,illustration3 7cover7 ,illustration3 ,,eastern ,,united ,,states ,,from ,,trail ,,to ,,railway ,,through ,,the ,,appalachians ,,by ,,albert ,,perry ,,brigham1 ,a4,m4 ,,professor ,,of ,,geology ,,in ,,colgate ,,university ,,author ,,of 8,,geographic ,,influences ,,in ,,american ,,history0 ,,ginn ,,and ,,company ,,boston ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,london ,,atlanta ,,dallas ,,columbus ,,san ,,francisco ,,copyright1 #aijg1 ,,by ,,albert ,,perry ,,brigham ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved #fba4a ,the ,athenum ,press ,,ginn ,,and ,,company ,,proprietors ,,boston ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,this book grows out of the conviction that geography in the schools must return somewhat to human interests4 ,in saying this the author will scarcely need to defend himself against the charge of undervaluing physiography4 ,it is only a question of wise adaptation to youthful students4 ,elementary history also needs to be placed in its setting of physical conditions4 ,it is here attempted to promote both these objects in the study of the eastern ,united ,states4 ,if geography and history can be well correlated1 both of these great themes may be taught with economy of time and with stronger interest4 ,much more might be said concerning the growth of centers1 the agriculture1 and the commerce1 but the limits of space are rigid4 ,hence roads and westward movements have been made the main topic4 ,the geography is not taught formally1 but is woven in with the story4 ,care has been given to the maps of the several regions1 that they should clearly express the essentials and avoid the vagueness of many small-scale representations of the ,appalachian belt4 ,a4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,colgate ,,university ,october1 #aijf ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,boston ,,and ,,the ,,berkshires #a ,,ii4 ,,pioneers ,,of ,,the ,,mohawk ,,and ,,the ,,hudson #ad ,,iii4 ,,oriskany1 ,a ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,revolution #bi ,,iv4 ,,the ,,erie ,,canal #dj ,v4 ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,central ,,railway #ec ,,vi4 ,,old ,,journeys ,,from ,,philadelphia ,,to ,,the ,,west #fc ,,vii4 ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad #gd ,,viii4 ,,the ,,national ,,road #hf ,,ix4 ,,the ,,baltimore ,,and ,,ohio ,,railroad #ih ,x4 ,,cities ,,of ,,the ,,ohio ,,valley #aaa ,,xi4 ,,the ,,great ,,valley #abi ,,xii4 ,,to ,,kentucky ,,by ,,the ,,cumberland ,,gap #adb ,,xiii4 ,,frontier ,,soldiers ,,and ,,statesmen #aee ,,xiv4 ,,cities ,,of ,,the ,,southern ,,mountains #afg ,,index #ahc ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,cunard ,steamship #c #b4 ,union ,station1 ,springfield #f #c4 ,deerfield ,valley1 ,charlemont1 ,mass4 #h #d4 ,eastern ,portal of ,hoosac ,tunnel #aa #e4 ,south ,station1 ,boston #ab #f4 ,henry ,hudson #af #g4 ,sir ,william ,johnson #bj #h4 ,genesee ,street1 ,utica #bc #i4 ,old ,fort ,johnson1 ,amsterdam1 ,new ,york #bf #aj4 ,oriskany ,battle ,monument #cj #aa4 ,herkimer directing the ,battle of ,oriskany #cc #ab4 ,herkimer's ,monument and ,mansion #cf #ac4 ,de ,witt ,clinton #dc #ad4 ,erie ,canal1 ,utica #df #ae4 ,erie ,canal1 ,syracuse #dh #af4 ,traveling by ,packet on the ,erie ,canal #ej #ag4 ,erie ,canal and ,solvay ,works1 ,syracuse #ea #ah4 ,de ,witt ,clinton ,train #ed #ai4 ,twentieth ,century ,limited #eg #bj4 ,rounding the ,noses1 ,mohawk ,valley #ei #ba4 ,penn ,square1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania #fe #bb4 ,bridge over ,conestoga ,creek1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania #fg #bc4 ,tollhouse near ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania #fh #bd4 ,hambright's ,hotel1 on the 8,lancaster ,pike0 #gj #be4 ,old ,road ,house1 ,chambersburg1 ,pennsylvania #ga #bf4 ,freight ,locomotive1 ,pennsylvania ,railroad #ge #bg4 ,tunnel1 ,portage ,railway #gf #bh4 ,broad ,street ,station1 ,philadelphia #gg #bi4 ,bridge1 ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 above ,harrisburg #gi #cj4 ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,shops1 ,altoona #hj #ca4 ,horseshoe ,curve1 ,pennsylvania ,railroad #ha #cb4 ,rock ,cut1 ,pennsylvania ,railroad #hd #cc4 ,tollhouse near ,brownsville1 ,pennsylvania #hg #cd4 ,milestone1 ,braddock's ,road1 ,frostburg1 ,maryland #ij #ce4 ,old ,road ,house1 ,brownsville1 ,pennsylvania #ib #cf4 ,cumberland and ,gap in ,wills ,mountain #ie #cg4 ,bridge and ,monument1 ,national ,road1 near ,wheeling1 ,west ,virginia #if #ch4 ,mount ,royal ,station1 ,baltimore #ii #ci4 ,chesapeake and ,ohio ,canal1 ,cumberland #ajj #dj4 ,highest ,point on ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad1 ,sand ,patch1 ,pennsylvania #ajc #da4 ,down the ,potomac from ,harpers ,ferry #ajf #db4 ,coke ,ovens1 ,meyersdale1 ,pennsylvania #ajh #dc4 ,the ,observation ,end1 ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad #aaj #dd4 ,old ,blockhouse1 ,pittsburg #aab #de4 ,pittsburg #aae #df4 ,coal ,barges1 ,pittsburg #aai #dg4 ,pittsburg at ,night #abj #dh4 ,furnaces near ,pittsburg #aba #di4 ,river ,front1 ,cincinnati #abe #ej4 ,luray1 ,shenandoah ,valley #aca #ea4 ,james ,river ,gap in the ,blue ,ridge #acd #eb4 ,hilly ,farm ,lands1 near ,knoxville #acf #ec4 ,great ,valley1 from the ,pinnacle1 ,cumberland ,gap #aci #ed4 ,cumberland ,gap from the ,east #adc #ee4 ,daniel ,boone #ade #ef4 ,pineville ,gap1 ,cumberland ,river #adg #eg4 ,cornfield near ,cumberland ,gap #aej #eh4 ,kentucky ,blue ,grass #aeb #ei4 ,three ,states ,monument1 ,cumberland ,gap #aec #fj4 ,george ,rogers ,clark #aeg #fa4 ,on the ,french ,broad #aei #fb4 ,john ,sevier #afb #fc4 ,james ,robertson #afd #fd4 ,sevier ,monument1 ,knoxville #afe #fe4 ,old ,statehouse1 ,knoxville #aff #ff4 ,street in ,knoxville #afh #fg4 ,on the ,campus1 ,university of ,tennessee #afi #fh4 ,marble ,quarry near ,knoxville #aga #fi4 ,statehouse1 ,nashville #agc #gj4 ,chattanooga from ,cameron ,hill #age #ga4 ,broad ,street1 ,atlanta #agg #gb4 ,fulton ,bag and ,cotton ,mills1 ,atlanta #agh #gc4 ,georgia ,institute of ,technology1 ,atlanta #agi #gd4 ,iron ,furnace1 ,birmingham #ahj ,,maps ,eastern ,united ,states ,frontispiece ,new ,england #d ,new ,york #bf ,pennsylvania #fd ,southern ,appalachian ,region #acb ,,from ,,trail ,,to ,,railway ,,chapter ,i ,,boston ,,and ,,the ,,berkshires ,from the time of the settlement of ,massachusetts ,boston has had a large share of the business of the country4 ,her natural advantages are great4 ,on the one hand there is her harbor1 sheltered by many islands from the storms of the ,atlantic2 on the other are tidal rivers and level highways leading to the interior of the state4 ,emerson1 who was born in ,boston1 wrote3 ,each street leads downward to the sea1 ,or landward to the west4 ,for generations1 as the city has grown1 her people have been crowding back the ocean by filling in the shallows1 and now her busy streets extend over acres of 8made land10 while from the south1 the west1 and the north1 lines of railway connect her with all parts of ,america4 ,not many years after the ,war of the ,revolution a ,boston merchant ship went around the world4 ,she took on board a native at ,hawaii1 sold her load of furs in ,canton1 rounded ,cape ,horn1 and anchored at length in ,boston harbor4 ,so great an achievement did this seem that ,governor ,hancock and the people said fine things and made merry4 ,this little ship was eighty-three feet long1 and you could measure off seven or eight times her length on one of the big liners of to-day4 ,later the same ship set sail again1 and on the west coast of ,america1 in one of the roughest seas1 her master1 ,captain ,gray1 saw the mouth of a great river4 ,he was determined to enter it4 ,having crossed the breakers1 he sailed up the river more than twenty miles1 and to-day it bears the name of his ship1 the ,columbia4 ,boston was reaching out into the wide world4 ,many years later this discovery had much to do with securing the rights of the ,united ,states in the ,oregon country against the claims of ,great ,britain4 ,young lads often went out on these voyages1 and the training made them strong men4 ,there were dangers on the ocean then which to-day we do not fear1 for pirates still lay in wait for merchantmen and foreign powers took liberties with ,american ships4 ,one vessel seen in ,boston harbor was named ,catch-me-if-you-can4 ,many years later1 when ,mr4 ,samuel ,cunard of ,halifax took a contract to carry the royal mail between ,liverpool and ,america1 there was an immediate protest from the ,boston merchants against ending the voyage at ,halifax4 ,they urged the great commercial advantage of having the ships run westward to ,boston after stopping at ,halifax1 and so powerful were these arguments that the first ,cunard liners came steaming into ,massachusetts bay4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,cunard ,,steamships ,,which ,,sail ,,from ,,boston ,,to-,,day ,this was not pleasant for ,new ,york people1 who tried to show that theirs was the better port4 ,as if to help in the fight against ,boston1 the harbor froze over in the winter of #ahdd1 and the ,cunard ship1 the ,britannia1 could not sail4 ,determined to hold their own1 the ,boston people engaged ,frederick ,tudor1 a great exporter of ice1 to bring his machinery from the fresh-water ponds and cut a way4 ,he soon made a lane of open water1 and the ,britannia sailed out for ,liverpool4 ,while ocean trade was growing much had been done on the land4 ,settlements were first made at ,plymouth1 ,salem1 and ,boston1 and as soon as possible the rough forest trails joining these towns were changed into roads4 ,many ferries and bridges were needed to cross the streams1 and roads were carried back into the country as the people settled farther from the sea4 ,after ,providence was begun1 in the ,narragansett country1 and the rich lands along the ,connecticut were settled1 there was need of roads across the hills of ,massachusetts1 so that the colonists could visit each other1 exchange letters1 and thus be less exposed to danger from savages in the great ,american wilderness4 ,the highway leading along the east coast was called ,bay ,road4 ,a post rider went between ,boston and ,new ,york in #agjd1 and a rough path he had to travel4 ,it was thought remarkable1 four years later1 that a woman1 ,madam ,sarah ,knights1 made that journey4 ,she afterwards taught school in ,boston1 and ,benjamin ,franklin was one of her pupils4 ,somebody scratched these lines on a window pane in her schoolroom3 ,through many toils and many frights ,i have returned1 poor ,sarah ,knights2 ,over great rocks and many stones1 ,god has preserved from fractured bones4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,england ,,boston ,,and ,,maine ,,railroad 7,,fitchburg ,,division7 ------ ,,boston ,,and ,,albany ,,railroad ,there is no doubt about the 8great rocks and many stones0 of ,new ,england1 but around ,boston1 at any rate1 one usually sees them now at a safe distance4 ,in western ,massachusetts is the great ,berkshire country4 ,through most of its length the ,housatonic river runs to the southward4 ,at the north the ,hoosick river flows from it1 across a corner of ,vermont1 to the ,hudson4 ,on the first is beautiful ,pittsfield1 and on the second is busy ,north ,adams with its mills4 ,in sight everywhere are the mountains1 not very high and usually covered with forest1 but sometimes bold and rocky4 ,farther north we should call them the ,green mountains1 but here we name them the ,berkshires4 ,the eastern range1 which separates the ,housatonic valley on the west from the ,connecticut valley on the east1 is ,hoosac mountain1 of which we shall hear again4 ,these long ranges of mountains run from north to south1 and while it was easy to follow the valleys between them1 it was hard to go across them from east to west or from west to east4 ,boston and all the chief towns of ,new ,england lay eastward1 and the rest of the country was west of the mountains4 ,if a ,massachusetts family wished to settle in the fertile lands of western ,new ,york or ,ohio1 they had to cross the mountains4 ,in our day the mountain region is full of towns and beautiful summer homes1 but then it was a wilderness which in places was almost impassable4 ,if it was difficult to make a single journey between the ,connecticut river and the ,hudson1 it was quite out of the question to carry grain and fruit from the ,west to ,boston1 and to bring back in exchange the goods made in her factories4 ,near ,pittsfield1 in the heart of the ,berkshires1 rises the ,westfield river1 which has cut a deep valley eastward through the mountains4 ,opposite the place where this stream enters the ,connecticut the beautiful city of ,springfield has now grown up1 partly on the low grounds and partly on a terrace4 ,it is readily seen that the ,westfield valley forms a natural roadway from here westward to ,pittsfield1 and on toward ,albany and the ,mohawk in ,new ,york4 ,we cannot say that the valley was made for the cities1 but the cities were made1 in part at least1 because the valley was there4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,union ,,railway ,,station1 ,,springfield1 ,,massachusetts ,the first roads that improved on the ,indian trails were1 of course1 made for wagons4 ,the gorge of the ,westfield was so rugged that a hundred years ago it seemed almost impossible to make a good wagon road through it4 ,there were some people1 however1 who thought that it could be done and who determined to do it4 ,their courage won1 and before long there was a good highway all along the roaring river4 ,the bowlders were rolled out of the way1 the trees were cut1 the roadbed was made1 and people could go east and west in the stages without risk of losing their lives or even of breaking their bones4 ,this was accomplished soon after #ahbe1 but it did not solve all the problems of the ,massachusetts people1 for1 as we shall soon learn fully1 the ,erie canal was finished in that year1 and a long string of canal boats began to carry produce from the ,west to ,new ,york4 ,the good people of ,boston watched all this going on4 ,every load of grain was headed straight eastward as if it were coming to ,massachusetts bay1 thence to go by vessel to ,europe4 ,but when it reached the ,hudson it was sure to turn off down that river to help load ships at the piers of ,new ,york4 ,and ,new ,england had only a wagon road across the mountains6 ,a wagon road will never draw trade away from a tidal river1 and thus we can understand why a prominent ,massachusetts man1 ,charles ,francis ,adams1 spoke of the ,hudson as 8a river so fatal to ,boston40 ,boston might have all the ships she wanted1 but if she could not get cargoes for them they would be of no use4 ,shipowners1 seeing that there was plenty of western freight in ,new ,york1 sent their boats there4 ,it was indeed time that ,boston people began to ask themselves what they could do4 ,they still had ships1 but these were usually 8down ,east0 coasters1 and the noble vessels from far eastern ports1 laden with spices and teas1 silks1 and all the spoils of ,europe and ,asia1 rarely came to ,boston1 but brought more and greater loads to ,new ,york and ,baltimore1 where they could lay in corn and wheat for the return voyage4 ,even the ,cunards transferred most of their boats and finally all their mail steamers to ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,deerfield ,,river ,,at ,,charlemont1 ,,massachusetts1 ,,on ,,the ,,line ,,of ,,the ,,boston ,,and ,,maine ,,railroad ,the people of ,boston first said1 8,we will build another canal1 up the ,hoosick and down the ,deerfield valley1 and then the canal boats will keep on to the east40 ,as states often do1 they appointed a commission to see if the canal could be built1 and what it would cost4 ,but what were they to do about ,hoosac mountain1 which stood a thousand feet high1 of solid rock1 between the ,hoosick valley on the west and the ,deerfield valley on the east8 ,they decided that they would tunnel it for the water way4 ,rather strangely they thought it could be done for a little less than a million dollars4 ,a wise engineer made the survey for the canal1 and when he remarked1 8,it seems as if the finger of ,providence had pointed out this route from the east to the west10 some one who stood near replied1 8,it's a great pity that the same finger wasn't thrust through the mountain40 ,the plans for the canal were finally given up1 and though many years later such a tunnel was made1 it was not for a canal1 nor was the work done for a million dollars4 ,every one was talking now of railways1 but few thought that rails could be laid across the ,berkshires4 ,it was even said in a ,boston paper that such a road could never be built to ,albany2 that it would cost as much to do it as all ,massachusetts would sell for2 and that if it should be finished1 everybody with common sense knew it would be as useless as a railroad from ,boston to the moon4 ,we need not be too hard on this writer1 for it was five years later when the ,de ,witt ,clinton train climbed the hill from ,albany and carried its handful of passengers to ,schenectady4 ,one of the friends of the railway scheme was ,abner ,phelps4 ,when he was a senior at ,williams ,college1 in #ahjf1 he had thought of it1 for he had heard about the tram cars in the ,english coal regions4 ,in #ahbf he became a member of the legislature of ,massachusetts1 and the second day he was there he proposed that the road should be built4 ,in time the project went through1 but at first it was planned to pull the cars with horses1 and on the down grades to take the horses on the cars and let them ride4 ,we do not know how it was intended that the cars should be held back1 for it was long before the invention of air brakes4 ,the line was built to its western end on the ,hudson in #ahdb1 and thus ,boston1 ,worcester1 ,springfield1 and ,albany were bound together by iron rails4 ,there was only a single track and the grades were heavy4 ,the road brought little trade to ,boston1 and most of the goods from the ,west still went by way of the ,hudson to ,new ,york4 ,it was1 however1 a beginning1 and it showed that the mountain wall could be crossed4 ,the subject of a ,hoosac tunnel now came up again4 ,it would take a long time to tell how the tunnel was made2 indeed1 it was a long time in making4 ,it was begun in #ahej or soon afterwards1 and the work went slowly1 with many stops and misfortunes1 so that the hole through the mountain was not finished until ,november #bg1 #ahgc4 ,on that day the last blast was set off1 which made the opening from the east to the west side2 and the first regular passenger train ran through ,july #h1 #ahge1 fifty years after it had been planned to make a canal under the mountain4 ,in order to help on the work the engineers sunk a shaft a thousand feet deep from the top of the mountain to the level of the tunnel1 and from the bottom worked east and west4 ,this gave them four faces1 or 8headings10 on which to work1 instead of two1 and hastened the finishing4 ,the whole cost was about fourteen million dollars4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,eastern ,,portal ,,of ,,the ,,hoosac ,,tunnel1 ,,boston ,,and ,,maine ,,railroad ,it took great skill to sink the shaft on just the right line1 and to make the parts of the tunnel exactly meet1 as the men worked in from opposite directions4 ,they brought the ends together under the mountain with a difference of only five sixteenths of an inch6 ,you can measure this on a finger nail and see how much it is4 ,the tremendous task was successfully accomplished1 and ,boston was no longer shut off from the rest of the country by the mountains4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,the ,,south ,,station1 ,,boston ,the end of it all is not that ,boston has won all the ships away from ,new ,york1 but that gradually she has been getting her share4 ,now she has great ,cunarders1 ,white ,star ,liners1 and the ,leyland boats1--all giant ships sailing for ,liverpool1--and many other stately vessels bound for southern ports or foreign lands4 ,now you may see in ,boston harbor not a forest of masts but great funnels painted to show the lines to which the boats belong1 and marking a grander commerce than that which put out for the ,indies long years ago2 for to-day ,boston is the second ,american port4 ,the great freight yards of the railways are close upon the docks1 and travelers from the ,west may come into either of two great stations1 one of which is the largest railway terminal in the world4 ,in and about ,boston are more than a million people1 reaching out with one hand for the riches of the great land to the west1 and with the other passing them over the seas to the nations on the farther side4 ,man has taken a land of dense forests1 stony hills1 and wild valleys1 and subdued it4 ,it is dotted with cities1 crossed by roads1 and is one of the great gateways of ,north ,america4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,pioneers ,,of ,,the ,,mohawk ,,and ,,the ,,hudson ,if a stranger from a distant land should come to ,new ,york1 he might take an elevated train at the ,battery and ride to the upper end of ,harlem4 ,he would then have seen ,manhattan island1 so named by the ,indians1 who but three hundred years ago built their wigwams there and paddled their canoes in the waters where great ships now wait for their cargoes4 ,if the visitor should stay for a time1 he might find that ,harlem used to be spelled ,haarlem1 from a famous old town in ,holland4 ,he might walk through ,bleecker street1 or ,cortlandt street1 or see ,stuyvesant square1 and learn that these hard names belonged to old ,dutch families2 and if he studied history1 he would find that the town was once called ,new ,amsterdam and was settled by ,dutchmen from ,holland4 ,they named the river on the west of the island the ,great ,north river1 to distinguish it from the ,delaware1 or ,great ,south river1 and they planned to keep all the land about these two streams and to call it ,new ,netherland4 ,rocks and trees covered most of ,manhattan island at that time1 but the ,dutch had a small village at its south end1 where they built a fort and set up windmills1 which ground the corn and made the place look like a town in ,holland4 ,the ,indians did not like the windmills with their 8big teeth biting the corn in pieces10 but they were usually friendly with the settlers1 sometimes sitting before the fireplaces in the houses and eating supawn1 or mush and milk1 with their white friends4 ,little did the ,indian dream what a bargain he offered to the white man when he consented to sell the whole island for a sum equal to twenty-four dollars2 and the ,dutchman1 to do him justice1 was equally ignorant4 ,all this came about because ,henry ,hudson with a ,dutch vessel1 the ,half ,moon1 had sailed into the harbor in #afji1 and had explored the river for a long distance from its mouth4 ,hudson was an ,englishman1 but with most people he has had to pass for a ,dutchman4 ,he has come down in stories as ,hendrick instead of ,henry1 no doubt because he commanded a ship belonging to a ,dutch company1 and because a ,dutch colony was soon planted at the mouth of the river which he discovered4 ,hudson spent a month of early autumn about ,manhattan and on the river which afterwards took his name4 ,sailing was easy1 for the channel is cut so deep into the land that the tides1 which rise and fall on the ocean border by day and night1 push far up the ,hudson and make it like an inland sea4 ,in what we call the ,highlands ,hudson found the river narrow1 with rocky cliffs rising far above him4 ,beyond he saw lowlands covered with trees1 and stretching west to the foot of the ,catskill mountains4 ,he went at least as far as the place where ,albany now stands1 but there he found the water shallow and turned his ship about1 giving up the idea of reaching the ,indies by going that way4 ,he did not know that a few miles to the west a deep valley lies open through the mountains1 a valley which is now full of busy people and is more important for travel and trade than a dozen northwest passages to ,china would be4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,henry ,,hudson ,it was not long before this valley which leads to the west was found1 and by a real ,dutchman4 ,only five years after ,hudson's voyage ,dutch traders built a fort near the spot where ,albany now stands4 ,shortly afterwards1 in #afbd1 the first settlers came and founded ,fort ,orange1 which is now ,albany4 ,arent ,van ,curler came over from ,holland in #afcj and made his home near ,fort ,orange4 ,he was an able man and became friendly with the ,indians4 ,they called him 8,brother ,corlear0 and spoke of him as their 8good friend40 ,a few years ago a diary kept by ,van ,curler was found in an old ,dutch garret1 where it had lain for two hundred and sixty years4 ,it told the story of a journey that he made in #afcd1 only four years after he came to ,america4 ,setting out on ,december #aa1 he traveled up the valley of the ,mohawk until he reached the home of the ,oneida ,indians in central ,new ,york4 ,he stayed with them nearly two weeks1 and then returned to ,fort ,orange1 where he arrived on ,january #ai4 ,this is the earliest record of a white man's journey through a region which now contains large towns and is traversed by many railway trains every day in the year4 ,no one knows how long there had been ,indians and ,indian trails in the ,mohawk valley4 ,these trails ,van ,curler followed1 often coming upon some of the red men themselves1 and visiting them in a friendly way4 ,they1 as well as the white settlers who followed them1 chose the flat1 rich lands along the river1 for here it was easy to beat a path1 and with their bark canoes they could travel and fish4 ,the ,indians entertained ,van ,curler with baked pumpkins1 turkey1 bear meat1 and venison4 ,as the turkey is an ,american bird1 we may be sure that it was new to the ,dutch explorer4 ,these ,indians1 with whom ,van ,curler and all the ,new ,york colonists had much to do1 were of several tribes1--the ,mohawks1 ,oneidas1 ,onondagas1 ,cayugas1 and ,senecas4 ,all together they were known as the ,iroquois 7r--kwoi71 or ,iroquois ,nation1 a kind of confederation which met in council and went forth together to war4 ,they called their five-fold league ,the ,long ,house1 from the style of dwelling which was common among them1--a long house in which as many as twenty families sometimes lived4 ,the ,iroquois built villages1 cultivated plots of land1 and sometimes planted apple orchards4 ,they were often eloquent orators and always fierce fighters4 ,among the surrounding tribes they were greatly feared4 ,they sailed on lake ,ontario and lake ,erie in their birch-bark canoes1 and they followed the trails far eastward down the ,mohawk valley4 ,before the white men came these fierce warriors occasionally invaded ,new ,england1 to the terror of the weaker tribes4 ,sometimes they followed up their conquests by exacting a tribute of wampum4 ,after ,fort ,orange was founded they went there with their packs of beaver skins and other furs to trade for clothes and trinkets4 ,in fact the white man's principal interest for many years was to barter for furs4 ,the ,dutch1 and soon afterwards the ,english1 bid for the trade from their settlements on the ,hudson1 and the ,french did the same from their forts on the ,st4 ,lawrence and the ,great ,lakes4 ,thus there was much letter writing and much fighting among the colonists1 while each side tried to make friends of the ,indians and get the whole of the fur trade4 ,the result was that either in war or in trade the white men and the savages were always going up and down the ,mohawk valley1 which thus was a well-traveled path long before there were turnpike roads1 canals1 or steam cars4 ,when ,van ,curler made his journey into the ,indian country1 he did not reach the ,mohawk river at once on leaving ,fort ,orange1 but traveled for about sixteen miles across a sandy and half-barren stretch of scrubby pine woods4 ,he came down to the river where its rich bottom lands spread out widely and where several large islands are inclosed by parts of the stream4 ,south and east of these flats are the sand barrens1 and on the west are high hills through which1 by a deep1 narrow gap1 the ,mohawk flows4 ,the ,indians called this place 8,schonowe10 or 8gateway40 ,it was well named1 for entering by this gate one can go to the foot of the ,rocky mountains without climbing any heights4 ,a few years before his death ,van ,curler led a small band of colonists from ,fort ,orange1 bought the 8great flats0 from the ,mohawk ,indians1 and founded a town1 calling it ,schenectady1 which is the old ,indian name changed in its spelling4 ,no easy time did these settlers have1 for theirs was for many years the frontier town and they never knew when hostile savages might come down upon them to burn their houses and take their scalps4 ,in #afij1 twenty-eight years after the town was founded1 a company of ,french and ,indians from ,montreal surprised ,schenectady in the night1 burned most of the houses1 and killed about sixty of the people1 taking others captive4 ,but ,dutchmen rarely give up an undertaking1 and they soon rebuilt their town4 ,it was an important place1 for here was the end of the 8carry0 over the pine barrens from the ,hudson1 and here began the navigation of the river1 which for a hundred years was the best means of carrying supplies up the