9999 ,transcrib]'s ,notes 9999 ,und]scores m>k italics2 words enclos$ 9 pluses repres5t boldface2 ,v[els foll[$ by a colon repres5t a long v[el 7pr9t$ ) a macron 9 ! orig9al text74 ,to repres5t ! s5t5ce diagrams 9 ,,ascii1 ! foll[+ conv5tions are us$3 - ,! heavy horizontal l9e 7= ! ma9 clause7 is =m$ ) equals signs 774 - ,o!r solid v]tical l9es are =m$ ) m9us signs 7--74 - ,diagonal l9es are =m$ ) backsla%es 774 - ,words pr9t$ on a diagonal l9e are prec$$ by a backsla%1 ) no horizontal l9e "u !m4 - ,dott$ horizontal l9es are =m$ ) p]iods 7447 - ,dott$ v]tical l9es are =m$ ) /raight apo/rophes 7'7 - ,dott$ diagonal l9es are =m$ ) slant$ apo/rophes 77 - ,words pr9t$ ov] a horizontally brok5 l9e are %[n l ?is3 ----1 help+ '--------- - ,words pr9t$ b5d+ ar\nd a diagonal-horizontal l9e are brok5 l ?is3 wai t+ --------- 9999 ,end ,transcrib]'s ,notes 9999 ,,high] ,,lessons ,,9 ,,engli%4 ,a ,,"w ,,on ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,& ,,composition1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,language ,,is ,,made ,,tribut>y ,,to ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,expression4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,practical ,,lessons ,,c>efully ,,grad$1 ,,& ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,e-,,day ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ool-,,room4 ,,by ,,alonzo ,,re$1 ,a4,m41 ,,=m]ly ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,9 ,,! ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itute1 ,,brooklyn1 ,,& ,,bra9]d ,,kellogg1 ,,ll4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itute1 ,,brooklyn4 ,revis$ ,edition1 #ahif4 ,,preface4 ,! plan ( ,high] ,lessons w p]haps be bett] und]/ood if we fir/ speak ( two classes ( text-books ) :i* ?is "w is br\ght into competition4 ,me?od ( ,"o ,class ( ,text-books4--,9 "o class are ^? t aim *iefly to pres5t a c\rse ( te*nical gramm> 9 ! ord] ( ,or?ography1 ,etymology1 ,syntax1 & ,prosody4 ,^! books give l>ge space to grammatical ,etymology1 & dem& mu* memoriz+ ( def9itions1 rules1 decl5sions1 & conjugations1 & mu* =mal ^w p>s+1--"w ( :i* a consid]able portion is m]ely ! inv5tion ( gramm>ians1 & has little value 9 det]m9+ ! pupil's use ( language or 9 develop+ 8 reason+ faculties4 ,?is is a revival ( ! long-endur$1 unfruitful1 old-"t me?od4 ,me?od ( ,ano!r ,class ( ,text-books4--,9 ano!r class are ^? t pres5t a miscellane\s collection ( lessons 9 ,composition1 ,spell+1 ,pronunciation1 ,s5t5ce-analysis1 ,te*nical ,gramm>1 & ,g5]al ,in=mation1 )\t unity or cont9uity4 ,! pupil :o completes ^! books w h ga9$ some?+ by practice & w h pick$ up "s scraps ( k2 b 8 in=mation w be vague & disconnect$1 & he w h miss$ t m5tal tra9+ :i* x is ! aim ( a good text-book to af=d4 ,a text-book is ( value j s f> z x pres5ts a cle>1 logical developm5t ( its subject4 ,x mu/ pres5t its sci5ce or its art z a natural gr[?1 o!rwise !re is no apology = its be+4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ! ,prop] ,use ( ,words4--,x is ! plan ( ?is book to trace ) easy /eps ! natural developm5t ( ! s5t5ce1 to consid] ! lead+ facts fir/ & !n to desc5d to ! details4 ,to beg9 ) ! p>ts ( spee* is to beg9 ) details & to disreg>d ! high] unities1 )\t :i* ! details are sc>cely intelligible4 ,! "p ( spee* to :i* a ^w belongs is det]m9$ only by its function 9 ! s5t5ce1 & inflections simply m>k ! (fices & relations ( words4 ,unless ! pupil has be5 sy/ematically tra9$ to discov] ! functions & relations ( words z elem5ts ( an organic :ole1 8 k ( ! p>ts ( spee* is ( little value4 ,x is n because he _c conjugate ! v]b or decl9e ! pron\n t he falls into su* errors z ,h[ _m s\nds h ea* ( ! v[els8 ,five ye>s' int]e/ are due4 ,%e is old] ?an me4 ,he probably w\ld n say ea* h1 int]e/ are1 me am4 ,"o ?or\ghly famili> ) ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce w f9d little tr\ble 9 us+ correctly ! few inflectional =ms 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ! ,laws ( ,disc\rse4--,?r\gh ! /udy ( ! s5t5ce we n only arrive at an intellig5t k ( ! p>ts ( spee* & a correct use ( grammatical =ms1 b we discov] ! laws ( disc\rse 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ! /ud5t %\ld f9d ! law ( unity1 ( cont9uity1 ( proportion1 ( ord]4 ,all good writ+ consi/s ( good s5t5ces prop]ly jo9$4 ,s9ce ! s5t5ce is ! f\ndation or unit ( disc\rse1 x is all-important t ! pupil %\ld "k ! s5t5ce4 ,he %\ld be able to put ! pr9cipal & ! subord9ate p>ts 9 _! prop] relation2 he %\ld "k ! exact function ( e elem5t1 its relation to o!r elem5ts & its relation to ! :ole4 ,he %\ld "k ! s5t5ce z ! skillful eng9e] kn[s 8 eng9e1 t1 :5 !re is a disorganization ( p>ts1 he may at once f9d ! difficulty & ! rem$y = x4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ! ,sake ( ,translation4--,! laws ( ?\ght be+ ! same = all nations1 ! logical analysis ( ! s5t5ce is ! same = all languages4 ,:5 a /ud5t :o has acquir$ a k ( ! ,engli% s5t5ce comes to ! translation ( a =eign language1 he f9ds 8 "w greatly simplifi$4 ,if 9 a s5t5ce ( 8 own language he sees only a mass ( unorganiz$ words1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be 8 confusion :5 ?is mass ( words is 9 a =eign tongue6 ,a /udy ( ! p>ts ( spee* is a f> less important prep>ation = translation1 s9ce ! decl5sions & conjugations 9 ,engli% d n con=m to ^? ( o!r languages4 ,tea*]s ( ! classics & ( mod]n languages are beg9n+ to appreciate ^! facts4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ,discipl9e4--,z a means ( discipl9e no?+ c comp>e ) a tra9+ 9 ! logical analysis ( ! s5t5ce4 ,to /udy ?\ght ?r\gh its outw>d =m1 ! s5t5ce1 & to discov] ! fitness ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! expression to ! p>ts ( ! ?\ght1 is to le>n to ?9k4 ,x has be5 notic$ t pupils ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! analysis & ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces come to _! o!r /udies ) a decid$ advantage 9 m5tal p[]4 ,^! results c be obta9$ only by sy/ematic & p]si/5t "w4 ,exp]i5c$ tea*]s und]/& t a few weak lessons on ! s5t5ce at ! beg9n+ ( a c\rse & a few at ! end c af=d little discipl9e & little k t w endure1 nor c a k ( ! s5t5ce be ga9$ by memoriz+ complicat$ rules & labor$ =ms ( analysis4 ,to compel a pupil to wade ?r\gh a page or two ( su* bewild]+ t]ms z complex adv]bial elem5t ( ! second class & comp\nd prepositional adjective phrase1 9 ord] to compreh5d a few simple functions1 is grossly unju/2 x is a sub/itution ( =m = cont5t1 ( words = ideas4 ,subdivisions & ,modifications aft] ! ,s5t5ce4--,tea*]s famili> ) text-books t gr\p all grammatical in/ruction ar\nd ! eight p>ts ( spee*1 mak+ eight indep5d5t units1 w n1 9 ! foll[+ lessons1 f9d ev]y?+ 9 its accu/om$ place4 ,b1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ?read ( connection unify+ ?is "w is ! s5t5ce1 x w be se5 t ! lessons fall into _! natural ord] ( sequ5ce4 ,:51 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! s5t5ce1 all ! (fices ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* are ma/]$1 ! mo/ natural ?+ is to cont9ue ! "w ( classification & subdivide ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,! inflection ( words1 be+ di/9ct f _! classification1 makes a sep>ate division ( ! "w4 ,if ! *ief end ( gramm> 7 to enable "o to p>se1 we %\ld n "h dep>t f long-e/abli%$ prec$5t4 ,s5t5ces 9 ,gr\ps--,p>agraphs4--,9 trac+ ! gr[? ( ! s5t5ce f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex =m1 ea* elem5t1 z x is introduc$1 is illu/rat$ by a l>ge numb] ( deta*$ s5t5ces1 *os5 ) ! utmo/ c>e z to ?\ght & expression4 ,^! compel ! pupil to conf9e 8 att5tion to "o ?+ till he gets x well 9 h&4 ,p>agraphs f lit]ature are !n select$ to be us$ at int]vals1 ) que/ions & sugge/ions to en=ce pr9ciples already pres5t$1 & to prep>e ! way in=mally = ! regul> lessons t foll[4 ,! lessons on ^! selections are1 h[ev]1 made to take a mu* wid] scope4 ,!y lead ! pupil to discov] h[ & :y s5t5ces are gr\p$ into p>agraphs1 & h[ p>agraphs are relat$ to ea* o!r2 !y also lead him on to discov] :atev] is mo/ wor?y ( imitation 9 ! /yle ( ! sev]al models pres5t$4 ,! ,use ( ! ,diagram4--,9 writt5 analysis1 ! simple map1 or diagram1 f\nd 9 ! foll[+ lessons1 w enable ! pupil to pres5t directly & vividly to ! eye ! exact function ( e clause 9 ! s5t5ce1 ( e phrase 9 ! clause1 & ( e ^w 9 ! phrase--to picture ! complete analysis ( ! s5t5ce1 ) pr9cipal & subord9ate p>ts 9 _! prop] relations4 ,x is only by ! aid ( su* a map1 or picture1 t ! pupil c1 at a s+le view1 see ! s5t5ce z an organic :ole made up ( _m p>ts p]=m+ v>i\s functions & /&+ 9 v>i\s relations4 ,)\t su* map he mu/ labor "u ! disadvantage ( see+ all ^! ?+s by piecemeal or 9 succession4 ,b if = any reason ! tea*] pref]s n to use ^! diagrams1 !y may be omitt$ )\t caus+ ! slighte/ break 9 ! "w4 ,! plan ( ?is book is 9 no way dep5d5t on ! use ( ! diagrams4 ,! ,objections to ! ,diagram4--,! fact t ! pictorial diagram gr\ps ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce accord+ to _! (fices & relations1 & n 9 ! ord] ( spee*1 has be5 spok5 ( z a fault4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a m]it1 = x tea*es ! pupil to look ?r\gh ! lit]>y ord] & discov] ! logical ord]4 ,he ?us le>ns :at ! lit]>y ord] really is1 & sees t ?is may be v>i$ indef9itely1 s long z ! logical relations are kept cle>4 ,! ass]tion t correct diagrams c be made me*anically is n borne out by ! facts4 ,x is easi] to avoid precision 9 oral analysis ?an 9 writt54 ,! diagram drives ! pupil to a mo/ se>*+ exam9ation ( ! s5t5ce1 br+s him face to face ) e difficulty1 & compels a decision on e po9t4 ,! ,abuse ( ! ,diagram4--,analysis by diagram (t5 becomes s int]e/+ & s helpful t1 l o!r good ?+s1 x is liable to be ov]done4 ,!re is dang] ( requir+ too mu* writt5 analysis4 ,:5 ! ord9>y con/ructions h be5 made cle>1 diagrams %\ld be us$ only = ! m difficult s5t5ces1 or1 if ! s5t5ces are long1 only = ! m difficult p>ts ( !m4 ,9 bo? oral & writt5 analysis !re is dang] ( repeat+ :at ne$s no repetition4 ,:5 ! diagram has s]v$ its purpose1 x %\ld be dropp$4 ,,au?ors' ,,note ,,to ,,revis$ ,,edition4 ,dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* ,high] ,lessons has be5 9 exi/5ce1 we h ourselves _h an in/ructive exp]i5ce ) x 9 ! classroom4 ,we h consid]$ hundr$s ( sugge/ive lett]s writt5 u by intellig5t tea*]s us+ ! book4 ,we h exam9$ ! be/ works on gramm> t h be5 publi%$ rec5tly "h & 9 ,engl&4 ,& we h done m4 ,we h gone to ! orig9al s\rce ( all valid au?ority 9 our language-- ! be/ writ]s & speak]s ( x4 ,t we might asc]ta9 :at pres5t l+ui/ic usage is1 we *ose fifty au?ors1 n[ alive or liv+ till rec5tly1 & h c>efully read ?ree hundr$ pages ( ea*4 ,we h m9utely not$ & record$ :at ^! m5 by habitual use decl>e to be good ,engli%4 ,among ! fifty are su* m5 z ,rusk91 ,fr\de1 ,ham]ton1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,macaulay1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,?ack]ay1 ,bagehot1 ,john ,morley1 ,james ,m>t9eau1 ,c>d9al ,newman1 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre51 & ,lecky 9 ,engl&2 & ,haw?orne1 ,curtis1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,d4 ,:itney1 ,george ,p4 ,m>%1 ,prescott1 ,em]son1 ,motley1 ,pr(4 ,au/9 ,phelps1 ,holmes1 ,edw>d ,ev]ett1 ,irv+1 & ,l[ell 9 ,am]ica4 ,:5 9 ! pages foll[+ we any:]e quote usage1 x is to ! au?ority ( su* m5 t we appeal4 ,^u ^! f\r s\rces ( help we h drawn 9 ! ,revision ( ,high] ,lessons t we n[ (f] to ! public4 ,9 ?is revis$ "w we h giv5 additional reasons = ! op9ions we hold1 & h advanc$ to "s new positions2 h expla9$ m fully :at "s tea*]s h ?\ght obscure2 h qualifi$ :at we ?9k 0 put too positively 9 =m] editions2 h giv5 ! hi/ory ( con/ructions :]e ?is w\ld deep5 int]e/ or aid 9 composition2 h quot$ ! v]dicts ( usage on _m locutions condemn$ by puri/s2 h tri$ to "w into ! pupil's /yle ! felicities ( expression f\nd 9 ! lesson s5t5ces2 h taught ! pupil e>li] 9 ! "w1 & m ?or\ghly1 ! /ructure & ! function ( p>agraphs2 & h l$ him on f ! composition ( s+le s5t5ces ( all k9ds to ! composition ( ^! great gr\ps ( s5t5ces4 ,b ! di/9ctive features ( ,high] ,lessons t h made ! "w s useful & s popul> /& z !y h /ood--! ,/udy ( ,words f _! ,(fices 9 ! ,s5t5ce1 ,analysis = ! sake ( subsequ5t ,syn!sis1 ,easy ,gradation1 ! ,subdivisions & ,modifications ( ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* aft] ! treatm5t ( ^! 9 ! ,s5t5ce1 etc41 etc4 ,we confess to "s surprise t s little ( :at 0 ?\ght good 9 matt] & me?od ye>s ago has be5 s]i\sly affect$ by criticism s9ce4 ,! additions made to ,high] ,lessons--additions t br+ ! "w up to ! late/ requirem5ts--are g5]ally 9 foot-notes to pages1 & sometimes are incorporat$ into ! body ( ! ,lessons1 :i* 9 numb] & numb]+ rema9 z !y 74 ,! books ( =m] editions & ^? ( ?is revis$ edition c1 !re=e1 be us$ 9 ! same class )\t any inconv5i5ce4 ,( ! tea*]s :o h giv5 u invaluable assi/ance 9 ?is ,revision1 we wi% specially to "n ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,worrell1 ( ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute2 & 9 ?is edition ( ! "w1 z 9 ! prec$+1 we take pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ our great indebt$ness to our critic1 ! di/+ui%$ ,pr(4 ,francis ,a4 ,m>*1 ( ,lafayette ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #a4 ,a ,,talk ,,on ,,language4 ,let u talk to-day ab\t a language t we nev] le>n f a gramm> or f a book ( any k9d--a language t we come by naturally1 & use )\t ?9k+ ( x4 ,x is a univ]sal language1 & consequ5tly ne$s no int]pret]4 ,p ( all l&s & ( all degrees ( culture use x2 ev5 ! brute animals 9 "s measure und]/& x4 ,?is ,natural language is ! language ( cries1 laught]1 & tones1 ! language ( ! eyes1 ! nose1 ! m\?1 ! :ole face2 ! language ( ge/ures & po/ures4 ,! *ild's cry tells ( its wants2 its sob1 ( grief2 its scream1 ( pa92 its laugh1 ( delight4 ,! boy raises 8 eyebr[s 9 surprise & 8 nose 9 disgu/1 leans =w>d 9 expectation1 draws back 9 fe>1 makes a fi/ 9 ang]1 & calls or drives away 8 dog simply by ! tone 9 :i* he speaks4 ,b feel+s & desires are n ! only ?+s we wi% to communicate4 ,e>ly 9 life we beg9 to acquire k & le>n to ?9k1 & !n we feel ! ne$ ( a bett] language4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y h =m$ an idea ( a day2 c\ld y express ?is by a tone1 a look1 or a ge/ure8 ,if y wi% to tell me ! fact t ye/]day 0 cl\dy1 or t ! days are %ort] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 y f9d x :olly impossible to d ?is by means ( ,natural language4 ,to communicate1 !n1 y\r ?\ghts1 or ev5 ! m5tal pictures we h call$ ideas1 y ne$ a language m ne>ly p]fect4 ,?is language is made up ( words4 ,^! words y le>n f y\r mo!rs1 & s ,^w language is y\r "m-tongue4 ,y le>n !m1 also1 f y\r fri5ds & tea*]s1 y\r playmates & companions1 & y le>n !m by read+2 = words1 z y "k1 may be writt5 z well z spok54 ,?is ,^w language we may1 f its sup]iority1 call ,language ,prop]4 ,natural language1 z 0 said1 prec$es ?is ,^w language1 b gives way z ,^w language comes 9 & takes its place2 yet ,natural language may be us$1 & always %\ld be us$1 to assi/ & /r5g!n ,^w language4 ,9 e>ne/ conv]sation we en=ce :at we say 9 words1 by ! tone 9 :i* we utt] !m1 by ! v>y+ expression ( ! face1 & by ! movem5ts ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,! look or ! ge/ure may ev5 d>t ahead ( ! ^w1 or x may contradict x1 & ?us convict ! speak] ( ignorance or deception4 ,! happy union ( ! two k9ds ( language is ! *>m ( all good read+ & speak+4 ,! tea*] ( elocution is ev] try+ to recall ! pupil to ! tones1 ! facial expression1 & ! action1 s natural to him 9 *ildhood & 9 animat$ conv]sation4 ,,def9ition4--,language ,prop] consi/s ( ! spok5 & ! writt5 words us$ to communicate ideas & ?\ghts4 ,,def9ition4--,engli% ,gramm> is ! sci5ce :i* tea*es ! =ms1 uses1 & relations ( ! words ( ! ,engli% language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #b4 ,a ,,talk ,,on ,,?\ghts ,,& ,,s5t5ces4 ,to express a ?\ght we use m ?an a s+le ^w1 & ! words arrang$ to express a ?\ght we call a s5t5ce4 ,b !re 0 a "t :51 ?r\gh lack ( words1 we compress$ our ?\ght into a s+le ^w4 ,! *ild says to 8 fa!r1 up1 mean+1 ,take me up into y\r lap2 or1 book1 mean+1 ,?is ?+ 9 my h& is a book4 ,^! fir/ words always deal ) ! ?+s t c be le>n$ by ! s5ses2 !y express ! *ild's ideas ( ^! ?+s4 ,we h spok5 ( ?\ghts & s5t5ces2 let u see n[ :e!r we c f9d out :at a ?\ght is1 & :at a s5t5ce is4 ,a s5t5ce is a gr\p ( words express+ a ?\ght2 x is a body ( :i* a ?\ght is ! s\l4 ,x is some?+ t c be se5 or he>d1 :ile a ?\ght _c be4 ,let u see :e!r1 9 /udy+ a s5t5ce1 we may n le>n :at a ?\ght is4 ,9 any su* s5t5ce z ?is1 ,spid]s sp91 some?+ is said1 or ass]t$1 ab\t some?+4 ,"h x is said1 or ass]t$1 ( ! animals1 spid]s1 t !y sp94 ,! s5t5ce1 !n1 consi/s ( two p>ts1--! "n ( t ( :i* some?+ is said1 & t :i* is said ( x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! p>ts we call ! ,subject ( ! s5t5ce2 ! second1 ! ,pr$icate4 ,n[1 if ! s5t5ce1 compos$ ( two p>ts1 expresses ! ?\ght1 !re mu/ be 9 ! ?\ght two p>ts to be express$4 ,& !re are two3 viz41 some?+ ( :i* we ?9k1 & t :i* we ?9k ( x4 ,9 ! ?\ght express$ by ,spid]s sp91 ! animals1 spid]s1 are ! some?+ ( :i* we ?9k1 & _! sp9n+ is :at we ?9k ( !m4 ,9 ! s5t5ce express+ ?is ?\ght1 ! ^w spid]s names t ( :i* we ?9k1 & ! ^w sp9 tells :at we ?9k ( spid]s4 ,n e gr\p ( words is necess>ily a s5t5ce1 because x may n be ! expression ( a ?\ght4 ,spid]s sp9n+ is n a s5t5ce4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is expression to %[ t we h =m$ a judgm5t1 i4e41 t we h really made up our m9ds t spid]s d sp94 ,! sp9n+ is n ass]t$ ( ! spid]s4 ,s(t fea!rs1 ,! %9+ sun are n s5t5ces1 & = simil> reasons4 ,fea!rs are s(t1 ,! sun %9es are s5t5ces4 ,"h ! ass]t+ ^w is suppli$1 & some?+ is said ( some?+ else4 ,! %9es sun is n a s5t5ce2 =1 ?\gh x conta9s ! ass]t+ ^w %9es1 ! arrangem5t is su* t no ass]tion is made1 & no ?\ght is express$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #c4 ,a ,,talk ,,on ,,s\nds ,,& ,,lett]s4 ,we h already told y t 9 express+ our ideas & ?\ghts we use two k9ds ( words1 spok5 words & writt5 words4 ,we le>n$ ! spok5 words fir/4 ,mank9d spoke long be=e !y wrote4 ,n until p wi%$ to communicate ) ^? at a di/ance1 or _h ?\ght out some?+ wor? h&+ d[n to aft]times1 did !y ne$ to write4 ,b speak+ 0 easy4 ,! air1 ! lungs1 & ! organs ( ! ?roat & m\? 7 at h&4 ,! fir/ cry 0 a sugge/ion4 ,s\nds & noises 7 he>d on e side1 provok+ imitation1 & ! ne$ ( spee* = ! purposes ( communication 0 imp]ative4 ,spok5 words are made up ( s\nds4 ,!re are ov] =ty s\nds 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! give u all ! words ( our spok5 tongue4 ,t y may cle>ly und]/& ^! s\nds1 we w tell y some?+ ab\t ! human voice4 ,9 talk+1 ! air driv5 out f y\r lungs beats aga9/ two flat muscles1 /ret*$1 l b&s1 across ! top ( ! w9dpipe1 & causes !m to vibrate up & d[n4 ,?is vibration makes s\nd4 ,take a ?read1 put "o end betwe5 y\r tee?1 hold ! o!r ) ?umb & f+]1 draw x tight & /rike x1 & y w und]/& h[ voice is made4 ,! %ort] ! /r+1 or ! tight] x is drawn1 ! fa/] w x vibrate1 & ! high] w be ! pit* ( ! s\nd4 ,! m viol5t ! bl[1 ! f>!r w ! /r+ vibrate1 & ! l\d] w be ! s\nd4 ,j s ) ^! vocal b&s or cords4 ,! v>y+ =ce ) :i* ! brea? /rikes !m & _! diff]5t t5sions & l5g?s at diff]5t times1 expla9 ! diff]5t degrees ( l\dness & ! v>y+ pit* ( ! voice4 ,if ! voice ?us produc$ comes out ?r\gh ! m\? held well op51 a class ( s\nds is =m$ :i* we call v[el s\nds4 ,b if ! voice is held back or ob/ruct$ by ! palate1 tongue1 tee?1 or lips1 "o k9d ( ! s\nds call$ consonant s\nds is made4 ,if ! brea? is driv5 out )\t voice1 & is held back by ^! same p>ts ( ! m\?1 ! o!r k9d ( consonant s\nds is =m$4 ,! writt5 ^w is made up ( *>act]s1 or lett]s1 :i* repres5t to ! eye ^! s\nds t address ! e>4 ,y are n[ prep>$ to und]/& u :5 we say t v[els are ! lett]s t /& = ! op5 s\nds ( ! voice1 & t consonants are ! lett]s t /& = ! s\nds made by ! ob/ruct$ voice & ! ob/ruct$ brea?4 ,! alphabet ( a language is a complete li/ ( its lett]s4 ,a p]fect alphabet w\ld h "o lett] = ea* s\nd1 & only "o4 ,our alphabet is imp]fect 9 at lea/ ^! ?ree ways3-- #a4 ,"s ( ! lett]s are sup]flu\s2 c /&s = ! s\nd ( s or ( k1 z 9 city & c2 q has ! s\nd ( k1 z 9 quit2 & x t ( ks1 gz1 or z1 z 9 expel1 exi/1 & ,x5ophon4 #b4 ,comb9ations ( lett]s sometimes repres5t s+le s\nds2 z1 ? 9 ?9e1 ? 9 ?91 ng 9 s+1 & % 9 %ut4 #c4 ,"s lett]s /& ea* = _m s\nds4 ,tw5ty-?ree lett]s repres5t ov] =ty s\nds4 ,e v[el does m ?an s+le duty2 e /&s = two s\nds1 z 9 mete & met2 i = two1 z 9 p9e & p92 o = ?ree1 z 9 note1 n1 & move2 u = f\r1 z 9 tube1 tub1 full1 & fur2 a = six1 z 9 fate1 fat1 f>1 fall1 fa/1 & f>e4 ,w is a v[el :5 x unites ) a prec$+ v[el to repres5t a v[el s\nd1 & y is a v[el :5 x has ! s\nd ( i1 z 9 n[1 by1 boy1 newly4 ,w & y are consonants at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w or syllable4 ,! v>i\s s\nds ( ! sev]al v[els & ev5 ( ! same v[el are caus$ by ! diff]5t %apes :i* ! m\? assumes4 ,^! *anges 9 its cavity produce1 also1 ! two s\nds t unite 9 ea* ( ! comp\nds1 ou1 oi1 ew1 & 9 ! alphabetic i & o4 #a4 #b4 ,vocal ,consonants4 ,aspirates4 b444444444444444444p d444444444444444444t g444444444444444444k -------------------h j444444444444444444* l------------------ m------------------ n------------------ r------------------ ?44444444444444444? 79 ?9e7 79 ?97 v444444444444444444f w------------------ y------------------ z 79 zone7444444s z 79 azure744444% ,! consonants 9 column #a repres5t ! s\nds made by ! ob/ruct$ voice2 ^? 9 column #b1 except h 7:i* repres5ts a m]e =cible brea?+71 repres5t ^? made by ! ob/ruct$ brea?4 ,! lett]s are mo/ly 9 pairs4 ,n[ note t ! tongue1 tee?1 lips1 & palate are plac$ 9 ! same relative position to make ! s\nds ( bo? lett]s 9 any pair4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! s\nds ( ! lett]s ( any pair is simply ?is3 !re is voice 9 ! s\nds ( ! lett]s 9 column #a1 & only :isp] 9 ^? ( column #b4 ,give ! s\nd ( any lett] 9 column #a1 z b1 g1 v1 & ! la/ or vani%+ "p ( x is ! s\nd ( ! o!r lett] ( ! pair4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,write ^! lett]s on ! bo>d1 z above1 & drill ! pupils on ! s\nds till !y c see & make ^! di/9ctions4 ,drill !m on ! v[els also4 ,9 clos+ ?is talk ) y1 we wi% to emphasize "o po9t br\ght be=e y4 ,"h is a p5cil1 a real ?+2 we c>ry 9 memory a picture ( ! p5cil1 :i* we call an idea2 & !re are ! two words nam+ ?is idea1 ! spok5 & ! writt54 ,le>n to di/+ui% cle>ly ^! f\r ?+s4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,9 review+ ^! ?ree ,lessons1 put p>ticul> emphasis on ,lesson #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #d4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,! ,,diagram4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if ! pupils h be5 ?r\gh ,grad$ ,lessons or its equival5t1 "s ( ! foll[+ ,lessons may be pass$ ov] rapidly4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,s5t5ce is ! expression ( a ?\ght 9 words4 ,direction4--,analyze ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,model4--,spid]s sp94 ,:y is ?is a s5t5ce8 ,ans4--,because x expresses a ?\ght4 ,( :at is some?+ ?\ght8 ,ans4--,spid]s4 ,:i* ^w tells :at is ?\ght8 ,ans4--,sp94 ,footnote3 ,! ^w spid]s1 /&+ 9 ,roman1 names our idea ( ! real ?+2 sp91 us$ m]ely z a ^w1 is 9 ,italics4 ,?is use ( ,italics ! tea*] & ! pupil w please note "h & else:]e4 #a4 ,tides ebb4 #b4 ,liquids fl[4 #c4 ,/eam exp&s4 #d4 ,c>bon burns4 #e4 ,iron melts4 #f4 ,p[d] explodes4 #g4 ,leaves tremble4 #h4 ,worms crawl4 #i4 ,h>es leap4 ,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces !re are1 z y h le>n$1 two p>ts--! ,subject & ! ,pr$icate4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,subject ( a s5t5ce names t ( :i* some?+ is ?\ght4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,pr$icate ( a s5t5ce tells :at is ?\ght4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,analysis ( a s5t5ce is ! sep>ation ( x into its p>ts4 ,direction4--,analyze ^! s5t5ces3-- ,model4--,beav]s build4 ,?is is a s5t5ce because x expresses a ?\ght4 ,beav]s is ! subject because x names t ( :i* some?+ is ?\ght2 build is ! pr$icate because x tells :at is ?\ght4 ,footnote3 ,:5 pupils are famili> ) ! def9itions1 let ! =m ( analysis be v>i$4 ,! reasons may be made m specific4 ,"h & else:]e avoid me*anical repetition4 #a4 ,squirrels climb4 #b4 ,blood circulates4 #c4 ,muscles tire4 #d4 ,h]alds proclaim4 #e4 ,apes *att]4 #f4 ,bran*es wave4 #g4 ,corn rip5s4 #h4 ,birds twitt]4 #i4 ,he>ts ?rob4 ,explanation4--,draw a heavy l9e & divide x into two p>ts4 ,let ! fir/ "p repres5t ! subject ( a s5t5ce2 ! second1 ! pr$icate4 ,if y write a ^w ov] ! fir/ "p1 y w und]/& t ?is ^w is ! subject ( a s5t5ce4 ,if y write a ^w ov] ! second "p1 y w und]/& t ?is ^w is ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce4 ,love conqu]s ,y see1 by look+ at ?is figure1 t ,love conqu]s is a s5t5ce2 t love is ! subject1 & conqu]s ! pr$icate4 ,su* figures1 made up ( /raight l9es1 we call ,diagrams4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,diagram is a picture ( ! (fices & ! relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a s5t5ce4 ,direction4--,analyze ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,frogs croak4 #b4 ,h5s sit4 #c4 ,%eep bleat4 #d4 ,c[s l[4 #e4 ,flies buzz4 #f4 ,sap asc5ds4 #g4 ,/udy pays4 #h4 ,buds swell4 #i4 ,books aid4 #aj4 ,noise di/urbs4 #aa4 ,hope /r5g!ns4 #ab4 ,cocks cr[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #e4 ,,composition--,,subject ,,& ,,pr$icate4 ,,capital ,,lett]--,,rule4--,! fir/ ^w ( e s5t5ce mu/ beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,,p]iod--,,rule4--,a p]iod mu/ be plac$ aft] e s5t5ce t simply affirms1 d5ies1 or comm&s4 ,direction4--,con/ruct s5t5ces by supply+ a subject to ea* ( ! foll[+ pr$icates3-- ,ask y\rselves ! que/ions1 ,:at t>ni%es8 ,:o sail$1 conqu]$1 etc48 #a4 ----- t>ni%es4 #b4 ----- capsize4 #c4 ----- radiates4 #d4 ----- s5t5ce4 #e4 ----- c>e54 #f4 ----- sail$4 #g4 ----- desc5ds4 #h4 ----- gli/54 #i4 ----- absorb4 #aj4 ----- corrode4 #aa4 ----- conqu]$4 #ab4 ----- surr5d]$4 #ac4 ----- ref9es4 #ad4 ----- gurgle4 #ae4 ----- murmur4 ,direction4--,con/ruct s5t5ces by supply+ a pr$icate to ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- ,ask y\rselves ! "q1 ,glyc]9e does :at8 #a4 ,glyc]9e -----4 #b4 ,yankees -----4 #c4 ,tyrants -----4 #d4 ,p5dulums -----4 #e4 ,caes> -----4 #f4 ,labor -----4 #g4 ,*alk -----4 #h4 ,nature -----4 #i4 ,tempe/s -----4 #aj4 ,se$s -----4 #aa4 ,heat -----4 #ab4 ,philosoph]s -----4 #ac4 ,bubbles -----4 #ad4 ,d>kness -----4 #ae4 ,wax -----4 #af4 ,reptiles -----4 #ag4 ,m]*ants -----4 #ah4 ,meteors -----4 #ai4 ,consci5ce -----4 #bj4 ,congress -----4 #ba4 ,life -----4 #bb4 ,vapors -----4 #bc4 ,music -----4 #bd4 ,pit* -----4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,?is ex]cise may pr(itably be ext5d$ by supply+ sev]al subjects to ea* pr$icate1 & sev]al pr$icates to ea* subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #f4 ,,analysis4 ,! pr$icate sometimes conta9s m ?an "o ^w4 ,direction4--,analyze z 9 ,lesson #d4 #a4 ,moi/ure is exhal$4 #b4 ,conclusions are drawn4 #c4 ,indu/ry w enri*4 #d4 ,/>s h disappe>$4 #e4 ,twilight is fall+4 #f4 ,leaves are turn+4 #g4 ,sirius has appe>$4 #h4 ,con/ant9ople _h be5 captur$4 #i4 ,electricity has be5 h>ness$4 #aj4 ,tempe/s h be5 rag+4 #aa4 ,nuisances %\ld be abat$4 #ab4 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$4 #ac4 ,light c be reflect$4 #ad4 ,ra9 mu/ h fall54 #ae4 ,planets h be5 discov]$4 #af4 ,palaces %all crumble4 #ag4 ,/orms may be ga!r+4 #ah4 ,essex might h be5 sav$4 #ai4 ,caes> c\ld h be5 cr[n$1 #bj4 ,inv5tors may be enc\rag$4 ,direction4--,po9t out ! subject & ! pr$icate ( ea* s5t5ce 9 ,lessons #ab & #ag4 ,look fir/ = ! ^w t ass]ts1 & !n1 by putt+ :o or :at be=e ?is pr$icate1 ! subject may easily be f\nd4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,let ?is ex]cise be cont9u$ till ! pupils c readily po9t out ! subject & ! pr$icate 9 ord9>y simple s5t5ces4 ,:5 ?is c be done promptly1 ! fir/ & mo/ important /ep 9 analysis w h be5 tak54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #g4 ,,composition--,,subject ,,& ,,pr$icate4 ,direction4--,make at lea/ t5 good s5t5ces out ( ! words 9 ! ?ree columns foll[+3-- ,! help+ words 9 column #b mu/ be prefix$ to words 9 column #c 9 ord] to make complete pr$icates4 ,analyze y\r s5t5ces4 #a #b #c ,arts is progress+4 ,all5 0 te/$4 ,life are comm&4 ,!ories w prolong$4 ,sci5ce w\ld releas$4 ,tru? 7 fall+4 ,%ad[s may be burn$4 ,mosc[ has be5 measur$4 ,raleigh h be5 prevail4 ,quantity %\ld h be5 lo/4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,:at is language prop]8 ,:at is ,engli% gramm>8 ,:at is a s5t5ce8 ,:at are its two p>ts8 ,:at is ! subject ( a s5t5ce8 ,! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce8 ,! analysis ( a s5t5ce8 ,:at is a diagram8 ,:at rule has be5 giv5 = ! use ( capital lett]s8 ,= ! p]iod8 ,may ! pr$icate conta9 m ?an "o ^w8 ,illu/rate4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,introduce ! class to ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* be=e ! close ( ?is recitation4 ,see ,introductory ,h9ts bel[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #h4 ,,classes ,,( ,,words4 ,,n\ns4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,we h n[ rea*$ ! po9t :]e we mu/ classify ! words ( our language4 ,b we are appall$ by _! numb]4 ,if we mu/ le>n all ab\t ! =ms & ! uses ( a hundr$ ?\s& words by /udy+ ^! words "o by "o1 we %all die ignorant ( ,engli% gramm>4 ,b may we n deal ) words z we d ) plants8 ,if we _h to /udy & "n ea* leaf & /em & fl[]1 tak5 s+ly1 we %\ld nev] ma/] ! botany ev5 ( our g>d5-plants4 ,b ,god has made ?+s to resemble "o ano!r & to diff] f "o ano!r2 &1 z he has giv5 u ! p[] to detect resemblances & diff]5ces1 we are able to gr\p ?+s t h l qualities4 ,f c]ta9 lik5esses 9 =m & 9 /ructure1 we put c]ta9 fl[]s toge!r & call !m roses2 f o!r lik5esses1 we get ano!r class call$ lilies2 f o!rs /ill1 violets4 ,j s we classify trees & get ! oak1 ! elm1 ! maple1 etc4 ,! myriad objects ( nature fall into comp>atively few classes4 ,/udy+ ea* class1 we le>n all we ne$ to "k ( e object 9 x4 ,f _! lik5esses1 ?\gh n 9 =m1 we classify words4 ,we gr\p !m accord+ to _! simil>ities 9 use1 or (fice1 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,sort+ !m ?us1 we f9d t !y all fall into eight classes1 :i* we call ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,we f9d t _m words "n ?+s--are ! names ( ?+s ( :i* we c ?9k & speak4 ,^! we place 9 "o class & call !m ,n\ns 7,lat9 nom51 a "n1 a n\n74 ,,pron\ns4 ,)\t ! little words :i* we %all italicize1 x w\ld be difficult = "o /rang] to ask ano!r1 ,c y tell me :o is ! po/ma/] at ,b8 ,! "o w\ld n "k :at "n to use in/ead ( y1 ! o!r w\ld n recognize ! "n 9 ! place ( me1 & bo? w\ld be puzzl$ to f9d a sub/itute = :o4 ,i1 y1 my1 me1 :at1 we1 x1 he1 :o1 him1 %e1 !m1 & o!r words are us$ 9 place ( n\ns1 & are1 !re=e1 call$ ,pron\ns 7,lat4 pro1 =1 & nom51 a n\n74 ,by means ( ^! h&y little words we c repres5t any or e object 9 exi/5ce4 ,we c\ld h>dly speak or write )\t !m n[1 !y s frequ5tly %ort5 ! expression & prev5t confusion & repetition4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,n\n is ! "n ( any?+4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,pron\n is a ^w us$ = a n\n4 ,! pr9cipal (fice ( n\ns is to "n ! ?+s ( :i* we say1 or ass]t1 some?+ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,direction4---,write1 accord+ to ! model1 ! names ( ?+s t c burn1 gr[1 melt1 love1 ro>1 or revolve4 ,model4-- ,n\ns4 ,wood ,pap] ,oil ,h\ses burn or burns4 ,coal ,leaves ,mat*es ,clo!s ,rem>k4--,notice t1 :5 ! subject adds s or es to d5ote m ?an "o1 ! pr$icate does n take s4 ,note h[ x w\ld s\nd if bo? %\ld add s4 ,e subject ( a s5t5ce is a n\n1 or "s ^w or words us$ z a n\n4 ,b n e n\n 9 a s5t5ce is a subject4 ,direction4--,select & write all ! n\ns & pron\ns1 :e!r subjects or n1 9 ! s5t5ces giv5 9 ,lesson #ah4 ,9 writ+ !m obs]ve ! foll[+ rules3-- ,,capital ,,lett]--,,rule4--,prop]1 or individual1 names & words d]iv$ f !m beg9 ) capital lett]s4 ,,p]iod & ,,capital ,,lett]--,,rule4--,abbreviations g5]ally beg9 ) capital lett]s & are always foll[$ by ! p]iod4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #i4 ,,capital ,,lett]s4 ,direction4--,f ! foll[+ words select & write 9 "o column ^? names t di/+ui% individual ?+s f o!rs ( ! same class1 & 9 ano!r column ^? words t are d]iv$ f individual names3-- ,obs]ve ,rule #a1 ,lesson #h4 ohio1 /ate1 *icago1 france1 bo/onian1 c\ntry1 engl&1 bo/on1 milton1 riv]1 girl1 m>y1 hudson1 william1 brita91 miltonic1 city1 engli%man1 messiah1 platonic1 am]ican1 deity1 bible1 book1 plato1 *ri/ian1 broadway1 am]ica1 jehovah1 briti%1 ea/]1 europe1 man1 scriptures1 god4 ,direction4--,write ! names ( ! days ( ! week & ! mon?s ( ! ye>1 beg9n+ ea* ) a capital lett]2 & write ! names ( ! seasons )\t capital lett]s4 ,rememb] t1 :5 a class "n & a di/+ui%+ ^w comb9e to make "o individual "n1 ea* ^w beg9s ) a capital lett]2 z1 ,j]sey ,city4 ,footnote3 ,dead ,sea is compos$ ( ! class "n sea1 :i* applies to all seas1 & ! ^w ,dead1 :i* di/+ui%es "o sea f all o!rs4 ,b1 :5 ! di/+ui%+ ^w c by itself be reg>d$ z a complete "n1 ! class "n beg9s ) a small lett]2 z1 riv] ,rh9e4 ,examples4--,long ,isl&1 ,good ,friday1 ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,susp5sion ,bridge1 ,new ,york city1 ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 ,cape ,may1 ,bunk] ,hill1 ,r$ ,riv]1 ,lake ,erie1 ,g5]al ,jackson1 ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 riv] ,?ames1 ,a/or ,h\se1 /eam] ,drew1 ,nor? ,pole4 ,direction4--,write ^! words1 us+ capital lett]s :5 ne$$3-- ohio riv]1 pr(essor huxley1 presid5t adams1 doctor br[n1 cl9ton c\nty1 we/*e/] c\nty1 colonel burr1 secret>y /anton1 lake george1 gre5 m\nta9s1 :ite sea1 cape cod1 delaw>e bay1 atlantic ocean1 unit$ /ates1 rhode isl&4 ,rememb] t1 :5 an individual "n is made up ( a class "n1 ! ^w (1 & a di/+ui%+ ^w1 ! class "n & ! di/+ui%+ ^w %\ld ea* beg9 ) a capital lett]2 z1 ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,b1 :5 ! di/+ui%+ ^w c by itself be reg>d$ z a complete "n1 ! class "n %\ld beg9 ) a small lett]2 z1 city ( ,london4 ,footnote3 ,! ne$ ( "s def9ite in/ruction to save ! "y writ] f hesitation & confusion 9 ! use ( capitals is evid5t f ! foll[+ v>iety ( =ms n[ 9 use3 ,city ( ,new ,york1 city ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,new ,york city1 ,new ,york ,/ate1 ,new ,york /ate1 ,f\r? ,av5ue1 ,f\r? av5ue1 ,gr& ,/reet1 ,gr& /reet1 ,gr& /41 ,atlantic ,ocean1 ,atlantic ocean1 ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ,m$it]ranean sea1 ,k+s ,c\nty1 ,k+s c\nty1 etc4 ,! usage ( newspap]s & ( text-books on geography w\ld probably favor ! writ+ ( ! class names 9 ! examples above ) initial capitals2 b we f9d 9 ! mo/ c>efully pr9t$ books & p]iodicals a t5d5cy to favor small lett]s 9 su* cases4 ,9 ! sup]scription ( lett]s1 su* words z /reet1 city1 & c\nty beg9 ) capitals4 ,usage c]ta9ly favors small initials = ! foll[+ italiciz$ words3 riv] ,rh9e1 ,catskill village1 ! ,ohio & ,mississippi riv]s4 ,if riv] & village1 9 ! prec$+ examples1 are n ess5tial p>ts ( ! individual names1 :y %\ld riv]1 ocean1 & c\nty1 9 ,hudson riv]1 ,pacific ocean1 ,que5s c\nty1 be treat$ diff]5tly8 ,we (t5 say ! ,hudson1 ! ,pacific1 ,que5s1 )\t add+ ! explanatory class "n4 ,! pr9ciple we sugge/ may be 9 advance ( common usage2 b x is 9 ! l9e ( progress1 & x t5ds to uni=mity ( practice & to an improv$ appe>ance ( ! page4 ,ab\t a c5tury ago e n\n began ) a capital lett]4 ,! ,am]ican ,cyclop$ia takes a position /ill fur!r 9 advance1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,b$ riv]1 ,black sea1 gulf ( ,mexico1 ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica 7,little1 ,br[n1 ,co41 #i? ed47 we f9d ,connecticut riv]1 ,madison c\nty1 etc41 q uni=mly2 b we f9d ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ,pacific ,ocean1 etc4 ,direction4--,write ^! words1 us+ capital lett]s :5 ne$$3-- city ( atlanta1 isle ( man1 /raits ( dov]1 /ate ( ,v]mont1 i/hmus ( d>i51 sea ( galilee1 que5 ( engl&1 bay ( naples1 empire ( *9a4 ,rememb] t1 :5 a comp\nd "n is made up ( two or m di/+ui%+ words1 z1 ,h5ry ,clay1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ea* ^w beg9s ) a capital lett]4 ,direction4--,write ^! words1 us+ capital lett]s :5 ne$$3-- great brita91 l[] cali=nia1 s\? c>ol9a1 daniel web/]1 new engl&1 oliv] w5dell holmes1 nor? am]ica1 new orleans1 james russell l[ell1 briti% am]ica4 ,rememb] t1 9 writ+ ! titles ( books1 essays1 poems1 plays1 etc41 & ! names ( ! ,deity1 only ! *ief words beg9 ) capital lett]s2 z1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,supreme ,be+1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,direction4--,write ^! words1 us+ capital lett]s :5 ne$$3-- decl>ation ( indep5d5ce1 cl>5don's hi/ory ( ! great rebellion1 web/]'s reply to hayne1 pilgrim's progress1 johnson's lives ( ! poets1 son ( man1 ! mo/ high1 dombey & son1 t5t on ! bea*1 bancr(t's hi/ory ( ! unit$ /ates4 ,direction4--,write ^! miscellane\s names1 us+ capital lett]s :5 ne$$3-- erie canal1 gov]nor tild51 napoleon bonap>te1 cape ( good hope1 pope's essay on criticism1 massa*usetts bay1 city ( bo/on1 cont95t ( am]ica1 new te/am5t1 goldsmi?'s %e /oops to conqu]1 milton's hymn on ! nativity1 indian ocean1 cape cod bay1 plym\? rock1 &]son's hi/ory ( ! unit$ /ates1 m\nt wa%+ton1 engli% *annel1 ! holy _s1 new york c5tral railroad1 old _w1 long isl& s\nd1 flatbu% village4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aj4 ,,abbreviations4 ,direction4--,"s words occur frequ5tly1 & = conv5i5ce may he abbreviat$ 9 writ+4 ,obs]v+ ,rule #b1 ,lesson #h1 abbreviate ^! words by writ+ ! fir/ five lett]s3-- ,?ursday & lieut5ant4 ,^! by writ+ ! fir/ f\r lett]s3-- ,connecticut1 capta91 ,colorado1 ,kansas1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,mississippi1 ,nebraska1 ,oregon1 pr(essor1 presid5t1 ,t5nessee1 & ,tuesday4 ,^! by writ+ ! fir/ ?ree lett]s3-- ,alabama1 answ]1 ,arkansas1 ,cali=nia1 colonel1 ,delaw>e1 ,engl&1 esquire1 ,friday1 g5]al1 ,george1 gov]nor1 honorable1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 major1 ,monday1 ,nevada1 rev]5d1 ,saturday1 secret>y1 ,sunday1 ,texas1 ,w$nesday1 ,wiscons91 & ! names ( ! mon?s except ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,^! by writ+ ! fir/ two lett]s3-- ,company1 c\nty1 cr$it1 example1 & idem 7! same74 ,^! by writ+ ! fir/ lett]3-- ,ea/1 nor?1 s\?1 & we/4 ,footnote3 ,:5 ^! words ref] to sections ( ! c\ntry1 !y %\ld beg9 ) capitals4 ,^! by writ+ ! fir/ & ! la/ lett]3-- ,doctor1 debtor1 ,georgia1 junior1 ,k5tucky1 ,l\isiana1 ,ma9e1 ,m>yl&1 ,ma/]1 ,mi/]1 num]o 7numb]71 ,p5nsylvania1 sa9t1 /reet1 ,v]mont1 & ,virg9ia4 ,^! by writ+ ! fir/ lett] ( ea* ^w ( ! comp\nd ) a p]iod aft] ea* lett]3-- ,artium baccalaureus 7ba*elor ( arts71 anno ,dom9i 79 ! ye> ( our ,"l71 artium magi/] 7ma/] ( arts71 ante m]idiem 7be=e noon71 be=e ,*ri/1 collect on deliv]y1 ,di/rict 7(7 ,columbia1 div9itatis doctor 7doctor ( div9ity71 memb] 7(7 ,congress1 m$ic9ae doctor 7doctor ( m$ic9e71 memb] 7(7 ,p>liam5t1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 po/ma/]1 po/ m]idiem 7aft]noon71 po/-(fice1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,direction4--,! foll[+ abbreviations & ^? y h made %\ld be committ$ to memory3-- ,acct4 or acct41 acc\nt4 ,bbl4 or bbl41 b>rel4 ,*as41 ,*>les4 ,fla41 ,florida4 ,,ll4 ,d41 legum doctor 7doctor ( laws74,footnote3 ,! d\bl+ ( ! l to ll & 9 ,,ll4 ,d41 & ( p 9 pp41 ) no p]iod betwe5 ! lett]s1 comes f pluraliz+ ! n\ns l9e1 lean1 & page4 ,messrs41 messieurs 7g5tlem574 ,mme41 madame4 ,mo41 ,miss\ri4 ,mrs41 7pron\nc$ missis7 mi/ress4 ,mts41 m\nta9s4 ,ph4,d41 philosophiae doctor 7doctor ( philosophy74 ,recd41 receiv$4 ,robt41 ,rob]t4 ,supt41 sup]9t5d5t4 ,?os41 ,?omas4 bu41 bu%el4 d41 ditto 7! same7 doz41 doz54 e4g41 exempli gratia 7= example7 etc41 et caet]a 7& o!rs74 ft41 foot1 feet4 hhd41 hog%ead4 hdkf41 h&k]*ief4 i4e41 id e/ 7t is74 l41 l9e4 ll41 l9es4 lb41 libra 7p\nd74 oz41 ounce4 p41 page4 pp41 pages4 qt41 qu>t4 vs41 v]sus 7aga9/74 viz41 videlicet 7namely74 yd41 y>d4 ,rem>k4--,9 ?is ,lesson we h giv5 ! abbreviations ( ! /ates z n[ regulat$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,(ficial ,po/al ,guide4 ,9 ! ,guide ,i[a & ,ohio are n abbreviat$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly abbreviat$ ?us3 ,i[a1 ,ia4 or ,io42 ,ohio1 #j4 ,! simil>ity1 :5 hurri$ly writt51 ( ! abbreviations ,cal41 ,col42 ,ia41 ,io42 ,neb41 ,nev42 ,p5n41 ,t5n41 etc41 has l$ to mu* confusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aa4 ,,v]bs4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,we told y 9 ,lesson #h h[1 by notic+ ! ess5tial lik5esses 9 ?+s & gr\p+ ! ?+s ?us alike1 we c\ld ?r[ ! c\ntless objects ar\nd u into comp>atively few classes4 ,we began to classify words accord+ to _! use1 or (fice1 9 ! s5t5ce2 we f\nd "o class ( words t "n ?+s1 & we call$ !m n\ns4 ,b 9 all ! s5t5ces giv5 y1 we h _h to use ano!r class ( words4 ,^! words1 y notice1 tell :at ! ?+s d1 or ass]t t !y are1 or exi/4 ,:5 we say ,clocks tick1 tick is n ! "n ( any?+2 x tells :at clocks d3 x ass]ts action4 ,:5 we say ,clocks are1 or ,!re are clocks1 are is n ! "n (4 any?+1 nor does x tell :at clocks d2 x simply ass]ts exi/5ce1 or be+4 ,:5 we say ,clocks hang1 /&1 la/1 lie1 or rema91 ^! words hang1 /&1 la/1 etc41 d n "n any?+1 nor d !y tell t clocks act or simply exi/2 !y tell ! condition1 or /ate1 9 :i* clocks are1 or exi/2 t is1 !y ass]t /ate ( be+4 ,all words t ass]t action1 be+1 or /ate ( be+1 we call ,v]bs 7,lat4 v]bum1 a ^w74 ,! "n 0 giv5 to ?is class because x 0 ?\ght t !y 7 ! mo/ important words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,give sev]al v]bs t ass]t action4 ,give "s t ass]t be+1 & "s t ass]t /ate ( be+4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,v]b is a ^w t ass]ts action1 be+-1 or /ate ( be+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two =ms ( ! v]b1 ! p>ticiple & ! inf9itive 7see ,lessons #cg & #dj71 t express action1 be+1 or /ate ( be+1 )\t ass]t+ x4 ,direction4--,write aft] ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns z _m appropriate v]bs z y c ?9k (3-- ,let "s express be+ & "s express /ate ( be+4 ,model4--,n\n4 burns4 melt4 scor*es4 ,fire keep4 7or7 spreads4 ,fires gl[4 rages4 heat4 exi/s4 ,rem>k4--,notice t ! simple =m ( ! v]b1 z1 burn1 melt1 scor*1 adds s or es :5 its subject n\n names b "o ?+4 ,lawy]s1 mills1 horses1 books1 education1 birds1 m9d4 ,a v]b may consi/ ( two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r words2 z1 is le>n+1 may be le>n$1 c\ld h be5 le>n$4 ,footnote3 ,su* gr\ps ( words are sometimes call$ v]b-phrases4 ,= def9ition ( phrase1 see ,lesson #ag4 ,direction4--,unite ! words 9 columns #b & #c bel[1 & app5d ! v]bs ?us =m$ to ! n\ns & pron\ns 9 column #a s z to make good s5t5ces3-- ,rem>k4--,notice t is1 01 & has are us$ ) n\ns nam+ "o ?+1 & ) ! pron\ns he1 %e1 & x2 & t are1 71 & h are us$ ) n\ns nam+ m ?an "o ?+1 & ) ! pron\ns we1 y1 & !y4 ,i may be us$ ) am1 01 & h4 #a #b #c ,words am confus$4 ,cotton is export$4 ,sug> are ref9$4 ,air co9$4 ,teas 0 deliv]$4 ,spee*es 7 weigh$4 ,i1 we1 y has be5 import$4 ,he1 %e1 x1 !y h be5 transf]r$4 ,z v]bs are ! only words t ass]t1 e pr$icate mu/ be a v]b1 or mu/ conta9 a v]b4 ,nam+ ! class to :i* a ^w belongs is ! fir/ /ep 9 p>s+4 ,direction4--,p>se five ( ! s5t5ces y h writt54 ,model4--,pol& 0 dismemb]$4 ,p>s+4--,pol& is a n\n because ----2 0 dismemb]$ is a v]b because x ass]ts action4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ab4 ,,modifi$ ,,subject4 ,,adjectives4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,! subject n\n & ! pr$icate v]b are n always or (t5 ! :ole ( ! /ructure t we call ! s5t5ce1 ?\gh !y are ! und]ly+ timb]s t support ! re/ ( ! v]bal bridge4 ,o!r words may be built ^u !m4 ,we le>n$ 9 ,lesson #h t ?+s resemble "o ano!r & diff] f "o ano!r4 ,!y resemble & !y diff] 9 :at we call _! qualities4 ,?+s are alike ^: qualities are ! same1 z1 two oranges hav+ ! same color1 ta/e1 & odor4 ,?+s are unlike1 z an orange & an apple1 ^: qualities are diff]5t4 ,x is by _! qualities1 !n1 t we "k ?+s & gr\p !m4 ,ripe apples are heal?ful4 ,unripe apples are hurtful4 ,9 ^! two s5t5ces we h ! same ^w apples to "n ! same g5]al class ( ?+s2 b ! prefix$ words ripe & unripe1 m>k+ opposite qualities 9 ! apples1 sep>ate ! apples into two k9ds--! ripe ones & ! unripe ones4 ,^! prefix$ words ripe & unripe1 !n1 limit ! ^w apples 9 its scope2 ripe apples or unripe apples applies to few] ?+s ?an apples alone applies to4 ,if we say !1 ?is1 t apple1 or an1 no apple1 or "s1 _m1 eight apples1 we d n m>k any quality ( ! fruit2 b !1 ?is1 or t po9ts out a p>ticul> apple1 & limits ! ^w apple to ! "o po9t$ out2 & an1 no1 "s1 _m1 or eight limits ! ^w 9 respect to ! numb] ( apples t x d5otes4 ,^! & all su* words z by m>k+ quality1 by po9t+ out1 or by specify+ numb] or quantity limit ! scope or add to ! mean+ ( ! n\n1 modify x1 & are call$ ,modifi]s4 ,9 ! s5t5ce above1 apples is ! ,simple ,subject & ripe apples is ! ,modifi$ ,subject4 ,words t modify n\ns & pron\ns are call$ ,adjectives 7,lat4 ad1 to1 & jac]e1 to ?r[74 ,,def9ition4--,a ,modifi] is a ^w or a gr\p ( words jo9$ to "s "p ( ! s5t5ce to qualify or limit ! mean+4 ,! ,subject ) its ,modifi]s is call$ ! ,modifi$ ,subject1 or ,logical ,subject4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,adjective is a ^w us$ to modify a n\n or a pron\n4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 #a4 ,! cold ,novemb] ra9 is fall+4 ra9 is fall+ ,! cold ,novemb] ,explanation4--,! two l9es %ad$ alike & plac$ upp]mo/ /& = ! subject & ! pr$icate1 & %[ t ^! are ( ! same rank1 & are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! light] l9es1 plac$ "u & jo9$ to ! subject l9e1 /& = ! less important p>ts1 ! modifi]s1 & %[ :at is modifi$4 ,footnote3 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,:5 sev]al adjectives are jo9$ to "o n\n1 ea* adjective does n always modify ! unlimit$ n\n4 ,t old wood5 h\se 0 burn$4 ,"h wood5 modifies h\se1 old modifies h\se limit$ by wood51 & t modifies h\se limit$ by old & wood54 ,?is may be illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram by numb]+ ! modifi]s 9 ! ord] ( _! rank1 ?us3-- #c #b #a ,adv]bs1 & bo? phrase & clause modifi]s (t5 diff] 9 rank 9 ! same way4 ,if ! pupils are able to see ^! di/9ctions1 x w be well to h !m made 9 ! analysis1 z !y (t5 det]m9e ! punctuation & ! arrangem5t4 ,see ,lessons #ac & #ba4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,:ile we1 f exp]i5ce1 are cle> 9 ! belief t diagrams are v helpful 9 ! analysis ( s5t5ces1 we wi% to say t ! "w requir$ 9 ?is book c all be done )\t resort+ to ^! figures4 ,if "s o!r =m1 or no =m1 ( writt5 analysis is pref]r$1 our diagrams c be omitt$ )\t break or confusion4 ,:5 diagrams are us$1 only ! tea*] c det]m9e h[ _m %all be requir$ 9 any "o ,lesson1 & h[ soon ! pupil may disp5se ) _! aid altoge!r4 ,oral ,analysis4--7,"h & h]eaft] we %all omit f ! oral analysis & p>s+ :atev] has be5 provid$ = 9 previ\s ,lessons47 ,!1 cold1 & ,novemb] are modifi]s ( ! subject4 ,! cold ,novemb] ra9 is ! modifi$ subject4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,:ile 9 ^! models we wi% to avoid repetition1 we %\ld require ( ! pupils full =ms ( oral analysis = at lea/ "s ( ! s5t5ces 9 e ,lesson4 ,p>s+4--,!1 cold1 & ,novemb] are adjectives modify+ ra9--cold & ,novemb] express+ quality1 & ! po9t+ out4 #b4 ,! great ,spani% ,armada 0 de/roy$4 #c4 ,a free p %\ld be educat$4 #d4 ,! old ,lib]ty ,bell 0 rung4 #e4 ,! fam\s ,alex&rian libr>y 0 burn$4 #f4 ,! odi\s ,/amp ,act 0 repeal$4 #g4 ,e intellig5t ,am]ican citiz5 %\ld vote4 #h4 ,! long ,hoosac ,tunnel is complet$4 #i4 ,i alone %\ld suff]4 #aj4 ,all nature rejoices4 #aa4 ,five l>ge1 ripe1 lusci\s1 mell[ apples 7 pick$4 #ab4 ,! melan*oly autumn days h come4 #ac4 ,a poor old w\nd$ soldi] return$4 #ad4 ,! oppress$ ,russian s]fs h be5 fre$4 #ae4 ,imm5se susp5sion bridges h be5 built4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ac4 ,,composition--,,adjectives4 ,caution4--,:5 two or m adjectives are us$ ) a n\n1 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,if !y diff] 9 rank1 place ne>e/ ! n\n ! "o mo/ closely modify+ x4 ,if ( ! same rank1 place !m :]e !y w s\nd be/--g5]ally 9 ! ord] ( l5g?1 ! %orte/ fir/4 ,explanation4--,two hone/ "y m5 7 *os51 ,a tall1 /raight1 dignifi$ p]son ent]$4 ,"y tells ! k9d ( m51 hone/ tells ! k9d ( "y m51 & two tells ! numb] ( hone/ "y m52 h5ce ^! adjectives are n ( ! same rank4 ,tall1 /raight1 & dignifi$ modify p]son indep5d5tly--! p]son is tall & /raight & dignifi$2 h5ce ^! adjectives are ( ! same rank4 ,notice ! comma aft] tall & /raight2 & may be suppli$2 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce & _c be suppli$4 ,see ,lesson #ba4 ,direction4--,arrange ! adjectives bel[1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,a ,newf\ndl& pet h&some l>ge dog4 #b4 ,level l[ five ! fields4 #c4 ,a wood5 rickety l>ge build+4 #d4 ,bl9d :ite beautiful ?ree mice4 #e4 ,an en]getic re/less brave p4 #f4 ,an enlight5$ civiliz$ nation4 ,direction4--,=m s5t5ces by prefix+ modifi$ subjects to ^! pr$icates3-- #a4 ------ h be5 inv5t$4 #b4 ------ 7 de/roy$4 #c4 ------ are cultivat$4 #d4 ------ may be abus$4 #e4 ------ 0 mutilat$4 #f4 ------ 7 c>v$4 #g4 ------ h be5 discov]$4 #h4 ------ h fall54 #i4 ------ w be respect$4 #aj4 ------ h be5 built4 ,direction4--,con/ruct t5 s5t5ces1 ea* ( :i* %all conta9 a subject modifi$ by ?ree adjectives--"o f ea* ( ^! columns3-- ,let ! adjectives be appropriate4 ,= punctuation1 see ,lesson #ba4 ,! d>k sunny ,t bright we>isome ,?is d+y comm]cial ,^? %ort blue ,^! s(t adv5tur\s ,five brave fleecy ,"s t9y p>allel ,sev]al important *e]less ,_m long gold5 ,a w>m turbid ,direction4--,prefix to ea* ( ^! n\ns sev]al appropriate adjectives3-- ,riv]1 fro/1 gra91 %ips1 air1 m54 ,direction4--,c\ple ^? adjectives & n\ns bel[ t mo/ appropriately g toge!r3-- ,mode/1 lovely1 flaunt+1 meek1 pati5t1 fai?ful1 saucy1 spirit$1 violet1 dahlia1 %eep1 pansy1 ox1 dog1 horse1 rose1 g5tle1 duck1 sly1 waddl+1 coo+1 *att]+1 homely1 *irp+1 puss1 rob91 dove1 sp>r[1 blackbird1 c[1 h51 cackl+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ad4 ,,modifi$ ,,pr$icate4 ,,adv]bs4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,y h le>n$ t ! subject may be modifi$2 let u see :e!r ! pr$icate may be4 ,if we say1 ,! leaves fall1 we express a fact 9 a g5]al way4 ,b1 if we wi% to speak ( ! "t ( _! fall+1 we c add a ^w & say1 ,! leaves fall e>ly2 ( ! place ( _! fall+1 ,! leaves fall "h2 ( ! mann]1 ,! leaves fall quietly2 ( ! cause1 ,:y d ! leaves fall8 ,we may jo9 a ^w to "o ( ^! modifi]s & say1 ,! leaves fall v quietly4 ,"h v modifies quietly by tell+ ! degree4 ,v quietly is a gr\p ( words modify+ ! pr$icate4 ,! pr$icate ) its modifi]s is call$ ! ,modifi$ ,pr$icate4 ,su* words z v1 "h1 & quietly =m ano!r "p ( spee*1 & are call$ ,adv]bs 7,lat4 ad1 to1 & v]bum1 a ^w1 or v]b74 ,adv]bs may modify adjectives2 z1 ,v ripe apples are heal?ful4 ,adv]bs modify v]bs j z adjectives modify n\ns--by limit+ !m4 ,! horse has a pr\d /ep ,! horse /eps pr\dly4 ,! ,pr$icate ) its ,modifi]s is call$ ! ,modifi$ ,pr$icate1 or ,logical ,pr$icate4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,adv]b is a ^w us$ to modify a v]b1 an adjective1 or an adv]b4 ,footnote3 ,see ,lesson #ib & foot-note4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 #a4 ,! leaves fall v quietly4 leaves fall ,! quietly v ,oral ,analysis4--,v quietly is a modifi] ( ! pr$icate2 quietly is ! pr9cipal ^w ( ! gr\p2 v modifies quietly2 ! leaves is ! modifi$ subject2 fall v quietly is ! modifi$ pr$icate4 ,p>s+4--,quietly is an adv]b modify+ fall1 tell+ ! mann]2 v is an adv]b modify+ quietly1 tell+ ! degree4 #b4 ,! old1 hi/oric ,*>t] ,oak 0 bl[n d[n4 #c4 ,! /]n1 rigid ,puritans (t5 wor%ip$ !re4 #d4 ,bright-ey$ daisies peep up ev]y:]e4 #e4 ,! preci\s morn+ h\rs %\ld n be wa/$4 #f4 ,! timely sugge/ion 0 v k9dly receiv$4 #g4 ,we turn$ r abruptly4 #h4 ,a highly enjoyable ent]ta9m5t 0 provid$4 #i4 ,! ent]ta9m5t 0 highly enjoy$4 #aj4 ,:y w p exagg]ate s6 #aa4 ,a some:at dang]\s pass _h be5 rea*$ q unexpect$ly4 #ab4 ,we n[ travel /ill m rapidly4 #ac4 ,!re=e he spoke excit$ly4 #ad4 ,y w und\bt$ly be v cordially welcom$4 #ae4 ,a furi\s equ9octial gale has j swept by4 #af4 ,! ,hell ,gate reef 0 sl[ly drill$ away4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ae4 ,,composition--,,adv]bs4 ,caution4--,s place adv]bs t !re c be no d\bt z to :at y int5d !m to modify4 ,h reg>d to ! s\nd also4 ,direction4--,place !1 italiciz$ words bel[ 9 diff]5t positions1 & note ! effect on ! s\nd & ! s5se3-- #a4 ,i imm$iately ran out4 #b4 ,only "o 0 left !re4 #c4 ,%e look$ d[n pr\dly4 #d4 ,un=tunately1 ?is assi/ance came too late4 ,direction4--,con/ruct on ea* ( ^! subjects ?ree s5t5ces hav+ modifi$ subjects & modifi$ pr$icates3--- ,= punctuation1 see ,lesson #ba4 ,model4 ---- cl\ds ----4 #a4 ,d>k1 heavy1 ?reat5+ cl\ds are sl[ly ga!r+ above4 #b4 ,^?1 brilliant1 crimson cl\ds w v soon dissolve4 #c4 ,?91 fleecy cl\ds are scudd+ ov]4 l4 ---- ocean ----4 #b4 ---- breeze ----4 #c4 ---- %ad[s ----4 #d4 ---- rock ----4 #e4 ---- leaves ----4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces 9 :i* ^! adv]bs %all modify v]bs3-- ,h]et(ore1 h]eaft]1 annually1 t5d]ly1 inaudibly1 legibly1 evasively1 ev]y:]e1 alo(1 =?4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces 9 :i* five ( ^! adv]bs %all modify adjectives1 & five %all modify adv]bs3-- ,f>1 unusually1 q1 altoge!r1 slightly1 some:at1 mu*1 almo/1 too1 r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #af4 ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,9 all s*ool "w1 b especially "h1 :]e ! philosophy ( ! s5t5ce & ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction are develop$ 9 progressive /eps1 success dep5ds l>gely on ! "* ( ! reviews4 ,let reviews be1 s f> z possible1 topical4 ,require frequ5t outl9es ( ! "w pass$ ov]1 especially ( :at is taught 9 ! ,introductory ,h9ts4 ,! language1 except t ( ,rules & ,def9itions1 %\ld be ! pupil's own1 & ! illu/rative s5t5ces %\ld be orig9al4 ,direction4--,review f ,lesson #h to ,lesson #ae1 inclusive4 ,give ! sub/ance ( ! ,introductory ,h9ts 7tell1 = example1 :at ?ree ?+s su* words z tick1 are1 & rema9 d 9 ! s5t5ce1 :at (fice !y h 9 common1 :at su* words are call$1 & :y2 :at common (fice su* words z ripe1 !1 & eight h1 9 :at ?ree ways !y p]=m x1 :at su* words are call$1 & :y1 etc474 ,repeat & illu/rate def9itions & rules2 illu/rate :at is taught ( ! capitalization & ! abbreviation ( names1 & ( ! position ( adjectives & adv]bs4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 7,,see ,,pages #aej-aec47 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,aft] ! pupil has le>n$ a few pr9ciples ( analysis & con/ruction ?r\gh ! aid ( %ort deta*$ s5t5ces t exclude ev]y?+ unfamili>1 he may be l$ to recognize ^! same pr9ciples 9 long] relat$ s5t5ces gr\p$ into p>agraphs4 ,! /udy ( p>agraphs select$ = ?is purpose may well be ext5d$ z an in=mal prep>ation = :at is aft]w>ds =mally pres5t$ 9 ! regul> lessons ( ! text-book4 ,^! ,ex]cises are (f]$ only z sugge/ions4 ,! tea*] mu/1 ( c\rse1 det]m9e :]e & h[ (t5 ?is composition %\ld be introduc$4 ,we invite special att5tion to ! /udy ( ! p>agraph4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ag4 ,,prepositional ,,phrases ,,& ,,prepositions4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,to express our ?\ghts ) great] exactness we may ne$ to exp& a ^w modifi] into sev]al words2 z1 ,a long ride br\ght u !re ,a ride ( "o hundr$ miles br\ght u to ,*icago4 ,^! gr\ps ( words1 ( "o hundr$ miles & to ,*icago--! "o sub/itut$ = ! adjective long1 ! o!r = ! adv]b !re--we call ,phrases4 ,a phrase t does ! "w ( an adjective is call$ an ,adjective ,phrase4 ,a phrase t does ! "w ( an adv]b is call$ an ,adv]b ,phrase4 ,z adv]bs modify adjectives & adv]bs1 !y may modify _! equival5t phrases2 z1 ,! tra9 /ops only at ! /ation4 ,!y sometimes modify only ! introductory ^w ( ! phrase--?is introductory ^w be+ adv]bial 9 its nature2 z1 ,he sail$ ne>ly ar\nd ! globe4 ,t we may le>n ! (fice ( su* words z (1 to1 & at1 us$ to introduce ^! phrases1 let u see h[ ! relation ( "o idea to ano!r may be express$4 ,weal?y m54 ,^! two words express two ideas z relat$4 ,we h le>n$ to "k ?is relation by ! =m & position ( ! words4 ,*ange ^!1 & ! relation is lo/--m5 weal?4 ,b by us+ ( be=e weal? ! relation is re/or$---m5 ( weal?4 ,! ^w (1 !n1 %[s ! relation betwe5 ! ideas express$ by ! words m5 & weal?4 ,all su* relation words are call$ ,prepositions 7,lat4 prae1 be=e1 & positus1 plac$--_! usual position be+ be=e ! n\n ) :i* !y =m a phrase74 ,a phrase introduc$ by a preposition is call$ a ,prepositional ,phrase4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! only k9d ( phrase4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,phrase is a gr\p ( words d5ot+ relat$ ideas1 & hav+ a di/9ct (fice1 b n express+ a ?\ght4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,preposition is a ^w t introduces a phrase modifi]1 & %[s ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( its pr9cipal ^w to ! ^w modifi$4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 #a4 ,! pit* ( ! musical note dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ( vibration4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions 9 ,lesson #ab1 conc]n+ ! use ( diagrams4 pit* dep5ds ,! ( ^u note rapidity -------- ------------ ! musical ! ( vibration --------- ,explanation4--,! diagram ( ! phrase is made up ( a slant+ l9e /&+ = ! introductory ^w1 & a horizontal l9e repres5t+ ! pr9cipal ^w4 ,"u ! latt] are drawn ! l9es :i* repres5t ! modifi]s ( ! pr9cipal ^w4 ,oral ,analysis4---,! & ! adjective phrase ( ! musical note are modifi]s ( ! subject2 ! adv]b phrase ^u ! rapidity ( vibration is a modifi] ( ! pr$icate4 ,( introduces ! fir/ phrase1 & note is ! pr9cipal ^w2 ! & musical are modifi]s ( note2 ^u introduces ! second phrase1 & rapidity is ! pr9cipal ^w2 ! & ! adjective phrase ( vibration are modifi]s ( rapidity2 ( introduces ?is phrase1 & vibration is ! pr9cipal ^w4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions 9 ,lesson #ab1 conc]n+ oral analysis4 ,p>s+4--,( is a preposition %[+ ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( note to pit*2 etc41 etc4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,insi/ t1 9 p>s+1 ! pupils %all give specific reasons in/ead ( g5]al def9itions4 #b4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream c be trac$ along ! %ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! blu5ess ( ! wat]4 #c4 ,! ,nor? ,pole has be5 approa*$ 9 ?ree pr9cipal directions4 #d4 ,9 #afjg1 ,hudson p5etrat$ )9 six hundr$ miles ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,footnote3 #afjg may be treat$ z a n\n1 & six hundr$ z "o adjective4 #e4 ,! breezy morn+ di$ into sil5t noon4 #f4 ,! ,delta ( ! ,mississippi 0 once at ,/4 ,l\is4 #g4 ,coal ( all k9ds has orig9at$ f ! decay ( plants4 #h4 ,g5ius c brea! freely only 9 ! atmosph]e ( fre$om4 9 bel[ atmosph]e j ,falls only ! ,explanation4----,only modifies ! :ole phrase1 & j modifies ! preposition4 #i4 ,! ,susp5sion ,bridge is /ret*$ across ! ,niag>a riv] j bel[ ! ,falls4 #aj4 ,9 ,"m ,goose ! c[ jumps cle> ov] ! moon4 #aa4 ,! fir/ /&+ army 0 =m$ 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 #ab4 ,! fir/ a/ronomical obs]vatory 9 ,europe 0 erect$ at ,seville by ! ,s>ac5s4 #ac4 ,! tails ( "s comets /ret* to ! di/ance ( #ajj1jjj1jjj miles4 #ad4 ,! body ( ! great ,napoleon 0 c>ri$ back f ,/4 ,hel5a to ,france4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ah4 ,,composition-,,prepositional ,,phrases4 ,,comma-,,rule4--,phrases t are plac$ out ( _! usual ord] ,footnote3 ,= ! usual ord] ( words & phrases1 see ,lesson #ea4 & made emphatic1 or t are loosely connect$ ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 %\ld be set (f by ! comma4 ,footnote3 ,an expression 9 ! body ( a s5t5ce is set (f by two commas2 at ! beg9n+ or at ! end1 by "o comma4 ,rem>k4--,?is rule mu/ be appli$ ) caution4 ,unless x is desir$ to make ! phrase emphatic1 or to break ! cont9uity ( ! ?\ght1 ! gr[+ usage among writ]s is n to set x (f4 ,direction4--,tell :y ! comma is1 or is n1 us$ 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,betwe5 ! two m\nta9s lies a f]tile valley4 #b4 ,( ! sc5]y along ! ,rh9e1 _m travel]s speak ) en?usiasm4 #c4 ,he w5t1 at ! urg5t reque/ ( ! /rang]1 = ! doctor4 #d4 ,he w5t f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia on ,monday4 #e4 ,9 ! dead ( night1 ) a *os5 b&1 "u ! cov] ( a truce1 he approa*$4 ,direction4--,punctuate su* ( ^! s5t5ces z ne$ punctuation3-- #a4 ,engl& 9 ! elev5? c5tury 0 conqu]$ by ! ,normans4 #b4 ,amid ! angry yells ( ! spectators he di$4 #c4 ,= ! sake ( emphasis a ^w or a phrase may be plac$ out ( its natural ord]4 #d4 ,9 ! ,pickwick ,pap]s ! conv]sation ( ,sam ,well] is spic$ ) wit4 #e4 ,new ,york on ! contr>y ab\nds 9 m5 ( weal?4 #f4 ,x has come d[n by un9t]rupt$ tradition f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day4 ,direction4--,see 9 h[ _m places ! phrases 9 ! s5t5ces above may /& )\t obscur+ ! ?\ght4 ,caution4--,s place phrase modifi]s t !re c be no d\bt z to :at yon int5d !m to modify4 ,h reg>d to ! s\nd also4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors 9 position1 & use ! comma :5 ne$$3-- #a4 ,! honorable memb] 0 reprov$ = be+ intoxicat$ by ! presid5t4 #b4 ,t small man is speak+ ) r$ :isk]s4 #c4 ,a message 0 read f ! ,presid5t 9 ! ,s5ate4 #d4 ,) 8 gun t[>d ! woods he />t$ 9 ! morn+4 #e4 ,on ,monday ev5+ on temp]ance by ,mr4 ,g\gh a lecture at ! old brick *ur* 0 deliv]$4 ,direction4--,=m a s5t5ce out ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( words3-- 7,look %>ply to ! arrangem5t & ! punctuation47 #a4 ,( m9d ( spl5dor "u ! g>b (t5 is conceal$ pov]ty4 #b4 ,( affectation ( ! "y fop 9 ! face imp]t95t an 0 se5 smile4 #c4 ,has be5 scatt]$ ,bible ,engli% ! ( millions by hundr$s ( ! e>? ov] ! face4 #d4 ,to ! end ) no small difficulty ( ! j\rney at la/ ?r\gh deep roads we aft] mu* fatigue came4 #e4 ,at ! di/ance a flood ( flame f ! l9e f ?irty iron m\?s ( twelve hundr$ y>ds ( ! enemy p\r$ =?4 ,direction4--,see into h[ _m good1 cle> s5t5ces y c conv]t ^! by transpos+ ! phrases3-- #a4 ,he w5t ov] ! m\nta9s on a c]ta9 day 9 e>ly boyhood4 #b4 ,ticond]oga 0 tak5 f ! ,briti% by ,e?an ,all5 on ! t5? ( ,may 9 #agge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ai4 ,,composition--,,prepositional ,,phrases4 ,direction4--,rewrite ^! s5t5ces1 *ang+ ! italiciz$ words into equival5t phrases3-- ,model4--,! s5t5ce 0 c>efully writt54 ,! s5t5ce 0 writt5 ) c>e4 #a4 ,a braz5 image 0 !n set up4 #b4 ,^? homeless *ildr5 7 k9dly treat$4 #c4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! ,swiss sc5]y4 #d4 ,an a]ial trip to ,europe 0 ra%ly plann$4 #e4 ,! ,am]ican ,cont95t 0 probably discov]$ by ,cabot4 ,direction4--,*ange ^! adjectives & adv]bs into equival5t phrases2 & !n1 att5d+ c>efully to ! punctuation1 use ^! phrases 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own3-- #a4 ,bo/onian #b4 :y #c4 incauti\sly #d4 n[h]e #e4 !re #f4 h5ce #g4 nor!rly #h4 national #i4 :5ce #aj4 "h #aa4 ,arabian #ab4 l5g?y #ac4 hi/orical #ad4 lucidly #ae4 e>?w>d ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces1 us+ ^! phrases z modifi]s3-- ,( copp]2 9 ,p5nsylvania2 f ! ,we/ ,indies2 ar\nd ! _w2 betwe5 ! tropics2 t[>d ! ,pacific2 on ! #bb;d ( ,febru>y2 dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe?2 be=e ! application ( /eam to ma*9]y2 at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition ( #ahgf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bj4 ,,comp\nd ,,subject ,,& ,,comp\nd ,,pr$icate4 ,,conjunctions ,,& ,,int]jections4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,edw>d1 ,m>y1 & ,elizabe? reign$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! ?ree words ,edw>d1 ,m>y1 & ,elizabe? h ! same pr$icate--! same act be+ ass]t$ ( ! k+ & ! two que5s4 ,edw>d1 ,m>y1 & ,elizabe? are connect$ by &1 & be+ und]/ood betwe5 ,edw>d & ,m>y4 ,connect$ subjects hav+ ! same pr$icate =m a ,comp\nd ,subject4 ,*>les ,i4 0 seiz$1 0 tri$1 & 0 behead$4 ,! ?ree pr$icates 0 seiz$1 0 tri$1 & 0 behead$ h ! same subject--! ?ree acts be+ ass]t$ ( ! same k+4 ,connect$ pr$icates hav+ ! same subject =m a ,comp\nd ,pr$icate4 ,a s5t5ce may h bo? a comp\nd subject & a comp\nd pr$icate2 z1 ,m>y & ,elizabe? liv$ & reign$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! words connect+ ! p>ts ( a comp\nd subject or ( a comp\nd pr$icate are call$ ,conjunctions 7,lat4 con1 or cum1 toge!r1 & jung]e1 to jo974 ,a conjunction may connect o!r p>ts ( ! s5t5ce1 z two ^w modifi]s--,a d>k & ra9y night foll[s2 ,"s m5 s9 delib]ately & presumptu\sly4 ,x may connect two phrases2 z1 ,! equ9ox occurs 9 ,m>* & 9 ,septemb]4 ,x may connect two clauses1 t is1 expressions t1 /&+ alone1 w\ld be s5t5ces2 z1 ,! leaves ( ! p9e fall 9 spr+1 b ! leaves ( ! maple drop 9 autumn4 ,int]jections 7,lat4 int]1 betwe51 & jac]e1 to ?r[7 are ! eigh? & la/ "p ( spee*4 ,oh6 ah6 pooh6 p%aw6 etc41 express bur/s ( feel+ too sudd5 & viol5t = delib]ate s5t5ces4 ,hail6 fudge6 inde$6 am56 etc41 express cond5s$ ?\ght z well z feel+4 ,any "p ( spee* may be wr5*$ f its con/ruction ) o!r words1 & may lapse into an int]jection2 z1 behold6 %ame6 :at6 ,pr(essor ,sweet calls int]jections s5t5ce-words4 ,two or m connect$ subjects hav+ ! same pr$icate =m a ,comp\nd ,subject4 ,two or m connect$ pr$icates hav+ ! same subject =m a ,comp\nd ,pr$icate4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,conjunction is a ^w us$ to connect words1 phrases1 or clauses4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,int]jection is a ^w us$ to express /rong or sudd5 feel+4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 #a4 ,ah6 anxi\s wives1 si/]s1 & mo!rs wait = ! news4 ,ah ---- wives ' ' wait si/]s 'x ' anxi\s = '&_/ ' _/ news mo!rs ' _/ ----- '_/ ! ,explanation4--,! ?ree %ort horizontal l9es repres5t ea* a "p ( ! comp\nd subject4 ,!y are connect$ by dott$ l9es1 :i* /& = ! connect+ ^w4 ,! x %[s t a conjunction is und]/ood4 ,! l9e /&+ = ! ^w modifi] is jo9$ to t "p ( ! subject l9e :i* repres5ts ! entire subject4 ,turn ?is diagram ab\t1 & ! connect$ horizontal l9es w /& = ! p>ts ( a comp\nd pr$icate4 ,oral ,analysis4---,wives1 si/]s1 & mo!rs =m ! comp\nd subject2 anxi\s is a modifi] ( ! comp\nd subject2 & connects si/]s & mo!rs4 ,p>s+4--,& is a conjunction connect+ si/]s & mo!rs2 ah is an int]jection1 express+ a sudd5 bur/ ( feel+4 #b4 ,9 a lett] we may advise1 exhort1 com=t1 reque/1 & discuss4 7,= diagram see ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! ,explanation above47 #c4 ,! m5tal1 moral1 & muscul> p[]s are improv$ by use4 p[]s came ,! ,x & & ( 44444444 4444444 p>5tage muscul> ----------- moral f m5tal l& --------- #d4 ,! h]o ( ! ,book ( ,job came f a /range l& & ( a /range p>5tage4 #e4 ,! optic n]ve passes f ! bra9 to ! back ( ! eyeball1 & !re spreads out4 #f4 ,betwe5 ! m9d ( man & ! out] _w are int]pos$ ! n]ves ( ! human body4 #g4 ,all =ms ( ! lev] & all ! pr9cipal k9ds ( h+es are f\nd 9 ! body4 #h4 ,by p]fection is meant ! full & h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! faculties4 #i4 ,ugh6 ,i look =w>d ) dread to to-morr[4 #aj4 ,f ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ! ,dead ,sea1 d>k & mi/y & solemn1 is se54 #aa4 ,tu%6 tu%6 't w n aga9 appe>4 #ab4 ,a sort ( gunp[d] 0 us$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ,*9a & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,asia4 #ac4 ,"s m5 s9 delib]ately & presumptu\sly4 #ad4 ,feudalism did n & c\ld n exi/ be=e ! t5? c5tury4 #ae4 ,! op9ions ( ! ,new ,york press are quot$ 9 e port & 9 e capital4 #af4 ,bo? fri5d & foe applaud$4 fri5d ------------------- ' ' applaud$ '&4444 ,bo? ' _/ foe ' _/ --------'----------_/ ,explanation4--,! conjunction bo? is us$ to /r5g!n ! real connective &4 ,ei!r & nei!r d ! same = or & nor 9 ei!r--or1 nei!r--nor4 ,rem>k4--,a phrase t conta9s ano!r phrase z a modifi] is call$ a ,complex ,phrase4 ,two or m phrases connect$ by a conjunction =m a ,comp\nd ,phrase4 ,direction4--,pick out ! simple1 ! complex1 & ! comp\nd phrases 9 ! s5t5ces above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ba4 ,,composition---,,connect$ ,,t]ms ,,& ,,int]jections4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,words or phrases connect$ by conjunctions are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! comma unless all ! conjunctions are express$4 ,rem>k4--,:5 words & phrases /& 9 pairs1 ! pairs are sep>at$ accord+ to ! ,rule1 b ! words ( ea* pair are n4 ,:5 "o ( two t]ms has a modifi] t )\t ! comma might be ref]r$ to bo?1 or1 :5 ! p>ts ( comp\nd pr$icates & ( o!r phrases are long or diff]5tly modifi$1 ^! t]ms or p>ts are sep>at$ by ! comma ?\gh no conjunction is omitt$4 ,:5 two t]ms connect$ by or h ! same mean+1 ! second is logically explanatory ( ! fir/1 & is set (f by ! comma1 i4 e41 :5 x occurs 9 ! body ( a s5t5ce1 a comma is plac$ aft] ! explanatory ^w1 z well z be=e ! or4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ! punctuation ( ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,long1 pi\s pilgrimages are made to ,mecca4 #b4 ,empires rise1 fl\ri%1 & decay4 #c4 ,cotton is rais$ 9 ,egypt1 9 ,india1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d4 ,! bra9 is protect$ by ! skull1 or cranium4 #e4 ,nature & art & sci5ce 7 laid "u tribute4 #f4 ,! room 0 furni%$ ) a table1 & a *air )\t legs4 #g4 ,! old oak5 bucket hangs 9 ! well4 ,explanation4--,no comma "h1 = no conjunction is omitt$4 ,oak5 limits bucket1 old limits bucket modifi$ by oak51 & ! limits bucket modifi$ by old & oak54 ,see ,lesson #ac4 #h4 ,a ,*ri/ian _s %\ld be %[n to ,jew or ,greek1 male or female1 fri5d or foe4 #i4 ,we climb$ up a m\nta9 = a view4 ,explanation4--,no comma4 ,up a m\nta9 tells :]e we climb$1 & = a view tells :y we climb$ up a m\nta94 #aj4 ,! boy hurries away f home1 & ent]s ^u a c>e] ( bus9ess or ( pleasure4 #aa4 ,! long procession 0 clos$ by ! great dignit>ies ( ! realm1 & ! bro!rs & sons ( ! k+4 ,direction4--,punctuate su* ( ^! s5t5ces z ne$ punctuation1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 />e cry out & run4 #b4 ,bright heal?ful & vigor\s poetry 0 writt5 by ,milton4 #c4 ,few hone/ indu/ri\s m5 fail ( success 9 life4 7,:]e is ! conjunction omitt$87 #d4 ,irel& or ! ,em]ald ,isle lies to ! we/ ( ,engl&4 #e4 ,t relates to ! names ( animals or ( ?+s )\t sex4 #f4 ,! ,hebrew is closely alli$ to ! ,arabic ! ,pho5ician ! ,syriac & ! ,*aldee4 #g4 ,we sail$ d[n ! riv] & along ! coa/ & into a little inlet4 #h4 ,! horses & ! cattle 7 fa/5$ 9 ! same /ables & 7 f$ ) abundance ( hay & gra94 #i4 ,spr+ & summ] autumn & w9t] ru% by 9 quick succession4 #aj4 ,a few dilapidat$ old build+s /ill /& 9 ! des]t$ village4 ,,exclamation ,,po9t--,,rule4--,all ,exclamatory ,expressions mu/ be foll[$ by ! exclamation po9t4 ,rem>k4--,sometimes an int]jection alone & sometimes an int]jection & ! words foll[+ x =m ! exclamatory expression2 z1 ,oh6 x hurts4 ,oh1 ! beautiful sn[6 ,o is us$ 9 direct address2 z1 ,o fa!r1 li/5 to me4 ,oh is us$ z a cry ( pa91 surprise1 delight1 fe>1 or appeal4 ,?is di/9ction1 h[ev] desirable1 is n /rictly obs]v$1 ,o be+ frequ5tly us$ 9 place ( ,oh4 ,,capital ,,lett]s--,,rule4--,! words ,i & ,o %\ld be writt5 9 capital lett]s4 ,direction4--,correct ^! violations ( ! two rules giv5 above3-- #a4 o noble judge o excell5t "y man4 #b4 ,out ( ! dep?s h i cri$ unto !e4 #c4 ,hurrah ! field is won4 #d4 ,p%aw h[ fooli%4 #e4 ,oh oh oh i %all be kill$4 #f4 o life h[ unc]ta9 o dea? h[ inevitable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bb4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,direction4--,beg9n+ ) ! #h? s5t5ce ( ! fir/ gr\p ( ex]cises 9 ,lesson #ba1 analyze ?irte5 s5t5ces1 omitt+ ! #d? ( ! second gr\p4 ,model4--,a ,*ri/ian _s %\ld be %[n to ,jew or ,greek1 male or female1 fri5d or foe4 _s %\ld be %[n _/ ,jew _/'-------- ,a ,*ri/ian _/' ' ,greek _/ ' -------- _/ ' to _/ x ' _/ male --_/ '_/'-------- ' ' female x ' -------- ' ' _/ fri5d _/'--------- ' foe --------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bc4 ,,composition--,,connect$ ,,t]ms4 ,direction4--,us+ ! n\ns bel[1 compose s5t5ces ) comp\nd subjects2 compose o!rs 9 :i* ! v]bs %all =m comp\nd pr$icates2 & o!rs 9 :i* ! adjectives1 ! adv]bs1 & ! phrases %all =m comp\nd modifi]s3-- ,9 "s let !re be ?ree or m connect$ t]ms4 ,obs]ve ,rule1 ,lesson #ba1 = punctuation4 ,let y\r s5t5ces mean some?