,,children',s ,,books ,,and ,,reading ,,by ,,montrose ,j4 ,,moses ,,famous ,,actor ,,families ,,in ,,america ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,south ,in preparation ,,edited ,,by ,,mr4 ,,moses ,,everyman ,a ,morality ,play ,children's ,books and ,reading ,by ,,montrose ,j4 ,,moses ,illustration3 ,mitchell ,kennerley ,logo ,,new ,,york ,,mitchell ,,kennerley ,copyright1 #aijg1 by ,mitchell ,kennerley ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,introductory ,,note v ,i4 ,,the ,,problem #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,children',s ,,books #ai ,i4 ,horn-books2 ,chap-books2 ,new ,england ,primer #bj ,,ii4 ,la ,fontaine and ,perrault #cd ,,iii4 ,mother ,goose #dj ,,iv4 ,john ,newbery2 ,oliver ,goldsmith2 ,isaiah ,thomas #df ,,iii4 ,,the ,,old-,,fashioned ,,library #fa ,i4 ,the ,rousseau ,impetus #fa ,,ii4 ,the ,edgeworths2 ,thomas ,day2 ,mrs4 ,barbauld and ,dr4 ,aikin #gf ,,iii4 ,the ,sunday-school3 ,raikes2 ,hannah ,more2 ,mrs4 ,trimmer #aja ,,iv4 ,the ,poets3 ,watts2 ,jane and ,ann ,taylor2 ,william ,blake #aai ,v4 ,charles and ,mary ,lamb2 the ,godwins #acj ,,iv4 ,,concerning ,,now ,,and ,,then #adc ,i4 ,the ,english ,side #adc ,english ,table ,,ii4 ,the ,american ,side #aej ,american ,table ,,iii4 ,the ,present ,situation #afb ,v4 ,,the ,,library ,,and ,,the ,,book #aff ,i4 ,children's ,books3 ,their ,classification2 their ,characteristics #afg ,,ii4 ,the ,library1 the ,school1 the ,home--a ,plea for ,culture #ahj ,,iii4 ,book-lists and ,book-selecting #ahi ,,iv4 ,the ,experimental ,temptation #aie ,,vi4 ,,appendix #bjj ,i4 ,book-lists ,published by ,libraries #bjj ,,ii4 ,a ,list of ,selected ,books for ,children #bjh ,,iii4 ,bibliographical ,note #bfi ,,introductory ,,note ,in the course of preparing the material for the following sketch1 ,i was brought into very agreeable relations with many persons whose practical experience in library work proved of exceptional value to me4 ,i wish to take this means of thanking ,miss ,annie ,carroll ,moore1 ,supervisor of ,children's ,rooms in the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,leland1 ,supervisor of ,school ,libraries and member of the ,new ,york ,board of ,education1 for every encouragement and assistance4 ,to ,miss ,caroline ,m4 ,hewins of the ,hartford ,public ,library1 ,miss ,frances ,jenkins ,olcott of the ,pittsburgh ,carnegie ,library1 ,miss ,caroline ,burnite of the ,cleveland ,public ,library1 the ,reverend ,joseph ,mc,mahon1 a member of the ,advisory ,board of the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,mr4 ,frederic ,w4 ,erb of the ,columbia ,university ,library1 and to ,mr4 ,tudor ,jenks1 ,i am indebted for general advice4 ,in special lines1 ,i had the privilege of consultation with ,mr4 ,frank ,damrosch1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,whitney ,coombs1 and ,miss ,kate ,cohen for music2 ,miss ,emilie ,michel for ,french2 and ,miss ,hedwig ,hotopf for ,german4 ,the librarians of ,columbia ,university1 the ,pratt ,institute1 and the ,astor ,library have rendered me marked service for which ,i am grateful4 ,i wish to thank the ,new ,york ,outlook1 ,independent1 and ,evening ,post for affording me opportunities to publish from time to time data relating to juvenile books and reading4 ,finally1 ,i wish to fix the responsibility for whatever statements are made in the way of criticism upon myself2 this is only due to those whose extensive knowledge of the subject is being exerted in a professional capacity2 and to those many authors whose books and papers are indicated in the bibliographical notes4 ,m4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,new ,,york1 ,august1 #aijg4 ,,children',s ,,books ,,and ,,reading ,i4 ,,the ,,problem ,any good book1 any book that is wiser than yourself1 will teach you some things4--,carlyle1 to an unknown correspondent1 ,march #ac1 #ahdc4 ,therfore ,i pray that no man ,reprehende ,this lytyl ,book1 the whiche for you ,i make2 ,but where defaute ys1 latte ylke man amende1 ,and nouhte deme yt2 ,i pray thaym for youre sake4 --,the ,babees ,book4 ,the field of children's books is by no means an uninterrupted host of dancing daffodils2 it is not yellow with imperishable gold4 ,in fact1 there is a deplorable preponderance of the sere and yellow leaf4 ,yet there is no fairer opportunity for the writer than that which offers itself in the voluntary spirit of a boy or girl reader4 ,here are to be met no crotchets or fads1 no prejudices or unthinkable canons of art4 ,because the body is surcharged with surplus energy necessary to growth1 because the mind is throwing out delicate tendrils that foreshadow its potential future1 one realises how vital is the problem of children's reading1 how significant the manner in which it is being handled4 ,at the outset1 it is essential for us to distinguish between theory1 history1 and practice4 ,the field1 with all its rich soil1 is in need of weeding4 ,not so very long ago1 it lay unrecognised by the library1 as of sufficient importance for separate and specialised consideration4 ,but now1 with the prominence being given to children's reading-rooms1 the field needs to be furrowed4 ,let us not ignore the salubrious under-stratum of the past2 it has served its mission in asserting the claims of childhood2 it has both negatively and positively marked the individuality of childhood1 in a distinctive juvenile literature4 ,perhaps the writers who were inspired by the ,rousseau doctrine of education1 and those who abetted the ,sunday-school movement of the last century1 were deceived in their attitude2 for they considered the machinery by which they hoped to mould character1 rather than the nature of the heart and soul upon which they were actually working4 ,a right action1 a large1 human1 melodramatic deed1 are more healthy for boys and girls than all the reasons that could be given for them4 ,in literature for children1 as in life1 the moral habit should be unquestioning4 ,all leading educators and ethical teachers recognise this fact4 ,the whole matter simply resolves itself into a difference in viewpoint between the past and present4 ,smile as we must over the self-conscious piousness of early juvenile literature1 it contained a great deal of sincerity2 it did its pioneer work excellently well4 ,to the writer of children's books1 to the home1 where one essential duty is personal guidance1 to the librarian whose work is not the science of numbers1 but a profession of culture-distributing1 some knowledge of the past harvests from this field would appear indispensable4 ,for the forgotten tales of long ago1 the old-fashioned stories represent something more than stained pages and crude woodcuts1 than stilted manners and seeming priggishness2 they stand for the personal effort and service of men and women striving with staunch purpose in the interests of childhood1 however mistaken their estimates of this childhood may have been4 ,these books1 to the library1 are so much fallow material as a practical circulating proposition1 but they represent forces significant in the history of children's books4 ,i would much rather see a librarian fully equipped with a knowledge of ,miss ,edgeworth's life1 of her human associations1 together with the inclinations prompting her to write 8,the ,parent's ,assistant10 than have her read a whole list of moral tales of the same purport and tone4 ,the immediate problem1 therefore1 necessitates a glance at this field of children's literature1 and some knowledge of its essential details4 ,it involves a contact with books of all grades2 it calls into play1 with the increasing number of libraries1 and with the yearly addition of children's rooms1 a keen discerning judgment on the part of the librarian1 not only as to child nature1 but as to the best methods of elimination1 by which bad books may be separated from good1 and by which the best may preponderate4 ,but the librarian is not the only factor2 the parent and the writer also come into account4 ,they1 too1 must share a responsibility which will be more fully determined later on1 but which now means that they both owe the child an indispensable duty2 the one in giving to the growing boy or girl most intelligent guidance along the path of fullest development2 the other in satisfying this need--not in deflecting juvenile taste by means of endless mediocrity and mild sentimentalism4 ,it is an unfortunate circumstance that the effects of mediocrity are longer-lived than the immediate evil itself4 ,in the problem of children's reading we must consider two aspects2 there is the bogey image of a theoretical or sociological or educational child1 and also the book as a circulating commodity4 ,there is the machinery of 8,the ,child02 ,dr4 ,isaac ,watts shaped one2 ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau another2 the ,edgeworths still another1 and now the psychologist's framework of childhood1 more subtle1 more scientific1 more interesting1 threatens us everywhere4 ,but no patent has so far supplanted the fundamental excellence of human nature4 ,there are assuredly demarkations and successive steps in elementary education1 but are not these becoming too specialised8 ,since we are dealing with the ,boy and the ,story rather than with the ,scholar and the ,text-book1 with culture which is personal1 and not with expediency1 we needs must choose the human model in preference to all others4 ,and so it is with the choice of the librarian4 ,in dealing with books in the bulk1 there is a tendency to emphasise system above the humanising excellence of what the books contain4 ,after all the mechanical detail is done1 when the cover has been labelled1 when the catalogue notation has been figured1 when the class distribution has been determined1 the librarian stands middleman in a threefold capacity4 ,she is a purveyor1 in the sense that she passes a book over the counter2 she is a custodian1 in so far as books need protection2 she is the high priestess1 since the library is a temple of treasures1 a storehouse for our literary heritage4 ,in any library1 whether it be yours at home1 with your own books upon the shelves1 or the public's1 with volumes representing so much of your taxation on which you base your citizenship1 the rare companionship of books is one of their humanising qualities4 ,this is as much a truth for children as for grown-ups4 ,with the fear that there is an effort on the part of many to crystallise reading into a science1 comes the necessity to foster a love of reading for its own sake4 ,the democracy of books has grown larger with the cheapening process of manufacture2 while the establishment of public libraries offers to every one an equal privilege4 ,in an assemblage of many books1 a certain spiritual dignity should attach itself to the utilitarian fact4 ,there is no definition for children's books2 the essential point is appeal1 interest4 ,as far back as #ahdd1 a writer in the ,quarterly ,review very aptly claimed that 8a genuine child's book is as little like a book for grown people cut down1 as the child himself is like a little old man40 ,peculiarly1 there is a popular misconception that an author of juveniles advances in art only when he or she leaves off penning stories or fairy tales1 and begins publishing novels4 ,on the face of it1 this is absurd4 ,like any other gift1 writing for children cannot be taught2 it has to be born4 ,if possible1 with the exception of drama1 it is the most difficult art to master1 since its narrative will not stand imitation1 since its simplicity must represent naturalness and not effort1 since its meaning must be within reach1 and without the tone of condescension4 ,professor ,richard ,burton has written3 8,a piece of literature is an organism1 and should1 therefore1 be put before the scholar1 no matter how young1 with its head on1 and standing on both feet40 ,this injunction applies to all books4 ,where the classics excel is in their very fulness and honesty of narrative4 ,can the same be said of our 8series0 brand8 ,the writing of children's books is more aptly phrased the writing of books for children4 ,there was a time when such books1 as a class by themselves1 were unknown2 yet boys and girls expanded1 and perhaps remembered more of what they read than they do to-day1 although they were not taught as much4 ,there are some pessimists1 not so unwise in their pessimism1 who believe that if less emphasis was bestowed upon the word children1 and more upon the word literature1 the situation would be materially bettered4 ,can we recall any of our great men--literary1 scientific1 or otherwise--who were brought up on distinctively juvenile literature4 ,a present-day boy who would read what ,lamb or ,wordsworth1 ,coleridge or ,tennyson1 ,gladstone or ,huxley devoured with gusto in their youth1 would set the psychologists in a flutter1 would become an object for head-lines in our papers4 ,there is a mistaken conception regarding what are children's books1 in the best sense of the word4 ,a standard which might have excellent conservative results1 although it would be thoroughly one-sided and liable to false interpretation1 could be based on the assertion that those books only are children's classics which can be relished by a grown-up public4 8,alice in ,wonderland10 8,the ,water ,babies10 8,peter ,pan0--such stories have a universal appeal4 ,and it is well to remember that at least five of the world's classics1 not originally written for children1 have been appropriated by them3 8,the ,arabian ,nights02 8,pilgrim's ,progress02 8,robinson ,crusoe02 8,gulliver's ,travels02 8,baron ,mnchausen40 ,with the reading democracy created by public libraries1 there has developed the need for this special kind of writing4 ,excesses have unfortunately arisen such as made a critic once exclaim in disgust1 8,froissart is cut into spoon-meat1 and ,josephus put into swaddling clothes40 ,while we shall1 in the following pages1 find many odd theories and statements regarding simplification of style1 it is as well to be forearmed against this species of writing4 ,democracy in literature is falsely associated with mediocrity4 ,when one reads the vitiating 8series0 class of story-book1 the colourless college record1 the diluted historical narrative1 there is cause for despair4 ,but there is no need for such cheapening4 ,the wrong impression is being created in the popular mind that literature is synonymous with dulness2 that only current fiction is worth while4 ,and we find children confessing that they rarely read non-fiction1 a term they only dimly comprehend4 ,it is not right that a middle-class population should have relegated to it a middle-class literature4 ,such1 however1 at the present moment1 seems to be the situation4 ,and as a consequence all departments suffer4 ,except for a very few volumes1 there is no biography for children that is worthy of endorsement1 for the simple reason that the dignity of a whole life1 its meaning and growth1 are subordinated to the accentuation of a single incident4 ,history becomes a handmaiden to the slender story4 ,let those writers who are looking for an unworked vein ponder this4 ,the fictionising of all things is one of the causes for this poverty2 the text-book habit another4 ,the poet ,blake sings3 8,thou hast a lap full of seed1 ,and this is a fine country4 ,why dost thou not cast thy seed1 ,and live in it merrily80 ,but1 though we are repeatedly casting our seed in the field of juvenile literature1 we are not reaping the full harvest1 because we are not living in the land of childhood merrily4 ,start as you will to treat of children's books as the mere vehicle for giving joy1 and education will pursue you4 ,acknowledging all the benefits that the moral tale and the instructive walk have bestowed1 we know not which to pity most--the child in a moral strait-jacket1 or the child observing nature6 ,the terms we use in describing these writers of a past generation are always the same2 they are not prepossessing1 though they may sound quaint4 ,we turn from such critical phrases as 8flabby treatment of the ,bible10 8dear1 didactic1 deadly dull0 ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 ,miss ,edgeworth's 8overplus of sublime purpose10 to definite terms of protest such as those of the 8,professor at the ,breakfast ,table10 condemning the little meek sufferers with their spiritual exercises1 and those of ,emerson ending in his cry of 8,what right have you to one virtue60 ,the mistaken attitude1 which has slipped from the moral to the educational sphere1 seems to be that self-development is not just as important as prescribed courses4 ,while the latter are necessary to the school1 the librarian must reckon differently2 for1 to her1 the child is not so much a class as a unit4 ,elementary education is marked by the compulsory factor2 in reading1 a child's interest is voluntary4 ,on the other hand1 the severity of a ,puritan ,sunday1 the grimness of a ,new ,england ,primer1 developed in childhood sound principles of righteousness2 they erected a high fence between heaven and hell4 ,but the moral tale utilised 8little meannesses of conventional life10 suggested sly deceit and trivial pettiness2 it quibbled and its ethics were often doubtful4 ,the reaction that followed let slip a valuable adjunct in culture2 to-day the knowledge of the ,bible in schools and colleges is appallingly shallow2 this fact was revealed in the results of an examination or test held by ,president ,thwing some years ago4 ,dr4 ,felix ,adler1 pleading from the non-sectarian platform1 asks for the re-establishment of ethics in our schools as a study of social relations1 and for the extended use of ,bible stories1 shorn of religious meaning1 yet robbed of none of their essential strength or beauty or truth4 ,the librarian has wisely mapped out for her story hour such a course1 gleaned from the parables1 and from the vast treasure houses of narrative abounding in both ,testaments and in fables4 ,turn to your colleges and your schools1 and you will find that1 generally speaking1 there is dug a deep channel between literature and life1 which has no right to be4 ,we should study our ethics as one of the inherent elements in poetry and in prose4 ,the moral habit is part of the structure of the ,arthurian legends4 ,since the time of ,rousseau the emancipation of the child has steadily advanced2 in society1 he has taken his place4 ,no longer is it incumbent upon him to be seen and not heard1 no longer are his answers written out for him to memorise4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas1 in the preface to his 8,forgotten ,tales of ,long ,ago10 calls attention to one story1 8,ellen and ,george2 or1 ,the ,game at ,cricket10 culled from 8,tales for ,ellen10 by ,alicia ,catherine ,mant1 and in a characteristically droll manner he says1 8,ellen's very sensible question 7as it really was7 on p4 #ahd1 #8,then why don't you send the cat away8' is one of the first examples of independent--almost revolutionary--thought in a child1 recorded by a writer for children in the early days40 ,but the chains that have fallen from one door have been threatening to shackle another4 ,where once children could scarcely escape the moral1 their imaginations now have no room for flight4 ,fancy is bestrided by fact4 ,we must give reasons for everything4 ,when ,artemus ,ward was asked why the summer flowers fade1 he exclaimed1 8,because it's their biz1 let 'em fade40 ,in nature study for children the general effect leaves a deeper impression than the technical structure4 ,we do not know whether it is necessary to have ,mr4 ,seton's 8,story of ,wahb0 vouched for as to accuracy in every detail4 ,the scientific naturalists and story-writers are constantly wrangling1 but there is not so much harm done to nature after all4 ,an author who wilfully perverts fact1 who states as true for the class what he knows to be a variant in the one coming under his observation1 should be called to account4 ,otherwise a human interest attached to animals creates a wide appeal4 ,but to use this vehicle for exploiting the commonplace1 and what properly belongs to the text-book1 should be condemned by the librarian4 ,mr4 ,tudor ,jenks#a humorously declares3 8,we ask our little ones to weep over the tribulations of a destitute cock-roach or a bankrupt tumble-bug40 ,and another critic of an earlier age writes of those same children--8,they are delighted1 it is true1 with the romantic story of #8,peter1 the wild boy1' but they have not the slightest curiosity to know the natural history1 or ,linnan nomenclature of the pig-nuts he ate40 ,the following pages have been written after some extensive investigation4 ,within the past few years1 about fifteen hundred of the latest books for children have come to my desk2 they have not been without meaning for the present1 or without connection with the past4 ,while it has not been the intention to write a full history of children's books1 some idea is given of the extent and possibilities of the field2 the historical development is sketched in outline4 ,there is need for a comprehensive volume4 ,in addition1 an attempt is here made to reconcile system with culture2 to discover what the library is aiming to do with juvenile readers in the community2 to show the relation which the ,library1 the ,school1 and the ,home1 bear1 one to the other1 and all to the child4 ,having carefully examined lists of books recommended by libraries for children of all ages and grades1 a limited number of volumes1 marked by an excellence which makes them worthy of preservation1 is recommended as suitable for boys and girls4 ,these titles are given in an appendix4 ,the fault with most lists of this character is that they too often represent the choice of one person4 ,to counteract this one-sidedness1 the co-operation of an advisory board was obtained1 marked by wide experience1 by an intimate contact with and knowledge of the books considered1 and by a desire to show a human respect for the tastes of children4 ,there are certain phases in the consideration of the departments that have been suggested by young readers themselves4 ,the desire for books about musicians1 and for piano and violin scores1 brought to light the lack of any guaranteed assemblage of songs which1 in variety1 in quality1 in sentiment and imagination1 might be called distinctive4 ,the interest in a certain type of drawing as shown by the juvenile demand for ,boutet de ,monvel1 ,kate ,greenaway1 and ,caldecott picture-books1 suggested the advisability of including a full list of these publications4#b ,one cannot approach the subject with any ironclad rules1 yet it is always profitable to heed experiments based on common sense4 ,the results of such experiments are but mileposts in the general advance2 they must not be taken as final4 ,yet it is well to experiment in order to avoid crystallisation4 ,children are entitled to their full heritage2 education is paramount1 culture is the saving grace4 ,your memory of a child is the healthy glow of the unfettered spirit4 ,none of us want him with a book in his hand all the time4 ,we wish him to take the freshness of life as his nature1 to run with hair tossing to the wind4 ,but glance into his eyes and you will find a craving look that a ball will not satisfy1 a far-away expression that no shout from the roadside will change4 ,it is the placid gleam of sunset after physical storm1 the moment of rest after the overflow of animal energy4 ,children have their hero moments when they are not of the present1 but are part of that perennial truth which is clearer-visioned in the past1 since we have to dream of it4 ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin claims that the book is a fact to a child4 ,it should be an idealising fact4 ,not long ago a crazy man died1 after having drawn up a will3 his world's goods consisted of the wide1 wide world2 his legatees were every living soul4 ,he said3 8,i leave to children1 inclusively1 but only for the term of their childhood1 all and every1 the flowers of the fields1 and the blossoms of the woods1 with the right to play among them freely1 according to the customs of children1 warning them at the same time against thistles and thorns4 ,and ,i devise to children the banks of the brooks1 and the golden sands beneath the waters thereof1 and the odors of the willows that dip therein1 and the white clouds that float high over the giant trees4 ,and ,i leave the children the long1 long days to be merry in1 in a thousand ways1 and the night and the moon and the train of the milky way to wonder at40 ,what thinks the teacher of such riches1 what the librarian with her catalogue number8 ,a book is a fact1 nay1 a friend1 a dream4 ,is there not a creed for us all in the wisdom of that crazy man8 ,here was one with clear vision1 to whom fact was as nothing before the essential of one's nature--a prophet1 a seer1 one to whom the tragedy of growing up had been no tragedy1 but whose memory of childhood had produced a chastening effect upon his manhood4 ,are we surprised to find him adding3 8,i give to good fathers and mothers1 in trust for their children1 all good little words of praise and encouragement1 and all quaint pet names and endearments1 and ,i charge said parents to use them justly and generously1 as the needs of their children may require40 ,and so1 we ask1 more especially the parent than the librarian1 is there not excitement in the very drawing out from a child his heart's desire8 ,imperative it is in all cases that book-buying should not be a lottery1 but more persistently apparent does it become that a child's one individual book upon the ,christmas-tree or for a birthday should not represent a grown-up's after-thought4 ,bibliographical ,note ,the articles referred to in this chapter are3 ,,burton1 ,,richard--,literature for ,children4 ,no4 ,amer4 #afg3bgh 7,sept41 #ahih74 ,,children',s ,,books--,from the ,quarterly ,review4 ,liv4 ,age1 #b3a-ab 7,aug4 #aj1 #ahda74 ,,thwing1 ,,charles ,f4--,significant ,ignorance ,about the ,bible as ,shown ,among ,college ,students of ,both ,sexes4 ,century1 #fj3abc-abh 7,may1 #aijj74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,mr4 ,jenks1 besides editing for ,st4 ,nicholas ,magazine during many years a unique department known as 8,books and ,reading10 has written widely on the subject of juvenile literature4 ,see his 8,the ,modern ,child as a ,reader40 ,the ,book-buyer1 ,august1 #aija1 p4 #ag4 #b ,an interesting field for research is that of the illustration of children's books4 ,note ,thomas ,bewick1 ,john ,bewick1 etc4 ,of a later period1 ,tenniel1 ,cruikshank1 ,dor1 ,herr ,richter4 ,vide 8,the ,child and ,his ,book10 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,field1 chap4 xiv2 8,some ,illustrators of ,children's ,books40 ,also 8,children's ,books and their ,illustrators40 ,gleeson ,white1 ,the ,international ,studio4 ,special ,winter ,no41 #ahig-ih4 ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,juvenile ,,literature ,a ,,partial ,,indication1 ,,by ,,diagram ,,french ,,impetus ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,jean de ,la ,fontaine#fg ,charles ,perrault#fg ,comtesse ,d',aulnoy#fg 7#afba-afie7 7#afbh-agjc7 7#afej-agje7 ,,english ,,impetus -------------------- ,horn-books ,mother ,goose ------- ,oliver ,goldsmith#c-------;,john ,newbery#c 7#agbh-aggd7 7#agac-agfg7 ,chap-books ------------ ,new ,england ,primer ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau#fg ,isaiah ,thomas#d 7#agab-aggh7 7#agdi-ahca7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,didactic ,,school ,sarah ,kirby ,trimmer#c------------------------------ -- 7#agda-ahaj7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,joseph ,jacotot#fgaa ,f4 ,froebel#hab ,f4 ,a4 ,w4 ,diesterweg#hab ,c4 ,g4 ,salzmann#ab 7#aggj-ahdj7 7#aghb-aheb7 7#agij-ahff7 7#agdd-ahaa7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,madame de ,arnaud ,berquin#fg ,r4 ,l4 ,edgeworth#c ,john ,aikin#c ,thomas ,day#c ,maria ,genlis#g 7#agdi8-agia7 7#agdd-ahag7 7#agdg-ahba7 7#agdh-aghi7 ,edgeworth#c 7#agdf-ahcj7 7#agfg-ahdi7 ,anna ,l4 ,barbauld#caa 7#agdc-ahbe7 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ------- ,mme4 ,le ,prince de ,hannah ,more#c tr4 ,mary ,wollstonecraft#c ,beaumont#faj 7#agde-ahcc7 ,godwin 7#agaa-aghj7 7#agei-agig7 ,patty ,more ,dr4 ,isaac ,watts#c 7#afgd-agdh7 ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,poor ------------------------------------ ,william ,godwin#c------------ 7#agef-ahcf7 ,aikin ,mrs4 ,margaret ,scott ,gatty#c ,mrs4 ,godwin#c ,william ,blake#c 7#ahji-ahgc7 7#ageg-ahbg7 ---------------------------------------- ---------- -------------------------- ,peter ,parley ,robert ,raikes#c ,mary ,lamb ,charles ,lamb#c ,s4 ,g4 ,goodrich#e 7#agce-ahaa7 7#agfe-ahdg7 7#agge-ahcd7 7#agic-ahfj7 ----------------,jane ,taylor#c ,william ,martin#c 7#aghc-ahbd7 7#ahja-ahfg7 ,mrs4 ,cecil ,ann ,taylor#c ,frances ,alexander 7#aghb-ahff7 ,,spurious ,,parleys 7b4 circa #ahcj7 ,jacob ,abbott#e ---------------,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson#c 7#ahjc-ahgi7 7#ahej-ahid7 #ac ,,sunday ,,schools #ad ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,mary ,m4 ,sherwood ,manzoni#i ,catherine ,sinclair#c 7#agge-ahea7 7#aghd-ahgc7 7#ahjj-ahfd7 ,,footnotes3 #c ,dictionary of ,national ,biography4 ,gives further bibliography4 #d ,appleton's ,biographical ,dictionary4 #e ,lamb's ,biographical ,dictionary4 #f ,nouvelle ,biographie ,gnrale4 ,gives further bibl4 #g ,la ,grande ,encyclopdie4 ,gives further bibl4 #h ,meyers ,konversations-,lexikon4 ,bibl4 #i ,diccionario ,enciclopedico ,hispano-,americano4 #aj ,influence of ,perrault4 #aa ,sister of ,john ,aikin4 #ab ,influence of ,rousseau4 #ac ,american ,end of the ,development4 #ad ,english ,end of the ,development4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,children',s ,,books ,i wish ,mrs4 ,marcet1 the ,right ,honourable ,t4 ,b4 ,macaulay1 or any other person possessing universal knowledge1 would take a toy and child's emporium in hand1 and explain to us all the geographical and historical wonders it contains4 ,that ,noah's ark1 with its varied contents--its leopards and lions1 with glued pump-handled tails2 its light-blue elephants and footed ducks--that ark containing the cylindrical family of the patriarch--was fashioned in ,holland1 most likely1 by some kind pipe-smoking friends of youth by the side of a slimy canal4 ,a peasant in a ,danubian pine-wood carved that extraordinary nut-cracker1 who was painted up at ,nuremberg afterwards in the costume of a hideous hussar4 ,that little fir lion1 more like his roaring original than the lion at ,barnet1 or the lion of ,northumberland ,house1 was cut by a ,swiss shepherd boy tending his goats on a mountain-side1 where the chamois were jumping about in their untanned leather4 ,i have seen a little ,mahometan on the ,etmeidan at ,constantinople twiddling about just such a whirligig as you may behold any day in the hands of a small ,parisian in the ,tuileries ,gardens4 ,and as with the toys1 so with the toy books4 ,they exist everywhere3 there is no calculating the distance through which the stories come to us1 the number of languages through which they have been filtered1 or the centuries during which they have been told4 ,many of them have been narrated1 almost in their present shape1 for thousands of years since1 to little copper-coloured ,sanscrit children1 listening to their mother under the palm-trees by the banks of the yellow ,jumna--their ,brahmin mother1 who softly narrated them through the ring in her nose4 ,the very same tale has been heard by the ,northmen ,vikings as they lay on their shields on deck2 and by ,arabs couched under the stars on the ,syrian plains when the flocks were gathered in and the mares were picketed by the tents4 ,with regard to the story of ,cinderella1 ,i have heard the late ,thomas ,hill say that he remembered to have heard1 two years before ,richard ,cur de ,lion came back from ,palestine1 a ,norman jongleur--but1 in a word1 there is no end to the antiquity of these tales44440--8,michael ,angelo ,titmarsh on ,some ,illustrated ,children's ,books10 in ,fraser's ,magazine for ,april1 #ahdf4 ,i4 ,,horn-,,books2 ,,chap-,,books2 ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,primer4 ,previous to the impetus given to child study by the educational theories of ,rousseau1 little was written intentionally for children that would not at the same time appeal to adults4 ,yet there are chapters still to be penned1 stretching back into ,english history as far as #adcj and earlier1 when words of instruction were framed for youth2 when conduct1 formality1 austere manners1 complete submission1 were not only becoming to the child1 but were forced upon him4#ae ,there are several manuscripts extant of that year1 #adcj1 one whose authorship is ascribed to ,john ,lydgate and which bears the ,latin title1 8,puer ad ,mensam40 ,there is also the 8,babees ,book0 of #adge1 intended for those boys of royal blood who served as pages in the palace4 ,the ,american student has to reach an understanding of the purport of most of these treatises from secondary sources2 the manuscripts are not easily accessible1 and have so far been utilised only in a fragmentary character4 ,for the present purpose1 the mention of a few examples will suffice4 ,we note 8,a ,booke in ,englyssh metre1 of the great marchaunt man called ,dyves ,pragmaticus1 very pretye for chyldren to rede2 wherby they may the better1 and more readyer rede and wryte ,wares and ,implementes in this worlde contayned4444 ,when thou sellest aught unto thy neighbour1 or byest anything of him1 deceave not1 nor oppresse him1 etc4 ,imprinted at ,london in ,aldersgate strete by ,alexander ,lacy1 dwellyng beside the ,wall4 ,the ,,xxv4 of ,april #aa1 #aefc40af ,those boys bound out or apprenticed to members of the ,middle ,age crafts and guilds perhaps benefited by the moral of this2 no doubt they bethought themselves of the friendly warning1 whenever they cried their master's wares outside the stalls2 perhaps they were forearmed as well as forewarned by the friendly rules contained in the 8,books of ,good ,manners0 7#aefj7 which1 though they could not own1 were repeated to them by others more fortunate4 ,these same boys1 who played the angels in the miracle plays1 and the ,innocents in the 8,rachel0 dramas1 who were held suspended by a rope high up in the nave of the church1 to proclaim the birth of the ,lord in the ,christmas cycles1 were actors also1 around #aefc1 in 8,a ,new ,enterlude for ,chyldren to ,play1 named ,jacke ,jugeler1 both wytte1 and very playsent40 ,fundamentally1 the boys of the early centuries must have been not unlike the boys of all ages1 although the customs of an age usually stunt whatever is not in conformity with the times4 ,he who1 in #aegb1 was warned in 8,youth's ,behaviour0 78or1 ,decency in ,conversation ,amongst ,men1 ,composed in ,french by ,grave ,persons1 for the use and benefit of their youth1 now newly turned into ,english1 by ,francis ,hawkins1 nephew to ,sir ,thomas ,hawkins4 ,the tenth impression4071 was likewise warned in the ,new-,england township1 and needs to be warned to-day4 ,no necessity to paint the picture in more definite colours than those emanating from the mandates direct4 8,hearing thy ,master1 or likewise the ,preacher1 wriggle not thyself1 as seeming unable to contain thyself within thy skin40 ,uncomfortable in frills or stiff collars1 and given no backs to benches1 the child was doomed to a dreary sermon full of brimstone and fire2 he was expected1 8in yawning1 to howl not40 ,the translation1 it will be remarked1 was made by ,master ,francis when he had scarce attained the age of eight2 this may be considered precocious1 but1 when ,french was more the official language than ,english1 it was necessary that all persons of any distinction should have a mastery of the polite tongue1 even though they might remain not so well equipped in the language of learning4#ag ,hawkins was therefore carefully exercised and the translation became a task in a twofold way4 ,his uncle soon followed the first section of 8,youth's ,behaviour0 with a second part1 intended for girls4 ,poor starved souls of those young gentlewomen of the sixteenth century1 who were recommended1 for their entertainment in hours of recreation1 to read 8,god's ,revenge against ,murther2 and the ,arcadia of ,sir ,philip ,sydney2 ,artemidorus1 his ,interpretation of ,dreams4 ,and for the business of their devotion1 there is an excellent book entitled ,taylor's ,holy ,living and ,dying2 ,the ,duty of ,man in which the ,duty to ,god and man are both comprehended40 ,such guidance is not peculiar alone to this period4 ,it was followed1 in slightly simplified form1 throughout the didactic school of writing4 ,fortunately we are able1 by means of our historical imagination1 to fill up the interstices of this grave assemblage with something of a more entertaining character2 we have a right to include the folk tales1 the local legends and hero deeds which have descended to us through countless telling4 ,romance and interest still lie buried in annals which might be gathered together1 dealing with the lives of those nurses who reared ancient kings4 ,as a factor in the early period of children's literature1 the grandam is of vast meaning4 ,about the time of which we have just been speaking1 as early as #aegj1 little folks began learning their letters from horn-books and 8battle-dores40 ,take an abacus frame and transfer the handle to one of its sides as a base4 ,within the frame insert a single leaf of thick cardboard1 on one side of which place the alphabet1 large and small1 lettered heavily in black4 ,then1 with the regularity of a regiment1 string out three or four slender columns of monosyllables4 ,do we not here detect the faint glimmer of our college song1 8b-a1 ba2 b-e1 be2 b-i1 bi2 babebi08 ,should one side not hold all this1 use both1 although it is not preferable to do so4 ,however1 it is essential that ample room be left in any case for the inclusion of the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,when this is done1 slip over the face of the cardboard a clear piece of diaphanous horn1 in default of which isinglass will suffice4 ,through the handle bore a hole1 into which run a string4 ,finally1 attach your handiwork to a girdle or belt1 and behold1 you are transformed into a school child of the ,middle ,ages6 ,your abacus has become a horn-book1 quite as much by reason of its horn surface1 as because of its essential use4 ,should you be looking for historical accuracy1 let the 8,christ-cross0 precede the alphabet1 whence it will become apparent why our letters are often styled the ,criss-cross row4 ,flourishing until some time during the reign of ,george ,,ii1 these curiosities are now rare indeed4 ,there is little of an attractive nature in such a 8lesson-book10 but childhood had its compensations1 for there is preserved the cheerful news that horn-books were often made of gingerbread4 ,were these the forebears of our animal crackers or our spiced alphabets8 ,a survey of chap-books#ah presents a picture of literature trying to be popular2 we find all classes of people being catered to1 young and old1 rich and poor4 ,the multitude of assorted pamphlets reflects the manners1 the superstitions1 the popular customs of rustics2 the stories stretch from the humourous to the strictly religious type4 ,there are many examples preserved1 for not until well on in the nineteenth century were chap-books supplanted in favour4 ,to-day1 the largest collection that the world possesses1 garnered by ,professor ,child1 is to be found in the ,harvard ,university ,library2 but the ,bodleian and the ,british ,museum claim to be richer in early examples1 extending back to #aeih4 ,charles ,gerring1 calling the chap-books 8uninviting1 poor1 starved things10 yet lays before readers not an unwholesome array of goods4 ,he writes3 8,for the lads1 there were tales of action1 of adventure1 sometimes truculently sensational2 for the girls were stories of a more domestic character2 for the tradesmen1 there was the #8,king and the ,cobbler1' or #8,long ,tom the ,carrier'2 for the soldier and the sailor1 #8,admiral ,blake1' #8,johnny ,armstrong1' and #8,chevy ,chase'2 for the lovers1 #8,patient ,grissil' and #8,delights for ,young ,men and ,maids'2 for the serving-lad1 #8,tom ,hickathrift'#ai and #8,sir ,richard ,whittington'2 while the serving-maid then1 as now1 would prefer #8,the ,egyptian ,fortune ,teller1' or #8,the ,interpretation of ,dreams and ,moles4'0 ,every phase of human nature was thus served up for a penny4 ,in those days1 people were more apt to want tales with heroes and heroines of their own rank and station2 a certain appropriateness in this way was satisfied4 ,such correspondence was common as early as #adae1 when a mystery play was presented by the crafts1 and the ,plasterers were given the 8,creation of the ,world0 to depict1 while the ,chandlers were assigned the 8,lighting of the ,star0 upon the birth of ,christ4 ,there were to be had primers1 song-books1 and joke-books2 histories1 stories1 and hero tales4 ,printed in type to ruin eyes1 pictured in wood-cuts to startle fancy and to shock taste--for they were not always suited to childhood--these pamphlets1 #b #c1 sometimes #e #d in size1 and composed of from four to twenty-four pages1 served a useful purpose4 ,they placed literature within reach of all who could read4 ,queer dreams1 piety of a pronounced nature1 jests with a ribald meaning1 and riddles comprised the content of many of them4 ,a child who could not buy a horn-book turned to the 8battle-dore0 with his penny--a crude sheet of cardboard1 bicoloured and folded either once or twice1 with printing on both sides2 the reading matter was never-failingly the same in these horn-books and 8battle-dores10 although sometimes the wood-cuts