! gas is capable ( travel+ ov] a consid]able di/ance be=e x dissipates into ! atmosph]e4 7#e;a7 ,! only po9t 9 :i* *lor9e does n seem to be an ideal gas1 is 9 ! fact t x is a reactive sub/ance4 ,?is is be/ se5 9 ! success ( ! primitive protection adopt$ by bo? ! ,briti% & ! ,fr5* dur+ ! days imm$iately foll[+ ! fir/ gas attack4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 *lor9e prov$ a v effective weapon4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( its use1 its value 0 ma9ta9$ by devis+ new me?ods ( attack4 ,:5 ^! 7 exhau/$1 phosg5e 0 add$ 7see next *apt]74 ,) ! decl9e 9 importance ( cl\d gas attacks1 & ! developm5t ( m deadly gases1 *lor9e 0 all b disc>d$ z a true w> gas1 b rema9$ z a highly important +r$i5t 9 ! manufacture ( o!r toxic gases4 ,,manufacture ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ! exi/+ plants might be able to supply ! gov]nm5t's ne$ ( *lor9e4 ,! pre-w> production av]ag$ ab\t #dej tons 7#ijj1jjj p\nds7 p] day4 ,! great] am\nt ( ?is 0 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( blea*1 only ab\t #fj1jjj p\nds p] day be+ liquefi$4 ,only a few ( ! plants 7 capable ( ev5 limit$ expansion4 ,9 an attempt to cons]ve ! supply1 ! pap] mills agre$ to use only half z mu* blea* dur+ ! w>1 :i* arrangem5t add$ consid]ably to ! supply available = w> purposes4 ,x 0 soon recogniz$ t ev5 ) ^! accessions1 l>ge additions w\ld h to be made to ! *lor9e output ( ! c\ntry 9 ord] to meet ! propos$ toxic gas requirem5ts4 ,aft] a c>eful consid]ation ( all ! factors1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 0 ! "q ( electrical en]gy1 x 0 decid$ to build a *lor9e plant at ,edgewood ,ars5al1 ) a capacity ( #ajj tons 7#bjj1jjj p\nds7 p] day4 ,! ,nelson cell 0 select$ = use 9 ! propos$ plant4 ,dur+ ! process ( erection ( ! plant1 ! ,w>n]-,klip/e9 ,*emical ,company1 :i* 0 op]at+ ! ,nelson cell 9 its plant 9 ,*>le/on1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 agre$ t m5 might be s5t to _! plant to acquire ! special k requir$ = op]at+ su* a plant4 ,?us :5 ! plant 0 ready = op]ation1 tra9$ m5 7 at once available4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,*lor9e ,plant1 ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,gr\nd ,plan ( ,*lor9e ,cau/ic ,soda ,plant1 ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! plant is tak5 f an article by ,s4 ,m4 ,gre5 9 ,*emical & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+ = ,july #a1 #aiai3 8,! *lor9e plant build+1 a gr\nd plan ( :i* is %[n 9 ,figure #bj1 consi/$ ( a salt /orage & treat+ build+1 two cell build+s1 a rot>y conv]t] build+1 etc4 ,9 connection ) ! *lor9e plant1 !re 0 also con/ruct$ a liquefy+ plant = *lor9e & a sulfur *loride manufactur+ & di/ill+ plant4 8,! salt /orage & treat+ build+ 0 locat$ on gr\nd mu* bel[ ! cell build+s1 :i* all[$ ! railroad to ent] ! br9e build+ on ! top ( ! salt /orage tanks4 ,^! tanks 7 con/ruct$ ( concrete4 ,!re 7 sev5 ( ^! tanks1 #cd feet long1 #bh feet wide & #bj feet deep hav+ a capacity = /or+ #d1jjj tons ( salt4 ,!re w\ld h be5 #bjj tons ( salt us$ p] day :5 ! plant 0 runn+ at full capacity4 8,on ! bottom ( ea* tank di/ribut+ pipes = dissolv+-wat] supply 7 in/all$1 & at ! top ( ea*1 at ! end next to ! build+1 !re 0 an ov]fl[ tr\gh & skimm] bo>d arrang$ s t ! dissolv+-wat] aft] fl[+ up ?r\gh ! salt1 ov]fl[$ into ?is tr\gh & !n into a pip+ sy/em & into ei!r ( two collect+ tanks4 ,! sy/em 0 s arrang$ t1 if ! br9e 0 n fully saturat$1 x c\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ano!r /orage tank conta9+ a deep body ( salt4 ,! saturat$ br9e 0 pump$ f ! collect+ tanks to any "o ( #bd treat+ tanks1 ea* ( :i* _h a capacity ( #gb1jjj gallons4 8,! eigh? /orage b9 0 us$ = ! /orage ( soda a%1 us$ 9 treat+ ! saturat$ br9e4 ,?is 0 deliv]$ f ! b9 on ! floor level ( ! salt build+ to ! soda a% dissolv+ tanks4 ,f ^! tanks x 0 pump$ to any "o ( ! #bd treat+ tanks4 ,aft] ! br9e 0 treat$ & settl$1 ! cle> saturat$ br9e 0 drawn f ! treat+ tanks ?r\gh decant+ pipes & deliv]$ by pumps to any "o ( ! f\r neutraliz+ tanks4 ,^! 7 locat$ next to a plat=m on ! level ( ! c> body4 ,?is 0 to provide easy h&l+ ( ! hydro*loric acid1 :i* 0 pur*as$ at fir/1 ?\gh lat] prep>$ at ! plant f *lor9e & hydrog54 ,! neutraliz$ br9e 0 deliv]$ f ! tanks by a pump to a tank locat$ at a height above ! floor s t ! br9e w\ld fl[ by gravity to ! cells 9 ! cell build+4 8,!re 7 to be two cell build+s1 ea* #eda feet long by #hb feet wide1 & sep>at$ by p>titions into f\r sections1 conta9+ six cell circuits ( #gd cell units4 ,ea* section is a complete unit 9 itself1 provid$ ) sep>ate gas pump1 dry+ & cool+ equipm5t1 & has a gu>ante$ capacity ( #ab4e tons ( *lor9e gas p] #bd h\rs4 8,ea* ,nelson electrolytic cell unit consi/s ( a complete fabricat$ /eel tank #ac by #cb by #hj in*es1 a p]=at$ /eel diaphragm spot weld$ to support+ angle irons1 plate glass dome1 f\rte5 ,a*eson graphite electrodes #b4e in*es 9 diamet]1 #ab in*es long & f\rte5 pieces ( graphite #d by #d by #ag in*es1 & v>i\s accessories4 7,! cell is completely describ$ 9 ,*emical & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+1 ,augu/ #a/1 #aiai47 ,ea* cell is op]at$ by a curr5t ( #cdj amp]es & #c4h volts & is gu>ante$ to produce #fj p\nds ( *lor9e gas & #fe p\nds ( cau/ic soda us+ n m ?an #abj p\nds ( salt p] #bd h\rs1 ! gas to be at lea/ #ie p] c5t pure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,int]ior ,view ( ! ,cell ,build+4 8,! salt solution f ! cell fe$ tank1 locat$ 9 ! salt treat+ build+1 fl[s by gravity ?r\gh a pip+ sy/em locat$ 9 a tr5* runn+ ! l5g? ( ea* cell build+1 & is deliv]$ to ea* cell unit ?r\gh an automatic fe$+ device :i* ma9ta9s a con/ant liquor level 9 ! ca?ode comp>tm5t4 8,! rema9+ solution p]colates f ! ca?ode comp>tm5t ?r\gh ! asbe/os diaphragm into ! anode comp>tm5t & fl[s f ! end ( ! cell1 conta9+ f #h to #ab p] c5t cau/ic soda1 admix$ ) #ad to #af p] c5t salt1 into an op5 tr\gh & into a pipe 9 ! tr5* & ?r\gh ?is pipe by gravity to ! weak cau/ic /orage tanks locat$ ne> ! cau/ic evaporator build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,nelson ,electrolytic ,cell1 %[+ ! ,int]ior ,arrangem5t ( ! ,cell4 8,! gas pip+ f ! individual cell units to & includ+ ! dry+ equipm5t is ( *emical /onew>e4 ,! pip+ is s design$ t ! gas c be drawn f ! cells ?r\gh ! dry+ equipm5t at z ne> atmosph]ic pressure z possible 9 ord] t ! gas c be kept ne>ly free ( air4 ,:5 op]at+1 ! suction at ! pump 0 kept at _/ in* or less4 ,! quality ( ! gas 0 ma9ta9$ at a purity ( #ih4e to #ii p] c5t4 ,! cool]s us$ 7 v effective1 ! gas be+ cool$ to )9 "o degree ( ! temp]ature ( ! cool+ wat]1 no refrig]ation be+ necess>y4 ,! dry+ app>atus consi/$ ( a /onew>e t[] ( special design conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( plates1 & ?us giv+ a v l>ge acid exposure4 ,!re 0 practically no loss ( vacuum ?r\gh ! dry+ t[] & cool]4 ,! gas pump+ equipm5t consi/$ ( two hydroturb9e pumps us+ sulfuric acid z ! compress+ m$ium4 ,! acid 0 cool$ by circulation ?r\gh a d\ble pipe cool] simil> to ^? us$ 9 refrig]at+ "w4 ,! gas 0 deliv]$ "u ab\t five p\nds pressure into l>ge receiv+ tanks locat$ j outside ! pump rooms1 & f ^! tanks into /eel pipe ma9s :i* conduct$ ! gas to ! *emical plant40 ,! purity ( ! gas 0 su* t x 0 n f\nd necess>y to liquefy x = ! prep>ation ( phosg5e4 ,,prop]ties ,*lor9e1 at ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure & temp]ature1 is a gre5i% yell[ gas 7giv+ rise to its "n71 :i* has a v irritat+ effect ^u ! membranes ( ! nose & ?roat4 ,z m5tion$ above1 at a pressure ( #af4e atmosph]es at #ah ,c41 *lor9e is cond5s$ to a liquid4 ,if ! gas is fir/ cool$ to #j1 ! pressure requir$ = cond5sation is decreas$ to #c4g atmosph]es4 ,?is yell[ liquid has a boil+ po9t ( -#cc4f ,c4 at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,if v /rongly cool$1 *lor9e w =m a pale yell[ solid 7at -#ajb ,c474 ,*lor9e is #b4e times z heavy z air1 "o lit] weigh+ #c4bb grams4 #bae volumes ( *lor9e gas w dissolve 9 #ajj volumes ( wat] at #bj4 ,x is v slightly soluble 9 hot wat] or 9 a conc5trat$ solution ( salt4 ,*lor9e is a v reactive sub/ance & is f\nd 9 comb9ation 9 a l>ge numb] ( comp\nds4 ,among ! _m reactions :i* h prov$ important f ! /&po9t ( *emical w>f>e1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,*lor9e reacts ) 8hypo0 7sodium ?iosulfate7 ) ! =mation ( sodium *loride4 ,hypo is able to trans=m a l>ge am\nt ( *lor9e1 s t x prov$ a v satisfactory impregnat+ ag5t = ! e>ly clo? masks4 ,wat] reacts ) *lor9e "u c]ta9 conditions to =m hypo*lor\s acid1 ,h,o,cl4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( e?yl5e1 ?is =ms e?yl5e *lorhydr91 :i* 0 ! basis = ! fir/ me?od ( prep>+ mu/>d gas4 ,9 ! lat] me?od1 9 :i* sulfur *loride 0 us$1 *lor9e 0 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! *loride4 ,*lor9e reacts ) c>bon monoxide1 9 ! sunlight1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( a cataly/1 to =m phosg5e1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! toxic gases4 ,*lor9e & acetone react to =m *loroacetone1 "o ( ! e>ly la*rymators4 ,! reaction ( *lor9e ) tolu5e =ms b5zyl *loride1 an int]m$iate 9 ! prep>ation ( bromob5zylcyanide4 ,9 a simil> way1 x is f\nd t ! great] numb] ( toxic gases use *lor9e 9 "o phase or ano!r ( _! prep>ation4 ,"o au?or has e/imat$ t #ie p] c5t ( all ! gases us$ may be made directly or indirectly by ! use ( *lor9e4 ,*lor9e has be5 us$ 9 connection ) ammonia & wat] vapor = ! production ( smoke cl\ds4 ,! ammonium *loride cl\d ?us produc$ is "o ( ! be/ = scre5+ purposes4 ,9 comb9ation ) silicon or titanium z ! tetra*loride x has also be5 us$ ext5sively = ! same purpose4 ,on ! o!r h& "o may feel t1 :atev] bad reputation *lor9e may h incurr$ z a poison gas1 x has made up = x ?r\gh ! b5eficial applications to :i* x has l5t itself4 ,among ^! we may m5tion ! /]ilization ( wat] & ( w\nds4 ,9 w>1 :]e /ation>y conditions prevail only 9 a small numb] ( cases1 ! use ( liquid *lor9e = /]ilization ( wat] is impractical4 ,to meet ?is condition1 an amp\le fill$ ) *lor9e wat] ( m$ium conc5tration has be5 develop$1 :i* furni%es a good portable =m ( *lor9e z a /]iliz+ ag5t = relatively small quantities ( wat]4 ,*lor9e has also be5 appli$1 9 ! =m ( hypo*lorite1 to ! /]ilization ( infect$ w\nds4 ,! prep>ation ( ! solution & ! te*nique ( ! op]ation 7 work$ out by ,dak9 & ,c>rel4 ,?is innovation 9 w> surg]y has decreas$ enorm\sly ! p]c5tage ( dea?s f infect$ w\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,phosg5e ,! fir/ cl\d attack1 9 :i* pure *lor9e 0 us$1 0 v effective1 b only because ! troops attack$ ) x 7 entirely unprotect$4 ,lat]1 9 spite ( ! v>i$ me?ods ( attack1 ! results 7 less & less promis+1 due to ! increas$ protection ( ! m5 & also to ! gas discipl9e :i* 0 gradually be+ develop$4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! ,allies _h />t$ _! gas attacks 7,sept41 #aiae71 & x soon became evid5t t1 if ,g]many 0 to keep h] supremacy 9 gas w>f>e1 new gases or new tactics w\ld h to be introduc$4 ,! second poison gas 0 us$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiae1 :5 ab\t #bj-be p] c5t ( phosg5e 0 mix$ ) ! *lor9e4 ,"h aga9 ! ,g]mans made use ( an indu/ry already e/abli%$4 ,phosg5e is us$ comm]cially 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 dye/uffs1 especially me?yl violet1 & 0 manufactur$ be=e & dur+ ! w> by ! ,bay] ,company & ! ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik4 ,phosg5e c n be us$ alone 9 gas cyl9d]s because ( its high boil+ po9t 7#h ,c474 ,:ile ?is is consid]ably bel[ ord9>y temp]atures1 especially dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 ! rate ( evaporation is s sl[ t a cl\d attack c\ld nev] be made ) x alone4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a mixture ( #be p] c5t phosg5e & #ge p] c5t *lor9e1 or #ej p] c5t phosg5e & #ej p] c5t *lor9e is us$ 9 w>m wea!r !re is no difficulty 9 c>ry+ out gas attacks f cyl9d]s4 ,at ! same "t ! p]c5tage ( phosg5e 9 ! mixture is suffici5tly high to secure ! advantages :i* x possesses4 ,^! advantages are at lea/ ?ree3 7a7 ,phosg5e is m toxic ?an *lor9e4 ,x requires #b4e milligrams p] lit] ( *lor9e to kill a dog on an exposure ( #cj m9utes1 b #j4c milligram ( phosg5e w h ! same effect4 ,?is ( c\rse means t a cl\d ( phosg5e conta9+ "o-eigh? 7by weight7 ( ! conc5tration ( a *lor9e cl\d w h ! same le?al prop]ties4 7b7 ,phosg5e is mu* less reactive ?an *lor9e1 s t ! matt] ( protection becomes m difficult4 ,=tunately1 ^w 0 receiv$ by ! ,briti% ( ! int5d$ fir/ use ( phosg5e aga9/ !m & consequ5tly !y 7 able to add hexame?yl5etetram9e to ! impregnat+ solution us$ 9 ! clo? masks4 7c7 ,! ?ird1 & a v important1 factor 9 ! use ( phosg5e is ! s-call$ delay$ effect4 ,9 l[ conc5trations1 m5 may brea! phosg5e = "s "t ) app>5tly no ill effects4 ,t5 or twelve h\rs lat]1 or p]haps e>li] if !y attempt any "w1 ! m5 become casualties4 ,pure phosg5e has be5 us$ 9 projector attacks 7describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii74 ,! sub/ance has also be5 us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 %ell2 ! ,g]mans also us$ %ell conta9+ mixtures ) sup]palite 7tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate7 or sneez+ gas 7diph5yl*loro>s9e74 ,,manufacture ,phosg5e 0 fir/ prep>$ by ,john ,davy 9 #ahab1 by expos+ a mixture ( equal volumes ( c>bon monoxide & *lor9e to sunlight2 ,davy co9$ ! "n 8phosg5e0 f ! "p play$ by light 9 ! reaction4 ,:ile phosg5e may be prep>$ 9 ! laboratory by a numb] ( o!r reactions1 x 0 q app>5t t ! fir/ m5tion$ reaction is ! mo/ economical ( ^! = l>ge scale production4 ,! reaction is a delicate "o1 h[ev]1 & its application requir$ ext5d$ inve/igation4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 =tunate 9 t1 = "s mon?s previ\s to ! w>1 ! ,oldbury ,electro*emical ,company _h be5 work+ on ! utilization ( _! wa/e c>bon monoxide 9 mak+ phosg5e4 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations 7 giv5 to ! gov]nm5t & aid$ consid]ably 9 ! e>ly "w on phosg5e at ! ,edgewood plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,furnace = ,g5]at+ ,c>bon ,monoxide4 ,( ! raw mat]ials necess>y = ! manufacture ( phosg5e1 ! *lor9e 0 provid$1 at fir/ by pur*ase f private plants1 b lat] ?r\gh ! ,edgewood *lor9e plant4 ,aft] a suffici5t supply ( *lor9e 0 assur$ ! next "q 0 h[ to obta9 an adequate supply ( c>bon monoxide4 ,a me?od = ?is gas _h n be5 develop$ on a l>ge scale because x _h nev] be5 necess>y to make any consid]able quantity ( x4 ,! ,fr5* & ,engli% pass$ oxyg5 up ?r\gh a gas produc] fill$ ) coke2 ! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! c>bon1 giv+ c>bon monoxide4 ,! oxyg5 0 obta9$ f liquid air1 = :i* a ,claude liquid air ma*9e may be us$4 ,! difficulty ) ?is me?od ( prep>+ c>bon monoxide 0 t ! am\nt ( heat g5]at$ 0 s great t ! life ( ! g5]ators 0 %ort4 ,our eng9e]s conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ a mixture ( c>bon dioxide & oxyg54 ,! union ( c>bon dioxide ) c>bon to =m c>bon monoxide is a reaction 9 :i* heat is absorb$4 ,!re=e by us+ ! mixture ( ! two gases1 ! heat ( ! "o reaction 0 absorb$ by ! second reaction4 ,9 ?is way a v def9ite temp]ature c\ld be ma9ta9$1 & ! production ( c>bon monoxide 0 greatly increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,catalyz] ,boxes ,us$ 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,phosg5e4 ,c>bon dioxide 0 prep>$ by ! combu/ion ( coke4 ,! gas 0 wa%$ & !n pass$ into a solution ( potassium c>bonate4 ,^u heat+1 ?is evolv$ c>bon dioxide4 ,phosg5e 0 !n prep>$ by pass+ ! mixture ( c>bon monoxide & *lor9e into catalyz] boxes 7#h feet long1 #b feet #i in*es deep & #aa in*es wide71 :i* are made ( iron1 l9$ ) graphite & fill$ ) a por\s =m ( c>bon4 ,two sets ( ^! boxes 7 us$4 ,9 ! fir/ ! reaction proce$s at room temp]ature1 & is ab\t #hj p] c5t complete4 ,! second set ( boxes 7 kept imm]s$ 9 tanks fill$ ) hot wat]1 & !re ! reaction is complet$4 ,! result+ phosg5e 0 dri$ ) sulfuric acid & !n cond5s$ by pass+ x ?r\gh lead pipes surr\nd$ by refrig]at$ br9e4 ,! ,g]mans prep>$ _! phosg5e by means ( a prep>$ *>coal 7wood or animal74 ,c>bon monoxide 0 manufactur$ by pass+ c>bon dioxide ov] wood *>coal conta9$ 9 gas-fir$ muffles & 0 wa%$ by pass+ ?r\gh sodium hydroxide4 ,?is 0 mix$ ) *lor9e & ! mixture pass$ d[nw>d ?r\gh a lay] ( ab\t #bj cm4 ( prep>$ *>coal conta9$ 9 a ca/ iron vessel #hj cm4 9 diamet] & #hj cm4 deep4 ,by regulat+ ! mixture s t !re 0 a slight excess ( c>bon monoxide1 ! phosg5e 0 obta9$ ) only "o-qu>t] ( "o p] c5t free *lor9e4 ,! *>coal 7wood7 0 prep>$ by wa%+ ) hydro*loric & o!r acids until free f soluble a%2 x 0 !n wa%$ ) wat] & dri$ 9 vacuum4 ,! size ( ! granules 0 ab\t "o-qu>t] in* me%4 ,_! life av]ag$ ab\t six mon?s4 ,,prop]ties ,phosg5e is a colorless gas at room temp]atures1 b becomes a liquid at #h4 ,! odor ( phosg5e is sugge/ive ( gre5 corn or mu/y hay4 ,"o lit] ( phosg5e vapor weighs #d4d grams 7*lor9e weights #c4bb grams74 ,at #j ,c41 ! liquid is heavi] ?an wat]1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #a4dcb4 ,at #be1 ! vapor ex]ts a pressure ( ab\t #be p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,phosg5e is absorb$ by solid mat]ials1 su* z pumice /one & celite4 ,pumice /one absorbs m ?an its own weight ( phosg5e4 ,?us #e4g grams ( pumice absorb$ #g4d grams phosg5e1 :i* completely evaporat$ 9 #fj m9utes4 ,g]man %ell h be5 f\nd :i* conta9$ su* a mixture 7phosg5e & pumice /one74 ,:ile ! app>5t reason = _! use is to prev5t ! rapid evaporation ( ! phosg5e1 x is a "q :e!r su* is ! case1 = a great] surface is really pres5t 9 ! case ( pumice /one ?an :]e ! phosg5e is simply on ! gr\nd4 ,phosg5e is sl[ly decompos$ by cold wat]1 rapidly by hot wat]4 ,?is reaction is important because !re is always moi/ure 9 ! air1 :i* w\ld t5d to l[] ! conc5tration ( ! gas4 ,phosg5e is absorb$ & decompos$ by hexame?yl5etetram9e 7urotrop9e74 ,?is reaction furni%$ ! basis ( ! fir/ protection us$ by ! ,briti%4 ,lat] ! catalytic decomposition ( phosg5e into c>bon dioxide & hydro*loric acid by ! *>coal 9 ! mask furni%$ protection4 ,= mo/ purposes a trace ( *lor9e 9 phosg5e is n a disadvantage2 = example1 :5 x is us$ 9 cyl9d]s or projectors4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 z :5 us$ z a solv5t = sneez+ gas1 ! pres5ce ( *lor9e mu/ be avoid$1 s9ce x reacts ) ! sub/ance 9 solution1 usually produc+ a h>mless mat]ial4 ,*lor9e may be remov$ f phosg5e by pass+ ! mixture ?r\gh cotton se$ oil4 ,,protection ,x 0 m5tion$ above t hexame?yl5etetram9e 7urotrop9e7 0 us$ 9 ! e>ly pads 7black veil & simil> masks7 & flannel helmets4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be satisfactory aga9/ *lor9e & phosg5e1 9 ! conc5trations usually f\nd dur+ a cyl9d] attack4 ,! mixture us$ consi/$ ( urotrop9e1 sodium ?iosulfate 78hypo071 sodium c>bonate & glyc]9e4 ,! glyc]9e t5d$ to keep ! pads moi/1 :ile ! o!r *emicals act$ z protective ag5ts aga9/ ! mixture ( phosg5e & *lor9e4 ,! introduction ( ! ,/&>d ,box ,respirator ) its *>coal-soda lime fill+ increas$ v mat]ially ! protection aga9/ phosg5e4 ,9 ?is fill+1 ! *>coal bo? absorbs ! phosg5e & catalyzes ! reaction ) ! moi/ure ( ! air ) :i* ! phosg5e is mix$1 to =m hydro*loric acid & c>bon dioxide4 ,soda-lime absorbs phosg5e b does n catalyze its decomposition4 ,?is %[s ! advantage ( ! mixture1 s9ce ! hydro*loric acid1 :i* is =m$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! *>coal1 is absorb$ by ! soda-lime4 ,exp]im5ts seem to indicate t x does n matt] :i* mat]ial is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! cani/]1 b t an intimate mixture is ! be/ arrangem5t4 ,us+ a conc5tration ( #e1jjj p>ts p] million 7#bj4b mg4 p] lit]7 a type ,h cani/] 7see page #bag7 w give complete protection = ab\t #dj m9utes2 :5 ! air-gas mixture passes at ! rate ( #af lit]s p] m9ute ! effici5cy or life ( a cani/] increases ) a decrease 9 temp]ature1 z is se5 9 ! foll[+ table 7! conc5tration 0 #e1jjj p>ts p] million1 ! rate ( fl[ #af lit]s p] m9ute7 ,temp]ature ,effici5cy ,c4 7,"t 9 m9utes7 -#aj #bbc #j #agb #aj #adf #bj #acj #cj #abe #dj #ii ,f ^! figures x is se5 t at -#aj ,c4 ! life is ab\t #ej p] c5t great] ?an at summ] temp]ature4 ,z w\ld be expect$ ! life ( a cani/] is %ort5$ by increas+ ! conc5tration ( phosg5e 9 ! phosg5e air mixture4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ figures3 ,conc5tration ,life p4p4m4 7,"t 9 m9utes7 #e1jjj #agg #aj1jjj #aab #ae1jjj #gb #bj1jjj #eh #be1jjj #be 7#be1jjj p4p4m4 is equal to #aja4a mg4 p] lit]47 ,!re is r a def9ite relation betwe5 ! conc5tration ( ! gas & ! life ( a cani/] at any giv5 rate ( fl[4 ,_m ( ^! relations h be5 express$ by =mulas ( :i* ! foll[+ is typical4 ,at #cb lit]s p] m9ute fl[1 ,c ,tb #aja1hdj1 9 :i* ,c is ! conc5tration & ,t ! "t4 ,,%ell ,,fill+ ,! empty %ell1 aft] inspection1 are load$ on trucks1 toge!r ) ! appropriate numb] ( 8boo/]s10 :i* screw into ! top ( ! %ell & !reby close !m4 ,! trucks are run by an electric /orage batt]y locomotive to ! fill+ unit4 ,! %ell are transf]r$ by h& to a conveyor1 :i* c>ries ! %ell sl[ly ?r\gh a cold room4 ,dur+ ?is passage ( ab\t #cj m9utes1 ! %ell are cool$ to ab\t #j ,f4 ,! cool$ %ell are transf]r$ to %ell trucks1 ea* truck c>ry+ #f %ell4 ,^! trucks are drawn ?r\gh ! fill+ tunnel by means ( a *a9 haul op]at$ by an air motor to ! fill+ ma*9e4 ,"h ! liquid phosg5e is run into ! %ell by automatic ma*9es1 s arrang$ t ! #f %ell are at ! same "t automatically fill$ to a con/ant void4 ,! truck !n c>ries ! fill$ %ell =w>d a few feet to a small w9d[1 at :i* po9t ! boo/]s are ins]t$ into ! nose ( ! %ell by h&4 ,! f9al clos+ ( ! %ell is !n effect$ by motors op]at$ by compress$ air4 ,! fill+ & clos+ ma*9es are all op]at$ by workm5 on ! outside ( ! fill+ tunnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,fill+ ,liv5s' ,drums ) ,phosg5e4 ,! fill$ %ell are convey$ to ! %ell dump1 :]e !y are /or$ = #bd h\rs1 nose d[n on skids1 9 ord] to te/ = leaks4 ,,tactical ,,use ,phosg5e 0 fir/ us$ 9 cl\d attacks 9 ,decemb]1 #aiae4 ,^! attacks cont9u$ = ab\t n9e mon?s & 7 !n gradually replac$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 by gas %ell attacks4 ,phosg5e 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,g]man projectiles 9 ,novemb]1 #aiaf4 ,^! %ell 7 kn[n z ! ,d-%ell4 ,besides pure phosg5e1 mixtures ( phosg5e & *loropicr91 phosg5e & sup]palite1 & phosg5e & diph5yl*loro>s9e h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,int]ior ( a ,%ell ,dump4 ,! ,engli% introduc$ ! use ( projectors 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiag4 ,!y h a decid$ advantage ov] %ell 9 t !y hold a l>g] volume ( gas & readily l5d !mselves to surprise attacks4 ,z ! ,g]mans say1 8! projector comb9es ! advantages ( gas cl\ds & gas %ell4 ,! d5sity is equal to t ( gas cl\ds & ! surprise effect ( %ell fire is also obta9$40 ,t[>d ! close ( ! w>1 ! ,g]mans made use ( a mixture ( phosg5e & pumice /one4 ,a captur$ projector conta9$ ab\t #ac p\nds ( phosg5e & #e p\nds ( pumice4 ,!re seems to be "s "q z to ! value ( su* a proc$ure4 ,l[] initial conc5trations are secur$2 ?is is due1 9 "p ( c\rse1 to ! small] volume ( phosg5e 9 ! %ell conta9+ pumice4 ,pumice does seem to keep ! boo/] f scatt]+ ! phosg5e s high into ! air1 & at ! same "t does n prev5t ! phosg5e f be+ lib]at$ 9 a gase\s condition4 ,?is w\ld indicate t pumice gives a m ev5 & uni=m disp]sion & a m economical use ( ! gas actually us$4 ,ow+ to its non-p]si/5t nature 7! odor disappe>s 9 f "o & a half to two h\rs7 & to its g5]al prop]ties1 phosg5e really =ms an ideal gas to produce casualties4 ,,action ,,on ,,man ,phosg5e acts bo? z a direct poison & z a /rong lung irritant1 caus+ rapid fill+ ( ! lungs ) liquid4 ,! majority ( dea?s are ascrib$ to ! fill+ up ( ! lungs & consequ5tly to ! suffocation ( ! pati5ts ?r\gh lack ( air4 ,?is fill+ up ( ! lungs is greatly ha/5$ by ex]cise4 ,accord+ly1 all rules = ! treatm5t ( pati5ts gass$ ) phosg5e require t !y imm$iately lie d[n & rema9 9 t position4 ,!y are n ev5 all[$ to walk to a dress+ /ation4 ,! necessity ( absolute quiet = gass$ pati5ts und\bt$ly p>tly acc\nts = ! lat] habit ( c>ry+ out a prolong$ bomb>dm5t aft] a heavy phosg5e gas attack4 ,! high explosive causes confusion1 =c+ ! m5 to move ab\t m or less & practically prev5ts ! evacuation ( ! gass$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( phosg5e ! dea? rate 0 unduly high because ( lack ( k ( ?is action ( ! gas4 ,due to ! decreas$ lung area = oxyg5iz+ ! air1 a fe>ful burd5 is ?r[n on ! he>t1 & accord+ly1 ^? ) a he>t at all weak are apt to expire sudd5ly :5 ex]cis+ aft] be+ gass$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! delay$ action ( phosg5e1 a l>ge scale raid made by "o ( ! ,am]ican divisions dur+ its tra9+ is highly illum9at+4 ,?is division decid$ to make a raid on enemy tr5*es :i* 7 situat$ on ! opposite slope ( a hill across a small valley4 ,up /ream f bo? ( ! l9es ( tr5*es 0 a ,fr5* village 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g]mans4 ,:5 ! attack 0 laun*$ ! w9d 0 bl[+ probably six or sev5 miles p] h\r directly d[n /ream f ! village1 i4e41 directly t[>d ! tr5*es to be attack$4 ,! usual high explosive box b>rage 0 put ar\nd ! tr5*es x 0 int5d$ to capture4 ,?ree hundr$ ,am]icans made ! attack4 ,dur+ ! attack a little m ?an ?ree tons ( liquid phosg5e 0 ?r[n into ! village 9 #ge- & #aee-millimet] %ells4 ,! ne>e/ edge ( ! village %ell$ ) phosg5e 0 less ?an #gjj y>ds f ! ne>e/ attack+ troops4 ,none ( ! troops notic$ ! smell ( phosg5e1 al?\gh ! fumes f high explosive 7 s bad t a few ( ! m5 adju/$ _! respirators4 ,! attack 0 made ab\t #c ,a4,m41 ! m5 rema9+ ab\t #de m9utes 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,g]man tr5*es4 ,! m5 !n return$ to _! billets1 "s five or six kilomet]s back ( ! l9e4 ,soon aft] arriv+ !re1 t is 9 ! neighborhood ( #i ,a4,m41 ! m5 began to drop1 & x 0 soon discov]$ t !y 7 suff]+ f gas poison+4 ,out ( ! #cjj m5 mak+ ! attack #bcf 7 gass$1 f\r or five ( :om di$4 ,! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t 0 exce$+ly prompt & vigor\s 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! cases1 :i* probably acc\nt$ = ! v l[ mortality4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ cases ( ! delay$ action t may occur 9 gass+ f phosg5e4 ,"h ! conc5tration 0 slight & !re is no d\bt its effectiv5ess 0 l>gely due to ! sev]e ex]cise tak5 by ! m5 dur+ & aft] ! gass+4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ 9 clos+ t :ile gas (fic]s 7 n consult$ 9 ! plann+ ( ?is attack1 a g5]al ord] 0 %ortly !reaft] issu$ requir+ t gas (fic]s be consult$ :5ev] gas 0 to be us$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,la*rymators ,)\t "q ! eyes are ! mo/ s5sitive "p ( ! body s f> z *emical w>f>e is conc]n$4 ,la*rymators are sub/ances :i* affect ! eyes1 caus+ involunt>y weep+4 ,^! sub/ances c produce an intol]able atmosph]e 9 conc5trations "o ?\s& times z dilute z t requir$ = ! mo/ effective le?al ag5t4 ,! great milit>y value ( ^! gases has already be5 m5tion$ & w be discuss$ m fully lat]4 ,!re are a numb] ( comp\nds :i* h "s value z la*rymators1 ?\gh a few are v mu* bett] ?an all ! o!rs4 ,practically all ( !m h no le?al prop]ties 9 ! conc5trations 9 :i* !y are effici5t la*rymators1 ?\gh we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t _m ( !m h a high le?al value if ! conc5tration is ( ! ord] ( ! usual poison gas4 ,! la*rymators are us$ alone :5 x is desir$ to neutralize a giv5 t]ritory or simply to h>rass ! enemy4 ,at o!r times !y are us$ ) le?al gases to =ce ! imm$iate or to prolong ! we>+ ( ! mask4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! la*rymators conta9 brom9e4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! gas w>f>e requirem5ts1 x 0 e>ly decid$ t ! brom9e supply w\ld h to be consid]ably increas$4 ,! mo/ favorable s\rce ( brom9e is ! subt]ranean bas9 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,midl&1 ,mi*igan4 ,because ( ! ext5sive exp]i5ce ( ! ,d[ ,*emical ,co4 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! production ( brom9e1 !y 7 giv5 *>ge ( ! s9k+ ( sev5te5 gov]nm5t wells1 capable ( produc+ #fej1jjj p\nds ( brom9e p] ye>4 ,:ile ! plant 0 n op]at$ dur+ ! ,w>1 x 0 lat] op]at$ to complete a contract = #ejj1jjj p\nds ( brom9e salts4 ,!y w be held z a future w> asset ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pr9cipal la*rymators us$ dur+ ! ,w> 73 ,bromoacetone1 ,bromome?yle?ylketone1 ,b5zyl bromide1 ,e?yl iodoacetate1 ,bromob5zyl cyanide1 ,ph5yl c>bylam9e *loride4 ,*loropicr9 is some?+ ( a la*rymator1 b x has great] value z a toxic gas4 ,,halog5at$ ,,ketones ,"o ( ! e>lie/ la*rymators us$ 0 bromoacetone4 ,because ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ pure mat]ial1 ! comm]cial product1 conta9+ consid]able dibromoacetone & probably high] halog5at$ bodies1 0 us$4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! high] brom9e d]ivatives consid]ably decreas$ its effici5cy z a la*rymator4 ,! prep>ation ( bromoacetone involv$ ! loss ( consid]able brom9e 9 ! =m ( hydrobromic acid4 ,?is l$ ! ,fr5* to /udy v>i\s me?ods ( prep>ation1 & !y f9ally obta9$ a product conta9+ #hj p] c5t bromoacetone & #bj p] c5t *loroacetone1 :i* !y call$ 8m>tonite40 ,z ! w> progress$1 acetone became sc>ce1 & ! ,g]mans sub/itut$ me?yle?ylketone1 = :i* !re 0 little use 9 o!r w> activities4 ,?is l$ to ! ,fr5* 8homom>tonite40 ,v>i\s o!r halog5 d]ivatives ( ketones h be5 /udi$ 9 ! laboratory1 b none h prov5 ( z great value z bromoacetone1 ei!r f ! /&po9t ( toxicity or la*rymatory p[]4 ,bromoacetone may be prep>$ by ! action ( brom9e 7liquid or vapor7 ^u acetone 7) or )\t a solv5t74 ,aque\s solutions ( acetone1 or potassium bromide solutions ( brom9e1 h also be5 us$4 ,pure bromoacetone is a wat] cle> liquid4 ,!re are great diff]5ces 9 ! prop]ties ascrib$ to ?is body by diff]5t inve/igators4 ,?is probably is due to ! fact t ! monobromo d]ivative is mix$ ) ^? conta9+ two or m atoms ( brom9e4 ,a sample boil+ at #abf-abg & melt+ at -#ed1 _h a specific gravity ( #a4fca at #j4 ,x has a vapor pressure ( #i mm4 ( m]cury at #bj4 ,:ile bromoacetone is a good la*rymator1 x possesses ! disadvantage t x is n v /able4 ,special %ell l9+s are necess>y1 & ev5 !n ! mat]ial may be decompos$ be=e ! %ell is fir$4 ,! ,g]mans us$ a lead-l9$ %ell1 :ile consid]able "w has be5 c>ri$ out 9 ?is c\ntry ) enamel l9$ %ell4 ,glass l9$ %ell may also be us$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 :ile bromoacetone decomposes ^u /&+ 9 ! %ell1 x is /able ^u detonation4 ,no decomposition products are f\nd aft] ! explosion1 & ev5 un*ang$ liquid is f\nd 9 ! %ell4 ,x may be consid]$ z hav+ a l[ p]si/5cy1 s9ce ! odor entirely disappe>s f ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,bromoacetone 0 also us$ by ! ,g]mans 9 glass h& gr5ades 7,h&-a-,/9k ,kugel7 & lat] 9 metal gr5ades4 ,! metal gr5ades weigh$ ab\t two p\nds & conta9$ ab\t a p\nd & a half ( ! liquid4 ,m>tonite 0 prep>$ by ! ,fr5* 9 an attempt m completely to utilize ! brom9e 9 ! prep>ation ( bromoacetone4 ,!y reg5]at$ ! brom9e by ! use ( sodium *lorate3 ,na,cl,o #f;,h,br ,na,cl #c;,br #c;,h,o ,9 practice sulfuric acid is us$ ) ! sodium *lorate1 s t ! f9al products are sodium acid sulfate & a mixture ( #bj p] c5t *loroacetone & #hj p] c5t bromoacetone1 accord+ to ! reaction3 #e7;,,*7,,co #d;,br ,h,,s ,na,cl,o #d;,,*,br,c,o,c,h ,,*,cl,c,o ,,* ,na,h,s,o #c;,h,o4 ,?is product is equally z effective z bromoacetone alone & is v mu* *eap] to manufacture4 ,9 g5]al its prop]ties resemble v closely ^? ( bromoacetone4 ,,g]man ,,manufacture ,,( ,,bromoacetone ,,& ,,bromome?yle?yl ,,ketone#ag ,^! two products 7 prep>$ by id5tical me?ods4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! product produc$ by ! factory 0 prep>$ f me?yle?yl ketone :i* 0 obta9$ f ! product result+ f ! di/illation ( wood4 ,! me?od employ$ 0 to treat an aque\s solution ( potassium or sodium *lorate ) acetone or me?yle?yl ketone1 & !n add sl[ly ! requir$ am\nt ( brom9e4 ,! equation = ! reaction 9 ! case ( acetone is z foll[s3 ,,*,,co* ,br ,,*,br,c,o,c,h ,h,br ,t5 kg4-mols ( acetone or me?yle?yl ketone 7 us$ 9 a s+le op]ation4 ,ab\t #aj p] c5t excess ( *lorate ov] t requir$ to oxidize ! hydrobromic acid =m$ 9 ! reaction 0 us$4 ,! relation betwe5 ! wat] & ! ketone 0 9 ! proportion ( #b p>ts by weight ( ! =m] to #a "p by weight ( ! latt]4 ,= #a kg4-mol4 wt4 ( ! ketone1 #aj p] c5t excess ov] #a kg4 atomic-weight ( brom9e 0 us$4 ,footnote #ag3 ,norris1 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #aa1 #hbh 7#aiai74 ,! reaction 0 c>ri$ out ei!r 9 e>!nw>e vessels or 9 iron kettles l9$ ) e>!nw>e4 ,! kettles 7 furni%$ ) a /irr] made ( wood1 & v>i$ 9 capacity f #d1jjj to #e1jjj lit]s4 ,!y 7 set 9 wood5 tanks & cool$ by circulat+ wat]4 ,! *lorate 0 fir/ dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & !n ! ketone add$4 ,into ?is mixture ! brom9e 0 all[$ to run sl[ly :ile ! solution 0 /irr$ & kept at a temp]ature ( f #cj to #dj ,c4 ,! "t requir$ = ! addition ( ! brom9e 0 ab\t #dh hrs4 ,:5 ! reaction 0 complete1 ! oil 0 drawn (f into an iron vessel & /irr$ ) magnesium oxide 9 ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( wat] 9 ord] to neutralize ! free acid4 ,x 0 !n sep>at$ & dri$ ) calcium *loride4 ,at ?is po9t a sample ( ! mat]ial 0 tak5 & te/$4 ,! product 0 di/ill$ to tell h[ mu* ( x boil$ ov] bel[ #acj :5 me?yle?yl ketone _h be5 us$4 ,if less ?an #aj p] c5t di/ill$ ov]1 ! brom9ation 0 consid]$ to be satisfactory4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a l>g] p]c5tage ( l[ boil+ mat]ial 0 obta9$1 ! product 0 submitt$ to fur!r brom9ation4 ,! mat]ial obta9$ 9 ?is way 0 f\nd on analysis to conta9 slightly less ?an ! !oretical am\nt ( monobromoketone4 ,x 0 f9ally transf]r$ by suction or by pressure into tank-wagons4 ,at fir/ lead-l9$ tanks 7 us$1 b lat] x 0 f\nd t tanks made ( iron c\ld be sub/itut$4 ,9 ord] to take c>e ( ! small am\nt ( hydrobromic acid1 :i* is sl[ly =m$1 a small am\nt ( magnesium oxide 0 add$ to ! mat]ial4 ,! am\nt ( ! oxide us$ 0 approximately 9 ! proportion ( #a "p to #ajjj p>ts ( ketone4 ,:5 ! magnesium oxide 0 us$1 x 0 f\nd t ! bromoketone kept )\t appreciable decomposition = ab\t #b mon?s4 ,! yield ( ! product f #ehj kg4 ( acetone 7#aj kg4-mol4 wts47 0 #a1ajj kg4 ,! yield f #gbj kg4 ( me?yle?yl ketone 7#aj kg4-mol4 wts47 0 #a1bej kg4 ,,halog5at$ ,,e/]s ,! use ( e?yl iodoacetate 0 advocat$ at a "t :5 ! price ( brom9e seem$ prohibitive4 ,because ( ! relative price ( brom9e & iod9e "u ord9>y conditions1 x is n likely t x w\ld be commonly us$4 ,h[ev]1 x is an effici5t la*rymator & is m /able ?an ! halog5at$ ketones1 s t on a small] scale x might be advisable to use x4 ,x is prep>$ by ! reaction ( sodium iodide ^u an alcoholic solution ( e?yl *loroacetate4 ,x is a colorless oil1 boil+ at #agh-ahj ,c4 7#fi ,c4 at #ab mm47 & hav+ a d5sity ( ab\t #a4h4 ,x is v mu* less volatile ?an bromoacetone1 hav+ a vapor pressure ( #j4ed mm4 ( m]cury at #bj ,c4 ,e?yl iodoacetate is ab\t "o-?ird z toxic z bromoacetone1 b has ab\t ! same la*rymatory value4 ,,aromatic ,,halides 8,b5zyl bromide0 0 also us$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 usually mix$ ) bromoacetone4 ,! mat]ial 0 n pure b5zyl bromide1 b ! reaction product ( brom9e ^u xyl5e1 & %\ld p]haps be ref]r$ to z 8xylyl bromide40 ,pure b5zyl bromide is a colorless liquid1 boil+ at #aih-aii ,c41 & hav+ an odor rem9isc5t ( wat] cress & !n ( mu/>d oil4 ,! w> gas is probably a mixture ( mono- & dibromo d]ivatives1 boil+ at #baj-bbj ,c41 & hav+ a d5sity at #bj ,c4 ( #a4c4 ,! mixture ( b5zyl & xylyl bromides us$ by ! ,g]mans 0 kn[n z 8,t-,/(f10 :ile ! mixture ( #hh p] c5t xylyl bromide & #ab p] c5t bromoacetone 0 call$ 8,gre5 ,t-,/(f40 ,z 9 ! case ( ! halog5at$ acetones1 x is necess>y to use lead l9$ %ell = ^! comp\nds4 ,enamel & glass l9$ %ell may be us$ & give good results4 ,:ile !y are difficult ( manufacture1 satisfactory me?ods 7 be+ develop$ at ! close ( ! w>4 8,t-,/(f0 may be detect$ by ! nose 9 conc5trations ( "o "p 9 "o hundr$ million ( air1 & w cause pr(use la*rymation ) "o "p 9 a million4 ,x is a highly p]si/5t mat]ial & may la/1 "u favorable circum/ances1 = sev]al days4 ,:ile x is relatively non-toxic1 ,fr5* troops 7 r5d]$ unconsci\s by x dur+ c]ta9 bomb>dm5ts 9 ! ,argonne 9 ! summ] ( #aiae4 ,a numb] ( d]ivatives ( ! b5zyl halides h be5 te/$ & "s h prov5 to be v good la*rymators4 ,! difficulty ( _! prep>ation on a comm]cial scale has made x inadvisable to use !m1 & especially inasmu* z bromob5zyl cyanide has prov5 to be su* a valuable comp\nd4 ,,bromob5zyl ,,cyanide ,bromob5zyl cyanide is1 *emically1 -bromo--tolunitrile1 or ph5yl-bromo-acetonitrile1 ,c,h,c,h,br,c,n4 ,x is prep>$ by ! action ( brom9e ^u b5zyl cyanide4 ,b5zyl cyanide is prep>$ by ! action ( sodium cyanide ^u a mixture ( equal p>ts ( #ie p] c5t alcohol & b5zyl *loride4 ,! b5zyl *loride 9 turn is obta9$ by ! *lor9ation ( tolu5e at #ajj4 ,! mat]ial mu/ be fairly pure 9 ord] t ! b5zyl cyanide reaction may proce$ smoo?ly4 ,! cyanide is subject$ to a fractional di/illation & t "p boil+ )9 #c degrees 7! pure product boils at #bca4g ,c47 is treat$ ) brom9e vapor mix$ ) air4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to catalyze ! reaction by sunlight1 artificial light or ! addition ( a small am\nt ( bromob5zyl cyanide4 ,! product obta9$ f ?is reaction1 if ! hydrobromic acid :i* is =m$ is c>efully remov$ by a /ream ( air1 is suffici5tly pure = use z a la*rymator4 ,x melts f #af to #bb ,c41 :ile ! pure product melts at #bi ,c4 ,x _c be di/ill$1 ev5 9 a high vacuum4 ,x has a l[ vapor pressure & ?us is a highly p]si/5t la*rymator4 ,bromob5zyl cyanide is ab\t z toxic z *lor9e1 b is _m times z effective a la*rymator z any ( ! halog5at$ ketones or aromatic halides /udi$4 ,x has a pleasant odor & produces a burn+ s5sation on ! muc\s membrane4 ,l ! o!r halog5 conta9+ comp\nds1 lead or enamel l9$ %ell are necess>y = pres]v+ ! mat]ial any l5g? ( "t4 ,9 all ( ?is "w ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 at a v m>k$ disadvantage4 ,:ile ! ,allies & ! ,g]mans c\ld prep>e sub/ances ( ?is nature & use !m 9 %ell )9 a mon?1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 sure t %ell fill$ at ,edgewood ,ars5al probably w\ld n be fir$ )9 ?ree mon?s4 ,?is means t mu* great] precautions 7 necess>y1 bo? z to ! nature ( ! %ell l9+ & z to ! purity ( ! 8w> gas40 ,! "q ( protection aga9/ la*rymatory gases 0 nev] a s]i\s "o4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! w> ?is 0 amply suppli$ by goggles4 ,lat]1 :5 ! ,/&>d ,respirator 0 introduc$1 x 0 f\nd t ample protection 0 af=d$ aga9/ all ! la*rymators4 ,_! pr9cipal value is aga9/ unprotect$ troops & 9 caus+ m5 to we> _! masks = long p]iods ( "t4 ,! comp>ative value ( ! v>i\s la*rymators m5tion$ above is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,bromob5zyl cyanide #j4jjjc ,m>tonite #j4jjab ,e?yl iodoacetate #j4jjad ,bromoacetone #j4jjae ,xylyl bromide #j4jjah ,b5zyl bromide #j4jjdj ,bromo ketone #j4jaa ,*oroacetone #j4jah ,*loropicr9 #j4jai ,! figures give ! conc5tration 7milligram p] lit] ( air7 necess>y to produce la*rymation4 ,! me?od us$ 9 obta9+ ^! figures is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,*loropicr9 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aiag1 /range reports came f ! ,italian front t ! ,g]mans 7 us+ a new w> gas4 ,?is gas1 :ile x did n seem to be v poison\s1 _h ! comb9$ prop]ty ( be+ a la*rymator & also ( caus+ vomit+4 ,l>ge numb] ( casualties result$ ?r\gh ! m5 be+ =c$ to remove _! masks 9 an atmosph]e fill$ ) le?al gases4 ,! gas _h ! additional & s]i\s disadvantage ( be+ a v difficult "o to remove completely 9 ! gas mask4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican masks 7 v good :5 *lor9e or phosg5e 0 consid]$ b 7 ( no value :5 *loropicr9 0 us$4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ facts ( *emical w>f>e is t few if any new sub/ances 7 discov]$ & utiliz$ dur+ ! ?ree ye>s ( ?is =m ( fight+4 ,*lor9e & phosg5e 7 well kn[n comp\nds4 ,& likewise1 *loropicr9 0 an old fri5d ( ! organic *emi/4 ,s mu* s1 inde$1 t sev]al organic laboratories prep>$ ! comp\nd 9 _! elem5t>y c\rses4 ,*loropicr9 0 fir/ prep>$ by ! ,engli% *emi/1 ,/5h\se1 9 #ahdh1 by ! action ( blea*+ p[d] ^u a solution ( picric acid4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a c>eful /udy ( its physical & *emical prop]ties1 few ( :i* h any connection ) its use z a poison gas4 ,! use ( picric acid z an explosive made x v desirable t o!r raw mat]ials %\ld be us$4 ,*lor(orm1 :i* is ! ideal s\rce !oretically 7s9ce *loropicr9 is nitro-*lor(orm1 ,cl,,cno71 gave v poor yields4 ,:ile x may be prep>$ f acetone1 9 fair yields1 acetone 0 ab\t z valuable dur+ ! w> z 0 picric acid4 ,practically all ! *loropicr9 us$ 0 prep>$ f ?is acid z ! raw mat]ial4 ,,manufacture ,9 ! manufacture ( *loropicr9 ! laboratory me?od 0 adopt$4 ,?is consi/$ simply 9 pass+ live /eam ?r\gh a mixture ( picric acid & blea*+ p[d]4 ,! result+ *loropicr9 passes out ( ! /ill ) ! /eam4 ,!re 0 a "q at fir/ :e!r a /eam jacket$ reaction vessel %\ld be us$1 & :e!r /irr]s %\ld be introduc$4 ,bo? types 7 te/$1 ( :i* ! simpl] =m1 )\t /eam jacket or /irr]1 prov$ ! m effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,int]ior ( ,*loropicr9 ,plant4 ,! e>ly "w 0 und]tak5 at ! plant ( ! ,am]ican ,syn!tic ,color ,company at ,/am=d1 ,connecticut4 ,lat] a l>ge plant 0 con/ruct$ at ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,at ! latt] place t5 /ills1 #h by #ah feet1 7 erect$1 toge!r ) ! necess>y accessory equipm5t4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( op]ation 0 us$3 ,! blea* is mix$ ) wat] & /irr$ until a cream is =m$4 ,?is cream is !n pump$ into ! /ill along ) a solution ( calcium picrate 7picric acid neutraliz$ ) lime74 ,:5 ! curr5t ( live /eam is admitt$ at ! bottom ( ! /ill1 ! temp]ature gradually rises1 until at #he ,c4 ! reaction beg9s4 ,! *loropicr9 passes ov] ) ! /eam & is cond5s$4 ,^u /&+1 ! *loropicr9 settles out1 & may be drawn (f & is !n ready = fill+ into ! %ell4 ,! yield 0 ab\t #a4f times ! weight ( picric acid us$4 ,,prop]ties ,*loropicr9 is a colorless oil1 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]1 & :i* c be remov$ f ! reaction by di/illation ) /eam4 ,x boils at #aab ,c4 & w solidify at -#fi ,c4 ,at room temp]ature x has a d5sity ( #a4fi & is ?us high] ?an *lor(orm 7#a4e7 or c>bon tetra*loride 7#a4ei74 ,at room temp]ature x has a vapor pressure ( #bd mm4 ( m]cury4 ,x ?us lies1 9 p]si/5cy1 betwe5 su* gases z phosg5e on ! "o h&1 & mu/>d gas on ! o!r1 b s mu* clos] to phosg5e t x is plac$ 9 ! phosg5e gr\p4 ,*loropicr9 is a v /able comp\nd & is n decompos$ by wat]1 acids or dilute alkalies4 ,! reaction ) potassium or sodium sulfite1 9 :i* all ! *lor9e is f\nd z potassium or sodium *loride1 has be5 us$ z an analytical me?od = its quantitative det]m9ation4 ,! qualitative te/ usually us$ consi/s 9 pass+ ! gas-air mixture ?r\gh a heat$ qu>tz tube1 :i* lib]ates free *lor9e4 ,! *lor9e may be detect$ by pass+ ?r\gh a potassium iodide solution conta9+ />*1 or by ! use ( a heat$ copp] wire gauze1 :5 ! *>act]i/ic gre5 color is obta9$4 ,an int]e/+ physiological te/ has also be5 develop$4 ,! eye has be5 f\nd to be v s5sitive to *loropicr94 ,! gas affects ! eye 9 su* a way t its clos+ is practically involunt>y4 ,a measurable "t elapses betwe5 ! in/ant ( exposure & ! "t :5 ! eye closes4 ,bel[ #a or #b p>ts p] million1 ! av]age eye )/&s ! gas )\t be+ clos$1 ?\gh consid]able bl9k+ may be caus$4 ,above #be p>ts1 ! reaction is s rapid z to r5d] prop] tim+ out ( ! "q4 ,b ) conc5trations betwe5 #b & #be p>ts1 ! subject w h an ov]p[]+ impulse to close 8 eye )9 #c to #cj seconds4 ,! "t may be record$ by a /op wat* & f ! values ?us det]m9$ a calibration curve may be plott$1 us+ ! conc5tration 9 p>ts p] million & ! "t to z]o eye reaction4 ,typical figures are giv5 bel[4 ,x w be not$ t diff]5t individuals w v>y 9 _! s5sitivity1 ?\gh ! ord] is ! same4 -------------------------- ,conc4 ,a ,b p4p4m4 ,seconds ,seconds -------------------------- #bj4j #d4j #e4j #ae4j #e4d #e4d #aj4j #g4e #g4e #g4e #i4j #aj4j #e4j #ac4j #ae4j #b4e #ah4j #cj4j -------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,calibration ,curve ( ,eyes = ,*loropicr94 ,,protection ,because ( ! /ability ( *loropicr91 ! "q ( protection resolves itself into f9d+ an absorb5t :i* is v effici5t 9 remov+ ! gas f air mixtures4 ,=tunately su* an ag5t 0 f\nd 9 ! activat$ *>coal us$ 9 ! ,am]ican gas mask4 ,! removal ( ! gas appe>s to take place 9 two /ages4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! gas is adsorb$ 9 su* a way t ! long-cont9u$ passage ( air does n remove x4 ,9 ! second1 ! gas is absorb$1 & ?is1 really excess gas1 is remov$ by pure air pass+ ov] ! *>coal4 ,! relation ( ^! two factors has an important be>+ on ! quality ( *>coal to be us$ 9 gas masks4 ,x appe>s t up to a c]ta9 po9t an increase ( ! quality is desirable3 beyond ?is1 x is ( d\btful value4 ,unlike phosg5e1 *loropicr9 is absorb$ equally well at all temp]atures4 ,moi/ure on ! o!r h& has a v decid$ effect4 ,x appe>s t *>coal absorbs r\ghly equival5t weights ( *loropicr9 & ( wat]2 ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! *>coal ?us displaces an approximately equal am\nt ( *loropicr94 ,9 ! /udy ( cani/]s x has be5 f\nd t ! effici5cy "t is approximately inv]sely proportional to ! conc5tration4 ,=mulas h be5 calculat$ to express ! relation exi/+ betwe5 conc5tration & life ( ! cani/]1 & also betwe5 ! rate ( fl[ ( ! gas & ! life4 ,:ile wat] seems to h a decid$ly m>k$ effect ^u ! life ( a cani/]1 ?is is n true ( o!r gases1 & ! effici5cy ( ! cani/] = ea* gas is n decreas$ :5 us$ 9 a b9>y mixture4 ,,tactical ,,uses ,because ( ! high boil+ po9t ( *loropicr9 x c only be us$ 9 %ell4 ,! ,g]man %ell usually conta9$ a mixture ( sup]palite 7tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate7 & *loropicr91 ! relative proportions be+ ab\t #ge to #be4 ,^! 7 call$ ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell1 f ! peculi> m>k+ on ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,mixtures ( phosg5e & *loropicr9 7#ej-ej7 h also be5 us$4 ,! ,allies h us$ a mixture ( #hj p] c5t *loropicr9 & #bj p] c5t /annic *loride 7s-call$ ,n4 ,c474 ,?is mixture comb9es ! advantages ( a gas %ell ) ^? ( a smoke %ell1 s9ce ! p]c5tage ( /annic *loride is suffici5tly high to =m a v good cl\d4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is believ$ t ! pres5ce ( ! *loride increases ! rate ( evaporation ( ! *loropicr94 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! *loride decreases ! am\nt ( decomposition ( ! *loropicr9 ^u ! bur/+ ( ! %ell1 b c>eful exp]im5ts appe> to %[ t ?is decomposition is negligible & t ! /annic *loride plays no "p 9 x4 ,?is mixture 0 be+ ab&on$ at ! close ( ! w>4 ,?is ,n4 ,c4 mixture has also be5 us$ 9 ,liv5's projectors & 9 h& gr5ades4 ,! mat]ial is p>ticul>ly fitt$ = h& gr5ades1 ow+ to ! l[ vapor pressure ( ! *loropicr91 & ! consequ5t abs5ce ( pressures ev5 on w>m days4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 ! only fill+ us$ = ?is purpose1 ?\gh lat] ! /annic *loride 0 *ang$1 ow+ to ! %ortage ( t91 to a mixture ( silicon & titanium *lorides4 ,:ile *loropicr9 is suffici5tly volatile to keep ! /rata ( air above x ?or\ghly poison\s1 x is /ill p]si/5t en\gh to be dang]\s aft] five or six h\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,di*loroe?ylsulfide 8,,mu/>d ,,gas0 ,! e>ly idea ( gas w>f>e 0 t a mat]ial1 to be ( value z a w> gas1 %\ld h a relatively high vapor pressure4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 provide a conc5tration suffici5tly high to cause casualties ?r\gh inhalation ( ! gas-lad5$ air4 ,! introduction ( 8mu/>d gas0 7di*loroe?ylsulfide7 0 probably ! greate/ s+le developm5t ( gas w>f>e1 9 t x m>k$ a dep>ture f ?is e>ly idea1 = mu/>d gas is a liquid boil+ at ab\t #bbj ,c41 & hav+ a v l[ vapor pressure4 ,b mu/>d gas has1 9 addition1 a *>act]i/ic prop]ty :i*1 comb9$ ) its high p]si/5cy1 makes x ! mo/ valuable w> gas kn[n at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is peculi> prop]ty is its bli/]+ effect ^u ! sk94 ,v l[ conc5trations ( vapor are capable ( 8burn+0 ! sk9 & ( produc+ casualties :i* require f ?ree weeks to ?ree mon?s = recov]y4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! prop]ties remov$ ! necessity = a surprise attack1 or ! build+ up ( a high conc5tration 9 ! fir/ few bur/s ( fire4 ,a few %ell1 fir$ ov] a giv5 area1 7 suffici5t to produce casualties h\rs & ev5 days aft]w>ds4 ,mu/>d gas1 *emically1 is di*loroe?ylsulfide 7,cl,c,h,,*7,s4 ,! "n orig9at$ ) ! ,briti% ,tommy because ! crude mat]ial fir/ us$ by ! ,g]mans 0 sugge/ive ( mu/>d or g>lic4 ,v>i\s o!r names 7 giv5 ! comp\nd1 su* z 8,yell[ ,cross10 f ! %ell m>k+s ( ! ,g]mans2 8,yp]ite10 a "n us$ by ! ,fr5*1 because ! comp\nd 0 fir/ us$ at ,ypres2 & 8bli/]+ gas10 because ( its peculi> effect ^u ! sk94 ,,hi/orical ,x seems probable t an impure =m ( mu/>d gas 0 obta9$ by ,ri*ie 7#ahed7 by ! action ( *lor9e ^u e?yl sulfide4 ,! sub/ance 0 fir/ describ$ by ,gu?rie 7#ahfj71 :o recogniz$ its peculi> & p[]ful physiological effects4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to note t ,gu?rie /udi$ ! effect ( e?yl5e ^u ! sulfur *lorides1 s9ce ?is reaction 0 ! basis ( ! me?od f9ally adopt$ by ! ,allies4 ,! fir/ c>eful inve/igation ( mu/>d gas1 :i* 0 !n only kn[n z di*loroe?ylsulfide1 0 c>ri$ out by ,victor ,mey] 7#ahhf74 ,mey] us$ ! reaction betwe5 e?yl5e *lorhydr9 & sodium sulfide1 ) ! subsequ5t treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid4 ,all ! ,g]man mu/>d gas us$ dur+ #aiag & #aiah 0 app>5tly made by ! use ( ^! reactions1 & all ! e>ly exp]im5tal "w ( ! ,allies 0 9 ?is direction4 ,mu/>d gas 0 fir/ us$ z an (f5sive ag5t by ! ,g]mans on ,july #ab-ac1 #aiag1 at ,ypres4 ,accord+ to an ,engli% report1 ! physiological prop]ties ( mu/>d gas _h be5 te/$ by !m dur+ ! summ] ( #aiaf4 ,! ,anti-,gas ,dep>tm5t put =w>d ! sugge/ion t x %\ld be us$ = *emical w>f>e1 b at t "t its adoption 0 n approv$4 ,?is fact enabl$ ! ,engli% to quickly & correctly id5tify ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ ,yell[ ,cross dud receiv$4 ,x is n true1 z report$ by ! ,g]mans1 t ! mat]ial 0 fir/ diagnos$ z die?ylsulfide4 ,! tactical value ( mu/>d gas 0 imm$iately recogniz$ by ! ,g]mans & !y us$ trem5d\s quantities ( x4 ,dur+ t5 days ( ! ,fall ( #aiag1 x is calculat$ t ov] #a1jjj1jjj %ell 7 fir$1 conta9+ ab\t #b1ejj tons ( mu/>d gas4 ,zanetti /ates t ! ,briti% gas casualties dur+ ! mon? foll[+ ! introduction ( mu/>d gas 7 almo/ z num]\s z all gas casualties incurr$ dur+ ! previ\s ye>s ( ! w>4 ,pope says t ! effects ( mu/>d gas z a milit>y weapon 7 inde$ s deva/at+ t by ! e>ly autumn ( #aiag ! te*nical advis]s ( ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican ,gov]nm5ts 7 occupi$ ^u l>ge scale in/allations = ! manufacture ( ?is mat]ial4 ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,manufacture ,! analysis ( ! fir/ ,g]man %ell indicat$ t ! mu/>d gas conta9$ !re9 _h be5 prep>$ by ! me?od publi%$ by ,victor ,mey] 7#ahhf7 & lat] us$ by ,cl>k 7#aiab7 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t att5tion %\ld be turn$ to ! l>ge scale op]ation ( ?is me?od4 ,! foll[+ op]ations are involv$3 ,e?yl5e is prep>$ by ! dehydration ( e?yl alcohol4 ,! int]action ( hypo*lor\s acid 7,h,cl,o7 & e?yl5e yields e?yl5e *lorhydr91 ,cl,c,h,,*,,oh4 ,:5 ?is is treat$ ) sodium sulfide1 dihydroxye?yl sulfide =ms1 :i*1 heat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 yields di*loroe?yl sulfide4 ,*emically1 ! reactions may be writt5 z foll[s3 ,,*,,*,,oh ,,* 3 ,,* ,h,o ,,* 3 ,,* ,h,cl,o ,,ho*,,*,cl #b;,,ho*,,*,cl ,na,s 7,,ho*,,*7,s #b,na,cl 7,,ho*,,*7,s #b;,h,cl 7,cl,c,h,,*7,s #b;,h,o ,)\t go+ into ! *emi/ry ( ?is reaction1 :i* is ?or\ghly discuss$ by ,gomb]g#ah 7see also ,g]man ,manufacture71 x may be said t ?is 8proc$ure prov$ to be unsuitable = l>ge scale production0 7,dorsey74 ,z ,pope rem>ks1 8,t he 7! ,g]man7 %\ld h be5 able to produce ?ree hundr$ tons ( mu/>d gas p] mon? by ! l>ge scale in/allation ( ! purely academic me?od 7( ,mey]7 con/itutes inde$ #8a significant tribute to ! pot5tialities repres5t$ by ! l>ge ,g]man f9e *emical factories4'0 ,x is true t a great deal ( exp]im5tal "w 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,allies on ?is me?od1 b fur!r /udy 0 dropp$ z soon z ! ,pope me?od 0 discov]$4 ,footnote #ah3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #da1 #adad 7#aiai74 ,! fir/ /ep 9 advance 9 ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas 0 ! discov]y t e?yl5e w\ld react ) sulfur di*loride4 ,:ile ,am]ican *emi/s 7 n v successful 9 _! application ( ?is reaction1 ei!r 9 ! laboratory or ! plant1 x 0 app>5tly1 accord+ to ,zanetti1 ! only me?od us$ by ! ,fr5* 7! only "o ( ! ,allies t manufactur$ & fir$ mu/>d gas74 ,! plant 0 t ( ! ,socit ,*imique des ,us9es du ,rhone & 0 />t$ e>ly 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 ) a production ( two to ?ree tons a day4 ,9 ,july x 0 produc+ close to tw5ty tons a day4 ,! plant 0 be+ duplicat$ at ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice1 s t probably 9 ,decemb]1 #aiah1 ! production ( mu/>d gas by ! di*loride process w\ld h rea*$ ab\t #dj tons4 ,zanetti po9ts out1 h[ev]1 t ! process involv$ complicat$ & co/ly app>atus & requir$ consid]able quantities ( c>bon tetra*loride z a solv5t4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,lev9/e9 process w\ld h be5 a trem5d\s ga91 _h ! w> cont9u$4 ,ab\t ! end ( ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ,pope & ,gibson1 9 a /udy ( ! reaction orig9ally us$ by ,gu?rie1 f\nd t ! action ( e?yl5e ^u sulfur *loride 7,s,cl7 at #fj yield$ mu/>d gas & sulfur3 #b;,,* 3 ,,* ,s,cl 7,,*,cl,c,h7,s ,s ,! reaction at ?is temp]ature caus$ ! sep>ation ( sulfur2 ?is occurr$ aft] ! product /ood = "s "t or imm$iately if x 0 treat$ ) moi/ ammonia gas4 ,:ile ?is process 0 put into comm]cial op]ation1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 x (f]$ consid]able difficulty f an op]at+ /&po9t4 ,! sulfur w\ld (t5 sep>ate out & block ! inlet tubes 7e?yl5e74 ,:ile x is comp>atively easy to remove ! mu/>d gas f ! sep>at$ sulfur by decantation1 a c]ta9 am\nt always rema9s ) ! sulfur4 ,x is almo/ impossible to economically remove ?is1 & its pres5ce adds to ! difficulty ( remov+ ! sulfur f ! reactors2 ! m5 engag$ 9 ?is op]ation almo/ always become casualties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,! ,lev9/e9 ,reactor z ,in/all$ at ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,x 0 especially important1 !re=e1 :5 ,gre5 discov]$ t1 if ! reaction 0 c>ri$ out at #cj1 ! sulfur did n settle out b rema9$ 9 8pseudo solution0 9 ! mu/>d gas 7,pope7 or z a loose *emical comb9ation ( ! monosulfide 7mu/>d gas7 ) an atom ( sulfur 7,gre574 ,?is mat]ial has all ! physiological activity ( ! pure monosulfide1 :ile ! enorm\s te*nical difficulties ( h&l+ sep>at$ sulfur are entirely obviat$ by ?is me?od ( manufacture4 ,to c>ry out ! reaction ,lev9/e91 ,ltd41 devis$ ! ,lev9/e9 8reactor40 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! process consi/s ess5tially 9 br++ toge!r sulfur *loride & v pure e?yl5e gas 9 ! pres5ce ( crude mu/>d gas z a solv5t at a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #cj-ce ,c4 ,a supply ( un*ang$ mono*loride is con/antly ma9ta9$ 9 ! react+ liquid until a suffici5tly l>ge bat* is built up4 ,!n ! sulfur mono*loride fe$ is discont9u$ & ! e?yl5e fe$ cont9u$ until fur!r absorption ceases4 ,by controll+ ! ratio ( mu/>d gas to uncomb9$ mono*loride1 ! reaction velocity is s increas$ t ! l[] temp]ature may be us$4 ,! product ?us obta9$ is a pale yell[ liquid :i* deposits no sulfur & requires no fur!r treatm5t4 ,x is ready = ! %ell fill+ plant at once4 ,! obvi\s advantage ( ?is me?od l$ to its adoption 9 all ,am]ican plants />t$ = ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas 7,edgewood1 ,clevel& & ,buffalo74 ,,e?yl5e ,x 0 kn[n f ! "w ( c]ta9 ,fr5* *emi/s t 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a cataly/ z kaol91 e?yl alcohol is dehydrat$ at an elevat$ temp]ature to e?yl5e4 ,! process z f9ally develop$ by ,am]ican *emi/s consi/$ ess5tially 9 introduc+ mixtures ( alcohol vapor & /eam1 9 ! ratio ( "o to "o by weight1 into an #h-;in* iron tube ) a #c-;in* core1 9 contact ) clay at #ejj-fjj ,c4 ,! use ( /eam r5d]$ ! temp]ature control m uni=m & ?us ea* unit _h a great] capacity ( a high] grade product4 ,! gase\s products 7 remov$ ?r\gh a wat]-cool$ surface cond5s]4 ,"o unit ( ?is type _h a demon/rat$ capacity ( #djj cubic feet p] h\r ( e?yl5e1 betwe5 #ib & #ie p] c5t pure1 :ile ! conv]sion effici5cy 7alcohol to e?yl5e7 0 ab\t #he p] c5t4 ,! ,edgewood plant consi/$ ( #dj su* units4 ,?is w\ld h yield$ suffici5t e?yl5e to make #dj tons ( mu/>d gas p] #bd-;h\r day4 ,! ,engli% proc$ure consi/$ 9 ! use ( phosphoric acid1 absorb$ onto coke4 ,an ,am]ican furnace 0 design$ & built :i* gave #b1jjj cubic feet p] h\r ( e?yl5e1 ) a purity ( #ih to #ii p] c5t4 ,?is furnace 0 n us$ on a l>ge scale1 because ( ! satisfactory nature ( ! kaol9 furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,exp]im5tal ,in/allation = ! ,production ( ,e?yl5e by ,kaol9 ,proc$ure4 ,capacity #djj-fjj cu4 ft4 ,e?yl5e p] hr4 ,,sulfur ,,*loride ,s9ce *lor9e 0 prep>$ at ,edgewood1 x 0 logical t "s ( ?is *lor9e %\ld be utiliz$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sulfur *loride4 ,! plant con/ruct$ consi/$ ( #cj tanks 7#gh in*es 9 diamet] & #ce feet long71 ea* capable ( produc+ #bj1jjj p\nds ( mono*loride p] day4 ,! tanks are p>tially fill$ ) sulfur & *lor9e pass$ 94 ,! reaction proce$s rapidly ) suffici5t heat to keep ! sulfur 9 a molt5 condition4 ,if ! *lor9e is pass$ 9 too rapidly1 ! heat g5]at$ may be suffici5t to boil (f ! sulfur *loride =m$4 ,h5ce wat] pipes are provid$ s t a supply ( cold wat] may be spray$ ^u ! tanks1 keep+ ! temp]ature )9 ! prop] limits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,r[ ( ,furnaces = ! ,prep>ation ( ,e?yl5e4 ,9 ! manufacture ( "o ton ( mu/>d gas1 ab\t "o ton ( sulfur *loride & a little less ?an half a ton ( e?yl5e 7#ab1fdj cubic feet7 are requir$4 ,,g]man ,,me?od ,,( ,,manufacture#ai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,prep>ation ( ,e?yl5e at ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik4 #fj units4 ,footnote #ai3 ,norris1 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #aa1 #hba 7,sept41 #aiai74 8,,prep>ation ,,( ,,e?yl5e--,! gas 0 prep>$ by pass+ alcohol vapor ov] alum9um oxide at a temp]ature ( #chj to #djj4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction ( "o ( ! furnaces are giv5 9 ,figs4 #cb & #cc4 ,! furnaces 7 v small & sixty units 7 ne$$ to furni% ! am\nt ( gas requir$4 ,! tubes conta9+ ! catalyz] 7 made ( copp] & 7 heat$ 9 a ba? ( molt5 potassium nitrate4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! catalyz] 0 made accord+ to ! directions ( ,ipatieff1 & t its life 0 f #aj to #bj days4 ,! gas produc$ 0 wa%$ 9 ! usual =m ( scrubb]4 ,! yield ( e?yl5e 0 /at$ to be ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! !oretical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,e?yl5e ,production at ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik4 #a unit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,*lorhydr9 reaction kettle at ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik4 #af units4 8,,prep>ation ,,( ,,e?yl5e ,,*lorhydr9--,! reaction 0 c>ri$ out 9 a cyl9drical tank re/+ on its side4 ,! tank 0 furni%$ ) a /irr] & 0 insulat$ by means ( cork 9 ord] to prev5t ! transf] ( heat f ! atmosph]e to ! inside4 ,en\gh *loride ( lime 0 introduc$ into ! tank to furni% #ejj kg4 ( available *lor9e1 toge!r ) #e cu4 m4 ( wat]4 ,at fir/1 ab\t #bj cu4 m4 ( c>bon dioxide 7 l$ into ! mixture1 next e?yl5e1 & lat] c>bon dioxide & e?yl5e simultane\sly4 ,! rate ( absorption ( e?yl5e 0 not$ & :5 x slack5$1 m c>bon dioxide 0 add$4 ,full] details z to ! addition ( ! two gases 7 n giv5 z x 0 /at$ t x 0 a matt] ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! workman :o 0 c>ry+ out ! op]ation4 ,! reaction %\ld be c>ri$ out at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 b x 0 f\nd impossible to "w bel[ #e ) ! app>atus employ$ 9 ?is factory4 ,! temp]ature dur+ ! reaction v>i$ betwe5 #e & #aj4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ?is temp]ature1 ! solution 0 con/antly pump$ f ! app>atus ?r\gh a coil :i* 0 cool$ by br9e4 ,:5 e?yl5e 0 no long] absorb$ & !re 0 an excess ( c>bon dioxide pres5t1 ! solution 0 te/$ = hypo*lor\s acid4 ,! "t requir$ = ! introduction ( e?yl5e 0 betwe5 #b & #c hrs4 8,! cont5ts ( ! app>atus 7 pass$ ?r\gh a filt] press by means ( :i* ! calcium c>bonate 0 remov$4 ,! solution ?us obta9$ conta9$ f #aj to #ab p] c5t ( e?yl5e *lorhydr94 ,x 0 next di/ill$ ) /eam & a di/illate collect$ :i* conta9$ betwe5 #ah & #bj p] c5t ( *lorhydr94 ,! yield ( *lorhydr9 0 f #fj to #hj p] c5t ( t calculat$ f ! e?yl5e us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,mu/>d ,gas ,manufacture at ,lev]kus54 ,lay\t = ,*lor9ation ( ,?iodiglycol4 8,,prep>ation ,,( ,,dihydroxye?ylsulfide--,to prep>e ! hydroxysulfide1 ! !oretical quantity ( sodium sulfide1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( ! anhydr\s salt or z cry/als1 0 add$ to ! #ah to #bj p] c5t solution ( *lorhydr94 ,aft] ! addition ( ! sulfide1 ! mixture 0 heat$ to ab\t #ij to #ajj4 ,x 0 !n pump$ to an evaporator1 & heat$ until all ! wat] 0 driv5 (f4 ,! glycol 0 next filt]$ f ! salt :i* sep>at$1 & di/ill$ 9 a vacuum4 ,! yield ( glycol 0 ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! !oretical1 calculat$ f ! *lorhydr94 8,,prep>ation ,,( ,,di*lore?ylsulfide--,! ?iodiglycol 0 tak5 f ! rail to two l>ge /orage tanks & !nce drawn by vacuum direct to ! reaction vessel4 ,ea* reaction vessel 0 plac$ 9 a sep>ate cubicle v5tilat$ bo? f above & bel[ & fitt$ ) glass w9d[s = inspection4 ,! vessels !mselves 7 made ( #a 94 ca/ iron & l9$ ) #aj mm4 lead4 ,!y 7 #b4e m4 high & #b4h m4 9 diamet]4 ,^! tanks 7 jacket$ s t !y c\ld be heat$ by wat] & /eam1 & ! reaction 0 c>ri$ out at #ej4 ,! hydro*loric acid com+ f ! ma9 pipe 0 pass$ ?r\gh sulfuric acid s t ! rate c\ld be obs]v$1 & pass$ 9 by means ( #ab glass tubes ( ab\t #b cm4 diamet]4 ,! rate ( fl[ 0 ma9ta9$ at z high a rate z possible to procure absorption4 ,! vapors f ! reaction 7 l$ f ! vessel ?r\gh a pipe into a collect+ room1 & !n ?r\gh a scrubb] conta9+ *>coal & wat]1 ?r\gh a sep>ator1 & !n1 f9ally1 into ! *imney4 ,^! exhau/ gases 7 drawn (f by means ( a fan :i* 0 also connect$ ) ! l[] "p ( ! *amb] 9 :i* ! reaction vessels 7 set1 s t all ! gases _h to pass ?r\gh ! scrubb] be=e go+ to ! *imney4 ,:5 ! reaction 0 complet$1 ! oil 0 remov$ by means ( a vacuum1 induc$ by a wat] pump1 into a ca/ iron wa%+ vessel4 8,! hydro*loric acid lay] 0 remov$ to a /onew>e receiv]1 also by vacuum4 ,a glass enabl$ ! op]ator to avoid draw+ oil ov] ) ! acid4 ,! pan 0 fitt$ ) a !rmomet] to ! int]ior z well z to ! jacket4 ,= te/+ ! mat]ial dur+ reaction1 provision 0 made = draw+ "s up by vacuum to a hydromet] conta9$ 9 a glass funnel4 ,! f9al te/ at ?is po9t read #abf ,tw4 ,ano!r portion c\ld be drawn up to a te/ glass & hydro*loric acid pass$ ?r\gh x 9 full view4 ,a float conta9$ 9 a glass out] tube s]v$ to %[ ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! vessel4 ,! pans 9 :i* ! op]ation is c>ri$ on1 z well z ^? employ$ = wa%+ & di/ill+ ! product1 7 ( a /&>d patt]n employ$ 9 _m o!r op]ations 9 ! works4 8,! wa%] consi/$ ( a ca/ iron vessel1 lead l9$1 & 0 #b4e m4 9 diamet]1 #b m4 deep1 & fitt$ ) a dome cov] & /irr+ ge>4 ,lead pipes s]v$ = ! introduction ( sodium c>bonate solution & wat]4 ,simil> pipes 7 fitt$ = draw+ ^! (f by means ( a vacuum4 ,a manhole on ! cov]1 ) a flat top1 0 fitt$ ) light & sight glasses to :i* 7 fitt$ a small /eam coil = keep+ !m cle>4 ,! wa%$ oil is drawn (f to a di/illation /ill1 :i* is a ca/ iron vessel homog5e\sly lead coat$1 #a4e m4 9 diamet] & #b m4 deep1 fitt$ ) a lead heat+ coil & connect$ ?r\gh a spiral lead cond5s] & receiv] to a vacuum pump4 ,! wat] is di/ill$ f ! oil at a pressure ( f #fb to #gj mm4 absolute pressure4 ,:5 dri$1 ! oil is s5t by vacuum to a mix+ vessel1 simil> 9 mo/ respects to ! wa%+ vessel1 9 :i* x is mix$ ) an appo9t$ quantity ( solv5t1 :i*1 9 ?is factory1 0 usually *lorob5z5e b occasionally c>bon tetra*loride4 ,! relative quantities v>i$ ) ! "t ( ye>1 & in/ructions 7 s5t f ,b]l9 on ?is po9t4 ,!nce ! mixture 0 pass$ to a /orage tank & into tank-wagons40 ,,am]ican ,,me?od ,,( ,,manufacture ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice inve/igat$ c>efully ! ?ree me?ods 7,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%7 & f9ally adopt$ ! ,lev9/e9 process4 ,! foll[+ discussion is tak5 f a report orig9ally made dur+ con/ruction1 ,sept41 #aiah4 ,! ,lev9/e9 reactor consi/$ ( a jacket$ & lead-l9$ vessel or /eel tank1 #h feet #e in*es 9 diamet] & #ad feet tall4 ,! reactor conta9$ #a1djj feet ( lead pipe 7outside diamet] #b in*es71 made up into five coils1 giv+ a total cool+ surface ( #a1bjj squ>e feet4 ,! f9i%$ *>ge ( su* a reactor is #ab tons4 ,e?yl5e 0 introduc$ ?r\gh lead injectors1 ( :i* !re 7 #af1 ea* susp5d$ f its own op5+ 9 ! top & hang+ s t ! end ( ! injector tube 0 #ab in*es f ! bottom ( ! reactor4 ,! nozzle ( ! injector 0 _/ in* outside diamet] & e?yl5e 0 introduc$ ?r\gh x at #dj p\nds pressure4 ,9 />t+ ! reaction1 en\gh sulfur *loride 0 introduc$ into ! reactor to cov] ! c5tral nozzles4 ,e?yl5e 0 n[ introduc$1 & z ! reaction proce$$ sulfur *loride 0 add$ 9 suffici5t quantities to give a high rate ( reaction4 ,br9e or cold wat] 0 introduc$ ?r\gh ! cool+ coils & jacket to keep ! react+ temp]ature at #ce ,c4 ,:5 ! *>ge 0 complet$1 ! e?yl5e 0 turn$ (f s t only a small am\nt bubbl$ ?r\gh ! nozzles & ! *>ge syphon$ (f to ! settl+ tank4 ,^! 