+4 ,,n\ns4 ,wa%+ton1 beauty1 grace1 ,jeff]son1 symmetry1 lightn+1 ,l9coln1 electricity1 copp]1 silv]1 fl[]s1 gold1 rose1 lily4 ,,v]bs4 ,exam9e1 s+1 pull1 pu%1 report1 %\t1 love1 hate1 l1 scream1 loa!1 approve1 fe>1 obey1 ref9e1 hop1 elevate1 skip1 disapprove4 ,,adjectives4 ,direction4--,see ,caution1 ,lesson #ac4 ,bright1 acute1 pati5t1 c>eful1 apt1 =cible1 simple1 homely1 happy1 %ort1 pi?y1 deep1 jolly1 m]curial1 precipit\s4 ,,adv]bs4 ,direction4--,see ,caution1 ,lesson #ae4 ,neatly1 sl[ly1 c>efully1 sadly1 n[1 "h1 nev]1 h]eaft]4 ,,phrases4 ,on sea2 9 ! city2 by day2 on l&2 by night2 9 ! c\ntry2 by hook2 across ! ocean2 by crook2 ov] ! l&s2 along ! level road2 up ! m\nta9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bd4 ,,review4 ,,capital ,,lett]s ,,& ,,punctuation4 ,direction4--,give ! reason = e capital lett] & = e m>k ( punctuation us$ bel[3-- #a4 ,! s5sitive p>ts ( ! body are cov]$ by ! cuticle1 or sk94 #b4 ,! degrees ( ,a4,b41 ,a4,m41 ,d4,d41 & ,,ll4,d4 are conf]r$ by ! colleges & ! univ]sities ( ! c\ntry4 #c4 ,oh1 ,i am s happy6 #d4 ,fa!rs & mo!rs1 sons & daught]s rejoice at ! news4 #e4 ,plants are n\ri%$ by ! e>?1 & ! c>bon ( ! air4 #f4 ,a tide ( ,am]ican travel]s is con/antly flood+ ,europe4 #g4 ,! tireless1 sleepless sun rises above ! horizon1 & climbs sl[ly & /eadily to ! z5i?4 #h4 ,he retir$ to private life on half pay1 & on ! income ( a l>ge e/ate 9 ! ,s\?4 ,direction4--,write ^! expressions1 us+ capital lett]s & m>ks ( punctuation :]e !y belong3-- #a4 a fre% ruddy & be>dless fr5* y\? repli$ #b4 maj1 cal1 bu1 p m1 rev1 no1 hon1 ft1 w1 e1 oz1 mr1 n y1 a b1 mon1 bbl1 / #c4 o fa!r o fa!r i _c brea! "h #d4 ha ha t s\nds well #e4 ! edict ( nantes 0 e/abli%$ by h5ry ! great ( france #f4 mrs1 vs1 co1 esq1 yd1 pres1 u s1 pr(1 o1 d1 dr #g4 hurrah good news good news #h4 ! l>ge/ =tunes gr[ by ! sav+ ( c5ts & dimes & doll>s #i4 ! baltic sea lies betwe5 sw$5 & russia #aj4 ! mississippi riv] p\rs into ! gulf ( mexico #aa4 supt1 capt1 qt1 ph d1 p1 cr1 i e1 doz #ab4 b5jam9 frankl9 0 born 9 bo/on 9 #agjf & di$ 9 #agij ,direction4--,correct all ^! errors 9 capitalization & punctuation1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a ,oliv] cromwell rul$1 ov] ! engli% ,p1 #b4 halloo4 ,i mu/ speak to ,y6 #c4 john ,milton1 w5t abroad 9 ,e>ly ,life1 &1 /ay$1 = "s "t1 ) ! ,s*ol>s ( ,italy1 #d4 ,mo/ ,fuel consi/s ( ,coal & ,wood f ! ,=e/s #e4 books are read = ,pleasure & ! ,in/ruction & improvem5t ( ! ,intellect1 #f4 ,9 ra9y wea!r ! feet %\ld be protect$ by ov]%oes or galo*es #g4 h>k !y are com+6 #h4 ,a1 neat1 simple & manly /yle is pleas+ to ,u4 #i4 alas poor ?+ alas1 #aj4 i fi%$ on a1 d>k1 & cool1 & mossy1 tr\t /ream4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #be4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,review4 ,,analysis4 #a4 ,by ! /reets ( ,by-&-by1 "o arrives at ! h\se ( ,nev]4--,spani% ,prov]b ,footnote3 ,by-&-by has no real /reets1 ! ,london j\rnals d n actually ?und]1 nor 7 ! *eeks ( ,william ! ,te/y lit]ally scor*$ by 8 fi]y gray eyes4 ,/reets1 h\se1 color$1 ?und]1 & scor*$ are n1 !n1 us$ "h 9 _! fir/ & ord9>y mean+1 b 9 a second>y & figurative s5se4 ,^! words we call ,metaphors4 ,by :at !y d5ote & by :at !y only sugge/ !y l5d cle>ness1 vividness1 & =ce to ! ?\ght !y help to convey1 & add beauty to ! expression4 ,= fur!r treatm5t ( metaphors & o!r figures ( spee*1 see pages #hg1 #acf1 #aee1 #aef1 #afe1 & ,lesson #aej4 #b4 ,! w9ds & waves are always on ! side ( ! able/ navigators4--,gibbon4 #c4 ,! axis ( ! e>? /icks out visibly ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ea* & e t[n or city4--,holmes4 #d4 ,! arrogant ,sp>tan1 ) a ,fr5*-l glorification1 boa/$ =ev] ( little ,!rmopylae4--,de ,qu9cey4 #e4 ,! pure/ act ( k is always color$ by "s feel+ ( pleasure or pa94--,hamilton4 #f4 ,! ?und] ( ! great ,london j\rnals rev]b]ates ?r\gh e clime4--,m>%4 #g4 ,! *eeks ( ,william ! ,te/y 7 scor*$ into a dusky r$ by two fi]y little gray eyes4--,irv+4 #h4 ,! /udy ( natural sci5ce goes h& 9 h& ) ! culture ( ! imag9ation4--,tyndall4 ,footnote3 ,h& 9 h& may be treat$ z "o adv]b1 or ) may be suppli$4 #i4 ,! :ole sub/ance ( ! w9ds is dr5*$ & ba!d & wa%$ & w9n[$ & sift$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by ?is baptism 9 ! sea4--,swa94 #aj4 ,! ,arabian ,empire /ret*$ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,*9ese ,wall1 & f ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea to ^? ( ! ,indian ,ocean4--,drap]4 #aa4 ,"o half ( all kn[n mat]ials consi/s ( oxyg54--,cooke4 #ab4 ,! range ( ?irty pyramids1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,abraham1 look$ d[n on ! pla9 ( ,memphis4--,/anley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bf4 ,,writt5 ,,p>s+4 ,direction4--,p>se ! s5t5ces ( ,lesson #be accord+ to ?is ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+4 ,n\ns4 ,pron4 ,v]bs4 ,adj4 ,adv4 ,prep4 ,conj4 ,int4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a/ /reets1 !1!4 ,by1(1 s5t5ce,by-&- "o4 arrives4 at1( by1 h\se1 ,nev]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #b;d s5t5ce ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,until ! ,subdivisions & ,modifications ( p>ts ( spee* are rea*$1 ,oral & ,writt5 ,p>s+ c be only a classification ( ! words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,y mu/ judge h[ frequ5tly a lesson l ?is is ne$$1 & h[ mu* p>s+ %\ld be done orally day by day4 ,9 _! ,oral ,analysis let ! pupils give at fir/ ! reasons = e /atem5t1 b gu>d aga9/ _! do+ ?is me*anically & 9 set t]ms2 &1 :5 y ?9k x c safely be done1 let !m drop x4 ,b ask n[ & !n1 :5ev] y ?9k !y h gr[n c>eless or are guess+1 = ! reason ( ?is1 t1 or ! o!r /ep tak54 ,"h x may be well to emphasize ! fact t ! "p ( spee* to :i* any ^w belongs is det]m9$ by ! use ( ! ^w1 & n f its =m4 ,su* ex]cises z ! foll[+ are sugge/$3-- ,use "r words4 ,act "r4 ,"r ! wrong4 ,y are 9 ! "r4 ,pupils w be int]e/$ 9 f9d+ s5t5ces t illu/rate ! diff]5t uses ( ! same ^w4 ,x is h>dly necess>y = u to make li/s ( words t h diff]5t uses4 ,any diction>y w furni% abundant examples4 ,x is an excell5t practice to po9t out su* words 9 ! regul> ex]cises = analysis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bg4 ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions1 ,lesson #af4 ,direction4--,review f ,lesson #ag to ,lesson #ba1 inclusive4 ,give ! sub/ance ( ! ,introductory ,h9ts 7tell1 = example1 :at su* words z long & !re may be exp&$ into1 h[ ^! exp&$ =ms may be modifi$1 h[ introduc$1 :at ! introductory words are call$1 & :y1 etc474 ,repeat & illu/rate def9itions & rules2 illu/rate fully :at is taught ( ! position ( phrases1 & ( ! punctuation ( phrases1 connect$ t]ms1 & exclamatory expressions4 ,h[ _m p>ts ( spee* are !re8 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 7,,see ,,pages #aec-aef47 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see notes to ! tea*]1 pages #cj1 #aej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bh4 ,,n\ns ,,z ,,object ,,complem5ts4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,9 say+ ,wa%+ton captur$1 we d n fully express ! act p]=m$ by ,wa%+ton4 ,if we add a n\n & say1 ,wa%+ton captur$ ,cornwallis1 we complete ! pr$icate by nam+ t :i* receives ! act4 ,:atev] fills out1 or completes1 is a ,complem5t4 ,z ,cornwallis completes ! expression ( ! act by nam+ ! ?+ act$ ^u--! object--we call x ! ,object ,complem5t4 ,connect$ objects complet+ ! same v]b =m a ,comp\nd ,object ,complem5t2 z1 ,wa%+ton captur$ ,cornwallis & 8 army4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,object ,complem5t ( a ,s5t5ce completes ! pr$icate1 & names t :i* receives ! act4 ,! complem5t ) all its modifi]s is call$ ! ,modifi$ ,complem5t4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,cle> ?9k+ makes cle> writ+4 ?9k+ makes writ+ cle> cle> ,oral ,analysis4---,writ+ is ! object complem5t2 cle> writ+ is ! modifi$ complem5t1 & makes cle> writ+ is ! entire pr$icate4 #b4 ,au/]litz kill$ ,pitt4 #c4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d] de/roy$ feudalism4 #d4 ,li>s %\ld h good memories4 #e4 ,we f9d ! fir/ surnames 9 ! t5? c5tury4 #f4 ,god temp]s ! w9d to ! %orn lamb4 #g4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 inv5t$ ! lightn+-rod4 #h4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,ox=d took & held rank ) ! greate/ s*ools ( ,europe4 took _/--------- ,ox=d _/ ' rank &' ' _/ ' held _/ -------_/ revolves _/------------ moon _/ ' &' ' ' keeps side --------------- #i4 ,! moon revolves1 & keeps ! same side t[>d u4 #aj4 ,hung] r+s ! bell1 & ord]s up coals 9 ! %ape ( bread & butt]1 beef & bacon1 pies & pudd+s4 #aa4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,trojan w> re/s on ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 & =ms ! subject ( ! noble/ poem ( antiquity4 #ab4 ,e /alk1 bud1 fl[]1 & se$ displays a figure1 a proportion1 a h>mony1 beyond ! rea* ( art4 #ac4 ,! natives ( ,ceylon build h\ses ( ! trunk1 & ?at* ro(s ) ! leaves1 ( ! cocoa-nut palm4 #ad4 ,ri*elieu exil$ ! "m1 oppress$ ! wife1 degrad$ ! bro!r1 & bani%$ ! confessor1 ( ! k+4 #ae4 ,james & ,john /udy & recite gramm> & ari?metic4 ,james /udy gramm> _/ _/ ' _/ ' _/ ' '& &' &' ,john ' _/ ' recite _/ ' ari?metic _/ _/ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #bi4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,adjectives ,,z ,,attribute ,,complem5ts4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,! subject pres5ts "o idea2 ! pr$icate pres5ts ano!r1 & ass]ts x ( ! fir/4 ,corn is gr[+ pres5ts ! idea ( ! ?+1 corn1 & ! idea ( ! act1 gr[+1 & ass]ts ! act ( ! ?+4 ,corn gr[+ lacks ! ass]t+ ^w1 & ,corn is lacks ! ^w d5ot+ ! idea to be ass]t$4 ,9 logic1 ! ass]t+ ^w is call$ ! copula--x %[s t ! two ideas are c\pl$ into a ?\ght--& ! ^w express+ ! idea ass]t$ is call$ ! pr$icate4 ,b1 z "o ^w (t5 p]=ms bo? (fices1 e4 g41 ,corn gr[s1 &1 z x is disput$ :e!r any ^w c ass]t )\t express+ some?+ ( ! idea ass]t$1 we pass ?is di/9ction by z n ess5tial 9 gramm>1 & call bo? t :i* ass]ts & t :i* expresses ! idea ass]t$1 by "o "n--! pr$icate4 ,footnote3 ,we may call ! v]b ! pr$icate2 b1 :5 x is foll[$ by a complem5t1 x is an incomplete pr$icate4 ,! maple leaves become4 ,! v]b become does n make a complete pr$icate2 x does n fully express ! idea to be ass]t$4 ,! idea may be completely express$ by add+ ! adjective r$1 d5ot+ ! quality we wi% to ass]t ( leaves1 or attribute to !m--,! maple leaves become r$4 ,liz>ds are reptiles4 ,! n\n reptiles1 nam+ ! class ( ! animals call$ liz>ds1 p]=ms a l (fice = ! ass]t+ ^w are4 ,rolfe's wife 0 ,pocahontas4 ,pocahontas completes ! pr$icate by pres5t+ a second idea1 :i* 0 ass]ts to be id5tical ) t ( ! subject4 ,:5 ! complet+ ^w express+ ! idea to be attribut$ does n unite ) ! ass]t+ ^w to make a s+le v]b1 we di/+ui% x z ! ,attribute ,complem5t4 ,footnote3 ,subjective ,complem5t may1 if pref]r$1 be us$ in/ead ( ,attribute ,complem5t4 ,connect$ attribute complem5ts ( ! same v]b =m a ,comp\nd ,attribute ,complem5t4 ,mo/ gramm>ians call ! adjective & ! n\n1 :5 s us$1 ! ,pr$icate ,adjective & ! ,pr$icate ,n\n4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,attribute ,complem5t ( a ,s5t5ce completes ! pr$icate & belongs to ! subject4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,slang is vulg>4 ,slang is vulg> ,explanation4--,! l9e /&+ = ! attribute complem5t is1 l ! object l9e1 a cont9uation ( ! pr$icate l9e2 b notice t ! l9e :i* sep>ates ! incomplete pr$icate f ! complem5t slants t[>d ! subject to %[ t ! complem5t is an attribute ( x4 ,oral ,analysis4--,vulg> is ! attribute complem5t1 complet+ ! pr$icate & express+ a quality ( slang2 is vulg> is ! entire pr$icate4 #b4 ,! sea is fasc9at+ & trea*]\s4 #c4 ,! m\nta9s are gr&1 tranquil1 & lovable4 #d4 ,! ,saxon words 9 ,engli% are simple1 homely1 & sub/antial4 #e4 ,! ,fr5* & ! ,lat9 words 9 ,engli% are elegant1 dignifi$1 & artificial4 ,footnote3 ,! ass]tion 9 ?is s5t5ce is true only 9 ! ma94 #f4 ,! e> is ! ev]-op5 gateway ( ! s\l4 #g4 ,! v]b is ! life ( ! s5t5ce4 #h4 ,good-bre$+ is surface-,*ri/ianity4 #i4 ,a da9ty plant is ! ivy gre54 ,explanation4--,! subject names t ( :i* ! speak] says some?+4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* he says x1--! pr$icate1--he1 ( c\rse1 assumes t ! he>] already und]/&s4 ,settle1 !n1 :i*--plant or ivy--,dick5s suppos$ ! read] to "k lea/ ab\t1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ,dick5s 0 tell+ him ab\t2 & y settle :i* ^w--plant or ivy--is ! subject4 7,is x n ! writ]'s poetical conception ( ! gre5 ivy t ! read] is suppos$ n to possess87 #aj4 ,! highe/ outcome ( culture is simplicity4 #aa4 ,/illness ( p]son & /ead9ess ( features are signal m>ks ( good-bre$+4 #ab4 ,! nor? w9d is full ( c\rage1 & puts ! /am9a ( endurance into a man4 #ac4 ,! we/ w9d is hopeful1 & has promise & adv5ture 9 x4 #ad4 ,! ea/ w9d is peevi%ness & m5tal rheumatism & grumbl+1 & curls "o up 9 ! *imney-corn]4 #ae4 ,! s\? w9d is full ( long+ & unre/ & effem9ate sugge/ions ( luxuri\s ease4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #cj4 ,,attribute ,,complem5ts--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,he w5t out z mate & came back capta94 z --- ' w5t ' mate _/ ,he _/ ' out & ' ' came capta9 back ,explanation4--,mate1 l capta91 is an attribute complem5t4 ,"s w\ld say t ! conjunction z connects mate to he2 b we ?9k ?is connection is made ?r\gh ! v]b w5t1 & t z is simply introductory4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 ! diagram4 #b4 ,! sun %9es bright & hot at midday4 #c4 ,velvet feels smoo?1 & looks ri* & glossy4 #d4 ,%e grew tall1 que5ly1 & beautiful4 #e4 ,plato & ,ari/otle are call$ ! two head-spr+s ( all philosophy4 #f4 ,"u ! ,roman law1 e son 0 reg>d$ z a slave4 #g4 ,he came a foe & return$ a fri5d4 #h4 ,i am "h4 ,i am pres5t4 ,explanation4--,! (fice ( an adv]b sometimes seems to fade into t ( an adjective attribute & is n easily di/+ui%$ f x4 ,"h1 l an adjective1 seems to complete am1 &1 l an adv]b to modify x4 ,f _! =m & usual function1 "h1 9 ?is example1 %\ld be call$ an adv]b1 & pres5t an adjective4 #i4 ,?is book is pres5t$ to y z a tok5 ( e/eem & gratitude4 #aj4 ,! w>rior fell back ^u ! b$ a lifeless corpse4 #aa4 ,! apple ta/es & smells delici\s4 #ab4 ,"l ,d>nley turn$ out a dissolute & insol5t husb&4 #ac4 ,9 ! fable ( ! ,discont5t$ ,p5dulum1 ! weights hung spee*less4 #ad4 ,! brightness & fre$om ( ! ,new ,le>n+ seem$ inc>nate 9 ! "y & s*ol>ly ,sir ,?omas ,m4 #ae4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney liv$ & di$ ! d>l+ ( ! ,c\rt1 & ! g5tleman & idol ( ! "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ca4 ,,objective ,,complem5ts4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,he made ! wall :ite4 ,"h made does n fully express ! act p]=m$ ^u ! wall4 ,we d n mean to say1 ,he made ! :ite wall1 b1 ,he made-:ite 7:it5$7 ! wall4 ,:ite helps made to express ! act1 & at ! same "t x d5otes ! quality attribut$ to ! wall z ! result ( ! act4 ,!y made ,victoria que54 ,"h made does n fully express ! act p]=m$ ^u ,victoria4 ,!y did n make ,victoria1 b made-que5 7cr[n$7 ,victoria4 ,que5 helps made to express ! act1 & at ! same "t d5otes ! (fice to :i* ! act rais$ ,victoria4 ,a ^w t1 l ! adjective :ite or ! n\n que51 helps to complete ! pr$icate & at ! same "t belongs to ! object complem5t1 diff]s f an attribute complem5t by belong+ n to ! subject b to ! object complem5t1 & s is call$ an ,objective ,complem5t4 ,z ! objective complem5t g5]ally d5otes :at ! receiv] ( ! act is made to be1 9 fact or 9 ?\ght1 x is sometimes call$ ! factitive complem5t or ! factitive object 7,lat4 fac]e1 to make74 ,footnote3 ,see ,lesson #cg1 la/ foot-note4 ,"s ( ! o!r v]bs :i* are ?us complet$ are call1 ?9k1 *oose1 & "n4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,objective ,complem5t completes ! pr$icate & belongs to ! object complem5t4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,!y made ,victoria que54 ,!y made _/ que5 ,victoria ,explanation4--,! l9e t sep>ates made f que5 slants t[>d ! object complem5t to %[ t que5 belongs to ! object4 ,oral ,analysis4--,que5 is an objective complem5t complet+ made & belong+ to ,victoria2 made ,victoria que5 is ! complete pr$icate4 #b4 ,"s "o has call$ ! eye ! w9d[ ( ! s\l4 #c4 ,de/9y _h made ,mr4 ,*ur*ill a s*oolma/]4 #d4 ,presid5t ,hayes *ose ! ,hon4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,ev>ts ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 #e4 ,aft] a break ( sixty ye>s 9 ! ducal l9e ( ! ,engli% nobility1 ,james ,i4 creat$ ! wor?less ,villi]s ,duke ( ,buck+ham4 #f4 ,we %\ld consid] "t z a sacr$ tru/4 ,explanation4--,z may be us$ simply to introduce an objective complem5t4 #g4 ,ophelia & ,polonius ?\ght ,hamlet really insane4 #h4 ,! ,presid5t & ! ,s5ate appo9t c]ta9 m5 m9i/]s to =eign c\rts4 #i4 ,%ylock w\ld h /ruck ,jessica dead beside him4 #aj4 ,cu/om r5d]s ! feel+s blunt & call\s4 #aa4 ,socrates /yl$ beauty a %ort-liv$ tyranny4 #ab4 ,madame de ,/ael calls beautiful ar*itecture froz5 music4 #ac4 ,!y nam$ ! /ate ,new ,york f ! ,duke ( ,york4 #ad4 ,h5ry ! ,great consecrat$ ! ,edict ( ,nantes z ! v ark ( ! con/itution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #cb4 ,,composition--,,complem5ts4 ,caution4--,be c>eful to di/+ui% an adjective complem5t f an adv]b modifi]4 ,explanation4--,m>y arriv$ safe4 ,we "h wi% to tell ! condition ( ,m>y on h] arrival1 & n ! mann] ( h] arriv+4 ,my head feels bad 7is 9 a bad condition1 z p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( feel+74 ,! sun %9es bright 7is bright1 z p]ceiv$ by its %9+74 ,:5 ! idea ( be+ is prom95t 9 ! v]b1 z 9 ! examples above1 y see t ! adjective1 & n ! adv]b1 foll[s4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ! use ( ^! adjectives & adv]bs3-- #a4 ,! boy is runn+ wild4 #b4 ,! boy is runn+ wildly ab\t4 #c4 ,!y all arriv$ safe & s\nd4 #d4 ,! day op5$ bright4 #e4 ,he felt awkw>d 9 ! pres5ce ( ladies4 #f4 ,he felt ar\nd awkw>dly = 8 *air4 #g4 ,! sun %9es bright4 #h4 ,! sun %9es brightly on ! tree-tops4 #i4 ,he appe>$ prompt & will+4 #aj4 ,he appe>$ promptly & will+ly4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,my head pa9s me v bad4 #b4 ,my fri5d has act$ v /range 9 ! matt]4 #c4 ,don't speak h>%4 #d4 ,x c be b\ght v *eaply4 #e4 ,i feel tol]able well4 #f4 ,%e looks beautifully4 ,direction4--,jo9 to ea* ( ! n\ns bel[ ?ree appropriate adjectives express+ ! qualities z assum$1 & !n make complete s5t5ces by ass]t+ ^! qualities3-- ,model4 ,h>d brittle glass4 transp>5t ,glass is h>d1 brittle1 & transp>5t4 ,coal1 iron1 ,niag>a ,falls1 fl[]s1 w>1 %ips4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces conta9+ ^! n\ns z attribute complem5ts3-- ,emp]or1 ma!matician1 ,longfell[1 ,ri*mond4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces1 us+ ^! v]bs z pr$icates1 & ^! pron\ns z attribute complem5ts3-- ,is1 01 might h be52 ,i1 we1 he1 %e1 !y4 ,rem>k4--,notice t ^! =ms ( ! pron\ns--,i1 we1 ?\1 he1 %e1 ye1 !y1 & :o--are nev] us$ z object complem5ts or z pr9cipal words 9 prepositional phrases2 & t me1 u1 !e1 him1 h]1 !m1 & :om are nev] us$ z subjects or z attribute complem5ts ( s5t5ces4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces 9 :i* ea* ( ! foll[+ v]bs %all h two complem5ts--! "o an object complem5t1 ! o!r an objective complem5t3-- ,let "s object complem5ts be pron\ns1 & let "s objective complem5ts be introduc$ by z4 ,model4--,!y call me *ief4 ,we reg>d composition z v important4 ,make1 appo9t1 consid]1 *oose1 call4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #cc4 ,,n\ns ,,z ,,adjective ,,modifi]s4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,solomon's temple 0 de/roy$4 ,solomon's limits temple by tell+ :at or ^: temple is spok5 (1 & is !re=e a modifi] ( temple4 ,! relation ( ,solomon to ! temple is express$ by ! apo/rophe & s 7's7 add$ to ! n\n ,solomon4 ,:5 s has be5 add$ to ! n\n to d5ote m ?an "o1 ?is relation ( possession is express$ by ! apo/rophe alone 7'72 z1 boys' hats4 ,?is same relation ( possession may be express$ by ! preposition (2 ,solomon's temple ! temple ( ,solomon4 ,dom ,p$ro1 ! emp]or1 0 welcom$ by ! ,am]icans4 ,! n\n emp]or modifies ,dom ,p$ro by tell+ :at ,dom ,p$ro is meant4 ,bo? words "n ! same p]son4 ,solomon's & emp]or1 l adjectives1 modify n\ns2 b !y are names ( ?+s1 & are modifi$ by adjectives & n by adv]bs2 z1 ! wise ,solomon's temple2 ,dom ,p$ro1 ! ,brazilian emp]or4 ,^! are conclusive reasons = call+ su* words n\ns4 ,!y repres5t two k9ds ( ,n\n ,modifi]s--! ,possessive & ! ,explanatory4 ,! ,explanatory ,modifi] is (t5 call$ an ,appositive4 ,x id5tifies or expla9s by add+ ano!r "n ( ! same ?+4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,elizabe?'s favorite1 ,raleigh1 0 behead$ by ,james ,i4 favorite 7,raleigh7 0 behead$ ,elizabe?'s by ,james ,i ----------- ,oral ,analy/s4--,elizabe?'s & ,raleigh are modifi]s ( ! subject2 ! fir/ ^w tell+ ^: favorite is meant1 ! second :at favorite4 ,elizabe?'s favorite1 ,raleigh is ! modifi$ subject4 #b4 ,! be/ features ( ,k+ ,james's translation ( ! ,bible are d]iv$ f ,tyndale's v]sion4 #c4 ,/4 ,paul1 ! apo/le1 0 behead$ 9 ! reign ( ,n]o4 #d4 ,a fool's bolt is soon %ot4 #e4 ,! tadpole1 or polliwog1 becomes a frog4 #f4 ,an idle bra9 is ! devil's work%op4 #g4 ,mahomet1 or ,mohamm$1 0 born 9 ! ye> #efi & di$ 9 #fcb4 #h4 ,!y scal$ ,m\nt ,blanc--a d>+ feat4 ,!y scal$ ,m\nt ,blanc 7 feat 7 a d>+ ,explanation4--,feat is explanatory ( ! s5t5ce1 ,!y scal$ ,m\nt ,blanc1 & 9 ! diagram x /&s1 enclos$ 9 curves1 on a %ort l9e plac$ aft] ! s5t5ce l9e4 #i4 ,bees communicate to ea* o!r ! dea? ( ! que51 by a rapid int]lac+ ( ! ant5nae4 ,footnote3 ,= uses ( ea* o!r & "o ano!r1 see ,lesson #abd4 ,explanation4--,ea* o!r may be treat$ z "o t]m1 or ea* may be made explanatory ( bees4 #aj4 ,! lamp ( a man's life has ?ree wicks--bra91 blood1 & brea?4 ,explanation4--,sev]al words may toge!r be explanatory ( "o4 #aa4 ,! turtle's back-bone & brea/-bone--its %ell & coat ( armor--are on ! outside ( its body4 back-bone %ell ' _/' are &' 7_/ '& 7 ' _/ turtle's its ' _/ brea/-bone '_/ ,! ' coat _/ _/ _/ #ab4 ,cromwell's rule z ,protector began 9 ! ye> #afec & end$ 9 #afeh4 ,explanation4--,z1 namely1 to wit1 viz41 i4e41 e4g41 & t is may introduce explanatory modifi]s1 b !y d n seem to connect !m to ! words modifi$4 ,9 ! diagram !y /& l z 9 ,lesson #cj4 ,protector is explanatory ( ,cromwell's4 #ac4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?ree p[]ful nations1 namely1 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,prussia1 unit$ = ! dismemb]m5t ( ,pol&4 #ad4 ,john1 ! belov$ disciple1 lay on 8 ,ma/]'s brea/4 #ae4 ,! petals ( ! daisy1 day's-eye1 close at night & 9 ra9y wea!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #cd4 ,,composition--,,n\ns ,,z ,,adjective ,,modifi]s4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,an ,explanatory ,modifi]1 :5 x does n re/rict ! modifi$ t]m or comb9e closely ) x1 is set (f by ! comma4 ,footnote3 ,see foot-note1 ,lesson #ah ,explanation4--,! words ,i & ,o %\ld be writt5 9 capital lett]s4 ,! phrase ,i & ,o re/ricts words1 t is1 limits its application1 & no comma is ne$$4 ,jacob's favorite sons1 ,joseph & ,b5jam91 7 ,ra*el's *ildr54 ,! phrase ,joseph & ,b5jam9 expla9s sons )\t re/rict+1 & !re=e %\ld be set (f by ! comma4 ,9 ea* ( ^! expressions1 ,i myself1 we boys1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ! explanatory t]m comb9es closely ) ! ^w expla9$1 & no comma is ne$$4 ,direction4--,give ! reasons = ! ins]tion or ! omission ( commas 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,my bro!r ,h5ry & my bro!r ,george belong to a boat-club4 #b4 ,! au?or ( ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,john ,bunyan1 0 ! son ( a t9k]4 #c4 ,%akespe>e1 ! great dramati/1 0 c>eless ( 8 lit]>y reputation4 #d4 ,! conqu]or ( ,mexico1 ,cortez1 0 cruel 9 8 treatm5t ( ,montezuma4 #e4 ,piz>ro1 ! conqu]or ( ,p]u1 0 a ,spani>d4 #f4 ,! ,emp]ors ,napoleon & ,alex&] met & became fa/ fri5ds on a raft at ,tilsit4 ,direction4--,ins]t commas bel[1 :]e !y are ne$$1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,! ,franks a w>like p ( ,g]many gave _! "n to ,france4 #b4 ,my son ,joseph has ent]$ college4 #c4 ,y blocks6 ,y /ones6 #j y h>d he>ts6 #d4 ,mecca a city 9 ,arabia is sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( ,mohamm$ans4 #e4 ,he himself c\ld n g4 #f4 ,! poet ,sp5s] liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 #g4 ,elizabe? ,que5 ( ,engl& rul$ f #aeeh to #afjc4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces conta9+ ^! expressions z explanatory modifi]s3-- ,! mo/ useful metal2 ! capital ( ,turkey2 ! ,imp]ial ,city2 ! great ,engli% poets2 ! h]mit2 a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican /atesman4 ,direction4--,punctuate ^! expressions1 & employ ea* ( !m 9 a s5t5ce3-- ,see ,rem>k1 ,lesson #ba4 ,omit or1 & note ! effect4 #a4 ,pale/9e or ! ,holy ,l& ----4 #b4 ,new ,york or ! ,empire ,/ate ----4 #c4 ,new ,orleans or ! ,cresc5t ,city ----4 #d4 ,! five ,books ( ,moses or ! ,p5tateu* ----4 ,rememb] t 7's7 & 7'7 are ! possessive signs--7'7 be+ us$ :5 s has be5 add$ to d5ote m ?an "o1 & 7's7 9 o!r cases4 ,direction4--,copy ! foll[+1 & note ! use ( ! possessive sign3-- ,! lady's fan2 ! girl's bonnet2 a doll>'s wor?2 ,burns's poems2 ,br[n ,co4's bus9ess2 a day's "w2 m5's clo?+2 *ildr5's toys2 ^? girls' dresses2 ladies' calls2 ?ree ye>s' int]e/2 five doll>s' wor?4 ,direction4--,make possessive modifi]s ( ! foll[+ words1 & jo9 !m to appropriate n\ns3-- ,woman1 wom52 m\se1 mice2 buffalo1 buffaloes2 fairy1 fairies2 h]o1 h]oes2 baby1 babies2 calf1 calves4 ,caution4--,d n use 7's7 or 7'7 ) ! pron\ns its1 81 ours1 y\rs1 h]s1 !irs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ce4 ,,n\ns ,,z ,,adv]b ,,modifi]s4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,he gave me a book4 ,"h we h :at _m gramm>ians call a d\ble object4 ,book1 nam+ ! ?+ act$ ^u1 !y call ! direct object2 & me1 nam+ ! p]son t[>d :om ! act is direct$1 !y call ! indirect1 or dative1 object4 ,y see t me & book d n1 l ,cornwallis & army1 9 ,wa%+ton captur$ ,cornwallis & 8 army1 =m a comp\nd object complem5t2 !y _c be connect$ by a conjunction1 = !y d n /& 9 ! same relation to ! v]b gave4 ,! mean+ is n1 ,he gave me & ! book4 ,we treat ^! indirect objects1 :i* g5]ally d5ote ! p]son to or = :om some?+ is done1 z equival5t to phrase modifi]s4 ,if we *ange ! ord] ( ! words1 a preposition mu/ be suppli$2 z1 ,he gave a book to me4 ,he b\ght me a book2 ,he b\ght a book = me4 ,he ask$ me a "q2 ,he ask$ a "q ( me4 ,:5 ! indirect object prec$es ! direct1 no preposition is express$ or und]/ood4 ,tea*1 tell1 s5d1 promise1 p]mit1 & l5d are o!r examples ( v]bs t take indirect objects4 ,besides ^! indirect objects1 n\ns d5ot+ measure1 quantity1 weight1 "t1 value1 di/ance1 or direction are (t5 us$ adv]bially1 be+ equival5t to phrase modifi]s4 ,we walk$ f\r miles an h\r2 ,x weighs "o p\nd2 ,x is wor? a doll> a y>d2 ,i w5t home t way2 ,! wall is t5 feet six in*es high4 ,! idiom ( ! language does n (t5 admit a preposition be=e n\ns d5ot+ measure1 direction1 etc4 ,9 y\r analysis y ne$ n supply "o4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,!y (f]$ ,caes> ! cr[n ?ree times4 ,!y (f]$ cr[n times ! ------- ?ree ,caes> ----------- ,oral ,analysis4--,caes> & times are n\ns us$ adv]bially1 be+ equival5t to adv]b phrases modify+ ! pr$icate (f]$4 #b4 ,we pay ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ej1jjj a ye>4 #c4 ,he s5t 8 daught] home t way4 #d4 ,i gave him a doll> a bu%el = 8 :eat1 & t5 c5ts a p\nd = 8 sug>4 #e4 ,%akespe>e 0 fifty-two ye>s old ! v day ( 8 dea?4 #f4 ,s]p5ts ca/ _! sk9 once a ye>4 #g4 ,! fam\s ,*>t] ,oak ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 fell ,aug4 #ba1 #ahef4 #h4 ,good l& %\ld yield its own] sev5ty-five bu%els ( corn an acre4 #i4 ,on ! fatal field ( ,zutph51 ,sept4 #bb1 #aehf1 8 att5dants br\ght ! w\nd$ ,sir ,philip ,sidney a cup ( cold wat]4 #aj4 ,he magnanim\sly gave a dy+ soldi] ! wat]4 #aa4 ,! frog lives sev]al weeks z a fi%1 & brea!s by means ( gills4 #ab4 ,que5 ,e/h] ask$ ,k+ ,ahasu]us a favor4 #ac4 ,ari/otle taught ,alex&] ! ,great philosophy4 #ad4 ,! pure att> ( roses is wor? tw5ty or ?irty doll>s an ounce4 #ae4 ,puff-balls h gr[n six in*es 9 diamet] 9 a s+le night4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #cf4 ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions1 ,lesson #af4 ,direction4--,review f ,lesson #bh to ,lesson #ce1 inclusive4 ,give ! sub/ance ( ! ,introductory ,h9ts 7= example1 %[ cle>ly :at two ?+s are ess5tial to a complete pr$icate2 expla9 :at is meant by a complem5t2 di/+ui% cle>ly ! ?ree k9ds ( complem5ts2 %[ :at p>ts ( spee* may be employ$ = ea*1 & tell :at g5]al idea--action1 quality1 class1 or id5tity--is express$ by ea* attribute complem5t or objective complem5t 9 y\r illu/rations1 etc474 ,repeat & illu/rate def9itions & rules2 expla9 & illu/rate fully ! di/9ction betwe5 an adjective complem5t & an adv]b modifi]2 illu/rate :at is taught ( ! =ms ,i1 we1 etc41 me1 u1 etc42 expla9 & illu/rate ! use ( ! possessive sign4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 7,,see ,,pages #aef-aei47 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions to ! tea*]1 pages #cj1 #aej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #cg4 ,,v]bs ,,z ,,adjectives ,,& ,,z ,,n\ns--,,p>ticiples4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,corn gr[s2 ,corn gr[+4 ,"h gr[+ diff]s f gr[s 9 lack+ ! p[] to ass]t4 ,gr[+ is a =m ( ! v]b t _c1 l gr[s1 make a complete pr$icate because x only assumes or implies t ! corn does ! act4 ,corn may be call$ ! assum$ subject ( gr[+4 ,birds1 s++1 delight u4 ,"h s++ does duty 7#a7 z an adjective1 describ+ birds by assum+ or imply+ an act1 & 7#b7 z a v]b by express+ ! act ( s++ z go+ on at ! "t birds delight u4 ,by s++ _! songs birds delight u4 ,"h s++ has ! nature ( a v]b & t ( a n\n4 ,z a v]b x has an object complem5t1 songs2 & z a n\n x names ! act1 & /&s z ! pr9cipal ^w 9 a prepositional phrase4 ,_! s++ s sweetly delights u4 ,"h1 also1 s++ has ! nature ( a v]b & t ( a n\n4 ,z a v]b x has an adv]b modifi]1 sweetly1 & z a n\n x names an act & takes a possessive modifi]4 ,?is =m ( ! v]b is call$ ! ,p>ticiple 7,lat4 p>s1 a "p1 & cap]e1 to take7 because x p>takes ( two natures & p]=ms two (fices--^? ( a v]b & an adjective1 or ^? ( a v]b & a n\n4 7,= def9ition see ,lesson #aca47 ,s++ birds delight u4 ,"h s++ has lo/ its v]bal nature1 & expresses a p]man5t quality ( birds--tell+ :at k9d ( birds1--& consequ5tly is a m]e adjective4 ,! s++ ( ! birds delights u4 ,"h s++ is simply a n\n1 nam+ ! act & tak+ adjective modifi]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( p>ticiples2 ,footnote3 ,gramm>ians are n agre$ z to :at ^! words t h ! nature ( ! v]b & t ( ! n\n %\ld be call$4 ,"s w\ld call ! simple =ms do+1 writ+1 & injur+1 9 s5t5ces 7#a71 7#f71 & 7#g71 ,lesson #ch1 ,inf9itives4 ,!y w\ld also call by ! same "n su* comp\nd =ms z be+ accept$1 hav+ be5 %[n1 & hav+ said 9 ^! expressions3 = ! purpose ( be+ accept$2 is ! hav+ be5 %[n ov] a place2 ,i recollect 8 hav+ said t4 ,b does x n tax ev5 cr$ulity to believe t a simple ,anglo-,saxon inf9itive 9 -an1 only "o =m ( :i* foll[$ a preposition1 & t always to1 c\ld h develop$ into _m comp\nd =ms1 us$ 9 bo? voices1 foll[+ almo/ any preposition1 & modifi$ by ! & by n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! possessive8 ,no wond] ! gramm>ian ,mason says1 ,an inf9itive 9 -+1 set d[n by "s z a modification ( ! simple inf9itive 9 -an or -en1 is a p]fectly unw>rant$ inv5tion4 ,o!rs call ^! words mod]niz$ =ms ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,v]bal ,n\ns 9 -ung1 -+4 ,b ?is d]ivation ( !m enc\nt]s ! /ubborn fact t ^? v]bal n\ns nev] 7 comp\nd1 & nev] 7 or c\ld be foll[$ by objects4 ,^! words1 on ! contr>y1 are comp\nd1 z we h se51 & h objects4 ,t !y are f n\ns 9 -ung is o!rwise1 & almo/ = ! same reasons1 z incr$ible z t !y are f inf9itives 9 -an4 ,o!rs call ^! words ,g]unds4 ,a g]und 9 ,lat9 is a simple =m ( ! v]b 9 ! active voice1 nev] f\nd 9 ! nom9ative1 & nev] 9 ! accusative 7objective7 aft] a v]b4 ,a g]und 9 ,anglo-,saxon is a simple =m ( ! v]b 9 ! active voice--! dative case ( ! inf9itive m]ely--us$ ma9ly to indicate purpose1 & always prec$$ by ! preposition to4 ,to call ^! words 9 "q g]unds is to /ret* ! t]m g]und imm5sely beyond its mean+ 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 & make x cov] words :i* sometimes 7#a7 are highly comp\nd$2 sometimes 7#b7 are us$ 9 ! passive voice2 sometimes 7#c7 foll[ o!r prepositions ?an to2 sometimes 7#d7 d n foll[ any preposition2 sometimes 7#e7 are objects ( v]bs2 sometimes 7#f7 are subjects ( v]bs2 sometimes 7#g7 are modifi$ by !2 sometimes 7#h7 are modifi$ by a n\n or pron\n 9 ! possessive2 & g5]ally 7#i7 d n indicate purpose4 ,we submit t ! ext5sion ( a class t]m s z to include words hav+ ^! relations t ! ,anglo-,saxon g]und nev] _h1 is n w>rant$ by any prec$5t except t furni%$ above 9 ! ext5sion ( ! t]m inf9itive or ( ! t]m v]bal n\n6 ,/ill o!rs call "s ( ^! words ,inf9itives2 "s ( !m ,v]bal ,n\ns2 & "s ( !m ,g]unds4 ,! =ms 9 "q--see+1 hav+ se51 be+ se51 hav+ be5 se51 & hav+ be5 see+1 = in/ance--are n[ made f ! v]b 9 precisely ! same way :5 p>tak+ ! nature ( ! n\n z :5 p>tak+ ! nature ( ! adjective4 ,:at c !y possibly be b ! =ms t all gramm>ians call p>ticiples ext5d$ to new uses8 ,if ! uses ( ! orig9al p>ticiples h be5 ext5d$1 :y may we n c>ry ov] ! "n8 ,! "n p>ticiple is z true to its etymology :5 appli$ to ! n\nal use ( ! v]b z :5 appli$ to ! adjectival use4 ,= conv5i5ce ( classification we call ^! disput$ =ms p>ticiples1 z good gramm>ians long ago call$ !m & /ill call !m1 ?\gh "s ( !m may be trac$ back to ! ,saxon v]bal n\n or to ! inf9itive1 & ?\gh ! ,saxon p>ticiple 0 adjectival4 ,! "n p>ticiple nei!r conf\nds t]ms nor misleads ! /ud5t4 ,! n\nal & ! adjectival uses ( p>ticipial =ms we di/+ui% v %>ply4 "o %>+ ! nature ( ! v]b & t ( ! adjective2 ! o!r1 ! nature ( ! v]b & t ( ! n\n4 ,p>ticiples commonly end 9 +1 ed1 or en4 ,! p>ticiple1 l o!r =ms ( ! v]b1 may be foll[$ by an object complem5t or an attribute complem5t4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,! p>ticiple may be us$ z an adjective modifi]4 #a4 ,he>+ a /ep1 ,i turn$4 ,i turn$ hea r+ /ep -------------- a ,explanation4--,! l9e /&+ = ! p>ticiple is brok52 "o "p slants to repres5t ! adjective nature ( ! p>ticiple1 & ! o!r is horizontal to repres5t its v]bal nature4 ,oral ,analysis4--,! phrase he>+ a /ep is a modifi] ( ! subject2 ,footnote3 ,logically1 or 9 s5se1 he>+ a /ep modifies ! pr$icate also4 ,i turn$ :5 or because ,i he>d a /ep4 ,see ,lesson #gi4 ! pr9cipal ^w is he>+1 :i* is complet$ by ! n\n /ep2 /ep is modifi$ by a4 ,p>s+4--,he>+ is a =m ( ! v]b call$ p>ticiple because ! act express$ by x is m]ely assum$1 & x %>es ! nature ( an adjective & t ( a v]b4 #b4 ,! fat ( ! body is fuel laid away = use4 ,explanation4--,! complem5t is "h modifi$ by a p>ticiple phrase4 #c4 ,! sp9al m>r[1 proce$+ f ! bra91 ext5ds d[n-w>d ?r\gh ! back-bone4 #d4 ,van ,twill] sat 9 a huge *air ( solid oak1 hewn 9 ! celebrat$ =e/ ( ! ,hague4 ,explanation4--,! pr9cipal ^w ( a prepositional phrase is "h modifi$ by a p>ticiple phrase4 #e4 ,l5tulus1 return+ ) victori\s legions1 _h amus$ ! populace ) ! sports ( ! amphi!at]4 ,! p>ticiple may be us$ z an attribute complem5t4 #f4 ,! natives came cr[d+ ar\nd4 ,explanation4--,cr[d+ "h completes ! pr$icate came1 & belongs to ! subject natives4 ,! natives are repres5t$ z p]=m+ ! act ( com+ & ! accompany+ act ( cr[d+4 ,! ass]tive =ce ( ! pr$icate came seems to ext5d ov] bo? v]bs4 ,footnote3 ,"s gramm>ians pref] to treat ! p>ticiple 9 su* con/ructions z adv]bial4 ,b is cr[d+ any m adv]bial "h ?an are pale & trembl+ 9 ,! natives came pale & trembl+8 #g4 ,! city lies sleep+4 #h4 ,!y /ood t]rifi$4 #i4 ,! philosoph] sat buri$ 9 ?\ght4 & & 44444444 /> v+ sav ------- + gru ---------- bb+ ------------- mis] kept _/ #aj4 ,! old mis] kept grubb+ & sav+ & />v+4 ,! p>ticiple may be us$ z an objective complem5t4 #aa4 ,he kept me wait+4 ,explanation4--,wait+ completes kept & relates to ! object complem5t me4 ,kept-wait+ expresses ! complete act p]=m$ ^u me4 ,he kept-wait+ me,he deta9$ me4 ,! relation ( wait+ to me may be se5 by *ang+ ! =m ( ! v]b2 z1 ,i 0 kept wait+4 ,see ,lesson #ca4 #ab4 ,i f\nd my book gr[+ dull4 ,footnote3 ,x w be se5 by ?is & foll[+ examples t we ext5d ! application ( ! t]m objective complem5t beyond its prim>y1 or factitive1 s5se4 ,9 ,i /ruck ! man dead1 ! condition express$ by dead is ! result ( ! act express$ by /ruck4 ,9 ,i f\nd ! man dead1 ! condition is n ! result ( ! act1 & s gramm>ians say t 9 ?is second example dead %\ld be treat$ simply z an appositive adjective modify+ man4 ,:ile dead does n belong to man z express+ ! result ( ! act1 x is made to belong to man ?r\gh ! ass]t+ =ce ( ! v]b1 & !re=e is n a m]e modifi] ( man4 ,dead helps f\nd to express ! act4 ,n f\nd1 b f\nd-dead tells :at 0 done to ! man4 ,if we put ! s5t5ce 9 ! passive =m1 ,! man 0 f\nd dead1 x w be se5 t dead is m ?an a m]e modifi]2 x belongs to man ?r\gh ! ass]tive =ce ( 0 f\nd4 ,if dead is "h m]ely an appositive adjective1 ,i f\nd ! man dead mu/ equal ,i f\nd ! man1 :o 0 dead 7or1 & he 0 dead74 ,! two s5t5ces obvi\sly are n equal4 ,i caught him asleep does n mean1 ,i caught him1 & he 0 asleep4 ,if1 9 ! con/ruction discuss$ above1 dead is an objective complem5t1 quiet1 /irr+1 & 7to7 /ir 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are objective complem5ts3-- ,i saw ! leaves quiet4 ,i saw ! leaves /irr+4 ,i saw ! leaves /ir4 ,! adjective1 ! p>ticiple1 & ! inf9itive d n "h seem to diff] ess5tially 9 (fice4 ,see ,lesson #ca & page #gh4 gr[ w+ dull --------------- ,i f\nd _/ _/ book my ,explanation4--,! diagram repres5t+ ! phrase complem5t is drawn above ! complem5t l9e1 on :i* x is made to re/ by means ( a support4 ,all t /&s on ! complem5t l9e is reg>d$ z ! complem5t4 ,notice t ! little m>k be=e ! phrase po9ts t[>d ! object complem5t4 ,! adjective dull completes gr[+ & belongs to book1 ! assum$ subject ( gr[+4 #ac4 ,he own$ himself defeat$4 #ad4 ,no "o ev] saw fat m5 head+ a riot or h]d+ toge!r 9 turbul5t mobs4 #ae4 ,i felt my he>t beat+ fa/]4 #af4 ,y may imag9e me sitt+ !re4 #ag4 ,saul1 seek+ 8 fa!r's asses1 f\nd himself sudd5ly turn$ into a k+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ch4 ,,p>ticiples--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,! p>ticiple may be us$ z pr9cipal ^w 9 a prepositional phrase4 #a4 ,we receive good by do+ good4 ,we receive good by -----1do+ good -------------- ,explanation4--,! l9e repres5t+ ! p>ticiple "h is brok52 ! fir/ "p repres5ts ! p>ticiple z a n\n1 & ! o!r z a v]b4 ,oral ,analysis4--,! phrase by do+ good is a modifi] ( ! pr$icate2 by introduces ! phrase2 ! pr9cipal ^w is do+1 :i* is complet$ by ! n\n good4 ,pass+4--,do+ is a p>ticiple2 l a n\n1 x foll[s ! preposition by1 &1 l a v]b1 x takes an object complem5t4 #b4 ,portions ( ! bra9 may be cut (f )\t produc+ any pa94 #c4 ,! ,coliseum 0 once capable ( seat+ n9ety ?\s& p]sons4 #d4 ,success g5]ally dep5ds on act+ prud5tly1 /eadily1 & vigor\sly4 #e4 ,y _c fully sympa?ize ) suff]+ )\t hav+ suff]$4 7,suff]+ is "h a n\n47 ,! p>ticiple may be ! pr9cipal ^w 9 a phrase us$ z a subject or z an object complem5t4 #f4 ,y\r writ+ t lett] s neatly secur$ ! position4 ---1 writ+ lett] '------------------------ ,y\r neatly t s _/ secur$ position ' ! ,explanation4--,! diagram ( ! subject phrase is drawn above ! subject l9e4 ,all t re/s on ! subject l9e is reg>d$ z ! subject4 ,oral ,analysis4--,! phrase y\r writ+ t lett] s neatly is ! subject2 ! pr9cipal ^w ( x is writ+1 :i* is complet$ by lett]2 writ+1 z a n\n1 is modifi$ by y\r1 &1 z a v]b1 by ! adv]b phrase s neatly4 #g4 ,we %\ld avoid injur+ ! feel+s ( o!rs4 #h4 ,my go+ !re w dep5d ^u my fa!r's giv+ 8 cons5t4 #i4 ,good read+ al\d is a r>e accompli%m5t4 ,! p>ticipial =m may be us$ z a m]e n\n or a m]e adjective4 #aj4 ,! cackl+ ( geese sav$ ,rome4 #aa4 ,su* 0 ! excit+ campaign1 celebrat$ 9 _m a long-=gott5 song4 ,footnote3 ,manig man 9 ,anglo-,saxon 0 us$ l ,g]man man*] mann1 ,lat9 multus vir1 & ! l1 until ! ?irte5? c5tury2 :5 ! article 0 ins]t$ to emphasize ! di/ribution be=e indicat$ by ! s+ul> numb]4--,pr(4 ,f4 ,a4 ,m>*4 ,explanation4--,_m modifies song aft] song has be5 limit$ by a & long-=gott54 #ab4 ,all sil5c+ ( discussion is an assumption ( infallibility4 #ac4 ,he 0 a squeez+1 grasp+1 h>d5$ old s9n]4 ,! p>ticiple may be us$ 9 indep5d5t or absolute phrases4 #ad4 ,! bridge at ,a%tabula giv+ way1 ! tra9 fell into ! riv]4 ,explanation4--,! diagram ( ! absolute phrase1 :i* consi/s ( a n\n us$ indep5d5tly ) a p>ticiple1 /&s by itself4 ,see lesson #dd4 #ae4 ,talk+ ( ex]cise1 y h he>d1 ( c\rse1 ( ,dick5s's con/itutionals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ci4 ,,composition--,,p>ticiples4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,! ,p>ticiple us$ z an adjective modifi]1 ) ! words belong+ to x1 is set (f ,footnote3 ,an expression 9 ! body ( a s5t5ce is set (f by two commas2 at ! beg9n+ or at ! end1 by "o comma4 by ! comma unless re/rictive4 ,explanation4--,a bird1 light+ ne> my w9d[1 greet$ me ) a song4 ,! bird sitt+ on ! wall is a wr54 ,light+ describes )\t re/rict+2 sitt+ re/ricts--limits ! application ( bird to a p>ticul> bird4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ! punctuation ( ! p>ticiple phrases 9 ,lesson #cg4 ,caution4--,9 us+ a p>ticiple1 be c>eful to leave no d\bt z to :at y int5d x to modify4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors 9 arrangem5t1 & punctuate1 giv+ y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,a g5tleman w let 8 h\se go+ abroad = ! summ] to a small family conta9+ all ! improvem5ts4 #b4 ,! t[n conta9s fifty h\ses & "o hundr$ inhabitants built ( brick4 #c4 ,suits ready made ( mat]ial cut by an exp]i5c$ tailor h&somely trimm$ & b\ght at a b>ga9 are (f]$ *eap4 #d4 ,seat$ on ! topmo/ bran* ( a tall tree busily engag$ 9 gnaw+ an acorn we espi$ a squirrel4 #e4 ,a poor *ild 0 f\nd 9 ! /reets by a weal?y & b5evol5t g5tleman suff]+ f cold & hung]4 ,direction4--,reca/ ^! s5t5ces1 mak+ ! ref]5ce ( ! p>ticiple cle>1 & punctuat+ correctly3-- ,model4--,climb+ to ! top ( ! hill ! ,atlantic ocean 0 se54 ,incorrect because x appe>s t ! ocean did ! climb+4 ,climb+ to ! top ( ! hill1 we saw ! ,atlantic ocean4 #a4 ,ent]+ ! next room 0 se5 a m>ble /atue ( ,apollo4 #b4 ,by giv+ him a few h9ts he 0 prep>$ to d ! "w well4 #c4 ,desir+ an e>ly />t ! horse 0 saddl$ by five o'clock4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces 9 :i* ea* ( ^! ?ree p>ticiples %all be us$ z an adjective modifi]1 z ! pr9cipal ^w 9 a prepositional phrase1 z ! pr9cipal ^w 9 a phrase us$ z a subject or z an object complem5t1 z a m]e adjective1 z a m]e n\n1 & 9 an absolute phrase3-- ,buzz+1 leap+1 wav+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #dj4 ,,v]bs ,,z ,,n\ns--,,inf9itives4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,i came to see y4 ,"h ! v]b see1 l ! p>ticiple1 lacks ass]t+ p[]--,i to see ass]ts no?+4 ,see1 foll[+ ! preposition to1 ,footnote3 ,= ! discussion ( to ) ! inf9itive1 see ,lesson #acd4 names ! act & is complet$ by y1 & s does duty z a n\n & z a v]b4 ,9 (fice x is l ! second k9d ( p>ticiples1 describ$ 9 ,lesson #cg1 & f _m gramm>ians has receiv$ ! same "n--"s call+ bo? g]unds1 & o!rs call+ bo? inf9itives4 ,x diff]s f ?is p>ticiple 9 =m1 & 9 foll[+ only ! preposition to4 ,came to seecame = see+4 ,?is =m ( ! v]b is frequ5tly ! pr9cipal ^w ( a phrase us$ z a subject or z an object1 complem5t2 z1 ,to read good books is pr(itable2 ,i l to read good books4 ,"h also ! =m ) to is equival5t to ! p>ticiple =m read+4 ,read+ good books is pr(itable4 ,z ?is =m ( ! v]b names ! action 9 an indef9ite way1 )\t limit+ x to a subject1 we call x ! ,inf9itive 7,lat4 inf9itus1 )\t limit74 ,= def9ition1 see ,lesson #aca4 ,! inf9itive1 l ! p>ticiple1 may h :at is call$ an assum$ subject4 ,! assum$ subject d5otes t to :i* ! action or be+ express$ by ! p>ticiple or ! inf9itive belongs4 ,frequ5tly ! inf9itive phrase expresses purpose1 z 9 ! fir/ example giv5 above1 & 9 su* cases to expresses relation1 & p]=ms its full function z a preposition2 b1 :5 ! inf9itive phrase is us$ z subject or z object complem5t1 ! to expresses no relation4 ,x s]ves only to introduce ! phrase1 & 9 no way affects ! mean+ ( ! v]b4 ,! inf9itive1 l o!r =ms ( ! v]b1 may be foll[$ by ! diff]5t complem5ts4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,! inf9itive phrase may be us$ z an adjective modifi] or an adv]b modifi]4 #a4 ,! hot-h\se is a trap to cat* sunbeams4 hot-h\se is trap ,! a to cat* sunbeams -------'---------- ,oral ,analysis4--,to introduces ! phrase2 cat* is ! pr9cipal ^w1 & sunbeams completes x4 ,p>s+4--,to is a preposition1 introduc+ ! phrase & %[+ ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( ! pr9cipal ^w to trap2 cat* is a =m ( ! v]b call$ inf9itive2 l a n\n1 x foll[s ! preposition to & names ! action1 &1 l a v]b1 x is complet$ by sunbeams4 #b4 ,ri*elieu's title to comm& re/$ on sublime =ce ( w & decision ( "*4 #c4 ,_m ( ! attempts to assass9ate ,william ! ,sil5t 7 defeat$4 #d4 ,we w /rive to please y4 ,explanation4--,! inf9itive phrase is "h us$ adv]bially to modify ! pr$icate4 #e4 ,+5i\s ,art /eps =? to fa%ion & ref9e ! race4 #f4 ,^! h>mless delusions t5d to make u happy4 ,explanation4--,happy completes make & relates to u4 #g4 ,w\nds made by words are h>d to heal4 ,explanation4--,! inf9itive phrase is "h us$ adv]bially to modify ! adjective h>d4 ,to heal to be heal$4 #h4 ,! repres5tative ,yankee1 sell+ 8 f>m1 w&]s away to seek new l&s1 to cle> new cornfields1 to build ano!r %+le palace1 & aga9 to sell (f & w&]4 #i4 ,^! apples are n ripe en\gh to eat4 ,explanation4--,! inf9itive phrase is "h us$ adv]bially to modify ! adv]b en\gh4 ,to eat to be eat54 ,! inf9itive phrase may be us$ z subject or complem5t4 #aj4 ,to be good is to be great4 ,to to be good be great ----------------------- _/ is _/ ,explanation4--,to1 9 ea* ( ^! phrases1 %[s no relation--x s]ves m]ely to introduce4 ,! complem5ts good & great are adjectives us$ ab/ractly1 hav+ no n\n to relate to4 #aa4 ,to be> our fate is to conqu] x4 #ab4 ,to be entirely j 9 our e/imate ( o!rs is impossible4 #ac4 ,! noble/ v5geance is to =give4 #ad4 ,he seem$ to be innoc5t4 ,explanation4--,! inf9itive phrase "h p]=ms ! (fice ( an adjective4 ,to be innoc5t innoc5t4 #ae4 ,! bl9d m5's dogs appe>$ to "k him4 #af4 ,we %\ld le>n to gov]n ourselves4 ,explanation4--,! inf9itive phrase is "h us$ z an object complem5t4 #ag4 ,ea* hill attempts to ape h] voice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #da4 ,,inf9itives--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis4 ,! inf9itive phrase may be us$ aft] a preposition z ! pr9cipal t]m ( ano!r phrase4 #a4 ,my fri5d is ab\t to leave me4 to leave me -------'---- ab\t _/ ----------------- fri5d is _/ ,my ,explanation4--,! preposition ab\t introduces ! phrase us$ z attribute complem5t2 ! pr9cipal "p is ! inf9itive phrase to leave me4 #b4 ,paul 0 n[ ab\t to op5 8 m\?4 #c4 ,no way rema9s b to g on4 ,explanation4--,b is "h a preposition4 ,! inf9itive & its assum$ subject may =m ! pr9cipal t]m 9 a phrase introduc$ by ! preposition =4 #d4 ,= u to "k our faults is pr(itable4 u ------- to "k faults ,= ------'-------- _/ our ------- _/ is pr(itable ,explanation4--,= introduces ! subject phrase2 ! pr9cipal "p ( ! entire phrase is u to "k our faults2 ! pr9cipal ^w is u1 :i* is modifi$ by ! phrase to "k our faults4 #e4 ,god nev] made 8 "w = man to m5d4 ,explanation4---,! pr9cipal t]m ( ! phrase = man to m5d is n man1 b man to m5d4 #f4 ,= a man to be pr\d ( 8 le>n+ is ! greate/ ignorance4 ,! inf9itive phrase may be us$ z an explanatory modifi]4 #g4 ,x is easy to f9d fault4 to f9d fault -----'------ ,x 7_/ 7 is easy ,explanation4--,! inf9itive phrase to f9d fault expla9s ! subject x4 ,read ! s5t5ce )\t x1 & y w see ! real nature ( ! phrase4 ,?is use ( x z a sub/itute = ! real subject is a v common idiom ( our language4 ,x all[s ! real subject to foll[ ! v]b1 & ?us gives ! s5t5ce balance ( p>ts4 #h4 ,x is n ! way to argue d[n a vice to tell lies ab\t x4 #i4 ,x is natural to man to indulge 9 ! illusions ( hope4 #aj4 ,x is n all ( life to live4 #aa4 ,?is task1 to tea* ! "y1 may become delightful4 ,! inf9itive phrase may be us$ z objective complem5t4 #ab4 ,he made me wait4 ,explanation4--,! inf9itive wait 7"h us$ )\t to7 completes made & relates to me4 ,he made-wait me ,he deta9$ me4 ,see ,introductory ,h9ts1 ,lesson #ca1 & p>ticiples us$ z objective complem5ts1 ,lesson #cg4 ,comp>e ,i saw him d x ) ,i saw him do+ x4 ,comp>e also ,he made ! /ick b5d--equal+ ,he made-b5d 7 b5t7 ! /ick--) ,he made ! /ick /raight--equal+ ,he made-/raight 7 /raight5$7 ! /ick4 ,! relation ( ^! objective complem5ts to me1 him1 & /ick may be m cle>ly se5 by *ang+ ! =m ( ! v]b1 ?us3 ,i 0 made to wait2 ,he 0 se5 to d x1 ,he 0 se5 do+ x2 ,! /ick 0 made to b5d2 ,! /ick 0 made /raight4 #ac4,we f\nd ! report to be true4 ,footnote3 ,"s pref] to treat ! report to be true z an object clause because x is equival5t to ! clause t ! report is true4 ,b _m expressions logically equival5t are entirely diff]5t 9 grammatical con/ruction2 z1 ,i desire 8 promotion2 ,i desire him to be promot$2 ,i desire t he %\ld be promot$4 ,besides1 to tea* t him is ! subject1 & to be promot$ ! pr$icate1 ( a clause w\ld c]ta9ly be confus+4 to be true -------------- ,we f\nd _/ _/ report #ad4 ,he comm&$ ! bridge to be l[]$4 ,footnote3 ,notice ! diff]5ce 9 con/ruction betwe5 ?is s5t5ce & ! s5t5ce ,he comm&$ him to l[] ! bridge4 ,him repres5ts ! "o to :om ! comm& is giv51 & to l[] ! bridge is ! object complem5t4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce ,he comm&$ him t he %\ld l[] ! bridge4 ,comp>e ,he told me to g ) ,he told 7to7 me a /ory2 also ,he taught me to read ) ,he taught 7to7 me read+4 ,9 su* s5t5ces z 7#ac7 & 7#ad7 x may n always be exp$i5t to dem& t ! pupil %all trace ! exact relations ( ! inf9itive phrase to ! prec$+ n\n & to ! pr$icate v]b4 ,if pref]r$1 9 su* cases1 ! inf9itive & its assum$ subject may be treat$ z a k9d ( phrase object1 equival5t to a clause4 ,?is con/ruction is simil> to ! ,lat9 accusative ) ! inf9itive4 #ae4 ,i saw ! leaves /ir4 ,footnote3 ,see pages #fh & #fi1 foot-note4 ,explanation4--,/ir is an inf9itive )\t ! to4 #af4 ,be+ p]suad$ by ,poppaesa1 ,h]o caus$ 8 "m1 ,agripp9a1 to be assass9at$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #db4 ,,inf9itives--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis4 ,! inf9itive phrase may be us$ indep5d5tly4 ,footnote3 ,^! inf9itive phrases c be exp&$ into dep5d5t clauses4 ,see ,lesson #gi4 ,= ! inf9itive aft] z1 ?an1 etc41 see ,lesson #fc4 ,p>ticiples & inf9itives unite ) o!r v]bs to make comp\nd =ms2 z1 h walk$1 %all walk4 ,explanation4--,9 ! diagram ! indep5d5t elem5t mu/ /& by itself4 #a4 ,engl&'s debt1 to put x 9 r\nd numb]s1 is #d1jjj1jjj1jjj4 #b4 ,e object has sev]al faces1 s to speak4 #c4 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 ,l\is ,,xvi4 & ,m>ie ,anto9ette 7 execut$4 ,inf9itives & ,p>ticiples4 ,,miscellane\s4 #d4 ,x is a good ?+ to give ?anks unto ! ,"l4 #e4 ,we require clo?+ 9 ! summ] to protect ! body f ! heat ( ! sun4 #f4 ,rip ,van ,w9kle c\ld n acc\nt = ev]y?+'s hav+ *ang$ s4 #g4 ,?is s5t5ce is n too difficult = me to analyze4 #h4 ,! fog came p\r+ 9 at e *9k & keyhole1 #i4 ,consci5ce1 h] fir/ law brok51 w\nd$ lies4 #aj4 ,to be1 or n to be1--t is ! "q4 #aa4 ,i suppos$ him to be a g5tleman4 #ab4 ,food1 keep+ ! body 9 heal? by mak+ x w>m & repair+ its wa/e1 is a necessity4 #ac4 ,i w tea* y ! trick to prev5t y\r be+ *eat$ ano!r "t4 #ad4 ,%e ?reat5$ to g beyond ! sea1 to ?r[ h]self out ( ! w9d[1 to dr[n h]self4 #ae4 ,busi$ ) public affairs1 ! c\ncil w\ld sit = h\rs smok+ & wat*+ ! smoke curl f _! pipes to ! ceil+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #dc4 ,,composition--,,! ,,inf9itive4 ,direction4--,*ange ! inf9itives 9 ^! s5t5ces into p>ticiples1 & ! p>ticiples into inf9itives3-- ,notice t to1 ! only preposition us$ ) ! inf9itive1 is *ang$ to t[>d1 =1 (1 at1 91 or on1 :5 ! inf9itive is *ang$ to a p>ticiple4 #a4 ,i am incl9$ to believe x4 #b4 ,i am a%am$ to be se5 !re4 #c4 ,%e w be griev$ to he> x4 #d4 ,!y trembl$ to he> su* words4 #e4 ,x w s]ve = amus+ ! *ildr54 #f4 ,!re is a "t to laugh4 #g4 ,i rejoice to he> x4 #h4 ,y are prompt to obey4 #i4 ,!y delight to d x4 #aj4 ,i am surpris$ at see+ y4 #aa4 ,/ones are us$ 9 balla/+ vessels4 ,direction4--,improve ^! s5t5ces by *ang+ ! p>ticiples into inf9itives1 & ! inf9itives into p>ticiples3-- #a4 ,we began asc5d+ ! m\nta94 #b4 ,he did n recollect to h paid x4 #c4 ,i comm5c$ to write a lett]4 #d4 ,x is inconv5i5t be+ poor4 #e4 ,x is n wise compla9+4 ,direction4--,v>y ^! s5t5ces z 9 ! model3-- ,model4--,ris+ e>ly is heal?ful2 ,to rise e>ly is heal?ful2 ,x is heal?ful to rise e>ly2 ,= "o to rise e>ly is heal?ful4 7,notice t ! explanatory phrase aft] x is n set (f by ! comma47 #a4 ,read+ good books is pr(itable4 #b4 ,equivocat+ is disgraceful4 #c4 ,sl&]+ is base4 #d4 ,indors+ ano!r's pap] is dang]\s4 #e4 ,swe>+ is s9ful4 ,direction4--,write n9e s5t5ces1 9 ?ree ( :i* ! inf9itive phrase %all be us$ z an adjective1 9 ?ree z an adv]b1 & 9 ?ree z a n\n4 ,direction4--,write eight s5t5ces 9 :i* ^! v]bs %all be foll[$ by an inf9itive )\t ! to3-- ,model4--,we saw ! sun s9k beh9d ! m\nta94 ,bid1 d>e1 feel1 he>1 let1 make1 ne$1 & see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #dd4 ,,words ,,& ,,phrases ,,us$ ,,indep5d5tly4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,9 ?is ,lesson we wi% to notice words & phrases t 9 c]ta9 uses h no grammatical connection ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! fault1 de> ,brutus1 is n 9 our />s4 ,de> ,brutus s]ves only to arre/ att5tion1 & is indep5d5t by address4 ,poor man6 he nev] came back aga94 ,poor man is indep5d5t by exclamation4 ,?y rod & ?y /aff1 !y com=t me4 ,rod & /aff simply call att5tion to ! objects be=e any?+ is said ( !m1 & are indep5d5t by pleonasm--a con/ruction us$ sometimes = rhetorical effect1 b out ( place 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,8 ma/] be+ abs5t1 ! bus9ess 0 neglect$4 ,8 ma/] be+ abs5t logically modifies ! v]b 0 neglect$ by assign+ ! cause1 b ! phrase has no connective express$ or und]/ood1 & is !re=e grammatically indep5d5t4 ,?is is call$ ! absolute phrase4 ,an absolute phrase consi/s ( a n\n or a pron\n us$ indep5d5tly ) a modify+ p>ticiple4 ,8 conduct1 g5]ally speak+1 0 honorable4 ,speak+ is a p>ticiple )\t connection1 & ) ! adv]b g5]ally =ms an indep5d5t phrase4 ,to confess ! tru?1 ,i 0 wrong4 ,! inf9itive phrase is indep5d5t4 ,! adv]bs well1 n[1 :y1 !re are sometimes indep5d5t2 z1 ,well1 life is an enigma2 ,n[1 t is /range2 ,:y1 x is already noon2 ,!re are pit*-p9e ,yankees & :ite-p9e ,yankees4 ,int]jections are )\t grammatical connection1 z y h le>n$1 & h5ce are indep5d5t4 ,:atev] is enclos$ )9 m>ks ( p>5!sis is also indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce2 z1 ,i /ake my fame 7& ,i _h fame71 my he>t1 my hope1 my s\l1 ^u ?is ca/4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,! lovelie/ ?+s 9 life1 ,tom1 are b %ad[s4 ,explanation4--,tom is indep5d5t by address4 ,b is an adjective modify+ %ad[s4 #b4 ,!re are "o-/ory intellects1 two-/ory intellects1 & ?ree-/ory intellects ) skylights4 ,explanation4--,(t51 z 9 ?is s5t5ce1 !re is us$ idiomatically1 m]ely to ?r[ ! subject aft] ! v]b1 ! idea ( place hav+ fad$ out ( ! ^w4 ,to express place1 ano!r !re may foll[ ! pr$icate2 z1 ,!re is gold !re4 #c4 ,ah6 !n & !re 0 hurry+ to & fro4 #d4 ,hope lo/1 all is lo/4 #e4 ,! smi?1 a mighty man is he4 #f4 ,:y1 ?is is n rev5ge4 #g4 ,well1 ?is is ! =e/ ( ,ard54 #h4 ,n[1 !re is at ,j]usalem1 by ! %eep-m>ket1 a pool4 #i4 ,to speak pla9ly1 y\r habits are y\r wor/ enemies4 #aj4 ,no accid5t occurr+1 we %all arrive to-morr[4 #aa4 ,! tea*] be+ sick1 !re 0 no s*ool ,friday4 #ab4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i %all ent] on no encomium ^u ,massa*usetts4 #ac4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re c be no *ance 9 our affairs4 #ad4 ,b ! enemies ( tyranny--_! pa? leads to ! scaffold4 #ae4 ,%e 7oh1 ! artfulness ( ! woman67 manag$ ! matt] extremely well4 retreat began lat] --- day ------- ,a #af4 ,a day lat] 7,oct4 #ai1 #ahab7 began ! fatal retreat ( ! ,gr& ,army1 f ,mosc[4 ,see ,lesson #ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #de4 ,,composition--,,indep5d5t ,,words ,,& ,,phrases4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,words & phrases indep5d5t or ne>ly s are set (f by ! comma4 ,rem>k4--,int]jections1 z y h se51 are usually foll[$ by ! exclamation po9t2 & !re1 us$ m]ely to introduce1 is nev] set (f by ! comma4 ,:5 ! break aft] pleona/ic expressions is slight1 z 9 7#e71 ,lesson #dd1 ! comma is us$2 b1 if x is m abrupt1 z 9 7#ad71 ! da% is requir$4 ,if ! indep5d5t expression c be omitt$ )\t affect+ ! s5se1 x may be enclos$ )9 m>ks ( p>5!sis1 z 9 7#ae7 & 7#af74 7,= ! uses ( ! da% & ! m>ks ( p>5!sis1 see ,lesson #adh47 ,words & phrases ne>ly indep5d5t are ^? :i*1 l h[ev]1 ( c\rse1 inde$1 9 %ort1 by ! bye1 = in/ance1 & accord+ly1 d n modify a ^w or a phrase alone1 b r ! s5t5ce z a :ole2 z1 ,lee did n1 h[ev]1 foll[ ,wa%+ton's ord]s4 ,direction4--,write s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! sev]al k9ds ( indep5d5t expressions1 & punctuate accord+ to ! ,rule z expla9$4 ,direction4--,write %ort s5t5ces 9 :i* ^! words & phrases1 us$ 9 a mann] ne>ly indep5d5t1 %all occur1 & punctuate !m prop]ly3-- ,9 %ort1 inde$1 n[ & !n1 = in/ance1 accord+ly1 moreov]1 h[ev]1 at lea/1 9 g5]al1 no d\bt1 by ! bye1 by ! way1 !n1 too1 ( c\rse1 9 f9e1 namely1 above all1 !re=e4 ,direction4--,write %ort s5t5ces 9 :i* ^! words %all modify same p>ticul> ^w or phrase s closely z n to be set (f by ! comma3-- ,inde$1 surely1 too1 !n1 n[1 fur!r1 :y1 aga91 /ill4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 7,,see ,,pages #afj-afb47 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions to ! tea*]1 pages #cj1aej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #df4 ,,s5t5ces ,,classifi$ ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,mean+4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,9 ! previ\s ,lessons we h consid]$ ! s5t5ce ) respect to ! words & phrases compos+ x4 ,let u n[ look at x z a :ole4 ,! m\nta9s lift up _! heads4 ,?is s5t5ce is us$ simply to affirm1 or to decl>e a fact1 & is call$ a ,decl>ative ,s5t5ce4 ,d ! m\nta9s lift up _! heads8 ,?is s5t5ce expresses a "q1 & is call$ an ,int]rogative ,s5t5ce4 ,lift up y\r heads4 ,?is s5t5ce expresses a comm&1 & is call$ an ,imp]ative ,s5t5ce4 ,su* expressions z ,y mu/ g1 ,y %all g are equival5t to imp]ative s5t5ces1 ?\gh !y h n ! imp]ative =m4 ,h[ ! m\nta9s lift up _! heads6 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! ?\ght is express$ ) /rong emotion4 ,x is call$ an ,exclamatory ,s5t5ce4 ,h[ & :at usually introduce su* s5t5ces2 b a decl>ative1 an int]rogative1 or an imp]ative s5t5ce may become exclamatory :5 ! speak] uses x ma9ly to give v5t to 8 feel+s2 z1 ,x is impossible6 ,h[ c ,i endure x6 ,talk ( hypocrisy aft] ?is6 ,,def9ition4--,a ,decl>ative ,s5t5ce is "o t is us$ to affirm or to d5y4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,int]rogative ,s5t5ce is "o t expresses a "q4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,imp]ative ,s5t5ce is "o t expresses a comm& or an entreaty4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,exclamatory ,s5t5ce is "o t expresses sudd5 ?\ght or /rong feel+4 ,footnote3 ,= punctuation1 see page #db4 ,,int]rogation ,,po9t--,,rule4--,e direct int]rogative s5t5ce %\ld be foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t4 ,rem>k4--,:5 an int]rogative s5t5ce is made a "p ( ano!r s5t5ce1 x may be direct2 z1 ,he ask$1 ,:at is ! tr\ble8 or indirect2 z1 ,he ask$ :at ! tr\ble 04 7,see ,lesson #gd47 ,analysis4 ,direction4--,be=e analyz+ ^! s5t5ces1 classify !m1 & ju/ify ! t]m9al m>ks ( punctuation3-- #a4 ,!re are no accid5ts 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god4 #b4 ,:y does ! v murd]]1 8 victim sleep+ be=e him1 & 8 gl>+ eye tak+ ! measure ( ! bl[1 /rike wide ( ! mortal "p8 #c4 ,suff] n y\rselves to be betray$ ) a kiss4 7,! subject is y und]/ood47 #d4 ,h[ wond]ful is ! adv5t ( spr+6 #e4 ,oh6 a da9ty plant is ! ivy gre56 #f4 ,six days %alt ?\ labor & d all ?y "w4 #g4 ,alex&] ! ,great di$ at ,babylon 9 ! ?irty-?ird ye> ( 8 age4 #h4 ,h[ sickness enl>ges ! dim5sions ( a man's self to himself6 #i4 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94 #aj4 ,l5d me y\r e>s4 #aa4 ,:at brilliant r+s ! planet ,saturn has6 #ab4 ,:at p[] %all blan* ! sulli$ sn[ ( "*8 #ac4 ,! laws ( nature are ! ?\ghts ( ,god4 #ad4 ,h[ beautiful 0 ! sn[1 fall+ all day long1 all night long1 on ! ro(s ( ! liv+1 on ! graves ( ! dead6 #ae4 ,:o1 9 ! d>ke/ days ( our ,revolution1 c>ri$ y\r flag into ! v *ops ( ! ,briti% ,*annel1 be>d$ ! lion 9 8 d51 & woke ! e*oes ( old ,albion's hills by ! ?und]s ( 8 cannon & ! %\ts ( 8 triumph8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #dg4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,review ,analysis4 #a4 ,poetry is only ! eloqu5ce & en?usiasm ( religion4--,wordswor?4 #b4 ,refus+ to b>e 8 head to any e>?ly pot5tate1 ,ri*elieu w\ld p]mit no em95t au?or to /& b>ehead$ 9 8 pres5ce4 --,/eph54 #c4 ,! ,que5 ( ,engl& is simply a piece ( hi/oric h]aldry2 a flag1 float+ gr&ly ov] a ,lib]al m9i/ry ye/]day1 ov] a ,tory m9i/ry to-day4--,conway4 #d4 ,! vulg> intellectual palate hank]s aft] ! titillation ( foam+ phrase4--,l[ell4 #e4 ,two mighty vortices1 ,p]icles & ,alex&] ! ,great1 drew into /rong eddies ab\t !mselves all ! glory & ! pomp ( ,greek lit]ature1 ,greek eloqu5ce1 ,greek wisdom1 ,greek art4--,de ,qu9cey4 #f4 ,reason's :ole pleasure1 all ! joys ( s5se1 lie 9 ?ree words-- heal?1 peace1 & compet5ce4--,pope4 #g4 ,extreme admiration puts out ! critic's eye4--,tyl]4 ,footnote3 ,weighty ?\ghts t]sely express$1 l 7#g71 7#h71 & 7#aj7 9 ?is ,lesson1 are call$ ,epigrams4 ,:at quality d y ?9k !y imp>t to "o's /yle8 #h4 ,! sett+ ( a great hope is l ! sett+ ( ! sun4-- ,longfell[4 #i4 ,?+s mean1 ! ,?i/le1 ! ,leek1 ! ,broom ( ! ,plantag5ets1 become noble by association4--,f4 ,w4 ,rob]tson4 #aj4 ,pray] is ! key ( ! morn+ & ! bolt ( ! night4-- ,bee*]4 #aa4 ,9 t calm ,syrian aft]noon1 memory1 a p5sive ,ru?1 w5t glean+ ! sil5t fields ( *ildhood1 & f\nd ! scatt]$ gra9 /ill gold51 & ! morn+ sunlight fre% & fair4--,curtis4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,ru? ( ?is s5t5ce1 we h a type ( ! metaphor call$ ,p]sonification--a figure 9 :i* ?+s are rais$ above _! prop] plane1 tak5 up t[>d or to t ( p]sons4 ,?+s take on dignity & importance z !y rise 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,note1 moreov]1 t 9 ?is in/ance ( ! figure we h an ,allusion4 ,all ! int]e/ t ! ,ru? ( ! ,bible awak5s 9 u ?is allusion ga!rs ab\t s common a ?+ z memory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #dh4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,review4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,by means ( /eam man realizes ! fable ( ,aeolus's bag1 & c>ries ! two-&-?irty w9ds 9 ! boil] ( 8 boat4--,em]son4 #b4 ,! ,angel ( ,life w9ds our bra9s up once = all1 !n closes ! case1 & gives ! key into ! h&s ( ! ,angel ( ,resurrection4--,holmes4 #c4 ,i call$ ! ,new ,_w into exi/5ce to r$ress ! balance ( ! ,old4--,cann+4 #d4 ,! prom95t nose ( ! ,new ,engl&] is evid5ce ( ! con/ant l+ui/ic ex]cise ( t organ4--,w>n]4 #e4 ,e ,lat9 ^w has its function z n\n or v]b or adv]b ticket$ ^u x4--,e>le4 #f4 ,! ,alps1 pil$ 9 cold & /ill sublimity1 are an image ( despotism4--,phillips4 #g4 ,i want my husb& to be submissive )\t look+ s4--,gail ,hamilton4 #h4 ,i love to lose myself 9 o!r m5's m9ds4--,lamb4 #i4 ,*e]fulness bani%es all anxi\s c>e & discont5t1 soo!s & composes ! passions1 & keeps ! s\l 9 a p]petual calm4--,addison4 #aj4 ,to discov] ! true nature ( comets has hi!rto prov$ beyond ! p[] ( sci5ce4 ,explanation4--,beyond ! p[] ( sci5ce impossible1 & is !re=e an attribute complem5t4 ,! preposition beyond %[s ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( p[] to ! subject phrase4 #aa4 ,au?ors mu/ n1 l ,*9ese soldi]s1 expect to w9 victories by turn+ som]sets 9 ! air4--,longfell[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #di4 ,,review ,,( ,,punctuation4 ,direction4--,give ! reasons1 s f> z y h be5 taught1 = ! m>ks ( punctuation us$ 9 ,lessons #dd1 #df1 #dg1 & #dh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ej4 ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions1 ,lesson #af4 ,direction4--,review f ,lesson #cg to ,lesson #df1 inclusive4 ,give1 9 "s su* way z we h outl9$ 9 prec$+ ,review ,lessons1 ! sub/ance ( ! ,introductory ,h9ts2 repeat & illu/rate def9itions & rules2 illu/rate ! diff]5t uses ( ! p>ticiple & ! inf9itive1 & illu/rate ! ,caution reg>d+ ! use ( ! p>ticiple2 illu/rate ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* words & phrases may be grammatically indep5d5t1 & ! punctuation ( ^! indep5d5t elem5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ea4 ,,arrangem5t--,,usual ,,ord]4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if1 f lack ( "t or f ! necessity ( con=m+ to a prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy1 x is f\nd desirable to abridge ^! ,lessons on ,arrangem5t & ,contraction1 ! ex]cises to be writt5 may be omitt$1 & ! pupil may be requir$ to illu/rate ! positions ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 9 bo? ! ,usual & ! ,transpos$ ord]1 & !n to read ! examples giv51 mak+ ! requir$ *anges orally4 ,! eight foll[+ ,lessons may ?us be r$uc$ to two or ?ree4 ,let u recall ! ,usual ,ord] ( words & phrases 9 a simple decl>ative s5t5ce4 ,! v]b foll[s ! subject1 & ! object complem5t foll[s ! v]b4 ,example4--,drake circumnavigat$ ! globe4 ,direction4--,obs]v+ ?is ord]1 write ?ree s5t5ces ea* ) an object complem5t4 ,an adjective or a possessive modifi] prec$es its n\n1 & an explanatory modifi] foll[s x4 ,examples4--,man's life is a brief span4 ,moses1 ! lawgiv]1 came d[n f ! ,m\nt4 ,direction4--,obs]v+ ?is ord]1 write f\r s5t5ces1 two ) possessive modifi]s & two ) explanatory1 ea* s5t5ce conta9+ an adjective4 ,! attribute complem5t1 :e!r n\n or adjective1 foll[s ! v]b1 ! objective complem5t foll[s ! object complem5t1 & ! indirect object prec$es ! direct4 ,examples4--,egypt is ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,ea/]n life is dreamy4 ,!y made ,bonap>te consul4 ,!y (f]$ ,caes> a cr[n4 ,direction4--,obs]v+ ?is ord]1 write f\r s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! positions ( ! n\n & ( ! adjective :5 !y p]=m ^! (fices4 ,if adjectives are ( unequal rank1 ! "o mo/ closely modify+ ! n\n /&s ne>e/ to x2 if ( ! same rank1 !y /& 9 ! ord] ( _! l5g?--! %orte/ fir/4 ,examples4--,two hone/ "y m5 enli/$4 ,cass9o has a lean & hungry look4 ,a rock1 huge & precipit\s1 /ood 9 our pa?4 ,direction4--,obs]v+ ?is ord]1 write ?ree s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! relative position ( adjectives be=e & aft] ! n\n4 ,an adv]b prec$es ! adjective1 ! adv]b1 or ! phrase :i* x modifies2 prec$es or foll[s 7m frequ5tly foll[s7 ! simple v]b or ! v]b ) its complem5t2 & foll[s "o or m words ( ! v]b if ! v]b is comp\nd4 ,examples4--,! light f> 9 ! di/ance is s v bright4 ,i soon f\nd him4 ,i hurt him badly4 ,he _h (t5 be5 !re4 ,direction4--,obs]v+ ?is ord]1 write s5t5ces illu/rat+ ^! sev]al positions ( ! adv]b4 ,phrases foll[ ! words !y modify2 if a ^w has two or m phrases1 ^? mo/ closely modify+ x /& ne>e/ to x4 ,examples4--,facts once e/abli%$ are facts =ev]4 ,he sail$ = ,liv]pool on ,monday4 ,direction4--,obs]v+ ?is ord]1 write s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! positions ( p>ticiple & prepositional phrases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #eb4 ,,arrangem5t--,,transpos$ ,,ord]4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,! usual ord] ( words1 spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson1 is n ! only ord] admissible 9 an ,engli% s5t5ce2 on ! contr>y1 great fre$om 9 ! plac+ ( words & phrases is sometimes all[able4 ,let ! relation ( ! words be kept obvi\s &1 consequ5tly1 ! ?\ght cle>1 & 9 poetry1 9 impassion$ oratory1 9 excit$ spee* ( any k9d1 "o may deviate widely f ?is ord]4 ,a writ]'s mean+ is nev] di/ribut$ ev5ly among 8 words2 m ( x lies 9 "s words ?an 9 o!rs4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( /rong feel+1 "o may move words out ( _! accu/om$ place1 &1 by ?us attract+ att5tion to !m1 give !m additional importance to ! read] or he>]4 ,:5 any ^w or phrase 9 ! pr$icate /&s out ( its usual place1 appe>+ ei!r at ! front ( ! s5t5ce or at ! end1 we h :at we may call ! ,transpos$ ,ord]4 ,i d>e n v5ture to g d[n into ! cab9--,v5ture to g d[n into ! cab9 ,i d>e n4 ,y %all die--,die y %all4 ,_! names w =ev] live on ! lips ( ! p--,_! names w1 on ! lips ( ! p1 =ev] live4 ,:5 ! ^w or phrase mov$ to ! front c>ries ! v]b1 or ! pr9cipal ^w ( x1 be=e ! subject1 we h ! extreme example ( ! transpos$ ord]2 z1 ,a yeoman _h he4 ,/range is ! magic ( a turban4 ,! :ole ( a v]b is n plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( a decl>ative s5t5ce except 9 poetry2 z1 ,fla%$ all _! sab]s b>e4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4----,:]e1 9 our directions 9 ^! ,lessons on ,arrangem5t & ,contraction1 we say *ange1 transpose1 or re/ore1 ! pupils ne$ n write ! s5t5ces4 ,!y %\ld /udy !m & be able to read !m4 ,require !m to %[ :at ! s5t5ce has lo/ or ga9$ 9 ! *ange4 ,direction4--,*ange ^! s5t5ces f ! usual to ! transpos$ ord] by mov+ words or phrases to ! front1 & expla9 ! effect3-- #a4 ,he c\ld n avoid x4 #b4 ,!y 7 pretty lads4 #c4 ,! great ,que5 di$ 9 ! ye> #afjc4 #d4 ,he w\ld n escape4 #e4 ,i mu/ g4 #f4 ,%e seem$ "y & sad4 #g4 ,he cri$1 ,my son1 my son6 #h4 ,he end$ 8 tale "h4 #i4 ,! moon %one bright4 #aj4 ,a froz5 cont95t lies beyond ! sea4 #aa4 ,he 0 a cont5ti\s man4 #ab4 ,x 0 quot$ s4 #ac4 ,monm\? _h nev] be5 accus$ ( c[>dice4 ,direction4--,*ange ^! s5t5ces f ! transpos$ ord] to ! usual1 & expla9 ! effect3-- #a4 ,him1 ! ,almighty ,p[] hurl$ headlong4 #b4 ,volatile he 04 #c4 ,victories1 inde$1 !y 74 #d4 ,( noble race ! lady came4 #e4 ,sl[ly & sadly we laid him d[n4 #f4 ,once aga9 we'll sleep secure4 #g4 ,?is d\ble (fice ! p>ticiple p]=ms4 #h4 ,t gale ,i well rememb]4 #i4 ,*urli% he (t5 seem$4 #aj4 ,"o /rong ?