,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,additional notes w be f\nd ne> ! end ( ?is ebook4 ,,an ,,old ,,ma/] ,,& ,,o!r ,,political ,,essays ,,an ,,old ,,ma/] ,,& ,,o!r ,,political ,,essays ,,by ,,woodr[ ,,wilson ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,jurisprud5ce ,,9 ,,pr9ceton ,,univ]sity ,,au?or ,,( 8,,congressional ,,gov]nm5t10 8,,division ,,& ,,reunion10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #ahic ,,copyright1 #ahic1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,tr[ ,,directory ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bookb9d+ ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,rob]t ,,bridges ,,) ,,he>ty ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,( ,,long ,,& ,,tri$ ,,fri5d%ip ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,an ,,old ,,ma/]1 #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,politics1 #ca ,,iii4 ,,political ,,sov]eignty1 #fa ,,iv4 ,,"* ,,( ,,democracy ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ii ,v4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,"u ,,! ,,con/itution1 #ada ,i4 & ,,ii4 republi%$ f ! ,new ,pr9ceton ,review1 ,,iv4 & ,v4 f ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ) ! k9d p]mission ( ! publi%]s4 ,i ,,an ,,old ,,ma/] ,:y has no "o ev] writt5 on ! art ( academic lectur+ & its _m notable triumphs8 ,9 "s qu>t]s new educational canons h spok5 an emphatic condemnation ( ! college lecture1 & x w\ld seem to be high "t to consid] its value1 z illu/rative ( an art ab\t to be lo/1 if n z exempl>y ( =ces to be reta9$1 ev5 if modifi$4 ,are n our college class-rooms1 9 be+ robb$ ( ! old-"t lecture1 & gett+ in/ead a sci5ce-brief ( data & bibliography1 be+ depriv$ also ( t lit]>y atmosph]e :i* once p]vad$ !m8 ,we are unque/ionably ga9+ 9 ?or\ghness2 b are we ga9+ 9 ?\ghtfulness8 ,we are giv+ to _m y\?s an insight1 x may be pr(\nd1 into specialties2 b are we giv+ any ( !m a broad outlook8 ,!re 0 too (t5 a p>alysis ( dulness 9 ! old lecture1 or1 r1 9 ! old lectur]2 & writt5 lectures1 l hi/ory & fa%ion 9 dress1 h an invet]ate t5d5cy to repeat !mselves2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !re 0 (t5 a weal? ( p[] also 9 ! /udi$ disc\rse ( /rong m54 ,ma/]s b5t ^u in/ruct+ & inspir+--& !re 7 _m su*--_h to p5etrate t c5tral secret ( lit]ature & spok5 utt]ance--! secret ( /yle4 ,_! only in/rum5t ( conque/ 0 ! sword ( p5etrat+ spee*4 ,"s ( ! subtle/ & mo/ la/+ effects ( g5u9e oratory h gone =? f seclud$ lecture desks into ! he>ts ( quiet gr\ps ( /ud5ts2 & x w\ld seem to be good policy to endure mu* indiff]5t lectur+--wat*ful tru/ees might r$uce x to a m9imum--= ! sake ( leav+ places op5 = ! m5 :o h 9 !m ! ine/imable =ce ( *a/5$ eloqu5ce4 ,= "o man :o c imp>t an undy+ impulse !re are sev]al score1 presuppos+ ! requisite tra9+1 :o c imp>t a me?od2 & "h is ! well und]/ood gr\nd = ! cumulat+ disfavor ( college lectur+ & ! rapid sub/itution ( #8laboratory drill4' ,b w n high] education be cut (f f communion ) ! highe/ ( all =ces1 ! =ce ( p]sonal inspiration 9 ! field ( great !mes ( ?\ght1 if y int]dict ! lit]>y me?od 9 ! class-room8 ,i am n incl9$ to consume v _m words 9 insi/+ on ?is po9t1 = ,i believe t educators are n[ deal+ m frankly ) !mselves ?an ev] be=e1 & t s obvi\s a po9t w by no means escape full recognition be=e re=m$ me?ods ( college & univ]sity in/ruction take _! f9al %ape4 ,b x is v well to be ?9k+ explicitly ab\t ! matt] mean:ile1 9 ord] t ! lecture may be got ready to come fully militant into ! f9al battle = t]ritory4 ,! be/ way to compass ?is end w\ld seem to be1 to /udy ! art ( ! old ma/]s ( le>n$ disc\rse4 ,) ,lanfranc "o c\ld get ! inf9ite *>m ( ! old mona/ic s*ool life2 ) ,abel>d1 ! undy+ excitem5t ( philosophical & religi\s controv]sy2 ) ,colet1 ! fire ( re=m+ zeal2 ) ,black/one1 ! satisfactions ( cl>ifi$ le>n+4 ,b ,bee & ,p>is & ,ox=d h by no means monopoliz$ ! ma/]s ( ?is art1 & ,i %\ld pref]1 = ! nonce at lea/1 to *oose an exempl> f ,scotl&1 & speak ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,x w1 no d\bt1 be possible to speak ( him )\t go+ ov] aga9 ! well worn gr\nd ( ! topics usually associat$ ) 8 great fame4 ,!re is mu*1 besides ! cont5ts ( 8 publi%$ works1 to draw to ,adam ,smi? ! att5tion ( ^? :o are attract$ by individual p[]4 ,scot*m5 h long be5 reput$ /rong 9 philosophic doctr9e1 & he 0 a ,scot ( ! ,scots4 ,b1 ?\gh ,scotl& is n[ r5[n$ = h] philosophy1 t r5[n is n ( immemorial orig92 x 0 n till ! la/ c5tury 0 well advanc$ t %e began to add great speculative ?9k]s to h] great prea*]s4 ,adam ,smi?1 consequ5tly1 /&s ne>ly at ! op5+ ( ! greate/ ( ! intellectual eras ( ,scotl&4 ,yet by none ( ! great ,scot* names :i* m5 h le>n$ s9ce 8 day has 8 "n be5 eclips$4 ,! *>m ab\t ! man consi/s1 = ^? :o d n reg>d him ) ! special int]e/ ( ! political economi/1 9 8 lit]>y me?od1 :i* exhibits 8 p]sonality s attractively & makes 8 works s ?or\ghly 8 own1 r ?an 9 any facts ab\t 8 em95cy among ,scot*m54 ,y br+ away f y\r read+ ( ,adam ,smi? a di/9ct & attractive impression ( ! man himself1 su* z y c get f ! writ+s ( no o!r au?or 9 ! same field1 & su* z makes y wi% to "k /ill m ( him4 ,:at 0 he l8 ,:at 0 8 daily life8 ,unhappily1 we "k v little t is detail$ ( ,adam ,smi? z a man2 & x may be deplor$1 )\t inju/ice to a respect$ "n1 t we owe t little to ,dugald ,/ew>t1 :o 0 too self-consci\s & too /ately to s]ve ano!r effici5tly z biograph]4 ,!re 0 no suitable place amid ! =mal spaces ( 8 palatial /yle = small illum9at+ details4 ,ev5 f ,dugald ,/ew>t1 h[ev]1 we get a picture ( ,adam ,smi? :i* mu/ please e "o :o loves simplicity & g5u95ess4 ,he 0 n1 p]haps1 a companionable man2 he 0 mu* too abs5t-m9d$ to be companionable2 b he 01 9 ! highe/ s5se1 int]e/+4 ,8 abs5t-m9d$ness 0 ( t sort :i* indicates fulness ( m9d1 :i* m>ks a m9d cont5t1 mu* ( ! "t1 to live )9 itself1 indulg+ 9 ^? delights ( quiet contemplation :i* ! ri*es ( a full /ore ( ?\ght c always comm&4 ,(t5 he w\ld op5 to 8 companions 8 m9d's fulle/ confid5ces1 &1 ) a r>e v]satility1 lavi% a weal? ( in=mation & illu/ration ^u topics ! mo/ v>i$ & div]se1 always to ! wond]+ delight ( ^? :o he>d him4 ,all :o met ,adam ,smi? 9 intimate int]c\rse are said to h be5 /ruck *iefly by ! g5tl5ess & b5ignity ( 8 mann]--traits :i* w\ld naturally /rike "o 9 a ,scot*man2 = m5 ( t unb5d+ race are n (t5 di/+ui%$ by eas9ess ( temp] or suavity ( mann]1 b are g5]ally bo? =tit] 9 re et =tit] 9 modo4 ,8 g5tl5ess 01 possibly1 only "o phase ( t timidity :i* is natural to abs5t-m9d$ m51 & :i* 0 always conspicu\s 9 him4 ,t timidity made x r>e ) him to talk mu*4 ,:5 he did talk1 z ,i h said1 8 he>]s m>vell$ at ! +5uity ( 8 reason+1 at ! con/ructive p[] ( 8 imag9ation1 at ! compreh5siv5ess ( 8 memory1 at ! f]tility ( all 8 res\rces2 b 8 incl9ation 0 always to rema9 sil5t4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 dis9cl9$ to public disc\rse1 & x is *iefly to 8 unusual gifts z a lectur] t he seems to h ow$ 8 advancem5t 9 ! lit]>y1 or1 r1 9 ! univ]sity1 _w4 ,act+ ^u ! advice ( ,"l ,kames1 an em95t b>ri/] & a man ( "s /&+ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 he volunte]$ a c\rse ( lectures 9 ,ed9burgh almo/ imm$iately ^u 8 return f ,ox=d2 & ! success ( ?is c\rse 0 h>dly assur$ be=e he 0 elect$ to ! *air ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he _h ! honor ( succe$+ to ! *air ( ,moral ,philosophy1 once occupi$ by ! le>n$ & +5i\s ,hut*eson4 ,he seems to h be5 at once successful 9 rais+ 8 new *air to a position ( ! v highe/ consid]ation4 ,8 imm$iate pr$ecessor _h be5 "o ,?omas ,craigie1 :o has left beh9d him s %ad[y a reputation t x is d\btless safe to conclude t 8 dep>tm5t 01 at 8 dea?1 mu* 9 ne$ ( a fre% infusion ( life4 ,?is x receiv$ f ,adam ,smi?4 ,! bread? & v>iety ( ! topics ^u :i* he *ose to lecture1 & ! felicity1 /r5g?1 & vitality ( ! exposition he gave !m 7we are told by "o :o _h sat "u him71 soon drew to ,glasg[ 8a multitude ( /ud5ts f a great di/ance0 to he> him4 ,8 ma/]y ( ! art ( academic lectur+ 0 pres5tly an e/abli%$ fact4 ,x appe>s cle> t 8 success 0 due to two ?+s3 ! broad outlook ( 8 treatm5t & ! f9e art ( 8 /yle4 ,8 *air 0 ,moral ,philosophy2 & #8moral philosophy' seems to h be5 ! mo/ inclusive ( g5]al t]ms 9 ! univ]sity usage ( ,scotl& at t day1 &1 inde$1 = _m ye>s aft]w>d4 ,app>5tly x embrac$ all philosophy t did n directly conc]n ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w1 &1 accord+ly1 all[$ its doctors to give v free play to _! ta/es 9 ! *oice ( subjects4 ,adam ,smi?1 9 ,glasg[1 c\ld draw )9 ! big family ( ?is l>ge-he>t$ philosophy n only ! sci5ce ( m5tal ph5om5a1 b also ! :ole ( ! hi/ory & organization ( society2 j z1 ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,john ,wilson1 9 ,ed9burgh1 c\ld insi/ ^u ! adoption ( some?+ v l belles-lettres into ! same g5]\s & unconv5tional family circle4 ,adam ,smi? s\ght to cov] ! field he _h *os5 ) a f\rfold c\rse ( lectures4 ,fir/1 he unfold$ ! pr9ciples ( natural !ology2 second1 he illu/rat$ ! pr9ciples ( e?ics1 9 a s]ies ( lectures :i* 7 aft]w>ds embodi$ 9 8 publi%$ "w on ! 8,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts20 ?ird1 he disc\rs$ on t bran* ( morality :i* relates to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 &1 la/1 com+ out ^u ! field ) :i* 8 "n is n[ id5tifi$1 he exam9$ ^? political regulations :i* are f\nd$1 n ^u pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 b ^u consid]ations ( exp$i5cy1 & :i* are calculat$ to increase ! ri*es1 ! p[]1 & ! prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 notes ( 8 lectures he himself de/roy$ :5 he felt dea? approa*+1 & we are left to conjecture :at ! ma9 features ( 8 treatm5t 71 f ! record$ recollections ( 8 pupils & f ^? publi%$ works :i* rema9 z fragm5ts ( ! great plan4 ,^! fragm5ts consi/ ( ! 8,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts10 ! 8,weal? ( ,nations10 & 8,consid]ations ,conc]n+ ! ,fir/ ,=mation ( ,languages20 besides :i* !re are1 to quote ano!r's enum]ation1 8a v curi\s hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 left imp]fect1 & ano!r fragm5t on ! hi/ory ( anci5t physics1 :i* is a k9d ( sequel to t "p ( ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy :i* relates to anci5t a/ronomy2 !n a simil> essay on ! anci5t logic & metaphysics2 !n ano!r on ! nature & developm5t ( ! f9e1 or1 z he calls !m1 ! imitative1 arts1 pa9t+1 poetry1 & music1 9 :i* 0 meant to h be5 includ$ a hi/ory ( ! !atre--all =m+ "p1 8 executors tell u1 #8( a plan he _h once =m$ = giv+ a connect$ hi/ory ( ! lib]al & elegant arts2'0 "p1 t is 7to cont9ue ! quotation f ,mr4 ,bagehot71 ( ! 8imm5se design ( %[+ ! orig9 & developm5t ( cultivation & law1 or 444 ( say+ h[1 f be+ a savage1 man rose to be a ,scot*man40 ,! wid5ess ( view & amaz+ v>iety ( illu/ration t *>act]iz$ 8 treatm5t1 9 develop+ ! sev]al p>ts ( ?is va/ plan1 c easily be inf]r$ f an exam9ation ( ! 8,weal? ( ,nations40 8,! #8,weal? ( ,nations1'0 decl>es ,mr4 ,buckle1 f :om1 = obvi\s reasons1 ,i pref] to quote1 8displays a bread? ( treatm5t :i* ^? :o _c sympa?ize )1 are v likely to ridicule4 ,! ph5om5a1 n only ( weal?1 b also ( society 9 g5]al1 classifi$ & arrang$ "u _! v>i\s =ms2 ! orig9 ( ! division ( labor1 & ! consequ5ces :i* t division has produc$2 ! circum/ances :i* gave rise to ! inv5tion ( money1 & to ! subsequ5t *anges 9 its value2 ! hi/ory ( ^? *anges trac$ 9 diff]5t ages1 & ! hi/ory ( ! relations :i* ! preci\s metals be> to ea* o!r2 an exam9ation ( ! connection betwe5 wages & pr(its1 & ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! rise & fall ( bo?2 ano!r exam9ation ( ! way 9 :i* ^! are conc]n$1 on ! "o h& ) ! r5t ( l&1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! price ( commodities2 an inquiry into ! reason :y pr(its v>y 9 diff]5t trades1 & at diff]5t times2 a succ9ct b compreh5sive view ( ! progress ( t[ns 9 ,europe s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire2 ! fluctuations1 dur+ sev]al c5turies1 9 ! prices ( ! food ( ! p1 & a /atem5t ( h[ x is1 t1 9 diff]5t /ages ( society1 ! relative co/ ( meat & ( l& v>ies2 ! hi/ory ( corporation laws & ( municipal enactm5ts1 & _! be>+ on ! f\r great classes ( appr5tices1 manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 & l&lords2 an acc\nt ( ! imm5se p[] & ri*es =m]ly enjoy$ by ! cl]gy1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 z society advances1 !y gradually lose _! exclusive privileges2 ! nature ( religi\s diss5t1 & ! reason :y ! cl]gy ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* c nev] cont5d ) x on t]ms ( equality1 &1 !re=e1 call on ! ,/ate to help !m1 & wi% to p]secute :5 !y _c p]suade2 :y "s sects pr(ess m ascetic pr9ciples1 & o!rs m luxuri\s ones2 h[ x 01 t1 dur+ ! feudal times1 ! nobles acquir$ _! p[]1 & h[ t p[] has1 ev] s9ce1 be5 gradually dim9i%+2 h[ ! rights ( t]ritorial jurisdiction orig9at$1 & h[ !y di$ away2 h[ ! sov]eigns ( ,europe obta9$ _! rev5ue1 :at ! s\rces ( x are1 & :at classes are mo/ heavily tax$ 9 ord] to supply x2 ! cause ( c]ta9 virtues1 su* z hospitality1 fl\ri%+ 9 b>b>\s ages1 & decay+ 9 civiliz$ ones2 ! influ5ce ( inv5tions & discov]ies 9 alt]+ ! di/ribution ( p[] among ! v>i\s classes ( society2 a bold & ma/]ly sket* ( ! peculi> sort ( advantages :i* ,europe d]iv$ f ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ( ! passage r\nd ! ,cape2 ! orig9 ( univ]sities1 _! deg5]acy f ! orig9al plan1 ! corruption :i* has gradually crept ov] !m1 & ! reason :y !y are s unwill+ to adopt improvem5ts1 & to keep pace ) ! wants ( ! age2 a comp>ison betwe5 public & private education1 & an e/imate ( _! relative advantages2 ^!1 & a va/ numb] ( o!r subjects1 respect+ ! /ructure & developm5t ( society1 su* z ! feudal sy/em1 slav]y1 emancipation ( s]fs1 orig9 ( /&+ armies & ( m]c5>y troops1 effects produc$ by ti!s1 laws ( primog5iture1 sumptu>y laws1 int]national treaties conc]n+ trade1 rise ( ,european banks1 national debts1 influ5ce ( dramatic repres5tations ov] op9ions1 colonies1 poor-laws--all topics ( a miscellane\s "*1 & _m ( !m div]g+ f ea* o!r--all are fus$ into "o great sy/em1 & irradiat$ by ! spl5dor ( "o great g5ius4 ,into t d5se & disord]ly mass1 did ,adam ,smi? introduce symmetry1 me?od1 & law40 ,9 fact1 x is a book ( digressions--digressions *>act]iz$ by m ord] & me?od1 b by little m compunction1 ?an ! wondr\s digressions ( ,tri/ram ,%&y4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ev5 ?is va/ miscellany ( ?\ght1 ! 8,weal? ( ,nations10 sy/ematiz$ ?\gh x be1 0 n meant to /& alone z ! exposition ( a complete sy/em2 x 0 only a supplem5t to ! 8,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts20 & ! two toge!r con/itut$ only *apt]s 9 t va/ book ( ?\ght :i* _! au?or w\ld h writt54 ,adam ,smi? w\ld h gr\p$ all ?+s t conc]n ei!r ! individual or ! social life ( man "u ! sev]al great] pr9ciples ( motive & action obs]vable 9 human conduct4 ,8 me?od ?r\gh\t is1 !re=e1 necess>ily ab/ract & d$uctive4 ,9 ! 8,weal? ( ,nations10 he ignores ! op]ation ( love1 ( b5evol5ce1 ( sympa?y1 & ( *>ity 9 fill+ life ) k9dly influ5ces1 & conc5trates 8 att5tion exclusively ^u ! op]ation ( self-int]e/ & exp$i5cy2 because he _h reckon$ ) ! altrui/ic motives 9 ! 8,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts10 & he w\ld n confuse 8 view ( ! economic life ( man by aga9 =c+ ^! 9 :]e selfi%ness 0 unque/ionably ! pr$om9ant =ce4 8,! philosoph]10 he held1 8is ! man ( speculation1 ^: trade is n to d any?+1 b to obs]ve ev]y?+20 & c]ta9ly he satisfi$ 8 own def9ition4 ,he does obs]ve ev]y?+2 & he /ores 8 volumes full ) ! sage/ practical maxims1 fit to h fall5 f ! lips ( ! %rewde/ ( ^? ,glasg[ m]*ants 9 ^: society he le>n$ s mu* t might te/ ! uses ( 8 !ories4 ,b x is noticeable t none ( ! c>efully not$ facts ( exp]i5ce :i* play s prom95t a "p on ! /age ( 8 argum5t speaks ( any o!r pr9ciple ?an ! simple & s+le "o :i* is ! pivot ( t "p ( 8 philosophy ) :i* he is at ! mom5t deal+4 ,9 ! 8,weal? ( ,nations0 e app>5t induction leads to self-int]e/1 & to self-int]e/ alone4 ,9 ,mr4 ,buckle's phrase1 8 facts are subsequ5t to 8 argum5t2 !y are n us$ = demon/ration1 b = illu/ration4 ,8 hi/orical cases1 8 f9e g5]alizations1 ev]y:]e broad5+ & /r5g!n+ 8 matt]1 are only in/ances ( ! op]ation ( ! s+le ab/ract pr9ciple meant to be set =?4 ,:5 he 0 consid]+ t topic 9 8 c\rse :i* has n come d[n to u 9 any ( ! rema9+ fragm5ts ( 8 lectures--! pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 namely--al?\gh /ill always m9dful ( its relative position 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( 8 ab/ract philosophy ( society1 8 subject l$ him1 we are told1 to speak v mu* 9 ! mod]n hi/orical _s4 ,he foll[$ ^u ?is subject1 says ! pupil already quot$1 8! plan :i* seems to h be5 sugge/$ by ,montesquieu2 endeavor+ to trace ! gradual progress ( jurisprud5ce1 bo? public & private1 f ! rude/ to ! mo/ ref9$ ages1 & to po9t out ! effects ( ^? arts :i* contribute to subsi/5ce1 & to ! accumulation ( prop]ty1 9 produc+ correspond+ improvem5ts or alt]ations 9 law & gov]nm5t40 ,9 foll[+ ,montesquieu1 he 01 ( c\rse1 foll[+ "o ( ! =]unn]s ( t great s*ool ( philosophical /ud5ts ( hi/ory :i* has done s mu* 9 our own "t to cle> away ! fogs t surr\nd ! e>lie/ ages ( mank9d1 & to e/abli% some?+ l ! rudim5ts ( a true philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,& ?is same _s 0 h>dly less disc]nible 9 ^? lat] lectures on ! 8political in/itutions relat+ to comm]ce1 to f9ances1 & to ! ecclesia/ical & milit>y e/abli%m5ts10 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! 8,weal? ( ,nations40 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s !re is a p]vasive s5se ( ! realities ( fact & circum/ance2 a lum9\s1 brac+1 "w-a-day atmosph]e4 ,b ! conclusions are1 fir/ ( all1 philosophical2 only second>ily practical4 ,x has be5 necess>y to g ov] ?is some:at famili> gr\nd ) ref]5ce to ! philosophical me?od ( ,adam ,smi?1 9 ord] to come at ! prop] po9t ( view f :i* to consid] 8 place among ! old ma/]s ( academic lectur+4 ,x has reveal$ ! ext5t ( 8 outlook4 ,!re yet rema9s some?+ to be said ( 8 lit]>y me?od1 s t we may disc]n ! qualities ( t /yle :i*1 aft] prov+ s effectual 9 imp>t+ p[] to 8 spok5 disc\rses1 has s9ce1 transf]r$ to ! pr9t$ page1 pres]v$ 8 fame s f> beyond ! lifetime ( ^? :o he>d him4 ,adam ,smi? took /rong hold ^u 8 he>]s1 z he /ill takes /rong hold ^u 8 read]s1 by =ce1 p>tly1 ( 8 native sagacity1 b by virtue1 pr9cipally1 ( 8 consummate /yle4 ,! success ( 8 lectures 0 n altoge!r a triumph ( natural gifts2 x 01 9 great "p1 a triumph ( s$ul\sly cultivat$ art4 ,) ! true in/9ct ( ! orator & tea*]1 ,adam ,smi? saw--:at e "o mu/ see :o speaks n = ! pati5t e> ( ! closet$ /ud5t only1 b also to ! (t5 %all[ e> ( ! pupil 9 ! class-room1 & to ! always call\s e> ( ! great _w outside1 :i* mu/ be tickl$ 9 ord] to be made att5tive--t cle>ness1 =ce1 & beauty ( /yle are absolutely necess>y to "o :o w\ld draw m5 to 8 way ( ?9k+2 nay1 to any "o :o w\ld induce ! great mass ( mank9d to give s mu* z pass+ he$ to :at he has to say4 ,he knew t wit 0 ( no avail1 )\t wit's prop] words2 sagacity mean1 )\t sagacity's mell[ measures ( phrase4 ,he be/[$ ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e1 !re=e1 n only ^u :at he 0 to say1 b also ^u ! way 9 :i* he 0 to say x4 ,dugald ,/ew>t speaks ( 8t fl[+ & app>5tly artless /yle1 :i* he _h /udi\sly cultivat$1 b :i*1 aft] all 8 exp]i5ce 9 composition1 he adju/$1 ) extreme difficulty1 to 8 own ta/e40 ,! results 7 su* z to (fset entirely 8 rugg$ utt]ance & 8 awkw>d1 angul> action1 & to enable ! timid talk] to ex]cise ! spells ( an orator4 ,! *>m ( 8 disc\rses consi/$ 9 ! p[] ( /atem5t :i* gave !m life1 9 ! cle> & facile processes ( pro( :i* gave !m spe$1 & 9 ! vigor\s1 b *a/5$1 imag9ation :i* l5t !m illum9ation4 ,he con/antly refre%$ & rew>d$ 8 he>]s1 z he /ill con/antly refre%es & rew>ds 8 read]s1 by br++ !m to ^? cle> /reams ( practical wisdom & happy illu/ration :i* ev]y:]e irrigate 8 expositions4 ,8 c\nsel1 ev5 on ! highe/ !mes1 0 always und>k5$4 ,!re 7 no cl\ds ab\t 8 ?\ghts2 ! lea/ ( ^! c\ld be se5 )\t glasses ?r\gh ! transp>5t atmosph]e ( expression :i* surr\nd$ !m4 ,he 0 a great ?9k]1--& t 0 mu*2 b he also made m5 recognize him z a great ?9k]1 because he 0 a great ma/] ( /yle--:i* 0 m4 ,he did n put 8 c&le "u a bu%el1 b on a c&le/ick4 ,9 ,doctor ,b>n>d's v]ses1 address$ to ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds & 8 lit]>y fri5ds1 ,adam ,smi? is introduc$ z a pe] amid/ t brilliant company3 8,if ,i h ?\ghts & c't express 'em1 ,gibbon %all tea* me h[ to dress 'em ,9 words select & t]se2 ,jones tea* me mode/y & ,greek1 ,smi? h[ to ?9k1 ,burke h[ to speak1 ,& ,beaucl]c to conv]se40 ,x is ?is p[] ( tea*+ o!r m5 h[ to ?9k t has giv5 to ! works ( ,adam ,smi? an immortality ( influ5ce4 ,9 8 fir/ univ]sity *air1 ! *air ( ,logic1 he _h giv5 scant "t to ! inve/igation ( ! =mal laws ( reason+1 & _h insi/$1 by pref]5ce1 ^u ! practical uses ( disc\rse1 z ! liv+ application ( logic1 treat+ ( /yle & ( ! arts ( p]suasion & exposition2 & "h 9 8 o!r *air1 ( ,moral ,philosophy1 he 0 practically illu/rat+ ! vivify+ p[] ( ! art he _h =m]ly s\ght to exp\nd to 8 pupils4 8,:5 ! subject ( 8 "w10 says ,dugald ,/ew>t1 speak+ ( ! 8,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts10 8:5 ! subject ( 8 "w leads him to address ! imag9ation & ! he>t1 ! v>iety & felicity ( 8 illu/rations1 ! ri*ness & flu5cy ( 8 eloqu5ce1 & ! skill ) :i* he w9s ! att5tion & comm&s ! passions ( 8 he>]s1 leave him1 among our ,engli% morali/s1 )\t a rival40 ,su*1 !n1 7 ! matt]s :i* ?is great lectur] h&l$1 & su* 0 ! =m he gave !m4 ,two p]sonal *>act]i/ics /& out 9 app>5t contra/ ) :at he accompli%$3 he is said to h be5 extremely unpractical 9 ! managem5t ( 8 own affairs1 & yet he fa!r$ t sci5ce :i* tells h[ o!r p's affairs1 h[ ! _w's affairs1 are manag$2 he is kn[n to h be5 %y & sil5t1 & yet he 0 ! mo/ acceptable lectur] ( 8 univ]sity4 ,b x is n uncommon = ! man :o is bo? pr(\nd & accurate 9 8 obs]vation ( ! univ]sal & p]man5t =ces op]ative 9 ! life ab\t him1 to be almo/ altoge!r want+ 9 t sagacity conc]n+ ! local & tempor>y practical details ^u :i* ! h\rly facilitation & com=t ( 8 own life dep5d2 nor ne$ x surprise any "o to f9d ! man :o sits %y & taciturn 9 private1 /& out dom9ant & eloqu5t 9 public4 8,commonly1 inde$10 z ,mr4 ,bagehot has said1 8! sil5t man1 :oso bra9 is load$ ) unexpress$ ideas1 is m likely to be a successful public speak] ?an ! brilliant talk] :o daily exhau/s himself 9 %>p say+s40 ,!re are two di/9ct k9ds ( obs]vation3 t :i* makes a man al]t & %rewd1 cognizant ( e trifle & quick ) e trick ( spee*2 & t :i* makes a man a philosoph]1 consci\s ( ! /eady set ( affairs & ready 9 ! use ( all ! sub/antial res\rces ( wise ?\ght4 ,comm5d me to ! =m] = a *at2 comm5d me to ! latt] = a book4 ,! fir/ w sp>kle2 ! o!r burns a /eady flame4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! picture ( ?is ,old ,ma/]3 a quiet1 awkw>d1 =ceful ,scot*man1 ^: philosophy has ent]$ ev]y:]e into ! life ( politics & become a _w =ce 9 ?