valley and into central ,new ,york4 ,the traveler of to-day on the ,new ,york ,central ,railway sees on ,van ,curler's 8great flats0 the flourishing city of ,schenectady1 with its shops and houses1 its college1 and its vast factories for the manufacture of locomotives and electrical supplies4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,sir ,,william ,,johnson ,see ,fort ,johnson1 ,fig4 #i ,it is true that the ,dutch pioneers played an important part in the early history of the state and are still widely represented by their descendants in the ,mohawk valley1 but the leading spirit of colonial days on the river was a native of ,ireland who came when a young man to manage his uncle's estates in ,america4 ,this was in #agch1 nearly fifty years after the ,schenectady massacre4 ,the young man1 who was in the confidence of the governor of ,new ,york and of the king as well1 is known to all readers of ,american history as ,sir ,william ,johnson4 ,he built a fine stone mansion a short distance west of the present city of ,amsterdam and lived there many years4 ,he also founded ,johnstown1 a few miles to the north1 now a thriving little city4 ,he dealt honestly with the ,indians1 when many tried to get their lands by fraud1 and he served as a high officer in the ,french and ,indian wars4 ,as the ,dutch settled the lower ,mohawk valley1 so the upper parts were taken up and the forests cleared by ,yankees from ,new ,england4 ,one of these was ,hugh ,white1 a sturdy man with several grown children4 ,he left ,middletown1 ,connecticut1 in #aghd1 and came by water to ,albany1 sending one of his sons overland to drive two pair of oxen4 ,father and son met in ,albany and went together across the sands to ,schenectady1 where they bought a boat to take some of the goods up the river4 ,four miles west of where ,utica now stands they stopped1 cut a few trees1 and built a hut to shelter them until they could raise crops and have a better home4 ,thus the ancient village of ,whitesboro was founded4 ,white was one of many hardy and brave men who settled in central ,new ,york at that time1 and they doubtless thought that they had gone a long way 8out ,west40 ,certainly their journey took more time than the emigrant would now need to reach ,california or ,oregon4 ,to cut the trees1 build cabins1 guard against the savages1 and get enough to eat and wear gave the settlers plenty to do4 ,only the simplest ways of living were possible4 ,until a grist mill was built they often used samp mortars1 such as the ,indians made4 ,they took a section of white ash log three feet long1 and putting coals of fire on one end1 kept them burning with a hand bellows until the hole was deep enough to hold the corn1 which was then pounded for their meals of hominy4 ,by and by a mill was built1 and here settlers often came from a distance of many miles1 sometimes carrying their grists on their backs4 ,a dozen years after ,white came1 ,general ,william ,floyd set up another mill in the northern part of what is now ,oneida county4 ,he was one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,one settler cleared several acres and planted corn with pumpkin seeds sprinkled in4 ,the pigeons pulled up all the corn1 but hundreds of great pumpkins grew and ripened4 ,since the crop was hardly enough1 however1 for either men or beasts1 the latter had to be fed the next winter on the small top boughs of the elm1 maple1 and basswood4 ,much use was made of the river1 for the only roads were ,indian paths through the woods on the river flats4 ,people and freight were carried in long1 light boats suited to river traffic and known as bateaux 7b-ts74 ,these could be propelled with oars1 but poles were necessary going upstream against a stiff current4 ,it was impossible to go up the ,mohawk from the ,hudson above ,albany1 on account of the great falls at ,cohoes2 hence the long carry to ,schenectady4 ,from that place1 by hard work1 the boatmen could make their way up to ,little ,falls1 where the water descends forty feet in roaring rapids4 ,here the loads and the bateaux had to be carried along the banks to the still water above1 where1 with many windings and doublings on their course1 the voyagers could reach the ,oneida ,carrying ,place1 or ,fort ,stanwix4 ,there they unloaded again1 and for a mile or more tramped across low ground to ,wood creek1 a little stream flowing into ,oneida lake1 and thence into ,oswego river and lake ,ontario4 ,the city of ,rome stands exactly on the road followed by the 8carry40 ,this was an important place1 and was called by the ,dutch ,trow ,plat1 while to the ,indians it was ,de-o-wain-sta1 8the place where canoes are carried across40 ,several forts were built there1 of which the most famous was ,fort ,stanwix4 ,we should think ,wood creek a difficult bit of navigation4 ,it was a small stream1 very crooked1 and often interrupted by fallen trees4 ,in times of low water the boats were dragged up and even down the creek by horses walking in the water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,genesee ,,street1 ,,utica ,part of the old ,genesee road ,the first merchant of old ,fort ,schuyler 7,utica7 was ,john ,post1 who had served his country well through the ,revolution4 ,in #agij he brought hither his wife1 three little children1 and a carpenter from ,schenectady1 after a voyage of about nine days up the river4 ,near the long-used fording place he built a store1 at the foot of what is now ,genesee street4 ,here he supplied the simple needs of the few families in the new hamlet1 and bought furs and ginseng of the ,indians1 giving in exchange paint1 powder1 shot1 cloth1 beads1 mirrors1 and1 it must be added1 rum also4 ,thus the fact that the river was shallow at this point and could be passed without a bridge or a boat led to the founding of the city of ,utica4 ,the first regular mail reached the settlement in #agic1 the post rider being allowed twenty-eight hours to come up from ,canajoharie1 a distance of about forty miles1 now traversed by many trains in much less than an hour4 ,on one occasion the ,fort ,schuyler settlement received six letters in one mail4 ,the people would hardly believe this astonishing fact until ,john ,post1 who had been made postmaster1 assured them that it was true4 ,post established stages and lines of boats to ,schenectady1 and soon had a large business1 for people were pouring into western ,new ,york to settle upon its fertile lands4 ,all the boats did not go down to ,oswego and lake ,ontario4 ,some turned and entered the ,seneca river1 following its slow and winding waters to the country now lying between ,syracuse and ,rochester4 ,but these boats were not equal to the traffic1 for the new farms were producing grain to be transported1 and the people needed many articles from the older towns on the ,atlantic coast4 ,hence about a dozen years after ,hugh ,white built his first cabin by the river1 the state legislature took up the question of transportation and built a great road1 a hundred miles long1 from ,fort ,schuyler1 or the future ,utica1 to ,geneva1 at the foot of ,seneca lake4 ,the road as laid out was six rods wide4 ,it was improved for a width of four rods by the use of gravel and logs where the ground was soft and swampy1 as much of it was in those days1 being flat and shaded by trees4 ,over the famous ,genesee road1 as it was called1 thousands of people went not only to the rich valley of the ,genesee in western ,new ,york but also on to ,ohio1 and even to the prairies of the ,mississippi river4 ,genesee street in ,utica and ,genesee street in ,syracuse are parts of this road4 ,the historian tells of it as a triumph1 for it was an ,indian path in ,june1 and before ,september was over a stage had started at ,fort ,schuyler1 and on the afternoon of the third day had deposited its four passengers at the hotel in ,geneva4 ,after this wagons and stages began to run frequently between ,albany and ,geneva4 ,a wagon could carry fourteen barrels of flour eastward1 and in about a month could return to ,geneva from ,albany with a load of needed supplies4 ,in five weeks1 one winter1 five hundred and seventy sleighs carrying families passed through ,geneva to lands farther west4 ,geneva was quite a metropolis in those days1 when there was nothing but woods where ,syracuse and ,rochester now are4 ,regular markets were held there1 for there were fine farms and orchards about the beautiful shores of ,seneca lake4 ,it is recorded as remarkable that one settler had 8dressed up0 an old ,indian orchard and made 8one hundred barrels of cyder40 ,we might think that the founders of the city of ,rochester would have come in by the ,genesee road1 but they did not4 ,far to the south1 at ,hagerstown in ,maryland1 a country already old1 lived ,colonel ,rochester4 ,he heard of the ,genesee lands and at last bought1 with his partners1 a hundred acres by the falls1 where the city now stands4 ,when the little family procession passed down the street and entered upon the long journey up the ,susquehanna valley to western ,new ,york1 ,rochester's friends in ,hagerstown wept to see him go4 ,they thought that he had thrown his money away in buying swamp lands where only mosquitoes1 rattlesnakes1 and bears could live1 but he saw farther than they did4 ,if he had been unwilling to take any risk1 he would never have laid out the first streets of the prosperous city which now bears his name4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,old ,,fort ,,johnson1 ,,amsterdam1 ,,new ,,york ,built by ,sir ,william ,johnson1 #agdb ,syracuse1 like ,utica and ,rochester1 had its own way of beginning4 ,we can truly say that at first salt made the city4 ,the beds of salt are not directly under ,syracuse1 but are in the hills not far away4 ,the water from the rains and springs dissolves some of this salt1 and as it flows down it fills the gravels in and around the town4 ,while all was yet forest the ,indian women had made salt from the brine which oozed up in the springs4 ,so long ago as #aggj1 five years before the ,revolution1 the ,delaware ,indians went after ,onondaga salt1 and a little of it was now and then brought down to ,albany4 ,sometimes it was sold far down the ,st4 ,lawrence in ,quebec4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york ,,new ,,york1 ,,lake ,,erie ,,and ,,western ,,railroad ,,delaware1 ,,lackawanna ,,and ,,western ,,railroad 44444444444 ,,new ,,york ,,central ,,and ,,hudson ,,river ,,railroad ----------- ,,new ,,york1 ,,ontario ,,and ,,western ,,railroad ------ ,,delaware ,,and ,,hudson ,,railroad ------ ,,erie ,,canal 7old location7 ,the pioneers first made salt there in #aghh4 ,this was several years before the ,genesee road was cut through the woods4 ,one of these men1 a ,mr4 ,danforth1 whose name a suburb of ,syracuse now bears1 used to put his coat on his head for a cushion and on that carry out a large kettle to the springs4 ,he would put a pole across crotched sticks1 hang up the kettle1 and go to work to make salt4 ,when he had made enough for the time he would hide his kettle in the bushes and bring home his salt4 ,by and by so many hundreds of bushels were made by the settlers that the government of the state framed laws to regulate the making and selling of the salt1 and as time went on a town arose and grew into a city4 ,many years later rock salt was found deep down under the surface farther west1 and since that discovery the business of ,syracuse has become more and more varied in character4 ,the history of the state of ,new ,york shows well how the ,new ,world was settled along the whole ,atlantic coast4 ,the white men from ,europe found first ,manhattan island and the harbor4 ,then they followed the lead of a river and made a settlement that was to be ,albany4 ,still they let a river guide them1 this time the ,mohawk1 and it led them westward4 ,they pushed their boats up the stream1 and on land they widened the trails of the red men4 ,near its head the ,mohawk valley led out into the wide1 rich plains south and east of lake ,ontario4 ,soon there were so many people that a good road became necessary4 ,when the good road was made it brought more people1 and thus the foundations of the ,empire ,state were laid4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,oriskany1 ,a ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,revolution ,about halfway between old ,fort ,schuyler1 or ,utica1 and ,fort ,stanwix1 which is now ,rome1 is the village of ,oriskany4 ,a mile or two west of this small town1 in a field south of the ,mohawk river1 stands a monument raised in memory of a fierce battle fought on that slope in the year following the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,on the pedestal are four tablets in bronze1 one of which shows a wounded general sitting on the ground in the woods1 with his hand raised1 giving orders to his men4 ,the time was #aggg1 the strife was the battle of ,oriskany1 and the brave and suffering general was ,nicholas ,herkimer4 ,on another of the tablets is this inscription3 ,,here ,,was ,,fought ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,oriskany ,,on ,,the #f,,th ,,day ,,of ,,august1 #aggg4 ,,here ,,british ,,invasion ,,was ,,checked ,,and ,,thwarted4 ,,here ,,general ,,nicholas ,,herkimer1 ,,intrepid ,,leader ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,forces1 ,,though ,,mortally ,,wounded ,,kept ,,his ,,command ,,of ,,the ,,fight ,,till ,,the ,,enemy ,,had ,,fled4 ,,the ,,life ,,blood ,,of ,,more ,,than ,,two ,,hundred ,,patriot ,,heroes ,,made ,,this ,,battle ,,ground ,,sacred ,,forever4 ,after the battle ,herkimer was carried down the valley to his home1 where a few days later he died4 ,on the field he had calmly lighted his pipe and smoked it as he gave his orders1 refusing to be carried to a safe place and saying1 8,i will face the enemy40 ,if the battle has its monument1 so the hero that won it has his1 and the traveler on the ,new ,york ,central ,railway can see both1 but thirty miles apart1 the one at ,oriskany1 the other a short distance down the valley from ,little ,falls4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,oriskany ,,battle ,,monument1 ,a ,,few ,,miles ,,west ,,of ,,utica ,herkimer was not a trained soldier1 but a plain farmer of the valley4 ,his letters and military orders show us that he could spell as poorly as any of his neighbors1 and that is saying a good deal4 ,his army was made up of these same simple neighbors1 who1 though they did not know much about soldierly marching1 were good shots and hard hitters1 fighting not for pay but to save their liberty and to protect their homes from the cruel savages4 ,the names of many of these men are on the battle monument1--names such as ,groot1 ,petrie1 ,dunckel1 ,klock1 ,kraus1 ,sammons1 ,schnell1 ,van ,horn1 and ,zimmerman4 ,we do not need to be told that these were not men of ,english blood2 indeed1 many of them belonged to those same ,dutch families which we saw settling in the ,hudson and ,mohawk valleys4 ,and some1 like the last one1 were not ,dutch but ,german1 and their ancestors came not from ,holland but from a land farther up the ,rhine4 ,they had been driven out by the persecutions of one of the ,french kings and had come to ,america4 ,they had had a hard time1 suffering much from taskmasters1 from poverty1 and from the savages1 until finally they had gone farther west in the ,mohawk valley and had received good lands lying eastward from ,utica4 ,there they became comfortable and prosperous4 ,they answered promptly the brave ,herkimer's call to arms1 and many of them gave their lives for home and country at ,oriskany4 ,we must now tell the other side of the story and see who the invaders were and where they came from4 ,in ,revolutionary days nearly all the people of ,new ,york were in its two great valleys4 ,one could go up the ,hudson from ,new ,york1 pass ,albany and ,fort ,edward1 and1 without finding high ground1 enter the valley of lake ,champlain and go down to ,montreal on the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,here1 then1 was an easy valley road from the sea at ,new ,york into ,canada4 ,coming either way1 one could turn off to the west at ,fort ,orange or ,albany and go up the ,mohawk and down to ,oswego on lake ,ontario4 ,in these two valleys were all the farms1 the towns1 and of course the forts4 ,there were forts at ,oswego and where ,rome1 ,utica1 and ,albany are2 at ,fort ,edward1 ,fort ,ann1 ,ticonderoga1 and many other places1 making a chain of defenses in these valleys4 ,west of the ,hudson and south of the ,mohawk were the high1 rough woods of the ,catskills2 while west of lake ,champlain and north of the ,mohawk were the rugged ,adirondacks1 without roads or clearings4 ,and because the roads1 the homes1 and the forts were in the valleys1 we shall almost always find the armies and the fighting there4 ,this will help us to understand the plan which the ,british made in #aggg1 by which they felt sure of crushing the rebellion4 ,the year before they had to leave ,boston and had come around to ,new ,york4 ,new ,york was not so large as ,philadelphia then1 but it was an important place1 for it was the key to the ,hudson valley4 ,the ,british generals decided to send one army up the ,hudson to destroy the forts and beat back the colonists4 ,this army was under ,general ,howe4 ,another army1 commanded by ,general ,burgoyne1 was to come from the ,st4 ,lawrence up lake ,champlain and through the woods by ,fort ,edward to ,albany4 ,burgoyne was a brave officer1 but he was conceited1 and he felt too sure that he could do his part easily4 ,he was confident that when he marched through the country many colonists would run to place themselves under the ,english flag4 ,in a few weeks he learned that these backwoods ,americans were quite ready to meet and give battle to the combined forces of the ,british regulars1 the hired ,german soldiers1 and the ,indians with whom they were in league4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,general ,,nicholas ,,herkimer ,,directing ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,oriskany ,there was yet a third division in this campaign4 ,a ,british force under ,general ,st4 ,leger had come up the ,st4 ,lawrence and lake ,ontario to ,oswego4 ,st4 ,leger also had with him many ,indians1 and these were commanded by ,joseph ,brant1 a famous chief1 who had had much to do with white men and who was well educated4 ,this third army was to go east1 over the ,oneida ,carrying ,place and down the ,mohawk to ,albany4 ,by this pretty plan three armies1 one from the south under ,howe1 one from the north under ,burgoyne1 and one from the west under ,st4 ,leger1 were to meet in ,albany4 ,they would put ,british soldiers in every fort on the way1 capture and disarm the rebels1 and have all ,new ,york under their feet4 ,more than this1 they would thus shut off ,new ,england from ,pennsylvania and ,virginia1 cutting the unruly colonies into two parts so that they could not help each other4 ,but the scheme1 brilliant as it was1 would not work4 ,none of the ,british armies reached ,albany4 ,howe did not1 perhaps because he did not try4 ,burgoyne and ,st4 ,leger did not1 because they could not3 there was altogether too much in the way4 ,we shall now see how this happened4 ,st4 ,leger brought into the ,mohawk valley from ,oswego an army of seventeen hundred men4 ,some were ,british1 some were ,hessians or hired ,german soldiers1 and the rest were ,indians under ,joseph ,brant4 ,they thought that it would not be much trouble to take ,fort ,stanwix and then go down the valley1 burning and killing as they went1 until they should meet the other armies of the king at ,albany4 ,but the colonists sent more soldiers to defend the fort1 and ,colonel ,peter ,gansevoort1 who was in command1 had under him nearly a thousand men4 ,just before the ,british came in sight a stock of provisions1 brought on several boats up the river1 had been safely delivered within the defenses4 ,this was early in ,august1 and only about seven weeks before ,congress had adopted the style of ,american flag which we know so well4 ,there was no flag at ,fort ,stanwix1 so the garrison set about making one4 ,they cut up shirts to make the white4 ,the blue came from a cloak captured not long before in a battle1 on the ,hudson1 by ,colonel ,marinus ,willett1 one of the bravest commanders within the fort4 ,the red is said to have been taken from a petticoat4 ,certain it is that a patriot flag was made1 and some think that it was the first ,american flag ever raised over a fortification4 ,while the ,british were besieging ,fort ,stanwix1 ,general ,herkimer had called out the men of the valley1 bidding all between the ages of sixteen and sixty make ready for battle4 ,the boys and old men were to do their best to care for the families and to defend their homes4 ,eight hundred men gathered under ,herkimer and marched to help the garrison of the fort4 ,hearing of this1 part of the ,british army1 including the ,indians1 came down the valley to head off ,herkimer4 ,they met at ,oriskany4 ,the farmer soldiers were hurrying up the valley without due watching for sudden attack1 while the enemy placed themselves in ambush around a low field which was wooded and swampy4 ,through this field the road ran1 and when ,herkimer's men were well down into it the ,indians opened a hot fire1 which threw the patriots into disorder4 ,they soon rallied and fought fiercely for five hours1 until two hundred of them had lost their lives4 ,early in the battle ,herkimer was shot1 but he forgot his pain when he saw his men victorious4 ,much of the fighting was of the ,indian sort1 from behind trees1 for the ,dutchmen well knew the ways of the savages4 ,they saw that when one man fired from behind a tree an ,indian would rush forward to tomahawk him before he could load his gun for another shot4 ,so they were ordered to stand by twos and take turns in firing4 ,thus when the ,indian ran forward with his tomahawk he would receive a bullet from the other man's gun4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,nicholas ,,herkimer',s ,,monument ,to the right is the old mansion in which he lived4 ,near ,little ,falls1 ,new ,york ,under ,john ,johnson1 the son of ,sir ,william ,johnson1 were many ,tories from the valley4 ,they and the patriots often recognized each other as former neighbors1 and then the fight was more stubborn than ever1 for the soldiers of freedom were bitterly angry to find old friends in arms against them4 ,during the battle a terrific thunder-shower came up1 and both sides stopped fighting1 having enough to do to keep their powder and guns dry4 ,the dark storm passed and the strife went on again4 ,at length the ,indians grew tired and ran1 leaving the field to ,herkimer and his little army4 ,the importance of a conflict is not always in proportion to the size of the armies engaged1 and in what it did for freedom ,oriskany takes high place among the battles of modern times4 ,the enemy went back to the siege of ,fort ,stanwix1 and soon a new force of patriots under ,benedict ,arnold was sent up the valley to relieve the fort4 ,it was during this march that an ignorant but cunning fellow named ,han ,yost ,schuyler was caught1 tried1 and condemned to die as a spy4 ,because his friends pleaded for his life ,arnold finally told him that he might live if he would go up to ,fort ,stanwix and make the ,indians and ,british believe that a great army was marching against them4 ,meanwhile the man's brother was held as a hostage1 to be punished if the promise was not fulfilled4 ,han ,yost did his part so well that ,st4 ,leger1 taking fright1 left the fort in great haste and his expedition was entirely broken up4 ,why he did not have a gay march down to ,albany is now quite plain4 ,a few days after the battle of ,oriskany a number of men drove some cattle to ,fort ,stanwix as food for the soldiers4 ,several women went with them on horseback to visit their husbands1 who belonged to the garrison4 ,at the ford of the river1 now the ,genesee street crossing in ,utica1 a big ,dutchman1 who did not wish to get wet1 leaped uninvited upon a horse behind one of the women4 ,the horse did not like the double load1 and made great sport by throwing the ,dutchman into the middle of the stream1 while he carried his mistress over in safety4 ,general ,burgoyne came nearer ,albany than did ,st4 ,leger4 ,indeed he went to ,albany1 but not until he had lost his army4 ,he had promptly captured ,ticonderoga on lake ,champlain1 and this success gave him high hopes and sent rejoicing throughout ,great ,britain2 but the patriots1 by felling trees and cutting away bridges1 hindered his southward march in every way4 ,he sent a thousand of his ,german soldiers across to ,bennington1 among the ,green mountains1 to capture stores which he knew were there4 ,but ,general ,stark was there also1 with a little army from ,new ,hampshire and ,massachusetts1 and the thousand ,hessians did not go back to help ,burgoyne4 ,he had left another thousand to guard ,ticonderoga1 and so he was two thousand short4 ,all this time the patriot army was growing1 for the men of the ,hudson valley were maddened when they saw the bloodthirsty ,indians marching with the ,english1 and1 to ,burgoyne's surprise1 they had no mind to fight for the king4 ,howe did not come1 ,st4 ,leger did not come1 and the provisions were getting short4 ,these could only come along the road from the north1 and the colonists were already marching in behind ,burgoyne's army to cut his line of communications4 ,he knew that he must fight or starve4 ,he chose to fight4 ,the battle was fought on ,bemis ,heights1 a range of hills west of the ,hudson1 a short distance north of the little village of ,stillwater4 ,the ,british general1 after his defeat1 withdrew a few miles northward and surrendered his army near the present town of ,schuylerville4 ,a tall monument marks the place4 ,this was the battle of ,saratoga1 fought in old ,saratoga1 which is several miles from the famous resort of that name4 ,so it was that up and down these beautiful valleys went armies and scouting bands1 as well as peaceful emigrants with their oxen1 their stages1 and their small freight boats4 ,one cannot go far along the ,hudson or the ,mohawk without finding the site of an ,indian village1 the foundations of an old fort1 the homestead of a ,revolutionary hero1 or an ancient place of worship4 ,when we see the great railways and swift trains1 the bundles of telegraph wires1 the noisy cities and great mills of to-day1 we can remember ,philip ,schuyler1 ,sir ,william ,johnson1 ,marinus ,willett1 ,peter ,gansevoort1 and ,nicholas ,herkimer4 ,there were no nobler patriots1 even in ,virginia and ,massachusetts1 than these men of the ,mohawk valley4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,erie ,,canal ,if we think that the men of a hundred years ago were people with few wants1 who were willing to let others do the trading and make the fortunes1 we are quite in the wrong4 ,they were as eager in business as are the driving ,americans of to-day4 ,so long ago as #afhc ,thomas ,dongan1 a well-born ,irishman1 came to ,new ,york to be its governor4 ,in his letters to the government in ,london he said a great deal about the fur trade and the danger of its going to other cities4 ,once he reported that two hundred packs of beaver skins had gone down the ,susquehanna river and across to ,philadelphia instead of being brought by the ,mohawk to ,new ,york1 and he thought that if this traffic continued ,new ,york would be ruined4 ,as time went on the rivalry grew stronger and stronger4 ,all the cities on the coast were bidding for the western trade4 ,the 8,west0 was then the ,genesee country1 the plains along the ,lakes1 and the rich lands of the ,ohio valley4 ,some of the trade from the ,lakes and the ,genesee went down the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,heavy articles especially were sent to ,quebec1 while lighter freight was taken overland down the ,mohawk4 ,when ,de ,witt ,clinton was stirring up the legislature and the people of ,new ,york1 he told them he was very sorry to learn that merchandise from ,montreal was sold in the state for less than ,new ,york prices4 ,this was because there was transportation by water from ,montreal1 and the ,st4 ,lawrence merchants could afford to undersell those of ,new ,york4 ,many people thought that the wheat and flour and other products of western ,new ,york would all go down the ,susquehanna to ,baltimore and ,philadelphia4 ,rough boats known as 8arks0 were built and floated down the river in the high water caused by the melting of the snows in the ,allegheny highlands4 ,from two to five hundred barrels of flour were carried in one of these craft4 ,as the boats could not be sailed up the river1 they were taken to pieces at the end of the voyage and sold for lumber4 ,we have already seen that ,colonel ,rochester followed this valley in migrating to the ,genesee river1 and one writer calls attention to the fact that in seven days several elderly people had come quite comfortably by this route from ,baltimore to ,bath in the southwestern part of ,new ,york4 ,one could now travel from ,san ,francisco to ,new ,york and almost halfway across the ,atlantic ocean in that time4 ,other cities also hoped to secure some of the profits of dealing with the rapidly growing ,west4 ,the tourist on his way down the ,potomac to ,mount ,vernon1 the home of ,washington1 will pass by ,alexandria1 a quiet old town of about fifteen thousand people4 ,washington himself