varied4 ,a horn-book is recorded with a picture of ,charles ,i upon it4 ,the sixteenth or seventeenth-century boy could own his 8,jack and the ,giants0 and 8,guy of ,warwick10 his 8,hector of ,troy0 and 8,hercules of ,greece02 he could even have the latest imported novelty4 ,some believe that because ,shakespeare based many of his plays upon ,continental legends1 a demand was started for such chap-books as 8,fortunatus10 8,titus ,andronicus10 or 8,valentine and ,orson40 ,the printers of these crude booklets were on the alert for every form of writing having a popular appeal2 there was rivalry among them as there is rivalry among publishers to-day4 ,not long after the appearance of the ,english translation of ,perrault's 8,tales of ,mother ,goose10 each one of them1 given a separate and attractive form--8,blue-beard0 in awful ferocity1 8,cinderella0 in gorgeous apparel1 and the others--was made into a chap-book4 ,in ,ashton1 we find mention of an early catalogue 8of ,maps1 ,prints1 ,copy-books1 ,drawing-books1 ,histories1 ,old ,ballads1 ,patters1 ,collections1 etc41 printed and sold by ,cluer ,dicey and ,richard ,marshall at the ,printing-,office in ,aldermary 7#d7 ,church ,yard1 ,london4 ,printed in the year ,,mdcclxiv40 ,these men appear to have been important chap-book publishers4 ,the hawkers1 who went through the streets and who travelled the country-side1 much as our pioneer traders were accustomed to do1 were termed chapmen4 ,they were eloquent in the manner of describing their display2 they were zealous as to their line of trade4 ,imagine1 if you will1 the scene in some isolated village--the wild excitement when the good man arrived4 ,he was known to ,piers ,plowman in #acfb1 he perhaps wandered not far away from the ,canterbury ,pilgrims2 each of ,chaucer's ,tales might well be fashioned as a chap-book4 ,along the dusty highway this old-time peddler travelled1 with packet on his back and a stout staff in hand--such a character maybe as ,dougal ,grahame1 hunch-backed and cross-eyed--by professions1 a town crier and bellman1 as well as a trader in literature4 ,on his tongue's tip he carried the latest gossip2 he served as an instrument of cross-fertilisation1 bringing ,london-town in touch with ,edinburgh or ,glasgow1 and with small hamlets on the way4 8,do you wish to know1 my lady10 he would ask1 8how fares the weather on the morrow80 ,from the depths of his packet he would draw 8,the ,shepherd's ,prognostication0 7#afgc71 wherein is told that 8the blust'ring and noise of leaves and trees and woods1 or other places is a token of foul weather40 8,and prithee1 mistress10 he would add1 8,i have a warning herein for you4 ,a mole on the forehead denotes fair riches1 but yonder brown spot on your eyebrow bids me tell you to refrain from marriage1 for if he marry you1 he shall have seven wives in his life-time60 ,many a modern reader would be interested in the detailed directions given for falling in love and for falling out again2 for determining whom fate had decreed as the husband1 or who was to be the wife4 ,it is more wholesome in these days to name the four corners of a bedroom than to submit to the charm of a pared onion1 wrapped in a kerchief and placed on the pillow2 yet the two methods must be related4 ,for the little ones1 there were picture-books in bright colours1 smug in their anachronisms4 ,the manufacturers of chap-books never hesitated to use the same wood-cuts over and over again2 ,queen ,anne might figure in a history1 but she served as well in the capacity of ,sleeping ,beauty2 more appropriate in its historical application seems to have been the appearance of ,henry ,,viii as ,jack the ,giant-,killer4 ,the subject of chap-books is alluring2 the few elements here noted suggest how rich in local colour the material is4 ,undoubtedly the roots of juvenile literature are firmly twined about these penny sheets4 ,their circulation is a matter that brings the social student in touch with the middle-class life4 ,not only the chap-books and the horn-books1 but the so-called ,garlands1 rudimentary anthologies of popular poems and spirited ballads1 served to relieve the drudgery of commonplace lives1 toned the sluggish mind by quickening the imagination4 ,a curious part of the history of these ,garlands is their sudden disappearance1 brought about by two types of hawkers1 known as the 8,primers-up0 and 8,long-,song ,sellers10 who peddled a new kind of ware4 ,the ,primers-up are relatives of our city venders4 ,they clung to corners1 where dead walls gave them opportunity to pin their literature within sight of the public4 ,wherever there happened to be an unoccupied house1 one of these fellows would be found with his songs1 coarse1 sentimental1 and spirited1 cut in slips a yard long--three yards for a penny4 ,thus displayed1 he would next open a gaudy umbrella1 upon the under side of which an art gallery of cheap prints was free to look upon4 ,conjure up for yourselves the apprentice peering beneath the large circumference of such a gingham tent4 ,across the way1 the ,long-,song ,sellers marched up and down1 holding aloft stout poles1 from which streamed varied ribbons of verse--rhythm fluttering in the breeze--and yelling1 8,three yards a penny1 songs1 beautiful songs1 nooest songs40 ,it is apparent that much of the horn-book is incorporated in the 8,new ,england ,primer10 although the development of the latter may be considered independently4 ,the ,primer is an indispensable part of ,puritan history in ,america1 despite the fact that its source extends as far back as the time of ,henry ,,viii1 when it was probably regarded more in the light of a devotional than of an educational book4 ,the earliest mention of it in ,new ,england was that published in the ,boston ,almanac of #afia1 when ,benjamin ,harris1 bookseller and printer1 called attention to its second impression4#bj ,before that1 in #afhe1 ,samuel ,green1 a ,boston printer1 issued a primer which he called 8,the ,protestant ,teacher for ,children10 and a copy of which may be seen in the library of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society of ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 ,the title would indicate also that in ,america the primer for children at first served the same purpose as the morality play for adults in ,england2 it was a vehicle for religious instruction4 ,the oldest existent copy of the ,new ,england ,primer bears the imprint of ,thomas ,fleet1 son-in-law of the famous ,mrs4 ,goose1 of whom we shall speak later4 ,this was in #agcg4 ,before then1 in #agjh1 ,benjamin ,eliot of ,boston1 probably encouraged by earlier editions of primers1 advertised 8,the ,first ,book for ,children2 or1 ,the ,compleat ,school-,mistress02 and ,timothy ,green in #agae announced 8,a ,primer for the ,colony of ,connecticut2 or1 an ,introduction to the ,true ,reading of ,english4 ,to which is added ,milk for ,babes40 ,this latter title suggests the name of the ,reverend ,john ,cotton1 and1 furthermore1 the name of ,cotton ,mather1 one of the austere writers1 as the titles of his books alone bear witness4 ,six copies of the ,new ,england ,primer lay before me1 brown paper covers1 dry with age2 blue boards1 worn with much handling2 others in gray and green that have faded like the age which gave them birth4 ,the boy who brought them to me wore a broad smile upon his face2 perhaps he was wondering why ,i wished such toy books1 no larger than #c #b4 ,he held them all in one hand so as to show his superior strength4 ,yet had he been taken into the dark corridor between the book stacks1 and had he been shown the contents of those crinkly leaves1 there might have crept over him some remnant of the feeling of awe which must have seized the ,colonial boy and girl4 ,what would he have thought of the dutiful child's promises1 or of the moral precepts1 had they been read to him8 ,would he have shrunk backward at the description of the bad boy8 ,would he have beamed with youthful hope of salvation upon the picture of the good boy8 ,it is doubtful whether the naughty girls1 called 8hussies10 ever reformed2 it is doubtful whether they ever wanted to be the good girl of the verses4 ,that smiling boy of the present would have turned grave over the cut of ,mr4 ,john ,rogers in the flames1 despite the placid expression of wonderful patience over the martyr's face2 his knees would have trembled at the sombre meaning of the lines3 8,i in the burial place may see ,graves shorter far than ,i2 ,from death's arrest no age is free1 ,young children too may die40 ,the ,new ,england ,primers#ba were called pleasant guides2 they taught that the longest life is a lingering death4 ,there was the fear instead of the love of ,god in the text1 and yet the type of manhood fostered by such teaching was no wavering type1 no half-way spirit4 ,the ,puritan travelled the narrow road1 but he faced it1 however dark the consequences4 ,sufficient has been said to give some idea of the part occupied by these early publications--whether horn-book1 chap-book1 or primer4 ,they bore an intimate relation to the life of the child2 they were1 together with the ,almanack1 which is typified by that of 8,poor ,richard10 and with the ,calendar1 part of a development which may be traced1 with equal profit1 in ,england1 ,scotland1 ,france1 and ,germany4 ,their full history is fraught with human significance4 ,,ii4 ,,la ,,fontaine ,,and ,,perrault4 ,folk-lore stretches into the ,valhalla of the past2 our heritage consists of an assemblage of the heroic through all ages4 ,a history of distinctive books for children must enter into minute traceries of the golden thread of legend1 fable1 and belief1 of romance and adventure2 it must tell of the wanderings of rhyme and marvel1 under varied disguises1 from mouth to mouth1 from country to country1 naught of richness being taken away from them1 much of new glory being added4 ,but for our immediate purposes1 we imagine all this to be so2 we take it for granted that courtier and peasant have had their fancies4 ,the tales told to warriors are told to children1 and in turn by nurses to these children's children4 ,the knight makes his story by his own action in the dark forest1 or in the king's palace2 he appears before the hut of the serf1 and his horse is encircled by a magic light4 ,the immortal hero is kept immortal by what is heroic in ourselves4 ,jean de ,la ,fontaine 7#afba-afie7 was a product of court life2 and the fable was the literary form introduced to amuse the corsaged ladies of ,versailles4 ,la ,fontaine was the cynic in an age of hypocrisy and favouritism1 and one cannot estimate his work fully1 apart from the social conditions fostering it4 ,he was steeped in ,french lore1 and in a knowledge of the popular tales of the ,middle ,ages4 ,he was licentious in some of his writing1 and wild in his living2 he was a friend of ,fouquet1 and he knew ,molire1 ,racine1 and ,boileau4 ,he was a brilliant1 unpractical satirist1 who had to be supported by his friends1 and who was elected to the ,academy because his monarch announced publicly that he had promised to behave4 ,toward the end of his life he atoned for his misdemeanours by a formal confession4 ,there was much of the child heart in ,la ,fontaine1 and this characteristic1 together with the spleen which develops in every courtier1 aided him in his composition of the ,fables4 ,unclean his tales may be1 likened to ,boccaccio1 but the true poet in him produced incomparable verses which have been saved for the present and will live far into the future because of the universality of their moral4 ,the wolf and dog1 the grasshopper and ant1 all moved in silks and satins at the court of ,louis ,,xiv1 and bowed for social rank1 some trailing their pride in the dust1 others raised to high position through the fortune of unworthy favour4 ,so successfully did ,la ,fontaine paint his pictures that the veiled allusions became lost in time beneath the distinct individuality of the courtiers' animal prototypes4 ,the universal in ,la ,fontaine is like the universal in ,molire and ,shakespeare1 but it has a wider appeal1 for children relish it as their own4 ,another figure was dominant at the court of ,louis ,,xiv--one equally as immortal as ,la ,fontaine1 though not so generally known--,charles ,perrault 7#afbh-agjc74 ,he was a brilliant genius1 versatile in talent and genial in temper4 ,he dabbled in law1 he dabbled in architecture1 and through it won the favour of ,colbert4 ,with an abiding love for children1 he suggested and successfully carried the idea of keeping open the royal gardens for young ,parisians4 ,through ,colbert he became an ,academician in #afga1 and1 with the energy which usually marked his actions1 he set about influencing the rulings of that body4 ,he was a man of progress1 not an advocate of classical formalism4 ,he battled long and hard with ,boileau1 who was foremost among the ,classicists2 his appeal was for the future rather than for the past4 ,he was intellectually alert in all matters2 probably1 knowing that he possessed considerable hold upon the ,academy1 he purposely startled that august gathering by his statement that had ,homer lived in the days of ,louis ,,xiv he would have made a better poet4 ,but the declaration was like a burning torch set to dry wood2 ,boileau blazed forth1 and the fight between himself and ,perrault1 lasting some time1 became one of the most famous literary quarrels that mark the pages of history4 ,after ,perrault retired to his home in the year #afhf1 and when he could have his children around him1 he began the work which was destined to last4 ,lang calls him 8a good man1 a good father1 a good ,christian1 and a good fellow40 ,it is in the capacity of father that we like to view him--taking an interest in the education of his children1 listening to them tell their tales which they had first heard from their nurse2 his heart became warmed by their frank1 free camaraderie1 and it is likely that these impromptu story hours awakened in him some dim memories of the same legends told him in his boyhood4 ,there is interesting speculation associated with his writing of the 8,contes de ma ,mre l',oye40 ,they were published in #afig1 although previously they had appeared singly in ,moetjen's ,magazine at the ,hague4 ,an early letter from ,madame de ,svign mentions the wide-spread delight taken by the nobles of the court in all 8contes02 this was some twenty years before ,perrault penned his4 ,but despite their popularity among the worldly wise1 the ,academician was too much of an ,academician to confess openly that he was the author of the 8contes40 ,instead1 he ascribed them to his son1 ,perrault ,darmancour4 ,this has raised considerable doubt among scholars as to whether the boy should really be held responsible for the authorship of the book4 ,mr4 ,lang wisely infers that there is much evidence throughout the tales of the mature feeling and art of ,perrault2 but he also is content to hold to the theory that will blend the effort of old age and youth1 of father and son4 ,the fact remains that1 were it not for ,perrault1 the world might have been less rich by such immortal pieces as 8,the ,three ,wishes10 8,the ,sleeping ,beauty10 8,red ,riding ,hood10 8,blue ,beard10 8,puss in ,boots10 and 8,cinderella10 as they are known to us to-day4 ,they might have reached us from other countries in modified form1 but the inimitable pattern belongs to ,perrault4 ,another monument preserves his name1 the discussion of which requires a section by itself4 ,but consideration must be paid in passing to the 8fes0 of ,marie ,catherine ,jumelle de ,berneville1 ,comtesse ,d',anois 7,aulnoy7 #afej or #ea-agje1 who is responsible for such tales as 8,finetta1 the ,cinder-,girl40#bb ,fortunately1 to the charm of her fairy stories1 which are written in no mean imitation of ,perrault1 there have clung none of the qualities which made her one of the most intriguing women of her period4 ,she herself possessed a magnetic personality and a bright wit4 ,her married life began at the age of sixteen1 and through her career lovers flocked to her standard2 because of the ardour of one1 she came near losing her head4 ,but despite the fact that only two out of five of her children could claim legitimacy1 they seem to have developed in the ,comtesse d',aulnoy an unmistakable maternal instinct1 and an unerring judgment in the narration of stories4 ,she is familiar to-day because of her tales1 although recently an attractive edition of her 8,spanish ,impressions0 was issued--a book which once received the warm commendation of ,taine4 ,,iii4 ,,mother ,,goose4 ,there has been a sentimental desire on the part of many students to trace the origin of ,mother ,goose to this country2 but despite all effort to the contrary1 and a false identification of ,thomas ,fleet's mother-in-law1 ,mrs4 ,goose1 or ,vergoose1 with the famous old woman1 the origin is indubitably ,french4 ,william ,h4 ,whitmore#bc sums up his evidence in the matter as follows3 8,according to my present knowledge1 ,i feel sure that the original name is merely a translation from the ,french2 that the collection was first made for and by ,john ,newbery of ,london1 about ,a4,d4 #agfj2 and that the great popularity of the book is due to the ,boston editions of ,munroe and ,francis1 ,a4,d4 #ahbd-ahfj40 ,it appears that1 in #ahgj1 ,william ,a4 ,wheeler edited an edition of 8,mother ,goose10 wherein he averred that ,elizabeth1 widow of one ,isaac ,vergoose1 was the sole originator of the jingles4 ,this statement was based upon the assurances of a descendant1 ,john ,fleet ,eliot4 ,but there is much stronger evidence in ,perrault's favour than mere hearsay2 even the statement that a #agai volume of the melodies was printed by ,fleet himself has so far failed of verification4 ,the name1 ,mother ,goose1 is first heard of in the seventeenth century4 ,during #afig1 ,perrault published his 8,histoires ou ,contes du ,tems ,pass avec des ,moralitez10 with a frontispiece of an old woman telling stories to an interested group4 ,upon a placard by her side was lettered the significant title already quoted3 ,,contes ,,de ,,ma ,,mere ,,loye ,there is no doubt1 therefore1 that the name was not of ,boston origin2 some would even go further back and mingle ,french legend with history2 they would claim that the mother of ,charlemagne1 with the title of ,queen ,goose-foot 7,reine ,pdance71 was the only true source4#bd ,mr4 ,austin ,dobson has called ,mr4 ,lang's attention to the fact that in the ,monthly ,chronicle for ,march1 #agbi1 an ,english version of ,perrault's 8,tales0 was mentioned1 done by ,mr4 ,robert ,samber1 and printed by ,j4 ,pote2 another ,english edition appeared at ,the ,hague in #agde4 ,this seems to be the first introduction into ,england of the 8,mother ,goose ,fairy ,tales40 ,it was probably their popularity1 due not only to their intrinsic interest1 but partly to the speculation as to ,mother ,goose's identification1 that made ,john ,newbery1 the famous ,london publisher1 conceive the brilliant plan of gathering together those little songs familiar to the nursery1 and of laying them to the credit of ,mother ,goose herself4 ,in so doing1 he solicited the assistance of ,oliver ,goldsmith 7#agbh-aggd74 ,mr4 ,whitmore writes3 8,if1 as seems most probable1 the first edition of #8,mother ,goose's ,melody' was issued prior to ,john ,newbery's death in #agfg1 there is an interesting question as to who prepared the collection for the press4 ,the rhymes are avowedly the favourites of the nursery1 but the preface and the foot-notes are an evident burlesque upon more pretentious works40 ,there are two small pieces of evidence indicating clearly ,goldsmith's editorship4 ,on ,january #bi1 #agfh1 he produced his 8,good ,natur'd ,man10 and with his friends dined beforehand in gala fashion at an inn4 ,subject to extremes of humour1 on this occasion he was most noisy1 and he sang his favourite song1 we are told1 which was nothing more than 8,an old woman tossed in a blanket1 seventeen times as high as the moon40 ,as it happens1 this ditty is mentioned in the preface to ,newbery's collection of rhymes1 without any more apparent reason than that it was a favourite with the editor1 who wished to introduce it in some way1 however irrelevant4 ,again1 we are assured that ,miss ,hawkins once exclaimed1 8,i little thought what ,i should have to boast1 when ,goldsmith taught me to play ,jack and ,jill1 by two bits of paper on his fingers40 ,thus1 though the tasks performed by ,goldsmith for ,newbery are generally accounted specimens of hack work1 which he had to do in order to eke out a livelihood1 there is satisfaction in claiming for him two immortal strokes1 his tale of 8,goody ,two ,shoes10 and his share in the establishment of the ,mother ,goose ,melodies4#be ,many a time he was dependent upon the beneficence of his publisher1 many a time rescued by him from the hands of the bailiff4 ,the ,newbery accounts are dotted with entries of various loans2 even the proceeds of the first performances of the 8,good ,natur'd ,man0 were handed over to ,newbery to satisfy one of his claims4 ,the notes accompanying the melodies1 and which have no bearing upon the child-interest in the collection1 show a wit that might very well belong to ,goldsmith4 ,he was perhaps amusing himself at the expense of his lexicographer friend1 ,johnson4 ,for instance1 to the jingle1 8,see saw1 ,margery ,daw10 is appended this1 taken seemingly from 8,grotius03 8,it is a mean and scandalous ,practice in ,authors to put ,notes to ,things that deserve no ,notice40 ,and to the edifying and logical song1 8,i wou'd1 if ,i cou'd1 ,if ,i cou'dn't1 how cou'd ,i8 ,i cou'dn't1 without ,i cou'd1 cou'd ,i80 is attached the evident explanation from 8,sanderson03 8,this is a new ,way of handling an old ,argument1 said to be invented by a famous ,senator2 but it has something in it of ,gothick ,construction40 ,assuredly the names of those learned authors1 8,mope10 credited with the 8,geography of the ,mind10 and 8,huggleford10 writing on 8,hunger10 were intended for ridicule4 ,by #aggg1 8,mother ,goose0 had passed into its seventh edition1 but1 though its success was largely assured1 there are still to be noted rival publications4 ,for instance1 ,john ,marshall1#bf who later became the publisher of ,mrs4 ,trimmer's works1 issued some rhymes1 conflicting with the book of ,melodies which ,carnan1 ,newbery's stepson1 had copyrighted in #aghj1 and had graced with a subtitle1 8,sonnets for the ,cradle40 ,during #ahdb1 ,j4 ,o4 ,halliwell edited for the ,percy ,society1 8,the ,nursery ,rhymes of ,england1 collected principally from ,oral ,tradition10 and he mentioned an octavo volume printed in ,london1 #agig1 and containing some of our well-known verses4 ,these it seems had been first collected by the scholar1 ,joseph ,ritson1#bg and called 8,gammer ,gurton's ,garland40 ,the #agig book was called 8,infant ,institutes10 semi-satirical in its general plan1 and was ascribed to the ,reverend ,baptist ,noel ,turner1 ,m4,a41#bh rector of ,denton4 ,if this was intended to supplant ,newbery's collection1 it failed in its object4 ,however1 it is to be noted and emphasised that so varied did the editions become1 that the fate of 8,mother ,goose0 would not have been at all fortunate in the end1 had not ,monroe and ,francis in ,boston insisted upon the original collection as the authentic version1 circa #ahbd4 ,its rights were thus established in ,america4 ,the melodies have a circuitous literary history4 ,in roundabout fashion1 the ditties have come out of the obscure past and have been fixed at various times by editors of zealous nature4 ,for the folk-lore student1 such investigation has its fascination2 but the original rhymes are not all pure food for the nursery4 ,in the course of time1 the juvenile volumes have lost the jingles with a tang of common wit4 ,they come to us now1 gay with coloured print1 rippling with merriment1 with a rhythm that must be kept time to by a tap of the foot upon the floor or by some bodily motion4 ,claim for them1 as you will1 an educational value2 they are the child's first entrance into storyland2 they train his ear1 they awaken his mind1 they develop his sense of play4 ,it is a joyous garden of incongruity we are bequeathed in 8,mother ,goose40 ,,iv4 ,,john ,,newbery1 ,,oliver ,,goldsmith1 ,,and ,,isaiah ,,thomas4 ,wherever you wander in the land of children's books1 ramifications1 with the vein of hidden gold1 invite investigation1--rich gold for the student and for the critic1 but less so for the general reader4 ,yet upon the general reader a book's immortality depends4 ,no librarian1 no historian1 need be crowded out2 there are points still to be settled1 not in the mere dry discussion of dates1 but in the estimates of individual effect4 ,the development of children's books is consecutive1 carried forward because of social reasons2 each name mentioned has a story of its own4 ,two publishers at the outset attract our regard2 except for them1 much would have been lost to ,english and ,american children4 ,as early as ,elizabeth's time1 ,rafe ,newberie1 ,master of ,stationer's ,company1 published ,hakluyt's 8,voyages40 ,from him1 ,john ,newbery 7#agac-agfg7 was descended4 ,given an ordinary schooling1 he was apprenticed to the printer1 ,william ,carnan1 who1 dying in #agcg1 divided his worldly goods between his brother ,charles1 and his assistant ,john4 ,the latter1 in order to cement his claim still further1 married his employer's widow1 by whom he had three children1 ,francis1 his successor in the publishing business1 being born on ,july #f1 #agdc4 ,newbery was endowed with much common sense4 ,he travelled somewhat extensively before settling in ,london1 and1 during his wanderings1 he jotted down rough notes1 relating especially to his future book trade2 the remarks are worthy of a keen critic4 ,during this time it is hard to keep ,newbery1 the publisher1 quite free from the picturesque career of ,newbery1 the druggist2 on the one hand ,goldsmith might call him 8the philanthropic publisher of ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard10 as he did in the 8,vicar of ,wakefield10 which was first printed by ,newbery and ,benjamin ,collins1 of ,salisbury2 on the other hand1 in #agdc1 one might just as well have praised him for the efficacy of the pills and powders he bartered4 ,now we find him a shopkeeper1 catering to the captains of ships from his warehouse1 and adding every new concoction to his stock of homeopathic deceptions4 ,even ,goldsmith could not refrain from having a slap at his friend in 8,quacks ,ridiculed40 ,he made money1 however1 and he associated with a literary set among whom gold was much coveted and universally scarce4 ,the portly ,dr4 ,johnson ofttimes borrowed a much-needed guinea1 an unfortunate privilege1 for he had a habit of never working so long as he could feel money in his pocket4 ,this generosity on the part of ,newbery did not deter ,johnson from showing his disapproval over many of the former's publications4 ,we can well imagine the implied sarcasm in his declaration that ,newbery was an extraordinary man1 8for ,i know not whether he has read1 or written most books40 ,between #agdd and #ahjb1 records indicate that ,newbery and his successors printed some three hundred volumes1 two hundred of which were juvenile2 small wonder he needed the editorial assistance of such persons as ,dr4 ,johnson and ,oliver ,goldsmith4 ,one of the first pieces the latter let ,newbery have1 was an article for the ,literary ,magazine of ,january1 #ageh4 ,then there came into existence ,the ,universal ,chronicle1 or ,weekly ,gazette in ,april1 #ageh1 for which ,johnson wrote 8,the ,idler40 ,in #agei1 ,the ,british ,magazine or ,monthly ,repository for ,gentlemen and ,ladies1 by ,t4 ,smollett1 ,m4,d41 and others was announced1 ,smollett then taking a rest cure in jail4 ,as though magazines could be launched in a few hours without sinking1 a daily sheet called the ,public ,ledger was brought into existence on ,january #ab1 #agfj1 for which ,goldsmith wrote his 8,chinese ,letters40 ,between this date and #agfg1 ,goldsmith resided in a room on the upper floor of ,newbery's house at ,islington1 and the publisher's son declares that while there ,goldsmith read to him odd parts of 8,the ,traveller0 and the 8,vicar of ,wakefield40 ,this has not so much evidence to support it as the fact that bills presented at the front door for ,goldsmith1 usually found their way to ,newbery for settlement4 ,how much actual suggestion ,goldsmith gave to his publisher-employer1 how far he influenced the character of the books to be printed1 cannot be determined2 he and ,griffith and ,giles ,jones assuredly encouraged the juvenile picture stories4 ,an advertisement of #agfe calls attention to the following3 8,the ,renowned ,history of ,giles ,gingerbread1 a little boy who lived upon learning0 the combination is very appropriate in its compensating qualities of knowledge and 8sweets02 8,the ,whitsuntide ,gift1 or the ,way to be ,happy02 8,the ,valentine ,gift1 or how to behave with honour1 integrity and humanity02 and 8,the ,history of ,little ,goody ,two ,shoes1 otherwise called ,margery ,two ,shoes40 ,though he could not wholly escape the charge of catering to the moral craze of the time1 ,newbery at least infused into his little books something of imagination and something of heroic adventure2 not sufficient however to please ,dr4 ,johnson1 who once said3 8,babies do not want to hear about babies2 they like to be told of giants and castles1 and of somewhat which can stretch and stimulate their little minds40 ,a thrust at the ignorance of grown people1 regarding what children like1 is further seen in ,johnson's remark that parents buy1 but girls and boys seldom read what is calculated for them4 ,there are many to praise ,newbery's prints2 they were more or less oddities1 even in their own time4 ,their usefulness was typified in such books as the 8,circle of ,sciences10 a compendium of universal knowledge2 their attractiveness was dependent not only upon the beauty of their make1 but also upon the queerness of their format2 for example1 such volumes as were called the snuff-box series1 or ready references for waistcoat pockets4 ,then there was the combination plan1 indicated in the announcement3 8,a ,little ,pretty ,pocket-,book1 intended for the ,instruction and ,amusement of ,little ,master ,tommy and ,pretty ,miss ,polly1 with an agreeable letter to read from ,jack-the-,giant-,killer1 as also a ,ball and ,pincushion1 the use of which will infallibly make ,tommy a ,good ,boy1 and ,polly a ,good ,girl4444 ,price of the ,book alone1 #f;d41 with a ,ball or ,pincushion1 #h;d40 ,the variety of ,newbery's ideas resulted in every species of book-publishing1 from a children's magazine 7,the ,lilliputian71 with ,goldsmith as the reputed editor1 to a child's grammar4 ,interested one moment in a machine for the colouring of silks and cloths1 at another he would be extolling the fever powders of ,dr4 ,james1 a whilom schoolfellow of ,johnson4 ,he was untiring in his business activity4 ,his firm changed name many times1 but always ,newbery remained the dominant figure4 ,after his death1 the business continued for some while to be identified with its founder1 and for a long period his original policy was continued4 ,francis ,newbery1 the son1 left an autobiography of historic value4 ,newbery's real genius consisted in his trading ability4 ,modern advertising is not more clever than that practised by this shrewd man of the eighteenth century4 ,not only was he in the habit of soliciting puffs1 and of making some of the characters in his stories proclaim the excellencies of his books1 but the personal note and the friendly feeling displayed in his newspaper items were uncommonly intimate4 ,witness the ,london ,chronicle for ,december #ai-;,january #a1 #agfe3 8,the ,philosophers1 ,politicians1 ,necromancers1 and the learned in every faculty are desired to observe that on the first of ,january1 being ,new ,year's day 7oh1 that we all may lead new lives671 ,mr4 ,newbery intends to publish the following important volumes1 bound and gilt1 and hereby invites all his little friends who are good to call for them at the ,bible and ,sun1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 but those who are naughty to have none40 ,thomas in later years adopted the same method of advertising4 ,the most thorough piece of research work done by ,mr4 ,charles ,welsh is his 8,a ,bookseller of the ,last ,century40 ,had he aimed at nothing more than preserving the catalogue of ,newbery's books1 he would have rendered a great service to the library student4 ,but he has in addition written a very complete life of ,newbery4 ,when it is noted that this printer was brought into business relations with ,robert ,raikes1 and was further connected with him by the union of ,newbery's son with ,raikes' sister1 it is safe to believe that some of the piousness which crept into the publisher's wares was encouraged by the zealous spirit of the founder of ,sunday-schools4 ,raikes will be dealt with in his proper place4 ,newbery was what may be termed an enthusiastic publisher1 a careful manufacturer of books of the flower-and-gilt species4 ,as a friend he has been pictured nothing loath to help the needy1 but always with generous security and heavy interest attached2 he was a business man above all else1 and that betokens keenness for a bargain1 a keenness akin to cleverness rather than to graciousness4 ,in his 8,life of ,goldsmith10 ,washington ,irving is inclined to be severe in his estimate2 he writes3 8,the poet ,goldsmith has celebrated him as the friend of all mankind2 he certainly lost nothing by his friendship4 ,he coined the brains of authors in the times of their exigency1 and made them pay dear for the plank put out to keep them from drowning4 ,it is not likely his death caused much lamentation among the scribbling tribe40 ,one difficulty ,newbery had to contend with was the piracy of his books2 there was no adequate protection afforded by the copyright system1 and we read of ,goldsmith and ,johnson bewailing the literary thievery of the day4 ,by some it was regarded as a custom to be accepted2 by others as a deplorable condition beyond control4 ,early ,american authorship suffered from the same evil1 and ,irving and ,cooper were the two prominent victims4 ,the book list of ,isaiah ,thomas 7#agdi-ahca71 the ,worcester1 ,massachusetts printer1 shows how freely he drew from the ,london bookseller4 ,called by many the ,didot of ,america1 founder of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 author of one of the most authentic histories of early printing in this country1 he is the pioneer of children's books for ,america4 ,he scattered his presses and stores over a region embracing ,worcester and ,boston1 ,mass42 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h42 ,baltimore1 ,md42 and ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,books were kept by him1 so he vouched1 specially for the instruction and amusement of children1 to make them safe and happy4 ,in his 8,memoirs0 there is found abundant material to satisfy one as to the nature of reading for young folks in ,new ,england1 previous to the ,revolution4 ,emerson writes in his 8,spiritual ,laws0 regarding 8theological problems02 he calls them 8the soul's mumps and measles and whooping-cough40 ,already the sombre sternness of ,colonial literature for children has been typified in the 8,new ,england ,primer40 ,the benefits of divine songs and praises2 the reiteration of the joy to parents1 consequent upon the behaviour of godly children2 the mandates1 the terrible finger of retribution1 the warning to all sinners lurking in the throat disease which was prevalent at one time--all these ogres rise up in the ,thomas book to crush juvenile exuberance4 ,does it take much description to get at the miserable heart of the early piety displayed by the heroines of ,cotton ,mather's volumes1 those stone images of unthinkable children who passed away early1 who were reclaimed from disobedience1 8children in whom the fear of ,god was remarkably budding before they died08 ,writers never fail to say1 in speaking of ,thomas ,white's 8,little ,book for ,children0 7reprint of #agjb71 that its immortality1 in the face of all its theology1 is centred in one famous untheological line1 8,a was an archer who shot at a frog40 ,what ,thomas did1 when he began taking from ,newbery1 was to change colloquial ,english terms to fit new environment2 the coach no longer belongs to the ,lord ,mayor1 but to the ,governor instead4#bi ,the text is only slightly altered4 ,we recognise the same little boys who would become great masters2 the same ear-marks stigmatise the heroines of 8,the ,juvenile ,biographer10 insufferable apostles of surname-meaning1 ,mistresses ,allgood1 ,careful1 and ,lovebook1 together with ,mr4 ,badenough4 ,oh1 ,betsey and ,nancy and ,amelia and ,billy1 did you know what it was to romp and play8 ,the evident desire on the part of ,miss ,hewins1 in her discussion of early juvenile books1 to emphasise the playful1 in her quotations from ,thomas' stories1 only indicates that there was little levity to deal with4 ,those were the days of gilded 8,gifts0 and 8,delights02 the pleasures of childhood were strangely considered2 goodness was inculcated by making the hair stand on end in fright1 by picturing to the naughty boy what animal he was soon to turn into1 and what foul beast's disposition was akin to that of the fractious girl4 ,intentions1 both of an educational and religious nature1 were excellent1 no doubt2 but1 when all is estimated1 the residue presents a miserable1 lifeless ash4#cj ,so far no distinctive writer for children has arisen4 ,the volumes issued by ,newbery represent a conscious attempt to appeal through form to the juvenile eye4 ,if the books were addressed intentionally to children1 their amusement consisted in some extraneous novelty2 it was rarely contained in the story4 ,action rather than motive is the redeeming feature of 8,goody ,two ,shoes40 ,as for religious training1 it was administered to the child with no regard for his individual needs4 ,he represented a theological stage of sin2 the world was a long dark road1 through the maze of which1 by his birth1 he was doomed to fight his little way4 ,life was a probationary period4 ,it is now necessary to leave the ,new ,england book1 and to return to it through another channel4 ,the viewpoint shifts slightly2 a new element is to be added3 a self-conscious recognition of education for children4 ,the sternness of the 8,new ,england ,primer0 possessed strength4 ,the didactic school1 retaining the moral factor1--several points removed from theology--sentimentalised it2 for many a day it was to exist in juvenile literature rampant4 ,and1 overflowing its borders1 it was to influence later chap-books1 and some of the later publications of ,thomas and ,newbery4 ,through ,hannah ,more1 it was to grip ,peter ,parley1 and finally to die out on ,american shores4 ,for 8,queechy0 and 8,the ,wide1 ,wide ,world0 represent the final flowering of this style4 ,in order to retain a clear connection1 it is necessary to watch both streams1 educational and moral1 one at first blending with the other1 and flourishing in this country through a long list of ,new ,england authors1 until1 in the end1 the educational1 increasing in volume1 conquered altogether4 ,bibliographical ,note ,,the ,,babees ,,book--,ed4 ,frederick ,j4 ,furnivall1 ,m4,a4 ,published for the ,early ,english ,text ,society4 ,london1 ,trbner1 #ahfh4 ,in the foreword1 note the following3 ,education in early ,england3 #a4 ,in ,nobles' ,houses2 #b4 ,at ,home and at ,private ,tutors'2 #c4 ,at ,english ,universities2 #d4 ,at ,foreign ,universities2 #e4 ,at ,monastic and ,cathedral ,schools2 #f4 ,at ,grammar ,schools4 ,vide the several other prefaces4 ,this collection contains3 #a4 ,the ,babees ,book1 or a #8,lytyl ,reporte' of ,how ,young ,people ,should ,behave 7circa #adge ,a4,d472 #b4 ,the ,a ,b ,c of ,aristotle 7#adcj ,a4,d472 #c4 ,the ,book of ,curteisie ,that is ,clepid ,stans ,puer ad ,mensam 7#adcj ,a4,d472 #d4 ,the boke of ,nurture1 or ,schoole of good maners3 ,for ,men1 ,servants1 and children 7#aegg72 #e4 ,the ,schoole of ,vertue1 and booke of good ,nourture for chyldren and youth to learne theyr dutie by 7#aeeg74 ,vide ,vol4 iv1 ,percy ,society1 ,london1 #ahda3 #a4 ,the ,boke of ,curtasye1 ed4 ,j4 ,o4 ,halliwell4 #b4 ,specimens of ,old ,christmas ,carols1 ed4 ,t4 ,wright4 #c4 ,the ,nursery ,rhymes of ,england1 ed4 ,j4 ,o4 ,halliwell1 #ahdb3 a4 ,historical2 b4 ,tales2 c4 ,jingles2 d4 ,riddles2 e4 ,proverbs2 f4 ,lullabies2 g4 ,charms2 h4 ,games2 i4 ,literal2 j4 ,paradoxes2 k4 ,scholastic2 l4 ,customs2 m4 ,songs2 n4 ,fragments4 ,vide ,vol4 xxix1 ,percy ,society1 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,notices of ,fugitive ,tracts and ,chap-books printed at ,aldermary ,churchyard1 ,bow ,churchyard1 etc41 ed4 ,j4 ,o4 ,halliwell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ashton1 ,,john--,chap-books of the #ahth ,century4 ,,ashton1 ,,john--,social ,life in the ,time of ,queen ,anne4 ,,bergengren1 ,r4--,boswell's ,chap-books and ,others4 ,lamp1 #bh3ci-dd 7,feb41 #aijd74 ,,chambers1 ,w4--,historical ,sketch of ,popular ,literature and ,its ,influence on ,society1 #ahfc4 ,,cunningham1 ,r4 ,h4--,amusing ,prose ,chap-books4 ,glasgow1 #ahhi4 ,,faxon1 ,,frederick ,,winthrop--,a ,bibliography of the ,modern ,chap-books and their ,imitators 7,bulletin of ,bibl4 ,pamphl4 ,no4 #aa71 ,boston ,book ,co41 #aijc4 ,a 8freak0 movement1 beginning with the publication of ,chap-book1 at ,cambridge1 ,may #ae1 #ahid4 ,,ferguson1 ,,chancellor--,on the ,chap-books in the ,bibliotheca ,jacksoniana in ,tullie ,house1 ,carlisle4 ,archaeolog4 ,jour41 #eb3bib 7#ahie74 ,,fraser1 ,,john--,scottish ,chap-books4 