\ght2 an impracticable ,commission] ( ,cu/oms1 :o has left = ! in/ruction ( /atesm5 a !ory ( taxation2 an unbus9ess-l pr(essor1 :o e/abli%$ ! sci5ce ( bus9ess2 a man ( books1 :o is univ]sally honor$ by m5 ( action2 pla91 ecc5tric1 le>n$1 inspir$4 ,! ?+s t /rike u mo/ ab\t him are1 8 boldness ( conception & wid5ess ( outlook1 8 bread? & compreh5siv5ess ( treatm5t1 & 8 c>efully cl>ifi$ & beautifi$ /yle4 ,he 0 no speciali/1 except 9 ! relations ( ?+s4 ,( c\rse1 spread+ 8 topics f> & wide 9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory & philosophy1 he 0 at _m po9ts sup]ficial4 ,he took mo/ ( 8 mat]ials at second h&2 & x has be5 said t he borr[$ _m ( 8 ideas f ! ,fr5*4 ,b no matt] :o m9$ ! gold1 he co9$ x2 ! image & sup]scription are 84 ,c]ta9 sep>ate1 isolat$ tru?s :i* s]v$ "u him may h be5 do+ individual1 gu]illa w>f>e else:]e = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce2 b x 0 he :o m>%all$ !m into drill$ ho/s = ! conqu]+ ( ! nations4 ,adam ,smi? 0 d\btless indebt$ to ! ,physiocrats1 b all ! _w is indebt$ to ,adam ,smi?4 ,education & ! _w ( ?\ght ne$ m5 :o1 l ?is man1 w d>e to "k a multitude ( ?+s4 ,)\t !m & _! bold syn!tic me?ods1 all k & all ?\ght w\ld fall ap>t into a weak analysis4 ,_! m9ds d n lack 9 ?or\ghness2 _! ?or\ghness simply lacks 9 m9ut5ess4 ,x is only 9 _! utt]ances t ! m9d f9ds ! exhil>ation & exaltation t come ) ! free air t bl[s ov] broad upl&s4 ,!y excite y ) views ( ! l>ge aspects ( ?\ght2 conduct y ?r\gh ! noble/ sc5]y ( ! m9d's doma92 delight y ) maje/y ( outl9e & sweep ( prospect4 ,9 ?is day ( n>r[ specialties1 our ?9k+ ne$s su* m5 to fuse its p>ts1 correlate its =ces1 & c5tre its results2 & our ?9k+ ne$s !m 9 its college /age1 9 ord] t we may comm& horizons f our /udy w9d[s 9 aft] days4 ,! bread? & compreh5siv5ess ( treatm5t *>act]i/ic ( ! utt]ances ( su* a tea*] are insep>able attributes ( 8 mann] ( ?\ght4 ,he has ! arti/'s eye4 ,= him ?+s /& 9 picturesque relations2 _! great outl9es fit into ea* o!r2 ! t\* ( 8 treatm5t is necess>ily broad & /rong4 ,! same in=m+ influ5ce ( arti/ic conception & comb9ation gives to 8 /yle its lum9\s & yet transp>5t qualities4 ,8 s5t5ces _c reta9 ! /iff jo9ts ( logic2 x w\ld be dea? to !m to we> ! *a9s ( =mal /atem5t2 !y mu/ take leave to deck !mselves ) eloqu5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 su* m5 mu/ write lit]ature1 or no?+4 ,_! m9ds quiv] ) ^? broad sympa?ies :i* con/itute ! life ( writt5 spee*4 ,_! native ca?olicity makes all m9ds receive !m z k9sm54 ,by reason ( ! v /r5g? ( _! humanity1 !y are enabl$ to say ?+s long wait+ to be said1 9 su* a way t all m5 may receive !m4 ,!y hold commissions f ! ,k+ ( ,spee*4 ,su* m5 w n1 ,i am p]suad$1 always seek 9 va9 invitations to ^? academic plat=ms :i* are _! be/ coignes ( vantage4 ,b ?is is n j ! "t :5 !y are mo/ appreciat$1 or mo/ freely enc\rag$ to discov] !mselves2 & x _c be amiss to turn back to ano!r ord] ( ?+s1 & rem9d ourselves h[ a ma/] ( academic inspiration1 possess+1 9 a great p[] to imp>t intellectual impulse1 some?+ high] ?an a tra9$ capacity to communicate me?od1 may sometimes be f\nd ev5 9 a philosophical ,scot*man4 ,,ii ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,politics ,x has long be5 an op5 secret t !re is w> among ! political economi/s4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill no long] receives univ]sal homage1 b has to be> mu* irrev]5t criticism2 ev5 ,adam ,smi? might be s]i\sly cavill$ at 7 n ! habit ( praise gr[n too old 9 8 case4 ,he is /ill #8! fa!r ( political economy2' b1 l o!r fa!rs ( 8 day1 he seems to u decid$ly old fa%ion$4 ,! fact is1 t ^! old] writ]s1 :o pr(ess$ to po9t out ! laws ( human bus9ess1 are accus$ ( leav+ out ( view a full half ( human nature2 9 insi/+ t m5 love ga91 !y are said to h q =gott5 t m5 sometimes love ea* o!r1 t !y are n only preh5sile1 b also a great _m o!r ?+s less aggressive & less selfi%4 ,^? :o make ^! *>ges want to leave no?+ human out ( _! reckon+s2 !y want to "k #8all ! facts1' & are ready1 if necess>y1 to r$uce e g5]alization ( ! old] writ]s to ! /ate--! :olly exceptional /ate--( a rule 9 ,g]man gramm>4 ,_! prote/ is significant1 _! purpose h]oic1 beyond a d\bt2 & :at int]e/+ que/ions are n rais$ by _! programme6 ,h[ is ! _w to conta9 ! writ+s1 /ati/ical1 hi/orical1 critical1 :i* mu/ be accumulat$ ere ?is enorm\s diagnosis ( trade & manufacture %all be complet$ 9 its details8 ,& aft] x %all h be5 complet$ 9 detail :o is to be born great en\gh 9 g5ius & pati5ce to r$uce ! mass to a sy/em compreh5sible by ord9>y mortals8 ,moreov]1 :o is go+ surety t ^! new economi/s w n be dreadful default]s be=e !y get ?r\gh h&l+ ^! imm5se assets ( human nature1 :i* ,mill confess$ himself unable to h&le )\t wreck+ 8 bookkeep+8 ,are !y assur$ ( ! ev5tual collaboration ( "s ,%akespe>e :o w set be=e ! _w all ! /&>d types ( economic "*8 ,let ! _w hope s4 ,ev5 ^? :o _c answ] ! que/ions ,i h broa*$ ought to bid su* /urdy work]s #8,god spe$6' ,! mo/ int]e/+ reflection sugge/$ by ! situation is1 t political economi/s are be+ h>ass$ by ! same discipl9e ( exp]i5ce t1 "o day or ano!r1 sob]s all con/ructors ( sy/ems4 ,!y _c build 9 ! air & !n escape *agr9 because m5 only gaze at _! /ructures1 & w n live 9 !m4 ,closet /ud5ts ( politics are con/antly und]go+ new drill 9 ! same lesson3 ! _w is an inexorable s*oolma/]2 x w h none ( any ?\ght :i* does n recognize x4 ,sometimes !ori/s l ,r\sseau1 be+ ne> en\gh ! tru? to deceive ev5 ^? :o "k some?+ ( x1 are s un=tunate z to induce m5 to re> fabrics ( gov]nm5t aft] _! a]ial patt]ns out ( e>?'s /uffs1 ) ! result ( br++ e affair ( weight cra%+ ab\t _! e>s1 to ! %ak+ ( ! _w4 ,b !re are n _m su* co9cid5ces z ,r\sseau & 8 times1 happily2 & o!r closet politicians1 m commonly ca/ & m ord9>ily plac$ ?an he1 h _h no su* p]il\s successes4 ,!re is e reason to believe t 9 c\ntries :]e m5 vote z well z write books1 political writ]s at any rate give an hone/ recognition ( act to ^! facts4 ,!y d n vote _! op9ions1 !y vote _! p>ty tickets2 & !y are ! bett] citiz5s by f> = do+ s4 ,inside _! libr>ies !y g ) _! ma/]s 9 ?\ght--mayhap g great l5g?s ) ,adolph ,wagn]1 or hold /iffly back1 8man v]sus ! /ate10 ) ,sp5c]2 outside _! libr>ies !y #8g ) _! p>ty4' ,9 a ^w1 l s5sible m51 !y frankly recognize ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is possible 9 ?\ght & :at is practicable 9 action4 ,b ! tr\ble is1 t :5 !y turn f vot+ to writ+ !y call _m ( _! ab/ract reflections on gov]nm5t /udies ( politics1 & !reby lose ! b5efit ( "s v :olesome aids to j ?\ght4 ,ev5 :5 !y draw ne> ! actual life ( liv+ gov]nm5ts1 z !y frequ5tly d1 & read & comp>e /atutes & con/itutions1 !y /op %ort ( ask+ & asc]ta9+ :at ! m5 ( ! /reet ?9k & say ( in/itutions & laws2 :at little1 z well z :at big1 influ5ces br\ght p>ticul> laws into exi/5ce2 h[ mu* ( ea* law actually lives 9 ! regulation ( public function or private activity1 h[ mu* ( x has deg5]at$ into #8dead lett]2' 9 brief1 j :at ?+s x is--:at me?ods1 :at habits1 :at human *>act]i/ics & social conditions--t make ! appe>ance ( politics outside ! libr>y s diff]5t f its appe>ance inside t quiet retreat2 :at x is t con/itutes #8practical politics' a peculi> prov9ce4 ,& yet ^! are ! que/ions mo/ necess>y to be answ]$ 9 ord] to rea* ! he>t ( _! /udy4 ,e "o :o has read great treatises on gov]nm5t :i* 7 n m]ely speculative 9 _! me?od mu/ h be5 /ruck by _! exhau/ive k ( /atutes1 ( judicial prec$5ts1 & ( legal & con/itutional hi/ory2 & equally by _! tacit ignorance ( any?+ m ?an ?is gaunt skeleton ( in/itutions4 ,_! be/ pages are (t5 ^? on :i* a mode/ a/]isk1 an unobtrusive num]al1 or a t9y dagg] /ick+ high 9 ! /ately text1 c>ries ! eye d[n to a foot-note1 pack$ close 9 small pr9t1 9 :i* "s h9t is let drop ( ! fact t in/itutions h a daily z well z an epo*al life1 f :i* ! /ud5t might #8le>n some?+ to 8 advantage4' ,! inh]5t weakness ( su* a me?od is %[n by ! read9ess ) :i* x is discr$it$ :5 once a bett] "o is put beside x4 ,:at mod]n writ] on political in/itutions has n felt1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 ! influ5ce ( de ,tocqueville & ,bagehot8 ,bo? ^! inimitable writ]s 7 m5 ( extraord9>y g5ius1 &1 :atev] !y might h writt5 ab\t1 _! writ+s w\ld h be5 admir+ly pres]v$1 if only = ! wond] ( _! lum9\s qualities4 ,b _! political works live1 n only z models ( effective /yle1 b also z /&>ds ( /imulat+ wisdom2 because ,bagehot & de ,tocqueville 7 n m]ely /ud5ts1 b also m5 ( ! _w1 = :om ! only acceptable philosophy ( politics 0 a g5]alization f actual daily obs]vation ( m5 & ?+s4 ,!y c\ld see in/itutions writ small 9 ! mo/ trivial turns ( politics1 & read con/itutions m cle>ly 9 a biography ?an 9 a /atute-book4 ,!y 7 m5 :o1 _h !y writt5 hi/ory1 w\ld h writt5 ! hi/ory ( peoples1 & n ( c\rts or p>liam5ts m]ely4 ,_! me?ods h1 !re=e1 because ( _! ess5tial sanity1 gone f> t[>d discr$it+ all o!rs2 !y h leav5$ ! :ole mass ( political lit]ature4 ,0 x n ,bagehot1 = in/ance1 :o made x necess>y = ,pr(essor ,dicey to entitle 8 rec5t admirable "w 8,! ,law ( ! ,con/itution10 t no "o might ?9k he mi/ook x = ! ,life ( ! ,con/itution8 ,:o has n wi%$ t ,burke _h fus$ ! p]man5t ?\ghts ( 8 spl5did s5t5ces ( wisdom toge!r into a noble :ole1 an incomp>able treatise :]eby e m9d t lov$ lib]ty might be /r5g!n$ & f]tiliz$8 ,he _h h&l$ affairs1 & c\ld pluck out ! he>t ( _! my/]y ) a skill t seldom blund]$2 he spoke h>dly a ^w ( m]e he>say or speculation4 ,he1 x w\ld seem1 bett] ?an any o!r1 c\ld h %[n writ]s on politics ! diff]5ce betwe5 k & insight1 betwe5 an acqua9tance ) public law & a real ma/]y ( ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,n t all #8practical politicians' w\ld be ! be/ in/ructors 9 ! deep--?\gh !y might be 9 ! hidd5--?+s ( politics4 ,f> f x4 ,!y are too ?ickly cr[d$ by daily detail to see p]man5t outl9es1 too mu* pu%$ ab\t by a ?\s& little influ5ces to detect accurately ! =ce or ! direction ( ! big & la/+ influ5ces4 ,!y #8_c see ! =e/ = ! trees4' ,!y are no m fitt$ to be in/ructors because !y are practical politicians ?an lawy]s are fitt$ to fill law-s*ool *airs because !y are active practition]s4 ,!y mu/ be some?+ else besides to qualify !m = ! high function ( tea*+1 & mu/ be t some?+ else 9 s ma/]ful a fa%ion t no di/raction ( active politics c = a mom5t )draw _! vision f ! great & cont9u\s pr9ciples ( _! call+4 ,! active /atesman is (t5 an incomp>able tea*]1 h[ev]1 :5 he is himself lea/ consci\s t he is tea*+ at all1 :5 he has no ?\ght ( be+ didactic1 b has simply a he>t full ( ! high purpose ( lead+ 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 to d ^? ?+s :i* he conceives to be "r4 ,read ! purposes ( m5 l ,patrick ,h5ry & ,abraham ,l9coln1 m5 untutor$ ( ! s*ools--read _! words ( lead]%ip1 & say :e!r !re be any?+ wis] ?an _! home-made wisdom4 ,x is su* reflections z ^!--:e!r my examples be well *os5 or n--:i* seem to me to lead directly to ! "r pr9ciple ( /udy = e "o :o w\ld g beyond ! law & "k ! life ( ,/ates4 ,n e ,/ate lets /atutes die by m]e disuse1 z ,scotl& once did2 & if y are go+ to read con/itutions ) only lawy]s = y\r guides1 be !y nev] s le>n$1 y mu/ risk kn[+ only ! anatomy ( in/itutions1 nev] le>n+ any?+ ( _! biology4 8,m5 ( lett]s & ( ?\ght10 says ,mr4 ,sidney ,colv91 :]e "o w\ld lea/ expect to f9d su* a rem>k--9 a 8,life ( ,walt] ,savage ,l&or0-- 8,m5 ( lett]s & ( ?\ght are habitually too mu* giv5 to declaim+ at _! ease aga9/ ! del9qu5cies ( m5 ( action & affairs4 ,! inevitable friction ( practical politics g5]ates heat en\gh already1 & ! (fice ( ! ?9k] & critic %\ld be to supply n heat1 b light4 ,! difficulties :i* att5d 8 own unmole/$ task1 ! task ( seek+ aft] & proclaim+ salut>y tru?s1 %\ld tea* him to make all[ance = ! /ill m urg5t difficulties :i* beset ! politician--! man oblig$1 amid/ ! cla% ( int]e/s & temptations1 to practise f h& to m\?1 & at 8 p]il1 ! mo/ unc]ta9 & at ! same "t ! mo/ indisp5sable ( ! exp]im5tal arts40 ,excell5t6 ,b :y /op !re8 ,mu/ ! man ( lett]s & ( ?\ght obs]ve ! friction ( politics only to make due all[ance = ! practical politician1 only to keep 8 own placid conclusions free f any ta9t ( scorn or cavil at m5 ^: lives are ?r[n amid/ affairs to endure ! buffet+s ( int]e/ & resi/ ! tugs ( temptation8 ,is n a j und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( practical politics also an indisp5sable pr]equisite to ! discov]y & audible proclamation ( 8 own 8salut>y tru?s80 ,no tru? :i* does n on all its sides t\* human life c ev] rea* ! he>t ( politics2 & m5 ( #8unmole/$ tasks1' ( m]e libr>y calm1 simply _c ?9k ! ?\ghts :i* w tell amid/ ! noise ( affairs4 ,an al]t & sympa!tic p]ception ( ! inf9ite %ifts ( circum/ance & play ( motive :i* control ! actual conduct ( gov]nm5t ought to p]meate ! ?9k+1 z well z *eck ! criticisms1 ( writ]s on politics4 ,9 a ^w1 ought n ! #8man ( ! _w' & ! #8man ( books' to be m]g$ 9 ea* o!r 9 ! /ud5t ( politics8 ,0 n ,john ,/u>t ,mill ! bett] /ud5t = hav+ s]v$ ! ,ea/ ,india ,company & sat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons8 ,are n ,pr(essor ,bryce & ,mr4 ,john ,morley m to be tru/$ 9 _! books because !y h prov$ !mselves wor?y to be tru/$ 9 ! ,cab9et8 ,! success ( great popul> prea*]s conta9s a lesson = /ud5ts ( politics :o w\ld !mselves conv]t m5 to a sav+ doctr9e4 ,! prea*] has1 inde$1 an incalculable advantage ov] ! /ud5t ( politics 9 hav+ z 8 text-book t ,bible :i* speaks ( ! human he>t ) a ,mak]'s k ( ! ?+ ,he has made2 by kn[+ 8 book he kn[s ! deepe/ ?+s ( daily life4 ,b ! great prea*] rea*es ! he>t ( 8 he>]s n by k1 b by sympa?y--by %[+ himself a bro!r-man to 8 fell[-m54 ,& ?is is j ! pr9ciple :i* ! /ud5t ( politics mu/ he$4 ,he mu/ frequ5t ! /reet1 ! c\nt+-h\se1 ! draw+-room1 ! club-h\se1 ! adm9i/rative (fices1 ! halls--yes1 & ! lobbies--( legislatures4 ,he mu/ cross-exam9e ! exp]i5ce ( gov]nm5t (ficials2 he mu/ he> ! d9 ( conv5tions1 & see _! intrigues2 he mu/ witness ! sc5es ( election day4 ,he mu/ "k h[ m5 :o are n /ud5ts reg>d gov]nm5t & its affairs4 ,he w get _m valuable sugge/ions f su* m5 on occasion2 bett] ?an t1 he w le>n ! available approa*es to su* m5's ?\ghts4 ,gov]nm5t is meant = ! good ( ord9>y p1 & x is = ord9>y p t ! /ud5t %\ld elucidate its problems2 let him be anxi\s to keep )9 e>%ot ( su*4 ,?is is n to comm5d ! writ] on politics to n>r[ #8practical' views & petty comm5t2 x is n to ask him to f9d a philosophy ( gov]nm5t :i* w fit ! und]/&+ & please ! ta/e ( ! #8w>d politician3' x is only to ask him to keep 8 g5]alizations firmly bottom$ on fact & exp]i5ce4 ,8 philosophy w n ov]%oot ! he>ts ( m5 because x is fea!r$ ) high ?\ght1 unless x be delib]ately %ot 9 air4 ,?\ghts d n fail ( acceptance because !y are n commonplace en\gh1 b because !y are n true en\gh2 &1 9 ! sort ( writ+ ab\t :i* we are "h speak+1 tru? is a ?+ :i* c be detect$ bett] by ! man :o kn[s life ?an by ! man :o kn[s only logic4 ,y _c lift tru? s high t m5 _c rea* x2 ! only caution to be obs]v$ is1 t y d n ask !m to climb :]e !y _c g )\t leav+ t]ra firma4 ,nor is ! /ud5t1 :o naturally & prop]ly loves books1 to leave books & sit all 8 "t 9 wiseacre obs]vation amid/ busy m54 ,8 books are 8 balance--or1 r1 8 balla/4 ,& ( c\rse ! m5 ( 8 own day are n ! only m5 f :om he c le>n politics4 ,gov]nm5t is z old z man2 m5 h always be5 politicians2 ! m5 ( to-day are only politicians ( a p>ticul> s*ool2 ! pa/ furni%es examples ( politicians ( e o!r s*ool1 & !re is z mu* to be le>n$ ab\t gov]nm5t f !m z f _! successors4 ,c>lyle _h ! sort ( eye = :i* "o %\ld pray :5 seek+ to f9d m5 alive & ?+s actual 9 ! records left ( !m4 ,:o has n pr(it$ by 8 humor\s famili>ity ) ! foibles & p]sonal habits ( ! m5 :o liv$ ab\t ! c\rt ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns8 ,:o has n le>n$ m ?an any o!r man c\ld h told him ( ,prussian adm9i/ration "u its fir/ great organiz] by look+ ) ,c>lyle into ! sociable in=malities ( ,fr$]ick ,william's #8tobacco p>liam5t8' ,c>lyle knew ^! m5 well en\gh to joke ) & rail at !m4 ,he twitt$ !m ) _! family secrets1 &1 kn[+ :at clay !y 7 (1 0 n aw$ by _! /ate c]emonials4 ,yet he saw !m1 z he himself bitt]ly compla9s1 only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( crabb$ docum5ts & dry-z-du/ books1 ) no se] l himself to help him 9 8 int]pretations4 ,x 0 h>d /ra9+ ( ! eyes to see s f> back ?r\gh ! d5se & murky atmosph]e ( =mal record & set hi/ory2 b he saw1 nev]!less1 because he did n ne$ to be told all 9 ord] to "k all2 ! drye/ ( hi/orians c\ld h>dly avoid dropp+ "s h9t :i* w\ld suffice ,c>lyle m ?an w\ld tomes ( #8pr(ane hi/ory4' ,if y "k :at y are look+ = & are n expect+ to f9d x adv]tis$ 9 ! newspap]s1 b ly+ some:]e b5ea? ! surface ( ?+s1 ! dulle/ fool may (t5 help y to its discov]y4 ,x ne$s a good nose to d ! ?+1 b look h[ excell5t is ! game to :i* a casual sc5t may br+ y 9 su* a doma9 z ! /udy ( politics4 ,!re are :ole worlds ( fact wait+ to be discov]$ by inf]5ce4 ,d n expect to f9d ! life ( con/itutions pa9t$ 9 ! great #8/&>d au?orities1' b1 foll[+ ) becom+ pati5ce _! legal anatomy ( in/itutions1 wat* _! slighte/ movem5t t[>d an illu/rative foot-note1 & try to f9d "u t ! sc5t y are 9 que/ (4 ,if !y cite an in/ance1 seek ! recital ( ! same case else:]e1 :]e x is told ) a diff]5t purpose2 if x promise well !re1 hunt x fur!r /ill1 & make sure y cat* e glimpse x af=ds ( m5's actual deal+s ) gov]nm5t4 ,if y\r text m5tion names ( consequ5ce1 seek !m out 9 biographies1 & scan !re ! p]sonal relations ( m5 ) affairs1 = h9ts ( ! me?ods by :i* gov]nm5ts are op]at$ f day to day4 ,y w n ne$ any inc5tive to read all _! gossip1 9 lett]s & j\rnals1 & s see gov]nors z m52 b d m3 endure (ficial int]views & sessions ( ,p>liam5t ) !m2 collate _! private lett]s & _! public despat*es--!re's no tell+ :5 or :]e y %all /rike fre% trails ( ! game y seek4 ,int]view judges (f ! b5*1 c\rti]s away f c\rt1 (fic]s (f duty4 ,g to ,france & live next door a prefect 9 ! prov9ces2 g to ,london & try to f9d out h[ ?+s ( weight are talk$ ab\t 9 ! smok+-room ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,su* excursions mu/1 ( c\rse1 lead ! /ud5t f> afield2 he w (t5 get q out ( sight ( 8 />t+-po9t1 ! #8/&>d au?ority2' b he w n on t acc\nt be lo/4 ,! fact is1 t all lit]ature teems ) sugge/ions on ?is topic ( politics4 ,j z ! *ance news item1 ! un/udi$ travell]'s rem9isc5ce1 ! pass+ social or f9ancial sc&al1,a & e h9t ( any pres5t contact ( m5 ) law or au?ority1 illum9ates directly1 or by inf]5ce1 ! in/itutions ( our own day1 simil> r&om rays ?r[n across ! pages ( old books by ! unprem$itat$ words ( writ]s q guiltless ( su* in/ructive int5t may light up1 = ^? :o are al]t to see su* ?+s1 ! mo/ intimate secrets ( /ate4 ,if x be beyond hop+ = to f9d a :ole ,greville = e age ( gov]nm5t1 !re may be f\nd ,grevillian scraps1 at lea/1 9 ! lit]ature ( almo/ e "t4 ,f m5 z f> back & z well rememb]$ z ,cic]o1 d[n to m5 z rec5t & z easily =gott5 z sev]al :o might be nam$1 politicians h lov$ to expla9 to po/]ity ! "p !y took 9 conspicu\s affairs2 & t portion ( po/]ity :i* /udies politics by inf]5ce ought to be pr(\ndly ?ankful to !m = yield+ to ! ta/e4 ,a ,did n ! ,dilke trial 9 ,london1 = in/ance1 help u to und]/& at lea/ "o influ5ce t may sometimes make a lawy] ,home ,secret>y8 ,approa* ! life ( ,/ates by su* av5ues1 & y %all be conv9c$ ( ! organic nature ( political society4 ,view society f :at po9t y w1 y always cat* sight ( "s "p ( gov]nm5t2 man is s truly a #8political animal' t y _c exam9e him at all )\t see+ ! po9ts--po9ts ( 8 v /ructure--:]eat he t\*es & dep5ds ^u1 or upholds1 ! ,/ate4 ,9 #ahej1 :ile ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,canada1 ,"l ,elg9 writes to ,"l ,grey3 8,our ,reciprocity measure 0 press$ by u 9 ,wa%+ton la/ session1 j z a railway bill1 9 #ahde or #ahdf1 w\ld h be5 pass$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,!re 0 no ,gov]nm5t to deal )1 444 x 0 all a matt] ( canvass+ ?is memb] ( ,congress or ! o!r40,b ,b ,lett]s & ,j\rnals ( ,"l ,elg91 p4 #aba4 ,:at8 8,no ,gov]nm5t to deal )80 ,"h's a c5tral tru? to be f\nd 9 none ( ! #8/&>d au?orities1' & yet to be se5 by a practis$ diplomati/ all ! way f ,canada4 ,ab\t ! same date ,m4 ,bac\rt came to ?is c\ntry to repres5t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & be made wret*$ by ! crude deportm5t ( ! ,am]icans4 ,8 *ief conc]n 0 to get away to "s c\ntry :]e p 7 less unconv5tionally at _! ease 9 draw+-rooms2 b he turn$1 :5 necess>y1 to ! bus9ess ( 8 legation2 & :5ev] he did s he f\nd t 8"h diplomatic affairs are n treat$ z ev]y:]e else1 :]e we communicate ) ! ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs & arrange ! matt] ) him alone40 ,he mu/ #8arrange' ! matt] ) sev]al committees ( ,congress4 ,he mu/ g to see ,mrs4 ,k5n$y & ,mrs4 ,w9?rop1 ^: 8husb&s are memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & on ! committee hav+ *>ge ( comm]cial affairs1 9 :i*0 he 8is int]e/$10 = 8!y say t ^! g5tlem5 are v p>ticul> ab\t visits f =eign m9i/]s to _! wives40,c ,j ,"l ,elg9's te/imony4 ,aga9 ! #8/&>d au?orities' are add$ to1 & t 9 a qu>t] :]e we %\ld lea/ expect to f9d !m supplem5t$4 ,we ne$ despair ( no s\rce4 ,c ,s\v5irs ( a ,diplomat1 pp4 #ahi1 #bha4 ,^! are only ne> & easily recogniz$ illu/rations ( ! errant mode ( /udy ,i am exp\nd+ & advocat+4 ,o!r sy/ems besides our own receive simil> *ance illum9ation 9 ! odd corn]s ( all sorts ( books4 ,n[ & aga9 y /rike m9es l ! 8,mmoires ( ,madame de ,rmusat10 ! 8,lett]s0 ( ,walpole1 or ! 8,di>y0 ( a ,pepys or an ,evelyn2 at o!r p]iods y mu/ be cont5t to f9d only sl5d] ve9s ( ! ore ( famili> obs]vation & intimate k ( affairs = :i* y are delv+2 b y\r se>* w seldom be altoge!r futile4 ,"s newly op5$ ar*ive (fice may (f] cahi]s1 su* z reveal$ to de ,tocqueville1 m ?an all o!r records1 ! anci5 rgime4 ,"s eld] ,ham]ton may tell y ( ! significant ?+s to be se5 #8r\nd 8 h\se4' ,all correspond5ce & autobiography w repay p]usal1 ev5 :5 n s soak$ 9 affairs z ! lett]s ( ,cromwell1 or s rem9isc5t ( politics z ! 8,memoirs ( ,samuel ,romilly40 ,politics is ! life ( ! ,/ate1 & no?+ :i* illu/rates t life1 no?+ :i* reveals any habit contract$ by man z a political animal1 comes amiss 9 ! /udy ( politics4 ,public law is ! =mal basis ( ! political life ( society1 b x is n always an expression ( its vital pr9ciple4 ,we are incl9$1 (t5times1 to take laws & con/itutions too s]i\sly1 to put implicit fai? 9 _! pr(essions )\t exam9+ _! conduct4 ,d !y affect to advance lib]ty1 = in/ance8 ,we ought to g1 9 p]son or 9 imag9ation1 among/ ! p :om !y comm&1 & see = ourselves :e!r ^? p enjoy lib]ty4 ,) ref]5ce to laws & con/itutions ( our own day1 we c le>n su* ?+s be/ by supplem5t+ books & /udy by travel & obs]vation4 ,! be/-taught class 9 mod]n public law w\ld be a travell+ class4 ,o!r times ?an our own we mu/ p]=ce be cont5t to see ?r\gh o!r m5's eyes4 ,9 o!r words1 /atute books & legal comm5t>ies are all v well 9 ! /udy ( politics1 if only y q ?or\ghly und]/& t !y furni% only ! crude body-colors = y\r picture ( ! ,/ate's life1 ^u :i* all y\r f9] lum9\s & atmosph]ic effects are aft]w>ds to be work$4 ,x is high "t to recognize ! fact t politics c be effectually exp\nd$ only by means ( ! highe/ lit]>y me?ods4 ,only ma/] work]s 9 language & 9 ! gr\p+ & int]pretation ( het]og5e\s mat]ials c a*ieve ! highe/ success 9 mak+ real 9 words ! complex life ( ,/ates4 ,if ,i might act z ! int]pret] ( ! new-s*ool economi/s ( :om ,i h already spok51 ,i tru/ ) due rev]5ce1 ,i %\ld say t ?is is ! ?