,,advice ,,to ,a ,,wife ,,and ,,mother4 ,,in ,,two ,,parts4 ,,embracing ,,advice ,,to ,a ,,wife1 ,,and ,,advice ,,to ,a ,,mother4 ,,by ,,pye ,,henry ,,chavasse4 ,,seventeenth ,,edition4 ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co4 #ahha4 ,,advice ,,to ,a ,,wife ,,on ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,her ,,own ,,health1 ,,and ,,on ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,complaints ,,incidental ,,to ,,pregnancy1 ,,labor1 ,,and ,,suckling2 ,,with ,,an ,,introductory ,,chapter ,,especially ,,addressed ,,to ,a ,,young ,,wife4 ,,by ,,pye ,,henry ,,chavasse1 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,college ,,of ,,surgeons ,,of ,,england2 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,obstetrical ,,society ,,of ,,london2 ,,formerly ,,president ,,of ,,queen',s ,,college ,,medico-,,chirurgical ,,society1 ,,birmingham2 ,,author ,,of 8,,advice ,,to ,a ,,mother ,,on ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,her ,,children40 8,thy wife shall be as the fruitful vine upon the walls of thine house40 ,,seventeenth ,,edition4 ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co4 #ahha4 ,,to ,,my ,,birmingham ,,patients1 ,,many ,,of ,,whom ,i ,,have ,,attended ,,for ,a ,,period ,,of ,,upwards ,,of ,,thirty ,,years2 ,,some ,,of ,,whom1 ,,having ,,ushered ,,into ,,the ,,world1 ,i ,,afterward ,,attended ,,in ,,their ,,own ,,confinements2 ,,and ,,from ,,all ,,of ,,whom ,i ,,have ,,received ,,so ,,much ,,confidence1 ,,courtesy1 ,,and ,,kindness1 ,this little ,volume is ,dedicated1 ,,by ,,their ,,sincere ,,friend1 ,,pye ,,henry ,,chavasse ,,priory ,,house1 ,,old ,,square1 ,,birmingham4 ,,preface4 ,the sale of copies of this book is now to be reckoned by its tens of thousands6 ,the last1 the ,seventh ,edition1 comprising five thousand copies1 has been rapidly exhausted2 a new ,edition1 ,,the ,,eighth1 is now urgently called for2 and as the sale of the work is so enormous1 and so extending1 my worthy ,publishers have deemed it advisable to publish of this edition at once seven thousand copies1--thus making of the two last editions alone twelve thousand copies2 the two last editions being1 in fact1 equal to twelve ordinary editions6 ,moreover1 this book has made me troops of friends1 thus proving how much such a work was needed1 and how thoroughly my humble efforts have been appreciated4 ,i have1 in the ,,introductory ,,chapter especially addressed to a ,young ,wife1 had some plain and unpalatable truths to tell2 but it is absolutely necessary for a surgeon to probe a serious and deep-seated wound to the bottom before he can perform a cure2 he is sometimes compelled to give pain before he can cure pain2 he is frequently obliged to administer bitter medicine before sweet health can be restored4 ,i have not shrunk from my duty2 ,i have not uttered an 8uncertain sound30 but have1 without fear or favor1 boldly spoken out1 and have proclaimed what ,i have deemed to be the truth2 the vital importance of my subject must excuse my plain-speaking and earnestness4 ,when a person is on the edge of a precipice1 and is ready at any moment to topple over1 the words of warning must not be in the tones of a whisper1 bland and gentle1 but in the voice of thunder1 bold and decisive4 ,i have had to discourse on matters of the greatest moment to the well-being of wives2 and have1 therefore1 in order not to be misapprehended1 had to call things by their right names--the subject being of far too much importance to write in a namby-pamby style1 or to use any other language than that of the plainest ,english4 ,the ,introductory ,chapter is1 ,i trust1 greatly improved2 many of the quotations are either curtailed1 or are altogether suppressed1 in order to make room1 without materially increasing the size of the book1 for much new and important matter4 ,the remaining pages have all been carefully revised and corrected1 and made more clear1 and additional advice1 where needed1 has been supplied4 ,i therefore hope that this edition will be still more worthy of its great and extending success1 and be the humble instrument of sowing broadcast through our land advice most necessary for wives to know2 and at the same time be the means of dispelling prejudices which1 in the lying-in room1 are even1 in this our day1 most rife and injurious4 ,barren wives6 delicate wives6 unhealthy wives6 are the order of the day--are become institutions of the country--are so common as not to be considered strange1 but to be1 as a matter of course1 as part and parcel of our everyday life6 ,should such things be8 ,i emphatically say ,no6 ,but then a thorough change1 a complete reformation1 must take place in the life and habits of a wife4 ,it is no use blinking the question2 the truth1 the whole truth1 must come out1 and the sooner it is told the better4 ,oh6 it is sad that the glorious mission of a wife should1 as it often does1 end so ingloriously6 ,broken health1 neglected duties1 a childless home1 blighted hopes1 misery1 and discontent4 ,what an awful catalogue of the consequences of luxury1 of stimulants1 of fashion1 of ignorance1 and of indolence--the five principal wife and babe destroyers6 ,sure ,i am that the foregoing melancholy results may1 in the generality of cases1 by timely and judicious treatment1 be prevented4 ,this is an age of stimulants--'tis the curse of the day2 wine1 in excess1 instead of being an element of strength1 is one of weakness2 instead of encouraging fecundity1 is one of its greatest preventives4 ,a lady who drinks daily five or six glasses of wine1 is invariably weak1 low1 hysterical1 and 8nervous10--complaining that she can neither eat1 nor sleep1 nor take exercise2 she is totally unfit for the duties and responsibilities of either wife or mother4 ,i shall endeavor in the following pages to prove the truth of these bold assertions4 ,many young married ladies now drink as much wine in a day as their grandmothers did in a week2 and which ,i verily believe is one cause of so few children1 and of so much barrenness among them4 ,it is no use3 the subject is too important to allow false delicacy to stand in the way of this announcement2 the truth must be told2 the ulcer which is eating into the vitals of society must be probed2 the danger1 the folly1 the wickedness of the system must be laid bare2 the battle must be fought2 and as no medical man has come forward to begin the conflict1 ,i myself boldly throw down the gauntlet1 and will1 to the best of my strength and ability1 do battle in the cause4 ,it is the abuse and not the use of wine that ,i am contending against4 ,i am not advocating teetotal principles--certainly not4 ,the one system is as absurd and as wrong as the other2 extremes1 either way1 are most injurious to the constitution both of man and woman4 ,the advice of ,st4 ,paul is glorious advice3 8,use a little wine for thy stomach's sake and thine often infirmities20 and again1 when he says1 8be temperate in all things40 ,these are my sentiments1 and which ,i have1 in the following pages1 so earnestly contended for4 ,a lady who 8eats without refreshment1 and slumbers without repose10 is deeply to be pitied1 even though she be as rich as ,crsus1 or as beautiful as ,venus6 ,nothing can compensate for the want of either sleep or appetite2 life without proper appetite and without refreshing sleep will soon become a wearisome burden too heavy to bear4 ,it is high time1 when there are so many of the ,young ,wives of ,england1 alas6 too many1 who daily 8eat without refreshment10 and who nightly 8slumber without repose10 that the subject was thoroughly looked into1 and that proper means were suggested to abate the calamity4 ,one of the principal objects of this book is to throw light upon the subject1 and to counsel measures to remedy the evil4 ,the large number of barren wives in ,england has1 in these pages1 had my careful and earnest consideration4 ,i have endeavored1 to the best of my ability1 to point out1 as far as the wives themselves are concerned1 many of the causes1 and have advised remedies to abate the same4 ,it is quite time1 when the health among the wives of the higher classes is so much below par1 and when children among them are so few1 that the causes should be thoroughly inquired into1 and that the treatment should be extensively made known4 ,the subject is of immense1 indeed ,i might even say1 of national importance1 and demands deep and earnest thought and careful investigation1 as the strength and sinews of a nation depend mainly upon the number and healthfulness of her children4 ,barren land can generally1 with care and skill1 be made fertile2 an unfruitful vine can frequently1 by an experienced gardener1 be converted into a fruit-bearing one2 a childless wife can often1 by judicious treatment1 be made a child-bearing one4 ,few things in this world are impossible3 8where there is a will there is generally a way20 but if there be a will1 it must be a determined and a persevering will2 if there be a way1 the way1 however rough and rugged1 must be trodden1--the rough and rugged path will1 as she advances onward1 become smooth and pleasant4 ,it is not the poor woman1 who works hard and who lives hard1 that is usually barren--certainly not3 she has generally an abundance of children2 but it is the rich lady--the one who is indolent1 who lives luxuriously1 and fares sumptuously every day--who leads a fashionable1 and therefore an unnatural life--who turns night into day1 who at night breathes suffocatingly hot rooms1 who lives in a whirl of excitement1 who retires not to rest until the small hours of the morning1--such a one is the one that is frequently barren2 and well she might be1--it would be most strange if she were not so4 ,one of the objects of this book will be to point out these causes1 and to suggest remedies for the same1 and thus to stem the torrent1 and in some measure to do away with the curse of barrenness which in ,england1 at the present time1 so fearfully prevails4 ,i have undertaken a responsible task1 but have thrown my whole energy and ability into it2 ,i therefore have no excuse to make that ,i have not thought earnestly and well upon the subject1 or that ,i have written unadvisedly2 my thoughts and studies have for years been directed to these matters4 ,i earnestly hope1 then1 that ,i have not written in vain1 but that the seeds now sown will1 in due time1 bring forth much fruit4 ,although my two books--,advice to a ,wife and ,advice to a ,mother--are published as separate works1 they might1 in point of fact1 be considered as one volume--one only being the continuation of the other4 ,advice to a ,wife1 treating on a mother's own health1 being1 as it were1 a preparation for ,advice to a ,mother on the management of her children's health2 it is quite necessary that the mother herself should be healthy to have healthy children2 and if she have healthy offspring1 it is equally important that she should be made thoroughly acquainted how to keep them in health4 ,the object of ,advice to a ,wife and ,advice to a ,mother is for that end2 indeed1 the acquisition and the preservation of sound health1 of mother and of child1 have1 in both my books1 been my earnest endeavor1 my constant theme1 the beginning and the ending1 the sum and the substance of my discourse1 on which all else beside hinges4 ,i again resign this book into the hands of my fair readers1 hoping that it may be of profit and of service to them during the whole period of their wifehood2 and especially during the most interesting part of their lives--in their hour of anguish and of trial2 and that it may be the humble means of making a barren woman 8to be a joyful mother of children40 ,,pye ,,henry ,,chavasse ,,priory ,,house1 ,,old ,,square1 ,,birmingham4 ,,contents4 ,,pages ,,dedication iii ,,preface ,,to ,,eighth ,,edition v-x ,,introductory ,,chapter #ac-ajb ,,part ,i4 ,,on ,,menstruation #ajc-aaf ,,part ,,ii4 ,,on ,,pregnancy #aag-aih ,,part ,,iii4 ,,on ,,labor #aii-bed ,,part ,,iv4 ,,on ,,suckling #bee-cjj ,,index #cja-cji ,,advice ,,to ,a ,,wife4 ,a good wife is ,heaven's last1 best gift to man--his angel and minister of graces innumerable--his gem of many virtues--his casket of jewels4 ,her voice is sweet music1 her smiles his brightest day1 her kiss the guardian of his innocence1 her arms the pale of his safety1 the balm of his health1 the balsam of his life2 her industry his surest wealth1 her economy his safest steward1 her lips his faithful counselors1 her bosom the softest pillow of his cares1 and her prayers the ablest advocate of ,heaven's blessings on his head4--,,jeremy ,,taylor4 ,of earthly goods1 the best is a good ,wife2 ,a bad1 the bitterest curse of human life4--,,simonides4 ,,introductory ,,chapter4 #a4 ,it may be well--before ,i enter on the subjects of menstruation1 of pregnancy1 of labor1 and suckling--to offer a few preliminary observations1 especially addressed to a ,young ,wife4 #b4 ,my subject is health--the care1 the restoration1 and the preservation of health--one of the most glorious subjects that can be brought before a human being1 and one that should engross much of our time and of our attention1 and one that cannot be secured unless it be properly attended to4 ,the human frame is1 as every one knows1 constantly liable to be out of order2 it would be strange1 indeed1 if a beautiful and complex instrument like the human body were not occasionally out of tune3 8,strange that a harp with a thousand strings ,should keep in tune so long40 #c4 ,the advice ,i am about to offer to my fair reader is of the greatest importance1 and demands her deepest attention4 ,how many wives are there with broken health1 with feeble constitutions1 and with childless homes6 ,their number is legion6 ,it is painful to contemplate that1 in our country1 there are far more unhealthy than healthy wives6 ,there must surely be numerous causes for such a state of things6 ,a woman1 born with every perfection1 to be full of bodily infirmities6 ,it was ordained by the ,almighty that wives should be fruitful and multiply6 ,surely there must be something wrong in the present system if they do not do so6 #d4 ,it will1 in the following pages1 be my object to point out many of the causes of so much ill health among wives2 ill health that sometimes leads to barrenness2 and to suggest remedies both for the prevention and for the cure of such causes4 #e4 ,it is an astounding and lamentable fact1 that one out of eight--that twelve and a half per cent4 of all the wives of ,england are barren1 are childless6 ,a large majority of this twelve and a half per cent4 might be made fruitful1 if a more judicious plan of procedure than is at present pursued were adopted4 #f4 ,my anxious endeavors1 in the following pages1 will be to point out remedies for the evil1 and to lay down rules--rules which1 ,i hope1 my fair reader will strenuously follow4 #g4 ,my theme1 then1 is ,health--the ,health of ,wives--and the object ,i shall constantly have in view will be the best means both of preserving it and of restoring it when lost4 ,by making a wife strong1 she will not only1 in the majority of cases1 be made fruitful1 but capable of bringing healthy children into the world4 ,this latter inducement is of great importance2 for puny children are not only an anxiety to their parents1 but a misery to themselves1 and a trouble to all around6 ,besides1 it is the children of ,england that are to be her future men and women--her glory and her greatness6 ,how desirable it is1 then1 that her children should be hardy and strong6 #h4 ,a wife may be likened to a fruit tree1 a child to its fruit4 ,we all know that it is as impossible to have fine fruit from an unhealthy tree as to have a fine child from an unhealthy mother4 ,in the one case1 the tree either does not bear fruit at all--is barren--or it bears undersized1 tasteless fruit1--fruit which often either immaturely drops from the tree1 or1 if plucked from the tree1 is useless2 in the other case1 the wife either does not bear children--she is barren--or she has frequent miscarriages--8untimely fruit0--or she bears puny1 sickly children1 who often either drop into an early grave1 or1 if they live1 probably drag out a miserable existence4 ,you may as well expect 8to gather grapes of thorns1 or figs of thistles10 as healthy children from unhealthy parents6 #i4 ,unhealthy parents1 then1 as a matter of course have unhealthy children2 this is as truly the case as the night follows the day1 and should deter both man and woman so circumstanced from marrying4 ,there are numerous other complaints besides scrofula and insanity inherited and propagated by parents4 ,it is a fearful responsibility1 both to men and women1 if they be not healthy1 to marry4 ,the result must1 as a matter of course1 be misery6 #aj4 ,if a wife is to be healthy and strong1 she must use the means--she must sow before she can reap2 health will not come by merely wishing for it6 ,the means are not always at first agreeable2 but1 like many other things1 habit makes them so4 ,early rising1 for instance1 is not agreeable to the lazy1 and to one fond of her bed2 but it is essentially necessary to sound health4 ,exercise is not agreeable to the indolent2 but no woman can be really strong without it4 ,thorough ablution of the whole body is distasteful and troublesome to one not accustomed to much washing--to one laboring under a kind of hydrophobia2 but there is no perfect health without the daily cleansing of the whole skin4 #aa4 ,but all these processes entail trouble4 ,true3 is anything in this world to be done without trouble8 and is not the acquisition of precious health worth trouble8 ,yes1 it is worth more than all our other acquisitions put together6 ,life without health is a burden2 life with health is a joy and gladness6 ,up1 then1 and arouse yourself1 and be doing6 ,no time is to be lost if you wish to be well1 to be a mother1 and to be a mother of healthy children4 ,the misfortune of it is1 many ladies are more than half asleep1 and are not aroused to danger till danger stares them in the face2 they are not cognizant of ill health slowly creeping upon them1 until1 in too many cases1 the time is gone by for relief1 and ill health has become confirmed--has become a part and parcel of themselves2 they do not lock the stable until the steed be stolen2 they do not use the means until the means are of no avail3 8,our remedies oft in ourselves do lie1 ,which we ascribe to ,heaven3 the fated sky ,gives us free scope2 only doth backward pull ,our slow designs1 when we ourselves are dull40#a #ab4 ,idleness is the mother of many diseases2 she breeds them1 feeds them1 and fosters them1 and is1 moreover1 a great enemy to fecundity4 ,idleness makes people miserable4 ,i have heard a young girl--surrounded with every luxury--bemoan her lot1 and complain that she was most unhappy in consequence of not having anything to do1 and who wished that she had been a servant1 so that she might have been obliged to work for her living4 ,idleness is certainly the hardest work in the world4 #ac4 ,it frequently happens that a lady1 surrounded with every luxury and every comfort1 drags out a miserable existence2 she cannot say that she ever1 even for a single day1 really feels well and strong4 ,this is not to live-- 8,for life is not to live1 but to be well40#b #ad4 ,if a person be in perfect health1 the very act of living is itself thorough enjoyment1 the greatest this world can ever bestow4 ,how needful it therefore is that all necessary instruction should be imparted to every ,young ,wife1 and that proper means should1 in every way1 be used to insure health6 #ae4 ,the judicious spending of the first year of married life is of the greatest importance in the making and in the strengthening of a wife's constitution1 and in preparing her for having a family4 ,how sad it is1 then1 that it is the first twelve months that is1 as a rule1 especially chosen to mar and ruin her own health1 and to make her childless6 ,the present fashionable system of spending the first few months of married life in a round of visiting1 of late hours1 and in close and heated rooms1 calls loudly for a change4 ,how many valuable lives have been sacrificed to such a custom6 ,how many miscarriages1 premature births1 and still-born children1 have resulted therefrom6 ,how many homes have been made childless--desolate--by it6 ,time it is that common sense should take the place of such folly6 ,the present system is abominable1 is rotten at the core1 and is fraught with the greatest danger to human life and human happiness4 ,how often a lady is1 during the first year of her wifehood1 gadding out night after night1--one evening to a dinner party1 the next night to private theatricals1 the third to an evening party1 the fourth to the theater1 the fifth to a ball1 the sixth to a concert1 until in some cases every night except ,sunday night is consumed in this way1--coming home frequently in the small hours of the morning1 through damp or fog1 or rain or snow1 feverish1 flushed1 and excited--too tired until the morning to sleep1 when she should be up1 out1 and about4 ,when the morning dawns she falls into a heavy1 unrefreshing slumber1 and wakes not until noon1 tired1 and unfit for the duties of the day6 ,night after night--gas1 crowded rooms1 carbonic acid gas1 late hours1 wine1 and excitement are her portion4 ,as long as such a plan is adopted the preacher preacheth but in vain4 ,night after night1 week after week1 month after month1 this game is carried on1 until at length either an illness or broken health supervenes4 ,surely these are not the best means to insure health and a family and healthy progeny6 ,the fact is1 a wife nowadays is too artificial2 she lives on excitement2 it is like drinking no wine but champagne1 and1 like champagne taken in excess1 it soon plays sad havoc with her constitution4 ,the pure and exquisite enjoyments of nature are with her too commonplace1 tame1 low1 and vulgar4 ,how little does such a wife know of the domestic happiness so graphically and sweetly described by that poet of the affections1 ,cowper3 8,fireside enjoyments1 home-born happiness1 ,and all the comforts that the lowly roof ,of undisturb'd retirement1 and the hours ,of long uninterrupted evening1 know40 #af4 ,a fashionable lady might say1 8,i cannot give up fashionable amusements2 ,i must enjoy myself as others do2 ,i might as well be out of the world as out of the fashion40 ,to such a one ,i reply1 8,i myself am not a fashionist--it is not in my line2 and as in the following pages ,i have to tell some plain unvarnished truths1 my advice to you is1 close this book at once and read no more of it1 as such a work as this cannot be of the slightest use to you1 however it might be to one who values health #8as a jewel of great price'--as one of her most precious earthly possessions40 ,really the subject is assuming such a serious aspect that it behooves a medical man to speak out plainly and unreservedly1 and to call things by their right names4 ,fashion is oftentimes but another name for suicide and for baby-slaughter--for 8massacre of the innocents60 ,god help the poor unfortunate little child whose mother is a votary of fashion1 who spends her time in a round and whirl of fashionable life1 and leaves her child to the tender mercies of servants1 who 8gang their ain gait10 and leave their little charge to do the same4 ,such a mother is more unnatural than a wild beast2 for a wild beast1 as a rule1 is gentle1 tender1 and attentive to its offspring1 scarcely ever for a moment allowing its young to be out of its sight4 ,truly1 fashionable life deadens the feelings and affections4 ,i am quite aware that what ,i have just now written will1 by many fashionable ladies1 be pooh-poohed1 and be passed by as 8the idle wind40 ,they love their pleasures far above either their own or their children's health1 and will not allow anything1 however precious1 to interfere with them2 but still ,i have confidence that many of my judicious readers will see the truth and justness of my remarks1 and will profit by them4 #ag4 ,a round of visiting1 a succession of rich living1 and a want of rest during the first year of a wife's life1 often plays sad havoc with her health1 and takes away years from her existence4 ,moreover1 such proceedings often mar the chances of her ever becoming a mother1 and then she will have real cause to grieve over her fatuity4 #ah4 ,a ,french poet once sung that a house without a child is like a garden without a flower1 or like a cage without a bird4 ,the love of offspring is one of the strongest instincts implanted in woman2 there is nothing that will compensate for the want of children4 ,a wife yearns for them2 they are as necessary to her happiness as the food she eats and as the air she breathes4 ,if this be true--which1 ,i think1 cannot be gainsayed--how important is our subject1--one of the most important that can in this world engage one's attention1 requiring deep consideration and earnest study4 #ai4 ,the first year of a married woman's life generally determines whether1 for the remainder of her existence1 she shall be healthy and strong1 or shall be delicate and weak2 whether she shall be the mother of fine1 healthy children1 or--if1 indeed1 she be a mother at all--of sickly1 undersized offspring-- 8,born but to weep1 and destined to sustain ,a youth of wretchedness1 an age of pain40#c ,if she be not a parent1 her mission in life will be only half performed1 and she will be robbed of the greatest happiness this world can afford4 ,the delight of a mother1 on first calling a child her own1 is exquisite1 and is beautifully expressed in the following lines-- 8,he was my ain1 and dear to me ,as the heather-bell to the honey-bee1 ,or the braird to the mountain hare40#d #bj4 ,i should recommend a young wife to remember the momentous mission she has to fulfill2 to ponder on the importance of bringing healthy children into the world2 to bear in mind the high duties that she owes herself1 her husband1 her children1 and society2 to consider well the value of health--8,the first wealth is health20#e and never to forget that 8life has its duties ever40#f #ba4 ,a young married lady ought at once to commence to take regular and systematic out-door exercise1 which might be done without in the least interfering with her household duties4 ,there are few things more conducive to health than walking exercise2 and one advantage of our climate is1 that there are but few days in the year in which1 at some period of the day1 it might not be taken4 ,walking--,i mean a walk1 not a stroll--is a glorious exercise2 it expands the chest and throws back the shoulders2 it strengthens the muscles2 it promotes digestion1 making a person digest almost any kind of food2 it tends to open the bowels1 and is better than any aperient pill ever invented2 it clears the complexion1 giving roses to the cheeks and brilliancy to the eye1 and1 in point of fact1 is one of the greatest beautifiers in the world4 ,it exhilarates the spirits like a glass of champagne1 but1 unlike champagne1 it never leaves a headache behind4 ,if ladies would walk more than they do1 there would be fewer lackadaisical1 useless1 complaining wives than there at present are2 and1 instead of having a race of puny children1 we should have a race of giants4 ,walking exercise is worthy of all commendation1 and is indispensable to content1 health1 strength1 and comeliness4 ,of course1 if a lady be pregnant1 walking must then be cautiously pursued2 but still1 walking in moderation is even then absolutely necessary1 and tends to keep off many of the wretchedly depressing symptoms1 often1 especially in a first pregnancy1 accompanying that state4 ,i am quite sure that there is nothing more conducive to health than the wearing out of lots of shoe-leather and that leather is cheaper than physic4 #bb4 ,walking is even more necessary in the winter than in the summer4 ,if the day be cold1 and the roads be dirty1 provided it be dry above1 ,i should advise my fair reader to put on thick boots and a warm shawl1 and to brave the weather4 ,even if there be a little rain and much wind1 if she be well wrapped up1 neither the rain nor the wind will harm her4 ,a little sprinkling of rain1 provided the rules of health be followed1 will not give her cold4 ,much wind will not blow her away4 ,she must1 if she wishes to be strong1 fight against it2 the conflict will bring the color to her cheek and beauty to her eye4 #bc4 ,let her exert herself2 let her mind conquer any indolence of the body2 let her throw off her lethargy--it only requires a little determination2 let her be up and doing2 for life1 both to man and woman1 is a battle1 and must be fought valiantly4 #bd4 ,bear in mind1 then1 that if a lady is to be healthy1 she must take exercise1 and that not by fits and starts1 but regularly and systematically4 ,a stroll is of little use2 she must walk6 ,and let there be no mistake about it1 for ,nature will have her dues3 the muscles require to be tired1 and not to be trifled with2 the lungs ask for the revivifying air of heaven1 and not for the stifling air of a close room2 the circulation demands the quickening influence of a brisk walk1 and not to be made stagnant by idleness4 #be4 ,this world was never made for idleness2 everything around and about us tells of action and of progress4 ,idle people are miserable people2 idle people are diseased people2 there is no mistake about it4 ,there is no substitute in this world for exercise and for occupation2 neither physic nor food will keep people in health2 they must be up and doing1 and buckle on their armor1 and fight1 as every one has to fight1 the battle of life6 ,mr4 ,milne1 the master of the ,north ,warwickshire hounds1 lately1 at a hunt dinner1 pithily remarked 8that fox-hunting was the best physic for improving a bad constitution40 ,i am quite sure1 with regard to the fair sex1 that an abundance of walking exercise and of household occupation is decidedly the best physic for improving a lady's constitution1 more especially if she have1 as unfortunately too many of them have1 a bad one2 indeed1 an abundance of walking exercise and of household occupation will frequently convert a bad into a good constitution4 #bf4 ,moreover1 there is not a greater beautifier in the world than fresh air and exercise2 a lady who lives half her time in the open air1 in ,god's sunshine1 and who takes plenty of walking exercise1 has generally a clear and beautiful complexion-- 8,she looks as clear ,as morning roses newly washed with dew40#g #bg4 ,do not let me be misunderstood3 ,i am not advocating that a delicate lady1 unaccustomed to exercise1 should at once take violent and long-continued exercise2 certainly not4 ,let a delicate lady learn to take exercise1 as a young child would learn to walk--by degrees2 let her creep1 and then go2 let her gradually increase her exercise1 and let her do nothing either rashly or unadvisedly4 ,if a child attempted to run before he could walk1 he would stumble and fall4 ,a delicate lady requires just as much care in the training to take exercise as a child does in the learning to walk2 but exercise must be learned and must be practiced1 if a lady1 or any one else1 is to be healthy and strong4 ,unfortunately1 in this our day the importance of exercise as a means of health is but little understood and but rarely practiced2 notwithstanding1 a lady may rest assured that until a 8change comes o'er the spirit of her dreams10 ill health will be her daily and constant companion4 #bh4 ,a lady should walk early in the morning1 and not late in the evening4 ,the dews of evening are dangerous1 and are apt to give severe colds1 fevers1 and other diseases4 ,dew is more likely to cause cold than rain-- 8,the dews of the evening most carefully shun-- ,those tears of the sky for the loss of the sun40#h #bi4 ,a breath of wind is not allowed to blow on many a fair face4 ,the consequence is1 that her cheek becomes sallow1 wan1 8as wan as clay10 and bloodless1 or if it has a color it is the hectic flush1 which tells of speedy decay6 #cj4 ,sitting over the fire will spoil her complexion1 causing it to be muddy1 speckled1 and sallow4 ,the finest complexion in a lady ,i ever saw belonged to one who would never go1 even in the coldest weather1 near the fire3 although she was nearly thirty years of age1 her cheeks were like roses1 and she had the most beautiful red and white ,i ever beheld2 it reminded me of ,shakspeare's matchless description of a complexion3-- 8',tis beauty truly blent1 whose red and white ,nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on40 #ca4 ,sitting over the fire will make her chilly1 nervous1 dyspeptic1 and dispirited4 ,it will cause her to be more chilly1 and thus will make her more susceptible of catching cold2 and it will frequently produce chilblains4 ,if she be cold1 the sitting over the fire will only warm her for the time1 and will make her feel more starved when she leaves it4 ,crouching over the fire1 as many do1 is ruination to health and strength and comeliness6 ,sitting over the fire will make her nervous3 the heat from the fire is weakening beyond measure to the nerves4 ,it will disorder and enfeeble her stomach--for nothing debilitates the stomach like great heat--and thus make her dyspeptic2 and if she be dyspeptic1 she will1 she must be dispirited4 ,the one follows the other as surely as the night follows the day4 #cb4 ,if sitting over the fire be hurtful1 sitting with the back to the fire is still more so4 ,the back to the fire often causes both sickness and faintness1 injures the spine1 and weakens the spinal marrow1 and thus debilitates the whole frame4 #cc4 ,a walk on a clear1 frosty morning is as exhilarating to the spirits as the drinking of champagne--with this difference1 that on the day following the head is improved by the one1 but not always by the other4 ,simple nature's pleasures are the most desirable--they leave no sting behind them6 #cd4 ,there is nothing like a long walk to warm the body and to make the blood course merrily through the blood-vessels4 ,i consider it to be a great misfortune that my fair countrywomen do not use their legs more and their carriages less4 8,as to exercise1 few women care to take it for mere health's sake4 ,the rich are too apt to think that riding in a close varnish-smelling carriage ought to be a very good substitute for muscular struggles in the open air40#i #ce4 ,unfortunately this is an age of luxury4 ,everything is artificial1 and disease and weakness1 and even barrenness1 follow as a matter of course4 ,in proof of my assertion that this is an age of luxury1 look at the present sumptuous style of living3 carriages rolling about in every direction2 dining-tables groaning under the weight of rich dinners1 and expensive wines flowing like water2 grand dresses sweeping the streets1 almost doing away with the necessity for scavengers4 ,i say1 advisedly1 streets2 for green fields are1 unfortunately1 scarcely ever visited by ladies4 ,we are almost1 in extravagance1 rivaling ancient ,rome just before luxury sapped her strength and laid her in ruins6 #cf4 ,if a lady has to travel half a mile she must have her carriage4 ,strange infatuation6 ,is she not aware that she has hundreds of muscles that want exercising8 that she has lungs that require expanding8 that she has nerves that demand bracing8 that she has blood that needs circulating8 ,and how does she think that the muscles can be exercised1 that the lungs can be expanded1 that the nerves can be braced1 and that the blood can be properly circulated1 unless these are all made to perform their proper functions by an abundance of walking exercise8 ,it is utterly impossible6 #cg4 ,does she desire to be strong8 ,then let her take exercise6 ,does she hope to retain her bloom and her youthful appearance1 and still to look charming in the eyes of her husband8 ,then let her take exercise6 ,does she wish to banish nervousness and low spirits8 ,then let her take exercise6 ,there is nothing standing still in ,nature3 if it were1 creation would languish and die4 ,there is a perpetual motion6 ,and so must we be constantly employed 7when not asleep71 if we are to be healthy and strong6 ,nature will not be trifled with2 these are her laws#aj--;immutable and unchangeable1 and we cannot infringe them with impunity3 8,labor is life6 ',tis the still water faileth2 ,idleness ever despaireth1 bewaileth2 ,keep the watch wound1 for the dark night assaileth2 ,flowers droop and die in the stillness of noon4 ,labor is glory6 ,the flying cloud lightens2 ,only the waving wing changes and brightens2 ,idle hearts only the dark future frightens2 ,play the sweet keys1 would'st thou keep them in tune60 #ch4 ,if a newly-married woman be delicate1 as1 unfortunately1 too many are1 she may be made to bear exercise well1 provided she begins by taking a short walk at first--be it ever so short--and by gradually increasing it until she be able to take a tolerably long one4 ,she might find it irksome at the beginning1 and might be inclined to give it up in despair2 but if she value her health and happiness1 let me urge her to persevere1 and she may depend upon it that she will be amply rewarded for her trouble4 #ci4 ,a delicate lady frequently complains of cold feet2 she has neither sufficient food nor sufficient exercise to keep them warm4 ,walking and plenty of nourishment are the best remedies she can use to warm them4 ,if they be cold before retiring to rest--a frequent cause of keeping her awake--let her walk briskly for half an hour1 before undressing for the night1 about either the hall1 or the landing1 or a large room4 #dj4 ,some ladies declare that they are always cold1 their feet especially1 which are as cold as ice6 ,the fact is1 they not only do not take exercise enough1 but they do not take nourishment enough--breakfast especially--to keep them warm4 ,many ladies really and truly half starve themselves2 they consider it to be vulgar to eat much1 and to satisfy their appetite6 they deem it low to take a long walk3 every poor woman can do that6 it is much more easy and pleasant to loll back in an easy carriage1 and to be rolled along6 ,truly2 but if carriage exercise be more agreeable1 is it as healthful8 ,certainly not3 there is very little exercise in riding in a carriage2 but every organ1 muscle1 nerve1 and blood-vessel of the body is put into beneficial action by walking4 ,walking is essential to health2 there is no substitute for it2 there certainly is no perfect health without it4 #da4 ,the reason why my fair countrywomen take so much opening medicine is the want of exercise4 ,how truly it has been said that 8physic1 for the most part1 in nothing else but the substitute of exercise and temperance40 #db4 ,i consider it to be a grievous misfortune for any one--man1 woman1 or child--who cannot1 without the frequent taking of physic1 keep their bowels regular4 ,when such is the case there is something wrong1 very wrong1 about her system and about her proceedings1 and the sooner the matter is inquired into and rectified the better4 ,the necessity of a constant swallowing of opening medicine is a proof of chronic ill health1 and will in time injure her constitution beyond remedy4 ,i cannot speak too strongly on this subject2 ,i have1 in my professional experience1 seen so much mischief and misery caused by the frequent swallowing of opening pills1 that ,i should not do my duty if ,i did not raise my voice against the abominable custom4 ,why1 many ladies make a practice1 during the whole of their lives1 of taking two or three times a week opening pills6 ,the bowels1 they say1 will not act without them2 but ,i maintain that if they would resolutely refrain from swallowing them1 and adopt the rules of health laid down in these pages1 they would be able altogether to dispense with them1 to their great benefit and delectation4 ,but then the rules of health require trouble and perseverance--7and what that is worth having does not87--while the swallowing of a couple of pills might be done quickly1 and with very little trouble2 but although the frequent taking of pills gives at the time but little trouble1 they cause much trouble afterwards6 ,look1 then1 at the results of each system1 and decide accordingly6 ,it has been said that 8gluttony kills more than the sword20 my conviction is1 that the constant taking of opening medicine kills more than gluttony and the sword combined6 ,the abuse of aperients is one of the crying evils of the day1 and who so proper as a medical man to raise his voice to suppress1 or at all events to lessen1 the evil8 #dc4 ,if a lady be costive1 and is in consequence inclined to take a dose of physic1 let me advise her to take instead a long walk1 which will in the majority of cases do her vastly more good2 and if requiring repetition1 the one is far more agreeable1 and the effects are much more likely to be lasting than the other4 ,exercise1 ,i am quite sure1 is1 as a rule1 in the long run much more effectual and beneficial than opening physic4 #dd4 ,a newly-married wife ought to be cautious in the taking of horse exercise4 ,as long as she be not pregnant1 horse exercise is very beneficial to health1 and is a great enjoyment2 but the moment symptoms of pregnancy develop themselves1 she must instantly give it up1 or it will probably cause her to miscarry4 #de4 ,let her breathe the pure air of heaven1 rather than the close contaminated air either of an assembly or of a concert-room4 ,the air of an assembly or of a concert-room is contaminated with carbonic acid gas4 ,the gas-lights and the respiration of numbers of persons give off carbonic acid gas1 which gas is highly poisonous4 #df4 ,the truth of this assertion is patent to every one who will observe the effects that a large assembly1 more especially in the evening1 when the gas or candles are flaring away1 has on the system2 the headache1 the oppression1 the confusion of ideas1 the loss of appetite1 the tired feeling1 followed by a restless night--all tell a tale1 and loudly proclaim that either an assembly or a concert-room is not a fit place for a young wife desirous of having a family4 #dg4 ,let a young married lady attend well to the ventilation of her house4 ,she may depend upon it that ventilation1 thorough ventilation1 will prove one of the best friends she has in the world4 ,let her give directions to her servant to have early every morning every window in the house opened1 as the morning air is fresher and sweeter than it is later in the day4 8,for ventilation1 open your windows both at top and bottom4 ,the fresh air rushes in one way1 while the foul makes its exit the other4 ,this is letting in your friend and expelling your enemy40#aa ,this opening of the window1 top and bottom1 of course applies only to the rooms that are unoccupied3--in an occupied room in hot weather one sash only--the lower1 as a rule1 is best--ought to be opened4 ,if the upper be lowered when the room is occupied1 the cold air is apt to strike on the top of the head1 and to give cold4 #dh4 ,let her give orders that every chimney in the house be unstopped1 and let her see for herself that her orders have been obeyed2 for servants1 if they have the chance1 will stop up chimneys1 as they are fully aware that dust and dirt will come down chimneys1 and that it will give them a little extra work to do4 ,but the mistress has to see to the health of herself and of her household1 which is of far more consequence than either a little dirt or extra work for her servants4 #di4 ,she may rest assured that it is utterly impossible for herself and for her family to have perfect health if the chimneys are allowed to be stopped4 ,i assert this fearlessly1 for ,i have paid great attention to the subject4 ,if the chimney be stopped1 the apartment must necessarily become contaminated with carbonic acid gas1 the refuse of respiration1 which is1 as ,i have before stated1 a deadly poison4 #ej4 ,chimneys1 in many country houses1 are permanently and hermetically stopped3 if we have the ill-fortune to sleep in such rooms1 we feel half-suffocated4 ,sleep1 did ,i say8 ,no6 tumble and toss are the right words to express the real meaning2 for in such chambers very little sleep do we get1--unless1 indeed1 we open the windows to let in the air1 which1 in such an extremity1 is the only thing1 if we wish to get a wink of sleep1 we can do6 ,stopped-up bedroom chimneys is one and an important reason why some persons do not derive the benefit they otherwise would do of change of air to the country4 #ea4 ,i unhesitatingly declare that ninety-nine bedrooms out of every hundred are badly ventilated2 that in the morning1 after they have been slept in1 they are full both of impure and of poisoned air4 ,i say1 advisedly1 impure and poisoned air1 for the air becomes foul and deadly if not perpetually changed--if not constantly mixed1 both by day and by night1 with fresh1 pure1 external air4 ,many persons1 by breathing the same air over and over again1 are literally 8poisoned by their own breaths60 ,this is not an exaggerated statement--alas1 it is too true6 ,let every young wife remember that she requires just as much pure air in the night as in the day2 and if she does not have it1 her sleep will neither refresh her nor strengthen her1 but that she will rise in the morning more weary than on the previous night when she retired to rest4 #eb4 ,the way to make a house healthy1 and to keep off disease1 is by thorough ventilation--by allowing a current of air1 both by day and by night1 to constantly enter and to sweep through the house1 and every room of the house4 ,this may be done either by open skylight or by open landing windows1 which should always be left open2 and by allowing every chamber window to be wide open during the day1 and every chamber door to be a little open both by night and by day1 having a door-chain on each door during the night to prevent intrusion4 #ec4 ,let her1 if she can1 live in the country4 ,in a town1 coal fires--manufactories1 many of them unhealthy--confined space--the exhalations from the lungs and from the skin of the inhabitants1 numbers of them diseased1--all tend to load the air with impurities4 ,moreover1 if in the town she desire a walk1 it is often itself a walk1 and a long one too1 before she can get into the country--before she can obtain glimpses of green fields and breathe the fresh air2 hence walks in the town do but comparatively little good4 ,in the country her lungs are not cheated3 they get what they want--a good article1 pure air--and the eye and heart are both gladdened with the beauties of nature4 ,i consider the following remark of ,dr4 ,grosvenor1 in his excellent ,essay on ,health1 very pertinent4 ,he observes3 8,hence it is that one seldom sees in cities1 courts1 and rich houses1 where people eat and drink1 and indulge in the pleasure of appetite1 that perfect health and athletic soundness and vigor which is commonly seen in the country1 in the poor houses and cottages1 where nature is their cook and necessity is their caterer1 where they have no other doctor but the sun and fresh air1 and no other physic but exercise and temperance40 #ed4 ,cold air is frequently looked upon as an enemy1 instead of being contemplated as1 what it really is to a healthy person1 a friend4 ,the effect of cold upon the stomach is well exemplified in a walk in frosty weather1 producing an appetite4 8,cold air10 says ,dr4 ,cullen1 8applied with exercise1 is a most powerful tonic with respect to the stomach2 and this explains why1 for that purpose1 no exercise within doors1 or in close carriages1 is so useful as that in the open air40 #ee4 ,hot and close rooms1 soft cushions1 and luxurious couches must be eschewed4 ,i have somewhere read1 that if a fine1 healthy whelp of the bull-dog species were fed upon chicken1 rice1 and delicacies1 and made to lie upon soft cushions1 and if1 for some months1 he were shut up in a close room1 when he grew up he would become unhealthy1 weak1 and spiritless4 ,so it is with a young married woman2 the more she indulges1 the more unhealthy1 weak1 and inanimate she becomes--unfit to perform the duties of a wife and the offices of a mother1 if1 indeed1 she be a mother at all6 #ef4 ,rich and luxurious ladies are less likely to be blessed with a family than poor and hard-worked women4 ,here is1 to a vengeance1 compensation6 ,compensation usually deals very justly both to man and womankind4 ,for instance1 riches and childlessness1 poverty and children1 laziness and disease1 hard work and health1 a hard-earned crust and contentment1 a gilded chamber and discontent-- 8,these are ofttimes wedded as a man and wife1 ,and linked together1 hand in hand1 through life40 ,riches seldom bring health1 content1 many children1 and happiness2 they more frequently cause disease1 discontent1 childlessness1 and misery4#ab ,riches and indolence are often as closely united as the ,siamese twins1 disease and death frequently following in their train4 8,give me neither poverty nor riches0 was a glorious saying of the wisest of men4 ,rich and luxurious living1 then1 is very antagonistic to fecundity4 ,this might be one reason why poor curates' wives and poor ,irish women generally have such large families4 ,it has been proved by experience that a diet1 principally consisting of milk1 buttermilk1 and vegetables1 is more conducive to fecundity than a diet almost exclusively of meat4 ,in illustration of my argument1 the poor ,irish1 who have usually such enormous families1 live almost exclusively on buttermilk and potatoes2 they scarcely eat meat from year's end to year's end4 ,riches1 if it prevent a lady from having children1 is an evil and a curse1 rather than a good and a blessing2 for1 after all1 the greatest treasures in this world are 8household treasures0--healthy children6 ,if a wife be ever so rich1 and she be childless1 she is1 as a rule1 discontented and miserable4 ,many a married lady would gladly give up half her worldly possessions to be a mother2 and well she might--children are far more valuable4 ,i have heard a wife exclaim with ,rachel1 8,give me a child1 or ,i die40 #eg4 ,if a young wife be likely to have a family1 let her continue to live heartily and well2 but if she have been married a year or two without any prospect of an increase1 let her commence to live abstemiously on fresh milk1 buttermilk1 bread1 potatoes1 and farinaceous diet1 with very little meat1 and no stimulants whatever2 let her live1 indeed1 very much either as a poor curate's wife1 or as a poor ,irish woman is compelled to live4 #eh4 ,it is not the poor woman that is cursed with barrenness--she has often more mouths than she can well fill2 but the one that frequently labors under that ban is the pampered1 the luxurious1 the indolent1 the fashionable wife2 and most assuredly1 until she change her system of living to one more consonant with common sense1 she will continue to do so4 ,it is grievous to contemplate that oftentimes a lady1 with every other temporal good1 is deficient of two earthly blessings--health and children2 and still more lamentable1 when we know that they frequently arise from her own seeking1 that they are withheld from her in consequence of her being a votary of fashion4 ,many of the ladies of the present day1 too1 if they do bear children1 are1 from delicacy of constitution1 quite unable to suckle them4 ,should such things be8 ,but why1 it might be asked1 speak so strongly and make so much fuss about it8 ,because the disease is become desperate1 and delays are dangerous--because children among the higher ranks are become few and far between2 and who so proper as a medical man to raise his voice to proclaim the facts1 the causes1 and the treatment8 ,i respectfully inquire of my fair reader1 ,is fashion a wife's mission8 ,if it be not1 what is her mission8 ,i myself have an idea--a very ancient and an almost obsolete one--that the mission of a wife is a glorious mission1 far removed from fashion and from folly4 ,a fashionable wife1 after a fashionable season1 is frequently hysterical and excitable1 and therefore exhausted2 she is more dead than alive1 and is obliged to fly to the country and dose herself with quinine to recruit her wasted energies4 ,is such a wife as this likely to become a joyful mother of children8 ,i trow not4 ,her time is taken up between pleasure and excitement to make herself ill1 and nursing to make herself well1 in order that she may1 at the earliest possible moment1 again return to her fashionable pursuits1 which have with her become1 like drinking in excess1 a necessity4 ,indeed1 a fashionable life is a species of intoxication4 ,moreover1 wine-drinking in excess and a fashionable life are usually joined together4 ,sad infatuation1 destructive alike to human life and human happiness--a road that often leads to misery1 disappointment1 and death6 ,these are strong expressions1 but they are not stronger than the subject imperatively demands--a subject which is becoming of vital importance to the well-being of society1 and1 in the higher ranks1 even to its very existence1 and which must1 ere long1 engross the attention of all who love their country4 ,fashion is a sapper and miner1 and is ever hard at work sapping and undermining the constitutions of its votaries4 ,something must be done1 and that quickly1 to defeat its machinations1 otherwise evils will1 past remedy1 be consummated4 #ei4 ,i consider thorough ablution of the body every morning one of the most important means of health to a young wife2 8while the poor1 in the matter of washing1 are apt to think that they can put off till ,saturday what ought to be performed every day1 and that they can wind up the week by a good wash with impunity40#ac ,there is nothing more tonic and invigorating and refreshing than cold ablution4 ,moreover1 it makes one feel clean and sweet and wholesome2 and you may depend upon it1 that it not only improves our physical constitution1 but likewise our moral character1 and makes our minds more pure and holy4 ,a dirty man has generally a dirty mind6 #fj4 ,the ewers and basins in our own country are1 for the purposes of thorough ablution1 ridiculously small1 while on the ,continent they are still smaller4 ,they are of pigmy dimensions--the basins being of the size of an ordinary slop-basin1 and the ewer holding enough water to wash a finger4 ,how can persons with such appliances be either decently clean1 or sweet1 or thoroughly healthy8 ,it is utterly impossible4 ,many people on the ,continent have a dread of water--they labor under a species of hydrophobia3 hence one reason why the ewers and basins are of such dwarfish proportions4 #fa4 ,a young wife ought to strip to the waist1 and then proceed to wash her face after the manner so well described by ,erasmus ,wilson in his work on ,healthy ,skin4 ,he says3 8,fill your basin about two-thirds full with fresh water2 dip your face in the water1 and then your hands4 ,soap the hands well1 and pass the soaped hands with gentle friction over the whole face4 ,having performed this part of the operation thoroughly1 dip the face in the water a second time1 and rinse it completely2 you may add very much to the luxury of the latter part of the process by having a second basin ready with fresh water to perform a final rinsing4444 ,in washing the face you have three objects to fulfill3 to remove the dirt1 to give freshness1 and to give tone and vigor to the skin40 ,now for the remaining process of ablution4 ,having well rubbed her neck with her soaped hands1 she ought thoroughly to bathe her neck1 her chest1 and arms1 by means of a large sponge dipped in cold water--the colder the better4 ,she cannot cleanse her own shoulders1 back1 and loins with a sponge--she cannot get to them4 ,to obviate this difficulty1 she ought to soak a piece of flannel1 a yard and a half long and half a yard wide1 folded lengthways1 in cold water1 and throwing it over her shoulders1 as she would a skipping-rope1 she should for a few times work it from right to left and from left to right1 8and up and down1 and then athwart10 her loins and back and shoulders4 ,this plan will effectually cleanse parts that she could not otherwise reach1 and will be most refreshing and delightful4 ,she should then put both her hands1 her forearms1 and her arms into the basin of water as far as they will reach1 and keep them in for a few seconds1 or while she can count fifty4 ,the wet parts should be expeditiously dried4 ,then1 having thrown off her remaining clothes1 and merely having her slippers on1 she ought to sit for a few seconds1 or while in the winter she can count fifty1 or while in the summer she can count a hundred1 either in a sitz-bath1#ad or in a very large wash-hand basin--called a nursery-basin#ae 7sold for the purpose of giving an infant his morning bath7--containing water to the depth of three or four inches4 ,while sitting either in the bath or in the basin1 she ought in the winter time to have either a small blanket or a woolen shawl thrown over her shoulders4 ,if she has any difficulty in getting in and out of the basin1 she should place a chair on each side of the basin2 she can then1 by pressing upon the chairs with her elbows1 arms1 and hands1 readily do so4 #fb4 ,if a lady be too delicate to take a sitz-bath1 or if a sitz-bath should not agree with her1 then she ought every morning to use the bidet1 and1 while sitting over it1 she should well sponge the parts with the water1 allowing the water for a few seconds to stream over them4 ,every lady should bear in mind that either the sitz-bath or the bidet1 every morning of her life 7except under certain circumstances71 is absolutely essential to her comfort and her well-being4 #fc4 ,at first1 until she become accustomed to the cold 7which she will do in a few days71 she ought to use the water tepid1 but the sooner she can use cold water1 and that plentifully1 the better--as it will greatly contribute to her health and strength4 ,but1 as ,i said before1 the process ought to be quickly performed1 as it is the shock in bracing and in strengthening the system that does so much good4 #fd4 ,when a lady is very delicate1 it may1 during the winter1 be necessary to put a dash of warm water into the bath1 in order to take off the extreme chill2 but1 as she becomes stronger1 she will be able to dispense with the warm water1 as the colder the water is1 provided she can bear it1 the more good it will do her4 #fe4 ,if her loins or her back are at all weak1 the addition either of a large handful of table salt1 or of a small handful of bay salt1 or of a lump of rock-salt1#af dissolved in the water in the sitz-bath1 will be of great service to her4 #ff4 ,the feet and the legs ought every morning to be bathed--not by standing in the water1 but1 on the completion of the washing of the other parts of the body1 by putting one foot at a time for a few seconds 7not minutes7 in the basin containing the water 7the basin for that purpose being placed on the floor71 and well and quickly washing the foot1 either with a flannel or with a sponge1 and well cleansing with the finger and thumb between each toe1 and allowing the water from the sponge or flannel to stream into the basin from the knee downwards4 ,all this1 of course1 must be done expeditiously2 and care ought to be taken1 after such ablution1 to well dry with a towel between each toe4 ,the washing of the feet as above directed will be a great refreshment1 and will be most beneficial to health1 and will be a means of warding off colds1 of preventing chilblains1 and of preserving the feet in a sweet and healthy state4 ,the feet ought to be kept as clean1 if not cleaner1 than the hands4 ,parts that are not seen should be kept cleaner than parts that are seen4 ,filth is apt to gather in covered up places4 #fg4 ,the moment she has finished her bath she ought quickly to dry herself4 ,i should recommend her to use as a towel the ,turkish rubber3 it will cause a delightful glow of the whole body4 #fh4 ,the whole of the body1 except the hair of the head1 is1 by the above method1 every morning thoroughly washed4 ,the hair of the head ought occasionally1 even with soap and water1 to be cleansed1 to keep it clean and sweet and wholesome2 for nothing is more dirty if it be not well attended to than human hair1 and nothing is more repulsive than a dirty head4 #fi4 ,brushing of the hair1 although beneficial both to the hair and health1 will not alone thoroughly cleanse the hair and scalp4 #gj4 ,some ladies attempt to clean their hair by simply washing it either with rosemary or with rosewater1 or with other washes2 but there is no more effectual way of doing it than occasionally by a flannel and soap and water4 #ga4 ,bathing in the sea during the season1 provided no grease has been previously used1 is very good for the hair2 it both strengthens the roots and beautifies the color4 #gb4 ,i should advise my fair reader not to plaster her hair either with grease or with pomade1 or with other unknown compounds3 many of them are apt to make the head dirty1 scurfy1 and sore4 #gc4 ,it might be said that it is utterly impossible for a lady to keep her hair tidy1 unless she uses some application to it4 ,if such be the case1 either a little best olive oil or scented castor oil1 or cocoanut oil1 may1 by means of an old tooth-brush1 be applied to smooth the hair4 #gd4 ,if the hair should fall off1 either a little cocoanut oil or a little scented castor oil1 well rubbed every night and morning into the roots1 is an excellent dressing4 ,these are simple remedies1 and can never do any harm1 which is more than can be said of many quack nostrums1 which latter often injure the hair irreparably4 #ge4 ,the best carpet1 either for a bath-room or for a dressing-room1 is kamptulicon1 as the water spilt upon it after the use of a bath or ablution can1 by means of a flannel1 be readily absorbed2 the window ought then to be thrown wide open1 and the room will quickly be dried4 #gf4 ,it would be well for her1 when practicable1 to have1 after she has finished dressing1 a quarter of an hour's walk1 either in the garden or in the grounds1 in order to insure a reaction1 and thus to induce a healthy glow of the circulation1 and to give her an appetite for her breakfast4 ,a quarter of an hour's walk before breakfast is more beneficial to health than an hour's walk after breakfast4 #gg4 ,if a lady have not been accustomed to a thorough ablution1 as just directed1 of her whole body1 let her1 if possible1 before commencing1 take a trip to the coast1 and have a few dips in the sea2 after which she might at once go through the processes above advised with safety1 comfort1 and advantage2 but whether she be able to bathe in the sea or not1 she must1 if she is to be strong and healthy1 gradually accustom herself to a daily ablution of the whole of her body4 ,the skin is a breathing apparatus1 and unless it be kept clean it cannot properly perform its functions4 ,it might be said1 it will take time and trouble daily to cleanse the whole of the skin3 it will2 but no more than ten minutes1 or a quarter of an hour1 to go through the whole of the above processes of bathing and of drying the skin4 ,the acquisition of health takes both time and trouble2 but nothing worth having in this world is done without it6 ,there is no royal road to health2 but although the path at first might be a little rugged and disagreeable1 it soon becomes from practice smooth and pleasant6 #gh4 ,oh1 if my fair reader did but know the value of thorough cold water ablutions1 she would not lose a day before giving the plan ,i have above recommended a trial4 ,it would banish all1 or nearly all1 her little ailments and nervousness2 it would make her dispense with many of her wrappings2 it would1 in the winter time1 keep her from coddling and crudling over the fire2 it would cause her to resist cold and disease2 it would1 if she were inclined to constipation1 tend to regulate her bowels2 it would strengthen her back and loins2 it would make her blooming1 healthy1 and strong2 and it would pave the way1 and fit her1 in due time1 to become a mother1 and the mother of fine1 hearty children6 ,my reader must not fancy that ,i have overdrawn the picture2 ,i have painted it from the life4 8,i only tell what ,i do know1 and declare what ,i do believe40 ,let me urge but a trial1 and then my fair inquirer will have cause to be thankful that she had been induced to carry out my views1 and ,i shall rejoice that ,i have been the means of her doing so4 ,hear what a physician and a poet1 a man of sound sense and of sterling intellect1 says of the value of ablution4 ,he speaks of warm ablution1 which certainly is1 at the beginning of using thorough ablution1 the best2 but the sooner cold can be substituted for warm the better it will be for the health and strength and spirits of the bather3 8,the warm ablution1 just enough to clear ,the sluices of the skin1 enough to keep ,the body sacred from indecent soil4 ,still to be pure1 even did it not conduce 7,as much as it does7 to health1 were greatly worth ,your daily pains2 it is this adorns the rich2 ,the want of it is poverty's worst foe4 ,with this external virtue age maintains ,a decent grace6 without it1 youth and charms ,are loathsome40#ag #gi4 ,with regard to diet4--,although ,i have a great objection 7which ,i either have or will particularize7 of a young wife taking rich food and many stimulants1 yet ,i am a great advocate for an abundance of good wholesome nourishment4 #hj4 ,the meager breakfasts of many young wives 7eating scarcely anything7 is one cause of so much sickness among them1 and of so many puny children in the world4 #ha4 ,let every young wife1 and1 indeed1 every one else1 make a substantial breakfast4 ,it is the foundation meal of the day2 it is the first meal after a long--the longest fast4 ,the meager1 miserable breakfasts many young wives make is perfectly absurd2 no wonder that they are weak1 8nervous10 and delicate4 ,a breakfast ought1 as a rule1 to consist either of eggs or of cold chicken1 or of cold game1 or of bacon1 or of ham1 or of cold meat1 or of mutton-chops1 or of fish1 and of plenty of good bread1 and not of either hot buttered toast1 or of hot rolls swimming in butter2 both of which latter articles are like giving the stomach sponge to digest1 and making the partaker of such food for the rest of the day feel weak1 spiritless1 and miserable4 ,if she select coffee for breakfast1 let the half consist of good fresh milk2 if she prefer cocoa1 let it be made of new milk instead of water2 if she choose tea1 let it be black tea1 with plenty of cream in it4 ,milk and cream are splendid articles of diet4 ,let her then make a hearty breakfast1 and let there be no mistake about it4 ,there is no meal in the day so wretchedly managed1 so poor and miserable1 and so devoid of nourishment1 as an ,english breakfast4 ,let every young wife1 therefore1 look well to the breakfast1 that it be good and varied and substantial1 or ill health will almost certainly ensue4#ah #hb4 ,a meager unsubstantial breakfast causes a sinking sensation of the stomach and bowels1 and for the remainder of the day a miserable depression of spirits4 ,robert ,browning truly and quaintly remarks that 8,a sinking at the lower abdomen ,begins the day with indifferent omen40 #hc4 ,it frequently happens that a young wife has no appetite for her breakfast4 ,she may depend upon it1 in such a case1 there is something wrong about her1 and that the sooner it is rectified the better it will be for her health1 for her happiness1 and for her future prospects4 ,let her1 then1 without loss of time seek medical advice1 that means may be used to bring back her appetite4 ,the stomach in all probability is at fault2 if it be1 the want of appetite1 the consequent sensation of sinking of the stomach1 and the depression of the spirits are all explained2 but which1 with judicious treatment1 may soon be set to rights4 #hd4 ,if the loss of appetite for breakfast arise from pregnancy--and sometimes it is one of the earliest symptoms--time will rectify it1 and the appetite1 without the necessity of a particle of medicine1 will shortly1 with its former zest1 return4 #he4 ,a young married woman's diet ought to be substantial1 plain1 and nourishing4 ,she must frequently vary the kind of food1 of meat especially1 as also the manner of cooking it4 ,nature delights in variety of food1 of air1 and of exercise4 ,if she were fed1 for some considerable period1 on one kind of meat1 she could scarcely digest any other2 and in time either a disordered or a diseased stomach would be likely to ensue4 ,i have sometimes heard1 with pain and annoyance1 a patient advised to live on mutton-chops1 and to have no other meat than mutton6 ,now this is folly in the extreme4 ,such an unfortunate patient's stomach1 in the course of time1 would not be able to digest any other meat1 and after awhile would have a difficulty in digesting even mutton-chops1 and wretched and ruined health would to a certainty ensue4 #hf4 ,three substantial and nourishing meals a day will be sufficient4 ,it is a mistaken notion to imagine that 8little and often0 is best4 ,the stomach requires rest as much as1 or more than1 any other part of the body2 and how1 if food be constantly put into it1 can it have rest8 ,there is no part of the body more imposed and put upon than the human stomach3 8,to spur beyond ,its wiser will the jaded appetite1-- ,is this for pleasure8 ,learn a juster taste1 ,and know that temperance is true luxury40 #hg4 ,it is a mistaken notion1 and injurious to health1 for a young wife1 or for any one else1 to eat1 just before retiring to rest1 a hearty meat supper3 8,oppress1 not nature sinking down to rest ,with feasts too late1 too solid1 or too full40 #hh4 ,how often we hear a delicate lady declare that she can only eat one meal a day1 and that is a hearty meat supper the last thing at night2 and who1 moreover1 affirms that she can neither sleep at night1 nor can she have the slightest appetite for any other meal but her supper1 and that she should really starve if she could not have food when she could eat it6 ,the fact is1 the oppressed stomach oppresses the brain1 and drives away sleep1 and appetite1 and health4 ,the habit is utterly wrong1 and oftentimes demands professional means to correct it4 #hi4 ,how is it that sometimes a lady who has an excellent appetite is1 notwithstanding1 almost as thin as a rake8 ,it is not what she eats1 but what she digests1 that makes her fat4 ,some people would fatten on bread and water1 while others would1 on the fat of the land1 be as thin as ,pharaoh's lean kine4 ,our happiness and our longevity much depend on the weakness or on the soundness of our stomachs3 it is the stomach1 as a rule1 that both gauges our happiness and that determines the span of the life of both men and women4 ,how necessary it is1 then1 that due regard should be paid to such an important organ1 and that everything should be done to conduce to the stomach's welfare1--not by overloading the stomach with rich food2 not by a scanty and meager diet2 but by adopting a middle course1 betwixt and between high living and low living--the juste milieu4 ,we should all of us remember that glorious saying--those immortal words of ,st4 ,paul--8,be temperate in all things40 #ij4 ,where a lady is very thin1 good fresh milk 7if it agree7 should form an important item of her diet4 ,milk is both fattening and nourishing1 more so than any other article of food known2 but it should never be taken at the same meal 7except it be in the form of pudding7 with either beer or wine3 they are incompatibles1 and may cause disarrangement of the stomach and bowels4 ,milk would often agree with an adult1 where it now disagrees1 if the admixture of milk with either beer or wine were never allowed4 #ia4 ,let me advise my fair reader to take plenty of time over her meals1 and to chew her food well2 as nothing is more conducive to digestion than thoroughly masticated food4 ,no interruptions should be allowed to interfere with the meals2 the mind1 at such times1 should be kept calm1 cheerful1 and unruffled1 for 8unquiet meals make ill digestions40 #ib4 ,many persons bolt their food6 ,when they do1 they are drawing bills on their constitutions which must inevitably be paid6 ,the teeth act as a mill to grind and prepare the food for the stomach2 if they do not do their proper work1 the stomach has double labor to perform1 and being unable to do it efficiently1 the stomach and the whole body in consequence suffer4 #ic4 ,the teeth being so essential to health1 the greatest care should be taken of them3 they should be esteemed among one's most precious possessions4#ai #id4 ,with regard to beverage1 there is1 as a rule1 nothing better for dinner than either toast and water1 or1 if it be preferred1 plain spring water-- 8,naught like the simple element dilutes20#bj and after dinner1 one or two glasses of sherry4 ,a lady sometimes1 until she has had a glass of wine1 cannot eat her dinner2 when such be the case1 by all means let a glass of wine be taken1--that is to say1 let her have it either just before or during dinner1 instead of after dinner2 or let her have one glass of sherry before or during dinner1 and one glass after dinner4 #ie4 ,a young wife sometimes has a languid circulation1 a weak digestion1 and constipated bowels2 then1 a glass of sherry during dinner and another glass after dinner is beneficial2 and however much she might dislike wine1 she should be induced to take it1 as the wine will improve her circulation1 will strengthen her digestion1 and will tend to open her bowels4 ,but let me urge her never1 unless ordered by a medical man1 to exceed the two glasses of wine daily4 #if4 ,if wine does not agree1 and if she require a stimulant1 a tumblerful either of home-brewed ale or of ,burton bitter ale ought1 instead of water1 to be taken at dinner4 ,but remember1 if she drink either beer or porter1 she must take a great deal of out-door exercise2 otherwise it will probably make her bilious4 ,if she be inclined to be bilious1 wine is superior to either beer or porter4 #ia4 ,brandy ought never to be taken by a young wife but as a medicine1 and then but rarely1 and only in cases of extreme exhaustion4 ,it would be a melancholy and gloomy prospect for her to drink brandy daily2 she would1 in all probability1 in a short time become a confirmed drunkard4 ,there is nothing1 when once regularly taken1 more fascinating and more desperately dangerous than brandy-drinking4 ,it has caused the destruction of tens of thousands both of men and of women6 #ih4 ,a wife ought not1 if she feel low1 to fly on every occasion to wine to raise her spirits1 but should try the effects of a walk in the country1 and 8,draw physic from the fields in draughts of vital air40#ba #ii4 ,an excitable wife is a weakly wife3 8excitement is the effect of weakness1 not of strength40 ,wine in large quantities will not strengthen1 but1 on the contrary1 will decidedly weaken2 the more the wine1 the greater the debility and the greater the excitement--one follows the other as the night the day4 ,a person who drinks much wine is always in a state of excitement1 and is invariably weak1 low1 and nervous1 and frequently barren4 ,alcoholic stimulants in excess are 8a delusion and a snare10 and are one of the most frequent causes of excitement1 and therefore both of weakness and of barrenness4 ,alcohol1 pure and undiluted1 and in excess1 is a poison1 and is ranked among the deadly poisons2 if a person were to drink at one draught half a pint of undiluted alcohol it would be the last draught he or she would ever1 in this world1 drink1--it would be as surely fatal as a large dose of either arsenic or strychnine6 ,brandy1 whisky1 gin1 and wine are composed of alcohol as the principal ingredient2 indeed1 each and all of them entirely owe their strength to the quantity of alcohol contained therein4 ,brandy1 whisky1 gin1 and wine1 without the alcohol1 would1 each one of them1 be as chip in porridge--perfectly inert4 ,brandy and wine1 the former especially1 contain large proportions of alcohol1 and both the one and the other1 in excess1 either prevents a woman from conceiving1 and thus makes her barren1 or if she do conceive1 it poisons the unborn babe within her2 and it either makes him puny and delicate1 or it downright kills him in the womb1 and thus causes a miscarriage4 ,if he survive the poison1 and he be born alive1 he is usually1 when born1 delicate and undersized2 if such a one be suckled by such a mother1 he is subjected1 if the mother can nurse him1 which in such cases she rarely can1 to a second course of poisoning2 the mother's milk is poisoned with the alcohol1 and the poor unfortunate little wretch1 having to run the gantlet in the womb and out of the womb1 pines and dwindles away1 until at length he finds a resting-place in the grave6 ,if you wish to make a dog small1 give him1 when he is a puppy1 gin2 the alcohol of the gin will readily do it3 this is a well-known fact1 and is1 by dog-fanciers1 constantly practiced4 ,if you desire1 in like manner1 to make a ,tom ,thumb of a baby1 give him the milk of a mother or of a wet-nurse who imbibes1 in the form of wine or of brandy or of gin1 alcohol in quantities1 and the deed is done6 ,gin-drinking nursing mothers1 it is well known1 have usually puny children2 indeed1 the mother drinking the gin is only another way of giving gin to the babe--an indirect instead of a direct route1 both leading to the same terminus4 ,brandy was formerly sold only by the apothecary2 brandy is a medicine--a powerful medicine--and ought only to be prescribed as a medicine2 that is to say1 but seldom1 in small and in measured quantities at a time1 and only when absolutely necessary3 now it is resorted to on every occasion as a panacea for every ill6 ,if taken regularly1 and in quantities1 as unfortunately it frequently now is1 it becomes a desperate poison--a pathway leading to the grave6 ,it is utterly impossible for any person to hold in the mouth1 for five minutes at a time1 a mouthful of neat brandy without experiencing intense suffering3 if it has this fearful effect on the mouth1 what effect must this burning fluid1 when taken in quantities1 have upon the stomach8 ,injury1 most decided injury to the stomach1 and1 through the stomach1 disease and weakness to the remainder of the body6 ,brandy is a wonderful and powerful agent3 brandy has the effect1 if taken in excess and for a length of time1 of making the liver as hard as a board4 ,brandy in large quantities1 and in the course of time1 has the power of making the body marvelously big--as big again2 but not with firm muscle and strong sinew1 not with good blood and wholesome juices--nothing of the kind2 but of filling it full1 even to bursting1 with water6 ,brandy has the power of taking away a giant's strength1 and of making him as helpless as a little child6 ,habitual brandy-drinking poisons the very streams of life6 ,it would take more time and space than ,i have to spare to tell of the wonderful powers of brandy2 but unfortunately1 as a rule1 its powers are more those of an angel of darkness than those of an angel of light6 ,if the above statements be true 7and they cannot be contravened71 they show the folly1 the utter imbecility1 and the danger1 both to mother and to babe1 of dosing a wife1 be she strong or be she delicate1 and more especially if she be delicate1 with large quantities either of wine or of brandy4 ,brandy1 gin1 and whisky act on the human economy very much alike2 for1 after all1 it is the quantity of alcohol contained in each of them that gives them their real strength and danger4 ,i have selected brandy as the type of all of them1 as brandy is now the fashionable remedy for all complaints1 and1 unfortunately1 in too many instances the habit of drinking it imperceptibly but rapidly increases1 until at length1 in many cases1 that which was formerly a teaspoonful becomes a tablespoonful1 and eventually a wineglassful1 with what result ,i have earnestly endeavored faithfully to portray4 ,avoid1 then1 the first step in regular brandy-drinking3 it is the first step that ofttimes leads to danger1 and eventually to destruction6 #ajj4 ,i am quite convinced that one cause of barrenness among ladies of the present day is excessive wine-drinking4 ,this is an age of stimulants1 and the practice is daily increasing4 ,a delicate lady is recommended to take three or four glasses of wine daily4 ,it seems for the moment to do her good1 and whenever she feels low she flies to it again4 ,the consequence is1 that she almost lives upon wine1 and takes but little else besides6 ,who are the fruitful women8 ,poor women who cannot afford to drink stimulants2 for instance1 poor ,irish women and poor curates' wives1 who have only1 principally1 water and milk and buttermilk to drink4 #aja4 ,there is decidedly1 among the higher ranks1 more barrenness than formerly1 and one cause of it1 in my opinion1 is the much larger quantity of wine now consumed than in the olden times4 ,many ladies now drink as many glasses of wine in one day as their grandmothers drank in a week2 moreover1 the wineglasses of the present day are twice the size of old-fashioned wineglasses2 so that half a dozen glasses of wine will almost empty a bottle2 and many ladies now actually drink1 in the day1 half a dozen glasses of wine6 #ajb4 ,in the wine-growing and wine-drinking country of ,france1 barrenness prevails to a fearful extent2 it has become there a serious consideration and a ,state question4 ,wine is largely consumed in ,france by ladies as well as by gentlemen4 ,the usual and everyday quantity of wine allowed at dinner at the restaurants of ,paris1 for each lady1 is half a wine quart bottle-full--a similar quantity to that allowed for each gentleman4 ,where a gentleman and a lady are dining together1 and have a bottle of wine between them1 it is probable that the former might consume more than his own share of the wine2 but whether he does or not1 the quantity the lady herself drinks is sadly too much either for her health or for her fruitfulness4 ,i am1 moreover1 quite convinced that the quantity of wine--sour wine--consumed by ,french wives is not only very antagonistic to their fertility1 but likewise to their complexions4 #ajc4 ,wine was formerly a luxury1 it is now made a necessary of life4 ,fruitful women1 in olden times1 were more common than they are now4 ,riches1 and consequently wine1 did not then so much abound1 but children did much more abound4 ,the richer the person1 the fewer the children4 #ajd4 ,wine is now oftentimes sucked in with a mother's milk6 ,do not let me be misunderstood2 wine and brandy1 in certain cases of extreme exhaustion1 are1 even for very young children1 most valuable remedies2 but ,i will maintain that both wine and brandy require the greatest judgment and skill in administering1 and do irreparable mischief unless they are most carefully and judiciously prescribed4 ,wine ought to be very rarely given to the young2 indeed1 it should be administered to them with as much care and as seldom as any other dangerous or potent medicine4 #aje4 ,statistics prove that wine-bibbing in ,england is greatly on the increase1 and so is barrenness4 ,you might say there is no connection between the two4 ,i maintain that there is a connection1 and that1 the alcohol contained in the wine 7if wine be taken to excess1 which unfortunately it now frequently is7 is most antagonistic to fruitfulness4 #ajf4 ,it is surprising1 nowadays1 the quantity of wine some few young single ladies1 at parties1 can imbibe without being intoxicated2 but whether1 if such ladies marry1 they will make fruitful vines is quite another matter2 but of this ,i am quite sure1 that such girls will1 as a rule1 make delicate1 hysterical1 and unhealthy wives4 ,the young are peculiarly sensitive to the evil effects of overstimulation4 ,excessive wine-drinking with them is a canker eating into their very lives4 ,time it is that these facts were proclaimed through the length and breadth of our land1 before mischief be done past remedy4 #ajg4 ,champagne is a fashionable and favorite beverage at parties1 especially at dances4 ,it is a marvel to note how girls will1 in quantities1 imbibe the dangerous liquid4 ,how cheerful they are after it2 how bright their colors2 how sparkling their eyes2 how voluble their tongues2 how brilliant their ideas6 ,but1 alas6 the effects are very evanescent--dark clouds soon o'ershadow the horizon1 and all is changed6 ,how pale1 after it1 they become2 how sallow their complexions2 how dim their eyes2 how silent their tongues2 how depressed their spirits--depression following in an inverse ratio to overstimulation2 and if depression1 as a matter of course1 weakness and disease6 ,champagne is one of the most fascinating but most desperately dangerous and deceptive drinks a young girl can imbibe1 and should be shunned as the plague6 ,young men who witness their proceedings admire them vastly as partners for the evening1 but neither covet nor secure them as partners for life4 ,can they be blamed8 ,certainly not6 ,they well know that girls who1 at a dance1 imbibe freely of the champagne-cup1 and who at a dinner party drink1 as some few are in the habit of drinking1 four or five1 or even six1 glasses of wine1--that such wives as these1 if ever they do become mothers 7which is very doubtful71 will be mothers of a degenerate race4 ,it is folly blinking the question2 it is absolutely necessary that it be looked boldly in the face1 and that the evil be remedied before it be too late4 #ajh4 ,there is an immense deal of drinking in ,england1 which1 ,i am quite convinced1 is one reason of so few children in families1 and of so many women being altogether barren4 ,it is high time that these subjects were looked into1 and that the torrent be stemmed1 ere it o'erflow its banks1 and carry with it a still greater amount of barrenness1 of misery1 and of destruction4 #aji4 ,it might be said that the light wines contain but little alcohol1 and therefore can cause1 even if taken to excess1 but slight injurious effects on the constitution4 ,i reply1 that even light wines1 taken in quantities1 conduce to barrenness1 and that1 as a rule1 if a lady once unfortunately takes to drinking too much wine1 she is not satisfied with the light wines1 but at length flies to stronger wines--to wines usually fortified with brandy1 such as either to sherry or to port wine1 or even1 at last1 to brandy itself6 ,i know that ,i am treading on tender ground1 but my duty as a medical man1 and as a faithful chronicler of these matters1 obliges me to speak out plainly1 without fear or without favor1 and to point out the deplorable consequences of such practices4 ,i am quite aware that many ladies have great temptations and great inducements to resort to wine to cheer them in their hours of depression and of loneliness2 but unless the danger be clearly pointed out and defined1 it is utterly impossible to suggest a remedy1 and to snatch such patients from certain destruction4 #aaj4 ,i am quite convinced of one thing1 namely1 that the drinking of much wine--be it light as claret1 or be it heavy as port--sadly injures the complexion1 and makes it muddy1 speckled1 broken-out1 and toad-like4 #aaa4 ,it is high time that medical men should speak out on the subject1 and that with no 8uncertain sound10 before mischief be done past remedy1 and before our island become as barren of children as ,france unfortunately now is4 #aab4 ,if a lady be laboring under debility1 she is generally dosed with quantities of wine--the greater the debility the more wine she is made to take1 until at length the poor unfortunate creature almost lives upon wine4 ,her appetite for food is by such means utterly destroyed1 and she is for a time kept alive by stimulants2 her stomach will at length take nothing else1 and she becomes a confirmed invalid1 soon dropping into an untimely grave6 ,this is a most grievous1 and1 unfortunately1 in this country1 not an uncommon occurrence4 ,much wine will never make a delicate lady strong--it will increase her weakness1 not her strength4 ,wine in excess does not strengthen1 but1 on the contrary1 produces extreme debility4 ,let this be borne in mind1 and much misery might then be averted4 #aac4 ,remember ,i am not objecting to a lady taking wine in moderation--certainly not2 a couple of glasses1 for instance1 in the day1 of either sherry or claret1 might do her great good2 but ,i do strongly object to her drinking1 as many ladies do1 five or six glasses of wine during that time4 ,i will maintain that such a quantity is most detrimental both to her health and to her fecundity4 #aad4 ,the effect of the use of wine is beneficial2 but the effect of the abuse of it is deplorable in the extreme4 ,wine is an edge-tool1 and will1 if not carefully handled1 assuredly wound most unmercifully4 ,i have not the slightest doubt that the quantity of wine consumed by many ladies is one cause1 in this our day1 of so much delicacy of constitution4 ,it is a crying evil1 and demands speedy redress2 and as no more worthy medical champion has appeared in the field to fight the battle of moderate wine-drinking1 ,i myself have boldly come forward to commence the affray1 fervently trusting that some earnest men may join me in the conflict4 ,i consider that the advocates for a plentiful supply of alcoholic stimulants are wrong1 and that the upholders of total abstinence principles are equally wrong2 and that the only path of health and of safety lies between them both--in moderation4 ,a teetotaller and an advocate for a plentiful supply of alcoholic drinks are both very difficult to please2 indeed1 the one and the other are most intemperate4 ,i am aware that what ,i have written will be caviled at1 and will give great offense to both extreme parties2 but ,i am quite prepared and willing to abide the consequences1 and sincerely hope that what ,i have said will be the means of ventilating the subject1 which is sadly needed4 ,it is the violence and obstinacy of the contending parties1 each of whom is partly right and partly wrong1 that have long ago prevented a settlement of the question at issue1 and have consequently been the means of causing much heart-burning1 misery1 and suffering4 ,the ,times once pithily remarked that it would be well if the two combatants were 8to mix their liquors40 #aae4 ,a young wife ought to rise betimes in the morning1 and after she be once awake should never doze4 ,dozing is both weakening to the body and enervating to the mind4 ,it is a species of dram-drinking2 let my fair reader1 therefore1 shun it with all her might4 ,let her imitate the example of the ,duke of ,wellington1 who1 whenever he turned in bed1 made a point of turning out of it2 indeed1 so determined was that illustrious man not to allow himself to doze after he was once awake1 that he had his bed made so small that he could not conveniently turn in it without first of all turning out of it4 ,let her1 as soon as she is married1 commence early rising2 let her establish the habit1 and it will for life cling to her3 8,awake6 the morning shines1 and the fresh field ,calls us2 we lose the prime1 to mark how spring ,our tender plants2 how blows the citron grove1 ,what drops the myrrh1 and what the balmy reed2 ,how ,nature paints her colors2 how the bee ,sits on the bloom40#bb #aaf4 ,it is wonderful how much may be done betimes in the morning4 ,there is nothing like a good start4 ,it makes for the remainder of the day the occupation easy and pleasant-- 8,happy1 thrice happy1 every one ,who sees his labor well begun1 ,and not perplexed and multiplied ,by idly waiting for time and tide40#bc #aag4 ,how glorious1 and balmy1 and health-giving1 is the first breath of the morning1 more especially to those living in the country6 ,it is more exhilarating1 invigorating1 and refreshing than it is all the rest of the day4 ,if you wish to be strong1 if you desire to retain your good looks and your youthful appearance1 if you are desirous of having a family1 rise betimes in the morning2 if you are anxious to lay the foundation of a long life1 jump out of bed the moment you are awake4 ,let there be no dallying1 no parleying with the enemy1 or the battle is lost1 and you will never after become an early riser2 you will then lose one of the greatest charms and blessings of life1 and will1 probably1 not have the felicity of ever becoming a mother2 if you do become one1 it will most likely be of puny children4 ,the early risers make the healthy1 bright1 long-lived wives and mothers4 ,but if a wife is to be an early riser1 she must have a little courage and determination2 great advantages in this world are never gained without2 but what is either man or woman good for if they have not those qualities8 #aah4 ,an early riser ought always to have something to eat and drink1 such as a little bread and butter1 and either a cup of tea or a draught of new milk1 before she goes out of a morning2 this need not interfere with1 at the usual hour1 her regular breakfast4 ,if she were to take a long walk on an empty stomach1 she would for the remainder of the day feel tired and exhausted1 and she would then1 but most unfairly1 fancy that early rising did not agree with her4 #aai4 ,the early morning is one of the best and most enjoyable portions of the day4 ,there is a perfect charm in nature which early risers alone can appreciate4 ,it is only the early riser that ever sees 8the rosy morn10 the blushing of the sky1 which is gloriously beautiful6 ,nature1 in the early morning1 seems to rejoice and be glad1 and to pour out her richest treasures3 the birds vie with each other in their sweetest carols2 the dew on the grass1 like unto myriads of diamonds1 glittering and glistening1 and glinting in the rays of the sun2 occasionally the cobwebs on the shrubs and bushes1 like exquisite lace sparkling with gems2 the fresh and matchless perfume and fragrance of the earth and flowers2--these1 one and all1 are gloriously beautiful to behold1 and can only be enjoyed to perfection in the early morning1 while the majority of people1 during the choicest periods of their existence1 are sweltering1 and dozing1 and deteriorating both in body and mind1 on beds of down1 when they ought to be up1 out1 and about6 ,can it be wondered at1 when such weakening and enervating practices are so much in vogue--for luxury is the curse of the day--that there are so many barren wives in ,england8 ,it looks1 on the first blush1 that many of the customs and practices of the present day were to cause barrenness2 for1 assuredly1 if they had been instituted on purpose1 they could not have performed their task more surely and successfully4 #abj4 ,it might be said that the dews of the morning are dangerous6 ,the dews of the early morning are beneficial to health1 while the dews of the evening are detrimental4 ,how truly the poet sings-- 8,dew-drops are the gems of morning1 ,but the tears of mournful eve60#bd #aba4 ,early rising imparts health to the frame1 strength to the muscles1 and comeliness to the countenance2 it clears the brain1 and thus brightens the intellect2 it is a panacea for many of the ills of life1 and1 unlike many panaceas1 it is both simple and pleasant in its operation2 it calms the troubled breast2 it gives a zest to the after-employments and pleasures of the day2 and makes both man and woman look up from 8nature's works to nature's ,god60 #abb4 ,early rising rejuvenizes the constitution3 it makes the middle-aged look young1 and the old look middle-aged2 it is the finest cosmetic in the world1 and tints the cheeks with a bloom the painter emulates1 but in vain6 ,on the other hand1 late rising adds years to the looks1 fills the body with aches and pains1 and the countenance with crow-feet and wrinkles2 gives a yellowness and pimples to the face1 and depression to the spirits4 ,aged looks and ill health invariably follow in the wake of late rising4 #abc4 ,if a mistress rise early the servants are likely to follow suit3 a lazy mistress is almost sure to have lazy servants2 the house becomes a sluggard's dwelling6 ,do not let me be misunderstood2 ,i do not recommend any unreasonable hours for rising in the morning2 ,i do not advise a wife to rise early for the sake of rising early3 there would be neither merit nor sense in it2 ,i wish her to have her full complement of sleep--seven or eight hours2 but ,i do advise her to go to bed early1 in order that she might be up every morning at six o'clock in the summer1 and at seven o'clock in the winter4 ,i maintain that it is the duty of every wife1 unless prevented by illness1 to be an early riser4 ,this last reason should have greater weight with her than any other that can possibly be brought forward6 ,all things in this world ought to be done from a sense of duty2 duty ought to be a wife's and every other person's pole-star6 #abd4 ,there is a wonderful and glorious object in creation which few1 very few1 ladies1 passing strange though it be1 have ever seen--the rising of the sun6 ,the few who have seen it are1 probably1 those who have turned night into day1 who are returning home in the early morning1 jaded and tired1 after dancing the whole of the previous night4 ,these1 of course1 cannot enjoy1 and most likely do not even see1 the magnificent spectacle6 #abe4 ,i am not advising my fair reader to rise every morning with the rising of the sun--certainly not2 but if she be an early riser1 she might occasionally indulge herself in beholding the glorious sight6 #abf4 8,the top of the morning to you0 is a favorite ,irish salutation1 and is very expressive and complimentary4 8,the top of the morning0--the early morning1 the time when the sun first rises in his majesty and splendor--is the most glorious1 and health-giving1 and best part of the whole day2 when nature and all created beings rejoice and are glad3 8,but mighty ,nature bounds as from her birth1 ,the sun is in the heavens1 and life on earth2 ,flowers in the valley1 splendor in the beam1 ,health in the gale1 and freshness in the stream40#be #abg4 ,let a young wife1 if she be anxious to have a family and healthy progeny1 be in bed betimes4 ,it is impossible that she can rise early in the morning unless she retire early at night4 8,one hour's sleep before midnight is worth three after40 ,sleep before midnight is most essential to health1 and if to health1 to beauty2 hence1 sleep before midnight is called beauty-sleep4 ,the finest cosmetic is health6 #abh4 ,she ought to pay particular attention to the ventilation of her sleeping apartment1 and she herself1 before leaving the chamber in the morning1 ought never to omit to open the windows2 and in the summer1 if the room be large1 she should during the night leave1 for about six or eight inches1 the window-sash open4 ,if the room be small it will be desirable to have1 instead of the window1 the door 7secured from intrusion by a door-chain7 unclosed2 and to have1 as well1 either the skylight or the landing window open4 ,there ought by some means or other1 if the inmates of the room are to have sweet and refreshing sleep1 to be thorough ventilation of the sleeping apartment4 ,i have no patience to hear some men assert that it is better to sleep in a close room--in a foul room6 ,they might1 with equal truth1 declare that it is desirable for a healthy person to swallow every night a dose of arsenic in order to prolong his life6 ,carbonic acid gas is as truly a poison as arsenic6 ,if there be a dressing-room next to the bedroom1 it will be well to have the dressing-room window1 instead of the bedroom window1 open at night4 ,the dressing-room door will regulate the quantity of air to be admitted into the bedroom1 opening it either little or much as the weather might be cold or otherwise4#bf ,the idea that it will give cold is erroneous2 it will be more likely1 by strengthening the system and by carrying off the impurities of the lungs and skin1 to prevent cold4 #abi4 ,some persons1 accustomed all their lives to sleep in a close1 foul room--in a room contaminated with carbonic acid gas--cannot sleep in a fresh1 well-ventilated chamber1 in a chamber with either door or window open3 they seem to require the stupefying effects of the carbonic acid gas1 and cannot sleep without it6 ,if such be the case1 and as sleep is of such vital importance to the human economy1 let both window and door be closed1 but do not1 on any account1 let the chimney be stopped1 as there must be1 in a bedroom1 ventilation of some kind or another1 or ill health will inevitably ensue4 #acj4 ,it is madness to sleep in a room without ventilation--it is inhaling poison2 for the carbonic acid gas1 the refuse of respiration1 which the lungs are constantly throwing off1 is a poison--a deadly poison--and1 of course1 if there be no ventilation1 a person must breathe this carbonic acid gas mixed with the atmospheric air4 ,hence the importance1 the vital importance1 of either an open chimney or of an open window1 or of both4 ,the chimney1 then1 even if the window be closed1 ought never to be stopped2 and the window1 either of the bedroom or of the dressing-room1 should not be closed1 even in the night1 unless the weather be either very wet or bitterly cold4 ,i should strongly recommend my fair reader1 and1 indeed1 every one else1 to peruse the good and talented ,florence ,nightingale's ,notes on ,nursing4 ,they ought to be written in letters of gold1 and should be indelibly impressed on the memory of every one who has the interest of human life and happiness at heart4 ,florence ,nightingale declares that no one1 while in bed1 ever catches cold from proper ventilation4 ,i believe her2 and ,i need not say that no one has had more experience and better opportunities of judging about what she writes than this accomplished authoress4 #aca4 ,i fearlessly assert that no one can sleep sweetly and refreshingly unless there be thorough ventilation of the chamber4 ,she may have1 in an unventilated apartment1 heavy1 drowsy1 deathlike sleep1 and well she might6 ,she is under the stupefying effects of poison2 the carbonic acid gas1 which is constantly being evolved from the lungs1 and which wants a vent1 but cannot obtain it1 is1 as ,i have before remarked1 a deadly poison6 ,she may as well take every night a stupefying opiate1 as breathe nightly a bedroom charged with carbonic acid gas2 the one would1 in the long run1 be as pernicious as the other4 ,to show the power of carbonic acid gas in sending people to sleep1 we have only to notice a crowded church of an evening2 when1 even if the preacher be an eloquent man1 the majority of the congregation is fast asleep1--is1 in point of fact1 under the soporific influence of the carbonic acid gas1 the church being at the time full of it4 ,carbonic acid gas is as certain1 if not more certain1 to produce a heavy deathlike slumber as either numbing opium or drowsy poppy4 #acb4 ,i moreover declare that she cannot have sweet refreshing sleep at night unless during the day she take plenty of exercise1 and unless she has an abundance of active1 useful occupation4 #acc4 ,occupation--active1 useful occupation--is the best composing medicine in the world2 and the misfortune of it is that the wealthy have little or no occupation to cause them to sleep4 ,pleasure they have in abundance1 but little or no real occupation4 8,the sleep of a laboring man is sweet1 whether he eat little or much3 but the abundance of the rich will not suffer them to sleep40#bg #acd4 ,sleep is of more consequence to the human economy than food4 ,nothing should therefore be allowed by a young wife to interfere with sleep4 ,and as the attendance on large assemblies1 balls1 and concerts sadly1 in every way1 interfere with sleep1 they ought1 one and all1 to be sedulously avoided4 #ace4 ,as exercise is very conducive and provocative of sleep--sound1 sweet1 childlike sleep--exercise must be practiced1 and that not by fits and starts1 but regularly and systematically4 ,she ought1 then1 during the day1 with exercise and with occupation1 to tire herself1 and she will then have sweet and refreshing sleep4 ,but some ladies never do tire themselves except with excitement2 they do not know what it is to be tired either by a long walk or by household work4 ,they can tire themselves with dancing at a ball2 poor fragile creatures can remain up the whole night waltzing1 quadrilling1 and galloping1 but would be shocked at the idea and at the vulgarity of walking a mile at a stretch6 ,poor creatures1 they are to be pitied2 and1 if they ever marry1 so are their husbands4 ,are such wives as these likely to be mothers1 and if they are1 are their offspring likely to be strong8 ,are such wives as these likely to be the mothers of our future warriors1 of our future statesmen1 and of our other worthies--men of mark1 who1 8,departing1 leave behind them ,footprints on the sands of time60 #acf4 ,sleep is the choicest gift of ,god4 ,sleep is a comforter1 a solace1 a boon1 a nourisher1 a friend4 ,happy1 thrice happy1 is a wife who can sleep like unto a little child6 ,when she is well1 what a comfort is sleep2 when she is ill1 what a soother of pain is sleep2 when she is in trouble1 what a precious balm is sleep6 #acg4 ,hear what our noblest poet1 ,shakspeare1 says of sleep3 8,sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve of care1 ,the death of each day's life1 sore labor's bath1 ,balm of hurt minds1 great nature's second course ,chief nourisher in life's feast40 #ach4 ,a luxurious1 idle wife cannot sleep2 she1 night after night1 tumbles and tosses on her bed of down4 ,what has she done during the day to tire herself1 and thus to induce sleep8 ,alas1 nothing6 ,she in consequence never experiences 8,tired nature's sweet restorer1 balmy sleep40 ,for1 after all1 out-door exercise and useful occupation are the best composing medicines in the world6 ,encompassed as she is with every luxury--partaking of all the delicacies of the season1 of the richest viands1 and of the choicest wines--decked out in costly apparel--reclining on the softest cushions--surrounded with exquisite scenery1 with troops of friends1 and with bevies of servants2--yet1 notwithstanding all these apparent advantages1 she is oftentimes one of the most debilitated1 complaining1 8nervous10 hysterical and miserable of mortals4 ,the causes of all these afflictions are--she has nothing to do2 she is overwhelmed with prosperity2 she is like a fire that is being extinguished in consequence of being overloaded with fuel2 she is being killed with overmuch kindness2 she is a drone in a hive where all must work if they are to be strong and well1 and bright and cheerful2 for labor is the lot of all and the law for all1 for 8,god is no respecter of persons40 ,the remedies for a lady affected as above described are simple and yet efficacious--namely1 simplicity of living1 and an abundance of out-door exercise and of useful occupation4 ,it would have been to the manifest advantage of many a fair dame if she were obliged to put down her close carriage1 and were compelled to walk instead of drive4 ,riding in close carriages nurse many ailments which walking would banish2 a brisk walk is the best tonic and the most reviving medicine in the world1 and would prevent the necessity of her swallowing so much nauseous physic4 ,nature's simple remedies are oftentimes far superior and far more agreeable than any to be found in the ,pharmacopia4 ,it would have been a blessing to many a rich1 indolent1 and luxurious lady if she had been born in a lower rank--in one in which she had been compelled to work for her daily bread2 if she had been1 she would1 in many instances1 have been far happier and healthier than she now is4 ,indolence and luxury kill more than hard work and hard fare ever did or ever will kill4 ,indolence and luxury are slow poisons2 they destroy by degrees1 but are in the end as certain in their deleterious effects as either arsenic or deadly nightshade-- 8,come hither1 ye that press your beds of down1 ,and sleep not2 see him sweating o'er his bread ,before he eats it4 ',tis the primal curse1 ,but softened into mercy--made the pledge ,of cheerful days1 and nights without a groan40 #aci4 ,i must not forget to speak of the paramount importance in a dwelling of an abundance of light--of daylight4 ,light is life1 light is health1 light is a physician6 ,light is life3 the sun gives life as well as light2 if it were not for the sun1 all creation would wither and die4 ,there is 8no vitality or healthful structure without light40#bh ,light is health3 it strengthens the frame1 it cheers the heart1 and tints the cheeks with a roseate hue6 ,light is a physician3 it drives away many diseases1 as the mists vanish at the approach of the sun2 and it cures numerous ailments which drugs alone are unable to relieve4 #adj4 ,look at the bloom on the face of a milkmaid6 ,what is it that tints her cheeks8 ,an abundance of light4 ,behold the pallid1 corpselike countenance of a factory girl6 ,what blanches her cheek8 ,the want of light1 of air1 and of sunshine4 #ada4 ,a room1 then1 ought to have large windows in order that the sun might penetrate into every nook and corner of the apartment4 ,a gardener thoroughly appreciates the importance of light to his flowers2 he knows1 also1 that if he wishes to blanch some kinds of vegetables--such as celery and sea-kale--he must keep the light from them2 and if my fair reader desires to blanch her own cheeks1 she ought to keep the light from them2 but1 on the other hand1 if she be anxious to be healthy and rosy1 she must have plenty of light in her dwelling4 #adb4 ,the want of light stunts the growth1 dims the sight1 and damps the spirits4 ,colliers1 who a great part of their lives live in the bowels of the earth1 are generally stunted2 prisoners1 confined for years in a dark dungeon1 frequently become blind2 people who live in dark houses are usually melancholic4 #adc4 ,light banishes from rooms foulness1 fustiness1 mustiness1 and smells4 ,light ought therefore to be freely allowed to enter every house1 and be esteemed as the most welcome of visitors4 ,let me then advise every young wife to admit into her dwelling an abundance of light1 of air1 and of sunshine4 #add4 ,some ladies1 to keep off the sun1 to prevent it from fading the furniture1 have1 in the summer time1 all the blinds of the windows of the house down4 ,hence they save the fading of their furniture1 and1 instead of which1 they fade their own and their children's cheeks4 ,many houses1 with all their blinds down1 look like so many prisons1 or as if the inmates were in deep affliction1 or as if they were performing penance2 for is it not a penance to be deprived of the glorious light of day1 which is as exhilarating to the spirits as1 and much more beneficial than1 a glass of champagne8 #ade4 ,it is a grievous sin to keep out from a dwelling the glorious sunshine4 ,we have heard of 8a trap to catch a sunbeam30 let the open windows be a trap1 and a more desirable prize cannot be caught than a sunbeam4 ,sunbeams1 both physical and metaphorical1 make a house a paradise upon earth6 #adf4 ,let me strongly caution the newly made wife against the evil effects of tight lacing4 ,the waist ought1 as a rule1 to be from twenty-seven to twenty-nine inches in circumference2 if1 therefore1 she bind and gird herself in until she be only twenty-three inches1 and1 in some cases1 until she be only twenty-one inches1 it must be done at the expense of comfort1 of health1 and happiness4 ,if stays be worn tightly1 they press down the contents of the lower part of the belly1 which might either prevent a lady from having a family1 or might produce a miscarriage4#bi #adg4 ,let her dress be loose1 and be adapted to the season4 ,she ought not to adopt the fashion of wearing in the morning warm clothes with long sleeves1 and in the evening thin dresses with short sleeves4 8,it is hopeless to battle with fashion in matters of dress2 women will never believe that their bonnets1 neck-wrappers1 or huge petticoats 7until they go out of fashion7 can have anything to do with headaches1 sore throats1 or rheumatism2 but they ought to know that the more they swathe themselves1 the more tender and delicate they are likely to be4 ,if they wish to withstand cold1 they should accustom themselves to bear it40#cj #adh4 ,if a young wife be delicate1 and if her circulation be languid1 a flannel vest next the skin1 and in the daytime1 should1 winter and summer1 be worn4 ,scarlet is1 in such a case1 a favorite color1 and may be selected for the purpose4 #adi4 ,it is important that it should be borne in mind that the wearing of flannel next the skin is more necessary in the summer than in the winter time4 ,a lady in the summer is apt1 when hot1 either from the weather or from exertion1 to get into a draught to cool herself1 and not wearing flannel next the skin1 she is almost sure at such times to catch a cold4 ,now1 flannel being a bad conductor of heat1 keeps the body at a tolerably equal temperature1 and thus materially lessens the risk4 ,when it is considered that many of the diseases afflicting humanity arise from colds1 the value of wearing flannel next the skin as a preventive is at once apparent4 #aej4 ,never was there such a time as the present when dress was so much thought of4 ,grand dresses now sweep our dirty streets and thoroughfares2 rich velvets1 silks1 and satins are as plentiful as dead leaves in autumn4 8,there is so much to gaze and stare at in the dress1 one's eyes are quite dazzled and weary1 and can hardly pierce through to that which is clothed upon40 ,dress is become a crying evil2 many ladies clothe themselves in gorgeous apparel at the expense of household comforts1 and even of household necessaries3 8,we sacrifice to dress1 till household joys ,and comforts cease4 ,dress drains our cellars dry1 ,and keeps our larder lean--puts out our fires1 ,and introduces hunger1 frost1 and woe1 ,where peace and hospitality might reign40#ca #aea4 ,it might be said1 ,what has all this to do with the health of a wife8 ,i reply1 much4 ,the customs1 habits1 and luxuries of the present day are very antagonistic both to health and fecundity4 #aeb4 ,she must not coddle1 nor should she muffle up her throat with furs4 ,boas are the most frequent cause of sore throats and quinsies1 and therefore the sooner they are discarded the better4 8,and this is perfectly true1 though few seem to be aware of the fact4 ,relaxed throats would be rare if cold water was more plentifully used1 both externally and internally1 and mufflers were laid aside40#cb #aec4 ,if my gentle reader will freely use cold water ablutions1 she will find that she will not require nearly so much clothing and muffling up4 ,it is those who use so little water who have to wear so much clothing2 and the misfortune of it is1 the more clothes they wear the more they require4 ,many young people are wrapped and muffled up in the winter time like old folks1 and by coddling they become prematurely old--frightened at a breath of air and at a shower of rain1 and shaking in their shoes at an easterly wind6 ,should such things be8 #aed4 ,pleasure1 to a certain degree1 is as necessary to the health of a young wife1 and every one else1 as the sun is to the earth--to warm1 to cheer1 and to invigorate it1 and to bring out its verdure4 ,pleasure1 in moderation1 rejuvenizes1 humanizes1 and improves the character1 and expands and exercises the good qualities of the mind2 but1 like the sun1 in its intensity it oppresseth drieth up1 and withereth4 ,pleasures kept within due bounds are good1 but in excess are utterly subversive of health and happiness4 ,a wife who lives in a whirl of pleasure and excitement is always weakly and 8nervous10 and utterly unfitted for her duties and responsibilities4 #aee4 ,let the pleasures of a newly-married wife1 then1 be dictated by reason1 and not by fashion4 ,she ought to avoid all recreations of an exciting kind1 as depression always follows excitement4 ,i would have her prefer the amusements of the country to those of the town1 such as a flower-garden1 botany1 archery1 croquet1 bowls1--everything1 in fact1 that will take her into the open air1 and will cause her to appreciate the pure1 simple1 and exquisite beauties of nature4 ,croquet ,i consider to be one of the best games ever invented3 it induces a lady to take exercise which perhaps she would not otherwise do2 it takes her into the open air1 it strengthens her muscles1 it expands her chest1 it promotes digestion1 it circulates her blood1 and it gives her an interest in the game which is most beneficial both to mind and body4 #aef4 ,oh1 that my countrywomen should prefer the contaminated and foul air of ball and of concert-rooms1 to the fresh1 sweet1 and health-giving air of the country6 #aeg4 ,let me in this place enter my strong protest against a young wife dancing1 more especially if she be enceinte4 ,if she be anxious to have a family1 it is a most dangerous amusement1 as it is a fruitful source of miscarriage2 and the misfortune is1 that if she once have a miscarriage1 she might go on again and again1 until her constitution be severely injured1 and until all hopes of her ever becoming a mother are at an end4 #aeh4 ,the quiet retirement of her own home ought then to be her greatest pleasure and her most precious privilege4 ,home is1 or ought to be1 the kingdom of woman1 and she should be the reigning potentate4 ,england is the only place in the world that truly knows what home really means4 ,the ,french have actually no word in their language to express its meaning3 8,that home1 the sound we ,english love so well1 ,has been as strange to me as to those nations ,that have no word1 they tell me1 to express it40#cc #aei4 ,cheerfulness1 contentment1 occupation1 and healthy activity of mind cannot be too strongly recommended4 ,a cheerful1 happy temper is one of the most valuable attributes a wife can have4 ,the possession of such a virtue not only makes herself1 but every one around her1 happy4 ,it gilds with sunshine the humblest dwelling1 and often converts an indifferent husband into a good one4 ,contentment is the finest medicine in the world2 it not only frequently prevents disease1 but1 if disease be present1 it assists in curing it4 ,happy is the man who has a contented wife6 ,a peevish1 discontented helpmate 7helpmate1 save the mark67 is always ailing1 is never satisfied1 and does not know1 and does not deserve to know1 what real happiness is4 ,she is 8a thorn in the flesh40 #afj4 ,one of the greatest requisites1 then1 for a happy home is a cheerful1 contented1 bright1 and merry wife2 her face is a perpetual sunshine1 her presence is that of an angel2 she is happy in herself1 and she imparts happiness to all around her4 ,a gentle1 loving1 confiding1 placid1 hopeful1 and trusting disposition has a great charm for a husband1 and ought1 by a young wife1 to be assiduously cultivated-- 8,for gentleness1 and love1 and trust ,prevail o'er angry wave and gust40#cd #afa4 ,every young wife1 let her station be ever so exalted1 ought to attend to her household duties4 ,her health1 and consequently her happiness1 demand the exertion4 ,the want of occupation--healthy1 useful occupation--is a fruitful source of discontent1 of sin1#ce of disease1 and barrenness4 ,if a young married lady did but know the importance of occupation--how much misery might be averted1 and how much happiness might1 by attending to her household duties1 be insured--she would appreciate the importance of the advice4 ,occupation improves the health1 drives away ennui1 cheers the hearth and home1 and1 what is most important1 if household duties be well looked after1 her house becomes a paradise1 and she the ministering angel to her husband4 ,but she might say--,i cannot always be occupied2 it bores me2 it is like a common person3 ,i am a lady2 ,i was not made to work2 ,i have neither the strength nor the inclination for it2 ,i feel weak and tired1 nervous and spiritless1 and must have rest4 ,i reply1 in the expressive words of the poet1 that-- 8,absence of occupation is not rest1-- ,a mind quite vacant is a mind distress'd40#cf 8,if time be heavy on your hands10 are there no household duties to look after1 no servants to instruct1 no flower-beds to arrange1 no school children to teach1 no sick-room to visit1 no aged people to comfort1 no widow nor orphan to relieve8-- 8,nor any poor about your lands8 ,oh6 teach the orphan boy to read1 ,or teach the orphan girl to sew-- ,pray ,heaven for a human heart40#cg #afb4 ,to have nothing to do is most wretched1 wearisome1 and destructive to the mind4 ,the words of ,martin ,luther on this subject should be written in letters of gold1 and ought to be kept in constant remembrance by every man and woman1 be they rich or poor1 lettered or unlettered1 gentle or simple4 8,the mind10 said he1 8is like a mill that cannot stop working2 give it something to grind1 and it will grind that4 ,if it has nothing to grind1 it grinds on yet1 but it is itself it grinds and wears away40 #afc4 ,a lady in this enlightened age of ours considers it to be horribly low and vulgar to strengthen her loins with exercise and her arms with occupation1 although such a plan of procedure is recommended in the ,bible by the wisest of men1--8,she girdeth her loins with strength1 and strengthened her arms40#ch #afd4 ,a husband soon becomes tired of grand performances on the piano1 of crotchet and worsted work1 and of other fiddle-faddle employments2 but he can always appreciate a comfortable1 clean1 well-ordered1 bright1 cheerful1 happy home1 and a good dinner4 ,it might be said that a wife is not the proper person to cook her husband's dinner4 ,true2 but a wife should see and know that the cook does her duty2 and if she did1 perchance1 understand how the dinner ought to be cooked1 ,i have yet to learn that the husband would for such knowledge think any the worse of her4 #afe4 ,a grazing farmer is three or four years in bringing a beast to perfection1 fit for human food4 ,is it not a sin1 after so much time and pains1 for an idiot of a cook1 in the course of one short hour or two1 to ruin1 by vile cookery1 a joint of such meat8 ,is it not time1 then1 that a wife herself should know how a joint of meat ought to be cooked1 and thus to be able to give instructions accordingly8 #aff4 ,a boy is brought up to his profession1 and is expected to know it thoroughly2 how is it that a girl is not brought up to her profession of a wife2 and why is it that she is not taught to thoroughly understand all household duties8 ,the daughters of a gentleman's family in olden time spent an hour or two every morning in the kitchen and in the laundry1 and were initiated into the mysteries of pastry and pudding-making1 of preserving fruit1 of ironing1 etc4 ,their mothers' and their grandmothers' receipt-books were at their finger-ends4 ,but now look at the picture2 the daughters of a gentleman's family of the present day consider it very low and horridly vulgar to understand any such matters4 ,it is just as absurd to ask a lady to play on the piano who has never been taught music as to ask a wife to direct her servants to perform duties which she herself knows nothing about4 ,the duties of a wife cannot come either by intuition or by instinct more than music can4 ,again ,i say1 every lady1 before she be married1 ought to be thoroughly taught her profession--the duties of a wife2 she then would not be at the tender mercies of her servants1 many of whom are either unprincipled or inefficient4 #afg4 ,do not think that ,i am overstating the importance of the subject4 ,a good dinner--,i mean a well-cooked dinner 7which1 be it ever so plain1 is really a good dinner7--is absolutely essential to the health1 to the very existence of yourself and your husband2 and how1 if it be left to the tender mercies of the present race of cooks1 can you have it8 ,high time it is that every wife1 let her station be either high or low1 should look into the matter herself1 and remedy the crying evil of the day4 ,they manage these things better in ,sweden4 ,there the young ladies of wealthy families cook--actually themselves cook--the dinners2 and instead of their considering it a disgrace1 and to be horridly low and vulgar1 they look upon it as one of their greatest privileges6 ,and what is the consequence8 ,a badly-cooked dinner is rare1 and not1 as it frequently is in this country1 of frequent occurrence2 and 8peace and happiness0 reign triumphant4 ,it is a pity1 too1 that we do not take a leaf out of the book of our neighbors the ,french4 ,every woman in ,france is a good cook2 good cookery with them is the rule--with us it is the exception4 ,a well-cooked dinner is a blessing to all who partake of it2 it promotes digestion1 it sweetens the temper1 it cheers the hearth and home4 ,there is nothing tries the temper more than an ill-cooked dinner2 it makes people dyspeptic1 and for a dyspeptic to be sweet-tempered is an utter impossibility4 ,let me1 therefore1 advise my fair reader to look well into the matter2 either the gloom or the sunshine of a house much depends upon herself and upon her household management4 ,it might be said--,what a poor creature a man must be to require so much attention4 ,truly1 if his health be not looked after1 if his comforts be not attended to1 he is indeed a poor creature6 #afh4 ,every young wife should be able--ought to be instructed by her mother or by some competent person--it should be a part of her education--to teach and to train her own servants aright4 ,unfortunately1 in the present day there is too much cant and humbug about the instruction of the lower orders1 and domestic servants among the rest4 ,they are instructed in many things that are perfectly useless to them1 the knowledge of which only makes them dissatisfied with their lot and tends to make them bad servants4 ,among other useless subjects taught them are the 8ologies40 ,it would be much more to the purpose if they were thoroughly instructed in all household duties1 and 8in the three ,r's--reading1 'riting1 and 'rithmetic10--in obedience to their mistresses1 and in simplicity of demeanor and dress4 ,the servants themselves would be immensely benefited by such lessons4 #afi4 ,a 8blue-stocking0 makes1 as a rule1 a wretched wife2 it would be far better for the health of her husband1 of herself1 and her family1 if1 instead of cultivating ,latin and ,greek1 she would cultivate her household duties1 more especially a thorough knowledge of the culinary department4 8,a man is1 in general1 better pleased when he has a good dinner upon his table than when his wife speaks ,greek40#ci #agj4 ,as soon as a lady marries1 the romantic nonsense of school-girls will rapidly vanish1 and the stern realities of life will take their place1 and she will then know1 and sometimes to her grievous cost1 that a useful wife will be thought much more of than either an ornamental or a learned one4 #aga4 ,it is better for a young wife1 and for every one else1 to have too much than too little occupation4 ,the misfortune of the present day is1 that servants are made to do all the work1 while the mistress of the house remains idle4 ,remains idle6 ,yes2 and by remaining idle1 remains out of health6 ,idleness is a curse1 and brings misery in its train6 ,how slow the hours crawl on when a person has nothing to do2 but how rapidly they fly when she is fully occupied6 ,besides1 idleness is a frequent cause of barrenness4 ,hard-worked1 industrious women are prolific2 while idle ladies are frequently childless1 or1 if they do have a family1 their children are puny1 and their labors are usually both hard and lingering4 ,we doctors know full well the difference there often is between the labor of a poor hard-worked woman and of a rich1 idle lady3 in the one case the labor is usually quick and easy2 in the other1 it is often hard and lingering4 ,oh1 if wives would consider betimes the importance of an abundance of exercise and of occupation1 what an immense amount of misery1 of pain1 of anxiety1 and anguish they might avert6 ,work is a blessed thing2 if we do not work we pay the penalty--we suffer 8in mind1 body1 and estate40 ,an idle man or an idle woman is an object of the deepest pity and commiseration4 #agb4 ,longfellow1 in his ,song of the ,blacksmith1 beautifully and graphically describes the importance and the value of occupation2 and as occupation is as necessary to a woman as to a man1 ,i cannot resist transcribing it3 8,toiling--rejoicing--sorrowing1 ,onward through life he goes2 ,each morning sees some task begin1 ,each evening sees its close2 ,something attempted1 something done1 ,has earned a night's repose40 #agc4 ,truly may it be said that 8occupation earns a night's repose40 ,it is the finest composing medicine in the world1 and1 unlike an opiate1 it never gives a headache2 it never produces costiveness2 and never1 by repetition1 loses its effect4 ,sloth and restlessness1 even on down1 are generally bed-fellows3 8,weariness ,can snore upon the flint1 when rusty sloth ,finds the down pillow hard40 #agd4 ,the mind1 it is well known1 exerts great influence over the body in promoting health1 and in causing and in curing disease4 ,a delicate woman is always nervous2 she is apt to make mountains of molehills2 she is usually too prone to fancy herself worse than she really is4 ,i should recommend my gentle reader not to fall into this error1 and not to magnify every slight ache or pain4 ,let her1 instead of whining and repining1 use the means which are within the reach of all to strengthen her frame2 let her give battle to the enemy2 let her fight him with the simple weapons indicated in these pages1 and the chances are she will come off victorious4 #age4 ,there is nothing like occupation1 active occupation1 to cure slight pains--8constant occupation physics pain0--to drive away little ailments1 and the dread of sickness4 8,the dread of sickness10 says ,dr4 ,grosvenor1 8is a distemper of itself1 and the next disposition to a many more4 ,what a bondage does this keep some people in6 ',tis an easy transition from the fear and fancy of being sick to sickness indeed4 ,in many cases there is but little difference between those two4 ,there is one so afraid of being ill that he would not stir out of doors1 and for want of air and exercise he contracts a distemper that kills him40 #agf4 ,what a blessed thing is work6 ,what a precious privilege for a girl to have a mother who is both able and anxious to instruct her daughter1 from her girlhood upwards1 in all household management and duties6 ,unfortunately1 in this our age girls are not either educated or prepared to be made wives--useful1 domesticated wives4 ,accomplishments they have without number1 but of knowledge of the management of an establishment they are as ignorant as the babe unborn4 ,verily1 they and their unfortunate husbands and offspring will in due time pay the penalty of their ignorance and folly6 ,it is1 forsooth1 unladylike for a girl to eat much2 it is unladylike for her to work at all2 it is unladylike for her to take a long walk2 it is unladylike for her to go into the kitchen2 it is unladylike for her to make her own bed2 it is unladylike for her to be useful2 it is unladylike for her to have a bloom upon her cheek like unto a milkmaid6#dj ,all these are said to be horridly low and vulgar1 and to be only fit for the common people6 ,away with such folly6 ,the system of the bringing up of the young ladies of the present day is 8rotten to the core40 #agg4 ,if a young married lady1 without having any actual disease about her1 be delicate and nervous1 there is no remedy equal in value to change of air--more especially to the sea-coast4 ,the sea breezes1 and1 if she be not pregnant1 sea-bathing1 frequently act like magic upon her in restoring her to perfect health4 ,i say1 if she be not pregnant2 if she be1 it would1 without first obtaining the express permission of a medical man1 be highly improper for her to bathe4 #agh4 ,a walk on the mountains is delightful to the feelings and beneficial to the health4 ,in selecting a sea-side resort1 it is always1 where it be practicable1 to have mountain-air as well as the sea breeze4 ,the mounting of high hills1 if a lady be pregnant1 would not be desirable1 as the exertion would be too great1 and1 if she be predisposed1 might bring on a miscarriage2 but the climbing of hills and mountains1 if she be not enceinte1 is most advantageous to health1 strengthening the frame1 and exhilarating to the spirits4 ,indeed1 we may compare the exhilaration it produces to the drinking of champagne1 with this difference1--it is much more beneficial to health than champagne1 and does not leave1 the next morning1 as champagne sometimes does1 either a disagreeable taste in the mouth or headache behind1-- 8,oh1 there is a sweetness in the mountain-air1 ,and life1 that bloated ease can never hope to share60#da #agi4 ,bugs and fleas4--,this is a very commonplace subject1 but like most commonplace subjects is one necessary to be known1 as these pests of society sometimes destroy the peace1 comfort1 and enjoyment of a person when away from home4 ,many ladies who travel from home are made miserable and wretched by having to sleep in strange beds--in beds infested either with bugs or with fleas4 ,now1 it will be well for such ladies never to go any distance from home without having four things in their trunks with them1 namely3 7#a7 ,a box of matches1 in order1 at any moment of the night1 to strike a light1 both to discover and frighten the enemies away4 7#b7 ,a box of night-lights4 ,bugs never bite when there is a light in the room4 ,it would therefore be well1 in an infested room1 and until fresh lodgings can be procured1 to keep a night-light burning all night4 7#c7 ,a packet of 8,la ,poudre ,insecticide10 manufactured in ,france1 but which may be procured in ,england3 a preparation which1 although perfectly harmless to the human economy1 is utterly destructive to fleas4 7#d7 ,a #d oz4 bottle of oil of turpentine1 a little of which1 in case of a discovery