7#b pts47 ,new ,york1 ,hinton1 #ahgc4 ,,gerring1 ,,charles--,notes on ,printers and ,booksellers1 with a ,chapter on ,chap-books4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,halliwell1 ,,james ,,orchard--,a ,catalogue of ,chap-books1 ,garlands1 and ,popular ,histories in the ,possession of ,halliwell4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,,harvard ,,college ,,library--,catalogue of ,english and ,american ,chap-books and ,broadside ,ballads in #aije 7,bibl4 contrib4 ,no4 #ef74 ,,nisard1 ,,marie ,l,,onard ,,charles--,histoire des ,livres ,populaires ou de la ,littrature du ,colportage1 depuis l'origine de l'imprimerie jusqu' l'tablissement de la ,commission d'examen des livres du ,colportage 7#cj ,nov41 #aheb7 #b vols44 ,paris1 ,dentu1 #ahfd4 ,,pearson1 ,,edwin--,banbury ,chap-books and ,nursery ,toy ,book ,literature of the #ahth and ,early #aith ,centuries4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,,pyle1 ,,howard--,chap-book ,heroes4 ,harper's ,monthly ,magazine1 #ha3abc 7#ahij74 ,,sieveking1 ,s4 ,,giberne--,the ,medival ,chap-book as an ,educational ,factor in the ,past4 ,the ,reliquary and ,illus4 ,archaeolog41 #i3bda 7#aijc74 99 99 99 99 99 ,the student is referred to the following invaluable reference for matter relating to ,new ,england literature3 ,catalogue of the ,american ,library of the ,late ,mr4 ,george ,brinley of ,hartford1 ,conn4 7#e pts47 ,hartford3 ,press of the ,case1 ,lockwood1 and ,brainard ,co41 #ahgh-ig4 ,not completed4 ,comprising a list of ,books printed at ,cambridge and ,boston1 #afdj-agji4 ,pt4 ,i4--,the ,bay ,psalm ,book1 ,no4 #hdg2 ,almanacs1 #afdf-agjg2 ,the ,mathers1 ,special ,chapter of ,references4 ,pt4 ,,iii4--,bibles1 #adf2 ,catechisms and ,primers1 ,new ,england ,primer1 #aeh2 ,music and ,psalmody1 #afc2 ,psalms and ,hymns1 #agb4 ,pt4 ,,iv4--,continuation of ,psalms and ,hymns2 ,bibl4 ,ref4 to ,denominational ,churches1 ,law1 ,government1 ,political ,economy1 ,sciences1 etc42 ,popular ,literature3 ,jest ,books1 ,anecdotes1 #aca2 ,chap-books1 #ace2 ,books for ,children1 #aci2 ,mother ,goose1 #adj2 ,primers and ,catechisms1 #ada2 ,educational1 #adc2 ,almanacs1 #afc2 ,theology1 #agg4 ,pt4 ,v4--,newspapers and ,periodicals1 #acg4 ,,ford1 ,,paul ,,leicester--,the ,new ,england ,primer 7ed474 ,n4 ,y41 ,dodd1 ,mead1 #ahig4 7,edition limited47 ,vide excellent bibliography4 ,the ,new ,england ,primer4 ,bookman1 #d3abb-aca 7,oct41 #ahif74 ,,johnson1 ,,clifton--,the ,new ,england ,primer4 ,new ,england ,mag41 n4s4 #bh3cbc4 7,may1 #aijc47 ,some essential data1 but written superficially4 ,,marble1 ,,annie ,,russell--,early ,new ,england ,almanacs4 ,new ,england ,mag41 n4s4 #ai3edh4 7,jan41 #ahii47 ,vide also ,griswold's ,curiosities of ,american ,literature2 ,tyler's ,history of ,american ,literature2 ,thomas's ,history of ,printing4 ,a collection of ,almanacs is owned by the ,am4 ,antiq4 ,soc41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,collin ,,de ,,plancy--,memories of ,perrault4 ,,dillaye1 ,,fr,d,,ric--,les ,contes de ,perrault 7ed474 ,paris1 #ahhj4 ,,lang1 ,,andrew--,perrault's ,popular ,tales2 edited from the original editions1 with an introduction by4 ,oxford1 ,clarendon ,press1 #ahhh4 ,a concise and agreeable introduction to the study of folk-lore in general1 and of a few noted tales in particular4 ,,old-,,fashioned ,,fairy ,,tales--,madame ,d',aulnoy1 ,charles ,perrault1 etc4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4jj4 ,,old ,,french ,,fairy ,,tales--,c4 ,perrault1 ,madame ,d',aulnoy4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4jj4 ,d',,anois1 ,,countess--,fairy ,tales1 ,translated from the ,french of4 7#b vols47 ,london1 #ahag4 ,d',,aulnoy1 ,,comtesse--,mmoires de la4 ,vide ,collection pour les jeunes filles4 ,,hale1 ,,edward ,,everett--,reprint of the ,monroe and ,francis ,mother ,goose4 ,,green1 ,p4 ,b4--,history of ,nursery ,rhymes4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,,headland1 ,j4 ,t4--,chinese ,mother ,goose4 ,chicago1 #aijj4 ,,halliwell1 ,j4 ,o4--,nursery ,rhymes of ,england2 collected principally from oral tradition4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,the ,percy ,society1 ,early ,english ,poetry4 ,popular ,rhymes and ,nursery ,tales4 ,a ,sequel to ,nursery ,rhymes4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,,ritson1 ,,joseph--,gammer ,gurton's ,garland2 or1 ,the ,nursery ,parnassus4 ,london1 #ahaj2 reprint #ahff4 ,,welsh1 ,,charles--,an ,appeal for ,nursery ,rhymes and ,jingles4 ,dial 7,chicago71 #bg3bcj 7#a ,oct41 #ahii74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,father ,,of ,,children',s ,,books--,current ,literature1 #bg3aaj4 ,,welsh1 ,,charles--,a ,bookseller of the ,last ,century4 ,griffith1 ,farren ,co4 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,batchelder1 ,f4 ,r4--,patriot ,printer4 ,new ,england ,mag41 n4s4 #be3bhd 7,n4 #8#ja74 ,,evans1 ,,charles--,american ,bibliography4 ,a ,chronological ,dictionary of all ,books1 ,pamphlets1 and ,periodical ,publications ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,from the genesis of ,printing in #afci ,down to and ,including the ,year #ahbj4 ,with ,bibliographical and ,biographical ,notes4 ,privately ,printed for the ,author by the ,blakely ,press1 ,chicago4 ,anno ,domini ,,mdcccciii4 ,thus far issued3 ,vol4 ,i4 #afci-agbi2 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #agcj-agej2 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #agea-agfd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,livingston1 ,l4 ,s4--,american ,publisher of a ,hundred ,years ,ago4 ,bookman1 #aa3ecj 7,aug41 '#jj74 ,,nichols1 ,,charles ,l4--,some ,notes on ,isaiah ,thomas and his ,worcester ,imprints4 ,am4 ,antiq4 ,soc41 #ahii-aijj1 n4s41 #ac3dbi4 ,,thomas1 ,,benjamin ,,franklin--,memoir of ,isaiah ,thomas4 ,by his ,grandson4 ,boston1 #ahgd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hewins1 ,,caroline ,m4--,the ,history of ,children's ,books4 ,atlantic1 #fa3aab 7,jan41 #ahhh74 ,,welsh1 ,,charles4--,the ,early ,history of ,children's ,books in ,new ,england4 ,new ,england ,mag41 n4s4 #bj3adg-fj 7,april1 #ahii74 ,,yonge1 ,,charlotte ,m4--,children's ,literature of the ,last ,century4 ,liv4 ,age1 #ajb3cgc 7,aug4 #g1 #ahfi72 #fab 7,sept4 #d1 #ahfi72 #ajc3if 7,oct4 #i1 #ahfi74 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,in 8,the ,child and ,his ,book10 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,field 7,london3 ,wells ,gardner1 ,darton ,co41 #ahib71 the reader is referred to chapters3 ,before the ,norman ,conquest2 ,books from the ,conquest to ,caxton2 ,the ,child in ,england1 #ajff-afdj4 ,her researches form an invaluable contribution to the history of children's books1 furnishing sources for considerable speculation4 ,much is included of interest to the antiquarian only4 #af ,thomas ,newbery was the author4 ,vide ,fugitive ,tracts1 #ahge4 ,hazlitt and ,huth4 #ag ,as early as #abfb1 the macaronic style of delivering sermons was customary4 ,the gradual substitution of the vernacular for ,latin is dealt with in the introduction to the present author's edition of 8,everyman10 #aijc1 xxvii4 #ah ,,chap ,an abbreviation of ,chapman1 which seems to have come into vulgar use in the end of the #afth c42 but it is rare in books1 even in the dramatists1 before #agjj4 ,it was not recognised by ,johnson4 #aegg ,,breton ,toyes ,idle ,head 7,grosart74 ,those crusty chaps ,i cannot love4 a4 ,a buyer1 purchaser1 customer4 ,,chap-,,book f4 chap in ,chapman ,book4 ,a modern name applied by book collectors and others to specimens of the popular literature which was formerly circulated by itinerant dealers or chapmen1 consisting chiefly of small pamphlets of popular tales1 etc4 #ahbd ,,dibdin ,libr4 ,comp4 ,it is a chap-book1 printed in rather neat black letter4 #ahhb ,j4 ,,ashton ,chap-books1 #ahth ,century in ,athenum #b ,sept4 #cjb_/a4 ,a great mass of chap-books4 ,,chapman ,,oe4 ,capmann ,,ohg4 ,choufman 7,,ohg41 ,,mhg4 ,koufman71 ,ger4 ,kaufmann4 ,a man whose business is buying and selling2 a merchant1 trader1 dealer4 ,vide #hij ,k4 ,,lfred ,bda4 ,vide further1 ,a ,new ,english ,dictionary4 ,murray1 ,oxford4 #ai 8,the ,history of ,tom ,hickathrift0 is regarded as distinctively ,english2 its literary qualities were likened by ,thackeray to ,fielding4 ,vide ,fraser's ,magazine4 #bj ,the notice ran as follows3 8,advertisement3 ,there is now in the ,press1 and will suddenly be extant1 a ,second ,impression of ,the ,new ,england ,primer1 enlarged1 to which is added1 more ,directions for ,spelling2 the ,prayer of ,k4 ,edward the #fth1 and ,verses made by ,mr4 ,rogers1 the ,martyr1 left as a ,legacy to his ,children4 ,sold by ,benjamin ,harris1 at the ,london ,coffee-,house in ,boston40 #ba ,three typical examples of later reprints are3 ,the ,n4 ,e4 ,primer1 ,walpole1 ,n4 ,h41 ,i4 ,thomas ,co41 #ahad2 ,the ,n4 ,e4 ,primer ,improved for the ,more ,easy ,attaining the ,true ,reading of ,english4 ,to which is added ,the ,assembly of ,divines and ,episcopal ,catechisms4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahae2 ,the ,n4 ,e4 ,primer1 or an ,easy and ,pleasant ,guide to the ,art of ,reading1 ,mass4 ,sabbath ,school ,soc41 #ahda4 #bb ,another writer of ,contes des fes was ,mme4 ,jeanne ,marie ,le ,prince de ,beaumont 7#agaa-aghj71 author of 8,magasins des ,enfans1 des ,adolescens et des ,dames40 #bc ,the ,original ,mother ,goose's ,melody1 as first issued by ,john ,newbery1 of ,london1 about ,a4,d4 #agfj4 ,reproduced in facsimile from the edition as reprinted by ,isaiah ,thomas1 of ,worcester1 ,mass41 about ,a4,d4 #aghe4 ,with ,introductory ,notes by ,william ,h4 ,whitmore4 ,albany1 ,munsell1 #ahhi4 ,vide ,n4 ,e4 ,hist4 and ,geneal4 ,regist41 #ahgc1 pp4 #add1 #caa2 ,proceed4 ,am4 ,antiq4 ,soc41 ,oct41 #ahhh1 p4 #djf4 #bd ,lang says the term ,mother ,goose appears in ,loret's 8,la ,muse ,historique0 7,lettre v41 #aa ,juin1 #afej74 ,vide also ,deulin1 ,charles--,les ,contes de ,ma ,mre ,l',oye1 avant ,perrault4 ,paris1 #ahgh2 and ,halliwell1 ,j4 ,o4--,percy ,society4 #be ,he was the author also of a 8,history of ,animated ,nature40 #bf ,a list of his publications is owned by the ,bodleian ,library1 ,oxford4 #bg ,vide ,notes and ,queries1 ,june1 #ahge1 #eth series1 iii1 #dda4 ,prof4 ,edward ,f4 ,rimbault4 #bh ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #ahbf1 ,pt4 ii1 #dfg-fi4 #bi ,nurse ,truelove's ,new ,year's ,gift2 or1 the ,book of ,books for ,children4 ,adorned with ,cuts2 and designed for a ,present to every little ,boy who would become a great ,man1 and ride upon a fine ,horse2 and to every little ,girl1 who would become a great ,woman1 and ride in a ,governour's ,gilt ,coach4 #cj ,an interesting field of investigation3 ,early ,new ,england ,printers4 ,mr4 ,welsh mentions a few in article referred to1 p4#fj4 ,a full list of ,printers and ,publishers 7,north and ,south7 given in ,evans's ,american ,bibliography4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,old-,,fashioned ,,library ,a child should not need to choose between right and wrong4 ,it should not be capable of wrong2 it should not conceive of wrong4 ,obedient1 as bark to helm1 not by sudden strain or effort1 but in the freedom of its bright course of constant life2 true1 with an undistinguished1 painless1 unboastful truth1 in a crystalline household world of truth2 gentle1 through daily entreatings of gentleness1 and honourable trusts1 and pretty prides of child-fellowship in offices of good2 strong1 not in bitter and doubtful contest with temptation1 but in peace of heart1 and armour of habitual right1 from which temptation falls like thawing hail2 self-commanding1 not in sick restraint of mean appetites and covetous thoughts1 but in vital joy of unluxurious life1 and contentment in narrow possession1 wisely esteemed4--,john ,ruskin1 in an introduction to ,grimm's 8,german ,popular ,tales10 illustrated by ,cruikshank4 ,i4 ,,the ,,rousseau ,,impetus4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas has compiled two volumes of old-fashioned tales for modern readers4 ,in his introductions he analyses the qualities of his selected stories1 and it is generally the case that1 except for incidental detail1 what is said of one of a kind might just as appropriately be meant for the other4 ,if1 at moments1 the editor is prone to confuse quaintness with interest1 he makes full amends by the quick humour with which he deals with the moral purpose4 ,perhaps it was part of the game for our great-grandfathers to expect didacticism1 but simply because children were then considered 8the immature young of men0 is no excuse1 although it may be a reason1 for the artificiality which subserved play to contemplation4 ,wherever he can escape the bonds of primness1 ,mr4 ,lucas never fails to take advantage2 the character of his selections indicates this as well as such critical remarks as the following3 8,the way toward a nice appreciation of the child's own peculiar characteristics was1 however1 being sought by at least two writers of the eighteenth century1 each of whom was before his time3 ,henry ,brooke1 who in #8,the ,fool of ,quality' first drew a small boy with a sense of fun1 and ,william ,blake1 who was the first to see how exquisitely worth study a child's mind may be40 ,mr4 ,lucas brings together a number of stories by different persons1 treating them as a group4 ,should you read them you will have a fairly distinct conception of early nineteenth century writing for children4 ,but there is yet another way of approaching the subject1 and that is by tracing influence from writer to writer1 from group to group2 by seeking for the impetus without which the story becomes even more of a husk than ever4 ,let us conjure up the long row of theoretical children of a bygone age1 painfully pathetic in their staidness1 closely imprisoned4 ,they began with ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau 7#agab-aggh71 the iconoclast1 who attacked civil society1 the family1 the state1 the church1 and from whose pen the school did not escape chastisement4 ,his universal cry of 8back to nature0 frightened the conservative2 even ,voltaire could not refrain1 on reading the essay dealing with the origin of inequality among men1 to write him3 8,never has any one employed so much genius to make us into beasts4 ,when one reads your book he is seized at once with a desire to go down on all-fours40 ,rousseau's 8mile1 or ,treatise on ,education0 7#agfb7 was wholly revolutionary2 it tore down ancient theories1 such as those practised by ,dr4 ,isaac ,watts upon his 8ideal0 boy and girl2 all existent educational strictures were ignored4 ,rousseau applied to childhood his belief in the free unfolding of man's nature2 however impracticable his methods1 he loosed the chains that held fast the claims of childhood1 and recognised their existence4 ,he set the pendulum swinging in the human direction2 he turned men's minds upon the study of the child as a child1 and1 because of this1 takes his place at the head of modern education4 ,he opened the way for a self-conscious striving on the part of authors to meet the demands of a child's nature1 by furnishing the best literary diet--according to educational theories--for juvenile minds4 ,revolutionary in religious as well as in political and social ideals1 ,rousseau's educational machinery was destined to be infused1 by some of his zealous followers1 with a piousness which he never would have sanctioned4 ,training should be natural1 says ,rousseau2 the child should discover beauty1 not be told about it2 should recognise spontaneously what he is now taught4 ,education should be progressive2 at the same time it should be negative4 ,this sounds contradictory1 but ,rousseau would keep his child a child until the age of twelve2 he would prevent him from knowing through any mental effort2 he would have him grow like 8,topsy0 in animal spirits1 his mind unbridled and imbibing facts as his lungs breathe in air4 ,yet inconsistency is evident from the outset3 the child must observe1 at the same time he must not remember4 ,is it possible1 as ,professor ,payne challenges1 to form the mind before furnishing it8 ,rousseau's precepts are wise and brilliant4 ,we hear him exclaiming3 8,it is less consequence to prevent him the child from dying than to teach him how to live20 8,the man who has lived most is not he who has numbered the most years1 but he who has had the keenest sense of life20 8,the best bed is that which brings us the best sleep40 ,these aphorisms are as apt as those of ,franklin2 but in their exercise it is necessary to consider the concomitants brought into play4 mile is made an orphan2 thus ,rousseau gives himself full sway2 thus does he free himself from the necessity of constant consultation with parents4 ,he is determined to love the boy1 to encourage him in his sports1 to develop his amiable instincts1 his natural self4 mile must not cry for the sweets of life2 he must have a need for all things rather than a joyful desire for some4 ,instead of teaching virtue to him1 ,rousseau will try to shield him from a knowledge of all vice4 ,where ,plato recommends certain pastimes1 he will train mile to delight in himself--thus making of him something of a youthful egoist4 ,this amba state1 endowed with all physical liberty1 deprived of all dignity of childish memory1 is to be the boyhood of mile4 ,he 8shall never learn anything by heart1 not even fables and not even those of ,la ,fontaine1 artless and charming as they are40 ,though he does not possess the judgment to discriminate1 he must be told the bare facts1 and he must discover for himself the relations which these facts bear to each other4 ,at the age of twelve1 he shall hardly know a book when he sees it4 ,rousseau calls books 8cheerless furniture40 ,so much for the boy2 the girl ,sophie fares as ill4 ,being of the woman kind as well as of the child brand1 she is to develop in even a more colourless fashion4 ,fortunately all theory is not human actuality1 and mile must have peopled his world in a way ,rousseau could not prevent4 ,we are given natural rights and hereditary endowments2 even the savage has his standards and his dreams4 ,rousseau's plan of existence ignored the social evolution of history4 ,yet mile might by such training have been saved many wearisome explanations of the ,mr4 ,barlow type1 and it is ofttimes true1 as ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,chesterton claims1 that the mysteries of ,god are frequently more understandable than the solutions of man4 ,there was much in ,rousseau's book to rouse opposition2 there was equally as much to appeal to those whose instinctive love of childhood was simply awaiting the flood gates to be opened4 ,like the ,grimm fairy tales of suspended animation1 on the instant1 the paternal instinct began to be active1 the maternal instinct to be motherly4 ,rousseau--emended1 modified1 accentuated--overran ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany4 ,children were now recognised as children2 it remained to be seen whether they were to be children4 ,the didactic era is in no way more fitly introduced than with the names of ,madame de ,genlis and ,arnaud ,berquin in ,france1 together with the ,edgeworth and ,aikin families and ,thomas ,day in ,england4 ,to each1 small space may be allotted1 but they are worthy of full and separate consideration4 ,stphanie ,flicit ,ducrest de ,st4 ,aubin1 ,comtesse de ,genlis 7#agdf-ahcj71 is represented upon the library shelves by nearly a hundred volumes4 ,they were written during the course of a varied existence1 at the court of ,louis ,,xv and at home4 ,her ,mmoires are told in a facile and delightful style1 and indicate how she so thoroughly balanced the many conflicting elements in her duties that she remains for those days a rare example of wife1 mother1 society woman1 and student4 ,her discernment of people1 as revealed in these pages1 was penetrating and on the whole just2 and1 though a typical product of her time1 her nature was chastened by a refined and noble spirit4 ,the first glimpse she affords of herself is as a child of six1 when she was taken to ,paris4 ,there1 her brother was placed at a seat of learning1 where the master guaranteed within six weeks' time to teach him reading and spelling by means of a system of counters4 ,the little girl's teeth were shedding--not a prepossessing phase of growth at best4 ,but1 in addition1 she was encased in whalebone stays1 her feet were squeezed into tight shoes1 her curls done up in corkscrew papers1 and she was forced to wear goggles4 ,the height of cruelty now followed4 ,country-bred as she had been1 her manner was not in accord with the best ideas2 her awkwardness was a matter of some concern4 ,in order to give better poise to her head1 a thick iron collar was clapped upon her supple throat4 ,here she was then1 ready for regular lessons in walking4 ,to run was to court disfavour1 for little girls1 especially city ones1 were not allowed to do such an improper thing2 to leap was an unspeakable crime2 and to ask questions was an unwarranted license4 ,it is small wonder that later on she should utilise the memory of such abject slavery in 8,the ,dove10 one of the numerous plays included in her 8,theatre of ,education40 ,her early years thus prepared ,madame de ,genlis for the willing acceptance of any new educational system1 especially one which would advocate a constant companionship between parents and child4 ,for she had been reared with but exceptional glimpses of her father and mother2 during one of these times she relates how the former1 in his desire to make her brave1 forced her to catch spiders in her hands4 ,such a picture is worthy a place by the side of ,little ,miss ,muffet4 ,like all children1 ,madame de ,genlis was superior to her limited pleasures2 she possessed an imagination which expanded and placed her in a heroic world of her own making4 ,there is peculiar pleasure in discovering under narrow circumstances the good1 healthy spirit of youth4 ,madame de ,genlis seemed proud to record a certain dare-devil rebellion in herself during this period4 ,the pendulum that is made to swing to its unnatural bent brings with the downward stroke unexpected consequences4 ,and so1 when she married ,de ,genlis1 it is no surprise to read that she did so secretly--a union which is most charmingly traced in the ,memoirs4 ,she developed into a woman with deep religious sensibility2 with forceful personality2 with artistic talent1 well exemplified by a masterly execution on the harp4 ,living in an atmosphere of court ftes1 the drama occupied no small part in her daily life4 ,whether at her ,chteau ,genlis or elsewhere1 she was ever ready for her rle in theatricals1 as dramatist or as actress4 ,she played in ,molire1 and was accounted excellent in her characters2 naught pleased her better than a disguise2 beneath it her vivacity always disported itself4 ,her interest in teaching began early2 no sooner was she a mother than she hastened to fix her opinions as to the duties that lay before her1 in a written treatise called 8,reflections of a ,mother ,twenty ,years of ,age10 views which in their first form were lost1 but which were rehabilitated in the later 8,adle et ,thodore10 consisting of a series of letters on education4 ,after her mind had been drawn to the style of ,buffon--for ,madame de ,genlis was a widely read woman--she determined upon improving her own manner of literary expression4 ,she burned her bridges behind her1 and fed the flames with all of her early manuscripts4 ,then she started over again to reconstruct her views1 and in her study she made careful notes of what she fancied of importance for her future use4 ,she was on intimate terms with ,rousseau1 took him to the theatre1 and conversed with him on education chiefly1 and about diverse matters generally4 ,if she did not agree with him1 ,madame de ,genlis was told that she had not as yet reached the years of discretion when she would find his writings suited to her4 ,but ,rousseau enjoyed the vivacious lady1 who was kind-hearted and worth while talking to1 notwithstanding the fact that she had the courtier's love of banter4 ,she writes3 8,not to appear better than ,i am1 ,i must admit that ,i have often been given to ridicule others1 but ,i have never ridiculed anything but arrogance1 folly1 and pedantry40 ,madame de ,genlis was not a hero-worshipper2 on first meeting ,rousseau1 his coat1 his maroon-coloured stockings1 his round wig suggested comedy to her1 rather than gravity4 ,we wonder whether she asked his advice regarding the use of pictures in teaching history1 a theory which she originated and which ,mrs4 ,trimmer was to follow in her ,bible lessons4 ,full as the days were1 ,madame de ,genlis1 nevertheless1 seems to have been able to give to her children every care and attention4 ,this must have won the unstinted commendation of ,rousseau1 who preached that a boy's tutor should be his father1 and not a hired person4 ,madame de ,genlis created her own theatre2 she wrote little comedies of all kinds1 which met with great success4 ,often these would be presented in the open air1 upon platforms erected beneath the shade of forest trees2 by means of the drama she sought to teach her daughters elementary lessons of life2 the stage to her was an educational force4 ,through the plays her popularity and reputation increased to such an extent1 that the ,electress of ,saxony demanded her friendship4 ,she became instructress to the children of the ,duke and ,duchess of ,chartres1 and she prided herself upon being the first in ,france to adopt the foreign method of teaching language by conversation4#ca ,the rooms for her royal pupils were fitted according to her special indications4 ,rough sketches were made upon a wall of blue1 representing medals1 busts of kings and emperors of ,rome4 ,dates and names were frescoed within easy view4 ,every object was utilised1 even to the fire screens1 which were made to represent the kings of ,france2 and over the balustrades were flung maps1 like banners upon the outer walls4 ,up and down such staircases1 and through such rooms wandered the cultivated flowers of royalty4 ,they did not suffer1 because their teacher was luckily human as well as theoretical2 because she had a vein of humour as well as a large seriousness4 ,her whole educational scheme is described in her 8,lessons of a ,governess0 and 8,adle et ,thodore40 ,when she engaged a tutor to attend to the special studies of the young prince in her charge1 she suggested the keeping of an hourly journal which would record the little fellow's doings--each night she1 herself1 to write critical comments upon the margins of every page4 ,in addition1 she kept a faithful record of everything coming within her own observation2 and this she read aloud each day to her pupils1 who had to sign their names to the entries4 ,but much to the chagrin of ,madame de ,genlis1 the ,duke and ,duchess refused to take the time to read the voluminous manuscripts2 they trusted to the wisdom and discretion of the teacher4 ,not a moment was lost during these busy periods2 history was played in the garden1 and civic processions were given with ponies gaily caparisoned4 ,even a real theatre was built for them4 ,royalty was taught to weave1 and was taken on instructive walks and on visits to instructive places4 ,but1 through all this artificiality1 the woman in ,madame de ,genlis saved the teacher4 ,the latter part of her eventful life was filled with vexations1 for the thunders of the ,french ,revolution rolled about her4 ,a short while before the storm broke1 she went on a visit to ,england1 where she came in contact with ,fox and ,sheridan1 with ,walpole and ,reynolds2 and where she paid a special visit to the ,house of ,commons and was a guest at ,windsor4 ,all told1 here was a writer for children1 self-conscious and yet ofttimes spontaneous in her style4 ,she is interesting because of herself1 and in spite of many of her literary attempts4 ,she is little read to-day1 in fact rarely mentioned among juvenile book lists2 education killed a keen perception and vivacity by forcing them along prescribed lines4 ,one glimpse of ,madame de ,genlis in old age is recorded by ,maria ,edgeworth1 who called on her in #ahjc4 8,she came forward1 and we made our way towards her as well as we could1 through a confusion of tables1 chairs1 and work-baskets1 china1 writing-desks and inkstands1 and bird-cages and a harp4444 ,she looked like the full-length picture of my great-great-grandmother ,edgeworth you may have seen in the garret1 very thin and melancholy1 but her face not so handsome as my great-grandmother's2 dark eyes1 long sallow cheeks1 compressed1 thin lips1 two or three black ringlets on a high forehead1 a cap that ,mrs4 ,grier might wear1--altogether an appearance of fallen fortunes1 worn-out health1 and excessive but guarded irritability4 ,to me there was nothing of that engaging1 captivating manner which ,i had been taught to expect by many even of her enemies2 she seemed to me to be alive only to literary quarrels and jealousies2 the muscles of her face as she spoke1 or as my father spoke to her1 quickly and too easily expressed hatred and anger whenever any not of her own party were mentioned40 ,a frontispiece to the #ahjb edition of ,arnaud ,berquin's 7#agdi-agia7 works represents his bust being garlanded and crowned1 and his 8,l',ami des ,enfans0 being regarded by a group of admirers1 both young and old4 ,but though this very volume was received with honours by the ,french ,academy1 and though by it ,berquin claims his right to immortality1 ,french children of the present refrain from reading him as systematically as we refrain from reading 8,sandford and ,merton10 which1 as it happens1 ,berquin translated into ,french4 ,there are popular editions of 8,l',ami des ,enfans10 but children do not relish the tameness of such moral literature4 ,the editor detailed to write ,berquin's short life1 which was spent in the study of letters1 and in following up one 8,ami0 by another1 sacrifices incident and fact for encomium4 ,it is easy to claim for ,berquin modesty and goodness during his residence in his native town near ,bordeaux and after his arrival in ,paris during #aggb2 it is interesting to know that he was encouraged to use his talents by the praise of his friends1 but far more valuable would it have been to tell just in what manner he reached that ethical state which overflowed in his 8,l',ami des ,enfans10 published during the years #aghb and #aghc4 ,the full purport of the volume is summed up exuberantly in the following paragraph3 8,quelle aimable simplicit6 quel naturel6 quel sentiment naf respirent dans cette ingnieuse production6 ,au lieu de ces fictions extravagantes1 et de ce merveilleux bizarre dans lesquels on a si longtemps gar l'imagination des enfans1 ,berquin ne leur prsente que des aventures dont ils peuvent tre tmoins chaque jour dans leur famille40 ,the tales and playlets written by ,berquin are almost immoral in their morality4 ,it is a question whether the interest of children will become absorbed by the constant iteration of virtue2 whether goodness is best developed through the exploitation of deceit1 of lying1 of disobedience1 and of wilful perverseness4 ,to be kind means to be rewarded1 to be bad is synonymous with punishment4 ,berquin and his followers might have drawn up a moral code book in pocket form1 so stereotyped was their habit of exacting an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth4 ,what are the punishments of vanity1 what the outcome of playing when the afternoon task is to watch the sheep8 ,the pictures made to illustrate the stories depict boys and girls kneeling in supplication1 while the grown persons almost invariably stand in disdainful attitude4 ,the children who would be their own masters and go out in a boat1 despite parental warning1 are upset3 there is the algebraic formula4 8,plainness the ,dress of ,use0 is probably a worthy subject for a tale1 and 8,a ,good ,heart ,compensates for ,many ,indiscretions0 a pathetic title for a play4 ,but young people as a general rule are not maudlin in their feelings2 even granting that there are some given that way1 they should not be encouraged in holding a flabby standard of human1 as well as of divine1 justice4 8,l',ami des ,enfans0 is filled with such sentimental mawkishness4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,edgeworths2 ,,thomas ,,day2 ,,mrs4 ,,barbauld2 ,,and ,,dr4 ,,aikin4 ,at the early age of twenty-three1 ,richard ,lovell ,edgeworth 7#agdd-ahag7 decided to educate his son1 ,richard1 according to the principles set down by ,rousseau4 ,he thrust the little fellow back into a state of nature by taking his shoes and stockings off and by cutting the arms from all his jackets4 ,but1 try as he did in every way to make a living mile out of young ,richard1 the father found that the theories did not work4 ,when he took the luckless boy to ,paris and called upon ,rousseau1 there ensued an examination of results1 and the sum-total was pronounced a failure4 ,hon4 ,emily ,lawless writes in some glee3 8,it is impossible to read without a smile of the eminently unphilosophic wrath expressed by the sage1 because each time that a handsome horse or vehicle passed them on their walk1 his temporary charge--a child of seven--invariably cried out1 #8,that's an ,english horse6' 444 a view which he solemnly pronounced to be due to a sadly early #8propensity to party prejudice'64440 ,edgeworth lost entire faith in the practical application of the ,rousseau scheme in after years2 but the lasting effect it seems to have produced upon the unfortunate victim was to place him in the ranks of mediocrity1 for he was hardly ever spoken of thereafter by his family2 and in order to remove himself from further disturbance1 as soon as he reached years of discretion1 he hastened to place miles between himself and the scenes of his youth2 ,richard came to ,america4 ,edgeworth's love affairs--for four times he was married--are involved1 and do not concern us1 save as they effect ,thomas ,day4 ,but1 personally1 he enters our plan as influencing his daughter1 ,maria ,edgeworth 7#agfg-ahdi71 with whom he wrote 8,practical ,education40 ,there are some men--and ,edgeworth was bordering on the type--who assume an almost dreadful position in a household2 who torture the mind of boy or girl by prying1 and by wishing to emphasise hidden meaning in everything2 who make children fear to ask questions lest a lecture1 dry and unoriginal1 be the penalty4 ,such men have a way of fixing youth with intense1 severe gaze--of smiling with a fiendish self-complacency over their own superiority--of raising their eyebrows and reprimanding should the child be watching the flight of a sparrow instead of being ever alert for an unexpected question or bit of information which a grown person might put to him on earth4 ,such men are the kind who make presents of ,cobbet's 8,advice to ,young ,men10 and who write mistaken sentiments of nobility on the fly-leaf of ,samuel ,smiles's 8,self-,help40 ,edgeworth's redeeming trait was his earnest desire to bring the best within reach of his children1 and he considered his severity the proper kind of guidance for them4 ,whatever sin of commission is to be laid to his charge1 it is nevertheless true that it was not so great as to destroy the love ,maria had for him4 ,the literary critic has to reckon with the total amount of effect his teaching1 his personal views had upon the writings of his daughter4 ,that he did influence her is certain1 and nowhere more thoroughly shown than in her work for children4 ,in theory this work traces its origin to ,rousseau1 while in its modelling it bears a close relationship to ,madame de ,genlis and to ,berquin4 ,banish dolls is the cry in 8,practical ,education10 and if you have toys in the nursery at all1 let them be of a useful character--not mechanical novelties1 but cubes1 cylinders1 and the like4 ,place before children only those pictures which deal with familiar objects1 and see to it that the pose of every figure1 where there are figures1 is natural2 a boy once went with ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds through an art gallery1 and invariably he turned with displeasure away from any form represented in a constrained attitude4 ,this is the general tone of the ,edgeworths as teachers4 ,the set notions that fill the pages of 8,practical ,education0 often border on the verge of bathos4 ,they leave no room for the exercise of spontaneous inclination2 by their limitations1 they recognise no great amount of common sense in others4 ,they create in one a desire at times to laugh1 and again a desire to shake the authors who were in the frame of mind to hold such views4 ,there are certain instincts which are active by reason of their own natures1--and one is the love of parent for offspring4 ,we even accredit the wild animal with this quality4 ,when the ,edgeworths declare that 8,my dear1 have you nothing to do80 should be spoken in sorrow1 rather than in anger1 the advice irritates2 it is platitudinous2 it must have irritated many naturally good mothers1 even in those days when such a tone in writers was more the rule than the exception4 ,on the subject of books ,miss ,edgeworth and her father become more interesting1 though none the less startling in their suggestions4 ,one of ,maria's early tasks in #aghb had been to translate 8,adle et ,thodore02 to her this book was worthy of every consideration4 ,in the choice of reading for young folks1 the two do not reach very much beyond their own contemporaries3 ,mrs4 ,barbauld's 8,lessons10 the ,aikin's 8,evenings at ,home10 ,berquin's 8,l',ami des ,enfans10 ,day's 8,sandford and ,merton0 were recommended4 ,and in addition there were mentioned ,madame de ,silleri's stories1 known as the 8,theatre of ,education10 ,madame de la ,fite's 8,tales0 and 8,conversations10 and ,mrs4 ,smith's 8,rural ,walks40 ,despite the fact that fairy tales are at this period frowned upon as useless frivolities1 8,robinson ,crusoe10 8,gulliver's ,travels10 8,the ,three ,russian ,sailors10 and the 8,arabian ,nights' ,entertainment0 are suggested because of the interest and profit to be had in voyages and travels of all kinds4 ,fancy was thus held at a discount4 ,two books of nature are mentioned1 and curiously one is emphasised as of special value for children provided it is beforehand judiciously cut or blotted out here and there4 ,the ,edgeworths obtained this idea from an over-careful mother who was in the habit of acting as censor and editor of all juvenile books that found their way into her house4 ,in ,russia1 the authorities take an ink pad and stamp out the condemned passages of any book officially examined4 ,in the same summary manner1 ,english parents were advised to treat their children's stories4 ,the ,edgeworths went even further1 suggesting that1 besides striking out separate words with a pen1 it would be well to cut the undesirable paragraphs from the page1 provided by so doing the sense of the text on the reverse side was not materially interfered with4 ,to mark the best thoughts for young readers was also strongly recommended4 ,the authors are never wanting in advice4 ,if children are good1 what need is there to introduce them to evil in their stories8 ,evil is here meant in its mildest sense4 ,they should be kept from all contagion4 ,but bad boys and girls should be told to read1 in 8,the ,children's ,friend10 tales like 8,the ,little ,gamblers0 and 8,honesty is the ,best ,policy10 which will teach them1 by examples of wickedness1 to correct their ways4 ,such strange classification suggests that literature was to be used as a species of moral reformatory4 ,two significant facts are to be noted in this chapter on books3 there is an attempt to grade the literature by some age standard1 bringing to light a gap between four and seven years which may be offset by a similar gap to-day2 so1 too1 does there seem to have been1 then as now1 a great lack of history and biography4 ,the idea upon which the 8,parent's ,assistant0 was founded began to shape itself in ,miss ,edgeworth's mind early in life4 ,left alone for a short period with her younger brothers and sisters1 she manufactured tales for their edification1 many of which1 in after years1 she utilised4 ,in #agif she gathered together and published some of her best stories1 among them 8,the ,purple ,jar0 and 8,lazy ,laurence40 8,simple ,susan0 would probably not be so widely emphasised were it not for the fact that ,sir ,walter ,scott recorded 8that when the boy brings back the lamb to the little girl1 there is nothing for it but to put down the book and cry40 ,miss ,edgeworth and her father had much preferred that the book be called 8,the ,parent's ,friend10 for lodged in the former's memory were disagreeable thoughts of an old-time arithmetic which had plagued her early years1 and was named 8,the ,tutor's ,assistant40 ,the theatricals performed in the ,edgeworth household afforded much pleasure4 ,it is very likely that the custom was gleaned from ,madame de ,genlis4 ,plays were written for every festive season4 ,the publication of the 8,parent's ,assistant0 suggested the acting of some of the playlets contained in the book4 ,there seem to have been two theatres1 one fitted up just over ,richard ,lovell's study1 and another temporary stage erected in the dining-room4 ,here1 one evening1 was enacted the exemplary dialogue of 8,old ,poz10 where a poor man is suspected1 by a ,justice1 of stealing what a magpie has in reality secreted4 ,lucy1 the good little daughter1 clears the innocent fellow1 upon whom her father sits in very stern1 very unreasonable1 and most unnatural judgment4 ,irritable to a degree1 the ,justice1 who is positive about everything1 shuts up any one who gainsays a word contrary to his obstinacy1 but 8,oh1 darling10 he remarks to his daughter1 