+ ,i f9d "h bel[4 #aa4 ,ov]head ,i he>d a murmur4 #ab4 ,to _! w we mu/ succumb4 #ac4 ,him !y hang$4 #ad4 ,freely ye h receiv$4 ,direction4--,write five s5t5ces1 ea* ) "o ( ! foll[+ n\ns or adjectives z a complem5t2 & five1 ea* ) "o ( ! adv]bs or phrases z pr$icate modifi]2 !n transpose ! t5 ) ^! same words mov$ to ! front1 & expla9 ! effect3-- ,giant1 "*1 happy1 him1 s]5e1 (t51 9 ! m>ket1 long & deeply1 !n1 "u foot4 ,direction4--,transpose ^! s5t5ces by plac+ ! italiciz$ words la/1 & note ! effect3-- #a4 ,! cl\ds l[]+ ^u our h\se are buri$ 9 ! deep bosom ( ! ocean4 #b4 ,a5eas did be> f ! flames ( ,troy ^u 8 %\ld] ! old ,an*ises4 #c4 ,su* a he>t beats 9 ! brea/ ( my p4 #d4 ,! great fire ro>$ up ! deep & wide *imney4 ,direction4--,*ange ^! to ! usual ord]3-- #a4 ,no woman 0 ev] 9 ?is wild humor woo$ & won4 #b4 ,let a %r\d1 /ripp$ f "s privileg$ corpse1 be1 = its prop] price1 display$4 #c4 ,an old clock1 e>ly "o summ]'s morn+1 be=e ! /irr+ ( ! family1 sudd5ly /opp$4 #d4 ,treasures ( gold & ( silv] are1 9 ! deep bosom ( ! e>?1 conceal$4 #e4 ,ease & grace 9 writ+ are1 ( all ! acquisitions made 9 s*ool1 ! mo/ difficult & valuable4 ,direction4--,write ?ree s5t5ces1 ea* ) ! foll[+ n\n or adjective or phrase 9 its usual place 9 ! pr$icate1 & !n transpose1 plac+ ^! words :]ev] !y c prop]ly g3-- ,m\nta9s1 glad1 by & by4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ec4 ,,arrangem5t--,,transpos$ ,,ord]4 ,direction4--,re/ore ^! s5t5ces to _! usual ord] by mov+ ! object complem5t & ! v]b to _! cu/om>y places1 & tell :at is lo/ by ! *ange3-- #a4 ,?orns & ?i/les %all ! e>? br+ =?4 #b4 ,exactly s1 repli$ ! p5dulum4 #c4 ,me re/or$ he to m9e (fice4 #d4 ,a *ang$ ,france h we4 #e4 ,^! evils ha? s9 wr\ght4 ,direction4--,transpose ^! s5t5ces by mov+ ! object complem5t & ! v]b1 & tell :at is ga9$ by ! *ange3-- #a4 ,! dial-plate exclaim$1 ,lazy wire6 #b4 ,! maid5 has su* *>ms4 #c4 ,! ,engli% "* has faults & pl5ty ( !m4 #d4 ,i w make "o ef=t m to save y4 #e4 ,! k+ does possess great p[]4 #f4 ,y h le>n$ mu* 9 ?is %ort j\rney4 ,direction4--,write six transpos$ s5t5ces ) ^! n\ns z object complem5ts1 & !n re/ore !m to _! usual ord]3-- ,pause1 cry1 peace1 horse1 words1 gift4 ,direction4--,re/ore ^! s5t5ces to _! usual ord] by mov+ ! attribute complem5t & ! v]b to _! usual places1 & tell :at is lo/ by ! *ange3-- #a4 ,a da9ty plant is ! ivy gre54 #b4 ,feet 0 ,i to ! lame4 #c4 ,a mighty man is he4 #d4 ,z a m>k ( respect 0 ! pres5t giv54 #e4 ,a giant t[]$ he among m54 ,direction4--,transpose ^! s5t5ces by mov+ ! attribute complem5t & ! v]b1 & tell :at is ga9$ by ! *ange3-- #a4 ,we are m]ry brides4 #b4 ,wa%+ton is /yl$ ! ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry4 #c4 ,he 0 a />k mos/roop+ ,scot4 #d4 ,! man seem$ an inc>nate demon4 #e4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 _h become a despot4 ,direction4--,us+ ^! n\ns z attribute complem5ts1 write ?ree s5t5ces 9 ! usual ord]1 & !n transpose !m3-- ,rock1 des]t1 =tress4 ,direction4--,re/ore ^! s5t5ces to _! usual ord] by mov+ ! adjective complem5t & ! v]b to _! cu/om>y places3-- #a4 ,happy are we to-night1 boys4 #b4 ,good & upright is ! ,"l4 #c4 ,hott] grew ! air4 #d4 ,pale looks y\r ,grace4 #e4 ,d>k roll$ ! waves4 #f4 ,l\d] wax$ ! applause4 #g4 ,blood-r$ became ! sun4 #h4 ,d\btful seem$ ! battle4 #i4 ,wise are all 8 ways4 #aj4 ,wide op5 /ood ! doors4 #aa4 ,we>y _h he gr[n4 #ab4 ,fai?ful prov$ he to ! la/4 ,direction4--,transpose ^! s5t5ces by mov+ ! adjective complem5t & ! v]b3-- #a4 ,my regrets 7 bitt] & unavail+4 #b4 ,! ang] ( ! righte\s is weighty4 #c4 ,! air seem$ deep & d>k4 #d4 ,%e _h gr[n tall & que5ly4 #e4 ,! peacemak]s are bless$4 #f4 ,i came into ! _w helpless4 #g4 ,! untrodd5 sn[ lay bloodless4 #h4 ,! fall ( t h\se 0 great4 #i4 ,! upro> became intol]able4 #aj4 ,! secret>y /ood alone4 ,direction4--,write five transpos$ s5t5ces1 ea* ) "o ( ^! adjectives z attribute complem5t1 & !n re/ore ! s5t5ces to ! usual ord]3-- ,tempe/u\s1 huge1 glori\s1 lively1 fi]ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ed4 ,,arrangem5t--,,transpos$ ,,ord]4 ,direction4--,re/ore ^! s5t5ces to ! usual ord] by mov+ ! adv]b & ! v]b to _! cu/om>y places1 & note ! loss3-- #a4 ,!n bur/ 8 mighty he>t4 #b4 ,"h /&s ! man4 #c4 ,crack6 w5t ! ropes4 #d4 ,d[n came ! ma/s4 #e4 ,s di$ ! great ,columbus ( ! skies4 #f4 ,tictac6 tictac6 g ! :eels ( ?\ght4 #g4 ,away w5t ,gilp94 #h4 ,(f w5t 8 bonnet4 #i4 ,well h ye judg$4 #aj4 ,on swept ! l9es4 #aa4 ,!re doz$ ! donkeys4 #ab4 ,boom6 boom6 w5t ! guns4 #ac4 ,?us wan$ ! aft]noon4 #ad4 ,!re ?und]s ! cat>act age aft] age4 ,direction4--,transpose ^! s5t5ces by mov+ ! adv]b & ! v]b3-- #a4 ,i w nev] des]t ,mr4 ,micawb]4 #b4 ,! great ev5t occurr$ soon aft]4 #c4 ,! boy /ood !re ) dizzy bra94 #d4 ,! ,spani>d's %ot w5t :+6 :+6 #e4 ,catil9e %all no long] plot h] ru94 #f4 ,a s9c]e ^w 0 nev] utt]ly lo/4 #g4 ,x /&s writt5 s4 #h4 ,v5us 0 yet ! morn+ />4 #i4 ,y mu/ speak ?us4 #aj4 ,lady ,impud5ce goes up to ! maid4 #aa4 ,?y pr\d waves %all be /ay$ "h4 ,direction4--,write t5 s5t5ces 9 ! transpos$ ord]1 us+ ^! adv]bs3-- ,/ill1 "h1 n[1 s1 seldom1 !re1 out1 yet1 ?us1 nev]4 ,direction4--,re/ore ^! s5t5ces to ! usual ord] by mov+ ! phrase & ! v]b to _! cu/om>y places1 & note ! loss3-- #a4 ,beh9d h] rode ,lalla ,rookh4 #b4 ,sev5 ye>s aft] ! ,re/oration appe>$ ,p>adise ,lo/4 #c4 ,into ! valley ( dea? rode ! six hundr$4 #d4 ,to su* /raits is a kais] driv54 #e4 ,^u su* a grat+ h+e op5$ ! door ( 8 daily life4 #f4 ,betwe5 !m lay a m\nta9 ridge4 #g4 ,9 purple 0 %e rob$4 #h4 ,ne> ! surface are f\nd ! implem5ts ( bronze4 #i4 ,?r\gh ! n>r[ baza> press$ ! demure donkeys4 #aj4 ,9 ^? days came ,john ! ,bapti/4 #aa4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,june1 #agge1 0 f\ght ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill4 #ab4 ,?ree times 7 ! ,romans driv5 back4 ,direction4--,transpose ^! s5t5ces by mov+ ! phrase & ! v]b3-- #a4 ,! disciples came at ! same "t4 #b4 ,! dreamy murmur ( insects 0 he>d ov] our heads4 #c4 ,an anci5t & /ately hall /ood ne> ! village4 #d4 ,8 tru/y sword lay by 8 side4 #e4 ,pep9 ev5tually succe$$ to ,*>les ,m>tel4 #f4 ,! h\se /&s some:at back f ! /reet4 #g4 ,our sph]e turns on its axis4 #h4 ,! bridle is r$ ) ! sign ( despair4 #i4 ,i h s]v$ 9 tw5ty campaigns4 #aj4 ,t\* prop] lies 9 ! f+]-tips & 9 ! lips4 ,direction4--,write t5 s5t5ces 9 ! usual ord]1 us+ ^! prepositions to introduce phrases1 & !n transpose ! s5t5ces1 & comp>e ! two ord]s3-- ,beyond1 ^u1 t[>d1 (1 by1 into1 betwe51 91 at1 to4 ,direction4--,write six s5t5ces 9 ! transpos$ ord]1 beg9n+ !m ) ^! words3-- ,!re 7indep5d5t71 nor1 nei!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ee4 ,,arrangem5t--,,int]rogative ,,s5t5ces4 ,if ! int]rogative ^w is subject or a modifi] ( x1 ! ord] is usual4 ,examples4--,:o came la/ ev5+8 ,:at /> %9es brighte/8 ,direction4--,write five int]rogative s5t5ces1 us+ ! fir/ ^w bel[ z a subject2 ! second z a subject & !n z a modifi] ( ! subject2 ! ?ird z a subject & !n z a modifi] ( ! subject3-- ,:o1 :i*1 :at4 ,if ! int]rogative ^w is object complem5t or attribute complem5t or a modifi] ( ei!r1 ! ord] is transpos$4 ,examples4--,:om did y see8 ,:at are p]sonal consequ5ces8 ,:i* c\rse w y *oose8 ,direction4--,write an int]rogative s5t5ce ) ! fir/ ^w bel[ z object complem5t1 & ano!r ) ! second ^w z attribute complem5t4 ,write f\r ) ! ?ird & ! f\r? z complem5ts1 & f\r ) ! ?ird & ! f\r? z modifi]s ( ! complem5t3-- ,:om1 :o1 :i*1 :at4 ,if ! int]rogative ^w is an adv]b1 ! ord] is transpos$4 ,examples4--,:y is ! =um cr[d$8 ,:]e are ! fl[]s1 ! fair "y fl[]s8 ,direction4--,write five int]rogative s5t5ces1 us+ ^! adv]bs3-- ,h[1 :51 :]e1 :i!r1 :y4 ,if !re is no int]rogative ^w1 ! subject /&s aft] ! v]b :5 ?is is simple2 aft] ! fir/ ^w ( x :5 x is comp\nd4 ,examples4--,h y y\r lesson8 ,has ! g5tleman f9i%$8 ,direction4--,write six int]rogative s5t5ces1 us+ ^! words3-- ,is1 has1 c le>n1 might h gone1 c\ld h be5 f\nd1 mu/ see4 ,direction4--,*ange ! s5t5ces y h writt5 9 ?is ,lesson into decl>ative s5t5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ef4 ,,arrangem5t--,,imp]ative ,,& ,,exclamatory ,,s5t5ces4 ,! subject is usually omitt$ 9 ! imp]ative s5t5ce2 b1 :5 x is express$1 ! s5t5ce is 9 ! transpos$ ord]4 ,examples4--,praise ye ! ,"l4 ,give 7?\7 me ?ree gra9s ( corn4 ,direction4--,us+ ^! v]bs1 write t5 s5t5ces1 9 five ( :i* ! subject %all be omitt$2 & 9 five1 express$3-- ,rememb]1 li/51 l5d1 love1 live1 *oose1 use1 obey1 /rive1 devote4 ,al?\gh any s5t5ce may )\t *ange ( ord] become exclamatory 7,lesson #df71 yet exclamatory s5t5ces ord9>ily beg9 ) h[ or :at1 & are usually 9 ! transpos$ ord]4 ,examples4--,h[ quietly ! *ild sleeps6 ,h[ excell5t is ?y lov+-k9dness6 ,:at visions h ,i se56 ,:at a life 8 06 ,direction4--,write six exclamatory s5t5ces ) ! ^w h[ modify+ 7#a7 an adjective1 7#b7 a v]b1 & 7#c7 an adv]b--9 ?ree s5t5ces let ! v]b foll[1 & 9 ?ree prec$e1 ! subject4 ,write f\r s5t5ces ) ! ^w :at modify+ 7#a7 an object complem5t & 7#b7 an attribute complem5t--9 two s5t5ces let ! v]b foll[1 & 9 two prec$e1 ! subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #eg4 ,,contraction ,,( ,,s5t5ces4 ,direction4--,contract ^! s5t5ces by omitt+ ! repeat$ modifi]s & prepositions1 & all ! conjunctions except ! la/3-- #a4 ,web/] 0 a great lawy]1 a great /atesman1 a great debat]1 & a great writ]4 #b4 ,by _! valor1 by _! policy1 & by _! matrimonial alliances1 !y became p[]ful4 #c4 ,samuel ,adams's habits 7 simple & frugal & uno/5tati\s4 #d4 ,fl[]s are s fragile1 s delicate1 & s ornam5tal6 #e4 ,!y are truly prosp]\s & truly happy4 #f4 ,! means us$ 7 p]suasions & petitions & remon/rances & resolutions & defiance4 #g4 ,c>?age 0 ! mi/ress ( oceans1 ( k+doms1 & ( nations4 ,direction4--,exp& ^! by repeat+ ! adjective1 ! adv]b1 ! preposition1 & ! conjunction3-- #a4 ,he 0 a good son1 fa!r1 bro!r1 fri5d4 #b4 ,! t\ri/ travel$ 9 ,spa91 ,greece1 ,egypt1 & ,pale/9e4 #c4 ,bay>d 0 v brave1 tru?ful1 & *ivalr\s4 #d4 ,honor1 rev5ge1 %ame1 & contempt inflam$ 8 he>t4 ,direction4--,write six s5t5ces1 ea* ) "o ( ^! words us$ f\r times2 & !n contract !m z above1 & note ! effect ( ! repetition & ( ! omission3-- ,poor1 h[1 )1 ?r\gh1 or1 &4 ,direction4--,exp& ^! s5t5ces by supply+ subjects3-- #a4 ,give u ?is day our daily bread4 #b4 ,:y do/ />e s8 #c4 ,?ank y1 sir4 #d4 ,he> me = my cause4 #e4 ,:]e ha/ be5 ^! six mon?s8 #f4 ,bless me6 #g4 ,save u4 ,direction4--,exp& ^! by supply+ ! v]b or "s "p ( x3-- #a4 ,nobody !re4 #b4 ,dea? to ! tyrant4 #c4 ,all abo>d6 #d4 ,all h&s to ! pumps6 #e4 ,:at to me fame8 #f4 ,%ort1 inde$1 8 c>e]4 #g4 ,:5 ,adam ?us to ,eve4 #h4 ,i mu/ aft] him4 #i4 ,?\ %alt back to ,france4 #aj4 ,^: foot/eps ^!8 ,direction4--,exp& ^! by supply+ bo? subject & v]b1 & note ! loss 9 vivacity3-- #a4 ,^u !m ) ! lance4 #b4 ,at y\r s]vice1 sir4 #c4 ,:y s unk9d8 #d4 ,=w>d1 ! light brigade6 #e4 ,half-pa/ n9e4 #f4 ,(f ) y4 #g4 ,my k+dom = a horse6 #h4 ,h5ce1 y idle creatures6 #i4 ,c(fee = two4 #aj4 ,%9e1 sir8 #aa4 ,back to ?y puni%m5t1 false fugitive4 #ab4 ,on ) ! dance4 #ac4 ,/range1 /range6 #ad4 ,once m unto ! brea*4 #ae4 ,away1 away6 #af4 ,impossible6 ,direction4--,contract ^! by omitt+ ! subject or ! v]b3-- #a4 ,art ?\ gone8 #b4 ,w y take y\r *ance8 #c4 ,8 c>e] 0 ably run4 #d4 ,are y a capta98 #e4 ,may long life be to ! republic4 #f4 ,h[ great is ! my/]y6 #g4 ,can/ ?\ wond]8 #h4 ,may a prosp]\s voyage be to y4 #i4 ,are y "h8 ,direction4--,contract ^! by omitt+ bo? subject & v]b1 & note ! ga9 9 =ce & animation3-- #a4 ,i (f] a _w = sale4 #b4 ,n[1 !n1 g y to breakfa/4 #c4 ,sit y d[n1 soo?less insult]4 #d4 ,i want a ^w ) y1 wife4 #e4 ,^? are my s5tim5ts1 madam4 #f4 ,br+ ye lights !re4 #g4 ,x is true1 sir4 #h4 ,we w dr9k a heal? to ,preciosa4 #i4 ,i (f] a p5ny = y\r ?\ghts4 #aj4 ,:i!r are y go+ s e>ly8 ,direction4--,con/ruct t5 full s5t5ces1 us+ 9 ea*1 "o ( ^! adv]bs or phrases or n\ns1 & !n contract ! s5t5ces by omitt+ bo? subject & v]b3-- ,:y1 h5ce1 to arms1 sil5ce1 out1 to y\r t5ts1 pea*es1 room1 = ! guns1 wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #eh4 ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions1 ,lesson #af4 ,direction4--,review f ,lesson #ea to ,lesson #eg1 inclusive4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5t positions--,usual & ,transpos$--t ! words & phrases ( a decl>ative s5t5ce may take2 illu/rate ! diff]5t positions ( ! p>ts ( an int]rogative1 ( an imp]ative1 & ( an exclamatory s5t5ce2 illu/rate ! diff]5t ways ( contract+ s5t5ces4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 7,,see ,,pages #afb-afe47 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see notes to ! tea*]1 pages #cj1 #aej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ei4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ce--,,adjective ,,clause4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,! s5t5ces giv5 = analysis 9 ! prec$+ ,lessons conta9 ea* b "o subject & "o pr$icate4 ,!y are call$ ,simple ,s5t5ces4 ,a discreet y\? makes fri5ds4 ,9 ,lesson #ag y le>n$ t y c\ld exp& ! adjective discreet into a phrase1 & say1 ,a y\? ( discretion makes fri5ds4 ,y are n[ to le>n t y c exp& x into an expression t ass]ts1 & say1 ,a y\? t is discreet makes fri5ds4 ,?is "p ( ! s5t5ce & ! o!r "p1 ,a y\? makes fri5ds1 conta9+ ea* a subject & a pr$icate1 we call ,clauses4 ,! adjective clause t is discreet1 p]=m+ ! (fice ( a s+le ^w1 we call a ,dep5d5t ,clause2 ,a y\? makes fri5ds1 n p]=m+ su* (fice1 we call an ,indep5d5t ,clause4 ,! :ole s5t5ce1 compos$ ( an indep5d5t & a dep5d5t clause1 we call a ,complex ,s5t5ce4 ,a dep5d5t clause t does ! "w ( an adjective is call$ an ,adjective ,clause4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,!y t t\* pit* w be defil$4 ,!y w be defil$ t t\* pit* ----------------'------- ,explanation4--,! relative importance ( ! two clauses is %[n by _! position1 by _! connection1 & by ! diff]5ce 9 ! %ad+ ( ! l9es4 ,! pron\n t is writt5 on ! subject l9e ( ! dep5d5t clause4 ,t p]=ms ! (fice ( a conjunction also4 ,?is (fice is %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,z modifi]s are jo9$ by slant+ l9es to ! words !y modify1 y le>n f ?is diagram t t t\* pit* is a modifi] ( !y4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a complex s5t5ce because x consi/s ( an indep5d5t clause & a dep5d5t clause4 ,!y w be defil$ is ! indep5d5t clause1 & t t\* pit* is ! dep5d5t4 ,t t\* pit* is a modifi] ( !y because x limits ! mean+ ( !y2 ! dep5d5t clause is connect$ by its subject t to !y4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,illu/rate ! connect+ =ce ( :o1 :i*1 & t by sub/itut+ = !m ! words = :i* !y /&1 & not+ ! loss ( connection4 #b4 ,! lev] :i* moves ! _w ( m9d is ! pr9t+-press4 #c4 ,w9e makes ! face ( him :o dr9ks x to excess blu% = 8 habits4 ,explanation4--,! adjective clause does n always modify ! subject4 #d4 ,photography is ! art :i* enables commonplace m$iocrity to look l g5ius4 #e4 ,9 #afhe ,l\is ,,xiv4 sign$ ! ord9ance t revok$ ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 #f4 ,! ?irte5 colonies 7 weld$ toge!r by ! measures :i* ,samuel ,adams fram$4 ,explanation4--,! pron\n connect+ an adjective clause is n always a subject4 #g4 ,! guilt ( ! slave-trade1 ,footnote3 ,see ,lesson #fa1 foot-note4 :i* sprang out ( ! traffic ) ,gu9ea1 re/s ) ,john ,hawk9s4 #h4 ,i f\nd ! place to :i* y ref]r$4 ,i f\nd place ! y ref]r$ ---------------- to :i* ------- #i4 ,! _s 9 :i* we act is ! highe/ matt]4 #aj4 ,x 0 ! same book t ,i ref]r$ to4 ,explanation4--,! phrase to t modifies ref]r$4 ,t connects ! adjective clause4 ,:5 ! pron\n t connects an adjective clause1 ! preposition nev] prec$es4 ,! diagram is simil> to t ( 7#h74 #aa4 ,%e t ,i spoke to 0 bl9d4 #ab4 ,gr\*y did n arrive at ! "t t ,napoleon mo/ ne$$ him4 ,explanation4--,a preposition is want+4 ,t 9 :i*4 7,c y f9d a ^w t w\ld "h s\nd bett] ?an t87 #ac4 ,att5tion is ! /uff t memory is made (4 #ad4 ,x is to y t ,i speak4 ,explanation4--,"h ! preposition1 :i* usually w\ld /& la/ 9 ! s5t5ce1 is f\nd be=e ! complem5t ( ! indep5d5t clause4 ,9 analysis re/ore ! preposition to its usual place--,x is y t ,i speak to4 ,t ,i speak to modifies ! subject4 #ae4 ,x 0 f me t he receiv$ ! in=mation4 7,me mu/ be *ang$ to ,i :5 f is re/or$ to its usual position47 #af4 ,isl&s are ! tops ( m\nta9s ^: base is 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean4 m\nta9s ----------- base is ----------- 44444^: ,explanation4--,! connect+ pron\n is "h a possessive modifi] ( base4 #ag4 ,unhappy is ! man ^: "m does n make all mo!rs int]e/+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fj4 ,,adjective ,,clauses--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,trillions ( waves ( e!r ent] ! eye & hit ! ret9a 9 ! "t y take to brea!4 ,explanation4--,! connect+ pron\n t ,footnote3 ,:5 :om1 :i*1 & t w\ld1 if us$1 be object complem5ts1 !y are (t5 omitt$4 ,macaulay is ! only writ] we h f\nd :o seldom or nev] omits !m4 is omitt$4 #b4 ,! smi? takes 8 "n f 8 smoo?+ ! metals he works on4 #c4 ,socrates 0 "o ( ! greate/ sages ! _w ev] saw4 #d4 ,:om ! ,"l love? he *a/5e?4 ,explanation4--,! adjective clause modifies ! omitt$ antec$5t ( :om4 ,supply him4 #e4 ,he did :at 0 "r4 ,he did x :at 0 "r ---------------------- ,explanation4--,! adjective clause modifies ! omitt$ ^w ?+1 or "s ^w ^: mean+ is g5]al or indef9ite4 ,footnote3 ,_m gramm>ians pref] to treat :at 0 "r z a n\n clause 7see ,lesson #ga71 ! object ( did4 ,!y w\ld treat 9 ! same way clauses introduc$ by :oev]1 :atev]1 :i*ev]4 ,:at 0 orig9ally an int]rogative & introduc$ sub/antive clauses4 ,its use z a comp\nd relative is an ext5sion ( its use z an indirect int]rogative2 x is conf9$ to clauses :i* may be p>s$ z sub/antives1 & be=e :i* no antec$5t is ne$$1 or p]mitt$ to be express$4 ,its possessive ^: has1 h[ev]1 atta9$ ! full con/ruction ( a relative4--,pr(4 ,f4 ,a4 ,m>*4 #f4 ,:at is false 9 ?is _w bel[ betrays itself 9 a love ( %[4 #g4 ,! swan a*iev$ :at ! goose conceiv$4 #h4 ,:at m5 he _h 7 true4 ,! relative pron\n :at "h prec$es its n\n l an adjective4 ,analyze z if arrang$ ?us3 ,! m5 :at 7 t or :om7 he _h 7 true4 #i4 ,:oev] does a good de$ is in/antly ennobl$4 ,explanation4--,! adjective clause modifies ! omitt$ subject 7man or he7 ( ! indep5d5t clause4 #aj4 ,i told him to br+ :i*ev] 0 ! lighte/4 #aa4 ,:atev] cru%es individuality is despotism4 #ab4 ,a depot is a place :]e /ores are deposit$4 depot is place ,a a :]e /ores are deposit$ ---------------------------- ,explanation4--,! l9e repres5t+ :]e is made up ( two p>ts4 ,! upp] "p repres5ts :]e z a conjunction connect+ ! adjective clause to place1 & ! l[] "p repres5ts x z an adv]b modify+ are deposit$4 ,z :]e p]=ms ^! two (fices1 x may be call$ a conjunctive adv]b4 ,by *ang+ :]e to ! equival5t phrase 9 :i*1 & us+ a diagram simil> to 7#h71 ,lesson #ei1 ! d\ble nature ( ! conjunctive adv]b w be se54 #ac4 ,he rais$ ! maid f :]e %e knelt4 7,supply ! place be=e :]e47 #ad4 ,y\? is ! "t :5 ! se$s ( "* are s[n4 #ae4 ,%ylock w\ld give ! duke no reason :y he foll[$ a los+ suit aga9/ ,antonio4 #af4 ,m>k ! maje/ic simplicity ( ^? laws :]eby ! op]ations ( ! univ]se are conduct$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fa4 ,,composition--,,adjective ,,clause4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,! ,adjective ,clause1 :5 n re/rictive1 is set (f by ! comma4 ,explanation4--,i pick$ ! apple t 0 ripe4 ,i pick$ ! apple1 :i* 0 ripe4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! adjective clause re/ricts or limits apple1 tell+ :i* "o 0 pick$2 9 ! second ! adjective clause is add$ m]ely to describe ! apple pick$1 ! s5t5ce be+ ne>ly equival5t to1 ,i pick$ ! apple1 & x 0 ripe4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 mean+ is %[n by ! punctuation4,footnote3 ,!re are o!r con/ructions 9 :i* ! relative is m ne>ly equival5t to & he or & x2 z1 ,i gave ! lett] to my fri5d1 :o w return x to y4 ,^? :o pref] to let _! classification be gov]n$ by ! logical relation r ?an by ! grammatical con/ruction call su* a s5t5ce comp\nd1 mak+ ! relative clause indep5d5t1 or co-ord9ate ) its antec$5t clause4 ,su* classification w (t5 require v c>eful discrim9ation2 z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! prec$+ s5t5ce & ! foll[+3 ,i gave ! lett] to my fri5d1 :o c be tru/$4 ,b we "k ( no au?or :o1 9 e case1 gov]ns 8 classification ( phrases & clauses /rictly by _! logical relations4 ,let u exam9e ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,john1 :o did n "k ! law1 is innoc5t4 ,john is innoc5t2 he did n "k ! law4 ,john is innoc5t because he did n "k ! law4 ,no gramm>ian1 we ?9k1 w\ld class ea* ( ^! ?ree italiciz$ clauses z an adv]b clause ( cause4 ,d !y diff] 9 logical =ce8 ,! /ud5t %\ld c>efully note all ^? con/ructions 9 :i* ! grammatical =m & ! logical =ce diff]4 7,see pages #aai1 #aba1 #ach1 #aci1 #adb1 #adc47 ,caution4--,! adjective clause %\ld be plac$ z ne> z possible to ! ^w x modifies4 ,direction4--,correct ! foll[+ errors ( position1 & ins]t ! comma :5 ne$$3-- #a4 ,! ,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,ar?ur :o vi$ ) _! *ief 9 *ivalr\s exploits4 #b4 ,solomon 0 ! son ( ,david :o built ! ,temple4 #c4 ,my bro!r caught ! fi% on a small hook bait$ ) a worm :i* we _h = breakfa/4 #d4 ,i h no "r to decide :o am int]e/$4 ,direction4--,con/ruct five complex s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ an adjective clause equival5t to "o ( ! foll[+ adjectives3-- ,ambiti\s1 respectful1 quick-witt$1 talkative1 lovable4 ,direction4--,*ange ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces to complex s5t5ces by exp&+ ! p>ticiple phrases into adjective clauses3-- #a4 ,^? fight+ cu/om ) gramm> are fooli%4 #b4 ,! ,con/itution fram$ by our fa!rs is ! %eet-an*or ( our lib]ties4 #c4 ,i am ?y fa!r's _s1 doom$ = a c]ta9 t]m to walk ! night4 #d4 ,"s p1 hav+ liv$ abroad1 und]value ! advantages ( _! native l&4 #e4 ,a wife & *ildr51 ?reat5$ ) wid[hood & orphanage1 h knelt at y\r feet on ! v ?re%old ( ! ,s5ate ,*amb]4 ,direction4--,*ange ^! simple s5t5ces to complex s5t5ces by exp&+ ! inf9itive phrases into adjective clauses3-- #a4 ,i h _m ?+s to tell y4 #b4 ,!re 7 none to deliv]4 #c4 ,he _h an ax to gr9d4 #d4 ,x 0 a sight to gladd5 ! he>t4 #e4 ,x 0 a d9 to fright a mon/]'s e>4 ,direction4--,=m complex s5t5ces 9 :i* ^! pron\ns & conjunctive adv]bs %all be us$ to connect adjective clauses3-- ,:o1 :i*1 t1 :at1 :oev]1 & :atev]4 ,:51 :]e1 & :y4 ,direction4--,*ange t :i*1 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces to :at1 & :at to t :i*2 :oev] to he :o1 & :atev] to any?+ or ev]y?+ :i*2 :]e & :5 to at1 on1 or 9 :i*2 :]e9 to 9 :i*2 & :]eby to by :i*3-- #a4 ,t :i* is se5 is temporal4 #b4 ,:at ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r let n man put asund]4 #c4 ,:oev] lives a pi\s life blesses 8 race4 #d4 ,:atev] we d has an influ5ce4 #e4 ,s*ol>s h gr[n old & bl9d1 /riv+ to put _! h&s on ! v spot :]e brave m5 di$4 #f4 ,! ye> :5 ,*auc] 0 born is unc]ta94 #g4 ,! play's ! ?+ :]e9 ,i'll cat* ! consci5ce ( ! k+4 #h4 ,y take my life 9 tak+ ! means :]eby ,i live4 ,direction4--,exp& ^! possessive & explanatory modifi]s into adjective clauses3-- #a4 ,a man's he>t devise? 8 way4 #b4 ,reason's :ole pleasure1 all ! joys ( s5se1 ,lie 9 ?ree words--heal?1 peace1 & compet5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fb4 ,direction4--,analyze ! fir/ n9e s5t5ces 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson1 & write illu/rative s5t5ces z "h direct$3-- ,give an example ( an adjective clause modify+ a subject2 "o modify+ a complem5t2 "o modify+ ! pr9cipal ^w ( a phrase2 "o modify+ "s ^w omitt$2 "o ^: connective is a subject2 "o ^: connective is a complem5t2 "o ^: connective is ! pr9cipal ^w ( a phrase2 "o ^: connective is a possessive modifi]2 "o ^: connective is omitt$2 "o ^: connective is an adv]b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fc4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ce--,,adv]b ,,clause4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,he arriv$ late4 ,y h le>n$ t y c exp& ! adv]b late into a phrase1 & say1 ,he arriv$ at midnight4 ,y are n[ to le>n t y c exp& x into a clause ( ,"t1 & say1 ,he arriv$ :5 ! clock /ruck twelve4 ,he /ood :]e ,i am4 ,! clause introduc$ by :]e expresses ,place1 & is equival5t to ! adv]b "h or to ! phrase 9 ?is place4 ,?is ex]cise is z pr(itable z x is pleasant4 ,! clause introduc$ by z 444 z modifies pr(itable1 tell+ ! ,degree ( ! quality express$ by x4 ,a clause t does ! "w ( an adv]b is an ,adv]b ,clause4 ,analysis4 ,! adv]b clause may express "t4 #a4 ,:5 pleasure calls1 we li/54 we li/5 ,:5 pleasure calls ------------------- ,explanation4--,:5 modifies bo? li/5 & calls1 d5ot+ t ! two acts take place at ! same "t4 ,x also connects pleasure calls1 z an adv]b modifi]1 to li/54 ,! (fices ( ! conjunctive adv]b :5 may be bett] und]/ood by exp&+ x into two phrases ?us3 ,we li/5 at ! "t at :i* pleasure calls4 ,at ! "t modifies li/51 at :i* modifies calls1 & :i* connects4 ,! l9e repres5t+ :5 is made up ( ?ree p>ts to picture ^! ?ree (fices4 ,! "p repres5t+ :5 z a modifi] ( calls is1 = conv5i5ce1 plac$ above its pr9cipal l9e in/ead ( bel[ x4 #b4 ,:ile ,l\is ,,xiv4 reign$1 ,europe 0 at w>4 #c4 ,:5 my fa!r & my "m =sake me1 !n ?s ,"l w take me up4 ,"l w take me ,! up 44 !n ,:5 fa!r ------------' my ' ' ' =sake me '& ------------------------- ' _/ ' _/ "m ' _/ ------------'_/ my ,explanation4--,by *ang+ !n into at ! "t1 & :5 into at :i*1 ! (fices ( ^! two words w be cle>ly se54 ,= explanation ( ! l9e repres5t+ :51 see ,lesson #ad & 7#a7 above4 #d4 ,cato1 be=e he dur/ give himself ! fatal /roke1 sp5t ! night 9 read+ ,plato's ,immortality4 ,footnote3 ,"s pref]1 9 con/ructions l ?is1 to treat be=e1 ere1 aft]1 till1 until1 & s9ce z prepositions foll[$ by n\n clauses4 #e4 ,_m a ye> is 9 its grave s9ce ,i cross$ ?is re/less wave4 ,footnote3 ,see 7#aa71 ,lesson #ch1 & foot-note4 ,explanation4--,_m "h modifies ye>1 or1 r1 ye> z modifi$ by a4 #f4 ,blu*] arriv$ on ! field ( ,wat]loo j z ,well+ton 0 meet+ ! la/ onslaught ( ,napoleon4 ,blu*] arriv$ ------ z j ,well+ton 0 meet+ onslaught ---------------------------------------- --- ,explanation4--,j may be treat$ z a modifi] ( ! dep5d5t clause4 ,a clos] analysis1 h[ev] w\ld make x a modifi] ( z4 ,j zj at ! "t at :i*4 ,j "h modifies at ! "t4 ,at ! "t is repres5t$ 9 ! diagram by ! fir/ elem5t ( ! z l9e4 ,! adv]b clause may express place4 #g4 ,:]e ! sn[ falls1 !re is fre$om4 #h4 ,pope skimm$ ! cream ( good s5se & expression :]ev] he c\ld f9d x4 #i4 ,! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?4 ,! adv]b clause may express degree4 #aj4 ,wa%+ton 0 z good z he 0 great4 ,explanation4--,! adv]b clause z he 0 great modifies ! fir/ z1 :i* is an adv]b modify+ good4 ,! fir/ z1 modifi$ by ! adv]b clause1 answ]s ! "q1 ,good to :at ext5t or degree8 ,! second z modifies great & p]=ms ! (fice ( a conjunction1 & is !re=e a conjunctive adv]b4 ,transpos+1 & exp&+ z 444 z into two phrases1 we h1 ,wa%+ton 0 good 9 ! degree 9 :i* he 0 great4 ,see diagram ( 7#c7 & ( 7#bj74 #aa4 ,! wis] he grew1 ! humbl] he became4 ,footnote3 ,!1 "h1 is n ! ord9>y adjective !4 ,x is ! ,anglo-,saxon demon/rative pron\n us$ 9 an in/rum5tal s5se4 ,x is "h an adv]b4 ,! fir/ ! by h[ mu*1 & modifies wis]2 ! second ! by s mu*1 & modifies humbl]4 ,explanation4--,! words ! 444 ! are simil> 9 (fice to z 444 z--,he became humbl] 9 t degree 9 :i* he became wis]4 #ab4 ,gold is heavi] ?an iron4 ,gold is heavi] ?an iron x x ---------------------- ,explanation4--,heavi] heavy beyond ! degree1 & ?an 9 :i*4 ,! s5t5ce ,gold is heavy beyond ! degree 9 :i* iron is heavy4 ,is & heavy are omitt$4 ,frequ5tly words are omitt$ aft] ?an & z4 ,?an modifies heavy 7und]/ood7 & connects ! clause express+ degree to heavi]1 & is !re=e a conjunctive adv]b4 #ac4 ,to be "r is bett] ?an to be presid5t4 ,explanation4--,to be "r is bett] 7good 9 a great] degree7 ?an to be presid5t 7w\ld be good74 #ad4 ,x 0 s cold t ! m]cury froze4 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 also 9 7#ae7 & 7#ag71 ! dep5d5t clause is sometimes t]m$ a clause ( ,result or ,consequ5ce4 ,clauses ( ,result express diff]5t logical relations1 & _c always be class$ "u ,degree4 ,explanation4--,! degree ( ! cold is "h %[n by ! effect x produc$4 ,! adv]b s1 modifi$ by ! adv]b clause t ! m]cury froze1 answ]s ! "q1 ,cold to :at degree8 ,! s5t5ce ,x 0 cold to t degree 9 :i* ! m]cury froze4 ,t1 z y see1 modifies froze & connects ! clauses2 x is !re=e a conjunctive adv]b4 #ae4 ,x 0 s cold z to freeze ! m]cury4 ,explanation4--,x 0 s cold z to freeze ! m]cury 7w\ld indicate or require74 #af4 ,dy+ = a pr9ciple is a high] degree ( virtue ?an scold+ = x4 #ag4 ,he call$ s l\d t all ! holl[ deep ( hell res\nd$4 #ah4 ,to prea* is easi] ?an to practice4 #ai4 ,"o's bre$+ %[s itself n[h]e m ?an 9 8 religion4 ,footnote3 ,= ! use ( he in/ead ( ! indef9ite pron\n "o repeat$1 see ,lesson #abd4 #bj4 ,! (t5] ,i see x1 ! bett] ,i l x4 ,i l x ---- bett] ! 444 ,i see x -------------------- ,! 44444(t5] 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fd4 ,,adv]b ,,clause-,,cont9u$4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,he liv$ z ! fool lives4 ,! adv]b clause1 introduc$ by z1 is a clause ( ,mann]1 & is equival5t to ! adv]b fooli%ly or to ! phrase 9 a fooli% mann]4 ,! gr\nd is wet because x has ra9$4 ,! adv]b clause1 introduc$ by because1 assigns ! ,real ,cause ( ! gr\nd's be+ wet4 ,x has ra9$1 = ! gr\nd is wet4 ,! adv]b clause1 introduc$ by =1 does n assign ! cause ( ! ra9+1 b ! cause ( our believ+ t x has ra9$2 x gives ! ,evid5ce ( :at is ass]t$4 ,footnote3 ,evid5ce %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ,cause4 ,cause produces an effect2 ,evid5ce produces k ( an effect4 ,clauses ( ,evid5ce are sometimes treat$ z indep5d5t4 ,analysis4 ,! adv]b clause may express mann]4 #a4 ,he di$ z he liv$4 ,explanation4--,he di$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he liv$4 ,= diagram1 see 7#a71 ,lesson #fc4 #b4 ,! upright man speaks z he ?9ks4 #c4 ,z ! upright man ?9ks s he speaks4 7,= diagram ( z 444 s1 see :5 444 !n 7#c71 ,lesson #fc47 #d4 ,z is ! boy s w be ! man4 #e4 ,! waves ( conv]sation roll & %ape our ?\ghts z ! surf rolls & %apes ! pebbles on ! %ore4 ,! adv]b clause may express real cause4 #f4 ,! gr\nd is wet because x has ra9$4 gr\nd is wet ,! because x has ra9$ ------------------- ,explanation4--,because1 be+ a m]e conjunction1 /&s on a l9e :olly dott$4 #g4 ,slang is always vulg>1 z x is an affect$ way ( talk+4 #h4 ,we keep ! pores ( ! sk9 op51 = ?r\gh !m ! blood ?r[s (f its impurities4 #i4 ,s9ce ! brea? conta9s poison\s c>bonic acid1 wise p v5tilate _! sleep+ rooms4 #aj4 ,sea-ba?+ is ! mo/ heal?ful k9d ( wa%+1 z x comb9es fre% air & vigor\s ex]cise ) its o!r b5efits4 #aa4 ,:eat is ! mo/ valuable ( gra9s because bread is made f its fl\r4 ,! adv]b clause may express evid5ce4 #ab4 ,god 0 angry ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 = he ov]?rew !m 9 ! wild]ness4 #ac4 ,tobacco & ! potato are ,am]ican products1 s9ce ,raleigh f\nd !m "h4 #ad4 ,x ra9$ la/ night1 because ! gr\nd is wet ?is morn+4 #ae4 ,we ,am]icans mu/ all be cuckoos1 = we build our homes 9 ! ne/s ( o!r birds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fe4 ,,adv]b ,,clause-,,cont9u$4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,if x ra9s1 ! gr\nd w be wet4 ,! adv]b clause1 introduc$ by if1 assigns :at1 if x occurs1 w be ! cause ( ! gr\nd's be+ wet1 b1 z "h express$1 is only a ,condition ready to become a cause4 ,he takes ex]cise t he may get well4 ,! adv]b clause1 introduc$ by t1 assigns ! cause or ! motive or ! ,purpose ( 8 ex]cis+4 ,! gr\nd is dry1 al?\gh x has ra9$4 ,! adv]b clause1 introduc$ by al?\gh1 expresses a ,concession4 ,x is conc$$ t a cause = ! gr\nd's n be+ dry exi/s2 b1 9 spite ( ?is oppos+ cause1 x is ass]t$ t ! gr\nd is dry4 ,all ^! dep5d5t clauses ( real cause1 evid5ce1 condition1 purpose1 & concession come1 z y see1 "u ! g5]al head ( ,cause1 al?\gh only ! fir/ k9d assigns ! cause prop]4 ,analysis4 ,! adv]b clause may express condition4 #a4 ,if ! air is quickly compress$1 en\gh heat is evolv$ to produce combu/ion4 #b4 ,unless y\r ?\ght packs easily & neatly 9 v]se1 always use prose4 7,unless if n47 #c4 ,if ev] y saw a cr[ ) a k+-bird aft] him1 y h an image ( a dull speak] & a lively li/5]4 #d4 ,7 x n = ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 ! h>bors & ! riv]s ( ,brita9 w\ld be block$ up ) ice = a great "p ( ! ye>4 ,explanation4--,! relative position ( ! subject & ! v]b r5d]s ! if unnecess>y4 ,?is omission ( if is a common idiom4 #e4 ,%\ld ! calls ( hung] be neglect$1 ! fat ( ! body is ?r[n into ! grate to keep ! furnace 9 play4 ,! adv]b clause may express purpose4 #f4 ,language 0 giv5 u t we might say pleasant ?+s to ea* o!r4 ,explanation4--,t1 introduc+ a clause ( purpose1 is a m]e conjunction4 #g4 ,spid]s h _m eyes 9 ord] t !y may see 9 _m directions at "o "t4 ,explanation4--,! phrases 9 ord] t1 s t t4 #h4 ,! %ip-canal across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez 0 dug s t ,european vessels ne$ n sail ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to rea* ! ,ori5t4 #i4 ,! air draws up vapors f ! sea & ! l&1 & reta9s !m dissolv$ 9 itself or susp5d$ 9 ci/]ns ( cl\ds1 t x may drop !m z ra9 or dew ^u ! ?ir/y e>?4 ,! adv]b clause may express concession4 #aj4 ,al?\gh ! bra9 is only "o-=tie? ( ! body1 ab\t "o-six? ( ! blood is s5t to x4 #aa4 ,?\gh ! atmosph]e presses on u ) a load ( fifte5 p\nds on e squ>e in* ( surface1 /ill we d n feel its weight4 #ab4 ,?\gh ?\ %\ld/ bray a fool 9 a mort>1 yet w n 8 fooli%ness dep>t f him4 #ac4 ,if ! ,w> ( ! ,roses did n utt]ly de/roy ,engli% fre$om1 x arre/$ its progress = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,explanation4--,if "h ev5 if ?\gh4 #ad4 ,?\gh _m riv]s fl[ into ! ,m$it]ranean1 !y are n suffici5t to make up ! loss caus$ by evaporation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ff4 ,,composition-,,adv]b ,,clauses4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,an ,adv]b ,clause is set (f by ! comma unless x closely foll[s & re/ricts ! ^w x modifies4 ,explanation4--,i met him 9 ,p>is1 :5 ,i 0 la/ abroad4 ,i w n call him villa91 because x w\ld be unp>liam5t>y4 ,pap] 0 inv5t$ 9 ,*9a1 if ! ,*9ese tell ! tru?4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! adv]b clauses are n re/rictive1 b are supplem5t>y1 & are add$ almo/ z aft]?\ghts4 ,glass b5ds easily :5 x is r$-hot4 ,leaves d n turn r$ because ! fro/ colors !m4 ,x w break if y t\* x4 ,"h ! adv]b clauses are re/rictive2 ea* is v closely relat$ 9 ?\ght to ! indep5d5t clause1 & may almo/ be said to be ! ess5tial "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,:5 ! adv]b clause prec$es1 x is set (f4 ,direction4---,tell :y ! adv]b clauses are or are n set (f 9 ,lessons #fc & #fd4 ,direction4---,write1 aft] ^! indep5d5t clauses1 adv]b clauses ( "t1 place1 degree1 etc4 7= connectives1 see ,lesson #ajj71 & punctuate accord+ to ! ,rule3-- #a4 ,! leaves ( ! wat]-maple turn r$--"t4 #b4 ,our eyes _c be> ! light--"t4 #c4 ,millions ( soldi]s sleep--place4 #d4 ,! ,bunk] ,hill ,monum5t /&s--place4 #e4 ,e spire ( grass 0 s edg$ & tipp$ ) dew--degree4 #f4 ,vesuvius ?rew its lava s f>--degree4 #g4 ,! tree is incl9$--mann]4 #h4 ,! lion spr+s ^u 8 prey--mann]4 #i4 ,_m p]sons di$ 9 ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta--cause4 #aj4 ,dew does n =m 9 a cl\dy night--cause4 #aa4 ,t ?und]bolt fell a mile away--evid5ce4 #ab4 ,we dream 9 our sleep--evid5ce4 #ac4 ,pet] ! ,great work$ 9 ,holl& 9 disguise--purpose4 #ad4 ,we put salt into butt] & ^u meat--purpose4 #ae4 ,iron b5ds & molds easily--condition4 #af4 ,apples w\ld n fall to ! gr\nd--condition4 #ag4 ,europe conqu]$ ,napoleon at la/--concession4 #ah4 ,puni%m5t foll[s e violation ( nature's laws--concession4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fg4 ,,composition-,,adv]b ,,classes4 ,,arrangem5t4 ,! adv]b clause may /& be=e ! indep5d5t clause1 betwe5 ! p>ts ( x1 or aft] x4 ,direction4---,?9k1 if y c1 ( ano!r adv]b clause to foll[ ea* indep5d5t clause 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson1 & by means ( a c>et 77 indicate :]e ?is adv]b clause may prop]ly /& 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,note its =ce 9 its sev]al positions1 & att5d to ! punctuation4 ,"s ( ^! adv]b clauses c /& only at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fh4 ,,composition--,,adv]b ,,clauses4 ,an adv]b clause may be contract$ into a p>ticiple or a p>ticiple phrase4 ,example4--,:5 he saw me1 he /opp$ ,see+ me1 he /opp$4 ,direction4--,contract ^! complex s5t5ces to simple ones3-- #a4 ,coral animals1 :5 !y die1 =m va/ isl&s ) _! bodies4 #b4 ,! wat] w freeze1 = x has cool$ to #cb deg4 #c4 ,tru?1 ?\gh %e may be cru%$ to e>?1 w rise aga94 #d4 ,error1 if he is w\nd$1 wri!s ) pa91 & dies among 8 wor%ip]s4 #e4 ,black clo!s are too w>m 9 summ]1 because !y absorb heat4 ,an adv]b clause may be contract$ to an absolute phrase4 ,example4--,:5 night came on1 we gave up ! *ase ,night com+ on1 we gave up ! *ase4 ,direction4--,contract ^! complex s5t5ces to simple ones3-- #a4 ,:5 oxyg5 & c>bon unite 9 ! m9ute blood-vessels1 heat is produc$4 #b4 ,x w ra9 to-morr[1 = ,probabilities pr$icts x4 #c4 ,wa%+ton retreat$ f ,long ,isl& because 8 army 0 outnumb]$4 #d4 ,if ,*auc] is call$ ! fa!r ( our lat] ,engli% poetry1 ,wycliffe %\ld be call$ ! fa!r ( our lat] ,engli% prose4 ,an adv]b clause may be contract$ to a prepositional phrase hav+ = its pr9cipal ^w 7#a7 a p>ticiple1 7#b7 an inf9itive1 or 7#c7 a n\n4 ,direction4--,contract ea* ( ^! adv]b clauses to a prepositional phrase hav+ a p>ticiple = its pr9cipal ^w3-- ,model4--,!y w call be=e !y leave ! city ,!y w call be=e leav+ ! city4 #a4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream rea*es ,newf\ndl& be=e x crosses ! ,atlantic4 #b4 ,if we use h\sehold words1 we %all be bett] und]/ood4 #c4 ,he grew ri* because he att5d$ to 8 bus9ess4 #d4 ,?\gh !y p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians1 !y did n ext]m9ate !m4 ,direction4--,contract ea* ( ^! adv]b clauses to an inf9itive phrase3-- ,model4--,%e /oops t %e may conqu] ,%e /oops to conqu]4 #a4 ,! p9e tree is s tall t x ov]looks all its neighbors4 #b4 ,philip ,,ii4 built ! ,armada t he might conqu] ,engl&4 #c4 ,he is fooli%1 because he leaves s*ool s e>ly 9 life4 #d4 ,:at w\ld ,i n give if ,i c\ld see y happy6 #e4 ,we are pa9$ :5 we he> ,god's "n us$ irrev]5tly4 ,direction4--,contract ea* ( ^! adv]b clauses to a prepositional phrase hav+ a n\n = its pr9cipal ^w3-- ,model4--,he f\ght t he might obta9 glory ,he f\ght = glory4 #a4 ,lu!r di$ :]e he 0 born4 #b4 ,a fi% brea!s1 ?\gh x has no lungs4 #c4 ,! g5]al m>*$ z he 0 ord]$4 #d4 ,crim9als are puni%$ t society may be safe4 #e4 ,if y are free f vices1 y may expect a happy old age4 ,an adv]b clause may be contract$ by simply omitt+ su* words z may easily be suppli$4 ,example4--,:5 y are "r1 g ahead ,:5 "r1 g ahead4 ,direction4--,contract ^! adv]b clauses3-- #a4 ,*evali] ,bay>d 0 kill$ :ile he 0 fight+ = ,francis ,i4 #b4 ,error mu/ yield1 h[ev] /rongly x may be def5d$4 ,explanation4--,h[ev] modifies /rongly1 & connects a concessive clause4 #c4 ,mu* weal? is corpul5ce1 if x is n disease4 #d4 ,no o!r ,engli% au?or has utt]$ s _m pi?y say+s z ,%akespe>e has utt]$4 7,frequ5tly1 clauses introduc$ by z & ?an are contract$47 #e4 ,! sun is _m times l>g] ?an ! e>? is l>ge4 7,s5t5ces l ?is nev] appe> 9 ! full =m47 #f4 ,?is is a prose era r ?an x is a poetic era4 ,an adv]b clause may sometimes be *ang$ to an adjective clause or phrase4 ,example4--,?is man is to be piti$1 because he has no fri5ds ,?is man1 :o has no fri5ds1 is to be piti$ ,?is man1 hav+ no fri5ds1 is to be piti$ ,?is man1 )\t fri5ds1 is to be piti$4 ,direction4--,*ange ea* ( ! foll[+ adv]b clauses fir/ to an adjective clause & !n to an adjective phrase3-- #a4 ,a man is to be piti$ if he does n c>e = music4 #b4 ,:5 a man lacks heal?1 weal?1 & fri5ds1 he lacks ?ree good ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fi4 ,,analysis4 ,direction4--,tell ! k9d ( adv]b clause 9 ea* ( ! s5t5ces 9 ,lesson #fh1 & note ! diff]5t positions 9 :i* ^! clauses /&4 ,select two s5t5ces conta9+ "t clauses2 "o1 a place clause2 two1 degree2 "o1 mann]2 two1 real cause2 two1 evid5ce2 two1 purpose2 two1 condition2 & two1 concession1 & analyze !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gj4 ,,review4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( adv]b clauses nam$ 9 ,lessons #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 & expla9 fully ! (fice ( ea*4 ,= connectives1 see ,lesson #ajj4 ,tell :y ! adv]b clauses 9 ,lesson #fh are or are n set (f by ! comma4 ,compose s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! diff]5t ways ( contract+ adv]b clauses4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 7,,see ,,pages #afe-afh47 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions to ! tea*]1 pages #cj1 #aej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ga4 ,,! ,,complex ,,s5t5ce-,,n\n ,,clause4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,9 ,lessons #dj & #da y le>n$ t an inf9itive phrase may p]=m _m ( ! (fices ( a n\n4 ,y are n[ to le>n t a clause may d ! same4 ,ob$i5ce is bett] ?an sacrifice ,to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice ,t m5 %\ld obey is bett] ?an sacrifice4 ,! dep5d5t clause t m5 %\ld obey is equival5t to a n\n1 & is ! ,subject ( is4 ,_m p believe t ! bee* tree is nev] /ruck by lightn+4 ,! dep5d5t clause1 introduc$ by t1 is equival5t to a n\n1 & is ! ,object ,complem5t ( believe4 ,! fact t mold1 mildew1 & yea/ are plants is wond]ful4 ,! clause introduc$ by t is equival5t to a n\n1 & is ,explanatory ( fact4 ,a peculi>ity ( ,engli% is1 t x has s _m borr[$ words4 ,! clause introduc$ by t is equival5t to a n\n1 & is an ,attribute ,complem5t relat+ to peculi>ity4 ,y\r future dep5ds v mu* on :o y\r companions are4 ,! clause :o y\r companions are is equival5t to a n\n1 & is ! ,pr9cipal ,t]m ( a ,phrase introduc$ by ! preposition on4 ,a clause t does ! "w ( a n\n is a ,n\n ,clause4 ,analysis4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z subject4 #a4 ,t ! e>? is r\nd has be5 prov$4 ,t -------- ' e>? is ' r\nd --------------------- ! _/ has be5 prov$ ,explanation4--,! clause t ! e>? is r\nd is us$ l a n\n z ! subject ( has be5 prov$4 ,! conjunction t ,footnote3 ,t 0 orig9ally ! neut] demon/rative pron\n1 us$ to po9t to ! fact /at$ 9 an indep5d5t s5t5ce2 z1 ,x 0 good2 he saw t4 ,by an inv]sion ( ! ord] ?is became1 ,he saw t 7namely7 x 0 good1 & s pass$ into ! =m ,he saw t x 0 good1 :]e t has be5 transf]r$ to ! accessory clause1 & has become a m]e sign ( grammatical subord9ation4--,c4 ,p4 ,mason4 introduces ! n\n clause4 ,?is is a peculi> k9d ( complex s5t5ce4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is "h no pr9cipal clause1 = ! :ole s5t5ce _c be call$ a clause1 i4e41 a "p ( a s5t5ce4 ,we may say t x is a complex s5t5ce 9 :i* ! :ole s5t5ce takes ! place ( a pr9cipal clause4 #b4 ,t ! same ^w is us$ = ! s\l ( man & = a glass ( g9 is s+ul>4 #c4 ,:at h ,i done8 is ask$ by ! knave & ! ?ief4 #d4 ,:o 0 ! discov]] ( ,am]ica is n yet fully det]m9$ by hi/orians4 ,explanation4--,! subject clause is "h an indirect "q4 ,see ,lesson #gd4 #e4 ,:5 lett]s 7 fir/ us$ is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 #f4 ,:]e is ,abel1 ?y bro!r8 smote ! e>s ( ! guilty ,ca94 #g4 ,:5 to quit bus9ess & enjoy _! weal? is a problem nev] solv$ by "s4 ,explanation4--,:5 to quit bus9ess & enjoy _! weal? is an indirect "q4 ,:5 to quit bus9ess ,:5 !y are to quit bus9ess1 or ,:5 !y ought to quit bus9ess4 ,su* con/ructions may be exp&$ into clauses1 or !y may be treat$ z phrases equival5t to clauses4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z object complem5t4 #h4 ,galileo taught t ! e>? moves4 t ------- ' e>? ' moves ------------- ! ,galileo taught _/ ,explanation4--,"h ! clause introduc$ by t is us$ l a n\n z ! object complem5t ( taught4 #i4 ,! ,esquimau feels intuitively t be>'s grease & blubb] are ! di%es = 8 table4 #aj4 ,! _w w n anxi\sly inquire :o y are4 #aa4 ,x w ask ( y1 ,:at c y d8 #ab4 ,! peacock /ruts ab\t1 say+1 ,:at a f9e tail ,i h6 #ac4 ,he does n "k :i* to *oose4 7,see explanation ( 7#g71 above47 #ad4 ,no "o c tell h[ or :5 or :]e he w die4 #ae4 ,philosoph]s are /ill debat+ :e!r ! w has any control ov] ! curr5t ( ?\ght 9 our dreams4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gb4 ,,n\n ,,clause--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z attribute complem5t4 #a4 ,a peculi>ity ( ,engli% is1 t x has s _m borr[$ words4 #b4 ,twe$'s defiant "q 01 ,:at are y go+ to d ab\t x8 #c4 ,! "q ev] ask$ & nev] answ]$ is1 ,:]e & h[ am ,i to exi/ 9 ! ,h]eaft]8 #d4 ,hamlet's exclamation 01 ,:at a piece ( "w is man6 #e4 ,! my? conc]n+ ,a*illes is1 t he 0 invuln]able 9 e "p except ! heel4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z explanatory modifi]4 #f4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! e>? is r\nd4 t ------- ' e>? is ' r\nd -------------------- ! ,x 7_/ 7 has be5 prov$ ,explanation4--,! grammatical subject x has no mean+ till expla9$ by ! n\n clause4 #g4 ,x is believ$ t sleep is caus$ by a dim9ution 9 ! supply ( blood to ! bra94 #h4 ,! fact t mold1 mildew1 & yea/ are plants is wond]ful4 #i4 ,napoleon turn$ 8 ,simplon road aside 9 ord] t he might save a tree m5tion$ by ,caes>4 ,explanation4--,unless 9 ord] t is tak5 z a conjunction connect+ an adv]b clause ( purpose 7see 7#g71 ,lesson #fe71 ! clause introduc$ by t is a n\n clause explanatory ( ord]4 ,footnote3 ,a simil> explanation may be made ( on condition t1 9 case t1 introduc+ adv]b clauses express+ condition4 #aj4 ,%akespe>e's metaphor1 ,night's c&les are burnt out1 is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 lit]ature4 #aa4 ,! advice t ,/4 ,ambrose gave ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 reg>d to con=mity to local cu/om 0 9 sub/ance ?is3 ,:5 9 ,rome1 d z ! ,romans d4 #ab4 ,?is we "k1 t our future dep5ds on our pres5t4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z pr9cipal t]m ( a prepositional phrase4 #ac4 ,h birds any s5se ( :y !y s+8 birds ,h s5se !y s+ any ----------- ( :y _/ ------------- ,explanation4--,:y !y s+ is an indirect "q1 "h us$ z ! pr9cipal t]m ( a prepositional phrase4 #ad4 ,!re has be5 "s dispute ab\t :o wrote ,%akespe>e's ,plays4 #ae4 ,we are n c]ta9 t an op5 sea surr\nds ! ,pole4 ,explanation4--,by suppos+ ( to /& be=e t1 ! n\n clause may be treat$ z ! pr9cipal t]m ( a prepositional phrase modify+ ! adjective c]ta94 ,by supply+ ( ! fact1 ! n\n clause w become explanatory4 #af4 ,we are all anxi\s t ! future %all br+ u success & triumph4 #ag4 ,! ,s&wi* ,isl&] is confid5t t ! /r5g? & valor ( 8 sla9 enemy pass into himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gc4 ,,composition--,,n\n ,,clause4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,! ,n\n ,clause us$ z attribute complem5t is g5]ally set (f by ! comma4 ,rem>ks4--,pres5t usage seems to favor ! omission ( ! comma ) ! clause us$ z subject or z object complem5t1 except :]e ! comma w\ld contribute to cle>ness4 ,! punctuation ( ! explanatory clause is l t ( o!r explanatory modifi]s4 ,see ,lesson #cd4 ,b ! real subject made explanatory ( x is seldom set (f4 ,see next ,lesson = ! punctuation ( n\n clauses t are que/ions or quotations4 ,direction4--,give ! reasons = ! use or ! omission ( ! comma ) ! n\n clauses 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson4 ,by us+ x z a sub/itute = ! subject clause1 ?is clause may be plac$ la/4 ,example4--,t ! /ory ( ,william ,tell is a my? is n[ believ$ ,x is n[ believ$ t ! /ory ( ,william ,tell is a my?4 ,direction4--,by ! aid ( ! expletive x1 transpose five subject clauses 9 ,lesson #ga4 ,(t5 ! clause us$ z object complem5t may be plac$ fir/4 ,direction4--,transpose su* ( ! clauses us$ z object complem5ts1 9 ! prec$+ ,lessons1 z admit transposition4 ,punctuate !m if !y ne$ punctuation4 ,! n\n clause may be made prom95t by sep>at+ x & ins]t+ ! indep5d5t clause betwe5 its p>ts1 ,example4--,! /ory ( ,william ,tell1 x is n[ believ$1 is a my?4 7,notice t ! pr9cipal clause1 us$ p>5!tically1 is set (f by ! comma47 ,direction4--,write ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 us+ ! indep5d5t clauses p>5!tically3-- #a4 ,we believe t ! fir/ pr9t+-press 9 ,am]ica 0 set up 9 ,mexico 9 #aecf4 #b4 ,i am aw>e t ref9em5t ( m9d & cle>ness ( ?9k+ usually result f grammatical /udies4 #c4 ,x is true t ! glori\s sun p\rs d[n 8 gold5 flood z *e]ily on ! poor man's cottage z on ! ri* man's palace4 ,direction4--,v>y ! foll[+ s5t5ce s z to illu/rate five diff]5t k9ds ( n\n clauses3-- ,model4-- #a4 ,t />s are suns is ! belief ( a/ronom]s4 #b4 ,a/ronom]s believe t />s are suns4 #c4 ,! belief ( a/ronom]s is1 t />s are suns4 #d4 ,! belief t />s are suns is held by a/ronom]s4 #e4 ,a/ronom]s are confid5t t />s are suns4 #a4 ,our conclusion is1 t diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t suit diff]5t /ages ( civilization4 ,! n\n clause may be contract$ by *ang+ ! pr$icate to a p>ticiple1 & ! subject to a possessive4 ,example4--,t he 0 brave _c be d\bt$ ,8 be+ brave _c be d\bt$4 ,direction4--,make ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces simple by *ang+ ! n\n clauses to phrases3-- #a4 ,t ! cat]pill> *anges to a butt]fly is a curi\s fact4 #b4 ,ev]ybody admits t ,cromwell 0 a great lead]4 #c4 ,a man's *ief objection to a woman is1 t %e has no respect = ! newspap]4 #d4 ,! ?\ght t we are sp9n+ ar\nd ! sun at ! rate ( tw5ty miles a second makes u dizzy4 #e4 ,%e 0 aw>e t ,i appreciat$ h] situation4 ,! n\n clause may be contract$ by mak+ ! pr$icate1 :5 *ang$ to an inf9itive phrase1 ! objective complem5t1 & ! subject ! object complem5t4 ,direction4--,make ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces simple by *ang+ ! pr$icates ( ! n\n clauses to objective complem5ts1 & ! subjects to object complem5ts3-- ,model4--,k+ ,ahasu]us comm&$ t ,haman %\ld be hang$ ,k+ ,ahasu]us comm&$ ,haman to be hang$4 #a4 ,i believe t he is a =eign]4 #b4 ,! ,gov]nor ord]$ t ! prison] %\ld be set free4 #c4 ,_m p believe t ,web/] 0 ! greate/ ( ,am]ican /atesm54 #d4 ,h[ wide d y ?9k t ! ,atlantic ocean is8 #e4 ,!y hold t taxation )\t repres5tation is unju/4 ,direction4--,exp& into complex s5t5ces su* ( ! s5t5ces 9 ,lesson #da z conta9 an objective complem5t & an object complem5t t toge!r are equival5t to a clause4 ,a n\n clause may be contract$ to an inf9itive phrase4 ,example4--,t he %\ld vote is ! duty ( e ,am]ican citiz5 ,to vote is ! duty ( e ,am]ican citiz54 ,direction4--,contract ^! n\n clauses to inf9itive phrases3-- #a4 ,t we gu>d our lib]ty ) vigilance is a sacr$ duty4 #b4 ,e "o desires t he may live long & happily4 #c4 ,! effect ( look+ ^u ! sun is1 t ! eye is bl9d$4 #d4 ,caes> ,augu/us issu$ a decree t all ! _w %\ld be tax$4 #e4 ,we are all anxi\s t we may make a good impression4 #f4 ,he does n "k :om he %\ld s5d4 #g4 ,he _c f9d out h[ he is to g !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gd4 ,,composition--,,n\n ,,clause--,,cont9u$4 ,,quotation ,,m>ks--,,rule4--,quotation m>ks 77 inclose a copi$ ^w or passage4 ,rem>ks4--,s+le m>ks 7' '7 inclose a quotation )9 a quotation4 ,if1 )9 ! quotation hav+ s+le m>ks1 /ill ano!r quotation is made1 ! d\ble m>ks are aga9 us$2 z1 ,! incorrectness ( ! dispat*es l$ ,bism>ck to decl>e1 ',x w soon come to be said1 ,he lies l ! telegraph4' ,?is introduction ( a ?ird quotation %\ld g5]ally be avoid$1 especially :]e ! ?ree m>ks come at ! end1 z above4 ,:5 a quotation is divid$ by a p>5!tical expression1 ea* "p ( ! quotation is inclos$2 z1 ,i w\ld r be "r1 said ,clay1 ?an be presid5t4 ,9 quot+ a "q1 ! int]rogation po9t mu/ /& )9 ! quotation m>ks2 z1 ,he ask$1 ,:at are y liv+ =8 b1 :5 a "q conta9s a quotation1 ?is ord] is rev]s$2 z1 ,may we n f9d s]mons 9 /ones8 ,s also ) ! exclamation po9t4 ,,capital ,,lett]--,,rule4--,! fir/ ^w ( a direct quotation mak+ complete s5se or ( a direct "q introduc$ into a s5t5ce %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,rem>ks4--,a direct quotation is "o ^: exact words1 z well z ?\ght1 are copi$2 z1 ,na?an said to ,david1 ,?\ art ! man4 ,an indirect quotation is "o ^: ?\ght1 b n ^: exact words1 is copi$2 z1 ,na?an told ,david t he 0 ! man4 ,! ref]5ce "h ( ! pron\n he is some:at ambigu\s4 ,gu>d aga9/ ?is1 especially 9 indirect quotations4 ,! direct quotation is set (f by ! comma1 beg9s ) a capital lett]1 & is inclos$ )9 quotation m>ks--?\gh ^! may be omitt$4 ,! indirect quotation is n g5]ally set (f by ! comma1 does n necess>ily beg9 ) a capital lett]1 & is n inclos$ )9 quotation m>ks4 ,a direct "q introduc$ into a s5t5ce is "o 9 :i* ! exact words & _! ord] 9 an int]rogative s5t5ce 7see ,lesson #ee7 are pres]v$1 & :i* is foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t2 z1 ,ca9 ask$1 ,am ,i my bro!r's keep]8 ,an indirect "q is "o :i* is ref]r$ to z a "q1 b n directly ask$ or quot$ z su*1 & :i* is n foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t2 z1 ,ca9 ask$ :e!r he 0 8 bro!r's keep]4 ,! direct "q introduc$ into a s5t5ce is set (f by ! comma 7b no comma is us$ aft] ! int]rogation po9t71 beg9s ) a capital lett]1 & is inclos$ )9 quotation m>ks--?\gh ^! may be omitt$4 ,an indirect "q is n g5]ally set (f by a comma1 does n necess>ily beg9 ) a capital lett]1 & is n inclos$ )9 quotation m>ks4 ,if ! direct quotation1 :e!r a "q or n1 is =mally introduc$ 7see ,lesson #adg71 x is prec$$ by ! colon2 z1 ,na?an's words to ,david 7 ^!3 ,?\ art ! man4 ,he put ! "q ?us3 ,c y d x8 ,direction4--,po9t out ! direct & ! indirect quotations & que/ions 9 ! s5t5ces ( ,lesson #ga1 tell :y !y d or d n beg9 ) capital lett]s1 & ju/ify ! use or ! omission ( ! comma1 ! int]rogation po9t1 & ! quotation m>ks4 ,direction4--,rewrite ^! same s5t5ces1 *ang+ ! direct quotations & que/ions to indirect1 & ! indirect to direct4 ,direction4--,write five s5t5ces conta9+ direct quotations1 "s ( :i* %all be =mally introduc$1 & "s ( :i* %all be que/ions occurr+ at ! beg9n+ or 9 ! middle ( ! s5t5ce4 ,*ange ^! to ! indirect =m1 & look c>efully to ! punctuation & ! capitalization4 ,direction4--,write s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! la/ p>agraph ( ! ,rem>ks "u ! ,rule = ,quotation ,m>ks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ge4 ,,analysis4 ,direction4--,analyze ! s5t5ces giv5 = arrangem5t & contraction 9 ,lesson #gc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gf4 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ce4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,cromwell made "o revolution1 & ,monk made ano!r4 ,! two clauses are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,! second clause1 add$ by ! conjunction & to ! fir/1 cont9ues ! l9e ( ?\ght begun by ! fir/4 ,man has 8 w1 b woman has h] way4 ,"h ! conjunction connects indep5d5t clauses ^: ?\ghts /& 9 contra/ ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,tudors 7 despotic1 or hi/ory belies !m4 ,! indep5d5t clauses1 connect$ by or1 pres5t ?\ghts betwe5 :i* y may *oose1 b ei!r1 accept$1 excludes ! o!r4 ,! gr\nd is wet1 !re=e x has ra9$4 ,"h ! inf]r$ fact1 ! ra9+1 really /&s to ! o!r fact1 ! wetness ( ! gr\nd1 z cause to effect--! ra9+ made ! gr\nd wet4 ,x has ra9$1 h5ce ! gr\nd is wet4 ,"h ! inf]r$ fact1 ! wetness ( ! gr\nd1 really /&s to ! o!r fact1 ! ra9+1 z effect to cause--! gr\nd is made wet by ! ra9+4 ,b ?is ! real1 or logical relation betwe5 ! facts 9 ei!r s5t5ce is express$ 9 a s5t5ce ( ! comp\nd =m--an & may be plac$ be=e !re=e & h5ce4 ,unless ! connect+ ^w expresses ! dep5d5ce ( "o ( ! clauses1 ! gramm>ian reg>ds !m bo? z indep5d5t4 ,temp]ance promotes heal?1 intemp]ance de/roys x4 ,"h ! indep5d5t clauses are jo9$ to ea* o!r by _! v position 9 ! s5t5ce--connect$ )\t any conjunction4 ,?is k9d ( connection is common4 ,s5t5ces made up ( indep5d5t clauses we call ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,clause is a "p ( a s5t5ce conta9+' a subject & its pr$icate4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,dep5d5t ,clause is "o us$ z an adjective1 an adv]b1 or a n\n4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,indep5d5t ,clause is "o n dep5d5t on ano!r clause4 ,,s5t5ces ,,classifi$ ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,=m4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,simple ,s5t5ce is a s5t5ce t conta9s b "o subject & "o pr$icate1 ei!r or bo? ( :i* may be comp\nd4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,complex ,s5t5ce is a s5t5ce compos$ ( an indep5d5t clause & "o or m dep5d5t clauses4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,comp\nd ,s5t5ce is a s5t5ce compos$ ( two or m indep5d5t clauses4 ,analysis4 ,indep5d5t ,clauses 9 ! same l9e ( ?\ght4 #a4 ,light has spread1 & bayonets ?9k4 ,light has spread ' ' ' & 4444444 ' ' bayonets ' ?9k ,explanation4--,! clauses are ( equal rank1 & s ! l9es on :i* !y /& are %ad$ alike1 & ! l9e connect+ !m is n slant+4 ,z "o entire clause is connect$ ) ! o!r1 ! connect+ l9e is drawn betwe5 ! pr$icates m]ely = conv5i5ce4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a comp\nd s5t5ce because x is made up ( indep5d5t clauses4 #b4 ,hamilton smote ! rock ( ! national res\rces1 & abundant /reams ( rev5ue gu%$ =?4 #c4 ,"s are born great1 "s a*ieve greatness1 & "s h greatness ?ru/ ^u !m4 ,indep5d5t ,clauses express+ ?\ghts 9 contra/4 #d4 ,! man dies1 b 8 memory lives4 #e4 ,put n y\r tru/ 9 money1 b put y\r money 9 tru/4 #f4 ,ready writ+ makes n good writ+1 b good writ+ br+s on ready writ+4 ,indep5d5t ,clauses express+ ?\ghts 9 alt]nation4 #g4 ,be temp]ate 9 y\?1 or y w h to be ab/95t 9 old age4 #h4 ,places ne> ! sea are n extremely cold 9 w9t]1 nor are !y extremely w>m 9 summ]4 7,"h a *oice is d5i$47 #i4 ,ei!r ,hamlet 0 mad1 or he feign$ madness admirably4 7,see 7#af71 ,lesson #bj47 ,indep5d5t ,clauses express+ ?\ghts "o ( :i* is an inf]5ce f ! o!r4 #aj4 ,p 9 ! /reets are c>ry+ umbrellas1 h5ce x mu/ be ra9+4 #aa4 ,i h se51 !re=e ,i believe4 ,i h se5 ' ' ,i ' believe ' ' !re=e ,explanation4--,9 su* con/ructions & may be suppli$1 or ! adv]b may be reg>d$ z ! connective4 ,! diagram illu/rates !re=e z connective4 ,indep5d5t ,clauses jo9$ 9 ! s5t5ce )\t a conjunction4 #ab4 ,! camel is ! %ip ( ! ocean ( s&2 ! re9de] is ! camel ( ! des]t ( sn[4 #ac4 ,( ?y unspok5 ^w ?\ art ma/]2 ?y spok5 ^w is ma/] ( !e4 #ad4 ,! %ip leaps1 z x 71 f bill[ to bill[4 ,explanation4--,z x 7 is an indep5d5t clause us$ p>5!tically4 ,z simply introduces x4 #ae4 ,religion--:o c d\bt x8--is ! noble/ ( !mes = ! ex]cise ( intellect4 #af4 ,:at grave 7^! are ! words ( ,wellesley1 speak+ ( ! two ,pitts7 conta9s su* a fa!r & su* a son6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gg4 ,,composition--,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ce4 ,,comma & ,,semicolon--,,rule4--,indep5d5t ,clauses1 :5 %ort & closely connect$1 are sep>at$ by ! comma2 b1 :5 ! clauses are slightly connect$1 or :5 !y are !mselves divid$ into p>ts by ! comma1 ! semi-colon is us$4 ,rem>k4--,a p>5!tical clause may be set oil by ! comma or by ! da%1 or x may be inclos$ )9 m>ks ( p>5!sis--! m>ks ( p>5!sis %[+ ! lea/ degree ( connection 9 s5se4 ,see ! la/ ?ree s5t5ces 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson4 ,examples4-- #a4 ,we mu/ conqu] our passions1 or our passions w conqu] u4 #b4 ,! prodigal robs 8 heirs2 ! mis] robs himself4 #c4 ,!re is a fi]ce conflict betwe5 good & evil2 b good is 9 ! asc5dant1 & mu/ triumph at la/4 7,! rule above is ano!r example47 ,direction4--,punctuate ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,! w9d & ! ra9 are ov] ! cl\ds are divid$ 9 heav5 ov] ! gre5 hill flies ! incon/ant sun4 #b4 ,! epic poem recites ! exploits ( a h]o trag$y repres5ts a disa/r\s ev5t com$y ridicules ! vices & follies ( mank9d pa/oral poetry describes rural life & elegy displays ! t5d] emotions ( ! he>t4 #c4 ,weal? may seek u b wisdom mu/ be s\ght4 #d4 ,! race is n to ! swift nor ! battle to ! /rong4 #e4 ,occid5tal manhood spr+s f self-respect ,ori5tal manhood f9ds its greate/ satisfaction 9 self-abasem5t4 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is s5t5ce we h a figure ( spee* call$ ,anti!sis1 9 :i* ?+s unlike 9 "s p>ticul> are set ov] aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,ea* "p %9es ) its own light & ) ! light reflect$ f ! o!r "p4 ,anti!sis gives great =ce to ! ?\ght express$ by x4 ,s5t5ces conta9+ x furni% u our be/ examples ( ,balanc$ ,s5t5ces4 ,y w f9d o!r anti!ses 9 ?is ,lesson & 9 ! prec$+4 #f4 ,! m discussion ! bett] if passion & p]sonality be avoid$ & discussion ev5 if /ormy (t5 w9n[s tru? f error4 ,direction4--,assign reasons = ! punctuation ( ! indep5d5t clauses 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson4 ,direction4--,us+ ! copulative &1 ! adv]sative b1 & ! alt]native or or nor1 =m comp\nd s5t5ces out ( ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces1 & give ! reasons = y\r *oice ( connectives3-- ,read n t y may f9d mat]ial = argum5t & conv]sation4 ,! ra9 desc5d$4 ,read t y may weigh & consid] ! ?\ghts ( o!rs4 ,c ! ,e?iopian *ange 8 sk98 ,righte\sness exalte? a nation4 ,! floods came4 ,great 0 ! fall ( x4 ,language is n ! dress ( ?\ght4 ,c ! leop>d *ange 8 spots8 ,! w9ds blew & beat ^u t h\se4 ,s9 is a reproa* to any p4 ,x is n simply its vehicle4 ,x fell4 ,comp\nd s5t5ces may be contract$ by us+ b once ! p>ts common to all ! clauses1 & comp\nd+ ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,example4--,"t waits = no man1 & tide waits = no man ,"t & tide wait = no man4 ,direction4--,contract ^! comp\nd s5t5ces1 att5d+ c>efully to ! punctuation3-- #a4 ,lafayette f\ght = ,am]ican indep5d5ce1 & ,b>on ,/eub5 f\ght = ,am]ican indep5d5ce4 #b4 ,! sweet b fad+ graces ( inspir+ autumn op5 ! m9d to b5evol5ce1 & ! sweet b fad+ graces ( inspir+ autumn dispose ! m9d = contemplation4 #c4 ,! _s ( ! ,almighty is )9 u1 ! _s ( ! ,almighty is ar\nd u1 & ! _s ( ! ,almighty is above u4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce may be contract$ by simply omitt+ f "o clause su* words z may readily be suppli$ f ! o!r4 ,example4--,he is witty1 b he is vulg> ,he is witty b vulg>4 ,direction4--,contract ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,mir? %\ld be ! embroid]y ( conv]sation1 b x %\ld n be ! web4 #b4 ,x is call$ s1 b x is improp]ly call$ s4 #c4 ,0 ,cabot ! discov]] ( ,am]ica1 or 0 he n ! discov]] ( ,am]ica8 #d4 ,william ! ,sil5t has be5 lik5$ to ,wa%+ton1 & he has ju/ly be5 lik5$ to him4 #e4 ,x 0 8 address t pleas$ me1 & x 0 n 8 dress t pleas$ me4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce may sometimes be *ang$ to a complex s5t5ce )\t mat]ially *ang+ ! s5se4 ,example4--,take c>e ( ! m9utes1 & ! h\rs w take c>e ( !mselves ,if y take c>e ( ! m9utes1 ! h\rs w take c>e ( !mselves4 7,notice t ! imp]ative =m adds =ce47 ,direction4--,*ange ^! comp\nd s5t5ces to complex s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,resi/ ! devil1 & he w flee f y4 #b4 ,gov]n y\r passions1 or !y w gov]n y4 #c4 ,i he>d t y wi%$ to see me1 & ,i lo/ no "t 9 com+4 #d4 ,he conv]ses1 & at ! same "t he plays a difficult piece ( music4 #e4 ,he 0 fai?ful1 & he 0 rew>d$4 ,direction4--,*ange "o ( ! indep5d5t clauses 9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces to a dep5d5t clause1 & !n *ange ! dep5d5t clause to a p>ticiple phrase3-- ,model4--,! h\se 0 built ^u a rock1 & !re=e x did n fall ,! h\se did n fall1 because x 0 built ^u a rock ,! h\se1 be+ built ^u a rock1 did n fall4 #a4 ,he f\nd t he c\ld n escape1 & s he surr5d]$4 #b4 ,our fri5ds he>d ( our com+1 & !y ha/5$ to meet u4 ,direction4--,us+ &1 b1 & or z connectives1 compose ?ree comp\nd s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ ?ree indep5d5t clauses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gh4 ,,complex ,,& ,,comp\nd ,,clauses4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,sun & moon & />s obey4 ,pet] ! ,great w5t to ,holl&1 to ,engl&1 & to ,france4 ,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conqu]$4 ,"h we h co-ord9ate words1 co-ord9ate phrases1 & co-ord9ate clauses1 t is1 words1 phrases1 & clauses ( equal rank1 or ord]4 ,leaves fall s v quietly4 ,!y ate ( ! fruit f ! tree 9 ! g>d54 ,regulus w\ld h paus$ if he _h be5 ! man t he 0 be=e captivity _h un/rung 8 s9ews4 ,"h j z ! ^w modifi] quietly is itself modifi$ by v1 & v by s2 & j z fruit1 ! pr9cipal ^w 9 a modify+ phrase1 is modifi$ by ano!r phrase1 & ! pr9cipal ^w ( t by ano!r3 s man1 9 ! adv]b clause :i* modifies w\ld h paus$1 is itself modifi$ by ! adjective clause t he 01 & 0 by ! adv]b clause be=e captivity _h un/rung 8 s9ews4 ,^! ?ree dep5d5t clauses 9 ! complex clause modifi]1 l ! ?ree words & ! ?ree phrases 9 ! complex ^w modifi] & ! complex phrase modifi]1 are n co-ord9ate1 or ( equal rank4 ,m>y m>ri$ ,philip2 b ,elizabe? w\ld n m>ry1 al?\gh ,p>liam5t frequ5tly urg$ x1 & ! peace ( ,engl& dem&$ x4 ,?is is a comp\nd s5t5ce1 compos$ ( ! simple clause :i* prec$es b & ! complex clause :i* foll[s x--! complex clause be+ compos$ ( an indep5d5t clause & two dep5d5t clauses1 "o co-ord9ate ) ! o!r1 & ! two connect$ by &4 ,analysis4 ,! clauses ( complex & comp\nd s5t5ces may !mselves be complex or comp\nd4 insects ---------- :i* are admir$ ' ' x 44444 ' :i* are decorat$ ' '& 44444444 ' :i* so> ' h\r _h pass$ ,! ' ' & 4444444 ' opportunity _h escap$ ! ' ' ' :ile he t>ri$ ----------------- t ----- ' e>? ' is r\nd ' ' t ' & ----- 444444 ' ' x ' revolves ' '' ,he prov$ _/ ,explanation4--,! fir/ diagram illu/rates ! analysis ( ! comp\nd adjective clause 9 7#c7 bel[4 ,ea* adjective clause is connect$ to insects by :i*4 ,& connects ! co-ord9ate clauses4 ,! second diagram %[s t ! clause :ile he t>ri$ modifies bo? pr$icates ( ! indep5d5t clauses4 ,:ile modifies _h pass$1 _h escap$1 & t>ri$1 z illu/rat$ by ! %ort l9es "u ! fir/ two v]bs & ! l9e ov] t>ri$4 ,! (fice ( :ile z connective is %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! ?ird diagram illu/rates ! analysis ( a complex s5t5ce conta9+ a comp\nd n\n clause4 #a4 ,s9 has a great _m tools1 b a lie is a h&le :i* fits !m all4 #b4 ,"s "o has said t ! milkman's favorite song %\ld be1 ,%all we ga!r at ! riv]8 #c4 ,"s ( ! insects :i* are mo/ admir$1 :i* are decorat$ ) ! mo/ brilliant colors1 & :i* so> on ! mo/ e!real w+s1 h pass$ ! great] portion ( _! lives 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 #d4 ,/ill ! wond] grew1 t "o small head c\ld c>ry all he knew4 #e4 ,:5 a man becomes ov]heat$ by work+1 runn+1 r[+1 or mak+ furi\s spee*es1 ! six or sev5 millions ( p]spiration tubes p\r out _! fluid1 & ! :ole body is ba!d & cool$4 #f4 ,milton said t he did n educate 8 daught]s 9 ! languages1 because "o tongue 0 en\gh = a woman4 ,footnote3 ,9 tongue1 z "h us$1 we h a ,pun--a witty expression 9 :i* a ^w agree+ 9 s\nd ) ano!r ^w1 b diff]+ 9 mean+ f x1 is us$ 9 place ( t o!r4 #g4 ,glaci]s1 fl[+ d[n m\nta9 gorges1 obey ! law ( riv]s2 ! upp] surface fl[s fa/] ?an ! l[]1 & ! c5t] fa/] ?an ! adjac5t sides4 #h4 ,n to we> "o's be/ ?+s e day is a maxim ( ,new ,engl& ?rift1 :i* is z little disput$ z any v]se 9 ! cate*ism4 #i4 ,9 ,holl& ! /ork is protect$ by law1 because x eats ! frogs & worms t w\ld injure ! dikes4 #aj4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s facts 9 ! natural _w t1 ?\gh hydrog5 is highly inflammable1 & oxyg5 is a support] ( combu/ion1 bo?1 comb9$1 =m an elem5t1 wat]1 :i* is de/ructive to fire4 #aa4 ,9 y\r w> ( #ahab1 :5 y\r arms on %ore 7 cov]$ by disa/]1 :5 ,w9*e/] _h be5 defeat$1 :5 ! ,army ( ! ,nor?we/ _h surr5d]$1 & :5 ! gloom ( despond5cy hung1 l a cl\d1 ov] ! l&1 :o fir/ relit ! fires ( national glory1 & made ! welk9 r+ ) ! %\ts ( victory8 ,footnote3 ,! :5 clauses 9 7#aa71 z ! :i* clauses 9 7#c71 are =m$ on ! same plan1 h _! words 9 ! same ord]4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ,p>allel ,con/ruction1 requir+ l ideas to be express$ alike1 holds also 9 phrases1 z 9 7#aj7 & 7#ad71 ,lesson #bh1 & 9 7#ad7 & 7#ae71 ,lesson #df1 & holds supremely ) s5t5ces 9 ! p>agraph1 z is expla9$ on page #afh4 ,p>allel con/ruction contributes to ! cle>ness1 & consequ5tly to ! =ce1 ( expression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #gi4 ,,expansion4 ,p>ticiples may be exp&$ into diff]5t k9ds ( clauses4 ,direction4--,exp& ! p>ticiples 9 ^! s5t5ces into ! clauses indicat$3-- #a4 ,simon ,pet]1 hav+ a sword1 drew x4 7,adjective clause47 #b4 ,desir+ to live long1 no "o w\ld be old4 7,concession47 #c4 ,!y w5t to ! temple1 su+ = p>don4 7,purpose47 #d4 ,:ite g>m5ts1 reflect+ ! rays ( ! sun1 are cool 9 summ]4 7,cause47 #e4 ,lov$ by all1 he mu/ h a g5ial disposition4 7,evid5ce47 #f4 ,writ+ c>efully1 y w le>n to write well4 7,condition47 #g4 ,sitt+ !re1 ,i he>d ! cry ( ,fire6 7,"t47 #h4 ,%e regrets n hav+ read x4 7,n\n clause47 #i4 ,! iceb]gs float$ d[n1 cool+ ! air = miles ar\nd1 7,indep5d5t clause47 ,absolute phrases may be exp&$ into diff]5t k9ds ( clauses4 ,direction4--,exp& ^! absolute phrases into ! clauses indicat$3-- #a4 ,troy be+ tak5 by ! ,greeks1 ,a5eas came into ,italy4 7,"t47 #b4 ,! bridges hav+ be5 swept away1 we return$4 7,cause47 #c4 ,a cause n prec$+1 no effect is produc$4 7,condition47 #d4 ,all ?+s else be+ de/roy$1 virtue c\ld su/a9 itself4 7,concession47 #e4 ,!re be+ no dew ?is morn+1 x mu/ h be5 cl\dy or w9dy la/ night4 7,evid5ce47 #f4 ,! infantry advanc$1 ! cavalry rema9+ 9 ! re>4 7,indep5d5t clause47 ,inf9itive phrases may be exp&$ into diff]5t k9ds ( clauses4 ,direction4--,exp& ^! inf9itive phrases into ! clauses indicat$3-- #a4 ,!y h no?+ to we>4 7,adjective clause47 #b4 ,! wea!r is s w>m z to dissolve ! sn[4 7,degree47 #c4 ,h]od w seek ! "y *ild to de/roy x4 7,purpose47 #d4 ,! adv]sative s5t5ce faces1 s to speak1 half way ab\t on b4 7,condition47 #e4 ,he is a fool to wa/e 8 "t s4 7,cause47 #f4 ,i %all be happy to he> ( y\r safe arrival4 7,"t47 #g4 ,he does n "k :]e to g4 7,n\n clause47 ,direction4--,complete ^! elliptical expressions3-- #a4 ,& s %all ,regulus1 ?\gh dead1 fight z he nev] f\ght be=e4 #b4 ,oh1 t ,i might h "o m day6 #c4 ,he is brav] ?an wise4 #d4 ,:at if he is poor8 #e4 ,he h&les x z if x 7 glass4 #f4 ,i reg>d him m z a hi/orian ?an z a poet4 #g4 ,he is n an ,engli%man1 b a ,fr5*man4 #h4 ,mu* z he lov$ 8 weal?1 he lov$ 8 *ildr5 bett]4 #i4 ,i w g :e!r y g or n4 #aj4 ,x happ5s ) books z ) m]e acqua9tances4 #aa4 ,no examples1 h[ev] awful1 s9k into ! he>t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #hj4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,review4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,:5ev] ! w&]+ demon ( ,drunk5ness f9ds a %ip adrift1 he /eps on bo>d1 takes ! helm1 & /e]s /raight = ! ,mael/rom4--,holmes4 #b4 ,! en]gy :i* drives our locomotives & =ces our /eam%ips ?r\gh ! waves comes f ! sun4--,cooke4 #c4 ,no sc5e is cont9ually lov$ b "o ri* by joyful human labor1 smoo? 9 field1 fair 9 g>d51 full 9 or*>d4--,rusk94 #d4 ,:at is bold] ?an a mill]'s neck-clo?1 :i* takes a ?ief by ! ?roat e morn+8--,g]man ,prov]b4 #e4 ,! sett+ sun /ret*$ 8 cele/ial rods ( light across ! level l&scape1 & smote ! riv]s & ! brooks & ! ponds1 & !y became z blood4--,longfell[4 #f4 ,7 ! happ9ess ( ! next _w z closely appreh5d$ z ! felicities ( ?is1 x 7 a m>tyrdom to live4--,sir ,t4 ,br[ne4 #g4 ,!re is a good deal ( oratory 9 me1 b ,i don't d z well z ,i c1 9 any "o place1 out ( respect to ! memory ( ,patrick ,h5ry4--,nasby4 #h4 ,van ,twill]'s full-f$ *eeks1 :i* seem$ to h tak5 toll ( ev]y?+ t w5t into 8 m\?1 7 curi\sly mottl$ & /reak$ ) dusky r$1 l a spitz5burg apple4--,irv+4 #i4 ,! evil ( sil5c+ ! expression ( an op9ion is1 t x is robb+ ! human race4--,mill4 #aj4 ,!re is no gett+ along ) ,johnson2 if 8 pi/ol misses fire1 he knocks y d[n ) ! butt ( x4--,goldsmi?4 #aa4 ,we ?9k 9 words2 &1 :5 we lack fit words1 we lack fit ?\ghts4--,:ite4 #ab4 ,to speak p]fectly well "o mu/ feel t he has got to ! bottom ( 8 subject4--,:ately4 #ac4 ,(fice conf]s no honor ^u a man :o is wor?y ( x1 & x w disgrace e man :o is n4--,holl&4 #ad4 ,! m5 :om m5 respect1 ! wom5 :om wom5 approve1 are ! m5 & wom5 :o bless _! species4--,p>ton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ha4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,review4 ,analysis4 #a4 ,a rul] :o appo9ts any man to an (fice :5 !re is 9 8 dom9ions ano!r man bett] qualifi$ = x s9s aga9/ ,god & aga9/ ! /ate4--,koran4 #b4 ,we wond]$ :e!r ! saltness ( ! ,dead ,sea 0 n ,lot's wife 9 solution4--,curtis4 #c4 ,!re is a class among u s cons]vative t !y are afraid ! ro( w come d[n if y sweep (f ! cobwebs4--,phillips4 #d4 ,k9d he>ts are m ?an coronets2 & simple fai?1 ?an ,norman blood4--,t5nyson4 #e4 ,all ^? ?+s = :i* m5 pl[1 build1 or sail obey virtue4--,sallu/4 #f4 ,! sea licks y\r feet1 its huge flanks purr v pleasantly = y2 b x w crack y\r bones & eat y = all t4--,holmes4 #g4 ,( all sad words ( tongue or p5 ! sadde/ are ^!3 ,x might h be54--,:itti]4 #h4 ,i fe> ?ree newspap]s m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& bayonets4 --,napoleon4 #i4 ,he t all[s himself to be a worm mu/ n compla9 if he is trodd5 on4--,kant4 #aj4 ,x is bett] to write "o ^w ^u ! rock ?an a ?