thought it possible that ,alexandria might get a good share of the trade from ,detroit and other places on the ,lakes and on the ,ohio river4 ,all this seems strange to us1 because since the days of our great-grandfathers the traffic has been going largely to ,new ,york4 ,the cause of the change was the ,erie canal4 ,yet in #ahah1 a few months after the canal was begun1 an ,albany newspaper discussed very earnestly1 as one of the chief questions of the day1 the danger that ,philadelphia would take away the western trade4 ,flour1 salt1 and potash had been taken to ,new ,york in large quantities1 but all these products were carried as far as ,schenectady in little ten-ton boats1 by way of ,wood creek and the ,mohawk4 ,as the business grew it was seen to be impossible always to drag the boats up ,wood creek with horses1 and that the small canal1 ten feet wide1 which had been cut around the rapids at ,little ,falls1 could not serve the purposes of another generation4 ,hence for many years there had been talk of a canal to join the ,lakes and the ,hudson1 thus making navigation without a break from the interior of the country to the ,atlantic ocean at ,new ,york4 ,the credit for first thinking of such a canal has been claimed for several men1 but probably it was 8in the air10 and many thought of it at about the same time4 ,gouverneur ,morris1 one of the famous ,new ,york statesmen of the day1 proposed that lake ,erie should be 8tapped0 and its waters led to the ,hudson4 ,the surface of this lake is five hundred and seventy-three feet above tide water at ,albany4 ,it was ,morris's idea to dig a channel1 with a gently sloping bottom1 which should send the water east in a stream deep enough to float a boat4 ,the water thus turned from its course would go to ,albany instead of flowing through the ,niagara and the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,there were1 however1 difficulties about the plan which ,morris did not understand1 and it was never carried out4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,de ,,witt ,,clinton ,the great water way is often known as 8,clinton's ,ditch40 ,this name was doubtless given in ridicule by those who did not think it could be built4 ,there were many who laughed at the surveyors when they saw them looking about1 using their levels1 and driving their stakes in the woods and swamps4 ,it was even said that to dig such a canal was impossible1 that it would cost too much money1 that it would take too much time1 and that the canal itself could never be made to hold water4 ,but ,clinton and his supporters believed in it1 and worked hard to make it a success4 ,they said that the cost of carrying a ton of produce in wagons a distance of one hundred miles was about thirty-two dollars4 ,the experience of others had proved that in canals a ton could be carried one mile for one cent1 or a hundred miles for one dollar4 ,there is a great difference between one dollar and thirty-two dollars1 especially if the difference is added to the cost of the wheat from which our bread is made1 or of the lumber used in building our houses4 ,clinton himself thought that it might take ten or fifteen years to make the canal1 but1 as we shall see1 it was finished in less time than he supposed4 ,clinton declared very truly that ,new ,york was especially fortunate1 for the surface made it an easy task to dig the ditch4 ,there was no high or rough ground to be crossed1 there was plenty of water to keep the canal full1 and it would run through a fertile and rich country4 ,as ,clinton was governor of ,new ,york during much of the period in which the canal was made1 his name is imperishably connected with the great enterprise4 ,he was once candidate for the office of ,president of the ,united ,states1 but perhaps even that office1 if he had been elected1 would not have given him so much honor as did the building of this great public work4 ,canals were not new in ,clinton's time4 ,long before the ,christian era began men had dug them to carry water for various uses1 such as irrigation and turning machinery4 ,often1 as for hundreds of years in the fen country of ,england1 canals have been used to drain wet or flooded lands and for moving boats4 ,even beavers have been known to dig ditches1 which fill with water1 that they may float the wood which they cut to the place where they build their dams and their homes4 ,if a region is perfectly level1 only a ditch and water are needed4 ,but lands are not often level for more than short distances2 hence a canal consists commonly of a series of levels at different heights4 ,of course the boats must be passed from one level to another by some means4 ,if they are small1 they can be dragged up or down between two levels2 but this method will not serve for large boats carrying many tons of coal1 lumber1 salt1 or bricks1 hence locks are generally used4 ,a lock is a short section of a canal1 long enough for the boats used1 and having walls rising from the bottom of the lower level to the top of the upper one4 ,there are big gates at each end4 ,if a boat is to ascend1 it runs into the lock on the lower level and the lower gates are closed4 ,a small gate in the large upper gate is then opened and the water runs in from above1 slowly raising the water in the lock and with it the boat4 ,when the water in the lock is even with the water in the upper level1 the big upper gates are swung open and the boat goes on its way4 ,in a similar manner boats go down from higher to lower sections of the canal4 ,locks have been used in ,italy and in ,holland for more than four hundred years4 ,on ,april #ae1 #ahag1 the legislature passed the law for the construction of the long ditch1 and the first spade was set into the earth by ,judge ,john ,richardson at ,rome1 ,new ,york1 on ,july #d of the same year4 ,this was forty-one years after the ,declaration of ,independence1 and it is plain that the country had grown much in wealth and numbers when a single state could start out to build a water way three hundred miles long4 ,after the first spadeful of soil had been lifted1 the citizens and the laborers eagerly seized the shovels1 and thus everybody had a small share in beginning the great work4 ,guns were fired and there was much rejoicing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,erie ,,canal1 ,,looking ,,east ,,from ,,genesee ,,street ,,bridge1 ,,utica ,the men who took the contracts for digging short sections of the canal were mainly farmers who had gained good properties and who were living along the line4 ,in those days1 if any one had visited the men at work1 he would not have seen crowds of foreign laborers living in huts1 but men born and reared in the country round about4 ,it was little more than twenty years since the ,genesee road had been built through central ,new ,york1 and there was still much forest4 ,the trees grew rank and strong1 and it was no light task to cut through the tangled network of roots that lay below the surface4 ,first the trees were cut down1 making a lane sixty feet wide1 and in this the canal was dug to a width of forty feet4 ,powerful machines that could draw out stumps and pull over the largest trees were brought from ,europe4 ,the wheels of the stump machine were sixteen feet across4 ,a plow with a sharp blade was also made1 to cut down through the heavy carpet of fibers and small roots4 ,swiftly one piece after another of the canal was finished and the water let in4 ,the trench was found to hold water1 and boats were soon busy hauling produce from town to town4 ,in #ahbe it was finished from ,black ,rock1 or ,buffalo1 to ,waterford1 above ,troy4 ,the work had taken eight years and had cost a little less than eight million dollars4 ,de ,witt ,clinton was right and the croakers were wrong4 ,perhaps it was hard at that time to find any one who did not think that he had always wanted a canal4 ,there were1 it is true1 a few disappointed ones at ,schenectady4 ,there the wagons from ,albany had always stopped1 and there the boating up the ,mohawk had begun4 ,as all the loads had to be shifted between the river and the land journeys1 there had been work for many men4 ,thus the place had grown up1 and now that boats were to run through without change1 some people naturally thought that the town would die out1 or would at least lose much of its business4 ,these few discontented folk1 however1 were hardly to be counted1 among the thousands who exulted over the completed canal4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,along ,,the ,,canal ,,in ,,syracuse ,copyrighted1 #ahii1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,yates1 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y4 ,a great celebration was arranged1 and the rejoicings of the beginning were redoubled in the festivities at the end4 ,boats were made ready at ,buffalo to take ,governor ,clinton and the other guests to ,new ,york4 ,when the first boat entered the canal from lake ,erie a cannon was fired4 ,cannon had been set within hearing distance all the way to the sea along the line of the canal4 ,this way of sending news was the nearest approach to the telegraph at that time4 ,soon the tidings of the great event came booming down among the cliffs of the ,hudson and reached ,new ,york4#a #a ,the time allowed for the signaling from ,buffalo to ,sandy ,hook was one hour and twenty minutes4 ,this programme was substantially carried out4 ,from ,albany to ,sandy ,hook only twenty minutes were required4 ,two kegs of lake ,erie water were put on one of the boats at ,buffalo1 and we shall see what was done with them4 ,there were also two barrels of fine apples which had been raised in an orchard at ,niagara ,falls4 ,these were not to be eaten on the way1 one barrel being for the ,town ,council of ,troy1 and the other for the city fathers of ,new ,york4 ,many people on both sides of the ocean are still eating fine apples from the trees of the ,genesee country4 ,one boat in the little fleet was called ,noah's ,ark1 and on board were two eagles1 a bear1 some fawns1 fishes1 and birds1 besides two ,indian boys4 ,these were sent to ,new ,york as 8products of the ,west40 ,at every town there was a celebration1 and great was the excitement in such cities as ,rochester1 ,syracuse1 ,utica1 and ,albany4 ,there were salutes and feasts and speeches and prayers1 and the gratitude and joy of the people fairly ran over4 ,the greatest celebration of all was in ,new ,york1 where everybody turned out to do honor to the occasion4 ,the fine ladies boarded a special boat1 and the 8aquatic procession0 went down through the bay to ,sandy ,hook4 ,it was arranged that a messenger of ,neptune1 the sea god1 should meet the fleet1 inquire their errand1 and lead them to his master's realm4 ,here ,governor ,clinton turned out the lake ,erie water from the two kegs into the sea as a symbol of the joining of the lakes and the ocean4 ,then all the people went back to the city and had speeches and parades1 feasts and fireworks1 while the city-hall bell was rung for several hours4 ,the illumination was said to be a fine one1 but perhaps their lamps and candles would now look dim4 ,after the canal was finished the carrying business was quite made over4 ,little was heard then about sending western ,new ,york fruit and grain to ,philadelphia or ,montreal or ,alexandria4 ,freighting was so cheap that a man who had been selling his wheat for thirty cents a bushel now received a dollar for it4 ,in the war with ,england1 only a few years before1 it had cost more to carry a cannon from ,albany to ,oswego than it had cost to make it4 ,the journey had now become an easy and simple matter4 ,two farmers built a boat of their own1 loaded it with the produce of their farms1 and took it down ,seneca lake and all the way to ,new ,york4 ,they were let out of the woods into the wide world4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,traveling ,,by ,,packet ,,on ,,the ,,erie ,,canal ,the canal was not entirely given up to the carrying of freight4 ,people thought that it was a fine experience to travel in the passenger boats1 which were called 8packets40 ,these were considered as remarkable as are the limited express trains of to-day4 ,the speed allowed by law was five miles an hour4 ,to go faster would drive the water against the banks and injure them4 ,the fare was five cents a mile including berth and table4 ,it was said that a man could travel from ,new ,york to ,buffalo with 8the utmost comfort0 and without fatigue4 ,the journey cost eighteen dollars1 and only took six days6 ,we1 of course1 cannot help thinking of the ,empire ,state ,express1 which leaves ,new ,york at #h4cj ,a4,m4 and arrives in ,buffalo at #d4ej ,p4,m4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,erie ,,canal ,,and ,,solvay ,,works1 ,,syracuse ,if the journey of those days seems long to us1 we must remember that to most of the travelers the scenery was fresh and interesting1 for it was a visit to a new land4 ,the rocky highlands1 the blue ,catskills1 the winding ,mohawk1 and the towns and farms of the interior were perhaps as full of interest as the morning paper is on the trains of to-day4 ,from ,utica to ,syracuse1 more than fifty miles1 is one great level2 but on nearing ,rochester the canal follows an embankment across a valley1 and the passengers in those days looked wonderingly down on the tops of trees4 ,at ,lockport they heard the clatter as they slowly rose by a long row of locks to the top of the cliffs1 and at ,buffalo they looked out on a sea of fresh water4 ,at ,utica1 ,rome1 ,rochester1 and other places1 after a few years1 side canals came in from north and south1 from ,binghamton and from the upper valley of the ,genesee2 and up in the hills great reservoirs were built1 with shallow canals known as 8feeders0 leading down to the main trench4 ,these were built to make sure that there should be water enough for dry seasons2 for locks will leak1 and whenever a boat locks down a lockful of water goes on toward the sea4 ,now all was stir and growth4 ,buffalo had started on its way to become a great city4 ,rochester ground more wheat and ,syracuse made more salt4 ,there was no doubt that ,new ,york would soon be known as the metropolis of the western world1 and 8,clinton's ,ditch0 became the most famous of ,american canals4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,central ,,railway ,the ,erie canal had not long been finished when a new way of carrying men and merchandise came into use in ,new ,york4 ,in the next year after the great celebration the legislature granted a charter to build a railroad from ,albany to ,schenectady4 ,it is sometimes said that this was the first time in ,america that cars were drawn by means of steam4 ,this is not true1 but ,new ,york was not far behind some other states1 and the ,de ,witt ,clinton train1 of which a picture is shown in this chapter1 looks as if it must have been one of the very earliest ones4 ,this train made its trial trip in #ahca1 which was seventeen years after ,george ,stephenson had built his first locomotive in ,england4 ,a railroad had been opened from ,baltimore1 a few miles to the west1 the year before1 and about the same time another was built in ,south ,carolina4 ,two years earlier1 in #ahbi1 the ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal ,company brought from ,england three locomotives1 one of them built by ,stephenson1 to draw coal to their canal from their mines at ,honesdale1 ,pennsylvania4 ,in #ahbf a railroad four miles long was built at ,quincy1 ,massachusetts1 to carry granite from the quarries to the sea4 ,it was called a tramway1 and horses were used instead of steam4 ,if we go to ,england1 we shall find that tramways have been used there for more than a hundred years4 ,thus it is not easy to say when the first railroad was built1 and all writers do not tell the same story about it1 but it is certain that steam cars were first used and long roads with iron tracks were first built a little less than a hundred years ago4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,the ,,de ,,witt ,,clinton ,,train ,if we study the ,de ,witt ,clinton train1 we shall learn several things4 ,both the engine and the coaches were small and light compared with those used now4 ,with the great speed of to-day1 all the parts of a train must be very heavy in order to cling to the track4 ,the engine of those days had four light driving wheels1 and the engineer1 it would seem1 had to operate his engine while facing wind and storm4 ,the cab looks very much like a common express wagon made heavier than usual2 and if we look at the passenger wagons1 we shall see why passenger cars are called coaches4 ,the first ones were coaches1 and every picture of an old passenger train shows that the cars were modeled after the coaches of the stage lines of that age1 except that the wheels were made with flat rims1 with flanges to keep them on the track4 ,the passengers certainly could not move about1 and the high perches on the top look somewhat dangerous4 ,one would think that the wind and the smoke of the locomotive could not have been pleasant4 ,the men could not go into a smoking car1 and if they had luncheon they must have brought it in their pockets4 ,nor could they tuck themselves snugly into a berth and sleep all night4 ,these things1 however1 were not needed upon a railroad that was only eighteen miles long4 ,to this day dining cars and 8sleepers0 are not so much used in ,england as in this country4 ,millions of people travel there1 but the land is small1 they go swiftly1 and can usually eat and sleep at their journey's end4 ,they still speak of the 8wagons0 of the 8goods train10 and ,english freight cars look almost like toys by the side of ours in ,america4 ,this shows us how closely the railways and cars are related to common roads and vehicles4 ,people laughed at railroads in these early days and had about as much faith in them as we now have in flying machines4 ,a few years ago men would have had the same sport about wireless telegraphy1 or about talking between ,new ,york and ,chicago with a telephone4 ,mrs4 ,alice ,morse ,earle1 who has written much about early life in ,new ,england1 says that the farmers did not like railroads1 for they thought that horses would soon be useless and would then be killed1 and that there would be no demand for oats or hay4 ,they were afraid1 too1 that the noise would frighten the hens so that they would not lay1 that the sparks from the engine would burn up everything1 and that the people would go crazy4 ,there was some excuse for not enjoying railway travel1 for the roadbeds were often made of solid rock1 and the cars did not always have springs4 ,the tracks were made of strap iron spiked down to wooden stringers4 ,these iron straps would sometimes become loose1 and had an unpleasant way of curling up and piercing the floor of the coach where people were sitting4 ,in these days it is more comfortable and probably safer to ride in a railway train than behind a horse4 ,the ,empire ,state ,express runs from ,new ,york to ,buffalo in eight hours and twenty minutes4 ,it makes but four stops on the way and covers more than fifty-three miles an hour4 ,when we compare this with the packet-boat time-table of seventy-five years ago we see how much time is now saved4 ,to-day a man can board the ,twentieth ,century ,limited in ,new ,york ,city at #b4de in the afternoon and be set down in ,chicago the next morning4 ,he can do business nearly all of one day by the sea1 and nearly all of the next day on the shore of lake ,michigan4 ,on the way he will find easy chairs1 books and papers1 a good bed1 a fine table1 a place to write1 to be shaved1 or to take a bath1 and he may even read from time to time the prices of stocks as they are sent over the wire from ,new ,york and ,chicago4 ,but our comfortable traveler should not despise the early days4 ,perhaps he misses some of the good times that the great-grandfathers had in the ,mohawk boats and along the ,genesee road4 ,to go so fast and so far means that much has been done since the first small train came across the sand fields to ,schenectady4 ,five years later the trains ran up to ,utica4 ,this was two hundred and two years after ,arent ,van ,curler's journey along the same river4 ,in two years more a little road1 twenty-five miles long1 had been finished between ,syracuse and ,auburn2 but it was not until #ahci1 when another winter had passed1 that the link between ,utica and ,syracuse was completed4 ,this ran much of the way through woods and swamps1 and in some cases timbers or piles had to be driven deep to hold up the track4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,the ,,twentieth ,,century ,,limited ,these roads were built by different companies1 with no idea of joining them all into a through line4 ,when1 in time1 there was talk of this the ,utica people did not like it4 ,they thought that it would ruin the business of their town if passengers and freight need not be changed there and if trains went rushing through4 ,but after a while all the links between ,new ,york and ,buffalo were forged into one chain1 or became a 8trunk line10 to put it in the modern way4 ,of course it would cost less to haul ,genesee flour or ,niagara county apples to ,new ,york if they could go through in the same car in which they were first locked4 ,this soon became so plain that there was no further question as to uniting the various roads4 ,we shall see how they all became one4 ,cornelius ,vanderbilt was of ,dutch descent and was born on ,staten island in #agid4 ,he grew up in the steamboat business1 and by industry and foresight became the owner of various lines plying on the ,hudson1 along the coast1 and even across the ,atlantic4 ,he had so much to do with shipping that at length he was known as 8,commodore0 ,vanderbilt1 although this was a nickname and not a real title4 ,by and by he began to buy railroads1 and by #ahfi he was able to unite those of the ,hudson and those west of ,albany into the ,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river ,railroad4 ,his descendants have bought or leased many other roads1 which1 taken together1 are often called the ,vanderbilt system4 ,this reaches far westward into many states and joins other great cities to the metropolis by lines of steel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,rounding ,,the ,,noses1 ,,mohawk ,,valley ,railways in ,michigan and ,ohio were tied to ,vanderbilt's road1 and wheat and many other products came to ,buffalo not only on cars but by ships on the ,great ,lakes1 and were then sent to ,new ,york and across the ocean4 ,so the canal gradually did less business and the railroad did more1 for people could travel faster by rail1 and some things1 like meat and fruit1 must be carried swiftly or they will spoil on the way4 ,now1 instead of ten-ton boats on the ,mohawk1 or the slow-going craft of 8,clinton's ,ditch10 great freight trains rush down the ,mohawk valley1 bearing nearly a hundred thousand bushels of grain behind one engine4 ,such a load would have fed ,george ,washington's armies for a long time4 ,after a while one track was not sufficient for so many trains going east and west4 ,too much time was lost in waiting on sidings and there was danger of collision4 ,for this reason a second track was put down1 then a third and a fourth1 and now all the way from ,albany to ,buffalo there are two tracks for passenger trains and two for freight4 ,down the ,hudson there are but two tracks1 because the space between the river and the uplands is so narrow4 ,many years ago a rival road1 called the ,west ,shore ,railway1 was built along the west bank of the ,hudson1 and then westward to ,buffalo4 ,this with its two tracks was bought by the owners of the ,central road1 so that now they have six tracks across the state4 ,even these are hardly enough1 for every year the great ,west has more people1 raises more grain to ship to eastern cities and to ,europe1 and requires more goods from mills and factories along the ,atlantic coast4 ,there are many local trains that run between ,new ,york and ,albany1 or ,albany and ,syracuse1 or ,syracuse and ,buffalo4 ,these are convenient for the smaller towns and cities4 ,then there are many through trains whose destination is ,buffalo1 ,detroit1 ,chicago1 ,indianapolis1 or ,st4 ,louis4 ,quickly changing cars at lake ,michigan or the ,mississippi river1 the traveler is hurried on to the ,rocky mountains1 the ,pacific ocean1 ,alaska1 or the lands of ,asia or ,australia across the sea4 ,the ,new ,york ,central is not the only great road that runs westward through the state4 ,the ,erie road was built through the southern counties from ,new ,york to lake ,erie1 partly because the townships through which it runs were jealous of the privileges which the great canal gave to the people farther north4 ,the ,delaware1 ,lackawanna and ,western also comes from ,new ,york through the coal region of ,pennsylvania1 and runs near the ,erie road to ,buffalo4 ,the larger cities and the greater number of towns are1 however1 along the ,central ,railway4 ,going up the ,hudson and the ,mohawk1 the traveler will hardly pass one busy town before he is in sight of another4 ,when he looks across the river and sees ,newburg he will remember that in a plain old house in that city ,general ,washington had his headquarters4 ,when he comes in sight of ,albany he will see the great ,capitol building standing high over all others4 ,at ,schenectady he will think of ,arent ,van ,curler and the old boatmen and the dreadful ,french and ,indian massacre4 ,at ,utica he will pass the ford where thousands waded the river as they went to the wilderness4 ,at ,rome he will be reminded of the famous carry of ,fort ,stanwix1 of ,st4 ,leger1 and of the heroes who drove him back to the north4 ,at ,syracuse he will ride through miles of closely built streets1 and as he leaves the city on the west he will see ancient vats with low sliding roofs4 ,in these vats countless bushels of salt have been made1 as the sun has slowly drawn off the water of the brine in vapor4 ,there were buildings1 too1 with chimneys and great boilers for making salt2 but in the main the city has other interests now4 ,it has mills and large stores1 and is a railway center4 ,at ,rochester our traveler crosses the ,genesee1 and remembers the hardy pioneer who left comfortable old ,hagerstown to build a city in the swamp and forest4 ,colonel ,rochester could have had no idea of the fine city he was starting1 or of the orchards1 nurseries1 and wheat fields that would be around it1 but he lived long enough to see the flour mills at the falls doing a thriving business4 ,thus wheat and flour made ,rochester as salt made ,syracuse1 and first the canal and then the great railway took these useful things to market4 ,an hour or two more and the train pulls into ,buffalo1 the second city of ,new ,york1 looking on the lake and stretching out its hands to the great world of inland sea and prairie4 ,to ,buffalo come coal and iron and meat and wheat and corn4 ,here great elevators receive grain from the ships and load canal boats and railway cars for the east4 ,here some of the ,new ,york ,central trains turn north and go by ,niagara through ,canada to the west1 while others pass off to the south and west and go to ,cleveland1 ,toledo1 and ,chicago4 ,since the day when the two kegs were filled with water from lake ,erie1 ,buffalo has become a large city1 a gateway of the ,east and ,west4 ,and since the ,de ,witt ,clinton train crept from ,albany to ,schenectady1 the ,new ,york ,central ,railway has become great also1 for every day hundreds of trains of goods and men are coming and going between the ,lakes and the city by the sea4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,old ,,journeys ,,from ,,philadelphia ,,to ,,the ,,west ,the people of ,new ,york ,city like to say that ,philadelphia is slow1 and would almost make one think that all the men there wear ,quaker hats and act like ,william ,penn4 ,the citizens of ,philadelphia1 however1 are not much troubled by this1 for they have a great and busy city1 and they like to remind the men of ,new ,york that ,philadelphia is a 8city of homes10 and that the people do not live in great tenement houses nor do all their business in 8sky scrapers40 ,the ,liberty ,bell hangs there1 the ,continental ,congress sat there1 and the home of the federal government was there before it was in ,washington4 ,for a long time the ,quaker ,city was the metropolis of ,america1 but as ,new ,york and ,baltimore grew they took away some of the trade that otherwise would have gone to the city on the ,delaware4 ,it also ceased to be the capital of the nation and thus had to depend more on its shipping and inland business4 ,now to do much inland business it was necessary not only to reach the rich lowlands at hand but also to send out across the mountains4 ,this could not be done without roads4 ,when men went from ,new ,york ,city across the mountains they found the ,great ,lakes and the rich plains on their shores4 ,so ,philadelphia1 looking over her mountain wall1 saw the noble valley of the ,ohio river and the young ,pittsburg at its gateway4 ,as ,new ,york found a route to the ,west1 so ,philadelphia sought out its highways to the country beyond the ,appalachian mountains4 ,in this chapter and the next we shall see where these highways ran4 ,the first roads were little like those of to-day1 and the stage drivers had to be steady1 cool-headed men4 ,there were many stumps and logs in what was called