7 con/ruct$ ( iron1 #h feet 9 diamet] & #ai feet tall4 ,!y 7 provid$ ) iron coils by :i* ! liquid may be cool$ d[n1 or ! sulfur1 :i* precipitates 9 ! bottom1 melt$4 ,! tank 0 l>ge en\gh to hold six complete *>ges ( mu/>d gas & all ! sulfur f ^! *>ges 0 all[$ to accumulate be=e removal ( ! sulfur4 ,! sup]natant mu/>d gas 0 drawn (f f above ?is sulfur to /orage tanks4 ,among ! factors :i* influ5ce ! reaction are ! foll[+3 ,a temp]ature ( ov] #fj ,c4 9 lead w decompose ! product sl[ly :5 sulfur *loride is pres5t4 ,! pres5ce ( iron decomposes ! product rapidly at a temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 & probably at a consid]ably l[] temp]ature4 ,! purity ( ! product is dep5d5t ^u ! "t ( reaction4 ,!re is always a sl[ reaction betwe5 ! mu/>d gas & sulfur *loride1 & because ( ?is ! *>ge %\ld be complet$ 9 #h h\rs4 ,9 g5]al ! m sulfur t comes out ( ! solution1 ! bett] is ! product4 ,temp]ature has a m>k$ effect on ! sep>ation ( sulfur4 ,9 ord] to entirely remove ! sulfur f ! product x 0 ! cu/om to increase ! temp]ature at ! close ( ! reaction f #ee to #gj ,c4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 caus$ plugg+ ( ! l9es & ! reactor4 ,,prop]ties ,di*loroe?ylsulfide 7mu/>d gas7 is a colorless1 oily liquid1 :i* has a fa9t mu/>d odor4 ,! pure mat]ial is said to h an odor v sugge/ive ( t ( wat] cress4 ,:ile ! odor is m or less *>act]i/ic1 x is possible to h extremely dang]\s am\nts ( ! gas 9 a neighborhood )\t be+ detect$ ?r\gh its odors4 ,x /ill seems to be an op5 "q :e!r mu/>d gas p>alyzes ! s5se ( smell4 ,"o c f9d op9ions on bo? sides4 ,mu/>d gas boils at #bae-bag ,c4 at atmosph]ic pressure1 s t x is at once se5 to be a v p]si/5t gas4 ,x di/ills )\t decomposition at ?is temp]ature b is be/ purifi$ by vacuum di/illation1 or by di/illation ) /eam4 ,a /ill = ! vacuum di/illation ( mu/>d gas has be5 describ$ by ,/reet]4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #aa1 #bib 7#aiai74 ,mu/>d gas melts1 :5 pure1 at #ac to #ad ,c4 7,! ord9>y summ] temp]ature is #bj-be ,c474 ,! ord9>y product1 z obta9$ f ! 8reactor10 melts f #i-aj ,c4 ,9 ord] t ! product 9 ! %ell might be liquid at all temp]atures1 w9t] z well z summ]1 ! ,g]mans add$ f #aj to #cj p] c5t ( *lorob5z5e1 lat] us+ a mixture ( *lorob5z5e & nitrob5z5e & /ill lat] pure nitrob5z5e4 ,c>bon tetra*loride has also be5 us$ z a means ( l[]+ ! melt+ po9t4 ,_m o!r mixtures1 su* z *loropicr91 hydrocyanic acid1 bromoacetone1 etc41 7 te/$1 b 7 n us$4 ,! effect on ! melt+ po9t ( mu/>d gas is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,melt+ ,,po9t ,,( ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,,mixtures ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,p] ,c5t ,*loropicr9 ,*lorob5z5e ,c>bon ,add$ ,tetra*loride ---------------------------------------- ------------- #j #ac4d ,c4 #ac4d ,c4 #ac4d ,c4 #aj #i4h #h4d #i4h #bj #f4c #f4d #f4f #cj #b4f -#a4j #c4a ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! mu/>d gas z f9ally made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9$ ab\t #ag to #ah p] c5t sulfur 9 solution4 ,! gas 0 !n put 9 %ell & fir$ )\t ! addition ( any solv5t4 ,9 actual practice ?is impure product seem$ ev5 m p[]ful 9 caus+ casualties ?an equal quantities ( ! pure mu/>d gas4 ,accord+ly no r$i/ill+ z orig9ally contemplat$ 0 actually c>ri$ out4 ,! specific gravity ( mu/>d gas at #bj is #a4bgda4 ,! solid mat]ial has a slightly high] value1 be+ #a4cch at #ac4 ,its vapor pressure at room temp]ature is v l[2 at #bj ?is value has be5 f\nd to be ab\t #j4jf mm4 ( m]cury4 ,mu/>d gas is practically insoluble 9 wat]1 less ?an #j4a p] c5t =m+ a saturat$ solution4 ,! reports t a #a p] c5t solution c\ld be obta9$ did n consid] ! "q ( hydrolysis4 ,mu/>d gas is freely soluble 9 all ! ord9>y organic solv5ts1 su* z ligro91 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 acetic acid1 *lorob5z5e1 etc4 ,9 case ! solv5t is miscible ) wat]1 dilution ?r[s out ! product z an oil4 ,,*emical ,,prop]ties ,mu/>d gas is v sl[ly decompos$ by wat]1 ow+ to its v slight solubility4 ,! products are dihydroxye?ylsulfide & hydro*loric acid3 7,cl,c,h,,*7,s #b;,h,o 7,,ho*,,*7,s #b;,h,cl ,c]ta9 sulfonat$ oils accel]ate ! rate ( hydrolysis1 bo? by increas+ ! rate ( solution & ! solubility ( ! mu/>d gas4 ,alkalies also increase ! rate ( hydrolysis4 ,oxidiz+ ag5ts de/roy mu/>d gas4 ,?is reaction 0 made use ( practically 9 t solid blea*+ p[d] 0 e>ly introduc$ z a means ( de/roy+ mu/>d gas 9 ! field4 7,fig4 #i47 ,*lor9at+ ag5ts 7*lor9e1 sulfur di*loride1 etc47 rapidly trans=m mu/>d gas into an inactive 7non-bli/]+7 sub/ance4 ,sulfur di*loride 0 a valuable reag5t 9 bo? laboratory & works 9 8clean+ up0 mu/>d gas4 ,?is reaction also expla9s :y ! e>ly attempts to prep>e mu/>d gas by ! int]action ( e?yl5e & sulfur di*loride 7 unsuccessful4 ,mu/>d gas is probably =m$1 b is almo/ imm$iately *lor9at$ by ! excess ( sulfur di*loride4 ,sulfur *loride on ! o!r h& has no effect on mu/>d gas4 ,*loram9e-,t & ,di*loram9e-,t 7! valuable !rapeutic ag5ts introduc$ by ,dak9 & ,c>rel = treatm5t ( w\nds7 also react ) mu/>d gas4 ,= ?is reason !y 7 advocat$ z treatm5t = mu/>d gas burns4 ,b z we w see lat]1 !y 7 n altoge!r successful4 ,,detection ,at fir/ ! only me?od ( detect+ mu/>d gas 0 ?r\gh ! s5se ( smell4 ,x 0 !n believ$ t conc5trations :i* c\ld n be detect$ 9 ?is way 7 h>mless4 ,lat] ?is prov$ n to be ! case1 & m delicate me?ods _h to be devis$4 ,9 ! laboratory & 9 ! field ^! te/s 7 n v satisfactory1 because mo/ ( !m dep5d$ ^u ! pres5ce ( *lor9e1 & ! majority ( ! w> gases conta9$ *lor9e or "o ( ! o!r halog5s4 ,! ,lant]n ,te/ dep5d$ ^u ! accumulation ( ! halog5 ^u a copp] gauze & ! subsequ5t heat+ ( ! gauze 9 a ,buns5 flame4 ,?is te/ c\ld be made to detect "o "p ( mu/>d gas 9 t5 million p>ts ( air4 ,ano!r field detector devis$ by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice consi/$ 9 ! use ( sel5i\s acid4 ,"h aga9 ! lack ( specificity is app>5t1 = :ile c]ta9 halog5 comp\nds did n give ! te/1 ars9e & organic ars5icals gave a positive reaction & (t5 9 a %ort] "t ?an mu/>d gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,field ,detector = ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,! ,g]mans are said to h _h plates cov]$ ) a yell[ composition :i* _h ! prop]ty ( turn+ black 9 ! pres5ce ( mu/>d gas4 ,^! plates 7 l[]$ into ! bottom ( rec5tly captur$ tr5*es & if1 aft] a few m9utes1 !y turn$ black1 ! pres5ce ( mu/>d gas 0 suspect$4 ,x is also /at$ t ! *>act]i/ic yell[ pa9t on ! olive ( ! mu/>d gas %ell _h ! same composition1 & 0 useful 9 detect+ leaky %ell4 ,accord+ to a des]t]'s /atem5t1 h[ev]1 reliance ^u ?is te/ result$ 9 casualties 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,a :ite pa9t has also be5 report$ :i* turn$ r$ 9 ! pres5ce ( mu/>d gas4 ,?is color *ange 0 n *>act]i/ic1 = te/s made by our ,army %[$ t o!r oils 7anil9e1 turp5t9e1 l9se$7 7 f\nd to produce ! same effect4 ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 0 able to develop an enamel & an oil pa9t :i* 7 v s5sitive detectors ( mu/>d gas4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 yell[ & became d>k r$ 9 contact ) mu/>d gas4 ,! *ange 0 practically in/antane\s4 ,! enamel consi/$ ( *rome yell[ z pigm5t mix$ ) oil sc>let & ano!r dye1 & a lacqu] vehicle1 :i* is ess5tially a solution ( nitrocellulose 9 amyl acetate4 ,"o gallon ( ?is enamel w cov] #idf1ejj sq4 cm41 or a surface equival5t to a b& #c cm4 wide on #ab1ejj sev5 cm4 %ell4 ,! pa9t 0 compos$ ( a mixture ( #ej p] c5t raw l9se$ oil & #ej p] c5t ,japan dri]1 ) ! above dye mixture add$ to ! requir$ consi/5cy4 ,9 contact ) liquid mu/>d gas1 ?is *anges to a deep crimson 9 #d seconds4 ,fur!rmore1 9 contact ) ars5icals1 ?is pa9t *anges to a color v>y+ f deep purple to d>k gre51 ! color *ange be+ almo/ in/antane\s & v s5sitive1 ev5 to ! vapors ( ^! comp\nds4 ,o!r sub/ances h no effect ^u ! pa9t4 ,= field "w1 h[ev]1 no?+ 0 f\nd equal to ! tra9$ nose1 & x is que/ionable if any ( ! me*anical means describ$ w be us$ 9 ! field4 ,,physiological ,,action ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ phases ( mu/>d gas is its peculi> physiological action4 ,?is has be5 /udi$ ext5sively1 bo? z relates to ! toxicity & to ! sk9 or bli/]+ effect4 ,,toxicity ,:5 "o consid]s ! high boil+ po9t ( mu/>d gas1 & its consequ5t l[ vapor pressure1 he is likely to conclude t su* a sub/ance w\ld be ( comp>atively little value z a toxic or poison gas4 ,:ile x is true t an important "p ( ! milit>y value ( mu/>d gas has be5 because ( its vesicant prop]ties1 ! fact /ill rema9s t x is "o ( our mo/ toxic w> gases4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison ) a few ( ! o!r gases indicates ?is3 --------------------------------------- ,mg4 p] ,lit] --------------------- ,mice ,dogs -------------------------------------- ,mu/>d gas #j4b #j4je ,phosg5e #j4c ,hydrocyanic acid #j4b #j4a ,*loropicr9 #a4e #j4h ,*lor9e #c4j -------------------------------------- ,:5 an animal is expos$ to ! vapors ( mu/>d gas 9 high conc5tration1 x subsequ5tly %[s a complexity ( symptoms1 :i* may be divid$ into two classes3 7#a7 ,! local effects on ! eyes1 sk9 & respiratory tract4 ,^! are well recogniz$ & consi/ ma9ly ( conjunctivitis & sup]ficial necrosis ( ! cornea2 hyp]emia1 dema & lat]1 necrosis ( ! sk91 lead+ to a sk9 lesion ( great *ronicity2 & conge/ion & necrosis ( ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! tra*ea & bron*i4 7#b7 ,! sy/emic effects due to ! absorption ( ! sub/ance into ! blood /ream1 & its di/ribution to ! v>i\s tissues ( ! body4 ,! mo/ /rik+ obs]vation ab\t ! symptoms ( mu/>d gas poison+ is ! lat5t p]iod :i* elapses aft] exposure be=e any s]i\s objective or subjective effects are not$4 ,! developm5ts ( ! effects are !n q sl[1 unless v high sup]le?al doses h be5 inhal$4 ,at fir/ x 0 a v s]i\s "q :e!r or n ! tempor>y bl9dness result+ f mu/>d gas w\ld n be p]man5t4 ,lat]1 z ! dep? & s]i\sness ( "s ( ! body burns became well kn[n1 x 0 a sev5-day wond] t no p]man5t bl9dness occurr$4 ,! reason seems to be l>gely a me*anical "o4 ,! con/ant w9k+ ( ! eyelids app>5tly wa%es ! mu/>d gas (f ! eyeball & c>ries x away s t n en\gh rema9s to burn to ! dep? necess>y to cause p]man5t bl9dness4 ,due to ! v slight conc5trations ord9>ily enc\nt]$ 9 ! field1 result+ f a v sl[ rate ( evaporation1 ! dea? rate is v l[1 probably "u #a p] c5t among ! ,am]icans gass$ ) mu/>d dur+ ! w>4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gas be widely & v f9ely disp]s$ by a heavy *>ge ( explosive 9 ! %ell1 ! gas is v deadly4 ,9 su* cases ! injur$ brea! 9 m9ute p>ticles ( ! liquid & ?us get hundr$s ( times ! am\nt ( gas t w\ld be inhal$ z vapor4 ,?is s-call$ 8high explosive mu/>d gas %ell0 0 a ,g]man developm5t 9 ! v la/ mon?s ( ! w>4 ,its effects 7 great en\gh to make x c]ta9 t 9 ! future l>ge numb]s ( ^! %ell w be us$4 ,! simil>ity ( ! symptoms & pa?ological effects aft] ! inhalation ( l>ge am\nts ( ! vapor & ^? foll[+ an injection ( an olive oil or wat] solution ( mu/>d gas l$ ,m>%all & 8 associates to conclude t 9 high conc5trations mu/>d gas is absorb$ ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,a fur!r bit ( evid5ce consi/s 9 ! isolation ( ! hydrolysis product1 dihydroxye?ylsulfide1 9 ! ur9e ( animals poison$ by inhalation ( mu/>d gas4 ,?is product is n toxic & is n responsible = ! effects ( mu/>d gas4 ,hydro*loric acid1 h[ev]1 does produce v def9ite effects ^u ! animal & may cause dea?4 ,f ^! facts ,m>%all#ba has propos$ ! foll[+ me*anism ( ! action ( mu/>d gas3 ,footnote #ba3 ,m>%all1 ,lyn* & ,smi?1 ,j4 ,ph>macal1 #ab1 #bia-cja 7#aiah74 8,di*lore?ylsulphide is v slightly soluble 9 wat] & v freely soluble 9 organic solv5ts1 or has a high lipoid solubility or p>tition coeffici5t4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be expect$ to p5etrate cells v readily4 ,its rapid p[]s ( p5etration are practically prov5 by its effects ^u ! sk94 ,hav+ p5etrat$ )9 ! liv+ cell1 x w\ld und\bt$ly hydrolyze4 ,! lib]ation ( free hydro*loric acid )9 ! cell w\ld produce s]i\s effects & might acc\nt = ! actions ( di*lore?ylsulphide4 ,to summ>ize1 !n1 ! me*anism ( ! action ( di*lore?ylsulphide appe>s to be z foll[s3 8#a4 ,rapid p5etration ( ! sub/ance into ! cell by virtue ( its high lipoid solubility4 #b4 ,hydrolysis by ! wat] )9 ! cell1 to =m hydro*loric acid & dihydroxye?ylsulphide4 #c4 ,! de/ructive effect ( hydro*loric acid ^u "s "p or me*anism ( ! cell4 8,al?\gh hydro*loric acid does n p5etrate cells readily & is easily neutraliz$ by ! buff] action ( ! fluids ( ! body1 we might expect by flood+ ! body ) l>ge quantities ( acid to produce "s ( ! *>act]i/ic effects ( mu/>d gas4 ,/imulation ( ! respiratory c5t] is a well kn[n effect ( acid4 ,convulsions & salivation may be produc$ by injection ( hydro*loric acid & we h be5 able to produce sl[+ ( ! he>t by rapid injection ( ?is acid4 8,! delay$ action ( mu/>d gas might be expla9$ by ! =mation ( "s comp\nd ) "s con/itu5t ( ! blood4 ,h[ev]1 blood tak5 f dogs :i* _h be5 poison$ ) mu/>d gas & 7 exhibit+ typical symptoms at ! "t1 inject$ into normal dogs produc$ no effect4 ,s]um treat$ 9 vitro ) mu/>d gas & all[$ to /& & !n inject$ into a dog1 produc$ no effect4 ,! fluid :i* is =m$ 9 ! vesicle & blebs produc$ by ! application ( mu/>d gas to ! sk9 produces no mu/>d gas effects40 ,9 /udy+ ! toxicity ( mu/>d gas = dogs1 x 0 obs]v$ t a conc5tration ( #j4ja mg4 p] lit] c\ld be tol]at$ indef9itely4 ,if ?is value is consid]$ z a ?re%old value1 & subtract$ f ! toxicity values = v>y+ p]iods ( "t1 x is f\nd t !re is a def9ite relation betwe5 ! toxic conc5tration & ! "t ( exposure4 ,?is is express$ by ! =mula 7,c - #j4ja7t ,k :]e ,c is ! conc5tration obs]v$ = a giv5 "t t4 ,k has ! approximate value ( #a4g1 :]e t v>ies betwe5 #g4e & #dhj m9utes4 ,,vesicant ,,action ,9 addition to its toxicity mu/>d gas is highly important because ( its peculi> irritat+ effect ^u ! sk94 ,its value is se5 :5 we realize t "o "p 9 #ad1jjj1jjj is capable ( caus+ conjunctivitis ( ! eye & t "o "p 9 #c1jjj1jjj & possibly "o "p 9 #e1jjj1jjj w cause a sk9 burn 9 a s5sitive p]son on prolong$ exposure4 ,accord+ to ,w>?91 ! lesions produc$ by mu/>d gas are ^? ( a *emical1 n unlike hydro*loric acid1 b ( mu* great] int5sity4 ,! pa?ology ( ^! lesions has be5 c>efully /udi$ & fully describ$ by ,w>?9 & ,well] 9 _! book on ,! ,pa?ology ( ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,our obs]vations w !re=e be conf9$ to c]ta9 /rik+ features ( ! vesicant action ( ?is sub/ance4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,susceptibility ,,( ,,! ,,sk9 ,e work] :o has work$ ) mu/>d gas has notic$ t "s individuals are mu* m susceptible to sk9 burns f ?is sub/ance ?an are o!rs4 ,m>%all made a /udy ( #abhb m5 at ,edgewood ,ars5al1 us+ a #a p] c5t & a #j4ja p] c5t solution ( mu/>d gas 9 p>aff9 oil4 ,a small drop ( ^! solutions 0 appli$ to ! sk9 ( ! =e>m ( ! subject & ! arm all[$ to rema9 uncov]$ = ab\t #aj m9utes4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a positive reaction is indicat$ by ! appe>ance or abs5ce ( ery!ma #bd h\rs lat]4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 #a #j4ja ( ,total ,positive ,positive #c4c ,positive ,negative #ee4c ,negative ,negative #da4d ,! te/ made on #hd negroes gave ! foll[+ results3 #a #j4ja ( ,total ,positive ,positive #j4j ,positive ,negative #ae4j ,negative ,negative #gh4j ,que/ionable ,negative #g4j 8,x is se5 f ! above tables t negroes z a race1 h a mu* m resi/ant sk9 ?an :ite m54 ,no negro ( ! #hd exam9$ react$ to ! #j4a p] c5t solution1 & ( c\rse none w\ld react to a m dilute "o4 ,ab\t #aj p] c5t ( :ite m5 react to ! #j4a p] c5t solution1 :ile #b to #c p] c5t react to ! #j4ja p] c5t solution or are hyp]s5sitive4 ,ab\t #gh p] c5t ( ! negroes fail to react to ! #a p] c5t solution1 :ile only #bj to #dj p] c5t ( ! :ite race d n %[ a reaction40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,! same individual may also %[ v>iations 9 susceptibility & ?is has also be5 /udi$ by ,m>%all4 8,! effect ( ex]cise & sweat+ 0 inve/igat$4 ,a numb] ( individuals 7 giv5 vapor burns 7"o to five m9utes exposure7 & !n ex]cis$ until 9 a pr(use sweat1 & !n ! same exposure to vapors made4 ,9 all cases ! burn produc$ aft] ex]cis+ 0 m sev]e4 ,sweat+ produc$ by hav+ ! subjects place _! feet 9 hot wat]1 produc$ ! same increase 9 susceptibility4 ,t ! moi/ure on ! sk9 produc$ by sweat+ is at lea/ p>tly1 if n entirely1 responsible = ! increas$ susceptibility1 0 %[n 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,an area ( ! =e>m 0 kept moi/ = a few m9utes ) wet cotton4 ,! sponge 0 !n remov$ & two vapor te/s made1 "o ov] ! moi/ area & "o ov] normal1 dry sk94 ,9 all cases ! moi/ burn 0 ! m sev]e1 9 "o1 produc+ a bli/] :]e ! control did n4 8,! sk9 ( diff]5t areas ( ! body is und\bt$ly some:at diff]5t 9 its susceptibility4 ,all our te/s h be5 appli$ to ! =e>m4 ,! h&s are consid]ably m resi/ant ?an ! =e>m4 ,te/s made by ! oil me?od on ! =e>m1 *e/1 & back1 h[ev]1 indicate v little diff]5ce 9 susceptibility ( ^! areas4 ,! sk9 9 ! neighborhood ( old burns has be5 %[n to be m susceptible4 8,9 g5]al1 ! same individual does n become m susceptible to sk9 burns f cont9u$ exposure to ! vapor4 ,! great numb] ( te/s :i* h be5 made on ! same individual at diff]5t times & "u ! same conditions1 indicate a rem>kable con/ancy 9 reaction4 ,a s]ies ( m5 :o 7 te/$ at v>i\s times dur+ a p]iod ( f\r mon?s1 reveal$ slight *anges f "t to "t 9 "s ( ! m54 ,no man :o orig9ally react$ to only ! #a p] c5t solution ev] react$ to ! #j4ja1 & likewise1 no man :o orig9ally react$ to ! #j4ja ev] fail$ to react to ! #j4a p] c5t4 8,susceptibility ( sk9 ( animals4 ,! p>aff9 oil te/ 0 us$ on a numb] ( animals & indicat$ t diff]5ces 9 susceptibility exi/ 9 diff]5t species & 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same species40 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,p]c5tage ,positive to ,species ,numb] -------------------------- ,te/$ #a ,p] #j4a ,p] #j4ja ,p] ,c5t ,c5t ,c5t ---------------------------------------- ----- ,horse #a #ajj #ajj #ajj ,dog #ia #hc #ce #j ,goat #aa #ee #cf #j ,rat #aj #cj #bj #j ,m\se #g #gj #ad #j ,rabbit #b #ajj #j #j ,gu9ea-pig #ab #cc #j #j ,monkey #i #bb #j #j ---------------------------------------- ----- ,! horse appe>s to be ! mo/ s5sitive & ! monkey & gu9ea-pig ! mo/ resi/ant species1 :ile ! dog w\ld seem to h a s5sitivity z ne> man z any ( ! species /udi$4 ,no animal has yet be5 f\nd :i* w give a bli/] f ! application ( mu/>d gas4 ,smi?1 ,cl[es & ,m>%all#bb h /udi$ ! me*anism ( absorption by ! sk94 ,!y f9d t x is q evid5t t ! mu/>d gas is at fir/ rapidly tak5 up by "s elem5t on1 or adjac5t to1 ! surface ( ! sk9 & = two to ?ree m9utes x may be completely remov$1 & = t5 to fifte5 m9utes p>tially remov$ by prolong$ wa%+ ,) an organic solv5t1 & to a less] ext5t ) soap & wat]4 ,footnote #bb3 ,j4 ,ph>macol41 #ac1 #a 7#aiai74 ,an int]e/+ ph5om5on is obs]v$ :5 ! untreat$ normal sk9 ( "o subject is impress$ = five m9utes ^u an area ( sk9 ( ano!r subject1 :i* has be5 expos$ previ\sly to ! vapors ( mu/>d gas4 ,"u ^! circum/ances bo? donor & recipi5t may develop burns 7due to ! transposition ( ! poison f "o sk9 to ano!r71 ! int5sity ( :i* w v>y accord+ to ! circum/ances & ! respective s5sitiv5ess ( ! p>ticipants4 ,! degree ( transposition is mo/ /rik+ly obs]v$ 9 ! int5sity ( ! burn on ! donor's arm4 ,if two simil> exposures are made on ! arm ( a s5sitive man1 & "o ( ^! burns is treat$1 s to speak1 by contact = five m9utes1 ) ! sk9 ( a resi/ant man1 ! treat$ burn w be m>k$ly less sev]e ?an ! control1 9 "s cases be+ entirely prev5t$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! recipi5t is equally s5sitive to or m s5sitive ?an ! donor1 ! burns on ! latt] w exhibit f> less diff]5ce4 ,bo? treatm5ts may be effect$ at once1 us+ two recipi5ts1 "o m1 & ! o!r less1 resi/ant ?an ! donor4 ,9 su* a case ! burn br\ght into contact ) ! m resi/ant sk9 w be ! less sev]e4 ,simil>ly1 if a s5sitive individual impresses 8 arm alt]nately aga9/ burns ( ! same conc5tration & exposure on a resi/ant & s5sitive man1 ! recipi5t receives a m sev]e burn f ! s5sitive ?an f ! resi/ant man4 ,?is indicates t ! sk9 ( a resi/ant individual exhibits a great] aff9ity or capacity = mu/>d gas ?an t ( a s5sitive "o4 ,!re is an actual p>tition ( ! gas betwe5 ! two sk9s1 ) an evid5t t5d5cy to e/abli% an equilibrium 9 :i* ! l>g] portion ( ! gas w rema9 9 t sk9 :i* possesses ! great] capacity = x4 8,a t5tative explanation ( ?is ph5om5on c be made z foll[s4 ,a ?ree phase sy/em is involv$--! air ov] ! sk9 surface con/itutes ! out] phase2 "s fatty or k]at9\s elem5ts ( ! sk91 ! c5tral phase2 & a cellul> portion ( ! sk9 ! inn] phase4 ,! c5tral phase is ri* 9 lipoids & poor 9 wat]1 :ile ! inn] phase is ri* 9 wat] & poor 9 lipoids4 ,aft] exposure to ! vapors ( di*loroe?ylsulphide ! c5tral phase is ! absorb+ ag5t & t5ds to e/abli% equilibrium ) ! o!r two phases4 ,on acc\nt ( ! lipoid nature ( ! c5tral phase no damage is produc$ "h because ! comp\nd is n hydrolyz$4 ,on its passage f ! c5tral to ! inn] phase hydrolysis takes place )9 ! cell & damage results :5 a suffici5t conc5tration ( hydro*loric acid is atta9$4 ,! out] phase is con/antly be+ fre$ f vapor by diffusion & convection curr5ts1 s m & m c evaporate f ! c5tral phase4 ,! susceptibility ( an individual dep5ds on ! relative p[] ( ! c5tral phase to hold ! poison 9 an inactive =m 7n hydrolyz$7 & prev5t its entry into ! inn] phase at a suffici5t velocity to result 9 ! =mation ( a toxic conc5tration4 ,we d n attempt to localize ! c5tral or inn] phases ) any def9ite /ructure ( ! sk94 ,z mu/>d is kn[n to p5etrate ! sebace\s ducts ! fat "h might =m "o phase & ! epi!lial l9+ ano!r40 ,,tactical ,,use ,,( ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,z be=e /at$1 mu/>d gas1 l mo/ o!r mat]ials us$ 9 w>1 0 discov]$ 9 peace4 ,inde$1 ,victor ,mey] 9 #ahhf work$ out fairly completely its dang]\s *>act]i/ics4 ,l phosg5e & *lor9e us$ be=e x1 ! mat]ials = its production 7 available 9 consid]able quantities ?r\gh ! manufacture ( compon5ts ei!r = dyes or photographic *emicals4 ,mu/>d gas1 besides be+ highly poison\s1 has s _m o!r important qualities z to h giv5 x ! designation dur+ ! w> ( ! 8k+ ( gases40 ,t broad di/9ction x /ill holds4 ,its introduction at ,ypres1 on ! night ( ,july #ab1 #aiag1 *ang$ completely ! :ole aspect ( gas w>f>e & to a consid]able ext5t ! :ole aspect ( w>f>e ( e k9d4 ,x is highly poison\s1 be+ 9 t respect "o ( ! mo/ useful ( all w> gases4 ,x produces no imm$iate discom=t4 ,x has a consid]able delay action4 ,x burns ! body inside or out1 :]ev] !re is moi/ure4 ,eyes1 lungs & s(t p>ts ( ! body are readily attack$4 ,x l+]s = two or ?ree days 9 ! w>me/ wea!r1 :ile 9 cold1 damp wea!r x is dang]\s = a week or t5 days1 & 9 /ill cold] wea!r may be dang]\s = a mon? or long] :5ev] ! wea!r w>ms up suffici5t to volatilize ! liquid4 ,x is only sl[ly de/roy$ 9 ! e>?1 mak+ digg+ ar\nd %ell holes dang]\s = weeks & mon?s & 9 "s cases possibly a ye> or m4 ,! ,g]mans fir/ us$ x simply to get casualties & int]f]e ) or break up ! ?reat5$ heavy attacks by ! ,briti% on ! ,ypres sali5t4 ,:ile n /opp+ ! inauguration ( ^! attacks 9 ! fall ( #aiag1 ! ,g]man use ( mu/>d gas 0 s effective z to delay ! beg9n+ ( ^? attacks = at lea/ two weeks & ?us ga9 valuable "t = ! ,g]mans1 besides caus+ s]i\s casualties ) consequ5t p>tial break up ( companies1 regim5ts & divisions 9 ! ,engli% ,army4 ,! ,g]man us$ 8 mu/>d gas ?r\gh\t ! fall ( #aiag & ! w9t] ( #aiag & #aiah1 z above /at$1 to produce casualties1 to de/roy morale1 to break up units1 & to int]f]e ) op]ations g5]ally4 ,dur+ t "t1 h[ev]1 he develop$ a m sci5tific use & :5 he />t$ 8 big (f5sives 9 ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may & ,june1 #aiah1 he us$ mu/>d gas be=e ! battles to cause losses1 break up units & de/roy morale1 & also dur+ ! progress ( battles to completely neutralize /rong po9ts :i* he felt he did n want to attempt to take by direct assault4 ,p]haps ! mo/ not$ case ( ?is 0 at ,arm5tires 9 ,april1 :5 he delug$ ! city to su* an ext5t t mu/>d gas is said to h actually run 9 ! /reets4 ,s effective 0 ?is gass+ t n only did ! ,briti% h to )draw f ! city b ! ,g]mans c\ld n ent] x = m ?an two weeks4 ,x1 h[ev]1 enabl$ ! ,g]mans to take ! city ) practically no loss ( life4 ,!re 7 num]\s o!r cases on a small] scale :]e mu/>d gas 0 us$ 9 ! same way4 ,on acc\nt ( its p]si/5ce x has be5 g5]ally ref]r$ to z a def5sive gas & = t purpose x is incomp>able4 ,! use ( suffici5t quantities ( mu/>d gas w almo/ c]ta9ly /op ! occupation ( areas by ! enemy & probably ev5 /op 8 cross+ !m4 ,x also enables /rong po9ts :i* x is n desir$ to attack to be completely neutraliz$1--t is1 made s unhabitable t ! area mu/ be evacuat$4 ,a use t 0 propos$ t[>d ! end ( ! w>1 & t w und\bt$ly be made ( ! gas 9 ! future1 is to h x plant$ 9 drums 9 ! gr\nd & explod$ :5 an enemy is attempt+ to advance4 ,?is w\ld be a highly economic way to di/ribute great quantities ( ! mat]ial at ! mom5t & 9 ! place mo/ he$$4 ,x has ev5 be5 propos$1 & ?is w\ld seem entirely feasible1 to spr9kle c]ta9 ( ^! areas ) mu/>d gas by means ( spr9kl]s atta*$ to drums or ev5 tanks m\nt$ on trucks4 ,j be=e ! ,armi/ice ! ,g]man made ano!r developm5t 9 ! use ( mu/>d gas4 ,in/ead ( ! ord9>y am\nt ( explosive1 :i* only fairly op5$ up ! %ell & all[$ ! liquid to escape1 he fill$ ne>ly #cj p] c5t ( ! total space ( ! %ell ) high explosive4 ,?is completely broke up ! %ell & di/ribut$ ! great] "p ( ! liquid mu/>d gas 9 ! =m ( a f9e spray4 ,?is spray1 :5 brea!d1 prov$ extremely deadly1 z might be expect$ f ! fact t :5 9 ! =m ( m9ute p>ticles "o c draw into ! lungs 9 a s+le brea? "o hundr$ times or m ! am\nt t he w\ld get ( pure gas4 ,s9ce mu/>d gas has su* a delay action & is effective 9 su* small conc5trations x c be us$ v effectively 9 small calibre guns1 z ! #ge mm4 or #c-;in*4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce x la/s = two or ?ree days at ! v lea/1 a small numb] ( guns c keep a v l>ge area neutraliz$ ) ! gas4 ,) phosg5e & simil> non-p]si/5t gases t volatilize almo/ completely ^u ! bur/ ( ! %ell x is necess>y to build up a high conc5tration imm$iately4 ,! exact opposite is true ( mu/>d gas4 ,mu/>d gas c be fir$ v sl[ly ) ! c]ta9 k t all %ells fir$ at "o mom5t w be effective :5 ! next is fir$1 ?\gh twelve h\rs or m may int]v5e betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ fir+4 ,?us1 :ile ) phosg5e a l>ge numb] ( guns are ne$$ = a gas attack1 ) mu/>d gas ! numb] c be r$uc$ to "o-t5? or ev5 less4 ,mu/>d gas may be 9 ! future & has be5 9 ! pa/ us$ safely 9 h& gr5ades because ( its v l[ vapor t5sion1 :]eby ! pressure at ord9>y temp]atures is exce$+ly l[4 ,?is has an important be>+ on cyl9d]s & o!r conta9]s = %ipp+ mu/>d gas1 t is1 !y ne$ be only /rong en\gh to be safe aga9/ h&l+ & n to )/& ! high pressure enc\nt]$ ) phosg5e or *lor9e cyl9d]s4 ,9 ! future1 mu/>d gas w be us$ 9 all ! ways above /at$ & und\bt$ly 9 _m m4 ,x c be fir$ 9 l>ge quantities ^u /rong po9ts to =ce _! evacuation4 ,x c be fir$ on ! flank ( attack+ armies = protection aga9/ c\nt]-attacks4 ,x c be fir$ aga9/ ! enemy artill]y at all times to sil5ce !m & /op _! fir+4 ,x 0 ?us us$ by ! ,am]icans 9 ! ,argonne aga9/ ! enemy on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,meuse ,riv]1 ?is riv] sep>at+ ! ,am]ican & ,g]man armies4 ,x 0 extremely effective 9 /opp+ ! enemy's artill]y4 ,! high explosive mu/>d gas %ell1 n only because ( its p]si/5cy b because ( its quick deadl9ess1 c be fir$ s+ly & be dep5d$ ^u to d its "w :]ev] !re be m5 or animals4 ,"o ( ! greate/ uses w be by simple spr9kl+ f a]oplanes4 ,! future w see mu/>d gas us$ at ne>ly all times ) a c]ta9 quantity ( a p[]ful la*rymator or te> gas4 ,?is is = ! reasons1 z /at$ 9 ! beg9n+1 t mu/>d gas causes no imm$iate discom=t & has no objectionable smell4 ,accord+ly1 if ! battle be critical1 m5 may cont9ue to fight f f\r to eight h\rs 9 a mu/>d gas atmosph]e )\t masks4 ,x is true ! casualties w be high ) a high dea? rate4 ,nev]!less1 ?is p]iod ( "t might enable ! artill]y to d su* effective "w z to completely /op an attack4 ,if1 h[ev]1 at ! in/ant mu/>d gas fir+ is begun a numb] ( p[]ful la*rymatory %ells are s5t ov]1 ! imm$iate we>+ ( ! mask is =c$4 ,! enemy is !n subject to all ! burn+ effects ( mu/>d gas z well z ! discom=t ( long we>+ ( ! mask4 ,x may confid5tly be expect$ t fur!r developm5ts 9 ! use ( mu/>d gas w be made1 z well z fur!r developm5ts 9 me?ods ( ?r[+ x ^u ! enemy or ( bur/+ %ell conta9+ x 9 8 mid/4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,ars5ic ,,d]ivatives ,s9ce ars5ic is well kn[n z an insecticide 9 ! =m ( lead ars5ate1 ars5ic acid etc41 & 9 ph>macy1 specially 9 ! =m ( salv>san & neosalv>san1 x is n surpris+ t ! ,g]mans %\ld h endeavor$ to discov] an ars5ic d]ivative :i* w\ld be ( value f ! po9t ( view ( *emical w>f>e4 ,v e>ly 9 ! w> p]si/5t rumors 7 circulat$ t ! ,g]mans 7 to use ars9e4 ,^! rumors l$ to ! use ( sodium p]manganate 9 ! cani/]1 b z f> z is kn[n1 no ars9e 0 actually us$4 ,ano!r sugge/ion :i* receiv$ consid]able att5tion f ,am]ican work]s 0 ! use ( ars5ides1 :i* might decompose "u ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]ic moi/ure ) ! lib]ation ( ars9e4 ,calculation ( ! am\nt ( ars5ide necess>y to e/abli% a le?al conc5tration ( ars9e %[$1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 no possibility ( us+ ! mat]ial on ! field4 ,because ( ! use ( ars5ic tri*loride 9 ! manufacture ( organic ars5ic comp\nds1 a me?od ( prep>ation 0 develop$ f ars5ic trioxide & sulfur *loride or hydrog5 *loride4 ,x 0 also %[n exp]im5tally t ! phosg5e ( ! tail gas ( phosg5e plants might be conv]t$ into ars5ic tri*loride by reaction ) ars5ic trioxide4 ,*>coal is ! catalyz] ( ?is reaction4 ,ars5ic tri*loride is also ( int]e/ because x 0 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! mixture v9c5nite1 e>ly us$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,?is 0 a mixture ( hydrocyanic acid1 /annic *loride1 ars5ic tri*loride & *lor(orm4 ,:ile ext5sively us$ at fir/1 x 0 gradually replac$ by phosg5e4 ,ars5ic trifl\ride 0 also prep>$ by ! action ( sulfuric acid ^u a mixture ( calcium fl\ride & ars5ic trioxide4 ,! comp\nd is v easily decompos$ by ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & fur!rmore is n v toxic4 ,organic ars5ic d]ivatives are ! mo/ important comp\nds f ! milit>y po9t ( view4 ,! fir/ sub/ance us$ 0 diphyl*loro>s9e1 a :ite solid1 :i* readily p5etrat$ ! cani/] & caus$ sneez+4 ,?is 0 us$ alone1 & 9 solution 9 ph5yl di*loro>s9e4 ,lat] me?yl & e?yl di*loro>s9es 7 introduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,app>atus = ! ,manufacture ( ,me?yldi*loro>s9e4 ,,me?yldi*loro>s9e ,! ,g]mans app>5tly us$ e?yldi*loro>s9e because !y _h no suitable me?od = ! prep>ation ( me?yl di*loro>s9e1 :i* is a m satisfactory mat]ial4 ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice develop$ ! foll[+ me?od ( prep>ation ( ! me?yl d]ivative4 ,sodium ars5ite 7,na,as,o7 is prep>$ by dissolv+ ars5ic trioxide 9 sodium hydroxide solution4 ,! action ( me?yl sulfate at #hej ,c4 gives disodium me?yl ars5ite1 ,na,,*,as,o4 ,sulfur dioxide r$uces ! ars5ite to me?yl ars9e oxide1 ,,*,as,o1 :i* is !n react$ ) hydro*loric acid to give me?yl di*loro>s9e4 ,! f9al product is di/ill$ f ! mixture & cond5s$4 ,?is mat]ial co/s f two to two & a half doll>s p] p\nd = *emicals 7w> prices74 ,me?yldi*loro>s9e is a colorless liquid ( p[]ful burn+ odor1 :i* boils at #acb ,c4 ,x is some:at soluble 9 wat] & is soluble 9 organic solv5ts4 ,! specific gravity is #a4hch at #bj ,c4 ,! vapor pressure at #be 0 f\nd to be #aj4hc mm4 m]cury4 ,n only is ! mat]ial toxic b x has rem>kable vesicant prop]ties1 comp>+ favorably ) mu/>d gas 9 ?is respect4 ,e?yldi*loro>s9e1 :i* 0 us$ by ! ,g]mans1 0 prep>$ by ! me?od giv5 above1 us+ e?yl sulfate1 b ! yield 0 nev] ov] #bj p] c5t4 ,9 g5]al ?is has prop]ties simil> to ! me?yl d]ivative4 ,,diph5yl*loro>s9e ,! be/ kn[n ( ! ars5icals1 h[ev]1 is diph5yl*loro>s9e or sneez+ gas4 ,al?\gh ?is is an old comp\nd 7hav+ be5 prep>$ by ,g]man *emi/s 9 #ahhe71 !re 0 no me?od = its prep>ation on a l>ge scale :51 fir/ introduc$ into *emical w>f>e4 ,x 0 f9ally discov]$ t ! int]action ( triph5yl ars9e ) ars5ic tri*loride 0 fairly satisfactory & a plant 0 erect$ = its manufacture4 ,:5 pure1 diph5yl*loro>s9e is a colorless solid1 melt+ at #dd4 ,because ( ?is1 x 0 always us$ 9 solution 9 a toxic gas or 9 a %ell :i* conta9$ a l>ge am\nt ( explosive s t on ! op5+ ( ! %ell ! mat]ial w\ld be f9ely divid$ & scatt]$ ov] a wide t]ritory4 ,its value lay 9 ! fact t ! f9e p>ticles readily p5etrat$ ! ord9>y mask & caus$ ! irritation ( ! nose & ?roat1 :i* result$ 9 sneez+4 ,?is necessitat$ ! p]fection ( special smoke filt]s to remove ! p>ticles1 aft] :i* ! o!r toxic mat]ials 7 remov$ by ! absorb5t 9 ! cani/]4 ,x causes sneez+ & sev]e burn+ s5sations 9 ! nose1 ?roat & lungs 9 conc5trations z slight z #a "p 9 #aj million4 ,9 high] conc5trations1 say #a 9 #bjj to #ejj ?\s& x causes sev]e vomit+4 ,:ile nei!r ( ^! effects are dang]\s or v la/+1 /ill high] conc5trations are s]i\s1 z 9 equal conc5trations diph5yl*loro>s9e is m poison\s ?an phosg5e4 ,v>i\s o!r ars5ical *emicals 7 develop$ 9 ! laboratory1 b ) "o or two exceptions !y 7 n z valuable z diph5yl*loro>s9e & me?yldi*loro>s9e & 7 !re=e disc>d$4 ,,g]man ,,me?ods ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,ars5icals#bc ,,diph5yl*loro>s9e ,footnote #bc3 ,norris1 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #aa1 #hbe 7#aiai74 8,?is sub/ance 7,blue ,cross7 0 a fam\s gas ( ! ,g]mans & 0 made 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! me?od us$ by ! ,g]mans 0 diff]5t f ! "o work$ out by ! ,allies1 & on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! ,g]man me?od c\ld be c>ri$ out )\t specially design$ app>atus & requir$ z raw mat]ials sub/ances readily obta9able1 x 0 probably pref]able4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! ,allies w\ld h made ?is gas1 = z ! result ( its use no fatalities 7 report$4 ,! ,g]man process consi/$ 9 prep>+ ph5yl>s5ic acid by cond5s+ b5z5e diazonium *loride ) sodium ars5ite4 ,! acid 0 next r$uc$ by sulfur dioxide to ph5yl>s5\s acid1 :i* 01 9 turn1 cond5s$ ) ! diazonium comp\nd to =m diph5yl>s5ic acid4 ,?is acid 0 r$uc$ to diph5yl>s5\s oxide1 :i* ) hydro*loric acid yield$ diph5yl*loro>s9e4 ,! *emical equations = ! reactions w make cle>] ! /eps involv$4 ,c,h,n,cl ,na,as,o ,c,h,as,o,na ,na,cl ,n ,c,h,as,o,na #b;,h,cl ,c,h,as,o,h #b,na,cl ,c,h,as,o,h ,,s,h,o ,c,h,as,o,h ,h,,s ,c,h,n,cl ,c,h,as,o,na 7,c,h7,as,o,na ,na,cl ,n 7,c,h7,as,o,na ,h,cl 7,c,h7,as,o,h ,na,cl #b7;,c,h7,as,o,h #b,,s ,h,o 7,c,h7,z,o #b;,h,,s 7,c,h7,z,o #b;,h,cl #b7;,c,h7,as,cl ,h,o4 8,! entire process 0 c>ri$ out at ,h*/4 ,! me?od us$ at ,h*/ 0 z foll[s3 ,9 prep>+ ! diazonium solution1 #c kg4-mols ( anil9e 7 dissolv$ 9 #cjjj lit]s ( wat] & ! !oretical quantity ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! temp]ature ( ! solution 0 r$uc$ to betwe5 #j & #e & ! !oretical am\nt ( sodium nitrite add$4 ,! reaction 0 c>ri$ out 9 a wood5 tank ( ! usual =m = ! prep>ation ( diazonium comp\nds4 ,a solution ( sodium ars5ite 0 prep>$ :i* conta9$ #bj p] c5t excess ( oxide ov] t requir$ to react ) ! anil9e us$4 ,! ars5\s oxide 0 dissolv$ 9 sodium c>bonate1 c>e be+ tak5 to h en\gh ( ! alkali pres5t to neutralize all ( ! acid pres5t 9 ! solution ( ! diazonium salt4 ,to ! solution ( ! sodium ars5ite 7 add$ #bj kg4 ( copp] sulfate dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ?is be+ ! am\nt requir$ :5 #c kg4-mols ( anil9e are us$4 ,! solution ( ! diazonium comp\nd 0 all[$ to fl[ sl[ly into ! solution ( ! ars5ite :ile ! temp]ature 0 ma9ta9$ at #ae4 ,! mixture 0 con/antly /irr$ dur+ ! addition :i* requires ab\t #c hrs4 ,aft] ! reaction 0 complete1 ! mat]ial 0 pass$ ?r\gh a filt] press 9 ord] to remove ! c\pl+ ag5t & ! t> :i* _h be5 =m$4 ,hydro*loric acid 0 next add$ to ! cle> solution to precipitate ph5yl>s5ic acid1 ! la/ portions ( :i* 7 remov$ by ! addition ( salt4 8,! ph5yl>s5ic acid 0 next r$uc$ to ph5yl>s5\s acid by means ( a solution ( sodium bisulfite1 ab\t #bj p] c5t excess ( ! latt] ov] ! !oretical am\nt be+ us$4 ,= #ajj p>ts ( ars5ic acid1 #djj p>ts ( solution 7 us$4 ,! reaction 0 c>ri$ out 9 a wood5 vessel & ! mixture /irr$ dur+ ! entire op]ation4 ,a temp]ature ( #hj 0 ma9ta9$ by means ( a /eam coil4 ,ph5yl>s5\s acid sep>at$ z an oil4 ,! aque\s solution 0 decant$ f ! oil1 :i* 0 dissolv$ 9 a solution ( sodium hydroxide1 #dj ,b4 ,! solution ( ! sodium salt ( ph5yl>s5\s acid 0 treat$ ) wat] s t ! result+ solution _h a volume ( #f cu4 m4 :5 #c kg4-mols ( ! salt 7 pres5t4 ,ice 0 next add$ to r$uce ! temp]ature to #ae & a solution ( b5z5e diazonium *loride1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] describ$ = ! fir/ op]ation1 0 sl[ly add$4 ,aft] ! c\pl+1 diph5yl>s5ic acid 0 precipitat$ by means ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! acid 0 remov$ by means ( a filt] press & dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 #bj ,b4 ,= "o "p ( diph5yl>s5ic acid1 #c p>ts ( hydro*loric acid 7 us$4 ,into ?is solution 0 pass$ #e p] c5t excess ( sulfur dioxide ov] t requir$ = ! r$uction4 ,! sulfur dioxide us$ 0 obta9$ f cyl9d]s :i* conta9$ x 9 liquid condition4 8,! r$uction 0 c>ri$ out 9 an iron tank l9$ ) tiles & a temp]ature ( #hj 0 ma9ta9$4 ,ab\t #h hrs4 7 requir$ = ! reaction4 ,! diph5yl>s5ic acid on r$uction by ! sulfur dioxide 0 conv]t$ into diph5yl>s5\s oxide :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! hydro*loric acid1 0 conv]t$ into diph5yl*loro>s9e1 :i* sep>at$ z an oil4 ,! oil 0 next remov$ & heat$ 9 ! be/ vacuum obta9able until x 0 dry & free f hydro*loric acid4 ,! comp\nd melt$ at #cd4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 iron tanks = %ipm5t4 ,! yield ( diph5yl*loro>s9e calculat$ f ! anil9e us$ 0 f #be to #cj p] c5t ( ! !oretical4 ,no m>k$ tr\ble 0 obs]v$ 9 h&l+ ! mat]ials & no s]i\s poison+ cases 7 report$4 ,,diph5ylcyano>s9e 8,?is comp\nd 0 prep>$ by treat+ diph5yl*loro>s9e ) a saturat$ aque\s solution ( potassium or sodium cyanide4 7,c,h7,as,cl ,na,c,n 7,c,h7,as,c,n ,na,cl4 ,five p] c5t excess ( ! alkal9e cyanide 0 us$4 ,! reaction 0 c>ri$ out at #fj ) vigor\s /irr+4 ,! yield 0 ne>ly !oretical4 ,,e?yldi*loro>s9e 8,?is comp\nd 0 prep>$ at ,h*/ f e?yl>s5\s oxide :i* 0 obta9$ f ! ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik4 8,,prep>ation ,,( ,,e?yl>s5\s ,,oxide--,! comp\nd 0 prep>$ by treat+ sodium ars5ite ) e?yl *loride "u pressure4 ,! result+ sodium salt ( e?yl>s5ic acid 0 conv]t$ into ! free acid & r$uc$ by sulfur dioxide4 ,! e?yl>s5\s acid =m$ 9 ?is way lo/ wat] & 0 !reby trans=m$ into e?yl>s5\s oxide4 ,! reactions involv$ are z foll[s3 ,c,h,cl ,na,as,o ,c,h,as,o,na ,na,cl ,c,h,as,o,na #b ,h,cl ,c,h,as,o,h #b ,na,cl ,c,h,as,o,h ,,s ,h,o ,c,h,as,o,h ,h,,s #b;,c,h,as,o,h 7,c,h,z7,o ,h,o4 8,! e?yl *loride us$ 9 ! prep>ation 0 9 "p made 9 ?is factory1 & 9 "p receiv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,z e?yl *loride is an important product us$ 9 peace "t1 x is n1 !re=e1 ess5tially a w> product & its prep>ation 0 n describ$4 8,9 prep>+ ! solution ( sodium ars5ite1 "o molecul> weight ( ars5\s oxide 0 dissolv$ 9 a solution conta9+ #h molecul> weights ( sodium hydroxide4 ,! solution ( ! base 0 prep>$ f a #ej p] c5t solution ( sodium hydroxide to :i* en\gh solid alkali 0 add$ to make ! solution a #ee p] c5t "o4 ,9 "o op]ation #ffj kg4 ( ars5\s oxide 7 us$4 ,= #ajj p>ts ( ars5\s oxide1 #acj p>ts ( e?yl *loride 7 us$1 ?is be+ ! !oretical am\nt ( ! latt]4 8,! reaction 0 c>ri$ out 9 a /eel autoclave ( ab\t #cjj lit]s capacity4 ,! temp]ature 0 ma9ta9$ at betwe5 #ij & #ie4 ,! e?yl *loride 0 pump$ 91 9 #c or #d portions1 & ! pressure 9 ! autoclave 0 kept at f #aj to #ae atmosph]es4 ,! sev]al portions ( e?yl *loride 7 introduc$ at int]vals ( ab\t #a hrs4 ,dur+ ! entire reaction1 ! cont5ts ( ! autoclave 7 vigor\sly /irr$4 ,aft] all ! e?yl *loride _h be5 add$1 ! mat]ial 0 /irr$ f #ab to #af hrs41 at ! end ( :i* "t ! pressure _h fall5 to ab\t #f atmosph]es4 ,! excess ( e?yl *loride & ! alcohol =m$ 9 ! reaction 7 next di/ill$ (f4 ,at ?is po9t a sample ( ! solution 0 drawn (f = te/+4 ,?is 0 done by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( ars5ite pres5t 9 ! solution4 ,if n m ?an #bj p] c5t ( sodium ars5ite _h n react$1 ! prep>ation 0 consid]$ satisfactory4 ,wat] 0 !n add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! autoclave 9 suffici5t am\nt to dissolve ! solid mat]ial4 ,! product 0 next drawn ov] into a tank & neutraliz$ ) sulfuric acid4 ,x 0 !n treat$ ) sulfur dioxide gas until !re 0 an excess ( ! latt] pres5t4 ,! mixture 0 !n heat$ to ab\t #gj :5 ! e?yl>s5\s oxide precipitat$ z a heavy oil4 ,?is 0 readily sep>at$ & %ipp$ )\t fur!r purification4 ,! yield ( e?yl>s5\s oxide1 f ars5ic oxide1 0 f #hj to #hb p] c5t ( a product :i* conta9$ ab\t #ic p] c5t ( pure e?yl>s5\s oxide4 8,,prep>ation ,,( ,,e?yldi*loro>s9e--,! comp\nd 0 prep>$ by treat+ e?yl>s5\s oxide ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! reaction is z foll[s3 ,c,h,as,o #b;,h,cl ,c,h,as,cl ,h,o4 ,! op]ation 0 c>ri$ out 9 an iron kettle l9$ ) lead1 :i* 0 cool$ ext]nally by means ( wat] & :i* 0 furni%$ ) a lead cov]$ /irr]4 ,to ! kettle1 :i* conta9$ f #ejj to #ajjj kg4 ( hydro*loric acid left ov] f ! previ\s op]ation1 7 add$ #djjj kg4 ( e?yl>s5\s oxide4 ,! gase\s hydro*loric acid 0 next l$ 94 ,! kettle 0 kept "u slightly dim9i%$ pressure 9 ord] to assi/ 9 ! introduction ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! temp]ature dur+ ! reaction mu/ n rise above #ie4 ,:5 ! hydro*loric acid 0 no long] absorb$ & 0 conta9$ 9 appreciable quantities 9 ! issu+ gases1 ! op]ation 0 /opp$4 ,?is usually occurr$ at ! end ( f "o to two days4 ,! product ( ! reaction 0 drawn (f by means ( a wat] pump & heat$ 9 a vacuum until drops ( oil pass$ ov]4 ,! residue 0 pass$ ov] to a measur+ tank & f9ally to tank-wagons made ( iron4 ,! yield ( ! product 0 practically ! !oretical4 ,on acc\nt ( ! volatility ( ! comp\nd & its poison\s "*1 ! app>atus 9 :i* x 0 prep>$ 0 surr\nd$ by an octagonal box1 ! sides ( :i* 7 fitt$ ) glass w9d[s4 ,?r\gh ?is *amb] a con/ant supply ( air 0 drawn4 ,?is 0 l$ into a *imney :]e ! poison\s vapors 7 burn$4 ,! gases giv5 (f dur+ ! di/illation ( ! product 7 pass$ ?r\gh a wat] scrubb]40 8,,lewisite0 ,! "o ars5ical :i* creat$ ! mo/ discussion dur+ ! ,w>1 & ab\t :i* _m wild /ories 7 circulat$1 0 8,lewisite10 or z ! press call$ x1 8,me?yl40 ,its discov]y & p]fection illu/rate ! possibilities ( rese>* z appli$ to ,*emical ,w>f>e1 & po9ts to ! ne$ ( a p]man5t organization to c>ry on su* "w :5 ! pressure ( ! situation does n dem& su* imm$iate results4 ,! reaction ( e?yl5e & sulfur *loride1 :i* l$ to ! prep>ation ( mu/>d gas1 naturally l$ ! organic *emi/s to inve/igate ! reaction ( ?is gas & o!r unsaturat$ hydroc>bons1 su* z acetyl5e1 ^u o!r inorganic *lorides1 su* z ars5ic1 antimony & t94 ,!re 0 little absorption ( ! gas1 ei!r at atmosph]ic or high] pressures1 & ^u di/ill+ ! reaction product1 mo/ ( ! gas 0 evolv$1 %[+ t no *emical reaction _h tak5 place4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a catalys]1 9 ! =m ( alum9ium *loride1 0 add$1 ,capt4 ,lewis f\nd t !re 0 a vigor\s reaction & t a highly vesicant product 0 =m$4 ,! possibilities ( ?is comp\nd 7 imm$iately recogniz$ & ! greate/ secrecy 0 ma9ta9$ reg>d+ all ! details ( prep>ation & ( ! prop]ties ( ?is new product4 ,at ! close ( ! ,w>1 ?is 0 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ,*emical ,w>f>e secrets1 & !re=e publication ( ! reactions involv$ 7 )held4 ,un=tunately or o!rwise1 ! ,briti% lat] decid$ to release ! mat]ial = publication1 & details may be f\nd 9 an article by ,gre5 & ,price 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society = ,april1 #aiba4 ,x mu/ be emphasiz$ t ! cr$it = ?is "w belongs1 n to ^! au?ors1 b to ,capt4 ,w4 ,lee ,lewis & ! m5 :o work$ ) him at ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity bran* ( ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity ,division 7! ,rese>* ,division ( ! ,c4 ,w4 ,s474 ,on a laboratory scale1 acetyl5e is bubbl$ ?r\gh a mixture ( #ddj grams ( anhydr\s ars5ic tri*loride & #cjj grams ( anhydr\s alum9ium *loride4 ,absorption is rapid & mu* heat is develop$4 ,aft] six h\rs1 ab\t #ajj grams ( acetyl5e is absorb$4 ,! reaction product 0 d>k color$ & viscid1 & _h develop$ a v p[]ful odor1 sugge/ive ( pel>goniums4 ,attempts to di/ill ?is product always l$ to viol5t explosions4 7,x may be /at$ "h t ,lewis 0 able to p]fect a me?od ( di/illation & sep>ation ( ! products =m$1 s t pure mat]ials c\ld be obta9$1 ) little or no dang] ( explosion47 ,! ,engli% *emi/s !re=e decompos$ ! product ) ice-cold hydro*loric acid solution ( con/ant boil+ po9t 7?is sugge/ion 0 ! result ( "w done by ,lewis74 ,! result+ oil 0 !n di/ill$ 9 a curr5t ( vapor obta9$ f con/ant boil+ hydro*loric acid & f9ally fractionat$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ product obta9$ consi/ 9 ! addition ( "o acetyl5e to ! ars5ic tri*loride molecule1 &1 *emically1 is *lorov9yldi*loro>s9e1 ,c,h,cl3 ,,*,as,cl1 a colorless or fa9tly yell[ liquid1 boil+ at #ic at a pressure ( #bf mm4 ,a small quantity1 ev5 9 v dilute solution1 appli$ to ! sk9 causes pa9ful bli/]+1 its virul5ce 9 ?is respect approa*+ t ( mu/>d gas4 ,x is m valuable ?an mu/>d gas1 h[ev]1 9 t x is absorb$ ?r\gh ! sk91 & z /at$ on page #bc1 ?ree drops1 plac$ on ! abdom5 ( a rat1 w cause dea? 9 f "o to ?ree h\rs4 ,x is also a v p[]ful respiratory irritant1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose be+ attack$ & viol5t sneez+ induc$4 ,m prolong$ exposure leads to sev]e pa9 9 ! ?roat & *e/4 ,! second fraction 71 -di*lorodiv9yl*loro>s9e7 is a product result+ f ! addition ( two acetyl5e molecules to "o ars5ic tri*loride1 & boils at #acj to #acc at #bf mm4 ,x is mu* less p[]ful z a vesicant ?an *lorov9yldi*loro>s9e1 b its irritant prop]ties on ! respiratory sy/em are mu* m int5se4 ,! ?ird fraction1 1 1 -tri*lorotriv9yl>s9e1 7,c,h,cl3 ,,*7,z1 is a colorless liquid1 boil+ at #aea to #aee at #bh mm41 :i* solidifies at #c to #d4 ,x is nei!r a /rong vesicat+ ag5t nor a p[]ful respiratory irritant4 ,at ! same "t1 its odor is pung5t & mo/ unpleasant & x induces viol5t sneez+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,c>bon ,,monoxide ,c>bon monoxide1 because ( its *eapness1 accessibility & ease ( manufacture1 has be5 frequ5tly consid]$ z a possible w> gas4 ,actually1 x appe>s nev] to h be5 us$ int5tionally = su* purposes4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,fir/1 its temp]ature ( liquefaction at atmosph]ic pressure is -#aci ,c4 ,?is means too high a pressure 9 ! bomb or %ell at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,secondly1 ! weight ( c>bon monoxide is only slightly less ?an t ( air1 :i* keeps x f roll+ into depressions1 dug\ts & tr5*es1 z 9 ! case ( ord9>y gases1 & also p]mits ( its r rapid rise & dissipation into ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,a ?ird reason is its comp>atively l[ toxic value1 :i* is only ab\t "o-fif? t ( phosg5e4 ,h[ev]1 z x c be brea!d )\t any discom=t1 & z x has "s delay action1 its lack ( poison\s prop]ties w\ld n s]i\sly militate aga9/ its use 7 x n = ! o!r reasons giv54 ,x is1 nev]!less1 a s\rce ( s]i\s dang] bo? 9 m>9e & l& w>f>e4 ,defective v5tilation 9 ! boil] rooms ( %ips & fires bel[ decks1 bo? 9 & out ( action1 are especially dang]\s because ( ! c>bon monoxide :i* is produc$4 ,9 "o ( ! naval engagem5ts betwe5 ! ,g]mans & ! ,engli%1 defective high explosive %ell1 aft] p5etrat+ into enclos$ portions ( ! %ip1 evolv$ l>ge quantities ( c>bon monoxide & ?us kill$ "s hundr$s ( m54 ,on %ore1 ma*9e gun fire 9 enclos$ spaces1 su* z pill boxes1 & 9 tanks1 lib]ates relatively l>ge quantities ( c>bon monoxide4 ,simil>ly1 9 m9+ & sapp+ "w1 ! c>bon monoxide lib]at$ by ! detonation ( high explosives con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ?is "w & necessitat$ elaborate equipm5t & ext5sive milit>y tra9+ 9 m9e rescue "w4 ,! removal ( c>bon monoxide f ! air is difficult because ( its physical & *emical prop]ties4 ,its l[ boil+ po9t & critical temp]ature makes adequate adsorption at ord9>y temp]atures by ! use ( an active absorb5t out ( ! "q4 ,its kn[n insolubility 9 all solv5ts simil>ly precludes its removal by physical absorption4 ,aft] ext5sive inve/igation two absorb5ts h be5 f\nd4#bd ,! fir/ ( ^! consi/s 9 a mixture ( iod9e p5toxide & fum+ sulfuric acid1 ) pumice /one z a c>ri]4 ,us+ a lay] #aj cm4 deep & pass+ a #a p] c5t c>bon monoxide air mixture at ! rate ( #ejj cc4 p] m9ute p] sq4 cm4 cross section1 a #ajj-ij removal ( ! gas c\ld be secur$ = two h\rs at room temp]ature & almo/ z long at #j ,c4 ,! reaction is n in/antane\s1 & a brief induction p]iod always occurs4 ,?is may be r$uc$ to a m9imum by ! addition ( a little iod9e to ! orig9al mixture4 ,footnote #bd3 ,complete details ( ?is "w may be f\nd 9 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #ab1 #bac 7#aibj74 ,! sulfur trioxide giv5 (f is v irritat+ to ! lungs1 b by ! use ( a lay] ( active *>coal beyond ! c>bon monoxide absorb5t1 ?is disadvantage 0 almo/ completely elim9at$4 ,h[ev]1 sulfur dioxide is sl[ly =m$ z a result ( ?is adsorption & aft] prolong$ /&+ or long-cont9u$ use ( ! cani/] at a high rate ( gas fl[ gives s]i\s tr\ble4 ,consid]able heat is giv5 (f 9 ! reaction & a cool+ atta*m5t 0 requir$4 ,! mo/ satisfactory device 0 a metal box fill$ ) fus$ sodium ?iosulfate p5tahydrate1 :i* absorb$ a v consid]able am\nt ( ! heat4 ,/ill a fur!r disadvantage 0 ! fact t ! adsorb5ts became sp5t by use1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( c>bon monoxide1 s9ce x absorb$ en\gh moi/ure f ! air ( av]age humidity 9 sev]al h\rs1 to de/roy its activity4 ,! difficulties m5tion$ 7 s tr\blesome t ?is absorb5t 0 f9ally supplant$ by ! m satisfactory oxide absorb5t describ$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,diagram ( ,c>bon ,monoxide ,cani/]1 ,,cma#c4 ,! metallic oxide mixture 0 ! direct result ( an obs]vation t specially precipitat$ copp] oxide ) #a p] c5t silv] oxide 0 an effici5t cataly/ = ! oxidation ( ars9e by oxyg54 ,aft] a /udy ( v>i\s oxide mixtures1 x 0 f\nd t a mixture ( manganese dioxide & silv] oxide1 or a ?ree compon5t sy/em conta9+ cobaltic oxide1 manganese dioxide & silv] oxide 9 ! proportion ( #bj3cd3df catalyz$ ! reaction ( c>bon monoxide at room temp]ature4 ,! /udies 7 ext5d$ & x 0 soon f\nd t ! be/ cataly/s conta9$ active manganese dioxide z ! *ief con/itu5t4 ,?is 0 prep>$ by ! reaction betwe5 potassium p]manganate & anhydr\s manganese sulfate 9 ! pres5ce ( fairly conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,x also develop$ t ! m9imum silv] oxide cont5t decreas$ progressively z ! numb] ( compon5ts increas$ f #b to #d4 ,! /&>d cataly/ 7,hopcalite7 f9ally adopt$ = production consi/$ ( #ej p] c5t manganese dioxide1 #cj p] c5t copp] oxide1 #ae p] c5t cobaltic oxide & #e p] c5t silv] oxide4 ,! mixture 0 prep>$ by precipitat+ & wa%+ ! fir/ ?ree oxides sep>ately1 & !n precipitat+ ! silv] oxide 9 ! mix$ sludge4 ,aft] wa%+1 ?is sludge 0 run ?r\gh a filt] press1 knead$ 9 a ma*9e1 ! cake dri$ & gr\nd to size4 ,:ile x is n difficult to obta9 a product :i* is catalytically active1 x requires a vigor\s control ( all ! conditions & op]ations to assure a product at once active1 h>d1 d5se & resi/ant z possible to ! delet]i\s action ( wat] vapor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,tanks & ,press = ,small ,scale ,manufacture ( ,c>bon ,monoxide ,absorb5t4 ,hopcalite acts catalytically & !re=e only a lay] suffici5tly deep to insure close contact ( all ! air ) ! cataly/ is ne$$4 ,"o & a half in*es 7#caj gm47 7 f\nd ample = ?is purpose4 ,! normal activity ( ,hopcalite requires a dry gas mixture4 ,?is 0 secur$ by plac+ a ?ree-in* lay] ( dry granul> calcium *loride at ! inlet side ( ! cani/]4 ,because ( ! evolution ( heat1 a cool+ arrangem5t 0 also us$ 9 ! ,hopcalite cani/]s4 ,! life ( ?is cani/] 0 ! same irrespective ( :e!r its use 0 cont9u\s or int]mitt5t4 ,! high] ! temp]ature ! long] ! life because ,hopcalite is less s5sitive to wat] vapors at high] temp]atures4 ,s9ce1 if ! efflu5t air 0 suffici5tly dri$1 ! ,hopcalite %\ld function indef9itely aga9/ any conc5tration ( c>bon monoxide1 ! life ( ! cani/] is limit$ solely by ! life ( ! dri]4 ,!re=e ! net ga9 9 weight is a sure crit]ion ( its condition4 ,aft] _m te/s x 0 det]m9$ t any cani/] :i* _h ga9$ m ?an #ce grams above its orig9al weight %\ld be )drawn4 ,! cani/]s1 at ! "t ( breakd[n1 %[$ a ga9 9 weight v>y+ betwe5 #db & #ga grams1 ) a av]age ( #ed grams4 ,x is really1 !re=e1 ! actual humidity ( ! air 9 :i* ! cani/] is us$ t det]m9es its life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,navy ,head ,mask & ,cani/]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,mask ,:ile 9 ord9>y w>f>e ! be/ def5se aga9/ any implem5t ( w> is a vigor\s (f5se ) ! same weapon1 ,*emical ,w>f>e pres5ts a new po9t ( view4 ,"h x is v important to make use ( all def5sive measures aga9/ attack4 ,because ( ! nature ( ! mat]ials us$1 x has be5 f\nd possible to furni%1 n only g5]al protection1 b also cont9u\s protection dur+ ! "t ! gas is pres5t4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 ! protection ( troops aga9/ a gas attack is ! provision ( an effici5t individual protective appliance = ea* soldi]4 ,! gas attack ( ,april #bb1 #aiae f\nd ! ,allies entirely unprep>$ & unprotect$ aga9/ poison\s gas4 ,:ile a few ( ! m5 _h ! pres5ce ( m9d to protect !mselves by cov]+ _! faces ) wet clo?s1 ! majority ( !m became casualties4 ,imm$iately /eps 7 tak5 to improvise protective devices among :i* 7 gags1 made ) rags soak$ 9 wat] or wa%+ soda solution1 h&k]*iefs fill$ ) moi/ e>?1 etc4 ,"o sugge/ion 0 to use bottles ) ! bottom knock$ (f & fill$ ) moi/ e>?4 ,! brea? 0 to be tak5 9 ?r\gh ! bottle & let out ?r\gh ! nose2 b z bottles 7 sc>ce & few ( !m surviv$ ! attempt to get ! bottom brok5 (f1 ! idea 0 ( no value4 ,! fir/ masks 7 made by ! wom5 ( ,engl& 9 response to ! appeal by ,"l ,kit*5]2 !y consi/$ ( cotton wool wrapp$ 9 musl9 or veil+ & 7 to be kept moi/ ) wat]1 soda solution or hypo4 ,,engli% ,,masks ,! ,black ,veil+ ,respirator4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! ,engli% mask is kn[n z ! ,black ,veil+ respirator & consi/$ ( cotton wa/e enclos$ 9 a l5g? ( black veil+4 ,! wa/e 0 soak$ 9 a solution (3 ,sodium ?iosulphate #aj lbs4 ,wa%+ soda #b4e lbs4 ,glyc]9e #b lbs4 ,wat] #b gals4 ,! glyc]9e 0 put 9 to keep ! respirator moi/1 ?us obviat+ ! ne$ = dipp+ be=e use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,e>ly ,gas ,protection4 ,! respirator 0 adju/$ ov] ! m\? & nose1 ! cotton wa/e be+ mold$ to ! %ape ( ! face & ! upp] edge ( ! veil+ pull$ up s z to protect ! eyes4 ,^! respirators 7 us$ 9 ! attacks ( ,may #aj? & #ab?1 #aiae & 7 reasonably effici5t aga9/ ! l[ conc5tration ( *lor9e !n us$2 !y 7 difficult to fit exactly to ! face1 :i* result$ 9 leakage4 ,! cotton wa/e (t5 became lumpy & _h to be %r$d$ out or disc>d$4 ,! ,hypo ,helmet4 ,! next developm5t ( ! ,briti% protection 0 ! s-call$ ,hypo helmet4 ,?is is said to h result$ f ! sugge/ion ( a ,canadian s]geant t he _h se5 a ,g]man pull+ a bag ov] 8 head dur+ a gas attack4 ,x consi/$ ( a flannel bag soak$ 9 ! same solution z 0 us$ = ! veil+ respirator & 0 fitt$ ) a pane ( mica z a w9d[4 ,! helmet 0 tuck$ d[n inside ! jacket :i* 0 !n button$ up tightly ar\nd ! neck4 ,z may be se5 f ,figure #dc1 ?is w\ld n prove v satisfactory ) ! ,am]ican type ( uni=m4 ,?is helmet _h _m advantages ov] ! veil+ respirator b ! w9d[ (t5 became crack$ or brok5 f ! r\gh treatm5t 9 ! tr5*es4 ,lat] ! mica 0 replac$ by celluloid & /ill lat] by glass eyepieces set 9 metal r+s4 ,^! 7 v effective aga9/ *lor9e 9 ! field4 ,! ,p & ,,ph ,helmets4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiae x became evid5t t phosg5e-*lor9e mixtures w\ld be us$ 9 gas attacks & x 0 !re=e necess>y to provide protection aga9/ ?is4 ,! hypo helmet1 :i* (f]$ no protection aga9/ phosg5e1 0 soak$ 9 an alkal9e solution ( sodium ph5olate 7c>bolic acid7 conta9+ glyc]9e1 & ) ?is new =m ( impregnation 0 call$ ! ,p helmet4 ,x protect$ aga9/ #cjj p>ts ( phosg5e 9 a million ( air4 ,s9ce ?is solution attacks flannel1 two lay]s ( flannelette 7 us$4 ,! helmet 0 fur!r improv$ by ! addition ( an expiratory valve1 p>tly to prev5t ! man f brea?