after her excellent deed1 8you shall contradict me as often as you please40 ,this method is neither more nor less than poisonous2 it is polluted with a certain license which no good action ever sanctions4 ,there is small doubt that children see the absurdity of it1 for it cheapens right-doing in their eyes4 ,the compensating balance of good and bad is exercised to a monotonous degree in ,miss ,edgeworth's tales4 ,there are the meek1 innocent girl1 and the proud1 overbearing girl in 8,the ,bracelet02 the heedless1 extravagant boy1 and the thoughtful1 thrifty boy in 8,waste ,not1 ,want ,not40 ,disaster follows disaster2 reward courts reward4 ,not content with using these extremes of human nature in one story1 ,miss ,edgeworth rings the changes1 slightly altered in form1 in others of her tales4 8,the ,purple ,jar0 in substance is the same as 8,waste ,not1 ,want ,not02 the moral applications are identical4 ,one has but to glance through the pages of the latter story to note its didactic pattern4 ,yet ,miss ,edgeworth possessed her literary excellencies in human characterisation1 in that power of narrative which gained effect1 not through ornamentation1 but through deep knowledge of the real qualities of common existence4 ,the dominant fault is that she allowed her ultimate object to become crystallised into an overshadowing bulwark1 a danger which always besets the 8moral0 writer1 and produces the ethical teacher in a most obtruding form4 ,when ,miss ,edgeworth's little girl sprains her ankle and her father picks her up1 she consciously covers her leg with her gown4 ,fate seems never to have worked so swiftly1 so determinedly1 as in those tales where thoughtless boys on their walks had the consequences of their bad acts visited upon them during the homeward journey4 ,the hungry1 the lame1 the halt1 the blind turn unexpected corners1 either to wince beneath the jeers of one type of mortal child1 or to smile thanks to the other kind for a gentle word or a much-needed penny4 ,no one can wholly condemn the tale1 typified by ,miss ,edgeworth's 8,parent's ,assistant40 ,childhood is painted in quaint1 old-fashioned colours1 even though the staid little heroes and heroines have no interests4 ,they take information into their minds as they would take physic into their bodies4 ,they are all normal types1 subjected to abnormal and unnaturally successive temptations1 and given very exacting consciences4 ,a writer in ,blackwood's becomes indignant over such literary treatment3 8,they the girls have good reason to expect from these pictures of life1 that if they are very good and very pious1 and very busy in doing grown-up work1 when they reach the mature age of sixteen or so1 some young gentleman1 who has been in love with them all along1 will declare himself at the very nick of time2 and they may then look to find themselves1 all the struggles of life over1 reposing a weary head on his stalwart shoulder4444 ,mothers1 never in great favour with novelists1 are sinking deeper and deeper in their black books1--there is a positive jealousy of their influence2 while the father in the religious tale1 as opposed to the moral and sentimental1 is commonly either a scamp or nowhere4 ,the heroine has1 so to say1 to do her work single-handed40 ,what is true of these young people is therefore likewise true of their grown-up associates4 ,they have definite personalities1 and they are either monstrosities of excellence or demons of vice and temper4 ,but here also a careful distinction was preserved4 ,mr4 ,lucas says in his 8,old-,fashioned ,tales03 8,the parents who can do no wrong are very numerous2 but they are1 it should be pointed out1 usually the parents of the central child4 ,there are very often parents and relations of other and subsidiary children whose undesirable habits are exceedingly valuable by way of contrast40 ,despite the fact that there is so much to condemn in this genre of writing1 ,miss ,edgeworth was endowed with that sober sense and inexhaustible power of invention claimed for her by critics of the period4 ,her care for detail1 her exhibition of small actions that mark the manners of all people in different walks of life1 were distinguishing features of her skill4 ,with her father ,miss ,edgeworth laboured on other things besides the 8,practical ,education02 while the two were preparing the essay on 8,irish ,bulls10 published in #ahjb1 she plainly states that the first design was due to him1 and that in her own share she was sedulously following the ideas suggested by him4 ,throughout her autobiographical data she offers us many glimpses of that family unity which existed--whether from voluntary desire or because of the domineering grip of ,edgeworth1 is not stated4 ,she was continuously solicitous for his welfare1 not through any forced sense of duty1 but because of her desire to give pleasure in small ways2 she found it agreeable to sit of an evening doing needle work1 while ,edgeworth 8read out0 ,pope's ,homer4 ,in the course of such hours she first became acquainted with ,scott's 8,lady of the ,lake0 and 8,waverley40 ,the friendship between ,miss ,edgeworth and ,scott was deep and cordial2 one was not without abiding influence on the other4 ,she describes with graphic pen the first sound of his voice at ,abbotsford2 and the biographer has no more agreeable material to work upon than her fortnight spent as a guest of the novelist1 and his return visit to ,edgeworthtown in #ahbe4 ,for a man whose avowed detestation of women was well known to every one1 ,thomas ,day 7#agdh-aghi7 succeeded in leading a life of romantic variety4 ,yet he was not a person of strong passion2 in fact1 was more inclined to brooding melancholy4 ,his intimacy with the ,edgeworth family began when he met ,richard ,lovell at ,oxford2 and it was when he saw the training of mile applied to his friend's son that his mind was seized with the idea of carrying out a similar scheme himself4 ,he held a great contempt for dress2 and his numerous vagaries regarding the conduct and duties of a wife were so pronounced that it is most likely they came between himself and ,maria ,edgeworth1 with whom it is thought there was some romantic understanding4 ,unlike ,edgeworth1 ,day had no child to experiment upon4 ,so he set about 8breeding up0 two girls1 away from conflicting influences1 and according to nature4 ,one was obtained from an orphan asylum1 and was known as ,sabrina ,sidney2 the other1 called ,lucretia1 was taken from a ,foundling ,hospital4 ,in order to give a moral tone to the situation1 these girls were bound out to ,edgeworth1 who was a married man4 ,not many knew that ,day had hastened with both of the damsels to ,avignon4 ,here he began to educate them with the intention of training one for his future wife4 ,events did not progress smoothly1 however2 the girls quarrelled as saints would have quarrelled under the circumstances1 and they occupied their time by falling out of boats and having smallpox4 ,what their schooling consisted of may be imagined from the fragment of a letter written by ,sabrina to ,mr4 ,edgeworth3 8,i hope ,i shall have more sense against ,i come to ,england--,i know how to make a circle and an equilateral triangle--,i know the cause of day and night1 winter and summer40 ,at the advanced age of twenty-two--even younger than ,edgeworth when he first became imbued with the ,rousseau doctrines--,day returned to ,lichfield--the home of ,johnson and of ,dr4 ,charles ,darwin--bringing with him his charges3 ,lucretia1 who was hopelessly dull1 and ,sabrina1 who proved the favourite and was by far the more attractive of the two1 with her fetching auburn ringlets1 her long amorous eyelashes1 and her very melodious voice4 ,the young ladies had failed to become thoroughly steeled against the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune4 ,in most respects they persisted in remaining like the average woman with sensibility4 ,when hot sealing-wax was dropped upon the shapely arm of ,sabrina1 to harden her against the fear of pain1 she refused to behave heroically2 when a pistol was fired at her petticoats--a volley of lead for all she knew--her screams and frantic jumps indicated that her nerves were not impervious to the unexpected4 ,day did not fail to show his disgust and disappointment4 ,while ,sabrina was at boarding-school1 he hastened to forget all about her1 and fell in love with ,honora ,sneyd1 whose fame chiefly rests upon the fact that she was once courted by ,major ,andr4 ,to make the situation more awkward1 ,edgeworth1 despite his married state1 likewise possessed strong affection for the same lady4 ,she refused ,day1 and what followed contains the zest of a wicked little comedy4 ,he fell ill1 and had to be bled2 then he summoned up sufficient strength to escape to ,france with ,edgeworth1 who felt it best to remove himself from temptation4 ,it was during this trip that he visited ,rousseau with poor little ,richard4 ,but before crossing the ,channel1 ,day had succeeded in transferring his affections to ,honora's sister1 ,elizabeth4 8,go10 she said to him in substance1 8try to assume some of the graces that you sorely lack4 ,learn to dress stylishly1 and be taught the proper curl for a wig4 ,train yourself into a fashionable-looking husband1 and come back to me40 ,thus commanded1 ,day spent many weary hours wielding the foil1 and being carried through the intricacies of the dance4 ,and those legs of his--how he put them into exercise1 hoping against hope to straighten them ere he returned to ,england6 ,but there was evidently no improvement in the end1 for when the lady saw him1 she unhesitatingly refused him4 ,it is sufficient to say that1 in time1 ,edgeworth married both sisters1 ,death regarding kindly his love of novelty4 ,with affections thus left high and dry1 ,day turned once more to ,sabrina4 ,he had long ago discarded ,lucretia1 who apprenticed herself to a milliner1 and later became the wife of an honest draper4 ,but ,sabrina was fair to look upon and ,day saw no reason why she should not satisfy his ideas of wifehood1 provided she would dress according to his tastes4 ,we applaud the shake of those auburn ringlets as she refused his wishes1 and thus escaped matrimony with him4#cb ,there was another lady upon whom this honour was to descend4 ,when ,miss ,milnes1 of ,wakefield1 was approached by ,day1 she was informed of all his requirements1 and was deceived as to none of his vagaries4 ,it must have been somewhat of a surprise to him when she accepted him1 outlandish attire and all2 and it is a pleasant disappointment to know that the marriage was a happy one1 despite the fact that ,mrs4 ,day insisted upon holding opinions of her own4 ,day was most content when he was theorising2 at the same time1 it must not be lost sight of that he had timely interests4 ,his feelings were strongly aroused against the state of negro slavery in ,america1 and he was earnest in his advocacy of parliamentary reform4 ,his great fault was that he was always carried to extremes whenever good motives prompted him4 ,his earnest concern for the poor1 during #agha1 was accompanied by stern denials of pleasures for himself1--well-nigh of the necessities of life4 ,day realised the failures of his theories as applied to grown people2 had he not done so1 we most likely would not have had 8,sandford and ,merton40 ,his attention was soon attracted to the infant mind as an unworked field2 the ,edgeworths were meeting success with their children's books2 he would attempt the same thing1 and so1 during #aghc1 #aghg1 and #aghi1 the three successive volumes of his famous story appeared--an elongated 8,waste ,not1 ,want ,not40 ,day had heretofore suggested a certain effeminate bearing in his character2 he recognised it1 and was now suddenly beset with a consuming desire to supplant this manner by an overtowering manliness1 by the exercise of firmness and strength4 ,but the new policy was to prove his undoing4 ,on the afternoon of ,september #bh1 #aghi1 he went to ride on an unbroken horse1 believing to curb him by the discipline of command rather than of the stock4 ,the animal took fright and threw him2 he received injuries from which he almost immediately died4 ,on the evidence of ,miss ,seward1 it is recorded that ,mrs4 ,day thereafter 8lay in bed1 into the curtains of which no light was admitted1 444 and only rose to stray alone through her garden when night gave her sorrows congenial gloom40 ,the estimate of such a work as 8,sandford and ,merton0 cannot be based upon modern standards2 all of the factors characteristic of the didactic writers for children1 such as persistent questioning1 the encyclopdic grown person in the shape of ,mr4 ,barlow1 and the monotonous interchange of narrative and dialogue1 are employed as vehicles for knowledge4 ,the book is unique1 inasmuch as it sought to supply a variety of stories suitable in style and content for the beginner4 8,the only method ,i could invent10 writes ,day1 8was to select such passages of different books as were most adapted to their experience and understanding4 ,the least exceptionable that ,i could find for this purpose were ,plutarch's ,lives1 and ,zenophon's ,history of the ,institution of ,cyrus1 in ,english translations2 with some part of ,robinson ,crusoe1 and a few passages in the first volume of ,mr4 ,brook's ,fool of ,quality40 ,in those days1 if authors are to be believed1 birds were in the habit of alighting on the hands of good children2 they are more timid now1 though children are not less good4 ,the poor boy was made to feel how kind the good rich boy was to him throughout his shocking adversity2 we are more considerate to-day4 ,and so1 ,tommy ,merton and ,harry ,sandford1 products of a stilted age1 are clad in uniforms similar to those worn by ,miss ,edgeworth's children4 ,they are endowed with no exceptional qualities1 with no defined will power2 they stand in a long row of similarly subjected slaves of theory4 ,miss ,agnes ,repplier calls this story one of her early moral pitfalls4 ,she read it at a period when information was being forced down her1 and 8which10 so she writes1 8,i received as responsively as does a ,strassburg goose its daily share of provender40 ,among the writers of this period1 none are more important than ,anna ,letitia ,aikin ,barbauld 7#agdc-ahbe74 ,her position is a unique one1 for1 being acquainted with all of her literary contemporaries and subject to their influence1 she stands in a transition stage4 ,through her mental independence1 she succeeded partially in breaking from the introspective method of motive-hunting1 and foreshadowed the possibilities of ,mrs4 ,hemans1 the ,bronts1 and ,mrs4 ,browning4 ,she was reared in an atmosphere of intellectuality by her father1 ,john ,aikin1 a professor and a man of advanced opinions regarding female instruction1 two points which argued for her less conventional mind and for her less stilted manner4 ,when she married ,rochemont ,barbauld1 who had been a student under her father1 and who was a non-conformist1 she was well versed in ,greek and ,latin1 and in every way was equipped to do literary work4 ,she was more or less influenced by her husband's religious independence2 he changed his congregation from ,english ,presbyterianism to ,unitarianism1 and it is not surprising to find the ,english public looking somewhat askance at ,mrs4 ,barbauld's fitness to write for children4 ,madame de ,genlis was in like fashion criticised for the religious views she held1 and we shall find ,miss ,more subject to the same scrutiny4 ,the ,aikins were the first to introduce the material lines in children's literature1 8but the more anxiously religious mothers felt a certain distrust of the absence of direct lessons in ,christian doctrines2 and ,mrs4 ,trimmer was incited to begin a course of writing for young people that might give the one thing in which1 with all their far superior brilliancy1 the ,aikins were felt to be deficient40 ,we are not concerned with all of ,mrs4 ,barbauld's work2 she used to write poetry1 some of it in repartee vein which struck the acute fancy of ,charles ,lamb2 her essays were of an exceptional order1 in a few instances expressed in imitation of ,johnson2 he himself had to acknowledge that of all who tried to ape him1 she was most successful4 ,her educational opinions1 sent from time to time in letters to ,mrs4 ,montague1 marked her ability as a teacher2 but the method that she believed in was well nigh ,socratic and ofttimes wearisome in its persistency2 history and geography were given to infant minds in the form of lectures4 ,around #ahjb ,william ,godwin1 of whom we shall have something to say later in his connection with the ,lambs1 wrote3 8,i think ,mrs4 ,barbauld's little books admirably adapted1 upon the whole1 to the capacity and amusement of young children4444 ,as far as ,mrs4 ,barbauld's books are concerned1 ,i have no difficulty4 ,but here my judgment and the ruling passion of my contemporaries divide4 ,they aim at cultivating one faculty2 ,i should aim at cultivating another4444 ,without imagination1 there can be no genuine ardour in any pursuit or for any acquisition1 and without imagination there can be no genuine morality1 in profound feeling of other men's sorrow1 no ardent and persevering anxiety for their interests4 ,this is the faculty which makes the man1 and not the miserable minuteness of detail about which the present age is so uneasy40 ,childless herself1 ,charles ,aikin was adopted by ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 the little ,charles of 8,early ,lessons for ,children10 composed especially for him4 ,the latter work was followed by 8,hymns in ,prose for ,children10 consisting of translations from all tongues1 put into simple language1 and not into verse1 for fear they might fail to reach the comprehension otherwise4 ,these hymns are probably most representative of ,mrs4 ,barbauld's individual writings1 for the work by which she is best known1 the 8,evenings at ,home10 was written in collaboration with her brother1 ,dr4 ,aikin4 ,in the 8,evenings0 a new tone is detected2 despite a stilted style1 the two authors aroused an interest in external objects1 and1 by their descriptions and suggestions1 attempted to infuse meaning into the world surrounding the child4 ,this small departure from the sectarian tendency prevailing in so much of the literature of that period1 imperceptible though it may be1 was due to a shifting of attitude toward women which was taking place in ,england4 ,mrs4 ,barbauld might be considered a 8bold0 example of feminine intellect reaching out for a larger sphere4 ,we read that ,fox was surprised that a woman could exhibit such clearness and consistency of viewpoint as were to be discovered in such of her essays as 8,monastic ,institutions02 and there were others who wondered at the alertness and interest she manifested in all matters pertaining to public affairs4 ,her force of intellect pleased some1 her manner others4 ,scott confessed that her public reading of poetry inspired him to court the muse2 ,wordsworth unfolded so far as to envy the beauty of her stanzas on 8,life10 which toward the end contain these attractive1 hopeful1 and faith-abiding lines3 8,life6 we've been long together1 ,through pleasant and through cloudy weather2 ',tis hard to part when friends are dear2 ,perhaps 'twill cost a sigh1 a tear2 ,then steal away1 give little warning1 ,choose thine own time2 ,say not good-night1 but in some brighter clime1 ,bid me good-morning40 ,mrs4 ,barbauld was one of a group of women writers1 seeking through the force of their opinions to destroy the conventional barriers which kept the exercise of feminine minds within prescribed bounds4 ,harriet ,martineau has outlined the tyrannical limitations which beset a young girl of the early nineteenth century2 decorum stood for mental annihilation4 ,when genteel persons came to call at the home of ,jane ,austen1 the latter1 out of regard for family feeling1 and for fear of being thought forward and unmaidenly1 was constrained to cover her manuscript with a muslin scarf4 ,mrs4 ,barbauld did not make any revolutionary declaration1 nor attempt any public defiance of custom2 however1 she did1 by her reaching toward the manifest facts of life1 secularise our concern for the common things about us4 ,she encouraged1 through her plea for the freedom of thought1 the movement which resulted in the emancipation of her sex1 and which found vent1 on the one hand1 in ,mary ,wollstonecraft's#cc 8,the ,right of ,woman0 7#agib7 and1 on the other1 with more determined force1 in ,john ,stuart ,mill's 8,on the ,subjection of ,women0 7#ahfi74 ,as this freedom became more and more assured1 there underwent a change in the educational attitude2 a girl's mind had something more to work on than the motto of a sampler2 her occupations became somewhat altered4 ,and the women writers began to emphasise1 in their stories for children1 the individual inclinations of hero and heroine4 ,wherever ,charles ,lamb discourses upon books1 he assumes the critical attitude that deals with literature as a living force1 as something built for human appeal4 ,he met ,mrs4 ,barbauld and ,mrs4 ,trimmer on several occasions1 and we can imagine the delight he took in shocking their ladylike senses by his witty and sudden remarks4 ,at one period some dispute and ill-feeling existed between himself and ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 due to a false report that she had lampooned his drama1 8,john ,woodvil40 ,elia was not the sort of literary devotee to sanction anemic literature for children2 his plea was for the vitalising of the nursery book4 ,on ,october #bc1 #ahjb1 he wrote to ,coleridge3 8,mrs4 ,barbauld's stuff has banished all the old classics1 444 and the shopman at ,newbery's hardly deign'd to reach them off an exploded corner of a shelf1 when ,mary ask'd for them4 ,mrs4 ,b's and ,mrs4 ,trimmer's nonsense lay in piles about4 ,knowledge insignificant and vapid as ,mrs4 ,b's books convey1 it seems1 must come to a child in the shape of knowledge1 and his empty noddle must be turned with conceit of his own powers1 when he has learnt that a horse is an animal1 and ,billy is better than a horse1 and such like2 instead of that beautiful interest in wild tales which made the child a man while all the time he suspected himself to be no bigger than a child40 ,he saw the penalty that lay in cramming the child with natural history instead of furnishing him with some creative appeal4 ,we can forgive ,elia all his pranks when he thus pleads the genial claim of imagination2 if1 in a witty vein1 he called ,mrs4 ,barbauld and ,mrs4 ,inchbald the 8bald0 old women1 we must understand that ,lamb had his petulant hours1 and that children's literature of the day was sufficient to increase them6 ,the purport of 8,evenings at ,home0 is instruction4 ,within the compass of a few pages1 objects crowd one upon the other as thick and as fast as virtues do in ,miss ,edgeworth4 ,such keenness and alertness in observing common things1 as are cultivated in 8,eyes and ,no ,eyes10 stagger the intellect4 ,it is well to teach your young companions to feel the hidden possibilities of nature and to cultivate within them a careful observation2 but there is a vacation time for the mind1 and the world1 though it may be a school-room1 is also a very healthy place to play in4 ,mr4 ,andrews1 the immaculate teacher1 is represented by the artist1 in my copy of the book1 as seated in a chair1 with a compass in one hand resting upon a book1 while behind him stretches the outline of a map2 the two boys stand in front of him like prisoners before the bar4 ,here then is a new algebraic formula in the literature for the young4 ,mrs4 ,barbauld thus represents a transition stage in juvenile writing2 education and narrative walk side by side4 ,she made it possible1 in the future1 for ,peter ,parley and for ,rollo to thrive4 ,thomas ,day foreshadowed the method of retelling incidents from the classics and from standard history and travel1--a form which is practised to a great extent by our present writers1 who thread diverse materials on a slender wire of subsidiary story1 and who1 like ,butterworth and ,knox1 invent untiring families of travellers who go to foreign parts1 who see things1 and then who talk out loud about them4 ,but before this secularisation gained marked hold1 a new tributary is to be noted1 which flowed into the moral stream1--a tributary which afforded the moral impulse a definite field to work in1 which centred its purpose upon a distinct class4 ,for heretofore the writers of juvenile literature had aimed for a general appeal4 ,the struggle was now to be between the ,sunday-school and the text-book4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,sunday-,,school2 ,,raikes2 ,,hannah ,,more2 ,,mrs4 ,,trimmer4 ,if the ,sunday-school movement had not assumed some proportions about this time1 it would have been necessary to create a practical outlet for the moral energy which dominated the authors of whom we have been writing4 ,had ,robert ,raikes not conceived his plan when he did1 the ethical impulse would have run riot in a much wilder fashion1 and would have done no good at all4 ,for1 whatever may be said against the old-time ,sunday-school in a critical vein1 one cannot ignore that its establishment brought immediate benefit4 ,as it was1 the new institution furnished the objective point for which the didactic school was blindly groping1 and developed the idea of personal service4 ,the social ideal was beginning to germinate4 ,robert ,raikes 7#agce or #f-ahaa7 was by profession a printer4 ,he was of benevolent disposition and met with much to arouse his sympathy for the lower classes1 whom he found indifferent to religion and hopelessly uncouth in their daily living4 ,with the religious revival which swept through ,england around #aggj1 caused by the preaching of ,george ,whitefield1 ,raikes began his work in earnest1 first among the city prisons1 where he was brought in contact with surprising conditions which had long lain in obscurity because of a wide-spread public indifference4 ,his observation thus trained to follow along this particular social line1 he soon became attracted toward the children apprenticed to a certain pin factory4 ,he saw that the discipline of work1 however exacting1 however it denied them the care and attention due to all young persons1 was the only restrictive guidance they had4 ,when ,sunday came1 they ran wild1 relieved of duty1 and not imbued with any idea of personal control4 ,their elders were living immoral lives2 they had no opportunity or incentive to improve2 and their natural inclination was to follow animal impulse and blind desire4 ,to such a religious man as ,raikes1 the mandate1 8,suffer little children to come unto me10 was most naturally suggested by such circumstances4 ,some means of occupying these children on the ,sabbath day must be devised4 ,so it was that on ,january #bf1 #agha1 the first ,sunday-school was opened4 ,raikes poured his whole energy into organization1 and1 through the medium of his own paper1 the ,gloucester ,journal1 spread broadcast his written suggestions about the work to be done1 and his descriptions of the particular localities which most needed attention4 ,he was in a position to gain publicity1 and his own personal earnestness counted for a great deal4 ,already we have noted his relationship to ,newbery1 whose literary connections probably afforded ,raikes some assistance4 ,the movement had been of five years' growth1 when1 in #aghf1 ,raikes was summoned before ,king ,george ,,iii4 ,their ,majesties1 both the ,king and ,queen1 were interested by what they had heard1 and wished to know something more4 ,the ,queen was being almost daily enthused through the intensity of ,mrs4 ,trimmer's pleadings4 ,this good lady1 already known for her children's books1 had put into operation a ,sunday-school of her own at ,brentwood1 and it was to this that the ,king had paid a memorable visit1 leaving behind him a reputation for 8kind and condescending behaviour10 which won the hearts of all the children4 ,in this way was the official sanction placed upon ,christianity as a practical force2 there was even every prospect of starting a ,sunday-school at ,windsor4 8,a general joy reigns among the conductors10 cried the enthusiastic ,mrs4 ,trimmer1 when she realised what interest was being shown in every quarter4 ,the programme framed for ,raikes's little protgs was indeed sufficiently full to keep them from the highways4 ,he writes3 8,the children were to come after ten in the morning1 and stay till twelve2 they were then to go home and return at one2 and after reading a lesson1 they were to be conducted to ,church4 ,after ,church1 they were to be employed in repeating the catechism till after five1 and then dismissed1 with an injunction to go home without making a noise40 ,lamb and ,leigh ,hunt1 when together at ,christ ,hospital1 were regarded as veritable monks in their knowledge of the ,bible2 but these little waifs were slaves of a rigorous order2 there was nothing voluntary in their desire for spiritual light4 ,the time was to arrive when more sunshine was to be mixed with the teaching1 but in the beginning it was necessary for ,raikes to keep the ,sabbath forcibly observed rather than to devise a less exacting routine4 ,he went about1 untiring in his efforts2 he plead personally with parents1 besides hoping that1 through the moral instruction being given to their children1 they might be made to see the outlet for their own salvation4 ,years after1 testimony was obtained from the survivors of ,raikes's discipline4 ,one ,william ,brick had been a scholar of his1 and the memory of those days was vivid--perhaps a little too much so1 but none the less picturesque3 8,i can remember ,mr4 ,raikes well enough10 he said4 8,i remember his caning me4 ,i don't suppose ,i minded it much4 ,he used to cane boys on the back of a chair4 ,some terrible bad chaps went to school when ,i first went4444 ,i know the parents of one or two of them used to walk them to school with #ad-lb4 weights tied to their legs1 to keep them from running away4444 ,when a boy was very bad1 he would take him out of the school1 and march him home and get his parents to #8wallop' him4 ,he'd stop and see it done1 and then bring the young urchin back1 rubbing his eyes and other places4444 ,every one in the city loved and feared him40 ,such a scene is not prepossessing2 nor does moral suasion appear to have been as efficacious as the rod4 ,besides which1 ,raikes had a way of looking at a trembling victim through his reading-glass1 and exclaiming in thunderous voice3 8,ah1 ,i can see you did not say your prayers this morning40 ,an old man of eighty spoke of this circumstance with deep feeling2 and1 in awe-stricken tones1 he ended by saying3 8,the boys believed he could see through stone walls with that glass2 and it magnified his eye1 so that they were sometimes frightened1 and told wonderful stories about what ,mr4 ,raikes could do with his wonderful glass40 ,the immediate influence this movement had upon children's books was to create a demand for tracts4 ,later on1 after ,thomas ,carlyle1 in #ahci1 had plead the cause of ,london public libraries1 it suggested a special class of library as a part of the ,sunday-school machinery4 ,a general call was raised for juvenile books of a strictly religious nature1 with an appeal intended for a poorer class of readers4 ,miss ,hannah ,more represents the chief exponent of this grade of writing4 8,all service ranks alike with ,god10 says ,browning4 ,but these ladies1 who were untiring in their devotion to the cause1 who were1 in their parochial character1 forerunners of the social worker of to-day1 each was known through her special interest4 ,we speak of ,miss ,catherine ,sinclair1 author of 8,holiday ,house10 as the first to introduce benches in the parks of ,edinburgh1 as the originator of drinking-fountains1 as the founder of cooking-depots2 of ,priscilla ,wakefield as the originator of savings-banks for the poor2 of ,miss ,more as the author of tracts2 and of ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,oakes ,smith1 one of the forgotten ,new-,england writers1 as the first to draw attention to the condition of the newsboys4 ,mrs4 ,trimmer1 therefore1 is justly connected with the history of the development of ,sunday-schools4 ,in a tabular indication of the trend of juvenile literature1 ,sarah ,kirby ,trimmer 7#agda-ahaj7 may be said to have been a disciple of ,madame de ,genlis and of ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 quite as much as a follower of ,rousseau and of ,raikes2 she inherited from her father an overweening religious inclination1 and several glimpses of her in the society of the day reveal how deeply seated her serious nature was4 ,in ,london she talked with ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,mr4 ,gainsborough1 and ,mr4 ,hogarth1 and1 through recognised powers of reading aloud1 she charmed many of her friends4 ,but it was a hopeless situation to cope with in a young girl1 when1 a dispute having arisen between ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds and one of his friends1 ,sarah1 being called upon to settle the point--a doubtful passage in 8,paradise ,lost0--drew the volume from the pocket of her skirt6 ,at twenty-one she was married1 destined to be the mother of six sons and six daughters1 and no sooner was the first child born than she directed all of her attention1 as ,madame de ,genlis did1 to the subject of education4 ,wearisome it is to come in contact with a person of one idea4 ,mrs4 ,trimmer navely confesses in her journal that she must have worn out the patience of many a visitor with her views upon education4 ,as the years advanced1 her opinions became more narrowed and more sectarian4 ,mrs4 ,trimmer exhibited piety which was of the emotional1 almost of the hysterical kind1 yet sincere in its whole-souled acceptance of ,bible truths4 ,she questioned nothing2 she believed with a simple faith that lacked proportion4 ,one has to view her entirely from the standpoint of this single interest which had her under complete control4 ,in her 8,guardian of ,education0 she dwelt much upon the dangerous matter contained in children's books2 in her 8,new ,plan of ,education0 she condemned any attempt to extend the scope of education for the poor4 ,her chief motive in both cases was to keep away from faith any cause of its possible undoing4 ,the earnestness put into her charity work1 her untiring devotion to the ,sunday-school1 a certain gentle charm of conversation won for ,mrs4 ,trimmer wide-spread attention4 ,her life was guided by the belief in a divine mission2 her days were well ordered1 from the hours before breakfast1 which she reserved for the learning of poetry1 to the evenings1 when she would give herself up to meditation and prayer4 ,in fact1 during twenty-five years1 she kept a diary1 penned in secret moments of retreat1 a curious display of over-welling feeling--pietistical neurasthenia4 ,these pages are hardly to be considered interpretative--they are outpourings1 giving one an awful sense of unworthiness1 if life consists simply in submitting to biblical strictures and in uttering biblical paraphrases4 ,but ,mrs4 ,trimmer was withal an active little woman1 whose three hours1 spent every ,sunday over her journal1 represented meditation only3 in her practise of ,christianity she was zealous2 and her pen was employed in preparing the kind of food to foster a proper feeling among children and cottagers and servants4 ,in this latter respect there was a change indeed from ,miss ,edgeworth1 who considered the advisability of separating young people entirely from any possible contact with servants4 ,among her children and her grandchildren1 ,mrs4 ,trimmer exerted profound influence2 the ,sabbath day was observed with great strictness2 toys set aside while ,stackhouse's 8,commentary on the ,bible0#cd was brought forth to look at2 stories were told1 and the progress of ,bible heroes traced upon maps of the ,holy ,land4 ,the spirit of rest and peace followed ,mrs4 ,trimmer1 who was averse to reading books of controversy4 ,we are given a picture of her in her venerable old age1 walking with her grandson among the plants and flowers1 while she explained1 with a certain lyric simplicity1 the truths1 as she saw them with her meek spirit1 underlying the growth of the grass2 and described the flight of a sparrow which escaped not the notice of ,god4 ,there was thus unfolded to this little boy the holiness of all things in nature1 permeated with a divine grace2 he was made to consider the lilies of the field1 and not a bush but might become to him a burning flame1 not a stone but might be rent asunder by the resurrection of a dried-up seed4 ,mrs4 ,trimmer's 8,easy ,lessons for ,children10 her 8,easy ,introduction to the ,knowledge of ,nature10 her 8,sacred ,history for ,young ,persons10 and her works explaining the catechism1 were among the rare books available for the purposes of ,raikes's followers4 ,they were easily understood2 they explained satisfactorily for children1 according to grown-up standards1 certain religious teachings4 ,in the ,catholic church to-day1 ,mother ,loyola is said to possess that same ability to unfold the meaning of the most difficult doctrine so that ,catholic children can understand4 ,priests turn to her books rather than trust to their own interpretations4 ,the general interest aroused for the poor1 for the lower classes1 appealed to ,mrs4 ,trimmer2 she became wholly absorbed2 she wrote 8,the ,servant's ,friend0 and edited a 8,family ,magazine10 intended for their special instruction and amusement4 ,adopting ,madame de ,genlis's idea of using prints as a factor in nursery education1 she prepared a series of illustrations from ancient history and from the ,old ,testament2 and was further engaged in the simplification of ,roman and ,english history for young readers4 ,the book that has come down to us as representing ,mrs4 ,trimmer's work1 8,the ,history of the ,robins10 is a nature story of no mean value1 easy in narrative and full of appeal for very young persons who are interested in simple incident4 ,to ,american readers it is now available in a cut-up state1 for ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 in editing it1 called the style 8stilted0 and diffuse1 and thought that its unity could better be preserved by dealing only with the robins1 and not at all with the extraneous doings of the ,benson family4 ,when the ,lambs removed to ,enfield in #ahbg1 ,thomas ,westwood1 a boy of thirteen1 lived near them4 ,it was not long before he and ,elia were on intimate terms1 and he must have had exceptional merit for ,lamb to give him free entre to his books4 8,lamb10 so he has recorded1 8initiated me into a school of literature which ,mrs4 ,trimmer might not have considered the most salutary under the circumstances4 ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 ,webster1 ,farquhar1 ,defoe1 ,fielding1--these were the pastures in which ,i delighted to graze in those early years2 and which1 in spite of ,trimmer1 ,i believe did me less evil than good40 ,an alteration in attitude appears to have been going on in several directions2 the social strata were readjusting themselves4 ,for ,hannah ,more 7#agde-ahcc71 it is claimed1 stood at the parting of the roadways1 where clergymen and schoolmasters1 once frowned upon as quite inferior beings1 now took positions of a higher nature4 ,had ,miss ,more not thrown herself so heartily into the moral movement1 she might have occupied a much more important position in ,english letters than she does4 ,one cannot help feeling that1 by the part she took in the ,sunday-school development1 she sacrificed her genius to a cause4 ,in the biographies of these well-intentioned writers for children and for poor people1 it is always satisfactory to linger1 wherever opportunity presents1 on the genial aspects of their lives2 they are estimated in criticism so greatly by the weight1 or by the lack of weight1 of their ideas1 that the human value which existed at the time is often lost sight of4 ,however dry their preachments1 their social lives were warmed by human intercourse and human service4 ,it is hard to forget such a group as ,scott1 ,maria and ,patty ,edgeworth1 and others1 listening to ,patty while she sang ,irish melodies4 ,a similar scene is associated with ,sally and ,hannah ,more when they went to call on ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,he was not at home1 and the two1 left together in the autocrat's sanctum1 disported themselves in mock humour4 ,hannah approached his great chair1 and sat pompously in it1 hoping to catch some of his genius4 ,can you not hear ,johnson's laughter as he bluntly told her1 when he was informed of the incident1 that he rarely sat in that particular chair8 ,mrs4 ,barbauld was no less clever than ,hannah ,more in the handling of witty verse2 in fact1 the latter was ever ready with her gifts in the drawing-room1 and added generously her share to the circle gathered around the actor1 ,david ,garrick4 ,he it was who had sufficient faith in ,miss ,more's dramatic ability to present two of her plays4 ,even at that time she had a reputation among her associates for being very strict in her religious observances2 for one evening1 it being ,sunday1 and ,garrick not averse to piano-playing1 he turned to 8,nine10 as he called her1 thus indicating that she was a favoured one among the muses1 and told her to leave the room1 promising to call her back when the music was over4 ,hannah ,more's social work is to be considered from the year 7#aghi7 that ,mr4 ,wilberforce1 one of her close friends1 discovered the deplorable conditions existing in the districts around ,cheddarcliff4 ,her long intercourse with the ,garricks1 and her various