\ght :i*1 despite _! too frequ5t practical contempt = arti/ic lit]>y =m1 is possess+ !m4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,ric>do made a sort ( logic ( political economy2 9 ord] to simplify _! processes1 !y delib]ately /ripp$ man ( all motives save self-int]e/ alone1 & ! result 0 evid5tly #8doctr9aire'--0 n a picture ( life1 b a !orem ( trade4 ,h5ce 8! mo/ dismal ( all sci5ces20 h5ce ,sidney ,smi?'s exhortation to 8 fri5d n to t\* ! h>d1 unnatural ?+4 ,! new-s*ool economi/s revolt1 & say !y want 8a m sci5tific me?od40 ,:at !y really want is a high] lit]>y me?od4 ,!y want to take acc\nt ( h[ a man's wife affects 8 trade1 h[ 8 *ildr5 /iff5 8 prud5ce1 h[ 8 prejudices condition 8 ent]prise1 h[ 8 lack ( imag9ation limits 8 m>ket1 h[ /rongly love ( home holds him back f ! good wages t might be _h by emigration1 h[ despotically ! op9ion ( 8 neighbors =bids 8 insi/+ ^u a ca% bus9ess1 h[ 8 position 9 local society prescribes ! commodities he is n to deal 92 9 brief1 h[ m5 actually d labor1 plan1 & get ga94 ,!y are1 !re=e1 port5t\sly busy amass+ p>ticul>s ab\t ! occupations1 ! habits1 ! e>n+s1 ! :ole economic life ( all classes & conditions ( m54 ,b ^! ?+s are only ! raw mat]ial ( poetry & ! lit]>y art1 & )\t ! int]v5tion ( lit]>y art mu/ rema9 raw mat]ial4 ,to make any?+ ( !m1 ! economi/ mu/ become a lit]>y arti/ & br+ 8 discov]ies home to our imag9ations--make ^! innum]able details ( 8 p\r 9 a conc5trat$ fire ^u ! c5tral citadels ( m5's und]/&+s4 ,a s+le /ep or two w\ld !n br+ him )9 full sight ( ! long$ = "t :5 political economy is to dom9ate legislation4 ,x has fall5 out t1 by turn+ its ?\ghts t[>d becom+ a sci5ce1 politics1 l political economy1 has jo9$ its lit]ature to ^? books ( natural sci5ce :i* boa/ a brief au?ority1 & !n make way = :at is #8late/4' ,unless x be ( ! con/itution ( ^? r>e books :i* m>k an epo* 9 sci5tific ?\ght1 a #8sci5tific "w' may n expect to outlive ! prevail+ fa%ion 9 ladies' wraps4 ,b books on politics are 9 ! wrong company :5 !y associate ) works among :i* s high a rate ( mortality obta9s4 ,! #8sci5ce' prop] to !m1 z di/+ui%$ f t :i* is prop] to ! company !y n[ affect1 is a sci5ce ^: v expositions are z dea?less z itself4 ,x is ! sci5ce ( ! life ( man 9 society4 ,no?+ :i* elucidates t life ought to be reckon$ =eign to its art2 & no true picture ( t life c ev] p]i% out ( lit]ature4 ,ripe s*ol>%ip 9 hi/ory & jurisprud5ce is n m indisp5sable to ! /ud5t ( politics ?an are a con/ructive imag9ation & a poet's eye = ! detail ( human incid5t4 ,! he>t ( 8 task is insight & int]pretation2 no lit]>y p[] t he c br+ to be> ^u x w be great] ?an he ne$s4 ,ar?ur ,"y's way ( obs]v+1 ,bagehot's way ( writ+1 & ,burke's way ( philosophiz+ w\ld make an ideal comb9ation = ! "w he has to d4 ,8 mat]ials are (t5 ( ! mo/ illusive sort1 ! problems :i* he has to solve are always ( ! mo/ conf\nd+ magnitude & v>iety4 ,x is easy = him to say1 = in/ance1 t ! political in/itutions ( "o c\ntry w n suit ano!r c\ntry2 b h[ inf9itely difficult is x to answ] ! monosyllables ,h[8 & ,:y8 ,to reply to ! ,:y he mu/ make out all ! contra/s 9 ! hi/ories ( ! two c\ntries4 ,b x dep5ds entirely ^u :at sort ( eye he has :e!r ^? contra/s w conta9 = him vital causes ( ! effect he is seek+ to exp\nd4 ,he may let "s anecdote escape him :i* gleams ) ! v sp>k ne$$ to k9dle 8 exposition4 ,9 look+ only = grave political facts he may ov]look "s app>5tly trivial outly+ detail :i* conta9s ! v secret he w\ld guess4 ,he may neglect to notice :at m5 are mo/ talk$ ab\t by ! p2 ^: photographs are mo/ frequ5tly to be se5 on ! walls ( peasant cottages2 :at books are (t5e/ on _! %elves4 ,int5t ^u intrigue & legislation1 he may pass ov] ) only a laugh "s piquant gossip ab\t legislator or c\rti] )\t ! lea/ suspicion t x epitomizes a :ole s*eme ( gov]nm5t4 ,he may admire self-gov]nm5t s mu* z to =get t x is a v co>se1 homely ?+ :5 alive1 & s may really nev] "k any?+ valuable ab\t x4 ,! man :o ?9ks ! polls disagreeable & un9t]e/+ places has no bus9ess tak+ up a p5 to write ab\t gov]nm5t4 ,! man :o despises ! %]iff because he is co>se & unc\?1 & :o /udies ! %]iff's functions only f ! draw+-room or ! libr>y1 w realize ! life ( gov]nm5t no bett] ?an he realizes ! vanity ( #8good =m4' ,if politics 7 to be /udi$ z a great dep>tm5t ( human conduct1 n to be und]/ood by a s*ol> :o is n also a man ( ! _w1 its lit]ature might be made z imp]i%able z t ( ! imag9ation4 ,!re might !n ent] into x t individuality :i* is immortality4 ,t p]sonal equation :i* con/itutes ! p[] ( all books :i* h aught ( =ce 9 !m w\ld !n rescue books on politics f ! dismal category ( #8treatises1' & exalt !m to ! patriciate ( lit]ature4 ,! ne$$ reaction aga9/ ! /ill #8or?odox' me?ods ( disc\rs+ ^u laws & con/itutions1 l t already set afoot aga9/ ! #8or?odox' political economi/s1 %\ld be a #8lit]>y movem5t'--a movem5t f =malism to life4 ,9 ord] really to "k any?+ ab\t gov]nm5t1 y mu/ see x alive2 & ! object ( ! writ] on politics %\ld be no?+ less ?an ?is1 to pa9t gov]nm5t to ! life1 to make x live aga9 ^u 8 page4 ,,iii ,,political ,,sov]eignty ,! conception ( political sov]eignty is "o ( ^? int]e/+ portions ( doctr9e :i* belong 9 common to sev]al di/9ct bran*es ( /udy4 ,no sy/ematic discussion ( any "p ( ! sci5ce ( politics c advance v f> )\t x2 & x is ev5 m indisp5sable to ! /ud5t ( legal sy/ems ?an to ! /ud5t ( politics4 ,x is a "q c5tral to ! life ( /ates & to ! validity ( law4 ,& x is r5d]$ ! m int]e/+ by ! fact t x is a critical "q1 us$ by all s*ools alike z a capital te/ ( or?odoxy4 ,no man :o c>es a :it ab\t 8 /&+ among /ud5ts ( law or ( politics c af=d to approa* x lightly4 ,:atev] he says ab\t x he mu/ ne$s say ) a pr(\nd s5se ( responsibility4 ,he mu/ und]take ! discussion ( x ) ! same sort ( gravity1 ) ! same deep s5se ( p]sonal risk1 t ! political economi/ ev9ces :5 he v5tures an op9ion ab\t ,value or haz>ds a !ory ( ,di/ribution4 ,:5 once he has committ$ himself to an op9ion conc]n+ x1 he may be sure t ) a l>ge & influ5tial numb] ( 8 fell[-/ud5ts he c nev] !reaft] pass = a man ( und\bt$ s*ol>%ip or uncl\d$ s5se4 ,if x is awkw>d1 "u su* circum/ances1 t ! conception %\ld be s indisp5sable1 x d\btless has ! advantage ( =c+ boldness ^u u4 ,if = no?+ else ?an = ! sake ( a modus viv5di1 we mu/ out ) :atev] notion x is t we h accept$ or inv5t$ ) ref]5ce to ! nature & lodgem5t ( sov]eignty4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 saf] to be explicit ?an to h$ge4 ,& yet x is n easy to be explicit2 = !re are no suitable t]ms to be explicit )4 ,"o no soon] beg9s to exam9e ! field & ! matt] ( controv]sy ?an he beg9s to suspect t x is all a "q ( t]m9ology4 ,aft] be+ hurri$ 9 bewild]m5t ?r\gh "o ( ,br[n+'s %ort poems )\t be+ p]mitt$ to be q sure at any po9t ( ! full mean+1 we are l$ 9 our disappo9tm5t to wond]1 ) ,mr4 ,birrell1 if x c be ! punctuation4 ,9 :at we read ( sov]eignty we are l$ to wond] if x c be ! words t confuse u4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to e "o :o has n be5 sophi/icat$ by ! t]ms !mselves1 or committ$ beyond retrieval by ! controv]sial use ( !m1 t :51 = example1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,cz> ( ,russia are put toge!r 9 ! same class z sov]eigns1 language has be5 =c$ to a v artificial use1 & "o t]m made to cov] radically diff]5t ?+s4 ,!re is cle>ly a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ^! two sov]eigns1 9 "*1 9 me?od1 & 9 p[]4 ,d\btless an excell5t way by :i* to ent] our subject w\ld be ?r\gh an exam9ation ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,b ano!r way is m direct4 ,let u beg9 ) an accept$ def9ition ( sov]eignty4 ,x is bo? dec5t & conv5i5t to take t ( ,au/91 t celebrat$ def9ition :i* he receiv$ ?r\gh ,b5?am f ,hobbes4 ,au/9 conceiv$ a sov]eign v concretely1 z a p]son or body ( p]sons exi/+ 9 an indep5d5t political society & accord$ ! habitual ob$i5ce ( ! bulk ( ! memb]s ( t society1 :ile itself subord9ate to no political sup]ior4 ,law he def9$ to be ! explicit or implicit comm& ( su* a p]son or body ( p]sons1 address$ to ! memb]s ( ! community1 its inf]iors or subjects4 ,he took x = grant$ t 9 e indep5d5t community supreme political au?ority did actually ve/ 9 "s su* det]m9ate sov]eign p]son or body ( p]sons4 ,by ! v t]m us$ to describe x1 moreov]1 ?is sov]eignty is supremacy--is subject to no limitation4 ,e law is a comm&1 n only1 b ! comm& ( a supreme au?ority2 & x w\ld be a s+ul> contradiction 9 t]ms to speak ( ?is supreme p[] z limit$ by law4 ,h[ c ! supreme au?or ( law )9 a /ate himself be subject to law3 h[ c ! creature b9d ! creator8 ,h[ c "o refra9 f smil+ at ! logical incapacity ( ^? :o speak ( limitations to sov]eignty1 or1 m absurdly /ill1 ( divisions ( sov]eignty8 ,is !re a hi]>*y ( supremacies3 c !re be a co-ord9ation ( creators8 ,au/9 _h /udi$ 9 ,bonn :ile x 0 ! resid5ce ( su* m5 z ,niebuhr1 ,s*legel1 ,arndt1 ,wel*]1 ,mackeldey1 & ,hefft]1 & at a p]iod :5 controv]sy t\*+ "s ( ! fundam5tal que/ions conc]n+ ! prov9ce & me?od ( jurisprud5ce 0 9 its ke5 y\?4 ,8 ?\ght 0 mature1 inde$1 be=e he w5t abroad1 & nature _h v imp]atively comm&$ ( :at sort t ?\ght %\ld be by giv+ him a m9d fram$ = ab/ract conception & %>p logical processes2 b contact ) ,g]man ?9k+ contribut$ _m important elem5ts to 8 m5tal equipm5t4 ,?ibaut became sc>cely less 8 ma/] ?an ,b5?am4 ,x 0 inevitable t x %\ld be ,?ibaut r ?an ,savigny4 ,savigny believ$ t all law 0 root$ 9 old habit1 & t legislation c\ld modify law successfully & b5eficially only by cons5t+ to ! second>y rle ( supplem5t+1 =mulat+1 or at mo/ guid+ cu/om4 ,he 0 at weapons drawn ) ! s*ool ( ,?ibaut1 :i* propos$ to lay legislative h&s on ! entire body ( ,g]man law1 make a code :i* %\ld be common to all ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & s help to make ,g]many a national unit4 ,to attempt ?us to sy/ematize law1 :]e by natural developm5t x 0 unsy/ematic1 seem$ to ,savigny a delib]ate ef=t to r5d] x artificial4 ,law1 he ma9ta9$1 did n (t5 gr[ into a logical sy/em1 b 0 ! product ( daily accretions ( habit & sluggi% =mations ( ?\ght1 :i* foll[$ no sy/em ( philosophy4 ,x 0 n ! bus9ess ( legal sci5ce to =ce x into logical categories2 x 0 its function1 r1 to give a cle> explanation ( ! pr9ciples & ord] ( its life & a satisfactory work+ analysis ( its sev]al p>ts & conceptions4 ,?ibaut1 on ! o!r h&1 believ$ x to be ! legitimate function ( ! juri/ to make piecemeal law up into organic :oles1 r5d]+ x cle> :]e x _h be5 obscure1 correct+ its inconsi/5cies1 trimm+ away its irregul>ities1 r$uc+ ! numb] ( its exceptional provisions1 discov]+ & fill+ 9 its gaps1 runn+ x ?r\gh ) ?reads ( sy/em1 giv+ x elegance ( /yle & complet5ess ( me?od4 ,he ?\ght x possible to *ange law f a sy/em ( habits into a sy/em ( comm&s4 ,^! 71 ( c\rse1 ! ideas :i* 7 mo/ attractive1 mo/ cong5ial1 to ! m9d ( ,au/94 ,b1 h[ev] natural su* conceptions may h be5 to ,au/91 x mu/ c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z s+ul> t1 al?\gh reject$ on ! ,cont95t1 :]e sov]eignty _h ?r\gh\t ! mo/ important =mative p]iods ( ,european hi/ory be5 q unequivocally lodg$ 9 unmi/akable sov]eigns1 ^! notions %\ld h be5 accept$ 9 ,engl&1 ! l& :]e law _h be5 lea/ subject to doctr9e1 mo/ obs]vant ( times & circum/ances1 mo/ piecemeal 9 its mann] ( con/ruction1 lea/ l a set ( comm&s1 & mo/ l a set ( habits & conv5tions4 ,d\btless we are to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! feudal !ory ( law _h long be5 held ) p]fect confid5ce by ,engli% lawy]s 9 calm despite ( fact4 ,probably x is true t ! ,engli% m9d 7our own71 ) its practical habit1 likes nice sy/ems well en\gh because ( _! appe>ance ( complet5ess1 has a s5se ( ord] :i* enjoys logic1 )\t hav+ any curiosity or capacity = ! exam9ation ( premises4 ,! ,engli%man has always be5 f\nd ready to accept1 f ^? :o _h ! leisure to amuse !mselves 9 t way1 int]e/+ explanations ( 8 in/itutions :i* did n at all fit ! actual facts4 ,x has caus$ him no inconv5i5ce1 = he has n p]ceiv$ ! lack ( adju/m5t betwe5 8 actual transactions & ! !ory he has accept$ conc]n+ !m4 ,he has1 ( c\rse1 n tr\bl$ himself to alt] 8 in/itutions to suit 8 philosophy4 ,t philosophy satisfi$ 8 ?\ght & inconv5i5c$ nei!r ,p>liam5t nor ! law c\rts4 ,& s he _h no d\bt ,au/9 0 "r4 ,au/9's logic is unrel5t+1 & ! loyalty ( 8 foll[]s unfl9*+4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e hav+ %[n t ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( hi/ory ! _w has be5 full ( indep5d5t political societies possess+ no law-mak+ sov]eign at all1 & x hav+ become notori\s t legislation has ev]y:]e play$ a late & comp>atively subord9ate "p 9 ! production ( law1 ! late/ writ]s ( ! ,au/9ian s*ool h r$uc$ jurisprud5ce to a m]ely =mal sci5ce1 pr(ess+ to c>e no?+ = ! actual mann] 9 :i* law may orig9ate1 no?+ ev5 = mo/ ( ! motives :i* induce m5 to obey law1 provid$ y w b conc$e t !re is1 among a great _m o!r imp]ative motives1 "o :i* is univ]sally op]ative1 namely1 ! fe> ( ! compulsion ( physical =ce1 & t !re is at lea/ "o sov]eign function1 namely1 ! application ( t physical =ce 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ! law4 ,!y ask to be all[$ to conf9e !mselves to su* a def9ition ( positive law z w limit x to 8rules :i* are en=c$ by a political sup]ior 9 8 capacity z su*40 ,!y take = _! prov9ce only a sy/ematic description ( ! =ms & me?od 8( ! influ5ce ( gov]nm5t ^u human conduct0 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( law4 ,!y ?us virtually ab&on ! attempt to f9d any univ]sal doctr9es respect+ ! rle ( gov]nm5t z a mak] ( laws4 ,= !m gov]nm5t is n a creative ag5t1 b only an in/rum5tality = ! effectuation ( legal rules already 9 exi/5ce4 ,s h>d is ! pr9ciple ( life to get at t !y give ov] all attempts to f9d x1 &1 turn+ away f ! l>g] topics ( ! biology1 re/rict !mselves to ! morphology1 ( law4 ,:5 x came to po9t+ out ! body ( p]sons ) :i* sov]eignty 0 lodg$ 9 p>ticul> /ates ( complex con/itutional /ructure1 ,au/9 0 sometimes v unsatisfactory4 ,sov]eignty is lodg$ 9 ,engl&1 he says1 9 ! k+1 ! pe]s1 &--n ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 b--! electorate4 ,= he holds ! ,h\se ( ,commons to be m]ely a tru/ee ( ! electors1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! electors ex]cise _! "r ( fran*ise "u laws :i* ,p>liam5t itself enact$ & may *ange4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates he 8believes0 x to be lodg$ 89 ! ,/ates' gov]nm5ts1 z =m+ an aggregate body20 & he expla9s t by ! gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate he does n mean its 8ord9>y legislature1 b ! body ( its citiz5s :i* appo9ts its ord9>y legislature1 & :i*1 ! ,union ap>t1 is prop]ly sov]eign !re940 ,app>5tly he is l$ ?us to g back ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons & ! legislatures ( our ,/ates to ! electorates by :i* !y are *os51 because ( 8 conception ( sov]eignty z unlimit$4 ,if he /opp$ %ort ( ! electors1 "s "p ( 8 sov]eign body w\ld be subject to political sup]iors4 ,if he 7 to g beyond ! electors1 to ! l>g] body ( ! p--to ! wom5 & ! *ildr5 & ! m5 :o _c vote--he w\ld come ^u1 n a 8det]m9ate10 b an indet]m9ate body ( p]sons4 ,our own writ]s1 h[ev]1 hav+ made bold to embrace ! dogma ( popul> sov]eignty ) a c]ta9 f]vor ( patriotism1 h no hesitation ab\t tak+ ! additional /ep4 ,!y ma9ta91 ) ,lieb]1 t 8accord+ to ! views ( free m510 sov]eignty 8c dwell ) society1 ! nation1 only40 ,writ]s l ! late ,judge ,jameson1 ( ,*icago1 decl>e t !y h v def9ite ideas ( :at ?is means4 ,!y ?9k t ,mr4 ,bryce exp\nd$ ! doctr9e :5 he wrote 8 *apt] on 8,gov]nm5t by ,public ,op9ion40 8,:5 ! true sov]eign has spok510 says ,judge ,jameson1 8at public meet+s1 by ! press1 or by p]sonal argum5t or solicitation1 ! electorate1 :5 x acts1 ei!r regi/]s ! behe/s ( ! p or ceases betimes fur!r to repres5t !m40 8,! pressure ( public op9ion consci\sly br\ght to be> ^u ! electorate10 he decl>es to be1 ev5 :5 8in>ticulate0 7:atev] in>ticulate pressure may be71 8a cle> & legitimate ex]cise ( sov]eign p[]20 & he ?9ks t ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] meant ! same ?+ :5 he decl>$ t 8t :i*1 f h\r to h\r1 9 e c\ntry1 gov]n$ despotically or o!rwise1 produces ! ob$i5ce mak+ political action possible1 is ! accumulat$ & organiz$ s5tim5t felt t[>ds inh]it$ in/itutions made sacr$ by tradition10 inasmu* z ,mr4 ,sp5c] proce$s to say ) all pla9ness1 8,h5ce x is und5iable t1 tak5 9 its wide/ acceptation1 ! feel+ ( ! community is ! sole s\rce ( political p[]2 9 ^? communities1 at lea/1 :i* are n "u =eign dom9ation4 ,x is s at ! outset ( social life1 & x /ill cont9ues sub/antially s40 ,& yet1 if ,mr4 ,sp5c] means ! same ?+ t ,judge ,jameson means1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! pres5t frat]nization ( ,france & ,russia8 ,if ! p be sov]eign 9 ,france & ! ,cz> sov]eign 9 ,russia1 x is d\btless q conceivable t "o sov]eign %\ld love ano!r2 b if x be true1 z ,judge ,jameson makes ,mr4 ,sp5c] say1 t x is ! p1 ev5 9 ,russia1 :o are aft] all sov]eign1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! fondness ( ! ,fr5* sov]eign = a gov]nm5t :i* is hold+ ! ,russian sov]eign 9 subjection8 ,if ?is be correct ?9k+1 x puts u into awkw>d qu&>ies1 tr\bl+ our logic z well z condemn+ our lives4 ,apply ?is doctr9e ( our ma/]s 9 ,am]ican law to our actual political conditions1 & see h[ f> x simplifies ! matt]4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7s runs ! or?odox cre$7 ! ,p is sov]eign4--! v]b is s+ul> because ! p1 "u ?is doctr9e1 con/itute a unit4 ,& yet x is notori\s t !y nev] h act$ z a unit1 nor ev] c act z a unit "u our exi/+ con/itution4 ,!y h always act$1 & mu/ always act1 9 /ate gr\ps4 ,& 9 /ate gr\ps :at action d !y take8 ,!y ass5t to con/itutional provisions1 or refuse to ass5t to !m2 & !y select c]ta9 p]sons to act z law-mak]s1 z judges1 or z executive (fic]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,d !y *oose policies8 ,no4 ,d !y frame con/itutional provisions8 ,c]ta9ly n2 !y only accept or reject !m4 ,9 ! only case 9 :i* !y speak directly conc]n+ specific provisions ( law1 !y nei!r comm& nor orig9ate4 ,!y receive or decl9e :at is (f]$ !m4 ,!y mu/ wait until !y are ask$4 ,!y h nei!r initiative nor opportunity to con/ruct4 ,!y mu/ be consult$ conc]n+ gov]nm5t1 b !y d n conduct x4 ,nor is x o!rwise1 ^u la/ analysis1 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e ! ,ref]5dum exi/s1 :]e1 t is1 ! p vote ^u specific measures ( ord9>y legislation n only1 b :]e !y are also provid$ ) means ( imp]ative initiative 9 legislation4 ,by petitions be>+ a c]ta9 l>ge numb] ( signatures !y c propose def9ite legislation1 compel action ^u ! matt] ( _! petitions by _! legislatures1 & an ultimate submission ( ! "q to popul> vote4 ,b see :at ?is is1 :5 exam9$4 ,! eyes ( ! community1 ! m5 ( obs]vation & progress1 get up a petition2 t is1 an indet]m9ate body & a m9ority dem& t c]ta9 laws be =mulat$ & put to ! vote4 ,! ?+ is done1 b ! measure defeat$1 let u suppose1 at ! polls4 ,! eyes ( ! community h desir$ c]ta9 ?+s1 h (f]$ !m to ! sl[ dige/ive organs1 & !y h be5 reject$4 ,are ! dige/ive organs1 !n1 sov]eign1 & n ! initiative p>ts1 ! eyes & ! reason8 ,is x sov]eign to /oma* a ?+1 & n sov]eign to purpose a ?+8 ,b turn ! *ase 9 ano!r direction1 if p]adv5ture we may yet run ! sov]eign p to cov]4 ,! m absolute democratic !ori/s decl9e to re/rict ! sov]eign body to ! electorate1 to ^? :o h =mal votes4 ,vot]s are simply ! ag5ts ( ! community1 !y say4 ,! press & ! pulpit1 ! private argum5t & ! curta9 lecture1 comm&--vot]s1 if !y are fai?ful1 obey4 ,o!rs1 no less democratic1 b m precise1 seek = a m det]m9ate body1 cont5t !mselves ) ! qualifi$ vot]s1 & ?9k ) relief t all difficulties are remov$4 ,! electorate is sov]eign4 ,b is ! electorate a m det]m9ate body ?an ! population8 ,does regi/ration af=d u any m c]ta9 results ?an ! c5sus yields8 ,d ! electors act 9 det]m9ate numb]s8 ,is !re a quorum8 ,h !y any *oice b to act "u ! =ms & )9 ! limits assign$ by law8 ,c !y comm& )\t invitation1 or ass5t )\t sugge/ion8 ,are n ! ag5cies :i* ,judge ,jameson calls sov]eign aft] all m active1 m self-direct$1 fre] to criticise1 to sugge/1 to insi/8 ,! newspap]s1 ! cl]gym51 ! mass-meet+ orators1 ! urg5t fri5ds1 ! re/less1 ambiti\s wives1 ! p]t & =w>d *ildr5 c at any rate keep on talk+ 9 ! int]vals1 :5 ! electors are r$uc$ to sil5ce1 pati5tly await+ an opportunity to vote4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we c accept ?is miscellane\s sov]eign ( m5-wom5-&-*ildr51 ! hi/ory ( sov]eignty is mu* simplifi$4 ,?is det]m9ate body ( p]sons1 ! free population1 is always pres5t1 & always has be5 pres5t1 "u all con/itutions4 ,all t we h to inquire is1 ,:at means _h !y = express+ _! w8 ,h[ 7 _! dispositions & judgm5ts made to tell ^u ! consci\sness ( ^? :o fram$ ! laws8 ,true1 ?is sov]eign body has its po9ts ( resemblance to ! god ,baal4 ,^? :o call ^u x call 9 va91 if x be n ! season appo9t$ = vot+2 !re is no voice1 nor any t answ]1 nor any t reg>de?4 ,no fire consumes ! sacrifice4 ,p]haps ! ,p is talk+1 or is pursu+1 or is 9 a j\rney1 or p]adv5ture x sleepe?1 & mu/ be awak$4 ,surely ?is is a s+ul> und]tak+1 ?is mad pursuit ( a sov]eign amid/ ! obvi\s ph5om5a ( politics6 ,if laws be inde$ comm&s1 ! comm&s ( a det]m9ate p]son or body ( p]sons1 x ought to be possible to discov] ?is det]m9ate s\rce ( au?ority )\t mu* curi\s rese>*4 ,& yet x w\ld seem t x dem&s +5i\s analysis4 ,look h[ uneasily ,mr4 ,sidgwick ca/s ab\t 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 rec5t 8,elem5ts ( ,politics10 to f9d ,supreme ,political ,p[]--:i* is 8 "n = sov]eignty4 ,he has be5 look+ =w>d to ?is inquiry1 n )\t n]v\sness1 ?r\gh\t ! *apt]s :i* prec$e4 ,political p[] is ex]cis$1 he p]ceives1 ?r\gh "s organ ( gov]nm5t2 b he _c conceive t ! p[] ( ?is organ is its own p[]4 ,he engages 9 a /udy ( dynamics4 ,:at moves ?is organ3 :5ce does x d]ive its p[]8 ,h[ is x influ5c$8 ,is x itself comm&$1 ov]aw$1 con/ra9$ f any qu>t]8 ,?is is a door to ! metaphysics ( gov]nm5t4 ,tak+ a pr9ce z a simple & normal organ ( gov]nm5t1 he analyzes ! subjection ( pr9ces to _! m9i/]s1 to prie/s1 to mi/resses1 to ! viol5t prote/s ( an insubord9ate p4 ,no influ5ce t ! pr9ce c ?r[ (f )\t los+ 8 own au?ority1 he ?9ks1 c be a sov]eign influ5ce2 b any influ5ce :i* c ?reat5 8 p[] if he resi/s is a sov]eign influ5ce1 ! true depository ( supreme political p[]4 ,sov]eignty ?us becomes a catalogue ( influ5ces4 ,c we accept ^! s+ul> processes8 ,if a physici/ 7 to disc>d all ! sep>ate laws1 all ! diff]5tial analysis ( 8 sci5ce1 & 7 to r$uce its entire body ( pr9ciples to "s g5]al /atem5t ( ! correlation ( =ces1 he w\ld h>dly be conceiv$ to h done physics a s]vice4 ,if 9 our /udy ( anatomy we %\ld turn away f /ructural adju/m5t & functional =ce to take acc\nt ( ! ?\s& & "o influ5ces :i* 9 individual cases affect ! organs f )\t1 we %\ld obvi\sly be ab&on+ ! sci5ce itself4 ,x seems to me t we d a v l ?