a road1 and the teams were guided less by reins than by shouts in a kind of language which the horses understood4 ,a traveler between ,philadelphia and ,washington said that often the driver would call to the passengers to lean out of the carriage on one side or the other1 so that their weight might keep the balance even4 ,he would say1 8,now1 gentlemen1 to the right60 and the men would lean out as far as they could2 or1 8,now1 gentlemen1 to the left60 and over they would swing to the other side4 ,illustration3 ,,pennsylvania ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,,baltimore ,,and ,,ohio ,,railroad ------ ,,national ,,road - - - - - - ,,turnpike ,,from ,,philadelphia ,,to ,,pittsburg ------ ,it took strong wagons to travel such roads1 and sometimes the wheels were cut solid by sawing off short sections of the butt of a great tree1 much as the wheels of a toy cart have been made by many boys4 ,when a driver was stuck in the mud he had to wait for other teams to come up1 when they would hook on with him and drag him out upon hard ground again4 ,they were a rough but sociable company1 the teamsters of those days1 feeding their horses and cracking their jokes at the taverns which lined the turnpikes4 ,they would stand by one another loyally1 but when they met some fine gentleman on the road they did not object to taking off a wheel or crushing the frame of his light carriage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,penn ,,square1 ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania1 ,,looking ,,east ,,along ,,the 8,,lancaster ,,pike0 ,out of ,west ,philadelphia to-day leads a street known as ,lancaster avenue4 ,it is the eastern end of the old 8,lancaster pike10 the town which gave name to the road being sixty-six miles to the west4 ,this is the oldest turnpike road in the ,united ,states4 ,when the pioneers were clearing up the forests and building the ,genesee road in ,new ,york this region was already well settled4 ,if you ride from ,philadelphia to ,lancaster to-day1 you will see that it is an old country1 and you will not think it strange when you learn that so long ago as #agcj1 two years before the birth of ,washington1 some of the inhabitants were moving out beyond ,lancaster4 ,this means that they went west of the ,susquehanna1 for ,lancaster is only about twelve miles east of that great river4 ,many of the earlier settlers of this lowland region west of ,philadelphia were ,germans4 ,william ,penn had invited some of these people to come1 and they had settled near by in the place now known as ,germantown4 ,in time many others settled both around ,lancaster and farther west4 ,hence we hear of 8,pennsylvania ,dutch10 although they were not really ,dutch1 which is a term belonging rather to ,hollanders and their descendants4 ,there were also some ,scotch-,irish1 as they were called1--descendants of ,scotch people who had migrated to the north of ,ireland1 whence their children had come to ,america4 ,these were ,presbyterians1 and some of them had settled in ,new ,jersey1 where they founded ,princeton ,college4 ,the country between ,philadelphia and the ,susquehanna is one of the richest and most fertile regions in the world4 ,most of it is low1 with gently rolling fields and a few higher hills4 ,one fine farm joins another1 and the great stone houses look as strong and as solid as if they had grown up out of the ground4 ,huge chimneys rise from the roofs and make one think of the warm fire-places and well-spread tables of the thrifty ,german farmers who built these houses and lived in them4 ,the barns1 like the houses1 are large2 they are often built of stone and whitewashed1 and they still hold great harvests4 ,one side of the barn usually reaches several feet beyond the high foundation1 and is called an 8overshoot40 ,as the doors to the stables are under this1 it seems to have been planned as a protection against storms4 ,an ,english traveler went over the ,lancaster pike in #agif and found it worthy of praise4 ,he said that it was paved with stone1 covered with gravel1 and could be traversed in any season of the year4 ,about one mile east of the public square in ,lancaster a fine old arched bridge of stone carries the turnpike across ,conestoga creek1 a stream flowing southward into the ,susquehanna4 ,it takes its name1 which has become famous in ,american history1 from a small tribe of ,indians who lived on its borders4 ,the early inhabitants made the water deeper by building dams with locks1 and sailed their boats with loads of produce down to the ,susquehanna4 ,in the common phrase of that time1 they spoke of it as the 8,conestoga navigation40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,bridge ,,on ,,the 8,,pike0 ,,crossing ,,conestoga ,,creek ,,one ,,mile ,,east ,,of ,,penn ,,square1 ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania ,but the most interesting thing to which the name ,conestoga was given was a wagon that was invented in this region4 ,it was made very large and strong1 to carry freight1 and was drawn by four1 seven1 or even a dozen horses4 ,hundreds of these wagons were to be seen on the ,lancaster pike and on the other great roads of that time4 ,they were built1 as freight cars are now1 to carry heavy loads long distances in safety4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,tollhouse ,,eight ,,miles ,,east ,,of ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania ,these wagons were unusually long1 and the boxes curved upward at the ends1 so that inside and out they were shaped somewhat like a canoe4 ,the advantage of this was that the loads did not slide1 but rode steadily when the wagons went up and down steep hills4 ,the wheels were big and had wide tires1 so that the heavy loads would not cut the roads4 ,the story is told that one of these wagons with its load of tobacco weighed more than thirteen thousand pounds1 or almost seven tons4 ,they were painted red and blue1 and were covered with a canopy of cloth1 so that they looked like the 8prairie schooners0 which in later days were the emigrant wagons of the western plains4 ,each wagon had a tool box fastened at the side1 and a tar bucket and a water pail hung beneath4 ,the horses were well fed1 well matched1 and strong1 with good harnesses and many jingling bells4 ,the drivers were rough-and-ready men1 who snapped their whips in the daytime1 told stories in the evening1 and slept at night on little mattresses of their own in front of the barroom fire4 ,hundreds of these wagons were going and coming on the roads in the days when people were not dreaming of freight trains1 and no doubt the ,conestoga seemed as important then as the chief freight lines now appear to us4 ,in the ,french and ,indian ,war1 when there was great need of wagons to carry ,braddock's stores1 ,benjamin ,franklin was asked to get some of these famous conveyances4 ,he succeeded1 for many were to be found in this part of ,pennsylvania1 and he sent on more than one hundred and fifty of them4 ,he nearly lost his fortune in consequence1 for he told the farmers he would see that they were paid if the wagons and horses were not returned4 ,it cost the old patriot twenty thousand pounds1 but fortunately the government afterwards paid the money back to him4 ,not long ago the writer saw one of these wagons1 with a boat-shaped box1 but without a canopy1 in use on a farm near ,lancaster4 ,following the pike westward for twelve miles from ,lancaster1 the traveler crosses the ,susquehanna river at ,columbia4 ,the old bridge was destroyed long ago1 but the present one1 although it looks new1 is hardly used in a modern way4 ,it is narrow1 with a plank floor1 and it serves for railway trains and wagons1 as well as for foot passengers4 ,there is no separate place for any of these1 so when a train or wagon goes on at either end a telegram is sent to the other end to keep cars and carriages from entering the bridge there4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,hambright',s ,,hotel1 ,,on ,,the 8,,pike10 ,,three ,,miles ,,west ,,of ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania ,along the 8,pike0 is an electric road1 which carries people more swiftly and doubtless with less dust and jolting than did the old stages4 ,hambright's ,hotel1 shown in the picture above1 is on this road1 and1 with its big chimneys and high1 long-handled pump1 shows how many of the ancient hotels looked4 ,they seem lonely enough now1 but they were gay and busy places then4 ,it is very appropriate that the company which runs all the street cars in and about ,lancaster calls itself ,the ,conestoga ,traction ,company4 ,westward from the ,susquehanna1 in what we shall know in a later chapter as the ,great ,valley1 are some comfortable old towns bearing the names of ,carlisle1 ,shippensburg1 and ,chambersburg4 ,the pike passes through these and on to the old town of ,bedford4 ,then it enters a high1 rough strip of land that was covered with forest long after ,philadelphia had become a city and the farmers about ,lancaster had built their great houses and barns4 ,at the other end of this wilderness was ,pittsburg4 ,the road from ,bedford to ,pittsburg was cut through the woods in #ageh1 in the time of the ,french and ,indian wars1 and is sometimes called ,forbes's road1 from the general who directed the making of it4 ,it was used in the time of the ,revolution1 and many forts were built to guard it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,old ,,road ,,house1 ,,one ,,mile ,,west ,,of ,,chambersburg1 ,,pennsylvania ,this roadway was so important that the ,pennsylvania government1 a few years after the ,revolutionary ,war1 took it in hand and improved it4 ,thus there was a line of travel over the older highway to ,lancaster and ,bedford1 and thence over the newer road to ,pittsburg4 ,the whole road led from the seaboard to the ,ohio river and was often called the ,pittsburg pike4 ,we have now learned of two great1 well-trodden routes from east to west1--the route of the ,hudson and the ,mohawk through ,new ,york1 and the route through the southern parts of ,pennsylvania from ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg4 ,in laying out such roads the pioneers almost always followed trails that the ,indians had made4 ,for long generations the red men had followed the same paths1 beating them smooth and deep in the forest earth4 ,the white men widened the trail by using pack horses1 loading the beasts well with all sorts of things4 ,the next step was to cut away trees1 take out the stones1 and make roads for wagons4 ,carrying by pack horses1 however1 had become a great business1 and the horse owners were very angry when the wagons began to take away their trade4 ,in #ahcj a ,pennsylvania citizen1 then nearly a hundred years old1 told of seeing the first wagon reach ,carlisle1 and he remembered how furious the 8packers0 were because they feared that they would lose their business4 ,it did not occur to them that they could harness their horses into teams1 buy strong wagons1 and be ready to make money in the new way instead of the old4 ,the horse owners were quite as angry about stagecoaches1 and they sometimes destroyed the coaches and injured the passengers to vent their spite4 ,moreover1 as people often like an excuse for doing wrong1 and for harboring mean feelings1 these men said that the stage business was bad for the cloth makers and tailors1 because people could ride in coaches without spoiling their fine clothes1 whereas when they rode on horseback they soon ruined them and had to buy new ones4 ,almost any excuse will serve those to whom no way seems good except their own4 ,philadelphia now had its connection with ,pittsburg and the ,ohio river and the rich lands bordering it1 as ,new ,york had its way leading to ,buffalo and the ,great ,lakes and the prairies4 ,but the southern road crossed a rougher country than did the northern one1 and so it was less easily kept in order and was harder to travel4 ,hence ,philadelphia1 like ,new ,york1 sought better means of communication with the country on the other side of the mountains4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,a horse railroad had been built from ,philadelphia to the ,susquehanna river1 and the big ,conestoga wagons were running along the pike to ,pittsburg2 but this was not enough4 ,new ,york had stirred the whole country by its great canal1 and the people along the ,potomac were thinking of similar schemes4 ,pennsylvania could not rest idle1 and decided to have a canal of its own4 ,in #ahbf the ditch was begun at ,columbia1 where the railroad ended1 and1 following the custom of the times1 those in charge started the work on ,independence ,day4 ,in four years they had dug the canal1 let in the water1 and were running boats as far as ,harrisburg4 ,a few miles above ,harrisburg the canal turned away from the main river and followed its great western branch1 the ,juniata4 ,this river cuts through the high ridges1 or flows between them as best it can1 taking a very winding course4 ,the valley is often narrow and its sides are steep and rugged4 ,still it has no heavy grades along the bottom1 and it led the canal diggers far into the mountains1 to a village called ,hollidaysburg4 ,here the highlands are so steep that the canal had to stop4 ,the ,allegheny ,front is almost fourteen hundred feet above ,hollidaysburg1 and on the other side the ,conemaugh river rushes swiftly down past the city of ,johnstown1 which is seven hundred and seventy-one feet below the summit4 ,hollidaysburg and ,johnstown are thirty-eight miles apart1 and the uplands lying between are so steep and high that to cut through them was out of the question4 ,but those who were interested in the canal were not to be beaten1 and they kept on digging both to the east and to the west4 ,beyond ,johnstown they carried the canal to the ,ohio river at ,pittsburg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,freight ,,locomotive1 ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,meantime the high grounds on the divide were not neglected4 ,a famous road1 the ,allegheny ,portage ,railway1 was built with several inclined planes4 ,stationary engines pulled the cars up each slope1 but on the level parts of the road they were drawn by horses4 ,the road was not carried to the top1 but nearly two hundred feet below a tunnel was cut about a mile long4 ,the entrance to one end of this tunnel is shown in ,fig4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,tunnel1 ,,old ,,portage ,,railway ,the two great sections of the canal and the ,portage ,railway were finished in #ahce4 ,goods then went by rail from ,philadelphia to ,columbia on the ,susquehanna river4 ,there the boats took them to the east end of the ,portage road4 ,the next haul was over the ,allegheny ,front1 with its lofty forests1 to ,johnstown4 ,then the boats received the merchandise and landed it in ,pittsburg1 whence other boats could carry it to any town on the ,ohio river4 ,the ,hit or ,miss was one of the boats that came up to ,hollidaysburg4 ,it was desirable to take this particular boat over the heights1 so a car was built which would fit its keel4 ,the car was dragged up the east side of the mountain and down to ,johnstown1 where the boat was put into the water again and sent off to the ,mississippi river4 ,we can now look across a gorge from the coaches of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 beyond ,altoona1 and see the grade of the old ,portage ,railway4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,broad ,,street ,,station1 ,,philadelphia3 ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,the canal almost put out of business the ,conestoga wagons on the dusty pike which had seen so much travel by way of ,carlisle and ,bedford4 ,but the people did not stop with a canal4 ,like the men of ,new ,york1 they wanted something even better than that4 ,they wished to have a railroad all the way1 and in #ahdf the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company was incorporated4 ,by this time it was very well known that railroads were successful both in ,america and in ,england1 and that steam was better than horses4 ,over the ,allegheny ,front a route was found where the grades were not too steep for locomotives4 ,the grade1 of course1 had been the one great hindrance to the whole project1 and when this difficulty was overcome there was no reason why passengers should not be carried from ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg1 or a load of iron from ,pittsburg to ,philadelphia1 without changing cars4 ,in the year #ahed the ,pennsylvania people triumphed1 for they had conquered the mountains and could run trains from the banks of the ,delaware to the ,ohio river4 ,if we leave ,philadelphia by the great ,broad street station of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 we shall pass out among the pleasant homes of ,west ,philadelphia and through the fine farms of the ,pennsylvania lowlands1 until we come1 in about an hour and a half1 to the staid old city of ,lancaster4 ,we have been here before1 to learn of turnpikes and ,conestoga freighters4 ,the next stop1 if we are on an express train1 will be at ,harrisburg1 a little more than a hundred miles from ,philadelphia4 ,we have now come from the ,delaware to the ,susquehanna1 and are close to the mountains4 ,before we go in among them let us see ,harrisburg4 ,it is a city of fifty thousand people1 and lies along the east bank of the ,susquehanna1 which here is a great river a mile wide1 having gathered its tribute of waters from hundreds of branching streams in ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,bridge1 ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad1 ,,above ,,harrisburg ,not far to the east a small stream runs parallel to the main river1 and the larger part of ,harrisburg is on higher ground between the two4 ,on the highest part of this ridge is the state capitol1 a great building but recently finished4 ,harrisburg is at the right point for the state government4 ,it is not in the center of the state1 to be sure1 but it is at the rear of the lowlands which reach in from the sea1 and is just outside the great gateway where roads from all the northern1 western1 and central uplands come out on the plain4 ,it is a convenient center for coal and iron1 and hence one sees along the river below the city many blast furnaces1 rolling mills1 and factories4 ,to the northeast rich1 open lands stretch along the base of ,blue mountain1 and railroads join ,harrisburg to ,reading1 ,allentown1 ,bethlehem1 and ,easton4 ,to the southwest bridges cross the ,susquehanna1 and roads run to ,carlisle1 ,hagerstown1 and other cities of the ,great ,valley 7,chapter ,,xi74 ,thus the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 running northwest from ,philadelphia1 crosses at ,harrisburg other roads that run to the southwest4 ,as hamlets often gather about 8four corners0 in the country1 so cities grow up where the great roads of the world cross each other4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,,shops1 ,,altoona ,leaving ,harrisburg behind1 we pass the splendid new bridge of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 across the ,susquehanna 7,fig4 #bi71 and go through the gap in ,blue mountain4 ,soon we turn away from the main river and enter the winding valley of the ,juniata4 ,the grades are easy1 the roadbed is smooth1 and by deep cuts through the rocks the curves have been made less abrupt4 ,it is only when one looks out of the car window that the land is found to be rugged and mountainous4 ,all the greater valleys and ridges of the mountain belt of ,pennsylvania run northeast and southwest4 ,the last of these to be crossed on our journey is ,bald ,eagle valley1 from which the ,allegheny ,front rises to the northwest4 ,in this valley1 near the place where the ,portage ,railway began to scale the heights1 and a little more than a hundred miles from ,pittsburg1 the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company in #ahej founded a town and called it ,altoona4 ,here they started shops1 which have now grown to notable importance4 ,the town became a city eighteen years after it was begun1 and has to-day about forty thousand inhabitants4 ,in the railway shops alone may be found nine thousand men repairing and building locomotives1 passenger coaches1 and freight cars4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company is now founding a great school in ,altoona1 where young men may be taught to become skillful and efficient in railway service4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,horseshoe ,,curve1 ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,altoona looks new1 and with its endless freight yards1 its noisy shops1 and its sooty cover of smoke from burning soft coal1 it is very different from quiet ,lancaster1 which was old when forests covered the site of ,altoona4 ,on our way to ,pittsburg we are soon pulling up the ,allegheny ,front by a great loop1 or bend1 which enables the tracks to reach the summit more than a thousand feet above ,altoona4 ,nestling within the great bend is a reservoir of water to supply the houses and shops of the city lying below4 ,passing the highest point1 we find ourselves descending the valley of the ,conemaugh river to ,johnstown1 and surrounded by the high lands of the ,allegheny plateau4 ,johnstown is much older than ,altoona1 for it was settled in #agia1 but it has not grown so fast1 and has only about as many inhabitants as the city of railroad shops4 ,most people know of ,johnstown because of the flood which ruined the place in #ahhi4 ,several miles above the town was a reservoir more than two miles long and in several places one hundred feet deep4 ,after the heavy rains of that spring the dam broke on the last day of ,may1 and the wild rush of waters destroyed the town4 ,homes1 stores1 shops1 and mills were torn away and carried down the river4 ,clara ,barton of the ,red ,cross1 who went to ,johnstown as soon as she could get there1 says that the few houses that were not crushed and strewn along the valley were turned upside down4 ,more than two thousand men1 women1 and children lost their lives1 and those that were left were in mourning and poverty4 ,the whole land sent in its gifts of money1 clothing1 and food1 and the town was built up again into a prosperous city4 ,near the city are found coal1 iron1 limestone1 and fire clay1 and these things make it easy to establish iron works4 ,the ,cambria ,steel ,company gives work to ten thousand men in its shops1 mines1 and furnaces4 ,the main line of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad runs down the rugged ,conemaugh valley through ,johnstown1 and is its chief means of traffic4 ,as we go on to the west we near ,pittsburg1 but first we pass through a number of stirring towns4 ,at one place fire bricks are made1 and the clay for molding them and the coal for burning them are found in the same hill4 ,in another town there are coal mines and glass works4 ,farther west the ,pennsylvania road has more repair shops1 and ,braddock is the great ,carnegie town4 ,we shall see why many thriving young cities have grown up in this region when we take up ,pittsburg1 about which they are all clustered4 ,at ,pittsburg we pull into one of the finest railway stations in the ,united ,states4 ,we may stop in the city of coal and iron1 or we may go on to the west1 over one of the main arms of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad system4 ,if we take the northern branch1 it will carry us across ,ohio to ,fort ,wayne in ,indiana and to ,chicago4 ,if we board a train on the southern arm1 we shall go through ,columbus and ,indianapolis1 and be set down on the farther side of the ,mississippi river at ,st4 ,louis4 ,north and south from the great east and west trunk lines run many shorter roads1 or 8spurs40 ,on the east there is a network of short roads in ,new ,jersey1 and one of the busiest parts of the whole system is that which joins ,washington to ,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 and ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,rock ,,cut1 ,,along ,,the ,,line ,,of ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,west from ,philadelphia for a long distance there are four tracks1 and on either side may be seen neat hedges1 such as one finds along the railways of ,england4 ,in the mountains it is often hard to make a roadbed wide enough for four tracks1 and hence there may be only three or even two in some places4 ,no doubt four will in time be built through to ,pittsburg1 for many millions of dollars are spent in improving the road4 ,instead of having a long circuit around the hills1 tunnels and vast cuts in the bed rock are made so as to straighten the line4 ,thus both passenger and freight trains are able to make better time1 and the road can carry the stores of iron and coal which are found in the lands on either side4 ,some of the freight yards are always crowded with cars1 and at ,harrisburg the company is building separate tracks around the city1 so that through freight trains need not be delayed4 ,at ,new ,york the ,pennsylvania ,railroad now has its station on the ,new ,jersey side of the ,hudson river1 but it is building a tunnel under the river4 ,the company has already bought several city blocks and has torn away the buildings4 ,here it will build one of the greatest passenger stations in the world4 ,the tunnel will run on to the east1 under the streets and shops of ,manhattan1 and under the ,east river4 ,thus under ,new ,york and its surrounding waters trains can go to the east end of ,long ,island4 ,pennsylvania has told us the same story that we learned from ,new ,york4 ,we read it again3 first1 how the ,indian's path was beaten deeper and wider by the hoofs of the pack horse1 bearing goods to sell and barter in the wilderness2 then how strips of forest were cut down to make room for the ,conestoga wagons and the gay stages that swept through from ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg4 ,these in their turn became old-fashioned when the canal and ,portage ,railway were done1 and now we sit in a car that is like a palace1 and think canals and ,conestogas very old stories indeed4 ,in future generations swift air ships may take the wonder away from the ,empire ,state ,express1 and make us listen unmoved when a man1 standing in the station at ,philadelphia1 calls the limited train for ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 and ,st4 ,louis4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,national ,,road ,the sea reaches inland almost to the northeast corner of the state of ,maryland4 ,this long1 wide arm of the ocean receives many rivers and is known as ,chesapeake bay4 ,near its north end is ,baltimore1 one of the four great cities of our ,atlantic coast4 ,it is one hundred and fifty miles from the open sea4 ,if1 instead of sailing up the bay1 we should turn toward the west1 we could go up the ,potomac river1 which is deep and wide4 ,on our way we should pass ,washington's estates at ,mount ,vernon1 the old city of ,alexandria1 and the national capital1 ,washington4 ,we could not sail much farther because there are falls in the ,potomac which ships cannot pass4 ,the ,potomac runs so close to ,chesapeake bay that it is only forty miles from ,washington across to ,baltimore4 ,chesapeake bay is much like ,delaware bay and the tidal ,hudson river1 only it is larger than either4 ,baltimore is at a greater distance from the open sea than ,philadelphia is1 and ,philadelphia is farther inland than ,new ,york1 but each of these cities tried to get as much of the western trade as it could4 ,the natural way for the men of ,baltimore and ,alexandria to go across to the west was up the ,potomac river and through its passes in the mountains4 ,but before they tried this they had settled much of the low1 flat land along the ,potomac and about the ,chesapeake in ,virginia and ,maryland4 ,this was often called 8tide-water country10 because the beds of the rivers are below sea level1 and the streams are deep enough for boats of some size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,tollhouse ,,west ,,of ,,brownsville1 ,,pennsylvania ,when the land was first settled and the colonists found that they could go almost everywhere by boat1 they paid small heed to making roads4 ,they could visit their neighbors on other plantations and they could load their tobacco and take it to market by the rivers4 ,many plantations were beside rivers of such great depth that sailing vessels bound for ,london could come up to the farmer's wharf and get his crop of tobacco4 ,in early days the members of the legislature were not always given so much per mile to pay the stage fares between their homes and the capital1 but they were allowed the cost of hiring boats instead4 ,many ferries were needed1 and laws about them were made before rules were laid down for bridges and roads4 ,several lawmakers at one time would have been fined for their absence from the legislature of the colony had they not been excused because there was no ferry to carry them over the river which they would have had to cross4 ,around ,annapolis 8rolling roads0 were made4 ,these were wide paths made as smooth as possible1 in order that large hogsheads of tobacco might be rolled1 each by two men1 to the market in that old town4 ,after a time the lowlands of the coast region began to fill up and the people were pushing westward1 just as they did in ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york4 ,no man had so great a part in this westward movement as the young surveyor1 ,george ,washington4 ,in #agdh he was sixteen years old1 a tall1 strong lad1 full of courage and energy4 ,lord ,william ,fairfax1 a rich ,english gentleman who had settled in ,virginia1 had bought great tracts of forest land up the ,potomac behind the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 and he was eager to have them surveyed4 ,knowing that ,washington had studied surveying1 ,fairfax asked him to undertake the task4 ,the boy consented2 he went beyond the ,blue ,ridge into the country along the ,shenandoah1 camped in the woods1 swam the rivers1 toughened his muscles1 learned the ways of the red men1 and three years later came back1 a grown man1 ready for great things4 ,while ,washington was getting his practice as a surveyor the ,ohio ,company was formed to take up lands along the ,ohio river1 and to keep the ,french from settling there4 ,lawrence1 ,washington's elder brother1 was one of the chief men of this company4 ,in #agec ,washington himself went west to the ,ohio river4 ,day by day the ,french were taking a firmer hold of that country1 and ,dinwiddie1 the old ,scottish governor of ,virginia1 looked about for some one to carry a warning letter to the commander of one of their new forts4 ,the messenger was also to keep his eyes open and report what the ,french were doing on the upper waters of the ,ohio4 ,he chose ,washington1 saying1 8,faith1 you're a brave lad1 and1 if you play your cards well1 you shall have no cause to repent your bargain40 ,washington did not wait1 but left on the day he received his commission1 late in ,october1 #agec4 ,christopher ,gist1 a famous frontiersman1 was secured as guide1 and we can have no doubt that he and ,washington formed a team1 ready to meet ,frenchmen1 red men1 and the dangers of river and forest4 ,they made up their little party where the city of ,cumberland1 ,maryland1 now stands4 ,it is far up the ,potomac1 in the heart of the mountains1--a long way beyond the ,blue ,ridge and the lands where ,washington had been surveying4 ,at this place a large stream called ,wills creek cuts through one of the mountain ridges by a deep gorge and enters the ,potomac4 ,on a hill1 where these streams come together1 was ,fort ,cumberland1 the great outpost of ,virginia and ,maryland4 ,a fine church now stands on the ground of the old fort1 in the heart of the busy city of ,cumberland4 ,this was the starting point for ,washington's expedition and for many later ones into the western wilderness4 ,washington made his dangerous journey with success4 ,he brought back a letter from the ,french commander1 but of much greater value was the story of all that he had seen4 ,the colonists now knew just what they would have to do to keep possession of the ,ohio lands4 ,it was not long before ,washington went again as commanding officer of a small army1 and in #agee he served under ,general ,braddock in the famous battle which resulted in the defeat of the ,english and the death of their general4 ,washington1 as we know1 brought off the troops with honor to himself4 ,in each of these expeditions something was done toward cutting away the trees and grading a road from ,fort ,cumberland to the head of the ,ohio river at ,pittsburg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,milestone ,,on ,,the ,,line ,,of ,,braddock',s ,,road1 ,,near ,,frostburg1 ,,maryland ,on the line of ,braddock's road1 a dozen miles west of ,cumberland1 is a milestone1 set up about a hundred and fifty years ago4 ,a photograph of it is shown above4 ,it is a rough brown stone1 standing in a pasture half a mile outside the city of ,frostburg1 in western ,maryland4 ,the stone was once taken away and broken1 but it has since been set up again and cemented into a base of concrete4 ,the view shows how it has been split up and down4 ,on one side are directions1 and on the other are the words1 8,our ,country's ,rights ,we ,will ,defend40 ,braddock's journey from ,alexandria to ,fort ,duquesne was an uncomfortable one1 to say nothing of its disastrous end4 ,he bought a carriage to ride in1 but the road was not suited to a coach1 as were the roads he knew in old ,england4 ,beyond ,cumberland1 especially1 in spite of all the work his men could do upon it1 it was so bad that he was forced to take ,washington's advice and change the baggage from wagons to pack horses4 ,gradually1 as time went on1 these rough paths were beaten down into smoother thoroughfares4 ,the same causes that led to the development of the ,north were working also at the ,south4 ,along the ,potomac1 as in ,new ,york and in ,pennsylvania1 the stream of colonial life flowed westward4 ,first the pioneers settled the lowlands around ,chesapeake bay and along the deep rivers2 then as their strength and courage reached beyond the mountains they found the forests and fertile soil behind the ,blue ,ridge4 ,farther within the rugged highlands they built ,fort ,cumberland and sent out discoverers and armies to the ,ohio river4 ,when the woods were cleared and towns and states grew up on the ,ohio1 there was frequent occasion to cross the mountains for trade1 for travel1 and to reach the seat of government1 which in #ahja was moved to ,washington on the ,potomac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,old ,,road ,,house1 ,,brownsville1 ,,pennsylvania ,these glimpses of colonial journeys will help us to understand why the ,national ,road came to be built4 ,about one hundred years ago the government began to take a great interest in opening roads1 especially across the ,appalachian mountains1 to ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 and other parts of the ,mississippi valley4 ,washington1 who died in #agii1 had said much about this work1 for he not only wanted western trade to come to ,virginia instead of going to ,new ,orleans1 but he also felt that so long as the mountains kept the ,east and the ,west apart we should never have one common country1 held together by friendly feelings4 ,the people of ,baltimore1 like those of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia1 were eager to have the best road to the ,west1 that their business might be benefited4 ,not far from ,baltimore is an old place called ,joppa1 and several roads are still known as 8,joppa roads40 ,the town is older than ,baltimore and was once the chief trading town in the northern part of ,maryland2 but ,baltimore was well situated on an arm of the great bay1 and by this time had gone far ahead of its old rival4 ,a number of good roads had been built in ,maryland1 among them a famous one leading out westward to ,frederick4 ,this was in the direction of ,hagerstown1 and still farther west was ,cumberland4 ,the ,united ,states government decided to build a great road to ,ohio1 beginning at ,cumberland4 ,to get the benefit of this1 the men of ,baltimore went to work to push the ,frederick pike westward to the beginning of the ,national ,road4 ,so it came about in #ahaa that the first contracts were let for building parts of the ,national ,road4 ,we remember that the ,erie canal was not started until six years later4 ,the act of ,congress which ordered the making of the road provided that a strip four rods wide should be cleared of trees1 that it should be built up in the middle with broken stone1 gravel1 or other material good for roads1 and that all steep slopes should be avoided4 ,the road was opened to the public in #ahah1 one year after the ,erie canal was begun4 ,the original plan was to make it seven hundred miles long1 reaching from ,cumberland to the ,mississippi river1 but it was never carried out4 ,the ,maryland roads1 as we have seen1 ran west from ,baltimore and ,washington to ,frederick1 east of the ,blue ,ridge2 to ,hagerstown1 in the ,great ,valley2 and to ,cumberland1 in the mountains4 ,cumberland is a stirring town of about twenty thousand people1 and with its great business in coal1 iron1 and railroads it seems like a larger city4 ,thence the ,national ,road runs through the gap in ,wills mountain 7,fig4 #cf7 to ,frostburg1 a dozen miles west and fifteen hundred feet higher4 ,the road soon bears northward into ,pennsylvania and crosses the ,monongahela river at ,brownsville1 about forty miles south of ,pittsburg4 ,coal is mined here1 and boats were running in those early days1 as coal barges and steamboats run to-day1 down to the great iron city4 ,from ,brownsville the pike leads over the hills and comes down to the ,ohio river at ,wheeling1 ,west ,virginia4 ,it then passes on through ,ohio1 touching ,columbus1 the capital1 on the way to ,indiana and the ,mississippi4 ,we sometimes admire the cars marked with the sign of the ,united ,states post office1 which we see drawn by a swift locomotive at a speed of sixty miles an hour2 but when the government put its mail coaches on the ,national ,road from ,washington to ,wheeling1 no doubt they seemed quite as wonderful to the people of that time4 ,and it was only twenty-five years since the people of ,utica had thought it so remarkable that six letters had come to them in one mail6 ,soon passenger coaches were rushing along at ten miles an hour1 and sometimes even faster4 ,there were canvas-covered freight wagons1 each of which carried ten tons1 had rear wheels ten feet high1 and was drawn by twelve horses4 ,in those days life was full of stirring interest on the ,national ,road4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,cumberland ,,and ,,the ,,gap ,,in ,,wills ,,mountain ,there were rates of toll for all sorts of animals and wagons4 ,the toll was higher for hogs than for sheep1 and more was charged for cattle than for hogs4 ,if the wagons had very wide tires1 no toll was demanded4 ,drivers sometimes lied about the number of people in their stages1 so as to pay less toll4 ,the stages were not owned by the drivers but by companies1 which bid for travelers and freight1 as railways do now4 ,there were penalties for injuring milestones or defacing bridges1 showing that some people then were like some people now4 ,the companies had interesting names4 ,there were the 8,good ,intent10 8,ohio ,national ,stage ,lines10 the 8,pilot10 8,pioneer10 8,june ,bug10 and 8,defiance40 ,not one of them cared for mud or dust1 for horses or men1 if only it could be the first to reach its destination4 ,there must have been dust enough1 for twenty coaches with their many horses sometimes followed one another in a close line4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,bridge ,,and ,,monument1 ,,national ,,road1 ,,near ,,wheeling1 ,,west ,,virginia ,henry ,clay was one of the chief advocates of this road1 and a monument built in his honor may be seen near the bridge1 shown in ,fig4 #cg4 ,it is a few miles east of ,wheeling4 ,at ,brownsville a small stream called ,dunlap's creek flows into the ,monongahela from the east4 ,over it is an iron bridge on the line of the ,national ,road4 ,according to a story told in ,brownsville1 ,henry ,clay was once overturned as he was riding through the creek before the bridge was built4 ,as he gathered himself up he was heard to say1 8,clay and mud shall not be mixed here again40 ,the story goes that he went on immediately to ,washington and got an order for the building of the bridge4 ,whether this be true or not1 it is certain that he and many other statesmen traveled over the ,national ,road4 ,they could not have private cars1 nor did they go in drawing-room coaches1 as we can if we choose4 ,anybody might chance to sit beside these men of national fame1 as day after day they rode through the valleys and over the mountains1 stopping at the wayside hotels for food and rest4 ,some of the old hotels1 tollhouses1 and bridges1 as they look to-day1 are shown in the illustrations in this chapter4 ,the road itself was long ago given up to the different states and counties through which it runs1 but it still tells to the traveler who goes over it many a story of the life of a hundred years ago4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,baltimore ,,and ,,ohio ,,railroad ,even after the ,erie canal was built and long lines of boats were carrying the grain and other products of the ,west to ,new ,york1 the men of ,virginia and ,maryland did not give up the notion of still making the trade of the western country come their way4 ,they planned the ,chesapeake and ,ohio canal1 to reach the ,ohio river1 and thought that other canals across the state of ,ohio would let them into lake ,erie4 ,by the ,ohio river they would connect with ,new ,orleans and the upper ,mississippi river1 and through lake ,erie they could reach the towns and farms that border lake ,huron1 lake ,michigan1 and lake ,superior4 ,a canal along the ,potomac valley had been talked of several years before the ,revolution1 when ,richard ,henry ,lee laid a plan for it before the ,assembly of ,virginia4 ,doubtless others thought of it too1 as of the ,erie canal1 long before it was made4 ,at the end of the ,war of the ,revolution ,washington made a long journey into the wild woods of ,new ,york4 ,he went to the source of the ,susquehanna at ,otsego lake1 visited the portage between the ,mohawk and ,wood creek1 and saw for himself that ,new ,york had a great chance for navigation and trade4 ,but he had a natural love for his own ,virginia1 and he did not intend to let ,new ,york go ahead of his native state4 ,his journeys across the mountains as a surveyor and as a soldier gave him a knowledge of the ,ohio country1 and as he had himself taken up much good land there1 he wished to have an easy way1 by land or water1 from the sea to the rich ,ohio valley4 ,so he thought much about a canal to run by the side of the ,potomac1 and he joined with others who felt as he did to form the ,potomac ,company4 ,they started a canal1 but they found so much in the way that they were not able to go far with it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,mount ,,royal ,,station1 ,,baltimore ,,and ,,ohio ,,railroad1 ,,baltimore ,the plan for a canal came up again twenty years after ,washington died1 and in #ahbc a charter was given for building the ,chesapeake and ,ohio canal4 ,new ,york had then been six years at work on the ,erie canal and would finish it in two years more4 ,if the ,virginia and ,maryland people had known that most of them would be dead before their canal was half done1 and that it would never be really finished1 they would not have undertaken it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,chesapeake ,,and ,,ohio ,,canal1 ,,cumberland ,they did not begin the work until five years later1 in #ahbh4 ,then a great crowd came together at ,georgetown1 now a part of ,washington1 on the ,potomac1 to see the first earth thrown out4 ,president ,john ,quincy ,adams made the principal speech and then took a spade to begin the digging4 ,the spade hit a root and would not go into the soil4 ,the ,president set down his foot more firmly1 but still the spade would not move4 ,at last1 determined to succeed1 he pulled off his coat for the job4 ,the crowd liked this and cheered loudly1 while ,mr4 ,adams accomplished what he had set out to do4 ,on this very day something else was going on at ,baltimore1 forty miles away4 ,baltimore was not on the ,potomac1 but her people did not propose to be left out of the western trade on that account4 ,after much disputing a charter had been granted for building what became one of the most famous1 as it is one of the oldest1 ,american railways1--the ,baltimore and ,ohio4 ,hence ,baltimore had a celebration of her own on this same ,fourth of ,july1 #ahbh4 ,they did not have the ,president of the ,united ,states to help them1 but they fared very well4 ,they had great faith in what they were doing1 and doubtless would have shouted even louder had they known what a great railroad they were starting and what a hard time the canal people would have4 ,there was only one man remaining of all the patriots who had signed the ,declaration of ,independence almost fifty years before4 ,this was ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 and he was the guest of ,baltimore on that day4 ,a prayer was offered1 the ,declaration was read1 and after an officer of the railway company had spoken ,mr4 ,carroll removed the first earth4 ,as if nature would be kind to an old man1 no root made his work hard2 and the superstitious may say that the ,president's toilsome digging over in ,georgetown was a bad omen for that enterprise4 ,it is easier to look back than to see into the future4 ,both canal and railway went on building1 but as they needed nearly the same route in some places1 they did not get on well together4 ,the canal was located in the state of ,maryland1 along the north bank of the ,potomac4 ,this was done in some measure because a large part of the water which would be needed for the canal came down from the uplands on the north side4 ,it took twenty-three years to dig the trench as far as ,cumberland1 so that it was #ahea before boats could run between ,cumberland and tide water4 ,the original plan of carrying the canal beyond ,cumberland and across the mountains was never carried out4 ,just below the point where ,wills creek enters the ,potomac there is a dam1 and from the pond so made the water is taken into the upper end of the canal4 ,much traffic has passed up and down the canal1 but1 on the whole1 it has not paid for the cost of building and repairing4 ,sometimes it has been out of use1 and a few months ago the state of ,maryland sold it for a small sum to the ,wabash ,railway ,company4 ,the ,north ,american ,review has been published for a long time4 ,at least seventy-five years ago this magazine printed two articles on the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad4 ,by reading them we can see how the intelligent people of that time felt about building it4 ,in favor of the proposed railroad they said1 first1 that it would not be closed by ice for several months each year1 as the ,erie canal and the rivers were4 ,secondly1 they reminded the public that ,baltimore is two hundred miles nearer the ,ohio navigation than ,new ,york is1 and one hundred miles nearer than ,philadelphia4 ,thirdly1 they argued that ,new ,orleans was a long way off1 and its climate hot and unhealthful4 ,provisions sent by that route would be likely to spoil1 and the traders taking the goods down the river might fall sick4 ,further1 the rivers in a dry summer would be too low for navigation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,highest ,,point ,,on ,,baltimore ,,and ,,ohio ,,railroad1 ,,at ,,sand ,,patch1 ,,pennsylvania ,nor did ,baltimore people think that the ,erie canal could get much trade except from regions close to lake ,erie1 and they had noticed that lands not far from the canal still sent a good deal of produce down the ,susquehanna river to ,baltimore4 ,there was no port south of them that was so good as theirs2 in short1 they showed a very proper pride in their own home and a conviction that ,baltimore was as good as any other ,american city1 if not1 perhaps1 a little better4 ,they said also that the lime used for building in the city of ,washington was brought all the way from ,rhode ,island1 while there was a great abundance of good limestone in their own mountains1 although it could not be carried by wagons4 ,there was coal also1 in seams so thick and wide that it could never be used up1 but there was no way of getting it down to the sea where it would run factories1 smelt iron1 and propel the new steamships that so soon would make the ocean a well-traveled highway4 ,slate also was to be had1 and marble1 and gypsum1 and timber1 but these could not be brought to the towns where they might be used4 ,there was1 moreover1 much iron ore all along the proposed route1 and we all know that iron is the most important of the metals4 ,it had long before been learned that there were many fish in ,chesapeake bay1 and that ,new ,england was not to have the fishing business all to herself4 ,better even than this1 there were then1 as there are now1 places under the shallow waters where countless oysters lived and multiplied4 ,it was said1 even in #ahbg1 that if there could be a railroad to carry things quickly1 oysters might be sent to people living far from the sea4 ,baltimore's notion of swift carrying was much like that of the ,erie canal packet owners4 ,trains could go four miles an hour1 and thus goods might be sent from ,baltimore to the ,ohio river in sixty-two and one-half hours4 ,some hopeful people thought that the speed might even be raised to eight miles an hour4 ,when cars run at that rate in these days we begin to talk about getting out and pushing the engine4 ,the builders of the railroad had what seem to us curious ideas of laying a foundation for the track4 ,they dug a trench in some places1 putting into it broken stone1 and on this they laid long slabs of stone1 or 8stone rails40 ,on these1 in their turn1 the iron rails were riveted down4 ,until car springs were invented the jolting must have been like that of a farm wagon4 ,even when the track was finished no decision had been made as to how the cars were to be moved4 ,mr4 ,hulbert1 in one of his stories of historic highways1 tells of several experiments which were made4 ,some one invented a locomotive in which a horse was to tread an endless belt and thus make the machine go1 carrying with it the horse and dragging the cars4 ,on one trip1 when several newspaper men were present to report the trial1 the train ran into a cow and they were all tipped out and tumbled down a bank4 ,the method did not have much praise in the papers4 ,sails were also tried1 and one car which was thus moved by wind was called olus4 ,this car1 with its mast and other ship-like rigging1 made much talk1 but that was all4 ,and no one could quite see how it would ever be possible to draw a car on a curved track4 ,this meant much1 for it was out of the question to build a railway through the mountains without many curves1 and some of them rather short ones4 ,but there were those who thought that if a curved road were possible1 it would be a good thing because the engineer could occasionally look back along the line and see how his train was coming on4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,looking ,,down ,,the ,,potomac ,,from ,,harpers ,,ferry ,maryland on the left2 ,west ,virginia on right and in foreground2 ,virginia in the distance2 ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad and ,chesapeake and ,ohio canal at the left2 ,shenandoah river enters under bridge on the right ,but steam was to win the day4 ,mr4 ,peter ,cooper had a locomotive1 called ,tom ,thumb1 built in #ahbi1 and an old picture shows an exciting race between this little engine and a horse car4 ,the steam car won the race1 and it is now to be seen whether or not electricity will drive steam out of business on the railways4 ,by #ahcc the road was laid as far as ,harpers ,ferry1 a place made lively by armies and guns in the ,civil ,war4 ,it is a rugged old town1 built near the spot where the ,shenandoah joins the ,potomac1 and both together have cut a fine gorge through the ,blue ,ridge4 ,to-day as one stands in the upper part of the village and looks down through the great gorge1 he sees the bridge and tracks and trains of the ,baltimore and ,ohio1 and the channel of the ,chesapeake and ,ohio canal 7,fig4 #da74 ,the railway outstripped the canal1 for the road was finished to ,cumberland in #ahdb1 nine years before canal boats floated into that place2 and in #ahec the first train rolled into ,wheeling1 on the ,ohio river4 ,another part of the road now runs farther north to ,pittsburg and leads on to ,chicago1 while yet another passes south to ,cincinnati and ,st4 ,louis4 ,eastward the main line runs to ,philadelphia and stops at the ,whitehall terminal in ,new ,york ,city4 ,these long lines1 with many spurs and side lines1 make up the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railway system1 which1 like the ,pennsylvania and the ,new ,york ,central1 joins the seaports of the ,atlantic coast with the fields and cities of the ,mississippi1 and carries in either direction the rich mineral products of the intervening mountains4 ,like her neighbors on the ,atlantic1 ,baltimore stretches out her hands to sea and land4 ,the city was begun in #agcj1 at which time a ,mr4 ,carroll sold the land for it at forty shillings an acre4 ,when ,washington first went to the ,ohio there were only twenty-five houses in ,baltimore1 but in #aggj there were twenty thousand people1 and the new city was drawing trade from ,philadelphia4 ,in #ahbf1 when the ,erie canal was building1 ,baltimore had become a city of sixty thousand inhabitants4 ,now it has more than half a million people1 and is the sixth ,american city4 ,in foreign trade1 however1 it stands third1 and its docks are busy places4 ,the ,hamburg-,american1 the ,north-,german ,lloyd1 and the ,red ,star lines all send regular steamers between ,baltimore and ,europe1 and hundreds of others sail to ports on our own coast1 to the ,west ,indies1 and to ,south ,america4 ,baltimore builds ships as well as sails them1 to carry the corn1 flour1 and meat of the prairies and the great plains to foreign lands1 and to bring back their products in exchange4 ,where there are railways and ships there are always merchants and factories4 ,out of the gains of trade a ,baltimore merchant built one of the most famous of our schools1 the ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,coke ,,ovens ,,at ,,meyersdale1 ,,pennsylvania ,there has been no more important factor in the development of the ,united ,states than is found in the great railway systems1 which1 by linking all sections together1 give unity and strength to the whole fabric of our government4 ,washington's dreams of his country's future are already overtopped by her actual achievements1 and the most hopeful among those who first saw the advantages of steam engines could hardly have looked forward to the swift transportation of to-day4 ,in the year #aija an ,american ship and ,american railway trains ran a great race to ,london over land and sea4 ,the start was from ,australia and the distance was more than thirteen thousand miles4 ,the race was not against other ships and other trains1 but against time4 ,the mail from ,sydney in ,new ,south ,wales usually went by the ,red sea and the ,suez canal1 a route which is a thousand miles shorter than is the ,pacific route1 and which took thirty-five days and a few hours4 ,it happened on ,august #ac1 in the morning1 that three hundred and sixty-seven sacks of important mail for ,london were piled on the dock1 beside which lay a new ,american ship1 the ,ventura4 ,because no good ,british ship was at hand that morning1 the post-office authorities thought that they would let the vessel with the ,stars and ,stripes carry the mail4 ,she did carry it1 and on the evening of ,september #b she laid down the bags on the pier at ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,american railroads tried their hand at carrying the ,british mail4 ,the ,southern ,pacific took it swiftly across to ,ogden1 in ,utah4 ,the ,union ,pacific seized it1 two hours late1 and said that the time should be made up4 ,the train raced a thousand miles to ,omaha and made up some of the time but not all4 ,then it was off for ,chicago1 where the ,lake ,shore road had a 8special0 ready to overtake the ,fast ,mail4 ,it ran two hundred and forty-four miles in two hundred and sixty-five and a half minutes1 and did overtake it4 ,then came ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 ,queenstown1 and ,london4 ,the carriers in that great city started out with the mail early in the morning of ,september #ad4 ,if the bags had come by the shorter route under the ,british flag1 they would not have reached ,london until ,september #af4 ,this is what great railways and great ships do in our time1--they make neighbors of all men4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,the ,,observation ,,end1 ,,baltimore ,,and ,,ohio ,,railroad ,,chapter ,x ,,cities ,,of ,,the ,,ohio ,,valley ,if we look at a map1 we shall see that the ,allegheny river flows southward from ,new ,york into western ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,monongahela river1 rising among the rough highlands of ,west ,virginia1 sends its waters toward the north1 and the two great streams join to form the ,ohio1 which flows on far to the southwest4 ,all together they are like wide-spreading branches of an apple tree uniting with the gnarled old trunk4 ,in the great crotch of the tree ,pittsburg is snugly placed4 ,a narrow point of flat land lies between the rivers just before they come together to make the ,ohio1 and back of this point1 to the east1 rise steep hills4 ,across the ,allegheny and across the ,monongahela the banks rise sharply for several hundred feet1 and there too1 wherever the slope is not too steep for houses to stand1 tens of thousands of busy people have their homes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,old ,,blockhouse1 ,,pittsburg ,the rivers are crossed by many bridges and are full of boats4 ,up and down for miles their banks are smoky and noisy with furnaces1 and at night the iron mills light up the valley with wonderful torches of flame leaping into the black sky4 ,if the great towns clustered within an hour's ride were counted in1 ,pittsburg would now have a million people4 ,only a hundred years ago she was1 like many other cities in the ,new ,world1 a humble