literary endeavours which took form during #aghb in her 8,sacred ,dramas0 for the young1 have no direct bearing upon her connection with the religious movement which places her in the general scheme with ,robert ,raikes and ,mrs4 ,trimmer4 ,patty ,more had had1 at an earlier period1 large experience in school-teaching1 and this was to prove of inestimable service1 for it was with her assistance that ,hannah carried on the work in the ,mendip mining districts4 ,the two met with some opposition1 not only from the classes for whom they were specially striving1 but from those who1 less broad than themselves1 held views regarding the ,sunday-school that placed spirituality above the actual needs of the poverty-stricken communities4 ,but1 throughout1 the ,mores never swerved from their set purpose1 even though illness overtook them and made the situation still harder than it was4 ,for they were forced to ride many miles from their home1 at first unknown in the region they had elected to benefit1 a region cursed by ignorance1 plagued by license1 and wherein assault was a common incident4 8,miss ,wilberforce would have been shocked10 writes ,hannah ,more1 8could she have seen the petty tyrants whose insolence we stroked1 the ugly children we fondled1 the pointers and spaniels we caressed1 the cider we commended1 and the wine we swallowed40 ,a study of the centres established by these sisters1 and which gradually exerted an influence over twenty-eight miles of territory1 a distance traversed in a manner not unlike the journey of the circuit-riders who are to be met with throughout the mountain districts of the ,south1 would throw considerable light on ,english labour conditions as they then existed4 ,the setting is an isolated wild land1 thus described by ,miss ,more3 8,several of the grown-up youths had been tried at the last assizes2 three were the children of a person lately condemned to be hanged2 many thieves1--all ignorant1 profane1 and vicious beyond belief4 ,of this banditti1 we have enlisted #agj2 and when the clergyman1 a hard man1 who is also the magistrate1 saw these creatures kneeling around us1 whom he had seldom seen but to commit1 or punish in some way1 he burst into tears40 ,the work grew with the months1 and mention is soon made of nine hundred children flocking to a ,mendip feast--little ones whose brightest moments were centred in the regular visits of these ministering ladies4 ,miss ,more's powers were exerted toward counteracting the ideas being spread by the ,french ,revolution2 both high and low were struggling against them2 they nearly swamped the genius of ,wordsworth4 ,though she rejoiced in the fall of the ,bastille1 she deplored the deification of ,nature and the reign of ,reason1 and vented her sarcasm on the philosophy of ,paine4 ,her chief alarm was felt for the effect such opinions might have upon the middle class of ,england4 ,but1 despite her conservatism1 ,miss ,more was regarded as too strong-minded for religious work2 the ,high ,church accused her of too marked an independence4 ,she was advised1 much to her own amusement1 to publish a confession of her faith4 ,the discussion which ensued need not occupy us2 it may1 perhaps1 have infused into her juvenile tracts a more determined tone1 but it did not originally encourage her in their composition4 ,this was brought about through a desire to give the children of the poor districts religious literature as soon as they were able to read4 ,mrs4 ,trimmer was the only author then available1 and her books were too expensive for the masses4 ,the ,more sisters1 therefore1 soliciting the interest of the ,duke of ,gloucester1 brother of ,george ,,iii1 began the publication of the tracts1 three a month1 containing short talks1 ballads1 and moral tales4 ,these were scattered broadcast over the country4 ,the scheme lasted from #agid to #agig1 when they were forced to discontinue it1 for lack of pecuniary backing4 ,but1 during the time1 collections of 8,repository ,tracts0 had been brought into existence1 which1 for at least a quarter of a century1 were to stand representative of the best kind of reading for the poor4 ,a long list of books comprises the literary activity of ,hannah ,more1#ce but it is by such volumes as her 8,christian ,morals10 8,hints toward ,forming the ,character of a ,young ,princess ,charlotte1 ,princess of ,wales10 8,practical ,piety10 8,the ,spirit of ,prayer10 8,strictures on the ,modern ,system of ,female ,education10 and 8,thoughts on the ,importance of ,manners0 that her genuine art is overclouded4 ,in her 8,repository ,tracts10 she was content to approach the poor as a class1 nor was she willing to allow herself to forget for an instant that1 because of their poverty1 they were a type of inferior being4 ,her object was to make them content with their lot in life1 and to have them feel comfortable and worthy within their particular sphere4 ,they were potential with the strength that might place them at the head of their class1 but could not carry them outside of it4 ,an insurmountable barrier was thought to stretch between the high and low4 8,the ,shepherd of ,salisbury ,plain0 is considered the most famous of ,miss ,more's tracts4 ,they all are redolent with the common moral ideal1 but the local colour in them is real and the glimpses of the poor people1 their homes1 customs1 beliefs1 hopes1 and despairs are described with minute vividness and with much feeling4 ,whatever brightness they contain is the sort that is gained by way of contrast1--an ethical resolve to show that things are not so bad that they may not still be worse4 8,father10 says the little girl1 8,i wish ,i was big enough to say grace4 ,i am sure ,i would say it heartily to-day2 for ,i was thinking what poor people do who have no salt to their potatoes40 ,the standard is a narrow one2 the child who does not go to church is the bad child2 the lack of a new gown fades before the delights over owning a new ,bible4 ,instead of marking books1 as the ,edgeworths advised1 ,miss ,more italicised the passages worthy of memorising4 ,honest toil is the subject-matter of these stories2 the village is the scene of many a vexation4 ,the gaining of knowledge is only a means toward a better understanding of the catechism2 one's duty is to learn to read1 else the ,holy ,writ is a closed subject4 ,there is no aim to carry the children outside of themselves by means of the highest imagination2 they are told how they are to cope with their own environment1 how to remain satisfied with their own station4 ,they must be rich ,christians1 but still remain poor people4 ,although ,walpole retracted some of the harsh censure which he at first heaped upon ,hannah ,more1 he was not far wrong in his condemnation of her 8ill-natured strictures40 ,the person who does not recognise a tendency1 in all this literature1 8to protract the imbecility of childhood10 8to arrest the understanding instead of advancing it10 8to give forwardness without strength0 has failed to understand the true function of a child's book--to afford the nursery a good time1 is the way ,mr4 ,lucas expresses it4 ,was there not something in this religious one-sidedness to belittle the true dignity of the spirit8#cf ,heaven lies about us in our infancy1 and we find ourselves in a beautiful land of promise2 we are placed therein to face the years2 by experience1 by training1 by guidance along the lines of our own natures1 we are prepared to understand something of the character of the way we shall have to tread alone4 ,we should be made to face the future1 but not to discount the present4 ,we find ourselves defined by circumstances1 but we need not remain slaves to them4 ,to stigmatise a class in literature is to stigmatise a reader4 ,miss ,more and her contemporaries never questioned their social attitude--whether it was just or broad or transitory4 ,full of the pioneer work which they were doing1 they did not recognise the right for the poor which was already the right for the rich4 ,juvenile literature was not for the heart of all youth1 but for the benefaction of this one and of that4 ,and while the educational idea broadened and was to advance with the scientific spirit on the one hand1 on the other1 it had narrowed and was destined for a long1 monotonous struggle with the conscious ,sunday-school tale4 ,this character of story was flat and void1 and1 because removed from the reality of nature1 it was robbed of the inherent spirit of truth4 ,it identified religion with literary meekness4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,poets3 ,,watts2 ,,jane ,,and ,,ann ,,taylor2 ,,william ,,blake4 ,everything depends on the reality of a poet's classic character4 ,if he is a dubious classic1 let us sift him2 if he is a false classic1 let us explode him4 ,but if he is a real classic1 if his work belongs to the class of the very best 7for this is the true and right meaning of the word classic1 classical71 then the great thing for us is to feel and enjoy his work as deeply as ever we can1 and to appreciate the wide difference between it and all work which has not the same high character4 ,this is what is salutary1 this is what is formative2 this is the great benefit to be got from the study of poetry4 ,everything which interferes with it1 which hinders it1 is injurious4--,matthew ,arnold1 in 8,the ,study of ,poetry40 ,we have progressed sufficiently in our outline to begin showing the links that bind the past with the present4 ,to dwell upon more writers of the generation just treated is simply to repeat the same essential characteristics of the type4 ,these authors all used the medium of prose in their desire to give young people books suitable to their comprehension4 ,but there were a few poets who braved the intricacies of verse1 and who wrote some very simple and pleasing lyrics1 which have survived the change in spirit1 and form some of the most agreeable pages in our children's anthologies4 ,it will be recollected that ,mrs4 ,barbauld feared poetry would not be understood1 and so she wrote her volume of prose pieces which acted as a substitute4 ,wordsworth himself could not have demanded a more careful attention to the simplicity of word selection than that paid by ,dr4 ,isaac ,watts 7#afgd-agdh71 who1 though not first in the field of hymn-writers1 for his immediate predecessor was ,bishop ,thomas ,ken#cg 7#afcg-agaa71 author of 8,morning and ,daily ,hymns10 was nevertheless one of the very first consciously to pen a book of verse for a juvenile public4 ,not only was he actively engaged in the interests of education1 but1 during his famous thirty-six years' spent as visitor in the household of ,sir ,thomas ,abney1 of ,newington1 he crystallised his ideas on education1 and incorporated them in his 8,the ,improvement of the ,mind3 ,to which is added ,a ,discourse on the ,education of ,children and ,youth40 ,this treatise may be regarded as a fair example of the pre-,rousseau style of pedagogy4 ,the child was measured in terms of sectarian standards1 it being assumed that the first step was to impress him with the truth that his very nature was sinful1 and that it could be shrived only by having the mind centred always upon holy thoughts4 ,the religion of the closet must be held above every pleasure4 ,yet ,dr4 ,watts notices that such pleasures are increasing to an alarming state2 that children are rebelling against ,puritan principles4 ,his sternness relents1 in so far as he would allow children to play draughts and chess1 and to amuse themselves with games which might instruct them in the rudiments of grammar and geometry4 ,though there are not many who would discountenance his diatribe against the gaming table1 the dangers besetting midnight revellers1 and the freedom which results in immorality1 one cannot but view with distrust the strictures which would turn girls into dowdy creatures and boys into prigs4 ,the theoretical predecessors of ,rousseau's mile were the two creations of ,dr4 ,watts1--,eugenio and ,phronissa--his ideal children1 combining those qualities which rob youth of all charm4 ,theirs must have been wearisome lives4 ,the boy1 we are told1 8is an entertaining companion to the gay young gentlemen1 his equals2 and yet divines and philosophers take pleasure to have ,eugenio amongst them40 ,dr4 ,watts never deigned to tell us what requirements ,eugenio set for the staid divines1 or whether he tried to get away from them4 ,and ,phronissa3 she stands before us now1 in attitude betokening detestation of the stage1 and we hear her proclaiming the song and the dance as her meanest pleasures--talents not to be proud of6 ,two points are worthy of note in ,dr4 ,watts's book4 ,despite his many limitations which argued for piousness and for the composure of the youthful spirit2 despite his disapproval of all exercise which might turn one's thoughts away from the prescribed paths1 he was nevertheless a pleader in the cause of advance4 ,for what he lays down as educational theory he would have parents hearken to2 in his eyes the bringing up of youth is a sacred duty1 involving obligations of a delicate nature4 ,he would emphasise the responsibility of the ,home2 he would have parents eager to see the moral laws obeyed by their children4 ,he would have education applied equally as well to girls as to boys2 in fact1 so ,dr4 ,watts confesses1 in tones as though he were making a great concession1 the habit of reading is quite as important to the former as to the latter4 ,dark as the days may seem in the lives of those children educated according to theories and tracts1 the lighter recreations must have brightened moments unrecorded4 ,even ,john ,locke 7#afcb-agjd71 in his 8,thoughts on ,education0 7#afic71 recommends besides the ,psalter and the ,new ,testament1 sop and ,reynard the ,fox1 as good food for infant minds4 ,this was an excellent basis to start upon4 ,the two small volumes of 8,divine ,songs1 ,attempted in ,easy ,language for the ,use of ,children0 editions1 ,new ,york3 ,mahlon ,day2 ,cambridge3 #ahjc which ,i have examined1 bear upon the fly-leaves tales recorded in uncertain handwriting4 ,the one has1 8,to ----1 a present from his ,mamma02 the other1 8---- his ,book3 ,if this should be lost and you should fine1 ,return to me1 for it is mine40 8,you will find here nothing that savours of party10 says the poet in his foreword4 8444 ,as ,i have endeavoured to sink the language to the level of a child's understanding1 and yet to keep it1 if possible1 above contempt1 so ,i have designed to profit all1 if possible1 and to offend none40 ,yet the usual theological doctrines reek from every page2 there is much of the tenor of the 8,new ,england ,primer0 in the verses4 ,the wonder is that with all their atmosphere of brimstone and sulphur1 with all their effort to present to the child grown-up beliefs in simple doses1 the poems still retain a spontaneity1 a sweet1 quaint simplicity that strike the sympathy1 if they do not entirely appeal to the fancy4 8,his dreadful ,majesty0 is more suited to ,milton than to a song2 8,how doth the little busy bee10 though not yet in accord with the lyrist's pure1 unfeigned delight in nature1 is overtopping in childish appeal1 8,the eternal ,god will not disdain1 ,to hear an infant cry40 ,we pit an understanding of childhood's graces against that old-time theory of inherited ruin4 ,there has been a revulsion of feeling which tends to bring the heart much nearer the soul1 and to give to the nursery the sanctified love of good rather than the abiding fear of evil4 ,there is a picture in ,lamb's 8,books for ,children0 ed4 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas1 showing the ark with the animals in their symmetrically built stalls4 ,the clouds are rolling over the waters with as much substantial outline as though they were balls of cotton2 there is interest for a child in the close examination of this graphic art1 which is done with that surety as though the artist had been on the spot4 ,the reproduction was made from ,stackhouse's ,bible1 with which ,mrs4 ,trimmer used to amuse her young folks on ,sundays4 ,your wooden ,noah's ,ark1 with the sticky animals1 was built along the same lines4 ,dr4 ,watts's poems have been illustrated many times in similar conventional fashion4 ,one cut in particular represented creation by a dreadful lion and a marvellous tiger1 anatomically wonderful4 ,though parts of the ,bible have been paraphrased by ,dr4 ,watts as well as such can ever be done2 though ducks and lambs and doves1 symbols of simplicity1 take one to the open1 there is no breath of clover sweeping across the page4 ,it is by such a beautiful cradle hymn as 8,holy angels guard thy bed10 which is to be treasured with ,martin ,luther's exquisite 8,hymn to the ,christ ,child10 that this poet deserves to be remembered4 ,always the truest verse1 the truest sentiment1 the truest regard for children are detected in that retrospective tone--the eternal note of sadness1 as ,matthew ,arnold phrases it--in which grown people speak of the realm of youth lost to them2 not the sentimental stooping1 not the condescending superiority1--but a yearning note brought about by the tragedy of growing up1--a yearning that passeth understanding1 and that returns with every flash of the remembered child you were4 ,the ,taylors of ,ongar1 the two sisters1 ,ann 7#aghb-ahff7 and ,jane 7#aghc-ahbd71 are the poets of the didactic era2 they apply to verse the same characteristics ,miss ,more introduced in her tracts--a sympathetic feeling1 but a false tenderness4 ,they are not doctrinal in their 8,original ,poems for ,infant ,minds10 but are generally and genuinely ethical4 ,their attitude is different from that of ,watts2 they attempt to interpret feelings and impressions in terms of the child's own comprehension4 ,but so far were they ruled by the customary requirements of their time1 that they falsely endowed the juvenile mind with the power of correlating external beauty with its own virtuous possibilities4 ,the simplicity of ,jane's 8,the ,violet0 and 8,thank you1 ,pretty ,cow0 is marked by an unnatural discrimination on the part of the children from whom such sentiments are supposed to flow2 these defects detract from many a delicate verse deserving of better acquaintance than 8,twinkle1 twinkle1 little star40 ,the ,taylors wrote together for a number of years2 they opened a field of interest in and kindness to animals2 their verse abounds in the beginnings of a spontaneous love of nature4 ,their children troop past us1 the industrious boy and the idle boy1 the rich and the poor4 ,they are not active children2 their positions are fixed ones of contemplation1 of inward communing1 not of participation4 ,yet the sweet spirit predominates1 and the simple words are not robbed of their purity and strength4 ,however1 their desire 8to abridge every poetic freedom and figure0 dragged them often into absurdities4 ,this is the great danger in writing simple verse2 unless its excellence is dominant1 it shows its weakness2 the outline of lyric beauty must have perfect symmetry2 the slightest falsity in imagery1 the slightest departure from consistency and truth1 destroys the whole4#ch ,jane1 when she was very small1 used to edify her neighbours by preaching to them2 this impulse found expression later in a series of hymns4 ,ann also composed religious songs which in quality are superior to those of her sister4 ,the literary association of the two lasted until #ahab1 when ,ann was sought in marriage by a ,mr4 ,gilbert2 this negotiation was consummated by letter before they had even met4 ,a further advance in the art of children's verse was made when ,william ,blake 7#ageg-ahbg7 wrote his 8,songs of ,innocence10 and infused into them a light spirit of grace and of joy4 ,strangely1 he had difficulty in disposing of his poems2 on this account1 he determined to prepare the plates for them himself4 ,the drawings which resulted proved to be some of his very best art work4 ,through his acquaintance with ,godwin1 he was employed to illustrate many of the books issuing from ,mrs4 ,godwin's publishing house1 and it has not yet been fully settled whether or not he made the original illustrations for the ,lambs' 8,tales from ,shakespeare40 ,he was employed to engrave the plates for ,mary ,wollstonecraft's translation of ,salzmann's 8,elements of ,morality40 ,we detect in ,blake's verses the apt blending of grown-up regard for childhood1 with the ready response of childhood to grown-up love4 ,by his exuberance1 by his fancy1 by his simple treatment he set a standard which is the same that dominates the best of ,wordsworth and ,christina ,rossetti4 ,stevenson later carried forward the art1 by adding thereto a touch as though youth1 fearful of growing up1 knew something of the heavy burden of man's estate4 ,thus does ,blake express infant joy3 8,i have no name3 ,i am but two days old40 ,what shall ,i call thee8 8,i happy am1 ,joy is my name40 ,sweet joy befall thee4 ,the crystal clearness in such sentiment is born of our adult reverence4 ,again he makes the nurse in one of his poems sing3 8,then come home1 my children1 the sun is going down1 ,and the dews of night arise2 ,come1 come1 leave off play1 and let us away ,till the morning appears in the skies40 ,a child appreciates such mellow tones2 there is no reaching down2 the picture is distinct1 reduced to its truest sentiment4 ,it contains traceries of action1 and fairest hints of beneficent nature4 ,it gives a promise of to-morrow4 ,there is no herding into the land of sleep4 ,let us away6 ,do you not feel the distinction of dignity in it1 rather than 8get you to bed08 ,in ,stevenson's verse the dominant note is retrospective2 he returns to childhood with his quota of world experience2 he slips into the youthful state1 glad of being there once more1 yet knowing what it all means to have to leave it again4 ,night fears and day joys flow through his lines3 ,away down the river1 ,a hundred miles or more1 ,other little children ,shall bring my boats ashore4 ,there is the preternatural strain of sadness in the make-up of youth2 they like to discover in their elders those same characteristics they possess2 they will creep to the strong arm of him who marvels as they do at the mystery of silent things4 ,such a one1 even though grown-up1 is worth while2 he knows what it is to be in bed in summer with 8the birds still hopping on the grass02 he knows what it is to be a child4 ,stevenson1 the man1 becomes the remembered boy4 ,the poetry for children that has lived is of that quality which appeals to the pristine sense of all that is fair and good and beautiful4 ,tender love1 unfettered joy1 protecting gentleness recognise no age2 we1 who are no longer young1 look through the barred gates and up the gravel road1 flanked by the dense freshness of green4 ,somewhere we hear the splash of water1 far off we see the intense white of marble4 ,clinging to the iron bars outside1 we watch the girl and boy1 we count their footprints in the sand4 ,they stoop to pick the violets as we stooped years ago2 they look into the basin of clear water as we looked years ago4 ,and then the path curves out of view4 ,here is where our appreciative contemplation of childhood becomes self-conscious2 we cannot see the little ones doing what we did in years gone by4 ,perhaps this1 perhaps that2 we have our first moral doubt4 ,through the bars we call to the childhood of our memory2 we call it to come back4 ,the poet has but to sing of what he found beyond that bend when he was young1 of the child he was1 who once looked up at him from the clear depths2 the boy and girl will creep down the gravel path again1 they will marvel at what is told them of revolving suns1 of the lost childhood1 of the flight of birds1 and of the shiver of grass4 ,let the poet but sing in true notes1 making appeal to their imagery1 giving them vigour in exchange for their responsiveness1 and understanding in exchange for their trust2 they will return1 even to the iron gate1 and take him by the hand4 ,this is what it means to be the laureate of childhood4 ,v4 ,,charles ,,and ,,mary ,,lamb2 ,,the ,,godwins4 ,a story is told of ,charles ,lamb which1 in view of actual facts1 one must necessarily disbelieve4 ,it is to the effect that1 dining out one evening1 he heard in an adjoining room the noise of many children4 ,with his glass filled1 he rose from his chair and drank the toast1 8,here's to the health of good ,king ,herod40 ,instinctively1 those familiar with ,elia will recollect his 8,dream ,children10 and wonder how any critic could reconcile the two attitudes4 ,lamb had an abiding love for young people and a keen understanding of their natures4 ,as writers of juvenile literature1 ,charles 7#agge-ahcd7 and ,mary 7#agfe-ahdg7 ,lamb might never have been known1 had it not been for ,william ,godwin 7#agef-ahcf7 and his second wife4 ,the two began a publishing business1 in #ahje1 under the firm name of ,m4 ,j4 ,godwin and ,company4 ,the only details that concern us are those which began and ended with the ,lambs and their work4 ,godwin1 himself1 under the pseudonym of ,baldwin1 turned out literary productions of various kinds4 ,but though1 during one period1 there was every sign of a flourishing trade1 by #ahbb the business was bankrupt4 ,the ,lambs regarded their writings for children as pot-boilers2 letters from them abound with such confessions4 ,but it was in their natures to treat their work lovingly2 their own personalities entered the text2 they drew generously upon themselves2 and so their children's books are filled with their own experiences1 and are1 in many respects1 as autobiographical as the 8,essays of ,elia40 ,mary undertook by far the larger number of the volumes which are usually accredited to her brother2 in fact1 wherever the two collaborated1 ,lamb occupied a secondary place4 ,the following list indicates the division of labour3 ,,the ,,king ,,and ,,queen ,,of ,,hearts1 #ahje4 ,lamb's first juvenile work4 ,,tales ,,from ,,shakespeare1 #ahjg4 ,lamb wrote to ,manning1 ,may #aj1 #ahjf3 8,i have done #8,othello' and #8,macbeth1' and mean to do all the tragedies4 ,i think it will be popular among the little people1 besides money40 ,,adventures ,,of ,,ulysses1 #ahjh4 8,intended10 as ,lamb told ,manning1 8to be an introduction to the reading of ,telemachus2 it is done out of the #8,odyssey1' not from the ,greek4 ,i would not mislead you2 nor yet from ,pope's #8,odyssey1' but from an older translation of one ,chapman4 ,the #8,shakespeare ,tales' suggested doing it40 ,lamb's delight in ,chapman was as unalloyed as that of ,keats4 ,,mrs4 ,,leicester',s ,,school1 #ahji4 ,issued anonymously1 hence commonly ascribed to ,lamb4 ,the greater part of the work belongs to ,mary2 it seems to have been her idea originally4 ,lamb to ,barton1 ,january #bc1 #ahbd3 8,my ,sister's part in the ,leicester ,school 7about two-thirds7 was purely her own2 as it was 7to the same quantity7 in the ,shakespeare ,tales which bear my name4 ,i wrote only the ,witch ,aunt1 the ,first ,going to ,church1 and the final story about a little ,indian ,girl in a ,ship40 ,,poetry ,,for ,,children1 #ahji4 ,lamb claimed about one-third of the book as his own4 ,mr4 ,lucas believes that ,mrs4 ,godwin issued these verses to compete with the ,taylors and ,adelaide ,o',keeffe4 ,,prince ,,dorus ,,or ,,flattery ,,put ,,out ,,of ,,countenance1 #ahaa4 ,robinson wrote3 8,i this year tried to persuade him ,lamb to make a new version of the old ,tale of ,reynard the ,fox4 ,he said he was sure it would not succeed--sense for humour1 said ,l41 is extinct40 8,prince ,dorus0 was done instead4 ,,beauty ,,and ,,the ,,beast1 #ahaa4 ,authorship doubtful4 ,there is something keenly pathetic in noting the brother and sister at work in the interests of children1 hoping to add to their yearly income--sitting down together and thinking out conceptions for their juvenile poems and stories4 ,mary ,lamb reveals1 by those smaller elements in her prose1 a keener discernment of what a child's book should be2 she is far more successful than her brother in entering into the spirit of the little lives she writes about1 while ,lamb himself is happiest in his touches where he is handling the literary subjects4#ci ,but on the whole1 ,lamb's style was not suited to the making of children's books4 ,we see them1 while writing the ,shakespeare ,tales1 seated at one table1 8an old literary ,darby and ,joan10 ,mary tells ,sarah ,stoddart1 8,i taking snuff and he groaning all the while1 and saying he can make nothing of it1 which he always says till he has finished1 and then he finds out he has made something of it44440 ,mrs4 ,godwin doubtless conceived her system of advertising direct from ,newbery2 in the story of 8,emily ,barton10 which forms part of 8,mrs4 ,leicester's ,school10 ,mary ,lamb tells how ,emily's papa ordered the coachman to drive to the ,juvenile ,library in ,skinner street ,no4 #da1 where seven books were bought1 8and the lady in the shop persuaded him to take more1 but mamma said that was quite enough at present40 ,by this1 the ,lambs indicated a willingness to accord with any business suggestions which might further the interests of the ,godwins2 nevertheless1 they were not so bound that they could not act independently4 ,and1 in view of the fact that ,lamb disliked ,mrs4 ,godwin1 there was a certain graciousness revealed in the concessions they did make from time to time4 ,elia was to discover that ,godwin had his eye alert for any unnecessary element of cruelty which might creep into their books for children4 ,when the publishers were given the manuscript of 8,ulysses10 ,godwin wrote a letter to ,lamb1 on ,march #aj1 #ahjh1 which1 with the answer1 is worth quoting1 since the attitude is one to be considered by all writers and by all library custodians4 ,,dear ,,lamb3 ,i address you with all humility1 because ,i know you to be tenax propositi4 ,hear me1 ,i entreat you1 with patience4 ,it is strange with what different feelings an author and a bookseller look at the same manuscript4 ,i know this by experience3 ,i was an author1 ,i am a bookseller4 ,the author thinks what will conduce to his honour2 the bookseller1 what will cause his commodities to sell4 ,you1 or some other wise man1 ,i have heard to say it was ,johnson3 ,it is children that read children's books1 when they are read1 but it is parents that choose them4 ,the critical thought of the tradesman puts itself therefore into the place of the parent1 and what the parent will condemn4 ,we live in squeamish days4 ,amid the beauties of your manuscript1 of which no man can think more highly than ,i do1 what will the squeamish say to such expressions as these1 #8devoured their limbs1 yet warm and trembling1 lapping the blood1' page #aj4 ,or to the giant's vomit1 page #ad1 or to the minute and shocking description of the extinguishing the giant's eye in the page following4 ,you1 ,i dare say1 have no formed plan of excluding the female sex from among your readers1 and ,i1 as a bookseller1 must consider that1 if you have1 you exclude one half of the human species4 ,nothing is more easy than to modify these things if you please1 and nothing1 ,i think1 is more indispensable4444 ,the main argument here stated daily confronts the librarian and the author2 it is one so often over-considered1 that in its wake it leaves a diluted literature1 mild in expression1 faint in impression1 weak in situation1 and lacking in colour4 ,there is a certain literary style that1 through zealous regard for refinement1 misses the rugged vitality which marks the old-time story1 and which constitutes its chief hold upon life4 ,on the other hand1 children need very little stimulation1 provided it is virile1 to set them in active accord2 and it is wise for publishers to consider the omissions of those unnecessary details1 situations1 or actions1 without which the story is in no way harmed4 ,but to curtail or to dilute the full meaning1 to give a part for the whole1 has resulted in producing so many versions of the same tale or legend as to make the young reader doubt which is the correct one2 and in most cases leave in him no desire to turn to the original source4 ,on your library shelves1 are you to have five or six versions of the same story1 issued by as many rival publishing houses1 or are you to discard them all and take only that one which is nearest the original in spirit and in general excellence8 ,lamb here brushed against the problem of writing for the popular taste4 ,this is how he met it3 ,,march #aa1 #ahjh4 ,,dear ,,godwin3 ,the giant's vomit was perfectly nauseous1 and ,i am glad you pointed it out4 ,i have removed the objection4 ,to the other passages ,i can find no objection but what you may bring to numberless passages besides1 such as of ,scylla snatching up the six men1 etc41--that is to say1 they are lively images of shocking things4 ,if you want a book which is not occasionally to shock1 you should not have thought of a tale which is so full of anthropophagi and wonders4 ,i cannot alter these things without enervating the ,book1 and ,i will not alter them if the penalty should be that you and all the ,london booksellers should refuse it4 ,but speaking as author to author1 ,i must say that ,i think the terrible in those two passages seems to me so much to preponderate over the nauseous as to make them rather fine than disgusting4 ,remember1 this is spoken by one who in youth was sensitive and whose feelings are graphically set forth in 8,witches1 and ,other ,night ,fears40444 ,i only say that ,i will not consent to alter such passages1 which ,i know to be some of the best in the book4 ,as an author1 ,i say to you1 an author1 ,touch not my work4 ,as to a bookseller ,i say1 ,take the work1 such as it is1 or refuse it4 ,you are free to refuse it as when we first talked of it4 ,as to a friend ,i say1 ,don't plague yourself and me with nonsensical objections4 ,i assure you ,i will not alter one more word4 ,lamb's critical genius often showed remarkable subtlety in the fine distinctions drawn between shades of effect which are produced by art4 ,he established1 through his careful analyses1 an almost new critical attitude toward ,shakespeare2 and1 in days when psychology as a study was unknown1 when people witnessed the different phases of emotional life and judged them before formul were invented by which to test them scientifically1 he saw1 with rare discrimination1 the part that the spiritual value of literature was to play in the development of culture4 ,he here weighs in the balance a fine terror with a nauseous scene2 such a difference presupposes a clear insight into the story and a power to arrive at the full meaning at once2 it infers an instinctive knowledge of the whole gamut of possible effects4 ,lamb's plea to ,godwin is the plea of the man who would rather keep a child in the green fields than have him spend his time on wishy-washy matter4 ,the whole discussion resolves itself into the question3 ,how much of the brute element1 in which early literature abounds1 is to be given to children8 ,shall they be made to fear unnecessarily1 shall the ugly phases of life be allowed1 simply because they come through the ages stamped as classic8 ,all due consideration must be paid to the sensitiveness of childhood2 but in what manner8 ,not by catering to it1 not by eliminating the cause from the story without at the same time seeking to strengthen the inherent weakness of the child4 ,dr4 ,felix ,adler#dj would remove from our folk-lore all the excrescences that denote a false superstition and that create prejudice of any kind2 he would have bad stepmothers taken from the fairy tales1 because an unjust hatred for a class is encouraged2 he would prune away whatever is of no ornamental or ethical value4 ,assuredly it is best1 as ,dr4 ,adler points out1 8to eliminate 444 whatever is merely a relic of ancient animism40 ,mr4 ,howells believes that it is our pedant pride which perpetuates the beast man in our classics1 and it is true that some of our literature has lived in spite of that characteristic1 and not because of it4 ,but who is to point this beast man out for us1 who is to judge whether this or that corrupts1 who to eliminate and who to recreate8 ,the classics would have to be rewritten whenever there was a shift in moral viewpoint4 ,a mushroom growth of story-writers1 those who 8tame0 our fairy tales1 who dilute fancy with sentimentalism1 and who retell badly what has been told surpassing well1 threatens to choke the flower4 ,it is not the beast man in classic literature we have to fear so much as the small man of letters1 enthused by the educational idea1 who rewrites to order1 and does not put into his text any of the invigorating spirit which marks all truly great literature4 ,we have always to return to the ultimate goal1 to the final court of appeal4 ,if there is too much brutal strength in a story intended for children1 it had best be read or told to them1 rather than place in their hands what is not literature but the mere husk4 ,such a letter as ,lamb wrote to ,godwin leads us to feel that at times misgivings seized him as to his own mutilation of ,homer and of his much-beloved ,chapman4 ,but such hesitancy is the exception and not the rule to-day4 ,as poets for children the ,lambs strike their most artificial note2 the verses are forced and written according to prescribed formul4 ,there is a mechanical effort in them to appear youthful1 as though before setting to the task--for so the two called it--a memorandum of childish deeds and thoughts and expressions had been drawn up1 from which each was to extract inspiration4 ,but inspiration is sorely lacking2 to most of the poems you can apply the stigma of 8old maids0 children2 there is little that is naturally playful or spontaneously appealing in sentiment4 ,such lines as 8,crumbs to the ,birds0 are unaffected and simple1 and the paraphrase 8,on the ,lord's ,prayer0 aptly interpretative4 ,but on the whole1 the verses are stilted2 the feeling in them comes not from the authors so much as it indicates how carefully it was thought out by them4 ,we find ,lamb making excuses to ,coleridge in ,june1 #ahji3 8,our little poems are 444 humble1 but they have no name4 ,you must read them1 remembering they were task-work2 and perhaps you will admire the number of subjects1 all of children1 picked out by an old bachelor and an old maid4 ,many parents would not have found so many40 ,it is this utmost sincerity and such a nave confession which make ,charles ,lamb one of the most lovable figures in ,english literature4 ,bibliographical ,note ,,lucas1 ,e4 ,v4--,old-,fashioned ,tales4 ,selected by4 ,london1 ,wells1 ,gardner1 ,darton ,co42 ,new ,york1 ,stokes4 ,,lucas1 ,e4 ,v4--,forgotten ,tales of ,long ,ago4 ,selected by4 ,london1 ,wells1 ,gardner1 ,darton ,co42 ,new ,york1 ,stokes1 #aijf4 ,,morley1 ,,john--,jean ,jacques ,rousseau4 ,macmillan4 ,,rousseau1 ,,jean ,,jacques--mile2 or1 ,treatise on ,education4 ,abridged and ,translated by ,w4 ,h4 ,payne4 7,international ,educational ,series47 ,new ,york1 ,appleton1 #ahic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,de ,,genlis1 ,,comtesse1 ,as an ,educator4 ,nation1 #gc3 #ahc 7,sept4 #e1 '#ja74 ,,de ,,genlis1 ,,countess1 ,memoirs of the4 ,illustrative of the ,history of the #ahth and #aith ,century4 ,written by herself4 7#b vols47 ,english translation4 ,new ,york1 ,wilder ,campbell1 #ahbe4 ,,de ,,genlis1 ,,comtesse--,thtre d'ducation4 7#e vols47 ,paris1 #ahbe4 ,,de ,,genlis1 ,,comtesse--,adelaide and ,theodore4 ,letters on ,education1--containing all the principles relative to three different plans of education2 to that of princes1 and to those of young persons of both sexes4 ,translated from the ,french4 7#c vols47 ,london1 #aghh4 ,,berquin1 ,,arnaud--,the ,children's ,friend1 ,being a ,selection from the ,works of4 ,montrose1 #agih4 ,,berquin1 ,,arnaud--,l',ami des ,enfants4 ,paris1 #agib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,edgeworth1 ,,maria--,the ,parent's ,assistant2 or1 ,stories for ,children4 7#c vols47 ,,edgeworth1 ,,maria1 ,,and ,,richard ,,lovell--,practical ,education4 7#ast ,american ed41 #b vols47 ,new ,york1 #ahja4 ,,edgeworth1 ,,richard ,,lovell1 ,memoirs of4 ,begun by himself and concluded by his daughter1 ,maria ,edgeworth4 7#b vols47 ,london1 ,hunter1 #ahbj4 ,,hare1 ,,augustus ,j4 ,c4--,life and ,letters of ,maria ,edgeworth4 7#b vols47 ,london1 ,arnold1 #ahid4 ,,edgeworth1 ,,maria--,tales from4 ,with an ,introduction by ,austin ,dobson4 ,new ,york1 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,,pancoast1 ,h4 ,s4--,forgotten ,patriot4 ,atlantic1 #ia3 #geh 7,june1 '#jc74 ,,ray1 ,a4 ,c4--,philosopher's ,wooing4 ,book-buyer1 #bd3 #bhg 7,may1 '#jb74 ,,fyvie1 ,,john--,literary ,eccentricities4 ,london1 ,constable1 #aijf4 ,vide p4 #ce3 ,the author of 8,sandford and ,merton40 ,,day1 ,,thomas--,life of4 7,in the ,british ,poets1 ,vol4 lviii47 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,davenport1 ,esq4 ,,day1 ,,thomas--,sandford and ,merton4 ,london1 ,george ,routledge ,sons1 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,barbauld1 ,,anna ,,letitia--,a ,legacy for ,young ,ladies4444 ,by the late ,mrs4 ,b4 ,london1 #ahbf4 ,morality leaps from every page1 but the book is agreeably written4 ,,barbauld ,,and ,,aikin--,evenings at ,home4 ,london1 ,routledge1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,murch1 ,,jerom--,mrs4 ,barbauld and ,her ,contemporaries3 ,sketches of ,some ,eminent ,literary and ,scientific ,english ,women4 ,london1 ,longmans1 #ahgg4 ,vide also ,memoir and ,letters1 ed4 ,grace ,a4 ,ellis2 also ,memoir by ,anna ,letitia ,le,breton4 ,,barbauld1 ,,mrs4--,hymns in ,prose4 ,london1 ,routledge1 #bs4 ,,raikes1 ,,robert--,the ,man and ,his ,work4 ,biographical ,notes ,collected by ,josiah ,harris4 ,unpublished ,letters by ,robert ,raikes4 ,letters from the ,raikes family4 ,opinions on ,influence of ,sunday ,schools4 