of bugs in the bed1 should be sprinkled between the sheets and on the pillow4 ,the oil of turpentine will1 until fresh lodgings can be procured1 keep the bugs at a respectful distance4 ,care should be observed while sprinkling the sheets with the turpentine not to have 7on account of its inflammability7 a lighted candle too near the bed4 ,i know1 from experience1 that bugs and fleas are1 when ladies are away from home1 a source of torment and annoyance1 and am therefore fully persuaded of the value and importance of the above advice4 #ahj4 ,if it be not practicable for her to visit the sea-coast1 let her be in the fresh air--in the country air4 ,let her mornings be spent out of doors2 and if she cannot inhale the sea breezes1 let her inhale the morning breezes-- 8,the skies1 the air1 the morning's breezy call ,alike are free1 and full of health to all40#db #aha4 ,cheerfulness and evenness of temper ought1 by a young wife1 to be especially cultivated4 ,there is nothing that promotes digestion1 and thus good health1 more than a cheerful1 placid temper4 ,we know that the converse is very detrimental to that process2 that violent passion takes away the appetite1 deranges the stomach1 and frequently disorders the bowels4 ,hence it is that those who attain great ages are usually of an even1 cheerful temper4 8,our passions are compared to the winds in the air1 which1 when gentle and moderate1 let them fill the sail1 and they will carry the ship on smoothly to the desired port2 but when violent1 unmanageable1 and boisterous1 it grows to a storm1 and threatens the ruin and destruction of all40#dc #ahb4 ,a young wife is apt to take too much opening medicine2 the more she takes1 the more she requires4 ,hence she irritates the nerves of the stomach and bowels1 and injures herself beyond measure4 ,if the bowels are costive1 and variety of food1 and of fruit1 and of other articles of diet1 which ,i either have or will recommend in these pages1 together with an abundance of air1 and of exercise1 and of occupation1 will not open1 then let her give herself an enema2 which she can1 without the slightest pain or annoyance1 and with very little trouble1 readily do1 provided she has a proper apparatus for the purpose1 namely1 a 8self-injecting enema apparatus10--one made purposely for the patient1 either to administer it to herself1 or to be administered to her by another person4 ,a pint of cold water is as good an enema as can be used1 and which1 if the first should not operate1 ought in a few minutes to be repeated4 ,the clyster does nothing more than wash the bowels out1 removing any offending matter1 and any depression of spirits arising therefrom1 and neither interfering with the stomach nor with the digestion4 #ahc4 ,until she become accustomed to the cold1 she might for the first few mornings slightly warm the water2 but gradually she should reduce the temperature of it until she use it quite cold4 ,a cold water is more bracing and strengthening to the bowels1 and more efficacious in action1 than a warm water enema4 #ahd4 ,it will1 during pregnancy and after a confinement1 be safer to use a tepid than a cold water enema4 #ahe4 ,no family ought to be without a good enema apparatus1 to fly to in any emergency4 ,many valuable lives have been saved by means of it1 and having it always in good order and at hand4 #ahf4 ,by adopting the dictates of reason and of common sense1 many of the nervous1 useless1 lackadaisical1 fine ladies will be unknown2 and we shall have instead blooming wives1 who will in due time become the mothers of hardy1 healthy1 happy children4 #ahg4 ,in the foregoing pages the burden of my song has been health--the preservation of health--the most precious of ,god's gifts1 and one that is frittered and fooled away as though it were but of little value4 ,health ought to be the first consideration of all1 and of every young wife especially1 as1 when she is married1 her life1 her health is not altogether her own1 but her husband's and her family's4 ,oh6 it is a glorious gift1 a precious boon1 to be in the enjoyment of perfect health1 and is worth a little care and striving for4 #ahh4 ,in concluding the first division of my subject1 let me entreat my fair reader to ponder well on what ,i have already said2 let her remember that she has a glorious mission2 let her thoroughly understand that if good habits and good rules be not formed and followed during the first year of her wifehood1 they are not at all likely to be instituted afterwards4 ,the first year1 then1 is the golden opportunity to sow the seeds of usefulness2 to make herself healthy and strong1 and to cause her to be a blessing1 a solace1 and a comfort to her husband1 her children1 and all around her4 #ahi4 ,menstruation1 during a period of about thirty years1 plays a momentous part in the female economy2 indeed1 unless it be in every way properly and duly performed1 it is neither possible that such a lady can be well1 nor is it at all probable that she will conceive4 ,i therefore purpose devoting an especial chapter to its due and careful consideration4 ,,part ,i4 ,,menstruation4 #aij4 ,there are two most important epochs in the life of a woman--namely 7#a7 the commencement1 and 7#b7 the close of menstruation4 ,each is apt1 unless carefully watched and prevented1 to bring in its train many serious diseases4 ,moreover1 unless menstruation be healthfully and properly performed1 conception1 as a rule1 is not likely to take place3 hence the importance of our subject4 #aia4 ,menstruation--the appearance of the catamenia or the menses--is then one of the most important epochs in a girl's life4 ,it is the boundary line1 the landmark1 between childhood and womanhood2 it is the threshold1 so to speak1 of a woman's life4 ,her body now develops and expands1 and her mental capacity enlarges and improves4 ,she then ceases to be a child1 and she becomes a woman4 ,she is now for the first time1 as a rule1 able to conceive4 #aib4 ,although puberty has at this time commenced1 it cannot be said that she is at her full perfection2 it takes eight or ten years more to complete her organization1 which will bring her to the age of twenty-three or twenty-five years2 which perhaps are the best ages for a woman1 if she have both the chance and the inclination1 to marry4 #aic4 ,if she marry when very young1 marriage weakens her system1 and prevents a full development of the body4 ,besides1 if she marry when she be only eighteen or nineteen1 the bones of the pelvis--the bones of the lower part of the belly--are not at that time sufficiently developed2 are not properly shaped for the purpose of labor2 do not allow of sufficient space for the head of the child to readily pass1 as though she were of the riper age of twenty-three or twenty-five4 ,she might have in consequence a severe and dangerous confinement4 ,if she marry late in life1 say after she be thirty1 the soft parts engaged in parturition are more rigid and more tense1 and thus become less capable of dilatation1 which might cause1 for the first time1 a hard and tedious labor4 ,again1 when she marries late in life1 she might not live to see her children grow up to be men and women4 ,moreover1 as a rule1 8the offspring of those that are very young or very old lasts not40 ,everything1 therefore1 points out that the age above indicated--namely1 somewhere between twenty and thirty--is the most safe and suitable time for a woman to marry4 #aid4 ,menstruation generally comes on once every month--that is to say1 every twenty-eight days2 usually to the very day1 and frequently to the hour4 ,some ladies1 instead of being 8regular0 every month1 are 8regular0 every three weeks4 #aie4 ,each menstruation continues from three to five days2 in some for a week2 and in others for a longer period4 ,it is estimated that1 during each menstruation1 from four to six ounces is1 on an average1 the quantity discharged4 #aif4 ,a lady seldom conceives unless she be 8regular10 although there are cases on record where women have conceived who have never been 8unwell20 but such cases are extremely rare4 #aig4 ,menstruation in this country usually commences at the ages of from thirteen to sixteen1 sometimes earlier2 occasionally as early as eleven or twelve2 at other times later1 and not until a girl be seventeen or eighteen years of age4 ,menstruation in large towns is supposed to commence at an earlier period than in the country1 and earlier in luxurious than in simple life4#dd #aih4 ,menstruation continues for thirty1 and sometimes even for thirty-five years2 and1 while it lasts1 is a sign that a lady is liable to become pregnant--unless1 indeed1 menstruation should be protracted much beyond the usual period of time4 ,as a rule1 then1 when a woman 8ceases to be unwell10 she ceases to have a family2 therefore1 as menstruation usually leaves her at forty-five1 it is seldom1 after that age1 that she has a child4 #aii4 ,i have known ladies become mothers when they have been upwards of fifty years of age4 ,i myself delivered a woman in her fifty-first year of a fine healthy child4 ,she had a kind and easy labor1 and was the mother of a large family1 the youngest being at the time twelve years old4#de 8,dr4 ,carpenter1 of ,durham1 tells us that he has attended in their confinements several women whose ages were fifty4 #8,i well recollect a case occurring in my father's practice in #ahci1 where a woman became a widow at forty-nine years of age4 ,shortly afterwards she married her second husband1 and within twelve months of this time gave birth to her first child4 ,these cases belong to the working classes4 ,but ,i know of two others1 where gentlewomen became mothers at fifty-one with her first child1 the other with her eighth4 ,i can say nothing of how they menstruated1 but ,i know of a virgin in whom the catamenia appeared regularly and undiminished up to and at the end of sixty4' ,dr4 ,powell says that he last year attended a woman in her fifty-second year2 and ,mr4 ,heckford1 that he attended a woman who stated her age to be at least fifty4 ,mr4 ,clarke1 of ,mold1 states that he has attended several women whose ages were upwards of forty-four1 and that he lately delivered a woman of her first child at forty-eight4 ,mr4 ,bloxham1 of ,portsmouth1 delivered at fifty-two1 in her first confinement1 a woman who had been married thirty-five years40#df #bjj4 ,in very warm climates1 such as in ,abyssinia and in ,india1 girls menstruate when very young--at ten or eleven years old2 indeed1 they are sometimes mothers at those ages4#dg ,but when it commences early1 it leaves early2 so that they are old women at thirty4 8,physically1 we know that there is a very large latitude of difference in the periods of human maturity1 not merely between individual and individual1 but also between nation and nation--differences so great that in some southern regions of ,asia we hear of matrons at the age of twelve40#dh ,dr4 ,montgomery#di brings forward some interesting cases of early maturity4 ,he says3 8,bruce mentions that in ,abyssinia he has frequently seen mothers of eleven years of age2 and ,dunlop witnessed the same in ,bengal4 ,dr4 ,goodeve1 ,professor of ,midwifery at ,calcutta1 in reply to a query on the subject1 said3 #8,the earliest age at which ,i have known a ,hindu woman bear a child is ten years1 but ,i have heard of one at nine4'0 #bja4 ,in cold climates1 such as ,russia1 women begin to menstruate late in life1 frequently not until they are between twenty and thirty years old2 and1 as it lasts on them thirty or thirty-five years1 it is not an unusual occurrence for them to bear children at a very advanced age--even so late as sixty4 ,they are frequently not 8regular0 oftener than three or four times a year1 and when it does occur the menstrual discharge is generally sparing in quantity4 #bjb4 ,the menstrual fluid is not exactly blood1 although1 both in appearance and in properties1 it much resembles it2 yet it never in the healthy state clots as blood does4 ,it is a secretion from the womb1 and1 when healthy1 ought to be of a bright-red color1 in appearance very much like blood from a recently cut finger4#ej #bjc4 ,the menstrual fluid ought not1 as before observed1 to clot4 ,if it does1 a lady1 during menstruation1 suffers intense pain2 moreover1 she seldom conceives until the clotting has ceased4 ,application must therefore1 in such a case1 be made to a medical man1 who will soon relieve the above painful symptoms1 and1 by doing so1 will probably pave the way to her becoming pregnant4 #bjd4 ,menstruation ceases entirely in pregnancy1 during suckling1 and usually both in diseased and in disordered states of the womb4 ,it also ceases in cases of extreme debility1 and in severe illness1 especially in consumption2 indeed1 in the latter disease--consumption--it is one of the most unfavorable of the symptoms4 #bje4 ,it has been asserted1 and by men of great experience1 that sometimes a woman menstruates during pregnancy4 ,in this assertion ,i cannot agree2 it appears utterly impossible that she should be able to do so4 ,the moment she conceives1 the neck of the womb becomes plugged up by means of mucus2 it is1 in fact1 hermetically sealed4 ,there certainly is sometimes a slight red discharge1 looking very much like menstrual fluid1 and coming on at her monthly periods2 but being usually very sparing in quantity1 and lasting only a day or so1 and sometimes only for an hour or two2 but this discharge does not come from the cavity of1 but from some small vessels at1 the mouth of the womb1 and is not menstrual fluid at all1 but a few drops of real blood4 ,if this discharge came from the cavity of the womb1 it would probably lead to a miscarriage4 ,my old respected and talented teacher1 the late ,dr4 ,d4 ,d4 ,davis1#ea declared that it would be quite impossible during pregnancy for menstruation to occur4 ,he considered that the discharge which was taken for menstruation arose from the rupture of some small vessels about the mouth of the womb4 #bjf4 ,some ladies1 though comparatively few1 menstruate during suckling2 when they do1 it may be considered not the rule1 but the exception4 ,it is said1 in such instances1 that they are more likely to conceive4 ,many persons have an idea that when a woman1 during lactation1 menstruates1 the milk is both sweeter and purer4 ,such is an error4 ,menstruation during suckling is more likely to weaken the mother1 and consequently to deteriorate the milk4 ,it therefore behooves a parent never to take a wet nurse who menstruates during the period of suckling4 #bjg4 ,a lady sometimes suffers severe pains both just before and during her 8poorly0 times4 ,when such be the case1 she seldom conceives until the pain be removed4 ,she ought therefore to apply to a medical man1 as relief may soon be obtained4 ,when she is freed from the pain1 she will1 in all probability1 in due time become enceinte4 #bjh4 ,if a married woman have painful menstruation1 even if she become pregnant1 she is more likely1 in the early stage1 to miscarry4 ,this is an important consideration1 and requires the attention of a doctor4 #bji4 ,if a single lady1 who is about to be married1 have painful menstruation1 it is incumbent on either her mother or a female friend to consult1 two or three months before the marriage takes place1 an experienced medical man1 on her case2 if this be not done1 she will most likely1 after marriage1 either labor under ill health1 or be afflicted with barrenness1 or1 if she do conceive1 be prone to miscarry4 #baj4 ,the menstrual discharge1 as before remarked1 ought1 if healthy1 to be of the color of blood--of fresh1 unclotted blood4 ,if it be either too pale 7and it sometimes is almost colorless71 or1 on the other hand1 if it be both dark and thick 7it is occasionally as dark1 and sometimes nearly as thick1 as treacle71 there will be but scant hopes of a lady conceiving4 ,a medical man ought1 therefore1 at once to be consulted1 who will in the generality of cases1 be able to remedy the defect4 ,the chances are1 that as soon as the defect be remedied1 she will become pregnant4 #baa4 ,menstruation at another time is too sparing2 this is a frequent cause of a want of family4 ,luckily a doctor is1 in the majority of cases1 able to remedy the defect1 and by doing so will probably be the means of bringing the womb into a healthy state1 and thus predispose her to become a mother4 #bab4 ,a married lady is very subject to the 8whites20 the more there will be of the 8whites0 the less there will usually be of the menstrual discharge2--so that in a bad case of the 8whites0 menstruation might entirely cease1 until proper means be used both to restrain the one and to bring back the other4 ,indeed1 as a rule1 if the menstrual discharge1 by proper treatment1 be healthily established and restored1 the 8whites0 will often cease of themselves4 ,deficient menstruation is a frequent cause of the 8whites10 and the consequent failure of a family2 and as deficient menstruation is usually curable1 a medical man ought1 in all such cases1 to be consulted4 #bac4 ,menstruation at other times is either too profuse or too long continued4 ,either the one or the other is a frequent source of barrenness1 and is also weakening to the constitution1 and thus tends to bring a lady into a bad state of health4 ,this1 like the former cases1 by judicious management may generally be rectified2 and being rectified1 will in all probability result in the wife becoming a mother4 #bad4 ,when a lady is neither pregnant nor 8regular10 she ought immediately to apply to a doctor1 as she may depend upon it there is something wrong about her1 and that she is not likely to become enceinte#eb until menstruation be properly established4 ,as soon as menstruation be duly and healthily established1 pregnancy will most likely1 in due time1 ensue4 #bae4 ,when a lady is said to be 8regular10 it is understood that she is 8regular0 as to quality1 and quantity1 and time4 ,if she be only 8regular0 as to the time1 and the quantity be either deficient or in excess1 or if she be 8regular0 as to the time1 and the quality be bad1 either too pale or too dark2 or if she be 8regular0 as to the quality and quantity1 and be irregular as to the time1 she cannot be well2 and the sooner means are adopted to rectify the evil1 the better it will be for her health and happiness4 #baf4 ,there is among young wives1 of the higher ranks1 of the present time1 an immense deal of hysteria2 indeed it is1 among them1 in one form or another1 the most frequent complaint of the day4 ,can it be wondered at8 ,certainly not4 ,the fashionable system of spending married life1 such as late hours1 close rooms1 excitement1 rounds of visiting1 luxurious living1 is quite enough to account for its prevalence4 ,the menstrual functions in a case of this kind are not duly performed2 she is either too much or too little 8unwell20 menstruation occurs either too soon1 or too late1 or at irregular periods4 ,i need scarcely say that such a one1 until a different order of things be instituted1 and until proper and efficient means be used to restore healthy menstruation1 is not likely to conceive2 or1 if she did conceive1 she would most likely either miscarry1 or1 if she did go her time1 bring forth a puny1 delicate child4 ,a fashionable wife and happy mother are incompatibilities6 ,oh1 it is sad to contemplate the numerous victims that are sacrificed yearly on the shrine of fashion6 ,the grievous part of the business is1 that fashion is not usually amenable to reason and common sense2 argument1 entreaty1 ridicule1 are each and all alike in turn powerless in the matter4 ,be that as it might1 ,i am determined boldly to proclaim the truth1 and to make plain the awful danger of a wife becoming a votary of fashion4 #bag4 ,many a lady1 either from suppressed or from deficient menstruation1 who is now chlorotic1 hysterical1 and dyspeptic1 weak and nervous1 looking wretchedly1 and whose very life is a burden1 may1 by applying to a medical man1 be restored to health and strength4 #bah4 ,as soon as a lady 8ceases to be after the manner of women0--that is to say1 as soon as she ceases to menstruate--it is said that she has 8a change of life20 and if she does not take care1 she will soon have 8a change of health0 to boot1 which1 in all probability1 will be for the worse4 #bai4 ,after a period of about thirty years' continuation of menstruation1 a woman ceases to menstruate2 that is to say1 when she is about forty-four or forty-five years of age1 and1 occasionally1 as late in life as when she is forty-eight years of age1 she has 8change of life10 or1 as it is sometimes called1 a 8turn of years40 ,now1 before this takes place1 she oftentimes becomes very 8irregular20 at one time she is 8regular0 before her proper period2 at another time either before or after2 so that it becomes a dodging time with her1 as it is so styled4 ,in a case of this kind menstruation is sometimes very profuse2 at another it is very sparing2 occasionally it is light colored1 almost colorless2 sometimes it is as red as from a cut finger2 while now and then it is as black as ink4 #bbj4 ,when 8change of life0 is about1 and during the time1 and for some time afterwards1 a lady labors under1 at times1 great flushings of heat2 she1 as it were1 blushes all over2 she goes very hot and red1 almost scarlet2 then perspires2 and afterwards becomes cold and chilly4 ,these flushings occur at very irregular periods2 they might come on once or twice a day1 at other times only once or twice a week1 and occasionally only at what would have been her 8poorly times40 ,these flushings might be looked upon as rather favorable symptoms1 and as an effort of nature to relieve itself through the skin4 ,these flushings are occasionally1 although rarely1 attended with hysterical symptoms4 ,a little appropriate medicine is for these flushings desirable4 ,a lady while laboring under these heats is generally both very much annoyed and distressed2 but she ought to comfort herself with the knowledge that they are in all probability doing her good service1 and that they might be warding off1 from some internal organ of her body1 serious mischief4 #bba4 8,change of life0 is one of the most important periods of a lady's existence1 and generally determines whether1 for the rest of her days1 she shall either be healthy or otherwise2 it therefore imperatively behooves her to pay attention to the subject1 and in all cases when it is about taking place to consult a medical man1 who will1 in the majority of cases1 be of great benefit to her1 as he will be able to ward off many important and serious diseases to which she would otherwise be liable4 ,when 8change of life0 ends favorably1 which1 if properly managed1 it most likely will do1 she may improve in constitution1 and may really enjoy better health and spirits1 and more comfort1 then she has done for many previous years4 ,a lady who has during the whole of her wifehood eschewed fashionable society1 and who has lived simply1 plainly1 and sensibly1 and who has taken plenty of out-door exercise1 will1 during the autumn and winter of life1 reap her reward by enjoying what is the greatest earthly blessing--health6 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,pregnancy4 ,,signs ,,of ,,pregnancy4 #bbb4 ,the first sign that leads a lady to suspect that she is pregnant is her ceasing to be unwell4 ,this1 provided she has just before been in good health1 is a strong symptom of pregnancy2 but still there must be others to corroborate it4 #bbc4 ,the next symptom is morning sickness4 ,this is one of the earliest symptoms of pregnancy2 as it sometimes occurs a few days1 and indeed generally not later than a fortnight or three weeks1 after conception4 ,morning sickness is frequently distressing1 oftentimes amounting to vomiting1 and causing a loathing of breakfast4 ,this sign usually disappears after the first three or four months4 ,morning sickness is not always present in pregnancy2 but1 nevertheless1 it is a frequent accompaniment2 and many who have had families place more reliance on this than on any other symptom4 #bbd4 ,a third symptom is shooting1 throbbing1 and lancinating pains1 and enlargement of the breasts1 with soreness of the nipples1 occurring about the second month2 and in some instances1 after the first few months1 a small quantity of watery fluid1 or a little milk1 may be squeezed out of them4 ,this latter symptom1 in a first pregnancy1 is valuable1 and can generally be relied on as conclusive that the female is pregnant4 ,it is not so valuable in an after pregnancy1 as a little milk might1 even should she not be pregnant1 remain in the breasts for some months after she has weaned her child4 #bbe4 ,the veins of the breast look more blue1 and are consequently more conspicuous than usual1 giving the bosom a mottled appearance4 ,the breasts themselves are firmer and more knotty to the touch4 ,the nipples1 in the majority of cases1 look more healthy than customary1 and are somewhat elevated and enlarged2 there is generally a slight moisture upon their surface1 sufficient in some instances to mark the linen4 #bbf4 ,a dark-brown areola or disk may usually be noticed around the nipple1#ec the change of color commencing about the second month4 ,the tint at first is light brown1 which gradually deepens in intensity1 until1 toward the end of pregnancy1 the color may be very dark4 ,dr4 ,montgomery1 who has paid great attention to the subject1 observes3 8,during the progress of the next two or three months the changes in the areola are in general perfected1 or nearly so1 and then it presents the following characters3 a circle around the nipple1 whose color varies in intensity according to the particular complexion of the individual1 being usually much darker in persons with black hair1 dark eyes1 and sallow skin1 than in those of fair hair1 light-colored eyes1 and delicate complexion4 ,the area of this circle varies in diameter from an inch to an inch and a half1 and increases in most persons as pregnancy advances1 as does also the depth of color40 ,the dark areola is somewhat swollen4 8,there is10 says ,dr4 ,montgomery1 8a puffy turgescence1 not only of the nipple1 but of the whole surrounding disk40 #bbg4 ,a fourth symptom is quickening4 ,this generally occurs about the completion of the fourth calendar month2 frequently a week or two before the end of that period2 at other times a week or two later4 ,a lady sometimes quickens as early as the third month1 while others1 although rarely1 quicken as late as the fifth1 and1 in very rare cases1 the sixth month4 #bbh4 ,it will therefore be seen that there is an uncertainty as to the period of quickening1 although1 as ,i before remarked1 the usual period occurs either on1 or more frequently a week or two before1 the completion of the fourth calendar month of pregnancy4 #bbi4 ,a lady at this time frequently either feels faint1 or actually faints away2 she is often either giddy1 or sick1 or nervous1 and in some instances even hysterical4 ,although1 in rare cases1 some women do not even know the precise time when they quicken4 #bcj4 ,the sensation of 8quickening0 is said by many ladies to resemble the fluttering of a bird4 8,quickening0 arises from the ascent of the womb higher into the belly1 as1 from its increased size1 there is not room for it below4 ,the old-fashioned idea was that the child was not alive until a woman had quickened4 ,this is a mistaken notion1 as he is alive1 or 8quick10 from the very commencement of his formation4 #bca4 ,hence the heinous and damnable sin of a single woman1 in the early months of pregnancy1 using means to promote abortion3 it is as much murder as though the child were at his full time1 or as though he were butchered when he was actually born6 #bcb4 ,an attempt1 then1 to procure abortion is a crime of the deepest dye1 viz41 a heinous murder6 ,it is attended1 moreover1 with fearful consequences to the mother's own health2 it may either cause her immediate death1 or it may so grievously injure her constitution that she might never recover from the shock4 ,if these fearful consequences ensue1 she ought not to be pitied3 she richly deserves them all4 ,our profession is a noble one1 and every qualified member of it would scorn and detest the very idea either of promoting or of procuring an abortion2 but there are unqualified villains who practice the damnable art4 ,transportation1 if not hanging1 ought to be their doom4 ,the seducers1 who often assist and abet them in their nefarious practices1 should share their punishment4 #bcc4 ,flatulence has sometimes misled a young wife to fancy that she has quickened2 but1 in determining whether she be pregnant1 she ought never to be satisfied with one symptom alone2 if she be1 she will be frequently misled4 ,the following are a few of the symptoms that will distinguish the one from the other3 in flatulence1 the patient is small one hour and large the next2 while in pregnancy the enlargement is persistent1 and daily and gradually increases4 ,in flatulence1 on pressing the bowels firmly1 a rumbling of wind may be heard1 which will move about at will2 while the enlargement of the womb in pregnancy is solid1 resistant1 and stationary4 ,in flatulence1 on tapping--percussing--the belly there will be a hollow sound elicited as from a drum2 while in pregnancy it will be a dull1 heavy sound1 as from thrumming on a table4 ,in flatulence1 if the points of the fingers be firmly pressed into the belly1 the wind will wobble about2 in pregnancy they will be resisted as by a wall of flesh4 #bcd4 ,the fifth symptom is1 immediately after the quickening1 increased size and hardness of the belly4 ,an accumulation of fat covering the belly has sometimes led a lady to suspect that she is pregnant2 but the soft and doughy feeling of the fat is very different to the hardness1 solidity1 and resistance of pressure of pregnancy4 #bce4 ,the sixth symptom is pouting or protrusion of the navel4 ,this symptom does not occur until some time after a lady has quickened2 indeed1 for the first two months of pregnancy the navel is drawn in and depressed4 ,as the pregnancy advances1 the navel gradually comes more forward4 8,the navel1 according to the progress of the pregnancy1 is constantly emerging1 till it comes to an even surface with the integuments of the abdomen belly2 and to this circumstance much regard is to be paid in cases of doubtful pregnancy40#ed #bcf4 ,sleepiness1 heartburn1 increased flow of saliva1 toothache1 loss of appetite1 longings1 excitability of mind1 a pinched appearance of countenance1 liver or sulphur-colored patches on the skin1 and likes and dislikes in eating1--either the one or the other of these symptoms frequently accompany pregnancy2 but1 as they might arise from other causes1 they are not to be relied on further than this--that if they attend the more certain signs of pregnancy1 such as cessation of being 8regular10 morning sickness1 pains and enlargement of and milk in the breasts1 the gradually darkening brown areola or mark around the nipple1 etc41 they will then make assurance doubly sure1 and a lady may know for certain that she is pregnant4#ee ,,clothing4 #bcg4 ,a lady who is pregnant ought on no account to wear tight dresses1 as the child should have plenty of room4 ,she ought to be1 as enceinte signifies1 incincta1 or unbound4 ,let the clothes be adapted to the gradual development both of the belly and the breasts4 ,she must1 whatever she may usually do1 wear her stays loose4 ,if there be bones in the stays1 let them be removed4 ,tight lacing is injurious both to the mother and to the child1 and frequently causes the former to miscarry2 at another time it has produced a crossbirth2 and sometimes it has so pressed in the nipples as to prevent a proper development of them1 so that where a lady has gone her time1 she has been unable to suckle her infant1 the attempt often causing a gathered bosom4 ,these are great misfortunes1 and entail great misery both on the mother and the child 7if it has not already killed him71 and ought to be a caution and a warning to every lady for the future4 #bch4 ,the feet and legs during pregnancy are very apt to swell and to be painful1 and the veins of the legs to be largely distended4 ,the garters ought at such times to be worn slack1 as tight garters are highly injurious1 and1 if the veins be very much distended1 it will be necessary for her to wear a properly-adjusted elastic silk stocking1 made purposely to fit her foot and leg1 and which a medical man will himself procure for her4 ,,ablution4 #bci4 ,a warm bath in pregnancy is too relaxing4 ,a tepid bath once a week is beneficial4 ,sponging the whole of the body every morning with lukewarm water may with safety and advantage be adopted1 gradually reducing the temperature of the water until it be used quite cold4 ,the skin should1 with moderately coarse towels1 be quickly but thoroughly dried4 #bdj4 ,either the bidet or sitz-bath#ef ought every morning to be used4 ,the patient should first sponge herself1 and then finish up by sitting for a few seconds1 or while1 in the winter1 she can count fifty1 or while1 in the summer1 she can count a hundred1 in the water4 ,it is better not to be long in it2 it is a slight shock that is required1 which1 where the sitz-bath agrees1 is immediately followed by an agreeable glow of the whole body4 ,if she sits in the water for a long time she becomes chilled and tired1 and is very likely to catch cold4 ,she ought1 until she become accustomed to the cold1 to have a dash of warm water added2 but the sooner she can use quite cold water the better4 ,while sitting in the bath she should throw either a woolen shawl or a small blanket over her shoulders4 ,she will find the greatest comfort and benefit from adopting the above recommendation4 ,instead of giving1 it will prevent cold1 and it will be one of the means of warding off a miscarriage1 and of keeping her in good health4 #bda4 ,a shower-bath in pregnancy gives too great a shock1 and might induce a miscarriage4 ,i should not recommend1 for a lady who is pregnant1 sea-bathing2 nevertheless1 if she be delicate1 and if she be prone to miscarry1 change of air to the coast 7provided it be not too far away from home71 and inhaling the sea breezes1 may brace her1 and ward off the tendency4 ,but although sea-bathing be not desirable1 sponging the body with sea water may be of great service to her4 ,,air ,,and ,,exercise4 #bdb4 ,a young wife1 in her first pregnancy1 usually takes too long walks4 ,this is a common cause of flooding1 of miscarriage1 and of bearing down of the womb4 ,as soon1 therefore1 as a lady has the slightest suspicion that she is enceinte1 she must be careful in the taking of exercise4 #bdc4 ,although long walks are injurious1 she ought not to run into an opposite extreme2 short1 gentle1 and frequent walks during the whole period of pregnancy cannot be too strongly recommended2 indeed1 a lady who is enceinte ought to live half her time in the open air4 ,fresh air and exercise prevent many of the unpleasant symptoms attendant on that state2 they keep her in health2 they tend to open her bowels2 and they relieve that sensation of faintness and depression so common and distressing in early pregnancy4 #bdd4 ,exercise1 fresh air1 and occupation are then essentially necessary in pregnancy4 ,if they be neglected1 hard and tedious labors are likely to ensue4 ,one1 and an important1 reason of the easy and quick labors and rapid 8gettings about0 of poor women1 is the abundance of exercise and of occupation which they are both daily and hourly obliged to get through4 ,why1 many a poor woman thinks but little of a confinement1 while a rich one is full of anxiety about the result4 ,let the rich lady adopt the poor woman's industrious and abstemious habits1 and labor need not then be looked forward to1 as it frequently now is1 either with dread or with apprehension4 #bde4 ,stooping1 lifting of heavy weights1 and overreaching ought to be carefully avoided4 ,running1 horse exercise1 and dancing are likewise dangerous--they frequently induce a miscarriage4 #bdf4 ,indolence is most injurious in pregnancy4 ,a lady who1 during the greater part of the day1 lolls either on the sofa or on an easy-chair1 and who seldom walks out1 has a much more lingering and painful labor than one who takes moderate and regular open-air exercise1 and who attends to her household duties4 #bdg4 ,an active life is1 then1 the principal reason why the wives of the poor have such quick and easy labors1 and such good recoveries2 why their babies are so rosy1 healthy1 and strong2 notwithstanding the privations and hardships and poverty of the parents4 #bdh4 ,bear in mind1 then1 that a lively1 active woman has an easier and quicker labor1 and a finer race of children1 than one who is lethargic and indolent4 ,idleness brings misery1 anguish1 and suffering in its train1 and particularly affects pregnant ladies4 ,oh1 that these words would have due weight1 then this book will not have been written in vain4 ,the hardest work in the world is having nothing to do6 8,idle people have the most labor20 this is particularly true in pregnancy2 a lady will1 when labor actually sets in1 find to her cost that idleness has given her most labor4 8,idleness is the badge of gentry1 the bane of body and mind1 the nurse of ,naughtiness1 the step-mother of ,discipline1 the chief author of all ,mischief1 one of the seven deadly sins1 the cushion upon which the ,devil chiefly reposes1 and a great cause not only of ,melancholy1 but of many other diseases1 for the mind is naturally active2 and1 if it be not occupied about some honest business1 it rushes into ,mischief or sinks into ,melancholy40#eg #bdi4 ,a lady sometimes looks upon pregnancy more as a disease than as a natural process2 hence she treats herself as though she was a regular invalid1 and1 unfortunately1 she too often makes herself really one by improper and by foolish indulgences4 ,,ventilation--,,drainage4 #bej4 ,let a lady look well to the ventilation of her house2 let her take care that every chimney be unstopped1 and during the daytime that every window in every unoccupied room be thrown open4 #bea4 ,where there is a skylight at the top of the house1 it is well to have it made to open and to shut1 so that in the daytime it may1 winter and summer1 be always open2 and in the summer time it may1 day and night1 be left unclosed4 ,nothing so thoroughly ventilates and purifies a house as an open skylight4 #beb4 ,if a lady did but know the importance--the vital importance--of ventilation1 she would see that the above directions were carried out to the very letter4 ,my firm belief is that if more attention were paid to ventilation--to thorough ventilation--child-bed fever would be an almost unknown disease4 #bec4 ,the cooping-up system is abominable2 it engenders all manner of infectious and of loathsome diseases1 and not only engenders them1 but feeds them1 and thus keeps them alive4 ,there is nothing wonderful in all this1 if we consider but for one moment that the exhalations from the lungs are poisonous6 ,that is to say1 that the lungs give off carbonic acid gas 7a deadly poison71 which1 if it be not allowed to escape out of the room1 must over and over again be breathed4 ,that if the perspiration of the body 7which in twenty-four hours amounts to two or three pounds7 be not permitted to escape out of the apartment1 must become fetid--repugnant to the nose1 sickening to the stomach1 and injurious to the health4 ,oh1 how often the nose is a sentinel1 and warns its owner of approaching danger6 #bed4 ,truly the nose is a sentinel6 ,the ,almighty has sent bad smells for our benefit to warn us of danger4 ,if it were not for an unpleasant smell1 we should be constantly running into destruction4 ,how often we hear of an ignorant person using disinfectants and fumigations to deprive drains and other horrid places of their odors1 as though1 if the place could be robbed of its smell1 it could be robbed of its danger6 ,strange infatuation6 ,no2 the frequent flushings of drains1 the removal of nuisances1 cleanliness1 a good scrubbing of soap and water1 sunshine1 and the air and winds of heaven1 are the best disinfectants in the world4 ,a celebrated and eccentric lecturer on surgery1#eh in addressing his class1 made the following quaint and sensible remark3 8,fumigations1 gentlemen1 are of essential importance2 they make so abominable a stink that they compel you to open the windows and admit fresh air40 #bee4 ,it is doubtless1 then1 admirably appointed that1 we are able to detect 8the well-defined and several stinks20 for the danger is not in them1--to destroy the smell is not to destroy the danger2 certainly not6 ,the right way to do away with the danger is to remove the cause1 and the effect will cease2 flushing a sewer is far more efficacious than disinfecting one2 soap and water and the scrubbing-brush1 and sunshine and thorough ventilation1 each and all are far more beneficial than either permanganate of potash1 or chloride of zinc1 or chloride of lime4 ,people nowadays think too much of disinfectants and too little of removal of causes2 they think too much of artificial1 and too little of natural means4 ,it is a sad mistake to lean so much on1 and to trust so much to1 man's inventions6 #bef4 ,what is wanted1 nowadays1 is a little less theory and a great deal more common sense4 ,a rat1 for instance1 is1 in theory1 grossly maligned2 he is considered to be very destructive1 an enemy to man1 and one that ought to be destroyed--every man's hand being against him4 ,now1 a rat is1 by common sense1 well known to be1 in its proper place--that is to say1 in sewers and in drains--destructive only to man's enemies--to the organic matter that breeds fevers1 cholera1 diphtheria1 etc42 the rat eats the pabulum or food which would otherwise convert towns into hot-beds of terrible diseases4 ,that which is a rat's food is often a man's poison2 hence a rat is one of the best friends that a man has1 and ought1 in his proper place1 to be in every way protected2 the rat1 in drains1 is the very best of scavengers2 in a sewer he is invaluable2 in a house he is most injurious2 a rat in a sewer is worth gallons of disinfectants1 and will1 in purifying a sewer1 beat all man's inventions hollow2 the maligned rat1 therefore1 turns out1 if weighed by common sense1 to be not only one of the most useful of animals1 but of public benefactors6 ,the rat's element1 then1 is the sewer2 he is the king of the sewer1 and should there reign supreme1 and ought not to be poisoned by horrid disinfectants4 #beg4 ,if a lady1 while on an errand of mercy1 should in the morning go into a poor person's bedroom after he1 she1 or they 7for oftentimes the room is crowded to suffocation7 have during the night been sleeping1 and where a breath of air is not allowed to enter--the chimney and every crevice having been stopped up--and where too much attention has not been paid to personal cleanliness1 she will experience a faintness1 an oppression1 a sickness1 a headache1 a terribly fetid smell2 indeed1 she is in a poisoned chamber6 ,it is an odor sui generis1 which must be smelt to be remembered1 and will then never be forgotten6 ,pity the poor who live in such styes--not fit for pigs6 ,for pigs1 styes are ventilated4 ,but take warning1 ye well-to-do in the world1 and look well to your ventilation1 or beware of the consequences4 8,if10 says an able writer on fever in the last century1 8any person will take the trouble to stand in the sun and look at his own shadow on a white plastered wall1 he will easily perceive that his whole body is a smoking dunghill1 with a vapor exhaling from every part of it4 ,this vapor is subtle1 acrid1 and offensive to the smell2 if retained in the body it becomes morbid1 but if reabsorbed1 highly deleterious4 ,if a number of persons1 therefore1 are long confined in any close place not properly ventilated1 so as to inspire and swallow with their spittle the vapors of each other1 they must soon feel its bad effects40#ei #beh4 ,not only should a lady look well to the ventilation of her house1 but either she or her husband ought to ascertain that the drains are in good and perfect order1 and that the privies are frequently emptied of their contents4 ,bad drainage and overflowing privies are fruitful sources of child-bed fever1 of gastric fever1 of scarlatina1 of diphtheria1 of cholera1 and of a host of other infections and contagious and dangerous diseases4 ,it is an abominable practice to allow dirt to fester near human habitations2 more especially as dirt1 when mixed with earth1 is really so valuable in fertilizing the soil4 ,lord ,palmerston wisely says that 8dirt is only matter in the wrong place40 #bei4 ,a lady ought to look well to the purity of her pump-water1 and to ascertain that no drain either enters or percolates1 or contaminates in any way whatever1 the spring2 if it should do so1 disease1 such as either cholera1 or diarrha1 or dysentery1 or diphtheria1 or scarlet fever1 or gastric fever1 will1 one or the other1 as a matter of course1 ensue4 ,if there be the slightest danger or risk of drain contamination1 whenever it be practicable1 let the drain be taken up and be examined1 and let the defect be carefully rectified4 ,when it be impracticable to have the drain taken up and examined1 then let the pump-water1 before drinking it1 be always previously boiled4 ,the boiling of the water1 as experience teaches1 has the power either of destroying or of making innocuous the specific organic fecal life poison1 which propagates in drain contamination the diseases above enumerated4 ,,necessity ,,of ,,occasional ,,rest4 #bfj4 ,a lady who is pregnant ought1 for half an hour each time1 to lie one or two hours every day on the sofa4 ,this1 if there be either a bearing down of the womb1 or if there be a predisposition to a miscarriage1 will be particularly necessary4 ,i should recommend this plan to be adopted throughout the whole period of the pregnancy3 in the early months1 to prevent a miscarriage1 and1 in the latter months1 on account of the increased weight and size of the womb4 #bfa4 ,there is1 occasionally1 during the latter months1 a difficulty in lying down2 the patient feeling as though1 every time she makes the attempt1 she should be suffocated4 ,when such be the case1 she ought to rest herself upon the sofa1 and be propped up with cushions1 as ,i consider rest at different periods of the day necessary and beneficial4 ,if there be any difficulty in lying down at night1 a bed-rest1 well covered with pillows1 will be found a great comfort4 ,,dietary4 #bfb4 ,an abstemious diet1 during the early period of pregnancy1 is essential1 as the habit of body1 at that time1 is usually feverish and inflammatory4 ,i should therefore recommend abstinence from beer1 porter1 and spirits4 ,let me1 in this place1 urge a lady1 during her pregnancy1 not to touch spirits1 such as either brandy or gin2 they will only inflame her blood1 and will poison and make puny her unborn babe2 they will only give her false spirits1 and will depress her in an increased ratio as soon as the effects of the brandy or of the gin have passed away4 ,she ought to eat meat only but once a day4 ,rich soups and highly-seasoned stews and dishes are injurious4 #bfc4 ,a lady who is enceinte may depend upon it that the less stimulants she takes at these times the better it will be both for herself and for her infant2 the more kind will be her labor and her 8getting about10 and the more vigorous and healthy will be her child4 #bfd4 ,it is a mistaken notion that she requires more nourishment during early pregnancy than at any other time2 she1 if anything1 requires less4 ,it has often been asserted that a lady who is pregnant ought to eat very heartily1 as she has two to provide for4 ,when it is taken into account that during pregnancy she 8ceases to be unwell10 and therefore that there is no drain on that score2 and when it is also considered how small the ovum containing the embryo is1 not being larger for the first two or three months than a hen's egg1 it will be seen how futile is the assertion4 ,a wife1 therefore1 in early pregnancy1 does not require more than at another time2 if anything1 she requires less4 ,again3 during pregnancy1 especially in the early stages1 she is more or less sick1 feverish1 and irritable1 and a superabundance of food would only add fuel to the fire1 and would increase her sickness1 fever1 and irritability4 ,moreover1 she frequently suffers from heartburn and from indigestion4 ,can anything be more absurd1 when such is the case1 than to overload a stomach already loaded with food which it is not able to digest8 ,no1 let nature in this1 as in everything else1 be her guide1 and she will not then go far wrong6 ,when she is further advanced in her pregnancy1--that is to say1 when she has quickened1--her appetite generally improves1 and she is much better in health than she was before2 indeed1 after she has quickened1 she is frequently in better health than she ever has been4 ,the appetite is now increased4 ,nature points out that she requires more nourishment than she did at first2 for this reason1 the ftus is now rapidly growing in size1 and consequently requires more support from the mother4 ,let the food1 therefore1 of a pregnant woman be now increased in quantity1 but let it be both light and nourishing4 ,occasionally1 at this time1 she has taken a dislike to meat2 if she has1 she ought not to be forced to eat it1 but should have instead1 poultry1 game1 fish1 chicken-broth1 beef-tea1 new milk1 farinaceous food1 such as rice1 sago1 batter puddings1 and1 above all1 if she has a craving for it1 good sound1 ripe fruit4 #bfe4 ,roasted apples1 ripe pears1 raspberries1 strawberries1 grapes1 tamarinds1 figs1 ,muscatel raisins1 stewed rhubarb1 stewed pears1 stewed prunes1 the inside of ripe gooseberries1 and the juice of oranges1 are1 during pregnancy1 particularly beneficial2 they both quench the thirst and tend to open the bowels4 #bff4 ,the food of a pregnant woman cannot be too plain2 high-seasoned dishes ought1 therefore1 to be avoided4 ,although the food be plain1 it must be frequently varied4 ,she should ring the changes upon butcher's meat1 poultry1 game1 and fish4 ,it is a mistaken notion1 that people ought to eat the same food over and over again1 one day as another4 ,the stomach requires variety1 or disease1 as a matter of course1 will ensue4 #bfg4 ,light puddings1 such as either rice1 or batter1 or suet-pudding1 or fruit puddings1 provided the paste be plain1 may be taken with advantage4 ,rich pastry is highly objectionable4 #bfh4 ,if she be plethoric1 abstinence is still more necessary1 or she might have a tedious labor1 or might suffer severely4 ,the old-fashioned treatment was to bleed a pregnant patient if she were of a full habit of body4 ,a more absurd plan could not be adopted6 ,bleeding would1 by causing more blood to be made1 only increase the mischief2 but certainly it would be blood of an inferior quality1 watery and poor4 ,the best way to diminish the quantity of blood is to moderate the amount of food1 to lessen the supplies4 ,,sleep4 #bfi4 ,the bedroom of a pregnant lady ought1 if practicable1 to be large and airy4 ,particular attention must be paid to the ventilation4 ,the chimney should on no account be stopped4 ,the door and the windows ought in the daytime to be thrown wide open1 and the bedclothes should be thrown back1 that the air might1 before the approach of night1 well ventilate them4 #bgj4 ,it is a mistaken practice for a pregnant woman1 or for any one else1 to sleep with closely-drawn curtains4 ,pure air and a frequent change of air are quite as necessary--if not more so--during the night as during the day3 and how can it be pure1 and how can it be changed1 if curtains are closely drawn around the bed8 ,impossible4 ,the roof of the bedstead ought not to be covered with bed furniture2 it should be open to the ceiling1 in order to prevent any obstruction to a free circulation of air4 #bga4 ,the bed must not be loaded with clothes1 more especially with a thick coverlet4 ,if the weather be cold1 let an extra blanket be put on the bed1 as the perspiration can permeate through a blanket when it cannot through a thick coverlet4 #bgb4 ,a lady who is pregnant is sometimes restless at night--she feels oppressed and hot4 ,the best remedies are3--7#a7 ,scant clothing on the bed4 7#b7 ,the lower sash of the window1 during the summer months1 to be left open to the extent of six or eight inches1 and during the winter months1 to the extent of two or three inches2 provided the room be large1 the bed be neither near nor under the window1 and the weather be not intensely cold4 ,if any or all of these latter circumstances occur1 then 7#c7 the window to be closed and the door to be left ajar 7the landing or the skylight window at the top of the house being left open all night1 and the door being secured from intrusion by means of a door-chain47 7#d7 ,attention to be paid1 if the bowels be costive--but not otherwise--to a gentle action of the bowels by castor oil4 7#e7 ,an abstemious diet1 avoiding stimulants of all kinds4 7#f7 ,gentle walking exercise4 7#g7 ,sponging the body every morning--in the winter with tepid water1 and in the summer with cold water4 7#h7 ,cooling fruits in the summer are in such a case very grateful and refreshing4 7,see paragraph #bfd47 #bgc4 ,a pregnant woman sometimes experiences an inability to lie down1 the attempt occasionally producing a feeling of suffocation and of faintness4 ,she ought1 under such circumstances1 to lie on a bed-rest1 which must1 by means of pillows1 be made comfortable2 and she should take1 every night at bedtime1 a teaspoonful of sal-volatile in a wineglassful of water4 #bgd4 ,pains at night1 during the latter end of the time1 are usually frequent1 so as to make an inexperienced lady fancy that her labor was commencing4 ,little need be done2 for unless the pains be violent1 nature ought not to be interfered with4 ,if they be violent1 application should be made to a medical man4 #bge4 ,a pregnant lady must retire early to rest4 ,she ought to be in bed every night by ten o'clock1 and should make a point of being up in good time in the morning1 that she may have a thorough ablution1 a stroll in the garden1 and an early breakfast2 and that she may afterwards take a short walk either in the country or in the grounds while the air is pure and invigorating4 ,but how often1 more especially when a lady is first married1 is an opposite plan adopted6 ,the importance of bringing a healthy child into the world1 if not for her own and her husband's sake1 should induce a wife to attend to the above remarks4 #bgf4 ,although some ladies1 during pregnancy1 are very restless1 others are very sleepy1 so that they can scarcely1 even in the day1 keep their eyes open6 ,fresh air1 exercise1 and occupation are the best remedies for keeping them awake4 ,,medicine4 #bgg4 ,a young wife is usually averse to consult a medical man concerning several trifling ailments1 which are nevertheless1 in many cases1 both annoying and distressing4 ,i have therefore deemed it well to give a brief account of such slight ailments1 and to prescribe a few safe and simple remedies for them4 ,i say safe and simple1 for active medicines require skillful handling1 and therefore ought not--unless in certain emergencies--to be used except by a doctor himself4 #bgh4 ,i wish it1 then1 to be distinctly understood that in all serious attacks1 and in slight ailments if not quickly relieved1 a medical man ought to be called in4 #bgi4 ,a costive state of the bowels is common in pregnancy2 a mild aperient is therefore occasionally necessary4 ,the mildest must be selected1 as a strong purgative is highly improper1 and even dangerous4 ,calomel and all other preparations of mercury are to be especially avoided1 as a mercurial medicine is apt to weaken the system and sometimes even to produce a miscarriage4 #bhj4 ,an abstemious diet1 where the bowels are costive1 is more than usually desirable1 for if the bowels be torpid1 a quantity of food will only clog and make them more sluggish4 ,besides1 when labor comes on1 a loaded state of the bowels will add much to a lady's sufferings as well as to her annoyance4 #bha4 ,the best aperients are castor oil1 salad oil1 compound rhubarb pills1 honey1 stewed prunes1 stewed rhubarb1 ,muscatel raisins1 figs1 grapes1 roasted apples1 ,normandy pippins1 oatmeal and milk gruel1 coffee1 brown bread and treacle1 raw sugar 7as a sweetener of the food71 ,du ,barry's ,arabica ,revalenta4 #bhb4 ,castor oil1 in pregnancy1 is a valuable aperient4 ,frequent and small are preferable to occasional and large doses4 ,if the bowels be constipated 7but certainly not otherwise71 castor oil ought to be taken regularly twice a week4 ,the best time for administering it is early in the morning4 ,the dose is from a teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful4 #bhc4 ,the best ways of administering it are the following3 ,let a wineglass be well rinsed out with water1 so that the sides may be well wetted2 then1 let the wineglass be half filled with cold water1 fresh from the pump4 ,let the necessary quantity of oil be now carefully poured into the center of the wineglass1 taking care that it does not touch the sides2 and if the patient will1 thus prepared1 drink it off at one draught1 she will scarcely taste it4 ,another way of taking it is1 swimming on warm new milk4 ,a third and a good method is1 floating on warm coffee2 the coffee ought1 in the usual way1 to be previously sweetened and mixed with cream4 ,there are two advantages in giving castor oil on coffee3 7#a7 it is a pleasant way of giving it--the oil is scarcely tasted2 and 7#b7 the coffee itself1 more especially if it be sweetened with raw sugar1 acts as an aperient2 less castor oil1 in consequence1 being required2 indeed1 with many patients the coffee1 sweetened with raw sugar1 alone is a sufficient aperient4 ,a fourth and an agreeable way of administering it is on orange-juice--swimming on the juice of one orange4 #bhd4 ,some ladies are in the habit of taking it on brandy and water2 but the spirit is apt to dissolve a portion of the oil1 which afterwards rises in the throat4 #bhe4 ,if salad oil be preferred1 the dose ought to be as much again as of castor oil2 and the patient should1 during the day she takes it1 eat either a fig or two1 or a dozen or fifteen of stewed prunes1 or of stewed ,french plums1 as salad oil is much milder in its effects than castor oil4 #bhf4 ,where a lady cannot take oil1 one or two compound rhubarb pills may be taken at bedtime2 or a ,seidlitz powder early in the morning1 occasionally2 or a quarter of an ounce of tasteless salts--phosphate of soda--may be dissolved in lieu of table salt1 in a cupful either of soup1 or of broth1 or of beef-tea1 and be occasionally taken at luncheon4 #bhg4 ,when the motions are hard1 and when the bowels are easily acted upon1 two1 or three1 or four pills made of ,castile soap will frequently answer the purpose2 and if they will1 are far better than any ordinary aperient4 ,the following is a good form3 ,take of--,castile ,soap1 five scruples2 ,oil of ,caraway1 six drops3 ,to make twenty-four pills4 ,two1 or three1 or four to be taken at bedtime1 occasionally4#fj #bhh4 ,a teaspoonful of honey1 either eaten at breakfast1 or dissolved in a cup of tea1 will frequently comfortably and effectually open the bowels1 and will supersede the necessity of taking aperient medicine4 #bhi4 ,a basin of thick ,derbyshire oatmeal gruel1 made either with new milk or with cream and water1 with a little salt1 makes an excellent luncheon or supper for a pregnant lady2 it is both nourishing and aperient1 and will often entirely supersede the necessity of giving opening medicine4 ,if she prefers sugar to salt1 let raw sugar be substituted for the salt4 ,the occasional substitution of coffee for tea at breakfast usually acts beneficially on the bowels4 #bij4 ,let me again urge the importance of a lady1 during the whole period of pregnancy1 being particular as to the state of her bowels1 as costiveness is a fruitful cause of painful1 of tedious1 and of hard labors4 ,it is my firm conviction that if a patient who suffers from constipation were to attend more to the regularity of her bowels1 difficult cases of labor would rarely occur1 more especially if the simple rules of health were adopted1 such as3 attention to diet--the patient partaking of a variety of food1 and allowing the farinaceous1 such as oatmeal and the vegetable and fruit element1 to preponderate2 the taking of exercise in the open air2 attending to her household duties2 avoiding excitement1 late hours1 and all fashionable amusements4 #bia4 ,many a pregnant lady does not leave the house--she is a fixture4 ,can it1 then1 be wondered at that costiveness so frequently prevails8 ,exercise in the fresh air1 and occupation1 and household duties are the best opening medicines in the world4 ,an aperient1 let it be ever so judiciously chosen1 is apt1 after the effect is over1 to bind up the bowels1 and thus to increase the evil4 ,now1 nature's medicines1--exercise in the open air1 occupation1 and household duties1--on the contrary1 not only at the time open the bowels1 but keep up a proper action for the future3 hence their inestimable superiority4 #bib4 ,where a lady cannot take medicine1 or where it does not agree with her1 a good remedy for constipation in pregnancy is the external application of castor oil--castor oil as a liniment--to the bowels ,the bowels should be well rubbed every night and morning with the castor oil4 ,this1 if it succeed1 will be an agreeable and safe method of opening the bowels4 #bic4 ,another excellent remedy for the costiveness of pregnancy is an enema1 either of warm water or of ,castile soap and water1 which the patient1 by means of a self-injecting enema apparatus1 may administer to herself4 ,the quantity of warm water to be used is from half a pint to a pint2 the proper heat is the temperature of new milk2 the time for administering it is early in the morning1 twice or three times a week4 ,the advantages of clysters are1 they never disorder the stomach--they do not interfere with the digestion--they do not irritate the bowels--they are given with the greatest facility by the patient herself--and they do not cause the slightest pain4 ,if an enema be used to open the bowels1 it may be well to occasionally give one of the aperients recommended above1 in order1 if there be costiveness1 to insure a thorough clearance of the whole of the bowels4 #bid4 ,if the bowels should be opened once every day1 it would be the height of folly for a pregnant lady to take either castor oil or any other aperient4 ,she ought then to leave her bowels undisturbed1 as the less medicine she takes the better4 ,if the bowels be daily and properly opened1 aperients of any sort whatever would be highly injurious to her4 ,the plan in this1 as in all other cases1 is to leave well alone1 and never to give physic for the sake of giving it4 #bie4 ,diarrha4--,although the bowels in pregnancy are generally costive1 they are sometimes in an opposite state1 and are relaxed4 ,now1 this relaxation is frequently owing to their having been too much constipated1 and nature is trying to relieve itself by purging4 ,such being the case1 a patient ought to be careful how1 by the taking of chalk and of astringents1 she interferes with the relaxation4 #bif4 ,the fact is1 that in all probability there is something in the bowels that wants coming away1 and nature is trying all she can to afford relief4 ,sometimes1 provided she is not unnecessarily interfered with1 she succeeds2 at others1 it is advisable to give a mild aperient to help nature in bringing it away4 #big4 ,when such be the case1 a gentle aperient1 such as either castor oil or rhubarb and magnesia1 ought to be chosen4 ,if castor oil1 a teaspoonful or a dessertspoonful1 swimming on a little new milk1 will generally answer the purpose4 ,if rhubarb and magnesia be the medicine selected1 then a few doses of the following mixture will usually set all to rights3 ,take of--,powdered ,turkey ,rhubarb1 half a drachm2 ,carbonate of ,magnesia1 one drachm2 ,essence of ,ginger1 one drachm2 ,compound ,tincture of ,cardamoms1 half an ounce2 ,peppermint ,water1 five ounces and a half3 ,two tablespoonfuls of the mixture to be taken three times a day1 first shaking the bottle4 #bih4 ,the diet ought to be simple1 plain1 and nourishing1 and should consist of beef-tea1 of chicken-broth1 of arrow-root1 and of well-made and well-boiled oatmeal gruel4 ,meat1 for a few days1 ought not to be eaten2 and stimulants of all kinds must be avoided4 #bii4 ,if the diarrha be attended with pain in the bowels1 a flannel bag filled with hot table salt1 and then applied to the part affected1 will afford great relief4 ,a hot-water bag1 too1 in a case of this kind1 is a great comfort4#fa ,the patient ought1 as soon as the diarrha has disappeared1 gradually to return to her usual diet1 provided it be plain1 wholesome1 and nourishing4 ,she should pay particular attention to keeping her feet warm and dry2 and1 if she be much subject to diarrha1 she ought to wear around her bowels1 and next to her skin1 a broad flannel belly-band4 #cjj4 ,heartburn is a common and often a distressing symptom of pregnancy4 ,the acid producing the heartburn is frequently much increased by an overloaded stomach4 ,the patient labors under the mistaken notion that1 as she has two to sustain1 she requires more food during this than at any other time2 she consequently is induced to take more than her appetite demands1 and more than her stomach can digest2--hence heartburn1 indigestion1 etc4 are caused1 and her unborn babe1 as well as herself1 is thereby weakened4 #cja4 ,an abstemious diet ought to be strictly observed4 ,great attention should be paid to the quality of the food2 greens1 pastry1 hot buttered toast1 melted butter1 and everything that is rich and gross1 ought to be carefully avoided4 #cjb4 ,either a teaspoonful of ,henry's magnesia1 or half a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda--the former to be preferred if there be constipation--should occasionally be taken in a wineglassful of warm water4 ,if these do not relieve--the above directions as to diet having been strictly attended to--the following mixture ought to be tried3 ,take of--,sesquicarbonate of ,ammonia1 half a drachm2 ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 a drachm and a half2 ,water1 eight ounces3 ,to make a mixture4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be taken twice or three times a day1 until relief be obtained4 ,chalk is sometimes given in heartburn1 but as it produces costiveness1 it ought not in such a case to be used4 #cjc4 ,piles are a common attendant upon pregnancy4 ,they are small1 soft1 spongy1 dark-red tumors1 about the size either of a bean or of a cherry--they are sometimes as large as a walnut--and are either within or around the fundament2 they are then1 according to their situation1 called either internal or external piles--they may be either blind or bleeding4 ,if the latter1 blood may be seen to exude from them1 and blood will come away every time the patient has a stool2 hence the patient ought to be as quick as possible over relieving her bowels1 and should not at such times sit one moment longer than is absolutely necessary4 #cjd4 ,when the pile or piles are very large1 they sometimes1 more especially when she has a motion1 drag down a portion of the bowel1 which adds much to her sufferings4 #cje4 ,if the bowel should protrude1 it ought1 by means of the patient's index finger1 to be immediately and carefully returned1 taking care1 in order that it may not scratch the bowel1 that the nail be cut close4 #cjf4 ,piles are very painful and are exceedingly sore1 and cause great annoyance1 and frequently continue1 notwithstanding proper and judicious treatment1 during the whole period of pregnancy4 #cjg4 ,a patient is predisposed to piles from the womb pressing upon the blood-vessels of the fundament4 ,they are excited into action by her neglecting to keep her bowels gently opened1 or by diarrha1 or from her taking too strong purgatives1 especially pills containing either aloes or colocynth1 or both4 #cjh4 ,if the piles be inflamed and painful1 they ought1 by means of a sponge1 to be well fomented three times a day1 and for half an hour each time1 with hot chamomile and poppy-head tea2#fb and at bedtime a hot white-bread poultice should be applied4 #cji4 ,every time after and before the patient has a motion1 she had better well anoint the piles and the fundament with the following ointment3 ,take of--,camphor 7powdered by means of a few drops of ,spirits of ,wine71 half a drachm2 ,prepared ,lard1 two ounces3 ,mix1 to make an ointment4 #caj4 ,if there be great irritation and intense pain1 let some very hot water be put into a close stool1 and let the patient sit over it4 8,in piles attended with great irritation and pain1 much relief is often obtained by sitting over the steam of hot water for fifteen or twenty minutes1 and immediately applying a warm bread-and-milk poultice4 ,these measures should be repeated five or six times a day 7,greeves740#fc #caa4 ,if the heat be not great1 and the pain be not intense1 the following ointment will be found efficacious3 ,take of--,powdered ,opium1 one scruple2 ,camphor 7powdered by means of a few drops of ,spirits of ,wine71 half a drachm2 ,powdered ,galls1 one drachm2 ,spermaceti ,ointment1 three drachms3 ,mix4--,the ointment to be applied to the piles three times a day4#fd ,or the compound ,gall ,ointment 7,b4,p47 may1 in the same manner1 be applied4 #cab4 ,if the heat and the pain be great1 the following liniment will be found useful3 ,take of--,french ,brandy1 ,glycerin1 of each1 half an ounce3 ,mix4--,the liniment to be frequently applied1 by means of a camel's-hair pencil1 to the piles1 first shaking the bottle4 #cac4 ,the bowels ought to be kept gently and regularly opened1 either by taking every morning one or two teaspoonfuls of compound confection of senna1 or by a dose of the following electuary3 ,take of--,sublimed ,sulphur1 half an ounce2 ,powdered ,ginger1 half a drachm2 ,cream of ,tartar1 half an ounce2 ,confection of ,senna1 one ounce2 ,simple ,syrup1 a sufficient quantity3 ,to make an electuary4 ,one or two teaspoonfuls to be taken early every morning4 #cad4 ,magnesia and milk of sulphur is an excellent remedy for piles3 ,take of--,carbonate of ,magnesia1 ,milk of sulphur1 of each1 three drachms2 ,mix4--,to make nine powders4 ,one to be taken early every1 or every other morning1 mixed in half a teaspoonful of new milk4 #cae4 ,remember1 in these cases1 it is necessary to keep the motions in a softened state1 as hard lumps of stool would1 in passing1 give intense pain4 #caf4 ,if the confection of senna and the other remedies do not act sufficiently1 it may be well to give1 once or twice a week1 a teaspoonful or a dessertspoonful of castor oil4 #cag4 ,in piles1 if they are not much inflamed1 and provided there be constipation1 a pint of tepid water1 administered early every morning as an enema1 will be found serviceable4 ,care and gentleness ought1 of course1 to be observed in introducing the enema pipe 7but which only requires ordinary care71 in order not to press unduly on the surrounding piles4 #cah4 ,the patient ought to lie down frequently in the day4 ,she will derive great comfort from sitting either on an air-cushion or on a water-cushion about half filled with water1 placed on the chair2 for sometimes she is unable to sit on an ordinary seat4 #cai4 ,in piles1 the patient ought to live on a plain1 nourishing1 simple diet1 but should avoid all stimulants2 any food or beverage that will inflame the blood will likewise inflame the piles4 #cbj4 ,piles in pregnancy are frequently troublesome1 and sometimes resist all treatment until the patient is confined1 when they generally get well of themselves2 but still the remedies recommended above will usually afford great relief1 even if they do not effect a cure4 #cba4 ,swollen legs from enlarged veins 7varicose veins74--,the veins are frequently much enlarged and distended1 causing the legs to be greatly swollen and very painful1 preventing the patient from taking proper walking exercise4 ,swollen legs are owing to the pressure of the womb upon the blood-vessels above4 ,women who have had large families are more liable to varicose veins than others4 ,if a lady marry late in life1 or if she be very heavy in her pregnancy--carrying the child low down--she is more likely to have the veins to distend4 #cbb4 ,the best plan will be for her to wear an elastic silk stocking1#fe which ought to be made on purpose for her1 in order that it may properly fit the leg and foot4 ,it will draw on like a common stocking4 ,she ought to wear a gauze stocking next the skin1 and the elastic stocking over it1 as the gauze stocking can then1 from time to time1 be washed1 as can likewise the foot and leg4 ,moreover1 the gauze stocking will be more comfortable next the skin than the elastic stocking4 #cbc4 ,if the varicose veins should be very painful1 she had better apply to a medical man1 as it may be necessary1 in such a case1 to have them enveloped in mild plasters1 and then rolled4 #cbd4 ,if the feet and legs be cold as well as swollen1 a domette#ff bandage1 two inches and a half wide and eight yards long1 nicely applied to each leg1 from the toes to the knee1 will be found a great comfort4 ,one great advantage that domette has over calico is that it will keep in its place for days1 while calico will be loose in an hour or two4 #cbe4 ,stretching of the skin of the belly is frequently1 especially in a first pregnancy1 distressing1 from the soreness it causes4 ,the best remedy is to rub the bowels1 every night and morning1 with warm camphorated oil1 and to apply a broad flannel belt1 which should be put on moderately but comfortably tight4 ,the belt ought to be secured in its situation by means of properly adjusted tapes4 #cbf4 ,if the skin of the belly1 from the violent stretching1 be cracked1 the patient had better dress the part affected1 every night and morning1 with equal parts of simple cerate and of lard--lard without salt--well mixed together1 spread on lint2 which ought to be kept in its place by means of a broad bandage1 similar to the one used in confinements1 and which is described in a subsequent paragraph 7,bandage after ,confinements74 #cba4 ,pendulous belly4--,a lady sometimes1 from being at these times unusually large1 suffers severely2 so much so1 that she cannot1 without experiencing great inconvenience1 move about4 ,this1 where a patient is stout1 and where she has had a large family of children1 is more likely to occur1 and especially if she has neglected proper bandaging after her previous confinements4 #cbh4 ,she ought in such a case to procure1 from a surgical-instrument-maker1 an elastic abdominal belt1 made purposely for pendulous bellies1 which will1 without unduly pressing on the belly1 be a support4 ,it is a good plan to have the belt made either to lace behind or with straps and buckles1 in order to accommodate the belly to its gradually increasing size4 #cbi4 ,if the patient be delicate1 and if she has a languid circulation1 she ought1 instead of the elastic belt1 to apply a broad flannel belly-band1 which should go twice around the bowels1 and must be put on moderately and comfortably tight4 #ccj4 ,the patient1 before the approach of labor1 ought to take particular care to have the bowels gently opened1 as during that time a costive state of them greatly increases her sufferings1 and lengthens the period of her labor4 ,i say a gentle action is all that is necessary2 a violent one would do more harm than good4 #cca4 ,toothache is a frequent complaint of pregnancy2 and ,i wish to caution my gentle reader not to have1 during the time she is enceinte1 a tooth extracted2 miscarriage or premature labor has frequently followed the extraction of a tooth4 #ccb4 ,if the tooth be decayed1 the hollow ought to be filled with cotton wool1 soaked either in oil of cloves1 or in equal parts of oil of cloves and of chloroform1 and which should be frequently renewed2 or with what ,i have found an excellent remedy1 a little alum dissolved in chloroform4#fg ,a bit of cotton wool placed in the ear of the affected side will oftentimes relieve the toothache arising from a decayed tooth4 ,this simple remedy ought always to be tried before resorting to more active treatment4 ,if the above remedies do not relieve1 soak a small ball of cotton wool in chloroform1 and insert it inside the ear1 and let it remain there until the pain be relieved2 let it be from time to time renewed4 ,i have frequently found in toothache the above plan most efficacious1 and to afford relief when other means have failed4 #ccc4 ,creasote 7spirits of tar7 is sometimes applied1 but of all remedies it is the worst for the purpose4 ,i have known it1 when thus used1 severely injure and decay the whole of the remaining teeth3 one case in particular ,i remember1 of a gentleman who1 by the frequent use of creasote1 for the relief of toothache1 lost the whole of his teeth6 #ccd4 ,if the teeth be not decayed1 especially if the stomach be disordered1 let an aperient be taken4 ,the state of the bowels ought always to be attended to1 as toothache is frequently relieved1 and when the tooth is not decayed1 cured by a dose of opening medicine4 ,let the sides of the face be well fomented with hot chamomile and poppy-head tea1 and let a piece of crumb of bread 7but not crumbed bread7 be soaked for five minutes in boiling milk1 and be frequently placed inside the mouth1 between the cheek and gum2 and let a large hot bread poultice be applied at bedtime to the outside of the face4 #cce4 ,if the above does not have the desired effect1 a piece of brown paper1 the size of the palm of the hand1 soaked in brandy1 and then well peppered with black pepper1 should be applied outside the cheek1 over the part affected1 and kept on for several hours4 ,it ought from time to time to be renewed4 ,this simple and old-fashioned remedy will sometimes afford great relief4 ,it is in these cases preferable to a mustard poultice1 as it is less painful1 and neither blisters nor injures the skin4 #ccf4 ,if the pepper plaster does not afford relief1 a ginger plaster should be tried3 ,take of--,powdered ,ginger1 ,flour1 of each one tablespoonful2 ,water1 a sufficient quantity3 ,to be well mixed together1 adding the water drop by drop 7stirring it the while7 until it be of the consistence of paste4 ,let it be applied at bedtime1 on linen rag1 outside the cheek1 and let it remain on all night1 or until the pain be relieved4 #ccg4 ,if the tooth be not decayed1 and if the pain of the face be more of a neuralgic 7tic-douloureux7 character1 the following pills will frequently afford great relief3 ,take of--,sulphate of ,quinine1 twenty-four grains2 ,powdered ,extract of ,liquorice1 six grains2 ,treacle1 a sufficient quantity3 ,to make twelve pills4 ,one to be taken three times a day4 #cch4 ,the teeth1 in pregnancy1 are very apt to decay3 ,i have known several patients1 each of whom has lost a tooth with every child6 #cci4 ,morning sickness4--,it is said to be 8morning10 as in these cases1 unless the stomach be disordered1 it seldom occurs during any other part of the day4 ,morning sickness may be distinguished from the sickness of a disordered stomach by the former occurring only early in the morning1 on the first sitting up in bed1 the patient during the remainder of the day feeling quite free from sickness1 and generally being able to eat and relish her food as though nothing ailed her4 #cdj4 ,morning sickness begins with a sensation of nausea early in the morning1 and as soon as she rises from bed she feels sick and retches2 and sometimes1 but not always1 vomits a little sour1 watery1 glairy fluid2 and occasionally1 if she has eaten heartily at supper the night previously1 the contents of the stomach are ejected4 ,she then feels all right again1 and is usually ready for her breakfast1 which she eats with her usual relish4 ,many ladies have better appetites during pregnancy than at any other period of their lives4 #cda4 ,the sickness of a disordered stomach unaccompanied with pregnancy may be distinguished from morning sickness by the former continuing during the whole day1 by the appetite remaining bad after the morning has passed1 by a disagreeable taste in the mouth1 and by the tongue being generally furred4 ,moreover1 in such a case there is usually much flatulence4 ,the patient not only feels but looks bilious4 #cdb4 ,if the stomach be disordered during pregnancy1 there will1 of course1 be a complication of the symptoms1 and the morning sickness may become both day and night sickness4 ,proper means ought then to be employed to rectify the disordered stomach1 and the patient will soon have only the morning sickness to contend against2 which latter1 after she has quickened1 will generally leave of its own accord4 #cdc4 ,morning sickness is frequently a distressing1 although not a dangerous complaint4 ,it is only distressing while it lasts1 for after the stomach is unloaded1 the appetite generally returns1 and the patient usually feels1 until the next morning1 quite well again1 when she has to go through the same process as before4 #cdd4 ,it occurs both in the early and in the latter months of pregnancy2 more especially during the former1 up to the period of quickening1 at which time it usually ceases4 ,morning sickness is frequently the first harbinger of pregnancy1 and is looked upon by many ladies who have had children as a sure and certain sign4 ,morning sickness does not always occur in pregnancy2 some women1 at such times1 are neither sick nor sorry4 #cde4 ,a good way to relieve it is by taking1 before rising in the morning1 a cup of strong coffee4 ,if this should not have the desired effect1 she ought to try an effervescing draught3 ,take of--,bicarbonate of ,potash1 one drachm and a half2 ,water1 eight ounces3 ,two ,tablespoonfuls of this mixture to be taken with one of lemon-juice every hour1 while effervescing1 until relief be obtained4 #cdf4 ,a glass of champagne1 taken the overnight1 ,i have sometimes found to be the best remedy1 and1 if it has the desired effect1 it certainly is the most agreeable4 #cdg4 ,i have known1 too1 cider1 where other things have failed1 to succeed in abating morning sickness4 #cdh4 ,sometimes1 until the whole contents of the stomach be brought up1 she does not obtain relief from her sickness4 ,she had better1 when such is the case1 drink plentifully of warm water1 in order to encourage free vomiting4 ,such a plan1 of course1 is only advisable when the morning sickness is obstinate1 and when the treatment recommended above has failed to afford relief4 #cdi4 ,the morning sickness1 during the early months1 is caused by sympathy between the stomach and the womb2 and during the latter months by pressure of the upper part of the womb against the stomach4 ,as we cannot remove the sympathy and the pressure1 we cannot always relieve the sickness2 the patient1 therefore1 is sometimes obliged to bear with the annoyance4 #cej4 ,the bowels ought to be kept gently opened1 either by a ,seidlitz powder taken early in the morning1 or by one or two compound rhubarb pills at bedtime1 or by the following mixture3 ,take of--,carbonate of ,magnesia1 two drachms2 ,sulphate of ,magnesia1 one ounce2 ,peppermint water1 seven ounces3 ,a wineglassful of this mixture to be taken early in the morning1 occasionally1 first shaking the bottle4 #cea4 ,great attention ought in such a case to be paid to the diet2 it should be moderate in quantity1 and simple in quality4 ,rich dishes1 highly-seasoned soups and melted butter must be avoided4 ,hearty meat suppers ought not on any account to be allowed4 ,there is nothing better1 if anything be taken at night1 than either a teacupful of nicely-made and well-boiled oatmeal gruel1 or of arrow-root1 or of ,arabica ,revalenta4 ,any of the above may be made either with water1 or with new milk1 or with cream and water4 #ceb4 ,it is an old saying1 and1 ,i believe as a rule1 a true one1 8that sick pregnancies are safe10 more especially if the sickness leaves1 which it generally does1 after she has quickened4 ,the above remarks1 of course1 do not include obstinate1 inveterate vomiting1 occasionally occurring in the latter period of pregnancy1 and which not only takes place in the morning1 but during the whole of the day and of the night1 and for weeks together1 sometimes bringing a patient to the brink of the grave4 ,such a case1 fortunately1 is extremely rare4 ,another old and generally true saying is1 8that females who have sick pregnancies seldom miscarry40 #cec4 ,means to harden the nipples4--,a mother1 especially with her first child1 sometimes suffers severely from sore nipples4 ,such suffering may frequently be prevented1 if for six weeks or two months before her confinement1 she were to bathe her nipples1 every night and morning1 for five minutes each time1 either with eau de ,cologne1 or with brandy and water1 equal parts of each4 ,the better plan will be to have the brandy and water in a small bottle ready for use1 and putting a little each time into a teacup1 using it fresh and fresh4 ,a soft piece of fine old linen rag should be used for the purpose of bathing4 ,all pressure ought to be taken from the nipples2 if the stays1 therefore1 unduly press them1 either let them be enlarged or let them be entirely removed4 ,the nipples themselves ought to be covered with a soft linen rag1 as the friction of a flannel vest would be apt to irritate them4 ,let me recommend every pregnant lady1 more especially in her first pregnancy1 to adopt either the one or the other of the above plans to harden the nipples2 it might avert much misery1 as sore nipples are painful and distressing2 and prevention at all times is better than cure4 #ced4 ,the breasts are1 at times1 during pregnancy1 much swollen and very painful2 and1 now and then1 they cause the patient great uneasiness1 as she fancies that she is going to have either some dreadful tumor or a gathering of the bosom4 ,there need1 in such a case1 be no apprehension4 ,the swelling and the pain are the consequences of the pregnancy1 and will in due time subside without any unpleasant result4 ,the fact is1 great changes are taking place in the breasts2 they are developing themselves1 and are preparing for the important functions they will have to perform the moment the labor is completed4 #cee4 ,treatment4--,she cannot do better than1 every night and morning1 to well rub them with equal parts of eau de ,cologne and of olive oil1 and to wear a piece of new flannel over them2 taking care to cover the nipples with soft linen1 as the friction of the flannel may irritate them4 ,the liniment encourages a little milky fluid to ooze out of the nipple1 which will afford relief4 #cef4 ,if stays be worn1 the patient should wear them slack1 in order to allow the bosoms plenty of room to develop themselves4 ,the bones of the stays ought all to be removed1 or serious consequences might ensue4 #ceg4 ,bowel complaints1 during pregnancy1 are not unfrequent4 ,a dose either of rhubarb and magnesia1 or of castor oil1 are the best remedies1 and are generally1 in the way of medicine1 all that is necessary4 #ceh4 ,the diet at such times ought to be simple1 small in quantity1 and nourishing4 ,farinaceous food1 such as rice1 tapioca1 sago1 ,du ,barry's ,arabica ,revalenta1 and arrow-root1 are particularly beneficial4 ,green vegetables and fruits1 especially stone fruits and uncooked fruits1 ought to be avoided4 #cei4 ,the surface of the body--the bowels and feet particularly--ought to be kept warm4 ,if a lady suffer habitually from relaxation of the bowels1 let her1 by all means1 wear a flannel vest next the skin4 #cfj4 ,the bladder4--,the patient during pregnancy is liable to various affections of the bladder4 ,there is sometimes a sluggishness of that organ1 and she has little or no inclination to make water4 ,there is1 at another time1 a great irritability of the bladder1 and she is constantly wanting to pass urine2 while1 in a third case1 more especially toward the latter period of the time1 she can scarcely hold her water at all1--the slightest bodily exertion1 such as walking1 stooping1 coughing1 sneezing1 etc41 causing it to come away involuntarily2 and even in some cases1 where she is perfectly still1 it dribbles away without her having any power to prevent its doing so4 #cfa4 ,a sluggish state of the bladder is best remedied by gentle exercise1 and by the patient attempting1 whether she want or not1 to make water at least every four hours4 #cfb4 ,irritability of the bladder4--,the patient ought1 during the day1 to drink freely of the following beverage3 ,take of--,best ,gum ,arabic1 one ounce2 ,pearl ,barley1 one ounce2 ,water1 one pint and a half3 ,boil for a quarter of an hour1 then strain1 and sweeten either with sugar candy or lump sugar4 #cfc4 ,the bowels ought to be gently opened with small doses of castor oil4 ,the patient must abstain from beer1 wine1 or spirits1 and should live on a mild1 bland1 nourishing diet4 #cfd4 ,where the patient cannot hold her water there is not a great deal to be done1 as the pregnant womb by pressing on the bladder prevents much present relief4 ,the comfort is1 as soon as the labor is over1 it will cure itself4 ,she ought frequently in the day to lie down either on a horse-hair mattress or on a couch4 ,she should drink but a moderate quantity of liquid1 and if she has a cough 7for a cough greatly increases this inability to hold the water71 she ought to take the following mixture3 ,take of--,compound ,tincture of ,camphor1 half an ounce2 ,compound ,spirits of ,lavender1 half a drachm2 ,oxymel of ,squills1 six drachms2 ,water1 six ounces and a half3 ,two tablespoonfuls of this mixture to be taken three times a day4 #cfe4 ,fainting4--,a delicate woman1 when she is enceinte1 is apt either to feel faint or to actually faint away4 ,when it is considered the enormous changes that1 during pregnancy1 take place1 and the great pressure there is upon the nerves and the blood-vessels1 it is not at all surprising that she should do so4 ,there is one consolation1 that although fainting at such times is disagreeable1 it is not at all dangerous1 unless the patient be really laboring under a disease of the heart4 #cff4 ,treatment4--,if the patient feel faint1 she ought immediately to lie down flat upon her back1 without a pillow under her head2 that is to say1 her head should be on a level with her body4 ,the stays and any tight articles of dress--if she has been foolish enough to wear either tight stays or tight clothes--ought to be loosened2 the windows should be thrown wide open2 water ought to be sprinkled on her face2 and sal-volatile--a teaspoonful in a wineglassful of water1 or a glass of wine ought to be administered4 ,smelling-salts must be applied to the nostrils4 ,the attendants--there should only be one or two present--should not crowd around her1 as she ought to have plenty of room to breathe4 #cfg4 ,she must1 in the intervals1 live on a good1 light1 generous diet4 ,she should keep early hours1 and ought to sleep in a well-ventilated apartment4 ,the following strengthening medicine will be found serviceable3 ,take of--,sulphate of ,quinine1 twelve grains2 ,diluted ,sulphuric ,acid1 half a drachm2 ,syrup of ,orange-peel1 half an ounce2 ,water1 seven ounces and a half3 ,two tablespoonfuls of the mixture to be taken three times a day4 ,if she be delicate1 a change either to the country1 or1 if the railway journey be not very long1 to the coast1 will be desirable4 #cfh4 ,a nervous patient during this period is subject to palpitation of the heart4 ,this palpitation1 provided it occur only during pregnancy1 is not dangerous2 it need therefore cause no alarm4 ,it is occasioned by the pressure of the pregnant womb upon the large blood-vessels1 which induces a temporary derangement of the heart's action4 ,this palpitation is generally worse at night1 when the patient is lying down4 ,there is1 at these times1 from the position1 greater pressure on the blood-vessels4 ,moreover1 when she is lying down1 the midriff1 in consequence of the increased size of the belly1 is pressed upward1 and hence the heart has not its accustomed room to work in1 and palpitation is in consequence the result4 #cfi4 ,the best remedies will be either half a teaspoonful of compound spirits of lavender or a teaspoonful of sal-volatile in a wineglassful of camphor julep1#fh or a combination of lavender and of sal-volatile3 ,take of--,compound ,spirits of ,lavender1 one drachm2 ,sal-,volatile1 eleven drachms3 ,mix4--,a teaspoonful of the drops to be taken occasionally in a wineglassful of water4 #cgj4 ,these medicines ought to lie on a table by the bedside of the patient1 in order that they may1 if necessary1 be administered at once4 ,brandy is in these cases sometimes given1 but it is a dangerous remedy to administer every time there is palpitation2 while the lavender and the sal-volatile are perfectly safe medicines1 and can never do the slightest harm4 #cga4 ,mental emotion1 fatigue1 late hours1 and close rooms ought to be guarded against4 ,gentle out-door exercise1 and cheerful but not boisterous company are desirable4 #cgb4 ,cramps of the legs and of the thighs during the latter period1 and especially at night1 are apt to attend pregnancy1 and are caused by the womb pressing upon the nerves which extend to the lower extremities4 ,treatment4--,tightly tie a handkerchief folded like a neckerchief round the limb a little above the part affected1 and let it remain on for a few minutes4 ,friction by means of the hand either with opodeldoc or with laudanum 7taking care not to drink it by mistake7 will also give relief4 ,cramp sometimes attacks either the bowels or the back of a pregnant woman2 when such is the case1 let a bag of hot salt1 or a hot-water bag1#fi or a tin stomach warmer filled with hot water and covered with flannel1 or a stone bottle containing hot water1 wrapped in flannel1 be applied over the part affected2 and let either a stone bottle of hot water or a hot brick1 which should be incased in flannel1 be placed to the soles of the feet4 ,if the cramp of the bowels1 of the back1 or of the thighs be very severe1 the following mixture will be serviceable3 ,take of--,compound ,tincture of ,camphor1 one ounce2 ,dill ,water1 five ounces3 ,a wineglassful of this mixture to be taken at bedtime occasionally1 and to be repeated1 if necessary1 in four hours4 #cgc4 8,the whites10 during pregnancy1 especially during the latter months1 and particularly if the lady has had many children1 are frequently troublesome1 and are1 in a measure1 owing to the pressure of the womb on the parts below causing irritation4 ,the best way1 therefore1 to obviate such pressure1 is for the patient to lie down a great part of each day either on a bed or on a sofa4 #cgd4 ,she ought to retire early to rest2 she should sleep on a horse-hair mattress and in a well-ventilated apartment1 and she must not overload her bed with clothes4 ,a thick1 heavy quilt at these times1 and indeed at all times1 is particularly objectionable2 the perspiration cannot pass readily through it as through blankets1 and thus she is weakened4 ,she ought to live on plain1 wholesome1 nourishing food2 but she must abstain from beer and wine and spirits4 ,the bowels ought to be gently opened by means of a ,seidlitz powder1 which should occasionally be taken early in the morning4 #cge4 ,the best application will be1 to bathe the parts with warm fuller's earth and water1 in the proportion of a handful of powdered fuller's earth to half a wash-hand-basinful of warm water2 and the internal parts ought1 night and morning1 to be bathed with it4 ,if the fuller's earth should not have the desired effect1 an alum injection#gj ought1 every night and morning1 by means of an india-rubber vaginal syringe1#ga to be syringed up the parts2 or fifteen drops of solution of diacetate of lead should be added to a quarter of a pint of lukewarm water1 and be used in a similar manner as the alum injection4 #cgf4 ,cleanliness1 in these cases1 cannot be too strongly urged4 ,indeed1 every woman1 either married or single1 ought1 unless special circumstances forbid1 to use either the bidet or a sitz-bath4 ,if she has not the 8whites10 or if she has them only slightly1 cold1 quite cold water is preferable to tepid4 ,i should advise1 then1 every lady1 both married and single1 whether she has the 8whites0 or not1 a regular sitz-bath#gb every morning 7except during her 8poorly times07--that is to say1 ,i should recommend her to sit every morning in the water 7in cold water7 for a few seconds1 or while she can count a hundred2 throwing the while either a small blanket or shawl over her shoulders1 but having no other clothing on except slippers on her feet4 ,she should1 for the first few mornings1 make the water lukewarm2 but the sooner she can use it cold--quite cold--the more good it will do her4 #cgg4 ,if the above plan were more generally followed1 women of all classes and ages would derive immense benefit from its adoption1 and many serious diseases would be warded off4 ,besides1 the use of the sitz-bath1 after a time1 would be a great comfort and enjoyment4 #cgh4 ,where a lady suffers severely from the 8whites10 she ought to visit the coast4 ,there is nothing in such cases that generally affords so much relief as the bracing effects of sea-air4 ,of course1 if she be pregnant1 she ought not to bathe in the sea1 but should1 every night and morning1 bathe the external parts with sea water4 #cgi4 ,when the patient has been much weakened by the 8whites10 she will derive benefit from a quinine mixture#gc--;a dose of which ought to be taken twice or three times a day4 #chj4 ,irritation and itching of the external parts4--,this is a most troublesome affection1 and may occur at any time1 but more especially during the latter period of the pregnancy2 and as it is a subject that a lady is too delicate and too sensitive to consult a medical man about1 ,i think it well to lay down a few rules for her relief4 ,the misery it entails1 if not relieved1 is almost past endurance4 #cha4 ,well1 then1 in the first place1 let her diet be simple and nourishing2 let her avoid stimulants of all kinds4 ,in the next place1 and this is a most important item of treatment1 let her use a tepid salt and water sitz-bath4#gd #chb4 ,the way to prepare the bath is to put a large handful of table salt into the sitz-bath1 then to add cold water to the depth of three or four inches1 and sufficient hot water to make the water tepid or lukewarm4 ,the patient must sit in the bath2 her slippered feet being1 of course1 out of the water1 and on the ground1 and either a woolen shawl or a small blanket being thrown over her shoulders3 which shawl or blanket ought to be the only covering she has on the while4 ,she should remain only for a few seconds1 or while she can count1 in the winter1 fifty1 or the summer1 a hundred1 in the bath4 ,patients generally derive great comfort and benefit from these salt and water sitz-baths4 #chc4 ,if the itching1 during the daytime1 continue1 the following lotion ought to be used3 ,take of--,solution of ,diacetate of ,lead1 one drachm2 ,rectified ,spirits of ,wine1 one drachm2 ,distilled ,water1 one pint3 ,to make a lotion4 ,the parts affected to be bathed three or four times a day with the lotion4 ,or the parts may be bathed two or three times a day with equal parts of vinegar and water4 #chd4 ,the external parts1 and the passage to the womb 7the vagina71 in these cases1 are not only irritable and itching1 but are sometimes hot and inflamed1 and are covered either with small pimples1 or with a whitish exudation of the nature of aphtha 7thrush71 somewhat similar to the thrush on the mouth of an infant2 then the addition of glycerin to the lotion is a great improvement1 and usually gives immense relief4 ,either of the following is a good lotion for the purpose3 ,take of--,biborate of ,soda1 eight drachms2 ,glycerin five ounces2 ,distilled ,water1 ten ounces3 ,to make a lotion4 ,the part affected to be bathed every four hours with the lotion1 first shaking the bottle4 ,or1 ,take of--,solution of ,diacetate of ,lead1 ,rectified ,spirits of ,wine1 of each1 one drachm2 ,glycerin1 five ounces2 ,rose ,water1 ten ounces and a half3 ,to make a lotion4 ,to be used in the same manner as the preceding one4 ,,miscarriage4 #che4 ,if a premature expulsion of the child occur before the end of the seventh month1 it is called either a miscarriage or an abortion2 if between the seventh month and before the full period of nine months1 a premature labor4 #chf4 ,there is a proneness for a young wife to miscarry1 and woe betide her1 if she once establish the habit6 for it1 unfortunately1 often becomes a habit4 ,a miscarriage is a serious calamity1 and should be considered in that light2 not only to the mother herself1 whose constitution frequent miscarriages might seriously injure1 and eventually ruin2 but it might rob the wife of one of her greatest earthly privileges1 the inestimable pleasure and delight of being a mother6 #chg4 ,now1 as a miscarriage may generally be prevented1 it behooves a wife to look well into the matter1 and to study the subject thoroughly for herself1 in order to guard against her first miscarriage2 for the first miscarriage is the one that frequently leads to a series4 ,how necessary it is that the above important fact should be borne in mind6 ,how much misery might be averted2 as1 then1 means would1 by avoiding the usual causes1 be taken to ward off such an awful calamity4 ,i am quite convinced that in the majority of cases1 miscarriages may be prevented4 #chh4 ,hence the importance of a popular work of this kind1 to point out dangers1 to give judicious advice1 that a wife may read1 ponder over1 and 8inwardly digest10 and that she may see the folly of the present practices that wives--young wives especially--usually indulge in1 and thus1 that she may avoid the rocks they split on1 which make a shipwreck of their most cherished hopes and treasures4 #chi4 ,let it then be thoroughly understood1--first1 that a miscarriage is very weakening--more weakening than a labor2 and1 secondly1 that if a lady has once miscarried1 she is more likely to miscarry again and again2 until1 at length1 her constitution is broken1 and the chances of her having a child become small indeed6 #cij4 ,causes4--,a slight cause will frequently occasion the separation of the child from the mother1 and the consequent death and expulsion of the ftus2 hence the readiness with which a lady sometimes miscarries4 ,the following are the most common causes of a young wife miscarrying3 ,taking long walks2 riding on horseback2 or over rough roads in a carriage2 a long railway journey2 overexerting herself1 and sitting up late at night4 ,her mind1 just after marriage1 is frequently too much excited by large parties1 by balls1 and concerts4 #cia4 ,the following are1 moreover1 frequent causes of a miscarriage3 ,falls2 all violent emotions of the mind1 passion1 fright1 etc42 fatigue2 overreaching2 sudden shocks2 taking a wrong step either in ascending or in descending stairs2 falling down stairs2 lifting heavy weights2 violent drastic purgatives2 calomel2 obstinate constipation2 debility of constitution2 consumptive habit of body2 fashionable amusements2 dancing2 late hours2 tight lacing2 indeed1 anything and everything that injuriously affects either the mind or the body4 #cib4 ,the old maxim that 8prevention is better than cure0 is well exemplified in the case of a miscarriage4 ,let me1 then1 appeal strongly to my fair reader to do all that she can1 by avoiding the usual causes of a miscarriage which ,i have above enumerated1 to prevent such a catastrophe4 ,a miscarriage is no trifling matter2 it is one of the most grievous accidents that can occur to a wife1 and is truly a catastrophe4 #cic4 ,threatening or warning symptoms of a miscarriage4--,a lady about to miscarry usually1 for one or two days1 experiences a feeling of lassitude1 of debility1 of malaise1 and depression of spirits2 she feels as though she were going to be taken 8poorly20 she complains of weakness and of uneasiness about the loins1 the hips1 the thighs1 and the lower part of the belly4 ,this is an important stage of the case1 and one in which a judicious medical man may1 almost to a certainty1 be able to stave off a miscarriage4 #cid4 ,more serious1 but still only threatening symptoms of a miscarriage4--,if the above symptoms are allowed to proceed1 unchecked and untended1 she will1 after a day or two1 have a slight show of blood2 this show may soon increase to a flooding1 which will shortly become clotted4 ,then1 perhaps1 she begins for the first time to dread a miscarriage6 ,there may at this time be but little pain1 and the miscarriage might1 with judicious treatment1 be even now warded off4 ,at all events1 if the miscarriage cannot be prevented1 the ill effects to her constitution may1 with care1 be palliated1 and means may be used to prevent a future miscarriage4 #cie4 ,decided symptoms of a miscarriage4--,if the miscarriage be still proceeding1 a new train of symptoms develop themselves2 pains begin to come on1 at first slight1 irregular1 and of a 8grinding0 nature1 but which soon become more severe1 regular1 and 8bearing down40 ,indeed1 the case is now a labor in miniature2 it becomes le commencement de la fin2 the patient is sure to miscarry1 as the child is now dead1 and separated from its connection with the mother4 #cif4 ,the most usual time for a lady to miscarry is from the eighth to the twelfth week4 ,it is not1 of course1 confined to this period1 as during the whole time of pregnancy there is a chance of a premature expulsion of the contents of the womb4 ,a miscarriage before the fourth month is at the time attended with little danger2 although1 if neglected1 it may forever injure the constitution4 #cig4 ,there is1 in every miscarriage1 more or less of flooding1 which is the most important symptom4 ,after the fourth month it is accompanied with more risk2 as the further a lady is advanced in her pregnancy1 the greater is the danger of increased flooding2 notwithstanding1 under judicious treatment1 there is every chance of her doing well4 #cih4 ,a medical man ought in such a case always to be sent for4 ,there is as much care required in a miscarriage as1 or more than1 in a labor4 #cii4 ,if bearing down1 expulsive pains--similar to labor pains--should accompany the flooding2 if the flooding increase1 and if large clots come away2 if the breasts become smaller and softer2 if there be coldness1 and heaviness1 and diminution in the size of the belly2 if the motion of the child 7the patient having quickened7 cannot be felt2 if there be 8the impression of a heavy mass rolling about the uterus womb1 or the falling of the uterine tumor from side to side in the abdomen belly as the patient changes her position20#ge and if there be an unpleasant discharge1 she may rest assured that the child is dead1 and that it is separated from all connection with her1 and that the miscarriage must proceed1 it being only a question of time4 ,of course1 in such a case--if she has not already done so--she ought immediately to send for a medical man4 ,a miscarriage sometimes begins and ends in a few days--five or six2 it at other times continues a fortnight1 and even in some cases three weeks4 #djj4 ,treatment4--,if a patient has the slightest 8show10 she ought immediately to confine herself either to a sofa or she should keep in bed4 ,a soft feather bed must be avoided2 it both enervates the body and predisposes to a miscarriage4 ,there is nothing better for her to sleep on than a horse-hair mattress4 ,she either ought to lie flat upon her back or should lie upon her side1 as it is quite absurd for her merely to rest her legs and feet1 as it is the back and the belly1 not the feet and the legs1 that require rest4 #dja4 ,let her put herself on a low diet1 such as on arrow-root1 tapioca1 sago1 gruel1 chicken-broth1 tea1 toast and water1 and lemonade2 and whatever she does drink ought1 during the time of the miscarriage1 to be cold4 ,grapes1 at these times1 are cooling and refreshing4 #djb4 ,the temperature of the bedroom should be kept cool2 and1 if it be summer1 the window ought to be thrown open2 aperient medicines must be avoided2 and if the flooding be violent1 cold water should be applied externally to the parts4 #djc4 ,let me strongly urge upon the patient the vast importance of preserving any and every substance that might come away1 in order that it may be carefully examined by the medical man4 #djd4 ,it is utterly impossible for a doctor to declare positively that a lady has miscarried1 and that all has properly come away1 if he have not had an opportunity of examining the substances for himself4 ,how often has a lady declared to her medical man that she has miscarried1 when she has only parted with clots of blood6 ,clots sometimes put on strange appearances1 and require a practiced and professional eye to decide at all times upon what they really are4 #dje4 ,the same care is required after a miscarriage as after a labor2 indeed1 a patient requires to be treated much in the same manner--that is to say1 she ought for a few days to keep her bed1 and should live upon the diet ,i have recommended after a confinement1 avoiding for the first few days stimulants of all kinds4 ,many women date their ill state of health to a neglected miscarriage2 it therefore behooves a lady to guard against such a catastrophe4 #djf4 ,a patient prone to miscarry1 ought1 before she become pregnant again1 to use every means to brace and strengthen her system4 ,the best plan that she can adopt will be ,,to ,,leave ,,her ,,husband ,,for ,,several ,,months1 and go to some healthy spot2 neither to a fashionable watering-place nor to a friend's house1 where much company is kept1 but to some quiet country place2 if to a healthy farm-house so much the better4 #djg4 ,early hours are quite indispensable4 ,she ought to lie on a horse-hair mattress1 and should have but scant clothing on the bed4 ,she must sleep in a well-ventilated apartment4 ,her diet should be light and nourishing4 ,gentle exercise ought to be taken1 which should alternate with frequent rest4 #djh4 ,cold ablutions ought every morning to be used1 and the body should be afterward dried with a coarse cloth4 ,if it be winter1 let the water be made tepid and let its temperature be gradually lowered until it be used quite cold4 ,a shower-bath is1 in these cases1 serviceable2 it braces and invigorates the system1 and is one of the best tonics that she can use4 #dji4 ,if she be already pregnant it would not be admissible1 as the shock of the shower-bath would be too great1 and may bring on a miscarriage2 but still she ought to continue the cold ablutions4 #daj4 ,a lady who is prone to miscarry1 ought1 as soon as she is pregnant1 to lie down a great part of every day2 she must keep her mind calm and unruffled2 she should live on a plain diet2 she ought to avoid wine and spirits and beer2 she should retire early to rest1 and she must have a separate sleeping apartment4 ,she ought as much as possible to abstain from taking opening medicine2 and if she be actually obliged to take an aperient--for the bowels must not be allowed to be constipated--she should select the mildest 7such as either castor oil or lenitive electuary or syrup of senna71 and even of these she ought not to take a larger dose than is absolutely necessary1 as a free action of the bowels is a frequent cause of a miscarriage4 #daa4 ,the external application of castor oil as a liniment1 and as recommended at page #add1 is a good and safe remedy for a patient prone to miscarry2 and if sufficiently active1 is far preferable to the mildest aperient4 ,another great advantage of the external application of castor oil is1 it does not afterward produce constipation as the internal administration of castor oil is apt to do4 ,if the external application of castor oil in the manner advised at page #add should not have the desired effect1 then an enema--a clyster of warm water1 a pint--ought1 in the morning1 two or three times a week to be administered4 #dab4 ,gentle walking exercise daily is desirable3 long walks and horseback exercise ought to be sedulously avoided4 ,a trip to the coast1 provided the railway journey be not very long1 would be likely to prevent a miscarriage2 although ,i would not1 on any account1 recommend such a patient either to bathe or to sail on the water1 as the shock of the former would be too great1 and the motion of the vessel and the sea-sickness would be likely to bring on what we are anxious to avoid4 #dac4 ,as the usual period for miscarrying approaches 7for it frequently comes on at one particular time71 let the patient be more than usually careful2 let her lie down the greatest part of the day2 let her mind be kept calm and unruffled2 let all fashionable society and every exciting amusement be eschewed2 let both the sitting and the sleeping apartments be kept cool and well ventilated2 let the bowels 7if they be costive7 be opened by an enema 7if the external application of castor oil1 as before recommended1 be not sufficient72 let the diet be simple and yet be nourishing2 let all stimulants1 such as beer1 wine1 and spirits1 be at this time avoided2 and if there be the slightest symptoms of an approaching miscarriage1 such as pains in the loins1 in the hips1 or in the lower belly1 or if there be the slightest show of blood1 let a medical man be instantly sent for1 as he may1 at an early period1 be able to ward off the threatened mishap4 ,,false ,,labor ,,pains4 #dad4 ,a lady1 especially in her first pregnancy1 is sometimes troubled with spurious labor pains2 these pains usually come on at night1 and are frequently owing to a disordered stomach4 ,they affect the belly1 the back1 and the loins2 and occasionally they extend down the hips and the thighs4 ,they attack first one place and then another2 they come on at irregular intervals2 at one time they are violent1 at another they are feeble4 ,the pains1 instead of being grinding or bearing down1 are more of a colicky nature4 #dae4 ,now1 as these false pains more frequently occur in a first pregnancy1 and as they are often more violent two or three weeks toward the completion of the full time1 and as they usually come on either at night or in the night1 it behooves both the patient and the monthly nurse to be cognizant of the fact1 in order that they may not make a false alarm and summon the doctor before he is wanted1 and when he cannot be of the slightest benefit to the patient4 #daf4 ,it is sometimes stated that a woman has been in labor two or three weeks before the child was born6 ,such is not the fact4 ,the case in question is one probably of false pains ending in true pains4 #dag4 ,how1 then1 is the patient to know that the pains are false and not true labor pains8 ,false labor pains come on three or four weeks before the full time2 true labor pains at the completion of the full time2 false pains are unattended with 8show20 true pains generally commence the labor with 8show20 false pains are generally migratory--changing from place to place--first attacking the loins1 then the hips1 then the lower portions1 and even other portions of the belly--first one part1 then another2 true pains generally begin in the back2 false pains commence as spasmodic pains2 true pains as 8grinding0 pains2 false pains come on at uncertain periods1 at one time a quarter of an hour elapsing1 at others1 an hour or two hours between each pain2 at one time the pain is sharp1 at another trifling2 true pains come on with tolerable regularity1 and gradually increase in severity4 #dah4 ,but remember--the most valuable distinguishing symptom is the absence of 8show0 in false labor pains1 and the presence of 8show0 in true labor pains4 ,it might be said that 8show0 does not always usher in the commencement of labor4 ,granted2 but such cases are exceedingly rare1 and may be considered as the exception and not the rule4 #dai4 ,treatment4--,a dose of castor oil is generally all that is necessary2 but if the pains still continue1 the patient ought to be abstemious1 abstaining for a day or two from beer and from wine1 and rubbing the bowels every night at bedtime either with camphorated oil1 previously warmed1 or with laudanum 7taking care not to drink it by mistake74 ,either hot salt1 in a flannel bag1 or a hot-water bag applied every night at bedtime to the bowels1 frequently affords great relief4 #dbj4 ,if the pains be not readily relieved she ought to send for a medical man4 ,a little appropriate medicine will soon have the desired effect4 #dba4 ,these false labor pains might go on either for days1 or even for weeks1 and at length may terminate in real labor pains4 ,,period ,,of ,,gestation--8,,the ,,count40 #dbb4 ,the period of gestation is usually#gf two hundred and eighty days--forty weeks--ten lunar or nine calendar months4 #dbc4 ,it will be well for a lady1 in making her 8count10 to commence her 8reckoning0 about three days after the last day of her being 8unwell40 ,the reason we fix on a woman conceiving a few days after she has 8ceased to be unwell0 is that she is more apt to do so soon after menstruation than at any other time4#gg #dbd4 ,a good plan to make the 8reckoning0 is as follows3 ,let forty weeks and a few days1 from the time specified above1 be marked on an almanac1 and a lady will seldom be far from her calculation4 ,suppose1 for instance1 the last day of her 8ceasing to be unwell0 was on ,january the #aeth1 she may expect to be confined very near ,october #bc;d4 #dbe4 ,another plan1 and one recommended by ,dr4 ,tanner1 to make the 8count10 is the following3 8,to effect this readily1 we cannot do better than follow the plan of most ,german obstetricians1 who learn the probable day of delivery thus3 the date of the last menstruation being given1 they calculate three months backward and add seven days4 ,for example1 suppose the #bjth ,january to be the last day of the last menstrual period1 labor will be due about the #bgth ,october--i4e4 on the #bhjth day40#gh ,,being ,,out ,,in ,,the ,,reckoning4 #dbf4 ,a lady1 sometimes1 by becoming pregnant while she is suckling1 is put out of her reckoning2 not being unwell at such time1 she consequently does not know how to 8count40 ,she ought1 in a case of this kind1 to reckon from the time that she quickens--that is to say1 she must then consider herself nearly half-gone in her pregnancy1 and to be within a fortnight of half her time2 or1 to speak more accurately1 as soon as she has quickened1 we have reason to believe that she has gone about one hundred and twenty-four days3 she has therefore about one hundred and fifty-six more days to complete the period of her pregnancy4 ,suppose1 for instance1 that she first quickened on ,may the #agth1 she may expect to be confined somewhere near ,october the #bc;d4 ,she must bear in mind1 however1 that she can never make so correct a 8count0 from quickening 7quickening takes place at such various periods7 as from the last day of her being 8unwell40 #dbg4 ,a lady is occasionally thrown out of her reckoning by the appearance1 the first month after she is enceinte1 of a little 8show40 ,this discharge does not come from the womb1 as that organ is hermetically sealed2 but from the upper part of the vagina1 the passage to the womb1 and from the mouth of the womb1 and may be known from the regular menstrual fluid by its being much smaller in quantity1 by its clotting1 and by its lasting generally but a few hours4 ,this discharge1 therefore1 ought not to be reckoned in the 8count10 but the one before must be the guide1 and the plan should be adopted as recommended in page #ahf1 paragraph #dbc4 8,,is ,,it ,a ,,boy ,,or ,a ,,girl80 #dbh4 ,it has frequently been asked1 8,can a medical man tell1 before the child is born1 whether it will be a boy or girl80 ,dr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,w4 ,packman1 of ,wimborne1 answers in the affirmative4 8,queen bees lay female eggs first1 and male eggs afterward4 ,in the human female1 conception in the first half of the time between menstrual periods produces female offspring1 and male in the latter4 ,when a female has gone beyond the time she calculated upon1 it will generally turn out to be a boy40#gi ,it is well to say generally1 as the foregoing remarks are not invariably to be depended upon1 as ,i have had cases to prove4 ,notwithstanding1 ,i believe that there is a good deal of truth in ,mr4 ,packman's statement4 ,,monthly ,,nurse4 #dbi4 ,it is an important1 a most important1 consideration to choose a nurse rightly and well4 #dcj4 ,a monthly nurse ought to be middle-aged4 ,if she be young1 she is apt to be thoughtless and giggling2 if she be old1 she may be deaf and stupid1 and may think too much of her trouble4 ,she should have calmness and self-possession4 ,she must be gentle1 kind1 good-tempered1 and obliging1 but firm withal1 and she should have a cheerful countenance4 8,some seem by nature to have a vocation for nursing2 others not4 ,again1 nursing has its separate branches2 some have the light step1 the pleasant voice1 the cheering smile1 the dextrous hand1 the gentle touch2 others are gifted in cookery for the sick40#hj ,the former good qualities are essential to a monthly nurse1 and if she can combine the latter--that is to say1 8if she is gifted in cookery for the sick0--she will1 as a monthly nurse1 be invaluable4 ,unless a woman have the gift of nursing1 she will never make a nurse4 8,dr4 ,thynne held that sick-nurses1 like poets1 were born1 not made40#ha #dca4 ,she ought neither to be a tattler1 nor a tale-bearer1 nor a 8croaker10 nor a 8potterer40 ,a tattler is an abomination2 a clacking tongue is most wearisome and injurious to the patient4 ,a tale-bearer is to be especially avoided2 if she tell tales of her former ladies1 my fair reader may depend upon it that her turn will come4#hb ,but of all nurses to be shunned as the plague is the 8croaker10 one that discourses of the dismal and of the dreadful cases that have occurred in her experience1 many of which1 in all probability1 she herself was the cause of4 ,she is a very upas-tree in a house4 ,a 8potterer0 should be banished from the lying-in room2 she is a perpetual worry--a perpetual blister6 ,she is a nurse without method1 without system1 and without smartness4 ,she potters at this and potters at that1 and worries the patient beyond measure4 ,she dreams1 and drawls1 and 8potters40 ,it is better to have a brusque and noisy nurse than a pottering one--the latter individual is far more irritating to the patient's nerves1 and is aggravating beyond endurance4 8,there is one kind of nurse that is not uncommon in hospitals and in lying-in rooms1 and that gives more trouble and worry than all the others together1 viz41 the #8pottering' nurse4 ,of all nuisances1 defend us from a potterer4444 ,the woman always has the very best intentions in the world1 but is totally devoid of method and smartness4 ,you never know when she has begun anything1 and you certainly will never know when she has finished it4 ,she never does finish it1 but she sometimes leaves off4444 ,she seems incapable of taking in a complete and accurate idea of anything1 and even while you are speaking to her it is easy to see that her attention cannot be concentrated1 and that her mind is flying about among half a dozen subjects4 ,if she is in the least hurried1 she loses what little intellect she ordinarily possesses1 moans feebly in a sotto voce monotone1 fetches the wrong articles1 does the wrong thing at the wrong time1 and is always in the way40#hc #dcb4 ,some monthly nurses have a knack of setting the servants at loggerheads1 and of poisoning the minds of their mistresses toward them4 ,they are regular mischief-makers1 and frequently cause old and faithful domestics to leave their situations4 ,it will be seen1 therefore1 that it is a momentous undertaking to choose a monthly nurse rightly and well4 #dcc4 ,fortunately for ladies the class of nurses is wonderfully improved1 and the race of ,sairey ,gamp and ,betsey ,prig is nearly at an end4 #dcd4 ,she ought to be either a married woman or a widow4 ,a single woman cannot so well enter into the feelings of a lying-in patient1 and has not had the necessary experience4 ,moreover1 a single woman1 as a rule1 is not so handy with an infant 7more especially in putting him for the first time to the breast7 as a married woman4 #dce4 ,she must be sober1 temperate1 and healthy1 and free from deafness and from any defect of vision4 ,she should have a gentle voice and manner1 but yet be neither melancholy nor hippish4 ,she ought to be fond of children1 and must neither mind her trouble nor being disturbed at night4 ,she should be a light sleeper4 8,scrupulous attention to cleanliness1 freshness1 and neatness0 in her own person1 and toward the lady and the infant1 are most important requisites4 #dcf4 ,a fine lady-nurse that requires to be constantly waited upon by a servant is not the one that ,i would recommend4 ,a nurse should be willing to wait upon herself1 upon her mistress1 and upon the baby with alacrity1 with cheerfulness1 and without assistance1 or she is not suitable for her situation4 #dcg4 ,as the nurse1 if she does her duty1 devotes her time1 her talent1 and her best energies to the lady and infant1 a mistress ought to be most liberal in the payment of a monthly nurse4 ,a good one is cheap at almost any price1 while a bad one1 though she come for nothing1 is dear indeed4 ,a cheap nurse is frequently the ruin of the patient's and of the baby's health1 and of the peace of a household4 #dch4 ,the monthly nurse ought to be engaged early in the pregnancy1 as a good nurse is caught up soon1 and is full of engagements4 ,this is most important advice4 ,a lady frequently has to put up with an indifferent nurse from neglecting to engage her betimes4 ,the medical man at the eleventh hour is frequently besought to perform an impossibility--to select a good nurse2 and which he could readily have done if time had been given him to make the selection4 ,some of my best nurses are engaged by my patients as early as two or three months after the latter have conceived1 in order to make sure of having their favorite nurses4 ,my patients are quite right2 a good nurse is quite of as much importance to her well-doing as a good doctor2 indeed1 a bad nurse oftentimes makes a good doctor's efforts perfectly nugatory4 #dci4 ,it is always desirable1 whenever it be possible1 that the doctor in attendance should himself select the monthly nurse1 as she will then be used to his ways1 and he will know her antecedents--whether she be sober1 temperate1 and kind1 and that she understands her business1 and whether she be in the habit of attending and of following out his directions1 for frequently a nurse is self-opinionated1 and fancies that she knows far better than the medical man4 ,such a nurse is to be scrupulously avoided4 ,there cannot be two masters in a lying-in room2 if there be1 the unfortunate patient will inevitably be the sufferer4 ,a doctor's directions must be carried out to the very letter4 ,it rests with the patient to select a judicious medical man1 who1 although he will be obeyed1 will be kind and considerate to the nurse4 #ddj4 ,a monthly nurse ought to be in the house a week or ten days before the commencement of the labor1 in order that there may be neither bustle nor excitement1 and no hurrying to and fro at the last moment to find her2 and that she may have everything prepared1 and the linen well aired for the coming event4 #dda4 ,she must never be allowed1 unless ordered by the medical man1 to give either the patient or the baby a particle of medicine4 ,a quacking monthly nurse is an abomination4 ,an infant who is everlastingly being drugged by a nurse is sure to be puny and delicate4 #ddb4 ,a monthly nurse ought to understand the manner of putting on and of tightening the bandage after a confinement4 ,this1 every night and morning1 she must do4 ,the doctor generally does it the first time himself1 viz41 immediately after the labor4 ,it requires a little knack1 and if the nurse be at all awkward in the matter1 the medical man will only be too happy to show her the way1 for he is quite aware the support1 the comfort1 and the advantage it will be to his patient1 and he will be glad to know that the nurse herself will be able to continue putting it on properly for some weeks--for at least three weeks--after the lying-in4 #ddc4 ,if nurses better understood the proper method of bandaging patients after their labors1 there would not be so many ladies with pendulous bellies and with ungainly figures4 ,it is a common remark that a lady's figure is spoiled in consequence of her having had so many children4 ,this1 provided efficient bandaging after every confinement had been properly resorted to1 ought not to be4 ,but then1 if a monthly nurse is to do those things properly1 she ought to be properly trained1 and many of them have little or no training2 hence the importance of choosing one who thoroughly knows and will conscientiously do her duty4 #ddd4 ,a monthly nurse who thoroughly understands her business will always have the lying-in room tidy1 cheerful1 and well ventilated4 ,she will not allow dirty linen to accumulate in the drawers1 in corners1 and under the bed2 nor will she allow any chamber utensil to remain for one moment in the room after it has been used4 ,if it be winter1 she will take care that the fire in the grate never goes out1 and that it is never very large1 and that the room is kept as nearly as possible at one temperature--namely1 at #fj ,fahrenheit4 ,she will use her authority as a nurse1 and keep the other children from frequently running into the room1 and from exciting and disturbing her mistress2 and she will make a point of taking charge of the baby1 and of keeping him quiet while the mother1 during the day1 is having her necessary sleep4 #dde4 ,a good monthly nurse fully comprehends and thoroughly appreciates the importance of bathing the external parts concerned in parturition every night and morning1 and sometimes even oftener1 for at least two or three weeks after a confinement4 ,and if the medical man deem it necessary1 she ought to understand the proper manner of using a vaginal syringe4 ,if the nurse be self-opinionated1 and tries to persuade her mistress not to have proper ablution--that such ablution will give cold--she is both ignorant and prejudiced1 and quite unfit for a monthly nurse2 and my advice is1 that a lady ought on no account to engage such a person a second time4 #ddf4 ,in another part of this work ,i have entered fully on the vital importance of ablution after a confinement1 and ,i need not say more than again to urge my fair reader to see that the monthly nurse properly carries it out1 and that1 if there be any objections made to it by the nurse1 the medical man be appealed to in the matter1 and that his judgment be final4 ,assured ,i am that every doctor who understands his profession will agree with me1 that the regular ablution of the parts after a labor is absolutely indispensable4 ,the nurse1 of course1 will take care to guard the bed from being wet1 and will not expose the patient unnecessarily during the process2 she will be quick over it1 and she will have in readiness soft1 warm1 dry towels to speedily dry the parts that have been bathed4 ,the above is most important advice1 and ,i hope that my fair inquirer will engage a monthly nurse that will do her duty in the matter4 #ddg4 ,before concluding a list of some of the duties of a monthly nurse1 there are four more pieces of advice ,i wish to give both to a wife and to a monthly nurse herself1 which are these3 7#a7 ,never to allow a nurse1 until she be ordered by the doctor1 to give either brandy1 or wine1 or porter1 or ale to the patient4 7#b7 ,i should recommend every respectable monthly nurse to carry about with her an india-rubber vaginal syringe4 ,one of the best for the purpose is ,higginson's syringe1#hd which is one constructed to act either as an enema apparatus1 or1 by placing the vaginal pipe over the enema pipe1 as a vaginal syringe4 ,she will thus be armed at all points1 and will be ready for any emergency4 ,it is an admirable invention1 and cannot be too well known4 7#c7 ,i should advise a monthly nurse while on duty1 whatever she may do at other times1 to doff her crinoline4 ,a woman nursing a baby with a stuck-out crinoline is an absurdity1 and if it were not injurious both to the mother and to the infant 7as the nurse in crinoline cannot do her duty either to the one or to the other7 she would be a laughable object4 ,a new-born baby pillowed in steel6 7#d7 ,i should recommend every monthly nurse1 while in the lying-in room1 to wear either list slippers or the rubber slippers1 as creaking shoes are very irritating to a patient4 8,nurses at these times should wear slippers and not shoes4 ,the best slippers in sick-rooms are those manufactured by the ,north ,british ,rubber ,company1 ,edinburgh3 they enable nurses to walk in them about the room without causing the slightest noise2 indeed1 they may be called #8the noiseless slipper'--a great desideratum in such cases1 more especially in all head affections of children4 ,if the above slippers cannot readily be obtained1 then list slippers--soles and all being made of list--will answer the purpose equally as well40#he ,,part ,,iii4 ,,labor4 ,,the ,,precursory ,,symptoms ,,of ,,labor4 #ddh4 ,a day or two before the labor commences1 the patient usually feels better than she has done for a long time2 she is light and comfortable2 she is smaller1 and the child is lower down2 she is more cheerful1 breathes more