village between two rivers4 ,as early as #agcj white men journeyed here to trade with the ,indians1 who could come from any part of the western country in their canoes4 ,washington stood here ,november #bd1 #agec1 and in his description of the place wrote1 8,i think it extremely well situated for a fort1 as it has absolute command of both rivers40 ,men were to need forts for a long time in that country1 and the one which was soon built on this site had a stirring history4 ,in #ageh it was recaptured from the ,french and named for ,england's prime minister1 ,pitt4 ,hence we have ,pittsburgh1 which is the old spelling1 but it is now common to drop the h1 and write it ,pittsburg4 ,the old blockhouse of brick1 which is still standing1 was built in #agfd4 ,washington came back to the spot in #aggj1 and found here about twenty houses1 used by men who were trading with the ,indians4 ,arthur ,lee1 in #aghd1 thought that the place would 8never be very considerable10 but he was not a good prophet4 ,in #ahaf it had become a city and has been steadily gaining in importance since that time4 ,not much more than fifty years later an historian of ,pittsburg said that if ,mr4 ,lee could then come back1 he would find a city bigger than the six largest cities and towns in the ,old ,dominion4 ,the secret of ,pittsburg's success is in its location4 ,many years ago it was called 8the gate of the ,west10 and through it has gone much of the trade between the ,east and the lands beyond the mountains4 ,even from ,new ,york the pioneers came by land and water to the head of the ,ohio1 an undertaking by no means easy in those days4 ,a prominent man in ,pittsburg once contracted with the government to send provisions to ,oswego1 and as he wished to make the long journey as profitable as he could1 he packed the provisions in strong barrels that would hold salt4 ,when these were emptied they were filled for the return trip with ,onondaga salt and carried by lake ,ontario to the ,niagara river below the falls4 ,they were then taken around the falls and across the lake to ,erie1 up ,french creek1 over the portage1 and at length by boat to ,pittsburg4 ,it was a roundabout way1 but the enterprising dealer sold salt in ,pittsburg for half the price charged by the packers who brought it by rough mountain roads from the ,east4 ,improvements in methods of transportation caused an increase in business activity4 ,by the ,pittsburg pike1 by the canal with its ,portage ,railway1 and finally by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 trade was coming from ,philadelphia4 ,not less promptly did the men of ,baltimore and the ,virginians reach ,pittsburg by the trail1 the ,national ,road1 and the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad4 ,because ,pittsburg stood at the head of the ,ohio it was a door to the whole ,mississippi valley1 and men and goods quickly found their way to it4 ,once there a boat would take them over thousands of miles of river1 or to ,new ,orleans and the open sea4 ,henry ,clay used to tell in ,congress a good story about ,pittsburg4 ,he said that a ship built at ,pittsburg sailed down the river1 through the gulf1 across the ,atlantic1 into the ,mediterranean1 and anchored at ,leghorn4 ,the captain handed his papers to the officer of the customhouse1 who did not credit them4 8,sir10 said he1 8your papers are forged2 there is no such port as ,pittsburg in the world2 your vessel must be confiscated40 ,though the captain was frightened1 he pulled out a map and taught the ,italian official a lesson in geography1 making him understand at last that one could sail a thousand miles up the ,mississippi and another thousand up the ,ohio1 and that there was such a port as ,pittsburg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,pittsburg ,the first boats on the ,ohio river were the light bark canoes of the red men4 ,these could sail in almost any water1 but they were easily broken and could carry only light loads4 ,when white men began to throng the river and wanted to carry their families1 household furniture1 tools1 grain1 and all the produce of the land1 they needed something larger and stronger4 ,at first they built barges1 which were little more than great boxes made water-tight4 ,these they loaded and steered down the stream as best they could4 ,they did not expect to bring them back1 for such boats could not be pushed against the current4 ,hence the barge builders at ,pittsburg always had work1 for a new one had to be provided for each fresh cargo4 ,later men began to make keel boats1 in which they could not only go downstream but could also1 by poling1 make a return voyage4 ,these boats were about fifty feet long and could carry twenty tons or more4 ,along the sides were 8running boards10 where the men went up and down with their setting poles to drive the boat against the current4 ,the space between the running boards was covered over to form a kind of cabin4 ,it was not an easy task to pole one of these boats up a rapid1 and the life on the river was a life of toil4 ,during the last twenty years before #ahjj1 or while ,washington was ,president1 a wealthy merchant of ,philadelphia took up traffic on the ,ohio4 ,he sent dry goods and other merchandise overland to ,pittsburg1 thence down the ,ohio in a barge1 and up the ,mississippi to ,kaskaskia in ,illinois1 which was at that time an important town4 ,here the cargo was exchanged for skins of bear1 deer1 buffalo1 and other animals1 to be taken up the ,ohio and sent from ,pittsburg to ,philadelphia4 ,it took time to trade in this way4 ,a summer was needed to go down to ,new ,orleans and back again with a keel boat or a barge4 ,when a boat came up 8with furs from ,st4 ,louis2 cotton from ,natchez2 hemp1 tobacco1 and saltpeter from ,maysville2 or sugar and cotton from ,new ,orleans and ,natchez1 it was a wonder to the many1 and drew vast crowds to see and rejoice over it40 ,one of the river men4 ,captain ,shreve1 once took his boat from ,new ,orleans up to ,louisville in twenty-five days4 ,the people celebrated this remarkable achievement and gave the captain a public dinner4 ,no doubt they made as much ado as we should now make if a ship should go from ,new ,york to ,liverpool in three days4 ,they were quite right to make a feast in honor of the occasion1 for the time commonly allowed for the journey had been three months4 ,the flatboat1 which for years was used in river traffic1 was about forty feet long1 twelve feet wide1 and eight feet deep4 ,it had a flat bottom and was handled by means of three oars on each side4 ,two of these were called sweeps1 and were almost as long as the boat itself4 ,at the stern was a still longer steering oar4 ,when the water rose in the autumn these boats carried loads of produce and bore thousands of families who were seeking homes farther west4 ,old and young with their household treasures1 which often included the cow1 sailed down in these rude house boats to some chosen spot in the distant wilderness4 ,it was in a boat like these that the tall and awkward young man1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 made a voyage to ,new ,orleans and first saw something of the outside world4 ,redstone was an old name for ,brownsville1 where the ,national ,road crossed the ,monongahela1 and many boats started from here in early days4 ,it is said that an old boatman was once hailed by a seeker after information4 8,where are you from80 was the first question4 8,redstone10 was the answer4 8,what is your lading80 8,millstones40 8,what is your captain's name80 8,whetstone40 8,where are you bound80 8,for ,limestone40 ,the interesting part of the story is that these answers were all true4 ,large as the traffic was by the flatboats1 it was greatly increased when steamboats began to run on the rivers4 ,no other craft could hope to compete with these4 ,the boatmen owed a grudge to the steamboat1 just as the pack-horse men had hated the ,conestoga wagon1 for they saw that their trade was lost1 and it was hard to try to make a living in some other way4 ,for many years the great passenger boats reigned supreme on the rivers of the ,west1 but at last they in turn were forced to give way to the railroads4 ,such boats still run on the ,ohio and the ,mississippi1 but men do not travel on them when they wish to go quickly4 ,railroad cars1 however1 do not take the place of some boats on the ,ohio4 ,look out on the ,monongahela at ,pittsburg and you may see large fields of boats1--many acres of barges1 for there are barges on the river still1 though they do not look like the old ones4 ,they are of great size and are sometimes made of steel4 ,the coal1 taken from the hill out of which it is dug1 is run on a trestle along the river and dumped into one of these boats4 ,at ,pittsburg the barges wait for the water to rise to a 8coal-boat0 stage1--that is1 until there is a depth of at least eight feet all the way down the river ,then a number of barges are lashed together and a steamboat pushes them down the stream4 ,the water often comes up suddenly1 and the coal must be rushed to market while the high water lasts4 ,a single towboat sometimes takes to ,new ,orleans several acres of coal from the great ,pittsburg coal seam4 ,this lies flat under the hilltops and is mined from the edges where the rivers have cut down through the coal1 far into the beds of rock that lie below4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,coal ,,barges1 ,,pittsburg ,on the ,monongahela the ,united ,states owns fifteen dams with locks1 and the river is thus 8slacked0 far up into ,west ,virginia4 ,the dams change the river into a series of long1 still ponds1 which are deep enough to float the coal barges4 ,below ,pittsburg1 in the ,ohio1 is another dam which sets the water back and makes a harbor for the city4 ,there is no coal to send down the ,allegheny1 but there are logs to be rafted1 and there is much oil1 for the river flows through the petroleum region around ,oil ,city4 ,some of this is taken to refineries at ,pittsburg and made ready for use4 ,much natural gas is obtained by boring and is used in the city for warming houses and for cooking4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,pittsburg ,,at ,,night ,a cloud of smoke from the soft coal burned in so many shops and furnaces hangs over the lower parts of ,pittsburg and has given it the name of 8,the ,smoky ,city40 ,james ,parton says that on the first morning of his visit there he felt sure that he was rising very early1 for the street lamps were all burning and he ate his breakfast in a room lighted by gas4 ,as the room was filled with people1 he thought ,pittsburg was very enterprising1 and himself along with it1 but he was quite taken aback when he looked at his watch and found that it was almost nine o'clock4 ,darker even than the streets are the 8rooms0 in which thousands of miners1 within a few miles of the city1 dig out coal with their picks and shovels4 ,if one rides into ,pittsburg by night1 he will see something finer than fireworks4 ,the train is likely to whirl him past long rows of fiery ovens in which coal is being made into coke4 ,and in many towns near by1 as well as along the rivers by the city itself1 the jets of flame will show iron furnaces and steel mills1 with grimy workmen moving about in the strange light4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,furnaces ,,near ,,pittsburg ,the iron ore for these furnaces is brought from many parts of the country1 but chiefly from the lands around lake ,superior4 ,it is shipped down the lakes in large steamers and loaded into cars at ,cleveland or some other port on lake ,erie4 ,instead of carrying the coal to the ore1 the ore is thus brought to the coal1 without which it could not be worked4 ,the reason for this is that ,pittsburg is much nearer the places where most of the iron is to be used4 ,if the coal of ,pennsylvania were taken to the iron mines of ,minnesota and the furnaces built there1 much of the iron and steel would have to be carried back a long way to ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 and other parts of the ,east4 ,glass mills form an important part of the city's industries and have been in operation for a long time4 ,bottle glass is manufactured here1 besides three fourths of all the plate glass of the ,united ,states4 ,perhaps it is because bottles are made in ,pittsburg that we find here also the largest cork factory in the world4 ,pittsburg is proud of the fact that she handles more tons of freight in a year than any other city in the world4 ,indeed1 the tonnage is greater than that of ,new ,york and ,chicago taken together4 ,the old 8point0 between the rivers is filled with tall buildings4 ,inclined railways run up the steep bluffs on the further side of each river and lead to the beautiful streets and the homes where many of the people live4 ,for ,pittsburg is not all coal and furnaces and smoke1 but has fine churches1 the great ,carnegie ,library and ,museum1 and many schools4 ,but it is mostly because of the coal and the rivers that we find here a splendid city4 ,sixty-three miles down the ,ohio river1 on its left bank1 is ,wheeling1 the largest city in ,west ,virginia4 ,the business streets lie close to the ,ohio1 and the houses extend up the steep slope to the east1 while over a high ridge comes the old ,national ,road from the valley of ,wheeling creek4 ,wheeling was the goal of many heavily laden wagons in the days of the pike1 and because of the river and many railroads has a large trade to-day4 ,it was settled in #aggj and is one of the oldest towns on the river4 ,on the north bank of the great stream1 in the southwest corner of ,ohio1 is the largest city on the river4 ,as late as #aijj ,cincinnati had a few thousand more people than ,pittsburg1 but a 8greater ,cincinnati0 would not be so large as a 8greater ,pittsburg40 ,in ,cincinnati1 as in ,pittsburg1 men do business on the low grounds by the river1 where offices and mills and shops crowd one another1 and the smoke of soft coal hangs as a cloud above4 ,business hours over1 the well-to-do merchants climb out of the grimy town to the top of the bluffs1 and there find1 in a clearer air and along open and beautiful avenues1 their comfortable homes4 ,down town the turbulent river sometimes comes up forty or fifty feet beyond its usual level and makes trouble in the busy city1 but ,mt4 ,auburn and ,walnut ,hills are disturbed neither by smoke nor by floods4 ,rivers do not often flow in straight lines1 and it is very common for them to change their courses along their flood plains4 ,this habit of shifting belongs alike to great and small streams1 whether the ,mississippi or the brook in the meadow4 ,the ,ohio1 like other rivers1 often writes the letter ,s1 and in so doing at this point has swung off from its old north bank1 leaving a low plain with room enough for a hundred thousand people to carry on their business4 ,there is always some good reason which has led to the settlement and growth of a town1 and the history of ,cincinnati shows no exception4 ,it was in early winter1 #aghh1 when cakes of ice were already floating on the river1 that a number of men sailing downstream stopped here and began a settlement4 ,the place was not readily named4 ,it is said that the matter was left to a frontier schoolmaster1 and he did not lose the chance to show how much he knew4 ,he saw that the ,licking river comes into the ,ohio on the ,kentucky side just opposite4 ,so he set down an ,l4 ,he next remembered an ancient word os1 meaning 8mouth10 and he put that down4 ,then he considered that anti means 8opposite0 and that ville means 8town40 ,so he wrote the whole name1--,l-os-anti-ville1--,losantiville1 --8the town opposite the mouth of ,licking40 ,we might wonder whether a town with a name like that would ever grow into a great city4 ,it did not have to try1 for it was not long before ,general ,st4 ,clair1 who had come there1 made fun of the name and insisted upon a new one4 ,he and other officers of the ,american army had formed a society commemorating their experience in the ,revolution1 and in honor of the ,roman patriot ,cincinnatus had called themselves the ,order of ,cincinnati4 ,st4 ,clair thought this a good name for the town1 and ,cincinnati it has been since that time4 ,the place has its nickname also1 and its people like to call it the ,queen ,city1 which seems to go very well with ,beautiful ,river4 ,another name1 rarely used and not very pleasing1 perhaps1 to those who live there1 is 8,porkopolis10 which came from the fact that for forty years before the ,american ,civil ,war more pork packing was done in ,cincinnati than anywhere else in the country4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,river ,,front1 ,,cincinnati ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 an ,englishman who saw ,cincinnati in #ahdb1 speaks of the 8pork aristocracy10 explaining that he means the men that had grown rich by packing pork1 and not the pigs that he saw running in the streets4 ,this shows how new some of our large business centers are1 though it would be a great mistake to suppose that pigs and cows now run loose in western cities4 ,in those days such places were teaching the country how to 8pack fifteen bushels of corn into a pig10 and how to send the produce of the farms to distant cities or other lands in such a way as to get the most money for the least freight4 ,when ,charles ,dickens visited this country many years ago he went to ,cincinnati1 and spoke well of the place4 ,this was a great compliment1 for the famous ,english story-teller was hard to suit when he was looking at anything ,american4 ,if he could come back to ,cincinnati now1 he might find even more to please and surprise him4 ,cincinnati has always made much use of the river4 ,there were little boats in which the owners carried notions and such things as a country store sells1 peddling them from one settlement to another along the banks4 ,there were barges and flatboats bearing families and farm produce4 ,then came steamboats1 which carried everything1--passengers1 grain1 coal1 merchandise1 and even circuses and menageries4 ,we can imagine the excitement among the small boys of a river town when the circus boat told of its arrival by the fierce blast of a loud steam whistle4 ,there are steamboats yet and a busy river front1 but great railroads center here1 and trains run to ,pittsburg and ,philadelphia1 ,cleveland and ,new ,york1 ,chicago and ,st4 ,louis1 ,nashville and ,new ,orleans4 ,a vast business is done4 ,there are many schools1 and to-day ,cincinnati can boast of her music1 of her pictures and museums1 and of the fine pottery that she makes4 ,she has thrown off the schoolmaster's clumsy name1 she has many better things than pork1 and she is widely known as one of ,america's great cities4 ,an early writer says that the ,ohio is 8by far the noblest river in the universe40 ,he writes this in the beginning of a history of ,louisville1 a book which was printed in #ahai4 ,this in itself shows that ,louisville is one of the old cities of the ,ohio valley4 ,it is not so large as ,cincinnati or ,pittsburg1 but it is the chief city of the great state of ,kentucky4 ,the old boatmen1 finding that the current was rapid at a certain point1 called it the 8falls of the ,ohio40 ,a ledge of hard rocks in the bed of the river caused the rapids and made it no easy task to navigate boats4 ,finally a canal was dug by which the rapids might be avoided at low water4 ,it was this ledge in the river that started the town and finally made a city out of ,louisville1 for boats going in either direction naturally stopped at the falls4 ,there was another reason1 too1 as we shall see when we learn something of the 8,wilderness ,road10 which crossed ,kentucky from the eastern mountains and came out on the river at ,louisville4 ,back from the river also lay the rich and fertile ,blue ,grass country for which ,kentucky is famous4 ,the canal was ready to take steamboats around the ledge in #ahca4 ,some of these boats had interesting names1 such as the ,enterprise1 the ,vesuvius1 the ,comet1 the ,volcano1 the ,new ,orleans1 the ,cincinnati1 the ,experiment1 the ,rifleman1 and the ,rising ,states4 ,it was a wonderful life on the river1 and ,louisville got her share of the gain of it1 as she now shares the traffic of the railroads4 ,to-day she is a rich and beautiful city of two hundred thousand people4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,great ,,valley ,alexander ,spotswood was a famous governor of the colony of ,virginia4 ,he was of ,scottish parentage1 but he was born in ,morocco1 where his father was a surgeon4 ,the lad grew up to serve his country as a soldier1 and was wounded by a cannon ball in a great war then going on in ,europe4 ,in #agaj the king sent him to ,virginia to be governor1 an office which he filled for twelve years4 ,the people liked him1 though he made some enemies because he kept his soldierly ways and did not always speak in gentle phrases4 ,he was a kind1 warm-hearted man1 nevertheless1 loving his family and friends4 ,his energy1 too1 was well known1 and he was always ready to further a new scheme4 ,because he started the first iron furnaces in ,america he was called the 8,tubal ,cain of ,virginia10 ,tubal ,cain being known in sacred history as the first of metal workers4 ,nothing was more important to the colonists than iron1 for they could not always bring tools and kettles and nails and gun metal from ,england4 ,the governor showed his practical ability in other ways4 ,he brought over ,germans who knew how to raise grapes and make wine4 ,he was interested in teaching the ,indians1 and at one time he sent out ships and caught 8,blackbeard10 who1 with his fellow-pirates1 was prowling about the coast4 ,when the young ,benjamin ,franklin1 in ,boston1 heard of the capture he wrote a poem about it4 ,in that day nearly all of ,virginia was in the 8tide-water country10 but ,spotswood had often heard of the valley beyond the ,blue ,ridge4 ,he made up his mind to go and see this region1 and brought together a party to make the journey4 ,they took their servants and pack horses and carried provisions and many bottles of the wine which the ,germans had made4 ,there was good hunting in the unbroken forest and they had all the venison and other wild meat they could have wished4 ,a good map of ,virginia will show us ,harpers ,ferry1 where the ,potomac river runs through a deep gap in the ,blue ,ridge4 ,looking along the range to the southwest1 we shall find1 about eighty miles away1 ,swift ,run ,gap1 not so low a pass1 but one which made it easy to cross the mountains and go down into the lowlands along the ,shenandoah river4 ,spotswood and his friends climbed one of the peaks of the ,blue ,ridge and named it ,mt4 ,george1 after the king4 ,another peak was named ,alexander for the governor4 ,down by the ,shenandoah they buried a bottle 7the historian of ,virginia thinks that by this time they must have had several that were empty71 and in the bottle was a paper stating that they took possession in the name of the king4 ,they called the river the ,euphrates1 but the name did not cling to it4 ,we may be glad of that1 for the ,indian name of ,shenandoah is much more musical4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,luray1 ,,shenandoah ,,valley ,if ,spotswood had crossed the lowlands1 he would have found himself among other mountains running parallel to the ,blue ,ridge4 ,between the two ranges is the valley of the ,shenandoah1 or1 as it is quite as often called1 the valley of ,virginia4 ,the land is flat and the soil deep and rich4 ,the soft shales and limestone of ancient higher lands have wasted away here1 between the higher mountains on either side1 and thus we find a valley and a fertile valley floor4 ,the place was wild and lonely when this band of explorers visited it1 but to-day it is a country rich in interest and associations4 ,if we go northeast we shall pass ,winchester1 which became famous in the ,civil ,war4 ,in another part of the valley is ,luray1 where the limestones have been dissolved under the ground1 making a large cavern with beautiful stalactites4 ,still going northward1 we shall pass ,harpers ,ferry on our right and cross the ,potomac4 ,on our right also1 after we cross the river1 is ,antietam1 where a severe battle was fought between ,lee and ,mc,clellan4 ,a little farther on is ,hagerstown1 ,colonel ,rochester's old home1 in the state of ,maryland4 ,the next move would take us over into ,pennsylvania1 through ,chambersburg and ,carlisle1 about which we already know1 and across the ,susquehanna to ,harrisburg4 ,on our right1 as we go up into ,pennsylvania1 is the low ,south mountain1 which is the ,blue ,ridge continued4 ,all this time we are in the ,great ,valley4 ,the valley of ,virginia is but a part of the whole1 which reaches through several states and everywhere has the ,blue ,ridge on the southeast and other ridges of the ,appalachian mountains on the northwest4 ,every part of the valley is thickly settled and has fine houses and homes1 because its soil produces good crops and makes the people prosperous4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,appalachian ,,region ,spotswood's journey opened the way for families from the tide-water region to settle beyond the mountains1 but they were not the only settlers4 ,it was easy for the people of the ,great ,valley in ,pennsylvania1 where the land was earlier taken up1 to push to the southwest along the same valley4 ,they found smoother traveling and better farms than if they had gone up into the mountains on the west4 ,so we see that the valley1 leading southwest1 guided the stream of emigrants in that direction4 ,the result was that the valley of ,virginia was occupied partly by people entering through ,pennsylvania1 and partly by those who1 like ,spotswood1 came through passes in the ,blue ,ridge4 ,it was thirty years later1 when most of the land was still a wilderness1 that we find ,george ,washington crossing these same mountains to survey for ,lord ,fairfax4 ,his path lay between ,harpers ,ferry and ,swift ,run ,gap4 ,in this valley1 during the ,civil ,war1 8,stonewall0 ,jackson1 ,sheridan1 and other well-known generals took their armies up and down1 and fought a number of battles4 ,the rich farms and full barns of the valley played no small part in the strife by furnishing food for the soldiers4 ,the headwaters of the ,james river are in the ,great ,valley4 ,one branch flows southwest and another northeast4 ,these come together and go out to the southeast by a gap in the ,blue ,ridge4 ,to-day we come up the ,shenandoah by the ,norfolk and ,western ,railway1 which continues along these branches of the ,james4 ,before long we reach ,roanoke1 a flourishing city just inside the ,blue ,ridge4 ,then follows the crossing of the ,new river1 which flows northwest across the valley on its long course to the ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,james ,,river ,,gap ,,in ,,the ,,blue ,,ridge1 ,,from ,,the ,,west ,now we are looking toward ,tennessee1 and the ,great ,valley soon takes us to several long streams which help to form the ,tennessee river4 ,the heads of these streams we shall find in ,virginia1 and their names are the ,holston1 the ,clinch1 and ,powell's river4 ,the ,great ,valley in this southwestern part of ,virginia is really divided into several valleys by long and rather high ridges that separate these rivers4 ,the main line of the ,southern ,railway1 between ,washington and ,knoxville1 runs along the valley of the ,holston river and crosses from ,virginia into ,tennessee at ,bristol4 ,after we come into ,tennessee the ridges that separate the streams fall away again1 and we find one great valley1 about forty miles wide4 ,on the northwest the ,cumberland plateau and the ,cumberland mountains rise above it4 ,on the southeast there loom up the ,great ,smoky mountains on the border of ,north ,carolina4 ,great ,smoky is only another name for the ,blue ,ridge1 for it is the same range1 only higher and wider than it is farther north4 ,although this valley is a part of the ,great ,valley1 it is commonly called the valley of east ,tennessee1 its people using the home name as they do in ,virginia4 ,the ,holston1 the ,clinch1 and ,powell's river are not the only branches of the ,tennessee4 ,out of the ,great ,smoky mountains there flow from the east the ,french ,broad1 the ,little ,tennessee1 and the ,hiwassee4 ,knoxville stands a little below the place where the ,holston and ,french ,broad flow together1 and ,chattanooga is a hundred miles farther down1 where the ,tennessee1 now a lordly stream1 leaves the ,great ,valley and flows westward through a deep valley in the ,cumberland plateau4 ,this lesson in geography we must learn well1 with the help of a map1 and we shall then see what the pioneers did as they followed the rivers between the mountains4 ,it is an old road that runs from ,pennsylvania to ,tennessee by the valley4 ,it took the pioneer across the ,potomac through ,winchester and ,staunton in ,virginia4 ,farther on was a fortified place1 ,fort ,chissel1 built in #ageh1 which was on the way to the ,watauga ,settlement and ,cumberland ,gap4 ,of ,watauga we must now tell1 and of the ,cumberland ,gap in the next chapter4 ,watauga is the name of a small river which flows out of the mountains on the east1 into the ,great ,valley1 and enters the ,holston4 ,in a pleasant spot on the banks of this stream the first settlement of white men in ,tennessee was made4 ,some of the people had come