7,specially ,contributed47 ,ed4 ,j4 ,henry ,harris4 ,introduction by ,dean ,farrar1 ,d4,d4 ,bristol1 ,london4 ,illustrated2 frontispiece of ,raikes4 ,,raikes1 ,,robert--,memoir of the ,founder of ,sunday ,schools4 ,pamphlet4 ,g4 ,webster4 ,nottingham1 #ahgc4 ,,trimmer1 ,,mrs4--,some ,account of the ,life and ,writings of1 with original letters1 and meditations and prayers1 selected from her ,journal4 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,,trimmer1 ,,mrs4 ,,sarah--,the ,history of the ,robins4 7,ed4 ,edward ,everett ,hale47 ,heath1 #aijc4 ,in its day1 this book was illustrated by many well-known artists4 ,,more1 ,,hannah1 ,life of4 ,famous ,women ,series4 ,charlotte ,m4 ,yonge4 ,boston1 ,roberts1 #ahij4 ,,more1 ,,hannah1 ,life of1 with ,notices of her ,sisters4 ,henry ,thompson1 ,m4,a4 7#b vols47 ,philadelphia1 ,carey and ,hart1 #ahch4 ,,more1 ,,hannah1 ,the ,works of4 7#ast ,complete ,american ed47 ,harper1 #aheb4 ,vide also ,memoirs by ,w4 ,roberts and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,c4 ,knight2 ,mrs4 ,elwood's ,memoirs of ,literary ,ladies2 ,monthly ,review1 ,feb41 #ahji2 ,april1 #ahac1 ,feb41 #ahbj4 ,vide ,london3 ,nurimo1 for publication of many of ,miss ,more's1 ,mrs4 ,sherwood's and ,jane ,taylor's stories4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,blake1 ,,william1 ,the ,lyric ,poems of4 ,ed4 ,john ,sampson4 ,oxford1 ,clarendon ,press1 #aije4 ,,blake1 ,,william1 ,the ,works of4 ,ed4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ellis and ,william ,butler ,yeats4 7#c vols47 ,london1 #ahic4 ,,lamb1 ,,charles ,,and ,,mary--,works4 ,ed4 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas4 7,putnam47 ,works4 ,ed4 ,canon ,ainger4 7,macmillan47 ,,taylor1 ,,ann ,,and ,,jane--,the 8,original ,poems0 and ,others4 ,ed4 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas4 ,new ,york1 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,,taylor1 ,,jane ,,and ,,ann--,greedy ,dick1 and ,other ,stories in ,verse4 ,stokes1 #j4ej4 ,,watts1 ,,dr4 ,,isaac--,london1 ,houlston4 ,the same publishing house prints volumes by ,mrs4 ,sherwood1 ,mrs4 ,cameron1 ,miss ,edgeworth1 ,h4 ,martineau1 the ,taylors1 etc4 ,,watts1 ,,dr4 ,,isaac--,divine and ,moral ,songs4 ,london1 ,elkin ,mathews1 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,she is the author of a remarkably bold 8,manuel du ,voyageur0 en ,six ,langues4 ,paris1 ,barrois1 #ahaj4 ,framed to meet every conceivable occasion4 #cb ,day was honest in his intentions1 however mistaken his policy may have been4 ,sabrina finally married a ,mr4 ,bicknell1 who willingly allowed her to accept support1 meagre as it was1 from ,day4 #cc ,mrs4 ,godwin ,mary ,wollstonecraft 7#agei-agig7 began1 as an exercise1 to translate 8,the ,elements of ,morality1 for the ,use of ,children10 written by the ,reverend ,christian ,gotthilf ,salzmann 7#agdd-ahaa71 who won no small renown for the excellence of his school1 founded upon the principles set down by ,rousseau4 8,the design of this book10 says the worthy master1 8is to give birth to what we call a good disposition in children40 ,the chief delight of the #aghb edition1 published in three volumes1 are the copperplates which represent in the most graphic way1 by pose1 gesture1 expression1 and caption1 all the ills that juvenile flesh is heir to4 ,no one1 after having once viewed the poor little figure seated on a most forbidding-looking sofa1 can quite resist the pangs of sympathy over his exclamation3 8,how sad is life without a friend60 ,life is indeed a direful wilderness of trials and vexations4 ,the prismatic colors of one's years shrivel up before such wickedness as is expressed by the picture 8,i hate you60 ,and yet how simple is the remedy for a boy's bad disposition1 according to the ,reverend ,mr4 ,salzmann6 8,teach him10 so the philosopher argues in his preface1 8that envy is the vexation which is felt at seeing the happiness of others3 you will have given him a just idea of it2 but shew him its dreadful effects1 in the example of ,hannah in chap4 #bi1 vol4 ,,ii1 who was so tormented by this corroding passion1 at her sister's wedding1 that she could neither eat1 drink1 nor sleep1 and was so far carried away by it as to embitter her innocent sister's pleasure2 this representation has determined the child's disposition--he will hate envy40 ,elements of ,morality 444 ,translated from the ,german4444 #c;d ed4 7#c vols47 ,london1 #aghb4 #cd ,charles ,lamb has recorded his vivid impressions of this book in 8,witches and ,other ,night ,fears40 #ce ,it is interesting to note the longevity of many of the women writers of this period4 ,both ,miss ,edgeworth and ,mrs4 ,barbauld died in their eighty-second year1 while ,miss ,more reached the ripe age of eighty-eight4 ,mrs4 ,trimmer1 nearing seventy1 was thus comparatively young at the time of her death4 ,a glimpse of ,miss ,more at seventy-nine is left in the reminiscences of the original ,peter ,parley1 who visited her1 circa #ahbc1 much as a devout pilgrim would make a special journey4 ,he wrote3 8,she was small and wasted away4 ,her attire was of dark-red bombazine1 made loose like a dressing-gown4 ,her eyes were black and penetrating1 her face glowing with cheerfulness1 through a lace-work of wrinkles4 ,her head-dress was a modification of the coiffure of her earlier days--the hair being slightly frizzled1 and lightly powdered1 yet the whole group of moderate dimensions40 #cf ,vide the lay sermon by ,samuel ,mc,cord ,crothers1 8,the ,colonel in the ,theological ,seminary40--,atlantic1 ,june1 #aijg4 ,also ,emerson's essay on 8,spiritual ,laws40 #cg ,vide ,miss ,strickland's 8,lives of the ,seven ,bishops40 #ch ,for ,jane ,taylor1 vide 8,contributions of ,q ,q20 8,essays in ,rhymes on ,morals and ,planners40 ,for ,ann ,taylor1 vide 8,hymns for ,infant ,schools40 #ci ,frederic ,harrison1 in his 8,the ,choice of ,books10 7,macmillan1 #ahhf7 writes3 8,poor ,lamb has not a little to answer for1 in the revived relish for garbage unearthed from old theatrical dung-heaps4 ,be it just or earnest1 ,i have little patience with the ,elia-tic philosophy of the frivolous4 ,why do we still suffer the traditional hypocrisy about the dignity of literature1--literature ,i mean1 in the gross1 which includes about equal parts of what is useful and what is useless8 ,why are books as books1 writers as writers1 readers as readers1 meritorious1 apart from any good in them1 or anything that we can get from them80 #dj ,the reader is referred to 8,the ,moral ,instruction of ,children10 by ,felix ,adler1 ,new ,york3 ,appleton1 #ahib4 ,besides considering the use to be made of fairy tales1 fables1 and ,bible stories1 the author discusses fully the elements in the ,odyssey and the ,iliad which are valuable adjuncts in moral training4 ,,iv4 ,,concerning ,,now ,,and ,,then ,ce que je vois alors dans ce jardin1 c'est un petit bonhomme qui1 les mains dans les poches et sa gibecire au dos1 s'en va au collge en sautillant comme un moineau4 ,ma pense seule le voit2 car ce petit bonhomme est une ombre2 c'est l'ombre du moi que j'tais il y a vingt-cinq ans4 ,vraiment1 il m'intresse1 ce petit3 quand il existait1 je ne me souciais gure de lui2 mais1 maintenant qu'il n'est plus1 je l'aime bien4 ,il valait mieux1 en somme1 que les autres moi que j'ai eus aprs avoir perdu celui-l4 ,il tait bien tourdi2 mais il n'tait pas mchant et je dois lui2 rendre cette justice qu'il ne m'a pas laiss un seul mauvais souvenir2 c'est un innocent que j'ai perdu3 il est bien naturel que je le regrette2 il est bien naturel que je le voie en pense et que mon esprit s'amuse ranimer son souvenir4444 ,tout ce qu'il voyait alors1 je le vois aujourd'hui4 ,c'est le mme ciel et la mme terre2 les choses ont leur me d'autrefois1 leur me qui m'gaye et m'attriste1 et me trouble2 lui seul n'est plus4--,anatole ,france1 in 8,le ,livre de mon ,ami40 8,i prefer the little girls and boys 444 that come as you call them1 fair or dark1 in green ribbons or blue4 ,i like making cowslip fields grow and apple-trees bloom at a moment's notice4 ,that is what it is1 you see1 to have gone through life with an enchanted land ever beside you44440--,kate ,greenaway to ,ruskin4 ,i4 ,,the ,,english ,,side4 ,whatever change in children's literature was now to take place was due entirely to the increasing importance of elementary education4 ,a long while was to elapse before the author was wholly freed from the idea that situations could be dealt with1 apart from any overbearing morale1 and even then he found himself constrained to meet the problem of giving information--of teaching instead of preaching4 ,the interest in external nature1 the desire to explain phenomena according to the dictates of belief1 infused a new element into authorship for young people4 ,but those writers brought to meet this latent stirring of the scientific spirit all the harness of the old rgime4 ,first they thought that they could explain the evident by parables1 but they found that fact was too particular for generalisations1 and the child mind too immature for such symbol4 ,then they attempted to define natural objects from a childish plane1 making silly statements take the place of truth4 ,they soon became aware that their simple style had to deal with a set of details that could not be sentimentalised4 ,the truth of the matter is that a new impulse was started2 the national spirit began to move toward a more democratic goal2 the rank and file began to look beyond the narrow hill and dale2 women sought wider spheres2 the poor demanded constitutional rights2 energy began to stir from underneath4 ,the word modern was in every one's mind4 ,the old order changeth1 giving place to new4 ,the child's intellect must be furnished with food for its growth2 ,rousseau's doctrine of 8back to nature0 was found not to have worked2 it was realised that special training must begin early for all the walks of life4 ,carlyle was pleading for a public library1 education was widening its sphere4 ,in the preceding pages1 we have tried to establish a continuous line of development in children's books through several centuries2 upon such a foundation the ,english story and the ,american story of to-day are based4 ,the table of ,english writers on page #adg contains names of minor importance1 but still forming a part of the past history--foreshadowers of the new era4 ,for therein you will discover that juvenile literature first begins to show signs of differing from adult literature only in its power2 that where ,macaulay tells the story of ,england in terms of maturity1 ,miss ,strickland1 ,lady ,callcott1 ,miss ,tytler1 and ,miss ,yonge adopt a descending scale4 ,where children were wont to act in accord with the catechism1 they are now made to feel an interest in their surroundings4 ,mrs4 ,marcet writes for them 8talks0 on chemistry and political economy1 ,mrs4 ,wakefield on botany and insects4 ,the extension of schools meant that literature must be supplied those schools2 writers were encouraged in the same way that ,miss ,more was prompted to produce her 8,repository ,tracts40 ,grammars and histories began to flood the market1 and in the wake of ,scott's novels1 taking into consideration the fact that books were being written for the purpose of information1 the child's historical story was a natural consequence4 ,thus we discover the connection between 8,waverley0 and ,henty4 ,the death-blow to fairy tales in ,england1 brought about by the didactic writers1 resulted in a deplorable lack of imaginative literature for children1 until a ,german influence1 around #ahdj-ahej1 began to take effect1 and the ,grimms' ,household ,tales afforded a new impulse4#da ,mrs4 ,gatty1 author of the famous 8,parables of ,nature10 deigned to rejoice over the classic nonsense of ,lewis ,carroll4 ,the line of descent can be drawn from ,perrault to ,grimm1 from ,grimm to ,andrew ,lang's rainbow series of folk-lore4 ,the table is intended to do no more than indicate the gradual manner in which this break took effect4 ,the student who would treat the evolution fully will find it necessary to place side by side with his discussion of individual books for young people1 a full explanation of those social changes in ,english history which are the chief causes of the changes in ,english literature4 ,children's books are subject to just those modifications which take place in the beliefs1 the knowledge1 and the aspirations of the adult person4 ,the difference between the two is one of intensity and not of kind4 ,the student will discover1 after a study of the development of the common school1 how and why the educational impulse dominated over all elements of pure imagination2 how the retelling craze1 given a large literary sanction by such a writer as ,lamb1 and so excellently upheld by ,charles ,kingsley1 lost caste when brought within compass of the text-book4 ,he will finally see how this educational pest has overrun ,america to a far greater extent than ,england1 to the detriment of much that is worthy and of much which should by rights be made to constitute a children's reading heritage4 ,,english ,,table ,,mrs4 ,,priscilla ,,wakefield4 #agea-ahcb4 ,member of ,society of ,friends2 philanthropic work among the poor4 ,author3 ,juvenile ,anecdotes2 ,juvenile ,travellers2 ,conversations2 ,introduction to ,botany2 ,introduction to ,insects2 ,present ,condition of ,female ,sex1 with ,suggestions for ,its ,improvement2 ,life of ,william ,penn4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4#db ,,frances ,,burney 7,,madame ,d',,arblay74 #ageb-ahdj4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,william ,,fordyce ,,mavor4 #ageh-ahcg4 ,ed4 #agii1 juvenile periodical for ,walker1 ,newbery4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,joanna ,,baillie4 #agfb-ahea4 ,work among the poor made her known as ,lady ,bountiful4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,jeremiah ,,joyce4 #agfc-ahaf4 ,author3 ,lectures on the ,microscope4 ,,mrs4 ,,jane ,,marcet4 #agfi-aheh4 ,macaulay wrote3 8,every girl who has read ,mrs4 ,marcet's little dialogues on political economy could teach ,montague or ,walpole many fine lessons in finance40 ,author3 ,scientific text-books2 ,conversations on ,chemistry intended for the ,female ,sex2 ,conversations on ,political ,economy1 imitated by ,harriet ,martineau in her ,illustrations of ,political ,economy4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,mrs4 ,,barbara ,,hofland4 #aggj-ahdd4 ,imitated the ,edgeworth style4 ,author3 ,emily2 ,the ,son of a ,genius2 ,tales of a ,manor2 ,young ,crusoe4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,,martha ,,sherwood4 #agge-ahea4 ,stories and tracts evangelical in tone4 ,with her sister1 ,mrs4 ,cameron1 invented a type of story for rich and for poor4 ,author3 ,the ,fairchild ,family 7intended for the middle classes72 ,little ,henry and ,his ,bearer4 ,reference3 ,new ,review 7,may #ah1 #ahdc72 ,life of ,mrs4 ,sherwood by her daughter2 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,an edition of ,the ,fairchild ,family1 ,new ,york1 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,,jane ,,porter4 #aggf-ahej4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,maria ,,hack4 #aggh-ahdd4 ,quaker parentage4 ,a believer in the 8walk0 species of literature4 ,author3 ,winter ,evenings1 or ,tales of ,travellers2 ,first ,lessons in ,english ,grammar2 ,harry ,beaufoy1 or the ,pupil of ,nature4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,mrs4 ,,elizabeth ,,penrose4 #aghj-ahcg4 ,pseud4 ,mrs4 ,markham4 ,daughter of a rector4 ,one critic wrote3 8,mrs4 ,penrose adapted her history to what she considered the needs of the young1 and omitted scenes of cruelty and fraud1 as hurtful to children1 and party politics after the ,revolution as too complicated for them to learn40 ,author3 ,began school histories in #ahbc2 these were brought up to date afterward by ,mary ,howitt4 ,moral ,tales and ,sermons for ,children4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,john ,,wilson ,,croker4 #aghj-aheg4 ,one of the founders of the ,quarterly ,review2 reviewed abusively ,keats's ,endymion4 ,author3 ,stories from the ,history of ,england1 #ahag1 which supplied ,scott with the idea for his ,tales of a ,grandfather2 ,irish ,tales4 ,reference3 ,jenning's ,diaries and ,correspondence of ,croker 7,london1 #ahhd72 ,internat4 ,encyclo4 ,,lady ,,maria ,,callcott4 #aghe-ahdb4 ,author3 ,little ,arthur's ,history of ,england4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,mary ,,russell ,,mitford4 #aghg-ahee4 ,careful detail of description1 akin to ,dutch style of painting4 ,author3 ,tragedies2 ,village ,stories2 ,juvenile ,spectator4 ,she was among the first women to adopt writing as a profession4 ,miss ,yonge speaks of her 8writing so deliciously of children10 but she 8could not write for them40 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b42 ,recollections2 ,letters4 ,,agnes ,,strickland4 #agif-ahgd4 8,with the exception of ,jane ,porter1 whom she visited at ,bristol1 and with whom she carried on a frequent correspondence1 and a casual meeting with ,macaulay1 whom she found congenial1 she came little in contact with the authors of the day40 ,author3 ,lives of the ,queens of ,england2 ,two ,rival ,crusoes4 ,note the hybrid type of story that sprung up around the real ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,edited ,fisher's ,juvenile ,scrap ,book1 #ahcg-ahci4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,mrs4 ,,may ,,sewell4 #agig-ahhd4 ,left ,society of ,friends for the ,church of ,england4 ,wrote homely ballads4 ,vide daughter1 ,anna ,sewell4 ,author3 ,her ballad1 ,mother's ,last ,words1 circulated about #a1jhh1jjj copies when it first appeared4 ,reference3 ,mod4 ,biog4 ,,mary ,,howitt4 #agii-ahhh4 ,authorship linked with that of her husband4 ,in #ahcg began writing children's stories and poems4 ,her daughter1 ,anna ,mary1 also was a writer of children's books4 ,author3 ,translator of ,fredrika ,bremer's novels2 editor1 ,fisher's ,drawingroom ,scrap ,book4 ,reference3 ,reminiscences of ,my ,later ,life 7,good ,words1 #ahhf72 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,catherine ,,sinclair4 #ahjj-ahfd4 ,fourth daughter of ,sir ,john ,sinclair4 ,her work considered the beginning of the modern spirit4 ,a friend of ,scott4 ,author3 ,holiday ,house2 ,modern ,accomplishment2 ,modern ,society2 ,modern ,flirtations4 ,reference3 ,a ,brief ,tribute to ,c4 ,s4 7,pamphlet72 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,james4 #ahja-ahfj4 ,influenced by ,scott and encouraged by ,irving4 ,thackeray parodied him in ,barbazure1 by ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,jeames1 ,esq41 in ,novels by ,eminent ,hands2 also in ,book of ,snobs 7chaps4 ii and xvi74 ,author of a long list of novels4 ,,harriet ,,martineau4 #ahjb-ahgf4 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,mrs4 ,,margaret ,,scott ,,gatty4 #ahji-ahgc4 ,she was forty-two before she began to publish4 ,vide ,ewing4 ,author3 ,aunt ,judy ,tales2 ,parables of ,nature2 #ahff--;,aunt ,judy ,magazine 7monthly71 continued after her death1 with her daughter as editor2 stopped in #ahhe4 ,reference3 ,life in ed4 ,parables 7,everyman's ,library72 ,illustrated ,london ,news1 ,oct4 #ah1 #ahgc2 ,athenum1 ,oct4 #aa1 #ahgc1 p4 #dfd2 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,anna ,,sewell4 #ahbj-ahgh4 ,author3 ,black ,beauty 7#ahgg74 ,reference3 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,charlotte ,m4 ,,yonge4 #ahbc-4 ,author3 ,heir of ,redclyffe2 ,the ,kings of ,england2 ,the ,chaplet of ,pearls4 ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,,louisa ,,whateley4 #ahbd-ahhi4 ,went to ,cairo and lived from #ahfa-ahhi1 where she had a ,moslem school4 ,wrote chiefly about ,egypt4 ,fairy tale influence4 ,author3 ,reverses2 or1 the ,fairfax ,family4 ,reference3 ,hays' ,women of ,to-day2 ,london ,times 7,march #ab1 #ahhi74 ,,mrs4 ,,dinah ,,maria ,,mulock ,,craik4 #ahbf-ahhg4 ,pseudo-fairy tale writer4 ,author3 ,adventures of a ,brownie1 etc4 ,,juliana ,,horatio ,,ewing4 #ahda-ahhe4 ,reference3 ,j4 ,h4 ,ewing and ,her ,books1 by ,horatia ,k4 ,t4 ,gatty2 ,d4 ,n4 ,b4 ,,ann ,,fraser ,,tytler4 ,daughter of ,alexander ,fraser ,tytler1 ,lord ,woodhouselel4 ,author3 ,leila on the ,island2 ,leila in ,england2 ,leila at ,home4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,american ,,side4 ,as for the ,american phase of the subject1 we have already indicated three stages by which the ,colonial or ,revolutionary reader was given his 8,new ,england ,primer10 his 8,mother ,goose10 and his ,thomas books obtained directly from ,newbery of ,england4 ,the whole intellectual activity was in the hands of the clergy2 even the governing body pretended to be ,god-fearing men1 and were prone to listen to the dictates of the ministry4 ,the austere demands of the ,puritan ,sunday1 more than anything else1 caused the writing of religious books1 and so firm a hold did the ,sabbath genre of literature take1 that1 in #ahgj1 it was still in full sway1 and even now exists to a limited extent4 ,the history of education in ,america for a long while has to do with denominational schools1 and teaching was largely left in the hands of the clergy4 ,so that we shall find our early writer of 8juveniles0 either a man of the church1 or his wife2 prompted solely by the desire to supply that character of story which would fitly harmonise with the sanctity of ,sunday1 rather than with the true excellence of all days4 ,if1 in the school1 a book was needed1 it was far better to write one than to trust to others for what might turn out to be heretical4#dc ,the ,rev4 ,jedidiah ,morse began his literary career in the capacity of teacher2 ,noah ,webster's idea was at first to prepare a treatise on grammar which could be used in the schools4 ,these two were the most scientific thinkers of their period4 ,the list on page #aeh1 indicating but a few of the forgotten and only faintly remembered authors of early days1 fairly well represents the general trend2 in the writing done1 there were the same morals1 the similar luckless children1 subject to the same thin sentiment of piety and rectitude as we discovered holding sway in ,england for nearly two centuries4 ,the name of ,peter ,parley is no longer familiar to children1 and a crusade is fast being formed against the ,jacob ,abbott class of book4 ,the type of writer was the kind that debated for or against slavery in terms of the ,bible4 ,the ,puritan soil was rich for the rapid growth of the ,hannah ,more seed1 and no one assisted in sowing it to greater extent than ,samuel ,g4 ,goodrich 7#agic-ahfj74 ,he may symbolise for us the reading child in ,new ,england at the beginning of the nineteenth century2 his training1 his daily pursuits1 as told in his autobiography1 supply pages of invaluable social colour4#dd 8,it is difficult10 so he says1 8444 in this era of literary affluence1 almost amounting to surfeit1 to conceive of the poverty of books suited to children in the days of which ,i write4 ,except the ,new ,england ,primer--the main contents of which were the ,westminster ,catechism--and some rhymes1 embellished with hideous cuts of ,adam's ,fall1 in which #8we sinned all'2 the apostle and a cock crowing at his side1 to show that #8,peter denies his ,lord and cries'2 ,nebuchadnezzar crawling about like a hog1 the bristles sticking out of his back1 and the like--,i remember none that were in general use among my companions4 ,when ,i was about ten years old1 my father brought from ,hartford #8,gaffer ,ginger1' #8,goody ,two ,shoes1' and some of the rhymes and jingles now collected under the name of #8,mother ,goose1' with perhaps a few other toy books of that day4 ,these were a revelation4 ,of course ,i read them1 but ,i must add1 with no relish40 ,the confession follows that when he was given 8,red ,riding ,hood10 he was filled with contempt2 and in this spirit he condemns such nonsense as 8hie diddle diddle10 which is not fit for ,christian parents to use4 ,he found some considerable pleasure in 8,robinson ,crusoe10 but it was not until he met with ,miss ,hannah ,more's tracts that he might be said to have enjoyed with relish any book at all4 ,thus his reading tastes foreshadowed his literary activity4 ,when he turned writer1 he aimed for the style which distinguishes ,mary ,howitt1 ,mrs4 ,hofland1 and ,miss ,strickland2 he disclaimed any interest in the nursery book that was unreasonable and untruthful1 for so he considered most of the stories of fancy4 ,in his books1 his desire was chiefly 8to feed the young mind upon things wholesome and pure1 instead of things monstrous1 false1 and pestilent4444 ,in short1 that the element of nursery books should consist of beauty instead of deformity1 goodness instead of wickedness1 decency instead of vulgarity40 ,in this manner1 the mould of the ,peter ,parley tales was shaped4 ,goodrich at first adopted no philosophy of construction1 so he says2 he aimed to tell his story as he would have spoken it to a group of boys4 ,but after a while1 a strong sense of the child's gradual growth took hold of him2 he recognised psychological stages1 and he saw that1 as in teaching1 his books must consider that children's 8first ideas are simple and single1 and formed of images of things palpable to the senses40 ,while on a visit to ,england in #ahbc--the memorable time he met ,miss ,more--he turned his attention to what was being accomplished there in popular education for children4 ,after investigation1 he thus wrote3 8,did not children love truth8 ,if so1 was it necessary to feed them on fiction8 ,could not history1 natural history1 geography1 biography become the elements of juvenile works1 in place of fairies and giants1 and mere monsters of the imagination8 ,these were the inquiries that from this time filled my mind40 ,under such conditions ,peter ,parley was born1 and reborn1 and overborn2 battles were waged for and against him1 just as they have only recently been waged for and against the ,elsie books4 ,but no sooner was ,peter ,parley identified with a definite person than ,mr4 ,goodrich's trials began4 ,he became a victim of the imperfect copyright system2 he found his tales being pirated in ,england4 ,and as fast as he would settle one difficulty1 another would arise2 spurious ,parleys came to light1 conflicting with his sales4 ,it was the case of ,goodrich alias ,kettell1 alias ,mogridge1 alias ,martin1 and many more beside4 ,in fact1 a writer1 considering the life of ,william ,martin 7#ahja-ahfg71 quotes a statement to the effect that 8,messrs4 ,darton1 ,martin's publishers1 in especial used to prefix the name ,peter ,parley to all sorts of children's books1 without reference to their actual authorship40 ,isaiah ,thomas may be taken as representative of our ,revolutionary period1 even as the 8,new ,england ,primer0 may typify the chief literary product of our ,colonial life4 ,peter ,parley marks for us the war of #ahab4 ,it was after this that our country began to expand1 that the ,south and the ,southwest unfolded their possibilities1 that the ,east began the ,westward move that led to the craze of '#di4 ,the ,indian1 the scout1 the cowboy1 the ,yankee trader have been the original contributions of ,america to juvenile literature4 ,a close study will indicate that ,cooper was the creator of this genre of story1--more painstaking1 more effulgent1 more detailed than the ,indian story-writer of to-day1 but none the less a permanent model4 ,so1 too1 he will be found1 in his accounts of the navy1 in his records of common seamen1 in his lives of naval officers1 to be no mean1 no inaccurate1 no dry historian2 in fact1 ,cooper1 as one of our first naval critics1 has yet to be accorded his proper estimate4 ,american history1 ,american development being of a melodramatic character1 it is natural that the opposite to ,sunday-school literature should rapidly take root as soon as begun4 ,a period of the ten-cent novel flourished about #ahfj1 when the ,beadle ,brothers1 who were finally to be merged into the publishing house of ,george ,munro1 began the publication of their series of cheap volumes--the sensationalism of ,cooper raised to the nth power4 ,to-day there are men who glow with remembered enthusiasm over ,colonel ,prentiss ,ingraham and the detective stories of ,a4 ,w4 ,aiken--whose record was often one a week--as they do over the name of ,hemyng alias ,jack ,harkaway1 or ,mayne ,reid1 with his traditional profanity4 ,edward ,s4 ,ellis 7b4 #ahdj7 was one of the young members of this group of writers4 ,he became inoculated1 but was forced1 when the milder process came into vogue1 to soften his high lights1 and to accord with the times4 ,what such early 8wild cat0 literature did1 however1 for present upholders of the 8series0 books1 was to exemplify that1 by a given pattern1 a tale could be made to 8go0 to order4 ,there was then1 as there is now1 a certain type of book1 neither moral nor immoral1 and not at all educational1 but only momentarily diverting2 written without motive1 without definite object1 but whose ground plan and mechanism were workable4 ,the increase of the public-school system was the chief opponent of the ,sunday-school book1 as it likewise1 by its educational emphasis1 fought against the dime-novel vogue4 ,and with the inception of the public school on its present large scale we reach the immediate stage1 the era of over-productivity1 with its enormous average taste1 with its public regard for readers in the libraries1 for scholars in the class-rooms1 for the poor in settlements1 and for the emigrant on the high seas4 ,after an experience of five years in reviewing juvenile books of the past and in estimating the varied stories of the present1 ,i do not think it sweeping to assert that while education has snatched the child's book from the moralist and taken away from writing a false standard of right doing1 it has not1 as yet1 added any worthy attribute of itself4 ,it has not taught the child to judge good literature from the bad2 it has supplied1 in a prescribed course1 certain isolated books or stereotyped poems1 with which the child is wearied in the class-room1 and from which1 once outside1 the child turns with natural dread4 ,i am judging solely from the standpoint of juvenile taste4 ,and so1 with the entrance of a new consideration--the children's reading-rooms--it may well be queried at the outset3 ,what will this institution add to the creative force8 ,how far will it seek to improve conditions8 ,will there be an increased demand for the good and for the best books8 ,will there be a more careful art manifested in the writing of stories8 ,will the gaps in the field be filled up8 ,for an examination of the past and of the present tells me that children's literature1 generally speaking1 has yet to be conquered4 ,with these remarks in view1 the table that follows may1 on examination1 bear some significance4 ,,american ,,table ,,noah ,,webster4 ,ct4 #ageh-ahdc4 ,cf4 ,mavor in ,england4 ,author3 ,new ,england ,spelling ,book2 ,american ,dictionary4 ,reference3 ,memoir by ,goodrich 7in ,dictionary72 ,life by ,h4 ,e4 ,scudder2 ,appleton4#de ,,jedidiah ,,morse4 ,ct4 #agfa-ahbf4 ,congregational minister2 wrote first school text-books of any importance in ,america4 ,his son was ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse4 ,author3 ,geography ,made ,easy1 etc4 ,he is called the 8,father of ,american ,geography40 ,reference3 ,life by ,sprague2 ,appleton4 ,,thomas ,,hopkins ,,gallaudet4 ,ct4 #aghg-ahea4 ,minister4 ,educator of deaf mutes2 in this work assisted by wife1 ,sophia ,fowler 7#agih-ahgg71 and two sons4 ,author3 ,the ,child's ,book of the ,soul2 ,the ,youth's ,book of ,natural ,theology2 ,bible ,stories for the ,young4 ,reference3 ,life by ,humphrey2 ,tribute to ,t4 ,h4 ,g4 by ,henry ,barnard 7,hartford1 ,conn41 #aheb72 ,appleton4 ,,eliza ,,leslie4 ,pa4 #aghg-aheg4 ,wrote cook books1 girls' books1 and juvenile tales for ,the ,pearl and ,the ,violet1 which she edited annually4 ,she also edited ,the ,gift4 ,one of her brothers1 a well-known artist4 ,author3 ,the ,young ,americans2 ,stories for ,adelaide2 ,stories for ,helen2 ,the ,behaviour ,book4 ,the ,wonderful ,traveller consisted of altered versions of tales from ,mnchausen1 ,gulliver1 etc4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,sarah ,,josepha 7,,buell7 ,,hale4 ,n4 ,h4 #aghh-ahgi4 ,it was through her efforts that ,thanksgiving became an ,american national observance4 ,her son1 ,horatio1 was an author4 ,author3 ,the famous 8,mary had a little lamb40 ,edited ,lady's ,book for forty years from #ahcg4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,catherine ,,maria ,,sedgwick4 ,mass4 #aghi-ahfg4 ,author3 ,the ,boy of ,mount ,rhigi1 a tale of inspired goodness2 ,beatitudes and ,pleasant ,sundays2 ,the ,poor ,rich ,man and the ,rich ,poor ,man2 ,a ,love ,token for ,children2 ,morality of ,manners2 ,lessons without ,books4 ,reference3 ,hart's ,female ,prose ,writers of ,america2 ,life and ,letters1 ed4 ,mary ,e4 ,dewey2 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,susan 7,,ridley7 ,,sedgwick4 ,mass4 #aghi-ahfg4 ,author3 ,walter ,thornley2 ,morals of ,pleasure2 ,the ,young ,emigrants4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,lydia ,,howard 7,,huntley7 ,,sigourney4 ,ct4 #agia-ahfe4 ,author3 ,letters to ,young ,ladies2 ,poetry for ,children2 ,tales and ,essays for ,children4 ,reference3 ,griswold's ,female ,poets2 ,hart's ,female ,prose ,writers2 ,life and ,letters2 ,parton's ,eminent ,women2 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,caroline 7,,howard7 ,,gilman4 ,mass4 #agid-ahhh4 ,took great pride in her children's books4 ,began writing in ,southern ,rosebud 7,charleston71 afterward called ,southern ,rose 7#ahcb-ahci74 ,this magazine has been credited as the first juvenile weekly in the ,united ,states4 ,her daughter1 ,caroline ,h4 7b4 ,s4 ,c4 #ahbc71 also wrote for the young4 ,author3 ,oracles for ,youth2 ,mrs4 ,gilman's ,gift ,book4 ,reference3 ,autobiographical sketch in ,hart's ,female ,prose ,writers2 ,recollections2 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,louisa ,c4 7,,huggins7 ,,tuthill4 ,ct4 #agih-ahig4 ,wrote moral tales2 with others prepared ,juvenile ,library for ,boys and ,girls2 her daughter1 ,cornelia 7,t47 ,pierson 7#ahbj-ahgj71 wrote ,our ,little ,comfort2 ,when ,are ,we ,happiest8 ,author3 ,i will be a ,gentleman2 ,i will be a ,lady2 ,i will be a ,sailor2 ,onward1 ,right ,onward4 ,edited the ,young ,ladies ,reader 7,new ,haven1 #ahdj74 ,reference3 ,hart2 ,appleton4 ,,john ,,todd4 ,vt4 #ahjj-ahgc4 ,invented ,index ,rerum4 ,author3 ,religious works1 mainly for young people2 also educational works4 ,reference3 ,life2 ,harper's ,magazine1 ,feb41 #ahgf4 ,,lydia ,,maria ,,child4 ,mass4 #ahjb-ahhj4 ,foremost in the ranks of anti-slavery2 influenced by ,garrison4 ,in #ahbf1 founded the ,juvenile ,miscellany1 forerunner of ,harper's ,young ,people4 ,author3 ,flowers for ,children 7graded74 ,reference3 ,hart2 ,nat4 ,cyclo4 ,am4 ,biog4 ,,maria ,j4 ,,mcintosh4 ,ga4 #ahjc-ahgh4 ,quiet and domestic tone to her books4 ,author3 ,series known as the ,aunt ,kitty ,tales1 the first one being ,blind ,alice1 published in #ahda4 ,reference3 ,hart4 ,,dr4 ,,harvey ,,newcomb4 ,mass4 #ahjc-ahff4 ,congregational clergyman4 ,wrote moral and religious books for young4 ,author3 ,how to be a ,man2 ,how to be a ,lady2 ,young ,ladies' ,guide4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,rev4 ,,jacob ,,abbott4 ,me4 #ahjc-ahgi4 ,divinity school2 ,professor at ,amherst2 ,congregationalist4 ,travelled extensively4 ,author3 ,rollo books 7#bh vols472 ,lucy books 7#f vols472 ,jonas books 7#f vols472 ,franconia books 7#aj vols472 histories with brother 7vide p4 #afj74 ,reference3 ,a ,neglected ,n4 ,e4 ,author 7,n4 ,e4 ,mag41 n4 s4 #cj3dga72 ,writings 7,lit4 and ,theol4 ,r41 #c3hc72 7,chr4 ,exam41 #ah3acc2 #ba3cjf72 ,appleton4 ,,rev4 ,,abijah ,,richardson ,,baker4 ,mass4 #ahje-ahgf4 ,congregationalist4 ,graduate of ,amherst2 a teacher4 ,with his wife1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,n4 ,w4 ,baker1 edited ,the ,mother's ,assistant and ,the ,happy ,home4 ,author3 ,school ,history of the ,u4 ,s42 ,westminster ,shorter ,catechism--,graduated ,question ,book4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,me4 #ahje-ahgg4 ,brother of ,jacob ,abbott4 ,congregational minister4 ,author3 ,the ,mother at ,home2 histories with brother4 ,reference3 ,cong4 ,q41 #bj3a2 ,appleton4 ,,sarah ,,towne 7,,smith7 ,,martyn4 #ahje-ahgi4 ,wife of a minister4 ,wrote ,sunday-school books and semi-historical stories4 ,published through ,american ,tract ,society4 ,established ,ladies' ,wreath1 and edited it1 #ahdf-ahea4 ,author3 ,huguenots of ,france2 ,lady ,alice ,lisle4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,elizabeth ,,oakes 7,,prince7 ,,smith4 ,me4 #ahjf-ahic4 ,one of the first women lecturers in ,america4 ,moved later to ,south ,carolina4 ,by her book1 ,the ,newsboy1 public attention was drawn to that class of child4 ,supervised1 circa #ahdj1 annual issuance of the ,mayflower 7,boston74 ,author3 ,the ,sinless ,child2 ,stories for ,children2 ,hints on ,dress and ,beauty4 ,reference3 ,hart2 ,nat4 ,cyclo4 ,am4 ,biog4 ,,mary ,,stanley ,,bunce 7,,palmer7 7,,dana7 ,,shindler4 ,s4 ,c4 #ahaj-ahhc4 ,wife of a clergyman1 ,episcopal4 ,author3 ,charles ,morton2 or1 ,the ,young ,patriot2 ,the ,young ,sailor4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,harriet ,,beecher ,,stowe4 ,ct4 #ahaa-ahif4 ,author3 ,dred2 ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,reference3 ,life work of1--,mc,cray2 ,e4 ,f4 ,parker in ,parton's ,eminent ,women2 ,life compiled from letters and journals by ,c4 ,e4 ,stowe2 ,life and ,letters1 ed4 ,annie ,fields4 ,,elijah ,,kellogg4 ,me4 #ahac-4 ,congregational minister4 ,famed for 8,the ,address of ,spartacus to the ,gladiators40 ,author3 ,elm ,island series2 ,forest ,glen series2 ,good ,old ,times series2 ,pleasant ,cove series4 ,reference3 ,bibliog4 ,me42 ,appleton4 ,,mary ,,elizabeth ,,lee4 ,s4 ,c4 #ahac-ahdi4 ,not a distinctive juvenile writer1 but contributed many juvenile tales to ,the ,rosebud4 7,vide ,gilman47 ,reference3 ,hart4 ,,rev4 ,,zachariah ,,atwell ,,mudge4 ,mass4 #ahac-ahhh4 ,methodist-,episcopal minister2 teacher4 ,fiction for ,sunday-schools4 ,author3 ,arctic ,heroes2 ,fur ,clad ,adventurers4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,harriet ,v4 ,,cheney4 ,mass4 ,circa #ahae4 ,daughter of ,hannah ,foster1 an early ,american novelist4 ,her sister1 ,mrs4 ,cushing1 wrote ,esther1 a dramatic poem1 and 8works0 for the young4 ,author3 ,a ,peep at the ,pilgrims2 ,the ,sunday-school2 or1 ,village ,sketches4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,harriette ,,newell 7,,woods7 ,,baker4 ,mass4 #ahae-ahic4 ,pseud4 ,madeline ,leslie4 ,wife of ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,b4 ,author3 ,about two hundred moral tales1 among them ,tim1 the ,scissors ,grinder4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,lydia ,,ann ,,emerson 7,,porter74 ,mass4 #ahaf-4 ,second cousin of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 ,contributed mostly to the ,sunday-school type of book4 ,author3 ,uncle ,jerry's ,letters to ,young ,mothers2 ,the ,lost ,will4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,catherine ,,maria ,,trowbridge4 ,ct4 #ahah-4 ,author3 ,christian ,heroism2 ,victory at ,last2 ,will and ,will ,not2 ,snares and ,safeguards4 ,,susan ,,warner4 ,n4 ,y4 #ahah-ahhe4 ,pseud4 ,elizabeth ,wetherell4 ,books noted for strained religious sentimentality4 ,with her1 the school of ,hannah ,more came to an end4 ,author3 ,the ,wide1 ,wide ,world 7#ahea72 ,queechy 7#aheb72 ,say and ,seal 7in collaboration with her sister74 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,rev4 ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thayer4 ,mass4 #ahbj-ahih4 ,congregational minister2 member of legislature4 ,author3 ,youth's ,history of the ,rebellion2 ,the ,bobbin ,boy2 ,the ,pioneer ,boy2 ,the ,printer ,boy2 ,men ,who ,win2 ,women ,who ,win4 ,edited ,the ,home ,monthly and ,the ,mother's ,assistant4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,william ,,taylor ,,adams4 ,mass4 #ahbb-ahig4 ,pseud4 ,oliver ,optic4 ,in early life ed4 ,student and ,school-,mate4 ,in #ahha1 ed4 ,our ,little ,ones4 ,then ed4 ,oliver ,optic's ,magazine4 ,author3 ,about one hundred volumes2 first one published #ahec1 ,hatchie1 the ,guardian ,slave4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,charles ,,carleton ,,coffin4 ,n4 ,h4 #ahbc-ahif4 ,self-educated4 ,varied career as a war correspondent during the ,civil ,war4 ,author3 ,the ,boys of '#gf4 ,reference3 ,life by ,griffis2 ,appleton4 ,,william ,,henry ,,thomas4 #ahbd-ahie4 ,belonged to the school of dime novelists4 ,boys in the #fj's eagerly devoured the ,beadle and 7later7 ,munro books4 ,author3 ,the ,belle of ,australia2 ,ocean ,rover2 ,a ,whaleman's ,adventure4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,mrs4 ,,alice 7,,bradley7 7,,neal7 ,,haven4 ,n4 ,y4 #ahbh-ahfc4 ,pseud4 ,alice ,g4 ,lee4 ,wrote for ,sunday-schools4 ,author3 ,no such ,word as ,fail2 ,contentment ,better ,than ,wealth4 ,reference3 ,memoir in ,harper's ,magazine1 ,oct41 #ahfc2 ,appleton4 ,,jane ,,andrews4 ,mass4 #ahcc-ahhg4 ,author3 ,seven ,little ,sisters who live on the ,round ,ball that ,floats in the ,air2 ,the ,stories ,mother ,nature ,told4 ,,charles ,a4 ,,fosdick4 ,n4 ,y4 #ahdb-4 ,pseud4 ,harry ,castlemon4 ,went through the ,civil ,war4 ,author3 ,gunboat series2 ,rocky ,mountains series2 ,roughing ,it series2 ,frank series2 ,archie series4 ,,mrs4 ,,annie ,m4 ,,mitchell4 ,mass4 #ahdg-4 ,religious books for children4 ,author3 ,martha's ,gift2 ,freed ,boy in ,alabama4 ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,l4 ,,clark4 ,fairford1 ,me4 #ahca-4 ,religious juveniles4 ,author3 ,the ,mayflower series2 ,daisy's ,mission4 ,,mrs4 ,,caroline ,e4 ,,davis4 ,northwood1 ,n4 ,h4 #ahca-4 ,sunday-school tales1 about fifty or more4 ,author3 ,no ,cross1 ,no ,crown2 ,little ,conqueror ,series2 ,miss ,wealthy's ,hope2 ,that ,boy2 ,child's ,bible ,stories4 ,reference3 ,appleton4 ,,sara ,h4 ,,browne4 ,author3 ,book for the ,eldest ,daughter 7#ahdi74 ,,maria ,j4 ,,browne4 ,author3 ,the ,youth's ,sketch ,book 7#ahej74 ,reference for both3 ,hart 7,bibl474 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,present ,,situation4 ,the essential difference between the past and the present is not so much a difference1 after all2 in both instances the same mistaken emphasis is placed upon two separate phases of the child's make-up4 ,the moral tale took no cognisance of those spiritual laws which are above teaching1 which act of themselves2 it did not recognise the existence of the child's personality4 ,but when the impetus toward the study1 scientific and intensive1 of adolescence was begun1 the teacher lost sight of the free will by which that growth advanced2 anxious to prove the child's development to be but a series of stages marked by educational gradings1 he reserved no place for the self-development through which the personality finds expression4 ,in both cases an unconscious injustice was done juvenile nature4 ,the moral questioning warped the spirit1 the educational questioning chokes the imagination and fancy1 starving the spirit altogether4 ,how many will agree with ,emerson's assertion that 8what we do not call education is more precious than that which we call so08 ,the pessimist who challenges children's books for children has reasons to doubt1 after all4 ,time changes not1 'tis we who change in time4 ,emerson speaks in terms of evolution2 by this very change from generation to generation1 the vitality of a book is tested4 ,again1 in terms of our mentality1 ,emerson says that when a thought of ,plato becomes a thought to us1 ,time is no more4 ,truth is thus an annihilator of the fleeting moment4 ,the survival of the fittest means the falling away of the mediocre4 ,the ,sunday-school book was no permanent type2 its content was no classic expression4 ,it filled a timely demand--that was its excuse for being4 ,once this demand became modified1 the book's service was at an end2 hence ,mr4 ,welsh's indication of the decline of the ,sunday-school story through secularisation1--from sectarianism to broad religious principles1 thence to 8example rather than direct teaching40#df ,we still have the religious tract and the church story-paper2 yet the books of advice deal with the social and ethical spirit1 rather than with the denominational stricture4 8,the less a man thinks or knows about his virtues1 the better we like him10 wrote ,emerson1 while ,stevenson1 in his 8,lay ,sermons10 placed the stress thus3 8,it is the business of life to make excuses for others but not for ourselves40 ,to-morrow new topics may be introduced into our juvenile literature1 but change takes longer than a day to become apparent4 ,the student who attempts to reach any scientific estimate of the present trend will be disappointed2 the mass is too conglomerate1 and there are too many authors writing children's books for money rather than for children4 ,i have followed the course as carefully as ,i could1 noting the slight alterations in concepts to accord with the varying conditions4 ,but there is no principle that can be deduced1 other than the educational one4 ,the changes are confined to points of external interest1 not of spiritual or mental significance4 ,for instance1 there was a time when girls' literature and boys' literature were more clearly differentiated1 one from the other2 their near approach has been due to a common interest in outdoor exercises4 ,again1 things practical1 things literal have crowded out the benignant figure of ,santa ,claus2 and in the stead1 the comic supplement of the ,sunday newspaper furnishes pictures that well-nigh stifle the true domain once occupied by 8,mother ,goose40 ,what would a parent do1 asked suddenly to deal with a promiscuous collection of juvenile books8 ,would she unerringly reach forth for the volume most likely to please her son's or her daughter's taste8 ,if she were to claim little difference between the one college story she had read1 and the several hundred she had not read1 she would not be far from wrong4 ,but we cannot tell how deep an impression the present activity among writers for children will have on the future4 ,our temptation is to make the general statement that the energy is a surface one1 that no great writing is being done for children because it has become an accessory rather than an end in itself4 ,education saved us from the moral pose2 it must not deny us the realm of imagination and fancy4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,in education1 the influence of ,froebel1 in direct descent from ,rousseau1 is to be considered4 #db ,d4 ,n4 ,b4--,dictionary of ,national ,biography4 #dc ,the student who desires to investigate the history of ,american school-books will find much valuable material in the ,watkinson ,library of ,hartford1 ,conn41 to which institution ,dr4 ,henry ,barnard's entire collection of school-books was left4 ,vide ,bibliotheca ,americana1 ,catalogue of ,american ,publications1 including reprints and original works1 from #ahbj to #aheb1 inclusive1 together with a list of periodicals published in the ,united ,states1 compiled and arranged by ,orville ,a4 ,roorbach1 ,n4 ,y41 ,oct41 #aheb4 ,includes ,supplement to #ahdi ed41 published in #ahej4 ,vide also ,early ,english ,school-books4 ,educational ,library1 ,south ,kensington ,museum4 #dd ,vide ,recollections of a ,life-time2 or1 ,men and ,things ,i have ,seen3 in a series of familiar ,letters to a ,friend4 ,historical1 ,biographical1 ,anecdotal1 and ,descriptive4 ,s4 ,g4 ,goodrich4 7#b vols47 ,new ,york1 #aheg4 ,contains a valuable list of the real ,parley books2 also the names of the spurious ,parleys4 ,the volumes describe many small characteristics of ,american life during the early years of the nineteenth century4 #de ,cyclopdia4 #df ,mr4 ,welsh states that between #agjf-agah1 #eej books were published in ,america1 of which #hd were not religious1 and of these #hd1 #di were almanacs6 ,v4 ,,the ,,library ,,and ,,the ,,book ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,story-,,books ,at evening when the lamp is lit1 ,around the fire my parents sit2 ,they sit at home and talk and sing1 ,and do not play at anything4 ,now1 with my little gun1 ,i crawl ,all in the dark along the wall1 ,and follow round the forest track ,away behind the sofa back4 ,there1 in the night1 where none can spy1 ,all in my hunter's camp ,i lie1 ,and play at books that ,i have read ,till it is time to go to bed4 ,these are the hills1 these are the woods1 ,these are my starry solitudes2 ,and there the river by whose brink ,the roaring lions come to drink4 ,i see the others far away ,as if in firelit camp they lay1 ,and ,i1 like to an ,indian scout1 ,around their party prowled about4 ,so1 when my nurse comes in for me1 ,home ,i return across the sea1 ,and go to bed with backward looks ,at my dear land of ,story-books4 --,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 in 8,a ,child's ,garden of ,verses40 ,i4 ,,children',s ,,books3 ,,their ,,classification2 ,,their ,,characteristics4 ,there is nothing more variegated in its colour than a large assemblage of children's books2 the cover-designers revel in their rainbow conceits1 sprinkling gold across the cloth as generously as fairies scatter star-dust2 the artists fill their brushes with delicate tints of red and blue and orange1 and sketch the progress of a story in spiral traceries of imagination4 ,the mechanical perfection of book-making is genuinely pleasing2 the form1 like that of the glass-blown vase with its slender outlines1 is fitted for the worthiest content4 ,the excellence of binding1 the distinctness of type1 the spirit of the drawing--these points strike our senses1 these are the subterfuges of the publishing trade1 these the artistic features that hide the shallowness beneath4 ,you may arrange your blue books together1 and your red1 your brown1 your white or green in rows2 you may mix them all up again1 and marshal them in regiments of equal sizes2 the persistent query stares you in the face1--the stinging fact of ignorance--what of the story you are about to buy8 ,in the public library1 the shelves are empty2 you are told1 as the librarian1 to fill them4 ,not for yourself alone is the choice to be made1 or even for your own children1 whom you are supposed to know2 but for every one who wishes to read4 ,you have little right to assume much homogeneity of taste or desire among young folks2 you must balance your dreams with facts1 your ideals with human accomplishment4 ,we are all as grains of sand in the general scheme of the universe2 we are all supposed to have equal chances before the law2 but what we are is the measure of what we read4 ,you are the custodian of a public trust1 not of your private book-case4 ,a row of children--the poor by the side of the rich1 the newsboy by the side of the patrician--you are to supply them every one4 ,have you then the privilege of assuming an autocratic policy of exclusion8 ,can you say to yourself1 ,the newsboy must read ,homer6--and refrain from buying him his penny-dreadful8 ,each man's standard of excellence differs from his neighbour's4 ,matthew ,arnold's idea of the best ignored your opinion and mine4 ,the world has put a face value on certain books2 they live because the universal in them and the universal in us is constant and persistent4 ,and though we each stand upon a different pivot of existence1 though the wind blows with less fury around you than around me1 on calm nights we may each see the same star1 however different the angle of vision4 ,so1 are you not here furnished a starting-point in your purchases8 ,where you are concerned with children1 your opportunity is richer by far than you first imagined4 ,they have no preconceived notions2 they stand in a general mystery of dawning experience2 they know not how or why2 all truth is a fable before them4 ,common things are apparelled in celestial light2 nature is governed by omnipotence2 creation is the first meeting with ,aladdin's lamp4 ,the common law of growth tells us this2 our knowledge of men is carved from such general mystery2 our method of gaining this experience is higher than we wot of2 the father is judged in terms of ,king ,arthur before he is reckoned with as a man4 ,therefore1 it is your bounden duty to satisfy these several stages4 ,you must have pictures for the little ones that will cater to a familiarity with common things1 and will satisfy a tendency in them to make all nature animate4#dg ,you must find an artist capable of seeing the significance1 the humour of the dish running after the spoon4 ,there must be picture-books that will treat of these things with all the purity they deserve2 high-mindedness is an essential part of elemental fun4 ,the nursery claims a part in your plan4 ,place1 then1 first upon your list1 the best picture-books and jingles4 ,let true art supplant the comic supplement sheet4 ,we will banish the use of baffling terms in speaking of the classes of juvenile books4 ,our ,fiction will become ,stories2 our ,myths and ,folk-lore and ,fables simply ,fairy ,tales and ,legends4 ,our arrangement now assumes a definite perspective1 from the limitless past to ourselves as the fixed point4 ,our standard is one of interest2 we will apply the test of excellence1 not to books generally1 but to each channel in which individual interest has a right to seek its own development4 ,by a psychological consideration1 we are able to hitch our wagon to a star1 to span the distance separating the ,present and the ,past1 the ,real and the ,ideal4 ,myth flows imperceptibly into legend2 and1 with all the massive proportions of the heroic1 legend enters and becomes part of history4 ,and history is vitalised only when we present it to children in the form of biography4 ,is it not ,carlyle who defines history as the biography of great men8 ,thus1 we add still more to the positive factors in our book selecting4 ,we will not disguise for the child the true character of a volume by a nomenclature which is indefinite4 ,better the terms 8,how ,we ,are ,governed0 than 8,civics02 and 8,how to ,make ,things0 than 8,manual ,training40 ,we will satisfy all tastes by the best to be had1 and that rule shall be proverbial4 ,the boy1 deprived of his dime novel1#dh must be given something just as daring1 just as redolent with sensationalism2 but we will transfer his den of thieves from the areaway to the broad green forest1 and his profession of robbery shall grow into outlawry2 his ,jesse ,james become ,robin ,hood4 ,some of the best literature contains the quality of sensationalism2 it is the form that the dime novel has taken1 and the cheap exploitation of filthy detail1 that have obscured many of the most beneficial elements in melodrama4 ,the ,adventures of ,ulysses1 the ,twelve ,labours of ,hercules1 ,daniel in the ,lion's ,den1 ,jonathan and ,david--the green lights are not far away4 ,have you ever watched the breathlessness of a messenger boy with his 8,ragged ,dick ,series02 the intent1 eager faces in the gallery of the theatre during a melodrama8 ,nine times out of ten1 morals are not being perverted2 crime is not being glorified1 but severely punished2 chivalry is acting in shirt-sleeves2 the good is winning its just deserts in a large way1 and the boy glows4 ,not that ,i would have our libraries circulate 8,ragged ,dick10 but there is more to remember in such stimulation1 there is more effect than will ever be drawn from the conventional tale with its customary noble and ignoble heroes4 ,the amount of inane fiction concocted for children is pernicious4 ,literature has been made cold to the child1 yet there is nothing warmer than a classic1 when properly handled4 ,each man lives in his own age2 we are creatures of timeliness1 but we see the clearer for being at times on the mountain peak4 ,the traveller from an antique land is part of our experience quite as much as the man around the corner4 ,what ,i contend is that the attraction1 the appeal of a story depends largely on the telling4 ,with a broad sweep of right emotion1 we must be taught to soar1 and there must be no penalty of arrest for wishing to o'erleap the false horizon of a city skyline4 ,the tenement boy is a dreamer1 even though he perforce must lay his cheek against the rough brick of an air-shaft and squint up at the stars4 ,the democracy of a public library system affords him equal opportunities with ,keats--even though he may not have the same capacity for enjoyment--to look into ,chapman's ,homer2 he is entitled to all that vast experience1 that same 8hoard of goodly states and kingdoms40 ,but if his author is not deep-browed1 if he1 too1 is not given the same pure serenity of view1 if his ,chapman does not speak out loud and bold1 he will feel himself defrauded of the vitalising meaning of literature1 he will have missed being 444 like some watcher of the skies ,when a new planet swims into his ken4 ,this1 therefore1 should make you determine to cry against mediocrity2 to purchase for those empty shelves the best of a class1 the best of an edition1 and the most authentic of texts4 ,lady ,eastlake once wrote3 8,the real secret of a child's book consists not merely in its being less dry and less difficult1 but more rich in interest1 more true to nature1 more exquisite in art1 more abundant in every quality that replies to childhood's keener and fresher perceptions4 ,such being the case1 the best of juvenile reading will be found in libraries belonging to their elders1 while the best juvenile writing will not fail to delight those who are no longer children4 #8,robinson ,crusoe1' the standing favourite of above a century1 was not originally written for children2 and ,sir ,walter ,scott's #8,tales of a ,grandfather1' addressed solely to them1 are the pleasure and profit of every age1 from childhood upward4 ,our little friends tear ,pope's #8,odyssey' from mamma's hands1 while she takes up their #8,agathos'#di with an admiration which no child's can exceed40 ,the opinion here quoted somewhat overstates the real case4 ,the experienced librarian of to-day could tell a different tale from the loan desk2 it is the average young person she must have in mind1 and the average understanding4 ,but this understanding is not commensurate with the reading ability of the child2 it is much above it1 and this fact also should be considered an asset for the librarian to work with4 ,despite the theories regarding how a story should be told to a seven-year-old reader1 and to one twelve years old1 the volumes do not very consistently adapt themselves to such a classification4 ,the buyer must say3 ,is it to be read by the child8 ,consider his schooling4 ,is it to be read to the child8 ,consider his understanding4 ,let us not subject ourselves to the criticism that our ideals will not work4 ,if they are unpractical1 they are useless and must be amended4 ,it is recognised that something more is wanted than the 8masterpiece10 so guardedly extolled by ,mr4 ,everett ,t4 ,tomlinson1#ej a popular author of boys' books4 ,he separates the boy and the classic by a wide gulf of adolescent requirements2 he pleads for something in addition to bone and tendon2 he believes the boy demands material to fit his mental estate1 which is not equipped for 8ready response0 to adult literature4 ,in other words1 the juvenile book of to-day1 which is well typified by his own stories1 is to supplement and not to supplant the 8masterpiece40 ,the situation is a rather delicate and uncertain one2 it would be well1 as ,mr4 ,tomlinson suggests1 if the results1 as he thinks1 were actually the case4 ,but does the girl1 who reads her 8series0 trilogy1 slip from ,dinsmore into ,dickens2 or does the boy1 with his ,henty books filling shelf after shelf1 graduate therefrom into ,scott8 ,the theory does not work1 and1 even if it did1 an immense amount of energy is going to waste somewhere4 ,miss ,hewins1 from her extensive experience as a worker in the ,hartford ,public ,library1 has outlined what you can get from a ,henty book ,wisconsin ,library ,bulletin4 ,madison1 ,sept4-,oct41 #aijf4 ,vol4 #b1 ,no4 #e42 her plan is most interesting1 and1 were there readers possessing the zeal necessary to make such literature permanently serviceable1 we could actually view knowledge growing from more to more4 ,the summary is as follows3 8,if a boy reads nothing but ,henty for a year or so1 he is not likely to care for the great historical novels of the world later1 but if he uses him under guidance1 reading after each one of his books a better story of the same period1 if he look up places on a map1 unfamiliar words and references in a dictionary or cyclopdia1 and if he reads a life of one of the real characters in every book1 he is well on his way to an intelligent interest in general history40 ,but would it not be just as well to centre this concentration directly on ,scott8 ,the librarian will doubtless claim that the boy turns more readily to the one than to the other1 and ,i believe that this is largely due to the over-emphasis of ,scott as a standard author1 and of ,henty as a popular writer for boys4 ,scott has never been issued in form to catch the young reader's eye4 ,given as many illustrations as ,henty1 relegating the preface to the appendix1 or omitting it altogether1 and the author of 8,waverley0 would be found to have lost none of his grip4 ,you will receive from any librarian the unfailing statement that one of the most constant ambitions is to reduce the proportion of fiction in circulation1 and1 in that proportion1 to preserve what is of true worth in place of the mediocre average of the modern story-books4 ,mr4 ,tomlinson's analysis of the qualities in a child's book may be indicated by seven divisions3 a4 ,there must be a story4 b4 ,there must be vigorous action with little contemplation4 8,analysis and introspection are words outside of his the child's vocabulary10 says ,mr4 ,tomlinson4 c4 ,fancy is more to be sought for than pure imagination4 d4 ,the writer must regard the moral character of boys3 a lack of mercy1 a strict sense of justice2 he must regard their faith which is credulity2 their sentiment of reverence2 their power of being convinced4 e4 ,the writer must likewise consider the differences between the sexes in the point of moral faculties1 even though in many respects they are the same4 ,for girls have tender consciences1 though not so tenacious2 they are quick to promise1 and as quick to forget2 they are easily stirred to pity1 their sympathy easily appealed to4 ,bringing it down to an animalistic basis1 ,mr4 ,tomlinson believes that though the ancestral cruelty in girls is not so evident as in boys1 when it does flash forth it is sharper in every way4 8,to both1 right and wrong are absolute1 not relative terms1 and a youthful misanthrope is as much of an anomaly as a youthful grandfather40 f4 ,the sentiments must be directed in channels of usefulness and power1 hence the story of patriotism1 the situation of courage1 the incident of tenderness4 g4 ,since the faculties in action are receptive1 rather than perceptive1 since the memory is keen to hold1 the writer must bear this psychological status in mind4 ,in fine1 recognising that even in his play the boy takes things seriously1 and believing that the juvenile intellect 8seeks the reasonable more than the process of reasoning10 ,mr4 ,tomlinson shapes a dicta of criticism1 a standard by which the child's book may be recognised in terms of vital characteristics4 ,apply them to recent juvenile books1 if you will1 and you will find the majority wanting4 ,but will not the classics meet these requirements8 ,are we to relegate the best we have to the back shelves1 and buy nothing that smacks of good style8 ,instead of putting tight bands of expectancy about our minds1 and of making us bow down before a throne of iced classics1 let the librarian treat the 8,iliad0 genially1 let her represent 8,siegfried0 with the broad heavens above him4 ,the classics have yielding power4 ,it is characteristic of every age that a discontent is always manifest with the conditions as they exist at the time4 ,as early as #ahdd1 the child's book1 per se1 was brought under rigourous scrutiny by an unnamed critic in the ,quarterly ,review1 and what was said then applies equally as well to the state of affairs to-day4 ,but this very entertaining writer1 talking in terms of judgment founded upon a keen understanding of what such a book should be1 attempts a list of juvenile books which bears all the ear-marks of his age2 he finds it necessary to select from the immediate supply2 he knows that there is the author of his own era whom he cannot discard4 ,we have a lurking suspicion that1 with his canons of criticism1 he would have altered his list1 could he have looked in perspective4 ,but there was very little range in children's books of that day2 the species was just becoming accentuated1 and his element of timeliness had to be regarded4 ,therefore1 while we are pleading with the librarian for a high choice in the selection of books1 we know that were the timely volume omitted1 simply on the basis that it did not conform with one's idea of the best1 the library would become fixed1 like a dead language4 ,the ,quarterly article was written at a time when the secularisation of juvenile literature was just beginning to take place2 the moral and the educational factors were looking askance1 the one at the other1 both claiming the boy and girl for instruction1 but each from a different basis4 ,our author pleads for the healthy1 normal reader1 in whom 8still-born0 knowledge--mere lifeless acquisition--were a curse indeed6 ,he cries out against the educational catechism1 as he does against the moral one4 ,his discriminating thesis advances in threefold manner1 for he writes3 8,those who insist on keeping the sense of enjoyment rigidly back1 till that of comprehension has been forcibly urged forward--who stipulate that the one shall not be indulged till the other be appeased--are in reality but retarding what they most affect to promote40 ,and again3 8,children have no sooner begun to enjoy than they are called upon to reflect2 they have no sooner begun to forget that there exists in the world such a little being as themselves than they are pulled back to remember1 not only what they are1 but what they will one day infallibly become40 ,and still again3 8,children seem to possess an inherent conviction that when the hole is big enough for the cat1 no smaller one at the side is needed for the kitten4 ,they do not really care for #8,glimpses' of this1 or #8,gleanings' of that1 or #8,footsteps' to the other--they would rather stretch and pull44440 ,from a desert of dust-covered magazines1 this comes to us like a hidden spring bubbling with energy which no outer crust of years can quell4#ea ,then as now1 they had the pernicious school-book--instance ,peter ,parley2#eb then as now1 they had the flippant tale4 ,our unknown author recommended 8,puss in ,boots10 with designs by ,otto ,specker1 as the beau ideal of nursery books1 and the ,grimm ,tales with ,cruikshank's illustrations2 he recognised the admirable qualities in the verses by the ,taylor sisters4 ,miss ,edgeworth1 ,miss ,tytler1 ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 ,mrs4 ,hofland1 ,mary ,howitt 7although some of her books are questioned71 ,catherine ,sinclair1 ,mrs4 ,marcet1 and a host of others1 now dead to the circulating shelves1 received their quota of commendation4 ,the list is a curious example of existing circumstances2 it illustrates the futility of crystallising the library system2 it demonstrates that the library1 as an institution1 must reflect the aspirations of its age1 not overreaching its full capacity of usefulness and of average excellence4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,library1 ,,the ,,school1 ,,the ,,home3 ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,culture4 8,criticism10 says ,matthew ,arnold1 8must maintain its independence of the practical spirit and its aims4 ,even with well-meant efforts of the practical spirit it must express dissatisfaction1 if in the sphere of the ideal they seem impoverishing and limiting40 ,still1 not for a moment are we able to lose sight of the active working conditions of the library4 ,speculation as to the functions of such an institution in a community may lead to the formulation of certain ideals which are to guide the practical machinery in the future4 ,but1 on the instant1 there is the urgent necessity of supply and demand2 the theorist must cope with the actual reader calling for a book4 ,it is1 however1 only proper to expect that human activity be directed1 not along the lines of least resistance1 but along the lines of best results4 ,this infers that the library1 as an institution1 fully recognises that it has a function to perform in society1 and that it will strive1 in its several capacities1 so to unify its activities that it will become a force as well as a convenience4 ,through pleasure1 we would train the child to future usefulness2 physically we would let him find expression for all his surplus energy2 but as a reader1 we would so far guide him that none of his mental energy will go to waste4 ,intellectually1 a boy or a girl should not be given what one library called 8leisure hour reading02 a book should not mean1 for either1 a vehicle for frittering the time away1 but their training should lead to the finding of 8tongues in trees1 books in the running brooks1 sermons in stones1 and good in everything40 ,an essential purpose is a most important element in the future history of children's rooms1 and at the present initial stage it were unwise to criticise the methods by which the library is trying to state this purpose in definite terms4 ,but whether we regard its activity in the direction of the home1 the school1 the settlement1 or the city at large1 we may safely claim that its main duty in all directions is to supply the best books to be had on any stated line4 ,and herein we discover the connection that ought to exist between our schools as educational1 and our libraries as cultural centres4 ,in ,buffalo1 ,mr4 ,melvil ,dewey1 during an address given to teachers1 said3 8,by law1 the children are put under your influence in their earlier years1 when1 if ever1 they can be taught to love good books so well that in all their lives thereafter they will seize on every opportunity to read them4 ,if the librarians1 with their wing of the educational army1 can select and catalogue and provide free of cost the best on every subject1 the schoolmen1 with their wing and with their immensely larger resources both of money and men--and still better1 of devoted women--must send out from the schools1 year by year1 boys and girls who will be lifelong patrons of the public library1 and will1 in due time1 help to send their own children along the paths which have proved for them so profitable and pleasant2 444 but its great work should be the partial recognition that education is no longer for youth and for a limited course1 in a school to which they give most of their time1 but that it is really a matter for adults as well as youth1 for life and not for the course1 to be carried on at home as well as in the schools1 and to be taken up in the hours or minutes of leisure1 as the proper accompaniment of their regular business or labour4 ,this means that education must be carried on by means of reading1 and that1 if the librarians are to furnish the books and give all necessary help in their proper field1 the schools must furnish the readers40 ,it is1 therefore1 the supreme function of a supervisor of school libraries to reconcile culture with knowledge-getting--taste and desire with mental training--quite as much as it is his official duty to furnish supplementary books for the class-rooms4 ,in fact1 the former should become his chief business1 for in the other capacity he slightly encroaches upon1 rather than aids--duplicates in expense1 rather than enforces by supplying a need--the work being done by the neighbourhood library4 ,between the school and the library there should thus be a reciprocal interchange of courtesies1 the sum total of which tends toward culture4#ec ,for the child is the potential man1 and in our reading1 despite the opportunities for education1 we are not made to understand1 at the early age when habits are most readily formed1 the real import of the sustaining power of art4 ,the reading of novels is a delightful recreation2 it is not the reading which should be questioned2 it is the power to stop4 ,periods of rest are a psychological necessity1 but it is the power of returning from the side issue to the life issue1 which1 in so many cases1 is the missing element4 ,the literature that does nothing more than amuse is not the literature which1 in future days1 one is to fall back on as a maintaining force4 ,browning cries out3 ,i count life just a stuff ,to try the soul's strength on1 educe the man4 ,the man of culture is something more than an upstart2 his is a slow but a steady growth2 the smallest star that burns into the night is one whose rays have taken years to reach the earth4 ,out of the varied but unified elements1 the personality evolves its view of life2 it may not necessarily be a life among books2 ,shakespeare the man and ,shakespeare the poet are contradictions4 ,the sustaining force in literature is no protector in the sense that it shields us from some impending danger4 ,it settles behind us1 pushes us1 heart and soul1 with a burning resolution1 through the darkest night4 ,the cultured man finds himself clinging to the sunnier side of doubt1 not because ,tennyson advises it1 but because it has become part of his philosophy2 he falls back upon a part of himself developed by literature4 ,our neighbour is but a composite picture of numberless developments1 all working toward a definite goal4 ,we call him the cultured man4 ,our neighbour is one who tries to show us as many pictures of himself1 working in different directions1 as he thinks will clothe him in a mist of thought4 ,we call him the dilettante4 ,dilettanteism does not sustain2 we either have to be perfectly honest with ourselves1 or else be discovered by others in the end4 ,the habit of association with good books is1 therefore1 one which our school systems need to inculcate4 ,the supervisor of class-room libraries should strive to supplement the text-book with something that is not a text-book2 the outlines of history should be strengthened by bona fide biography instead of by the hybrid type of fiction4 ,a committee in ,germany1 after working some years over the recommendations of books for children1 finally printed a list of #fcg volumes--calling attention to a weakness in travel1 popular science1 and biography4 ,this condition is as true in ,england and ,america2 and one of the causes for the deficiency may be accounted for by the substitution of the text-book style for the dignified narrative4 ,the writer of juvenile books1 other than fiction1 has not realised1 up to the present time1 that the direct treatment is capable of being understood by young people4 ,conscious of this weakness1 the librarian in time will banish from the circulating shelves the text-book1 per se2 and the school child should be prepared to meet the change4 ,if he is given instruction in the uses of a dictionary1#ed and of a card catalogue2 if he is trained by degrees to hunt up references--he should as well be familiarized with the transition from text-book to authority1 from selection to source1 from part to whole4 ,from the mere usefulness of books he should be taught the attractive power of books4 ,this1 it would seem1 is one of the fundamental relations existing between the library and the school4 ,with the increase of facilities1 with the specialised consideration paid to children's reading by librarian and by teacher1 there arises the factor of the parent in connection with the two4 ,what part1 in the general plan1 does the home occupy8 ,it furnishes the scholar2 it furnishes the reader4 ,in private instruction1 it may dictate what shall be taught to the boy or girl2 in public instruction1 the individual becomes part of the system4 ,the home may purchase books for the particular taste of this child or of that1 but the public library must attend to all demands4 ,because of its democratic mission1 it partially discourages the private ownership of books by the average person4 ,therefore1 in most essentials1 the ,state furnishes the means of instruction and indicates what that instruction shall be in its elementary stages2 the ,state likewise supports the library1 a repository where the regulation and censorship are minimised as far as the reader is concerned4 ,let us acknowledge the peculiar social and economic conditions that conduce to deprive the home of the means or of the time to give to the proper training of children3 the crowded tenement1 the isolated mountain cabin are alike in this denial4 ,but the school and the library are counteracting the deficiency4 ,the mental condition in the tenement is more in a state of ferment than in the mountains2 the second generation of the ignorant emigrant in ,new ,york or ,chicago or ,cleveland or ,pittsburg is far more fortunate than the new generation peopling our ,blue ,ridge ,mountains in ,virginia4 ,yet the school and the library are penetrating the dense maze--they are defying isolation1 and we will doubtless discover1 before long1 that the stagnation throughout the ,tennessee ranges1 and bordering the northern line of the ,shenandoah ,valley1 has beneath it a great potential future of intellectual development4 ,until the social settlement passes through its experimental stage1--perhaps its very existence is dependent upon its experimental character--it were not safe to speculate on how largely it will aid in making the home so far independent of consuming necessity that it will respect the refinements of life1 and will recognise that1 in so doing1 each individual raises his own self-respect4 ,should the settlement accomplish this1 however little1 it will justify its existence4 ,the home1 none the less1 remains a factor1 and its responsibility is none the less urgent4 ,the story hour is one of its legacies from the past1 and through it1 the parent should cater wisely to a child's desire for a tale4 ,if the library is also adopting the same means1 this in no way should relieve the parent of the prerogative2 it should only afford her an opportunity of improving upon her own idea as to how a story should be told4 ,home influence should direct this juvenile desire1 this individual taste2 for no one has the close knowledge of a boy or girl possessed by the father or mother4 ,the habit of good reading1 mentioned before1 should be the joint product of the library1 the school1 and the home4 ,yet1 in many instances1 the library card of the child is of small consideration to the parent4 ,this is more likely due to indifference than to an absolute confidence in the library's effort to bring juvenile readers in contact with the best books4 ,the woman's club that will study the problem of children's reading1 as sedulously as it analyses the pathologic significance of ,ibsen's heroines1 will be rendering a service to the library1 as well as fitting its members to pass some judgment on the publisher's yearly output of juvenile books4 ,,iii4 ,,book-,,lists ,,and ,,book-,,selecting4 8,shall we permit our children10 wrote ,plato in the 8,republic10 8without scruple to hear any fables composed by any authors indifferently1 and so to receive into their minds opinions generally the reverse of those which1 when they are grown to manhood1 we shall think they ought to entertain80 ,to a negative reply from ,adeimantus1 ,glaucon's brother1 ,plato continued3 8,then apparently our first duty will be to exercise a superintendence over the authors of fables1 selecting their good productions1 and rejecting the bad4 ,and the selected fables we shall advise our nurses and mothers to repeat to their children1 that they may thus mould their minds with the fables1 even more than they shape their bodies with the hand40 ,upon the broad principles here formulated the value of the children's rooms depends4 ,for it will be conceded that the two requisites of a library are to place good books upon the shelves and to see that they are read4 ,in the first section of this chapter1 the individual promptings of a conscientious person were suggested2 but a more systematic method of book-selection should be adopted1 whereby a book is chosen because it has passed scrutiny of a committee elected for the special purpose4 ,in order to protect the average demand1 such a board should1 of necessity1 be a body catholic in taste1 and not wholly academic in tone4 ,it should bear in mind that a consulting library is different in function and in appeal from the general circulating branches2 that the specialised critic must pass1 not always upon whether there is sufficient fact in the book1 but upon whether what fact there is has been dealt with truly1 rather than fully4 ,as early as #ahic1 ,paul ,ziegler established a ,german monthly1 the ,jugendschriftenwarte1 in which he purposed to teach the ,german people how to examine children's books1 classical and modern4 ,he believed firmly that he would be able to reach some scientific basis1 some consistent standard1 which would be founded upon psychological1 pedagogical1 and sthetic experience4 ,this ambitious beginning by ,ziegler led to the organisation of committees for the same purpose4 ,in #aijj1 there were twenty-six centres throughout the ,empire engaged in the study1 and they were soon gathered together by ,heinrich ,wolgast1#ee a specialist on the subject of children's reading1 into a 8union0 called 8,die vereinigten deutschen ,prfungsausschsse fr ,jugendschriften40 ,by #aijf1 the movement had so grown that seventy-eight local committees1 with a common interest and a strong organisation1 were working in twenty-six ,german ,states1 their energy being felt and their example being followed in ,austria1 ,switzerland1 and ,france4 ,these committees have been weeding out1 according to their sthetic1 educational1 and national ideals1 all undesirable literature for children1 leaving nothing but the best4 ,it would appear that in the course of their examination they called into account the opinions of parent1 teacher1 librarian1 author1 illustrator1 and publisher4 ,the local committees1 working in hearty sympathy with the local libraries1 had but one watchword1 excellent2 the book was read three times by a number of committees--sometimes as many as six1 when the book would pass through eighteen hands4 ,if a committee's decision was unanimous1 the result was sent to the central office of the confederation2 if there was a difference of opinion1 an arbitrator was called in4 ,miss ,isabel ,chadburn1 in a suggestive article1#ef quotes fully some of the final reports which are always sent to the ,jugendschriftenwarte for publication4 ,here is one dealing summarily with a book3 8#8,the ,lifeboat1' ,ballantyne 7,from the ,english of74 ,four pictures in colour1 black-and-white illustrations in the text2 second edition2 #hvo1 #abb pages4 ,leipzig3 ,otto ,spamer1 #ahib4 ,price #a m4 8,tested by3 ,berlin 7no72 ,breslau 7no72 ,halle 7no72 ,knigsberg 7yes72 ,posen 7no72 ,stettin 7yes74 8,a story of adventure in which the interest of the reader is directly excited through the keeping up of a succession of extraordinary events4 ,the characterisation is utterly superficial and contradictory4 ,the style1 hard to