+ any ( 8 own brea? ov] aga9 & p>tly to prev5t ! det]ioration ( ! alkali ( ! mask by ! c>bon dioxide ( ! expir$ air4 ,! protection 0 lat] fur!r increas$ by ! addition ( hexame?yl5etetram9e1 & ?is mask is kn[n z ! ,,ph helmet4 ,?is increas$ ! protection to #a1jjj p4p4m4 ,! e>ly types ( helmet (f]$ no protection aga9/ la*rymators4 ,= ?is purpose goggles 7 us$1 ! lat] types ( :i* _h glass eyepieces & 7 fitt$ ar\nd ! eyes by means ( rubb] sponge4 ,:ile int5d$ = use only aft] a la*rymatory bomb>dm5t1 ! troops frequ5tly us$ !m dur+ & aft] an ord9>y gas attack :5 ! mask %\ld h be5 worn4 ,consequ5tly !y 7 )drawn4 ,! ,,ph helmet 0 unsatisfactory because ( ! foll[+ reasons3 7#a7 ,x 0 w>m & /uffy 9 summ]2 7#b7 ,x det]iorat$ ^u exposure to air2 7#c7 ,x 0 incapable ( fur!r developm5t2 7#d7 ,x _h a peculi> odor &1 :5 wet1 frequ5tly burn$ ! =eheads ( ! m52 7#e7 ,x (f]$ practically no protection aga9/ la*rymators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,me?od ( ,we>+ ! ,p4 ,h4 ,helmet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,e>ly ,type ( ,/&>d 7,briti%7 ,box ,respirator 7,s4 ,b4 ,r47 ,box ,respirator4 ,! increas+ conc5tration ( gas f cyl9d] attacks & ! introduction ( %ell1 ) su* gases z *loropicr9 & sup]palite1 l$1 e>ly 9 #aiaf1 to v def9ite & con/ructive ef=ts on ! "p ( ! ,briti% to increase ! protection (f]$ by ! mask4 ,! result 0 a 8polyval5t0 respirator ( ! cani/] type 7! ,/&>d ,box ,respirator74 ,?is mask 0 probably ! result ( exp]i5ce ) oxyg5 app>atus 9 m9e rescue "w4 ,! l9es on :i* ?is cani/] 0 model$ involv$ ! use ( a cani/] fill$ ) highly s5sitive absorb5t *>coal mix$ ) or alt]nat+ 9 lay]s ) oxidiz+ granules ( alkal9e p]manganate4 ,x 0 ! result ( innum]able exp]im5ts1 p>tly conduct$ 9 ,france b mo/ly 9 ,engl& "u ! direction ( ! late ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h>rison1 :o 0 almo/ entirely responsible = ! wond]ful production ( ?is respirator4 ,! respirator 7,figure #dd7 consi/$ ( ! cani/] m5tion$ above1 :i* is atta*$ by a flexible tube to a facepiece or mask4 ,! facepiece is made ( rubb]iz$ fabric & fits ! face s t !re is little or no leakage4 ,?is is secur$ by means ( tape & ela/ic b&s :i* fit ov] ! head4 ,! nose is clos$ by means ( clips1 :i* are wire spr+s ) rubb]$ jaws cov]$ ) gauze 7,fig4 #de74 ,brea?+ is done ?r\gh a m\?piece ( rubb]2 ! tee? close on ! rubb] tabs & ! rubb] flange lies betwe5 ! tee? & ! lips4 ,! expir$ air f9ds exit ?r\gh a rubb] flutt] valve 9 an angle tube j outside ! mask4 ,?is arrangem5t furni%es a d\ble l9e ( protection2 if ! face piece is punctur$ or torn1 gas-conta9+ air _c be brea!d z long z ! noseclip & m\?piece are 9 position4 ,! e>ly ,engli% cani/] 0 pack$ ) #fge cc4 ( #h-ad me% w> gas mixture1 #dj p] c5t ( :i* 0 wood *>coal & #fj p] c5t r$di% br[n soda-lime granules4 ,! metal dome at ! bottom ( ! c 0 cov]$ ) a ?9 film ( cotton4 ,at two-?irds ( ! di/ance to ! top 0 plac$ a pap] filt] & a heavy wire scre5 :i* diff]s f our heavy scre5 9 t x is m loosely wov54 ,! mixture 0 cov]$ ) a cotton filt] pad & a wire scre51 ov] :i* 0 plac$ ! wire spr+4 ,! use ( ?is mask ensures t all ! air brea!d mu/ ent] ! lungs ?r\gh ! cani/]4 ,?is air passage is entirely indep5d5t ( leaks 9 ! facepiece1 due ei!r to a poor fit ab\t ! face or to actual leakage 7f a cut or te>7 ( ! fabric itself4 ,! facepiece is readily cle>$ ( poison gases :i* may leak 94 ,?is is accompli%$ by tak+ a full inspiration1 releas+ ! noseclip1 & exhal+ ?r\gh ! nose1 :i* =ces ! air out ar\nd ! edges ( ! facepiece4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is type ( mask possesses a numb] ( v obvi\s disadvantages1 p>ticul>ly f a milit>y po9t ( view3 ,! extreme discom=t ( ! facepiece4 ,?is discom=t arises f a numb] ( causes c]ta9 ( :i* are inh]5t 9 ?is type ( mask1 among !m be+3 7a7 ! noseclip1 7b7 ! m\?piece1 & 7c7 ! lack ( v5tilation )9 ! facepiece *amb]4 ,aside f ! actual physical discom=t ( ! noseclip & m\?piece1 :i* becomes int5se aft] long p]iods ( we>+1 ?is comb9ation =ces ^u ! we>] an unnatural me?od ( respiration to :i* x is n only difficult to become accu/om$1 b :i* also causes extreme dryness ( ! ?roat4 ,! m\?piece greatly increases salivation & z swall[+ is r m difficult ) ! nose clos$1 ?is adds ano!r extremely objectionable feature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,int]ior ( ,s4 ,b4 ,r41 ,%[+ ,cotton ,wrapp$ ,noseclips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,fr5* ,m-#b ,mask4 ,! lack ( v5tilation 9 ! facepiece *amb] entraps ! heat radiat+ f ! face & reta9s ! moi/ure :i* is con/antly evaporat+ f ! sk94 ,?is moi/ure cond5ses on ! eyepieces1 & ev5 if cle>$ away by ! use ( a s-call$ anti-dimm+ pa/e1 usually makes vision ne>ly impossible4 ,,fr5* ,,masks ,m-#b ,mask4 ,! e>ly protection ( ! ,fr5* ,army 0 obta9$ f a mask ( ! type ,m-#b 7,fig4 #df74 ,?is mask consi/s ( a numb] ( lay]s ( musl9 impregnat$ ) v>i\s absorb5t *emicals4 ,a typical mask 0 made up ( #bj lay]s ( *eeseclo? impregnat$ ) ,greas5e & #bj lay]s impregnat$ ) ,complex5e4 ,^! solutions 7 made up z foll[s3 ,complex5e3 #ci4j lbs4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e #cg4e lbs4 ,glyc]9e #bg4e lbs4 ,nickel sulfate 7,ni,s,o4#g ,h,o7 #aa4h lbs4 ,sodium c>bonate 7,na,,co7 ,wat] ,greas5e3 #ajg4j lbs4 ,ca/or oil #ha4j lbs4 ,alcohol 7#ie7 #aj4g lbs4 ,glyc]9e 7#ij7 #c4a lbs4 ,sodium hydroxide 7,na,o,h7 ,?is mask fits ! face tightly & z a consequ5ce ! inhal$ air c be obta9$ only by draw+ x ?r\gh ! pores ( ! impregnat$ fabric4 ,!re is no outlet valve4 ,! exhal$ air makes its escape ?r\gh ! fabric4 ,! eyepieces are made ( a special non-dimm+ celluloid4 ,! mask is protect$ f ra9 by a flap ( wea!r pro( fabric1 :i* also protects ! absorb5t *emicals f det]ioration4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates exp]im5t$ consid]ably ) ! ,fr5* mask4 ,sev]al modifications ( ! impregnat+ solutions 7 sugge/$1 z well z me?ods ( application4 ,"o ( ^! 0 to sep>ate ! compon5ts ( ! complex5e solution & impregnate two sep>ate lay]s ( clo?2 ?is w\ld make a ?ree-lay] mask4 ,9 view ( ! phosg5e :i* 0 9 use at t "t1 ! foll[+ arrangem5t 0 sugge/$3 #bj lay]s ( hexame?yl5etetram9e1 #aj lay]s ( nickel sulfate-sodium c>bonate1 #aj lay]s ( greas5e4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 m effective ?an ! orig9al ,fr5* mask & (f]$ ! foll[+ protection :5 te/$ aga9/ ! foll[+ gases 7conc5tration #a to #a1jjj1 rate #cj lit]s p] m9ute73 ,phosg5e #fe m9utes ,hydrocyanic acid #fj m9utes ,*lor9e #fj m9utes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,int]ior ,view ( ,m-#b ,mask4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,fr5* ,artill]y ,mask1 ,tissot ,type4 ,tissot ,mask4 ,! ,fr5* des]ve great cr$it = _! developm5t ( ! ,tissot type mask4 ,?is 0 fir/ issu$ to artill]ym51 /ret*] be>]s1 & c]ta9 o!r special classes ( soldi]s to furni% !m ) protection & yet enable !m to "w ) great] effici5cy because ( ! decrease 9 resi/ance to brea?+4 ,! mask 7,fig4 #dh7 resembles ! ,briti% box respirator 9 t x consi/s ( a cani/] & rubb] facepiece1 b diff]s 9 t ! m\?piece & noseclip are lack+4 ,! inhal$ air ent]s ! mask f two tubes :i* op5 directly "u ! eyepieces & all[ ! air to sweep across !m4 ,?is removes1 by evaporation1 ! cond5s$ moi/ure ( ! brea? f ! eyepieces1 :i* o!rwise w\ld ob/ruct ! vision4 ,! circulation ( ! fre% air 9 ! mask also removes & dilutes la*rymatory gases :i* may filt] ?r\gh ! mask4 ,! exhal$ air escapes ?r\gh a simple outlet valve4 ,?is type ( mask is advantage\s because3 7#a7 ,! facepiece is tight & com=table4 7#b7 ,! eyepieces d n become dimm$4 7#c7 ,!re is no difficulty 9 speak+4 7#d7 ,salivation is elim9at$ because ( ! abs5ce ( ! m\?piece4 7#e7 ,x is g5]ally m com=table ?an ! box respirator4 ,?is mask1 h[ev]1 0 made ( ?9 rubb] ( great flexibility :i*1 :ile af=d+ a p]fect fit1 did n possess suffici5t durability to recomm5d x z ! sole def5se ( ! we>]4 ,! cani/] is m>k$ly diff]5t f all o!r cani/]s describ$ 9 ?is *apt] 9 t a highly hygroscopic *emical absorb5t is us$4 ,an approximate det]m9ation %[$ ab\t #gj p] c5t sodium hydroxide4 ,! use ( cau/ic soda 9 ! cani/] is made possible by ! int]mix+ ( /eel wool ) ! granules ( cau/ic4 ,a lay] ( absorb5t hav+ ! appe>ance ( vegetable *>coal is plac$ at ! top ( ! cani/]4 ,! cani/] has ! %ape ( a rectangul> prism #h #f #b in*es2 &1 ow+ to ! use ( /eel wool1 is l>ge 9 proportion to ! weight ( absorb5t conta9$4 ,valves are suppli$ :i* prev5t exhalation ?r\gh ! cani/]4 ,:5 n 9 use ! op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! cani/] is plugg$ ) a rubb] /opp] to protect ! absorb5ts f moi/ure4 ,! cani/] is c>ri$ aga9/ ! body & is connect$ to ! facepiece ) a flexible rubb]-fabric tube4 ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mask 7,app>eil ,respiratoire ,special74 ,"o ( ! late/ types ( ,fr5* mask is ! s-call$ ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 mask1 :i* is bas$ ^u1 or at lea/ resembles closely1 ! ,g]man mask4 ,?is is a frame mask made f well rubb]iz$ balloon mat]ial1 provid$ on ! inside ) a l9+ ( oil$ or wax$ l95 & fitt$ ) a drum :i* is screw$ on4 ,! mask is provid$ ) eyepieces ( cellophane1 fa/5$ by metal r+s into rubb] goggles1 :i* are sew$ 9 ! mask4 ,a metal m\?-r+ is ti$ 9 ! mask ) tape4 ,?is r+ is plac$ some:at high] ?an 9 ! ,g]man mask1 9 ?is way r$uc+ ! h>mful space "u ! mask4 ,an inlet & outlet valve is plac$ 9 ! m\?-r+2 ! fir/ is ( mica :ile ! o!r1 :i* is 9 direct communication ) ! int]ior ( ! mask1 is ( rubb]4 ,on ! inside ( ! mask1 9 front ( ! valves1 a baffle is sew$ 91 :]eby ! inhal$ air is =c$ to pass 9 front ( ! eyepieces to prev5t dimm+ &1 at ! same "t1 cond5s$ vapor is prev5t$ f ent]+ ! valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,fr5* ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mask4 ,! mask or head /raps are arrang$ 9 ! same way z on ! late/ ,m-#b mask1 i4e41 "o ela/ic b& is plac$ across ! top ( ! head & ! o!r across ! back2 ! two are jo9$ by an ela/ic4 ,bel[ ^! two /raps is an adju/able ela/ic neck b&4 ,! drum is made ( metal simil> 9 %ape to ! ,g]man drum & fits 9 ! m\?-r+ by means ( a ?read4 ,x is made tight by a rubb] r+ z 9 ! ,g]man mask4 ,! ?read diff]s f t on ! ,g]man mask1 mak+ an int]*ange ( cani/]s impossible4 ,! cani/] or drum includes a bottom scre51 spr+s & wire scre5s betwe5 ! lay]s4 ,x is clos$ by a p]=at$ bottom4 ,!re are ?ree lay]s4 ,on ! top is a ?9 lay] ( absorb5t cotton4 ,b5ea? ?is is a c5tral lay] ( *>coal1 :i* is a little f9] ?an ! ,g]man *>coal4 ,! l[] lay] consi/s ( soda-lime1 mix$ ) *>coal & z9c oxide & moi/5$ ) glyc]9e4 ,,g]man ,,mask ,! e>ly type ( ,g]man mask probably s]v$ z ! model = ! ,fr5* ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 mask4 ,! facepiece 0 made ( rubb]1 :i* 0 lat] replac$ by lea!r because ( ! %ortage ( rubb]4 ,! foll[+ is a good description ( a typical ,g]man facepiece3 8,! facepiece ( ! ,g]man mask 0 made ( "o piece ( lea!r1 ) seams at ! *9 & at ! temples1 giv+ x r\ghly ! %ape ( ! face4 ,! lea!r 0 treat$ ) oil to make x s(t & pliable1 also to r5d] x imp]vi\s to gases4 ,! dress$ surface 0 t[>d ! inside ( ! mask4 ,a circul> /eel plate1 #c in*es 9 diamet]1 0 set into ! facepiece j opposite ! we>]'s nose & m\?1 ) a ?read$ socket into :i* ! drum conta9+ ! absorb5ts screw$4 ,a rubb] gasket 7syn!tic87 held 9 place by a sort ( pit* cem5t1 secur$ a gas-tight jo9t betwe5 ! drum & ! facepiece4 ,!re 7 no valves1 bo? inhal$ & exhal$ air pass+ ?r\gh ! cani/]4 ,! eyepieces 7 ins]t$ by means ( metal rims ) lea!r wa%]s1 & 7 9 two p>ts3 7a7 a p]man5t ext]ior %eet ( transp>5t mat]ial 7#8cellon'7 resembl+ celluloid1 & 7b7 an inn] removable disc :i* function$ z an anti-dimm+ device4 ,?is latt] appe>$ to be ( #8cellon' coat$ on ! side t[>d ! eye ) gelat91 & 0 held 9 position by a #8:eel' /amp$ f ?9 %eet metal1 :i* screw$ into ! metal rim ( ! eyepiece f ! inside4 ,! gelat9 prev5t$ dimm+ by absorb+ ! moi/ure1 b wr9kl$ & bli/]$ & became opaque aft] a few h\rs' use1 & c\ld n be *ang$ )\t remov+ ! mask4 ,! edge ( ! facepiece all ar\nd 0 provid$ ) a be>+ surface consi/+ ( a welt ( f9ely wov5 clo? ab\t "o in* wide sew$ to ! lea!r4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is welt 0 ( lea!r ( an inf]ior grade4 ,! edge ( ! facepiece 0 smoo!d ov] by a coat ( flexible transp>5t gum1 probably a syn!tic comp\nd40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,g]man ,respirator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,! ,g]man ,respirator4 #a4 ,smoke ,filt] ,ext5sion4 #b4 ,cani/]4 #c4 ,r+ = ,protect+ ,eye ,piece4 #d4 ,anti-dimm+ ,disc ,envelope4 #e4 ,c>ry+ ,case4 #f4 ,clo? ,wallet = ,extra ,cani/] 7#aiah74 #g4 ,c = ,extra ,cani/] 7#aiaf74 #h4 ,assembl$ ,respirator4 #i4 ,face ,piece4 #aj4 ,anti-dimm+ disc4 ,g]man ,cani/]4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! cani/] 7,sept41 #aiaf ,type7 is t ( a %ort ?ick cyl9d] slightly tap]$ & hav+ at ! small] end a ?read$ protrusion or neck by :i* x is screw$ onto ! facepiece4 ,! cyl9d] is ab\t #aj cm4 9 diamet] & ab\t #e cm4 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! cani/] are ?ree lay]s ( absorb5ts ( unequal ?ickness sep>at$ by disks ( f9e me% metal scre54 ,! cani/] is %ipp$ 9 a light %eet iron c #aj cm4 9 diamet] & #h cm4 high4 ,! c is %ellack$ & is l9$ ) pap] pack+ bo>d4 ,! conta9] is made air-tight by seal+ ) a /rip ( adhesive tape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,cross ,section ( #aiag & #aiah ,g]man ,cani/]s4 ,,absorb5ts4 ,absorb5t4 ,composition4 ,weight4 ,volume4 #aiag4 ,no4 #a4 ,*emical ,absorb5t4 #ff gr4 #aje cc4 ,no4 #b4 ,impregnat$ ,*>coal4 #cf gr4 #he cc4 ,no4 #c4 ,*emical ,absorb5t4 #ae gr4 #de cc4 #aiah4 ,no4 #a4 ,impregnat$ ,*>coal4 #eh gr4 #ahe cc4 ,no4 #b4 ,*emical ,absorb5t4 #bi gr4 #de cc4 ,total ,volume ( ,absorb5ts1 #aiag1 #bce cc4 #ad4c cu4 94 #aiah1 #bcj cc4 #ad4j cu4 94 ,total ,weight ( ,absorb5ts1 #aiag1 #aag gr4 #aiah1 #hg gr4 ,volume ( ,air ,space above ,absorb5ts #ej cc4 #c4a cu4 94 ,body4 ,! body ( ! cani/] is made ( %eet metal 7probably iron71 :i* is protect$ on ! outside ) a coat ( d>k gray pa9t & on ! inside ) a japan v>ni%4 ,= ease 9 assembl+ ! sides ( ! cani/] h a g5tle tap]1 & are =m$ s z to supply a seat = ea* ( ! foll[] r+s4 ,! protrusion or neck has ab\t six ?reads to ! in*1 ! pit* ( ! screw be+ #d mm4 ,! l[] "p ( ! body is roll$ s z to give a f9i%$ edge1 & ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d] is groov$ to receive ! top support4 ,! fir/ scre5 is d\ble1 consi/+ ( a co>se top scre5 five to six me%1 p] l9e> in*1 & imm$iately bel[1 a f9] scre5 ( #cj-dj me%1 p] l9e> in*4 ,! top support is a rigid r+ ( metal ) two cross arms1 :i* give add$1 /r5g? to ! r+ & support to ! scre5s4 ,x spr+s into a groove at ! top ( ! body & =ms ! support = ! cont5ts ( ! cani/]4 ,bo? scre5s are made ( iron wire & ! top support is made ( iron 7probably lightly t9n$74 ,! second scre51 :i* sep>ates ! second & ?ird absorb5ts1 is d\ble1 consi/+ ( two disks ( #cj-dj me% iron scre54 ,bo? scre5s are held 9 place by a foll[] r+4 ,! ?ird scre5 is s+le1 b o!rwise x is exactly simil> to ! second scre54 ,x s]ves to keep sep>ate ! lay]s ( absorb5ts ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b4 ,! f\r? scre5 7#cj-dj me%7 is made ( iron wire & is held to ! bottom support by six cleats :i* are pun*$ f ! body ( ! support4 ,! bottom support is simply a flang$ iron cov] = ! bottom ( ! cani/]4 ,x is pun*$ ) #gi circul> holes ea* #d mm4 9 diamet] & is pa9t$ on ! outside to mat* ! body ( ! cani/]4 ,! scre5 & ! inside ( ! bottom support or cov] are coat$ ) a r$ pa9t4 ,,am]ican ,,mask ,at ! entrance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ! w>1 ?ree types ( masks 7 available3 ! ,,ph helmet1 ! ,briti% ,s4 ,b4 ,r4 & ! ,fr5* ,m-#b masks4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made on all ?ree ( ^! types1 & x 0 soon f\nd t ! ,s4 ,b4 ,r4 (f]$ ! greate/ possibilities1 bo? z reg>ds imm$iate protection & future developm5t4 ,dur+ ! eighte5 mon?s :i* 7 devot$ to improvem5t ( ! ,am]ican mask1 ! facepiece und]w5t a gradual evolution & ! cani/] pass$ ?r\gh types ,a to ,l1 ) _m special modifications = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,! late/ developm5t consi/$ 9 an adaptation ( ! fight+ mask to indu/rial purposes4 ,= ?is reason a r detail$ description ( ! con/ruction ( ! facepiece & ( ! cani/] ( ! respirator 9 use at ! close ( ! w> 7,r4 ,f4 ,k4 type7 may n be out ( place4 ,! mask n[ adopt$ z /&>d = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army & ,navy is kn[n z ! ,model #aiai ,am]ican mask1 ) #aibj model c>ri]1 & w be describ$ on page #bbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,diagrammatic ,sket* ( ,box ,respirator ,type ,mask4 ,facepiece4 ,! facepiece ( ! ,r4 ,f4 ,k4 type ,box ,respirator is made f a light weight cotton fabric coat$ ) pure gum rubb]1 ! f9i%$ fabric hav+ a total ?ickness ( approximately _/ in*4 ,! fit ( ! facepiece is along two l9es--fir/1 across ! =ehead1 approximately f temple to temple2 second1 f ! same temporal po9ts d[n ! sides ( ! face j 9 front ( ! e>s & "u ! *9 z f> back z does n int]f]e ) ! ,adam's apple4 ,9 secur+ ?is fit1 ! piece ( /ock = ! facepiece is di$ out ( ! felt & pleat$ up ar\nd ! edges to con=m to ?is l9e4 ,aft] ?is pleat+ op]ation1 ! edges ( ! fabric are /it*$ to a b9d+ frame simil> to a hat-b& made up ( felt or velvete5 cov]$ ) rubb]iz$ fabric4 ,all ! /it*+ & jo9ts 9 ! facepiece are r5d]$ gas-tight by cem5t+ ) rubb] cem5t4 ,?is facepiece is made 9 five sizes rang+ f ,no4 #a to ,no4 #e1 ) a l>ge majority ( faces fitt$ by ! ?ree int]m$iate sizes1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,h>ness4 ,! function ( ! h>ness is to hold ! mask on ! face 9 su* a way z to insure a gas-tight fit at all po9ts4 ,because ( ! great v>iations 9 ! con=mation ( diff]5t heads1 ?is problem is n a simple "o4 ,probably1 ! simple/ type ( h>ness1 z well z ! "o :i* is !oretically correct1 consi/s ( a h>ness 9 :i* ! l9e ( fit across ! =ehead is ext5d$ into an ela/ic b& pass+ ar\nd ! back ( ! head1 :ile ! l9e ( fit ar\nd ! side ( ! face & *9 is simil>ly ext5d$ into ano!r ela/ic tape pass+ ov] ! top ( ! head2 ^! %\ld be held 9 place by a ?ird tape1 pref]ably non-ela/ic1 atta*$ to ! mask at ! middle ( ! =ehead & to ! middle po9ts ( ! o!r tapes at a suitable di/ance to hold !m 9 _! prop] positions4 ,! discom=t ( ! e>li] types ( h>ness has be5 rem$i$1 9 a l>ge measure1 by ! developm5t ( a specially wov5 ela/ic web :i*1 = a giv5 *ange 9 t5sion1 all[$ m ?an d\ble ! /ret* ( ! comm]cial weaves4 ,!re is /ill mu* room = valuable "w 9 develop+ a h>ness :i* w comb9e great] com=t & safety4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld always be obs]v$ 9 h>ness design3 7#a7 ,! /raps %\ld pull 9 su* a direction t z l>ge a compon5t z possible ( ! t5sion ( ! /rap %\ld be available 9 actually hold+ ! mask aga9/ ! face4 7#b7 ,! numb] ( /raps %\ld be kept to a m9imum 9 ord] to avoid tangl+ & improp] position+ :5 put on 9 a hurry by an inexp]i5c$ we>]4 ,eyepieces4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! gas mask1 f ! milit>y po9t ( view1 is ! eyepiece4 ,! prim>y requirem5t ( a good eyepiece is t x %all provide a m9imum r$uction 9 cl>ity ( vision ) a maximum degree ( safety to ! we>]4 ,! cl>ity ( vision may be affect$ 9 "o ( sev]al ways3 7#a7 by abrasion ( ! eyepieces "u s]vice conditions2 7#b7 irregul>ities 9 ! surface & ?ickness ( ! eyepiece1 caus+ optical disp]sion2 7#c7 absorption ( light by ! eyepiece itself2 7#d7 dimm+ ( ! eyepieces due to cond5sation ( moi/ure radiat+ f ! face or 9 ! exhal$ air4 ,?ree types ( eyepieces 7 us$ b by ! end ( ! w> ! fir/ two types _h be5 ab&on$4 7#a7 ,ord9>y celluloid4 7#b7 ,v>i\s hygroscopic =ms ( celluloid1 kn[n z non-dimm+ eyepieces4 7#c7 ,v>i\s comb9ations ( glass & celluloid1 kn[n z non-breakable eyepieces4 ,celluloid 0 us$ fir/1 due to its fre$om f breakage4 ,x is n satisfactory because x is rapidly abrad$ 9 use1 turns yell[1 ?us increas+ its light absorption1 has relatively unev5 optical surfaces & becomes brittle aft] s]vice4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( non-dimm+ l5ses function by absorb+ ! wat] :i* cond5ses on _! surfaces1 ei!r by comb9+ individual drops into a film :i* does n s]i\sly impair vision1 by transmitt+ x ?r\gh ! surface & giv+ x (f on ! ext]ior or by a comb9ation ( ^! me*anisms4 ,) ! exception t !y are non-dimm+1 !y are op5 to all ! objections ( ! celluloid eyepiece &1 z a matt] ( fact1 7 nev] tri$ out 9 ! field4 ,! s-call$ non-breakable eyepieces are =m$ by cem5t+ toge!r a lay] ( celluloid betwe5 two lay]s ( glass4#be ,?is results 9 an almo/ p]fect eyepiece4 ,any ord9>y bl[ fall+ ^u su* an eyepiece does no m ?an crack ! glass1 :i* rema9s atta*$ to ! celluloid coat+4 ,except 9 extreme cases1 ! celluloid rema9s unbrok5 & !re is relatively slight dang] ( a crack$ eyepiece ( ?is sort leak+ gas4 ,footnote #be3 ,s-call$ 8,triplex0 glass4 ,9 ! matt] ( fly+ fragm5ts1 ! type ( eyepiece consi/+ ( a s+le lay] ( celluloid & glass ) ! celluloid plac$ next to ! eye1 has probably a slight advantage ov] ! type 9 :i* !re is glass on bo? sides4 ,h[ev]1 ! sup]ior optical surface ( ! latt] type1 c\pl$ ) its great] fre$om f abrasion ( ! surface l$ to ! adoption ( ?is type kn[n z 8triplex90 9 ! mask produc$ 9 ! lat] "p ( ! ,am]ican manufactur+ program4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out 9 connection ) ?is type ( eyepiece t x is possible to make x z p]fect optically z desir$ by us+ ! bett] grades ( glass4 ,:ile ! optical prop]ties ( ^! eyepieces und\bt$ly suff] some:at ) age1 due to ! discoloration ( ! celluloid1 x c be safely said t ?is mat]ial1 locat$ z x is betwe5 ! lay]s ( glass & relatively little expos$ to atmosph]ic conditions1 w probably be f> less affect$ 9 ?is way ?an is ! ord9>y celluloid eyepiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,am]ican ,box ,respirator1 ,%[+ ,improv$ ,rubb] ,noseclip4 ,! position ( ! eyepiece is v important2 ! total & ! b9ocul> fields ( vision %\ld be kept at a maximum4 noseclip4 ,! noseclip is probably ! mo/ uncom=table feature ( ! types ( mask us$ dur+ ! ,w>4 ,:ile a really com=table nose pad is probably impossible1 ! com=t ( ! clip 0 greatly improv$ by us+ pads ( s(t rubb] & spr+s giv+ ! m9imum t5sion necess>y to close ! no/rils4 ,m\?piece4 ,! design ( ! m\?piece %\ld consid] ! size & %ape ( ! flange :i* goes betwe5 ! lips & tee?2 ?is %\ld be su* z to prev5t leakage ( gas into ! m\? & %\ld r$uce to a m9imum any *af+ ( ! gums4 ,! op5+ ?r\gh ! m\?piece is held di/5d$ at its inn] end by a metallic bu%+ to prev5t its collapse1 if1 "u /ress ( excitem5t1 ! jaws are =c$ ov] ! flange & clos$4 ,rubb] has prov$ a v satisfactory mat]ial = ?is "p ( ! facepiece4 ,flexible ,hose4 ,! flexible hose leads f ! angle tube to ! cani/]4 ,?is %\ld comb9e flexibility1 fre$om f collapse1 & extreme physical rugg$ness4 ,^! specifications are met successfully by ! /ock9ette-cov]$ corrugat$ rubb] hose4 ,! angul> corrugations n only give a high degree ( flexibility b are extremely effective 9 prev5t+ collapse4 ,! flexibility ga9$ by ?is con/ruction is n only lat]al b also longitud9al2 a hose hav+ a nom9al l5g? ( #aj in*es functions successfully betwe5 l5g?s ( #h & #ab in*es4 ,! cov]+ ( /ock9ette1 :i* is vulcaniz$ to ! rubb] 9 ! manufactur+ process1 adds mat]ially to ! me*anical /r5g? by prev5t+ incipi5t te>s & breaks4 ,exhalation ,valve4 ,! exhalation valve all[s ! exhal$ air to pass directly to ! outside atmosph]e4 7,?is valve is n f\nd on ! ,g]man mask47 ,?is valve has ! foll[+ advantages3 7#a7 ,x t5ds to r$uce v mat]ially ! dead air space 9 ! mask4 7#b7 ,x prev5ts det]ioration ( ! absorb5t on acc\nt ( moi/ure & c>bon dioxide ( ! expir$ air4 7#c7 ,x r$uces ! back pressure aga9/ expiration1 s9ce x is unnecess>y to brea! out aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ! cani/]4 ,! disadvantage1 :i* may "u c]ta9 conditions be v s]i\s1 is t1 if = any reason ! valve fails to function prop]ly1 inspiration w take place ?r\gh ! valve4 ,x c be readily se5 t any failure ( ?is nature w all[ ! poison\s atmosph]e to be drawn directly into ! lungs ( ! we>]4 ,! type ( valve g5]ally us$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 :i* %[s "o ( ^! valves m\nt$ & unm\nt$4 ,:ile x is r difficult to give a cle> description ( its con/ruction1 ! valve may be consid]$ z a flatt5$ triangul> sack ( rubb]1 ^: altitude is two or ?ree times ! base & f :i* all ?ree corn]s h be5 clipp$1 ea* giv+ op5+s into ! int]ior ( ! sack4 ,! op5+ at ! top is slipp$ ov] ! exhalation passage ( ! angle tube1 & ! air passes out ?r\gh ! o!r two corn]s4 ,closure is obta9$ by ! comb9ation ( two factors1--fir/1 ! diff]5ce 9 atmosph]ic pressure1 & second1 ! t5sion due to m\nt+ a section :i* has be5 cur$ 9 ! flat ov] an elliptical op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,am]ican ,type ,exhale ,valve1 ,m\nt$ & ,unm\nt$4 ,9 ord] to protect ! flutt] valve f injury & f contact ) objects :i* might int]f]e ) its prop] function+1 ! lat] types ( valve 7 provid$ ) a gu>d ( /amp$ %eet metal4 ,,cani/]s ,dur+ ! developm5t ( ! facepiece1 z discuss$ above1 ! ,am]ican cani/] und]w5t *anges 9 design :i* h be5 designat$ z ,a to ,l4 ,^! *anges 7 not$ by ! diff]5t color$ pa9ts appli$ to ! ext]ior ( ! cani/]4 ,type ,a cani/] 0 exactly l ! ,briti% model !n 9 use1 except t x 0 made "o in* long] because x 0 realiz$ t ! e>ly absorb5ts 7 ( poor quality4 ,! cani/] 0 made ( bead$ t9 plate & 0 #ah cm4 high4 ,! area ( ! flatt5$ oval section 0 #fe sq4 cm4 ,9 ! bottom 0 a f9e wire dome #c4d cm4 high4 ,! valve 9 ! bottom 0 integral ) ! bottom ( ! conta9]1 !re be+ no removable plug = ! ins]tion ( ! *eck valve4 ,! absorb5ts 7 held 9 place by a heavy wire scre5 on top & by two rectangul> spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,am]ican ,cani/]1 ,type ,a4 ,inhal$ air ent]$ ?r\gh ! circul> valve at ! bottom ( ! cani/]1 pass$ ?r\gh ! absorb5ts & ?r\gh a small nipple at ! top4 ,! fill+ consi/$ ( #fj p] c5t by volume ( wood *>coal1 develop$ by ! ,national ,c>bon ,co41 & #dj p] c5t ( gre5 soda lime1 develop$ & manufactur$ by ! ,g5]al ,*emical ,company1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,! entire volume am\nt$ to #ffj cc4 ,! e>ly exp]im5ts ) ?is volume ( absorb5t %[$ t soda-lime 0 ! m9imum am\nt t c\ld be us$ & /ill furni% adequate protection aga9/ ! !n kn[n w> gases4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ to use soda-lime & *>coal by volume & ?is proportion has be5 adh]$ to 9 all ( ! lat] types ( cani/]s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! figures h be5 fully sub/antiat$ by ! lat] exp]im5tal "w on cani/] fill+4 ,! *>coal & soda-lime 7 n mix$ b arrang$ 9 five lay]s ( equal volume1 ea* lay]1 !re=e1 conta9+ #bj p] c5t ( ! total volume4 ,! lay]s 7 sep>at$ by scre5s ( cr9ol9e4 ,at ! top 0 ins]t$ a lay] ( t]ry clo?1 a lay] ( gray flannel1 & two /eel wire scre5s4 ,! clo? kept ! f9e p>ticles ( *emicals f be+ drawn into ! ?roat ( ! p]son we>+ ! mask4 ,?is cani/] furni%$ v good protection aga9/ *lor9e & hydrocyanic acid & 0 fairly effici5t aga9/ phosg5e1 b x 0 useless aga9/ *loropicr94 ,^! cani/]s 7 nev] us$ at ! front1 b s]v$ a v useful purpose z exp]im5tal cani/]s & 9 tra9+ troops4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t bett] protection 0 obta9$ if ! absorb5ts 7 mix$ be=e pack+ 9 ! cani/]4 ,?is proc$ure also simplifi$ ! me?od ( pack+ & 0 us$ 9 cani/] ,b & foll[+ types4 ,among o!r *anges introduc$ 9 lat] types 73 ,! integral valve 0 replac$ by a removable *eck valve plug :i* enabl$ ! m5 9 ! field to adju/ ! valve 9 case x did n function prop]ly4 ,! mixture ( *>coal & soda-lime 0 divid$ into ?ree sep>ate lay]s & ^! sep>at$ by cotton pads4 ,! pads (f]$ protection aga9/ /annic *loride smokes b n aga9/ smokes ( ! type ( sneez+ gas4 ,! gre5 soda-lime 0 replac$ by ! p9k granules4 ,9 ,april1 #aiah1 ! me% ( ! absorb5t 0 *ang$ to #h to #ad 9 place ( #f to #ad4 ,ab\t ,july #a1 #aiah1 ! au?orities 7 conv9c$ by ! field =ces ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice t ! l5g? ( life ( ! *emical protection ( ! /&>d ,h cani/] 7! type !n 9 use7 0 excessive & t ! resi/ance 0 mu* too high4 ,type ,j 0 !re=e adopt$1 ,july #bg1 #aiah4 ,9 ?is ! volume ( ! absorb5t 0 r$uc$ f #dej cc4 to #cjj cc4 ,x 0 pack$ 9 two lay]s1 9 ! bottom & 9 ! top4 ,"o pad 0 plac$ betwe5 ! lay]s & "o on top4 ,?is *ange gave a l[]+ ( ! resi/ance ( #bg p] c5t 7to #b4e in*es7 at a sacrifice ( #ej p] c5t ( ! l5g? ( life ( ! cani/]1 b n ( protection dur+ ! %ort5$ life4 ,type ,l diff]$ f ?is only 9 hav+ #cbe cc4 ( absorb5t1 a *ange made to decrease leakage ab\t ! top cotton pad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,u4 ,s4 ,army ,cani/]1 ,type ,j4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relative effici5cy ( v>i\s cani/]s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,u4 ,s41 ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man p4 p4 m4 ,type ,h ,s4 ,b4 ,r4 ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,*loropicr9 #ajjj #ggj #ag #b #dc ,phosg5e #bejj #he #ed #e #af ,hydrocyanic acid #ejj #gj #ij #aj ,mu/>d gas #ajj #ahjj #ce #aie ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! figures repres5t "t 9 m9utes till ! fir/ traces ( gas beg9 to come ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,type ,j ,cani/] & ,cont5ts ,,manufacture ,! foll[+ description ( ! manufacture ( ! gas mask at ! ,long ,isl& plant is tak5 f an article by ,col4 ,bradley ,dewey#bf3 ,footnote #bf3 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #aa1 #ahe 7#aiai74 8,,incom+ ,,inspection--,a ?or\gh #ajj p] c5t inspection 0 made ( ea* "p be=e s5d+ x to ! ,assembly ,dep>tm5t4 ,! inspectors 7 c>efully *os5 & 7 s5t to a s*ool = tra9+ be=e !y 7 assign$ to ?is important "w4 ,e feature f\nd to be ess5tial to ! manufacture ( a p]fect gas mask 0 c>efully *eck$4 8,! incom+ inspection ( ! flexible rubb] hose lead+ f ! cani/] to ! facepiece c be tak5 z an illu/ration4 ,ea* piece ( hose 0 giv5 a visual inspection = buckles or bli/]s 9 ! ends or 9 ! corrugations2 = cuts1 air pockets1 or o!r defects on ! int]ior2 = loose seams :]e fabric cov]+ 0 cem5t$ to ! rubb] tube2 = weav+ defects 9 ! fabric itself2 & = c>eless application ( ! cem5t4 ,special te/s 7 conduct$ = flexibility1 z a /iff hose w\ld produce a /ra9 on ! soldi]'s m\?2 = p]man5t set to insure t ! hose 0 prop]ly cur$2 = ! adhesion ( ! fabric cov]+ to ! hose2 & = k9k+ :5 ! hose 0 d\bl$ on ! f+]s4 ,f9ally ea* piece 0 subject$ to a te/ = leaks "u wat] ) a pressure ( #e lbs4 p] sq 94 8,ea* eyepiece & ! ?ree-way metal connection to ! facepiece 7 subject$ to a vacuum te/ = leakage4 ,! delicate exhalation valve 0 c>efully exam9$ = defects :i* w\ld be liable to cause leakage4 ,fabric = ! facepiece 0 giv5 a high-t5sion electrical te/ on a special ma*9e develop$ at ! plant to ov]come ! difficulty met 9 ! inspection ( ?is mo/ important mat]ial4 ,x 0 ( c\rse necess>y t ! facepiece fabric be free f defects b j :at con/itut$ a defect 0 ! s\rce ( mu* discussion4 ,! electrical te/ elim9at$ all p]sonal views & gave an imp>tial te/ ( ! fabric4 ,! ma*9e consi/$ ( two /eel rolls betwe5 :i* a pot5tial diff]5ce ( #d1jjj volts 0 ma9ta9$2 ! fabric 0 l$ ?r\gh ! rolls & :]ev] !re 0 a p9hole or flaw ! curr5t arc$ ?r\gh & burn$ a cle>ly visible hole4 8,,prelim9>y ,,facepiece ,,op]ations--,blanks 7 di$ out f ! facepiece fabric 9 hydraulic presses4 ,ea* face blank 0 swabb$ to remove bloom & ! eye wa%]s 7 cem5t$ ab\t ! eyeholes4 ,! pockets = hold+ ! noseclips 7 also cem5t$ to ! blanks4 ,! b&s :i* =m$ a gas-tight seal ( ! mask ab\t ! face 7 di$ out f rubb]iz$ fabric to :i* a felt back+ 0 atta*$4 ,! h>ness consi/+ ( ela/ic & cotton tapes 0 also sew$ toge!r at ?is po9t4 8,,facepiece ,,op]ations--,! sew+ ma*9e op]ations 7 next p]=m$4 ,fir/ ! di$ out blanks 7 pleat$ to =m ! facepiece4 ,! op]ator _h to regi/] ! v>i\s not*es 9 ! blank to an accuracy ( _/ 94 & to locate ! /it*es 9 "s cases z closely z _/ 94 ,! b& 0 next sew$ to ! p]iph]y ( ! facepiece aft] :i* ! h>ness 0 atta*$4 ,! /it*es on ! outside ( ! facepiece 7 cov]$ ) liquid dope1 :i* fill$ ! ne$le holes & made ! seams gas-tight4 8,9 addition to ! inspection ( ea* op]ation1 ! complet$ facepiece 0 submitt$ to a control inspection to discov] any defects t might escape ! att5tion ( ! inspectors on ! v>i\s op]ations4 8,,assembly ,,op]ations--,! facepieces 7 n[ ready = assembly & 7 s5t = ins]tion ( ! eyepieces1 :i* 0 done 9 specially design$ automatic presses4 ,! eyepieces _h to be c>efully ins]t$ s t ! facepiece fabric ext5d$ ev5ly ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce4 8,be=e manufacture began on a l>ge scale1 ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( conduct+ ea* assembly op]ation 0 work$ out & ! details /&>diz$1 s t op]ators c\ld be quickly & effici5tly tra9$4 ,no detail 0 consid]$ too small if x improv$ ! quality ( ! mask4 ,! assembly op]ations proce$$ z foll[s3 8,! exhalation valve 0 fir/ jo9$ to ! ?ree-way metal tube :i* =m$ ! connection betwe5 ! facepiece1 flexible hose1 & m\?piece4 ,ea* valve 0 !n te/$ = leakage "u a pressure diff]5ce ( a "o in* head ( wat]4 ,no valve 0 accept$ :i* %[$ leakage 9 excess ( #aj cc4 p] m94 "u ^! conditions4 8,! metal gu>d to protect ! exhalation valve 0 next assembl$1 foll[$ by ! flexible hose4 ,! ?ree-way tube 0 !n assembl$ to ! facepiece by means ( a ?read$ connection & ! rubb] m\?piece atta*$4 ,to illu/rate ! att5tion to details ! foll[+ op]ation may be cit$3 8,! contact surfaces betwe5 ea* rubb] & metal "p 7 coat$ ) rubb] cem5t be=e ! p>ts 7 assembl$4 ,! connection 0 !n tightly wir$1 c>e be+ tak5 t none ( ! turns ( wire %\ld cross & f9ally ! wire 0 cov]$ ) adhesive tape s t no %>p edges w\ld be expos$4 8,! masks1 completely assembl$ except = ! cani/]s1 7 inspect$ & hung on racks on specially design$ trucks :i* prev5t$ injury 9 transit1 & 7 deliv]$ to ! ,f9i%+ ,dep>tm5t4 8,,cani/] ,,fill+--,mean:ile ! cani/]s 7 be+ fill$1 9 ano!r build+4 8,! *emicals 7 fir/ scre5$ 9 su* a way t ! f9e & co>se mat]ials 7 sep>at$ f ! correctly siz$ mat]ials4 ,!y 7 !n c>ri$ on a belt conveyor to ! /orage b9s1 :5ce !y 7 f$ by gravity ?r\gh pipes to v>i\s mix+ ma*9es4 ,a special mix+ ma*9e 0 develop$ to mix ! c>bon & granules 9 ! prop] proportions = use 9 ! cani/]4 ,! mix$ *emicals 7 !n l$ to ! cani/]-fill+ ma*9es4 ,!re 0 a sep>ate mix+ ma*9e = ea* fill+ ma*9e1 ( :i* !re 7 eighte5 9 all4 8,! c-fill+ dep>tm5t 0 laid out 9 six units4 ,ea* unit _h a capacity ( #bj1jjj cans p] day4 ,a sy/em ( d\ble belt conveyors 0 in/all$ to conduct empty cani/]s to ! ma*9es & c>ry away ! fill$ ones4 8,ea* fill+ op]ation 0 c>efully inspect$ & special /ops 7 plac$ on ! belt conveyors s t a cani/] c\ld n g to ! next op]ation )\t hav+ be5 inspect$4 ,op]ators & inspectors 7 /ation$ on opposite sides ( ! belt4 ,! *emicals 7 plac$ 9 ! cani/] 9 ?ree equal lay]s :i* 7 sep>at$ by pads ( cotton wadd+4 ,! fir/ lay] 0 introduc$ f ! fill+ ma*9e 7:i* deliv]$ automatically ! prop] volume ( *emicals71 ! cani/] 0 %ak5 to pack ! *emicals tightly1 ! cotton baffle ins]t$1 ! second lay] ( *emicals introduc$ & s =?4 ,on top ( ! top lay] ( *emicals 7 plac$ a wire scre5 & a specially design$ spr+ :i* held ! cont5ts ( ! cani/] securely 9 place4 ,! metal top 0 !n fitt$ & securely sold]$4 8,ea* cani/] 0 te/$ "u wat] = possible leaks 9 jo9ts or sold]+1 ) an air pressure ( #e lbs4 p] sq4 94 ,a te/ 0 also made = ! resi/ance :i* x (f]$ to brea?+1 a rate ( fl[ ( air ?r\gh ! cani/] ( #he lit]s p] m94 be+ ma9ta9$ & ! resi/ance be+ measur$ 9 in*es ( wat]4 8,! fill$ cani/]s 7 !n pa9t$ a di/9ctive color to indicate ! type ( fill+4 8,,f9i%+ ,,dep>tm5t--,9 ! f9i%+ dep>tm5t1 ! fill$ cani/]s1 7 conduct$ d[n ! middle ( ! f9i%+ tables & assembl$ to masks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 8,! f9i%$ masks 7 !n inspect$1 plac$ 9 unit boxes1 t5 to a box1 & return$ = ! f9al inspection4 8,,f9al ,,inspection--,f9al inspection ( ! completely assembl$ masks 0 z rigid z c\ld be devis$1 & 0 closely sup]vis$ by army repres5tatives4 ,only ! mo/ pa9/ak+1 & c>eful wom5 7 select$ = ?is "w & ! masks 7 exam9$ 9 e detail to discov] any defect t might h escap$ previ\s inspection4 ,f9ally1 ea* mask 0 inspect$ ov] a bright light 9 a d>k boo? = small p9holes :i* ! ord9>y visual inspection might n h detect$4 8,z a *eck on ! quality on ! f9al inspectors' "w a re9spection ( #e p] c5t ( ! pass$ masks 0 conduct$4 ,:]e x 0 f\nd t a p>ticul> inspector 0 mak+ num]\s mi/akes1 h] eyes 7 exam9$ to see :e!r x 0 due to faulty eyesight or c>eless "w4 ,masks conta9+ kn[n defects 7 purposely s5t to ^! inspectors to det]m9e :e!r !y 7 capable ( cont9u+ ! inspection "w4 ,9 ?is way ! desir$ /&>d 0 ma9ta9$4 8,a daily report ( ! f9al inspection 0 s5t back to ea* ( ! assembly dep>tm5ts involv$ s t defects might be elim9at$ imm$iately & ! p]c5tage ( rejects kept z l[ z possible4 8,aft] ! f9al inspection ! masks 7 numb]$1 pack$ 9 knapsacks1 & ! fill$ knapsacks plac$ 9 pack+ cases1 tw5ty-f\r to a case40 ,,tissot ,,mask ,! ,fr5*1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 e>ly recogniz$ t c]ta9 classes ( fight+ m51 z ! artill]ym51 ne$$ ! maximum ( protection ) ! m9imum decrease 9 effici5cy4 ,! result ( ?is 0 ! ,tissot ,mask4 ,be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>1 ! ,briti% /&>d box respirator _h rea*$ a great] degree ( p]fection1 ) f> great] rugg$ness & portability4 ,x 0 !re=e adopt$ z ! ,am]ican /&>d4 ,at ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( ! ,briti% box respirator & practically up to ! "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>1 masks 7 worn only dur+ ! sporadic gas attacks !n occurr+ & only = a brief p]iod at a "t4 ,z ! w> progress$1 ! m5 7 compell$ to we> _! masks = mu* long] p]iods 7eight h\rs 0 n uncommon74 ,x 0 !n se5 t m com=t 0 ne$$1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( a little safety4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,tissot mask 0 correct s f> z com=t 0 conc]n$1 s9ce x did away ) ! irritat+ m\?piece & noseclip1 b ! *ief dang] 9 ! ,fr5* mask arose f ! fact t ! facepiece 0 made ( ?91 pure gum rubb]4 ,! ,rese>* ,division1 toge!r ) ! ,gas ,def5se ,division1 develop$ two di/9ct types ( ,tissot masks4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! ,akron ,tissot1 ! second ! ,kops ,tissot4 ,! be/ features ( ^! h be5 comb9$ 9 ! #aiai ,model4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,am]ican ,tissot ,mask1 ,e>ly ,type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,am]ican ,tissot ,mask1 ,int]ior ,view4 #aiai ,,model ,,am]ican ,,mask ,facepiece4 ,?is facepiece is made ( rubb]iz$ /ock9et ab\t "o-t5? in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! /ock9et is on ! outside only & is = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ & protect+ ! rubb] :i* is ( v high grade4 ,! facepiece is di$ out z a s+le flat piece f ! /ock9et :i* is furni%$ 9 long rolls4 ,! die is ( su* %ape t :5 ! facepiece is sew$ !re is b "o seam1 & t betwe5 ! angle tube op5+ & ! edge "u ! *94 ,?is seam is sew$ ) a zigzag /it* ) ! /ock9et sides flat toge!r4 ,! seam is !n /ret*$ ov] a jig1 s z to =m a flat butt jo9t4 ,?is seam is !n cem5t$ ) rubb] cem5t & tap$1 inside & out1 to make x ?or\ghly gas-pro(4 ,! eyepiece op5+s are ( oval %ape ) ! long] axes horizontal & consid]ably small] ?an ! f9i%$ eyepieces4 ,! eyepieces be+ circul>1 ! clo? is /ret*$ to accommodate !m1 giv+ ! necess>y bulge to keep ! clo? & metal ( ! eyepieces away f ! face4 ,! h>ness has ?ree /raps on ea* side4 ,in/ead ( ! s+le /rap ov] ! top ( ! head1 two /raps lead f directly ov] ! eyes1 bo? be+ made ( ela/ic ! same z ! o!r /raps4 ,all six /raps are br\ght toge!r ar\nd a pad ( felt & clo? ab\t #b #c in*es at ! back ( ! head4 ,?is pad makes ! h>ness mu* m com=table4 ,! rubb]iz$ /ock9et is re9=c$ on ! inn] or rubb] side ) ?9 bits ( clo? at all po9ts :]e ! /raps are sew$ on4 ,! /rap across ! temples j above ! e>s is sew$ at two po9ts1 "o ab\t "o-half in* f ! edge & ! o!r ab\t two in*es f ! edge4 ,?is is = ! purpose ( help+ press ! clo? aga9/ ! temples1 !reby add+ to ! gas-tightness = ^? heads t h a t5d5cy to be holl[ at ! temples4 ,! l[] /rap is j above ! *9 & is = ! purpose ( giv+ gas-tightness 9 t vic9ity4 ,all ( ! /raps except ! two ov] ! top ( ! head are atta*$ to ! pad ) buckles1 & are ?us capable ( exact adju/m5t4 ,! eyepieces are ( triplex glass 9 metal r+s ) rubb] gaskets4 ,9 press+ ! r+s home1 ! rubb]iz$ /ock9et is turn$ & held securely s t !re is no possibility ( pull+ !m out4 ,! angle tube conta9+ ! outlet valve & ! connection to ! corrugat$ tube connect+ ) ! cani/] is ! same z ) ! late/ model ,r4 ,f4 ,k4 mask4 ,! only diff]5ce z reg>ds ! corrugat$ tube is t a great] l5g? is ne$$ ) ! new c>ri] "u ! left %\ld]4 ,! total l5g? ( ! tube = ?is model is ab\t #bd in*es4 ,on ! inside ( ! facepiece & connect$ to ! angle tube inlet is a butt]fly baffle ( rubb]1 s arrang$ t ! incom+ air is ?r[n upw>d & ov] ! eyepieces1 ?us keep+ !m cle> no matt] h[ mu* ! ex]tion or :at ! temp]ature1 except 9 c]ta9 r>e cases :5 ! temp]ature is d[n at z]o ,f4 or bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--aiai ,model ,am]ican ,mask4 ,,cani/] ,! cani/] is radically diff]5t f ! cani/]s us$ 9 ! ,r4 ,f4 ,k4 & e>li] types4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is long]1 ! total l5g? f9i%$ be+ #h in*es4 ,x has two inlet valves at ! top end protect$ by a t9 cov] in/ead ( ! s+le inlet valve at ! bottom ( ! e>li] types4 ,! two inlet valves are ea* in* 9 diamet] & are made up ( squ>e flat valves on ! end ( a %ort rubb] tube4 ,! rubb] tube is fitt$ ov] a %ort metal tube4 ,gas-tightness is obta9$ bo? by ! press+ ( ! valve aga9/ ! r\nd edge ( ! metal tube & by ! pressure ( ! edges aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,^! valves1 :ile delicate1 are prov+ v satisfactory1 & be+ simply *eck valves to prev5t ! air go+ back ?r\gh ! cani/]1 !y are n vital4 ,9 case ( failure1 ! eyepieces w\ld fog some:at & ! dead air space be increas$ by t held 9 ! inlet tube4 ,! cani/] consi/s really ( two p>ts--an out] cas+ t is solid & an inn] p]=at$ t9 cas+4 ,ar\nd ! p]=at$ t9 is fitt$ a filt] ( wool felt _/ ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is wool felt is v securely fa/5$ by turn+ op]ations to solid pieces ( t91 top & bottom1 s t no air c get into ! *emicals )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,?us ! air com+ ?r\gh ! inlet valves at ! top circulates ar\nd ! loosely fitt+ outside corrugat$ case to all p>ts ( ! filt] & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! filt] cont9ues ?r\gh ! p]=ations ( ! t9 into ! *>coal & soda-lime granules4 ,! *emicals are pack$ ar\nd a c5tral w$ge-%ap$ tube ext5d+ ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! c4 ,! w$ge is enl>g$ at ! top & made circul> :]e x passes ?r\gh ! top ( ! c to connect ) ! corrugat$ tube4 ,! w$ge-%ap$ inn] piece is made ( p]=at$ t9 & is cov]$ ) ?9 clo? to prev5t du/ f ! *emicals pass+ into ! tube & ?us into ! lungs4 ,! cans are fill$ f ! bottom & are subject$ to two me*anical j>r+ op]ations 9 ord] to settle ! *emicals ?or\ghly be=e ! spr+ :i* holds !m 9 place is add$4 ,! out] t9 cap protect+ ! inlet valves has two op5+s on ea* side b none at ! ends ( ! cani/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--aiai ,model ,am]ican ,mask aft] ,adju/m5t4 ,! c>ri] is a simple canvas case ne>ly rectangul>1 ab\t "o foot wide & #ae in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! wid? is j suffici5t at ! back to hold ! cani/] & ! front "p to hold ! extra l5g? ( corrugat$ tube & ! facepiece4 ,!re are two /raps1 "o pass+ ov] ! "r %\ld] & ! o!r ar\nd ! body4 ,! "o pass+ ov] ! "r %\ld] has two 8,v0 %ap$ seams at ! top s z to *ange ! direction ( ! /rap ov] ! %\ld] 9 ord] t x w pull directly d[nw>d in/ead ( aga9/ ! neck4 ,! flap clos+ ! case op5s outw>d4 ,x has ! usual automobile curta9 fa/5]s4 ,a second>y fa/5] at ! top ( ! op5+ is arrang$ s t :5 ! tube is adju/$ to ! prop] l5g? & ! mask is adju/$ to ! face ( ! we>]1 ! flap c be button$ tightly ov] ! corrugat$ tube & held tightly4 ,?is prev5ts wat] f ent]+ ! case4 ,figures #fb & #fc %[ ! position ( ! c>ri] bo? ) ! facepiece 9 ! c>ri] & aft] adju/m5t4 ,x w be not$ t ! c>ri] does n int]f]e ) ! pack nor ) any?+ on ! front ( ! body4 ,! left arm hangs almo/ entirely natural ov] ! case4 ,x has be5 ?or\ghly tri$ out by ! ,infantry1 ,cavalry1 ,artill]y & ,special ,gas ,troops & adopt$ z em95tly satisfactory4 ,,special ,,cani/]s ,navy4 ,! e>ly ,navy cani/] is a drum mu* l ! ,g]man cani/]4 ,! conta9] is a slightly tap]$ metal cyl9d]1 #i cm4 9 diamet] at ! bottom4 ,! mo/ satisfactory fill+ = ?is drum consi/s ( two lay]s1 #ih cc4 9 ea*1 ( a /&>d mixture ( *>coal & soda-lime1 sep>at$ by cotton wadd+ pad4 ,! fill+ is #f-bj me%1 in/ead ( #h-ad me%4 ,a lat] type is %[n 9 ,figure #da4 ,c>bon ,monoxide4 ,?is cani/] is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,ammonia4 ,ammonia respirators 7 ne$$ by ! ,navy & also by ! workm5 9 refrig]ation plants4 ,e>ly protection 0 obta9$ by ! use ( pumice /one impregnat$ ) sulfuric acid4 ,?is _h _m disadvantages1 su* z ! am\nt ( heat evolv$1 ! cau/ic fumes produc$1 high resi/ance & corrosion ( ! cani/]4 ,to ov]come ^!1 ! 8,kupramite0 cani/] 0 develop$4 ,! fill+ consi/s ( pumice /one impregnat$ ) copp] sulfate4 ,pumice /one1 #h to #ad me%1 & te*nical copp] sulfate are plac$ 9 an evaporat+ pan 9 ! ratio ( "o "p by weight ,cu,s,o#e;,h,o to #a4e p>ts pumice1 & ! :ole is cov]$ ) suffici5t wat] to dissolve ! salt at boil+ temp]ature4 ,! mixture is !n boil$ d[n ) con/ant /irr+ until cry/allization takes place on ! pumice & ! cry/als are ne>ly dry4 ,! pumice ?us treat$ is !n remov$ f ! di%1 spread out & all[$ to dry 9 ! air4 ,! f9es are !n scre5$ out on a #ad-me% sieve4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! evaporat+ process t ! absorb5t is /ill slightly moi/ :5 tak5 f ! pan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,e>ly ,type ,navy ,mask4 ,conta9s noseclip & m\?piece4 ,9 pack+ ! /&>d ,army cani/] ) kupramite a lay] ( t[el+ is plac$ on top ( ! absorb5t to filt] out any f9e p>ticles :i* might be drawn up f ! absorb5t1 & ! :ole is held 9 place by ! usual heavy wire scre5 & spr+4 ,?is me?od ( pack+ is to be us$ ) ! pres5t m\?piece type ( army mask4 ,if ! new ,tissot type mask is us$1 a modification ( ! pack+ is desirable 9 ord] to elim9ate ! tr\ble due to moi/ure giv5 (f by ! absorb5t dur+ s]vice cond5s+ on ! eyepieces ( ! mask & ?us impair+ ! vision ( ! we>]4 ,to rem$y ?is defect a #a-;94 lay] ( kupramite at ! top ( ! cani/] is replac$ by activat$ *>coal or silica gel1 pref]ably silica gel4 ,?is decreases ! humidity ( ! efflu5t air suffici5tly to prev5t dimm+ ( ! eyepieces4 ,if *>coal is us$1 a #b-h cotton pad 7,ea/]n ,/> ,furri] ,co41 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i47 is sub/itut$ = ! t[el+ 9 ord] to remove *>coal du/4 ,! cani/] complete weighs ab\t #a4g lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,ammonia ,cani/]--8,kupramite40 ,a cani/] conta9+ #de cu4 94 ( ?is mat]ial w protect a man brea?+ at re/ = at lea/ #e h\rs aga9/ #b p] c5t ammonia & = #b h\rs aga9/ #e p] c5t ammonia4 ,its advantages are l>ge capacity & activity1 negligible heat ( absorption1 & *eapness4 ,,physiological ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,mask ,= "s "t aft] ! introduction ( gas w>f>e1 ! gases us$ 7 ( ! s-call$ non-p]si/5t type4 ,"u ^! conditions x 0 necess>y to we> ! mask = only relatively %ort p]iods1 aft] :i* ! cl\d dissipat$4 ,) ! increas+ use ( gas & ! introduction ( ! m p]si/5t gases1 p>ticul>ly mu/>d gas1 x n only became necess>y to we> ! mask = long p]iods ( "t b also to d relatively heavy physical "w1 su* z s]v+ artill]y1 :5 we>+ ! mask4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,ammonia ,mask1 ,%[+ ,relative ,size ( ,cani/]4 ,"u ^! conditions1 x became evid5t t ! we>+ ( ! mask caus$ a v great r$uction 9 ! milit>y effici5cy ( ! soldi]4 ,! reasons = ?is r$uction 9 effici5cy h be5 made ! subject ( ext5sive rese>* by a gr\p ( ! =emo/ physiologi/s & psy*ologi/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,z a result ( _! "w1 ! causes contribut+ to ?is r$uction 9 effici5cy may be gr\p$ ab\t ! foll[+ ma9 factors3 7#a7 ,! physical discom=t ( ! mask aris+ f causes su* z pressure on ! head & face1 due to improp]ly fitt+ facepieces & h>ness1 ! noseclip1 & ! m\?piece4 7#b7 ,abnormal conditions ( vision1 due to poor optical qualities 9 eye pieces & re/rictions ( vision1 bo? z to total field & b9ocul> field4 7#c7 ,abnormal conditions ( respiration1 among !m be+ 7a7 ! unnatural *annels ( respiration caus$ by we>+ ! box respirator1 7b7 increase 9 dead air space 9 respiratory circuit1 & 7c7 ! increase 9 resi/ance to bo? inhalation & exhalation1 ! la/ two m5tion$ be+ pres5t to a great] or less degree 9 all types ( mask4 ,( ^! g5]al subdivisions ! v>i\s phases ( ! fir/ two are s evid5t t no fur!r discussion w be giv54 ,! effects ( ! *ang$ conditions ( respiration are1 h[ev]1 less obvi\s1 & x may be ( int]e/ to pres5t 9 a g5]al way ! results ( ! rese>* along ?is l9e1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ! h>mful effects ( increas+ ! resi/ance & dead air space 9 ! respiratory tract above ! normal4 ,! function ( respiration is to supply oxyg5 to & remove c>bon dioxide f ! blood z x passes ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,?is int]*ange ( gases takes place 9 ! alveoli1 a myriad ( ?9-wall$ air sacs at ! end ( ! respiratory tract :]e ! air is sep>at$ by a v ?9 membrane ?r\gh :i* ! gases readily pass4 ,! volume & rate1 or 9 o!r words1 ! m9ute-volume1 ( respiration is automatically controll$ by ! n]ve c5t]s 9 su* a way t a suffici5t am\nt ( air is suppli$ to ! lungs to ma9ta9 by means ( ?is int]*ange a uni=m p]c5tage ( its v>i\s con/itu5ts z x leaves ! lungs4 ,x w be readily se5 !re=e1 t any?+ :i* causes a *ange 9 ! composition ( ! air pres5t$ to ! blood 9 ! alveoli w br+ ab\t abnormal conditions ( respiration4 ,inasmu* z ! gase\s int]*ange betwe5 ! lungs & ! blood takes place only 9 ! t]m9al air sacs x foll[s t1 at ! end ( ea* respiration1 ! re/ ( ! respiratory tract is fill$ ) air l[ 9 oxyg5 & high 9 c>bon dioxide1 :i* on inspiration is drawn back into ! lungs1 dilut+ ! fre% air4 ,! volume ( ^! passages hold+ air :i* mu/ be re-brea!d is kn[n z ! anatomical dead air space4 ,simil>ly1 :5 a mask is worn ! facepiece *amb] & any o!r p>ts ( ! air passage common to inspiration & expiration become additional dead air space contribut+ a fur!r dilution ( oxyg5 cont5t & contam9ation by c>bon dioxide ( ! inspir$ air 9 addition to t occasion$ by ! anatomical dead space1 :i* ( c\rse1 is always pres5t & is tak5 c>e ( by ! functions normally controll+ respiration4 ,major ,r4 ,g4 ,pe>ce :o direct$ a l>ge am\nt ( ! rese>* along ?is l9e1 sums up ! h>mful effects ( ?us increas+ ! dead air space z foll[s3 #a4 ,int]pretation f ! physiological /&po9t3 7a7 ,a l>g] m9ute-volume ( air is requir$ :5 brea?+ ?r\gh dead air space4 ,?is1 int]pret$ on physiological gr\nds1 means t ! c>bon dioxide cont5t ( ! art]ial blood is high] ?an normal4 ,! level to :i* ! cont5t ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! art]ial blood may rise is limit$4 ,any?+ :i* wa/efully increases ! c>bon dioxide level ( ! blood decreases ! res]ve s necess>y to a soldi] :5 he is ask$ to respond to ! dem& = ex]cise :i* is a "p ( 8 daily life4 7b7 ,a l>g] m9ute-volume ( air mu/ be pull$ ?r\gh ! cani/]1 :i* (f]s resi/ance proportional to ! volume ( air pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,if resi/ance is a factor ( h>m1 dead air space increases t h>m1 s9ce dead air space increases ! volume ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! cani/]4 7c7 ,z w be not$ bel[1 ! effect ( resi/ance is a t5d5cy to decrease ! m9ute-volume ( air brea!d4 ,dead air space increases ! m9ute-volume4 ,accord+ly1 if brea?+ is accompli%$ aga9/ resi/ance & ?r\gh a l>ge volume ( dead air space1 ! volume ( air brea!d is r$uc$ m 9 proportion to ! actual ne$s ( ! body ?an :5 brea?+ aga9/ resi/ance )\t ! additional factor ( dead space2 ?is1 aga91 causes ! level ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! blood & tissues to be rais$ to a high] level ?an normal1 & ?us aga9 !re is "s res]ve p[] wa/$4 #b4 ,int]pretation f ! /&po9t ( ! cani/]4 ,! life ( ! cani/] dep5ds on ! volume ( ! gas-lad5 air pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! dead space increases ! m9ute-volume ( air pass$ ?r\gh ! cani/] &1 !re=e1 %ort5s its life4 ,physiologically1 ! reason = ! h>mful effects ( brea?+ resi/ance is m involv$3 8,! importance ( resi/ance to brea?+ lies 93 7#a7 ! effect on ! circulation ( ! blood1 & 7#b7 ! *anges 9 ! lung tissue1 :i* s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! gas ex*ange betwe5 ! outside air & ! blood4 ,data h be5 pres5t$ to draw att5tion to ! s]i\sness ( resi/ance to inspiration4 ,9 ^! reports1 x 0 sugge/$ t ! delet]i\s effects on ! body consi/ 9 *anges 9 ! blood pressure1 increas$ "w ( ! "r side ( ! he>t1 & an increase 9 ! blood & lymph cont5t ( ! lungs4 ,resi/ance also decreases ! m9ute-volume ( air brea!d & !reby increases ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! expir$ air4 ,! =ego+ *anges are all delet]i\s4 8,al?\gh ! *ief problem ( resi/ance 9 gas mask design conc]ns inspiration1 nev]!less resi/ance to expiration is an important factor4 ,! expir$ air ( ! lungs conta9s c>bon dioxide = :i* means ( escape mu/ be provid$4 ,! expiratory act is m passive ?an ! inspiratory act1 & resi/ance to expiration is1 !re=e1 m ke5ly felt ?an resi/ance to inspiration4 ,x is !n imp]ative t ! exhale valve be s arrang$ z to all[ = ! escape ( ! entire am\nt ( air dur+ ! "t ( expiration ) ! lea/ possible resi/ance4 ,! data ( ! laboratory indicate t seldom1 if ev]1 d expiratory rates rise above a velocity ( #aej to #age p] m9ute4 ,! effect ( resi/ance to exhalation ^u ! vital organs ( ! body is n dissimil> to t ( inspiration40 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,absorb5ts#bg ,! absorb5ts us$ 9 bo? ! ,briti% & ,am]ican gas mask cani/]1 :i* af=d$ a degree ( protection f> sup]ior to t ( any o!r alli$ or enemy nation except ,g]many1 consi/$ ( a mixture ( *>coal & soda-lime1 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 g5]al1 a gas mask absorb5t mu/ h c]ta9 requirem5ts4 ,^! are3 absorptive activity1 absorptive capacity1 v]satility1 me*anical /r5g?1 *emical /ability1 l[ brea?+ resi/ance1 ease ( manufacture & availability ( raw mat]ials4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! basis ( ?is *apt] is ! s]ies ( articles by ,lamb & co-work]s :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em4 = #aiai4 ,absorptive activity1 or a v high rate ( absorption1 is "o ( ! m important prop]ties ( a satisfactory absorb5t4 ,a normal man :5 ex]cis+ viol5tly brea!s ab\t #fj lit]s ( air p] m9ute1 & s9ce inhalation occupies b slightly m ?an half ( ! brea?+ cycle1 ! actual rate at :i* gas passes ?r\gh ! cani/] dur+ inhalation is ab\t #ajj lit]s p] m9ute4 ,calculat$ on ! basis ( ! regul> army cani/]1 ?is corresponds to an av]age l9e> air velocity ( ab\t #hj cm4 p] second4 ,on ! av]age1 !re=e1 a giv5 small portion ( ! air rema9s 9 contact ) ! gas absorb5t = only ab\t #j4a second4 ,besides ?is1 ! removal ( ! toxic mat]ial mu/ be surpris+ly complete4 ,?\gh ! conc5tration ent]+ ! cani/] may occasionally be z high z "o half p] c5t1 ev5 ! mom5t>y leakage ( #j4jja p] c5t 7t5 p>ts p] million7 w\ld cause s]i\s discom=t & ! prolong$ leakage ( small] am\nts w\ld h s]i\s results 9 ! case ( "s gases4 ,! activity ( ! pres5t gas mask *>coal is %[n by ! fact t x w r$uce a conc5tration ( #gjjj p>ts p] million ( *loropicr9 to less ?an #j4e "p p] million 9 less ?an #j4jc second4 ,( equal importance is ! absorptive capacity4 ,t is1 ! absorb5t mu/ be able to absorb & hold l>ge am\nts ( gas p] unit weight ( absorb5t4 ,its life mu/ be measur$ 9 days aga9/ ord9>y conc5trations ( gas4 ,x is fur!r necess>y t ! gas be held firmly & n 9 any loose comb9ation :i* might give up m9ute traces ( gas :5 air is1 = long p]iods ( "t1 brea!d 9 ?r\gh a cani/] :i* has previ\sly be5 expos$ to gas4 ,! absorb5ts us$ mu/ be ( a type :i* c be reli$ ^u to give adequate protection aga9/ practically any k9d ( toxic gas 7v]satility74 ,! ne$ ( ?is is app>5t :5 ! difficulty ( hav+ sep>ate cani/]s = v>i\s gases is consid]$1 z well z ! difficulty 9 rapidly & accurately id5tify+ ! gases & ! possible introduction ( new & unkn[n gases4 ,=tunately1 practically all ( ! toxic gases are v reactive *emically or h relatively high boil+ po9ts & c !re=e be absorb$ 9 l>ge am\nts by *>coal4 ,absorb5ts mu/ be me*anically /rong 9 ord] to reta9 _! /ructure & porosity "u conditions ( transport & field use4 ,fur!r1 !y mu/ n be subject to abrasion = ! production ( a relatively small am\nt ( f9es w\ld t5d to plug ! cani/] or to cause *annels ?r\gh :i* ! gas w\ld pass )\t be+ absorb$4 ,s9ce ! cani/] is fill$ sev]al mon?s be=e x is fir/ us$ 9 ! tr5*es1 & s9ce ! cani/] may be us$ ov] a p]iod ( mon?s be=e x is disc>d$1 x is obvi\sly ! ultimate activity & capacity 7n ! initial effici5cy7 :i* det]m9es ! value ( an absorb5t4 ,x mu/ !re=e h a v consid]able degree ( *emical /ability4 ,by ?is is meant t ! absorb5t itself is n subject to *emical det]ioration1 t x does n react ) c>bon dioxide1 t x does n dis9tegrate or become deliquesc5t ev5 aft] be+ us$ & t x has no corrosive action on ! metal conta9]4 ,9 a good g5]al absorb5t !re mu/ be a prop] balance betwe5 its v>i\s ess5tial qualities1 & h5ce ! mo/ suitable mixture w probably always be a compromise4 ,,*>coal ,! fact t *>coal w\ld cond5se 9 its pores or adsorb c]ta9 gases1 hold+ !m firmly1 _h be5 kn[n = a long "t4#bh ,9 g5]al1 x 0 kn[n t s-call$ animal *>coal 0 ! be/ = decoloriz+ sug> solutions1 t wood *>coal 0 ! be/ = adsorb+ gases & t coke _h v little adsorb+ or decoloriz+ p[]4 ,no "o knew ! reason = ^! facts & no "o c\ld write a specification = *>coal4 ,! ord9>y *>coal us$ 9 ! sci5tific laboratory 0 cocoanut *>coal1 s9ce ,hunt] _h discov]$ m ?an fifty ye>s ago t ?is 0 ! be/ *>coal = adsorb+ gases4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials#bi ,! fir/ *>coal design$ to (f] protection aga9/ *lor9e & phosg5e 0 made by c>boniz+ r$ c$>4 ,s9ce ?is _h little value aga9/ *loropicr91 att5tion 0 turn$ to cocoanut %ell z ! s\rce ( raw mat]ial4 ,?is *>coal fulfill$ ! above conditions = a satisfactory absorb5t bett] ?an any o!r =m te/$4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t inve/igation ( c>bon /opp$ ) ^! exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! se>* = ! ideal c>bon1 practically almo/ e h>d vegetable sub/ance kn[n 0 te/$4 ,next to cocoanut %ells1 ! fruit pits1 sev]al common v>ieties ( nuts abundant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & sev]al tropical nuts 7especially cohune nuts71 7 f\nd to make ! be/ c>bon4 ,pecan nuts1 & all woods rang+ 9 h>dness f iron wood d[n to ord9>y p9e & fir1 7 f\nd to be 9 ! second class ( effici5cy4 ,among o!r sub/ances te/$ 7 almonds1 ,arabian acorns1 grape se$s1 ,brazil nut husks1 balsa1 osage orange1 ,*9ese velvet bean1 syn!tic c>bons 7f coal1 lamp-black1 etc471 cocoa bean %ell1 c(fee gr\nds1 fl9t corn1 corn cobs1 cotton se$ husks1 peanut %ells & oil %ale4 ,:ile _m ( ^! sub/ances might h be5 us$ 9 an em]g5cy1 none ( !m w\ld produce c>bon z effici5t1 volume = volume1 z t ( ! cocoanut %ell & o!r h>d nuts4 ,footnote #bh3 ,bancr(t 7,j4 ,phys4 ,*em4 #bd1 #abg1 #bja1 #cdb #aibj7 gives a compreh5sive review ( 8,*>coal be=e ! ,w>40 ,footnote #bi3 ,"p ( ?is section is quot$ f 8,armies ( ,indu/ry10 by ,cr[ell & ,wilson1 ,yale ,univ4 ,press4 ,"s idea ( ! scale ( *>coal production may be se5 f ! requirem5t = cocoanut %ells4 ,:5 we fir/ began to build masks our dem&s = c>bonif]\s mat]ials rang$ f #dj to #ej tons a day ( raw mat]ial2 by ! end ( ! w>1 we 7 9 ne$ ( a supply ( #djj tons ( cocoanut %ells p] day4 ,?is dem& w\ld absorb ! entire cocoanut production ( tropical ,am]ica five times ov]4 7,! total production ( cocoanuts 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,c>ibbean ,coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica am\nt$ to #aca1jjj1jjj nuts annually1 equal to a supply ( #ge tons ( %ells daily47 ,x 0 equal to "o-t5? ( ! total production ( ! ,ori5t1 :i* am\nt$ to #g1dej1bjj1jjj nuts annually4 ,?is l>ge dem& always made a res]ve supply ( *>coal mat]ial practically impossible4 ,! 8,eat ,m ,cocoanut0 campaign />t$ by ! ,gas ,def5se m ?an d\bl$ ! ,am]ican consumption ( cocoanut 9 a brief space ( "t & 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 ) ! help ( importation ( %ell1 we av]ag$ ab\t #aej tons ( %ells p] day1 exclusive ( ! ,ori5t4 ,! fir/ heat+ ( cocoanut %ells to make *>coal r$uces _! weight #ge p] c5t4 ,x 0 evid5t1 !re=e1 t we c\ld m economically %ip our ori5tal supply 9 ! =m ( *>coal produc$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,a *>coal plant 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ag5ts 7 s5t to all p>ts ( ! ,ori5tal c\ntries to pur*ase enorm\s supplies ( %ells4 ,:ile ! "w 0 only ga9+ mom5tum :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! plant actually %ipp$ #cjj tons ( cocoanut %ell c>bon to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & _h ov] #ajjj tons on h& ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,9 ! se>* = o!r tropical nuts1 x 0 f\nd t ! cohune or corozo nut 0 ! be/4 ,^! nuts are ! fruit ( ! manaca palm tree4 ,!y gr[ 9 clu/]s1 l bananas or dates1 "o to f\r clu/]s to a tree1 ea* clu/] yield+ f #fj to #ge p\nds ( nuts4 ,!y gr[ pr9cipally on ! we/ coa/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 9 l[1 swampy regions f ,mexico to ,panama b are also f\nd along ! ,c>ibbean coa/4 ,! *ief virtue ( ! cohune nut f ! *>coal po9t ( view 0 its extreme ?ickness ( %ell2 ?is nut is #c in*es or m 9 l5g? & ne>ly #b in*es 9 diamet] b ! k]nel is v small4 ,f\r ?