+ if1 9 /udy+ ! /ructural =ces & organic actions ( society1 its organs ( orig9ation & comm&1 its organs ( execution1 its sup]ior & its subord9ate au?orities1 its habitual modes ( /ructural life1 we ab&on all attempts at diff]5tiation1 ?r[ all analysis into hot*-pot*1 & r$uce ev]y?+ to t]ms ( ! g5]al =ces :i* m\ld & gov]n society z a :ole4 ,we confuse our ?\ght 9 our ef=t to simplify x4 ,we lose1 we d n ga91 by putt+ p[]s ( radically diff]5t sorts toge!r into ! same categories1 & driv+ !m abrea/1 z if !y pull$ toge!r1 9 ! same propositions4 ,!re is no unlimit$ p[]1 except ! sum ( all p[]s4 ,our legal !ori/s h s\ght unlimit$ sov]eignty by a process ( summation2 h made x consi/ 9 ! comb9$ =ces ( ! community4 ,sov]eignty1 if x be a def9ite & sep>able ?+ at all1 is n unlimit$ p[]2 is n id5tical ) ! p[]s ( ! community4 ,x is n ! g5]al vitality ( ! organism1 b ! specific orig9ative p[] ( c]ta9 organs4 ,sov]eigns h always be5 subject 9 great] or less degree to ! community2 h always be5 organs ( ! ,/ate2 h nev] be5 ! ,/ate itself4 ,b !y h be5 sov]eigns none ! less2 !y1 & n ! community ov] :i* !y presid$4 ,x is necess>y1 if !re is to be any cle> ?9k+ at all ^u ?is subject1 to di/+ui% v %>ply two radically diff]5t ?+s2 namely1 ! p[]s & processes ( gov]n+1 on ! "o h&1 f ! relations ( ! p to ^? p[]s & processes1 on ! o!r4 ,^? relations are relations ( ass5t & ob$i5ce2 & ! degree ( ass5t & ob$i5ce m>ks 9 e case ! limits1 t is1 ! sph]e1 ( sov]eignty4 ,sov]eignty is ! daily op]ative p[] ( fram+ & giv+ efficacy to laws4 ,x is ! orig9ative1 directive1 gov]n+ p[]4 ,x lives2 x plans2 x executes4 ,x is ! organic orig9ation by ! ,/ate ( its law & policy2 & ! sov]eign p[] is ! highe/ orig9ative organ ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is none ! less sov]eign because x mu/ be obs]vant ( ! pref]5ces ( ^? :om x gov]ns4 ,! ob$i5ce ( ! subject has always limit$ ! p[] ( ! sov]eign4 8,! ,ea/]n politicians nev] d any?+10 says ,burke1 8)\t ! op9ion ( ! a/rolog]s on ! =tunate mom5t4444 ,/atesm5 ( a m judici\s presci5ce look = ! =tunate mom5t too2 b !y seek x1 n 9 ! conjunctions & oppositions ( planets1 b 9 ! conjunctions & oppositions ( m5 & ?+s40 ,?is is ! cov]t admission ( ! ,au/9ian def9ition itself3 ! sov]eign p[] is t to :i* 8! bulk ( ! community is habitually ob$i5t40 ,:5 we discuss1 ) ,mr4 ,sidgwick1 ! influ5ces :i* tell ^u ! action ( ! orig9ative organs ( ! ,/ate1 we are n discuss+ sov]eignty1 b ! natural & univ]sal limitations ( sov]eignty1 ! /ructural *ecks & balances ( ! organism4 ,!re is no hope = !ory if we neglect ^! obvi\s di/9ctions4 ,at all times & "u all sy/ems !re h be5 two sets ( ph5om5a visible 9 gov]nm5t3 ! ph5om5a ( comm& & ! ph5om5a ( ob$i5ce1 ! ph5om5a ( gov]n+ & ! ph5om5a ( be+ gov]n$4 ,ob$i5ce1 moreov]1 is n always an automatic or unconsci\s ?+4 ,x is a submission ( ! w--an acquiesc5ce :i* is ei!r ! product ( *oice1 ( necessity1 or ( habit4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ f ! fir/2 0 obs]v$ by ,bod91 f :om we get our ^w sov]eignty1 & mu* ( our conception ( ! ?+1 sov]eignty4 ,he p]ceiv$ t ! supremacy ( ! sov]eign--ev5 ( ! m$ival ,fr5* sov]eign be=e 8 eyes--0 9 fact limit$1 ! fronti]s ( sov]eignty be+ m>k$ by c]ta9 antec$5t rights1 by div]s e/abli%$ pr]ogatives ( prop]ty & ve/$ privilege--n a sci5tific1 b a natural fronti]1 ly+ along ! old m\nta9s ( habit1 ! well-kn[n riv]s ( prec$5t4 ,we "k t ! hi/ory ( politics has be5 ! hi/ory ( lib]ty2 a hi/ory ( ! enl>gem5t ( ! sph]e ( indep5d5t individual action at ! exp5se ( ! sph]e ( dictatorial au?ority4 ,x has reveal$ a process ( diff]5tiation4 ,c]ta9 fre$oms ( op9ion & utt]ance1 ( *oice ( occupation & ( allegiance1 ( fair trial & equitable condemnation1 h be5 block$ out z inviolable t]ritories1 ly+ q beyond ! jurisdiction ( political sov]eignty4 ,beg9n+ ) t s+ul> & int]e/+ ord] ( ! classical /ates ( ! anci5t _w1 "u :i* ! individual 0 m]g$ 9 ! community & lib]ty became id5tical ) a %>e 9 ! ex]cise ( ! public p[]1 we witness some?+ l a gradual dis9tegration1 a resolution ( ! ,/ate into its con/itu5t elem5ts1 until at l5g? ^? :o gov]n & ^? :o are gov]n$ are no long] "o & ! same1 b /& face to face treat+ ) "o ano!r1 agree+ ^u t]ms ( comm& & ob$i5ce1 z at ,runnym$e4 ,conditions ( submission h be5 conte/$1 &1 z lib]ty has ga9$ ^u au?ority1 h be5 jeal\sly =mulat$4 ,! proc$ure & ! pr]ogatives ( au?ority h be5 agre$ ^u2 lib]ty has encroa*$ ^u sov]eignty & set b\nds to x4 ,! process is old2 only "s ( its results are new4 ,:at bo? political philosoph]s & political revolutioni/s h s\ght = "t out ( m9d has be5 a f9al def9ition = t "p ( ! ,au/9ian conception :i* conc]ns ! habitual ob$i5ce ( ! community4 ,^! def9itions1 9 _! practical %ape z in/itutions1 we n[ call con/itutions4 ,at la/ peoples h become consci\s ( _! relations to ! highe/ p[]s ( ! ,/ate1 & h s\ght to give p]man5ce & c]ta9ty to ^? relations by sett+ ! conditions ( _! subord9ation fa/ 9 /ubborn practices or 9 ! solemn cov5ants ( writt5 docum5ts4 ,a con/itution gov]nm5t has always _h2 b n until ?is late/ age ^! delib]ate =mulations ( pr9ciple & practice :i* det]m9e ! :ole organization & action ( ! ,/ate1 ! doma9 ( au?ority1 ! neutral t]ritory ( lib]ty1 ! po/ulates ( ob$i5ce4 ,con/itutions are def9itive r ?an creative4 ,!y sum up exp]i5ces4 ,!y regi/] cons5ts4 ,assur$ly ,mr4 ,sp5c] is "r :5 he decl>es t t :i* 9 e c\ntry1 "u :atev] sy/em gov]n$1 8produces ! ob$i5ce mak+ political action possible1 is ! accumulat$ & organiz$ s5tim5t ( ! community t[>ds inh]it$ in/itutions10 & t 8! feel+ ( ! community is ! sole s\rce ( political p[]40 ,b ?is does n mean :at ,judge ,jameson reads into x1 t sov]eignty & ! feel+ ( ! community are "o & ! same ?+2 t ! conditions ( sov]eignty & ! ex]cise ( sov]eignty are id5tical4 ,sov]eignty has at all times & "u all sy/ems ( gov]nm5t be5 dep5d5t ^u ! temp] & disposition ( ! p4 ,! w ( ! community1 ! incl9ations & desires ( ! body politic z a :ole1 are always1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ! f\ndation1 z !y are also 9 _m in/ances ! direct & imm$iate s\rce1 ( law4 ,b ^! pref]5ces ( ! g5]al body are ex]cis$ by way ( approval or disapproval1 acquiesc5ce or resi/ance2 !y are n ag5cies ( initial *oice4 ,! sanction+ judgm5ts ( a p are passive1 dormant1 wait+ to h ?+s put to !m1 unable !mselves to sugge/ any?+1 because )\t organs ( utt]ance or sugge/ion4 ,i _c pr$icate sov]eignty ( my physical p>ts1 b mu/ ascribe x to my w1 not)/&+ ! fact t my physical p>ts mu/ ass5t to ! purposes ( my w1 & t my w is dep5d5t ^u _! ob$i5ce4 ,! organism unque/ionably dom9ates ! organs2 b !re are organs1 nev]!less1 organs ( orig9ation1 :i* direct & rule ) a sov]eign presid5cy4 ,a writt5 con/itution adopt$ by popul> vote af=ds1 p]haps1 "s ( ! nice/ te/s ( !ory4 ,"h we h ! mo/ specific =m ( popul> ass5t4 ,9 su* a docum5t ! p[]s ( ! gov]nm5t are explicitly set =? & specifically lodg$2 & ! means by :i* !y may be diff]5tly con/itut$ or be/[$ are def9itively det]m9$4 ,n[ we "k t ^! docum5ts are ! result ( exp]i5ce1 ! outcome ( a conte/ ( =ces1 ! fruits ( /ruggle4 ,nations h tak5 k ( despotism4 ,!y h se5 au?ority abus$ & h refus$ to submit2 h p]ceiv$ ju/ice to be arbitr>y & hidd5 away 9 secret tribunals1 & h insi/$ t x be made uni=m & op52 h se5 m9i/]s *os5 f among favorites1 & h dem&$ t !y be tak5 f among repres5tatives ( ! p2 h f\nd legislation reg>dful ( classes1 & h clamor$ to h laws made by m5 select$ )\t reg>d to class2 h felt ob$i5ce irksome because gov]nm5t 0 disord]$ 9 =m & confus$ 9 respect ( responsibility1 & h insi/$ t responsibility be fix$ & =ms ( ord] & publicity obs]v$4 ,sometimes only a /eady practice has accompli%$ all ?is2 sometimes docum5t>y securities h be5 dem&$4 ,^! docum5t>y securities are writt5 con/itutions4 ,x is easy1 z x is also impressive1 to believe t a writt5 con/itution proce$s f ! p1 & con/itutes _! sov]eign behe/ conc]n+ gov]nm5t4 ,b ( c\rse x does n4 ,x proce$s always ei!r f "s ord9>y or f "s extraord9>y organ ( ! /ate2 its provisions are ! fruit ( ! debat$ det]m9ations ( a comp>atively small delib]ative body1 act+ usually "u "s =m ( legal commission4 ,x is accept$ z a :ole & )\t discrim9ation by ! diffus$1 undelib]ative body ( vot]s4 ,:at confuses our view is ! fact t ^! =mal docum5t>y /atem5ts ( ! k9ds & degrees ( ob$i5ce to :i* ! p ass5t1 ! me?ods ( p[] to :i* !y submit1 ! sort ( responsibility ^u :i* !y insi/1 h become1 f ! v necessity ( _! nature1 a di/9ct & sup]ior sort ( precise & positive law4 ,we seek ! sov]eign :o utt]s !m4 ,b !y are n ! utt]ances ( a sov]eign4 ,!y are ! cov5ants ( a community4 ,"t out ( m9d communities h made cov5ants ) _! sov]eigns4 ,:5 despotism 9 ,france 0 #8temp]$ by epigram1' ! %>p tongues ( ! wits spoke1 aft] a sort1 ! con/itution ( ! c\ntry1--a positive law ^: sanction 0 ridicule4 ,b ! wits 7 n sov]eign2 ! salons did n conduct gov]nm5t4 ,our writt5 con/itutions are only v =mal /atem5ts ( ! /&>ds to :i* ! p1 ^u :om gov]nm5t dep5ds = support1 w hold ^? :o ex]cise ! sov]eign p[]4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 d5y ! p[] ( ! p4 ,ultimately !y condition ! action ( ^? :o gov]n2 & x is salut>y t x %\ld be s4 ,x is wise also1 if x be n indisp5sable1 t ! ext5t & mann] ( _! control %\ld be explicitly set =? & def9itively agre$ ^u 9 docum5ts ( unmi/akable t5or4 ,i say simply t su* control is no new ?+4 ,x is only ! precise =mulation ( x t is new4 ,if x seem to be aft] all a "q ( words1 a little clos] scrut9y w disclose ! fact t x is mu* m ?an t4 ,mr4 ,rit*ie1 ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 9 an able article on 8,! ,conception ( ,sov]eignty10 contribut$ to ! ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce 7,janu>y1 #ahia71 p]ceiv+ "s "p ( ! di/9ction t ,i h po9t$ out1 & wi%+ to realize x 9 8 ?\ght1 proposes to di/+ui% ?ree sev]al k9ds ( sov]eigns3 viz4 a nom9al sov]eign--! ,engli% que51 = example2 a legal sov]eign--! law-mak+ body2 & a political sov]eign--! vot]s1 :om we might call ! sov]eign ( appeal4 ,b :y n conf9e ourselves to sub/antives1 if we may1 & avoid ! quicks&s ( adjectives8 ,sov]eignty is some?+ q def9ite2 s also is p[]2 s also is control4 ,sov]eignty is ! highe/ political p[] 9 ! /ate1 lodg$ 9 active organs1 = ! purposes ( gov]n+4 ,sov]eign p[] is a positive ?+2 control a negative ?+4 ,p[] belongs to gov]nm5t1 is lodg$ 9 organs ( initiative2 control belongs to ! community1 is lodg$ ) ! vot]s4 ,to call ^! two ?+s by ! same "n is simply to impov]i% language by mak+ "o ^w s]ve = a v>iety ( mean+s4 ,x is nev] easy to po9t out 9 our complex mod]n gov]nm5ts ! exact organs 9 :i* sov]eignty is lodg$4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is always safe to ascribe sov]eignty to ! highe/ orig9ative or law-mak+ body ( ! /ate1--! body by ^: det]m9ations bo? ! tasks to be c>ri$ out by ! ,adm9i/ration & ! rules to be appli$ by ! c\rts are fix$ & w>rant$4 ,ev5 :]e ! c\rts utt] au?oritative int]pretations ( :at we call ! fundam5tal law--! law t is embodi$ 9 con/itutions--!y are r ! organs ?r\gh :i* ! limitations ( sov]eignty are det]m9$ ?an organs ( sov]eignty itself4 ,!y decl>e ! pr9ciples ( t high]1 con/itu5t law :i* is set above sov]eignty1 :i* expresses ! re/rictions set ab\t ! ex]cise ( sov]eign au?ority4 ,su* re/rictions exi/ 9 all /ates1 b !y are giv5 def9ite =mulation only 9 "s4 ,z = ! ,executive1 t is ! ag5t1 n ! organ1 ( sov]eignty4 ,b1 ev5 if x be comp>atively easy ?us to fix ^u ! organs ( sov]eignty 9 a unit>y /ate1 :at %all we say ( a f$]al /ate8 ,h[ apply our analysis to t8 ,"o is tempt$ to decl>e1 ) ,dr4 ,m]kel1 ( ,/rassburg1 t f$]al /ates give direct contradiction ( fact to prevail+ !ories respect+ ! necessity = unity ( p[]1 indivisibility ( sov]eignty4 ,"h1 z he says1 we h organs & au?orities 9 possession ( p[]s exclusively _! own1 = ! fur!rance ( functions necess>y to ! ends ( ! /ate z a :ole1 exi/+ side by side ) organs also 9 full possession ( p[]s exclusively _! own1 = ! fur!rance ( ! local & special functions ( ! memb] /ates4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t ^! two sets ( organs are 9 fact co-ord9ate2 t ! p[]s ( ! /ates 7 n d]iv$ f ! f$]al au?ority1 7 ev5 antec$5t to ! p[]s ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 & hi/orically q indep5d5t ( !m4 ,& yet no "o :o pond]s ei!r ! life or ! =mal /ructure ( a f$]al /ate c fail to p]ceive t !re is1 aft] all1 an ess5tial unity 9 x1 ! virtual creation ( a c5tral sov]eignty4 ,! con/itu5t act--! mann] 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t 0 creat$--c1 ,i conceive1 h no?+ to d ) our analysis 9 ?is matt]4 ,! way 9 :i* ! f$]al /ate came into exi/5ce is immat]ial to ! "q ( sov]eignty )9 x aft] x has be5 creat$4 ,orig9ative life & action1 ! *>act]i/ic attributes ( sov]eignty1 come aft] t4 ,"* & *oice are po/pon$ to bir?1 sov]eignty to ! creation ( ! body politic4 ,! con/itu5t act creates a ?+ capable ( ex]cis+ sov]eignty4 ,aft] ! creative law has done its "p1 by :atev] process1 !n ! functions ( indep5d5t life beg94 ,!reaft]1 9 all f$]al /ates1 ev5 ! am5dm5t ( ! fundam5tal law becomes an organic act1 dep5d+1 practically )\t exception1 ^u ! initiative ( ! *ief orig9ative organ ( ! f$]al /ate4 ,conf$]ations are "h out ( ! "q4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 associations ( sov]eigns4 ,9 ! f$]al /ate self-det]m9ation ) respect to _! law z a :ole has be5 lo/ by ! memb] /ates4 ,!y _c ext5d1 !y _c ev5 det]m9e1 _! own p[]s conclusively )\t appeal to ! f$]al au?orities4 ,!y are unque/ionably subject to a political sup]ior4 ,!y are fus$1 subord9at$1 dom9at$4 ,?\gh !y d n ex]cise _! p[]s by virtue ( delegation1 ?\gh _! p[]s are inde$ inh]5t & 9 a v important s5se indep5d5t1 !y are yet inf]ior to a body ^: own p[]s are 9 reality self-det]m9$1 h[ev] mu* t self-det]m9ation may be h$g$ ab\t & clogg$ by ! =ms ( ! fundam5tal f$]al law4 ,!y are /ill /ates1 because _! p[]s are orig9al & inh]5t1 n d]ivative2 because _! political rights are n also legal duties2 & because !y c apply to _! comm&s ! full imp]ative sanctions ( law4 ,b _! sph]e is limit$ by ! presid+ & sov]eign p[]s ( a /ate sup]ord9at$ to !m1 ! ext5t ( ^: au?ority is det]m9$1 "u con/itutional =ms & gu>antees1 by itself4 ,!y h dom9ion2 b x has sov]eignty4 ,= ) ! f$]al /ate lie ! highe/ p[]s ( orig9ative legal det]m9ation1 ! ultimate au?ority to w>rant *ange & sanction jurisdiction4 ,our ?\ght is emb>rass$ ?r\gh\t su* an analysis by ! v fact :i* invalidates ! ,au/9ian conception & makes a fre% analysis necess>y4 ,v little law lit]ally orig9ates 9 comm&1 ?\gh its =mulation & en=cem5t mu/ unque/ionably be effect$ ?r\gh ! comm&+ au?orities ( ! /ate4 ,x is _! function to direct1 to lead1 r ?an to comm&4 ,!y orig9ate =ms1 b !y d n discov] pr9ciples4 ,9 a v pr(\nd s5se law proce$s f ! community4 ,x is ! result ( its undelib]ate z well z ( its delib]ate developm5ts1 ( its /ruggles1 class aga9/ class1 int]e/ aga9/ int]e/1 & ( its compromises & adju/m5ts ( op9ion4 ,x foll[s1 sl[ly1 its e?ical judgm5ts1 m promptly its mat]ial necessities4 ,b law issues ?us f ! body ( ! community only 9 vague & in*oate =m4 ,x mu/ be tak5 out ( ! sph]e ( volunt>y & unc]ta9 action & made precise & inv>iable4 ,x becomes positive law by receiv+ def9ition & be+ back$ by an active & recogniz$ p[] )9 ! /ate4 ,! sov]eign organ ( a /ate is1 !re=e1 v prop]ly said to be its law-mak+ organ4 ,x transmutes select$ t5d5cies into /iff & urg5t rules4 ,x ex]cises a sov]eign *oice 9 s do+4 ,x det]m9es :i* t5d5cies %all be accept$1 :i* *eck$ & d5i$ efficacy4 ,x =ms ! purposes ( ! /ate1 avoid+ revolution if x =m !m wisely & ) a true insight4 ,?is is sov]eignty3--to sit at ! helm & /e]1 m>k+ out su* free c\rses = ! /an* craft z w9d & wea!r w p]mit4 ,?is is ! only sort ( sov]eignty t c be ex]cis$ 9 human affairs4 ,b ! pilot is sov]eign1 & n ! wea!r4 ,,iv ,,"* ,,( ,,democracy ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,ev]y?+ apprises u ( ! fact t we are n ! same nation n[ t we 7 :5 ! gov]nm5t 0 =m$4 ,9 look+ back to t "t1 ! impression is inevitable t we />t$ ) sundry wrong ideas ab\t ourselves4 ,we deem$ ourselves rank democrats1 :]eas we 7 9 fact only progressive ,engli%m54 ,turn ! leaves ( t sage manual ( con/itutional int]pretation & advocacy1 ! ,f$]ali/1 & note ! p]v]se t5d5cy ( its writ]s to ref] to ,greece & ,rome = prec$5ts1--t ,greece & ,rome :i* haunt$ all our e>li] & ev5 "s ( our m mature ye>s4 ,recall1 too1 t famili> /ory ( ,daniel ,web/] :i* tells ( 8 com+ home exhau/$ f an int]view ) ! fir/ ,presid5t-elect ,h>rison1 ^: ,secret>y ( ,/ate he 0 to be1 & expla9+ t he _h be5 oblig$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! conf]5ce1 :i* conc]n$ ! inaugural address ab\t to be deliv]$1 to kill n9e ,roman consuls :om x _h be5 ! int5tion ( ! good conqu]or ( ,tippecanoe publicly to take into (fice ) him4 ,! tru? is t we long imag9$ ourselves relat$ 9 "s unexpla9$ way to all anci5t republicans4 ,/rangely en\gh1 too1 we at ! same "t accept$ ! q incompatible !ory t we 7 relat$ also to ! ,fr5* philosophical radicals4 ,we claim$ k9%ip ) democrats ev]y:]e1--) all democrats4 ,we c n[ sc>cely realize ! atmosph]e ( su* ?\ghts4 ,we are no long] wont to ref] to ! anci5ts or to ! ,fr5* = sanction ( :at we d4 ,we h _h abundant exp]i5ce ( our own by :i* to reckon4 8,h>dly any fact 9 hi/ory10 says ,mr4 ,bagehot1 writ+ ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 8is s incr$ible z t =ty & a few ye>s ago ,engl& 0 rul$ by ,mr4 ,p]ceval4 ,x seems almo/ ! same z be+ rul$ by ! ,record newspap]40 7,mr4 ,bagehot w\ld n[ probably say ! ,/&>d newspap]47 8,he _h ! same poorness ( ?\ght1 ! same petty cons]vatism1 ! same d>k & n>r[ sup]/ition40 8,! m]e fact ( su* a premi] be+ endur$ %[s h[ deeply ! :ole national _s & int]e/ 0 absorb$ 9 ! conte/ ) ,napoleon1 h[ little we und]/ood ! sort ( man :o %\ld regulate its conduct1--#89 ! crisis ( ,europe1' z ,sydney ,smi? said1 #8he safely br\ght ! ,curates' ,sal>ies ,improvem5t ,bill to a he>+2' & x /ill m %[s ! horror ( all innovation :i* ! rec5t ev5ts ( ,fr5* hi/ory _h impress$ on our weal?y & com=table classes4 ,!y 7 afraid ( cat*+ revolution1 z old wom5 ( cat*+ cold4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,alison to ?is day holds t revolution is an infecti\s disease1 beg9n+ no "o kn[s h[1 & go+ on no "o kn[s :]e4 ,!re is b "o rule ( escape1 expla9s ! great hi/orian3 #8,/ay /ill2 don't move2 d :at y h be5 accu/om$ to d2 & consult y\r gr&mo!r on ev]y?+4'0 ,almo/ equally incr$ible to u is ! ardor ( revolution t fill$ ! _w 9 ^? fir/ days ( our national life1--! fact t "o ( ! rul]s ( ! _w's m9d 9 t g5]ation 0 ,r\sseau1 ! apo/le ( all t is fanciful1 unreal1 & mislead+ 9 politics4 ,to be rul$ by him 0 l tak+ an acc\nt ( life f ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d4 ,& yet !re is /ill mu* sympa?y 9 ?is timid _w = ! dull p :o felt safe 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,p]ceval1 &1 happily1 mu* sympa?y also1 ?\gh little ju/ification1 = su* z caught a g5]\s elevation ( _s f ! speculative en?usiasm ( ,r\sseau4 ,= u :o /& 9 ! du/y matt]-(-fact _w ( to-day1 !re is a t\* ( pa?os 9 recollections ( ! ardor = democratic lib]ty t fill$ ! air ( ,europe & ,am]ica a c5tury ago ) su* quick5+ influ5ces4 ,we may sometimes cat* ourselves regrett+ t ! inoculations ( exp]i5ce h clos$ our sy/ems aga9/ ! infections ( hopeful revolution4 8,bliss 0 x 9 t dawn to be alive1 ,b to be "y 0 v heav56 ,o times ,9 :i* ! meagre1 /ale1 =bidd+ ways ,( cu/om1 law1 & /atute took at once ,! attraction ( a c\ntry 9 romance6 ,:5 ,reason seem$ ! mo/ to ass]t h] rights1 ,:5 mo/ int5t on mak+ ( h]self ,a prime ,en*antress1 to assi/ ! "w ,:i* !n 0 go+ =w>d 9 h] "n6 ,n favor$ spots alone1 b ! :ole e>?1 ,! beauty wore ( promise1 t :i* sets 7,z at "s mom5t might n be unfelt ,among ! b[]s ( p>adise itself7 ,! budd+ rose above ! rose full bl[n40 ,su* 0 ! inspiration :i* n ,wordswor? alone1 b ,col]idge also1 & _m ano!r g5]\s _s :om we love1 caught 9 t day ( hope4 ,x is common to say1 9 explanation ( our regret t ! dawn & y\? ( democracy's day are pa/1 t our pr9ciples are cool] n[ & m circumspect1 ) ! coolness & circumspection ( advanc$ ye>s4 ,x seems to "s t our en?usiasms h become tam] & m decor\s because our s9ews h h>d5$2 t z exp]i5ce has gr[n idealism has decl9$4 ,b to speak ?us is to speak ) ! old self-deception z to ! "* ( our politics4 ,if we are suff]+ disappo9tm5t1 x is ! disappo9tm5t ( an awak5+3 we 7 dream+4 ,= we nev] _h any bus9ess he>k5+ to ,r\sseau or consort+ ) ,europe 9 revolution>y s5tim5t4 ,! gov]nm5t :i* we f\nd$ "o hundr$ ye>s ago 0 no type ( an exp]im5t 9 advanc$ democracy1 z we all[$ ,europe & ev5 ourselves to suppose2 x 0 simply an adaptation ( ,engli% con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,if we suff]$ ,europe to /udy our in/itutions z in/ances 9 po9t t\*+ exp]im5tation 9 politics1 %e 0 ! m deceiv$4 ,if we began ! fir/ c5tury ( our national exi/5ce "u a simil> impression ourselves1 !re is ! great] reason :y we %\ld />t out ^u a new c5tury ( national life ) m accurate conceptions4 ,to ?is end x is important t ! foll[+1 among o!r ?+s1 %\ld be kept prom95tly 9 m9d3-- 7#a47 ,t !re are c]ta9 influ5ces a/ir 9 ?is c5tury :i* make = democracy ! _w ov]1 & t ^! influ5ces owe _! orig9 9 "p to ! radical ?\ght ( ! la/ c5tury2 b t x 0 n su* =ces t made u democratic1 nor are we responsible = !m4 7#b47 ,t1 s f> f ow+ our gov]nm5ts to ^! g5]al influ5ces1 we began1 n by c>ry+ out any !ory1 b by simply c>ry+ out a hi/ory1--inv5t+ no?+1 only e/abli%+ a specializ$ species ( ,engli% gov]nm5t2 t we f\nd$1 n democracy1 b con/itutional gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica4 7#c47 ,t ! gov]nm5t :i* we ?us set up 9 a p]fectly normal mann] has nev]!less *ang$ greatly "u our h&s1 by reason bo? ( gr[? & ( ! op]ation ( ! g5]al democratic =ces1--! ,european1 or r worldwide1 democratic =ces ( :i* ,i h spok54 7#d47 ,t two ?+s1 ! great size to :i* our gov]nm5tal organism has atta9$1 &1 /ill m1 ?is rec5t exposure ( its "* & purposes to ! common democratic =ces ( ! age ( /eam & electricity1 h creat$ new problems ( organization1 :i* x behooves u to meet 9 ! old _s1 b ) new measures4 ,i4 ,fir/1 !n1 = ! =ces :i* are br++ 9 democratic temp] & me?od ! _w ov]4 ,x is matt] ( famili> k :at ^! =ces are1 b x w be pr(itable to our ?\ght to pass !m once m 9 review4 ,!y are fre$om ( ?\ght & ! diffusion ( enlight5m5t among ! p4 ,/eam & electricity h co-op]at$ ) sy/ematic popul> education to accompli% ?is diffusion4 ,! progress ( popul> education & ! progress ( democracy h be5 insep>able4 ,! publication ( _! great encyclopdia by ,did]ot & 8 associates 9 ,france 9 ! la/ c5tury1 0 ! sure sign ( ! *ange t 0 sett+ 94 ,le>n+ 0 turn+ its face away f ! /udi\s few t[>ds ! curi\s _m4 ,! intellectual movem5t ( ! mod]n "t 0 em]g+ f ! n>r[ c\rses ( s*ola/ic ?