freely1 and is more inclined to take exercise1 and to attend to her household duties4 #ddi4 ,a few days1 sometimes a few hours1 before labor commences1 the child 8falls10 as it is called1 that is to say1 there is a subsidence--a dropping--of the womb lower down the belly4 ,this is the reason why she feels lighter and more comfortable1 and more inclined to take exercise1 and why she can breathe more freely4 #dej4 ,the only inconvenience of the subsidence of the womb is that the womb presses on the bladder1 and sometimes causes an irritability of that organ1 inducing a frequent desire to make water4 #dea4 ,the subsidence--the dropping--of the womb may then be considered one of the earliest of the precursory symptoms of the labor1 and as the herald of the coming event4 #deb4 ,she has1 at length1 slight pains1 and then she has a 8show10 as it is called2 which is the coming away of a mucous plug1 which1 during pregnancy1 had hermetically sealed the mouth of the womb4 ,the 8show0 is generally tinged with a little blood4 ,when a 8show0 takes place1 she may rest assured that labor has actually commenced4 ,one of the early symptoms of labor is a frequent desire to relieve the bladder4 #dec4 ,she has now 8grinding pains10 coming on at uncertain periods2 sometimes once during two hours1 at other times every hour or half hour4 ,these 8grinding pains0 ought not to be interfered with2 at this stage1 therefore1 it is useless to send for a doctor2 yet the monthly nurse should be in the house1 to make preparations for the coming event4 ,although1 at this early period1 it is not necessary to send for the medical man1 nevertheless1 it is well to let him know that his services might shortly be required1 in order that he might be in the way1 or that he might leave word where he might quickly be found4 #ded4 ,these 8grinding pains0 gradually assume more regularity in their character1 return at shorter intervals1 and become more severe4 ,about this time1 shivering1 in the majority of cases1 is apt to occur1 so as to make the teeth chatter again4 ,shivering during labor is not an unfavorable symptom2 it proves1 indeed1 that the patient is in real earnest1 and that she is making progress4 #dee4 ,she ought not1 on any account1 unless it be ordered by the medical man1 to take brandy as a remedy for the shivering4 ,a cup either of hot tea or of hot gruel will be the best remedy for the shivering2 and an extra blanket or two should be thrown over her1 which ought to be well tucked around her1 in order to thoroughly exclude the air from the body4 ,the extra clothing should1 as soon as she is warm and perspiring1 be gradually removed1 as she ought not to be kept very hot1 or it will weaken her1 and will thus retard her labor4 #def4 ,sickness frequently comes on in the beginning of the labor1 and may continue during the whole process4 ,she is not only sick1 but she actually vomits1 and she can keep little or nothing on her stomach4 #deg4 ,now1 sickness in labor is rather a favorable symptom1 and is usually indicative of a kind and easy confinement4 ,there is an old saying that 8sick labors are safe40 ,although they may be safe1 they are decidedly disagreeable6 #deh4 ,in such a case there is little or nothing to be done1 as the less an irritable stomach is meddled with the better4 ,the sickness will probably leave as soon as the labor is over4 ,brandy1 unless prescribed by the medical man1 ought not to be given4 #dei4 ,she must not1 on any account1 force down--as her female friends or as a 8pottering0 old nurse may advise to--8grinding pains30 if she do1 it will rather retard than forward her labor4 #dfj4 ,she had better1 during this stage1 either walk about or sit down1 and not confine herself to bed2 indeed1 there is no necessity for her1 unless she particularly desire it1 to remain in her chamber4 #dfa4 ,if1 at the commencement of the labor1 the 8waters should break10 even if there be no pain1 the medical man ought immediately to be sent for2 as1 in such a case1 it is necessary that he should know the exact presentation of the child4 #dfb4 ,after an uncertain length of time1 the character of the pains alters4 ,from being 8grinding10 they become 8bearing down10 and are now more regular and frequent1 and the skin becomes both hot and perspiring4 ,these may be considered the true labor pains4 ,the patient ought to bear in mind then that 8the true labor pains are situated in the back and loins2 they come on at regular intervals1 rise gradually up to a certain pitch of intensity1 and abate as gradually2 it is a dull1 heavy1 deep sort of pain1 producing occasionally a low moan from the patient2 not sharp or twinging1 which would elicit a very different expression of suffering from her40#hf #dfc4 ,as soon as the pains assume a 8bearing down0 character1 the medical man ought to be in attendance2 if he be sent for during the early stage1 when the pains are of a 8grinding0 character1 and when they come on 8few and far between10 and at uncertain intervals 7unless1 as before stated1 8the waters should break0 early71 he can do no good2 for if he attempt in the early stage to force on the labor1 he might do irreparable mischief4 #dfd4 ,cramps of the legs and of the thighs are a frequent1 although not a constant1 attendant on labor4 ,these cramps come on more especially if the patient be kept for a lengthened period in one position2 hence the importance of allowing her1 during the first and the second stages of labor1 to move about the room4 #dfe4 ,cramps are generally worse during the third or last stage of labor1 and then1 if they occur at all1 they usually accompany each pain4 ,the poor patient1 in such a case1 has not only to bear the labor pains but the cramp pains6 ,now1 there is no danger in these cramps2 it is rather a sign that the child is making rapid progress1 as he is pressing upon the nerves which supply the thighs4 #dff4 ,the nurse ought to well rub1 with her warm hand1 the cramped parts2 and1 if the labor be not too far advanced1 it would be well for the patient to change her position1 and to sit on a chair1 or1 if she feel inclined1 to walk about the room2 there being of course an attendant1 one on each side1 to support her the while4 ,if either a pain or a cramp should come on while she is thus moving about1 let her instantly take hold of the bedpost for support4 #dfg4 ,i observe1 in a subsequent paragraph1 that in a case of labor1 a four-post mahogany bedstead without a foot-board is preferable to either a brass or an iron bedstead4 ,it will now be seen that this was one of my reasons for advising the old-fashioned bedstead2 as the support of a bedpost is oftentimes a relief and a comfort4 ,the new-fashioned mahogany bedsteads made with fixed foot-board1 and both the iron and brass bedsteads with railings at the foot1 are each and all1 during the progress of labor1 very inconvenient2 as the patient1 with either of these kinds of bedsteads1 is not able to plant her feet firmly against the bedpost--the foot-board of the former and the railings of the latter being in the way of her doing so4 ,the man who invented these new-fangled bedsteads was an ignoramus in such matters4 #dfh4 ,labor--and truly it may be called 8labor0#hg--;is a natural process1 and therefore ought not unnecessarily to be interfered with1 or woe betide the unfortunate patient4 #dfi4 ,i firmly believe that a woman would stand a much better chance of getting well over her confinement without assistance1 than if she had been hurried with assistance4 #dgj4 ,in a natural labor very little assistance is needed1 and the doctor is only required in the room occasionally1 to ascertain that things are going on rightly4 ,those ladies do best1 both at the time and afterward1 whose labors are the least interfered with4 ,bear this in mind1 and let it be legibly written on your memory4 ,this advice1 of course1 only holds good in natural confinements4 #dga4 ,meddlesome midwifery cannot be too strongly reprobated4 ,the duty of a doctor is to watch the progress of a labor1 in order that1 if there be anything wrong1 he may rectify it2 but if the labor be going on well1 he has no business to interfere1 and he need not be much in the lying-in room1 although he should be in an adjoining apartment4 #dgb4 ,these remarks are made to set a lady right with regard to the proper offices of an obstetrician2 as sometimes she has an idea that a medical man is able1 by constantly 8taking a pain10 to greatly expedite a natural labor4 ,now1 this is a mistaken and mischievous1 although a popular notion4 #dgc4 ,the frequent 8taking of a pain0 is very injurious and most unnatural4 ,it irritates and inflames the passages1 and frequently retards the labor4 #dgd4 ,the occasional1 but only the occasional1 8taking of a pain0 is absolutely necessary to enable the medical man to note the state of the parts1 and the progress of the labor2 but the frequent 8taking of a pain0 is very objectionable and most reprehensible4 #dge4 ,as a rule1 then1 it is neither necessary nor desirable for a medical man to be much in a lying-in room4 ,really1 in a natural labor1 it is surprising how very little his presence is required4 ,after he has once ascertained the nature of the case1 which it is absolutely necessary that he should do1 and has found all going on 8right and straight10 it is better1 much better1 that he retire in the daytime to the drawing-room1 in the night season to a bedroom1 and thus to allow nature time and full scope to take her own course without hurry and without interference1 without let and without hindrance4 ,nature hates hurry and resents interference4 #dgf4 ,the above advice1 for many reasons1 is particularly useful4 ,in the first place1 nature is not unnecessarily interfered with4 ,secondly1 it allows a patient1 from time to time1 to empty her bladder and bowels1--which1 by giving more room to the adjacent parts1 greatly assists and expedites the progress of the labor4 ,thirdly1 if the doctor is not present he is not called upon to be frequently 8taking a pain10 which she may request him to do1 as she fancies it does her good and relieves her sufferings2 but which frequent taking of a pain in reality does her harm1 and retards the progress of the labor4 ,no2 a doctor ought not to be much in a lying-in room4 ,although it may be necessary that he be near at hand1 within call1 to render assistance toward the last1 ,i emphatically declare that in an ordinary confinement--that is to say1 in what is called a natural labor--the only time1 as a rule1 that the presence of the doctor can be useful1 is just before the child is born2 although he ought to be in readiness1 and should therefore be in the house some little time before the event takes place4 ,let the above most important advice be strongly impressed upon your memory4 ,oh6 if a patient did but know what a blessed thing is patience1 and1 in an ordinary labor1 the importance of non-interference6 #dgg4 ,bear in mind1 then1 that in every well-formed woman1 and in every ordinary confinement1 nature is perfectly competent to bring1 without the assistance of man1 a child into the world1 and that it is only an ignorant person who would1 in a natural case of labor1 interfere to assist nature4#hh ,assist nature6 ,can any thing be more absurd8 ,as though ,god in his wisdom1 in performing one of his greatest wonders and processes1 required the assistance of man6 ,it might with as much truth be said that in every case of the process of healthy digestion it is necessary for a doctor to assist the stomach in the process of digesting the food6 ,no2 it is high time that such fallacies were exploded1 and that common sense should take the place of such folly4 ,a natural labor1 then1 ought never to be either hurried or interfered with1 or frightful consequences might1 and in all probability will1 ensue4 ,let every lying-in woman bear in mind that the more patient she is1 the more kind and the more speedy will be her labor and her 8getting about40 ,let her1 moreover1 remember1 then1 that labor is a natural process--that all the 8grinding0 pains she has are doing her good service1 are dilating1 softening1 and relaxing the parts1 and preparing for the final or 8bearing down0 pains2 let her further bear in mind that these pains must not1 on any account whatever1 be interfered with either by the doctor1 by the nurse1 or by herself4 ,these pains are sent for a wise purpose1 and they ought to be borne with patience and resignation1 and she will in due time be rewarded for all her sufferings and anxieties by having a living child4 ,oh1 how often have ,i heard an ignorant nurse desire her mistress to bear down to a 8grinding0 pain1 as though it could do the slightest good6 ,no1 it only robs her of her strength and interferes with the process and progress of the labor4 ,away with such folly1 and let nature assert her rights and her glorious prerogative6 ,it might be thought that ,i am tedious and prolix in insisting on non-interference in a natural labor1 but the subject is of paramount importance1 and cannot be too strongly dwelt upon1 and cannot be too often brought1 and that energetically1 before the notice of a lying-in woman4 #dgh4 ,fortunately for ladies1 there is great talent in the midwifery department1 which would prevent--however anxious a patient may be to get out of her trouble--any improper interference4#hi #dgi4 ,i say improper interference4 ,a case sometimes1 although rarely1 occurs1 in which it might be necessary for the medical man to properly interfere and to help the labor2 then the patient must leave herself entirely in the hands of her doctor--to act as he thinks best1 and who may find it necessary to use promptness and decision1 and thus to save her an amount of unnecessary lingering pain1 risk1 and anxiety4 ,but these cases1 fortunately1 are exceptions--rare exceptions--and not the rule4 #dhj4 ,it is1 then1 absolutely necessary1 in some few cases1 that a medical man should act promptly and decisively2 delay in such emergencies would be dangerous3 8,if it were done when 'tis done1 then 'twere well ,it were done quickly40 #dha4 ,there are times1 and times without number1 when a medical man is called upon to do but little or nothing2 and there are others--few and far between--when it is imperatively necessary that he should do a great deal4 ,he ought at all times to be1 as gentle as a lamb1 but should1 in certain contingencies1 be as fearless as a lion6 #dhb4 ,should the husband be present during the labor8 ,certainly not2 but as soon as the labor is over1 and all the soiled clothes have been put out of the way1 let him instantly see his wife for a few minutes1 to whisper in her ear words of affection1 of gratitude1 and consolation4 #dhc4 ,the first confinement is generally twice the length of time of an after one1 and usually the more children a lady has had1 the quicker is the labor2 but this is by no means always the case1 as some of the after labors may be the tedious1 while the early confinements may be the quick ones4 #dhd4 ,it ought to be borne in mind1 too1 that tedious labors are oftentimes natural labors1 and that they only require time and patience from all concerned to bring them to a successful issue4 #dhe4 ,it may be said that a first labor1 as a rule1 lasts six hours1 while an after labor probably lasts but three4 ,this space of time1 of course1 does not usually include the commencement of labor pains1 but the time that a lady may be actually said to be in real labor4 ,if we are to reckon from the commencement of the labor1 we ought to double the above numbers--that is to say1 we should make the average duration of a first labor twelve2 of an after labor1 six hours4 #dhf4 ,when a lady marries late in life--for instance1 after she has passed the age of thirty--her first labor is usually much more lingering1 painful1 and tedious1 demanding a great stock of patience from the patient1 from the doctor1 and from the friends2 notwithstanding which1 if she be not hurried and be not much interfered with1 both she and the baby generally do remarkably well4 ,supposing a lady marries late in life1 it is only the first confinement that is usually hard and lingering2 the after labors are as easy as though she had married when young4 #dhg4 ,slow labors are not necessarily dangerous2 on the contrary1 a patient frequently has a better and more rapid recovery1 provided there has been no interference1 after a tedious than after a quick confinement--proving beyond doubt that nature hates hurry and interference4 ,it is an old saying1 and1 ,i believe1 a true one1 that a lying-in woman must have pain either before or after a labor2 and it certainly is far preferable that she should have the pain and suffering before than after the labor is over4 #dhh4 ,it is well for a patient to know that1 as a rule1 after a first confinement she never has after pains4 ,this is some consolation1 and is a kind of compensation for her usually suffering more with her first child4 #dhi4 ,the after pains generally increase in intensity with every additional child4 ,this only bears out1 in some measure1 what ,i before advanced1 namely1 that the pain is less severe and of shorter duration before each succeeding labor1 and that the pain is greater and of longer duration after each succeeding one4 #dij4 ,the after pains are intended by nature to contract--to reduce--the womb somewhat to its non-pregnant size1 and to assist clots in coming away1 and therefore ought not to be needlessly interfered with4 ,a judicious medical man will1 however1 if the pains be very severe1 prescribe medicine to moderate--not to stop--them4 ,a doctor fortunately possesses valuable remedies to alleviate the after pains4 #dia4 ,nature--beneficent nature--ofttimes works in secret1 and is doing good service by preparing for the coming event1 unknown to all around4 ,in the very earliest stages of labor pain is not a necessary attendant4 #dib4 ,although pain and suffering are the usual concomitants of childbirth1 there are1 nevertheless1 well-authenticated cases on record of painless parturition4#ij #dic4 ,a natural labor may be divided into three stages4 ,the first1 the premonitory stage1 comprising the 8falling0 or subsidence of the womb1 and the 8show40 ,the second1 the dilating stage1 which is known by the pains being of a 8grinding0 nature1 and in which the mouth of the womb gradually opens or dilates until it is sufficiently large to admit the exit of the head of the child1 when it becomes the third1 the completing stage1 which is now indicated by the pains being of a 8bearing down0 expulsive character4 #did4 ,now1 in the first or premonitory stage1 which is much the longest of the three stages1 it is neither necessary nor desirable that the patient should be confined to her room2 on the contrary1 it is better for her to be moving about the house1 and to be attending to her household duties4 #die4 ,in the second or dilating stage1 it will be necessary that she should be confined to her room1 but not to her bed4 ,if the drawing-room be near at hand1 she ought occasionally to walk to it1 and if a pain should come on the while1 lie on the sofa4 ,in this stage it is not at all desirable that she should keep her bed1 or even lie much on it4 ,she is better up and about1 and walking about the room4 #dif4 ,in the first and the second stages she must not1 on any account1 strain or bear down to the pains1 as many ignorant nurses advise1 as1 by robbing her of her strength1 it would only retard the labor4 ,besides1 while the mouth of the womb is dilating1 bearing down cannot be of the slightest earthly use--the womb is not in a fit state to expel its contents4 ,if by bearing down she could 7but which fortunately she cannot7 cause the expulsion of the child1 it would1 at this stage1 be attended with frightful consequences--no less than the rupture of the womb6 ,therefore1 for the future1 let not a lady be persuaded1 either by any ignorant nurse or by any officious friend1 to bear down until the last or the complete stage1 when a gentle bearing down will assist the pains to expel the child4 #dia4 ,in the third or completing stage1 of course it is necessary that she should lie on a bed1 and that she should1 as above advised1 bear gently down to the pains4 ,the bearing down pains will indicate to her when to bear down4 #dih4 ,if1 toward the last1 she be in great pain1 and if she feel inclined to do so1 let her cry out1#ia and it will relieve her4 ,a foolish nurse will tell her that if she make a noise1 it will do her harm4 ,away with such folly1 and have nothing to do with such simpletons6 #dii4 ,even in the last stage1 she ought never to bear down unless the pain be actually upon her2 it will do her great harm if she does4 ,in bearing down1 the plan is to hold the breath1 and strain down as though she were straining to have a stool4 #ejj4 ,by a patient adopting the rules just indicated1 much weariness might be avoided2 cramp1 from her not being kept long in one position1 might be warded off2 the labor1 from her being amused by change of room and scene1 might be expedited2 and thus the confinement might be deprived of much of its monotony and misery4 #eja4 ,nurses sometimes divide a labor into two kinds--a 8back labor10 and a 8belly labor40 ,the latter is not a very elegant1 although it might be an expressive1 term4 ,now1 in a 8back labor10 the patient will derive comfort by having her back held by the nurse4 ,this ought not to be done by the bare hand1 but let the following plan be adopted3 ,let a pillow be placed next to the back1 and then the nurse should apply firm pressure1 the pillow intervening between the back and the nurse's hand or hands4 ,if the above method be followed1 the back will not be injured1 which it otherwise would be by the pressure of the hard hand of the nurse4 ,where the bare hand alone has been applied1 ,i have known the back to continue sore and stiff for days4 #ejb4 ,during the latter stage of labor1 the patient ought always to beep her eyelids closed1 or the straining might cause an attack of inflammation of the eyes1 or1 at all events1 might make them bloodshot4 #ejc4 ,let a large room1 if practicable1 be selected for the labor1 and let it be airy and well ventilated2 and1 if it be summer1 take care that the chimney be not stopped4 ,if the weather be intensely hot1 there is no objection to the window being from time to time a little opened4 #ejd4 ,the old-fashioned four-post mahogany bedstead is the most convenient for a confinement1 and is far preferable either to brass or to iron4 ,the reasons are obvious3 in the first place1 the patient can1 in the last stage of labor1 press her feet against the bedpost1 which is often a great comfort1 relief1 and assistance to her4 ,and secondly1 while she is walking about the room1 and 8a pain0 suddenly comes on1 she can1 by holding the bedpost1 support herself4 #eje4 ,if there be a straw mattress and a horse-hair mattress1 besides the bed1 let the straw mattress be removed2 as a high bed is inconvenient1 not only to the patient1 but to the doctor4 ,,preparations ,,for ,,labor4 #ejf4 ,i should strongly urge a patient not to put everything off to the last4 ,she must take care to have in readiness a good pair of scissors and a skein of whity-brown thread4 ,and she ought to have in the house a small pot of fresh lard--that is to say1 unsalted lard1#ib that it may be at hand in case it is wanted4 ,let everything necessary both for herself and the babe be well aired and ready for immediate use1 and be placed in such order that all things may1 without hurry or bustle1 at a moment's notice1 be found4 #ejg4 ,another preparation for labor1 and a most important one1 is1 attending to the state of the bowels4 ,if they are at all costive1 the moment there is the slightest premonitory symptom of labor1 she ought to take either a teaspoonful or a dessertspoonful 7according to the nature of her bowels1 whether she be easily moved or otherwise7 of castor oil4 ,if she object to taking the oil1 then let her have an enema of warm water1 a pint1 administered4 ,by adopting either of the above plans she will derive the greatest comfort and advantage4 ,it will prevent her delicacy from being shocked by having her bowels opened1 without her being able to prevent them1 during the last stage of labor2 and it will1 by giving the adjacent parts more room1 much expedite the confinement and lessen her sufferings4 #ejh4 ,the next thing to be attended to is the way in which she ought to be dressed for the occasion4 ,i would recommend her to put on her clean night-gown1 which1 in order to keep it clean and unsoiled1 should be smoothly and carefully rolled up about her waist2 then she ought to wear over it a short bed-gown reaching to the hips1 and have on a flannel petticoat to meet it1 and then she should put on a dressing-gown over all4 ,if it be winter1 the dressing-gown had better either be composed of flannel or be lined with that material4 ,the stays must not be worn1 as they would interfere with the progress of the labor4 #eji4 ,the valances of the bed1 and the carpet1 and the curtains at the foot of the bed1 had better all be removed2 they are only in the way1 and may get soiled and spoiled4 #eaj4 8,the guarding of the bed40--,this is done in the following way3 ,cover the right side of the bed 7as the patient will have to lie on her left side71 with a large piece--a yard and a half square--of waterproof cloth1 or bed-sheeting1 as it is sometimes called1 which is sold for the purpose2#ic over this1 folded sheets ought to be placed4 ,if a waterproof cloth cannot be procured1 an oil-cloth table-cover will answer the purpose4 ,either of the above plans will effectually protect the bed from injury4 #eaa4 ,the lying-in room should be kept not hot1 but comfortably warm2 if the temperature of the room be high1 the patient will become irritable1 feverish1 and restless4 #eab4 ,every now and then1 in order to change the air1 let the door of the room be left ajar2 and if1 in the early periods of the labor1 she should retire for awhile to the drawing-room1 let the lying-in room window be thrown wide open1 so as to thoroughly ventilate the apartment1 and to make it fresh and sweet on her return4 ,if the weather be very warm1 the lower sash of the window may for a few inches be opened4 ,it is wonderful how refreshing to the spirits1 and how strengthening to the frame1 a well-ventilated room is to a lying-in patient4 #eac4 ,many attendants are not only unnecessary but injurious4 ,they excite and flurry the patient1 they cause noise and confusion1 and rob the air of its purity4 ,one lady friend besides the doctor and the monthly nurse is all that is needed4 #ead4 ,in making the selection of a friend1 care should be taken that she is the mother of a family1 that she is kind-hearted and self-possessed1 and of a cheerful turn of mind4 ,at these times all 8chatterers10 8croakers10 and 8potterers0 ought to be carefully excluded from the lying-in room4 ,no conversation of a depressing character should for one moment be allowed4 ,nurses and friends who are in the habit of telling of bad cases that have occurred in their experience must be avoided as the plague4 ,if nurses have had bad cases1 many of them have probably been of their own making2 such nurses1 therefore1 ought on every account to be shunned4 #eae4 ,during the progress of the labor1 boisterous and noisy conversation ought never to be permitted2 it only irritates and excites the patient4 ,although boisterous merriment is bad1 yet at such times quiet1 cheerful1 and agreeable conversation is beneficial4 #eaf4 ,a mother on these occasions is often present2 but of all persons she is the most unsuitable1 as1 from her maternal anxiety1 she tends rather to depress than to cheer her daughter4 ,though the mother ought not to be in the room1 it is1 if practicable1 desirable that she should be in the house4 ,the patient1 in the generality of cases1 derives comfort from the knowledge of her mother being so near at hand4 #eag4 ,another preparation for labor is to soothe her mind by telling her of the usual safety of confinements1 and by assuring her that1 in the generality of instances1 it is a natural process2 and that all she has to do is to keep up her spirits1 to adhere strictly to the rules of her doctor1 and she will do well4 #eah4 ,tell her that 8sweet is pleasure after pain20#id tell her1 too1 of the exquisite happiness and joy she will feel as soon as the labor is over1 as perhaps the greatest thrill of delight a woman ever experiences in this world is when her babe is first born4 ,she1 as if by magic1 forgets all the sorrow and suffering she has endured4 8,a woman when she is in travail hath sorrow1 because her hour is come2 but as soon as she is delivered of the child1 she remembereth no more the anguish1 for joy that a man is born into the world40#ie ,keble1 in the ,christian ,year1 well observes3 8,mysterious to all thought1 ,a mother's prime of bliss1 ,when to her eager lips is brought ,her infant's thrilling kiss40 ,rogers1 too1 in referring to this interesting event1 sweetly sings3 8,the hour arrives1 the moment wished and feared2 ,the child is born1 by many a pang endeared6 ,and now the mother's ear has caught his cry-- ,oh6 grant the cherub to her asking eye6 ,he comes--she clasps him2 to her bosom pressed1 ,he drinks the balm of life1 and drops to rest40 #eai4 ,the doctor1 too1 will be able to administer comfort to her when he has 8tried a pain0 or has 8taken a pain10 as it is called1 and when he can assure her that it 8is all right and straight0--that is to say1 that the child is presenting in the most favorable position1 and that everything is progressing satisfactorily4 ,he will1 moreover1 be able to inform her of the probable duration of the labor4 #ebj4 ,let me in this place urge upon the patient the importance of her allowing the medical man to inquire fully into her state4 ,she may depend upon it that this inquiry will be conducted in the most delicate manner4 ,if there be anything wrong in the labor1 it is in the early stage1 and before the 8waters have broken10 that the most good can be done4 ,if a proper examination be not allowed to the medical man whenever he deems it right and proper 7and a judicious doctor will do it as seldom as he can71 her life1 and perhaps that of her child1 might pay the penalty of such false delicacy4 #eba4 ,french brandy1 in case it is wanted1 ought always to be in the house2 but let me impress upon the minds of the attendants the importance of withholding it1 unless it be ordered by the doctor1 from a lying-in woman4 ,numbers have fallen victims to brandy being indiscriminately given4 ,i am of opinion that the great caution which is now adopted in giving spirits to women in labor is one reason1 among others1 of the great safety of the confinements of the present day1 compared with those of former times4 #ebb4 ,the best beverage for a patient during labor is either a cup of warm tea1 or of gruel1 or of arrow-root4 ,it is folly in the extreme1 during the progress of labor1 to force her to eat3 her stomach recoils from it1 as at these times there is generally a loathing of food1 and if we will1 as we always ought to1 take the appetite as our guide1 we shall never go far wrong4 #ebc4 ,a patient during labor ought frequently to make water2 by doing so she will add materially to her ease and comfort1 and it will give the adjacent parts more room1 and will thus expedite the labor4 ,i wish to call attention to this point1 as many ladies1 especially with their first children1 have1 from false delicacy1 suffered severely from not attending to it2 one of the ill effects of which is inability after the labor is over to make water without the assistance of the doctor1 who might in an extreme case deem it necessary to introduce a catheter into the bladder1 and thus to draw the water off4 #ebd4 ,i recommended1 in a previous paragraph1 that the doctor ought to have either the drawing-room or a bedroom to retire to1 in order that the patient may1 during the progress of the labor1 be left very much to herself1 and that thus she may have full opportunities1 whenever she feels the slightest inclination to do so1 of thoroughly emptying either her bladder or her bowels4 ,now1 this advice is of very great importance1 and if it were1 more than it is1 attended to1 would cause a great diminution of misery1 of annoyance1 and suffering4 ,i have given the subject great attention2 as ,i have had large experience in midwifery practice2 ,i therefore speak 8like one having authority10 and if my advice in this particular be followed1 this book will not have been written in vain4 #ebe4 ,if the patient1 twelve hours after the labor1 and having tried two or three times during that time1 is unable to make water1 the medical man ought to be made acquainted with it1 or serious consequences might ensue4 ,,chloroform ,,in ,,hard ,,and ,,in ,,lingering ,,labor4 #ebf4 ,mothers and doctors are indebted to ,dr4--now ,sir ,james--,simpson for the introduction of chloroform1 one of the greatest and most valuable discoveries ever conferred on suffering humanity4 #ebg4 ,sulphuric ether was formerly used to cause insensibility to pain2 but it is far inferior to chloroform1 and is now1 in this country1 very seldom employed2 while the inhalation of chloroform1 especially in cases of hard and of lingering labor1 is every day becoming more general1 and will do so still more extensively as its value is better understood1 and when1 in well-selected cases1 its comparative freedom from danger is sufficiently appreciated4 #ebh4 ,chloroform1 then1 is a great boon in midwifery practice2 indeed1 we may say with ,dr4 ,kidd1#if that in labor cases 8it has proved to be almost a greater boon than in the experimental and gigantic operations of the surgeon40 ,it may be administered in labor by a medical man with perfect safety4 ,i have given it in numerous instances1 and have always been satisfied with the result4 #ebi4 ,the inhalation of chloroform causes either partial or complete unconsciousness1 and freedom from pain either for a longer or for a shorter time1 according to the will of the operator4 ,in other words1 the effects might with perfect safety be continued either for a few minutes1 or from time to time for several hours2 indeed1 if given in proper cases1 and by a judicious medical man1 with immense benefit4 #ecj4 ,chloroform is more applicable and useful in a labor--more especially in a first labor--when it is lingering1 when the pains are very severe1 and when1 notwithstanding the pain1 it is making but little progress1--then chloroform is a priceless boon4 #eca4 ,chloroform1 too1 is very beneficial when the patient is of a nervous temperament1 and when she looks forward with dread and apprehension to each labor pain4 #ecb4 ,it might be asked1--,would you give chloroform in every case of labor1 be it ever so easy and quick8 ,certainly not3 it is neither advisable nor expedient1 in an ordinary1 easy1 quick labor1 to administer it4 #ecc4 ,the cases in which it is desirable to give chloroform are all lingering1 hard1 and severe ordinary labors4 ,in such ,i would gladly use it4 ,but before administering it1 ,i would1 as a rule1 wait for at least six hours from the commencement of the labor4 #ecd4 ,oh1 the delightful and magical effects of it in the cases here described6 the lying-in room1 from being in a state of gloom1 despondency1 and misery1 is instantly transformed1 by its means1 into one of cheerfulness1 hope1 and happiness6 #ece4 ,when once a lying-in woman has experienced the good effects of chloroform in assuaging her agony1 she importunately1 at every recurrence of 8the pain10 urges her medical man to give her more6 ,in all her subsequent confinements1 having once tasted the good effects of chloroform1 she does not dread them4 ,i have frequently heard a lady declare that1 now 7if her labor be either hard or lingering7 she can have chloroform1 she looks forward to the period of childbirth with confidence and hope4 #ecf4 ,it might be asked1--,does the inhalation of chloroform retard the patient's 8getting about08 ,i emphatically declare that it does not do so4 ,those who have had chloroform have always1 in my practice1 had as good and as speedy recoveries as those who have not inhaled it4 #ecg4 ,one important consideration in the giving of chloroform in labor is1 that a patient has seldom1 if ever1 while under the effects of it1 been known to die2 which is more than can be said when it has been administered in surgical operations1 in the extraction of teeth1 etc4 8,i know there is not one well-attested death from chloroform in midwifery in all our journals40#ig #ech4 ,one reason why it may be so safe to give chloroform in labor is1 that in the practice of midwifery a medical man does not deem it needful to put his patient under the extreme influence of it4 ,he administers just enough to ease her pain1 but not sufficient to rob her of total consciousness2 while in a surgical operation the surgeon may consider it necessary to put his patient under the full influence of chloroform3 hence the safety in the one1 and the danger in the other case4 8,it is quite possible to afford immense relief1 to #8render the pains quite bearable1' as a patient of mine observed1 by a dose which does not procure sleep or impair the mental condition of the patient1 and which all our experience would show is absolutely free from danger40#ih #eci4 ,there is another advantage in chloroform1--the child1 when he is born1 is usually both lively and strong1 and is not at all affected by the mother having had chloroform administered to her4 ,this is a most important consideration4 #edj4 ,the doctor1 too1 as ,i before remarked1 is deeply indebted to ,sir ,j4 ,simpson for this great boon3 formerly he dreaded a tedious and hard labor2 now he does not do so1 as he is fully aware that chloroform will rob such a lying-in of much of its terror and most of its pain and suffering1 and will in all probability materially shorten the duration of the confinement4 #eda4 ,chloroform ought never to be administered1 either to a labor patient or to any one else1 except by a medical man4 ,this advice admits of no exception4 ,and chloroform should never be given unless it be either in a lingering or in a hard labor4 ,as ,i have before advised1 in a natural1 easy1 everyday labor1 nature ought not to be interfered with1 but should be allowed to run its own course4 ,patience1 gentleness1 and non-interference are the best and the chief requisites required in the majority of labor cases4 ,,hints ,,to ,,attendants ,,in ,,case ,,the ,,doctor ,,is ,,unavoidably ,,absent4 #edb4 ,it frequently happens that after the first confinement the labor is so rapid that the child is born before the doctor has time to reach the patient4 #edc4 ,it is consequently highly desirable--nay1 imperatively necessary--for the interest and for the well-doing both of the mother and of the baby1 that either the nurse or the lady friend should1 in such an emergency1 know what to do and what ,,not to do4 ,i therefore1 in the few following paragraphs1 purpose1 in the simplest and clearest language ,i can command1 to enlighten them on the subject4 #edd4 ,in the first place1 let the attendants be both calm and self-possessed1 and let there be no noise1 no scuffling1 no excitement1 no whispering1 and no talking1 and let the patient be made to thoroughly understand that there is not the slightest danger2 as the principal danger will be in causing unnecessary fears both as to herself and her child4 ,tens of thousands are annually delivered in ,england1 and everywhere else1 without the slightest assistance from a doctor1#ii--;he not being at hand or not being in time2 and yet both mother and child almost invariably do well4 ,let her be informed of this fact--for it is a fact--and it will be a comfort to her and will assuage her fears4 ,the medical man1 as soon as he arrives1 will soon make all right and straight4 #ede4 ,in the mean time let the following directions be followed3 ,supposing a child to be born before the medical man arrives1 the nurse ought then to ascertain whether a coil of navel-string be around the neck of the infant2 if it be1 it must be instantly liberated1 or he might be strangled4 ,care should be taken that he has sufficient room to breathe1 that there be not a 8membrane0 over his mouth2#ajj and that his face be not buried in the clothes4 ,any mucus about the mouth of the babe ought1 with a soft napkin1 to be wiped away1 or it might impede the breathing4 #edf4 ,every infant1 the moment he comes into the world1 ought to cry2 if he does not naturally1 he should be made to do so by smacking his buttocks until he does cry4 ,he will then be safe3 8,we came crying hither4 ,thou know'st1 the first time we smell the air ,we waul and cry40#aja #edg4 ,if the doctor has not arrived1 cheerfulness1 quietness1 and presence of mind must be observed by all around2 otherwise1 the patient may become excited and alarmed1 and dangerous consequences might ensue4 #edh4 ,if the infant should be born apparently dead1 a few smart blows must be given on the buttocks and on the back2 a smelling-bottle ought to be applied to the nostrils1 or rag should be singed under the nose1 taking care that the burning tinder does not touch the skin2 and cold water must be freely sprinkled on the face4 ,the navel-string1 as long as there is pulsation in it1 ought not to be tied4 #edi4 ,the limbs1 the back1 and the chest of the child ought to be well rubbed with the warm hand4 ,the face should not be smothered up in the clothes4 ,if pulsation has ceased in the navel-string 7the above rules having been strictly followed1 and having failed71 let the navel-string be tied and divided1#ajb and then let the child be plunged into warm water--#ih ,fahr4 ,if the sudden plunge does not rouse respiration into action1 let him be taken out of the warm bath1 as the keeping him for any length of time in the water will be of no avail4 #eej4 ,if these simple means should not quickly succeed1 although they generally will1 ,dr4 ,marshall ,hall's ,ready ,method ought in the following manner to be tried3 8,place the infant on his face2 turn the body gently but completely on the side and a little beyond1 and then on the face1 alternately2 repeating these measures deliberately1 efficiently1 and perseveringly1 fifteen times in the minute only40 #eea4 ,another plan of restoring suspended animation is by artificial respiration1 which should be employed in the following manner3 ,let the nurse 7in the absence of the doctor7 squeeze1 with her left hand1 the child's nose1 to prevent any passage of air through the nostrils2 then let her apply her mouth to the child's mouth1 and breathe into it1 in order to inflate the lungs2 as soon as they are inflated1 the air ought1 with the right hand1 to be pressed out again1 so as to imitate natural breathing4 ,again and again1 for several minutes1 and for about fifteen times a minute1 should the above process be repeated2 and the operator will frequently be rewarded by hearing a convulsive sob1 which will be the harbinger of renewed life4 #eeb4 ,until animation be restored1 the navel-string1 provided there be pulsation in it1 ought not to be tied4 ,if it be tied before the child has breathed1 and before he has cried1 he will have but a slight chance of recovery4 ,while the navel-string is left entire1 provided there be still pulsation in it1 the infant has the advantage of the mother's circulation and support4 #eec4 ,if ,dr4 ,marshall ,hall's ,ready ,method and if artificial respiration should not succeed1 he must be immersed up to his neck in a warm bath of #ih ,fahrenheit4 ,a plentiful supply of warm water ought always to be in readiness1 more especially if the labor be either hard or lingering4 #eed4 ,should the child have been born for some time before the doctor has arrived1 it may be necessary to tie and to divide the navel-string4 ,the manner of performing it is as follows3 ,a ligature1 composed of four or five whity-brown threads1 nearly a foot in length and with a knot at each end1 ought1 by a double knot1 to be tightly tied1 at about two inches from the body of the child1 around the navel-string4 ,a second ligature must1 in a similar manner1 be applied about three inches from the first1 and the navel-string should be carefully divided midway between the two ligatures4 ,of course1 if the medical man should shortly be expected1 any interference would not be advisable1 as such matters ought always to be left entirely to him4 #eee4 ,the after birth must never be brought away by the nurse3 if the doctor has not yet arrived1 it should be allowed to come away 7which1 if left alone in the generality of cases1 it generally will7 of its own accord4 ,the only treatment that the nurse ought in such a case to adopt is1 that she apply1 by means of her right hand1 firm pressure over the region of the womb3 this will have the effect of encouraging the contraction of the womb1 of throwing off the after birth1 and of preventing violent flooding4 #eef4 ,if the after birth does not soon come away1 say in an hour1 or if there be flooding1 another medical man ought to be sent for2 but on no account should the nurse be allowed to interfere with it further than by applying firm pressure over the region of the womb1 and not touching the navel-string at all2 as ,i have known dangerous1 and in some cases even fatal1 consequences to ensue from such meddling4 ,,rest ,,after ,,delivery4 #eeg4 ,a lady ought never to be disturbed for at least an hour after the delivery2 if she be1 violent flooding might be produced4 ,the doctor1 of course1 will make her comfortable by removing the soiled napkins1 and by applying clean ones in their place4 #eeh4 ,her head ought to be made easy2 she must still lie on her side2 indeed1 for the first hour let her remain nearly in the same position as that in which she was confined--with this only difference1 that if her feet have been pressing against the bedpost1 they should be removed from that position4 ,,clothing ,,after ,,labor4 #eei4 ,she ought1 after the lapse of an hour or two1 to be moved from one side of the bed to the other4 ,it ought to be done in the most tender and cautious manner4 ,she must not1 on any account whatever1 be allowed to sit erect in the bed4 ,while being moved1 she herself should be passive--that is to say1 she ought to use no exertion1 no effort1 but should1 by two attendants1 be removed from side to side2 one must take hold of her shoulders1 the other of her hips4 #efj4 ,a patient1 after delivery1 usually feels shivering and starved2 it will therefore be necessary to throw additional clothing1 such as a blanket or two1 over her1 which ought to envelop the body1 and should be well tucked around her2 but the nurse ought to be careful not to overload her with clothes1 or it might produce flooding1 fainting1 etc42 as soon1 therefore1 as she is warmer1 let the extra clothing be gradually removed4 ,if the feet be cold1 let them be wrapped in a warm flannel petticoat1 over which a pillow should be placed4 #efa4 ,a frequent change of linen after confinement is desirable4 ,nothing is more conducive to health than cleanliness4 ,great care should be taken to have the sheets and linen well aired4 ,,refreshment4 #efb4 ,a cup of cool1 black tea1 directly after a patient is confined1 ought to be given4 ,i say cool1 not cold1 as cold tea might chill her4 ,hot tea would be improper1 as it might induce flooding4 #efc4 ,as soon as she is settled in bed1 there is nothing better than a small basin of warm gruel4 #efd4 ,brandy ought never1 unless ordered by the medical man1 to be given after a confinement4 ,warm beer is also objectionable2 indeed1 stimulants of all kinds must1 unless advised by the doctor1 be carefully avoided1 as they would only produce fever1 and probably inflammation4 ,caudle is now seldom given2 but still1 some old-fashioned people are fond of recommending it after a labor4 ,caudle ought to be banished the lying-in room2 it caused in former times the death of thousands4 ,,bandage ,,after ,a ,,confinement4 #efe4 7#a7 ,this consists of thick linen1 similar to sheeting1 about a yard and a half long1 and sufficiently broad to comfortably support the belly4 ,it ought to be put on moderately tight2 and should be retightened every night and morning1 or oftener1 if it become slack4 7#b7 ,salmon's ,obstetric ,binder is admirably adapted to give support after a confinement1 and may be obtained of any respectable surgical-instrument-maker4 #eff4 ,if there be not either a proper bandage or binder at hand--7#c7 a yard and a half of unbleached calico1 folded double1 will answer the purpose4 ,the best pins to fasten the bandages are the patent safety nursery-pins4 ,the binder requires no pins4 #efg4 ,a support to the belly after labor is important3 in the first place1 it is a great comfort2 in the second1 it induces the belly to return to its original size2 and lastly1 it prevents flooding4 ,those ladies1 more especially if they have had large families1 who have neglected proper bandaging after their confinements1 frequently suffer from enlarged and pendulous bellies1 which give them an unwieldy and ungainly appearance4 ,,position4 #efh4 ,the way of placing the patient in bed4--,she ought not1 immediately after a labor1 under any pretext or pretense whatever1 to be allowed to raise herself in bed4 ,if she be dressed1 as recommended at paragraph #ejh1 her soiled linen may readily be removed2 and she may be drawn up by two assistants--one being at the shoulders and the other at the legs--to the proper place1 as she herself must not be allowed to use the slightest exertion4 #efi4 ,inattention to the above recommendation has caused violent flooding1 fainting1 bearing down of the womb1 etc41 and in some cases even fatal consequences4 ,,the ,,lying-,,in ,,room4 #egj4 ,the room to be kept cool and well ventilated4--,a nurse is too apt1 after the confinement is over1 to keep a large fire4 ,nothing is more injurious than to have the temperature of a lying-in room high4 ,a little fire1 provided the weather be cold1 to dress the baby by1 and to encourage a circulation of the air1 is desirable4 ,a fire-guard ought to be attached to the grate of the lying-in room4 ,the door must occasionally be left ajar1 in order to change the air of the apartment2 a lying-in woman requires pure air as much as any other person2 but how frequently does the nurse fancy that it is dangerous for her to breathe it6 #ega4 ,after the affair is over1 the blinds ought to be put down1 and the window curtains should be drawn1 in order to induce the patient to have a sleep1 and thus to rest herself after her hard work4 ,perfect stillness must reign both in the room and in the house4 #egb4 ,it is really surprising1 in this present enlightened age1 how much misconception and prejudice there still is among the attendants of a lying-in room2 they fancy labor to be a disease1 instead of being what it really is--a natural process2 and that old-fashioned notions1 and not common sense1 ought to guide them4 #egc4 ,the patient should1 after the labor1 be strictly prohibited from talking2 and noisy conversation ought not to be allowed2 indeed1 she cannot be kept too quiet1 as she may then be induced to fall into a sweet sleep1 which would recruit her wasted strength4 ,as soon as the baby is washed and dressed1 and the mother is made comfortable in bed1 the nurse ought alone to remain2 let every one else be banished the lying-in room4 ,visitors should on no account1 until the medical man gives permission1 be allowed to see the patient4 ,,the ,,bladder4 #egd4 ,ought a patient to go to sleep before she has made water8--,there is not the least danger in her doing so 7although some old-fashioned person might tell her that there is72 nevertheless1 before she goes to sleep1 if she have the slightest inclination she should respond to it1 as it would make her feel more comfortable and sleep more sweetly4 #ege4 ,let me urge the importance of the patient1 immediately after childbirth1 making water while she is in a lying position4 ,i have known violent flooding to arise from a lying-in woman being allowed1 soon after delivery1 to sit up while passing her water4 #egf4 ,the 8female slipper0#ajc 7previously warmed by dipping it in very hot water and then quickly drying it7 ought1 at these times1 and for some days after a confinement1 to be used4 ,it is admirably adapted for the purpose1 as it takes up but little room and is conveniently shaped1 and readily slips under the patient1 and enables her to make water comfortably1 she being perfectly passive the while4 ,it should be passed under her in front1 and not at the side of the body4 #egg4 ,if there be any difficulty in her making water1 the medical man must1 through the nurse1 be immediately informed of it4 ,false delicacy ought never to stand in the way of this advice4 ,it should be borne in mind that1 after either a very lingering or a severe labor1 there is frequently retention of urine1--that is to say1 that although the bladder may be full of water1 the patient is1 without assistance1 unable to make it4 #egh4 ,after the patient1 while lying down1 trying several times to pass her water1 and after1 allowing twelve or fifteen hours to elapse1 and not being able to do so1 it will be well for her to try the following method3 ,let the pot de chambre be well warmed1 let the rim be covered with flannel1 let her1 supported the while by the nurse1 kneel on the bed1 her shoulders being covered with a warm shawl2 then let her1 with the pot de chambre properly placed between her knees on the bed1 try to make water1 and the chances are that she will now succeed4 #egi4 ,if she does not1 twenty-four hours having elapsed1 the doctor must be informed of the fact2 and it will then be necessary1 absolutely necessary1 for him1 by means of a catheter1 to draw off the water4 ,it might be well to state that the passing of a catheter is unattended with either the slightest danger or pain2 and that it is done without exposing her1 and thus without shocking her modesty4 ,,the ,,bowels4 #ehj4 ,the bowels are usually costive after a confinement4 ,this confined state of the bowels after labor is doubtless a wise provision of nature1 in order to give repose to the surrounding parts--especially to the womb2 it is well1 therefore1 not to interfere with them1 but to let them have perfect rest for three days4 ,sometimes before the expiration of the third day the bowels are relieved1 either without medicine or merely by the taking of a cupful of warm coffee4 ,if such be the case1 all well and good2 as it is much better that the bowels should be relieved without medicine than by medicine2 but if1 having taken the coffee1 at the end of the third day they are not opened1 then early on the following--the fourth--morning1 a dose of castor oil should be given in the manner recommended at paragraph #bha4 ,either a teaspoonful or a dessertspoonful1 according to the constitution of the patient1 will be a proper dose4 ,if1 in the course of twelve hours1 it should not have the desired effect1 it must be repeated4 ,the old-fashioned custom was to give castor oil on the morning after the confinement2 this1 as ,i have before proved1 was a mistaken plan4 #eha4 ,after a lying-in1 and when the bowels are not opened either naturally or by the taking of a cupful of warm coffee1 if medicine be given by the mouth1 castor oil is the best medicine1 as it does not irritate either the patient's bowels1 or1 through the mother's milk1 gripe the infant4 ,aperient pills1 as they most of them contain either colocynth or aloes1 or both1 frequently give great pain to the babe1 and purge him much more than they do the mother herself2 aperient pills1 therefore1 after a confinement ought never to be taken4 #ehb4 ,if the patient object to the taking of castor oil1 let the nurse1 by means of an enema apparatus1 administer an enema4 ,this is an excellent1 indeed the best1 method of opening the bowels1 as it neither interferes with the appetite nor with the digestion2 it does away with the nauseousness of castor oil1 and does not1 in the administration1 give the slightest pain4 ,if the first enema should not have the desired effect1 let one be given every quarter of an hour until relief be obtained4 ,one of the best for the purpose is the following3 ,take of--,olive oil1 two tablespoonfuls2 ,table salt1 two tablespoonfuls2 ,warm oatmeal gruel1 one pint2 ,to make a clyster4 ,another capital enema for the purpose is one made of ,castile soap dissolved in warm water4 #ehc4 ,if the patient object both to the taking of the castor oil and to the administration of an enema1 then the following draught will be found useful2 it will act kindly1 and will neither gripe the mother nor the child3 ,take of--,concentrated ,essence of ,senna1 half an ounce2 ,syrup of ,ginger1 one drachm2 ,distilled ,water1 seven drachms3 ,to make a draught4 ,to be taken early in the morning4 ,if in twelve hours the above draught should not have the desired effect 7although1 if the essence of senna be good1 it usually does long before that time71 let the draught be repeated4 ,if the bowels be easily moved1 half of the above draught is generally sufficient2 if it be not so in twelve hours1 the remainder should be taken4 ,but let every lying-in woman bear in mind that as soon as her bowels will act1 either naturally or by the taking of a cupful of warm coffee1 without an aperient1 not a particle of opening medicine should be taken4 #ehd4 ,but1 after all that can be said on the subject1 there is no better method in the world for opening a lying-in patient's bowels1 when costive1 than 7if the cup of coffee be not sufficiently powerful7 by giving her an enema1 as advised in a previous paragraph4 ,an enema is safe1 speedy1 painless1 and effectual1 and does not induce costiveness afterward1 which castor oil1 and all other aperients1 if repeatedly taken1 most assuredly will4 #ehe4 ,an enema1 then1 is an admirable method of opening costive bowels1 both during suckling and during pregnancy1 and deserves to be more universally followed than it now is2 fortunately1 the plan just recommended is making rapid progress1 and shortly will1 with ladies at such times1 entirely supersede the necessity of administering aperients by the mouth4 #ehf4 ,aperients1 after a confinement1 were in olden times1 as a matter of course1 repeatedly given both to the mother and to the babe1 to their utter disgust and to their serious detriment6 ,this was only one of the numerous mistakes and follies that formerly prevailed in the lying-in room4 ,unfortunately1 in those days a confinement was looked upon as a disease1 and to be physicked accordingly4 ,a better state of things is happily now dawning4 #ehg4 ,when the patient's bowels1 for the first few days after the confinement1 require to be opened1 she ought to use either the ,french bed-pan or the bed-pan of the ,liverpool ,northern ,hospital4 ,either the one or the other of these pans is a great improvement on the old-fashioned bed-pans1 as they will readily slip under the patient1 and will enable her1 while lying down and while she is perfectly passive in bed1 to have her bowels relieved1 which at these times is very desirable4 ,the ,french bed-pan or the bed-pan of the ,liverpool ,northern ,hospital is admirably adapted for a lying-in room2 indeed1 no lying-in room ought to be without either the one or the other of these useful inventions4 8,a flannel cap for the toe-part1 held on by strings round the heel1 will afford considerable comfort to the patient40#ajd 8,,cleansings0--,,ablutions4 #ehh4 ,the 8,cleansings40--,this watery discharge occurs directly after a lying-in1 and lasts either a week or a fortnight1 and sometimes even longer4 ,it is1 at first1 of a reddish color2 this gradually changes to a brownish hue1 and afterward to a greenish shade2 hence the name of 8green waters40 ,it has in some cases a disagreeable odor4 ,a moderate discharge is necessary2 but when it is profuse1 it weakens the patient4 #ehi4 ,some ignorant nurses object to have the parts bathed after delivery2 they have the impression that such a proceeding would give cold4 ,now1 warm fomentation twice a day1 and even oftener1 either if the discharge or if the state of the parts requires it1 is absolutely indispensable to health1 to cleanliness1 and comfort4 ,ablutions1 indeed1 at this time are far more necessary than at any other period of a woman's existence4 #eij4 ,there is nothing better for the purpose than a soft sponge and warm water1 unless the parts be very sore2 if they be1 a warm fomentation1 two or three times a day1 of marshmallows and chamomile1#aje will afford great relief1 or the parts may be bathed with warm oatmeal gruel1 of course without salt4 ,in these cases1 too1 ,i have found warm barm 7yeast7 and water a great comfort1 and which will soon take away the soreness4 ,the parts ought1 after each fomentation1 to be well but quickly dried with warm1 dry1 soft towels4 #eia4 ,if the internal parts be very sore1 it may be necessary1 two or three times a day1 to syringe them out1 by means of an india-rubber vaginal syringe1#ajf with either of the above remedies4 ,hence the importance of having a good monthly nurse1 of having one who thoroughly understands her business4 #eib4 ,let the above rules be strictly followed4 ,let no prejudices and no old-fashioned notions1 either of the nurse or of any female friend1 stand in the way of the above advice4 ,ablution of the parts1 then1 after a confinement1 and that frequently1 is absolutely required1 or evil results will1 as a matter of course1 ensue4 ,,rest ,,and ,,quietude4 #eic4 ,a horizontal--a level--position for either ten days or a fortnight after a labor is important4 ,a lady frequently fancies that if she supports her legs1 it is all that is necessary4 ,now1 this is absurd2 it is the womb and not the legs that requires rest2 and the only way to obtain it is by lying flat either on a bed or on a sofa3 for the first five or six days1 day and night1 on a bed1 and then for the next five or six days she ought to be removed for a short period of the day either to another bed or to a sofa2 which other bed or sofa should be wheeled to the side of the bed1 and she must be placed on it by two assistants1 one taking hold of her shoulders and the other of her hips1 and thus lifting her on the bed or sofa1 she herself being perfectly passive1 and not being allowed to sit erect the while4 ,she ought1 during the time she is on the sofa1 to maintain the level position4 #eid4 ,she ought1 after the first nine days1 to sit up for an hour2 she should gradually prolong the time of the sitting2 but still she must1 for the first fortnight1 lie down a great part of every day4 ,she should1 after the first week1 lie either on a sofa or on a horse-hair mattress4 #eie4 ,the above plan may appear irksome1 but my experience tells me that it is necessary1 absolutely necessary4 ,the benefit the patient will ultimately reap from it will amply repay the temporary annoyance of so much rest4 ,where the above rules have not been adopted1 ,i have known flooding1 bearing down of the womb1 and even 8falling0 of the womb1 frequent miscarriages1 and ultimately ruin of the constitution1 to ensue4 #eif4 8,falling of the womb0 is a disagreeable complaint1 and the misfortune of it is1 that every additional child increases the infirmity4 ,now1 all this might1 in the majority of cases1 have been prevented1 if the recumbent posture for ten days or a fortnight after delivery had been strictly adopted4 #eig4 ,if a patient labor under a 8falling of the womb10 she ought to apply to a medical man1 who will provide her with a proper support1 called a pessary1 which will prevent the womb from 8falling down10 and will effectually keep it in its proper place4 #eih4 ,it is only a medical man1 accustomed to these matters1 who can select a pessary suitable for each individual case4 ,a proper kind of1 and duly-adjusted1 pessary is a great comfort to a patient1 and will enable her both to take her proper exercise and to follow her ordinary employments2 indeed1 if a suitable pessary be used1 it is so comfortable that the patient often forgets that she is wearing one at all4 ,those pessaries ought only to be employed that can be removed every night1 as there is not the least necessity for a patient to sleep in one1 as the womb does not usually come down when the patient is lying down4 ,moreover1 a pessary ought to be kept perfectly clean1 and unless it be daily removed it is utterly impossible to keep it so4 ,it is a great comfort and advantage to a patient to be able both to introduce and to remove the pessary herself1 which1 if a proper kind be employed1 she can1 when once taught1 readily do4 #eii4 ,if 8falling of the womb0 be early and properly treated1 there is a good chance of a patient being perfectly cured1 and thus of being able to dispense with a pessary altogether4 ,,dietary4 #fjj4 ,for the first day the diet should consist of nicely made and well-boiled gruel1 arrow-root and milk1 bread and milk1 tea1 dry toast and butter1 or bread and butter2 taking care not to overload the stomach with too much fluid4 ,therefore1 either a cupful of gruel1 or of arrow-root1 or of tea1 at a time1 should not be exceeded1 otherwise the patient will feel oppressed2 she will be liable to violent perspiration1 and there will be a too abundant secretion of milk4 #fja4 ,for the next--the second day4--,breakfast1--either dry toast and butter1 or bread and butter1 and black tea4 ,luncheon1--either a breakfast-cupful of strong beef-tea1#ajg or of bread and milk1 or of arrow-root made with good fresh milk4 ,dinner1--either chicken or game1 mashed potatoes1 and bread4 ,tea1 the same as for breakfast4 ,supper1--a breakfast-cupful of well-boiled and well-made gruel1 made either with water or with fresh milk1 or with water with a tablespoonful of cream added to it4 #fjb4 ,if beef-tea and arrow-root and milk be distasteful to the patient1 or if they do not agree1 then for luncheon let her have either a light egg pudding or a little rice pudding instead of either the beef-tea or the arrow-root4 #fjc4 ,on the third and fourth days4--,similar diet to the second day1 with this difference1 that for her dinner the patient should have mutton--either a mutton-chop or a cut out of a joint of mutton1 instead of the chicken or game4 ,the diet ought gradually to be improved1 so that at the end of four days she should return to her usual diet1 provided it be plain1 wholesome1 and nourishing4 #fjd4 ,the above1 for the generality of cases1 is the scale of dietary2 but of course every lying-in woman ought not to be treated alike4 ,if she be weak and delicate1 she may from the beginning require good nourishment1 and instead of giving her gruel1 it may1 from the very commencement1 be necessary to prescribe good strong beef-tea1 veal-and-milk broth1#ajh chicken-broth1 mutton-chops1 grilled chicken1 game1 the yelk and the white of an egg beaten up together in half a teacupful of good fresh milk1 etc4 ,common sense ought to guide us in the treatment of a lying-in as of every other patient4 ,we cannot treat people by rule and compass2 we must be guided by circumstances2 we can only lay down general rules4 ,there is no universal guide1 then1 to be followed in the dietary of a lying-in woman2 each case may and will demand separate treatment2 a delicate woman1 as ,i have just remarked1 may1 from the very first day1 require generous living2 while1 on the other hand1 a strong1 robust1 inflammatory patient may1 for the first few days1 require only simple bland nourishment1 without a particle of stimulants4 8,and hence the true secret of success rests in the use of common sense and discretion--common sense to read nature aright1 and discretion in making a right use of what the dictates of nature prescribe40#aji ,,beverage4 #fje4 ,for the first week1 either toast and water1 or barley-water and milk1#aaj with the chill taken off1 is the best beverage4 ,wine1 spirits1 and beer1 during this time1 unless the patient be weak and exhausted1 or unless ordered by the medical man1 ought not to be given4 ,all liquids given during this period should be administered by means of a feeding-cup2 this plan ,i strongly recommend1 as it is both a comfort and a benefit to the patient2 it prevents her from sitting up in bed every time she has to take fluids1 and it keeps her perfectly still and quiet1 which1 for the first week after confinement1 is very desirable4 #fjf4 ,when she is weak1 and faint1 and low1 it may1 as early as the first or second day1 be necessary to give a stimulant1 such as either a tumblerful of home-brewed ale or a glass or two of wine daily2 but1 as ,i before remarked1 in the generality of cases1 either toast and water1 or barley-water and milk1 for the first week after a confinement1 is the best beverage4 #fjg4 ,after a week1 either a tumblerful of mild home-brewed ale or of ,london or ,dublin porter1 where it agrees1 should be taken at dinner2 but if ale or porter be given1 wine ought not to be allowed4 ,it would be well to keep either to ale or to porter1 as may best agree with the patient1 and not to mix them1 nor to take porter at one meal and ale at another4 #fjh4 ,barreled1 in this case1 is superior to bottled porter1 as it contains less fixed air4 ,on the whole1 however1 ,i should prefer home-brewed ale to porter4 ,either old1 or very new1 or very strong ale1 ought not1 at this time1 to be given4 #fji4 ,great care is required in the summer1 as the warm weather is apt to turn the beer acid4 ,such beer would not only disagree with the mother1 but would disorder the milk1 and thus the infant4 ,a nursing mother sometimes endeavors to correct sour porter or beer by putting soda in it4 ,this plan is objectionable1 as the constant taking of soda is weakening to the stomach and impoverishing to the blood4 ,moreover1 it is impossible1 by any artificial expedient1 to make either tart beer or porter sound and wholesome1 and fit for a nursing mother4 ,if beer or porter be sour1 it is not fit to drink1 and ought either to be thrown away or should be given to the pigs4 #faj4 ,sometimes neither wine nor malt liquor agrees2 then1 either new milk and water1 or equal parts of fresh milk and barley-water1 will generally be found the best beverage4 ,if milk should also disagree1 either barley-water1 or toast and water1 ought to be substituted4 ,,change ,,of ,,room4 #faa4 ,the period at which a lying-in woman should leave her room will1 of course1 depend upon the season1 and upon the state of her health4 ,she may1 after the first fourteen days1 usually change the chamber for the drawing-room1 provided it be close at hand2 if it be not1 she ought1 during the day1 to remove--be either wheeled or carried in a chair--from one bedroom to another1 as change of apartment will then be desirable4 ,the windows1 during her absence from the room1 ought to be thrown wide open2 and the bedclothes1 in order that they may be well ventilated1 should be thrown back4 ,she should1 at the end of three weeks1 take her meals with the family2 but even then she ought occasionally1 during the day1 to lie on the sofa to rest her back4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,the ,,open ,,air4 #fab4 ,the period at which a lady1 after her confinement1 ought to take exercise in the open air1 will1 of course1 depend upon the season1 and upon the state of the wind and weather4 ,in the winter1 not until the expiration of a month1 and not even then unless the weather be fine for the season4 ,carriage exercise will at first be the most suitable4 ,in the summer she may1 at the end of three weeks1 take an airing in a carriage1 provided the weather be fine1 and the wind be neither in an easterly nor in a northeasterly direction4 ,at the expiration of the month she may1 provided the season and weather will allow1 go out of doors regularly1 and gradually resume her household duties and employments4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,suckling4 ,,the ,,duties ,,of ,a ,,nursing ,,mother #fac4 ,a mother ought not1 unless she intend to devote herself to her baby1 to undertake to suckle him4 ,she must make up her mind to forego the so-called pleasures of fashionable life4 ,there ought1 in a case of this kind1 to be no half-and-half measures2 she should either give up her helpless babe to the tender mercies of a wet-nurse1 or she must devote her whole time and energy to his welfare--to the greatest treasure that ,god hath given her4 #fad4 ,if a mother be blessed with health and strength1 it is most unnatural and very cruel for her not to suckle her child-- 8,connubial fair6 whom no fond transport warms ,to lull your infant in maternal arms2 ,who1 blessed in vain with tumid bosoms1 hear ,his tender wailings with unfeeling ear2 ,the soothing kiss and milky rill deny ,to the sweet pouting lip and glistening eye6 ,ah6 what avails the cradle's damask roof1 ,the eider bolster1 and embroidered woof6 ,oft hears the gilded couch unpitied plains1 ,and many a tear the tasseled cushion stains6 ,no voice so sweet attunes his cares to rest1 ,so soft no pillow as his mother's breast6-- ,thus charmed to sweet repose1 when twilight hours ,shed their soft influence on celestial bowers1 ,the cherub ,innocence1 with smile divine1 ,shuts his white wings1 and sleeps on beauty's shrine40#aaa #fae4 ,oh1 if a mother did but know the joy that suckling her infant imparts1 she would never for one moment contemplate having a wet-nurse to rob her of that joy-- 8,the starting beverage meets the thirsty lip2 ',tis joy to yield it1 and 'tis joy to sip40#aab #faf4 ,lamentable1 indeed1 must it be1 if any unavoidable obstacle should prevent a mother from nursing her own child6 ,,the ,,breast4 #fag4 ,as soon as the patient has recovered from the fatigue of the labor--that is to say1 in about four or six hours--attention ought to be paid1 more especially in a first confinement1 to the bosoms4 #fah4 ,in a first confinement1 there is1 until the third day1 but very little milk2 although there is usually on that day1 and for two or three days afterward1 a great deal of swelling1 of hardness1 of distention1 and of uneasiness of the breasts1 in consequence of which1 in a first confinement1 both care and attention are needed4 #fai4 ,if there be milk in the breast1 which may be readily ascertained by squeezing the nipple between the finger and the thumb1 the infant should1 at first1 be applied--not frequently1 as some do1 but at considerable intervals1 say until the milk be properly secreted--every four hours2 when the milk flows1 the child ought to be applied more frequently1 but still at stated times4 #fbj4 ,to wash away any viscid mucus from the nipple1 or any stale perspiration from the bosom1 let the breasts and the nipples1 before applying the baby1 be first sponged with a little warm water1 and then be dried with a warm1 dry1 soft napkin2 for some infants are so particular that unless the breasts and the nipples be perfectly free from mucus and from perspiration1 they will not suck4 ,if after the above cleansing process there be any difficulty in making him take the bosom1 smear a little cream on the nipple1 and then immediately apply him to it4 #fba4 ,if the breasts be full1 hard1 knotty1 and painful1 which they generally are two or three days after a first confinement1 let them be well but tenderly rubbed every four hours1 either with the best olive oil 7a little of which should1 before using it1 be previously warmed1 by putting a little of the oil in a teacup on the hob by the fire7 or with equal parts of olive oil and of eau de ,cologne1 which should be well shaken up in a bottle every time before it be used4 #fbb4 ,on the third day1 more especially after a first confinement1 the breasts are apt to become very much swollen1 painful1 and distended4 ,if such be the case1 it might be necessary1 for a few days1 to have them drawn1 once or twice daily1 by a woman who makes it her business1 and who is usually called either a breast-drawer1 or1 in vulgar parlance1 a suck-pap4 ,a clean1 sober1 healthy1 respectable woman ought to be selected4 ,there is1 in nearly every large town1 one generally to be found who is at the head of her profession4 ,such a one should be chosen4 #fbc4 ,if the bosoms be more than usually large and painful1 in addition to assiduously using the above liniment1 apply to the breasts1 in the intervals1 young cabbage-leaves1 which should be renewed after each rubbing4 ,before applying them1 the 8veins0 of the leaves1 with a sharp knife1 must be cut smooth1 level with the leaf4 ,it will require several1 as the whole of the breast ought to be covered4 ,the cabbage-leaves will be found both cooling and comfortable4 ,each bosom should then be nicely supported with a soft folded silk handkerchief1 going under each breast and suspending it2 each handkerchief should then be tied at the back of the neck1 thus acting as a kind of sling4 #fbd4 ,the patient ought not1 while the breasts are full and uncomfortable1 to drink much fluid1 as it would only encourage a larger secretion of milk4 #fbe4 ,when the milk is at 8its height10 as it is called1 she ought every morning1 for a couple of mornings1 to take a little cooling medicine--a ,seidlitz powder--and1 every four hours1 the following effervescing mixture3 ,take of--,bicarbonate of ,potash1 one drachm and a half2 ,distilled ,water1 eight ounces3 ,to make a mixture4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be taken1 with two tablespoonfuls of the ,acid ,mixture1 every four hours1 while effervescing4 ,take of--,citric ,acid1 three drachms2 ,distilled ,water1 eight ounces3 ,mix4--,the ,acid ,mixture4 ,the best way of taking the above effervescing medicine is to put two tablespoonfuls of the first mixture into a tumbler1 and two tablespoonfuls of the acid mixture into a wineglass1 then to add the latter to the former1 and it will bubble up like soda-water2 she should instantly drink it off while effervescing4 #fbf4 ,in two or three days1 under the above management1 the size of the bosoms will decrease1 all pain will cease1 and the infant will take the breast with ease and comfort4 #fbg4 ,second and succeeding confinements4--,if the breasts are tolerably comfortable 7which in the second and in succeeding confinements they probably will be71 let nothing be done to them except1 as soon as the milk comes1 at regular intervals applying the child alternately to each of them4 ,many a bosom has been made uncomfortable1 irritable1 swollen1 and even sometimes gathered1 by the nurse's interference and meddling4 ,meddlesome midwifery is bad1 and ,i am quite sure that meddlesome breast-tending is equally so4 ,a nurse1 in her wisdom1 fancies that by rubbing1 by pressing1 by squeezing1 by fingering1 by liniment1 and by drawing1 she does great good1 while in reality1 in the majority of cases1 by such interference she does great harm4 #fbh4 ,the child will1 in second and in succeeding confinements1 as a rule1 be the best and the only doctor the bosoms require4 ,i am quite convinced that1 in a general way1 nurses interfere too much1 and that the bosoms in consequence suffer4 ,it is1 of course1 the doctor's and not the nurse's province in such matters1 to direct the treatment2 while it is the nurse's duty to fully carry out the doctor's instructions4 #fbi4 ,there is nothing1 in my opinion1 that so truly tells whether a nurse be a good one or otherwise1 as the way she manages the breasts2 a good nurse is judicious1 and obeys the medical man's orders to the very letter2 while1 on the other hand1 a bad nurse acts on her own judgment1 and is always quacking1 interfering1 and fussing with the breasts1 and doing on the sly what she dare not do openly3 such conceited1 meddlesome nurses are to be studiously avoided2 they often cause1 from their meddlesome ways1 the breasts to gather4 #fcj4 ,let the above advice be borne in mind1 and much trouble1 misery1 and annoyance might be averted4 ,nature1 in the majority of cases1 manages these things much better than any nurse possibly can do1 and does not1 as a rule1 require helping4 ,the breasts are sadly too much interfered and messed with by nurses1 and by nurses who are1 in other respects1 tolerably good ones4 ,,stated ,,times ,,for ,,suckling4 #fca4 ,a mother ought to suckle her baby at stated times4 ,it is a bad habit to give him the bosom every time he cries1 regardless of the cause2 for be it what it may--over-feeding1 griping1 8wind10 or acidity--she is apt to consider the breast a panacea for all his sufferings4 8,a mother generally suckles her infant too often--having him almost constantly at the bosom4 ,this practice is injurious both to parent and to child4 ,for the first month he should be suckled about every hour and a half2 for the second month1 every two hours2 gradually1 as he becomes older1 increasing the distance of time between1 until at length he has the breast about every four hours4 ,if he were suckled at stated periods he would only look for it at those times1 and be satisfied40#aac #fcb4 ,a mother frequently allows her babe to be at the bosom a great part of every night4 ,now1 this plan is hurtful both to her and to him2 it weakens her1 and thus enfeebles him2 it robs them both of their sleep2 and generates bad habits1 which it will be difficult to break through2 it often gives the mother a sore nipple and the child a sore mouth4 #fcc4 ,it is surprising how soon an infant1 at a very early age1 may1 by judicious management1 be brought into good habits2 it only requires1 at first1 a little determination and perseverance3 therefore a nursing mother ought at once to commence by giving the child the breast at stated periods1 and she should rigidly adhere to the times above recommended4 #fcd4 ,a mother should not1 directly after taking a long walk1 and while her skin is in a state of violent perspiration1 give her baby the bosom2 the milk being at that time in a heated state1 will disorder the child's bowels1 or it may originate in him some skin disease1 and one which it might be difficult to cure4 ,she ought1 therefore1 before she gives him the breast1 to wait until the surface of her body be moderately cool4 ,let her be careful the while not to sit in draughts4 ,,clothing4 #fce4 ,a nursing mother ought to have her dress1 more especially her stays1 made loose and comfortable4 #fcf4 ,a gathered breast sometimes arises from the bones of the stays pressing into the bosom2 ,i should1 therefore1 recommend her to have the bones removed4 #fcg4 ,if a lady be not in the habit of wearing a flannel waistcoat1 she ought at least to have her bosoms covered with flannel1 taking care that there be a piece of soft linen over the nipples4 #fch4 ,i should advise a nursing mother to provide herself with a waterproof nursing apron1 which may be procured either at any baby-linen establishment or at an india-rubber warehouse4 ,,dietary4 #fci4 ,a nursing mother ought to live plainly2 her diet should be both light and nourishing4 ,it is a mistaken notion that at these times she requires extra good living4 ,she ought never to be forced to eat more than her appetite demands2 if she be1 either indigestion1 or heartburn1 or sickness1 or costiveness1 or a bowel complaint will ensue4 ,it is a folly at any time to force the appetite4 ,if she be not hungry1 compelling her to eat will do her more harm than good4 ,a medical man1 in such a case1 ought to be consulted4 #fdj4 ,the best meats are mutton and beef2 veal and pork may1 for a change1 be eaten4 ,salted meats are hard of digestion2 if boiled beef1 therefore1 be eaten1 it ought to be only slightly salted4 ,it is better1 in winter1 to have the boiled beef unsalted2 it is then1 especially if it be the rump1 deliciously tender4 ,salt1 of course1 must be eaten with the unsalted meat4 ,high-seasoned dishes are injurious2 they inflame the blood1 and thus they disorder the milk4 #fda4 ,some persons consider that there is no care required in the selection of the food1 and that a nursing mother may eat anything1 be it ever so gross and unwholesome2 but1 if we appeal to reason and to facts1 we shall be borne out in saying that great care is required4 ,it is well known that cow's milk very much partakes of the properties of the food on which the animal lives4 ,thus1 if a cow feed on swedes1 the milk and the butter will have a turnipy flavor4 ,this1 beyond a doubt1 decides that the milk does partake of the qualities of the food on which she feeds4 ,the same reasoning holds good in the human species1 and proves the absurdity of a nursing mother being allowed to eat anything1 be it ever so gross1 indigestible1 or unwholesome4 ,again1 either a dose of purgative medicine given to her1 or greens taken by her at dinner1 will sometimes purge the baby as violently1 or even more so1 than it will herself4 #fdb4 ,even the milk of a healthy wet-nurse acts differently1 and less beneficially1 upon the child than the mother's own milk4 ,the ages of the mother and of the wet-nurse1 the ages of her own and the latter's infant1 the constitutions of the one and of the other1 the adaptability of a mother's milk for her own particular child--all tend to make a foster-mother not so desirable a nurse as the mother herself4 ,again1 a mother cannot at all times get to the antecedents of a wet-nurse2 and1 if she can1 they will not always bear investigation4 #fdc4 ,with regard to the ages of the mother and of the wet-nurse--for instance1 as a wet-nurse's milk is generally a few weeks older than the mother's own milk1 the wet-nurse's milk may1 and frequently does1 produce costiveness of the bowels of her foster-child2 while1 on the other hand1 the mother's own milk1 being in age just adapted to her babe's1 may and generally does keep her own infant's bowels regular4 ,the milk1 according to the age of the child1 alters in properties and qualities to suit the age1 constitution1 and acquirements of her baby--adapting itself1 so to speak1 to his progressive development4 ,hence the importance of a mother1 if possible1 suckling her own child4 #fdd4 ,a babe who is suckled by a mother who lives grossly is more prone to disease1 particularly to skin and to inflammatory complaints1 and to disease which is more difficult to subdue4 #fde4 ,do not let me be misunderstood3 ,i am not advocating that a mother should be fussily particular--by no means4 ,let her take a variety of food1 both animal and vegetable2 let her from day to day vary her diet2 let her ring the changes on boiled and stewed1 on grilled and roast meats2 on mutton and lamb and beef2 on chicken and game and fish2 on vegetables1 potatoes1 and turnips2 on broccoli and cauliflower1 on asparagus and peas 7provided they are young and well boiled71 and ,french beans4 8,the maxim of the greatest importance in reference to the materials of human food is1 mixture and variety--a maxim founded1 as has been stated1 upon man's omnivorous nature4 ,animal and vegetable substances1 soups and solid meat1 fish1 flesh1 and fowl1 in combination or succession1 ought1 if due advantage is to be taken of the health-sustaining element in food1 to form the dietary of every household40#aad #fdf4 ,but what ,i object to a nursing mother taking are--gross meats1 such as goose and duck2 highly-salted beef2 shell-fish1 such as lobster and crab2 rich dishes2 highly-seasoned soup2 pastry1 unless it be plain2 and cabbages and greens and pickles1 if found to disagree with the baby2 and any other article of food which is either rich1 or gross1 or indigestible1 and which1 from experience1 she has found to disagree either with herself or with her child4 ,it will be seen1 therefore1 from the above catalogue1 that my restrictions as to diet are limited1 and are1 ,i hope1 founded both on reason and on common sense4 #fdg4 ,a moderate quantity--say a tumblerful--either of fresh mild ale or of porter will generally be found the best beverage both for dinner and for supper4 ,there is much more nourishment in either ale--home-brewed--or in porter1 than in wine2 therefore1 for a nursing mother1 either ale or porter is far preferable to wine4 ,wine1 if taken at all1 ought to be used very sparingly1 and then not at the same meal with the porter or ale4 ,in the higher ranks of life1 where a lady is in the habit of drinking wine1 it is necessary to continue it1 although the quantity should not be increased1 and ought never to exceed a couple of glasses--dry sherry being the best wine for the purpose4 #fdh4 ,a nursing mother is subject to thirst4 ,when such be the case1 she ought not to fly either to beer or to wine to quench it2 this will only add fuel to the fire4 ,the best beverages will be either toast and water1 milk and water1 barley-water1 barley-water and new milk 7in equal proportions71 or black tea1 either hot or cold4 ,cold black tea is a good quencher of thirst4 #fdi4 ,a lady who is nursing is at times liable to fits of depression4 ,let me strongly urge the importance of her abstaining from wine and from all other stimulants as a remedy2 they would only raise for a time her spirits1 and then would depress them in an increased ratio4 ,either a drive in the country1 or a short walk1 or a cup of tea1 or a chat with a friend1 would be the best medicine4 ,the diet should be good and nourishing2 plenty of bread and plenty of meat should be her staple food1 in addition to which ,du ,barry's ,arabica ,revalenta1 made either with fresh milk or with cream and water1 is1 in these cases1 most useful and sustaining4 ,the best time for taking it is either for luncheon or for supper4 ,a lady subject to depression should bear in mind that she requires nourishment1 not stimulants1--that much wine and spirits might cheer her for the moment1 but will assuredly depress her afterward4 ,depression always follows overstimulation2 wine and spirits therefore1 in such a case1 if taken largely1 are false and hollow friends4 ,it is necessary to bear the above facts in mind1 as there are many advocates who strongly recommend1 in a case of this kind1 a large consumption of wine and brandy4 ,such men are1 at the present moment1 doing an immense deal of mischief2 they are1 in point of fact1 inducing and encouraging drunkenness4 #fej4 ,spirits--brandy1 rum1 gin1 and whisky--are1 during suckling1 injurious2 ,i may even say that they are insidious poisons to the parent1 and1 indirectly1 to the child4 #fea4 ,when an infant is laboring under an inflammatory complaint1 a nursing mother ought not to take stimulants1 such as either ale or wine4 ,in a case of this kind1 toast and water will1 for her dinner1 be the best beverage1 gruel for her supper1 and black tea--not coffee1 as it would be too stimulating--both for her breakfast and tea4 ,,fresh ,,air ,,and ,,exercise4 #feb4 ,out-door exercise during suckling cannot be too strongly insisted upon2 it is the finest medicine both for babe and mother4 ,whenever the weather will admit1 it must be taken4 ,it is utterly impossible for a nursing mother to make good milk1 unless she do take an abundance of exercise and breathe plenty of fresh air4 #fec4 ,whatever improves the health of the mother1 of course at the same time benefits the child3 there is nothing more conducive to health than an abundance of out-door exercise4 ,it often happens that a mother who is nursing seldom leaves her house2 she is a regular fixture2 the consequence is1 both she and her babe are usually delicate and prone to sickness4 #fed4 ,a mother ought not1 immediately after taking exercise1 to nurse her infant1 but wait for half an hour4 ,nor should she take violent exercise1 as it would be likely to disorder the milk4 #fee4 ,carriage exercise1 if the weather be hot and sultry1 is preferable to walking2 if that be not practicable1 she ought to have the windows thrown wide open1 and should walk about the hall1 the landings1 and the rooms1 as she would by such means avoid the intense heat of the sun4 ,although carriage exercise during intensely hot weather is preferable to walking exercise1 yet1 notwithstanding1 walking must1 during some portion of the day1 be practiced4 ,there is no substitute1 as far as health is concerned1 for walking4 ,many ailments that ladies now labor under could be walked away2 and really it would be a pleasant physic--far more agreeable than pills and potions6 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,a ,,mother ,,during ,,suckling4 #fef4 ,good habits are as easily formed as bad ones4 ,a mother1 when in bed1 ought always to suckle her child while she is lying down4 ,the sitting up in bed1 during such times1 is a fruitful source of inflammation and of gathering of the breasts4 ,of course1 during the day the sitting-up position is the best4 ,let me caution her not to nurse her baby in a half-sitting and half-lying posture2 it will spoil her figure1 disturb her repose1 and weaken her back4 ,,the ,,temper4 #feg4 ,passion is injurious to the mother's milk1 and consequently to the child4 ,sudden joy and grief frequently disorder the infant's bowels1 producing griping1 looseness1 etc42 hence1 a mother who has a mild1 placid temper generally makes an excellent nurse1 on which account it is a fortunate circumstance that she is frequently better-tempered during suckling than at any other period of her life2 indeed1 she usually1 at such times1 experiences great joy and gladness4 #feh4 ,the happiest period of a woman's existence is1 as a rule1 when she first becomes a mother4 8,the pleasure of the young mother in her babe is said to be more exquisite than any other earthly bliss40#aae #fei4 ,it is an old and1 ,i believe1 a true saying1 that the child inherits the temper of his mother or of his wet-nurse4 ,this may be owing to the following reasons3 ,if the mother or the wet-nurse be good-tempered1 the milk will be more likely to be wholesome1 which will1 of course1 make him more healthy1 and consequently better-tempered4 #ffj4 ,while1 on the other hand1 if the mother or the nurse be of an irritable1 cross temper1 the milk will suffer1 and will thus cause disarrangement to his system2 and hence ill health and ill temper will be likely to ensue4 ,we all know the influence that good or bad health has on the temper4 #ffa4 ,an important reason1 then1 why a nursing mother is often better-tempered than she is at other times is1 she is in better health1 her stomach is in a healthier state3 8,a good digestion turneth all to health40#aaf ,there is an old and a true saying1 8that it is the stomach that makes the man10 and if the man1 the woman3 8,your stomach makes your fabric roll1 ,just as the bias rules the bowl40#aag #ffb4 ,hear what ,shakspeare says of the functions of the stomach4 ,the stomach is supposed to speak 7and does it not frequently speak1 and in very unmistakable language1 if we will but only listen to its voice873 8,true is it1 my incorporate friends1 quoth he1 ,that ,i receive the general food at first ,which you do live upon3 and fit it is2 ,because ,i am the store-house and the shop ,of the whole body3 ,but if you do remember1 ,i send it through the rivers of your blood1 ,even to the court1 the heart1--to the seat o' the brain2 ,and1 through the cranks and offices of man1 ,the strongest nerves1 and small inferior veins1 ,from me receive that natural competency ,whereby they live3 ,and though that all at once1 ,you1 my good friends1 though all at once cannot ,see what ,i do deliver out to each2 ,yet ,i can make my audit up1 that all ,from me do back receive the flour of all1 ,and leave me but the bran40 ,coriolanus1 act i4 sc4 #a4 ,,occupation4 #ffc4 ,i strongly recommend a nursing mother to attend to her household duties4 ,she is never so happy1 nor so well1 as when her mind is moderately occupied at something useful4 ,she never looks so charming as when she is attending to her household duties-- 8,for nothing lovelier can be found ,in woman1 than to study household good40#aah #ffd4 ,i do not mean by occupation the frequenting of balls1 of routs1 or of parties3 a nursing mother has no business to be at such places2 she ought to devote herself to her infant and to her household1 and she will then experience the greatest happiness this world can afford4 #ffe4 ,one reason why the poor make so much better nursing mothers than the rich is the former having so much occupation2 while the latter1 having no real work to do1 the health becomes injured1 and in consequence the functions of the breasts suffer2 indeed1 many a fashionable lady has no milk at all1 and is therefore compelled to delegate to a wet-nurse one of her greatest privileges and enjoyments4 #fff4 ,what would not some rich mother give for the splendid supply of milk--of healthy1 nourishing1 life-giving milk--of the poor woman who has to labor for her daily bread6 #ffg4 ,what is the reason that wealthy ladies so frequently require wet-nurses8 ,the want of occupation6 ,and from whom do they obtain the supply of wet-nurses8 ,from the poor women who have no lack of occupation1 as they have to labor for their daily food1 and have in consequence the riches of health1 though poor in this world's goods-- 8,for health is riches to the poor40#aai ,bear this in mind1 ye wealthy1 and indolent1 and pampered ladies1 and alter your plans of life1 or take the consequences1 and still let the poor women have the healthy1 the chubby1 the rosy1 the laughing children2 and you1 ye rich ones1 have the unhealthy1 the skinny1 the sallow1 the dismal little old men and women who are constantly under the doctor's care1 and who have to struggle for their very existence6 8,employment1 which ,galen calls #8nature's physician1' is so essential to human happiness1 that ,indolence is justly considered as the mother of ,misery40#abj #ffh4 ,occupation1 then--bustling occupation1 real downright work1 either in the form of out-door exercise1 or of attending to her household duties--a lady1 if she desire to have a good breast of milk1 ought to take2 if1 in point of fact1 she wishes to have healthy children4 ,for the ,almighty is no respecter of persons4 ,and he has ordained that work shall be the lot of man and of woman too6 ,it is a blessed thing to be obliged to work4 ,if we do not work1 we have all to pay a heavy penalty1 in the form of loss of both health and happiness4 8,for work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind--honest work1 which you intend getting done40#aba #ffi4 ,a mother who is listless and idle1 lolling either the greater part of every day in an easy-chair1 or reclining on a sofa in a room where a breath of air is not allowed to enter1 usually makes a miserable and a wretched nurse4 ,she is nervous1 dyspeptic1 and emaciated2 having but little milk1 and that little of a bad quality1 her baby is puny1 pallid1 and unhealthy1 and frequently drops into an untimely grave4 ,occupation1 then1 with fresh air and exercise1 is indispensable to a mother who is suckling4 ,,ailments1 ,etc4 #fgj4 ,the ,nipple4--,a good nipple is important both to the comfort of the mother and to the well-doing of the child4 #fga4 ,one1 among many1 of the ill effects of stays and of corsets is the pushing-in of the nipples2 sore nipples1 and consequent suffering1 are the result4 ,moreover1 a mother thus circumstanced may be quite unable to suckle her infant2 and then she will be severely punished for her ignorance and folly2 she will be compelled to forego the pleasure of nursing her own children1 and she will be obliged to delegate to hirelings her greatest privilege6 ,ladies who never wear stays have much better nipples1 and more fully-developed bosoms2 hence such mothers are more likely to make better nurses to their babies4 ,there is no doubt that the pressure of the stays on the bosom tends both to waste away the gland of the breast 7where the milk is secreted71 and to cause the nipple either to dwindle or to be pushed in1 and thus to sadly interfere with its functions4 ,i should strongly advise every mother who has daughters old enough to profit by it1 to bear this fact in mind1 and thus to prevent mischief when mischief might be prevented1 by not allowing them1 when young1 to wear stays4 #fgb4 ,treatment of very small and drawn-in nipples4--,the baby ought to suck through the intervention of an india-rubber teat fastened on a boxwood shield1 or through an india-rubber teat and shield1 made entirely of india-rubber4#abb ,the india-rubber teat must1 before it is used1 be softened by dipping it in warm but not in hot water4 ,i have known many mothers able to suckle their children with this contrivance who otherwise would have been obliged either to have weaned them1 or to have procured the assistance of a wet-nurse4 ,the above aid1 in the generality of instances1 will enable the infant to suck with ease4 ,after this has for a time been used1 the nipples will be so improved as to render the continuance of it unnecessary4 ,of course ,i do not advise the use of an india-rubber teat until a fair trial has been given by applying the babe at once to the nipple2 but if he cannot draw out the nipple1 then1 rather than wean him1 or than employ a wet-nurse1 let the teat be tried4 #fgc4 ,remember1 as soon as the nipple be sufficiently drawn out1 which in all probability it will in a few days1 the teat ought to be dispensed with4 ,in such a case1 when the infant is not at the breast1 ,dr4 ,wansbrough's ,metallic ,nipple ,shields should be worn4 ,small and bad nipples have1 by the wearing of these shields1 frequently been drawn out and made good ones2 the dress will suffice to keep them in their places4 #fgd4 ,sore nipples4--,if a lady1 during the latter few months of her pregnancy1 were to adopt the plan recommended at page #afb1 paragraph #cec1 sore nipples1 during the period of suckling1 would not be so prevalent as they now are4 #fge4 ,a sore nipple is frequently produced by the injudicious custom of allowing the child to have the nipple almost constantly in his mouth4 ,stated periods for suckling1 as recommended at paragraph #fca1 ought to be strictly adopted4 ,another frequent cause of a sore nipple is from the babe having the thrush4 ,it is a folly to attempt to cure the nipple without at the same time curing the mouth of the infant4 #fgf4 ,treatment4--,one of the best remedies for a sore nipple is the following powder3 ,take of--,biborate of ,soda1 one drachm2 ,powdered ,starch1 seven drachms3 ,mix1--,a pinch of the powder to be frequently applied to the nipple4 #fgg4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,todd ,thomson's--my old preceptor--remedy for sore nipple is a very good one2 it is as follows3 ,take of--,finely-powdered ,gum ,arabic1 half an ounce2 ,powdered ,alum1 five grains3 ,to be well mixed together in a mortar to make a powder1 of which a pinch should either be sprinkled over the nipple1 or it may be applied to the part by means of a camel's-hair brush every time directly after the child has done sucking4 ,let the brush1 covered with the dry powder1 gently sweep over the sore nipple4 ,as there is nothing in either of the above powders injurious to the infant1 the powder1 before applying him to the breast1 ought not to be wiped off2 indeed1 either the one or the other of the powders 7the former one especially1 as it contains borax7 is likely to be of service in preventing or in curing the sore mouth of the child4 #fgh4 ,if the above powders should not have the desired effect 7efficacious though they usually are71 8a liniment composed of equal parts of glycerin and of brandy0 7say a vial containing two drachms of each7 ought to be tried1 which must be shaken up just before using4 ,it should1 by means of a camel's-hair brush1 every time directly after the baby has been suckled1 be painted on the nipple4 ,a piece of either old soft cambric or lawn1 about the size of the palm of the hand1 snipped around to make it fit1 ought then to be moistened in the glycerin and the brandy1 and should be applied to each of the sore nipples1 and worn 7until they are cured7 whenever the child is not at the breast4 ,these applications will be found of much service and of great comfort1 and will act as nipple shields1 protecting and healing the nipples4 ,a soft sponge of warm water may be gently applied to the nipple just before putting the child to the bosom4 #fgi4 ,if the above remedies should not succeed in curing the sore nipple1 then she ought to try ,dr4 ,wansbrough's ,metallic ,nipple ,shield 7as recommended previously for small and drawn-in nipples71 and should1 whenever the babe is not sucking1 constantly wear it on the nipple4 ,it is very cooling and healing1 and keeps off all pressure from the clothes4 ,it will frequently cure a sore nipple when other remedies have failed4 ,the shield may be procured of any respectable surgical-instrument-maker4 #fhj4 ,cracked and fissured nipples4--,sometimes the nipple is sore from having either cracks or fissures upon it4 ,these cracks or fissures may attack any part of the nipple1 but are very apt to form where the nipple joins the breast2 and1 when very severe1 an ignorant nurse1 who is always fond of dealing in the marvelous1 declares that the child has nearly bitten the nipple off6 ,treatment4--,now1 the best remedy for a cracked and fissured nipple is for the infant1 until the cracks and fissures are cured1 to suck through the intervention of an india-rubber teat and shield2 and every time1 directly after the babe has been put to the nipple1 to apply to the parts affected either neat brandy or the glycerin and brandy liniment1 as ,i have before recommended4 ,when the child is not at the breast1 ,dr4 ,wansbrough's ,nipple ,shields should be worn2 the dress will keep them in their places4 #fha4 ,another cause of a sore nipple is from the mother1 after the babe has been sucking1 putting up the nipple wet4 ,she1 therefore1 ought always to dry the nipple--not by rubbing it1 but by dabbing it with either a soft cambric or lawn handkerchief1 or with a piece of soft linen rag 7one or other of which ought always to be at hand71 every time directly after the infant has done sucking1 and just before applying either of the above powders or liniment to the nipple4 #fhb4 ,when the nipple is very sore1 a mother1 whenever the child is put to the bosom1 suffers intense pain4 ,this being the case1 she had better suckle him through the intervention of an india-rubber teat1 properly fastened on a shield1 as before recommended4 ,see page #bgf1 paragraph #fgb4 ,but she ought never to use an india-rubber teat unless it be absolutely necessary--that is to say1 if the nipple be only slightly sore1 she should not1 on any account1 apply it2 but there are cases where the nipple is so very sore that a mother would have to give up nursing if the shield and teat were not used2 these1 and very small and drawn-in-nipples1 are the only cases in which an india-rubber teat and shield is admissible4 #fhc4 ,a nursing mother is sometimes annoyed by the milk flowing constantly away1 making her wet and uncomfortable4 ,all she can do under such circumstances is to wear nipple-glasses1 and to apply a piece of flannel to the bosom1 which will prevent the milk from chilling her1 and will thus do away with the danger of her catching cold1 etc4 #fhd4 ,the breast4--,a mother ought1 before applying the infant to the bosom1 to carefully ascertain if there be milk4 ,this may readily be done by squeezing the nipple between the finger and the thumb4 ,if there be no milk1 she must wait until the milk be secreted1 or serious consequences both to her and to him might ensue3 to the former1 inflammation and gathering of the bosom1 and sore nipples2 to the latter1 thrush1 diarrha1 and eruptions on the skin4#abc #fhe4 ,if there be a supply of milk in the breast1 and if still the child will not suck1 the medical man's attention ought to be drawn to the fact1 in order that he may ascertain whether the child be tongue-tied2 if he be1 the mystery is explained1 and a trifling1 painless operation will soon make all right4 #fhf4 ,if the bosoms be full and uneasy1 they ought1 three or four times a day1 to be well although tenderly rubbed with olive oil and eau de ,cologne 7equal parts of each1 mixed in a vial74 ,some nurses rub with their fingers only4 ,now1 such rubbing does harm4 ,the proper way to apply friction is to pour a small quantity of the oil and eau de ,cologne--first shaking the bottle--into the palm of the hand1 the hand being warm1 and then to well rub the breasts1 taking care to use the whole of the inside of the hand4 #fhg4 ,after the bosoms have been well rubbed1 each ought to be nicely supported with a large1 soft1 folded silk handkerchief2 each handkerchief must pass under each breast and over the shoulders1 and should be tied at the back of the neck1 thus acting as a sling4 #fhh4 ,if the bosoms be very uncomfortable1 young cabbage-leaves 7with the 8veins0 of each leaf cut level to the leaf7 ought1 after each application of the oil and eau de ,cologne1 to be applied2 or a large warm white-bread-and-milk and olive oil poultice ought to be used1 which must be renewed three or four times a day4 ,the way to make the poultice is as follows3 ,a thick round of bread should be cut from a white loaf2 the crust should be removed1 the crumb ought to be cut into pieces about an inch square1 upon which boiling-hot new milk should be poured2 it ought to be covered over for ten minutes2 then the milk should be drained off1 and the olive oil--previously warmed by placing a little in a teacup on the hob--should be beaten up by means of a fork with the moistened bread until it be of the consistence of a soft poultice4 ,it ought to be applied to the bosom as hot as it can comfortably be borne4 #fhi4 ,gathered breast4--,a gathered bosom1 or 8bad breast0 as it is sometimes called1 is more likely to occur after a first confinement and during the first month4 ,great care1 therefore1 ought to be taken to avoid such a misfortune4 ,a gathered breast is frequently owing to the carelessness of a mother in not covering her bosoms during the time she is suckling4 ,too much attention cannot be paid to keeping the breasts comfortably warm4 ,this1 during the act of nursing1 should be done by throwing either a shawl or a square of flannel over the neck1 shoulders1 and bosoms4 #fij4 ,another cause of a gathered breast arises from a mother sitting up in bed to suckle her baby4 ,an infant ought to be accustomed to take the bosom while he is lying down2 if this habit be not at first instituted1 it will be difficult to adopt it afterward4 ,good habits may be taught a child from the very earliest period of his existence4 #fia4 ,a sore nipple is another fruitful cause of a gathered breast4 ,a mother1 in consequence of the suffering it produces1 dreads putting the baby to it2 she therefore keeps him almost entirely to the other bosom4 ,the result is1 the breast with the sore nipple becomes distended with milk1 which1 being unrelieved1 ends in inflammation1 and subsequently in gathering4 #fib4 ,the fruitless attempt of an infant1 to procure milk when there is very little or none secreted is another and a frequent cause of a gathered bosom4 ,dr4 ,ballard1 in his valuable little work before quoted1 considers this to be the principal cause of a gathered breast2 and1 as the subject is of immense importance1 ,i cannot do better than give it in his own words1 more especially as he has the merit of originating and of bringing the subject prominently before his professional brethren4 ,he says3 8,this 7mammary abscess or gathered breast7 is another form of disease entirely referable to the cause under consideration fruitless sucking4 ,in the case last related1 the formation of mammary abscess gathered breast was only just prevented by arresting any further irritation of the breast by suckling2 and since ,i have kept careful notes of my cases1 ,i have observed that in all instances of abscess there has been abundant evidence of a demand being made upon the gland for a supply of milk beyond that which it had the power of secreting4 ,if the child only has been kept to the breast1 then it has suffered with disordered bowels2 but in the majority of cases an additional irritation has been applied2 the commonly-received doctrine that a turgid breast is necessarily overloaded with milk1 leads mothers and nurses to the use of breast-pumps1 exhausted bottles1 or even the application of the powerful sucking powers of the nurse herself1 to relieve the breasts of their supposed excess2 and it is this extraordinary irritation which1 in the majority of cases1 determines the formation of an abscess gathering4 ,sometimes these measures are adopted to remove the milk when a woman is not going to suckle1 and then an abscess not unfrequently is established4 ,i have previously alluded to the mistake into which mothers and nurses are led by the appearance of a swollen breast2 it is not evidence that the gland can secrete freely1 and it is in this turgid state that the excessive irritation tells most severely4 ,this hypermic plethoric condition seems to be a step toward inflammation1 and the irritation supplies that which is wanting to complete the process4 ,if a woman will only remove the child from the breast directly the act of sucking produces pain1 she may be pretty sure to avoid abscess4 ,so long as the milk can be obtained there is no pain40 ,the above most valuable advice deserves great attention1 and ought to be strictly followed4 #fic4 ,how is a patient to know that she is about to have a gathered bosom8--,there are two forms of gathered breast2 one being of vast and the other of trifling importance4 ,the first1 the serious one1 consists of gathering of the structure of the gland of the breast itself2 the latter1 merely of the superficial part of the bosom1 and ought to be treated in the same manner as any other external gathering1 with warm poultices4 #fid4 ,in the mild or superficial kind of gathered bosom1 the mother may still persevere in suckling her child1 as the secreting portion of the breast is not at all implicated in the gathering2 but in the severe form1 she ought not1 on any account whatever1 to be allowed to do so1 but should instantly wean her child from the affected side4 ,the healthy breast she may still continue to nurse from4 #fie4 ,the important form of a gathered breast ,i will now describe3 ,a severe gathered bosom is always ushered in with a shivering fit4 ,let this fact be impressed deeply upon my reader's mind4 ,this shivering is either accompanied or followed by sharp lancinating pains of the bosom4 ,the breast now greatly enlarges1 becomes hot1 and is very painful4 ,the milk in the affected bosom either lessens or entirely disappears4 ,if the child be applied to the breast 7which he ought not to be71 it gives the mother intense pain4 ,she is now feverish and ill2 she loses her strength and appetite1 and is very thirsty4 #fif4 ,a medical man must1 at the very onset of the shivering fit1 be sent for2 and he will1 in the generality of instances1 be able to prevent such a painful and distressing occurrence as a gathered breast4 ,if twelve hours be allowed to elapse after the shivering has taken place1 the chances are that the gathering cannot altogether be prevented2 although even then it may1 by judicious treatment1 be materially lessened and ameliorated4 #fig4 ,we sometimes hear of a poor woman suffering dreadfully for months1 and of her having a dozen or twenty holes in her bosom6 ,this is generally owing to the doctor not having been sent for immediately after the shivering2 ,i therefore cannot too strongly insist1 under such circumstances1 upon a mother obtaining prompt assistance1 not only to obviate present suffering1 but1 at the same time1 to prevent the function of the breast from being injured1 which it inevitably1 more or less1 will be1 if the important form of gathering be allowed to take place4 #fih4 ,when a nursing mother feels faint1 she ought immediately to lie down and to take a little nourishment2 either a crust of bread and a draught of ale or of porter1 or a glass of wine1 or a cup of tea with the yelk of an egg beaten up in it1 either of which will answer the purpose extremely well4 ,brandy1 or any other spirit1 ,i would not recommend1 as it will only cause1 as soon as the immediate effects of the brandy are gone off1 a greater depression to ensue2 not only so1 but the frequent taking of brandy might become a habit--a necessity which would be a calamity deeply to be deplored6 #fii4 ,a mother is sometimes faint from suckling her child too often1 she having him almost constantly at the bosom4 ,so long1 of course1 as she continues this foolish practice1 she must expect to suffer from faintness4 #gjj4 ,aperients1 etc4 during suckling4--,strong purgatives1 during this period1 are highly improper1 as they are apt to give pain to the infant as well as to injure the mother4 ,if it be absolutely necessary to give an aperient1 the mildest1 such as a dose of castor oil1 should be chosen4 #gja4 ,if she cannot take oil1 then she should apply it externally to the bowels as a liniment1 as recommended at page #add4 #gjb4 ,an enema1 either of warm water1 or of gruel1 oil1 and table salt1#abd applied by means of a good self-injecting enema apparatus1 is in such a case an excellent--indeed1 the very best--method of opening the bowels1 as it neither interferes with the digestion of the mother nor of the child4 #gjc4 ,the less opening medicine1 whatever be the kind1 a mother who is suckling takes1 the better will it be both for herself and for her babe4 ,even castor oil1 the least objectionable1 during suckling1 of aperients1 if she once begin to take it regularly1 the bowels will not act without it1 and a wretched state of things is established4 ,no1 if the bowels will not act1 an enema is by far the best remedy2 you can never do any harm1 either to the mother or to the babe1 by the administration of an enema2 it will neither induce future constipation1 nor will it interfere with the digestion of the mother1 nor with the bowels1 nor with the health of the infant4 #gjd4 ,when a lady who is nursing is habitually costive1 she ought to eat brown instead of white-bread4 ,this will1 in the majority of cases1 enable her to do without an aperient4 ,the brown bread may be made by mixing one part of bran and three parts of fine wheaten flour together1 and then making it in the usual way into bread4 ,treacle instead of butter on the brown bread increases its efficacy as an aperient4 #gje4 ,either stewed prunes or stewed ,french plums are an excellent remedy to prevent constipation4 ,the patient ought to eat1 every morning1 a dozen or fifteen of them4 ,the best way to stew either prunes or ,french plums is the following3 ,put a pound1 either of prunes or of ,french plums1 and two tablespoonfuls of raw sugar1 into a brown jar2 cover them with water1 put them into a slow oven1 and stew them for three or four hours4 ,both stewed rhubarb and stewed pears often act as mild or gentle aperients4 ,muscatel raisins1 eaten at dessert1 will oftentimes1 without medicine1 relieve the bowels4 #gjf4 ,a ,bee-master in ,the ,times1 or1 as he is usually called1 ,the ,times ,bee-master1 has satisfactorily proved that honey--pure honey--is most wholesome and beneficial to the human economy4 ,he recommends it to be occasionally eaten in lieu of butter for breakfast4 ,butter1 in some localities1 and in some seasons of the year1 is far from good and wholesome4 #gjg4 ,the ,germans are in the habit of eating for breakfast and for tea a variety of fruit jams instead of butter with their bread4 ,now1 if the bowels be costive1 jam is an excellent substitute for butter4 ,the ,scotch1 too1 scarcely ever sit down either to breakfast or tea without there being a pot of marmalade on the tables4 ,english ladies1 in this matter1 may well take a leaf out of the books of the ,germans and of the ,scotch4 #gjh4 ,a basinful of gruel1 made either with ,robinson's ,patent ,groats1 or with the ,derbyshire oatmeal1 sweetened with brown sugar1 every night for supper will often supersede the necessity of giving opening medicine4 ,a tumblerful of cold spring water--cold from the pump--taken early every morning1 sometimes effectually relieves the bowels4 ,coffee ought to be substituted for tea for breakfast1 as coffee frequently acts as an aperient1 more especially if the coffee be sweetened with brown sugar4 ,a glass of sherry should be taken every day during dinner1 as1 if the bowels be sluggish1 it sometimes stimulates them to action4 ,i should strongly recommend a patient1 in such a case1 to eat a great variety of food1 and to let the vegetable element predominate4 ,much meat encourages constipation4 ,fruit--,muscatel raisins especially--farinaceous food1 coffee1 and a variety of vegetables1 each and all incite the bowels to do their duty4 #gji4 ,although a nursing mother ought1 more especially if she be costive1 to take a variety of well-cooked vegetables--such as potatoes1 asparagus1 broccoli1 cauliflower1 ,french beans1 stewed celery1 and turnips2 she should avoid eating greens1 cabbages1 and pickles1 as they would be likely to affect the baby1 and might cause him to suffer from gripings1 pain1 and 8looseness0 of the bowels4 #gaj4 ,the 8wet compress0 is another excellent method of opening the bowels4 ,the way of applying it is as follows3 ,fold a large napkin a few thicknesses until it is about half a foot square2 then dip it in cold water and place it over the bowels2 over which apply either oilskin or gutta-percha skin1 which should be1 in order to exclude the air1 considerably larger than the folded napkin4 ,it should be kept in its place by means of either a bolster-case or a broad bandage1 and must be applied at bedtime1 and ought to remain on for three or four hours1 or until the bowels be opened4 #gaa4 ,let me again--for it cannot be too urgently insisted upon--strongly advise a nursing mother to use every means in the way of diet1 etc41 to supersede the necessity of the taking of opening medicine1 as the repetition of aperients injures1 and that severely1 both mother and child4 ,moreover1 the more opening medicine a person swallows1 the more she requires2 so that if she once get into the habit of regularly taking aperients1 the bowels will not act without them4 ,what a miserable existence1 to be always swallowing physic6 #gab4 ,if a lady1 then1 during the period of suckling1 were to take systematic exercise in the open air2 to bustle about the house and to attend to her household duties2 if she were to drink1 the moment she awakes in the morning1 a tumbler of cold water1 and every day during dinner a glass of sherry2 if she were to substitute brown bread for white bread1 and coffee for tea at breakfast1 and brown for white sugar2 if she were to vary her food1 both animal and vegetable1 and partake plentifully of sound ripe fruit2 if she were to use an abundance of cold water to her skin2 if she were1 occasionally1 at bedtime1 to apply a 8wet compress0 to her bowels1 and to visit the water-closet daily at one hour2 if she were--even if the bowels were not opened for four or five days--not to take an aperient of any kind whatever1 and avoid quacking herself with physic2 in short1 if she would adopt the above safe and simple remedies1 which are in the reach of all1 she would not suffer so much from costiveness1 which is frequently the bane1 the misery1 and the curse of her existence6 ,but then1 to get the bowels into a proper and healthy state1 it would take both time and trouble2 and how readily can a couple of pills be swallowed1 and how quickly they act1 and how soon they have to be repeated2 until at length the bowels will not act at all unless goaded into action1 and the pills become a necessity6 ,oh1 the folly and the mischief of such a system6 ,,weaning4 #gac4 ,there is an old saying1 8that a woman should carry her child nine months1 and should suckle him nine months40 ,it is well known that the first part of the old adage is correct1 and experience has proved the latter to be equally so4 ,if a babe be weaned before he be nine months1 he loses that muscular strength which the breast-milk alone can give2 if he be suckled after he be nine months1 he becomes flabby1 weak1 and delicate4 8,it is generally recognized that the healthiest children are those weaned at nine months complete4 ,prolonged nursing hurts both child and mother2 in the child1 causing a tendency to brain disease1 probably through disordered digestion and nutrition2 in the mother1 causing a strong tendency to deafness and blindness4 ,it is a very singular fact1 to which it is desirable that attention were paid1 that in those districts of ,scotland--viz41 the ,highland and insular--where the mothers suckle their infants from fourteen to eighteen months1 deaf-dumbness and blindness prevail to a very much larger extent among the people than in districts where nine or ten months is the usual limit of the nursing period40#abe #gad4 ,the time1 then1 when an infant ought to be weaned4--8,this1 of course1 must depend upon the strength of the child1 and upon the health of the mother3 nine months on an average is the proper time4 ,if she be delicate1 it may be found necessary to wean him at six months2 or if he be weak1 or laboring under any disease1 it may be well to continue suckling him for twelve months2 but after that time the breast will do him more harm than good1 and will1 moreover1 injure the mother's health40#abf #gae4 ,if he be suckled after he be twelve months old1 he is generally pale1 flabby1 unhealthy1 and rickety2 and the mother is usually nervous1 emaciated1 and hysterical4 ,a child who is suckled beyond the proper time1 more especially if there be any predisposition1 sometimes dies either of water on the brain1 or of consumption of the lungs1 or of mesenteric disease4 #gaf4 ,the manner in which a mother ought to act when she weans her child4--8,she must1 as the word signifies1 do it gradually--that is to say1 she should by degrees give him less and less of the breast1 and more and more of artificial food2 she ought1 at length1 only to suckle him at night2 and lastly1 it would be well for the mother either to send him away1 or to leave him at home1 and for a few days to go away herself40#abg #gag4 8,a good plan is for the nurse to have in the bed a half-pint bottle of new milk1 which1 to prevent it from turning sour1 has been previously boiled1 so as to give a little to the child in lieu of the breast4 ,the warmth of the body will keep the milk of a proper temperature2 and will supersede the use of lamps1 of candle-frames1 and other troublesome contrivances40#abh #gah4 ,if the mother be not able to leave home herself1 or to send her child from home1 she ought then to let the child sleep in another room1 with some responsible person--,i say responsible person1 for a baby must not be left to the tender mercies of a giggling1 thoughtless young girl4 #gai4 ,if the mother1 during the daytime1 cannot resist having her child in the room with her1 then ,i should advise her to make a paste of aloes--that is to say1 let her mix a little powdered aloes with a few drops of water1 until it be of the consistence of paste--and let her smear it on the nipple every time just before putting him to the breast2 this will be quite enough for him2 and one or two aloe applications to the nipple will make him take a disgust to the bosom1 and thus the weaning will be accomplished4 ,a mother need not be afraid that the aloes will injure her baby2 the minute quantity he will swallow will do no harm2 for the moment he tastes it1 the aloes being extremely bitter1 he will splutter it out of his mouth4 #gbj4 ,another application for the nipple1 to effect weaning1 is wormwood4 ,there are two ways of applying it1 either 7#a7 by sprinkling a very small pinch of powdered wormwood on the nipple2 or 7#b7 by bathing the nipple with a small quantity of wormwood tea just before applying the babe to it--either the one or the other of these plans will make him take a dislike to the breast1 and thus the weaning will be accomplished4 ,wormwood is excessively bitter and disagreeable1 and a slight quantity of it on the nipple will cause an infant to turn away from it with loathing and disgust--the wormwood1 the minute quantity he will taste1 will not at all injure him4 ,wormwood was in ,shakspeare's time used for the purpose of weaning3 8,and she was wean'd1--,i never shall forget it-- ,of all the days of the year upon that day3 ,for ,i had then laid wormwood to my dug breast1 ,sitting in the sun under the dove-house wall1 ,my lord and you were then at ,mantua3 ,nay1 ,i do bear a brain3 but1 as ,i said1 ,when it did taste the wormwood on the nipple ,of my dug1 and felt it bitter1 pretty fool6 ,to see it tetchy1 and fall out with the dug40#abi #gba4 ,the best way of 8drying up the milk0 is to apply to each breast soap plaster 7emplastrum saponis71 spread on soft pieces of wash-leather1 the shape and size of the top of a hat1 with a round hole the size of a shilling in the middle of each to admit the nipple1 and with a slit from the center to the circumference of each plaster to make a better fit4 ,these plasters ought to be spread by a chemist4 #gbb4 ,when the child is once weaned1 the breasts ought not to be drawn1 as the drawing of them would cause them to secrete larger quantities of milk2 if1 therefore1 the bosoms be ever so full or uncomfortable1 a mother ought to leave them alone2 she should wait patiently1 and the milk will gradually diminish1 and will at length disappear4 #gbc4 ,the drawing of the bosoms1 during weaning1 either by means of a breast-pump1 or by the mouth1 or by other like contrivances1 has frequently caused gathered breasts4 ,if not drawn1 they scarcely1 if ever1 gather4 #gbd4 ,the foregoing plan of 8drying up the milk0 will generally in five or six days assuage the milk away2 but if1 at the end of three days1 the bosoms still continue full and uncomfortable1 the plasters should be removed1 and the breasts ought1 every four hours1 to be well but tenderly rubbed with equal parts of olive oil and of eau de ,cologne2 the nurse supporting the bosom1 during such friction1 with her other hand4 #gbe4 ,let me impress the above important advice on a nursing mother's mind2 it might save a great deal of after-suffering and misery4 #gbf4 ,it might be well to state that1 after the child has been weaned1 the milk does not always entirely leave the breast1 not even for weeks1 and1 in some cases1 not even for months2 it is not of the slightest consequence1 and requires no treatment to get rid of it4 #gbg4 ,a mother ought1 during the period of weaning1 to live abstemiously1 and should drink as little as possible4 ,in many cases1 it is necessary to give1 every morning1 for two or three mornings1 a few doses of mild aperient medicine1 such as either a ,seidlitz powder1 or a teaspoonful of ,henry's magnesia and a teaspoonful of ,epsom salts in half a tumbler of warm water4 #gbh4 ,symptoms denoting the necessity of weaning4--,a mother sometimes cannot suckle her child2 the attempt bringing on a train of symptoms somewhat similar to the following3 singing in the ears2 dimness of sight2 aching of the eyeballs2 throbbing in the head2 nervousness2 hysterics2 tremblings2 faintness2 loss of appetite and of flesh2 fluttering and palpitation of the heart2 feelings of great exhaustion2 indigestion2 costiveness2 sinking sensations of the stomach2 pains in the left side2 great weakness and dragging pains of the loins1 which are usually increased whenever the infant is put to the bosom2 pallor of the countenance2 shortness of breath2 swelling of the ankles4 #gbi4 ,of course1 every mother who is suffering from suckling does not have the whole of the above long catalogue of symptoms6 ,but if she has three or four of the more serious of them1 she ought not to disobey the warnings1 but should discontinue nursing2 although it may be necessary1 if the babe himself be not old enough to wean1 to obtain a healthy wet-nurse to take her place4 #gcj4 ,remember1 then1 that if the above warning symptoms be disregarded1 dangerous consequences1 both to parent and child1 might be the result4 ,it might either throw the mother into a consumption1 or it might bring on heart disease2 and1 in consequence of his not being able to obtain sufficient or proper nourishment1 it might cause the infant to dwindle and pine away1 and1 eventually1 to die of water on the brain4 #gca4 ,soon after nine months' nursing1 8the monthly courses0 generally return4 ,this is another warning that the babe ought immediately to be weaned1 as the milk will lessen both in quantity and in nourishment1 and the child in consequence will become delicate and puny1 and every day he is suckled will lose1 instead of gain1 ground4 ,i have known many children1 from protracted suckling1 smaller at twelve months than they were at nine months2 and well they might be1 as1 after nine months1 the mother's milk usually does them harm instead of doing them good1 and thus causes them to dwindle away4 #gcb4 ,at another time1 although the above train of symptoms does not occur1 and notwithstanding she may be in perfect health1 a mother may not be able to suckle her baby4 ,such a one usually has very small breasts1 and but little milk in them1 and if she endeavor to nurse her infant1 it produces a violent aching of the bosom4 ,should she disregard these warnings1 and should still persevere1 it might produce inflammation of the breast1 which will probably end in a gathering4 #gcc4 ,an obstinate sore nipple is sometimes a symptom denoting the necessity of weaning4--,when the nipples are1 and1 notwithstanding judicious treatment1 persistently for some time continue1 very sore1 it is often an indication that a lady ought to wean her baby4 ,long-continued1 obstinate sore nipples frequently occur in a delicate woman1 and speak1 in language unmistakable1 that the child1 as far as the mother herself is concerned1 must be weaned4 ,of course1 if the infant be not old enough to wean1 when practicable a wet-nurse ought to take the mother's place4 ,if the above advice were more frequently followed than it is1 gathered breasts1 much suffering1 and broken health