\s& tons p] mon? 7 be+ import$ at ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,a disadvantage 9 ! use ( cohune nuts 0 t _! husks conta9$ a consid]able am\nt ( acid :i* rott$ ! jute bags & also caus$ ! heaps ( nuts to heat 9 /orage4 ,a ?ird s\rce ( tropical mat]ial 0 9 ! ivory nuts us$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ?is c\ntry by ! mak]s ( buttons4 ,!re is a wa/e ( #djj-ejj tons p] mon? ( ?is mat]ial1 :i* 0 us$ aft] scre5+ out ! du/4 ,?is mat]ial is r exp5sive1 because x is normally us$ 9 ! manufacture ( lactic acid4 ,ano!r great bran* ( activity 9 secur+ c>bon supplies 0 conc]n$ ) ! apricot1 pea* & *]ry pits & walnut %ells ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,a nation-wide campaign on ! "p ( ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross 0 />t$ on ,septemb] #ac1 #aiah4 ,betwe5 ?is "t & ! ,armi/ice "s #d1jjj tons ( mat]ial 7 collect$4 ,?us ! slogan 8,help u to give him ! be/ gas mask0 made its appeal to e p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,*>coal ,,action ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! fir/ *>coal 0 made f r$ c$>4 ,:ile ?is 0 v satisfactory :5 te/$ aga9/ *lor9e1 x 0 ( no value aga9/ *loropicr94 ,9 ord] to improve ! *>coal /ill fur!r x 0 desirable to h "s !ory z to ! way *>coal act$4 ,x 0 g5]ally agre$ t f9e pores 7 ess5tial4 ,! function+ ( *>coal dep5ds ^u its adsorptive p[] & ?is 9 turn ^u its porosity4 ,! great] ! ratio ( its surface to its mass1 t is1 ! m highly develop$ & f9e gra9$ its porosity1 ! great] its value4 ,ano!r factor1 h[ev]1 seem$ to play a rle4 ,z a pure hypo!sis1 at fir/1 ,*aney assum$ t an active *>coal c\ld only be secur$ by remov+ ! hydroc>bon :i* he assum$ to be pres5t aft] c>bonization4 ,be+ difficultly volatile1 ^! hydroc>bons prev5t ! adsorption ( o!r gases or vapors on ! active mat]ial4 ,to prove ?is1 r$ c$> *>coal 0 heat$ 9 a bomb connect$ ) a pump :i* drew air ?r\gh ! bomb4 ,al?\gh ! *>coal _h be5 c>boniz$ at #hjj1 v>i\s gases & vapor began to come (f at #cjj1 & :5 cool$1 cond5s$ to cry/all9e plates4 ,?is exp]im5t n only prov$ ! exi/5ce ( compon5ts conta9+ hydrog5 9 ! *>coal1 b also %[$ t "o way ( remov+ ! hydroc>bon film on ! active c>bon 0 to treat ) an oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,9 ! light ( ! lat] exp]im5tal "w ,*aney feels t !re are two =ms ( elem5t>y c>bon--8active0 & 8inactive02 ! active =m is *>act]iz$ by a high specific adsorptive capacity = gas :ile ! inactive =m lacks ?is prop]ty4 ,9 g5]al ! temp]ature ( =mation ( ! active =m is bel[ #ejj-fjj ,c4 ,! =m is easily attack$ by oxidiz+ ag5ts--:ile ! latt] is relatively /able4 ,! comb9ation ( active c>bon ) an adsorb$ lay] or lay]s ( hydroc>bon is kn[n z 8prim>y0 c>bon4 ,an?racite & bitum9\s coal are native prim>y c>bons1 :ile coke conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( inactive c>bon1 result+ f ! decomposition ( hydroc>bon dur+ its prep>ation4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,active ,,*>coal 8,on ! basis ( ! above discussion1 ! prep>ation ( active *>coal w evid5tly involve two /eps3 8,fir/4--,! =mation ( a por\s1 amorph\s base c>bon at a relatively l[ temp]ature4 8,second4--,! removal ( ! adsorb$ hydroc>bons f ! prim>y c>bon1 & ! increase ( its porosity4 8,! fir/ /ep pres5ts no v s]i\s difficulties4 ,x involves1 9 ! case ( woods & simil> mat]ials1 a process ( de/ructive di/illation at relatively l[ temp]atures4 ,! deposition ( inactive c>bon1 result+ f ! crack+ ( hydroc>bons at high temp]atures1 mu/ be avoid$4 ,! mat]ial is !re=e *>g$ into ! retorts 9 ?9 lay]s1 s t ! contact ( ! hydroc>bon vapors ) hot *>coal is avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,fur!rmore1 mo/ ( ! hydroc>bon is remov$ be=e dang]\s temp]atures are rea*$4 ,a slight suction is ma9ta9$ to prev5t outw>d leaks1 b no activation by oxidation is attempt$1 z ?is c be c>ri$ on "u bett] control & ) less loss ( mat]ial 9 a sep>ate treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,dorsey ,reactor = ,activat+ ,cocoanut ,*>coal ) ,/eam4 8,! second /ep1 t is1 ! removal ( ! absorb$ hydroc>bons f ! prim>y c>bon1 is a mu* m difficult matt]4 ,prolong$ heat+1 at suffici5tly high temp]atures1 is requir$ to remove or break up ! hydroc>bon residues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 volatilization & crack+ ( ! hydroc>bons at high temp]atures is c]ta9 to produce an inactive =m ( c>bon m or less l graphite 9 its visible *>act]i/ics1 :i* is n only in]t & non-adsorb5t1 b is also highly resi/ant to oxidation4 ,! g5]al me?od ( proc$ure :i* has yield$ ! be/ results1 is to remove ! adsorb$ hydroc>bons by v>i\s processes ( comb9$ oxidation & di/illation1 :]eby ! hydroc>bons ( high boil+ po9ts are brok5 d[n into m volatile sub/ances & remov$ at l[] temp]atures1 or "u conditions less likely to result 9 subsequ5t deposition ( inactive c>bon4 ,?9 lay]s ( *>coal & rapid gas curr5ts are us$ s t contact betwe5 ! volatiliz$ hydroc>bons & ! hot active *>coal may be z brief z possible4 ,9 ?is way crack+ ( ! hydroc>bons at high temp]ature1 ) consequ5t deposition ( inactive c>bon1 is l>gely avoid$4 8,:ile ! removal ( ! hydroc>bons by oxidation & di/illation is ! ma9 object ( ! activation process1 ano!r important action goes on at ! same "t1 namely1 ! oxidation ( ! prim>y c>bon itself4 ,?is oxidation is d\btless advantage\s1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 = x probably at fir/ enl>ges1 at ! exp5se ( ! walls ( solid c>bon1 cavities already pres5t 9 ! *>coal1 ?us increas+ ! total surface expos$4 ,moreov]1 ! out] ends ( ! capill>y pores & fissures mu/ be some:at enl>g$ by ?is action & a readi] access ?us provid$ to ! inn] portions ( ! *>coal4 ,h[ev]1 z soon z ! eat+ away ( ! c>bon wall beg9s to unite cavities1 x decreases1 r ?an increases1 ! surface ( ! *>coal1 & a consequ5t drop 9 volume activity1 t is 9 ! s]vice "t1 ( ! *>coal1 is f\nd to result4 8,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t conditions ( activation mu/ be s *os5 & regulat$ z to oxidize ! hydroc>bons rapidly & ! prim>y c>bon sl[ly4 ,su* a diff]5tial oxidation is n easy to secure s9ce ! hydroc>bons involv$ h a v l[ hydrog5 cont5t1 & are n mu* m easily oxidiz$ ?an ! prim>y c>bon itself4 ,fur!rmore1 mo/ ( ! hydroc>bons to be remov$ are %ut up 9 ! int]ior ( ! granule4 ,on ! "o h&1 a high en\gh temp]ature mu/ be ma9ta9$ to oxidize ! hydroc>bons ) reasonable spe$2 on ! o!r h&1 too high a temp]ature mu/ n be employ$1 else ! prim>y c>bon w be unduly consum$4 ,! p]missible range is a relatively n>r[ "o1 only ab\t #ej to #ge4 ,! location ( ! optimum activat+ temp]ature dep5ds ^u ! oxidiz+ ag5t employ$ & ^u o!r v>iables z well2 = air1 x has be5 f\nd to lie some:]e betwe5 #cej & #dej1 & = /eam betwe5 #hjj & #ajjj4 8,! air activation process has ! advantage ( op]at+ at a conv5i5tly l[ temp]ature4 ,x has ! disadvantage1 t local heat+ & an excessive consumption ( prim>y c>bon occur1 s t a drop 9 volume activity results f t cause be=e ! hydroc>bons h be5 completely elim9at$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 *>coal ( ! highe/ activity _c be obta9$ by ! air activation process40 ,! /eam activation process has ! disadvantage t x op]ates at s high a temp]ature t ! regulation ( temp]ature becomes difficult & o!r te*nical difficulties are introduc$4 ,x has ! advantage t local heat+ is elim9at$4 ,! hydroc>bons c1 !re=e1 be l>gely remov$ )\t a disproportionate consumption ( prim>y c>bon4 ,?is p]mits ! production ( a v active *>coal4 ,x has ! fur!r advantage t x work$ well ) all k9ds ( *>coal4 ,inf]ior mat]ial1 :5 treat$ ) /eam1 gave *>coal ne>ly z good z ! be/ /eam-treat$ cocoanut *>coal4 ,because ( ! %ortage ( cocoanut1 ?is 0 a v important consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,section ( ,raw ,cocoanut ,%ell4 ,magnifi$ #adf diamet]s4 ,! air1 /eam & also c>bon dioxide-/eam activation processes h all be5 employ$ on a l>ge scale by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice = ! manufacture ( gas mask c>bon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,section ( ,c>boniz$ ,cocoanut ,*>coal4 ,magnifi$ #adf ,diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,two-,m9ute ,*>coal n ,activat$4 ,magnifi$ #gcb ,diamet]s4 8,! above consid]ations are illu/rat$ fairly well by ! photo-micrographs %[n 9 ,figs4 #fh to #ga4 ,fig4 #fh %[s a section ( ! orig9al untreat$ cocoanut %ell crosswise to ! long axis ( ! %ell4 ,9 x c be se5 ! closely pack$1 ?ick-wall$ s-call$ #8/one-cells' *>act]i/ic ( all h>d & d5se nut %ells4 ,fig4 #fi is a photograph ( a simil> section ?r\gh ! same cocoanut %ell aft] x has be5 c>boniz$4 ,z ^! photographs are all tak5 ) v]tical illum9ation aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 ! cavities1 or voids1 & depressions all appe> black1 :ile ! *>coal itself appe>s :ite4 ,x is cle> f ?is photograph t mu* ( ! orig9al gross] /ructure ( ! %ell p]si/s 9 ! c>boniz$ products4 ,figs4 #gj & #ga are m highly magnifi$ photographs ( a c>boniz$ *>coal be=e & aft] activation1 respectively4 ,z be=e1 all ! d>k areas repres5t voids ( little or no importance 9 ! adsorptive activity ( ! *>coal1 :ile ! :ite areas repres5t ! *>coal itself4 ,9 ,fig4 #gj 7unactivat$7 ! *>coal itself betwe5 ! voids x se5 to be relatively compact1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #ga 7activat$7 x is decid$ly granul>4 ,?is granul> /ructure1 j visible at ?is high magnification 7#ajjj diamet]s71 probably repres5ts ! gross] por\s /ructure on :i* ! adsorption really dep5ds4 ,^! photographs1 !re=e1 %[ h[ ! porosity is increas$ by activation40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--ca-,m9ute ,/eam ,activat$ ,*>coal4 ,magnifi$ #gcb ,diamet]s4 ,! great dem& = *>coal1 & ! ne$ = activat+ o!r ?an cocoanut *>coal l$ to ! developm5t ( ! ,dressl] tunnel kiln1 :i* seem$ to (f] _m advantages ov] ! ,dorsey type ( treat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,sectional ,view ( ,dressl] ,tunnel ,kiln1 ,adapt$ to ,activation ( ,*>coal4 8,! ,dressl] tunnel kiln is a type us$ 9 g5]al c]amic "w4 ,! furnace consi/s ess5tially ( a brick kiln ab\t #aij ft4 long1 #ab ft4 broad1 & #i ft4 high1 l9$ ) fire brick4 ,*>coal is load$ 9 %all[1 refractory trays 9 small tram c>s1 ab\t #abj trays to ! c>4 ,! c>s ent] ! kiln ?r\gh a d\ble door & ! *>coal rema9s 9 ! hot zone at a temp]ature ( ab\t #hej ,c4 = ab\t #d hrs41 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial *>g$4 ,wat] is atomiz$ into ?is kiln1 & a positive pressure ma9ta9$ 9 ord] to exclude entrance ( air4 ,! kiln is gas-fir$ & ! *>coal is activat$ by ! /eam 9 ! pres5ce ( ! combu/ion gases4 8,"u su* treatm5t ! *>coal is giv5 a high degree ( activation )\t ! usual accompany+ high losses4 ,seem+ly ! oxidiz+ m$ium us$1 toge!r ) ! op]at+ conditions1 produce a deep p5etration ( ! *>coal p>ticles )\t increas+ ! ext5sive surface combu/ion exp]i5c$ 9 ! /eam activators4 ,! capacity ( su* a type furnace is limit$ only by ! size ( ! in/allation4 8,! advantages ( ?is type furnace may be tabulat$ z foll[s3 #a--;,high quality ( product4 #b--,small weight & volume losses4 #c--,l>ge capacity p] unit4 #d--,m9imum initial co/ & ma9t5ance ( in/allation4 #e--,simplicity & *eapness ( op]ation4 #f--;,adaptability to activation ( all c>bon mat]ials4 #g--;,availability ( furnaces ( ?is g5]al type already con/ruct$40 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,nut ,,*>coal ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made ) a special an?racite coal 7non-lam9at$ & hav+ con*oidal fracture74 ,?is _h a life ( #efj m9utes z aga9/ #cfj m9utes = air treat$ cocoanut *>coal & #hjj-ijj m9utes = /eam-treat$ *>coal4 ,:5 ! ,gas ,def5se ,s]vice tri$ to activate an?racite on a l>ge scale 9 v]tical gas retorts at ,d]by1 ,connecticut1 ! attempt 0 a failure4 ,!y c>boniz$ at #ijj & !n turn$ on ! /eam ) ! result t ! /eam-treat$ coal _h a slightly great] d5sity ?an ! untreat$1 :i* 0 wrong1 & _h a %9y appe>ance 9 p>ts ) r\gh5$ deposits 9 o!r p>ts4 ,:5 ! hydroc>bons are decompos$ at high temp]atures1 ! result+ c>bon is some:at graphitic1 is itself inactive1 is n readily oxidiz$1 & impairs or prev5ts ! activation ( ! normal c>bon ^u :i* x is deposit$4 ,?is discov]y made x possible to treat an?racite successfully4 ,! conditions mu/ be su* z to m9imize high temp]ature crack+1 to c>ry (f or oxidize ! hydroc>bons z fa/ z =m$1 & especially to prev5t ! gases f cool] portions ( ! treat] com+ 9 contact ) c>bon at a mu* high] temp]ature4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d1 a plant 0 built at ,spr+field :i* produc$ #aj tons a day ( #aej-cjj m9ute *>coal f raw an?racite4 ,?is 0 "o-?ird ( ! total production at t "t & 0 mix$ ) ! nut *>coal made at ,a/oria1 !reby prev5t+ an absolute %ortage ( cani/]-fill+ mat]ial 9 ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,x 0 next %[n t ! cocoanut *>coal f9es result+ f gr9d+ & scre5+ losses & am\nt+ to #ej p] c5t ( ! product1 c\ld be v f9ely gr\nd1 mix$ ) a b9d]1 & bak$ l ord9>y c>bon products4 ,by avoid+ gas-treat+ 9 ! bake1 ! result+ *>coal is ne>ly z good z t f ! orig9al %ell4 ,a recov]y plant = treat+ ! cocoanut f9es 0 built at ,a/oria4 ,! product 0 call$ 8,coalite40 ,! great advantage ( cocoanut %ell z a s\rce ( *>coal is t x is v d5se & consequ5tly x is possible to conv]t x into a mass hav+ a l>ge numb] ( f9e pores1 :]eas a less d5se wood1 l c$>1 w necess>ily give m l>g] pores1 :i* are ( relatively little value4 ,! cocoanut *>coal is also pretty resi/ant to oxidation :i* seems to make selective oxidation a m simple matt]4 ,by briquett+ diff]5t woods1 x is possible to make *>coal f !m :i* is ne>ly equal to t f cocoanut %ell4 ,by heat+ lamp-black ) sulfur & briquett+1 x 0 possible to make a *>coal hav+ approximately ! same s]vice "t z cocoanut *>coal4 ,a *>coal 0 made by emulsify+ c>bon black ) s(t pit*1 :i* gave ! equival5t ( #djj m9utes aga9/ *loropicr9 be=e x _h be5 /eam-treat$4 ,?is look$ s good t ! plans 7 drawn = mak+ a ?\s& p\nds or m ( ?is product at ,wa%+ton to give x a ?or\gh te/4 ,?is 0 n done on acc\nt ( ! cessation ( all rese>* "w4 ,! possible advantage ( ?is product 0 ! m uni=m di/ribution ( b9d]4 ,in/ead ( /eam-treat+ an?racite coal direct1 x 0 also pulv]iz$1 mix$ ) a b9d]1 & bak$ into rods :i* 7 !n gr\nd & activat$ ) /eam4 ,! result+ mat]ial1 :i* 0 kn[n z ,c>bonite1 _h some:at less activity ?an ! lamp-black mixes b 0 v mu* *eap]4 ,a plant 0 built to bake #dj tons a day ( ?is mat]ial1 :i* w\ld yield #aj tons a day ( active c>bon aft] all[+ = gr9d+ losses & /eam treatm5t4 ,! plant 0 gu>ante$ to furni% an absorb5t hav+ a life ( #fjj m9utes aga9/ *loropicr94 ,,g]man ,,*>coal ,aft] ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$1 ,*aney took up ! "q ( h[ ! ,g]mans made _! *>coal4 ,! ,g]man *>coal 0 made f conif]\s wood & 0 report$ to be z good z ours1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y 7 us+ inf]ior mat]ials4 ,inside ( a mon? ,*aney _h f\nd out h[ ! ,g]man *>coal 0 made1 _h duplicat$ _! mat]ial1 & _h %[n t x 0 no?+ l z good z our *>coal4 ,! ,g]mans impregnat$ ! wood ) z9c *loride1 c>boniz$ at r$ heat1 & wa%$ out mo/ ( ! z9c *loride4 ,:5 ?is z9c *loride 0 f\nd 9 ! ,g]man *>coal1 x 0 assum$ t x _h be5 add$ aft] ! *>coal _h be5 made4 ,x 0 !re=e dissolv$ out ) hydro*loric acid1 !reby improv+ ! *>coal aga9/ *loropicr94 ,! ,g]man *>coal 0 !n te/$ z x /ood1 includ+ ! f9es1 aga9/ ,am]ican *>coal1 #h to #ad me%4 ,! mo/ s]i\s error1 h[ev]1 0 9 te/+ only aga9/ a high conc5tration ( *loropicr94 ,! ,g]man *>coal conta9s relatively co>se pores :i* cond5se gases at high conc5trations v well b :i* d n absorb gases /rongly at l[ conc5trations4 ,! result 0 t ! ,g]man *>coal 0 rat$ z be+ f\r or five times z good z x really 04 ,illu/ration3 ,g]man ,*>coal4 #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,*>coal f ,spruce ,wood4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,*>coal ,! foll[+ table %[s a comp>ison ( *>coals f diff]5t s\rces4 ,! me?od ( activation 0 id5tical & ! times ( treatm5t 7 ^? approximately giv+ ! highe/ s]vice "t4 ,! results aga9/ *loropicr91 !re=e1 repres5t r\ghly ! relative excell5ce ( ! *>coal obta9able f v>i\s raw mat]ials1 us+ ?is me?od ( activation3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,active ,,*>coals ,,activat$ ,,9 ,,laboratory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,accel]at$ ,app>5t ,/eam ,treatm5t ,*loropicr9 ,d5sity at #ijj ,te/ ,results ,base ,mat]ial ---------------------------------------- ----- ,prim>y,activat$,"t ,weight ,weight ,s]vice ,c>bon ,c>bon ,m94 ,loss ,absorb$ ,"t ,p] ,c5t ,p] ,c5t ,m94 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sycamore #j4aeh #j4jhj #ah #ec #da #g4c ,c$> #j4bbc #j4jig #fj #hh #gh #af4j ,m\nta9 mahogany #j4dbj #j4bcf #fj #dd #cb #af4c ,ironwood #j4dfe #j4cca #fj #dd #ca #bj4h ,brazil nut #j4ebj #j4caf #abj #ga #df #cb4b ,ivory nut #j4gjj #j4dfj #abj #gj #dh #dg4j ,cohune nut #j4fei #j4ejb #abj #dh #ea #ec4d ,babassu nut #j4edj #j4cbb #baj #fh #he #eh4g ,cocoanut #j4gaj #j4dde #abj #fj #fa #eh4d ,cocoanut #j4gaj #j4dag #ahj #ge #gb #fd4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,briquett$ ,,mat]ials ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sawdu/ #j4edb #j4cfe #abj #ff #ec #dj4j ,c>bon black #j4gfi #j4ddd #bdj #fd4c #ec #ej4e ,bitum9\s coal #j4ghi #j4dcj #afe #fa #eh4c #df4h ,an?racite coal #j4hcj #j4cga #dhj #ha #ec #dj4g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 8,9 conclusion1 x w be ( int]e/ to comp>e ! *>coals manufactur$ & us$ by ! pr9cipal bellig]5t nations1 bo? ) "o ano!r & ) ! above m5tion$ laboratory prep>ations4 ,data on ^! *>coals are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,typical ,,production ,,*>coals ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,bellig]5t ,,nations ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,app>5t,s]vice ,c\ntry ,date ,raw ,mat]ial ,d5sity ,"t ,rem>ks ,corr4 to #h-ad ,me% ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,u4 ,s4 ,a4,nov4 #aiag ,cocoanut #j4fj #aj ,air activat$ ,u4 ,s4 ,a4,june1 #aiah,mix$ nuts1 #j4eh #ah ,/eam activat$ etc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4,nov4 #aiah ,cocoanut #j4ea #cd ,/eam activat$ ,engl& #aiag ,wood #j4bg #f ,long di/illation ,engl& ,aug4 #aiah ,pea* /ones1 #j4ed #af etc4 ,france #aiag-ah ,wood #j4bc #b ,g]many ,e>ly ,wood 8 #c ,*emical & /eam treatm5t ,g]many ,june1 #aiag,wood #j4be #cc ,*emical & /eam treatm5t ,g]many ,june1 #aiah,wood #j4bd #db ,*emical & /eam treatm5t ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 8,x is at once evid5t t ! s]vice "t ( mo/ ( ^! *>coals is v mu* less ?an 0 obta9$ ) ! laboratory samples4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! em]g5cy production ( ?is mat]ial on a l>ge scale1 quantity & spe$ 7 f> m important ?an ! absolute excell5ce ( ! product4 ,x w be not$1 = in/ance1 t ! cocoanut *>coal manufactur$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 0 /ill v mu* inf]ior to ! laboratory samples made f ! same raw mat]ial4 ,?is 0 n because a v active *>coal c\ld n be produc$ on a l>ge scale1 = ev5 9 ,may1 #aiah1 ! possibility ( manufactur+ a #ej-m94 *>coal on a l>ge scale _h be5 conclusively demon/rat$1 b ?is activation w\ld h requir$ two or ?ree times z mu* raw mat]ial & five times z mu* app>atus z 0 !n available1 due to ! mu* long] "t ( heat+1 & ! great] losses ( c>bon occasion$ !reby4 8,x %\ld fur!rmore be po9t$ out t ! increase 9 ! *loropicr9 s]vice "t ( *>coal f #ah to #ej m94 does n repres5t any?+ l a proportionate increase 9 its value "u field s]vice conditions4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! fact t ! increas$ absorption on ! high conc5tration te/s is 9 reality due to cond5sation 9 ! capill>ies1 :i*1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 is n ( mu* real value4 ,m important ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t mo/ ( ! important gases us$ 9 w>f>e are n held by adsorption only1 b by comb9$ adsorption & *emical reaction1 = :i* purpose an #ah-m94 *>coal is1 9 g5]al1 almo/ z good z a #ej-m94 *>coal40 ,,typical ,,absorptive ,,values ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,*>coals ,,aga9/ ,,v>i\s ,,gases ,,leg5d3 7,a7 ,h,o ,cont5t1 77 7,b7 ,accel4 ,*loropicr9 ,s]vice ,"t1 7,m947 7,c7 ,*loropicr9 7,d7 ,phosg5e 7,e7 ,hydrocyanic ,acid 7,f7 ,ars9e 7,g7 ,cyanog5 ,*loride 7,h7 ,tri*lorome?yl*lor(ormate 7,i7 ,*lor9e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,s]vice ,"t1 ,m9utes ,/&>d ,conditions ,no4 ,*>coal ,nation --------------------- 7,a7 7,b7 7,c77,d77,e77,f77,g77,h77,i7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,poor cocoanut ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #j #aj #abjage #bj #ah #ee #ejbgj #b ,m$ium cocoanut ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #j #cj #cejbfj #be #be #fe #fecgj #c ,good cocoanut ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #j #fj #fbjcaj #bg #cj #ge #gjdbj #d ,same z ,no4 #b b wet ,u4 ,s4 ,a4#ab #ah #cbjccj #ce #af #ce #ie #e ,no4 #b impregnat$,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #j #ce #djjgjj #gjdjj #gjaijeaj #f ,wood ,fr5* #j #b4e #be #ge #i #j #a #bj #g ,wood ,briti% #j #f #gj #ij #ah #d #e #cj #h ,pea* /one ,briti% #j #af #aijace #cj #be #fe #fj #i ,treat$ wood ,g]man #j #db #bcjaje #bj #bj #bb #be #aj ,no4 #i impregnat$,g]man #cj #i #ijcbj #af #aaajabj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,/&>d ,,conditions ,,( ,,te/s ,me% ( absorb5t #h-ad ,dep? ( absorb5t lay] #aj cm4 ,rate ( fl[ p] sq4 cm4 p] m94 #ejj cc4 ,conc5tration ( toxic gas #j4a p] c5t ,relative humidity #ej p] c5t ,temp]ature #bj ,results express$ 9 m9utes to ! #ii p] c5t effici5cy po9ts4 ,results correct$ to uni=m conc5trations & size ( p>ticles4 ,,soda-,,lime ,*>coal is n a satisfactory all-r\nd absorb5t because x has too little capacity = c]ta9 highly volatile acid gases1 su* z phosg5e & hydrocyanic acid1 & because oxidiz+ ag5ts are ne$$ = c]ta9 gases4 ,to ov]come ^! defici5cies ! use ( an alkali oxidiz+ ag5t 9 comb9ation ) ! *>coal has be5 f\nd advisable4 ,! mat]ial actually us$ = ?is purpose has be5 granules ( soda-lime conta9+ sodium p]manganate4 ,its pr9cipal function may be said to be to act z a res]voir ( l>ge capacity = ! p]man5t fixation ( ! m volatile acid & oxidizable gases4 ,! developm5t ( a satisfactory soda-lime 0 a difficult problem4 ,! pr9cipal requirem5ts foll[3 ,its activity is n ( vital importance1 z ! *>coal is able to take up gas ) extreme rapidity & !n lat] give x (f m sl[ly to ! soda-lime4 ,absorptive capacity is ( ! greate/ importance1 s9ce ! soda-lime is reli$ ^u to hold 9 *emical comb9ation a v l>ge am\nt ( toxic gas4 ,bo? *emical /ability & me*anical /r5g? are difficult to atta94 ,! latt] _h nev] be5 solv$ until ! w> made "s solution absolutely imp]ative4 ,,composition ,,( ,,regul> ,,army ,,soda-,,lime ,! exact composition ( ! army soda-lime has und]gone consid]able modification f "t to "t z x has be5 f\nd desirable to *ange ! raw mat]ials or ! me?od ( manufacture4 ,a r\gh av]age =mula :i* w s]ve to br+ out ! int]relation betwe5 ! diff]5t con/itu5ts is z foll[s3 ,,composition ,,( ,,wet ,,mix ,p] ,c5t ,hydrat$ lime #de ,cem5t #ad ,kieselguhr #f ,sodium hydroxide #a ,wat] #cc 7approx47 ,,aft] ,,dry+ ,moi/ure cont5t #h 7approx47 ,,aft] ,,spray+ ,moi/ure cont5t #ac 7approx47 ,sodium p]manganate cont5t #c 7approx47 ,)9 limits1 ! me?od ( manufacture is m important ?an ! composition or o!r v>iables1 & has be5 ! subject ( a great deal ( rese>* "w ev5 on app>5tly m9or details4 ,! process f9ally adopt$ consi/s ess5tially 9 mak+ a pla/ic mass ( lime1 cem5t1 kieselguhr1 cau/ic soda1 & wat]1 spread+ 9 slabs on wire-bottom$ trays1 all[+ to set = #b or #c days "u c>efully controll$ conditions1 dry+1 gr9d+1 & scre5+ to #h-ad me%1 & f9ally spray+ ) a /rong solution ( sodium p]manganate ) a specially design$ spray nozzle4 ,! spray+ process is a rec5t developm5t1 mo/ ( ! soda-lime hav+ be5 made by putt+ ! sodium p]manganate into ! orig9al wet mix4 ,_m difficulties _h to be ov]come 9 develop+ ! spray+ process1 b x ev5tually gave a bett] f9al product1 & result$ 9 a l>ge sav+ ( p]manganate :i* 0 =m]ly lo/ dur+ dry+1 9 f9es1 etc4 ,,function ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,compon5ts ,lime4 ,! hydrat$ lime furni%es ! backbone ( ! absorptive prop]ties ( ! soda-lime4 ,x con/itutes ov] #ej p] c5t ( ! f9i%$ dry granule & is responsible 9 a *emical s5se = practically all ! gas absorption4 ,cem5t4 ,cem5t furni%es a degree ( h>dness adequate to )/& s]vice conditions4 ,x int]f]es some:at ) ! absorptive prop]ties ( ! soda-lime & x is an op5 "q :e!r ! ga9 9 h>dness produc$ by its use is valuable en\gh to comp5sate = ! decreas$ absorption :i* results4 ,kieselguhr4 ,! loss 9 absorptive capacity due to ! pres5ce ( cem5t is 9 "p c\nt]balanc$ by ! simultane\s introduction ( a relatively small weight ?\gh consid]able bulk1 ( kieselguhr4 ,9 "s cases1 !re seems to be a reaction betwe5 ! lime & ! kieselguhr1 :i* results 9 "s increase 9 h>dness4 ,sodium ,hydroxide4 ,sodium hydroxide has two prim>y functions 9 ! soda-lime granule4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a small am\nt s]ves to give ! granule consid]able m activity4 ,! second function is to ma9ta9 r\ghly ! prop] moi/ure cont5t4 ,?is wat] cont5t 7r\ghly #ac-ad p] c5t aft] spray+7 is v important1 9 ord] t ! maximum gas absorption may be secur$4 ,sodium ,p]manganate4 ,! function ( ! sodium p]manganate is to oxidize c]ta9 gases1 su* z ars9e1#cj & to act z an assurance ( protection aga9/ possible new gases4 ,! purity ( ! sodium p]manganate solution us$ 0 f\nd to be "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 mak+ /able soda-lime4 ,x 01 !re=e1 necess>y to "w out special me?ods = its manufacture4 ,two su* me?ods 7 develop$1 & successfully put into op]ation4 ,footnote #cj3 ,:i*1 h[ev]1 0 nev] us$ on ! battlefield4 ,c>eful selection ( o!r mat]ial is also necess>y1 & ?is phase ( ! "w contribut$ greatly to ! f9al developm5t ( ! =m ( soda-lime4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,te/+ ,,absorb5ts ,,& ,,gas ,,masks ,"o ( ! fir/ necessities 9 ! developm5t ( absorb5ts & gas masks 0 a me?od ( te/+ !m & comp>+ _! defici5cies4 ,:ile ! ultimate te/ ( ! value ( an absorb5t1 cani/] or facepiece is1 ( c\rse1 ! actual man te/ ( ! complete mask1 ! "t consum$ 9 ^! te/s is s great t m rapid te/s 7 devis$ = ! control ( ^! factors & ! man te/ us$ z a *eck ( ! purely me*anical me?ods4 ,,te/+ ,,( ,,absorb5ts#ca ,absorb5ts %\ld be te/$ = moi/ure1 h>dness1 uni=mity ( sample & effici5cy aga9/ v>i\s gases4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see ,fieldn] & o!rs1 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #aa1 #eai 7#aiai74 ,moi/ure is simply det]m9$ by dry+ = two h\rs at #aej4 ,! loss 9 weight is call$ moi/ure4 ,! h>dness or resi/ance to abrasion is det]m9$ by %ak+ a #ej-;gram sample ) /eel ball be>+s = #cj m9utes on a ,ro-tap %ak+ ma*9e4 ,! mat]ial is !n scre5$ & ! h>dness numb] is det]m9$ by multiply+ ! weight ( absorb5t rema9+ on ! scre5 by two4 ,! effici5cy ( an absorb5t aga9/ v>i\s gases dep5ds ^u a v>iety ( factors4 ,because ( ?is1 x is necess>y to select /&>d conditions = ! te/4 ,^! 7 *os5 z foll[s3 ,! absorb5t "u te/ is fill$ into a sample tube ( specifi$ diamet] 7#b cm47 to a dep? ( #aj cm4 by ! /&>d me?od = fill+ tubes1 & a /&>d conc5tration 7usually #a1jjj or #aj1jjj p4p4m4 by volume7 ( ! gas 9 air ( def9ite 7#ej p] c5t7 humidity is pass$ ?r\gh ! absorb5t at a rate ( #ejj cc4 p] sq4 cm4 p] m94 ,! conc5tration ( ! ent]+ gas is det]m9$ by analysis4 ,! l5g? ( "t is not$ f ! in/ant ! gas-air mixture is />t$ ?r\gh ! absorb5t to ! "t ! gas or "s toxic or irritat+ reaction product ( ! gas beg9s to come ?r\gh ! absorb5t1 z det]m9$ by "s qualitative te/4 ,quantitative samples ( ! outfl[+ gas are !n tak5 at kn[n int]vals & f ! am\nt ( gas f\nd 9 ! sample ! p] c5t effici5cy ( ! absorb5t at ! correspond+ "t is calculat$4 ,p] c5t effici5cy p4p4m4 ent]+ gas - p4p4m4 efflu5t gas ---------------------------------------- - #ajj4 p4p4m4 ent]+ gas ,^! effici5cies are plott$ aga9/ ! m9utes elaps$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! te/ to ! middle ( ! sampl+ p]iod correspond+ to t effici5cy po9t4 ,a smoo? curve is drawn ?r\gh ^! po9ts & ! effici5cy ( ! absorb5t is report$ z s _m m9utes to ! #ajj1 #ii1 #ie1 #ij1 #hj1 etc41 p] c5t effici5cy po9ts4 ,! app>atus us$ 9 c>ry+ out ?is te/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,descriptive details may be f\nd 9 ! article by ,fieldn] 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry = ,june1 #aiai4 ,) modifications = high & l[ boil+ mat]ials1 ! app>atus is adapt$ to su* a v>iety ( gases z *lor9e1 phosg5e1 c>bon dioxide1 sulfur dioxide1 hydrocyanic acid1 b5zyl bromide1 *loropicr91 sup]palite1 etc4 ,z ! quality ( ! *>coal increas$1 ! s-call$ /&>d te/ requir$ s long a p]iod t an accel]at$ te/ 0 devis$4 ,9 ?is ! rate 0 increas$ to #a1jjj cc4 p] m9ute1 ! relative humidity ( ! gas-air mixture 0 decreas$ to z]o1 & ! conc5tration 0 ab\t #g1jjj p4p4m4 ,! rate is obta9$ by us+ a tube ) an int]nal diamet] ( #a4da cm4 in/ead ( #b4j cm4 ,,cani/]s ,aft] an absorb5t has be5 develop$ to a giv5 po9t1 & is consid]$ ( suffici5t value to be us$ 9 a cani/]1 ! mat]ials are assembl$ z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,:ile ! f9al te/ is ! actual use ( ! cani/]1 ma*9e te/s h be5 devis$ :i* give valuable in=mation reg>d+ ! value ( ! absorb5t 9 ! cani/] & ! me?od ( fill+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,/&>d ,two-tube ,app>atus = ,te/+ ,absorb5ts1 ,%[+ ,arrangem5t = ,gases ,/or$ 9 ,cyl9d]s4 ,! fir/ te/ mu/ be t = leakage4 ,! cani/] mu/ %[ no signs ( leak+ :5 submitt$ to an air pressure ( #ae in*es ( m]cury 7ab\t half ( ! normal atmosph]ic pressure74 ,! second factor te/$ is ! resi/ance to air fl[4 ,?is is det]m9$ at a fl[ ( #he lit]s p] m9ute & %\ld n exce$ #c in*es4 ,! late/ cani/] design has a mu* l[] resi/ance 7f #b to #b in*es74 ,! ?ird te/ is ! effici5cy ( ! cani/] aga9/ v>i\s gases4 ,= r\t9e "w1 phosg5e1 *loropicr9 & hydrocyanic acid are us$ aga9/ ! /&>d mixture ( *>coal & soda-lime3 ,*loropicr9 is usually us$ aga9/ /raight *>coal fill+s1 :ile phosg5e & hydrocyanic acid are us$ aga9/ soda-lime4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,app>atus = ,te/+ ,cani/]s ,aga9/ ,*loropicr94 ,diff]5t types ( app>atus are requir$ = ^! gases4 ,!y are v complicat$1 z may be se5 f ! sket* 9 ,fig4 #ge1 & yet a man v quickly le>ns ! proc$ure necess>y to c>ry out a te/ ( ?is k9d4 ,! gas is pass$ ?r\gh ! cani/] "u giv5 conditions1 until at ! end ( ! app>atus a te/ pap] or solution indicates t ! gas is no long] absorb$ b is pass+ ?r\gh un*ang$4 ,?is po9t is call$ ! 8break po9t10 & ! "t requir$ to rea* ?is po9t is kn[n z ! life ( ! cani/]4 ,?is "t is also ! "t to #ajj p] c5t effici5cy4 ,o!r po9ts1 su* z #ii1 #ie1 #ij & #hj p] c5t effici5cy are det]m9$4 ,^! are us$ 9 comp>+ cani/]s4 ,! cani/] te/s 7 ( two g5]al classes3 cont9u\s & int]mitt5t4 ,9 ! fir/ ! air-gas mixture 0 drawn ?r\gh cont9u\sly until ! break po9t 0 rea*$4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 did n give ! "t measure ( ! value ( a cani/] 9 actual use4 ,! int]mitt5t te/ diff]s only 9 t ! fl[ ( air-gas mixture is int]mitt5t1 correspond+ to regul> brea?+4 ,special valves 7 adapt$ to ?is "w4 ,cani/]s mu/ also be te/$ z to ! protection !y (f] aga9/ smoke4 ,^! me?ods are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,man ,,te/s ,! f9al te/ ( ! cani/] is always c>ri$ out by means ( ! s-call$ 8man te/40 ,special man-te/ laboratories 7 built at ,wa%+ton1 ,philadelphia & ,long ,isl&4 ,^! are s con/ruct$ t1 if necess>y1 a man may ent] ! *amb] conta9+ ! gas & ?us te/ ! effici5cy ( ! complet$ gas mask4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! cani/] is plac$ inside or outside ! gas-*amb] & ! m5 brea! ?r\gh ! cani/]1 detect+ ! break po9t by ?roat & lung irritation4 ,! foll[+ brief description ( ! man te/ laboratory at ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity w give a good idea ( ! plan & proc$ure4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,tak5 f ,fieldn]'s article m5tion$ above4 ,! man te/ laboratory is a "o-/ory build+1 #ef ft4 9 l5g? & #be ft4 9 wid?4 ,! ma9 "p is occupi$ by ?ree gas *amb]s1 laboratory tables1 & v>i\s devices = putt+ up & controll+ gas conc5trations 9 ! *amb]s4 ,a small "p at "o end is us$ z an (fice & /or]oom4 ,good v5tilation is ( great importance 9 a laboratory ( ?is nature4 ,?is is secur$ by means ( a #f ft4 fan connect$ to suitable ducts4 ,! fan is m\nt$ on a heavy framework outside & at "o end ( ! build+4 ,! fan is driv5 at a spe$ ( ab\t #bej r4p4m4 by a #aj h4p4 motor4 ,! ma9 duct is #cc 94 squ>e1 ext5d+ to all p>ts ( ! build+4 ,a connection is also made to a small hood us$ :5 mak+ *emical analyses4 ,! gases1 fumes1 etc41 drawn out by ! fan1 are =c$ up & out ( a /ack #cj 94 9 diamet]1 ext5d+ upw>d #ee ft4 above ! gr\nd level4 ,! ma9 features ( ea* ( ! ?ree gas *amb]s are id5tical4 ,auxili>y pieces ( app>atus are us$ ) ea* *amb]1 ! type ( app>atus be+ det]m9$ by ! *>act]i/ics ( ! gas employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,man ,te/ ,laboratory1 ,am]ican ,univ]sity4 ,ea* *amb] is #aj ft4 long1 #h ft4 wide & #h ft4 high1 hav+1 !re=e1 a capacity ( #fhj cu4 ft4 or #ai1beg lit]s4 ,! floor is concrete1 & ! walls & ceil+ are con/ruct$ on a framework ( #b #d 94 scantl+1 f9i%$ on ! outside ) wa9scot+ & on ! inside ) two lay]s ( ,upson bo>d 7laid ) ! jo9ts lapp$7 cov]$ ) a 94 lay] ( special cem5t pla/] laid ^u exp&$ metal la?4 ,! int]ior f9i% is complet$ by two coats ( acid-pro( :ite pa9t4 ,! s+le entrance to ! *amb] is f outside ! laboratory1 & is clos$ by two doors1 ) a #cf #dj 94 lock betwe5 !m4 ,^! doors are solid1 ( #c-ply con/ruction1 #b 94 ?ick1 ) refrig]ator h&les1 :i* may be op]at$ f ei!r inside or outside ! *amb]4 ,! door jambs are l9$ ) _/ 94 heavy rubb] tub+ to secure a tight seal4 ,at ! end ( ! *amb] opposite ! doors1 a pane ( 94 wire plate glass1 #cf #dh 941 is set into ! wall1 & additional illum9ation may be secur$ by #b headlights1 #ab 94 squ>e1 set into ! ceil+ ( ! *amb] & ( ! air-lock1 respectively1 & provid$ ) #bjj watt ,mazda lamps & ,holophane reflectors4 ,op5+s into ! *amb]1 five 9 numb]1 are spac$ across ?is end b5ea? ! w9d[ & #i 94 above ! table top4 ,fans are in/all$ = keep+ ! conc5tration uni=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,details ( ,cani/] ,hold]4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 in/all$ = atta*+ ! cani/] to be te/$ 7,fig4 #gg74 ,?is arrangem5t all[s ! cani/] to be *ang$ at w )\t any necessity = di/urb+ ! conc5tration ( gas by ent]+ ! *amb]4 ,arrangem5ts = remov+ ! gas f ! *amb] consi/ ( a small 8ble$]0 :i* all[s a cont9u\s escape ( small am\nts & a l>ge bl[] = rapidly exhau/+ ! entire cont5ts ( ! *amb]4 ,o!r g5]al features ( ! equipm5t deal ) ! det]m9ation ( ! physical condition surr\nd+ ! te/s1 (t5 a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gas inside ! *amb] is easily asc]ta9$ by means ( a !rmomet] susp5d$ inside ! w9d[ 9 su* a position z to be read f ! outside4 ,! relative humidity ( ! mixture ( air & gas 9 ! *amb] is det]m9$ by means ( a some:at modifi$ ,regnault dew po9t app>atus m\nt$ on ! built-9 table4 ,,pressure ,,drop ,,& ,,leak ,,detect+ ,,app>atus ,ano!r piece ( app>atus consi/s ( a comb9$ pressure drop ma*9e & leak te/] 7,fig4 #gh7 = measur+ ! resi/ance ( cani/]s & te/+ !m = faulty con/ruction4 ,?is is m\nt$ on a small table1 ) ! motor & air pump in/all$ on a %elf und]nea?4 ,! resi/ance1 or pressure drop1 ( cani/]s is measur$ by ! fl[ met] ,a & ! wat] manomet] ,b4 ,air is drawn ?r\gh ! cani/] & ! fl[ met] ,a at ! rate ( #he lit]s p] m941 ! fl[ be+ adju/$ by ! ne$le valve4 ,! pressure drop across ! cani/] is read on ! wat] manomet] ,b1 "o end ( :i* is connect$ to ! suction l9e1 ! o!r op5 to ! air4 ,! read+ is g5]ally made 9 in*es1 correction be+ made = ! resi/ance ( ! connect+ hose & ! app>atus itself4 ,cani/]s are te/$ = leaks by ! app>atus %[n at ,d 9 ,fig4 #gh4 ,! cani/] is clamp$ d[n tightly by w+ nuts aga9/ a piece ( heavy -94 %eet rubb] l>ge en\gh to cov] completely ! bottom ( ! cani/] & prev5t any infl[ ( air ?r\gh ! valve4 ,suction is !n appli$1 & a leak is indicat$ by a /eady fl[ ( air bubbles ?r\gh ! liquid 9 ! gas-wa%+ cyl9d] ,e4 ,a second gas-wa%+ cyl9d]1 empty1 is ins]t$ 9 ! l9e betwe5 ,e & ! cani/] z a trap = any liquid drawn back :5 ! suction is %ut (f4 ,if a leak is %[n1 x c be locat$ by apply+ air pressure to ! cani/] & !n imm]s+ x 9 wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,app>atus = ,det]m9+ ,pressure ,drop & = ,detect+ ,leaks 9 ,cani/]s4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,conduct+ ,,te/s ,?ree g5]al me?ods ( conduct+ man te/s are foll[$3 7#a7 ,cani/]s are plac$ 9 ! brackets outside ! *amb] or fa/5$ to ! wall tubes )9 ! *amb]4 ,! subjects ( ! te/ rema9 outside ! *amb]1 & ! facepieces ( ! masks are connect$ directly to ! cani/]s1 9 ! fir/ case1 & to ! wall tubes connect+ ) ! cani/]s1 9 ! second case4 ,! conc5tration is e/abli%$ & ! "t not$4 ,!n ! m5 put on ! masks & brea! until !y c detect ! gas com+ ?r\gh ! cani/]s4 ,read+ matt] is provid$ = ! m5 dur+ ! te/ p]iod4 ,:5 gas is detect$1 ! "t is aga9 not$ & ! "t requir$ = ! gas to p5etrate ! cani/] is report$ z ! 8"t to break d[n0 or 8s]vice "t0 ( ! cani/]4 ,t5 cani/]s are te/$ at "o "t1 & ! av]age ( ! results = ! #aj cani/]s is tak5 = t type ( cani/]4 ,mu* less accurate results are obta9$ :5 ! f9al figure is bas$ on a small numb] ( cani/]s4 ,?is is l>gely due to ! v>i\s brea?+ rates & s5sitiv5ess ( diff]5t m54 7#b7 ,! cani/]s are plac$ z 9 7#a71 b x is only necess>y to "k if !y w give p]fect protection = a giv5 l5g? ( "t4 ,! proc$ure is ! same z 9 7#a71 except t ! te/ is arbitr>ily /opp$ at ! end ( ! indicat$ "t1 & ! numb] ( cani/]s & ! s]vice times ( ! same not$4 7#c7 ,:5 ! cani/]s are ( su* a type t !y _c be prop]ly te/$ z 9 7#a71 or :5 x is desir$ to te/ ! p5etrability ( ! facepiece1 ! m5 we> ! complete mask & ent] ! *amb]4 ,!y rema9 until gas p5etrates ! cani/] or ! facepiece1 z ! case may be1 or until x is det]m9$ t ! desir$ degree ( protection is af=d$4 ,! s]vice "t is comput$ z 9 7#a74 7#d7 ,maximum-brea?+-rate te/s are made ei!r by m5 9 ! *amb] or by ! m5 outside1 9 :i* !y d vigor\s "w on a bicycle ergomet]4 ,9 ?is te/ ! av]age man w run 8 brea?+ rate up to #fj or #gj lit]s p] m94 ,! conc5tration ( ! gas is foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! te/ by aspirat+ samples & analyz+ !m4 ,type ( ,masks ,us$4 ,9 ! future ! #aiai model w be us$ = all te/s4 ,9 g5]al1 dur+ ! ,w>1 ! foll[+ proc$ure held1 al?\gh v>iations occurr$ 9 special cases3 ,:5 m5 ent]$ a gas-*amb]1 ! full facepiece 01 ( c\rse1 requir$4 ,! type ( facepiece 0 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! gas4 ,if ! gas 0 mo/ easily detect$ by odor or eye irritation1 a modifi$ ,tissot mask 0 us$4 ,if x 0 mo/ easily detect$ by ?roat irritation1 a m\?-brea?+ mask 0 employ$4 ,:5 m5 7 outside ! *amb]1 ! *oice 0 made 9 ! same mann]1 except 9 ! case ( detection ( ! gas by ?roat irritation4 ,9 ?is case ! m\?piece 0 atta*$ to two or ?ree l5g?s ( brea?+ tubes & a sep>ate noseclip 0 us$4 ,! facepiece 0 n ne$$ & ! m5 7 mu* m com=table )\t x4 ,dis9fection ( ,masks4 ,m\?pieces are dis9fect$ aft] use by fir/ hold+ !m "u a /ream ( runn+ wat] & bru%+ out ?or\ghly ) a te/ tube bru%2 !n ! latt] is dipp$ into a #b p] c5t solution ( lysol1 & ! inn] p>ts ( ! m\?piece are bru%$ out well2 f9ally ! m\?piece & exhal+ valve are dipp$ bodily into ! lysol solution & all[$ to dry )\t r9s+4 ,tissot masks are wip$ out ) a clo? moi/5$ 9 alcohol1 foll[$ by ano!r clo? moi/5$ 9 #b p] c5t lysol solution4 ,! flexible tubes are giv5 p]iodic r9s+s ) #ie p] c5t alcohol4 ,applicability ( ,man ,te/s4 ,man te/s are applicable to all gases :i* c be detect$ by ! subject ( ! te/ be=e he brea!s a dang]\s am\nt4 ,! man te/ laboratory describ$ above provides facilities = obta9+ in=mation conc]n+ ! effici5cy ( cani/]s1 facepieces1 etc41 )9 v %ort p]iods ( "t1 )\t wait+ = ! con/ruction ( special app>atus requir$ = ma*9e te/s4 ,to get satisfactory results f ma*9e te/s1 a delicate qualitative *emical te/ = ! gas is ess5tial4 ,man te/s c be made :5 su* a qualitative te/ is n kn[n4 ,fur!r1 man te/s c be made ) high] conc5trations ( "s gases ?an is practicable ) ma*9es4 ,evolution ( excessive am\nts ( moi/ure :5 high conc5trations ( "s gases are us$ causes mu* m tr\ble ) ma*9e te/s ?an ) man te/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man te/s are adv]sely affect$ by ! v>y+ s5sitiv5ess & lung capacities ( ! m51 & ! humidity ( ! air-gas mixture is n subject to z exact control z is ! case ) ma*9e te/s4 ,,field ,,te/s ,x w be obs]v$ t all ( ! above te/s are conc]n$ only ) ! effici5cy ( ! absorb5t & its pack+ 9 ! cani/]4 ,no attempt 0 made to det]m9e ! com=t & g5]al 8feel0 ( ! mask4 ,= ?is purpose field te/s 7 devis$1 cov]+ p]iods f two to five h\rs4 ,! fir/ te/ 0 a five-h\r cont9u\s we>+ te/4 ,x 0 assum$ t any mask :i* c\ld be worn = five h\rs )\t develop+ any m>k$ features ( discom=t c\ld1 if ! occasion dem&$ x1 be worn = a mu* long] p]iod ( "t4 ,a typical te/ foll[s3 #h3jj to #h3cj ,in/ruction & adju/m5t ( gas mask4 ,gas-*amb] te/s #h3cj to #i3cj ,games involv+ m5tal & physical activity #i3cj to #aa3cj ,cross-c\ntry hike ) suitable p]iods ( re/ #aa3cj to #ab3jj ,te/s ( vision #ab3jj to #ab3cj ,games to te/ m5tal condition ( subjects #ab3cj to #a3jj ,gas-*amb] fit te/ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,hemisph]ical ,vision ,*>t4 ,vision 0 te/$ by means ( a hemisph]ical *>t 7,fig4 #gi74 ,?is *>t 0 #f ft4 9 diamet] & 0 con/ruct$ ( heavy pap] laid ov] a wire frame4 ,a h+$ head re/ 0 provid$ = hold+ ! subject's head firmly 9 position ) ! c5t] directly betwe5 ! eyes4 ,! subject we>+ ! mask took up 8 position1 & ) "o eye clos$ at a "t1 indicat$ h[ f> along ! m]idian ( longitude he c\ld see ) ! o!r eye4 ,! obs]v] sket*$ 9 ! limit ( vision by outl9+ ! p]imet] ( ! r\ghly circul> field all[$ by ea* eyepiece4 ,! int]section ( ! two fields gave ! ext5t ( b9ocul> vision possible ) ! mask4 ,v>i\s o!r te/s 7 also us$1 9 ord] t ! ext5t & nature ( ! vision c\ld be accurately det]m9$4 ,aside f ! problems ( com=t1 protection1 vision & o!r important features ( gas mask effici5cy1 ! "q arose z to :e!r c]ta9 designs ( masks or cani/]s 7 me*anically able to )/& ! r\gh treatm5t !y 7 c]ta9 to receive 9 actual field s]vice4 ,a te/ 01 !re=e1 develop$ to simulate su* s]vice z transportation ( masks f base depots to ! front1 c>ry+ ( supplies & munitions by m5 we>+ masks 9 ! 8al]t0 position1 exposure to ra9 & mud1 ha/y adju/m5t ( masks dur+ gas al>ms & typical mi/reatm5t ( masks by ! soldi]s4 ,all ^! te/s 7 ( great value 9 ! developm5t ( a good gas mask4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,o!r ,,def5sive ,,measures ,,protective ,,clo?+ ,protective clo?+ 0 an additional feature ( ! g5]al program ( protection4 ,z f> z factory protection is conc]n$1 ! use ( protective g>m5ts 0 m or less ( a tempor>y exp$i5t & !y 7 ab&on$ z fa/ z automatic ma*9]y & /&>d practice made _! use less necess>y4 ,x is likewise a "q reg>d+ _! value at ! front4 ,x is v c]ta9 t ! g>m5ts develop$ ne$$ to be made light] & m com=table to be ( mu* value to ! fight+ unit4 ,! fir/ developm5t ( protective clo?+ 0 along ! l9es ( factory protection4 ,! l>ge numb] ( casualties 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas made x imp]ative t ! workm5 be protect$ n only f spla%es ( ! liquid mu/>d gas1 b also f its vapors4 ,! fir/ suit develop$ provid$ protection to ! entire body4 ,! ord9>y clo?+ mat]ials & ev5 rubb]iz$ fabrics (f]$ little protection b x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 oilclo?s 7 practically imp]meable to mu/>d gas4 ,! suit 0 a s+le g>m5t1 button+ 9 ! back1 ) no op5+s 9 ! front1 no pockets & ) tie-/r+s at wri/s & ankles4 ,! head 0 protect$ by means ( an alum9ium helmet1 support$ by means ( a head b& re/+ on ! head l a cap & slung f ! inside ( ! helmet2 ?is p]mitt$ slight head motions indep5d5t ( ! helmet4 ,9 ord] to provide cool+ & v5tilat+ & pure air brea?+1 ! suit 0 inflat$ by pump+ a consid]able volume ( air into ! suit ?r\gh a flexible hose long en\gh to p]mit consid]able fre$om ( movem5t4 ,?is suit _h ! v great disadvantage ( limit+ ! range ( motion to ! l5g? ( ! hose4 ,because ( ?is1 a ,tissot type mask 0 us$ 9 place ( ! helmet & hose connections4 ,! hood 0 made ( ! same special oilclo? z ! suit1 envelop$ ! head & neck & ext5d$ a %ort di/ance d[n ! back & ov] ! *e/4 ,! cani/] 0 slung on ! left hip by an oilclo? h>ness & 0 kept f sw++ by an oilclo? belt ar\nd ! wai/4 ,! cani/] 0 mu* l>g] ?an ! /&>d box respirator1 _h a mu* long] life ) l[] resi/ance & weigh$ ab\t #c4e lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,imp]vi\s ,ov]all ,suit = ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,ano!r type ( imp]vi\s ov]all suit 0 develop$ :i* protect$ aga9/ mu/>d gas = ov] #ajj m9utes4 ,! mat]ial 0 a cotton %eet+ :i* 0 impregnat$ ) l9se$ oil conta9+ a suitable non-dry+ mat]ial1 :i* 0 ?or\ghly oxidiz$ 9 ! fabric4 ,^! suits prov$ to be v uncom=table1 especially 9 w>m wea!r1 because !y entirely prev5t$ ! escape ( p]spiration f ! body4 ,semi-p]meable suits 7 !n prep>$1 9 :i* ! cotton %eet+ 0 impregnat$ or coat$ ) a solution ( gelat9 & glyc]9e4 ,! fabric 0 !n 8tann$0 to r5d] ! gelat9 insoluble 9 wat]4 ,su* a suit is valuable = factory we>1 b ! impregnat+ mat]ial is easily lea*$ out & ! suit is !re=e n recomm5d$ = field s]vice4 ,?is 0 built ) an inside lay] ( dry clo? toge!r ) an outside lay] ( treat$ clo? to af=d ! necess>y *emical protection aga9/ mu/>d gas4 ,"w ( fabrication consi/$ 9 treat+ ! clo? ) simplex5e1 cutt+ ! suits to design & size1 & sew+ !m toge!r4 ,treatm5t consi/$ 9 pass+ ! fabric ?r\gh a dye ma*9e1 !n ?r\gh ! wr+] rolls :]e ! excess oil 0 express$4 ,! inn] lay] ( dry clo? 0 f\nd necess>y1 s9ce ! clo? 0 cut z soon z treat$4 ,simplex5e does n atta9 ! maximum degree ( 8tack9ess0 = two or ?ree days1 ow+ to ! pres5ce 9 ! oil ( a small am\nt ( volatile spirits4 ,h[ev]1 by all[+ ! clo? to air = #dh h\rs be=e cutt+1 ! inn] l9+ c\ld probably be disp5s$ )4 ,! fight+ suits 7 di/ribut$ among v>i\s deta*m5ts us+ mu/>d gas 9 field te/s1 & 9 o!r places :]e protection aga9/ vapor 0 ne$$ & :]e field conditions 7 approximat$4 ,! te/s %[$ t ! suit gave satisfactory protection = consid]able p]iods aga9/ mu/>d gas vapors4 ,no o!r suit1 equal bo? 9 porosity & protection1 has yet be5 submitt$1 al?\gh samples furni%+ bett] protection ) mu* high] resi/ance h be5 exam9$4 ,! protection ( ! simplex5e suit is ab\t #cj m9utes aga9/ saturat$ gas4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! suits 7 made & tak5 abroad = field te/s at ! front4 ,,protective ,,gloves ,protective gloves h be5 made ) a v>iety ( impregnat+ ag5ts4 ,! "o :i* 0 select$ = l>ge scale production 0 impregnat$ ) a solution ( cellulose nitrate because ( ! availability ( mat]ials & ! protection (f]$ by ! f9i%$ product4 ,! mat]ial is impregnat$ aft] be+ made up4 ,! "o f+] type ( glove is us$4 ,! gloves are plac$ on wood5 =ms & dipp$ into ! impregnat+ solution4 ,aft] dra9+ a few m9utes1 ! gloves are turn$ upside d[n on racks & run ?r\gh a dry+ ov54 ,f9ally !y are remov$ f ! =ms & condition$ by dry+ at a mod]ate temp]ature = sev]al h\rs4 ,aft] be+ prop]ly cur$ !y are fitt$ ) two /raps on ! gauntlet ( ea* glove4 ,!y %\ld (f] protection to *loropicr9 7/&>d me?od ( te/7 = #cj m9utes4 ,:5 subject$ to r\gh "w !y w la/ f "o to two weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,coat$ ,gloves = ,protection aga9/ ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,,protective ,,o9tm5ts ,! ext5sive use ( mu/>d gas on ! field caus$ ! m5 to be expos$ to l[ conc5trations ( ! vapors = ext5d$ p]iods ( "t4 ,s9ce x did n seem feasible to furni% ! m5 ) special fight+ suits1 :i* w\ld protect !m aga9/ ^! vapors1 x 0 desirable to provide protection 9 ! =m ( an o9tm5t :i* c\ld be appli$ to ! body4 ,9 ord] to be satisfactory an o9tm5t %\ld h ! foll[+ prop]ties3 7a7 ,x %\ld protect aga9/ saturat$ mu/>d gas dur+ ! longe/ possible exposure4 7b7 ,its protective action %\ld la/ z long z possible aft] ! application ( ! o9tm5t4 ,x 0 felt t ! o9tm5t %\ld give protection = #bd h\rs aft] x is appli$1 ev5 if ! body is p]spir+ freely4 7c7 ,! mat]ial %\ld n be easily rubb$ (f "u ! clo?+4 7d7 ,x %\ld be non-irritat+ to ! membranes ( ! body4 7e7 ,!re %\ld be no likelihood ( toxic aft]-effects on long use4 7f7 ,x %\ld be ( a good consi/5cy "u a fairly wide temp]ature range & give a good coat+ at ! temp]ature ( ! body4 7g7 ,its me?od ( manufacture %\ld be simple & rapid1 & ! raw mat]ials requir$ %\ld be abundant4 7h7 ,! co/ %\ld n be excessive4 ,an ext5sive /udy ( ?is "q 0 made bo? 9 ! laboratories & on ! field4 ,at fir/ x 0 believ$ t successful results c\ld be obta9$ by ! use ( su* o9tm5ts4 ,c>eful inve/igation %[$1 h[ev]1 t :ile ^! o9tm5ts really did protect aga9/ r high conc5trations ( vapor = %ort times ( exposure1 !y 7 probably n s valuable :5 us$ aga9/ l[ conc5trations ov] an ext5d$ p]iod ( "t4 ,x 0 fur!r demon/rat$ t ! protection furni%$ by a coat+ ( l9se$ oil is practically equal to ! be/ o9tm5t :i* has be5 develop$4 ,ab\t #aej o9tm5ts 7 prep>$ & te/$4 ,^! consi/$ ( two p>ts or compon5ts1 ! metallic soap or o!r solid mat]ial & ! oil or liquid "p :i* b\nd & held ! solid4 ,! latt] is call$ ! base4 ,! be/ base is lanol91 conta9+ #cj p] c5t ( wat]4 ,a solution ( wax 9 olive oil 0 next be/4 ,( ! metallic soaps ! oleates & l9oleates are bett] ?an ! /e>ates4 ,a satisfactory o9tm5t has ! foll[+ composition3 ,z9c oxide #dj ,l9se$ oil 7raw7 #bj ,l>d #bj ,lanol9 #bj ,a modification ( ?is =mula is3 ,z9c oxide #de ,l9se$ oil #cj ,l>d #aj ,lanol9 #ae ,! physical prop]ties ( ?is o9tm5t are v good4 ,x =ms a smoo?1 ev5 coat+ on ! sk91 /icks well en\gh n to rub (f easily on ! clo?+ & yet is n /icky4 ,its consi/5cy is su* t x c be readily press$ f an o9tm5t tube4 ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 reports indicate t sag pa/e 7z9c /e>ate & vegetable oil7 is z satisfactory z any ( ! prep>ations tri$4 ,! great difficulties ( su* prep>ation f a field po9t ( view are3 ,extra weight to be c>ri$ by ! soldi]s1 necessity = keep+ 9 tight boxes or tubes1 !reby add+ to ! difficulty ( c>ry+1 & f9ally1 ! difficulty enc\nt]$ :5 apply+ x prop]ly to ! body 9 ! field1 :]e gas contam9at$ h&s may cause h>m4 ,! pa/e 0 too late a developm5t = ?or\gh field trial4 ,x 0 us$ j en\gh to cause sev]e p>tisan controv]sies betwe5 its advocates & ^? oppos$ to x4 ,unque/ionably1 x prov$ ( decid$ value 9 prev5t+ mu/>d gas burns :5 prop]ly appli$4 ,!re are _m au!ntic cases :]e m5 alongside ea* o!r 7 simil>ly gass$ except z to burns4 ,! diff]5ce 9 burns arose f ! use or non-use ( ! pa/e1 & 9 "s cases ( poor application4 ,fries is ( ! op9ion t _h ! w> la/$ ano!r ye> ! use ( pa/es w\ld h become univ]sal unless "s ?or\ghly successful sub/ance = impregnat+ ! uni=m or und]clo?+ _h be5 develop$4 ,?is is likewise 8 belief = ! future4 ,,protection ,,( ,,animals ,horse ,mask4 ,! ne$ ( protection = animals 7horses & dogs71 al?\gh n z great z 9 ! case ( m51 0 ( suffici5t importance s t masks & boots 7 develop$ = ! horse & a mask = ! dog4 ,! ,g]man horse mask 0 ! fir/ produc$4 ,x 0 ( ! nose bag type1 envelop+ ! m\? & nose ( ! animal4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) a complicat$ draw/r+ & ) snap hooks fa/5+ x to ! h>ness4 ,! int]ior conta9s a plate ( /iff mat]ial to prev5t ! collapse ( ! bag4 ,! mask itself 0 app>5tly n impregnat$1 b 0 us$ wet or ) a fill+ ( wet /raw or rags to act z ! absorb5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,g]man ,respirator = ,horses4 ,! ,fr5* _h two types ( horse masks impregnat$ ) a glyc]9e-nickel hydroxide mixture4 ,"o type _h a clos$ bottom1 :ile 9 ! o!r1 ! bottom 0 op54 ,! ,briti% horse mask has a two-lay] flannelette bag1 ) a canvas m\? pad & ela/ic draw/r+4 ,x 0 impregnat$ ) a mixture ( ph5ol1 =maldehyde1 ammonia1 cani/] soda & glyc]9e4 ,! fir/ type ( ,am]ican horse mask 0 modell$ aft] ! ,briti% & 0 impregnat$ ) ! ,komplex5e mixture 7hexame?yl5etetram9e1 glyc]9e1 nickel sulfate mixture74 ,?is mask _h too high a resi/ance & caus$ complete exhau/ion 9 runn+ horses4 ,! second mask 0 made ( a l>ge numb] ( lay]s ( v op5 *eeseclo?4 ,x consi/s ( two bags1 impregnat$ ) diff]5t mixtures 7,komplex5e & ,simplex5e74 ,horses c run two miles ) ?is mask )\t %[+ evid5ces ( exhau/ion4 ,dewey gives ! foll[+ me?od ( manufacture3 ,! *emical employ$ consi/$ ( a mixture ( hexame?yl5etetram9e 7to give protection aga9/ phosg5e71 nickel sulfate 7to protect aga9/ ! possible use ( hydrocyanic acid71 sodium c>bonate & glyc]9e4 ,?is solution 0 mix$ 9 a heavy /eam jacket$ mix+ kettle ) heavy ge>$ /irr]s4 ,! mixture 0 conduct$ by pipes to ! impregnat+ app>atus :i* consi/$ ( a rot>y laundry wa%+ ma*9e4 ,! masks 7 treat$ 9 ?is ma*9e = #ae m9utes1 & !n plac$ 9 a p[] op]at$ wr+] & ! solution driv5 (f to a giv5 weight4 ,foll[+ ?is op]ation1 !y 7 susp5d$ on wire supports & conduct$ ?r\gh a hot air dry+ ma*9e & dri$ to a def9ite weight4 #cgh1jjj horse masks 7 produc$ at ! rate ( #e1jjj p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,horse ,mask--,am]ican ,type4 ,!oretically1 horse masks & horse boots are v valuable1--practically1 !y did v little actual good 9 ! field1 n t !y w\ld n protect or t animals w\ld n we> !m4 ,! tr\ble 0 ) ! rid]s & driv]s4 ,gas attacks1 com+ usually at night1 made adju/m5t ( horse masks difficult at be/1 :ile 9 ! confusion ( bur/+ %ell & smoke1 ! driv]s absolutely =got ! horse masks or aft] putt+ on _! own masks fe>$ to try putt+ masks on ! animals4 ,?is la/ 0 natural z mo/ animals fight ! adju/m5t ( ! mask & 9 s do+ !re is great risk t ! man's mask may be torn (f & ! man gass$4 ,9 ! future1 su* masks w h ev5 m importance ?an 9 ! pa/1 = ! pres5t me?ods ( manufacture ( mu/>d gas c\pl$ ) its all-r\nd effectiv5ess w cause a use ( x t5-fold great] ?an at any "t 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,9 su* cases1 op]ations w necess>ily be frequ5tly c>ri$ on ov] l>ge areas ?or\ghly poison$ ) mu/>d gas4 ,"h ! animals w be mask$ & boot$ be=e ent]+ ! gass$ area1 & rema9 s until !y leave x4 ,9 ! torn & brok5 gr\nd ar\nd ! front l9e !re w always be ne$ = animal transportation1--wagon1 c>t & horse--z 9 su* places x is f> bett] 9 ne>ly all cases ?an motor transport4 ,dog ,mask4 ,! use ( dogs 9 mess5g] s]vice & 9 ,r$ ,cross "w1 9 :i* gass$ areas mu/ be pass$1 l$ to ! design+ ( a mask to give ! animals suitable protection4 ,! same mat]ials & me?od ( impregnation 7 us$ z 9 ! horse mask4 ,) eight lay]s ( *eeseclo?1 adequate protection aga9/ mu/>d gas 0 secur$ ) practically no pressure drop4 ,! eyepieces 7 made ( ?9 %eets ( cellulose acetate b\nd ar\nd ! edge ) adhesive tape & sew$ directly ov] op5+s cut ?r\gh ! mask fabric4 ,! e> pockets 7 made r\nd & full en\gh to fit po9t$ or lop-e>$ animals4 ,! mask is cont9u$ to =m a wide neck b& :i* may be drawn up by two adju/able /raps4 ,x is made suffici5tly full to all[ a free movem5t ( ! dog's jaws & yet tight en\gh ar\nd ! neck to avoid ! possibility ( be+ paw$ (f4 ,! dog app>5tly soon became accu/om$ to we>+ ! mask4 ,horse ,boots4 ,! increas+ am\nt ( mu/>d gas us$ on ! ,we/]n front made x seem necess>y to develop "s =m ( protection = ! horse's ho( & =e-leg4 ,x has be5 f\nd t mu/>d gas vapors attack ! fle%y portion ( ! leg1 especially ar\nd ! coron>y b& & causes inflammation ( ! frog ( ! foot4 ,! problem 0 solv$ by devis+ a special ho( pad & a boot4 ,! pad 0 made ( %eet iron imb$d$ 9 a ho( protector 7composition rubb]7 to :i* ! %oe is appli$4 ,! %oe j ov]laps ! metal plate on ! inside & provides a solid metal surface = ! bottom ( ! foot4 ,su* a pad n only (f]s protection aga9/ gas b aga9/ %ell spl9t]s1 b>b$ wire1 etc41 & w\ld be useful at all times on ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,imp]vi\s ,boots & ,pads to ,protect ,horses' ,legs & ,ho(s aga9/ ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,protective ,gas ,outfit--,gas ,mask1 ,gas ,suit1 ,gloves1 ,boots1 ,horse ,mask1 ,horse ,boots1 ,horse ,pads4 ,! boot 0 made ( sat91 treat$ s z to be imp]vi\s to mu/>d gas4 ,x cov]s all ( ! foot except ! bottom & ext5ds to j bel[ ! knee4 ,! boot is held 9 contact ) ! ho( by a sew$ clo? /rap1 :i* passes ar\nd ! bottom ( ! ho( & is held 9 position by projections ext5d+ f ! spur or toe clip4 ,special c>e is tak5 to insure a p]fect jo9t at ! re> ( ! boot s9ce ! small cavity 9 ! back ( ! ho( is "o ( ! mo/ s5sitive p>ts4 ,! boot is wrapp$ ab\t "o & a half times ar\nd ! leg & is clipp$ ) five loops ?r\gh :i* passes a -in* /rap4 ,dug\t ,blankets4 ,dug\t protection is int5d$ to prev5t entrance ( any gases1 le?al1 la*rymatory or irritant1 into ! enclos$ space4 ,?is has be5 mo/ effici5tly accompli%$ by means ( curta9s hung ^u wood5 frames & fitt+ closely aga9/ all edges ( ! op5+ to be clos$4 ,^! curta9s h usually be5 ( heavy mat]ial & h g5]ally be5 spok5 ( z dug\t blankets4 ,s9ce !y 7 design$ to exclude all toxic gases1 !y _h to be devis$ ^u g5]al me*anical pr9ciples r ?an ^u pr9ciples ( *emical action ) specific gases4 ,p]meability to air has n be5 consid]$ a necessity1 x be+ held t suffici5t v5tilation is secur$ by means ( ! air ent]+ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,= l>ge dug\ts & ext5d$ use l>ge air filt]s 7 design$ to draw pure air into ! dug\t ) a fan4 ,! qualities aim$ at1 to :i* bo? fabric & treatm5t %\ld contribute1 are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,imp]meability to gas4 7b7 ,flexibility1 especially at l[ temp]atures4 7c7 ,non-inflammability4 7d7 ,fre$om f /ick9ess & f t5d5cy to lose mat]ial by dra9age "u action ( gravity4 7e7 ,me*anical /r5g?4 7f7 ,simplicity ( manufacture & treatm5t4 7g7 ,l[ co/4 ,army blankets1 bo? ^? = m5 & ^? = horses1 prov$ suitable mat]ials = curta9s1 b ! sc>city ( wool made x desirable to select an all cotton fabric4 ,a l>ge numb] ( oils 7 /udi$ z impregnat+ ag5ts4 ,! mo/ satisfactory mixture consi/$ ( #he p] c5t ( a heavy /eam ref9$ cyl9d] oil & #ae p] c5t ( l9se$ oil4 ,?is is tak5 up to ! ext5t ( ab\t #cjj p] c5t increase 9 weight ( ! blanket dur+ impregnation4 ,x becomes oxidiz$ to "s ext5t ^u ! surface ( ! blanket1 :i* becomes less oily ?an ! s(t1 c5tral core4 ,! f9i%$ blanket possess$ ! foll[+ prop]ties3 ,x resi/s p5etration ( #djj-fjj p4p4m4 ( *loropicr9 = #h h\rs 7dug\t te/7 & mu/>d gas = #ajj-djj m9utes 7ma*9e te/74 ,x is suffici5tly flexible aft] /&+ = #b h\rs at #ah ,f4 to unroll ( its own weight1 & may be unroll$ by apply+ a slight =ce at #f ,f42 x is n ignit$ by light$ mat*es & %[s b little loss by dra9age4 ,two types ( ma*9es 7 design$ = impregnation1 "o = use on l>ge scale beh9d ! l9e1 & a field app>atus = use at ! front4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,scre5+ ,,smokes ,! intellig5t use ( scre5+ smokes 9 mod]n infantry tactics (f]s innum]able advantages ?r\gh concealm5t & deception4 ,x conf]s ^u daylight op]ations _m ( ! advantages :i* 7 ga9$ by conduct+ op]ations at night ) few ( ! disadvantages ( ! latt]4 ,smoke scre5s h be5 frequ5tly us$ by ! ,navy & by ,m]*antm52 a common me?od ( escape 0 to %ut (f ! air f ! fire ) consequ5t incomplete combu/ion ( ! fuel1 ?us caus+ a cl\d ( d5se black smoke4 ,?is is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! blockade runn]s ( ! days 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 :]e wood1 high 9 pit* & ros91 0 freely introduc$ into ! furnaces1 9 ord] t !y might escape "u cov] ( ?is smoke4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t w> x 0 f\nd t black smoke _h a l[ obscur+ p[]1 %[$ frequ5t r5ts or holes & 7 difficult to /&>dize4 ,_! production also caus$ a consid]able loss 9 ! spe$ ( ! vessel4 ,!y !re=e fell into disuse except = em]g5cy purposes & today ! /&>d smoke = scre5+ purposes ( all k9ds is1 )\t exception1 :ite4#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,:ile x is a well kn[n fact t black smoke is n z effici5t z :ite smoke = scre5+ purposes1 ! reason = ?is fact is n cle>4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,smoke ,,cl\d ,! prop]ties mo/ desir$ 9 a scre5+ smoke1 ap>t f l[ co/1 are3 7a7 ,maximum scre5+ p[]1 :i* ref]s to ! "q ( d5sity1 i4e41 a relatively ?9 lay] mu/ completely obscure any object beh9d x1 & 7b7 ,/ability1 :i* implies1 among o!r ?+s1 a l[ rate ( settl+ or dissipation4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t1 )9 limits1 ! small] ! p>ticles ( a smoke cl\d1 ! m completely w ! smoke possess ^! qualities4 ,! scre5+ p[] ( a smoke cl\d dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! scatt]+ ( ! light com+ ?r\gh x1 & by analogy ) ^? peculi> solutions :i* we call colloidal1 we %\ld expect ! scatt]+ to increase z ! degree ( subdivision increases1 )9 limits4 ,! rate ( settl+ is unque/ionably an inv]se function ( ! size ( ! p>ticles4 ,! *ief aim1 !re=e1 9 smoke production is to atta9 z high a degree ( subdivision z possible4 ,me?ods may be classifi$ z good or bad1 9 s f> z !y satisfy or fail to satisfy ?is crit]ion4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,smoke ,,cl\ds ,x is obvi\s t only gases or sub/ances capable ( be+ br\ght into ! vapor /ate or into a v f9e /ate ( subdivision c be us$ = produc+ smoke cl\ds4 ,! reaction product1 ( :i* ! smoke p>ticles consi/1 %\ld pref]ably be3 7a7 ,solid4 ,o!rwise ! p>ticles w t5d to gr[ 9 size by cond5sation ( ! liquid p>ticles pres5t 9 ! cl\d4 7b7 ,non-volatile4 ,if volatile1 ! p>ticles w disappe> by evaporation z ! cl\d is dilut$ by air curr5ts4 ,l>g] p>ticles w also =m at ! exp5se ( ! small] ones4 7c7 ,non-deliquesc5t4 ,if ! p>ticles are deliquesc5t1 !y w t5d to gr[ by cond5sation ( wat] vapor ^u !m4 7d7 ,/able t[>ds ! usual compon5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 especially moi/ure4 ,:ile x might seem t x w\ld be difficult to fulfill ^! conditions1 !re are sev]al *emical comp\nds :i* h be5 successfully us$ z smoke produc]s4 ,?is does n mean t !y fulfill all ! conditions1 b !y repres5t a compromise betwe5 ! v>i\s requirem5ts4 ,phosphorus4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ mat]ials to be us$ 9 smoke cl\ds 0 phosphorus4 ,?is is prep>$ on a comm]cial scale by heat+ phosphate rock 7:i* conta9s calcium phosphate7 ) s& & coke 9 an electric furnace4 ,phosphorus occurs 9 two =ms1 :ite & r$4 ,:ite phosphorus1 :i* is =m$ :5 ! vapor ( ! sub/ance is quickly cool$1 is1 9 ! pure /ate1 almo/ colorless1 melts at #dd ,c41 boils at #bhg ,c41 is readily soluble 9 v>i\s solv5ts1 & is lum9\s 9 ! air1 at ! same "t emitt+ fumes 7! oxidation product1 phosphorus p5toxide74 ,on g5tle w>m+ 9 ! air1 x takes fire & burns ) a brightly lum9\s flame4 ,r$ phosphorus is obta9$ by heat+ :ite phosphorus out ( contact ) ! air1 to a temp]ature ( #bej to #cjj ,c4 ,r$ cru/s !n sep>ate out f ! colorless liquid phosphorus1 & almo/ ! entire am\nt is gradually conv]t$ into a r$1 solid mass4 ,if ?is is fre$ by suitable solv5ts f ! small am\nts ( un*ang$ :ite phosphorus1 a d>k r$ p[d] is obta9$1 :i* rema9s un*ang$ = a long "t 9 ! air1 does n appreciably dissolve 9 ! solv5ts = :ite phosphorus1 does n become lum9\s1 & c be heat$ to a fairly high temp]ature )\t ignit+4 ,fur!r1 r$ phosphorus is n poison\s1 :ile :ite phosphorus is highly s4 ,ei!r =m burns to phosphorus p5toxide1 :i* is conv]t$ by ! moi/ure ( ! air to phosphoric acid1 #d,p #e,o #b ,p,o #b,p,o #f;,h,o #d;,h,,po ,s9ce "o p\nd ( phosphorus takes up #a4cc p\nds ( oxyg5 & #j4i p\nd ( wat]1 x is n surpris+ t phosphorus is "o ( ! be/ smoke produc]s p] p\nd ( mat]ial4 ,comp>ison ( ! value ( ! two =ms = %ell purposes h inv>iably po9t$ to ! sup]iority ( ! :ite v>iety4 ,9 addition to its use z a smoke produc]1 x is us$ 9 inc5di>y %ell & 9 trac] bullets4 ,= inc5di>y purposes a mixture ( r$ & :ite phosphorus is sup]ior4 ,*lorosulfonic ,acid4 ,*lorosulfonic acid1 ,cl,s,o,,oh1 0 fir/ employ$ by ! ,g]mans to produce :ite cl\ds1 bo? on l& & on sea4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y spray$ or dropp$ x onto quicklime1 ! reaction betwe5 x & ! lime furni%+ ! heat necess>y = volatilization1 ?