\s& on ! wat] or ! s&4--,glad/one4 #aa4 ,a brea? ( ,new ,engl&'s air is bett] ?an a sup ( ,old ,engl&'s ale4--,higg9son4 #ab4 ,we are z ne> to heav5 by sea z by l&4--,sir ,h4 ,gilb]t4 #ac4 ,no language t _c suck up ! fe$+ juices secret$ = x 9 ! ri* "m-e>? ( common folk c br+ =? a s\nd & lu/y book4--,l[ell4 #ad4 ,comm5d me to ! prea*] :o has le>n$ by exp]i5ce :at are human ills & :at is human wrong4--,boyd4 #ae4 ,he praye? be/ :o love? be/ all ?+s bo? ,footnote3 ,see ,lesson #bj4 great & small2 = ! de> ,god1 :o love? u1 he made & love? all4--,col]idge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #hb4 ,,review4 ,%[ t an adjective may be exp&$ into an equival5t phrase or clause4 ,give examples ( adjective clauses connect$ by :o1 ^:1 :i*1 :at1 t1 :i*ev]1 :51 :]e1 :y1 & %[ t ea* connective p]=ms also ! (fice ( a pron\n or t ( an adv]b4 ,give & illu/rate fully ! ,rule = punctuat+ ! adjective clause1 & ! ,caution reg>d+ ! position ( ! adjective clause4 ,%[ t an adjective clause may be equival5t to an ,inf9itive phrase or a p>ticiple phrase4 ,%[ t an adv]b may be exp&$ into an equival5t phrase or clause4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5t k9ds ( adv]b clauses1 & expla9 ! (fice ( ea* & ! fitness ( ! "n4 ,give & expla9 fully ! ,rule = ! punctuation ( adv]b clauses4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5t positions ( adv]b clauses4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5t ways ( contract+ adv]b clauses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #hc4 ,,review4 ,illu/rate five diff]5t (fices ( a n\n clause4 ,expla9 ! two diff]5t ways ( treat+ clauses introduc$ by 9 ord] t1 etc4 ,expla9 ! (fice ( ! expletive x4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5t positions ( a n\n clause us$ z object complem5t4 ,%[ h[ ! n\n clause may be made prom95t4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5t ways ( contract+ n\n clauses4 ,give & illu/rate fully ! ,rule = quotation m>ks4 ,illu/rate & expla9 fully ! di/9ction betwe5 direct & indirect quotations1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 direct & indirect que/ions introduc$ into a s5t5ce4 ,tell all ab\t _! capitalization & punctuation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #hd4 ,,review4 ,illu/rate & expla9 ! di/9ction betwe5 a dep5d5t & an indep5d5t clause4 ,illu/rate & expla9 ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* indep5d5t clauses connect$ by &1 b1 or1 & h5ce are relat$ 9 s5se4 ,%[ h[ indep5d5t clauses may be jo9$ 9 s5se )\t a connect+ ^w4 ,def9e a clause4 ,def9e ! diff]5t k9ds ( clauses4 ,def9e ! diff]5t classes ( s5t5ces ) reg>d to =m4 ,give ! ,rule = ! punctuation ( indep5d5t clauses1 & illu/rate fully4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5t ways ( contract+ indep5d5t clauses4 ,illu/rate & expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 comp\nd & complex ^w modifi]s2 betwe5 comp\nd & complex phrases2 betwe5 comp\nd & complex clauses4 ,give p>ticiple phrases1 absolute phrases1 & inf9itive phrases1 & exp& !m into diff]5t k9ds ( clauses4 ,:at ?ree p>ts ( spee* may connect clauses8 ,,g5]al ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,?is s*eme w be f\nd v helpful 9 a g5]al review4 ,! pupils %\ld be able to reproduce x except ! ,lesson numb]s4 ,s*eme = ! ,s5t5ce4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,p>ts4 ,subject4 ,n\n or ,pron\n 7#h74 ,phrase 7#ch1 #dj74 ,clause 7#ga74 ,pr$icate4 ,v]b 7#aa74 ,complem5ts4 ,object4 ,n\n or ,pron\n 7#bh74 ,phrase 7#ch1 #dj74 ,clause 7#ga74 ,attribute4 ,adjective 7#bi1 #cj74 ,p>ticiple 7#cg74 ,n\n or ,pron\n 7#bi1 #cj74 ,phrase 7#cg1 #dj74 ,clause 7#gb74 ,objective4 ,adjective 7#ca74 ,p>ticiple 7#cg74 ,n\n 7or ,pron\n7 7#ca74 ,phrase 7#cg1 #da74 ,modifi]s4 ,adjectives 7#ab74 ,adv]bs 7#ad74 ,p>ticiples 7#cg74 ,n\ns & ,pron\ns 7#cc1 #ce74 ,phrases 7#ag1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #da74 ,clauses 7#ei1 #fj1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe74 ,connectives4 ,conjunctions 7#bj1 #fd1 #fe1 #ga1 #gf74 ,pron\ns 7#ei1 #fj74 ,adv]bs 7#fj1 #fc1 #fd74 ,indep5d5t ,p>ts 7#dd74 ,classes4 ,mean+4 ,decl>ative1 ,int]rogative1 ,imp]ative1 ,exclamatory 7#df74 ,=m4 ,simple1 ,complex1 ,comp\nd 7#gf74 ,additional ,selections4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,we believe t y w f9d ! prec$+ pages unusually full & ri* 9 illu/rative selections2 b1 %\ld additional "w be ne$$ = reviews or = matur] classes1 ! foll[+ selections w af=d pr(itable /udy4 ,let ! pupils discuss ! ?\ght & ! poetic =m1 z well z ! logical con/ruction ( ^! passages4 ,we d n advise putt+ !m 9 diagram4 ,speak cle>ly1 if y speak at all2 ,c>ve e ^w be=e y let x fall4--,holmes4 ,! rob9 & ! blue-bird1 pip+ l\d1 ,fill$ all ! blossom+ or*>ds ) _! glee2 ,! sp>r[s *irp$ z if !y /ill 7 pr\d ,_! race 9 ,holy ,writ %\ld m5tion$ be2 ,& hungry cr[s1 assembl$ 9 a cr[d1 ,clamor$ _! pite\s pray] incessantly1 ,kn[+ :o he>s ! rav5s cry1 & said1 ,give u1 ,o ,"l1 ?is day1 our daily bread6 --,longfell[1 ,bett] to /em ) he>t & h& ,! ro>+ tide ( life ?an lie1 ,unm9dful1 on its fl[]y /r&1 ,( ,god's occasions drift+ by4 ,bett] ) nak$ n]ve to be> ,! ne$les ( ?is goad+ air ,?an1 9 ! lap ( s5sual ease1 =ego ,! godlike p[] to d1 ! godlike aim to "k4 --,:itti]4 ,!n to side ) ,tru? is noble :5 we %>e h] wret*$ cru/1 ,ere h] cause br+ fame & pr(it1 & 't is prosp]\s to be j2 ,!n x is ! brave man *ooses1 :ile ! c[>d /&s aside1 ,d\bt+ 9 8 abject _s1 till 8 ,"l is crucifi$4--,l[ell4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,^! & simil> ,ex]cises are entirely outside ( ! regul> lessons4 ,!y are (f]$ to ^? tea*]s :o may n1 f lack ( "t or ( mat]ial1 f9d x conv5i5t to prep>e extra or miscellane\s "w bett] suit$ to _! own ne$s4 ,! que/ions app5d$ to ! foll[+ s5t5ces are made easy ( answ]1 b 9 cont9u+ su* ex]cises ! tea*] w1 ( c\rse1 s frame ! que/ions z m & m to ?r[ responsibility on ! pupil4 ,x w be evid5t t ?is "w aims n only to en=ce in/ruction giv5 be=e ,lesson #ag1 b1 by an easy & famili> exam9ation ( words & gr\ps ( words1 to prep>e ! way = :at is aft]w>ds pres5t$ m =mally & sci5tifically4 ,,adapt$ ,,f ,,irv+',s ,,sket* ,,book4 #a4 ,f ?is piazza ! wond]+ ,i*abod ent]$ ! hall4 #b4 ,?is hall =m$ ! c5t] ( ! mansion & ! place ( usual resid5ce4 #c4 ,"h1 r[s ( respl5d5t pewt]1 rang$ on a long dress]1 dazzl$ 8 eyes4 #d4 ,9 "o corn] /ood a huge bag ( wool ready to be spun4 #e4 ,9 ano!r corn] /ood a quantity ( l9sey-woolsey j f ! loom4 #f4 ,e>s ( ,indian corn & /r+s ( dri$ apples & pea*es hung 9 gay fe/oons along ! walls4 #g4 ,^! 7 m+l$ ) ! gaud ( r$ pepp]s4 #h4 ,a door left aj> gave him a peep into ! be/ p>lor4 #i4 ,9 ?is p>lor claw-foot$ *airs & d>k mahogany tables %one l mirrors4 #aj4 ,&irons1 ) _! accompany+ %ovel & tongs1 gli/5$ f _! cov]t ( asp>agus tops4 ,footnote3 ,asp>agus tops 7 commonly us$ to ornam5t ! old-fa%ion$ fireplace 9 summ]4 #aa4 ,mock-oranges & con*-%ells decorat$ ! mantelpiece4 #ab4 ,/r+s ( v>i\s-color$ birds' eggs 7 susp5d$ above x4 #ac4 ,a corn]-cupbo>d1 kn[+ly left op51 display$ imm5se treasures ( old silv] & well-m5d$ *9a4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,f9d ! two *ief words 9 ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree s5t5ces4 ,z a "p ( ! s5t5ce :at is ea* ( ^! words call$8 ,to :at class ( words1 or "p ( spee*1 does ea* belong8 ,notice t 9 ! f\r? & ! fif? s5t5ce ! subject is put aft] ! pr$icate4 ,*ange ! ord] ( words & read ^! s5t5ces4 ,read 9 _! regul> ord] ! two *ief words ( ea*4 ,9 ! six? s5t5ce :at ^w says1 or ass]ts1 some?+ ab\t bo? e>s & /r+s8 ,9 ! n9? s5t5ce put :at be=e ! pr$icate %one & f9d two n\ns t answ] ! "q4 ,9 ! elev5? s5t5ce :at two ?+s does decorat$ tell some?+ ab\t8 ,9 ! sev5? s5t5ce ^! /&s = :at two n\ns1 or names1 f\nd 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce8 ,f9d ! subject & ! pr$icate ( ea* s5t5ce f ! six? to ! ?irte5? inclusive4 ,to :at class ( words does ea* ( ^! *ief p>ts belong8 ,f9d 9 ^! s5t5ces n\ns t are n subjects4 ,f9d sev]al comp\nd n\ns ! p>ts ( :i* are jo9$ ) ! hyph54 ,! & wond]+ 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce g ) :at n\n8 ,! gr\p ( words f ?is piazza goes ) :at ^w8 ,9 ! second s5t5ce put :at be=e1 & !n aft]1 =m$1 & f9d ! names t answ] ^! que/ions4 ,:at does ( ! mansion g )8 ,:at does ( usual resid5ce describe8 ,9 ! ?ird s5t5ce :at ^w tells :]e ! dazzl+ occurr$8 ,f9d a gr\p ( ?ree words tell+ :at ! r[s 7 compos$ (4 ,:at gr\p ( words tells ! position ( ! r[s8 ,9 ! f\r? s5t5ce :at gr\p ( words %[s :]e ! bag /ood8 ,( wool ready to be spun describes :at8 ,a & huge are atta*$ to :at8 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,we h "h sugge/$ "s ( ! devices by :i* pupils may be l$ to see ! functions ( words & phrases4 ,we recomm5d t ?is "w be v>i$ & cont9u$ ?r\gh ! selection above & ?r\gh o!rs t may easily be made4 ,su* ex]cises1 toge!r ) ! m =mal & se>*+ "w ( ! regul> lessons1 w be f\nd ( incalculable value to ! pupil4 ,!y w n only af=d ! be/ m5tal discipl9e b w aid greatly 9 gett+ ?\ght & 9 express+ ?\ght4 ,! ,=ce & ! ,beauty ( ! ,description above4-- ,c y f9d any reason :y we are invit$ to see ?is picture ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! int]e/$ & wond]+ ,i*abod8 ,d y ?9k ! ^w wond]+ well *os5 & sugge/ive8 ,look ?r\gh ?is picture c>efully & tell :at !re is t indicates ?rift1 indu/ry1 & prosp]ity4 ,f9d m common expressions = c5t] ( ! mansion & place ( usual resid5ce4 ,notice 9 ! ?ird s5t5ce ! effect ( respl5d5t & dazzl$4 ,h[ is a simil> effect produc$ 9 ! n9? & ! t5? s5t5ce8 ,y see t ?is great arti/ 9 words does n "h ne$ to repeat 8 language4 ,we c easily imag9e t he c\ld produce ! same effect 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,9 ! f\r? s5t5ce does ! expression ready to be spun tell :at is actually se51 or :at is only sugge/$8 ,:at is ga9$ by ?is expression & by j f ! loom 9 ! next s5t5ce8 ,d y ?9k an unskillful arti/ w\ld h us$ 9 gay fe/oons8 ,read ! sev5? & make x m common b less qua9t4 ,d y ?9k ! picture ga9s1 or loses1 by repres5t+ ! door z aj> in/ead ( wide op58 ,:y8 ,c y see any simil> effect f introduc+ _! cov]t 9 ! t5? s5t5ce8 ,:at does ! expression kn[+ly left op5 sugge/ to y8 ,?is selection f ,irv+ illu/rates ! ,descriptive /yle ( writ+4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,composition ,,"w4 ,9 ! description above we h tak5 "s lib]ties ) ! orig9al1 = we h brok5 x up into s+le s5t5ces4 ,! p>ts ( ?is picture z made by ,irv+ 7 smoo?ly & delicately bl5d$ toge!r4 ,y may rewrite ?is description2 &1 :]e x c be done to advantage1 y may jo9 ! s5t5ces neatly toge!r4 ,p]haps "s ( ^! s5t5ces may be *ang$ to become p>ts ( o!r s5t5ces1 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,x w be f\nd pr(itable = pupils to break up = !mselves into %ort s5t5ces model selections f classic ,engli%1 &1 aft] exam9+ ! /ructure & /yle z sugge/$ above1 to note &1 s f> z possible1 expla9 h[ ^! 7 bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! orig9al4 ,a writt5 reproduction ( ! selection may !n be made f memory4 ,?is /udy ( ! ?\ght1 ! /ructure1 & ! /yle ( ! great ma/]s 9 language mu/ lead to a discrim9at+ ta/e = lit]ature2 & ! effect ^u ! pupil's own habits ( ?\ght & expression w necess>ily be to lift him above ! insipid1 commonplace matt] & language t *>act]ize mu* ( ! s-call$ orig9al composition "w4 ,9 ! /udy ( ^! selections1 especially 9 ! "w ( copy+1 ! rules = punctuation1 & o!r rules1 =mally /at$ fur!r on1 may easily be anticipat$ in=mally4 ,= composition "w m ne>ly orig9al ! class might read toge!r or discuss1 descriptions ( home sc5es2 !n1 draw+ f imag9ation or exp]i5ce1 !y might make descriptions ( _! own4 ,9 ^! descriptions diff]5t p]sons might be introduc$1 ) _! attitudes1 employm5ts1 & acts ( hospitality4 ,= ex]cises 9 n>ration pupils might write ab\t trips to ^! homes1 tell+ ab\t ! prep>ation1 ! />t1 ! j\rney1 & ! reception4 7,= /udies on n>rative /yle1 see pages #aeg-afb47 ,to insure ?or\ghness1 all su* compositions %\ld he %ort4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,adapt$ ,,f ,,irv+',s ,,sket* ,,book4 #a4 ,e w9d[ & crevice ( ! va/ b>n seem$ bur/+ =? ) ! treasures ( ! f>m4 #b4 ,! flail 0 busily res\nd+ )9 f morn+ till night4 #c4 ,swall[s & m>t9s skimm$ twitt]+ ab\t ! eaves4 #d4 ,r[s ( pigeons 7 enjoy+ ! sun%9e on ! ro(4 #e4 ,"s sat ) "o eye turn$ up z if wat*+ ! wea!r4 #f4 ,"s sat ) _! heads "u _! w+s or buri$ 9 _! bosoms4 #g4 ,o!rs 7 swell+ & coo+ & b[+ ab\t _! dames4 #h4 ,sleek1 unwieldy pork]s 7 grunt+ 9 ! repose & abundance ( _! p5s4 #i4 ,f ^! p5s salli$ =?1 n[ & !n1 troops ( suck+ pigs1 z if to snuff ! air4 #aj4 ,a /ately squadron ( sn[y geese 0 rid+ 9 an adjo9+ pond1 convoy+ :ole fleets ( ducks4 #aa4 ,regim5ts ( turkeys 7 gobbl+ ?r\gh ! f>my>d4 #ab4 ,gu9ea f[ls frett$ ab\t1 l ill-temp]$ h\sewives1 ) _! peevi%1 discont5t$ cry4 #ac4 ,be=e ! b>n-door /rutt$ ! gallant cock1 clapp+ 8 burni%$ w+s1 & cr[+ 9 ! pride & gladness ( 8 he>t--sometimes te>+ up ! e>? ) 8 feet1 & !n g5]\sly call+ 8 ev]-hungry family ( wives & *ildr5 to enjoy ! ri* morsel :i* he _h discov]$4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce seem$ ass]ts some?+ ab\t :at two ?+s8 ,e goes ) :at ^w or words8 ,:at ^w or words does ! phrase ( ! va/ b>n make m def9ite 9 mean+8 ,! two words w9d[ & crevice are jo9$ toge!r by :at ^w8 ,! gr\p ( words bur/+ =? ) ! treasures ( ! f>m describes :at8 ,notice t bur/+ also helps seem$ to say some?+ ab\t w9d[ & crevice4 ,seem$ does n make s5se1 b seem$ bur/+ does4 ,:at does =? modify8 ,:at does ) ! treasures ( ! f>m modify8 ,9 ! ?ird s5t5ce :at two n\ns =m ! subject ( skimm$8 ,:at connects ^! two n\ns8 ,9 ! f\r? :at ^w tells :at ! r[s 7 enjoy+8 ,9 ! fif? turn$ up z if wat*+ ! wea!r describes :at8 ,z if wat*+ ! wea!r goes ) :at8 ,! expression introduc$ by z if is a %ort5$ =m4 ,putt+ 9 "s ( ! words omitt$1 we h z if !y 7 wat*+ ! wea!r4 ,!y 7 wat*+ ! wea!r1 if /&+ by itself1 w\ld make a complete s5t5ce4 ,y see t "o s5t5ce may be made a "p ( ano!r s5t5ce4 ,:at does ea* ( ! two phrases "u _! w+s & buri$ 9 _! bosoms describe8 ,:at connects ^! two phrases8 ,9 ! sev5? s5t5ce 7 is und]/ood be=e coo+ & be=e b[+4 ,h[ _m pr$icate v]bs d y f9d1 ea* ass]t+ some?+ ab\t ! pigeons repres5t$ by o!rs8 ,:y are ^! v]bs n sep>at$ by commas8 ,:at two n\ns =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! phrase 9 ! eigh? s5t5ce8 ,:at connects ^! two n\ns8 ,read ! n9? s5t5ce & put ! subject be=e ! pr$icate4 ,y may n[ expla9 z if to snuff ! air1 rememb]+ t a simil> expression 9 ! fif? s5t5ce 0 expla9$4 ,9 ! t5? s5t5ce convoy+ :ole fleets ( ducks describes :at8 ,does convoy+ ass]t any?+ ab\t ! squadron8 ,*ange x into a pr$icate v]b4 ,9 ! twelf? s5t5ce f9d "o ^w & two phrases jo9$ to frett$4 ,clapp+1 cr[+1 te>+1 & call+1 9 ! ?irte5?1 all describe :at8 ,notice t all ! o!r words foll[+ ! subject g ) ^! f\r4 ,f9d ! ?ree words t answ] ! que/ions made by putt+ :at aft] clapp+1 te>+1 call+4 ,:at phrase tells ! cause ( cr[+8 ,! phrase to enjoy ! ri* morsel :i* he _h discov]$ tells ! purpose ( :at8 ,:i* he _h discov]$ limits ! mean+ ( :at8 ,! pron\n :i* "h /&s = morsel4 ,:i* he _h discov]$ ,he _h discov]$ morsel4 ,"h y w see a s5t5ce has aga9 be5 made a "p ( ano!r s5t5ce4 ,notice t )\t :i* !re w\ld be no connection4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,x may be well to let ! pupils complete ! exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ces above & po9t out n\ns1 v]bs1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 & adv]bs4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! que/ions above we especially anticipate ! regul> lessons t foll[ ,lesson #bg4 ,?is we d 9 all su* ,ex]cises4 ,! ,beauty & ! ,=ce ( ! ,description above4--,:y may we say t ?is f>my>d sc5e is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( pl5ty1 happ9ess1 & cont5t8 ,:i* d y pref]1 ! fir/ s5t5ce above1 or ?is sub/itute = x3 ,! l>ge b>n 0 entirely full ( ! products ( ! f>m8 ,give e reason t y c f9d = y\r pref]5ce4 ,we (t5 speak ( a b>n or /oreh\se z bur/+ ) pl5ty1 or ( a table z groan+ ) a load ( good ?+s1 :5 !re is really no bur/+ nor groan+4 ,su* expressions are call$ ,figures ( ,spee*4 ,exam9e ! second s5t5ce & comp>e x ) ! foll[+3 ,! m5 7 busy all day p\nd+ out ! gra9 ) flails4 ,d ! words busily res\nd+ jo9$ to flail br+ into our imag9ation m51 gra91 p\nd+1 s\nd1 & p]haps o!r ?+s8 ,a good description m5tions su* ?+s & uses su* words z w help u to see 9 imag9ation _m ?+s n m5tion$4 ,9 ! ?ird s5t5ce w\ld y pref] skimm$ to flew8 ,:y8 ,comp>e ! eigh? s5t5ce ) ?is3 ,l>ge fat hogs 7 grunt+ 9 _! p5s & repos+ quietly ) an abundant supply ( food4 ,sleek1 unwieldy pork]s w\ld be too high-s\nd+ an expression = y to use ord9>ily1 b x is 9 tone ) ! re/ ( ! description4 ,9 ! repose & abundance ( _! p5s is mu* bett] ?an ! words sub/itut$ above4 ,x is %ort] & /rong]4 ,x uses in/ead ( ! v]b repos+ & ! adjective abundant ! n\ns repose & abundance1 & makes ^! ! pr9cipal words 9 ! phrase4 ,repose & abundance are ?us made ! /rik+ features ( ! p54 ,arrange ! n9? s5t5ce 9 z _m ways z possible & tell :i* way y pref]4 ,is a real squadron ref]r$ to 9 ! t5? s5t5ce8 & 7 ! geese actually convoy+ fleets8 ,^! are figurative uses ( words4 ,:at c y say ( regim5ts 9 ! elev5?8 ,9 ! twelf? ,gu9ea f[ls are comp>$ to h\sewives4 ,except 9 ?is "o fanci$ resemblance ! two are :olly unlike4 ,su* comp>isons frequ5tly made by z & l are call$ ,similes4 ,if we leave out l & say1 ,gu9ea f[ls are frett+ h\sewives1 we h a figure ( spee* call$ ,metaphor4 ,?is figure is us$ above :5 flocks are call$ squadrons & fleets4 ,9 ! ?irte5? s5t5ce notice h[ well *os5 & =ceful are ! words /rutt$1 gallant1 burni%$1 g5]\sly1 ev]-hungry1 ri* morsel4 ,see :e!r y c f9d sub/itutes = ^! italiciz$ words4 ,7 ! w+s actually burni%$8 ,:at c y say ( ?is use ( burni%$8 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,composition ,,"w4 ,! s5t5ces 9 ! description above1 :5 read toge!r1 h a some:at brok5 or j]ky effect4 ,y may unite smoo?ly su* z %\ld be jo9$4 ,! f\r?1 fif?1 six?1 & sev5? c all be put into "o4 ,!re is dang] ( mak+ y\r s5t5ces too long4 ,"y writ]s f9d x difficult to make v long s5t5ces p]fectly cle> 9 mean+4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,:ile ! pupils' ?\ghts & /yle are some:at ton$ up by ! prec$+ ex]cises1 x may he well to let !m write simil> descriptions drawn f _! read+1 _! obs]vation1 or _! imag9ation4 ,if ! compositions conta9 m ?an two or ?ree %ort p>agraphs ea*1 x w be almo/ impossible to secure good "w4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,f ,,frankl9',s ,,autobiography4 #a4 ,i 0 dirty f my j\rney1 my pockets 7 /uff$ out ) %irts & /ock+s1 & ,i knew no s\l nor :]e to look = lodg+4 #b4 ,i 0 fatigu$ ) travel+1 r[+1 & want ( re/2 ,i 0 v hungry2 & my :ole /ock ( ca% consi/$ ( a ,dut* doll> & ab\t a %ill+ 9 copp]4 #c4 ,! latt] ,i gave ! p ( ! boat = my passage1 :o at fir/ refus$ x on acc\nt ( my r[+2 b ,i insi/$ on _! tak+ x4 #a4 ,!n ,i walk$ up ! /reet1 gaz+ ab\t1 till ne> ! m>ke?\se ,i met a boy ) bread4 #b4 ,i _h made _m a meal on bread1 &1 inquir+ :]e he got x1 ,i w5t imm$iately to ! bak]'s he direct$ me to1 9 ,second ,/reet1 & ask$ = biscuit1 int5d+ su* z we _h 9 ,bo/on2 b !y1 x seems1 7 n made 9 ,philadelphia4 #c4 ,!n ,i ask$ = a ?ree-p5ny loaf1 & 0 told !y _h none su*4 #d4 ,s n consid]+ or kn[+ ! diff]5ce ( money1 or ! great] *eapness & ! names ( 8 bread1 ,i bade him give me ?ree-p5ny wor? ( any sort4 #e4 ,he gave me1 accord+ly1 ?ree great puffy rolls4 #f4 ,i 0 surpris$ at ! quantity1 b took x2 &1 hav+ no room 9 my pockets1 walk$ (f ) a roll "u ea* arm1 & eat+ ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,break up s5t5ce #a1 p>agraph #a1 into ?ree di/9ct s5t5ces1 & tell :at *anges ?is w make 9 capitals & punctuation4 ,d ! same = #b4 ,:i* read m closely toge!r1 & are m closely connect$1 ! p>ts ( #b1 or ( #a8 ,h[ is ?is %[n to ! eye8 ,analyze ! fir/ two s5t5ces y made f #a4 ,f9d two object complem5ts ( knew1 "o a n\n & ! o!r a gr\p ( five words4 ,f9d 9 #b a phrase ^: pr9cipal "p is made up ( ?ree n\ns4 ,:at h y le>n$ ab\t ! commas us$ ) ^! n\ns8 ,9 mak+ sep>ate s5t5ces ( #c :at words d y *ange or drop8 ,are ^! ! words t b9d ! p>ts ( #c toge!r8 ,:at n\n is us$ adv]bially aft] gave8 ,supply a preposition & !n tell :at phrases modify gave4 ,f9d ! object complem5t ( gave4 ,:at modifies refus$ by tell+ :58 ,:at1 by tell+ :y8 ,9 #a1 p>agraph #b1 :o is describ$ z gaz+ ab\t8 ,:at does gaz+ ab\t modify8 ,read ! gr\p ( words t tells h[ f> or h[ long ,frankl9 walk$ up ! /reet4 ,notice t ?is :ole gr\p is us$ l an adv]b4 ,f9d 9 x a subject1 a pr$icate1 & an object complem5t4 ,drop till & see :e!r ! p>ts ( #a make sep>ate s5t5ces4 ,:at ^w1 !n1 b9ds ^! two s5t5ces into "o8 ,read #b & make ( x ?ree di/9ct s5t5ces by omitt+ ! fir/ & & ! ^w b4 ,! second ( ^! ?ree s5t5ces j made conta9s sev]al s5t5ces :i* are n s easily sep>at$1 z "s are us$ l s+le words to make up ! ma91 or pr9cipal1 s5t5ce4 ,9 ?is second "p ( #b f9d ! lead+ subject & its two pr$icates4 ,f9d a phrase belong+ to ,i & repres5t+ ,frankl9 z do+ some?+4 ,put :at aft] inquir+ & f9d ! object complem5t4 ,:at phrase belongs to w5t1 tell+ :]e8 ,he direct$ me to 7:om7 belongs to :at8 ,:o is repres5t$ z int5d+8 ,int5d+ su* z we _h 9 ,bo/on belongs to :at8 ,z we _h 9 ,bo/on goes ) :at8 ,notice t x seems is a s5t5ce ?r[n 9 loosely betwe5 ! p>ts ( ano!r s5t5ce4 ,su* expressions are said to be p>5!tical4 ,notice ! punctuation4 ,notice t gaz+1 inquir+1 int5d+1 consid]+1 kn[+1 & hav+ are all modifi]s ( ,i f\nd 9 ! diff]5t s5t5ces ( p>agraph #b4 ,put ,i be=e any "o ( ^! words1 & y w see t no ass]tion is made4 ,^! words illu/rate "o =m ( ! v]b 7! p>ticiple71 & look 9 #a1 p>agraph #a1 illu/rates ! o!r =m 7! inf9itive71 spok5 ( 9 ,lesson #aa z n ass]t+4 ,*ange ea* ( ^! p>ticiples to a pr$icate1 or ass]t+ =m1 & !n read ! s5t5ces 9 :i* ^! pr$icates are f\nd4 ,y w notice t giv+ ^! words ! ass]t+ =m makes !m m prom95t & =cible--br+s !m up to a level ) ! o!r pr$icate v]bs4 ,p>ticiples are v useful 9 slurr+ ov] ! less important actions t ! m important may h prom95ce4 ,%[ t !y are s us$ 9 ,frankl9's n>rative4 ,exam9e ! phrase ) a roll "u ea* arm1 & eat+ ! o!r1 & see if y d n f9d an illu/ration ( ! fact t ev5 great m5 sometimes make slips4 ,does o!r prop]ly mean "o ( ?ree ?+s8 ,try to improve ?is expression4 ,! ,gr\p+ ( ,s5t5ces into ,p>agraphs4--,! s5t5ces above1 z y see1 /& 9 two gr\ps4 ,^? ( ea* gr\p are m closely relat$ to "o ano!r ?an !y are to ! s5t5ces ( ! o!r gr\p4 ,d y see h[8 ,9 /udy+ ?is %ort selection y may f9d ! g5]al topic1 or head+1 to be some?+ l ?is3 ,my ,fir/ ,exp]i5ces 9 ,philadelphia4 ,n[ exam9e ! fir/ gr\p ( s5t5ces & see :e!r its topic might n be put ?us3 ,my ,condition on ,rea*+ ,philadelphia4 ,!n exam9e ! s5t5ces ( ! second gr\p & see :e!r all w n come "u ?is head+3 ,h[ ,i ,f\nd ,some?+ to ,eat4 ,y see t ev5 a %ort composition l ?is has a g5]al topic ) topics "u x4 ,z sub means "u1 we w call ^! "u topics sub-topics4 ,!re are two gr\ps ( s5t5ces 9 ?is selection because !re are two di/9ct sub-topics develop$4 ,! s5t5ces ( ea* gr\p /& toge!r because !y jo9tly develop "o sub-topic4 ,a gr\p ( s5t5ces relat$ & held toge!r by a common ?\ght we call a ,p>agraph4 ,h[ is ! p>agraph indicat$ to ! eye8 ,:at help is x to ! read] to h a composition p>agraph$8 ,:at1 to ! writ] to "k t he mu/ write 9 p>agraphs8 ,! ,/yle ( ! ,au?or4--,?is selection is ma9ly ,n>rative4 ,! matt] is some:at tame1 & ! expression is commonplace4 ,! words are ord9>y1 & !y /& 9 _! usual place4 ,figures ( spee* are n us$4 ,yet ! piece has a *>m4 ,! ?\ghts are homely2 ! expression is 9 p]fect keep+2 ! /yle is cle>1 simple1 direct1 & natural4 ,! clos+ s5t5ce is slightly humor\s4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 trudg+ along ! /reet1 hugg+ a great roll ( bread "u ea* arm1 & eat+ a ?ird roll1 mu/ h be5 a laughable sight4 ,h y ev] kn[n boys & girls 9 writ+ s*ool compositions1 or report]s 9 writ+ = ! newspap]s1 to use l>ge words = small ideas1 & long1 high-s\nd+ phrases & s5t5ces = pla91 simple ?\ghts8 ,h y ev] se5 :at c\ld be neatly said 9 ?ree or f\r l9es padd$ out to fill a page ( composition pap] or a column 9 a newspap]8 ,:5 ,frankl9 said4 ,my pockets 7 /uff$ out ) %irts & /ock+s1 he said a homely ?+ 9 a homely way2 t is1 he fitt$ ! language to ! ?\ght4 ,to fit ! expression to ! ?\ght on e occasion is ! p]fection ( /yle4 ,if ,frankl9 _h be5 a weak1 fooli% writ]1 8 s5t5ce might h tak5 ?is =m3-- ,n hav+ be5 previ\sly provid$ ) a sat*el or o!r receptacle = my p]sonal effects1 my pockets1 :i* 7 employ$ z a sub/itute1 7 protrud+ conspicu\sly ) extra und]clo?+4 ,comp>e ?is s5t5ce ) ,frankl9's & po9t out ! faults y see 9 ! sub/itute4 ,c y f9d any?+ 9 ! mean+ ( provid$ t makes previ\sly unnecess>y8 ,d y n[ und]/& :at ,l[ell meant :51 9 praise ( ,dryd51 he said1 ,8 phrase is always a %ort cut to 8 s5se8 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,:at is "h taught ( ! p>agraph & ( /yle w probably n be ma/]$ at "o read+4 ,x w be f\nd necess>y to return to x occasionally1 & to ref] pupils to x = aid 9 _! composition "w4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,composition ,,"w4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,we sugge/ t ! pupils reproduce f memory ! extract above1 & t o!r selections ( n>rative be f\nd 9 ! ,read]s or else:]e & /udi$ z above4 ,! pupils may be able to note to :at ext5t ! n>rative foll[s ! ord] ( "t & to :at ext5t x is topical4 ,!y may also note ! am\nt ( description x conta9s4 ,!y %\ld1 s f> z possible1 f9d ! topic = ea* p>agraph1 ?us mak+ an outl9e = a composition to be complet$ f reproduction4 ,x w n[ require little ef=t to write simple orig9al n>ratives ( real or imag9$ exp]i5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,f ,c4 ,d4 ,,w>n]',s ,,my ,,summ] ,,9 ,a ,,g>d54 #a4 ,9 ! drie/ days1 my f\nta9 became disabl$2 ! pipe 0 /opp$ up4 #b4 ,a c\ple ( plumb]s1 ) ! implem5ts ( _! craft1 came out to view ! situation4 #c4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t :]e ! /oppage 04 #d4 ,i f\nd ! plumb]s p]fectly will+ to sit d[n & talk ab\t x--talk by ! h\r4 #e4 ,"s ( _! guesses & rem>ks 7 exce$+ly +5i\s2 & _! g5]al obs]vations on o!r subjects 7 excell5t 9 _! way1 & c\ld h>dly h be5 bett] if !y _h be5 made by ! job4 #f4 ,! "w dragg$ a little--z x is apt to d by ! h\r4 #a4 ,! plumb]s _h occasion to make me sev]al visits4 #b4 ,sometimes !y w\ld f9d1 ^u arrival1 t !y _h =gott5 "s indisp5sable tool2 & "o w\ld g back to ! %op1 a mile & a half1 aft] x2 & 8 comrade w\ld await 8 return ) ! mo/ exempl>y pati5ce1 & sit d[n & talk--always by ! h\r4 #c4 ,i d n "k b x is a habit to h some?+ want$ at ! %op4 #d4 ,!y seem$ to me v good workm51 & always will+ to /op1 & talk ab\t ! job or any?+ else1 :5 ,i w5t ne> !m4 #e4 ,nor _h !y any ( t impetu\s hurry t is said to be ! bane ( our ,am]ican civilization4 #f4 ,to _! cr$it be x said t ,i nev] obs]v$ any?+ ( x 9 !m4 #g4 ,!y c af=d to wait4 #h4 ,two ( !m w sometimes wait ne>ly half a day1 :ile a comrade goes = a tool4 #i4 ,!y are pati5t & philosophical4 #aj4 ,x is a great pleasure to meet su* m54 #aa4 ,"o only wi%es !re 0 "s "w he c\ld d = !m by ! h\r4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,h[ c y make ! la/ "p ( #a express m directly ! cause ( becom+ disabl$8 ,w\ld y use a semicolon to sep>ate ! s5t5ces ?us jo9$1 or w\ld y use a comma8 ,give a reason = ! comma aft] days1 ,f9d 9 #b an adv]b phrase t expresses purpose4 ,use an equival5t adjective 9 place ( a c\ple (4 ,expla9 ! use ( !re 9 #c4 ,:at adjective may be us$ 9 place ( good 9 a good deal8 ,:at long complex phrase modifies deal8 ,put :at aft] ! preposition ab\t & f9d a gr\p ( words t takes ! place ( a n\n4 ,f9d 9 ?is gr\p a subject & a pr$icate4 ,f9d 9 #d an objective complem5t4 ,f9d a comp\nd inf9itive phrase & tell :at x modifies4 ,notice t ! da% helps to %[ ! break made by repeat+ talk4 ,:5 #e is divid$ into two s5t5ces1 :at ^w is dropp$8 ,?is1 !n1 mu/ be ! ^w t connect$ ! two s5t5ces4 ,notice t ! two ma9 p>ts ( #e are sep>at$ by a semicolon4 ,?is enables ! writ] to %[ t ! two ma9 divisions ( #e are m widely sep>at$ 9 mean+ ?an are ! p>ts ( ! second division :]e ! comma is us$4 ,give ! ?ree lead+ pr$icate v]bs 9 #e & _! complem5ts4 ,if !y _h be5 made by ! job is jo9$ l an adv]b to :at v]b8 ,:at is ! pr$icate ( ?is modify+ gr\p8 ,! inf9itive phrase 9 #a1 p>agraph #b1 modifies :at8 ,is me1 or visits1 ! object complem5t ( make8 ,put :at aft] w\ld f9d 9 #b & get ! object complem5t4 ,c y make a s5t5ce ( ?is gr\p8 ,:at are its pr9cipal p>ts8 ,does ! writ] make an unexpect$ turn aft] talk8 ,h[ is ?is %[n to ! eye8 ,put :at aft] d "k 9 #c & f9d ! object complem5t4 ,c y make a s5t5ce ( ?is object complem5t8 ,:at phrase c y put 9 place ( ! pron\n x )\t *ang+ ! s5se8 ,by us+ ! ^w x1 a bett] arrangem5t c be made4 ,:at gr\p ( words 9 #e is us$ l an adjective to modify hurry8 ,*ange ! pron\n t to hurry & make a sep>ate s5t5ce ( ?is gr\p4 ,:at ^w1 !n1 mu/ h made an adjective ( ?is s5t5ce & jo9$ x to hurry8 ,:at is ! object complem5t ( c af=d 9 #g8 ,supply a preposition aft] w wait 9 #h1 & !n f9d two gr\ps ( words t tell ! "t ( wait+4 ,f9d a subject & a pr$icate 9 ! second gr\p4 ,:at expla9s x 9 #aj8 ,f9d ! object complem5t ( wi%es 9 #aa4 ,:at is ! subject ( 08 ,! (fice ( !re8 ,aft] "w supply ! pron\n t & tell ! (fice ( ! gr\p x introduces4 ,:at is ! object complem5t ( c\ld d8 ,:at connects ?is gr\p to "w8 ,! ,gr\p+ ( ,s5t5ces into ,p>agraphs4--,!re are two di/9ct sets ( s5t5ces 9 ?is selection--di/9ct because develop+ two di/9ct sub-topics4 ,accord+ly1 !re are two p>agraphs4 ,let u take = ! g5]al topic ,! ,visits ( ! ,plumb]s4 ,let u see :e!r all ! s5t5ces ( ! fir/ p>agraph w n come "u ! sub-topic ,fir/ ,visit1 & ^? ( ! second "u ! sub-topic ,subsequ5t ,visits4 ,! s5t5ces ( ea* p>agraph %\ld be closely relat$ to "o ano!r & to ! sub-topic4 ,!y %\ld /& 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,d ! p>agraphs above /& su* te/s8 ,if !y d1 !y possess ! prime quality ( ,unity4 ,! ,au?or's ,/yle4--,?is selection we may call ,n>rative1 ?\gh !re are descriptive t\*es 9 x4 ,x is a /ory ( :at8 ,is ! /ory cle>ly told ?r\gh\t8 ,if n1 :]e is x obscure8 ,is x made int]e/+ & ent]ta9+8 ,is ,mr4 ,w>n] "h giv+ u a bit ( 8 own exp]i5ce8 ,or d y ?9k he is draw+ ^u 8 imag9ation8 ,w\ld y call ! /yle pla91 or does x ab\nd ) metaphors1 similes1 or o!r figures ( spee*8 ,are ! s5t5ces g5]ally long1 or g5]ally %ort8 ,:at are ! faults or foibles ( ^! real or fanci$ plumb]s8 ,does ! au?or speak ( !m 9 a g5ial & l5i5t way8 or is he ho/ile1 & does he hold up _! foibles to scorn & d]ision8 ,does he make u laugh )1 or does he make u laugh at1 ! plumb]s8 ,if ! =m]1 ! /yle is humor\s2 if ! latt]1 ! /yle is satirical or s>ca/ic4 ,w\ld y call ,mr4 ,w>n]'s quality ( /yle ,humor8 or t =m ( wit kn[n z ,satire8 ,is our au?or's use ( x delicate & ref9$8 or is x gross & co>se8 ,does x /op %ort ( mak+ its object grotesque1 or n8 ,c y "n any writ]s ^: humor or satire is co>se8 ,,sugge/ions ,,fob ,,composition ,,"w4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions1 pages #aei1 #afj4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,f ,,bee*]',s ,,lectures ,,to ,,"y ,,m54 #a4 ,indol5ce incl9es a man to rely ^u o!rs & n ^u himself1 to eat _! bread & n 8 own4 #b4 ,8 c>elessness is somebody's loss2 8 neglect is somebody's d[nfall4 #c4 ,if he borr[s1 ! article rema9s borr[$2 if he begs & gets1 x is z ! lett+ out ( wat]s--no "o kn[s :]e x w /op4 #d4 ,he spoils y\r "w1 disappo9ts y\r expectations1 exhau/s y\r pati5ce1 eats up y\r sub/ance1 abuses y\r confid5ce1 & hangs a dead weight ^u all y\r plans2 & ! v be/ ?+ an hone/ man c d ) a lazy man is to get rid ( him4 #a4 ,indol5ce promises )\t r$eem+ ! pl$ge2 a mi/ ( =getfulness rises up & obscures ! memory ( v[s & oa?s4 #b4 ,! neglig5ce ( laz9ess bre$s m falsehoods ?an ! cunn+ ( ! %>p]4 #c4 ,z pov]ty waits ^u ! /eps ( indol5ce1 s ^u su* pov]ty brood equivocations1 subt]fuges1 ly+ d5ials4 #d4 ,falsehood becomes ! in/rum5t ( e plan4 #e4 ,neglig5ce ( tru?1 next occasional falsehood1 !n wanton m5dacity--^! ?ree /rides trav]se ! :ole road ( lies4 #a4 ,indol5ce z surely runs to di%one/y z to ly+4 #b4 ,inde$1 !y are b diff]5t p>ts ( ! same road1 & n f> ap>t4 #c4 ,9 direct+ ! conduct ( ! ,ephesian conv]ts1 ,paul says1 ,let him t /ole /eal no m2 b r let him labor1 work+ ) 8 h&s ! ?+ :i* is good4 #d4 ,! m5 :o 7 ?ieves 7 ^? :o _h ceas$ to "w4 #e4 ,indu/ry 0 ! road back to hone/y4 #f4 ,:5 /ores are brok5 op51 ! idle are fir/ suspect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,f9d 9 #a two comp\nd inf9itive phrases & tell _! use4 ,supply ! words omitt$ f ! la/ "p ( ea* comp\nd4 ,:at %[s t ! p>ts ( #b are n closely connect$8 ,w\ld a conjunction br+ !m m closely toge!r8 ,if a conjunction is us$1 w\ld y *ange ! punctuation8 ,a s5t5ce t unites ) ano!r to make "o great] s5t5ce we call a clause4 ,read ! fir/ "p ( #b & *ange somebody's fir/ to a phrase & !n to a clause us$ l an adjective4 ,:at di/9ction c y make betwe5 ! use ( ! semicolon & ! use ( ! comma 9 #c8 ,! clause if he borr[s is jo9$ l an adv]b to :at v]b8 ,if he begs & gets8 ,:at pron\n m indef9ite ?an y\r might take its place 9 #d8 ,:at n\n8 ,expla9 ! use ( ! semicolon & ! comma 9 #d4 ,supply t aft] ?+ & tell :at clause is "h us$ l an adjective4 ,f9d ! (fice ( t by plac+ x aft] d4 ,f9d 9 #d an inf9itive phrase us$ z attribute complem5t4 ,*ange ! phrase 9 #a1 p>agraph #b1 to a clause4 ,f9d 9 #b ! omitt$ pr$icate ( ! clause introduc$ by ?an4 ,f9d a comp\nd subject 9 #c4 ,are neglig5ce1 falsehood1 & m5dacity1 9 #e1 us$ z subjects8 ,expla9 _! use & punctuation4 7,see ,rem>k1 ,lesson #de47 ,9 #c1 p>agraph #c1 h[ are ! words borr[$ f ,paul m>k$8 ,*ange ! quotation f ,paul s z to give 8 ?\ght b n 8 exact words4 ,are ! quotation m>ks n[ ne$$8 ,9 #c & #d f9d clauses introduc$ by t1 :i*1 & :o1 & us$ l adjectives4 ,! ,gr\p+ ( ,s5t5ces into ,p>agraphs4--,y c easily le>n ! sub-topic1 or ?\ght1 ea* ( ^! p>agraphs develops4 ,see :e!r y c f9d x 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ea*4 ,give ! ?ree sub-topics4 ,put toge!r ! ?ree ?\ghts e/abli%$ 9 ^! p>agraphs & tell :at !y prove4 ,:at !y prove is t = :i* ,mr4 ,bee*] is cont5d+2 x may be writt5 at ! head ( ! extract z ! g5]al topic4 ,:at m]its ( ! p>agraph1 already treat$1 are admirably illu/rat$ 9 ?is extract8 ,! ,/yle ( ! ,au?or4--,?is selection is nei!r descriptive nor n>rative2 x is ,argum5tative4 ,mr4 ,bee*] is try+ to e/abli% a c]ta9 proposition1 & 9 ! ?ree p>agraphs is giv+ ?ree reasons1 or argum5ts1 to prove its tru?4 ,b ! argum5t is n all ?\ght1 is n purely intellectual4 ,x is suffus$ ) feel+1 is impassion$4 ,mr4 ,bee*]'s he>t is 9 8 "w4 ,?is feel+ w>ms & colors 8 /yle1 & /imulates 8 fancy4 ,z a consequ5ce1 figures ( spee* ab\nd4 ,notice t 9 #a1 p>agraph #a1 ! ?\ght is repeat$ by means ( ! inf9itive phrases4 ,read ! words ,indol5ce incl9es a man ) ea* ( ! f\r inf9itive phrases t foll[4 ,y w see t ! ?\ght is repeat$4 ,x is fir/ express$ 9 a g5]al way2 by ! aid ( ! second phrase we see ! same ?\ght f ! negative side2 ! ?ird phrase makes ! /atem5t m specific2 ! f\r? puts ! specific /atem5t negatively4 ,! ne$less repetition ( ! same ?\ght 9 diff]5t words is "o ( ! wor/ faults 9 writ+4 ,b ,mr4 ,bee*]'s repetition is n ne$less4 ,by e repetition "h1 ,mr4 ,bee*] makes 8 ?\ght cle>] & /rong]4 ,exam9e ! o!r s5t5ces ( ?is p>agraph & see :e!r !y en=ce ! lead+ ?\ght by illu/ration1 example1 or consequ5ce4 ,9 :at s5t5ce is ! /yle made en]getic by ! aid ( %ort pr$icates8 ,h[ does ! alt]nation ( %ort s5t5ces ) long ?r\gh\t ! extract affect y8 ,! alt]nation ( pla9 ) figurative s5t5ces8 ,c y %[ t ! au?or's /yle has ,v>iety8 ,pick out ! metaphors 9 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #e1 p>agraph #b2 & 9 #a & #b1 p>agraph #c4 ,pick out ! comp>isons1 or similes1 9 #c1 p>agraph #a1 & 9 #c1 p>agraph #b4 ,figures ( spee* %\ld add cle>ness & =ce4 ,if y ?9k ^! d1 tell h[4 ,indol5ce 9 #a & #c1 p>agraph #b1 & laz9ess 9 #b1 introduce u to ano!r figure4 ,some?+ belong+ to ! m51 a quality1 is made to repres5t ! m5 !mselves4 ,su* a figure is call$ ,metonymy4 ,,sugge/ions ,,fob ,,composition ,,"w4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,ex]cises 9 argum5tative writ+ may be cont9u$ by mak+ selections f ! discussion ( easy topics4 ,= orig9al "w we sugge/ debates on curr5t topics4 ,compositions %\ld be %ort4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,extract ,,f ,,daniel ,,web/]4 #a4 ,! assass9 ent]s1 ?r\gh ! w9d[ already prep>$1 into an unoccupi$ ap>tm5t4 #b4 ,) noiseless foot he paces ! lonely hall1 half light$ by ! moon2 he w9ds up ! asc5t ( ! /airs & rea*es ! door ( ! *amb]4 #c4 ,( ?is he moves ! lock1 by s(t & cont9u$ pressure1 till x turns on its h+es )\t noise2 & he ent]s1 & beholds 8 victim be=e him4 #a4 ,! face ( ! innoc5t sleep] is turn$ f ! murd]]1 & ! beams ( ! moon1 re/+ on ! gray locks ( 8 ag$ temple1 %[ him :]e to /rike4 #b4 ,! fatal bl[ is giv56 & ! victim passes1 )\t a /ruggle or a motion1 f ! repose ( sleep to ! repose ( dea?4 #c4 ,x is ! assass9's purpose to make sure "w2 & he plies ! dagg]1 ?\gh x is obvi\s t life has be5 de/roy$ by ! bl[ ( ! bludgeon4 #d4 ,he ev5 raises ! ag$ arm t he may n fail 9 8 aim at ! he>t1 & places x aga9 ov] ! w\nds ( ! poni>d4 #e4 ,to f9i% ! picture1 he explores ! wri/ = ! pulse4 #f4 ,he feels = x1 & asc]ta9s t x beats no long]4 #g4 ,x is accompli%$4 #h4 ,! de$ is done4 #a4 ,he retreats1 retraces 8 /eps to ! w9d[1 passes out ?r\gh x z he came 91 & escapes4 #b4 ,he has done ! murd]4 ,no eye has se5 him1 no e> has he>d him4 #c4 ,! secret is 8 own1 & x is safe4 #a4 ,ah6 g5tlem51 t 0 a dreadful mi/ake4 #b4 ,su* a secret c be safe n[h]e4 #c4 ,! :ole creation ( ,god has nei!r nook nor corn] :]e ! guilty c be/[ x1 & say x is safe4 #d4 ,n to speak ( t eye :i* pi]ces ?r\gh all disguises & beholds ev]y?+ z 9 ! spl5dor ( noon1 su* secrets ( guilt are nev] safe f detection ev5 by m54 #e4 ,true x is1 g5]ally speak+1 t ,murd] w out4 #f4 ,true x is t ,provid5ce ha? s orda9$1 & do? s gov]n ?+s1 t ^? :o break ! great law ( heav5 by %$d+ man's blood seldom succe$ 9 avoid+ discov]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,d ! phrases 9 #a1 p>agraph #a1 /& 9 _! usual ord]1 or are !y transpos$8 ,9 :at diff]5t places may !y /&8 ,does ei!r phrase ne$ to be transpos$ = emphasis or = cle>ness8 ,expla9 ! punctuation4 ,beg9 #b ) ! lonely hall1 & notice t ! s5t5ce is ?r[n out ( h>mony ) ! o!r s5t5ces1 & t ! assass9 is = ! mom5t lo/ sight (4 ,c y tell :y8 ,notice t 9 ! latt] "p ( #b ! door is m5tion$1 & t #c beg9s ) ( ?is1 ref]r+ to ! door4 ,c y f9d any o!r arrangem5t by :i* #c w foll[ #b s naturally8 ,c y *ange #c s z to make ! ref]5ce ( x cle>]8 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! till clause8 ,does ! clause foll[+ ! semicolon modify any?+8 ,w\ld y call su* a clause dep5d5t1 or w\ld y call x indep5d5t8 ,expla9 ! punctuation ( #c4 ,give ! effect ( *ang+ re/+ 9 #a1 p>agraph #b1 to ! ass]tive =m4 ,f9d 9 #a a pron\n us$ adv]bially & a phrase us$ z object complem5t4 ,exp& ! phrase into a clause4 ,give ! modifi]s ( passes 9 #b4 ,read ! fir/ "p ( #c & put ! explanatory phrase 9 place ( x4 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! ?\gh clause8 ,f9d 9 ?is a clause do+ ! "w ( a n\n & tell its (fice4 ,9 #d w\ld 8 9 place ( ! be=e ag$ & be=e he>t be ambigu\s8 ,if s1 :y8 ,f9d 9 ?is p>agraph an inf9itive phrase us$ indep5d5tly4 ,f9d ! object complem5t ( asc]ta9s 9 #f4 ,are #g & #h id5tical 9 mean+8 ,give ! modifi]s ( passes 9 p>agraph #c4 ,expla9 ! z clause4 ,:at does t 9 #a1 p>agraph #d1 /& =8 ,:at k9d ( clause is introduc$ by :]e 9 #c8 ,by :i* 9 #d8 ,exp& ! z clause 9 #d & tell its (fice4 ,f9d 9 #d & #e an inf9itive phrase & a p>ticiple phrase us$ indep5d5tly4 ,tell ! (fice ( ! t clauses 9 #e & #f1 & ( ! :o clause 9 #f4 ,! ,gr\p+ ( ,s5t5ces into ,p>agraphs4--,look 7#a7 at ! ord] ( ! s5t5ces 9 ea* p>agraph1 & 7#b7 at ! ord] ( ! p>agraphs !mselves4 ,nei!r ord] c\ld be *ang$ )\t mak+ ! /ream ( ev5ts run up hill1 = ea* ord] is ! ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts happ5$4 ,look 7#c7 at ! unity ( ea* p>agraph1 & 7#d7 at ! l>g] unity ( ! f\r p>agraphs--t ( ea* p>agraph det]m9$ by ! relation ( ea* s5t5ce to ! sub-topic ( ! p>agraph1 & t ( ! f\r p>agraphs det]m9$ by _! relation to ! g5]al topic ( ! extract4 ,we add t ! obvi\s ref]5ce ( ! repeat$ he to ! same p]son1 & ( t & secret 9 p>agraph #d demon/rates bo? unities4 ,look 7#e71 & la/ly1 at ! fact t ! sub-topic ( ea* p>agraph is f\nd 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ea* p>agraph4 ,c\ld ,web/] h done m to make 8 ?\ght se5 & felt8 ,! ,/yle ( ! ,au?or4--,?is selection is l>gely ,n>rative4 ,its lead+ facts 7 d\btless suppli$ by ! te/imony giv5 9 ! case2 b mu* ( ! matt] mu/ h come f ! imag9ation ( ,mr4 ,web/]4 ,ev]y?+ is s skillfully & vividly put t ! /ory1 t\*$ ) description1 has all ! effect ( an argum5t4 ,"o quality ( x is its cle>ness1 its p]spicuity4 ,x is noticeable also t v little imag]y is us$1 t ! language is pla9 language4 ,b x is impossible to read ^! p>agraphs )\t be+ mo/ pr(\ndly impress$ ) _! en]gy1 _! =ce4 ,! /yle is =cible because 7#a7 ! subject-matt] is easily grasp$2 7#b7 because simple words are us$1 words und]/ood ev5 by *ildr52 because 7#c7 ^! words are specific & individual1 n g5]ic2 because 7#d7 ( ! grateful v>iety ( s5t5ces2 7#e7 because ( ! preval5ce ( %ort s5t5ces2 because 7#f7 ( ! repetition ( ! ?\ght 9 successive s5t5ces2 because 7#g71 ?\gh ! murd] took place "s "t be=e1 ,web/] speaks z if x 7 n[ tak+ place 9 our v sight4 ,f9d pro( ( :at we h j said--pro( ( 7#b71 9 p>agraphs #a & #c2 pro( ( 7#c71 9 s5t5ces #c1 #d1 & #e1 p>agraph #b2 pro( ( 7#d71 ?r\gh\t2 ( 7#e7 & 7#f71 9 p>agraphs #c & #d2 & ( 7#g71 9 ! fir/ ?ree p>agraphs4 ,9 p>agraph #c1 a rem>kable sam5ess prevails4 ,! s5t5ces "h are fram$ l>gely on "o plan4 ,!y are mo/ly ( ! same l5g?4 ,! ord] ( ! words 9 !m is ! same2 (t5 ! words are ! same2 &1 ev5 :5 !y are n1 ^? 9 "o clause or s5t5ce seem to sugge/ ^? 9 ! next4 ,?is sam5ess is n accid5tal4 ,! m real ! murd]]'s fanci$ security is made 9 ?is p>agraph to appe>1 ! m />tl+ 9 ! next p>agraph w be ! revelation ( 8 mi/ake4 ,h5ce no novelty 9 ! words or 9 _! arrangem5t is all[$ to di/ract our att5tion f ! dom9ant ?\ght4 ,! s5t5ces are made to look & s\nd alike & to be alike t _! effect may be cumulative4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,p>allel ,con/ruction1 ! pr9ciple t s5t5ces simil> 9 ?\ght %\ld be simil> 9 =m1 is "h all[$ free play4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,d n be disc\rag$ %\ld y\r pupils fail to grasp at fir/ all t is "h taught4 ,!y probably w n fully compreh5d x till !y h return$ to x sev]al times4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be impossible = !m to /udy x )\t pr(it4 ,! mean+ w gr[ ^u !m4 ,9 /udy+ our que/ions & sugge/ions ! pupils %\ld h ! ,extract be=e !m1 & %\ld try to v]ify 9 x all t is taught conc]n+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,,subdivid$ ,,lesson #he4 ,,classes ,,( ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,y h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e x becomes necess>y to divide ! eight great classes ( words into subclasses4 ,y h le>n$ t n\ns are ! names ( ?+s2 z1 girl1 ,s>ah4 ,! "n girl is held 9 common by all girls1 & h5ce does n di/+ui% "o girl f ano!r4 ,! "n ,s>ah is n ?us held 9 common2 x does di/+ui% "o girl f o!r girls4 ,any "n :i* belongs 9 common to all ?+s ( a class we call a ,common ,n\n2 & any p>ticul> "n ( an individual1 di/+ui%+ ?is individual f o!rs ( its class1 we call a ,prop] ,n\n4 ,! prop]1 or individual1 names :i* 9 ,rule #a1 ,lesson #h1 y 7 told to beg9 ) capital lett]s are prop] n\ns4 ,su* a ^w z :eat1 music1 or ar*itecture does n di/+ui% "o ?+ f o!rs ( its class2 !re is b "o ?+ 9 ! class d5ot$ by ea*1 ea* ?+ =ms a class by itself2 & s we call ^! words common n\ns4 ,9 ,lesson #h y le>n$ t pron\ns are n names1 b words us$ in/ead ( names4 ,any "o speak+ ( himself may use ,i1 my1 etc41 in/ead ( 8 own "n2 speak+ to "o1 he may use y1 ?\1 y\r1 ?y1 etc41 in/ead ( t p]son's "n2 speak+ ( "o1 he may use he1 %e1 x1 him1 h]1 etc41 in/ead ( t "o's "n4 ,^! little words t by _! =m d5ote ! speak]1 ! "o spok5 to1 or ! "o spok5 ( are call$ ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4 ,by add+ self to my1 ?y1 y\r1 him1 h]1 & x1 & selves to our1 y\r1 & !m1 we =m :at are call$ ,comp\nd ,p]sonal ,pron\ns1 us$ ei!r = emphasis or to reflect ! action ( ! v]b back ^u ! actor2 z1 ,x]xes himself 0 ! la/ to cross ! ,hellespont2 ,! m9d _c see itself4 ,if a n\n1 or "s ^w or words us$ l a n\n1 is to be modifi$ by a clause1 ! clause is introduc$ by :o1 :i*1 :at1 or t2 z1 ,i "k ! man t did t4 ,^! words1 relat+ to words 9 ano!r clause1 & b9d+ ! clauses toge!r1 are call$ ,relative ,pron\ns4 ,by add+ ev] & soev] to :o1 :i*1 & :at1 we =m :at are call$ ! ,comp\nd ,relative ,pron\ns :oev]1 :osoev]1 :i*ev]1 :atev]1 etc41 us$ 9 a g5]al way1 & )\t any ^w express$ to :i* !y relate4 ,if ! speak] is ignorant ( ! "n ( a p]son or a ?+ & asks = x1 he uses :o1 :i*1 or :at2 z1 ,:o did t8 ,^! pron\ns1 us$ 9 ask+ que/ions1 are call$ ,int]rogative ,pron\ns4 ,in/ead ( nam+ ?+s a speak] may indicate !m by words po9t+ !m out z ne> or remote2 z1 ,is t a man8 ,:at is ?is8 or by words tell+ some?+ ( _! numb]1 ord]1 or quantity2 z1 ,none are p]fect2 ,! latt] w d2 ,mu* has be5 done4 ,su* words we call ,adjective ,pron\ns4 ,,def9itions4 ,a ,n\n is ! "n ( any?+4 ,footnote3 ,mo/ common n\ns are d]iv$ f roots t d5ote qualities4 ,! root does n necess>ily d5ote ! mo/ ess5tial quality ( ! ?+1 only its mo/ obtrusive quality4 ,! sky1 a %[]1 & scum1 = in/ance1 h ?is mo/ noticeable feature2 !y are a cov]1 !y hide1 conceal4 ,?is ! root sku signifies1 & sku is ! ma9 elem5t 9 ! words sky1 %[] 7,saxon scu3r71 & scum t "n ^! objects1 & 9 ! adjective obscure4 ,a n\n d5ot+ at fir/ only a s+le quality ( its object comes gradually1 by ! association ( ?is quality ) ! re/1 to d5ote !m all4 ,h]e9 prop] n\ns diff] f common4 ,h[ev] d]iv$1 z ,smi? is f ! man's (fice ( smoo?+1 or ,:ite f 8 color1 ! "n soon ceases to d5ote quality1 & becomes really mean+less4 ,a ,common ,n\n is a "n :i* belongs to all ?+s ( a class4 ,a ,prop] ,n\n is ! p>ticul> "n ( an individual4 ,rem>k4--,x may be well to note two classes ( common n\ns--collective & ab/ract4 ,a ,collective ,n\n is ! "n ( a numb] ( ?+s tak5 toge!r2 z1 army1 flock1 mob1 jury4 ,an ,ab/ract ,n\n is ! "n ( a quality1 an action1 a be+1 or a /ate2 z1 :it5ess1 beauty1 wisdom1 7!7 s++1 exi/5ce1 7!7 sleep4 ,a ,pron\n is a ^w us$ = a n\n4 ,footnote3 ,9 our def9ition & g5]al treatm5t ( ! pron\n1 we h con=m$ to ! traditional views ( gramm>ians2 b x may be well = ! /ud5t to note t pron\ns are some?+ m ?an m]e sub/itutes = n\ns1 & t _! prim>y function is n to prev5t ! repetition ( n\ns4 #a4 ,pron\ns are n ! names ( ?+s4 ,!y d n1 l n\ns1 lay hold ( qualities & "n ?+s by !m4 ,!y seize ^u relations t objects su/a9 to ea* o!r & d5ote ! objects by ^! relations4 ,i1 y1 & he d5ote _! objects by ! relations ^! objects su/a9 to ! act ( speak+2 ,i d5otes ! speak]2 y1 ! "o spok5 to2 & he or %e or x1 ! "o spok5 (4 ,?is & t d5ote _! objects by ! relative di/ance ( ^! f ! speak]2 "s & few & o!rs indicate p>ts sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,ge/ures c\ld express all t _m pron\ns express4 #b4 ,x foll[s t pron\ns are m g5]al ?an n\ns4 ,any p]son1 or ev5 an animal or a ?+ p]sonifi$1 may use ,i :5 ref]r+ to himself1 y :5 ref]r+ to ! "o address$1 & he1 %e1 x1 & !y :5 ref]r+ to ! p]son or p]sons1 ! ?+ or ?+s1 spok5 (--& all creatures & ?+s1 except ! speak] & ! "o spok5 to1 fall into ! la/ li/4 ,"s pron\ns are s g5]al1 & h5ce s vague1 9 _! d5otem5t t !y %[ ! speak]'s complete ignorance ( ! objects !y d5ote4 ,91 ,:o did x8 ,:i* ( !m did y see8 ! que/ion] is try+ to f9d out ! "o = :om ,:o /&s1 & ! p]son or ?+ t ,:i* d5otes4 ,to :at does x ref] 91 x ra9s2 ,h[ is x ) y8 #c4 ,"s pron\ns /& = a phrase1 a clause1 or a s5t5ce1 go+ be=e or com+ aft]4 ,to be or n to be--t is ! "q4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,nor? ,pole w ev] be rea*$4 ,! sails turn$1 ! corn 0 gr\nd1 aft] :i* ! w9d ceas$4 ,ought y to g8 ,i _c answ] t4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! s5t5ces1 t /&s = a phrase2 9 ! la/1 = a s5t5ce4 ,x & :i* 9 ! second & ?ird s5t5ces /& = clauses4 #d4 ,:i*1 reta9+ its (fice z connective1 may z an adjective accompany its n\n2 z1 ,i crav$ 8 =be>ance a little long]1 :i* =be>ance he all[$ me4 ,a ,p]sonal ,pron\n is a pron\n t by its =m d5otes ! speak]1 ! "o spok5 to1 or ! "o spok5 (4 ,a ,relative ,pron\n is "o t relates to "s prec$+ ^w or words & connects clauses4 ,an ,int]rogative ,pron\n is "o ) :i* a "q is ask$4 ,an ,adjective ,pron\n is "o t p]=ms ! (fices ( bo? an adjective & a n\n4 ,! simple p]sonal pron\ns are3--,i1 ?\1 y1 he1 %e1 & x4 ,! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns are3--,myself1 ?yself1 y\rself1 himself1 h]self1 & itself4 ,! simple relative pron\ns are3--,:o1 :i*1 t1 & :at4 ,footnote3 ,z1 9 su* s5t5ces z ?is3 ,give su* ?+s z y c sp>e1 may be treat$ z a relative pron\n4 ,b by exp&+ ! s5t5ce z is se5 to be a conjunctive adv]b--,give su* ?+s z ^? are :i* y c sp>e4 ,b us$ aft] a negative is sometimes call$ a negative relative t n2 z1 ,!re is n a man "h b w\ld die = su* a cause4 ,:5 ! s5t5ce is exp&$1 b is f\nd to be a preposition--,!re is n a man "h b 7 except7 ! "o :o w\ld die1 etc4 ,! comp\nd relative pron\ns are3-- ,:oev] or :osoev]1 :i*ev] or :i*soev]1 :atev] or :atsoev]4 ,! int]rogative pron\ns are3-- ,:o1 :i*1 & :at4 ,"s ( ! m common adjective pron\ns are3-- ,all1 ano!r1 any1 bo?1 ea*1 ei!r1 en\gh1 few1 =m]1 latt]1 little1 _m1 mu*1 nei!r1 none1 "o1 o!r1 same1 sev]al1 su*1 t1 ^!1 ?is1 ^?1 :ole1 etc4 ,footnote3 ,! adjective pron\ns ?is1 t1 ^!1 & ^? are call$ ,demon/rative pron\ns4 ,all1 any1 bo?1 ea*1 ei!r1 _m1 "o1 o!r1 etc4 are call$ ,indef9ite pron\ns because !y d n po9t out & p>ticul>ize l ! demon/ratives4 ,ea*1 ei!r1 & nei!r are also call$ ,di/ributives4 ,b = ! fact t su* words z brave1 good1 etc4 9 ! phrases ! brave1 ! good1 etc4 describe--:i* pron\ns nev] d--we might call !m adjective pron\ns4 ,!y may be treat$ z n\ns1 or z adjectives modify+ n\ns to be suppli$4 ,"s adjectives prec$$ by ! are ab/ract n\ns2 z1 ! gr&1 ! sublime1 ! beautiful4 ,! ^w1 phrase1 or clause 9 ! place ( :i* a pron\n is us$ is call$ an ,antec$5t4 ,direction4--,po9t out ! pron\ns & _! antec$5ts 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- ,jack 0 rude to ,tom1 & always knock$ (f 8 hat :5 he met him4 ,to lie is c[>dly1 & e boy %\ld "k x4 ,daniel & 8 companions 7 f$ on pulse1 :i* 0 to _! advantage4 ,to lie is to be a c[>d1 :i* "o %\ld scorn to be4 ,to sleep s\ndly1 :i* is a bless+1 is to repair & r5ew ! body4 ,rem>k4--,:5 ! int]rogatives :o1 :i*1 & :at introduce indirect que/ions1 x is n always easy to di/+ui% !m f relatives ^: antec$5ts are omitt$4 ,= example--,i f\nd :o call$ & :at he want$2 ,i saw :at 0 done4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce does n mean1 ,i f\nd ! p]son :o call$ & ! ?+ t he want$4 ,:o call$ & :at he want$ "h sugge/ que/ions--que/ions ref]r$ to b n directly ask$4 ,i saw :at 0 done ,i saw ! ?+ t 0 done4 ,no "q is sugge/$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t :i* & :at may also be int]rogative adjectives2 z1 ,:i* side won8 ,:at news h y8 ,direction4--,analyze ^! s5t5ces1 & p>se all ! pron\ns3-- #a4 ,:o /eals my purse /eals tra%4 #b4 ,i myself "k :o /ole my purse4 #c4 ,!y knew ^: h\se 0 robb$4 #d4 ,he he>d :at 0 said4 #e4 ,y h guess$ :i* belongs to me4 #f4 ,:om ! gods w\ld de/roy !y fir/ make mad4 #g4 ,:at 0 said1 & :o said x8 #h4 ,x is n kn[n to :om ! honor belongs4 #i4 ,%e saw "o ( !m1 b %e _c positively tell :i*4 #aj4 ,:atev] is done mu/ be done quickly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #hf4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,pron\ns4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,9 ! recitation ( all ,lessons conta9+ errors = correction1 ! pupils' books %\ld be clos$1 & ! examples %\ld be read by y4 ,to insure c>e 9 prep>ation1 & close att5tion 9 ! class1 read "s ( ! examples 9 _! correct =m4 ,require specific reasons4 ,caution4--,avoid he1 x1 !y1 or any o!r pron\n :5 its ref]5ce to an antec$5t w\ld n be cle>4 ,repeat ! n\n in/ead1 quote ! speak]'s exact words1 or reca/ ! s5t5ce4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & relieve ^! s5t5ces ( _! ambiguity3-- ,model4--,! lad _c leave 8 fa!r2 =1 if he %\ld leave him1 he w\ld die ,! lad _c leave 8 fa!r2 =1 if he %\ld leave 8 fa!r1 8 fa!r w\ld die4 ,lysias promis$ 8 fa!r nev] to ab&on 8 fri5ds ,lysias gave 8 fa!r ?is promise3 ,i w nev] ab&on y\r 7or my7 fri5ds4 #a4 ,dr4 ,prideaux says t1 :5 he took 8 comm5t>y to ! booksell]1 he told him x 0 a dry subject4 #b4 ,he said to 8 fri5d t1 if he did n feel bett] soon1 he ?\ght he _h bett] g home4 7,?is s5t5ce may h f\r mean+s4 ,give !m all1 us+ :at y may suppose 7 ! speak]'s words47 #c4 ,a tri$ to see ,b 9 ! cr[d1 b c\ld n because he 0 s %ort4 #d4 ,*>les's duplicity 0 fully made kn[n to ,cromwell by a lett] ( 8 to 8 wife1 :i* he int]cept$4 #e4 ,! f>m] told ! lawy] t 8 bull _h gor$ 8 ox1 & t x 0 b fair t he %\ld pay him = 8 loss4 ,caution4--,d n use pron\ns ne$lessly4 ,direction4--,write1 ^! s5t5ces1 omitt+ ne$less pron\ns3-- #a4 ,x isn't true :at he said4 #b4 ,! fa!r he di$1 ! "m %e foll[$1 & ! *ildr5 !y 7 tak5 sick4 #c4 ,! cat x mew$1 & ! dogs !y b>k$1 & ! man he %\t$4 #d4 ,let e "o turn f 8 or h] evil ways4 #e4 ,napoleon1 ,wat]loo hav+ be5 lo/1 he gave himself up to ! ,engli%4 ,caution4--,9 address+ a p]son1 d n1 9 ! same s5t5ce1 use ! two /yles ( ! pron\n4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,?\ art sad1 h y he>d bad news8 #b4 ,y _c always h ?y way4 #c4 ,be/[ ?\ ^u u y\r bless+4 #d4 ,love ?yself la/1 & o!rs w love y4 ,caution4--,! pron\n !m %\ld n be us$ = ! adjective ^?1 nor ! pron\n :at = ! conjunction t4 ,footnote3 ,:at prop]ly introduces a n\n clause express+ a direct or an indirect "q1 b a decl>ative n\n clause is introduc$ by ! conjunction t4 ,b may be plac$ be=e ?is conjunction to give a negative =ce to ! n\n clause4 ,?is use ( b requires c>eful discrim9ation4 ,= example--,i h no fe> t he w d x2 ,i h no fe> b t he w d x4 ,! =m] indicates c]ta9ty t he w n d x1 & ! latt] c]ta9ty t he w d x4 ,no "o d\bts b t he w d x is incorrect1 = x conta9s ?ree negatives--no1 d\bts1 & b4 ,two negatives may be us$ to affirm1 b n ?ree4 ,! int5d$ mean+ is1 ,no "o d\bts t he w d x1 or ,no "o believes b t he w d x1 or ,e "o believes t he w d x4 ,b :at1 = b t or b1 is also incorrectly us$ to connect an adv]b clause2 z1 ,he is n s bad b :at he might be worse4 ,= ?is (fice ( b or b t 9 an adv]b clause1 see ,lesson #aji1 f\r? ,example ( ! uses ( b4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,h& me !m ?+s4 #b4 ,:o kn[s b :at we may fail8 #c4 ,i _c believe b :at ,i %all see !m m5 aga94 #d4 ,we ought to h a great reg>d = !m t are wise & good4 ,caution4--,! relative :o %\ld always repres5t p]sons2 :i*1 brute animals & inanimate ?+s2 t1 p]sons1 animals1 & ?+s2 & :at1 ?+s4 ,! antec$5t ( :at %\ld n be express$4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,^? :i* say s are mi/ak54 #b4 ,he has "s fri5ds :i* ,i "k4 #c4 ,he told t :at he knew4 #d4 ,! dog :o 0 call$ ,fido w5t mad4 #e4 ,! lion :om !y 7 exhibit+ broke loose4 #f4 ,all :at he saw he describ$4 #g4 ,! horse :om ,alex&] rode 0 nam$ ,bucephalus4 ,direction4--,write correct s5t5ces illu/rat+ e po9t 9 ^! five ,cautions4 ,,lesson #hg4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,pron\ns--,,cont9u$4 ,caution4--,sev]al connect$ relative clauses relat+ to ! same antec$5t require ! same relative pron\n4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,x 0 ,joseph t 0 sold into ,egypt1 :o became gov]nor ( ! l&1 & :i* sav$ 8 fa!r & bro!rs f fam9e4 #b4 ,he :o lives1 t moves1 & :o has 8 be+ 9 ,god %\ld n =get him4 #c4 ,?is is ! horse :i* />t$ fir/1 & t rea*$ ! /& la/4 #d4 ,! man t fell ov]bo>d1 & :o 0 dr[n$ 0 ! fir/ mate4 ,caution4--,:5 ! relative clause is n re/rictive1 ,footnote3 ,see ,lesson #fa4 :o or :i*1 & n t1 is g5]ally us$4 ,example4--,wat]1 :i* is compos$ ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 cov]s ?ree-f\r?s ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! e>? is envelop$ by an ocean ( air1 t is a comp\nd ( oxyg54 & nitrog54 #b4 ,longfell[1 t is ! mo/ popul> ,am]ican poet1 has writt5 beautiful prose4 #c4 ,"t1 t is a preci\s gift1 %\ld n be wa/$4 #d4 ,man1 t is born ( woman1 is ( few days & full ( tr\ble4 ,caution4--,! relative t ,footnote3 ,t is almo/ always re/rictive4 ,h[ev] desirable x may seem to conf9e :o & :i* to unre/rictive clauses1 !y are n conf9$ to !m 9 actual practice4 ,! wide use ( :o & :i* 9 re/rictive clauses is n acc\nt$ = by say+ t !y occur aft] ?is1 ^!1 ^?1 & t1 & h5ce are us$ to avoid disagreeable repetitions ( s\nds4 ,?is may frequ5tly be ! reason = employ+ :o & :i* 9 re/rictive clauses2 b usage au?orizes u to affirm 7#a7 t :o & :i* /& 9 su* clauses (t5] )\t1 ?an )1 ?is1 ^!1 ^?1 or t prec$+ !m1 & 7#b7 t !y s /& (t5] ?an t itself does4 ,especially may ?is be said ( :i*4 %\ld be us$ in/ead ( :o or :i* 7#a7 :5 ! antec$5t names bo? p]sons & ?+s2 7#b7 :5 t w\ld prev5t ambiguity2 & 7#c7 :5 x w\ld s\nd bett] ?an :o or :i*1 e4 g41 aft] t1 same1 v1 all1 ! int]rogative :o1 ! indef9ite x1 & adjectives express+ quality 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,example4--,he liv$ ne> a pond t 0 a nuisance4 7,t relates to pond--! pond 0 a nuisance4 ,:i* might h1 = its antec$5t1 pond1 or ! :ole clause ,he liv$ ne> a pond2 & s its use "h w\ld be ambigu\s47 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! wise/ m5 :o ev] liv$ made mi/akes4 #b4 ,! *ief mat]ial :i* is us$ n[ 9 build+ is brick4 #c4 ,:o :o saw him did n pity him8 #d4 ,he is ! v man :om we want4 #e4 ,he is ! same :o he has ev] be54 #f4 ,he s5t 8 boy to a s*ool :i* did him good4 #g4 ,all :o knew him respect$ him4 #h4 ,x 0 n ,i :o did x4 #i4 ,t man t y j met is my fri5d4 ,caution4--,! relative clause %\ld be plac$ z ne> z possible to ! ^w :i* x modifies4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! pupil w receive a rew>d f 8 tea*] :o is dilig5t4 #b4 ,h] hair hung 9 r+lets1 :i* 0 d>k & glossy4 #c4 ,a dog 0 f\nd 9 ! /reet t wore a brass coll>4 #d4 ,a purse 0 pick$ up by a boy t 0 made ( lea!r4 #e4 ,claudius 0 canoniz$ among ! gods1 :o sc>cely des]v$ ! "n ( man4 #f4 ,he %\ld n keep a horse t _c ride4 ,caution4--,:5 ?is & t1 ^! & ^?1 ! "o & ! o!r ref] to ?+s previ\sly m5tion$1 ?is & ^! ref] to ! la/ m5tion$1 & t & ^? to ! fir/ m5tion$2 ! "o ref]s to ! fir/ m5tion$1 & ! o!r to ! la/ m5tion$4 ,:5 !re is dang] ( obscurity1 repeat ! n\ns4 ,examples4--,high & tall are synonyms3 ?is may be us$ 9 speak+ ( :at gr[s--a tree2 t1 9 speak+ ( :at does n gr[--a m\nta94 ,hom] 0 a g5ius2 ,virgil1 an arti/3 9 ! "o we mo/ admire ! man2 9 ! o!r1 ! "w4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,tal5t speaks le>n$ly at ! b>2 tact1 triumphantly3 ?is is complim5t$ by ! b5*2 t gets ! fees4 #b4 ,*>les ,,xii4 & ,pet] ! ,great 7 sov]eigns3 ! "o 0 lov$ by 8 p2 ! o!r 0 hat$4 #c4 ,! selfi% & ! b5evol5t are f\nd 9 e community2 ^! are %unn$1 :ile ^? are s\ght aft]4 ,direction4--,write correct s5t5ces illu/rat+ e po9t 9 ^! five ,cautions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #hh4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,pron\ns--,,cont9u$4 ,miscellane\s ,errors4 ,direction4--,give ! ,cautions :i* ^! s5t5ces violate1 & correct ! errors3-- #a4 ,he :o does all :i* he c does en\gh4 #b4 ,john's fa!r di$ be=e he 0 born4 #c4 ,:ales are ! l>ge/ animals :i* swim4 #d4 ,boys :o /udy h>d1 & t /udy wisely make progress4 #e4 ,!re are m9]s t live bel[ gr\nd1 & :o seldom see ! light4 #f4 ,he did t :at 0 "r4 #g4 ,g5]al ,lee1 t s]v$ "u ,wa%+ton1 _h be5 a ,briti% (fic]4 #h4 ,a man %\ld sit d[n & c\nt ! co/ :o is ab\t to build a h\se4 #i4 ,!y ne$ no spectacles t are bl9d4 #aj4 ,!y buy no books :o are n able to read4 #aa4 ,cotton1 t is a plant1 is wov5 into clo?4 #ab4 ,d y "k t g5tleman t is speak+8 #ac4 ,!re is no book :i*1 :5 we look ?r\gh x %>ply1 we _c f9d mi/akes 9 x4 #ad4 ,! report] :i* said t 0 deceiv$4 #ae4 ,! diamond1 t is pure c>bon1 is a brilliant gem4 #af4 ,! brakem5 & ! cattle :i* 7 on ! tra9 7 kill$4 #ag4 ,reputation & "* d n mean ! same ?+3 ! "o d5otes :at we are2 ! o!r1 :at we are ?\ght to be4 #ah4 ,kosciusko hav+ come to ?is c\ntry1 he aid$ u 9 our ,revolution>y /ruggle4 #ai4 ,:at pleas$ me mu*1 & :i* 0 spok5 ( by o!rs1 0 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! class4 #bj4 ,!re are _m boys ^: fa!rs & mo!rs di$ :5 !y 7 infants4 #ba4 ,witness said t 8 wife's fa!r came to 8 h\se1 & he ord]$ him out1 b he refus$ to g4 #bb4 ,%all y be able to sell !m boots8 #bc4 ,i don't "k b :at ,i may4 #bd4 ,be] & w9e are favorite dr9ks abroad3 ! "o is made f grapes2 ! o!r1 f b>ley4 #be4 ,!re is "o m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 %9]s & tr\t2 ^! h scales1 & ^? h n4 #bf4 ,!y "k little ( m51 :o reason ?us4 #bg4 ,help ?yself1 & ,heav5 w help y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #hi4 ,,classes ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,y le>n$ 9 ,lesson #ab t1 9 ! s5t5ces ,ripe apples are heal?ful1 ,unripe apples are hurtful1 ! adjectives ripe & unripe limit1 or n>r[1 ! application ( apples by describ+1 or by express+ c]ta9 qualities ( ! fruit4 ,y le>n$ also t !1 ?is1 an1 no1 "s1 & _m limit1 or n>r[1 ! application ( any n\n :i* !y modify1 z apple or apples1 by po9t+ out ! p>ticul> fruit1 by numb]+ x1 or by d5ot+ ! quantity ( x4 ,adjectives :i* limit by express+ quality are call$ ,descriptive ,adjectives2 & ^? :i* limit by po9t+ out1 numb]+1 or d5ot+ quantity are call$ ,def9itive ,adjectives4 ,adjectives modify+ a n\n d n limit1 or n>r[1 its application 7#a7 :5 !y d5ote qualities t always belong to ! ?+ nam$2 z1 yell[ gold1 ! good ,god1 ! blue sky2 or 7#b7 :5 !y are attribute complem5ts1 d5ot+ qualities ass]t$ by ! v]b2 z1 ,! fields 7 gre52 ,! gr\nd 0 dry & h>d4 ,,def9itions4 ,an ,adjective is a ^w us$ to modify a n\n or a pron\n4,footnote3 ,pron\ns1 l n\ns1 are (t5 modifi$ by an appositive adjective1 t is1 an adjective jo9$ loosely )\t re/rict+3 ?us--,fa9t & we>y1 he /ruggl$ on or1 ,he1 fa9t & we>y1 /ruggl$ on4 ,adjectives t complete ! pr$icate belong z freely to pron\ns z to n\ns4 ,a ,descriptive ,adjective is "o t modifies by express+ quality4 ,a ,def9itive ,adjective is "o t modifies by po9t+ out1 numb]+1 or d5ot+ quantity4,footnote3 ,! def9itive adjectives "o1 two1 ?ree1 etc42 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 etc4 are call$ ,num]al adjectives4 ,"o1 two1 ?ree1 etc4 are call$ ,c>d9al num]als2 & fir/1 second1 ?ird--etc4 are call$ ,ord9al num]als ,! def9itive adjectives an or a & ! are commonly call$ ,articles4 ,an or a is call$ ! ,indef9ite ,article1 & ! is call$ ! ,def9ite ,article4 ,a n\n may take ! place ( an adjective4 ,examples4--,london j\rnals1 ! ,new ,york press1 silv] spoons1 diamond p91 /ate pap]s1 gold bracelet4 ,direction4--,po9t out ! descriptive & ! def9itive adjectives bel[1 & "n su* z d n limit3-- ,able /atesm51 mu* ra91 t5 mice1 brass kettle1 small gra9s1 ,mans>d ro(1 "s feel+1 all m51 hundr$? anniv]s>y1 ! ,pitt diamond1 ! pati5t ,hannibal1 little ?read1 cru%+ argum5t1 mov+ spectacle1 ! m>tyr presid5t1 t9 pans1 few p1 less tr\ble1 ?is toy1 any book1 brave ,wa%+ton1 ,wa%+ton m>ket1 ?ree cats1 sl5d] cord1 t libel1 happy *ildr51 ! broad ,atlantic1 ,! huge cl\ds 7 d>k & ?reat5+1 ,eyes are bright1 ,:at "n 0 giv58 ,:i* book is want$8 ,direction4--,po9t out ! descriptive & ! def9itive adjectives 9 ,lessons #hj & #ha1 & tell :e!r !y d5ote color1 motion1 %ape1 position1 size1 moral qualities1 or :e!r !y modify 9 "s o!r way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ij4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,caution4--,an & a are diff]5t =ms ( "o4 ,an is us$ be=e v[el s\nds4 ,= ! sake ( euphony1 an drops n & becomes a be=e consonant s\nds4,footnote3 ,"s writ]s /ill use an be=e words beg9n+ ) unacc5t$ h2 z1 an hi/orian4 ,examples4--,an ink/&1 a bag1 a hi/orian1 a humble petition1 an h\r 7h is sil5t71 a unit 7unit beg9s ) ! consonant s\nd ( y71 su* a "o 7"o beg9s ) ! consonant s\nd ( w74 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- ,a heir1 a inh]itance1 an hook1 an ew]1 an usurp]1 a acc\nt1 an uni=m1 an hundr$1 a umpire1 an h>d apple1 an h]o4 ,caution4--,an or a is us$ to limit a n\n to "o ?+ ( a class--to any "o4 ,! is us$ to di/+ui% 7#a7 "o ?+ or sev]al ?+s f o!rs1 & 7#b7 "o class ( ?+s f o!r classes4 ,explanation4--,we c say a horse1 mean+ any "o horse2 b we _c say1 ,a gold is heavy1 ,?is is a poor k9d ( a gas1 ,william ,pitt receiv$ ! title ( an e>l because gold1 gas1 & e>l are "h meant to d5ote ea* ! :ole ( a class1 & a limits its n\n to "o ?+ ( a class4 ,! horse or ! horses mu/ be turn$ into ! lot4 ,"h ! be=e horse di/+ui%es a c]ta9 animal1 & ! be=e horses di/+ui%es c]ta9 animals1 f o!rs ( ! same class2 & ! be=e lot di/+ui%es ! field f ! y>d or ! /able--?+s 9 o!r classes4 ,! horse is a noble animal4 ,"h ! di/+ui%es ?is class ( animals f o!r classes4 ,b we _c say1 ,! man 7mean+ ! race7 is mortal1 ,! ang] is a %ort madness1 ,! tru? is et]nal1 ,! poetry & ! pa9t+ are f9e arts1 because man1 ang]1 tru?1 poetry1 & pa9t+ are us$ 9 _! wide/ s5se1 & "n ?+s t are suffici5tly di/+ui%$ )\t !4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution z expla9$1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,?is is ano!r k9d ( a s5t5ce4 #b4 ,*ur*ill receiv$ ! title ( a duke4 #c4 ,a hill is f ! same root z column4 #d4 ,dog is a quadrup$4 #e4 ,i expect$ "s su* an (f]4 #f4 ,! woman is ! equal ( man4 #g4 ,! sculpture is a f9e art4 #h4 ,unicorn is k9d ( a rh9oc]os4 #i4 ,oak is h>d] ?an ! maple4 ,caution4--,use an1 a1 or ! be=e ea* ( two or m connect$ adjectives1 :5 ^! adjectives modify diff]5t n\ns1 express$ or und]/ood2 b1 :5 !y modify ! same n\n1 ! article %\ld n be repeat$4 ,explanation4--,a cotton & a silk umbrella means two umbrellas--"o cotton & ! o!r silk2 ! ^w umbrella is und]/ood aft] cotton4 ,a cotton & silk umbrella means "o umbrella p>tly cotton & p>tly silk2 cotton & silk modify ! same n\n--umbrella4 ,! wise & ! good means two classes2 ! wise & good means "o class4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution z expla9$1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 #b4 ,! ,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]es4 #c4 ,! "r & left h&4 #d4 ,a ,pullman & ,wagn] sleep+-coa*4 #e4 ,! f\r? & ! fif? v]ses4 #f4 ,! f\r? & fif? v]se4 #g4 ,a ,web/]'s & ,worce/]'s diction>y4 ,caution4--,use an1 a1 or ! be=e ea* ( two or m connect$ n\ns d5ot+ ?+s t are to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r or emphasiz$4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! s9 & s9n]4 #b4 ,we criticise n ! dress b address ( ! speak]4 #c4 ,a n\n & pron\n are alike 9 (fice4 #d4 ,di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 an adjective & adv]b4 #e4 ,! lion1 z well z tig]1 belongs to ! cat tribe4 #f4 ,nei!r ! ,nor? ,pole nor ,s\? ,pole has yet be5 rea*$4 #g4 ,! secret>y & treasur] 7 bo? abs5t4 7,! secret>y & treasur] 0 abs5t--ref]r+ to "o p]son--is correct47 ,caution4--,a few & a little mean "s z oppos$ to none2 few means n _m1 & little means n mu*4 ,examples4--,he sav$ a few ?+s & a little money f ! wreck4 ,few %all "p :]e _m meet4 ,little 0 said or done ab\t x4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,!re are a few pleasant days 9 ,m>*1 because x is a /ormy mon?4 #b4 ,he sav$ a little f ! fire1 z x broke out 9 ! night4 #c4 ,few m5 live to be hundr$ ye>s old1 b n _m4 #d4 ,little c be done1 b n mu*4 ,direction4--,write correct s5t5ces illu/rat+ e po9t 9 ^! ,cautions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ia4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,adjectives--,,cont9u$4 ,caution4--,*oose apt adjectives1 b d n use !m ne$lessly2 avoid su* z repeat ! idea or exagg]ate x4 ,rem>k4--,! foll[+ adjectives are obvi\sly ne$less3 ,good virtues1 v]dant gre51 pa9ful too?a*e1 umbrage\s %ade4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution c>efully1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,x 0 spl5did fun4 #b4 ,x 0 a trem5d\s dew4 #c4 ,he us$ less words ?an ! o!r speak]4 #d4 ,! lad 0 nei!r docile nor tea*able4 #e4 ,! belief 9 immortality is common & univ]sal4 #f4 ,x 0 a gorge\s apple4 #g4 ,! arm-*air 0 roomy & capaci\s4 #h4 ,x 0 a lovely bun1 b ,i paid a frightful price = x4 ,caution4--,s place adjectives t !re c be no d\bt z to :at y int5d !m to modify4 ,if ^? =m+ a s]ies are ( diff]5t rank1 place ne>e/ ! n\n ! "o mo/ closely modify+ x4 ,if !y are ( ! same rank1 place !m :]e !y w s\nd be/--g5]ally 9 ! ord] ( l5g?1 ! %orte/ fir/4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,a new bottle ( w9e4 #b4 ,! h\se 0 com=table & l>ge4 #c4 ,a salt b>rel ( pork4 #d4 ,x 0 a blue s(t beautiful sky4 #e4 ,a fri$ di% ( bacon4 #f4 ,we saw 9 ! di/ance a precipit\s1 b>r51 t[]+ m\nta94 #g4 ,two gray fi]y little eyes4 #h4 ,a docile & mild pupil4 #i4 ,a pupil1 docile & mild4 ,direction4--,write correct s5t5ces illu/rat+ e po9t 9 ^! two ,cautions4 ,miscellane\s ,errors4 ,direction4--,give ! ,cautions :i* ^! expressions violate1 & correct ! errors3-- #a4 ,i c be> ! heat ( summ]1 b n cold ( w9t]4 #b4 ,! ,nor? & ,s\? ,pole4 #c4 ,! elde/ son ( a duke is call$ a m>quis4 #d4 ,he _h deceiv$ me1 & s ,i _h a little fai? 9 him4 #e4 ,an old & "y man4 #f4 ,a prodigi\s sn[ball hit my *eek4 #g4 ,! evil is intol]able & n to be borne4 #h4 ,! fat1 two lazy m54 #i4 ,8 p5man%ip is fe>ful4 #aj4 ,a :ite & r$ flag 7 fly+4 #aa4 ,8 unusual1 unexpect$1 & extraord9>y success surpris$ him4 #ab4 ,he want$ a apple1 an h>d apple4 #ac4 ,a dri$ box ( h]r+s4 #ad4 ,he receiv$ a honor4 #ae4 ,su* an use6 #af4 ,! day 0 delightful & w>m4 #ag4 ,samuel ,adams's habits 7 uno/5tati\s1 frugal1 & simple4 #ah4 ,! victory 0 complete1 ?\gh a few ( ! enemy 7 kill$ or captur$4 #ai4 ,! tru? is mighty & w prevail4 #bj4 ,! scept]1 ! mit]1 & coronet seem to me poor ?+s = great m5 to cont5d =4 #ba4 ,a few c swim across ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 = ! wid? is great & ! curr5t /rong4 #bb4 ,i h a contemptible op9ion ( y4 #bc4 ,%e has less fri5ds ?an ,i4 ,,lesson #ib4 ,,classes ,,( ,,v]bs ,,& ,,adv]bs4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,y le>n$ 9 ,lesson #bh t 9 say+ ,wa%+ton captur$ we d n fully express ! act p]=m$4 ,add+ ,cornwallis1 we complete ! pr$icate by nam+ ! "o t receives ! act t passes ov] f ! do]4 ,transitive means pass+ ov]1 & s all v]bs t repres5t an act z pass+ ov] f a do] to a receiv] are call$ ,transitive ,v]bs4 ,if we say ,cornwallis 0 captur$ by ,wa%+ton1 ! v]b is /ill transitive2 b ! object1 ,cornwallis1 :i* names ! receiv]1 is "h ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 & n1 z be=e1 ! object complem5t4 ,y see t ! object1 ! ^w t names ! receiv] ( ! act1 may be ! subject1 or x may be ! object complem5t4 ,all v]bs t1 l fall 9 ,leaves fall1 d n repres5t ! act z pass+ ov] to a receiv]1 & all t express m]e be+ or /ate ( be+ are call$ ,intransitive ,v]bs4 ,a v]b transitive 9 "o s5t5ce2 z1 ,he writes good ,engli%1 may be intransitive 9 ano!r2 z1 ,he writes well--mean+ simply ,he is a good writ]4 ,a v]b is transitive only :5 an object is express$ or obvi\sly und]/ood4 ,wa%+ton captur$ ,cornwallis4 ,"h captur$ repres5ts ! act z hav+ tak5 place 9 pa/ "t4 ,t5se means "t1 & h5ce ?is v]b is 9 ! pa/ t5se4 ,cornwallis captur$1 ! w> spe$ily clos$4 ,"h captur$ is1 z y h le>n$1 a p>ticiple2 &1 repres5t+ ! act z pa/ at ! "t indicat$ by clos$1 x is a pa/ p>ticiple4 ,notice t ed is add$ to capture 7f9al e is always dropp$ :5 ed is add$7 to =m its pa/ t5se & its pa/ p>ticiple4 ,all v]bs t =m ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed to ! pres5t are call$ ,regul> ,v]bs4 ,all v]bs t d n =m ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed to ! pres5t2 z1 fall1 fell1 fall52 g1 w5t1 gone1 are call$ ,irregul> ,v]bs4 ,e>ly1 h]eaft]1 n[1 (t51 soon1 pres5tly1 etc41 us$ to modify any v]b--z1 w g 91 ,i w g soon--by express+ "t1 are call$ ,adv]bs ( ,"t4 ,away1 back1 else:]e1 h5ce1 out1 )91 etc41 us$ to modify any v]b--z1 w g 91 ,i w g away--by express+ direction or place1 are call$ ,adv]bs ( ,place4 ,exce$+ly1 h>dly1 q1 suffici5tly1 too1 v1 etc41 us$ to modify a ^w--z ! adjective hot 91 ,! tea is v hot--by express+ degree1 are call$ ,adv]bs ( ,degree4 ,pla9ly1 s1 ?us1 well1 n1 ,footnote3 ,x may be wor? rem>k+ t :ile !re are _m negative n\ns1 pron\ns1 v]bs1 adjectives1 & conjunctions 9 o> language1 negation is m frequ5tly express$ 9 ,engli% by ! adv]b ?an by any o!r "p ( spee*--?an by all o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,a v l>ge p] c5t ( ^! adv]bs modify ! v]b4 ,t is to say1 x is l>gely ?r\gh ! adv]b t :at ! pr$icate expresses is decl>$ n to be true ( ! ?