would not so frequently prevail as they now do4 #gcd4 ,if a mother be predisposed to consumption2 if she has had spitting of blood2 if she be subject to violent palpitation of the heart2 if she be laboring under great debility and extreme delicacy of constitution2 if she has any of the above complaints or symptoms1 she ought not on any account to suckle her child1 but should by all means procure a healthy wet-nurse4 #gce4 ,occasionally a mother suckles her infant when she is pregnant4 ,this is highly improper1 as it not only injures her own health1 and may bring on a miscarriage1 but it is also prejudicial to the baby1 and may produce a delicacy of constitution from which he might never recover4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in conclusion1 ,i fervently hope that this little book will1 through ,god's blessing1 be to my fair reader1 during the whole period of her wifehood1 a friend in her need1 a guide in her difficulties1 and a silent but trusty counselor in all things pertaining to her health4 ,i sincerely trust that it will give her as much pleasure in the reading of these pages as it has given me in the writing of them4 ,,index4 ,ablution after labor1 #bde4 among the poor1 #da4 manner of young wife performing1 #db4 morning1 #da4 in pregnancy1 #abd4 thorough1 #da4 ,abortion1 #agd4 the procuring of1 #abj4 ,accoucheur1 the duties of1 #bjf4 ,advice to a monthly nurse1 #aif4 ,after birth should never be brought away by nurse1 #bcc4 ,after pains1 #bab4 ,age at which menstruation commences1 #aje4 ,age1 best1 to marry1 #ajd4 ,ages of mother and wet-nurse1 #bfe4 ,ailments of pregnancy1 #adj4 during suckling1 #bcf4 ,air1 cold1 the value of1 #cg4 pure in bedroom1 #cd4 ,air and exercise in pregnancy1 #abe4 during suckling1 #bfh4 and occupation1 #abf4 ,ale and porter1 sour1 #bec4 more nourishing than wine1 #bff4 ,alcohol a deadly poison1 #eg4 in brandy and in wine1 #eg4 ,aloe paste in weaning1 #bie4 ,amusements of a young wife1 #bj4 ,aperient pills after confinement1 #bda4 ,aperients in pregnancy1 #adj4 the abuse of1 #bdd4 before labor1 #aee4 immediately after1 improper1 #bda4 during suckling1 #bhg4 on frequent1 #ii4 ,appetite1 bad1 #ea4 and leanness1 #ed4 ,applications for hair1 #dg4 ,armstrong on ablution1 #di4 ,articles wanted at labor1 #baf4 ,artificial respiration1 #bcb4 ,assisting nature1 on1 #bji4 ,bad breast1 #bhb4 ,bandage after confinement1 #bcf4 ,barley-water and new milk1 #bea4 ,barren wives1 #ad4 diet of1 #ch4 number of1 #ad4 ,barrenness and fashion1 #fh4 in higher ranks1 #fj4 ,bathing feet1 #de4 shoulders and back1 #db4 whole body1 #db4 ,bay salt1 #de4 ,bearing down pains1 #bjb4 of womb1 #bdg4 ,beauty-sleep1 #gb4 ,bed1 8the guarding of10 #bah4 ,bed-pan1 the best kind of1 #bdd4 ,bedroom for pregnant female1 #acg4 ventilation of1 #gc4 ,bedstead1 a four-post1 in labor1 #baf4 ,beef-tea1 how to make 7note71 #bdi4 8,being out in reckoning10 #ahg4 ,beverage after labor1 #bea4 the best for young wife1 #ee4 for mother whose child is ill1 #bfh4 ,bidet should be regularly used1 #abd4 ,bladder1 irritability of1 #afd1 #aii4 importance of attending to1 #bcc4 in pregnancy1 #afd4 sluggishness of1 #afd4 state of1 after confinement1 #bci4 8,blue-stocking10 as a wife1 #ic4 ,bosom after labor1 #bei4 ,bowels to be opened before labor1 #aee4 if regular1 no aperient required1 #ade4 ,bowel complaints of pregnancy1 #ade4 ,bowels1 state of1 after labor1 #bda4 ,boy or girl81 #ahh4 ,brandy to be in the lying-in room1 #bbb4 on the use of1 during labor1 #bbb1 #bce4 ,bran-bread as an aperient1 #bhi4 ,breakfast for young wife1 #ej4 a meager1 #ej4 ,breast-drawer1 #beh4 during suckling1 #bfj1 #bhb4 ,breast1 full and uneasy1 #bhb4 in second and in succeeding confinements1 #bei4 painful during pregnancy1 #afb4 gathered1 #bhb4 causes of1 #bhc4 importance of early treatment1 #bhf4 shivering fit in1 #bhf4 symptoms of1 #bhf4 two forms of1 #bhe4 ,breast-pump1 ill effects of1 #bif4 ,bringing up of girls1 #if4 ,bugs and fleas1 #ig4 ,business of a wife1 #ij4 ,calomel dangerous in pregnancy1 #adj4 ,carbonic acid gas in crowded rooms1 #cc1 #hf4 ,carpet for bath-room1 #dg4 ,carriage exercise1 on the abuse of1 #bi4 ,castor oil1 the dose and manner of administering1 #ada4 external use of1 #add4 ,caudle should be banished lying-in room1 #bcf4 8,caul10 a child's 7note71 #bcj4 ,cause1 one1 of small families1 #fj4 8,ceasing to be unwell10 #aag4 to menstruate1 #aae4 ,champagne-cup1 #fc4 ,change of air for delicate wife1 #if4 8,change of life10 #aae4 8,change of life10 great importance of not neglecting1 #aae4 of room after labor1 #bec4 ,cheerful wife1 #hg4 ,cheerfulness during labor1 #bbj4 and occupation1 #hg1 #ic4 ,child born before arrival of medical man1 #bbh4 should be gradually weaned1 #bid4 ,childless house1 #ad4 ,chimney1 on stopping1 #ce4 ,chloroform in hard and lingering labor1 #bbe4 ,chlorosis and hysteria1 #aac4 ,circulation1 languid1 #cj1 #ee4 ,cleanliness of body1 #da4 8,cleansings10 #bde4 ,clever wife a fortune1 #ij4 ,clothing in pregnancy1 #abc4 after labor1 #bcd4 during suckling1 #bfb4 ,clysters1 #bdb1 #bhh4 ,coffee as an aperient1 #adb1 #bij4 ,complexion1 a fine1 #be1 #bg4 ,contentment1 #hg4 ,cook1 an idiot of a1 #ij4 ,cookery1 good and careful1 #hi4 ,costiveness during pregnancy1 #adj4 a cause of hard labor1 #adc4 8,count10 #ahe4 the ,german method of making1 #ahg4 a good plan to make the1 #ahf4 ,country1 on living in the1 #cf1 #acg4 ,cramp of the bowels1 #afh4 ,cramps of the legs and thighs in pregnancy1 #afh1 #bjc4 ,creasote in toothache1 #aef4 8,croakers10 during labor1 #aij1 #bai4 ,croquet1 best of games1 #he4 ,crying out1 when in pain1 #bad4 ,curates' wives1 #ch4 ,dancing1 danger of young wife1 #hf4 ,dangers of wine-drinking1 #ef4 of early marriages1 #ajd4 ,daylight1 importance of1 #gi4 ,depression of spirits during suckling1 #bfg4 ,derbyshire oatmeal gruel1 #adc4 ,dews of morning and evening1 #bf1 #gj4 ,diarrha in pregnancy1 #ade4 ,dietary of a young wife1 #di4 pregnant female1 #acd4 after labor1 #bdi4 ,diet during suckling1 #bfc4 of lying-in women1 #bdi of young wife1 #di4 ,digestion1 a good1 #bga4 ,dirt in wrong place1 #acb4 ,difficulty of lying down in pregnancy1 #ach4 of making water1 #bbc4 ,dinners and tempers1 #ib4 ,disinfectant1 #abi4 ,dissipation and barrenness1 #ad4 ,domette bandages1 #aec4 ,dozing1 ill effects of1 #fg4 ,drainage1 #acb4 ,dress for labor1 #bag4 for young wife1 #hb4 8,drying up the milk10 #bif4 ,duration of menstruation1 #aje4 ,duties of a nursing mother1 #bee4 of a wife1 #ib4 ,early ,maturity1 #ajf4 riser needs refreshment1 #fh4 rising and early to bed1 #ga4 a cosmetic1 #gj4 a duty1 #ga4 good effects of1 #gj4 ,early rising rejuvenizes1 #gj4 ,economy1 domestic1 #hg4 ,employment 8nature's doctor10 #bgd4 ,enceinte1 the origin of the word 7note71 #aac4 ,enema apparatus1 #ajj1 #aig4 for costiveness1 #ajj4 for lying-in patient1 #bdb4 ,enemata of tepid water1 #aeb4 ,ewers and basins1 ,liliputian1 #da4 ,exercise for a young wife1 #bc4 a necessity1 #bd4 before breakfast1 #dg4 best aperient1 #add4 for the delicate1 #be4 immense importance of1 #bc4 in close carriages1 #bi4 in pregnancy1 #abe4 during suckling1 #bfh fresh air and occupation during pregnancy1 #abf4 in open air after labor1 #bed4 promotes sleep1 #gh4 ,false labor pains1 #ahc4 ,fainting in pregnancy1 #afe4 ,faintness during suckling1 #bhg4 8,falling of the womb10 #bdg4 ,falling off of hair1 #dg4 ,fashion and barrenness1 #ch4 ,fashionable system of spending married life1 #ah4 ,fat and pregnancy1 how to distinguish between1 #aba4 ,feet1 cold1 exercise the remedy for1 #cj4 and legs1 bathing1 #de4 ,females who have sick pregnancies1 #afa4 8,female slipper10 #bci4 ,fire-guard on lying-in room grate1 #bcg4 ,fire1 ill effects of sitting near1 #bg4 ,flannel1 #bah4 next skin1 #hc4 ,flatulence and 8quickening10 #aba4 ,fleas and bugs1 #ig4 ,ftal circulation 7note71 #abb4 ,folly of shutting out light1 #gi4 ,food1 variety of1 necessary1 #bfe4 ,french bed-pan1 #bdd4 cookery1 #ia4 plums1 stewed1 #bhi4 ,friend1 the choice of1 during labor1 #bai4 ,fruit useful in pregnancy1 #acf4 ,fruitful women1 #fj4 ,fruit tree1 a simile1 #ae4 ,fruitless suckling1 #bhc4 ,fumigations1 #abi4 ,garters1 ill effects of1 in pregnancy1 #abc4 ,gathered breasts1 #bhb4 causes of1 #bhc4 importance of early treatment1 #bhf4 ,german breakfast1 #bhi4 ,gestation1 period of1 #ahe4 ,ginger plaster1 #aeg4 ,girl or boy81 #ahh4 ,greens1 cabbages1 and pickles1 #bij4 8,guarding of the bed10 #bah4 ,hair1 on washing1 #df4 ,health1 a beautifier1 #bc4 importance of1 #aja4 of wives1 #ac4 worth trying for1 #ag4 ,heart1 palpitation of1 during pregnancy1 #afg4 ,heartburn in pregnancy1 #adg4 ,hints to attendants1 #bbh4 to mother when infant is ill1 #bfh4 ,home known only in ,england1 #hf4 ,honey1 on the wholesomeness of1 #bhi4 ,hot-water bag1 #adg1 #afh4 ,house1 a healthy1 #cf4 ,household duties1 #hf4 good1 #bgb4 ,hysteria1 #aac4 ,husband in lying-in room1 #baj4 ,idle ladies1 #gh4 people1 #be4 ,idleness brings misery1 #abg4 effects of1 #ag4 ,india-rubber teat and shield for drawn-in nipple1 #bgf4 for sore nipple1 #bhj4 ,indolence1 the ill effects of1 in pregnancy1 #abf4 ,infant born apparently dead1 #bcj4 the period of suckling an1 #bic4 the cry of an1 #bcj4 ,introductory ,chapter1 #ac4 ,irish women1 poor1 #ch4 ,irritation and itching1 #agb4 ,jam as an aperient1 #hi4 ,jeremy ,taylor's description of a wife1 #ac4 ,labor1 #aii4 the easy and the hard1 #id4 rapid1 directions concerning1 #bbh4 symptoms of1 #aii-bae4 treatment of1 #baf-bed4 ,lavements in pregnancy1 #add4 ,leather cheaper than physic1 #bd4 ,legs1 the swollen1 of pregnancy1 #aeb4 ,length of time of first labor1 #baj4 of an after labor1 #baj4 ,life is to be well1 #ah4 ,light1 effects of1 #gi4 is life1 #gi4 ,little ablution--much clothing1 #hd4 ,lively women and easy labors1 #abg4 ,luxurious idle wife1 #gg4 ,luxury1 an age of1 #bh4 ill effects of1 #ch4 ,lying-in room1 #bcg4 temperature of1 #bcg4 ,maid-servants and the 8ologies10 #ib4 ,marmalade as an aperient1 #bij4 ,marshmallow and chamomile fomentation 7note71 #bde4 ,martin ,luther on work1 #hi4 ,mastication1 thorough1 #ed4 ,materials of food should be mixed and varied1 #bfe4 ,means to strengthen1 #af4 ,meddlesome breast-tending1 #bfj4 midwifery reprobated1 #bje4 ,medical men1 #bji4 ,medicines in pregnancy1 #adj-agc4 opening1 danger of1 #ii4 ,menstrual fluid1 #aaa4 ,menstruation1 #ajc4 accompanied with 8the whites10 #aab4 before marriage1 #aaa4 during #cj years1 #ajb4 painful1 #aaa4 dangers of1 #aaa4 profuse1 #aab4 sparing1 #aab4 too pale or too dark1 #aaa4 when not properly performed1 #aaa4 ,milk at its 8height10 #bei4 the best way of 8drying up0 the1 #bif4 flowing away constantly1 #bhj4 very fattening1 #ed4 ,miscarriage1 #agd4 care required after1 #agh4 causes of1 #age4 consequences of a neglected1 #agh4 flooding in1 #agg4 prevention of1 #agi4 symptoms of a threatened1 #agf4 treatment of1 #agi4 usual time of taking place1 #agg4 ,misconception and prejudice1 #bch4 ,mission1 the glorious1 #aja4 ,monthly nurse1 #ahi-aih4 ,morning sickness1 #aag1 #aeh4 ,mothers predisposed to consumption1 #cjj4 who cannot suckle1 #bii4 unnatural1 #bee4 ,mountain-air1 #ig4 ,mufflers and sore throats1 #hd4 ,mutton-chops1 folly of living entirely on1 #eb4 ,nature in early morning1 #fh4 ,navel1 pouting of1 as a sign of pregnancy1 #abb4 ,navel-string1 the manner of tying1 #bcc4 not to be tied until the child breathes1 #bcb4 ,nipple1 cracked and fissured1 #bgi4 during suckling1 #beg4 means to harden1 #afb4 great importance of hardening1 #afb4 retraction of1 #bge4 shields1 #bgf4 sore1 #bgg4 an obstinate1 #bii4 washing of1 and breast1 #beg4 wet1 #bhj4 shields1 ,wansbrough's1 #bgi4 ,nose1 a sentinel1 #abi4 ,nurse1 monthly1 #ahi-aih4 importance of choosing a good1 #ahi4 on wearing crinoline1 #aig4 on wearing slippers instead of shoes1 #aih4 ,nursery-basin1 #dc4 ,nursing1 prolonged1 danger of1 #bic4 apron1 #bfc4 ,oatmeal1 ,derbyshire1 #adc4 gruel as a fomentation1 #bde4 ,occupation1 #hg1 #bgb4 fresh air1 and exercise1 #bgb4 ,offspring of very young and very old1 #ajd4 ,olive oil as an aperient1 #adb4 ,opening medicine1 #ii4 ,pains1 8bearing down10 #bjc4 before and during menstruation1 #aaa4 8grinding10 #bjj4 at night in pregnancy1 #aci4 ,painless parturition1 #bab4 ,palpitation of the heart in pregnancy1 #afg4 ,passion1 the ill effects of1 during suckling1 #bgj4 ,pendulous belly of pregnancy1 #aed4 ,pepper plaster1 #aeg4 ,period of gestation1 #ahe4 of taking exercise1 #bed4 ,pessaries1 #bdh4 ,physic1 a substitute for exercise1 #ca4 best1 is exercise1 #be4 ,piles in pregnancy1 #adh4 ,pleasure and health1 #he4 ,plethoric pregnant females1 #acf4 ,poisoned by one's own breath1 #ce4 ,porter and ale for a nursing mother1 #bff4 ,position after delivery1 #bcg4 of a mother during suckling1 #bgj4 of patient after labor1 #bcg4 8,pottering0 nurse1 #aij4 ,poultice1 a bread and milk and sweet oil1 #bhb4 ,precursory symptoms of labor1 #aii4 ,pregnancy1 #aag4 duration of1 #ahe4 a natural process1 #abg4 period of1 #ahe4 signs of1 #aag4 ,preliminary observations1 #ac4 ,preparation for health1 #dg4 for labor1 #baf4 ,profession of a wife1 #ij4 ,prolific mothers 7note71 #aje4 ,proper time for a patient to sit up after labor1 #bdf4 to send for medical man1 #bjj1 #bjc4 to send for the nurse1 #bjj4 ,protrusion of the bowels1 #adi4 ,prunes1 stewed1 #bhi4 ,puberty1 period of 7note71 #aje4 ,pump-water1 contamination1 #acb4 on boiling1 #acc4 on purity of1 #acb4 8,quickening10 #abj4 flatulence mistaken for1 #aba4 ,quiet after confinement1 #bdf4 ,rain and wind1 exercise in1 #bd4 ,rats in drains and sewers1 #acj4 8,reckoning10 to make the1 #ahf4 ,refreshment after labor1 #bce4 ,remedies to prevent costiveness1 #bia4 ,respiration1 artificial1 #bcb4 ,rest after delivery1 #bcd4 in pregnancy1 #acc4 and quietude after labor1 #bdf4 ,restlessness at night1 #ach4 remedies for1 #ach4 ,rich ladies1 #ch4 ,rising of the sun on seeing the1 #ga4 ,rock-salt1 #de4 ,rules for a female prone to miscarry1 #ahj4 for barren wife1 #ad4 of health1 #ii4 ,sea-bathing1 in pregnancy1 #abe4 ,sea water good for hair1 #df4 ,servants taught the 8ologies10 #ib4 ,shivering during labor1 #bja4 8,show10 a sure sign of labor1 #bjj4 ,shower-bath in pregnancy1 #abe4 ,sick pregnancies1 #afa4 ,sickness during labor1 #bja4 ,signs of the ftal circulation 7note7 #abc4 of pregnancy1 #aag4 ,sitting over fire1 #bg4 with back to fire1 #bg4 ,sitz-bath1 the value of1 #dd1 #abd1 #agb4 ,skin of the abdomen cracked1 #aed4 ,skylight the best ventilator1 #abh4 ,sleep in pregnancy1 #acg4 the choicest gift1 #gg4 the value of1 immediately after labor1 #bch4 for young wife1 #gh4 ,sleepiness of pregnant females1 #ach4 ,sleeplessness of pregnant females1 #ach4 ,slipper bed-pan1 #bci1 #bdd4 ,sluggard's dwelling1 #ga4 8,smoking dunghill10 a1 #aca4 ,sore nipples1 #bgg4 ,spirits during suckling1 #bfh4 ,spurious labor pains1 #ahc4 ,stages of labor1 #bac4 ,stays should not be worn during labor1 #bah4 ,stocking1 elastic1 #aec4 ,stomach1 functions of1 #bga4 ,subsidence of the womb before labor1 #aii4 8,suck-pap10 #beh4 ,suckling1 #bee4 when female is pregnant1 #cjj4 ,suppers1 hearty meal1 #eb4 ,support to bowels after confinement1 #bcf4 ,swedish ladies1 #ia4 ,swollen legs in pregnancy1 #aeb4 ,symptoms of labor1 #aii4 denoting necessity of weaning1 #bih4 ,table of duration of pregnancy1 #ahe4 ,taking1 the frequent1 of physic1 #ca4 ,teat1 india-rubber1 and shield1 #bgf4 ,teeth frequently decay in pregnancy1 #aef4 and gums1 #ee4 ,temperature of a lying-in room1 #bcg4 8,the top of the morning10 #gb4 ,things which will be wanted at a labor1 #baf4 ,tic-douloureux1 #aeg4 ,tight lacing injurious to a young wife1 #ha4 ill effects of1 in pregnancy1 #abc4 ,time when a child should be weaned1 #bic4 ,toothache in pregnancy1 #aee4 remedies for1 #aef4 ,tooth extraction1 the danger of1 in pregnancy1 #aee4 8,trap to catch sunbeam10 #ha4 ,true labor pains1 #bjb4 8,trying of a pain10 #bba4 8,turn of years10 #aae4 ,unladylike1 on being1 #if4 ,urine1 retention of1 #bdj4 ,vaginal syringe1 #aif4 ,veal-and-milk broth1 #bea4 ,veins1 enlarged1 of the leg1 #aeb4 ,ventilation1 importance of1 #cc1 #abh4 manner of performing1 #cd4 of lying-in room1 #bed4 thorough1 #cf4 ,visitors in a lying-in room1 #bch4 ,walk before breakfast1 #dg4 in frosty weather1 #bh4 ,walking glorious exercise1 #bc4 ,warm ablutions after labor1 #bde4 baths for infants apparently still-born1 #bca4 ,water poisoned by drains1 #acb4 ,waters1 8the breaking of the10 #bjb4 ,weaning1 #bib4 ,weaning an infant1 the method of1 #bid4 ,wellington1 the ,duke of1 #fg4 ,westmoreland and ,cumberland poor women1 #bbi4 ,wet-nurses' and mother's milk1 #bfe4 ,whining and repining1 #ie4 8,whites0 during pregnancy1 #afi4 cause miscarriage1 #aab4 when not pregnant1 #aab4 ,wife1 a domestic1 #ij4 educated to be useful1 #ij4 instructing servants1 #ib4 the mission of a1 #bb4 the profession of a1 #ij4 young1 #ac4 ,wine1 abuse of1 #eg4 bibbing causes barrenness1 #eg4 drinking of1 #ee4 in ,france1 #fa4 on children taking1 #fa4 much injures complexion1 #fd4 during suckling1 #bfg4 ,womb1 bearing down of1 #bdg4 ,work1 a cure for many ailments1 #ic4 ,wormwood on nipples in weaning1 #bif4 ,,advice ,,to ,a ,,mother ,,on ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,her ,,children1 ,,and ,,on ,,the ,,treatment ,,on ,,the ,,moment ,,of ,,some ,,of ,,their ,,more ,,pressing ,,illnesses ,,and ,,accidents4 ,,by ,,pye ,,henry ,,chavasse1 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,college ,,of ,,surgeons ,,of ,,england2 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,obstetrical ,,society ,,of ,,london2 ,,formerly ,,president ,,of ,,queen',s ,,college ,,medico-,,chirurgical ,,society1 ,,birmingham2 ,,author ,,of 8,,advice ,,to ,a ,,wife ,,on ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,her ,,own ,,health40 8,lo1 children and the fruit of the womb are an heritage and cometh of the ,lord40 ,,seventeenth ,,edition4 ,,philadelphia ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co4 #ahha4 ,,to ,,sir ,,charles ,,locock1 ,,bart41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,first ,,physician-,,accoucheur ,,to ,,her ,,majesty ,,the ,,queen4 ,,dear ,,sir ,,charles3 ,your kind and flattering approval of this little ,book1 and your valuable suggestions for its improvement1 demand my warmest gratitude and acknowledgments1 and have stimulated me to renewed exertions to make it still more complete and useful1 and thus more worthy of your approbation4 ,you have greatly added to my obligation1 by allowing me to indicate those passages of the work that you considered required correction1 addition1 and improvement4 ,on reference to these pages1 it will be at once perceived how greatly ,i am indebted to you1 and how much ,i have profited by your valuable advice4 ,i have the honor to remain1 ,dear ,sir ,charles1 ,your faithful and obliged servant1 ,,pye ,,henry ,,chavasse4 ,,priory ,,house1 ,,old ,,square1 ,,birmingham4 ,,preface4 ,the sale of this book is enormous2 where hundreds were formerly disposed of1 thousands are now sold2 and the sale still increases with increasing velocity4 ,the book has been a great success3 ,i had the good fortune1 some thirty years ago1 to turn up new ground--to hit upon a mine1 which ,i have1 ever since1 even until now1 worked with my best energy and ability4 ,one cause of the immense success this work has achieved is1 that it treats of some subjects which1 although they be subjects of vital importance to the well-being of children1 all other works of a kindred nature do not even touch upon4 ,i have1 during the last thirty years1 been constantly on the watch to give a mother additional and useful advice on the management of her children2 so that1 in point of fact1 this present edition consists of more than treble the quantity of information contained in the earlier editions4 ,the quantity is not only increased1 but the quality is1 ,i trust1 greatly improved4 ,the last edition1 comprising five thousand copies1 has been rapidly exhausted3 to supply the increased and increasing demand1 seven thousand copies of this--the ,,ninth ,,edition--are now published4 ,the enormous1 and1 for a medical work1 unusually large sale1 is most gratifying to me as well as to my worthy publishers4 ,i have taken great pains to improve the present edition3 much new matter has been introduced2 several paragraphs have been abridged2 some portions have been rewritten--as my extended experience has enabled me to enter on many of the subjects more fully1 and1 ,i trust1 more usefully2 and the book has been throughout thoroughly revised4 ,lord ,chesterfield1 in writing to his son1 once said3 8,if ,i had had longer time1 ,i would have written you a shorter letter40 ,now1 ,i have found time both to curtail some of the passages of this work1 and to remove many1 indeed1 a large majority of the quotations from the text4 ,i have1 consequently1 been able to fill up the various spaces with much original1 and1 ,i trust1 useful matter2 and thus1 without materially increasing the bulk of the book1 to keep it within reasonable bounds4 ,the notes and annotations of ,sir ,,charles ,,locock are1 however1 perfectly intact--they are too valuable either to be omitted1 or to be1 in the slightest degree1 curtailed4 ,the writing1 revising1 improving1 and enlarging of this1 and of my other work--,advice to a ,wife--have1 for upwards of a quarter of a century1 been my absorbing occupation--my engrossing study4 ,i have loved1 and cherished1 and tended the two books as though they were my children2 and have1 in each successive edition1 always striven to bring them1 as nearly as my abilities would allow1 to a state of completeness--to make them1 in fact1 a perfect ,vade-mecum for ,wives and ,mothers4 ,i might truly say1 that the occupation has ever been to me a source of pure and unalloyed enjoyment4 ,the correction of the pages has often cheered me when ,i have been in grief or in trouble1 and has soothed me when1 in my profession1 ,i have been either harassed or vexed3 truly1 ,i have had my reward6 ,my fervent desire is1 that some portion of the pleasure and comfort ,i have derived from the writing of these books may be experienced by my readers4 ,if it be only a tithe of what ,i myself have felt1 ,i shall be more than amply rewarded for my pains4 ,p4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4--,,infancy4 ,,page ,,preliminary ,,conversation #ajac ,,ablution #ajaf ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,navel #ajbd ,,clothing #ajbh ,,diet #ajcb ,,vaccination #ajef ,,dentition #ajfb ,,exercise #ajge ,,sleep #ajgg ,,the ,,bladder ,,and ,,the ,,bowels #ajhd ,,ailments1 ,,disease1 ,,etc4 #ajhe ,,concluding ,,remarks ,,on ,,infancy #aaai ,,part ,,ii4--,,childhood4 ,,ablution #aabj ,,clothing #aabc ,,diet #aacb ,,the ,,nursery #aaej ,,exercise #aagb ,,amusements #aagg ,,education #aahc ,,sleep #aahh ,,second ,,dentition #aaid ,,disease1 ,,etc4 #aaie ,,warm ,,baths #abid ,,warm ,,external ,,applications #abie ,,accidents #abig ,,part ,,iii4--,,boyhood ,,and ,,girlhood4 ,,ablution1 ,,etc4 #acah ,,clothing #acbg ,,diet #accb ,,air ,,and ,,exercise #accg ,,amusements #acda ,,education #acdg ,,household ,,work ,,for ,,girls #acee ,,choice ,,of ,,profession ,,or ,,trade #acee ,,sleep #acei ,,on ,,the ,,teeth ,,and ,,the ,,gums #acfd ,,prevention ,,of ,,disease1 ,,etc4 #acff ,,index #adjc ,,advice ,,to ,a ,,mother4 ,,part ,i4--,,infancy4 ,i hardly know so melancholy a reflection1 as that ,parents are necessarily the sole directors of the management of ,children2 whether they have1 or have not judgment1 penetration1 or taste1 to perform the task4--,,greville4 ,man's breathing ,miniature6--,,coleridge4 ,,preliminary ,,conversation4 #a4 ,i wish to consult you on many subjects appertaining to the management and the care of children1--will you favor me with your advice and counsel8 ,i shall be happy to accede to your request1 and to give you the fruits of my experience in the clearest manner ,i am able1 and in the simplest language ,i can command--freed from all technicalities4 ,i will endeavor to guide you in the management of the health of your offspring2--,i will describe to you the symptoms of the diseases of children2--,i will warn you of approaching danger1 in order that you may promptly apply for medical assistance before disease has gained too firm a footing2--,i will give you the treatment on the moment of some of their more pressing illnesses--when medical aid cannot quickly be procured1 and where delay may be death2--,i will instruct you1 in case of accidents1 on the immediate employment of remedies--where procrastination may be dangerous2--,i will tell you how a sick child should be nursed1 and how a sick room ought to be managed2--,i will use my best energy to banish injurious practices from the nursery2--,i will treat of the means to prevent disease where it be possible2--,i will show you the way to preserve the health of the healthy1--and how to strengthen the delicate2--and will strive to make a medical man's task more agreeable to himself1--and more beneficial to his patient1--by dispelling errors and prejudices1 and by proving the importance of your strictly adhering to his rules4 ,if ,i can accomplish any of these objects1 ,i shall be amply repaid by the pleasing satisfaction that ,i have been of some little service to the rising generation4 #b4 ,then you consider it important that ,i should be made acquainted with1 and be well informed upon1 the subjects you have just named8 ,certainly4 ,i deem it to be your imperative duty to study the subjects well4 ,the proper management of children is a vital question1--a mother's question1--and the most important that can be brought under the consideration of a parent2 and1 strange to say1 it is one that has been more neglected than any other4 ,how many mothers undertake the responsible management of children without previous instruction1 or without forethought2 they undertake it as though it may be learned either by intuition or by instinct or by affection6 ,the consequence is1 that frequently they are in a sea of trouble and uncertainty1 tossing about without either rule or compass2 until1 too often1 their hopes and treasures are shipwrecked and lost6 ,the care and management1 and consequently the health and future well-doing of the child1 principally devolve upon the mother2 8for it is the mother after all that has most to do with the making or the marring of the man40#acj ,dr4 ,guthrie justly remarks that--8,moses might never have been the man he was unless he had been nursed by his own mother4 ,how many celebrated men have owed their greatness and their goodness to a mother's training60 ,napoleon owed much to his mother4 8#8,the fate of a child1' said ,napoleon1 #8is always the work of his mother2' and this extraordinary man took pleasure in repeating1 that to his mother he owed his elevation4 ,all history confirms this opinion4444 ,the character of the mother influences the children more than that of the father1 because it is more exposed to their daily1 hourly observation40#aca ,i am not overstating the importance of the subject in hand when ,i say that a child is the most valuable treasure in the world1 that 8he is the precious gift of ,god10 that he is the source of a mother's greatest and purest enjoyment1 that he is the strongest bond of affection between her and her husband1 and that 8,a babe in a house is a well-spring of pleasure1 ,a messenger of peace and love40#acb ,in the writing of the following pages ,i have had one object constantly in view--namely1 health-- 8,that salt of life1 which does to all a relish give2 ,its standing pleasure1 and intrinsic wealth1 ,the body's virtue1 and the soul's good fortune--health40 ,,ablution4 #c4 ,is a new-born infant1 for the first time1 to be washed in warm or in cold water8 ,it is not an uncommon plan to use cold water from the first1 under the impression of its strengthening the child4 ,this appears to be a cruel and barbarous practice1 and is likely to have a contrary tendency4 ,moreover1 it frequently produces either inflammation of the eyes1 or stuffing of the nose1 or inflammation of the lungs1 or looseness of the bowels4 ,although ,i do not approve of cold water1 we ought not to run into an opposite extreme1 as hot water would weaken and enervate the babe1 and thus would predispose him to disease4 ,lukewarm rain water will be the best to wash him with4 ,this1 if it be summer1 should have its temperature gradually lowered1 until it be quite cold2 if it be winter1 a dash of warm water ought still to be added1 to take off the chill4 ,it will be necessary to use soap--,castile soap being the best for the purpose--it being less irritating to the skin than the ordinary soap4 ,care should be taken that it does not get into the eyes1 as it may produce either inflammation or smarting of those organs4 ,if the skin be delicate1 or if there be any excoriation or 8breaking-out0 on the skin1 then ,glycerin soap1 instead of the ,castile soap1 ought to be used4 #d4 ,at what age do you recommend a mother to commence washing her infant in the tub or in the nursery-basin8#acc ,as soon as the navel-string comes away4#acd ,do not be afraid of water1--and that in plenty1--as it is one of the best strengtheners to a child's constitution4 ,how many infants suffer1 for the want of water1 from excoriation6 #e4 ,which do you prefer--flannel or sponge--to wash a child with8 ,for the first part of the washing a piece of flannel is very useful--that is to say1 to use with the soap1 and to loosen the dirt and the perspiration2 but for the finishing-up process1 a sponge--a large sponge--is superior to flannel1 to wash all away1 and to complete the bathing4 ,a sponge cleanses and gets into all the nooks1 corners1 and crevices of the skin4 ,besides1 sponge1 to finish up with1 is softer and more agreeable to the tender skin of a child than flannel4 ,moreover1 a sponge holds more water than flannel1 and thus enables you to stream the water more effectually over him4 ,a large sponge will act like a miniature shower-bath1 and will thus brace and strengthen him4 #f4 ,to prevent a new-born babe from catching cold1 is it necessary to wash his head with brandy8 ,it is not necessary4 ,the idea that it will prevent cold is erroneous1 as the rapid evaporation of heat which the brandy causes is more likely to give than to prevent cold8 #g4 ,ought that tenacious1 paste-like substance1 adhering to the skin of a new-born babe1 to be washed off at the first dressing8 ,it should1 provided it be done with a soft sponge and with care4 ,if there be any difficulty in removing the substance1 gently rub it1 by means of a flannel1#ace either with a little lard1 or fresh butter1 or sweet oil4 ,after the parts have been well smeared and gently rubbed with the lard1 or oil1 or butter1 let all be washed off together1 and be thoroughly cleansed away1 by means of a sponge and soap and warm water1 and then1 to complete the process1 gently put him for a minute or two in his tub4 ,if this paste-like substance be allowed to remain on the skin1 it might produce either an excoriation or a 8breaking-out40 ,besides1 it is impossible1 if that tenacious substance be allowed to remain on it1 for the skin to perform its proper functions4 #h4 ,have you any general observations to make on the washing of a new-born infant8 ,a babe ought1 every morning of his life1 to be thoroughly washed from head to foot2 and this can only be properly done by putting him bodily either into a tub1 or into a bath1 or into a large nursery-basin half filled with water4 ,the head1 before placing him in the bath1 should be first wetted 7but not dried72 then immediately put him into the water1 and1 with a piece of flannel well soaked1 cleanse his whole body1 particularly his armpits1 between his thighs1 his groins1 and his hams2 then take a large sponge in hand1 and allow the water from it1 well filled1 to stream all over his body1 particularly over his back and loins4 ,let this advice be well observed1 and you will find the plan most strengthening to your child4 ,the skin must1 after every bath1 be thoroughly but quickly dried with warm1 dry1 soft towels1 first enveloping the child in one1 and then gently absorbing the moisture with the towel1 not roughly scrubbing and rubbing his tender skin as though a horse were being rubbed down4 ,the ears must after each ablution be carefully and well dried with a soft dry napkin2 inattention to this advice has sometimes caused a gathering in the ear--a painful and distressing complaint2 and at other times it has produced deafness4 ,directly after the infant is dried1 all the parts that are at all likely to be chafed ought to be well powdered4 ,after he is well dried and powdered1 the chest1 the back1 the bowels1 and the limbs should be gently rubbed1 taking care not to expose him unnecessarily during such friction4 ,he ought to be partially washed every evening2 indeed it may be necessary to use a sponge and a little warm water frequently during the day1 namely1 each time after the bowels have been relieved4 ,cleanliness is one of the grand incentives to health1 and therefore cannot be too strongly insisted upon4 ,if more attention were paid to this subject1 children would be more exempt from chafings1 8breakings-out10 and consequent suffering1 than they at present are4 ,after the second month1 if the babe be delicate1 the addition of two handfuls of table salt to the water he is washed with in the morning will tend to brace and strengthen him4 ,with regard to the best powder to dust an infant with1 there is nothing better for general use than starch--the old-fashioned starch made of wheaten flour--reduced by means of a pestle and mortar to a fine powder2 or ,violet ,powder1 which is nothing more than finely-powdered starch scented1 and which may be procured of any respectable chemist4 ,some mothers are in the habit of using white lead2 but as this is a poison1 it ought on no account to be resorted to4#acf #i4 ,if the parts about the groin and fundament be excoriated1 what is then the best application8 ,after sponging the parts with tepid rain water1 holding him over his tub1 and allowing the water from a well-filled sponge to stream over the parts1 and then drying them with a soft napkin 7not rubbing1 but gently dabbing with the napkin71 there is nothing better than dusting the parts frequently with finely-powdered ,native ,carbonate of ,zinc4 ,the best way of using this powder is1 tying up a little of it in a piece of muslin1 and then gently dabbing the parts with it4 ,remember excoriations are generally owing to the want of water--to the want of an abundance of water4 ,an infant who is every morning well soused and well swilled with water1 seldom suffers either from excoriations or from any other of the numerous skin diseases4 ,cleanliness1 then1 is the grand preventive of1 and the best remedy for1 excoriations4 ,naaman the ,syrian was ordered 8to wash and be clean10 and he was healed1 8and his flesh came again like unto the flesh of a little child1 and he was clean40#acg ,this was1 of course1 a miracle2 but how often does water1 without any special intervention1 act miraculously both in preventing and in curing skin diseases6 ,an infant's clothes1 napkins especially1 ought never to be washed with soda2 the washing of napkins with soda is apt to produce excoriations and breakings-out4 8,as washerwomen often deny that they use soda1 it can be easily detected by simply soaking a clean napkin in fresh water and then tasting the water2 if it be brackish and salt1 soda has been employed40#ach #aj4 ,who is the proper person to wash and dress the babe8 ,the monthly nurse1 as long as she is in attendance2 but afterward the mother1 unless she should happen to have an experienced1 sensible1 thoughtful nurse1 which1 unfortunately1 is seldom the case4#aci #aa4 ,what is the best kind of apron for a mother1 or for a nurse to wear1 while washing the infant8 ,flannel--a good1 thick1 soft flannel1 usually called bath-coating--apron1 made long and full1 and which of course ought to be well dried every time before it is used4 #ab4 ,perhaps you will kindly recapitulate1 and give me further advice on the subject of the ablution of my babe8 ,let him by all means1 then1 as soon as the navel-string has separated from the body1 be bathed either in his tub1 or in his bath1 or in his large nursery-basin2 for if he is to be strong and hearty1 in the water every morning he must go4 ,the water ought to be slightly warmer than new milk4 ,it is dangerous for him to remain for a long period in his bath2 this1 of course1 holds good in a tenfold degree if the child has either a cold1 or a pain in his bowels4 ,take care that1 immediately after he comes out of his tub1 he is well dried with warm towels4 ,it is well to let him have his bath the first thing in the morning1 and before he has been put to the breast2 let him be washed before he has his breakfast2 it will refresh him and give him an appetite4 ,besides1 he ought to have his morning ablution on an empty stomach1 or it may interfere with digestion1 and might produce sickness and pain4 ,in putting him in his tub1 let his head be the first part washed4 ,we all know1 that in bathing in the sea1 how much better we can bear the water if we first wet our head2 if we do not do so1 we feel shivering and starved and miserable4 ,let there be no dawdling in the washing2 let it be quickly over4 ,when he is thoroughly dried with warm dry towels1 let him be well rubbed with the warm hand of the mother or of the nurse4 ,as ,i previously recommended1 while drying him and while rubbing him1 let him repose and kick and stretch either on the warm flannel apron1 or else on a small blanket placed on the lap4 ,one bathing in the tub1 and that in the morning1 is sufficient1 and better than night and morning4 ,during the day1 as ,i before observed1 he may1 after the action either of his bowels or of his bladder1 require several spongings of lukewarm water1 for cleanliness is a grand incentive to health and comeliness4 ,remember it is absolutely necessary to every child from his earliest babyhood to have a bath1 to be immersed every morning of his life in the water4 ,this advice1 unless in cases of severe illness1 admits of no exception4 ,water to the body--to the whole body--is a necessity of life1 of health1 and of happiness2 it wards off disease1 it braces the nerves1 it hardens the frame1 it is the finest tonic in the world4 ,oh1 if every mother would follow to the very letter this advice1 how much misery1 how much ill health1 might then be averted6 ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,navel4 #ac4 ,should the navel-string be wrapped in ,,singed rag8 ,there is nothing better than a piece of fine old linen rag1 unsinged2 when singed1 it frequently irritates the infant's skin4 #ad4 ,how ought the navel-string to be wrapped in the rag8 ,take a piece of soft linen rag1 about three inches wide and four inches long1 and wrap it neatly round the navel-string1 in the same manner you would around a cut finger1 and then1 to keep on the rag1 tie it with a few rounds of whity-brown thread4 ,the navel-string thus covered should1 pointing upward1 be placed on the belly of the child1 and must be secured in its place by means of a flannel belly-band4 #ae4 ,if1 after the navel-string has been secured1 bleeding should 7in the absence of the medical man7 occur1 how must it be restrained8 ,the nurse or the attendant ought immediately to take off the rag1 and tightly1 with a ligature composed of four or five whity-brown threads1 retie the navel-string2 and to make assurance doubly sure1 after once tying it1 she should pass the threads a second time around the navel-string and tie it again2 and after carefully ascertaining that it no longer bleeds1 fasten it up in the rag as before4 ,bleeding of the navel-string rarely occurs1 yet1 if it should do so--the medical man not being at hand--the child's after-health1 or even his life1 may1 if the above directions be not adopted1 be endangered4 #af4 ,when does the navel-string separate from the child8 ,from five days to a week after birth2 in some cases not until ten days or a fortnight1 or even1 in rare cases1 not until three weeks4 #ag4 ,if the navel-string does not at the end of a week come away1 ought any means to be used to cause the separation8 ,certainly not2 it ought always to be allowed to drop off1 which1 when in a fit state1 it will readily do4 ,meddling with the navel-string has frequently cost the babe a great deal of suffering1 and in some cases even his life4 #ah4 ,the navel is sometimes a little sore after the navel-string comes away2 what ought then to be done8 ,a little simple cerate should be spread on lint1 and be applied every morning to the part affected2 and a white-bread poultice1 every night1 until it be quite healed4 #ai4 ,what are the causes of a rupture of the navel8 ,what ought to be done8 ,can it be cured8 7#a47 ,a rupture of the navel is sometimes occasioned by a meddlesome nurse4 ,she is very anxious to cause the navel-string to separate from the infant's body1 more especially when it is longer in coming away than usual4 ,she1 therefore1 before it is in a fit state to drop off1 forces it away4 7#b47 ,the rupture1 at another time1 is occasioned by the child incessantly crying4 ,a mother1 then1 should always bear in mind that a rupture of the navel is often caused by much crying1 and that it occasions much crying2 indeed1 it is a frequent cause of incessant crying4 ,a child1 therefore1 who1 without any assignable cause1 is constantly crying1 should have his navel carefully examined4 ,a rupture of the navel ought always to be treated early--the earlier the better4 ,ruptures of the navel can only be cured in infancy and in childhood4 ,if it be allowed to run on until adult age1 a cure is impossible4 ,palliative means can then only be adopted4 ,the best treatment is a ,burgundy pitch plaster1 spread on a soft piece of wash-leather about the size of the top of a tumbler1 with a properly adjusted pad 7made from the plaster7 fastened on the center of the plaster1 which will effectually keep up the rupture1 and in a few weeks will cure it4 ,it will be necessary1 from time to time1 to renew the plaster until the cure be effected4 ,these plasters will be found both more efficacious and pleasant than either a truss or an elastic bandage2 which latter appliances sometimes gall1 and do more harm than they do good4 #bj4 ,if a child has a groin rupture 7an inguinal rupture71 can that also be cured8 ,certainly1 if1 soon after birth1 it be properly attended to4 ,consult a medical man1 and he will supply you with a well-fitting truss1 which will eventually cure him4 ,if the truss be properly made 7under the direction of an experienced surgeon7 by a skillful surgical-instrument-maker1 a beautiful1 nicely fitting truss will be supplied1 which will take the proper and exact curve of the lower part of the infant's belly1 and will thus keep on without using any under-strap whatever--a great desideratum1 as these under-straps are so constantly wetted and soiled as to endanger the patient constantly catching cold4 ,but if this under-strap is to be superseded1 the truss must be made exactly to fit the child--to fit him like a ribbon2 which is a difficult thing to accomplish1 unless it be fashioned by a skillful workman4 ,it is only lately that these trusses have been made without under-straps4 ,formerly the under-straps were indispensable necessaries4 ,these groin ruptures require great attention and supervision1 as the rupture 7the bowel7 must1 before putting on the truss1 be cautiously and thoroughly returned into the belly2 and much care should be used to prevent the chafing and galling of the tender skin of the babe1 which an ill-fitting truss would be sure to occasion4 ,but if care and skill be bestowed on the case1 a perfect cure might in due time be insured4 ,the truss must not be discontinued until a perfect cure be effected4 ,let me strongly urge you to see that my advice is carried out to the very letter1 as a groin rupture can only be cured in infancy and in childhood4 ,if it be allowed to run on1 unattended to1 until adult age1 he will be obliged to wear a truss all his life1 which would be a great annoyance and a perpetual irritation to him4 ,,clothing4 #ba4 ,is it necessary to have a flannel cap in readiness to put on as soon as a babe is born8 ,sir ,charles ,locock considers that a flannel cap is not necessary1 and asserts that all his best nurses have long discarded flannel caps4 ,sir ,charles states that since the discontinuance of flannel caps infants have not been more liable to inflammation of the eyes4 ,such authority is1 in my opinion1 conclusive4 ,my advice1 therefore1 to you is1 by all means discontinue the use of flannel caps4 #bb4 ,what kind of belly-band do you recommend--a flannel or a calico one8 ,i prefer flannel1 for two reasons--first1 on account of its keeping the child's bowels comfortably warm2 and1 secondly1 because of its not chilling him 7and thus endangering cold1 etc47 when he wets himself4 ,the belly-band ought to be moderately but not tightly applied1 as1 if tightly applied1 it would interfere with the necessary movement of the bowels4 #bc4 ,when should the belly-band be discontinued8 ,when the child is two or three months old4 ,the best way of leaving it off is to tear a strip off daily for a few mornings1 and then to leave it off altogether4 8,nurses who take charge of an infant when the monthly nurse leaves are frequently in the habit of at once leaving off the belly-band1 which often leads to ruptures when the child cries or strains4 ,it is far wiser to retain it too long than too short a time2 and when a child catches hooping-cough while still very young1 it is safer to resume the belly-band40#adj #bd4 ,have you any remarks to make on the clothing of an infant8 ,a baby's clothing ought to be light1 warm1 loose1 and free from pins4 7#a47 ,it should be light1 without being too airy4 ,many infants' clothes are both too long and too cumbersome4 ,it is really painful to see how some poor little babies are weighed down with a weight of clothes4 ,they may be said to 8bear the burden10 and that a heavy one1 from the very commencement of their lives6 ,how absurd1 too1 the practice of making them wear long clothes4 ,clothes to cover a child's feet1 and even a little beyond1 may be desirable2 but for clothes1 when the infant is carried about1 to reach to the ground1 is foolish and cruel in the extreme4 ,i have seen a delicate baby almost ready to faint under the infliction4 7#b47 ,it should be warm1 without being too warm4 ,the parts that ought to be kept warm are the chest1 the bowels1 and the feet4 ,if the infant be delicate1 especially if he be subject to inflammation of the lungs1 he ought to wear a fine flannel1 instead of his usual shirts1 which should be changed as frequently4 7#c47 ,the dress should be loose1 so as to prevent any pressure upon the blood-vessels1 which would otherwise impede the circulation1 and thus hinder a proper development of the parts4 ,it ought to be loose about the chest and waist1 so that the lungs and the heart may have free play4 ,it should be loose about the stomach1 so that digestion may not be impeded2 it ought to be loose about the bowels1 in order that the spiral motion of the intestines may not be interfered with2 hence the importance of putting on a belly-band moderately slack2 it should be loose about the sleeves1 so that the blood may course1 without let or hindrance1 through the arteries and veins2 it ought to be loose1 then1 everywhere1 for nature delights in freedom from restraint1 and will resent1 sooner or later1 any interference4 ,oh that a mother would take common sense1 and not custom1 as her guide6 7#d47 ,as few pins should be used in the dressing of a baby as possible4 ,inattention to this advice has caused many a little sufferer to be thrown into convulsions4 ,the generality of mothers use no pins in the dressing of their children2 they tack with a needle and thread every part that requires fastening4 ,they do not even use pins to fasten the baby's napkins4 ,they make the diapers with loops and tapes1 and thus altogether supersede the use of pins in the dressing of an infant4 ,the plan is a good one1 takes very little extra time1 and deserves to be universally adopted4 ,if pins be used for the napkins1 they ought to be the ,patent ,safety ,pins4 #be4 ,is there any necessity for a nurse being particular in airing an infant's clothes before they are put on8 ,if she were less particular1 would it not make him more hardy8 ,a nurse cannot be too particular on this head4 ,a baby's clothes ought to be well aired the day before they are put on1 as they should not be put on warm from the fire4 ,it is well1 where it can be done1 to let him have clean clothes daily4 ,where this cannot be afforded1 the clothes1 as soon as they are taken off at night1 ought to be well aired so as to free them from the perspiration1 and that they may be ready to put on the following morning4 ,it is truly nonsensical to endeavor to harden a child1 or any one else1 by putting on damp clothes6 #bf4 ,what is your opinion of caps for an infant8 ,the head ought to be kept cool2 caps1 therefore1 are unnecessary4 ,if caps be used at all1 they should only be worn for the first month in summer1 or for the first two or three months in winter4 ,if a babe take to caps1 it requires care in leaving them off1 or he will catch cold4 ,when you are about discontinuing them1 put a thinner and a thinner one on1 every time they are changed1 until you leave them off altogether4 ,but remember1 my opinion is1 that a child is better without caps2 they only heat his head1 cause undue perspiration1 and thus make him more liable to catch cold4 ,if a babe does not wear a cap in the day1 it is not at all necessary that he should wear one at night4 ,he will sleep more comfortably without one1 and it will be better for his health4 ,moreover1 night-caps injure both the thickness and the beauty of the hair4 #bg4 ,have you any remarks to make on the clothing of an infant1 when1 in the winter time1 he is sent out for exercise8 ,be sure that he is well wrapped up4 ,he ought to have under his cloak a knitted worsted spencer1 which should button behind2 and if the weather be very cold1 a shawl over all2 and1 provided it be dry above1 and the wind be not in the east or in the northeast1 he may then brave the weather4 ,he will then come from his walk refreshed and strengthened1 for cold air is an invigorating tonic4 ,in a subsequent conversation ,i will indicate the proper age at which a child should be first sent out to take exercise in the open air4 #bh4 ,at what age ought an infant 8to be shortened80 ,this1 of course1 will depend upon the season4 ,in the summer1 the right time 8for shortening a babe10 as it is called1 is at the end of two months2 in the winter1 at the end of three months4 ,but if the right time for 8shortening0 a child should happen to be in the spring1 let it be deferred until the end of ,may4 ,the ,english springs are very trying and treacherous2 and sometimes1 in ,april1 the weather is almost as cold1 and the wind as biting1 as in winter4 ,it is treacherous1 for the sun is hot1 and the wind1 which is at this time of the year frequently easterly1 is keen and cutting4 ,i should far prefer 8to shorten0 a child in the winter than in the early spring4 ,,diet4 #bi4 ,are you an advocate for putting a baby to the breast soon after birth1 or for waiting1 as many do1 until the third day8 ,the infant ought to be put to the breast soon after birth2 the interest1 both of the mother and of the child1 demands it4 ,it will be advisable to wait three or four hours1 that the mother may recover from her fatigue2 and then the babe must be put to the breast4 ,if this be done1 he will generally take the nipple with avidity4 ,it might be said that at so early a period there is no milk in the breast2 but such is not usually the case4 ,there generally is a little from the very beginning2 which acts on the baby's bowels like a dose of purgative medicine1 and appears to be intended by nature to cleanse the system4 ,but1 provided there be no milk at first1 the very act of sucking not only gives the child a notion1 but1 at the same time1 causes a draught 7as it is usually called7 in the breast1 and enables the milk to flow easily4 ,of course1 if there be no milk in the breast--the babe having been applied once or twice to determine the fact--then you must wait for a few hours before applying him again to the nipple1 that is to say1 until the milk be secreted4 ,an infant who1 for two or three days1 is kept from the breast1 and who is fed upon gruel1 generally becomes feeble1 and frequently1 at the end of that time1 will not take the nipple at all4 ,besides1 there is a thick cream 7similar to the biestings of a cow71 which1 if not drawn out by the child1 may cause inflammation and gathering of the bosom1 and1 consequently1 great suffering to the mother4 ,moreover1 placing him early to the breast moderates the severity of the mother's after pains1 and lessens the risk of her flooding4 ,a new-born babe must not have gruel given to him2 as it disorders the bowels1 causes a disinclination to suck1 and thus makes him feeble4 #cj4 ,if an infant show any disinclination to suck1 or if he appear unable to apply his tongue to the nipple1 what ought to be done8 ,immediately call the attention of the medical man to the fact1 in order that he may ascertain whether he be tongue-tied4 ,if he be1 the simple operation of dividing the bridle of the tongue will remedy the defect1 and will cause him to take the nipple with ease and comfort4 #ca4 ,provided there be no milk ,,at ,,first2 what ought then to be done8 ,wait with patience3 the child 7if the mother has no milk7 will not1 for at least twelve hours1 require artificial food4 ,in the generality of instances1 then1 artificial food is not at all necessary2 but if it should be needed1 one-third of new milk and two-thirds of warm water1 slightly sweetened with loaf sugar 7or with brown sugar1 if the babe's bowels have not been opened71 should be given1 in small quantities at a time1 every four hours1 until the milk be secreted1 and then it must be discontinued4 ,the infant ought to be put to the nipple every four hours1 but not oftener1 until he be able to find nourishment4 ,if1 after the application of the child for a few times1 he is unable to find nourishment1 then it will be necessary to wait until the milk be secreted4 ,as soon as it is secreted1 he must be applied1 with great regularity1 alternately to each breast4 ,i say alternately to each breast4 ,this is most important advice4 ,sometimes a child1 for some inexplicable reason1 prefers one breast to the other1 and the mother1 to save a little contention1 concedes the point1 and allows him to have his own way4 ,and what is frequently the consequence8--a gathered breast6 ,we frequently hear of a babe having no notion of sucking4 ,this 8no notion0 may generally be traced to bad management1 to stuffing him with food1 and thus giving him a disinclination to take the nipple at all4 #cb4 ,how often should a mother suckle her infant8 ,a mother generally suckles her baby too often1 having him almost constantly at the breast4 ,this practice is injurious both to parent and to child4 ,the stomach requires repose as much as any other part of the body2 and how can it have it if it be constantly loaded with breast-milk8 ,for the first month1 he ought to be suckled about every hour and a half2 for the second month1 every two hours1--gradually increasing1 as he becomes older1 the distance of time between1 until at length he has it about every four hours4 ,if a baby were suckled at stated periods1 he would only look for the bosom at those times1 and be satisfied4 ,a mother is frequently in the habit of giving the child the breast every time he cries1 regardless of the cause4 ,the cause too frequently is1 that he has been too often suckled--his stomach has been overloaded2 the little fellow is constantly in pain1 and he gives utterance to it by cries4 ,how absurd is such a practice6 ,we may as well endeavor to put out a fire by feeding it with fuel4 ,an infant ought to be accustomed to regularity in every thing--in times for suckling1 for sleeping1 etc4 ,no children thrive so well as those who are thus early taught4 #cc4 ,where the mother is ,,moderately strong1 do you advise that the infant should have any other food than the breast8 ,artificial food must not1 for the first three or four months1 be given1 if the parent be moderately strong2 of course1 if she be feeble1 a little food will be necessary4 ,many delicate women enjoy better health while suckling than at any other period of their lives4 #cd4 ,what food is the best substitute for a mother's milk8 ,the food that suits one infant will not agree with another4 7#a47 ,the one that ,i have found the most generally useful1 is made as follows3 ,boil the crumb of bread for two hours in water1 taking particular care that it does not burn2 then add only a little lump sugar 7or brown sugar1 if the bowels be costive71 to make it palatable4 ,when he is five or six months old1 mix a little new milk--the milk of ,,one cow--with it1 gradually1 as he becomes older1 increasing the quantity until it be nearly all milk1 there being only enough water to boil the bread2 the milk should be poured boiling hot on the bread4 ,sometimes the two milks--the mother's and the cow's milk--do not agree2 when such is the case1 let the milk be left out1 both in this and in the foods following1 and let the food be made with water instead of with milk and water4 ,in other respects1 until the child is weaned1 let it be made as above directed2 when he is weaned1 good fresh cow's milk ,,must1 as previously recommended1 be used4 7#b47 ,or1 cut thin slices of bread into a basin1 cover the bread with cold water1 place it in an oven for two hours to bake2 take it out1 beat the bread up with a fork1 and then slightly sweeten it4 ,this is an excellent food4 7#c47 ,if the above should not agree with the infant 7although1 if properly made1 they almost invariably do71 8tous-les-mois0#ada may be given4 7#d47 ,or1 ,robb's ,biscuit1 as it is 8among the best bread compounds made out of wheat-flour1 and is almost always readily digested40--,routh4 7#e47 ,another good food is the following3 ,take about a pound of flour1 put it in a cloth1 tie it up tightly1 place it in a saucepanful of water1 and let it boil for four or five hours2 then take it out1 peel off the outer rind1 and the inside will be found quite dry1 which grate4 7#f47 ,another way of preparing an infant's food1 is to bake flour--biscuit flour--in a slow oven1 until it be of a light fawn color4 7#g47 ,an excellent food for a baby1 is baked crumbs of bread4 ,the manner of preparing it is as follows3 ,crumb some bread on a plate2 put it a little distance from the fire to dry4 ,when dry1 rub the crumbs in a mortar1 and reduce them to a fine powder2 then pass them through a sieve4 ,having done which1 put the crumbs of bread into a slow oven1 and let them bake until they be of a light fawn color4 ,a small quantity either of the boiled1 or of the baked flour1 or of the baked crumb of bread1 ought to be made into food in the same way as gruel is made1 and should then be slightly sweetened1 according to the state of the bowels1 either with lump or with brown sugar4 7#h47 ,baked flour sometimes produces constipation2 when such is the case1 ,mr4 ,appleton of ,budleigh ,salterton1 ,devon1 wisely recommends a mixture of baked flour and prepared oatmeal1#adb in the proportion of two of the former and one of the latter4 ,he says3 8,to avoid the constipating effects1 ,i have always had mixed1 before baking1 one part of prepared oatmeal with two parts of flour2 this compound ,i have found both nourishing1 and regulating to the bowels4 ,one tablespoonful of it1 mixed with a quarter of a pint of milk1 or milk and water1 when well boiled1 flavored1 and sweetened with white sugar1 produces a thick1 nourishing1 and delicious food for infants or invalids40 ,he goes on to remark3 8,i know of no food1 after repeated trials1 that can be so strongly recommended by the profession to all mothers in the rearing of their infants1 without or with the aid of the breast1 at the same time relieving them of much draining and dragging while nursing with an insufficiency of milk1 as baked flour and oatmeal40#adc 7#i47 ,a ninth food may be made with 8,farinaceous ,food for ,infants1 prepared by ,hards of ,dartford40 ,if ,hards' ,farinaceous ,food produces costiveness--as it sometimes does--let it be mixed either with equal parts or with one-third of ,robertson's ,patent ,groats4 ,the mixture of the two together makes a splendid food for a baby4 7#aj47 ,a tenth1 and an excellent one1 may be made with rusks1 boiled for an hour in water1 which ought then to be well beaten up by means of a fork1 and slightly sweetened with lump sugar4 ,great care should be taken to select good rusks1 as few articles vary so much in quality4 7#aa47 ,an eleventh is--the top crust of a baker's loaf1 boiled for an hour in water1 and then moderately sweetened with lump sugar4 ,if1 at any time1 the child's bowels should be costive1 raw must be substituted for lump sugar4 7#ab47 ,another capital food for an infant1 is that made by ,lemann's ,biscuit ,powder4 7#ac47 ,or1 ,brown and ,polson's ,patent ,corn ,flour will be found suitable4 ,the ,queen's cook1 in his recent valuable work1#add gives the following formula for making it3 8,to one dessertspoonful of ,brown ,polson1 mixed with a wineglassful of cold water1 add half a pint of boiling water2 stir over the fire for five minutes2 sweeten lightly1 and feed the baby2 but if the infant is being brought up by the hand1 this food should then be mixed with milk--not otherwise40 7#ad47 ,the following is a good and nourishing food for a baby3 ,soak1 for an hour1 some best rice in cold water2 strain1 and add fresh water to the rice2 then let it simmer till it will pulp through a sieve2 put the pulp and the water in a saucepan1 with a lump or two of sugar1 and again let it simmer for a quarter of an hour2 a portion of this should be mixed with one-third of fresh milk1 so as to make it of the consistence of good cream4 ,when the baby is five or six months old1 new milk should be added to any of the above articles of food1 in a similar way to that recommended for boiled bread4 7#ae47 ,for a delicate infant1 lentil powder1 better known as ,du ,barry's 8,revalenta ,arabica10 is invaluable4 ,it ought to be made into food1 with new milk1 in the same way that arrow-root is made1 and should be moderately sweetened with loaf sugar4 ,whatever food is selected ought to be given by means of a nursing-bottle4 ,if a child's bowels be relaxed and weak1 or if the motions be offensive1 the milk must be boiled4 ,the following 7#af47 is a good food when an infant's bowels are weak and relaxed3 8,into five large spoonfuls of the purest water rub smooth one dessertspoonful of fine flour4 ,set over the fire five spoonfuls of new milk1 and put two bits of sugar into it2 the moment it boils1 pour it into the flour and water1 and stir it over a slow fire twenty minutes40 ,where there is much emaciation1 ,i have found 7#ag47 genuine arrow-root a very valuable article of food for an infant1 as it contains a great deal of starch1 which starch helps to form fat and to evolve caloric 7heat7--both of which a poor1 emaciated1 chilly child stands so much in need of4 ,it must be made with good fresh milk1 and ought to be slightly sweetened with loaf sugar2 a small pinch of table salt should be added to it4 ,i have given you a large and well-tried infant's dietary to choose from1 as it is sometimes difficult to fix on one that will suit2 but remember1 if you find one of the above to agree1 keep to it1 as a baby requires a simplicity in food--a child a greater variety4 ,let me1 in this place1 insist upon the necessity of great care and attention being observed in the preparation of any of the above articles of diet4 ,a babe's stomach is very delicate1 and will revolt at either ill-made1 or lumpy1 or burnt food4 ,great care ought to be observed as to the cleanliness of the cooking utensils4 ,the above directions require the strict supervision of the mother4 ,broths have been recommended1 but1 for my own part1 ,i think that1 for a young infant1 they are objectionable2 they are apt to turn acid on the stomach1 and to cause flatulence and sickness2 they sometimes disorder the bowels and induce griping and purging4 ,whatever artificial food is used ought to be given by means of a bottle1 not only as it is a more natural way than any other of feeding a baby1 as it causes him to suck as though he were drawing it from the mother's breast1 but as the act of sucking causes the salivary glands to press out their contents1 which materially assists digestion4 ,moreover1 it seems to satisfy and comfort him more than it otherwise would do4 ,the food ought to be of the consistence of good cream1 and should be made fresh and fresh4 ,it ought to be given milk-warm4 ,attention must be paid to the cleanliness of the vessel1 and care should be taken that the milk be that of ,,one cow1#ade and that it be new and of good quality2 for if not1 it will turn acid and sour1 and disorder the stomach1 and will thus cause either flatulence or looseness of the bowels1 or perhaps convulsions4 ,the only way to be sure of having it from one cow1 is 7if you have not a cow of your own7 to have the milk from a respectable cow-keeper1 and to have it brought to your house in a can of your own 7the ,london milk-cans being the best for the purpose74 ,the better plan is to have two cans1 and to have the milk fresh and fresh every night and morning4 ,the cans1 after each time of using1 ought to be scalded out2 and1 once a week1 the can should be filled with cold water1 and the water should be allowed to remain in it until the can be again required4 ,very little sugar should be used in the food1 as much sugar weakens the digestion4 ,a small pinch of table salt ought to be added to whatever food is given1 as 8the best savor is salt40 ,salt is most wholesome--it strengthens and assists digestion1 prevents the formation of worms1 and1 in small quantities1 may with advantage be given 7if artificial food be used7 to the youngest baby4 #ce4 ,where it is found to be absolutely necessary to give an infant artificial food ,,while ,,suckling1 how often ought he to be fed8 ,not oftener than twice during the twenty-four hours1 and then only in small quantities at a time1 as the stomach requires rest1 and at the same time can manage to digest a little food better than it can a great deal4 ,let me again urge upon you the importance1 if it be at all practicable1 of keeping the child entirely to the breast for the first three or four months of his existence4 ,remember there is no real substitute for a mother's milk2 there is no food so well adapted to his stomach2 there is no diet equal to it in developing muscle1 in making bone1 or in producing that beautiful plump rounded contour of the limbs2 there is nothing like a mother's milk alone in making a child contented and happy1 in laying the foundation of a healthy constitution1 in preparing the body for a long life1 in giving him tone to resist disease1 or in causing him to cut his teeth easily and well2 in short1 the mother's milk is the greatest temporal blessing an infant can possess4 ,as a general rule1 therefore1 when the child and the mother are tolerably strong1 he is better without artificial food until he has attained the age of three or four months2 then1 it will usually be necessary to feed him twice a day1 so as gradually to prepare him to be weaned 7if possible7 at the end of nine months4 ,the food mentioned in the foregoing conversation will be the best for him1 commencing without the cow's milk1 but gradually adding it1 as less mother's milk and more artificial food be given4 #cf4 ,when the mother is not able to suckle her infant herself1 what ought to be done8 ,it must first be ascertained1 beyond all doubt1 that a mother is not able to suckle her own child4 ,many delicate ladies do suckle their infants with advantage1 not only to their offspring1 but to themselves4 8,i will maintain10 says ,steele1 8that the mother grows stronger by it1 and will have her health better than she would have otherwise4 ,she will find it the greatest cure and preservative for the vapors nervousness and future miscarriages1 much beyond any other remedy whatsoever4 ,her children will be like giants1 whereas otherwise they are but living shadows1 and like unripe fruit2 and certainly if a woman is strong enough to bring forth a child1 she is beyond all doubt strong enough to nurse it afterward40 ,many mothers are never so well as when they are nursing2 besides1 suckling prevents a lady from becoming pregnant so frequently as she otherwise would4 ,this1 if she be delicate1 is an important consideration1 and more especially if she be subject to miscarry4 ,the effects of a miscarriage are far more weakening than those of suckling4 ,a hireling1 let her be ever so well inclined1 can never have the affection and unceasing assiduity of a mother1 and1 therefore1 cannot perform the duties of suckling with equal advantage to the baby4 ,the number of children who die under five years of age is enormous--many of them from the want of the mother's milk4 ,there is a regular 8parental baby-slaughter0--8a massacre of the innocents0--constantly going on in ,england1 in consequence of infants being thus deprived of their proper nutriment and just dues6 ,the mortality from this cause is frightful1 chiefly occurring among rich people who are either too grand1 or1 from luxury1 too delicate1 to perform such duties3 poor married women1 as a rule1 nurse their own children1 and1 in consequence1 reap their reward4 ,if it be ascertained1 past all doubt1 that a mother cannot suckle her child1 then1 if the circumstances of the parents will allow--and they ought to strain a point to accomplish it--a healthy wet-nurse should be procured1 as1 of course1 the food which nature has supplied is far1 very far superior to any invented by art4 ,never bring up a baby1 then1 if you can possibly avoid it1 on artificial food4 ,remember1 as ,i proved in a former conversation1 there is in early infancy no real substitute for either a mother's or a wet-nurse's milk4 ,it is impossible to imitate the admirable and subtle chemistry of nature4 ,the law of nature is1 that a baby1 for the first few months of his existence1 shall be brought up by the breast2 and nature's law cannot be broken with impunity4#adf ,it will be imperatively necessary1 then-- 8,to give to nature what is nature's due40#adg ,again1 in case of a severe illness occurring during the first nine months of a child's life1 what a comfort either the mother's or the wet-nurse's milk is to him6 it often determines whether he shall live or die4 ,but if a wet-nurse cannot fill the place of a mother1 then1 asses' milk will be found the best substitute1 as it approaches nearer1 in composition1 than any other animal's1 to human milk2 but it is both difficult and expensive to obtain4 ,the next best substitute is goats' milk4 ,either the one or the other ought to be milked fresh and fresh1 as it is wanted1 and should be given by means of a feeding-bottle4 ,asses' milk is more suitable for delicate infants1 and goats' milk for those who are strong4 ,if neither asses' milk nor goats' milk can be procured1 then the following from the very commencement should be given3 ,new milk1 the produce of ,,one healthy cow1 ,warm water1 of each1 equal parts2 ,table salt1#adh a few grains2 ,lump sugar1 a sufficient quantity to slightly sweeten it4 ,the milk itself ought not to be heated over the fire1#adi but should1 as above directed1 be warmed by the water2 it must1 morning and evening1 be had fresh and fresh4 ,the milk and water should be of the same temperature as the mother's milk1 that is to say1 at about ninety to ninety-five degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,it ought to be given by means of a feeding-bottle1 and care must be taken to scald the bottle out twice a day1 for if attention be not paid to this point the delicate stomach of an infant is soon disordered4 ,as he grows older the milk should be gradually increased1 and the water decreased1 until nearly all milk be given4 ,there will1 in many cases1 be quite sufficient nourishment in the above2 ,i have known some robust infants brought up on it alone4 ,but if it should not agree with the child1 or if there should not be sufficient nourishment in it1 then the food recommended in answer to ,no4 #cd question ought to be given1 with this only difference--a little new milk must from the beginning be added1 and should be gradually increased1 until nearly all milk be used4 ,the milk1 as a general rule1 ought to be unboiled2 but if it purge violently1 or if it cause offensive motions--which it sometimes does--then it must be boiled4 ,the moment the milk boils up it should be taken off the fire4 ,food ought1 for the first month1 to be given about every two hours2 for the second month1 about every three hours2 lengthening the space of time as the baby advances in age4 ,a mother must be careful not to over-feed a child1 as over-feeding is a prolific source of disease4 ,let it be thoroughly understood1 and let there be no mistake about it1 that a babe1 during the first nine months of his life1 ,,must have--it is absolutely necessary for his very existence--milk of some kind1 as the staple and principal article of his diet1 either mother's1 or wet-nurse's1 or asses'1 or goat's1 or cow's own milk4 #cg4 ,how would you choose a wet-nurse8 ,i would inquire particularly into the state of her health2 whether she be of a healthy family1 of a consumptive habit1 or if she or any of her family have labored under 8king's evil20 ascertaining if there be any seams or swellings about her neck2 any eruptions or blotches upon her skin2 if she has a plentiful breast of milk1 and if it be of good quality#aej 7which may readily be ascertained by milking a little into a glass72 if she has good nipples1 sufficiently long for the baby to hold2 that they be not sore2 and if her own child be of the same or nearly of the same age as the one you wish her to nurse4 ,ascertain whether she menstruates during suckling2 if she does1 the milk is not so good and nourishing1 and you had better decline taking her4#aea ,assure yourself that her own babe is strong and healthy1 and that he is free from a sore mouth and from a 8breaking-out0 of the skin4 ,indeed1 if it be possible to procure such a wet-nurse1 she ought to be from the country1 of ruddy complexion1 of clear skin1 and of between twenty and five and twenty years of age1 as the milk will then be fresh1 pure1 and nourishing4 ,i consider it to be of great importance that the infant of the wet-nurse should be1 as nearly as possible1 of the same age as your own1 as the milk varies in quality according to the age of the child4 ,for instance1 during the commencement of suckling1 the milk is thick and creamy1 similar to the biestings of a cow1 which1 if given to a babe of a few months old1 would cause derangement of the stomach and bowels4 ,after the first few days1 the appearance of the milk changes2 it becomes of a bluish-white color1 and contains less nourishment4 ,the milk gradually becomes more and more nourishing as the infant becomes older and requires more support4 ,in selecting a wet-nurse for a very small and feeble babe1 you must carefully ascertain that the nipples of the wet-nurse are good and soft1 and yet not very large3 if they be very large1 the child's mouth being very small1 he may not be able to hold them4 ,you must note1 too1 whether the milk flows readily from the nipple into the child's mouth2 if it does not1 he may not have strength to draw it1 and he would soon die of starvation4 ,the only way of ascertaining whether the infant actually draws the milk from the nipple1 can be done by examining the mouth of the child immediately after his taking the breast1 and seeing for yourself whether there be actually milk in his mouth4 ,very feeble new-born babes sometimes cannot take the bosom1 be the nipples and the breasts ever so good4 ,in such a case1 cow's milk and water1 sugar and salt1 as recommended at page #df1 must be given in small quantities at a time--from two to four teaspoonfuls--but frequently2 if the child be awake1 every hour or every half hour1 both night and day1 until he be able to take the breast4 ,if1 then1 a puny1 feeble babe is only able to take but little at a time1 and that little by teaspoonfuls1 he must have little and often1 in order that 8many a little might make a mickle40 ,i have known many puny1 delicate children who had not strength to hold the nipple in their mouths1 but who could take milk and water 7as above recommended7 by teaspoonfuls only at a time1 with steady perseverance1 and giving it every half hour or hour 7according to the quantity swallowed71 at length be able to take the breast1 and eventually become strong and hearty children2 but such cases require unwearied watching1 perseverance1 and care4 ,bear in mind1 then1 that the smaller the quantity of the milk and water given at a time1 the oftener must it be administered1 as1 of course1 the babe must have a certain quantity of food to sustain life4 #ch4 ,what ought to be the diet either of a wet-nurse1 or of a mother who is suckling8 ,it is a common practice to cram a wet-nurse with food1 and to give her strong ale to drink1 to make good nourishment and plentiful milk6 ,this practice is absurd2 for it either1 by making the nurse feverish1 makes the milk more sparing than usual1 or it causes the milk to be gross and unwholesome4 ,on the other hand1 we must not run into an opposite extreme4 ,the mother1 or the wet-nurse1 by using those means most conducive to her own health1 will best advance the interest of her little charge4 ,a wet-nurse ought to live somewhat in the following way3 ,let her for breakfast have black tea1 with one or two slices of cold meat1 if her appetite demand it1 but not otherwise4 ,it is customary for a wet-nurse to make a hearty luncheon2 of this ,i do not approve4 ,if she feel either faint or low at eleven o'clock1 let her have either a tumbler of porter1 or of mild fresh ale1 with a piece of dry toast soaked in it4 ,she ought not to dine later than half past one or two o'clock2 she should eat1 for dinner1 either mutton or beef1 with either mealy potatoes1 or asparagus1 or ,french beans1 or secale1 or turnips1 or brocoli1 or cauliflower1 and stale bread4 ,rich pastry1 soups1 gravies1 high-seasoned dishes1 salted meats1 greens1 and cabbage must one and all be carefully avoided1 as they only tend to disorder the stomach1 and thus to deteriorate the milk4 ,it is a common remark1 that 8a mother who is suckling may eat anything40 ,i do not agree with this opinion4 ,can impure or improper food make pure and proper milk1 or can impure or improper milk make good blood for an infant1 and thus good health8 ,the wet-nurse ought to take with her dinner a moderate quantity of either sound porter1 or of mild 7but not old or strong7 ale4 ,tea should be taken at half past five or six o'clock2 supper at nine1 which should consist either of a slice or two of cold meat1 or of cheese if she prefer it1 with half a pint of porter or of mild ale2 occasionally1 a basin of gruel may with advantage be substituted4 ,hot and late suppers are prejudicial to the mother or to the wet-nurse1 and1 consequently1 to the child4 ,the wet-nurse ought to be in bed every night by ten o'clock4 ,it might be said that ,i have been too minute and particular in my rules for a wet-nurse2 but when it is considered of what importance good milk is to the well-doing of an infant1 in making him strong and robust1 not only now1 but as he grows up to manhood1 ,i shall1 ,i trust1 be excused for my prolixity4 #ci4 ,have you any more hints to offer with regard to the management of a wet-nurse8 ,a wet-nurse is frequently allowed to remain in bed until a late hour in the morning1 and during the day to continue in the house1 as if she were a fixture6 ,how is it possible that any one1 under such treatment1 can continue healthy8 ,a wet-nurse ought to rise early1 and1 if the weather and season will permit1 take a walk1 which will give her an appetite for breakfast and will make a good meal for her little charge4 ,this1 of course1 cannot1 during the winter months1 be done2 but even then1 she ought1 some part of the day1 to take every opportunity of walking out2 indeed1 in the summer time she should live half the day in the open air4 ,she ought strictly to avoid crowded rooms2 her mind should be kept calm and unruffled1 as nothing disorders the milk so much as passion and other violent emotions of the mind2 a fretful temper is very injurious1 on which account you should1 in choosing your wet-nurse1 endeavor to procure one of a mild1 calm1 and placid disposition4#aeb ,a wet-nurse ought never to be allowed to dose her little charge either with ,godfrey's ,cordial1 or with ,dalby's ,carminative1 or with ,syrup of ,white ,poppies1 or with medicine of any kind whatever4 ,let her thoroughly understand this1 and let there be no mistake in the matter4 ,do not1 for one moment1 allow your children's health to be tampered and trifled with4 ,a baby's health is too precious to be doctored1 to be experimented upon1 and to be ruined by an ignorant person4 #dj4 ,have the goodness to state at what age a child ought to be weaned8 ,this1 of course1 must depend both upon the strength of the child and upon the health of the parent2 on an average1 nine months is the proper time4 ,if the mother be delicate it may be found necessary to wean the infant at six months2 or if he be weak1 or laboring under any disease1 it may be well to continue suckling him for twelve months2 but after that time the breast will do him more harm than good1 and will1 moreover1 injure the mother's health1 and may1 if she be so predisposed1 excite consumption4 #da4 ,how would you recommend a mother to act when she weans her child8 ,she ought1 as the word signifies1 do it gradually--that is to say1 she should1 by degrees1 give him less and less of the breast1 and more and more of artificial food2 at length she must only suckle him at night2 and lastly1 it would be well for the mother either to send him away1 or to leave him at home1 and1 for a few days1 to go away herself4 ,a good plan is1 for the nurse-maid to have a half-pint bottle of new milk--which has been previously boiled#aec--;in the bed1 so as to give a little to him in lieu of the breast4 ,the warmth of the body will keep the milk of a proper temperature1 and will supersede the use of lamps1 of candle-frames1 and other troublesome contrivances4 #db4 ,while a mother is weaning her infant1 and after she has weaned him1 what ought to be his diet8 ,any one of the foods recommended in answer to question #cd1 page #cf4 #dc4 ,if a child be suffering severely from 8wind10 is there any objection to the addition of a small quantity either of gin or of peppermint to his food to disperse it8 ,it is a murderous practice to add either gin or peppermint of the shops 7which is oil of peppermint dissolved in spirits7 to his food4 ,many children have1 by such a practice1 been made puny and delicate1 and have gradually dropped into an untimely grave4 ,an infant who is kept1 for the first three or four months1 entirely to the breast--more especially if the mother be careful in her own diet--seldom suffers from 8wind20 those1 on the contrary1 who have much or improper food1#aed suffer severely4 ,care in feeding1 then1 is the grand preventive of 8wind20 but if1 notwithstanding all your precautions1 the child be troubled with flatulence1 the remedies recommended under the head of ,flatulence will generally answer the purpose4 #dd4 ,have you any remarks to make on sugar for sweetening a baby's food8 ,a small quantity of sugar in an infant's food is requisite1 sugar being nourishing and fattening1 and making cows' milk to resemble somewhat in its properties human milk2 but1 bear in mind1 it must be used sparingly4 ,much sugar cloys the stomach1 weakens the digestion1 produces acidity1 sour belchings1 and wind4 ,if a baby's bowels be either regular or relaxed1 lump sugar is the best for the purpose of sweetening his food2 if his bowels are inclined to be costive1 brown sugar ought to be substituted for lump sugar1 as brown sugar acts on a young babe as an aperient1 and1 in the generality of cases1 is far preferable to physicking him with opening medicine4 ,an infant's bowels1 whenever it be practicable 7and it generally is71 ought to be regulated by a judicious dietary rather than by physic4 ,,vaccination4 #de4 ,are you an advocate for vaccination8 ,certainly4 ,i consider it to be one of the greatest blessings ever conferred upon mankind4 ,small-pox1 before vaccination was adopted1 ravaged the country like a plague1 and carried off thousands annually2 and those who did escape with their lives were frequently made loathsome and disgusting objects by it4 ,even inoculation 7which is cutting for the small-pox7 was attended with danger--more especially to the unprotected--as it caused the disease to spread like wildfire1 and thus it carried off immense numbers4 ,vaccination is one and an important cause of our increasing population2 small-pox1 in olden times1 decimated the country4 #df4 ,but vaccination does not always protect a child from small-pox8 ,i grant you that it does not always protect him1 neither does inoculation2 but when he is vaccinated1 if he take the infection1 he is seldom pitted1 and very rarely dies1 and the disease assumes a comparatively mild form4 ,there are a few1 very few fatal cases recorded after vaccination1 and these may be considered as only exceptions to the general rule2 and1 possibly some of these may be traced to the arm1 when the child was vaccinated1 not having taken proper effect4 ,if children and adults were revaccinated1--say every seven years after the first vaccination1--depend upon it1 even these rare cases would not occur1 and in a short time small-pox would only be known by name4 #dg4 ,do you consider it1 then1 the imperative duty of a mother in every case to have1 after the lapse of every seven years1 her children revaccinated8 ,i decidedly do2 it would be an excellent plan for every person1 once every seven years1 to be revaccinated1 and even oftener1 if small-pox be rife in the neighborhood4 ,vaccination1 however frequently performed1 can never do the slightest harm1 and might do inestimable good4 ,small-pox is both a pest and a disgrace1 and ought to be constantly fought and battled with until it be banished 7which it may readily be7 the kingdom4 ,i say that small-pox is a pest2 it is worse than the plague1 for if not kept in subjection it is more general--sparing neither young nor old1 rich nor poor1 and commits greater ravages than the plague ever did4 ,small-pox is a disgrace2 it is a disgrace to any civilized land1 as there is no necessity for its presence3 if cow-pox were properly and frequently performed1 small-pox would be unknown4 ,cow-pox is a weapon to conquer small-pox1 and to drive it ignominiously from the field4 ,my firm belief then is1 that if every person were1 every seven years1 duly and properly vaccinated1 small-pox might be utterly exterminated2 but as long as there are such lax notions on the subject1 and such gross negligence1 the disease will always be rampant1 for the poison of small-pox never slumbers nor sleeps1 but requires the utmost diligence to eradicate it4 ,the great ,dr4 ,jenner1 the discoverer of cow pox as a preventative of small-pox1 strongly advocated the absolute necessity of every person being revaccinated once every seven years1 or even oftener1 if there was an epidemic of small-pox in the neighborhood4 #dh4 ,are you not likely to catch not only the cow-pox1 but any other disease that the child has from whom the matter is taken8 ,the same objection holds good in cutting for small-pox 7inoculation7--only in a tenfold degree--small-pox being such a disgusting complaint4 ,inoculated small-pox frequently produced and left behind inveterate 8breakings-out10 scars1 cicatrices1 and indentations of the skin1 sore eyes1 blindness1 loss of eyelashes1 scrofula1 deafness--indeed1 a long catalogue of loathsome diseases4 ,a medical man1 of course1 will be careful to take the cow-pox matter from a healthy child4 #di4 ,would it not be well to take the matter direct from the cow8 ,if a doctor be careful--which1 of course1 he will be--to take the matter from a healthy child1 and from a well-formed vesicle1 ,i consider it better than taking it direct from the cow1 for the following reasons3 ,the cow-pox lymph1 taken direct from the cow1 produces much more violent symptoms than after it has passed through several persons2 indeed1 in some cases1 it has produced effects as severe as cutting for the small-pox2 besides1 it has caused1 in many cases1 violent inflammation and even sloughing of the arm4 ,there are also several kinds of spurious cow-pox to which the cow is subject1 and which would be likely to be mistaken for the real lymph4 ,again1 if even the genuine matter were not taken from the cow exactly at the proper time1 it would be deprived of its protecting power4 #ej4 ,at what age do you recommend an infant to be first vaccinated8 ,when he is two months old1 as the sooner he is protected the better4 ,moreover1 the older he is the greater will be the difficulty in making him submit to the operation1 and in preventing his arm from being rubbed1 thus endangering the breaking of the vesicles1 and thereby interfering with its effects4 ,if small-pox be prevalent in the neighborhood1 he may1 with perfect safety1 be vaccinated at the month's end2 indeed1 if the small-pox be near at hand1 he must be vaccinated1 regardless of his age and regardless of everything else1 for small-pox spares neither the young nor the old1 and if a new-born babe should unfortunately catch the disease1 he will most likely die1 as at his tender age he would not have strength to battle with such a formidable enemy4 8,a case in the ,general ,lying-in-,hospital1 ,lambeth1 of small-pox occurred in a woman a few days after her admission and the birth of her child4 ,her own child was vaccinated when only four days old1 and all the other infants in the house1 varying from one day to a fortnight and more4 ,all took the vaccination2 and the woman's own child1 which suckled her and slept with her2 and all escaped the small-pox40#aee #ea4 ,do you consider that the taking of matter from a child's arm weakens the effect of vaccination on the system8 ,certainly not1 provided it has taken effect in more than one place4 ,the arm is frequently much inflamed1 and vaccinating other children from it abates the inflammation1 and thus affords relief4 ,it is always well to leave one vesicle undisturbed4 #eb4 ,if the infant has any 8breaking-out0 upon the skin1 ought that to be a reason for deferring the vaccination8 ,it should1 as two skin diseases cannot well go on together2 hence the cow-pox might not take1 or1 if it did1 might not have its proper effect in preventing small-pox4 8,it is essential that the vaccine bud or germ have a congenial soil1 uncontaminated by another poison1 which1 like a weed1 might choke its healthy growth40#aef ,the moment the skin be free from the breaking-out1 he must be vaccinated4 ,a trifling skin affection1 like red-gum1 unless it be severe1 ought not1 at the proper age1 to prevent vaccination4 ,if small-pox be rife in the neighborhood1 the child must be vaccinated1 regardless of any 8breaking-out0 on the skin4 #ec4 ,does vaccination make a child poorly8 ,at about the fifth day after vaccination1 and for three or four days1 he is generally a little feverish2 the mouth is slightly hot1 and he delights to have the nipple in his mouth4 ,he does not rest so well at night2 he is rather cross and irritable2 and1 sometimes1 has a slight bowel complaint4 ,the arm1 about the ninth or tenth day1 is usually much inflamed--that is to say1 it is1 for an inch or two or more around the vesicles1 red1 hot1 and swollen1 and continues in this state for a day or two1 at the end of which time the inflammation gradually subsides4 ,it might be well to state that the above slight symptoms are desirable1 as it proves that the vaccination has had a proper effect on his system1 and that1 consequently1 he is more likely to be thoroughly protected from any risk of catching small-pox4 #ed4 ,do you approve1 either during or after vaccination1 of giving medicine1 more especially if he be a little feverish8 ,no2 as it would be likely to work off some of its effects1 and thus would rob the cow-pox of its efficacy on the system4 ,i do not like to interfere with vaccination in any way whatever 7except1 at the proper time1 to take a little matter from the arm71 but to allow the pock to have full power upon his constitution4 ,what do you give the medicine for8 ,if the matter that is put into the arm be healthy1 what need is there of physic8 ,and if the matter be not of good quality1 ,i am quite sure that no physic will make it so6 ,look1 therefore1 at the case in whatever way you like1 physic after vaccination is not necessary2 but1 on the contrary1 hurtful4 ,if the vaccination produce a slight feverish attack1 it will1 without the administration of a particle of medicine1 subside in two or three days4 #ee4 ,have you any directions to give respecting the arm ,,after vaccination8 ,the only precaution necessary1 is to take care that the arm be not rubbed2 otherwise the vesicles may be prematurely broken1 and the efficacy of the vaccination may be lessened4 ,the sleeve1 in vaccination1 ought to be large and soft1 and should not be tied up4 ,the tying up of a sleeve makes it hard1 and is much more likely to rub the vesicles than if it were put on in the usual way4 #ef4 ,if the arm1 ,,after vaccination1 be much inflamed1 what ought to be done8 ,smear frequently1 by means of a feather or a camel's-hair brash1 a little cream on the inflamed part4 ,this simple remedy will afford great relief and comfort4 #eg4 ,have the goodness to describe the proper appearance1 after the falling off of the scab1 of the arm8 ,it might be well to remark that the scabs ought always to be allowed to fall off of themselves4 ,they must not1 on any account1 be picked or meddled with4 ,with regard to the proper appearance of the arm after the falling off of the scab1 8a perfect vaccine scar should be of small size1 circular1 and marked with radiations and indentations40#aeg ,,dentition4 #eh4 ,at what time does dentition commence8 ,the period at which it commences is uncertain4 ,it may1 as a rule1 be said that a babe begins to cut his teeth at seven months old4 ,some have cut teeth at three months2 indeed1 there are instances on record of infants having been born with teeth4 ,king ,richard the ,third is said to have been an example4 ,shakspeare notices it thus3 8,,york4--,marry1 they say my uncle grew so fast ,that he could gnaw a crust at two hours old2 ',twas full two years ere ,i could get a tooth4 ,grandam1 this would have been a biting jest40 ,act #b1 sc4 #e4 ,when a babe is born with teeth they generally drop out4 ,on the other hand1 teething in some children does not commence until they are a year and a half or two years old1 and1 in rare cases1 not until they are three years old4 ,there are cases recorded of adults who have never cut any teeth4 ,an instance of the kind came under my own observation4 ,dentition has been known to occur in old age4 ,a case is recorded by ,m4 ,carre1 in the ,gazette ,mdicale de ,paris 7,sept4 #ae1 #ahfj71 of an old lady1 aged eighty-five1 who cut several teeth after attaining that age6 #ei4 ,what is the number of the ,,first set of teeth1 and in what order do they generally appear8 ,the first or temporary set consists of twenty4 ,the first set of teeth are usually cut in pairs4 8,i may say that nearly invariably the order is--#ast1 the lower front incisors cutting-teeth1 then the upper front1 then the upper two lateral incisors1 and that not uncommonly a double tooth is cut before the two lower laterals2 but at all events the lower laterals come #gth and #hth1 and not #eth and #fth1 as nearly all books on the subject testify0#aeh4 ,then the first grinders in the lower jaw1 afterward the first upper grinders1 then the lower corner pointed or canine teeth1 after which the upper corner or eye-teeth1 then the second grinders in the lower jaw1 and lastly1 the second grinders of the upper jaw4 ,they do not1 of course1 always appear in this rotation4 ,nothing is more uncertain than the order of teething4 ,a child seldom cuts his second grinders until after he is two years old4 ,he is usually1 from the time they first appear1 two years in cutting his first set of teeth4 ,as a rule1 therefore1 a child of two years old has sixteen1 and one of two years and a half old1 twenty teeth4 #fj4 ,if an infant be either feverish or irritable1 or otherwise poorly1 and if the gums be hot1 swollen1 and tender1 are you an advocate for their being lanced8 ,certainly2 by doing so he will1 in the generality of instances1 be almost instantly relieved4 #fa4 ,but it has been stated that lancing the gums hardens them8 ,this is a mistake--it has a contrary effect4 ,it is a well-known fact that a part which has been divided gives way much more readily than one which has not been cut4 ,again1 the tooth is bound down by a tight membrane1 which1 if not released by lancing1 frequently brings on convulsions4 ,if the symptoms be urgent1 it may be necessary from time to time to repeat the lancing4 ,it would1 of course1 be the height of folly to lance the gums unless they be hot and swollen1 and unless the tooth or the teeth be near at hand4 ,it is not to be considered a panacea for every baby's ill1 although1 in those cases where the lancing of the gums is indicated1 the beneficial effect is sometimes almost magical4 #fb4 ,how ought the lancing of a child's gums to be performed8 ,the proper person1 of course1 to lance his gums is a medical man4 ,but1 if perchance you should be miles away and be out of the reach of one1 it would be well for you to know how the operation ought to be performed4 ,well1 then1 let him lie on the nurse's lap upon his back1 and let the nurse take hold of his hands1 in order that he may not interfere with the operation4 ,then1 if it be the upper gum that requires lancing1 you ought to go to the head of the child1 looking over1 as it were1 and into his mouth1 and should steady the gum with the index finger of your left hand2 then you should take hold of the gum-lancet with your right hand--holding it as if it were a table-knife at dinner--and cut firmly along the inflamed and swollen gum and down to the tooth1 until the edge of the gum-lancet grates on the tooth4 ,each incision ought to extend along the ridge of the gum to about the extent of each expected tooth4 ,if it be the lower gum that requires lancing1 you must go to the side of the child1 and should steady the outside of the jaw with the fingers of the left hand1 and the gum with the left thumb1 and then you should perform the operation as before directed4 ,although the lancing of the gums1 to make it intelligible to a non-professional person1 requires a long description1 it is1 in point of fact1 a simple affair1 is soon performed1 and gives but little pain4 #fc4 ,if teething cause convulsions1 what ought to be done8 ,the first thing to be done 7after sending for a medical man7 is to freely dash cold water upon the face1 and to sponge the head with cold water1 and as soon as warm water can be procured1 to put him into a warm bath#aei of #ih degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,if a thermometer be not at hand1#afj you must plunge your own elbow into the water3 a comfortable heat for your elbow will be the proper heat for the infant4 ,he must remain in the bath for a quarter of an hour1 or until the fit be at an end4 ,the body must1 after coming out of the bath1 be wiped with warm and dry and coarse towels2 he ought then to be placed in a warm blanket4 ,the gums must be lanced1 and cold water should be applied to the head4 ,an enema1 composed of table salt1 of olive oil1 and warm oatmeal gruel--in the proportion of one tablespoonful of salt1 of one of oil1 and a teacupful of gruel--ought then to be administered1 and should1 until the bowels have been well opened1 be repeated every quarter of an hour2 as soon as he comes to himself a dose of aperient medicine ought to be given4 #fd4 ,a nurse is in the habit of giving a child who is teething either coral or ivory to bite--do you approve of the plan8 ,i think it a bad practice to give him any hard1 unyielding substance1 as it tends to harden the gums1 and by so doing causes the teeth to come through with greater difficulty4 ,i have found softer substances1 such as either a piece of wax-taper1 or an india-rubber ring1 or a piece of the best bridle-leather1 or a crust of bread1 of great service4 ,if a piece of crust be given as a gum-stick1 he must1 while biting it1 be well watched1 or by accident he might loosen a large piece of it1 which might choke him4 ,the pressure of any of these excites a more rapid absorption of the gum1 and thus causes the tooth to come through more easily and quickly4 #fe4 ,have you any objection to my baby1 when he is cutting his teeth1 sucking his thumb8 ,certainly not2 the thumb is the best gum-stick in the world--it is convenient1 it is handy 7in every sense of the word71 it is of the right size1 and of the proper consistence--neither too hard nor too soft2 there is no danger1 as of some artificial gum-sticks1 of its being swallowed1 and thus of its choking the child4 ,the sucking of the thumb causes the salivary glands to pour out their contents1 and thus not only to moisten the dry mouth1 but assists the digestion2 the pressure of the thumb eases1 while the teeth are 8breeding10 the pain and irritation of the gums1 and helps1 when the teeth are sufficiently advanced1 to bring them through the gums4 ,sucking of the thumb will often make a cross infant contented and happy1 and will frequently induce a restless babe to fall into a sweet refreshing sleep4 ,truly may the thumb be called a baby's comfort4 ,by all means1 then1 let your child suck his thumb whenever he likes1 and as long as he chooses to do so4 ,there is a charming1 bewitching little picture of a babe sucking his thumb in ,kingsley's ,water ,babies1 which ,i cordially commend to your favorable notice and study4 #ff4 ,but if an infant be allowed to suck his thumb1 will it not be likely to become a habit1 and stick to him for years--until1 indeed1 he become a big boy8 ,after he has cut the whole of his first set of teeth1 that is to say1 when he is about two years and a half old1 he might1 if it be likely to become a habit1 be readily cured by the following method1 namely1 by making a paste of aloes and water and smearing it upon his thumb4 ,one or two dressings will suffice1 as after just tasting the bitter aloes he will take a disgust to his former enjoyment1 and the habit will at once be broken4 ,many persons1 ,i know1 have an objection to children sucking their thumbs1 as1 for instance1-- 8,perhaps it's as well to keep children from plums1 ,and from pears in the season1 and sucking their thumbs40#afa ,my reply is-- ,p'rhaps 'tis as well to keep children from pears2 ,the pain they might cause is oft followed by tears2 ',tis certainly well to keep them from plums2 ,but certainly not from sucking their thumbs6 ,if a babe suck his thumb ',tis an ease to his gum2 ,a comfort2 a boon2 a calmer of grief2 ,a friend in his need1 affording relief2 ,a solace2 a good2 a soother of pain2 ,a composer to sleep2 a charm2 and a gain2 ',tis handy at once to his sweet mouth to glide2 ,when done with1 drops gently down by his side2 ',tis fixed like an anchor while the babe sleeps1 ,and the mother with joy her still vigil keeps4 #fg4 ,a child who is teething dribbles1 and thereby wets his chest1 which frequently causes him to catch cold2 what had better be done8 ,have in readiness to put on several flannel dribbling-bibs1 so that they may be changed as often as they become wet2 or1 if he dribble very much1 the oiled silk dribbling-bibs1 instead of the flannel ones1 may be used1 and which may be procured at any baby-linen warehouse4 #fh4 ,do you approve of giving a child1 during teething1 much fruit8 ,no2 unless it be a few ripe strawberries or raspberries1 or a roasted apple1 or the juice of five or six grapes--taking care that he does not swallow either the seeds or the skin--or the insides of ripe gooseberries1 or an orange4 ,such fruits1 if the bowels be in a costive state1 will be particularly useful4 ,all stone fruits1 raw apples1 or pears ought to be carefully avoided1 as they not only disorder the stomach and the bowels--causing convulsions1 gripings1 etc4--but they have the effect of weakening the bowels1 and thus of engendering worms4 #fi4 ,is a child1 during teething1 more subject to disease1 and if so1 to what complaints1 and in what manner may they be prevented8 ,the teeth are a fruitful source of suffering and of disease1 and are with truth styled 8our first and our last plagues40 ,dentition is the most important period of a child's life1 and is the exciting cause of many infantile diseases2 during this period1 therefore1 he requires constant and careful watching4 ,when we consider how the teeth elongate and enlarge in his gums1 pressing on the nerves and on the surrounding parts1 and thus how frequently they produce pain1 irritation1 and inflammation2 when we further contemplate what sympathy there is in the nervous system1 and how susceptible the young are to pain1 no surprise can be felt at the immense disturbance and the consequent suffering and danger frequently experienced by children while cutting their first set of teeth4 ,the complaints or the diseases induced by dentition are numberless1 affecting almost every organ of the body1--the brain1 occasioning convulsions1 water on the brain1 etc42 the lungs1 producing congestion1 inflammation1 cough1 etc42 the stomach1 exciting sickness1 flatulence1 acidity1 etc42 the bowels1 inducing griping1 at one time costiveness1 and at another time purging2 the skin1 causing 8breakings-out40 ,to prevent these diseases1 means ought to be used to invigorate a child's constitution by plain1 wholesome food1 as recommended under the article of diet2 by exercise and fresh air2#afb by allowing him1 weather permitting1 to be out of doors a great part of every day2 by lancing the gums when they get red1 hot1 and swollen2 by attention to the bowels1 and if he suffer more than usual1 by keeping them rather in a relaxed state by any simple aperient1 such as either castor oil or magnesia and rhubarb1 etc42 and1 let me add1 by attention to his temper4 ,many children are made feverish and ill by petting and spoiling them4 ,on this subject ,i cannot do better than refer you to an excellent little work entitled ,abbott's ,mother at ,home1 wherein the author proves the great importance of early training4 #gj4 ,have the goodness to describe the symptoms and the treatment of ,painful ,dentition4 ,painful dentition may be divided into two forms--7#a47 the ,mild2 and 7#b47 the ,severe4 ,in the mild form the child is peevish and fretful1 and puts his fingers1 and everything within reach1 to his mouth2 he likes to have his gums rubbed1 and takes the breast with avidity2 indeed1 it seems a greater comfort to him than ever4 ,there is generally a considerable flow of saliva1 and he has frequently a more loose state of bowels than is his wont4 ,now1 with regard to the more severe form of painful dentition3 ,the gums are red1 swollen1 and hot1 and he cannot1 without expressing pain1 bear to have them touched2 hence1 if he be at the breast1 he is constantly loosing the nipple4 ,there is dryness of the mouth1 although before there had been a great flow of saliva4 ,he is feverish1 restless1 and starts in his sleep4 ,his face is flushed4 ,his head is heavy and hot4 ,he is sometimes convulsed4#afc ,he is frequently violently griped and purged1 and suffers severely from flatulence4 ,he is predisposed to many and severe diseases4 ,the treatment of the mild form consists of friction of the gums with the finger2 with a little 8soothing syrup10 as recommended by ,sir ,charles ,locock2#afd a tepid bath of about #ib degrees ,fahrenheit1 every night at bedtime2 attention to diet and bowels2 fresh air and exercise4 ,for the mild form1 the above plan will usually be all that is required4 ,if he dribble and the bowels be relaxed1 so much the better2 the flow of saliva and the increased action of the bowels afford relief1 and therefore must not be interfered with4 ,in the mild form lancing of the gums is not desirable4 ,the gums ought not to be lanced unless the teeth be near at hand1 and unless the gums be red1 hot1 and swollen4 ,in the severe form a medical man should be consulted early1 as more energetic remedies will be demanded2 that is to say1 the gums will require to be freely lanced1 warm baths to be used1 and medicines to be given1 to ward off mischief from the head1 from the chest1 and from the stomach4 ,if you are living in the town and your baby suffers much from teething1 take him into the country4 ,it is wonderful what change of air to the country will often do1 in relieving a child1 who is painfully cutting his teeth4 ,the number of deaths in ,london from teething is frightful2 it is in the country comparatively trifling4 #ga4 ,should an infant be purged during teething1 or indeed1 during any other time1 do you approve of either absorbent or astringent medicines to restrain it8 ,certainly not4 ,i should look upon the relaxation as an effort of nature to relieve itself4 ,a child is never purged without a cause2 that cause1 in the generality of instances1 is the presence of either some undigested food1 or acidity1 or depraved motions that want a vent4 ,the better plan is1 in such a case1 to give a dose of aperient medicine1 such as either castor oil or magnesia and rhubarb1 and thus work it off4 ,,if ,,we ,,lock ,,up ,,the ,,bowels1 ,,we ,,confine ,,the ,,enemy1 ,,and ,,thus ,,produce ,,mischief4#afe ,if he be purged more than usual1 attention should be paid to the diet--if it be absolutely necessary to give him artificial food while suckling--and care must be taken not to overload the stomach4 #gb4 ,a child is subject to a slight cough during dentition--called by nurses 8tooth-cough0--which a parent would not consider of sufficient importance to consult a doctor about2 pray tell me if there is any objection to a mother giving her child a small quantity either of syrup of white poppies or of paregoric to ease it8 ,a cough is an effort of nature to bring up any secretion from the lining membrane of the lungs1 or from the bronchial tubes1 hence it ought not to be interfered with4 ,i have known the administration of syrup of white poppies1 or of paregoric1 to stop the cough1 and thereby to prevent the expulsion of the phlegm1 and thus to produce either inflammation of the lungs or bronchitis4 ,moreover1 both paregoric and syrup of white poppies are1 for a young child1 dangerous medicines 7unless administered by a judicious medical man71 and ought never to be given by a mother4 ,in the month of ,april1 #ahdd1 ,i was sent for in great haste to an infant1 aged seventeen months1 who was laboring under convulsions and extreme drowsiness1 from the injudicious administration of paregoric1 which had been given to him to ease a cough4 ,by the prompt administration of an emetic he was saved4 #gc4 ,a child who is teething is subject to a 8breaking-out10 more especially behind the ears--which is most disfiguring1 and frequently very annoying2 what would you recommend8 ,i would apply no external application to cure it1 as ,i should look upon it as an effort of the constitution to relieve itself2 and should expect1 if the 8breaking-out0 were repelled1 that either convulsions1 or bronchitis1 or inflammation of the lungs1 or water on the brain would be the consequence4 ,the only plan ,i should adopt would be1 to be more careful in his diet3 to give him less meat 7if he be old enough to eat animal food71 and to give him1 once or twice a week1 a few doses of mild aperient medicine2 and1 if the irritation from the 8breaking-out0 be great1 to bathe it occasionally either with a little warm milk and water1 or with rose water4 ,,exercise4 #gd4 ,do you recommend exercise in the open air for a baby8 and if so1 how soon after birth8 ,i am a great advocate for having exercise in the open air4 8,the infant in arms makes known its desire for fresh air by restlessness--it cries1 for it cannot speak its wants2 is taken abroad1 and is quiet40 ,the age at which he ought to commence taking exercise will1 of course1 depend upon the season and upon the weather4 ,if it be summer1 and the weather be fine1 he should be carried in the open air a week or a fortnight after birth2 but if it be winter1 he ought not1 on any account1 to be taken out under the month1 and not even then1 unless the weather be mild for the season1 and it be the middle of the day4 ,at the end of two months he should breathe the open air more frequently4 ,and after the expiration of three months he ought to be carried out every day1 even if it be wet under foot1 provided it be fine above1 and the wind be neither in an easterly nor in a northeasterly direction2 by doing so we shall make him strong and hearty1 and give the skin that mottled appearance which is so characteristic of health4 ,he must1 of course1 be well clothed4 ,i cannot help expressing my disapprobation of the practice of smothering up an infant's face with a handkerchief1 with a veil1 or with any other covering1 when he is taken out into the air4 ,if his face be so muffled up1 he may as well remain at home2 as1 under such circumstances1 it is impossible for him to receive any benefit from the invigorating effects of the fresh air4 #ge4 ,can you devise any method to induce a baby himself to take exercise8 ,he must be encouraged to use muscular exertion2 and1 for this purpose1 he ought to be frequently laid either upon a rug1 or carpet1 or the floor3 he will then stretch his limbs and kick about with perfect glee4 ,it is a pretty sight1 to see a little fellow kicking and sprawling on the floor4 ,he crows with delight1 and thoroughly enjoys himself3 it strengthens his back2 it enables him to stretch his limbs1 and to use his muscles2 and is one of the best kinds of exercise a very young child can take4 ,while going through his performances1 his diaper1 if he wear one1 should be unfastened1 in order that he might go through his exercises untrammeled4 ,by adopting the above plan1 the babe quietly enjoys himself--his brain is not over-excited by it2 this is an important consideration1 for both mothers and nurses are apt to rouse and excite very young children1 to their manifest detriment4 ,a babe requires rest1 and not excitement4 ,how wrong it is1 then1 for either a mother or a nurse to be exciting and rousing a new-born babe4 ,it is most injurious and weakening to his brain4 ,in the early period of his existence his time ought to be almost entirely spent in sleeping and in sucking6 #gf4 ,do you approve of tossing an infant much about8 ,i have seen a child tossed up nearly to the ceiling6 ,can anything be more cruel or absurd8 ,violent tossing of a young babe ought never to be allowed3 it only frightens him1 and has been known to bring on convulsions4 ,he should be gently moved up and down 7not tossed73 such exercise causes a proper circulation of the blood1 promotes digestion1 and soothes to sleep4 ,he must always be kept quiet immediately after taking the breast3 if he be tossed directly afterward1 it interferes with his digestion1 and is likely to produce sickness4 ,,sleep4 #gg4 ,ought the infant's sleeping apartment to be kept warm8 ,the lying-in room is generally kept too warm1 its heat being1 in many instances1 more that of an oven than of a room4 ,such a place is must unhealthy1 and is fraught with danger both to the mother and the baby4 ,we are not1 of course1 to run into an opposite extreme1 but are to keep the chamber at a moderate and comfortable temperature4 ,the door ought occasionally to be left ajar1 in order the more effectually to change the air and thus to make it more pure and sweet4 ,a new-born babe1 then1 ought to be kept comfortably warm1 but not very warm4 ,it is folly in the extreme to attempt to harden a very young child either by allowing him1 in the winter time1 to be in a bedroom without a fire1 or by dipping him in cold water1 or by keeping him with scant clothing on his bed4 ,the temperature of a bedroom1 in the winter time1 should be1 as nearly as possible1 at #fj ,fahr4 ,although the room should be comfortably warm1 it ought1 from time to time1 to be properly ventilated4 ,an unventilated room soon becomes foul1 and1 therefore1 unhealthy4 ,how many in this world1 both children and adults1 are 8poisoned with their own breaths60 ,an infant should not be allowed to look at the glare either of a fire or of a lighted candle1 as the glare tends to weaken the sight1 and sometimes brings on an inflammation of the eyes4 ,in speaking to and in noticing a baby1 you ought always to stand before and not behind him1 or it might make him squint4 #gh4 ,ought a babe to lie alone from the first8 ,certainly not4 ,at first--say for the first few months--he requires the warmth of another person's body1 especially in the winter2 but care must be taken not to overlay him1 as many infants1 from carelessness in this particular1 have lost their lives4 ,after the first few months1 he had better lie alone1 on a horse-hair mattress4 #gi4 ,do you approve of rocking an infant to sleep8 ,i do not4 ,if the rules of health be observed1 he will sleep both soundly and sweetly without rocking2 if they be not1 the rocking might cause him to fall into a feverish1 disturbed slumber1 but not into a refreshing1 calm sleep4 ,besides1 if you once take to that habit1 he will not go to sleep without it4 #hj4 ,then don't you approve of a rocking-chair1 and of rockers to the cradle8 ,certainly not3 a rocking-chair1 or rockers to the cradle1 may be useful to a lazy nurse or mother1 and may induce a child to sleep1 but that restlessly1 when he does not need sleep1 or when he is wet and uncomfortable1 and requires 8changing20 but will not cause him to have that sweet and gentle and exquisite slumber so characteristic of a baby who has no artificial appliances to make him sleep4 ,no6 rockers are perfectly unnecessary1 and the sooner they are banished the nursery the better will it be for the infant community4 ,i do not know a more wearisome and monotonous sound than the everlasting rockings to and fro in some nurseries2 they are often accompanied by a dolorous lullaby from the nurse1 which adds much to the misery and depressing influence of the performance4 #ha4 ,while the infant is asleep1 do you advise the head of the crib to be covered with a handkerchief1 to shade his eyes from the light1 and1 if it be summer time1 to keep off the flies8 ,if the head of the crib be covered1 the baby cannot breathe freely2 the air within the crib becomes contaminated1 and thus the lungs cannot properly perform their functions4 ,if his sleep is to be refreshing1 he must breathe pure air4 ,i do not even approve of a head to a crib4 ,a child is frequently allowed to sleep on a bed with the curtains drawn completely close1 as though it were dangerous for a breath of air to blow upon him6#aff ,this practice is most injurious4 ,an infant must have the full benefit of the air of the room2 indeed1 the bedroom door ought to be frequently left ajar1 so that the air of the apartment may be changed--taking care1 of course1 not to expose him to a draught4 ,if the flies1 while he is asleep1 annoy him1 let a net veil be thrown over his face1 as he can readily breathe through net1 but not through a handkerchief4 #hb4 ,have you any suggestions to offer as to the way a babe should be dressed when he is put down to sleep8 ,whenever he be put down to sleep1 be more than usually particular that his dress be loose in every part2 be careful that there be neither strings nor bands to cramp him4 ,let him1 then1 during repose1 be more than ordinarily free and unrestrained-- 8,if1 while in cradled rest your infant sleeps1 ,your watchful eye unceasing vigils keeps1 ,lest cramping bonds his pliant limbs constrain1 ,and cause defects that manhood may retain40#afg #hc4 ,is it a good sign for a young child to sleep much8 ,a babe who sleeps a great deal thrives much more than one who does not4 ,i have known many children who were born#afh small and delicate1 but who slept the greatest part of their time1 become strong and healthy4 ,on the other hand1 ,i have known those who were born large and strong1 yet who slept but little1 become weak and unhealthy4 ,the common practice of a nurse allowing a baby to sleep upon her lap is a bad one1 and ought never to be countenanced4 ,he sleeps cooler1 more comfortably1 and soundly in his crib4 ,the younger an infant is the more he generally sleeps1 so that during the early months he is seldom awake1 and then only to take the breast4 #hd4 ,how is it that much sleep causes a young child to thrive so well8 ,if there be pain in any part of the body1 or if any of the functions be not properly performed1 he sleeps but little4 ,on the contrary1 if there be exemption from pain1 and if there be a due performance of all the functions1 he sleeps a great deal2 and thus the body becomes refreshed and invigorated4 #he4 ,as much sleep is of such advantage1 if an infant sleep but little1 would you advise composing medicine to be given to him8 ,certainly not4 ,the practice of giving composing medicine to a young child cannot be too strongly reprobated4 ,if he does not sleep enough1 the mother ought to ascertain if the bowels be in a proper state1 whether they be sufficiently opened that the motions be of a good color--namely1 a bright yellow1 inclining to orange color--and free from slime or from bad smell4 ,an occasional dose of rhubarb and magnesia is frequently the best composing medicine he can take4 #hf4 ,we often hear of ,coroner's inquests upon infants who have been found dead in bed--accidentally overlaid3 what is usually the cause8 ,suffocation1 produced either by ignorance or by carelessness4 ,from ignorance in mothers1 in their not knowing the common laws of life1 and the vital importance of free and unrestricted respiration1 not only when babies are up and about1 but when they are in bed and asleep4 ,from carelessness1 in their allowing young and thoughtless servants to have the charge of infants at night2 more especially as young girls are usually heavy sleepers1 and are thus too much overpowered with sleep to attend to their necessary duties4 ,a foolish mother sometimes goes to sleep while allowing her child to continue sucking4 ,the unconscious babe1 after a time1 looses the nipple1 and buries his head in the bedclothes4 ,she awakes in the morning1 finding1 to her horror1 a corpse by her side6 ,a mother ought1 therefore1 never to go to sleep until her child has finished sucking4 ,the following are a few rules to prevent an infant from being accidentally overlaid3 7#a47 ,let your baby1 while asleep1 have plenty of room in the bed4 7#b47 ,do not allow him to be too near to you2 or if he be unavoidably near you 7from the small size of the bed71 let his face be turned to the opposite side4 7#c47 ,let him lie fairly either on his side or on his back4 7#d47 ,be careful to ascertain that his mouth be not covered with the bedclothes2 and 7#e47 ,do not smother his face with clothes1 as a plentiful supply of pure air is as necessary when he is awake1 or even more so1 than when he is asleep4 7#f47 ,never let him lie low in the bed4 7#g47 ,let there be no pillow near the one his head is resting on1 lest he roll to it1 and thus bury his head in it4 ,remember1 a young child has neither the strength nor the sense to get out of danger2 and1 if he unfortunately either turn on his face1 or bury his head in a pillow that is near1 the chances are that he will be suffocated1 more especially as these accidents usually occur at night1 when the mother or the nurse is fast asleep4 7#h47 ,never intrust him at night to a young1 giddy1 and thoughtless servant4 ,,the ,,bladder ,,and ,,the ,,bowels ,,of ,,an ,,infant4 #hg4 ,have you any hints to offer respecting the bowels and the bladder of an infant during the first three months of his existence8 ,a mother ought daily to satisfy herself as to the state of the bladder and the bowels of her child4 ,she herself should inspect the motions1 and see that they are of a proper color 7bright yellow1 inclining to orange7 and consistence 7that of thick gruel71 that they are neither slimy1 nor curdled1 nor green2 if they should be either the one or the other1 it is a proof that she herself has1 in all probability1 been imprudent in her diet1 and that it will be necessary for the future that she be more careful both in what she eats and in what she drinks4 ,she ought1 moreover1 to satisfy herself that the urine does not smell strongly1 that it does not stain the napkins1 and that he makes a sufficient quantity4 ,a frequent cause of a child crying is1 he is wet and uncomfortable1 and wants drying and changing1 and the only way he has of informing his mother of the fact is by crying lustily1 and thus telling her in most expressive language of her thoughtlessness and carelessness4 #hh4 ,how soon may an infant dispense with napkins8 ,a baby of three months and upward1 ought to be held out at least a dozen times during the twenty-four hours2 if such a plan were adopted1 napkins might at the end of three months be dispensed with--a great desideratum--and he would be inducted into clean habits--a blessing to himself1 and a comfort to all around1 and a great saving of dresses and of furniture4 8,teach your children to be clean4 ,a dirty child is the mother's disgrace40#afi ,truer words were never written3 ,a ,,dirty ,,child ,,is ,,the ,,mother',s ,,disgrace6 ,,ailments1 ,,disease1 ,,etc4 #hi4 ,a new-born babe frequently has a collection of mucus in the air-passages1 causing him to wheeze3 is it a dangerous symptom8 ,no1 not if it occur immediately after birth2 as soon as the bowels have been opened1 it generally leaves him1 or even before1 if he give a good cry1 which as soon as he is born he usually does4 ,if there be any mucus either within or about the mouth1 impeding breathing1 it must with a soft handkerchief be removed4 #ij4 ,is it advisable1 as soon as an infant is born1 to give him medicine8 ,it is now proved that the giving of medicine to a babe immediately after birth is unnecessary1 nay1 that it is hurtful--that is1 provided he be early put to the breast1 as the mother's first milk is generally sufficient to open the bowels4 ,sir ,charles ,locock#agj makes the following sensible remarks on the subject3 8,i used to limit any aperient to a new-born infant to those which had not the first milk1 and who had wet-nurses whose milk was1 of course1 some weeks old2 but for many years1 ,i have never allowed any aperient at all to any new-born infant1 and ,i am satisfied it is the safest and the wisest plan40 ,this advice of ,sir ,charles ,locock--to give no aperient to a new-born infant--is most valuable1 and ought to be strictly followed4 ,by adopting his recommendation much after-misery might be averted4 ,if a new-born babe's bowels be costive1 rather than give him an aperient1 try the effect of a little moist sugar dissolved in a little water2 that is to say1 dissolve half a teaspoonful of pure unadulterated raw sugar in a teaspoonful of warm water1 and administer it to him2 if in four hours it should not operate1 repeat the dose4 ,butter and raw sugar is a popular remedy1 and is sometimes used by a nurse to open the bowels of a new-born babe1 and where there is costiveness answers the purpose exceedingly well1 and is far superior to castor oil4 ,try by all means to do1 if possible1 without a particle of opening medicine4 ,if you once begin to give aperients1 you will have frequently to repeat them4 ,opening physic leads to opening physic1 until at length his stomach and bowels will become a physic shop6 ,let me1 then1 emphatically say1 avoid1 if possible1 giving a new-born babe a drop or a grain of opening medicine4 ,if from the first you refrain from giving an aperient1 he seldom requires one afterward4 ,it is the first step that is so important to take in this as in all other things4 ,if a new-born babe has not for twelve hours made water1 the medical man ought to be informed of it1 in order that he may inquire into the matter and apply the proper remedies4 ,be particular in attending to these directions1 or evil consequences will inevitably ensue4 #ia4 ,some persons say that new-born female infants have milk in their bosoms1 and that it is necessary to squeeze them1 and apply plasters to disperse the milk4 ,the idea of there being real milk in a baby's breast is doubtful1 the squeezing of the bosom is barbarous1 and the application of plasters is useless4 8,without actually saying10 says ,sir ,charles ,locock1 8there is milk secreted in the breasts of infants1 there is undoubtedly not rarely considerable swelling of the breasts both in female and male infants1 and on squeezing them a serous fluid oozes out4 ,i agree with you that the nurses should never be allowed to squeeze them1 but be ordered to leave them alone40#aga #ib4 ,have the goodness to mention the ,,slight ailments which are not of sufficient importance to demand the assistance of a medical man8 ,i deem it well to make the distinction between serious and slight ailments2 ,i am addressing a mother4 ,with regard to serious ailments1 ,i do not think myself justified1 except in certain urgent cases1 in instructing a parent to deal with them4 ,it might be well to make a mother acquainted with the symptoms1 but not with the treatment1 in order that she might lose no time in calling in medical aid4 ,this ,i hope to have the pleasure of doing in future conversations4 ,serious diseases1 with a few exceptions1 and which ,i will indicate in subsequent conversations1 ought never to be treated by a parent1 not even in the early stages1 for it is in the early stages that the most good can generally be done4 ,it is utterly impossible for any one who is not trained to the medical profession to understand a serious disease in all its bearings1 and thereby to treat it satisfactorily4 ,there are some exceptions to these remarks4 ,it will be seen1 in future conversations1 that ,sir ,charles ,locock considers that a mother ought to be made acquainted with the treatment of some of the more serious diseases1 where delay in obtaining immediate medical assistance might be death4 ,i bow to his superior judgment1 and have supplied the deficiency in subsequent conversations4 ,the ailments and the diseases of infants1 such as may1 in the absence of the doctor1 be treated by a parent1 are the following3 ,chafings1 ,convulsions1 ,costiveness1 ,flatulence1 ,gripings1 ,hiccup1 ,looseness of the ,bowels 7,diarrha71 ,dysentery1 ,nettle-rash1 ,red-gum1 ,stuffing of the ,nose1 ,sickness1 ,thrush4 ,in all these complaints ,i will tell you--,what to do1 and--,what ,,not to do4 #ic4 ,what are the causes and the treatment of chafing8 ,the want of water3 inattention and want of cleanliness are the usual causes of chafing4 ,what to do4--,the chafed parts ought to be well and thoroughly sponged with tepid rain water--allowing the water from a well-filled sponge to stream over them--and1 afterward1 they should be thoroughly but tenderly dried with a soft towel1 and then be dusted1 either with finely-powdered starch made of wheaten flour1 or with violet powder1 or with finely-powdered native carbonate of zinc1 or they should be bathed with finely-powdered fuller's-earth and tepid water4 ,if1 in a few days1 the parts be not healed1 discontinue the above treatment1 and use the following application3 ,beat up well together the whites of two eggs1 then add1 drop by drop1 two tablespoonfuls of brandy4 ,when well mixed put it into a bottle and cork it up4 ,before using it let the excoriated parts be gently bathed with lukewarm rain water1 and1 with a soft napkin1 be tenderly dried2 then1 by means of a camel's-hair brush1 apply the above liniment1 having first shaken the bottle4 ,but bear in mind1 after all that can be said and done1 that there is nothing in these cases like water--there is nothing like keeping the parts clean1 and the only way of thoroughly effecting this object is by putting him every morning ,,into his tub4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not apply white lead1 as it is a poison4 ,do not be afraid of using plenty of water1 as cleanliness is one of the most important items of the treatment4 #id4 ,what are the causes of convulsions in an infant8 ,stuffing him1 in the early months of his existence1 with food1 the mother having plenty of breast-milk the while2 the constant physicking of a child by his own mother2 teething2 hooping-cough1 when attacking a very young baby4 ,i never knew a case of convulsions occur--say for the first four months 7except in very young infants laboring under hooping-cough7--where children lived on the breast-milk alone1 and where they were not frequently quacked by their mothers6 ,for the treatment of the convulsions from teething1 see page #ff4 ,what to do in a case of convulsions which has been caused by feeding an infant either with too much or with artificial food4 ,give him1 every ten minutes1 a teaspoonful of ipecacuanha wine1 until free vomiting be excited1 then put him into a warm bath 7see ,warm ,baths72 and when he comes out of it administer to him a teaspoonful of castor oil1 and repeat it every four hours until the bowels be well opened4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not1 for at least a month after the fit1 give him artificial food1 but keep him entirely to the breast4 ,do not apply leeches to the head4 ,what to do in a case of convulsions from hooping-cough4--,there is nothing better than dashing cold water on the face1 and immersing him in a warm bath of #ih degrees ,fahr4 ,if he be about his teeth1 and they be plaguing him1 let the gums be both freely and frequently lanced4 ,in convulsions from hooping-cough ,i have found cod-liver oil a valuable medicine4 ,convulsions seldom occur in hooping-cough1 unless the child be either very young or exceedingly delicate4 ,in either case cod-liver oil is likely to be serviceable1 as it helps to sustain and support him in his extremity4 ,convulsions attending an attack of hooping-cough make it a serious complication1 and requires the assiduous and skillful attention of a judicious medical man4 ,what ,,not to do in such a case4--,do not apply leeches2 the babe requires additional strength1 and not to be robbed of it2 and do not attempt to treat the case yourself4 #ie4 ,what are the best remedies for the costiveness of an infant8 ,i strongly object to the frequent administration of opening medicine1 as the repetition of it increases the mischief to a tenfold degree4 ,what to do4--,if a babe1 after the first few months1 were held out1 and if1 at regular intervals1 he were put upon his chair1 costiveness would not so much prevail4 ,it is wonderful how soon the bowels1 in the generality of cases1 by this simple plan may be brought into a regular state4 ,besides1 it inducts an infant into clean habits4 ,i know many careful mothers who have accustomed their children1 after the first three months1 to do without diapers altogether4 ,it causes at first a little trouble1 but that trouble is amply repaid by the good consequences that ensue2 among which must be named the dispensing with such incumbrances as diapers4 ,diapers frequently chafe1 irritate1 and gall the tender skin of a baby4 ,but they cannot1 of course1 at an early age be dispensed with1 unless a mother has great judgment1 sense1 tact1 and perseverance1 to bring her little charge into the habit of having the bowels relieved and the bladder emptied every time he is either held out or put upon his chair4 ,before giving an infant a particle of aperient medicine1 try1 if the bowels are costive1 the effect of a little raw sugar and water1 either half a teaspoonful of raw sugar dissolved in a teaspoonful or two of water1 or give him1 out of your fingers1 half a teaspoonful of raw sugar to eat4 ,i mean by raw sugar1 not the white1 but the pure and unadulterated sugar1 and which you can only procure from a respectable grocer4 ,if you are wise1 you will defer as long as you can giving an aperient4 ,if you once begin1 and continue it for awhile1 opening medicine becomes a dire necessity1 and then woe-betide the poor unfortunate child6 ,it might sometimes be necessary to give opening medicine1 but the less frequently the better4 ,the following1 when it becomes absolutely necessary to give an aperient1 are some of the best1 simple1 and safe that can be administered by a mother to her baby4 ,i give you several1 as it might be well1 from time to time1 to vary them3 7#a47 ,one or two teaspoonfuls of fluid magnesia1 made palatable by the addition of a little sugar1 may be chosen2 or 7#b47 ,the popular remedy of syrup of rhubarb and castor oil3 ,take of--,syrup of ,rhubarb1 ,castor ,oil1 of each half an ounce3 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,a teaspoonful to be taken early in the morning1 first well shaking the bottle4 ,it might be well again to state1 that the bottle must be violently shaken just before administering the mixture1 or the oil will not mix with the syrup2 or 7#c47 ,a teaspoonful of syrup of rhubarb1 without the admixture of the castor oil may be given early in the morning occasionally2 or 7#d47 ,a teaspoonful of equal parts1 say half an ounce of each1 of fluid magnesia and of syrup of rhubarb1 may be taken for a change4 ,another safe and palatable aperient for an infant is 7#e47 ,syrup of senna1 from a half to a whole teaspoonful being the dose4 ,castor oil is another medicine prescribed for a baby's costiveness1 and1 being a safe one1 may occasionally be used4 ,care should be taken to have the castor oil freshly drawn1 and of the best quality4 7#f47 ,syrup of red roses and castor oil 7of each equal parts71 being a good1 elegant1 and pleasant way of giving it3 ,take of--,syrup of ,red ,roses1 ,castor ,oil1 of each six drachms3 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,a teaspoonful to be taken occasionally1 first well shaking the bottle1 and to be repeated every four hours1 until the bowels be relieved4 7#g47 ,an excellent remedy for the costiveness of a baby is a soap suppository1 the application of which will be found a safe1 speedy1 and certain method of opening the bowels4 ,it is made by paring a piece of white curd-soap round2 it should be of the size1 in circumference1 of a cedar pencil1 and it must be in length about two inches4 ,this should be administered by dipping it in a little warm sweet oil1 and should then be gently introduced up the bowel in the same manner as you would an enema pipe1 allowing about a quarter of an inch to remain in view4 ,it must then be left alone1 and in a minute or two the soap suppository will be expelled1 and instantly the bowels will be comfortably and effectually relieved4 ,when a child is two or three years old and upwards a dip-candle suppository is superior to a soap suppository4 ,if it be absolutely necessary to give opening medicine1 it will be well to alternate the use of them--that is to say1 to give at one time the syrup of senna1 at another the fluid magnesia sweetened1 and a third to administer the soap suppository dipped in oil1 but waiting at least two days between1 the bowels being costive all the time1 before resorting to an aperient4 ,bear in mind1 and let it make a strong impression upon you1 that the less the bowels of an infant are irritated by opening medicine1 the aperient being ever so simple and well-selected1 the better will it be for him both now and for the future4 ,when the infant is five or six months old1 either oatmeal milk gruel1 or ,robinson's ,patent ,groat ,gruel made with new milk1 occasionally given in lieu of the usual food1 will often open the bowels1 and will thus supersede the necessity of administering an aperient4 ,castor oil1 or ,dr4 ,merriman's ,purgative ,liniment1#agb well rubbed every morning1 for ten minutes at a time1 over the region of the bowels1 will frequently prevent costiveness1 and thus will do away with the need--which is a great consideration--of giving an aperient4 ,what ,,not to do4--,there are two preparations of mercury ,i wish to warn you against administering of your own accord1 viz4--7#a47 ,calomel1 and a milder preparation called 7#b47 gray powder 7mercury with chalk74 ,it is a common practice in this country to give calomel1 on account of the readiness with which it may be administered1 it being small in quantity and nearly tasteless4 ,gray powder1 also1 is1 with many mothers1 a favorite in the nursery4 ,it is a medicine of immense power--either for good or for evil2 in certain cases it is very valuable2 but in others1 and in the great majority1 it is very detrimental4 ,this practice1 then1 of a mother giving mercury1 whether in the form either of calomel or of gray powder1 cannot be too strongly reprobated1 as the frequent administration either of one or of the other weakens the body1 predisposes it to cold1 and frequently excites king's evil--a disease too common in this country4 ,calomel and gray powder1 then1 ought never to be administered unless ordered by a medical man4 ,syrup of buckthorn and jalap are also frequently given1 but they are griping medicines for a baby1 and ought to be banished from the nursery4 ,the frequent repetition of opening medicines1 then1 in any shape or form1 very much interferes with digestion2 they must1 therefore1 be given as seldom as possible4 ,let me1 at the risk of wearying you1 again urge the importance of your avoiding1 as much as possible1 giving a babe purgative medicines4 ,they irritate beyond measure the tender bowels of an infant1 and only make him more costive afterward2 they interfere with his digestion1 and are liable to give him cold4 ,a mother who is always of her own accord quacking her child with opening physic1 is laying up for her unfortunate offspring a debilitated constitution--a miserable existence4 #if4 ,are there any means of preventing the ,costiveness of an infant8 ,if greater care were paid to the rules of health1 such as attention to diet1 exercise in the open air1 thorough ablution of the whole body--more especially when he is being washed--causing the water1 from a large and well-filled sponge1 to stream over the lower part of his bowels2 the regular habit of causing him1 at stated periods1 to be held out1 whether he want or not1 that he may solicit a stool4 ,if all these rules were observed1 costiveness would not so frequently prevail1 and one of the miseries of the nursery would be done away with4 ,some mothers are frequently dosing their poor unfortunate babies either with magnesia to cool them1 or with castor oil to heal the bowels6 ,oh1 the folly of such practices6 ,the frequent repetition of magnesia1 instead of cooling an infant1 makes him feverish and irritable4 ,the constant administration of castor oil1 instead of healing the bowels1 wounds them beyond measure4 ,no6 it would be a blessed thing if a baby could be brought up without giving him a particle of opening medicine2 his bowels would then act naturally and well3 but then1 as ,i have just now remarked1 a mother must be particular in attending to ,nature's medicines--to fresh air1 to exercise1 to diet1 to thorough ablution1 etc4 ,until that time comes1 poor unfortunate babies must be occasionally dosed with an aperient4 #ig4 ,what are the causes of1 and remedies for1 ,flatulence8 ,flatulence most frequently occurs in those infants who live on artificial food1 especially if they are overfed4 ,i therefore beg to refer you to the precautions ,i have given1 when speaking of the importance of keeping a child for the first four or five months entirely to the breast2 and1 if that be not practicable1 of the times of feeding1 and of the best kinds of artificial food1 and of those which are least likely to cause 8wind40 ,what to do4--,notwithstanding these precautions1 if the babe should still suffer1 8,one of the best and safest remedies for flatulence is sal-volatile1--a teaspoonful of a solution of one drachm to an ounce and a half of water40#agc ,or1 a little dill or aniseed may be added to the food--half a teaspoonful of dill water4 ,or1 take twelve drops of oil of dill1 and two lumps of sugar2 rub them well in a mortar together2 then add1 drop by drop1 three tablespoonfuls of spring water2 let it be preserved in a bottle for use4 ,a teaspoonful of this1 first shaking the vial1 may be added to each quantity of food4 ,or1 three teaspoonfuls of bruised caraway seeds may be boiled for ten minutes in a teacupful of water1 and then strained4 ,one or two teaspoonfuls of the caraway-tea may be added to each quantity of his food1 or a dose of rhubarb and magnesia may be occasionally given4 ,opodeldoc1 or warm olive oil1 well rubbed1 for a quarter of an hour at a time1 by means of the warm hand1 over the bowels1 will frequently give relief4 ,turning the child over on his bowels1 so that they may press on the nurse's lap1 will often afford great comfort4 ,a warm bath 7where he is suffering severely7 generally gives immediate ease in flatulence2 it acts as a fomentation to the bowels4 ,but after all1 a dose of mild aperient medicine1 when the babe is suffering severely1 is often the best remedy for 8wind40 ,remember1 at all times1 prevention1 whenever it be--and how frequently it is--possible1 is better than cure4 ,what ,,not to do4--8,godfrey's ,cordial10 8,infants' ,preservative10 and 8,dalby's ,carminative0 are sometimes given in flatulence2 but as most of these quack medicines contain1 in one form or another1 either opium or poppy1 and as opium and poppy are both dangerous remedies for children1 ,,all quack medicines must be banished the nursery4 ,syrup of poppies is another remedy which is often given by a nurse to afford relief for flatulence2 but let me urge upon you the importance of banishing it from the nursery4 ,it has 7when given by unprofessional persons7 caused the untimely end of thousands of children4 ,the medical journals and the newspapers teem with cases of deaths from mothers incautiously giving syrup of poppies to ease pain and to procure sleep4 #ih4 ,what are the symptoms1 the causes1 and the treatment of 8,gripings0 of an infant8 ,the symptoms4--,the child draws up his legs2 screams violently2 if put to the nipple to comfort him1 he turns away from it and cries bitterly2 he strains1 as though he were having a stool2 if he have a motion1 it will be slimy1 curdled1 and perhaps green4 ,if1 in addition to the above symptoms1 he pass a large quantity of watery fluid from the bowels1 the case becomes one of watery gripes1 and requires the immediate attention of a medical man4 ,the causes of 8gripings0 or 8gripes0 may proceed either from the infant or from the mother4 ,if from the child1 it is generally owing either to improper food or to over-feeding3 if from the mother1 it may be traced to her having taken either greens1 or pork1 or tart beer1 or sour porter1 or pickles1 or drastic purgatives4 ,what to do4--,the treatment1 of course1 must depend upon the cause4 ,if it arise from over-feeding1 ,i would advise a dose of castor oil to be given1 and warm fomentations to be applied to the bowels1 and the mother or the nurse to be more careful for the future4 ,if it proceed from improper food1 a dose or two of magnesia and rhubarb in a little dill water1 made palatable with simple syrup4#agd ,if it arise from a mother's imprudence in eating trash1 or from her taking violent medicine1 a warm bath3 a warm bath1 indeed1 let the cause of 8griping0 be what it may1 usually affords instant relief4 ,another excellent remedy is the following3 ,soak a piece of new flannel1 folded into two or three thicknesses1 in warm water2 wring it tolerably dry1 and apply as hot as the child can comfortably bear it to the bowels1 then wrap him in a warm1 dry blanket1 and keep him1 for at least half an hour1 enveloped in it4 ,under the above treatment1 he will generally soon fall into a sweet sleep1 and awake quite refreshed4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not give opiates1 astringents1 chalk1 or any quack medicine whatever4 ,if a child suffer from a mother's folly in her eating improper food1 it will be cruel in the extreme for him a second time to be tormented from the same cause4 #ii4 ,what occasions ,hiccough1 and what is its treatment8 ,hiccough is of such a trifling nature as hardly to require interference4 ,it may generally be traced to over-feeding4 ,should it be severe1 four or five grains of calcined magnesia1 with a little syrup and aniseed water1 and attention to feeding1 are all that will be necessary4 #ajj4 ,will you describe the symptoms of ,diarrha--8,looseness of the bowels80 ,it will be well1 before doing so1 to tell you how many motions a young infant ought to have a day1 their color1 consistence1 and smell4 ,well1 then1 he should have from three to six motions in the twenty-four hours2 the color ought to be a bright yellow1 inclining to orange2 the consistence should be that of thick gruel2 indeed1 his motion1 if healthy1 ought to be somewhat of the color 7but a little more orange-tinted7 and of the consistence of mustard made for the table2 it should be nearly1 if not quite1 devoid of smell2 it ought to have a faint and peculiar1 but not a strong disagreeable odor4 ,if it has a strong and disagreeable smell1 the child is not well1 and the case should be investigated1 more especially if there be either curds or lumps in the motions2 these latter symptoms denote that the food has not been properly digested4 ,now1 suppose a child should have a slight bowel complaint--that is to say1 that he has six or eight motions during the twenty-four hours1--and that the stools are of a thinner consistence than what ,i have described1--provided1 at the same time1 that he is not griped1 that he has no pain1 and has not lost his desire for the breast3 ,what ought to be done8 ,nothing4 ,a slight looseness of the bowels should never be interfered with1--it is often an effort of nature to relieve itself of some vitiated motion that wanted a vent--or to act as a diversion1 by relieving the irritation of the gums4 ,even if he be not cutting his teeth1 he may be 8breeding0 them1 that is to say1 the teeth may be forming in his gums1 and may cause almost as much irritation as though he were actually cutting them4 ,hence1 you see the immense good a slight 8looseness of the bowels0 may cause4 ,i think that ,i have now proved to you the danger of interfering in such a case1 and that ,i have shown you the folly and the mischief of at once giving astringents--such as ,godfrey's ,cordial1 ,dalby's ,carminative1 etc4--to relieve a slight relaxation4 ,a moderate 8looseness of the bowels10 then1 is often a safety-valve1 and you may with as much propriety close the safety-valve of a steam engine as stop a moderate 8looseness of the bowels60 ,now1 if the infant1 instead of having from three to six motions1 should have more than double the latter number2 if they be more watery2 if they become slimy and green1 or green in part and curdled2 if they should have an unpleasant smell2 if he be sick1 cross1 restless1 fidgety1 and poorly2 if every time he has a motion he be griped and in pain1 we should then say that he is laboring under diarrha2 then1 it will be necessary to give a little medicine1 which ,i will indicate in a subsequent ,conversation4 ,should there be both blood and slime mixed with the stool1 the case becomes more serious2 still1 with proper care1 relief can generally be quickly obtained4 ,if the evacuations--instead of being stool--are merely blood and slime1 and the child strain frequently and violently1 endeavoring thus1 but in vain1 to relieve himself1 crying at each effort1 the case assumes the character of dysentery4#age ,if there be a mixture of blood1 slime1 and stool from the bowels1 the case would be called dysenteric diarrha4 ,this latter case requires great skill and judgment on the part of a medical man1 and great attention and implicit obedience from the mother and the nurse4 ,i merely mention these diseases in order to warn you of their importance1 and of the necessity of strictly attending to a doctor's orders4 #aja4 ,what are the causes of ,diarrha--8,looseness of the bowels80 ,improper food2 over-feeding2 teething2 cold2 the mother's milk from various causes disagreeing1 namely1 from her being out of health1 from her eating unsuitable food1 from her taking improper and drastic purgatives1 or from her suckling her child when she is pregnant4 ,of course1 if any of these causes are in operation1 they ought1 if possible1 to be remedied1 or medicine to the babe will be of little avail4 #ajb4 ,what is the treatment of ,diarrha8 ,what to do4--,if the case be slight1 and has lasted two or three days 7do not interfere by giving medicine at first71 and if the cause1 as it probably is1 be some acidity or vitiated stool that wants a vent1 and thus endeavors to obtain one by purging1 the best treatment is to assist nature by giving either a dose of castor oil or a moderate one of rhubarb and magnesia1#agf and thus to work off the enemy4 ,after the enemy has been worked off1 either by the castor oil or by the magnesia and rhubarb1 the purging will1 in all probability1 cease2 but if the relaxation still continue1 that is to say1 for three or four days1--then1 if medical advice cannot be procured1 the following mixture should be given3 ,take of--,compound ,powdered ,chalk with ,opium1 ten grains2 ,oil of ,dill1 five drops2 ,simple ,syrup1 three drachms2 ,water1 nine drachms3 ,make a ,mixture4#agg ,half a teaspoonful to be given to an infant of six months and under1 and one teaspoonful to a child above that age1 every four hours--first shaking the bottle4 ,the baby ought1 for a few days1 to be kept entirely to the breast4 ,the mother should be most particular in her own diet4 ,what ,,not to do4--,the mother must neither take greens1 nor cabbage1 nor raw fruit1 nor pastry1 nor beer2 indeed1 while the diarrha of her babe continues1 she had better abstain from wine1 as well as from fermented liquors4 ,the child1 if at the breast1 ought not1 while the diarrha continues1 to have any artificial food4 ,he must neither be dosed with gray powder 7a favorite but highly improper remedy in these cases71 nor with any quack medicines1 such as ,dalby's ,carminative or ,godfrey's ,cordial4 #ajc4 ,what are the symptoms of ,dysentery8 ,dysentery frequently arises from a neglected diarrha4 ,it is more dangerous than diarrha1 as it is of an inflammatory character2 and as1 unfortunately1 it frequently attacks a delicate child1 requires skillful handling3 hence the care and experience required in treating a case of dysentery4 ,well1 then1 what are the symptoms8 ,the infant1 in all probability1 has had an attack of diarrha--bowel complaint as it is called--for several days2 he having had a dozen or two of motions1 many of them slimy and frothy1 like 8frog-spawn10 during the twenty-four hours4 ,suddenly the character of the motion changes1--from being principally stool1 it becomes almost entirely blood and mucus2 he is dreadfully griped1 which causes him to strain violently1 as though his inside would come away every time he has a motion1--screaming and twisting about1 evidently being in the greatest pain1 drawing his legs up to his belly and writhing in agony4 ,sickness and vomiting are always present1 which still more robs him of his little remaining strength1 and prevents the repair of his system4 ,now1 look at his face6 ,it is the very picture of distress4 ,suppose he has been a plump1 healthy little fellow1 you will see his face1 in a few days1 become old-looking1 care-worn1 haggard1 and pinched4 ,day and night the enemy tracks him 7unless proper remedies be administered72 no sleep1 or1 if he sleep1 he is every few minutes roused4 ,it is heart-rending to have to attend a bad case of dysentery in a child1--the writhing1 the screaming1 the frequent vomiting1 the pitiful look1 the rapid wasting and exhaustion1 make it more distressing to witness than almost any other disease a doctor attends4 #ajd4 ,can anything be done to relieve such a case8 ,yes4 ,a judicious medical man will do a great deal4 ,but1 suppose that you are not able to procure one1 ,i will tell you what to do and what ,,not to do4 ,what to do4--,if the child be at the breast1 keep him to it1 and let him have nothing else1 for dysentery is frequently caused by improper feeding4 ,if your milk be not good1 or it be scanty1 instantly procure a healthy wet-nurse4 ,lose not a moment2 for in dysentery moments are precious4 ,but1 suppose that you have no milk1 and that no wet-nurse can be procured3 what then8 ,feed him entirely on cow's milk--the milk of one healthy cow2 let the milk be unboiled1 and be fresh from the cow4 ,give it in small quantities at a time1 and frequently1 so that it may be retained on the stomach4 ,if a tablespoonful of the milk make him sick1 give him a dessertspoonful2 if a dessertspoonful cause sickness1 let him only have a teaspoonful at a time1 and let it be repeated every quarter of an hour4 ,but remember1 in such a case the breast-milk--the breast milk alone--is incomparably superior to any other milk or to any other food whatever4 ,if he be a year old and weaned1 then feed him1 as above recommended1 on the cow's milk4 ,if there be extreme exhaustion and debility1 let fifteen drops of brandy be added to each tablespoonful of new milk1 and let it be given every half hour4 ,now with regard to medicine4 ,i approach this part of the treatment with some degree of reluctance--for dysentery is a case requiring opium1 and opium ,i never like a mother of her own accord to administer4 ,but suppose a medical man cannot be procured in time1 the mother must then prescribe or the child will die6 ,what then is to be done8 ,sir ,charles ,locock considers 8that in severe dysentery1 especially where there is sickness1 there is no remedy equal to pure calomel1 in a full dose1 without opium40#agh ,therefore1 at the very onset of the disease1 let from three to five grains 7according to the age of the patient7 of calomel1 mixed with an equal quantity of powdered white sugar1 be put dry on the tongue4 ,in three hours after let the following mixture be administered3 ,take of--,compound ,ipecacuanha ,powder1 five grains2 ,ipecacuanha ,wine1 half a drachm2 ,simple ,syrup1 three drachms2 ,cinnamon ,water1 nine drachms3 ,to make a ,mixture4#agi ,a teaspoonful to be given every three or four hours1 first well shaking the bottle4 ,supposing he cannot retain the mixture--the stomach rejecting it as soon as swallowed--what then8 ,give the opium1 mixed with small doses of mercury with chalk and sugar1 in the form of powder1 and put one of the powders dry on the tongue every three hours3 ,take of--,powdered ,opium1 half a grain2 ,mercury with ,chalk1 nine grains2 ,sugar of ,milk1 twenty-four grains3 ,mix well in a mortar1 and divide into twelve powders4 ,now1 suppose the dysentery has for several days persisted1 and that1 during that time1 nothing but mucus and blood--that no real stool--has come from the bowels1 then a combination of castor oil and opium#ahj ought1 instead of the medicine recommended above1 to be given4 ,take of--,mixture of ,acacia1 three drachms2 ,simple ,syrup1 three drachms2 ,tincture of ,opium1 ten drops 7not minims72 ,castor ,oil1 two drachms2 ,cinnamon ,water1 four drachms3 ,make a ,mixture4 ,a teaspoonful to be taken every four hours1 first well shaking the bottle4 ,a warm bath1 at the commencement of the disease1 is very efficacious2 but it must be given at the commencement4 ,if he has had dysentery for a day or two1 he will be too weak to have a warm bath2 then1 instead of the bath1 try the following3 ,wrap him in a blanket which has been previously wrung out of hot water1 over which envelop him in a dry blanket4 ,keep him in this hot1 damp blanket for half an hour2 then take him out1 put on his night-gown and place him in bed1 which has been1 if it be winter time1 previously warmed4 ,the above 8blanket treatment0 will frequently give great relief1 and will sometimes cause him to fall into a sweet sleep4 ,a flannel bag filled with hot powdered table salt1 made hot in the oven1 applied to the bowels1 will afford much comfort4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not give aperients1 unless it be1 as before advised1 the castor oil guarded with the opium2 do not stuff him with artificial food2 do not fail to send for a judicious and an experienced medical man2 for1 remember1 it requires a skillful doctor to treat a case of dysentery1 more especially in a child4 #aje4 ,what are the symptoms1 the causes1 and the treatment of ,nettle-rash8 ,nettle-rash consists of several irregular raised wheals1 red at the base and white on the summit1 on different parts of the body2 but it seldom attacks the face4 ,it is not contagious1 and it may occur at all ages and many times4 ,it comes and goes1 remaining only a short time in a place4 ,it puts on very much the appearance of the child having been stung by nettles--hence its name4 ,it produces great heat1 itching1 and irritation1 sometimes to such a degree as to make him feverish1 sick1 and fretful4 ,he is generally worse when he is warm in bed1 or when the surface of his body is suddenly exposed to the air4 ,rubbing the skin1 too1 always aggravates the itching and the tingling1 and brings out a fresh crop4 ,the cause of nettle-rash may commonly be traced to improper feeding2 although1 occasionally1 it proceeds from teething4 ,what to do4--,it is a complaint of no danger1 and readily gives way to a mild aperient1 and to attention to diet4 ,there is nothing better to relieve the irritation of the skin than a warm bath4 ,if it be a severe attack of nettle-rash1 by all means call in a medical man4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not apply cold applications to his skin1 and do not wash him 7while the rash is out7 in quite cold water4 ,do not allow him to be in a draught1 but let him be in a well-ventilated room4 ,if he be old enough to eat meat1 keep it from him for a few days1 and let him live on milk and farinaceous diet4 ,avoid strong purgatives1 and calomel1 and gray powder4 #ajf4 ,what are the symptoms and the treatment of ,red-gum8 ,red-gum1 tooth-rash1 red-gown1 is usually owing to irritation from teething2 not always from the cutting1 but from the evolution1 the 8breeding10 of the teeth4 ,it is also sometimes owing to unhealthy stools irritating the bowels1 and showing itself1 by sympathy1 on the skin4 ,red-gum consists of several small papul1 or pimples1 about the size of pins' heads1 and may be known from measles--the only disease for which it is at all likely to be mistaken--by its being unattended by symptoms of cold1 such as sneezing1 running1 and redness of the eyes1 etc41 and by the patches not assuming a crescentic1 half-moon shape2 red-gum1 in short1 may readily be known by the child's health being unaffected1 unless1 indeed1 there be a great crop of pimples2 then there will be slight feverishness4 ,what to do4--,little need be done4 ,if there be a good deal of irritation1 a mild aperient should be given4 ,the child ought to be kept moderately but not very warm4 ,what ,,not to do4--,draughts of air1 or cold1 should be carefully avoided2 as1 by sending the eruption suddenly in1 either convulsions or disordered bowels might be produced4 ,do not dose him with gray powder4 #ajg4 ,how would you prevent 8,stuffing of the nose0 in a new-born babe8 ,rubbing a little tallow on the bridge of the nose is the old-fashioned remedy1 and answers the purpose4 ,it ought to be applied every evening just before putting him to bed4 ,if the 8stuffing0 be severe1 dip a sponge in hot water1 as hot as he can comfortably bear2 ascertain that it be not too hot1 by previously applying it to your own face1 and then put it for a few minutes to the bridge of his nose4 ,as soon as the hard mucus is within reach1 it should be carefully removed4 #ajh4 ,do you consider sickness injurious to an infant8 ,many thriving babies are1 after taking the breast1 frequently sick2 still we cannot look upon sickness otherwise than as an index of either a disordered or of an overloaded stomach4 ,if the child be sick1 and yet be thriving1 it is a proof that he overloads his stomach4 ,a mother1 then1 must not allow him to suck so much at a time4 ,she should1 until he retains all he takes1 lessen the quantity of milk4 ,if he be sick and does not thrive1 the mother should notice if the milk he throws up has a sour smell2 if it has1 she must first of all look to her own health2 she ought to ascertain if her own stomach be out of order2 for if such be the case1 it is impossible for her to make good milk4 ,she should observe whether1 in the morning1 her own tongue be furred and dry2 whether she have a disagreeable taste in her mouth1 or pains at her stomach1 or heartburn1 or flatulence4 ,if she have all1 or any of these symptoms1 the mystery is explained why he is sick and does not thrive4 ,she ought then to seek advice1 and a medical man will soon put her stomach into good order2 and1 by so doing1 will1 at the same time1 benefit the child4 ,but if the mother be in the enjoyment of good health1 she must then look to the babe herself1 and ascertain if he be cutting his teeth2 if the gums require lancing2 if the secretions from the bowels be proper both in quantity and in quality2 and1 if he have had artificial food--it being absolutely necessary to give such food--whether it agree with him4 ,what to do4--,in the first place1 if the gums are red1 hot1 and swollen1 let them be lanced2 in the second1 if the secretions from the bowels are either unhealthy or scanty1 give him a dose of aperient medicine1 such as castor oil1 or the following3 ,take two or three grains of powdered ,turkey rhubarb1 three grains of pure carbonate of magnesia1 and one grain of aromatic powder4 ,mix4 ,the powder to be taken at bedtime1 mixed in a teaspoonful of sugar and water1 and which should1 if necessary1 be repeated the following night4 ,in the third place1 if the food he be taking does not agree with him1 change it 7vide answer to question #cc74 ,give it in smaller quantities at a time1 and not so frequently2 or1 what will be better still1 if it be possible1 keep him1 for awhile1 entirely to the breast4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not let him overload his stomach either with breast-milk or with artificial food4 ,let the mother avoid1 until his sickness be relieved1 greens1 cabbage1 and all other green vegetables4 #aji4 ,what are the causes1 the symptoms1 the prevention1 and the cure of ,thrush8 ,the thrush is a frequent disease of an infant1 and is often brought on either by stuffing him or by giving him improper food4 ,a child brought up entirely1 for the first three or four months1 on the breast1 seldom suffers from this complaint4 ,the thrush consists of several irregular1 roundish1 white specks on the lips1 the tongue1 the inside and the angles of the mouth1 giving the parts affected the appearance of curds and whey having been smeared upon them4 ,the mouth is hot and painful1 and he is afraid to suck3 the moment the nipple is put into his mouth he begins to cry4 ,the thrush sometimes1 although but rarely1 runs through the whole of the alimentary canal4 ,it should be borne in mind that nearly every child who is sucking has his or her tongue white or 8frosted0 as it is sometimes called4 ,the thrush may be mild or very severe4 ,now with regard to ,what to do4--,as the thrush is generally owing to improper and to artificial feeding1 if the child be at the breast1 keep him1 for a time1 entirely to it4 ,do not let him be always sucking1 as that will not only fret his mouth1 but will likewise irritate and make sore the mother's nipple4 ,if he be not at the breast1 but has been weaned1 then keep him for a few days entirely to a milk diet--to the milk of ,,one cow--either boiled1 if it be hot weather1 to keep it sweet2 or unboiled1 in cool weather--fresh as it comes from the cow4 ,the best medicine is the old-fashioned one of borax1 a combination of powdered lump sugar and borax being a good one for the purpose3 the powdered lump sugar increases the efficacy and the cleansing properties of the borax2 it tends1 moreover1 to make it more palatable3 ,take of--,biborate of ,soda1 half a drachm2 ,lump sugar1 two scruples3 ,to be well mixed together1 and made into twelve powders4 ,one of the powders to be put dry on the tongue every four hours4 ,the best local remedy is honey of borax1 which ought to be smeared frequently1 by means of the finger1 on the parts affected4 ,thorough ventilation of the apartment must be observed2 and great cleanliness of the vessels containing the milk should be insisted upon4 ,in a bad case of thrush1 change of air to the country is most desirable2 the effect is sometimes1 in such cases1 truly magical4 ,if the thrush be brought on either by too much or by improper food1 in the first case1 of course1 a mother must lessen the quantity2 and1 in the second1 she should be more careful in her selection4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not use either a calf's teat or wash-leather for the feeding-bottle2 fortunately1 since the invention of india-rubber teats1 they are now nearly exploded2 they were1 in olden times1 fruitful causes of thrush4 ,do not mind the trouble of ascertaining that the cooking-vessels connected with the baby's food are perfectly clean and sweet4 ,do not leave the purity and the goodness of the cow's milk 7it being absolutely necessary to feed him on artificial food7 to be judged either by the milkman or by the nurse1 but taste and prove it yourself4 ,do not keep the milk in a warm place1 but either in the dairy or in the cellar2 and1 if it be summer time1 let the jug holding the milk be put in a crock containing lumps of ice4 ,do not use milk that has been milked longer than twelve hours1 but1 if practicable1 have it milked direct from the cow1 and use it immediately--let it be really and truly fresh and genuine milk4 ,when the disease is severe1 it may require more active treatment--such as a dose of calomel2 which medicine must never be given1 unless it be either under the direction of a medical man1 or unless it be in an extreme case1--such as dysentery2#aha therefore1 the mother had better seek advice4 ,in a severe case of thrush1 where the complaint has been brought on by artificial feeding--the babe not having the advantage of the mother's milk--it is really surprising how rapidly a wet-nurse--if the case has not been too long deferred--will effect a cure1 where all other means have been tried and have failed4 ,the effect has been truly magical6 ,in a severe case of thrush1 pure air and thorough ventilation are essential to recovery4 #aaj4 ,is anything to be learned from the cry of an infant8 ,there is a language in the cry of an infant which a thoughtful medical man can well interpret4 ,the cry of hunger1 for instance1 is very characteristic1--it is unaccompanied with tears1 and is a wailing cry2 the cry of teething1 is a fretful cry2 the cry of earache is short1 sharp1 piercing1 and decisive1 the head being moved about from side to side1 and the little hand being often put up to the affected side of the head2 the cry of bowelache is also expressive1--the cry is not so piercing as from earache1 and is an interrupted1 straining cry1 accompanied with a drawing up of the legs to the belly2 the cry of bronchitis is a gruff and phlegmatic cry2 the cry of inflammation of the lungs is more a moan than a cry2 the cry of croup is hoarse1 and rough1 and ringing1 and is so characteristic that it may truly be called 8the croupy cry10 moreover1 he breathes as though he breathed through muslin2 the cry of inflammation of the membranes of the brain is a piercing shriek--a danger signal--most painful to hear2 the cry of a child recovering from a severe illness is a cross1 and wayward1 and tearful cry2 he may truly be said to be in a quarrelsome mood2 he bursts out without rhyme or reason into a passionate flood of tears2 tears are always1 in a severe illness1 to be looked upon as a good omen1 as a sign of amendment3 tears1 when a child is dangerously ill1 are rarely if ever seen2 a cry at night1 for light--a frequent cause of a babe crying--is a restless cry3 8,an infant crying in the night3 ,an infant crying for the light3 ,and with no language but a cry40#ahb #aaa4 ,if an infant be delicate1 have you any objection to his having either veal or mutton broth to strengthen him8 ,broths seldom agree with a babe at the breast4 ,i have known them produce sickness1 disorder the bowels1 and create fever4 ,i recommend you1 therefore1 not to make the attempt4 ,although broth and beef-tea1 when taken by the mouth1 will seldom agree with an infant at the breast1 yet1 when used as an enema1 and in small quantities1 so that they may be retained1 ,i have frequently found them to be of great benefit3 they have1 in some instances1 appeared to have snatched delicate children from the brink of the grave4 #aab4 ,my babe's ankles are very weak3 what do you advise to strengthen them8 ,if his ankles be weak1 let them every morning be bathed1 after the completion of his morning's ablution1 for five minutes each time1 with bay salt and water1 a small handful of bay salt dissolved in a quart of rain water 7with the chill of the water taken off in the winter1 and of its proper temperature in the summer time72 then let them be dried2 after the drying1 let the ankles be well rubbed with the following liniment3 ,take of--,oil of ,rosemary1 three drachms2 ,liniment of ,camphor1 thirteen drachms3 ,to make a ,liniment4 ,do not let him be put on his feet early2 but allow him to crawl1 and sprawl1 and kick about the floor1 until his ankles become strong4 ,do not1 on any account1 without having competent advice on the subject1 use iron instruments or mechanical supports of any kind3 the ankles are generally1 by such artificial supports1 made worse1 in consequence of the pressure causing a further dwindling away and enfeebling of the ligaments of the ankles1 already wasted and weakened4 ,let him wear shoes1 with straps over the insteps to keep them on1 and not boots3 boots will only1 by wasting the ligaments1 increase the weakness of the ankles4 #aac4 ,sometimes there is a difficulty in restraining the bleeding of leech-bites4 ,what is the best method8 ,the difficulty in these cases generally arises from the improper method of performing it4 ,for example--a mother endeavors to stop the hemorrhage by loading the part with rag2 the more the bites discharge1 the more rag she applies4 ,at the same time1 the child probably is in a room with a large fire1 with two or three candles1 with the doors closed1 and with perhaps a dozen people in the apartment1 whom the mother has1 in her fright1 sent for4 ,this practice is strongly reprehensible4 ,if the bleeding cannot be stopped1--in the first place1 the fire must be extinguished1 the door and windows should be thrown open1 and the room ought to be cleared of persons1 with the exception of one1 or1 at the most1 two2 and every rag should be removed4 8,stopping of leech-bites4--,the simplest and most certain way1 till the proper assistance is obtained1 is the pressure of the finger1 with nothing intervening4 ,it cannot bleed through that40#ahc ,many babies have lost their lives by excessive loss of blood from leech-bites1 from a mother not knowing how to act1 and also from the medical man either living at a distance1 or not being at hand4 ,fortunately for the infantile community1 leeches are now very seldom ordered by doctors4 #aad4 ,supposing a baby to be poorly1 have you any advice to give to his mother as to her own management8 ,she must endeavor to calm her feelings1 or her milk will be disordered1 and she will thus materially increase his illness4 ,if he be laboring under any inflammatory disorder1 she ought to refrain from the taking of beer1 wine1 and spirits1 and from all stimulating food2 otherwise1 she will feed his disease4 ,before concluding the first part of my subject--the ,management of ,infancy--let me again urge upon you the importance--the paramount importance--if you wish your babe to be strong and hearty1--of giving him as little opening physic as possible4 ,the best physic for him is ,nature's physic--fresh air and exercise and simplicity of living4 ,a mother who is herself always drugging her child1 can only do good to two persons--the doctor and the druggist6 ,if an infant from his birth be properly managed1--if he has an abundance of fresh air for his lungs1--if he has plenty of exercise for his muscles 7by allowing him to kick and sprawl on the floor71--if he has a good swilling and sousing of water for his skin1--if1 during the early months of his life1 he has nothing but the mother's milk for his stomach1--he will require very little medicine--the less the better6 ,he does not want his stomach to be made into a doctor's shop6 ,the grand thing is not to take every opportunity of administering physic1 but of using every means of withholding it6 ,and if physic be necessary1 not to doctor him yourself1 unless it be in extreme and urgent cases 7which in preceding and succeeding ,conversations ,i either have or will indicate71 but to employ an experienced medical man4 ,a babe who is always1 without rhyme or reason1 being physicked1 is sure to be puny1 delicate1 and unhealthy1 and is ready1 at any moment1 to drop into an untimely grave6 ,,concluding ,,remarks ,,on ,,infancy4 #aae4 ,in concluding the first part of our subject--,infancy--,i beg to remark4 ,there are four things essentially necessary to an infant's well-doing1 namely1 7#a7 plenty of water for the skin2 7#b7 plenty of milk for the stomach2 7#c7 plenty of fresh air for the lungs2 7#d7 plenty of sleep for the brain3 these are the four grand essentials for a babe2 without an abundance of each and all of them1 perfect health is utterly impossible6 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,childhood4 ,household treasures6 household treasures6 ,are they jewels rich and rare2 ,or gems of rarest workmanship2 ,or gold and silver ware8 ,ask the mother as she gazes ,on her little ones at play3 ,household treasures6 household treasures6 ,happy children--ye are they4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,carpenter4 ,,ablution4 #aaf4 ,at twelve months old1 do you still recommend a child to be ,,put ,,in ,,his ,,tub to be washed8 ,certainly ,i do1 as ,i have previously recommended at page #af1 in order that his skin may be well and thoroughly cleansed4 ,if it be summer time1 the water should be used cold2 if it be winter1 a dash of warm must be added1 so that it may be of the temperature of new milk2 but do not1 on any account1 use very warm water4 ,the head must be washed 7but not dried7 before he be placed in his tub2 then1 putting him in the tub 7containing the necessary quantity of water1 and washing him as previously recommended71#ahd a large sponge should be filled with the water and squeezed over the head1 so that the water may stream over the whole surface of the body4 ,a jugful of cold water should1 just before taking him out of his bath1 be poured over and down his loins2 all this ought rapidly to be done1 and he must be quickly dried with soft towels1 and then expeditiously dressed4 ,for the washing of your child ,i would recommend you to use ,castile soap in preference to any other3 it is more pure1 and less irritating1 and hence does not injure the texture of the skin4 ,take care that the soap does not get into his eyes1 or it might produce irritation and smarting4 #aag4 ,some mothers object to a child's ,,standing in the water4 ,if the head be wetted before he be placed in the tub1 and if he be washed as above directed1 there can be no valid objection to it4 ,he must not be allowed to remain in the tub more than five minutes4 #aah4 ,does not washing the child's head1 every morning1 make him more liable to catch cold1 and does it not tend to weaken his sight8 ,it does neither the one nor the other2 on the contrary1 it prevents cold1 and strengthens the sight2 it cleanses the scalp1 prevents scurf1 and1 by that means1 causes a more beautiful head of hair4 ,the head1 after each washing1 ought to be well brushed with a soft brush1 but should not be combed4 ,the brushing causes a healthy circulation of the scalp4 #aai4 ,if the head1 notwithstanding the washing1 be scurfy1 what should be done8 ,after the head has been well dried1 let a little cocoanut oil be well rubbed1 for five minutes each time1 into the roots of the hair1 and1 afterward1 let the head be well brushed1 but not combed4 ,the fine-tooth comb will cause a greater accumulation of scurf1 and will scratch and injure the scalp4 #abj4 ,do you recommend a child to be washed ,,in ,,his ,,tub every night and morning8 ,no2 once a day is quite sufficient2 in the morning in preference to the evening2 unless he be poorly1 then1 evening instead of morning2 as1 immediately after he has been washed and dried1 he can be put to bed4 #aba4 ,ought a child to be placed in his tub while he is in a state of perspiration8 ,not while he is perspiring violently1 or the perspiration might be checked suddenly1 and ill consequences would ensue2 nor ought he to be put in his tub when he is cold1 or his blood would be chilled1 and would be sent from the skin to some internal vital part1 and thus would be likely to light up inflammation--probably of the lungs4 ,his skin1 when he is placed in his bath1 ought to be moderately and comfortably warm2 neither too hot nor too cold4 #abb4 ,when the child is a year old1 do you recommend cold or warm water to be used8 ,if it be winter1 a little warm water ought to be added1 so as to raise the temperature to that of new milk4 ,as the summer advances1 less and less warm water is required1 so that1 at length1 none is needed4 #abc4 ,if a child be delicate1 do you recommend anything to be added to the water which may tend to brace and strengthen him8 ,either a handful of table salt or half a handful of bay salt should be previously dissolved in a quart jug--of cold water2 then1 just before taking the child out of his morning bath1 let the above be poured over and down the back and loins of the child--holding the jug1 while pouring its contents on the back1 twelve inches from the child1 in order that it might act as a kind of douche bath4 #abd4 ,do you recommend the child1 after he has been dried with the towel1 to be rubbed with the hand8 ,i do2 as friction encourages the cutaneous circulation1 and causes the skin to perform its functions properly1 thus preventing the perspiration 7which is one of the impurities of the body7 from being sent inwardly either to the lungs or to other parts4 ,the back1 the chest1 the bowels1 and the limbs are the parts that ought to be well rubbed4 ,,clothing4 #abe4 ,have you any remarks to make on the clothing of a child8 ,children--boys and girls--especially if they be delicate1 ought always to wear high dresses up to their necks4 ,the exposure of the upper part of the chest 7if the child be weakly7 is dangerous4 ,it is in the upper part of the lungs1 in the region of the collar bones1 that consumption first shows itself4 ,the clothing of a child1 more especially about the chest1 should be large and full in every part1 and be free from tight strings1 so that the circulation of the blood may not be impeded1 and that there may be plenty of room for the full development of the rapidly growing body4 ,his frock or tunic ought to be of woolen material--warm1 light1 and porous1 in order that the perspiration may rapidly evaporate4 ,the practice of some mothers in allowing their children to wear tight bands round their waists1 and tight clothes1 is truly reprehensible4 ,tight bands or tight belts around the waist of a child are very injurious to health2 they crib in the chest1 and thus interfere with the rising and the falling of the ribs--so essential to breathing4 ,tight hats ought never to be worn2 by interfering with the circulation they cause headaches4 ,nature delights in freedom1 and resents interference6 #abf4 ,what parts of the body in particular ought to be kept warm8 ,the chest1 the bowels1 and the feet should be kept comfortably warm4 ,we must guard against an opposite extreme1 and not keep them too hot4 ,the head alone should be kept cool1 on which account ,i do not approve either of night or of day caps4 #abg4 ,what are the best kinds of hat for a child8 ,the best covering for the head1 when he is out and about1 is a loose-fitting straw hat1 which will allow the perspiration to escape4 ,it should have a broad brim1 to screen the eyes4 ,a sunshade1 that is to say1 a sea-side hat--a hat made of cotton1 with a wide brim to keep off the sun--is also an excellent hat for a child2 it is very light1 and allows a free escape of the perspiration4 ,it can be bought1 ready made1 at a baby-linen warehouse4 ,a knitted or crocheted woolen hat1 with woolen rosettes to keep the ears warm1 and which may be procured at any baby-linen warehouse1 makes a nice and comfortable winter's hat for a child4 ,it is also a good hat for him to wear while performing a long journey4 ,the color chosen is generally scarlet and white1 which1 in cold weather1 gives it a warm and comfortable appearance4 ,it is an abominable practice to cover a child's head either with beaver or with felt1 or with any thick1 impervious material4 ,it is a well-ascertained fact1 that both beaver and silk hats cause men to suffer from headache1 and to lose their hair--the reason being that the perspiration cannot possibly escape through them4 ,now1 if the perspiration cannot escape1 dangerous1 or at all events injurious1 consequences must ensue1 as it is well known that the skin is a breathing apparatus1 and that it will not with impunity bear interference4 ,neither a child nor any one else should be permitted to be in the glare of the sun without his hat4 ,if he be allowed1 he is likely to have a sun-stroke1 which might either at once kill him1 or might make him an idiot for the remainder of his life1 which latter would be the worse alternative of the two4 #abh4 ,have you any remarks to make on keeping a child's hands and legs warm when1 in the winter time1 he is carried out8 ,when a child either walks or is carried out in wintry weather1 be sure and see that both his hands and legs are well protected from the cold4 ,there is nothing for this purpose like woolen gloves1 and woolen stockings coming up over the knees4 #abi4 ,do you approve of a child wearing a flannel night-gown8 ,he frequently throws the clothes off him1 and has occasion to be taken up in the night1 and if he has not a flannel gown on is likely to catch cold2 on which account ,i recommend it to be worn4 ,the usual calico night-gown should be worn under it4 #acj4 ,do you advise a child to be ,,lightly clad1 in order that he may be hardened thereby8 ,i should fear that such a plan1 instead of hardening1 would be likely to produce a contrary effect4 ,it is an ascertained fact that more children of the poor1 who are thus lightly clad1 die1 than of those who are properly defended from the cold4 ,again1 what holds good with a young plant is equally applicable to a young child2 and we all know that it is ridiculous to think of unnecessarily exposing a tender plant to harden it4 ,if it were thus exposed1 it would wither and die6 #aca4 ,if a child be delicate1 if he has a cold body or a languid circulation1 or if he be predisposed to inflammation of the lungs1 do you approve of his wearing flannel instead of linen shirts8 ,i do2 as flannel tends to keep the body at an equal temperature1 thus obviating the effects of the sudden changes of the weather1 and promotes1 by gentle friction1 the cutaneous circulation1 thus warming the cold body1 and giving an impetus to the languid circulation1 and preventing an undue quantity of blood from being sent to the lungs1 either to light up or to feed inflammation4 ,fine flannel1 of course1 ought to be worn1 which should be changed as frequently as the usual shirts4 ,if a child has had an attack either of bronchitis or of inflammation of the lungs1 or if he has just recovered from scarlet fever1 by all means1 if he has not previously worn flannel1 instantly let him begin to do so1 and let him1 next to the skin1 wear a flannel waistcoat4 ,this is important advice1 and ought not to be disregarded4 ,scarlet flannel is now much used instead of white flannel2 and as scarlet flannel has a more comfortable appearance1 and does not shrink so much in washing1 it may for the white be substituted4 #acb4 ,have you any remarks to make on the shoes and stockings of a child8 and on the right way of cutting the toe-nails8 ,he ought1 during the winter1 to wear lambs' wool stockings that will reach above the knees1 and thick calico drawers that will reach a few inches below the knees2 as it is of the utmost importance to keep the lower extremities comfortably warm4 ,it is really painful to see how many mothers expose the bare legs of their little ones to the frosty air1 even in the depths of winter4 8,tender little children are exposed to the bitterest weather1 with their legs bared in a manner that would inevitably injure the health of strong adults40#ahe ,garters ought not to be worn1 as they impede the circulation1 waste the muscles1 and interfere with walking4 ,the stocking may be secured in its place by means of a loop and tape1 which should be fastened to a part of the dress4 ,let me urge upon you the importance of not allowing your child to wear tight shoes2 they cripple the feet1 causing the joints of the toes1 which ought to have free play1 and which should assist in walking1 to be1 in a manner1 useless2 they produce corns and bunions1 and interfere with the proper circulation of the foot4 ,a shoe ought to be made according to the shape of the foot--rights and lefts are therefore desirable4 ,the toe-part of the shoe must be made broad1 so as to allow plenty of room for the toes to expand1 and that one toe cannot overlap another4 ,be sure1 then1 that there be no pinching and no pressure4 ,in the article of shoes you ought to be particular and liberal2 pay attention to having nicely fitting ones1 and let them be made of soft leather1 and throw them on one side the moment they are too small4 ,it is poor economy1 indeed1 because a pair of shoes be not worn out1 to run the risk of incurring the above evil consequences4 ,shoes are far preferable to boots2 boots weaken instead of strengthen the ankle4 ,the ankle and instep require free play1 and ought not to be hampered by boots4 ,moreover1 boots1 by undue pressure1 decidedly waste away the ligaments of the ankle4 ,boots act on the ankles in a similar way that stays do on the waist--they do mischief by pressure4 ,boots waste away the ligaments of the ankle2 stays waste away the muscles of the back and chest3 and thus1 in both cases1 do irreparable mischief4 ,a shoe for a child ought to be made with a narrow strap over the instep1 and with button and button-hole3 if it be not made in this way1 the shoe will not keep on the foot4 ,it is a grievous state of things that in this nineteenth century there are very few shoemakers in ,england who know how to make a shoe6 ,the shoe is made not to fit the real foot1 but a fashionable imaginary one6 ,let me strongly urge you to be particular that the sock or stocking fits nicely--that it is neither too small nor too large2 if it be too small1 it binds up the toes unmercifully1 and makes one toe to ride over the other1 and thus renders the toes perfectly useless in walking2 if it be too large1 it is necessary to lap a portion of the sock or stocking either under or over the toes1 which thus presses unduly upon them1 and gives pain and annoyance4 ,it should be borne in mind that if the toes have full play1 they1 as it were1 grasp the ground1 and greatly assist in locomotion--which1 of course1 if they are cramped up1 they cannot possibly do4 ,be careful too1 that the toe-part of the sock or stocking be not pointed2 let it be made square1 in order to give room to the toes4 8,at this helpless period of life the delicately feeble1 outspreading toes1 are wedged into a narrow-toed stocking1 often so short as to double in the toes1 diminishing the length of the rapidly-growing foot6 ,it is next1 perhaps1 tightly laced into a boot of less interior dimensions than itself2 when the poor little creature is left to sprawl about with a limping1 stumping gait1 thus learning to walk as it best can1 under circumstances the most cruel and torturing imaginable40#ahf ,it is impossible for either a stocking or a shoe to fit nicely1 unless the toe-nails be kept in proper order4 ,now1 in cutting the toe-nails there is1 as in everything else1 a right and a wrong way4 ,the right way of cutting a toe-nail is to cut it straight--in a straight line4 ,the wrong way is to cut the corners of the nail--to round the nail1 as it is called4 ,this cutting the corners of the nails often makes work for the surgeon1 as ,i myself can testify2 it frequently produces 8growing-in0 of the nail1 which sometimes necessitates the removal of either the nail or of a portion of it4 #acc4 ,at what time of the year should a child leave off his winter clothing8 ,a mother ought not to leave off her children's winter clothing until the spring be far advanced3 it is far better to be on the safe side1 and to allow the winter clothes to be worn until the end of ,may4 ,the old adage is very good1 and should be borne in mind3 8,button to chin ,till ,may be in2 ,ne'er cast a clout ,till ,may be out40 #acd4 ,have you any general remarks to make on the present fashion of dressing children8 ,the present fashion is absurd4 ,children are frequently dressed like mountebanks1 with feathers and furbelows and finery3 the boys go bare-legged2 the little girls are dressed like women1 with their stuck-out petticoats1 crinolines1 and low dresses6 ,their poor little waists are drawn in tight1 so that they can scarcely breathe2 their dresses are very low and short1 the consequence is1 that a great part of the chest is exposed to our variable climate2 their legs are bare down to their thin socks1 or1 if they be clothed1 they are only covered with gossamer drawers2 while their feet are incased in tight shoes of paper thickness6 ,dress6 dress6 dress6 is made with them at a tender age1 and1 when first impressions are the strongest1 a most important consideration4 ,they are thus rendered vain and frivolous1 and are taught to consider dress 8as the one thing needful40 ,and if they live to be women--which the present fashion is likely frequently to prevent--what are they8 ,silly1 simpering1 delicate1 lackadaisical nonentities1--dress being their amusement1 their occupation1 their conversation1 their everything1 their thoughts by day and their dreams by night6 ,let children be dressed as children1 not as men and women4 ,let them be taught that dress is quite a secondary consideration4 ,let health1 and not fashion1 be the first1 and we shall have1 with ,god's blessing1 blooming children1 who will1 in time1 be the pride and strength of dear old ,england6 ,oh that the time may come1 and may not be far distant1 8,that our sons may grow up as the young plants1 and that our daughters may be as the polished corners of the temple40#ahg ,,diet4 #ace4 ,at ,,twelve months old1 have you any objection to a child having any other food besides that you mentioned in answer to the #cdth question8 ,there is no objection to his occasionally having for dinner either a mealy1 mashed potato and gravy1 or a few crumbs of bread and gravy4 ,rice pudding or batter pudding may1 for a change1 be given2 but remember1 the food recommended in a former ,conversation is what1 until he be eighteen months old1 must be principally taken4 ,during the early months of infancy--say1 for the first six or seven--if artificial food be given at all1 it should be administered by means of a feeding-bottle4 ,after that time1 either a spoon or a nursing-boat will be preferable4 ,as he becomes older1 the food ought to be made more solid4 #acf4 ,at ,,eighteen months old1 have you any objection to a child having meat8 ,he ought not to have meat until he has several teeth to chew it with4 ,if he has most of his teeth--which he very likely1 at this age1 will have--there is no objection to his taking a small slice either of mutton or occasionally of roast beef1 which should be well cut into very small pieces1 and mixed with a mealy1 mashed potato1 and a few crumbs of bread and gravy1 either every day1 if he be delicate1 or every other day1 if he be a gross or a fast-feeding child4 ,it may be well1 in the generality of cases1 for the first few months to give him meat every other day1 and either potato and gravy1 or rice or suet-pudding or batter pudding on the alternate days2 indeed1 ,i think so highly of rice1 of suet1 and of batter puddings1 and of other farinaceous puddings1 that ,i should advise you to let him have either the one or the other1 even on those days that he has meat--giving it him after his meat4 ,but remember1 if he have meat and pudding1 the meat ought to be given sparingly4 ,if he be gorged with food1 it makes him irritable1 cross1 and stupid2 at one time1 clogging up the bowels and producing constipation2 at another1 disordering the liver1 and causing either clay-colored stools1 denoting a deficiency of bile1 or dark and offensive motions1 telling of vitiated bile2 while1 in a third case1 cramming him with food might bring on convulsions4 #acg4 ,as you are so partial to puddings for a child1 which do you consider the best for him8 ,he ought1 every day1 to have a pudding for his dinner--either rice1 arrow-root1 sago1 tapioca1 suet-pudding1 batter pudding1 or ,yorkshire-pudding1 mixed with crumbs of bread and gravy--free from grease4 ,a well-boiled suet-pudding1 with plenty of suet in it1 is one of the best puddings he can have2 it is1 in point of fact1 meat and farinaceous food combined1 and is equal to and will oftentimes prevent the giving of cod-liver oil4 ,before cod-liver oil came into vogue1 suet boiled in milk was the remedy for a delicate child2 he may1 occasionally1 have fruit-pudding1 provided the pastry be both plain and light4 ,the objection to fruit pies and puddings is1 that the pastry is often too rich for the delicate stomach of a child3 there is no objection1 certainly not1 to the fruit--cooked fruit being1 for a child1 most wholesome2 if1 therefore1 fruit puddings and pies be eaten1 the pastry part ought to be quite plain4 ,there is1 in 8,murray's ,modern ,cookery ,book10 an excellent suggestion1 which ,i will take the liberty of quoting1 and of strongly urging my fair reader to carry into practice3 8,to prepare fruit for children1 a far more wholesome way than in pies and puddings1 is to put apples sliced1 or plums1 currants1 gooseberries1 etc4 into a stone jar1 and sprinkle among them as much ,lisbon sugar as necessary4 ,set the jar on an oven or on a hearth1 with a teacupful of water to prevent the fruit from burning2 or put the jar into a saucepan of water1 till its contents be perfectly done4 ,slices of bread or some rice may be put into the jar1 to eat with the fruit40 ,jam--such as strawberry1 raspberry1 gooseberry--is most wholesome for a child1 and ought occasionally to be given1 in lieu of sugar1 with the rice1 with the batter1 and with the other puddings4 ,marmalade1 too1 is very wholesome4 ,puddings ought to be given after and not before his meat and vegetables2 if you give him pudding before his meat1 he might refuse to eat meat altogether4 ,by adopting the plan of giving puddings every day1 your child will require less animal food3 much meat is injurious to a young child4 ,but do not run into an opposite extreme3 a little meat ought1 every day1 to be given1 provided he has cut the whole of his first set of teeth2 until then1 meat every other day will be often enough4 #ach4 ,as soon as a child has cut the whole of his first set of teeth1 what ought to be his diet8 ,what should be his breakfast8 ,he can1 then1 have nothing better1 where it agrees1 than scalding-hot new milk poured on sliced bread1 with a slice or two of bread and butter to eat with it4 ,butter1 in moderation1 is nourishing1 fattening1 and wholesome4 ,moreover1 butter tends to keep the bowels regular4 ,these facts should be borne in mind1 as some mothers foolishly keep their children from butter1 declaring it to be too rich for their children's stomachs6 ,new milk should be used in preference either to cream or to skimmed milk4 ,cream1 as a rule1 is too rich for the delicate stomach of a child1 and skim-milk is too poor when robbed of the butter which the cream contains4 ,but give cream and1 water1 where new milk 7as is occasionally the case7 does not agree2 but never give skim-milk4 ,skim-milk 7among other evils7 produces costiveness1 and necessitates the frequent administration of aperients4 ,cream1 on the other hand1 regulates and tends to open the bowels4 ,although1 as a rule1 ,i am not so partial to cream as ,i am to good genuine fresh milk1 yet ,i have found1 in cases of great debility1 more especially where a child is much exhausted by some inflammatory disease1 such as inflammation of the lungs1 the following food most serviceable3 ,beat up1 by means of a fork1 the yolk of an egg1 then mix1 little by little1 half a teacupful of very weak black tea1 sweeten with one lump of sugar1 and add a tablespoonful of cream4 ,let the foregoing1 by teaspoonfuls at a time1 be frequently given4 ,the above food is only to be administered until the exhaustion be removed1 and is not to supersede the milk diet1 which must1 at stated periods1 be given1 as ,i have recommended in answers to previous and subsequent questions4 ,when a child has costive bowels1 there is nothing better for his breakfast than well-made and well-boiled oatmeal stir-about1 which ought to be eaten with milk fresh from the cow4 ,scotch children scarcely take anything else1 and a finer race is not in existence2 and1 as for physic1 many of them do not even know either the taste or the smell of it6 #aci4 ,have you any remarks to make on cow's milk1 as an article of food8 ,cow's milk is a valuable1 indeed1 an indispensable article of diet for children2 it is most nourishing1 wholesome1 and digestible4 ,the finest and the healthiest children are those who1 for the first four or five years of their lives1 are fed principally upon it4 ,milk ought then to be their staple food4 ,no young child1 as a rule1 can live1 or1 if he live1 can be healthy1 unless milk is the staple article of his diet4 ,there is no substitute for milk4 ,to prove the fattening and strengthening qualities of milk1 look only at a young calf who lives on milk1 and on milk alone6 ,he is a ,samson in strength1 and is as fat as butter2 and all young things are fat if they are in health6 ,milk contains every ingredient to build up the body1 which is more than can be said of any other known substance4 ,a child may live entirely1 and become both healthy and strong1 on milk1 and on milk alone1 as it contains every constituent of the human body4 ,a child cannot 8live by bread alone10 but he might on milk alone6 ,milk is animal and vegetable--it is meat and bread--it is a fluid1 but as soon as it reaches the stomach it becomes a solid#ahh--solid food2 it is the most important and valuable article of diet for a child in existence4 ,it is a glorious food for the young1 and must never1 in any case1 be dispensed with4 8,considering that milk contains in itself most of the constituents of a perfect diet1 and is capable of maintaining life in infancy without the aid of any other substance1 it is marvelous that the consumption of it is practically limited to so small a class2 and not only so1 but that in sick-rooms1 where the patient is surrounded with every luxury1 arrow-root1 and other compounds containing much less nutriment1 should so often be preferred to it40#ahi ,do not let me be misunderstood4 ,i do not mean to say but that the mixing of farinaceous food--such as ,lemann's ,biscuit ,powder1 ,robb's ,biscuit1 ,hard's ,farinaceous ,food1 ,brown and ,polson's ,corn ,flour1 and the like1 with the milk1 is an improvement--a great improvement2 but still ,i maintain that a child might live and thrive1 and that for a lengthened period1 on milk--and on milk alone6 ,a dog will live and fatten for six weeks on milk alone6 while he will starve and die in a shorter period on strong beef-tea alone6 ,it is a grievous sin for a milkman to adulterate milk4 ,how many a poor infant has fallen a victim to that crime6--for crime it may truly be called4 ,it is folly in the extreme for a mother to bate a milkman down in the price of his milk2 if she does1 the milk is sure to be either of inferior quality1 or adulterated1 or diluted with water2 and woe betide the poor unfortunate child if it be either the one or the other6 ,the only way to insure good milk is to go to a respectable cow-keeper1 and let him be made to thoroughly understand the importance of your child having genuine milk1 and that you are then willing to pay a fair remunerative price for it4 ,rest assured1 that if you have to pay one penny or even twopence a quart more for genuine milk1 it is one of the best investments that you ever have made1 or that you are ever likely to make1 in this world6 ,cheap and inferior milk might well be called cheap and nasty2 for inferior or adulterated milk is the very essence1 the conglomeration1 of nastiness2 and1 moreover1 is very poisonous to a child's stomach4 ,one and the principal reason why so many children are rickety and scrofulous1 is the horrid stuff called milk that is usually given to them4 ,it is a crying evil1 and demands a thorough investigation and reformation1 and the individual interference of every parent4 ,limited ,liability ,companies are the order of the day2 it would really be not a bad speculation if one was formed in every large town1 in order to insure good1 genuine1 and undiluted milk4 ,young children1 as a rule1 are allowed to eat too much meat4 ,it is a mistaken notion of a mother that they require so much animal food4 ,if more milk were given1 and less meat1 they would be healthier1 and would not be so predisposed to disease1 especially to skin disease4 ,i should strongly recommend you1 then1 to be extravagant in your milk score4 ,each child ought1 in the twenty-four hours1 to take at least a quart of good1 fresh1 new milk4 ,it should1 of course1 be given in various ways1--as bread and milk1 rice puddings1 milk1 and different kinds of farinaceous food1 stir-about1 etc4 etc4 #adj4 ,but suppose my child will not take milk1 he having an aversion to it1 what ought then to be done8 ,boil the milk1 and sweeten it to suit his palate4 ,after he has been accustomed to it for awhile1 he will then1 probably1 like milk4 ,gradually reduce the sugar until at length it be dispensed with4 ,a child will often take milk this way1 whereas he will not otherwise touch it4 ,if a child will not drink milk1 he must eat meat2 it is absolutely necessary that he should have either the one or the other2 and1 if he has cut nearly all his teeth1 he ought to have both meat and milk--the former in moderation1 the latter in abundance4 #ada4 ,supposing milk should not agree with my child1 what must then be done8 ,milk1 either boiled or unboiled1 almost always agrees with a child4 ,if it does not1 it must be looked upon as the exception1 and not the rule4 ,i would1 in such a case1 advise one-eighth of lime-water to be added to seven-eighths of new milk--that is to say1 two tablespoonfuls of lime-water should be mixed with half a pint of new milk4 #adb4 ,can you tell me of a way to prevent milk1 in hot weather1 from turning sour8 ,let the jug of milk be put into a crock containing ice--either in the dairy or in the cellar4 ,the ice should be kept1 wrapped either in flannel or in a blanket1 in a cool place until it be wanted4 #adc4 ,is it necessary to give a child luncheon8 ,if he want anything to eat between breakfast and dinner1 let him have a piece of dry bread2 and if he has eaten very heartily at dinner1 and1 like ,oliver ,twist1 8asks for more60 give him1 to satisfy his craving1 a piece of dry bread4 ,he will never eat more of that than will do him good1 and yet he will take sufficient to satisfy his hunger1 which is very important4 #add4 ,what ought now to be his dinner8 ,he should now have meat1 either mutton or beef1 daily1 which must be cut up very small1 and should be mixed with mealy mashed potato and gravy4 ,he ought always to be accustomed to eat salt with his dinner4 ,let a mother see that this advice is followed1 or evil consequences will inevitably ensue4 ,let him be closely watched1 to ascertain that he well masticates his food1 and that he does not eat too quickly2 for young children are apt to bolt their food4 #ade4 ,have you any objection to pork for a change8 ,i have a great objection to it for the young4 ,it is a rich1 gross1 and therefore unwholesome food for the delicate stomach of a child4 ,i have known it1 in several instances1 produce violent pain1 sickness1 purging1 and convulsions4 ,if a child be fed much upon such meat1 it will be likely to produce 8breakings-out0 on the skin4 ,in fine1 his blood will put on the same character as the food he is fed with4 ,moreover1 pork might be considered a strong meat1 and 8strong meat and strong drink can only be taken by strong men40 #adf4 ,do you approve of veal for a child8 ,my objection to pork was1 that it was rich and gross2 this does not apply to veal2 but the objection to it is1 that it is more difficult of digestion than either mutton or beef4 #adg4 ,do you disapprove of salted and boiled beef for a child8 ,if beef be much salted it is hard of digestion1 and therefore ought not to be given to him2 but if it has been but slightly salted1 then for a change there will be no objection to a little4 ,there is no necessity in the winter time to salt meat intended for boiling2 then1 boiled unsalted meat makes a nice change for a child's dinner4 ,salt1 of course1 must with the unsalted meat be eaten4 #adh4 ,but suppose there is nothing on the table that a child may with impunity eat8 ,he should then have either a grilled mutton-chop1 or a lightly boiled egg2 indeed1 the latter1 at any time1 makes an excellent change4 #adi4 ,are potatoes an unwholesome food for a child8 ,new ones are2 but old potatoes1 well cooked and mealy1 are the best vegetable he can have4 ,they ought to be well mashed1 as ,i have known lumps of potatoes cause convulsions4 #aej4 ,do you approve of any other vegetables for a child8 ,occasionally4 ,either asparagus1 or broccoli1 or cauliflower1 or turnips1 or ,french beans1 which latter should be cut up fine1 may with advantage be given4 #aea4 ,might not a mother be too particular in dieting her child8 ,certainly not4 ,if blood can be too pure and too good she might6 ,when we take into account that the food we eat is converted into blood2 that if the food be good1 the blood is good2 and that if the food be improper or impure1 the blood is impure likewise2 and1 moreover1 when we know that every part of the body is built up by the blood1 we cannot be considered to be too particular in making our selection of food4 ,besides1 if indigestible or improper food be taken into the stomach1 the blood will not only be made impure1 but the stomach and the bowels will be disordered4 ,do not let me be misunderstood3 ,i am no advocate for a child having the same food one day as another--certainly not4 ,let there be variety1 but let it be wholesome variety4 ,variety in a child's 7not in an infant's7 food is necessary4 ,if he were fed1 day after day1 on mutton1 his stomach would at length be brought into that state that in time it would not properly digest any other meat1 and a miserable existence would be the result4 #aeb4 ,what ought a child to drink with his dinner8 ,toast and water1 or1 if he prefer it1 plain spring water4 ,let him have as much as he likes4 ,if you give him water to drink1 there is no fear of his taking too much2 ,nature will tell him when he has had enough4 ,be careful of the quality of the water1 and the source from which you procure it4 ,soft spring water from a moderately deep well is the best4 ,if it come from a land spring1 it is apt1 indeed is almost sure to be contaminated by drains1 etc41 which is a frequent cause of fevers1 of diphtheria1 of ,asiatic cholera1 and of other blood poisons4 ,guard against the drinking water being contaminated with lead2 never1 therefore1 allow the water to be collected in leaden cisterns1 as it sometimes is if the water be obtained from ,water-works' companies4 ,lead pumps1 for the same reason1 ought never to be used for drinking purposes4 ,paralysis1 constipation1 lead colic1 dropping of the wrist1 wasting of the ball of the thumb1 loss of memory and broken and ruined health might result from neglect of this advice4 ,all honor to the man who first invented the ,drinking ,fountain1 and all honor to the mayors and corporations of towns who see that they are kept in good1 efficient working order6 ,the drinking fountains are a great boon to poor children1 as water1 and plenty of it1 is one of the chief necessaries of their very existence3 and1 unfortunately1 at their own homes they are not1 oftentimes1 able to obtain a sufficient supply4 ,moreover1 drinking fountains are the best advocates for temperance4 ,some parents are in the habit of giving their children beer with their dinners1 making them live as they live themselves6 ,this practice is truly absurd1 and fraught with great danger--not only so1 but it is inducing a child to be fond of that which in after-life might be his bane and curse4 ,no good end can be obtained by it2 it will not strengthen so young a child2 it will1 on the contrary1 create fever1 and will thereby weaken him2 it will act injuriously upon his delicate1 nervous1 and vascular systems1 and might be a means of producing inflammation either of the brain or of its membranes1 and might thus cause water on the brain 7a disease to which young children are subject71 or it might induce inflammation of the lungs4 #aec4 ,what ought a child who has cut his teeth to have for his supper8 ,the same that he has for breakfast4 ,he should sup at six o'clock4 #aed4 ,have you any general remarks to make on a child's meals8 ,i recommended a great sameness in an infant's diet2 but a child's meals1 his dinners especially1 ought to be much varied4 ,for instance1 do not let him have1 day after day1 mutton2 but ring the changes on mutton1 beef1 poultry1 game1 and even occasionally fish--sole or cod4 ,not only let there be a change of meat1 but let there be a change in the manner of cooking it3 let the meat sometimes be roasted2 at other times let it be boiled4 ,i have known a mother who has prided herself as being experienced in these matters1 feed her child1 day after day1 on mutton-chops6 ,such a proceeding is most injurious to him1 as after awhile his unfortunate stomach will digest nothing but mutton-chops1 and1 in time1 not even those6 ,with regard to vegetables1 potatoes--mashed potatoes--ought to be his staple vegetable2 but1 every now and then1 cauliflower1 asparagus1 turnips1 and ,french beans should be given4 ,with respect to puddings1 vary them1--rice1 one day2 suet1 another2 batter1 a third2 tapioca1 a fourth2 or1 even occasionally1 he might have either apple or gooseberry or rhubarb-pudding1 provided the pastry be plain and light4 ,it is an excellent plan1 as ,i have before remarked1 to let a child eat jam--such as strawberry1 raspberry1 or gooseberry--and that without stint1 either with rice or with batter puddings4 ,variety of diet1 then1 is good for a child3 it will give him muscle1 bone1 and sinew2 and1 what is very important1 it will tend to regulate his bowels1 and it will thus prevent the necessity of giving him aperients4 ,but do not stuff a child--do not press him1 as is the wont of some mothers1 to eat more than he feels inclined4 ,on the contrary1 if you think that he is eating too much--that he is overloading his stomach--and if he should ask for more1 then1 instead of giving him either more meat or more pudding1 give him a piece of dry bread4 ,by doing so1 you may rest assured that he will not eat more than is absolutely good for him4 #aee4 ,if a child be delicate1 is there any objection to a little wine1 such as cowslip or tent1 to strengthen him8 ,wine ought not to be given to a child unless it be ordered by a medical man3 it is even more injurious than beer4 ,wine1 beer1 and spirits principally owe their strength to the alcohol they contain2 indeed1 nearly all wines are fortified 7as it is called7 with brandy4 ,brandy contains a large quantity of alcohol1 more than any other liquor1 namely1 #ee4c per cent4 ,if1 therefore1 you give wine1 it is1 in point of fact1 giving diluted brandy--diluted alcohol2 and alcohol acts1 unless it be used as a medicine1 and under skillful medical advice1 as a poison to a child4 #aef4 ,suppose a child suddenly to lose his appetite3 is any notice to be taken of it8 ,if he cannot eat well1 depend upon it there is something wrong about the system4 ,if he be teething1 let a mother look well to his gums1 and satisfy herself that they do not require lancing4 ,if they be red1 hot1 and swollen1 send for a medical man1 that he may scarify them4 ,if his gums be not inflamed1 and no tooth appears near1 let her look well to the state of his bowels2 let her ascertain that they be sufficiently opened1 and that the stools be of a proper consistence1 color1 and smell4 ,if they be neither the one nor the other1 give a dose of aperient medicine1 which will generally put all to rights4 ,if the gums be cool1 and the bowels be right1 and his appetite continue bad1 call in medical aid4 ,a child asking for something to eat is frequently1 in a severe illness1 the first favorable symptom2 we may generally then prognosticate that all will soon be well again4 ,if a child refuse his food1 neither coax nor tempt him to eat3 as food without an appetite will do him more harm than it will do him good2 it may produce either sickness1 bowel complaint1 or fever4 ,depend upon it1 there is always a cause for a want of appetite2--perhaps his stomach has been overworked1 and requires repose2 or his bowels are loaded1 and ,nature wishes to take time to use up the old material2--there might be fever lurking in his system2 ,nature stops the supplies1 and thus endeavors1 by not giving it food to work with1 to nip it in the bud2--there might be inflammation2 food would then be improper1 as it would only add fuel to the fire2 let1 therefore1 the cause be either an overworked stomach1 overloaded bowels1 fever1 or inflammation1 food would be injurious4 ,kind ,nature1 if we will but listen to her voice1 will tell us when to eat and when to refrain4 #aeg4 ,when a child is four or five years old1 have you any objection to his drinking tea8 ,some parents are in the habit of giving their children strong 7and frequently green7 tea4 ,this practice is most hurtful4 ,it acts injuriously upon their delicate1 nervous system1 and thus weakens their whole frame4 ,if milk does not agree1 a cup of very weak tea1 that is to say1 water with a dash of black tea in it1 with a tablespoonful of cream1 may be substituted for milk2 but a mother must never give tea where milk agrees4 #aeh4 ,have you any objection to a child occasionally having either cakes or sweetmeats8 ,i consider them as so much slow poison4 ,such things both cloy and weaken the stomach1 and thereby take away the appetite1 and thus debilitate the frame4 ,moreover1 8sweetmeats are colored with poisonous pigments40 ,a mother1 surely1 is not aware that when she is giving her child sugar confectionery she is1 in many cases1 administering a deadly poison to him8 8,we beg to direct the attention of our readers to the ,report of the ,analytical ,sanitary ,commission1 contained in the ,lancet of the present week1#aij on the pigments employed in coloring articles of sugar confectionery4 ,from this report it appears that metallic pigments1 of a highly dangerous and even poisonous character1 containing chromic acid1 lead1 copper1 mercury1 and arsenic1 are commonly used in the coloring of such articles40#aia ,if a child be never allowed to eat cakes and sweetmeats1 he will consider a piece of dry bread a luxury1 and will eat it with the greatest relish4 #aei4 ,is bakers' or is home-made bread the most wholesome for a child8 ,bakers' bread is certainly the lightest2 and1 if we could depend upon its being unadulterated1 would1 from its lightness1 be the most wholesome2 but as we cannot always depend upon bakers' bread1 home-made bread1 as a rule1 should be preferred4 ,if it be at all heavy1 a child must not be allowed to partake of it2 a baker's loaf ought then to be sent for1 and continued to be eaten until light home-made bread can be procured4 ,heavy bread is most indigestible4 ,he must not be allowed to eat bread1 until it be two or three days old4 ,if it be a week old1 in cold weather1 it will be the more wholesome4 #afj4 ,do you approve either of caraway seeds or of currants in bread or in cakes--the former to disperse wind1 the later to open the bowels8 ,there is nothing better than plain bread3 the caraway seeds generally pass through the bowels undigested1 and thus might irritate1 and might produce1 instead of disperse wind4#aib ,some mothers put currants in cakes1 with a view of opening the bowels of their children2 but they only open them by disordering them4 #afa4 ,my child has an antipathy to certain articles of diet3 what would you advise to be done8 ,a child's antipathy to certain articles of diet should be respected3 it is a sin and a shame to force him to eat what he has a great dislike to3 a child1 for instance1 sometimes dislikes the fat of meat1 underdone meat1 the skin off boiled milk and off rice pudding4 ,why should he not have his likes and dislikes as well as 8children of a larger growth80 ,besides1 there is an idiosyncrasy--a peculiarity of the constitution in some children--and ,nature oftentimes especially points out what is good and what is bad for them individually1 and we are not to fly in the face of ,nature4 8,what is one man's meat is another man's poison40 ,if a child be forced to eat what he dislikes1 it will most likely not only make him sick1 but will disorder his stomach and bowels3 food1 if it is really to do him good1 must be eaten by him with a relish1 and not with disgust and aversion4 ,some mothers1 who are strict disciplinarians1 pride themselves on compelling their children to eat whatever they choose to give them6 ,such children are to be pitied6 #afb4 ,when ought a child to commence to dine with his parents8 ,as soon as he be old enough to sit up at the table1 provided the father and mother either dine or lunch in the middle of the day4 8,i always prefer having children about me at meal-times4 ,i think it makes them little gentlemen and gentlewomen in a manner that nothing else will40#aic ,,the ,,nursery4 #afc4 ,have you any remarks to make on the selection1 the ventilation1 the warming1 the temperature1 and the arrangements of a nursery8 and have you any further observations to offer conducive to the well-doing of my child8 ,the nursery ought to be the largest and the most airy room in the house4 ,in the town1 if it be in the topmost story 7provided the apartment be large and airy7 so much the better1 as the air will then be purer4 ,the architect1 in the building of a house1 ought to be particularly directed to pay attention to the space1 the loftiness1 the ventilation1 the light1 the warming1 and the conveniences of a nursery4 ,a bath-room attached to it will be of great importance and benefit to the health of a child4 ,it will1 also1 be advantageous to have a water-closet near at hand1 which should be well supplied with water1 be well drained1 and be well ventilated4 ,if this be not practicable1 the evacuations ought to be removed as soon as they are passed4 ,it is a filthy and an idle habit of a nurse-maid to allow a motion to remain for any length of time in the room4 ,the ,,ventilation of a nursery is of paramount importance4 ,there ought to be a constant supply of fresh1 pure air in the apartment4 ,but how few nurseries have fresh1 pure air8 ,many nurseries are nearly hermetically sealed--the windows are seldom1 if ever1 opened2 the doors are religiously closed2 and1 in the summer time1 the chimneys are carefully stuffed up1 so that a breath of air is not allowed to enter6 ,the consequences are1 the poor unfortunate children 8are poisoned by their own breaths10 and are made so delicate that they are constantly catching cold2 indeed1 it might be said that they are laboring under chronic catarrhs1 all arising from ,nature's laws being set at defiance4 ,the windows ought to be large1 and should be made to freely open both top and bottom4 ,whenever the child is out of the nursery the windows ought to be thrown wide open2 indeed1 when he is in it1 if the weather be fine1 the upper sash should be a little lowered4 ,a child should be encouraged to change the room frequently1 in order that it may be freely ventilated2 for good air is as necessary to his health as wholesome food1 and air cannot be good if it be not frequently changed4 ,if you wish to have a strong and healthy child1 ponder over and follow this advice4 ,i have to enter my protest against the use of a stove in a nursery4 ,i consider a gas stove without a chimney to be an abomination1 most destructive to human life4 ,there is nothing like the old-fashioned open fire-place1 with a good-sized chimney1 so that it may not only carry off the smoke1 but also the impure air of the room4 ,be sure to have a fire-guard around the grate1 and be strict in not allowing your child either to touch or to play with fire2 frightful accidents have occurred from mothers and nurses being on these points lax4 ,the nursery ought to have a large fire-guard1 to go all round the hearth1 and which should be sufficiently high to prevent a child from climbing over4 ,not only must the nursery have a guard1 but every room where he is allowed to go should be furnished with one on the bars4 ,moreover1 it will be necessary to have a guard in every room where a fire is burning1 to protect the ladies1 who1 in accordance with the present fashion1 wear such preposterous crinolines1 and thus to prevent the frightful deaths which are at the present time of such frequent and startling occurrence2 lady-burning is now one of the institutions of our land6 ,a nursery is usually kept too hot2 the temperature in the winter time ought not to exceed #fj degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,a good thermometer should be considered an indispensable requisite to a nursery4 ,a child in a hot1 close nursery is bathed in perspiration2 if he leave the room to go to one of lower temperature1 the pores of his skin are suddenly closed1 and either a severe cold1 or an inflammation of the lungs1 or an attack of bronchitis1 is likely to ensue4 ,moreover1 the child is both weakened and enervated by the heat1 and thus readily falls a prey to disease4 ,a child ought never to be permitted to sit with his back to the fire2 if he be allowed1 it weakens his spine1 and thus his whole frame2 it causes a rush of blood to the head and face1 and predisposes him to catch cold4 ,let a nurse make a point of opening the nursery window every time that she and her little charge leave the nursery1 if their absence be only for half an hour4 ,the mother herself ought to see that this advice is followed1 pure air is so essential to the well-being of a child4 ,pure air and pure water1#aid and1 let me add1 pure milk1 are for a child the grand and principal requirements of health4 ,look well to the ,,drainage of your house and neighborhood4 ,a child is very susceptible to the influence of bad drainage4 ,bad drains are fruitful sources of scarlet fever1 of diphtheria1 of diarrha1 etc4 8,it is sad to be reminded that1 whatever evils threaten the health of a population1 whether from pollutions of water or of air1--whether from bad drainage or overcrowding1 they fall heaviest on the most innocent victims--upon children of tender years4 ,their delicate frames are infinitely more sensitive than the hardened constitutions of adults1 and the breath of poison or the chill of hardships easily blights their tender life40#aie ,a nursery floor ought not to be washed oftener than once a week2 and then the child or children should1 until it be dry1 be sent into another room4 ,during the drying of the floor1 the windows must1 of course1 be thrown wide open4 ,the constant wetting of a nursery is a frequent source of illness among children4 ,the floor ought1 of course1 to be kept clean2 but this may be done by the servant thoroughly sweeping the room out every morning before her little charge makes his appearance4 ,do not have your nursery walls covered with green paper-hangings4 ,green paper-hangings contain large quantities of arsenic--arsenite of copper 7,scheele's green7--which1 ,i need scarcely say1 is a virulent poison1 and which flies about the room in the form of powder4 ,there is frequently enough poison on the walls of a room to destroy a whole neighborhood4 ,there is another great objection to having your nursery walls covered with green paper-hangings2 if any of the paper should become loose from the walls1 a little child is very apt to play with it1 and to put it1 as he does everything else1 to his mouth4 ,this is not an imaginary state of things1 as four children in one family have just lost their lives from sucking green paper-hangings4 ,green dresses1 as they are colored with a preparation of arsenic1 are equally as dangerous as green paper-hangings2 a child ought1 therefore1 never to wear a green dress4 8,it may be interesting to some of our readers10 says ,land and ,water1 8to know that the new green1 so fashionable for ladies' dresses1 is just as dangerous in its nature as the green wall-paper1 about which so much was written some time since4 ,it is prepared with a large quantity of arsenic2 and we have been assured by several of the leading dressmakers that the work-women employed in making up dresses of this color are seriously affected with all the symptoms of arsenical poison4 ,let our lady friends take care40 ,children's toys are frequently painted of a green color with arsenite of copper1 and are1 consequently1 highly dangerous to play with4 ,the best toy for a child is a box of unpainted wooden bricks1 which is a constant source of amusement to him4 ,if you have your nursery walls hung with paintings and engravings1 let them be of good quality4 ,the horrid daubs and bad engravings that usually disfigure nursery walls1 are enough to ruin the taste of a child1 and to make him take a disgust to drawing1 which would be a misfortune4 ,a fine engraving and a good painting expand and elevate his mind4 ,we all know that first impressions are the most vivid and the most lasting4 ,a taste in early life for everything refined and beautiful purifies his mind1 cultivates his intellect1 keeps him from low company1 and makes him grow up a gentleman6 ,lucifer matches1 in case of sudden illness1 should1 both in the nursery and in the bedroom1 always be in readiness2 but they must be carefully placed out of the reach of children1 as lucifer matches are a deadly poison4#aif #afd4 ,have you any observation to make on the ,,light of a nursery8 ,let the window1 or1 what is better1 the windows1 of a nursery be very large1 so as to thoroughly light up every nook and corner of the room1 as there is nothing more conducive to the health of a child than an abundance of light in the dwelling4 ,a room cannot1 then1 be too light4 ,the windows of a nursery are generally too small4 ,a child requires as much light as a plant4 ,gardeners are well aware of the great importance of light in the construction of their greenhouses1 and yet a child1 who requires it as much1 and is of much greater importance1 is cooped up in dark rooms6 ,the windows of a nursery ought not only to be frequently opened to let in fresh air1 but should be frequently cleaned1 to let in plenty of light and of sunshine1 as nothing is so cheering and beneficial to a child as an abundance of light and sunshine6 ,with regard to the best artificial light for a nursery4--,the air of a nursery cannot be too pure2 ,i therefore do not advise you to have gas in it1 as gas in burning gives off quantities of carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen1 which vitiate the air4 ,there is no better light for a nursery than either ,price's patent candles or the old-fashioned tallow candle4 ,let a child's home be the happiest house to him in all the world2 and to be happy he must be merry1 and all around him should be merry and cheerful2 and he ought to have an abundance of playthings1 to help on the merriment4 ,if he has a dismal nurse1 and a dismal home1 he may as well be incarcerated in a prison1 and be attended by a jailer4 ,it is sad enough to see dismal1 doleful men and women1 but it is a truly lamentable and unnatural sight to see a doleful child6 ,the young ought to be as playful and as full of innocent mischief as a kitten4 ,there will be quite time enough in after-years for sorrow and for sadness4 ,bright colors1 plenty of light1 clean windows 7mind this1 if you please71 an abundance of good-colored prints1 and toys without number1 are the proper furnishings of a nursery4 ,nursery6 why1 the very name tells you what it ought to be--the home of childhood1--the most important room in the house1--a room that will greatly tend to stamp the character of your child for the remainder of his life4 #afe4 ,have you any more hints to offer conducive to the well-doing of my child8 ,you cannot be too particular in the choice of those who are in constant attendance upon him4 ,you yourself1 of course1 must be his head-nurse--you only require some one to take the drudgery off your hands6 ,you ought to be particularly careful in the selection of his nurse4 ,she should be steady1 lively1 truthful1 and good-tempered2 and must be free from any natural imperfection1 such as squinting1 stammering1 etc41 for a child is such an imitative creature that he is likely to acquire that defect1 which in the nurse is natural4 8,children1 like babies1 are quick at #8taking notice4' ,what they see they mark1 and what they mark they are very prone to copy40#aig ,she ought not to be very young1 or she may be thoughtless1 careless1 and giggling4 ,you have no right to set a child to mind a child2 it would be like the blind leading the blind4 ,no6 a child is too precious a treasure to be intrusted to the care and keeping of a young girl4 ,many a child has been ruined for life by a careless young nurse dropping him and injuring his spine4 ,a nurse ought to be both strong and active1 in order that her little charge may have plenty of good nursing2 for it requires great strength in the arms to carry a heavy child for the space of an hour or two1 at a stretch1 in the open air2 and such is absolutely necessary1 and is the only way to make him strong1 and to cause him to cut his teeth easily1 and at the same time to regulate his bowels2 a nurse1 therefore1 must be strong and active1 and not mind hard work1 for hard work it is2 but after she is accustomed to it1 pleasant notwithstanding4 ,never should a nurse be allowed to wear a mask1 nor to dress up and paint herself as a ghost1 or as any other frightful object4 ,a child is naturally timid and full of fears1 and what would not make the slightest impression upon a grown-up person1 might throw a child into fits-- 8,the sleeping1 and the dead1 ,are but as pictures3 'tis the age of childhood ,that fears a painted devil40#aih ,never should she be permitted to tell her little charge frightful stories of ghosts and hobgoblins2 if this be allowed1 the child's disposition will become timid and wavering1 and may continue so for the remainder of his life4 ,if a little fellow were not terrified by such stories1 the darkness would not frighten him more than the light4 ,moreover1 the mind thus filled with fear1 acts upon the body1 and injures the health4 ,a child must never be placed in a dark cellar1 nor frightened by tales of rats1 etc4 ,instances are related of fear thus induced impairing the intellect for life2 and there are numerous examples of sudden fright causing a dangerous and even a fatal illness4 ,night-terrors4--,this frightening of a child by a silly nurse frequently brings on night-terrors4 ,he wakes up suddenly1 soon after going to sleep1 frightened and terrified2 screaming violently1 and declaring that he has seen either some ghost1 or thief1 or some object that the silly nurse had been previously in the day describing1 who is come for him to take him away4 ,the little fellow is the very picture of terror and alarm2 he hides his face in his mother's bosom1 the perspiration streams down him1 and it is some time before he can be pacified--when1 at length1 he falls into a troubled1 feverish slumber1 to awake in the morning unrefreshed4 ,night after night these terrors harass him1 until his health materially suffers1 and his young life becomes miserable1 looking forward with dread to the approach of darkness4 ,treatment of night-terrors4--,if they have been caused by the folly of the nurse1 discharge her at once1 and be careful to select a more discreet one4 ,when the child retires to rest1 leave a candle burning1 and let it burn all night2 sit with him until he be asleep2 and take care1 in case he should rouse up in one of his night-terrors1 that either you yourself or some kind person be near at hand4 ,do not scold him for being frightened--he cannot help it2 but soothe him1 calm him1 fondle him1 take him into your arms1 and let him feel that he has some one to rest upon1 to defend and to protect him4 ,it is frequently in these cases necessary before he can be cured to let him have change of air and change of scene4 ,let him live in the daytime1 a great part of the day1 in the open air4 ,a nurse-maid should never1 on any account whatever1 be allowed to whip a child4 8,does ever any man or woman remember the feeling of being #8whipped' as a child1 the fierce anger1 the insupportable ignominy1 the longing for revenge1 which blotted out all thought of contrition for the fault or rebellion against the punishment8 ,with this recollection on their own parts1 ,i can hardly suppose any parents venturing to inflict it1 much less allowing its infliction by another under any circumstances whatever4 ,a nurse-maid or domestic of any sort1 once discovered to have lifted up her hand against a child1 ought to meet instant severe rebuke1 and on a repetition of the offense instant dismissal40#aii ,i have seen in the winter time a lazy nurse sit before the fire with a child on her lap1 rubbing his cold feet just before putting him to his bed4 ,now this is not the way to warm his feet4 ,the right method is to let him romp and run either about the room1 or the landing1 or the hall--this will effectually warm them2 but1 of course1 it will entail a little extra trouble on the nurse1 as she will have to use a little exertion to induce him to do so1 and this extra trouble a lazy nurse will not relish4 ,warming the feet before the fire will give the little fellow chilblains1 and will make him when he is in bed more chilly4 ,the only way for him to have a good romp before he goes to bed1 is for the mother to join in the game4 ,she may rest assured1 that if she does so1 her child will not be the only one to benefit by it4 ,she herself will find it of marvelous benefit to her own health2 it will warm her own feet1 it will be almost sure to insure her a good night1 and will make her feel so light and buoyant as almost to fancy that she is a girl again6 ,well1 then1 let every child1 before he retire to bed1 hold a high court of revelry1 let him have an hour--the ,children's ,hour--devoted to romp1 to dance1 to riot1 and to play1 and let him be the master of the revels-- 8,between the dark and the daylight1 ,when the night is beginning to lower1 ,comes a pause in the day's occupation1 ,which is known as the ,children's ,hour40#bjj ,let a child be employed--take an interest in his employment1 let him fancy that he is useful--and he is useful1 he is laying in a stock of health4 ,he is much more usefully employed than many other grown-up children are6 ,a child should be happy2 he must1 in every way1 be made happy2 everything ought to be done to conduce to his happiness1 to give him joy1 gladness1 and pleasure4 ,happy he should be1 as happy as the day is long4 ,kindness should be lavished upon him4 ,make a child understand that you love him2 prove it in your actions--these are better than words2 look after his little pleasures--join in his little sports2 let him never hear a morose word--it would rankle in his breast1 take deep root1 and in due time bring forth bitter fruit4 ,love6 let love be his pole-star2 let it be the guide and the rule of all you do and all you say unto him4 ,let your face1 as well as your tongue1 speak love4 ,let your hands be ever ready to minister to his pleasures and to his play4 8,blessed be the hand that prepares a pleasure for a child1 for there is no saying when and where it may again bloom forth4 ,does not almost everybody remember some kind-hearted man who showed him a kindness in the dulcet days of childhood8 ,the writer of this recollects himself1 at this moment1 a bare-footed lad1 standing at the wooden fence of a poor little garden in his native village1 while1 with longing eyes1 he gazed on the flowers which were blooming there quietly in the brightness of the ,sabbath morning4 ,the possessor came from his little cottage4 ,he was a woodcutter by trade1 and spent the whole week at work in the woods4 ,he had come into the garden to gather flowers to stick in his coat when he went to church4 ,he saw the boy1 and breaking off the most beautiful of his carnations 7it was streaked with red and white71 he gave it to him4 ,neither the giver nor the receiver spoke a word1 and with bounding steps the boy ran home4 ,and now1 here1 at a vast distance from that home1 after so many events of so many years1 the feeling of gratitude which agitated the breast of that boy1 expressed itself on paper4 ,the carnation has long since faded1 but it now bloometh afresh40#bja ,the hearty ringing laugh of a child is sweet music to the ear4 ,there are three most joyous sounds in nature--the hum of a bee1 the purr of a cat1 and the laugh of a child4 ,they tell of peace1 of happiness1 and of contentment1 and make one for awhile forget that there is so much misery in the world4 ,a man who dislikes children is unnatural2 he has no 8milk of human kindness0 in him2 he should be shunned4 ,give me1 for a friend1 a man-- 8,who takes the children on his knee1 ,and winds their curls about his hand40#bjb #aff4 ,if a child be peevish1 and apparently in good health1 have you any plan to offer to allay his irritability8 ,a child's troubles are soon over--his tears are soon dried2 8nothing dries sooner than a tear0--if not prolonged by improper management3 8,the tear down childhood's cheek that flows1 ,is like the dewdrop on the rose2 ,when next the summer breeze comes by1 ,and waves the bush1 the flower is dry40#bjc ,never allow a child to be teased2 it spoils his temper4 ,if he be in a cross humor take no notice of it1 but divert his attention to some pleasing object4 ,this may be done without spoiling him4 ,do not combat bad temper with bad temper--noise with noise4 ,be firm1 be kind1 be gentle1#bjd be loving1 speak quietly1 smile tenderly1 and embrace him fondly2 but insist upon implicit obedience1 and you will have1 with ,god's blessing1 a happy child3 8,when a little child is weak1 ,from fever passing by1 ,or wearied out with restlessness1 ,don't scold him if he cry4 ,tell him some pretty story-- ,don't read it from a book2 ,he likes to watch you while you speak1 ,and take in every look4 ,or sometimes singing gently-- ,a little song may please1 ,with quiet and amusing words1 ,and tune that flows with ease4 ,or if he is impatient1 ,perhaps from time to time ,a simple hymn may suit the best1 ,in short and easy rhyme4 ,the measured verses flowing ,in accents clear and mild1 ,may blend into his troubled thought1 ,and soothe the little child4 ,but let the words be simple1 ,and suited to his mind1 ,and loving1 that his weary heart ,a resting-place may find40#bje ,speak gently to a child2 speak gently to all2 but more especially speak gently to a child4 8,a gentle voice is an excellent thing in woman10 and is a jewel of great price1 and is one of the concomitants of a perfect lady4 ,let the hinges of your disposition be well oiled4 8#8,i have a dear friend4 ,he was one of those well-oiled dispositions which turn upon the hinges of the world without creaking4' ,would to heaven there were more of them6 ,how many there are who never turn upon the hinges of this world without a grinding that sets the teeth of a whole household on edge6 ,and somehow or other it has been the evil fate of many of the best spirits to be so circumstanced2 both men and women1 to whom life is #8sweet habitude of being1' which has gone far to reconcile them to solitude as far less intolerable6 ,to these especially the creakings of those said rough hinges of the world is one continued torture1 for they are all too finely strung2 and the oft-recurring grind jars the whole sentient frame1 mars the beautiful lyre1 and makes cruel discord in a soul of music4 ,how much of sadness there is in such thoughts6 ,seems there not a ,past in some lives to which it is impossible ever to become reconciled80#bjf ,pleasant words ought always to be spoken to a child6 there must be neither snarling1 nor snapping1 nor snubbing1 nor loud contention toward him4 ,if there be it will ruin his temper and disposition1 and will make him hard and harsh1 morose and disagreeable4 ,do not be always telling your child how wicked he is2 what a naughty boy he is2 that ,god will never love him1 and all the rest of such twaddle4 ,do not1 in point of fact1 bully him1 as many poor little fellows are bullied6 ,it will ruin him if you do2 it will make him in after-years either a coward or a tyrant4 ,such conversations1 like constant droppings of water1 will make an impression1 and will cause him to feel that it is of no use to try to be good--that he is hopelessly wicked6 ,instead of such language1 give him confidence in himself2 rather find out his good points and dwell upon them2 praise him where and whenever you can2 and make him feel that1 by perseverance and by ,god's blessing1 he will make a good man4 ,speak truthfully to your child2 if you once deceive him1 he will not believe you for the future4 ,not only so1 but if you are truthful yourself you are likely to make him truthful--like begets like4 ,there is something beautiful in truth6 ,a lying child is an abomination6 ,sir ,walter ,scott says 8that he taught his son to ride1 to shoot1 and to tell the truth40 ,as soon as a child can speak1 he should be made to lisp the noble words of truth1 and to love it1 and to abhor a lie6 ,what a beautiful character he will then make6 ,blessed is that child who can say1-- 8,parental cares watched o'er my growing youth1 ,and early stamped it with the love of truth40#bjg ,have no favorites1 show no partiality2 for the young are very jealous1 sharp-sighted1 and quick-witted1 and take a dislike to the petted one4 ,do not rouse the old ,adam in them4 ,let children be taught to be 8kindly affectioned one to another1 with brotherly love20#bjh let them be encouraged to share each other's toys and playthings1 and to banish selfishness4 ,attend to a child's little pleasures4 ,it is the little pleasures of a child that constitute his happiness4 ,great pleasures to him and to us all 7as a favorite author remarks7 come but seldom1 and are the exceptions1 and not the rule4 ,let a child be nurtured in love4 8,it will be seen that ,i hold this law of kindness as the ,alpha and ,omega of education4 ,i once asked one1 in his own house1 a father in everything but the name1 his authority unquestioned1 his least word held in reverence1 his smallest wish obeyed--#8,how did you ever manage to bring up these children8' ,he said1 #8,by love6'0#bji ,let every word and action prove that you love your children4 ,enter into all their little pursuits and pleasures4 ,join them in their play1 and 8be a child again60 ,if they are curious1 do not check their curiosity2 but rather encourage it2 for they have a great deal--as we all have--to learn1 and how can they know if they are not taught8 ,you may depend upon it1 the knowledge they obtain from observation is far superior to that obtained from books4 ,let all you teach them1 let all you do1 and let all you say1 bear the stamp of love4 8,endeavor1 from first to last1 in your intercourse with your children1 to let it bear the impress of love4 ,it is not enough that you feel affection toward your children--that you are devoted to their interests2 you must show in your manner the fondness of your hearts toward them4 ,young minds cannot appreciate great sacrifices made for them2 they judge their parents by the words and deeds of everyday life4 ,they are won by little kindnesses1 and alienated by little acts of neglect or impatience4 ,one complaint unnoticed1 one appeal unheeded1 one lawful request arbitrarily refused1 will be remembered by your little ones more than a thousand acts of the most devoted affection40#baj ,a placid1 well-regulated temper is very conducive to health4 ,a disordered or an overloaded stomach is a frequent cause of peevishness4 ,appropriate treatment in such a case will1 of course1 be necessary4 #afg4 ,my child stammers3 can you tell me the cause1 and can you suggest a remedy8 ,a child who stammers is generally 8nervous10 quick1 and impulsive4 ,his ideas flow too rapidly for speech4 ,he is 8nervous30 hence1 when he is alone1 and with those he loves1 he oftentimes speaks fluently and well2 he stammers more both when he is tired1 and when he is out of health--when the nerves are either weak or exhausted4 ,he is emotional3 when he is either in a passion or in excitement1 either of joy or of grief1 he can scarcely speak--8he stammers all over40 ,he is impulsive3 he often stammers in consequence4 ,he is in too great a hurry to bring out his words2 they do not flow in a proper sequence2 hence his words are broken and disjointed4 ,stammering1 of course1 might be owing either to some organic defect1 such as from defective palate1 or from defective brain1 then nothing will cure him2 or it might be owing to 8nervous0 causes--to 8irregular nervous action10 then a cure might1 with care and perseverance1 be usually effected4 ,in all cases of stammering of a child1 let both the palate of his mouth and the bridle of his tongue be carefully examined1 to see that neither the palate be defective1 nor the bridle of the tongue be too short--that he be not tongue-tied4 ,now1 with regard to ,treatment4 ,make him speak slowly and deliberately2 let him form each word1 without clipping or chopping2 let him be made1 when you are alone with him1 to exercise himself in elocution4 ,if he speak quickly1 stop him in his mid-career1 and make him1 quietly and deliberately1 go through the sentence again and again1 until he has mastered the difficulty2 teach him to collect his thoughts1 and to weigh each word ere he give it utterance2 practice him in singing little hymns and songs for children2 this you will find a valuable help in the cure4 ,a stammerer seldom stutters when he sings4 ,when he sings1 he has a full knowledge of the words1 and is obliged to keep in time--to sing neither too fast nor too slow4 ,besides1 he sings in a different key to his speaking voice4 ,many professors for the treatment of stammering cure their patients by practicing lessons of a sing-song character4 ,never jeer him for stammering1 nor turn him to ridicule2 if you do1 it will make him ten times worse2 but be patient and gentle with him1 and endeavor to give him confidence1 and encourage him to speak to you as quietly1 as gently1 and deliberately as you speak to him2 tell him not to speak until he has arranged his thoughts and chosen his words2 let him do nothing in a hurry4 ,demosthenes was said1 in his youth1 to have stammered fearfully1 and to have cured himself by his own prescription1 namely1 by putting a pebble in his mouth1 and declaiming1 frequently1 slowly1 quietly1 and deliberately1 on the sea-shore--the fishes alone being his audience1--until1 at length1 he cured himself1 and charmed the world with his eloquence and with his elocution4 ,he is held up1 to this very day1 as the personification and as the model of an orator4 ,his patience1 perseverance1 and practice ought1 by all who either are1 or are interested in a stammerer1 to be borne in mind and followed4 #afh4 ,do you approve of a carpet in a nursery8 ,no2 unless it be a small piece for the child to roll upon4 ,a carpet harbors dirt and dust1 which dust is constantly floating about the atmosphere1 and thus making it impure for him to breathe4 ,the truth of this may easily be ascertained by entering a darkened room1 where a ray of sunshine is struggling through a crevice in the shutters4 ,if the floor of a nursery must be covered1 let drugget be laid down2 as this every morning may be taken up and shaken4 ,the less furniture a nursery contains the better2 for much furniture obstructs the free circulation of the air1 and1 moreover1 prevents a child from taking proper exercise in the room4 #afi4 ,supposing there is not a fire in the nursery grate1 ought the chimney to be stopped to prevent a draught in the room8 ,certainly not4 ,i consider the use of a chimney to be twofold3 first1 to carry off the smoke2 and secondly 7which is of quite as much importance71 to ventilate the room1 by carrying off the impure air1 loaded as it is with carbonic acid gas1 the refuse of respiration4 ,the chimney1 therefore1 should never1 either winter or summer1 be allowed for one moment to be stopped4 ,this is important advice1 and requires the strict supervision of every mother1 as servants will1 if they have the chance1 stop all chimneys that have no fires in the grates4 ,,exercise4 #agj4 ,do you approve1 during the summer months1 of sending a child out ,,before breakfast8 ,i do1 when the weather will permit1 and provided the wind be neither in an easterly nor in a northeasterly direction3 indeed1 he can scarcely be too much in the open air4 ,he must not be allowed to stand about draughts or about entries1 and the only way to prevent him doing so is for the mother herself to accompany the nurse4 ,she will then kill two birds with one stone1 as she will1 by doing so1 benefit her own as well as her child's health4 #aga4 ,ought a child to be early put on his feet to walk8 ,no3 let him learn to walk himself4 ,he ought to be put upon a carpet2 and it will be found that when he is strong enough1 he will hold by a chair1 and will stand alone3 when he can do so1 and attempts to walk1 he should then be supported4 ,you must1 on first putting him upon his feet1 be guided by his own wishes4 ,he will1 as soon as he is strong enough to walk1 have the inclination to do so4 ,when he has the inclination and the strength1 it will be folly to restrain him2 if he has neither the inclination nor the strength1 it will be absurd to urge him on4 ,rely1 therefore1 to a certain extent1 upon the inclination of the child himself4 ,self-reliance cannot be too early taught him1 and1 indeed1 every one else4 ,in the generality of instances1 however1 a child is put on his feet too soon1 and the bones1 at that tender age1 being very flexible1 bend1 causing bowed and bandy legs2 and the knees1 being weak1 approximate too closely together1 and thus they become knock-kneed4 ,this advice of not putting a child early on his feet1 ,i must strongly insist on1 as so many mothers are so ridiculously ambitious that their young ones should walk early1 that they should walk before other children have attempted to do so1 have frequently caused the above lamentable deformities6 #agb4 ,do you approve of perambulators8 ,i do not1 for two reasons3 first1 because when a child is strong enough1 he had better walk as much as he will2 and1 secondly1 the motion is not so good1 and the muscles are not so much put into action1 and consequently cannot be so well developed1 as when he is carried4 ,a perambulator is very apt to make a child stoop1 and to make him both crooked and round-shouldered4 ,he is cramped by being so long in one position4 ,it is painful to notice a babe a few months old in one of these new-fangled carriages4 ,his little head is bobbing about1 first on one side and then on the other--at one moment it is dropping on his chest1 the next it is forcibly jolted behind3 he looks1 and doubtless feels1 wretched and uncomfortable4 ,again1 these perambulators are dangerous in crowded thoroughfares4 ,they are a public nuisance1 inasmuch as they are wheeled against and between people's legs1 and are a fruitful source of the breaking of shins1 of the spraining of ankles1 of the crushing of corns1 and of the ruffling of the tempers of the foot-passengers who unfortunately come within their reach2 while1 in all probability1 the gaping nurses are staring another way1 and every way indeed but the right6 ,besides1 in very cold weather1 or in a very young infant1 the warmth of the nurse's body1 while he is being carried1 helps to keep him warm1 he himself being naturally cold4 ,in point of fact1 the child1 while being borne in the nurse's arms1 reposes on the nurse1 warm and supported as though he were in a nest6 ,while1 on the other hand1 if he be in a perambulator1 he is cold and unsupported1 looking the very picture of misery1 seeking everywhere for rest and comfort1 and finding none6 ,a nurse's arm1 then1 is the only proper carriage for a young child to take exercise on4 ,she ought to change about1 first carrying him on the one arm1 and then on the other4 ,nursing him on one arm only might give his body a twist on one side1 and thus might cause deformity4 ,when he is old enough to walk1 and is able properly to support the weight of his own neck and back1 then there will be no objection1 provided it be not in a crowded thoroughfare1 to his riding occasionally in a perambulator2 but when he is older still1 and can sit either a donkey or a pony1 such exercise will be far more beneficial1 and will afford him much greater pleasure4 #agc4 ,supposing it to be wet under foot1 but dry above1 do you then approve of sending a child out8 ,if the wind be neither in the east nor the northeast1 and if the air be not damp1 let him be well wrapped up and be sent out4 ,if he be laboring under an inflammation of the lungs1 however slight1 or if he be just recovering from one1 it would1 of course1 be highly improper4 ,in the management of a child1 we must take care neither to coddle nor to expose him unnecessarily1 as both are dangerous4 ,never send a child out to walk in a fog2 he will1 if you do1 be almost sure to catch cold4 ,it would be much safer to send him out in rain than in fog2 though neither the one nor the other would be desirable4 #agd4 ,how many times a day1 in fine weather1 ought a child to be sent out8 ,let him be sent out as often as it be possible4 ,if a child lived more in the open air than he is wont to do1 he would neither be so susceptible of disease1 nor would he suffer so much from teething4 #age4 ,supposing the day to be wet1 what exercise would you then recommend8 ,the child ought to run either about a large room or about the hall2 and1 if it does not rain violently1 you should put on his hat and throw up the window1 taking care while the window is open that he does not stand still4 ,do not on any account allow him to sit any length of time at a table1 amusing himself with books1 etc42 let him be acting and stirring1 that his blood may freely circulate as it ought to do1 and that his muscles may be well developed4 ,i would rather see him actively engaged in mischief1 than sitting still1 doing nothing4 ,he ought to be put on the carpet1 and should then be tumbled and rolled about1 to make the blood bound merrily through the vessels1 to stir up the liver1 to promote digestion1 and to open the bowels4 ,the misfortune of it is1 the present race of nurses are so stuck out with crinoline1 that they are not able to stoop properly1 and thus to have a good game at romps with their little charges4 #agf4 ,supposing it to be winter1 and the weather to be very cold1 would you still send a child out8 ,decidedly1 provided he be well wrapped up4 ,the cold will brace and strengthen him4 ,cold weather is the finest tonic in the world4 ,in frosty weather1 the roads being slippery1 when you send him out to walk1 put a pair of large1 old woolen stockings over his boots or shoes4 ,this will not only keep his feet and his legs warm1 but it will prevent him from falling down and hurting himself4 ,while thus equipped1 he may even walk on a slide of ice without falling down4 ,a child1 in the winter time1 requires1 to keep him warm1 plenty of flannel and plenty of food1 plenty of fresh and genuine milk1 and plenty of water in his tub to wash him in a morning1 plenty of exercise and plenty of play1 and then he may brave the frosty air4 ,it is the coddled1 the half-washed1 and the half-starved child 7half-washed and half-starved from either the mother's ignorance or from the mother's timidity71 that is the chilly starveling1--catching cold at every breath of wind1 and every time he either walks or is carried out1--a puny1 skinny1 scraggy1 scare-crow1 more dead than alive1 and more fit for his grave than for the rough world he will have to struggle in6 ,,amusements4 #agg4 ,have you any remarks to make on the amusements of a child8 ,let the amusements of a child be as much as possible out of doors2 let him spend the greater part of every day in the open air2 let him exert himself as much as he pleases1 his feelings will tell him when to rest and when to begin again2 let him be what ,nature intended him to be--a happy1 laughing1 joyous child4 ,do not let him be always poring over books4 8,books6 'tis a dull and endless strife1 ,come1 hear the woodland linnet6 ,how sweet his music6 ,on my life ,there's more of wisdom in it4 ,and hark6 how blithe the throstle sings6 ,he1 too1 is no mean preacher3 ,come forth into the light of things1-- ,let ,nature be your teacher4 ,she has a world of ready wealth1 ,our minds and hearts to bless1-- ,spontaneous wisdom breathed by health1 ,truth breathed by cheerfulness4 ,one impulse from a vernal wood1 ,may teach you more of man1 ,of moral evil and of good1 ,than all the sages can40#baa ,he ought to be encouraged to engage in those sports wherein the greatest number of muscles are brought into play4 ,for instance1 to play at ball1 or hoop1 or football1 to play at horses1 to run to certain distances and back2 and1 if a girl1 to amuse herself with a skipping-rope1 such being excellent exercise-- 8,by sports like these are all their cares beguiled1-- ,the sports of children satisfy the child40#bab ,every child1 where it be practicable1 should have a small plot of ground to cultivate1 that he may dig and delve in1 and make dirt-pies if he choose4 ,children1 nowadays1 unfortunately1 are not allowed to soil their hands and their fine clothes4 ,for my own part1 ,i dislike such model children2 let a child be natural--let him1 as far as is possible1 choose his own sports4 ,do not be always interfering with his pursuits1 and be finding fault with him4 ,remember1 what may be amusing to you may be distasteful to him4 ,i do not1 of course1 mean but that you should constantly have a watchful eye over him2 yet do not let him see that he is under restraint or surveillance2 if you do1 you will never discover his true character and inclinations4 ,not only so1 but do not dim the bright sunshine of his early life by constantly checking and thwarting him4 ,tupper beautifully says3 8,and check not a child in his merriment4-- ,should not his morning be sunny80 ,when1 therefore1 he is either in the nursery or in the play-ground1 let him shout and riot and romp about as much as he pleases4 ,his lungs and his muscles want developing1 and his nerves require strengthening2 and how can such be accomplished unless you allow them to be developed and strengthened by natural means8 ,the nursery is a child's own domain2 it is his castle1 and he should be ,lord ,paramount therein4 ,if he choose to blow a whistle1 or to spring a rattle1 or to make any other hideous noise1 which to him is sweet music1 he should be allowed1 without let or hinderance1 to do so4 ,if any members of the family have weak nerves1 let them keep at a respectful distance4 ,a child who never gets into mischief must be either sly1 or delicate1 or idiotic2 indeed1 the system of many persons in bringing up children is likely to make them either the one or the other4 ,the present plan of training children is nearly all work 7books71 and very little play4 ,play1 and plenty of it1 is necessary to the very existence of a child4 ,a boy not partial to mischief1 innocent mischief1 and play1 is unnatural2 he is a man before his time1 he is a nuisance1 he is disagreeable to himself and to every one around4 8,a boy not fond of fun and frolic may possibly make a tolerable man1 but he is an intolerable boy40 ,girls1 at the present time1 are made clever simpletons2 their brains are worked with useless knowledge1 which totally unfits them for everyday duties4 ,their muscles are allowed to be idle1 which makes them limp and flabby4 ,the want of proper exercise ruins the complexion1 and their faces become of the color of a tallow candle6 ,and precious wives and mothers they make when they do grow up6 ,grow up1 did ,i say6 ,they grow all manner of ways1 and are as crooked as crooked sticks6 ,what an unnatural thing it is to confine a child several hours a day to his lessons2 why1 you might as well put a colt in harness1 and make him work for his living6 ,a child is made for play2 his roguish little eye1 his lithe figure1 his antics1 and his drollery1 all point out that he is cut out for play--that it is as necessary to his existence as the food he eats1 and as the air he breathes6 ,a child ought not to be allowed to have playthings with which he can injure either himself or others1 such as toy-swords1 toy-cannons1 toy-paint-boxes1 knives1 bows and arrows1 hammers1 chisels1 saws1 etc4 ,he will not only be likely to injure himself and others1 but will make sad havoc on furniture1 house1 and other property4 ,fun1 frolic1 and play ought1 in all innocent ways1 to be encouraged2 but willful mischief and dangerous games ought1 by every means1 to be discountenanced4 ,this advice is frequently much needed1 as children prefer to have and delight in dangerous toys1 and often coax and persuade weak and indulgent mothers to gratify their wishes4 ,painted toys are1 many of them1 highly dangerous1 those painted green especially1 as the color generally consists of ,scheele's green--arsenite of copper4 ,children's paint-boxes are very dangerous