along the valley from ,pennsylvania and ,virginia1 and others had climbed over the mountains from ,north ,carolina because of the wrongs they had suffered there4 ,many of these men and women had come from the north of ,ireland4 ,they were not of ,irish but of ,scotch blood1 their ancestors having originally come from ,scotland to make the north of ,ireland their home4 ,for this reason they are often called ,scotch-,irish1 but whatever we name them1 we are to remember that they were sturdy and intelligent people4 ,conscientious and loyal ,presbyterians they were in faith1 and by nature brave and full of endurance4 ,their fathers had shed their blood for freedom on ,scottish fields1 and the sons were not likely to be frightened by a wilderness full of red savages4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,hilly ,,farm ,,lands ,,in ,,the ,,great ,,valley1 ,,near ,,knoxville ,besides the ,scotch-,irish1 there were many ,germans who had followed the valley from ,pennsylvania1 and there were ,huguenots also1 besides a few ,hollanders and ,swedes4 ,a fort was built on the little river1 and around this defense grew up the ,watauga ,settlement4 ,there was no ,tennessee in those days4 ,many of the settlers had followed down the valleys from earlier homes in ,virginia1 and it never occurred to them that they were not still living in ,virginia1 and able to call on the colony for help4 ,but after a time a man came to the settlement who was a surveyor1 and for some reason he thought that he would run the boundary line of ,virginia farther west4 ,when he had done it1 what was the surprise of every one to find that they were not in ,virginia at all6 ,if they belonged to any colony1 it was to ,north ,carolina4 ,unfortunately there was a lack of good government in that colony1 and the prospect of belonging to it was not a pleasant one2 indeed1 some of the settlers had run away from ,north ,carolina1 and had felt safer because the great mountains rose between them and their former home4 ,there seemed nothing to do but to make a government of their own1 so they formed the ,watauga ,association1 about which writers of ,american history have said a good deal4 ,it would be interesting to see a copy of the constitution that was drawn up by these backwoodsmen1 but it has been lost1 with little hope that it will ever be recovered4 ,it is known1 however1 that there was a committee of thirteen1 really a legislature4 ,this committee chose five of their own number to form a court1 which had a clerk and a sheriff and made laws for all the settlers4 ,roosevelt1 in his ,winning of the ,west1 says that these pioneers were the first to build a 8free and independent community0 in ,america4 ,the two most important men of this little state in the wild forest show us that the settlers came from widely different places4 ,james ,robertson was one1 and he came over the mountains from ,north ,carolina4 ,john ,sevier was the other1 and he came down the valley from ,virginia4 ,we shall need to know what sort of men these were4 ,james ,robertson belonged to the ,scotch-,irish people4 ,he was not one of the very first settlers at ,watauga1 but came in the second year1 #aggj4 ,he had no early education1 and his wife1 an intelligent woman1 taught him to read4 ,he went alone over the mountains1 with only his horse and gun1 in search of a place for a home4 ,he found the settlers and admired the place which they had chosen1 but on his way back in the fall he lost his horse and got his powder wet4 ,he wandered about1 almost starved1 until he met some hunters1 who helped him home4 ,he told his neighbors of the lands in the valley1 and as soon as the winter was over his own family and sixteen others started out for ,watauga4 ,he built a log house1 went to work on the land1 and by his wisdom and energy soon came to be a leader of the new colony4 ,john ,sevier did not come until #aggb4 ,his father had been a settler in the ,shenandoah valley1 and ,john followed the streams1 as we have traced them1 to the ,great ,valley4 ,he was by birth a gentleman1 using that word to mean a man born of cultivated parents and familiar with the world4 ,he was well educated and was acquainted with prominent men1 such as ,franklin and ,madison4 ,both he and ,robertson were good fighters1 as we shall see4 ,it was not long before seven hundred ,indian warriors1 angry because the white people had made homes on their hunting grounds1 stole in upon the settlement4 ,an ,indian woman1 ,nancy ,ward by name1 who felt kindly toward the whites1 secretly warned them of the attack1 so that when the savages came they found all the men1 women1 and children in the fort4 ,it was not much of a fort1 but it saved their lives4 ,the ,indians kept up the attack for six days1 but the colonists1 led by ,sevier and ,robertson1 held out against them and killed a number of their braves4 ,when nearly a week had passed the red men1 tired of the siege1 went off through the forest4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,from ,,the ,,pinnacle1 ,,cumberland ,,gap1 ,,looking ,,northeast ,,along ,,the ,,cumberland ,,mountains4 ,,the ,,great ,,valley ,,at ,,the ,,right ,at one time1 when some lawless whites had killed an ,indian without reason1 the members of the tribe were very angry and threatened to avenge the murder4 ,robertson1 thinking that he could soften their anger1 went alone among the fierce ,cherokees4 ,he told them that the ,watauga people were very sorry the man had been killed1 and that they would try to find and punish the murderer4 ,as the ,indians believed ,robertson to be an honest man1 they did as he asked them to do and the settlers were not disturbed4 ,the ,watauga colonists had to live in a very rough and simple way4 ,they built their cabins of logs1 with what were called puncheon floors1--that is1 floors made of thick1 rude slabs4 ,frequently a big slab served for a table1 three-legged stools for chairs1 and a row of pegs for a wardrobe4 ,roosevelt says that the dress of the men was largely copied from that of the ,indians1 and included a fur cap1 leggings of buckskin or elk hide1 and a fringed hunting shirt4 ,a heavy rifle was carried1 which was usually fired from a rest4 ,garments and bed clothing were made of wool1 which was spun at home by the wives and daughters4 ,the women worked hard from morning till night1 and the men had many things to do4 ,there were lands to be cleared1 crops to be raised1 and game to be hunted and dressed4 ,besides all these occupations it was necessary to keep a constant lookout for hostile savages and to have all means of defense ready in case of a sudden attack4 ,the ,indians were so crafty and deceitful that only the closest watchfulness saved the palefaces from danger and death4 ,sometimes an unwary hunter1 hearing the gobbling of a turkey or the call of an owl1 would come out into an open place only to be laid low by the red man's bullet4 ,these experiences developed a strong and brave people4 ,the settlers often bartered things because they had no money1 and they were ignorant of many of the ways of civilized life4 ,some of the frontiersmen did not know that tea leaves should be steeped and used for a drink1 and tried to eat them with butter or salt4 ,when a boy was twelve years old he had to begin to take a man's part4 ,a gun was given to him1 and he was placed at a loophole in the fort to help keep off the savage foe4 ,thus the boys grew up to be real men1 knowing little fear1 able to take care of themselves1 and helping to build one of the great states of the ,american ,union4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,to ,,kentucky ,,by ,,the ,,cumberland ,,gap ,dr4 ,thomas ,walker was a man of ,virginia4 ,he had attended ,william and ,mary ,college1 and was well educated for his times4 ,as the agent of a land company which had a grant of new lands in ,kentucky1 he1 with several companions1 made a hard journey of six months into the wilderness4 ,they started at ,charlottesville in ,virginia1 went through the ,blue ,ridge into the ,great ,valley1 and then followed the valley southwest4 ,one of ,walker's companions bore the name of ,ambrose ,powell1 and as they followed one of the long streams that flow to the southwest to form the ,tennessee1 they named it ,powell's river4 ,his son afterwards was an officer in the ,revolution1 and it is said that ,a4 ,p4 ,hill1 a well-known ,confederate general in the ,civil ,war1 was his great-grandson4 ,these were1 in fact1 no common men who1 in the year #agej1 ventured out into the forest1 over the roughest trails we can imagine1 among wild animals and savage men4 ,following down ,powell's river1 the travelers saw rugged mountains on their right1 the ,cumberland range4 ,as they wished to explore the forests of ,kentucky1 they were looking for a chance to pass the mountains1 and by and by they came in sight of a deep notch1 cut at least a thousand feet below the top of the mountain ridge 7,fig4 #ed74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,cumberland ,,gap ,,from ,,the ,,east ,they turned aside to this and followed it out of the ,great ,valley4 ,they had to climb up about five hundred feet through a wooded ravine in order to reach the top of the pass1 and there was a similar slope on the other side4 ,this brought them to an open valley and to a river1 which they followed through a gap in another mountain range1 the ,pineville mountains4 ,dr4 ,walker called the first pass the ,cumberland ,gap1 in honor of a well-known ,englishman1 and the name has survived even to the present day4 ,in like manner we have the ,cumberland mountains4 ,walker did not go far enough west to find the beautiful ,kentucky lands on the ,ohio river4 ,after wandering about in the high1 rough country of eastern ,kentucky1 he finally reached his ,virginia home without having accomplished much in the service of his company4 ,but he had found and named what has become one of the most famous historical places in ,america1 the ,cumberland ,gap4 ,he was not the first man to go through it1 for the ,indians had long been familiar with it4 ,their trail had traversed it for no one knows how many generations4 ,not only did it lead directly to the open1 fertile country west of the mountains1 but beyond it the warrior's trail stretched northward through the woods to the ,ohio river4 ,the ,watauga ,settlement was about fifty miles eastward from the ,cumberland ,gap4 ,as the hardy pioneers did not make much of following a forest trail for fifty miles1 the ,watauga colony was next door to ,kentucky1 and the great gap in the ,cumberland mountains was only a step farther on1 either for them or for travelers to the ,west who might choose this route4 ,we must now follow the fortunes of the most famous of ,kentucky hunters and pioneers1 who1 while he did not find or name the ,cumberland ,gap1 often went through it1 and is remembered by most people in connection with it4 ,this man was ,daniel ,boone4 ,we could not find a better example of the movement along the ,great ,valley to the southwest than the life of ,boone2 for his childhood was spent on what was then the frontier1 and his experience was like that of hundreds of others similarly reared4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,daniel ,,boone ,boone was born near the ,schuylkill river in ,pennsylvania in #agcd1 two years after the birth of ,washington4 ,this part of ,pennsylvania was still on the edge of the wilderness1 and from his early boyhood ,boone knew all about the ,indians4 ,his family were ,quakers1 and he himself was quiet and thoughtful1 learning to read from the ,quaker wife of his eldest brother1 but getting most of his education in the fields and woods4 ,though he could read1 he spelled almost as badly as did ,nicholas ,herkimer4 ,boone had some experience as a blacksmith1 which1 his biographer says1 taught him how to mend his traps and guns4 ,he used to hunt in the woods in winter1 helping thus to feed the family1 and with the skins which he took to ,philadelphia he bought powder1 lead1 and hunting knives4 ,when ,boone was about sixteen years old his family decided to move4 ,they went along the ,great ,valley1 as many were doing in those days1 crossed the ,potomac1 and traveled far through the valley of ,virginia4 ,then they turned east1 crossed the ,blue ,ridge1 and made a home in the valley of the ,yadkin river in ,north ,carolina4 ,they were thus east of the mountains1 and across1 to the west1 was the ,watauga ,settlement4 ,while his home was in ,north ,carolina ,boone had an experience which helped him to be a rugged pioneer1 for he went up to ,virginia and across the mountains with ,general ,braddock1 serving as wagoner and blacksmith4 ,he found himself in dangerous quarters in the battle1 where many of the teamsters were shot1 but he managed to cut his horses loose1 mounted one of them1 and escaped4 ,on this expedition he made friends with ,john ,finley1 and together they planned to go at some future time to ,kentucky by the ,cumberland ,gap and enjoy the fine hunting in the forests of the ,west4 ,finley had already made a journey down to the falls of the ,ohio river4 ,at home ,boone lived1 like all others in those valleys1 in a small log cabin chinked with clay and warmed by a large fireplace1 in which1 says his biographer1 8the young wife 7for ,boone was now married7 cooked simple meals of corn mush1 pumpkins1 squashes1 beans1 potatoes1 and pork1 or wild meat of many kinds40 ,boone spent his time in farming1 working at the forge1 and hunting2 but he liked hunting best1 and was never so happy as in the thick forest alone with his gun4 ,he often went on long hunting trips1 returning with bear's meat1 venison1 bear's oil1 and furs1 the last to be sold for other things needed at home4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,pineville ,,gap1 ,,where ,,the ,,cumberland ,,river ,,passes ,,pineville ,,mountain ,a ,,few ,,miles ,,beyond ,,cumberland ,,gap ,in #agfg ,boone and one or two friends made a hunting tour into ,kentucky1 though they did not know they were so far west as that4 ,as they were kept there by heavy snows1 they camped at a 8salt lick0 and lived by shooting the buffaloes and other animals that came to get the salt4 ,the hunters returned to their homes in the spring and did not go out until #agfi4 ,meantime ,john ,finley was peddling in that south land1 and one day surprised ,boone1 and himself1 too1 by knocking at the door of ,boone's cabin4 ,he made the hardy pioneer a long visit1 and in the spring1 having talked it all over many times1 they set out for ,kentucky4 ,they crossed the ,blue ,ridge and the ,great ,valley and came to ,cumberland ,gap4 ,this was ,boone's first journey to the great pass4 ,it is pleasant now to stand in the gap at the top of the pass and think of the time when ,boone with his hunting friends made their way up from the east and went happily down through the woods to the strange country on the west4 ,at one time they were taken by ,indians1 who plundered their camp and stole all their furs4 ,most of the party were discouraged and went back to the settlements1 but ,boone and one companion were angry at their loss and determined to stay and make it good4 ,this was like ,boone1 who knew nothing of fear1 and who did not easily give up what he wanted to do4 ,he made several trips to ,kentucky and greatly liked the new country4 ,at length1 having decided to take his family with him and make his home there1 he became the leader of the pioneers that went out under the ,transylvania ,company1 as it was called4 ,they built a fort and founded a place named ,boonesborough1 after the great hunter4 ,but he was much more than a hunter1 being now a military commander and doing surveying also for people who were taking up tracts of new land4 ,houses and forts were built1 forests were cleared1 and crops were raised4 ,such was the beginning of the state of ,kentucky4 ,it was not all simple and pleasant work1 however4 ,in #agfh1 the year before ,daniel ,boone and ,john ,finley went through the ,cumberland ,gap1 a great company of ,indians had gathered at ,fort ,stanwix1 which we remember from the battle of ,oriskany1 and by a treaty had given to the ,english the rights to the ,kentucky region4 ,but the powerful ,cherokees of the southern mountains were not at ,fort ,stanwix1 and they had something to say about the settlement of ,kentucky lands4 ,so ,boone called them together at a great meeting on the ,watauga river1 and bought the ,kentucky forests from them4 ,this was the time when an old chief said to ,boone1 8,brother1 we have given you a fine land1 but ,i believe you will have much trouble settling it40 ,the old ,indian was right1--they did have much trouble4 ,cabins were burnt1 and settlers were slain with gun and tomahawk1 but ,boone and many others with him would admit no failure4 ,people began to pour in through the ,cumberland ,gap1 until more forests were cleared1 the towns grew larger1 and the ,indians1 who do not like to fight in the open country1 drew back to the woods and the mountains4 ,boone marked out the trail which was afterwards known as the ,wilderness road4 ,it had also been known as ,boone's trail1 ,kentucky road1 ,virginia road1 and ,caintuck ,hog road4 ,a man who went out with ,boone in one of his expeditions to ,kentucky kept a diary1 and in it he gives the names of some of the new settlers4 ,one of these was ,abraham ,hanks1 who was ,abraham ,lincoln's grandfather4 ,it was no easy journey that these men made to ,kentucky1 and no easy life that they found when they got there1 but they planted the first ,american state beyond the mountains1 and the rough pioneers who lived in cabins and ate pork1 pumpkins1 and corn bread were the ancestors of some of our most famous men4 ,the ,wilderness road has never been a good one1 and is no more than any other byroad through a rough country to-day4 ,sometimes the early travelers1 who always went in companies for safety1 would be too tired to go on until they had stopped to rest and to get cheer by singing hymns and saying prayers4 ,but they made the best of it1 for they knew that they were going to a fine country1 which would repay them for their sufferings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,cornfield ,,near ,,cumberland ,,gap ,boone and five other men were once in camp by a stream1 and were lucky enough to have with them the story of ,gulliver's ,travels4 ,one of the young men1 who had been hearing the book read by the camp fire1 came in one night bearing a couple of scalps that he had taken from a pair of savages4 ,he told his friends that 8he had been that day to ,lulbegrud and had killed two ,brobdingnags in their capital40 ,the stream near which it happened is still called ,lulbegrud creek4 ,these wilderness men made the best of things1 and though they worked hard and fought often1 they were a cheerful and happy company4 ,they were not spoiled by having too many luxuries1 and they did not think that the world owed them a living without any effort on their part4 ,beginning about the time of the ,declaration of ,independence1 many people found the way to ,kentucky by the ,great ,valley1 the ,cumberland ,gap1 and the ,wilderness road4 ,when fifteen years had gone by there were seventy thousand people in ,kentucky1 along the ,ohio river4 ,not all had come by the gap1 for some had sailed down the river2 but they all helped to plant the new state4 ,moreover in fighting off the ,indians from their own cabins and cornfields they had protected the frontiers of ,virginia and others of the older states1 so that ,kentucky was a kind of advance guard beyond the mountains1 and led the way for ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,tennessee1 and other great states in the ,west and ,south4 ,down in the heart of ,kentucky1 by the ,ohio river1 is a land long known as the ,kentucky ,blue ,grass region4 ,the 8blue grass10 as it is called1 grows luxuriantly here1 as do grain and tobacco1 for the soils1 made by the wasting of limestone1 are rich and fertile4 ,wherever the soil and climate are good1 crops are large and the people thrive4 ,they have enough to eat and plenty to sell1 and thus they can have good homes1 many comforts1 books1 and education4 ,if the pioneers had had to settle in the high1 rough1 eastern parts of ,kentucky1 it would not have been worth while to suffer so much to get there2 but they were on the way to the ,blue ,grass country4 ,even before the coming of the white man there were open lands which1 perhaps by ,indian fires1 had lost their cover of trees4 ,such lands are often called prairies4 ,these prairies1 however1 were not so flat as those of ,illinois1 and they were bordered by groves and forests4 ,there were fine streams everywhere1 and near by was the great ,ohio1 ready to serve as a highway toward ,philadelphia or ,new ,orleans4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,kentucky ,,blue ,,grass ,the ,wilderness road came out on the river at the falls of the ,ohio1 and here1 as we have learned1 a city began to spring up1 partly because of the falls and partly because of the ,blue ,grass region lying back of it4 ,in this region we find the state capital1 and here1 along the roads1 may be seen old mansions belonging to well-to-do descendants of the plucky men who came in by the ,wilderness road or steered their flatboats down the ,ohio4 ,if we go back to ,cumberland ,gap1 we shall see that many things have happened since ,boone's time4 ,in the pass and on the ,pinnacle1 a thousand feet above on the north1 are ridges of earth1 which show where busy shovels threw up defenses in the ,civil ,war2 for armies passed this way between ,kentucky and the valley of ,tennessee1 and made the gap an important point to be seized and held4 ,the road through the gap is still about as bad a path as one could find4 ,near it on the east side of the mountains is yet to be seen a furnace of rough stones1 built in those early days for smelting iron4 ,but there is little else to remind us of that far-off time4 ,to-day you may1 if you choose1 pass the mountains without climbing through the gap1 for trains go roaring through a tunnel a mile long1 while the echo of the screaming whistles rolls along the mountain sides4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,three ,,states ,,monument1 ,,cumberland ,,gap ,on the flat grounds just inside the gap is ,middlesboro1 a town of several thousand people1 with wide streets and well-built shops and houses4 ,only a few miles away are coal mines from which thousands of tons of coal are dug1 and this is one reason why the railroads are here4 ,there are endless stores of fuel under these highlands1 and men are breaking into the wilderness as fast as they can4 ,but if we climb through the gap as ,boone did1 or ride a horse to the ,pinnacle1 we may look out upon the wonderful valley below1 stretching off to the foot of the ,great ,smoky mountains1 whose rugged tops carry our eyes far over into ,north ,carolina4 ,or we may turn the other way and follow ,boone's trail to the ,blue ,grass4 ,down in the gap is a rough1 weather-beaten pillar of limestone about three feet high and leaning as the picture shows 7,fig4 #ei74 ,it is almost1 but not quite1 where three states come together1 for it is here1 at the ,cumberland ,gap1 that the corners of ,virginia and ,kentucky meet on the edge of ,tennessee4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,frontier ,,soldiers ,,and ,,statesmen ,not long before the ,revolution began some treacherous whites in the western country had murdered the whole family of the friendly ,indian chief1 ,logan4 ,this aroused the tribes and led to war4 ,a piece of flat land runs out between the two streams where the ,great ,kanawha river joins the ,ohio1 in what is now ,west ,virginia4 ,here1 on a day early in ,october1 #aggd1 twelve hundred frontiersmen were gathered under the command of an officer named ,andrew ,lewis4 ,these backwoods soldiers were attacked by a thousand of the bravest ,indian warriors1 commanded by ,cornstalk1 a ,shawnee chief4 ,it was a fierce struggle and both sides lost many men1 but the pioneers held their ground1 and the red men1 when they had had enough fighting1 went away4 ,this battle at ,point ,pleasant finished what is sometimes known as ,lord ,dunmore's ,war1 so called because it was carried on under ,lord ,dunmore1 the last governor that the ,english king sent out to ,virginia4 ,the successful white men were now free to go down the ,ohio river and settle on the ,kentucky lands4 ,among the patriots fighting for their frontier homes were our old friends ,james ,robertson and ,john ,sevier of ,watauga1 and another young man1 ,isaac ,shelby4 ,we are to hear again about all these1 for they were men likely to be found whenever something important was to be done4 ,the ,great ,kanawha is the same stream that we have called the ,new river where it crosses the ,great ,valley in ,virginia4 ,we are learning how many great rivers help to make up the ,ohio1 and what an important region the ,ohio valley was to the young country east of the mountains4 ,the settlements of which we have just read were all south of the ,ohio river1 for north of the river the ,americans did not possess the land4 ,this means that the country which now makes up the states of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,illinois was in foreign hands4 ,the people were largely ,french and ,indians1 but they were governed by the ,british4 ,in order to defeat the ,americans1 the ,british1 in all the years of the ,revolutionary ,war1 were stirring up the ,indian tribes against the patriots4 ,just as ,st4 ,leger had ,indian allies in ,new ,york1 so ,british agents bribed the ,indians of the ,west and ,south to fight and make as much trouble as possible4 ,george ,rogers ,clark was a young ,virginian who had gone out to ,kentucky1 which then belonged to the mother state4 ,he heard that ,colonel ,henry ,hamilton1 who commanded the ,british at ,detroit1 was persuading the ,indians of that region to attack the frontier4 ,he set out for ,virginia1 saw ,patrick ,henry1 the governor1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 and other leading men1 and gained permission to gather an army4 ,this was in #aggg1 the year of ,oriskany and ,saratoga4 ,he spent the winter enlisting soldiers1 gathering his forces at ,pittsburg4 ,late the next spring they went in boats down the ,ohio to the point where the muddy waters of the ,mississippi come in from the north4 ,this alone was a journey of a thousand miles4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,george ,,rogers ,,clark ,up the ,mississippi from that place was ,kaskaskia1 on the ,illinois side4 ,it is now a very small village1 but it is the oldest town on the ,mississippi river and was the first capital of ,illinois4 ,in the time of the ,revolution it was governed by the ,british1 although most of the people were ,french4 ,clark and his little army soon seized the place and made the people promise obedience to the new government4 ,there was another important old place called ,vincennes1 on the ,wabash river1 in what is now ,indiana4 ,when ,colonel ,hamilton heard what ,clark was doing he led an army of five hundred men1 many of whom were ,indians1 from ,detroit to ,vincennes4 ,it took them more than two months to make the journey4 ,clark sent some of his men with boats and provisions and cannon down the ,mississippi1 up the ,ohio1 and up the ,wabash4 ,he1 with most of his little force1 went across the prairie4 ,it was a winter march and they had to wade through flood waters for a part of the way4 ,he found the food and the guns and soon captured ,hamilton and his army4 ,this was the last of ,british government between the ,ohio river and the ,great ,lakes4 ,at the close of the war the ,american messengers1 who were in ,paris arranging for peace1 could say that they already had possession of all the land this side of the ,mississippi1 so no excuse was left for the ,british to claim it4 ,in this way one frontier soldier saved several great states for his country4 ,the frontiersmen had beaten ,cornstalk at ,point ,pleasant in #aggd4 ,clark had won the prairie country five years later2 and the next year1 #aghj1 saw the great victory of ,kings ,mountain4 ,lord ,cornwallis was now chief general of the ,british4 ,he had conquered the southern colonies1 the ,carolinas and ,georgia4 ,two of his officers1 ,tarleton and ,ferguson1 were brave and active commanders1 and they were running over the country east of the mountains keeping the patriots down4 ,ferguson gathered together many ,american ,tories and drilled them to march and fight4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,on ,,the ,,french ,,broad1 ,,between ,,asheville ,,and ,,knoxville ,the ,watauga men1 just over the mountains to the west1 were loyal patriots4 ,ferguson heard of them and sent them a stormy message4 ,he told them to keep still or he would come over and scatter them and hang their leading men4 ,they were not used to talk of this kind and they determined to teach ,ferguson a lesson4 ,isaac ,shelby rode in hot haste from his home to ,john ,sevier's log house on the ,nolichucky river4 ,when he arrived he found all the neighbors there2 for ,sevier had made a barbecue1 and there was to be a big horse race1 with running and wrestling matches4 ,shelby took ,sevier off by himself and told him about ,ferguson4 ,they agreed to call together the mountain men and go over the ,great ,smokies to punish the ,british general4 ,on ,september #be1 #aghj1 they came together at ,sycamore ,shoals on