+ nam$ by ! subject4 ,x is v sugge/ive t mu* ( :at is said consi/s ( d5ial--is tak5 up 9 tell+ n :at is true ( ?+s b :at is n true ( !m4 ,! negative p>ticle 9 our language is simply ! consonant n4 ,9 ,saxon x exi/$ z a ^w ne2 b we h lo/ t ^w1 & x is n[ a lett] only1 :i*1 ent]s into _m words1 z into no1 n1 n\ght1 none1 nei!r1 nor1 nev]4--,e>le4 ,no & yes 7nay & yea71 :5 us$ to answ] ,que/ions1 %[ h[ ! ?\ght pres5t$ is reg>d$1 & may !re=e be class$ ) adv]bs ( mann]4 ,!y are sometimes call$ indep5d5t adv]bs4 ,!y seem to modify words omitt$ 9 ! answ] b conta9$ 9 ! "q2 z1 ,did y see him8 ,no ,i did no 7n7 see him2 ,w y g8 ,yes4 ,! =ce ( yes may be illu/rat$ by sub/itut+ c]ta9ly--,w y g8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,c]ta9ly ,i w g1 or ,i w c]ta9ly g4 ,z no & yes repres5t or sugge/ complete answ]s1 !y may be call$ s5t5ce-words4 etc41 us$ to modify a ^w--z1 spoke 91 ,he spoke pla9ly--by express+ mann]1 are call$ ,adv]bs ( ,mann]4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 :y1 etc41 us$ 9 mak+ an inf]5ce or 9 express+ cause--z1 ,x is d>k1 h5ce1 or !re=e1 ! sun is d[n2 ,:y is x d>k8--are call$ ,adv]bs ( ,cause4 ,"s adv]bs fall into m ?an "o class2 z1 s & z4 ,"s adv]bs1 z y h le>n$1 connect clauses1 & are !re=e call$ ,conjunctive ,adv]bs4 ,,def9itions4 ,a ,v]b is a ^w t ass]ts action1 be+1 or /ate ( be+4 ,,classes ,,( ,,v]bs ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,mean+4 ,a ,transitive ,v]b is "o t requires an object4 ,footnote3 ,! object ( a transitive v]b1 t is1 ! "n ( ! receiv] ( ! action1 may be ! object complem5t1 or x may be ! subject2 z1 ,brutus /abb$ ,caes>2 ,caes> 0 /abb$ by ,brutus4 ,see page #ahg4 ,an ,intransitive ,v]b is "o t does n require an object4 ,,classes ,,( ,,v]bs ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,=m4 ,a ,regul> ,v]b is "o t =ms its pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed to ! pres5t4 ,an ,irregul> ,v]b is "o t does n =m its pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed to ! pres5t4 ,an ,adv]b is a ^w us$ to modify a v]b1 an adjective1 or an adv]b4 ,footnote3 ,adv]bs h sev]al exceptional uses4 ,!y may be us$ indep5d5tly2 z1 ,n[1 !re mu/ be an error "h4 ,!y may modify a phrase or a preposition2 z1 ,he came j 9 "t2 ,x w5t f> beyond ! m>k4 ,!y may modify a clause or a s5t5ce2 z1 ,he let g simply because he 0 exhau/$2 ,c]ta9ly y may g4 ,x may also be not$ "h t adv]bs are us$ int]rogatively2 z1 ,h[1 :51 & :]e is ?is to be done8 & t !y may add to ! (fice ( ! adv]b t ( ! conjunction2 z1 ,i g :]e ,i am s5t4 ,,classes ,,( ,,adv]bs4 ,adv]bs ( ,"t are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,:58 ,adv]bs ( ,place are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,:]e8 ,adv]bs ( ,degree are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,to :at ext5t8 ,adv]bs ( ,mann] are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,9 :at way8 ,adv]bs ( ,cause are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,:y8 ,direction4--,po9t out ! transitive & ! intransitive1 ! regul> & ! irregul> v]bs 9 ,lesson #ad1 & classify ! adv]bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ic4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,adv]bs4 ,caution4--,*oose apt adv]bs1 b d n use !m ne$lessly or in/ead ( o!r =ms ( expression2 avoid su* z repeat ! idea or exagg]ate x4 ,examples4--,i c\ld ill 7n illy7 af=d ! "t4 ,d z 7n l7 ,i d4 ,a diph?ong is ! union ( two v[els 7n :]e or :5 two v[els unite7 9 ! same syllable4 ,?is 7n ?is "h or ?is 'ere7 s5t5ce is correct4 ,he wrote t 7n h[ t7 he _h be5 sick4 ,! belief 9 immortality is univ]sally held 7n univ]sally held ev]y:]e74 ,8 nose 0 v 7n t]ribly or frightfully7 r$1 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,examples1 & correct ^! errors4-- #a4 ,i return$ back "h ye/]day4 #b4 ,he _h n h>dly a m9ute to sp>e4 #c4 ,! affair 0 settl$ amicably1 peaceably1 & peacefully4 #d4 ,x 0 awfully amus+4 #e4 ,?is 'ere knife is dull4 #f4 ,t 'ere horse has ! heaves4 #g4 ,a direct quotation is :5 ! exact words ( ano!r are copi$4 #h4 ,i d n l too mu* sug> 9 my tea4 #i4 ,he seldom or ev] w5t home sob]4 #aj4 ,! belief 9 immortality is univ]sally held by all4 #aa4 ,i am dreadfully glad to he> t4 #ab4 ,?is is a fe>fully long lesson4 #ac4 ,he said h[ t he w\ld g4 ,caution4--,s place adv]bs t !re c be no d\bt z to :at y int5d !m to modify4 ,h reg>d to ! s\nd also4 ,!y seldom /& betwe5 to & ! inf9itive4 ,footnote3 ,in/ances ( ! cleft1 or split1 inf9itive--! inf9itive sep>at$ f its to by an int]v5+ adv]b--are f\nd 9 ,e>ly ,engli% & 9 ,engli% all ! way d[n1 ,fitz$w>d ,hall & o!rs h %[n ?is4 ,b !re c be no "q t usage is ov]:elm+ly aga9/ an adv]b's /&+ betwe5 to & ! inf9itive4 ,few writ]s ev] place an adv]b !re at all2 & ^! few1 only an occasional adv]b1 & t adv]b only occasionally4 ,:e!r ! adv]b %\ld be plac$ be=e ! to or aft] ! inf9itive is (t5 a nice "q1 sometimes to be det]m9$ by ! e> alone4 ,x %\ld nev] /&1 h[ev]1 :]e x w\ld leave ! mean+ ambigu\s or 9 any way obscure4 ,examples4--,i only r[$ across ! riv] ,i only 7 alone1 an adjective71 & no "o else1 r[$ etc41 or ,i only r[$ etc41 b did n swim or wade4 ,i r[$ only across ! riv] across1 n up or d[n etc4 ,i r[$ across ! riv] only ! riv] only1 n ! bay etc4 ,m]ely to see 7n to m]ely see7 h] 0 suffici5t4 ,n e collegian is a s*ol> 7n ,e collegian is n a s*ol>74 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,examples1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,i h ?\ght ( m>ry+ (t54 #b4 ,we only eat ?ree meals a day4 #c4 ,he hopes to rapidly recruit4 #d4 ,all is n gold t glitt]s4 #e4 ,he tries to di/9ctly speak4 #f4 ,he tries di/9ctly to speak4 #g4 ,all t glitt]s is n gold4 #h4 ,8 sagacity almo/ appe>s miracul\s4 ,caution4--,unless y wi% to affirm1 d n use two negative words s t !y %all contradict ea* o!r4 ,footnote3 ,n 9frequ5tly we use two negatives to make an affirmation2 z1 ,he is n unj2 ,no man c d no?+4 ,examples4--,no "o has 7n hasn't7 yet rea*$ ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,no unpleasant circum/ance happ5$ 7prop]1 because x is int5d$ to affirm74 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,examples1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,no o!r reason c nev] be giv54 #b4 ,he doesn't d no?+4 #c4 ,he isn't improv+ mu*1 ,i don't ?9k4 #d4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ wrong :5 *ildr5 d n love nei!r fa!r nor "m4 #e4 ,he isn't no sneak4 #f4 ,*>lie ,ross c't n[h]e be f\nd4 ,caution4--,d n use adv]bs = adjectives or adjectives = adv]bs4 ,examples4--,! moon looks calm & peaceful 7n calmly & peacefully1 z ! words are int5d$ to describe ! moon74 ,! moon looks d[n calmly & peacefully on ! battlefield 7n calm & peaceful1 z ! words are int5d$ to tell h[ %e p]=ms ! act74 ,i slept s\ndly 7n good or s\nd74 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,examples1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,x 0 a s(tly blue sky4 #b4 ,! riv] runs rapid4 #c4 ,y mu/ read m di/9ct4 #d4 ,x 0 an uncommon good h>ve/4 #e4 ,%e is mo/ sixte54 #f4 ,! discussion wax$ w>mly4 #g4 ,! prima donna s+s sweet4 #h4 ,%e is mis]able poor4 #i4 ,my head feels badly4 #aj4 ,he spoke up prompt4 #aa4 ,he w5t mo/ !re4 #ab4 ,he behav$ v bad4 #ac4 ,?is is a mighty cold day4 ,direction4--,write correct s5t5ces illu/rat+ e po9t 9 ^! f\r ,cautions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #id4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,adv]bs-,,cont9u$4 ,miscellane\s ,errors4 ,direction4--,give ! ,cautions :i* ^! s5t5ces violate1 & correct ! errors3-- #a4 ,beg9 x ov] aga94 #b4 ,?is c be done easi]4 #c4 ,! h\se is extra w>m4 #d4 ,mo/ e "o goes !re4 #e4 ,i h a p5cil t long4 #f4 ,he hasn't 8 lesson1 ,i don't believe4 #g4 ,a circle c't 9 no way be squ>$4 #h4 ,?is is a rem>kable cold w9t]4 #i4 ,! "o is z equally des]v+ z ! o!r4 #aj4 ,fea!rs feel s(tly4 #aa4 ,x is pretty ne> f9i%$4 #ab4 ,v]bosity is :5 too _m words are us$4 #ac4 ,x is a wond]ful f9e day4 #ad4 ,he is "s bett] j n[4 #ae4 ,g5]ally e morn+ we w5t to ! spr+4 #af4 ,i wi% to simply /ate ?is po9t4 #ag4 ,he tri$ to n only injure b to also ru9 ! man4 #ah4 ,! lesson 0 prodigi\sly long4 #ai4 ,! c>s w n /op at ?is /ation only :5 ! bell r+s4 #bj4 ,he c d x z good z any "o c4 #ba4 ,mo/ ev]ybody talks s4 #bb4 ,he hasn't yet gone1 ,i don't believe4 #bc4 ,he behav$ ?\ghtlessly1 recklessly1 & c>elessly4 #bd4 ,t 'ere book is readable4 #be4 ,i w n g b once4 #bf4 ,i c't f9d out nei!r :]e ! lesson beg9s nor :]e x ends4 #bg4 ,!y 7 ne>ly dress$ alike4 #bh4 ,! tortur$ man begg$ t !y w\ld kill him aga9 & aga94 #bi4 ,! =tune 0 lavi%ly1 pr(usely1 & prodigally sp5t4 #cj4 ,i am real glad to see y4 #ca4 ,we publi% all ! in=mation1 (ficial & o!rwise4 ,,lesson #ie4 ,,prepositions4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,preposition is a ^w t introduces a phrase modifi]1 & %[s ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( its pr9cipal ^w to ! ^w modifi$4 ,composition4 ,direction4--,we give bel[ a li/ ( ! prepositions 9 common use4 ,make %ort s5t5ces 9 :i* ea* ( ^! %all be aptly us$4 ,use two or ?ree ( !m 9 a s+le s5t5ce if y wi%3-- ,abo>d1 ab\t1 above1 across1 aft]1 aga9/1 along1 amid1 amid/1 among1 among/1 ar\nd1 at1 a?w>t1 be=e1 beh9d1 bel[1 b5ea?1 beside1 besides1 betwe51 betwixt1 beyond1 b1 by1 d[n1 ere1 =1 f1 91 into1 (1 on1 ov]1 pa/1 r\nd1 s9ce1 ?r\gh1 ?r\gh\t1 till1 to1 t[>d1 t[>ds1 "u1 und]nea?1 until1 unto1 up1 ^u1 )1 )91 )\t4 ,rem>ks4--,bat+1 conc]n+1 dur+1 except+1 not)/&+1 p5d+1 reg>d+1 respect+1 sav+1 & t\*+ are /ill p>ticiples 9 =m & sometimes are su* 9 use4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! p>ticipial mean+ has fad$ out ( !m1 & !y express m]e relations4 ,b1 except1 & save1 9 su* a s5t5ce z1 ,all b or except or save him 7 lo/1 are usually class$ ) prepositions4 ,! phrases abo>d (1 accord+ to1 along )1 z to1 because ( 7by cause (71 f among1 f betwe51 f "u1 in/ead ( 79 /ead (71 out (1 ov] aga9/1 & r\nd ab\t may be call$ comp\nd prepositions4 ,b f 9 ^! comp\nds2 z1 ,he crawl$ f "u ! ru9s1 really introduces a phrase1 ! pr9cipal t]m ( :i* is ! phrase t foll[s f4 ,_m prepositions become adv]bs :5 ! n\n :i* ord9>ily foll[s !m is omitt$2 z1 ,he rode pa/2 ,he /&s above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #if4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,prepositions4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,mo/ prepositions express relations s div]se1 & s delicate 9 _! %ades ( di/9ction t a def9ition ( !m bas$ ^u etymology w\ld mislead4 ,a happy & discrim9at+ use ( prepositions c be acquir$ only by an ext5d$ /udy ( good au?ors4 ,we d bel[ all t we ?9k x prud5t or pr(itable to d ) !m4 ,he %\ld he a man ( wide & c>eful read+ :o assumes to tea* pupils t su* prepositions1 & su* only1 %\ld be us$ ) c]ta9 words4 ,n[h]e 9 gramm> is dogmatism m dang]\s ?an "h4 ,t gramm>ian exce$s 8 commission :o m>ks out = ! pupils' feet a pa? n>r[] ?an ! highway :i* ! usage ( ! be/ writ]s & speak]s has ca/ up4 ,footnote3 ,take a s+le illu/ration4 ,gramm>ians1 9 g5]al1 tea* t betwe5 & betwixt ref] to two1 are us$ only :5 two ?+s or sets ( ?+s are ref]r$ to4 ,ord9>ily1 & :ile cl++ to _! d]ivation1 !y are s us$1 b are !y always1 & mu/ !y be8 ,!re 0 a hunt+ mat* agre$ ^u betwixt a lion1 an ass1 & a fox4-- ,l',e/range4 ,a ,triple ,alliance betwe5 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 & ,sw$54-- ,j4 ,b4 ,gre54 ,9 ! vacant space betwe5 ,p]sia1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 & ,e?iopia4--,gibbon4 ,8 flight betwe5 ! sev]al worlds4--,addison4 ,! id5tity ( =m betwe5 ! nom9ative1 accusative1 & vocative cases 9 ! neut]4 --,g4 ,p4 ,m>%4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! ?ree ord]s has be5 well express$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,muell]4--,w4 ,d4 ,:itney4 ,betwe5 su* diction>ies z ,worce/]'s1 ,! ,imp]ial1 & ,web/]'s4-- ,b4 ,g4 ,:ite4 ,betwixt ! sl5d] b\ghs came glimpses ( h] ivory neck4--,bryant4 ,) :at clumsy circumlocutions w\ld our spee* be fill$ if prepositions c\ld nev] slip ! lea% ( _! etymology6 ,:at simple & graceful sub/itute c\ld be f\nd = ! la/ phrase 9 ?is s5t5ce1 = in/ance3 ,!re 7 =ty desks 9 ! room ) ample space betwe5 !m8 ,we obs]ve t betwe5 is n re/rict$ to two4--,imp]ial ,diction>y4 ,9 all s5ses betwe5 has be51 f its e>lie/ appe>ance1 ext5d$ to m ?an two4 ,x is /ill ! only ^w available to express ! relation ( a ?+ to _m surr\nd+ ?+s sev]ally & individually--among express+ a relation to !m collectively & vaguely3 we %\ld n say1 ',! *oice lies among ! ?ree c&idates1' or 'to ins]t a ne$le among ! clos$ petals ( a fl[]4'--,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y4 ,we h collect$ hundr$s ( in/ances ( betwe5 us$ by good writ]s ) ?ree or m4 ,gu>d aga9/ su* expressions z betwe5 ea* page2 a *oice betwe5 "o ( sev]al4 ,direction4--,we give bel[ a few words ) ! prepositions :i* usually accompany !m4 ,=m %ort s5t5ces conta9+ ^! words comb9$ ) ea* ( ! prepositions :i* foll[ !m1 & note c>efully ! diff]5t relations express$ by ! diff]5t prepositions3-- 7,consult ! diction>y = bo? ! preposition & ! accompany+ ^w47 ,abide at1 by1 )2 accommodate to1 )2 advantage (1 ov]2 agree to1 )2 angry at1 )2 anxi\s ab\t1 =2 argue aga9/1 )2 arrive at1 92 att5d on or ^u1 to2 c>eless ab\t1 91 (2 communicate to1 )2 comp>e to1 )2 consi/s 91 (2 def5d aga9/1 f2 die by1 =1 (2 diff]5t f2 disappo9t$ 91 (2 di/+ui% by1 f2 famili> to1 )2 impati5t =1 (2 indulge 91 )2 influ5ce on1 ov]1 )2 ins5sible (1 to2 sat beside2 _m besides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ig4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,prepositions--,,cont9u$4 ,direction4--,d ) ! foll[+ words z ) ^? above3-- ,inquire aft]1 =1 into1 (2 intrude into1 ^u2 jo9$ to1 )2 lib]al (1 to2 live at1 91 on2 look aft]1 =1 on2 ne$ (2 oblig$ =1 to2 "p f1 )2 plac$ 91 on2 reconcile to1 )2 reg>d =1 to2 remon/rate aga9/1 )2 sank b5ea?1 91 into2 %>e 91 (1 )2 sit 91 on or ^u2 smile at1 on2 solicit\s ab\t1 =2 /rive =1 )1 aga9/2 ta/e =1 (2 t\* at1 on or ^u2 useful =1 91 to2 we>y (1 91 )2 ye>n =1 t[>ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ih4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,prepositions--,,cont9u$4 ,caution4--,great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 ! *oice ( prepositions4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,?is book is diff]5t to t4 #b4 ,he /ays to home4 #c4 ,!y two qu>rel$ among ea* o!r4 #d4 ,he is 9 want = money4 #e4 ,i 0 foll[$ ) a cr[d4 #f4 ,he fell f ! bridge 9 ! wat]4 ,footnote3 ,9 d5otes motion or re/ 9 a condition or place2 into1 *ange f "o condition or place into ano!r4 ,:5 "o is outside ( a place1 he may be able to get into x2 b he _c d any?+ 9 x until he has got into x4 #g4 ,he f\ght into ! ,revolution4 ,see previ\s footnote #h4 ,he be>s a close resemblance ( 8 fa!r4 #i4 ,he ent]$ 9 ! plot4 #aj4 ,he lives at ,london4 #aa4 ,he lives 9 ! turn ( ! road4 #ab4 ,i h ne$ = a vacation4 #ac4 ,! *ild di$ ) ! cr\p4 #ad4 ,he took a walk1 b 0 disappo9t$ ( x4 #ae4 ,he did n take a walk2 he 0 disappo9t$ 9 x4 #af4 ,he 0 accus$ ) felony4 #ag4 ,s*ool keeps ^u ,monday4 #ah4 ,place a m>k betwe5 ea* leaf4 #ai4 ,he is angry at 8 fa!r4 #bj4 ,he plac$ a lett] into my h&s4 #ba4 ,%e is angry ) y\r conduct4 #bb4 ,:at is ! matt] ( him8 #bc4 ,i saw him ov] to ! h\se4 #bd4 ,^! plants diff] ) ea* o!r4 #be4 ,he bo>ds to ! hotel4 #bf4 ,i bo>d 9 ! hotel4 #bg4 ,%e /ays at ! ,nor?4 #bh4 ,i h o!r reasons beside ^!4 ,footnote3 ,beside by ! side (2 besides 9 addition to4 #bi4 ,y make no use ) y\r tal5ts4 #cj4 ,he ?rew himself onto ! b$4 #ca4 ,! boys are h>d to "w4 #cb4 ,he di/ribut$ ! apples betwe5 8 f\r bro!rs4 #cc4 ,he w5t 9 ! p>k4 #cd4 ,y c confide on him4 #ce4 ,he arriv$ to ,toronto4 #cf4 ,i agree ) t plan4 #cg4 ,! ev5+ 0 sp5t by read+4 #ch4 ,c y accommodate me 9 "o ( ^?8 #ci4 ,:at a *ange a c5tury has produc$ ^u our c\ntry6 #dj4 ,he /ays to s*ool late4 #da4 ,! ye> ( ! ,re/oration plung$ ,milton 9 bitt] pov]ty4 #db4 ,! ,colonies decl>$ !mselves indep5d5t f ,engl&4 #dc4 ,i sp5t my ,saturdays by go+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & enjoy+ myself by fi%+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,prepositions--,,cont9u$4,footnote3 ,a preposition is a feeble ^w to end a s5t5ce )1 we are told4 ,s5t5ces 7#aj7 & 7#ac71 ,lesson #ei1 7#b71 ,lesson #fj1 & _m 9 succe$+ ,lessons violate ! rule s c>elessly express$4 ,( ?is rule1 laid d[n )\t reg>d to usage & ?\ghtlessly repeat$1 ,pr(4 ,au/9 ,phelps says1 ,a preposition z su* is by no means a feeble ^w2 & he quotes a bur/ ( feel+ f ,rufus ,*oate :i* ends ?us3 ,nev]1 s long z !re is left ( ,plym\? ,rock a piece l>ge en\gh to make a gunfl9t (6 ,?is1 ,pr(essor ,phelps says1 is pure/ idiomatic ,engli%4 ,he adds1 ,! old ,scot* int]rogative1 ',:at =8' is z pure ,engli% 9 writt5 z 9 colloquial spee*4 ,s5t5ces conta9+ two prepositions be=e a n\n are exce$+ly common 9 ,engli%--,! language itself is insep>able f1 or ess5tially a "p (1 ! ?\ghts4 ,su* s5t5ces h be5 condemn$1 b ! wor/ t c be urg$ aga9/ !m is1 t !y lack smoo?ness4 ,b smoo?ness is n always desirable4 ,s5t5ces conta9+ a transitive v]b & a preposition be=e a n\n are v common--,p[]less to affect1 or to be affect$ by1 ! times4 ,,caution4--,d n use prepositions ne$lessly4 ,,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,i w5t !re at ab\t noon4 #b4 ,9 :at latitude is ,bo/on 98 #c4 ,he came 9 = to h a talk4 #d4 ,i />t$ a week ago f la/ ,saturday4 #e4 ,he 0 born ,augu/ #ae1 9 #ahcd4 #f4 ,a good place to see a play is at ,wallack's4 #g4 ,he w5t to home4 #h4 ,i 0 lead+ ( a horse ab\t4 #i4 ,by :at /ates is ,k5tucky b\nd$ by8 #aj4 ,8 s]vants ye are to :om ye obey4 #aa4 ,:]e are y go+ to8 #ab4 ,!y admitt$ ( ! fact4 #ac4 ,raise y\r book (f ( ! table4 #ad4 ,he took ! pok] f out ( ! fire4 #ae4 ,( :at is ! air compos$ (8 #af4 ,y c tell by try+ ( x4 #ag4 ,:]e h y be5 to8 #ah4 ,! boy is l to 8 fa!r4 #ai4 ,!y (f]$ to him a *air4 #bj4 ,?is is ! subject ( :i* ,i int5d to write ab\t4 #ba4 ,butt] br+s tw5ty c5ts = a p\nd4 #bb4 ,give to me a knife4 #bc4 ,i h a bro!r ( five ye>s old4 #bd4 ,to :at may ,italy be lik5$ to8 #be4 ,9 ab\t ,april ! f>m] puts 9 8 se$4 #bf4 ,jack's favorite sport 0 9 robb+ or*>ds4 #bg4 ,be=e answ]+ ( y1 ,i mu/ ?9k4 #bh4 ,he lives ne> to ! riv]4 #bi4 ,keep (f ( ! grass4 ,caution4--,d n omit prepositions :5 !y are ne$$4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,!re is no use go+ !re4 #b4 ,he is wor?y our help4 #c4 ,i 0 prev5t$ go+4 #d4 ,he 0 bani%$ ! c\ntry4 #e4 ,he is unwor?y our *>ity4 #f4 ,:at use is ?is to him8 #g4 ,he 0 born on ! #ae? ,augu/1 #ahcd4 #h4 ,adam & ,eve 7 expell$ ! g>d54 #i4 ,x 0 ! size ( a pea4 #aj4 ,egypt is ! we/ side ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 #aa4 ,8 ef=ts 7 n = ! great1 b ! l[ly4 #ab4 ,he receiv$ dispat*es f ,engl& & ,russia4 ,direction4--,po9t out ! prepositions 9 ,lessons #hj & #ha1 & "n ! words betwe5 :i*1 9 s5se1 !y %[ ! relation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ajj4 ,,classes ,,( ,,conjunctions ,,& ,,o!r ,,connectives4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,! />s look d[n ^u ! ro(s ( ! liv+ & ^u ! graves ( ! dead1 b nei!r ! liv+ nor ! dead are consci\s ( _! gaze4 ,"h &1 b1 nei!r1 & nor connect words1 phrases1 & clauses ( equal rank1 or ord]1 & s are call$ ,co-ord9ate ,conjunctions4 ,bo? clauses may be indep5d5t1 or bo? dep5d5t b ( equal rank4 ,at ! burn+ ( ,mosc[1 x seem$ z x w\ld seem if ! heav5s 7 light$ up t ! nations might behold ! sc5e4 ,"h z1 if1 & t connect ea* a l[]1 or subord9ate1 clause to a clause ( high] rank1 & h5ce are call$ ,subord9ate ,conjunctions4 ,"o clause may be indep5d5t & ! o!r dep5d5t1 or bo? dep5d5t b ( unequal rank4 ,,def9itions4 ,a ,conjunction is a ^w us$ to connect words1 phrases1 or clauses4 ,footnote3 ,"s ( ! co-ord9ate conjunctions1 z & & b1 connect1 9 ?\ght1 s5t5ces sep>at$ by ! p]iod1 & ev5 connect p>agraphs4 ,9 analysis & p>s+1 we reg>d only ! individual s5t5ce & treat su* connectives z introductory4 ,co-ord9ate ,conjunctions are su* z connect words1 phrases1 or clauses ( ! same rank4 ,subord9ate ,conjunctions are su* z connect clauses ( diff]5t rank4 ,rem>k4--,"s ( ! connectives bel[ are conjunctions prop]2 "s are relative pron\ns2 & "s are adv]bs or adv]b phrases1 :i*1 9 addition to _! (fice z modifi]s1 may1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! conjunction1 take its (fice ^u !mselves & connect ! clauses4 ,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,we d n advise ! memoriz+ ( ^! li/s4 ,! pupils %\ld he able to "n ! diff]5t gr\ps1 & "s ( ! mo/ common connectives ( ea* gr\p4 ,co-ord9ate ,connectives4 ,footnote3 ,copulative conjunctions jo9 p>ts 9 ! same l9e ( ?\ght2 ,adv]sative conjunctions jo9 p>ts contra/$ or oppos$ 9 mean+2 ,alt]native conjunctions jo9 p>ts s z to (f] a *oice or a d5ial4 ,see ,lesson #gf4 ,copulative4--,&1 bo? 444 &1 z well z ,footnote3 ,! z well z 91 ,he1 z well z ,i1 w5t2 & n t 91 ,he is z well z ,i am4 are conjunctions prop]4 ,accord+ly1 also1 besides1 consequ5tly1 fur!rmore1 h5ce1 likewise1 moreov]1 n[1 s1 !n1 & !re=e are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,adv]sative4--,b & :]eas are conjunctions prop]4 ,h[ev]1 nev]!less1 not)/&+1 on ! contr>y1 on ! o!r h&1 /ill1 & yet are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,alt]native4--,nei!r1 nor1 or1 ei!r 444 or1 & nei!r 444 nor are conjunctions prop]4 ,else & o!rwise are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,subord9ate ,connectives4 ,,connectives ,,( ,,adjective ,,clauses4 ,t1 :at1 :atev]1 :i*1 :i*ev]1 :o1 & :oev] are relative pron\ns4 ,:51 :]e1 :]eby1 :]e91 & :y are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,,connectives ,,( ,,adv]b ,,clauses4 ,"t4--,aft]1 z1 be=e1 ere1 s9ce1 till1 until1 :51 :5ev]1 :ile1 & :il/ are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,place4--,:5ce1 :]e1 & :]ev] are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,degree4--,z1 ?an1 t1 & ! are conjunctive adv]bs1 correlative ) adjectives or adv]bs4 ,mann]4--,z is a conjunctive adv]b1 correlative1 (t51 ) an adjective or an adv]b4 ,real ,cause4--,z1 because1 =1 s9ce1 & :]eas are conjunctions prop]4 ,evid5ce4--,because1 =1 & s9ce are conjunctions prop]4 ,purpose4--,9 ord] t1 le/ 7 t n71 t1 & s t are conjunctions prop]4 ,condition4--,except1 if1 9 case t1 on condition t1 provid$1 provid$ t1 & unless are conjunctions prop]4 ,concession4--,al?\gh1 if 7 ev5 if71 not)/&+1 ?\gh1 & :e!r are conjunctions prop]4 ,h[ev] is a conjunctive adv]b4 ,:atev]1 :i*ev]1 & :oev] are relative pron\ns us$ indef9itely4 ,,connectives ,,( ,,n\n ,,clauses4 ,if1 le/1 t1 & :e!r ,footnote3 ,etymologically1 :e!r is re/rict$ to two2 b x has bur/ ! bonds ( its etymology & is v freely us$ ) ?ree or m4 ,! repetition ( :e!r1 l ! use ( x ) ?ree or m ?+s1 has be5 condemn$1 b usage all[s u to repeat x4 ,:e!r or no is also all[$4 are conjunctions prop]4 ,:at1 :i*1 & :o are pron\ns introduc+ que/ions2 & h[1 :51 :5ce1 :]e1 & :y are conjunctive adv]bs introduc+ que/ions4 ,direction4--,/udy ! li/s above1 & po9t out all ! connectives 9 ,lessons #hj & #ha1 tell+ :i* are relative pron\ns1 :i* are conjunctions prop]1 & :i* are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if ! pupils lack maturity1 or if x is f\nd necess>y to abridge ?is "w 9 ord] to con=m to a prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy1 ! six foll[+ ,lessons may be omitt$4 ,! au?ors consid] ^! ex]cises v pr(itable1 b _! omission w occasion no break 9 ! c\rse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aja4 ,,composition--,,connectives4 ,direction4--,write tw5ty comp\nd s5t5ces ^: clauses %all be jo9$ by connectives nam$ 9 ! ?ree subdivisions ( co-ord9ate connectives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ajb4 ,,composition--,,connectives--,,cont9u$4 ,direction4--,write tw5ty complex s5t5ces ^: clauses %all be jo9$ by connectives ( adjective clauses1 & by connectives ( adv]b clauses ( "t1 place1 degree1 & mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ajc4 ,,composition--,,connectives--,,cont9u$4 ,direction4--,write tw5ty complex s5t5ces ^: clauses %all be jo9$ by connectives ( adv]b clauses ( real cause1 evid5ce1 purpose1 condition1 & concession1 & by connectives ( n\n clauses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ajd4 ,,connectives4 ,analysis4 ,direction4--,tell :at k9ds ( clauses foll[ ! connectives bel[1 & :at are ! usual connectives ( su* clauses1 & !n analyze ! s5t5ces3-- ,z may connect a clause express+ mann]1 "t1 degree1 cause1 or evid5ce4 #a4 ,m\nt ,m>cy is n s high z ,m\nt ,wa%+ton4 #b4 ,z ,i pass$ by1 ,i f\nd an alt> ) ?is inscription4 #c4 ,x mu/ be ra9+1 z m5 are c>ry+ umbrellas4 #d4 ,ice floats1 z wat] exp&s 9 freez+4 #e4 ,half-le>n$ lessons slip f ! memory1 z an icicle f ! h&4 ,if may connect a clause express+ condition1 "t1 or concession1 or x may introduce a n\n clause4 #f4 ,if a slave's lungs brea! our air1 t mom5t he is free4 #g4 ,if wi%es 7 horses1 all begg>s might ride4 #h4 ,:o kn[s if "o ( ! ,pleiads is really miss+8 ,footnote3 ,_m gramm>ians say t if "h is improp]ly us$ = :e!r4 ,b ?is use ( if is common ) good au?ors 9 e>ly & 9 mod]n ,engli%4 #i4 ,if ! flights ( ,dryd5 are high]1 ,pope cont9ues long] on ! w+4 ,le/ may connect a clause express+ purpose1 or x may introduce a n\n clause4 #aj4 ,engl& fe>s le/ ,russia may endang] ,briti% rule 9 ,india4 #aa4 ,wat* & pray le/ ye ent] into temptation4 ,s9ce may connect a clause express+ "t1 cause1 or evid5ce4 #ab4 ,x mu/ be ra9+1 s9ce m5 are c>ry+ umbrellas4 #ac4 ,_m ?\s& ye>s h gone by s9ce ! ,pyramids 7 built4 #ad4 ,s9ce ! ,puritans c\ld n be conv9c$1 !y 7 p]secut$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aje4 ,,connectives--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis4 ,direction4--,tell :at k9ds ( clauses foll[ ! connectives bel[1 & :at are ! usual connectives ( su* clauses1 & !n analyze ! s5t5ces3-- ,t may connect a n\n clause1 an adjective clause1 or a clause express+ degree1 cause1 or purpose4 #a4 ,! ,ph>isee ?ank$ ,god t he 0 n l o!r m54 #b4 ,vesuvius ?rew its lava s f> t ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii 7 buri$4 #c4 ,! smi? plunges 8 r$-hot iron into wat] t he may h>d5 ! metal4 #d4 ,socrates said t he :o might be bett] employ$ 0 idle4 #e4 ,we nev] tell our secrets to p t pump = !m4 ,:5 may connect a clause express+ "t1 cause1 or condition1 an adjective clause or a n\n clause1 or x may connect co-ord9ate clauses4 #f4 ,! ,aztecs 7 a/oni%$ :5 !y saw ! ,spani% horses4 #g4 ,novemb] is ! mon? :5 ! de] %$s its horns4 #h4 ,:5 ! future is unc]ta91 make ! mo/ ( ! pres5t4 #i4 ,:5 ! five great ,european races left ,asia is a "q4 #aj4 ,:5 judges accept bribes1 :at may we expect f common p8 #aa4 ,! dial in/itut$ a =mal inquiry1 :5 h&s1 :eels1 & weights prote/$ _! innoc5ce4 ,:]e may connect a clause express+ place1 an adjective clause1 or a n\n clause4 #ab4 ,no "o kn[s ! place :]e ,moses 0 buri$4 #ac4 ,:]e ,moses 0 buri$ is /ill a "q4 #ad4 ,no "o has be5 :]e ,moses 0 buri$4 ,:ile may connect a clause express+ "t or concession1 or x may connect co-ord9ate clauses4 #ae4 ,napoleon 0 a g5ius1 :ile ,well+ton 0 a man ( tal5ts4 #af4 ,:ile we sleep1 ! body is rebuilt4 #ag4 ,:ile ,*>les ,i4 _h _m excell5t traits1 he 0 a bad k+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ajf4 ,,connectives--,,cont9u$4 ,analysis4 ,direction4--,use ! appropriate connectives1 & *ange ^! comp\nd s5t5ces to complex )\t *ang+ ! mean+1 & !n analyze !m3-- 7,let "o dep5d5t clause be an adjective clause2 let ?ree express cause2 five1 condition2 & two1 concession47 #a4 ,caes> put ! pr(f]$ cr[n aside1 b he w\ld fa9 h _h x4 #b4 ,take away honor & imag9ation & poetry f w>1 & x becomes c>nage4 #c4 ,8 crime has be5 discov]$1 & he mu/ flee4 #d4 ,y mu/ eat1 or y w die4 #e4 ,wisdom is ! pr9cipal ?+1 !re=e get wisdom4 #f4 ,let b ! commons he> ?is te/am5t1 & !y w\ld g & kiss dead ,caes>'s w\nds4 #g4 ,m5 are c>ry+ umbrellas2 x is ra9+4 #h4 ,h ye brave sons8 look 9 ! next fi]ce brawl to see !m die4 #i4 ,! ,s5ate kn[s ?is1 ! ,consul sees x1 & yet ! traitor lives4 #aj4 ,take away ! gr&eur ( 8 cause1 & ,wa%+ton is a rebel in/ead ( ! pure/ ( patriots4 #aa4 ,! diamond is a sp>kl+ gem1 & x is pure c>bon4 ,direction4--,two ( ! dep5d5t clauses bel[ express condition1 & ?ree express concession4 ,place an appropriate conjunction be=e ea*1 & !n analyze ! s5t5ces3-- #ab4 ,%\ld we fail1 x c be no worse = u4 #ac4 ,_h ! ,plantag5ets succe$$ 9 ,france1 !re w\ld nev] h be5 an ,engl&4 #ad4 ,7 he my bro!r1 ,i c\ld d no m = him4 #ae4 ,7 ,i s dispos$1 ,i c\ld n gratify ! read]4 #af4 ,7 ,i ,admiral ,nelson to die ?is mom5t1 m frigates w\ld be f\nd writt5 on my he>t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ajg4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,connectives4 ,caution4--,"s conjunctions & conjunctive adv]bs may /& 9 correlation ) o!r words4 ,& may be accompani$ by bo?2 z1 by z1 by s1 or by su*2 b 7b also & b likewise71 by n only2 if1 by !n2 nor1 by nei!r2 or1 by ei!r or by :e!r2 t1 by s2 !1 by !2 ?\gh1 by yet2 :51 by !n2 & :]e1 by !re4 ,be c>eful t ! "r words /& 9 correlation1 & /& :]e !y belong4 ,examples4--,give me nei!r ri*es nor 7n or7 pov]ty4 ,i _c f9d ei!r my book or 7n nor7 my hat4 ,dogs n only b>k 7n n only dogs b>k7 b also bite4 ,n only dogs 7n dogs n only7 b>k b wolves also4 ,he 0 nei!r 7n nei!r 07 ri* nor poor4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,he n only gave me advice b also money4 #b4 ,a !atrical "p may ei!r imply "s peculi>ity ( ge/ure or a dissimulation ( my real s5tim5ts4 #c4 ,%e n only dress$ ri*ly b ta/efully4 #d4 ,nei!r ,massa*usetts or ,p5nsylvania has ! population ( ,new ,york4 #e4 ,?ales 0 n only fam\s = 8 k ( nature b also = 8 moral wisdom4 #f4 ,n only he is successful b he des]ves to succe$4 #g4 ,!re 0 no?+ ei!r /range nor int]e/+4 ,caution4--,*oose apt connectives1 b d n use !m ne$lessly or in/ead ( o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,examples4--,seldom1 if 7n or7 ev]1 %\ld an adv]b /& betwe5 to & ! inf9itive4 ,i w try to 7n &7 d bett] next "t4 ,no "o c d5y t 7n b7 he has money4 ,footnote3 ,see foot-note1 page #agf4 ,a h>r[ is drawn ov] ! gr\nd1 :i* 7n & :i*7 cov]s ! se$4 ,:o d\bts t 7n b t or b :at7 ,napoleon liv$ ,footnote3 ,see foot-note1 page #agf4 ,! doctor _h sc>cely left :5 7n b7 a pati5t call$4 ,he has no love = 8 fa!r or 7n nor7 = 8 "m 7! negative no is felt ?r\gh\t ! s5t5ce1 & ne$ n be repeat$ by nor74 ,he 0 n well1 nor 7n or7 0 he sick 7n is exp5d$ 9 ! fir/ clause2 nor is ne$$ to make ! second clause negative74 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,examples1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! excell5ce ( ,virgil1 & :i* he possesses beyond o!r poets1 is t5d]ness4 #b4 ,try & recite ! lesson p]fectly to-morr[4 #c4 ,:o c d\bt b t !re is a ,god8 #d4 ,no "o c eat nor dr9k :ile he is talk+4 #e4 ,he seldom or ev] w5t to *ur*4 #f4 ,no "o c d5y b t ! summ] is ! hotte/ season4 #g4 ,i d n "k z ,i %all l x4 #h4 ,he said t1 aft] he _h ask$ ! advice ( all 8 fri5ds1 t he 0 m puzzl$ ?an be=e4 ,caution4--,else1 o!r1 o!rwise1 r1 & adjectives & adv]bs express+ a comp>ison are usually foll[$ by ?an4 ,b else1 o!r1 & m1 imply+ some?+ additional1 b n diff]5t 9 k9d1 may be foll[$ by b or besides4 ,examples4--,a diamond is no?+ else ?an c>bon4 ,junius 0 no o!r ?an ,sir ,philip ,francis4 ,! cripple _c walk o!rwise ?an on crut*es4 ,am]icans w\ld r travel ?an /ay at home4 ,i rose e>li] ?an ,i int5d$4 ,he c conv]se on o!r topics besides politics4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,examples1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,battles are f\ght ) o!r weapons besides pop-guns4 #b4 ,! moon is some?+ else b gre5 *eese4 #c4 ,cornwallis c\ld n d o!rwise b surr5d]4 #d4 ,x 0 no o!r b ! ,presid5t4 #e4 ,he no soon] saw ! enemy b he turn$ & ran4 ,caution4--,two or m connect$ words or phrases ref]r+ to ano!r ^w or phrase %\ld ea* make good s5se ) x4 ,examples4--,i h always 7add said7 & /ill d say t labor is honorable4 ,%akespe>e 0 great] ?an any o!r poet t has 7add liv$7 or is n[ alive4 ,! boy is /rong] ?an 8 si/]1 b n s tall 7n ,! boy is /rong]1 b n s tall1 z 8 si/]74 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,examples1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,gold is heavi]1 b n s useful1 z iron4 #b4 ,gold is n s useful1 b heavi]1 ?an iron4 #c4 ,?is is z valuable1 if n m s1 ?an t4 #d4 ,fai?ful boys h always & always w le>n _! lessons4 #e4 ,bread is m nutriti\s1 b n s *eap1 z potatoes4 #f4 ,?is d$ication may s]ve = almo/ any book t has1 is1 or may be publi%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ajh4 ,,miscellane\s ,,errors4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors1 tell+ :at ,caution ea* violates3-- #a4 ,c>?age & ,rome 7 rival p[]s3 ?is city 9 ,africa1 & t 9 ,europe2 ! "o on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! o!r on ! s\!rn4 #b4 ,! "r & left lung 7 diseas$4 #c4 ,! "r & ! left lungs 7 diseas$4 #d4 ,my fri5d has sail$ = ,europe1 :o 0 "h ye/]day4 #e4 ,!re are "s m5 :i* are always "y4 #f4 ,i _c ?9k b :at ,god is good4 #g4 ,?imbles1 t are worn on ! f+]1 are us$ 9 pu%+ ! ne$le4 #h4 ,a told ,b t he 0 8 be/ fri5d4 #i4 ,!m scissors are v dull4 #aj4 ,e?an ,all51 be+ a ra% man1 he tri$ to capture ,canada4 #aa4 ,! lady t 0 ?r[n f ! c>riage1 & :o 0 pick$ up ins5sible1 di$4 #ab4 ,! eye & e> h diff]5t (fices4 #ac4 ,i only laugh :5 ,i feel l x4 #ad4 ,?is is ! same man :o call$ ye/]day4 #ae4 ,he 0 an humble man4 #af4 ,he 0 ?r[n =w>d onto 8 face4 #ag4 ,a kn[s m1 b does n talk s well1 z ,b4 #ah4 ,! book co/ a doll>1 & :i* is a great price4 #ai4 ,at :at :>f does ! boat /op at8 #bj4 ,! music s\nd$ h>%ly4 #ba4 ,he w\ld nei!r g himself or s5d anybody4 #bb4 ,x isn't b a %ort di/ance4 #bc4 ,! butt] is spl5did4 #bd4 ,! boy 0 graceful & tall4 #be4 ,he hasn't1 ,i don't suppose1 laid by mu*4 #bf4 ,"o w\ld r h few fri5ds ?an a few fri5ds4 #bg4 ,he is outrage\sly pr\d4 #bh4 ,n only ! boy skat$ b he enjoy$ x4 #bi4 ,he has gone way out ,we/4 #cj4 ,:o d\bts b :at two & two are f\r8 #ca4 ,"s p nev] h & nev] w ba! 9 salt wat]4 #cb4 ,! problem 0 difficult to exactly und]/&4 #cc4 ,x 0 ! l5g? ( y\r f+]4 #cd4 ,he b\ght a cond5s$ c ( milk4 #ce4 ,! fi% brea!s ) o!r organs besides lungs4 #cf4 ,! dea? is inevitable4 #cg4 ,%e wore a peculi> k9d ( a dress4 #ch4 ,:5 %all we meet toge!r8 #ci4 ,he talks l y d4 ,footnote3 ,! use ( ! v]b d z a sub/itute = a prec$+ v]b is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable idioms 9 ! language4 ,9 its sev]al =ms x /&s = ! f9ite =ms & = ! inf9itive & ! p>ticiple ( v]bs1 transitive & intransitive1 regul> & irregul>4 ,x prev5ts repetition1 & h5ce is euphonic2 x abbreviates expression1 & !re=e is en]getic4 #dj4 ,?is ^w has a diff]5t s\rce ?an t4 #da4 ,no soon] did ,i arrive :5 he call$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aji4 ,,v>i\s ,,uses ,,( ,,:at1 ,,t1 ,,& ,,b4 ,:at may be us$ z a relative pron\n1 an int]rogative pron\n1 a def9itive adjective1 an adv]b1 & an int]jection4 ,examples4--,he did :at 0 "r4 ,:at did he say8 ,:at man is happy ) ! too?a*e8 ,:at ) conf9em5t & :at ) bad diet1 ! prison] f\nd himself r$uc$ to a skeleton 7"h :at p>tly1 & modifies ! phrase foll[+ x74 ,:at6 y a lion8 ,t may be us$ z a relative pron\n1 an adjective pron\n1 a def9itive adjective1 a conjunction1 & a conjunctive adv]b4 ,examples4--,he t does a good de$ is in/antly ennobl$4 ,t is h]oism4 ,t man is a h]o4 ,we eat t we may live4 ,x 0 s cold t ! m]cury froze4 ,b may be us$ z a conjunction1 an adv]b1 an adjective1 & a preposition4 ,examples4--,! o/ri* is a bird1 b 7adv]sative conjunction7 x _c fly4 ,n a sp>r[ falls b 7 unless--subord9ate conjunction7 ,god wills x4 ,he 0 all b 7conjunction or preposition7 dead ,he 0 all dead1 b he 0 n dead1 or ,he 0 all 7any?+ 9 t l9e7 except 7! climax7 dead4 ,no man is s wick$ b 7conjunctive adv]b7 he loves virtue ,no man is wick$ to t degree 9 :i* he loves n virtue 7s to t degree1 b 9 :i* n74 ,we meet b 7adv]b only7 to "p4 ,life is b 7adjective only7 a dream4 ,all b 7preposition except7 him _h fl$4 ,! te>s ( love 7 hopeless b 7preposition except7 = !e4 ,i _c b rememb] ,i _c d any?+ b 7preposition except7 rememb]4 ,!re is no fireside b 7preposition7 has "o vacant *air 7except ! "o :i* has72 or1 reg>d+ b z a negative relative t n1 ! s5t5ce ,!re is no fireside t has n "o vacant *air4 ,direction4--,/udy ! examples giv5 above1 po9t out ! exact use ( :at1 t1 & b 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & !n analyze ! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,he did no?+ b laugh4 #b4 ,x 0 once suppos$ t cry/al is ice froz5 s h>d t x _c be ?aw$4 #c4 ,:at love equals a "m's8 #d4 ,!re is nobody "h b me4 #e4 ,! f9e arts 7 all b proscrib$4 #f4 ,!re's n a breeze b :isp]s ( ?y "n4 #g4 ,! longe/ life is b a day4 #h4 ,:at if ! bee love n ^! b>r5 b\ghs8 #i4 ,t life is long :i* answ]s life's great end4 #aj4 ,:at6 ,i ! weak] vessel8 #aa4 ,:om %\ld ,i obey b !e8 #ab ,:at by indu/ry & :at by economy1 he _h amass$ a =tune4 #ac4 ,i long ago f\nd t out4 #ad4 ,"o %\ld n always eat :at he likes4 #ae4 ,!re's n a :ite hair on y\r face b %\ld h its effect ( gravity4 #af4 ,x 0 a look t1 b = its quiet1 w\ld h seem$ disda94 #ag4 ,he came b to return4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aaj4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,lesson #he4--;,def9e a n\n4 ,:at is ! di/9ction betwe5 a common & a prop] n\n8 ,:y is music a common n\n8 ,:at is a collective n\n8 ,an ab/ract n\n8 ,def9e a pron\n4 ,:at are ! classes ( pron\ns8 ,def9e !m4 ,:at is an antec$5t8 ,lesson #hf4--;,give & illu/rate ! ,cautions respect+ he1 x1 & !y2 ! ne$less use ( pron\ns2 ! two /yles ( ! pron\n2 ! use ( !m = ^?1 & ( :at = t2 & ! use ( :o1 :i*1 t1 & :at4 ,lesson #hg4--;,give & illu/rate ! ,cautions respect+ connect$ relative clauses2 ! relative 9 clauses n re/rictive2 ! use ( t in/ead ( :o or :i*2 ! position ( ! relative clause2 & ! use ( ?is & t1 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,lesson #hi4--;,def9e an adjective4 ,:at two classes are !re8 ,def9e !m4 ,:at adjectives d n limit8 ,illu/rate4 ,lesson #ij4--;,give & illu/rate ! ,cautions respect+ ! use ( ! adjectives an1 a1 & !2 & ! use ( a few & few1 a little & little4 ,lesson #ia4--;,give & illu/rate ! ,cauti\s respect+ ! *oice & ! position ( adjectives4 ,lesson #ic4--;,def9e a v]b4 ,:at are transitive v]bs8 ,intransitive8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at di/9ction is made betwe5 ! object & ! object complem5t8 ,:at are regul> v]bs8 ,irregul>8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at are ! sev]al classes ( adv]bs8 ,def9e !m4 ,:at is a conjunctive adv]b8 ,lesson #ic4--;,give & illu/rate ! ,cautions respect+ ! *oice & ! position ( adv]bs1 ! use ( d\ble negatives1 & ! use ( adv]bs = adjectives & ( adjectives = adv]bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aaa4 ,,review ,,que/ions--,,cont9u$4 ,lesson #ie4--;,def9e a preposition4 ,"n "s ( ! common prepositions4 ,:at is said ( "s prepositions end+ 9 +8 ,( b1 except1 & save8 ,( c]ta9 comp\nd prepositions8 ,:5 d prepositions become adv]bs8 ,lesson #ih4--;,give & illu/rate ! ,caution z to ! *oice ( prepositions4 ,:at1 9 g5]al1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 9 & into8 ,lesson #ii4--;,give & illu/rate ! two ,cautions relat+ to ! use ( prepositions4 ,lesson #ajj4--;,def9e a conjunction4 ,:at are ! two great classes ( conjunctions1 & :at is _! diff]5ce8 ,:at o!r p>ts ( spee* besides conjunctions connect8 ,:at are adv]bs t connect call$8 ,into :at ?ree classes are co-ord9ate connectives subdivid$8 ,give "s ( ! conjunctions & ! conjunctive adv]bs ( ea* class4 ,:at ?ree k9ds ( clauses are connect$ by subord9ate connectives8 ,! connectives ( adv]b clauses are subdivid$ into :at classes8 ,give a lead+ connective ( ea* class4 ,lessons #ajd1 #aje4--;,illu/rate two or m (fices ( ea* ( ! connectives z1 if1 le/1 s9ce1 t1 :51 :]e1 & :ile4 ,lesson #ajg4--;,give & illu/rate ! f\r ,cautions relat+ to ! con/ruction ( connectives4 ,lesson #aji4--;,illu/rate ! (fices ( :at1 t1 & b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g5]al ,,review4 ,s*emes = ! ,conjunction1 ,preposition1 & ,int]jection4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,co-,ord9ate4 ,,! ,,conjunction4 ,classes4 ,subord9ate #ajf-ajg4 ,,! ,,preposition4 ,no ,classes 7#ie1 #ih1 #ii74 ,,! ,,int]jection4 ,no ,classes 7#bj1 #ba74 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aab4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,y h le>n$ t two words may express a ?\ght1 & t ! ?\ght may be v>i$ by add+ modify+ words4 ,y are n[ to le>n t ! mean+ or use ( a ^w may be *ang$ by simply *ang+ its =m4 ,! ,engli% language has lo/ mo/ ( its inflections1 or =ms1 s t _m ( ! *anges 9 ! mean+ & ! use ( words are n n[ m>k$ by *anges 9 =m4 ,^! *anges 9 ! =m1 ! mean+1 & ! use ( ! p>ts ( spee* we call _! ,modifications4 ,footnote3 ,^? gramm>ians t attempt to re/rict numb]1 case1 mode1 etc4--:at we "h call ,modifications--to =m1 f9d !mselves )9 b\nds :i* !y cont9ually ov]leap4 ,!y def9e numb]1 = in/ance1 z a =m1 or inflection1 & yet speak ( n\ns plural 9 =m b s+ul> 9 s5se1 or s+ul> 9 =m b plural 9 s5se2 t is1 if y con/rue !m rigor\sly1 plural or s+ul> 9 =m b s+ul> or plural =m 9 s5se4 ,!y tell y t case is a =m1 & yet insi/ t n\ns h ?ree cases1 ?\gh only two =ms2 & speak ( ! nom9ative & ! objective case ( ! n\n1 al?\gh 9 fact ! two cases are always ! same 9 =m--! two =ms always ! same 9 =m6 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? t make :at we call ,modifications d5ote only relations or conditions ( words _c cl+ to ^! ab/ract t]ms4 ,= in/ance1 !y ask ! pupil to pron\nce & write ! possessive ( n\ns1 h>dly expect+1 we suppose1 t ! condition ( a n\n w be s\nd$ or writt52 & !y speak ( a n\n 9 ! s+ul> ) a plural application1 9 :i* expression s+ul> mu/ be tak5 to mean s+ul> =m to save x f %e] nons5se4 ,we "k no way to /e] cle> ( ,scylla & keep out ( ,*>ybdis b to d :at by ! common use ( ! ^w we are all[$2 viz41 to take ,modifications ) su* bread? ( signification t x w apply to mean+ & to use1 z well z to =m4 ,prim>ily1 ( c\rse1 x meant inflections1 us$ to m>k *anges 9 ! mean+ & use ( words4 ,b we %all use ,modifications to indicate *anges 9 mean+ & use :5 ! =m 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance is want+1 n[h]e1 h[ev]1 recogniz+ t z a modification :i* is n some:]e m>k$ by =m4 ,modifications ( ,n\ns & ,pron\ns4 ,,numb]4 ,! boy %\ts4 ,! boys %\t4 ,! =m ( ! subject boy is *ang$ by add+ an s to x4 ,! mean+ has *ang$4 ,boy d5otes "o lad2 boys1 two or m lads4 ,?is *ange 9 ! =m & ! mean+ ( n\ns is call$ ,numb]2 ! ^w boy1 d5ot+ "o ?+1 is 9 ! ,s+ul> ,numb]2 & boys1 d5ot+ m ?an "o ?+1 is 9 ! ,plural ,numb]4 ,numb] expresses only ! di/9ction ( "o f m ?an "o2 to express m precisely h[ _m1 we use adjectives1 & say two boys1 f\r boys1 _m or sev]al boys4 ,,def9itions4 ,modifications ( ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* are *anges 9 _! =m1 mean+1 & use4 ,numb] is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes "o ?+ or m ?an "o4 ,! ,s+ul> ,numb] d5otes "o ?+4 ,! ,plural ,numb] d5otes m ?an "o ?+4 ,,numb] ,,=ms4 ,,rule4--,! plural ( n\ns is regul>ly =m$ by add+ s to ! s+ul>4 ,to ?is rule !re are "s exceptions4 ,:5 ! s+ul> ends 9 a s\nd t _c unite ) t ( s1 es is add$ & =ms ano!r syllable4,footnote3 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon1 z 0 ! plural t]m9ation = a c]ta9 class ( n\ns4 ,9 lat] ,engli%1 z 0 *ang$ to es1 :i* became ! regul> plural end+2 z1 bird-es1 cl\d-es4 ,9 mod]n ,engli%1 e is dropp$1 & s is jo9$ to ! s+ul> )\t increase ( syllables4 ,b1 :5 ! s+ul> ends 9 an s-s\nd1 ! orig9al syllable es is reta9$1 z two hiss+ s\nds w n unite4 ,rem>k4--,su* words z horse1 ni*e1 & cage drop ! f9al e :5 es is add$4 ,see ,rule #a1 ,lesson #acg4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns1 & note :at lett]s repres5t s\nds t _c unite ) ! s\nd ( s3-- ,ax or axe1 ar*1 adz or adze1 box1 bru%1 cage1 *aise1 cross1 dit*1 face1 gas1 glass1 h$ge1 horse1 la%1 l5s1 ni*e1 prize1 race1 topaz4 ,! foll[+ n\ns end+ 9 o prec$$ by a consonant add es )\t increase ( syllables4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,buffalo1 calico1 c>go1 e*o1 emb>go1 grotto1 h]o1 innu5do1 motto1 mosquito1 mulatto1 negro1 portico 7oes or os71 potato1 tornado1 torp$o1 veto1 volcano4 ,! foll[+ n\ns 9 o prec$$ by a consonant add s only4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,canto1 dom9o 7os or oes71 duodecimo1 halo1 junto1 lasso1 mem5to1 octavo1 piano1 proviso1 qu>to1 salvo1 solo1 two1 tyro1 z]o 7os or oes74 ,n\ns 9 o prec$$ by a v[el add s4 ,bamboo1 cameo1 cuckoo1 embryo1 folio1 portfolio1 s]aglio1 trio4 ,common n\ns ,footnote3 ,see ,rule #b1 ,lesson #abg4 ,9 old ,engli%1 su* words z lady & fancy 7 spell$ ladie1 fancie4 ,! mod]n plural simply reta9s ! old spell+ & adds s1 9 y aft] a consonant *ange y into i & add es )\t increase ( syllables4 ,n\ns 9 y aft] a v[el add s4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,alley1 ally1 attorney1 *imney1 city1 colloquy1 ,footnote3 ,u aft] q is a consonant daisy1 essay1 fairy1 fancy1 kidney1 lady1 lily1 money1 monkey1 my/]y1 soliloquy1 turkey1 valley1 vanity4 ,! foll[+ n\ns *ange f or fe into ves4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,beef1 calf1 elf1 half1 knife1 leaf1 life1 loaf1 self1 %eaf1 %elf1 /aff1 ,footnote3 ,/aff 7a /ick or support71 /aves or /affs2 /aff 7a body ( (fic]s71 /affs4 ,! comp\nds ( /aff are regul>2 z1 flag/affs4 ?ief1 :>f1 ,footnote3 ,9 ,engl&1 g5]ally :>fs4 wife1 wolf4 ,! foll[+ n\ns 9 f & fe are regul>4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,belief1 brief1 *ief1 dw>f1 fife1 grief1 gulf1 ho(1 k]*ief1 pro(1 reef1 ro(1 safe1 sc>f1 /rife1 waif4 7,n\ns 9 ff1 except /aff1 are regul>2 z1 cuff1 cuffs47 ,! foll[+ plurals are /ill m irregul>4 ,direction4--,le>n to =m ! foll[+ plurals3-- ,*ild1 *ildr52 foot1 feet2 goose1 geese2 l\se1 lice2 man1 m52 m\se1 mice2 ,mr41 ,messrs42 ox1 ox52 too?1 tee?2 woman1 wom54 7,= ! plurals ( pron\ns1 see ,lesson #abd47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aac4 ,,numb] ,,=ms--,,cont9u$4 ,"s n\ns adopt$ f =eign languages /ill reta9 _! orig9al plural =ms4 ,"s ( ^! take ! ,engli% plural also4 ,direction4--,le>n to =m ! foll[+ plurals3-- ,analysis1 analyses2 anti!sis1 anti!ses2 app5dix1 app5dices or app5dixes2 automaton1 automata or automatons2 axis1 axes2 b&it1 b&itti or b&its2 basis1 bases2 beau1 beaux or beaus2 *]ub1 *]ubim or *]ubs2 crisis1 crises2 datum1 data2 ellipsis1 ellipses2 erratum1 errata2 focus1 foci3 fungus1 fungi or funguses2 g5us1 g5]a2 hypo!sis1 hypo!ses2 ignis fatuus1 ignes fatui2 madame1 mesdames2 magus1 magi2 memor&um1 memor&a or memor&ums2 monsieur1 messieurs2 nebula1 nebulae2 oasis1 oases2 p>5!sis1 p>5!ses2 ph5om5on1 ph5om5a2 radius1 radii or radiuses2 s]aph1 s]aphim or s]aphs2 /ratum1 /rata2 synopsis1 synopses2 t]m9us1 t]m9i2 v]tebra1 v]tebrae2 vortex1 vortices or vortexes4 ,! foll[+ comp\nd n\ns1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal ^w /&s fir/1 v>y ! fir/ ^w2 z1 sons-9-law4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ! foll[+ words3-- ,aid-de-camp1 attorney-at-law1 billet-d\x1 ,footnote3 ,plural1 billets-d\x1 pron\nc$ bil'-la3-doo3z comm&]-9-*ief1 c\rt-m>tial1 c\s9-g]man1 fa!r-9-law1 hang]-on1 man-(-w>4 ,! foll[+1 & mo/ comp\nds1 v>y ! la/ ^w2 z1 pailfuls1 g5tlem54 ,footnote3 ,pails full is n a comp\nd4 ,?is expression d5otes a numb] ( pails1 ea* full4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,c\rty>d1 dorm\se1 ,engli%man1 fell[-s]vant1 fi%]man1 ,fr5*man1 =get-me-n1 goose-quill1 h&ful1 maid-s]vant1 man-trap1 m\?ful1 pian(orte1 portemonnaie1 spoonful1 /epson1 tete-a-tete1 too?-bru%4 ,! foll[+ n\ns 7except ,norman7 are n comp\nds ( man--add s to all4 ,brahman1 ,g]man1 ,mussulman1 ,norman1 ,ottoman1 talisman4 ,! foll[+ comp\nds v>y bo? p>ts2 z1 man-s+]1 m5-s+]s4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,man-*ild1 man-s]vant1 woman-s]vant1 woman-s+]4 ,comp\nds consi/+ ( a prop] "n prec$$ by a title =m ! plural by v>y+ ei!r ! title or ! "n2 z1 ! ,miss ,cl>ks or ! ,misses ,cl>k2 b1 :5 ! title ,mrs4 is us$1 ! "n is usually v>i$2 z1 ! ,mrs4 ,cl>ks4 ,footnote3 ,( ! two =ms1 ! ,miss ,cl>ks & ! ,misses ,cl>k1 we believe t ! =m] is mo/ us$ by ! be/ au?ors4 ,! latt]1 except 9 =mal notes or :5 ! title is to be emphasiz$1 is r /iff if n p$antic4 ,"s au?orities say t1 :5 a num]al prec$es ! title1 ! "n %\ld always be v>i$2 z1 ! two ,miss ,cl>ks4 ,! =ms1 ! ,misses ,cl>ks & ! two ,mrs4 ,cl>k1 h little au?ority4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ! foll[+ comp\nds3-- ,miss ,jones1 ,mr4 ,jones1 ,g5]al ,lee1 ,dr4 ,br[n1 ,ma/] ,gre54 ,a title us$ ) two or m diff]5t names is made plural2 z1 ,drs4 ,grimes & ,/eele1 ,messrs4 ,cl>k & ,mayn>d4 ,direction4--,put ea* ( ! foll[+ expressions 9 its prop] =m3-- ,g5]al ,lee & ,jackson2 ,miss ,m>y1 ,julia1 & ,anna ,scott2 ,mr1 ,gre51 ,/acy1 ,co4 ,lett]s1 figures1 & o!r *>act]s add ! apo/rophe & s to =m ! plural2 ,footnote3 ,"s good writ]s =m ! plural ( words nam$ m]ely z words1 9 ! same way2 z1 ! if's & &'s2 b ! 7'7 is "h unnecess>y4 z1 a's1 #b's1 ----'s4 ,direction4--,=m ! plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ *>act]s3--,s1 i1 t1 1 x1 ,dagg]1 #i1 #a1 #a_/d1 ,y\gh1 ,cyrillic3 ,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aad4 ,,numb] ,,=ms--,,cont9u$4 ,"s n\ns h two plurals diff]+ 9 mean+4 ,direction4--,le>n ^! plurals & _! mean+s3-- ,bro!r1 bro!rs 7by blood71 bre?r5 7( ! same society74 ,cannon1 cannons 7individuals71 cannon 79 a collective s5se74 ,die1 dies 7/amps = co9+71 dice 7cubes = gam+74 ,fi%1 fi%es 7individuals71 fi% 7collection74 ,footnote3 ,! names ( sev]al sorts ( fi%1 z1 h]r+1 %ad1 tr\t1 etc4 are us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! comp\nds ( fi%1 z codfi%1 h ! same =m 9 bo? numb]s4 ,foot1 feet 7p>ts ( ! body71 foot 7foot-soldi]s74 ,g5ius1 g5iuses 7m5 ( g5ius71 g5ii 7spirits74 ,head1 heads 7p>ts ( ! body71 head 7( cattle74 ,horse1 horses 7animals71 horse 7horse-soldi]s74 ,index1 indexes 7tables ( ref]5ce71 indices 7signs 9 algebra74 ,p5ny1 p5nies 7di/9ct co9s71 p5ce 7quantity 9 value74 ,sail1 sails 7pieces ( canvas71 sail 7vessels74 ,%ot1 %ots 7numb] ( times fir$71 %ot 7numb] ( balls74 ,! foll[+ n\ns & pron\ns h ! same =m 9 bo? numb]s4 ,direction4--,/udy ! foll[+ li/3-- ,bell[s1 corps1 ,footnote3 ,! s+ul> is pron\nc$ ko3r1 ! plural ko3rz4 de]1 gross1 gr\se1 hose1 means1 odds1 pa9s 7c>e71 s]ies1 %eep1 species1 sw9e1 v]m91 :o1 :i*1 t 7relative71 :at1 any1 none4 7,! foll[+ h two =ms 9 ! plural74 ,app>atus1 app>atus or app>atuses2 hea!n1 hea!n or hea!ns4 7,! foll[+ n\ns h ! same =m 9 bo? numb]s :5 us$ ) num]als2 !y add s 9 o!r cases2 z1 f\r score1 by scores47 ,doz51 score1 yoke1 hundr$1 ?\s&4 ,! foll[+ n\ns h no plural4 7,^! are g5]ally names ( mat]ials1 qualities1 or sci5ces47 ,names ( mat]ials :5 tak5 9 _! full or /rict s5se c h no plural1 b !y may be plural :5 k9ds ( ! mat]ial or ?+s made ( x are ref]r$ to2 z1 cottons1 c(fees1 t9s1 copp]s4 ,direction4--,/udy ! foll[+ li/ ( words3-- ,bread1 c(fee1 copp]1 fl\r1 gold1 goodness1 gramm> 7sci5ce1 n a book71 grass1 hay1 hone/y1 iron1 lead1 m>ble1 meekness1 milk1 molasses1 music1 peace1 physiology1 pride1 t91 wat]4 ,! foll[+ plural =ms are commonly us$ 9 ! s+ul>4 ,ac\/ics1 e?ics1 ma!matics1 politics 7& o!r names ( sci5ces 9 ics71 am5ds1 measles1 news4 ,! foll[+ words are always plural4 7,su* words are g5]ally names ( ?+s d\ble or multi=m 9 _! "*47 ,direction4--,/udy ! foll[+ li/3-- ,aborig9es1 annals1 a%es1 assets1 clo!s1 fireworks1 hy/]ics1 lit]ati1 mumps1 nipp]s1 oats1 p9c]s1 rickets1 scissors1 %e>s1 snuff]s1 suds1 ?anks1 tongs1 tid+s1 tr\s]s1 victuals1 vitals4 ,! foll[+ 7 orig9ally s+ul> =ms1 b !y are n[ treat$ z plural4 ,alms 7,anglo-,saxon aelmaesse71 eaves 7,a4 ,s4 efese71 ri*es 7,norman ,fr5* ri*esse74 ,! foll[+ h no s+ul> correspond+ 9 mean+4 ,colors 7flag71 compasses 7divid]s71 goods 7prop]ty71 gr\nds 7dregs71 lett]s 7lit]ature71 mann]s 7behavior71 mat9s 7morn+ s]vice72 morals 7"*71 rema9s 7dead body71 spectacles 7glasses71 /ays 7corsets71 vesp]s 7ev5+ s]vice74 7,! s+ul> =m is sometimes an adjective47 ,bitt]s1 gre5s1 n>r[s1 sweets1 valuables1 etc4 ,collective n\ns are treat$ z plural :5 ! individuals 9 ! collection are ?\ght (1 & z s+ul> :5 ! collection z a :ole is ?\ght (4 ,examples4--,! committee 7 unable to agree1 & !y ask$ to be dis*>g$4 ,a committee 0 appo9t$1 & its report w soon be made4 7,collective n\ns h plural =ms2 z1 committees1 armies47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aae4 ,,review ,,9 ,,numb]4 ,direction4--,write ! plural ( ! s+ul> n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! foll[+ li/1 & ! s+ul> ( ^? t are plural2 give ! ,rule or ! ,rem>k t applies to ea*2 & note ^? t h no plural1 & ^? t h no s+ul>3-- ,hope1 age1 b5*1 bu%1 h\se1 loss1 tax1 waltz1 potato1 %oe1 colony1 piano1 kang>oo1 pulley1 :>f1 /aff1 fife1 loaf1 flag/aff1 h&k]*ief1 ,mr41 *ild1 ox1 beaux1 *]ubim1 mesdames1 t]m9i1 g5us1 g5ius1 bagnio1 !ory1 galley1 muff1 my/]y1 colloquy1 son-9-law1 man-(-w>1 spoonful1 maid-s]vant1 ,fr5*man1 ,g]man1 man-s]vant1 ,dr4 ,smi?1 ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,smi?1 x1 #a_/b1 de]1 s]ies1 bell[s1 molasses1 pride1 politics1 news1 sunfi%1 clo!s1 alms1 goods1 gr\nds1 gre5s1 :o1 t4 ,direction4--,give five words t h no plural1 five t h no s+ul>1 & five t h ! same =m 9 bo? numb]s4 ,direction4--,correct ! foll[+ plurals1 & give ! ,rem>k t applies to ea*3-- ,/agees1 foxs1 mosquitos1 calicos1 h]os1 soloes1 babys1 trioes1 *imnies1 /orys1 elfs1 beefs1 sc>ves1 oxes1 ph5om5ons1 axises1 t]m9uses1 g5uses1 "m-9-laws1 ald]mans1 ,mussulm51 tee?-bru%es1 m\?sful1 attorney-at-laws1 man-*ilds1 geese-quills1 #bs1 ms4 sw9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aaf4 ,,numb] ,,=ms ,,9 ,,con/ruction4 ,! numb] ( a n\n may be det]m9$ n only by its =m b also by ! v]b1 ! adjective1 & ! pron\n us$ 9 connection ) x4 ,rem>k4--,^! scissors are s dull t ,i _c use !m4 ,! plurality ( scissors is "h made kn[n 9 f\r ways4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce ?is1 is1 & x are incorrectly us$3 ,?is scissors is s dull t ,i _c use x4 ,direction4--,con/ruct s5t5ces 9 :i* ! numb] ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns %all be indicat$ by ! =m ( ! v]b1 by ! adjective1 & by ! pron\n us$ 9 connection ) x3-- 7,) ! s+ul> n\ns use ! v]bs is1 01 & has be52 ! adjectives an1 "o1 ?is1 & t2 ! pron\ns he1 81 him1 %e1 h]1 x1 & its47 7,) ! plural n\ns use ! v]bs are1 71 & h be52 ! adjectives ^!1 ^?1 & two2 ! pron\ns !y1 _!1 & !m47 ,bell[s1 de]1 fi%1 gross1 means1 s]ies1 species1 hea!n1 tr\t1 iron1 irons1 news1 eaves1 ri*es1 oats1 v]m91 molasses1 ,misses1 bre?r51 dice1 head 7( cattle71 p5nies1 *ild1 p>5t1 family1 cr[d1 meet+4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces 9 :i* ! fir/ ?ree ( ! foll[+ adjective pron\ns %all be us$ z s+ul> subjects1 ! f\r? z a plural subject1 & ! rema9d] bo? z s+ul> & z plural subjects3-- ,ea*1 ei!r1 nei!r1 bo?1 =m]1 none1 all1 any4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aag4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns--,,g5d]4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,! lion 0 cag$4 ,! lioness 0 cag$4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce some?+ is said ab\t a male lion1 & 9 ! second some?+ is said ab\t a female lion4 ,! modification ( ! n\n to d5ote ! sex ( ! ?+ :i* x names is call$ ,g5d]4 ,lion1 d5ot+ a male animal1 is 9 ! ,mascul9e ,g5d]2 & lioness1 d5ot+ a female animal1 is 9 ! ,fem99e ,g5d]4 ,names ( ?+s t are )\t sex are said to be 9 ! ,neut] ,g5d]4 ,su* n\ns z c\s91 *ild1 fri5d1 neighbor are ei!r mascul9e or fem99e4 ,su* words are sometimes said to be 9 ! ,common ,g5d]4 ,sex belongs to ! ?+2 & g5d]1 to ! n\n t names ! ?+4 ,kn[+ ! sex ( ! ?+ or its lack ( sex1 y "k ! g5d] ( ! n\n 9 ,engli% t names x2 = 9 our language g5d] foll[s ! sex4 ,b 9 su* mod]n languages z ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]man1 & 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 ! g5d] ( n\ns nam+ ?+s )\t ref]5ce to sex is det]m9$ by ! lik5ess ( _! end+s 9 s\nd to ! end+s ( words d5ot+ ?+s ) sex4 ,! ,g]man = table is a mascul9e n\n1 ! ,fr5* is fem99e1 & ! ,engli%1 ( c\rse1 is neut]4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon1 ! "m-tongue ( our language1 g5d] 0 grammatical1 z 9 ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]man2 b1 s9ce ! union ( ! ,norman-,fr5* ) ! ,anglo-,saxon to =m ! ,engli%1 g5d] has foll[$ sex4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,def9itions4 ,g5d] is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes sex4 ,! ,mascul9e ,g5d] d5otes ! male sex4 ,! ,fem99e ,g5d] d5otes ! female sex4 ,! ,neut] ,g5d] d5otes want ( sex4 ,g5d] ,=ms4 ,no ,engli% n\ns h di/9ctive neut] =ms1 b a lew h diff]5t =ms to di/+ui% ! mascul9e f ! fem99e4 ,! mascul9e is di/+ui%$ f ! fem99e 9 ?ree ways3-- #a/4 ,by a diff]5ce 9 ! end+ ( ! words4 #b;d4 ,by diff]5t words 9 ! comp\nd names4 #c;d4 ,by us+ words :olly or radically diff]5t4 ,ess is ! mo/ common end+ = fem99e n\ns4 ,footnote3 ,! suffix ess came into ! ,engli% language f ! ,norman-,fr5*4 ,x displac$ ! fem99e t]m9ation ( ! "m-tongue 7,a4 ,s4 e/re1 old ,engli% /]74 ,! orig9al mean+ ( /] is pres]v$ 9 sp9/]4 ,er 7,a4 ,s4 ere7 0 orig9ally a mascul9e suffix2 b x n[ g5]ally d5otes an ag5t )\t ref]5ce to sex2 z1 read-er1 speak-er4 ,direction4--,=m ! fem99e ( ea* ( ! foll[+ mascul9e n\ns by add+ e s s 3-- ,au?or1 b>on1 c\nt1 deacon1 giant1 god 7see ,rule #c1 ,lesson #abg71 heir1 ho/1 ,jew1 lion1 patron1 poet1 pr9ce 7see ,rule #a1 ,lesson #abg71 prior1 prophet1 %eph]d1 tailor1 tutor4 7,drop ! v[el e or o 9 ! end+ ( ! mascul9e1 & add ess47 ,actor1 ambassador1 arbit]1 b5efactor1 conductor1 director1 editor1 en*ant]1 hunt]1 idolat]1 in/ructor1 preceptor1 tig]1 wait]4 7,drop ! mascul9e er or or1 & add ! fem99e ess47 ,adv5tur]1 cat]]1 gov]nor1 murd]]1 sorc]]4 7,! foll[+ are some:at irregul>47 ,direction4--,le>n ^! =ms3-- ,abbot1 abbess2 duke1 du*ess2 emp]or1 empress2 lad1 lass2 m>quis1 m>*ioness2 ma/]1 mi/ress2 negro1 negress4 ,ess 0 =m]ly m common ?an n[4 ,su* words z editor & au?or are n[ frequ5tly us$ to d5ote p]sons ( ei!r sex4 ,direction4--,give five n\ns end+ 9 e r or o r t may be appli$ to ei!r sex4 ,"s words1 mo/ly =eign1 h v>i\s end+s 9 ! fem99e4 ,direction4--,le>n ! foll[+ =ms3-- ,adm9i/rator1 adm9i/ratrix2 ,augu/us1 ,augu/a2 beau1 belle2 ,*>les1 ,*>lotte2 ,cornelius1 ,cornelia2 cz>1 cz>9a2 don1 donna2 eque/rian1 eque/ri5ne2 executor1 executrix2 ,francis1 ,frances2 ,george1 ,georgiana2 ,h5ry1 ,h5rietta2 h]o1 h]o9e2 infante1 infanta2 ,jesse1 ,jessie2 ,joseph1 ,joseph9e2 ,julius1 ,julia or ,juliet2 l&grave1 l&grav9e2 ,l\is1 ,l\isa or ,l\ise2 ,paul1 ,paul9e2 signore or signor1 siguora2 sultan1 sultana2 te/ator1 te/atrix2 wid[]1 wid[4 ,9 "s comp\nds di/+ui%+ words are prefix$ or affix$4 ,direction4--,le>n ! foll[+ =ms3-- ,billy-goat1 nanny-goat2 buck-rabbit1 doe-rabbit2 cock-sp>r[1 h5-sp>r[2 ,engli%man1 ,engli%woman2 g5tleman1 g5tlewoman2 gr&fa!r1 gr&mo!r2 he-be>1 %e-be>2 l&lord1 l&lady2 man-s]vant1 maid-s]vant2 m]man1 m]maid2 ,mr4 ,jones1 ,mrs4 or ,miss ,jones2 peacock1 peah54 ,words :olly or radically diff]5t are us$ to di/+ui% ! mascul9e f ! fem99e4 7,?is is a matt] p]ta9+ to ! diction>y r ?an to gramm>47 ,direction4--,le>n ! foll[+ =ms3-- ,ba*elor1 maid2 buck1 doe2 drake1 duck2 e>l1 c\ntess2 fri> or monk1 nun2 g&]1 goose2 h>t1 roe2 "l1 lady2 nephew1 niece2 sir1 madam2 /ag1 h9d2 /e]1 heif]2 wiz>d1 wit*2 y\?1 damsel or maid54 ,! pron\n has ?ree g5d] =ms3--,mascul9e he1 fem99e %e1 & neut] x4 ,footnote3 ,x1 al?\gh a neut] =m1 is us$ idiomatically to ref] to a male or a female z1 ,x 0 ,john2 ,x 0 ,m>y4 ,direction4--,give five examples ( ea* ( ! ?ree ways ( di/+ui%+ ! mascul9e f ! fem99e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aah4 ,,g5d] ,,=ms ,,9 ,,con/ruction4 ,g5d] z a matt] ( or?ography is ( "s importance1 b 9 gramm> x is *iefly important z involv+ ! correct use ( ! pron\ns he1 %e1 & x4 ,:5 a s+ul> n\n is us$ s z to imply p]sons ( bo? sexes1 x is commonly repres5t$ by a mascul9e pron\n4 ,footnote3 ,:5 x is necess>y to di/+ui% ! sexes1 bo? ! mascul9e & ! fem99e pron\n %\ld be us$2 z1 ,ea* p]son 0 requir$ to "n 8 or h] favorite fl[]4 ,example4--,e p]son has 8 faults4 ,! names ( animals are (t5 consid]$ z mascul9e or fem99e )\t reg>d to ! real sex4 ,examples4--,! grizzly be> is ! mo/ savage ( 8 race4 ,! cat /eals ^u h] prey4 ,rem>k4--,! writ] employs he or %e accord+ z he fancies ! animal to possess mascul9e or fem99e *>act]i/ics4 ,he is m frequ5tly employ$ ?an %e4 ,! neut] pron\n x is (t5 us$ ) ref]5ce to animals & v "y *ildr51 ! sex be+ disreg>d$4 ,examples4--,:5 ! de] is al>m$1 x gives two or ?ree graceful spr+s4 ,! little *ild rea*$ out its h& to cat* ! sunbeam4 ,rem>k4--,x is q g5]ally us$ in/ead ( he or %e1 9 ref]r+ to an animal1 unless "s mascul9e or fem99e quality seems to pr$om9ate4 ,inanimate ?+s are (t5 repres5t$ z liv+ be+s1 t is1 !y are p]sonifi$1 & are ref]r$ to by ! pron\n he or %e4 ,example4--,! oak %all s5d 8 roots abroad & pi]ce ?y mold4 ,rem>k4--,! names ( objects di/+ui%$ = size1 p[]1 or sublimity are reg>d$ z mascul9e2 & ! names ( ^? di/+ui%$ = grace1 beauty1 g5tl5ess1 or productiv5ess are consid]$ z fem99e4 ,p]sonification adds beauty & animation to /yle4 ,direction4--,/udy :at is said above1 & !n fill ea* ( ! blanks 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ) a mascul9e1 a fem99e1 or a neut] pron\n1 & 9 ea* case give ! reason = y\r selection3-- #a4 ,no "o else is s mu* alone 9 ! univ]se z ---- :o d5ies ,god4 #b4 ,a p]son's mann]s n unfrequ5tly indicate ---- morals1 #c4 ,ev]ybody %\ld ?9k = ----4 #d4 ,! =e/'s leap+ pan!r %all yield ---- spott$ hide4 #e4 ,! catam\nt lies 9 ! b\ghs to wat* ---- prey4 #f4 ,! mock+-bird p\r$ f ---- little ?roat floods ( deliri\s music4 #g4 ,! wild bea/ f ---- cav]n sprang1 ! wild bird f ---- grove4 #h4 ,! night-sp>r[ trills ---- song4 #i4 ,! elephant is di/+ui%$ = ---- /r5g? & sagacity4 #aj4 ,! bat is nocturnal 9 ---- habits4 #aa4 ,! dog is fai?ful to ---- ma/]4 #ab4 ,! *ild 0 unconsci\s ( ---- dang]4 #ac4 ,! fox is not$ = ---- cunn+4 #ad4 ,belgium's capital _h ga!r$ !n ---- beauty & ---- *ivalry4 #ae4 ,despair ext5ds ---- rav5 w+4 #af4 ,life mocks ! idle hate ( ---- ar*-enemy1 ,dea?4 #ag4 ,spr+ comes =? ---- "w ( gladness to contrive4 #ah4 ,tru? is fe>less1 yet ---- is meek & mode/4 ,direction4--,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! ?+s nam$ bel[ %all be p]sonifi$ by means ( mascul9e pron\ns3-- ,dea?1 "t1 w9t]1 w>1 sun1 riv]1 w9d4 ,direction4--,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! ?+s nam$ bel[ %all be p]sonifi$ by means ( fem99e pron\ns3-- ,%ip1 moon1 e>?1 spr+1 virtue1 nature1 night1 ,engl&4 ,caution4--,avoid *ang+ ! g5d] ( ! pron\n :5 ref]r+ to ! same antec$5t4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! pol> be> is comp>atively r>e 9 m5ag]ies1 z x suff]s s mu* f ! heat t he is n easily pres]v$ 9 conf9em5t4 #b4 ,! cat1 :5 x comes to ! light1 contracts & elongates ! pupil ( h] eye4 #c4 ,summ] clo!s h]self 9 gre51 & decks itself ) fl[]s4 #d4 ,w> leaves 8 victim on ! field1 & homes desolat$ by x m\rn ov] h] cruelty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aai4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns--,,p]son ,,& ,,case4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,numb] & g5d]1 z y h le>n$1 are modifications affect+ ! mean+ ( n\ns & pron\ns--numb] be+ almo/ always indicat$ by =m1 or inflection2 g5d]1 sometimes4 ,!re are two modifications :i* d n ref] to *anges 9 ! mean+ ( n\ns & pron\ns b to _! diff]5t uses & relations4 ,^! uses & relations are n g5]ally indicat$ by =m1 or inflection4 ,i1 ,paul1 h writt54 ,paul1 ?\ art beside ?yself4 ,he br\ght ,paul be=e ,agrippa4 ,9 ^! ?ree s5t5ces ! ^w ,paul has ?ree diff]5t uses1 ?\gh1 z y see1 its =m is n *ang$4 ,9 ! fir/ x is us$ to "n ! speak]2 9 ! second1 to "n ! "o spok5 to2 9 ! ?ird1 to "n ! "o spok5 (4 ,^! diff]5t uses ( n\ns & pron\ns & ! =ms us$ to m>k ^! uses con/itute ! modification call$ ,p]son4 ,i1 ?\1 & he are p]sonal pron\ns1 &1 z y see1 di/+ui% p]son by _! =m4 ,i1 d5ot+ ! speak]1 is 9 ! ,fir/ ,p]son2 ?\1 d5ot+ ! "o spok5 to1 is 9 ! ,second ,p]son2 & he1 d5ot+ ! "o spok5 (1 is 9 ! ,?ird ,p]son4 ,in/ead ( ,i a writ] or speak] may use ! plural we2 & ?r\gh c\rtesy x came to be cu/om>y1 except among ! ,fri5ds1 or 9 ! language ( pray] & poetry1 to use ! plural y in/ead ( ?\4 ,! be> kill$ ! man4 ,! man kill$ ! be>4 ,! be>'s grease 0 made into hair oil4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! be> is repres5t$ z p]=m+ an act2 9 ! second1 z receiv+ an act2 9 ! ?ird1 z possess+ some?+4 ,^! diff]5t uses ( n\ns & pron\ns & ! =ms us$ to m>k ^! uses con/itute ! modification call$ ,case4 ,a n\n us$ z subject is 9 ! ,nom9ative ,case2 us$ z object complem5t x is 9 ! ,objective ,case2 & us$ to d5ote possession x is 9 ! ,possessive ,case4 ,"s ( ! pron\ns h a special =m = ea* case2 b ( n\ns ! possessive case is ! only "o t is n[ m>k$ by a peculi> =m4 ,we inflect bel[ a n\n f ! ,anglo-,saxon1 ,footnote3 ,! ,anglo-,saxon cases are nom9ative1 g5itive1 dative1 accusative1 vocative2 ! ,lat9 are nom9ative1 g5itive1 dative1 accusative1 vocative1 & ablative2 ! ,engli% are nom9ative1 possessive 7g5itive71 & objective4 ,,anglo-,,saxon4 ,hla=d1 "l4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 hla=d1 hla=d-z4 ,g54 hla=d-es1 hla=d-a4 ,dat4 hla=d-e1 hla=d-um4 ,acc4 hla=d1 hla=d-z4 ,voc4 hla=d1 hla=d-z4 ,,lat94 ,dom9us1 "l4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 dom9-u1 dom9-i4 ,g54 dom9-i1 dom9-orum4 ,dat4 dom9-o1 dom9-is4 ,acc4 dom9-um1 dom9-os4 ,voc4 dom9-e1 dom9-i4 ,ab4 dom9-o1 dom9-is4 ,,engli%4 ,"l4 ,s+ul>4 ,nom4 "l1 ,pos4 "l-'s1 ,obj4 "l2 ,plural4 ,nom4 "l-s1 ,pos4 "l-s'1 ,obj4 "l-s4 & "o f ! ,lat91 ! p>5t ( ! ,norman-,fr5*1 9 ord] t y may see h[ cases & ! inflections to m>k !m h be5 dropp$ 9 ,engli%4 ,9 ,engli%1 prepositions h l>gely tak5 ! place ( case =ms1 & x is ?\ght t by !m our language c express ! _m relations ( n\ns to o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce bett] ?an o!r languages c by _! cumbr\s ma*9]y ( inflection4 ,,def9itions4 ,p]son is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes ! speak]1 ! "o spok5 to1 or ! "o spok5 (4 ,! ,fir/ ,p]son d5otes ! "o speak+4 ,! ,second ,p]son d5otes ! "o spok5 to4 ,! ,?ird ,p]son d5otes ! "o spok5 (4 ,a n\n is said to be ( ! fir/ p]son :5 jo9$ z an explanatory modifi] to a pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son2 z1 ,i1 ,john1 saw ^! ?+s2 ,we ,am]icans are always 9 a hurry4 ,footnote3 ,x is d\btful :e!r a n\n is ev] ( ! fir/ p]son4 ,x may be said t1 9 ! s5t5ce ,i1 ,john1 saw ^! ?+s1 ,john speaks ( 8 own "n1 ! expression mean+1 ,i1 & my "n is ,john1 etc4 ,a n\n is ( ! second p]son :5 us$ z explanatory ( a pron\n ( ! second p]son1 or :5 us$ indep5d5tly z a t]m ( address2 z1 ,ye crags & peaks2 ,idle "t1 ,john1 is ru9\s4 ,direction4--,compose s5t5ces 9 :i* !re %all be two examples ( n\ns & two ( pron\ns us$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree p]sons4 ,p]son ,=ms4 ,p]sonal pron\ns & v]bs are ! only classes ( words t h di/9ctive p]son =ms4 ,direction4--,f ! =ms ( ! pron\ns giv5 9 ,lesson #abd1 select & write 9 "o li/ all ! fir/ p]son =ms2 9 ano!r li/1 all ! second p]son =ms2 & 9 ano!r1 all ! ?ird p]son =ms4 ,p]son is reg>d$ 9 gramm> because ! v]b sometimes v>ies its =m to agree ) ! p]son ( its subject2 z1 ,i see2 ,?\ see/2 ,he sees4 ,,def9itions4 ,case is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes its (fice 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! ,nom9ative ,case ( a n\n or pron\n d5otes its (fice z subject or z attribute complem5t4 ,! ,possessive ,case ( a n\n or pron\n d5otes its (fice z possessive modifi]4 ,! ,objective ,case ( a n\n or pron\n d5otes its (fice z object complem5t1 or z pr9cipal ^w 9 a prepositional phrase4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ indep5d5tly is said to be 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,examples4--,i am1 de> madam1 y\r fri5d4 ,alas1 poor ,yorick6 ,he be+ dead1 we %all live4 ,lib]ty1 x has fl$6 7,see ,lesson #dd47 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z explanatory modifi] is 9 ! same case z ! ^w expla9$--is put by apposition 9 ! same case4 ,examples4--,! fir/ colonial ,congress1 t ( #aggd1 address$ ! ,k+1 ,george ,,iii4 ,he buys is goods at ,/ew>t's1 ! dry-goods m]*ant4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z objective complem5t is 9 ! objective case4 ,examples4--,!y made him speak]4 ,he made x all x is4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z attribute complem5t ( a p>ticiple or an inf9itive is 9 ! same case 7,nom4 or ,obj47 z ! ^w to :i* x relates z attribute4 ,examples4--,be+ an arti/1 he appreciat$ x4 ,i prov$ x to be him4 ,rem>k4--,:5 ! assum$ subject ( ! p>ticiple or ! inf9itive is a possessive1 ! attribute complem5t is said to be 9 ! nom9ative case2 z1 ,its be+ he ,footnote3 ,! case ( he 9 ^! examples is r d\btful4 ,! nom9ative & ! objective =ms ( ! pron\n occur s r>ely 9 su* con/ructions t x seems impossible to det]m9e ! usage4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( no great practical importance4 ,"s1 reason+ f ! analogy ( ! ,lat91 w\ld put ! attribute complem5t ( ! ab/ract inf9itive 9 ! objective1 suppos+ = & "s o!r ^w to be und]/ood2 z1 ,= "o to be him1 etc4 ,o!rs1 reason+ f ! ,g]man1 to :i* our language is closely alli$1 w\ld put ?is complem5t 9 ! nom9ative4 ,! assum$ subject ( ! inf9itive be+ omitt$ :5 x is ! same 9 s5se z ! pr9cipal subject1 him1 9 ! s5t5ce ,i wi% 7me or myself7 to be him1 is ! prop] =m1 be+ 9 ! same case z me4 %\ld make no diff]5ce4 ,:5 ! p>ticiple or ! inf9itive is us$ ab/ractly1 )\t an assum$ subject1 its attribute complem5t is also said to be 9 ! nom9ative case2 z1 ,to be he ,footnote3 ,see footnote above4 is to be a s*ol>2 ,be+ a s*ol> is n be+ an idl]4 ,direction4--,/udy c>efully ! ,def9itions & ! ,rem>k above1 & !n compose s5t5ces 9 :i* a n\n or a pron\n %all be put 9 ! nom9ative case 9 f\r ways2 9 ! objective 9 five ways2 9 ! possessive 9 two ways4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abj4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,direction4--,analyze ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & give ! case ( ea* n\n & pron\n3-- #a4 ,n to "k :at happ5$ be=e we 7 born is to be always a *ild4 #b4 ,8 be+ a ,roman sav$ him f be+ made a prison]4 #c4 ,i am ?is day weak1 ?\gh ano9t$ k+4 ,explanation4--,n\ns us$ adv]bially are 9 ! objective case because equival5t to ! pr9cipal ^w ( a prepositional phrase4 7,see ,lesson #ce47 #d4 ,:at made ,cromwell a great man 0 8 un%ak5 reliance on ,god4 #e4 ,amos1 ! h]dsman ( ,tekoa1 0 n a prophet's son4 #f4 ,arnold's success z tea*] 0 rem>kable4 ,explanation4--,tea*]1 introduc$ by z & us$ )\t a possessive sign1 is explanatory ( ,arnold's4 #g4 ,wor%ip ?y ,creator1 ,god2 & obey 8 ,son1 ! ,ma/]1 ,k+1 & ,savi\r ( m54 #h4 ,be> ye "o ano!r's ,footnote3 ,= ! use ( "o ano!r1 see ,lesson #abd4 burd5s4 ,explanation4--,! s+ul> "o is explanatory ( ! plural ye1 or "o ano!r's may be treat$ z a comp\nd4 #i4 ,:at art ?\1 execrable %ape1 t d>e/ advance8 #aj4 ,o y h>d he>ts6 y cruel m5 ( ,rome6 #aa4 ,ev]ybody ackn[l$ges ,%akespe>e to be ! greate/ ( dramati/s4 #ab4 ,?9k'/ ?\ ?is he>t c\ld feel a mom5t's joy1 ?