toys for a child to play with3 many of the paints are poisonous1 containing arsenic1 lead1 gamboge1 etc41 and a child1 when painting1 is apt to put the brush into his mouth1 to absorb the superabundant fluid4 ,of all the colors1 the green paint is the most dangerous1 as it is frequently composed of arsenite of copper--arsenic and copper--two deadly poisons4 ,there are some paint-boxes warranted not to contain a particle of poison of any kind3 these ought1 for a child1 to be chosen by a mother4 ,but1 remember1 although he ought not to be allowed to have poison paint-boxes and poison-painted toys1 he must have an abundance of toys1 such as the white-wood toys--brewers' drays1 millers' wagons1 boxes of wooden bricks1 etc4 ,the ,noah's ,ark is one of the most amusing and instructive toys for a child4 8,those fashioned out of brown1 unpainted pine-wood by the clever carvers of ,nuremberg or the ,black ,forest are the best1 ,i think1 not only because they are the most spirited1 but because they will survive a good deal of knocking about1 and can be sucked with impunity4 ,from the first dawn of recollection1 children are thus familiarized with the forms of natural objects1 and may be well up in natural history before they have mastered the ,a ,b ,c40#bac ,parents often make ,sunday a day of gloom3 to this ,i much object4 ,of all the days in the week1 ,sunday should be the most cheerful and pleasant4 ,it is considered by our ,church a festival2 and a glorious festival it ought to be made1 and one on which our ,heavenly ,father wishes to see all ,his children happy and full of innocent joy6 ,let ,sunday1 then1 be made a cheerful1 joyous1 innocently happy day1 and not1 as it frequently is1 the most miserable and dismal in the week4 ,it is my firm conviction that many men have been made irreligious by the ridiculously strict and dismal way they were compelled1 as children1 to spend their ,sundays4 ,you can no more make children religious by gloomy asceticism1 than you can make people good by ,act of ,parliament6 ,one of the great follies of the present age is1 children's parties1 where they are allowed to be dressed like grown-up women1 stuck out in crinoline1 and encouraged to eat rich cake and pastry1 and to drink wine1 and to sit up late at night6 ,there is something disgusting and demoralizing in all this4 ,their pure minds are blighted by it4 ,do not let me be misunderstood3 there is not the least objection1 but1 on the contrary1 great advantage1 for friends' children to meet friends' children2 but then let them be treated as children1 and not as men and women6 #agh4 ,do you approve of public play-grounds for children8 ,it would be well1 in every village1 and in the outskirts of every town1 if a large plot of ground were set apart for children to play in1 and to go through regular gymnastic exercises4 ,play is absolutely necessary to a child's very existence1 as much as food and sleep2 but in many parts of ,england where is he to have it8 ,play-grounds and play are the best schools we have2 they teach a great deal not taught elsewhere2 they give lessons in health1 which is the grandest wealth that can be bestowed--8for health is wealth20 they prepare the soil for the future school-master2 they clear the brain1 and thus the intellect2 they strengthen the muscles2 they make the blood course merrily through the arteries2 they bestow healthy food for the lungs2 they give an appetite2 they make a child1 in due time1 become every inch a man6 ,play-grounds and play are one of the finest ,institutions we possess4 ,what would our large public schools be without their play and cricket-grounds8 ,they would be shorn of half their splendor and usefulness6 ,there is so much talk nowadays about useful knowledge1 that the importance of play and play-grounds is likely to be forgotten4 ,i cannot help thinking1 however1 that a better state of things is dawning4 8,it seems to be found out that in our zeal for useful knowledge1 that knowledge is found to be not the least useful which treats boys as active1 stirring1 aspiring1 and ready40#bad ,,education4 #agi4 ,do you approve of infant schools8 ,i do1 if the arrangements be such that health is preferred before learning4#bae ,let children be only confined for three or four hours a day1 and let what little they learn be taught as an amusement rather than as a labor4 ,a play-ground ought to be attached to an infants' school2 where1 in fine weather1 for every half hour they spend in-doors1 they should spend one in the open air2 and1 in wet weather1 they ought to have1 in lieu of the play-ground1 a large room to romp1 and shout1 and riot in4 ,to develop the different organs1 muscles1 and other parts of the body1 children require fresh air1 a free use of their lungs1 active exercise1 and their bodies to be thrown into all manner of attitudes4 ,let a child mope in a corner1 and he will become stupid and sickly4 ,the march of intellect1 as it is called1 or rather the double quick march of intellect1 as it should be called1 has stolen a march upon health4 ,only allow the march of intellect and the march of health to take equal strides1 and then we shall have 8mens sana in corpore sano0 7a sound mind in a sound body74 ,in the education of a young child1 it is better to instruct him by illustration and by encouraging observation on things around and about him1 than by books4 ,it is surprising how much1 without endangering the health1 may be taught in this way4 ,in educating your child1 be careful to instill and to form good habits--they will then stick to him for life4 ,children at the present day are too highly educated--their brains are overtaxed1 and thus weakened4 ,the consequence is1 that as they grow up to manhood1 if they grow up at all1 they become fools6 ,children are now taught what formerly youths were taught4 ,the chord of a child's life is ofttimes snapped asunder in consequence of overeducation3 8,screw not the chord too sharply1 lest it snap40#baf ,you should treat a child as you would a young colt4 ,think only at first of strengthening his body4 ,let him have a perfectly free1 happy life1 plenty of food to eat1 abundance of air to breathe1 and no work to do2 there is plenty of time to think of his learning--of giving him brain work4 ,it will come sadly too soon2 but do not make him old before his time4 #ahj4 ,at what age do you advise my child to begin his course of education--to have his regular lessons8 ,in the name of the prophet1--,figs6 ,fiddlesticks6 about courses of education and regular lessons for a child6 ,you may as well ask me when he1 a child1 is to begin ,hebrew1 the ,sanscrit1 and ,mathematics6 ,let him have a course of education in play2 let him go through regular lessons in football1 bandy1 playing at tic1 hares and hounds1 and such like excellent and really useful and health-giving lessons4 ,begin his lessons6 ,begin brainwork1 and make an idiot of him6 ,oh6 for shame1 ye mothers6 ,you who pretend to love your children so much1 and to tax1 otherwise to injure1 irreparably to injure their brains1 and thus their intellects and their health1 and to shorten their very days4 ,and all for what8 ,to make prodigies of them6 ,forsooth6 to make fools of them in the end4 #aha4 ,well1 then1 as you have such a great objection to a child commencing his education early in life1 at what age may he1 with safety1 commence his lessons8 and which do you prefer--home or school education8 ,home is far preferable to a school education for a child4 ,if at home1 he is under your own immediate observation1 and is not liable to be contaminated by naughty children2 for1 in every school1 there is necessarily a great mixture of the good and of the bad2 and a child1 unfortunately1 is more likely to be led by a bad than by a good child4 ,moreover1 if the child be educated at home1 the mother can see that his brain be not overworked4 ,at school the brain is apt to be overworked1 and the stomach and the muscles to be underworked4 ,remember1 as above stated1 the brain must have but very little work until the child be seven years old3 impress this advice upon your memory1 and let no foolish ambition to make your child a clever child allow you1 for one moment1 to swerve from this advice4 ,build up a strong1 healthy body1 and in due time the brain will bear a moderate amount of intellectual labor4 ,as ,i have given you so much advice1 permit me1 for one moment1 to address a word to the father of your child3 ,let me advise you1 then1 ,mr4 ,paterfamilias1 to be careful how you converse1 what language you use1 while in the company of your child4 ,bear in mind1 a child is very observant1 and thinks much1 weighs well1 and seldom forgets all you say and all you do8 ,let no hasty word1 then1 and more especially no oath1 or no impious language1 ever pass your lips1 if your child is within hearing4 ,it is1 of course1 at all times wicked to swear2 but it is heinously and unpardonably sinful to swear in the presence of your child6 8,childhood is like a mirror1 catching and reflecting images4 ,one impious or profane thought1 uttered by a parent's lip1 may operate upon the young heart like a careless spray of water thrown upon polished steel1 staining it with rust1 which no after-scouring can efface40 ,never talk secrets before a child--8little pitchers have long ears20 if you do1 and he disclose your secrets1--as most likely he will1--and thus make mischief1 it will be cruel to scold him2 you will1 for your imprudence1 have yourself only to blame4 ,be most careful1 then1 in the presence of your child1 of what you say and of whom you speak4 ,this advice1 if followed1 might save a great deal of annoyance and vexation4 #ahb4 ,are you an advocate for a child being taught singing8 ,i am2 ,i consider singing a part of a child's education4 ,singing expands the walls of the chest1 strengthens and invigorates the lungs1 gives sweetness to the voice1 improves the pronunciation1 and is a great pleasure and amusement to a child4 ,,sleep4 #ahc4 ,do you approve of a child sleeping on a ,,feather bed8 ,a feather bed enervates his body1 and1 if he be so predisposed1 causes rickets1 and makes him crooked4 ,a horse-hair mattress is the best for a child to lie on4 ,the pillow1 too1 should be made of horse-hair4 ,a feather pillow often causes the head to be bathed in perspiration1 thus enervating the child and making him liable to catch cold4 ,if he be at all rickety1 if he be weak in the neck1 if he be inclined to stoop1 or if he be at all crooked1 let him1 by all means1 lie without a pillow4 #ahd4 ,do you recommend a child1 in the middle of the day1 to be put to sleep8 ,let him be put on his mattress awake at twelve o'clock1 that he may sleep for an hour or two before dinner1 then he will rise both refreshed and strengthened for the remainder of the day4 ,i said1 let him be put down awake4 ,he might1 for the first few times1 cry2 but1 by perseverance1 he will without any difficulty fall to sleep4 ,the practice of sleeping before dinner ought to be continued until he be two years old1 and if he can be prevailed upon1 even longer4 ,for if he do not have sleep in the middle of the day1 he will all the afternoon and the evening be cross2 and when he does go to bed1 he will probably be too tired to sleep1 or his nerves1 having been exhausted by the long wakefulness1 he will fall into a troubled1 broken slumber1 and not into that sweet1 soft1 gentle repose1 so characteristic of healthy1 happy childhood6 #ahe4 ,at what hour ought a child to be put to bed in the evening8 ,at six in the winter1 and at seven o'clock in the summer4 ,regularity ought to be observed1 as regularity is very conducive to health4 ,it is a reprehensible practice to keep a child up until nine or ten o'clock at night4 ,if this be done1 he will1 before his time1 become old1 and the seeds of disease will be sown4 ,as soon as he can run1 let him be encouraged1 for half an hour before he goes to bed1 to race either about the hall1 or the landing1 or a large room1 which will be the best means of warming his feet1 of preventing chilblains1 and of making him sleep soundly4 #ahf4 ,have you any directions to give me as to the placing of my child in his bed8 ,if a child lie alone1 place him fairly on his side in the middle of the bed2 if it be winter time1 see that his arms and hands be covered with the bedclothes2 if it be summer1 his hands might be allowed to be outside the clothes4 ,in putting him down to sleep1 you should ascertain that his face be not covered with the bedclothes2 if it be1 he will be poisoned with his own breath--the breath constantly giving off carbonic acid gas2 which gas must1 if his face be smothered in the clothes1 be breathed--carbonic acid gas being highly poisonous4 ,you can readily prove the existence of carbonic acid gas in the breathing1 by simply breathing into a little lime-water2 after breathing for a few seconds into it1 a white film will form on the top2 the carbonic acid gas from the breath unites with the lime of the lime-water1 and the product of the white film is carbonate of lime4 #ahg4 ,do you advise a bedroom to be darkened at night8 ,certainly4 ,a child sleeps sounder and sweeter in a dark than in a light room4 ,there is nothing better1 for the purpose of darkening a bed room1 than ,venetian blinds4 ,remember1 then1 a well-ventilated1 but a darkened chamber at night4 ,the cot or the crib ought not to face the window1 8as the light is best behind40#bag #ahh4 ,which is the best position for a child when sleeping--on his back1 or on his side8 ,his side4 ,he ought to be accustomed to change about--on the right side one night1 on the left another2 and occasionally1 for a change1 he should lie on his back4 ,by adopting this plan you will not only improve his figure1 but likewise his health4 ,lying1 night after night1 in one position1 would be likely to make him crooked4 #ahi4 ,do you advise1 in the winter time1 that there should be a fire in the night nursery8 ,certainly not1 unless the weather be intensely cold4 ,i dislike fires in bedrooms1 especially for children2 they are very enervating1 and make a child liable to catch cold4 ,cold weather is very bracing1 particularly at night4 8,generally speaking10 says the ,sicle1 8during winter1 apartments are too much heated4 ,the temperature in them ought not to exceed #af ,centigrade 7#ei ,fahrenheit72 and even in periods of great cold1 scientific men declare that #ab or #ad had better not be exceeded4 ,in the wards of hospitals1 and in the chambers of the sick1 care is taken not to have greater heat than #ae4 ,clerks in offices1 and other persons of sedentary occupations1 when the rooms in which they sit are too much heated1 are liable to cerebral brain congestion and to pulmonary lung complaints4 ,in bedrooms1 and particularly those of children1 the temperature ought to be maintained rather low2 it is even prudent only rarely to make fires in them1 especially during the night40 8,if a cold stable make a healthy horse10 ,i am quite sure that a moderately cold and well-ventilated bedroom helps to make a healthy child4 ,but still1 in the winter time1 if the weather be biting cold1 a little fire in the bedroom grate is desirable4 ,in bringing up children1 we must never run into extremes--the coddling system and the hardening system are both to be deprecated2 the coddling system will make a strong child weakly1 while the hardening system will probably kill a delicate one4 ,a child's bed ought1 of course1 to be comfortably clothed with blankets--,i say blankets1 as they are much superior to coverlids2 the perspiration will more readily pass through a blanket than a coverlid4 ,a thick coverlid ought never to be used2 there is nothing better for a child's bed than the old-fashioned patchwork coverlid1 as the perspiration will easily escape through it4 #aij4 ,should a child be washed and dressed ,,as ,,soon ,,as ,,he ,,awakes in the morning8 ,he ought1 if he awakes in anything like reasonable time2 for if he doze after he be once awake1 such slumber does him more harm than good4 ,he should be up every morning as soon as it is light4 ,if1 as a child1 he be taught to rise early1 it will make him an early riser for life1 and will tend greatly to prolong both his existence and his happiness4 ,never awake a child from his sleep to dress him1 to give him medicine1 or for any other purpose2 let him always sleep as long as he can2 but the moment he awakes let him be held out1 and then let him be washed and dressed1 and do not wait1 as many a silly nurse does1 until he has wet his bed1 until his blood be chilled1 and until he be cross1 miserable1 and uncomfortable6 ,how many babies are made ill by such foolish practices6 ,the moment he leaves his bed1 turn back to the fullest extent the clothes1 in order that they may be thoroughly ventilated and sweetened4 ,they ought to be exposed to the air for at least an hour before the bed be made4 ,as soon as he leaves his room1 be it winter or summer1 throw open the windows4 #aia4 ,ought a child to lie alone8 ,he should after he is weaned4 ,he will rest more comfortably1 and his sleep will be more refreshing4 #aib4 ,supposing a child should not sleep well1 what ought to be done8 ,would you give him a dose of composing medicine8 ,certainly not4 ,try the effects of exercise4 ,exercise in the open air is the best composing medicine in the world4 ,let the little fellow be well tired out1 and there will be little fear of his not sleeping4 #aic4 ,have you any further observations to make on the subject of sleep8 ,send a child joyful to bed4 ,do not1 if you can possibly help it1 let him go to bed crying4 ,let the last impressions he has at night be of his happy home1 and of his loving father and mother1 and let his last thoughts be those of joy and gladness4 ,he will sleep all the sounder if he be sent to bed in such a frame of mind1 and he will be more refreshed and nourished in the morning by his sleep4 #aid4 ,what is the usual cause of a child walking in his sleep1 and what measures1 during such times1 ought to be adopted to prevent his injuring himself8 ,a disordered stomach in a child of nervous temperament is usually the cause4 ,the means to be adopted to prevent his throwing himself out of the window are to have bars to his chamber casement1 and if that be not practicable1 to have either nails or screws driven into the window-sash to allow the window to open only for a sufficient space for ventilation1 and to have a screw window-fastening1 in order that he cannot1 without difficulty1 open the window2 to have a trusty person to sleep in his room1 who should have directions given not to rouse him from his sleep1 but to gently lead him back to his bed1 which may frequently be done without awaking him2 and to consult a medical man1 who will adopt means to put his stomach into order1 to brace his nerves1 and to strengthen his general system4 ,a trip to the coast and sea bathing1 in such a case1 is often of great service4 ,,second ,,dentition4 #aie4 ,when does a child begin to cut his ,,second set of teeth8 ,generally at seven years old4 ,he begins to cut them at about that time2 but it should be borne in mind 7so wonderful are the works of ,god7 that the second crop of teeth in embryo is actually bred and formed from the very commencement of his life1 under the first tier of teeth1 but which remain in abeyance for years1 and do not come into play until the first teeth1 having done their duty1 loosen and fall out1 and thus make room for the more numerous1 larger1 stronger1 and more permanent teeth1 which latter have to last for the remainder of his existence4 ,the first set is sometimes cut with a great deal of difficulty1 and produces various disease2 the second1 or permanent teeth1 come easily1 and are unaccompanied with any disorder4 ,the following is the process3 one after another of the first set gradually loosen1 and either drop out1 or with little pain are readily pulled out2 under these1 the second--the permanent teeth--make their appearance1 and fill up the vacant spaces4 ,the fang of the tooth that has dropped out is nearly all absorbed or eaten away1 leaving little more than the crown4 ,the first set consists of twenty2 the second 7including the wise teeth1 which are not generally cut until after the age of twenty-seven7 consists of thirty-two4 ,i would recommend you to pay particular attention to the teeth of your children2 for1 besides their being ornamental1 their regularity and soundness are of great importance to the present as well as to the future health of your offspring4 ,if there be any irregularity in the appearance of the second set1 lose no time in consulting an experienced and respectable dentist4 ,,disease1 ,,etc4 #aif4 ,do you think it important that ,i should be made acquainted with the symptoms of the ,,serious diseases of children8 ,certainly4 ,i am not advocating the doctrine of a mother treating serious diseases2 far from it2 it is not her province1 except in certain cases of extreme urgency where a medical man cannot be procured1 and where delay might be death2 but ,i do insist upon the necessity of her knowing the symptoms of disease4 ,my belief is1 that if parents were better informed on such subjects1 many children's lives might be saved1 much suffering might be averted1 and much sorrow might be spared4 ,the fact is1 the knowledge of the symptoms of disease is1 to a mother1 almost a sealed book4 ,if she were better acquainted with these matters1 how much more useful would she be in a sick-room1 and how much more readily would she enter into the plans and views of the medical man6 ,by her knowledge of the symptoms1 and by having his advice in time1 she would nip disease in the bud1 and the fight might end in favor of life1 for 8sickness is just a fight between life and death40#bah ,it is really lamentable to contemplate the amount of ignorance that still exists among mothers in all that appertains to the diseases of children2 although1 fortunately1 they are beginning to see and to feel the importance of gaining instruction on such subjects2 but the light is only dawning4 ,a writer of the present day makes the following remarks1 which somewhat bear on the subject in question4 ,he observes3 8,in spite of the knowledge and clear views possessed by the profession on all that concerns the management of children1 no fact is more palpable than that the most grievous ignorance and incompetency prevail respecting it among the public4 ,we want some means of making popular the knowledge which is now almost restricted to medical men1 or at most1 to the well-educated classes40#bai ,in the earlier editions of this work1 ,i did not give the treatment of any serious diseases1 however urgent4 ,in the three last editions ,i have been induced1 for reasons ,i will presently state1 to give the treatment of some of the more urgent serious diseases1 when a medical man cannot instantly be procured1 and where delay might be death4 ,sir ,charles ,locock1 who has taken a kind interest in this little work1 has given me valid reasons why a mother should be so enlightened4 ,the following extracts are from a letter which ,i received from ,sir ,charles on the subject1 and which he has courteously allowed me to publish4 ,he says3 8,as an old physician of some experience in complaints of infants and children1 ,i may perhaps be allowed to suggest that in a future edition you should add a few words on the actual treatment of some of the more urgent infantile diseases4 ,it is very right to caution parents against superseding the doctor1 and attempting to manage serious illness themselves2 but your advice1 with very small exceptions1 always being #8to lose no time in sending for a medical man1' much valuable and often irremediable time may be lost when a medical man is not to be had4 ,take1 for instance1 a case of croup3 there are no directions given at all1 except to send for a medical man1 and always to keep medicines in the house which he may have directed4 ,but how can this apply to a first attack8 ,you state that a first attack is generally the worst4 ,but why is it so8 ,simply because it often occurs when the parents do not recognize it1 and it is allowed to get to a worse point than in subsequent attacks1 when they are thoroughly alive to it4 ,as the very best remedy1 and often the only essential one1 if given early1 is a full emetic1 surely it is better that you should give some directions as to this in a future edition1 and ,i can speak from my own experience when ,i say that an emetic1 given in time1 and repeated to free vomiting1 will cut short any case of croup4 ,in nine cases out of ten the attack takes place in the evening or early night1 and when vomiting is effected the dinner of that day is brought up nearly undigested1 and the severity of the symptoms at once cut short4 ,whenever any remedy is valuable1 the more by its being administered in time1 it is surely wiser to give directions as to its use1 although1 as a general rule1 it is much better to advise the sending for medical advice40 ,the above reasons1 coming from such a learned and experienced physician as ,sir ,charles ,locock1 are conclusive1 and have decided me to comply with his advice1 to enlighten a mother on the treatment of some of the more urgent diseases of infants and of children4 ,in a subsequent letter addressed to myself1 ,sir ,charles has given me the names of those urgent diseases which he considers may be treated by a mother1 8where a medical man cannot be procured quickly1 or not at all20 they are--,croup2 ,inflammation of the ,lungs2 ,diphtheria2 ,dysentery2 ,diarrha2 ,hooping-cough1 in its various stages2 and ,shivering ,fit4 ,sir ,charles sums up his letter to me by saying3 8,such a book ought to be made as complete as possible1 and the objections to medical treatment being so explained as to induce mothers to try to avoid medical men is not so serious as that of leaving them without any guide in those instances where every delay is dangerous1 and yet where medical assistance is not to be obtained or not to be had quickly40 ,in addition to the above1 ,i shall give you the treatment of ,bronchitis1 ,measles1 and ,scarlet ,fever4 ,bronchitis is one of the most common diseases incidental to childhood1 and1 with judicious treatment1 is1 in the absence of the medical man1 readily managed by a sensible mother4 ,measles is very submissive to treatment4 ,scarlet ,fever1 if it be not malignant1 and if certain rules be strictly followed1 is also equally amenable to treatment4 ,i have been fortunate in treating ,scarlet ,fever1 and therefore think it desirable to enter fully into the treatment of a disease1 which is looked upon by many parents1 and according to the usual mode of treatment1 with just cause1 with great consternation and dread4 ,by giving my plan of treatment fully and simply1 and without the slightest reservation1 ,i am fully persuaded1 through ,god's blessing1 that ,i may be the humble means of saving the lives of numbers of children4 ,the diseases that might be treated by a mother1 in the absence of a medical1 man1 will form the subject of future ,conversations4 #aig4 ,at what age does ,water on the ,brain usually occur1 and how is a mother to know that her child is about to labor under that disease8 ,water on the brain is1 as a rule1 a disease of childhood2 after a child is seven years old it is comparatively rare4 ,it more frequently attacks delicate children--children who have been dry-nursed 7especially if they have been improperly fed71 or who have been suckled too long1 or who have had consumptive mothers1 or who have suffered severely from teething1 or who are naturally of a feeble constitution4 ,water on the brain sometimes follows an attack of inflammation of the lungs1 more especially if depressing measures 7such as excessive leeching and the administration of emetic tartar7 have been adopted4 ,it occasionally follows in the train of contagious eruptive diseases1 such as either small-pox or scarlatina4 ,we may divide the symptoms of water on the brain into two stages4 ,the first--the premonitory stage--which lasts four or five days1 in which medical aid might be of great avail2 the second--the stage of drowsiness and of coma--which usually ends in death4 ,i shall dwell on the first--the premonitory stage--in order that a mother may see the importance without loss of time of calling in a medical man3 ,if her child be feverish and irritable1 if his stomach be disordered1 if he have urgent vomitings1 if he have a foul breath1 if his appetite be capricious and bad1 if his nights be disturbed 7screaming out in his sleep71 if his bowels be disordered1 more especially if they be constipated1 if he be more than usually excited1 if his eye gleam with unusual brilliancy1 if his tongue ran faster than it is wont1 if his cheek be flushed and his head be hot1 and if he be constantly putting his hand to his head1 there is cause for suspicion4 ,if to these symptoms be added1 a more than usual carelessness in tumbling about1 in hitching his foot in the carpet1 or in dragging one foot after the other2 if1 too1 he has complained of darting1 shooting1 lancinating pains in his head1 it may then be known that the first stage of inflammation 7the forerunner of water on the brain7 either has taken or is about taking place4 ,remember1 no time ought to be lost in obtaining medical aid2 for the commencement of the disease is the golden opportunity1 when life might probably be saved4 #aih4 ,at what age1 and in what neighborhood1 is a child most liable to ,croup1 and when is a mother to know that it is about to take place8 ,it is unusual for a child until he be twelve months old to have croup2 but1 from that time until the age of two years1 he is more liable to it than at any other period4 ,the liability after two years gradually1 until he be ten years old1 lessens1 after which time it is rare4 ,a child is more liable to croup in a low and damp1 than in a high and dry neighborhood2 indeed1 in some situations1 croup is almost an unknown disease2 while in others it is only too well understood4 ,croup is more likely to prevail when the wind is either easterly or northeasterly4 ,there is no disease that requires more prompt treatment than croup1 and none that creeps on more insidiously4 ,the child at first seems to be laboring under a slight cold1 and is troubled with a little dry cough2 he is hot and fretful1 and hoarse when he cries4 ,hoarseness is one of the earliest symptoms of croup2 and it should be borne in mind that a young child1 unless he be going to have croup1 is seldom hoarse2 if1 therefore1 your child be hoarse1 he should be carefully watched1 in order that1 as soon as croup be detected1 not a moment be lost in applying the proper remedies4 ,his voice at length becomes gruff1 he breathes as though it were through muslin1 and the cough becomes crowing4 ,these three symptoms prove that the disease is now fully formed4 ,these latter symptoms sometimes come on without any previous warning1 the little fellow going to bed apparently quite well1 until the mother is awakened1 perplexed1 and frightened1 in the middle of the night1 by finding him laboring under the characteristic cough and the other symptoms of croup4 ,if she delay either to send for assistance1 or if proper medicines be not instantly given1 in a few hours it will probably be of no avail1 and in a day or two the little sufferer will be a corpse6 ,when once a child has had croup the after-attacks are generally milder4 ,if he has once had an attack of croup1 ,i should advise you always to have in the house medicine--a #d oz4 bottle of ipecacuanha wine1 to fly to at a moment's notice2#bbj but never omit1 where practicable1 in a case of croup1 whether the attack be severe or mild1 to send immediately for medical aid4 ,there is no disease in which time is more precious than in croup1 and where the delay of an hour may decide either for life or for death4 #aii4 ,but suppose a medical man is not ,,immediately to be procured1 what then am ,i to do8 more especially1 as you say1 that delay might be death4 ,what to do4--,i never in my life lost a child with croup where ,i was called in at the commencement of the disease1 and where my plans were carried out to the very letter4 ,let me begin by saying1 ,look well to the goodness and purity of the medicine1 for the life of your child may depend upon the medicine being genuine4 ,what medicine8 ,ipecacuanha wine6 ,at the earliest dawn of the disease give a teaspoonful of ipecacuanha wine every five minutes1 until free vomiting be excited4 ,in croup1 before he is safe1 free vomiting must be established1 and that without loss of time4 ,if1 after the expiration of an hour1 the ipecacuanha wine 7having given during that hour a teaspoonful of it every five minutes7 is not sufficiently powerful for the purpose--although it generally is so 7if the ipecacuanha wine be good7--then let the following mixture be substituted3 ,take of--,powdered ,ipecacuanha1 one scruple2 ,wine of ,ipecacuanha1 one ounce and a half3 ,make a ,mixture4 ,a teaspoonful to be given every five minutes1 until free vomiting be excited1 first well shaking the bottle4 ,after the vomiting1 place the child for a quarter of an hour in a warm bath4#bba ,when out of the bath give him small doses of ipecacuanha wine every two or three hours4 ,the following is a palatable form for the mixture3 ,take of--,wine of ,ipecacuanha1 three drachms2 ,simple ,syrup1 three drachms2 ,water1 six drachms3 ,make a ,mixture4 ,a teaspoonful to be taken every two or three hours4 ,but remember1 the emetic which is given at first is pure ipecacuanha wine1 without a drop of either water or of syrup4 ,a large sponge dipped out of very hot water1 and applied to the throat1 and frequently renewed1 oftentimes affords great relief in croup1 and ought during the time the emetic is being administered in all cases to be adopted4 ,if it be a severe case of croup1 and does not in the course of two hours yield to the free exhibition of the ipecacuanha emetic1 apply a narrow strip of ,smith's tela vesicatoria to the throat1 prepared in the same way as for a case of inflammation of the lungs 7see the ,conversation on the treatment of inflammation of the lungs74 ,with this only difference1 let it be a narrower strip1 only one-half the width there recommended1 and apply it to the throat instead of to the chest4 ,if a child has a very short1 fat neck1 there may not be room for the tela1 then you ought to apply it to the upper part of the chest--just under the collar bones4 ,let it be understood that the tela vesicatoria is not a severe remedy1 that the tela produces very little pain--not nearly so much as the application of leeches2 although1 in its action1 it is much more beneficial1 and is not nearly so weakening to the system4 ,keep the child from all stimulants2 let him live on a low diet1 such as milk and water1 toast and water1 arrow-root1 etc42 and let the room be1 if practicable1 at a temperate heat--#fj ,fahrenheit1 and be well ventilated4 ,so you see that the treatment of croup is very simple1 and that the plan might be carried out by an intelligent mother4 ,notwithstanding which1 it is your duty1 where practicable1 to send at the very onset of the disease for a medical man4 ,let me again reiterate that if your child is to be saved the ipecacuanha wine must be genuine and good4 ,this can only be effected by having the medicine from a highly respectable chemist4 ,again1 if ever your child has had croup1 let me again urge you always to have in the house a #d oz4 bottle of ipecacuanha wine1 that you may resort to at a moment's notice in case there be the slightest return of the disease4 ,ipecacuanha wine1 unfortunately1 is not a medicine that keeps well2 therefore1 every three or four months a fresh bottle ought to be procured either from a medical man or from a chemist4 ,as long as the ipecacuanha wine remains clear1 it is good2 but as soon as it becomes turbid it is bad1 and ought to be replaced by a fresh supply4 ,an intelligent correspondent of mine makes the following valuable remarks on the preservation of ipecacuanha wine3 8,now1 ,i know that there are some medicines and chemical preparations which1 though they spoil rapidly when at all exposed to the air1 yet will keep perfectly good for an indefinite time if hermetically sealed up in a perfectly full bottle4 ,if so1 would it not be a valuable suggestion if the ,apothecaries' ,hall1 or some other ,london firm of undoubted reliability1 would put up #a oz4 phials of ipecacuanha wine of guaranteed purity1 sealed up so as to keep good so long as unopened1 and sent out in sealed packages1 with the guarantee of their name4 ,by keeping a few such ounce bottles in an unopened state in one's house1 one might rely on being ready for any emergency4 ,if you think this suggestion worth notice1 and could induce some first-rate house to carry it out1 and mention the fact in a subsequent edition of your book1 you would1 ,i think1 be adding another most valuable item to an already invaluable book40 ,the above suggestion of preserving ipecacuanha wine in ounce bottles1 quite full1 and hermetically sealed1 is a very good one4 ,the best way of hermetically sealing the bottle would be to cut the cork level with the lip of the bottle1 and to cover the cork with sealing-wax1 in the same manner wine merchants serve some kinds of their wines1 and then to lay the bottles on their sides in sawdust in the cellar4 ,i have no doubt1 if such a plan were adopted1 the ipecacuanha wine would for a length of time keep good4 ,of course1 if the wine of ipecacuanha be procured from the ,apothecaries' ,hall ,company1 ,london 7as suggested by my correspondent71 there can be no question as to the genuineness of the article4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not give emetic tartar2 do not apply leeches2 do not keep the room very warm2 do not give stimulants2 do not omit to have always in the house either a #d oz4 bottle1 or three or four #a oz4 bottles of ipecacuanha wine4 #bjj4 ,i have heard ,child-crowing mentioned as a formidable disease2 would you describe the symptoms8 ,child-crowing1 or spurious croup1 as it is sometimes called1 is occasionally mistaken for genuine croup4 ,it is a more frequent disorder than the latter1 and requires a different plan of treatment4 ,child-crowing is a disease that almost invariably occurs only during dentition1 and is most perilous4 ,but if a child laboring under it can fortunately escape suffocation until he has cut the whole of his first set of teeth--twenty--he is then1 as a rule1 safe4 ,child-crowing comes on in paroxysms4 ,the breathing during the intervals is quite natural--indeed1 the child appears perfectly well2 hence the dangerous nature of the disease is either overlooked1 or is lightly thought of1 until perhaps a paroxysm worse than common takes place1 and the little patient dies of suffocation1 overwhelming the mother with terror1 with confusion1 and dismay4 ,the symptoms in a paroxysm of child-crowing are as follows3 ,the child suddenly loses and fights for his breath1 and in doing so makes a noise very much like that of crowing2 hence the name child-crowing4 ,the face during the paroxysm becomes bluish or livid4 ,in a favorable case1 after either a few seconds1 or even1 in some instances1 a minute1 and a frightful struggle to breathe1 he regains his breath1 and is1 until another paroxysm occurs1 perfectly well4 ,in an unfavorable case1 the upper part 7chink7 of the windpipe remains for a minute or two closed1 and the child1 not being able to breathe1 drops a corpse in his nurse's arms4 ,many children1 who are said to have died of fits1 have really died of child-crowing4 ,i have entered thus rather fully into the subject1 as many lives might be saved if a mother knew the nature of the complaint1 and the great necessity1 during the paroxysms1 of prompt and proper measures4 ,for1 too frequently1 before a medical man has had time to arrive1 the child has breathed his last1 the parent herself being perfectly ignorant of the necessary treatment2 hence the vital importance of the subject1 and the paramount necessity of imparting information1 in a popular style1 in a work of this kind4 #bja4 ,what treatment1 then1 during a paroxysm of ,child-crowing should you advise8 ,the first thing1 of course1 to be done is to send immediately for a medical man4 ,have a plentiful supply of cold and of hot water always at hand1 ready at a moment's notice for use4 ,the instant the paroxysm is upon the child1 plentifully and perseveringly dash cold water upon his head and face4 ,put his feet and legs in hot salt1 mustard1 and water2 and1 if necessary1 place him up to his neck in a hot bath1 still dashing water upon his face and head4 ,if he does not quickly come round1 sharply smack his back and buttocks4 ,as soon as a medical man arrives1 he will lose no time in thoroughly lancing the gums and in applying other appropriate remedies4 ,great care and attention ought1 during the intervals1 to be paid to the diet4 ,if the child is breathing a smoky1 close atmosphere1 he should be immediately removed to a pure one4 ,in this disease1 indeed1 there is no remedy equal to a change of air--to a dry1 bracing neighborhood4 ,change of air1 even if it be winter1 is the best remedy1 either to the coast or to a healthy farm-house4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,roberton1 of ,manchester 7who has paid great attention to this disease1 and who has written a valuable essay on the subject#bbb71 for the knowledge of this fact4 ,where1 in a case of this kind1 it is not practicable to send a child from home1 then let him be sent out of doors the greater part of every day2 let him1 in point of fact1 almost live in the open air4 ,i am quite sure1 from an extensive experience1 that in this disease1 fresh air1 and plenty of it1 is the best and principal remedy4 #bjb4 ,when is a mother to know that a cough is not a 8tooth-cough10 but one of the symptoms of ,inflammation of the ,lungs8 ,if the child has had a shivering fit2 if his skin be very hot and very dry2 if his lips be parched2 if there be great thirst2 if his cheeks be flushed2 if he be dull and heavy1 wishing to be quiet in his cot or crib2 if his appetite be diminished2 if his tongue be furred2 if his mouth be burning hot and dry2#bbc if his urine be scanty and high-colored1 staining the napkin or the linen2 if his breathing be short1 panting1 hurried1 and oppressed2 if there be a hard1 dry cough2 and if his skin be burning hot2 then there is no doubt that inflammation of the lungs has taken place4 ,no time should be lost in sending for medical aid2 indeed1 the hot1 dry mouth and skin1 and short hurried breathing would be sufficient cause for your procuring immediate assistance4 ,if inflammation of the lungs were properly treated at the onset1 a child would scarcely ever be lost by that disease4 ,i say this advisedly1 for in my own practice1 provided ,i am called in early1 and if my plans are strictly carried out1 ,i scarcely ever lose a child from inflammation of the lungs4 ,you may ask--,what are your plans8 ,i will tell you1 in case you cannot promptly obtain medical advice1 as delay might be death4 ,the treatment of ,inflammation of the ,lungs1 what to do4--,keep the child to one room1 to his bedroom1 and to his bed4 ,let the chamber be properly ventilated4 ,if the weather be cool1 let a small fire be in the grate2 otherwise1 he is better without a fire4 ,let him live on low diet1 such as weak black tea1 milk and water1 and toast and water1 thin oatmeal gruel1 arrow-root1 and such like simple beverages1 and give him the following mixture3 ,take of--,wine of ,ipecacuanha1 three drachms2 ,simple ,syrup1 three drachms2 ,water1 six drachms3 ,make a ,mixture4 ,a teaspoonful of the mixture to be taken every four hours4 ,be careful that you go to a respectable chemist1 in order that the quality of the ipecacuanha wine may be good1 as the child's life may depend upon it4 ,if the medicine produces sickness1 so much the better2 continue it regularly until the short1 oppressed1 and hurried breathing has subsided1 and has become natural4 ,if the attack be very severe1 in addition to the above medicine1 at once apply a blister1 not the common blister1 but ,smith's tela vesicatoria--a quarter of a sheet1 which ought to be fastened on to a piece of sticking-plaster1 taking care to apply the tela vesicatoria 7which is on paper7 to the warmed plaster1 so as to securely fasten the tela vesicatoria on the sticking-plaster4 ,the plaster should be rather larger than the blister1 so as to leave a margin4 ,any respectable chemist will understand the above directions1 and will prepare the tela ready for use4 ,if the child be a year old1 the blister ought to be kept on for three hours1 and then a piece of dry1 soft linen rag should be applied for another three hours4 ,at the end of which time--six hours--there will be a beautiful blister1 which must then1 with a pair of scissors1 be cut1 to let out the water2 and then let the blister be dressed1 night and morning1 with simple cerate spread on lint4 ,if the little patient be more than one year1 say two years old1 let the tela remain on for five hours1 and the dry linen rag for five hours more1 before the blister1 as above recommended1 be cut and dressed4 ,if in a day or two the inflammation still continue violent1 let another tela vesicatoria be applied1 not over the old blister1 but let a narrow slip of it1 on sticking-plaster1 be applied on each side of the old blister1 and managed in the same manner as before directed4 ,i cannot speak too highly of ,smith's tela vesicatoria4 ,it has1 in my hands1 through ,god's blessing1 saved the lives of scores of children4 ,it is far1 very far superior to the old-fashioned blistering plaster4 ,it seldom1 if the above rules be strictly observed1 fails to rise2 it gives much less pain than the common blister2 when it has had the desired effect1 it readily heals1 which cannot always be said of the common fly-blister1 more especially with children4 ,my sheet-anchors1 then1 in the inflammation of the lungs of children1 are1 ipecacuanha wine and ,smith's tela vesicatoria4 ,let the greatest care1 as ,i before advised1 be observed in obtaining the ipecacuanha wine genuine and good4 ,this can only be depended upon by having the medicine from a highly respectable chemist4 ,ipecacuanha wine1 when genuine and good1 is1 in many children's diseases1 one of the most valuable of medicines4 ,what1 in a case of ,inflammation of the ,lungs1 ,,not to do4--,do not1 on any account1 apply leeches4 ,they draw out the life of the child1 but not his disease4 ,avoid--emphatically let me say so--giving emetic tartar4 ,it is one of the most lowering and death-dealing medicines that can be administered either to an infant or to a child6 ,if you wish to try the effect of it1 take a dose yourself1 and ,i am quite sure that you will then never be inclined to poison a baby with such an abominable preparation6 ,in olden times--many1 many years ago--,i myself gave it in inflammation of the lungs1 and lost many children6 ,since leaving it off1 the recoveries of patients by the ipecacuanha treatment1 combined with the external application of ,smith's tela vesicatoria1 have been in many cases marvelous4 ,avoid broths and wine1 and all stimulants4 ,do not put the child into a warm bath1 it only oppresses the already oppressed breathing4 ,moreover1 after he is out of the bath1 it causes a larger quantity of blood to rush back to the lungs and to the bronchial tubes1 and thus feeds the inflammation4 ,do not1 by a large fire1 keep the temperature of the room high4 ,a small fire1 in the winter time1 encourages ventilation1 and in such a case does good4 ,when the little patient is on the mother's or on the nurse's lap1 do not burden him either with a heavy blanket or with a thick shawl4 ,either a child's thin blanket1 or a thin woolen shawl1 in addition to his usual night-gown1 is all the clothing necessary4 #bjc4 ,is ,bronchitis a more frequent disease than ,inflammation of the ,lungs8 ,which is the most dangerous8 ,what are the symptoms of ,bronchitis8 ,bronchitis is a much more frequent disease than inflammation of the lungs2 indeed1 it is one of the most common complaints both of infants and of children1 while inflammation of the lungs is comparatively a rare disease4 ,bronchitis is not nearly such a dangerous disease as inflammation of the lungs4 ,the symptoms4--,the child for the first few days labors under symptoms of a heavy cold2 he has not his usual spirits4 ,in two or three days1 instead of the cold leaving him1 it becomes more confirmed2 he is now really poorly1 fretful1 and feverish2 his breathing becomes rather hurried and oppressed2 his cough is hard and dry and loud2 he wheezes1 and if you put your ear to his naked back1 between his shoulder-blades1 you will hear the wheezing more distinctly4 ,if at the breast1 he does not suck with his usual avidity2 the cough1 notwithstanding the breast is a great comfort to him1 compels him frequently to loose the nipple2 his urine is scanty1 and rather high-colored1 staining the napkin1 and smelling strongly4 ,he is generally worse at night4 ,well1 then1 remember if the child be feverish1 if he have symptoms of a heavy cold1 if he have an oppression of breathing1 if he wheeze1 and if he have a tight1 dry1 noisy cough1 you may be satisfied that he has an attack of bronchitis4 #bjd4 ,how can ,i distinguish between ,bronchitis and ,inflammation of the ,lungs8 ,in bronchitis the skin is warm but moist2 in inflammation of the lungs it is hot and dry3 in bronchitis the mouth is warmer than usual1 but moist2 in inflammation of the lungs it is burning hot3 in bronchitis the breathing is rather hurried1 and attended with wheezing2 in inflammation of the lungs it is very short and panting1 and is unaccompanied with wheezing1 although occasionally a very slight crackling sound might be heard3 in bronchitis the cough is long and noisy2 in inflammation of the lungs it is short and feeble3 in bronchitis the child is cross and fretful2 in inflammation of the lungs he is dull and heavy1 and his countenance denotes distress4 ,we have sometimes a combination of bronchitis and of inflammation of the lungs1 an attack of the latter following the former4 ,then the symptoms will be modified1 and will partake of the character of the two diseases4 #bje4 ,how would you treat a case of ,bronchitis8 ,if a medical man cannot be procured1 ,i will tell you what to do3 ,confine the child to his bedroom1 and if very ill1 to his bed4 ,if it be winter time1 have a little fire in the grate1 but be sure that the temperature of the chamber is not above #fj ,fahrenheit1 and let the room be properly ventilated1 which may be effected by occasionally leaving the door a little ajar4 ,let him lie either outside the bed or on a sofa2 if he be very ill1 inside the bed1 with a sheet and a blanket only to cover him1 but no thick coverlid4 ,if he be allowed to lie on the lap1 it only heats him and makes him restless4 ,if he will not lie on the bed1 let him rest on a pillow placed on the lap2 the pillow will cause him to lie cooler1 and will more comfortably rest his wearied body4 ,if he be at the breast1 keep him to it2 let him have no artificial food1 unless1 if he be thirsty1 a little toast and water4 ,if he be weaned1 let him have either milk and water1 arrow-root made with equal parts of milk and water1 toast and water1 barley-water1 or weak black1 tea1 with plenty of new milk in it1 etc42 but1 until the inflammation has subsided1 neither broth nor beef-tea4 ,now1 with regard to medicine1 the best medicine is ipecacuanha wine1 given in large doses1 so as to produce constant nausea4 ,the ipecacuanha abates fever1 acts on the skin1 loosens the cough1 and1 in point of fact1 in the majority of cases will rapidly effect a cure4 ,i have in a preceding ,conversation#bbd given you a prescription for the ipecacuanha wine mixture4 ,let a teaspoonful of the mixture be taken every four hours4 ,if in a day or two he be no better1 but worse1 by all means continue the mixture1 whether it produce sickness or otherwise2 and put on the chest a tela vesicatoria1 prepared and applied as ,i recommended when treating of inflammation of the lungs4#bbd ,the ipecacuanha wine and the tela vesicatoria are my sheet-anchors in the bronchitis1 both of infants and of children4 ,they rarely1 even in very severe cases1 fail to effect a cure1 provided the tela vesicatoria be properly applied1 and the ipecacuanha wine be genuine and of good quality4 ,if there be any difficulty in procuring good ipecacuanha wine1 the ipecacuanha may be given in powder instead of the wine4 ,the following is a pleasant form3 ,take of--,powder of ,ipecacuanha1 twelve grains2 ,white ,sugar1 thirty-six grains3 ,mix well together1 and divide into twelve powders4 ,one of the powders to be put dry on the tongue every four hours4 ,the ipecacuanha powder will keep better than the wine1 an important consideration to those living in country places2 nevertheless1 if the wine can be procured fresh and good1 ,i far prefer the wine to the powder4 ,when the bronchitis has disappeared1 the diet ought gradually to be improved--rice1 sago1 tapioca1 and light batter pudding1 etc42 and in a few days1 either a little chicken or a mutton-chop1 mixed with a well-mashed potato and crumb of bread1 should be given4 ,but let the improvement in his diet be gradual1 or the inflammation might return4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not apply leeches4 ,do not give either emetic tartar1 or antimonial wine1 which is emetic tartar dissolved in wine4 ,do not administer either paregoric or syrup of poppies1 either of which would stop the cough1 and would thus prevent the expulsion of the phlegm4 ,any fool can stop a cough1 but it requires a wise man to rectify the mischief4 ,a cough is an effort of nature to bring up the phlegm1 which would otherwise accumulate1 and in the end cause death4 ,again1 therefore1 let me urge upon you the immense importance of not stopping the cough of a child4 ,the ipecacuanha wine will1 by loosening the phlegm1 loosen the cough1 which is the only right way to get rid of a cough4 ,let what ,i have now said be impressed deeply upon your memory1 as thousands of children in ,england are annually destroyed by having their coughs stopped4 ,avoid1 until the bronchitis be relieved1 giving him broths1 and meat1 and stimulants of all kinds4 ,for further observations on what ,,not to do in bronchitis1 ,i beg to refer you to a previous ,conversation we had on what ,,not to do in inflammation of the lungs4 ,that which is injurious in the one case is equally so in the other4 #bjf4 ,what are the symptoms of ,diphtheria1 or1 as it is sometimes called1 ,boulogne sore-throat8 ,this terrible disease1 although by many considered to be a new complaint1 is1 in point of fact1 of very ancient origin4 ,homer1 and ,hippocrates1 the father of physic1 have both described it4 ,diphtheria first appeared in ,england in the beginning of the year #aheg1 since which time it has never totally left our shores4 ,the symptoms4--,the little patient1 before the disease really shows itself1 feels poorly1 and is 8out of sorts40 ,a shivering fit1 though not severe1 may generally be noticed4 ,there is heaviness1 and slight headache1 principally over the eyes4 ,sometimes1 but not always1 there is a mild attack of delirium at night4 ,the next day he complains of slight difficulty of swallowing4 ,if old enough1 he will complain of constriction about the swallow4 ,on examining the throat the tonsils will be found to be swollen and redder--more darkly red than usual4 ,slight specks will be noticed on the tonsils4 ,in a day or two an exudation will cover them1 the back of the swallow1 the palate1 the tongue1 and sometimes the inside of the cheeks and the nostrils4 ,this exudation of lymph gradually increases until it becomes a regular membrane1 which puts on the appearance of leather2 hence its name diphtheria4 ,this membrane peels off in pieces2 and if the child be old and strong enough he will sometimes spit it up in quantities1 the membrane again and again rapidly forming as before4 ,the discharges from the throat are occasionally1 but not always offensive4 ,there is danger of croup from the extension of the membrane into the windpipe4 ,the glands about the neck and under the jaw are generally much swollen2 the skin is rather cold and clammy2 the urine is scanty and usually pale2 the bowels at first are frequently relaxed4 ,this diarrha may or may not cease as the disease advances4 ,the child is now in a perilous condition1 and it becomes a battle between his constitution and the disease4 ,if1 unfortunately1 as is too often the case--diphtheria being more likely to attack the weakly--the child be very delicate1 there is but slight hope of recovery4 ,the danger of the disease is not always to be measured by the state of the throat4 ,sometimes1 when the patient appears to be getting well1 a sudden change for the worse rapidly carries him off4 ,hence the importance of great caution1 in such cases1 in giving an opinion as to ultimate recovery4 ,i have said enough to prove the terrible nature of the disease1 and to show the necessity of calling in1 at the earliest period of the symptoms1 an experienced and skillful medical man4 #bjg4 ,is ,diphtheria contagious8 ,decidedly4 ,therefore1 when practicable1 the rest of the children ought instantly to be removed to a distance4 ,i say children1 for it is emphatically a disease of childhood4 ,when adults have it1 it is the exception1 and not the rule4 8,thus it will be seen1 in the account given of the ,boulogne epidemic1 that of #cff deaths from this cause1 #cda occurred among children under ten years of age4 ,in the ,lincolnshire epidemic1 in the autumn of #aheh1 all the deaths at ,horncastle1 #be in number1 occurred among children under twelve years of age40#bbe #bjh4 ,what are the causes of ,diphtheria8 ,bad and imperfect drainage2#bbf want of ventilation2 overflowing privies2 low neighborhoods in the vicinity of rivers2 stagnant waters2 indeed1 everything that vitiates the air and thus depresses the system1 more especially if the weather be close and muggy2 poor and improper food2 and last1 though not least1 contagion4 ,bear in mind1 too1 that a delicate child is much more predisposed to the disease than a strong one4 #bji4 ,what is the treatment of ,diphtheria8 ,what to do4--,examine well into the ventilation1 for as diphtheria is frequently caused by deficient ventilation1 the best remedy is thorough ventilation4 ,look well both to the drains and to the privies1 and see that the drains from the water-closets and from the privies do not in any way contaminate the pump-water4 ,if the drains be defective or the privies be full1 the disease in your child will be generated1 fed1 and fostered4 ,not only so1 but the disease will spread in your family and all around you4 ,keep the child to his bedroom and to his bed4 ,for the first two or three days1 while the fever runs high1 put him on a low diet1 such as milk1 tea1 arrow-root1 etc4 ,apply to his throat every four hours a warm barm and oatmeal poultice4 ,if he be old enough to have the knowledge to use a gargle1 the following will be found serviceable3 ,take of--,powdered ,alum1 one drachm2 ,simple ,syrup1 one ounce2 ,water1 seven ounces3 ,to make a ,gargle4 ,the best medicine for the first few days of the attack1 is one of the following mixtures3 ,take of--,chlorate of ,potash1 two drachms2 ,boiling ,water1 seven ounces and a half2 ,syrup of ,red ,poppy1 half an ounce3 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,a tablespoonful to be taken every four hours4 ,or1 ,take of--,diluted ,sulphuric ,acid1 one drachm2 ,simple ,syrup1 one ounce and a half2 ,infusion of ,roses1#bbg four ounces and a half2 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,a tablespoonful to be given every four hours4 ,as soon as the skin has lost its preternatural heat1 beef-tea and chicken broth ought to be given4 ,or if great prostration should supervene1 in addition to the beef-tea1 port wine1 a tablespoonful every four hours1 should be administered4 ,if the child be cold1 and there be great sinking of the vital powers1 brandy and water should be substituted for the port wine4 ,remember1 in ordinary cases1 port wine and brandy are not necessary1 but in cases of extreme exhaustion they are most valuable4 ,as soon as the great heat of the skin has abated and the debility has set in1 one of the following mixtures will be found useful3 ,take of--,wine of ,iron1 one ounce and a half2 ,simple ,syrup1 one ounce2 ,water1 three ounces and a half3 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,a tablespoonful to be taken every four hours4 ,or1 ,take of--,muriated ,tincture of ,iron1 half a drachm2 ,simple ,syrup1 one ounce2 ,water1 three ounces3 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,a tablespoonful to be taken three times a day4 ,if the disease should travel downward1 it will cause all the symptoms of croup1 then it must be treated as croup2 with this only difference1 that a blister 7tela vesicatoria7 must not be applied1 or the blistered surface may be attacked by the membrane of diphtheria1 which may either cause death or hasten that catastrophe4 ,in every other respect treat the case as croup1 by giving an emetic1 a teaspoonful of ipecacuanha wine every five minutes1 until free vomiting be excited1 and then administer smaller doses of ipecacuanha wine every two or three hours1 as ,i recommended when conversing with you on the treatment of croup4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not1 on any account1 apply either leeches or a blister4 ,if the latter be applied1 it is almost sure to be covered with the membrane of diphtheria1 similar to that inside of the mouth and of the throat1 which would be a serious complication4 ,do not give either calomel or emetic tartar4 ,do not depress the system by aperients1 for diphtheria is an awfully depressing complaint of itself2 the patient1 in point of fact1 is laboring under the depressing effects of poison1 for the blood has been poisoned either by the drinking water being contaminated by fecal matter from either a privy or from a water-closet2 by some horrid drain2 by proximity to a pig-sty2 by an overflowing privy1 especially if vegetable matter be rotting at the same time in it2 by bad ventilation1 or by contagion4 ,diphtheria may generally be traced either to the one or to the other of the above causes2 therefore let me urgently entreat you to look well into all these matters1 and thus to stay the pestilence6 ,diphtheria might long remain in a neighborhood if active measures be not used to exterminate it4 #baj4 ,have the goodness to describe the symptoms of ,measles8 ,measles commences with symptoms of a common cold2 the patient is at first chilly1 then hot and feverish2 he has a running at the nose1 sneezing1 watering and redness of the eyes1 headache1 drowsiness1 a hoarse and peculiar ringing cough1 which nurses call 8measle-cough10 and difficulty of breathing4 ,these symptoms usually last three days before the eruption appears2 on the fourth it 7the eruption7 generally makes its appearance1 and continues for four days and then disappears1 lasting altogether1 from the commencement of the symptoms of cold to the decline of the eruption1 seven days4 ,it is important to bear in mind that the eruption consists of crescent-shaped--half-moon-shaped--patch es2 that they usually appear first about the face and the neck1 in which places they are the best marked2 then on the body and on the arms2 and1 lastly1 on the legs1 and that they are slightly raised above the surface of the skin4 ,the face is swollen1 more especially the eyelids1 which are sometimes for a few days closed4 ,well1 then1 remember1 the running at the nose1 the sneezing1 the peculiar hoarse cough1 and the half-moon-shaped patches1 are the leading features of the disease1 and point out for a certainty that it is measles4 #baa4 ,what constitutes the principal danger in ,measles8 ,the affection of the chest4 ,the mucous or lining membrane of the bronchial tubes is always more or less inflamed1 and the lungs themselves are sometimes affected4 #bab4 ,do you recommend 8surfeit water0 and saffron tea to throw out the eruption in ,measles8 ,certainly not4 ,the only way to throw out the eruption1 as it is called1 is to keep the body comfortably warm1 and to give the beverages ordered by the medical man1 with the chill off4 8,surfeit water10 saffron tea1 and remedies of that class1 are hot and stimulating4 ,the only effect they can have1 will be to increase the fever and the inflammation--to add fuel to the fire4 #bac4 ,what is the treatment of ,measles8 ,what to do4--,the child ought to be confined both to his room and to his bed1 the room being kept comfortably warm2 therefore1 if it be winter time1 there should be a small fire in the grate2 in the summer time1 a fire would be improper4 ,the child must not be exposed to draughts2 notwithstanding1 from time to time1 the door ought to be left a little ajar in order to change the air of the apartment2 for proper ventilation1 let the disease be what it may1 is absolutely necessary4 ,let the child1 for the first few days1 be kept on a low diet1 such as on milk and water1 arrow-root1 bread and butter1 etc4 ,if the attack be mild1 that is to say1 if the breathing be not much affected 7for in measles it always is more or less affected71 and if there be not much wheezing1 the acidulated infusion of roses' mixture#bbh will be all that is necessary4 ,but suppose that the breathing is short1 and that there is a great wheezing1 then1 instead of giving him the mixture just advised1 give him a teaspoonful of a mixture composed of ipecacuanha wine1 syrup1 and water1#bbi every four hours4 ,and if1 on the following day1 the breathing and the wheezing be not relieved1 in addition to the ipecacuanha mixture1 apply a tela vesicatoria1 as advised under the head of inflammation of the lungs4 ,when the child is convalescing1 batter puddings1 rice1 and sago puddings1 in addition to the milk1 bread and butter1 etc41 should be given2 and1 a few days later1 chicken1 mutton-chops1 etc4 ,the child ought not1 even in a mild case of measles1 and in favorable weather1 to be allowed to leave the house under a fortnight1 or it might bring on an attack of bronchitis4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not give either 8surfeit water0 or wine4 ,do not apply leeches to the chest4 ,do not expose the child to the cold air4 ,do not keep the bedroom very hot1 but comfortably warm4 ,do not let the child leave the house1 even under favorable circumstances1 under a fortnight4 ,do not1 while the eruption is out1 give aperients4 ,do not1 8to ease the cough10 administer either emetic tartar or paregoric--the former drug is awfully depressing2 the latter will stop the cough1 and will thus prevent the expulsion of the phlegm4 #bad4 ,what is the difference between ,scarlatina and ,scarlet ,fever8 ,they are1 indeed1 one and the same disease1 scarlatina being the ,latin for scarlet fever4 ,but1 in a popular sense1 when the disease is mild1 it is usually called scarlatina4 ,the latter term does not sound so formidable to the ears either of patients or of parents4 #bae4 ,will you describe the symptoms of ,scarlet ,fever8 ,the patient is generally chilly1 languid1 drowsy1 feverish1 and poorly for two days before the eruption appears4 ,at the end of the second day1 the characteristic1 bright scarlet efflorescence1 somewhat similar to the color of a boiled lobster1 usually first shows itself4 ,the scarlet appearance is not confined to the skin2 but the tongue1 the throat1 and the whites of the eyes put on the same appearance2 with this only difference1 that on the tongue and on the throat the scarlet is much darker2 and1 as ,dr4 ,elliotson accurately describes it1--8the tongue looks as if it had been slightly sprinkled with ,cayenne pepper40 ,the eruption usually declines on the fifth1 and is generally indistinct on the sixth day2 on the seventh it has completely faded away4 ,there is usually1 after the first few days1 great itching on the surface of the body4 ,the skin1 at the end of the week1 begins to peel and to dust off1 making it look as though meal had been sprinkled upon it4 ,there are three forms of scarlet fever1--the one where the throat is little1 if at all affected1 and this is a mild form of the disease2 the second1 which is generally1 especially at night1 attended with delirium1 where the throat is much affected1 being often greatly inflamed and ulcerated2 and the third 7which is1 except in certain unhealthy districts1 comparatively rare1 and which is ,,very dangerous71 the malignant form4 #baf4 ,would it be well to give a little cooling1 opening physic as soon as a child begins to sicken for ,scarlet ,fever8 ,on no account whatever4 ,aperient medicines are1 in my opinion1 highly improper and dangerous both before and during the period of the eruption4 ,it is my firm conviction that the administration of opening medicine1 at such times1 is one of the principal causes of scarlet fever being so frequently fatal4 ,this is1 of course1 more applicable to the poor1 and to those who are unable to procure a skillful medical man4 #bag4 ,what constitutes the principal danger in ,scarlet ,fever8 ,the affection of the throat1 the administration of opening medicine during the first ten days1 and a peculiar disease of the kidneys ending in anasarca 7dropsy71 on which account1 the medical man ought1 when practicable1 to be sent for at the onset1 that no time may be lost in applying proper remedies4 #bah4 ,how would you distinguish between ,scarlet ,fever and ,measles8 ,measles commences with symptoms of a common cold2 scarlet fever does not4 ,measles has a peculiar hoarse cough2 scarlet fever has not4 ,the eruption of measles is in patches of a half-moon shape1 and is slightly raised above the skin2 the eruption of scarlet fever is not raised above the skin at all1 and is one continued mass4 ,the color of the eruption is much more vivid in scarlet fever than in measles4 ,the chest is the part principally affected in measles1 and the throat in scarlet fever4 ,there is an excellent method of determining1 for a certainty1 whether the eruption be that of scarlatina or otherwise4 ,i myself have1 in several instances1 ascertained the truth of it3 8,for several years ,m4 ,bouchut has remarked in the eruption of scarlatina a curious phenomenon1 which serves to distinguish this eruption from that of measles1 erythema1 erysipelas1 etc41 a phenomenon essentially vital1 and which is connected with the excessive contractability of the capillaries4 ,the phenomenon in question is a white line1 which can be produced at pleasure by drawing the back of the nail along the skin where the eruption is situated4 ,on drawing the nail1 or the extremity of a hard body 7such as a pen-holder71 along the eruption1 the skin is observed to grow pale1 and to present a white trace1 which remains for one or two minutes1 or longer1 and then disappears4 ,in this way the diagnosis of the disease may be very distinctly written on the skin2 the word #8,scarlatina' disappears as the eruption regains its uniform tint40#bcj #bai4 ,is it of so much importance1 then1 to distinguish between ,scarlet ,fever and ,measles8 ,it is of great importance1 as in measles the patient ought to be kept moderately warm1 and the drinks should be given with the chill off2 while in scarlet fever the patient ought to be kept cool--indeed1 for the first few days1 cold2 and the beverages1 such as spring water1 toast and water1 etc41 should be administered quite cold4 #bbj4 ,what is the treatment of ,scarlet ,fever8#bca ,what to do4--,pray pay particular attention to my rules1 and carry out my directions to the very letter--as ,i can then promise you that if the scarlet fever be not malignant1 the plan ,i am about to recommend will1 with ,god's blessing1 be generally successful4 ,what is the first thing to be done8 ,send the child to bed2 throw open the windows1 be it winter or summer1 and have a thorough ventilation2 for the bedroom must be kept cool1 ,i may say cold4 ,do not be afraid of fresh air1 for fresh air1 for the first few days1 is essential to recovery4 ,fresh air1 and plenty of it1 in scarlet fever1 is the best doctor a child can have3 let these words be written legibly on your mind4#bcb ,take down the curtains of the bed2 remove the valances4 ,if it be summer time1 let the child be only covered with a sheet3 if it be winter time1 in addition to the sheet1 he should have one blanket over him4 ,now for the throat4--,the best external application is a barm and oatmeal poultice4 ,how ought it to be made1 and how applied8 ,put half a teacupful of barm into a saucepan1 put it on the fire to boil2 as soon as it boils take it off the fire1 and stir oatmeal into it1 until it is of the consistence of a nice soft poultice2 then place it on a rag1 and apply it to the throat2 carefully fasten it on with bandage1 two or three turns of the bandage going round the throat1 and two or three over the crown of the head1 so as nicely to apply the poultice where it is wanted--that is to say1 to cover the tonsils4 ,tack the bandage3 do not pin it4 ,let the poultice be changed three times a day4 ,the best medicine is the acidulated infusion of roses1 sweetened with syrup4#bcc ,it is grateful and refreshing1 it is pleasant to take1 it abates fever and thirst1 it cleans the throat and tongue of mucus1 and is peculiarly efficacious in scarlet fever2 as soon as the fever is abated it gives an appetite4 ,my belief is that the sulphuric acid in the mixture is a specific in scarlet fever1 as much as quinine is in ague1 and sulphur in itch4 ,i have reason to say so1 for1 in numerous cases1 ,i have seen its immense value4 ,now1 with regard to food4--,if the child be at the breast1 keep him entirely to it4 ,if he be weaned1 and under two years old1 give him milk and water1 and cold water to drink4 ,if he be older1 give him toast and water1 and plain water from the pump1 as much as he chooses2 let it be quite cold--the colder the better4 ,weak black tea1 or thin gruel1 may be given1 but not caring1 unless he be an infant at the breast1 if he take nothing but cold water4 ,if the child be two years old and upwards1 roasted apples with sugar1 and grapes will be very refreshing1 and will tend to cleanse both the mouth and the throat4 ,avoid broths and stimulants of every kind4 ,when the appetite returns1 you may consider the patient to be safe4 ,the diet ought now to be gradually improved4 ,bread and butter1 milk and water1 and arrow-root made with equal parts of new milk and water1 should for the first two or three days be given4 ,then a light batter or rice pudding may be added1 and in a few days afterward1 either a little chicken or a mutton-chop4 ,the essential remedies1 then1 in scarlet fever1 are1 for the first few days--7#a7 plenty of fresh air and ventilation1 7#b7 plenty of cold water to drink1 7#c7 barm poultices to the throat1 and 7#d7 the acidulated infusion of roses' mixture as a medicine4 ,now1 then1 comes very important advice4 ,after the first few days1 probably five or six1 sometimes as early as the fourth day1 watch carefully and warily1 and note the time1 the skin will suddenly become cool1 the child will say that he feels chilly2 then is the time you must now change your tactics--instantly close the windows1 and put extra clothing1 a blanket or two1 on his bed4 ,a flannel night-gown should1 until the dead skin has peeled off1 be now worn next to the skin1 when the flannel night-gown should be discontinued4 ,the patient ought ever after to wear1 in the daytime1 a flannel waistcoat4#bcd ,his drinks must now be given with the chill off2 he ought to have a warm cup of tea1 and gradually his diet should1 as ,i have previously recommended be improved4 ,there is one important caution ,i wish to impress upon you1--do not give opening medicine during the time the eruption is out4 ,in all probability the bowels will be opened3 if so1 all well and good2 but do not1 on any account1 for the first ten days1 use artificial means to open them4 ,it is my firm conviction that the administration of purgatives in scarlet fever is a fruitful source of dropsy1 of disease1 and death4 ,when we take into consideration the sympathy there is between the skin and the mucous membrane1 ,i think that we should pause before giving irritating medicines1 such as purgatives4 ,the irritation of aperients on the mucous membrane may cause the poison of the skin disease 7for scarlet fever is a blood poison7 to be driven internally to the kidneys1 to the throat1 to the pericardium 7bag of the heart71 or to the brain4 ,you may say1 ,do you not purge if the bowels be not open for a week8 ,i say emphatically1 ,no6 ,i consider my great success in the treatment of scarlet fever to be partly owing to my avoidance of aperients during the first ten days of the child's illness4 ,if the bowels1 after the ten days1 are not properly opened1 a dose or two of the following mixture should be given3 ,take of--,simple ,syrup1 three drachms2 ,essence of ,senna1 nine drachms3 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,two teaspoonfuls to be given early in the morning occasionally1 and to be repeated in four hours1 if the first dose should not operate4 ,in a subsequent ,conversation1 ,i shall strongly urge you not to allow your child1 when convalescent1 to leave the house under at least a month from the commencement of the illness2 ,i therefore beg to refer you to that ,conversation1 and hope that you will give it your best and earnest consideration6 ,during the last seventeen years ,i have never had dropsy from scarlet fever1 and ,i attribute it entirely to the plan ,i have just recommended1 and in not allowing my patients to leave the house under the month--until1 in fact1 the skin that has peeled off has been renewed4 ,let us now sum up the plan ,i adopt3 #a4 ,thorough ventilation1 a cool room1 and scant clothes on the bed1 for the first five or six days4 #b4 ,a change of temperature of the skin to be carefully regarded4 ,as soon as the skin is cool1 closing the windows1 and putting additional clothing on the bed4 #c4 ,the acidulated infusion of roses with syrup is the medicine for scarlet fever4 #d4 ,purgatives to be religiously avoided for the first ten days at least1 and even afterward1 unless there be absolute necessity4 #e4 ,leeches1 blisters1 emetics1 cold and tepid spongings1 and painting the tonsils with caustic1 inadmissible in scarlet fever4 #f4 ,a strict antiphlogistic 7low7 diet for the first few days1 during which time cold water to be given ad libitum4 #g4 ,the patient not to leave the house in the summer under the month2 in the winter1 under six weeks4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not1 then1 apply either leeches or blisters to the throat2 do not paint the tonsils with caustic2 do not give aperients2 do not1 on any account1 give either calomel or emetic tartar2 do not1 for the first few days of the illness1 be afraid of cold air to the skin1 and of cold water as a beverage2 do not1 emphatically let me say1 do not let the child leave the house for at least a month from the commencement of the illness4 ,my firm conviction is1 that purgatives1 emetics1 and blisters1 by depressing the patient1 sometimes cause ordinary scarlet fever to degenerate into malignant scarlet fever4 ,i am aware that some of our first authorities advocate a different plan to mine4 ,they recommend purgatives1 which ,i may say1 in scarlet fever1 are my dread and abhorrence4 ,they advise cold and tepid spongings--a plan which ,i think dangerous1 as it will probably drive the disease internally4 ,blisters1 too1 have been prescribed2 these ,i consider weakening1 injurious1 and barbarous1 and likely still more to inflame the already inflamed skin4 ,they recommend leeches to the throat1 which ,i am convinced1 by depressing the patient1 will lessen the chance of his battling against the disease1 and will increase the ulceration of the tonsils4 ,again1 the patient has not too much blood2 the blood is only poisoned4 ,i look upon scarlet fever as a specific poison of the blood1 and one which will be eliminated from the system1 not by bleeding1 not by purgatives1 not by emetics1 but by a constant supply of fresh and cool air1 by the acid treatment1 by cold water as a beverage1 and for the first few days by a strict antiphlogistic 7low7 diet4 ,sydenham says that scarlet fever is oftentimes 8fatal through the officiousness of the doctor40 ,i conscientiously believe that a truer remark was never made2 and that under a different system to the usual one adopted1 scarlet fever would not be so much dreaded4#bce #bba4 ,how soon ought a child to be allowed to leave the house after an attack of ,scarlet ,fever8 ,he must not be allowed to go out for at least a month from the commencement of the attack1 in the summer1 and six weeks in the winter2 and not even then with out the express permission of a medical man4 ,it might be said that this is an unreasonable recommendation but when it is considered that the whole of the skin generally desquamates1 or peels off1 and consequently leaves the surface of the body exposed to cold1 which cold flies to the kidneys1 producing a peculiar and serious disease in them1 ending in dropsy1 this warning will not be deemed unreasonable4 ,scarlet fever dropsy1 which is really a formidable disease1 generally arises from the carelessness1 the ignorance1 and the thoughtlessness of parents in allowing a child to leave the house before the new skin is properly formed and hardened4 ,prevention is always better than cure4 ,thus far with regard to the danger to the child himself4 ,now1 if you please1 let me show you the risk of contagion that you inflict upon families1 in allowing your child to mix with others before a month at least has elapsed4 ,bear in mind1 a case is quite as contagious1 if not more so1 while the skin is peeling off1 as it was before4 ,thus1 in ten days or a fortnight1 there is as much risk of contagion as at the beginning of the disease1 and when the fever is at its height4 ,at the conclusion of the month the old skin has generally all peeled off1 and the new skin has taken its place2 consequently there will then be less fear of contagion to others4 ,but the contagion of scarlet fever is so subtle and so uncertain in its duration1 that it is impossible to fix the exact time when it ceases4 ,let me most earnestly implore you to ponder well on the above important facts4 ,if these remarks should be the means of saving only one child from death1 or from broken health1 my labor will not have been in vain4 #bbb4 ,what means do you advise to purify a house from the contagion of ,scarlet ,fever8 ,let every room be lime-washed and then be white washed2#bcf if the contagion has been virulent1 let every bedroom be freshly papered 7the walls having been previously stripped of the old paper and then lime-washed72 let the bed1 the bolsters1 the pillows1 and the mattresses be cleansed and purified2 let the blankets and coverlids be thoroughly washed1 and then let them be exposed to the open air--if taken into a field so much the better2 let the rooms be well scoured2 let the windows1 top and bottom1 be thrown wide open2 let the drains be carefully examined2 let the pump-water be scrutinized1 to see that it be not contaminated by fecal matter1 either from the water-closet or from the privy2 let privies be emptied of their contents--remember this is most important advice--then put into the empty places lime and powdered charcoal1 for it is a well-ascertained fact that it is frequently impossible to rid a house of the infection of scarlet fever without adopting such a course4 8,in ,st4 ,george's1 ,southwark1 the medical officer reports that scarlatina #8has raged fatally1 almost exclusively where privy or drain smells are to be perceived in the houses4'0#bcg ,let the children who have not had1 or who do not appear to be sickening for scarlet fever1 be sent away from home--if to a farm-house so much the better4 ,indeed1 leave no stone unturned1 no means untried1 to exterminate the disease from the house and from the neighborhood4 #bbc4 ,will you describe the symptoms of ,chicken-pox8 ,it is occasionally1 but not always1 ushered in with a slight shivering fit2 the eruption shows itself in about twenty-four hours from the child first appearing poorly4 ,it is a vesicular#bch disease4 ,the eruption comes out in the form of small pimples1 and principally attacks the scalp1 the neck1 the back1 the chest1 and the shoulders1 but rarely the face2 while in small-pox the face is generally the part most affected4 ,the next day these pimples fill with water1 and thus become vesicles2 on the third day they are at maturity4 ,the vesicles are quite separate and distinct from each other4 ,there is a slight redness around each of them4 ,fresh ones1 while the others are dying away1 make their appearance4 ,chicken-pox is usually attended with a slight itching of the skin2 when the vesicles are scratched the fluid escapes1 and leaves hard pearl-like substances1 which1 in a few days1 disappear4 ,chicken-pox never leaves pit-marks behind4 ,it is a child's complaint2 adults scarcely1 if ever1 have it4 #bbd4 ,is there any danger in ,chicken-pox2 and what treatment do you advise8 ,it is not at all a dangerous1 but1 on the contrary1 a trivial complaint4 ,it lasts only a few days1 and requires but little medicine4 ,the patient ought1 for three or four days1 to keep the house1 and should abstain from animal food4 ,on the sixth day1 but not until then1 a dose or two of a mild aperient is all that will be required4 #bbe4 ,is ,chicken-pox infectious8 ,there is a diversity of opinion on this head1 but one thing is certain--it cannot be communicated by inoculation4 #bbf4 ,what are the symptoms of ,modified ,small-pox8 ,the modified small-pox--that is to say1 small-pox that has been robbed of its virulence by the patient having been either already vaccinated1 or by his having had a previous attack of small-pox--is ushered in with severe symptoms1 with symptoms almost as severe as though the patient had not been already somewhat protected either by vaccination or by the previous attack of small-pox--that is to say1 he has a shivering fit1 great depression of spirits and debility1 malaise1 sickness1 headache1 and occasionally delirium4 ,after the above symptoms have lasted about three days1 the eruption shows itself4 ,the immense value of the previous vaccination1 or the previous attack of small-pox1 now comes into play4 ,in a case of unprotected small-pox1 the appearance of the eruption aggravates all the above symptoms1 and the danger begins2 while in the modified small-pox1 the moment the eruption shows itself1 the patient feels better1 and1 as a rule1 rapidly recovers4 ,the eruption of modified small-pox varies materially from the eruption of the unprotected small-pox4 ,the former eruption assumes a varied character1 and is composed1 first of vesicles 7containing water71 and secondly of pustules 7containing matter71 each of which pustules has a depression in the center1 and thirdly of several red pimples without either water or matter in them1 and which sometimes assume a livid appearance4 ,these 8breakings-out0 generally show themselves more upon the wrist1 and sometimes up one or both of the nostrils4 ,while in the latter disease--the unprotected small-pox--the 8breaking-out0 is composed entirely of pustules containing matter1 and which pustules are more on the face than on any other part of the body4 ,there is generally a peculiar smell in both diseases--an odor once smelt never to be forgotten4 ,now1 there is one most important remark ,i have to make1--the modified small-pox is contagious4 ,this ought to be borne in mind1 as a person laboring under the disease must1 if there be children in the house1 either be sent away himself1 or else the children ought to be banished both the house and the neighborhood4 ,another important piece of advice is1 let all in the house--children and adults1 one and all--be vaccinated1 even if any or all have been previously vaccinated4 ,treatment4--,let the patient keep his room1 and if he be very ill1 his bed4 ,let the chamber be well ventilated4 ,if it be winter time1 a small fire in the grate will encourage ventilation4 ,if it be summer1 a fire is out of the question2 indeed1 in such a case1 the window-sash ought to be opened1 as thorough ventilation is an important requisite of cure1 both in small-pox and in modified small-pox4 ,while the eruption is out1 do not on any account give aperient medicine4 ,in ten days from the commencement of the illness a mild aperient may be given4 ,the best medicine in these cases is1 the sweetened acidulated infusion of roses1#bci which ought to be given from the commencement of the disease1 and should be continued until the fever be abated4 ,for the first few days1 as long as the fever lasts1 the patient ought not to be allowed either meat or broth1 but should be kept on a low diet1 such as on gruel1 arrow-root1 milk puddings1 etc4 ,as soon as the fever is abated he ought gradually to resume his usual diet4 ,when he is convalescent1 it is well1 where practicable1 that he should have change of air for a month4 #bbg4 ,how would you distinguish between ,modified ,small-pox and ,chicken-pox8 ,modified small-pox may readily be distinguished from chicken-pox1 by the former disease being1 notwithstanding its modification1 much more severe and the fever much more intense before the eruption shows itself than chicken-pox2 indeed1 in chicken-pox there is little or no fever either before or after the eruption2 by the former disease1 the modified small-pox1 consisting partly of pustules 7containing matter71 each pustule having a depression in the center1 and the favorite localities of the pustules being the wrists and the inside of the nostrils3 while1 in the chicken-pox1 the eruption consists of vesicles 7containing water71 and not pustules 7containing matter71 and the vesicles having neither a depression in the center1 nor having any particular partiality to attack either the wrists or the wings of the nose4 ,in modified small-pox each pustule is1 as in unprotected small-pox1 inflamed at the base2 while in chicken-pox there is only very slight redness around each vesicle4 ,the vesicles1 too1 in chicken-pox are small--much smaller than the pustules are in modified small-pox4 #bbh4 ,is ,hooping-cough an inflammatory disease8 ,hooping-cough in itself is not inflammatory1 it is purely spasmodic2 but it is generally accompanied with more or less of bronchitis--inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes--on which account it is necessary1 in all cases of hooping-cough1 to consult a medical man1 that he may watch the progress of the disease and nip inflammation in the bud4 #bbi4 ,will you have the goodness to give the symptoms1 and a brief history1 of ,hooping-cough8 ,hooping-cough is emphatically a disease of the young2 it is rare for adults to have it2 if they do1 they usually suffer more severely than children4 ,a child seldom has it but once in his life4 ,it is highly contagious1 and therefore frequently runs through a whole family of children1 giving much annoyance1 anxiety1 and trouble to the mother and the nurses2 hence hooping-cough is much dreaded by them4 ,it is amenable to treatment4 ,spring and summer are the best seasons of the year for the disease to occur4 ,this complaint usually lasts from six to twelve weeks--sometimes for a much longer period1 more especially if proper means are not employed to relieve it4 ,hooping-cough commences as a common cold and cough4 ,the cough1 for ten days or a fortnight1 increases in intensity2 at about which time it puts on the characteristic 8hoop40 ,the attack of cough comes on in paroxysms4 ,in a paroxysm the child coughs so long and so violently1 and expires so much air from the lungs without inspiring any1 that at times he appears nearly suffocated and exhausted2 the veins of his neck swell2 his face is nearly purple2 his eyes1 with the tremendous exertion1 seem almost to start from their sockets2 at length there is a sudden inspiration of air through the contracted chink of the upper part of the windpipe--the glottis--causing the peculiar 8hoop2 and1 after a little more coughing1 he brings up some glairy mucus from the chest2 and sometimes1 by vomiting1 food from the stomach2 he is at once relieved until the next paroxysm occurs1 when the same process is repeated1 the child during the intervals1 in a favorable case1 appearing quite well1 and after the cough is over1 instantly returning either to his play or to his food4 ,generally1 after a paroxysm he is hungry1 unless1 indeed1 there be severe inflammation either of the chest or of the lungs4 ,sickness1 as ,i before remarked1 frequently accompanies hooping-cough2 when it does1 it might be looked upon as a good sign4 ,the child usually knows when an attack is coming on2 he dreads it1 and therefore tries to prevent it2 he sometimes partially succeeds2 but if he does1 it only makes the attack1 when it does come1 more severe4 ,all causes of irritation and excitement ought1 as much as possible1 to be avoided1 as passion is apt to bring on a severe paroxysm4 ,a new-born babe1 an infant of one or two months old1 commonly escapes the infection2 but if at that tender age he unfortunately catch hooping-cough1 it is likely to fare harder with him than if he were older--the younger the child the greater the risk4 ,but still1 in such a case1 do not despair1 as ,i have known numerous instances of new-born infants1 with judicious care1 recover perfectly from the attack1 and thrive after it as though nothing of the kind had ever happened4 ,a new-born babe laboring under hooping-cough is liable to convulsions1 which is1 in this disease1 one1 indeed the great1 source of danger4 ,a child1 too1 who is teething1 and laboring under the disease1 is also liable to convulsions4 ,when the patient is convalescing1 care ought to be taken that he does not catch cold1 or the 8hoop0 might return4 ,hooping-cough may either precede1 attend1 or follow an attack of measles4 #bcj4 ,what is the treatment of ,hooping-cough8 ,we will divide the hooping-cough into three stages1 and treat each stage separately4 ,what to do4--,in the first stage1 the commencement of hooping-cough3 ,for the first ten days give the ipecacuanha wine mixture1#bdj a teaspoonful three times a day4 ,if the child be not weaned1 keep him entirely to the breast2 if he be weaned1 to a milk and farinaceous diet4 ,confine him for the first ten days to the house1 more especially if the hooping-cough be attended1 as it usually is1 with more or less of bronchitis4 ,but take care that the rooms be well ventilated1 for good air is essential to the cure4 ,if the bronchitis attending the hooping-cough be severe1 confine him to his bed1 and treat him as though it were simply a case of bronchitis4#bda ,in the second stage1 discontinue the ipecacuanha mixture1 and give ,dr4 ,gibb's remedy--namely1 nitric acid--which ,i have found to be an efficacious and valuable one in hooping-cough3 ,take of--,diluted ,nitric ,acid1 two drachms2 ,compound ,tincture of ,cardamoms1 half a drachm2 ,simple ,syrup1 three ounces2 ,water1 two ounces and a half3 ,make a ,mixture4 ,one or two teaspoonfuls1 or a tablespoonful1 according to the age of the child--one teaspoonful for an infant of six months1 and two teaspoonfuls for a child of twelve months1 and one tablespoonful for a child of two years1 every four hours1 first shaking the bottle4 ,let the spine and the chest be well rubbed every night and morning either with ,roche's ,embrocation1 or with the following stimulating liniment 7first shaking the bottle73 ,take of--,oil of ,cloves1 one drachm2 ,oil of ,amber1 two drachms2 ,camphorated ,oil1 nine drachms3 ,make a ,liniment4 ,let him wear a broad band of new flannel1 which should extend round from his chest to his back1 and which ought to be changed every night and morning1 in order that it may be dried before putting on again4 ,to keep it in its place it should be fastened by means of tapes and with shoulder-straps4 ,the diet ought now to be improved--he should gradually return to his usual food2 and1 weather permitting1 should almost live in the open air--fresh air being1 in such a case1 one of the finest medicines4 ,in the third stage1 that is to say1 when the complaint has lasted a month1 if by that time the child is not well1 there is nothing like change of air to a high1 dry1 healthy1 country place4 ,continue the nitric acid mixture1 and either the embrocation or the liniment to the back and the chest1 and let him continue to almost live in the open air1 and be sure that he does not discontinue wearing the flannel until he be quite cured1 and then let it be left off by degrees4 ,if the hooping-cough have caused debility1 give him cod-liver oil1 a teaspoonful twice or three times a day1 giving it him on a full stomach after his meals4 ,but1 remember1 after the first three or four weeks1 change of air1 and plenty of it1 is for hooping-cough the grand remedy4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not apply leeches to the chest1 for ,i would rather put blood into a child laboring under hooping-cough than take it out of him--hooping-cough is quite weakening enough to the system of itself without robbing him of his life's blood2 do not1 on any account whatever1 administer either emetic tartar or antimonial wine2 do not give either paregoric or syrup of white poppies2 do not drug him either with calomel or with gray powder2 do not dose him with quack medicine2 do not give him stimulants1 but rather give him plenty of nourishment1 such as milk and farinaceous food1 but no stimulants2 do not be afraid1 after the first week or two1 of his having fresh air1 and plenty of it--for fresh1 pure air is the grand remedy1 after all that can be said and done1 in hooping-cough4 ,although occasionally we find that if the child be laboring under hooping-cough and is breathing a pure country air1 and is not getting well so rapidly as we could wish1 change of air to a smoky1 gas-laden town will sometimes quickly effect a cure2 indeed1 some persons go so far as to say that the best remedy for an obstinate case of hooping-cough is for the child to live the great part of every day in gas-works6 #bca4 ,what is to be done during a paroxysm of ,hooping-cough8 ,if the child be old enough1 let him stand up2 but if he be either too young or too feeble1 raise his head1 and bend his body a little forward2 then support his back with one hand1 and the forehead with the other4 ,let the mucus1 the moment it is within reach1 be wiped with a soft handkerchief out of his mouth4 #bcb4 ,in an obstinate case of ,hooping-cough1 what is the best remedy8 ,change of air1 provided there be no active inflammation1 to any healthy spot4 ,a farm-house1 in a high1 dry1 and salubrious neighborhood1 is as good a place as can be chosen4 ,if1 in a short time1 he be not quite well1 take him to the sea-side3 the sea breezes will often1 as if by magic1 drive away the disease4 #bcc4 ,suppose my child should have a shivering fit1 is it to be looked upon as an important symptom8 ,certainly4 ,nearly all serious illnesses commence with a shivering fit3 severe colds1 influenza1 inflammations of different organs1 scarlet fever1 measles1 small-pox1 and very many other diseases1 begin in this way4 ,if1 therefore1 your child should ever have a shivering fit1 instantly send for a medical man1 as delay might be dangerous4 ,a few hours of judicious treatment1 at the commencement of an illness1 is frequently of more avail than days and weeks1 nay months1 of treatment1 when disease has gained a firm footing4 ,a serious disease often steals on insidiously1 and we have1 perhaps1 only the shivering fit1 which might be but a slight one1 to tell us of its approach4 ,a trifling ailment1 too1 by neglecting the premonitory symptom1 which1 at first1 might only be indicated by a slight shivering fit1 will sometimes become a mortal disorder3 8,the little rift within the lute1 ,that by-and-by will make the music mute1 ,and ever widening slowly silence all40#bdb #bcd4 ,in case of a shivering fit1 perhaps you will tell me what to do8 ,instantly have the bed warmed1 and put the child to bed4 ,apply either a hot bottle or a hot brick1 wrapped in flannel1 to the soles of his feet4 ,put an extra blanket on his bed1 and give him a hot cup of tea4 ,as soon as the shivering fit is over1 and he has become hot1 gradually lessen the extra quantity of clothes on his bed1 and take away the hot bottle or the hot brick from his feet4 ,what ,,not to do4--,do not give either brandy or wine1 as inflammation of some organ might be about taking place4 ,do not administer opening medicine1 as there might be some 8breaking-out0 coming out on the skin1 and an aperient might check it4 #bce4 ,my child1 apparently otherwise healthy1 screams out in the night violently in his sleep1 and nothing for a time will pacify him3 what is likely to be the cause1 and what is the treatment8 ,the causes of these violent screamings in the night are various4 ,at one time1 they proceed from teething2 at another1 from worms2 sometimes1 from night-mare2 occasionally1 from either disordered stomach or bowels4 ,each of the above causes will1 of course1 require a different plan of procedure2 it will1 therefore1 be necessary to consult a medical man on the subject1 who will soon1 with appropriate treatment1 be able to relieve him4 #bcf4 ,have the goodness to describe the complaint of children called ,mumps4 ,the mumps1 inflammation of the 8parotid0 gland1 is commonly ushered in with a slight feverish attack4 ,after a short time1 a swelling1 of stony hardness1 is noticed before and under the ear1 which swelling extends along the neck toward the chin4 ,this lump is exceedingly painful1 and continues painful and swollen for four or five days4 ,at the end of which time it gradually disappears1 leaving not a trace behind4 ,the swelling of mumps never gathers4 ,it may affect one or both sides of the face4 ,it seldom occurs but once in a lifetime4 ,it is contagious1 and has been known to run through a whole family or school2 but it is not dangerous1 unless1 which is rarely the case1 it leaves the 8parotid0 gland1 and migrates either to the head1 to the breast1 or to the testicle4 #bcg4 ,what is the treatment of ,mumps8 ,foment the swelling1 four or five times a day1 with a flannel wrung out of hot chamomile and poppy-head decoction2#bdc and apply1 every night1 a barm and oatmeal poultice to the swollen gland or glands4 ,debar1 for a few days1 the little patient from taking meat and broth1 and let him live on bread and milk1 light puddings1 and arrow-root4 ,keep him in a well-ventilated room1 and shut him out from the company of his brothers1 his sisters1 and young companions4 ,give him a little mild1 aperient medicine4 ,of course1 if there be the slightest symptom of migration to any other part or parts1 instantly call in a medical man4 #bch4 ,what is the treatment of a ,boil8 ,one of the best applications is a ,burgundy pitch plaster spread on a soft piece of wash-leather4 ,let a chemist spread a plaster1 about the size of the hand2 and1 from this piece1 cut small plasters1 the size of a shilling or a florin 7according to the dimensions of the boil71 which snip around and apply to the part4 ,put a fresh one on daily4 ,this plaster will soon cause the boil to break2 when it does break1 squeeze out the contents1 the core1 and the matter1 and then apply one of the plasters as before1 which1 until the boil be well1 renew every day4 ,the old-fashioned remedy for a boil--namely1 common yellow soap and brown sugar1 is a capital one for the purposes2 it should be made into a paste1 and spread on a piece of coarse linen1 the size either of a shilling or of a florin 7according to the size of the boil72 it eases the pain and causes the boil soon to break1 and draws it when it is broken2 it should be renewed daily4 ,if the boils should arise from the child being in a delicate state of health1 give him cod-liver oil1 meat once a day1 and an abundance of milk and farinaceous food4 ,let him have plenty of fresh air1 exercise1 and play4 ,if the boils should arise from gross and improper feeding1 then keep him for a time from meat1 and let him live principally on a milk and farinaceous diet4 ,if the child be fat and gross1 cod-liver oil would be improper2 a mild aperient1 such as rhubarb and magnesia1 would then be the best medicine4 #bci4 ,what are the symptoms of ,earache8 ,a young child screaming shrilly1 violently1 and continuously1 is oftentimes owing to earache2 carefully1 therefore1 examine each ear1 and ascertain if there be any discharge2 if there be1 the mystery is explained4 ,screaming from earache may be distinguished from the screaming from bowelache by the former 7earache7 being more continuous--indeed1 being one continued scream1 and from the child putting his hand to his head2 while1 in the latter 7bowelache71 the pain is more of a coming and of a going character1 and he draws up his legs to his bowels4 ,again1 in the former 7earache71 the secretions from the bowels are natural2 while1 in the latter 7bowelache71 the secretions from the bowels are usually depraved1 and probably offensive4 ,but a careful examination of the ear will generally at once decide the nature of the case4 #bdj4 ,what is the best remedy for ,earache8 ,apply to the ear a small flannel bag1 filled with hot salt--as hot as can be comfortably borne1 or foment the ear with a flannel wrung out of hot chamomile and poppy-head decoction4 ,a roasted onion1 inclosed in muslin1 applied to the ear1 is an old-fashioned and favorite remedy1 and may1 if the bag of hot salt1 or if the hot fomentation do not relieve1 be tried4 ,put into the ear1 but not very far1 a small piece of cotton wool1 moistened with warm olive oil4 ,taking care that the wool is always removed before a fresh piece be substituted1 as if it be allowed to remain in any length of time1 it may produce a discharge from the ear4 ,avoid all cold applications4 ,if the earache be severe1 keep the little fellow at home1 in a room of equal temperature1 but well ventilated1 and give him1 for a day or two1 no meat4 ,if a discharge from the ear should either accompany or follow the earache1 more especially if the discharge be offensive1 instantly call in a medical man1 or deafness for life may be the result4 ,a knitted or crocheted hat1 with woolen rosettes over the ears1 is1 in the winter time1 an excellent hat for a child subject to earache4 ,the hat may be procured at any baby-linen warehouse4 #bda4 ,what are the causes and the treatment of discharges from the ,ear8 ,cold1 measles1 scarlet fever1 healing up of 8breakings-out0 behind the ear2 pellets of cotton wool1 which had been put in the ear1 and had been forgotten to be removed1 are the usual causes of discharges from the ear4 ,it generally commences with earache4 ,the treatment consists in keeping the parts clean1 by syringing the ear every morning with warm water1 by attention to food1 keeping the child principally upon a milk and a farinaceous diet1 and by change of air1 more especially to the coast4 ,if change of air be not practicable1 great attention ought to be paid to ventilation4 ,as ,i have before advised1 in all cases of discharge from the ear1 call in a medical man1 as a little judicious medicine is advisable--indeed1 essential2 and it may be necessary to syringe the ear with lotions1 instead of with warm water2 and1 of course1 it is only a doctor who has actually seen the patient who can decide these matters1 and what is best to be done in each individual case4 #bdb4 ,what is the treatment of a 8sty0 in the eyelid8 ,bathe the eye frequently with warm milk and water1 and apply1 every night at bedtime1 a warm white-bread poultice4 ,no medicine is required2 but if the child be gross1 keep him for a few days from meat1 and let him live on bread and milk and farinaceous puddings4 #bdc4 ,if a child have large bowels1 what would you recommend as likely to reduce their size8 ,it ought to be borne in mind that the bowels of a child are larger in proportion than those of an adult4 ,but1 if they be actually larger than they ought to be1 let them be well rubbed for a quarter of an hour at a time night and morning1 with soap liniment1 and then apply a broad flannel belt4 8,a broad flannel belt worn night and day1 firm but not tight1 is very serviceable40#bdd ,the child ought to be prevented from drinking as much as he has been in the habit of doing2 let him be encouraged to exercise himself well in the open air2 and let strict regard be paid to his diet4 #bdd4 ,what are the best aperients for a child8 ,if it be actually necessary to give him opening medicine1 one or two teaspoonfuls of syrup of senna1 repeated if necessary1 in four hours1 will generally answer the purpose2 or1 for a change1 one or two teaspoonfuls of castor oil may be substituted4 ,lenitive electuary 7compound confection of senna7 is another excellent aperient for the young1 it being mild in its operation1 and pleasant to take2 a child fancying it is nothing more than jam1 and which it much resembles both in appearance and in taste4 ,the dose is half or one teaspoonful early in the morning occasionally4 ,senna is an admirable aperient for a child1 and is a safe one1 which is more than can be said of many others4 ,it is worthy of note that 8the taste of senna may be concealed by sweetening the infusion1#bde adding milk1 and drinking as ordinary tea1 which1 when thus prepared1 it much resembles40#bdf ,honey1 too1 is a nice aperient for a child--a teaspoonful ought to be given either by itself1 or spread on a slice of bread4 ,some mothers are in the habit of giving their children jalap gingerbread4 ,i do not approve of it1 as jalap is a drastic griping purgative2 besides1 jalap is very nasty to take--nothing will make it palatable4 ,fluid magnesia--solution of the bicarbonate of magnesia--is a good aperient for a child2 and1 as it has very little taste1 is readily given1 more especially if made palatable by the addition either of a little syrup or of brown sugar4 ,the advantages which it has over the old solid form are1 that it is colorless and nearly tasteless1 and never forms concretions in the bowels1 as the solid magnesia1 if persevered in for any length of time1 sometimes does4 ,a child two or three years old may take one or two tablespoonfuls of the fluid1 either by itself or in his food1 repeating it every four hours until the bowels be opened4 ,when the child is old enough to drink the draught off immediately1 the addition of one or two teaspoonfuls of lemon-juice1 to each dose of the fluid magnesia1 makes a pleasant effervescing draught1 and increases its efficacy as an aperient4 ,bran-bread#bdg and treacle will frequently open the bowels2 and as treacle is wholesome1 it may be substituted for butter when the bowels are inclined to be costive4 ,a roasted apple1 eaten with raw sugar1 is another excellent mild aperient for a child4 ,milk gruel--that is to say1 milk thickened with oatmeal--forms an excellent food for him1 and often keeps his bowels regular1 and thus 7which is a very important consideration7 supersedes the necessity of giving him an aperient4 ,an orange 7taking care he does not eat the peel or the pulp71 or a fig after dinner1 or a few ,muscatel raisins1 will frequently regulate the bowels4 ,stewed prunes is another admirable remedy for the costiveness of a child4 ,the manner of stewing them is as follows3 ,put a pound of prunes in a brown jar1 add two tablespoonfuls of raw sugar1 then cover the prunes and the sugar with cold water2 place them in the oven1 and let them stew for four hours4 ,a child should every morning eat half a dozen or a dozen of them1 until the bowels be relieved1 taking care that he does not swallow the stones4 ,a suppository is a mild and ready way of opening the bowels of a child4 ,when he is two or three years old and upwards1 a candle suppository is better than a soap suppository4 ,the way of preparing it is as follows3 ,cut a piece of dip-tallow candle--the length of three inches--and insert it as you would a clyster pipe1 about two inches up the fundament1 allowing the remaining inch to be in sight1 and there let the suppository remain until the bowels be opened4 #bde4 ,what are the most frequent causes of ,protrusion of the lower bowel8 ,the too common and reprehensible practice of a parent administering frequent aperients1 especially calomel and jalap1 to her child4 ,another cause1 is allowing him to remain for a quarter of an hour or more at a time on his chair2 this induces him to strain1 and to force the gut down4 #bdf4 ,what are the remedies8 ,if the protrusion of the bowel have been brought on by the abuse of aperients1 abstain for the future from giving them2 but if medicine be absolutely required1 give the mildest--such as either syrup of senna or castor oil--and the less of those the better4 ,if the external application of a purgative will have the desired effect1 it will1 in such cases1 be better than the internal administration of aperients4 ,dr4 ,merriman's ,purgative ,liniment#bdh is a good one for the purpose4 ,let the bowels be well rubbed every night and morning1 for five minutes at a time1 with the liniment4 ,a wet compress to the bowels will frequently open them1 and will thus do away with the necessity of giving an aperient--a most important consideration4 ,fold a napkin in six thicknesses1 soak it in cold water1 and apply it to the bowels1 over which put either a thin covering or sheet of gutta-percha1 or a piece of oiled silk2 keep it in its place with a broad flannel roller1 and let it remain on the bowels for three or four hours1 or until they be opened4 ,try what diet will do1 as opening the bowels by a regulated diet is far preferable to the giving of aperients4 ,let him have either bran-bread1 ,robinson's ,patent ,groats made into gruel with new milk1 or ,du ,barry's ,arabica ,revalenta1 or a slice of ,huntley and ,palmer's lump gingerbread4 ,let him eat stewed prunes1 stewed rhubarb1 roasted apples1 strawberries1 raspberries1 the inside of grapes and gooseberries1 figs1 etc4 ,give him early every morning a draught of cold water4 ,let me1 again1 urge you not to give aperients in these cases1 or in any case1 unless you are absolutely compelled4 ,by following my advice you will save yourself an immense deal of trouble1 and your child a long catalogue of misery4 ,again1 ,i say1 look well into the matter1 and whenever it be practicable1 avoid purgatives4 ,now1 with regard to the best manner of returning the bowel1 lay the child upon the bed on his face and bowels1 with his hips a little raised2 then smear lard on the forefinger of your right hand 7taking care that the nail be cut close7 and gently with your forefinger press the bowel into its proper place4 ,remember1 if the above methods be observed1 you cannot do the slightest injury to the bowel1 and the sooner it be returned the better it will be for the child2 for1 if the bowel be allowed to remain long down1 it may slough or mortify1 and death may ensue4 ,the nurse1 every time he has a motion1 must see that the bowel does not come down1 and if it does1 she ought instantly to return it4 ,moreover1 the nurse should be careful not to allow the child to remain on his chair more than two or three minutes at a time4 ,another excellent remedy for the protrusion of the lower bowel is to use every morning a cold salt and water sitz-bath4 ,there need not be more than a depth of three inches of water in the bath2 a small handful of table salt should be dissolved in the water2 a dash of warm water in the winter time must be added to take off the extreme chill1 and the child ought not to be allowed to sit in the bath for more than one minute1 or while the mother can count a hundred1 taking care the while to throw either a square of flannel or a small shawl over his shoulders4 ,the sitz-bath ought to be continued for months1 or until the complaint be removed4 ,i cannot speak in too high praise of these baths4 #bdg4 ,do you advise me1 every spring and fall1 to give my child brimstone to purify and sweeten his blood1 and as a preventive medicine8 ,certainly not3 if you wish to take away his appetite and to weaken and depress him1 give him brimstone6 ,brimstone is not a remedy fit for a child's stomach4 ,the principal use and value of brimstone is as an external application in itch1 and as an internal remedy1 mixed with other laxatives1 in piles--piles being a complaint of adults4 ,in olden times poor unfortunate children were dosed every spring and fall with brimstone and treacle1 to sweeten their blood6 ,fortunately for the present race1 there is not so much of that folly practiced1 but still there is room for improvement4 ,to dose a healthy child with physic is the grossest absurdity4 ,no1 the less physic a delicate child has the better it will be for him1 but physic to a healthy child is downright poison6--and brimstone of all medicines6 ,it is both weakening and depressing to the system1 and by opening the pores of the skin and by relaxing the bowels1 is likely to give cold1 and thus to make a healthy a sickly child4 ,sweeten his blood6 ,it is more likely to weaken his blood1 and thus to make his blood impure6 ,blood is not made pure by drugs1 but by ,nature's medicine3 by exercise1 by pure air1 by wholesome diet1 by sleep in a well-ventilated apartment1 by regular and thorough ablution4 ,brimstone a preventive medicine8 ,preventive medicine--and brimstone especially in the guise of a preventive medicine--is 8a mockery1 a delusion1 and a snare40 #bdh4 ,when a child is delicate1 and his body1 without any assignable cause is gradually wasting away1 and the stomach rejects all food that is taken1 what plan can be adopted likely to support his strength1 and thus1 probably1 be the means of saving his life8 ,i have seen1 in such a case1 great benefit to arise from half a teacupful of either strong mutton broth1 or of strong beef-tea1 used as an enema1 every four hours4#bdi ,it should be administered slowly1 in order that it may remain in the bowel4 ,if the child be sinking1 either a dessertspoonful of brandy1 or half a wineglassful of port wine ought to be added to each enema4 ,the above plan ought only to be adopted if there be no diarrha4 ,if there be diarrha1 an enema must not be used4 ,then1 provided there be great wasting away1 and extreme exhaustion1 and other remedies having failed1 it would be advisable to give1 by the mouth1 raw beef of the finest quality1 which ought to be taken from the hip-bone1 and should be shredded very fine4 ,all fat and skin must be carefully removed4 ,one or two teaspoonfuls 7according to the age of the child7 ought to be given every four hours4 ,the giving of raw meat to children in exhaustive diseases1 such as excessive long-standing diarrha1 was introduced into practice by a ,russian physician1 a ,professor ,weisse1 of ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,it certainly is1 in these cases1 a most valuable remedy1 and has frequently been the means of snatching such patients from the jaws of death4 ,children usually take raw meat with avidity and with a relish4 #bdi4 ,if a child be naturally delicate1 what plan would you recommend to strengthen him8 ,i should advise strict attention to the rules above mentioned1 and change of air--more especially1 if it be possible1 to the coast4 ,change of air1 sometimes1 upon a delicate child1 acts like magic1 and may restore him to health when all other means have failed4 ,if a girl be delicate1 8carry her off to the farm1 there to undergo the discipline of new milk1 brown bread1 early hours1 no lessons1 and romps in the hay-field40#bej ,this advice is1 of course1 equally applicable for a delicate boy1 as delicate boys and delicate girls ought to be treated alike4 ,unfortunately1 in these very enlightened days6 there is too great a distinction made in the respective management and treatment of boys and girls4 ,the best medicines for a delicate child will be the wine of iron and cod-liver oil4 ,give them combined in the manner ,i shall advise when speaking of the treatment of ,rickets4 ,in diseases of long standing1 and that resist the usual remedies1 there is nothing like change of air4 ,hippocrates1 the father of medicine1 says3 8,in longis morbis solum mutare40 7,in tedious diseases to change the place of residence47 ,a child who1 in the winter1 is always catching cold1 whose life during half of the year is one continued catarrh1 who is in consequence likely1 if he grow up at all1 to grow up a confirmed invalid1 ought1 during the winter months1 to seek another clime2 and if the parents can afford the expense1 they should1 at the beginning of ,october1 cause him to bend his steps to the south of ,europe--,mentone being as good a place as they could probably fix upon4 #bej4 ,do you approve of sea bathing for a delicate young child8 ,no3 he is frequently so frightened by it that the alarm would do him more harm than the bathing would do him good4 ,the better plan would be to have him every morning well sponged1 especially his back and loins1 with sea water2 and to have him as much as possible carried on the beach1 in order that he may inhale the sea breezes4 ,when he be older1 and is not frightened at being dipped1 sea bathing will be very beneficial to him4 ,if bathing is to do good1 either to an adult or to a child1 it must be anticipated with pleasure1 and neither with dread nor with distaste4 #bea4 ,what is the best method of administering medicine to a child8 ,if he be old enough1 appeal to his reason2 for1 if a mother endeavor to deceive her child1 and he detect her1 he will for the future suspect her4 ,if he be too young to be reasoned with1 then1 if he will not take his medicine1 he must be compelled4 ,lay him across your knees1 let both his hands and his nose be tightly held1 and then1 by means of the patent medicine-spoon1 or1 if that be not at hand1 by either a tea or a dessertspoon1 pour the medicine down his throat1 and he will be obliged to swallow it4 ,it may be said that this is a cruel procedure2 but it is the only way to compel an unruly child to take physic1 and is much less cruel than running the risk of his dying from the medicine not having been administered4#bea #beb4 ,ought a sick child to be roused from his sleep to give him physic1 when it is time for him to take it8 ,on no account1 as sleep1 being a natural restorative1 must not be interfered with4 ,a mother cannot be too particular in administering the medicine1 at stated periods1 while he is awake4 #bec4 ,have you any remarks to make on the management of a sick-room1 and have you any directions to give on the nursing of a sick child8 ,in sickness select a large and lofty room2 if in the town1 the back of the house will be preferable--in order to keep the patient free from noise and bustle--as a sick-chamber cannot be kept too quiet4 ,be sure that there be a chimney in the room--as there ought to be in every room in the house--and that it be not stopped1 as it will help to carry off the impure air of the apartment4 ,keep the chamber well ventilated1 by1 from time to time1 opening the window4 ,the air of the apartment cannot be too pure2 therefore1 let the evacuations from the bowels be instantly removed1 either to a distant part of the house1 or to an out-house1 or to the cellar1 as it might be necessary to keep them for the medical man's inspection4 ,let there be a frequent change of linen1 as in sickness it is even more necessary than in health1 more especially if the complaint be fever4 ,in an attack of fever clean sheets ought1 every other day1 to be put on the bed2 clean body-linen every day4 ,a frequent change of linen in sickness is most refreshing4 ,if the complaint be fever1 a fire in the grate will not be necessary4 ,should it be a case either of inflammation of the lungs or of the chest1 a small fire in the winter time is desirable1 keeping the temperature of the room as nearly as possible at #fj ,fahrenheit4 ,bear in mind that a large fire in a sick-room cannot be too strongly condemned2 for if there be fever--and there are scarcely any complaints without--a large fire only increases it4 ,small fires1 in cases either of inflammation of the lungs or of the chest1 in the winter time1 encourage ventilation of the apartment1 and thus carry off impure air4 ,if it be summer time of course fires would be improper4 ,a thermometer is an indispensable requisite in a sick-room4 ,in fever1 free and thorough ventilation is of vital importance1 more especially in scarlet fever2 then a patient cannot have too much air2 in scarlet fever1 for the first few days the windows1 be it winter or summer1 must to the widest extent be opened4 ,the fear of the patient catching cold by doing so is one of the numerous prejudices and baseless fears that haunt the nursery1 and the sooner it is exploded the better it will be for human life4 ,the valances and bed-curtains ought to be removed1 and there should be as little furniture in the room as possible4 ,if it be a case of measles1 it will be necessary to adopt a different course2 then the windows ought not to be opened1 but the door must from time to time be left ajar4 ,in a case of measles1 if it be winter time1 a small fire in the room will be necessary4 ,in inflammation of the lungs or of the chest1 the windows should not be opened1 but the door ought occasionally to be left unfastened1 in order to change the air and to make it pure4 ,remember1 then1 that ventilation1 either by open window or by open door1 is most necessary in all diseases4 ,ventilation is one of the best friends a doctor has4 ,in fever1 do not load the bed with clothes2 in the summer a sheet is sufficient1 in the winter a sheet and a blanket4 ,in fever1 do not be afraid of allowing the patient plenty either of cold water or of cold toast and water2 ,nature will tell him when he has had enough4 ,in measles1 let the chill be taken off the toast and water4 ,in croup1 have always ready a plentiful supply of hot water1 in case a warm bath might be required4 ,in child-crowing1 have always in the sick-room a supply of cold water1 ready at a moments notice to dash upon the face4 ,in fever1 do not let the little patient lie on the lap2 he will rest more comfortably on a horse-hair mattress in his crib or cot4 ,if he have pain in the bowels1 the lap is most agreeable to him3 the warmth of the body1 either of the mother or of the nurse1 soothes him2 besides1 if he be on the lap1 he can be turned on his stomach and on his bowels1 which often affords him great relief and comfort4 ,if he be much emaciated1 when he is nursed1 place a pillow upon the lap and let him lie upon it4 ,in head affections1 darken the room with a green calico blind2 keep the chamber more than usually quiet2 let what little talking is necessary be carried on in whispers1 but the less of that the better2 and in head affections1 never allow smelling-salts to be applied to the nose1 as they only increase the flow of blood to the head1 and consequently do harm4 ,it is often a good sign when a child1 who is seriously ill1 suddenly becomes cross4 ,it is then he begins to feel his weakness1 and to give vent to his feelings4 8,children are almost always cross when recovering from an illness1 however patient they may have been during its severest moments1 and the phenomenon is not by any means confined to children40#beb ,a sick child must not be stuffed with much food at a time4 ,he will take either a tablespoonful of new milk or a tablespoonful of chicken-broth every half hour1 with greater advantage than a teacupful of either the one or the other every four hours1 which large quantity would very probably be rejected from his stomach1 and may cause the unfortunately treated child to die of starvation6 ,if a sick child be peevish1 attract his attention either by a toy or by an ornament2 if he be cross1 win him over to good humor by love1 affection1 and caresses1 but let it be done gently and without noise4 ,do not let visitors see him2 they will only excite1 distract1 and irritate him1 and help to consume the oxygen of the atmosphere1 and thus rob the air of its exhilarating health-giving qualities and purity2 a sick-room1 therefore1 is not a proper place either for visitors or for gossips4 ,in selecting a sick-nurse1 let her be gentle1 patient1 cheerful1 quiet1 and kind1 but firm withal2 she ought to be neither old nor young2 if she be old1 she is often garrulous and prejudiced1 and thinks too much of her trouble2 if she be young1 she is frequently thoughtless and noisy2 therefore choose a middle-aged woman4 ,do not let there be in the sick-room more than1 besides the mother1 one efficient nurse2 a great number can be of no service--they will only be in each other's way1 and will distract the patient4 ,let stillness1 especially if the head be the part affected1 reign in a sick-room4 ,creaking shoes#bec and rustling silk dresses ought not to be worn in sick-chambers--they are quite out of place there4 ,if the child be asleep1 or if he be dozing1 perfect stillness must be enjoined--not even a whisper should be heard3 8,in the sick-room be calm1 ,move gently and with care1 ,lest any jar or sudden noise ,come sharply unaware4 ,you cannot tell the harm1 ,the mischief it may bring1 ,to wake the sick one suddenly1 ,besides the suffering4 ,the broken sleep excites ,fresh pain1 increased distress2 ,the quiet slumber undisturb'd ,soothes pain and restlessness4 ,sleep is the gift of ,god3 ,oh6 bear these words at heart1-- #8,he giveth his beloved sleep1' ,and gently do thy part40#bed ,if there be other children1 let them be removed to a distant part of the house2 or1 if the disease be of an infectious nature1 let them be sent away from home altogether4 ,in all illnesses--and bear in mind the following is most important advice--a child must be encouraged to try and make water1 whether he ask or not1 at least four times during the twenty-four hours2 and at any other time1 if be expresses the slightest inclination to do so4 ,i have known a little fellow to hold his water1 to his great detriment1 for twelve hours1 because either the mother had in her trouble forgotten to inquire1 or the child himself was either too ill or too indolent to make the attempt4 ,see that the medical man's directions are1 to the very letter1 carried out4 ,do not fancy that you know better than he does1 otherwise you have no business to employ him4 ,let him1 then1 have your implicit confidence and your exact obedience4 ,what you may consider to be a trifling matter1 may frequently be of the utmost importance1 and may sometimes decide whether the case shall either end in life or death6 ,lice4--,it is not very poetical1 as many of the grim facts of everyday life are not1 but1 unlike a great deal of poetry1 it is unfortunately too true that after a severe and dangerous illness1 especially after a bad attack of fever1 a child's head frequently becomes infested with vermin--with lice6 ,it therefore behooves a mother herself to thoroughly examine1 by means of a fine-tooth comb1#bee her child's head1 in order to satisfy her mind that there be no vermin there4 ,as soon as he be well enough1 he ought to resume his regular ablutions--that is to say1 that he must go again regularly into his tub1 and have his head every morning thoroughly washed with soap and water4 ,a mother ought to be particular in seeing that the nurse washes the hairbrush at least once every week2 if she does not do so1 the dirty brush which had1 during the illness1 been used1 might contain the 8nits10--the eggs of the lice1--and would thus propagate the vermin1 as they will1 when on the head of the child1 soon hatch4 ,if there be already lice on the head1 in addition to the regular washing every morning with the soap and water1 and after the head has been thoroughly dried1 let the hair be well and plentifully dressed with camphorated oil--the oil being allowed to remain on until the next washing on the following morning4 ,lice cannot live in oil 7more especially if1 as in camphorated oil1 camphor be dissolved in it71 and as the camphorated oil will not1 in the slightest degree1 injure the hair1 it is the best application that can be used4 ,but as soon as the vermin have disappeared1 let the oil be discontinued1 as the natural oil of the hair is1 at other times1 the only oil that is required on the head4 ,the 8nit0--the egg of the louse--might be distinguished from scurf 7although to the naked eye it is very much like it in appearance7 by the former fastening firmly on one of the hairs as a barnacle would on a rock1 and by it not being readily brushed off as scurf would1 which latter 7scurf7 is always loose4 #bed4 ,my child1 in the summer time1 is much tormented with fleas3 what are the best remedies8 ,a small muslin bag1 filled with camphor1 placed in the cot or bed1 will drive fleas away4 ,each flea-bite should1 from time to time1 be dressed by means of a camel's-hair brush1 with a drop or two of spirit of camphor1 an ounce bottle of which ought1 for the purpose1 to be procured from a chemist4 ,camphor is also an excellent remedy to prevent bugs from biting4 ,bugs and fleas have a horror of camphor2 and well they might1 for it is death to them6 ,there is a famous remedy for the destruction of fleas manufactured in ,france1 entitled 8,la ,poudre ,insecticide10 which1 although perfectly harmless to the human economy1 is utterly destructive to fleas4 ,bugs are best destroyed by oil of turpentine2 the places they do love to congregate in should be well saturated1 by means of a brush1 with the oil of turpentine4 ,a few dressings will effectually destroy both them and their young ones4 #bee4 ,suppose a child to have had an attack either of inflammation of