\gh 9 ?is way ab\t #cj p] c5t ( ! acid is wa/$4 ,*lorosulfonic acid is obta9$ f sulfur trioxide & hydrog5 *loride1 :i* comb9e :5 g5tly heat$3 ,,s ,h,cl ,cl,s,o,,oh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--ge mm4 ,:ite ,phosphorus ,%ell4 #b seconds aft] bur/+4 ,on a comm]cial scale1 hydrog5 *loride is pass$ into #bj p] c5t oleum1 until saturation is rea*$4 ,?is is heat$ 9 a nitric acid /ill1 :5 ! *lorosulfonic acid di/ills ov] betwe5 #aej-afj ,c4 ,) #cj p] c5t oleum1 ! conv]sion factor is ab\t #db p] c5t4 ,! residue 9 ! /ill is ab\t #ih p] c5t sulfuric acid4 ,x =ms a colorless liquid1 boil+ at #aeb ,c41 & hav+ a d5sity ( #a4g4 ,*lorosulfonic acid fumes 9 ! air1 because reaction ) wat] =ms sulfuric acid & hydro*loric acid4 ,cl,s,o,,oh ,h,o ,h,,s ,h,cl ,?is mat]ial 0 n us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce oleum 0 f\nd sup]ior4 ,oleum4 ,oleum is a solution ( #bj to #cj p] c5t sulfur trioxide 7,,s7 9 conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,x has be5 us$ by ! ,g]mans to produce cl\ds on l& & sea1 by its contact ) quicklime1 & by ! ,am]icans = scre5+ tanks & a]oplanes4 ,sulfur trioxide has be5 f\nd to be sup]ior z a %ell fill+4 ,x is believ$ t ! smoke produc+ p[] ( oleum is due solely to its sulfur trioxide cont5t1 ! sulfuric acid itself act+ only z a solv5t4 ,! r high freez+ po9t ( ! oleum conta9+ high p]c5tages ( sulfur trioxide is a disadvantage4 ,sulfur ,trioxide4 ,sulfur trioxide1 ,,s1 is a colorless mobile liquid1 :i* boils at #df ,c4 & solidifies to a transp>5t ice-l mass1 melt+ at #ae ,c4 ,x is prep>$ by pass+ a mixture ( sulfur dioxide & oxyg5 ov] f9ely divid$ plat9um or o!r cataly/s at a temp]ature betwe5 #djj & #dej ,c4 ,sulfur trioxide c only be us$ z a fill] = %ell & bombs1 & is probably ! be/ sub/itute = phosphorus4 ,t9 ,tetra*loride4 ,t9 tetra*loride1 ,sn,cl1 is obta9$ by ! action ( *lor9e on metallic t94 ,x is a liquid1 boil+ at #aad ,c41 & hav+ a d5sity ( #b4b4 ,x fumes 9 ! air1 because x hydrolyzes to /annic hydroxide3 ,sn,cl ,h,o ,sn7,,oh7 #d ,h,cl ,x makes a bett] & m irritat+ smoke = %ell & h& gr5ades1 ?an ei!r silicon or titanium tetra*lorides4 ,s9ce !re is practically no t9 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! o!r tetra*lorides 7 develop$ z sub/itutes4 ,silicon ,tetra*loride4 ,silicon tetra*loride1 ,si,cl1 is prep>$ f silicon or f impure silicon c>bide by heat+ x ) *lor9e 9 an electric furnace4 ,! raw mat]ial 7silicon c>bide7 is a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( c>borundum4 ,x is a colorless liquid1 boil+ at ab\t #eh ,c41 & fumes 9 moi/ air1 ow+ to hydrolysis3 ,si,cl #d ,h,o ,si7,,oh7 #d ,h,cl ,x is n v valuable 9 %ell1 ?\gh x is m effective on moi/1 cool days ?an on w>m1 dry ones4 ,its greate/ use is f\nd 9 ! smoke cyl9d]1 comb9$ ) ammonia4 ,by ! action ( ! moi/ure ( ! air1 ! foll[+ reaction takes place3 ,si,cl #d ,,nh #d ,h,o ,si7,,oh7 #d,,nh,cl ,! addition ( a la*rymator gives a mixture :i* works well 9 h& gr5ades = mopp+ up tr5*es4 ,titanium ,tetra*loride4 ,titanium tetra*loride1 ,ti,cl1 is made f rutile1 ,ti,o1 by mix+ ) #cj p] c5t c>bon & heat+ 9 an electric furnace4 ,a c>bonitride is =m$1 :i* is said to h ! composition ,ti,c,n1 b ! actual composition may v>y f ?is to ! c>bide ,ti,c4 ,?is product is heat$ to #fjj-fej ,c41 & *lor9e pass$ ?r\gh1 giv+ ! tetra*loride4 ,x is a colorless1 highly refractive liquid1 :i* boils at ab\t #acf ,c41 is /able 9 dry air & fumes 9 moi/ air4 ,! be/ smoke is produc$ by us+ #e p>ts ( wat] to "o ( ! tetra*loride1 in/ead ( ! !oretical #d p>ts :i* w\ld =m ,ti7,,oh74 ,s9ce x is m exp5sive to manufacture & n z effective z silicon or t9 tetra*loride1 x is us$ only z an em]g5cy mat]ial4 ,b]g] ,mixture4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important smoke mat]ials 0 ! z9c-conta9+ mixture1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! smoke box1 ! smoke c&le1 c]ta9 ( ! smoke gr5ades & 9 v>i\s =ms ( color$ smokes4 ,! basis ( ?is 0 ! ,b]g] ,mixture1 :i* _h ! composition3 ,z9c #be ,c>bon tetra*loride #ej ,z9c oxide #bj ,kieselguhr #e ,?is =mula produc$ a light gray c>bon smoke1 ) mu* c>bon 9 ! residue4 ,9 ?is mixture ! z9c & c>bon tetra*loride react to =m z9c *loride & c>bon2 ! kieselguhr keeps ! mixture solid by absorb+ ! tetra*loride1 :ile ! z9c oxide is practically useless1 z its absorb+ p[] is small4 ,9 ord] to accel]ate ! reaction & to oxidize ! c>bon1 !reby *ang+ ! color ( ! smoke f gray to :ite1 an oxidiz+ ag5t 0 add$4 ,sodium *lorate 0 *os5 = economic reasons4 ,! reaction n[ prov$ to be too viol5t1 & ! z9c oxide 0 replac$ by ammonium *loride4 ,?is cool$ ! smoke1 ret>d$ ! rate ( burn+ & add$ to ! d5sity ( ! smoke1 s9ce ! obscur+ p[] ( ! ammonium *loride is high4 ,! kieselguhr 0 replac$ by precipitat$ magnesium c>bonate1 :i* is z good an absorb5t1 gives a mu* smoo!r burn+ mixture1 & also adds some:at to ! d5sity ( ! smoke by virtue ( ! magnesium me*anically expell$4 ,! mixture !n _h ! composition3 ,z9c #cd4f ,c>bon tetra*loride #dj4h ,sodium *lorate #i4c ,ammonium *loride #g4j ,magnesium c>bonate #h4c ,,size ,,( ,,smoke ,,p>ticles ,9 ! problem ( smoke production1 ! size ( ! p>ticle is ( great importance4 ,be+ a physical quantity x c easily be correlat$ ) su* physical prop]ties z settl+1 diffusion1 coagulation1 & evaporation4 ,^! factors are m important 9 connection ) toxic smokes1 s9ce !re ! p5etration factor mu/ be consid]$4 ,smoke appe>s to consi/ ( p>ticles ( all sizes f #aj cm41 :i* may j be resolv$ by ! unaid$ eye1 to molecul> dim5sions1 #aj cm4 ,! l>g] p>ticles settle out mo/ rapidly & s d n rema9 long 9 susp5sion4 ,,measurem5t ,wells & ,g]ke h develop$ a =m ( ultra-microscope :i* is well adapt$ to ! measurem5t ( ! size ( smoke p>ticles4 ,! ultra-microscope is a l[ p[] microscope us+ int5se d>k gr\nd illum9ation = view+ p>ticles :i* are too small to be se5 by transmitt$ light4 ,!y are r5d]$ visible 9 ?is way1 s9ce any object1 no matt] h[ small1 :i* emits en\gh light to affect ! ret9a is visible1 provid$ ! backgr\nd is suffici5tly d>k4 ,?us />s are visible at night & du/ p>ticles are easily se5 9 a sunbeam 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,! l>g] p>ticles1 view$ 9 ?is way1 d n appe> l>g] b bright]4 ,! app>5t size ( ! p>ticles is det]m9$ by ! diffraction patt]n & is ?us dep5d5t only on ! optical sy/em us$ to view !m4 ,! m int5se ! incid5t light1 ! bright] ! p>ticles appe>4 ,9 ! ultra-microscope describ$1 ! image ( an int5se s\rce1 su* z a conc5trat$ filam5t lamp1 or an arc1 is focus$ ^u ! p>ticles 9 ! microscopic field1 b ! axis ( ! illum9at+ beam1 in/ead ( co9cid+ ) ! axis ( ! microscope1 z ord9>ily us$1 is p]p5dicul> to x4 ,! beam itself1 !re=e1 nev] ent]s ! microscope at all1 b passes "u ! objective into a black5$ *amb] :]e x is absorb$4 ,! field ( ! microscope is made d>k by plac+ und]nea? ! objective ano!r 8black hole0 or black5$ *amb] ) an op5+ j a little l>g] ?an ! field4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,?is ultra-microscope is describ$ 9 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #da1 #cab 7#aiai74 ,! me?od us$ = measur+ ! velocity consi/$ 9 caus+ ! p>ticle to describe a def9ite /roke _m times 9 succession 9 an electric field4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by rev]s+ ! direction ( ! field ) a rotat+ commutator4 ,! convection due to ! s\rce ( light is p]p5dicul> to ?is motion s t a zigzag l9e is obta9$ 7see ,fig4 #hh74 ,! amplitude ( ?is oscillation is an accurate measure ( ! di/ance trav]s$ by ! p>ticle "u ! electric =ce = a def9ite small int]val ( "t4 ,! spe$ ( ! rotat+ commutator & ! electric field are bo? susceptible ( precise measurem5t1 s t ! size ( a s+le p>ticle is precisely det]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,ultramicroscope = ,measur+ ,size ( ,smoke ,p>ticles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,measurem5t ( ,smoke ,p>ticles by ,use ( ,ultramicroscope4 ,:5 a sample ( smoke is view$ 9 ! ultra-microscope1 x appe>s l ! />ry heav5s1 except t ! />s are danc+ viol5tly ab\t4 ,at fir/ little di/9ction is made betwe5 ! p>ticles1 z !re seems to be no ord] 9 _! motion1 b soon x becomes evid5t t ! bright] p>ticles are m sluggi% ?an ! dim ones4 ,?is is due to ! great] mass ( ! bright p>ticles1 = !y are l>g]4 ,! p>ticles are all mov+ sl[ly away f ! s\rce ( light & ev5tually diffuse to ! walls ( ! cell4 ,:5 ! electric field is turn$ on1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! p>ticles imm$iately migrate1 ab\t equally 9 bo? directions1 to ! two electrodes4 ,if ! field is rev]s$1 ! direction ( migration is rev]s$ & if ! commutator is us$ ! p>ticles oscillate regul>ly4 ,sometimes ! p>ticles may be se5 to comb9e & become neutral1 9 :i* case oscillation ceases4 ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,smoke ,9 measur+ ! conc5tration ( smokes1 ! foll[+ t]ms are useful3 ,d5sity4 ,! d5sity ( a smoke is def9$ z ! reciprocal ( ! ?ickness ( ! smoke lay] 9 feet necess>y to obscure a giv5 filam5t4 ,?us six in*es ( a smoke ( d5sity #b4j is requir$ to obscure an electric light filam5t1 :]eas "o requir+ f\r feet w\ld h a d5sity ( #d4 ,ano!r way to %[ ! significance ( ?is def9ition is to po9t out t if a def9ite weight ( a /able smoke is dilut$ ) air aft] x is =m$1 ! product ( ! volume by ! d5sity always rema9s con/ant4 ,any m>k$ v>iation 9 ?is rule may be tak5 z evid5ce t ! p>ticles ( smoke are und]go+ a *ange1 9 mo/ cases due to evaporation4 ,total ,obscur+ ,p[]4 ,! volume ( smoke produc$ p] unit weight ( mat]ial us$ is ! second factor 9 det]m9+ ! value ( a smoke4 ,! product ( ?is volume p] unit weight by ! d5sity ( ! smoke is ! real measure ( effectiv5ess1 & is call$ ! total obscur+ p[] 7,t4 ,o4 ,p47 ( ! smoke4 ,if ! volume is express$ 9 cubic feet p] p\nd & ! d5sity 9 reciprocal feet1 ! unit ( ,t4 ,o4 ,p4 is squ>e feet p] p\nd4 ,t is1 x expresses ! squ>e feet ( a smoke wall1 ?ick en\gh to completely obscure a light filam5t beh9d x1 :i* c\ld be produc$ f a p\nd ( ! react+ sub/ances4 ,! total obscur+ p[] ( "s typical smokes are z foll[s3 ,phosphorus #dfjj ,,nh,cl7,,nh ,h,cl7 #bejj ,sn,cl ,,nh ,h,o #aeij ,b]g] ,mixture #abej ,sn,cl ,,nh #ijj ,,s ,,nh #cge ,9 all measurem5ts ( d5sity1 & !re=e ( ,t4 ,o4 ,p41 ! rate ( burn+ mu/ be consid]$4 ,if a sl[ burn+ mat]ial be comp>$ ) a rapid "o1 ! =m] w n rea* its true maximum d5sity1 z a great deal ( ! smoke may settle out dur+ ! "t ( burn+4 ,comp>isons ( ,t4 ,o4 ,p4 are significant only :5 made on smoke mixtures ( ! same type & 9 ab\t ! same quantities4 ,,measurem5t ,two me?ods ( measur+ ! effectiv5ess ( a smoke cl\d h be5 devis$1 "o1 ! smoke box1 :i* measures ! obscur+ p[] directly by obs]v+ at :at di/ance a lamp filam5t is obscur$ by int]v5+ smoke1 ! o!r1 ! ,tyndall met]1 :i* measures ! int5sity ( ! scatt]+ ( ! light4 ,! e>lie/ measurem5ts ( smoke int5sity are p]haps ^? ( ,r+elmann 7,revue ,te*nique1 #ai1 #bhf71 :o devis$ ! well kn[n *>t ( t "n1 int5d$ ma9ly = measur+ int5sities ( black smoke issu+ f a *imney at a di/ance4 ,! fir/ measurem5ts = milit>y purposes are probably due to ,b]tr&1 :o made num]\s comp>ative /udies ) 8 8salle opacimetrique40 ,?is 0 a room #bc #ad #c4f met]s1 ) #g w9d[s4 ,two doors1 "o provid$ ) #c ocul>s #b cm4 9 diamet]1 gave access to ! room4 ,on ! o!r door1 opposite ! fir/1 7 hung sev]al black signs4 ,six pairs ( columns 7 spac$ along ! room at measur$ di/ances4 ,:5 a smoke is produc$ 9 ! room1 ! black pap] signs fir/ become invisible1 !n ! door itself1 & f9ally ! columns1 pair by pair4 ,!y reappe> 9 ! rev]se ord]1 & z a measure ( relative opacity ,b]tr& took ! "t elaps+ betwe5 ! detonation & ! reappe>ance ( ! f>!r door4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,tyndall ,met]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,cottrell ,precipitation ,tube4 ,smoke ,box4 ,! smoke box1 us$ by ! ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 0 con/ruct$ ( wood ) tight jo9ts1 & _h a moveable brass rod runn+ ?r\gh x to :i* 0 atta*$ a small size #be-,watt ,mazda lamp4 ,! d5sity ( ea* smoke introduc$ 9 ! box is det]m9$ by mov+ ?is lamp back & =? until a po9t is rea*$ :5 ! patt]n ( ! filam5t c j be di/+ui%$ by ! obs]v] look+ 9 at ! glass w9d[1 ext]nal light be+ exclud$ by a black clo?4 ,! ?ickness ( ! smoke lay] betwe5 ! glass w9d[ & ! light is record$ z ! measure ( ! smoke d5sity4 ,= field te/s1 a l>g] box1 #f #h #h feet 7#bhh cubic feet7 0 con/ruct$4 ,! obs]vation light 0 moveable 9 a l9e connect+ ! mid-po9ts ( opposite sides ( ! box4 ,to insure uni=m di/ribution ( smoke1 a fan ) #ah-;in* blade revolv$ at any desir$ spe$ betwe5 #fj & #bej r4p4m4 ,) ?is1 results are obta9$ indicat+ bo? ! orig9al d5sity & its /ability4 ,tyndall ,met]4 ,! ,tyndall met] 0 fir/ devis$ = /udy+ smokes & mi/s4 ,tolman & ,vliet adapt$ x to ,*emical ,w>f>e purposes1 & us$ x 9 /udy+ ! prop]ties ( smokes4 ,! app>atus 7,fig4 #hi7 consi/s ev5tually ( an electric light bulb1 a cond5s+ l5s giv+ a beam ( p>allel light :i* passes ?r\gh ! diaphragm1 & a ,macbe? illum9omet] = measur+ ! /r5g? ( ! ,tyndall beam4 ,9 case ! mat]ial is a liquid susp5sion or solution1 x is introduc$ into a cyl9drical glass tube1 :ile smokes & mi/s are premix$ directly ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,! long clos$ tubes are provid$1 respectively1 = absorb+ ! beam aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! disp]se sy/em & = giv+ a d>k backgr\nd = obs]v+ ! ,tyndall beam4 ,me?ods ( /&>dization are giv5 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 #da1 #bii4 ,a ?ird me?od = analyz+ smokes consi/s 9 ! use ( an electrical precipitator4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ess5tially ( a modifi$ ,cottrell ,precipitator1 ) a c5tral wire z ca?ode surr\nd$ by a cyl9drical foil z anode 7,fig4 #ij74 ,! smoke to be analyz$ is drawn ?r\gh ! app>atus at a kn[n rate1 & ! p>ticles ( smoke precipitat$ on ! foil by means ( a high voltage1 direct curr5t4 ,! det]m9ation ( conc5tration is made by weigh+ ! foil be=e & aft] precipitation4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,smoke ,,production ,,smoke ,,box ,! smoke box 0 develop$ = ! ,navy = use :5 x 0 desirable to h ! smoke scre5 g5]at$ away f ! %ip4 7,! smoke funnel1 describ$ lat]1 0 op]at$ on bo>d %ip74 ,! float consi/s ( an iron conta9] 7hold+ ! smoke mixture7 surr\nd$ by an iron float to support ! app>atus :5 x is ?r[n into ! wat] 7,fig4 #ia74 ,! iron conta9] consi/s ( a cyl9d] #bb in*es high & #aj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o in* holes are bor$ #a in*es f ! top ( ?is cyl9d]1 f :i* ! smoke is emitt$4 ,! iron float is ab\t #b feet 9 diamet] & #h in*es deep4 ,?is box holds approximately #ajj p\nds ( smoke mixture1 & is s con/ruct$ t x w float "o h\r4 ,:5 ignit$1 ! mixture burns #i to #i m9utes4 ,! smoke produc$ has a ,t4 ,o4 ,p4 ( ab\t #aijj4 ,fig4 #ib %[s ! ,navy ,smoke ,box 9 action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,navy ,smoke ,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,navy ,smoke ,box 9 ,action4 ,,smoke ,,c&le ,smoke c&les are us$ = produc+ a cl\d ( smoke = scre5+ purposes 9 or beh9d ! l9es4 ,!y are made by pack+ ab\t ?ree p\nds ( ! modifi$ ,b]g] ,mixture 9 a conta9] 7,fig4 #ic7 7galvaniz$ c #e in*es by #c in*es7 & are light$ by means ( ! mat* head type ( ignition4 ,smoke is giv5 (f at a uni=m rate = ab\t #d m9utes1 =m+ a d5se1 fog-l cl\d :i* hangs l[ 7,fig4 #id74 ,?is smoke is absolutely h>mless1 & c be brea!d )\t discom=t4 ,! obscur+ p[] is high &1 ) a favorable w9d1 a small numb] ( ! c&les w produce a scre5 suffici5tly d5se to all[ op]ations to be c>ri$ out unse5 by ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,b4 ,m4 ,smoke ,c&le4 ,,smoke ,,gr5ade ,! smoke gr5ade is also design$ = use 9 tr5* & field w>f>e1 :]e x is desir$ to produce a d5se smoke scre54 ,x is made by pack+ #cdj grams ( ! /&>d smoke mixture 9 an ord9>y light metal gas gr5ade4 ,ar\nd ! top ( ! gr5ade are v5ts clos$ by a z9c /rip4 ,! ignition is caus$ by ! /&>d b\*on :5 ! gr5ade is ?r[n4 ,! heat ( ! reaction burns ?r\gh ! z9c /rip & a d5se cl\d ( smoke is evolv$ = #de seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,smoke ,cl\d f ,b4 ,m4 ,c&le4 ,/annic *loride has also be5 us$ ext5sively 9 h& gr5ades1 z x gives a v disagreeable cl\d ( smoke ^u detonation4 ,due to ! high prices & urg5t ne$ ( t9 = o!r purposes1 silicon tetra*loride 0 sub/itut$ = t9 tetra*loride t[>ds ! close ( ! w>4 ,a mixture ( silicon tetra*loride & *loropicr9 0 also us$4 ,?is n only gives a v good smoke cl\d1 b comb9es ) x ! toxic prop]ties ( ! *loropicr9 cl\d4 ,! me?od ( fir+ ! smoke gr5ade is ! same z t ( any gr5ade us+ ! same type ( b\*on4 ,usually ! gr5ade is grasp$ 9 ! h& = ?r[+ 9 su* a mann] t ! h&le ( ! b\*on is "u ! f+]s4 ,! safety clip is pull$ out ) ! o!r h& & ! gr5ade is ?r[n ) an ov]h& motion4 ,:5 ! gr5ade leaves ! h&1 ! h&le ( ! b\*on flies (f1 all[+ ! trigg] to hit ! cap :i* ignites ! fuse4 ,! :ite phosphorus comb9$ h& & rifle gr5ade became ! /&>d smoke gr5ade by ! end ( ! w>4 ,/annic *loride 0 us$ to cle> out dug\ts1 b n z a smoke produc]4 ,,/okes' ,,smoke ,,%ell ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,/okes' ,smoke ,%ell4 ,! ,/okes' smoke %ell 0 p]fect$ to furni% a means ( ma9ta9+ ! be/ possible smoke scre5 at long ranges by means ( an easily portable gun4 ,! #c-;in* ,/okes %ell1 z adapt$ = combu/ion smokes1 weighs ab\t #ac p\nds & conta9s ab\t #d p\nds ( /&>d smoke mixture4 ,?is %ell is design$ to produce a cont9u\s scre5 ov] a p]iod ( #c to #d m9utes4 ,,liv5s ,,smoke ,,drum ,! ,liv5s smoke drum 0 design$ = use ) ! #h-;in* ,liv5s projector1 s z to produce a smoke scre5 ( l>ge volume & long duration at long ranges4 ,! drum1 z adapt$ = combu/ion smokes1 weighs #ag4e p\nds empty & #di p\nds load$4 ,! smoke-gas mixture 0 specially adapt$ = use 9 ! ,liv5s drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,liv5s ,smoke ,bomb4 ,smoke mixtures 9 ,liv5s 7 nev] us$ to any consid]able ext5t 9 ! w> & x is que/ionable if !y ev] w be4 ,a ,liv5s c usually only be fir$ once be=e resett+1 h5ce ,/okes mort>s are us$ :5ev] possible4 ,,smoke ,,funnel ,! smoke funnel 0 develop$ = ! production ( a :ite smoke cl\d f ! /]n ( a vessel4 ,! smoke produc+ mat]ials are liquid ammonia & silicon tetra*loride1 ) c>bon dioxide z a compress+ m$ium4 ,?is is ! mo/ satisfactory compress+ m$ium1 because3 7#a7 ,! silicon tetra*loride is =c$ out at ne>ly con/ant pressure4 7#b7 ,! c>bon dioxide is easily compress$ to a liquid & c be h&l$ 9 ?is =m4 ,fur!r1 x has a vapor pressure ( #hjj p\nds at #fj ,f41 & a cyl9d] c be ne>ly empti$ )\t loss 9 effici5cy4 7#c7 ,c>bon dioxide is suffici5tly soluble 9 silicon tetra*loride to cause ! latt] to eff]vesce & ?us mat]ially aid 9 its evaporation on spray+4 7#d7 ,liquid c>bon dioxide1 behav+ 9 a mann] simil> to liquid ammonia1 af=ds a means = ! silicon tetra*loride to 8keep pace0 ) ! ammonia1 "u *anges 9 temp]ature1 & ?us ensures a m ne>ly neutral1 & !re=e ! mo/ effective1 smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,navy ,smoke ,funnel4 ,! smoke funnel prop] consi/s ( an op5 end cyl9d]1 ab\t #b feet 9 diamet] & #g feet long1 m\nt$ 9 a horizontal position on an angle iron frame4 ,at "o end is an #ah-;in* fan securely fa/5$ to ! cross supports4 ,?is fan is op]at$ by h&1 ?r\gh ge>s giv+ a ratio ( ab\t #cj to #a4 ,! silicon tetra*loride ent]s ! cyl9d] ?r\gh a pipe1 :i* t]m9ates 9 f\r spray nozzles1 :ile ! ammonia ent]s ?r\gh a s+le nozzle4 ,! air =c$ into ! funnel s]ves to hydrolyze ! silicon tetra*loride & mixes ! vapors4 ,! result+ reaction evolves a d5se :ite cl\d ( v l>ge volume & high obscur+ p[]4 ,"o set ( cyl9d]s is capable ( ma9ta9+ ?is cl\d = ov] #cj m9utes4 ,"u normal conditions ! dis*>ge is at ! rate ( #b p\nds ( silicon tetra*loride to #a p\nd ( ammonia4 ,to /op ! smoke1 ! silicon tetra*loride is clos$ fir/1 ! ammonia all[$ to run ab\t half a m9ute1 & ! fan is %ut (f la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,navy ,smoke ,funnel 9 ,op]ation4 ,,smoke ,,knapsack ,! smoke knapsack furni%es a portable app>atus = smoke production4 ,! gross weight is ab\t #gj p\nds2 :5 9 op]ation x gives a d5se :ite smoke = ab\t #ae m9utes4 ,! op]ation may be int]mitt5t or cont9u\s & ! quantity ( smoke is suffici5t to completely hide "o platoon ( m5 9 skirmi% =mation ) a #e-mile p] h\r enfilade w9d4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( two /eel tanks ab\t #bf in*es 9 height & #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,f ! side ( ea* tank1 b ne> ! bottom1 ext5ds a %ort pipe on :i* is plac$ a suitable valve4 ,a flexible armor$ hose connects ! valve to a %ort l5g? ( pipe :i* is equipp$ ) spray nozzle4 ,! cyl9d]s are *>g$ ) silicon tetra*loride & ammonia "u pressure4 ,! valves may be op]at$ ) ! left h&1 :ile ! spray] app>atus is held 9 ! "r4 ,! release buckles are )9 easy rea* ( bo? h&s4 ,,%ell ,:ile _m special devices h be5 develop$ by means ( :i* ! gas troops & infantry are able to set up smoke cl\ds on %ort notice1 ! smoke %ell1 fir$ by ! artill]y1 always play$ an important "p 9 ?is "w4 ,9 ! same way t a l>ge numb] ( ! poison gases 7 adapt$ to artill]y use1 s 7 mo/ ( ! smoke produc+ sub/ances4 ,z a fill] = smoke %ell1 phosphorus easily ranks fir/1 & is approa*$ only by sulfur trioxide 9 v humid wea!r4 ,a r\gh approximation to ! relative values ( "s ( its rivals is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,:ite phosphorus #ajj ,sulfur trioxide #fj-ge ,/annic *loride #dj ,titanium *loride #be-ce ,ars5ic *loride #aj ,comp>ison ( ! value ( diff]5t =ms ( phosphorus = %ell purposes has inv>iably po9t$ to ! sup]iority ( ! :ite v>iety4 ,mixtures ( :ite & r$ 7#b to #a7 h also prov$ effective4 ,a complete b>rage ov] a front ( #bjj y>ds c be e/abli%$ 9 f #dj seconds to #a m9ute & ma9ta9$ by fir+ a salvo foll[$ by batt]y fire ( #c seconds4 ,f\r #d4e-;in* h[itz]s c\ld ma9ta9 an effective b>rage ov] a front ( #ajjj y>ds4 ,! influ5ce ( sun%9e is v m>k$1 z 9 moi/1 cool wea!r "o %ell e #ae seconds is suffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,smoke ,scre5 = ,tanks4 ,,scre5+ ,,tanks ,te/s h demon/rat$ 7see ,fig4 #ii7 t successful smoke scre5s = tanks may be produc$ by spray+ oleum into ! exhau/4 ,on a #g-ton tank ( ! ,r5ault type 7#dj ,h4 ,p47 #aaj cc4 p] m9ute produc$ a l>ge volume ( smoke1 :i* _h excell5t cov]+ p[]1 & :i* c\ld be made int]mitt5t or cont9u\s at w4 ,! same me?od may be appli$ to a]oplanes1 & to %ips4 ,x is calculat$ t a cyl9d] conta9+ #cjj p\nds ( #bj p] c5t oleum w ma9ta9 a smoke scre5 on a %ip = a p]iod ( #ae m9utes1 if oleum is us$ at ! rate ( #bc4f p\nds p] m9ute4 ,s9ce ! cyl9d]s may be arrang$ 9 batt]ies1 ! scre5 may be cont9u$ = any p]iod ( "t4 ,! ,tank ,corps r favor phosphorus rifle gr5ades = produc+ a smoke scre5 at a di/ance f ! tank4 ,,purpose ,,( ,,smoke ,,scre5 ,smoke scre5s may be employ$ ) "o or m ( ! foll[+ objects 9 view3 7#a7 ,to mask kn[n enemy obs]vation po/s & ma*9e gun ne/s2 to conceal ! front & flanks ( attack+ troops1 conc5tration ( guns & tanks1 roads & conc5tration po9ts2 to bl9d ! fla%es ( batt]ies 9 action & to hamp] a]ial obs]vations4 7#b7 ,z a fe9t to draw ! enemy's att5tion to a front on :i* no attack is be+ made1 s z to hold 8 troops to _! tr5*es1 or to induce him to exp5d ammunition ne$lessly & to put d[n a b>rage 9 ! wrong place4 7#c7 ,to simulate gas & =ce ! enemy to we> 8 mask4 ,gas %\ld occasionally be mix$ ) smoke1 to impress ^u him ! belief t x is nev] safe to rema9 9 a smoke cl\d )\t we>+ 8 mask4 7#d7 ,9 roll+ or m\nta9\s c\ntry1 to fill valleys ) smoke & !reby conceal ! advance f all obs]vation1 includ+ a]ial4 7#e7 ,to cov] ! con/ruction ( bridges1 tr5*es1 etc41 9 ! face ( ! enemy4 ,,! ,,tactical ,,value ,,( ,,smoke ,! pall ( smoke t hung ov] e battlefield ( ! ,civil ,w> made a pr(\nd impression ^u ,fries :51 z a boy1 he fir/ read ( ^? battles4 ,h[ev]1 practically e ref]5ce made to smoke treat$ x z a nuisance4 ,x obscur$ ! field ( vision & int]f]$ ) troop movem5ts z well z ) ! aim+ & fir+ ( rifles & cannon1 ?\gh due to _! %ort range ?is 0 n s s]i\s z x w\ld be n[adays4 ,nev]!less s deeply 0 ?is int]f]5ce appreciat$ t ! mo/ e>ne/ ef=ts 7 made to discov] a smokeless p[d]4 ,?is1 z ! _w well kn[s1 0 develop$ ) great effici5cy dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! smokeless p[d]s came also a bett] und]/&+ ( ! action ( p[d]1 :]eby ! velocity ( projectiles1 & consequ5tly ! range & accuracy1 7 greatly increas$4 ,?is increas$ range & accuracy ( guns =c$ a consid]ation ( protection1--& concealm5t is "o =m ( protection4 ,! ,navy w\ld appe> to h be5 ! fir/ bran* ( ! ,am]ican =ces to realize h[ valuable a smoke scre5 may be4 ,?us ,fries1 9 ,augu/1 #aiac1 _h ! int]e/+ exp]i5ce ( witness+ a week's maneuv]s at ! ea/]n entrance to ,long ,isl& ,s\nd betwe5 ! ,navy & ! ,coa/ ,artill]y4 ,dur+ t week ! ,navy c>ri$ out ext5sive exp]im5ts ) smoke scre5s bo? by day & by night4 ,! smoke 9 all cases 0 g5]at$ by smo!r+ ! fires on de/roy]s or o!r %ips1 ?us caus+ d5se cl\ds ( black smoke to be giv5 out f ! funnels4 ,aft] ! ,_w ,w> _h be5 9 progress "s "t & p>ticul>ly ab\t ! "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ x1 a det]m9$ se>* 0 begun = m effici5t smokes & m effici5t smoke produc]s4 ,9 ! ,navy1 smoke scre5s 7 expect$ to be e/abli%$ by small craft beh9d :i* l>g] vessels c\ld maneuv] = position & range4 ,^! scre5s 7 also e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( cutt+ (f ! view ( enemy subm>9es or o!r vessels1 ?us all[+ m]*ant %ips or ev5 w>%ips :5 injur$ or outclass$ to escape4 ,! ,army 0 mu* sl[] to appreciate ! value ( smoke4 ,9 fact1 app>5tly no army really realiz$ ! value ( a smoke scre5 until aft] gas w>f>e became an accompli%$ fact4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! evaporation ( ! l>ge quantity ( liquid us$ 9 wave attacks caus$ a cl\d ( cond5s$ moi/ure4 ,?is is :at gave rise to ! designation 8cl\d attack40 ,engli% regulations = def5se aga9/ gas 9 ! e>ly days call$ = e man & animal to /& fa/ ^u ! approa* ( a gas cl\d & rema9 quiet until ! cl\d _h pass$4 ,?us casualties 7 r$uc$ to a m9imum & ! ,engli% 7 fre% to receive ! attack t 0 frequ5tly laun*$ imm$iately aft] ! cl\d _h pass$4 ,! ,g]mans f9ally ?\ght ( ! plan ( s5d+ ov] a fake gas attack4 ,9 t way !y simply produc$ a smoke cl\d t look$ l a gas attack4 ,naturally ! ,engli% /ood fa/ z be=e4 ,! ,g]mans attack+ 9 ! fake cl\d naturally caught ! ,briti% at a complete disadvantage ) consequ5t disa/r\s results to ! latt]4 ,b t 0 a game at :i* two c\ld play4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! value ( :ite phosphorus = produc+ a smoke scre5 0 tak5 up by ! ,briti% & l>ge numb]s ( #d-;in* ,/okes mort> %ells 7 fill$ = t purpose4 ,all armies !n began to exp]im5t ) smoke produc+ mat]ials4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 liquid4 ,( !m all1 z has be5 /at$ be=e1 :ite phosphorus1 a solid1 prov$ ! be/4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! w> ^! smoke scre5s began to be us$ to a consid]able ext5t = ! purposes giv5 above4 ,no "o :o has engag$ 9 t>get practice & enc\nt]$ a fog1 or :o has hunt$ ducks & geese 9 a fog ne$s to be told ( ! difficulty ( hitt+ an object he _c see4 ,! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t prov$ its wor? & won ev]la/+ glory by us+ ! ,/okes' mort>s ( ! ,briti% ) _! phosphorus bombs = attack+ ma*9e gun ne/s4 ,! :ite phosphorus 9 t case _h a d\ble effect4 ,x made a p]fect smoke scre51 !reby mak+ ! ,g]man ma*9e gun %ots simply %ots 9 ! d>k1 :ile at ! same "t ! burn+ phosphorus =c$ ! gunn]s to ab&on _! guns & surr5d]4 ,?us phosphorus play$ & w play 9 ! future ! d\ble rle ( =m+ a def5sive scre5 & ( vici\sly attack+ enemy troops4 ,?is phosphorus1 :i* cat*es fire spontane\sly1 burns wet or dry1 total imm]sion 9 wat] alone suffic+ to put x out4 ,?is means ( ext+ui%+ ! flames be+ almo/ totally abs5t on ! battlefield1 x c be tru?fully said t burn+ phosphorus is unqu5*able4 ,! burns are sev]e & difficult to heal4 ,= ^! reasons :ite phosphorus w be us$ 9 enorm\s quantities 9 any future w>4 ,all armies h begun to realize ?is value ( smoke4 ,9 ! future x w be ! infantryman's def5se aga9/ all =ms ( weapons & x w be us$ on e field ( battle1 by e arm ( ! s]vice & at all times1 day or night4 ,x is ev5 m effective 9 %utt+ out ! light f se>*lights1 /> bombs & simil> illum9ants = use 9 night attacks ?an x is 9 daylight4 ,) ?is /raight use ( smoke = protection w g its use along ) poison\s gases4 ,e smoke cl\d w be poison\s or non-poison\s at ! w ( ! "o produc+ ! cl\d1 & ?is w be true :e!r x is produc$ f artill]y %ell1 mort> bombs1 h& gr5ades1 smoke c&les or o!r app>atus4 ,?us smoke & gas toge!r w af=d a field = ! ex]cise ( +5uity great] ?an t ( all o!r =ms ( w>f>e4 ,! only limitation to ! use ( smoke & gas w be ! lack ( vision ( comm&]s & ! ignorance ( armies4 ,prop] recognition & aid giv5 to *emical w>f>e developm5t & in/ruction 9 peace are ! only me?ods ( ov]com+ ^! limitations4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r developm5t "w1 ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle comes f ! man :o w n see1 :e!r x be f a lack ( intellig5ce1 laz9ess or inbr$ opposition to all =ms ( advancem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,toxic ,,smokes ,! introduction ( diph5yl*loro>s9e z a poison gas really introduc$ ! "q ( toxic smokes4 ,?is mat]ial1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 is a solid1 melt+ at ab\t #cj4 ,9 ord] to secure effici5t di/ribution1 ! mat]ial 0 mix$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( high explosive4 ,:5 ! %ell bur/1 ! diph5yl*loro>s9e 0 f9ely divid$ or atomiz$ & produc$ a cl\d ( toxic p>ticles4 ,s9ce smoke p>ticles are only slightly remov$ by ! ord9>y mask1 ?is =m$ a v effective means ( *emical w>f>e4 ,an analog\s result 0 obta9$ by ! use ( poison gases1 su* z *loropicr91 9 a smoke cl\d produc$ f silicon or /annic *loride4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! toxic mat]ial 0 a real gas1 & s ! real result atta9$ consi/$ 9 =c+ ! m5 to we> _! masks 9 all k9ds ( cl\ds4 ,! true toxic smoke w5t fur!r 9 t ! ord9>y mask (f]$ little protection & ?us compell$ ! w>r+ nations to develop a special type ( smoke filt]4 ,^! smoke cl\ds consi/ ( v small p>ticles1 :i* may be consid]$ z a disp]s$ phase1 di/ribut$ 9 ! air1 :i* we may call ! disp]s+ m$ium4 ,! disp]s$ phase may be produc$ by me*anical1 !rmal1 or *emical me?ods4 ,me*anical disp]sion consi/s 9 ! te>+ ap>t ( ! mat]ial into a f9e /ate ( subdivision4 ,x may be call$ a hamm] & anvil action4 ,! m p[]ful ! me*anical =ce1 ! small] ! result+ p>ticles4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by ! use ( a high explosive1 su* z ! ,g]mans us$ 9 ! case ( diph5yl*loro>s9e4 ,! production ( smoke by !rmal disp]sion dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! fact t :5 a sub/ance ( suffici5tly l[ vapor pressure is volatiliz$1 & ! vapors are pass$ into ! air1 !y recond5se on ! nuclei ( ! air to =m a smoke4 ,vaporization f an op5 conta9]1 p]mitt+ ! vapors to pass directly to ! air )\t be+ quickly c>ri$ away f ! surface ( evaporation1 produces smoke hav+ l>g] p>ticles1 because ea* p>ticle =m$ rema9s = an appreciable p]iod ( "t 9 contact ) air saturat$ ) vapor1 & h5ce gr[s v rapidly4 ,! easie/ way to produce small smoke p>ticles is to mix ! toxic mat]ial directly ) "s fuel :i* w produce a l>ge am\nt ( heat & gas ^u burn+4 ,:5 ?is mixture is enclos$ 9 a conta9] hav+ a small orifice1 ^u burn+1 ! toxic vapor & gas w pass ?r\gh ?is orifice at high velocity2 x has be5 demon/rat$ by ,"l ,rayleigh t ! size ( ! p>ticles dep5ds ^u ! velocity ( emission ( ! gas f a giv5 orifice4 ,! product ( *emical comb9ation may include a sup]-saturat$ vapor1 :i* cond5ses into small p>ticles4 ,explosive disp]sion is really a comb9ation ( me*anical disp]sion foll[$ by !rmal disp]sion4 ,,p5etration ,! fundam5tal idea und]ly+ all ! "w on toxic smokes is to obta9 a smoke t has m>k$ p5etrat+ p[]4 ,scre5+ p[] is n important "h4 ,9 addition to p5etration1 a smoke %\ld be highly toxic & h a sl[ rate ( settl+4 ,p5etration may be te/$ by ! use ( a /&>d filt]2 a suitable filt] = ?is purpose is "o :i* does n remove ! smoke to su* an ext5t t measurem5t ( its conc5tration becomes difficult1 & "o :i* does n become clogg$ quickly by ! smoke4 ,a filt] consi/+ ( two pads ( felt1 plac$ side by side & arrang$ s t ! smoke fir/ comes 9 contact ) ! ?9n] & less d5se pad has be5 f\nd v satisfactory4 ,9 te/+ p5etration1 smoke is produc$ by disp]s+ "o gram ( ! toxic sub/ance 9 a %eet iron box ( #ajjj lit]s capacity4 ,aft] #e m9utes a /eady conc5tration is usually atta9$ & ! smoke is !n =c$ ?r\gh a ,tyndall met]1 7see page #bii7 aft] dilution ) air1 :]e ! initial conc5tration is det]m9$4 ,x !n passes ?r\gh ! /&>d filt]1 & ?r\gh a second ,tyndall met]1 :]e ! f9al conc5tration is measur$4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two read+s gives ! am\nt ( smoke reta9$ by ! filt]4 ,! p5etration is ord9>ily repres5t$ by a s]ies ( figures1 :i* decrease f a maximum value at ! beg9n+ ( ! te/ to a m9imum at a po9t :]e ! filt] p]mits ! passage ( s little smoke t x _c be measur$4 ,?is decrease is due to decrease 9 p5etrat+ p[] & conc5tration ( ! smoke1 & to increase 9 filt]+ p[] ( ! filt] z a result ( plugg+4 ,usually five degrees ( p5etration are recogniz$1 excell5t1 good1 fair1 poor & v poor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,p5etration ,app>atus ,us$ to ,te/ ,toxic ,smokes4 ,a portable p5etration app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,9 us+ ! app>atus1 ! smoke produc+ mat]ial is s plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! app>atus t ! sample is tak5 ab\t #bj feet d[n ! w9d1 s t ! smoke is appreciably dilut$4 ,"o man is /ation$ at ea* ,tyndall met] & takes read+s z fa/ z 8 record] c write !m1 s t ! smoke d5sity1 be=e & aft] ! filt]1 c be foll[$ v closely4 ,,physiological ,,action ,9 addition to a high p5etrat+ p[] a smoke %\ld also possess great toxic1 irritant1 /]nutatory1 or la*rymatory p[]4 ,^! prop]ties are te/$ by expos+ mice to ! smoke 9 ! *amb]4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! *amb] at ! beg9n+ ( ! run1 & expos$ = #aj m9utes to ! smoke f #a gram ( ! mat]ial4 ,:ile ^! te/s are only qualitative 9 "*1 !y give a fairly good notion ( ! relative value ( diff]5t mat]ials4 ,,quantitative ,,relation%ips ,x has be5 f\nd t1 if ! optical read+s f ! ,tyndall met] are plott$ z ord9ates aga9/ ! "t t 7! "t elaps$ aft] detonation7 z abcissas1 & t portion ( ! curve betwe5 t #j & t #cj consid]$1 ! curve g5]ally desc5ds %>ply at fir/1 f a high po9t repres5t+ ! d5sity imm$iately aft] ! production ( ! smoke1 to a po9t 9 ! neighborhood ( t #h1 :]e x flatt5s out & desc5ds mu* m sl[ly ) a slope t *anges little4 ,! area "u ! significant portion ( ! curve1 t is1 ! area circumscrib$ by ! curve f ! po9t t to t1 ! v]tical axis f ?is po9t to ! orig91 ! horizontal axis f ! orig9 to t & ! l9e p]p5dicul> to ?is axis1 cutt+ ! curve at t1 is a r\gh measure ( ! relative values ( diff]5t smokes4 ,?is area is calculat$ z ! sum ( two rectangles1 f t to t & f t to t4 ,"s results are z foll[s3 ,area #cj ,ph5yldi*loro>s9e #aha ,triph5yldi*loro>s9e #agh ,diph5ylcyano>s9e #acg ,diph5yl*loro>s9e #aja ,cyanog5 bromide #id ,me?yl di*loro>s9e #gj ,ph5ylimidophosg5e #fi ,mu/>d gas #ch ,! curves 9 ,fig4 #aja %[ ! way 9 :i* ! read+s fall (f ) "t4 ,ea* sub/ance ( c\rse has its *>act]i/ic curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,typical ,curves ,%[+ ! ,decrease 9 ,conc5tration ( ,smoke ,cl\d ) ,"t4 ,,toxic ,,mat]ials ,! selection ( mat]ials = ! production ( toxic smokes c only be c>ri$ out exp]im5tally4 ,a numb] ( v toxic sub/ances h be5 %[n to be valueless z toxic smokes because ( l[ p5etration1 decomposition dur+ ! process ( smoke production1 or = o!r reasons4 ,ars5ic comp\nds produce smokes di/9ctly bett] ?an ! av]age4 ,inorganic comp\nds :i* h high melt+ & boil+ po9ts are v poor smoke produc]s4 ,! only exception to ?is is magnesium ars5ide1 :i* may suff] decomposition4 ,comp\nds l m]curic *loride & ars5ic tribromide1 :i* boil or sublime at comp>atively l[ temp]atures1 produce good smokes4 ,mo/ mat]ials :i* boil bel[ #acj ,c4 produce no smoke z !y evaporate on disp]sion4 ,x is difficult to set any upp] limit = ! boil+ po9t beyond :i* mat]ials d n produce good smokes1 b 9 all probability #ejj ,c4 is n f> f ! maximum4 ,liquids & solids are1 on ! :ole1 almo/ equally good z smoke produc]s4 ,! physical condition ( ! mat]ial has no great effect ^u ! am\nt ( smoke :i* x w produce4 ,?is seems to dep5d only ^u ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( ! mat]ial4 ,,toxic ,,smoke ,,app>atus ,x has be5 m5tion$ above t ! ,g]mans us$ a %ell1 conta9+ solid diph5yl*loro>s9e & a high explosive4 ,a #aj4e cm4 %ell 7,blue ,cross7 0 ab\t two-?irds fill$ ) ca/ tr9itrotolu5e & conta9$ a glass bottle ) #cjj-djj grams ( toxic mat]ial4 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e 0 also us$ 9 %ell1 9 solution1 a mixture ( phosg5e & diphosg5e 7sup]palite7 be+ ! ord9>y solv5t 7,gre5 ,cross74 ,mixtures ( diph5yl*loro>s9e & ph5yldi*loro>s9e 7 also us$4 ,9 ! case ( high explosive %ell1 ! use ( a sep>ate conta9] appe>s to be desirable1 because a mixture ) ! explosive s]i\sly decreases its s5sitiv5ess & ev5 its de/ructive p[]4 ,!re is also a "q z to ! /ability ( su* a mixture4 ,h[ev]1 #ge mm4 %ell conta9+ #cj p] c5t diph5yl*loro>s9e mix$ ) ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 gave good cl\ds ( toxic smoke4 ,,toxic ,,smoke ,,c&le ,two toxic smoke c&les 7 develop$ by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 kn[n z ! ,b-,m ,toxic ,smoke ,c&le1 p]fect$ by ! ,pyrote*nic ,section ( ! ,rese>* ,division1 & ! ,disp]soid ,smoke ,c&le1 develop$ by ! ,disp]soid ,section4 ,! ,b-,m ,toxic ,smoke ,c&le consi/s ( a bottle-%ap$ %eet /eel toxic conta9] set into a c1 conta9+ smoke mixture4 ,! heat f ! burn+ mixture causes ! di/illation ( ! toxic mat]ial4 ,! toxic vapor is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a nipple1 screw$ into ! neck ( ! conta9] & ext5d+ ov] ! top ( ! smoke c4 ,/eel wool is us$ 9 ! toxic conta9] to r$uce ! viol5t boil+ & spatt]+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,a small am\nt ( /eel wool1 held 9 place by a wire scre51 is also us$ 9 ! nipple = ! same purpose4 ,! toxic conta9] is seal$ by a fusible metal plug1 melt+ at #ij ,c41 ca/ into a reta9] at ! base ( ! nipple4 ,! fusible plug melts ^u ! fir/ application ( heat & all[s free passage ( ! vapor into ! smoke cl\d4 ,! ignition ( ! app>atus is effect$ by means ( a simple mat* head & an accompany+ scrat*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,toxic ,smoke ,cl\d f #ejj ,d4 ,m4 ,c&les4 ,! c&les 7 plac$ 9 #e p>allel r[s :i* 7 #b y>ds ap>t1 ea* r[ conta9+ #ajj c&les on a #ajj y>d front4 ,! total "t ( active smoke emission 0 #bc m9utes4 ,! fir/ evolution ( smoke occurs ab\t #aj seconds aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( flame4 ,ab\t "o m9ute aft] ignition ! toxic mat]ial w beg9 to di/ill into ! smoke cl\d & ?is w cont9ue = ab\t f\r m9utes4 ,! burn+ ( ! c&le %\ld be complete 9 ab\t six m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,disp]soid ,c&le ,briti% ,c&le ,,fig4 #ajc4--;,comp>ison ( ,disp]soid & ,briti% ,d4 ,m4 ,c&les4 ,! ,disp]soid ,toxic ,smoke ,c&le diff]s f ! ,b-,m c&le 9 t ! toxic conta9] is n us$4 ,a mixture ( smokeless p[d] & ! toxic mat]ial 7diph5yl*loro>s9e or ,d4 ,m41 an ars5ical obta9$ f ars5ic tri*loride & diph5ylam9e7 is fill$ directly into ! conta9]1 a cyl9drical c #c4e in*es 9 diamet] & #i in*es high made f #bg gauge %eet metal1 & pack$ "u a total pressure ( #b1ejj p\nds4 ,! top ( ! c&le is a metal cov]1 conta9+ ! mat* head scrat*]1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! mat* head by a ,manila pap] disc4 ,^! are ! same z ^? us$ 9 ! ,b-,m c&le4 ,! c&le has a total weight ( ab\t #d4be p\nds1 ( :i* #c4f p\nds are ! smoke mixture1 conta9+ ab\t #a4c p\nds ( toxic mat]ial4 ,9 op]at+ ! c&les1 ! cov] is remov$ & ! mat* head ignit$ by friction ) ! scrat*]4 ,! mat* head burns ?r\gh ! c>dbo>d & ignites ! p[d]4 ,! heat & gas produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! p[d] vaporizes ! p>ticles ( ! toxic mat]ial & c>ries ! vapors out ?r\gh ! orifices at a high velocity :]eupon !y recond5se to =m a smoke4 ,! rapid emission ( ! vapors ?r\gh ! orifice prev5ts any possibility ( _! ignition4 ,! "t be=e good emission ( smoke takes place aft] ! ignition ( ! mat* tip ( a c&le is #cj seconds4 ,! av]age "t ( vigor\s smoke emission is f f\r to five m9utes4 ,! result ( a field te/ ) ! disp]soid c&le is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,a comp>ison ( a ,briti% & a ,disp]soid c&le is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ?is may n h be5 a fair te/ z only "o ,briti% c&le 0 available = ! comp>ative te/4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,smoke ,,filt]s ,! fir/ types ( ! ,/&>d ,box ,respirator conta9$ cotton pads1 :i* suffic$ to remove ! ord9>y smoke ( ! battlefield & ev5 t f ! e>li] toxic mat]ials4 ,improv$ me?ods ( produc+ toxic smokes1 by means ( :i* small] p>ticles 7 obta9$1 l$1 e>ly 9 #aiah1 to ! recognition ( ! ne$ ( improv$ protection aga9/ ^! smokes4 ,! fir/ attempts to meet ?is ne$ consi/$ 9 improv+ ! filt]+ qualities ( ^! pads4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t to make bett] filt] pads w\ld greatly increase ! total resi/ance ( ! cani/]4 ,?is 0 highly undesirable1 s9ce ! resi/ance ( ! ord9>y cani/] 0 already s high z to be v uncom=table4 ,to ov]come ?is objection1 "s ( ! e>ly designs ( filt] cani/]s 7 provid$ ) a me*anical valve1 :i* c\ld be op]at$ by h&1 to by-pass ! air ar\nd ! filt] :5 ! cani/] 0 us$ aga9/ gas alone1 or s set z to make ! air pass ?r\gh ! filt] :5 smoke 0 fe>$4 ,?is introduc$ a factor ( unc]ta9ty among ! m5 dur+ a gas attack1 s9ce ea* man mu/ decide = himself :e!r smoke 0 pres5t4 ,?is reason alone 0 suffici5t = disc>d+ ?is design4 ,a prelim9>y /udy ( ! situation indicat$ t any filt] = f9e smoke p>ticles mu/ h a high resi/ance p] unit ( area1 b t ! total resi/ance mu/ be comp>atively l[4 ,9 ord] to secure ! l>ge area necess>y to br+ ! total resi/ance )9 reason1 ! exp]im5tal "w 0 develop$ along ?ree l9es3 ,! =mation ( a filt] into a bag1 cup1 or jacket to surr\nd ! outside ( ! cani/]2 ! use ( an arrangem5t suffici5tly compact to g inside ! cani/]2 & ! use ( a filt] z a sep>ate unit1 to be atta*$ to ! cani/] by an air connection4 ,a survey ( ! possible filt]+ mat]ials indicat$ t only two (f]$ promise1 namely1 pap] & felt4 ,,pap] ,,filt]s ,reports t ! ,briti% _h develop$ ?91 crep$1 sulfite-cellulose wood pulp pap] = filt]s l$ to an int5sive /udy ( ?is mat]ial by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--;,crepe ,pap] ,d\ghnut ,filt] ,cani/]4 ,9 g5]al we may say t ! developm5t ( pap] filt]s 79 %eet =m7 met ) little success4 ,pap]s af=d+ ! requir$ protection did n live up to ! resi/ance specifications4 ,! reason = ?is probably is 9 ! me?od ( mak+ pap]4 ,! pulp is f$ onto ! scre5 ( a ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e "u conditions t d n p]mit ( uni=mity 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fib]s & consequ5tly !re is no uni=mity 9 ! size ( pores4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate ! l>ge holes1 :i* all[ ! smoke to pass readily1 ! pap] mu/ be press$ to r$uce ^! pores to ! prop] magnitude4 ,?is naturally results 9 an approximately equal decrease 9 ! size ( ! small pores1 ) a consequ5t increase 9 ! f9al resi/ance out ( all proportion to ! protection ga9$4 ,a v satisfactory pap] 0 f9ally produc$1 b ! resi/ance 0 too high & x 0 necess>y to increase ! total available filt]+ area1 :i* result$ 9 ! accordion type ( filt]4 ,?is filt] 0 incapable ( developm5t on a l>ge scale because ( ! l>ge am\nt ( h& "w requir$ 9 assembl+4 ,! lack ( uni=mity 9 a s+le %eet has be5 ov]come ) "s success by mak+ up a filt] f #dj to #hj lay]s ( tissue or crepe pap]1 tru/+ t ! law ( *ance w\ld br+ ! l>ge pores 9 "s successive lay]4 ,su* a filt] 0 adopt$ by ! ,briti%1 b s9ce x did n give protection comp>able ) t af=d$ by felt filt]s1 x 0 reject$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! s-call$ 8d\ghnut0 filt] use 0 made ( tissue pap]4 ,in/ead ( seek+ = uni=mity 9 a v]tical direction ?r\gh a block ( tissues1 x 0 s\ght along ! axis horizontal ) ! %eet4 ,! effectiv5ess ( su* a filt] 0 less ?an t ( felt4 ,9 addition1 s]i\s difficulty 0 met 9 cutt+ ! pile ( tissue pap] into ! prop] %ape s t ev5tually x 0 ab&on$ z a production possibility4 ,,felt ,,filt]s ,"w on ! felt filt]s />t$ ab\t ,june1 #aiah4 ,great difficulties 7 met 9 ! beg9n+1 z a felt satisfactory = ?is purpose mu/ be made "u c>efully controll$ conditions & production conditions dur+ ! w> did n readily l5d !mselves to su* control4 ,h[ev]1 ! opportunities af=d$ 9 felt mak+ = uni=m pack+ & arrang+ ( ! fib]s 7! :ole process ( mak+ a felt1 is "o ( gradual pack+ ( fib]s into a relatively small volume7 are su* z to assure a great] degree ( success ?an is ! case 9 pap] mak+4 ,v successful filt]s h be5 obta9$ ) ! use ( felt4 ,!re are two s]i\s objections to its use1 h[ev]4 ,! fir/ is ! great co/ ( ! filt] 7?is 0 above "o doll> p] filt] at ! close ( ! ,w>72 ! second is t felt is a valuable indu/rial commodity4 ,x is ?us v desirable t a *eap] & a less important indu/rial mat]ial be f\nd4 ,,! #aiai ,,cani/] ,j be=e ! ,armi/ice1 ! ,gas ,def5se ,long ,isl& ,laboratory br\ght out ! s-call$ 8#aiai ,cani/]10 :i* consi/$ ( an oval section1 p]=at$ metal1 w> gas mat]ial conta9] ) a c5tral1 flat1 p]=at$ brea?+ tube connect$ to a nozzle at "o end4 7,see also page #bbh47 ,aft] ?is inn] conta9] is pack$ ) ! w> gas *emicals1 a filt] jacket is slipp$ ov] x & ! top edge seal$ to ! inn] conta9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--aiai ,felt ,filt] ,cani/]4 ,attempts 7 made to put pap] filt]s on ?is cani/] by wrapp+ x ) lay]s ( pap]4 ,9 "s cases1 lay]s ( co>se burlap or mosquito nett+ 7 appli$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( pap] to give me*anical /r5g? & air space4 ,! fact t _m filt]s gave good protection %[$ t a filt] ( ?is type & mat]ial is possible1 b ! op]ations ( wrapp+ & seal+ require c>eful "w 9 production & inspection & ev5 ) ! greate/ skill & c>e1 imp]fections are almo/ impossible to avoid4 ,?is *ance ( defects1 toge!r ) ! labor involv$1 makes ! process undesirable4 ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,smoke ,,filt]s ,tolman1 ,wells & ,g]ke1 dur+ ! c\rse ( _! "w on toxic smokes1 develop$ ! foll[+ !ory ( smoke filt]s4 ,! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ! filtration ( smoke are exce$+ly complicat$1 b ! g5]al nature ( ! process may be simply describ$ 9 t]ms ( ! k9etic prop]ties ( ! small p>ticles compris+ ! smoke4 ,a filt] may be reg>d$ z a s]ies ( m9ute capill>ies ?r\gh :i* ! smoke sl[ly fl[s4 ,9 ord] t filtration may take place1 x is n necess>y to assume t ! capill>ies ( ! filt] are small] ?an ! p>ticle1 = ! p>ticles may diffuse to ! walls ( ! capill>ies & x is believ$ t ) typical filt]s ?is is ! actual me?od ( smoke removal = p>ticles less ?an #aj cm4 9 diamet]4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view z to ! nature ( smoke filtration1 ! important factors involv$ are 7#a7 ! ,br[nian motion ( ! smoke p>ticles1 7#b7 ! area & arrangem5t ( ! int]nal surface pres5t$ by ! filt]1 7#c7 ! fl[ ( ! smoke z a :ole1 & 7#d7 ! attractive =ces betwe5 ! filt] surfaces & ! smoke p>ticles4 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! factors det]m9e h[ _m p>ticles come )9 ! range ( ! mutual =ces ( ! p>ticle & filt] surface1 & ! f\r? factor det]m9es ! *ance or expectation t ! p>ticle w p]man5tly adh]e to ! surface ( ! filt]4 ,,te/+ ,,smoke ,,filt]s ,all ! e>ly te/s made on smoke filt]s us$ diph5yl*loro>s9e1 because x 0 felt t ! filt] mu/ be te/$ aga9/ a toxic smoke4 ,a man te/ 0 develop$ z repres5tative z possible ( actual conditions 9 ! field1 & ! "t necess>y = a man to detect diph5yl*loro>s9e smoke 9 ! efflu5t /ream :5 brea?+ at a normal rate1 us+ a c>efully controll$ conc5tration ( smoke produc$ by detonation1 0 us$ z ! crit]ion ( ! protection (f]$ by ! cani/]4 ,?is te/ 0 subject to ext5sive individual v>iations1 due to ! v>y+ physiological resi/ances ( diff]5t m5 to diph5yl*loro>s9e smoke4 ,fur!r1 x 0 q inadequate = rapid te/+ on a l>ge scale4 ,a te/+ ma*9e 0 !n develop$1 :i* gave results comp>able ) ^? obta9$ 9 ! man te/4 ,! me?od us$ 9 detect+ ! gas 0 physiological1 t is1 by smell or by its irritat+ action t[>ds ! membranes ( ! eye4 ,:ile ^! are purely qualitative te/s1 !y are mu* m s5sitive ?an any possible *emical te/s4 ,because ( ! desirability ( hav+ a me?od :i* c\ld be controll$ *emically1 o!r me?ods 7 develop$4 ,ammonium *loride is a solid smoke1 consi/+ ( p>ticles ( q v>iable sizes4 ,x is s5sitive to dilution & clogs ! pores ( ! filt]+ m$ium q rapidly4 ,= ?is reason x 0 us$ 9 ! /udy ( ! rate ( plugg+ or clogg+ ( ! filt] 7! clos+ ( ! pores ( ! fabric or o!r mat]ial to ! passage ( air74 ,! smoke is produc$ by ! reaction ( ammonia & hydrog5 *loride-air /reams4 ,! smoke ?us g5]at$ is pass$ f ! mix+ *amb] to a l>g] di/ribution box & f !re ?r\gh ! filt]1 at a /&>d rate4 ,! conc5tration ( ! smoke may be accurately det]m9$ by *emical means or photometrically1 us+ a ,hess-,ives ,t9t ,photomet]1 ! ,m>t5 ,photomet]1 or a special photomet] develop$ by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,a comp>ison ( a l>ge numb] ( te/s ) ^? ( o!r smokes w\ld indicate t ammonium *loride smoke (f]s accurate in=mation z to protection s\ght1 b is h>dly a desirable smoke = te/+ on a l>ge scale4 ,! ?ird me?od develop$ 0 ! sulfuric acid smoke4 ,?is smoke 0 produc$ by pass+ dry air ?r\gh a t[] ( solid pieces ( sulfur trioxide & !n mix+ ! vapor ) a l>ge volume ( air at #ej p] c5t relative humidity4 ,x is n a clogg+ smoke & ! filt]+ effici5cy does n *ange mat]ially 9 ! "t ( exposure requir$ = a te/4 ,! smoke l5ds itself easily to *emical analysis & (f]s data z to exact p>ticulate cl\d conc5trations :i* w p5etrate cani/]s2 photometric measurem5ts are also applicable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,tobacco ,smoke ,app>atus = ,te/+ ,cani/]s4 ,! f\r? me?od consi/s 9 ! use ( tobacco smoke4 ,?is is g5]at$ by pass+ air ov] ignit$ /icks ( a mixture ( tobacco 7#fc p] c5t71 ros9 7#cj p] c5t7 & potassium nitrate 7#g p] c5t74 ,?is smoke is compos$ ( p>ticles ( extreme uni=mity 9 size2 *emically x is relatively in]t4 ,x is n a clogg+ smoke & is n s5sitive to moi/ure & dilution4 ,! d5sity ( ! efflu5t smoke is comp>$ ) t ( ! ent]+ smoke 9 a ,tyndall beam1 & ! filt]+ capacity ( ! mat]ial det]m9$ 9 t]ms ( ! am\nt ( air necess>y to dilute ! ent]+ air to ! same conc5tration ( ! efflu5t air4 ,! me?od is simple 9 manipulation & ! te/ is a rapid "o 7#ej cani/]s p] day74 ,because ( ! app>5t sup]iority ( tobacco smoke z a te/+ smoke1 ! accompany+ disadvantages are possibly outweigh$4 ,f ! /&po9t ( inh]5t *emical prop]ties1 ! g5]al desirability ( a suitable te/+ smoke w\ld decrease 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 tobacco1 sulfuric acid1 ammonium *loride4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,signal ,,smokes ,! success ( pyrote*nics 9 night signall+ l$1 dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 to consid]able att5tion be+ paid to ! developm5t ( pyrote*nic signals = day use4 ,?is 0 ma9ly direct$ to ! production ( di/9ctive smokes1 :i* %\ld h ! same long range visibility "u v>y+ light conditions4 ,s9ce a gray or :ite smoke might be confus$ ) ! smoke produc$ accid5tally by ! explosion ( %ell1 x 0 necess>y to use smoke ( def9ite & unmi/akable colors1 & r$1 blue1 yell[1 gre5 & purple smokes 7 develop$4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 only a yell[ smoke 0 9 use1 ?\gh o!rs 7 add$ lat]4 ,,production ,,( ,,color$ ,,smokes ,!re are ?ree possible ways ( obta9+ signal smokes4 ,i4 ,me*anically disp]s+ solids4 ,,ii4 ,*emical ,reaction4 ,,iii4 ,volatilization ( color$ mat]ials4 ,i4 ,! fir/ me?od1 :ile possible1 c nev] be an effici5t me?od ( produc+ signals4 ,"s success 0 met ) 9 disp]s+ c]ta9 inorganic mat]ials1 z r\ge1 & ultram>9e1 9 projectiles fir$ f a #c-;in* mort> & explod$ by a "t fuse arrangem5t at ! height ( _! flight4 ,v>i\s mixtures 7 also tri$1 su* z antimony oxysulfide & alum9um p[d] 7r$71 ars5ic & antimony tri*lorides ) sodium ?iosulfate 7yell[71 etc41 b ^! compositions h ! disadvantages ( be+ liable to cat* fire if disp]s$ by a black p[d] explosion4 ,,ii4 ,:ile color$ smokes may be produc$ by *emical reaction1 su* z ! comb9ation ( hydrog5 iodide 7,,hi71 *lor9e & ammonia1 ! cl\ds are n satisfactory z signals4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! purple cl\d 7to ! op]ator 9 ! a]oplane7 appe>$ :ite to ! obs]v]s on ! gr\nd4 ,high temp]ature combu/ion smokes h also be5 /udi$4 ,^! are us$ 9 ! s-call$ smoke tor*es4 ,! yell[ ars5ic sulfide smoke is ! mo/ widely us$4 ,mo/ =mulas call = "s sulfide ( ars5ic 7usually ! native realg>1 kn[n comm]cially z 8,r$ ,saxony ,ars5ic071 sulfur1 potassium nitrate1 & 9 "s cases1 a dilu5t l gr\nd glass or s&4 ,a typical mixture consi/s (3 ,r$ ars5ic sulfide #ee ,sulfur #ae ,potassium nitrate #cj ,a v simil> smoke may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ mixture3 ,sulfur #bh4f ,:ite ars5ic #cb4j ,potassium nitrate #cc4h ,p[d]$ glass #f4f ,^! smokes are n z satisfactory 9 color z ! smoke produc$ by a dye smoke mixture1 especially :5 view$ f a di/ance1 ) ! sky z a backgr\nd4 ,!y fade out r quickly to a v ne>ly :ite smoke4 ,a black smoke ^u fir/ ?\ght might seem to be ! easie/ ( all smokes to produce1 b actually ! production ( a black smoke t w\ld be satisfactory = signall+ purposes 0 r a difficult matt]4 ,/>t+ ) ! /&>d smoke mixture1 :i* gives a :ite or gray smoke1 hexa*loroe?ane1 :i* is solid1 0 sub/itut$ = ! c>bon tetra*loride1 9 ord] to avoid a liquid con/itu5t4 ,naph?al5e 0 fir/ us$1 until x 0 f\nd t ! mixture ( naph?al5e & hexa*loroe?ane melt$ at temp]atures bel[ t ( ei!r ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,an?rac5e 0 !n sub/itut$4 ,! pr9cipal reaction is betwe5 ! magnesium & ! *lor9e-conta9+ comp\nd1 :]eby magnesium *loride & c>bon are =m$4 ,! reaction is v viol5t1 & a :ite smoke is produc$4 ,! an?rac5e sl[s d[n ! reaction & at ! same "t colors ! smoke black4 ,! spe$ ( ! reaction may be controll$ by v>y+ ! an?rac5e cont5t4 ,9 burn+ ?is type ( smoke mixture 9 a cyl9d]1 x is ess5tial t free burn+ be all[$4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if combu/ion is at all smo!r$1 & ! smoke =c$ to escape ?r\gh a comp>atively small op5+1 x w be gray in/ead ( d5se black4 ,,iii4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to utilize ! heat evolv$ :5 ! ,b]g] type smoke mixture reacts to volatilize or me*anically disp]se v>i\s color$ inorganic sub/ances1 & especially iod9e4 ,^! 