\ be+ abs5t8 #ac4 ,our great =efa!rs _h left him naught to conqu] b 8 c\ntry4 7,= ! case ( him see explanation ( 7#c7 above47 #ad4 ,i w att5d to x myself4 ,explanation4--,myself may be treat$ z explanatory ( ,i4 #ae4 ,?is news ( papa's puts me all 9 a flutt]4 ,footnote3 ,see second foot-note1 page #bdg4 #af4 ,:at means t h& ^u t brea/ ( ?9e8 ,footnote3 ,see second foot-note1 page #bdg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aba4 ,,p>s+4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,we d n believe t ! *ief end ( ! /udy ( gramm> ,is to be able to p>se well1 or ev5 to analyze well1 ?\gh )\t "q analysis reveals m cle>ly ?an p>s+ ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce1 & is immeasurably sup]ior to x z intellectual gymna/ics4 ,we w\ld n d away ) p>s+ altoge!r1 b w\ld give x a subord9ate place4 ,b we mu/ be all[$ an emphatic prote/ aga9/ ! ne$less & me*anical quot+1 9 p>s+1 ( ,rules ( ,syntax4 ,:5 a pupil has said t su* a n\n is 9 ! nom9ative case1 subject ( su* a v]b1 :at is ga9$ by a repetition ( ! def9ition 9 ! ,rule3 ,a n\n or a pron\n :i* is ! subject ( a f9ite v]b is 9 ! nom9ative case8 ,let ! reasons = ! disposition ( words1 :5 giv5 at all1 be specific4 ,p>s+--a ^w is giv+ its classification1 its modifications1 & its syntax1 i4e41 its relation to o!r words4 ,direction4--,select & p>se 9 full all ! n\ns & pron\ns f\nd 9 ! fir/ t5 s5t5ces ( ,lesson #abj4 ,= ! agreem5t ( pron\ns1 see ,lesson #adb4 ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+4--,elizabe?'s favorite1 ,raleigh1 0 behead$ by ,james ,i4 ,,classification4 ,,modifications4 ,,syntax4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,p]- ,num- ,g5- ,n\ns4 ,k9d4son4 b]4 d]4 ,case4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,elizabe?'s ,prop4 #c;d ,s+4 ,fem4 ,pos4 ,mod4 ( favorite4 favorite ,com4 #c;d ,s+4 ,mas4 ,nom4 ,sub4 ( 0 behead$4 ,raleigh ,prop4 #c;d ,s+4 ,mas4 ,nom4 ,expl4 ,mod4 ( favorite4 ,james ,i4 ,prop4 #c;d ,s+4 ,mas4 ,obj4 ,pr94 ^w ( ,prep4 phrase4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,= ex]cises 9 p>s+ n\ns & pron\ns1 see ,lessons #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #dd1 #df1 #ei1 #fj1 #ga1 #gc1 #gh1 #hj1 & #ha4 ,o!r ex]cises may be select$ f examples previ\sly giv5 = analysis1 & p>s+ cont9u$ z long z y ?9k x pr(itable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abb4 ,,case ,,=ms--,,n\ns4 ,n\ns h two case =ms1 ! simple =m1 common to ! nom9ative & ! objective case1 & ! possessive =m4 ,,rule4--,! ,possessive ,case ( n\ns is =m$ 9 ! s+ul> by add+ to ! nom9ative ! apo/rophe & ! lett] s 7's72 9 ! plural by add+ 7'7 only4 ,if ! plural does n end 9 s1 7's7 are bo? add$4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon1 es 0 a g5itive 7possessive7 end+ ( ! s+ul>2 z1 /a3n1 g5itive /a3n-es4 ,9 old ,engli%1 es & is 7 bo? us$4 ,9 mod]n ,engli%1 ! v[el is g5]ally dropp$1 & 7'7 /&s 9 its place4 ,! use ( ! apo/rophe has be5 ext5d$ to di/+ui% ! possessive f o!r =ms ( ! plural4 ,"s h said t our possessive end+ is a remnant ( ! pron\n 84 ,phrases l1 ,m>s 8 sword1 ,! ,pr9ce 8 ,play]s1 ,k+ ,lewis 8 satisfaction are abundant 9 ,e>ly1 & 9 ,middle1 ,engli%4 ,b x has be5 prov$ t ! 8 9 su* expressions is an error t ga9$ its wide curr5cy l>gely ?r\gh ! confusion ( e>ly ,engli% or?ography4 ,pr(essor ,hadley has cle>ly %[n t ! ,saxon t]m9ation has nev] dropp$ out ( ! language1 b exi/s 9 ! ,engli% possessive end+ to-day4 ,examples4--,boy's1 boys'1 m5's4 ,rem>k4--,to avoid an unpleasant succession ( hiss+ s\nds1 ! s 9 ! possessive s+ul> is sometimes omitt$2 z1 consci5ce' sake1 goodness' sake1 ,a*illes' sword1 ,ar*im$es' screw 7! s 9 ! words foll[+ ! possessive "h hav+ its influ5ce74 ,9 prose ?is omission ( ! s %\ld seldom occur4 ,! weight ( usage incl9es to ! use ( s 9 su* names z ,miss ,r\nds's1 ,mrs4 ,hemans's1 ,k+ ,james's1 witness's1 pr9ce's4 ,)\t ! s !re w\ld be no di/9ction1 9 spok5 language1 betwe5 ,miss ,r\nd's & ,miss ,r\nds'1 ,mrs4 ,heman's & ,mrs4 ,hemans'4 ,rem>k4--,pron\nce ! 7's7 z a sep>ate syllable 7 es7 :5 ! s\nd ( s w n unite ) ! la/ s\nd ( ! nom9ative4 ,rem>k4--,:5 ! s+ul> & ! plural are alike 9 ! nom9ative1 "s place ! apo/rophe aft] ! s 9 ! plural to di/+ui% x f ! possessive s+ul>2 z1 s+ul>1 %eep's2 plural1 %eeps'4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,rule & ! ,rem>ks giv5 above1 & !n write ! possessive s+ul> & ! possessive plural ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns3-- ,actor1 elephant1 f>m]1 k+1 lion1 g5ius1 horse1 pr9cess1 buffalo1 h]o1 mosquito1 negro1 volcano1 junto1 tyro1 cuckoo1 ally1 attorney1 fairy1 lady1 monkey1 calf1 elf1 ?ief1 wife1 wolf1 *ief1 dw>f1 waif1 *ild1 goose1 m\se1 ox1 woman1 beau1 s]aph1 fi%1 de]1 %eep1 sw9e4 ,comp\nd names & gr\ps ( words t may be treat$ z comp\nd names add ! possessive sign to ! la/ ^w2 z1 a man-(-w>'s rigg+1 ! que5 ( ,engl&'s palace1,footnote3 ,9 p>s+ ! words que5 & ,engl& sep>ately1 ! 7's7 mu/ be reg>d$ z belong+ to que52 b ! :ole phrase que5 ( ,engl&'s may be treat$ z "o n\n 9 ! possessive case4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great's v]ses4 ,rem>k4--,! possessive plural ( su* t]ms is n us$4 ,! preposition ( ) ! objective is (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! possessive case =m--,david's ,psalms ,psalms ( ,david4 ,rem>ks4--,to d5ote ! s\rce f :i* a ?+ proce$s1 or ! idea ( belong+ to1 ( is us$ m frequ5tly ?an 7's74 ,! possessive sign 7's7 is conf9$ *iefly to ! names ( p]sons1 & ( animals & ?+s p]sonifi$4 ,we d n say ! tree's leaves1 b ! leaves ( ! tree4 ,! possessive sign h[ev] is (t5 add$ to names ( ?+s :i* we frequ5tly he> p]sonifi$1 or :i* we wi% to dignify1 & to names ( p]iods ( "t1 & to words d5ot+ value2 z1 ! e>?'s surface1 =tune's smile1 et]nity's /illness1 a ye>'s int]e/1 a day's "w1 a doll>'s wor?1 two c5ts' wor?4 ,by ! use ( (1 su* expressions z witness's /atem5t1 mo!rs-9-law's faults may be avoid$4 ,direction4--,/udy c>efully ! pr9ciples & ,rem>ks giv5 above1 & !n make ea* ( ! foll[+ t]ms indicate possession1 us+ ei!r ! possessive sign or ! preposition (1 z may seem mo/ appropriate1 & jo9 an appropriate "n d5ot+ ! ?+ possess$3-- ,fa!r-9-law1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 k+ ( ,great ,brita91 aid-de-camp1 ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 attorney-at-law1 somebody else1,footnote3 ,9 su* expressions z ev]ybody else's bus9ess1 ! possessive sign is remov$ f ! n\n & atta*$ to ! adjective4 7,see ,lesson lai47 ,! possessive sign %\ld g5]ally be plac$ imm$iately be=e ! "n ( ! ?+ possess$4 ,jeff]son1 enemy1 eagle1 gunp[d]1 book1 h\se1 *air1 torr5t1 sun1 ocean1 m\nta91 summ]1 ye>1 day1 h\r1 pr9cess1 ,socrates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abc4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,possessive ,,=ms4 ,z ! possessive is ! only case ( n\ns t has a di/9ctive inflection1 x is only ) ?is case t mi/akes c occur 9 con/ruction4 ,caution4--,:5 sev]al possessive n\ns modify ! same ^w & imply common possession1 ! possessive sign is add$ to ! la/ only4 ,if !y modify diff]5t words1 express$ or und]/ood1 ! sign is add$ to ea*4 ,explanation4--,william & ,h5ry's boat2 ,william's & ,h5ry's boat4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 ,william & ,h5ry are repres5t$ z jo9tly own+ a boat2 9 ! second1 ea* is repres5t$ z own+ a sep>ate boat--boat is und]/ood aft] ,william's4 ,rem>k4--,:5 ! diff]5t possessors are ?\ght ( z sep>ate or oppos$1 ! sign may be repeat$ al?\gh jo9t possession is impli$2 z1 ,he 0 8 fa!r's1 "m's1 & si/]'s favorite2 ,he 0 ! ,k+'s1 z well z ! p's1 favorite4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,! ,bank ( ,engl& 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,william's & ,m>y's reign4 #b4 ,messrs4 ,leggett's1 ,/acy's1 ,gre5's1 ,co4's bus9ess prosp]s4 #c4 ,?is 0 ,james's1 ,*>les's1 & ,rob]t's e/ate4 #d4 ,am]ica 0 discov]$ dur+ ,f]d9&'s & ,isabella's reign4 #e4 ,we 7 comp>+ ,caes> & ,napoleon's victories4 #f4 ,?is 0 ! sage & ! poet's !me4 ,explanation4--,if an article prec$es ! possessive1 ! sign is repeat$4 #g4 ,x 0 ! k+1 n ! p's1 *oice4 #h4 ,!y are ,?omas1 z well z ,james's1 books4 ,caution4--,:5 a possessive n\n is foll[$ by an explanatory ^w1 ! possessive sign is add$ to ! explanatory ^w only4 ,b1 if ! explanatory ^w has sev]al modifi]s1 or if !re are m explanatory words ?an "o1 only ! pr9cipal ^w takes ! sign4 ,rem>ks4--,:5 a common n\n is explanatory ( a prop] n\n1 & ! "n ( ! ?+ possess$ is omitt$1 ! possessive sign may be add$ ei!r to ! modify+ or to ! pr9cipal ^w2 z1 ,we /opp$ at ,tiffany1 ! jewel]'s1 or ,we /opp$ at ,tiffany's1 ! jewel]4 ,if ! "n ( ! ?+ possess$ is giv51 ! n\n imm$iately be=e x takes ! sign4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,?is is ,t5nyson's1 ! poet's1 home4 #b4 ,i took tea at ,br[n's1 my old fri5d & s*oolmate's4 #c4 ,?is belongs to ,victoria's1 que5 ( ,engl&'s1 dom9ion4 #d4 ,?is prov9ce is ,victoria's1 que5 ( ,engl&'s4 #e4 ,t language is ,hom]'s1 ! greate/ poet ( antiquity's4 #f4 ,?is 0 ,frankl9's motto1 ! di/+ui%$ philosoph]'s /atesman's4 #g4 ,wolsey's1 ! c>d9al's1 c>e] end$ 9 disgrace4 ,direction4---,tell :i* ( ! s5t5ces above may be improv$ by us+ o!r =ms to d5ote possession4 7,see ! foll[+ ,caution47 ,caution4--,! relation ( possession may be express$ n only by 7's7 & by ( b by ! use ( su* phrases z belong+ to1 prop]ty (1 etc4 ,9 con/ruct+ s5t5ces be c>eful to secure smoo?ness & cle>ness & v>iety by tak+ advantage ( ^! diff]5t =ms4 ,direction4--,improve ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,?is is my wife's fa!r's op9ion4 ,correction4--,?is is ! op9ion ( my wife's fa!r1 or held by my wife's fa!r4 #b4 ,?is is my wife's fa!r's f>m4 #c4 ,france's & ,engl&'s int]e/ diff]s widely4 #d4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 ! son ( ! daught] ( ,george ,i4 ( ,engl&4 #e4 ,my bro!r's wife's si/]'s draw+s h be5 mu* admir$4 #f4 ,! draw+s ( ! si/] ( ! wife ( my bro!r h be5 mu* admir$4 ,( is n always equival5t to ! 7's71 ,explanation4--,! presid5t's reception means ! reception giv5 by ! presid5t1 b ! reception ( ! presid5t means ! reception giv5 to ! presid5t4 ,direction4--,con/ruct s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! mean+ ( ! foll[+ expressions3-- ,a "m's love1 ! love ( a "m2 a fa!r's c>e1 ! c>e ( a fa!r2 my fri5d's picture1 a picture ( my fri5d4 ,caution4--,(t5 ambiguity may be prev5t$ by *ang+ ! assum$ subject ( a p>ticiple f a nom9ative or an objective to a possessive4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! writ] be+ a s*ol> is n d\bt$4 ,correction4--,?is is ambigu\s1 z x may mean ei!r t ! writ] is n d\bt$ because he is a s*ol>1 or t ! writ]'s s*ol>%ip is n d\bt$4 ,x %\ld be1 ,! writ]'s be+ ,footnote3 ,! p>ticiple may be modifi$ n only1 z "h1 by a n\n 9 ! possessive b by ! articles a & !---z said 9 ,lesson #cg4 ,:e!r x be ! impos+ a tax or ! issu+ a pap] curr5cy4--,bagehot4 ,n a mak+ w> on !m1 n a leav+ !m out ( m9d1 b ! putt+ a new con/ruction ^u !m1 ! tak+ !m f "u ! old conv5tional po9t ( view4--,mat!w ,arnold4 ,poltroon]y is ! ackn[l$g+ an infirmity to be incurable4--,em]son4 ,! giv+ away a man's money4--,burke4 ,x is n ! f9d+ ( a ?+ b ! mak+ some?+ out ( x1 aft] x is f\nd1 t is ( consequ5ce4--,l[ell4 ,z se5 9 ?is la/ quotation1 ! p>ticiple may be foll[$ by a preposition & s become a pure n\n 7,lesson #ch74 a s*ol> is n d\bt$1 or ,t ! writ] is a s*ol> is n d\bt$4 #b4 ,i h no d\bt ( ! writ] be+ a s*ol>4 #c4 ,no "o ev] he>d ( t man runn+ = (fice4 #d4 ,br[n be+ a politician prev5t$ 8 election4 #e4 ,i d n d\bt him be+ s9c]e4 #f4 ,gr\*y be+ beh9d "t decid$ ! fate ( ,wat]loo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abd4 ,,numb] ,,& ,,case ,,=ms4 ,decl5sion4 ,,def9ition4--,decl5sion is ! arrangem5t ( ! cases ( n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! two numb]s4 ,direction4--,le>n ! foll[+ decl5sions3-- ,decl5sion ( ,n\ns4 ,,lady4 ,,boy4 ,,man4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 lady1 ladies1 boy1 boys1 man1 m51 ,pos4 lady's1 ladies'1 boy's1 boys'1 man's1 m5's1 ,obj4 lady2 ladies4 boy2 boys4 man2 m54 ,decl5sion ( ,pron\ns4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,,fir/ ,,p]son4 ,,second ,,p]son-- ,,second ,,p]son-- common =m old =m4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 ,i1 we199 y1 y1 ?\1 ye77 or y ,pos4 my or our or y\r or y\r or ?y or ye77 or y m9e1 ours1 y\rs1 y\rs1 ?9e1 y\rs1 ,obj4 me2 u4 y2 y4 !e2 y4 ,footnote 993 ,/rictly speak+1 we c h>dly be ! plural ( ,i1 says ,pr(essor ,sweet1 = ,i does n admit ( plurality4 ,we means ,i & y1 ,i & he1 ,i & %e1 or ,i & !y1 etc4 ,footnote 3 ,! =ms m9e1 ours1 y\rs1 ?9e1 h]s1 & !irs are us$ only :5 ! "n ( ! ?+ possess$ is omitt$2 z1 ,y\rs is old1 m9e is new ,y\r book is old1 etc4 ,m9e & ?9e 7 =m]ly us$ be=e words beg9n+ ) a v[el s\nd2 z1 ?9e enemy1 m9e honor4 ,! expression a fri5d ( m9e pres5ts a peculi> con/ruction4 ,! explanation g5]ally giv5 is1 t ( is p>titive1 & t ! expression is equival5t to "o fri5d ( my fri5ds4 ,x is said t ?is con/ruction c be us$ only :5 m ?an "o ?+ is possess$ su* expressions z ,?is he>t ( m9e1 ,t temp] ( y\rs are good1 idiomatic ,engli%4 ,?is naughty _w ( ours4--,byron4 ,?is moral life ( m9e4--,%]idan ,kn[les4 ,dim are ^? heads ( !irs4---,c>lyle4 ,"s sugge/ t ! ^w possess+ or own+ is und]/ood aft] ^! possessives2 z1 ,?is temp] ( y\rs 7y\r possess+72 o!rs say t ( simply m>ks id5tity1 z does ( 9 city ( 7viz47 ,new ,york 7see ,lesson #cd74 ,!y w\ld make ! expression ,?is temp]1 y\r temp]4 ,! s 9 ours1 y\rs1 h]s1 & !irs is ! s ( 8 & its ext5d$ by analogy to our1 y\r1 h]1 & _!1 =ms already possessive4 ,ours1 y\rs1 h]s1 & !irs are consequ5tly d\ble possessives4 ,footnote 3 ,ye is us$ 9 ,*auc] & 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible exclusively 9 ! nom9ative1 z 0 its orig9al ge 9 ! ,saxon4 ,%akespe>e uses y 9 ! nom9ative4 ,y 7! ,saxon accusative e[7 has n[ tak5 ! place ( ye1 & is bo? nom9ative & objective4 ,,?ird ,,p]son--,mas4 ,,?ird ,,p]son--,fem4 ,,?ird ,,p]son--,neut4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 he1 !y1 %e1 !y1 x1 !y1 ,pos4 81 _! or h] or _! or its199 _! or !irs1 h]s1 !irs1 !irs1 ,obj4 him2 !m4 h]2 !m4 x2 !m4 ,footnote 993 ,! possessive its is our only p]sonal pron\n =m n f\nd 9 ,saxon4 ,81 ! possessive ( ! mascul9e he1 0 !re ! possessive 7g5itive7 ( ! neut] hit also--our x4 ,b x came to be ?\ght improp] to employ 8 to d5ote inanimate ?+s z well z animate4 ,! lit]ature ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies %[s a gr[+ s5se ( ?is impropriety1 & ab\nds ) ( x1 !re(1 h]1 x1 !1 & x own 9 place ( 8 z ! possessive ( x4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! new co9age its is plac$ 9 #aeih4 ,long aft] its introduction _m look$ askance at its1 because ( ! grammatical blund] x conta9s--! t 9 its be+ a nom9ative neut] end+1 & ! s a possessive end+4 ,b no "o ?9ks n[ ( %unn+ :at 0 !n reg>d$ z a grammatical mon/rosity4 ,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 & ,nom4 & ,nom4 & ,nom4 & ,nom4 & ,nom4 & ,obj4 ,obj4 ,obj4 ,obj4 ,obj4 ,obj4 myself99 ?yself himself2 or ourselves4 or y\rselves4 h]self2 !mselves4 ourself2 y\rself2 itself2 ,footnote 993 ,! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns are us$ 7#a7 = emphasis2 z1 ,i myself saw x3 & 7#b7 z reflexives1 to turn ! action ( ! v]b back ^u ! actor2 z1 ,he f\nd himself des]t$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,!y are n ! only words us$ 9 ?is la/ relation2 :]e no obscurity w\ld arise1 we may use ! simple p]sonal pron\ns in/ead4 ,& millions 9 ^? solitudes 444 h laid !m d[n 9 _! la/ sleep4--,bryant4 ,my uncle /opp$ a m9ute to look ab\t him4--,dick5s4 ,! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns %\ld n be us$ z subjects4 ,rem>k4--,! possessive ( ^! pron\ns is want+4 ,ourself & we are us$ by rul]s1 editors1 & o!rs to hide _! individuality1 & give au?ority to :at !y say4 ,relative ,pron\ns4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,nom4 :o1 :i*1 t1 :at1 ,pos4 ^:1 ^:1 ------1 ------1 ,obj4 :om4 :i*4 t4 :at4 ,rem>k4--,f ! composition ( :i*--hwa3-lic1 or hwaet-lic :o-l1 or :at-l1 x is evid5t t ^: is n =m$ f :i*4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! possessive ( :at transf]r$ to :i*4 ,mu* has be5 said aga9/ ?is ^:1 b x is 9 g5]al use4 ,^? :o reg>d usage z ! f9al arbit] 9 spee* ne$ n avoid ?is =m ( ! pron\n4 ,int]rogative ,pron\ns4 ,! int]rogative pron\ns :o1 :i*1 & :at are decl9$ l ! relatives :o1 :i*1 & :at4 ,comp\nd ,relative ,pron\ns4 ,s+ul> & ,plural4 ,s+ul> & ,plural4 ,nom4 :oev]1 :osoev]1 ,pos4 :osev]1 :osesoev]1 ,obj4 :omev]4 :omsoev]4 ,:i*ev]1 :i*soev]1 :atev]1 & :atsoev] d n *ange _! =m4 ,adjective ,pron\ns4 ,?is & t ) _! plurals1 ^! & ^?1 h no possessive =m1 & are alike 9 ! nom9ative & ! objective4 ,"o & o!r are decl9$ l n\ns2 & ano!r1 decl9$ l o!r 9 ! s+ul>1 has no plural4 ,ei!r1 nei!r1 =m]1 & latt] sometimes take ! apo/rophe & s 7's7 9 ! s+ul>4 ,ea*1 ei!r1 & nei!r are always s+ul>2 bo? is always plural2 & all1 any1 f>m]y latt]1 none1 same1 "s1 & su* are ei!r s+ul> or plural4 ,footnote3 ,on ! pages imm$iately prec$+ ,lesson #a1 we said t usage1 z det]m9$ by ! majority ( ! be/ writ]s & speak]s ( ! g5]ation1 is ! only au?ority 9 language2 & we !re expla9$ h[ we are able to appeal to usage z we all along h done4 ,9 treat+ ( ! adjective pron\ns we n[ appeal to x aga94 ,9 ! fir/ twelve p>agraphs bel[ we give alt]native expressions4 ,only ! second ( ^! alt]native locutions 9 ea* p>agraph is all[$ by _m gramm>ians2 !y utt]ly condemn ! fir/4 ,on ! w>rant ( usage we say t bo? expressions are correct4 #a4 ,we may use ea* o!r ) m ?an two2 we may use "o ano!r 9 su* a case4 ,we may say1 ,sev]al able m5 7 9 correspond5ce ) ea* o!r1 or ) "o ano!r4 #b4 ,we may use "o ano!r ) only two2 we may use ea* o!r 9 su* a case4 ,we may say1 ,! two c\ntries agre$ to /& by "o ano!r1 or by ea* o!r4 #c4 ,we may use all1 bo?1 & :ole ) a preposition & a n\n foll[+2 we may use ^! words z adjectives qualify+ ! n\n4 ,we may say1 ,all ( ! p1 ,bo? ( ! trees1 ,! :ole ( ! f>m1 or ,all ! p1 ,bo? trees1 ,! :ole f>m4 #d4 ,we may use ! pron\ns ei!r & nei!r1 z we d ! conjunctions ei!r & nei!r1 ) m ?an two2 we may use any "o & none 9 su* cases4 ,we may say1 ,"h are ?ree c&idates2 y may vote = ei!r or = nei!r ( !m1 or = any "o or = none ( !m4 #e4 ,we may use he or "s o!r p]sonal pron\n aft] ! indef9ite "o2 we may repeat ! "o 9 su* a case4 ,we may say1 ,! home "o mu/ quit1 yet tak+ mu* ( its life along ) him1 or along ) "o4 #f4 ,we may use su* be=e an adjective & its n\n2 we may use s ) ! adjective 9 su* a case4 ,we may say1 ,su* a /rong argum5t1 ,su* admirable tal5t1 or ,s /rong an argum5t1 ,tal5t s admirable4 #g4 ,we may use ! plural ones2 we may use ! n\n = :i* ones /&s4 ,we may say1 ,y h r$ roses1 ,i h :ite ones1 or :ite roses4 #h4 ,we may apply ! o!r two to ^? t rema9 :5 "o ( ?ree ?+s has be5 tak5 f ! re/2 we may use ! two o!rs 9 su* a case4 ,we may say1 ,"o ( !m kept 8 gr\nd2 ! o!r two ran away1 or ! two o!rs ran away4 #i4 ,we may use a be=e a n\n 9 ! s+ul> & or two aft] x2 we may use "o or two be=e ! n\n 9 ! plural4 ,we may say1 ,i w g 9 a day or two1 or 9 "o or two days4 #aj4 ,we may use ei!r 9 ! s5se ( ea*2 we may use ea* in/ead4 ,we may say1 ,he wre/$ ! l& on ei!r side ( ! ,se9e1 or on ea* side ( ! ,se9e4 #aa4 ,we may ins]t a n\n1 or a n\n & o!r words1 betwe5 o!r & ?an2 we may place ! ?an imm$iately aft] o!r4 ,we may say1 ,we mu/ look = somee o!r reasons = x ?an ^? sugge/$1 or = "s reasons = x o!r ?an ^? sugge/$4 #ab4 ,we may use none 9 ! plural2 we may use none 9 ! s+ul>4 ,we may say1 ,none he> ?y voice1 or ,none he>s ?y voice4 ,! p>agraphs bel[ conta9 notewor?y uses ( adjective pron\ns b no really alt]native expressions4 #ac4 ,usage is ov]:elm+ly 9 favor ( any "o else's1 no "o else's1 somebody else's1 nobody else's1 in/ead ( any "o's else1 etc4 ,!re is sc>cely any au?ority = plac+ ! 7's7 ^u "o or body4 ,writt5 by ,dick5s = 8 own or any "o else's *ildr54 ,?is =m is common & conv5i5t4 ,we are advis$ to %un x1 b we ne$ n4 #ad4 ,usage is also decid$ly 9 favor ( fir/ two1 la/ ?ree1 etc41 in/ead ( two fir/1 ?ree la/1 etc4 ,descriptive adjectives us$ z n\ns are plural1 & are n decl9$4 ,su* expressions z ! wret*$'s only plea & ! wick$'s d5 are exceptional4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abe4 ,,case ,,=ms--,,pron\ns4 ,! pron\ns ,i1 ?\1 he1 %e1 & :o are ! only words 9 ! language t h ea* ?ree diff]5t case =ms4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,decl5sions1 & correct ^! errors3-- ,our's1 y\r's1 hi's1 h]'s1 x's1 _!'s1 y\rn1 hisn1 h]n1 !irn4 ,con/ruction ( ,case ,=ms--,pron\ns4 ,caution4--,i1 we1 ?\1 ye1 he1 %e1 !y1 & :o are nom9ative =ms1 & mu/ n be us$ 9 ! objective case4 ,me1 u1 !e1 him1 h]1 ,footnote3 ,h] is also a possessive4 !m1 & :om are objective =ms1 & mu/ n be us$ 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,rem>k4--,! eight nom9ative =ms & ! sev5 objective =ms "h giv5 are ! only di/9ctive nom9ative & objective =ms 9 ! language4 ,all ! rules ( syntax giv5 9 ! gramm>s to guide 9 ! use ( ! nom9ative & ! objective case apply1 practically1 only to ^! fifte5 words4 ,direction4--,/udy c>efully ! ,def9itions & pr9ciples giv5 "u ! head ( case1 ,lesson #aai1 & !n correct ^! errors1 giv+ y\r reasons 9 e in/ance3-- #a4 ,x is n me y are 9 love )4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,la?am def5ds ,x is me1 b condemns ,x is him1 & ,x is h]4 ,dean ,al=d reg>ds z correct ! =ms condemn$ by ,la?am1 & ass]ts t !e & me are correct 91 ,! nations n s ble/ z !e ,su* weak m9i/] z me may ! oppressor bruise4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 ju/ifies ,if ,i 7 him1 ,x 0 h]1 ,he is bett] ?an me1 & ev5 def5ds ! use ( :o z an objective =m by quot+ f ,%akespe>e1 ,:o s]ve/ ?\ "u8 & f ,/eele1 ,:o %\ld ,i meet8 ,!y ju/ify su* expressions z ,x is me f ! analogy ( ! ,fr5* c'e/ moi1 & on ! gr\nd t !y are m frequ5tly he>d ?an ! prescrib$ =m4 ,b su* analogy w\ld ju/ify ,x are !m 7ce sont eux72 &1 if ! argum5t f ! spee* ( ! un$ucat$ is to h weight1 we h good au?ority = ,h] a9't a call+ we3 u don't belong to %e4 ,a c\rse ( read+ w satisfy "o t ! be/ writ]s & speak]s 9 ,engl& are n 9 ! habit ( us+ su* expressions z ,x is me1 & t ^! are almo/1 if n q unkn[n 9 ,am]ican lit]ature4 ,no "o has fre$ himself f ! influ5ce ( e>ly associations t are 9 a c>eless mom5t "s vici\s colloquialism may n creep into 8 disc\rse4 ,a ,violation ( e pr9ciple ( gramm> may be def5d$1 if su* inadv]t5cies are to be erect$ into au?ority4 ,to :atev] is ! prevail+1 ! habitual1 usage ( a majority ( ! be/ writ]s & speak]s ! gramm>ian %\ld b[ )\t "q2 b n to ! accid5tal slips ( ev5 ! greate/ writ]s1 or to ! common usage ( ! unreflect+ & ! uncultivat$4 #b4 ,%e 0 nei!r bett] br$ nor wis] ?an y or me4 ,see previ\s ,footnote4 #c4 ,:o s]ve/ ?\ "u8 ,see previ\s footnote4 #d4 ,x 0 n !m1 x 0 h]4 #e4 ,its be+ me %\ld make no diff]5ce4 #f4 ,him & me are ( ! same age4 #g4 ,!m t /udy gramm> talk no bett] ?an me4 #h4 ,i am n s old z h]2 %e is old] ?an me by t5 ye>s4 #i4 ,he 0 angry1 & me too4 #aj4 ,:o w g8 ,me4 #aa4 ,x isn't = su* z u to sit ) ! rul]s ( ! l&4 #ab4 ,n "o 9 a ?\s& c\ld h done x z well z him4 #ac4 ,him be+ a /rang]1 !y easily misl$ him4 #ad4 ,oh1 happy u6 surr\nd$ ?us ) bless+s4 #ae4 ,x 0 ,joseph1 him :om ,ph>aoh promot$4 #af4 ,i ref]r$ to my old fri5d1 he ( :om ,i s (t5 speak4 #ag4 ,y h se5 ,cassio & %e toge!r4 #ah4 ,betwe5 y & ,i1 ,i believe t he is los+ 8 m9d4 #ai4 ,:o %\ld ,i meet ! o!r day b my old fri5d8 #bj4 ,:o did he ref] to1 he or ,i8 #ba4 ,:o did he *oose8 ,did he *oose y & ,i8 #bb4 ,he t is idle & mis*iev\s reprove4 #bc4 ,we w ref] x to :oev] y may *oose4 #bd4 ,:osoev] ! c\rt favors is safe4 #be4 ,!y t are dilig5t ,i w rew>d4 #bj4 ,scotl& & !e did 9 ea* o!r live4 #bg4 ,my h\r is come1 b n to r5d] up my s\l to su* z !e4 #bh4 ,i knew t x 0 him4 #bi4 ,i knew x to be he4 #cj4 ,:o did y suppose x to be8 #ca4 ,:om did y suppose x 08 #cb4 ,i took t tall man to be he4 #cc4 ,i ?\ght t tall man 0 him4 ,al?\gh ?an is n a preposition1 x is sometimes foll[$ by :om1 z 9 ! famili> passage f ,milton3 ,beelzebub444 ?an :om1 ,satan except1 none high] sat4 ,?an :om is an irregul>ity ju/ifi$ only on ! basis ( good usage4 ,:om "h may be p>s$ z an objective case =m us$ idiomatically 9 place ( :o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abf4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,case ,,=ms4 ,,miscellane\s--,,review4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,:o 0 ,joseph's & ,b5jam9's "m8 #b4 ,x did n occur dur+ ,wa%+ton1 ,jeff]son1 or ,adams's adm9i/ration4 #c4 ,i consult$ ,web/]1 ,worce/]1 & ,walk]'s diction>y4 #d4 ,?is /ate 0 s\? ( ,mason's & ,dixon's l9e4 #e4 ,^! are nei!r ,george nor ,fanny's books4 #f4 ,h[>d's1 ! philan?ropi/'s1 life 0 a noble "o4 #g4 ,x is ,o!llo's pleasure1 our noble & valiant g5]al's4 #h4 ,he visit$ 8 sons-9-law's homes4 ,explanation4--,if ! possessive plural ( su* n\ns 7 us$1 ?is w\ld be correct2 b x is bett] to avoid ^! awkw>d =ms4 #i4 ,a valuable horse ( my fri5d ,william's fa!r's 0 kill$4 #aj4 ,= ,h]odias's sake1 8 bro!r ,philip's wife4 #aa4 ,= ! que5's sake1 8 si/]'s4 #ab4 ,pet]'s1 ,john's1 & ,&rew's occupation 0 t ( fi%]m54 #ac4 ,he spoke ( y /udy+ ,lat94 #ad4 ,x be+ difficult did n det] him4 #ae4 ,:at ne$ is !re ( ! man swe>+8 #af4 ,i am oppos$ to ! g5tleman speak+ aga94 #ag4 ,he ?\ght x 0 u4 #ah4 ,we %all %ortly see :i* is ! fitte/ object ( scorn1 y or me4 #ai4 ,i %all n le>n my duty f su* z !e4 #bj4 ,a lady ent]$1 :om ,i aft]w>ds f\nd 0 ,miss ,b4 #ba4 ,a lady ent]$1 :o ,i aft]w>ds f\nd to be ,miss ,b4 #bb4 ,ask somebody's else op9ion4 #bc4 ,let him be :om he may4 #bd4 ,i am sure x c\ld n h be5 !m4 #be4 ,i und]/ood x to be !y4 #bf4 ,x is n him :om y ?\ght x 04 #bg4 ,let y & ,i try x4 #bh4 ,all enjoy$ !mselves1 u except$4 #bi4 ,u boys enjoy ! holidays4 #cj4 ,x 0 ,virgil1 him :o wrote ! ,a5eid4 #ca4 ,he ask$ help ( m5 :om he knew c\ld n help him4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,^! s*emes & que/ions "u ! head ( ,g5]al ,review are especially design$ to aid 9 secur+ an outl9e ( te*nical gramm>4 ,! que/ions giv5 bel[ may be made to call = m9ute details or only = outl9es4 ,9 "s cases a s+le "q may suffice = a :ole lesson4 ,s*eme = ! ,n\n4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,n\n4 ,uses4 ,subject 7#d1 #h74 ,object ,complem5t 7#bh74 ,attribute ,complem5t 7#bi1 #cj74 ,objective ,complem5t 7#ca74 ,adjective ,modifi] 7#cc74 ,adv]b ,modifi] 7#ce74 ,pr9cipal ^w 9 ,prep4 ,phrase 7#ag74 ,indep5d5t 7#dd74 ,classes4 ,common 7#he74 7,ab/ract & ,collective47 ,prop] 7#he74 ,modifications4 ,numb]4 ,s+ul> 7#aab-aaf74 ,plural 7#aab-aaf74 ,g5d]4 ,mascul9e 7#aag1 #aah74 ,fem99e 7#aag1 #aah74 ,neut] 7#aag1 #aah74 ,p]son4 ,fir/ 7#aai74 ,second 7#aai74 ,?ird 7#aai74 ,case4 ,nom9ative 7#aai74 ,possessive 7#aai1 #abb1 #abc74 ,objective 7#aai74 ,que/ions on ! ,n\n4 #a4 ,def9e ! n\n & its classes4--,lesson #he4 #b4 ,"n & def9e ! modifications ( ! n\n4--,lessons #aab1 #aag1 #aai4 #c4 ,"n & def9e ! sev]al numb]s1 g5d]s1 p]sons1 & cases4--,lessons #aab1 #aag1 #aai4 #d4 ,give & illu/rate ! sev]al ways ( =m+ ! plural4--,lessons #aab1 #aac1 #aad4 #e4 ,give & illu/rate ! sev]al ways ( di/+ui%+ ! g5d]s4--,lesson #aag4 #f4 ,h[ is ! possessive case =m$8--,lesson #abb4 #g4 ,give & illu/rate ! pr9ciples :i* guide 9 ! use ( ! possessive =ms4--,lesson #abh4 ,s*eme = ! ,pron\n4 ,,pron\n4 ,uses4--,same z ^? ( ! ,n\n4 ,classes4 ,p]sonal 7#he1 #hf1 #hg74 ,relative 7#he1 #hf1 #hg74 ,int]rogative 7#he74 ,adjective 7#he1 #hg74 ,modifications4--,same z ^? ( ! ,n\n 7#aab1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abd1 #abe1 #adb74 ,que/ions on ! ,pron\n4 #a4 ,def9e ! pron\n & its classes1 & give ! li/s4--,lesson #he4 #b4 ,decl9e ! sev]al pron\ns4--,lesson #abd4 #c4 ,give & illu/rate ! pr9ciples :i* guide 9 ! use ( ! diff]5t pron\ns4--,lessons #hf1 #hg4 #d4 ,give & illu/rate ! pr9ciples :i* guide 9 ! use ( ! numb] =ms1 ! g5d] =ms1 & ! case =ms4--,lessons #aah1 #abe1 #adb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abg4 ,,comp>ison4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,t apple is sweet1 t o!r is sweet]1 b ?is "o is ! sweete/4 ,! adjective sweet1 express+ a quality ( ! ?ree apples1 is1 z y see1 inflect$ by add+ er & e/4 ,adjectives1 !n1 h "o modification1 & ?is is m>k$ by =m1 or inflection4 ,?is modification is call$ ,comp>ison1 because x is us$ :5 ?+s are comp>$ ) "o ano!r 9 respect to "s quality common to !m all1 b possess$ by !m 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,! =m ( ! adjective :i* expresses ! simple quality1 z sweet1 is ( ! ,positive ,degree2 t :i* expresses ! quality 9 a great] or a less degree1 z sweet]1 less sweet1 is ( ! ,comp>ative ,degree2 & t :i* expresses ! quality 9 ! greate/ or ! lea/ degree1 z sweete/1 lea/ sweet1 is ( ! ,sup]lative ,degree4 ,b ev5 ! positive implies a comp>ison2 we %\ld n say1 ,?is apple is sweet1 unless ?is p>ticul> fruit _h m ( ! quality ?an ord9>y apples possess4 ,notice1 too1 t ! adjective 9 ! comp>ative & sup]lative degrees always expresses ! quality relatively4 ,:5 we say1 ,?is apple is sweet] ?an t1 or1 ,?is apple is ! sweete/ ( ! ?ree1 we d n mean t any "o ( ! apples is v sweet1 b only t "o apple is sweet] ?an ! o!r1 or ! sweete/ ( ^? comp>$4 ,! sev]al degrees ( ! quality express$ by ! adjective may be increas$ or dim9i%$ by adv]bs modify+ ! adjective4 ,we c say v1 exce$+ly1 r1 or some:at sweet2 f>1 /ill1 or mu*1 sweet]2 by f> or mu* ! sweete/4 ,"s adv]bs1 z well z adjectives1 are comp>$4 ,adjectives h "o modification2 viz41 ,comp>ison4 ,footnote3 ,two adjectives1 ?is & t1 h numb] =ms--?is1 ^!2 t1 ^?4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon & ,lat91 adjectives h =ms to indicate g5d]1 numb]1 & case4 ,,def9itions4 ,comp>ison is a modification ( ! adjective 7or ! adv]b7 to express ! relative degree ( ! quality 9 ! ?+s comp>$4 ,footnote3 ,diff]5t degrees ( quantity1 also1 may sometimes be express$ by comp>ison4 ,! ,positive ,degree expresses ! simple quality4 ,! ,comp>ative ,degree expresses a great] or a less degree ( ! quality4 ,! ,sup]lative ,degree expresses ! greate/ or ! lea/ degree ( ! quality4 ,,rule4--,adjectives are regul>ly comp>$ by add+ er to ! positive to =m ! comp>ative1 & e/ to ! positive to =m ! sup]lative4 ,,rules ,,= ,,spell+4 ,,rule ,i4--,f9al e is dropp$ be=e a suffix beg9n+ ) a v[el2 z1 f9e1 f9]2 love1 lov+4 ,exceptions4--,! e is reta9$ 7#a7 aft] c & g :5 ! suffix beg9s ) a or o2 z1 peaceable1 *angeable2 7#b7 aft] o2 z1 hoe+2 & 7#c7 :5 x is ne$$ to pres]ve ! id5tity ( ! ^w2 z1 s+e+1 dye+4 ,,rule ,,ii4---,y aft] a consonant becomes i be=e a suffix net beg9n+ ) i2 z1 witty1 witti]2 dry1 dri$4 ,exceptions4---,y does n *ange be=e 's1 nor 9 =m+ ! plural ( prop] n\ns2 z1 lady's1 ! ,m>ys1 ! ,h5rys4 ,,rule ,,iii4--,9 monosyllables & words acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable1 a f9al consonant aft] a s+le v[el d\bles be=e a suffix beg9n+ ) a v[el2 z1 hot1 hott]2 beg91 beg9n+4 ,exceptions4--,x1 k1 & v are nev] d\bl$1 & gas has gases 9 ! plural4 ,adjectives ( m ?an two syllables are g5]ally comp>$ by prefix+ m & mo/4 ,?is me?od is (t5 us$ ) adjectives ( two syllables & sometimes ) ^? ( "o4 ,rem>k4--,m beautiful1 mo/ beautiful1 etc4 c h>dly be call$ degree =ms ( ! adjective4 ,! adv]bs m & mo/ h ! degree =ms1 & 9 p>s+ !y may be reg>d$ z sep>ate words4 ,! adjective1 h[ev]1 is v>i$ 9 s5se ! same z :5 ! inflections er & e/ are add$4 ,degrees ( dim9ution are express$ by prefix+ less & lea/,footnote3 ,?is use ( an adv]b to =m ! comp>ison 0 borr[$ f ! ,norman-,fr5*4 ,b note h[ ! adv]b is comp>$1 ,! ,saxon sup]lative end+ / is 9 mo/ & lea/2 & ! ,saxon comp>ative end+ s1 un*ang$ to r1 is ! la/ lett] 9 less--*ang$ to r1 z x regul>ly 01 9 com+ into ,engli%1 x is ! r 9 m4 ,:5 x 0 =gott5 t less is a comp>ative1 er 0 add$1 & we h ! d\ble comp>ative less]--9 use to-day4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* me?od ( comp>+ 0 introduc$ into ,engli%1 bo? me?ods 7 (t5 us$ ) ! same adjective2 &1 = a "t1 d\ble comp>atives & d\ble sup]latives 7 common2 z1 wors]1 mo/ bolde/4 ,9 ,k+ ,le> ,%akespe>e uses ! d\ble comp>ative a doz5 times42 z1 valuable1 less valuable1 lea/ valuable4 ,mo/ def9itive & _m descriptive adjectives _c be comp>$1 z _! mean+ w n admit ( diff]5t degrees4 ,direction4--,f ?is li/ ( adjectives select ^? t _c be comp>$1 & comp>e ^? t rema93-- ,obs]ve ! ,rules = ,spell+ giv5 above4 ,wood51 ,engli%1 unwelcome1 physical1 "o1 t1 common1 h&some1 happy1 able1 polite1 hot1 sweet1 v]tical1 two-:eel$1 inf9ite1 witty1 humble1 any1 ?91 intemp]ate1 undeviat+1 nimble1 holy1 lun>1 sup]ior4 ,( ! two =ms ( comp>ison1 t :i* is m easily pron\nc$ & m agreeable to ! e> is to be pref]r$4 ,direction4--,correct ! foll[+3-- ,fam\se/1 virtu\se/1 eloqu5t]1 com=tabl]1 amus+e/4 ,"s adv]bs are comp>$ by add+ er & e/1 & "s by prefix+ m & mo/4 ,direction4--,comp>e ! foll[+3-- ,e>ly1 easily1 fa/1 firmly1 fooli%ly1 late1 long1 (t51 soon1 wisely4 ,"s adjectives & adv]bs are irregul> 9 _! comp>ison4 ,direction4--,le>n to comp>e ! foll[+ adjectives & adv]bs3-- ,adjectives ,irregul>ly ,comp>$4 ,pos4 ,comp4 ,sup]lative4 7,aft7199 aft]1 aftmo/ or aft]mo/4 ,bad1 ,evil1 worse1 wor/4 ,ill ,f>1 f>!r1 f>!re/ or fa!rmo/ ,=e1 =m]1 =emo/ or fir/4 7,=?71 fur!r1 fur!re/ or fur!rmo/4 ,good1 bett]1 be/4 ,h9d1 h9d]1 h9dmo/ or h9d]mo/4 7,971 inn]1 inmo/ or inn]mo/4 ,late1 lat] or late/ or latt] la/4 ,little1 less or lea/4 less]1 ,_m or m1 mo/4 ,mu*1 ,ne>1 ne>] ne>e/ or next4 ,old1 old] or olde/ or eld]1 elde/4 7,out71 out] or outmo/ or utt]1 out]mo/2 utmo/ or utt]mo/4 ,"u1 ----1 und]mo/4 7,up71 upp]1 upmo/ or upp]mo/4 ,top1 ----1 topmo/4 ,footnote 993 ,! words inclos$ 9 curves are adv]bs--! adjectives foll[+ hav+ no positive =m4 ,footnote 3 ,= ! comp>ative & ! sup]lative ( little1 9 ! s5se ( small 9 size1 small] & smalle/ are sub/itut$2 z1 little boy1 small] boy1 smalle/ boy4 ,adv]bs ,irregul>ly ,comp>$4 ,pos4 ,comp4 ,sup]lative4 ,badly1 worse1 wor/4 ,ill1 ,f>1 f>!r1 f>!/1 ,=?1 fur!r1 fur!/4 ,little1 less1 lea/1 ,mu*1 m1 mo/4 ,well1 bett]1 be/4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,we give bel[ a model = writ+ ! p>s+ ( adjectives4 ,a simil> =m may be us$ = adv]bs4 ,ex]cises = ! p>s+ ( adjectives & adv]bs may be select$ f ,lessons #ab1 #ad1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #fj1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe4 ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+4--,all ! dewy glades are /ill4 ,,classification4 ,,modification4 ,,syntax ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,adjectives4 ,k9d4 ,deg4 ( ,comp4 ,all ,def4 ------ ,modifi] ( glades4 ! ------ dewy ,des4 ,pos4 /ill ,completes are & modifies glades4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abh4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,comp>atives ,,& ,,sup]latives4 ,caution4--,9 /at+ a comp>ison avoid comp>+ a ?+ ) itself4 ,footnote3 ,a ?+ may1 ( c\rse1 be comp>$ ) itself z exi/+ "u diff]5t conditions2 z1 ,! /> is bright] to-night2 ,! grass is gre5] to-day4 ,rem>k4--,! comp>ative degree ref]s to two ?+s 7or sets ( ?+s7 z di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & implies t "o has m ( ! quality ?an ! o!r4 ,! comp>ative degree is g5]ally foll[$ by ?an4 ,footnote3 ,! comp>ative is g5]ally us$ ) ref]5ce to two ?+s only1 b x may be us$ to comp>e "o ?+ ) a numb] ( ?+s tak5 sep>ately or toge!r z1 ,he is no bett] ?an o!r m52 ,x conta9s m ?an all ! o!rs comb9$4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,rem>k1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,london is l>g] ?an any city 9 ,europe4 ,correction4--,! second t]m ( comp>ison1 any city 9 ,europe1 includes ,london1 & s ,london is repres5t$ z be+ l>g] ?an itself4 ,x %\ld be1 ,london is l>g] ?an any o!r city 9 ,europe1 or1 ,london is ! l>ge/ city 9 ,europe4 #b4 ,*9a has a great] population ?an any nation on ! globe4 #c4 ,i l ?is book bett] ?an any book ,i h se54 #d4 ,!re is no metal s useful z iron4 7,a comp>ison is "h /at$1 al?\gh no degree =m is employ$47 #e4 ,all ! metals are less useful ?an iron4 #f4 ,"t ought1 above all k9ds ( prop]ty1 to be free f invasion4 ,caution4--,9 us+ ! sup]lative degree be c>eful to make ! latt] t]m ( ! comp>ison1 or ! t]m introduc$ by (1 include ! =m]4 ,rem>ks4--,! sup]lative degree ref]s to "o ?+ 7or set ( ?+s7 z belong+ to a gr\p or class1 & z hav+ m ( ! quality ?an any ( ! re/4 ,! sup]lative is g5]ally foll[$ by (4 ,good writ]s sometimes use ! sup]lative 9 comp>+ two ?+s2 z1 ,?is is ! be/ ( ! two4 ,b 9 su* cases usage l>gely favors ! comp>ative2 z1 ,?is is ! bett] ( ! two4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,rem>ks1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,solomon 0 ! wise/ ( all ! o!r ,hebrew k+s4 ,correction4--,( 7 belong+ to7 repres5ts ,solomon z belong+ to a gr\p ( k+s1 & o!r excludes him f ?is gr\p--a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,x %\ld be1 ,solomon 0 ! wise/ ( ,hebrew k+s1 or ,solomon 0 wis] ?an any o!r ,hebrew k+4 #b4 ,( all ! o!r books ,i h exam9$1 ?is is ! mo/ satisfactory4 #c4 ,pr(ane swe>+ is1 ( all o!r vices1 ! mo/ inexcusable4 #d4 ,he 0 ! mo/ active ( all 8 companions4 7,he 0 n "o ( 8 own companions47 #e4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ satisfactory ( any prec$+ ef=t4 #f4 ,john is ! olde/ ( any boy 9 8 class4 ,caution4--,avoid d\ble comp>atives & d\ble sup]latives1 & ! comp>ison ( adjectives ^: mean+ w n admit ( diff]5t degrees4,footnote3 ,_m words :i* gramm>ians h consid]$ incapable ( comp>ison are us$ 9 a s5se %ort ( _! lit]al mean+1 & are comp>$ by good writ]s2 z1 ,my *iefe/ ent]ta9m5t4--,%]idan4 ,! *iefe/ prize4--,byron4 ,div9e/ ,melan- *oly4--,milton4 ,extreme/ hell4--,:itti]4 ,mo/ p]fect h>mony--,longfell[4 ,less p]fect imitations4--,macaulay4 ,! ext5sion ( ^! exceptional =ms %\ld n be enc\rag$4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,a m beautiful] location _c be f\nd4 #b4 ,he took ! longe/1 b ! mo/ pleasante/1 r\te4 #c4 ,draw t l9e m p]p5dicul>4 ,correction4--,draw t l9e p]p5dicul>1 or m ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 #d4 ,! op9ion is becom+ m univ]sal4 #e4 ,a wors] evil awaits u4 #f4 ,! mo/ pr9cipal po9t 0 entirely ov]look$4 #g4 ,t =m ( expression is m pref]able4 ,caution4--,:5 an adjective d5ot+ "o1 or an adjective d5ot+ m ?an "o1 is jo9$ to a n\n1 ! adjective & ! n\n mu/ agree 9 numb]4 ,rem>k4--,a num]al d5ot+ m ?an "o may be prefix$ to a s+ul> n\n to =m a comp\nd adjective2 z1 a t5-foot pole 7n a t5-feet pole71 a ?ree-c5t /amp4 ,direction4--,/udy ! ,caution & ! ,rem>k1 & correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,^! k9d ( p w nev] be satisfi$4 #b4 ,! room is fifte5 foot squ>e2 ,i measur$ x ) a two-feet rule4 #c4 ,! f>m] ex*ang$ five b>rel ( potatoes = fifty p\nd ( sug>4 #d4 ,^! sort ( expressions %\ld be avoid$4 #e4 ,we 7 travel+ at ! rate ( =ty mile an h\r4 #f4 ,remove ?is a%es & put away t tongs4 ,miscellane\s4 #a4 ,he 0 m active ?an any o!r ( 8 companions4 ,correction4--,z he is n "o ( 8 companions1 o!r is unnecess>y4 #b4 ,he did m to accompli% ?is result ?an any o!r man t prec$$ or foll[$ him4 #c4 ,! y\ng] ( ! ?ree si/]s is ! pretti]4 7,?is is ! con/ruction :i* requires ! sup]lative4 ,see ! second ,rem>k 9 ?is ,lesson47 #d4 ,?is result1 ( all o!rs1 is mo/ to be dread$4 #e4 ,%e 0 will+ to take a m humbl] "p4 #f4 ,solomon 0 wis] ?an any ( ! anci5t k+s4 #g4 ,i don't l ^? sort ( p4 #h4 ,i h ! mo/ entire confid5ce 9 him4 #i4 ,?is is ! m pref]able =m4 #aj4 ,:i* are ! two m important ranges ( m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 #aa4 ,he writes bett] ?an any boy 9 8 class4 ,,g5]al ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions to ! tea*]1 page #bee4 ,s*eme = ! ,adjective4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,adjective4 ,uses4 ,modifi] 7#ab74 ,attribute ,complem5t 7#bi1 #cj74 ,objective ,complem5t 7#ca74 ,classes4 ,descriptive 7#hi-ia74 ,def9itive 7#hi-ia74 ,modification4--,comp>ison4 ,pos4 ,deg4 ,comp4 #abg1 #abh4 ,sup4 ,que/ions on ! ,adjective4 #a4 ,def9e ! adjective & its classes4--,lesson #hi4 #b4 ,def9e comp>ison & ! degrees ( comp>ison4--,lesson #abg4 #c4 ,give & illu/rate ! regul> me?od & ! irregul> me?ods ( comp>ison4--,lesson #abg4 #d4 ,give & illu/rate ! pr9ciples :i* guide 9 ! use ( adjectives4--,lessons #ij1 #ia4 #e4 ,give & illu/rate ! pr9ciples :i* guide 9 ! use ( comp>ative & sup]lative =ms4--,lesson #abh4 ,s*eme = ! ,adv]b4 ,,adv]b4 ,classes4 ,"t4 ,place4 ,degree4 #ib-id4 ,mann]4 ,cause4 ,modification4--,comp>ison4 ,pos4 ,deg4 ,comp4 #abg1 #abh4 ,sup4 ,que/ions on ! ,adv]b4 #a4 ,def9e ! adv]b & its classes4--,lesson #ib4 #b4 ,illu/rate ! regul> me?od & ! irregul> me?ods ( comp>ison4 --,lesson #abg4 #c4 ,give & illu/rate ! pr9ciples :i* guide 9 ! use ( adv]bs4 --,lesson #ic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #abi4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,voice4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,he pick$ a rose4 ,a rose 0 pick$ by him4 ,! same ?+ is "h told 9 two ways4 ,! fir/ v]b1 pick$1 %[s t ! subject names ! actor2 ! second v]b1 0 pick$1 %[s t ! subject names ! ?+ act$ ^u4 ,^! diff]5t =ms & uses ( ! v]b con/itute ! modification call$ ,voice4 ,! fir/ =m is 9 ! ,active ,voice2 ! second is 9 ! ,passive ,voice4 ,! active voice is us$ :5 ! ag5t1 or actor1 is to be made prom95t2 ! passive1 :5 ! ?+ act$ ^u is to be made prom95t4 ,! passive voice may be us$ :5 ! ag5t is unkn[n1 or :51 = any reason1 we d n c>e to "n ! ag5t2 z1 ,! %ip 0 wreck$2 ,money is co9$4 ,,def9itions4 ,voice is t modification ( ! transitive v]b :i* %[s :e!r ! subject names ! actor or ! ?+ act$ ^u4 ,! ,active ,voice %[s t ! subject names ! actor4 ,! ,passive ,voice %[s t ! subject names ! ?+ act$ ^u4 ,! passive =m is comp\nd1 & may be resolv$ into an ass]t+ ^w 7"s =m ( ! v]b be7 & an attribute complem5t 7a pa/ p>ticiple ( a transitive v]b74 ,an expression consi/+ ( an ass]t+ ^w foll[$ by an adjective complem5t or by a p>ticiple us$ adjectively may be mi/ak5 = a v]b 9 ! passive voice4 ,examples4--,! coat 0 sometimes worn by ,joseph 70 worn-- passive voice74 ,! coat 0 badly worn 70--incomplete pr$icate1 worn--adjective complem5t74 ,rem>k4--,to te/ ! passive voice note :e!r ! "o nam$ by ! subject is act$ ^u1 & :e!r ! v]b may be foll[$ by by be=e ! "n ( ! ag5t )\t *ang+ ! s5se4 ,direction4---,tell :i* ( ! foll[+ complet$ pr$icates may be treat$ z s+le v]bs1 & :i* %\ld n be s treat$3-- #a4 ,! lady is accompli%$4 #b4 ,?is task 0 n accompli%$ 9 a day4 #c4 ,are y prep>$ to recite8 #d4 ,d9n] 0 soon prep>$4 #e4 ,a %ad[ 0 mi/ak5 = a foot-bridge4 #f4 ,y are mi/ak54 #g4 ,! man 0 drunk be=e ! w9e 0 drunk4 #h4 ,! h\se is situat$ on ! bank ( ! riv]4 #i4 ,i am oblig$ to y4 #aj4 ,i am oblig$ to d ?is4 #aa4 ,! horse is tir$4 #ab4 ,a fool & 8 money are soon p>t$4 #ac4 ,! t[] is incl9$4 #ad4 ,my body is incl9$ by ye>s4 ,direction4--,"n all ! transitive v]bs 9 ,lesson #gh1 & give _! voice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #acj4 ,,composition--,,voice4 ,! object complem5t ( a v]b 9 ! active voice becomes ! subject :5 ! v]b is *ang$ to ! passive voice4 ,example4--,! ,danes invad$ ,engl& ,engl& 0 invad$ by ! ,danes4 ,rem>k4--,y w notice t 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! ag5t is made prom95t2 9 ! second s5t5ce1 ! receiv]4 ,direction4--,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces *ange ! voice ( ! transitive v]b )\t alt]+ ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce1 & note ! o!r *anges t occur3-- #a4 ,m]cury1 ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 wore a w+$ cap & w+$ %oes4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,saxons subdu$ ! ,britons1 !y introduc$ into ,engl& _! own language1 :i* 0 a dialect ( ! ,teutonic1 or ,go?ic4 #c4 ,my wife 0 *os5 z h] w$d+ dress 0 *os51 n = a f9e1 glossy surface1 b = su* qualities z w\ld we> well4 #d4 ,bac*us1 ! god ( w9e1 0 wor%ip$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,greece & ,rome4 #e4 ,! m9ds ( *ildr5 are dress$ by _! p>5ts z _! bodies are dress$--9 ! prevail+ fa%ion4 #f4 ,h>vey1 an ,engli% physician1 discov]$ t blood circulates4 #g4 ,! luxury ( ,capua1 m p[]ful ?an ! ,roman legions1 vanqui%$ ! victori\s ,c>?ag9ians4 #h4 ,8 eloqu5ce _h /ruck !m dumb4 ,rem>k4--,notice t ! objective complem5t becomes ! attribute complem5t :5 ! v]b is *ang$ f ! active to ! passive voice4 #i4 ,t tribunal pron\nc$ ,*>les a tyrant4 #aj4 ,! t[n _h nicknam$ him ,beau ,seym\r4 #aa4 ,ev5 sil5t night proclaims my s\l immortal4 #ab4 ,we saw ! /orm approa*+4 7,notice t ! objective complem5t is "h a p>ticiple47 #ac4 ,he kept 8 "m wait+4 #ad4 ,we f\nd him ly+ dead on ! field4 #ae4 ,we all believe him to be an hone/ man4 7,notice t ! objective complem5t is "h an inf9itive phrase47 #af4 ,"s1 sunk to bea/s1 f9d pleasure end 9 pa94 #ag4 ,ev]ybody ackn[l$g$ him to be a g5ius4 ,! indirect1 or dative1 object is sometimes made ! subject ( a v]b 9 ! passive voice1 :ile ! object complem5t is reta9$ aft] ! v]b4 ,footnote3 ,"s gramm>ians condemn ?is con/ruction4 ,x is true t x is a violation ( ! g5]al analogies1 or laws1 ( language2 b t x is an idiom ( our language1 e/abli%$ by good usage1 is beyond controv]sy4 ,conc]n+ ! p>s+ ( ! n\n foll[+ ?is passive1 !re is diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,"s call x an adv]bial modifi]1 "s call x a reta9$ object1 & "s say t x is a n\n )\t grammatical con/ruction4 ,9 ,i (f]$ him money1 him repres5ts ! "o to :om ! act 0 direct$1 & money names ! ?+ directly act$ ^u4 ,9 ,he 0 (f]$ money1 ! relation ( ! act to ! p]son & to ! ?+ is n *ang$2 money /ill names ! ?+ directly act$ ^u4 ,example4--,! port] refus$ him admittance ,he 0 refus$ admittance by ! port]4 ,direction4--,*ange ! voice ( ! transitive v]bs 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & note ! o!r *anges t occur3-- #ah4 ,!y 7 refus$ ! protection ( ! law4 #ai4 ,he 0 (f]$ a p5sion by ! gov]nm5t4 #bj4 ,i 0 ask$ t "q ye/]day4 #ba4 ,he told me to leave ! room4 ,explanation4--,"h ! inf9itive phrase is ! object complem5t1 & 7to7 me is us$ adv]bially4 ,to leave ! room t ,i %\ld leave ! room4 #bb4 ,i taught ! *ild to read4 #bc4 ,i taught ! *ild read+4 #bd4 ,!y told me t y\r "n 0 ,fontibell4 ,direction4--,*ange ! foll[+ transitive v]bs to ! passive =m1 us+ fir/ ! regul> & !n ! idiomatic con/ruction3-- ,model4--,he promis$ me a pres5t ,a pres5t 0 promis$ me 7regul>7 ,i 0 promis$ a pres5t 7idiomatic74 #be4 ,!y mu/ all[ u ! privilege ( ?9k+ = ourselves4 #bf4 ,he (f]$ !m _! lives if !y w\ld abjure _! religion4 ,an intransitive v]b is sometimes made transitive by ! aid ( a preposition4 ,example4--,all 8 fri5ds laugh$ at him ,he 0 laugh$ at 7ridicul$7 by all 8 fri5ds4 ,rem>k4---,0 laugh$ at may be treat$ z "o v]b4 ,"s gramm>ians1 h[ev]1 w\ld call at an adv]b4 ,! intransitive v]b & preposition are toge!r equival5t to a transitive v]b 9 ! passive voice4 ,direction4--,*ange ! voice ( ! foll[+ v]bs3-- #bg4 ,?is artful fell[ has impos$ ^u u all4 #bh4 ,! speak] did n ev5 t\* ^u ?is topic4 #bi4 ,he dropp$ ! matt] !re1 & did n ref] to x aft]w>d4 ,rem>k4--,! foll[+ s5t5ces pres5t a peculi> idiomatic con/ruction4 ,a transitive v]b :i*1 9 ! active voice1 is foll[$ by an object complem5t & a prepositional phrase1 takes1 9 ! passive1 ! pr9cipal ^w ( ! phrase = its subject1 reta9+ ! complem5t & ! preposition to complete its mean+2 z1 ,!y took c>e ( x1 ,x 0 tak5 c>e (4 ,direction4--,put ! foll[+ s5t5ces into sev]al diff]5t =ms1 & det]m9e :i* is ! be/3-- #cj4 ,8 orig9al purpose 0 lo/ sight ( 7=gott574 ,footnote3 ,"s w\ld p>se ( z an adv]b relat+ to 0 lo/1 & sight z a n\n us$ adv]bially to modify 0 lo/2 o!rs w\ld treat sight z an object complem5t ( 0 lo/2 o!rs w\ld call 0 lo/ sight ( a comp\nd v]b2 & o!rs1 believ+ t ! logical relation ( ^! words is n lo/ by a *ange ( position1 analyze ! expression z if arrang$ ?us3 ,sight ( 8 orig9al purpose 0 lo/4 #ca4 ,su* tal5ts %\ld be made mu* (4 #cb4 ,he 0 tak5 c>e ( by 8 fri5ds4 #cc4 ,"s ( 8 *>act]s h be5 f\nd fault ) z insipid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aca4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,v]b--,,cont9u$4 ,,mode1 ,,t5se1 ,,numb]1 ,,& ,,p]son4 ,introductory ,h9ts4--,james walks4 ,"h ! walk+ is ass]t$ z an actual fact4 ,james may walk4 ,"h ! walk+ is ass]t$ n z an actual1 b z a possible1 fact4 ,if ,james walk out1 he w improve4 ,"h ! walk+ is ass]t$ only z ?\ght (1 )\t reg>d to its be+ or becom+ ei!r an actual or a possible fact4 ,james1 walk out4 ,"h ! walk+ is n ass]t$ z a fact1 b z a comm&--,james is ord]$ to make x a fact4 ,^! diff]5t uses & =ms ( ! v]b con/itute ! modification :i* we call ,mode4 ,! fir/ v]b is 9 ! ,indicative ,mode2 ! second 9 ! ,pot5tial ,mode2 ! ?ird 9 ! ,subjunctive ,mode2 ! f\r? 9 ! ,imp]ative ,mode4 ,= ! two =ms ( ! v]b call$ ! ,p>ticiple & ! ,inf9itive1 see ,lessons #cg & #dj4 ,i walk4 ,i walk$4 ,i %all walk4 ,9 ^! ?ree s5t5ces ! mann] ( ass]t+ ! action is ! same1 b ! "t 9 :i* ! action takes place is diff]5t4 ,walk ass]ts ! action z go+ on 9 pres5t "t1 &1 z ,t5se means "t1 is 9 ! ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,walk$ ass]ts ! action z pa/1 & is 9 ! ,pa/ ,t5se4 ,%all walk ass]ts ! action z future1 & is 9 ! ,future ,t5se4 ,i h walk$ out to-day4 ,i _h walk$ out :5 he call$4 ,i %all h walk$ out by to-morr[4 ,h walk$ ass]ts ! action z complet$ at ! pres5t1 & is 9 ! ,pres5t ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,_h walk$ ass]ts ! action z complet$ 9 ! pa/1 & is 9 ! ,pa/ ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,%all h walk$ ass]ts action to be complet$ 9 ! future1 & is 9 ! ,future ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,i walk4 ,?\ walke/4 ,he walks4 ,!y walk4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce walk is *ang$ by add+ e/2 9 ! ?ird s5t5ce1 by add+ s4 ,v]bs are said to agree 9 ,p]son & ,numb] ) _! subjects4 ,b ?is agreem5t is n g5]ally m>k$ by a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,,def9itions4 ,mode is t modification ( ! v]b :i* d5otes ! mann] ( ass]t+ ! action or be+4 ,! ,indicative ,mode ass]ts ! action or be+ z a fact4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,are y go+8 or ,y are go+8 a fact is ref]r$ to ! he>] = 8 admission or d5ial4 ,9 ,:o did x8 ! fact t "s p]son did x is ass]t$1 & ! he>] is reque/$ to "n ! p]son4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,indicative ,mode may be us$ 9 ask+ a "q4 ,! ,pot5tial ,mode ass]ts ! p[]1 lib]ty1 possibility1 or necessity ( act+ or be+4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mode ass]ts ! action or be+ z a m]e condition1 supposition1 or wi%4 ,! ,imp]ative ,mode ass]ts ! action or be+ z a comm& or an entreaty4 ,! ,inf9itive is a =m ( ! v]b :i* names ! action or be+ 9 a g5]al way1 )\t ass]t+ x ( any?+4 ,! ,p>ticiple is a =m ( ! v]b p>tak+ ( ! nature ( an adjective or ( a n\n1 & express+ ! action or be+ z assum$4 ,! ,pres5t ,p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ z cont9u+ at ! "t indicat$ by ! pr$icate4 ,! ,pa/ ,p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ z pa/ or complet$ at ! "t indicat$ by ! pr$icate4 ,! ,pa/ ,p]fect ,p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ z complet$ at a "t previ\s to t indicat$ by ! pr$icate4 ,t5se is t modification ( ! v]b :i* expresses ! "t ( ! action or be+4 ,! ,pres5t ,t5se expresses action or be+ z pres5t4 ,! ,pa/ ,t5se expresses action or be+ z pa/4 ,! ,future ,t5se expresses action or be+ z yet to come4 ,! ,pres5t ,p]fect ,t5se expresses action or be+ z complet$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,pa/ ,p]fect ,t5se expresses action or be+ z complet$ at "s pa/ "t4 ,! ,future ,p]fect ,t5se expresses action or be+ to be complet$ at "s future "t4 ,numb] & ,p]son ( a v]b are ^? modifications t %[ its agreem5t ) ! numb] & p]son ( its subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #acb4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,conjugation4 ,,def9itions4 ,conjugation is ! regul> arrangem5t ( all ! =ms ( ! v]b4 ,synopsis is ! regul> arrangem5t ( ! =ms ( "o numb] & p]son 9 all ! modes & t5ses4 ,auxili>y ,v]bs are ^? t help 9 ! conjugation ( o!r v]bs4 ,! auxili>ies are d1 did1 h1 _h1 %all1 %\ld1 w1 w\ld1 may1 might1 c1 c\ld1 mu/1 & be 7) all its v>iations1 see ,lesson #ace74 ,! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( a v]b1 or ^? f :i* ! o!r p>ts are d]iv$1 are ! pres5t indicative or ! pres5t inf9itive1 ! pa/ indicative1 & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,li/ ( ,irregul> ,v]bs4 ,footnote3 ,gramm>ians h class$ v]bs on ! basis ( _! =m or hi/ory z ,/rong 7or ,old7 & ,weak 7or ,new74 ,/rong v]bs =m _! pa/ t5se by *ang+ ! v[el ( ! pres5t )\t add+ any?+2 weak v]bs =m _! pa/ t5se by add+ ed1 d1 or t4 ,"s weak v]bs *ange ! v[el ( ! pres5t2 z1 tell1 told2 tea*1 taught4 ,^! are weak because !y add d or t4 ,"s weak v]bs %ort5 ! v[el ( ! pres5t )\t add+ any?+2 z1 fe$1 f$2 lead1 l$2 & "s h ! pres5t & ! pa/ alike2 z1 set1 set2 rid1 rid4 ,!y h dropp$ ! pa/ t5se end+4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple ( all /rong v]bs once end$ 9 en or n1 b 9 _m v]bs ?is end+ is n[ lo/4 ,s9ce mo/ v]bs =m _! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed1 we call su* ,regul>1 & all o!rs ,irregul>4 ,our irregul> v]bs include all /rong v]bs & ^? t may be call$ irregul> weak v]bs4 ,( ! ed add$ to =m ! pa/ t5se ( regul> v]bs1 d is :at rema9s ( did2 we did love1 = in/ance1 be+ writt5 love-did-we4 ,?is d]ivation ( d 9 ed is que/ion$4 ,! d ( ! p>ticiple is n f did b is f an old p>ticiple suffix4 ,! e 9 ! ea ( bo? ^! =ms is ! old connect+ v[el4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,x w\ld be well to require ! pupils1 9 /udy+ & 9 recit+ ^! li/s ( irregul> v]bs1 to frame %ort s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! prop] use ( ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple1 e4g4 ,i began ye/]day2 ,he has begun to d bett]4 ,9 ?is way ! pupils w be sav$ ! me*anical labor ( memoriz+ =ms :i* !y already "k h[ to use1 & !y w be l$ to correct :at has be5 faulty 9 _! use ( o!r =ms4 ,rem>ks4--,v]bs t h bo? a regul> & an irregul> =m are call$ ,r$undant4 ,v]bs t are want+ 9 any ( _! p>ts1 z c & may1 are call$ ,defective4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is n "h giv5 z a pr9cipal "p4 ,x may always be =m$ f ! pres5t t5se by add+ +4 ,9 add+ + & o!r t]m9ations1 ! ,rules = ,spell+ 7see ,lesson #abg7 %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! =ms bel[ 9 ,italics are regul>2 & ^? 9 small] type are obsolete1 & ne$ n be committ$ to memory4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 ,pa/ ,p>4 ,abide1 abode1 abode4 ,awake1 awoke1 awak$4 awak$4 ,be or am1 01 be54 ,be>1 bore1 born1 7br+ =?7 b>e1 borne4 ,be>1 bore1 borne4 7c>ry7 b>e1 ,beat1 beat1 beat51 beat4 ,beg91 began1 begun4 ,b5d1 b5t1 b5t1 b5d$1 b5d$4 ,b]eave1 b]eft1 b]eft1 b]eav$1 b]eav$4 ,besee*1 bes\ght1 bes\ght4 ,bet1 bet1 bet1 bett$1 bett$4 ,bid1 bade1 bid1 bidd51 bid4 ,b9d1 b\nd1 b\nd4 ,bite1 bit1 bitt51 bit4 ,ble$1 bl$1 bl$4 ,bl5d1 bl5t1 bl5t1 bl5d$1 bl5d$4 ,bless1 ble/1 ble/1 bless$1 bless$4 ,bl[1 blew1 bl[n4 ,break1 broke1 brok54 brake1 ,bre$1 br$1 br$4 ,br+1 br\ght1 br\ght4 ,build1 built1 built4 ,burn burnt1 burnt1 burn$1 burn$4 ,bur/1 bur/1 bur/4 ,buy1 b\ght1 b\ght4 ,c1#a c\ld1 -----4 ,ca/1 ca/1 ca/4 ,cat*1 caught1 caught4 ,*ide1 *id1 *idd51 *id4 ,*oose1 *ose1 *os54 ,cleave1 cleav$1 cleav$4 7adh]e7 clave1 ,cleave cleft1 cleft1 7split7 clove1 clov51 clave1 cleav$4 ,cl+1 clung1 clung4 ,clo!1 clad1 clad1 clo!d clo!d4 7,be7,come1 came1 come4 ,co/1 co/1 co/4 ,creep1 crept1 crept4 ,cr[ crew1 cr[$4 cr[$1 ,cut1 cut1 cut4 ,d>e1 dur/1 d>$4 7v5ture7 d>$1 ,deal1 dealt1 dealt4 ,dig1 dug1 dug1 digg$1 digg$4 ,d1 did1 done4 ,draw1 drew1 drawn4 ,dream1 dreamt1 dreamt1 dream$1 dream$4 ,dress dre/1 dre/1 dress$1 dress$4 ,dr9k1 drank1 drunk4 ,drive1 drove1 driv54 ,dwell dwelt1 dwelt1 dwell$1 dwell$4 ,eat1 ate1 eat54 7,be7 ,fall1 fell1 fall54 ,fe$1 f$1 f$4 ,feel1 felt1 felt4 ,fight1 f\ght1 f\ght4 ,f9d1 f\nd1 f\nd4 ,flee1 fl$1 fl$4 ,fl+1 flung1 flung4 ,fly1 flew1 fl[n4 ,=sake1 =sook1 =sak54 ,=be>1 =bore1 =borne4 ,freeze1 froze1 froz54 7,=7,get1 got1 got1 gott54#b ,gild1 gilt1 gilt1 gild$1 gild$4 ,gird1 girt1 girt1 gird$1 gird$4 7,=7,give1 gave1 giv54 ,g1 w5t1#c gone4 7,en7,grave grav$1 grav$1 grav54 ,gr9d1 gr\nd1 gr\nd4 ,gr[1 grew1 gr[n4 ,hang1 hung1 hung1 hang$1 hang$4#d ,h1 _h1 _h4 ,he>1 he>d he>d4 ,heave hove1 hove1#e heav$1 heav$4 ,hew1 hew$1 hew$1 hewn4 ,hide1 hid1 hidd51 hid4 ,hit1 hit1 hit4 7,be7,hold1 held1 held1 hold54 ,hurt1 hurt1 hurt4 ,keep1 kept1 kept4 ,kneel knelt1 knelt1 kneel$1 kneel$4 ,knit knit1 knit1 knitt$1 knitt$4 ,"k1 knew1 kn[n4 ,lade1 lad$1 lad$1 7load7 lad54 ,lay1 laid1 laid4 ,lead1 l$1 l$4 ,footnote #a3 ,c1 may1 %all1 w1 mu/1 & ought 7 orig9ally pa/ =ms4 ,?is acc\nts = _! hav+ no *ange 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,footnote #b3 ,gott5 is obsolesc5t except 9 =gott54 ,footnote #c3 ,w5t is ! pa/ ( w5d1 to g4 ,footnote #d3 ,hang1 to execute by hang+1 is regul>4 ,footnote #e3 ,hove is us$ 9 sea language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #acc4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,irregul> ,,v]bs--,,cont9u$4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 ,pa/ ,p>4 ,lean1 leant1 leant1 lean$1 lean$4 ,leap1 leapt1 leapt1 leap$1 leap$4 ,le>n1 le>nt1 le>nt1 le>n$1 le>n$4 ,leave1 left1 left4 ,l5d1 l5t1 l5t4 ,let1 let1 let4 ,lie1 lay1 la94 7recl9e7 ,light1 light$1 light$1 lit1 lit4#a ,lose1 lo/1 lo/4 ,make1 made1 made4 ,may1 might1 ----4 ,mean1 meant1 meant4 ,meet1 met1 met4 ,m[1 m[$1 m[$1 m[n4 ,mu/1 ----1 ----4 ,ought1 ----1 ----4 ,pay1 paid1 paid4 ,p51 p5t1 p5t1 7inclose7 p5n$1 p5n$4 ,put1 put1 put4 ,quit1 quit1 quit1 quitt$1 quitt$4 ----1 quo?1#b ----4 ,rap1 rapt1 rapt1 rapp$1 rapp$4 ,read1 read1 read4 ,r5d1 r5t1 r5t4 ,rid1 rid1 rid4 ,ride1 rode1 ridd54 ,r+1 rang1 rung1 rung1 7,a7,rise1 rose1 ris54 ,rive1 riv$1 riv51 riv$4 ,run1 ran1 run4 ,saw1 saw$1 saw$1 sawn4 ,say1 said1 said4 ,see1 saw1 se54 ,seek1 s\ght1 s\ght4 ,see!1 see!d1 see!d1 sod1 sodd54 ,sell1 sold1 sold4 ,s5d1 s5t1 s5t4 7,be7,set1 set1 set4 ,%ake1 %ook1 %ak54 ,%all1 %\ld1 ------4 ,%ape1 %ap$1 %ap$1 %ap5 ,%ave1 %av$1 %av$1 %av54 ,%e>1 %e>$1 %e>$1 %ore1 %orn4 ,%$1 %$1 %$4 ,%9e1 %one1 %one4 ,%oe1 %od1 %od4 ,%oot1 %ot1 %ot4 ,%[1 %[$1 %[n1 %[$4 ,%r$1 %r$1 %r$4 ,%r9k1 %rank1 %runk1 %runk1 %runk54 ,%ut1 %ut1 %ut4 ,s+1 sang1 sung4 sung1 ,s9k1 sank1 sunk1 sunk1 sunk54 ,sit1 sat1 sat4 ,slay1 slew1 sla94 ,sleep1 slept1 slept4 ,slide1 slid1 slidd51 slid4 ,sl+1 slung1 slung4 slang ,sl9k1 slunk1 slunk4 ,slit1 slit1 slit1 slitt$1 slitt$4 ,smell1 smelt1 smelt1 smell$1 smell$4 ,smite1 smote1 smitt51 smit4 ,s[1 s[$1 s[n1 s[$4 ,speak1 spoke1 spok54 spake1 ,spe$1 sp$1 sp$4 ,spell1 spelt1 spelt1 spell$1 spell$4 ,sp5d1 sp5t1 sp5t4 ,spill1 spilt1 spilt1 spill$1 spill$4 ,sp91 spun1 spun4 span1 ,spit1 spit1 spit1 spat1 spitt54 ,split1 split1 split4 ,spoil1 spoilt1 spoilt1 spoil$1 spoil$4 ,spread1 spread1 spread4 ,spr+1 sprang1 sprung4 sprung1 ,/&1 /ood1 /ood4 ,/ave1 /ove1 /ove1 /av$1 /av$4 ,/ay1 /aid1 /aid1 /ay$1 /ay$4 ,/eal1 /ole1 /ol54 ,/ick1 /uck1 /uck4 ,/+1 /ung1 /ung4 ,/9k1 /unk1 /unk4 /ank1 ,/rew1 /rew$1 /rewn1 /rew$4 ,/ride1 /rode1 /ridd54 ,/rike1 /ruck1 /ruck1 /rick54 ,/r+1 /rung1 /rung1 ,/rive1 /rove1 /riv54 ,/r[1 /r[$1 /r[n1 /r[$4 ,swe>1 swore1 sworn sw>e1 ,sweat1 sweat1 sweat1 sweat$1 sweat$4 ,sweep1 swept1 swept4 ,swell1 swell$1 swell$1 swoll54 ,swim1 swam1 swum4 swum1 ,sw+1 swung1 swung4 ,take1 took1 tak51 ,tea*1 taught1 taught4 ,te>1 tore1 torn4 t>e1 ,tell1 told1 told4 ,?9k1 ?\ght1 ?\ght4 ,?rive1 ?rove1 ?riv51 ?riv$1 ?riv$4 ,?r[1 ?rew1 ?r[n4 ,?ru/1 ?ru/1 ?ru/4 ,tread1 trod1 trodd51 trod4 ,wake1 wak$1 wak$1 woke1 woke4 ,wax1 wax$1 wax$1 wax54 ,we>1 wore1 worn4 ,weave1 wove1 wov54 ,weep1 wept1 wept4 ,wet1 wet1 wet4 ,w1 w\ld1 ----4 ,w91 won1 won4 ,w9d1 w\nd1 w\nd4 ,"w1 wr\ght1 wr\ght1 work$1 work$4 7to7wit1 wot1 wi/1 ----4 ,wr+1 wrung1 wrung4 ,write1 wrote1 writt54 ,footnote #a3 ,light$ ,is pref]r$ to lit4 ,footnote #b3 ,quo?1 n[ ne>ly obsolete1 is us$ only 9 ! fir/ & ! ?ird p]son ( ! pa/ t5se4 ,quo? ,i said ,i4 ,o!r =ms ne>ly obsolete are sometimes met 9 lit]ature2 z1 ,me?9ks ,i sc5t ! morn+ air2 ,woe wor? ! day4 ,me?9ks 7,a4 ,s4 ?9can1 to seem1 n !ncan1 to ?9k7 seems to me4 ,9 ! s5t5ce above1 ,i sc5t ! morn+ air is ! subject1 ?9ks is ! pr$icate1 & me is a dative1 or a pron\n us$ adv]bially4 ,woe wor? 7,a4 ,s4 weor?an1 to be or become7 ! day ,woe be to ! day1 or ,let woe be to ! day1 or ,may woe be to ! day4 ,,note4--,pr(essor ,l\nsbury says1 ,mod]n ,engli% has lo/ n a s+le "o irregul>1 or /rong1 v]b s9ce ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 & adds1 ,! pres5t disposition ( ! language is n only to hold firmly to ! /rong v]bs x already possesses b 444 ev5 to ext5d _! numb] :5ev] possible4 ,& he in/ances a few :i* s9ce #afjj h des]t$ f ! regul> conjugation to ! irregul>4 ,b x %\ld be said t new ,engli% v]bs1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 =m _! pa/ t5se & p>ticiple 9 ed4 ,s t :ile ! regul> v]bs are n increas+ by des]tions f ! irregul>1 ! regul> v]bs are sl[ly ga9+ 9 numb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #acd4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,v]b--,,cont9u$4 ,,conjugation ,footnote3 ,we give ! conjugation ( ! v]b 9 ! simple/ =m consi/5t ) :at is n[ dem&$ ( a text-book4 ,mu* ( ?is s*eme might well be omitt$4 ,^? :o wi% to reject ! ,pot5tial ,mode1 & :o pref] a m elaborate & te*nical classification ( ! mode & t5se =ms1 are ref]r$ to pages #cgc1 #cgd4 --,,simple/ ,,=m4 ,,rem>k4--,engli% v]bs h few inflections comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r languages4 ,"s irregul> v]bs h sev5 =ms--see1 saw1 see+1 se51 sees1 see/1 sawe/2 regul> v]bs h six--walk1 walk$1 walk+1 walks1 walke/1 walk$/4 ,z a sub/itute = o!r inflections we prefix auxili>y v]bs1 & make :at are call$ comp\nd1 or p]iphra/ic1 =ms4 ,direction4--,fill out ! foll[+ =ms1 us+ ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]b walk--pres5t walk2 pa/ walk$2 pa/ p>ticiple walk$3-- ,,indicative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 7,i7 _/,pres4_/1 #a4 7,we7 _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 _/,pres4_/1 7,?\7 _/,pres4_/e/1#a1 #c4 7,he7 _/,pres4_/s2#a #c4 7,!y7 _/,pres4_/4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 _/,pa/_/1 #a4 7,we7 _/,pa/_/1 #b4 7,y7 _/,pa/_/1 #b4 7,y7 _/,pa/_/1 7,?\7 _/,pa/_//1 #c4 7,he7 _/,pa/_/2 #c4 7,!y7 _/,pa/_/4 ,,future ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 %all _/,pres4_/1 #a4 7,we7 %all _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 w _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 w _/,pres4_/1 7,?\7 wil-t _/,pres4_/1 #c4 7,he7 w _/,pres4_/2 #c4 7,!y7 w _/,pres4_/4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 7,we7 h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 7,?\7 ha-/ _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 7,he7 ha-s _/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 7,!y7 h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 7,we7 _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ #b4 7,y7 _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ 7,?\7 _h-/ _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 7,he7 _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 7,!y7 _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 %all h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 7,we7 %all h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 w h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 w h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 7,?\7 wil-t h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 7,he7444w h4444_/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 7,!y7 w h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! indicative pres5t1 second1 s+ul>1 old /yle1 / is sometimes add$ 9 /ead ( e/2 & 9 ! ?ird p]son1 common /yle1 es is add$ :5 s w n unite4 ,9 ! ?ird p]son1 old /yle1 e? is add$4 ,,pot5tial ,,mode4#b ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 7,i7 may _/,pres4_/1 #a4 7,we7 may _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 may _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 may _/,pres4_/1 7,?\7 may-/ _/,pres4_/1 #c4 7,he7 may _/,pres4_/2 #c4 7,!y7 may _/,pres4_/4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 might _/,pres4_/1 #a4 7,we7 might _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 might _/,pres4_/1 #b4 7,y7 might _/,pres4_/1 7,?\7 might-/ _/,pres4_/1 #c4 7,he7 might _/,pres4_/2 #c4 7,!y7 might _/,pres4_/4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 7,we7 may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 7,?\7 may-/ h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 7,he7 may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 #c4 7,!y7 may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 7,we7 might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 7,y7 might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 7,?\7 might-/ h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 7,he7 might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 #c4 7,!y7 might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,s+ul>4 ,footnote #b3 ,^? :o d n wi% to recognize a ,pot5tial ,mode1 b pref] ! unsatisfactory task ( det]m9+ :5 may1 c1 mu/1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld are indep5d5t v]bs 9 ! indicative1 & :5 auxili>ies 9 ! subjunctive1 are ref]r$ to pages #cgj-cgd4 ,,subjunctive ,,mode4#c ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 #b4 7,if ?\7 _/,pres4_/ #c4 7,if he7 _/,pres4_/ ,footnote #c3 ,! subjunctive z a =m ( ! v]b is fad+ out ( ! language4 ,! only di/9ctive =ms rema9+ 7except = ! v]b be7 are ! second & ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t1 & ev5 ^! ate giv+ way to ! indicative4 ,su* =ms z ,if he h lov$1 etc4 are exceptional4 ,x is true t o!r =ms1 z1 ,if he _h kn[n1 ,_h he be51 ,%\ld he fall1 may be us$ 9 a true subjunctive s5se1 to ass]t :at is a m]e conception ( ! m9d1 i4 e41 :at is m]ely ?\ght (1 )\t reg>d to its be+ or becom+ a fact2 b 9 ^! cases x is n ! =m ( ! v]b b ! connective or some?+ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce t det]m9es ! mann] ( ass]tion4 ,9 p>s+1 ! v]bs 9 su* con/ructions may be treat$ z indicative or pot5tial1 ) a subjunctive mean+4 ,! (fices ( ! diff]5t mode & t5se =ms are con/antly int]*ang+2 a classification bas$ /rictly on mean+ w\ld be v difficult1 & w\ld confuse ! le>n]4 ,,imp]ative ,,mode4#d ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #b4 _/,pres4_/ 7y or ?\72 #b4 _/,pres4_/ 7y or ye74 ,footnote #d3 ,f su* =ms z ,let u s+1 ,let !m talk1 "s gramm>ians make a fir/ & a ?ird p]son imp]ative4 ,b u is n ! subject ( ! v]b-phrase let-s+1 & let is n ( ! fir/ p]son4 ,u is ! object complem5t ( let1 & ! inf9itive s+ is ! objective complem5t1 hav+ u = its assum$ subject4 ,"s w\ld f9d a fir/ & a ?ird p]son imp]ative 9 su* s5t5ces z ,n[ tread we a measure2 ,p]i% ! ?\ght4 ,b ^! v]bs express /rong wi% or desire & by "s gramm>ians are call$ optative subjunctives4 ,p]i% ! ?\ght ,may ! ?\ght p]i%1 or ,i desire t ! ?\ght may p]i%1 or ,let ! ?\ght p]i%4 ,,inf9itives4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 7,to7#e _/,pres4_/ 7,to7 h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ ,footnote #e3 ,to1 z indicat$ by ! 771 is n treat$ z a "p ( ! v]b4 ,writ]s on language are g5]ally agre$ t :5 to introduces an inf9itive phrase us$ z an adjective or an adv]b1 x p]=ms its prop] function z a preposition1 mean+ t[>d1 =1 etc42 z1 ,i am incl9$ to believe2 ,i came to he>4 ,:5 ! inf9itive phrase is us$ z a n\n1 ! to expresses no relation2 x seems m]ely to introduce ! phrase4 ,:5 a ^w loses its prop] function )\t tak+ on ! function ( "s o!r "p ( spee*1 we d n see :y x %\ld *ange its "n4 ,9 ! expressions1 ,= me to d ?is w\ld be wrong2 ,ov] ! f5ce is out ( dang]1 few gramm>ians w\ld hesitate to call = & ov] prepositions1 ?\gh !y h no antec$5t t]m ( relation4 ,we _c see t to is a "p ( ! v]b1 = x 9 no way affects ! mean+1 z does an auxili>y1 or z does ! to 9 ,he 0 spok5 to4 ,^? :o call x a "p ( ! v]b confuse ! le>n] by speak+ ( x z ! preposition to 7:i*1 z !y h said1 is n a preposition7 plac$ be=e ! inf9itive1 i4e41 plac$ be=e t ( :i* x =ms a "p --plac$ be=e itself4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon1 to 0 us$ ) ! inf9itive only 9 ! dative case1 :]e x _h its prop] function z a preposition2 z1 nom9ative etan 7to eat72 dative to etanne2 accusative e3tan4 ,:5 ! dative end+ ne 0 dropp$1 mak+ ! ?ree =ms alike1 ! to came to be us$ be=e ! nom9ative & ! accusative1 b )\t express+ relation4 ,?is dative ( ! inf9itive1 ) to1 0 us$ ma9ly to indicate purpose4 ,:51 aft] ! dropp+ ( ! ne end+1 ! idea ( purpose _h to be convey$ by ! inf9itive1 x became usual 9 ,elizabe?an lit]ature to place = be=e ! to1 ,& = to deck heav5's battlem5ts4-,gre5e4 ,:at w5t ye out = to see8-,bible4 ,%ut ! gates = to pres]ve ! t[n4--,k4 ,h54 ,,vi41 ,"p ,,iii4 ,,p>ticiples ,,pres5t ,,pa/ ,,pa/ ,,p]fect4 _/,pres4_/+4 _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ ,hav+ _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ ,may1 c1 & mu/ are pot5tial auxili>ies 9 ! pres5t & ! pres5t p]fect t5se2 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld1 9 ! pa/ & ! pa/ p]fect4 ,! emphatic =m ( ! pres5t & ! pa/ t5se indicative is made by prefix+ d & did to ! pres5t4 ,d is prefix$ to ! imp]ative also4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*es4--,require ! pupils to fill out ^! =ma ) o!r v]bs1 regul> & irregul>1 us+ ! auxili>ies nam$ above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ace4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,v]b-,,cont9u$4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,be4 ,footnote3 ,! conjugation ( be conta9s ?ree di/9ct roots--z1 be1 04 ,am1 art1 is1 are are f z4 ,am z-m 7m is ! m 9 me74 ,art z-t 7t is ! ? 9 ?\74 ,be 0 =m]ly conjugat$1 ,i be1 ,?\ bee/1 ,he be? or bes2 ,we be1 ,ye be1 ,!y be4 ,direction4--,le>n ! foll[+ =ms1 pay+ no att5tion to ! l9e at ! "r ( ea* v]b3-- ,,indicative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 7,i7 am ----1 #a4 7,we7 are ----1 #b4 7,y7 are ---- or #b4 7,y7 are ----1 7,?\7 art ----1 #c4 7,he7 is ----2 #c4 7,!y7 are ----4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 0 ----1 #a4 7,we7 7 ----1 #b4 7,y7 7 ---- or #b4 7,y7 7 ----1 7,?\7 wa/ ----1 #c4 7,he7 0 ----2 #c4 7,!y7 7 ----4 ,,future ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 %all be ----1 #a4 7,we7 %all be ----1 #b4 7,y7 w be ---- or #b4 7,y7 w be ----1 7,?\7 wilt be ----1 #c4 7,he7 w be ----2 #c4 7,!y7 w be ----4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 h be5 ----1 #a4 7,we7 h be5 ----1 #b4 7,y7 h be5 ---- or #b4 7,y7 h be5 ----1 7,?\7 ha/ be5 ----1 #c4 7,he7 has be5 ----2 #c4 7,!y7 h be5 ----4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect #a4 7,i7 _h be5 ----1 #a4 7,we7 _h be5 ----1 #b4 7,y7 _h be5 ---- or #b4 7,y7 _h be5 ----1 7,?\7 had/ be5 ----1 #c4 7,he7 _h be5 ----2 #c4 7,!y7 _h be5 ----4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 %all h be5 ----1 #a4 7,we7 %all h be5 ----1 #b4 7,y7 w h be5 ---- or #b4 7,y7 w h be5 ----1 7,?\7 wilt h be5 ----1 #c4 7,he7 w h be5 ----2 #c4 7,!y7 w h be5 ----4 ,,pot5tial ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 7,i7 may be ----1 #a4 7,we7 may be ----1 #b4 7,y7 may be ---- or #b4 7,y7 may be ----1 7,?\7 may/ be ----1 #c4 7,he7 may be ----2 #c4 7,!y7 may be ----4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 might be ----1 #a4 7,we7 might be ----1 #b4 7,y7 might be ---- or #b4 7,y7 might be ----1 7,?\7 might/ be ----1 #c4 7,he7 might be ----2 #c4 7,!y7 might be ----4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 7,i7 may h be5 ----1 #a4 7,we7 may h be5 ----1 #b4 7,y7 may h be5 ---- or #b4 7,y7 may h be5 ----1 7,?\7 may/ h be5 ----1 #c4 7,he7 may h be5 ----2 #c4 7,!y7 may h be5 ----4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se1 #a4 7,i7 might h be5 ----1 #a4 7,we7 might h be5 ----1 #b4 7,y7 might h be5 ---- or #b4 7,y7 might h be5 ----1 7,?\7 might/ h be5 ----1 #c4 7,he7 might h be5 ----2 #c4 7,!y7 might h be5 ----4 ,,subjunctive ,,mode4 ,,pbes5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 7,if ,i7 may h be5 ----1 #a4 7,if we7 may h be5 ----1 #b4 7,if y7 may h be5 ---- or #b4 7,if y7 may h be5 ----1 7,if ?