the lungs or of bronchitis1 and to be much predisposed to a return3 what precautions would you take to prevent either the one or the other for the future8 ,i would recommend him to wear fine flannel instead of lawn shirts2 to wear good lamb's-wool stockings above the knees1 and good1 strong1 dry shoes to his feet2 to live1 weather permitting1 a great part of every day in the open air2 to strengthen his system by good nourishing food--by an abundance of both milk and meat 7the former especially72 to send him1 in the autumn1 for a couple of months1 to the sea-side2 to administer to him1 from time to time1 cod-liver oil2 in short1 to think only of his health1 and to let learning1 until he be stronger1 be left alone4 ,i also advise either table salt or bay salt to be added to the water in which the child is washed with in the morning1 in a similar manner as recommended in answer to the #abc;d question4 #bef4 ,then do you not advise such a child to be confined within doors8 ,if any inflammation be present1 or if he have but just recovered from one1 it would be improper to send him into the open air1 but not otherwise1 as the fresh air would be a likely means of strengthening the lungs1 and thereby of preventing an attack of inflammation for the future4 ,besides1 the more a child is coddled within doors1 the more likely will he be to catch cold1 and to renew the inflammation4 ,if the weather be cold1 yet neither wet nor damp1 he ought to be sent out1 but let him be well clothed2 and the nurse should have strict injunctions not to stand about entries1 or in any draughts--indeed1 not to stand about at all1 but to keep walking about all the time she is in the open air4 ,unless you have a trustworthy nurse1 it will be well for you either to accompany her in her walk with your child1 or merely to allow her to walk with him in the garden1 as you can then keep your eye upon both of them4 #beg4 ,if a child be either chicken-breasted1 or if he be narrow-chested1 are there any means of expanding and of strengthening his chest8 ,learning ought to be put out of the question2 attention must be paid to his health alone1 or consumption will probably mark him as its own6 ,let him live as much as possible in the open air2 if it be country1 so much the better4 ,let him rise early in the morning1 and let him go to bed betimes2 and if he be old enough to use the dumb-bells1 or1 what is better1 an india-rubber chest expander1 he should do so daily4 ,he ought also to be encouraged to use two short sticks1 similar to1 but heavier than1 a policeman's staff1 and to go1 every morning1 through regular exercises with them4 ,as soon as he be old enough1 let him have lessons from a drill-sergeant and from a dancing-master4 ,let him be made both to walk and to sit upright1 and let him be kept as much as possible upon a milk diet1#bef and give him as much as he can eat of fresh meat every day4 ,cod-liver oil1 a teaspoonful or a dessertspoonful1 according to his age1 twice a day1 is serviceable in these cases4 ,stimulants ought to be carefully avoided4 ,in short1 let every means be used to nourish1 to strengthen1 and invigorate the system1 without at the same time creating fever4 ,such a child should be a child of nature2 he ought almost to live in the open air1 and throw his books to the winds4 ,of what use is learning without health8 ,in such a case as this you cannot have both4 #beh4 ,if a child be round-shouldered1 or if either of his shoulder-blades have 8grown out10 what had better be done8 ,many children have either round shoulders1 or have their shoulder-blades grown out1 or have their spines twisted1 from growing too fast1 from being allowed to slouch in their gait1 and from not having sufficient nourishing food1 such as meat and milk1 to support them while the rapid growth of childhood is going on4 ,if your child be affected as above described1 nourish him well on milk and on farinaceous food1 and on meat once a day1 but let milk be his staple diet2 he ought1 during the twenty-four hours1 to take two or three pints of new milk4 ,he should almost live in the open air1 and must have plenty of play4 ,if you can so contrive it1 let him live in the country4 ,when tired1 let him lie1 for half an hour1 two or three times daily1 flat on his back on the carpet4 ,let him rest at night on a horse-hair mattress1 and not on a feather bed4 ,let him have every morning1 if it be summer1 a thorough cold water ablution2 if it be winter1 let the water be made tepid4 ,let either two handfuls of table salt or a handful of bay salt be dissolved in the water4 ,let the salt and water stream well over his shoulders and down his back and loins4 ,let him be well dried with a moderately coarse towel1 and then let his back be well rubbed1 and his shoulders be thrown back--exercising them1 much in the same manner as in skipping1 for five or ten minutes at a time4 ,skipping1 by-the-by1 is of great use in these cases1 whether the child be either a boy or a girl--using1 of course1 the rope backward1 and not forward4 ,let books be utterly discarded until his shoulders have become strong1 and thus no longer round1 and his shoulder-blades have become straight4 ,it is a painful sight to see a child stoop like an old man4 ,let him have twice daily a teaspoonful or a dessertspoonful 7according to his age7 of cod-liver oil4 ,when he is old enough1 let the drill-sergeant give him regular lessons1 and let the dancing-master be put in requisition4 ,let him go through regular gymnastic exercises1 provided they are not of a violent character4 ,but1 bear in mind1 let there be in these cases no mechanical restraints--no shoulder-straps1 no abominable stays4 ,make him straight by natural means--by making him strong4 ,mechanical means would only1 by weakening and wasting the muscles1 increase the mischief1 and thus the deformity4 ,in this world of ours there is too much reliance placed on artificial1 and too little on natural means of cure4 #bei4 ,what are the causes of ,bow ,legs in a child2 and what is the treatment8 ,weakness of constitution1 poor and insufficient nourishment1 and putting a child1 more especially a fat and heavy one1 on his legs too early4 ,treatment4--,nourishing food1 such as an abundance of milk1 and1 if he be old enough1 of meat2 iron medicines2 cod-liver oil2 thorough ablution1 every morning1 of the whole body2 an abundance of exercise either on pony1 or on donkey1 or in carriage1 but not1 until his legs be stronger1 on foot4 ,if they are much bowed1 it will be necessary to consult an experienced surgeon4 #bfj4 ,if a child1 while asleep1 8wet his bed10 is there any method of preventing him from doing so8 ,let him be held out just before he himself goes to bed1 and again when the family retires to rest4 ,if1 at the time1 he be asleep1 he will become so accustomed to it that he will1 without awaking1 make water4 ,he ought to be made to lie on his side2 for1 if he be put on his back1 the urine will rest upon an irritable part of the bladder1 and1 if he be inclined to wet his bed1 he will not be able to avoid doing so4 ,he must not be allowed to drink much with his meals1 especially with his supper4 ,wetting the bed is an infirmity with some children--they cannot help it4 ,it is1 therefore1 cruel to scold and chastise them for it4 ,occasionally1 however1 wetting the bed arises from idleness1 in which case1 of course1 a little wholesome correction might be necessary4 ,a waterproof cloth1#beg or bed-sheeting1 as it is sometimes called--one yard by three-quarters of a yard--will effectually preserve the bed from being wetted1 and ought always1 on these occasions1 to be used4 ,a mother ought1 every morning1 to ascertain for herself whether her child have wet his bed2 if he have1 and if unfortunately the waterproof cloth have not been used1 the mattress1 sheets1 and blankets must be instantly taken to the kitchen fire and be properly dried4 ,inattention to the above has frequently caused a child to suffer1 either from a cold1 from a fever1 or from an inflammation2 not only so1 but if they be not dried1 he is wallowing in filth and in an offensive effluvium4 ,if both mother and nurse were more attentive to their duties--in frequently holding a child out1 whether he asks or not--a child wetting his bed would be the exception1 and not1 as it frequently is1 the rule4 ,if a child be dirty1 you may depend upon it the right persons to blame are the mother and the nurse1 and not the child6 #bfa4 ,if a child should catch ,small-pox1 what are the best means to prevent pitting8 ,he ought to be desired neither to pick nor to rub the pustules4 ,if he be too young to attend to these directions1 his hands must be secured in bags 7just large enough to hold them71 which bags should be fastened round the wrists4 ,the nails must be cut very close4 ,cream smeared by means of a feather1 frequently in the day1 on the pustules1 affords great comfort and benefit4 ,tripe-liquor has1 for the same purpose1 been strongly recommended4 ,i1 myself1 in several cases have tried it1 and with the happiest results4 ,it is most soothing1 comforting1 and healing to the skin4 #bfb4 ,can you tell me of any plan to prevent ,chilblains1 or1 if a child be suffering from them1 to cure them8 ,first1 then1 the way to prevent them4--,let a child1 who is subject to them1 wear1 in the winter time1 a square piece of wash-leather over the toes1 a pair of warm lamb's-wool stockings1 and good shoes2 but1 above all1 let him be encouraged to run about the house as much as possible1 especially before going to bed2 and on no account allow him either to warm his feet before the fire1 or to bathe them in hot water4 ,if the feet be cold1 and the child be too young to take exercise1 then let them be well rubbed with the warm hand4 ,if adults suffer from chilblains1 ,i have found friction1 night and morning1 with horse-hair flesh-gloves1 the best means of preventing them4 ,secondly1 the way to cure them4--,if they be unbroken1 let them be well rubbed1 every night and morning1 with spirits of turpentine and camphorated oil1#beh first shaking the bottle1 and then let them be covered with a piece of lint1 over which a piece of wash-leather should be placed4 8,an excellent chilblain remedy is made by shaking well together1 in a bottle1 spirits of turpentine1 white vinegar1 and the contents of an egg1 in equal proportion4 ,with this the chilblains should be rubbed gently whenever they are in a state of irritation1 and until the swelling and redness are dissipated40#bei ,if they be broken1 let a piece of lint be spread with spermaceti cerate1 and be applied1 every morning1 to the part1 and let a white-bread poultice be used every night4 #bfc4 ,during the winter time my child's hands1 legs1 etc4 chap very much3 what ought ,i to do8 ,let a teacupful of bran be tied up in a muslin bag1 and be put1 over night1 into either a large water-can or jug of rain water2#bfj and let this water from the can or jug be the water he is to be washed with on the following morning1 and every morning until the chaps be cured4 ,as often as water is withdrawn1 either from the water-can or from the jug1 let fresh rain water take its place1 in order that the bran may be constantly soaking in it4 ,the bran in the bag should be renewed about twice a week4 ,take particular care to dry the skin well every time he be washed2 then1 after each ablution1 as well as every night at bedtime1 rub a piece of deer's suet over the parts affected3 a few dressings will perform a cure4 ,the deer's suet may be bought at any of the shops where venison is sold4 ,another excellent remedy is glycerin1#bfa which should be smeared1 by means of the finger or by a camel's-hair brush1 on the parts affected1 two or three times a day4 ,if the child be very young1 it might be necessary to dilute the glycerin with rosewater3 fill a small bottle one-third with glycerin1 and fill up the remaining two-thirds of the bottle with rosewater--shaking the bottle every time just before using it4 ,the best soap to use for chapped hands is the glycerin soap3 no other being required4 #bfd4 ,what is the best remedy for ,chapped ,lips8 ,cold-cream 7which may be procured of any respectable chemist7 is an excellent application for chapped lips4 ,it ought1 by means of the finger1 to be frequently smeared on the parts affected4 #bfe4 ,have the goodness to inform me of the different varieties of ,worms that infest a child's bowels8 ,principally three--#a1 ,the tape-worm2 #b1 the long round-worm2 and #c1 the most frequent of all1 the common thread or maw-worm4 ,the tape-worm infests the whole course of the bowels1 both small and large3 the long round-worm1 principally the small bowels1 occasionally the stomach2 it sometimes crawls out of the child's mouth1 causing alarm to the mother2 there is1 of course1 no danger in its doing so3 the common thread-worm or maw-worm infests the rectum or fundament4 #bff4 ,what are the causes of ,worms8 ,the causes of worms are--weak bowels2 bad and improper food1 such as unripe1 unsound1 or uncooked fruit1 and much green vegetables2 pork1 especially underdone pork2#bfb an abundance of sweets2 the neglecting of giving salt in the food4 #bfg4 ,what are the symptoms and the treatment of ,worms8 ,the symptoms of worms are--emaciation2 itching and picking of the nose2 a dark mark under the eyes2 grating1 during sleep1 of the teeth2 starting in the sleep2 foul breath2 furred tongue2 uncertain appetite--sometimes voracious1 at other times bad1 the little patient sitting down very hungry to his dinner1 and before scarcely tasting a mouthful1 the appetite vanishing2 large bowels2 colicky pains of the bowels2 slimy motions2 itching of the fundament4 ,tape-worm and round-worm1 more especially the former1 are apt1 in children1 to produce convulsions4 ,tape-worm is very weakening to the constitution1 and usually causes great emaciation and general ill health2 the sooner therefore it is expelled from the bowels the better it will be for the patient4 ,many of the obscure diseases of children arise from worms4 ,in all doubtful cases1 therefore1 this fact should be borne in mind1 in order that a thorough investigation may be instituted4 ,with regard to treatment1 a medical man ought1 of course1 to be consulted4 ,he will soon use means both to dislodge them1 and to prevent a future recurrence of them4 ,let me caution a mother never to give her child patent medicines for the destruction of worms4 ,there is one favorite quack powder1 which is composed principally of large doses of calomel1 and which is quite as likely to destroy the patient as the worms6 ,no1 if your child have worms1 put him under the care of a judicious medical man1 who will soon expel them1 without1 at the same time1 injuring health and constitution6 #bfh4 ,how may ,worms be prevented from infesting a child's bowels8 ,worms generally infest weak bowels2 hence1 the moment a child becomes strong worms cease to exist4 ,the reason why a child is so subject to them is owing to the improper food which is usually given to him4 ,when he be stuffed with unsound and with unripe fruits1 with much sweets1 with rich puddings1 and with pastry1 and when he is oftentimes allowed to eat his meat without salt1 and to bolt his food without chewing it1 is there any wonder that he should suffer from worms8 ,the way to prevent them is to avoid such things1 and1 at the same time1 to give him plenty of salt to his fresh and well-cooked meat4 ,salt strengthens and assists digestion1 and is absolutely necessary to the human economy4 ,salt is emphatically a worm-destroyer4 ,the truth of this statement may be readily tested by sprinkling a little salt on the common earthworm4 8,what a comfort and real requisite to human life is salt6 ,it enters into the constituents of the human blood1 and to do without it is wholly impossible40#bfc ,to do without it is wholly impossible6 ,these are true words4 ,look well to it1 therefore1 ye mothers1 and beware of the consequences of neglecting such advice1 and see for yourselves that your children regularly eat salt with their food4 ,if they neglect eating salt with their food1 they must1 of necessity1 have worms1 and worms that will eventually injure them and make them miserable4 #bfi4 ,you have a great objection to the frequent administration of aperient medicines to a child3 can you devise any method to prevent their use8 ,although we can scarcely call constipation a disease1 yet it sometimes leads to disease4 ,the frequent giving of aperients only adds to the stubbornness of the bowels4 ,i have generally found a draught1 early every morning1 of cold pump-water1 the eating either of loaf gingerbread or of oatmeal gingerbread1 a variety of animal and vegetable food1 ripe sound fruit1 ,muscatel raisins1 a fig1 or an orange after dinner1 and1 when he be old enough1 coffee and milk instead of tea and milk1 to have the desired effect1 more especially if1 for a time1 aperients be studiously avoided4 #bgj4 ,have you any remarks to make on ,rickets8 ,rickets is owing to a want of a sufficient quantity of earthy matter in the bones2 hence the bones bend and twist1 and lose their shape1 causing deformity4 ,rickets generally begins to show itself between the first and second years of a child's life4 ,such children are generally late in cutting their teeth1 and when the teeth do come1 they are bad1 deficient of enamel1 discolored1 and readily decay4 ,a rickety child is generally stunted in stature2 he has a large head1 with overhanging forehead1 or what nurses call a watery-head-shaped forehead4 ,the fontanelles1 or openings of the head as they are called1 are a long time in closing4 ,a rickety child is usually talented2 his brain seems to thrive at the expense of his general health4 ,his breast-bone projects out1 and the sides of his chest are flattened--hence he becomes what is called chicken-breasted or pigeon-breasted2 his spine is usually twisted1 so that he is quite awry1 and1 in a bad case1 he is hump-backed2 the ribs1 from the twisted spine1 on one side bulge out2 he is round-shouldered2 the long bones of his body1 being soft1 bend2 he is bow-legged1 knock-kneed1 and weak ankled4 ,rickets are of various degrees of intensity1 the hump-backed being among the worst4 ,there are many mild forms of rickets2 weak ankles1 knocked-knees1 bowed-legs1 chicken-breasts1 being among the latter number4 ,many a child1 who is not exactly hump-backed1 is very round-shouldered1 which latter is also a mild species of rickets4 ,show me a child that is rickety1 and ,i can generally prove that it is owing to poor living1 more especially to poor milk4 ,if milk were always genuine1 and if a child had an abundance of it1 my belief is that rickets would be a very rare disease4 ,the importance of genuine milk is of national importance4 ,we cannot have a race of strong men and women unless1 as children1 they have had a good and plentiful supply of milk4 ,it is utterly impossible4 ,milk might well be considered one of the necessaries of a child's existence4 ,genuine fresh milk1 then1 is one of the grand preventives1 as well as one of the best remedies1 for rickets4 ,many a child would not now have to swallow quantities of cod-liver oil if previously he had imbibed quantities of good genuine milk4 ,an insufficient and a poor supply of milk in childhood sows the seeds of many diseases1 and death often gathers the fruit4 ,can it be wondered at1 when there is so much poor and nasty milk in ,england1 that rickets in one shape or another is so prevalent8 ,when will mothers arouse from their slumbers1 rub their eyes1 and see clearly the importance of the subject8 ,when will they know that all the symptoms of rickets ,i have just enumerated usually proceed from the want of nourishment1 more especially from the want of genuine and of an abundance of milk8 ,there are1 of course1 other means of warding off rickets besides an abundance of nourishing food1 such as thorough ablution1 plenty of air1 exercise1 play1 and sunshine2 but of all these splendid remedies1 nourishment stands at the top of the list4 ,i do not mean to say that rickets always proceeds from poorness of living--from poor milk4 ,it sometimes arises from scrofula1 and is an inheritance of one or of both the parents4 ,rickety children1 if not both carefully watched and managed1 frequently1 when they become youths1 die of consumption4 ,a mother1 who has for some time neglected the advice ,i have just given1 will often find1 to her grievous cost1 that the mischief has1 past remedy1 been done1 and that it is now 8too late6--too late60 #bga4 ,how may a child be prevented from becoming ,rickety8 or1 if he be ,rickety1 how ought he to be treated8 ,if a child be predisposed to be rickety1 or if he be actually rickety1 attend to the following rules3 ,let him live well1 on good nourishing diet1 such as on tender rump-steaks1 cut very fine1 and mixed with mashed potatoes1 crumb of bread1 and with the gravy of the meat4 ,let him have1 as ,i have before advised1 an abundance of good new milk--a quart or three pints during every twenty-four hours4 ,let him have milk in every form--as milk gruel1 ,du ,barry's ,arabica revalenta made with milk1 batter and rice puddings1 suet-pudding1 bread and milk1 etc4 ,to harden the bones1 let lime-water be added to the milk 7a tablespoonful to each teacupful of milk74 ,let him have a good supply of fresh1 pure1 dry air4 ,he must almost live in the open air--the country1 if practicable1 in preference to the town1 and the coast in summer and autumn4 ,sea bathing and sea breezes are often1 in these cases1 of inestimable value4 ,he ought not1 at an early age1 to be allowed to bear his weight upon his legs4 ,he must sleep on a horse-hair mattress1 and not on a feather bed4 ,he should use1 every morning1 cold baths in the summer1 and tepid baths in the winter1 with bay salt 7a handful7 dissolved in the water4 ,friction with the hand must1 for half an hour at a time1 every night and morning1 be sedulously applied to the back and to the limbs4 ,it is wonderful how much good in these cases friction does4 ,strict attention ought to be paid to the rules of health as laid down in these ,conversations4 ,whatever is conducive to the general health is preventive and curative of rickets4 ,books1 if he be old enough to read them1 should be thrown aside2 health1 and health alone1 must be the one grand object4 ,the best medicines in these cases are a combination of cod-liver oil and the wine of iron1 given in the following manner3 ,put a teaspoonful of wine of iron into a wineglass1 half fill the glass with water1 sweeten it with a lump or two of sugar1 then let a teaspoonful of cod-liver oil swim on the top2 let the child drink it all down together1 twice or three times a day4 ,an hour after a meal is the best time to give the medicine1 as both iron and cod-liver oil sit better on a full than on an empty stomach4 ,the child in a short time will become fond of the above medicine1 and will be sorry when it is discontinued4 ,a case of rickets requires great patience and steady perseverance2 let1 therefore1 the above plan have a fair and long-continued trial1 and ,i can then promise that there will be every probability that great benefit will be derived from it4 #bgb4 ,if a child be subject to a scabby eruption about the mouth1 what is the best local application8 ,leave it to ,nature4 ,do not1 on any account1 apply any local application to heal it2 if you do1 you may produce injury2 you may either bring on an attack of inflammation1 or you may throw him into convulsions4 ,no6 ,this 8breaking-out0 is frequently a safety-valve1 and must not therefore be needlessly interfered with4 ,should the eruption be severe1 reduce the child's diet2 keep him from butter1 from gravy1 and from fat meat1 or1 indeed1 for a few days from meat altogether2 and give him mild aperient medicine2 but1 above all things1 do not quack him either with calomel or with gray powder4 #bgc4 ,will you have the goodness to describe the eruption on the face and on the head of a young child1 called ,milk-,crust or ,running ,scall8 ,milk-crust is a complaint of very young children--of those who are cutting their teeth--and as it is a nasty-looking complaint1 and frequently gives a mother a great deal of trouble1 of anxiety1 and annoyance1 it will be well that you should know its symptoms1 its causes1 and its probable duration4 ,symptoms4--,when a child is about nine months or a year old1 small pimples are apt to break out around the ears1 on the forehead1 and on the head4 ,these pimples at length become vesicles 7that is to say1 they contain water71 which run into one large one1 break1 and form a nasty dirty-looking yellowish1 and sometimes greenish scab1 which scab is moist1 indeed1 sometimes quite wet1 and gives out a disagreeable odor1 and which is sometimes so large on the head as actually to form a skull-cap1 and so extensive on the face as to form a mask6 ,these1 ,i am happy to say1 are rare cases4 ,the child's beauty is1 of course1 for a time completely destroyed1 and not only his beauty1 but his good temper2 for as the eruption causes great irritation and itching1 he is constantly clawing himself1 and crying with annoyance a great part of the day1 and sometimes also of the night1 the eruption preventing him from sleeping4 ,it is not contagious1 and soon after he has cut the whole of his first set of teeth1 it will get well1 provided it has not been improperly interfered with4 ,causes4--,irritation from teething2 stuffing him with overmuch meat1 thus producing a humor1 which ,nature tries to get rid of by throwing it out on the surface of the body1 the safest place she could fix on for the purpose1 hence the folly and danger of giving medicines and applying external applications to drive the eruption in4 8,diseased nature oftentimes breaks forth in strange eruptions10#bfd and cures herself in this way1 if she be not too much interfered with1 and if the eruption be not driven in by injudicious treatment4 ,i have known in such cases disastrous consequences to follow over-officiousness and meddlesomeness4 ,nature is trying all she can to drive the humor out1 while some wiseacres are doing all they can to drive the humor in4 ,duration4--,as milk-crust is a tedious affair1 and will require a variety of treatment1 it will be necessary to consult an experienced medical man2 and although he will be able to afford great relief1 the child will not1 in all probability1 be quite free from the eruption until he has cut the whole of his first set of teeth--until he be upwards of two years and a half old--when1 with judicious and careful treatment1 it will gradually disappear1 and eventually leave not a trace behind4 ,it will be far better to leave the case alone--to get well of itself rather than to try to cure the complaint either by outward applications or by strong internal medicines2 8the remedy is often worse than the disease10 of this ,i am quite convinced4 #bgd4 ,have you any advice to give me as to my conduct toward my medical man8 ,give him your entire confidence4 ,be truthful and be candid with him4 ,tell him the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth4 ,have no reservations2 give him1 as near as you can1 a plain1 unvarnished statement of the symptoms of the disease4 ,do not magnify1 and do not make too light of any of them4 ,be prepared to state the exact time the child first showed symptoms of illness4 ,if he have had a shivering fit1 however slight1 do not fail to tell your medical man of it4 ,note the state of the skin2 if there be a 8breaking-out10 be it ever so trifling1 let it be pointed out to him4 ,make yourself acquainted with the quantity and with the appearance of the urine1 taking care to have a little of it saved1 in case the doctor may wish to see and examine it4 ,take notice of the state of the motions--their number during the twenty-four hours1 their color1 their smell1 and their consistence1 keeping one for his inspection4 ,never leave any of these questions to be answered by a servant2 a mother is the proper person to give the necessary and truthful answers1 which answers frequently decide the fate of the patient4 ,bear in mind1 then1 a mother's untiring care and love1 attention and truthfulness1 frequently decide whether1 in a serious illness1 the little fellow shall live or die6 ,fearful responsibility6 ,a medical man has arduous duties to perform2 smooth1 therefore1 his path as much as you can1 and you will be amply repaid by the increased good he will be able to do your child4 ,strictly obey a doctor's orders--in diet1 in medicine1 in everything4 ,never throw obstacles in his way4 ,never omit any of his suggestions2 for depend upon it1 that if he be a sensible man1 directions1 however slight1 ought never to be neglected2 bear in mind1 with a judicious medical man1-- 8,that nothing walks with aimless feet40#bfe ,if the case be severe1 requiring a second opinion1 never of your own accord call in a physician without first consulting and advising with your own medical man4 ,it would be an act of great discourtesy to do so4 ,inattention to the foregoing advice has frequently caused injury to the patient1 and heart-burnings and ill will among doctors4 ,speak1 in the presence of your child1 with respect and kindness of your medical man1 so that the former may look upon the latter as a friend--as one who will strive1 with ,god's blessing1 to relieve his pain and suffering4 ,remember the increased power of doing good the doctor will have if the child be induced to like1 instead of dislike1 him4 ,not only be careful that you yourself speak before your child respectfully and kindly of the medical man1 but see that your domestics do so likewise2 and take care that they are never allowed to frighten your child1 as many silly servants do1 by saying that they will send for the doctor1 who will either give him nasty medicine1 or will perform some cruel operation upon him4 ,a nurse-maid should1 then1 never for one moment be permitted to make a doctor an object of terror or of dislike to a child4 ,send1 whenever it be practicable1 for your doctor early in the morning1 as he will then make his arrangements accordingly1 and can by daylight better ascertain the nature of the complaint1 more especially if it be a skin disease4 ,it is utterly impossible for him to form a correct opinion of the nature of a 8breaking-out0 either by gas or by candle-light4 ,if the illness come on at night1 particularly if it be ushered in either with a severe shivering1 or with any other urgent symptom1 no time should be lost1 be it night or day1 in sending for him4 ,,warm ,,baths4 #bge4 ,have the goodness to mention the complaints of a child for which warm baths are useful8 #a4 ,convulsions2 #b4 ,pains in the bowels1 known by the child drawing up his legs1 screaming violently1 etc42 #c4 ,restlessness from teething2 #d4 ,flatulence4 ,the warm bath acts as a fomentation to the stomach and the bowels1 and gives ease where the usual remedies do not rapidly relieve4 #bgf4 ,will you mention the precautions and the rules to be observed in putting a child into a warm bath8 ,carefully ascertain before he be immersed in the bath that the water be neither too hot nor too cold4 ,carelessness1 or over-anxiety to put him in the water as quickly as possible1 has frequently1 from his being immersed in the bath when the water was too hot1 caused him great pain and suffering4 ,from #if to #ih degrees of ,fahrenheit is the proper temperature of a warm bath4 ,if it be necessary to add fresh warm water1 let him be either removed the while1 or let it not be put in when very hot2 for if boiling water be added to increase the heat of the bath1 it naturally ascends1 and may scald him4 ,again1 let the fresh water be put in at as great a distance from him as possible4 ,the usual time for him to remain in a bath is a quarter of an hour or twenty minutes4 ,let the chest and the bowels be rubbed with the hand while he is in the bath4 ,let him be immersed in the bath as high up as the neck1 taking care that he be the while supported under the armpits1 and that his head be also rested4 ,as soon as he comes out of the bath he ought to be carefully but quickly rubbed dry2 and1 if it be necessary to keep up the action on the skin1 he should be put to bed1 between the blankets2 or1 if the desired relief has been obtained1 between the sheets1 which ought to have been previously warmed1 where1 most likely1 he will fall into a sweet refreshing sleep4 ,,warm ,,external ,,applications4 #bgg4 ,in case of a child suffering pain either in his stomach or in his bowels1 or in case he has a feverish cold1 can you tell me of the best way of applying heat to them8 ,in pain1 either of the stomach or of the bowels1 there is nothing usually affords greater or speedier relief than the external application of heat4 ,the following are four different methods of applying heat3 #a4 ,a bag of hot salt--that is to say1 powdered table salt--put either into the oven or into a frying-pan1 and thus made hot1 and placed in a flannel bag1 and then applied1 as the case may be1 either to the stomach or to the bowels4 ,hot salt is an excellent remedy for these pains4 #b4 ,an india-rubber hot water bottle1#bff half filled with hot water--it need not be boiling--applied to the stomach or to the bowels will afford great comfort4 #c4 ,another1 and an excellent remedy for these cases1 is a hot bran poultice4 ,the way to make it is as follows3 ,stir bran into a vessel containing either a pint or a quart 7according to size of poultice required7 of boiling water1 until it be of the consistence of a nice soft poultice1 then put it into a flannel bag and apply it to the part affected4 ,when cool1 dip it from time to time in hot water4 #d4 ,in case a child has a feverish cold1 especially if it be attended1 as it sometimes is1 with pains in the bowels1 the following is a good external application3 ,take a yard of flannel1 fold it three widths1 then dip it in very hot water1 wring it out tolerably dry1 and apply it evenly and neatly round and round the bowels2 over this1 and to keep it in its place and to keep in the moisture1 put on a dry flannel bandage1 four yards long and four inches wide4 ,if it be put on at bedtime1 it ought to remain on all night4 ,where there are children1 it is desirable to have the yard of flannel and the flannel bandage in readiness1 and then a mother will be prepared for emergencies4 ,either the one or the other1 then1 of the above applications will usually1 in pains of the stomach and bowels1 afford great relief4 ,there is one great advantage of the external application of heat--it can never do harm2 if there be inflammation1 it will do good2 if there be either cramps or spasms of the stomach1 it will be serviceable2 if there be colic1 it will be one of the best remedies that can be used2 if it be a feverish cold1 by throwing the child into a perspiration1 it will be useful4 ,it is well for a mother to know how to make a white-bread poultice2 and as the celebrated ,abernethy was noted for his poultices1 ,i will give you his directions1 and in his very words3 8,scald out a basin1 for you can never make a good poultice unless you have perfectly boiling water1 then1 having put in some hot water1 throw in coarsely crumbled bread1 and cover it with a plate4 ,when the bread has soaked up as much water as it will imbibe1 drain off the remaining water1 and there will be left a light pulp4 ,spread it a third of an inch thick on folded linen1 and apply it when of the temperature of a warm bath4 ,it may be said that this poultice will be very inconvenient if there be no lard in it1 for it will soon get dry2 but this is the very thing you want1 and it can easily be moistened by dropping warm water on it1 while a greasy poultice will be moist1 but not wet40#bfg ,,accidents4 #bgh4 ,supposing a child to cut his finger1 what is the best application8 ,there is nothing better than tying it up with rag in its blood1 as nothing is more healing than blood4 ,do not wash the blood away1 but apply the rag at once1 taking care that no foreign substance be left in the wound4 ,if there be either glass or dirt in it1 it will1 of course1 be necessary to bathe the cut in warm water1 to get rid of it before the rag be applied4 ,some mothers use either salt1 or ,fryar's ,balsam1 or turpentine to a fresh wound2 these plans are cruel and unnecessary1 and frequently make the cut difficult to heal4 ,if it bleed immoderately1 sponge the wound freely with cold water4 ,if it be a severe cut1 surgical aid1 of course1 will be required4 #bgi4 ,if a child receive a blow1 causing a bruise1 what had better be done8 ,immediately smear a small lump of fresh butter on the part affected1 and renew it every few minutes for two or three hours2 this is an old-fashioned1 but a very good remedy4 ,olive oil may--if fresh butter be not at hand--be used1 or soak a piece of brown paper in one-third of ,french brandy1 and two-thirds of water1 and immediately apply it to the part2 when dry renew it4 ,either of these simple plans--the butter plan is the best--will generally prevent both swelling and disfiguration4 ,a 8,black ,eye40--,if a child1 or indeed any one else1 receive a blow over the eye1 which is likely to cause a 8black eye10 there is no remedy superior to1 nor more likely to prevent one1 than well buttering the parts for two or three inches around the eye with fresh butter1 renewing it every few minutes for the space of an hour or two2 if such be well and perseveringly done1 the disagreeable appearance of a 8black eye0 will in all probability be prevented4 ,a capital remedy for a 8black eye0 is the arnica lotion3 ,take of--,tincture of ,arnica1 one ounce2 ,water1 seven ounces3 ,to make a ,lotion4 ,the eye to be bathed1 by means of a soft piece of linen rag1 with this lotion frequently2 and1 between times1 let a piece of linen rag1 wetted in the lotion1 be applied to the eye1 and be fastened in its place by means of a bandage4 ,the white lily leaf1 soaked in brandy1 is another excellent remedy for the bruises of a child4 ,gather the white lily blossoms when in full bloom1 and pot them in a wide-mouthed bottle of brandy1 cork the bottle1 and it will then always be ready for use4 ,apply a leaf to the part affected1 and bind it on either with a bandage or with a handkerchief4 ,the white lily root sliced is another valuable external application for bruises4 #bhj4 ,if a child fall upon his head and be stunned1 what ought to be done8 ,if he fall upon his head and be stunned1 he will look deadly pale1 very much as if he had fainted4 ,he will in a few minutes1 in all probability1 regain his consciousness4 ,sickness frequently supervenes1 which makes the case more serious1 it being a proof that injury1 more or less severe1 has been done to the brain2 send1 therefore1 instantly1 for a medical man4 ,in the mean time1 loosen both his collar and neckerchief1 lay him flat on his back1 sprinkle cold water upon his face1 open the windows so as to admit plenty of fresh air1 and do not let people crowd around him1 nor shout at him1 as some do1 to make him speak4 ,while he is in an unconscious state1 do not on any account whatever allow a drop of blood to be taken from him1 either by leeches or by bleeding2 if you do1 he will probably never rally1 but will most likely sleep 8the sleep that knows no waking40 #bha4 ,a nurse sometimes drops an infant and injures his back2 what ought to be done8 ,instantly send for a surgeon2 omitting to have proper advice in such a case has frequently made a child a cripple for life4 ,a nurse frequently1 when she has dropped her little charge1 is afraid to tell her mistress2 the consequences might then be deplorable4 ,if ever a child scream violently without any assignable cause1 and the mother is not able for some time to pacify him1 the safer plan is that she send for a doctor1 in order that he might strip and carefully examine him2 much after-misery might often be averted if this plan were more frequently followed4 #bhb4 ,have you any remarks to make and directions to give on accidental poisoning by lotions1 by liniments1 etc48 ,it is a culpable practice of either a mother or nurse to leave external applications within the reach of a child4 ,it is also highly improper to put a mixture and an external application 7such as a lotion or a liniment7 on the same tray or on the same mantle-piece4 ,many liniments contain large quantities of opium1 a teaspoonful of which would be likely to cause the death of a child4 8,hartshorn and oil10 too1 has frequently been swallowed by children1 and in several instances has caused death4 ,many lotions contain sugar of lead1 which is also poisonous4 ,there is not1 fortunately1 generally sufficient lead in the lotion to cause death2 but if there be not enough to cause death1 there may be more than enough to make the child very poorly4 ,all these accidents occur from disgraceful carelessness4 ,a mother or a nurse ought always1 before administering a dose of medicine to a child1 to read the label on the bottle2 by adopting this simple plan many serious accidents and much after-misery might be averted4 ,again1 ,i say let every lotion1 every liniment1 and indeed everything for external use1 be either locked up or be put out of the way1 and far away from all medicine that is given by the mouth4 ,this advice admits of no exception4 ,if your child has swallowed a portion of a liniment containing opium1 instantly send for a medical man4 ,in the mean time1 force a strong mustard emetic 7composed of two teaspoonfuls of flour of mustard1 mixed in half a teacupful of warm water7 down his throat4 ,encourage the vomiting by afterward forcing him to swallow warm water4 ,tickle the throat either with your finger or with a feather4 ,souse him alternately in a hot and then in a cold bath4 ,dash cold water on his head and face4 ,throw open the windows4 ,walk him about in the open air4 ,rouse him by slapping him1 by pinching him1 and by shouting to him2 rouse him1 indeed1 by every means in your power1 for if you allow him to go to sleep1 it will1 in all probability1 be the sleep that knows no waking6 ,if a child has swallowed 8hartshorn and oil10 force him to drink vinegar and water1 lemon-juice and water1 barley-water1 and thin gruel4 ,if he have swallowed a lead lotion1 give him a mustard emetic1 and then vinegar and water1 sweetened either with honey or with sugar1 to drink4 #bhc4 ,are not ,lucifer ,matches poisonous8 ,certainly1 they are very poisonous2 it is therefore desirable that they should be put out of the reach of children4 ,a mother ought to be very strict with servants on this head4 ,moreover1 lucifer matches are not only poisonous but dangerous1 as a child might set himself on fire with them4 ,a case bearing on the subject has just come under my own observation4 ,a little boy1 three years old1 was left alone for two or three minutes1 during which time he obtained possession of a lucifer match1 and struck a light by striking the match against the wall4 ,instantly there was a blaze4 ,fortunately for him1 in his fright1 he threw the match on the floor4 ,his mother1 at this moment1 entered the room4 ,if his clothes had taken fire1 which they might have done1 had he not thrown the match away1 or if his mother had not been so near at hand1 he would1 in all probability1 have either been severely burned1 or have been burned to death4 #bhd4 ,if a child's clothes take fire1 what ought to be done to extinguish them8 ,lay him on the floor1 then roll him either in the rug or in the carpet1 or in the door-mat1 or in any thick article of dress you may either have on1 or have at hand--if it be woolen1 so much the better2 or throw him down1 and roll him over and over on the floor1 as by excluding the atmospheric air1 the flame will go out3 hence1 the importance of a mother cultivating presence of mind4 ,if parents were better prepared for such emergencies1 such horrid disfigurations and frightful deaths would be less frequent4 ,you ought to have a proper fire-guard before the nursery grate1 and should be strict in not allowing your child to play with fire4 ,if he still persevere in playing with it when he has been repeatedly cautioned not to do so1 he should be punished for his temerity4 ,if anything would justify corporal chastisement1 it would surely be such an act of disobedience4 ,there are only two acts of disobedience that ,i would flog a child for--namely1 the playing with fire and the telling of a lie6 ,if after various warnings and wholesome corrections he still persists1 it would be well to let him slightly taste the pain of his doing so1 either by holding his hand for a moment very near the fire1 or by allowing him to slightly touch either the hot bar of the grate or the flame of the candle4 ,take my word for it1 the above plan will effectually cure him--he will never do it again6 ,it would be well for the children of the poor to have pinafores made either of woolen or of stuff materials4 ,the dreadful deaths from burning1 which so often occur in winter1 too frequently arise from cotton pinafores first taking fire4#bfh ,if all dresses1 after being washed1 and just before being dried1 were1 for a short time1 soaked in a solution of tungstate of soda1 such clothes1 when dried1 would be perfectly fire-proof4 ,tungstate of soda may be used either with or without starch2 but full directions for the using of it will1 at the time of purchase1 be given by the chemist4 #bhe4 ,is a burn more dangerous than a scald8 ,a burn is generally more serious than a scald4 ,burns and scalds are more dangerous on the body1 especially on the chest1 than either on the face or on the extremities4 ,the younger the child1 of course1 the greater is the danger4 ,scalds1 both of the mouth and of the throat1 from a child drinking boiling water from the spout of a tea-kettle1 are most dangerous4 ,a poor person's child is1 from the unavoidable absence of the mother1 sometimes shut up in the kitchen by himself1 and being very thirsty1 and no other water being at hand1 he is tempted in his ignorance to drink from the tea-kettle3 if the water be unfortunately boiling1 it will most likely prove to him to be a fatal draught6 #bhf4 ,what are the best immediate applications to a scald or to a burn8 ,there is nothing more efficacious than flour4 ,it ought to be thickly applied1 over the part affected1 and should be kept in its place either with a rag and a bandage1 or with strips of old linen4 ,if this be done1 almost instantaneous relief will be experienced1 and the burn or the scald1 if superficial1 will soon be well4 ,the advantage of flour as a remedy is this1 that it is always at hand4 ,i have seen some extensive burns and scalds cured by the above simple plan4 ,another excellent remedy is cotton wool4 ,the burn or the scald ought to be enveloped in it2 layer after layer should be applied until it be several inches thick4 ,the cotton wool must not be removed for several days4#bfi ,these two remedies1 flour and cotton wool1 may be used in conjunction2 that is to say1 the flour may be thickly applied to the scald or to the burn1 and the cotton wool over all4 ,prepared lard--that is to say1 lard without salt#bgj--;is an admirable remedy for burns and for scalds4 ,the advantages of lard are3 7#a7 ,it is almost always at hand2 7#b7 ,it is very cooling1 soothing1 and unirritating to the part1 and it gives almost immediate freedom from pain2 7#c7 ,it effectually protects and sheathes the burn or the scald from the air2 7#d7 ,it is readily and easily applied3 all that has to be done is to spread the lard either on pieces of old linen rag1 or on lint1 and then to apply them smoothly to the parts affected1 keeping them in their places by means of bandages--which bandages may be readily made from either old linen or calico shirts4 ,dr4 ,john ,packard1 of ,philadelphia1 was the first to bring this remedy for burns and scalds before the public--he having tried it in numerous instances1 and with the happiest results4 ,i myself have1 for many years1 been in the habit of prescribing lard as a dressing for blisters1 and with the best effects4 ,i generally advise equal parts of prepared lard and of spermaceti cerate to be blended together to make an ointment4 ,the spermaceti cerate gives a little more consistence to the lard1 which1 in warm weather1 especially1 is a great advantage4 ,another valuable remedy for burns is1 8carron oil20 which is made by mixing equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water together in a bottle1 and shaking it up before using it4 ,cold applications1 such as cold water1 cold vinegar and water1 and cold lotions1 are most injurious1 and1 in many cases1 even dangerous4 ,scraped potatoes1 sliced cucumber1 salt1 and spirits of turpentine1 have all been recommended2 but1 in my practice1 nothing has been so efficacious as the remedies above enumerated4 ,do not wash the wound1 and do not dress it more frequently than every other day4 ,if there be much discharge1 let it be gently sopped up with soft old linen rag2 but do not1 on any account1 let the burn be rubbed or roughly handled4 ,i am convinced that1 in the majority of cases1 wounds are too frequently dressed1 and that the washing of wounds prevents the healing of them4 8,it is a great mistake10 said ,ambrose ,par1 8to dress ulcers too often1 and to wipe their surfaces clean1 for thereby we not only remove the useless excrement1 which is the mud or sanies of ulcers1 but also the matter which forms the flesh4 ,consequently1 for these reasons1 ulcers should not be dressed too often40 ,the burn or the scald may1 after the first two days1 if severe1 require different dressings2 but1 if it be severe1 the child ought of course to be immediately placed under the care of a surgeon4 ,if the scald be either on the leg or on the foot1 a common practice is to take the shoe and the stocking off2 in this operation1 the skin is also at the same time very apt to be removed4 ,now1 both the shoe and the stocking ought to be slit up1 and thus be taken off1 so that neither unnecessary pain nor mischief may be caused4 #bhg4 ,if a bit of quicklime should accidentally enter the eye of my child1 what ought to be done8 ,instantly1 but tenderly remove1 either by means of a camel's-hair brush or by a small spill of paper1 any bit of lime that may adhere to the ball of the eye1 or that may be within the eye or on the eyelashes2 then well bathe the eye 7allowing a portion to enter it7 with vinegar and water--one part of vinegar to three parts of water1 that is to say1 a quarter fill a clean half-pint medicine bottle with vinegar and then fill it up with spring water1 and it will be ready for use4 ,let the eye be bathed for at least a quarter of an hour with it4 ,the vinegar will neutralize the lime1 and will rob it of its burning properties4 ,having bathed the eye with the vinegar and water for a quarter of an hour1 bathe it for another quarter of an hour simply with a little warm water2 after which1 drop into the eye two or three drops of the best sweet oil1 put on an eye-shade made of three thicknesses of linen rag1 covered with green silk1 and then do nothing more until the doctor arrives4 ,if the above rules be not promptly and properly followed out1 the child may irreparably lose his eyesight2 hence the necessity of a popular work of this kind1 to tell a mother1 provided immediate assistance cannot be obtained1 what ought instantly to be done2 for moments1 in such a case1 are precious4 ,while doing all that ,i have just recommended1 let a surgeon be sent for1 as a smart attack of inflammation of the eye is very apt to follow the burn of lime2 but which inflammation will1 provided the previous directions have been promptly and efficiently followed out1 with appropriate treatment1 soon subside4 ,the above accident is apt to occur to a child who is standing near a building when the slacking of quicklime is going on1 and where portions of lime1 in the form of powder1 are flying about the air4 ,it would be well not to allow a child to stand about such places1 as prevention is always better than cure4 ,quicklime is sometimes called caustic lime3 it well deserves its name1 for it is a burning lime1 and if proper means be not promptly used1 will soon burn away the sight4 #bhh4 8,what is to be done in the case of ,choking80 ,instantly put your finger into the throat and feel if the substance be within reach2 if it be food1 force it down1 and thus liberate the breathing2 should it be a hard substance1 endeavor to hook it out2 if you cannot reach it1 give a good smart blow or two with the flat of the hand on the back2 or1 as recommended by a contributor to the ,lancet1 on the chest1 taking care to 8seize the little patient1 and place him between your knees side ways1 and in this or some other manner to compress the abdomen the belly1 otherwise the power of the blow will be lost by the yielding of the abdominal parietes walls of the belly1 and the respiratory effort will not be produced40 ,if that does not have the desired effect1 tickle the throat with your finger1 so as to insure immediate vomiting1 and the consequent ejection of the offending substance4#bga #bhi4 ,should my child be bitten by a dog supposed to be mad1 what ought to be done8 ,instantly well rub for the space of five of ten seconds--seconds1 not minutes--a stick of nitrate of silver 7lunar caustic7 into the wound4 ,the stick of lunar caustic should be pointed1 like a cedar-pencil for writing1 in order the more thoroughly to enter the wound4#bgb ,this1 if properly done directly after the bite1 will effectually prevent hydrophobia4 ,the nitrate of silver acts not only as a caustic to the part1 but it appears effectually to neutralize the poison1 and thus by making the virus perfectly innocuous is a complete antidote4 ,if it be either the lip1 or the parts near the eye1 or the wrist1 that have been bitten1 it is far preferable to apply the caustic than to cut the part out2 as the former is neither so formidable1 nor so dangerous1 nor so disfiguring as the latter1 and yet it is equally as efficacious4 ,i am indebted to the late ,mr4 ,youatt1 the celebrated veterinary surgeon1 for this valuable antidote or remedy for the prevention of the most horrible1 heart-rending1 and incurable disease known4 ,mr4 ,youatt had an immense practice among dogs as well as among horses4 ,he was a keen observer of disease1 and a dear lover of his profession1 and he had paid great attention to rabies--dog madness4 ,he and his assistants had been repeatedly bitten by rabid dogs2 but knowing that he was in possession of an infallible preventive remedy1 he never dreaded the wounds inflicted either upon himself or upon his assistants4 ,mr4 ,youatt never knew lunar caustic1 if properly and immediately applied1 to fail4 ,it is1 of course1 only a preventive4 ,if hydrophobia be once developed in the human system1 no antidote has ever yet1 for this fell and intractable disease1 been found4 ,while walking the ,london ,hospitals1 upwards of thirty-five years ago1 ,i received an invitation from ,mr4 ,youatt to attend a lecture on rabies--dog madness4 ,he had1 during the lecture1 a dog present laboring under incipient madness4 ,in a day or two after the lecture1 he requested me and other students to call at his infirmary and see the dog1 as the disease was at that time fully developed4 ,we did so1 and found the poor animal raving mad--frothing at the mouth1 and snapping at the iron bars of his prison4 ,i was particularly struck with a peculiar brilliancy and wildness of the dog's eyes4 ,he seemed as though1 with affright and consternation1 he beheld objects unseen by all around4 ,it was pitiful to witness his frightened and anxious countenance4 ,death soon closed the scene6 ,i have thought it my duty to bring the value of lunar caustic as a preventive of hydrophobia prominently before your notice1 and to pay a tribute of respect to the memory of ,mr4 ,youatt--a man of talent and genius4 ,never kill a dog supposed to be mad who has bitten either a child1 or any one else1 until it has1 past all doubt1 been ascertained whether he be really mad or not4 ,he ought1 of course1 to be tied up1 and be carefully watched1 and be prevented the while from biting any one else4 ,the dog1 by all means1 should be allowed to live at least for some weeks1 as the fact of his remaining will be the best guarantee that there is no fear of the bitten child having caught hydrophobia4 ,there is a foolish prejudice abroad1 that a dog1 be he mad or not1 who has bitten a person ought to be immediately destroyed2 that although the dog be not at the time mad1 but should at a future period become so1 the person who had been bitten when the dog was not mad1 would1 when the dog became mad1 have hydrophobia6 ,it seems almost absurd to bring the subject forward2 but the opinion is so very general and deep rooted1 that ,i think it well to declare that there is not the slightest foundation of truth in it1 but that it is a ridiculous fallacy6 ,a cat sometimes goes mad1 and its bite may cause hydrophobia2 indeed1 the bite of a mad cat is more dangerous than the bite of a mad dog4 ,a bite from a mad cat ought to be treated precisely in the same manner--namely1 with the lunar caustic--as for a mad dog4 ,a bite either from a dog or from a cat who is not mad1 from a cat especially1 is often venomous and difficult to heal4 ,the best application is immediately to apply a large hot white-bread poultice to the part1 and to renew it every four hours2 and1 if there be much pain in the wound1 to well foment the part1 every time before applying the poultice1 with a hot chamomile and poppy-head fomentation4 ,scratches of a cat are best treated by smearing1 and that freely and continuously for an hour1 and then afterward at longer intervals1 fresh butter on the part affected4 ,if fresh butter be not at hand1 fresh lard--that is to say1 lard without salt--will answer the purpose4 ,if the pain of the scratch be very intense1 foment the part affected with hot water1 and then apply a hot white-bread poultice1 which should be frequently renewed4 #bij4 ,what is the best application in case of a sting either from a bee or from a wasp8 ,extract the sting1 if it have been left behind1 either by means of a pair of dressing forceps1 or by the pressure of the hollow of a small key--a watch-key will answer the purpose2 then1 a little blue 7which is used in washing7 moistened with water1 should be immediately applied to the part2 or1 apply a few drops of solution of potash1#bgc or 8apply moist snuff or tobacco1 rubbing it well in10#bgd and renew from time to time either of them3 if either of these be not at hand1 either honey1 or treacle1 or fresh butter1 will answer the purpose4 ,should there be much swelling or inflammation1 apply a hot white-bread poultice1 and renew it frequently4 ,in eating apricots1 or peaches1 or other fruit1 they ought to1 beforehand1 be carefully examined1 in order to ascertain that no wasp is lurking in them2 otherwise1 it may sting the throat1 and serious consequences will ensue4 #bia4 ,if a child receive a fall1 causing the skin to be grazed1 can you tell me of a good application8 ,you will find gummed paper an excellent remedy2 the way of preparing it is as follows3 ,apply evenly1 by means of a small brush1 thick mucilage of gum arabic to cap paper2 hang it up to dry1 and keep it ready for use4 ,when wanted1 cut a portion as large as may be requisite1 then moisten it with your tongue1 in the same manner you would a postage stamp1 and apply it to the grazed part4 ,it may be removed when necessary by simply wetting it with water4 ,the part in two or three days will be well4 ,there is usually a margin of gummed paper sold with postage stamps2 this will answer the purpose equally well4 ,if the gummed paper be not at hand1 then frequently1 for the space of an hour or two1 smear the part affected with fresh butter4 #bib4 ,in case of a child swallowing by mistake either laudanum1 or paregoric1 or ,godfrey's ,cordial1 or any other preparation of opium1 what ought to be done8 ,give1 as quickly as possible1 a strong mustard emetic2 that is to say1 mix two teaspoonfuls of flour of mustard in half a teacupful of water1 and force it down his throat4 ,if free vomiting be not induced1 tickle the upper part of the swallow with a feather2 drench the little patient's stomach with large quantities of warm water4 ,as soon as it can be obtained from a druggist1 give him the following emetic draught3 ,take of--,sulphate of ,zinc1 one scruple2 ,simple ,syrup1 one drachm2 ,distilled ,water1 seven drachms3 ,to make a ,draught4 ,smack his buttocks and his back2 walk him1 or lead him1 or carry him about in the fresh air2 shake him by the shoulders2 pull his hair2 tickle his nostrils2 shout and holla in his ears2 plunge him into a warm bath and then into a cold bath alternately2 well sponge his head and face with cold water2 dash cold water on his head1 face1 and neck2 and do not1 on any account1 until the effects of the opiate are gone off1 allow him to go to sleep2 if you do1 he will never wake again6 ,while doing all these things1 of course1 you ought to lose no time in sending for a medical man4 #bic4 ,have you any observations to make on parents allowing the ,deadly ,nightshade--the ,atropa ,belladonna--to grow in their gardens8 ,i wish to caution you not on any account to allow the ,belladonna--the ,deadly ,nightshade--to grow in your garden4 ,the whole plant--root1 leaves1 and berries--is poisonous2 and the berries1 being attractive to the eye1 are very alluring to children4 #bid4 ,what is the treatment of poisoning by ,belladonna8 ,instantly send for a medical man2 but1 in the mean time1 give an emetic--a mustard emetic2--mix two teaspoonfuls of flour of mustard in half a teacupful of warm water1 and force it down the child's throat2 then drench him with warm water1 and tickle the upper part of his swallow either with a feather or with the finger1 to make him sick2 as the grand remedy is an emetic to bring up the offending cause4 ,if the emetic have not acted sufficiently1 the medical man when he arrives may deem it necessary to use the stomach-pump2 but remember not a moment must be lost1 for moments are precious in a case of belladonna poisoning1 in giving a mustard emetic1 and repeating it again and again until the enemy be dislodged4 ,dash cold water upon his head and face2 the best way of doing which is by means of a large sponge1 holding his head and his face over a wash-hand basin1 half filled with cold water1 and filling the sponge from the basin1 and squeezing it over his head and face1 allowing the water to continuously stream over them for an hour or two1 or until the effects of the poison have passed away4 ,this sponging of the head and face is very useful in poisoning by opium1 as well as in poisoning by belladonna2 indeed1 the treatment of poisoning by the one is very similar to the treatment of poisoning by the other4 ,i1 therefore1 for the further treatment of poisoning by belladonna1 beg to refer you to a previous ,conversation on the treatment of poisoning by opium4 #bie4 ,should a child put either a pea or a bead1 or any other foreign substance1 up the nose1 what ought to be done8 ,do not attempt to extract it yourself1 or you might push it farther in1 but send instantly for a surgeon1 who will readily remove it1 either with a pair of forceps1 or by means of a bent probe1 or with a director4 ,if it be a pea1 and it be allowed for any length of time to remain in1 it will swell1 and will thus become difficult to extract1 and may produce great irritation and inflammation4 ,a child ought not to be allowed to play with peas or with beads 7unless the beads are on a string71 as he is apt1 for amusement1 to push them up his nose4 #bif4 ,if a child have put either a pea1 a bean1 a bead1 a cherry-stone1 or any other smooth substance1 into his ear1 what ought to be done to remove it8 ,turn his head on one side1 in order to let the ear with the pea or bead in it be undermost1 then give with the flat of your hand two or three sharp1 sudden slaps or boxes on the other1 or uppermost ear1 and most likely the offending substance will drop out4 ,poking at the ear will1 in the majority of cases1 only send the substance farther in1 and will make it more difficult 7if the above simple plan does not succeed7 for the medical man to remove4 ,the surgeon will1 in all probability1 syringe the ear2 therefore1 have a supply of warm water in readiness for him1 in order that no time may be lost4 #big4 ,if an earwig1 or any other living thing1 should get into the ear of a child1 what ought to be done8 ,lay the child on his side1 the affected ear being uppermost1 and fill the ear1 from a teaspoon1 with either water or sweet oil4 ,the water or oil will carry the living thing1 whatever it be1 out of the ear1 and the child is at once relieved4 #bih4 ,if a child swallow a piece of broken glass1 what ought to be done8 ,avoid purgatives1 as the free action on the bowels would be likely to force the spicul of glass into the mucous membrane of the bowels1 and thus would wound them1 and might cause ulceration1 and even death4 8,the object of treatment will be to allow them to pass through the intestines well enveloped by the other contents of the tube2 and for this purpose a solid farinaceous diet should be ordered1 and purgatives scrupulously avoided40#bge #bii4 ,if a child swallow a pin1 what should be done8 ,treat him as for broken glass4 ,give him no aperients1 or it might1 in action1 force the pin into the bowel4 ,i have known more than one instance where a child1 after swallowing a pin1 to have voided it in his motion4 #cjj4 ,if a child swallow a coin of any kind1 is danger likely to ensue1 and what ought to be done8 ,there is1 as a rule1 no danger4 ,a dose or two of castor oil will be all that is usually necessary4 ,the evacuations ought to be carefully examined until the coin be discovered4 ,i once knew a child swallow a penny-piece1 and pass it in his motions4 #cja4 ,if a child1 while playing with a small coin 7such as either a threepenny or a fourpenny piece71 or any other substance1 should toss it into his mouth1 and inadvertently allow it to enter the windpipe1 what ought to be done8 ,take hold of him by the legs1 allowing his head to hang downward2 then give him1 with the palm of your hand1 several sharp blows on his back1 and you may have the good fortune to see the coin coughed out of his mouth4 ,of course1 if this plan does not succeed1 send instantly for a medical man4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,boyhood ,,and ,,girlhood4 ',tis with him e'en standing water1 ,between boy and man4 ,,shakspeare4 ,standing with reluctant feet ,where the brook and river meet1 ,womanhood and childhood fleet6 ,,longfellow4 ,,ablution1 ,etc4 #cjb4 ,have you any remarks to make on the ,ablution of boys and girls8 ,how is it that a mother thinks it absolutely necessary 7which it really is7 that her babe's whole body should every morning be washed2 and yet who does not deem it needful that her girl or boy of twelve years old1 should go through the process of daily and thorough ablution8 ,if the one case be necessary1 sure ,i am that the other is equally if not more needful4 ,thorough ablution of the body every morning at least is essential to health4 ,i maintain that no one can be in the enjoyment of perfect health who does not keep his skin--the whole of his skin--clean4 ,in the absence of cleanliness1 a pellicle forms on the skin which engenders disease4 ,moreover1 a person who does not keep his skin clean is more susceptible of contracting contagious disease1 such as small-pox1 typhus fever1 cholera1 diphtheria1 scarlet fever1 etc4 ,thorough ablution of the body is a grand requisite of health4 ,i maintain that no one can be perfectly healthy unless he thoroughly wash his body--the whole of his body2 if filth accumulate1 which1 if not washed off1 it is sure to do1 disease must1 as a matter of course1 follow4 ,besides1 ablution is a delightful process2 it makes one feel fresh and sweet1 and young and healthy2 it makes the young look handsome and the old look young6 ,thorough ablution might truly be said both to renovate and to rejuvenize6 ,a scrupulously clean skin is one of the grand distinctive characteristics both of a lady and of a gentleman4 ,dirty people are not only a nuisance to themselves1 but to all around2 they are not only a nuisance1 but a danger1 as their dirty bodies are apt to carry from place to place contagious diseases4 ,it is important that parts that are covered should be kept cleaner than parts exposed to the air1 as dirt is more apt to fester in dark places2 besides1 parts exposed to the air have the advantage of the air's sweetening properties2 air acts as a bath1 and purifies the skin amazingly4 ,it is desirable to commence a complete system of washing early in life1 as then it becomes a second nature1 and cannot afterward be dispensed with4 ,one accustomed to the luxury of his morning ablution would feel most uncomfortable if anything prevented him from taking it2 he would as soon think of dispensing with his breakfast as with his bath4 ,every boy1 every girl1 and every adult ought each to have either a room or a dressing-room to himself or to herself1 in order that he or she might strip to the skin and thoroughly wash themselves2 no one can wash properly and effectually without doing so4 ,now1 for the paraphernalia required for the process3 7#a7 ,a large nursery-basin1 one that will hold six or eight quarts of water 7,wedgwood's make being considered the best72 7#b7 ,a piece of coarse flannel1 a yard long and half a yard wide2 7#c7 ,a large sponge2 7#d7 ,a tablet either of the best yellow or of curd soap2 7#e7 ,two towels1 one being a diaper and the other a ,turkish rubber4 ,now1 as to the manner of performing ablution4 ,you ought to fill the basin three parts full with rain water2 then1 having well soaped and cleansed your hands1 re-soap them1 dip your head and face into the water1 then with the soaped hands well rub and wash your head1 face1 neck1 chest1 and armpits2 having done which1 take the wetted sponge1 and go over all the parts previously traveled over by the soaped hands2 then fold the flannel as you would a neckerchief1 and dip it in the water1 then throw it1 as you would a skipping-rope1 over your shoulders1 and move it a few times from right to left and from left to right1 and up and down1 and then across the back and loins2 having done which1 dip the sponge in the water1 and holding your head under the water1 let the water stream from the sponge a time or two over your head1 neck1 and face4 ,dip your head and face in the water1 then put your hands and arms 7as far as they will go7 into the water1 holding them there while you can count thirty4 ,having reduced the quantity of water to a third of a basinful1 place the basin on the floor1 and sit 7while you can count fifty7 in the water2 then put one foot at a time in the water1 and quickly rub1 with soaped hands1 up and down your leg1 over the foot1 and pass your thumb between each toe 7this latter procedure tends to keep away soft corns72 then take the sponge1 filled with water1 and squeeze it over your leg and foot1 from the knee downward1--then serve your other leg and foot in the same way4 ,by adopting the above plan1 the whole of the body will1 every morning1 be thoroughly washed4 ,a little warm water might at first1 and during the winter time1 be added1 to take off the chill2 but the sooner quite cold water is used the better4 ,the body ought to be quickly dried 7taking care to wipe between each toe71 first with the diaper1 and then with the ,turkish rubber4 ,in drying your back and loins1 you ought to throw1 as you would a skipping-rope1 the ,turkish rubber over your shoulders1 and move it a few times from side to side1 until the parts be dry4 ,although the above description is necessarily prolix1 the washing itself ought to be very expeditiously performed2 there should be no dawdling over it1 otherwise the body will become chilled1 and harm instead of good will be the result4 ,if due dispatch be used1 the whole of the body might1 according to the above method1 be thoroughly washed and dried in the space of ten minutes4 ,a boy ought to wash his head1 as above directed1 every morning1 a girl1 who has much hair1 once a week1 with soap and water1 with flannel and sponge4 ,the hair1 if not frequently washed1 is very dirty1 and nothing is more repulsive than a dirty head6 ,it might be said1 8,why do you go into particulars8 why dwell so much upon minuti8 ,every one1 without being told1 knows how to wash himself60 ,i reply1 8,that very few people do know how to wash themselves properly2 it is a misfortune they do not--they would be both much healthier and happier if they did60 #cjc4 ,have you any remarks to make on boys and girls learning to swim8 ,let me strongly urge you to let your sons and daughters be early taught to swim4 ,swimming is a glorious exercise--one of the best that can be taken2 it expands the chest2 it promotes digestion2 it develops the muscles1 and brings into action some muscles that in any other form of exercise are but seldom brought into play2 it strengthens and braces the whole frame1 and thus makes the swimmer resist the liability of catching colds2 it gives both boys and girls courage1 energy1 and self-reliance1--splendid qualities in this rough world of ours4 ,swimming is oftentimes the means of saving human life2 this of itself would be a great recommendation of its value4 ,it is a delightful amusement2 to breast the waves is as exhilarating to the spirits as clearing on horseback a five-barred gate4 ,the art of learning to swim is quite as necessary to be learned by a girl as by a boy2 the former has similar muscles1 lungs1 and other organs to develop as the latter4 ,it is very desirable that in large towns swimming-baths for ladies should be instituted4 ,swimming ought1 then1 to be a part and parcel of the education of every boy and of every girl4 ,swimming does not always agree4 ,this sometimes arises from a person being quite cold before he plunges into the water4 ,many people have an idea that they ought to go into the water while their bodies are in a cool state4 ,now this is a mistaken notion1 and is likely to produce dangerous consequences4 ,the skin ought to be comfortably warm1 neither very hot nor very cold1 and then the bather will receive every advantage that cold bathing can produce4 ,if he go into the bath while the body is cold1 the blood becomes chilled1 and is driven to internal parts1 and thus mischief is frequently produced4 ,a boy1 after using cold bathing1 ought1 if it agree with him1 to experience a pleasing glow over the whole surface of his body1 his spirits and appetite should be increased1 and he ought to feel stronger2 but if it disagree with him1 a chilliness and coldness1 a lassitude and a depression of spirits1 will be the result2 the face will be pale and the features will be pinched1 and1 in some instances1 the lips and the nails will become blue2 all these are signs that cold bathing is injurious1 and1 therefore1 that it ought on no account to be persevered in1 unless these symptoms have hitherto proceeded from his going into the bath while he was quite cold4 ,he may1 previously to entering the bath1 warm himself by walking briskly for a few minutes4 ,where cold sea water bathing does not agree1 warm sea bathing should be substituted4 #cjd4 ,which do you prefer--sea bathing or fresh water bathing8 ,sea bathing4 ,sea bathing is incomparably superior to fresh water bathing2 the salt water is far more refreshing and invigorating2 the battling with the waves is more exciting2 the sea breezes1 blowing on the nude body1 breathes 7for the skin is a breathing apparatus7 health and strength into the frame1 and comeliness into the face2 the sea water and the sea breezes are splendid cosmetics2 the salt water is one of the finest applications1 both for strengthening the roots and brightening the color of the hair1 provided grease and pomatum have not been previously used4 #cje4 ,have you any directions to give as to the time and the seasons1 and the best mode of sea bathing8 ,summer and autumn are the best seasons of the year for cold sea bathing--,august and ,september being the best months4 ,to prepare the skin for the cold sea bathing1 it would be well1 before taking a dip in the sea1 to have on the previous day a warm salt-water bath4 ,it is injurious1 and even dangerous1 to bathe immediately after a full meal2 the best time to bathe is about two hours after breakfast--that is to say1 at about eleven or twelve o'clock in the forenoon4 ,the bather1 as soon as he enters the water1 ought instantly to wet his head2 this may be done either by his jumping at once from the machine into the water1 or1 if he have not the courage to do so1 by plunging his head without loss of time completely under the water4 ,he should remain in the water about a quarter of an hour1 but never longer than half an hour4 ,many bathers by remaining a long time in the water do themselves great injury4 ,if sea bathing be found to be invigorating--and how often to the delicate it has proved to be truly magical--a patient may bathe once every day1 but on no account oftener4 ,if he be not strong1 he had better1 at first1 bathe only every other day1 or even only twice a week4 ,the bather1 after leaving the machine1 ought1 for half an hour1 to take a brisk walk in order to promote a reaction1 and thus to cause a free circulation of the blood4 #cjf4 ,do you think a tepid#bgf bath may be more safely used8 ,a tepid bath may be taken at almost any time2 and a bather may remain longer in one1 with safety1 than in a cold bath4 #cjg4 ,do you approve of warm bathing8 ,a warm bath#bgg may1 with advantage1 be occasionally used--say once a week4 ,a warm bath cleanses the skin more effectually than either a cold or a tepid bath2 but1 as it is more relaxing1 ought not to be employed so often as either of them4 ,a person should not continue longer than ten minutes in a warm bath4 ,once a week1 as a rule1 is quite often enough for a warm bath2 and it would be an excellent plan if every boy and girl and adult would make a practice of having one regularly every week1 unless any special reason should arise to forbid its use4 #cjh4 ,but does not warm bathing1 by relaxing the pores of the skin1 cause a person to catch cold if he expose himself to the air immediately afterward8 ,there is1 on this point1 a great deal of misconception and unnecessary fear4 ,a person1 immediately after using a warm bath1 should take proper precautions--that is to say1 he must not expose himself to draughts1 neither ought he to wash himself in cold water1 nor should he1 immediately after taking one1 drink cold water4 ,but he may follow his usual exercise or employment1 provided the weather be fine1 and the wind be neither in the east nor the northeast4 ,every house of any pretension ought to have a bath-room4 ,nothing would be more conducive to health than regular systematic bathing4 ,a hot and cold bath1 a sitz-bath and a shower-bath--each and all in their turn--are grand requisites to preserve and procure health4 ,if the house cannot boast of a bath-room1 then the ,corporation baths 7which nearly every large town possesses7 ought to be liberally patronized4 #cji4 ,what is the best application for the hair8 ,a sponge and cold water1 and two good hair-brushes4 ,avoid grease1 pomatum1 bandoline1 and all abominations of that kind4 ,there is a natural oil of the hair1 which is far superior to either ,rowland's ,macassar oil or any other oil6 ,the best scent for the hair is an occasional dressing of soap and water2 the best beautifier of the hair is a downright thorough good brushing with two good hair-brushes6 ,again1 ,i say1 avoid grease of all kinds to the hair4 8,and as for women's hair1 don't plaster it with scented and sour grease1 or with any grease2 it has an oil of its own4 ,and don't tie up your hair tight1 and make it like a cap of iron over your skull4 ,and why are your ears covered8 ,you hear all the worse1 and they are not the cleaner4 ,besides1 the ear is beautiful in itself1 and plays its own part in the concert of the features40#bgh ,if the hair cannot1 without some application1 be kept tidy1 then a little of the best sweet oil might1 by means of an old tooth-brush1 be used to smooth it2 sweet oil is1 for the purpose1 one of the most simple and harmless of dressings2 but1 as ,i said before1 the hair's own natural oil cannot be equaled1 far less surpassed6 ,if the hair fall off1 castor oil1 scented with a few drops of essence of bergamot and oil of lavender1 is a good remedy to prevent its doing so2 a little of it ought1 night and morning1 to be well rubbed into the roots of the hair4 ,cocoanut oil is another excellent application for the falling off of the hair4 ,,clothing4 #caj4 ,do you approve of a boy wearing flannel next the skin8 ,england is so variable a climate1 and the changes from heat to cold1 and from dryness to moisture of the atmosphere1 are so sudden1 that some means are required to guard against their effects4 ,flannel1 as it is a bad conductor of heat1 prevents the sudden changes from affecting the body1 and thus is a great preservative against cold4 ,flannel is as necessary in the summer as in the winter time2 indeed1 we are more likely both to sit and to stand in draughts in the summer than in the winter2 and thus we are more liable to become chilled and to catch cold4 ,woolen shirts are now much worn2 they are very comfortable and beneficial to health4 ,moreover1 they simplify the dress1 as they supersede the necessity of wearing either both flannel and linen1 or flannel and calico shirts4 #caa4 ,flannel sometimes produces great irritation of the skin2 what ought to be done to prevent it8 ,have a moderately fine flannel1 and persevere in its use2 the skin in a few days will bear it comfortably4 ,the ,angola and wove-silk waistcoats have been recommended as substitutes1 but there is nothing equal to the old-fashioned ,welsh flannel4 #cab4 ,if a boy have delicate lungs1 do you approve of his wearing a prepared hare-skin over the chest8 ,i do not4 ,the chest may be kept too warm as well as too cold4 ,the hare-skin heats the chest too much1 and thereby promotes a violent perspiration2 which1 by his going into the cold air1 may become suddenly checked1 and may thus produce mischief4 ,if the chest be delicate1 there is nothing like flannel to ward off colds4 #cac4 ,after an attack of ,rheumatic ,fever1 what extra clothing do you advise8 ,in the case of a boy1 or a girl1 just recovering from a severe attack of rheumatic fever1 flannel next the skin ought always to be worn--flannel drawers as well as a flannel vest4 #cad4 ,have you any remarks to make on boys' waistcoats8 ,fashion in this1 as in most other instances1 is at direct variance with common sense4 ,it would seem that fashion was intended to make work for the doctor1 and to swell the bills of mortality6 ,it might be asked1 what part of the chest1 in particular1 ought to be kept warm8 ,the upper part needs it most4 ,it is in the upper part of the lungs that tubercles 7consumption7 usually first make their appearance2 and is it not preposterous to have such parts1 in particular1 kept cool8 ,double-breasted waistcoats cannot be too strongly recommended for delicate youths1 and for all men who have weak chests4 #cae4 ,have you any directions to give respecting the shoes and the stockings8 ,the shoes for winter should be moderately thick and waterproof4 ,if boys and girls be delicate1 they ought to have double soles to their shoes1 with a piece of bladder between each sole1 or the inner sole may be made of cork2 either of the above plans will make the soles of boots and shoes completely waterproof4 ,in wet or dirty weather1 india-rubber overshoes are useful1 as they keep the upper as well as the under leathers perfectly dry4 ,the socks or stockings1 for winter1 ought to be either lamb's-wool or worsted2 it is absurd to wear cotton socks or stockings all the year round4 ,i should advise a boy to wear socks1 not stockings2 as he will then be able to dispense with garters4 ,garters1 as ,i have remarked in a previous ,conversation1 are injurious--they not only interfere with the circulation of the blood1 but also1 by pressure1 injure the bones1 and thus the shape of the legs4 ,boys and girls cannot be too particular in keeping their feet warm and dry1 as cold wet feet are one of the most frequent exciting causes of bronchitis1 of sore throats1 and of consumption4 #caf4 ,when should a girl begin to wear stays8 ,she ought never to wear them4 #cag4 ,do not stays strengthen the body8 ,no2 on the contrary1 they weaken it4 7#a7 ,they weaken the muscles4 ,the pressure upon them causes them to waste2 so that1 in the end1 a girl cannot do without them1 as the stays are then obliged to perform the duty of the wasted muscles4 7#b7 ,they weaken the lungs by interfering with their functions4 ,every inspiration is accompanied by a movement of the ribs4 ,if this movement be impeded1 the functions of the lungs are impeded likewise2 and1 consequently1 disease is likely to follow2 and either difficulty of breathing1 or cough1 or consumption1 may ensue4 7#c7 ,they weaken the heart's action1 and thus frequently produce palpitation1 and1 perhaps1 eventually organic or incurable disease of the heart4 7#d7 ,they weaken the digestion1 by pushing down the stomach and the liver1 and by compressing the latter2 and thus induce indigestion1 flatulence1 and liver disease4#bgi 7#e7 ,they weaken the bowels1 by impeding their proper peristaltic 7spiral7 motion1 and thus might produce either constipation or a rupture4 ,is it not presumptuous to imagine that man can improve upon ,god's works2 and that if more support had been required the ,almighty would not have given it6 8,god never made his work for man to mend40#bhj #cah4 ,have you any remarks to make on female dress8 ,there is a perfect disregard of health in everything appertaining to fashion4 ,parts that ought to be kept warm1 remain unclothed3 the upper portion of the chest1 most prone to tubercles 7consumption71 is completely exposed2 the feet1 great inlets to cold1 are covered with thin stockings1 and with shoes as thin as paper4 ,parts that should have full play are cramped and hampered2 the chest is cribbed in with stays1 the feet with tight shoes1--hence causing deformity1 and preventing a free circulation of blood4 ,the mind1 that ought to be calm and unruffled1 is kept in a constant state of excitement by balls1 and concerts1 and plays4 ,mind and body sympathize with each other1 and disease is the consequence4 ,night is turned into day2 and a delicate girl leaves the heated ball-room1 decked out in her airy finery1 to breathe the damp and cold air of night4 ,she goes to bed1 but1 for the first few hours1 she is too much excited to sleep2 toward morning1 when the air is pure and invigorating1 and1 when to breathe it1 would be to inhale health and life1 she falls into a feverish slumber1 and wakes not until noonday4 ,oh1 that a mother should be so blinded and so infatuated6 #cai4 ,have you any observations to make on a girl wearing a green dress8 ,it is injurious to wear a green dress1 if the color have been imparted to it by means of ,scheele's green1 which is arsenite of copper--a deadly poison4 ,i have known the arsenic to fly off from a green dress in the form of powder1 and to produce1 in consequence1 ill health4 ,gas-light green is a lovely green1 and free from all danger1 and is fortunately superseding the ,scheele's green both in dresses and in worsted work4 ,i should advise my fair reader1 when she selects green as her color1 always to choose the gas-light green1 and to wear and to use for worsted work no other green besides4 ,,diet4 #cbj4 ,which is the most wholesome1 coffee or tea1 where milk does not agree1 for a youth's breakfast8 ,coffee1 provided it be made properly1 and provided the boy or the girl take a great deal of out-door exercise2 if a youth be much confined within doors1 black tea is preferable to coffee4 ,the usual practice of making coffee is to boil it1 to get out the strength6 ,but the fact is1 the process of boiling boils the strength away2 it drives off that aromatic1 grateful principle1 so wholesome to the stomach1 and so exhilarating to the spirits2 and1 in lieu of which1 extracts its dregs and impurities1 which are both heavy and difficult of digestion4 ,the coffee ought1 if practicable1 to be freshly ground every morning1 in order that you may be quite sure that it be perfectly genuine1 and that none of the aroma of the coffee has flown off from long exposure to the atmosphere4 ,if a youth's bowels be inclined to be costive1 coffee is preferable to tea for breakfast1 as coffee tends to keep the bowels regular4 ,fresh milk ought always to be added to the coffee in the proportion of half coffee and half new milk4 ,if coffee does not agree1 then black tea should be substituted1 which ought to be taken with plenty of fresh milk in it4 ,milk may be frequently given in tea1 when it otherwise would disagree4 ,when a youth be delicate1 it is an excellent plan to give him every morning before he leaves his bed1 a tumblerful of new milk4 ,the draught of milk1 of course1 is not in any way to interfere with his regular breakfast4 #cba4 ,do you approve of a boy eating meat with his breakfast8 ,this will depend upon the exercise he uses4 ,if he have had a good walk or run before breakfast1 or if he intend1 after breakfast1 to take plenty of athletic out-door exercise1 meat1 or a rasher or two of bacon1 may1 with advantage be eaten1 but not otherwise4 #cbb4 ,what is the best dinner for a youth8 ,fresh mutton or beef1 a variety of vegetables1 and a farinaceous pudding4 ,it is a bad practice to allow him to dine exclusively1 either on a fruit-pudding or on any other pudding1 or on pastry4 ,unless he be ill1 he must1 if he is to be healthy1 strong1 and courageous1 eat meat every day of his life4 8,all courageous animals are carnivorous1 and greater courage is to be expected in a people1 such as the ,english1 whose food is strong and hearty1 than in the half-starved commonalty of other countries40#bha ,let him be debarred from rich soups and from high-seasoned dishes1 which only disorder the stomach and inflame the blood4 ,it is a mistake to give a boy or girl broth or soup1 in lieu of meat for dinner2 the stomach takes such slops in a grumbling way1 and is not at all satisfied4 ,it may be well1 occasionally1 to give a youth with his dinner1 in addition to his meat1 either good soup or good broth1 not highly-seasoned1 made of good meat stock4 ,but after all that can be said on the subject1 a plain joint of meat1 either roast or boiled1 is far superior for health and strength than either soup or broth1 let it be ever so good or so well made4 ,he should be desired to take plenty of time over his dinner1 so that he may be able to chew his food well1 and thus that it may be reduced to an impalpable mass1 and be well mixed with the saliva1--which the action of the jaws will cause to be secreted--before it passes into the stomach4 ,if such were usually the case1 the stomach would not have double duty to perform1 and a boy would not so frequently lay the foundation of indigestion1 etc41 which may embitter and even make miserable his after-life4 ,meat1 plain pudding1 vegetables1 bread1 and hunger for sauce 7which exercise will readily give71 is the best1 and1 indeed1 should be as a rule1 the only dinner he should have4 ,a youth ought not to dine later than two o'clock4 #cbc4 ,do you consider broths and soups wholesome8 ,the stomach can digest solid much more readily than it can liquid food2 on which account the dinner specified above is far preferable to one either of broth or of soup4 ,fluids in large quantities too much dilute the gastric juice and overdistend the stomach1 and hence weaken it1 and thus produce indigestion4 #cbd4 ,do you approve of a boy drinking beer with his dinner8 ,there is no objection to a little good1 mild table-beer1 but strong ale ought never to be allowed4 ,it is1 indeed1 questionable1 whether a boy1 unless he takes unusual exercise1 requires anything but water with his meals4 #cbe4 ,do you approve of a youth1 more especially if he be weakly1 having a glass or two of wine after dinner8 ,i disapprove of it4 ,his young blood does not require to be inflamed and his sensitive nerves excited with wine2 and if he be delicate1 ,i should be sorry to endeavor to strengthen him by giving him such an inflammable fluid4 ,if he be weakly1 he is more predisposed to put on either fever or inflammation of some organ2 and1 being thus predisposed1 wine would be likely to excite either the one or the other of them into action4 ,a parent ought on no account to allow a boy to touch spirits1 however much diluted2 they are to the young still more deadly in their effects than wine4 #cbf4 ,have you any objection to a youth drinking tea8 ,not at all1 provided it be not green tea1 that it be not made strong1 and that it have plenty of milk in it4 ,green tea is apt to make people nervous1 and boys and girls ought not even to know what it is to be nervous4 #cbg4 ,do you object to supper for a youth8 ,meat suppers are highly prejudicial4 ,if he be hungry 7and if he have been much in the open air1 he is almost sure to be71 a piece of bread and cheese1 or of bread and butter1 with a draught either of new milk or of table-beer1 will form the best supper he can have4 ,he ought not to sup later than eight o'clock4 #cbh4 ,do you approve of a boy having anything between meals8 ,i do not2 let him have four meals a day1 and he will require nothing in the intervals4 ,it is a mistaken notion that 8little and often is best40 ,the stomach requires rest as much as1 or perhaps more than 7for it is frequently sadly overworked7 any other part of the body4 ,i do not mean that he is to have 8much and seldom30 moderation1 in everything1 is to be observed4 ,give him as much as a growing boy requires 7and that is a great deal71 but do not let him eat gluttonously1 as many indulgent parents encourage their children to do4 ,intemperance in eating cannot be too strongly condemned4 #cbi4 ,have you any objection to a boy having pocket money8 ,it is a bad practice to allow a boy much pocket money2 if he be so allowed1 he will be loading his stomach with sweets1 fruit1 and pastry1 and thus his stomach will become cloyed and disordered1 and the keen appetite1 so characteristic of youth1 will be blunted1 and ill health will ensue4 8,in a public education1 boys early learn temperance1 and if the parents and friends would give them less money upon their usual visits1 it would be much to their advantage1 since it may justly be said that a great part of their disorders arise from surfeit1 #8plus occidit gula quam gladius' 7gluttony kills more than the sword740#bhb ,how true is the saying that 8many people dig their graves with their teeth40 ,you may depend upon it that more die from stuffing than from starvation6 ,,air ,,and ,,exercise4 #ccj4 ,have you any remarks to make on fresh air and exercise for boys and girls8 ,girls and boys1 especially the former1 are too much confined within doors4 ,it is imperatively necessary1 if you wish them to be strong and healthy1 that they should have plenty of fresh air and exercise2 remember1 ,i mean fresh air--country air1 not the close air of a town4 ,by exercise1 ,i mean the free unrestrained use of their limbs4 ,girls1 in this respect1 are unfortunately worse off than boys1 although they have similar muscles to develop1 similar lungs that require fresh air1 and similar nerves to be braced and strengthened4 ,it is not considered ladylike to be natural--all their movements must be measured by rule and compass6 ,the reason why so many young girls of the present day are so sallow1 undersized1 and ill shaped1 is for the want of air and exercise4 ,after a time the want of air and exercise1 by causing ill health1 makes them slothful and indolent--it is a trouble for them to move from their chairs6 ,respiration1 digestion1 and a proper action of the bowels imperatively demand fresh air and exercise4 ,ill health will inevitably ensue if boys and girls are cooped up a great part of the day in a close room4 ,a distinguished writer of the present day says3 8,the children of the very poor are always out and about4 ,in this respect they are an example to those careful mammas who keep their children1 the whole day long1 in their chairs1 reading1 writing1 ciphering1 drawing1 practicing music lessons1 doing crochet work1 or anything1 in fact1 except running about1 in spite of the sunshine always peeping in and inviting them out of doors2 and who1 in the due course of time1 are surprised to find their children growing up with incurable heart1 head1 lung1 or stomach complaints40 #cca4 ,what is the best exercise for youth8 ,walking or running1 provided it be not carried to fatigue4 ,the slightest approach to it should warn a youth to desist from carrying it further4 ,walking exercise is not sufficiently insisted upon4 ,a boy or a girl1 to be in the enjoyment of good health1 ought to walk at least ten miles every day4 ,i do not mean ten miles at a stretch1 but at different times of the day4 ,some young ladies think it an awfully long walk if they manage a couple of miles6 ,how can they1 with such exercise1 expect to be well8 ,how can their muscles be developed8 ,how can their nerves be braced8 ,how can their spines be strengthened and be straight8 ,how can their blood course merrily through their blood-vessels8 ,how can their chests expand and be strong8 ,why1 it is impossible6 ,ill health must be the penalty of such indolence1 for ,nature will not be trifled with6 ,walking exercise1 then1 is the finest exercise that can be taken1 and must be taken1 and that without stint1 if boys and girls are to be strong and well6 ,the advantage of our climate is1 that there is not a day in the whole year that walking exercise cannot be enjoyed4 ,i use the term enjoyed advisedly4 ,the roads may of course be dirty2 but what of that8 ,a good1 thick pair of boots will be the remedy4 ,do then1 let me entreat you1 insist upon your girls and boys taking plenty of exercise2 let them almost live in the open air6 ,do not coddle them2 this is a rough world of ours1 and they must rough it2 they must be knocked about a little1 and the knocks will do them good4 ,poor youths who are1 as it were1 tied to their mothers' apron-strings1 are much to be pitied2 they are usually puny and delicate1 and utterly deficient of self-reliance4 #ccb4 ,do you approve of horse or pony exercise for boys and girls8 ,most certainly ,i do2 but still it ought not to supersede walking4 ,horse or pony exercise is very beneficial1 and cannot be too strongly recommended4 ,one great advantage for those living in towns1 which it has over walking1 is that a person may go farther into the country1 and thus be enabled to breathe a purer and more healthy atmosphere4 ,again1 it is a much more amusing exercise than walking1 and this1 for the young1 is a great consideration indeed4 ,horse exercise is for both boys and girls a splendid exercise2 it improves the figure1 it gives grace to the movements1 it strengthens the chest1 it braces the muscles1 and gives to the character energy and courage4 ,both boys and girls ought to be early taught to ride4 ,there is nothing that gives more pleasure to the young than riding either on a pony or on a horse1 and for younger children1 even on that despised1 although useful animal1 a donkey4 ,exercise1 taken with pleasure1 is doubly beneficial4 ,if girls were to ride more on horseback than they now do1 we should hear less of crooked spines and of round shoulders1 of chlorosis and of hysteria1 and of other numerous diseases of that class1 owing1 generally1 to debility and to mismanagement4 ,those ladies who 8affect the saddle0 are usually much healthier1 stronger1 and straighter than those who either never or but seldom ride on horseback4 ,riding on horseback is both an exercise and an amusement1 and is peculiarly suitable for the fair sex1 more especially as their modes of exercise are somewhat limited1 ladies being excluded from following many games1 such as cricket and football1 both of which are practiced1 with such zest and benefit1 by the rougher sex4 #ccc4 ,do you approve of carriage exercise8 ,there is no muscular exertion in carriage exercise2 its principal advantage is1 that it enables a person to have a change of air1 which may be purer than the one he is in the habit of breathing4 ,but1 whether it be so or not1 change of air frequently does good1 even if the air be not so pure4 ,carriage exercise1 therefore1 does only partial good1 and ought never to supersede either walking or horse exercise4 #ccd4 ,what is the best time of the day for the taking of exercise8 ,in the summer time1 early in the morning and before breakfast1 as 8cool morning air exhilarates young blood like wine40 ,if a boy cannot take exercise upon an empty stomach1 let him have a slice of bread and a draught of milk4 ,when he returns home1 he will be able to do justice to his breakfast4 ,in fine weather he cannot take too much exercise1 provided it be not carried to fatigue4 #cce4 ,what is the best time for him to keep quiet8 ,he ought not to take exercise immediately after--say for half an hour after--a hearty meal1 or it will be likely to interfere with his digestion4 ,,amusements4 #ccf4 ,what amusements do you recommend for a boy as being most beneficial to health8 ,many games--such as rowing1 skating1 cricket1 quoits1 football1 rackets1 single-stick1 bandy1 bowls1 skittles1 and all gymnastic exercises4 ,such games bring the muscles into proper action1 and thus cause them to be fully developed4 ,they expand and strengthen the chest2 they cause a due circulation of the blood1 making it to bound merrily through the blood-vessels1 and thus to diffuse health and happiness in its course4 ,another excellent amusement for boys is the brandishing of clubs4 ,they ought to be made in the form of a constable's staff1 but should be much larger and heavier4 ,the manner of handling them is so graphically described by ,addison that ,i cannot do better than transcribe it3 8,when ,i was some years younger than ,i am at present1 ,i used to employ myself in a more laborious diversion1 which ,i learned from a ,latin treatise of exercises that is written with great erudition2 it is there called the 1 or the fighting with a man's own shadow1 and consists in the brandishing of two short sticks grasped in each hand1 and loaded with plugs of lead at either end4 ,this opens the chest1 exercises the limbs1 and gives a man all the pleasure of boxing without the blows4 ,i could wish that several learned men would lay out that time which they employ in controversies and disputes about nothing1 in this method of fighting with their own shadows4 ,it might conduce very much to evaporate the spleen which makes them uneasy to the public as well as to themselves40 ,another capital healthful game is single-stick1 which makes a boy 8to gain an upright and elastic carriage1 and to learn the use of his limbs40#bhc ,single-stick may be taught by any drill-sergeant in the neighborhood4 ,do everything to make a boy strong4 ,remember1 8the glory of young men is their strength40#bhd ,if games were more patronized in youth1 so many miserable1 nervous1 useless creatures would not abound4 ,let a boy or a girl1 then1 have plenty of play2 let half of his or her time be spent in play4 ,there ought to be a gymnasium established in every town of the kingdom4 ,the gymnasium1 the cricket ground1 and the swimming bath are among our finest institutions1 and should be patronized accordingly4 ,first of all1 by an abundance of exercise and of fresh air make your boys and girls strong1 and then1 in due time1 they will be ready and be able to have their minds properly cultivated4 ,unfortunately1 in this enlightened age1 we commence at the wrong end--we put the cart before the horse--we begin by cultivating the mind1 and we leave the body to be taken care of afterward2 the results are1 broken health1 precocious1 stunted1 crooked1 and deformed youths1 and premature decay4 ,one great advantage of gymnastic exercise is1 it makes the lungs expand1 it fills the lungs with air1 and by doing so1 strengthens the lungs amazingly and wards off many diseases4 ,the lungs are not sufficiently exercised and expanded2 boys and girls1 girls especially1 do not as a rule half fill their lungs with air6 now1 air to the lungs is food to the lungs1 and portions of the lungs have not half their proper food1 and in consequence suffer4 ,it is very desirable that every boy and girl should1 every day of his or her life1 and for a quarter of an hour at least each time1 go through a regular breathing exercise--that is to say1 should be made to stand upright1 throw back the shoulders1 and the while1 alternately and regularly1 fully fill and fully empty the lungs of air4 ,if this plan were daily followed1 the chest and lungs would be wonderfully invigorated1 and the whole body benefited4 #ccg4 ,is playing the flute1 blowing the bugle1 or any other wind instrument1 injurious to health8 ,decidedly so2 the lungs and the windpipe are brought into unnatural action by them4 ,if a boy be of a consumptive habit1 this will1 of course1 hold good with tenfold force4 ,if a youth must be musical1 let him be taught singing1 as that1 provided the lungs be not diseased1 will be beneficial4 #cch4 ,what amusements do you recommend for a girl8 ,archery1 skipping1 horse exercise1 croquet1 the hand-swing1 the fly-pole1 skating1 and dancing are among the best4 ,archery expands the chest1 throws back the shoulders1 thus improving the figure1 and develops the muscles4 ,skipping is exceedingly good exercise for a girl1 every part of the body being put into action by it4 ,horse exercise is splendid for a girl2 it improves the figure amazingly--it is most exhilarating and amusing2 moreover1 it gives her courage and makes her self-reliant4 ,croquet develops and improves the muscles of the arms1 beautifies the complexion1 strengthens the back1 and throws out the chest4 ,croquet is for girls and women what cricket is for boys and men--a glorious game4 ,croquet has improved both the health and the happiness of womankind more than any game ever before invented4 ,croquet1 in the bright sunshine1 with the winds of heaven blowing about the players1 is not like a ball in a stifling hot ball-room1 with gas-lights poisoning the air4 ,croquet is a more sensible amusement than dancing2 it brings the intellect as well as the muscles into play4 ,the man who invented croquet has deserved greater glory1 and has done more good to his species1 than many philosophers whose names are emblazoned in story4 ,hand-swing is a capital exercise for a girl2 the whole of the body is thrown into action by it1 and the spine1 the shoulders1 and the shoulder-blades are especially benefited4 ,the fly-pole1 too1 is good exercise for the whole of the muscles of the body1 especially of the legs and the arms4 ,skating is as exhilarating as a glass of champagne1 but will do her far more good6 ,skating exhilarates the spirits1 improves the figure1 and makes a girl balance and carry herself well2 it is a most becoming exercise for her1 and is much in every way to be commended4 ,moreover1 skating gives a girl courage and self-reliance ,dancing1 followed as a rational amusement1 causes a free circulation of the blood1 and1 provided it does not induce her to sit up late at night1 is most beneficial4 #cci4 ,if dancing be so beneficial1 why are balls such fruitful sources of coughs1 of colds1 and consumptions8 ,on many accounts4 ,they induce young ladies to sit up late at night2 they cause them to dress more lightly than they are accustomed to do2 and thus thinly clad1 they leave their homes while the weather is perhaps piercing cold1 to plunge into a suffocating1 hot ball-room1 made doubly injurious by the immense number of lights1 which consume the oxygen intended for the due performance of the healthy function of the lungs4 ,their partners1 the brilliancy of the scene1 and the music excite their nerves to undue1 and thus to unnatural action1 and what is the consequence8 ,fatigue1 weakness1 hysterics1 and extreme depression follow4 ,they leave the heated ball-room1 when the morning has far advanced1 to breathe the bitterly cold and frequently damp air of a winter's night1 and what is the result8 ,hundreds die of consumption who might otherwise have lived4 ,ought there not1 then1 to be a distinction between a ball at midnight and a dance in the evening8 #cdj4 ,but still1 would you have a girl brought up to forego the pleasures of a ball8 ,if a parent prefer her so-called pleasures to her health1 certainly not2 to such a mother ,i do not address myself4 #cda4 ,have you any remarks to make on singing1 or on reading aloud8 ,before a mother allows her daughter to take lessons in singing1 she should ascertain that there be no actual disease of the lungs1 for if there be1 it will probably excite it into action2 but if no disease exist1 singing or reading aloud is very conducive to health4 ,public singers are seldom known to die of consumption4 ,singing expands the chest1 improves the pronunciation1 enriches the voice for conversation1 strengthens the lungs1 and wards off many of their diseases4 ,,education4 #cdb4 ,do you approve of corporal punishment in schools8 ,i do not4 ,i consider it to be decidedly injurious both to body and mind4 ,is it not painful to witness the pale cheeks and the dejected looks of those boys who are often flogged8 ,if their tempers are mild1 their spirits are broken2 if their dispositions are at all obstinate1 they become hardened and willful1 and are made little better than brutes4#bhe ,a boy who is often flogged loses that noble ingenuousness and fine sensibility so characteristic of youth4 ,he looks upon his school as his prison1 and his master as his jailer1 and1 as he grows up to manhood1 hates and despises the man who has flogged him4 ,corporal punishment is revolting1 disgusting1 and demoralizing to the boy1 and is degrading to the school-master as a man and as a ,christian4 ,if school-masters must flog1 let them flog their own sons4 ,if they must ruin the tempers1 the dispositions1 and the constitutions of boys1 they have more right to practice upon their own than on other people's children6 ,oh that parents would raise--and that without any uncertain sound--their voices against such abominations1 and the detestable cane would soon be banished the school-room6 8,i am confident that no boy10 says ,addison1 8who will not be allured by letters without blows1 will never be brought to anything with them4 ,a great or good mind must necessarily be the worse for such indignities2 and it is a sad change to lose of its virtue for the improvement of its knowledge4 ,no one has gone through what they call a great school1 but must have remembered to have seen children of excellent and ingenuous natures 7as have afterward appeared in their manhood74 ,i say1 no man has passed through this way of education but must have seen an ingenuous creature expiring with shame1 with pale looks1 beseeching sorrow1 and silent tears1 throw up its honest eyes1 and kneel on its tender knees to an inexorable blockhead1 to be forgiven the false quantity of a word in making a ,latin verse4 ,the child is punished1 and the next day he commits a like crime1 and so a third1 with the same consequence4 ,i would fain ask any reasonable man whether this lad1 in the simplicity of his native innocence1 full of shame1 and capable of any impression from that grace of soul1 was not fitter for any purpose in this life than after that spark of virtue is extinguished in him1 though he is able to write twenty verses in an evening80 ,how often is corporal punishment resorted to at school because the master is in a passion1 and he vents his rage upon the poor school-boy's unfortunate back6 ,oh6 the mistaken notion that flogging will make a bad-behaved boy a good boy2 it has the contrary effect4 8#8,i dunno how 'tis1 sir1' said an old farm-laborer1 in reply to a question from his clergyman respecting the bad behavior of his children1 #8,i dunno how 'tis2 ,i beats 'em till they're black and blue1 and when they won't kneel down to pray ,i knocks 'em down1 and yet they ain't good4'0#bhf ,in an excellent article in ,temple ,bar 7,november1 #ahfd7 on flogging in the army1 the following sensible remarks occur3 8,in nearly a quarter of a century's experience with soldiers1 the writer has always1 and without a single exception1 found flogging makes a good man bad1 and a bad man worse40 ,with equal truth it may be said that1 without a single exception1 flogging makes a good boy bad1 and a bad boy worse4 ,how many men owe their ferocity to the canings they received when school-boys6 ,the early floggings hardened and soured them1 and blunted their sensibility4 ,dr4 ,arnold of ,rugby1 one of the best school-masters that ,england ever produced1 seldom caned a boy--not more than once or twice during the half year2 but when he did cane him1 he charged for the use of the cane each time in the bill1 in order that the parents might know how many times their son had been punished4 ,at some of our public schools nowadays a boy is caned as many times in a morning as the worthy doctor would have caned him during the whole half year2 but then the doctor treated the boys as gentlemen1 and trusted much to their honor2 but now many school-masters trust much to fear1 little to honor1 and treat them as brute beasts4 ,it might be said that the discipline of a school cannot be maintained unless the boys be frequently caned--that it must be either caning or expulsion4 ,i deny these assertions4 ,dr4 ,arnold was able to conduct his school with honor to himself1 and with immense benefit to the rising generation1 without either frequent canings or expulsions4 ,the humane plan1 however1 requires at first both trouble and patience2 and trouble some school-masters do not like1 and patience they do not possess2 the use of the cane is quick1 sharp1 and at the time effective4 ,if caning be ever necessary1 which it might occasionally be1 for the telling of lies for instance1 or for gross immorality1 let the head master himself be the only one to perform the operation1 but let him not be allowed to delegate it to others4 ,a law ought in all public schools to be in force to that effect4 ,high time that something was done to abate such disgraceful practices4 ,never should a school-master1 or any one else1 be allowed1 on any pretense whatever1 to strike a boy upon his head4 ,boxing of the ears has sometimes caused laceration of the drum of the ear1 and consequent partial deafness for life4 ,boxing of the ears injures the brain1 and therefore the intellect4 ,it might be said that ,i am traveling out of my province in making remarks on corporal chastisement in schools4 ,but1 with deference1 ,i reply that ,i am strictly in the path of duty4 ,my office is to inform you of everything that is detrimental to your children's health and happiness2 and corporal punishment is assuredly most injurious both to their health and happiness4 ,it is the bounden duty of every man1 and especially of every medical man1 to lift up his voice against the abominable1 disgusting1 and degrading system of flogging1 and to warn parents of the danger and the mischief of sending boys to those schools where flogging is permitted4 #cdc4 ,have you any observations to make on the selection of a female boarding-school8 ,home education1 where it be practicable1 is far preferable to sending a girl to school2 as at home1 her health1 her morals1 and her household duties can be attended to much more effectually than from home4 ,moreover1 it is a serious injury to a girl1 in more ways than one1 to separate her from her own brothers2 they very much lose their affection for each other1 and mutual companionship 7so delightful and beneficial between brothers and sisters7 is severed4 ,if home education be not practicable1 great care must be taken in making choice of a school4 ,boarding-school education requires great reformation4 ,accomplishments1 superficial acquirements1 and brainwork are the order of the day2 health is very little studied4 ,you ought1 in the education of your daughters1 to remember that they1 in a few years1 will be the wives and the mothers of ,england2 and if they have not health and strength1 and a proper knowledge of household duties to sustain their characters1 what useless1 listless wires and mothers they will make6 ,remember1 then1 the body and not the mind ought in early life to be principally cultivated and strengthened1 and that the growing brain will not bear1 with impunity1 much book learning4 ,the brain of a schoolgirl is frequently injured by getting up voluminous questions by rote1 that are not of the slightest use or benefit to her or to any one else4 ,instead of this ridiculous system1 educate a girl to be useful and self-reliant4 8,from babyhood they are given to understand that helplessness is feminine and beautiful2 helpfulness1 except in certain received forms of manifestation1 unwomanly and ugly4 ,the boys may do a thousand things which are #8not proper for little girls4'0#bhg ,from her twelfth to her seventeenth year is the most important epoch of a girl's existence1 as regards her future health1 and consequently1 in a great measure1 her future happiness2 and one in which1 more than at any other period of her life1 she requires a plentiful supply of fresh air1 exercise1 recreation1 a variety of innocent amusements1 and an abundance of good nourishment1 more especially fresh meat2 if therefore you have determined on sending your girl to school1 you must ascertain that the pupils have as much plain1 wholesome1 nourishing food as they can eat1#bhh that the school be situated in a healthy spot1 that it be well drained1 that there be a large play-ground attached to it1 that the young people are allowed plenty of exercise in the open air--indeed1 that at least one-third of the day is spent there in croquet1 skipping1 archery1 battledore and shuttlecock1 gardening1 walking1 running1 etc4 ,take care that the school-rooms are well ventilated1 that they are not overcrowded1 and that the pupils are allowed chairs to sit upon1 and not those abominations--forms and stools4 ,if you wish to try the effect of them upon yourself1 sit for a couple of hours without stirring upon a form or upon a stool1 and take my word for it you will insist that forms and stools be banished forever from the school-room4 ,assure yourself that the pupils are compelled to rise early in the morning1 and that they retire early to rest3 that each young lady has a separate bed1#bhi and that many are not allowed to sleep in the same room1 and that the apartments are large and well ventilated4 ,in fine1 their health and their morals ought to be preferred far above all their accomplishments4 #cdd4 ,they use1 in some schools1 straight-backed chairs1 to make a girl sit upright and to give strength to her back3 do you approve of them8 ,certainly not4 ,the natural and the graceful curve of the back is not the curve of a straight-backed chair4 ,straight-backed chairs are instruments of torture1 and are more likely to make a girl crooked than to make her straight4 ,sir ,astley ,cooper ridiculed straight-backed chairs1 and well he might4 ,it is always well for a mother to try1 for some considerable time1 such ridiculous inventions upon herself before she experiments upon her unfortunate daughter4 ,the position is most unnatural4 ,i do not approve of a girl lounging and lolling on a sofa2 but1 if she be tired and wants to rest herself1 let her1 like any other reasonable being1 sit upon a comfortable ordinary chair4 ,if you want her to be straight1 let her be made strong2 and if she is to be strong1 she must use plenty of exercise and exertion1 such as drilling1 dancing1 skipping1 archery1 croquet1 hand-swinging1 horse exercise1 swimming1 bowls1 etc4 ,this is the plan to make her back straight and her muscles strong4 ,why should we bring up a girl differently from a boy8 ,muscular gymnastic exercises and health-giving exertion are unladylike1 forsooth6 ,,household ,,work ,,for ,,girls4 #cde4 ,do you recommend household work as a means of health for my daughter8 ,decidedly4 ,whatever you do1 do not make a fine lady of her1 or she will become puny and delicate1 listless and miserable4 ,a girl1 let her station be what it might1 ought1 as soon as she be old enough1 to make her own bed4 ,there is no exercise to expand the figure and to beautify the shape better than bed-making4 ,let her make tidy her own room4 ,let her use her hands and her arms4 ,let her1 to a great extent1 be self-reliant1 and let her wait upon herself4 ,there is nothing vulgar in her being useful4 ,let me ask1 ,of what use are many girls of the present day8 ,they are utterly useless4 ,are they happy8 ,no1 for the want of employment they are miserable--,i mean1 bodily employment1 household work4 ,many girls1 nowadays1 unfortunately1 are made to look upon a pretty face1 dress1 and accomplishments as the only things needed6 ,and1 when they do become women and wives--if ever they do become women and wives--what miserable1 lackadaisical wives1 and what senseless1 useless mothers they make6 ,,choice ,,of ,,profession ,,or ,,trade4 #cdf4 ,what profession or trade would you recommend a boy of a delicate or of a consumptive habit to follow8 ,if a youth be delicate1 it is a common practice among parents either to put him to some light in-door trade1 or1 if they can afford it1 to one of the learned professions4 ,such a practice is absurd1 and fraught with danger ,the close confinement of an in-door trade is highly prejudicial to health4 ,the hard reading requisite to fit a man to fill1 for instance1 the sacred office1 only increases delicacy of constitution4 ,the stooping at a desk1 in an attorney's office1 is most trying to the chest4 ,the harass1 the anxiety1 the disturbed nights1 the interrupted meals1 and the intense study necessary to fit a man for the medical profession1 is still more dangerous to health than either law1 divinity1 or any in-door trade4 8,sir ,walter ,scott says of the country surgeon1 that he is worse fed and harder wrought than any one else in the parish1 except it be his horse40#bij ,a modern writer1 speaking of the life of a medical man1 observes3 8,there is no career which so rapidly wears away the powers of life1 because there is no other which requires a greater activity of mind and body4 ,he has to bear the changes of weather1 continued fatigue1 irregularity in his meals1 and broken rest2 to live in the midst of miasma and contagion4 ,if in the country1 he has to traverse considerable distances on horseback1 exposed to wind and storm--to brave all dangers to go to the relief of suffering humanity4 ,a fearful truth for medical men has been established by the table of mortality by ,dr4 ,casper1 published in the ,british ,review4 ,of #ajjj members of the medical profession1 #fjj died before their sixty-second year2 while of persons leading a quiet life--such as agriculturists or theologians--the mortality is only #cdg4 ,if we take #ajj individuals of each of these classes1 #dc theologians1 #dj agriculturists1 #ce clerks1 #cb soldiers1 will reach their seventieth year3 of #ajj professors of the healing art1 #bd only will reach that age4 ,they are the sign-posts to health2 they can show the road to old age1 but rarely tread it themselves40 ,if a boy1 therefore1 be of a delicate or of a consumptive habit1 an out-door calling should be advised1 such as that of a farmer1 of a tanner1 or a land-surveyor2 but1 if he be of an inferior station of society1 the trade of a butcher may be recommended4 ,tanners and butchers are seldom known to die of consumption4 ,i cannot refrain from reprobating the too common practice among parents of bringing up their boys to the professions4 ,the anxieties and the heartaches which they undergo if they do not succeed 7and how can many of them succeed when there is such a superabundance of candidates87 materially injure their health4 8,i very much wonder10 says ,addison1 8at the humor of parents1 who will not rather choose to place their sons in a way of life where an honest industry cannot but thrive1 than in stations where the greatest probity1 learning1 and good sense may miscarry4 ,how many men are country curates1 that might have made themselves aldermen of ,london by a right improvement of a smaller sum of money than what is usually laid out upon a learned education8 ,a sober1 frugal person1 of slender parts and a slow apprehension1 might have thrived in trade1 though he starves upon physic2 as a man would be well enough pleased to buy silks of one whom he could not venture to feel his pulse4 ,vagellius is careful1 studious1 and obliging1 but withal a little thick-skulled2 he has not a single client1 but might have had abundance of customers4 ,the misfortune is1 that parents take a liking to a particular profession1 and therefore desire their sons may be of it2 whereas1 in so great an affair of life1 they should consider the genius and abilities of their children more than their own inclinations4 ,it is the great advantage of a trading nation1 that there are very few in it so dull and heavy who may not be placed in stations of life which may give them an opportunity of making their fortunes4 ,a well-regulated commerce is not1 like law1 physic1 or divinity1 to be overstocked with hands2 but1 on the contrary1 flourishes by multitudes1 and gives employment to all its professors4 ,fleets of merchantmen are so many squadrons of floating shops1 that vend our wares and manufactures in all the markets of the world1 and find out chapmen under both the tropics40 #cdg4 ,then1 do you recommend a delicate youth to be brought up either to a profession or to a trade8 ,decidedly4 ,there is nothing so injurious for a delicate boy1 or for any one else1 as idleness4 ,work1 in moderation1 enlivens the spirits1 braces the nerves1 and gives tone to the muscles1 and thus strengthens the constitution4 ,of all miserable people1 the idle boy or the idle man is the most miserable6 ,if you are poor1 of course you will bring him up to some calling2 but if you are rich1 and your boy is delicate 7if he be not actually in a consumption71 you will1 if you are wise1 still bring him up to some trade or profession4 ,you will1 otherwise1 be making a rod for your own as well as for your son's back4 ,oh1 what a blessed thing is work6 ,,sleep4 #cdh4 ,have you any remarks to make on the sleep of boys and girls8 ,sleeping-rooms are1 generally1 the smallest in the house1 whereas1 for health's sake1 they ought to be the largest4 ,if it be impossible to have a large bedroom1 ,i should advise a parent to have a dozen or twenty holes 7each about the size of a florin7 bored with a center-bit in the upper part of the chamber-door1 and the same number of holes in the lower part of the door1 so as constantly to admit a free current of air from the passages4 ,if this cannot readily be done1 then let the bedroom door be left ajar all night1 a door-chain being on the door to prevent intrusion2 and1 in the summer time1 during the night1 let the window-sash1 to the extent of about two or three inches1 be left open4 ,if there be a dressing-room next to the bedroom1 it will be well to have the dressing-room window1 instead of the bedroom window1 open at night4 ,the dressing-room door will regulate the quantity of air to be admitted into the bedroom1 opening it either little or much1 as the weather might be cold or otherwise4 ,fresh air during sleep is indispensable to health4--,if a bedroom be close1 the sleep1 instead of being calm and refreshing1 is broken and disturbed2 and the boy1 when he awakes in the morning1 feels more fatigued than when he retired to rest4 ,if sleep is to be refreshing1 the air1 then1 must be pure1 and free from carbonic acid gas1 which is constantly being evolved from the lungs4 ,if sleep is to be health-giving1 the lungs ought to have their proper food1 oxygen1--and not be cheated by giving them instead a poison1 carbonic acid gas4 ,it would be well for each boy to have a separate room to himself1 and each girl a separate room to herself4 ,if two boys are obliged1 from the smallness of the house1 to sleep in one room1 and if two girls1 from the same cause1 are compelled to occupy the same chamber1 by all means let each one have a separate bed to himself and to herself1 as it is so much more healthy and expedient for both boys and girls to sleep alone4 ,the roof of the bed should be left open--that is to say1 the top of the bedstead ought not be covered with bed furniture1 but should be open to the ceiling1 in order to encourage a free ventilation of air4 ,a bed-curtain may be allowed on the side of the bed where there are windy currents of air2 otherwise bed-curtains and valances ought on no account to be allowed4 ,they prevent a free circulation of the air4 ,a youth should sleep on a horse-hair mattress4 ,such mattresses greatly improve the figure and strengthen the frame4 ,during the daytime1 provided it does not rain1 the windows must be thrown wide open1 and1 directly after he has risen from bed1 the clothes ought to be thrown entirely back1 in order that they may become1 before the bed be made1 well ventilated and purified by the air3 8,do you wish to be healthy8-- ,then keep the house sweet2 ,as soon as you're up ,shake each blanket and sheet4 ,leave the beds to get fresh ,on the close-crowded floor2 ,let the wind sweep right through-- ,open window and door4 ,the bad air will rush out ,as the good air comes in1 ,just as goodness is stronger ,and better than sin4 ,do this1 it's soon done1 ,in the fresh morning air1-- ,it will lighten your labor ,and lessen your care4 ,you are weary--no wonder1 ,there's weight and there's gloom ,hanging heavily round ,in each overfull room4 ,be sure all the trouble ,is profit and gain1 ,for there's headache1 and heartache1 ,and fever1 and pain1 ,hovering round1 settling down ,in the closeness and heat3 ,let the wind sweep right through ,till the air's fresh and sweet4 ,and more cheerful you'll feel ,through the toil of the day2 ,more refreshed you'll awake ,when the night's pass'd away40#bia ,plants and flowers ought not to be allowed to remain in a chamber at night4 ,experiments have proved that plants and flowers take up1 in the daytime1 carbonic acid gas 7the refuse of respiration71 and give off oxygen 7a gas so necessary and beneficial to health71 but give out in the night season a poisonous exhalation4 ,early rising cannot be too strongly insisted upon2 nothing is more conducive to health1 and thus to long life4 ,a youth is frequently allowed to spend the early part of the morning in bed1 breathing the impure atmosphere of a bedroom1 when he should be up and about1 inhaling the balmy and health-giving breezes of the morning3 8,rise with the lark1 and with the lark to bed3 ,the breath of night's destructive to the hue ,of ev'ry flower that blows4 ,go to the field1 ,and ask the humble daisy why it sleeps ,soon as the sun departs8 ,why close the eyes ,of blossoms infinite1 long ere the moon ,her oriental veil puts off8 ,think why1 ,nor let the sweetest blossom ,nature boasts ,be thus exposed to night's unkindly damp4 ,well may it droop1 and all its freshness lose1 ,compell'd to taste the rank and pois'nous steam ,of midnight theater and morning ball4 ,give to repose the solemn hour she claims2 ,and from the forehead of the morning steal ,the sweet occasion4 ,oh6 there is a charm ,which morning has1 that gives the brow of age ,a smack of youth1 and makes the lip of youth ,shed perfume exquisite4 ,expect it not1 ,ye who till noon upon a down-bed lie1 ,indulging feverish sleep40#bib ,if early rising be commenced in childhood it becomes a habit1 and will then probably be continued through life4 ,a boy ought on no account to be roused from his sleep2 but as soon as he be awake in the morning1 he should be encouraged to rise4 ,dozing--that state between sleeping and waking--is injurious2 it enervates both body and mind1 and is as detrimental to health as dram-drinking6 ,but if he rise early1 he must go to bed betimes2 it is a bad practice to keep him up until the family retire to rest4 ,he ought1 winter and summer1 to seek his pillow by nine o'clock1 and should rise as soon as he awakes in the morning4 ,let me urge upon a parent the great importance of not allowing the chimney of any bedroom1 or of any room in the house1 to be stopped1 as many are in the habit of doing1 to prevent1 as they call it1 a draught1 but to prevent1 as ,i should call it1 health4 #cdi4 ,how many hours of sleep ought a boy to have8 ,this1 of course1 will depend upon the exercise he takes2 but1 on an average1 he should have every night at least eight hours4 ,it is a mistaken notion that a boy does better with little sleep4 ,infants1 children1 and youths require more than those who are further advanced in years2 hence old people can frequently do with little sleep4 ,this may in a measure be accounted for from the quantity of exercise the young take4 ,another reason may be1 the young have neither pain nor care to keep them awake2 while1 on the contrary1 the old have frequently one or both3 8,care keeps his watch on every old man's eye1 ,and where care lodges1 sleep will never lie40#bic ,,on ,,the ,,teeth ,,and ,,the ,,gums4 #cej4 ,what are the best means of keeping the teeth and the gums in a healthy state8 ,i would recommend the teeth and the gums to be well brushed with warm salt and water1 in the proportion of one large teaspoonful of salt to a tumbler of water4 ,i was induced to try the above plan by the recommendation of an intelligent ,american writer4#bid ,the salt and water should be used every night at bedtime4 ,the following is an excellent tooth-powder3 ,take of finely-powdered ,peruvian ,bark2 ,prepared ,coral2 ,prepared ,chalk2 ,myrrh1 of each half an ounce2 ,orris root1 a quarter of an ounce3 ,mix them well together in a mortar1 and preserve the powder in a wide-mouth stoppered bottle4 ,the teeth ought to be well brushed with the above tooth-powder every morning4 ,if the teeth be much decayed1 and if1 in consequence1 the breath be offensive1 two ounces of finely-powdered charcoal1 well mixed with the above ingredients1 will be found a valuable addition4 ,some persons clean their teeth every morning with soap2 if soap be used it ought to be ,castile soap1 and if the teeth be not white and clear1 ,castile soap is an excellent cleanser of the teeth1 and may be used in lieu of the tooth-powder as before recommended4 ,there are few persons who brush the teeth properly4 ,i will tell you the right way4 ,first of all procure a tooth-brush of the best make1 and of rather hard bristles1 to enable it to penetrate into all the nooks and corners of the teeth2 then1 having put a small quantity of warm water into your mouth1 letting the principal of it escape into the basin1 dip your brush in warm water1 and if you are about using ,castile soap1 rub the brush on a cake of the soap1 and then well brush your teeth1 first upward and then downward1 then from side to side--from right to left and from left to right--then the backs of the teeth1 then apply the brush to the tops of the crowns of the teeth both of the upper and of the lower jaw1--so that every part of each tooth1 including the gums1 may in turn be well cleansed1 and be well brushed4 ,be not afraid of using the brush3 a good brushing and dressing will do the teeth and the gums an immensity of good2 it will make the breath sweet1 and will preserve the teeth sound and good4 ,after using the brush the mouth must1 of course1 be well rinsed out with warm water4 ,the finest set of teeth ,i ever saw in my life belonged to a middle-aged gentleman2 the teeth had neither spot nor blemish--they were like beautiful pearls4 ,he never had toothache in his life1 and did not know what toothache meant6 ,he brushed his teeth1 every morning1 with soap and water1 in the manner ,i have previously recommended4 ,i can only say to you--go and do likewise6 ,camphor ought never to be used as an ingredient of tooth-powder1 it makes the teeth brittle4 ,camphor certainly has the effect of making the teeth1 for a time1 look very white2 but it is an evanescent beauty4 ,tartar is apt to accumulate between and around the teeth2 it is better in such a case not to remove it by scaling instruments1 but to adopt the plan recommended by ,dr4 ,richardson1 namely1 to well brush the teeth with pure vinegar and water4 ,,prevention ,,of ,,disease1 ,,etc4 #cea4 ,if a boy or a girl show great precocity of intellect1 is any organ likely to become affected8 ,a greater quantity of arterial blood is sent to the brain of those who are prematurely talented1 and hence it becomes more than ordinarily developed4 ,such advantages are not unmixed with danger2 this same arterial blood may excite and feed inflammation1 and either convulsions1 or water on the brain1 or insanity1 or1 at last1 idiocy may follow4 ,how proud a mother is in having a precocious child6 ,how little is she aware that precocity is frequently an indication of disease6 #ceb4 ,how can danger in such a case be warded off8 ,it behooves a parent1 if her son be precocious1 to restrain him--to send him to a quiet country place1 free from the excitement of the town2 and when he is sent to school1 to give directions to the master that he is not on any account to tax his intellect 7for a master is apt1 if he have a clever boy1 to urge him forward72 and to keep him from those institutions where a spirit of rivalry is maintained1 and where the brain is thus kept in a state of constant excitement4 ,medals and prizes are well enough for those who have moderate abilities1 but dangerous1 indeed1 to those who have brilliant ones4 ,an overworked precocious brain is apt to cause the death of the owner2 and if it does not do so1 it in too many instances injures the brain irreparably1 and the possessor of such an organ1 from being one of the most intellectual of children1 becomes one of the most commonplace of men4 ,let me urge you1 if you have a precocious child1 to give1 and that before it be too late1 the subject in question your best consideration4 #cec4 ,are precocious boys in their general health usually strong or delicate8 ,delicate4 ,nature seems to have given a delicate body to compensate for the advantages of a talented mind4 ,a precocious youth is predisposed to consumption1 more so than to any other disease4 ,the hard study which he frequently undergoes excites the disease into action4 ,it is not desirable1 therefore1 to have a precocious child4 ,a writer in 8,fraser's ,magazine0 speaks very much to the purpose when he says1 8,give us intellectual beef rather than intellectual veal40 #ced4 ,what habit of body is most predisposed to ,scrofula8 ,he or she who has a moist1 cold1 fair1 delicate1 and almost transparent skin1 large prominent blue eyes1 protuberant forehead1 light-brown or auburn hair1 rosy cheeks1 pouting lips1 milk-white teeth1 long neck1 high shoulders1 small1 flat1 and contracted chest1 tumid bowels1 large joints1 thin limbs1 and flabby muscles1 is the person most predisposed to scrofula4 ,the disease is not entirely confined to the above2 sometimes he or she who has black hair1 dark eyes and complexion1 is subject to it1 but yet far less frequently than the former4 ,it is a remarkable fact that the most talented are the most prone to scrofula1 and being thus clever their intellects are too often cultivated at the expense of their health4 ,in infancy and childhood1 either water on the brain or mesenteric disease2 in youth1 pulmonary consumption is frequently their doom4 ,they1 are like shining meteors2 their life is brilliant1 but short4 #cee4 ,how may ,scrofula be warded off8 ,strict attention to the rules of health is the means to prevent scrofula4 ,books1 unless as an amusement1 ought to be discarded4 ,the patient must almost live in the open air1 and his residence should be a healthy country place1 where the air is dry and bracing2 if it be at a farm-house1 in a salubrious neighborhood1 so much the better4 ,in selecting a house for a patient predisposed to scrofula1 good pure water should be an important requisite--indeed for every one who values his health4 ,early rising in such a case is most beneficial4 ,wine1 spirits1 and all fermented liquors ought to be avoided4 ,beef-steaks and mutton-chops in abundance1 and plenty of milk and farinaceous food--such as rice1 sago1 arrow-root1 etc4--should be his diet4 ,scrofula1 if the above rules be strictly and perseveringly followed1 may be warded off2 but there must be no half measures1 no trying to serve two masters--to cultivate at the same time the health and the intellect4 ,the brain1 until the body becomes strong1 must not be taxed4 8,you may prevent scrofula by care2 but that some children are originally predisposed to the disease there cannot be the least doubt1 and in such cases the education and the habits of youth should be so directed as to ward off a complaint the effects of which are so frequently fatal40#bie #cef4 ,but suppose the disease to be already formed1 what must then be done8 ,the plan recommended above must still be pursued1 not by fits and starts1 but steadily and continuously1 for it is a complaint that requires a vast deal of patience and great perseverance4 ,warm and cold sea-bathing in such a case is generally most beneficial4 ,in a patient with confirmed scrofula it will of course be necessary to consult a skillful and experienced doctor4 ,but do not allow1 without a second opinion1 any plan to be adopted that will weaken the system1 which is already too much depressed4 ,no1 rather build up the body by good nourishing diet 7as previously recommended71 by cod-liver oil1 by a dry1 bracing atmosphere1 such as either ,brighton1 or ,ramsgate1 ,llandudno2 or1 if the lungs be delicate1 by a more sheltered coast1 such as either ,st4 ,leonard's or ,torquay4 ,let no active purging1 no mercurials1 no violent1 desperate remedies be allowed4 ,if the patient cannot be cured without them1 ,i am positive that he will not be cured with them4 ,but do not despair2 many scrofulous patients are cured by time and by judicious treatment4 ,but if desperate remedies are to be used1 the poor patient had better by far be left to ,nature4 8,let me fall now into the hand of the ,,lord2 for very great are his mercies3 but let me not fall into the hand of man40#bif #ceg4 ,have you any remarks to make on a girl stooping8 ,a girl ought never to be allowed to stoop3 stooping spoils the figure1 weakens the chest1 and interferes with the digestion4 ,if she cannot help stooping1 you may depend upon it that she is in bad health1 and that a medical man ought to be consulted4 ,as soon as her health is improved the dancing-master should be put in requisition1 and calisthenic and gymnastic exercises should be resorted to4 ,horse exercise and swimming in such a case are very beneficial4 ,the girl should live well1 on good nourishing diet1 and not be too closely confined either to the house or to her lessons4 ,she ought during the night to lie on a horse-hair mattress1 and during the day1 for two or three hours1 flat on her back on a reclining board4 ,stooping1 if neglected1 is very likely to lead to consumption4 #ceh4 ,if a boy be round-shouldered and slouching in his gait1 what ought to be done8 ,let him be drilled2 there is nothing more likely to benefit him than drilling4 ,you never see a soldier round-shouldered nor slouching in his gait4 ,he walks every inch like a man4 ,look at the difference in appearance between a country laborer and a soldier6 ,it is the drilling that makes the difference4 8,oh1 for a drill-sergeant to teach them to stand upright1 and to turn out their toes1 and to get rid of that slouching1 hulking gait1 which gives such a look of clumsiness and stupidity60#big #cei4 ,my daughter has grown out of shape1 she has grown on one side1 her spine is not straight1 and her ribs bulge out more on the one side than on the other3 what is the cause1 and can anything be done to remedy the deformity8 ,the causes of this lateral curvature of the spine1 and consequent bulging out of the ribs that you have just now described1 arise either from delicacy of constitution1 from the want of proper exercise1 from too much learning1 or from too little play1 or from not sufficient or proper nourishment for a rapidly-growing body4 ,i am happy to say that such a case1 by judicious treatment1 can generally be cured--namely1 by gymnastic exercises1 such as the hand-swing1 the fly-pole1 the patent parlor gymnasium1 the chest expander1 the skipping-rope1 the swimming bath2 all sorts of out-door games1 such as croquet1 archery1 etc42 by plenty of good nourishment1 by making her a child of ,nature1 by letting her almost live in the open air1 and by throwing books to the winds4 ,but let me strongly urge you not1 unless ordered by an experienced surgeon1 to allow any mechanical restraints or appliances to be used4 ,if she be made strong1 the muscles themselves will pull both the spine and the ribs into their proper places1 more especially if judicious games and exercises 7as ,i have before advised71 and other treatment of a strengthening and bracing nature1 which a medical man will indicate to you1 be enjoined4 ,mechanical appliances will1 if not judiciously applied1 and in a proper case1 waste away the muscles1 and will thus increase the mischief2 if they cause the ribs to be pushed in in one place1 they will bulge them out in another1 until1 instead of being one1 there will be a series of deformities4 ,no1 the giving of strength and the judicious exercising of the muscles are1 for a lateral curvature of the spine and the consequent bulging out of one side of the ribs1 the proper remedies1 and1 in the majority of cases1 are most effectual1 and quite sufficient for the purpose4 ,i think it well to strongly impress upon a mother's mind the great importance of early treatment4 ,if the above advice be followed1 every curvature in the beginning might be cured4 ,cases of several years' standing might1 with judicious treatment1 be wonderfully relieved4 ,bear in mind1 then1 that if the girl is to be made straight1 she is first of all to be made strong2 the latter1 together with the proper exercises of the muscles1 will lead to the former2 and the earlier a medical man takes it in hand1 the more rapid1 the more certain1 and the more effectual will be the cure4 ,an inveterate1 long-continued and neglected case of curvature of the spine and bulging out of the ribs on one side might require mechanical appliances1 but such a case can only be decided on by an experienced surgeon1 who ought always1 in the first place1 to be consulted4 #cfj4 ,is a slight spitting of blood to be looked upon as a dangerous symptom8 ,spitting of blood is always to be looked upon with suspicion1 even when a youth appears in other respects to be in good health2 it is frequently the forerunner of consumption4 ,it might be said that1 by mentioning the fact1 ,i am unnecessarily alarming a parent1 but it would be a false kindness if ,i did not do so3 8,i must be cruel only to be kind40#bih ,let me ask when is consumption to be cured8 ,is it at the onset1 or is it when it is confirmed8 ,if a mother had been more generally aware that spitting of blood was frequently the forerunner of consumption1 she would1 in the management of her offspring1 have taken greater precautions2 she would have made everything give way to the preservation of their health2 and1 in many instances1 she would have been amply repaid by having the lives of her children spared to her4 ,we frequently hear of patients in confirmed consumption being sent to ,mentone1 to ,madeira1 and to other foreign parts4 ,can anything be more cruel or absurd8 ,if there be any disease that requires the comforts of home--and truly may an ,englishman's dwelling be called home6--and good nursing more than another1 it is consumption4 #cfa4 ,what is the death-rate of ,consumption in ,england8 ,at what age does ,consumption most frequently occur8 ,are girls more liable to it than boys8 ,what are the symptoms of this disease8 ,it is asserted1 on good authority1#bii that there always are1 in ,england1 #gh1jjj cases of consumption1 and that the yearly death-rate of this fell disease alone is #ci1jjj6 ,consumption more frequently shows itself between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one2 after then1 the liability to the disease gradually diminishes1 until at the age of forty-five it becomes comparatively rare4 ,boys are more prone to this complaint than girls4 ,some of the most important symptoms of pulmonary consumption are indicated by the stethoscope2 but1 as ,i am addressing a mother1 it would1 of course1 be quite out of place to treat of such signs in ,conversations of this kind4 ,the symptoms it might be well for a parent to recognize1 in order that she may seek aid early1 ,i will presently describe4 ,it is perfectly hopeless to expect to cure consumption unless advice be sought at the onset1 as the only effectual good in this disease is to be done at first4 ,it might be well to state that consumption creeps on insidiously4 ,one of the earliest symptoms of this dreadful scourge is a slight1 dry1 short cough1 attended with tickling and irritation at the top of the throat4 ,this cough generally occurs in the morning2 but1 after some time1 comes on at night1 and gradually throughout the day and the night4 ,frequently during the early stage of the disease a slight spitting of blood occurs4 ,now this is a most dangerous symptom2 indeed1 ,i may go so far as to say that1 as a rule1 it is almost a sure sign that the patient is in the first stage of a consumption4 ,there is usually hoarseness1 not constant1 but coming on if the patient be tired1 or toward the evening2 there is also a sense of lassitude and depression1 shortness of breathing1 a feeling of being quickly wearied--more especially on the slightest exertion4 ,the hair of a consumptive person usually falls off1 and what little remains is weak and poor2 the joints of the fingers become enlarged1 or clubbed as it is sometimes called2 the patient loses flesh1 and1 after some time1 night-sweats make their appearance2 then we may know that hectic fever has commenced4 ,hectic begins with chilliness1 which is soon followed by flushings of the face1 and by burning heat of the hands and feet1 especially of the palms and the soles4 ,this is soon succeeded by perspirations4 ,the patient has generally1 during the day1 two decided paroxysms of hectic fever--the one at noon1 which lasts about five hours1 the other in the evening1 which is more severe1 and ends in violent perspirations1 which perspirations continue the whole night through4 ,he may1 during the day1 have several attacks of hectic flushes of the face1 especially after eating2 at one moment he complains of being too hot1 and rushes to the cool air2 the next moment he is too cold1 and almost scorches himself by sitting too near the fire4 ,whenever the circumscribed hectic flush is on the cheek1 it looks as though the cheek had been painted with vermilion1 then is the time when the palms of the hands are burning hot4 ,the expectoration at first is merely mucus1 but after a time it assumes a characteristic appearance2 it has a roundish1 flocculent1 woolly form1 each portion of phlegm keeping1 as it were1 distinct2 and if the expectoration be stirred in water1 it has a milk-like appearance4 ,the patient is commonly harassed by frequent bowel complaints1 which rob him of what little strength he has left4 ,the feet and ankles swell4 ,the perspiration1 as before remarked1 comes on in the evening1 continues all night1 more especially toward morning and while the patient is asleep2 during the time he is awake1 even at night1 he seldom sweats much4 ,the thrush generally shows itself toward the close of the disease1 attacking the tongue1 the tonsils1 and the soft palate1 and is a sure harbinger of approaching death4 ,emaciation rapidly sets in4 ,if we consider the immense engines of destruction at work--viz41 the colliquative 7melting7 sweats1 the violent bowel complaints1 the vital parts that are affected1 the harassing cough1 the profuse expectoration1 the hectic fever1 the distressing exertion of struggling to breathe1--we cannot be surprised that 8consumption had hung out her red flag of no surrender10 and that death soon closes the scene4 ,in girls1 provided they have been previously regular1 menstruation gradually declines1 and then entirely disappears4 #cfb4 ,what are the causes of ,consumption8 ,the predisposing causes of consumption are the scrofulous habit of body1 hereditary predisposition1 narrow or contracted chest1 deformed spine1 delicacy of constitution1 bad and scanty diet1 or food containing but little nourishment1 impure air1 close in-door confinement in schools1 in shops1 and in factories1 ill-ventilated apartments1 dissipation1 late hours1 overtaxing with book learning the growing brain1 thus producing debility1 want of proper out-door exercises and amusements1 tight lacing--indeed1 anything and everything that either will debilitate the constitution1 or will interfere with or will impede the proper action of the lungs1 will be the predisposing causes of this fearful and lamentable disease4 ,an ill1 poor1 and insufficient diet is the mother of many diseases1 and especially of consumption3 8,whatsoever was the father of a disease1 an ill diet was the mother40 ,the most common exciting causes of consumption are slighted colds1 neglected inflammation of the chest1 long continuance of influenza1 sleeping in damp beds1 allowing wet clothes to dry on the body1 unhealthy employments--such as needle grinding1 pearl-button making1 etc4 #cfc4 ,supposing a youth to have spitting of blood1 what precautions would you take to prevent it from ending in ,consumption8 ,i should let his health be the first consideration2 ,i should throw books to the winds2 if he be at school1 ,i should advise you to take him away2 if he be in trade1 ,i should cancel his indentures2 if he be in the town1 ,i should send him to a sheltered healthy spot in the country1 or to the south coast2 as1 for instance1 either to ,st4 ,leonards-on-,sea1 or to ,torquay4 ,i should be particular in his clothing1 taking especial care to keep his chest and feet warm4 ,if he did not already wear flannel waistcoats1 let it be winter or summer1 ,i should recommend him immediately to do so2 if it be winter1 ,i should advise him also to take to flannel drawers4 ,the feet must be carefully attended to2 they ought to be kept both warm and dry1 the slightest dampness of either shoes or stockings should cause them to be immediately changed4 ,if a boy1 he ought to wear double-breasted waistcoats2 if a girl1 high dresses4 ,the diet must be nutritious and generous2 he should be encouraged to eat plentifully of beef and mutton4 ,there is nothing better for breakfast1 where it agrees1 than milk2 indeed1 it may be frequently made to agree by previously boiling it4 ,good home-brewed ale or sound porter ought1 in moderation1 to be taken4 ,wine and spirits must on no account be allowed4 ,i caution parents in this particular1 as many have an idea that wine1 in such cases1 is strengthening1 and that rum and milk is a good thing either to cure or to prevent a cough6 ,if it be summer1 let him be much in the open air1 avoiding the evening and the night air4 ,if it be winter1 he should1 unless the weather be mild for the season1 keep within doors4 ,particular attention ought to be paid to the point the wind is in1 as he should not be allowed to go out if it is either in the north1 in the east1 or in the northeast2 the latter is more especially dangerous4 ,if it be spring1 and the weather be favorable1 or summer or autumn1 change of air1 more especially to the south coast--to the ,isle of ,wight1 for instance--would be desirable2 indeed1 in a case of spitting of blood1 ,i know of no remedy so likely to ward off that formidable1 and1 generally1 intractable complaint--consumption--as change of air4 ,the beginning of the autumn is1 of course1 the best season for visiting the coast4 ,it would be advisable1 at the commencement of ,october1 to send him either to ,italy1 to the south of ,france--to ,mentone#cjj--or to the mild parts of ,england--more especially either to ,hastings1 or to ,torquay1 or to the ,isle of ,wight--to winter4 ,but remember1 if he be actually in a confirmed consumption1 ,i would not1 on any account whatever1 let him leave his home2 as then the comforts of home will far1 very far outweigh any benefit of change of air4 #cfd4 ,suppose a youth to be much predisposed to a ,sore-,throat1 what precautions ought he to take to ward off future attacks8 ,he must use every morning thorough ablution of the body1 beginning cautiously2 that is to say1 commencing with the neck one morning1 then by degrees1 morning after morning1 sponging a larger surface1 until the whole of the body be sponged4 ,the chill at first must be taken off the water2 gradually the temperature ought to be lowered until the water be quite cold1 taking care to rub the body thoroughly dry with a coarse towel--a ,turkish rubber being the best for the purpose4 ,he ought to bathe his throat externally every night and morning with lukewarm salt and water1 the temperature of which must be gradually reduced until at length no warm water be added4 ,he should gargle his throat either with barm1 vinegar1 and sage tea1#cja or with salt and water--two teaspoonfuls of table salt dissolved in a tumbler of water4 ,he ought to harden himself by taking plenty of exercise in the open air4 ,he must1 as much as possible1 avoid either sitting or standing in a draught2 if he be in one he should face it4 ,he ought to keep his feet warm and dry4 ,he should take as little aperient medicine as possible1 avoiding especially both calomel and blue-pill4 ,as he grows up to manhood he ought to allow his beard to grow1 as such would be a natural covering for his throat3 ,i have known great benefit to arise from this simple plan4 ,the fashion is now to wear the beard1 not to use the razor at all1 and a sensible fashion ,i consider it to be4 ,the finest respirator in the world is the beard4 ,the beard is not only good for sore throats1 but for weak chests4 ,the wearing of the beard is a splendid innovation2 it saves no end of trouble1 is very beneficial to health1 and is a great improvement 8to the human face divine40 #cfe4 ,have you any remarks to make on the almost universal habit of boys and of very young men smoking8 ,i am not now called upon to give an opinion of the effects of tobacco smoking on the middle-aged and on the aged4 ,i am addressing a mother as to the desirability of her sons1 when boys1 being allowed to smoke4 ,i consider tobacco smoking one of the most injurious and deadly habits a boy or a young man can indulge in4 ,it contracts the chest and weakens the lungs1 thus predisposing to consumption4 ,it impairs the stomach1 thus producing indigestion4 ,it debilitates the brain and nervous system1 thus inducing epileptic fits and nervous depression4 ,it stunts the growth1 and is one cause of the present race of pigmies4 ,it makes the young lazy and disinclined for work4 ,it is one of the greatest curses of the present day4 ,the following cases prove1 more than any argument can prove1 the dangerous and deplorable effects of a boy smoking4 ,i copy the first case from ,public ,opinion4#cjb 8,the ,france mentions the following fact as a proof of the evil consequences of smoking for boys3 #8,a pupil in one of the colleges1 only twelve years of age1 was some time since seized with epileptic fits1 which became worse and worse in spite of all the remedies employed4 ,at last it was discovered that the lad had been for two years past secretly indulging in the weed4 ,effectual means were adopted to prevent his obtaining tobacco1 and he soon recovered4'0 ,the other case occurred about five years ago1 in my own practice4 ,the patient was a youth of nineteen4 ,he was an inveterate smoker4 ,from being a bright1 intelligent lad1 he was becoming idiotic1 and epileptic fits were supervening4 ,i painted to him1 in vivid colors1 the horrors of his case1 and assured him that if he still persisted in his bad practices1 he would soon become a driveling idiot6 ,i at length1 after some trouble and contention1 prevailed upon him to desist from smoking altogether4 ,he rapidly lost all epileptic symptoms1 his face soon resumed its wonted intelligence1 and his mind asserted its former power4 ,he remains well to this day1 and is now a married man with a family4 #cff4 ,what are the best methods to restrain a violent ,bleeding from the ,nose8 ,do not interfere with a bleeding from the nose unless it be violent4 ,a bleeding from the nose is frequently an effort of ,nature to relieve itself1 and therefore1 unless it be likely to weaken the patient1 ought not to be restrained4 ,if it be necessary to restrain the bleeding1 press firmly for a few minutes the nose between the finger and the thumb--this alone will often stop the bleeding2 if it should not1 then try what bathing the nose and the forehead and the nape of the neck with water quite cold from the pump will do4 ,if that does not succeed1 try the old-fashioned remedy of putting a cold large door-key down the back4 ,if these plans fail1 try the effects either of powdered alum or of powdered matico1 used after the fashion of snuff--a pinch or two1 either of the one or the other1 or of both1 should be sniffed up the bleeding nostril4 ,if these should not answer the purpose1 although they almost invariably will1 apply a large lump of ice to the nape of the neck1 and put a small piece of ice into the patient's mouth for him to suck4 ,if these methods do not succeed1 plunge the hand and the forearm into cold water1 keep them in for a few minutes1 then take them out1 and either hold or let be held up the arms and hands high above the head2 this plan has frequently succeeded when others have failed4 ,let the room be kept cool1 throw open the windows1 and do not have many in the room to crowd around the patient4 ,doubtless1 ,dr4 ,richardson's local ansthetic--the ether spray--playing from a few seconds to a minute on the nose and up the bleeding nostril1 would act most beneficially in a severe case of this kind1 and would1 before resorting to the disagreeable operation of plugging the nose1 deserve a trial4 ,i respectfully submit this suggestion to my medical brethren4 ,the ether--rectified ether--used for the spray ought to be perfectly pure1 and of the specific gravity of #j4gbc4 ,if the above treatment does not soon succeed1 send for a medical man1 as more active means1 such as plugging of the nostrils--which is not done unless in extreme cases--might be necessary4 ,but before plugging of the nose is resorted to1 it will be well to try the effects of a cold solution of alum3 ,take of--,powdered ,alum1 one drachm2 ,water1 half a pint3 ,to make a ,lotion4 ,a little of the lotion should be put into the palm of the hand and sniffed up the bleeding nostril2 or1 if that does not succeed1 some of the lotion ought1 by means of a syringe1 to be syringed up the nose4 #cfg4 ,in case of a young lady ,fainting1 what had better be done8 ,lay her flat upon her back1 taking care that the head be as low as or lower than the body2 throw open the windows2 do not crowd around her2#cjc unloosen her dress as quickly as possible2 ascertain if she have been guilty of tight lacing1 for fainting is sometimes produced by that reprehensible practice4 ,apply smelling-salts to her nostrils2 if they be not at hand1 burn a piece of rag under her nose2 dash cold water upon her face2 throw open the window2 fan her2 and do not1 as is generally done1 crowd round her1 and thus prevent a free circulation of air4 ,as soon as she can swallow1 give her either a draught of cold water1 or a glass of wine1 or a teaspoonful of sal-volatile in a wineglassful of water4 ,to prevent fainting for the future4--,i would recommend early hours2 country air and exercise2 the stays1 if worn at all1 to be worn slack2 attention to diet2 avoidance of wine1 beer1 spirits1 excitement1 and fashionable amusements4 ,sometimes the cause of a young lady fainting is either a disordered stomach or a constipated state of the bowels4 ,if the fainting have been caused by disordered stomach1 it may be necessary to stop the supplies1 and give the stomach1 for a day or two1 but little to do2 a fast will frequently prevent the necessity of giving medicine4 ,of course1 if the stomach be much disordered1 it will be desirable to consult a medical man4 ,if your daughter's fainting have originated from a costive state of the bowels 7another frequent cause of fainting71 ,i beg to refer you to a subsequent ,conversation1 in which ,i will give you a list of remedies for the prevention and the treatment of constipation4 ,a young lady's fainting occasionally arises from debility--from downright weakness of the constitution2 then the best remedies will be change of air to the coast1 good nourishing diet1 and the following strengthening mixture3 ,take of--,muriated ,tincture of ,iron1 one drachm and a half2 ,tincture of ,calumba1 six drachms2 ,distilled ,water1 seven ounces4 ,two tablespoonfuls of this mixture to be taken three times a day4 ,or1 for a change1 the following3 ,take of--,wine of ,iron1 one ounce and a half2 ,distilled ,water1 six ounces and a half3 ,to make a ,mixture4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be taken three times a day4 ,iron medicines ought always to be taken after instead of before a meal4 ,the best times of the day for taking either of the above mixtures will be eleven o'clock1 four o'clock1 and seven o'clock4 #cfh4 ,you had a great objection to a mother administering calomel either to an infant or to a child1 have you the same objection to a boy or a girl taking it when he or she requires an aperient8 ,equally as great4 ,it is my firm belief that the frequent use1 or rather the abuse1 of calomel and of other preparations of mercury1 is often a source of liver disease1 and an exciter of scrofula4 ,it is a medicine of great value in some diseases1 when given by a judicious medical man2 but1 at the same time1 it is a drug of great danger when either given indiscriminately1 or when too often prescribed4 ,i will grant that in liver diseases it frequently gives temporary relief2 but when a patient has once commenced the regular use of it1 he cannot do without it1 until1 at length1 the functional ends in organic disease of the liver4 ,the use of calomel predisposes to cold1 and thus frequently brings on either inflammation or consumption4 ,family aperient pills ought never to contain1 in any form whatever1 a particle of mercury4 #cfi4 ,will you give me a list of remedies for the prevention and for the cure of ,constipation8 ,if you find it necessary to give to your son or to your daughter aperient medicine1 the mildest ought to be selected2 for instance1 an agreeable and an effectual one is an electuary composed of the following ingredients3 ,take of--,best picked ,alexandria ,senna1 one ounce2 ,best ,figs1 two ounces2 ,best ,raisins 7stoned71 two ounces3 ,all chopped very fine4 ,the size of a nutmeg or two to be occasionally eaten4 ,or1 one or two teaspoonfuls of compound confection of senna 7lenitive electuary7 may occasionally1 early in the morning1 be taken4 ,or1 for a change1 a teaspoonful of ,henry's magnesia1 in half a tumblerful of warm water4 ,if this should not be sufficiently active1 a teaspoonful of ,epsom salts should be given with the magnesia4 ,a ,seidlitz powder forms another safe and mild aperient2 or one or two compound rhubarb pills may be given at bedtime4 ,the following prescription for a pill1 where an aperient is absolutely necessary1 is a mild1 gentle1 and effective one for the purpose3 ,take of--,extract of ,socotrine ,aloes1 eight grains2 ,compound ,extract of ,colocynth1 forty-eight grains3 ,hard ,soap1 twenty-four grains2 ,treacle1 a sufficient quantity3 ,to make twenty-four ,pills4 ,one or two to be taken at bedtime occasionally4 ,but1 after all1 the best opening medicines are--cold ablutions every morning of the whole body2 attention to diet2 variety of food2 bran-bread2 grapes2 stewed prunes2#cjd ,french plums2 ,muscatel raisins2 figs2 fruit both cooked and raw--if it be ripe and sound2 oatmeal porridge2 lentil powder1 in the form of ,du ,barry's ,arabica ,revalenta2 vegetables of all kinds1 especially spinach2 exercise in the open air2 early rising2 daily visiting the water-closet at a certain hour--there is nothing keeps the bowels open so regularly and well as establishing the habit of visiting the water-closet at a certain hour every morning2 and the other rules of health specified in these ,conversations4 ,if more attention were paid to these points1 poor school-boys and school-girls would not be compelled to swallow such nauseous and disgusting messes as they usually are4 ,should these plans not succeed 7although in the majority of cases1 with patience and perseverance1 they will71 ,i would advise an enema once or twice a week1 either simply of warm water1 or of one made of gruel1 table salt1 and olive oil1 in the proportion of two tablespoonfuls of salt1 two of oil1 and a pint of warm gruel1 which a boy may administer to himself1 or a girl to herself1 by means of a proper enema apparatus4 ,hydropathy is oftentimes very serviceable in preventing and in curing costiveness2 and as it will sometimes prevent the necessity of administering medicine1 it is both a boon and a blessing4 8,hydropathy also supplies us with various remedies for constipation4 ,from the simple glass of cold water1 taken early in the morning1 to the various douches and sea-baths1 a long list of useful appliances might be made out1 among which we may mention the #8wet compresses' worn for three hours over the abdomen bowels1 with a gutta-percha covering40#cje ,i have here a word or two to say to a mother who is always physicking her family4 ,it is an unnatural thing to be constantly dosing either a child or any one else with medicine4 ,one would suppose that some people were only sent into the world to be physicked6 ,if more care were paid to the rules of health1 very little medicine would be required6 ,this is a bold assertion2 but ,i am confident that it is a true one4 ,it is a strange admission for a medical man to make1 but1 nevertheless1 my convictions compel me to avow it4 #cgj4 ,what is the reason girls are so subject to ,costiveness8 ,the principal reason why girls suffer more from costiveness than boys1 is that their habits are more sedentary2 as the best opening medicines in the world are an abundance of exercise1 of muscular exertion1 and of fresh air4 ,unfortunately1 poor girls in this enlightened age must be engaged1 sitting all the while1 several hours every day at fancy work1 the piano1 and other accomplishments1 they1 consequently1 have little time for exercise of any kind4 ,the bowels1 as a matter of course1 become constipated2 they are1 therefore1 dosed with pills1 with black draughts1 with brimstone and treacle--oh6 the abomination6--and with medicines of that class1 almost ad infinitum4 ,what is the consequence8 ,opening medicines1 by constant repetition1 lose their effects1 and1 therefore1 require to be made stronger and still stronger1 until at length the strongest will scarcely act at all1 and the poor unfortunate girl1 when she becomes a woman1 if she ever does become one1 is spiritless1 heavy1 dull1 and listless1 requiring daily doses of physic1 until she almost lives on medicine6 ,all this misery and wretchedness proceed from ,nature's laws having been set at defiance1 from artificial means taking the place of natural ones--from a mother adopting as her rule and guide fashion and folly1 rather than reason and common sense4 ,when will a mother awake from her folly and stupidity8 ,this is strong language to address to a lady2 but it is not stronger than the subject demands4 ,mothers of ,england6 do1 let me entreat you1 ponder well upon what ,i have said4 ,do rescue your girls from the bondage of fashion and folly1 which is worse than the bondage of the ,egyptian task-masters2 for the ,israelites did1 in making bricks without straw1 work in the open air--8,so the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of ,egypt to gather stubble instead of straw20#cjf but your girls1 many of them at least1 have no work1 either in the house or in the open air--they have no exercise whatever4 ,they are poor1 drawling1 dawdling1 miserable nonentities1 with muscles1 for the want of proper exercise1 like ribbons2 and with faces1 for the lack of fresh air1 as white as a sheet of paper4 ,what a host of charming girls are yearly sacrificed at the shrine of fashion and of folly6 ,another1 and a frequent cause of costiveness1 is the bad habit of disobeying the call of having the bowels opened4 ,the moment there is the slightest inclination to relieve the bowels1 instantly ought it to be attended to1 or serious results will follow4 ,let me urge a mother to instill into her daughter's mind the importance of this advice4 #cga4 ,young people are subject to ,pimples on the ,face1 what is the remedy8 ,these hard red pimples 7acne7 are a common and an obstinate affection of the skin1 principally affecting the forehead1 the temples1 the nose1 and the cheeks2 occasionally attacking the neck1 the shoulders1 the back1 and the chest2 and as they more frequently affect the young1 from the age of #ae to #ce1 and are disfiguring1 they cause much annoyance4 8,these pimples are so well known by most persons as scarcely to need description2 they are conical1 red1 and hard2 after awhile1 they become white1 and yellow at the point1 then discharge a thick yellow-colored matter1 mingled with a whitish substance1 and become covered by a hard1 brown scab1 and lastly1 disappear very slowly1 sometimes very imperfectly1 and often leaving an ugly scar behind them4 ,to these symptoms are not unfrequently added considerable pain1 and always much unsightliness4 ,when these little cones have the black head of a #8grub' at their point1 they constitute the variety termed spotted acne4 ,these latter often remain stationary for months1 without increasing or becoming red2 but when they inflame1 they are nowise different in their course from the common kind40#cjg ,i find1 in these cases1 great benefit to be derived from bathing the face1 night and morning1 with strong salt and water--a tablespoonful of table salt to a teacupful of water2 by paying attention to the bowels2 by living on plain1 wholesome1 nourishing food2 and by taking a great deal of out-door exercise4 ,sea bathing1 in these cases1 is often very beneficial4 ,grubs and worms have a mortal antipathy to salt4 #cgb4 ,what is the cause of a ,gum-boil8 ,a decayed root of a tooth1 which causes inflammation and abscess of the gum1 which abscess breaks1 and thus becomes a gum-boil4 #cgc4 ,what is the treatment of a ,gum-boil8 ,foment the outside of the face with a hot chamomile and poppy-head fomentation1#cjh and apply to the gum-boil1 between the cheek and the gum1 a small white-bread and milk poultice1#cji which renew frequently4 ,as soon as the gum-boil has become quiet1 by all means have the affected tooth extracted1 or it might cause disease1 and consequently serious injury of the jaw2 and whenever the patient catches cold there will be a renewal of the inflammation1 of the abscess1 and of the gum-boil1 and1 as a matter of course1 renewed pain1 trouble1 and annoyance4 ,moreover1 decayed fangs of teeth often cause the breath to be offensive4 #cgd4 ,what is the best remedy for a ,corn8 ,the best remedy for a hard corn is to remove it4 ,the usual method of cutting1 or of paring a corn away1 is erroneous4 ,the following is the right way3 ,cut with a sharp pair of pointed scissors around the circumference of the corn4 ,work gradually round and round and toward the center4 ,when you have for some considerable distance well loosened the edges1 you can either with your finger or with a pair of forceps generally remove the corn bodily1 and that with little pain and without the loss of any blood4 ,if the corn be properly and wholly removed1 it will leave a small cavity or round hole in the center1 where the blood-vessels and the nerve of the corn--vulgarly called the root--really were1 and which1 in point of fact1 constituted the very existence or the essence of the corn4 ,moreover1 if the corn be entirely removed1 you will1 without giving yourself the slightest pain1 be able to squeeze the part affected between your finger and thumb4 ,hard corns on the sole of the foot and on the sides of the foot are best treated by filing--by filing them with a sharp cutting file 7flat on one side and convex on the other71 neither too coarse nor too fine in the cutting4 ,the corn ought1 once every day1 to be filed1 and should daily be continued until you experience a slight pain1 which tells you that the end of the corn is approaching4 ,many cases of hard corn1 that have resisted every other plan of treatment1 have been entirely cured by means of the file4 ,one great advantage of the file is1 it cannot possibly do any harm1 and may be used by a timid person1 by one who would not readily submit to any cutting instrument being applied to the corn4 ,the file1 if properly used1 is an effectual remedy for a hard corn on the sole of the foot4 ,i myself have seen the value of it in several cases1 particularly in one case1 that of an old gentleman of ninety-five1 who had had a corn on the sole of his foot for upwards of half a century1 and which had resisted numerous1 indeed1 almost innumerable remedies2 at length ,i recommended the file1 and after a few applications entire relief was obtained1 and the corn was completely eradicated4 ,the corns between the toes are called soft corns4 ,a soft corn is quickly removed by the strong acetic acid--acid4 acetic4 fort4--which ought to be applied to the corn every night by means of a camel's-hair brush4 ,the toes should be kept asunder for a few minutes1 in order that the acid may soak in2 then apply between the toes a small piece of cotton wool4 ,hard corns1 then1 on the sole and on the side of the foot1 are best treated by the file2 hard corns on the toes by the scissors2 and soft corns between the toes by the strong acetic acid4 ,in the generality of cases the plans recommended above1 if properly performed1 will effect a cure2 but if the corn1 from pressure or from any other cause1 should return1 remove it again and proceed as before directed4 ,if the corn have been caused either by tight or by ill-fitting shoes1 the only way to prevent a recurrence is1 of course1 to have the shoes properly made by a clever shoemaker--by one who thoroughly understands his business1 and who will have a pair of lasts made purposely for the feet4#caj ,the ,german method of making boots and shoes is a capital one for the prevention of corns1 as the boots and shoes are made scientifically1 to fit a real and not an ideal foot4 ,one of the best preventives of1 as well as of the best remedies for corns1 especially of soft corns between the toes1 is washing the feet every morning1 as recommended in a previous ,conversation1#caa taking especial care to wash with the thumb1 and afterward to wipe with the towel between each toe4 #cge4 ,what is the best remedy to destroy a ,wart8 ,pure nitric acid1#cab carefully applied to the wart by means of a small stick of cedar wood1 a camel's-hair pencil-holder1 every other day1 will soon destroy it4 ,care must be taken that the acid does not touch the healthy skin1 or it will act as a caustic to it4 ,the nitric acid should be preserved in a stoppered bottle1 and must be put out of the reach of children4 #cgf4 ,what is the best remedy for ,tender ,feet1 for ,sweaty ,feet1 and for ,smelling ,feet8 ,cold water3 bathing the feet in cold water1 beginning with tepid water2 but gradually from day to day reducing the warm until the water be quite cold4 ,a large nursery-basin1 one-third full of water1 ought to be placed on the floor1 and one foot at a time should be put in the water1 washing the while with a sponge the foot1 and with the thumb between each toe4 ,each foot should remain in the water about half a minute4 ,the feet ought after each washing to be well dried1 taking care to dry with the towel between each toe4 ,the above process must be repeated at least once every day1 every morning1 and1 if the annoyance be great1 every night as well4 ,a clean pair of stockings ought in these cases to be put on daily1 as perfect cleanliness is absolutely necessary both to afford relief and to effect a cure4 ,if the feet be tender1 or if there be either bunions or corns1 the shoes and the boots made according to the ,german method 7which are fashioned according to the actual shape of the foot7 should alone be worn4 #cgg4 ,what are the causes of so many young ladies of the present day being weak1 nervous1 and unhappy8 ,the principal causes are--ignorance of the laws of health1 ,nature's laws being set at naught by fashion and by folly1 by want of fresh air and exercise1 by want of occupation1 and by want of self-reliance4 ,weak1 nervous1 and unhappy6 ,well they might be6 ,what have they to make them strong and happy8 ,have they work to do to brace the muscles8 ,have they occupation--useful1 active occupation--to make them happy8 ,no6 they have neither the one nor the other6 #cgh4 ,what diseases are girls most subject to8 ,the diseases peculiar to girls are--,chlorosis1 ,greensickness1 and ,hysterics4 #cgi4 ,what are the usual causes of ,chlorosis8 ,chlorosis is caused by torpor and debility of the whole frame1 especially of the womb4 ,it is generally produced by scanty or by improper food1 by the want of air and exercise1 and by too close application within doors4 ,here we have the same tale over again--close application within doors1 and the want of fresh air and exercise6 ,when will the eyes of a mother be opened to this important subject8--the most important that can engage her attention6 #chj4 ,what is the usual age for ,chlorosis to occur1 and what are the symptoms8 ,chlorosis more frequently attacks girls from fifteen to twenty years of age2 although unmarried women1 much older1 occasionally have it4 ,i say unmarried1 for1 as a rule1 it is a complaint of the single4 ,the patient1 first of all1 complains of being languid1 tired1 and out of spirits2 she is fatigued with the slightest exertion2 she has usually palpitation of the heart 7so as to make her fancy that she has a disease of that organ1 which1 in all probability1 she has not72 she has shortness of breath1 and a short dry cough2 her face is flabby and pale2 her complexion gradually assumes a yellowish or greenish hue--hence the name of chlorosis2 there is a dark1 livid circle around her eyes2 her lips lose their color1 and become almost white2 her tongue is generally white and pasty2 her appetite is bad1 and is frequently depraved--the patient often preferring chalk1 slate-pencil1 cinder1 and even dirt1 to the daintiest food2 indigestion frequently attends chlorosis2 she has usually pains over the short-ribs1 on the left side2 she suffers greatly from 8wind10 and is frequently nearly choked by it2 her bowels are generally costive1 and the stools are unhealthy2 she has pains in her hips1 loins1 and back2 and her feet and ankles are oftentimes swollen4 ,the menstrual discharge is either suspended1 or very partially performed2 if the latter1 it is usually almost colorless4 ,hysterical fits not unfrequently occur during an attack of chlorosis4 #cha4 ,how may ,chlorosis be prevented8 ,if health were more and fashion were less studied1 chlorosis would not be such a frequent complaint4 ,this disease generally takes its rise from mismanagement--from ,nature's laws having been set at defiance4 ,i have heard a silly mother express an opinion that it is not genteel for a girl to eat heartily6 ,such language is perfectly absurd and cruel4 ,how often1 too1 a weak mother declares that a healthy1 blooming girl looks like a milkmaid6 ,it would be well if she did6 ,how true and sad it is1 that 8a pale1 delicate face1 and clear eyes1 indicative of consumption1 are the fashionable desiderata at present for complexion40#cac ,a growing girl requires plenty of good nourishment--as much as her appetite demands2 and if she have it not1 she will become either chlorotic1 or consumptive1 or delicate4 ,besides1 the greatest beautifier in the world is health2 therefore1 by a mother studying the health of her daughter1 she will1 at the same time1 adorn her body with beauty6 ,i am sorry to say that too many parents think more of the beauty than of the health of their girls4 ,sad and lamentable infatuation6 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne gives a graphic description of a delicate young lady4 ,he says3 8,she is one of those delicate1 nervous young creatures not uncommon in ,new ,england1 and whom ,i suppose to have become what we find them by the gradually refining away of the physical system among young women4 ,some philosophers choose to glorify this habit of body by terming it spiritual2 but1 in my opinion1 it is rather the effect of unwholesome food1 bad air1 lack of out-door exercise1 and neglect of bathing1 on the part of these damsels and their female progenitors1 all resulting in a kind of hereditary dyspepsia40 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1 a distinguished ,american1 was right4 ,such ladies1 when he wrote1 were not uncommon2 but within the last two or three years1 to their great credit be it spoken1 8a change has come o'er the spirit of their dreams10 and they are wonderfully improved in health2 for1 with all reverence be it spoken1 8,god helps them who help themselves10 and they have helped themselves by attending to the rules of health3 8,the women of ,america are growing more and more handsome every year for just this reason4 ,they are growing rounder of chest1 fuller of limb1 gaining substance and development in every direction4 ,whatever may be urged to the contrary1 we believe this to be a demonstrable fact4444 ,when the rising generation of ,american girls once begin to wear thick shoes1 to take much exercise in the open air1 to skate1 to play croquet1 and to affect the saddle1 it not only begins to grow more wise but more healthful1 and--which must follow as the night the day--more beautiful40#cad ,if a young girl had plenty of wholesome meat1 varied from day to day1 either plain roast or boiled1 and neither stewed1 nor hashed1 nor highly seasoned1 for her stomach2 if she had an abundance of fresh air for her lungs2 if she had plenty of active exercise1 such as skipping1 dancing1 running1 riding1 swimming1 for her muscles2 if her clothing were warm and loose1 and adapted to the season2 if her mind were more occupied with active1 useful occupation1 such as household work1 than at present1 and if she were kept calm and untroubled from the hurly-burly and excitement of fashionable life1--chlorosis would almost be an unknown disease4 ,it is a complaint of rare occurrence with country girls1 but of great frequency with fine city ladies4 #chb4 ,what treatment should you advise8 ,the treatment which would prevent should be adopted when the complaint first makes its appearance4 ,if the above means do not quickly remove it1 the mother must then apply to a medical man1 and he will give medicines which will soon have the desired effect4 ,if the disease be allowed for any length of time to run on1 it might produce either organic--incurable--disease of the heart1 or consumption1 or indigestion1 or confirmed ill health4 #chc4 ,at what period of life is a lady most prone to ,hysterics1 and what are the symptoms8 ,the time of life when hysterics occur is generally from the age of fifteen to fifty4 ,hysterics come on by paroxysms--hence they are called hysterical fits4 ,a patient1 just before an attack1 is low spirited2 crying without a cause2 she is 8nervous10 as it is called2 she has flushings of the face2 she is at other times very pale2 she has shortness of breath and occasional palpitations of the heart2 her appetite is usually bad2 she passes quantities of colorless limpid urine1 having the appearance of pump-water2 she is much troubled with flatulence in her bowels1 and1 in consequence1 she feels bloated and uncomfortable4 ,the 8wind0 at length rises upward toward the stomach1 and still upward to the throat1 giving her the sensation of a ball stopping her breathing1 and producing a feeling of suffocation4 ,the sensation of a ball in the throat 7globus hystericus7 is the commencement of the fit4 ,she now becomes partially insensible1 although she seldom loses complete consciousness4 ,her face becomes flushed1 her nostrils dilated1 her head thrown back1 and her stomach and bowels enormously distended with 8wind40 ,after a short time she throws her arms and legs about convulsively1 she beats her breast1 tears her hair and clothes1 laughs boisterously1 and screams violently2 at other times she makes a peculiar noise2 sometimes she sobs1 and her face is much distorted4 ,at length she brings up enormous quantities of wind2 after a time1 she bursts into a violent flood of tears1 and then gradually comes to herself4 ,as soon as the fit is at an end she generally passes enormous quantities of colorless limpid urine4 ,she might1 in a short time1 fall into another attack similar to the above4 ,when she comes to herself she feels exhausted and tired1 and usually complains of slight headache1 and of great soreness of the body and limbs4 ,she seldom remembers what has occurred during the fit4 ,hysterics are sometimes frightful to witness2 but1 in themselves1 are not at all dangerous4 #chd4 ,what are the causes of ,hysterics8 ,delicate health1 chlorosis1 improper and not sufficiently nourishing food1 grief1 anxiety1 excitement of the mind1 closely confined rooms1 want of exercise1 indigestion1 flatulence1 and tight lacing are the causes which usually produce hysterics4 ,hysterics are frequently feigned2 indeed1 oftener than any other complaint2 and even a genuine case is usually much aggravated by a patient herself giving way to them4 #che4 ,what do you recommend an ,hysterical lady to do8 ,to improve her health by proper management2 to rise early and to take a walk1 that she may breathe pure and wholesome air1--indeed1 she ought to live nearly half her time in the open air1 exercising herself with walking1 skipping1 etc42 to employ her mind with botany1 croquet1 archery1 or with any other out-door amusement2 to confine herself to plain1 wholesome1 nourishing food2 to avoid tight lacing2 to eschew fashionable amusements2 and1 above all1 not to give way to her feelings1 but if she feel an attack approaching1 to rouse herself4 ,if the fit be upon her1 the better plan is to banish all the male sex from the room1 and not even to have many women about her1 and for those around to loosen her dress2 to lay her in the center of the room1 flat upon the ground1 with a pillow under her head2 to remove combs and pins and brooches from her person2 to dash cold water upon her face2 to apply cloths1 or a large sponge wetted in cold water1 to her head2 to throw open the window1 and then to leave her to herself2 or1 at all events1 to leave her with only one female friend or attendant4 ,if such be done1 she will soon come round2 but what is the usual practice8 ,if a girl be in hysterics1 the whole house1 and perhaps the neighborhood1 is roused2 the room is crowded to suffocation2 fears are openly expressed by those around that she is in a dangerous state2 she hears what they say1 and her hysterics are increased tenfold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if this book is to be of use to mothers and to the rising generation1 as ,i humbly hope and trust that it has been1 and that it will be still more abundantly1 it ought not to be listlessly read1 merely as a novel1 or as any other piece of fiction1 but it must be thoughtfully and carefully studied1 until its contents1 in all its bearings1 be completely mastered and understood4 ,in conclusion1 ,i beg to thank you for the courtesy1 confidence1 and attention ,i have received at your hands1 and to express a hope that my advice1 through ,god's blessing1 may not have been given in vain4 ,,index4 ,ablution of a child1 #aabj4 of an infant1 #ajaf4 of a youth1 #acah4 thorough of boy and girl1 #acah4 ,accidents of children1 #abig4 ,acne1 symptoms and treatment of1 #acij4 ,advice to a mother if her infant be poorly1 #aadh4 to ,mr4 ,paterfamilias1 #ajhg4 ,ailments1 the distinction between serious and slight1 #ajhg4 of infants1 #ajhe4 ,air and exercise for youth1 #accg4 the importance of good1 #aaeb4 the necessity of fresh and changing the1 #aaea4 ,american ladies1 #acih4 ,amusements for a child1 #aagg4 for a girl1 #acdd4 for a boy1 #acda4 ,ankles1 weak1 #aaaf4 ,antipathies of a child1 #aadi4 ,aperients for a child1 #abee4 for an infant1 #ajia4 for a new-born babe1 #ajhf4 for a youth1 #ache4 danger of frequent1 #ache4 ,appeal to mothers1 #achi4 ,appetite1 on a child losing his1 #aadf4 ,applications1 hot1 #abie4 ,apron1 washing1 #ajbb4 ,archery1 #acdd4 ,arnold1 ,doctor1 on corporal punishment1 #acdi4 ,arrow-root for an infant1 #ajdj4 ,artificial food for an infant at breast1 #ajcf4 ,asses' milk1 #ajdf4 ,babes should kick on floor1 #ajgf4 ,baby-slaughter1 #ajde4 ,baked crumb of bread for an infant1 #ajcg4 flour for an infant1 #ajch4 ,bakers' and home-made bread1 #aadh4 ,bathing after full meal1 #acbd4 ,baths1 cold1 tepid1 and warm1 #acbe4 ,baths1 warm1 as a remedy for flatulence1 #ajii4 ,beard best respirator1 #achj4 ,bed1 on placing child in1 #aahi4 ,beds1 feather1 #aahh4 purification of1 #abch4 ,bed-rooms1 the ventilation of1 #acei4 cool1 #aaij4 a plan to ventilate1 #acei4 ,bee1 the sting of1 #acab4 ,beef1 salted or boiled1 #aada4 ,belladonna1 poisoning by1 #acad4 ,belly-band1 when to discontinue1 #ajbh4 ,beverage for a child1 #aadc4 8,black eye10 remedies for1 #abih4 ,bladder and bowels of an infant1 #ajhd4 ,bleeding from navel1 how to restrain1 #ajbd4 of nose1 #acha4 ,blood1 spitting of1 #acgd4 ,blows and bruises1 #abih4 ,boarding-schools for females1 #acea4 on cheap 7note71 #aceb4 ,boiled bread for infants1 #ajcf4 flour for infants' food1 #ajcg4 ,boils1 the treatment of1 #abeb4 ,boots and shoes1 #aabg1 #acid4 ,bottles1 the best nursing1 #ajda4 ,boulogne sore-throat1 #abag4 ,bow legs1 #abgg4 ,bowels1 large1 of children1 #abee4 looseness of1 #aajj4 protrusion of lower1 #abeh4 ,boys should be made strong1 #acdc4 ,brain1 water on the1 #aaii4 ,bran to soften water1 #abhj4 ,bran poultices1 #abif4 ,breakfast of a child1 #aace4 of a youth1 #accb4 ,breast1 on early putting an infant to1 #ajcb4 ,breathing exercise1 #acdd4 ,brimstone and treacle1 #abfa4 ,brown and ,polson's ,corn ,flour1 #ajci4 ,bronchitis1 the treatment of1 #abac4 ,broth for infants1 #aaaf4 for a new-born infant1 #ajda4 and soup1 #acce4 ,brothers and sisters1 #acea4 ,bruises1 remedies for1 #abih4 ,burns and scalds1 #acjc4 ,burning of women1 #aaeb4 ,bullying a child1 #aaff4 ,butter1 wholesome1 #aace4 ,calomel1 the danger of a mother prescribing1 #ajie4 the ill effects of1 #ache4 ,camphor makes teeth brittle1 #acfe4 ,caning a boy1 #acdg4 ,caps1 flannel1 #ajbh4 ,carpets in nurseries1 #aaga4 ,carriage exercise1 #acda4 ,carron oil in burns1 #acje4 ,castor oil 8to heal the bowels10 #ajif4 ,cat1 bites and scratches of a1 #acaa4 8,chafings0 of infants1 the treatment of1 #ajhh4 ,chairs1 straight-backed1 #aced4 ,change of air1 #abfc4 linen in sickness1 #abfg4 ,chapped hands1 legs1 etc41 #abhj4 lips1 #abha4 ,chest1 keeping warm the upper part of the1 #acbh4 8,chicken-breasted0 and narrow-breasted children1 #abgd4 ,chicken-pox1 #abci4 ,chilblains1 #abgi4 ,child should dine with parents1 #aaej4 8,child-crowing10 #abjf4 the treatment of a paroxysm1 #abjg4 ,children's hour1 #aafb4 parties1 #aahb4 ,chimneys1 on the stopping of1 #aaga1 #abff4 ,chiropodists 7note71 #acid4 ,chlorosis or green sickness1 #acif1 #acig4 rare in rural districts1 #acii4 8,choking10 what to be done in a case of1 #acjh4 ,cisterns1 best kind of1 #aadc4 ,clothes1 on airing an infant's1 #ajcj4 the ill effects of tight1 #aabd4 ,clothing of children1 #aabc4 of infants1 #ajbh4 during winter1 #ajca4 of youths1 #acbg4 ,coffee as an aperient1 #abhe1 #accc4 and tea1 #accb4 ,coin1 on the swallowing of a1 #acag4 ,cold bedroom healthy1 #aaia4 a feverish1 #abif4 on child always catching1 #abfd4 feet1 method to warm1 #aafa4 ,concluding remarks on infancy1 #aaai4 ,constipation1 prevention and cure of1 #ache4 ,consumption attacks the upper part of the lungs1 #acbi4 the age at which it usually appears1 #acgd4 causes of1 #acgg4 death-rate1 #acgc4 importance of early consulting a medical man in1 #acgb4 spitting of blood in1 #acgb4 symptoms of1 #acgd4 ,consumptive patient1 the treatment of a1 #acgg4 ,convulsions of children1 #ajff1 #ajhi4 from hooping-cough1 #ajij4 ,cooked fruit for child1 #aacd4 ,coroners' inquests on infants1 #ajhb4 ,corporal punishment at schools1 #acdg4 ,corns1 #acib1 #acid4 ,costiveness of infants1 the means to prevent1 #ajif4 remedies for1 #ajia4 ,costiveness1 the reason why so prevalent1 #achh4 ,cough1 the danger of stopping a1 #ajgd4 ,cow1 the importance of having the milk from ,,one1 #ajdb1 #ajdf4 ,cream and egg1 #aace4 and water for babe1 #aace4 ,crinoline and burning of ladies1 #aaeb4 ,croquet for girls1 #acdd4 ,crossness in a sick child1 #abfh4 ,croup1 #abjj4 the treatment of1 #abjb4 ,cry of infant1 #aaae4 ,cure1 artificial and natural1 #abgg4 8,curious phenomenon0 in scarlet fever1 #abbh4 ,cut finger1 the application for1 #abig4 ,dancing and skipping1 #acdd4 ,danger of constantly giving physic1 #aaai4 ,delicate child1 plan to strengthen a1 #abfb4 ,dentition1 #ajfb4 lancing of gums1 #ajfd4 second1 #ajid4 symptoms and treatment of painful1 #ajga4 ,diarrha of infants1 #aajj4 treatment of1 #aajc4 ,diet of a child who has cut his teeth1 #aace4 of children1 #aacb4 of a dry-nursed child1 #ajdf4 of infants1 #ajcb4 on a mother being particular in attending to1 #aadb4 of youth1 #accb4 ,dietary1 an infant's1 #ajcf4 ,dinner for a child1 #aacc4 youth1 #accc4 ,diphtheria1 symptoms1 causes1 and treatment of1 #abag-bbc4 ,dirty child1 a1 #ajhe4 ,diseased nature and strange eruptions1 #abia4 ,diseases of children1 #aaie4 girls1 #acif4 infants1 #ajhe4 obscure1 #abhc4 the prevention of1 #acff4 produced by tight lacing1 #accj4 symptoms of serious1 #ajhh4 ,doctor1 on early calling in1 #abic4 ,dog1 the bite of a1 #acji4 ,doleful child1 #aaeg4 ,drainage1 #aaec1 #abch4 ,dress1 female1 #acca4 of a child while asleep1 #ajhj4 ,drinking fountains1 #ajdc4 ,dropping child1 danger of1 #abii4 ,dry-nursed children1 the best food for1 #ajdf4 8,dusting-powder0 for infants1 #ajbj4 ,dysentery1 symptoms1 and treatment of1 #aajd-ajh4 ,ear1 discharges from1 #abed4 removal of a pea or bead from1 #acaf4 ,earache1 treatment of1 #abec4 ,earwig in ear1 #acaf4 ,early rising1 #aaib1 #acfb4 ,education of children1 #ajhd4 ,education in infant schools1 #ajhc4 home1 the best for girls1 #acea4 modern1 #acea4 for youth1 #acdg4 ,eggs for children1 #ajdb4 ,enema apparatus 7note71 #abfb4 ,engravings in nurseries1 #ajee4 ,eruptions about the mouth1 #abhi4 ,excoriations1 applications for1 #ajba4 best remedy for1 #ajba4 ,exercise1 #ajge1 #aagb1 #accg4 best composing medicine1 #ajib4 for children1 #ajgb4 in wet weather1 #aage4 on violently tossing infants1 #ajgg4 horse and pony1 #acci4 an infant himself taking1 #ajgf4 in wet weather1 #ajge4 for youth1 #acch4 ,fecal matter in pump-water1 #abch4 ,fainting1 #achc4 from constipation1 #achd4 from debility1 #achd4 from disordered stomach1 #achd4 ,falling off of hair1 #acbg4 ,falls on the head1 #abii4 ,fashion1 dangerous effects of strictly attending to1 #acca4 the present1 of dressing children1 #aaca4 ,fashionable desiderata for complexion1 #acig4 ,favoritism1 #ajfg4 ,feeding infants1 proper times for1 at breast1 #ajdc4 ,feet1 smelling1 #acie4 sweating1 #acie4 tender1 #acie4 ,female dress1 #acca4 ,fire1 on a child playing with1 #acjb4 danger of back to1 #aaec4 in night nursery1 #aaij4 the manner of extinguishing1 if clothes be on1 #acjb4 guards1 #aaeb1 #acjb4 ,fire-proof1 making dresses1 #acjc4 ,flannel night-gowns1 #aabf4 shirts for a delicate child1 #aabf4 waistcoats1 #acbh4 ,flatulence1 remedies for1 #ajig1 #abid4 ,fleas1 to drive away1 #abgb4 ,flute1 bugle1 and other wind instruments1 #acdd4 ,fly-pole1 #acde4 ,fog1 on sending child out in1 #aage4 ,folly of giving physic after vaccination1 #ajfa4 ,food1 artificial1 during suckling1 #ajdc4 care in preparing infants'1 #ajda4 for dry-nursed infants1 #ajcf1 #ajdf4 for infants who are sucking1 #ajcf4 ,frightening a child1 #aaei4 ,fruit1 as an aperient1 #abeh4 ,garters impede circulation1 #aabh4 ,gin or peppermint in infants' food1 #ajee4 ,giving joy to a child1 #aafb4 ,glass1 a child swallowing broken1 #acaf4 ,gluttony1 #accg4 ,glycerin soap1 #abha4 ,goat's milk1 #ajdf4 ,godfrey's ,cordial1 #ajih4 poisoning by1 treatment1 #acac4 ,grazed skin1 #acab4 ,green dresses poisonous1 #aaee1 #accb4 paper-hangings for nurseries1 #aaee4 8,gripings0 of infants1 #ajih4 8,gross superstition10 #abcj4 ,gums1 the lancing of the1 #ajfd4 ,gum-boil1 cause and treatment1 #acia4 ,gum-sticks1 the best1 #ajfg4 ,gymnasium1 value of1 #acdc4 ,hair1 the best application for the1 #acbf4 falling off1 #acbg4 making tidy1 #acbg4 ,half-washed and half-starved child1 #aagg4 ,hand-swing1 #acde4 ,happiness to a child1 #aafb4 ,happy child1 #aafc4 ,hard's ,farinaceous ,food1 #ajch4 ,hardening of children's constitutions1 #aabf4 of infants1 #ajgh4 ,hats for a child1 the best kind1 #aabd4 ,hawthorne1 ,nathaniel1 on ,american ladies1 #acih4 ,head1 fall upon1 #abii4 ,heat1 external application of1 #abie4 ,hiccoughs of infants1 #aajj4 ,hints conducive to the well-doing of a child1 #aaeg4 ,home of childhood--the nursery1 #aaeg4 ,hooping-cough1 #abdc4 obstinate1 #abdh4 treatment of1 #abde4 ,horse exercise for boys or girls1 #acci4 and pony exercise1 #acci4 ,hot-water bag or bottle1 #abie4 ,household work for girls1 #acee4 ,hydrophobia1 #acji4 ,hysterics1 #adjj1 #adjb4 ,india-rubber hot-water bottle1 #abie4 ,infants should be encouraged to use exertion1 #ajgf4 ,infant schools1 #aahc4 ,ipecacuanha wine1 preservation of1 #abje4 ,ladies 8affecting the saddle10 #acdd4 ,laudanum1 poisoning by1 #acac4 ,law1 physic1 and divinity1 #acef4 ,leaden cisterns1 #aadc4 ,learning without health1 #abge4 ,leech-bites1 the way to restrain bleeding from1 #aaag4 ,lessons for child1 #aahj4 ,lice in head after illness1 #abga4 ,light1 best artificial1 for nursery1 #aaef4 the importance of1 to health1 #aaef4 ,lime in the eye1 #acjg4 to harden the bones1 #abhh4 ,lime-water and milk1 #aadj4 8,looseness of the bowels10 the treatment of1 #aaja4 ,love of children1 #aafd4 ,lucifer matches1 the poisonous effects of1 #aaef1 #acja4 ,luncheon for a child1 #aadj4 ,lungs1 inflammation of1 #aabf1 #abji4 precautions to prevent1 #abgc4 symptoms of1 #abji4 treatment of1 #abji4 ,lying lips of a child1 #aafg4 ,mad dog1 the bite of1 #acji4 description of1 #acaj4 ,magnesia to cool a child1 #ajif4 ,massacre of innocents1 #ajde4 ,mattresses1 horse-hair1 best for child1 #aahh4 ,meals1 a child's1 #aadd4 ,measles1 #abbc4 and scarlet fever1 #abbg4 treatment of1 #abbd4 ,meat1 daily1 on giving1 #accc4 raw1 in long-standing diarrha1 #abfb4 in exhaustive diseases1 #abfb4 when a child should commence taking1 #aacb4 ,meddlesome treatment1 #abia4 ,medical man1 a mother's treatment toward1 #abia4 ,medicine1 the best way of administering1 #abfd4 on giving new-born infants1 #ajhe4 on making palatable 7note71 #abfe4 ,menstruating female during suckling1 #ajdh4 ,mercury1 on the danger of parents giving1 #ajid1 #ache4 ,milk1 on the importance of having it from ,,one cow1 #ajcf1 #ajdf4 bad1 very nasty1 #aach4 for babe indispensable1 #ajdh4 or meat1 or both1 #aaci4 a plan to make a child take1 #aaci4 the value of1 for children1 #aacf4 a way to prevent1 turning sour1 #aadj4 crust1 #abhi4 ,mismanaged baby1 #ajad4 ,modified small-pox and chicken-pox1 #abdb4 ,mother1 fretting1 injurious to infant1 #ajec4 a foolish1 #ajhc4 of many diseases1 #acgg4 ,mother's and cow's milk1 on mixing1 #ajcf4 ,motions1 healthy1 of babe1 #aajj4 ,mumps1 #abea4 ,napkins1 when to dispense with1 #ajhd4 ,nature's physic1 #aaah4 ,navel1 management of the1 #ajbd4 rupture of1 #ajbe4 ,nervous and unhappy young ladies1 #acie4 ,nettle-rash1 #aajh4 ,new-born infants and aperients1 #ajhe4 ,night-terrors1 #aaei4 ,nose1 removal of foreign substances from1 #acae4 bleeding from1 means to restrain1 #acha4 ,nurse1 on the choice of a1 #aaeh4 a lazy1 #aafa4 strong and active1 #aaeh4 young1 not desirable1 #aaeh4 for the sick1 #abfi4 ,nursery-basin1 #ajag4 ,nursery a child's own domain1 #aaeg1 #aagi4 selection1 warming1 ventilation1 arrangements of1 #aaej4 ,nursery of a sick child1 #abff4 on the light of a1 #aaef4 must be airy1 #aaea4 observations1 further1 #aaea4 windows to be often opened1 #aaef4 ,opium1 a case of poisoning by1 #ajgd4 the danger of administering1 to infants1 #ajih4 the treatment of poisoning by1 #acac4 ,over-education1 #aahd4 ,paint-boxes dangerous as toys1 #aahj4 ,peevishness of a child1 the plan to allay1 #aafd4 ,perambulators1 #aagc4 ,physicking a child1 on the frequent1 #aaah4 ,pies and puddings1 #aacc4 ,pimples of the face1 treatment of1 #acij4 ,pin1 on a child's swallowing1 #acag4 ,play1 a course of education in1 #aahe4 ,play-grounds for children1 #aahb4 and play1 #aahb4 ,pleasant words to a child1 #aaff4 ,poisoning1 accidental1 #acac4 by the breath1 #aahi4 ,poppy-syrup1 #ajih4 ,pork1 an improper meat for children1 #aada4 ,position of a sleeping child1 #aaij4 ,potatoes for children1 #aadb4 ,poultice1 a white-bread1 #abig4 ,powder1 8dusting10 #ajbj4 ,precocity of intellect1 #acff4 ,precocious youths1 the health of1 #acfg4 ,princess of ,wales and her baby 7note71 #ajbb4 ,professions and trades1 #acee4 ,proper person to wash an infant1 #ajbb4 ,prunes1 the best way of stewing1 #abeh4 ,profession or trade1 choice of1 for delicate youth1 #acee4 delicate youths should be brought up to1 #aceg4 ,puddings for children1 #aacc4 ,quack medicines1 #ajih4 ,quacking an infant1 #ajif4 ,quicklime in eye1 #acjg4 ,red-gum1 #aaji4 ,respiration1 products of1 poisonous1 #acei4 ,rest1 the best time for a child to retire to1 #aahi4 ,revaccination1 importance of1 #ajeg4 every seven years1 #ajeg4 ,rheumatic fever1 flannel vest and drawers1 #acbh4 ,ribs1 bulging out of1 #acga4 ,rice1 prepared as an infant's food1 #ajci4 ,richardson1 ,dr41 ether spray1 #achb4 ,rickets1 #abhe4 various degrees of1 #abhf4 ,rocking-chairs1 and rockers to cradle1 #ajgi4 ,rocking infants to sleep1 #ajgh4 ,rooms1 ill effects of dark1 #aaef4 ,round shoulders1 #abge1 #acgj4 ,round-worm1 #abhb4 ,running scall1 #abhi4 ,rupture1 #ajbf1 #ajbg4 ,rusks1 #ajci4 ,sallowness1 cause of1 in young girls1 #acch4 ,salt water and fresh water1 #acbd4 ,salt should be added to an infant's food1 #ajdb4 bag of hot1 #abie4 necessary to human life1 #abhd4 meats for children1 #aada4 ,salt and water ablutions for a delicate child1 #aabc4 for teeth and gums1 #acfd4 ,scalds and burns1 #acjc4 of mouth1 #acjd4 ,scarlatina1 #abbf4 ,scarlet fever1 #abbf4 the contagion of1 #abcg4 the danger of giving aperients in1 #abbg4 the dropsy of1 #abbg1 #abcg4 management of child after1 #abcf4 and measles1 the importance of distinguishing between1 #abbi4 the principal danger of1 #abbg4 purification of house after1 #abch4 treatment of1 #abbi4 ,schools1 female boarding1 #acea4 public1 #acej4 ,screaming in sleep1 #abej4 ,scrofula1 #acfg4 prevention of1 #acfh4 ,scurfy head1 #aabb4 ,sea bathing and fresh water bathing1 #acbd4 for a young child1 #abfd4 ,secrets1 talking1 before child1 #aahg4 ,senna as an aperient1 #abee4 ,shivering fit1 importance of attending to a1 #abdi4 treatment of1 #abej4 ,shoes1 plan to waterproof1 #acbi4 preferable to boots1 #aabh4 and stockings for children and youths1 #aabg1 #acbi4 the ill effects of tight1 #aabh4 8,shortening0 an infant1 #ajcb4 ,shoulder-blades 8growing out10 #abge4 ,sick child1 the nursing of a1 #abfe4 not to be stuffed with food1 #abfi4 ,sick-room1 management of1 #abfe4 ,sickness of infants1 #aaaj4 ,singing and reading aloud1 #acdf4 beneficial to a child1 #aahg4 ,single-stick1 #acdb4 ,sitting with back to fire1 #aaec4 ,sitz-bath1 for protrusion of bowels1 #abfj4 ,skating for boys and girls1 #acde4 ,skin1 grazed1 #acab4 ,sleeping-rooms1 importance of well ventilating1 #acei4 ,sleep of children1 #aahh4 infants1 #ajgg4 in middle of day beneficial1 #aahh4 much1 necessary for infants1 #ajhj4 temperature of infant's bedroom during1 #ajgg4 right time of putting a child to1 #aahi4 rocking infants to1 #ajgg4 ,sleep of youth1 #acfb4 ,slippers1 the best for sick-room 7note71 #abfi4 ,small-pox1 #ajef4 a pest and disgrace1 #ajeg4 modified1 #abdj4 when in neighborhood1 #ajei4 to prevent pitting of1 #abgi4 ,smothering of infants1 the cause1 #ajhb4 ,socks and stockings for a child1 #aabg4 ,soda1 ill effects of washing clothes with1 #ajba4 ,sounds1 joyful1 #aafc4 ,soups and broths1 #abed4 ,speak gently to a child1 #aafe4 ,spencer1 a knitted worsted1 #acga4 ,spines1 distorted1 #aahh1 #acga4 injury to1 #abii4 curvature of1 #ajca4 twisted1 #abge4 ,spirits1 deadly effects of1 to the young1 #acce4 ,spitting of blood1 #acgb1 #acgd4 precautions1 #acgg4 ,spurious croup1 #abjf4 ,stammering1 cause of1 #aafi4 cure of1 #aagj4 ,stays1 the ill effects of1 #accj4 ,stillness of sick-room1 #abfi4 ,sting of bee or wasp1 #acab4 ,stir-about and milk1 #aacf4 ,stockings and shoes1 #aabg1 #acbi4 ,stooping in a girl1 #acgj4 ,stopping of chimneys1 #aaga1 #abff4 ,stuffing a sick child with food1 #abfi4 8,stuffing of the nose10 of infants1 #aaaj4 8,sty10 treatment of1 #abee4 ,suckling1 the proper times of1 #ajce4 ,suet-pudding1 #aacc4 ,sugar for infants1 #ajdb1 #ajee4 confectionery1 #aadh4 raw1 as an aperient1 #ajef4 ,sunstroke1 #aabe4 ,sunday1 #aaha4 ,supper for a child and for a youth1 #aadd1 #accf4 ,surfeit water and saffron tea1 #abbd4 ,sweetmeats and cakes1 #aadh4 ,swimming1 on boys and girls1 #acbb4 ,symptoms of serious diseases1 #aaie4 ,tape-worm1 #abhb4 ,taste for things refined1 #aaef4 ,tea1 on giving a child1 #aadg4 green1 the ill effects of1 #aadg1 #accf4 ,teeth1 attention to1 importance of1 #acfd4 child should not have meat until he have cut several1 #aacb4 the diet of a child who has cut all his1 #aacb4 and gums1 #acfd4 right way of brushing1 #acfe4 appearance and number of first set of1 #ajfc4 appearance and number of second set of1 #aaid4 second crop of1 #aaid4 ,teething1 #ajfb4 ,teething1 eruptions from1 #ajgd4 frequent cause of sickness1 #aaaa4 fruitful source of disease1 #ajgj4 purging during1 #ajgc4 restlessness from1 #abid4 second1 #aaid4 symptoms and treatment of painful1 #ajga4 in town and country1 #ajgc4 ,temperature and ventilation of a nursery1 #aaej4 of a warm bath1 #abid4 ,thread-worm1 #abhb4 ,throats1 sore1 precautions to prevent1 #acgj4 ,thrush1 cause1 symptoms1 prevention1 and cure of1 #aaab4 ,thumb1 best gum-stick1 #ajfg4 ,tight bands1 belts1 and hats1 #aabd4 ,tight lacing1 the ill effects of1 #accj4 ,times for suckling an infant1 #ajce4 ,tobacco smoking for boys1 #achj4 cases illustrating the danger of1 #acha4 ,toe-nails1 the right way of cutting1 #aacj4 ,tongue-tied1 an infant1 #ajcd4 8,tooth-cough10 #ajgd4 ,tooth-powder1 an excellent1 #acfd4 ,top crust of bread as infant's food1 #ajci4 ,tous-les-mois1 #ajcg4 ,toys1 children's1 #aaha4 painted with arsenic1 #aaee1 #aahj4 ,trade or profession for delicate youth1 #aceh4 ,treatment of a delicate child1 #abfc4 of some urgent serious diseases1 #ajhg1 #aaif4 ,truth1 the love of1 #aafg4 ,tub1 commencement of washing infant in1 #ajag4 ,tumbling and rolling of a child1 #aagf4 ,vaccination1 #ajef4 ,veal for a child1 #aada4 ,vegetables for a child1 #aadb4 ,ventilation1 and on stopping of chimneys1 #aaga1 #abff4 and sleep1 #acei4 of a nursery1 #aaea4 ,violet powder1 #ajbj4 ,walking1 on the early1 of infants1 #aagb4 exercise1 value of1 #acch4 in his sleep1 a child1 #aaic4 ,warm baths for children1 #abid4 external applications1 #abie4 ,warts1 #acid4 ,washing of a child1 #aabj4 an infant1 #ajaf4 a new-born infant's head with brandy1 #ajah4 a nursery floor1 #aaed4 ,wasp1 the sting of a1 #acab4 ,water1 on the importance of good1 #aadc4 on the brain1 #aaii4 -closet1 on going regularly to1 #achg1 #achi4 cold and warm1 for ablution1 #aaai4 ,weaned child1 the diet of a1 #ajed4 ,weaning1 proper time and manner of1 #ajec1 #ajed4 ,weather1 on a child almost living in the air in fine1 #aage4 on sending a child out in wet1 #aage4 ,weight of new-born infants 7note71 #ajhj4 ,wet-flannel application1 #abif4 ,wet-nurse1 #ajde4 for feeble babe1 #ajdi4 8,wetting the bed0 during sleep1 #abgg4 ,wheezing of a new-born infant1 #ajhe4 ,white lily leaf for bruises1 #abii4 ,windows of a nursery1 #aaef4 ,windpipe1 foreign substance in1 #acag4 ,wine for children and youths1 #aadf1 #acce4 ,winter clothing1 #aacj4 ,woolen garments1 #aabf1 #acbg4 ,worms1 #abhb4 quack medicines for1 #abhc4 ,,the ,,end4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,shakspeare4 ,footnote #b3 ,martial4 ,footnote #c3 ,the ,nurse2 a ,poem4 ,translated from the ,italian of ,luigi ,tansillo by ,william ,roscoe4 ,footnote #d3 ,good ,words1 ,july1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #e3 ,emerson4 ,footnote #f3 ,douglas ,jerrold4 ,footnote #g3 ,shakspeare4 ,footnote #h3 ,chesterfield4 ,footnote #i3 ,from a notice of this work in ,the ,reader of #adth ,february #ahfc4 ,footnote #aj3 8,the whole world around us1 and the whole world within us1 are ruled by law40--,the ,duke of ,argyle1 ,good ,words1 ,january1 #ahfe4 ,footnote #aa3 ,the ,family ,friend1 vol4 i4 ,london3 ,houlston ,stoneman4 ,footnote #ab3 8,the indulgences and vices of prosperity are far more fatal than the privations entailed by any ,english form of distress40--,the ,times1 ,feb4 #c;d1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #ac3 ,from a notice of this work in ,the ,reader of #adth ,february #ahfc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,which may be procured of any respectable ironmonger4 ,footnote #ae3 ,a nursery-basin 7,wedgewood's make is considered the best7 holding six or eight quarts of water1 according to the size of the patient--whether she be either a little or a large woman4 ,it will only be necessary to fill it about one-third full with water3 this1 of course1 is only for the sitz-bath--the sitting-bath4 ,the same basin for the previous washing ought to have been three parts full of water4 ,footnote #af3 ,rock-salt makes the strongest bath1 but is much more difficult to dissolve in the water than either table salt or bay salt--the two latter being so readily dissolved4 ,footnote #ag3 ,armstrong4 ,footnote #ah3 ,there is an admirable review in the ,spectator 7,feb4 #agth1 #ahff7 of a work on ,the ,breakfast ,book1 in which the reviewer proves the importance of people making good and substantial breakfasts1 and in which he indicates the kinds most suitable for the purpose4 ,i have1 in the text1 availed myself of many of his valuable suggestions4 ,footnote #ai3 ,for the preservation of the teeth and gums1 see ,pye ,chavasse's ,advice to a ,mother on the ,management of her ,children1 under the head of 8,on the ,teeth and the ,gums40 ,footnote #bj3 ,armstrong4 ,footnote #ba3 ,armstrong4 ,footnote #bb3 ,milton4 ,footnote #bc3 ,longfellow4 ,footnote #bd3 ,coleridge4 ,footnote #be3 ,byron4 ,footnote #bf3 ,pye ,chavasse's ,advice to a ,mother1 ,ninth ,edition4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ecclesiastes1 v4 #ab4 ,footnote #bh3 ,light4 ,by ,forbes ,winslow1 ,m4,d4 ,footnote #bi3 ,i have entered so fully into the evil effects of tight lacing in my other book1 ,advice to a ,mother1 that ,i consider it quite unnecessary to say more in this place on the subject4 ,moreover1 it is not so necessary now as in the early editions of my two works to dwell upon the subject1 as1 ,i am happy to say1 the evil effects of tight lacing are at the present time better understood4 ,stays used to be formidable-looking apparatuses2 indeed1 they were instruments of torture4 ,now they are more simple1 and therefore more suitable4 ,footnote #cj3 ,from a notice of this work in ,the ,reader of #adth of ,february1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,cowper4 ,footnote #cb3 ,from a notice of this work in ,the ,reader of #adth of ,february1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #cc3 ,poems1 by the author of ,the ,patience of ,hope4 ,footnote #cd3 ,longfellow4 ,footnote #ce3 8,hold idleness to be the mother of sin2 it both robs thee of the good thou hast and hinders thee of what thou hast not40--8,on some ,guesses at ,truth10 in ,good ,words1 ,june1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #cf3 ,cowper4 ,footnote #cg3 ,tennyson4 ,footnote #ch3 ,proverbs1 xxxi4 #ag4 ,footnote #ci3 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson4 ,footnote #dj3 8,a pale1 delicate face1 and clear eyes1 indicative of consumption1 are the fashionable desiderata at present for complexion40--,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,footnote #da3 ,byron4 ,footnote #db3 ,sir ,egerton ,brydges4 ,footnote #dc3 ,dr4 ,grosvenor4 ,footnote #dd3 8,in the human female1 the period of puberty1 or of commencing aptitude for procreation1 is usually between the thirteenth and sixteenth years4 ,it is generally thought to be somewhat earlier in warm climates than in cold1 and in densely populated manufacturing towns than in thinly populated agricultural districts4 ,the mental and bodily habits of the individual have also considerable influence upon the time of its occurrence2 girls brought up in the midst of luxury or sensual indulgence undergoing this change earlier than those reared in hardihood and self-denial40--,dr4 ,carpenter's ,human ,physiology4 ,footnote #de3 8,some curious facts come to light in the ,scotch ,registrar-,general's report in reference to prolific mothers4 ,one mother1 who was only eighteen1 had four children2 one1 who was twenty-two1 had seven children2 and of two who were only thirty-four1 one had thirteen and the other fourteen children2 and1 on the other hand1 two women became mothers as late in life as at fifty-one1 and four at fifty-two2 and one mother was registered as having given birth to a child in the fifty-seventh year of her age40 ,footnote #df3 ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,nov4 #bast1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,it is very unusual1 in this climate1 for a girl to become a mother until she be seventeen or eighteen years of age4 ,a case has just occurred1 however 7#ahfd71 where a girl became a mother before she reached her fourteenth year4 ,in his last report to the ,registrar-,general1 the registrar for ,park district1 ,sheffield1 says3 8,i have registered the birth of a child in my district this quarter1 the age of the mother being only thirteen years and ten months4 ,she was employed in a cotton mill in the neighborhood of ,manchester40 ,footnote #dh3 ,de ,quincey4 ,footnote #di3 ,exposition of the ,signs and ,symptoms of ,pregnancy4 ,footnote #ej3 8,the catamenial discharge1 as it issues from the uterus womb1 appears to be nearly or quite identical with ordinary blood2 but in its passage through the vagina it becomes mixed with the acid mucus exuded from its walls1 which usually deprives it of the power of coagulating4 ,if the discharge should be profuse1 however1 a portion of its fibrin remains unaffected1 and clots are formed40--,dr4 ,carpenter's ,human ,physiology4 ,footnote #ea3 ,dr4 ,david ,d4 ,davis was physician-accoucheur in attendance at the birth of her present ,majesty4 ,footnote #eb3 ,with regard to the origin of the word enceinte1 ,dr4 ,montgomery1 in his valuable ,exposition of the ,signs and ,symptoms of ,pregnancy1 observes3 8,many a one who confesses1 with a smile or a blush1 that she is enceinte1 would do well to remember the origin of the word she uses4 ,it was the habit of the ,roman ladies to wear a tight girdle or cincture round their waists2 but when pregnancy occurred1 they were required by law--at least that of opinion--to remove this restraint2 and hence a woman so situated was said to be incincta1 or unbound1 and hence also the adoption of the term enceinte to signify a state of pregnancy40 ,footnote #ec3 8,william ,hunter had such faith in this sign that he always asserted he could judge by it alone whether or not a woman was pregnant40--,signs and ,diseases of ,pregnancy4 7,dr4 ,tanner47 ,footnote #ed3 ,dr4 ,denman4 ,footnote #ee3 ,this work is exclusively intended for the perusal of wives2 ,i beg1 however1 to observe that there is one sign of pregnancy which ,i have not pointed out1 but which to a medical man is very conclusive2 ,i mean the sounds of the ftal heart1 indicated by the stethoscope4 ,moreover1 there are other means besides the stethoscope known to a doctor1 by which he can with certainty tell whether a woman be pregnant or otherwise1 but which would be quite out of place to describe in a popular work of this kind4 ,footnote #ef3 ,the bidet may be procured of a cabinet-maker1 the sitz-bath of a furnishing ironmonger4 ,footnote #eg3 ,burton4 ,footnote #eh3 ,abernethy4 ,footnote #ei3 ,popular ,science ,review4 ,footnote #fj3 ,these pills and all medicines prescribed in this book ought to be prepared by a chemist4 ,footnote #fa3 ,the hot-water bag1 or bottle as it is sometimes called1 is composed of vulcanized india-rubber1 and is made purposely to hold very hot water4 ,the bag ought not to be more than half filled with water1 as it will then better adapt itself to the shape of the bowels4 ,the water must be hot1 but not boiling hot2 if it should be very hot1 the bag ought to be wrapped in flannel4 ,footnote #fb3 ,take four poppy-heads and four ounces of chamomile blows1 and boil them in four pints of water for half an hour1 to make the fomentation1 which should then be strained1 and made quite hot in a saucepan when required4 ,footnote #fc3 ,waring's ,manual of ,therapeutics4 ,footnote #fd3 ,let the ointments be made by a druggist4 ,footnote #fe3 ,which may be procured either of a medical man or of any respectable surgical-instrument-maker4 ,footnote #ff3 ,domette is a mixture of flannel and cotton4 ,one of good quality should be used for the purpose4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ten grains of powdered alum to half an ounce of chloroform4 ,footnote #fh3 ,camphor julep may be made by putting a few lumps of camphor in a wide-mouthed bottle of cold water2 cork it up1 and let it stand for a few days2 then strain it1 sweeten it with lump sugar1 and it will be fit for use4 ,footnote #fi3 ,a hot-water bag is composed of vulcanized india-rubber1 and is made purposely to hold very hot water--boiling water4 ,it ought only to be half filled with water1 in order that it may adapt itself to the surface of the stomach4 ,the temperature of the water need only be hot1 and not boiling hot4 ,it is a most delightful stomach warmer and comforter1 and should be in every house where there is a family4 ,one great advantage of it is1 that it is1 in a few minutes1 ready for use4 ,it may be procured at any respectable india-rubber warehouse4 ,footnote #gj3 ,dissolve half a teaspoonful of powdered alum in a quarter of a pint of tepid water1 to make the injection4 ,footnote #ga3 ,which may be procured either of a surgical-instrument-maker or of an india-rubber manufacturer4 ,the best kind of india-rubber vaginal syringe is the one purposely made for the patient to use herself4 ,footnote #gb3 ,see pages #dc1 #abd1 and #agb4 ,footnote #gc3 ,see page #aff4 ,footnote #gd3 ,which sitz-bath may be procured of any respectable tinman or furnishing ironmonger4 ,footnote #ge3 ,tanner1 ,on ,signs and ,diseases of ,pregnancy4 ,footnote #gf3 ,i say usually1 for the duration of gestation is very uncertain4 ,dr4 ,reid gives 7in ,the ,lancet of ,july #bjth1 #ahej7 an interesting table of the duration of pregnancy4 ,the table comprises #ejj cases2 out of which numbers1 nearly the half terminated in labor in the fortieth and forty-first weeks4 ,the following is the order in which they occurred3 #bc cases in the #cgth week4 #dh #chth #ha #cith #aca #djth #aab #dast #fc #db;d #bh #dc;d #h #ddth #f #deth ,the above is merely a summary of ,dr4 ,reid's valuable table4 ,footnote #gg3 ,we are informed by ,jourdan and other ,french writers that ,fernel acted on the knowledge of this fact when consulted by ,henry ,,ii4 of ,france as to the best means of rendering his queen1 ,catherine de ,medicis1 fruitful4 ,he advised the king to visit her only immediately after the cessation of the menstrual discharge1 the adoption of which advice was attended with success1 and the queen1 after years of disappointment1 gave birth to a son4--,dr4 ,montgomery4 ,footnote #gh3 ,on the ,signs and ,diseases of ,pregnancy4 ,footnote #gi3 ,braithwaite's ,retrospect4 ,a ,synopsis of ,dr4 ,packman's ,paper on ,impregnation1 in ,the ,lancet1 ,july #ahth1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #hj3 ,belforest4 ,a ,tale of ,english ,country ,life4 ,by the author of ,mary ,powell4 ,london3 ,richard ,bentley4 ,footnote #ha3 ,not ,proven4 ,london3 ,hurst ,blackett4 ,footnote #hb3 8,he that goeth about as a tale-bearer revealeth secrets40--,,prov4 xx #ai4 ,footnote #hc3 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood's ,duties of the ,hospital ,chaplain1 in the ,churchman's ,family ,magazine4 ,footnote #hd3 ,higginson's syringe may be procured either of ,weiss ,son1 ,strand1 ,london1 or of any other respectable surgical-instrument-maker4 ,there are other india-rubber apparatuses besides ,higginson's which will answer a similar purpose4 ,sometimes they are made with two separate and distinct india-rubber pipes1 the one of which is to be used in the administration of an enema1 and the other either for giving an injection up the vagina1 or for washing out the vagina with warm water4 ,the best quality of apparatus ought always to be chosen4 ,it might be procured either of a surgical-instrument-maker or at an india-rubber warehouse4 ,c4 ,mackintosh ,co4's ,patent ,vaginal ,syringe 7,no4 #b size7 is a capital vaginal syringe2 but it will only act as a vaginal1 while ,higginson's and some others will act a double purpose--as an enema and as a vaginal syringe4 ,footnote #he3 ,pye ,chavasse's ,advice to a ,mother4 ,ninth edition4 ,footnote #hf3 ,a ,system of ,midwifery4 ,by ,e4 ,rigby1 ,m4,d4 ,footnote #hg3 8,adam's children must work1 ,eve's children must suffer40--8,on some ,guesses at ,truth10 in ,good ,words1 ,june1 #ahfb4 ,young1 in his ,night ,thoughts1 beautifully expresses the common lot of woman to suffer3 8',tis the common lot2 ,in this shape1 or in that1 has fate entailed ,the mother's throes on all of woman born1 ,not more the children than sure heirs of pain40 ,footnote #hh3 8,through thee have ,i been holden up ever since ,i was born3 thou art he that took me out of my mother's womb2 my praise shall be always of thee40--,the ,psalms of ,david1 lxxi4 #e4 ,footnote #hi3 ,dr4 ,david ,d4 ,davis used1 in his valuable lectures1 strongly to reprobate meddlesome midwifery3 he justly observed that 8accoucheurs were only life-guardsmen to women40 ,a life-guardsman1 while on duty at the palace1 does not interfere with every passer-by1 but only removes those who obstruct the way4 ,footnote #ij3 ,dr4 ,george ,smith1 of ,madras1 communicated an interesting case of the kind to the ,edinburgh ,medical ,journal 7,november1 #ahfb74 ,footnote #ia3 8,like as a woman with child1 that draweth near the time of her delivery1 is in pain1 and crieth out in her pangs40--,isa4 xxvi4 #ag4 ,footnote #ib3 ,a two-ounce pot of unsalted or prepared lard1 as it is usually called1 should1 previously to the labor1 be procured from a chemist4 ,footnote #ic3 ,and may be procured at any india-rubber warehouse or at a baby-linen establishment4 ,footnote #id3 ,dryden4 ,footnote #ie3 ,st4 ,john1 xvi4 #ba4 ,footnote #if3 ,dr4 ,kidd on ,chloroform1 in the ,medical ,press and ,circular1 ,march #adth1 #ahff4 ,footnote #ig3 ,dr4 ,kidd1 in ,dublin ,quarterly4 ,dr4 ,kidd is an authority on chloroform4 ,footnote #ih3 ,the ,theory and ,practice of ,midwifery4 ,by ,fleetwood ,churchill1 ,m4,d4 ,footnote #ii3 8,dr4 ,vose 7of ,liverpool7 said1 that once1 when in the remote valleys of ,westmoreland and ,cumberland1 he used to ask the people how they got on without medical aid1 particularly in regard to midwifery cases4 ,people wondered that he should ask4 ,he found that they had no midwives even2 when a woman begins her troubles1 they told him1 they give her warm beer2 if she is worse1 more warm beer2 but if that fails1 then #8she maun dee4' ,so they give stimulants from the first4 ,one word in the paper read seemed to contain the gist of the matter2 we must treat the patients according to #8common sense4'0--,diet ,suitable after ,childbirth4 ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,december #abth1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,as a rule1 the 8waters break0 just before the head is born1 then there is no fear of a membrane covering the mouth1 as the head passes through the ruptured membrane4 8,in other instances1 the membrane does not burst before the expulsion of the head of the ftus child externally1 which it covers1 and in such cases the infant is said by nurses to be born with a caul1 and this is advertised in the ,london newspapers in our day1 and sold at a high price by midwives1 as it is superstitiously supposed to prevent shipwreck40--,ryan's ,manual of ,midwifery4 ,footnote #aja3 ,shakspeare4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see page #bcb1 paragraph #eed4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,the female slipper may be procured either at any respectable earthenware warehouse1 or of a surgical-instrument-maker4 ,footnote #ajd3 8,the female slipper10 and the ,french bed-pan and the bed-pan of the ,liverpool ,northern ,hospital1 may be procured either at any respectable earthenware warehouse or of a surgical-instrument-maker4 ,footnote #aje3 ,boil two handfuls of marshmallows and two handfuls of chamomile blows in two quarts of water for a quarter of an hour1 and strain4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,which may be obtained either of a surgical-instrument-maker or at an india-rubber warehouse4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,there are few persons who know how to make beef-tea3 let me tell you of a good way4 ,let the cook mince very fine--as fine as sausage-meat--one pound of the shoulder blade of beef1 taking care that every particle of fat be removed2 then let her put the meat either into a saucepan or into a digester with three pepper corns and a pint and a half of cold water2 let it be put on the fire to boil2 let it slowly boil for an hour1 and then let it be strained2 and you will have most delicious beef-tea1 light and nourishing1 grateful to the stomach and palate4 ,when cold1 carefully skim any remaining fat 7if there be any7 from it1 and warm it up when wanted4 ,it is always well1 when practicable1 to make beef-tea the day before it is wanted1 in order to be able to skim it when quite cold4 ,it may be served up with a finger or two of dry toast1 and with salt to suit the taste4 ,sometimes a patient prefers the beef-tea without the pepper corns2 when such be the case1 let the pepper corns be omitted4 ,if you wish your beef-tea to be particularly strong and nourishing1 and if you have any beef bones in the house1 let them be broken up and slowly boiled in a digester for a couple of hours1 or even longer1 with the finely minced-up beef4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,a knuckle of veal boiled in new milk makes a light and nourishing food for a delicate lying-in woman4 ,milk is an admirable article of food for the lying-in room4 ,footnote #aji3 ,letter from ,edward ,crossman1 ,esq41 in ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,nov4 #aith1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,barley-water and new milk1 in equal proportions1 was ,dr4 ,gooch's favorite beverage for a lying-in woman4 8,after the fifth day10 he says1 8the patient should be quite well1 and your visits are merely for the purpose of watching her4 ,women now generally wish for wine or porter4 ,i usually mix good barley-water with milk 7equal parts71 making barley gruel2 and1 presenting this beverage1 ,i tell them1 this is your wine and your porter too2 it will relieve your thirst and sinking at the stomach1 and will manufacture milk better than anything else40 ,footnote #aaa3 ,erasmus ,darwin4 ,footnote #aab3 ,the ,nurse3 a ,poem4 ,footnote #aac3 ,advice to a ,mother on the ,management of her ,children2 the ninth edition4 ,by ,pye ,henry ,chavasse ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,footnote #aad3 ,from an admirable paper on ,health of ,body and ,mind1 in ,good ,words1 ,jan4 #ast1 #ahff4 ,footnote #aae3 ,good ,words1 ,october1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,wordsworth4 ,footnote #aag3 ,prior4 ,footnote #aah3 ,milton4 ,footnote #aai3 ,fenton4 ,footnote #abj3 ,burton4 ,footnote #aba3 ,carlyle's ,inaugural ,address at his installation as ,rector of the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #abb3 ,either of which may be procured of any respectable surgical-instrument-maker4 ,footnote #abc3 ,for much valuable information on this subject1 see ,a ,new and ,rational ,explanation of the ,diseases peculiar to ,infants and ,mothers4 ,by ,thomas ,ballard1 ,m4,d4 ,footnote #abd3 ,two tablespoonfuls of olive oil1 two tablespoonfuls of table salt1 and a pint of warm oatmeal gruel4 ,footnote #abe3 ,dr4 ,william ,parr ,on the ,mortality of ,children4 ,footnote #abf3 ,advice to a ,mother on the ,management of her ,children2 the ninth edition4 ,by ,pye ,henry ,chavasse1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,footnote #abg3 ,advice to a ,mother on the ,management of her ,children the ninth edition4 ,by ,pye ,henry ,chavasse1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,footnote #abh3 ,pye ,chavasse's ,advice to a ,mother4 ,footnote #abi3 ,romeo and ,juliet4 ,footnote #acj3 ,good ,words1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,lindsay ,alexander1 ,march1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #aca3 ,woman's ,mission4 ,footnote #acb3 ,tupper4 ,footnote #acc3 ,a nursery-basin 7,wedgwood's make is considered the best7 holding either six or eight quarts of water1 and which will be sufficiently large to hold the whole body of the child4 ,the basin is generally fitted into a wooden frame1 which will raise it to a convenient height for the washing of the baby4 ,footnote #acd3 ,sir ,charles ,locock strongly recommends that an infant should be washed in a tub from the very commencement4 ,he says3 8,all those that ,i superintend begin with a tub40--,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #ace3 ,mrs4 ,baines 7who has written so much and so well on the ,management of ,children71 in a ,letter to the ,author1 recommends flannel to be used in the first washing of an infant1 which flannel ought afterward to be burned2 and that the sponge should be only used to complete the process1 to clear off what the flannel had already loosened4 ,she also recommends that every child should have his own sponge1 each of which should have a particular distinguishing mark upon it1 as she considers the promiscuous use of the same sponge to be a frequent cause of ophthalmia 7inflammation of the eyes74 ,the sponges cannot be kept too clean4 ,footnote #acf3 ,in one case related by ,koop 7,journ4 de ,pharm41 xx4 #fjc71 a child was destroyed by it4 ,footnote #acg3 #b ,kings1 v4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #ach3 ,communicated by ,sir ,charles ,locock to the ,author4 ,footnote #aci3 8,the ,princess of ,wales might have been seen on ,thursday taking an airing1 in a brougham in ,hyde ,park1 with her baby--the future ,king of ,england--on her lap1 without a nurse1 and accompanied only by ,mrs4 ,bruce4 ,the ,princess seems a very pattern of mothers1 and it is whispered among the ladies of the ,court that every evening the mother of this young gentleman may be seen in a flannel dress1 in order that she may properly wash and put on baby's night-clothes and see him safely in bed4 ,it is a pretty subject for a picture40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,footnote #adj3 ,communicated by ,sir ,charles ,locock to the ,author4 ,footnote #ada3 8,tous-les-mois0 is the starch obtained from the tuberous roots of various species of canna2 and is imported from the ,west ,indies4 ,it is very similar to arrow-root4 ,i suppose it is called 8tous-les-mois10 as it is good to be eaten all the year round4 ,footnote #adb3 ,if there is any difficulty in obtaining prepared oatmeal1 ,robertson's ,patent ,groats will answer equally as well4 ,footnote #adc3 ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,dec4 #ah1 #aheh4 ,footnote #add3 ,the ,cook's ,guide4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,francatelli4 ,footnote #ade3 ,i consider it to be of immense importance to the infant1 that the milk be had from ,,one cow4 ,a writer in the ,medical ,times and ,gazette1 speaking on this subject1 makes the following sensible remarks3 8,i do not know if a practice common among ,french ladies1 when they do not nurse1 has obtained the attention among ourselves which it seems to me to deserve4 ,when the infant is to be fed with cow milk1 that from various cows is submitted to examination by the medical man1 and if possible1 tried on some child1 and when the milk of any cow has been chosen1 no other milk is ever suffered to enter the child's lips1 for a ,french lady would as soon offer to her infant's mouth the breasts of half a dozen wet-nurses in the day1 as mix together the milk of various cows1 which must differ even as the animals themselves1 in its constituent qualities4 ,great attention is also paid to the pasture1 or other food of the cow thus appropriated40--,december #bi1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #adf3 ,for further reasons why artificial food is not desirable at an early period of infancy1 see answer to #ceth question1 p4 #ajdc4 ,footnote #adg3 ,the ,nurse1 a ,poem4 ,translated from the ,italian of ,luigi ,tansillo4 ,by ,william ,roscoe4 ,footnote #adh3 ,liebig1 the great chemist1 asserts that a small quantity of table salt to the food is essential to the health of children4 ,footnote #adi3 ,it now and then happens that if the milk be not boiled1 the motions of an infant are offensive2 when such is the case let the milk be boiled1 but not otherwise4 ,footnote #aej3 8,it should be thin1 and of a bluish-white color1 sweet to the taste1 and when allowed to stand should throw up a considerable quantity of cream40--,maunsell and ,evenson on the ,diseases of ,children4 ,footnote #aea3 ,sir ,charles ,locock considers that a woman who menstruates during lactation is objectionable as a wet-nurse1 and 8that as a mother with her first child is more liable to that objection1 that a second or third child's mother is more eligible than a first40--,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #aeb3 8,the child is poisoned40 8,poisoned6 by whom80 8,by you4 ,you have been fretting40 8,nay1 indeed1 mother4 ,how can ,i help fretting80 8,don't tell me1 ,margaret4 ,a nursing mother has no business to fret4 ,she must turn her mind away from her grief to the comfort that lies in her lap4 ,know you not that the child pines if the mother vexes herself80--,the ,cloister and the ,hearth4 ,by ,charles ,reade4 ,footnote #aec3 ,the previous boiling of the milk will prevent the warmth of the bed turning the milk sour1 which it would otherwise do4 ,footnote #aed3 ,for the first three or four months never1 if you can possibly avoid it1 give artificial food to an infant who is sucking4 ,there is nothing1 in the generality of cases1 that agrees1 for the first few months1 like the mother's milk alone4 ,footnote #aee3 ,communicated by ,sir ,charles ,locock to the author4 ,footnote #aef3 ,dendy4 ,lancet1 ,october #be1 #ahea4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,dr4 ,george ,gregory4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,sir ,charles ,locock1 in a ,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #aei3 ,for the precautions to be used in putting a child into a warm bath1 see the answer to question on 8,warm ,baths40 ,footnote #afj3 ,no family1 where there are young children1 should be without ,fahrenheit's thermometer4 ,footnote #afa3 ,ingoldsby ,legends4 ,footnote #afb3 ,the young of animals seldom suffer from cutting their teeth--and what is the reason8 ,because they live in the open air and take plenty of exercise1 while children are frequently cooped up in close rooms and are not allowed the free use of their limbs4 ,the value of fresh air is well exemplified in the ,registrar-,general's ,report for #ahdc3 he says that in #a1jjj1jjj deaths from all diseases1 #faf occur in the town from teething1 while #abj only take place in the country from the same cause4 ,footnote #afc3 ,see answer to ,question #fc4 ,footnote #afd3 8#8,soothing ,syrup4' ,some of them probably contain opiates1 but a perfectly safe and useful one is a little nitrate of potassa in syrup of roses--one scruple to half an ounce40--,communicated by ,sir ,charles ,locock to the ,author4 ,footnote #afe3 8,i should put this in capitals1 it is so important and so often mistaken40--,c4 ,locock4 ,footnote #aff3 ,i have somewhere read that if a cage1 containing a canary1 be suspended at night within a bed where a person is sleeping1 and the curtains be drawn closely around1 that the bird will1 in the morning1 in all probability be found dead6 ,footnote #afg3 ,the ,nurse1 a ,poem4 ,footnote #afh3 ,it may be interesting to a mother to know the average weight of new-born infants4 ,there is a paper on the subject in the ,medical ,circular 7,april #aj1 #ahfa71 and which has been abridged in ,braithwaite's ,retrospect of ,medicine 7,july and ,december1 #ahfa74 ,the following are extracts3 8,dr4 ,e4 von ,siebold presents a table of the weights of #cjjj infants 7#aehf male and #adad female71 weighed immediately after birth4 ,from this table 7for which we have not space7 it results that by far the greater number of the children 7#bbae7 weighed between #f and #h lbs4 ,from #e to #f lbs4 the number rose from #ii to #bfh2 and from #h to #h lbs4 they fell from #bbf to #fg1 and never rose again at any weight to #ajj4 ,from #h to #i lbs4 they sank from #fa to #h1 rising1 however1 at #i lbs to #ba4 ,only six weighed #aj lbs41 one #aj lbs41 and two #aa lbs4 ,the author has never but once met with a child weighing #aa lbs4 ,the most frequent weight in the #cjjj was #g lbs41 numbering #dbf4 ,it is a remarkable fact1 that until the weight of #g lbs4 the female infants exceeded the males in number1 the latter thenceforward predominating4444 ,from these statements1 and those of various other authors here quoted1 the conclusion may be drawn that the normal weight of a mature new-born infant is not less than #f nor more than #h lbs41 the average weight being #f or #g lbs41 the smaller number referring to female and the higher to male infants40 ,footnote #afi3 ,hints on ,household ,management4 ,by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,l4 ,balfour ,partridge1 ,london4 ,footnote #agj3 ,in a ,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #aga3 ,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #agb3 ,take of--,tincture of aloes1 half an ounce2 ,soap liniment1 one ounce3 ,make a liniment4 ,footnote #agc3 ,sir ,charles ,locock1 in a ,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #agd3 ,take of--,powdered ,turkey ,rhubarb1 half a scruple2 ,carbonate of ,magnesia1 one scruple2 ,simple ,syrup1 three drachms2 ,dill ,water1 eight drachms3 ,make a ,mixture4 ,one or two teaspoonfuls 7according to the age of the child7 to be taken every four hours1 until relief be obtained--first shaking the bottle4 ,footnote #age3 ,see ,symptoms and ,treatment of ,dysentery4 ,footnote #agf3 ,for a rhubarb and magnesia mixture prescription1 see page #ajii 7note74 ,footnote #agg3 ,let the mixture be made by a chemist4 ,footnote #agh3 ,communicated by ,sir ,charles ,locock to the ,author4 ,footnote #agi3 ,let this mixture1 or any other medicine ,i may prescribe1 be always made by a respectable chemist4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,my friend1 the late ,dr4 ,baly1 who had made dysentery his particular study1 considered the combination of opium and castor oil very valuable in dysentery4 ,footnote #aha3 ,see the ,treatment of ,dysentery4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,tennyson4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,sir ,charles ,locock1 in a ,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see ,infancy--,ablution1 page #ajaf4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,the ,lancet1 ,april #be1 #aheg4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,the ,foot and its ,covering4 ,by ,james ,dowie4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,the ,psalms of ,david1 cxliv4 #ab4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,how is milk1 in the making of cheese1 converted into curds8 ,by rennet4 ,what is rennet8 ,the juice of a calf's maw or stomach4 ,the moment the milk enters the human maw or stomach1 the juice of the stomach converts it into curds--into solid food1 just as readily as when it enters a calf's maw or stomach1 and much more readily than by rennet1 as the fresh juice is stronger than the stale4 ,an ignorant mother often complains that because1 when her child is sick1 the milk curdles1 that it is a proof that it does not agree with him6 ,if1 at those times1 it did not curdle1 it would1 indeed1 prove that his stomach was in a wretchedly weak state2 she would1 then1 have abundant cause to be anxious4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,the ,times1 ,september #ai1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #aij3 ,the ,lancet1 ,december #ah1 #aheh4 ,footnote #aia3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #aib3 ,although caraway seeds whole are unwholesome1 yet caraway-tea1 made as recommended at page #ajig1 is an excellent remedy to disperse wind4 ,footnote #aic3 ,christian's ,mistake4 ,by the author of 8,john ,halifax ,gentlemen40 ,footnote #aid3 8,pure air and water are practically the two great elements of health40--,the ,times4 ,footnote #aie3 ,the ,times4 ,footnote #aif3 8,two little girls died in ,london last week from sucking some lucifer matches40--,the ,birmingham ,daily ,gazette1 ,june #ba1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #aig3 ,the ,times1 ,october #e1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #aih3 ,shakspeare4 ,footnote #aii3 ,a ,woman's ,thoughts about ,women4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,tales of a ,wayside ,inn4 ,by ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow4 ,footnote #bja3 ,douglas ,jerrold ,footnote #bjb3 ,tennyson4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,footnote #bjd3 8,but we were gentle among you1 even as a woman cherisheth her children40--,i4 ,thess4 ii4 #g4 ,footnote #bje3 ,household ,verses on ,health and ,happiness4 ,london3 ,jarrold ,sons4 ,i should advise every mother to purchase a copy of this delightful little book4 ,unlike a great deal of poetry1 it is both useful and truthful4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,life's ,problems4 ,london3 ,bell ,dalby4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,the ,leadbeater ,papers4 ,london3 ,bell ,dalby4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,romans1 xii4 #aj4 ,footnote #bji3 ,a ,woman's ,thoughts about ,women4 ,footnote #baj3 ,the ,protoplast4 ,footnote #baa3 ,wordsworth4 ,footnote #bab3 ,goldsmith4 ,footnote #bac3 ,from an excellent article ,about ,toys1 by ,j4 ,hamilton ,fyfe1 in ,good ,words for ,december1 #ahfb1 which ,i should strongly advise a mother to read4 ,footnote #bad3 ,the ,saturday ,review1 ,december #ac1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #bae3 8,according to ,aristotle1 more care should be taken of the body than of the mind for the first seven years2 strict attention to diet be enforced1 etc4444 ,the eye and ear of the child be most watchfully and severely guarded against contamination of every kind1 and unrestrained communication with servants be strictly prevented4 ,even his amusements should be under due regulation1 and rendered as interesting and intellectual as possible40--,the ,rev4 ,john ,williams1 in his ,life and ,actions of ,alexander the ,great4 ,footnote #baf3 ,tennyson4 ,footnote #bag3 ,sir ,charles ,locock in a ,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #bah3 ,geo4 ,m',donald1 ,m4,a4 ,footnote #bai3 ,medical ,times and ,gazette4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,in case of a sudden attack of croup1 instantly give a teaspoonful of ipecacuanha wine1 and repeat it every five minutes until free vomiting be excited4 ,footnote #bba3 ,see 8,warm baths0--directions and precautions to be observed4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,essays and ,notes4 ,churchill4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,if you put your finger into the mouth of a child laboring under inflammation of the lungs1 it is like putting your finger into a hot apple-pie1 the heat is so great4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,see page #abaj4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,diphtheria3 by ,ernest ,hart4 ,a valuable pamphlet on the subject4 ,dr4 ,wade1 of ,birmingham1 has also written an interesting and useful monograph on diphtheria4 ,i am indebted to the above authors for much valuable information4 ,footnote #bbf3 8,now all my carefully conducted inquiries induce me to believe that the disease comes from drain-poison4 ,all the cases into which ,i could fully inquire have brought conviction to my mind that there is a direct law of sequence in some peculiar conditions of atmosphere between diphtheria and bad drainage2 and if this be proved by subsequent investigations1 we may be able to prevent a disease which1 in too many cases1 our known remedies cannot cure40--,w4 ,carr1 ,esq41 ,blackheath4 ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,dec4 #g1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,let the infusion of roses be made merely with the rose-leaves and boiling water4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,see page #abba4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,see page #abaj4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 ,footnote #bca3 ,on the #dth of ,march1 #ahef1 ,i had the honor to read a ,paper on the ,treatment of ,scarlet ,fever before the members of ,queen's ,college ,medico-,chirurgical ,society1 ,birmingham1--which ,paper was afterward published in the ,association ,journal 7,march #ae1 #ahef72 and in ,braithwaite's ,retrospect of ,medicine 7,january-,june1 #ahef72 and in ,ranking's ,half-,yearly ,abstract of the ,medical ,sciences 7,july-,december1 #ahef72 besides in other publications4 ,moreover1 the ,paper was translated into ,german1 and published in ,canstatt's ,jahresbericht1 iv4 #def1 #ahei4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,in the ,times of ,september #d1 #ahfc1 is the following1 copied from the ,bridgewater ,mercury3 8,,gross ,,superstition4--,in one of the streets of ,taunton there resides a man and his wife who have the care of a child4 ,this child was attacked with scarlatina1 and to all appearance death was inevitable4 ,a jury of matrons was1 as it were1 impaneled1 and1 to prevent the child #8dying hard1' all the doors in the house1 all the drawers1 all the boxes1 all the cupboards were thrown wide open1 the keys taken out1 and the body of the child placed under a beam1 whereby a sure1 certain1 and easy passage into eternity could be secured4 ,watchers held their vigils throughout the weary night1 and in the morning the child1 to the surprise of all1 did not die1 and is now gradually recovering40 ,these old women--this jury of matrons--stumbled on the right remedy1 8all the doors in the house 444 were thrown wide open10 and thus they thoroughly ventilated the apartment4 ,what was the consequence8 ,the child who1 just before the opening of the doors1 had all the appearances 8that death was inevitable10 as soon as fresh air was let in1 showed symptoms of recovery1 8and in the morning the child1 to the surprise of all1 did not die1 and is now gradually recovering40 ,there is nothing wonderful--there is nothing surprising to my mind--in all this4 ,ventilation--thorough ventilation--is the grand remedy for scarlatina6 ,oh1 that there were in scarlet fever cases a good many such old women's--such a 8jury of matrons0--remedies6 ,we should not then be horrified1 as we now are1 at the fearful records of death1 which the ,returns of the ,registrar-,general disclose6 ,footnote #bcc3 ,for the prescription of the acidulated infusion of roses with syrup1 see page #abba4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,on the importance1 the vital importance1 of the wearing of flannel next to the skin1 see ,flannel ,waistcoats4 ,footnote #bce3 ,if any of my medical brethren should do me the honor to read these pages1 let me entreat them to try my plan of treating scarlet fever1 as my success has been great4 ,i have given full and minute particulars1 in order that they and mothers 7if mothers cannot obtain medical advice7 may give my plan a fair and impartial trial4 ,my only stipulations are that they must begin with my treatment1 and not mix any other with it1 and carry out my plan to the very letter4 ,i then1 with ,god's blessing1 shall not fear the result2 but shall rejoice that ,i have been of some little service in my generation4 ,footnote #bcf3 8,it would be well if we were to use whitewash in many cases where great cleanness of surface cannot be obtained4 ,we remove in this way1 by an easy method1 much of the dullness and still more of the unwholesomeness of dirt40--,dr4 ,angus ,smith1 in ,good ,words1 ,april1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,quarterly ,report of the ,board of ,health upon ,sickness in the ,metropolis4 ,footnote #bch3 ,vesicles4 ,small elevations of the cuticle1 covering a fluid which is generally clear and colorless at first1 but becomes afterward whitish and opaque1 or pearly4--,watson4 ,footnote #bci3 ,see page #abba4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,for the prescription of the ipecacuanha wine mixture1 see page #abaj4 ,footnote #bda3 ,for the treatment of bronchitis1 see page #abad4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,the above extract from ,tennyson is1 in my humble opinion1 one of the most beautiful pieces of poetry in the ,english language4 ,it is a perfect gem1 and a volume in itself1 so truthful1 so exquisite1 so full of the most valuable reflections3 for instance--7#a7 8,the little rift within the lute10--the little tubercle within the lung1 8that by-and-by will make the music mute1 and ever widening slowly silence all10 and the patient eventually dies of consumption4 7#b7 ,the little rent--the little rift of a very minute vessel in the brain1 produces an attack of apoplexy1 and the patient dies4 7#c7 ,each and all of us1 in one form or another1 sooner or later will have 8the little rift within the lute40 ,but why give more illustrations8 a little reflection will bring numerous examples to my fair reader's memory4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,four poppy-heads and four ounces of chamomile blows to be boiled in four pints of water for half an hour1 and then strained to make the decoction4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,sir ,charles ,locock1 in a ,letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #bde3 ,infusion of senna may be procured of any respectable druggist4 ,it will take about one or two tablespoonfuls1 or even more1 of the infusion 7according to the age of the child and the obstinacy of the bowels71 to act as an aperient4 ,of course you yourself will be able1 from time to time1 as the need arises1 to add the milk and the sugar1 and thus to make it palatable4 ,it ought to be given warm1 so as the more to resemble tea4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,a ,manual of ,practical ,therapeutics4 ,by ,edward ,john ,waring1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,london3 ,john ,churchill and ,sons4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,one part of bran to three parts of flour1 mixed together and made into bread4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,see page #ajid4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,an enema apparatus is an important requisite in every nursery2 it may be procured of any respectable surgical-instrument-maker4 ,the india-rubber enema bottle is1 for a child's use1 a great improvement on the old syringe1 as it is not so likely to get out of order1 and1 moreover1 is more easily used4 ,footnote #bej3 ,blackwood1 ,december1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #bea3 ,if any of my medical brethren should perchance read these ,conversations1 ,i respectfully and earnestly recommend them to take more pains in making medicines for children pleasant and palatable4 ,i am convinced that1 in the generality of instances1 provided a little more care and thought were bestowed on the subject1 it may be done2 and what an amount of both trouble and annoyance it would save6 ,it is really painful to witness the struggles and cries of a child when nauseous medicine is to be given2 the passion and the excitement often do more harm than the medicine does good4 ,footnote #beb3 ,george ,m#8,donald1 ,m4,a4 ,footnote #bec3 ,nurses at these times ought to wear slippers1 and not shoes4 ,footnote #bed3 ,household ,verses on ,health and ,happiness4 ,london3 ,jarrold ,sons4 ,a most delightful little volume4 ,footnote #bee3 ,which fine-tooth comb ought not to be used at any other time except for the purpose of examination1 as the constant use of a fine-tooth comb would scratch the scalp1 and would encourage a quantity of scurf to accumulate4 ,footnote #bef3 ,where milk does not agree1 it may generally be made to do so by the addition of one part of lime-water to seven parts of new milk4 ,moreover1 the lime will be of service in hardening his bones2 and in these cases1 the bones require hardening4 ,footnote #beg3 ,which may be procured at any respectable india-rubber warehouse4 ,footnote #beh3 ,take of--,spirits of ,turpentine1 three drachms2 ,camphorated ,oil1 nine drachms3 ,mix for a ,liniment4 ,for an adult1 four drachms of the former1 and eight of the latter1 may be used4 ,if the child be young1 or if the skin be very tender1 the camphorated oil may be used without the turpentine4 ,footnote #bei3 ,wilson1 on ,healthy ,skin4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,rain water ought always to be used in the washing of a child2 pump-water is likely to chap the skin1 and to make it both rough and irritable4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,sometimes1 if the child's skin be very irritable1 the glycerin requires diluting with water--say1 two ounces of glycerin to be mixed in a bottle with four ounces of spring water--the bottle to be well shaken just before using it4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,one frequent1 if not the most frequent1 cause of tape-worm is the eating of pork1 more especially if it be underdone4 ,underdone pork is the most unwholesome food that can be eaten1 and is the most frequent cause of tape-worm known4 ,underdone beef also gives tape-worm2 let the meat1 therefore1 be well and properly cooked4 ,these facts ought to be borne in mind1 as prevention is always better than cure4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,the ,grocer4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,shakspeare4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,tennyson4 ,footnote #bff3 ,every house where there are children ought to have one of these india-rubber hot water bottles4 ,it may be procured at any respectable vulcanized india-rubber warehouse4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,south's ,household ,surgery4 ,footnote #bfh3 8,it has been computed that upwards of #ajjj children are annually burned to death by accident in ,england40 ,footnote #bfi3 ,the cotton wool here recommended is that purposely made for surgeons1 and is of a superior quality to that in general use4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,if there be no other lard in the house but lard with salt1 the salt may be readily removed by washing the lard in cold water4 ,prepared lard--that is to say1 lard without salt--can1 at any moment1 be procured from the nearest druggist in the neighborhood4 ,footnote #bga3 ,see the ,lancet for ,october #ajth1 #agth1 and #bdth1 #ahdj4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,a stick of pointed nitrate of silver1 in a case1 ready for use1 may be procured of any respectable chemist4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,which may be instantly procured of a druggist1 as he always keeps it ready prepared4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,a ,bee-master4 ,the ,times1 ,july #bh1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #bge3 ,shaw's ,medical ,remembrancer1 by ,hutchinson4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,a tepid bath from #fb to #if degrees of ,fahrenheit4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,a warm bath from #ig to #ajj degrees of ,fahrenheit4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,health4 ,by ,john ,brown1 ,m4,d4 ,edinburgh3 ,alexander ,strahan ,co4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,several years ago1 while prosecuting my anatomical studies in ,london ,university ,college ,dissecting-rooms1 on opening a young woman1 ,i discovered an immense indentation of the liver large enough to admit a rolling-pin1 entirely produced by tight lacing6 ,footnote #bhj3 ,dryden4 ,footnote #bha3 ,sir ,w4 ,temple4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,goldsmith's ,essays4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,geoffry ,hamlyn4 ,by ,h4 ,kingsley4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,proverbs1 xx4 #bi4 ,footnote #bhe3 8,i would have given him1 ,captain ,fleming1 had he been my son10 quoth old ,pearson the elder1 8such a good sound drubbing as he never would have forgotten--never60 8,pooh6 pooh6 my good sir4 ,don't tell me4 ,never saw flogging in the navy do good4 ,kept down brutes2 never made a man yet40--,dr4 ,norman ,macleod in ,good ,words1 ,may1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,the ,birmingham ,journal4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,a ,woman's ,thoughts about ,women4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,if a girl has an abundance of good nourishment1 the school-mistress must1 of course1 be remunerated for the necessary and costly expense2 and how this can be done on the paltry sum charged at cheap boarding-schools8 ,it is utterly impossible6 ,the school-mistress will live1 even if the girls be half-starved4 ,and what are we to expect from poor and insufficient nourishment to a fast-growing girl1 and at the time of life1 remember1 when she requires an extra quantity of good sustaining1 supporting food8 ,a poor girl1 from such treatment1 becomes either consumptive or broken down in constitution1 and from which she never recovers1 but drags out a miserable existence4 ,a cheap boarding-school is dear at any price4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,a horse-hair mattress should always be preferred to a feather bed4 ,it is not only better for the health1 but it improves the figure4 ,footnote #bij3 ,spare ,hours4 ,by ,john ,brown1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,footnote #bia3 ,household ,verses on ,health and ,happiness4 ,london3 ,jarrold and ,sons4 ,footnote #bib3 ,hurdis's ,village ,curate4 ,footnote #bic3 ,shakspeare4 ,footnote #bid3 ,todd's ,student's ,guide4 ,footnote #bie3 ,sir ,astley ,cooper's ,lectures on ,scrofula4 ,footnote #bif3 ,i4 ,chronicles1 xxi4 #ac4 ,footnote #big3 ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b41 ,fraser's ,magazine1 ,october1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #bih3 ,shakspeare4 ,footnote #bii3 ,the ,times1 ,may #af1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,winter in the ,south of ,europe4 ,by ,j4 ,henry ,bennett4 ,third ,edition4 ,london3 ,churchill and ,sons1 #ahfe4 ,footnote #cja3 ,a wineglassful of barm1 a wineglassful of vinegar1 and the remaining sage tea1 to make a half-pint bottle of gargle4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,december #aj1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,shakspeare knew the great importance of not crowding around a patient who has fainted4 ,he says3 8,so play the foolish throngs with one that swoons2 ,come all to help him1 and so stop the air ,by which he should revive40 ,measure for ,measure1 ,act ii4 sc4 #d4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,for the best way of stewing prunes1 see page #abeh4 ,footnote #cje3 ,professor ,trousseau in ,medical ,circular1 ,feb4 #e1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,exodus1 v4 #ab4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,wilson on ,healthy ,skin4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,four poppy-heads and four ounces of chamomile blows to be boiled in four pints of water for half an hour1 and then to be strained to make the fomentation4 ,footnote #cji3 ,cut a piece of bread1 about the size of the little finger--without breaking it into crumb--pour boiling hot milk upon it1 cover it over1 and let it stand for five minutes1 then apply the soaked bread over the gum-boil1 letting it rest between the cheek and the gum4 ,footnote #caj3 ,as long as fashion1 instead of common sense1 is followed in the making of both boots and shoes1 men and women will as a matter of course suffer from corns4 ,it has often struck me as singular1 when all the professions and trades are so overstocked1 that there should be1 as there is in every large town1 such a want of chiropodists 7corn-cutters7--of respectable chiropodists--of men who would charge a fixed sum for every visit the patient may make2 for instance1 to every working-man a shilling1 and to every gentleman half a crown or five shillings for each sitting1 and not for each corn 7which latter system is a most unsatisfactory way of doing business74 ,i am quite sure that if such a plan were adopted1 every town of any size in the kingdom would employ regularly one chiropodist at least4 ,however we might dislike some few of the ,american customs1 we may copy them with advantage in this particular--namely1 in having a regular staff of chiropodists both in civil and in military life4 ,footnote #caa3 ,youth--,ablution1 page #acba4 ,footnote #cab3 ,a very small quantity of pure nitric acid--just a drain at the bottom of a stoppered bottle--is all that is needed1 and which may be procured of a chemist4 ,footnote #cac3 ,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,footnote #cad3 ,the ,round ,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,retained archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #c4 ,reindexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter4 #d4 ,renumbered pages 8,advice to a ,mother0 by adding #ajjj4 #e4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #f4 ,enclosed blackletter font in equals4