7 unsuccessful4 ,modifications1 su* z ,/rontium nitrate #a "p ,p[d]$ iron #b p>ts ,iod9e #c p>ts 7 also tri$1 b :ile su* mixtures ignit$ easily1 burn$ freely & ev5ly1 & gave a cont9u\s heavy purple cl\d1 !y 7 v s5sitive to moi/ure & capable ( spontane\s ignition4 ,! mo/ satisfactory & successful color$ smokes are ^? produc$ by ! volatilization ( organic dye mat]ials4 ,?is practice seems to h orig9at$ ) ! ,briti%1 :o produc$ su* smokes by volatiliz+ or vaporiz+ special dyes by ignit+ mixtures ( ! dye1 lactose & potassium *lorate & smo!r+ ! combu/ion4 ,9 select+ dye/uffs = ?is purpose x 0 at once recogniz$ t only ^? comp\nds c be us$ :i* are volatiliz$ or vaporiz$ )\t decomposition by ! heat g5]at$ :5 ! mixture is ignit$ & ! combu/ion smo!r$4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! boil+ po9t & melt+ or volatilization po9t ( ! color$ comp\nd mu/ be close en\gh toge!r s t !re is nev] mu* liquid dye pres5t4 ,s9ce all color$ organic comp\nds are de/roy$ if subject$ to suffici5t heat1 ! mixture mu/ be s prep>$ & ! ignition s arrang$ t ! heat g5]at$ is n suffici5t to cause ?is de/ruction4 ,! oxidiz+ ag5ts us$ 9 ! combu/ion mixture may be ei!r potassium or sodium *lorate4 ,! nitrate is n satisfactory4 ,lactose has prov5 ! be/ combu/ible4 ,p[d]$ orange %ellac is fairly satisfactory b (f]s no advantage ov] lactose4 ,! foll[+ dyes h be5 f\nd to give ! be/ smokes3 ,r$ 8,p>aton]0 ,yell[ ,*rysoid9e ,auram9e ,blue ,indigo ,purple ,indul9 787 ,gre5 ,auram9e ,yell[ ,indigo ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 ! only color$ smoke us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army 0 a yell[ smoke4 ,! smoke mixture us$ 9 all signals1 except+ ! smoke tor*1 0 ! old ars5ic sulfide mixture4 ,! foll[+ smoke signals 7 adopt$ dur+ ! ,_w ,w>3 ,signal ,p>a*ute ,rocket ,yell[ & ,r$ ,v4 ,b4 ,p>a*ute ,c>tridge ,yell[ #be mm4 ,v ,p>a*ute ,c>tridge ,yell[ #ce mm4 ,signal ,c>tridge ,yell[ #ce mm4 ,signal ,c>tridge ,r$ #ce mm4 ,signal ,pi/ol #be mm4 ,v ,signal ,pi/ol ,v4 ,b4 ,rifle ,dis*>g] ,cut ,,! ,,tactical ,,use ,,( ,,signal ,,smokes ,f ! days :5 ,horatius kept ! bridge1 d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies to ! ,_w ,w>1 all lead]s 9 battle 7 pictur$ at ! front & ) flam+ sword1 m\nt$ on magnific5t *>g]s1 or o!rwise s prom95tly dress$ t all ! _w knew !y 7 ! lead]s4 ,dur+ all ^! hundr$s ( ye>s comm&s on ! field ( battle 7 by ! voice1 by ! bugle1 or by %ort range signals ) arms1 flags1 & swords4 ,ev5 :]e q l>ge =ces 7 involv$ !y 7 mass$ close en\gh ord9>ily s t signall+ by su* means suffic$ to cov] ! front ( battle4 ,9 ^? cases :]e !y did n1 reliance 0 put ^u swift c\ri]s on horseback or on foot4 ,) ! inv5tion ( smokeless p[d] & ! rifl$ gun battles 7 begun & c>ri$ on at great] & great] ranges4 ,artill]y fir$ n only #b1jjj to #c1jjj y>ds b up to #e1jjj & #aj1jjj y>ds1 or ev51 z 9 ! ,_w ,w>1 at #bj1jjj y>ds & m4 ,x 0 !n t o!r means ( signall+ became ess5tial4 ,di/ant signall+ ) flags is kn[n to h be5 practic$ to a c]ta9 ext5t on l& = a long "t4 ,! ext5sion ( ! telegraph & telephone ?r\gh insulat$ wires laid by ! ,signal ,s]vice 0 ! next great /ep 9 advance1 & 9 ! ,_w ,w> !re came 9 addition ! wireless telephone bo? on l& & 9 a]oplanes & balloons4 ,along ) ?is developm5t1 z m5tion$ "u ,scre5+ ,smokes1 came ! developm5t ( ! use ( smoke = protection & = cutt+ (f ! view ( obs]v]s1 ?us mak+ obs]vation m & m difficult4 ,?is use ( smoke1 c\pl$ ) ! deadly fire ( ma*9e guns & high explosives1 =c$ m5 to take %elt] 9 deep %ell holes1 9 deep tr5*es & o!r places t 7 safe1 b :i* made x ne>ly impossible to see signals along ! front ( battle4 ,e man c readily be taught to read a few signals :5 cle>ly indicat$ by def9ite1 %>ply def9$ color$ smokes4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 design$ = use on ! gr\nd & w be us$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! future = t purpose1 p>ticul>ly :5 x is desir$ to attract ! att5tion ( obs]v]s 9 a]oplanes or balloons4 ,9 su* cases a consid]able volume ( smoke is desir$4 ,= ! man 9 ! tr5* or %ell hole "s means ( gett+ ! signal above ! du/ & smoke ( ! battlefield is ne$$4 ,x is !re t signal smokes c>ri$ by small p>a*utes1 conta9$ 9 rockets or bombs1 h prov5 _! wor?4 ,^! signals float+ high above ! battlefield = a m9ute or m1 giv+ (f brilliantly color$ smokes1 af=d a means ( s5d+ signals to soldi]s 9 ! du/ & smoke ( battle n af=d$ by any o!r me?od s f> inv5t$4 ,z be=e /at$1 e man c be taught ^! simple signals1 :]e b v few m5 c be taught to h&le ev5 ! simple/ ( wireless telephones4 ,?us1 smoke has already begun to complicate1 & 9 ! future w complicate /ill m1 e phase ( fight+4 ,x w be us$ = deception1 = concealm5t1 = obscur+ vision1 = signall+ & to hide deadly gases4 ,! signal rocket w be us$ to />t battles1 *ange fronts1 ord] up res]ves1 & f9ally to /op fight+4 ,! signal smokes by day w be displac$ at night by brilliantly color$ lights :i* w h ! same mean+ z simil>ly color$ smokes dur+ ! day4 ,?us1 lit]ally1 smoke 9 ! future w be ! cl\d by day & ! pill> ( fire by night to guide ! bewild]$ soldi] on ! field ( battle ) all its t]rors & amid/ ! confusion1 gas1 smoke & du/ t w nev] be abs5t :ile battles la/4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,inc5di>y ,,mat]ials ,s9ce x is g5]ally kn[n t :ite phosphorus1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 takes fire spontane\sly1 x logically foll[s t num]\s sugge/ions %\ld h be5 made = us+ ?is mat]ial 9 inc5di>y devices4 ,practice1 h[ev]1 has %[n t1 :ile phosphorus is und\bt$ly ( value aga9/ v easily ignitable mat]ials1 su* z hydrog5 9 ,zeppel9s1 or ! gasol9e tanks ( a]oplanes & dry bru% or grass1 x is ( mu* less value :5 wood & o!r mat]ials are consid]$4 ,?is is p>tly because ( ! l[ temp]ature ( burn+1 & p>tly because ! product ( combu/ion 7phosphoric anhydride7 is really an excell5t firepro(+ sub/ance4 ,9 view ( ?is1 phosphorus 0 us$ prim>ily = smoke production4 ,a sup]ior inc5di>y mat]ial is f\nd 9 !rmit1 a mixture ( alum9um & iron oxide4 ,:5 ignit$1 x produces an enorm\s am\nt ( heat v quickly1 & ! molt5 slag t results f ! reaction w prolong ! inc5di>y action ^u inflammable mat]ials4 ,:5 us$ alone1 h[ev]1 x has ! disadvantages t ! inc5di>y action is conf9$ to a small area & t ! heat en]gy is wa/$ because ( ! fact t x is s rapid 9 its action4 ,= ?is reason x is cu/om>y to add a highly inflammable mat]ial1 :i* w become ignit$ by ! !rmit & w cont9ue ! conflagration4 ,petroleum oils1 c>bon disulfide1 wood di/illation products & o!r inflammable liquids 7 ?or\ghly te/$ = ?is purpose4 ,! f9al conclusion 0 rea*$ t oil1 solidifi$ ) soap 7sodium salts ( ! high] fatty acids7 by a special me?od develop$ by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 0 by f> ! be/ mat]ial to be us$4 ,9 c]ta9 te/s1 us+ a comb9ation ( !rmit & solid oil1 flames fifte5 feet high 7 obta9$1 :i* w\ld be v useful aga9/ walls1 ceil+s1 etc4 ,9 addition to ?is type ( inc5di>y mat]ial1 x 0 desirable to h a spontane\sly inflammable mixture ( oils1 :i* c\ld be us$ 9 ,liv5s' %ell1 ,/okes' %ell or a]oplane bombs4 ,! basis ( ^! mixtures is fuel oil & phosphorus4 ,by v>y+ ! proportions ( ! con/itu5ts x is possible to obta9 a mixture t w ignite imm$iately ^u exposure to ! air1 or "o t w h a delay$ action ( f #cj seconds to two m9utes4 ,! incorporation ( metallic sodium gives a mixture t w ignite :5 spread ^u wat] surfaces4 ,,inc5di>y ,,devices ,! inc5di>y devices us$ dur+ ! late w> includ$3 bombs1 %ell1 trac] %ell & bullets1 gr5ades1 & flame ?r[]s4 ,,bombs ,inc5di>y bombs 7 us$ almo/ exclusively by aircraft4 ,! value ( bombs :i* w\ld cause de/ruction by />t+ conflagrations 0 e>ly recogniz$ b _! developm5t 0 r sl[4 ,:ile ! designs 7 con/antly *ang+1 two /& out z ! mo/ favor$3 a small unit1 su* z ! ,baby ,inc5di>y ,bomb ( ! ,engli%1 & a l>ge bomb1 su* z ! ,fr5* ,*5>d bomb or ! ,am]ican ,m>k ,,ii bomb4 ,9 g5]al bombs :i*1 :5 !y function ^u impact1 scatt] small burn+ units ov] a consid]able area1 are n favor$4 ,small unit bombs c be m effectively us$ because ! scatt] c be bett] regulat$ & ! inc5di>y units c be m advantage\sly plac$4 ,g]man ,bombs4 ,inc5di>y bombs 7 us$ by ! ,g]mans 9 _! airplane raids1 usually 9 connection ) high explosive bombs4 ,a typical armam5t ( ! lat] s]ies ( ,g]man naval air%ips consi/$ ( ! foll[+3 #b #ffj-p\nd bombs #aj #bbj-p\nd bombs #ae #aaj-p\nd bombs #bj ,inc5di>y bombs mak+ a total weight ( ab\t #b tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,inc5di>y ,devices4 7,f ,left to ,"r74 ,m>k ,,ii ,bomb1 ,b4 ,i4 ,bomb1 ,m>k ,i ,d>t1 ,m>k ,,ii ,d>t1 ,m>k ,i ,d>t1 ,gr5ade1 ,m>k ,i ,bomb4 ,a typical ,g]man bomb is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a receiv] ( :ite iron 7,r7 compos$ ( a cas+ & a c5tral tube ( z9c1 jo9$ toge!r 9 su* a fa%ion t1 :5 ! :ole 0 complete1 x _h ! appe>ance ( an elongat$ vessel ) a holl[ c5t]4 ,)9 ?is c5tral holl[ is plac$ a prim+ tube 7,t7 ( ?9 %eet iron1 pi]c$ by a numb] ( circul> op5+s4 ,! receiv] is ab\t #dde mm4 7#ag4e 947 high & #aaj mm4 7#d4c 947 at its maximum diamet]4 ,x is wrapp$ ) /r&s ( t>r$ cord ov] ne>ly its entire l5g?4 ,! emp5nage 7#bgj mm4 or #aj4f 94--9 height7 consi/$ ( ?ree incl9$ balanc+ f9s1 :i* assur$ ! rotation ( ! projectile dur+ its fall4 ,9 ! body ( ! bomb 0 a visc\s mass ( b5z9e hydroc>bons1 :ile ! l[] "p ( ! receiv] conta9$ a mixture ( potassium p]*lorate & p>aff94 ,! c5tral tube app>5tly conta9$ a mixture ( alum9um & sulfur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,a]ial ,inc5di>y ,bomb1 ,novemb]1 #aiaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,g]man ,inc5di>y ,bomb1 ,scatt] ,type4 ,lat] ! ,g]mans us$ a scatt] type ( bomb 7,fig4 #aji7 :i* 0 design$ to give #df po9ts ( conflagration4 ,ea* ( ^! #df small cyl9d]s conta9$ #ej grams ( an air inc5di>y mat]ial4 ,!y 7 arrang$ 9 lay]s1 pack$ 9 ) v f9e gun p[d]4 ,! bomb is ignit$ by a friction light] :i* is pull$ automatically :5 ! bomb is releas$ f ! a]oplane4 ,! bomb is con/ruct$ to bur/ 9 ! air & n on /rik+ ! gr\nd4 ,! upp] "p ( ! projectile consi/s ( a ca/ iron nose rivet$ to ! %eet iron body ( ! bomb4 ,:5 ! explosion occurs1 ! nose is bl[n away & ! small inc5di>y cyl9d]s are scatt]$ 9 ! air4 ,! inc5di>y mat]ial appe>s to be a mixture ( b>ium nitrate & t>4 ,its inc5di>y p[] is v l[ because combu/ion takes ! =m ( a small flame ( v %ort duration4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be v valuable = fir+ inflammable mat]ials4 ,briti% ,bombs4 ,! e>ly ,briti% bombs 7 petrol bombs1 :i* 7 us$ )\t great success = crop burn+4 ,phosphorus bombs 7 !n us$ = attack+ aircraft4 ,b ! mo/ successful inc5di>y is ! s-call$ 8,baby ,inc5di>y ,bomb40 ,?is is a #f4e-ounce bomb ) an inc5di>y *>ge ( special !rmit4 ,^! small bombs are c>ri$ 9 conta9]s hold+ ei!r #add or #bgb bombs4 ,! =m] conta9] approximates 9 size & weight "o #ej-p\nd ,h4,e4 bomb & ! latt] "o #abj-p\nd ,h4,e4 bomb4 ,! bomb conta9s a c>tridge v mu* l a %ot gun %ell :i*1 on impact1 sets d[n on ! /rik] po9t 9 ! base ( ! body1 & causes ! ignition ( ! *>ge4 ,x is claim$ t ! c>tridge ( ! ,b4,i4 bomb burns :5 totally imm]s$ 9 any liquid 7wat] includ$7 & 9 dep?s up to two feet ! flame breaks ?r\gh ! surface4 ,fr5* ,bombs4 ,! ,fr5* us$ ?ree types ( inc5di>y bombs1 a special !rmit 7calonite71 ! ,*5>d & ! ,davids54 ,! ,*5>d bomb is a true int5sive type & is ?\ght to be v successful4 ,x functions by means ( a "t fuse op]at$ by ! unscrew+ ( a propell]1 be=e /rik+ ! gr\nd1 & rea*es its t>get 9 flames4 ,its *ief disadvantage is ! small am\nt ( inc5di>y mat]ial :i* x c>ries4 ,! ,davids5 bomb expels its *>ge z a s+le unit & is n consid]$ z valuable or z successful z ! ,*5>d4 ,am]ican ,bombs4 ,! program ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice includ$ ?ree types ( bombs3 ,m>k ,,ii ,inc5di>y drop bomb ,m>k ,,iii ,inc5di>y drop bomb ,m>k ,i ,scatt] bomb ,m>k ,,ii ,bomb4 ,! inc5di>y ,m>k ,,ii drop bomb is design$ to be dropp$ f an a]oplane & is int5d$ = use aga9/ build+s1 etc41 :5 p5etrat+ effect foll[$ by an int5sive inc5di>y action is s\ght4 ,! bomb case consi/s ( two p>ts3 a body & a nose4 ,! body is a tap]+ z9c %ell :i* c>ries ! fir+ me*anism & /abiliz+ tail f9 at ! small end & at ! l>ge end a ?read$ r+ :i* screws into ! nose4 ,! nose is ( drawn /eel ( su* %ape z to h l[ end-on resi/ance & is suffici5tly /rong to p5etrate frame /ructures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,load+ ,bombs ) 8,solid0 ,oil4 ,! inc5di>y effect is produc$ by a !rmit *>ge c>ri$ 9 ! nose ( ! bomb4 ,?is *>ge is ignit$ by a boo/] ( 8,!rmit ,ignit]0 fir$ by black p[d]4 ,! latt] is ignit$ by a fla% f ! dis*>ge ( a /&>d #j4cj calib] s]vice c>tridge conta9$ 9 ! body ( ! bomb1 & explod$ by a fir+ me*anism ( ! impact type4 ,?is me?od ( fir+ has prov5 :olly unsatisfactory & w be sup]s$$ by "s m direct-act+ me*anism4 ,! body ( ! bomb is fill$ ) solidifi$ oil4 ,! molt5 !rmit burns ?r\gh ! case ( ! bomb & lib]ates ! oil :i* has be5 p>tially liquefi$ by ! heat ( ! !rmit reaction4 ,additional inc5di>y effect is af=d$ by ! sodium nitrate conta9$ 9 ! nose bel[ ! !rmit1 & by two %eet lead cyl9d]s fill$ ) sodium & imb$d$ 9 ! solid oil4 ,! sodium increases ! difficulty ( ext+ui%+ ! fire ) wat]4 ,m>k ,,iii ,bomb4 ,?is bomb is simply a l>g] size ( ! ,m>k ,,ii bomb1 its weight be+ approximately #ajj p\nds z comp>$ ) #dj p\nds = ! ,m>k ,,ii bomb4 ,x is design$ to be dropp$ f an a]oplane & is int5d$ = use aga9/ build+s :5 m>k$ p5etrat+ effect is desir$4 ,! me?od ( function+ is ! same z ! ,m>k ,,ii bomb & x has ! same defects 9 ! fir+ me*anism4 ,m>k ,i ,bomb 7,scatt] ,type74 ,! ,m>k ,i inc5di>y drop bomb is also design$ to be dropp$ f a]oplanes & is int5d$ = use aga9/ gra9 fields1 ammunition dumps1 light /ructures or simil> objectives :5 only a l[ degree ( ignition is requir$4 ,x is ( ! s-call$ scatt] type1 due to ! action ( ! explod+ *>ge :i* ca/s out inc5di>y mat]ial )9 a radius ( #bj feet f ! po9t ( contact4 ,! inc5di>y action is due to ! ejection ( ! v>i\s inc5di>y units 9 ! bomb by ! explosion ( ! black p[d] 9 ! nose4 ,! fla% ( ?is explosion s]ves to ignite ! units4 ,a p[d] *>ge 9 ! re> ( ! bomb acts simultane\sly ) ! nose *>ge1 op5+ ! bomb cas+1 & aid+ mat]ially 9 ! scatt] ( ! units4 ,! bomb is s arrang$ z to function close to ! gr\nd1 :i* is a fur!r factor 9 ! scatt] ( ! units4 ,! inc5di>y units are wa/e balls ab\t #b4e 94 9 diamet] & hav+ an av]age weight ( #b4e ounces1 ti$ securely ) /rong tw9e4 ,^! are soak$ 9 a special oil mixture4 ,c>bon disulfide & crude turp5t9e1 or c>bon disulfide1 b5z5e heads & crude k]os5e gave satisfactory results4 ,a lat] developm5t attempt$ to replace ! wa/e balls by solid oil1 b ! difficulties ( manufacture & que/ions ( transportation argu$ aga9/ its adoption4 ,^! bombs 7 n us$ at ! front4 ,ne>ly all ( ! ,am]ican inc5di>y bombs prov$ too light on ! nose & l[] half1 g5]ally result+ 9 de=mation ^u impact & v poor results4 ,new ones w be made /rong]4 ,,inc5di>y ,,d>ts ,! ,briti% e>ly recogniz$ ! value ( a small bomb1 & consequ5tly adopt$ _! ,b4,i4,b4 7,baby ,inc5di>y ,bomb71 weigh+ ab\t #f4e ounces4 ,^! are capable ( be+ dropp$ 9 lots ( #ajj or m & ?us lit]ally %[] a giv5 t]ritory ) fire4 ,! int5sity ( fire at any giv5 po9t is mu* less ?an t obta9$ ) ! l>g] bombs1 b ! increas$ area "u bomb>dm5t m ?an c\nt] balances ?is disadvantage4 ,:ile ! ,briti% aim$ at ! p]fection ( a univ]sal bomb1 ! ,am]ican s]vice felt t two classes %\ld be develop$1 "o to be us$ aga9/ gra9 fields & =e/s1 ! o!r aga9/ build+s4 ,! fir/ class 0 call$ ! ,m>k ,i ,d>t4 ,?is consi/$ ( an elongat$ #ab-;gauge %ot gun %ell1 fill$ ) inc5di>y mat]ial & provid$ ) a fir+ me*anism to ignite ! prim] z ! d>t /rikes ! gr\nd4 ,! fla% ( ! prim] sets fire to ! boo/]1 :i*1 9 turn1 ignites ! ma9 inc5di>y *>ge4 ,! latt] burns sev]al m9utes1 ) a long flame4 ,a ret>d+ /abiliz] atta*$ to ! tail ( ! d>t s]ves ! two-fold purpose ( insur+ ! function+ ( ! fir+ me*anism &1 by ret>d+ ! f9al velocity ( ! d>t1 prev5t+ ! collapse ( ! d>t body :5 dropp$ f v high altitudes4 ,! inc5di>y mixture is "o :i* gives a long hot flame1 burns = sev]al m9utes & leaves v little a%4 ,9 g5]al x consi/s ( an oxidiz+ ag5t 7b>ium or sodium *lorate71 a r$uc+ ag5t 7alum9um1 or a mixture ( iron1 alum9um & magnesium71 a fill] 7ros91 p[d]$ asphaltum or naph?al5e7 & 9 "s cases a b9d] 7asphaltum1 v>ni% or boil$ l9se$ oil74 ,! ,m>k ,,ii ,d>t 0 develop$ to furni% a small size p5etrat+ ag5t4 ,x consi/s ( a two-in* 7diamet]7 z9c case fill$ ) !rmit & solid oil z ! inc5di>y mat]ials & provid$ ) a ca/ iron nose = p5etration4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half m9ute aft] fir+1 a pool ( molt5 iron is =m$ by ! !rmit1 :i* is v p5etrat+ & af=ds a good combu/ible surface = ! oil1 :i* burns = an additional t5 m9utes4 ,x has an advantage ov] ! ,m>k ,i d>t 9 t x p5etrates1 & ov] ! ,m>k ,,ii bomb 9 t x is small] & light] 9 weight4 ,,inc5di>y ,,%ell ,inc5di>y %ell h be5 successfully us$ aga9/ aircraft & to "s ext5t 9 bomb>dm5ts ( inflammable gr\nd t>gets4 ,anti-aircraft %ell are ( small calib] & are usually trac]-inc5di>y4 ,su* %ell are fill$ ) pyrote*nic mixtures :i* ignite at ! mom5t ( fir+1 or by "t fuse1 & are effective aga9/ highly inflammable mat]ial4 ,%ell fill$ ) !rmit :i* explode & scatt] ! molt5 iron h be5 us$ aga9/ aircraft & gr\nd t>gets1 b ) r poor results4 ,l>ge %ell1 :i* bur/ ^u impact & scatt] units ( burn+ mat]ials1 h be5 us$ ) "s success aga9/ gr\nd t>gets4 ,trac] %ell conta9 su* mixtures z b>ium nitrate1 magnesium & %ellac1 or r$ lead & magnesium4 ,,inc5di>y ,,bullets ,inc5di>y bullets are only effective aga9/ highly inflammable mat]ial1 & are !re=e us$ pr9cipally 9 a]ial w>f>e aga9/ aircraft1 ei!r = ! purpose ( ignit+ ! hydrog5 ( ! gas bag1 or ! gasol9e4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy is t[>ds ! use ( ! l>ge size 7#aa mm47 bullet1 because ( its great] inc5di>y action4 ,! inc5di>y mat]ial is ei!r :ite phosphorus or a special inc5di>y mixture consi/+ ( an oxidiz+ ag5t & "s combu/ible or mixture ( combu/ibles4 ,! :ite trac] bullet conta9s a mixture ( b>ium p]oxide & magnesium4 ,a r$ bullet conta9$ 9 addition1 /rontium nitrate & *loride1 or p]oxide4 ,,inc5di>y ,,h& ,,gr5ade ,:ile ! use ( inc5di>y gr5ades & o!r small inc5di>y devices is limit$1 su* armam5t is consid]$ v valuable 9 tr5* w>f>e4 ,!y c be us$ to set fire to inflammable mat]ial1 ei!r 9 (f5sive or def5sive op]ations4 ,phosphorus gr5ades1 :ile us$ pr9cipally = produc+ smoke 7see page #cjb71 h consid]able value z an inc5di>y weapon4 ,!rmit gr5ades are v useful 9 r5d]+ uns]viceable guns & o!r metallic equipm5t :i* mu/ be ab&on$4 ,!y p]mit aviators to de/roy planes :i* motor tr\bles oblige to l& 9 enemy t]ritory4 ,!y are also us$ to ignite inflammable liquids1 ?r[n into a dug\t1 or spray$ ov] an objective by a flame projector4 ,! ,m>k ,i h& gr5ade 0 develop$ = burn+ enemy ammunition dumps1 = cle>+ away bru% or o!r mat]ial 9 front ( tr5*es & = use 9 dug\ts4 ,! /&>d ,h4,e4 gr5ade body 0 half-fill$ ) !rmit & half ) a celluloid conta9] fill$ ) a solidifi$ fuel oil4 ,! gr5ade is fir$ by ! spit ( ! fuse ( ! b\*on fir+ me*anism4 ,?is1 ?r\gh ! boo/]1 lights ! !rmit ignit]1 :i* 9 turn fires ! ma9 *>ge ( !rmit4 ,! result+ molt5 iron readily p5etrates ! gr5ade case1 at ! same "t ignit+ ! celluloid case & its cont5ts4 ,! oil burns = ab\t #c4e m9utes4 ,?is gr5ade 0 nev] us$ s9ce x 0 consid]$ t an all !rmit gr5ade w\ld be ( m value4 ,,tr5* ,,mort> ,,equipm5t ,special projectiles 7 design$ = use ) ! ,/okes mort> & ! ,liv5s' projector4 ,!rmit 0 us$ only 9 ,/okes' projectiles4 ,! ,liv5s' projectile 0 fill$ ) inflammable units 7*lorat$ jute7 imm]s$ 9 a light oil mixture4 ,?r[n f a projector into ! enemy's tr5*1 x explodes1 giv+ a l>ge fla% & scatt]+ ! burn+ units ov] an area ( =ty y>ds4 ,! ,m>k ,,ii projectile1 design$ = g5]al inc5di>y effect aga9/ readily inflammable mat]ial1 consi/s ( an alt]$ #h-;in* ,liv5s' gas projectile fill$ ) *lorat$ jute units impregnat$ ) solid oil & imm]s$ 9 a spontane\sly inflammable oil4 ,aft] a %ort delay1 ^! units bur/ into flame & burn vigor\sly = sev]al m9utes4 ,x is almo/ impossible to ext+ui% !m )\t l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,su* bombs h only a v limit$ use1 s t x is que/ionable if !y are really wor? :ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--;,g]man #h ,inc5di>y ,bullet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--;,g]man ,inc5di>y ,blue ,p5cil4 ,,g]man ,,blue ,,p5cil ,a v int]e/+ & curi\s device 0 develop$ by ! ,g]mans 9 ! =m ( an inc5di>y p5cil4 ,simil> 9 appe>ance to a common blue p5cil1 %>p5$ at "o end1 !y are di/+ui%$ only by a small1 almo/ imp]ceptible1 po9t plac$ on ! outside #aa mm4 f ! un%>p5$ end4 ,!y are #age mm4 long1 #aa4a mm4 9 diamet] & weigh #ab to #ac grams4 ,! int]ior ( ! p5cil conta9s a glass bulb1 ) two comp>tm5ts fill$ ) sulfuric acid & a celluloid tube fill$ ) potassium *lorate4 ,! glass bulb ends 9 a sl5d] po9t2 :5 ?is is brok5 ! acid comes into contact ) ! *lorate & causes an explosion4 ,! two mat]ials are sep>at$ by a lay] ( clay1 :i* causes a delay$ action ( ab\t #cj m9utes4 ,! op]ator breaks ! po9t ( bulb1 buries ! p5cil v]tically 9 ! inflammable mat]ial & !n has half an h\r 9 :i* to get away1 be=e any possibility ( a fire4 ,he cuts ! p5cil ) a knife #b cm4 f ! po9t1 s t if caught he has ! appe>ance ( simply %>p5+ a p5cil4 ,,flam+ ,,gun ,among ! unsuccessful weapons ( ! late w>1 ! liquid fire gun or ,flamm5w]f]1 z ! ,g]man call$ x1 is probably ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,its orig91 accord+ to a ,g]man /ory1 0 due to a m]e accid5t4 ,a c]ta9 (fic]1 dur+ peace maneuv]s1 0 ord]$ to hold a =t at all co/4 ,dur+ ! %am fight1 hav+ employ$ all ! means at 8 disposal1 he f9ally call$ out ! fire brigade & direct$ /reams ( wat] ^u ! attack+ =ce4 ,aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! criticism ( ! op]ations 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,kais]1 he claim$ t he _h subject$ ! attack]s to /reams ( burn+ oil4 ,! ,kais] imm$iately inquir$ :e!r su* a ?+ w\ld be possible1 & 0 assur$ t x 0 entirely feasible4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright by ,kadel & ,h]b]t1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,fig4 #aac4--,liquid ,fire ,attack4 ,long s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 necess>y be=e a satisfactory comb9ation ( oils 0 produc$1 :i* c\ld be project$ z a flame on ! enemy1 b !y 7 f9ally successful4 ,unlike ! use ( poison gas1 h[ev]1 ! flam+ liquid gun did n prove to be a successful weapon ( w>f>e4 ,true1 at fir/ !y 7 r successful1 b ?is 0 be=e ! m5 le>n$ _! real nature4 ,9 ! fir/ attack1 ! ,allies 7 completely surpris$ & ! troops 7 r\t$ by ! flames4 ,auld tells ( "o ( ! e>ly attacks 7,july #bi1 #aiae7 :51 )\t w>n+1 ! front l9e troops 7 envelop$ 9 flames4 ,:]e ! flames came f c\ld n be se54 ,all t ! m5 knew 0 t !y seem$ surr\nd$ by fi]ce1 curl+ flames1 :i* 7 accompani$ by a l\d ro>+ noise1 & d5se cl\ds ( black smoke4 ,"h & !re a big blob ( burn+ oil w\ld fall into a tr5* or saphead4 ,%\ts & yells r5t ! air z individual m51 ris+ up 9 ! tr5*es or attempt+ to move 9 ! op51 felt ! =ce ( ! flames4 ,! only way to safety appe>$ to be to ! re>4 ,?is direction ! m5 t 7 left took4 ,= a %ort space ! flames pursu$ !m & ! local retirem5t became a local r\t4 ,aft] ! bomb>dm5t :i* foll[$1 only "o man is kn[n to h return$4 ,aft] a /udy ( ! pictures ( ! liquid fire gun 9 op]ation1 x is evid5t t ! m5 c\ld n be blam$ = ?is retirem5t4 ,"o has only to imag9e be+ fac$ by a spread ( flame simil> to t us$ = ! oil burn]s "u ! l>ge/ boil]1 b ) a jet ne>ly #fj feet 9 l5g? & capable ( be+ spray$ r\nd z "o might spray wat] ) a fire hose4 ,lat]1 :5 ! device 0 bett] kn[n x 0 diff]5t1 ?\gh ev5 !n x 0 a pretty good te/ ( a man's n]ve4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! flames c\ld n foll[ "o to ! bottom ( a tr5* z ! gas did1 & t1 if a man cr\*$ to ! bottom ( 8 tr5*1 8 head might be v w>m = a m9ute or s b t ! dang] 0 soon pa/ & he !n c\ld pick (f ! man :o _h s rec5tly made ?+s uncom=table = him4 ,:ile x is said t ,major ,r41 :o inv5t$ ! ,flamm5w]f]1 enjoy$ a great popul>ity among 8 m51 & is famili>ly kn[n z ! ,pr9ce ( ,hades1 !re is no d\bt t ?is 0 n %>$ by ! ,allies4 ,_! rule 03 8,%oot ! man c>ry+ ! app>atus be=e he gets 9 8 %ot1 if possible4 ,if ?is _c be done1 take cov] f ! flames & %oot him aft]w>ds40 ,! ,g]man _h sev]al types1 :i* may be gr\p$ into ! small or portable & ! l>ge ,flamm5w]f]s4 ,! portable ,flamm5w]f] consi/$ ( a %eet /eel cyl9d] ( two comp>tm5ts1 "o to hold compress$ nitrog51 ! o!r to hold ! oil4 ,! nitrog5 furni%$ ! pressure :i* =ces ! oil out ?r\gh ! flexible tube4 ,air _c be us$1 because ! oxyg5 w\ld =m an explosive mixture ) ! vapors ( ! oil1 & any heat+ on compression1 or back fla% f ! flame or fuse might make ?+s v unpleasant = ! op]ator4 ,a pressure ( ab\t #bc atmosph]es is rea*$ :5 ! cyl9d] is *>g$4 ,! nitrog5 appe>$ to be c>ri$ on ! field 9 l>ge conta9]s & ! flame projectors actually *>g$ 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! oil us$ 9 ! flame projectors v>i$ f "t to "t1 b always conta9$ a mixture ( light or easily volatile & heavy & less volatile fractions ( petroleum or m9]al oil1 v c>efully mix$4 ,9 "s cases ev5 ord9>y comm]cial e!r has be5 f\nd 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--,small ,flamm5w]f]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ab\t ! flame projector is ! light+ device4 ,?is is s made t ! oil ignites spontane\sly ! m9ute ! jet is turn$ on1 & is kept alight by a fi]cely burn+ mixture :i* la/s ?r\gh\t ! dis*>ge4 ,?is mixture is compos$ ( b>ium nitrate1 potassium nitrate1 metallic magnesium & *>coal1 ) "s res9\s mat]ial4 ,! prim+ consi/s ( black p[d] & metallic magnesium4 ,:5 ! oil ru%es out ( ! jet1 x =ces up ! plung] ( a friction light] & ignites ?is core ( fi]cely burn+ mixture4 ,! range ( ^! small projectors is f #ad to #ag met]s 7#ag to #bj y>ds7 b ! duration ( ! flame is r less ?an a m9ute4 ,9 a lat] patt]n1 x 0 design$ t "o nozzle %\ld be issu$ to ?ree res]voirs4 ,aft] ! dis*>ge ( "o1 ! jet is atta*$ to ! o!rs 9 succession4 ,?is is call$ ! 8,wx0 ,flamm5w]f] 7int]*angeable74 ,9 ?is way a squad ( ?ree m5 c\ld c>ry #eh p9ts ( inflammable oil4 ,x is a "q1 ?\gh1 :e!r ! ?ird man w\ld live to use 8 res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,boyd ,flame ,projector4 ,! fact t ! tr5*es 7 (t5 v close toge!r dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 made possible ! use ( l>ge or /ation>y ,flamm5w]f]4 ,^! consi/$ ( a /eel res]voir #c feet 9 height & #a feet 9 diamet]1 weigh+ ab\t #bej p\nds1 :i* c\ld be connect$ to two /eel cyl9d]s1 conta9+ nitrog5 "u pressure4 ,^! c>ri$ #ahj lit]s 7#dj gallons7 ( liquid & op]at$ "u a pressure ( #ae atmosph]es4 ,! dis*>ge nozzle 0 at ! end ( a metal tube ?ree feet long1 & its orifice 0 ab\t _/ ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! range ( ?is app>atus 0 f #cc to #dj y>ds & ! duration ( ! flame f "o to two m9utes4 ,because ( ! comp>atively %ort range ( ^! guns & ! ease ) :i* !y c\ld be de/roy$1 if locat$ by ! enemy1 _! use 0 v limit$4 ,ev5 ) ! portable flamm5w]f]1 ! mo/ difficult ?+ to d is to get ne> en\gh ! t>get to make ! %oot effective4 ,ano!r s]i\s disadvantage is its v %ort duration4 ,x is impossible to *>ge up aga9 on ! spot1 & ! result is t once ! flame /ops1 ! :ole game is f9i%$ & ! op]ators are at ! m]cy ( ! enemy4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d x is easy to see h[ s]vice 9 ! flam+ gun regim5ts is app>5tly a =m ( puni%m5t4 ,m5 convict$ ( (f5ses 9 o!r regim5ts 7 transf]r$ ei!r = a "t or p]man5tly & 7 =c$ "u ?reat ( dea? 9 ! mo/ haz>d\s ent]prises & to c>ry out ! mo/ dang]\s "w4 ,tak5 all 9 all ! flame ?r[] 0 "o ( ! greate/ failures among ! _m promis+ devices tri$ out on a l>ge scale 9 ! w>4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,ph>macology ,,( ,,w> ,,gases ,! ph>macology ( w> gases plays su* an important "p 9 *emical w>f>e t a brief discussion may well be giv5 ( ! me?ods us$ 9 ! te/+ ( gases = toxicity & o!r ph>macological prop]ties4 ,w> gases may be divid$ into two gr\ps3 p]si/5t & non-p]si/5t1 ea* ( :i* may include sev]al classes3 ,i4 ,le?al ,,ii4 ,la*rymatory ,,iii4 ,/]nutatory ,,iv4 ,special ,ea* class necessitates special te/s 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n x is suitable = fur!r developm5t4 ,,toxicity ,"o ( ! fir/ po9ts :i* mu/ be c>efully det]m9$ 9 inve/igat+ a sub/ance is its toxicity4 ,x is important t ?is be det]m9$ = num]\s reasons3 #a4 ,to det]m9e :at conc5trations are dang]\s 9 ! field4 #b4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ effective protective devices h to be to furni% suffici5t protection aga9/ ! gas4 #c4 ,to furni% a basis = accurate exp]im5tal "w on ! treatm5t ( gass$ cases4 #d4 ,to decide :e!r or n ! mat]ial is wor?y ( fur!r developm5t 9 ! laboratory or 9 ! plant4 ,^! consid]ations necessitate ! det]m9ation ( ! toxicity 9 ! =m ( a vapor & n by ! ord9>y me?od ( adm9i/ration by m\?1 ?r\gh ! sk9 7subcutane\sly7 or ?r\gh ! blood 7intrav5\sly74 ,! simple/ me?od ( det]m9+ ! toxicity ( a sub/ance z a vapor w\ld be to place animals 9 a gas-tight box & introduce a kn[n am\nt ( ! sub/ance 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,b by ?is me?od ! conc5tration is n accurately kn[n unless *emical analyses ( ! air are made1 & !n x is f\nd to be mu* less ?an t calculat$ f ! am\nt ( sub/ance introduc$1 because ( cond5sation on ! walls ( ! *amb]1 or absorption ( ! sub/ance by ! sk9 & hair ( ! animal & 9 "s cases1 ( decomposition ( ! sub/ance by moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,moreov]1 x is f\nd t ! conc5tration decreases m>k$ly ) "t4 ,because ( ^! factors1 ! figures us$ = ! conc5tration are m or less guess "w4 ,to ov]come ^! difficulties1 a *amb] is us$ ?r\gh :i* a cont9u\s curr5t ( air1 conta9+ a kn[n & con/ant am\nt ( ! poison\s vapor1 is pass$4 ,su* an app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,cont9u\s ,fl[ ,gass+ ,*amb] = ,animals4 ,! flask ,e is a #cjj cc4 ,erl5mey] flask1 ) a gr\nd glass /opp]4 ,! liquid to be te/$ is plac$ 9 ?is flask toge!r ) a suffici5t quantity ( glass wool to prev5t spla%+ & ! c>ry+ ov] me*anically ( droplets ( ! liquid4 ,air is pass$ ?r\gh ,a & ,c 7calcium *loride dry+ tubes7 & ! rate measur$ by ! fl[ met] ,d4 ,! air & gas are mix$ 9 ,f be=e pass+ into ! *amb] ,g4 ,?is *amb] is made ( plate glass1 is ( ab\t #ajj lit]s capacity1 & is air-tight4 ,! entire fl[ ( air & gas ?r\gh ! box1 kept con/ant at #bej lit]s p] m9ute1 is measur$ at ,h4 ,! gas is remov$ ?r\gh ,k1 :i* is fill$ ) *>coal & soda-lime1 9 ord] t little gas may pass into ! pump4 ,by weigh+ ! flask ,e1 & its cont5ts be=e & aft] pass+ air ?r\gh x1 & kn[+ ! total volume ( ! mixture pass+ ?r\gh ! *amb] dur+ ! same p]iod1 ! conc5tration ( ! sub/ance c readily be calculat$4 ,?is conc5tration1 z det]m9$ by ! 8loss 9 weight0 me?od1 c be *eck$ by *emical analysis 7samples tak5 at ,m--,m74 ,! me?od has be5 f\nd to give accurate values4 ,! conc5tration 9 ! *amb] rea*es its con/ant level )9 #cj to #dj seconds aft] ! app>atus is />t$4 ,) ! fl[ ( #bej lit]s p] m9ute1 ! difficulties m5tion$ above are r$uc$ to a po9t :]e !y are practically negligible4 ,all toxicity te/s on mice 7 made ) an exposure ( t5 m9utes1 :ile dogs 7 expos$ = ?irty m9utes4 ,9 case dea? did n occur dur+ exposure1 ! animals 7 kept "u obs]vation = sev]al days4 ,toxicity & all o!r figures are express$ 9 milligrams p] lit] ( air1 ?\gh p>ts p] million 7p4p4m47 0 frequ5tly us$ dur+ ! e>ly "w4 ,ano!r po9t ( difficulty is ! great individual v>iation 9 ! susceptibility ( animals4 ,?is is probably great] ?an :5 ! poison is adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly or intrav5\sly4 ,x necessitates ! use ( a l>ge numb] ( animals 9 mak+ a det]m9ation ( ! toxicity ( a gas4 ,aga91 ! toxicity = diff]5t species may v>y1 & z ! ultimate aim is a k ( ! toxicity = man1 a great _m diff]5t species mu/ be us$4 ,if ! toxicity is widely diff]5t = diff]5t animal species1 x is h>d to arrive at a def9ite conclusion z to ! toxicity = man4 ,) long] exposures ?an ?irty m9utes ! le?al conc5tration is usually less1 !re be+ a cumulative effect4 ,?is is n true = hydrocyanic acid4 ,if ! conc5tration is n en\gh to kill at once1 an animal c /& x almo/ indef9itely4 ,:e!r ! action is cumulative or n dep5ds on ! rate at :i* ! sy/em de/roys or elim9ates ! poison4 ,if ! poison is be+ elim9at$ z fa/ z receiv$ ! conc5tration 9 ! tissues _c increase4 ,x is /at$1 = example1 t ! am\nt ( nicot9e 9 a cig> w\ld kill a man if tak5 9 "o dose4 ,if x is spread ov] tw5ty m9utes1 ! de/ruction or elim9ation ( ! nicot9e is s rapid t no obvi\sly bad effects are not$4 ,ano!r int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ! "w on poison gases is t 9 mo/ cases a prelim9>y exposure to less ?an ! le?al conc5tration does n seem to make ! animal ei!r m or less s5sitive on a lat] exposure4 ,?is is q unexpect$1 because we "k t ) irritat+ gases1 especially la*rymators1 m5 adapt !mselves to mu* high] conc5trations ?an !y c\ld /& at fir/4 ,9 view ( ! exp]i5ces ( ars5ic eat]s1 x is q possible t ! exp]im5ts1 :i* %[$ no accu/om+ to toxic gases1 7 n cont9u$ long en\gh to give positive results4 ,n only does ! susceptibility ( diff]5t animals ( ! same species v>y greatly = a p>ticul> gas1 b ! susceptibility ( diff]5t species v>ies greatly ) diff]5t gases4 ,?us :ile ! effects ( c]ta9 gases on mice are q comp>able to ! effects on man1 x is v f> f be+ true ) o!r gases4 ,,la*rymators ,:ile "o _c det]m9e ! le?al conc5trations ( poison gases = m51 x is possible to det]m9e ! conc5tration t w produce la*rymation4 ,! ?re%old value is t at :i* two-?irds ( ! obs]v]s exp]i5ce irritation4 ,! la*rymatory value is consid]ably high] ?an ! ?re%old value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,a]ation ,app>atus = ,te/+ ,la*rymators4 ,a v satisfactory me?od = det]m9+ la*rymatory values is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,air is measur$ at ,a & bubbl$ ?r\gh ! la*rymatory sub/ance 9 ,b4 ,! air & gas are mix$ 9 ,d & pass into ,e1 a gas-tight1 glass-wall$ *amb] ( ab\t #aej lit]s capacity4 ,! gas is remov$ ?r\gh ,ef1 by suction & ! volume ( ! air-gas mixture measur$ by ! fl[ met]1 ,f4 ,aft] ! app>atus has run a few m9utes1 & ! conc5tration ( ! gas has become con/ant1 ! subject is in/ruct$ to adju/ ! mask1 atta*$ at ,h1 & to tell :atev] he notices j z soon z he notices x4 ,! op]ator /&s 9 su* a position t he c manipulate ! /opcock ,h )\t be+ obs]v$ by ! subject4 ,aft] brea?+ air = a "t 7,h is a two-way cock1 connect$ ) ! air ?r\gh ,j1 & to ! *amb] ?r\gh ,eg7 bo? to become accu/om$ to ! mask & to elim9ate1 z f> z possible1 any 8psy*ological symptoms10 ! subject is all[$ to brea! ! gas mixture = a maximum ( ?ree m9utes4 ,if ! expect$ symptoms are produc$ 9 less ?an ?is "t1 ! te/ is discont9u$ z soon z !y develop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,type ( ,spray ,nozzles4 ,= accurate "w1 x is necess>y to "w ) a pure sample :i* is at lea/ fairly volatile4 ,mixtures _c be run by ?is me?od4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to volatilize ea* sep>ately1 pass+ ! vapors simultane\sly into ! mix+ *amb] ,e4 ,a spray me?od may also be us$ ) satisfactory results4 ,types ( sprays are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,,odors ,because ( ! great value 9 detect+ l[ conc5trations ( gases 9 ! field1 x is important to "k ! smalle/ am\nt ( a gas t c be detect$ by odor4 ,9 "s cases1 ?is te/ is m delicate ?an any *emical te/ yet devis$4 ,odors may be divid$ into two classes1 true odors1 & mild irritation4 ,by true odor is meant a def9ite /imulation ( ! olfactory n]ve1 giv+ rise to a s5sation :i* is m or less *>act]i/ic = ea* sub/ance produc+ ! /imulation4 ,mild irritation def9es ! s5sation :i* is confus$ ) ! s5se ( smell by untra9$ obs]v]s1 b :i* is really a g5tle /imulation ( ! s5sory n]ve end+s ( ! nose4 ,?is s-call$ odor ( sub/ances produc+ ?is effect is n *>act]i/ic4 ,high] conc5trations ( ^! comp\nds almo/ inv>iably cause a def9ite irritation ( ! nose4 ,examples ( true odors are ! m]captans1 mu/>d gas1 bromoacetone1 acrole91 *lor9e & ammonia4 ,sub/ances :i* cause mild irritation are *loroacetone1 me?yl di*loro>s9e1 e?yl iodoacetate & *loropicr94 ,9 mak+ ! te/ = odor1 ! same app>atus is us$ z = la*rymators4 ,! "t ( exposure is %ort5$ to #cj seconds1 z ! subject always detects ! odor at ! fir/ or second inhalation4 ,9 ?is connection ! rec5t "w ( ,allison & ,katz 7,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em4 #aa1 #ccf1 #aiai7 is ( int]e/4 ,!y h design$ an in/rum5t1 8! odoromet]10 = measur+ ! int5sity ( odors 9 v>y+ conc5trations 9 air4 ,x is bas$ on ! pr9ciple giv5 above4 ,a measur$ volume ( air is pass$ ?r\gh ! liquid & !n dilut$ to a giv5 conc5tration4 ,! mixture is !n pass$ ?r\gh a rubb] tube ) a glass funnel at ! op5 end4 ,only "o inhalation ( ! mixture is us$ to det]m9e ! int5sity ( ! odor4 ,! position ( any /r5g? ( odor on ! scale dep5ds ^u ! s5sitiv5ess & judgm5t ( ! op]ator1 b ) "o p]son conduct+ ! entire te/1 ! results h be5 f\nd q satisfactory4 7,see tables on pages #cfj & #cfa47 ,,sk9 ,,irritants ,sub/ances :i* seem useful = produc+ sk9 burns are /udi$ bo? on animals & on man4 ,di*loroe?yl sulfide 7mu/>d gas7 is us$ z a basis ( comp>ison4 ,sev]al me?ods are available4 ,direct ,application4 ,?is me?od consi/s ( ! direct application ( ! comp\nd itself to ! sk91 us+ a def9ite quantity 7#j4jje cc4 or #j4jje mg47 ov] a def9ite area 7#e squ>e c5timet]s7 ( ! sk94 ,) su* a quantity ( mu/>d gas a r sev]e burn on animals is produc$4 ,no precautions are tak5 to prev5t evaporation f ! sk9 s9ce x is believ$ t 9 ?is way ! te/ w approximate fairly closely ! field conditions4 ,vapor ,te/s4 ,prelim9>y te/s ) vapors ( volatile comp\nds are be/ made by plac+ a small am\nt ( ! mat]ial on a plug ( cotton 9 ! bottom ( a te/ tube enclos$ 9 a l>g] te/ tube :i* acts z an air jacket4 ,aft] ab\t an h\r at room temp]ature ! m\? ( ! te/ tube is appli$ to ! sk94 ,! conc5tration is n kn[n1 b "o is deal+ practically ) saturat$ vapor4 ,if an exposure ( f #cj to #fj m9utes produces no effect1 "o is safe to assume t ! comp\nd is n suffici5tly active to be ( value z a sk9 irritant4 ,if quantitative results are desir$1 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai is us$4 ,dry air is bl[n ?r\gh ! bubbl]1 :i* is connect$ ) a s]ies ( glass sk9 applicators4 ,! conc5tration is det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! sk9 applicator consi/s ( a small cyl9d] ab\t #a4e to #b cm4 9 diamet] & ab\t #d cm4 long ) a small glass h&le atta*$ on top4 ,! op5+ is #a cm4 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ! conc5tration ( ! gas is con/ant1 ! exposure to ! sk9 is made directly = any desir$ l5g? ( "t4 ,! sk9 irritant effici5cy is judg$ by comp>+ ! p] c5t ( positive responses to approximately equal conc5trations ( ! vapors1 us+ mu/>d gas z a /&>d4 ,,table ,i--,,physical ,,& ,,physiological ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,*emicals ,,us$ ,,z ,,/5*es ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,boil+,freez+ ,physiological ,*emical ,po9t1 ,po9t1 ,"* ,prop]ties ,rem>ks ,c4 ,c4 ( ,odor ( ,vapor ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,amyl acetate #adh -#ge ,banana oil ,h>mless ,pleasant to 7?ick7 mo/ p2 disagreeable to "s ,e?yl acetate #gg4d -#hc4h ,fruity1 pleasant ,h>mless ,amyl alcohol #acg4h ,alcoholic ,h>mless ,butyric acid #afb4c -#g4i ,v disagreeable,h>mless ,val]ic acid #ahf4d -#eh4e ,v disagreeable,h>mless ,e?yl e!r #ce -#aab4f ,pung5t ,soporific ,ph5yl #afe ,v disagreeable,unkn[n isocyanide ,allyl #aea ,mu/>d oil1 ,la*rymatory iso?iocyanate disagreeable & toxic ,me?yl #aai #cd ,mu/>d oil1 ,la*rymatory iso?iocyanate disagreeable & toxic ,amyl isoval]ate #aij ,v disagreeable,h>mless ,butyl m]captan #ig ,v disagreeable,h>mless ,isobutyl #hh ,v disagreeable,unkn[n ,probably m]captan h>mless ,e?yl m]captan #cg -#add4d ,v disagreeable,h>mless ,propyl m]captan #fg ,v disagreeable,unkn[n ,probably h>mless ,me?yl #bbb4b -#h4c ,oil ( ,h>mless salicylate w9t]gre51 pleasant ,amyl ?ioe!r #ie-ih ,v disagreeable,unkn[n ,probably h>mless ,e?yl ?ioe!r #ib -#ii4e ,v disagreeable,unkn[n ,probably h>mless ,c>bon #gf4gd -#ai4e ,sweet1 unpleasant,h>mless tetra*loride ,*lor(orm #fb -#fc4b ,sweet1 agreeable ,soporific ,iod(orm ,decom- #aai ,unpleasant ,h>mless poses ,artificial musk ,pleasant ,h>mless ,unpleasant 9 high] conc5tration ,nitrob5z5e #bji4d #e4ga;,almonds1 pleasant,toxic ,oil ( ,pleasant ,h>mless pepp]m9t ,pyrid9e #aae4b -#db ,v disagreeable,toxic ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,table ,,ii--,,results ,,( ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,! ,,int5sity ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,/5*es ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,volumes ( ! ,*emical1 z a ,p]fect ,gas1 p] ,million ,volumes ( ,air1 ,int5sity ( ,odor ---------------------------------------- -- ,*emical ,q ,v ,detectable ,fa9t ,noticeable ,/rong ,/rong ------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,amyl acetate #g #aj #ac #ij #bdf ,e?yl acetate #aij #cci #fae #abcf #agec ,amyl alcohol #fc #hc #abc #dci #fja ,butyric acid #b4d #f #ah #ia #afa ,val]ic acid #g #bi #abe #ccb #ifb ,e?yl e!r #aibc #cceb #dibg #ehbe #aiihb ,butyl m]captan #f #ab #ah #ch #ef ,isobutyl m]captan #c4e #e #g #aa #af ,e?yl m]captan #ah #ce #gc #ada #aih ,propyl m]captan #b #g #i #ad #ag ,amyl ?ioe!r #j4b #a #a4f #a4g #b4b ,e?yl ?ioe!r #c #ab #bi #fa #gd ,allyl iso?iocyanate 8#b #c #f #h #ej ,me?yl iso?iocyanate #e #ac #bc #cf #dh ,amyl isoval]ate #a4g #c #f #aj #ab ,c>bon tetra*loride #gah #adfa #aehh #difd #fjia ,*lor(orm #fgd #achi #bfjj #ehhg #iebh ,iod(orm #a4ace ,artificial musk ,nitrob5z5e #bi #cf #dd #aad #bif ,ph5yl isocyanide #j4e #a #c #aj #be ,pyrid9e #aj #de #ic #gjj #agfd ,me?yl salicylate #af4a #bc #bi #bddcf ,oil ( pepp]m9t ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,milligrams ( ,*emical p] ,cu4 ,ft4 ( ,air1 ,int5sity ( ,odor ---------------------------------------- -- ,*emical ,q ,v ,detectable ,fa9t ,noticeable ,/rong ,/rong ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,amyl acetate #a4a #a4e #b #ad #ch ,e?yl acetate #ai4d #cd4f #fc #abf #aia ,amyl alcohol #f4d #h4e #ac #de #fa ,butyric acid #j4c #j4f #b #i #af ,val]ic acid #j4h #c4d #ae #ci #aad ,e?yl e!r #afe4a #bhg4g #dbc #ejj #agae ,butyl m]captan #j4e #a4j #b #c #e ,isobutyl m]captan #j4b #j4e #j4g #a #b ,e?yl m]captan #a4c #b4e #e #aj #ad ,propyl m]captan #j4b #j4f #j4h #a4b #a4f ,amyl ?ioe!r #j4jd #j4b #j4c #j4d #j4e ,e?yl ?ioe!r #j4c #a4b #c #f #h ,allyl iso?iocyanate #j4b #j4c #j4g #j4i #f ,me?yl iso?iocyanate #j4d #a4a #b #c #d ,amyl isoval]ate #j4d #j4e #a #b #b4c ,c>bon tetra*loride #abh #bfj #bhc #hhf #ajhg ,*lor(orm #ic #aib #cfj #haf #acba ,iod(orm #j4ecg ,artificial musk #j4jjach ,nitrob5z5e #d #e #f #af #db ,ph5yl isocyanide #j4jf #j4a #j4d #a #c ,pyrid9e #j4i #d #i #fd #afb ,me?yl salicylate #b4h #d #e #dcci ,oil ( pepp]m9t #j4fh #j4i #c #i4e #i4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,milligrams ( ,*emical p] ,lit] ( ,air1 ,int5sity ( ,odor ---------------------------------------- -- ,*emical ,q ,v ,detectable ,fa9t,noticeable ,/rong ,/rong ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,amyl acetate #j4jci #j4jec #j4jfg #j4dgh #a4cbf ,e?yl acetate #j4fhf #a4bbd #b4bai #d4deg #f4gcc ,amyl alcohol #j4bbe #j4cjj #j4ddb #a4eha #b4afg ,butyric acid #j4jji #j4jba #j4jff #j4cbi #j4ehj ,val]ic acid #j4jbi #j4aai #j4ebc #a4cid #d4jcf ,e?yl e!r #e4hcc #aj4afg #ad4idd #ag4fffg #fj4fjj ,butyl m]captan #j4jah #j4jcg #j4jee #j4abj #j4agg ,isobutyl m]captan #j4jjh #j4jah #j4jbe #j4jda #j4jfj ,e?yl m]captan #j4jdf #j4jhh #j4ahf #j4ceg #j4eja ,propyl m]captan #j4jjf #j4jbj #j4jbh #j4jdc #j4jed ,amyl ?ioe!r #j4jja #j4jjg #j4jaae #j4jab #j4jae ,e?yl ?ioe!r #j4jab #j4jdb #j4ajg #j4bbc #j4bga ,allyl iso?iocyanate #j4jjh #j4jab #j4jbd #j4jcj #j4bja ,me?yl iso?iocyanate #j4jae #j4jci #j4jfg #j4ajh #j4add ,amyl isoval]ate #j4jab #j4jah #j4jci #j4jgb #j4jhb ,c>bon tetra*loride #d4ecc #i4bbb #aj4jbd #ca4ccc #ch4ddd ,*lor(orm #c4cjj #f4hjj #ab4gcc #bh4hcc #df4fff ,iod(orm #j4jahdj ,artificial musk #j4jjjjdda ,nitrob5z5e #j4adf #j4agh #j4bbb #j4efc #a4dic ,ph5yl isocyanide #j4jjb #j4jje #j4jac #j4jdb #j4aje ,pyrid9e #j4jcb #j4adf #j4cja #b4bfe #e4gaj ,me?yl salicylate #j4ajj #j4ade #j4agi #a4ebfdb ,oil ( pepp]m9t #j4jbd #j4jcb #j4aji #j4ccb #j4cdh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #ce3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,footnote #cf3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,footnote #cg3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,footnote #ch3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,footnote #ci3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,footnote #dj3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,footnote #da3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,footnote #db3 ,maximum conc5tration obta9able4 ,t\* ,me?od4 ,?is me?od consi/s ( dipp+ a small glass rod drawn to a ne$le-l end to ! dep? ( #a mm4 9 ! comp\nd & !n quickly t\*+ ! sk94 ,! me?od is qualitative only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--,sk9 ,irritant ,vapor ,app>atus4 ,use ( ,solutions4 ,alcohol1 k]os5e1 olive oil1 c>bon tetra*loride & o!r solv5ts may be us$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! l[e/ effective conc5tration ( a sub/ance1 & = ! det]m9ation ( ! relative sk9 irritant effici5cies ( v>i\s comp\nds4 ,s9ce ! sk9 irritants 7 sc>cely ev] us$ 9 ?is =m 9 ! field1 t is1 9 solution1 ! me?od is n z satisfactory z ! vapor me?od4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,/rategy ,,& ,,tactics#dc ,fundam5tals ( ,w>4 ,! und]ly+ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*emical ,w>f>e are ! same z = all o!r arms4 ,because ( ?is1 x is wor? :ile1 & ev5 necess>y1 to und]/& ! applications ( ,*emical ,w>f>e1 = u to g back & /udy ! "w ( ! ma/]s 9 w> f ! dawn ( hi/ory d[n to ! pres5t4 ,:5 we d t we f9d t ! und]ly+ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( w> rema9 un*ang$4 ,!y are ! same today z !y 7 9 ! "t ( ,demo/h5es1 & z !y w be #aj1jjj ye>s f n[4 ,x is an axiom t ! basis ( success 9 w> is ! ability to h at ! decisive po9t at ! decisive mom5t a m effective =ce ?an t ( ! enemy4 ,?is involves m5 & mat]ials4 ,x involves c\rage1 fight+ ability1 & ! discrim9ation & en]gy ( ! oppos+ comm&]s4 ,footnote #dc3 ,?is mat]ial is adapt$ f a lecture by ,g54 ,fries be=e ! /ud5ts ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff ,college1 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,may #aa1 #aiba4 ,ano!r fundam5tal is t no success is a*iev$ )\t positive action2 passive resi/ance nev] w9s4 ,^! are really un*ang+ fundam5tals4 ,we may also say t ! vigor ( attack1 ! spe$ ( movem5t ( m5 & supplies1 & ! ?or\gh tra9+ ( m5 9 ! use ( ! weapons ( w> are un*ang+ requirem5ts1 b outside ( ^! ev]y?+ is subject to ! univ]sal law ( *ange4 ,grecian ,phalanx & ,roman ,legion4 ,! la/ ^w 9 ! developm5t ( human /r5g? z a battle weapon 0 illu/rat$ by ! ,grecian phalanx ) its sixte5 r[s ( m51 ! spe>s ( ea* r[ be+ s adju/$ t all rea*$ to ! front l9e4 ,t phalanx c\ld n be /opp$ by any o!r human =mation t met x face to face4 ,to ov]come x requir$ a ,roman legion t c\ld op5 up & take ! phalanx 9 ! flank & re>4 ,9 ! same way1 ! elephants ( ! ,africans & ! *>iots ( ! ,romans ) _! great swords swept all 9 front ( !m1 until ! ,roman ,legion1 op5+ up into small] gr\ps all[$ ! elephants & *>iots to pass ?r\gh only to close 9 on !m f ! re>4 ,!n & !n only did ^? eng9es ( w> disappe> =ev]4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 realiz+ t rapidity ( fire w\ld w9 on ! fields ( battle :]e he f\ght1 tra9$ 8 m5 to a precision ( movem5t 9 close ord] probably nev] a*iev$ by any o!r troops 9 ! _w & !n add$ to _! effici5cy by tea*+ !m to load & fire muskets at d\ble ! rate ( t ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,he 0 ?us enabl$ to conc5trate at ! decisive po9ts a prepond]ance ( p[]1 :i* swept all 8 enemies be=e him4 ,napoleon4 ,napoleon a*iev$ ! same decisive p[] 9 a diff]5t way4 ,realiz+ t 8 ,fr5* troops c\ld n /& ! rigor\s tra9+ t ! ,prussians und]w5t1 he tra9$ !m to fight ) great en?usiasm1 to travel long di/ances ) unhe>d ( swiftness1 & to /rike ! enemy :]e lea/ expect$4 ,he add$ to t a conc5tration ( artill]y until !n n ?\ght ( z possible on ! field ( battle4 ,he1 ( c\rse1 _h also a g5ius = organiz+ & keep+ up 8 supply4 ,grant & ,jackson4 ,grant at ,vicksburg & ,/onewall ,jackson 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley & at ,*ancellorsville1 a*iev$ ! same results 9 diff]5t ways4 ,9 e case ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( conc5trat+ ! greate/ =ce at ! decisive po9t at ! vital mom5t 9 ! battle rema9$ ! same4 ,! me?ods = a*iev+ t end *ange ) e age1 & e comm&] ( _w-wide r5[n develop$ some?+ new or us$ an old me?od 9 a new way4 ,& t is ! fundam5tal requirem5t = a successful g5]al4 ,hannibal1 ,hasdrubal1 ,cs>1 ,napoleon1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,scott1 ,grant1 & ,jackson 7 all indep5d5t ?9k]s4 ,ea* & e "o d>$ to d some?+ t e o!r g5]al & /atesman ( 8 "t told him c\ld n be done or t w\ld br+ ab\t disa/]4 ,!y _h ! c\rage ( _! convictions4 ,!y _h ! c\rage to ?9k out new ideas & to develop !m1 & !n !y _h ! c\rage to c>ry ?r\gh ^? convictions1 n alone aga9/ ! opposition ( ! enemy1 b aga9/ ! opposition ( _! own p1 bo? 9 ! field & at home4 ,& we may be p]fectly sure t 9 ea* case _h ^! m5 n done ! ?+s !y did1 !y w\ld h gone d[n to oblivion j z has be5 ! case ) millions ( o!rs :o tri$ ! usual me?ods 9 ! usual way4 ,*emical ,w>f>e ,late/ ,developm5t4 ,*emical ,w>f>e is ! late/ developm5t ( w>4 ,s f> z ! ,unit$ ,/ates is conc]n$1 x is consid]ably less ?an f\r ye>s old4 ,x is ! mo/ sci5tific ( all me?ods ( fight+ & also ! mo/ univ]sally applicable to all o!r me?ods ( mak+ w>4 ,! use ( poison\s & irritat+ gases 9 w> is j z fundam5tal z ! introduction ( gunp[d]4 ,9 fact1 !y h an ev5 wid] application to w> ?an p[d] itself4 ,necessity = ,new ,me?ods4 ,! idea t has be5 express$ above is t ! ,g5]al ,/aff & ! ,army comm&] :o /icks to old & tri$ me?ods & :o is unwill+ to try ) all 8 might new developm5ts1 w nev] a*ieve any fir/ class success4 ,! ,g5]al ,/affs & ! g5]als ( ! future t w9 w>s w be ! ones :o make ! mo/ vigor\s & effici5t use ( ,*emical ,w>f>e mat]ials4 ,!y _c conf9e ?is use to ! artill]y1 to ,aviation1 to ,special ,gas ,troops1 or to any o!r s+le bran* ( ! w> ma*9e4 ,!y mu/ make use ( x 9 e way4 ,:at ,is ,meant by ,gas4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t by gases we ref] to mat]ials t injure by be+ c>ri$ to ! victim 9 ! air4 ,! ^w 8gas0 has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! condition ( ! mat]ial :5 9 ! %ell1 or ! bombs1 or ! cyl9d]s be=e releas$4 ,9 e case1 ! gases are liquids or solids4 ,:5 ! conta9]s are brok5 op5 ! liquids are volatiliz$ ei!r by ! gas pressure or by ! =ce ( ! explosion ( ! bomb4 ,gr\ps ( ,gases4 ,*emical ,w>f>e gases are divid$ into ?ree great gr\ps4 ,s f> z _! actual tactical use on ! field ( battle is conc]n$1 !re are only two gr\ps--p]si/5t & non-p]si/5t4 ,! ?ird is ! irritant gr\p4 ,?is gr\p affects ! eyes & ! lungs s z to make ! victim v uncom=table if n completely incapable ( action 9 quantities s small z to cause no injury t la/s m ?an a few h\rs4 ,! quantities ( su* gases ne$$ to =ce ! we>+ ( ! mask is _/ t ne$$ to cause ! same discom=t by ! really poison\s gases1 su* z phosg5e4 ,!y1 !re=e1 h a v great economic value 9 h>ass+ ! enemy by =c+ him to we> masks & to take o!r precautions aga9/ gas4 ,& no matt] h[ p]fect gas masks & gas-pro( clo?+ become1 _! long-cont9u$ use w cut d[n physical vigor 9 an ev] increas+ ratio until 9 two or ?ree days an army may be totally incapacitat$4 ,smoke4 ,9 ,*emical ,w>f>e mat]ials we h ano!r great gr\p :i* w probably be equal 9 ! future to ! ?ree gr\ps j m5tion$4 ,t is common smoke4 ,smoke has a v>iety ( uses4 ,by ! simple t]m 8smoke0 is meant smokes t are n poison\s or irritat+4 ,su* smokes (f] a p]fect scre5 aga9/ enemy vision1 :e!r x is ! man :o sights ! ma*9e gun1 ! obs]v] 9 ! look\t /ation1 ! cannone] or ev5 ! a]oplane obs]v]4 ,e %ot ?r\gh imp5etrable smoke is a %ot 9 ! d>k & has a t5? or ev5 less *ance ( hitt+ its m>k4 ,smoke af=ds a means ( decreas+ ! accuracy ( fir+1 mu* ! same z night decreases x1 )\t ! inh]5t difficulties ( night action4 ,peace ,/rategy4 ,! /rategy ( successful w> involves ! /rategy ( peace4 ,?is has be5 true f ! days :5 ,david ) 8 sl+-%ot slew ,golia?1 d[n to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,we don't always ?9k ( x 9 connection ) w>1 b back ( e successful w> has be5 prep>ation dur+ peace4 ,x may h be5 incid5tal prep>ation su* z ! tra9+ ( m5 9 fight+ ,indians1 & 9 creat+ public s5tim5t favorable to an indep5d5t nation t prec$$ ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,x may1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 a deeply /udi$ policy su* z t ( ! ,g]mans prior to ! ,_w ,w>4 ,!y tri$ & g5]ally q successfully1 to cord9ate all peace activities t[>d ! day :5 a w> %\ld come t w\ld decide ! future de/9y ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 & x 0 only because ( t /udy 9 peace t ,g]many almo/ s+le-h&$ 0 able to /& out = m ?an f\r ye>s aga9/ ! _w4 ,! ,allies came ne> los+ t w> because !y did n appreciate t ! /rategy ( effici5t w> _h to be prec$$ by ! /rategy ( peace4 ,*emical ,w>f>e an ,example4 ,*emical w>f>e is a p>ticul>ly good example ( ?is fact4 ,prior to ! ,_w ,w> we _h ackn[l$g$1 & )\t any misgiv+s1 t ,g]many l$ ! _w 9 *emi/ry1 t x produc$ mo/ ( ! dyes 9 ! _w1 & to a l>ge ext5t ! m$ic9es ( ! _w4 ,we felt t :5 ,am]ican ne$s %[$ x to be advisable we c\ld take up *emi/ry & *emical production & soon excel ! ,g]mans4 ,we _h n reckon$ on ! sudd5ness ( w>4 ,we 7 j gett+ ready ) *emicals1 & t includ$ p[d]s & high explosives1 :5 ! w> clos$4 ,& yet we _h _h n only eighte5 mon?s' int5sive prep>ation aft] our own entry into ! ,_w ,w>1 b also ! prep>ation ( great /eel in/itutions & p[d] factories = ne>ly ?ree ye>s 9 manufactur+ supplies = ! ,allies :o prec$$ u 9 ! w>4 ,coal ,t>4 ,! ,_w ,w> op5$ ! eyes ( ,engl&1 ,france & ,japan z well z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ea* ( !m today is /ruggl+ to build up a great *emical indu/ry z ! v f\ndation ( successful w>4 ,few ( u realiz$ prior to ! ,_w ,w> t 9 ! black1 /icky mess call$ coal t> f ! cok+ ( coal or ! manufacture ( gas f coal & oil1 0 /or$ up mo/ ( ! high explosives us$ 9 w>1 ! majority ( ! poison gases1 a great deal ( ! m$ic9es ( ! _w1 & ne>ly all ! dyes ( ! _w4 ,! ,g]mans realiz$ x & 9 _! control ov] me?ods ( us+ ?is mat]ial1 toge!r ) ! great comm]cial plants develop$ to manufacture x1 z well z ) ! tra9$ p]sonnel t mu/ g ) su* plants1 7 enabl$1 :5 blockad$ on l& & sea1 to furni% ! munitions1 ! clo?+ & ! food ne$$ = f\r & "o-half ye>s ( w>4 ,great ,*emical ,indu/ries4 ,?us x is t our ,gov]nm5t today is giv+ mo/ s]i\s he$ to ! ne$ ( build+ up a great *emical indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we h ! raw mat]ials4 ,we ne$ only ! factories & ! tra9$ m5 t g ) !m4 ,we ne$1 ( c\rse1 9 addition to ! developm5t ( ! coal t> indu/ry1 a production ( heavy *emicals su* z *lor9e1 sulfuric acid & ! l1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are b\nd toge!r by community int]e/ 9 peace z well z 9 w>4 ,res]ves ( ,*emi/s4 ,a "p ( ! /rategy ( peace is ! c>d-index+ ( ! manp[] ( a nation divid$ into special gr\ps4 ,9 "o great gr\p mu/ come ^? :o h a k ( *emi/ry & ! *emical indu/ries4 ,t mu/ be s work$ out t if w> %\ld come on a mom5t's notice1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs !reaft] e *emi/ c\ld be giv5 8 job1 jobs ext5d+ f ! fir+ l9e to ! rese>* laboratory4 ,& t is ! task ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,& "r "h x is well to "k t ,congress1 among ! o!r features ( its ,army ,reorganization ,act ( ,june #d1 #aibj1 provid$ = a sep>ate ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice ) ^! p[]s3 ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,p[]s ,! ,*ief ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice "u ! au?ority ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w> %all be *>g$ ) ! inve/igation1 developm5t1 manufacture1 or procurem5t & supply to ! ,army ( all smoke & inc5di>y mat]ials1 all toxic gases1 & all gas def5se appliances2 ! rese>*1 design1 & exp]im5tation connect$ ) *emical w>f>e & its mat]ial2 & *emical projectile fill+ plants & prov+ gr\nds2 ! sup]vision ( ! tra9+ ( ! ,army 9 *emical w>f>e1 bo? (f5sive & def5sive1 includ+ ! necess>y s*ools ( in/ruction2 ! organization1 equipm5t1 tra9+1 & op]ation ( special gas troops1 & su* o!r duties z ! ,presid5t may f "t to "t prescribe4 ,:y ,p[] ,is ,ne$$4 ,^! r broad p[]s indicate t ,congress realiz$ ! unity ( ef=t t mu/ be made f ! rese>* laboratory to ! fir+ l9e if ,am]ica 0 to keep pace ) ,g]many or any o!r nation 9 *emical w>f>e4 ,"s h rais$ ! "q z to :e!r a s]vice %\ld be bo? supply & combat4 ,p]haps ! be/ answ] to t "q is t s organiz$ ,*emical ,w>f>e 0 a success 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,x 0 a success not)/&+ x _h to be develop$ 9 ! field six mon?s aft] our entry into ! w> & ) no prec$5ts1 no mat]ials1 no lit]ature & no p]sonnel4 ,?r\gh its (fic]s on ! /affs ( comm&+ g5]als ( armies1 corps & divisions1 & ?r\gh its fight+ gas troops 9 ! front l9e1 x 0 enabl$ to direct its rese>*1 developm5t & manufacture m quickly along l9es %[n to be necess>y by e *ange 9 battle conditions1 ?an any o!r s]vice4 ,*emical ,w>f>e ,troops4 ,& :y %\ld !re n be fight+ ,*emical ,w>f>e troops8 ,!y fight "u exactly ! same ord]s z all o!r troops4 ,!y con=m to ! same g5]al plan ( battle4 ,!y br+1 h[ev]1 to t battle exp]ts 9 a l9e t x takes a long "t to ma/]4 ,& :]e has !re be5 any live comm&] 9 ! _w's hi/ory :o refus$ aid f any class ( troops t might help him w98 ,speciali/s 9 ,w>4 ,! w>s ( ! future w become m & m w>s ( ! speciali/s4 ,y\r ,infantry may rema9 ! backbone ( ! fight+ =ce1 b if x has n ! ,artill]y1 ! ,aviation1 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e1 ! ,eng9e]s1 ! tanks & o!r speciali/s to back x up1 x w be ov]come by ! army :i* has su* speciali/s4 ,inde$ ! speciali/ goes into ! v organization ( ! ,infantry itself ) its ma*9e gun battalions1 its tank battalions1 & z n[ propos$1 ! ,infantry light h[itz] companies4 ,duties ( ,*emical ,w>f>e ,/aff ,(fic]s4 ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e (fic]s on ! /aff ( armies1 corps & divisions are !re = ! purpose ( giv+ exp]t advice z to ! quantities ( *emical mat]ials available1 ! be/ conditions = us+ !m1 & ! be/ way ( avoid+ ! effects ( enemy gas ^u our own troops4 ,! conditions t mu/ be kept 9 m9d are s _m t no o!r (fic] c be expect$ to ma/] & keep !m if he does 8 own "w well4 ,! g5]al /aff (fic]s & comm&+ g5]als w n h ! "t to ev5 try to rememb] ! actual effects ( cl\ds1 w9d1 ra91 trees1 valleys1 villages & pla9s ^u ea* & e gas4 ,!y mu/ dep5d ^u ! ,*emical ,w>f>e (fic] = accurate in=mation along ^? l9es1 & if he _c furni% x !y w h to secure "s "o :o c4 ,! hi/ory ( w> is fill$ ) ! names ( g5]als :o fail$ because !y c\ld n =get h[ to comm& a company4 ,^! ,*emical ,w>f>e (fic]s w also furni% all data z to supply ( *emical w>f>e mat]ials1 & w furni% ! be/ in=mation along l9es ( tra9+1 :e!r = def5sive or (f5sive use ( gas4 ,gas ,us$ by all ,arms4 ,z be=e /at$1 we _c conf9e ! use ( gas to any "o arm4 ,we may !n ask :y1 if x is applicable to all arms1 x %\ld ne$ special gas troops4 ,special gas troops are = ! purpose ( putt+ (f great quantities ( *emical w>f>e mat]ials by special me?ods t are n applicable to any o!r bran* n[ organiz$ or t any o!r bran* has ! "t to ma/]4 ,long-range fir+ ( gas by ! artill]y c be done j z well by ! artill]y z by gas troops4 ,:y8 ,because 9 ! me*anics ( fir+ *emical ammunition !re is no diff]5ce :atev] f ! me*anics ( fir+ high explosives or %rapnel4 ,! same w be true ( gas rifle gr5ades & smoke c&les 9 use by ! ,infantry4 ,! same w be true ( ! dropp+ ( gas bombs & ! spr9kl+ ( gas by ! a]oplanes4 ,9 ?is connection j rememb] t all ( ! army is tra9$ 9 fir/ aid1 b 9 addition we h our ambulance companies1 our hospitals1 & our tra9$ m$ical p]sonnel4 ,argum5ts ,aga9/ ,use ( ,gas4 ,x has be5 _m times sugge/$ s9ce ! ,armi/ice t ! use ( poison\s gas 9 w> may be done away ) by agreem5t among nations4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ ! use ( gas are t x is inhumane & t x might be us$ aga9/ non-combatants1 especially wom5 & *ildr54 ,! inhumanity ( x is absolutely disprov5 by ! results ( its use 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,! dea? rate f gas alone 0 less ?an "o-twelf? t f bullets1 high explosives & o!r me?ods ( w>f>e4 ,! disability rate = gas pati5ts dis*>g$ 0 only ab\t "o-f\r? t = ! w\nd$ dis*>g$ = o!r causes4 ,! p]man5tly injur$ is likewise app>5tly v mu* less ?an f o!r causes4 ,humanity4 ,no reliable /ati/ics t we c get %[ t gas 9 any way causes tub]culosis any m ?an a sev]e attack ( bron*itis or pneumonia causes tub]culosis4 ,s9ce its pr9cipal effects are ^u ! lungs &1 !re=e1 hidd5 f sight1 e impo/or is beg9n+ to claim gass+ z ! reason = 8 want+ ,w> ,risk b5efits f ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,we d n claim !re may n be "s :o are suff]+ p]man5t injuries f gas1 & we are try+ v h>d to f9d out f ! manufactur]s ( poison\s gases & alli$ *emicals if !y h any au!ntic records ( su* cases4 ,s f> ! results indicate t p]man5t aft]-effects are v r>e4 ,z to non-combatants1 c]ta9ly we d n contemplate us+ poison\s gas aga9/ !m1 no m at lea/ ?an we propose to use high explosives 9 long-range guns or a]oplanes aga9/ !m4 ,! use ( ! "o aga9/ non-combatants is j z damnable z ! o!r & x is j z easy to refra9 f us+ "o z ! o!r4 ,gas ,_c be ,aboli%$4 ,z to ! ab&onm5t ( poison gas1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t no p[]ful weapon ( w> has ev] be5 ab&on$ once x prov$ its p[] unless a m p[]ful weapon 0 discov]$4 ,poison\s gas 9 ! ,_w ,w> prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( all weapons ( w>4 ,= t reason alone x w nev] be ab&on$4 ,x _c be /opp$ by agreem5t1 because if y c /op ! use ( any "o p[]ful weapon ( w> by agreem5t y c /op all w> by agreem5t4 ,to prep>e to use x only 9 case x is us$ aga9/ y is on ! same plane z an ord] t 0 once ^u a "t issu$ to troops 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,t ord] /at$ 9 sub/ance t no (fic] or soldi] %\ld %oot a savage ,moro1 ev5 7 he approa*+ ! said (fic] or soldi] ) drawn kriss 7sword71 unless actually fir/ /ruck by su* savage4 ,e (fic] pref]r$1 if necess>y1 to face a c\rt-m>tial = disob$i5ce ( su* an ord] r ?an all[ a savage ,moro ) a drawn kriss to get any:]e ne>1 let alone wait until actually /ruck4 ,let ! _w "k t we propose to use gas aga9/ all troops t may be engag$ aga9/ u1 & t we propose to use x to ! fulle/ ext5t ( our ability4 ,we believe t su* a proposition w d m to head (f w> ?an all ! peace propag&a s9ce "t began4 ,x has be5 said t we %\ld n use gas aga9/ ^? n equipp$ ) gas4 ,!n :y did we use repeat+ rifles & ma*9e guns aga9/ ,negritos & ,moros arm$ only ) b[s & arr[s or poor muskets & knives4 ,let u apply ! same common s5se to ! use ( gas t we apply to all o!r weapons ( w>4 ,effect on ,_w ,w> ,tactics4 ,a v brief /udy ( ! effects ( *emical w>f>e mat]ials on ! /rategy ( ! ,_w ,w> w indicate its future4 ,x began ) cl\ds ( *lor9e let loose f heavy cyl9d]s buri$ "u ! fir+ tr5*4 ,^! took a long "t to in/all & !n a wait1 sometimes long1 sometimes brief1 = a favorable w9d1 b ev5 at t ^! cl\d gas attacks creat$ a new me?od ( fight+ & =c$ new me?ods ( protection4 ,gas at once add$ a trem5d\s burd5 to supply 9 ! field1 to manufacture1 & to transportation1 & 9 a %ort "t ev5 made "s decid$ *anges 9 ! tactics ( ! battle field itself4 ,cl\d ,gas4 ,! fact t ! gas cl\d look$ l smoke is responsible = ! "n 8cl\d gas40 ,really all gases are ne>ly or :olly invisible1 b ^? :i* volatilize sudd5ly f ! liquid /ate s cool ! air z to cause cl\ds ( cond5s$ wat] vapor4 ,! cl\d obscur$ ev]y?+ beh9d & 9 front ( x4 ,x l$ ! ,g]man to put (f fake smoke cl\ds & attack ?r\gh !m1 ?us tak+ ! ,briti% at a trem5d\s disadvantage4 ,!n & !re began a realization ( ! value ( smoke4 ,cl\d gas 0 also ! real cause ( ! highly organiz$ raid t became common 9 e army dur+ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,! real purpose 9 ! fir/ raids1 c>ri$ out by means ( ! box b>rage1 0 to f9d out :e!r or n gas cyl9d]s 7 be+ in/all$ 9 tr5*es4 ,^! raids f9ally became responsible1 9 a l>ge measure1 = driv+ ! old cl\d gas (f ! field ( battle4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 /op ! ,briti% f putt+ (f cl\d gas attacks 9 #aiah by in/all+ _! gas cyl9d]s on _! light railway c>s & !n lett+ ! gas loose f ! cyl9d]s :ile /ill on ! c>s4 ,?is enabl$ !m to move _! mat]ials to ! front & put (f gas attacks on a few h\rs' notice :5 ! w9d 0 "r4 ,toxic ,smoke ,c&les4 ,to-day we h poison\s smokes t exi/ 9 solid =m & t are p]fectly safe to h&le until a fuse is light$4 ,! s-call$ c&les w be light en\gh s t "o man c c>ry !m4 ,) ^!1 cl\d gas c be put (f on an h\r's notice :5 w9d & wea!r conditions are "r1 no matt] h[ fa/ ! army may be mov+ & :e!r on ! advance or 9 retreat4 ,cl\d gas w usually be put (f at night because ! cl\d _c be se51 because !n m5 are tir$ & sleepy1 & all b ! mo/ highly tra9$ become panicky4 ,"u ^? conditions ! greate/ casualties result4 ,! /ead9ess ( w9d curr5ts also aids cl\d gas attacks at night4 ,value ( ,tra9+ 9 ,peace4 ,& ?is br+s up ! value ( tra9+ 9 peace4 ,we are frequ5tly ask$1 8,:y d y ne$ tra9+ ) masks 9 peace2 :y d y ne$ tra9+ ) actual gas 9 peace2 _c ^! ?+s be taught on %ort notice 9 w>80 ,! answ] is1 8,no60 ,no?+ w take ! place ( tra9+ 9 peace4 ,all ( u recall t e>ly 9 ! w> ! ,g]mans spread broadca/ *>ges t ! ,allies 7 us+ unfair & inhumane me?ods ( fight+ because !y br\ght ! ,ghurka ) 8 t]rible knife f ,asia & ! ,moroccan f ,africa4 ,& we all "k t aft] a "t ! ,g]mans ceas$ say+ any?+ ab\t ^! troops4 ,:at 0 ! cause8 ,!y 7 n effici5t4 ,j z ! ,negro w foll[ a :ite (fic] ov] ! top 9 daylight & fight ) z mu* en]gy & c\rage & _m times z mu* effici5cy z ! :ite man1 he _c /& ! t]rors ( ! night1 & ! same 0 true ( ! ,ghurka & ! ,moroccan4 ,all ! ,allies soon recogniz$ t fact z %[n by _! draw+ ^? troops almo/ entirely away f ! fight+ l9es4 ,9 "s cases d>k-sk9n$ troops 7 kept only z %ock troops to be replac$ by ! m highly develop$ ,caucasian :5 ! l9e _h to be held = days "u ! deadly fire ( ! c\nt] attack4 ,! ,g]man idea1 & our own idea prior to ! ,_w ,w>1 0 t semi-savages c\ld /& ! rigors & t]rors ( w> bett] ?an ! highly s5sitive :ite man4 ,w> prov$ t to be utt]ly false4 ,famili>ity ) ,gas ,necess>y4 ,! same tra9+ t makes = advancem5t 9 sci5ce1 & success 9 manufacture 9 peace1 gives ! control ( ! body t holds ! :ite man to ! fir+ l9e no matt] :at its t]rors4 ,a great deal ( ?is comes because ! :ite man has _h tra9$ out ( him ne>ly all sup]/ition4 ,he has _h drill$ into him = hundr$s ( ye>s t p[d] & high explosive c d c]ta9 ?