\7 may/ h be5 ----1 #c4 7,if he7 may h be5 ----2 #c4 7,if !y7 may h be5 ----4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 #a4 7,if ,i7 7 -----1 #b4 7,if y7 7 ----1 or 7,if ?\7 w]t ----1 #c4 7,if he7 7 ----2 ,,imp]ative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #b4 ,be 7y or ?\7 ----2 #b4 ,be 7y or ye7 ----4 ,,inf9itives4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 7,to7 be ----4 7,to7 h be5 ----4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pa/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect4 ,be+ ----4 ,be54 ,hav+ be5 ----4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #acf4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,v]b--,,cont9u$4 ,,conjugation--,,progressive ,,& ,,passive ,,=ms4 ,a v]b is conjugat$ 9 ! progressive =m by jo9+ its pres5t p>ticiple to ! diff]5t =ms ( ! v]b be4 ,a transitive v]b is conjugat$ 9 ! passive voice by jo9+ its pa/ p>ticiple to ! diff]5t =ms ( ! v]b be4 ,rem>k4--,! progressive =m d5otes a cont9uance ( ! action or be+2 z1 ,! birds are s++4 ,v]bs t 9 _! simple =m d5ote cont9uance--su* z love1 respect1 "k--%\ld n be conjugat$ 9 ! progressive =m4 ,we say1 ,i love ! *ild--n ,i am lov+ ! *ild4 ,rem>ks4--,! progressive =m is sometimes us$ ) a passive mean+2 z1 ,! h\se is build+4 ,9 su* cases ! ^w 9 + 0 once a v]bal n\n prec$$ by ! preposition a1 a contraction f on or 92 z1 ,:ile ! ark 0 a prep>+2 ,:ile ! fle% 0 9 see?+4 ,9 mod]n language ! preposition is dropp$1 & ! ^w 9 + is treat$ adjectively4 ,ano!r passive progressive =m1 consi/+ ( ! v]b be complet$ by ! pres5t passive p>ticiple1 has rec5tly appe>$ 9 our language--,! h\se is be+ built1 or 0 be+ built4 ,al?\gh condemn$ by _m l+ui/s z awkw>d & o!rwise objectionable1 x has gr[n rapidly into good use1 especially 9 ,engl&1 ,su* a =m seems to be ne$$ :5 ! simpl] =m w\ld be ambigu\s1 i4e41 :5 its subject might be tak5 to "n ei!r ! actor or ! receiv]2 z1 ,! *ild is :ipp+2 ,! prison] is try+4 ,introduc$ only to prev5t ambiguity1 ! s-call$ neologism has pu%$ its way1 & is f\nd :]e ! old =m w\ld n be ambigu\s4 ,z n[ us$1 ! new =m /&s to ! old 9 ab\t ! ratio ( ?ree to "o4 ,direction4--,conjugate ! v]b *oose 9 ! progressive =m by fill+ all ! blanks left aft] ! diff]5t =ms ( ! v]b be1 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson1 ) ! pres5t p>ticiple *oos+2 & !n 9 ! passive =m by fill+ ^! blanks ) ! pa/ p>ticiple *os54 ,notice t aft] ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b be no blank is left4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! passive is n =m$ by ! aid ( be2 x is nev] comp\nd4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple ( a transitive v]b is always passive except 9 su* =ms z h *os51 _h *os54 7,see h writt51 ,lesson #ach47 ,9 ! progressive1 ! pa/ p>ticiple is want+4 ,all ! p>ticiples ( ! v]b *oose are arrang$ 9 ord] bel[4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 ,pa/ ,p]fect4 ,simple/ =m4 ,*oos+1 *os51 hav+ *os54 ,progressive =m4 ,be+ *oos+199 ------1 hav+ be5 *oos+4 ,passive =m4 ,be+ *os51 *os51 hav+ be5 *os54 ,footnote 993 ,?is =m is n commonly us$4 ,direction4--,write & arrange z above all ! p>ticiples ( ! v]bs break1 drive1 read1 lift4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,select o!r v]bs1 & require ! pupils to conjugate !m 9 ! progressive & 9 ! passive =m4 ,require !m to give synopses ( all ! =ms4 ,require !m 9 "s ( _! synopses to use x or "s n\n = ! subject 9 ! ?ird p]son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #acg4 ,,conjugation--,,cont9u$4 ,,int]rogative ,,& ,,negative ,,=ms4 ,a v]b may be conjugat$ int]rogatively 9 ! indicative & pot5tial modes by plac+ ! subject aft] ! fir/ auxili>y2 z1 ,does he s+8 ,a v]b may be conjugat$ negatively by plac+ n aft] ! fir/ auxili>y2 z1 ,he does n s+4 ,n is plac$ be=e ! inf9itive & ! p>ticiples2 z1 n to s+1 n s++4 ,a "q ) negation is express$ 9 ! indicative & pot5tial modes by plac+ ! subject & n aft] ! fir/ auxili>y2 z1 ,does he n s+8 ,rem>k4--,=m]ly1 x 0 common to use ! simple =m ( ! pres5t & pa/ t5ses int]rogatively & negatively ?us3 ,loves he8 ,i "k n4 ,su* =ms are /ill common 9 poetry1 b 9 prose !y are n[ sc>cely us$4 ,we say1 ,does he love8 ,i d n "k4 ,! v]bs be & h are exceptions1 z !y d n take ! auxili>y d4 ,we say1 ,is x "r8 ,h y ano!r8 ,direction4--,write a synopsis 9 ! ?ird p]son1 s+ul>1 ( ! v]b walk conjugat$ 7#a7 int]rogatively1 7#b7 negatively1 & 7#c7 s z to express a "q ) negation4 ,rememb] t ! indicative & ! pot5tial are ! only modes t c be us$ int]rogatively4 ,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,select o!r v]bs1 & require ! pupils to conjugate !m negatively & int]rogatively 9 ! progressive & 9 ! passive =m4 ,require ! pupils to give synopses ( all ! =ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ach4 ,,mode ,,& ,,t5se ,,=ms4 ,,comp\nd ,,=ms--,,analysis4 ,! comp\nd1 or p]iphra/ic1 =ms ( ! v]b consi/+ ( two words may ea* be resolv$ into an ass]t+ ^w & a p>ticiple or an inf9itive4 ,if we look at ! orig9al mean+ ( ! =ms ,i d write1 ,i %all write1 ,i w write1 we %all f9d t ! s-call$ auxili>y is ! real v]b1 & t write is an inf9itive us$ z object complem5t4 ,i d write ,i d or p]=m ! action 7to7 write4 ,i %all write ,i owe 7to7 write4 ,i w write ,i det]m9e 7to7 write4 ,may write1 c write1 mu/ write1 might write1 c\ld write1 w\ld write1 & %\ld write may ea* be resolv$ into an ass]t+ ^w & an inf9itive4 ,! =ms is writ+1 0 writt51 etc4 consi/ ea* ( an ass]t+ ^w 7! v]b be71 & a p>ticiple us$ z attribute complem5t4 ,! =ms h writt5 & _h writt5 are s f> remov$ f _! orig9al mean+ t _! analysis _c be made to correspond ) _! hi/ory4 ,!y orig9at$ f su* expressions z ,i h a lett] writt51 9 :i* h 7 possess7 is a transitive v]b tak+ lett] = its object complem5t1 & writt5 is a passive p>ticiple modify+ lett]4 ,! idea ( possession has fad$ out ( h1 & ! p>ticiple has lo/ its passive mean+4 ,! use ( ?is =m has be5 ext5d$ to intransitive v]bs--,spr+ has come1 ,birds h fl[n1 etc4 be+ n[ regul>ly us$ in/ead ( ! m logical p]fect t5se =ms1 ,spr+ is come1 ,birds are fl[n4 7,is come1 are fl[n1 etc4 mu/ n be mi/ak5 = transitive v]bs 9 ! passive voice47 ,footnote3 ,a peculi> use ( _h is f\nd 9 ! expressions _h r g & _h bett] g1 condemn$ by _m gramm>ians :o suppose _h to be "h us$ incorrectly = w\ld or %\ld4 ,( ^! expressions ! ,/&>d ,diction>y1 an au?ority wor?y ( our att5tion1 says3-- ,=ms disput$ by c]ta9 grammatical critics f ! days ( ,samuel ,johnson1 ! critics insi/+ ^u ! sub/itution ( w\ld or %\ld1 z ! case may dem&1 = _h2 b _h r & _h bett] are ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ,engli%1 idioms hav+ ! almo/ univ]sal popul> & lit]>y sanction ( c5turies4 ',i w\ld r n g' is und\bt$ly correct :5 ! purpose is to emphasize ! elem5t ( *oice1 or w1 9 ! matt]2 b 9 all ord9>y cases ',i _h r n g' has ! m]it ( be+ idiomatic & easily & univ]sally und]/ood4 ,if = ',y _h bett] /ay at home' we sub/itute ',y %\ld bett] /ay at home1' an entirely diff]5t mean+ is express$1 ! idea ( exp$i5cy giv+ place to t ( obligation4 ,9 ! analysis ( ,i _h r g1 _h is ! pr$icate v]b1 ! inf9itive g is ! object complem5t1 & ! adjective r completes _h & belongs to g1 i4e41 is objective complem5t4 ,_h 7 %\ld hold or reg>d7 is treat$ z a pa/ subjunctive4 ,r is ! comp>ative ( ! old adjective ra! e>ly1 f :i* comes ! idea ( pref]5ce4 ,! expression means1 ,i %\ld hold go+ pref]able4 ,! expressions ,y _h bett] /ay1 ,i _h z lief n be1 are simil> 9 con/ruction to ,i _h r g4 ,i _h soon] g is condemn$ by gramm>ians because soon] is nev] an adjective4 ,if soon] is "h all[$ z an idiom1 x is a modifi] ( _h4 ,! expression equals1 ,i %\ld m will+ly h go+4 ,comp\nds ( m ?an two words may be analyz$ ?us3 ,may h be5 writt5 is compos$ ( ! comp\nd auxili>y may h be5 & ! p>ticiple writt52 may h be5 is compos$ ( ! comp\nd auxili>y may h & ! p>ticiple be52 & may h is compos$ ( ! auxili>y may & ! inf9itive h4 ,may is ! ass]t+ ^w--! fir/ auxili>y is always ! ass]t+ ^w4 ,direction4--,/udy :at has be5 said above & analyze ! foll[+ v]bal =ms1 di/+ui%+ c>efully betwe5 p>ticiples t may be consid]$ z "p ( ! v]b & words t mu/ be treat$ z attribute complem5ts3-- #a4 ,i may be mi/ak54 #b4 ,! f>m 0 sold4 #c4 ,i %all be cont5t$4 #d4 ,has x be5 decid$8 #e4 ,y %\ld h be5 work+4 #f4 ,! dang] might h be5 avoid$4 #g4 ,he may h be5 tir$ & sleepy4 #h4 ,%e is s++4 #i4 ,i %all be satisfi$4 #aj4 ,! rule has n be5 obs]v$4 #aa4 ,/>s h disappe>$4 #ab4 ,times w surely *ange4 ,,t5se ,,=ms--,,mean+4 ,! ,pres5t ,t5se is us$ to express 7#a7 :at is actually pres5t1 7#b7 :at is true at all times1 7#c7 :at frequ5tly or habitually takes place1 7#d7 :at is to take place 9 ! future1 & x is us$ 7#e7 9 describ+ pa/ or future ev5ts z if occurr+ at ! "t ( ! speak+4 ,examples4--,i he> a voice 7action z pres5t74 ,! sun gives light 7true at all times74 ,he writes = ! newspap]s 7habitual74 ,phillips speaks 9 ,bo/on to-morr[ night 7future74 ,he m\nts ! scaffold2 ! execution]s approa* to b9d him2 he /ruggles1 resi/s1 etc4 7pa/ ev5ts pictur$ to ! imag9ation z pres5t74 ,! clans ( ,cullod5 are scatt]$ 9 fight2 !y rally1 !y ble$1 etc4 7future ev5ts n[ se5 9 vision74 ,! ,pa/ ,t5se may express 7#a7 simply pa/ action or be+1 7#b7 a pa/ habit or cu/om1 7#c7 a future ev5t1 & 7#d7 x may ref] to pres5t "t4 ,examples4--,! birds sang 7simply pa/ action74 ,he wrote = ! newspap]s 7pa/ habit74 ,if ,i %\ld g1 y w\ld miss me 7future ev5ts74 ,if he 7 "h1 he w\ld enjoy ?is 7ref]s to pres5t "t74 ,! ,future ,t5se may express 7#a7 simply future action or be+1 7#b7 a habit or cu/om z future or z indef9ite 9 "t4 ,examples4--,i %all write soon 7simply future action74 ,he w sit !re by ! h\r 7indef9ite 9 "t74 ,! ,pres5t ,p]fect ,t5se expresses 7#a7 action or be+ z complet$ 9 pres5t "t 7i4e41 a p]iod ( "t--an h\r1 a ye>1 an age--( :i* ! pres5t =ms a "p71 & 7#b7 action or be+ to be complet$ 9 a future p]iod4 ,examples4--,hom] has writt5 poems 7! p]iod ( "t affect$ by ?is complet$ action embraces ! pres5t74 ,:5 ,i h f9i%$ ?is1 y %all h x 7action to be complet$ 9 a future p]iod74 ,! ,pa/ ,p]fect ,t5se expresses 7#a7 action or be+ z complet$ at "s specifi$ pa/ "t1 & 7#b7 9 a conditional or hypo!tical clause x may express pa/ "t4 ,examples4--,i _h se5 him :5 ,i met y 7action complet$ at a specifi$ pa/ "t74 ,if ,i _h _h "t1 ,i %\ld h writt5 7,i _h n "t--,i did n write47 ,! ,future ,p]fect ,t5se expresses action to be complet$ at "s specifi$ future "t4 ,example4--,i %all h se5 him by to-morr[ noon4 ,direction4--,/udy :at has be5 said above ab\t ! mean+ ( ! t5se =ms1 & describe c>efully ! "t express$ by ea* ( ! foll[+ v]bs3-- #a4 ,i g to ! city to-morr[4 #b4 ,! village ma/] taught 8 little s*ool4 #c4 ,plato reasons well4 #d4 ,a triangle has ?ree sides4 #e4 ,to-morr[ is ! day appo9t$4 #f4 ,moses has told _m important facts4 #g4 ,! %ip sails next week4 #h4 ,%e s+s well4 #i4 ,cic]o has writt5 orations4 #aj4 ,he w\ld sit = h\rs & wat* ! smoke curl f 8 pipe4 #aa4 ,y may he> :5 ! next mail arrives1 #ab4 ,_h ,i kn[n ?is be=e1 ,i c\ld h sav$ y mu* tr\ble4 #ac4 ,he w occasionally lose 8 temp]4 #ad4 ,at ! end ( ?is week ,i %all h be5 9 s*ool f\r ye>s4 #ae4 ,if ,i 7 y1 ,i w\ld try t4 #af4 ,he w become disc\rag$ be=e he has ?or\ghly tri$ x4 #ag4 ,%e />ts1 %e moves1 %e seems to feel ! ?rill ( life along h] keel4 ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+ adapt$ to all ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,oh6 x has a voice = ^? :o on _! sick b$s lie & wa/e away4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ two tables h be5 split to fit )9 ,project ,gut5b]g l9e-wid? requirem5ts4 ,! fir/ column ( ea* table has be5 repeat$ = easi] ref]5ce4 ,,classification4 ,,modifications4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,s5t5ce4,class4 ,sub-,c4 ,voice4,mode4,t5se4,num4 ,p]4 ,g54 ,case4 ,oh6 ,int4 x ,pro4 ,p]4 ,s+4 ad4 ,neut4 ,nom4 has ,vb4 ,ir41 ,tr4 ,act4 ,ind4,pres4 a ,adj4 ,def4 voice ,n4 ,com4 ,obj4 = ,prep4 ^? ,pro4 ,adj4 ,plu4 ,m4 or ,f4 :o ,pro4 ,rel4 ,nom4 on ,prep4 _! ,pro4 ,p]4 ,pos4 sick ,adj4 ,des4 b$s ,n4 ,com4 ,neut4 ,obj4 lie ,vb4 ,ir41,int4 -- ,ind4,pres4 & ,conj4 ,co-or4 wa/e ,vb4 ,reg41,int4 -- away4 ,adv4 ,place4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,syntax4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,s5t5ce4,deg4 ( ,comp4 ,oh6 ,indep5d5t4 x ,subject ( has4 has ,pr$icate ( x4 a -- ,modifi] ( voice4 voice ,object comp ( has4 = ,%[s ,rel4 ( has to ^?4 ^? ,pr94 ^w 9 ,prep4 phrase4 :o ,subject ( lie & wa/e4 on ,%[s ,rel4 ( lie to b$s4 _! ,possessive ,mod4 ( b$s4 sick ,pos4 ,modifi] ( b$s4 b$s ,pr94 ^w 9 ,prep4 phrase4 lie ,pr$icate ( :o4 & ,connects lie & wa/e4 wa/e ,pr$icate ( :o4 away4 -- ,modifi] ( wa/e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,= fur!r ex]cises 9 p>s+ ! v]b & = ex]cises 9 g5]al p>s+1 select f ! prec$+ ,lessons on ,analysis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aci ,,p>s+4 ,direction4--,select & p>se1 accord+ to ! ,model bel[1 ! v]bs 9 ! s5t5ces ( ,lesson #db4 ,= ! agreem5t ( v]bs1 see ,lesson #adb4 ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+--,v]bs4--,! ,yankee1 sell+ 8 f>m1 w&]s away to seek new l&s4 ,,classification4 ,,modifications4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,v]bs4 ,k9d4 ,voice4,mode4,t5se4,num4 ,p]4 99sell+,pr4 ,p>41 ,ir41 ,tr4 ,act4 -- -- -- -- w&]s ,reg41 ,int4 -- ,ind4 ,pres4 ,s+4 #c;d4 99seek ,inf41 ,ir41 ,tr4 ,act4 -- -- ,,syntax ----------------- ,v]bs4 sell+ ,mod4 ( ,yankee4 w&]s ,pr$4 ( ,yankee4 seek ,pr94 ^w 9 phrase ,mod4 ( w&]s4 ,footnote3 ,p>ticiples & inf9itives h nei!r p]son nor numb]4 7,see ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+ on opposite page47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #adj4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,mode ,,& ,,t5se ,,=ms4 ,caution4--,be c>eful to give e v]b its prop] =m & mean+4 ,direction4--,correct ! foll[+ errors1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,i done x myself4 #b4 ,he ?r[$ x into ! riv]1 = ,i se5 him :5 he done x4 #c4 ,%e sets by ! op5 w9d[ enjoy+ ! sc5e t lays be=e h]4 ,explanation4--,lay 7to place7 is transitive1 lie 7to re/7 is intransitive2 set 7to place7 is transitive1 sit 7to re/7 is intransitive4 ,set 9 "s ( its mean+s is intransitive4 #d4 ,! tide sits 94 #e4 ,g & lay d[n4 #f4 ,! sun sits 9 ! we/4 #g4 ,i rememb] :5 ! corn] /one 0 la94 #h4 ,sit ! plates on ! table4 #i4 ,he sat out = ,london ye/]day4 #aj4 ,y\r dress sets well4 #aa4 ,! bird is sett+ on its eggs4 #ab4 ,i laid !re an h\r4 #ac4 ,set d[n & talk a little :ile4 #ad4 ,he has laid !re an h\r4 #ae4 ,i am sett+ by ! riv]4 #af4 ,he has w5t & done x )\t my p]mission4 #ag4 ,he flew f ju/ice4 #ah4 ,"s valuable l& 0 ov]fl[n4 #ai4 ,%e come j aft] y left4 #bj4 ,!y sung a new tune :i* !y _h n sang be=e4 #ba4 ,! wat] ,i drunk !re 0 bett] ?an any t ,i _h drank be=e4 #bb4 ,! leaves _h fell4 #bc4 ,i _h rode a %ort di/ance :5 ! /orm begun to ga!r4 #bd4 ,i f\nd ! wat] froze4 #be4 ,he rais$ up4 #bf4 ,he run till he became s we>y t he 0 =c$ to lay d[n4 #bg4 ,i kn[$ t x 0 s1 = ,i se5 him :5 he done x4 #bh4 ,i _h began to ?9k t y _h =sook u4 #bi4 ,i am afraid t ,i _c le>n him to d x4 #cj4 ,i guess t ,i w /op4 #ca4 ,i expect t he has gone to ,bo/on4 #cb4 ,!re a9't any use ( try+4 #cc4 ,i h got no "m4 #cd4 ,c ,i speak to y8 #ce4 ,he _h ought to see him4 ,explanation4--,z ought is nev] a p>ticiple1 x _c be us$ aft] _h to =m a comp\nd t5se4 ,caution4--,a conditional or a concessive clause takes a v]b 9 ! indicative mode :5 ! action or be+ is assum$ z a fact1 or :5 ! unc]ta9ty lies m]ely 9 ! speak]'s k ( ! fact4 ,b :5 ! action or be+ 9 su* a clause is m]ely ?\ght ( z a cont+5cy1 or 9 su* a clause ! speak] pref]s to put hypo!tically some?+ ( ^: tru? or untru? he has no d\bt1 ! subjunctive is us$4 ,! subjunctive is frequ5tly us$ 9 indirect que/ions1 9 express+ a wi% = t :i* x is impossible to atta9 at once or at all1 & in/ead ( ! pot5tial mode 9 indep5d5t clauses4 ,examples4-- #a4 ,if 7 s9ce7 x ra9s1 :y d y g8 #b4 ,if x ra9s 7n[71 ,i _c g out4 #c4 ,if x ra91 ! "w w be delay$4 #d4 ,?\gh x ra9 to-morr[1 we mu/ m>*4 #e4 ,if !re be m\nta9s1 !re mu/ be valleys betwe54 #f4 ,?\gh honey be sweet1 "o c't make a meal ( x4 #g4 ,if my fri5d 7 "h1 he w\ld enjoy ?is4 #h4 ,?\gh immortality 7 improbable1 we %\ld /ill believe 9 x4 #i4 ,"o may d\bt :e!r ! be/ m5 be kn[n4 #aj4 ,i wi% ! lad 7 tall]4 #aa4 ,oh6 t ,i 7 a ,samson 9 /r5g?4 #ab4 ,x 7 bett] = him t a mill/one 7 hang$ ab\t 8 neck4 ,explanation4--,9 7#a7 ! ra9+ is assum$ z a fact4 ,9 7#b7 ! speak] is unc]ta9 ( ! fact4 ,9 ! conditional clause ( 7#c7 & 9 ! concessive clause ( 7#d7 ! ra9+ is ?\ght ( z a m]e cont+5cy4 ,! speak] is c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( :at is hypo!tically express$ 9 ! conditional clause ( 7#e7 & 9 ! concessive clause ( 7#f71 & is c]ta9 ( ! untru? ( :at is hypo!tically express$ 9 ! conditional clause ( 7#g7 & 9 ! concessive clause ( 7#h74 ,!re is an indirect "q 9 7#i71 a wi% 9 7#aj7 = some?+ n at once atta9able & 9 7#aa7 = some?+ =ev] unatta9able1 & 9 7#ab7 ! subjunctive mode is us$ 9 place ( ! pot5tial4 ,rem>ks4--,:5 !re is d\bt z to :e!r ! indicative or ! subjunctive mode is requir$1 use ! indicative4 ,! pres5t subjunctive =ms may be treat$ z inf9itives us$ to complete omitt$ auxili>ies2 z1 ,if x 7%\ld7 ra91 ! "w w be delay$2 ,till "o great] man 7%all7 re/ore u1 etc4 ,?is w (t5 s]ve z a guide 9 di/+ui%+ ! indicative f ! subjunctive mode4 ,if1 ?\gh1 le/1 unless1 etc4 are usually spok5 ( z signs ( ! subjunctive mode1 b ^! words are n[ m frequ5tly foll[$ by ! indicative ?an by ! subjunctive4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ! mode ( ! italiciz$ v]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! difficulty w\ld vani%4 #b4 ,if he 0 !re1 ,i did n see him4 #c4 ,if to-morr[ be f9e1 ,i w walk ) y4 #d4 ,?\gh ?is seems improbable1 x is true4 #e4 ,if my fri5d is 9 t[n1 he w call ?is ev5+4 #f4 ,if he ev] comes1 we %all "k x4 ,explanation4--,9 7#f7 & 7#g7 ! com+ is ref]r$ to z a fact to be decid$ 9 future "t4 #g4 ,if he comes by noon1 let me "k4 #h4 ,! %ip leaps1 z x 71 f bill[ to bill[4 #i4 ,take he$ t ?\ speak n to ,jacob4 #aj4 ,if a p5dulum is drawn to "o side1 x w sw+ to ! o!r4 ,explanation4--,be is (t5 employ$ 9 mak+ sci5tific /atem5ts l ! prec$+1 & may !re=e be all[$1 ,if a p5dulum is drawn ,:5ev] a p5dulum is drawn4 #aa4 ,i wi% t ,i 7 a musician4 #ab4 ,7 ,i s dispos$1 ,i c\ld n gratify y4 #ac4 ,?is sword %all end !e unless ?\ yield4 #ad4 ,gov]n well ?y appetite1 le/ s9 surprise !e4 #ae4 ,i "k n :e!r x is s or n4 #af4 ,w\ld he 7 fatt]6 #ag4 ,if !re 7 no light1 !re w\ld be no colors4 #ah4 ,oh1 t he 7 a son ( m9e6 #ai4 ,?\gh x be cl\dy to-night1 x w be cold4 #bj4 ,?\gh ! :ole exce$ a "p1 we sometimes pref] a "p to ! :ole4 #ba4 ,:e!r he g or n1 ,i mu/ be !re4 #bb4 ,?\gh an angel f heav5 comm& x1 we %\ld n /eal4 #bc4 ,if !re be an eye1 x 0 made to see4 #bd4 ,x 7 well x 7 done quickly4 ,direction4--,supply 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces a v]b 9 ! indicative or ! subjunctive mode1 & give a reason = y\r *oice3-- #a4 ,i wi% x ---- 9 my p[] to help y4 #b4 ,i tremble le/ he ----4 #c4 ,if he ---- guilty1 ! evid5ce does n %[ x4 #d4 ,he des]ves our pity1 unless 8 tale ---- a false "o4 #e4 ,?\gh he ---- !re1 ,i did n see him4 #f4 ,if he ---- b discreet1 he w succe$4 #g4 ,if ,i ---- he1 ,i w\ld d diff]5tly4 #h4 ,if ye ---- m51 fight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ada4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,mode ,,& ,,t5se ,,=ms--,,cont9u$4 ,caution4--,be c>eful to employ ! t5se =ms ( ! diff]5t modes 9 accordance ) _! mean+1 & 9 su* a way z to pres]ve ! prop] ord] ( "t4 ,direction4--,correct ! foll[+ errors1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,t cu/om has be5 =m]ly q popul>4 #b4 ,nei!r w !y be p]suad$1 ?\gh "o rose f ! dead4 #c4 ,he t 0 dead sat up & began to speak4 #d4 ,a man b\ght a horse = "o hundr$ doll>s2 &1 aft] keep+ x ?ree mon?s1 at an exp5se ( t5 doll>s a mon?1 he sells x = two hundr$ doll>s4 ,:at p] c5t does he ga98 #e4 ,i %\ld say t x 0 an h\r's ride4 #f4 ,if ,i _h h se5 him1 ,i %\ld h kn[n him4 #g4 ,i wi% ,i 0 9 ,dixie4 #h4 ,we %\ld be oblig$ if y w favor u ) a song4 #i4 ,i int5d$ to h call$4 ,explanation4--,?is is incorrect2 x %\ld be1 ,i int5d$ to call4 ,! act ( call+ 0 n complet$ at ! "t indicat$ by int5d$4 ,rem>k4--,v]bs ( comm&+1 desir+1 expect+1 hop+1 int5d+1 p]mitt+1 etc4 are foll[$ by v]bs d5ot+ pres5t or future "t4 ,footnote3 ,! ,/&>d ,diction>y makes ?is re/riction3 ,! d\bl+ ( ! pa/ t5ses 9 connection ) ! use ( h ) a pa/ p>ticiple is prop] & necess>y :5 ! completion ( ! future act 0 int5d$ be=e ! occurr5ce ( some?+ else m5tion$ or ?\ght (4 ,att5tion to ?is qualification1 :i* has be5 ov]look$ 9 ! criticism ( t5se-=mation & connection1 is especially important & imp]ative4 ,if "o says1 ',i meant to h visit$ ,p>is & to h return$ to ,london be=e my fa!r arriv$ f ,am]ica1' ! pa/ pres5t p]fect inf9itive 444 is necess>y = ! expression ( ! completion ( ! acts purpos$4 ',i meant to visit ,p>is & to return to ,london be=e my fa!r arriv$ f ,am]ica1' may convey sugge/ively ! ?\ght int5d$1 b does n express x4 ,! pres5t inf9itive expresses an action z pres5t or future1 & ! pres5t p]fect expresses x z complet$1 at ! "t indicat$ by ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,i am glad to h met y is correct1 because ! meet+ took place be=e ! "t ( be+ glad4 ,i ought to h gone is exceptional4 ,ought has no pa/ t5se =m1 & s ! pres5t p]fect inf9itive is us$ to make ! expression ref] to pa/ "t4 #aj4 ,we hop$ to h se5 y (t54 #aa4 ,i %\ld n h let y eat5 x4 #ab4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h se5 x4 #ac4 ,he w\ld n h d>$ done t4 #ad4 ,y ought to h help$ me to h done x4 #ae4 ,we expect$ t he w\ld h arriv$ la/ night4 #af4 ,! exp]im5t prov$ t air _h weight4 ,rem>k4--,:at is true or false at all times is g5]ally express$ 9 ! pres5t t5se1 :atev] t5se prec$es4 ,!re seems to be dang] ( apply+ ?is rule too rigidly4 ,:5 a speak] does n wi% to v\* = ! tru? ( ! g5]al proposition1 he may use ! pa/ t5se1 giv+ x ! =m ( an indirect quotation2 z1 ,he said t iron 0 ! mo/ valuable ( metals4 ,! t5se ( ! dep5d5t v]b is sometimes attract$ into t ( ! pr9cipal v]b2 z1 ,i knew :]e ! place 04 #ag4 ,i _h nev] kn[n be=e h[ %ort life really 04 #ah4 ,we !n fell into a discussion :e!r !re is any beauty indep5d5t ( utility4 ,! ,g5]al ma9ta9$ t !re 0 n2 ,dr4 ,johnson ma9ta9$ t !re 04 #ai4 ,i h already told y t ,i 0 a g5tleman4 #bj4 ,our fa!rs held t all m5 7 creat$ equal4 ,caution4--,use w & w\ld to imply t ! subject names ! "o ^: w controls ! action2 use %all & %\ld to imply t ! "o nam$ by ! subject is "u ! control ( ext]nal influ5ce4 ,rem>k4--,! orig9al mean+ ( %all 7to owe1 to be oblig$7 & w 7to det]m9e7 gives u ! real key to _! prop] use4 ,! only case 9 :i* "s trace ( ! orig9al mean+ ( ^! auxili>ies _c be f\nd is ! "o 9 :i* ! subject ( w names some?+ incapable ( volition2 z1 ,! w9d w bl[4 ,ev5 ?is may be a k9d ( p]sonification4 ,examples4--,i %all g2 ,y w g2 ,he w g4 ,^! are ! prop] =ms to express m]e futurity1 b ev5 "h we c trace ! orig9al mean+ ( %all & w4 ,9 ! fir/ p]son ! speak] avoids egotism by ref]r+ to ! act z an obligation or duty r ?an z some?+ "u ! control ( 8 own w4 ,9 ! second & ?ird p]sons x is m c\rte\s to ref] to ! w ( o!rs ?an to _! duty4 ,i w g4 ,"h ! action is "u ! control ( ! speak]'s w4 ,he ei!r promises or det]m9es to g4 ,y %all g2 ,he %all g4 ,"h ! speak] ei!r promises ! go+ or det]m9es to compel ^! p]sons to g2 9 ei!r case ! "o :o goes is "u "s ext]nal influ5ce4 ,%all ,i g8 ,"h ! speak] puts himself "u ! control ( "s ext]nal influ5ce--! w ( ano!r4 ,w ,i g8--i4 e41 ,is x my w to g8--is n us$ except to repeat ano!r's "q4 ,x w\ld be absurd = "o to ask :at 8 own w is4 ,%all y g8 ,ans4 ,i %all4 ,w y g8 ,ans4 ,i w4 ,%all he g8 ,ans4 ,he %all4 ,w he g8 ,ans4 ,he w4 ,! same auxili>y is us$ 9 ! "q t is us$ 9 ! answ]4 ,no difficulty %all h9d] me4 ,! difficulty t might d ! h9d]+ is n to be left to itself1 b is to be kept "u ! control ( ! speak]4 ,he says t he %all g2 ,he says t he w g4 ,*ange ! indirect quotations introduc$ by t to direct quotations1 & ! application ( ! ,caution w be app>5t4 ,y w see t my horse is at ! door by n9e o'clock4 ,?is is only an app>5t exception to ! rule4 ,a sup]ior may c\rte\sly avoid ! appe>ance ( compulsion1 & ref] to 8 subord9ate's will+ness to obey4 ,!y knew t ,i %\ld be !re1 & t he w\ld be !re4 ,! same pr9ciples apply to %\ld & w\ld t apply to %all & w4 ,9 ?is example ! ev5ts are future z to pa/ "t2 mak+ !m future z to pres5t "t1 we h1 ,!y "k t ,i %all be !re1 & t he w be !re4 ,my fri5d said t he %\ld n set out to-morr[4 ,*ange ! indirect to a direct quotation1 & ! =ce ( %\ld w be se54 ,direction4--,assign a reason = ! use ( %all or w 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,he> me1 = ,i w speak4 #b4 ,if y w call1 ,i %all be happy to accompany y4 #c4 ,%all y be at lib]ty to-day8 #d4 ,i %all nev] see him aga94 #e4 ,i w nev] see him aga94 #f4 ,i said t he %\ld be rew>d$4 #g4 ,?\ %alt surely die4 #h4 ,tru?1 cru%$ to e>?1 %all rise aga94 #i4 ,?\gh ,i %\ld die1 yet w ,i n d5y !e4 #aj4 ,?\gh ,i %\ld receive a ?\s& %ekels ( silv] 9 m9e h&1 yet w\ld ,i n put =? my h& aga9/ ! k+'s son4 ,direction4--,fill ea* ( ! foll[+ blanks ) %all1 w1 %\ld1 or w\ld1 & give ! reasons = y\r *oice3-- #a4 ,he knew :o ---- betray him4 #b4 ,i ---- be fatigu$ if ,i _h walk$ s f>4 #c4 ,y did bett] ?an ,i ---- h done4 #d4 ,if he ---- come by noon1 ---- y be ready8 #e4 ,!y d me wrong1 & ,i ---- n endure x4 #f4 ,i ---- be greatly oblig$ if y ---- d me ! favor4 #g4 ,if ,i ---- say s1 ,i ---- be guilty ( falsehood4 #h4 ,y ---- be disappo9t$ if y ---- see x4 #i4 ---- he be all[$ to g on8 #aj4 ---- y be unhappy1 if ,i d n come8 ,direction4--,correct ! foll[+ errors1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,:]e w ,i leave y8 #b4 ,w ,i be 9 "t8 #c4 ,x 0 reque/$ t no p]son w\ld leave 8 seat4 #d4 ,!y reque/$ t ! appo9tm5t w\ld be giv5 to a man :o %\ld be kn[n to 8 p>ty4 #e4 ,:5 w we get ?r\gh ?is t$i\s controv]sy8 #f4 ,i ?9k we w h ra94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #adb4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,numb] ,,& ,,p]son ,,=ms4 ,,agreem5t4--,,v]bs--,,pron\ns4 ,caution4--,a v]b mu/ agree ) its subject 9 numb] & p]son4 ,rem>ks4--,practically1 ?is rule applies to b few =ms4 ,are & 7 are ! only plural =ms reta9$ by ! ,engli% v]b4 ,9 ! common /yle1 mo/ v]bs h "o p]son =m1 made by add+ s or es 7has1 9 ! pres5t p]fect t5se1 is a contraction ( ! indicative pres5t--ha7ve7s74 ,! v]b be has am 7fir/ p]son7 & is 7?ird p]son74 ,9 ! solemn /yle1 ! second p]son s+ul> takes ! end+ e/1 /1 or t1 &1 9 ! indicative pres5t1 ! ?ird p]son s+ul> adds e?4 7,see ,lessons #acd & #ace47 ,ne$ & d>e1 :5 foll[$ by an inf9itive )\t to1 are g5]ally us$ in/ead ( ne$s & d>es2 z1 ,he ne$ n d x2 ,he d>e n d x4 ,caution4--,a collective n\n requires a v]b 9 ! plural :5 ! individuals 9 ! collection are ?\ght (2 b1 :5 ! collection z a :ole is ?\ght (1 ! v]b %\ld be s+ul>4 ,examples4-- l4 ,! multitude 7 ( "o m9d4 #b4 ,! multitude 0 too l>ge to numb]4 #c4 ,a numb] 7 incl9$ to turn back1 #d4 ,! numb] pres5t 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,caution4--,:5 a v]b has two or m subjects connect$ by &1 x mu/ agree ) !m 9 ! plural4 ,exceptions4--l4 ,:5 ! connect$ subjects are diff]5t names ( ! same ?+1 or :5 !y "n sev]al ?+s tak5 z "o :ole1 ! v]b mu/ be s+ul>2 z1 ,my old fri5d & s*oolmate is 9 t[n4 ,bread & milk is excell5t food4 #b4 ,:5 ! connect$ subjects are prec$$ by ea*1 e1 _m a1 or no1 !y are tak5 sep>ately1 & ! v]b agrees ) ! ne>e/2 z1 ,e man1 woman1 & *ild 0 lo/4 #c4 ,:5 ! subjects are emphatically di/+ui%$1 ! v]b agrees ) ! fir/ & is und]/ood ) ! second2 z1 ,"t1 & pati5ce also1 is ne$$4 7,! same is true ( subjects connect$ by z well z2 z1 ,"t1 z well z pati5ce1 is ne$$47 #d4 ,:5 "o ( ! subjects is affirmative & ! o!r negative1 ! v]b agrees ) ! affirmative2 z1 ,books1 & n pleasure1 occupy 8 "t4 #e4 ,:5 sev]al subjects foll[ ! v]b1 ea* subject may be emphasiz$ by mak+ ! v]b agree ) t :i* /&s ne>e/2 z1 ,?9e is ! k+dom & ! p[] & ! glory4 ,rem>k4--,:5 "o ( two or m subjects connect$ by & is ( ! fir/ p]son1 ! v]b is 9 ! fir/ p]son2 :5 "o ( ! subjects is ( ! second p]son1 & none ( ! fir/1 ! v]b is 9 ! second p]son4 ,i1 y1 & he we2 y & he y4 ,we say1 ,m>y & ,i %all 7n w7 be busy to-morr[4 ,caution4--,:5 two or m subjects are connect$ by or or nor1 ! v]b agrees 9 p]son & numb] ) ! ne>e/2 z1 ,nei!r pov]ty nor weal? 0 desir$2 ,nei!r he nor !y 7 satisfi$4 ,:5 ! subjects require diff]5t =ms ( ! v]b1 x is g5]ally bett] to express ! v]b ) ea* subject or to reca/ ! s5t5ce4 ,rem>ks4--,:5 a s+ul> & a plural subject are us$1 ! plural subject is g5]ally plac$ next to ! v]b4 ,9 us+ pron\ns ( diff]5t p]sons1 x is g5]ally m polite = ! speak] to m5tion ! "o address$ fir/1 & himself la/1 except :5 he confesses a fault4 ,caution4--,a pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 numb]1 g5d]1 & p]son2 z1 ,?\ :o write/2 ,he :o writes2 ,!y :o write1 etc4 ,! ?ree special ,cautions giv5 above = ! agreem5t ( ! v]b w also aid 9 det]m9+ ! agreem5t ( ! pron\n ) its antec$5t4 ,rem>ks4--,! pron\n & ! v]b ( an adjective clause relat+ to ! indef9ite subject x take1 by attraction1 ! p]son & numb] ( ! complem5t :5 ?is complem5t imm$iately prec$es ! adjective clause2 z1 ,x is ,i t am 9 ! wrong2 ,x is ?\ t lifte/ me up2 ,x is ! dews & %[]s t make ! grass gr[4 ,! pron\n y1 ev5 :5 s+ul>1 requires a plural v]b4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ! use ( ! foll[+ italiciz$ v]bs & pron\ns3-- #a4 ,books is a n\n4 #b4 ,! good are great4 #c4 ,! committee 7 unable to agree1 & !y ask$ to be dis*>g$4 #d4 ,! ,h\se has decid$ n to all[ its memb]s ! privilege4 #e4 ,?ree times f\r is twelve4 ,footnote3 ,?ree times f\r is twelve & ,?ree times f\r are twelve are bo? us$1 & bo? are def5d$4 ,! "q is 7see ,caution = collective n\ns71 ,is ! numb] f\r ?\ght ( z a :ole1 or are ! individual units compos+ x ?\ght (8 ,! expression ,f\r tak5 ?ree times is twelve4 ,times is a n\n us$ adv]bially4 #f4 ,five doll>s is n too mu*4 #g4 ,twice z mu* is too mu*4 #h4 ,two h\rs is a long "t to wait4 #i4 ,to relieve ! wret*$ 0 8 pride4 #aj4 ,to pr(ess & to possess are two diff]5t ?+s4 #aa4 ,talk+ & eloqu5ce are n ! same4 #ab4 ,! tongs are n 9 _! place4 #ac4 ,e "o is acc\ntable = 8 own acts4 #ad4 ,e book & e pap] 0 f\nd 9 its place4 #ae4 ,n a l\d voice1 b /rong pro(s br+ conviction4 #af4 ,?is orator & /atesman has gone to 8 re/4 #ag4 ,"y's ,night ,?\ghts is 8 mo/ celebrat$ poetical "w4 #ah4 ,fle% & blood ha? n reveal$ x4 #ai4 ,! hue & cry ( ! c\ntry pursues him4 #bj4 ,! second & ! ?ird ,epi/le ( ,john conta9 ea* a s+le *apt]4 #ba4 ,man is mascul9e because x d5otes a male4 #bb4 ,!re9 consi/s ! =ce & use & nature ( language4 #bc4 ,nei!r weal? nor wisdom is ! *ief ?+4 #bd4 ,ei!r y or ,i am "r4 #be4 ,nei!r y nor he is to blame4 #bf4 ,john1 & 8 si/] also1 is go+4 #bg4 ,! l[e/ me*anic1 z well z ! ri*e/ citiz51 is "h protect$ 9 8 "r4 #bh4 ,!re are "o or two reasons4 ,footnote3 ,:5 two adjectives diff]+ 9 numb] are connect$ )\t a repetition ( ! n\n1 ! t5d5cy is to make ! v]b agree ) ! n\n express$4 #bi4 ,n9e o'clock & =ty-five m9utes is fifte5 m9utes ( t54 #cj4 ,mexican figures1 or picture-writ+1 repres5t ?+s1 n words4 ,footnote3 ,! v]b "h agrees ) figures1 z picture-writ+ is logically explanatory ( figures4 #ca4 ,_m a k9d ^w & _m a k9d act has be5 put to 8 cr$it4 ,direction4--,correct ! foll[+ errors1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ,victuals are always plural4 #b4 ,plut>*'s ,p>allel ,lives are 8 great "w4 #c4 ,:at s\nds h ea* ( ! v[els8 #d4 ,no1 no1 says ,i4 #e4 ,we agree1 says !y4 #f4 ,:]e 0 y8 #g4 ,e "o ( ^! are good 9 _! place4 #h4 ,nei!r ( !m h recit$ _! lesson4 #i4 ,!re comes ! boys4 #aj4 ,ea* ( ^! expressions d5ote action4 #aa4 ,"o ( y are mi/ak54 #ab4 ,!re is sev]al reasons = ?is4 #ac4 ,! assembly 0 divid$ 9 its op9ion4 #ad4 ,! public is invit$ to att5d4 #ae4 ,! committee 7 full :5 ?is po9t 0 decid$4 #af4 ,! nation are prosp]\s4 #ag4 ,money1 z well z m51 7 ne$$4 #ah4 ,n[1 boys1 ,i want e "o ( y to decide = !mselves4 #ai4 ,nei!r ! intellect nor ! he>t are capable ( be+ driv54 #bj4 ,%e fell to laugh+ l "o out ( _! "r m9d4 #ba4 ,five ye>s' int]e/ are due4 #bb4 ,?ree qu>t]s ( ! m5 0 dis*>g$4 #bc4 ,n9e-t5?s ( e man's happ9ess dep5d ^u ?is4 #bd4 ,no "t1 no money1 no labor1 7 sp>$4 #be4 ,"o or ! o!r h err$ 9 _! /atem5t4 #bf4 ,:y are du/ & a%es pr\d8 #bg4 ,ei!r ! ma/] or 8 s]vants is to blame4 #bh4 ,nei!r ! s]vants nor _! ma/] are to blame4 #bi4 ,our welf>e & security consi/s 9 unity4 #cj4 ,! m9d1 & n ! body1 s94 #ca4 ,he don't l x4 #cb4 ,_m a he>t & home h be5 desolat$ by dr9k4 ,,g5]al ,,review4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions to ! tea*]1 page #bee994 ,s*eme = ! ,v]b4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,v]b4 ,uses4 ,to ass]t action1 be+1 or /ate4--,pr$icate 7#d1 #aa7 ,to assume action1 be+1 or /ate4 ,p>ticiples 7#cg7 ,inf9itives 7#dj7 ,classes4 ,=m4 ,regul> 7#ib74 ,irregul> 7#ib1 #acb1 #acc74 7,r$undant & ,defective7 ,mean+4 ,transitive 7#ib74 ,intransitive 7#ib74 ,modifications4 ,voice4 ,active 7#abi1 #acj74 ,passive 7#abi1 #acj74 ,mode4 ,indicative 7#aca1 #acd-acg74 ,pot5tial 7#aca1 #acd-acg74 ,subjunctive 7#aca1 #acd-acg1 #adj74 ,imp]ative 7#aca1 #acd-acg74 ,t5se4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 ,future4 #aca1 #acd-ach1 ,pres5t ,p]fect4 #adj1 #ada4 ,pa/ ,p]fect4 ,future ,p]fect4 ,numb]4 ,s+ul>4 #aca1 #acd1 #ace4 ,plural4 ,p]son4 ,fir/4 ,second4 #aca1 #acd1 #ace4 ,?ird4 ,p>ticiples4--,classes4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 #aca1 #acd1 #acf4 ,pa/ ,p]fect4 ,inf9itives4-- ,pres5t4 ,pres5t ,p]fect4 #aca1 #acd1 #ace4 ,que/ions on ! ,v]b4 #a4 ,def9e ! v]b & its classes4--,lessons #ib1 #acb4 #b4 ,def9e ! modifications ( ! v]b4--,lessons #abi1 #aca4 #c4 ,def9e ! sev]al voices1 modes1 & t5ses4--,lessons #abi1 #aca4 #d4 ,def9e ! p>ticiple & its classes4--,lesson #aca4 #e4 ,def9e ! inf9itive4--,lesson #aca4 #f4 ,give a synopsis ( a regul> & ( an irregul> v]b 9 all ! diff]5t =ms4--,lessons #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg4 #g4 ,analyze ! diff]5t mode & t5se =ms1 & give ! functions ( ! diff]5t t5ses4--,lesson #ach4 #h4 ,give & illu/rate ! pr9ciples :i* guide 9 ! use ( ! mode & t5se =ms1 & ( ! p]son & numb] =ms4--,lessons #adj1 #ada1 #adb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #adc4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,lesson #aab4--,:at are ,modifications8 ,h ,engli% words _m inflections8 ,h !y lo/ any8 ,:at is ,numb]8 ,def9e ! s+ul> & ! plural numb]4 ,h[ is ! plural ( n\ns regul>ly =m$8 ,9 :at ways may ! plural be =m$ irregul>ly8 ,illu/rate4 ,lesson #aac4--;,give ! plural ( "s n\ns adopt$ f o!r languages4 ,h[ d comp\nds =m ! plural8 ,illu/rate ! sev]al ways4 ,h[ d lett]s1 figures1 etc4 =m ! plural8 ,illu/rate4 ,lesson #aad4--;,give examples ( n\ns hav+ ea* two plurals diff]+ 9 mean+4 ,"s :i* h ! same =m 9 bo? numb]s4 ,"s :i* h no plural4 ,"s :i* are always plural4 ,:at is said ( ! numb] ( collective n\ns8 ,lesson #aaf4--;,9 :at f\r ways may ! numb] ( n\ns be det]m9$8 ,illu/rate4 ,lesson #aag4--,:at is ,g5d]8 ,def9e ! diff]5t g5d]s4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 sex & g5d]8 ,! g5d] ( ,engli% n\ns foll[s :at8 ,h ,engli% n\ns a neut] =m8 ,h all ,engli% n\ns a mascul9e & a fem99e =m8 ,9 :at ?ree ways may ! mascul9e ( n\ns be di/+ui%$ f ! fem99e8 ,illu/rate4 ,give ! ?ree g5d] =ms ( ! pron\n4 ,lesson #aah4--;,h[ is g5d] 9 gramm> important8 ,:5 is ! pron\n ( ! mascul9e g5d] us$8 ,:5 is ! neut] pron\n x us$8 ,by ! aid ( :at pron\ns are inanimate ?+s p]sonifi$8 ,9 p]sonification1 :5 is ! mascul9e pron\n us$1 & :5 is ! fem99e8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is ! ,caution relat+ to g5d]8 ,lesson #aai4--,:at is ,p]son8 ,is ! p]son ( n\ns m>k$ by =m8 ,def9e ! ?ree p]sons4 ,:5 is a n\n 9 ! fir/ p]son8 ,9 ! second p]son8 ,:at classes ( words h di/9ctive p]son =ms8 ,:y is p]son reg>d$ 9 gramm>8 ,:at is ,case8 ,def9e ! ?ree cases4 ,:at is ! case ( a n\n us$ indep5d5tly8 ,( an explanatory modifi]8 ,( an objective complem5t8 ,( a n\n or pron\n us$ z attribute complem5t8 ,illu/rate all ^!4 ,lesson #aba4--,:at is ,p>s+8 ,illu/rate ! p>s+ ( n\ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #add4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,lesson #abb4--;,h[ _m case =ms h n\ns1 & :at are !y8 ,h[ is ! possessive ( n\ns 9 ! s+ul> =m$8 ,( n\ns 9 ! plural8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is ! possessive sign8 ,to :i* ^w ( comp\nd names or ( gr\ps ( words treat$ z su* is ! sign add$8 ,illu/rate4 ,in/ead ( ! possessive =m1 :at may be us$8 ,illu/rate4 ,lesson #abc4--;,9 :at case alone c mi/akes 9 ! con/ruction ( n\ns occur8 ,illu/rate ! ,cautions relat+ to possessive =ms4 ,lesson #abd4--,:at is ,decl5sion8 ,decl9e girl & too?4 ,decl9e ! sev]al p]sonal pron\ns1 ! relative & ! int]rogative4 ,:at adjective pron\ns are decl9$ :olly or 9 "p8 ,illu/rate4 ,lesson #abe4--,:at words 9 ! language h ea* ?ree diff]5t case =ms8 ,:at are ! nom9ative1 & :at ! objective1 =ms ( ! pron\ns8 ,lesson #abg4--,:at "o modification h adjectives8 ,:at is ,comp>ison8 ,def9e ! ?ree degrees4 ,h[ are adjectives regul>ly comp>$8 ,:at are ! ,rules = ,spell+8 ,illu/rate !m4 ,h[ are adjectives ( m ?an "o syllable g5]ally comp>$8 ,h[ are degrees ( dim9ution express$8 ,c all adjectives be comp>$8 ,illu/rate4 ,h[ are "s adv]bs comp>$8 ,illu/rate ! irregul> comp>ison ( adjectives & adv]bs4 ,lesson #abh4--,to h[ _m ?+s does ! comp>ative degree ref]8 ,:at does x imply8 ,expla9 ! (fice ( ! sup]lative4 ,:at ^w usually foll[s ! comp>ative1 & :at ! sup]lative8 ,give ! ,cautions relat+ to ! use ( comp>atives & sup]latives1 & illu/rate !m fully4 ,lesson #abi4--,:at is ,voice8 ,( :at class ( v]bs is x a modification8 ,"n & def9e ! two voices4 ,:5 is ! "o voice us$1 & :5 ! o!r8 ,into :at may ! passive =m be resolv$8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at may be mi/ak5 = a v]b 9 ! passive voice8 ,illu/rate4 ,lesson #acj4--;,9 *ang+ a v]b f ! active to ! passive1 :at does ! object complem5t become8 ,h[ may an intransitive v]b sometimes be made transitive8 ,illu/rate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #ade4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,lesson #aca4--,:at is ,mode8 ,def9e ! f\r modes4 ,:at is ,t5se8 ,def9e ! six t5ses4 ,def9e ! inf9itive4 ,def9e ! p>ticiple4 ,def9e ! classes ( p>ticiples4 ,:at are ! numb] & p]son ( a v]b8 ,lesson #acb4--,:at is ,conjugation8 ,synopsis8 ,:at are auxili>y v]bs8 ,"n !m4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a v]b8 ,:at are r$undant & :at are defective v]bs8 ,lesson #acd4--;,h[ _m inflectional =ms may irregul> v]bs h8 ,h[ _m h regul> v]bs8 ,:at is said ( ! subjunctive mode8 ,( to ) ! inf9itive8 ,h[ is a v]b conjugat$ 9 ! emphatic =m8 ,lesson #acf4--;,h[ is a v]b conjugat$ 9 ! progressive =m8 ,h[ is a transitive v]b conjugat$ 9 ! passive voice8 ,give an example ( a v]b 9 ! progressive =m ) a passive mean+4 ,:at does ! progressive =m d5ote8 ,c all v]bs be conjugat$ 9 ?is =m8 ,:y8 ,give all ! p>ticiples ( ! v]bs *oose1 break1 drive1 read1 lift4 ,lesson #acg4--;,h[ may a v]b be conjugat$ int]rogatively8 ,negatively8 ,illu/rate4 ,h[ may a "q ) negation be express$ 9 ! indicative & pot5tial modes8 ,lesson #ach4--;,into :at may ! comp\nd1 or p]iphra/ic1 =ms ( ! v]b be resolv$8 ,illu/rate fully4 ,:at is said ( ! p>ticiple 9 h writt51 _h writt51 etc48 ,give & illu/rate ! sev]al uses ( ! six t5ses4 ,lesson #adj4--,%[ h[ ! g5]al ,caution = ! use ( ! v]b is frequ5tly violat$4 ,:5 does a conditional or a concessive clause require ! v]b to be 9 ! indicative8 ,illu/rate4 ,:5 is ! subjunctive us$8 ,illu/rate ! _m uses ( ! subjunctive4 ,lesson #ada4--;,give & illu/rate ! g5]al ,caution relat+ to mode & t5se =ms4 ,give & illu/rate ! ,caution 9 reg>d to w & w\ld1 %all & %\ld4 ,lesson #adb4--;,give & illu/rate ! ,cautions relat+ to ! agreem5t ( v]bs & pron\ns4 ,illu/rate ! exceptions & ! ,rem>ks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,additional ,,examples ,,= ,,analysis4 ,sugge/ions = ! ,/udy ( ! foll[+ ,selections4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,! pupil has n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e he c af=d to drop ! diagram--its mission = him is fulfill$4 ,= him to cont9ue its use ) ^! ,additional ,examples1 unless x be to outl9e ! relations ( clauses or illu/rate peculi> con/ructions1 is ne$less2 he w m]ely be repeat+ t ) :i* he is already famili>4 ,^! extracts are n giv5 = full analysis or p>s+4 ,?is1 also1 ! pupil w\ld f9d pr(itless1 & = ! same reason4 ,"o ga9s no?+ 9 do+ :at he already does well en\gh--progress is n made 9 climb+ ! :eel ( a treadmill4 ,b ! pupil may "h review :at has be5 taught him ( ! uses ( adjective pron\ns1 ( ! relatives 9 re/rictive & 9 unre/rictive clauses1 ( c]ta9 idioms1 ( d\ble negatives1 ( ! split inf9itive1 ( ! subjunctive mode1 ( ! di/9ctions 9 mean+ betwe5 alli$ v]bs1 z lie & lay1 ( c]ta9 prepositions1 ( punctuation1 etc4 ,he %\ld /udy ! g5]al "* ( ea* s5t5ce1 its divisions & subdivisions1 ! relations ( ! indep5d5t & ! dep5d5t p>ts1 & _! connection1 ord]1 etc4 ,he %\ld note ! p]iodic /ructure ( "s ( ^! s5t5ces--( 7#d7 or 7#ai71 = in/ance--! mean+ ( :i* rema9s 9 susp5se till ne> or at ! close4 ,he %\ld note 9 contra/ ! loose /ructure ( o!rs--= example1 ! la/ s5t5ce 9 7#bj7--;a s5t5ce t has sev]al po9ts at any "o ( :i* a complete ?\ght has be5 express$1 b ! "p ( ! s5t5ce foll[+ does n1 by itself1 make complete s5se4 ,let him try to see :i* /ructure is ! m natural1 & :i* is ! m =cible1 & :y2 & :at /yle ga9s by a judici\s bl5d+ ( ! two4 ,especially %\ld ! pupil look at ! ?\ght 9 ^! prose extracts & at ! mann] 9 :i* x is express$4 ,?is w lead him to take a /ep or two ov] into ! field ( lit]ature4 ,if ! attempt is made1 "o condition seems imp]ative--! pupil %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& :at ! au?or says4 ,we "k no bett] way to secure ?is ?an to exact ( him a c>eful reproduction 9 8 own words ( ! au?or's ?\ght4 ,?is w reveal to him ! diff]5ces betwe5 8 "w & ! orig9al2 & br+ into relief ! peculi>ity ( ea* au?or's /yle--! /atel9ess ( ,de ,qu9cey's1 = in/ance1 ! vividness ( ,web/]'s1 ! oratorical "* ( ,macaulay's1 ! rugg$ness ( ,c>lyle's1 ! poetical beauty ( ,em]son's1 ! humor ( ,irv+'s1 & ! brilliancy ( ,holmes's--! la/ l9es f :om are purposely /ilt$1 z we le>n f ! context4 ,! pupil may see h[ ellipses & transpositions & imag]y ab\nd 9 poetry1 & h[1 9 ! use ( ^! p>ticul>s1 poets diff] f ea* o!r4 ,he may note t poems are n pit*$ 9 ! same key--t ! extracts f ,wordswor? & ,goldsmi? & ,c[p]1 = example1 deal ) common facts & 9 a homely way1 t ! "o f ,l[ell is 9 a high] key1 :ile t f ,%elley is all imag9ation1 & is cr[d$ ) audaci\s imag]y1 all exquisite except 9 ! fir/ l9e1 :]e ! moon1 conv]t$ by metaphor into a maid51 has t said ( h] t is inconsi/5t ) h] 9 h] new "*4 #a4 ,x is ?\ght by "s p t all ^? />s :i* y see glitt]+ s re/lessly on a ke51 fro/y night 9 a high latitude1 & :i* seem to h be5 s[n broadca/ ) z mu* c>elessness z gra9 lies on a ?re%+-floor1 "h %[+ va/ za>ahs ( des]t blue sky1 !re aga9 ly+ close1 & to "s eyes pres5t+ ,! beaute\s semblance ( a flock at re/1 are1 9 fact1 ga!r$ into zones or /rata2 t our own wick$ little e>?1 ) ! :ole ( our peculi> sol> sy/em1 is a "p ( su* a zone2 & t all ?is p]fect geometry ( ! heav5s1 ^! radii 9 ! mighty :eel1 w\ld become app>5t1 if we1 ! spectators1 c\ld b survey x f ! true c5t]2 :i* c5t] may be f> too di/ant = any vision ( man1 nak$ or arm$1 to rea*4--,de ,qu9cey #b4 ,on ?is "q ( pr9ciple1 :ile actual suff]+ 0 yet af> (f1 !y our fa!rs rais$ _! flag aga9/ a p[] to :i*1 = purposes ( =eign conque/ & subjugation1 ,rome1 9 ! height ( h] glory1 is n to be comp>$--a p[] :i* has dott$ ov] ! surface ( ! :ole globe ) h] possessions & milit>y po/s2 ^: morn+ drum-beat1 foll[+ ! sun & keep+ company ) ! h\rs1 circles ! e>? ) "o cont9u\s & unbrok5 /ra9 ( ! m>tial airs ( ,engl&4--,web/]4 #c4 ,9 "s f>-away & yet undreamt-( h\r1 ,i c ev5 imag9e t ,engl& may ca/ all ?\ghts ( possessive weal? back to ! b>b>ic nations among :om !y fir/ arose2 & t1 :ile ! s&s ( ! ,indus & adamant ( ,golconda may yet /iff5 ! h\s+s ( ! *>g] & fla% f ! turban ( ! slave1 %e1 z a ,*ri/ian "m1 may at la/ atta9 to ! virtues & ! treasures ( a ,hea!n "o1 & be able to lead =? h] ,sons1 say+1 ,^! are my ,jewels4--,rusk94 #d4 ,&1 :5 ^? :o h rival$ h] ,a!ns's greatness %all h %>$ h] fate2 :5 civilization & k %all h fix$ _! abode 9 di/ant cont95ts2 :5 ! scept] %all h pass$ away f ,engl&2 :51 p]haps1 travel]s f di/ant regions %all 9 va9 labor to deciph] on "s mold]+ p$e/al ! "n ( our pr\de/ *ief1 %all he> savage hymns *ant$ to "s mis%ap5 idol ov] ! ru9$ dome ( our pr\de/ temple1 & %all see a s+le nak$ fi%]man wa% 8 nets 9 ! riv] ( ! t5 ?\s& ma/s1--h] influ5ce & h] glory w /ill survive1 fre% 9 et]nal y\?1 exempt f mutability & decay1 immortal z ! intellectual pr9ciple f :i* !y d]iv$ _! orig91 & ov] :i* !y ex]cise _! control4--,macaulay4 #e4 ,to him :o 9 ! love ( ,nature holds ,communion ) h] visible =ms1 %e speaks ,a v>i\s language2 = 8 gay] h\rs ,%e has a voice ( gladness & a smile ,& eloqu5ce ( beauty1 & %e glides ,into 8 d>k] mus+s ) a mild ,& heal+ sympa?y1 t /eals away ,_! %>pness ere he is aw>e4 ,:5 ?\ghts ,( ! la/1 bitt] h\r come l a blight ,ov] ?y _s1 & sad images ,( ! /]n agony & %r\d & pall ,& brea?less d>kness & ! n>r[ h\se ,make !e to %udd] & gr[ sick at he>t1-- ,g =? "u ! op5 sky1 & li/ ,to ,nature's tea*+s1 :ile f all ar\nd-- ,e>? & h] wat]s & ! dep?s ( air-- ,comes a /ill voice4--,bryant4 #f4 ,pleasant x 01 :5 woods 7 gre51 ,& w9ds 7 s(t & l[1 ,to lie amid "s sylvan sc5e1 ,:]e1 ! long droop+ b\ghs betwe51 ,%ad[s d>k & sunlight %e5 ,alt]nate come & g2 ,or :]e ! d5s] grove receives ,no sunlight f above1 ,b ! d>k foliage int]weaves ,9 "o unbrok5 ro( ( leaves1 ,und]nea? ^: slop+ eaves ,! %ad[s h>dly move4--,longfell[4 #g4 ,i l ! lad :o1 :5 8 fa!r ?\ght ,to clip 8 morn+ nap by hackney$ praise ,( vagrant worm by e>ly song/] caught1 ,cri$1 ,s]v$ him "r6 'tis n at all surpris+2 ,! worm 0 puni%$1 sir1 = e>ly ris+4--,saxe4 #h4 ,!re 7 communities1 sc>ce kn[n by "n ,9 ^! deg5]ate days1 b once f>-fam$1 ,:]e lib]ty & ju/ice1 h& 9 h&1 ,ord]$ ! common weal2 :]e great m5 grew ,up to _! natural em95ce1 & none ,sav+ ! wise1 j1 eloqu5t1 7 great2 ,:]e p[] 0 ( ,god's gift to :om he gave ,supremacy ( m]it--! sole means ,& broad highway to p[]1 t ev] !n ,0 m]itori\sly adm9i/]$1 ,:il/ all its in/rum5ts1 f fir/ to la/1 ,! tools ( /ate = s]vice high or l[1 ,7 *os5 = _! aptness to ^? ends ,:i* virtue m$itates4--,h5ry ,taylor4 #i4 ,/rang]1 ^! gloomy b\ghs ,_h *>ms = him2 & "h he lov$ to sit1 ,8 only visitant a /raggl+ %eep1 ,! /one-*at1 or ! glanc+ s&-pip]2 ,& on ^! b>r5 rocks1 ) f]n & hea? ,& junip] & ?i/le spr9kl$ o'er1 ,fix+ 8 d[nca/ eye1 he _m an h\r ,a morbid pleasure n\ri%$1 trac+ "h ,an emblem ( 8 own unfruitful life2 ,&1 lift+ up 8 head1 he !n w\ld gaze ,on ! m di/ant sc5e1--h[ lovely 't is ,?\ see/1--& he w\ld gaze till x became ,f> loveli]1 & 8 he>t c\ld n su/a9 ,! beauty1 /ill m beaute\s4--,wordswor?4 #aj4 ,b1 :5 ! next sun brake f und]gr\nd1 ,!n1 ^? two bre?r5 sl[ly ) b5t br[s ,accompany+1 ! sad *>iot-bi] ,pa/ l a %ad[ ?ro' ! field1 t %one ,full-summ]1 to t /ream :]eon ! b>ge1 ,pall'd all its l5g? 9 blacke/ samite1 lay4 ,!re sat ! life-long creature ( ! h\se1 ,loyal1 ! dumb old s]vitor1 on deck1 ,w9k+ 8 eyes1 & twi/$ all 8 face4 ,s ^? two bre?r5 f ! *>iot took ,& on ! black decks laid h] 9 h] b$1 ,set 9 h] h& a lily1 o'er h] hung ,! silk5 case ) braid$ blazon+s1 ,& kiss'd h] quiet br[s1 &1 say+ to h]1 ,si/]1 f>ewell =ev]1 & aga91 ,f>ewell1 sweet si/]1 p>t$ all 9 te>s4--,t5nyson #aa4 ,good "n 9 man & woman1 de> my "l1 ,is ! imm$iate jewel ( _! s\ls4 ,:o /eals my purse /eals tra%2 't is some?+1 no?+2 ',t 0 m9e1 't is 81 & has be5 slave to ?\s&s2 ,b he t fil*es f me my good "n ,robs me ( t :i* n enri*es him1 ,& makes me poor inde$4--,%akespe>e4 #ab4 ,:5 ,i consid] h[ my light is sp5t ,ere half my days1 9 ?is d>k _w & wide1 ,& t "o tal5t1 :i* is dea? to hide1 ,lodg$ ) me useless1 ?\gh my s\l m b5t ,to s]ve !re) my ,mak]1 & pres5t ,my true acc\nt1 le/ he1 return+1 *ide1-- ,do? ,god exact day-labor1 light d5i$8 ,i fondly ask3 b ,pati5ce1 to prev5t ,t murmur1 soon replies1 ,god do? n ne$ ,ei!r man's "w or 8 own gifts2 :o be/ ,be> 8 mild yoke1 !y s]ve him be/3 8 /ate ,is k+ly2 ?\s&s at 8 bidd+ spe$1 ,& po/ o'er l& & ocean )\t re/2 ,!y also s]ve :o only /& & wait4 --,milton4--,sonnet on 8 ,bl9dness4 #ac4 ,ah6 on ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 :5 f ,ea/ & f ,we/1 ,f ,nor? & f ,s\? come ! pilgrim & gue/2 ,:5 ! gray-hair$ ,new-,engl&] sees r\nd 8 bo>d ,! old brok5 l9ks ( affection re/or$2 ,:5 ! c>e-we>i$ man seeks 8 "m once m1 ,& ! worn matron smiles :]e ! girl smil$ be=e1-- ,:at moi/5s ! lip1 & :at bright5s ! eye8 ,:at calls back ! pa/ l ! ri* pumpk9-pie8 --,:itti]4 #ad4 ,t orb$ maid5 ) :ite fire lad51 ,:om mortals call ! moon1 ,glides glimm]+ o'er my fleece-l floor1 ,by ! midnight breezes /rewn2 ,& :]ev] ! beat ( h] unse5 feet1 ,:i* only ! angels he>1 ,may h brok5 ! wo( ( my t5t's ?9 ro(1 ,! />s peep beh9d h] & pe]2 ,& ,i laugh to see !m :irl & flee ,l a sw>m ( gold5 bees1 ,:5 ,i wid5 ! r5t 9 my w9d-built t5t1 ,till ! calm riv]s1 lakes1 & seas1 ,l /rips ( ! sky fall5 ?r\gh me on high1 ,are ea* pav$ ) ! moon & ^!4 --,%elley4--,! ,cl\d4 #ae4 ,sweet 0 ! s\nd1 :5 (t1 at ev5+'s close1 ,up yond] hill ! village murmur rose4 ,!re1 z ,i pass$ ) c>eless /eps & sl[1 ,! m+l+ notes came s(t5$ f bel[2 ,! swa9 responsive z ! milk-maid sung1 ,! sob] h]d t l[$ to meet _! "y1 ,! noisy geese t gabbl$ o'er ! pool1 ,! playful *ildr5 j let loose f s*ool1 ,! wat*-dog's voice t bay$ ! :isp]+ w9d1 ,& ! l\d laugh t spoke ! vacant m9d1-- ,^! all 9 sweet confusion s\ght ! %ade1 ,& fill$ ea* pause ! night+ale _h made4 --,goldsmi?4 #af4 ,to sit on rocks1 to muse o'er flood & fell1 ,to sl[ly trace ! =e/'s %ady sc5e1 ,:]e ?+s t own n man's dom9ion dwell1 ,& mortal foot ha? ne'er or r>ely be52 ,to climb ! trackless m\nta9 all unse51 ,) ! wild flock t nev] ne$s a fold2 ,alone o'er /eeps & foam+ falls to lean2-- ,?is is n solitude2 't is b to hold ,conv]se ) nature's *>ms1 & view h] /ores unroll$4 --,byron4 #ag4 ,! drawbridge dropp$ ) a surly clang1 ,& ?r\gh ! d>k ar* a *>g] sprang1 ,be>+ ,sir ,launfal1 ! maid5 knight1 ,9 8 gild$ mail1 t flam$ s bright ,x seem$ ! d>k ca/le _h ga!r$ all ,^? %afts ! fi]ce sun _h %ot ov] its wall ,9 8 siege ( ?ree hundr$ summ]s long1 ,&1 b9d+ !m all 9 "o blaz+ %eaf1 ,_h ca/ !m =?2 s1 "y & /rong ,& lightsome z a locu/ leaf1 ,sir ,launfal fla%$ =? 9 8 maid5 mail ,to seek 9 all climes = ! ,holy ,grail4--,l[ell4 #ah4 ,be x a weakness1 x des]ves "s praise1-- ,we love ! play-place ( our e>ly days2 ,! sc5e is t\*+1 & ! he>t is /one ,t feels n at ! sight1 & feels at none4 ,! wall on :i* we tri$ our grav+ skill1 ,! v "n we c>v$ subsi/+ /ill2 ,! b5* on :i* we sat :ile deep employ$1 ,?o' mangl$1 hack$1 & hew$1 n yet de/roy$2 ,! little ones1 unbutton$1 gl[+ hot1 ,play+ our games1 & on ! v spot1 ,z happy z we once1 to kneel & draw ,! *alky r+ & knuckle d[n at taw1 ,to pit* ! ball into ! gr\nd$ hat1 ,or drive x devi\s ) a dext]\s pat2-- ,! pleas+ spectacle at once excites ,su* recollection ( our own delights ,t1 view+ x1 we seem almo/ t' obta9 ,our innoc5t1 sweet1 simple ye>s aga94--,c[p]4 #ai4 ,consid]+ our pres5t advanc$ /ate ( culture1 & h[ ! tor* ( sci5ce has n[ be5 br&i%$ & borne ab\t1 ) m or less effect1 = five ?\s& ye>s & upw>ds2 h[1 9 ^! times especially1 n only ! tor* /ill burns1 & p]haps m fi]cely ?an ev]1 b innum]able ru%-lights & sulphur-mat*es1 k9dl$ !reat1 are also glanc+ 9 e direction1 s t n ! smalle/ cranny or doghole 9 nature or art c rema9 unillum9at$1--x might /rike ! reflective m9d ) "s surprise t hi!rto little or no?+ ( a fundam5tal "*1 :e!r 9 ! way ( philosophy or hi/ory1 has be5 writt5 on ! subject ( ,clo!s4--,c>lyle4 #bj4 ,:5 we see "o ^w ( a frail man on ! ?rone ( ,france te>+ a hundr$ ?\s& sons f _! homes1 break+ asund] ! sacr$ ties ( dome/ic life1 s5t5c+ myriads ( ! "y to make murd] _! call+ & rapacity _! means ( support1 & extort+ f nations _! treasures to ext5d ?is ru9\s sway1 we are ready to ask ourselves1 ,is n ?is a dream8 &1 :5 ! sad reality comes home to u1 we blu% = a race :i* c /oop to su* an abject lot4 ,at l5g?1 inde$1 we see ! tyrant humbl$1 /ripp$ ( p[]1 b /ripp$ by ^? :o1 9 ! ma91 are n unwill+ to play ! despot on a n>r[] scale1 & to break d[n ! _s ( nations "u ! same iron sway4--,*ann+4 #ba4 ,!re are days :i* occur 9 ?is climate1 at almo/ any season ( ! ye>1 :]e9 ! _w rea*es its p]fection2 :5 ! air1 ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! e>? make a h>mony1 z if ,nature w\ld indulge h] (fspr+2 :51 9 ^! bleak upp] sides ( ! planet1 no?+ is to desire t we h he>d ( ! happie/ latitudes1 & we bask 9 ! %9+ h\rs ( ,florida & ,cuba2 :5 ev]y?+ t has life gives sign ( satisfaction1 & ! cattle t lie on ! gr\nd seem to h great & tranquil ?\ghts4---,em]son4 #bb4 ,did y nev]1 9 walk+ 9 ! fields1 come across a l>ge flat /one1 :i* _h la91 nobody kn[s h[ long1 j :]e y f\nd x1 ) ! grass =m+ a little h$ge1 z x 71 all r\nd x1 close to its edges2 & h y n1 9 ob$i5ce to a k9d ( feel+ t told y x _h be5 ly+ !re long en\gh1 ins9uat$ y\r /ick or y\r foot or y\r f+]s "u its edge1 & turn$ x ov] z a h\sewife turns a cake1 :5 %e says to h]self1 ,x's done br[n en\gh by ?is "t8 ,b no soon] is ! /one turn$ & ! :olesome light ( day let ^u ?is compress$ & bl9d$ community ( creep+ ?+s ?an all ( !m :i* enjoy ! luxury ( legs--& "s ( !m h a good _m--ru% r\nd wildly1 butt+ ea* o!r & ev]y?+ 9 _! way1 & end 9 a g5]al /amp$e = und]gr\nd retreats f ! region poison$ by sun%9e4 ,next ye> y w f9d ! grass gr[+ tall & gre5 :]e ! /one lay2 ! gr\nd-bird builds h] ne/ :]e ! beetle _h 8 hole2 ! d&elion & ! butt]cup are gr[+ !re1 & ! broad fans ( insect-angels op5 & %ut ov] _! gold5 disks1 z ! rhy?mic waves ( blissful consci\sness pulsate ?r\gh _! glorifi$ be+4--,holmes4 #bc4 ,!re is a diff]5t & /]n] pa?2--,i "k n :e!r !re be any n[ qualifi$ to tread x2 ,i am n sure t ev5 "o has ev] foll[$ x implicitly1 9 view ( ! c]ta9 meag]ness ( its temporal rew>ds1 & ! ha/e :]e) any fame acquir$ 9 a sph]e s ?or\ghly ephem]al z ! ,editor's mu/ be %r\d$ by ! d>k wat]s ( oblivion4 ,?is pa? dem&s an e> ev] op5 to ! pla9ts ( ! wrong$ & ! suff]+1 ?\gh !y c nev] repay advocacy1 & ^? :o ma9ly support newspap]s w be annoy$ & (t5 expos$ by x2 a he>t z s5sitive to oppression & degradation 9 ! next /reet z if !y 7 practic$ 9 ,brazil or ,japan2 a p5 z ready to expose & reprove ! crimes :]eby weal? is amass$ & luxury enjoy$ 9 our own c\ntry at ?is h\r z if !y _h be5 committ$ only by ,turks or pagans 9 ,asia "s c5turies ago4--,greeley4 #bd4 ,to sweet5 ! bev]age1 a lump ( sug> 0 laid beside ea* cup1 & ! company alt]nately nibbl$ & sipp$ ) great decorum1 until an improvem5t 0 introduc$ by a %rewd & economical old lady1 :i* 0 to susp5d a l>ge lump directly ov] ! tea-table1 by a /r+ f ! ceil+1 s t x c\ld be swung f m\? to m\?--an +5i\s exp$i5t1 :i* is /ill kept up by "s families 9 ,albany1 b :i* prevails )\t exception 9 ,communipaw1 ,b]g51 ,platbu%1 & all our uncontam9at$ ,dut* villages4--,irv+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,composition4 ,,lesson #adf4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,,= ,,capital ,,lett]s ,,& ,,punctuation4 ,,capital ,,lett]s1 ,,t]m9al ,,m>ks1 ,,& ,,! ,,comma4 ,capital ,lett]s4--,! fir/ ^w ( 7#a7 a s5t5ce1 7#b7 a l9e ( poetry1 7#c7 a direct quotation mak+ complete s5se or a direct "q introduc$ into a s5t5ce1 & 7#d7 phrases or clauses sep>ately numb]$ or p>agraph$ %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,beg9 ) a capital lett] 7#e7 prop] names 7includ+ all names ( ! ,deity71 & words d]iv$ f !m1 7#f7 names ( ?+s vividly p]sonifi$1 & 7#g7 mo/ abbreviations4 ,write 9 capital lett]s 7#h7 ! words ,i & #j1 & 7#i7 numb]s 9 ! ,roman notation4 ,footnote3 ,small lett]s are (t5 us$ 9 ref]r+ to sections1 *apt]s1 etc4 ,p]iod4--,place a p]iod aft] 7#a7 a decl>ative or an imp]ative s5t5ce1 7#b7 an abbreviation1 7#c7 a numb] writt5 9 ! ,roman notation1 & 7#d7 ,arabic figures us$ to enum]ate4 ,int]rogation ,po9t4--,e direct int]rogative s5t5ce or clause %\ld be foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t4 ,exclamation ,po9t4--,all exclamatory expressions mu/ be foll[$ by ! exclamation po9t4 ,comma4--,set (f by ! comma 7#a7 an explanatory modifi] :i* does n re/rict ! modifi$ t]m or comb9e closely ) x2 7#b7 a p>ticiple us$ z an adjective modifi]1 ) ! words belong+ to x1 unless re/rictive2 7#c7 ! adjective clause :5 n re/rictive2 7#d7 ! adv]b clause1 unless x closely foll[s & re/ricts ! ^w x modifies2 7#e7 a phrase out ( its usual ord] or n closely connect$ ) ! ^w x modifies2 7#f7 a ^w or phrase indep5d5t or ne>ly s2 7#g7 a direct quotation introduc$ into a s5t5ce1 unless =mally introduc$2 7#h7 a n\n clause us$ z an attribute complem5t2 & 7#i7 a t]m connect$ to ano!r by or & hav+ ! same mean+4 ,sep>ate by ! comma 7#aj7 connect$ words & phrases1 unless all ! conjunctions are express$2 7#aa7 co-ord9ate clauses :5 %ort & closely connect$2 & 7#ab7 ! p>ts ( a comp\nd pr$icate1 & o!r phrases1 :5 long or diff]5tly modifi$4 ,use ! comma 7#ac7 to d5ote an omission ( words2 7#ad7 aft] z1 namely1 etc41 introduc+ illu/rations2 & 7#ae7 :5 x is ne$$ to prev5t ambiguity4 ,direction4--,give ! ,rule = ea* capital lett] & ea* m>k ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces1 except ! colon1 ! semicolon1 & ! quotation m>ks3-- #a4 ,francis ,,ii41 ,*>les ,,ix41 & ,h5ry ,,iii41 ?ree sons ( ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici & ,h5ry ,,ii41 sat ^u ! ,fr5* ?rone4 #b4 ,! pupil ask$1 ,:5 %all ,i use ,o1 & :5 %all ,i use oh8 #c4 ,purity ( /yle =bids u to use3 #a4 ,=eign words2 #b4 ,obsolete words2 #c4 ,l[ words1 or slang4 #d4 ,x is easy1 ,mi/ress ,dial1 = y1 :o h always1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 set y\rself up above me1 to accuse me ( laz9ess4 #e4 ,he ru%$ into ! field1 &1 =emo/ fight+1 fell4 #f4 ,! ,holy ,l& 01 inde$1 among ! e>ly conque/s ( ! ,s>ac5s1 ,caliph ,om> hav+1 9 #fcg ,a4 ,d41 tak5 ,j]usalem4 #g4 ,he :o tea*es1 (t5 le>ns himself4 #h4 ,san ,salvador1 ,oct4 #ab1 #adib4 #i4 ,"s lett]s are sup]flu\s2 z1 c & q4 #aj4 ,no sleep till morn1 :5 ,y\? & ,pleasure meet ,to *ase ! gl[+ h\rs ) fly+ feet6 ,direction4--,use capital lett]s & ! prop] m>ks ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 & lo f ! assembl$ cr[d !re rose a %\t prolong$ & l\d t to ! ocean seem$ to say take h] o bridegroom old & gray #b4 a l>ge r\gh mantle ( %eepsk9 fa/5$ ar\nd ! lo9s by a girdle or belt ( hide 0 ! only cov]+ ( t /range solit>y man elijah ! ti%bite #c4 ,! result h[ev] ( ! ?ree ye>s' reign or tyranny ( jas ii 0 t wm ( orange came ov] f holl& & )\t %$d+ a drop ( blood became a d #afhh wm 9 ( engl& #d4 o has ?ree s\nds3 #a4 t 9 n2 #b4 t 9 note2 #c4 t 9 move #e4 l[ell asks & :at is s r>e z a day 9 ,june #f4 spr+ is a fickle mi/ress b summ] is m /aid #g4 if i may judge by 8 gorge\s colors & ! exquisite sweetness & v>iety ( 8 music autumn is i %\ld say ! poet ( ! family #h4 new york apr #cj #aghi #i4 "s lett]s /& ea* = _m s\nds2 z a & o 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #adg4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules--,,cont9u$4 ,,semicolon ,,& ,,colon4 ,semicolon4--,co-ord9ate clauses1 7#a7 :5 slightly connect$1 or 7#b7 :5 !mselves divid$ by ! comma1 mu/ be sep>at$ by ! semicolon4 ,use ! semicolon 7#c7 betwe5 s]ial phrases or clauses hav+ a common dep5d5ce on some?+ :i* prec$es or foll[s2 & 7#d7 be=e z1 to wit1 namely1 i4 e41 & t is1 :5 !y introduce examples or illu/rations4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ea* capital lett] & ea* m>k ( punctuation 7except ! colon7 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,x may co/ treasure1 & x may co/ blood2 b x w /&1 & x w ri*ly comp5sate = bo?4 #b4 ,"s words are delightful to ! e>2 z1 ,ont>io1 gold51 oriole4 #c4 ,! %\ts ( revelry _h di$ away2 ! ro> ( ! lion _h ceas$2 ! la/ loit]] _h retir$ f ! banquet2 & ! lights 9 ! palace ( ! victor 7 ext+ui%$4 #d4 ,s5d x to ! public halls2 proclaim x !re2 let !m he> x :o he>d ! fir/ ro> ( ! enemy's cannon2 let !m see x :o saw _! bro!rs & _! sons fall on ! field ( ,bunk] ,hill3 & ! v walls w cry out 9 its support4 ,direction4---,use capital lett]s & ! prop] m>ks ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 all p>ts ( a plant r$uce to ?ree namely root /em & leaf #b4 :5 ! _w is d>k ) tempe/s :5 ?und] rolls & lightn+ flies ?\ looke/ 9 ?y beauty f ! cl\ds & laughe/ at ! /orm #c4 ! oaks ( ! m\nta9s fall ! m\nta9s !mselves decay ) ye>s ! ocean %r9ks & gr[s aga9 ! moon h]self is lo/ 9 heav5 #d4 k5n$y tak+ f h] a h&k]*ief edg$ ) gold p9n$ x ov] h] eyes ! execution]s hold+ h] by ! arms l$ h] to ! block & ! que5 kneel+ d[n said repeat$ly ) a firm voice into ?y h&s o "l i comm5d my _s ,colon4--,use ! colon 7#a7 betwe5 ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce :5 ^! p>ts are !mselves divid$ by ! semicolon1 & 7#b7 be=e a quotation or an enum]ation ( p>ticul>s :5 =mally introduc$4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ea* capital lett] & ea* m>k ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,y may swell e exp5se1 & /ra9 e ef=t1 /ill m extravagantly2 accumulate e assi/ance y c beg & borr[2 traffic & b>t] ) e little1 pitiful ,g]man pr9ce t sells & s5ds 8 subjects to ! %ambles ( a =eign c\ntry3 y\r ef=ts are =ev] va9 & impot5t4 #b4 ,?is is a precept ( ,socrates3 ,"k ?yself4 ,direction4--,use capital lett]s & ! prop] m>ks ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ! advice giv5 ran ?us take c>e ( ! m9utes & ! h\rs w take c>e ( !mselves #b4 we may ab\nd 9 meet+s & movem5ts en?usia/ic ga!r+s 9 ! field & =e/ may k9dle all m9ds ) a common s5tim5t b x is all 9 va9 if m5 d n retire f ! tumult to ! sil5t culture ( e "r disposition ,direction4---,write s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! sev]al uses ( ! semicolon1 ! colon1 & ! comma4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #adh4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules--,,cont9u$4 ,,! ,,da%1 ,,m>ks ,,( ,,p>5!sis1 ,,apo/rophe1 ,,hyph51 ,,quotation ,,m>ks1 ,,& ,,brackets4 ,da%4--,use ! da% :]e !re is an omission 7#a7 ( lett]s or figures1 & 7#b7 ( su* words z z1 namely1 or t is1 introduc+ illu/rations or equival5t expressions4 ,use ! da% 7#c7 :]e ! s5t5ce breaks (f abruptly1 & ! same ?\ght is resum$ aft] a slight susp5sion1 or ano!r takes its place2 & 7#d7 be=e a ^w or phrase repeat$ at int]vals = emphasis4 ,! da% may be us$ 7#e7 in/ead ( m>ks ( p>5!sis1 & may 7#f7 foll[ o!r m>ks1 add+ to _! =ce4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ea* capital lett] & ea* m>k ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,! mo/ not$ k+s ( ,israel 7 ! fir/ ?ree--,saul2 ,david1 & ,solomon4 #b4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,b---- he>d ( h] son's disgrace1 %e fa9t$ away4 #c4 ,&--,?is to me8 he said4 #d4 ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,c>?age--:at are !y8 #e4 ,i d n rise to supplicate y to be m]ciful t[>d ! nation to :i* ,i belong1--t[>d a nation :i*1 ?\gh subject to ,engl&1 yet is di/9ct f x4 #f4 ,we "k ! uses--& sweet !y are--( adv]sity4 #g4 ,8 place bus9ess is #bbe--bbi ,high /reet4 ,direction4---,use capital lett]s & ! prop] m>ks ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 ! human species is compos$ ( two di/9ct races ^? :o borr[ & ^? :o l5d #b4 ?is bill ?is infam\s bill ! way x has be5 receiv$ by ! h\se ! mann] 9 :i* its oppon5ts h be5 treat$ ! p]sonalities to :i* !y h be5 subject$ all ^! ?+s dissipate my d\bts #c4 ! acc\nt ( a 's %ame fills pp #a #ai #d4 "l m>mion turn$ well 0 8 ne$ & da%$ ! r[els 9 8 /e$ ,m>ks ( ,p>5!sis4--,m>ks ( p>5!sis may be us$ to inclose :at has no ess5tial connection ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,apo/rophe4--,use ! apo/rophe 7#a7 to m>k ! omission ( lett]s1 7#b7 9 ! pluraliz+ ( lett]s1 figures1 & *>act]s1 & 7#c7 to di/+ui% ! possessive f o!r cases4 ,hyph54--,use ! hyph5 7-7 7#a7 to jo9 ! p>ts ( comp\nd words1 & 7#b7 betwe5 syllables :5 a ^w is divid$4 ,quotation ,m>ks4--,use quotation m>ks to inclose a copi$ ^w or passage4 ,if ! quotation conta9s a quotation1 ! latt] is inclos$ )9 s+le m>ks4 7,see ,lesson #gd47 ,brackets4--,use brackets to inclose :at1 9 quot+ ano!r's words1 y ins]t by way ( explanation or correction4 ,direction4--,ju/ify ! m>ks ( punctuation us$ 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,luke says1 ,acts xxi4 #ae1 ,we took up our c>riages luggage1 & w5t up to ,j]usalem4 #b4 ,! la/ s5t5ce ( ! composition 01 ,i close 9 ! words ( ,patrick ,h5ry1 ',give me lib]ty1 or give me dea?4' #c4 ,r$-hot is a comp\nd adjective4 #d4 ,telegraph is divid$ ?us3 tel-e-graph4 #e4 ,! pr(\nd le>n+ ( ,sir ,william ,jones 7he 0 ma/] ( tw5ty-eight languages7 0 ! wond] ( 8 contempor>ies4 #f4 ,by means ( ! apo/rophe y "k t love 9 "m's love is a n\n1 & t i's isn't a v]b4 ,direction4---,use capital lett]s & ! prop] m>ks ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & give y\r reasons3-- #a4 next to a consci5ce void ( (f5se )\t :i* by ! bye life isnt wor? ! liv+ is ! enjoym5t ( ! social feel+s #b4 man ! life boat #c4 don't neglect 9 writ+ to dot y\r is cross y\r ts & make y\r #gs unlike y\r #is & don't 9 speak+ omit ! hs f su* words z :i* :5 & :y or ins]t rs 9 law saw & raw #d4 ! scriptures tell u take no ?\ght anxiety = ! morr[ #e4 ,! speak] said am]ican oratory rose to its high wat] m>k 9 t great spee* end+ lib]ty & union n[ & =ev] "o & insep>able 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #adi4 ,,capital ,,lett]s ,,& ,,punctuation--,,review4 ,direction4--,give ! reason = ea* capital lett] & ea* m>k ( punctuation 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,a bigot's m9d is l ! pupil ( ! eye2 ! m light y p\r ^u x1 ! m x contracts4 #b4 ,?is is ! motto ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d3 ,! ,"l is my light4 #c4 ,! only fault ev] f\nd ) him is1 t he sometimes fights ahead ( 8 ord]s4 #d4 ,! l& fl[+ ) milk & honey 7see ,numb]s xiv4 #h7 0 a long1 n>r[ /rip1 ly+ along ! ea/]n edge1 or coa/1 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & consi/$ ( ?ree divisions2 namely1 #a4 ,on ! nor?1 ,galilee2 #b4 ,on ! s\?1 ,judea2 #c1 ,9 ! middle1 ,sam>ia4 #e4 ,:at a lesson1 ,tr5* well says1 ! ^w 'dilig5ce' conta9s6 #f4 ,an hone/ man1 my neighbor1--!re he /&s-- ,0 /ruck--/ruck l a dog1 by "o :o wore ,! badge ( ,urs9i4 #g4 ,?\1 too1 sail on1 #j ,%ip ( ,/ate2 ,sail on1 #j ,union1 /rong & great4 #h4 ,o',connell asks1 ,! clause :i* does away ) trial by jury--:at1 9 ! "n ( ,h----n1 is x1 if x is n ! e/abli%m5t ( a revolution>y tribunal8 #i4 ,!re are only ?ree dep>tm5ts ( ! m9d--! intellect1 ! feel+s1 & ! w4 #aj4 ,?is--trial6 #aa4 ,am]ican nationality has made ! des]t to bud & blossom z ! rose2 x has quick5$ to life ! giant brood ( useful arts2 x has :it5$ lake & ocean ) ! sails ( a d>+1 new1 & lawful trade2 x has ext5d$ to exiles1 fly+ z cl\ds1 ! asylum ( our bett] lib]ty4 #ab4 ,z ,i saw him ,weo/]1 ! day be=e 8 great reply to ,col4 ,hayne ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 ! ev5+1 7if ,i may borr[ an illu/ration f 8 favorite amusem5t7 he 0 z unconc]n$ & z free ( _s z "s "h pres5t h se5 him :ile float+ 9 8 fi%+-boat along a hazy %ore1 g5tly rock+ on ! tranquil tide1 dropp+ 8 l9e "h & !re1 ) ! v>y+ =tune ( ! sport4 ,! next morn+ he 0 l "s mighty admiral1 d>k & t]rible1 ca/+ ! long %ad[ ( 8 fr[n+ ti]s f> ov] ! sea1 t seem$ to s9k b5ea? him2 8 broad p5dant p5nant /ream+ at ! ma91 ! />s & ! /ripes at ! =e1 ! mizz51 & ! peak2 & be>+ d[n l a tempe/ ^u 8 antagoni/1 ) all 8 canvas /ra9$ to ! w9d1 & all 8 ?und]s ro>+ f 8 broadsides4 #ac4 ,! beatitudes are f\nd 9 ,matt4 v4 #c--aa4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if fur!r "w 9 punctuation is ne$$1 require ! pupils to ju/ify ! punctuation ( ! s5t5ces beg9n+ page #cad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aej4 ,,qualities ,,( ,,/yle4 ,/yle is ! mann] 9 :i* "o expresses himself4 ,/yles diff] z m5 diff]4 ,b !re are "s c>d9al qualities t all good /yle mu/ possess4 ,i4 ,p]spicuity4--,p]spicuity is oppos$ to obscurity ( all k9ds2 x means cle>ness ( expression4 ,x dem&s t ! ?\ght 9 ! s5t5ce %all be pla9ly se5 ?r\gh ! words ( ! s5t5ce4 ,p]spicuity is an indisp5sable quality ( /yle2 if ! ?\ght is n und]/ood1 or x is misund]/ood1 its expression might bett] h be5 left unattempt$4 ,p]spicuity dep5ds ma9ly ^u ^! few ?+s3-- #a4 ,"o's ,cle> ,und]/&+ ( ,:at ,"o ,attempts to ,say4--,y _c express to o!rs m ?an y ?or\ghly "k1 or make y\r ?\ght cle>] to !m ?an x is to y\rself4 #b4 ,! ,unity ( ! ,s5t5ce4--,_m ?\ghts1 or ?\ghts hav+ no natural & close connection ) ea* o!r1 %\ld n be cr[d$ into "o s5t5ce4 #c4 ,! ,use ( ! ,"r ,words4--,use su* words z convey y\r ?\ght--ea* ^w express+ exactly y\r idea1 no m1 no less1 no o!r4 ,use words 9 ! s5ses recogniz$ by ! be/ au?ority4 ,d n omit words :5 !y are ne$$1 & d n use a sup]fluity ( !m4 ,be cauti\s 9 ! use ( he1 %e1 x1 & !y4 ,use simple words--words :i* ^? :o are address$ c readily und]/&4 ,avoid :at are call$ booki%1 inkhorn1 t]ms2 %un words t h pass$ out ( use1 & ^? t h no foot+ 9 ! language--=eign words1 words newly co9$1 & slang4 #d4 ,a ,happy ,arrangem5t4--,! relations ( s+le words to ea* o!r1 ( phrases to ! words !y modify1 & ( clauses to "o ano!r %\ld be obvi\s at a glance4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld n ne$ re>rangem5t 9 ord] to disclose ! mean+4 ,s5t5ces %\ld /& 9 ! p>agraph s t ! beg9n+ ( ea* %all tally exactly 9 ?\ght ) ! s5t5ce t prec$es2 & ! end+ ( ea*1 ) ! s5t5ce t foll[s4 ,e p>agraph %\ld be a unit 9 ?\ght1 di/9ct f o!r p>agraphs1 hold+ to !m ! relation t its own s5t5ces hold to "o ano!r1 ! relation t ! sev]al p>ts ( ea* s5t5ce hold to "o ano!r4 ,,ii4 ,en]gy4--,by en]gy we mean =ce1 vigor1 ( expression4 ,9 ord9>y disc\rse1 x is n (t5 s\ght1 & 9 no disc\rse is x con/antly s\ght4 ,we use en]gy :5 we wi% to conv9ce ! intellect1 ar\se ! feel+s1 & capture ! w--lead "o to d some?+4 ,:5 en]getic1 we select words & images = /r5g? & n = beauty2 *oose specific1 & n g5]al1 t]ms2 pref] ! concrete to ! ab/ract2 use few words & cr[d ^! ) mean+2 place subord9ate clauses be=e ! indep5d5t2 & put ! /ronge/ ^w 9 ! clause1 ! /ronge/ clause 9 ! s5t5ce1 ! /ronge/ s5t5ce 9 ! p>agraph1 & ! /ronge/ p>agraph 9 ! disc\rse1 la/4 ,en]getic ?\ght seeks v>iety ( expression1 is usually *>g$ ) int5se feel+1 & requires impassion$ deliv]y4 ,,iii4 ,imag]y--,figures ( ,spee*4--,?+s /& 9 _m relations to ea* o!r4 ,"s ?+s are 7#a7 l ea* o!r 9 "s p>ticul>2 o!r ?+s are 7#b7 unlike ea* o!r 9 "s p>ticul>2 & /ill o!r ?+s /& to ea* o!r 7#c7 9 "s o!r notewor?y relation ?an t ( lik5ess or unlik5ess4 ,?+s long se5 & associat$ by u 9 any ( ^! relations come at la/ readily to sugge/ ea* o!r4 ,figures ( ,spee* are ^? expressions 9 :i*1 dep>t+ f our ord9>y mann] 9 speak+ ( ?+s1 we ass]t or assume any ( ^! notable relations4 ,! fir/ & great s]vice ( imag]y is to ! ?\ght--x makes ! ?\ght cle>] & /rong]4 ,imag]y adds beauty to /yle--a diamond broo* may adorn z well z d duty to ! dress4 ,a ,simile1 or ,comp>ison1 is a figure ( spee* 9 :i* we po9t out or ass]t a lik5ess betwe5 ?+s o!rwise unlike2 z1 ,! gloom ( despond5cy hung l a cl\d ov] ! l&4 ,a ,metaphor is a figure ( spee* 9 :i*1 assum+ ! lik5ess betwe5 two ?+s1 we br+ ov] & apply to "o ( !m ! t]m t d5otes ! o!r2 z1 ,a /ately squadron ( sn[y geese 7 rid+ 9 an adjo9+ pond4 ,a ,p]sonification is a figure ( spee* 9 :i* ?+s are rais$ to a plane ( be+ above _! own--to or t[>d t ( p]sons4 ,x raises 7#a7 m]e ?+s to ! plane ( animals2 z1 ,! sea licks y\r feet1 its huge flanks purr pleasantly = y4 ,x raises 7#b7 m]e animals to ! plane ( p]sons2 z1 ,s talk$ ! spirit$1 sly ,snake4 ,x raises 7#c7 m]e ?