\ght1 & beg9n+ to spread itself abroad ov] ! ext5d$1 if %all[1 levels ( ! common m9d4 ,! s]i\s =ces ( democracy w be f\nd1 ^u analysis1 to reside1 n 9 ! di/urb+ doctr9es ( eloqu5t revolution>y writ]s1 n 9 ! turbul5t discont5t ( ! paup]iz$ & oppress$1 s mu* z 9 ! educational =ces ( ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 :i* h elevat$ ! masses 9 _m c\ntries to a plane ( und]/&+ & ( ord]ly1 intellig5t purpose m ne>ly on a level ) ! av]age man ( ! classes t h hi!rto be5 p]mitt$ to gov]n4 ,! movem5ts t[>ds democracy :i* h ma/]$ all ! o!r political t5d5cies ( our day are n old] ?an ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury2 & t is j ! age ( ! n[ asc5dant movem5t t[>d sy/ematic popul> education4 ,yet organiz$ popul> education is only "o ( ! quick5+ influ5ces t h be5 produc+ ! g5]al enlight5m5t :i* is ev]y:]e becom+ ! promise ( g5]al lib]ty4 ,r1 x is only "p ( a great :ole1 va/ly l>g] ?an itself4 ,s*ools are b sep>at$ se$-b$s1 9 :i* ! /aple ?\ghts ( ! /eady & /ay-at-home p are prep>$ & nurs$4 ,n mu* ( ! _w1 moreov]1 goes to s*ool 9 ! s*ool h\se4 ,b ?r\gh ! mighty influ5ces ( comm]ce & ! press ! _w itself has become a s*ool4 ,! air is alive ) ! multitud9\s voices ( in=mation4 ,/eady trade w9ds ( int]communication h sprung up :i* c>ry ! se$s ( education & enlight5m5t1 :]esoev] plant$1 to e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,no scrap ( new ?\ght c escape be+ borne away f its place ( bir? by ^! all-absorb+ curr5ts4 ,no idea c be kept exclusively at home1 b is tak5 up by ! trad]1 ! report]1 ! travell]1 ! mission>y1 ! explor]1 & is giv5 to all ! _w1 9 ! newspap]1 ! novel1 ! memoir1 ! poem1 ! treatise1 till e community may "k1 n only itself1 b all ! _w z well1 = ! small price ( le>n+ to read & keep+ its e>s op54 ,all ! _w1 s f> z its news & its mo/ insi/5t ?\ghts are conc]n$1 is fa/ be+ made e man's neighbor4 ,c>lyle unque/ionably t\*$ "o ( ! obvi\s tru?s conc]n+ mod]n democracy :5 he decl>$ x to be ! result ( pr9t+4 ,9 ! newspap] press a :ole population is made critic ( all human affairs2 democracy is 8virtually extant10 & 8democracy virtually extant w insi/ on becom+ palpably extant40 ,look$ at 9 ! l>ge1 ! newspap] press is a type ( democracy1 br++ all m5 )\t di/9ction "u comm5t made by any man )\t di/9ction2 e topic is r$uc$ to a common /&>d ( news2 ev]y?+ is not$ & argu$ ab\t by ev]ybody4 ,no?+ c\ld give sur] promise ( popul> p[] ?an ! activity & al]tness ( ?\ght :i* are made ?r\gh su* ag5cies to accompany ! tra9+ ( ! public s*ools4 ,! activity may (t5 be misdirect$ or un:olesome1 may sometimes be only fev]i% & mis*iev\s1 a griev\s product ( n>r[ in=mation & ha/y conclusion2 b x is none ! less a /irr+ & pot5t activity4 ,x at lea/ m>ks ! initial /ages ( effective ?\ght4 ,x makes m5 consci\s ( ! exi/5ce & int]e/ ( affairs ly+ outside ! dull r\nd ( _! own daily lives4 ,x gives !m nations1 in/ead ( neighborhoods1 to look ^u & ?9k ab\t4 ,!y cat* glimpses ( ! int]national connections ( _! trades1 ( ! univ]sal application ( law1 ( ! endless v>iety ( life1 ( div]sities ( race1 ( a _w teem+ ) m5 l !mselves1 & yet full ( /range cu/oms1 puzzl$ by dim om5s1 /a9$ by crime1 r++ ) voices famili> & unfamili>4 ,& all ?is a man c n[adays get )\t /irr+ f home1 by m]ely spell+ out ! pr9t t cov]s e piece ( pap] ab\t him4 ,if m5 are ?r[n1 = any reason1 into ! swift & easy curr5ts ( travel1 !y f9d !mselves br\ght daily face to face ) p]sons native ( e clime1 ) practices sugge/ive ( :ole hi/ories1 ) a ?\s& ?+s :i* *all5ge curiosity1 inevitably provok+ inquiries su* z enl>ge k ( life & %ake ! m9d imp]atively loose f old preconceptions4 ,^! are ! =ces :i* h e/abli%$ ! drift t[>ds democracy4 ,:5 all s\rces ( in=mation are accessible to all m5 alike1 :5 ! _w's ?\ght & ! _w's news are scatt]$ broadca/ :]e ! poore/ may f9d !m1 ! non-democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t mu/ f9d life a desp]ate v5ture4 ,exclusive privilege ne$s privacy1 b _c h x4 ,k+%ip ( ! eld] patt]ns ne$s sanctity1 b c f9d x n[h]e obta9able 9 a _w ( news items & satisfi$ curiosity4 ,! _m w no long] receive submissively ! ?\ght ( a rul+ few1 b insi/ ^u hav+ op9ions ( _! own4 ,! rea*es ( public op9ion h be5 inf9itely ext5d$2 ! numb] ( voices t mu/ be he$$ 9 legislation & 9 executive policy has be5 inf9itely multipli$4 ,mod]n influ5ces h incl9$ e man to cle> 8 ?roat = a ^w 9 ! _w's debates4 ,!y h popul>iz$ ev]y?+ !y h t\*$4 ,9 ! newspap]s1 x is true1 !re is v little conc]t betwe5 ! writ]s2 little b piecemeal op9ion is creat$ by _! comm5t & argum5t2 !re is no common voice amid/ _! c\nsell+s4 ,b ! aggregate voice ?und]s ) trem5d\s volume2 & t aggregate voice is #8public op9ion4' ,popul> education & *eap pr9t+ & travel va/ly ?ick5 ! ranks ( ?9k]s ev]y:]e t _! influ5ce is felt1 & by r\s+ ! multitude to take k ( ! affairs ( gov]nm5t prep>e ! "t :5 ! multitude w1 s f> z possible1 take *>ge ( ! affairs ( gov]nm5t1--! "t :51 to repeat ,c>lyle's phrase1 democracy w become palpably extant4 ,b1 mighty z su* =ces are1 democratic z !y are1 no "o c fail to p]ceive t !y are inadequate to produce ( !mselves su* a gov]nm5t z ours4 ,!re is little 9 !m ( con/ructive efficacy4 ,!y c\ld n ( !mselves build any gov]nm5t at all4 ,!y are critical1 analytical1 que/ion+1 quizz+ =ces2 n ar*itectural1 n p[]s t devise & build4 ,! influ5ces ( popul> education1 ( ! press1 ( travel1 ( comm]ce1 ( ! innum]able ag5cies :i* n[adays s5d k & ?\ght 9 quick pulsations ?r\gh e "p & memb] ( society1 d n necess>ily m\ld m5 = effective endeavor4 ,!y may only confuse & p>alyze ! m9d ) _! myriad /++ la%es ( excitem5t4 ,!y may only /r5g!n ! impression t 8! _w's a /age10 & t no "o ne$ d m ?an sit & look on ?r\gh 8 ready glass1 ! newspap]4 ,!y ov]:elm "o ) impressions1 b d !y give /alw>tness to 8 manhood8 ,d !y make 8 h& any /eadi] on ! pl\gh1 or 8 purpose any cle>] ) ref]5ce to ! duties ( ! mom5t8 ,!y /ream light ab\t him1 x may be1 b d !y cle> 8 vision8 ,is he bett] able to see because !y give him c\ntless ?+s to look at8 ,is he bett] able to judge because !y fill him ) a delusive s5se ( kn[+ ev]y?+8 ,activity ( m9d is n necess>ily /r5g? ( m9d4 ,x may manife/ itself 9 m]e dumb %[2 x may run into jigs z well z into /r5u\s "w at noble tasks4 ,a man's f>m does n yield its fruits ! m abundantly 9 _! season because he reads ! _w's news 9 ! pap]s4 ,a m]*ant's %ipm5ts d n multiply because he /udies hi/ory4 ,bank+ is none ! less haz>d\s to ! bank]'s capital & tax+ to 8 p[]s because ! be/ writ+ ( ! be/ essayi/s is to be b\ght *eap4 ,,ii4 ,v diff]5t 7 ! =ces beh9d u4 ,no?+ e/abli%es ! republican /ate save tra9$ capacity = self-gov]nm5t1 practical aptitude = public affairs1 habitual sob]ness & temp]at5ess ( unit$ action4 ,:5 we look back to ! mod]ate sagacity & /eadfa/1 self-conta9$ habit 9 self-gov]nm5t ( ! m5 to :om we owe ! e/abli%m5t ( our in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we are at once made aw>e t !re is no communion betwe5 _! democracy & ! radical ?\ght & re/less _s call$ by t "n 9 ,europe4 ,!re is almo/ no?+ 9 common betwe5 popul> outbreaks su* z took place 9 ,france at h] great ,revolution & ! e/abli%m5t ( a gov]nm5t l our own4 ,our memories ( ! ye> #aghi are z f> z possible remov$ f ! memories :i* ,europe reta9s ( t pregnant ye>4 ,we manife/$ "o hundr$ ye>s ago :at ,europe lo/1 namely1 self-comm&1 self-possession4 ,democracy 9 ,europe1 outside ( closet$ ,switz]l&1 has act$ always 9 rebellion1 z a de/ructive =ce3 x c sc>cely be said to h _h1 ev5 yet1 any p]iod ( organic developm5t4 ,x has built su* tempor>y gov]nm5ts z x has _h opportunity to erect on ! old f\ndations & out ( ! discr$it$ mat]ials ( c5traliz$ rule1 elevat+ ! p's repres5tatives = a season to ! ?rone1 b secur+ almo/ z little z ev] ( t e-day local self-gov]nm5t :i* lies s ne> to ! he>t ( lib]ty4 ,democracy 9 ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 & 9 ! ,engli% colonies has _h1 almo/ f ! fir/1 a truly organic gr[?4 ,!re 0 no?+ revolution>y 9 its movem5ts2 x _h n to ov]?r[ o!r polities2 x _h only to organize itself4 ,x _h n to create1 b only to exp&1 self-gov]nm5t4 ,x did n ne$ to spread propag&a3 x ne$$ no?+ b to me?odize its ways ( liv+4 ,9 brief1 we 7 do+ no?+ ess5tially new a c5tury ago4 ,our /r5g? & our facility alike inh]$ 9 our traditions2 ^? traditions made our "* & %ap$ our in/itutions4 ,lib]ty is n some?+ t c be creat$ by a docum5t2 nei!r is x some?+ :i*1 :5 creat$1 c be laid away 9 a docum5t1 a complet$ "w4 ,x is an organic pr9ciple1--a pr9ciple ( life1 r5ew+ & be+ r5ew$4 ,democratic in/itutions are nev] done2 !y are l liv+ tissue1 always a-mak+4 ,x is a /r5u\s ?+1 ?is ( liv+ ! life ( a free p2 & our success 9 x dep5ds ^u tra9+1 n ^u clev] inv5tion4 ,our democracy1 pla9ly1 0 n a body ( doctr9e2 x 0 a /age ( developm5t4 ,our democratic /ate 0 n a piece ( develop$ !ory1 b a piece ( develop$ habit4 ,x 0 n creat$ by m]e aspirations or by new fai?2 x 0 built up by sl[ cu/om4 ,its process 0 exp]i5ce1 its basis old wont1 its mean+ national organic on5ess & effective life4 ,x came1 l manhood1 z ! fruit ( y\?4 ,an immature p c\ld n h _h x1 & ! maturity to :i* x 0 v\*saf$ 0 ! maturity ( fre$om & self-control4 ,su* gov]nm5t z ours is a =m ( conduct1 & its only /able f\ndation is "*4 ,a p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t may no m be adopt$ ?an a p>ticul> type ( "* maybe adopt$3 bo? in/itutions & "* mu/ be develop$ by consci\s ef=t & ?r\gh transmitt$ aptitudes4 ,gov]nm5ts su* z ours are f\nd$ ^u discussion1 & gov]nm5t by discussion comes z late 9 political z sci5tific ?\ght 9 intellectual developm5t4 ,x is a habit ( /ate life creat$ by long-e/abli%$ circum/ance1 & is possible = a nation only 9 ! adult age ( its political life4 ,! p :o successfully ma9ta9 su* a gov]nm5t mu/ h gone ?r\gh a p]iod ( political tra9+ :i* %all h prep>$ !m by gradual /eps ( acquir$ privilege = assum+ ! entire control ( _! affairs4 ,long & sl[ly wid5+ exp]i5ce 9 local self-direction mu/ h prep>$ !m = national self-direction4 ,!y mu/ h acquir$ adult self-reliance1 self-k1 & self-control1 adult sob]ness & delib]at5ess ( judgm5t1 adult sagacity 9 self-gov]nm5t1 adult vigilance ( ?\ght & quickness ( insight4 ,:5 practis$1 n by small communities1 b by wide nations1 democracy1 f> f be+ a crude =m ( gov]nm5t1 is possible only among/ peoples ( ! highe/ & /eadie/ political habit4 ,x is ! h]itage ( races purg$ alike ( ha/y b>b>ic passions & ( pati5t s]vility to rul]s1 & s*ool$ 9 temp]ate common c\nsel4 ,x is an in/itution ( political noonday1 n ( ! half-light ( political dawn4 ,x c nev] be made to sit easily or safely on fir/ g5]ations1 b /r5g!ns ?r\gh long h]$ity4 ,x is poison to ! infant1 b tonic to ! man4 ,mon>*ies may be made1 b democracies mu/ gr[4 ,x is a deeply significant fact1 !re=e1 aga9 & aga9 to be call$ to m9d1 t only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 a few o!r gov]nm5ts begott5 ( ! ,engli% race1 & 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e old ,teutonic habit has _h ! same p]si/5cy z 9 ,engl&1 h examples yet be5 furni%$ ( successful democracy ( ! mod]n type4 ,engl& h]self is close ^u democracy4 ,h] backw>dness 9 ent]+ ^u its full practice is no less in/ructive z to ! conditions pr]equisite to democracy ?an is ! =w>dness ( h] (fspr+4 ,%e s5t out to all h] colonies :i* escap$ ! luckless beg9n+ ( be+ made p5al settlem5ts1 comp>atively small1 homog5e\s populations ( pione]s1 ) /rong in/9cts ( self-gov]nm5t1 & ) no social mat]ials out ( :i* to build gov]nm5t o!rwise ?an democratically4 ,%e h]self1 mean:ile1 reta9$ masses ( population nev] habituat$ to p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t1 untaught 9 political pr9ciple ei!r by ! tea*]s ( ! hu/+s or ( ! s*ool h\se4 ,%e has _h to approa* democracy1 !re=e1 by sl[ & cauti\s ext5sions ( ! fran*ise to ^? prep>$ = x2 :ile h] bett] colonies1 born into democracy1 h _h to receive all com]s )9 _! pale4 ,%e has be5 p>+ d[n exclusive privileges & levell+ classes2 ! colonies h f ! fir/ be5 asylums ( civil equality4 ,!y h assimilat$ new :ile %e has prep>$ old populations4 ,errone\s z x is to repres5t gov]nm5t z only a commonplace sort ( bus9ess1 little elevat$ 9 me?od above m]*&is+1 & to be regulat$ by c\nt+-h\se pr9ciples1 ! favor easily won = su* views among our own p is v significant4 ,x means self-reliance 9 gov]nm5t4 ,x gives voice to ! em95tly mod]n democratic feel+ t gov]nm5t is no hidd5 cult1 to be left to a few specially prep>$ individuals1 b a common1 e-day conc]n ( life1 ev5 if ! bigge/ su* conc]n4 ,x is ?is self-confid5ce1 9 _m cases mi/ak51 no d\bt1 :i* is gradually spread+ among o!r peoples1 less ju/ifi$ 9 x ?an are our own4 ,"o _c help m>vell+ t facts s obvi\s z ^! %\ld h escap$ ! p]ception ( "s ( ! sage/ ?9k]s & mo/ ?or\gh hi/orical s*ol>s ( our day4 ,yet s x is4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 ev51 ! great int]pret] to ,engli%m5 ( ! hi/orical =ces op]ative 9 law & social in/itutions1 has utt]ly fail$1 9 8 plausible "w on ,popul> ,gov]nm5t1 to di/+ui% ! democracy1 or r ! popul> gov]nm5t1 ( ! ,engli% race1 :i* is br$ by sl[ circum/ance & f\nd$ ^u habit1 f ! democracy ( o!r peoples1 :i* is br$ by discont5t & f\nd$ ^u revolution4 ,he has miss$ t mo/ obvi\s tea*+ ( ev5ts1 t successful democracy diff]s f unsuccessful 9 be+ a product ( hi/ory1--a product ( =ces n sudd5ly become op]ative1 b sl[ly work+ ^u :ole peoples = g5]ations toge!r4 ,! level ( democracy is ! level ( e-day habit1 ! level ( common national exp]i5ces1 & lies f> bel[ ! elevations ( ec/asy to :i* ! revolutioni/ climbs4 ,,iii4 ,:ile !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! d]ivation ( our gov]nm5t f habit r ?an f doctr9e1 f ,engli% exp]i5ce r ?an f ,european ?\ght2 :ile x is evid5t t our in/itutions 7 orig9ally b products ( a long1 unbrok51 unp]v]t$ con/itutional hi/ory2 & c]ta9 t we %all pres]ve our in/itutions 9 _! integrity & effici5cy only s long z we keep true 9 our practice to ! traditions f :i* our fir/ /r5g? 0 d]iv$1 !re is1 nev]!less1 little d\bt t ! =ces peculi> to ! new civilization ( our day1 & n only ^!1 b also ! re/less =ces ( ,european democratic ?\ght & an>*ic turbul5ce br\ght to u 9 su* al>m+ volume by immigration1 h deeply affect$ & may deeply modify ! =ms & habits ( our politics4 ,all vital gov]nm5ts--& by vital gov]nm5ts ,i mean ^? :i* h life 9 _! outly+ memb]s z well z life 9 _! heads--all sy/ems 9 :i* self-gov]nm5t lives & reta9s its self-possession1 mu/ be gov]nm5ts by neighbors1 by peoples n only homog5e\s1 b *>act]iz$ )9 by ! exi/5ce among _! memb]s ( a quick sympa?y & an easy neighborly k ( ea* o!r4 ,n =esee+ /eam & electricity or ! diffusion ( news & k :i* we h witness$1 our fa!rs 7 "r 9 ?9k+ x impossible = ! gov]nm5t :i* !y _h f\nd$ to spread )\t /ra9 or break ov] ! :ole ( ! cont95t4 ,7 n ,cali=nia n[ z ne> neighbor to ! ,atlantic ,/ates z ,massa*usetts !n 0 to ,new ,york1 national self-gov]nm5t on our pres5t scale w\ld assur$ly h>dly be possible1 or conceivable ev54 ,mod]n sci5ce1 sc>cely less ?an our pliancy & /ead9ess 9 political habit1 may be said to h creat$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( to-day4 ,^u "s aspects ( ?is gr[? x is v pleasant to dwell1 & v pr(itable4 ,x is significant ( a /r5g? :i* x is inspir+ to contemplate4 ,! advantages ( bigness accompani$ by ab\nd+ life are _m & invaluable4 ,x is impossible among u to hat* 9 a corn] any plot :i* w affect m ?an a corn]4 ,) life ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! cont95t1 x is impossible to seize illicit p[] ov] ! :ole p by seiz+ any c5tral (fices4 ,to hold ,wa%+ton w\ld be z useless to a usurp] z to hold ,dulu?4 ,self-gov]nm5t _c be usurp$4 ,a ,fr5* writ] has said t ! autocratic asc5d5cy ( ,&rew ,jackson illu/rat$ anew ! long-cr$it$ t5d5cy ( democracies to give !mselves ov] to "o h]o4 ,! c\ntry is old] n[ ?an x 0 :5 ,&rew ,jackson delight$ 9 8 p[]1 & few c believe t x w\ld aga9 approve or applaud *ildi% arrogance & ignorant arbitr>9ess l 82 b ev5 9 8 case1 /rik+ & om9\s z x 01 x mu/ n be ov]look$ t he 0 suff]$ only to /ra9 ! ,con/itution1 n to break x4 ,he held 8 (fice by ord]ly election2 he ex]cis$ its functions )9 ! lett] ( ! law2 he c\ld sil5ce n "o ^w ( ho/ile criticism2 &1 8 second t]m expir$1 he pass$ into private life z h>mlessly z did ,james ,monroe4 ,a nation t c quietly reabsorb a va/ victori\s army is no m safely free & heal?y ?an is a nation t c\ld reabsorb su* a ,presid5t z ,&rew ,jackson1 s5d+ him into seclusion at ! ,h]mitage to live )\t p[]1 & die almo/ =gott54 ,a huge1 /alw>t body politic l ours1 ) quick life 9 e individual t[n & c\nty1 is apt1 too1 to h ! /r5g? ( v>iety ( judgm5t4 ,?\ghts :i* 9 "o qu>t] k9dle en?usiasm may 9 ano!r meet coolness or ar\se antagonism4 ,ev5ts :i* are fuel to ! passions ( "o section may be b z a pass+ w9d to ano!r section4 ,no s+le mom5t ( indiscretion1 surely1 c easily betray ! :ole c\ntry at once4 ,!re w be entire populations /ill cool1 self-possess$1 unaffect$4 ,g5]\s emotions sometimes sweep :ole peoples1 b1 happily1 evil passions1 s9i/] views1 base purposes1 d n & _c4 ,s$ition _c surge ?r\gh ! he>ts ( a wakeful nation z patriotism c4 ,9 su* organisms poisons diffuse !mselves sl[ly2 only heal?ful life has unbrok5 c\rse4 ,! sweep ( agitations set afoot = purposes unfamili> or uncong5ial to ! cu/om>y popul> ?\ght is brok5 by a ?\s& ob/acles4 ,x may be easy to reawak5 old en?usiasms1 b x mu/ be inf9itely h>d to create new ones1 & impossible to surprise a :ole p into unprem$itat$ action4 ,x is well to give full weight to ^! great advantages ( our big & /r5u\s & yet famili> way ( conduct+ affairs2 b x is imp]ative at ! same "t to make v pla9 ! influ5ces :i* are po9t+ t[>d *anges 9 our politics--*anges :i* ?reat5 loss ( organic :ol5ess & s\ndness4 ,! union ( /r5g? ) bigness dep5ds ^u ! ma9t5ance ( "*1 & x is j ! "* ( ! nation :i* is be+ mo/ deeply affect$ & modifi$ by ! enorm\s immigration :i*1 ye> aft] ye>1 p\rs into ! c\ntry f ,europe4 ,our own temp]ate blood1 s*ool$ to self-possession & to ! measur$ conduct ( self-gov]nm5t1 is receiv+ a con/ant infusion & ye>ly exp]i5c+ a p>tial corruption ( =eign blood4 ,our own equable habits h be5 cross$ ) ! fev]i% humors ( ! re/less ,old ,_w4 ,we are unque/ionably fac+ an ev]-increas+ difficulty ( self-comm& ) ev]-det]iorat+ mat]ials1 possibly ) deg5]at+ fibre4 ,we h s f> succe$$ 9 reta9+ 8,"s s5se ( duty1 some?+ ( a fai?1 ,"s rev]5ce = ! laws ourselves h made1 ,"s pati5t =ce to *ange !m :5 we w1 ,"s civic manhood firm aga9/ ! cr[d20 ,b we mu/ reckon our p[] to cont9ue to d s ) a p made up ( 8m9ds ca/ 9 e m\ld ( race1--m9ds inh]it+ e bias ( environm5t1 w>p$ by ! div]se hi/ories ( a score ( diff]5t nations1 w>m$ or *ill$1 clos$ or exp&$1 by almo/ e climate on ! globe40 ,:at 0 true ( our e>ly circum/ances is n true ( our pres5t4 ,we are n n[ simply c>ry+ out "u normal conditions ! pr9ciples & habits ( ,engli% con/itutional hi/ory4 ,our tasks ( con/ruction are n done4 ,we h n simply to conduct1 b also to pres]ve & fre%ly adju/ our gov]nm5t4 ,europe has s5t h] habits to u1 & %e has s5t also h] political philosophy1 a philosophy :i* has nev] be5 purg$ by ! cold ba? ( practical politics4 ,! communion :i* we did n h at fir/ ) h] heat$ & mi/ak5 ambitions1 ) h] radical1 speculative habit 9 politics1 ) h] read9ess to exp]im5t 9 =ms ( gov]nm5t1 we may possibly h to ent] into n[ t we are receiv+ h] populations4 ,n only pr9t+ & /eam & electricity h gott5 hold ( u to exp& our ,engli% civilization1 b also ^? g5]al1 & yet to u ali51 =ces ( democracy ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made2 & ^! are apt to tell disa/r\sly ^u our ,saxon habits 9 gov]nm5t4 ,,iv4 ,x is ?us t we are br\ght to our f\r? & la/ po9t4 ,we h not$ 7#a7 ! g5]al =ces ( democracy :i* h be5 sapp+ old =ms ( gov]nm5t 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 7#b7 ! error ( suppos+ ourselves indebt$ to ^? =ces = ! creation ( our gov]nm5t1 or 9 any way connect$ ) !m 9 our orig9s2 & 7#c7 ! effect !y h nev]!less _h ^u u z p>ts ( ! g5]al influ5ces ( ! age1 z well z by reason ( our va/ immigration f ,europe4 ,:at1 n[1 are ! new problems :i* h be5 prep>$ = our solution by reason ( our gr[? & ( ! effects ( immigration8 ,!y may require z mu* political capacity = _! prop] solution z any t confront$ ! ar*itects ( our gov]nm5t4 ,^! problems are *iefly problems ( organization & lead]%ip4 ,7 ! nation homog5e\s1 7 x compos$ simply ( lat] g5]ations ( ! same /ock by :i* our in/itutions 7 plant$1 few adju/m5ts ( ! old ma*9]y ( our politics w\ld1 p]haps1 be necess>y to meet ! exig5cies ( gr[?4 ,b e add$ elem5t ( v>iety1 p>ticul>ly e add$ elem5t ( =eign v>iety1 complicates ev5 ! simpl] que/ions ( politics4 ,! dang]s att5d+ t v>iety :i* is het]og5eity 9 s va/ an organism z ours are1 ( c\rse1 ! dang]s ( dis9tegration--no?+ less2 & x is unwise to ?9k ^! dang]s remote & m]ely cont+5t because !y are n z yet v m5ac+4 ,we are consci\s ( on5ess z a nation1 ( vitality1 ( /r5g?1 ( progress2 b are we (t5 consci\s ( common ?\ght 9 ! concrete ?+s ( national policy8 ,does n our legislation we> ! features ( a va/ conglom]ate8 ,are we consci\s ( any national lead]%ip8 ,are we n1 r1 dimly aw>e ( be+ pull$ 9 a score ( directions by a score ( cross+ influ5ces1 a multitude ( cont5d+ =ces8 ,?is va/ & miscellane\s democracy ( ours mu/ be l$2 its giant faculties mu/ be s*ool$ & direct$4 ,lead]%ip _c belong to ! multitude2 masses ( m5 _c be self-direct$1 nei!r c gr\ps ( communities4 ,we speak ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 b t sov]eignty1 we "k v well1 is ( a peculi> sort2 q unlike ! sov]eignty ( a k+ or ( a small1 easily conc]t+ gr\p ( confid5t m54 ,x is judicial m]ely1 n creative4 ,x passes judgm5t or gives sanction1 b x _c direct or sugge/4 ,x furni%es /&>ds1 n policies4 ,que/ions ( gov]nm5t are inf9itely complex que/ions1 & no multitude c ( !mselves =m cle>-cut1 compreh5sive1 consi/5t conclusions t\*+ !m4 ,yet )\t su* conclusions1 )\t s+le & prompt purposes1 gov]nm5t _c be c>ri$ on4 ,nei!r legislation nor adm9i/ration c be done at ! ballot box4 ,! p c only accept ! gov]n+ act ( repres5tatives4 ,b ! size ( ! mod]n democracy necessitates ! ex]cise ( p]suasive p[] by dom9ant m9ds 9 ! %ap+ ( popul> judgm5ts 9 a v diff]5t way f t 9 :i* x 0 ex]cis$ 9 =m] times4 8,x is said by em95t c5sors ( ! press10 said ,mr4 ,bright on "o occasion 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 8t ?is debate w yield ab\t ?irty h\rs ( talk1 & w end 9 no result4 ,i h obs]v$ t all great que/ions 9 ?is c\ntry require ?irty h\rs ( talk _m times repeat$ be=e !y are settl$4 ,!re is mu* %[] & mu* sun%9e betwe5 ! s[+ ( ! se$ & ! reap+ ( ! h>ve/1 b ! h>ve/ is g5]ally reap$ aft] all40 ,s x mu/ be 9 all self-gov]n+ nations ( to-day4 ,!y are n a s+le audi5ce )9 s\nd ( an orator's voice1 b a ?\s& audi5ces4 ,_! actions d n spr+ f a s+le ?rill ( feel+1 b f sl[ conclusions foll[+ ^u mu* talk4 ,! talk mu/ gradually p]colate ?r\gh ! :ole mass4 ,x _c be s5t /raight ?r\gh !m s t !y are electrifi$ z ! pulse is /irr$ by ! call ( a trumpet4 ,a score ( plat=ms 9 e neighborhood mu/ r+ ) ! insi/5t voice ( controv]sy2 & = a few hundr$s :o he> :at is said by ! public speak]s1 _m ?