+s & no m4 ,if ! soldi] is n to be afraid ( gas we mu/ give him an equal k ( x1 its dang]s1 & its limitations4 ,! old adage says1 8,famili>ity bre$s contempt40 ,p]haps t is n q true1 b we all "k t x bre$s call\sness & =getfulness2 t ! man manufactur+ dynamite or o!r m dang]\s explosives takes *ances t we :o d n engage 9 su* manufacture %udd] at4 ,edgewood ,*emi/s ,n ,afraid4 ,all ( ?is has direct application to tra9+ ) *emical w>f>e mat]ials 9 peace4 ,we believe t all opposition to *emical w>f>e today c be divid$ into two classes--^? :o d n und]/& x & ^? :o are afraid ( x--ignorance & c[>dice4 ,our *emi/s at ,edgewood ,ars5al are e day toy+ ) ! mo/ p[]ful *emical comp\nds2 toy+ ) mixtures !y "k no?+ (1 n kn[+ :at in/ant !y may induce an explosion ( "s fe>ful poison\s gas4 ,b !y h le>n$ h[ to protect !mselves4 ,!y h le>n$ t if !y /op brea?+ & get out ( t place & on ! w9dw>d side !y are safe4 ,!y h be5 at t "w long en\gh to d t automatically4 ,/aff ,(fic]s ,mu/ ,?9k ( ,gas 9 ,e ,problem4 ,! /aff (fic] mu/ tra9 ! army man 9 peace ) all *emical w>f>e mat]ials or he w lose 8 head 9 w> & become a casualty4 ,! g5]al /aff (fic]s & comm&+ g5]als mu/ s famili>ize !mselves ) ^! gases & _! g5]al use t !y w ?9k !m 9 all _! problems j exactly z !y ?9k ( ! ,infantry1 or ( ! ,cavalry1 or ( ! tanks or ( ! ,artill]y 9 e problem4 ,on !m re/s ! responsibility t ^! gases are us$ prop]ly 9 battle4 ,if plans be=e ! battle d n include ^! mat]ials = e arm & 9 ! prop] quantities ( ! prop] k9ds !y w n be us$ prop]ly on ! field ( battle & on !m w re/ ! responsibility4 ,!y are n expect$ to "k all ! details ( gases & _! uses1 b !y w be expect$ to consid] ! use ( gas 9 e phase ( prep>+ plans & ord]s & !n to appeal to ! *emical w>f>e (fic]s = ! details t w enable !m to use ! prop] gases & ! prop] quantities4 ,!y _c g into ^? details any m ?an !y c g into ! details ( ea* company ( infantry4 ,if !y try to d t !y are a failure z /aff (fic]s4 ,effect ( ,masks on ,troops4 ,! v be/ ( masks cause a little decrease 9 vision1 a little increase 9 brea?+ resi/ance1 & a little add$ discom=t 9 w>m wea!r1 & h5ce ! soldi] mu/ le>n to use !m "u all conditions4 ,b above all 9 ! future he mu/ be s accu/om$ to ! use ( ! mask t he w put x on automatically--almo/ 9 8 sleep z x 74 ,we h te> gases1 today1 s p[]ful & s sudd5 9 _! action t x is d\btful if "o man out ( five :o has _h only a little tra9+ c get 8 mask on if subject to ! te> gas alone--t is1 ) te> gas /rik+ him ) full =ce be=e he is aw>e ( x4 ,effectiv5ess ( ,gas 9 ,_w ,w>4 ,9 ! pa/ w> m ?an #bg out ( e #ajj ,am]icans kill$ & w\nd$ suff]$ f gas alone4 ,y may say t _m ( ! w\nds 7 light4 ,t is true2 b ^? m5 7 put out ( ! battle l9e = f "o to f\r mon?s--divisions1 corps & armies almo/ brok5 up--& yet ! use ( gas 9 t w> 0 a *ild's game comp>$ to :at x w be 9 ! future4 ,x is ev5 said t _m ( !m 7 mal+]]s4 ,p]haps !y 71 b d y n suppose t !re 7 at lea/ z _m mal+]]s among ! enemy z !re 7 9 our own ranks8 ,fur!rmore1 if y c induce mal+]+ x is a prop] me?od ( wag+ w>1 & unless our boa/$ ability is all a my? we %\ld h few] mal+]]s "u conditions ( battle ?an any o!r nation4 ,/rategy ( ,gas at ,pic>dy ,pla9s4 ,let u g back n[ to ! /rategy ( gas 9 w>4 ,foll[+ ! cl\d gas came te> gases & poison\s gases 9 %ells & bombs4 ,a little advance 9 tactics "h & a little !re1 ! idea1 ?\gh1 9 ! e>ly days be+ only to produce casualties4 ,z usual ! ,g]mans awoke fir/ to ! fact t gas might be us$ /rategically & on a l>ge scale4 ,& ?us we f9d t t5 days be=e he began ! battle ( ,pic>dy ,pla9s he delug$ _m sections ( ! front ) mu/>d gas4 ,he secur$ casualties by ! ?\s&s1 b he secur$ some?+ ( great] importance4 ,he wore out ! physical vigor & l[]$ ! morale ( division aft] division1 ?us pav+ ! way = ! break 9 ! ,briti% ,army :i* almo/ let him ?r\gh to ! sea4 ,he us$ non-p]si/5t gases up to ! v mom5t :5 8 own m5 rea*$ ! ,briti% l9es1 !reby r$uc+ ! effici5cy ( ,briti% rifle & artill]y fire & sav+ 8 own m54 ,& ?is is j a guide to ! future4 ,a rec5t writ] 9 ! ,field ,artill]y ,j\rnal /ates t gas w probably n be us$ 9 ! b>rage because ( its probable int]f]5ce ) ! movem5t ( our own troops4 ,9 mak+ t /atem5t he =got ! enemy & y _c d t if y expect to w9 a w>4 ,gas 9 ,b>rages4 ,9 ! future we mu/ expect ! enemy to be 9 a measure z well prep>$ 9 *emical w>f>e z we are4 ,let u consid] ! special case ( our own m5 advanc+ to ! attack beh9d a roll+ b>rage4 ,we w consid] also t ! w9d is bl[+ t[>d our own troops4 ,obvi\sly "u ^? conditions ! w9d w bl[ our own gas back onto our troops4 ,w we use gas 9 t b>rage8 ,we c]ta9ly w6 ,because ) ! w9d bl[+ t[>d our own troops we h ! exact ideal condition t ! enemy wants = 8 use ( gas4 ,he w !n be delug+ our advanc+ troops ) all ! gas he c fire1 9 addition to high explosives & %rapnel4 ,our m5 mu/ we> masks & take e precaution aga9/ enemy gas4 ,h[ fooli% x w\ld be n to fire gas at ! enemy "u ^? conditions4 ,if we did n fire gas we w\ld leave him entirely free f we>+ masks1 & entirely free f tak+ e o!r precaution aga9/ gas :ile our own troops 7 subject to all ! difficulties ( gas4 ,no1 we w fire gas at him 9 j z great quantities z we consid] effici5t4 ,& t is j a sample ( :at is com+ on e field ( battle--gas us$ on bo? sides by e me?od ( putt+ x ov] t c be devis$4 ,_w ,w> ,lessons ,only ,guide ,po/s4 ,example ( ,book ,worms4 ,e lesson taught by ! ,_w ,w> mu/ be tak5 z a guide-po/ on ! road to future success 9 w>4 ,no use ( gas or o!r mat]ials 9 ! pa/ w> mu/ be tak5 z an exact patt]n = use 9 any battle ( ! future4 ,too mu* /udy1 too mu* att5tion to ! pa/1 may cause t v ?+ to happ54 ,a c]ta9 g5]al comm&+ a brigade 9 ! ,argonne told me j rec5tly t :ile ! battle 0 go+ on a g5]al /aff (fic] call$ him on ! telephone & ask$ him :at ! situation 04 ,he gave x to him4 ,! /aff (fic] !n ask$1 8,:at are y do+80 & he told him4 ,! /aff (fic] repli$1 8,:y1 ! book doesn't say to d x t way "u su* conditions40 ,!re y h ! absurd side ( too mu* /udy & too close reliance on details ( ! pa/4 ,! battle field is a p]fect kaleidoscope4 ,! be/ we c hope to get out ( books is a guide--some?+ t we w keep 9 our m9ds to help u decide ! be/ way to meet c]ta9 situations4 ,he :o tries to rememb] a p>ticul> position taught 9 8 s*ool ) ! idea ( apply+ t to actual use 9 battle is lay+ ! f\ndation = absolute failure4 ,y\r exp]t rifleman nev] ?9ks back :5 he goes to fire a %ot z to j :at 8 in/ructor told him or :at ! book said4 ,he j conc5trates 8 m9d on ! object to be atta9$1 us+ s f> z comes to him facts he has le>n$ f books or tea*]s4 ,y\r g5]al & y\r /aff mu/ d ! same4 ,infantry ,use ( ,gas4 ,a few words ab\t h[ we w use gas 9 ! future4 ,we w />t ) ! ,infantry4 ,! ,infantry z su* w use gas 9 only two or ?ree ways4 ,!y w use "s gas 9 rifle gr5ades1 & a great deal m smoke4 ,we speak ( ! rifle gr5ade because 9 our op9ion ! h& gr5ade is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,we d n believe !re w ev] be us$ 9 ! future any gr5ade t is n applicable to ! rifle4 ,! ,infantry w probably (t5 c>ry l>ge quantities ( gas 9 ! %ape ( ! toxic smoke c&le4 ,^! mat]ials be+ solids may be %ot up by rifles or artill]y fire1 run ov] by trucks or tractors1 or trampl$ & /ill be h>mless4 ,x is only :5 ! fuses are light$ & ! mat]ial driv5 (f by heat t !y are dang]\s4 ,9 us+ ^! c&les "u ^! conditions y mu/ h suffici5t *emical w>f>e (fic]s & soldi]s to get ! necess>y control indicat$ by ! sun1 w9d1 woods1 fogs1 rav9es & ! l4 ,cavalry ,use ( ,gas4 ,next consid] ! ,cavalry4 ,! ,cavalry w use gas practically ! same z ! ,infantry4 ,! *emical w>f>e troops w accompany ! ,cavalry ) ,/okes' mort>s or o!r mat]ials to fire gases into small enemy /rongholds t may be enc\nt]$ :e!r ma*9e gun ne/s1 m\nta9 tops1 woods or villages4 ,!y w d ?is ei!r aga9/ savages or civiliz$ p4 ,me?ods ( mak+ ^! mat]ials mobile = t purpose are already well "u way4 ,if aga9/ savages & "o does n want to kill !m1 use te> gases--no bett] me?od ( se>*+ out hidd5 snip]s 9 m\nta9 tops1 among rocks1 or villages1 9 rav9es1 or 9 =e/s 0 ev] inv5t$4 ,use ( ,gas by ,tanks4 ,! tanks w employ gas 9 ! same way z ! ,infantry ) ! possibility1 h[ev]1 t !y may be us$ to c>ry l>ge quantities ( gas on cat]pill> tractors :]e o!rwise x w\ld be difficult to move ! gas4 ,?is is n a c]ta9ty1 b is a situation promis+ en\gh to w>rant fur!r /udy4 ,artill]y ,use ( ,gas4 ,y\r ,artill]y w fire gas & smoke 9 e calib] ( gun4 ,!re is a t5d5cy n[ to limit gas to c]ta9 guns & h[itz]s & to limit smoke to ev5 a small] numb] ( guns4 ,?is is a mi/ake t we are go+ to recognize4 ,a v c>eful /udy ( ! records ( ! w> %[ t m casualties 7 produc$ sev]al times ov] by a ?\s& gas %ells ?an by a ?\s& high explosive or %rapnel4 ,& t is because gas has an inh]5t p]man5ce t no o!r weapon ( w> has4 ,p]man5cy ( ,gas4 ,! bullet :i/les ?r\gh ! air & does its "w or misses4 ,! high explosive %ell bur/s1 hurl+ its fragm5ts t 9 a few seconds settle to e>?1 & its "w is done4 ,! %rapnel acts 9 ! same way1 b :5 "o turns loose a %ell ( gas x w kill & injure ! same z ! high explosive %ell & 9 ! same l5g? ( "t & 9 addition = "s m9utes !reaft]4 ,ev5 ) ! non-p]si/5t gases1 x w cont9ue on its way1 caus+ dea? or injury to e unprotect$ animal1 man or bea/ 9 its pa?4 ,) ! p]si/5t gases1 ! mat]ials f ea* %ell may p]si/ = days4 ,v>iety ( ,uses ( ,gas4 ,?is br+s up ! po9t ( ! great v>iety ( uses to :i* gas c be put4 ,! non-p]si/5t gas may be us$ at all times :]e "o wants to get rid ( x 9 a few mom5ts--! p]si/5t gas :]ev] "o wants to keep ! enemy "u gas = days at a "t4 ,we w use mu/>d gas on /rong po9ts 9 ! advance1 on flanks1 on di/ant areas "o w n expect to be rea*$1 & z our own protection ( masks & clo?+ increases t[>d p]fection we w use x on ! v fields y expect to cross4 ,:y8 ,because we w be fir+ x at ! enemy = days be=e h& & we w cause him tr\ble all ^? days :ile we ourselves w enc\nt] x = a few h\rs at ! mo/4 ,s d n ?9k t mu/>d gas is only go+ to be us$ 9 def5se 9 ! future4 ,solid ,mu/>d ,gas & ,long-,range ,guns4 ,we w come to use *emical w>f>e mat]ials j z high explosives & bullets are us$ today1 ev5 ?\gh at times we d suff] an occasional loss f our own weapons4 ,our ,artill]y 9 long-range guns :]e we want de/ruction w fill ea* %ell ) say #ae p] c5t gas & #he p] c5t high explosive4 ,we h a solid mu/>d gas t may be s us$4 ,we h trem5d\sly p[]ful te> gases & irritat+ gases t may be s us$4 ,be+ solids !y d n affect ! balli/ic qualities ( ! %ell4 ,& :at an add$ dang] w mu/>d gas f e %ell br+ aga9/ railroad c5t]s1 re/ villages1 cantonm5ts1 cross-roads & ! l4 ,! results w be too great = any =ce to ov]look su* use4 ,te> ,gases 9 ,%rapnel4 ,we w probably use te> gas 9 mo/1 if n all1 ( our %rapnel4 ,! g5]al idea n[ is t we %\ld n put te> gas 9 all %rapnel because "u c]ta9 conditions x w be bl[n back & h>ass our own troops4 ,b z 0 said be=e1 we mu/ rememb] t ! enemy w be us+ gas at all times z well z ourselves1 & h5ce if we limit ourselves 9 any l9e we give ! enemy an advantage4 ,?is use ( gas by ! ,artill]y w ext5d to all classes ( guns--seacoa/1 field1 turret & :at n4 ,use ( ,gas by ,air ,s]vice4 ,bombs4 ,let u next consid] ! ,air ,s]vice4 ,we naturally ?9k ( dropp+ gas 9 bombs :5 we speak ( ! use ( gas by ! ,air ,s]vice4 ,gas w s be us$ & x w be us$ 9 bombs ( p]haps a ?\s& p\nds or ev5 a ton 9 weight1 at lea/ #ej p] c5t ( :i* w be gas4 ,su* gases1 h[ev]1 w be ( ! non-p]si/5t type--phosg5e or simil> ones4 ,!y w be us$ aga9/ conc5tration camps & cross-roads1 on troops on ! road 9 columns2 aga9/ railroad c5t]s & re/ areas2 9 o!r words1 aga9/ gr\ps ( m5 or animals4 ,spr9kl+4 ,b t is n ev5 ! beg9n+ ( ! use ( gas by a]oplanes4 ,mu/>d gas1 :i* is "o-?ird aga9 z heavy z wat]1 & :i* volatilizes f> sl[] ?an wat]1 may be spr9kl$ ?r\gh a small op5+ su* z a bung hole 9 a tank t simply lets liquid float out4 ,! spe$ ( ! a]oplane w atomize x4 ,9 ?is way1 gas c be spr9kl$ ov] :ole areas t mu/ be cross$ 9 battle4 ,! ,lewisite1 ( :i* we h he>d consid]able1 w be us$4 ,x is less p]si/5t ?an ! mu/>d gas1 b l mu/>d gas x produces casualties by burn+4 ,unlike mu/>d gas1 h[ev]1 ! burns f a quantity equal to ?ree drops w usually cause dea?4 ,! mat]ial c be made up by hundr$s1 ev5 ?\s&s1 ( tons p] mon?4 ,we are work+ on clo?+ t w keep x out j z we h be5 & are work+ on clo?+ t w protect aga9/ mu/>d gas4 ,b ^! gases are s p[]ful t if any op5+ be left 9 ! clo?+ ! gas w get ?r\gh1 s t ev5 if we get clo?+ t w protect1 x mu/ cov] e in* ( ! sk9 f head to foot4 ,besides ! mask mu/ be worn at all times4 ,consid] ! burd5 put on any army 9 ! field t w\ld h to cont9ually we> su* complete protection4 ,:at a /ra9 on ! m5tality ( ! m56 ,z be=e said1 to endure x at all we mu/ tra9 our m5 to ?9k ( su* conditions1 to face !m 9 peace1 & 9 ord] to d s we mu/ actually use gas4 ,j z 9 ! ,_w ,w> ! highly tra9$ ,caucasian outdi/anc$ ! savage 9 endurance1 j s w ! mo/ highly tra9$ m5 9 ! future outdi/ance all o!rs 9 endurance4 ,navy4 ,we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( ! ,navy4 ,! ,navy w use gas bo? 9 its guns & 9 smoke cl\ds1 & 9 "s =m ( c&le t w float4 ,! toxic smokes t 9 high en\gh conc5trations w kill are extraord9>ily irritat+ 9 m9ute quantities--s m9ute !y _c be se5 or felt = a few mom5ts4 ,e human be+ on a %ip mu/ brea! e m9ute j z e human be+ ev]y:]e mu/ brea! e m9ute or die4 ,a gas t gets into ! v5tilat+ sy/em ( a %ip w g all ?r\gh x & ! ,navy realizes x4 ,! ,navy is /udy+ h[ to keep ! gas out ( _! own %ips1 & h[ to get x into ! enemy's %ips4 ,! toxic smokes may be dropp$ f a]oplanes or turn$ loose f "u wat] by subm>9es4 ,9 ei!r case !y w give (f smokes ov] wide areas ?r\gh :i* %ips mu/ pass4 ,any defects w let ^! toxic smokes 9 & w =ce e man to we> a mask4 ,a]oplane bombs w come ra9+ d[n on ! %ip or alongside ( x ei!r ) toxic smokes or o!r t]rible gases4 ,:ite phosphorus t burns & _c be put out wet or dry w be ra9$ on %ips4 ,yes1 *emical w>f>e mat]ials w be us$ by ! ,navy4 ,gas ,aga9/ ,l&+ ,p>ties4 ,! use ( gas aga9/ l&+ p>ties or to aid l&+ p>ties has come up 9 _m ways4 ,our /udies to date indicate t gas is a great] advantage to ! def5se aga9/ l&+ p>ties ?an to ! (f5se4 ,mu/>d gas & ! l may be spr9kl$ f a]oplanes1 & :ile x w n float long on ! wat]1 x w float long en\gh to sme> any small boats attempt+ to l&4 ,x c be spr9kl$ ov] all ! areas t l&+ p>ties mu/ occupy4 ,mu/>d gas may be plac$ 9 bombs or drums ar\nd all areas t are apt to be us$ z l&+ places & explod$ 9 ! face ( advanc+ troops4 ,/or+ ,res]ve ,gases 9 ,peace4 ,& a ^w "h ab\t h[ long gases may be /or$4 ,"o ( ! /atem5ts made by oppon5ts ( *emical w>f>e 0 t gas is a purely w> "t project & c\ld n be /or$ up 9 peace4 ,we h today at ,edgewood ,ars5al "s #a1djj tons ( poison\s gases n includ+ *lor9e4 ,^? gases h be5 manufactur$1 practically e ounce ( !m1 = ?ree ye>s1 & are yet 9 almo/ p]fect condition4 ,our *emi/s believe !y c be kept 9 ! future = t5 ye>s & p]haps long]4 ,our gas %ells !n w h ! life almo/ ( a mod]n battle%ip1 :ile ! co/ ( a million w be b a fraction ( ! co/ ( a battle%ip4 ,:at ,i h j said applies p>ticul>ly to liquid gases su* z phosg5e1 *lorpicr91 & mu/>d gas4 ,we "k t _m ( ! solids may be kept = f> long] p]iods4 ,/or+ ,gas ,masks4 ,our masks1 too1 we believe c be kept = at lea/ t5 ye>s4 ,exp]i5ce to date indicates t rubb] det]iorates ma9ly ?r\gh ! action ( sunlight & moi/ure t cause oxidation or o!r *ange 9 ! cry/all9e /ructure ( cur$ rubb]4 ,accord+ly1 we are putt+ up masks today 9 h]metically seal$ boxes4 ,x is ?us evid5t t we c /ore a res]ve ( masks & gases 9 peace ! same z o!r w> mat]ials4 ,use ( ,gas by ,gas ,troops4 ,n[ we come to ! use ( gas by special gas troops4 ,9 ! w>1 ,gas ,troops us$ #d-;in* ,/okes' mort>s & #h-;in* ,liv5s' projectors & 9 a v %ort "t w\ld h us$ a new portable cyl9d] = sett+ (f cl\d gas1 us+ liquid gases1 su* z phosg5e4 ,!y w use ^! same weapons 9 future w>s4 ,all ( ^! are %ort-range weapons1 b s9ce ! ,liv5s' bomb or drum conta9s #ej p] c5t ( its weight 9 gas :ile ! artill]y %ell conta9s #aj p] c5t1 !y h an effici5cy away beyond t ( artill]y or any o!r me?od ( dis*>g+ gas except cl\d gas4 ,!y w1 !re=e1 produce m casualties ?an any o!r me?od kn[n = ! am\nt ( mat]ial tak5 to ! front4 ,^! %ort-range weapons 7 develop$ by ! ,briti% = tr5* use & n = op5 w>f>e1 & yet our troops develop$ me?ods ) ! ,/okes' mort>s t enabl$ !m to keep up ) _m ( ! ,infantry divisions4 ,phosphorus & ,!rmit ,aga9/ ,ma*9e ,gun ,ne/s4 ,! use ( phosphorus & !rmit aga9/ ,g]man ma*9e gun ne/s by ! ,gas ,troops is well kn[n4 ,h[ effective x 0 is n kn[n to s _m4 ,phosphorus & !rmit 7 s us$ f ! e>ly days ( ! ,m>ne fight 9 ! latt] "p ( ,july1 #aiah1 to ! v close ( ! w>4 ,!re is no record$ in/ance :]e ! ,gas ,troops fail$ to sil5ce ma*9e gun ne/s once ! ma*9e guns 7 locat$4 ,9 ! future ,gas ,troops w put (f ! majority ( all cl\d gas attacks ev5 ) toxic smoke c&les4 ,necessity = ,tra9+ 9 ,peace4 ,?is is an outl9e ( ! subject ( *emical w>f>e4 ,z /at$ 9 ! beg9n+1 ! fundam5tal und]ly+ pr9ciples = ! successful use ( poison\s gas is necess>ily ! same z = any o!r w> mat]ials4 ,! necessity = cont9u\s tra9+ 9 peace is j ! same ) *emical w>f>e z ) ! rifle1 ! ma*9e gun1 ) field artill]y or any o!r weapon ( w>4 ,inde$ x is m s because ! use ( gas is s p]fectly adaptable to night "w4 ,m5 mu/ be taught to take precaution>y measures :5 s sleepy1 tir$ & worn out t !y w sleep ?r\gh ! ro> ( artill]y4 ,h[ ,*emical ,w>f>e ,%\ld be ,consid]$4 ,we ask y only to look at ! use ( *emical w>f>e mat]ials z y look at ! use ( ! artill]y1 infantry1 cavalry1 tanks or a]oplanes4 ,measure its possible future use2 n simply by its use 9 ! ,_w ,w>1 b by consid]+ all possible developm5ts ( ! future4 ,rememb] t its use 0 b>ely f\r ye>s old :5 ! w> clos$1 :ile ! ma*9e gun1 ! late/ type ( infantry weapon1 _h be5 kn[n = m ?an "o-?ird ( a c5tury4 ,*emical w>f>e developm5ts are 9 ! infant /age4 ,ev5 ^? on ! inside ( *emical w>f>e :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$ c see today ?+s t are c]ta9 to come t 7 undream$ ( at t "t4 ,?is is b\nd to be s ) a new weapon4 ,to sum up1 gas is a univ]sal weapon1 applicable to e arm & e sort ( action4 ,s9ce we c *oose gases t are ei!r liquid or solid1 t are irritat+ only or highly poison\s1 t are visible or invisible1 t p]si/ = days or t pass ) ! w9d1 we h a weapon applicable to e act ( w> & = t matt]1 to e act ( peace4 ,b we mu/ plan its use1 rememb]+ !re is no middle gr\nd 9 w>1 x is success or failure1 life or dea?4 ,rememb] also t tra9+ outruns production 9 a great w>1 t #e1jjj1jjj m5 c be rais$ & tra9$ be=e !y c be equipp$ unless we ) prop] =esight build up our ess5tial indu/ries1 keep up our res]ve ( supplies1 & above all1 keep su* p]fect plans t we c turn all ! :eels ( peace into ! w+s ( w> on a mom5t's notice4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,(f5sive ,,use ,,( ,,gas ,,:at ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,includes ,*emical ,w>f>e includes all gas1 smoke & inc5di>y mat]ials & all def5sive appliances1 ( :i* ! mask is ! pr9cipal item1 us$ by ! ,army4 ,"s ( ! items or mat]ials 9 bo? (f5se & def5se are us$ by ! entire ,army1 :ile a few are us$ only by ,*emical ,w>f>e troops4 ,,! ,,t]m 8,,gas0 ,! t]m 8gas0 is n[ tak5 to include all mat]ials t are c>ri$ to ! enemy by ! air1 aft] _! lib]ation f cyl9d]s1 bombs or %ell4 ,x is necess>y t ?is broad use ( ! t]m 8gas0 be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 because "s ( ^! mat]ials are solids1 :ile all o!rs are liquids1 until lib]at$ f ! conta9]s at ! "t ( ! attack4 ,^! conta9]s may be special cyl9d]s = cl\d gas attacks1 special bombs = ,liv5s' projectors & mort>s1 or artill]y %ell1 & ev5 aviation bombs4 ,"s ( ! liquids :i* h a v l[ boil+ po9t volatilize quickly ^u exposure to air1 & h5ce require only en\gh explosive to op5 ! %ell & all[ ! liquid to escape4 ,practically all solids h to be pulv]iz$ by a l>ge am\nt ( high explosive1 or driv5 (f z smoke by "s heat+ mixture4 ,,te*nical ,,nature ,*emical w>f>e1 besides be+ ! newe/1 is ! mo/ te*nical & mo/ highly specializ$ ,s]vice "u ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,!re is no class ( p 9 civil life1 & no (fic]s or m5 9 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 :o c take up *emical w>f>e successfully until !y h receiv$ tra9+ 9 its use4 ,?is applies n only to ! use ( mat]ials 9 attack1 b to ! use ( mat]ials = def5se4 ,t5 ye>s f n[ p]haps ?is w n be true4 ,x is c]ta9ly hop$ t x w n be4 ,by t "t ! entire ,army %\ld be pretty ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples & _m ( ! special features ( *emical w>f>e4 ,if n1 *emical w>f>e _c be us$ 9 ! field ) ! effici5cy & success ) :i* x des]ves to be us$4 ,fur!rmore1 x is believ$ t )9 t5 ye>s ! k ( ! gases us$ 9 *emical w>f>e w be s common ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! use ( ^! same mat]ials 9 civil life1 t x w n be s difficult1 z at ! pres5t date1 to get civilians :o are acqua9t$ ) ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice mat]ials4 ,,effectiv5ess ,,( ,,gas ,*emical w>f>e mat]ials 7 us$ dur+ ! w> by ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice troops1 by ! ,artill]y & by ! ,infantry4 ,9 ! future ! ,air ,s]vice & ,navy w be add$ to ! above li/4 ,*emical w>f>e1 ev5 "u ! inela/ic me?ods ( ! ,g]mans1 prov$ "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful means ( (f5se ) :i* ! ,am]ican troops _h to cont5d4 ,to realize its effectiv5ess we ne$ only rememb] t m ?an #bg out ( e #ajj casualties on ! field ( battle 7 f gas alone4 ,unque/ionably _m ( ^? :o di$ on ! battlefield f o!r causes suff]$ also f gas4 ,no o!r s+le elem5t ( w>1 unless y call p[d] a basic elem5t1 acc\nt$ = s _m casualties among ! ,am]ican troops4 ,inde$1 x is believ$ t a great] numb] ( casualties 0 n inflict$ by any o!r arm ( ! ,s]vice1 unless possibly ! ,infantry1 & ev5 9 t case x w\ld be necess>y to acc\nt = all injur$ by bullets1 ! bayonet1 ma*9e guns & h& gr5ades4 ,?is is true1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,g]man 0 s ne>ly completely out ( gas :5 ! ,am]icans began _! (f5sive at ,/4 ,mihiel & ! ,argonne1 t practically no gas casualties occurr$ dur+ ! ,/4 ,mihiel (f5sive1 & only a v few until aft] a week ( ! ,argonne fight+4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,g]mans knew t an ext5sive use ( mu/>d gas aga9/ ! ,am]ican l9es on ! day ! attack 0 made1 & also on ! l9e t m>k$ ! end ( ! fir/ advance a few days lat]1 w\ld h produc$ trem5d\s casualties4 ,judg+ f ! results a*iev$ at o!r times by an ext5sive use ( mu/>d gas1 x is believ$ t _h ! ,g]man possess$ ?is gas & us$ x z he _h us$ x a few o!r times1 ,am]ican casualties 9 ! ,argonne w\ld h be5 d\bl$4 ,9 fact1 ! advance might ev5 h be5 entirely /opp$1 ?us prolong+ ! w> into ! ye> #aiai4 ,,humanity ,,( ,,gas ,a few words "r "h ab\t ! humanity ( gas are n out ( place1 not)/&+ ! ,army & ! g5]al public h n[ s completely indors$ *emical w>f>e t x is believ$ ! argum5t ( inhumanity has no weight :atev]4 ,!re 7 ?ree great reasons :y *emical w>f>e 0 fir/ widely adv]tis$ ?r\gh\t ! _w z inhumane & horrible4 ,^! reasons may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! orig9al gas us$ at ,ypres 9 #aiae 0 *lor9e1 & *lor9e is "o ( a gr\p ( gases kn[n z suffocants--gases t cause dea? g5]ally by suffocat+ ! pati5t ?r\gh spasms ( ! epiglottis & ?roat4 ,t is ! mo/ agoniz+ effect produc$ by any gas4 ,! second reason 0 unprep>$ness4 ,! ,engli% _h no masks1 no gas-pro( dug\ts1 nor any ( ! o!r p>aph]nalia t 0 lat] employ$ to protect aga9/ poison\s gas4 ,consequ5tly1 ! dea? rate 9 ! fir/ gas attack at ,ypres 0 v high1 probably #ce p] c5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 e man :o 0 close to ! front l9e di$4 ,! only ones :o escap$ 7 ^? on ! edges ( ! cl\d ( gas or s f> to ! re> t ! conc5tration _h decreas$ bel[ ! deadly po9t4 ,! ?ird great reason 0 simply propag&a4 ,x 0 good w> propag&a to impress ^u ev]ybody ! fact t ! ,g]man 0 capable ( us+ any means t he c\ld develop 9 ord] to w9 a victory4 ,he _h no respect = previ\s agreem5ts or ideas conc]n+ w>f>e4 ,?is propag&a kept up ! morale & fight+ _s ( ! ,allies1 & 0 ?or\ghly ju/ifiable ^u t score1 ev5 :5 x l$ to wild exagg]ation4 ,! *lor9e us$ 9 ! fir/ attack by ! ,g]man is ! lea/ poison\s ( ! gases n[ us$4 ,^? lat] introduc$1 su* z phosg5e1 mu/>d gas & diph5yl*loro>s9e are f five to t5 times z effective4 ,! measure ( humanity = any =m ( w>f>e is ! p]c5tage ( dea?s to ! total numb] injur$ by ! p>ticul> me?od ( w>f>e "u consid]ation4 ,am]ican ,gas ,casualties4 ,! (ficial li/ ( casualties 9 battle z compil$ by ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's (fice cov]+ all cases report$ up to ,septemb] #a1 #aiai1 is #beh1cch4 ,( ^! #gj1geb1 or #bg4d p] c5t1 7 gas casualties4 ,also ( ! above casualties #df1eai result$ 9 dea?1 ( :om ab\t #a1djj only 7 due to gas4 ,f ^! figures x is readily d$uc$ t :ile #bd4he p] c5t ( all casualties f bullets & high explosives result$ 9 dea?1 only #b p] c5t ( ^? w\nd$ by gas result$ 9 dea?4 ,t is1 a man w\nd$ on ! battle field ) gas _h twelve times z _m *ances ( recov]y z ! man :o 0 w\nd$ ) bullets & high explosives4 ,,fundam5tals ,,( ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,be=e tak+ up 9 "s detail ! me?ods ( project+ gas ^u ! enemy1 x is v desirable to und]/& ! fundam5tals ( *emical w>f>e1 9 s f> z !y p]ta9 to poison\s gases4 ,foll[+ ! fir/ use ( pure *lor9e all ! pr9cipal nations engag$ 9 ! w> began inve/igations into a wide range ( sub/ances 9 ! hope ( f9d+ o!rs m poison\s1 m easily produc$1 & m readily project$ ^u ! enemy4 ,^! inve/igations l$ to ! use ( a l>ge numb] ( gases :i* s]i\sly complicat$ manufacture1 supply1 & ! actual use ( ! gases 9 ! field4 ,gradually a m rational conception ( *emical w>f>e l$ bo? ! ,allies & ! enemy to re/rict ! numb]s ( gases to a comp>ative few1 & /ill lat] to divide all gases into ?ree gr\ps4 ,?us ! ,g]man divid$ 8 into ?ree gr\ps kn[n z 7#a7 ,gre5 ,cross1 ! highly poison\s non-p]si/5t gases1 7#b7 ,blue ,cross1 or diph5yl*loro>s9e1 popul>ly kn[n z sneez+ gas1 & 7#c7 ,yell[ ,cross1 highly p]si/5t gases1 su* z mu/>d gas4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice we h f9ally divid$ all gases into two prim>y gr\ps4 ,^! gr\ps are kn[n z 8,non-p]si/5t0 & 8,p]si/5t40 ,! 8,non-p]si/5t0 gases are ^? quickly volatiliz+ ^u exposure to ! air1 & h5ce ^? t are c>ri$ away at once by air curr5ts1 or t 9 a dead calm w be completely dissipat$ into ! surr\nd+ air 9 a few h\rs4 ,if suffici5t high explosive be us$ to pulv]ize solids1 !y may be us$ 9 ! same way1 & to a l>ge ext5t c]ta9 highly p]si/5t liquid gases may h _! p]si/5cy greatly r$uc$ by us+ a l>ge am\nt ( high explosive1 :i* divides ! liquid into a f9e spray4 ,! 8,p]si/5t0 gr\p con/itutes ^? gases t are v sl[ly volatiliz$ ^u exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,! pr9cipal ones ( ^! n[ us$ or propos$ are mu/>d gas & bromob5zylcyanide4 ,= purposes ( economy1 & h5ce effici5cy1 c]ta9 gases1 bo? p]si/5t & non-p]si/5t1 are plac$ 9 a ?ird gr\p kn[n z ! 8,irritant ,gr\p40 ,^! gases are effective 9 extremely l[ conc5trations aga9/ ! lungs & o!r air passages1 or ! eyes4 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e1 & "s o!r solids :5 divid$ into m9ute p>ticles by high explosive or heat1 irritate ! nose1 ?roat & lungs to su* an ext5t 9 a conc5tration ( "o "p 9 t5 millions ( air z to be unbe>able 9 a few m9utes4 ,! te> gases are equally p[]ful 9 _! effects on ! eyes4 ,! irritat+ gases are us$ to =ce ! we>+ ( ! mask1 :i* 9 turn r$uces ! physical vigor & effici5cy ( ! troops4 ,?is r$uction 9 effici5cy1 ev5 ) ! be/ masks1 is probably #be p] c5t = %ort p]iods1 & mu* m if prolong$ we>+ ( ! mask is =c$4 ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,irritant ,,gases ,"o p\nd ( ! irritant gases is equal to #ejj to #a1jjj p\nds ( o!r gases :5 =c+ ! we>+ ( ! mask alone is desir$4 ,! great economy result+ f _! use is ?us app>5t4 ,due to ! rapid evaporation ( ! non-p]si/5t gases !y are us$ g5]ally only 9 d5se cl\ds1 :e!r ^? cl\ds be produc$ f cyl9d]s or f bombs4 ,^! gases are us$ only = produc+ imm$iate casualties1 z ! necess>y am\nt ( gas to =ce ! enemy to con/antly we> 8 mask by ! use ( non-p]si/5t gases alone c\ld n possibly be tak5 to ! front4 ,mu/>d gas1 :i* is highly p]si/5t & also attacks ! lungs1 eyes & sk9 ( ! body1 may & w be us$ to =ce ! we>+ ( ! mask4 ,x has "o disadvantage :5 x is desir$ to =ce imm$iately ! we>+ ( ! mask1 & t is its delay$ action & ! fact t x acts s sl[ly1 & is usually enc\nt]$ 9 su* slight conc5trations t sev]al h\rs' exposure are necess>y to produce a sev]e casualty4 ,= ^! reasons ! enemy may (t5 take *ances 9 ! heat ( battle ) mu/>d gas1 & :ile himself becom+ a casualty1 inflict q heavy casualties ^u oppos+ troops by cont9u+ to op]ate 8 guns or rifles )\t masks4 ,a p[]ful te> gas on ! o!r h& =ces ! imm$iate we>+ ( ! mask4 ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,us$ ,,by ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,troops ,*emical w>f>e troops1 9 mak+ gas attacks1 use cyl9d]s = ! cl\d or wave attack1 & ! ,liv5s' projector & ! #d-;in* ,/okes' mort> = attacks ) heavy conc5trations ( gas project$ by bombs ) ranges up to a mile4 ,?is di/ance w 9 ! future probably be increas$ to #a or #a miles4 ,! orig9al cyl9d]s us$ 9 wave attacks 7 heavy1 cumb]some & v labori\s to in/all1 & not)/&+ ! wave attack 0 kn[n to be ! deadlie/ =m ( gas attack us$ 9 ! w>1 fell into disrepute aft] ! use ( gas became g5]al 9 artill]y %ells & 9 special bombs4 ,cl\d ,gas4 ,! ,am]icans at once conclud$ t s9ce cl\d gas attacks 7 s effective1 ef=ts %\ld be made to make ^! attacks ( frequ5t occurr5ce by decreas+ ! weight ( ! cyl9d]s1 & by increas+ ! portability & me?ods ( dis*>g+ ! cyl9d]s4 ,z e>ly z ,m>*1 #aiah1 specifications = cyl9d]s weigh+ n m ?an #fe p\nds1 fill$ & completely equipp$ = fir+1 7 cabl$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y w\ld h be5 us$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! campaign ( #aiai _h ! enemy n quit :5 he did4 ,toxic smoke c&les t are fill$ ) solids driv5 (f by heat w probably be ! actual me?od 9 ! future = putt+ (f cl\d attacks4 ,! toxic smoke c&le is p]fectly safe "u all conditions & c be made 9 any size desir$4 ,cl\d gas attacks w be common 9 ! future1 & all plans ( def5se mu/ be made accord+ly4 ,!y w usually be made at night1 :51 due to fatigue & ! natural sleep9ess :i* comes at t "t1 m5 are c>eless1 lose _! way1 or neglect _! masks1 & are ?us caught unprep>$4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! w> prov$ t a wave attack always produc$ casualties ev51 z sev]al times occurr$1 :5 ! enemy or ! ,alli$ troops knew "s h\rs be=eh& t ! attack 0 com+4 ,! ,engli% e/imat$ ^! casualties to be #aj or #aa p] c5t ( ! troops expos$4 ,liv5s' ,projectors4 ,! second mo/ effective weapon = us+ gas by gas troops 0 & w be ! ,liv5s' projector4 ,?is projector is no?+ less ?an ! simple/ =m ( mort>1 consi/+ ( a /raight drawn /eel tube & a /eel base plate4 ,z us$ dur+ ! ,_w ,w> by ! ,allies x did n ev5 h a fir+ p9 or o!r me*anism 9 ! base1 ! electric wires = fir+ pass+ out ?r\gh ! muzzle & alongside ! drum or projectile :i* 0 small en\gh to p]mit t me?od ( fir+4 ,^! 7 set by ! hundr$s1 v close beh9d or ev5 9 front ( ! front l9e tr5*es4 ,!y 7 all fir$ at ! same in/ant1 or z ne>ly at ! same in/ant z wat*es c\ld be syn*roniz$1 & fir+ batt]ies op]at$4 ,z discuss$ on page #ah ^! mort>s 7 emplac$ deep en\gh 9 ! gr\nd to br+ _! muzzles practically level ) ! surface4 ,x usually took sev]al days to prep>e ! attack1 & consequ5tly all[$ an opportunity = ! enemy to detect ! "w by a]oplane photographs or by raids1 & de/roy ! emplacem5ts by artill]y fire4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t not)/&+ ?is app>5t great difficulty1 v few attacks 7 brok5 up 9 t way4 ,nev]!less1 9 l9e ) ! g5]al policy ( ! ,am]ican troops to get away f any?+ t savor$ ( tr5* w>f>e1 & to make ! fight+ z ne>ly cont9u\s z possible ) e means available1 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice set at "w at once to develop an easy me?od ( mak+ projector attacks4 ,x 0 e>ly f\nd1 t1 if ! excavation 0 made j deep en\gh s t ! base plate c\ld be set at ! prop] angle1 ! drums or projectiles 7 fir$ z accurately z :5 ! projectors or mort>s 7 set s t ! muzzles 7 level ) ! surface4 ,! "t requir$ to emplace a giv5 numb] ( mort>s 9 ?is way 0 only ab\t "o-fif? ( t requir$ = digg+ !m completely 94 ,c\pl$ ( c\rse ) ^! propos$ improvem5ts 9 me?ods1 /udies 7 be+ made & are /ill be+ made to produce light] mort>s1 bett] p[d] *>ges1 & bett] gas *ecks 9 ord] to develop ! full =ce ( ! p[d]4 ,_m improvem5ts along ?is l9e c be made1 all ( :i* w result 9 great] mobility1 m frequ5t attacks1 & h5ce great] effici5cy4 #d-;,in* ,/okes' ,mort>4 ,! ,/okes' mort> is n diff]5t f t us$ by ! ,infantry1 except t x is #d-;in*1 :ile ! ,infantry ,/okes' is #c-;in*4 ,! #d-;in* 0 *os5 by ! ,briti% = gas1 z x 0 ! l>ge/ calib] t c\ld be fir$ rapidly & yet be mod]ately mobile4 ,its range ( only ab\t #a1ajj y>ds h&icapp$ x consid]ably4 ,! poor design ( ! bomb 0 p>tly responsible = ?is4 ,! p[d] *>ges also 7 nei!r well *os5 nor well design$4 ,x is believ$ t great improvem5ts c be made 9 ! %ape ( ! bomb & 9 ! p[d] *>ge1 :i* w result 9 mu* long] range & high effici5cy1 :ile 9 no way increas+ ! weight ( ! bomb or decreas+ ! rate ( fire4 ,^! la/ two weapons 7 us$ dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 & w be v ext5sively us$ 9 ! future = fir+ high explosive1 phosphorus1 !rmit & simil> mat]ials t non-te*nical troops might h&le4 ,s9ce gas has prov5 )\t ! %ad[ ( a d\bt1 t x w produce m casualties = an equal am\nt ( mat]ial transport$ to ! front ?an any o!r sub/ance yet devis$1 all troops us+ %ort range guns or mort>s %\ld be tra9$ to fire gas :5ev] wea!r conditions are "r4 ,:5 wea!r conditions are n "r1 !y %\ld fire ! o!r sub/ances m5tion$4 ,! ,liv5s' projector ) its #fj p\nd bomb1 ( :i* #cj p\nds w be gas or high explosive1 is a wond]ful gun up to ! limit ( its range4 ,! bomb1 n be+ po9t$1 does n s9k into ! gr\nd1 & h5ce ^u explod+ ex]ts ! full =ce ( high explosive ^u ! surr\nd+s1 :e!r bombs1 pill boxes1 b>b$ wire or tr5*es1 to say no?+ ( p]sonnel4 ,high ,explosive 9 ,projectors4 ,:5 ^! are bur/ by ! hundr$s on a small area ev]y?+ movable is blott$ out4 ,?us concrete ma*9e gun emplacem5ts1 look\t /ations1 bomb-pro(s & wire entanglem5ts are de/roy$1 tr5*es fill$ up1 & ! p]sonnel annihilat$4 ,?is 0 amply demon/rat$ on ! few occasions :5 x 0 actually us$ at ! front4 ,! ,am]ican ,infantry1 :]ev] !y saw x tri$ out1 7 wild to h m ( x us$4 ,! ,g]man 0 app>5tly equally anxi\s to h ! use /opp$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! ?+s t mu/ be reckon$ ) 9 ! future4 ,x means practically t ,no ,man's ,l& 9 ! future w be j z wide z ! extreme range ( ^! crude mort>s--& "h a ^w ( caution4 ,:ile ef=ts h be5 made to increase ! range ( ^! mort>s1 :e!r ( ! ,liv5s' projector or ,/okes' v>iety1 no fur!r increase w be attempt$ :5 t increase r$uces ! spe$ ( fir+ or ! effici5cy ( ! projectile4 ,9 o!r words results dep5d ^u l>ge quantities ( mat]ial deliv]$ at ! same in/ant on ! po9t attack$1 & if ?is _c be obta9$ ! me?od is useless4 ,= ?is reason ^! mort>s w nev] be a competitor ( ! artill]y4 ,! artill]y w h all t x c d to cov] ! field )9 its range--beyond t rea*$ by ! mort>s4 ,phosphorus 9 #d-;,in* ,/okes4 ,phosphorus w be us$ l>gely by gas troops1 b only 9 ! #d-;in* or o!r ,/okes' mort> t may be f9ally adopt$ z be/4 ,! ,liv5s' projector c>ries too great a quantity1 & be+ ess5tially a s+le %ot gun1 is n adapt$ to keep+ up a smoke scre5 by sl[ & cont9u$ fir+1 or ( be+ transport$ s z to keep up ) ! ,infantry4 ,phosphorus has also v great value = attack+ p]sonnel itself4 ,any "o :o has be5 burn$ ) phosphorus or has witness$ ! ease ) :i* x burns :5 expos$ to air1 wet or dry1 has a mo/ :olesome fe> ( x4 ,! result ( x 9 ! w> %[$ t ! enemy ma*9e gunn]s or o!r troops w\ld n /& up "u a bomb>dm5t ( phosphorus fir$ f ! #d-;in* ,/okes' mort>--ea* bomb conta9+ ab\t sev5 p\nds4 ,!rmit4 ,!rmit is us$ 9 ! same way1 & :ile ! idea ( molt5 metal1 fall+ ^u m5 & burn+ ?r\gh clo?+ & ev5 helmets1 is attractive 9 !ory1 x prov$ absolutely wor?less = ^? purposes on ! field ( battle4 ,x 0 f\nd impossible to ?r[ suffici5tly l>ge quantities ( molt5 metal on a giv5 spot to cause any consid]able burn4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rapid spread+ out & cool+ ( ! metal almo/ entirely ru9$ its effectiv5ess1 except its effect on ! morale4 ,?is latt]1 h[ev]1 0 consid]able1 z "o might judge f see+ ! !rmit %ells bur/ 9 air4 ,= ?is reason !rmit may f9d a limit$ use 9 ! future4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,gas ,height ( ,gas ,cl\d4 ,! height to :i* gas rises 9 a gas cl\d is n exactly kn[n1 b x is believ$ to be n mu* m ?an fifty feet1 & !n only at a consid]able di/ance f ! po9t ( dis*>ge4 ,mov+ pictures tak5 ( gas cl\ds %[ ?is to be true4 ,x is also indicat$ by ! fact t pigeons1 :i* are v susceptible to poison\s gas1 practically always return to _! cages safely :5 lib]at$ 9 a gas cl\d4 ,?is 0 a good deal ( a my/]y until x 0 realiz$ t ! pigeon escap$ ?r\gh 8 ris+ s quickly above ! gas4 ,?is ( c\rse w\ld be expect$ :5 x is kn[n t practically all gases successfully us$ 7 two or m times z heavy z air4 ,su* gases rise only by sl[ diffusion1 or :5 c>ri$ upw>ds by ris+ curr5ts4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! upw>d curr5ts at night is "o ( ! reasons :y gas attacks are m effective at night ?an dur+ ! day4 ,horizontal ,spread ( ,gas4 ,ano!r important ?+ to "k 9 reg>d to ! behavior ( ! wave ( gas is ! horizontal spread ( a cl\d4 ,if gas be emitt$ f a cyl9d] ! total spread 9 bo? directions f t po9t is f #bj to #cj or an av]age ( #be4 ,?is v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ! w9d4 ,! high] ! w9d ! less ! angle1 ?\gh ! v>iation due to w9d is n z great z might be expect$4 ,?is horizontal spread ( ! gas cl\d 0 measur$ exp]im5tally1 & ! results *eck$ by a]oplane pictures ( heavy wave attacks ov] ! enemy l9e4 ,9 ! latt] case ! pa? ( ! gas 0 v closely indicat$ by ! dead vegetation4 ,?is vegetation 0 kill$ & blea*$ s t x readily %[$ up 9 a]oplane photographs4 ,! visibility ( a gas cl\d arises f ! fact t :5 a l>ge am\nt ( liquid is sudd5ly evaporat$1 ! air is cool$ & moi/ure cond5s$1 !reby creat+ a fog4 ,) gases su* z mu/>d gas & o!rs ( slight volatility1 a visible cl\d is n =m$4 ,= purposes ( id5tification ( po9ts /ruck by %ell1 smoke sub/ances are occasionally add$1 or a few smoke %ell fir$ ) ! gas %ell4 ,z future battle fields w be dott$ ev]y:]e ) smoke cl\ds1 a po9t t w be discuss$ m fully lat]1 ! fir+ ( smoke ) gas %ell w probably be ! rule & n ! exception4 ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,successful ,,gas ,if we succe$ 9 gett+ a poison\s gas t has no odor x w be highly desirable to fire x s t x w n be visible4 ,9 t case no smoke w be us$4 ,c>bon monoxide is su* a gas1 b !re are sev]al important reasons :y x has n be5 us$ 9 w>4 7,see page #aij74 ,^! consid]ations indicate ! g5]al requirem5ts = a successful poison\s gas4 ,if non-p]si/5t x mu/ be quickly volatiliz$1 or mu/ be capable ( be+ driv5 (f by heat or by o!r means1 :i* c be readily & safely produc$ 9 ! field4 ,x mu/ be highly poison\s1 produc+ dea?s 9 high conc5trations1 & m or less s]i\s injuries :5 tak5 into ! sy/em 9 quantities z small z "o-t5? ( t necess>y to produce dea?4 ,if x has a slightly delay$ action ) no int]v5+ discom=t1 x is /ill bett] ?an "o t produces imm$iate discom=t & m or less imm$iate action4 ,x mu/ be readily compress$ into a liquid & rema9 s at ord9>y temp]atures1 ) ! pressure n mu* above #be or #cj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,z a p]si/5t gas x mu/ be effective 9 extremely l[ conc5trations1 9 addition to hav+ ! o!r qualities m5tion$ above4 ,^! g5]al *>act]i/ics conc]n+ gases apply :e!r us$ by ,*emical ,w>f>e troops1 ! ,artill]y1 ! ,air ,s]vice1 ! ,navy1 or ! ,infantry4 ,9 speak+ ( ^! sub/ances be+ us$ by ! ,infantry1 x is und]/ood t an ample numb] ( ,*emical ,w>f>e (fic]s w be pres5t to insure t ! gases may n be turn$ loose :5 wea!r conditions are su* t ! gas might drift back & become a m5ace to our own troops4 ,?is is absolutely ess5tial s9ce no troops :o h z v>i$ duties to p]=m z ! ,infantry1 c be suffici5tly tra9$ 9 ! te*nical side ( *emical w>f>e to "k :5 to put x (f on a l>ge scale ) safety & effici5cy4 ,,artill]y ,,use ,,( ,,gas ,! ,artill]y ( ! future w probably fire m gas ?an any o!r "o bran* ( ! ,army4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is--fir/1 ! l>ge numb] ( guns n[ accompany+ e ,army1 & second1 ! long range ( _m ( ^! guns4 ,z be=e indicat$1 ! gases are adaptable to v>i\s uses1 & h5ce to guns diff]+ bo? 9 calib] & range4 ,! gas w be fir$ by practically all guns--f ! #ge mm4 to ! v l>ge/ 9 use4 ,x is ev5 possible t if guns small] ?an ! #ge mm4 become g5]ally useful t c]ta9 gases w be fir$ by !m4 ,effici5cy ( ,artill]y ,gas ,%ell4 ,x is well to rememb] 9 ! beg9n+ t all artill]y %ell s f> design$ & us$1 conta9 only ab\t #aj p] c5t gas1 i4e41 #aj p] c5t ( ! total weight ( %ell & gas4 ,x is hop$ t gas %ell may lat] be s design$ t a some:at great] proportion ( ! total weight ( ! %ell w be gas ?an is n[ true4 ,?is is v desirable f ! po9t ( effici5cy4 ,z /at$ above ! bombs us$ by ,*emical ,w>f>e troops conta9 ne>ly #ej p] c5t ( _! total weight 9 gas1 & h5ce are ne>ly five times z effici5t z artill]y %ell )9 ! limit ( range ( ^! bombs4 ,?is fact alone is en\gh to w>rant ! use ( gas troops to _! full maximum capacity 9 ord] t ! artill]y may n fire gas at ! ranges cov]$4 ,,guns ,,fir+ ,,p]si/5t ,,& ,,non-,,p]si/5t ,,gases ,consid]+ ! fir+ ( non-p]si/5t & p]si/5t gases1 x may be said g5]ally t non-p]si/5t gases w be fir$ only by ! m$ium calib] guns :i* are available 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,9 fact1 ! fir+ ( non-p]si/5t gases w be conf9$ ma9ly to ! #f-;in* or #aee mm4 ,h[itz] & gun4 ,z our ,army 0 organiz$ 9 ,france1 & z x is organiz$ at pres5t1 ! numb] ( #aee mm4 guns w be great] ?an all o!rs put toge!r1 except ! #ge mm4 ,9 ord] t a non-p]si/5t gas may be mo/ effective a high conc5tration mu/ be built up v quickly4 ,?is necessitates ! use ( ! l>ge/ calib] %ell t are available 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,( c\rse1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! gas %ell ( o!r calib]s may consi/ ( non-p]si/5t gases 9 ord] to help out ! #aee mm4 gun4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! pres5t program = load+ gas %ell & applies p>ticul>ly to ! #h-;in* & #bdj mm4 ,h[itz]4 ,few ,ideally ,p]si/5t or ,non-,p]si/5t ,gases4 ,naturally !re w be v few gases t are ideally non-p]si/5t or ideally p]si/5t4 ,! gr\ps w m]ge into "o ano!r4 ,^? on ! bord] l9e w be arbitr>ily assign$ to "o gr\p or ! o!r4 ,x might be said def9itely1 h[ev]1 t a gas :i* w l+] m ?an six or possibly eight h\rs "u any conditions1 except great cold1 w n be consid]$ non-p]si/5t4 ,= reasons ( effici5cy & economy p]si/5t gases w n be *os5 unless !y w p]si/ "u ord9>y conditions = two or ?ree days or m4 ,accord+ly1 a gas :i* w\ld p]si/ = "o day only w\ld h to be extraord9>ily useful to lead to its adoption4 ,fir+ ,non-,p]si/5t ,gases4 ,( ! non-p]si/5t gases phosg5e is ! type & ! "o mo/ us$ at pres5t4 ,fur!rmore1 s f> z c n[ be =ese51 x w cont9ue to be ! non-p]si/5t gas mo/ us$4 ,x volatilizes v quickly ^u ! bur/+ ( ! %ell4 ,accord+ly1 9 ord] t ! %ell fir$ at ! beg9n+ ( a gas 8%oot10 z !y are g5]ally ref]r$ to 9 ! field1 %all /ill be effective :5 ! la/ %ell are fir$1 x is necess>y t ! :ole numb] be fir$ )9 two to ?ree m9utes4 ,! temp]ature & velocity ( ! w9d bo? affect ?is4 ,if x be 9 a dead calm1 ! "t may be consid]ably ext5d$2 if 9 a consid]able w9d1 x mu/ be %ort5$4 ,ano!r important consid]ation requir+ ! rapid fir+ ( non-p]si/5t gases is ! fact t ne>ly all masks ?or\ghly protect aga9/ phosg5e & simil> gases4 ,x is accord+ly necess>y to take ! enemy unaw>es & gas him be=e he c adju/ 8 mask2 o!rwise1 practically no h>m w result4 ,f ! consid]ations previ\sly m5tion$1 ^! 8gas %oots0 are usually made at night :51 z be=e /at$1 c>elessness1 sleep9ess & ! result+ confusion ( battle conditions always insure m casualties ?an fir+ gas 9 ! daytime4 ,fir+ ,p]si/5t ,gases4 ,! p]si/5t gases w be fir$ by all calib] guns1 b to a less ext5t by ! #aee mm4 ?an by ! o!r calib]s4 ,p]si/5t gases mu/ be suffici5tly effective 9 l[ conc5trations to act m or less alone4 ,if x be desirable to fill an atmosph]e ov] a giv5 area ) mu/>d gas1 ! fir+ may ext5d = two or ?ree1 or ev5 five or six h\rs & all %ell /ill act toge!r4 ,! same is true ( bromob5zylcyanide4 ,?is1 !n1 p]mits ! m9imum numb] ( guns to be us$ 9 fir+ ^! p]si/5t gases4 ,inasmu* z !y p]si/ & =ce ! we>+ ( ! mask1 !y are available = use 9 long-range1 l>ge-calib] guns = int]diction fir+ on cross-roads1 9 villages1 & on woods t af=d hid+ places1 z well z on o!r simil> conc5tration po9ts4 ,fir+ ,irritant ,gases4 ,! irritant gases w be fir$ by ! v>i\s calib] guns1 9 ! same mann] z ! p]si/5t & non-p]si/5t gases4 ,we w h non-p]si/5t irritant gases & p]si/5t irritant gases4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 consid]$ z a gr\p because !y are us$ = h>ass+ purposes1 due to _! effici5cy 9 =c+ ! we>+ ( ! mask4 ,be=e ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice1 ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 _h au?oriz$1 beg9n+ ,janu>y #a1 #aiai1 ! fill+ ( #be p] c5t ( all %ell ) ,*emical ,w>f>e mat]ials4 ,! int]pretation !re giv5 to %ell 0 t x includ$ bo? %rapnel & high explosive4 ,( ! field guns 9 use1 ! #ge mm4 w be be/1 up to ! limit ( its range1 = p]si/5t gases su* z mu/>d gas1 & ! te> gas1 bromob5zylcyanide4 ,a consid]able numb]1 h[ev]1 7 fill$ ) non-p]si/5t gases & probably w cont9ue to be s1 s9ce1 due to ! v l>ge numb] ( #ge mm4 guns available1 !y c be us$ to add greatly at times to ! am\nt ( non-p]si/5t gas t c be fir$ ^u a giv5 po9t4 ,,use ,,( ,,gas ,,by ,,! ,,aviation ,,s]vice ,no gas 0 us$ by a]oplanes 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,_m rumors 7 spread dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! w> to ! effect t ! ,g]mans _h dropp$ gas "h or !re f a]oplanes4 ,e su* report rea*+ ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice ,headqu>t]s 0 run d[n & 9 e case 0 f\nd to be incorrect4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 absolutely no reason = n s us+ gas1 except t ! ,g]man 0 afraid4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! use ( gas he did n h en\gh gas1 nor _h he develop$ ! use ( a]oplanes to ! po9t :]e x w\ld h seem$ advisable4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he _h ! a]oplanes ! w> _h n only begun to g aga9/ him1 b he _h become p>ticul>ly fe>ful ( gas & ( a]oplane bomb+4 ,x does n seem to be g5]ally kn[n1 b x is a fact1 t aft] ?ree or f\r mon?s' propag&a he made a direct appeal to ! ,allies to /op ! use ( gas sometime dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #aiah4 ,?is propag&a took ! =m ( an appeal by a ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry :o _h access to ,switz]l&1 to prev5t ! annihilation ( ! ,alli$ =ces by a ,g]man gas t 0 to make its appe>ance 9 #aiah4 ,?is ,g]man pr(essor claim$ t1 :ile favor+ ! ,g]mans w9n+ ! w>1 he _h too mu* human sympa?y to desire to see ! slaught] t w\ld be caus$ by ! use ( ! new gas4 ,! ,allies 9 ! field felt t ?is 0 simply an expression ( fe> & t he did n h su* a gas4 ,! ,g]mans 7 accord+ly in=m$ t ! ,allies w\ld n give up ! use ( gas4 ,lat] ev5ts prov$ ^! conclusions to be absolutely correct4 ,! ,g]man evid5tly felt t ! manufactur+ possibilities ( ! ,allies w\ld put !m 9 a m pr$om9ant position ) gas ?an ) any?+ else4 ,9 t he 0 exactly correct4 ,! use ( gas by a]oplanes w n diff] f its use 9 artill]y or by ,*emical ,w>f>e ,troops4 ,non-p]si/5t gases may be dropp$ on ! field ( battle1 ^u conc5tration po9ts1 9 re/ areas1 or o!r troop encampm5ts to produce imm$iate casualties4 ,p]si/5t gases w be dropp$ p>ticul>ly ar\nd cross-roads1 railroad y>ds1 conc5tration po9ts & encampm5ts t _c be rea*$ by ! artill]y4 ,! spr9kl+ ( p]si/5t gases w be "o ( ! be/ ways = a]oplanes to di/ribute gas4 ,x might be said "h t ! aviation gas bomb w be highly effici5t1 inasmu* z x has to be only /rong en\gh to )/& ! l[ pressure ( ! gas & ord9>y h&l+1 :]eas artill]y %ell mu/ be /rong en\gh to )/& ! %ock ( dis*>ge 9 ! gun4 ,,infantry ,,& ,,gas ,,w>f>e ,:5 "o sugge/s ! possibility ( ! infantry h&l+ gas1 x is at once argu$ t ! infantry is already ov]load$4 ,t is true1 b 9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/1 ! infantryman w increase or decrease 8 load ( a giv5 mat]ial j z its effici5cy w>rants4 ,if he f9ds t gas w get casualties & help him w9 victories m readily ?an an equal weight ( any o!r mat]ial1 he w c>ry gas mat]ial4 ,a /udy ( ! articles ( equipm5t ab&on$ by #aj1jjj /raggl]s 9 ! ,briti% ,army pick$ up dur+ ! great ,g]man drive t[>ds ,ami5s 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 illu/rates ?is v cle>ly4 ,( ! equipm5t c>ri$ by ^! /raggl]s1 m ?an #f1jjj _h disc>d$ _! rifles4 ,! helmets 7 ?r[n away to a some:at less ext5t1 b ! gas mask _h be5 ?r[n away by only #hjj out ( ! #aj1jjj4 ,n[ ! gas mask is n a p>ticul>ly easy ?+ to c>ry1 nor 0 ! ,engli% type com=table to we>1 b ! ,engli% soldi] _h le>n$ t 9 a gas attack he _h no *ance :atev] ( escape if 8 gas mask fail$ him4 ,accord+ly1 he hung on to ! mask :5 he _h disc>d$ ne>ly ev]y?+ else 9 8 possession4 ,! same ?+ w be true ( any gas equipm5t if x proves its wor?4 ,,smoke ,,& ,,inc5di>y ,,mat]ials ,s f> no?+ has be5 said 9 reg>d to smoke or inc5di>y mat]ials4 ,?is has be5 due to ! fact t _! use is n dep5d5t ^u wea!r conditions to any?+ ne> ! ext5t t gas is4 ,second1 ! smokes1 n be+ poison\s1 are n a dang] to our own troops1 al?\gh !y may hamp] movem5ts & add to ! difficulty ( tak+ a position1 if us$ improp]ly4 ,( ! two classes ( mat]ials1 smoke & inc5di>y1 smoke mat]ials may be said to be at lea/ a ?\s& times z important z ! inc5di>y mat]ials4 ,a mat]ial t w bur/ into flame :5 a %ell is op5$ or t w scatt] balls ( burn+ fire appeals to ! popul> imag9ation1 & yet actual results a*iev$ by su* mat]ials on ! field ( battle h be5 almo/ nil4 ,ab\t ! only results wor? :ile a*iev$ by inc5di>y mat]ials h be5 9 occasionally fir+ ammunition dumps & m frequ5tly1 sett+ fire to w>eh\ses & o!r /orage places4 ,?is w und\bt$ly cont9ue 9 ! future4 ,,flame ,,?r[] ,( ! inc5di>y mat]ials ! lea/ valuable is ! flame ?r[]4 ,9 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice x has be5 ! habit = a long :ile n to m5tion ! flame ?r[] at all1 unless que/ions 7 ask$ ab\t x4 ,x is m5tion$ "h to =e/all ! que/ions4 ,ev5 ! ,g]man1 :o inv5t$ x & :o1 dur+ ! two ye>s ( tr5* w>f>e1 _h full opportunity = develop+ its use1 f9ally came to us+ x l>gely z a means ( execut+ p t he did n want to %oot himself4 ,m5 fall+ 9 t class 7 equipp$ ) flame ?r[]s & s5t ov] ! top4 ,! ,g]man knew1 z did ! ,allies1 t ea* man ) a flame ?r[] became a t>get = e rifle & ma*9e gun ne>by4 ,! flame ?r[] is v quickly exhau/$ & !n ! "o equipp$ ) x has no means ( (f5sive action1 & 9 addition1 is saddl$ ) a heavy load1 hamp]+ all movem5ts1 :e!r to escape or to advance4 ,,inflammable ,,mat]ials ,!re w probably be "s use = mat]ials su* z metallic sodium1 spontane\sly inflammable oils1 etc41 t w bur/ into flame & burn :5 expos$ to ! air1 ?\gh :ite phosphorus is probably equal1 & 9 mo/ cases va/ly sup]ior to any?+ else s f> sugge/$4 ,phosphorus burns ) an unqu5*able flame :5 expos$ to ! air1 :e!r wet or dry4 ,x is ( great value = scre5+ purposes1 & = use aga9/ ! enemy's troops4 ,! ,g]man did n use phosphorus simply because he did n h x1 j z he did n use helium 9 8 obs]vation balloons because he did n h x4 ,! value ( phosphorus 0 j beg9n+ to be realiz$ slightly :5 ! ,am]icans ent]$ ! w>1 :ile its full value 0 n appreciat$ ev5 by ! ,am]ican troops :5 ! w> clos$4 ,! "w ( ! ,fir/ ,gas ,regim5t ) phosphorus aga9/ ma*9e gun ne/s prov$ h[ valuable x is aga9/ ! enemy's troops4 ,x prov$ also its trem5d\s value z a scre54 ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 0 prep>$ to fill a great numb] ( artill]y %ell ) phosphorus1 b due to ! failure ( our %ell program to mature be=e ! ,armi/ice1 phosphorus 0 n us$ by ,am]ican artill]y to any appreciable ext5t4 ,,smoke ,,us$ ,,by ,,ev]yone ,smoke w be us$ by e fight+ arm ( ! ,s]vice 9 practically e battle1 bo? by day & by night4 ,if y h ev] tri$ on a t>get range to %oot at a t>get t 0 j beg9n+ to be obscur$ by a fog1 y w recognize ! difficulty ( hitt+ any?+ by fir+ ?r\gh an imp5etrable smoke scre54 ,x is simply a %ot 9 ! d>k4 ,future battles w witness smoke =m$ by smoke c&les t are kept 9 ! tr5*es or c>ri$ by ! troops1 by smoke f bur/+ artill]y %ell & rifle gr5ades1 by smoke f a]oplane bombs & possibly ev5 f :at is kn[n z ! smoke knapsack4 ,! knapsack produces a v d5se :ite smoke & v economically1 b w probably n be mu* us$4 ,?is is because1 not)/&+ its effici5cy1 ! knapsack _c be project$ to a di/ance1 t is1 ! smoke scre5 is g5]at$ on ! p]son c>ry+ ! knapsack4 ,on ! o!r h& ! great value ( phosphorus is t x c be fir$ to great di/ances 9 rifle gr5ades or artill]y %ell1 & dropp$ f aviation bombs4 ,! smoke scre5 is ?us e/abli%$ 9 front ( ! object x is desir$ to cut (f1 :e!r x be a batt]y ( artill]y1 an advanc+ wave ( infantry1 or a look\t /ation4 ,?us smoke1 = scre5+ purposes alone1 w be us$ to a trem5d\s ext5t4 ,x w also be us$ 9 conjunction ) gas4 ,,smoky ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,gas ,,cl\d ,due to ! smoky appe>ance ( an ord9>y gas cl\d & to ! com+ use ( poison\s smokes1 no "o on ! field ( battle 9 ! future w ev] be c]ta9 t any giv5 smoke cl\d is n also a poison\s cl\d until he has actually te/$ x4 ,& !re lies an opportunity = ! mo/ int5se /udy & = ! greate/ use ( ! prov]bial ,am]ican +5uity t w> has ev] furni%$4 ,9 ! v>iations t c be play$ ) smoke conta9+ gas1 or n conta9+ gas1 ) smoke hurl$ long di/ances by ! artill]y or dropp$ f a]oplanes1 ! possibilities inde$ are unlimit$4 ,e (fic] w ne$ to /udy ! possibilities ( smoke1 bo? 9 its use aga9/ him & 9 8 use ( x aga9/ ! enemy4 ,he c probably save m casualties among 8 own troops by ! skillful use ( smoke ?an by any o!r "o ?+ at 8 comm&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! unskill$ use ( smoke on ! "p ( "o side 9 a battle may lead to v great casualties 9 proportion to ^? ( ! enemy %\ld ! latt] use 8 smoke skillfully4 ,?is is a subject t des]ves deep & con/ant /udy4 ,,protection ,,by ,,smoke ,,cl\ds ,smoke 9 ! future w be ! greate/ protective device available to ! soldi]4 ,x %uts out n only ! view 9 daylight1 b ! se>*+ ( gr\nd at night by se>*lights1 by /> bombs or o!r means = illum9at+ ! battlefield4 ,x has already be5 us$ ext5sively by ! ,navy & und\bt$ly w be us$ f> m ext5sively 9 ! future4 ,,%ell ,,m>k+s ,mod]n artill]y %ell h di/9ctive colors = high explosive1 = %rapnel1 = inc5di>y mat]ials1 & = gases4 ,a grayi% color has be5 adopt$ z ! g5]al color ( ! pa9t on all gas %ells1 bombs & cyl9d]s4 ,9 addition a sy/em ( color$ b&s has be5 adopt$4 ,^! b&s are :ite to indicate poison\s non-p]si/5t sub/ances1 & r$--p]si/5t4 ,yell[ is us$ to indicate smoke4 ,) any giv5 comb9ation ( r$ & :ite & yell[ b&s1 ! artill]y-man at ! front c tell1 at a glance1 :e!r ! gas is non-p]si/5t or :e!r x is p]si/5t1 & also :e!r or n x conta9s smoke4 ,!re w be second>y m>k+s on ea* %ell :i*1 to ! tra9$ ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice (fic]1 w indicate ! p>ticul> gas or gases 9 ! %ell4 ,^! m>k+s h[ev]1 w be inconspicu\s & no attempt w be made to give ! in=mation to ! soldi] or ev5 to ! av]age (fic] fir+ gas4 ,^! second>y m>k+s are = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice (fic]s 9 *>ge to use c]ta9 gases = p>ticul> uses 9 ^? comp>atively r>e cases :5 suffici5t gas is on h& & suffici5t "t available to enable su* a *oice to be made4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,def5se ,,aga9/ ,,gas 7,f ! ,field ,po9t ( ,view7 ,! be/ def5se aga9/ any implem5t ( w> is a vigor\s (f5se ) ! same implem5t4 ,?is is a milit>y axiom t _c be too (t51 or too greatly emphasiz$1 ?\gh l o!r axioms x _c be appli$ too lit]ally4 ,x ne$s a prop] int]pretation--! int]pretation v>y+ ) "t & circum/ances4 ,?us 9 gas w>f>e1 a vigor\s (f5se ) gas is ! be/ def5se aga9/ gas4 ,?is does n mean t ! enemy's gas c be ignor$4 ,inde$1 x is m important to make use ( all def5sive measures aga9/ gas ?an x is aga9/ any o!r =m ( attack4 ,gas be+ heavi] ?an air1 rolls along ! gr\nd1 fill+ dug\ts1 tr5*es1 woods & valleys--j ! places t are safe/ f bullets & high explosives4 ,!re x rema9s = h\rs aft] x has bl[n away 9 ! op51 &1 s9ce ! v air itself is poison$1 x is necess>y n only t protection be g5]al b t x be cont9u\s dur+ ! :ole "t ! gas is pres5t4 ,,e>lie/ ,,protective ,,appliances ,! e>lie/ protection aga9/ gas 0 ! crude/ sort ( a mask4 ,! fir/ gas us$ 0 *lor9e & s9ce ?\s&s ( p 9 civil life 7 us$ to h&l+ x1 _m knew t c]ta9 solutions1 z hyposulfite ( soda1 w\ld readily de/roy x4 ,!y also knew t if ! brea? c\ld be drawn ?r\gh mat]ial saturat$ ) ^? solutions1 ! *lor9e w\ld be de/roy$4 ,?us x 0 t ! fir/ masks 7 simple cotton1 or cotton wa/e pads1 :i* 7 dipp$ into hyposulfite ( soda solutions & appli$ to ! m\? & nose dur+ a gas attack4 ,^! pads 7 awkw>d1 unsanit>y1 &1 due to ! long int]vals betwe5 gas attacks1 7 frequ5tly lo/1 :ile ! solution itself 0 (t5 spill$ or evaporat$4 ,! net result ( all ?is 0 poor protection & disgu/ ) ! s-call$ masks4 ,,design ,,( ,,new ,,masks ,aft] us+ ^!1 or simil> poor excuses = a mask1 = a few weeks1 ! ,briti% design$ :at 0 kn[n z ! ,,ph helmet4 ,9 a gas attack ! sack 0 pull$ ov] ! head & tuck$ "u ! bl\se ar\nd ! neck1 ! gas-tight fit be+ obta9$ by button+ ! bl\se ov] ! ends ( ! sack4 ,?is ,,ph helmet 0 q successful aga9/ *lor9e &1 to a mu* less ext5t1 aga9/ phosg5e1 a new gas introduc$ dur+ ! spr+ ( #aiaf4 ,b x 0 w>m & /uffy 9 summ]--! v "t :5 gas is us$ to ! greate/ ext5t--:ile ! *emicals 9 ! clo? irritat$ ! face & eyes1 especially :5 comb9$ ) "s ( ! poison\s gases4 ,probably z a result ( exp]i5ce ) oxyg5 app>atus 9 m9e rescue "w1 ,colonel ,h>rison sugge/$ mak+ a mask ( :i* ! pr9cipal "p 0 a box fill$ ) *emicals & c>ri$ on ! *e/4 ,a flexible tube connect$ ! box ) a m\?piece ( rubb]4 ,brea?+ 0 ?us ?r\gh ! m\? & 9 ord] to insure t no air w\ld be brea!d 9 ?r\gh ! nose1 a noseclip 0 add$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c>$ = ! lungs1 b did n protect ! eyes4 ,_! protection 0 secur$ by mak+ a facepiece ( rubb]iz$ clo? ) ela/ics to hold x tight aga9/ ! face4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is mask dep5ds1 !n1 fir/ ^u ! ability ( ! facepiece to keep out la*rymatory gases :i* affect ! eyes1 &1 second1 ^u a prop] comb9ation ( *emicals 9 ! box1 to purify ! air drawn into ! lungs ?r\gh ! m\?piece4 7,details are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xii74 ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,,smoke ,:ile ! *>coal & soda-lime granules furni%$ an adequate protection aga9/ all kn[n true gases1 !y did n furni% protection aga9/ c]ta9 smokes or aga9/ m9ute p>ticles ( liquid gas4 ,s9ce c]ta9 smokes1 z /annic *loride1 ?\gh n deadly1 are s highly irritat+ z to make life unbe>able1 x e>ly became necess>y to devise means = keep+ !m f go+ ?r\gh ! masks4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! fir/ masks by add+ a suffici5t ?ickness ( cotton batt+4 ,! cotton 0 usually plac$ 9 ?ree lay]s alt]nat+ ) ! *>coal & granules1 z x 0 ?\ght ! latt] w\ld be held 9 place bett] by t means4 ,"s "t aft] /annic *loride came into use ! ,g]mans />t$ fir+ %ells conta9+ a small quantity ( diph5yl*loro>s9e1 popul>ly kn[n z 8,sneez+ ,gas40 ,protection aga9/ ?is is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,*oice ,,( ,,masks ,,= ,u4 ,s4 ,,troops ,:5 x became necess>y1 ) ! creation ( a ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ,france 9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 to decide ^u a mask = ,am]ican troops1 !re 7 available = pur*ase two types--! ,briti% type & ! ,fr5* ,m-#b4 ,! ,fr5* ,m-#b consi/$ ess5tially ( #cb lay]s ( clo? impregnat$ ) v>i\s *emicals1 ?r\gh :i* ! air 0 brea!d bo? 9 & out4 ,?is mask 0 q effective aga9/ ord9>y field conc5trations ( mo/ gases1 b 0 utt]ly inadequate to c>e = ! high conc5tration ( phosg5e obta9$ 9 ! front l9e f cl\d gas or f projector gas attacks4 ,x 0 also poor aga9/ *loropicr94 ,! ,m-#b 01 h[ev]1 v light & easy to c>ry & moreov] 0 deem$ suffici5t to protect aga9/ conc5trations ( cl\d gas ev51 at po9ts m ?an five miles di/ant f ! front l9e4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 felt desirable at fir/ to h an auxili>y or em]g5cy mask 9 addition to ! pr9cipal "o1 = use 9 case ! pr9cipal mask 0 worn out or damag$4 ,accord+ly bo? types ( masks 7 adopt$ & ! day aft] ,fries took *>ge ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 ,a4,e4,f41 on ,augu/ #bb1 #aiag1 #ajj1jjj ( ea* 7 pur*as$1 al?\gh !re 7 !n only t5 or twelve ?