+s to ! plane ( p]sons2 z1 ,e>? fills h] lap ) pleasures ( h] own4 ,an ,anti!sis is a figure ( spee* 9 :i* ?+s mutually oppos$ 9 "s p>ticul> are set ov] aga9/ ea* o!r2 z1 ,! m\nta9s give _! lo/ *ildr5 b]ries & wat]2 ! sea mocks _! ?ir/ & lets !m die4 ,a ,metonymy is a figure ( spee* 9 :i* ! "n ( "o ?+ connect$ to ano!r by a relation o!r ?an lik5ess or unlik5ess is br\ght ov] & appli$ to t o!r4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! relations are 7#a7 t ( ! sign to ! ?+ signifi$2 7#b7 t ( cause to effect2 7#c7 t ( in/rum5t to ! us] ( x2 7#d7 t ( conta9] to ! ?+ conta9$2 7#e7 t ( mat]ial to ! ?+ made out ( x2 7#f7 t ( contiguity2 7#g7 t ( ! ab/ract to ! concrete2 & 7#h7 t ( "p to ! :ole or ( :ole to ! "p4 ,?is la/ relation has be5 ?\ght s important t ! metonymy bas$ ^u x has receiv$ a di/9ct "n--,synecdo*e4 ,,iv4 ,v>iety4--,v>iety is a quality ( /yle oppos$ to monoton\s uni=mity4 ,no?+ 9 disc\rse pleases u m ?an light & %ade4 ,9 disc\rse prop]ly v>i$1 ! same ^w does n appe> ) (f5sive frequ5cy2 long words alt]nate ) %ort2 ! usual ord] n[ & !n yields to ! transpos$2 ! v]b 9 ! ass]tive =m frequ5tly gives way to ! p>ticiple & ! inf9itive1 :i* assume2 figures ( spee* sp>kle "h & !re 9 a sett+ ( pla9 language2 ! full me?od ( /atem5t is foll[$ by ! contract$2 impassion$ language is succe$$ by ! unemotional2 long s5t5ces /& side by side ) %ort1 & loose s5t5ces ) p]iods2 decl>ative s5t5ces are reliev$ by int]rogative & exclamatory1 & simple s5t5ces by comp\nd & complex2 clauses h no rigidly fix$ position2 & s5t5ces heavy ) mean+ & mov+ sl[ly are elb[ to elb[ ) ! light & tripp+4 ,9 a ^w1 no "o =m or me?od or matt] is cont9u$ s long z to we>y1 & ! read] is kept fre% & int]e/$ ?r\gh\t4 ,v>iety is re/ful to ! read] or he>] & !re=e adds greatly to ! cle>ness & to ! =ce ( :at is address$ to him4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,"q ! pupils ^u e po9t tak5 up 9 ?is ,lesson & require !m to give illu/rations :]e x is possible = !m to d s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aea4 ,,p]spicuity--,,criticism4 ,g5]al ,direction4--,9 all y\r "w 9 ,composition att5d c>efully to ! punctuation4 ,direction4--,po9t out ! faults1 & reca/ ^! s5t5ces1 mak+ !m cle>3-- ,footnote3 ,^! f\r s5t5ces & o!rs 9 ^! ,lessons1 giv5 j z we f\nd !m1 h be5 cull$ f s*ool compositions4 #a4 ,he 0 lock$ 9 & s he sat /ill till ! gu>d came & let him out1 z soon z he /epp$ out on ! gr\nd1 he saw ! dead & dy+ lay+ ab\t ev]y:]e4 #b4 ,!y us$ to r+ a l>ge bell at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ = u to get up1 !n we _h half an h\r to dress 91 aft] :i* we w\ld g to ,*apel ex]cises1 !n breakfa/1 s*ool w\ld comm5ce at n9e o'clock & clos$ at f\r 9 ! aft]noon all[+ an h\r = d9n] f "o until two !n we w\ld resume our /udies until f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 #c4 ,jewelry 0 worn 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,ph>aoh :i* is _m ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/ 9 ! "t :5 ! ,israelites left !y borr[$ all ! jewels ( ! ,egyptians :i* 7 made ( gold & silv]4 #d4 ,:5 x is made ( gold !y c n ( pure gold b has to be mix$ ) "s o!r metal :i* is g5]ally copp] :i* turns x a r$di% hue 9 "s c\ntries !y use silv] :i* gives x a :iti% hue b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl& !y use bo? silv] & copp] b ! ,engli% co9s are ! f9e/4 ,direction4--,po9t out ! faults1 & reca/ ^! s5t5ces1 mak+ !m cle>3-- 7,if any "o ( ! s5t5ces has sev]al mean+s1 give ^!47 #a4 ,james's son1 ,*>les ,i41 be=e ! brea? 0 out ( 8 body 0 proclaim$ k+ 9 8 /ead4 #b4 ,he told ! coa*man t he w\ld be ! dea? ( him1 if he did n take c>e :at he 0 ab\t1 & m9d :at he said4 #c4 ,ri*elieu said to ! k+ t ,maz>9 w\ld c>ry out 8 policy4 #d4 ,he 0 ov]joy$ to see him1 & he s5t = "o ( 8 workm51 & told him to consid] himself at 8 s]vice4 #e4 ,blake answ]$ ! ,spani% prie/ t if he _h s5t 9 a compla9t1 he w\ld h puni%$ ! sailors sev]ely2 b he took x ill t he set ! ,spani>ds on to puni% !m4 ,direction4--,s place ^! subord9ate clauses t !y w remove ! obscurity1 & !n see 9 h[ _m ways ea* s5t5ce c be arrang$3-- #a4 ,! moon ca/ a pale light on ! graves t 7 scatt]$ ar\nd1 z x pe]$ above ! horizon4 #b4 ,a l>ge numb] ( seats 7 occupi$ by pupils t _h no backs4 #c4 ,crusoe 0 surpris$ at see+ five canoes on ! %ore 9 :i* !re 7 savages4 #d4 ,?is t5d5cy w be head$ (f by approximations :i* w be made f "t to "t ( ! writt5 ^w to ! spok54 #e4 ,p _h to travel on horseback & 9 wagons1 :i* 0 a v sl[ way1 if !y travel$ at all4 #f4 ,h[ c bre?r5 p>take ( _! ,fa!r's bless+ t curse ea* o!r8 #g4 ,two m5 w be tri$ = crimes 9 ?is t[n :i* are puni%able ) dea?1 if a full c\rt %\ld att5d4 ,direction4--,ea* ( ^! s5t5ces may h two mean+s1 supply ! two ellipses 9 ea* s5t5ce1 & remove ! ambiguity3-- #a4 ,let u tru/ no /r5g? less ?an ?9e4 #b4 ,/udy _h m attraction = him ?an 8 fri5d4 #c4 ,he did n l ! new tea*] s well z 8 playmates4 #d4 ,he aim$ at no?+ less ?an ! cr[n4 #e4 ,love/ ?\ me m ?an ^!8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aeb4 ,,p]spicuity--,,criticism4 ,direction4--,s place ^! italiciz$ phrases t !y w remove ! obscurity1 & !n see 9 h[ _m ways ea* s5t5ce c be arrang$3-- #a4 ,^! designs any man :o is a ,briton 9 any situation ought to disav[4 #b4 ,! *ief prie/s1 mock+1 said among !mselves ) ! scribes1 ,he sav$1 etc4 #c4 ,hay is giv5 to horses z well z corn to di/5d ! /oma*4 #d4 ,bo/on has =ty fir/ class gramm>-s*ools1 exclusive ( ,dor*e/]4 #e4 ,he rode to t[n1 & drove twelve c[s on horseback4 #f4 ,he c\ld n face an enrag$ fa!r 9 spite ( 8 effront]y4 #g4 ,two owls sat ^u a tree :i* grew ne> an old wall out ( a heap ( rubbi%4 #h4 ,i sp5t mo/ on ! riv] & 9 ! riv] ( ! "t ,i /ay$ !re4 #i4 ,he want$ to g to sea1 al?\gh x 0 contr>y to ! wi%es ( 8 p>5ts1 at ! age ( eighte54 #aj4 ,i h a wife & six *ildr51 & ,i h nev] se5 "o ( !m4 ,direction4--,s place ! italiciz$ words & phrases 9 ea* s5t5ce t !y w help to convey :at y ?9k is ! au?or's ?\ght1 & !n see 9 h[ _m ways ea* s5t5ce c be arrang$3-- #a4 ,9 ,p>is1 e lady 9 full dress rides4 #b4 ,i saw my fri5d :5 ,i 0 9 ,bo/on walk+ d[n ,tremont /reet4 #c4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 0 =bidd5 to become k+ or any o!r man4 #d4 ,:at is 8 com+ or go+ to y8 #e4 ,we d ^? ?+s frequ5tly :i* we rep5t ( aft]w>ds4 #f4 ,i ru%$ out leav+ ! wret* ) 8 tale half told1 horror-/rick5 at 8 crime4 #g4 ,exclamation po9ts are scatt]$ up & d[n ! page by compositors )\t any m]cy4 #h4 ,i want to make a pres5t to "o :o is fond ( *ick5s = a ,*ri/mas gift4 ,direction4--,make ^! s5t5ces cle> by us+ simpl] words & phrases3-- #a4 ,a deva/at+ conflagration rag$4 #b4 ,he conduct$ h] to ! alt> ( ,hym54 #c4 ,a donkey has an abnormal elongation ( auricul> app5dages4 #d4 ,are y excavat+ a subt]ranean canal8 #e4 ,he _h no capill>y sub/ance on ! summit ( 8 head4 #f4 ,he made a sad faux pas4 #g4 ,a network is any?+ reticulat$ or decussat$1 ) int]/ices at equal di/ances betwe5 ! int]sections4 #h4 ,dilig5ce is ! s9e qua non ( success4 #i4 ,%e has donn$ ! habilim5ts ( woe4 #aj4 ,! deceas$ 0 to-day deposit$ 9 8 la/ re/+-place4 #aa4 ,! inmates proce$$ to ! sanctu>y4 #ab4 ,i h p>tak5 ( my morn+ repa/4 #ac4 ,he took ! initiative 9 inaugurat+ ! c]emony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aec4 ,,en]gy--,,criticism4 ,direction4--,exp& ^! brief expressions into s5t5ces full ( long words1 & note ! loss ( en]gy3-- #a4 ,to y\r t5ts1 #j ,israel6 #b4 ,up1 boys1 & at !m6 #c4 ,inde$6 #d4 ,bah6 #e4 ,don't give up ! %ip6 #f4 ,murd] w out4 #g4 ,oh6 #h4 ,sil5ce !re6 #i4 ,hurrah6 #aj4 ,dea? or free spee*6 #aa4 ,rascal6 #ab4 ,no matt]4 #ac4 ,lea/ said1 soone/ m5d$4 #ad4 ,dea? to ! tyrant6 #ae4 ,i'll none ( x4 #af4 ,help1 ho6 #ag4 ,%ame on y6 #ah4 ,fir/ come1 fir/ s]v$4 ,direction4--,cond5se ea* ( ^! italiciz$ expressions into "o or two words1 & note ! ga93-- #a4 ,he %uffl$ (f ?is mortal coil ye/]day4 #b4 ,! au?or surpass$ all ^? :o 7 liv+ at ! same "t ) him4 #c4 ,to say t revelation is a ?+ :i* !re is no ne$ ( is to talk wildly4 #d4 ,he dep>t$ ?is life4 #e4 ,"s say t ev] 'ga9/ t season comes :]e9 our ,savi\r's bir? is celebrat$ ?is bird ( dawn+ s+e? all night long4 ,direction4--,*ange ^! specific words to g5]al t]ms1 & note ! loss 9 en]gy3--- #a4 ,don't fire till y see ! :ites ( _! eyes4 #b4 ,break d[n ! dikes1 give ,holl& back to ocean4 #c4 ,?ree hundr$ m5 held ! ho/s ( ,x]xes at bay4 #d4 ,i sat at h] cradle1 ,i foll[$ h] he>se4 #e4 ,_! dagg]s h /abb$ ,caes>4 #f4 ,:5 ,i'm mad1 ,i weigh a ton4 #g4 ,burn ,mosc[1 />ve back ! invad]s4 #h4 ,!re's no use 9 cry+ ov] spilt milk4 #i4 ,9 proportion z m5 delight 9 battles & bull-fights w !y puni% by hang+1 burn+1 & ! rack4 ,direction4--,*ange ^! g5]al t]ms to specific words1 & note ! ga9 9 en]gy3-- #a4 ,anne ,boleyn 0 execut$4 #b4 ,x 7 bett] = him t a heavy weight 7 fa/5$ to him & t he 7 subm]g$ 9 ! wa/e ( wat]s4 #c4 ,! capital ( ! *os5 p 0 de/roy$ by a ,roman g5]al4 #d4 ,consid] ! fl[]s h[ !y increase 9 size4 #e4 ,caes> 0 sla9 by ! conspirators4 #f4 ,! cities ( ! pla9 7 annihilat$4 ,direction4--,arrange ^! words1 phrases1 & clauses 9 ! ord] ( _! /r5g?1 plac+ ! /ronge/ la/1 & note ! ga9 9 en]gy3-- #a4 ,! nations ( ! e>? repell$1 surr\nd$1 pursu$1 & resi/$ him4 #b4 ,he 0 no long] consul nor citiz5 nor g5]al nor ev5 an emp]or1 b a prison] & an exile4 #c4 ,i %all die an ,am]ican2 ,i live an ,am]ican2 ,i 0 born an ,am]ican4 #d4 ,all t ,i am1 all t ,i hope to be1 & all t ,i h 9 ?is life1 ,i am n[ ready "h to /ake ^u x4 #e4 ,i %all def5d x )\t ?is ,h\se1 9 all places1 & )9 ?is ,h\se2 at all times1 9 "t ( peace & 9 "t ( w>4 #f4 ,we mu/ fight if we wi% to be free1 if we mean to pres]ve inviolate our rights1 if we d n mean to ab&on ! /ruggle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aed4 ,,figures ,,( ,,spee*--,,criticism4 ,direction4--,"n ! figures ( spee*1 & !n reca/ a few s5t5ces1 us+ pla9 language1 & note ! loss ( beauty & =ce3-- #a4 ,l5d me y\r e>s4 #b4 ,please address ! *air4 #c4 ,! rob9 kn[s :5 y\r grapes h cook$ long en\gh 9 ! sun4 #d4 ,a day w come :5 bullets & bombs %all be replac$ by ballots4 #e4 ,g5ius creates2 ta/e appreciates :at is creat$4 #f4 ,caes> 7 no lion 7 n ,romans h9ds4 #g4 ,! s\l ( ,jona?an 0 knit to t ( ,david4 #h4 ,traffic has la9 d[n to re/4 #i4 ,borr[+ dulls ! edge ( husb&ry4 #aj4 ,he w br+ d[n my gray hairs ) sorr[ to ! grave4 #aa4 ,h y read ,fr\de or ,freeman8 #ab4 ,! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword4 #ac4 ,if ,i c cat* him once ^u ! hip1 ,i w fe$ fat ! anci5t grudge ,i be> him4 #ad4 ,! de/9ies ( mank9d 7 trembl+ 9 ! balance1 :ile dea? fell 9 %[]s4 #ae4 ,! ?read$ /eel flies swiftly4 #af4 ,o ,cassius1 y are yok$ ) a lamb t c>ries ang] z ! fl9t be>s fire4 #ag4 ,i call$ ! ,new ,_w into exi/5ce to r$ress ! balance ( ! ,old4 #ah4 ,nations %all beat _! swords into pl[%>es1 & _! spe>s into prun+-hooks4 #ai4 ,! ,morn 9 russet mantle clad walks o'er ! dew ( yon high ea/]n hill4 #bj4 ,hom]1 l ! ,nile1 p\rs out 8 ri*es ) a sudd5 ov]fl[2 ,virgil1 l a riv] 9 its banks1 ) a con/ant /ream4 #ba4 ,! air bites %rewdly4 #bb4 ,he do? be/ride ! n>r[ _w l a ,colossus4 #bc4 ,my he>t is 9 ! c(f9 !re ) ,caes>4 #bd4 ,all h&s to ! pumps6 #be4 ,! gray-ey$ ,morn smiles on ! fr[n+ ,night4 #bf4 ,! good is (t5 buri$ ) m5's bones4 #bg4 ,bew>e ( ! bottle4 #bh4 ,all nations respect our flag4 #bi4 ,! m>ble speaks4 #cj4 ,i h no spur to prick ! sides ( my int5t4 #ca4 ,i am z con/ant z ! nor!rn />4 #cb4 ,!n bur/ 8 mighty he>t4 #cc4 ,! ice is cov]$ ) heal? & beauty on skates4 #cd4 ,l5tulus return$ ) victori\s eagles4 #ce4 ,dea? ha? suck$ ! honey ( ?y brea?4 #cf4 ,our *a9s are =g$4 #cg4 ,i h b\ght gold5 op9ions4 #ch4 ,! he>? blaz$ high4 #ci4 ,8 words fell s(t] ?an sn[s on ! br9e4 #dj4 ,night's c&les are burnt out1 & jocund ,day /&s tiptoe on ! mi/y m\nta9 top4 ,direction4--,9 ! fir/ f\r s5t5ces1 use similes2 9 ! second f\r1 metaphors2 9 ! ?ird f\r1 p]sonifications2 9 ! la/ eight1 metonymies3-- #a4 ,he flew ) ! swiftness ( an arr[4 #b4 ,9 battle "s m5 are brave1 o!rs are c[>dly4 #c4 ,8 head is z full ( plans z x c hold4 #d4 ,i he>d a l\d noise4 #e4 ,bo/on is ! place :]e ,am]ican lib]ty began4 #f4 ,our dispositions %\ld gr[ mild z we gr[ old4 #g4 ,! />s c no long] be se54 #h4 ,9 battle "s m5 are brave1 o!rs are c[>dly4 #i4 ,! cock te>s up ! gr\nd = 8 family ( h5s & *ick5s4 #aj4 ,! waves 7 /ill4 #aa4 ,! oak /ret*es out its /rong bran*es4 #ab4 ,! fl[]s are ! sweet & pretty gr[?s ( ! e>? & sun4 #ac4 ,engli% vessels pl[ ! seas ( ! two hemisph]es4 #ad4 ,h y read ,lamb's ,essays8 #ae4 ,! wat] is boil+4 #af4 ,we h pro/rat$ ourselves be=e ! k+4 #ag4 ,wret*$ p %iv] 9 _! lair ( /raw4 #ah4 ,! soldi] is giv+ way to ! husb&man4 #ai4 ,swords fla%$1 & bullets fell4 #bj4 ,8 bann] l$ ! spe>m5 no m4 ,rem>k4--,if :at is begun z a metaphor is n complet$ z begun1 b is complet$ by a "p ( ano!r metaphor or by pla9 language1 we h :at1 is call$ a mix$ metaphor4 ,x requires great c>e to avoid ?is v common error4 ,direction4--,correct ^! errors3-- #a4 ,! dev\r+ fire uproot$ ! /ubble4 #b4 ,! brittle ?read ( life may be cut asund]4 #c4 ,all ! ripe fruit ( ?ree-score ye>s 0 blight$ 9 a day4 #d4 ,unravel ! obscurities ( ?is knotty "q4 #e4 ,we mu/ apply ! axe to ! f\nta9 ( ?is evil4 #f4 ,! man /alks into c\rt l a motionless /atue1 ) ! cloak ( hypocrisy 9 8 m\?4 #g4 ,! ?9 mantle ( sn[ dissolv$4 #h4 ,i smell a rat1 ,i see him brew+ 9 ! air1 b ,i %all yet nip him 9 ! bud4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aee4 ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,expression4 ,rem>k4--,y le>n$ 9 ,lessons #eb1 #ec1 #ed t ! usual ord] may give way to ! transpos$2 9 #ee1 #ef1 t "o k9d ( simple s5t5ce may be *ang$ to ano!r2 9 #eg1 t simple s5t5ces may be contract$2 9 #fa1 t adjectives may be exp&$ into clauses2 9 #fg1 t an adv]b clause may /& be=e1 betwe5 ! p>ts (1 & aft]1 ! indep5d5t clause2 9 #fh1 t an adv]b clause may be contract$ to a p>ticiple1 a p>ticiple phrase1 an absolute phrase1 a prepositional phrase1 t x may be contract$ by ! omission ( words1 & may be *ang$ to an adjective clause or phrase2 9 #gc1 t a n\n clause z subject may /& la/1 & z object complem5t may /& fir/1 t x may be made prom95t1 & may be contract$2 9 #gd1 t direct quotations & que/ions may be *ang$ to indirect1 & indirect to direct2 9 #gg1 t comp\nd s5t5ces may be =m$ out ( simple s5t5ces1 may be contract$ to simple s5t5ces1 & may be *ang$ to complex s5t5ces2 9 #gi1 t p>ticiples1 absolute phrases1 & inf9itives may be exp&$ into diff]5t k9ds ( clauses2 &1 9 #acj1 t a v]b may *ange its voice4 ,direction4--,illu/rate all ^! *anges4 ,direction4--,reca/ ^! s5t5ces1 avoid+ (f5sive repetitions ( ! same ^w or ! same s\nds3-- #a4 ,we h to h money to h a horse4 #b4 ,we sail$ across a bay & sail$ up a creek & sail$ back & sail$ 9 all ab\t f\rte5 miles4 #c4 ,x is !n put into /acks1 or x is put into b>ns ei!r to use x to fe$ x to ! /ock or to sell x4 #d4 ,?is day we und]take to r5d] an acc\nt to ! wid[s & orphans :om our decision w make2 to ! wret*es t w be roa/$ at ! /ake4 #e4 ,! news ( ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 f\ght on ! #ag? ( ,june 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #agge1 r\s$ ! patriotism ( ! p to a high pit* ( en?usiasm4 ,direction4---,us+ o!r words :olly or 9 "p1 see 9 h[ _m ways y c express ! ?\ghts conta9$ 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,9 ! pr(usion & recklessness ( h] lies1 ,elizabe? _h no pe] 9 ,engl&4 #b4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 said t ,james ,i4 0 ! wise/ fool 9 ,*ri/5dom4 #c4 ,c[p]'s lett]s are *>m+ because !y are simple & natural4 #d4 ,george ,,iv41 ?\gh he 0 pron\nc$ ! fir/ g5tleman 9 ,europe1 01 nev]!less1 a snob4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aef4 ,,! ,,p>agraph4 ,! ,p>agraph4--,! clauses ( complex s5t5ces are s closely unit$ 9 mean+ t frequ5tly !y are n to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r ev5 by ! comma4 ,! clauses ( comp\nd s5t5ces are less closely unit$--a comma1 a semicolon1 or a colon is ne$$ to divide !m4 ,betwe5 s5t5ces !re exi/s a wid] sep>ation 9 mean+1 m>k$ by a p]iod or o!r t]m9al po9t4 ,b ev5 s5t5ces may be connect$1 ! bond :i* unites !m be+ _! common relation to ! ?\ght :i* jo9tly !y develop4 ,s5t5ces ?us relat$ are gr\p$ toge!r & =m1 z y h already le>n$1 :at we call a ,p>agraph1 m>k$ by beg9n+ ! fir/ ^w a little to ! "r ( ! m>g9al l9e4 ,direction4--,notice ! facts :i* ?is p>agraph conta9s1 & ! relation to ea* o!r ( ! clauses & ! s5t5ces express+ ^! facts3-- ,aft] a breeze ( "s sixty h\rs f ! nor? & nor?we/1 ! w9d di$ away ab\t f\r o'clock ye/]day aft]noon4 ,! calm cont9u$ till ab\t n9e 9 ! ev5+4 ,! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] fell1 9 ! meantime1 at an extraord9>y rate2 & ! capta9 pr$ict$ t we %\ld enc\nt] a gale f ! s\!a/4 ,! gale came on ab\t elev5 o'clock2 n viol5t at fir/1 b increas+ e mom5t4 #a4 ,a breeze f ! nor? & nor?we/4 #b4 ,! w9d di$ away4 #c4 ,a calm4 #d4 ,b>omet] fell4 #e4 ,! capta9 pr$ict$ a gale4 #f4 ,x came on4 #g4 ,x increas$ 9 viol5ce4 ,direction4--,give & numb] ! facts conta9$ 9 ! p>agraph bel[3-- ,i awoke ) a confus$ recollection ( a good deal ( roll+ & ?ump+ 9 ! night1 occasion$ by ! da%+ ( ! waves aga9/ ! %ip4 ,hurry+ on my clo!s1 ,i f\nd su* ( ! pass5g]s z c\ld /&1 at ! doors ( ! hurricane-h\se1 hold+ on1 & look+ out 9 ! utmo/ con/]nation4 ,x 0 /ill q d>k4 ,f\r ( ! sails 7 already 9 ribbons3 ! w9ds :i/l+ ?r\gh ! cordage2 ! ra9 da%+ furi\sly & 9 torr5ts2 ! noise & spray sc>cely less ?an ,i f\nd !m "u ! great %eet at ,niag>a4 ,direction4---,weave ! facts bel[ into a p>agraph1 supply+ all y ne$ to make ! n>rative smoo?3-- ,rip's be>d 0 grizzl$4 ,f[l+-piece ru/y4 ,dress unc\?4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 at 8 heels4 ,attract$ att5tion4 ,0 ey$ f head to foot4 ,0 ask$ on :i* side he vot$4 ,:e!r he 0 ,f$]al or ,democrat4 ,rip 0 daz$ by ! "q4 ,/>$ 9 /upidity4 ,direction4---,weave ! facts bel[ into two p>agraphs1 supply+ :at y ne$1 & tell :at ea* p>agraph is ab\t3-- ,9 place ( ! old tree !re 0 a pole4 ,?is 0 tall & nak$4 ,a flag 0 flutt]+ f x4 ,! flag _h on x ! />s & /ripes4 ,?is 0 /range to ,rip4 ,b ,rip saw some?+ he rememb]$4 ,! tav]n sign4 ,he recogniz$ on x ! face ( ,k+ ,george4 ,/ill ! picture 0 *ang$4 ,! r$ coat gone4 ,"o ( blue & buff 9 its place4 ,a sword1 & n a scept]1 9 ! h&4 ,wore a cock$ hat4 ,und]nea? 0 pa9t$--,g5]al ,wa%+ton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aeg4 ,,! ,,p>agraph4 ,direction4---,weave ! facts bel[ into ?ree p>agraphs1 & write on ! m>g9 :at ea* is ab\t3-- ,! ,nile rises 9 great lakes4 ,runs nor?4 ,s\rces two ?\s& miles f ,alex&ria4 ,receives two bran*es only4 ,runs ?r\gh an alluvial valley4 ,c\rse ?r\gh ! valley is #a1ejj miles4 ,pl[s into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,two pr9cipal *annels4 ,m9or outlets4 ,nile ov]fl[s its banks4 ,ov]fl[ caus$ by ra9s at ! s\rces4 ,! melt+ ( ! m\nta9 sn[s4 ,beg9s at ! end ( ,june4 ,rises f\r in*es daily4 ,rises till ! close ( ,septemb]4 ,subsides4 ,:ole valley an inl& sea4 ,only villages above ! surface4 ,! valley v f]tile4 ,! deposit4 ,! f]tile /rip is f five to "o hundr$ & fifty miles wide4 ,r5[n$ = fruitfulness4 ,egypt long ! gran>y ( ! _w4 ,?ree crops f ,decemb] to ,june4 ,productions--gra91 cotton1 & indigo4 ,direction4---,weave ^! facts into f\r p>agraphs1 writ+ ! m>g9 ( ea* ! ma9 ?\ght3-- ,! rob9 is ?\ght by "s to be migratory4 ,b he /ays ) u all w9t]4 ,*e]ful4 ,noisy4 ,poor soloi/4 ,a spice ( vulg>ity 9 him4 ,da% ( prose 9 8 song4 ,appetite extraord9>y4 ,eats 8 own weight 9 a %ort "t4 ,ta/e = fruit4 ,eats ) a reli%+ gulp1 l ,dr4 ,johnson's4 ,fond ( *]ries4 ,e>lie/ mess ( peas4 ,mulb]ries4 ,lion's %>e ( ! raspb]ries4 ,angleworms 8 delight4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i _h a grapev9e4 ,a =eign]4 ,%y ( be>+4 ,?is summ] bore a score ( bun*es4 ,!y secret$ sug> f ! sunbeams4 ,"o morn+1 w5t to pick !m4 ,! rob9s be=eh& ) me4 ,bu/l$ out f ! leaves4 ,made %rill1 unh&some rem>ks ab\t me4 ,_h sack$ ! v9e4 ,remnant ( a s+le bun*4 ,h[ x look$ at ! bottom ( my basket6 ,a humm+-bird's egg 9 an eagle's ne/4 ,laugh$4 ,rob9s jo9$ 9 ! m]rim5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aeh4 ,,p>agraphs ,,& ,,! ,,!me4 ,direction4--,weave ^! facts into f\r p>agraphs3-- ,note t ! sev]al p>agraphs =m a composition1 or ,!me1 ! g5]al subject ( :i* is ,,w\t] ,,van ,,twill] 7accord+ to ,di$ri* ,knick]bock]74 ,i4 ,:o he 04--,van ,twill] 0 a ,dut*man4 ,born at ,rott]dam4 ,desc5d$ f burgoma/]s4 ,9 #afbi appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,nieuw ,n$]l&ts4 ,arriv$ 9 ,june at ,new ,am/]dam--,new ,york city4 ,,ii4 ,p]son4--,0 five feet six in*es high1 six feet five 9 circumf]5ce4 ,head sph]ical1 & too l>ge = any neck4 ,nature set x on ! back-bone4 ,body capaci\s4 ,legs %ort & /urdy4 ,a be]-b>rel on skids4 ,face a va/1 unfurr[$ expanse4 ,no l9es ( ?\ght4 ,two small1 gray eyes4 ,*eeks _h tak5 toll ( all t _h ent]$ 8 m\?4 ,mottl$ & /reak$ ) dusky r$4 ,,iii4 ,habits4--,regul>4 ,f\r meals daily1 ea* an h\r long4 ,smok$ & d\bt$ eight h\rs4 ,slept twelve4 ,z self-conta9$ z an oy/]4 ,r>ely spoke save 9 monosyllables4 ,b nev] said a fooli% ?+4 ,nev] laugh$4 ,p]plex$ by a joke4 ,conceiv$ ev]y?+ on a gr& scale4 ,:5 a "q 0 ask$1 w\ld put on a my/]i\s look4 ,%ake 8 head4 ,smoke 9 sil5ce4 ,obs]ve1 at l5g?1 he _h d\bts4 ,presid$ at ! c\ncil1 9 /ate4 ,sway$ a ,turki% pipe in/ead ( a scept]4 ,kn[n to sit ) eyes clos$ two h\rs4 ,int]nal commotion %[n by guttural s\nds4 ,noises ( cont5d+ d\bts1 admir]s said4 ,,iv4 ,exploits4--,settl$ a dispute ab\t acc\nts ?us3 s5t = ! p>ties2 ea* produc$ 8 acc\nt-book2 ,van ,t4 weigh$ ! books2 c\nt$ ! leaves2 equally heavy2 equally ?ick2 made ea* give ! o!r a receipt2 & ! con/able pay ! co/s4 ,dem&$ :y ,van ,r5ssela] seiz$ ,be>'s ,isl&4 ,battl$ ) d\bts reg>d+ ! ,yankees4 ,smok$ & brea!d 8 la/ toge!r4 ,direction4---,weave ^! facts into f\r p>agraphs1 write on ! m>g9 ! special topic ( ea*1 & ov] ! :ole :at y ?9k x ! g5]al subject ( ! !me3-- ,! prophets ( ,baal accept ,elijah's *all5ge4 ,!y dress a bullock4 ,call on ,baal4 ,are mock$ by ,elijah4 ,leap ^u ! alt>4 ,cut !mselves4 ,blood4 ,cry till ! "t ( ! ev5+ sacrifice4 ,no answ] by fire4 ,elijah comm&s ! p to come ne>4 ,repairs an old alt> ) twelve /ones1 "o = ea* tribe4 ,digs a tr5*4 ,sacrifices4 ,p\rs wat] ?ree times ^u x4 ,prays4 ,fire falls1 consumes fle%1 wood1 /ones1 du/1 licks up wat]4 ,p see x4 ,fall on _! faces4 ,cry out twice1 ,! ,"l1 he is ! ,god4 ,take ! prophets to ! brook ,ki%on1 :]e !y are sla94 ,elijah asc5ds ,m\nt ,c>rael4 ,b[s 9 pray]4 ,g up n[1 look t[>d ! sea4 ,s]vant reports1 ,!re is no?+4 ,g aga9 sev5 times4 ,behold !re arise? a little cl\d out ( ! sea1 l a man's h&4 ,ord]s ,ahab to prep>e 8 *>iot4 ,gird+ up 8 lo9s1 he runs be=e ,ahab to ,jezreel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aei4 ,,p>agraphs ,,& ,,! ,,!me4 ,direction4--,weave ^! facts into z _m p>agraphs z y ?9k !re %\ld be1 us+ ! v>iety ( expression insi/$ on 9 ,lesson #aej1 & write on ! m>g9 ( ea* p>agraph ! special topic1 & ov] ! :ole ! g5]al subject ( ! !me3-- ,=t ,ticond]oga on a p59sula4 ,=m$ by ! outlet ( ,lake ,george & by ,lake ,*ampla94 ,fronts s\?2 wat] on ?ree sides4 ,sep>at$ by ,lake ,*ampla9 f ,m\nt ,indep5d5ce1 & by ! outlet1 f ,m\nt ,defiance4 ,=t "o hundr$ feet above ! wat]4 ,may #g1 #agge1 two hundr$ & sev5ty m5 meet at ,ca/leton1 ,v]mont4 ,all b =ty-six1 ,gre5 ,m\nta9 boys4 ,meet to plan & execute an attack ^u ,=t ,t4 ,all5 & ,arnold !re4 ,ea* claims ! comm&4 ,"q left to ! (fic]s4 ,all5 *os54 ,on ev5+ ( ! #i?1 !y rea* ! lake4 ,difficulty 9 cross+4 ,s5d = a sc[4 ,seize a boat at an*or4 ,se>*1 & f9d small r[ boats4 ,only eighty-?ree able to cross4 ,day is dawn+ :5 ^! rea* ! %ore4 ,n prud5t to wait4 ,all5 ord]s all :o w foll[ him to poise _! firelocks4 ,e man responds4 ,na?an ,beman1 a lad1 guides !m to ! =t4 ,s5t9el snaps 8 gun at ,a4 ,misses fire4 ,s5t9el retreats4 ,!y foll[4 ,ru% ^u ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,=m4 ,l\d *e]4 ,a4 climbs ! /airs4 ,ord]s ,la ,place1 x is said1 9 ! "n ( ! great ,jehovah & ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 to surr5d]4 ,capture =ty-eight m54 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty cannon4 ,us$ next w9t] at ! siege ( ,bo/on4 ,sev]al swords & h[itz]s1 small arms1 & ammunition4 ,direction4--,^! facts are ?r[n toge!r promiscu\sly4 ,classify !m z !y seem to y to be relat$4 ,det]m9e ! numb] ( p>agraphs & _! ord]1 & !n d z direct$ above3-- ,joseph 0 ,jacob's favorite4 ,wore f9e g>m5ts4 ,"o day 0 s5t to inquire aft] ! o!r sons4 ,!y 7 at a di/ance1 t5d+ ! flocks4 ,joseph us$ to dream4 ,!y saw him com+4 ,plott$ to kill him4 ,9 "o dream 8 bro!rs' %eaves b[$ to 84 ,9 ano!r ! sun1 moon1 & />s b[$ to him4 ,plott$ to ?r[ 8 body into a pit4 ,agre$ to report to _! fa!r t "s bea/ _h dev\r$ ,joseph4 ,joseph fooli%ly told ^! to 8 bro!rs4 ,hat$ him because ( ! dreams & _! fa!r's p>tiality4 ,:ile ! bro!rs 7 eat+1 ,i%maelites approa*$4 ,!y sat d[n to eat4 ,7 go+ d[n into ,egypt4 ,camels load$ ) spices4 ,at ! int]cession ( ,reub5 !y did n kill ,joseph4 ,?rew him alive into a pit4 ,i%maelites took him d[n into ,egypt4 ,sold him to ,potiph>4 ,judah advis$ t he be rais$ f ! pit4 ,jacob recogniz$ ! coat4 ,refus$ com=t4 ,r5t 8 clo!s & put on sackclo?4 ,!y took 8 coat4 ,kill$ a kid & dipp$ ! coat 9 its blood4 ,br\ght x to ,jacob4 ,?is h we f\nd2 "k n[ :e!r x be ?y son's coat or no4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afj4 ,,p>agraphs ,,& ,,! ,,!me4 ,direction4--,classify ^! promiscu\s facts1 det]m9e c>efully ! numb] & ! ord] ( ! p>agraphs1 & !n d z direct$ above3-- ,trafalg> a ,spani% promontory4 ,ne> ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,(f ,trafalg>1 fleets ( ,spa9 & ,france1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahje4 ,nelson 9 comm& ( ! ,engli% fleet4 ,! comb9$ fleets 9 close l9e ( battle4 ,coll+wood second 9 comm&4 ,_h m & l>g] cannon ?an ! ,engli%4 ,engli% fleet tw5ty-sev5 sail ( ! l9e & f\r frigates4 ,?irty-?ree sail ( ! l9e & sev5 frigates4 ,he signal$ ^? memorable words3 ,engl& expects e man to d 8 duty4 ,enemy _h f\r ?\s& troops4 ,signal receiv$ ) a %\t4 ,!y bore d[n4 ,! be/ riflem5 9 ! enemy's boats4 ,c4 /e]$ = ! c5t]4 ,c4 9 ! ,royal ,sov]eign l$ ! lee l9e ( ?irte5 %ips4 ,a rak+ fire op5$ ^u ! ,victory4 ,n4 9 ! ,victory l$ ! wea!r l9e4 ,c4 engag$ ! ,santa ,anna4 ,delight$ at be+ ! fir/ 9 ! fire4 ,at #a4ae ,n4 %ot ?r\gh ! %\ld] & back4 ,at #ab ! ,victory op5$ fire4 ,n4's secret>y ! fir/ to fall4 ,fifty fell be=e a %ot 0 return$4 ,!y h done = me at la/1 ,h>dy1 said ,n4 ,!y bore him bel[4 ,at #b4be t5 ( ! enemy _h /ruck4 ,! w\nd 0 mortal4 ,at #d fifte5 _h /ruck4 ,! victory t co/ ! ,briti% #a1ehg m5 won4 ,^! 7 8 la/ words4 ,at #d4cj he expir$4 ,h[ goes ! day ) u8 he ask$ ,h>dy4 ,i hope none ( our %ips h /ruck4 ,n4's dea? 0 m ?an a public calamity4 ,i am a dead man1 ,h>dy1 he said4 ,engli%m5 turn$ pale at ! news4 ,mo/ triumphant dea? t ( a m>tyr4 ,he %ook h&s ) ,h>dy4 ,kiss me1 ,h>dy4 ,!y m\rn$ z = a de> fri5d4 ,kiss$ him on ! *eek4 ,mo/ awful dea? t ( ! m>tyr patriot4 ,! loss seem$ a p]sonal "o4 ,knelt d[n aga9 & kiss$ 8 =ehead4 ,8 articulation difficult4 ,he>d to say1 ,?ank ,god1 ,i h done my duty4 ,seem$ z if !y _h n kn[n h[ deeply !y lov$ him4 ,mo/ spl5did dea? t ( ! h]o 9 ! h\r ( victory4 ,has left a "n :i* is our pride4 ,an example :i* is our %ield & /r5g?4 ,buri$ him 9 ,/4 ,paul's4 ,?us ! spirits ( ! great & ! wise live aft] !m4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]--,cont9ue ?is "w z long z x is ne$$4 ,take any book1 & read to ! class items ( facts4 ,require !m to use ! imag9ation & :atev] graces ( /yle are at _! comm&1 9 weav+ ^! facts toge!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afa4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,!me4 ,analysis ( ! ,subject4--,a ,!me is made up ( gr\ps ( s5t5ces call$ ,p>agraphs4 ,! s5t5ces ( ea* p>agraph are relat$ to ea* o!r1 because !y jo9tly develop a s+le po9t1 or ?\ght4 ,& ! p>agraphs are relat$ to ea* o!r1 because ^! po9ts :i* !y develop are divisions ( ! "o g5]al subject ( ! ,!me4 ,aft] ! subject has be5 *os51 & be=e writ+ ^u x1 x mu/ be resolv$ into ! ma9 ?\ghts :i* compose x4 ,^u ! ?or\ghness ( ?is analysis & ! natural arrangem5t ( ! ?\ghts ?us d]iv$1 dep5ds l>gely ! wor? ( ! !me4 ,^! po9ts =m1 :5 arrang$1 ! ,framework ( ! !me4 ,suppose y _h tak5 ,! ,armada z y\r subject4 ,p]haps y c\ld say "u ^! heads all y wi%3 #a4 ,:at ! ,armada 04 #b4 ,:5 & by :om equipp$4 #c4 ,its purpose4 #d4 ,its sail ov] ! ,bay ( ,biscay & entrance into ! ,engli% ,*annel4 #e4 ,! attack ^u x by ,admiral ,h[>d & 8 great ,capta9s--,drake & ,hawk9s4 #f4 ,its disp]sion & p>tial de/ruction by ! /orm4 #g4 ,! return to ,spa9 ( ! surviv+ %ips & m54 #h4 ,! consequ5ces to ,engl& & to ,spa94 ,p]haps ! #a/ po9t c\ld include ! #b;d & ! #c;d4 ,be c>eful n to split y\r g5]al subject up into v _m p>ts4 ,see1 too1 t no po9t is repeat$1 t no po9t =eign to ! subject is introduc$1 & t all ! po9ts toge!r exhau/ ! subject z ne>ly z may be4 ,look to ! arrangem5t ( ! po9ts4 ,!re is a natural ord]2 7#f7 c\ld n prec$e 7#e72 nor 7#e71 7#d72 nor 7#d71 7#a74 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,"q ! pupils c>efully ^u e po9t tak5 up 9 ?is ,lesson4 ,direction4--,prep>e ! framework ( a !me on ea* ( ^! subjects3-- #a4 ,! ,arre/ ( ,major ,&re4 #b4 ,a ,w9t] 9 ! ,arctic ,region4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afb4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,subjects4 ,direction4--,prep>e ! framework ( a !me on ea* ( ^! subjects3-- #a4 ,battle ( ,plattsburg4 #b4 ,a ,day's ,nutt+4 #c4 ,:at ,does a ,prop] ,c>e = ,"o's ,heal? ,dem&8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afc4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,subjects4 ,direction4--,prep>e ! framework ( a !me on ea* ( ^! subjects3-- #a4 ,a ,visit to ! ,moon4 #b4 ,reasons :y "o ,%\ld ,n ,smoke1 #c4 ,:at ,does a ,prop] ,obs]vance ( ,sunday ,require ( ,"o8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afd4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,subjects4 ,direction4--,prep>e ! framework ( a !me on ea* ( ^! subjects3-- #a4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream4 #b4 ,a ,desc5t into a ,:irlpool4 #c4 ,:at are ,books ,good =8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afe4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,a ,,!me4 ,i4 ,*oose a ,subject4--,*oose y\r subject long be=e y are to write4 ,avoid a full1 r\nd t]m l ,patriotism or ,duty2 take a fragm5t ( x2 z1 ,h[ c a ,boy be ,patriotic8 or ,duties :i* we ,s*oolmates owe ,ea* ,o!r4 ,! subject %\ld be on y\r level1 %\ld be int]e/+ & sugge/ive to y1 & %\ld in/antly />t 9 y\r m9d _m tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,,ii4 ,accumulate ! ,mat]ial4--,beg9 to ?9k ab\t y\r subject4 ,turn x ov] 9 y\r m9d 9 leisure mom5ts1 &1 z ?\ghts fla% ^u y1 jot !m d[n 9 y\r blank-book4 ,if any ( ^! seem broad en\gh = ! ma9 po9ts1 or heads1 indicate ?is4 ,talk ) no "o on ! subject1 & read no?+ on x1 till y h ?\ght y\rself empty2 & ev5 !n y %\ld note d[n :at ! conv]sation or read+ sugge/s1 r ?an :at y h he>d or read4 ,,iii4 ,con/ruct a ,framework4--,be=e writ+ hunt ?r\gh y\r mat]ial = ! ma9 po9ts1 or heads4 ,see to :at g5]al tru?s or ?\ghts ^! jott+s & ^? jott+s po9t4 ,p]haps ?is or t ?\ght1 z x /&s1 includes en\gh to s]ve z a head4 ,be sure1 at any rate1 t by brood+ ov] y\r mat]ial1 & by fur!r ?9k+ ^u ! subject1 y get at all ! g5]al ?\ghts into :i*1 z x seems to y1 ! subject %\ld be analyz$4 ,/udy ^! po9ts c>efully4 ,see t no two ov]lap ea* o!r1 t no "o appe>s twice1 t no "o has be5 rais$ to ! dignity ( a head :i* %\ld /& "u "s head1 & t no "o is irrelevant4 ,/udy n[ to f9d ! natural ord] 9 :i* ^! po9ts %\ld /&4 ,let no po9t1 to ! cle> und]/&+ ( :i* "s o!r po9t is necess>y1 prec$e t o!r4 ,if develop+ all ! po9ts w\ld make y\r !me too long1 /udy to see :at po9ts y c omit )\t abrupt break or ess5tial loss4 ,,iv4 ,write4--,give y\r :ole att5tion to y\r "w z y write1 & o!r ?\ghts w occur to y1 & bett] ways ( putt+ ! ?\ghts already not$ d[n4 ,9 exp&+ ! ma9 po9ts into p>agraphs1 be sure t ev]y?+ falls "u its appropriate head4 ,ca/ out irrelevant matt]4 ,d n /ra9 aft] effect or /rive to seem wis] ?an y are4 ,use famili> words1 & place ^!1 y\r phrases1 & y\r clauses1 :]e !y w make y\r ?\ght ! cle>e/4 ,z occasion calls1 *ange f ! usual ord] to ! transpos$1 & let s5t5ces1 simple1 complex1 & comp\nd1 long & %ort1 /& %\ld] to %\ld] 9 ! p>agraph4 ,express y\rself easily--only n[ & !n putt+ y\r ?\ght =cibly & ) feel+4 ,let a fre% image "h & !re relieve ! uni=mity ( pla9 language4 ,"o s5t5ce %\ld foll[ ano!r )\t abrupt break2 &1 if cont9uative ( x1 adv]sative to x1 or an inf]5ce f x1 & ! he>] ne$s to be advis$ ( ?is1 let x sw+ into position on ! h+e ( a fitt+ connective4 ,( c\rse1 y\r s5t5ces mu/ pass rigid mu/] 9 syntax2 & y mu/ look %>ply to ! spell+1 to ! use ( capital lett]s1 & to punctuation4 ,v4 ,att5d to ! ,me*anical ,execution4--,keep y\r pages clean1 & let y\r h&writ+ be cle>4 ,on ! left ( ! page leave a m>g9 ( an in* = corrections4 ,d n write on ! f\r? page2 if y exce$ ?ree pages1 use ano!r %eet4 ,:5 ! writ+ is done1 d\ble ! l[] half ( ! %eet ov] ! upp]1 & fold ?r\gh ! middle2 !n br+ ! top d[n to ! middle & fold aga94 ,br+ ! "r-h& end t[>d y1 & across ! top write y\r "n & ! date4 ,?is sup]scription w be at ! top ( ! f\r? page1 at ! "r-h& corn]1 & at "r angles to ! rul$ l9es4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,"q ! pupils closely ^u e po9t 9 ?is ,lesson4 ,additional ,subjects = ,!mes4 #a4 ,apples & ,nuts4 #b4 ,a ,pleasant ,ev5+4 #c4 ,my ,walk to ,s*ool4 #d4 ,pluck4 #e4 ,s*ool ,fri5d%ips4 #f4 ,:5 my ,%ip ,comes ,94 #g4 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,w>f>e4 #h4 ,! ,view f my ,w9d[4 #i4 ,homes )\t ,h&s4 #aj4 ,i ,c4 #aa4 ,my ,fri5d ,jack4 #ab4 ,john ,*9aman4 #ac4 ,iri% ,*>act]s4 #ad4 ,rob9 ,hood4 #ae4 ,a ,visit to ,olympus4 #af4 ,monday ,morn+4 #ag4 ,my ,native ,t[n4 #ah4 ,ov] ! ,sea4 #ai4 ,up 9 a ,balloon4 #bj4 ,que] ,p4 #ba4 ,our ,m9i/]4 #bb4 ,a ,plea = ,puss4 #bc4 ,ca/les 9 ,spa94 #bd4 ,"y ,am]ica4 #be4 ,black ,diamonds4 #bf4 ,mosquitoes4 #bg4 ,a ,day 9 ! ,woods4 #bh4 ,a ,boy's ,trials4 #bi4 ,! ,yankee4 #cj4 ,rob9son ,crusoe4 #ca4 ,/reet ,arabs4 #cb4 ,leg]dema94 #cc4 ,our ,neighborhood4 #cd4 ,exam9ations4 #ce4 ,!atre-go+4 #cf4 ,donkeys4 #cg4 ,! ,s\!rn ,negro4 #ch4 ,a ,ra9y ,saturday4 #ci4 ,! ,e>ly ,bird ,cat*es ! ,worm4 #dj4 ,spr+ ,sports #da4 ,h[ ,horatius ,kept ! ,bridge4 #db4 ,jack ,fro/ #dc4 ,my ,fir/ ,sea ,voyage4 #dd4 ,monkeys4 #de4 ,gr&mo!rs4 #df4 ,! ,boy ( ! ,/ory ,book4 #dg4 ,fam\s ,/reets4 #dh4 ,pigeons4 #di4 ,jack & ,gill4 #ej4 ,make ,ha/e ,sl[ly4 #ea4 ,comm]ce4 #eb4 ,! ,%ip ( ! ,des]t4 #ec4 ,w9t] ,sports4 #ed4 ,a ,visit to ,neptune4 #ee4 ,:isk]s4 #ef4 ,gypsies4 #eg4 ,cities ( ! ,dead4 #eh4 ,/reet ,cries4 #ei4 ,! ,_w ,owes me ,a ,liv+4 #fj4 ,polit5ess4 #fa4 ,cleanl9ess ,ak9 to ,godl9ess4 #fb4 ,fight+ ,w9dmills4 #fc4 ,along ! ,docks4 #fd4 ,maple ,sug>4 #fe4 ,umbrellas4 #ff4 ,a ,girl's ,trials4 #fg4 ,a ,spid]'s ,web4 #fh4 ,! ,/ory ( ,ru?4 #fi4 ,cl\ds4 #gj4 ,a ,c\ntry ,/ore4 #ga4 ,timepieces4 #gb4 ,bulls & ,be>s4 #gc4 ,bore4 #gd4 ,our ,sunday ,s*ool4 #ge4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,be]4 #gf4 ,autumn's ,colors4 #gg4 ,! ,wat*$ ,pot ,nev] ,boils4 #gh4 ,! ,mission ( ,birds4 #gi4 ,p>asites4 #hj4 ,well-begun is ,half-done4 #ha4 ,! ,tides4 #hb4 ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,! ,des]t$ ,village4 #hc4 ,a ,day on a ,tr\t ,/ream4 #hd4 ,a ,/it* 9 ,"t ,saves ,n9e4 #he4 ,( ,:at ,use are ,fl[]s8 #hf4 ,a ,desc5t 9 a ,div+ ,bell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #aff4 ,,lett]-,,writ+4 ,lett]s ne$ special treatm5t4 ,9 writ+ a lett] !re are five ?+s to consid]--,! ,head+1 ,! ,introduction1 ,! ,body ( ! ,lett]1 ,! ,conclusion1 & ,! ,sup]scription4 ,,! ,,head+4 ,p>ts4--,! ,head+ consi/s ( ! "n ( ! ,place at :i* ! lett] is writt51 & ! ,date4 ,if y write f a city1 give ! door-numb]1 ! "n ( ! /reet1 ! "n ( ! city1 & ! "n ( ! /ate4 ,if y are at a ,hotel or a ,s*ool or any o!r well-kn[n ,in/itution1 its "n may take ! place ( ! door-numb] & ! "n ( ! /reet2 z may also ! numb] ( y\r po/-(fice box4 ,if y write f a village or o!r c\ntry place1 give y\r po/-(fice address1 ! "n ( ! c\nty1 & t ( ! /ate4 ,! ,date consi/s ( ! mon?1 ! day ( ! mon?1 & ! ye>4 ,h[ ,writt54--,beg9 ! ,head+ ab\t an in* & a half f ! top ( ! page--on ! fir/ rul$ l9e ( comm]cial note4 ,if ! lett] occupies b a few l9es ( a s+le page1 y may beg9 ! ,head+ l[] d[n4 ,beg9 ! fir/ l9e ( ! ,head+ a little to ! left ( ! middle ( ! page4 ,if x occupies m ?an "o l9e1 ! second l9e %\ld beg9 f>!r to ! "r ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird f>!r to ! "r ?an ! second4 ,! door-numb]1 ! day ( mon?1 & ! ye> are writt5 9 figures2 ! re/1 9 words4 ,ba* important ^w beg9s ) a capital lett]1 ea* item is set (f by ! comma1 & ! :ole closes ) a p]iod4 ,direction4--,/udy :at has te5 said1 & write ! foll[+ head+s accord+ to ^! models3-- #a4 ,ripton1 ,addison ,co41 ,vt41 ,july #aj1 #ahie4 #b4 #bej ,broadway1 ,n4 ,t41 ,june #f1 #ahij4 #c4 ,saco1 ,me41 ,feb4 #be1 #ahhg4 #d4 ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #c1 #ahhh4 #a4 ann arbor #e ,july #ahbj mi*igan #b4 *ampla9 co cl9ton n y jan #ad #ahjj #c4 p o box #bfgh #ahfj oct #ai *icago #d4 philadelphia #fgj #aheh *e/nut / #af apr #e4 sa9t ni*olas new york #a hotel nov #ahee ,,! ,,introduction4 ,p>ts4--,! ,introduction consi/s ( ! ,address--! ,"n1 ! ,title1 & ! ,place ( ,bus9ess or ,resid5ce ( ! "o address$--& ! ,salutation4 ,titles ( respect & c\rtesy %\ld appe> 9 ! ,address4 ,prefix ,mr4 to a man's "n1 ,messrs4 to ! names ( sev]al g5tlem52 ,ma/] to ! "n ( a "y lad2 ,miss to t ( an unm>ri$ lady2 ,mrs4 to t ( a m>ri$ lady2 ,misses to ! names ( sev]al "y ladies2 & ,mesdames to ^? ( sev]al m>ri$ or eld]ly ladies4 ,prefix ,dr4 to ! "n ( a physician 7b nev] ,mr4 ,dr471 or write ,m4,d4 aft] x4 ,prefix ,rev4 to ! "n ( a cl]gyman1 or ,rev4 ,mr4 if y d n "k 8 ,*ri/ian "n2 ,rev4 ,dr4 if he is a ,doctor ( ,div9ity1 or write ,rev4 be=e ! "n & ,d4,d4 aft] x4 ,prefix ,8 ,excell5cy to ! "n ( ! ,presid5t1 ,footnote3 ,! pref]r$ =m ( address+ ! ,presid5t is1 ,to ! ,presid5t1 ,executive ,mansion1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ! ,salutation is simply1 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 & to t ( a ,gov]nor or ( an ,ambassador2 ,hon4 to ! "n ( a ,cab9et ,(fic]1 a ,memb] ( ,congress1 a ,/ate ,s5ator1 a ,law ,judge1 or a ,mayor4 ,if two lit]>y or pr(essional titles are add$ to a "n1 let !m /& 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 conf]r$--?is is ! ord] ( a few common ones3 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,gu>d aga9/ an excessive use ( titles-- ! high] implies ! l[]4 ,salutations v>y ) ! /ation ( ! "o address$1 or ! writ]'s degree ( intimacy ) him4 ,/rang]s may be address$ z ,sir1 ,de> ,sir1 ,rev4 ,sir1 ,g5]al1 ,madam1 etc42 acqua9tances z ,de> ,sir1 ,de> ,madam1 etc42 fri5ds z ,my de> ,sir1 ,my de> ,madam1 ,my de> ,jones1 etc42 & ne> relatives & o!r de> fri5ds z ,my de> ,wife1 ,my de> ,boy1 ,de>e/ ,ell51 etc4 ,h[ ,writt54--,! ,address may foll[ ! ,head+1 beg9n+ on ! next l9e1 & /&+ on ! left side ( ! page2 or x may /& 9 correspond+ position aft] ! ,body ( ! ,lett] & ! ,conclusion4 ,if ! lett] is ( an (ficial "* or is writt5 to an intimate fri5d1 ! ,address may appropriately be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! lett]2 b 9 ord9>y bus9ess lett]s1 x %\ld be plac$ at ! top & z direct$ above4 ,nev] omit x f ! lett] except :5 ! lett] is writt5 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,!re %\ld be a n>r[ m>g9 on ! left side ( ! page1 & ! ,address %\ld beg9 on ! m>g9al l9e4 ,if ! ,address occupies m ?an "o l9e1 ! initial words ( ^! l9es %\ld slope to ! "r4 ,beg9 ! ,salutation on ! m>g9al l9e or a little to ! "r ( x :5 ! ,address occupies ?ree l9es2 on ! m>g9al l9e or f>!r to ! "r or to ! left ?an ! second l9e ( ! ,address :5 ?is occupies two l9es2 a little to ! "r ( ! m>g9al l9e :5 ! ,address occupies "o l9e2 on ! m>g9al l9e :5 ! ,address /&s bel[4 ,e important ^w 9 ! ,address %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,all ! items ( x %\ld be set (f by ! comma2 &1 z x is an abbreviat$ s5t5ce1 x %\ld close ) a p]iod4 ,e important ^w 9 ! ,salutation %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]1 & ! :ole %\ld be foll[$ by a comma1 or by a comma & a da%4 ,direction4--,write ^! introductions accord+ to ! models3-- #a4 ,pr(4 ,m>*1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,my de> ,sir1 #b4 ,messrs4 ,smi? ,jones1 #gga ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,g5tlem51 #c4 ,my de> ,"m1 ,:51 etc4 #d4 ,messrs4 ,vallette ,co41 ,middlebury1 ,vt4 ,de> ,sirs1 #a4 mr george platt burl+ton i[a sir #b4 mass ,cambridge pr( ,james r l[ell my de> fri5d #c4 messrs ivison blakeman taylor co g5tlem5 new york #d4 rev br[n dr ! arl+ton ,wa%+ton de> fri5d d c #e4 col ,john smi? de> colonel n y auburn 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afg4 ,,lett]-,,writ+--,,cont9u$4 ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,! ,,lett]4 ,! ,beg9n+4--,beg9 ! ,body ( ! ,lett] at ! end ( ! ,salutation1 & on ! same l9e if ! ,introduction is long--9 :i* case ! comma aft] ! ,salutation %\ld be foll[$ by a da%1--on ! l9e bel[ if ! ,introduction is %ort4 ,/yle4--,be p]spicu\s4 ,p>agraph & punctuate z 9 o!r k9ds ( writ+4 ,avoid blots1 erasures1 int]l9eations1 cross l9es1 & all o!r (f5ses aga9/ epi/ol>y propriety4 ,! lett] bespeaks ! man4 ,lett]s ( fri5d%ip %\ld be colloquial1 *atty1 & famili>4 ,:atev] is int]e/+ to y w be int]e/+ to y\r fri5ds1 h[ev] trivial x may seem to a /rang]4 ,bus9ess lett]s %\ld be brief1 & ! s5t5ces %ort1 concise1 & to ! po9t4 ,repeat no?+1 & omit no?+ ne$ful4 ,(ficial lett]s & =mal notes %\ld be m /ately & c]emoni\s4 ,9 =mal notes ! ?ird p]son is g5]ally us$ in/ead ( ! fir/ & ! second2 !re is no ,introduction1 no ,conclusion1 no ,signature1 only ! "n ( ! ,place & ! ,date at ! bottom1 on ! left side ( ! page1 ?us3-- ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,a4 reque/ ! pleasure ( ,mr4 ,b4's company at a social ga!r+1 on ,tuesday ev5+1 ,nov4 #ae?1 at eight o'clock4 #cb ,fif? ,ave41 ,nov4 #e4 ,mr4 ,b4 accepts ,footnote3 ,or regrets t a previ\s engagem5t 7or illness1 or an un=tunate ev5t7 prev5ts ! acceptance ( ----2 or regrets t on acc\nt ( ---- he is unable to accept ----4 ) pleasure ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,a4's k9d invitation = ,tuesday ev5+1 ,nov4 #ae?4 ,w$nesday morn+1 ,nov4 #i?4 ,,! ,,conclusion4 ,p>ts4--,! ,conclusion consi/s ( ! ,complim5t>y ,close & ! ,signature4 ,! =ms ( ! ,complim5t>y ,close are _m1 & are det]m9$ by ! relations ( ! writ] to ! "o address$4 ,9 lett]s ( fri5d%ip y may use1 ,y\r s9c]e1 fri5d2 ,y\rs affectionately2 ,y\r lov+ son or daught]1 etc4 ,9 bus9ess lett]s y may use1 ,y\rs2 ,y\rs truly2 ,truly y\rs2 ,y\rs respectfully2 ,v respectfully y\rs1 etc4 ,9 (ficial lett]s y %\ld be m def]5tial4 ,use1 ,i h ! honor to be1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant2 ,v respectfully1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant2 etc41 etc4 ,! ,signature consi/s ( y\r ,*ri/ian "n & y\r surname4 ,9 address+ a /rang] write y\r ,*ri/ian "n 9 full4 ,a lady address+ a /rang] %\ld prefix to h] signature h] title1 ,mrs4 or ,miss 7plac+ x )9 m>ks ( p>5!sis71 unless 9 ! lett] %e has indicat$ :i* ( ^! titles h] correspond5t is to use 9 reply4 ,h[ ,writt54--,! ,conclusion %\ld beg9 ne> ! middle ( ! fir/ l9e bel[ ! ,body ( ! ,lett]1 &1 if occupy+ two or m l9es1 %\ld slope to ! "r l ! ,head+ & ! ,address4 ,beg9 ea* l9e ( x ) a capital lett]1 & punctuate z 9 o!r writ+1 foll[+ ! :ole ) a p]iod4 ,! ,signature %\ld be v pla94 ,direction4--,write two =mal notes--"o invit+ a fri5d to a social p>ty1 & "o decl9+ ! invitation4 ,direction4--,write ! ,conclusion ( a lett] ( fri5d%ip1 ( a lett] ( bus9ess1 & ( an (ficial lett]1 c>efully obs]v+ all t has be5 said above4 ,direction4--,write a lett] ( two or ?ree l9es to y\r fa!r or y\r "m1 & ano!r to y\r m9i/]1 talc+ c>e to give prop]ly ! ,head+ 9 its two p>ts1 ! ,introduction 9 its two p>ts1 & ! ,conclusion 9 its two p>ts4 ,let ! ,address 9 ! lett] to y\r fa!r or y\r "m /& at ! bottom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #afh4 ,,lett]-,,writ+--,,cont9u$4 ,,! ,,sup]scription4 ,p>ts4--,! ,sup]scription is :at is writt5 on ! outside ( ! envelope4 ,x is ! same z ! ,address1 consi/+ ( ! ,"n1 ! ,title1 & ! full ,directions ( ! "o address$4 ,h[ ,writt54--,! ,sup]scription %\ld beg9 j bel[ ! middle ( ! envelope & ne> ! left edge--! envelope ly+ ) its clos$ side t[>d y--& %\ld occupy ?ree or f\r l9es4 ,^! l9es %\ld slope to ! "r z 9 ! ,head+ & ! ,address1 ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es %\ld be ! same1 & ! la/ l9e %\ld end ne> ! l[] "r-h& corn]4 ,on ! fir/ l9e ! ,"n & ! ,title %\ld /&4 ,if ! "o address$ is 9 a city1 ! door-numb] & "n ( ! /reet %\ld be on ! second l9e1 ! "n ( ! city on ! ?ird1 & ! "n ( ! /ate on ! f\r?4 ,if he is 9 ! c\ntry1 ! "n ( ! po/-(fice %\ld be on ! second l9e1 ! "n ( ! c\nty on ! ?ird1 ! "n ( ! /ate on ! f\r?4 ,! numb] ( ! po/ (fice box may take ! place ( ! door-numb] & ! "n ( ! /reet1 or1 to avoid cr[d+1 ! numb] ( ! box or ! "n ( ! c\nty may /& at ! l[] left-h& corn]4 ,! titles foll[+ ! "n %\ld be sep>at$ f x & f ea* o!r by ! comma1 & e l9e %\ld end ) a comma except ! la/1 :i* %\ld be foll[$ by a p]iod4 ,footnote3 ,"s omit punctuation aft] ! p>ts ( ! ,sup]scription4 ,! l9es %\ld be /raight1 & e "p ( ! ,sup]scription %\ld be legible4 ,place ! /amp at ! upp] "r-h& corn]4 ,direction4--,write six ,sup]scriptions to real or imag9>y fri5ds or acqua9tances 9 diff]5t cities1 c>efully obs]v+ all t has be5 said above4 ,direction4--,write two snort lett]s--"o to a fri5d at ! ,a/or ,h\se1 ,new ,york1 & "o to a /rang] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,envelope ) /amp 9 upp]-"r corn]4 ,address$ to ,ma/] ,h4 ,buckman1 ,&ov]1 ,mass4 ,cursive ,text3 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y1 ,june #ae1 '#if4 ,my de> ,fri5d1 ,y tell me t y beg9 ! /udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature next t]m4 ,let me assume ! relation ( an old] bro!r1 & t5d] y a ^w ( c\nsel4 ,/udy lit]ature1 prim>ily1 = ! ?\ghts x conta9s4 ,att5d to ^! ?\ghts until y und]/& !m & see _! connection "o ) ano!r4 ,accept only su* z seem to y j & true1 & accept ^! at _! prop] value4 ,notice c>efully ! words ea* au?or uses1 see h[ he arranges !m1 :e!r he puts 8 ?\ght cle>ly1 :at imag]y he employs1 :at allusions he makes1 :at acqua9tance ) m51 ) books1 & ) nature he %[s1 & 9 :at _s he writes4 ,y\r /udy ( ! au?or %\ld put y 9 possession ( 8 ?\ght & 8 /yle1 & %\ld introduce y to ! man himself4 ,p>don me ^! words ( uns\ght advice1 & believe me4 ,y\r true fri5d1 ,john ,s*uyl]4 ,ma/] ,h4 ,buckman1 ,&ov]1 ,mass4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,syntax4 ,we "h app5d a ,summ>y ( ! s-call$ ,rules ( ,syntax1 ) ref]5ces to ! ,lessons :i* treat ( ,con/ruction4 ,i4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z subject or z attribute complem5t ( a pr$icate v]b1 or us$ indep5d5tly1 is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,,ii4 ,! attribute complem5t ( a p>ticiple or an inf9itive is 9 ! same case 7,nom4 or ,obj47 z ! ^w to :i* x relates4 ,,iii4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z possessive modifi] is 9 ! possessive case4 ,,iv4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z object complem5t1 z objective complem5t1 z ! pr9cipal ^w 9 a prepositional phrase1 or us$ adv]bially ,footnote3 ,see ,lesson #ce4 is 9 ! objective case4 ,v4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z explanatory modifi] is 9 ! same case z ! ^w expla9$4 ,= ,cautions1 ,pr9ciples1 & ,examples respect+ ! cases ( n\ns & pron\ns1 see ,lessons #aai1 #abb1 #abc1 #abc4 ,= ,cautions & ,examples to guide 9 ! use ( ! diff]5t pron\ns1 see ,lessons #hf1 #hg4 ,,vi4 ,a pron\n agrees ) its antec$5t 9 p]son1 numb]1 & g5d]4 ,= ,cautions1 ,pr9ciples1 & ,examples1 see ,lessons #aah1adb4 ,,vii4 ,a v]b agrees ) its subject 9 p]son & numb]4 ,= ,cautions1 ,examples1 & ,exceptions1 see ,lesson #adb4 ,,viii4 ,a p>ticiple assumes ! action or be+1 & is us$ l an adjective or a n\n4 ,= ,uses ( ! ,p>ticiple1 see ,lessons #cg1 #ch1 #ci4 ,,ix4 ,an inf9itive is g5]ally introduc$ by to1 & ) x =ms a phrase us$ z a n\n1 an adjective1 or an adv]b4 ,= ,uses ( ! ,inf9itive1 see ,lessons #dj1 #da1 #db4 ,x4 ,adjectives modify n\ns or pron\ns4 ,= ,cautions & ,examples respect+ ! use ( adjectives & ( comp>ative & sup]lative =ms1 see ,lessons #ij1 #ia1 #abh4 ,,xi4 ,adv]bs modify v]bs1 adjectives1 or adv]bs4 ,= ,cautions & ,examples1 see ,lesson #ic4 ,,xii4 ,a preposition introduces a phrase modifi]1 & %[s ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( its pr9cipal ^w to ! ^w modifi$4 ,= ,cautions1 see ,lessons #ih1 #ii4 ,,xiii4 ,conjunctions connect words1 phrases1 or clauses4 ,= ,cautions & ,examples1 see ,lessons #ajj1 #ajg4 ,,xiv4 ,int]jections are us$ indep5d5tly4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,rem>ks4--,! s*eme ( conjugation pres5t$ bel[ is f ,engli% text-books4 ,9 "s ( ^! books ! =ms introduc$ by %\ld are class$1 n z ,future1 b z ,second>y ,pa/ ,t5se =ms ( ! ,subjunctive4 ,if we sub/itute ?is s*eme ( conjugation = ! simpl] "o giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 we /ill fail to get a classification 9 :i* e =m corresponds 9 use to its "n4 ,! foll[+ examples w illu/rate3-- ,he returns to-morr[4 7,pres5t ,future47 ,:5 ,i h p]=m$ ?is1 ,i w come to y4 7,pres5t ,p]fect ,future ,p]fect47 ,if any memb] abs5ts himself1 he %all pay a f9e4 7,indicative ,subjunctive47 ,y %all g4 7,indicative ,imp]ative47 ,aft] memoriz+ all ! t]ms & =ms belong+ to ! conjugation "h outl9$1 ! /ud5t w f9d t he has ga9$ little to aid him 9 ! use ( language4 ,= in/ance1 9 ?is synopsis ( ! ,subjunctive are f\nd n9ete5 =ms4 ,z !re are ?ree p]sons 9 ! s+ul> & ?ree 9 ! plural1 we h "o hundr$ & f\rte5 subjunctive =ms6 ,h[ confus+ all ?is mu/ be to ! /ud5t1 :o1 9 8 use ( ! subjunctive1 ne$s to di/+ui% only su* z ^!3 ,if he be1 ,if he 71 ,if he tea*6 ,beyond ^!1 ! subjunctive mann] ( ass]tion is discov]$ f ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce or ! relation ( clauses1 n f ! conjugation ( ! v]b4 ,^? ,engli% au?ors & _! ,am]ican copyi/s :o elim9ate ! ,pot5tial ,mode f _! s*eme ( conjugation tell u t ! s-call$ pot5tial auxili>ies are ei!r indep5d5t v]bs 9 ! indicative or are subjunctive auxili>ies4 ,) ! meag] in/ruction giv5 by any "o or by all ( ^! au?ors1 ! /ud5t w f9d x exce$+ly difficult to det]m9e :5 ^! auxili>ies are true subjunctives4 ,to illu/rate3-- #a4 ,may y be happy4 #b4 ,i le>n t ,i may be able to tea*4 #c4 ,he might h done x if he _h lik$4 #d4 ,if he %\ld try1 he w\ld succe$4 #e4 ,i w\ld n tell y if ,i c\ld4 #f4 ,i c\ld n d ?is if ,i 7 to try4 ,! =ms italiciz$ above are said to be subjunctive auxili>ies2 ^? bel[ are said to be indep5d5t v]bs 9 ! indicative4 #g4 ,he may be !re4 #h4 ,he might ask y to g4 #i4 ,y %\ld n h done t4 #aj4 ,he w\ld n come :5 call$4 #aa4 ,i c\ld d ?is at "o "t4 ,we are told t c & mu/ are always indep5d5t v]bs 9 ! indicative1 & t may1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld are ei!r subjunctive auxili>ies or indep5d5t v]bs p>s$ 9 ! indicative1 sep>ately f ! inf9itives ) :i* !y seem to comb9e4 ,b 9 p>s+ ^! words z sep>ate v]bs ! /ud5t is left 9 d\bt z to :e!r !y are transitive or intransitive1 & z to ! (fice ( ! inf9itives t foll[4 ,%all 7to owe7 & w 7to det]m9e7 are1 9 _! orig9al mean+1 transitive4 ,may1 c1 & mu/ d5ote p[] 7h5ce pot5tial72 &1 z ! inf9itive ) :i* !y comb9e names ! act on :i* ?is p[] is ex]cis$1 "s philologi/s reg>d !m z orig9ally transitive4 ,among ^! is our di/+ui%$ critic1 ,pr(4 ,francis ,a4 ,m>*4 ,may d5otes p[] f )\t com+ f a removal ( all h9drance1--h5ce p]mission or possibility4 ,c d5otes p[] f )91--h5ce ability4 ,mu/ d5otes p[] f )\t com+ f circum/ances or ! nature ( ?+s1--h5ce necessity or obligation4 ,%\ld1 w\ld1 might1 & c\ld are pa/ =ms ( %all1 w1 may1 & c4 ,! auxili>ies take diff]5t %ades ( mean+4 ,9 "s con/ructions ! mean+ is fa9t] or less emphatic ?an 9 o!rs4 ,to say j h[ little ( its common or orig9al mean+ may1 c1 mu/1 %all1 or w mu/ h to be an auxili>y1 & h[ mu* to be a notional1 or indep5d5t1 v]b w\ld be extremely v5turesome ,= in/ance1 c\ld 9 7#f7 above expresses p[] or ability to d1 z does c\ld 9 7#aa71 yet we are told t ! =m] c\ld is a m]e auxili>y1 :ile ! latt] is an indep5d5t v]b4 ,may 9 7#a7 d5otes a desir$ removal ( all h9drance2 may 9 7#g7 d5otes a possible removal ( h9drance4 ,x is h>d to see :y ! =m] may is necess>ily a m]e auxili>y1 & ! latt] a notional1 or indep5d5t1 v]b4 ,^! are "s ( ! difficulties--n to say inconsi/5cies--met by ! /ud5t :o is taught t !re is no ,pot5tial ,mode4 ,9 a s*ol>ly "w revis$ by ,skeat1 ,wrightson1 speak+ ( ,i may1 c1 %all1 or w love1 says1 ,^! auxili>y v]bs _h at "s "t su* a cle> & def9ite mean+ t x w\ld h be5 tol]ably easy to det]m9e ! case function dis*>g$ by ! inf9itive2 b ^! v]bs1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s %ades ( mean+1 h at la/ become little m ?an conv5tional symbols1 s t x w\ld be worse ?an useless to attempt to analyze ^! p]iphra/ic t5ses ( our moods4 ,a ,,conjugation ,,( ,,tea*4 ,active ,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mode4 ,pres5t ,indef9ite444444444444,he tea*es4 ,pres5t ,imp]fect4444444444444,he is tea*+4 ,pres5t ,p]fect444444444444444,he has taught4 ,pres5t ,p]fect ,cont9u\s4444,he has be5 tea*+4 ,pa/ ,indef9ite444444444444444,he taught4 ,pa/ ,imp]fect4444444444444444,he 0 tea*+4 ,pa/ ,p]fect444444444444444444,he _h taught4 ,pa/ ,p]fect ,cont9u\s4444444,he _h be5 tea*+4 ,future ,indef9ite4444444444444,he w tea*4 ,future ,imp]fect44444444444444,he w be tea*+4 ,future ,p]fect4444444444444444,he w h taught4 ,future ,p]fect ,cont9u\s44444,he w h be5 tea*+4 ,,subjunctive ,,mode4 ,pres5t ,indef9ite4444444444447,if7 he tea*4 ,pres5t ,imp]fect44444444444447,if7 he be tea*+4 ,pres5t ,p]fect4444444444444447,if7 he h taught4 ,pres5t ,p]fect ,cont9u\s44447,if7 he h be5 tea*+4 ,pa/ ,indef9ite4444444444444447,if7 he taught4 ,pa/ ,imp]fect44444444444444447,if7 he 7 tea*+4 ,pa/ ,p]fect4444444444444444447,if7 he _h taught4 ,pa/ ,p]fect ,cont9u\s44444447,if7 he _h be5 tea*+4 ,future ,indef9ite44444444444447,if7 he %\ld tea*4 ,future ,imp]fect444444444444447,if7 he %\ld be tea*+4 ,future ,p]fect44444444444444447,if7 he %\ld h taught4 ,future ,p]fect ,cont9u\s444447,if7 he %\ld h be5 tea*+4 ,,imp]ative ,,mode4 ,pres5t44444444444444444444444,tea* ?\4 ,,inf9itive ,,mode4 ,pres5t ,indef9ite4444444444447,to7 tea*4 ,pres5t ,imp]fect44444444444447,to7 be tea*+4 ,pres5t ,p]fect4444444444444447,to7 h taught4 ,pres5t ,p]fect ,cont9u\s44447,to7 h be5 tea*+4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,imp]fect444444444444444444444,tea*+4 ,p]fect44444444444444444444444,hav+ taught4 ,p]fect ,cont9u\s444444444444,hav+ be5 tea*+4 ,passive ,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mode4 ,pres5t ,indef9ite444444444444,he is taught4 ,pres5t ,imp]fect4444444444444,he is be+ taught4 ,pres5t ,p]fect444444444444444,he has be5 taught4 ,pa/ ,indef9ite444444444444444,he 0 taught4 ,pa/ ,imp]fect4444444444444444,he 0 be+ taught4 ,pa/ ,p]fect444444444444444444,he _h be5 taught4 ,future ,indef9ite4444444444444,he w be taught4 ,future ,imp]fect44444444444444----------------- ------- ,future ,p]fect4444444444444444,he w h be5 taught4 ,,subjunctive ,,mode4 ,pres5t ,indef9ite4444444444447,if7 he be taught4 ,pres5t ,imp]fect4444444444444------------------ ------ ,pres5t ,p]fect4444444444444447,if7 he h be5 taught4 ,pa/ ,indef9ite4444444444444447,if7 he 7 taught4 ,pa/ ,imp]fect44444444444444447,if7 he 7 be+ taught4 ,pa/ ,p]fect4444444444444444447,if7 he _h be5 taught4 ,future ,indef9ite44444444444447,if7 he %\ld be taught4 ,future ,imp]fect44444444444444----------------- ------- ,future ,p]fect44444444444444447,if7 he %\ld h be5 taught4 ,,imp]ative ,,mode4 ,pres5t44444444444444444444444,be ?\ taught4 ,,inf9itive ,,mode4 ,pres5t ,indef9ite4444444444447,to7 be taught4 ,pres5t ,p]fect4444444444444447,to7 h be5 taught4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,imp]fect444444444444444444444,be+ taught4 ,p]fect44444444444444444444444,taught4 ,comp\nd ,p]fect44444444444444,hav+ be5 taught4 ,,index4 ,a1 or an1 uses ( ,a & ! uses ( di/+ui%$ ,a 7day7 or two1 or "o or two 7days7 ,abbreviations common ones h[ made & writt5 ( names ( /ates ,absolute ,phrases def9ition ( diagram ( expansion ( ,adjective an1 def9ition ( ,adjectives apt ones to be us$ classes def9itive 7num]al7 descriptive comp>ison adjectives n comp>$ adjectives irregul>ly comp>$ =m pref]r$ 9 er & e/ ) adv]b descriptive1 us$ z n\ns errors 9 use ( hav+ numb] =ms ne$less ones avoid$ n always limit+ n us$ = adv]bs num]al c>d9al ord9al prop] ord] ( s*eme = g5]al review us$ z ab/ract n\ns ,adjective ,clauses connectives ( def9ition ( adjectives explanatory modifi]s indep5d5t clauses inf9itive phrases p>ticiple phrases possessives modify+ omitt$ words position ( re/rictive & unre/rictive unre/rictive1 punctuation ,adjective ,complem5t di/+ui%$ f adv]b modifi] ,adjective ,modifi]s analysis ( n\ns z ,adv]b an def9ition ( ,adv]bs apt ones to be us$ classes ( comp>ison ( errors 9 use ( express+ negation irregul> comp>ison ( modify+ clauses phrases prepositions s5t5ces n us$ = adjectives n us$ ne$lessly position ( s*eme = g5]al review sometimes l adjective attributes us$ indep5d5tly 7note7 int]rogatively 7note7 ) connective =ce 7note7 ,adv]b ,clause1 def9ition ( ,adv]b ,clauses classes cause1 real concession condition degree 7result7 evid5ce mann] place purpose "t contract$ by omitt+ words to absolute phrases to p>ticiples & p>ticiple phrases to prepositional phrases adjective clauses & phrases 7note7 adv]bs indep5d5t clauses 7note7 position ( punctuation ( ,adv]bial ,modifi]s analysis ( n\ns z p>s+ ( ,adv]sative ,connectives1 li/ ,adv]sative1 mean+ ( 7note7 ,a few1 a little1 vs4 few & little ,agreem5t ( p>ts ( a metaphor ( pron\n ) its antec$5t ( v]b ) ! subject ,allusion 7note7 ,alphabet def9ition ( p]fect "o :at ! ,engli% imp]fect h[ ,alt]native1 mean+ ( 7note7 ,alt]native ,connectives1 li/ ,ambiguity ( pron\ns1 h[ avoid$ ,analysis examples =1 additional ( a s5t5ce ( subjects ( !mes ,antec$5t1 a clause1 phrase1 or ^w 7note7 ,anti!sis 7note7 ,any body 7or "o7 else's 7note7 ,apo/rophe ! ,appositives ,argum5tative ,/yle ,arrangem5t ,articles classes def9ite indef9ite errors 9 use ( repeat$ :5 uses ( a1 or an1 & ! ,z introductory conjunction relative pron\n 7note7 ) clauses ( degree1 mann]1 & "t ) v>iety ( clauses ,z 444 z1 con/ruction ( ,z x 71 con/ruction ( ,aspirates ,assum$ ,subject1 :at ,attribute ,complem5t def9ition ( diagram ( ,auxili>y ,v]bs ,be1 conjugation ( d]ivation ( 7note7 ,beside & besides di/+ui%$ 7note7 ,be/ ( ! two ,betwe5 ) ?ree or m 7note7 ,brackets1 use ( ,b adv]sative conjunction a preposition v>i\s uses ( ) or )\t t ) :at incorrect = b t or b ,c ,capital ,lett]s 9 abbreviations 9 beg9n+ s5t5ces 9 class names 9 comp\nd names 9 names ( ! ,deity 9 prop] names 9 titles rule = ,i & ,o summ>y ( rules = ,case def9$ ( attribute complem5t ( explanatory modifi] ( n\n or pron\n indep5d5t ( n\n or pron\n us$ adv]bially ( objective complem5t ,cases def9itions ( 9 ,anglo-,saxon & 9 ,lat9 ,case ,=ms errors 9 use ( five pron\ns h ?ree n\ns h two only eight nom9ative only sev5 objective ,cause1 adv]bs ( ,cause ,clauses1 divisible ,classification necessity ( n gov]n$ by logical relation ,clauses classes dep5d5t indep5d5t complex & comp\nd dep5d5t adjective adv]b n\n indep5d5t 7! ?\ght7 9 alt]nation 9 contra/ 9 same l9e inf]r$ ,collective ,n\ns =m ( v]b ) ( :at numb] ,colon ,comma1 rules = ,comp>ison adjectives )\t x cautions to guide 9 def9ition ( degree us$ ) two degrees (1 def9$444#beg4 #bfh d\ble1 orig9 ( d\ble1 to be %unn$ errors 9 use ( =ms ( irregul> :5 adv]b us$ :i* =m pref]r$ ,complem5t is :at ! modifi$ is :at ,complem5ts attribute 7subjective7 object objective ,complex ,s5t5ces def9ition treatm5t ( ,comp\nd ,attribute ,complem5t ,comp\nd ,object ,complem5t ,comp\nd ,p]sonal ,pron\ns ,comp\nd ,pr$icate1 def9$ ,comp\nd ,relative ,pron\ns ,comp\nd ,s5t5ce *ang$ to complex contract$ def9$ treatm5t ( ,comp\nd ,subject1 def9$ ,condition ,clauses )\t conjunction ,conjugation def9ition ( =ms ( m elaborate =m ,conjunction a1 def9ition ( ,conjunctions classes co-ord9ate subord9ate co-ord9ate adv]sative alt]native ,conjunctions 7cont47 co-ord9ate copulative co-ord9ate connect s5t5ces & p>agraphs s*eme = review ,conjunctive ,adv]bs are :at (fices ( ,connectives apt ones to be *os5 co-ord9ate adv]sative alt]native copulative errors 9 use ( 9 correlation introductory subord9ate ( adjective clauses ( adv]b clauses ( n\n clauses ,consonants1 classes ( ,contraction ( ,s5t5ces ,co-ord9ate ,conjunctions ,copulative1 mean+ ( ,copula1 :at ,correlatives1 errors 9 use ( ,d ( ! ed ( v]bs 9 pa/ t5se ,d ( ! ed ( pa/ p>ticiples ,d>e1 )\t s =m ,da% ! ,decl>ative ,s5t5ce1 def9$ ,decl5sion def9$ ( int]rogative pron\ns ( n\ns ( p]sonal pron\ns ( relative pron\ns ,degree1 adv]bs ( ,descriptive ,/yle ,dim9ution1 degrees ( ,diagram a1 :at may be omitt$ ,d1 idiomatic use ( ,ea* o!r con/ruction ( ) two or m ,ed ( pa/ t5se & p>ticiple ,ei!r & nei!r1 pron\ns & conjunctions1 ) two or m ,ei!r may be us$ = ea* ,elocution1 object ( ,en]gy def9$ ex]cises 9 secur$ h[ ,engli% ,gramm>1 def9ition ( ,epigrams are :at ,evid5ce di/+ui%$ f ,cause ,exclamatory ,s5t5ces def9ition ( ord] ( words 9 ,expansion ( absolute phrases ( inf9itive phrases ( p>ticiples ( s5t5ces ,explanatory ,modifi] def9ition ( punctuation ( ,figures ( ,spee* basis ( def9ition illu/rations ( names ( uses ( ,fir/ two1 etc4 ,=ce 7see ,en]gy7 ,= to ,g5d] def9$ di/+ui%$ f sex ( names ( animals ( :at importance ( pron\ns1 errors 9 us$ 9 p]sonification ,g5d] ,=ms ,g5d]s1 ! ?ree def9$ ,_h bett]1 r1 soon] ,h& 9 h&1 con/ruction ( ,h writt51 hi/ory ( ,he or "o aft] ! indef9ite "o ,humor1 9 /yle ,hyph51 use ( ,idea di/+ui%$ f object ,if = ev5 if1 al?\gh = :e!r omission ( v>iety ( uses ,imag]y1 discussion ( ,imp]ative ,s5t5ce def9ition ( ord] ( words 9 ,9 & ,into di/+ui%$ ,9 case t1 con/ruction ( ,indep5d5t ,clauses def9ition ( jo9$ )\t conjunction punctuat$ ,indep5d5t ,expressions1 punctuat$ ,indirect1 or ,dative1 ,object ,inf]5ce1 express$ by an indep5d5t clause ,inf9itive 7!71 & assum$ subject aft] = def9ition ( d\ble nature ( old dative ( use ( pres5t p]fect aft] pa/ indicative :y call$ inf9itive ,inf9itive ,phrase aft] a preposition z adjective z adjective modifi] z adv]b modifi] z attribute complem5t z explanatory modifi] z object complem5t z objective complem5t z subject cleft or split does n ) ! n\n =m a clause expansion into clauses indep5d5t ,9 ord] t1 con/ruction ( ,int]jections ,int]rogation ,po9t1 use ( ,int]rogative ,pron\ns decl5sion def9ition li/ ,int]rogative ,s5t5ces def9ition ( ord] ( words 9 ,intransitive ,v]bs1 def9ition ,introductory ,words ,invitations1 =m ( ,irregul> ,v]bs def9ition ( inflections ( li/ ( p]si/5ce ( ,x = a clause idiomatic use ( use = animals & *ildr5 vague ,x is me1 him1 etc4 ,j z1 con/ruction ( ,language def9ition ( made up ( words natural ^w ,la/ two1 etc4 ,lay & lie ,less1 ! f9al s (1 & less] ,le/ equal+ t n v>i\s uses ( ) n\n clause ,lett]s1 ! alphabet ,lett]s body ( conclusion ( head+ ( illu/ration ( introduction ( p>ts ( sup]scription ( ,lett]-,writ+ ,loose ,s5t5ce ,_m a1 explanation ( ,mann]1 adv]bs ( ,mascul9e ,g5d] di/+ui%$ ,mascul9e ,pron\n1 use ( ,may ,metaphor def9ition ( ex]cises 9 use ( ,me?9ks ,metonymy def9ition ( ex]cises 9 use ( ,m9e1 ?9e1 ( m9e1 etc ,mode is :at ,modes classes1 imp]ative indicative pot5tial subjunctive def9itions ( imp]ative1 no #b;d & #c;d p]sons indicative1 uses ( pot5tial omitt$ subjunctive ,modifications1 def9ition ,modifi$ ,complem5t ,modifi]s1 def9ition diff]5t rank explanatory1 punctuation ,mu/ ,myself1 explanatory ,n1 ,saxon ne1 ! negative p>ticle ,n>rative ,/yle ,natural ,language ,ne$1 )\t s =m ,negation by adv]bs ,negatives1 d\ble ,no & yes1 s5t5ce-words ,no body 7or "o7 else's ,nom9ative ,=ms1 eight ,n\n a1 def9ition ( ,n\ns ab/ract z adjective modifi]s z adv]b modifi]s cases ( classes ( collective common & prop] decl5sion g5d] ( numb]1 k9ds ( p]son ( roots ( s*eme = g5]al review ,n\n ,clauses z attribute complem5t z explanatory modifi] z object complem5t z pr9cipal t]m ( prepositional phrase z subject connectives ( contraction ( def9ition ( position ( punctuation ( ,n\n ,modifi] explanatory 7appositive7 explanatory ( a s5t5ce possessive ,numb] def9ition ( k9ds ( ( n\n agree+ ) adjective ( n\ns det]m9$ ( v]bs %[s :at #j & oh di/+ui%$ ,object & ,object ,complem5t di/+ui%$ ,object1 indirect ,object1 indirect1 made subject ,object ,complem5t becom+ subject comp\nd def9ition ( reta9$ aft] v]b 9 passive ,objective ,=ms1 sev5 ,objective ,complem5t an inf9itive phrase a p>ticiple becom+ an attribute complem5t def9ition ( ext5d$ beyond its factitive s5se ,( 9 place ( possessive sign n always indicat+ possession ,( m9e1 etc ,on condition t ,"o ano!r syntax ( ) two or m ,only1 position ( syntax ( ,ord] 7words & phrases7 transpos$ usual ,o!r1 misuse ( ,ought ,p>agraph 7!7 composition ( def9ition ( topics & subtopics ( unity ( ,p>agraph+1 ex]cises 9 ,p>allel ,con/ruction ,p>5!sis1 m>ks ( ,p>5!tical ,classes1 punctuation ,p>s+ def9ition ( fir/ /ep 9 models = writt5 ,p>ticiples adjectival z adjective modifi]s z attribute complem5ts z m]e adjectives z m]e n\ns z objective complem5ts z prepositions z pr9cipal ^w 9 a phrase def9ition ( expansion ( =ms ( 9 indep5d5t phrases misuse ( modifi$ by a & ! modifi$ by a possessive n\nal1 call$ g]unds1 inf9itives1 v]bal n\ns place ( punctuation ( us$ 9 slurr+ ,passive ,voice1 idiomatic con/ructions ,p]iod1 use ( ,p]iodic ,s5t5ce ,p]son =ms ( a n\n or pron\n ( a v]b :y reg>d$ 9 ! gramm> ,p]sonification1 ! figure ,p]sons1 ! ?ree def9$ ,p]spicuity def9ition ( ex]cises 9 ,phrases absolute adjective & adv]b z prepositions complex & comp\nd def9ition ( inf9itive int]*ange ) clauses int]*ange ) words p>ticipial position ( prepositional punctuation ( us$ indep5d5tly v]b ,place1 adv]bs ( ,plural ,numb] ,plural end+1 orig9 =eign =ms ( =m$ irregul>ly =m$ regul>ly =m same z s+ul> =ms treat$ z s+ul> no =m = ( comp\nd words ( lett]s1 figures1 etc4 ( prop] names "s orig9ally s+ul> "s words always two =ms ) diff]5t mean+ )\t s+ul> ( l mean+ ,possessive ,end+ add$ to explanatory ^w ambiguity avoid$ by atta*$ to ! adjective conf9$ to :at error respect+ errors 9 use ( ( = ( comp\nd names orig9 ( :5 omitt$ :5 pron\nc$ es ,pr$icate adjective def9$ a v]b or conta9s "o comp\nd def9ition ( modifi$ n\n def9$ ( two or m words ,preposition a1 def9$ ,prepositions becom+ adv]bs end+ a s5t5ce end+ 9 + errors 9 use ( li/ ( two be=e a n\n :]e sometimes f\nd ) v]b be=e a n\n ,pron\n a1 def9$ ,pron\ns agreem5t ,nom4 & ,obj4 =ms classes adjective int]rogative p]sonal relative decl5sion ( d5ote relations errors 9 use ( ne$ ( numb] s*eme = review vagu5ess ( ,pron\ns 7,adjective7 a 7day7 or two all1 bo?1 & :ole be=e ( any body 7or "o7 else's1 etc4 decl5sion ( def9ition ( demon/rative di/ributive ea* o!r1 ) two or m ei!r1 nei!r1 ) two or m ei!r = ea* fir/ two1 la/ ?ree1 etc41 he1 etc4 aft] indef9ite "o indef9ite none 9 bo? numb]s ones1 plural o!r & ?an1 words betwe5 o!r two1 :5 "o ( ?ree is tak5 p>tial li/ ( su* or s ) adjectives ,pron\ns 7,int]rogative7 decl5sion def9ition li/ ,pron\ns 7,p]sonal7 avoid$ :5 comp\nd consi/5t use ( decl5sion def9ition its1 hi/ory ( misuse ( !m = ^? my & m9e1 etc4 ord] ( ours1 y\rs1 etc41 d\ble possessives ,pron\ns 7,p]sonal7 7cont47 use ( comp\nd us$ ne$lessly we h>dly plural ( ,i we in/ead ( ,i ye has giv5 way to y ,pron\ns 7,relative7 agreem5t ( comp\nd decl5sion def9ition discrim9at$ 9 use omitt$ :5 same ) same antec$5t t 9 re/rictive clauses t in/ead ( :o & :i* :at misus$ = t :o & :i* re/rictive & unre/rictive ) omitt$ antec$5ts ,pun1 a ,punctuation ,m>ks ex]cises 9 summ>y ( rules = ,qualities ( ,/yle ,"q1 direct & indirect ,quotation ,m>ks1 use ( ,quotations capitalization ( def9ition ( direct indirect punctuation ( ,quo? ,regul> ,v]bs def9ition increas+ inflections ( ,relative ,clauses1 position ,result1 clauses ( ,review ,que/ions ,review ( ,s5t5ce1 s*eme = ,satire ,semicolon1 rules = ,s5t5ce 7!7 balanc$ contract$ def9$ exp&$ loose p]iod ,s5t5ces 7class$7 =m complex comp\nd simple mean+ decl>ative exclamatory imp]ative int]rogative ,set & sit ,%all & w ,%\ld & w\ld ,simile1 def9ition & ex]cises 9 ,simple ,s5t5ces def9ition ( treatm5t ( ,s9ce1 v>i\s uses ( ,s+ul> ,numb] ,s 444 z1 con/ruction ( ,"s body 7or "o7 else's ,s\nds & ,lett]s ,spee* figures ( me*anism ( ,spell+1 rules = ,/yle argum5tative def9ition ( descriptive illu/rations n>rative qualities ( ,subject assum$1 :at assum$1 *ang$ to prev5t ambiguity comp\nd def9$ det]m9$ h[ ,subject 7cont471 modifi$1 or logical ,subjunctive ,mode def9ition ( disappe>+ uses ( ,subord9ate ,conjunctions ,subord9ate ,connectives ,synecdo*e ,synopsis is :at ,syntax1 rules = ,t5se def9$ future1 h[ us$ future p]fect1 h[ us$ pa/1 h[ us$ pa/ p]fect1 h[ us$ pres5t1 h[ us$ pres5t p]fect1 h[ us$ ,t5ses def9$ emphatic =m ( errors 9 use ( conjunctive adv]b ,?an errors 9 use ( foll[$ by adjective replac$ by b1 etc4 use aft] comp>atives ) me aft] x ,?an :om ,t & ?is1 adjectives1 plurals ,t & ?is 7,adj4 ,pro47 decl5sion ref]5ce ,t 7,conj47 ) cause clause ) n\n clause ) purpose clause ,t1 ,conj4 ,adv41 degree clause ,t 7,rel4 ,pr47 di/+ui%$ f :o & :i* = :o & :i* g5]ally re/rictive preposition foll[s ,!1 uses ( ,! 444 ! con/ruction ( explanation ( ,!mes framework ( h[ to write !m subjects = ,! "o1 ! o!r ,?is ,?\ght1 h[ express$ ,?ree times f\r is twelve ,to ) inf9itive con/ruction ( express+ relation ext5sion ( no "p ( n express$ position ( )\t relation ,transitive ,v]bs def9ition ( conjugat$ passively ,unity ( p>agraphs ,unless 7 if n7 ,usage ,v>iety h[ secur$ illu/rations ( want ( ,v]b a1 def9$ ,v]b ,be an auxili>y conjugation ( d]ivation ( ,v]b-,phrases ,v]bs 7classes7 =m irregul> regul> mean+ intransitive transitive ,v]bs a mod]n passive progressive =m analysis ( comp\nd t5se =ms z n\ns auxili>y *ang+ _! voice conjugat$ 9 progressive =m conjugat$ int]rogatively conjugat$ negatively conjugation ( ,v]bs 7cont47 defective =ms n ass]t+ improp] =ms us$ indicative & pot5tial ) subjunctive mean+ inflections ( intransitive def9ition ( made transitive irregul> def9ition ( li/ ( p]si/5ce ( pr9cipal p>ts ( mode1 def9$ model = writt5 p>s+ numb] =ms numb] ( def9$ passive =m comp\nd p]iphra/ic =ms resolv$1 p]son =ms p]son ( pot5tial auxili>ies pr9cipal p>ts r$undant regul> def9ition ( increas+ s*eme = g54 review ,/rong 7or ,old71 ,weak 7or ,new7 subjunctive =m fad+ t5se ! e & ! d ( pa/ t5se1 ! e & ! d ( pa/ p>ticiple transitive1 def9ition ( conjugat$ passively voice ,v]bs 7agreem5t (7 attract$ errors 9 ) & 9 :at ) collective n\n ) subjects connect$ by & ) subjects connect$ by or or nor ) subjects emphatically di/+ui%$ ) subjects nam+ same ?+ ) subjects "o affirmative & "o negative ) subjects foll[+ ) subjects prec$$ by ea*1 e1 etc4 ) subjects v>y+ 9 p]son ,vocal ,consonants ,voice1 ! voices def9$ ,voices *ang$ ,v[els ,:at equal to t or :om 9 orig9 misuse = t v>i\s uses ( )\t antec$5t ,:5 conjunctive adv]b connect+ v>i\s clauses 9 adjective clauses int]rogative adv]b ,:]e conjunctive adv]b connect+ v>i\s clauses 9 adjective clauses int]rogative adv]b ,:e!r repeat$ ) m ?an two ,:e!r or no ,:i* an adjective an int]rogative pron\n a relative pron\n clause z antec$5t composition ( decl5sion ,:i* & ,:o 9 re/rictive clauses 9 unre/rictive clauses t us$ = ,:ile1 connect+ v>i\s clauses ,w & w\ld ,words great numb] ( 9 ,eng4 spok5 words :at transpos$ ord] ( use ( det]m9+ ! class ( usual ord] ( writt5 words :at ,words & ,phrases 7cont47 connect$1 ea* mak+ good s5se ) context indep5d5t indep5d5t ne>ly 9 pairs1 punctuation int]*angeable made prom95t modify+ s5t5ces ,wor?1 a v]b ,ye ,yes & ,no ,y1 v]b =m )