\s&s mu/ read ( ! matt] 9 ! newspap]s1 discuss x int]jectionally at ! breakfa/-table1 desultorily 9 ! /reet-c>s1 laconically on ! /reets1 dogmatically at d9n]2 all ?is ) a c]ta9 advantage1 ( c\rse4 ,?r\gh s _m /ages ( consid]ation passion _c possibly hold out4 ,x gets *ill$ by ov]-exposure4 ,x f9ds ! mod]n popul> /ate organiz$ = giv+ & he>+ c\nsel 9 su* a way t ^? :o give x mu/ be c>eful t x is su* c\nsel z w we> well4 ,^? :o he> x h&le & exam9e x en\gh to te/ its we>+ qualities to ! utmo/4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 :5 look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view1 b illu/rates an inf9ite difficulty ( a*iev+ en]gy & organization4 ,!re is a c]ta9 p]il almo/ ( dis9tegration att5d+ su* ph5om5a4 ,e "o n[ kn[s famili>ly en\gh h[ we accompli%$ ! wide aggregations ( self-gov]nm5t *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n "t1 h[ we h articulat$ gov]nm5ts z va/ & yet z :ole z cont95ts l our own4 ,! in/rum5tality has be5 repres5tation1 ( :i* ! anci5t _w knew no?+1 & lack+ :i* x always lack$ national integration4 ,because ( repres5tation & ! railroads to c>ry repres5tatives to di/ant capitals1 we h be5 able to re> colossal /ructures l ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z easily z ! anci5ts gave political organization to a city2 & our great build+ is z /\t z 0 _! little "o4 ,b n until rec5tly h we be5 able to see ! full effects ( ?us s5d+ m5 to legislate = u at capitals di/ant ! bread? ( a cont95t4 ,x makes ! lead]s ( our politics1 _m ( !m1 m]e names to our consci\sness in/ead ( real p]sons :om we h se5 & he>d1 & :om we "k4 ,we h to accept rumors conc]n+ !m1 we h to "k !m ?r\gh ! v>i\sly color$ acc\nts ( o!rs2 we c seldom te/ our impressions ( _! s9c]ity by /&+ ) !m face to face4 ,"h c]ta9ly ! anci5t pocket republics _h mu* ! advantage ( u3 9 !m citiz5s & lead]s 7 always neighbors2 !y /ood con/antly 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce4 ,e ,a!nian knew ,!mi/ocles's mann]1 & gait1 & address1 & felt directly ! j influ5ce ( ,ari/ides4 ,no ,a!nian ( a lat] p]iod ne$$ to be told ( ! vanities & fopp]ies ( ,alcibiades1 any m ?an ! eld] g5]ation ne$$ to h describ$ to !m ! p]sonality ( ,p]icles4 ,our sep>ation f our lead]s is ! great] p]il1 because democratic gov]nm5t m ?an any o!r ne$s organization 9 ord] to escape dis9tegration2 & x c h organization only by full k ( its lead]s & full confid5ce 9 !m4 ,j because x is a va/ body to be p]suad$1 x mu/ "k its p]suad]s2 9 ord] to be effective1 x mu/ always h *oice ( m5 :o are imp]sonat$ policies4 ,j because none b ! f9e/ m5tal batt]ies1 ) pure metals & unadult]at$ acids1 c s5d a curr5t ?r\gh s huge & yet s r>e a m$ium z democratic op9ion1 x is ! m necess>y to look to ! excell5ce ( ^! in/rum5talities4 ,!re is no p]man5t place 9 democratic lead]%ip except = him :o 8ha? clean h&s & a pure he>t40 ,if o!r m5 come tempor>ily into p[] among u1 x is because we cut our lead]%ip up into s _m small p>ts1 & d n subject any "o man to ! purify+ influ5ces ( c5tr$ responsibility4 ,nev] be=e 0 consi/5t lead]%ip s necess>y2 nev] be=e 0 x necess>y to conc]t measures ov] areas s va/1 to adju/ laws to s _m int]e/s1 to make a compact & intelligible unit out ( s _m fractions1 to ma9ta9 a c5tral & dom9ant =ce :]e !re are s _m =ces4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! admiration = our in/itutions :i* has dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s s sudd5ly gr[n to l>ge proportions among publici/s abroad is almo/ all ( x direct$ to ! re/ra9ts we h effect$ ^u ! action ( gov]nm5t4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e ?\ght our f$]al ,con/itution an admirable res]voir1 9 :i* ! mighty wat]s ( democracy are held at re/1 kept back f free de/ructive c\rse4 ,"l ,roseb]y has wond]+ praise = ! security ( our ,s5ate aga9/ usurpation ( its functions by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,mr4 ,goldw9 ,smi? supposes ! sav+ act ( organization = a democracy to be ! draft+ & adoption ( a writt5 con/itution4 ,?us x is always ! /atic1 nev] ! dynamic1 =ces ( our gov]nm5t :i* are prais$4 ,! great] "p ( our =eign admir]s f9d our success to consi/ 9 ! a*ievem5t ( /able safegu>ds aga9/ ha/y or retrogressive action2 we are ask$ to believe t we h succe$$ because we h tak5 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,alison's advice1 & h resi/$ ! infection ( revolution by /ay+ q /ill4 ,b1 aft] all1 progress is motion1 gov]nm5t is action4 ,! wat]s ( democracy are useless 9 _! res]voirs unless !y may be us$ to drive ! :eels ( policy & adm9i/ration4 ,?\gh we be ! mo/ law-abid+ & law-direct$ nation 9 ! _w1 law has n yet atta9$ to su* efficacy among u z to frame1 or adju/1 or adm9i/] itself4 ,x may re/ra91 b x _c lead u2 & ,i believe t unless we conc5trate legislative lead]%ip--lead]%ip1 t is1 9 progressive policy--unless we give leave to our nationality & practice to x by su* conc5tration1 we %all soon] or lat] suff] some?+ l national p>alysis 9 ! face ( em]g5cies4 ,we h no "o 9 ,congress :o /&s = ! nation4 ,ea* man /&s b = 8 "p ( ! nation2 & s managem5t & comb9ation1 :i* may be effect$ 9 ! d>k1 are giv5 ! place t %\ld be held by c5tr$ & responsible lead]%ip1 :i* w\ld ( necessity "w 9 ! focus ( ! national gaze4 ,:at is ! valuable elem5t 9 mon>*y :i* causes m5 con/antly to turn to x z to an ideal =m ( gov]nm5t1 c\ld x b be kept pure & wise8 ,x is its cohesion1 its read9ess & p[] to act1 its ab\nd+ loyalty to c]ta9 concrete ?+s1 to c]ta9 visible p]sons1 its conc]t$ organization1 its p]fect model ( progressive ord]4 ,democracy ab\nds ) vitality2 b h[ %all x comb9e ) its o!r elem5ts ( life & /r5g? ?is p[] ( ! gov]nm5ts t "k _! own m9ds & _! own aims8 ,we h n yet rea*$ ! age :5 gov]nm5t may be made imp]sonal4 ,! only way 9 :i* we c pres]ve our nationality 9 its integrity & its old-"t orig9ative =ce 9 ! face ( gr[? & import$ *ange is by conc5trat+ x2 by putt+ lead]s =w>d1 ve/$ ) abundant au?ority 9 ! conception & execution ( policy4 ,!re is pl5ty ( ! old vitality 9 our national "* to tell1 if we w b give x leave4 ,give x leave1 & x w ! m impress & m\ld ^? :o come to u f abroad4 ,i believe t we h n made en\gh ( lead]%ip4 8,a p is b ! attempt ( _m ,to rise to ! complet] life ( "o2 ,& ^? :o live z models = ! mass ,are s+ly ( m value ?an !y all40 ,we %all n aga9 h a true national life until we compact x by su* legislative lead]%ip z o!r nations h4 ,b once ?us compact$ & embodi$1 our nationality is safe4 ,an acute ,engli% hi/orical s*ol> has said t 8! ,am]icans ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are a nation because !y once obey$ a k+20 we %all rema9 a nation only by obey+ lead]s4 8,keep b ! model safe1 ,new m5 w rise to /udy x40 ,v ,,gov]nm5t ,,"u ,,! ,,con/itution ,x is by no means :olly to our advantage t our con/itutional law is conta9$ 9 def9itive writt5 docum5ts4 ,! fact t x is ?us =mulat$ & r5d]$ fix$ & def9ite has s]i\sly misl$ u1 x is to be fe>$1 z to ! true function & efficacy ( con/itutional law4 ,t law is n made m valid by be+ writt51 b only m explicit2 x is n r5d]$ m sacr$1 b only m def9ite & secure4 ,writt5 con/itutions are simply m or less successful g5]alizations ( political exp]i5ce4 ,_! tone ( au?ority does n at all alt] ! hi/orical realities & imp]ative practical conditions ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y det]m9e =ms1 utt] di/9ct purposes1 set ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate 9 def9ite hi]>*y2 b !y d n make ! =ms !y orig9ate workable1 or ! purposes !y utt] feasible4 ,all t mu/ dep5d ^u ! m5 :o become gov]nors & ^u ! p ov] :om !y are set 9 au?ority4 ,laws c h no o!r life ?an t :i* is giv5 !m by ! m5 :o adm9i/] & ! m5 :o obey !m4 ,con/itutional law af=ds no exception to ! rule4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 happily1 0 fram$ by exceptional m5 ?or\ghly s*ool$ 9 ! realities ( gov]nm5t4 ,x consi/s1 accord+ly1 n ( pr9ciples newly inv5t$1 to be put into op]ation by means ( devices orig9at$ = ! occasion1 b ( s\nd pieces ( te/$ exp]i5ce4 ,x has s]v$ its purpose b5efic5tly1 n because x 0 writt51 b because x has prov$ itself accordant 9 e ess5tial "p ) tri$ pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t--pr9ciples te/$ by ! race = ^: use x 0 int5d$1 & !re=e already emb$d$ 9 _! lives & practices4 ,its /r5g? w be f\nd1 ^u analysis1 to lie 9 its def9it5ess & 9 its p[] to re/ra9 r ?an 9 any unusual excell5ce ( its en]getic p>ts4 ,= ! "r op]ation ( ^! x has _h to dep5d1 l o!r con/itutions1 ^u ! virtue & discretion ( ! p & _! m9i/]s4 8,! public p[]s are c>efully def9$2 ! mode 9 :i* !y are to be ex]cis$ is fix$2 & ! ample/ securities are tak5 t none ( ! m important con/itutional arrangem5ts %all be alt]$ )\t e gu>antee ( caution & e opportunity = delib]ation4444 ,x w\ld seem t1 by a wise con/itution1 democracy may be made ne>ly z calm z wat] 9 a great artificial res]voir40,d ,d ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e3 ,popul> ,gov]nm5t 7,am4 ed471 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,we possess1 !re=e1 n a m suitable con/itution ?an o!r c\ntries1 b a con/itution :i* is p]fectly def9ite & :i* is pres]v$ by v =midable difficulties ( am5dm5t aga9/ inconsid]ate *ange4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 our own case & t ( ,great ,brita9 ^u :i* we h mo/ reason to congratulate ourselves is t "h public op9ion has def9ite crit]ia = its cons]vatism2 :]eas 9 ,engl& x has only %ift+ & unc]ta9 prec$5t4 ,9 bo? c\ntries !re is ! same respect = law4 ,b !re is n 9 ,engl& ! same c]ta9ty z to :at ! law ( ! con/itution is4 ,we h a fundam5tal law :i* is writt51 & :i* 9 its ma9 po9ts is read by all alike 9 a s+le accept$ s5se4 ,!re is no m qu>rel ab\t its ma9 int5t ?an !re is 9 ,engl& ab\t ! mean+ ( ,magna ,*>ta4 ,mu* ( ! ,briti% con/itution1 on ! contr>y1 has n ! support ( ev5 a common /atute4 ,x may1 9 respect ( _m vital p>ts ( x1 be int]pret$ or und]/ood 9 half a doz5 diff]5t ways1 & am5d$ by ! preval5t und]/&+4 ,we are n m free ?an ! ,engli%2 we are only m secure4 ,! def9it5ess ( our ,con/itution1 nev]!less1 ap>t f its outl9e ( /ructural arrangem5ts & ( ! division ( functions among ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 is negative r ?an affirmative4 ,its v enum]ation ( ! p[]s ( ,congress is b a means ( indicat+ v pla9ly :at ,congress c n d4 ,x is significant t "o ( ! mo/ important & mo/ highly e/eem$ ( ! _m legal comm5t>ies on our gov]nm5t %\ld be entitl$ #8,con/itutional ,limitations4' ,9 exp\nd+ ! re/rictions impos$ by fundam5tal law ^u /ate & f$]al action1 ,judge ,cooley is all[$ to h laid b>e ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( our con/itutional sy/em4 ,x 0 a prime necessity 9 s complex a /ructure t b\nds %\ld be set to au?ority4 ,! #8may-nots' & ! #8%all-nots' ( our con/itutions1 consequ5tly1 give !m _! di/9ctive =m & "*4 ,! /r5g? :i* pres]ves ! sy/em is ! /r5g? ( self-re/ra9t4 ,& yet "h aga9 x mu/ be und]/ood t m]e def9it5ess ( legal provision has no sav+ efficacy ( its own4 ,^! di/9ct l9es run betwe5 p[] & p[] w n ( _! own virtue ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,x is n 9 hav+ su* a con/itution b 9 obey+ x t our advantage lies4 ,! vitality ( su* provisions consi/s :olly 9 ! fact t !y receive our acquiesc5ce4 ,!y re/ ^u ! legal consci5ce1 ^u :at ,mr4 ,grote w\ld h call$ ! #8con/itutional morality1' ( our race4 ,!y are effici5t because we are above all ?+s law-abid+4 ,! prohibitions ( ! law d n ass]t !mselves z taskma/]s set ov] u by "s ext]nal p[]4 ,!y are ( our own devis+4 ,we are self-re/ra9$4 ,?is legal consci5ce manife/ly con/itutes ! only gu>antee1 = example1 ( ! division ( p[]s betwe5 ! /ate & f$]al gov]nm5ts1 t *ief arrangem5t ( our con/itutional sy/em4 ,! integrity ( ! p[]s possess$ by ! ,/ates has f ! fir/ dep5d$ solely ^u ! cons]vatism ( ! f$]al c\rts4 ,/ate functions h c]ta9ly n decay$2 b !y h be5 pres]v$1 n by virtue ( any =ces ( self-def5ce ( _! own1 b because ! national gov]nm5t has be5 v\*saf$ ! grace ( self-re/ra9t4 ,:at curtailm5t _! prov9ce might suff] has be5 illu/rat$ 9 sev]al notable cases 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has confirm$ to ! g5]al gov]nm5t ext5sive p[]s ( puni%+ /ate judicial & executive (fic]s = disob$i5ce to /ate laws4 ,al?\gh ! f$]al c\rts h g5]ally held ,congress back f aggressions ^u ! ,/ates1 !y h nev]!less once & aga9 c\nt5anc$ s]i\s encroa*m5ts ^u /ate p[]s2 & _! occasional laxity ( pr9ciple on su* po9ts is suffici5tly significant ( ! fact t !re is no balance betwe5 ! /ate & f$]al gov]nm5ts1 b only ! safegu>d ( a cu/om>y #8con/itutional morality' on ! "p ( ! f$]al c\rts4 ,! actual encroa*m5ts ^u /ate rights :i* ^? c\rts h p]mitt$1 "u ! pressure ( /rong political int]e/s at critical p]iods1 7 n1 h[ev]1 ne$$ to prove ! pot5tial supremacy ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,!y only %[$ h[ t pot5tial supremacy w\ld on occasion become actual supremacy4 ,!re is no gu>antee b t ( consci5ce t ju/ice w be accord$ a suitor :5 8 adv]s>y is bo? c\rt & oppos+ litigant4 ,s /rong is ! in/9ct ( ^? :o adm9i/] our gov]nm5ts to keep )9 ! sanction ( ! law1 t ev5 :5 ! la/ ?ree am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution 7 be+ =c$ ^u ! s\!rn /ates by means :i* 7 revolution>y ! outw>d =ms ( ! ,con/itution 7 obs]v$4 ,x 0 none ! less obvi\s1 h[ev]1 ) :at sov]eign impunity ! national gov]nm5t might act 9 /ripp+ ^? =ms ( _! g5u95ess4 ,z !re are times ( sorr[ or ( p]il :i* try m5's s\ls & lay b>e ! inn] secrets ( _! *>act]s1 s !re are times ( revolution :i* act z fire 9 burn+ away all b ! basic elem5ts ( con/itutions4 ,x is !n1 too1 t dormant p[]s awake :i* are n aft]w>d readily lull$ to sleep aga94 ,su* 0 c]ta9ly ! effect ( ! civil w> ^u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,union4 ,! imply+ ( p[]s1 once cauti\s1 is n[ become bold & confid5t4 ,9 ! discussions n[ go+ =w>d ) ref]5ce to f$]al regulation ( great corporations1 & ) ref]5ce to f$]al aid to education1 !re are scores ( writ]s & speak]s :o tacitly assume ! p[] ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t to act 9 su* matt]s1 = "o t urges a con/itutional objection4 ,con/itutional objections1 be=e ! w> habitual1 h1 x w\ld seem1 p]man5tly lo/ _! prom95ce4 ,! :ole en]gy ( orig9ation "u our sy/em re/s ) ,congress4 ,x /&s at ! front ( all gov]nm5t among u2 x is ! s+le affirmative voice 9 national policy4 ,fir/ or la/1 x det]m9es :at is to be done4 ,! ,presid5t1 inde$1 appo9ts (fic]s & negotiates treaties1 b he does s subject to ! #8yes' ( ! ,s5ate4 ,congress organizes ! executive dep>tm5ts1 organizes ! army1 organizes ! navy4 ,x audits1 approves1 & pays exp5ses4 ,x conceives & directs all compreh5sive policy4 ,all else is negation4 ,! ,presid5t says #8no' 9 8 vetoes2 ! ,supreme ,c\rt says #8no' 9 its re/ra9+ decisions4 ,& x is z mu* ! law ( public op9ion z ! law ( ! ,con/itution t re/ra9s ! action ( ,congress4 ,x is ! habit bo? ( ,engli% & ,am]ican writ]s to speak ( ! con/itution ( ,great ,brita9 z if x 7 #8writ 9 wat]1' because no?+ b ! w ( ,p>liam5t /&s betwe5 x & revolution>y *ange4 ,b is !re no?+ back ( ! w ( ,p>liam5t8 ,p>liam5t d>e n g fa/] ?an ! public ?\ght4 ,!re are va/ b>ri]s ( cons]vative public op9ion to be ov]run be=e a ru9\s spe$ 9 revolution>y *ange c be atta9$4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 our own ,con/itution has no bett] safegu>d4 ,we h1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 ! sali5t advantage ( kn[+ j :at ! /&>ds ( our ,con/itution are4 ,!y are =mulat$ 9 a writt5 code1 :]e9 all m5 may look & read2 :]eas _m ( ! designs ( ! ,briti% sy/em are to be s\ght only 9 a cl\d-l& ( v>y+ individual read+s ( affairs4 ,f ! con/itutional /ud5t's po9t ( view1 !re are1 = in/ance1 z _m diff]5t ,h\ses ( ,lords z !re are writ]s ^u ! hi/orical functions ( t upp] *amb]4 ,b ! public op9ion ( ,great ,brita9 is no m a juggl] ( prec$5ts ?an is ! public op9ion ( ?is c\ntry4 ,p]haps ! abs5ce ( a writt5 con/itution makes x ev5 less a fanci] ( logical ref9em5ts4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! ,briti% con/itution h1 = all _! !oretical in/ability1 a v firm & def9ite /&+ 9 ! political habit ( ,engli%m53 & ! greate/ ( ^? arrangem5ts c be done away ) only by ! extraord9>y =ce ( consci\s revolution4 ,x is :olesome to obs]ve h[ mu* ( our own in/itutions re/s ^u ! same basis1 ^u no o!r f\ndations ?an ^? t are laid 9 ! op9ions ( ! p4 ,x is )9 ! und\bt$ con/itutional p[] ( ,congress1 = example1 to ov]:elm ! opposition ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ^u any "q by increas+ ! numb] ( ju/ices & refus+ to confirm any appo9tm5ts to ! new places :i* d n promise to *ange ! op9ion ( ! c\rt4 ,once1 at lea/1 x 0 believ$ t a plan ( ?is sort _h be5 c>ri$ delib]ately into effect4 ,b we d n ?9k ( su* a violation ( ! _s ( ! ,con/itution z possible1 simply because we %>e & contribute to t public op9ion :i* makes su* outrages ^u con/itutional morality impossible by /&+ ready to curse !m4 ,!re is a close analogy betwe5 ?is virtual inviolability ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt & ! integrity hi!rto v\*saf$ to ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,!re may be an indef9ite creation ( pe]s at any "t t a /rong m9i/ry *ooses to give ! sov]eign its imp]ative advice 9 favor ( su* a c\rse4 ,x 01 d\btless1 fe> ( ! f9al impression t w\ld be made ^u public op9ion by action s extraord9>y1 z mu* z ! timely yield+ ( ! ,lords ^u ! "q at issue1 t held ! m9i/ry back f su* a measure1 on "o notable occasion4 ,hi!rto t anci5t upp] *amb] has _h 9 ?is reg>d ! same protection t %ields our f$]al judici>y4 ,x is n ess5tially a diff]5t case z betwe5 ,congress & ! ,executive4 ,"h1 too1 at ! v c5tre ( ! ,con/itution1 ,congress /&s almo/ supreme1 re/ra9$ by public op9ion r ?an by law4 ,:at ) ! covet\s admiration ( ! presid5cy rec5tly manife/$ by "s al>m$ !ori/s 9 ,engl&1 & ! r5ew$ pre/ige lately giv5 t (fice by ! prom95ce ( ! "q ( civil s]vice re=m1 x is j n[ p>ticul>ly difficult to apply political facts to an analysis ( ! ,presid5t's p[]4 ,b a cle> conception ( 8 real position is = t v reason all ! m desirable4 ,:ile he is a dom9ant figure 9 politics w\ld seem to be ! be/ "t to scrut9ize & und]/& him4 ,x is cle>ly mislead+ to use ! asc5dant influ5ce ( ! ,presid5t 9 effect+ ! objects ( civil s]vice re=m z an illu/ration ( ! con/itutional size & weight ( 8 (fice4 ,! pr9cipal "p 9 mak+ adm9i/ration pure1 bus9ess-l1 & effici5t mu/ always1 "u any conceivable sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 be tak5 by ! executive4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly tak5 by ! executive 9 ,engl& ?irty ye>s ago2 & t mu* 9 opposition to ! w ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! prom95ce ( our ,presid5t 9 adm9i/rative re=m furni%es no suffici5t gr\nd = attribut+ a s+ul>ity ( executive influ5ce to ! gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 e/imat+ ! actual p[]s ( ! ,presid5t x is no d\bt be/ to beg91 z almo/ all writ]s 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica n[ habitually beg91 ) a comp>ison betwe5 ! executives ( ! two k9dr$ c\ntries4 ,:il/ ,mr4 ,bagehot has done m ?an any o!r ?9k] to cle> up ! facts ( ,engli% con/itutional practice1 he has also1 !re is reason to believe1 done some?+ t[>d obscur+ ^? facts4 ,ev]ybody1 = in/ance1 has accept$ z :olly true 8 description ( ! m9i/ry ( ! ,cr[n z m]ely an executive committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 & yet t description is only p>tially true4 ,an ,engli% cab9et repres5ts1 n ! ,commons only1 b also ! ,cr[n4 ,inde$1 x is itself #8! ,cr[n4' ,all executive pr]ogatives are pr]ogatives :i* x is )9 ! discretion ( ! cab9et itself to make free use (4 ,! fact t x is g5]ally ! disposition ( m9i/]s to def] to ! op9ion ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! use ( ! pr]ogative1 does n make t use ! less a privilege /rictly beyond ! sph]e ( direct p>liam5t>y control1 to be ex]cis$ indep5d5tly ( its sanction1 ev5 secretly on occasion1 :5 m9i/]s see _! way cle> to s]v+ ! /ate !reby4 8,! m9i/ry ( ! day10 says a p]spicaci\s exp\nd] ( ! ,engli% sy/em1,e 8appe>s 9 ,p>liam5t1 on ! "o h&1 z p]sonat+ ! ,cr[n 9 ! legitimate ex]cise ( its recogniz$ pr]ogatives2 & on ! o!r h&1 z ! m]e ag5t ( ,p>liam5t itself1 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! executive & adm9i/rative functions ( gov]nm5t ca/ ^u !m by law40 ,)9 ! prov9ce ( ! pr]ogative 8lie ! /irr+ topics ( =eign negotiations1 ! managem5t ( ! army & navy1 public f9ance1 &1 9 "s important respects1 colonial adm9i/ration40 ,v rec5t ,engli% hi/ory furni%es abundant & /rik+ evid5ce ( ! vitality ( ! pr]ogative 9 ^! fields 9 ! h&s ( ! g5tlem5 :o 8p]sonate ! ,cr[n0 9 ,p>liam5t4 8,no subject has be5 m eag]ly discuss$ ( late10 decl>es ,mr4 ,amos 7page #ahg71 8?an t ( ! prov9ce ( ,p>liam5t 9 respect ( ! mak+ ( treaties & ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,no pr]ogative ( ! ,cr[n is m undisput$ ?an t ( tak+ ! initiative 9 all negotiations ) =eign gov]nm5ts1 conduct+ !m ?r\gh\t1 & f9ally complet+ !m by ! signature & ratification ( a treaty4444 ,x is a b>e fact t dur+ ! progress ( ! ,briti% diplomatic movem5ts :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! ,treaty ( ,b]l9 ( #ahgh1 or m prop]ly 9 ! ,afghan w> ( t ye>10--includ+ ! secret treaty by :i* ,turkey c$$ ,cyprus to ,engl&1 & ,engl& assum$ ! protectorate ( ,asia ,m9or1--8,p>liam5t nev] _h an opportunity ( express+ its m9d on any "o ( ! important & complicat$ engagem5ts to :i* ! c\ntry 0 be+ committ$1 or ^u ! policy ( ! w> ^u ! nor?we/ fronti] ( ,india4 ,! subjects 71 inde$1 ov] & ov] aga9 discuss$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 b always subsequ5t to irrep>able action hav+ be5 tak5 by ! gov]nm5t0 7page #ahh74 ,_h ,mr4 ,amos liv$ to take 8 n>rative ( con/itutional affairs beyond #ahhj1 he w\ld h _h equally significant in/ances ( m9i/]ial initiative to adduce 9 ! cases ( ,egypt & ,burmah4 ,e ,mr4 ,%eldon ,amos3 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 page #cch4 ,! un=tunate campaign 9 ! ,s\dan 0 ! direct outcome ( ! pur*ase ( ! ,suez ,canal %>es by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 #ahge4 ,! result ( t pur*ase 0 t 8,engl& became pl$g$ 9 a :olly new & peculi> way to ! support ( ! exi/+ ,turki% & ,egyptian dom9ion 9 ,egypt2 t l>ge ,engli% political int]e/s 7 r5d]$ subs]vi5t to ! decisions ( local tribunals 9 a =eign c\ntry2 & t ,engli% diplomatic & political action 9 ,egypt1 & inde$ 9 ,europe1 0 trammell$1 or at lea/ indirectly influ5c$1 by a n>r[ comm]cial int]e/ :i* c\ld n b weigh1 h[ev] slightly1 ^u ! app>5t purity & simplicity ( ! motives ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t40 ,& yet ! b9d+ engagem5ts :i* involv$ all ?is 7 ent]$ into 8despite ! abs5ce ( all assi/ance f1 or cons5t (1 ,p>liam5t40,f ,su* ex]cises ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! ,cr[n receive additional weight f 8! almo/ recogniz$ "r ( evolv+ an army ( almo/ any size f ! ,indian se$-plot1 ( us+ res]ve =ces )\t communication to ,p>liam5t 9 advance1 & ( obta9+ l>ge votes ( cr$it = prospective milit>y op]ations ( an indef9ite "*1 ! nature ( :i* ,p>liam5t is all[$ only dimly to surmise0 7page #cib74 ,! late/ evid5ce ( ! 