\s& ,am]ican troops 9 ,france requir+ masks4 ,lat] additional masks ( bo? k9ds 7 pur*as$ to tide ov] ! ,am]ican troops until a suffici5t quantity ( ! ,briti% type masks c\ld be manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! total ( ,briti% masks pur*as$ am\nt$ to ab\t #gjj1jjj4 ,h[ev]1 )9 a comp>atively %ort "t aft] ,am]ican troops got into ! front l9e x 0 realiz$ t a second mask1 inf]ior 9 protection to ! fir/1 0 highly undesirable4 ,dur+ a gas attack m5 seem$ to acquire an uncontrollable desire to %ift f "o mask to ! o!r4 ,?is %ift+ 9 ne>ly e case result$ 9 a casualty4 ,we !n came rapidly to ! conclusion t "o mask only %\ld be furni%$1 & t "o ! be/ t c\ld be made1 & !n to impress ^u ! soldi] ! fact t 8 life dep5d$ ^u ! c>e he took ( 8 mask4 ,?is prov$ to be an entirely s\nd conclusion1 z ! numb] ( m5 gass$ ?r\gh injuries to ! mask 0 comp>atively small4 ,an int]e/+ pro( ( ! value ! soldi] plac$ ^u 8 mask 0 %[n by ! articles ( equipm5t ?r[n away by #aj1jjj ,briti% /raggl]s 9 ! great ,g]man (f5sive ( ,m>*1 #aiah4 ,( ! articles ?us ?r[n away ! gas mask came at ! foot ( ! li/1 ) only #hjj miss+4 ,! /eel helmet is said to h come next ) ab\t #d1jjj miss+4 ,,sizes ,,( ,,faces ,,= ,,masks ,:5 adopt+ ! ,briti% respirator 9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 x 0 decid$ t ! ,am]ican face z well z ! ,am]ican /ature 0 probably l>g] ?an ! ,engli%4 ,accord+ly inquiry 0 made 9 reg>d to ! sizes ( masks issu$ to ! ,canadians z x 0 ?\ght probable !y requir$ a great] proportion ( ! l>g] size masks ?an did ! ,engli%4 ,:5 prescrib+ ! relative quantities ( ea* size ( mask to be furni%$ ,am]icans1 ! ,canadian requirem5ts 7 tak5 z a base b ) ! l>g] sizes increas$ slightly ov] ! ,canadian requirem5ts4 ,z a matt] ( fact ev5 ^! increases prov$ consid]ably too small1 s t ! numb]s 9 ! two sizes above normal _h to be f9ally m ?an d\bl$4 ,,objections ,,to ,,g]man ,,type ,,mask ,! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice felt f ! beg9n+ t a design :i* atta*$ ! box ( *emicals to ! facepiece 0 uns\nd 9 pr9ciple 7?is design 0 us$ 9 ! ,g]man mask & 9 ! ,fr5* ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 masks71 s9ce x did n all[ prop] flexibility = increas+ ! size ( ! box to c>e = new gases4 ,fur!rmore1 ! weight ( ! box dur+ movem5t caus$ ! facepiece to sw+ slightly f side to side4 ,?is int]f]$ ) vision & t5d$ to lift ! facepiece away f ! face & all[ gas to ent]4 ,t ! objections ( ! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice to ?is type 7 correct 0 prov$ by ! difficulty enc\nt]$ t[>d ! end ( ! w> by bo? ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]mans 9 try+ to provide a suitable filt] = protection aga9/ p>ticulate cl\ds & ! smokes1 su* z /annic *loride & diph5yl*loro>s9e4 ,,/ruggle ,,betwe5 ,,mask ,,& ,,gas ,z betwe5 ! mask & poison\s gases1 we h ! old /ruggle ( ! battle%ip armor aga9/ ! armor-pi]c+ projectile4 ,:ile ! armor-pi]c+ projectile has always _h a little ! bett] ( ! game1 x is j ! rev]se ) gases4 ,! gas mask has always be5 j a little bett] ?an ! gases1 s t v few casualties h occurr$ ?r\gh failure ( ! mask itself4 ,?is m>g9 ( safety has nev] be5 any too great1 & t we h _h a m>g9 at all is due to ! en]gy1 skill & en?usiasm ( ^? develop+ & manufactur+ masks 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ev]1 ! mask at ! be/ is uncom=table1 causes "s loss ( vigor1 & ev5 ) ! v be/ ,am]ican masks !re is "s loss 9 vision4 ,! we>+ effect on troops results mo/ly f ! increas$ resi/ance to brea?+4 ,accord+ly a trem5d\s am\nt ( /udy & ef=t 0 made to decrease ?is brea?+ resi/ance4 ,9 ! ,engli% type masks ?is resi/ance 0 equal to ! vacuum requir$ to raise a column ( wat] ab\t f\r & "o-half in*es4 ,add+ ! sulfite pap] to protect aga9/ diph5yl*loro>s9e increas$ ?is resi/ance by ab\t "o in*4 ,?is put a heavy burd5 on ! we>] ( ! mask :5ev] x 0 necess>y = him to d any manual labor :ile we>+ x4 ,9 addition e>li] masks left a good deal to be desir$ 9 ! way ( r$uc+ resi/ance by prop] siz$ tubes1 angles & valves ?r\gh :i* ! air 0 drawn4 ,?is 0 mu* m easily ov]come ?an r$uc+ ! resi/ance ?r\gh ! *emicals & *>coal & ! mat]ials = protection aga9/ diph5yl*loro>s9e4 ,9 ! late/ type cani/]1 devis$ aft] long trials = ! ,am]ican =ces1 ?is resi/ance 0 br\ght d[n to ab\t two in*es ( wat]4 ,:at ?is r$uction 9 resi/ance means no "o kn[s except "o :o has worn ! old mask ) its m\?piece & f\r to six in*es' resi/ance & has !n replac$ t mask = "o ?r\gh :i* he brea!s naturally ) only two in*es' resi/ance4 ,,design ,,( ,,new ,,am]ican ,,mask ,! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice felt f ! beg9n+ t ! m\?piece & noseclip mu/ be ab&on$ & b5t e ef=t t[>d gett+ a mask p]fect$ = t purpose4 ,! ,engli% oppos$ ?is view fi]cely = ne>ly a ye>4 ,?is position on ! "p ( ! ,engli% 0 m or less natural4 ,!y develop$ _! mask 9 ! beg9n+ = protection aga9/ cl\d gas4 ,9 ^? days ! oppos+ tr5*es 7 close toge!r4 ,moreov]1 front l9e tr5*es 7 q /rongly mann$4 ,! result 0 t a l>ge numb] ( m5 7 expos$ to a v high conc5tration ( gas1 b--& highly important--= a %ort p]iod only4 ,inasmu* z ! ,g]man fe>$ ?is cl\d gas ev5 m ?an ! ,engli% !re 0 no dang] ( 8 attack+ 9 x4 ,! ,engli% rules ( conduct dur+ a gas attack call$ = all movem5t to /op & = e man to /& ready until ! cl\d pass$4 ,accord+ly1 ! man 0 brea?+ ! easie/ possible & h5ce did n suff] p>ticul>ly f ! resi/ance4 ,) ! adv5t ( mu/>d gas1 h[ev]1 ! :ole g5]al s*eme ( protection *ang$4 ,mu/>d gas1 z is well kn[n1 is effective 9 extremely l[ conc5trations & has v great p]si/5cy4 ,9 dry w>m wea!r mu/>d gas1 scatt]$ on ! gr\nd & %rubb]y1 w n be fully evaporat$ = two to ?ree days & accord+ly w give (f vapors t n only burn ! lungs & eyes b ! s(t1 moi/ p>ts ( ! sk9 z well4 ,9 cool1 damp wea!r ! gas rema9s 9 dang]\s quantity = a week & occasionally long]4 ,s9ce ?is gas1 9 liquid =m1 evaporates too sl[ly = use 9 gas cl\ds1 x is us$ altoge!r 9 bombs & %ells4 ,accord+ly x c\ld be expect$ to be & actually is fir$ at all ranges f ! front l9e to ne>ly eight miles back ( t l9e4 ,h5ce1 ) ! com+ ( mu/>d gas1 ! ne$ = protection *ang$ f high protection = a %ort p]iod to mod]ate protection = v long p]iods4 ,inde$1 mu/>d gas makes x necess>y = m5 to we> masks j z long z !y rema9 9 an area infect$ ) x4 ,!re is /ill occasional ne$ = high protection = %ort p]iods1 b ) ! increase 9 ! effici5cy ( *>coal alone1 x is f\nd t ! am\nt ( *>coal & *emicals 9 ! cani/] c be v greatly r$uc$ & /ill ma9ta9 suffici5t protection = ! high conc5trations enc\nt]$ 9 cl\d gas & projector attacks4 ,,exhau/ion ,,& ,,mal+]+ ,x seems physically impossible = ! ord9>y man to we> ! ,briti% mask ) its m\?piece & noseclip m ?an six to eight h\rs & va/ numb]s are unable to ev5 d t4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( casualties 7 suff]$ ?r\gh m5 los+ _! m5tal balance f exhau/ion & ! discom=t ( ! m\?piece & noseclip no "o kn[s4 ,su* m5 tore (f ! mask1 /at+ t !y w\ld r die ?an endure ! torture ( we>+ x long]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! poor vision ( ?is mask l$ to ! habit ( tak+ ! facepiece (f :ile /ill leav+ ! m\?piece & noseclip 9 place4 ,?is gave protection to ! lungs1 b expos$ ! eyes1 & z mu/>d gas affects ! eyes v readily ?is alone l$ to ?\s&s ( casualties4 ,!re 0 ano!r int]e/+ side to ?is situation4 ,! mal+]] :o want$ to get out ( ! front l9e & 0 will+ to take any action1 h[ev] c[>dly1 to a*ieve t end1 delib]ately remov$ ! facepiece & ?us suff]$ gass+ ( ! eyes4 ,! effect ( mu/>d gas soon became s well kn[n t ! mal+]] knew gass+ ( ! eyes nev] result$ 9 dea? or p]man5t loss ( sight4 ,) ! new type ( ,am]ican mask1 ! protection ( eyes & lungs dep5ds solely ^u ! fit ar\nd ! face & no su* play+ ) ! mask c be done4 ,)\t go+ into fur!r details 9 reg>d to masks x is suffici5t to /ate t at ! end ! ,am]icans _h produc$ a mask ?or\ghly com=table1 giv+ complete protection aga9/ gases & smoke cl\ds1 & "o t 0 easy to manufacture on ! huge scale 7fifty to sev5ty-five ?\s& p] day7 :i* 0 necess>y to provide masks = an army ( ?ree to f\r million m5 9 ! field4 ,,protection ,,9 ,,w> ,,is ,,relative ,,only ,napoleon is cr$it$ ) say+ 8,9 ord] to make an omelet1 x is necess>y to break "s eggs40 ,e /ud5t ( w> realizes t casualties _c be avoid$ 9 battle & yet "o ,am]ican ,/aff ,(fic] w5t s f> z to refuse to use gas (f5sively unless ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice c\ld absolutely gu>antee t n a s+le ,am]ican casualty c\ld occur "u any circum/ances4 ,?is same idea e>ly got into ! heads ( ! laboratory work]s on masks4 ,!y seem$ to feel t if a s+le gas casualty occurr$ ?r\gh failure ( ! mask1 _! "w w\ld be a failure or at lea/ !y w\ld be op5 to sev]e criticism4 ,accord+ly ef=ts 7 made to p]fect masks & to p]fect protection reg>dless ( ! discom=t impos$ ^u ! we>] ( ! mask4 ,?is idea 0 v difficult to eradicate4 ,! laboratory work] :o accu/oms himself to exp]im5t ) a p>ticul> ?+ =gets t he develops an ability to endure discom=t1 t is n possible ( atta9m5t by ! ord9>y man 9 ! "t available = 8 tra9+4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! ne$ = su* tra9+ c be avoid$ x is ( c\rse highly desirable4 ,?is applies to ! m\?piece ( ! ,briti% respirator2 to ela/ics t cause undue discom=t to ! face2 to ! noseclip & to ! l>ge boxes t cause too great resi/ance to brea?+4 ,x may be tak5 z a g5]al rule t :5 protection requires s mu* ef=t or becomes s mu* ( a burd5 t ! av]age man _c or w n endure x1 x is high "t to f9d out :at ! av]age man w /& & !n provide x ev5 if "s casualties result4 ,protection 9 battle is always relative4 ,a man :o _c balance protection aga9/ legitimate risk has no bus9ess pass+ on arms1 equipm5t or tactics to be us$ 9 battle4 ,,tra9+ ,bitt] exp]i5ce taught ! ,allies z well z ! ,am]icans t no matt] h[ effici5t ! gas mask & o!r def5sive appliances1 !y w\ld n take ! place ( ?or\gh & con/ant tra9+4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties at fir/ 0 to get ,am]ican troops to realize t a ?+ z invisible z gas1 ) 9 _m cases no (f5sive smell & produc+ no imm$iate discom=t1 c\ld be deadly4 ,no?+ b con/ant drill & con/ant reit]ation ( ^! dang]s c\ld get ?is fact impress$ on !m4 ,inde$ x nev] 0 impress$ suffici5tly 9 any ( ! e>li] divisions ( ,am]ican troops 9 ! l9e to prev5t _! tak+ su* *ances t ea* division suff]$ heavy loss on "o or m occasions f gas attacks4 ,a great deal ( emphasis _h be5 plac$ by ! ,engli% ^u ! adju/m5t ( ! mask 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 ?is "t hav+ be5 (ficially set at six seconds aft] ! al>m4 ,! ,am]icans 9 adopt+ ! mask 9 toto naturally _h to adopt ! rules = adju/+ x & we>+ x4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 taught !m 9 a few mon?s t ! ef=t to atta9 too great spe$ 0 dang]\s4 ,x t5d$ to rattle ! soldi] & to result 9 poor adju/m5t ( ! mask1 bo? ( :i* l$ to casualties4 ,accord+ly 9 ! late/ in/ructions = def5se aga9/ gas all ref]5ce to six seconds 0 elim9at$ & emphasis plac$ on ! necessity ( accurate adju/m5t ( ! mask4 ,inasmu* z any man1 practically )\t ef=t or previ\s drill1 c hold 8 brea? = tw5ty seconds1 ! ne$ = great spe$ 9 adju/+ ! mask is n app>5t4 ,,hold+ ,,! ,,brea? ,! fir/ regulations & ^? 9 g5]al use up to ne> ! close ( ho/ilities1 prescrib$ t ! soldi] %\ld hold 8 brea? & adju/ 8 mask4 ,x seem$ impossible to ov]come ! natural inf]5ce t 8hold+ ! brea?0 meant fir/ ! draw+ ( a full brea?4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly highly dang]\s if gas 7 actually pres5t be=e ! al>m 0 he>d1 z 0 (t5 ! case ) projector & artill]y gas %ell attacks4 ,! *ange 0 !n made to ! phrase 8,/op ,brea?+ & ,/ay ,/opp$ until ! ,mask is ,c>efully & ,accurately ,adju/$40 ,,psy*ology ,,9 ,,tra9+ ,:ile ! importance ( impress+ ^u ! soldi] ! dang] ( gas 0 e>ly appreciat$ x 0 deem$ necess>y n to make him unduly afraid ( ! gas4 ,h[ev]1 z gas def5se tra9+ 9 our ,army got a big />t ov] gas (f5se tra9+1 ?is became a matt] ( v great importance4 ,9 fact1 due to a v>iety ( causes1 tra9+ 9 ! (f5sive use ( gas 0 n available = any troops until aft] _! arrival 9 ,france4 ,?is result$ 9 (fic]s & m5 look+ ^u ! gas game1 s f> z !y 7 individually conc]n$1 z "o ( def5se only4 ,accord+ly aft] _! arrival 9 ,france x became v difficult n only to get "s ( our (fic]s to take up ! (f5sive use ( gas b ev5 to get !m to p]mit its use along ! front !y comm&$4 ,not)/&+ all ! c>e tak5 9 tra9+ ,am]icans 9 gas def5se !re arose an undue fe> ( ! gas t _h to be ov]come 9 ord] to get our troops to attack close en\gh to _! own gas to make x effective4 ,?is appli$ to ! use ( gas by artill]y z well z to its use by gas troops4 ,h[ev]1 x %\ld be said t 9 e in/ance :]e gas 0 once us$ on an ,am]ican front all (fic]s 9 ! ,division1 or o!r unit1 affect$ by x 7 always !reaft] /rongly 9 favor ( x4 ,,g]man ,,problems ,,9 ,,gas ,,tra9+ ,! ,g]mans also _h s]i\s tr\bles ( _! own ov] ! psy*ology ( gas tra9+4 ,z /at$ else:]e !y 7 us+ mu/>d gas ne>ly elev5 mon?s be=e ! ,allies began us+ x4 ,dur+ t "t1 = purposes ( morale1 if n %e] boa/fulness1 ! ,g]mans told _! m5 t mu/>d gas c\ld n be made by ! ,allies2 t x 0 by f> ! wor/ ?+ ! w> _h produc$--& 9 t /atem5t !y 7 correct--& t !y w\ld w9 ! w> ) x--9 :i* /atem5t !y 7 f> f correct4 ,:5 ! ,allies began s5d+ x back to !m !y _h to rev]se _! tea*+s & tell _! m5 t mu/>d gas 0 no worse ?an any?+ else1 t !y ne$ n be afraid ( x & t _! masks & o!r protective appliances gave full protection aga9/ x4 ,!y ?us _h a problem 9 psy*ology :i* !y nev] succe$$ 9 fully solv+4 ,inde$ !re is no "q b t ! gr[+ fe> ( gas 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,g]man is "o ( ! reasons t prompt$ him to 8 e>ly capitulation4 ,,gas ,,at ,,night ,9 ! e>ly days x 0 v difficult to get (fic]s to realize ! absolute necessity ( night drill 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! mask4 ,= v>i\s reasons1 includ+ surprise1 gas attacks 7 probably eighty to n9ety p] c5t ( ! "t c>ri$ out at night4 ,"u su* conditions confusion 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! mask is inevitable )\t a great deal ( practice be=e h&1 especially = duty 9 tr5*es ) n>r[ spaces & %>p project+ corn]s4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( m5 wak+ up & gett+ excit$1 :o n only gass$ !mselves1 b 9 _! mad ef=ts to f9d _! masks1 or to escape f ! gas1 knock$ o!rs d[n1 dis>rang+ _! masks & caus+ ! gass+ ( f "o to ?ree or f\r additional m54 ,! confusion inh]5t 9 any gas attack 0 height5$ 9 ! latt] /ages ( ! w> by heavy %rapnel & high explosive bomb>dm5ts t accompani$ ne>ly all projector & cl\d gas attacks = t v purpose4 ,! bomb>dm5t 0 cont9u$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs to cause exhau/ion & removal ( ! mask & to prev5t ! removal ( ! gass$ pati5ts f ! gass$ area4 ,,detection ,,( ,,gases ,ef=ts 7 made by ! enemy & by all ! ,allies ?r\gh\t ! w> to inv5t a me*anical detector t w\ld %[ :5 gas 0 pres5t 9 dang]\s quantities4 ,:ile scores1 p]haps hundr$s1 ( ^! 7 inv5t$ none prov$ simple1 quick1 or c]ta9 en\gh 9 action to make _! adoption desirable4 ,9 e case x 0 necess>y to rely on ! s5se ( smell4 ,?us x 0 t z ! w> wore on1 m & m att5tion 0 giv5 to tra9+ (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s to detect v>i\s k9ds ( gases 9 dang]\s quantities by ! s5se ( smell4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,gas ,def5se ,s*ool = (fic]s ?is 0 done :olly by us+ captur$ ,g]man gases4 ,?is 0 because c]ta9 gases h q diff]5t smells1 dep5d+ ^u ! impurities 9 ! gas & also ^u ! solv5ts sometimes mix$ ) !m4 ,?us ! ,g]man mu/>d gas has a mu/>d smell1 :ile ! ,allies mu/>d gas1 due to a slight diff]5ce 9 ! me?od ( manufacture1 has a v p]fect g>lic odor4 ,n only mu/ (fic]s & m5 :o h&le gas tra9+ "k ! smell ( ! v>i\s gases1 b !y mu/ "k :5 ! conc5tration ( ea* is high en\gh to be dang]\s4 ,?is is n easy to le>n because ! /r5g? ( ! v>i\s gases 9 dang]\s conc5trations v>ies ?r\gh wide limits4 ,n only does ! /r5g? ( ! gases v>y & ! %>pness ( ! odors accord+ly1 b ! m+l+ ( poison\s gases ) o!r gases f high explosive & %rapnel t5ds to obscure ^! odors & make !m m difficult ( detection4 ,,deceptive ,,gases ,a great deal ( ?\ght 0 giv5 t[>d ! end ( ! w> to ! subject ( deceptive gases :i* c\ld by p[]ful or peculi> odors mask ! dang]\s gases4 ,?is mask+ 0 to deceive ! enemy :5 dang]\s gases 7 pres5t or to admit an attack )\t masks :ile ! enemy 0 we>+ 8 ?r\gh ?9k+ !re 0 a dang]\s gas :5 z a matt] ( fact none exi/$4 ,9 gas w>f>e1 ! ,g]man1 z well z ! ,allies1 0 ex]cis+ 8 +5uity 9 devis+ new & />tl+ me?ods ( mak+ gas attacks4 ,a well kn[n trick ) ! ,g]man 0 to fire gases = sev]al days1 p>ticul>ly aga9/ gre5 troops1 9 conc5trations s slight z to d no h>m4 ,:5 he felt t he _h lull$ ^? troops to a s5se ( ! ineffectiv5ess ( 8 gas1 he s5t ov] a deadly conc5tration4 ,9 spite ( ! w>n+ t ?is 0 :at 0 happ5+1 he (t5 a*iev$ too great a success4 ,be=e ! w> clos$1 h[ev]1 ! ,am]ican 0 beg9n+ to out-?9k & out-wit ! ,g]man 9 ?is me?od ( w>f>e4 ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,,burns ,) ! adv5t ( mu/>d gas :i* burn$ ! body1 a new & s]i\s difficulty 9 protection arose4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght mu/>d gas burn$ only :5 ! liquid f ! bur/+ %ell actually spla%$ on ! clo?+ or sk94 ,?is 0 un=tunately soon f\nd to be n true4 ,! gas itself rapidly p5etrates clo?+ & burns ! sk9 ev5 :5 ! conc5tration ( ! gas is v l[4 ,probably ! majority ( burns f mu/>d gas arose f conc5trations ( gas consi/+ ( less ?an "o "p ( gas to five hundr$ ?\s& ( air4 ,fur!rmore1 ! gas is fully fifty p] c5t cumulative 9 its effects1 t is1 9 extremely l[ conc5trations ov] a p]iod ( h\rs x w produce m ?an fifty p] c5t ! effect t a f> high] conc5tration w\ld produce 9 a relatively %ort] "t4 ,! ,allies 7 n long 9 discov]+ t oilclo? af=d$ v complete protection aga9/ mu/>d gas4 ,! ord9>y oilclo?1 h[ev]1 0 too ?ick1 too hot & too heavy = g5]al use4 ,exp]im5ts soon %[$ t clo? ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil w\ld give protection4 ,9 ord] to make ?is protection m p]fect a c]ta9 am\nt ( p>aff9 0 add$4 ,all ?is made ! clo?+ air-tight1 r /iff & always uncom=table4 ,not)/&+ ^! discom=ts1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( oil$ suits1 & z _m pairs ( oil$ gloves 7 made & issu$ to artill]y troops1 & to troops especially *>g$ ) h&l+ mu/>d gas %ells1 or to ^? employ$ 9 de/roy+ mu/>d gas 9 %ell holes by spread+ *loride ( lime ov] !m4 ,! importance ( protection aga9/ mu/>d gas burns l$ to ext5sive rese>*es be+ made ) a view to f9d+ a clo? :i* w\ld be com=table & por\s & :ile /opp+ mu/>d gas w\ld yet be suffici5tly durable & com=table to be issu$ to infantry troops z well z to artill]y & o!r special troops4 ,?is1 x is und]/ood1 _h be5 a*iev$1 j prior to ! ,armi/ice4 ,/ill m desirable w\ld be ! discov]y ( a *emical sub/ance :i* c\ld be appli$ to all uni=ms & ,army clo?+ & ?us protect ! regulation clo?+ aga9/ ! p5etration ( mu/>d gas1 & !reby avoid c>ry+ extra clo?+ = t special purpose4 ,,protect+ ,,troops ,,by ,,mov+ ,,!m ,,f ,,infect$ ,,areas ,z soon z x 0 fully realiz$ t mu/>d gas p]si/$ = sev]al days x 0 decid$ to run complete reliefs ( m5 into & out ( areas t _h be5 heavily %ell$ ) mu/>d gas1 or bett] /ill1 :]e practicable1 to completely evacuate ! area4 ,inasmu* z ! gas is dang]\s to fri5d & foe alike1 ?is me?od 0 comp>atively safe & 0 us$ to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,) ! w>f>e ( movem5t t exi/$ ov] mo/ ( ! active front ?r\gh\t ! season ( #aiah1 ?is mov+ ( troops out ( infect$ areas became highly important &1 :5 skillfully done1 (t5 result$ 9 a great sav+ ( troops & at ! same "t prev5t$ ! enemy f receiv+ any p>ticul> tactical advantage f 8 mu/>d gas attacks4 ,!re 0 "o v excell5t example ( ?is a few miles to ! nor?we/ ( ,*teau-,?i]ry prior to ! c\nt]-(f5sive ( ,july #ah1 #aiah4 ,at t "t ! ,g]mans heavily %ell$ ) mu/>d gas f\r or five small woods & two or ?ree villages4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! m5 to /ay 9 ^! woods dur+ ! day1 z !y af=d$ ! only protection obta9able f ma*9e guns1 %rapnel & high explosive4 ,at ! "t ?is occurr$ ,am]ican gas (fic]s g5]ally und]/ood ! necessity ( gett+ troops out ( a mu/>d gas infect$ area4 ,accord+ly all began se>*+ = places safe f ! mu/>d gas4 ,9 "o p>ticul> in/ance ! gas (fic] ( a regim5t discov]$ t a portion ( ! woods 8 m5 7 9 0 free f ! gas1 & ! regim5tal comm&]1 promptly foll[+ 8 advice1 mov$ 8 troops into ! free area4 ,z a result ( ?is prompt action ! regim5t _h only f\r light gas casualties1 al?\gh all told !re 7 sev]al hundr$ mu/>d gas casualties 9 ?is attack1 ! numb] p] ?\s& g5]ally be+ f t5 to tw5ty times t ( ! ?\s& m5 j m5tion$4 ,,mix+ ,,poison\s ,,gases ,on ?is z well z o!r occasions ! ,g]mans fir$ "s diphosg5e & ,blue ,cross 7,sneez+ gas71 z well z mu/>d gas4 ,?is add$ to ! difficulty ( det]m9+ areas free f ! latt]4 ,9 ! future su* mix+ ( poison\s gases may always be expect$ &1 9 addition1 gases :i* h no value o!r ?an t ( mask+ ! poison\s ones w be fir$4 ,:ile ) practically all gases except mu/>d gas a man is comp>atively safe :ile brea?+ a conc5tration v noticeable to ! s5se ( smell1 ! only safe rule ) mu/>d gas is to consid] z dang]\s any conc5tration t c be smell$4 ,= ! reason t ?is gas p]si/s long] 9 calm areas1 woods are always to be avoid$1 :]e practicable1 & also1 s9ce all gases1 be+ heavi] ?an air1 t5d to roll into depressions & valleys1 !y %\ld be avoid$4 ,!re h be5 a numb] ( au!ntic cases :]e batt]ies 9 holl[s or valleys suff]$ sev]ely f mu/>d gas1 :ile troops on ne>by knolls or ridges 7 comp>atively free1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( %ell+ ( ! two places 0 n noticeable4 ,( great importance ) all gases is ! po/+ ( a suffici5t numb] ( s5tries ar\nd m5 sleep+ )9 ! range ( gas %ell4 ,! wor/ projector gas attack aga9/ ! ,am]icans 0 "o :]e ! projectors 7 l&$ among a gr\p ( dug\ts conta9+ m5 asleep )\t s5tries4 ,! result 0 a v heavy casualty li/1 c\pl$ ) a high dea? rate1 ! m5 be+ gass$ 9 _! sleep be=e !y 7 awak5$4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,prior to ! introduction ( mu/>d gas all t 0 necess>y to get rid ( gas 0 to ?or\ghly v5tilate ! spot4 ,?us 9 tr5*es & dug\ts1 fires 7 f\nd to be v effici5t1 simply because !y produc$ a circulation ( air4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 among ! ,briti%1 ! ,ayrton fan1 a sort ( canvas scoop1 0 us$ to ?r[ ! gas out ( ! tr5*es4 ,:ile ?is 0 tak5 up 9 ! ,am]ican ,s]vice1 x did n become v important1 s9ce x 0 f\nd t1 "u ord9>y atmosph]ic conditions1 natural v5tilation soon c>ri$ ! gas out ( ! tr5* prop]1 :ile fires 9 dug\ts 7 f> m effici5t ?an ! fans4 ,likewise ! ,ayrton fan smack$ too mu* ( tr5* w>f>e :i* _h rea*$ a condition ( 8/alemate0--a condition t nev] appeal$ to ! ,am]icans & a condition t x is hop$ nev] w4 ,) mu/>d gas1 h[ev]1 conditions 7 entirely *ang$4 ,?is liquid hav+ a v high boil+ po9t & evaporat+ v sl[ly1 rema9s = days 9 ! e>? & on vegetation & o!r mat]ial spr9kl$ ) x4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true 9 %ell holes :]e ! =ce ( ! explosion drove ! gas into ! e>? ar\nd ! brok5 edges ( ! hole4 ,:ile _m sub/ances 7 exp]im5t$ )1 t :i* prov$ be/ & mo/ practical "u all conditions1 0 *loride ( lime4 ,?is 0 us$ to spr9kle 9 %ell holes1 on floors ( dug\ts & any o!r places :]e ! liquid might be spla%$ f bur/+ %ells4 ,x 0 also f\nd v desirable to h a small box ( ?is at ! entrance to ea* dug\t1 s t a p]son :o _h be5 expos$ to mu/>d gas c\ld ?or\ghly coat 8 %oes ) x & ?us kill ! mu/>d gas t collect$ 9 ! mud on ! bottom & sides ( 8 %oes4 ,,c>ry+ ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,,on ,,clo?+ ,!re are _m in/ances :]e ! occupants ( dug\ts 7 gass$ f ! gas on ! %oes & clo?+ ( m5 ent]+ ! dug\t4 ,n only 7 occupants ( dug\ts ?us gass$ b a numb] ( nurses & doctors 7 gass$ :ile work+ 9 clos$ rooms ov] pati5ts suff]+ f mu/>d gas poison+4 ,ev5 "u ! conditions ( w>f>e exi/+ :]e ! ,am]icans 7 g5]ally 9 action1 ! quantity ( *loride ( lime requir$ am\nt$ to sev]al hundr$ tons p] mon? :i* _h to be %ipp$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,*loride ( lime 0 also v conv5i5t to h at h& ar\nd %ell dumps = ! purpose ( cov]+ up leaky %ells1 ?\gh rules = h&l+ mu/>d gas %ells usually prescrib$ t !y be fir$ & :]e t 0 n practicable to bury !m at lea/ five feet "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is dep? 0 n s mu* = ! purpose ( gett+ rid ( ! gas z x 0 to get ! %ell s deep into ! gr\nd t x w\ld n be a dang] 9 any cultivation t might lat] take place4 ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,,9 ,,cold ,,wea!r ,mu* 0 le>n$ t[>d ! end ( ! w> ab\t ways ( gett+ ?r\gh or ar\nd areas infect$ ) mu/>d gas4 ,= in/ance1 if mu/>d gas be fir$ :5 ! wea!r is 9 ! neighborhood ( freez+ or some:at bel[1 x w rema9 on ! gr\nd at night ) s little evaporation z n to be dang]\s4 ,! same w be true dur+ ! day "t if ! wea!r is cl\dy z well z cold4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! days are bright & ! nights cold1 mu/>d gass$ areas c be safely cross$ by troops at night provid$ c>e is tak5 9 bru% & bu%es to protect ! feet & clo?+ f ! liquid spla%$ on bu%es4 ,if ! sun comes out w>m 9 ! morn+ su* areas may be q dang]\s = ?ree to f\r h\rs foll[+ sun-up & inde$ = ! great] "p ( ! day4 ,q a l>ge numb] ( casualties 7 ascrib$ to ?is fact 9 ! heavy attack on ! ,briti% front we/ ( ,cambrai j prior to ! great ,g]man drive aga9/ ,ami5s1 ,m>* #ba1 #aiah4 ,,degass+ ,,units ,s9ce mu/>d gas has a greatly delay$ action x 0 f\nd t if m5 :o _h be5 expos$ to x c\ld be giv5 a ?or\gh ba? ) soap & wat] )9 a half h\r or ev5 a full h\r1 ! mu/>d gas burns w\ld be prev5t$ or v greatly r$uc$ 9 sev]ity4 ,accord+ly degass+ units 7 develop$ consi/+ ess5tially ( a #e ton truck ) a #abjj gallon wat] tank1 fitt$ ) an in/antane\s heat] & pip+ to connect x to portable %[] ba?s4 ,ano!r truck 0 kept load$ ) extra suits ( und]clo?+ & uni=ms4 ,^! degass+ units 7 to be provid$ at ! rate ( two p] division4 ,!n1 9 ! ev5t ( a mu/>d gas attack any:]e 9 ! division1 "o ( ^! units w\ld be ru%$ to t vic9ity & ! m5 br\ght out ( ! l9e & giv5 a ba? & *ange ( clo?+ z soon z possible4 ,at ! same "t !y 7 giv5 a dr9k ( bic>bonate ( soda wat] & _! eyes1 e>s1 m\? & nasal passages wa%$ ) ! same4 ,,protect+ ,,food ,,f ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,x 0 v e>ly le>n$ t mu/>d gas1 or m9ute p>ticles ( ! liquid gas settl+ on food1 caus$ ! /oma* to be burn$ if ! food 7 eat51 j z ! eyes1 lungs & sk9 ( ! body are burn$ f gas 9 ! air4 ,?is made x necess>y !n to see t all food liable to exposure to mu/>d gas attacks 0 protect$1 & t>r$ pap] = box l9+s or tops 0 f\nd by ! ,gas ,s]vice to furni% "o ( ! *eape/ & mo/ available means ( do+ ?is4 ,,al>m ,,signals ,num]\s1 inde$1 7 ! devices inv5t$ at "o "t or ano!r ) :i* to s\nd gas al>ms4 ,! ,engli% e>ly devis$ ! ,/rombos horn1 a sort ( trumpet op]at$ by compress$ air conta9$ 9 cyl9d]s c>ri$ = t purpose4 ,its note is p5etrat+ & c be he>d1 "u good conditions1 = ?ree or f\r miles4 ,:5 cl\d gas attacks1 :i* occurr$ only at int]vals ( two to f\r mon?s1 7 ! only gas attacks to be fe>$1 x 0 easy en\gh to provide = al>m signals by me?ods z cumb]some & z te*nically delicate z ! ,/rombos horn4 ,) ! adv5t ( %ell gas 9 g5]al1 & mu/>d gas 9 p>ticul>1 ! numb] ( gas attacks increas$ enorm\sly4 ,?is made x n only impossible1 b inadvisable also1 to furni% suffici5t ,/rombos horns = all gas al>ms1 z gas %ell attacks are comp>atively local4 ,9 su* cases1 if ! ,/rombos horn is us$ to give w>n+1 x causes troops :o are long di/ances out ( ! area attack$ to take precautions aga9/ gas ) consequ5t int]f]5ce ) _! "w or fight+4 ,to meet ^! local conditions metal %ell cases 7 fir/ hung up & ! al>m s\nd$ on !m4 ,lat] /eel triangles 7 us$ 9 ! same way4 ,at a /ill lat] date ! l>ge policeman's rattle1 well kn[n 9 ,europe1 0 adopt$ & foll[+ t ! ,klaxon horn4 ,z ! w>f>e ( movem5t develop$ ! portability ( al>m app>atus became ( prime importance4 ,= ^? reasons ! ,klaxon horn & ! police rattle 7 hav+ a race = popul>ity :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,a rec5t gas al>m inv5tion t gives promise is a small sir5-l :i/le fir$ into ! air l a bomb4 ,x is fitt$ ) a p>a*ute :i* keeps x f fall+ too rapidly :5 ! bomb explodes & sets x free4 ,its tone is said to be v p5etrat+ & to be q effective ov] an ample area4 ,s9ce future gas al>m signals mu/ be effici5t & mu/ be portable1 ! light] & m compact !y c be made ! bett]2 h5ce ! desirability ( p>a*ute :i/les or simil> small h&y al>ms4 ,,issu+ ,,new ,,masks ,"o ( ! problems t rema9$ unsolv$ at ! end ( ! w> 0 h[ to det]m9e :5 to issue new boxes1 or cani/]s1 = masks4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions ask$ by ! soldi] is h[ long 8 mask is good 9 gas1 & h[ long :5 worn 9 drill :]e !re is no gas4 ,?is in=mation is ( c\rse decid$ly important4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to tell h[ long a cani/] w la/ 9 a gas attack1 unless ! conc5tration ( gas is kn[n--t is1 ! life ( ! box is long] or %ort] z ! conc5tration ( gas is weak or heavy4 ,a realization ( ?is ne$ l$ mask design]s to "w v h>d1 long be=e ! necessity = com=t 9 a mask 0 z fully realiz$ z x 0 at ! end ( ! w>1 to increase ! l5g? ( life ( ! cani/]4 ,to get long] life !y increas$ ! *emicals & ?is 9 turn increas$ ! brea?+ resi/ance1 !reby add+ to ! discom=t ( ! soldi] :5 we>+ ! mask4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t 9 ! conc5tration ( gas enc\nt]$ on an av]age 9 ! field1 ! life ( ! comp>atively small ,am]ican boxes 0 suffici5t to la/ f fifty to "o hundr$ h\rs1 :i* is long] ?an any gas attack or at lea/ gives "t to get out ( ! gass$ area4 ,! ,briti% e>ly appreciat$ ! necessity ( kn[+ :5 boxes %\ld be replac$4 ,!y accord+ly devis$ ! s*eme ( furni%+ ) ea* mask a v small booklet ti$ to ! c>ry+ case 9 :i* ! soldi] c\ld n only ent] a complete /atem5t ( ! "t he _h worn ! mask b also ! /atem5t z to :e!r x 0 9 gas or = drill purposes only4 ,! soldi] 0 !n taught t if he _h worn ! mask1 say = =ty h\rs1 he %\ld get a new box4 ,b ! s*eme didn't "w4 ,9 fact1 x 0 "o ( ^? ?+s :i* =esight might h %[n w\ldn't "w4 ,inde$1 any man :o 9 ! hell ( battle c keep su* a record completely1 %\ld be at once aw>d$ a ,di/+ui%$ ,s]vice ,m$al4 ,z gas w>f>e develop$ n only 7 all k9ds ( gas %ells s5t ov] 9 a bun* b !y 7 accompani$ by high explosive1 %rapnel & any?+ else 9 ! way ( tr\ble t ! enemy possess$4 ,a man ne> ! front l9e1 "u ^? conditions1 _h all he c\ld d & frequ5tly m ?an he c\ld d1 to get 8 mask on & keep x on :ile do+ 8 bit4 ,consequ5tly he _h no "t1 ev5 if he _h ! incl9ation1 to record h[ long he _h ! mask 9 ! v>i\s gases4 ,9 ?is connection1 aft] ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$ we 9 ! field 7 reque/$ to obta9 = exp]im5tal purposes #aj1jjj cani/]s t _h be5 us$ 9 battle4 ,ea* 0 to be label$ ) ! l5g? ( "t x _h be5 worn 9 or out ( gas1 & if 9 gas1 ! "n ( ea* gas & ! "t ! mask 0 worn 9 x4 ,?is reque/ is j a sample ( :at is ask$ by ^? :o d n realize field conditions4 ,"o trip to ! front w\ld h conv9c$ ! "o mak+ ! reque/ ( ! utt] impossibility ( comply+ ) x1 = really no man kn[s h[ long he we>s a mask 9 gas4 ,) gas z common & z difficult to detect 7:5 int]m+l$ ) high explosive gases & o!r smells ( ! battle field7 z x 0 at ! end ( ! w>1 ea* man wore ! mask j z long z he c\ld1 simply z a matt] ( precaution4 ,be=e ho/ilities ceas$ we 7 try+ out a me?od ( call+ 9 say fifty cani/]s p] division once a week = te/ 9 ! laboratory4 ,if ! te/s %[$ ! life ( ! cani/]s to be %ort new cani/]s w\ld be issu$4 ,:ile we did n h opportunity to try out ?is plan1 x gave promise ( be+ ! be/ t c\ld be done4 ,) gas becom+ an e day affair1 ! only o!r alt]native w\ld seem to be to make issues ( new boxes at /at$ int]vals4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are no def9ite records ( casualties occurr+ f ! exhau/ion ( ! *emicals 9 ! box4 ,und\bt$ly "s did occur1 b !y 7 v1 v few4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! masks got injur$1 or ! box became ru/$ ?r\gh be=e ! *emicals gave out4 ,,tonnage ,,& ,,numb] ,,( ,,masks ,,requir$ ,x w probably be a %ock to mo/ p to le>n t ) m ?an two million m5 9 ,france we requir$ ne>ly #aejj tons ( gas mat]ial p] mon?4 ,?is tonnage 0 increas+1 r ?an decreas+1 to cov] protective suits1 gloves1 pa/es1 & *loride ( lime1 z well z masks4 ,! ,briti% type respirator 0 e/imat$ to la/ f f\r to six mon?s4 ,! active "p ( ! w>1 9 :i* ! ,am]icans took "p1 0 too %ort to det]m9e :e!r ?is 0 correct or n4 ,! indications 71 h[ev]1 t x 0 ab\t "r1 consid]+ re/ p]iods & fight+ p]iods4 ,) ! new ,am]ican mask1 ) its mu* /rong] & /iff] face mat]ial1 ! *ances are t ! life w be consid]ably increas$ al?\gh ! m con/ant use ( ! mask w probably (fset its great] durability4 ,a long] life ( mask w\ld ( c\rse be a decid$ advantage z x w\ld n only r$uce tonnage1 b w\ld r$uce manufactur+ & di/ribution z well4 ,! e/imates on :i* we 7 work+ at ! end look$ =w>d to requir+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t "o-?ird p\nd p] man p] day = all troops 9 ,france1 9 ord] to keep !m suppli$ ) gas def5se mat]ial & ) ! gases us$ (f5sively by gas troops4 ,all gas %ell1 h& gr5ades1 etc41 us$ by o!r ?an gas troops requir$ tonnage 9 addition to ! above4 ,,summ+ ,,up ,9 summ+ up !n1 x is not$ t !re are sev]al important ?+s 9 def5se aga9/ gas4 ,fir/1 ! mask :i* protects ! eyes & ! lungs4 ,second1 ! tra9+ t tea*es ! man h[ to utilize to be/ advantage ! means ( protection at 8 disposal1 :e!r he be alone or among o!rs4 ,?ird1 protective clo?+ t protects h&s & feet & ! sk9 9 g5]al4 ,f\r?1 a k ( gases & _! tactical use t w enable comm&]s1 :5ev] possible1 to move m5 out ( gas infect$ areas4 ,fif?1 tra9+ 9 ! (f5sive use ( gas1 z well z 9 def5sive me?ods1 to tea* ! man t gas has no uncanny p[] & t x is simply "o elem5t ( w> t mu/ be reckon$ )1 ?us prev5t+ /amp$es :5 !re is really no dang]4 ,:ile ^! are ! sali5t po9ts 9 def5se aga9/ gas1 above !m & beyond !m lies ! vigor\s (f5sive use ( gas4 ,?is involves n only ! rese>*1 developm5t & manufacture ( necess>y gases 9 peace "t1 b also ! necess>y tra9+ to enable our nation to hurl ^u ! enemy on ! field ( battle *emical w>f>e mat]ials 9 quantities he _c hope to atta94 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,peace ,,"t ,,uses ,,( ,,gas 8,peace ha? h] victories no less r5[n$ ?an w>40 ,?us runs ! old prov]b4 ,9 anci5t times w> pr(it$ by peace f> m ?an peace pr(it$ by w> if inde$ ! latt] ev] actually occurr$4 ,! implem5ts develop$ = ! *ase 9 peace became ! weapons ( w>4 ,?is 0 true ( ,david's sl+-%ot1 ( ! spe> & ( ! b[4 ,ev5 p[d] itself 0 probably int5d$ & us$ = scores ( ye>s = celebrations & o!r peaceful ev5ts4 ,! ,_w ,w> rev]s$ ?is /ory1 especially 9 its lat] phases4 ,! great] "p ( ! w> 0 f\ght ) implem5ts & ma*9es prep>$ 9 peace ei!r = w> or = peaceful purposes4 ,su* implem5ts 7 ! a]oplane1 subm>9e1 truck1 automobile & gasol9e motors 9 g5]al4 ,! fir/ gas attack1 :i* 0 simply an adaptation ( ! peacetime use ( ! *emical *lor9e1 inaugurat$ ! *ange4 ,gas 0 s new & in/antly recogniz$ z s p[]ful t ! be/ bra9s 9 rese>* among all ! fir/ class p[]s 7 put to "w to develop o!r gases & o!r means ( project+ !m ^u ! enemy4 ,! result 0 t 9 ! %ort space ( ?ree & "o-half ye>s a numb] ( sub/ances 7 discov]$1 or exp]im5t$ ) anew1 t are aid+ today & w cont9ue to aid 9 ! future 9 ! peaceful life ( e nation4 ,*lor9e is ev5 m valuable ?an ev] z a dis9fectant & wat] purifi]4 ,x is ! greate/ blea*+ mat]ial 9 ! _w1 & has innum]able o!r uses 9 ! laboratory4 ,*loropicr91 cyanog5 *loride & cyanog5 bromide are f\nd to be v well adapt$ to ! kill+ ( weevil & o!r simil> insect de/roy]s ( gra94 ,hydrocyanic acid gas is ! greate/ de/roy] today ( insect pe/s t o!rwise w\ld ru9 ! beautiful orange & lemon groves ( ,cali=nia & ! ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,phosg5e1 s ext5sively us$ 9 ! w> bo? 9 cl\d gas & 9 %ell1 is f9d+ an ev] increas+ use 9 ! mak+ ( brilliant dyes--p9ks1 gre5s1 blues & violets4 ,on acc\nt ( its *eapness & simplicity ( manufacture1 x has great possibilities 9 ! de/ruction ( rod5ts su* z rats ar\nd :>ves1 w>eh\ses & simil> places t are inaccessible to any o!r means ( rea*+ ^? pe/s4 ,s9ce phosg5e is highly corrosive ( /eel1 iron1 copp] & brass1 x _c be us$ successfully 9 places :]e ^? metals are pres5t4 ,in/ead ( phosg5e = kill+ rod5ts & ! l 9 /oreh\ses & w>eh\ses1 cyanog5 bromide has be5 develop$4 ,?is is a solid & c be burn$ l an ord9>y sulphur c&le4 ,x is mu* saf] = ! purpose ( fumigat+ rooms & build+s ?an is hydrocyanic acid gas :5 s us$4 ,?is is = ! reason t cyanog5 bromide is an excell5t la*rymator 9 quantities too m9ute to cause any injury to ! lungs4 ,x w ?us give w>n+ to anyone attempt+ to ent] a place :]e "s ( ! gas may /ill l+]4 ,among te> gases1 ! new *loracetoph5one1 a solid1 is p]haps ! greate/ ( all4 ,:5 driv5 (f by heat x fir/ appe>s z a light blui% color$ cl\d4 ,?is cl\d is in/antly s irritat+ to ! eyes t )9 a second anyone 9 ! pa? ( ! cl\d is tempor>ily bl9d$4 ,x causes consid]able sm>t+ & v pr(use te>s :i* ev5 9 ! smalle/ am\nt cont9ue = two to five m9utes4 ,9 great] quantities x w\ld cont9ue long]4 ,s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 x is absolutely h>mless s f> z any p]man5t injuries are conc]n$4 ,consid]+ t x is in/antly effective1 t m9ute quantities are unbe>able to ! eyes1 t x c be put 9 h& gr5ades or o!r small conta9]s & driv5 (f by a heat+ mixture :i* w n ignite ev5 a pile ( pap]s1 & t x ne$s no explosion to bur/ ! gr5ade 7all t is us$ is a light cap1 set (f by ! action ( ! spr+1 suffici5t to ignite ! burn+ *>ge71 ! future w see e police dep>tm5t 9 ! l& outfitt$ ) *loracetoph5one or o!r simil> gr5ades4 ,e %]iff's (fice1 e jail & e p5it5ti>y w h a supply ( !m4 ,no jail break+1 no lyn*+1 no riot+ c succe$ :]e ^! gr5ades are available4 ,huge cr[ds c be set to weep+ in/antly s t no man c see & no mob w cont9ue once x is bl9d$ ) irritat+ te>s4 ,m ?an t1 x is an extremely difficult gas to keep out ( masks1 ord9>y masks ( ! ,_w ,w> be+ entirely useless aga9/ x4 ,! same is true ( diph5ylam9e*lor>s9e4 ,?is is n a te> gas b x is extraord9>ily irritat+ to ! lungs1 ?roat & nose1 :]e x causes pa9s & burn+ s5sations1 & 9 high] conc5trations vomit+4 ,x is h>dly poison\s at all s t x is extremely difficult to get en\gh to cause dang] to life4 ,?is is m5tion$ because ( its possible use = ! protection ( bank vaults1 safes1 & /rong rooms g5]ally4 ,!re are _m o!r gases t c be us$ = ?is same purpose4 ,x is presum$ t gases t are n p[]ful en\gh to kill are ! ones desir$1 & !re are half a doz5 at lea/ t c be s us$4 ,if desir$ deadly gases c j z readily be us$4 ,already a numb] ( inv5tors are at "w on ! problem1 ) "s plans practically completely work$ out & models made4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t "o ( ^! gases c\ld be us$ by trapp]s 9 trapp+ wild animals4 ,hydrocyanic acid gas may be s us$4 ,x acts quickly & is v rapidly dissipat$4 ,an animal expos$ to ! fumes w\ld die quickly & ! trap be safe to approa* )9 two m9utes aft] x 0 sprung4 ,x is said t ! loss f animals work+ _! way out ( traps by "o means or ano!r is ne>ly #bj p] c5t4 ,m ?an ?is1 x w\ld meet ! objections ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,a4 9 t ! animal w\ld n suff] f hav+ its limbs torn & lac]at$ by ! trap4 ,attempts are be+ made to attack ! locu/ ( ! ,philipp9es & ! f> we/ & ! boll weevil ( ! cotton /ates ( ! ,s\?4 ,s f> ^! te/s h n prov5 m successful ?an o!r me?ods1 b inasmu* z ! numb] ( gases available = trial are s great & ! value ( success ( s mu* importance1 ?is rese>* %\ld be cont9u$ on a l>ge scale to def9itely det]m9e :e!r poison\s gas c be us$ to eradicate ^! pe/s--especially ! boll weevil4 ,z an int]e/+ application ( w> mat]ials to peaceful uses1 we may consid] ! case ( cellulose-acetate1 kn[n dur+ ! w> z 8a]oplane dope10 ! mat]ial us$ to coat ! l95 cov]+ a]oplane w+s4 ,) a little fur!r manipulation1 ?is cellulose-acetate1 or a]oplane dope1 becomes artificial silk--a silk t today is g5]ally equal to ! be/ natural silk--& :i* promises 9 ! future to become a /&>d product bett] 9 e way ?an t f ! silk worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,^! few examples ( ! peacetime value ( gas are wor?y ( ?\ght f ano!r /&po9t4 ,be+ s valuable1 _! use 9 peace w n be /opp$4 ,if !y are ?us manufactur$ & us$ 9 peace1 !y w always be available = use 9 w>1 & z ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,_w ,w> prov$1 !y c]ta9ly w be s us$ ev5 %\ld anybody be fooli% en\gh to try to aboli% _! use4 ,z = ?is latt] idea1 ! _w might z well recognize at once t half-way measures 9 w> simply invite disa/]4 ,?is *apt] w\ld n be complete )\t a brief /atem5t ( ! necessity ( a ?or\ghly develop$ *emical indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a vital national necessity if ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to h real prep>$ness = a future /ruggle4 ,z w be indicat$ a little lat]1 no "o bran* ( ! *emical indu/ry c be all[$ to g out ( exi/5ce )\t endang]+ "s "p ( ! s*eme ( prep>$ness4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! coal t> indu/ry4 ,coal t> is a by-product ( coke ov5s or ! manufacture ( artificial gas f coal4 ,! coal t> indu/ry is ( ! utmo/ importance because 9 ! coal t>s are ! bases ( ne>ly all ( ! mod]n dyes1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! mod]n m$ic9es1 mo/ ( ! mod]n high explosives1 a l>ge proportion ( poison\s gases1 mod]n p]fumes1 & photographic mat]ials4 ,a consid]ation ( ^! titles alone %[s h[ vital ! coal t> indu/ry is4 ,! coal t> z x comes to u z a by-product is di/ill$1 giv+ (f at diff]5t temp]atures a s]ies ( comp\nds call$ crudes4 ,t5 ( ^! are ( v great importance4 ,! fir/ five are b5z5e1 tolu5e1 naph?al5e1 an?rac5e & ph5ol 7c>bolic acid74 ,! second gr\p comprises xyl5e1 me?ylan?rac5e1 cresol1 c>bazol & ph5an?r5e4 ,^!1 :5 treat$ ) o!r *emicals1 produce a s]ies ( comp\nds call$ int]m$iates1 ( :i* !re are "s #cjj n[ kn[n4 ,f ^! int]m$iates by diff]5t /eps are produc$ ei!r dyes1 high explosives1 poison\s gases1 ph>maceuticals1 p]fumes or photographic mat]ials4 ,we h all he>d t ,g]many controll$ ! dye indu/ry ( ! _w prior to ! ,_w ,w>4 ,a little /udy ( ! above brief /atem5t ( :at is conta9$ 9 ! coal t> indu/ry along ) dyes w %[ 9 a measure "o ( ! reasons :y ,g]many felt t %e c\ld w9 a w> aga9/ ! _w4 ,t %e came s desp]ately close to w9n+ t w> is pro( ( ! s\ndness ( h] view4 ,9 _m ( ! processes are ne$$ ! heavy *emicals su* z *lor9e1 sulfuric acid1 nitric acid1 hydro*loric acid & ! l4 ,! alcohol indu/ry is also ( v great importance4 ,gra9 alcohol is us$ ext5sively 9 ne>ly all rese>* problems & 9 v great quantities 9 _m comm]cial processes su* z ! manufacture ( artificial silk & = gasol9e eng9es 9 addition to its use 9 comp\nd+ m$ic9es4 ,x is ( v great importance to ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 t f gra9 alcohol is obta9$ e?yl5e gas1 "o ( ! ?ree ess5tials 9 ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas4 ,:ile ?is e?yl5e may be obta9$ f _m s\rces1 ! mo/ available s\rce1 consid]+ ease ( transportation & keep+ qualities1 is 9 ! =m ( gra9 alcohol4 ,alli$ to ! *emical indu/ries j m5tion$ is ! nitrate indu/ry = mak+ nitric acid f ! nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,nitrates are us$ 9 _m processes ( *emical manufacture & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? = ! production ( smokeless p[d]s4 ,! f]tiliz] indu/ry is ( l>ge importance because x deals ) phosphorus1 :ite phosphorus be+ n only "o ( ! be/ smoke produc+ mat]ials b a mat]ial t is1 z /at$ else:]e1 ( great use aga9/ m5 ?r\gh its p[]ful burn+ qualities4 ,ano!r po9t n m5tion$ above 9 connection ) ^! indu/ries is ! tra9+ ( *emi/s1 *emical eng9e]s & ! build+ up ( plants = ! manufacture ( *emicals1 all ( :i* are necess>y s\rces ( supply = w>time ne$s4 ,*emi/s are ne$$ 9 ! field1 9 ! laboratory & 9 manufactur+ plants4 ,! great] _! numb]1 ! m effici5tly c ^! mat]ials be h&l$1 & s9ce *emicals z su* w probably cause m ?an #ej p] c5t ( all casualties 9 future w>s1 _! value is almo/ unlimit$4 ,in/ead ( try+ to ameliorate ! ravages ( w>1 let u turn e endeavor t[>ds aboli%+ all w>1 rememb]+ t ! mo/ sci5tific nations %\ld be ! mo/ highly civiliz$1 & ! ones mo/ desir\s ( aboli%+ w>4 ,if ^? nations w pu% e sci5tific developm5t to ! po9t :]e by ! aid ( _! sci5tific a*ievem5ts !y c ov]come any less] sci5tific peoples1 ! end ( w> %\ld be 9 sight4 ,h[ev]1 we c nev] be c]ta9 t w> is aboli%$ until we conv9ce at lea/ a majority ( ! _w t w> is disa/r\s to ! conqu]or z well z to ! conqu]$1 & t any dispute c be settl$ peacefully if bo? p>ties w meet on ! common gr\nd ( ju/ice & a squ>e deal4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,! pione]1 no matt] :at ! l9e ( endeavor1 enc\nt]s difficulties caus$ by 8 fell[-m5 j 9 proportion z ! ?+ pione]$ promises results4 ,if ! promise be small1 ! difficulties usually enc\nt]$ are only ^? necess>y to make ! v5ture a success4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! results promise to be great1 & especially if ! rew>ds to ! inv5tor & ^? work+ ) him promise to be consid]able1 ! difficulties ?r[n 9 ! way ( ! v5ture become great] & great]4 ,inde$ :5ev] great results are promis$1 envy is eng5d]$ 9 ^? 9 o!r l9es ^: importance may be dim9i%$1 or :o are s %ort-sight$ z to be always oppos$ to progress4 ,*emical w>f>e has _h1 & is /ill hav+1 its full %>e ( ^! difficulties4 ,f ! v day :5 *lor9e1 kn[n to ! _w z a b5ign sub/ance highly useful 9 sanitation1 wat] purification1 gold m9+ & blea*+ 0 put into use z a poison\s gas1 *emical w>f>e has loom$ l>g] & l>g] z a factor to be consid]$ 9 all future w>s4 ,*lor9e 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! cyl9d]s design$ = %ipp+ x4 ,^! cyl9d]s 7 poorly adapt$ = w>f>e1 & made me?ods ( prep>+ gas attacks extremely labori\s1 cumb]some & "t-consum+4 ,x 0 n _m mon?s1 h[ev]1 until diff]5t gases began to appe> 9 l>ge quantities 9 %ells & bombs1 :ile ! close ( ! w>1 #c ye>s lat]1 saw ! developm5t ( gas 9 solid =m :]eby x c\ld be c>ri$ ) ! utmo/ safety "u all conditions--a solid :i* c\ld become dang]\s only :5 ! heat+ mixture1 t fre$ ! gas1 0 prop]ly ignit$4 ,:ile "s ( ! *emicals develop$ = use 9 w> prior to ! ,armi/ice h be5 made kn[n to ! _w1 a numb] ( o!rs h n4 ,m ?an ?is1 e nation ( fir/ class importance has cont9u$ to pursue m or less en]getically /udies into *emical w>f>e4 ,^! /udies w cont9ue1 & we mu/ expect t new gases1 new me?ods ( turn+ !m loose1 & new tactical uses w be develop$4 ,already x is cle>ly =ese5 t ^! gases w be us$ by e bran* ( ! ,army & ! ,navy4 ,:ile *emicals 7 n us$ by ! ,air ,s]vice 9 ! la/ w>1 x 0 ev5 !n realiz$ t !re 0 no mat]ial reason :y !y %\ld n h be5 s us$4 ,t !y w be us$ 9 ! future by ! ,air ,s]vice1 & probably on a l>ge scale1 is c]ta94 ,! ,navy1 too1 w use gases1 & probably on a consid]able scale4 ,?us *emical mat]ials z su* become ! mo/ univ]sal ( all weapons ( w>4 ,"s ( ! poison\s gases are s p[]ful 9 m9ute quantities & evaporate s sl[ly t _! lib]ation does n produce suffici5t cond5sation to cause a cl\d4 ,consequ5tly1 we h gases t _c be se54 ,o!rs =m cl\ds by !mselves1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! toxic smoke c&le1 :]e ! solid is driv5 (f by heat+1 :ile /ill o!rs cause cl\ds ( cond5s$ vapor4 ,?is br+s ! discussion into ! realm ( ord9>y smokes t h no irritat+ & no poison\s effects4 ,^! smokes are extremely valuable :]e ! purpose is to =m a scre51 :e!r x be to hide ! advance ( troops or to cut (f ! view ( obs]v]s4 ,^! smokes are equally useful on l& & on sea4 ,s great is ! decrease 9 effici5cy ( ! rifle or ma*9e gun1 & ( artill]y ev5 :5 fir+ at troops t _c be se51 t smoke = scre5+ purposes w be us$ on e future field ( battle4 ,:5 fir+ ?r\gh a scre5 ( smoke1 a man has c]ta9ly less ?an "o-qu>t] ! *ance to hit 8 t>get t he w\ld h 7 ! t>get 9 pla9 view4 ,s9ce smoke cl\ds may or may n be poison\s & s9ce smoke w be us$ 9 e battle1 !re is op5$ up an unlimit$ field = ! ex]cise ( +5uity 9 mak+ ^! smoke cl\ds poison\s or non-poison\s at w4 ,x also op5s up an unlimit$ field = ! well-tra9$ *emical w>f>e (fic] :o c tell 9 any smoke cl\d :e!r gas be pres5t & :e!r1 if pres5t1 x is 9 suffici5t conc5tration to be dang]\s4 ,at ! risk ( repetition1 x is aga9 /at$ t !re is no gas t w kill or ev5 p]man5tly injure 9 any quantity t _c be detect$4 ,= e gas1 !re is a c]ta9 m9imum am\nt 9 ea* cubic foot ( air t is necess>y to cause any injury4 ,9 ne>ly all gases1 ?is m9imum am\nt is suffici5t to be readily noticeable by a tra9$ *emical w>f>e (fic] ?r\gh ! s5se ( smell4 ,x w\ld be idle to attempt to enum]ate ! ways & means by :i* *emicals w be us$ 9 ! future4 ,9 fact1 "o c h>dly conceive ( a situation :]e gas or smoke w n be employ$1 = ^! mat]ials may be liquids or solids t ei!r automatically1 ^u exposure to ! air1 turn into gas1 or :i* are pulv]iz$ by high explosive1 or driv5 (f by heat4 ,?is v>i$ "* ( ! mat]ials enables !m to be us$ 9 e sort ( artill]y %ell1 bomb or o!r conta9] c>ri$ to ! field ( battle4 ,"s ( ! gases are extremely p[]ful z irritants to ! nose & ?roat 9 v m9ute quantities1 :ile at ! same "t be+ highly poison\s 9 high conc5trations4 ,diph5yl*loro>s9e1 us$ ext5sively by ! ,g]mans 9 high explosive %ell1 is m poison\s ?an phosg5e1 ! mo/ deadly gas 9 g5]al use 9 ! pa/ w>4 ,9 addition1 x has ! quality ( caus+ an intol]able burn+ s5sation 9 ! nose1 ?roat1 & lungs1 9 extremely m9ute quantities4 ,?is mat]ial c be kept out ( masks only by filt]s1 :]eas true gases are tak5 out by *>coal & *emical granules4 ,!re is /ill ano!r quality :i* helps make *emical w>f>e ! mo/ p[]ful weapon ( w>4 ,gas is ! only sub/ance us$ 9 w> :i* c be c\nt$ on to d its "w z effici5tly at night z 9 ! daytime4 ,inde$1 x is (t5 m effective at night ?an 9 ! daytime1 because ! man :o goes to sleep )\t 8 mask on1 :o is c>eless1 :o loses 8 mask1 or :o becomes excit$ 9 ! d>kness ( night1 becomes a casualty1 & ! pa/ w> %[$ t ^! casualties 7 decid$ly num]\s ev5 :5 ! troops knew almo/ to ! m9ute ! "t ! gas w\ld arrive4 ,accord+ly1 *emical w>f>e is an ag5cy t mu/ n only be reckon$ ) by e civiliz$ nation 9 ! future1 b is "o :i* civiliz$ nations %\ld n hesitate to use4 ,:5 prop]ly safe-gu>d$ ) masks & o!r safety devices1 x gives to ! mo/ sci5tific & mo/ +5i\s p a great advantage ov] ! less sci5tific & less +5i\s4 ,!n :y %\ld ! ,unit$ ,/ates or any o!r highly civiliz$ c\ntry consid] giv+ up *emical w>f>e8 ,to say t its use aga9/ savages is n a fair me?od ( fight+1 because ! savages are n equipp$ ) x1 is arrant nons5se4 ,no nation consid]s su* ?+s today4 ,if !y _h1 our ,am]ican troops1 :5 fight+ ! ,moros 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 w\ld h _h to we> ! bree*cl\t & use only swords & spe>s4 ,not)/&+ ! opposition ( c]ta9 p :o1 ?r\gh ignorance or = o!r reasons1 h f\ght x1 *emical w>f>e has come to /ay1 & j 9 proportion z ! ,unit$ ,/ates gives *emical w>f>e its prop] place 9 its milit>y e/abli%m5t1 j 9 t proportion w ! ,unit$ ,/ates be ready to meet any or all com]s 9 ! future1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates has incomp>able res\rces 9 ! %ape ( ! crude mat]ials--p[]1 salt1 sulfur & ! l--t are necess>y 9 ! manufacture ( gases4 ,if1 !n1 !re be develop$ indu/ries = manufactur+ ^! gases 9 "t ( w>1 & if ! tra9+ ( ! army 9 *emical w>f>e be ?or\gh & ext5sive1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w h m ?an an equal *ance ) any o!r nation or comb9ation ( nations 9 any future w>4 ,x is j z sportsman-l to fight ) *emical w>f>e mat]ials z x is to fight ) ma*9e guns4 ,! enemy w "k m or less accurately our *emical w>f>e mat]ials & our me?ods1 & we w h ! same in=mation ab\t ! enemy4 ,x is ?us a mat*+ ( wits j z mu* z 9 ! days :5 ! ,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table f\ght ) swords or ) spe>s on horseback4 ,! ,am]ican is a pure sportsman & asks odds ( no man4 ,he does ask1 ?\gh1 t he be giv5 a squ>e deal4 ,he is unwill+ to agree n to use a p[]ful weapon ( w> :5 he kn[s t an outlaw nation w\ld use x aga9/ him if t outlaw nation c\ld a*ieve success by s do+4 ,h[ mu* bett] x is to say to ! _w t we are go+ to use *emical w>f>e to ! greate/ ext5t possible 9 any future /ruggle4 ,9 ann\nc+ t we w\ld repeat z always t we are mak+ ^! prep>ations only = def5se1 & :o is !re :o d>es "q our "r to d s8 ,,index ,absorb5ts1 ,requirem5ts (1 #bcg ,te/+1 #bei ,absorptive activity1 #bcg ,absorptive capacity1 #bch ,a]oplane1 ,smoke scre51 #cji ,am]ican ,tissot mask1 #bbd ,ammonia cani/]1 #bcj ,ammonium *loride smoke1 #cbg ,animals1 ,susceptibility to mu/>d gas1 #agc ,an?racite coal1 ,activation (1 #bdi ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 mask1 #bjc ,ars5ic d]ivatives1 #ahj ,ars5ic tri*loride1 ,manufacture1 #ahj ,ars5ic trifluoride1 ,manufacture1 #ahj ,ars9e1 propos$ use (1 #ahj ,artill]y1 ,gas1 use (1 by1 #cif ,aviation1 ,gas1 use (1 by1 #chj1 #cii ,baby ,inc5di>y bomb1 #cdj ,b>rages1 ,gas1 use (1 91 #cgf ,b5zyl bromide1 #af1 #ada ,b5zyl *loride1 #af ,b]g] mixture1 #bij ,black signal smokes1 #cca ,black veil+ respirator1 #aie ,blue cross4 ,see ,diph5yl*loro>s9e ,blue p5cil1 ,g]man1 #cdf ,bombs1 inc5di>y1 #ccg ,box respirator1 ,am]ican1 #bji ,engli%1 #aih ,break po9t ( cani/]s1 #bfb ,bromoacetone1 #af1 #ach ,g]man manufacture1 #adj ,bromob5zyl cyanide1 #af1 #adb ,bromome?yle?yl ketone1 ,g]man manufacture1 #adj ,bullets1 inc5di>y1 #cdd ,cam\flage gases1 #bc1 #daf ,cani/]1 life (1 ,gas conc5tration &1 #acb ,temp]ature1 effect (1 #acb ,te/+1 #bfj ,c>bon dioxide1 ,manufacture1 #abi ,c>bonite1 #bej ,c>bon monoxide1 #aij ,cani/]1 #aia ,manufacture1 #abh ,cavalry1 ,gas1 use (1 by1 #cgh ,cem5t1 ,soda-lime1 function 91 #beg ,*>coal1 #bci ,active1 #bdb ,g]man1 #bea ,inactive1 #bdb ,manufacture1 #bdb ,raw mat]ial1 #bci ,sub/itutes1 #bdi ,te/s (1 #bec ,!ory ( action1 #bda ,*emical ,s]vice ,section1 ,organization1 #cd ,*emical ,w>f>e1 ,future (1 #dce ,gases us$ 91 #bd ,hi/orical1 #a ,(fic]s1 duties (1 #cfi ,/rategy1 relation to1 #cfc ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 ,adm9i/rative division1 #cf ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 organization1 #gb ,developm5t division1 #fa ,edgewood ars5al1 #ec ,gas def5se division1 #dh ,liaison (fic]s1 #gj ,m$ical division1 #fh ,organization1 #ce ,prov+ division1 #fc ,rese>* division1 #ch ,tra9+ division1 #fe ,*emical ,w>f>e troops1 #ib ,*5>d bomb1 #cdj ,*lor9e1 #aaf ,manufacture1 #aag ,prop]ties1 #abc ,*loroacetone1 #af ,*loroacetoph5one1 #af ,*lorome?yl *lor(ormate1 #ba ,*loropicr91 #ba ,manufacture1 #ade ,physiological te/1 #adf ,prop]ties1 #adf ,protection1 #adg ,tactical use1 #adh ,*lorov9yldi*loro>s9e1 #ahh ,*lorosulfonic acid1 ,smoke mat]ial1 use z1 #bhf ,cl\d gas1 #aj1 #aaf1 #cij ,coalite1 #bej ,cocoanut %ell *>coal1 #bci ,cohune nut *>coal1 #bdj ,complex5e1 #bja ,horse masks1 use 91 #bgh ,cottrell ,precipitation ,tube1 #bii ,d>ts1 inc5di>y1 #cdc ,d5sity ( smoke cl\ds1 #bie ,developm5t ,division1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #fa ,di*loroe?yl sulfide1 #bb1 #hj1 #aje ,detection1 #aff ,hi/orical1 #aea ,manufacture1 #aeb1 #afa ,mixtures1 melt+ po9t (1 #afd ,prop]ties1 #afc ,tactical use1 #age1 #dag ,toxicity1 #afh ,vesicant action1 #aga 1 -,di*lorodiv9yl*loro>s9e1 #ahi ,dihydroxye?yl sulfide1 #afj ,diph5yl*loro>s9e1 #bb1 #ahb ,manufacture1 #ahc ,diph5ylcyano>s9e1 #ahe ,diphosg5e4 ,see ,tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate ,dog mask1 #bhj ,d\ghnut filt]1 #cbd ,dressl] tunnel kiln1 #bdh ,d-,%ell1 #acd ,dug\t blankets1 #bhc ,dyes = signal smokes1 #ccc ,edgewood ars5al1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #ec ,effici5cy te/1 ,absorb5ts1 #bei ,cani/]s1 #bfb ,e?yldi*loro>s9e1 #ahe ,e?yl5e1 ,manufacture (1 #aee1 #aeh ,e?yl5e *lorhydr91 #aeh ,e?yl iodoacetate1 #af1 #ada ,explosive disp]sion1 #cad 8,fir/ gas attack10 #aj ,fir/ gas regim5t1 #ic ,flamm5w]f]1 #cdi ,flam+ gun1 #cdg1 #dja ,food1 protection (1 aga9/ mu/>d gas1 #dbb ,fr5* artill]y mask1 #bjb ,gas1 ,def5se aga9/1 #dje ,effectiv5ess (1 #cge1 #che ,humanity (1 #ac1 #cgj1 #chg ,(f5sive use (1 #che ,p]man5cy (1 #cgh ,requirem5ts (1 #aaf1 #cie ,gas al>ms1 #dbb ,gas cl\d1 height & spread1 #cid ,smoke 91 #caa1 #djc ,gas cyl9d]1 ,mobile1 #ag ,gas def5se division1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #dh ,gases1 ,detection (1 #dae ,peace uses (1 #dbg ,ph>macology1 #cec ,gas & ,flame ,regim5t1 #cd ,gas mask1 ,developm5t1 #aie ,physiological features1 #bcb ,te/+1 #bei ,see also names ( v>i\s masks ,gas %ell1 ,m>k+s1 #bh1 #djd ,value1 #ah1 #cif ,gass+ *amb]1 #ced ,gas tra9+1 #dac ,9 ,france1 #ha ,value 9 peace1 #cgc1 #chc ,gas w>f>e1 ,fundam5tals1 #chh ,humanity1 #ac1 #cgj1 #chg ,g]man mask1 #bje ,greas5e1 #bja ,gre5 ,cross %ell1 #adh ,gre5 ,t-,/(f1 #adb ,h& gr5ade1 inc5di>y1 #cde ,hanlon field1 #aaa ,h>dness1 ,absorb5ts1 te/ (1 #bei ,hague conf]5ce1 ,poison gases1 action on1 #f ,homom>tonite1 #af1 #ach ,hopcalite1 ,c>bon monoxide absorb5t1 #aic ,horse boots1 #bhj ,horse mask1 #bgg ,humanity1 ,gas w>f>e1 #ac1 #cgj1 #chg ,hypo helmet1 #aif ,inc5di>y mat]ials1 #ccf ,tactical use (1 #djb ,infantry1 ,gas1 use (1 by1 #cgg1 #djj ,intellig5ce section1 #aac ,int]-alli$ gas conf]5ce1 #gi ,irritants1 ,effici5cy (1 #chi ,te/+1 #cei ,ivory nut *>coal1 #bda ,kieselguhr1 ,soda-lime1 function 91 #beg ,kupramite1 #bcj ,la*rymators1 #ae1 #acg ,comp>ative value1 #adc ,protection1 #adc ,te/+1 #cef ,la*rymatory %ell1 ,tactical value1 #ae ,lamp-black1 ,*>coal f1 #bej ,lant]n te/1 ,mu/>d gas1 #aff ,leak detect+ app>atus1 #bff ,leakage1 ,cani/]1 te/+ (1 #bfa ,lev9/e9 reactor1 #aeh ,lewisite1 #bc1 #ahg ,liaison (fic]s1 #gj ,lime1 ,soda-lime1 function 91 #beg ,liv5s' projector1 #ah1 #cia ,liv5s' smoke drum1 #cjd ,m-#b ,mask1 #bja ,man te/1 #bfb ,m>tonite1 #af1 #ach ,mask1 ,developm5t1 #dje ,dis9fection1 #bfi ,field te/s1 #bgj ,issuance1 #dbc ,see also ,gas mask ,see also ,names ( masks ,me*anical disp]sion1 #cac ,m$ical division1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #fh ,m$ical section1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 #aad ,me?yldi*loro>s9e1 #aha ,moi/ure1 ,absorb5ts1 te/s (1 #bei ,mu/>d gas4 ,see ,di*loroe?yl sulfide4 ,navy1 ,cani/]1 #bcj ,gas1 use (1 by1 #cha ,smoke funnel1 #cje ,nelson cell1 #aag 8,n9ete5 n9ete50 cani/]1 #cbe 8,n9ete5 n9ete50 ,model ,am]ican ,mask1 #bbe ,odors1 ,te/+ (1 #ceh ,oleum1 ,smoke mat]ial1 use z1 #bhf ,ov]all suit1 #bgc ,palite4 ,see ,*lorome?yl *lor(ormate ,p5etration app>atus1 ,toxic smoke1 measurem5t (1 #cae ,p-,helmet1 #aig ,,ph ,helmet1 #aig ,phosg5e1 #ad1 #abf ,manufacture1 #abg ,prop]ties1 #acj ,protection1 #aca ,%ell fill+1 #acb ,tactical use1 #acd ,phosphorus1 ,smoke mat]ial1 #bhf1 #chb ,/okes' mort>1 use 91 #cic ,see also ,smoke ,physiological action1 ,phosg5e1 #ace ,mu/>d gas1 #afh ,toxic ,smokes1 #caf ,pressure drop app>atus1 #bff ,protective clo?+1 #bgb ,protective gloves1 #bgd ,protective o9tm5ts1 #bge ,prov+ division1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #fc ,pumice /one1 ,phosg5e %ell1 use 91 #acj1 #ace ,rese>* division1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #ch ,resi/ance1 ,cani/]1 te/ (1 #bfa ,decreas$1 #daj ,respirator1 ,see ,gas mask1 ,mask ,sag pa/e1 #bgg ,scre5+ smokes1 #bhe ,see also ,smoke ,scre5+ p[]1 ,smoke cl\d1 #bhe ,sel5i\s acid1 ,mu/>d gas detector1 #aff ,%ell1 ,gas1 ,fill+ (1 #acb ,value1 #ah1 #cif ,inc5di>y1 #cdd ,m>k+s1 #bh1 #djd ,pumice /one & phosg5e 91 #acj1 #ace ,smoke1 #cjc ,%ips1 ,scre5+ ,smoke1 #bii1 #cje ,%rapnel1 ,gas 9 connection )1 #cgi ,signal smokes1 #ccj ,tactics1 #ccc ,silicon tetra*loride1 ,smoke mat]ial1 use z1 #bij ,smoke1 ,int5sity1 measurem5t (1 #bif ,tactical value1 #caj1 #djb ,use 9 (f5se1 #dja ,see also1 ,scre5+1 ,signal & ,toxic ,smokes ,smoke box1 #bii ,smoke c&le1 #cja1 #cgb ,toxic1 #cah ,smoke cl\d1 ,prop]ties1 #aaf1 #bhe1 #cie ,smoke drum1 #cjd ,smoke filt]s1 #cbb ,felt1 #cbd ,pap]1 #cbc ,te/+1 #cbg ,!ory1 #cbf ,smoke funnel1 #cje ,smoke gr5ade1 #cjb ,smoke knapsack1 #cjf ,smoke p>ticles1 ,measurem5t (1 #bib ,size (1 #bia ,smoke scre51 ,purpose (1 #cji ,smoke %ell1 #cjc1 #cjg ,smoke signals1 #ccc ,sneez+ gas4 ,see ,diph5yl*loro>s9e ,soda-lime1 ,composition1 #bef ,requirem5ts1 #bee ,sodium hydroxide1 ,soda-lime1 function 91 #beg ,sodium p]manganate1 ,soda-lime1 function 91 #beg 8,solid oil01 #ccf ,spray nozzles1 #ceg ,/aff troops1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #ib ,/&>d ,box respirator1 #aih ,/okes' mort>1 #bj1 #cib ,sulfur *loride1 ,manufacture1 #aeg ,sulfuric acid smoke1 #cbh ,sulfur trioxide1 ,smoke mat]ial1 use z1 #bhi ,sup]palite4 ,see ,tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate ,tactical use1 ,*loropicr91 #adh ,di*loroe?yl sulfide1 #age1 #dag ,gases 9 (f5se1 #che ,inc5di>y mat]ials1 #djb ,la*rymatory %ell1 #ae ,phosg5e1 #acd ,scre5+ smokes1 #caj1 #djb ,signal smokes1 #ccc ,tactics1 ,*emical ,w>f>e &1 #cfc ,tanks1 ,smoke scre5 =1 #cji ,!rmal disp]sion1 #cac ,!rmit1 ,uses1 #cic ,t9 tetra*loride1 ,smoke mat]ial1 use z1 #bhi ,tissot mask1 #bjb ,titanium tetra*loride1 ,smoke mat]ial1 use z1 #bij ,tobacco smoke1 #cbh ,total obscur+ p[] ( smoke1 #bie ,t\* me?od1 ,irritants1 te/+ (1 #cfb ,toxicity1 ,gases1 te/+ (1 =1 #cec ,toxic smoke1 #cac ,c&le1 ,b4 ,m41 #cai ,c&le1 ,disp]soid1 #cbj ,p5etration1 #cad ,quantitative relation%ip1 #caf ,tra9+ division1 ,c4 ,w4 ,s41 #fe ,tr5* mort>1 #bj1 #cib ,tri*lorome?yl *lor(ormate1 #bj ,tri*loronitrome?ane4 ,see ,*loropicr9 1 1 -,tri*lorotriv9yl>s9e1 #ahi ,t-,/(f1 #ada ,tyndall met]1 #bii ,ultramicroscope1 ,smoke p>ticles1 measurem5ts (1 #bib ,vapor te/s1 ,irritants1 te/+ (1 #cei ,v]satility ( absorb5ts1 #bch ,v9c5nite1 #ae1 #ahj ,vision *>t1 #bga 8,vomit+ gas40 ,see ,*loropicr9 ,w> gas4 ,see ,gases ,w>1 humanity (1 #f ,wave attack1 ,disadvantages1 #af ,xylyl bromide1 #af1 #ada ,yell[ cross4 ,see ,di*loroe?yl sulfide ,yell[ smoke1 #cca ,yp]ite4 ,see ,di*loroe?yl sulfide