the ,watauga river4 ,almost everybody was there1 women and children as well as men4 ,four hundred sturdy men came from ,virginia under ,william and ,arthur ,campbell4 ,these two leaders and most of the men in the valley were sons of old ,scotch ,covenanters1 and they were determined to win4 ,a stern ,presbyterian minister1 the ,reverend ,samuel ,doak1 was there4 ,he had as much fight in him as any of them1 and as they stood in their rough hunter's garb he called upon ,god for help1 preaching to them from the words1 8,the sword of the ,lord and of ,gideon40 ,they set out at once through the mountains1 driving beef cattle for part of their food supply1 and every man armed with rifle1 tomahawk1 and scalping knife4 ,roosevelt says there was not a bayonet or a tent in their army4 ,the trail was stony and steep1 and in the higher mountains they found snow4 ,they marched as quickly as they could1 for they wanted to catch ,ferguson before ,cornwallis could send more soldiers to help him4 ,on the way several hundred men from ,north ,carolina1 under ,benjamin ,cleveland1 joined them4 ,they had appointed no commander when they started1 but on the march they chose one of the ,campbells from ,virginia4 ,when ,ferguson found that they were pursuing him and that he must fight1 he took up a strong position on ,kings ,mountain1 in the northwest corner of ,south ,carolina4 ,this hill was well chosen1 for it stood by itself and on one side was too steep for a force to climb4 ,ferguson called his foes a 8swarm of backwoodsmen10 but he knew that they could fight1 or he would not have posted his own army with so much care4 ,he felt sure of success1 however1 and thought that ,heaven itself could hardly drive him off that hill4 ,as the patriot leaders drew near the ,british camp they saw that many of their men were too weary to overtake the swift and wary ,ferguson1 should he try to get away4 ,so they picked out about half of the force1 nearly a thousand mounted men4 ,these men rode all night1 and the next day approached the hill4 ,those who had lost their horses on the way hurried on afoot and arrived in time to fight4 ,when close at hand the riders tied their horses in the woods1 and the little army advanced to the attack on foot4 ,they moved up the three sides of the hill4 ,ferguson was famous for his bayonet charges1 and the patriots had no bayonets4 ,so when the ,british rushed down on the center of the advancing line the mountaineers gave way and the enemy pursued them down the hill4 ,then the backwoodsmen on the flanks rushed in and poured shot into the backs of the ,british4 ,turning to meet these new foes1 the regulars were again chased up the hill and shot by the men who had fled from their bayonets4 ,thus shrewd tactics took the place of weapons4 ,at length the gallant ,ferguson was killed1 the white flag was hoisted1 and the firing stopped4 ,many ,british were slain1 and all the rest1 save a very few who escaped in the confusion1 were made prisoners4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,john ,,sevier ,it was a wonderful victory for the men from the valley4 ,they had come from a region of which ,cornwallis had hardly dreamed1 and they had destroyed one of his armies and killed one of his best commanders4 ,the battle turned the tide of the ,revolution in the ,south1 but the victors hurried back as quickly as they had come4 ,they were not fitted for a long campaign1 and1 besides1 they had left their homes dangerously open to attacks from savages4 ,it was1 however1 the one battle of the ,revolution against white foes alone that was planned1 fought1 and won by the men of the frontier4 ,as soon as ,john ,sevier returned to the valley he found plenty of ,indian fighting to do4 ,he was skilled in this1 and with the ,watauga men1 who called him 8,chucky ,jack0 and were devoted to him1 he was a terror to the red men of the southern mountains4 ,he knew all their tricks and how to give them back what he called 8,indian play40 ,at one time he took a band of his followers and made a daring ride into the wildest of the ,great ,smokies1 to attack some hostile tribes4 ,he burned their villages1 destroyed their corn1 killed and captured some of their warriors1 and got away before they could gather their greater numbers to crush him4 ,we must not forget ,james ,robertson1 who all this time was doing his part of the farming and the fighting and the planning for the new settlements4 ,already the ,watauga country began to have too many people and was too thickly settled to suit his temper1 and he was thinking much about the wilderness beyond1 near the lower part of the ,cumberland river4 ,in a great bend on the south bank of that stream he founded ,nashborough in #aggi1 naming it in honor of ,oliver ,nash1 governor of ,north ,carolina4 ,five years later it became ,nashville1 and now we do not need to explain where it was4 ,robertson went out by the ,cumberland ,gap1 but soon left ,boone's road and went toward the west1 following the trails4 ,when he and his followers reached the place and decided upon it as suitable for settlement1 they planted a field of corn1 to have something to depend on for food later4 ,the next autumn a large party of settlers went out to ,nashborough4 ,robertson's family went with them4 ,they did not go through the woods1 but took boats to go down the ,tennessee river4 ,their course led them along the ,tennessee to the ,ohio1 then up the ,ohio a few miles to the mouth of the ,cumberland1 and up the ,cumberland to their new home4 ,they had a long1 dangerous voyage1 and some of the party were killed1 for the savages fired on them from the banks4 ,one of the boats1 carrying twenty-eight grown people and children1 had a number of cases of smallpox on board4 ,the ,indians attacked this boat and killed or captured the four sick travelers4 ,for their deed the savages were badly punished1 for they took the disease1 which soon spread widely among the tribes4 ,for a long time after ,nashville was begun the pioneers had fierce encounters with the ,indians1 and in spite of all their care many lives were lost4 ,robertson was the strong man of the place1 and was rewarded with the confidence of the people4 ,when ,tennessee became a state he helped to make its constitution4 ,he was a member of the state ,senate in #agih1 and lived long enough to keep some of the ,indians from helping the ,british in the ,war of #ahab4 ,he died in #ahad4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,james ,,robertson ,he was brave1 and willing to endure hardship1 discomfort1 and suffering in a good cause4 ,he went alone over the snows to ,kentucky to get powder1 and returned in time to save the little town from destruction4 ,the ,indians killed his own son1 but he would not give up the settlement4 ,plain man though he was1 he gained honor from the men of his time1 and wrote his name on the pages of ,american history4 ,we must learn a little more of ,isaac ,shelby1 whom we have seen fighting hard at ,point ,pleasant and ,kings ,mountain4 ,he was born in the ,great ,valley1 at ,hagerstown4 ,when he was twenty-one years old he moved to ,tennessee and then across to ,kentucky4 ,he fought in the ,revolution in other battles besides that of ,kings ,mountain1 and before he went to ,kentucky he had helped to make laws in the legislature of ,north ,carolina4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,sevier ,,monument1 ,,knoxville ,it is rather strange to read that ,kentucky was made a 8county0 of ,virginia4 ,this was in #aggf4 ,in #agib1 largely through ,shelby's efforts1 ,kentucky was separated from ,virginia and became a state by itself4 ,it was the first state beyond the mountains1 being four years older than ,tennessee and eleven years ahead of ,ohio4 ,isaac ,shelby was the first governor of ,kentucky1 from #agib to #agif1 and years later he was governor again4 ,he fought in the ,war of #ahab1 and his name is preserved in ,shelbyville1 a town of ,kentucky4 ,the ,blue ,grass region has been called the 8dark and bloody ground0 from the strifes of the red tribes and the troublous days of the first settlers1 but ,shelby lived to see it the center of a prosperous state4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,old ,,statehouse ,,at ,,knoxville ,john ,sevier1 too1 had more honors than those of a noble soldier4 ,in front of the courthouse at ,knoxville is a plain stone monument raised in his memory 7,fig4 #fd71 and down a side street is an old dwelling1 said to be an early statehouse of the commonwealth which is still associated with his name4 ,in #aghe the state of 8,franklin0 was organized and named in honor of the illustrious ,benjamin2 but ,north ,carolina1 being heartily opposed to the whole proceeding1 put an end to it without delay4 ,sevier1 as governor of the would-be state1 was imprisoned1 but escaped1 to the delight of his own people1 who were always loyal to him4 ,they sent him to ,congress in a few years and in #agif made him the first governor of ,tennessee4 ,he enjoyed many honors until his death in #ahae1 which came soon after that of his more quiet friend1 ,james ,robertson4 ,both of these wilderness men had much to do with planting the ,american flag between the ,appalachian mountains and the ,mississippi river4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,cities ,,of ,,the ,,southern ,,mountains ,in the old days it took the traveler weeks to go from ,pennsylvania or the ,potomac river to the valley of east ,tennessee4 ,he might camp in the woods1 living on the few provisions he could carry and on what he could shoot in the forest1 or he might share the humble homes of chance settlers on the way4 ,now he enters a vestibuled train and is rolled over a smooth iron road along the streams and between the mountains4 ,starting one day1 he will find when he wakes the next morning that the sun is rising over the ,great ,smokies1 while around him are the rich rolling fields that border the ,tennessee river4 ,if the traveler wishes to see the land and learn what men have done in a hundred years1 he will leave the train at ,knoxville4 ,a carriage or an electric car will carry him between blocks of fine buildings to a modern hotel1 where he will find food and bed and places to read1 write1 rest1 or do business1 as he likes4 ,around him is a busy city stretching up and down its many hills4 ,before long he will wander down to the banks of the ,tennessee river and see the boats tied at the wharf1 or he will cross the great bridge to the hills beyond and look back over the city4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,street ,,in ,,knoxville ,on those hilltops are pits dug in the woods1 and some veteran of the ,union or the ,confederate army will tell him that these are ammunition pits4 ,the old soldier will point across to where ,fort ,sanders stood1 and will describe those days in #ahfc when ,longstreet came up and laid siege to the town1 which was garrisoned by ,burnside and his army4 ,our traveler need do little more than cross the great bridge at ,knoxville to find quarries of marble2 and if he goes up and down for a few miles1 he will see rich deposits of this stone4 ,it is prized because it shows many colors1--cream1 yellow1 brown1 red1 pink1 and blue4 ,the colors often run into each other in curious and fantastic ways1 and the slabs and blocks when polished are beautiful indeed4 ,these marbles have been used to adorn some of the finest buildings in ,america1 including the ,national ,capitol4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,on ,,the ,,campus ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,tennessee ,around ,knoxville are fine farms also1 just as we find them about ,harrisburg1 ,hagerstown1 ,winchester1 and almost everywhere else in the ,great ,valley4 ,our view 7,fig4 #eb7 is taken near ,knoxville and shows sloping fields always ready to bear good crops4 ,the soils have been made by the wasting of the top parts of these same beds of marble and of other rocks found along with it4 ,in ,knoxville1 on the edge of the city1 is the ,university of ,tennessee1 with many buildings upon its campus4 ,it is an excellent school and an old one as well1 having been founded in #agid4 ,it was first named ,blount ,college1 from one of the prominent public men of the valley at that time1 and is now one of the foremost schools of the ,south4 ,only seven years before that date two old ,revolutionary soldiers rode through the woods and picked out these lands1 which were given to them as a reward for their service in the war4 ,here they built as a defense against the savages a wooden fort1 with log cabins at the corners and a stockade with a stout barred gate4 ,such a fort was greatly needed in those days whenever a new settlement was made4 ,after the two soldiers had planted corn they went back to ,north ,carolina to bring their families over the mountains4 ,this was the beginning of ,knoxville1 which grew up around the fort and soon spread over the hills and down to the river4 ,the settlement was named in honor of ,henry ,knox1 who was an able general in the ,revolution and a good friend of ,george ,washington4 ,now the railroads reach out in every direction4 ,they bring in the iron ore and the limestones of the valley4 ,they also run up into the ,cumberland ,gap1 and to ,harriman1 ,tennessee1 and bring back stores of coal1 thus making ,knoxville a place for working iron4 ,to the east the ,southern ,railroad leads up the ,french ,broad 7,fig4 #fa7 through deep gorges into the heart of the ,great ,smokies at ,asheville1 and across the ,blue ,ridge to the lowlands of ,north ,carolina4 ,all this is very different from the samp mortars and the puncheon floors of early times1 but the pioneers had a keen eye for the soil and the waters and the trees1 and it is these which have helped to make the valley rich to-day4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,marble ,,quarry ,,near ,,knoxville ,we must not forget that off to the west ,james ,robertson had founded a city that is even older than ,knoxville4 ,in the great bend of the ,cumberland1 on its south bank1 in northern ,tennessee1 stands ,nashville1 as we have already seen4 ,if we visit a large city in one of the countries of ,europe1 we are quite likely to be told1 or to read in our guidebook1 that its history goes back hundreds of years1 and any town that was started only a hundred years ago would there seem young4 ,but we measure age differently in ,america1 and a town like ,nashville1 founded in #aghj1 we think is old indeed4 ,it is not easy to remember1 as we ride along the streets and see the shops and mansions of ,nashville to-day1 that this was once a place of log cabins1 and that the first settlers had to sleep always with one ear open for the ,indian's war cry4 ,that ,james ,robertson had to learn to read from his wife did not keep ,nashville from becoming one of the centers of education and refinement in the ,south4 ,it would take several lines to record the names of all the colleges and universities that now have their seat in this city4 ,robertson was the sort of man who1 with the opportunities of to-day1 might have been the president of one of these schools1 or he might perhaps have gained a fortune with which to help in their support4 ,farther west1 on the ,mississippi river1 stands ,memphis1 a city still larger than ,nashville2 indeed1 few southern states can boast of so many cities as ,tennessee possesses4 ,besides these1 there are fertile valleys1 fine rivers and mountains1 productive forests1 beds of iron ore and coal1 comfortable farms1 and thriving towns4 ,the state is rich1 too1 in historical associations4 ,every part of ,tennessee saw the dark days of the ,civil ,war1 and in the fields south of ,nashville a great battle was fought4 ,when ,john ,sevier went down the ,tennessee river on his ,indian raids he noticed that the stream1 making a great bend1 turns away from the valley and flows by a deep gorge through the highlands of the ,cumberland plateau4 ,we can take the train now at ,knoxville1 and a ride of a little more than a hundred miles will bring us to this place4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,state ,,house1 ,,nashville ,by the river is a steep1 high ground known as ,cameron hill4 ,let us go up to the top and look around4 ,stretching away at our feet on the east is ,chattanooga4 ,part of the city as we see it from ,cameron hill is shown in the picture 7,fig4 #gj74 ,beyond is the ,tennessee1 and we are looking up the river to the northeast4 ,the bridge which we see is the only bridge across the river at ,chattanooga1 even though it is now a large and busy city4 ,in the distance is high ground1 a part of ,missionary ,ridge1 famous in the story of the ,civil ,war4 ,if we turn around and look southward1 we shall see ,lookout ,mountain1 rising fifteen hundred feet above the river4 ,a battle was fought on the steep slopes of this mountain also2 and a few miles to the southeast is ,chickamauga1 one of the bloodiest battle grounds of the war4 ,on the edge of the city1 kept with care1 is the ,national ,cemetery1 where rest the bodies of more than twelve thousand soldiers1 northern and southern1 who perished in the neighborhood of ,chattanooga4 ,now all the region is peaceful1 and only the tablets of iron and bronze1 set up by the government on every battlefield in the neighborhood1 tell the story of the conflict as it raged about the city4 ,like ,knoxville1 ,chattanooga has much coal and iron1 is the center of a number of railways1 and does much business4 ,the railways run up the valley to ,virginia1 and south to ,atlanta and elsewhere in ,georgia4 ,they stretch even further southward to ,mobile and ,new ,orleans1 while the lines to the west reach ,memphis and ,nashville4 ,chattanooga is sometimes called the 8,gate ,city0 because it stands near the opening of the ,great ,valley into the wide plains along the gulf of ,mexico4 ,the place1 originally called ,ross's ,landing1 was not settled until #ahcf1 when ,knoxville and ,nashville were about fifty years old4 ,it has a noble site and may well become a great city4 ,here passed the boats that bore the first settlers to ,robertson's colony on the ,cumberland4 ,there are no ,indians now to shoot from the banks1 and you will see on the river only rafts of logs floating down from the forests in the mountains4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,chattanooga1 ,,looking ,,northeast ,,from ,,cameron ,,hill4 ,,missionary ,,ridge ,,in ,,the ,,distance ,atlanta also is often called the 8,gate ,city0 of the ,south4 ,it stands more than a thousand feet above the sea1 in northern ,georgia1 where the ,appalachian mountain range is tapering down toward the southern plains4 ,because ,atlanta is so high it is cooler in summer than most southern cities1 and is always free from the scourge of yellow fever and cholera4 ,it is a natural site for a city1 for here at the end of the great mountain system the long lines of railway that follow the ,atlantic coast swing around to the west1 passing on to the ,mississippi and down to ,mobile and the ports on the gulf of ,mexico4 ,other railways reach ,atlanta from ,chattanooga and ,knoxville in the ,great ,valley1 and still others lead the way to ,savannah and the ,atlantic coast4 ,thus twelve lines of railway reach out from ,atlanta like the spokes of a wheel and connect the city with all parts of the ,south4 ,let us take a map of the ,united ,states and draw a line through ,richmond1 ,louisville1 ,nashville1 and ,new ,orleans4 ,notice how many states lie southeast of this line1 and remember that of all the towns which they contain ,atlanta is the largest and most important4 ,indeed1 in trade and influence it surpasses many northern cities which are much larger4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,atlanta3 ,,broad ,,street1 ,,looking ,,north ,atlanta saw stirring times in the ,civil ,war4 ,it was small then1 having but about ten thousand people4 ,in #ahfd most of it was burned to the ground1 and we may truly say that it has grown to its present size in the short period since that time4 ,to-day its population numbers more than one hundred thousand4 ,during the recent ,spanish ,war the ,department of the ,gulf made its headquarters here1 so that ,atlanta appears to be sought both in war and in peace4 ,the city was used as the capital of ,georgia soon after the ,civil ,war1 and in #ahgg the people of the state voted that it should always be the seat of government4 ,since that time they have erected a capitol costing a million dollars1 adorning the interior with marbles from their own quarries4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,fulton ,,bag ,,and ,,cotton ,,mills1 ,,atlanta ,a few years ago an exposition was held at ,atlanta to show the world the achievements and hopes of the great ,south4 ,everybody knew that the ,south raised cotton1 but ,atlanta wished to prove that the ,south could also spin and weave her famous product4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,atkinson was the governor of ,georgia at that time4 ,during the exposition a day was chosen in which something unusual should be done4 ,men went out into a field in the morning and picked some cotton4 ,it was ginned and spun and woven in double-quick time4 ,then tailors took some of the cloth1 cut it1 fitted it1 and sewed it into a suit of clothes4 ,governor ,atkinson put on the suit and visited the grounds of the exposition4 ,in the morning the cotton was in the field1 in the evening it was on the governor4 ,suits are not made so quickly as that on ordinary days1 but the ,south spins and weaves millions of dollars' worth of cotton1 turning the mill wheels with southern coal or with the waters of swift southern streams4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,georgia ,,institute ,,of ,,technology1 ,,atlanta ,atlanta is not only at the southern end of the mountains1 but it is on the divide which separates the streams of the gulf from those of the ,atlantic4 ,on the one hand1 not far away1 is the ,ocmulgee1 flowing to the ocean1 while westward1 and distant but a few miles1 the ,chattahoochee flows toward the gulf4 ,the latter river has been harnessed by man1 and eleven thousand horse power measures the amount of energy that can be carried over the wires to ,atlanta to move its cars and turn the wheels of its factories4 ,the mills not only spin the cotton of the gulf plains but also turn out fertilizers1 work up the timber of the region1 and make a multitude of other things to swell the city's trade with her neighbors4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,iron ,,furnace1 ,,birmingham ,appropriate to her needs1 ,atlanta has had since #ahhg a school of technology1 in which she teaches her sons how to develop the great resources of the ,south4 ,here are shops and departments of engineering1 and1 not least1 instruction in making textiles1 so that the cotton of southern fields need no longer go to ,massachusetts or to ,england to be spun and woven4 ,the youngest great town of the southern mountain region was started on an old cotton plantation in #ahga1 thirty-four years before the writing of these lines4 ,the people knew that in ,alabama as well as in ,tennessee coal and iron are found close together4 ,so men built an iron town and called it1 after one of the greatest furnace towns in the world1 ,birmingham4 ,it is a noisy1 busy place1 with wide streets1 swift electric cars1 and blazing furnaces4 ,to see it grow is like watching a new ,pittsburg rise up in the heart of the ,south4 ,from the ,berkshire country at the north to the southern end of the ,appalachians1 there are to-day thriving towns and fertile fields4 ,no longer does the mountain wall cut off the products of the ,west from the markets of the ,east4 ,yet hardly a hundred years ago the eastern strip of country was practically shut off from the whole territory drained by the ,ohio and ,mississippi rivers4 ,indian trails and rough roads were the only means of communication between the two sections4 ,great as are the natural resources of both regions1 their prosperity has been bound up in the development of roads and railways1 and is due in large measure to the energy1 foresight1 and self-sacrifice of those who crossed the barrier and made it easy for others to follow them4 ,,index ,adams1 ,charles ,francis1 cited1 #g ,adams1 ,john ,quincy1 #ajj ,adirondacks1 #cb ,albany1 ,n4,y41 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 #af ,alexander1 ,mt41 #acj ,alexandria1 ,va41 #da1 #hf ,allegheny ,front1 #gd1 #gh1 #hj1 #hb ,allegheny ,portage ,railway1 #ge1 #gf1 #hj ,allegheny river1 #aaa ,allentown1 ,pa41 #gi ,altoona1 ,pa41 #gg2 description of1 #ha ,amsterdam1 ,n4,y41 #bj ,ann1 ,fort1 #cb ,annapolis1 ,md41 #hh ,antietam1 #acb ,appalachians1 southern1 #agd 8,arks0 on the ,susquehanna1 #da ,arnold1 ,benedict1 #cg ,atkinson1 ,gov4 ,w4 ,g41 #agh ,atlanta1 ,ga41 #agd-ahj ,auburn1 ,n4,y41 #eg ,bald ,eagle valley1 #hj ,baltimore1 ,md41 #ec1 #hf1 #aja2 growth of1 #ajg ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aaj ,barges on the ,ohio1 #aaf1 #aah ,barton1 ,clara1 cited1 #hb ,bay ,road1 ,mass41 #d ,bedford1 ,pa41 #ga1 #gg ,bemis ,heights1 #ch ,bennington1 ,vt41 #ch ,berkshires1 #e2 railway through1 #i1 #aj ,bethlehem1 ,pa41 #gi ,binghamton1 ,n4,y41 #eb ,birmingham1 ,ala41 #aha ,black ,rock 7,buffalo71 #dg 8,blackbeard10 #acj ,blockhouse at ,pittsburg1 #aab ,blount ,college1 #agj ,blue ,grass country1 #abg1 #aea1 #aff ,blue mountain1 #gi ,blue ,ridge mountains1 #hh1 #acj ,boone1 ,daniel1 early life1 #add2 training1 #ade2 portrait1 #ade2 moves to ,north ,carolina1 #adf2 serves with ,braddock1 #adf2 camps in ,kentucky1 #adg2 visits ,cumberland ,gap1 #adh2 founds ,boonesborough1 #adh2 buys lands of the ,indians1 #adi2 marks out the ,wilderness road1 #adi ,boonesborough1 #adh ,boston1 ,mass41 #a1 #b1 #g1 #ab ,braddock1 ,general1 #fi1 #ij1 #ia1 #adf ,braddock1 ,pa41 #hc ,brant1 ,joseph1 #cc ,bristol1 ,tenn41 #acd ,british1 in ,new ,york1 #cb2 in the ,ohio country1 #aef ,brownsville1 ,pa41 #ic1 #aag ,buffalo1 #eb1 #eg1 #fj1 #aaj2 growth of1 #fa ,burgoyne1 ,general1 #cb1 #cg ,burnside1 ,general1 #afh ,business1 increase of1 #aad1 #aah ,cambria ,steel ,company1 #hc ,cameron hill1 #agc ,campbell1 ,william and ,arthur1 #afj ,canajoharie1 ,n4,y41 #bd ,canals1 #dd2 ,erie1 #g1 #df1 #dh1 #ej-eb2 ,pennsylvania1 #gd2 ,chesapeake and ,ohio1 #ih-aja1 #ajg2 ,delaware and ,hudson1 #ec2 at ,louisville1 ,ky41 #abg ,carlisle1 ,pa41 #ga1 #gi1 #acb ,carroll1 ,charles1 #aja ,carry to ,schenectady1 the1 #ai1 #bb ,catch-me-if-you-can1 #b ,catskill mountains1 #ae1 #cb ,chambersburg1 ,pa41 #ga1 #acb ,champlain1 lake1 #ca1 #cg ,charlottesville1 ,va41 #adb ,chattahoochee river1 #agi ,chattanooga1 ,tenn41 #ace2 description of1 #agc-age ,cherokee ,indians1 #aci1 #adi ,chesapeake bay1 #hf ,chesapeake and ,ohio canal1 #ajg2 building of1 #ih-aja ,chicago1 #aaj ,chickamauga1 #agd ,chissel1 ,fort1 #ace ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 description of1 #abc-abg ,clark1 ,george ,rogers1 raises an army1 #aef2 portrait1 #aeg2 captures ,kaskaskia and ,vincennes1 #aeh ,clay1 ,henry1 stories of1 #if1 #aad ,cleveland1 ,benjamin1 #afj ,clinch river1 #acd ,clinton1 ,de ,witt1 #dd1 #di2 stirs up legislature1 #dj2 portrait1 #dc2 train1 #ec1 #ed ,coal1 #ajd1 #aah1 #abb1 #aec1 #agj1 #aha ,cohoes1 ,n4,y41 #bb ,coke ovens1 #ajh ,columbia1 ,the1 #b ,columbia1 ,pa41 #fi1 #gd1 #gf ,columbus1 ,ohio1 #id ,conemaugh river1 #ge1 #hb ,conestoga creek1 #fg ,conestoga ,traction ,company1 #gj ,conestoga wagons1 #gg ,connecticut river1 #d ,construction1 early railway1 #aje ,cooper1 ,peter1 #ajf ,cornstalk1 #aee ,cornwallis1 ,lord1 #aeh ,cotton1 #agh ,cumberland1 ,fort1 #hi1 #ij2 city of1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajb ,cumberland ,gap1 #adb1 #adh1 #aej1 #aeb ,cumberland mountains1 #acd1 #adb ,cumberland river1 #afd1 #agd ,cumberland road1 #ic ,cunard1 ,samuel1 #b ,cunard line1 #b1 #h ,dams1 use of1 #aai ,danforth1 ,mr41 and salt making1 #bg ,deerfield valley1 #h ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal ,company1 #ec ,delaware1 ,lackawanna and ,western ,railroad1 #fj ,de-o-wain-sta1 #bc ,detroit1 #da1 #aef ,dickens1 ,charles1 #abf ,dinwiddie1 ,governor1 #hi ,doak1 ,rev4 ,samuel1 #afj ,dongan1 ,gov4 ,thomas1 #dj ,dunlap's creek1 #if ,dunmore1 ,lord1 #aee ,duquesne1 ,fort1 #ia ,dutch1 in ,new ,york1 #ad1 #ah1 #ca ,earle1 ,mrs4 ,alice 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,hugh1 #ba ,whitesboro1 #ba ,wilderness ,road1 #abg1 #adi ,willett1 ,captain ,marinus1 #ce ,william and ,mary ,college1 #adb ,wills creek1 #hi1 #ajb ,wills mountain1 #ic ,winchester1 ,va41 #acb1 #ace ,windmills1 ,dutch1 #ae ,wood creek1 #bb1 #db ,yadkin valley1 ,north ,carolina1 #adf ,transcriber's ,notes ,punctuation1 hyphenation1 and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book2 otherwise they were not changed4 ,simple typographical errors were corrected2 unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious1 and otherwise left unbalanced4 ,illustrations in this e,book have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations4 ,in versions of this e,book that support hyperlinks1 the page references in the ,list of ,illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations4 ,portions of the captions of some illustrations were taken from the ,list of ,illustrations4 ,the index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references4 ,page #ah3 ,the pronunciation mark above the first 8o0 in 8r--kwoi0 was an inverted 8,t01 which was only visually approximated here4