8almo/ recogniz$0 "* ( su* rights 0 ! w> prep>ations made by ,engl& aga9/ ,russia 9 #ahhe4 ,if to su* p[]s ( committ+ ! c\ntry irrevocably to f>-rea*+ =eign policies1 ( invit+ or precipitat+ w>1 & ( us+ ,indian troops )\t emb>rassm5t f ! trammels ( ! ,mut9y ,act1 !re be add$ ! great discretion>y functions involv$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( colonial affairs1 "s measure may be obta9$ ( ! p[] wield$ by m9i/]s1 n z ! m]e ag5ts ( ,p>liam5t1 b z p]sonat+ ! ,cr[n4 ,su* is 9 ,engl& ! indep5d5ce ( action possible to ! executive4 ,f ,amos1 page #chd4 ,z comp>$ ) ?is1 ! p[] ( ! ,presid5t is insignificant4 ,( c\rse1 z ev]ybody says1 he is m p[]ful ?an ! sov]eign ( ,great ,brita94 ,if relative p]sonal p[] 7 ! pr9ciple ( etiquette1 ,mr4 ,clevel& w\ld c]ta9ly n h to lift 8 hat to ! ,que51 because ! ,que5 is n ! ,engli% executive4 ,! pr]ogatives ( ! ,cr[n are /ill mu* great] ?an ! pr]ogatives ( ! presid5cy2 !y are ex]cis$1 h[ev]1 n by ! we>] ( ! cr[n1 b by ! m9i/ry ( ! ,cr[n4 ,z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e rightly says1 ! fram]s ( our ,con/itution1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 made ! ,presid5t's (fice l ! ,k+'s (fice "u ! ,engli% con/itution ( _! "t1--! con/itution1 namely1 ( ,george ,,iii41 :o *ose 8 advis]s ) or )\t ! ass5t ( ,p>liam5t4 ,!y took c>e1 h[ev]1 to p>e d[n ! model :]e x seem$ out ( measure ) ! ex]cise ( ! p's lib]ty4 ,!y all[$ ! ,presid5t to *oose 8 m9i/]s freely1 z ,george !n seem$ to h e/abli%$ 8 "r to d2 b !y made ! confirmation ( ! ,s5ate a necess>y condition to 8 appo9tm5ts4 ,!y ve/$ 9 him ! "r ( negotiat+ treaties ) =eign gov]nm5ts2 b he 0 n to sign & ratify treaties until he _h obta9$ ! sanction ( ! ,s5ate4 ,t ov]sight ( executive action :i* ,p>liam5t _h n yet _h ! _s or ! incl9ation to ex]t1 & :i* x _h =feit$ its indep5d5ce by n ex]t+1 0 =ev] secur$ to our f$]al upp] *amb] by ! fundam5tal law4 ,! conditions ( mutual confid5ce & co-op]ation betwe5 executive & legislature n[ exi/+ 9 ,engl& _h n !n be5 develop$1 & consequ5tly c\ld n be reproduc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! po/ure & disposition ( mutual w>9ess :i* 7 f\nd exi/+ !re 7 made con/itutional "h by express writt5 provision4 ,9 %ort1 ! transitional relations ( ! ,cr[n & ,p>liam5t ( t day 7 cry/alliz$ 9 our ,con/itution1 su* gu>antees ( executive good fai? & legislative p>ticipation 9 ! weighti] det]m9ations ( gov]nm5t z 7 lack+ 9 ! model be+ s$ul\sly add$ 9 ! copy4 ,! really subord9ate position ( ! presid5cy is hidd5 f view p>tly by t dignity :i* is imp>t$ to ! (fice by its conspicu\s place at ! front ( a great gov]nm5t1 & its security & def9it5ess ( t5ure2 p>tly by ! indep5d5ce app>5tly secur$ to x by its erection into an entirely di/9ct & sep>ate #8bran*' ( ! gov]nm5t2 & p>tly by ^? circum/ances ( our hi/ory :i* h ?ru/ our ,presid5ts =w>d1 dur+ "o or two notable p]iods1 z real orig9ators ( policy & lead]s 9 affairs4 ,! ,presid5t has nev] be5 p[]ful1 h[ev]1 except at su* times z he has _h ,congress at 8 back4 ,:ile ! new gov]nm5t 0 a-mak+--& pr9cipally because x 0 a-mak+--,wa%+ton & 8 secret>ies 7 look$ to by ,congress = guidance2 & dur+ ! presid5cies ( sev]al ( ,wa%+ton's imm$iate successors ! cont9u$ prom95ce ( que/ions ( =eign policy & ( f9ancial managem5t kept ! (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t 9 a position ( semi-lead]%ip4 ,jackson 0 ma/]ful ) or )\t "r4 ,he ent]$ ^u 8 presid5cy z he ent]$ ^u 8 campaign 9 ,florida1 )\t ask+ too curi\sly = con/itutional w>rant = :at he 0 to und]take4 ,9 ! settlem5t ( ! s\!rn "q ,congress w5t = a "t on all-f\rs ) ! ,presid5t4 ,he 0 p[]ful because ,congress 0 acquiesc5t4 ,b su* cases prove r ! usefulness ?an ! /r5g? ( ! presid5cy4 ,congress has1 at sev]al v grave crises 9 national affairs1 be5 seasonably suppli$ ) an en]getic lead] or ag5t 9 ! p]son ( ! ,presid5t4 ,at o!r times1 :5 ,congress 0 9 e>ne/ 9 pu%+ views n %>$ by ! ,presid5t1 our executives h ei!r be5 ov]:elm$1 z ,johnson 01 or h _h to decl9e ^u mu* humbl] s]vices4 ,_! negotiations ) =eign gov]nm5ts are z likely to be disapprov$ z approv$2 _! budgets are cut d[n l a y\ng] son's portion2 _! appo9tm5ts are c5sur$ & _! adm9i/rations criticis$ )\t *ance = a c\nt]-he>+4 ,!y create no?+4 ,_! veto is nei!r revisory nor corrective4 ,x is m]ely ob/ructive4 ,x is1 z ,i h said1 a simple blunt negation1 (t5times necess>ily spok5 )\t discrim9ation aga9/ a good bill because ( a s+le bad clause 9 x4 ,9 su* a conte/ betwe5 orig9ation & negation orig9ation mu/ always w91 or gov]nm5t mu/ /& /ill4 ,9 ,engl& ! veto ( ! ,cr[n has n pass$ out ( use1 z is commonly said4 ,x has simply *ang$ its =m4 ,x does n exi/ z an imp]ative1 ob/ructive #8,no1' utt]$ by ! sov]eign4 ,x has pass$ ov] into ! privilege ( ! m9i/]s to ?r[ _! p>ty weight1 re9=c$ by _! p[] to dissolve ,p>liam5t1 aga9/ measures ( :i* !y disapprove4 ,x is a mu*-temp]$ in/rum5t1 b = t reason all ! m flexible & useful4 ,! old1 blunt1 antagoni/ic veto is no long] ne$$4 ,x is ne$$ "h1 h[ev]1 to pres]ve ! presid5cy f ! insignificance ( m]ely adm9i/rative functions4 ,s9ce executive & legislature _c come into relations ( mutual confid5ce & co-op]ation1 ! =m] mu/ be put 9 a position to ma9ta9 a cr$itable competition = consid]ation & dignity4 ,a cle>-head$1 me?odical1 unimag9ative ,presid5t l ,mr4 ,clevel& unaffect$ly recognizes ! fact t all creat+1 orig9at+ p[] re/s ) ,congress1 & t he c d no m ?an direct ! details ( su* projects z he f9ds comm5d$ by its legislation4 ,! sugge/ions ( 8 message he ackn[l$ges to be m]ely sugge/ions1 :i* mu/ dep5d ^u public op9ion = _! weight4 ,if ,congress does n reg>d !m1 x mu/ reckon ) ! p1 n ) him4 ,x is 8 duty to tell ,congress :at he ?9ks conc]n+ ! p5d+ que/ions ( ! day2 x is n 8 duty to assume any responsibility = ! effect produc$ on ,congressm54 ,! ,engli% h trans=m$ _! ,cr[n into a ,m9i/ry1 & 9 do+ s h recogniz$ bo? ! supremacy ( ,p>liam5t & ! rle ( lead]%ip 9 legislation prop]ly belong+ to a responsible executive4 ,! result has be5 t !y h kept a /rong executive )\t abat+ ei!r ! p[] or ! indep5d5ce ( ! repres5tative *amb] 9 respect ( its legislative function4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 h left our executive sep>ate1 z ! ,con/itution made x2 *iefly1 x is to be suspect$1 because ! explicit & confid5t gifts ( function conta9$ 9 t positive in/rum5t h bl9d$ u by _! v positiv5ess to ! real subord9ation ( ! executive result+ f su* a sep>ation4 ,we h suppos$ t our ,presid5t 0 great because 8 p[]s 7 specific1 & t our ,congress 0 n supreme because x c\ld n lay its h&s directly ^u 8 (fice & turn him out4 ,9 fact1 nei!r ! dignity & p[] ( ! executive nor ! importance ( ,congress is s]v$ by ! arrangem5t4 ,be+ held (f f au?oritative sugge/ion 9 legislation1 ! ,presid5t becomes1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 m]ely a m9i/]ial (fic]2 :il/ ,congress1 on its "p1 depriv$ ( su* lead]%ip1 becomes a legislative mass meet+ in/ead ( a responsible co-op]at+ memb] ( a well-organiz$ gov]nm5t4 ,be+ "u ! spell ( ! ,con/itution1 we h be5 unable to see ! facts :i* writt5 docum5ts c nei!r e/abli% nor *ange4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 !re is %>p opposition to ! introduction into ,congress ( any su* lead]%ip on ! "p ( ! executive z ! ,m9i/]s ( ! ,cr[n enjoy 9 ,p>liam5t1 on ! gr\nd ( ! increase ( p[] :i* w\ld accrue z a result to ! legislature4 ,x is said t su* a *ange w\ld1 by c5tr+ p>ty & p]sonal responsibility 9 ,congress1 give too great a prom95ce to legislation2 w\ld make ,congress ! object ( too excit$ an int]e/ on ! "p ( ! p4 ,legislation 9 ,p>liam5t1 in/ead ( be+ piecemeal1 tessellat$ "w1 su* z is made up 9 ,congress ( ! v>i\s fragm5ts contribut$ by ! /&+ committees1 is1 "u ea* m9i/ry1 a cont9u\s1 consi/5t1 coh]5t :ole2 &1 in/ead ( be>+ ! sanction ( bo? national p>ties1 is ! peculi> policy ( only "o ( !m4 ,x is ?\ght t1 if su* coh]5ce ( plan1 def9it5ess & cont9uity ( aim1 & sanction ( p>ty 7 to be giv5 ! "w ( ,congress1 ! result+ conc5tration ( popul> int]e/ & op9ion w\ld c>ry ,congress ov] all ! b>ri]s ( ! ,con/itution to an undisput$ ?rone ( illimitable p[]4 ,9 %ort1 ! pot5tial supremacy ( ,congress is ?\ght to be kept )9 b\nds1 n by ! con/itutional p[] ( ! executive & ! judici>y1 its co-ord9ate bran*es1 b by ! intr9sic dulness & confusion ( its own proce$+s4 ,x _c make itself int]e/+ en\gh to be great4 ,b ?is is a two-edg$ argum5t1 :i* "o mu/ ne$s h&le ) great caution4 ,x is evid5tly calculat$ to de/roy e argum5t con/ruct$ on ! assumption t x is writt5 laws :i* are effective to ! salvation ( our con/itutional arrangem5ts2 = x is itself con/ruct$ on ! opposite assumption1 t x is ! /ate ( popul> int]e/ 9 ! nation :i* balances ! =ces ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x w\ld1 too1 s]ve ) equal efficacy aga9/ any s*eme :atev] = re=m+ ! pres5t me?ods ( legislation 9 ,congress1 ) :i* almo/ ev]ybody is dissatisfi$4 ,any re=m :i* %\ld t5d to give to national legislation t uni=m1 op51 intellig5t1 & responsible "* :i* x n[ lacks1 w\ld also create t popul> int]e/ 9 ! proce$+s ( ,congress :i*1 x is said1 w\ld unh+e ! ,con/itution4 ,democracy is s delicate a =m ( gov]nm5t t x mu/ break d[n if giv5 too great facility or efficacy ( op]ation4 ,no "o body ( m5 mu/ be suff]$ to utt] ! voice ( ! p1 le/ t voice become1 ?r\gh x1 directly supreme4 ,! fact ( ! ov]topp+ p[] ( ,congress1 h[ev]1 rema9s4 ,! h\ses create all gov]nm5tal policy1 ) t wide latitude ( #8political discretion' 9 ! *oice ( means :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt un/9t+ly accords !m4 ,congress has (t5 come into conflict ) ! ,supreme ,c\rt by attempt+ to ext5d ! prov9ce ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t z aga9/ ! ,/ates2 b x has seldom1 ,i believe1 be5 br\ght effectually to book = any alleg$ ex]cise ( p[]s z aga9/ its directly compet+ bran*1 ! executive4 ,hav+ by con/itutional grant ! la/ ^w z to =eign relations1 ! control ( ! f9ances1 & ev5 ! ov]sight ( executive appo9tm5ts1 ,congress ex]cises :at p[]s ( direction & managem5t x pleases1 z fulfill+1 n z /ra9+1 ! ,con/itution4 ,gov]nm5t lives 9 ! orig9ation1 n 9 ! defeat1 ( measures ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,presid5t ob/ructs by means ( 8 #8,no2' ! h\ses gov]n by means ( _! #8,yes4' ,he has kill$ "s policies t are dead2 !y h giv5 bir? to all policies t are alive4 ,b ! measures born 9 ,congress h no common l9eage4 ,!y h n ev5 a traceable k9%ip4 ,!y are fa!r$ by a score or two ( unrelat$ /&+ committees3 & ,congress /&s godfa!r to !m all1 )\t discrim9ation4 ,congress1 9 effect1 p>cels out its great p[]s among/ gr\ps ( its memb]s1 & s confuses its plans & obscures all responsibility4 ,x is a lead+ compla9t ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's aga9/ ! sy/em 9 ,engl&1 :i* is j "u 8 nose1 t x conf]s ! prelim9>y %ap+ & ! initiation ( all legislation ^u ! cab9et1 a body :i* delib]ates & resolves 9 /rict secrecy1--& s rem9ds him1 remotely en\gh1 ( ! ,sp>tan ,ephors & ! ,v5etian ,c\ncil ( ,t54 ,he comm5ds1 by contra/1 t con/itution 7our own1 :i* he sees at a great di/ance7 :i* res]ves to ! legislature itself ! orig9ation & draft+ ( its measures4 ,x is h>d = u1 :o h ?is comm5d$ con/itution "u our noses1 to p]ceive :]e9 we h ! advantage4 ,briti% legislation is = ! mo/ "p orig9at$ & %ap$ by a s+le committee1 act+ 9 secret1 ^: proposals1 :5 produc$1 are eag]ly debat$ & freely judg$ by ! sov]eign legislative body4 ,our legislation is fram$ & initiat$ by a great _m committees1 delib]at+ 9 secret1 ^: proposals are seldom debat$ & only p]functorily judg$ by ! sov]eign legislative body4 ,x is impossible to mi/ake ! position & privileges ( ! ,bruti% cab9et1 s great & conspicu\s & mu* discuss$ are !y4 ,!y simplify ! :ole ,briti% sy/em = m5's compreh5sion by m]ely /&+ at ! c5tre ( x4 ,b our own sy/em is simple only 9 appe>ance4 ,x is easy to see t our legislature & executive are sep>ate1 & t ! legislature matures its own measures by means ( committees ( its own memb]s4 ,b x may readily escape sup]ficial obs]vation t our legislature1 in/ead ( be+ s]v$1 is rul$ by its committees2 t ^? committees prep>e _! measures 9 private2 t _! numb] r5d]s _! privacy a secure secrecy1 by mak+ !m too _m to be wat*$1 & individually too insignificant to be wor? wat*+2 t _! division ( pr]ogatives results 9 a loss1 ?r\gh diffusion1 ( all actual responsibility2 & t _! co-ord9ation leads to su* a competition among !m = ! att5tion ( _! respective h\ses t legislation is ru%$1 :5 x is n p>alyz$4 ,x is ?us t1 :il/ all real p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ,congress1 t p[] is (t5 ?r[n out ( ge> & its ex]cise br\ght almo/ to a /&/ill4 ,! competition ( ! committees is ! clog4 ,_! reports /& 9 ! way ( ea* o!r1 & s ! compla9t is w>rant$ t ,congress c get no?+ done4 ,int]e/s :i* press = att5tion 9 ! nation are report$ ^u by ! appropriate committee1 p]haps1 b ! report gets pu%$ to ! wall4 ,or !y are n report$ ^u4 ,!y are br\ght to ! notice ( ,congress1 b !y g to a committee :i* is unfavorable4 ,! progress ( legislation dep5ds bo? ^u ! =tunes ( compet+ reports & ^u ! op9ions held by p>ticul> committees4 ,! same sy/em ( committee gov]nm5t prevails 9 our /ate legislatures1 & has l$ to "s notable results1 :i* h rec5tly be5 po9t$ out 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,am]ican ,con/itutions1 contribut$ to ! ,johns ,hopk9s s]ies ( ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,political ,sci5ce by ,mr4 ,horace ,davis4 ,9 ! /ate legislatures1 z 9 ,congress1 ! orig9ation & control ( legislation by /&+ committees has l$ to haphaz>d1 incoh]5t1 irresponsible law-mak+1 & to a univ]sal difficulty ab\t gett+ any?+ done4 ,! result has be5 t /ate legislatures h be5 fall+ into disrepute 9 all qu>t]s4 ,!y are despis$ & mi/ru/$1 & _m ,/ates h revis$ _! con/itutions 9 ord] to curtail legislative p[]s & limit ! numb] & l5g? ( legislative sessions4 ,!re is 9 "s ,/ates an app>5t incl9ation to all[ legislators b>ely "t en\gh to provide moneys = ! ma9t5ance ( ! gov]nm5ts4 ,9 "s in/ances necess>y p[]s h be5 transf]r$ f ! legislatures to ! c\rts2 9 o!rs to ! gov]nors4 ,! int5t ( all su* *anges is manife/4 ,x is ?\ght saf] to entru/ p[] to a law c\rt1 p]=m+ def9ite functions "u cle> laws & 9 accordance ) /rict judicial /&>ds1 or to a s+le conspicu\s magi/rate1 :o c be wat*$ & _c escape responsibility = 8 (ficial acts1 ?an to entru/ x to a num]\s body :i* burr[s t[>d its ends 9 committee-rooms1 gett+ its light ?r\gh lobbies2 & :i* has a ?\s& devices = juggl+ away responsibility1 z well z scores ( antagonisms :]e) to p>alyze itself4 ,l fe> & di/ru/ h (t5 be5 felt & express$ ( late ye>s conc]n+ ,congress1 = l reasons4 ,b s f> no attempt has be5 made to re/rict ei!r ! p[]s or ! "t ( ,congress4 ,am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution are difficult almo/ to ! po9t ( impossibility1 & ! few def9ite s*emes n[adays put =w>d = a revision ( ! ,con/itution involve ext5sions r ?an limitations ( ! p[]s ( ,congress4 ,! fact is t1 ?\gh (t5 q z exasp]at+ to sob] public op9ion z any /ate legislature1 ,congress is nei!r s mu* di/ru/$ nor s des]v+ ( di/ru/4 ,its high place & va/ sph]e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! nation cause its memb]s to be m c>efully *os51 & its proce$+s to be m closely wat*$1 & frequ5tly controll$ by criticism4 ,! :ole c\ntry has its eyes on ,congress1 & ,congress is aw>e ( ! fact4 ,x has bo? ! w & ! inc5tive to be judici\s & patriotic4 ,newspap] editors h con/antly to be say+ to _! read]s1 #8,look :at our /ate legislators are do+2' !y seldom h to urge1 #8,look :at ,congress is do+4' ,x _c1 inde$1 be wat*$ easily1 or to mu* advantage4 ,x requires a di/9ct ef=t to wat* x4 ,x has no dramatic conte/s ( p>ty lead]s to attract notice4 ,its me?ods are s mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ! game ( hide-&-seek t ! eye ( ! ord9>y man is q baffl$ 9 try+ to und]/& or foll[ !m1 if he try only at leisure mom5ts4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! int]e/s h&l$ by ,congress are s va/ t at lea/ ! newspap]s & ! bus9ess m51 if no o!rs1 mu/ wat* its legislation z be/ !y may4 ,h[ev] h>d x may be to obs]ve1 x is too influ5tial 9 great affairs to make x safe = ! c\ntry to give ov] try+ to obs]ve x4 ,b ?\gh ,congress may always be wat*$1 & s 9 a measure controll$1 despite its cl&e/9e & confus+ me?ods1 ^? me?ods mu/ t5d to increase ! di/ru/ ) :i* ,congress is widely reg>d$2 & di/ru/ _c b en]vate1 belittle1 & corrupt ?is w-c5tre ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! "q is n m]ely1 ,h[ %all ! me?ods ( ,congress be cl>ifi$ & its ways made purposeful & responsible8 ,!re is ?is great] "q at /ake3 ,h[ %all ! ess5tial arrangem5ts ( ! ,con/itution be pres]v$8 ,congress is ! purpos+1 design+1 aggressive p[] ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,di/urb+ & demoraliz+ influ5ces 9 ! organism1 if !re be any1 come out f its re/less en]gies4 ,damag+ encroa*m5ts ^u gr\nd =bidd5 to ! f$]al gov]nm5t g5]ally orig9ate 9 measures ( its plann+4 ,s long z x cont9ues to be gov]n$ by unrelat$ /&+ committees1 & to take its resolves 9 accordance ) no cle> plan1 no s+le1 def9ite purpose1 s long z :at x does cont9ues to be nei!r evid5t nor int]e/+1 s long mu/ all its ex]tions ( p[] be invidi\s2 s long mu/ its competition ) ! executive or ! judici>y seem m]ely jeal\s & always und]h&3 s long mu/ x rema9 virtually impossible to control x ?r\gh public op9ion4 ,z well ask ! /rang] 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,new ,york ,/ock ,ex*ange to judge ( ! proce$+s on ! floor4 ,z well ask a man :o has n "t to read all ! newspap]s 9 ! ,union to judge ( pass+ s5tim5t 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,congress 9 its composition is ! c\ntry 9 m9iature4 ,x realizes ,hobbes's def9ition ( lib]ty z political p[] divid$ into small fragm5ts4 ,! /&+ committees typify ! individuals ( ! nation4 ,congress is bett] fitt$ = c\nsel ?an ! vot]s simply because its memb]s are less ?an f\r hundr$ in/ead ( m ?an t5 millions4 ,x has be5 impossible to c>ry out ! programme ( ! ,con/itution2 &1 )\t c>eful re=m1 ! national legislature w ev5 m dang]\sly approa* ! p]il\s model ( a mass meet+4 ,!re are sev]al ways 9 :i* ,congress c be s integrat$ z to imp>t to its proce$+s sy/em & p>ty responsibility4 ,t may be done by entru/+ ! prep>ation & initiation ( legislation to a s+le committee 9 ea* h\se1 compos$ ( ! lead+ m5 ( ! majority 9 t h\se4 ,su* a *ange w\ld n necess>ily affect ! pres5t prec$5ts z to ! relations betwe5 ! executive & ! legislature4 ,!y might /ill /& /iffly ap>t4 ,congress w\ld be integrat$ & invigorat$1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! :ole sy/em ( ! gov]nm5t w\ld n be4 ,to integrate t1 "s common meet+-gr\nd ( public consultation mu/ be provid$ = ! executive & ! h\ses4 ,t c be accompli%$ only by ! admission to ,congress1 9 :atev] capacity1--:e!r simply to answ] prop] que/ions & to engage 9 debate1 or ) ! full privileges ( memb]%ip1--( (ficial repres5tatives ( ! executive :o und]/& ! adm9i/ration & are int]e/$ & able to def5d x4 ,let ! t5ure ( m9i/]s h :at disconnection f legislative responsibility may seem necess>y to ! pres]vation ( ! equality ( ,h\se & ,s5ate1 & ! sep>ation ( adm9i/ration f legislation2 light w\ld at lea/ be ?r[n ^u adm9i/ration2 x w\ld be giv5 ! same advantages ( public sugge/ion & unhamp]$ self-def5ce t ,congress1 its competitor1 has2 & ,congress w\ld be con/ra9$ to apply sy/em & p>ty responsibility to its proce$+s4 ,! e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( :at is kn[n z #8m9i/]ial responsibility' w\ld unque/ionably involve "s important *anges 9 our con/itutional sy/em4 ,i am /rongly ( ! op9ion t su* *anges w\ld n be too great a price to pay = ! advantages secur$ u by su* a gov]nm5t4 ,m9i/]ial responsibility supplies ! only conditions :i* h yet prov$ efficaci\s1 9 ! political exp]i5ce ( ! _w1 = ve/+ recogniz$ lead]%ip 9 m5 *os5 = _! abilities by a natural selection ( debate 9 a sov]eign assembly ( ^: conte/s ! :ole c\ntry is witness4 ,su* survival ( ! able/ 9 debate seems ! only process available = select+ lead]s "u a popul> gov]nm5t4 ,! m]e fact t su* a conte/ proce$s ) su* a result is ! /ronge/ possible inc5tive to m5 ( fir/-rate p[]s to ent] legislative s]vice2 & popul> gov]nm5ts1 m ?an any o!r gov]nm5ts1 ne$ lead]s s plac$ t1 by direct contact ) bo? ! legislative & ! executive dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 !y %all see ! problems ( gov]nm5t at fir/ h&2 & s tra9$ t !y %all at ! same "t be1 n m]e adm9i/rators1 b also m5 ( tact & eloqu5ce1 fitt$ to p]suade masses ( m5 & to draw ab\t !mselves a loyal foll[+4 ,if we borr[$ m9i/]ial responsibility f ,engl&1 we %\ld1 too1 unque/ionably enjoy an inf9ite advantage ov] ! ,engli% 9 ! use ( x4 ,we %\ld sacrifice by its adoption none ( t great b5efit & security :i* our f$]al sy/em d]ives f a cle> enum]ation ( p[]s & an inflexible difficulty ( am5dm5t4 ,if any?+ w\ld be def9ite "u cab9et gov]nm5t1 responsibility w\ld be def9ite2 &1 unless ,i am totally mi/ak5 9 my e/imate ( ! legal consci5ce ( ! p ( ?is c\ntry1--:i* seems to me to be ! he>t ( our :ole sy/em1--def9ite responsibility w e/abli% r ?an %ake ^? arrangem5ts ( our ,con/itution :i* are really our own1 & to :i* our national pride prop]ly atta*es1 namely1 ! di/9ct division ( p[]s betwe5 ! /ate & f$]al gov]nm5ts1 ! sl[ & solemn =malities ( con/itutional *ange1 & ! int]pretative functions ( ! f$]al c\rts4 ,if we are really atta*$ to ^! pr9ciples1 ! conc5tration ( responsibility 9 gov]nm5t w d\bly insure _! pres]vation4 ,if we are n1 !y are 9 dang] ( de/ruction 9 any case4 ,b we _c h m9i/]ial responsibility 9 its fulness "u ! ,con/itution z x /&s4 ,! mo/ t we c h is di/9ct legislative responsibility1 ) or )\t any connection ( co-op]ation or ( mutual confid5ce betwe5 ! executive & ,congress4 ,to h s mu* w\ld be an imm5se ga94 ,*anges made to ?is end w\ld leave ! f$]al sy/em /ill an unwieldy me*anism ( c\nt]act+ =ces1 /ill )\t unity or flexibility2 b we %\ld at lea/ h made ! v great advance ( fa/5+ ^u ,congress an ev5 m positive =m ( acc\ntability ?an n[ re/s ^u ! ,presid5t & ! c\rts4 ,que/ions ( va/ importance & inf9ite delicacy h con/antly to be dealt ) by ,congress2 & !re is an evid5t t5d5cy to wid5 ! range ( ^? que/ions4 ,! grave social & economic problems n[ ?ru/+ !mselves =w>d1 z ! result ( ! trem5d\s gr[? & conc5tration ( our population1 & ! consequ5t %>p competition = ! means ( livelihood1 indicate t our sy/em is already ag+1 & t any clums9ess1 loos5ess1 or irresponsibility 9 gov]nm5tal action mu/ prove a s\rce ( grave & increas+ p]il4 ,!re are already comm]cial heats & political di/emp]s 9 our body politic :i* w>n ( an e>ly necessity = c>efully prescrib$ physic4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 "s measure ( legislative re=m is cle>ly indisp5sable4 ,we _c af=d to put up any long] ) su* legislation z we may happ5 ^u4 ,we mu/ look & plan ahead4 ,we mu/ h legislation :i* has be5 def9itely =eca/ 9 p>ty programmes & explicitly sanction$ by ! public voice4 ,in/ead ( ! pres5t arrangem5ts = compromise1 piecemeal legislation1 we mu/ h coh]5t plans f recogniz$ p>ty lead]s1 & means = hold+ ^? lead]s to a fai?ful execution ( _! plans 9 cle>-cut ,acts ( ,congress4 ,illu/ration ,,li/ ,,( ,,volumes ,,( ,,essays ,,on ,,lit]ature1 ,,art1 ,,music1 ,,etc41 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 #gdc-gde ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illu/ration ,,h5ry ,,adams4 ,,hi/orical ,,essays4 7#abmo1 #b4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,primitive ,rights ( ,wom5--,capta9e ,john ,smi?--,h>v>d ,college1 #aghf-aghg--,napoleon ,i4 at ,/4 ,dom+o--,! ,bank ( ,engl& ,re/riction--,! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is1 #ahfa--,! ,legal ,t5d] ,act--,! ,new ,york ,gold ,conspiracy--,! ,session1 #ahfi-ahgj4 8,mr4 ,adams is ?or\gh 9 rese>*1 exact 9 /atem5t1 judicial 9 tone1 broad ( view1 picturesque & impressive 9 description1 n]v\s & expressive 9 /yle4 ,8 *>act]izations are t]se1 po9t$1 cle>40--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,,sir ,,edw9 ,,arnold4 ,,japonica4 ,illu/rat$ by ,rob]t ,blum4 7,l>ge #hvo1 #c4jj47 8,arti/ic & h&some4 ,9 !me1 /yle1 illu/rations & manufacture1 x w appeal to e ref9$ ta/e1 pres5t+ a mo/ ?\ghtful & graceful /udy ( ! fasc9at+ p among :om ! au?or sp5t a ye>40--,c9c9nati ,enquir]4 ,,augu/9e ,,birrell4 ,,obit] ,,dicta1 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 7#afmo1 #a4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,c>lyle--,on ! ,alleg$ ,obscurity ( ,mr4 ,br[n+'s ,poetry--,tru? ,hunt+--,actors--,a ,rogue's ,memoirs--,! ,via ,m$ia--,fal/aff4 8,"s admirably writt5 essays1 amus+ & brilliant4 ,! book is ! book ( a highly cultivat$ man1 ) a real gift ( expression1 a good deal ( humor1 a happy fancy40--,spectator4 ,,obit] ,,dicta1 ,second ,s]ies4 7#afmo1 #a4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,milton--,pope--,johnson--,burke--,! ,muse ( ,hi/ory--,lamb--,em]son--,! ,(fice ( ,lit]ature--,worn ,out ,types--,cambridge & ! ,poets--,book-buy+4 8,neat1 apposite1 clev]1 full ( qua9t allusions1 happy ?\ghts1 & apt1 unfamili> quotations40--,bo/on ,adv]tis]4 ,,res ,,judicat3 ,pap]s & ,essays4 7#afmo1 #a4jj47 8,:e!r ,mr4 ,birrell writes ( ,ri*>dson or ,b>r[1 ,gibbon or ,newman1 he %[s himself equally intellig5t & appreciative4 ,8 wit & audacity are back$ by /]l+ s5se & f9e ta/e40--,*icago ,tribune4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,boyes54 ,,essays ,,on ,,g]man ,,lit]ature4 7#abmo1 #a4ej47 8,pr(4 ,boyes5 is cultivat$ )\t be+ p$antic1 & s]i\s )\t be+ dull4 ,! lit]ature he analyzes & exp\nds is ! lit]ature t has int]national value40--,bo/on ,beacon4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,br[nell4 ,,fr5* ,,traits4 7#abmo1 #a4ej47 ,,cont5ts3 ,! ,social ,in/9ct--,morality--,intellig5ce--,s5se & ,s5tim5t--,mann]s--,wom5--,! ,art ,in/9ct--,! ,prov9cial ,_s--,democracy--,new ,york aft] ,p>is4 8,^! *apt]s =m a volume ( criticism :i* is sympa!tic1 intellig5t1 acute1 & conta9s a great am\nt ( :olesome sugge/ion40--,bo/on ,adv]tis]4 ,,fr5* ,,art4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 8,br\ght to ! judgm5t 9 ?is cool & sci5tific _s1 ! :ole c\rse ( ,fr5* pa9t+ & sculpture1 z %[n by ! ma/]s pre-em95t 9 ea* era1 is review$ by a critic z c]ta9 ( 8 criticisms z he is capable 9 =m+ !m40--,spr+field ,republican4 ,,?omas ,,c>lyle4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,lit]ature4 7,n[ pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t4 #abmo1 #a4jj47 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,lit]ature 9 ,g5]al--,language1 ,tradition--,! ,greeks--,! ,h]oic ,ages--,hom]--s*ylus to ,socrates--,! ,romans--,middle ,ages--,*ri/ianity--,! ,crusades--,dante--,! ,spani>ds--,*ivalry--,c]vantes--,! ,g]mans--,lu!r--,! ,orig91 ,"w & ,de/9y ( ! ,engli%-- ,%akespe>e--,milton--,swift--,hume--,w]! rism--,! ,fr5* ,revolution--,goe! & 8 ,works4 8,e intellig5t ,am]ican read] w in/antly wi% to read ?is book ?r\gh1 & _m w say t x is ! cle>e/ & wise/ & mo/ g5u9e book t ,c>lyle ev] produc$4 ,we c\ld h no "w f 8 h& :i* embodies m cle>ly & emphatically 8 lit]>y op9ions ?an 8 rapid & graphic survey ( ! great writ]s & great lit]>y epo*s ( ! _w40--,bo/on ,h]ald4 ,,alice ,,morse ,,e>le4 ,,! ,,sabba? ,,9 ,,puritan ,,new ,,engl&4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 8,%e writes ) a ke5 s5se ( humor1 & out ( ! full /ores ( adequate k & pl5tiful explorations among old pamphlets1 lett]s1 s]mons1 & t treasury1 n yet run dry 9 ,new ,engl&1 family traditions4 ,! book is z sympa!tic z x is bright & humor\s40--,! ,indep5d5t4 ,,*9a ,,collect+ ,,9 ,,am]ica4 7) #ge illu/rations4 ,sq4 #hvo1 #c4jj47 8,h] book is full ( ent]ta9m5t1 n only = ! *9a hunt] & collector1 b = all :o are int]e/$ 9 e>ly times & manufactures1 9 ! old h\ses & c\ntry p1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 & ! habits & cu/oms ( ! pa/40--,new ,york ,obs]v]4 ,,cu/oms ,,& ,,fa%ions ,,9 ,,old ,,new ,,engl&4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 ,mrs4 ,e>le describes ! daily life & habits1 ! fe/ivals1 l>d]1 tav]ns1 modes ( travel1 peculi>ities ( c\rt%ip1 m>riages1 fun]als1 ! ut5sils & furniture ( ! ,puritan f>m & home1 ) ! same wit1 sympa!tic feel+1 & copi\s in=mation s m>k$ 9 h] =m] works4 ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,f9ck4 ,,*op91 & ,o!r ,musical ,essays4 7#abmo1 #a4ej47 8,writt5 f abundant k3 enliv5$ by anecdote & t\*es ( en?usiasm1 sugge/ive1 /imulat+40--,bo/on ,po/4 ,,james ,,an?ony ,,fr\de4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,armada1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays4 7#abmo1 #a4ej47 ,,cont5ts3 ,! ,spani% ,/ory ( ! ,armada--,antonio ,p]ez3 ,an ,unsolv$ ,hi/orical ,riddle--,sa9t ,t]esa--,! ,templ>s--,! ,norway ,fjords--,norway ,once ,m4 ,,%ort ,,/udies ,,on ,,great ,,subjects4 7,half lea!r1 #abmo1 #d vols41 ea* #a4ej47 ,,cont5ts3 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,hi/ory--,times ( ,erasmus & ,lu!r--,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,re=mation on ! ,scotti% ,"*--,! ,philosophy ( ,ca?olicism--,a ,plea = ! ,free ,discussion ( ,!ological ,difficulties--,criticism & ! ,gospel ,hi/ory--,! ,book ( ,job--,sp9oza--,! ,dissolution ( ,mona/]ies--,engl&'s ,=gott5 ,wor?ies--,hom]--,! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts--,repres5tative ,man--,reyn>d ! ,fox--,! ,cat's ,pilgrimage--,fables--,p>able ( ! ,bread-fruit ,tree--,comp5sation4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,calv9ism--,a ,bi%op ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury--,fa!r ,newman on 8,! ,gramm> ( ,ass5t0--,conditions & ,prospects ( ,prote/antism--,engl& & ,h] ,colonies--,a ,=tnight 9 ,k]ry--,reciprocal ,duties 9 ,/ate & ,subject--,! ,m]*ant & ,8 ,wife--,on ,progress--,! ,colonies ,once ,m--,education--,engl&'s ,w>--,! ,ea/]n ,"q--,sci5tific ,me?od ,appli$ to ,hi/ory4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,annals ( an ,engli% ,abbey--,revival ( ,romanism--,sea ,/udies--,society 9 ,italy 9 ! ,la/ ,days ( ! ,roman ,republic--,lucian--,divus ,caes>--,on ! ,uses ( a ,l&$ ,g5try--,p>ty ,politics--,leaves f a ,s\? ,african ,j\rnal4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 ,! ,ox=d ,c\nt]--,re=mation--,life & ,times ( ,?omas ,becket--,orig5 & ,celsus--,a ,caglio/ro ( ! ,second ,c5tury--,*5eys & ! ,h\se ( ,russell--,a ,sid+ at a ,railway ,/ation4 8,all ! pap]s "h collect$ are m>k$ by ! qualities :i* h made ,mr4 ,fr\de ! mo/ popul> ( liv+ ,engli% hi/orians--by skill 9 argum5tative & rhetorical exposition1 by felicities ( diction1 by contagi\s e>ne/ness1 & by ! r>e p[] ( fus+ ! results ( rese>* 9 ! imag9ation s z to produce a picture ( ! pa/ at once exact & vivid40--,n4 ,y4 ,sun4 ,,william ,,ew>t ,,glad/one4 ,,glean+s ,,( ,,pa/ ,,ye>s1 #ahdc-ahgi4 7#g vols41 #afmo1 ea* #a4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,i41 ,! ,?rone & ! ,pr9ce ,consort4 ,! ,cab9et & ,con/itution--,vol4 ,,ii41 ,p]sonal & ,lit]>y--,vol4 ,,iii41 ,hi/orical & ,speculative--,vol4 ,,iv41 ,=eign--,vol4 ,v4 & ,,vi41 ,ecclesia/ical--,vol4 ,,vii41 ,miscellane\s4 8,n only d ^! essays cov] a long p]iod ( "t1 !y also exhibit a v wide range ( intellectual ef=t4 ,p]haps _! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! bread? ( g5u9e intellectual sympa?y1 ( :i* !y af=d su* abundant evid5ce40--,nation4 ,,rob]t ,,grant4 ,,! ,,reflections ,,( ,a ,,m>ri$ ,,man4 7#abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj2 pap]1 #ej c5ts47 8,no?+ is m ent]ta9+ ?an to h "o's famili> exp]i5ces take objective =m2 & few exp]i5ces are m famili> ?an ^? :i* ,mr4 ,grant "h *ronicles = u4 ,altoge!r ,mr4 ,grant has giv5 u a capital little book1 :i* %\ld easily /rike up lit]>y comrade%ip ) #8,! ,rev]ies ( a ,ba*elor4'0--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,a ,,philosoph]4 7,illu/rat$ by ,re9h>t & ,sm$ley4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj47 ,a sequel to ! au?or's 8,reflections10 relat+ ! exp]i5ces ?r\gh middle life ( ,fr$ & ,joseph9e1 ) equal *>m & humor4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,h>dy4 ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,( ,,life3 ,a ,book = ,ev]yone4--,,h[ ,,to ,,be ,,happy ,,?\gh ,,m>ri$3 ,be+ a ,h&book to ,m>riage--,,! ,,five ,,tal5ts ,,( ,,woman3 ,a ,book = ,girls & ,wom5--,,mann]s ,,maky? ,,man--,,! ,,sunny ,,days ,,( ,,y\?3 ,a ,book = ,boys & ,"y ,m54 7#abmo1 ea* #a4be47 8,! au?or has a l>ge /ore ( apposite quotations & anecdotes f :i* he draws ) a lavi% h&1 & he has ! art ( bright5+ 8 pages ) a con/ant play ( humor t makes :at he says uni=mly ent]ta9+40--,bo/on ,adv]tis]4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,h5ley4 ,,views ,,& ,,reviews4 ,essays 9 ,appreciation3 ,lit]ature4 7#abmo1 #a4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,dick5s--,?ack]ay--,disrali--,dumas--,m] $i?--,byron--,hugo--,he9e-- ,arnold--,rabelais--,%akespe>e--,sidney- -,walton--,banville--,b]lioz-- ,longfell[--,balzac--,hood--,lev]--,cong reve--,tol/o--,field+1 etc41 etc4 8,int]e/+1 orig9al1 ke5 & felicit\s4 ,8 criticism w be f\nd sugge/ive1 cultivat$1 indep5d5t40--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,holl&4 ,,titcomb',s ,,lett]s ,,to ,,"y ,,p1 ,,s+le ,,& ,,m>ri$--,,gold-,,foil1 ,,hamm]$ ,,f ,,popul> ,,prov]bs--,,lessons ,,9 ,,life3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,famili> ,essays--,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,jones ,,family--,,pla9 ,,talks ,,on ,,famili> ,,subjects--,,e-,,day ,,topics1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 ,second ,s]ies4 7,small #abmo1 ea*1 #a4be47 8,dr4 ,holl& w always f9d a cong5ial audi5ce 9 ! homes ( culture & ref9em5t4 ,he does n affect ! play ( ! d>k] & fi]c] passions1 b delights 9 ! sweet images t clu/] ar\nd ! dome/ic he>?4 ,he *]i%es a /rong fell[-feel+ ) ! pure & tranquil life 9 ! mode/ social circles ( ! ,am]ican p1 & has ?us won 8 way to ! companion%ip ( _m fri5dly he>ts40--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune4 ,,william ,,ralph ,,+e4 ,,society ,,9 ,,rome ,,"u ,,! ,c,,s>s4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 8,e page is brimful ( int]e/4 ,! picture ( life 9 ,rome "u ! ,cs>s are graphic & ?or\ghly intelligible40--,*icago ,h]ald4 ,,&rew ,,lang4 ,,essays ,,9 ,,little4 7,portrait1 #abmo1 #a4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,alex&re ,dumas--,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,works--,?omas ,haynes ,bayly--,?odore de ,banville--,hom] & ! ,/udy ( ,greek--,! ,la/ ,fa%ionable ,novel--,?ack]ay--,dick5s--,adv5tures ( ,buccane]s--,! ,sagas--,k+sley--,lev]--,poems ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott--,bunyan--,lett] to a ,"y ,j\rnali/--,kipl+'s ,/ories4 8,"o ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ & brac+ ( books4 ,x ought to w9 e vote & please e class ( read]s40--,spectator 7,london74 ,,lett]s ,,to ,,dead ,,au?ors4 7#afmo1 #a4jj4 ,cameo ,edition1 ) et*$ portrait & f\r new lett]s1 #a4be47 ,lett]s to ,?ack]ay--,dick5s--,h]odotus--,pope--,ra belais--,jane ,au/5--,isaak ,walton--,dumas--,!ocritus--,pope--,scot t--,%elley-- ,molire--,burns1 etc41 etc4 8,! book is "o ( ! luxuries ( ! lit]>y ta/e4 ,x is meant = ! exquisite palate1 & is prep>$ by "o ( ! #8kn[+' k9d4 ,x is an a/oni%+ little volume40--,n4 ,y4 ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,,sidney ,,lani]4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,novel ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,its ,,developm5t4 7,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj47 8,! critical & analytical portions ( 8 "w are always 9 high key1 sugge/ive1 brilliant1 r dogmatic & n free f caprice4444 ,b :5 all ^! abatem5ts are made1 ! lectures rema9 l(ty 9 tone & full ( orig9al inspiration40--,indep5d5t4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,engli% ,,v]se4 7,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj47 8,x conta9s mu* s\nd practical advice to ! mak]s ( v]se4 ,! "w %[s ext5sive read+ & a ref9$ ta/e bo? 9 poetry & 9 music40--,nation4 ,,edw>d ,,s&=d ,,m>t94 ,,w9dfalls ,,( ,,obs]vation4 ,ga!r$ = ! ,edification ( ! ,"y & ! ,solace ( ,o!rs4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 ,a collection ( brief essays on topics ( p]5nial int]e/1 p]sonal 9 quality1 lit]>y 9 treatm5t1 %rewd1 & dryly humor\s1 hav+ a decid$ 8,r\ndab\t10 ?\gh ?or\ghly ,am]ican1 flavor4 ,,br&] ,,mat!ws4 ,,fr5* ,,dramati/s ,,( ,,! #ai,,? ,,c5tury4 7,new ,edition1 #hvo1 #a4ej47 ,,cont5ts3 ,*ronology--,! ,romantic ,movem5t--,hugo--,dumas--,scribe--,augi] --,dumas fils--,s>d\--,feuillet--,labi*e--,meilha c & ,halvy--,zola & ! ,t5d5cies ( ,fr5* ,drama--,a ,t5 ,ye>s' ,retrospect3 #ahha-ahia4 8,mr4 ,mat!ws writes ) au?ority ( ! ,fr5* ,/age4 ,probably no o!r writ] ( ,engli% has a l>g] acqua9tance ) ! subject ?an he4 ,8 /yle is easy & graceful1 & ! book is delightful read+40--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 ,,! ,,!atres ,,( ,,p>is4 7,illu/rat$4 #afmo1 #a4be47 8,an int]e/+1 gossipy1 yet in/ructive little book40--,academy 7,london74 ,,donald ,g4 ,,mit*ell4 ,,engli% ,,l&s1 ,,lett]s ,,& ,,k+s4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,f ,celt to ,tudor4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,f ,elizabe? to ,anne4 7#abmo1 ea* #a4ej47 8,crisp1 sp>kl+1 delicate1 ^! brief talks ab\t au?ors1 great & small1 ab\t k+s & que5s1 s*oolma/]s & p1 :et ! ta/e = m4 ,9 #8,ik ,m>vel's' racy1 sweet1 delightful prose1 we see ! b5efits ( ,engli% lit]ature assimilat$40--,lit]>y ,_w4 ,,rev]ies ,,( ,a ,,ba*elor2 or1 ,a ,book ( ! ,he>t--,,dream ,,life3 ,a ,fable ( ! ,seasons4 7,cameo ,edition1 ) et*+1 #afmo1 ea* #a4be47 8,beautiful examples ( ! art 7( book mak+74 ,! ve9 ( s5tim5t 9 ! text is "o ( :i* y\? nev] tires40--,! ,nation4 ,,sev5 ,,/ories ,,) ,,basem5t ,,& ,,attic--,,wet ,,days ,,at ,,edgewood1 ) ,old ,f>m]s1 ,old ,g>d5]s & ,old ,pa/orals--,,b\nd ,,toge!r1 ,a ,%eaf ( ,pap]s--,,out-,,(-,,t[n ,,palaces1 ) ,h9ts = _! ,improvem5t--,,my ,,f>m ,,( ,,edgewood1 ,a ,c\ntry ,book4 7#abmo1 ea* #a4be47 8,no ,am]ican writ] s9ce ! days ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+ uses ! ,engli% language z does #8,ik ,m>vel4' ,8 books are z natural z spr+ fl[]s1 & z refre%+ z summ] ra9s40--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,,george ,,moore4 ,,impressions ,,& ,,op9ions4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 8,bo? in/ructive & ent]ta9+ 444 /ill m int]e/+ is ! problem ( an ,engli% ,?tre ,libre1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,moore is an +5i\s advocate4 ,! f\r conclud+ essays1 :i* treat ( art & arti/s1 are all excell5t40--,saturday ,review 7,london47 ,,mod]n ,,pa9t+4 7#abmo1 #b4jj47 ,! c\rage1 indep5d5ce1 orig9ality1 & rac9ess ) :i* ,mr4 ,moore express$ 8 op9ions on matt]s relat+ to ! /age & to lit]ature 9 8 8,impressions & ,op9ions0 are equally *>act]i/ic ( ^! essays on art topics4 ,e4 ,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,,*ips ,,f ,a ,,g]man ,,work%op4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,essays on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion--,vol4 ,,ii41 ,essays on ,my?ology1 ,tradition & ,cu/oms--,vol4 ,,iii41 ,essays on ,lit]ature1 ,biographies & ,antiquities--,vol4 ,,iv41 ,comp>ative ,philology1 ,my?ology1 etc4--,vol4 ,v41 ,on ,fre$om1 etc4 7#e vols41 ,cr[n #hvo1 ea* #b4jj47 8,^! books af=d no end ( int]e/+ extracts2 #8*ips' by ! cord1 t are full bo? to ! intellect & ! imag9ation2 b we may ref] ! curi\s read] to ! volumes !mselves4 ,he w f9d 9 !m a body ( comb9$ ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction su* z has h>dly ev] be5 br\ght toge!r 9 s compact a =m40--,n4 ,y4 ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,,biographical ,,essays4 7,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj47 8,max ,mll] is ! lead+ au?ority ( ! _w 9 ,h9doo lit]ature1 & 8 volume on ,ori5tal re=m]s w be acceptable to s*ol>s & lit]>y p ( all classes40--,*icago ,tribune4 ,,?omas ,,nelson ,,page4 ,,! ,,old ,,s\?1 ,,essays ,,social ,,& ,,political4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 8,!y af=d delightful glimpses ( aspects & conditions ( ,s\!rn life :i* few at ! ,nor? h ev] appreciat$ fully40--,congregationali/4 ,,au/9 ,,phelps1 ,d4,d4 ,,my ,,note-,,book3 ,fragm5t>y ,/udies 9 ,!ology & ,subjects ,adjac5t !reto 7#abmo1 #a4ej7--,,m5 ,,& ,,books2 or1 ,/udies 9 ,homiletics 7#hvo1 #b4jj7--,,my ,,portfolio 7#abmo1 #a4ej7--,,my ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays 7#abmo1 #a4ej74 8,8 great & v>i$ le>n+1 8 wide outlook1 8 pr(\nd sympa?y ) concrete m5 & wom51 ! lucidity & beauty ( 8 /yle1 & ! f]tility ( 8 ?\ght1 w secure = him a place among ! great m5 ( ,am]ican ,congregationalism40--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune4 ,,noah ,,port]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,books ,,& ,,read+4 7,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj47 8,x is di/+ui%$ by all ! r>e acum51 discrim9at+ ta/e & ext5sive lit]>y k ( ! au?or4 ,! *ief dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature are review$ 9 detail40--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 ,,philip ,,s*aff1 ,d4,d4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,poetry4 7,) portrait4 #hvo1 #c4jj47 8,!re is a great am\nt ( erudition 9 ! collection1 b ! /yle is s simple & direct t ! read] does n realize t he is foll[+ ! travels ( a close s*ol> ?r\gh _m le>n$ volumes 9 _m diff]5t languages40--,*autauquan4 ,,edmond ,,s*]]4 ,,essays ,,on ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 7,) portrait4 #abmo1 #a4ej47 8,m4 ,s*]] _h a numb] ( great qualities1 m5tal & moral1 :i* r5d]$ him a critic ( ,engli% lit]ature1 9 p>ticul>1 ^: views & op9ions h n only novelty & fre%ness1 b illum9ation & in/ruction = ,engli% read]s1 accu/om$ to conv5tional e/imates f ! ,engli% /&po9t40--,lit]>y ,_w4 ,,william ,g4 ,t4 ,,%$d1 ,d4,d4 ,,lit]>y ,,essays4 7#hvo1 #b4ej47 8,!y be> ! m>ks ( ! au?or's s*ol>%ip1 dignity & poli% ( /yle1 & pr(\nd & sev]e convictions ( tru? & righte\sness z ! basis ( culture z well z "*40--,*icago ,int]ior4 ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son4 ,,across ,,! ,,pla9s1 ,,) ,,o!r ,,essays ,,& ,,memories4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 ,,cont5ts3 ,across ! ,pla9s3 ,leaves f ! ,notebook ( an ,emigrant betwe5 ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco--,! ,old ,pacific ,capital--,fonta9ebleau3 ,village ,communities ( ,pa9t]s--,epilogue to an ,inl& ,voyage--,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,life--,education ( an ,eng9e]--,! ,lant]n ,be>]s--,dreams--,begg>s--,lett] to a ,"y ,man ,propos+ to ,embrace a ,lit]>y ,life--,a ,*ri/mas ,s]mon4 ,,memories ,,& ,,portraits4 7#abmo1 #a4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,"s ,college ,memories--,a ,college ,magaz9e--,an ,old ,scot* ,g>d5]--,memoirs ( an ,islet--,?omas ,/ev5son--,talk & ,talk]s--,! ,"* ( ,dogs--,a ,gossip on a ,novel ( ,dumas--,a ,gossip on ,romance--,a ,humble ,remon/rance4 ,,virg9ibus ,,pu]isque1 & ,o!r ,pap]s4 7#abmo1 #a4jj2 ,cameo ,edition1 ) et*$ portrait1 #a4be47 ,,famili> ,,/udies ,,( ,,m5 ,,& ,,books4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 8,if !re are among our read]s any lov]s ( good books to :om ,mr4 ,/ev5son is /ill a /rang]1 we may advise !m to make 8 acqua9tance ?r\gh ei!r ( ^! collections ( essays4 ,! pap]s are full ( ! r>e individual *>m :i* gives a di/9ction to ! lighte/ products ( 8 art & fancy4 ,he is a notable writ] ( good ,engli%1 :o comb9es 9 a mann] altoge!r 8 own ! flexibility1 fre$om1 quickness & sugge/iv5ess ( contempor>y fa%ions ) a grace1 dignity1 & high-bre$+ t belong r to ! pa/40--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune4 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,/odd>d4 ,,s\? ,,sea ,,idyls4 7#abmo1 #a4ej47 8,nei!r ,loti nor ,/ev5son has express$ f tropical life ! lusci\s1 fruity delicacy1 or ! ri*1 w9e-l b\quet ( ^! sket*es40--,! ,indep5d5t4 ,,ri*>d ,,h5ry ,,/odd>d4 ,,"u ,,! ,,ev5+ ,,lamp4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 8,a v *>m+ volume ( gossipy criticism on su* poets z ,burns1 ,mo!rwell & ,h>tley ,col]idge40--,public ,op9ion4 ,,h5ry ,,van ,,dyke1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,t5nyson4 7,new & enl>g$ ,edition1 ) portrait4 #abmo1 #b4jj47 ,,cont5ts3 ,t5nyson's ,fir/ ,flight--,! ,palace ( ,art3 ,milton & ,t5nyson--,two ,spl5did ,failures--,! ,idylls ( ! ,k+--,! ,hi/oric ,triology--,! ,bible 9 ,t5nyson--,fruit f an ,old ,tree--,on ! ,/udy ( ,t5nyson--,*ronology--,li/ ( ,biblical ,quotations4 8,! two new *apt]s & ! additional *ronological matt] h greatly enri*$ ! "w40--,t4 ,b4 ,,aldri*4 ,,john ,c4 ,,van ,,dyke4 ,,art ,,= ,,art',s ,,sake4 7,) #bd illu/rations4 #abmo1 #a4ej47 8,! cle> sett+ =? ( ! facts & !ories ( pa9t+ has its advantages 9 ^! days :5 !re is s mu* art analysis t nobody c und]/&4 ,?is essayi/ deals ) ! subtleties1 b 9 s do+ he illum9ates !m4 ,moreov] he is v int]e/+4 ,8 book #8reads itself1' z ! phrase is40--,new ,york ,sun4 ,,b>rett ,,w5dell4 ,,/ellig]i1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,conc]n+ ,,am]ica4 7#abmo1 #a4be47 ,a s]ies ( int]e/+ & sugge/ive pap]s on hi/orical & lit]>y !mes1 ?or\ghly ,am]ican 9 _s4 ,,woodr[ ,,wilson4 ,,an ,,old ,,ma/]1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,political ,,essays4 7#abmo1 #a4jj47 ,^! essays1 reveal+ a f9e lit]>y ta/e1 deal 9 a v human & popul> way ) "s important political problems4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,volumes ,,( ,,essays ,,are ,,= ,,sale ,,by ,,all ,,booksell]s1 ,,or ,,w ,,be ,,s5t ,,po/paid1 ,,on ,,receipt ,,( ,,price1 ,,by ,,! ,,publi%]s1 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 #gdc-gde ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,transcrib] remov$ duplicate hemi-title pages prec$+ ea* essay4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book are decorative1 us$ z fill] 9 ! adv]tisem5ts4