understand on account of the numerous technical nautical terms1 is full of indistinct and distorted metaphors and expressions4 ,the pictures are crude and badly drawn4 ,upon these grounds the book is rejected40 ,by the ,german method1 a poor book would find small chances of surviving4 ,already this test has met with opposition from the ,german 8,union of ,booksellers1 ,selling on a ,commission40 ,but the crusade is steadily gaining ground and the influence having effect4 ,the academic tone detected in this plan is its one objection4 ,were the same policy adopted in ,america1 it would only add to an already over-conscious education-getting process4 ,as we seem to be obsessed by the idea1 far better it would be simply to trust to a general impression of a book1 than to have it squeezed and analysed out of existence4 ,a teacher who served on such a board would be obliged to cut herself completely adrift from the school-room atmosphere1 and to criticise from a cultural standpoint1 tempered by her educational experience4 ,we have our own children to consider2 ,european ,states are sending us theirs4 ,it is no small matter to decide what they should read4 ,in the library1 the juvenile member is to find a full and free development4 ,russian and ,polish1 ,french1 ,german and ,italian1 ,yiddish and ,english--all these must be satisfied4 ,but there is one thing positive2 however conglomerate the membership1 a library for children must assume as a fundamental maxim that the best books alone will create the best taste4 ,we shall be obliged to come to it sooner or later1--a guillotine method--the wholesale eviction of all literature which is an outgrowth of this attempt to drag our classics down1 in order to appeal condescendingly to youthful intellects1 and to foreshorten our fiction so as to satisfy a trivial mood4 ,wisely1 the librarian is moving by degrees2 a sudden adoption of a rigorous standard would find an army of readers wholly unprepared2 the ideal must be made to suit the needs of different environments4 ,whatever rules are formulated to hasten the improvement1 they must be pliable and not fixed2 for1 though all localities may be improving1 this betterment will be found to vary in degree with each section4 ,having stacked the shelves1 the next step is to appeal to the child through suggestion2 to find out1 as well as opportunity will permit1 wherein his tastes lie1 and what class of book dominates his card1 as seen by the catalogue notation stamped upon it4 ,the librarian must seek to divert any miscarriage of energy2 to lead away from undesirable tendencies by gradual substitution of something a little higher in motive and much stronger in style4 ,she must resort to exciting subterfuges3 the bulletin accessory1 the book-lists1 the story hour--in fact1 whatever her inventive mind can shape to awaken interest1 to foster a desire for something above the average taste4 ,there are some who approve of closing the shelves to children1 and in this way of directing the distribution of books to the individual4 ,not only is this impracticable1 but it deprives a child of that personal contact with all kinds of books by means of which he is to learn his own inclination4 ,we must infer that all books upon the juvenile shelves are placed there because they are thought suitable for children4 ,the librarian may reserve that prerogative of concealing a book and regarding it out1 should a demand for it come from one who should not1 for any apparent reason1 have it4 ,but the jurisdiction of the librarian over the child-taste1 just as the jurisdiction of the teacher over the child-mind1 ends where the home is expected to proclaim its effectiveness and its right4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,experimental ,,temptation4 ,many attempts have been made to treat statistically the reading tastes of children1 but the results are significant only in a few details1 and even these vary from locality to locality1 as they differ from child to child4 ,the psychology of sex becomes apparent by the manner in which boys and girls respond to the same stimulus4 ,but we ought not to place much value upon a canvass of this kind1 for the answers that are sent to any class of questions are more or less artificial1 in many cases reflecting some grown person's estimate of a book4 ,it is important for the librarian to know the proportions in which fiction and non-fiction are circulated1 and what books are in greatest demand4 ,the temperature changes of taste need thus to be followed4 ,but history deals with crucial moments4 ,every one interested in the subject of juvenile reading has tried to experiment and has received quaint answers to stereotyped questions--answers filled with humour1 now and then with a spontaneous exclamation of appreciation4 ,in my own case1 some four hundred letters were sent to me from children1 ,north and ,south4 ,they showed me local variations in reading tastes2 they showed me educational weaknesses1 such as a general mechanical study of a few hackneyed poems2 they showed me an indiscriminate reading1 by the fourteen- or fifteen-year-old girl1 of fiction such as ,besant's 8,children of ,gideon0 and ,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward's 8,fenwick's ,career40 ,furthermore1 they pointed in some instances to individual tastes2 and most of them indicated a dire confusion as to the meaning of the terms fiction and non-fiction4 ,by such an experiment1 however1 one begins to realise how rich the field of juvenile energy is--a stream of voluntary desire seeking some course to the sea4 ,from a multitude of such letters one may comprehend why the librarian insists on proceeding slowly in order to counteract deficiencies4 ,the newsboy1 without his five-cent weekly1 still must have his penny-dreadful classic2 the girl1 too old for the juvenile book1 must be furnished with a transitional book on the way to the grown-up shelves2 our foreign children must be encouraged to read1 according to the librarian's idea1 something different from themselves1 something not of their own environment4#eg ,we were warned by the writer in the ,quarterly ,review not to regard the extremes of genius or of dulness1 in estimating children4 ,and yet1 biography is filled with that appealing detail of juvenile taste1 which the grown person delights in recording4 ,lamb's remembrance of the ,stackhouse ,bible1 ,coleridge's dreamy dread of the ,arabian ,nights1 ,scott's lusty shouting of the ballad of ,hardy ,knute1 ,tennyson's spreading his arms to the sky and chanting1 8,i hear a voice that's speaking in the wind10 ,stevenson's crooning to himself in the dark his 8songstries0#eh--these touches do not betoken the genius of men1 but the genius of childhood4 ,whenever we find such young people brought in contact with children's literature1 they do not relish the experience2 they recognise as of value only that which they can but partially comprehend1 yet which is told out of the depths of a writer's heart and understanding4 ,they respond to the spirit of great literature from their earliest moments2 for its sake1 they overcome the sensitiveness of temperament which nowadays must be in so far reckoned with that all causes for fear are rejected from a story4 ,to them1 there is a certain educative value in fear4 ,coleridge1 timourous as he was when not more than six1 devoured the gilt-covered books of ,jack-the-,giant-,killer and of ,tom ,hickathrift1 whom ,thackeray delighted in1 not because he was so tall1 but because he was so thick2 and though it is said that his father burnt many of these nerve-exacting tales1 we hear ,coleridge exclaiming during the course of a lecture delivered in #ahaa3 8,give me the works which delighted my youth6 ,give me the ,history of ,st4 ,george and the ,seven ,champions of ,christendom1 which at every leisure moment ,i used to hide myself in a corner to read6 ,give me the ,arabian ,nights' ,entertainments1 which ,i used to watch1 till the sun shining on the book-case approached1 and1 glowing full upon it1 gave me the courage to take it from the shelf40#ei ,we interpret these remarks in terms of genius1 without giving the average mind credit for such opinions1 just because they are left unrecorded4 ,every child has his night fears and his day dreams1 however regulated they may be by his social environment4 ,these vary in degree according to the intellectual energy and spiritual refinement fostered in each one of us4 ,the librarian's problem is based upon an acknowledgment of this potential energy and refinement2 she reckons with the child's voluntary interest4 ,for all childhood is seeking to find expression in numberless ways2 its eye for the first time sees the outline of life1 its voice expresses for the first time the rhythm of its nature in song4 ,its compass in all things is small1 but its timbre is pure4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,the general complaint among librarians is that these picture-books of the best type are too rare and too expensive to purchase in large quantities for general circulation4 #dh ,read ,stevenson's 8,a ,penny ,plain0 in ,memories and ,portraits2 also 8,the ,dime ,novel in ,american ,life10 by ,charles ,m4 ,harvey1 ,atlantic1 #ajj3cg 7,july1 #aijg74 #di ,by ,archdeacon ,wilberforce1 ,hannah ,more's friend4 #ej ,vide 8,reading for ,boys and ,girls10 by ,everett ,t4 ,tomlinson4 ,atlantic1 #hf3fic 7,nov41 #aijj74 #ea ,article on ,children's ,books4 ,reprinted in ,living ,age1 ,aug4 #aj1 #ahdd1 #b3a4 #eb ,there was the ,elliptical ,questioning--a form of 8drawing out0 and 8injecting0 knowledge and information4 #ec ,in a letter to the author1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,leland1 ,superintendent of the ,bureau of ,libraries1 ,new ,york ,board of ,education1 plainly states the province and the mission of the school library4 ,he writes3 8,nearly all of our educational institutions nowadays are very busily engaged in supplying useful information4 ,the practical is crowding everything else out of their courses of study4 ,the kind of knowledge that will help in the future struggle for existence and material betterment is being demanded more and more and is being taught to the exclusion of much that is only ethical or cultural4 8,as a continual protest against this materialistic tendency the school library takes its position and marshals its books4 ,its first purpose is to create a love for good literature and beautiful pictures as soon as the child has mastered the mechanics of reading2 its ultimate aim is culture4 8,in the elementary school the library should reach to every class-room and offer there a few very attractive and very carefully selected books1 so attractive and so well graded that the most indifferent boy or girl will be led by easy stages into the green fields of literature4 8,the class-room is still the strategic point1 for even homes of refinement are wont to delegate the work of directing the children's reading to the school1 and the teacher with her case of well-known books has every day opportunities denied to public librarian and to the majority of parents4 8,the school library naturally points the way to the public library2 its relation to that institution is that of the preparatory school to the university4 8,in supplying reference-books1 and in correlating a certain amount of recreative reading with the school course1 the library has another important field1 but one which should be subordinated to the larger and broader function40 #ed ,this involves a careful consideration of a juvenile reference library4 #ee ,heinrich ,wolgast1 the ,german authority1 has written3 8,vom ,kinderbuch10 ,leipzig1 ,teubner1 #aijf4 #ef ,vide ,london ,library ,association ,record1 ,feb4 #ae1 #aijg4 #eg ,this last statement1 however1 may be refuted by the rpertoire of a ,yiddish theatre4 ,i have witnessed the theme of 8,king ,lear0 applied to ,jewish life1 and followed with bated breath by the boy in the gallery4 #eh ,stevenson's father once stood outside the door and recorded one of these impromptu poems4 ,the ,rev4 ,charles ,kingsley1 when a boy1 is said to have done the same thing4 #ei ,vide ,w4 ,m4 ,rossetti's ,memoirs of ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti4 ,chap4 ,,vi1 ,childish ,book ,reading and ,scribbling4 ,,vi4 ,,appendix ,i4 ,,book-,,lists ,,published ,,by ,,libraries4 ,what principle of selection shall one adopt in making a book-list8 ,no hard and fast rules can be framed1 for what ,i may consider best may be rejected as second best by you4 ,there is not a book-list issued that does not differ from the others in many essentials2 in classification1 in titles1 and in purpose4 ,most of these lists are marked by a sincere effort on the part of librarians to direct a child's reading along the best lines4 ,but even though they may be suggestive and helpful1 at the most they are passive and need to be supplemented by a personal knowledge of the books recommended4 ,for1 in the lists of history and biography1 a compiler finds it necessary to adopt many volumes that are far from literary in the style of writing or in the manner of treatment4 ,to-morrow these books may give place to others far superior and far more permanent in value4 ,the agreement between the lists1 however1 does show that there are numberless stories1 legends1 and the like1 which are generally acceded to be desirable1 as much because of their inherent freshness as because of the fact that they have stood the test of time4 ,rarely do the lists fail to mention them4 ,notwithstanding1 the recommendations issued by the libraries usually are sent forth1 hedged around by exceptions and by indirect warnings4 ,this is a healthful sign2 it indicates that1 however intent the maker of book-lists may be to offer the best1 human nature is not all of the same calibre1 and excellence is of an illusive character4 ,it is with some peculiar pleasure that ,i offer the list of books in this ,appendix1 protecting myself1 and the committee that aided me1 with excuses1 and forestalling criticism by claiming that while the recommendations have been made to the best of several abilities1 and in accord with no mean standards of selection--at the same time much has been included of necessity which will pass away in the years to come4 ,this is not an exclusive list2 the attempt has been made to have it a practical1 workable list1 for parents and teachers and librarians to consult1 bringing to it their own personal judgment as to individual taste and development of the child under consideration4 ,such a term as 8the child0 has been used reluctantly1 since there is no other term1 more human1 less mechanical1 to take its place4 ,because of this dislike for a stereotyped grading of childhood1 the reader will here find no indication as to age demands4 ,the books have been mentioned with a generous range of from six to fifteen years4 ,other lists will be found to include a fuller division of subjects4 ,notably in the historical sections1 they will contain many more references than are here given4 ,our histories smack largely of the school-room2 they do not differ so very much from each other as to excellence2 they are very apt to agree in the zealousness with which they follow fact4 ,if we decide to seek for general literary merit1 we should avoid1 as far as possible1 the inclusion of what we know is not the case2 of what we know is intended for the class-room4 ,and so1 in order to supplement our method1 which may be considered too narrow or too broad1 the following table of available lists1 which have been brought to my notice1 is included3 ,,book-,,lists ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,annotated ,,lists--,books for ,boys and ,girls4 ,a ,selected ,list ,compiled by ,caroline ,m4 ,hewins1 ,librarian of the ,hartford ,public ,library4 #aijd4 #j4ae4 ,a most judicious and literary standard4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,recommended ,,for ,a ,,children',s ,,library--,compiled for the ,iowa ,library ,commission by ,annie ,carroll ,moore1 ,supervisor of ,children's ,rooms in the ,new ,york ,city ,public ,library4 ,another excellent and practical guide4 ,,books ,,for ,,boys--,special ,bulletin ,no4 #f4 ,january1 #aijf4 ,the ,chicago ,public ,library4 ,a generous selection for boys from twelve to eighteen2 an inclusive list1 marked more by vigour than by refinement of a fastidious nature4 ,,fingerposts ,,to ,,children',s ,,reading--,walter ,taylor ,field4 ,mc,clurg1 #a4jj4 ,the book contains some practical suggestions about children and their reading4 ,the lists in the ,appendix are open to criticism4 ,,the ,,right ,,reading ,,for ,,children--,compiled by ,charles ,welsh4 ,heath4 ,referring chiefly to ,heath's ,home and ,school ,classics4 ,,story ,,telling ,,to ,,children ,,from ,,norse ,,mythology ,,and ,,the ,,nibelungenlied--,references to ,material on ,selected ,stories1 ,together with an ,annotated ,reading ,list4 ,carnegie ,library1 ,pittsburgh4 #j4bj4 ,excellent4 ,,story ,,hour ,,courses ,,for ,,children ,,from ,,greek ,,myths1 ,,the ,,iliad1 ,,and ,,the ,,odyssey1 as ,conducted by the ,children's ,department of the ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh4 #j4je4 ,an excellent guide4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,good ,,stories ,,to ,,tell ,,to ,,children ,,under ,,twelve ,,years ,,of ,,age1 with a ,brief ,account of the ,story ,hour ,conducted by the ,children's ,department1 ,carnegie ,library1 ,pittsburgh4 #j4je4 ,the same ,library has issued3 ,,annotated ,,catalogue ,,of ,,books ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,home ,,libraries ,,and ,,reading ,,clubs1 conducted by the ,children's ,department4 #j4be4 ,,books ,,for ,,children--,a ,list ,compiled by ,gertrude ,wild ,arnold4 ,the ,marion ,press1 ,new ,york4 #aije4 ,,reading ,,for ,,the ,,young--,sargent4 ,houghton4 ,a ,,children',s ,,library--,selected by ,may ,h4 ,prentice and ,effie ,l4 ,power1 in behalf of the ,cleveland ,normal ,school4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,books ,,for ,,public ,,school ,,libraries ,,in ,,new ,,york--,compiled by ,claude ,g4 ,leland4 ,marked by educational requirements1 and graded4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,on ,,birds for the ,general ,reader and ,students4 ,audubon ,society of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,recommended by ,mr4 ,frank ,m4 ,chapman1 of the ,new ,york ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,vide 8,bird-,lore10 a magazine which ,mr4 ,chapman edits4 ,,children',s ,,reference ,,lists--,cleveland ,public ,library4 ,english ,history for the ,sixth ,grade4 ,the system here adopted is excellent1 and might be followed with advantage in other lines4 ,,children1 ,,schools1 ,,and ,,libraries--,a list1 with abstracts1 of some of the more important contributions to the subject4 ,compiled by ,marion ,dickinson in #ahig2 revised by ,mary ,medlicott in #ahii4 ,springfield ,public ,library4 ,springfield1 ,massachusetts4 ,a very serviceable pamphlet4 ,,five ,,hundred ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,young--,george ,e4 ,hardy4 ,scribner4 ,,some ,,english ,,catalogues recommended by ,miss ,isabel ,chadburn3 a4 ,catalogue of ,books for ,secondary ,schools4 b4 ,prize ,list1 ,education ,committee1 ,london ,county ,council4 ,graded4 c4 ,buckingham ,palace ,road ,library4 ,mr4 ,pacy4 d4 ,cable ,street1 ,stepney1 ,e41 ,library4 ,mr4 ,roebuck4 e4 ,descriptive ,handbook to ,juvenile ,literature4 ,finsbury ,public ,libraries1 ,mr4 ,cannons4 f4 ,group of ,books for ,schools4 ,librarian of the ,cardiff ,library4 ,mr4 ,ballinger4 ,as far as nature books are concerned1 it will be found that local differences have to be observed2 yet1 though the ,british and ,american writers are bound to these limitations1 they are none the less alike in their scope--to furnish the juvenile readers with a ready reference guide to objects around them4 ,in the present instance1 the list which has been compiled1 voted upon1 and arranged1 may suit the ,english child as well as the ,american child1 although certain local inclusions need to be balanced by the substitution of ,english counterparts4 ,the ,american school story1 per se1 will never supplant its ,english predecessor in 8,tom ,brown at ,rugby10 or even 8,the ,crofton ,boys40 ,the ,american library shelves are stacked with the ,english make of book4 ,and it must be acknowledged that1 in point of scholarship1 the ,english classics1 given a library and literary format1 surpass the school-book shape in every way4 ,in this connection1 it is well to heed the warning of ,miss ,moore3 8,the choice of editions is not based upon extended comparative work4 ,what is said of her list applies as well to the present one4 ,it represents merely the editions which have come to my notice1 some of them being quite unsatisfactory4 ,this is an era of educational publications and1 while many of these are admirably adapted to their purpose1 we have need to be constantly on our guard not to overstock children's libraries with books which have no artistic merit as to cover or general make-up1 and which therefore fail to make a definite individual impression on the mind of the child and give to a children's library the general appearance of book-shelves devoted to supplementary reading40 ,were this intended to be an exclusive list1 many very rigourous omissions would have been the result2 but it is better to err upon the generous side than to appeal to an exceptional taste4 8,a man's reach should exceed his grasp0 is the ,browning philosophy1 but in the climb upward the intermediate tendrils are necessary for holding on2 nor must they be removed until something is assured to take their place4 ,the removal of inferior books from the shelves will not remedy the matter1 unless existing circumstances are such as to meet the case4 ,where it is possible1 the least expensive edition has been adopted2 although it is often a fact that no choice has been given4 ,a good edition for a library is the most desirable1 and those committees are unwise which sacrifice quality for quantity4 ,on the other hand1 it is unfortunate that a more suitable arrangement cannot exist1 whereby the artistic books1 which1 by reason of their decorative character1 are perforce expensive1 could be offered at less exorbitant rates to an institution of such social importance as a library4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,selected ,,books ,,for ,,children4 ,,picture-,,books ,,and ,,pictures 7,the ,,nister ,,picture-,,books are sold in this country by ,,dutton47 ,,bedford1 ,,frances ,d4--,book of ,shops4 7,verses by ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas47 ,dutton1 #b4ej4 ,,bradley1 ,,will--,peter ,poodle1 ,toy ,maker to the ,king4 ,dodd1 #a4ej net4 ,,caldecott1 ,,randolph--,toy ,books4 ,warne1 7#d vols47 #a4be each4 ,the separate stories are sold at #j4be each1 and comprise1 among a large number1 the following3 ,the ,farmer's ,boy2 ,a ,frog ,he ,would ,a-,wooing ,go2 ,hey ,diddle ,diddle and ,baby ,bunting2 ,the ,house ,that ,jack ,built2 ,the ,milk ,maid2 ,the ,queen of ,hearts2 ,ride a ,cock ,horse2 ,sing a ,song of ,sixpence2 ,john ,gilpin4 ,,cox1 ,,palmer--,the ,brownie ,books4 ,century1 #a4ej each4 ,,crane1 ,,walter--,mother ,hubbard's ,picture ,book4 ,lane1 #a4be4 ,this ,little ,pig's ,picture ,book4 ,lane1 #a4be4 ,there are other volumes4 ,crane also ill4 ,lamb's fanciful essay1 8,the ,masque of ,days40 ,cassell1 #b4ej4 ,mother ,hubbard2 ,this ,little ,pig2 ,aladdin2 ,beauty and the ,beast2 ,bluebeard2 ,the ,forty ,thieves2 ,the ,frog ,prince2 ,goody ,two ,shoes2 ,sleeping ,beauty2 ,the ,fairy ,ship2 ,baby's ,a ,b ,c4 ,lane1 #j4be each4 ,,de ,,monvel1 ,,boutet--,filles et ,garons4 7,stories by ,anatole ,france47 ,hachette2 ,brentano1 #b4ce4 ,chansons de ,france pour les petits ,franais4 ,hachette2 ,plon1 #b4ej4 ,la ,civilit purile et honnte4 ,plon2 ,brentano1 #b4ce4 ,nos ,enfants4 7,text by ,anatole ,france47 ,hachette2 ,brentano1 #a4be4 ,fables de ,la ,fontaine1 choisies pour les enfants4 ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,k42 ,brentano1 #b4ce4 ,,gerson1 ,,virginia--,happy ,heart ,family4 ,duffield1 #a4jj4 7,there is a second volume47 ,,greenaway1 ,,kate--,a ,day in a ,child's ,life4 7,music1 verse1 pictures47 ,warne1 #a4ej4 ,marigold ,garden4 ,routledge 7,warne1 #a4ej71 #b4jj4 ,under the ,window4 7,pictures and ,rhymes47 ,warne1 #a4ej4 ,a ,apple ,pie1 etc4 ,warne1 #j4ge4 ,mother ,goose4 ,warne1 #j4ge4 ,mavor's ,spelling ,book4 ,warne1 #j4dj4 ,,guigou1 ,p4 ,,et ,,vimar1 ,a4--,l'illustre ,dompteur4 7,the ,french ,circus ,book47 ,plon2 ,brentano1 #b4ce4 ,,hoffmann1 ,,heinrich--,slovenly ,peter4 ,coates1 #a4ej4 ,german editions are preferable4 ,,perkins1 ,,lucy ,,fitch--,adventures of ,robin ,hood4 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,,whitcomb1 ,,ida ,p4--,young ,people's ,story of ,art4 ,dodd1 #b4jj4 ,sarah ,tytler is the author of 8,the ,old ,masters and their ,pictures02 8,modern ,painters and ,their ,paintings40 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4ej each4 ,vide ,poetry2 also ,german section1 ,richter1 etc4 ,the ,french are here included since they are so familiar to ,english readers4 ,,myths1 ,,folk-,,lore1 ,,legends1 ,,fairy ,,tales1 ,,and ,,hero ,,tales ,,sop--,fables4 7,tr41 ,joseph ,jacobs47 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,a ,hundred ,fables of sop4 7,tr41 ,sir ,roger ,l',estrange2 intro41 ,kenneth ,grahame47 ,lane1 #a4ej net4 ,the ,babies' ,own4 7,ill41 ,walter ,crane47 ,warne1 #a4ej4 ,,andersen1 ,h4 ,c4--,fairy ,tales4 7,tr41 ,h4 ,l4 ,braekstad2 ill41 ,tegner2 #b vols47 ,century1 #e4jj4 ,fairy ,tales4 7,tr41 ,mrs4 ,edgar ,lucas47 ,macmillan1 #j4ej2 ,dent1 #b4ej4 ,ill41 the ,robinsons4 ,vide also ,contes ,choisis1 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,,arabian ,,nights' ,,entertainments--7,ed41 ,andrew ,lang47 ,longmans1 #b4jj4 ,fairy ,tales ,from4 7,ed41 ,e4 ,dixon47 ,dent1 #b vols41 #gs4 #f;d4 net each4 ,,asbj,,rnsen1 ,p4 ,c4--,fairy ,tales ,from the ,far ,north4 ,armstrong1 #b4jj2 ,burt1 #a4jj4 ,folk and ,fairy ,tales4 ,tr41 ,h4 ,l4 ,braekstad2 intro41 ,e4 ,w4 ,gosse4 ,,baldwin1 ,,james--,the ,story of ,siegfried4 7,ill41 ,pyle47 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,the ,story of ,roland4 7,ill41 ,birch47 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,,brown1 ,,abbie ,,farwell--,the ,book of ,saints and ,friendly ,beasts4 ,houghton1 #a4be4 ,in the ,days of ,giants4 ,houghton1 #a4aj net4 ,,bulfinch1 ,,thomas--,the ,age of ,fable4 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4ej4 ,cheaper editions1 ,altemus1 ,crowell1 etc4 ,,cantor1 ,,william--,true ,annals of ,fairyland4 ,reign of ,king ,herla4 7,ill41 ,charles ,robinson47 ,dent1 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,carroll1 ,,lewis--,alice's ,adventures in ,wonderland4 7,ill41 ,sir ,john ,tenniel47 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,there is also an edition1 ,harper1 ill41 by ,peter ,newell1 #c4jj net4 ,the reader is advised to consult ,mr4 ,dodgson's ,life and ,letters4 ,through the ,looking-,glass and ,what ,alice ,found ,there4 7,ill41 ,sir ,john ,tenniel4 ,sequel to the above47 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,,chapin1 ,a4 ,a4--,story of the ,rhinegold4 ,harper1 #a4be4 ,vide also 8,wonder ,tales from ,wagner40 ,she is the author of 8,masters of ,music40 ,dodd1 #a4ej4 ,,church1 ,a4 ,j4--,charlemagne and the ,twelve ,peers of ,france4 ,macmillan1 #a4ge4 ,,cruikshank1 ,,george--,the ,cruikshank ,fairy ,book4 ,putnam1 #a4be2 #b4jj4 ,,francillon1 ,r4 ,e4--,gods and ,heroes4 ,ginn1 #j4dj4 ,,gibbon1 ,j4 ,m4 7,,ed47--,true ,annals of ,fairyland4 ,reign of ,king ,cole4 7,ill41 ,charles ,robinson47 ,macmillan1 #b4jj4 ,,grimm1 ,j4 ,l4 ,,and ,w4 ,k4--,fairy ,tales of the ,brothers4 7,tr41 ,mrs4 ,edgar ,lucas2 ill41 ,arthur ,rackham47 ,lippincott1 #b4ej2 #a4ej4 ,editions also ill41 ,cruikshank2 intro41 ,ruskin1--,chatto and ,windus1 #fs42 ,macmillan1 ill41 ,walter ,crane1 #a4ej2 ,contes ,choisis2 ,bibliothque ,rose2 vide ,german section4 ,,harris1 ,,joel ,,chandler--,uncle ,remus and ,his ,friends4 7,ill41 ,frost47 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,nights with ,uncle ,remus4 7,ill41 ,church47 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,uncle ,remus3 ,his ,songs and ,his ,sayings4 7,ill41 ,frost47 ,appleton1 #b4jj4 ,,hawthorne1 ,,nathaniel--,a ,wonderbook for ,girls and ,boys4 7,ill41 ,walter ,crane47 ,houghton1 #c4jj4 ,tanglewood ,tales4 7,ill41 ,g4 ,w4 ,edwards47 ,houghton1 #a4jj2 #b4ej4 ,,horne1 ,,richard ,,hengist--,the ,good-,natured ,bear4 ,out of print1 but re-publication is strongly recommended by librarians4 ,,ingelow1 ,,jean--,mopsa1 the ,fairy4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4be4 ,,irving1 ,,washington--,rip ,van ,winkle and ,the ,legend of ,sleepy ,hollow4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,expensive illustrated editions issued by ,putnam and ,doubleday4 ,,jacobs1 ,,joseph--,english ,fairy ,tales4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,the ,most ,delectable ,history of ,reynard the ,fox4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,book of ,wonder ,voyages4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,celtic ,fairy ,tales4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,,kingsley1 ,,charles--,the ,heroes2 or1 ,greek ,fairy ,tales for ,my ,children4 7,ill41 ,t4 ,h4 ,robinson47 ,dutton1 #b4ej4 ,vide also editions ,crowell2 ,harper1 #b4ej4 ,the ,water ,babies4 ,macmillan1 #a4be4 ,cheaper ,editions4 ,,kipling1 ,,rudyard--,just-,so ,stories4 ,doubleday1 #a4bj net4 ,there is also a 8,just-,so ,song ,book10 #a4bj net4 ,jungle ,book4 7,first and second series47 ,century1 #a4ej each4 ,puck of ,pook's ,hill4 7,ill41 ,arthur ,rackham47 ,doubleday1 #a4ej4 ,,laboulaye1 ,e4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,de--,fairy ,tales4 ,routledge1 #a4be2 ,harper1 #b4jj4 ,the ,last ,fairy ,tales4 ,harper1 #b4jj4 ,,la ,,fontaine--,selected ,fables4 7,ill41 ,boutet de ,monvel47 ,young1 #b4ej4 ,,lang1 ,,andrew 7,,ed47--,the ,red ,fairy ,book4 ,longmans1 #b4jj4 ,the ,blue ,fairy ,book4 ,longmans1 #b4jj4 ,the ,book of ,romance4 ,longmans1 #a4fj net4 ,,lanier1 ,,sidney--,the ,boy's ,king ,arthur4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,lanier bases his narrative on ,mallory4 ,vide ,howard ,pyle's 8,story of ,king ,arthur and ,his ,knights40 ,scribner1 #b4ej4 ,the ,boy's ,froissart4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,knightly ,tales of ,wales2 or1 ,the ,boy's ,mabinogion4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,the ,boy's ,percy4 ,full introduction and the ballads based on original4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,,mabie1 ,h4 ,w4--,norse ,stories4 ,dodd1 #a4hj net4 ,,macdonald1 ,,george--,at the ,back of the ,north ,wind4 ,routledge1 #a4be2 ,burt1 #a4jj4 ,,mulock-,,craik1 ,,dinah ,m4--,the ,fairy ,book4 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,the ,adventures of a ,brownie4 ,harper1 #j4fj2 ,page1 #j4ej4 ,the ,little ,lame ,prince4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,,musset1 ,,paul ,,de--,mr4 ,wind and ,madam ,rain4 ,putnam1 #b4jj4 ,vide ,petite ,bibliothque ,blanche4 ,,perrault1 ,,charles--,fairy ,tales4 ,macmillan1 #j4dj net4 ,vide p4 #cf4 ,,pyle1 ,,howard--,merry ,adventures of ,robin ,hood4 ,scribner1 #c4jj4 ,an excellent version of the ballad has been issued by ,stokes1 ill41 ,lucy ,fitch ,perkins4 ,,ruskin1 ,,john--,king of the ,golden ,river4 ,ginn1 #j4be2 ,page1 #j4ej4 ,,scudder1 ,,horace ,e4 7,,compiler47--,book of ,legends4 ,houghton1 #j4ej4 ,,stockton1 ,,frank ,r4--,the ,queen's ,museum and ,other ,fanciful ,tales4 ,scribner1 #b4ej4 ,vide former edition1 8,clocks of ,rondaine and other stories40 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,,thackeray1 ,w4 ,m4--,the ,rose and the ,ring4 ,putnam1 #j4ej1 #a4jj4 ,vide other editions4 ,,poetry ,,and ,,verse ,,allingham1 ,,william--,the ,ballad ,book4 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,,blake1 ,,william--,songs of ,innocence4 7,ill41 ,geraldine ,morris47 ,lane1 #j4ej net4 ,,browning1 ,,robert--,the ,pied ,piper of ,hamelin4 7,ill41 ,kate ,greenaway47 ,warne1 #a4ej4 ,,burgess1 ,,gelett--,goops and ,how to be ,them4 7,several volumes47 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,,cary1 ,,alice ,,and ,,ph,,be--,ballads for ,little ,folks4 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,,child1 ,,lydia ,,maria--,flowers for ,children2 ,new ,flowers for ,children4 ,out of print1 but re-publication is strongly recommended by librarians4 ,,dodge1 ,,mary ,,mapes 7,,ed47--,baby ,days4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,english ,,and ,,scottish ,,popular ,,ballads4 7,ed41 ,sargent-,kittredge1 from ,francis ,james ,child's collection1 ,cambridge edition47 ,houghton1 #c4jj4 ,,field1 ,,eugene--,poems of ,childhood4 7,ill41 ,maxfield ,parrish47 ,scribner1 #b4ej4 ,,goldsmith1 ,,oliver--,the ,deserted ,village4 7,ill41 ,e4 ,a4 ,abbey47 ,harper1 #c4jj4 ,abbey also illustrated 8,she ,stoops to ,conquer10 #e4jj4 ,,henley1 ,w4 ,e4 7,,compiler7--,lyra ,heroica3 ,a ,book of ,verses for ,boys4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,,holmes1 ,,oliver ,w4--,poems4 7,complete ed41 ,cambridge47 ,houghton1 #b4jj1 #a4ej4 ,vide 8,the ,one ,hoss ,shay10 ill41 ,howard ,pyle1 #a4ej4 ,,jerrold1 ,,walter 7,,ed47--,the ,big ,book of ,nursery ,rhymes4 ,dutton1 #c4jj4 ,,lamb1 ,,charles ,,and ,,mary--,poetry for ,children4 7,ill41 ,winifred ,green2 pref41 ,i4 ,gollancz47 ,dent1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,vide in same edition 8,mrs4 ,leicester's ,school10 #es4 net4 ,,lang1 ,,andrew 7,,ed47--,the ,blue ,poetry ,book4 ,longmans1 #b4jj4 ,,lear1 ,,edward--,nonsense ,books4 ,little1 ,brown1 #b4jj4 ,vide also ,warne edition4 ,,longfellow1 ,,henry ,w4--,poems4 7,complete ed41 ,cambridge47 ,houghton1 #b4jj4 ,vide also 8,hiawatha10 ill41 ,remington1 #d4jj4 ,,lowell1 ,,james ,r4--,the ,vision of ,sir ,launfal4 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,,lucas1 ,e4 ,v4 7,,ed47--,a ,book of ,verses for ,children4 ,holt1 #b4jj4 ,there is a school edition4 ,,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b4--,lays of ,ancient ,rome4 ,longmans1 #a4be4 ,vide editions ,houghton1 ,putnam4 ,,matthews1 ,,brander--,poems of ,american ,patriotism4 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,vide 8,english ,history ,told by ,english ,poets40 ,ed41 ,bates and ,coman4 ,macmillan1 #j4fj net4 ,,mother ,,goose ,,nursery ,,rhymes 7,ill41 ,tenniel1 ,crane1 etc47--,dutton1 #a4ej4 ,vide ,nister ed41 ,routledge1 etc4 ,,mother ,,goose',s ,,melodies--,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,,norton1 ,c4 ,e4 7,,ed47--,heart of ,oak ,books4 ,heath1 #g vols41 from #j4be to #j4fj4 ,collection of ,rhymes1 ,poems1 ,stories1 etc4 ,,palgrave1 ,f4 ,t4--,the ,children's ,treasury of ,english ,song4 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,,patmore1 ,,coventry 7,,ed47--,children's ,garland from the ,best ,poets4 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,,repplier1 ,,agnes 7,,ed47--,book of ,famous ,verse4 ,houghton1 #j4ge and #a4be4 ,,riley1 ,,james ,,whitcomb--,rhymes of ,childhood4 ,bobbs-,merrill1 #a4be4 ,,rossetti1 ,,christina ,g4--,sing-,song4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,scott1 ,,sir ,,walter--,marmion2 ,the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel4 7,ed41 ,w4 ,j4 ,rolfe47 ,houghton1 #j4ge each4 ,,shute1 ,,katharine ,h4 ,,and ,,dunton1 ,,larkin 7,,compilers7--,the ,land of ,song4 ,silver1 #c vols41 #j4cf to #j4ed4 ,,stevenson1 ,,robert ,l4--,a ,child's ,garden of ,verses4 ,scribner4 7,ill41 ,robinson1 #a4ej2 ill41 ,jessie ,w4 ,smith1 #b4ej47 ,an excellent1 inexpensive edition1 ,rand1 ,mc,nally1 #j4ge4 ,,taylor1 ,,jane ,,and ,,ann--,little ,ann and ,other ,poems4 7,ill41 ,kate ,greenaway74 ,warne1 #a4jj4 ,vide also edition1 ed41 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas4 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,including verses of ,adelaide ,o',keeffe2 ill41 ,f4 ,d4 ,bedford4 ,vide 8,greedy ,dick and ,other ,stories in ,verse10 by the ,taylors1 #j4ej4 ,,tennyson1 ,,alfred1 ,,lord--,selected ,poems for ,young ,people4 7,ed41 ,w4 ,j4 ,rolfe47 ,houghton1 #j4ge4 ,children should be made acquainted with parts of the 8,idylls of the ,king40 ,,watts1 ,,isaac--,childhood ,songs of ,long ,ago4 ,wessels1 #j4ge4 ,vide ,english editions4 ,,welsh1 ,,charles--,book of ,nursery ,rhymes4 7,edited and graded47 ,heath1 #j4cj4 ,in ,home and ,school ,classics4 ,,wiggin1 ,k4 ,d41 ,,and ,,smith1 ,n4 ,a4 7,,eds47--,golden ,numbers3 ,a ,book of ,verse for ,youth4 ,mc,clure1 #b4jj net4 ,posy ,ring3 ,a ,book of ,verse for ,children4 ,mc,clure1 #a4be net4 ,the same editors have gathered together a book of nursery rhymes4 ,,classics ,,cervantes1 ,,miguel ,,de--,don ,quixote of the ,mancha4 7,retold by ,judge ,e4 ,a4 ,parry2 ill41 ,walter ,crane47 ,lane1 #a4ej4 ,,chaucer1 ,,geoffrey--,canterbury ,tales4 7,retold by ,percy ,mac,kaye2 ill41 ,w4 ,appleton ,clark47 ,duffield1 #b4ej4 ,canterbury ,chimes2 or1 ,chaucer ,tales ,retold to ,children4 ,storr1 ,frances and ,turner1 ,hawes4 ,kegan1 ,paul1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,chaucer for ,children4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,r4 ,haweis4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,,church1 ,a4 ,h4--,lords of the ,world4 7,pictures from ,roman ,life and ,story74 ,appleton1 #a4ej4 ,,herodotus--,wonder ,stories from4 ,told by ,boden1 ,g4 ,h41 and ,d',almeida1 ,w4 ,b4 ,harper1 #b4ej4 ,,homer--,iliad4 7,tr41 ,w4 ,c4 ,bryant47 ,houghton1 #a4jj to #i4jj4 ,vide also tr41 ,lang1 ,leaf1 ,myers4 ,,lamb1 ,,charles--,the ,adventures of ,ulysses4 ,harper1 #b4ej4 ,vide also ed41 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas1 ,putnam4 ,,odysseus1 ,,adventures ,,of--7,retold by ,marvin1 ,f4 ,s41 and others2 ill41 ,charles ,robinson47 ,dutton1 #a4ej4 ,vide also ed41 ,g4 ,h4 ,palmer and ,w4 ,c4 ,perry4 ,,plutarch--,lives4 ,full ed42 also ,j4 ,s4 ,white's 8,boys' and ,girls' ,plutarch40 ,putnam1 #a4ge4 ,,shakespeare--,girlhood of ,shakespeare's ,heroines4 ,mary ,cowden ,clarke4 7,ill41 ,sir ,john ,gilbert47 ,scribner1 #c4jj4 ,tales from4 ,charles and ,mary ,lamb4 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 7,ed41 ,ainger47 ,vide also ed41 ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas1 ,putnam2 ed4 ill41 ,norman ,m4 ,price1 ,scribner2 ed4 ,nister4 ,quiller ,couch has treated the historical tales in the same manner4 ,scribner4 ,,swift1 ,,jonathan--,gulliver's ,travels4 ,macmillan1 #a4be net4 ,,towry1 ,m4 ,h4--,spenser for ,children4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 8,,how ,,to ,,do ,,things0--,,amusements ,,alcott1 ,l4 ,m4--,little ,women ,play4 7,adapted from the story by ,e4 ,l4 ,gould47 ,little1 ,brown1 #j4ej4 ,,beard1 ,,dan--,the ,field and ,forest ,handy ,book4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,the ,jack of ,all ,trades4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,the ,american ,boy's ,handy ,book4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,,beard1 ,l4 ,,and ,a4--,things ,worth ,doing and ,how to ,do ,them4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,handicraft and ,recreation for ,girls4 ,scribner4 #b4jj4 ,,black1 ,,alexander--,photography ,indoors and ,out4 ,houghton1 #a4be4 ,,boys1 ,c4 ,v4--,soap ,bubbles and the ,forces ,which ,made ,them4 ,gorham1 #j4ge4 ,,cutter1 ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,j4 7,,compiler47--,conundrums1 ,riddles1 ,puzzles1 and ,games4 ,hansauer4 ,,games ,,book ,,for ,,boys ,,and ,,girls4 ,dutton1 #b4ej4 7,vide ,nister47 ,,kelley1 ,l4 ,e4--,three ,hundred ,things a ,bright ,girl ,can ,do4 ,estes1 #a4ge4 ,,king1 ,g4 ,g4--,comedies and ,legends for ,marionettes4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,lewis1 ,a4 ,j4 7,prof4 ,hoffman47--,magic at ,home4 ,cassell1 #a4be4 ,vide also 8,modern ,magic40 ,routledge1 #a4ej4 ,,lucas1 ,e4 ,v4 ,,and ,,elizabeth--,what ,shall ,we ,do ,now8 ,stokes1 #b4jj4 ,,newell1 ,,peter--,topsys and ,turvys4 ,century1 #a4jj net4 ,,seton1 ,,ernest ,,thompson--,the ,wild ,animal ,play4 ,doubleday1 #j4ej4 ,,syrett1 ,,netta--,six ,fairy ,plays for ,children4 ,lane1 #a4jj net4 ,,white1 ,,mary--,how to ,make ,baskets4 ,doubleday1 #a4jj net4 ,the same author has written a second volume4 ,many workers prefer 8,cane ,basket ,work40 ,annie ,firth4 ,london3 ,gill2 ,new ,york3 ,milton ,bradley4 ,,music ,in the preparation of this music bibliography1 it is a rare privilege to be able to include a list which was compiled by the late ,miss ,mary ,l4 ,avery1 of the music department of the ,lenox ,library1 ,new ,york2 and which was used in a lecture delivered by her before the ,pratt ,institute ,library ,school on ,january #ab1 #aijj4 ,to this1 the following supplementary list1 based upon recommendation1 may be added4 ,prices vary4 ,,brainard1 ,h4 ,l4 7music71 ,,and ,,sage1 ,,betty 7words7--,four ,childhood ,rhymes4 ,schirmer2 ,the ,boston ,music ,co4 ,,coolidge1 ,,elizabeth--,fifteen ,mother ,goose ,melodies4 ,schirmer4 7,music somewhat difficult47 ,,fisher1 ,,william ,,armes--,posies from ,a ,child's ,garden of ,verses4 ,ditson4 ,,gaynor1 ,,jessie ,l4 7music71 ,,and ,,riley1 ,c4 7words7--,songs of the ,child ,world4 ,nos4 #a1 #b4 ,the ,john ,church ,co4 ,,jenks1 ,,harriet ,s41 ,,and ,,rust1 ,,mabel--,song ,echoes from ,child ,land4 ,ditson4 ,,jordan1 ,,jules--,a ,life ,lesson4 7,words by ,riley47 ,schmidt4 ,,mclaughlin1 ,,james ,m41 ,,and ,,gilchrist1 ,w4 ,w4--,educational ,music ,course4 ,teachers' ,edition for ,elementary ,grades4 ,ginn4 ,,mother ,,goose ,,set ,,to ,,music4 7,elliott1 ,j4 ,w47 ,novello4 ,an edition is published by ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,,riley1 ,,gaynor1 ,,beale--,songs for ,children4 ,john ,church ,co4 ,,taubert1 ,,wilhelm--,klnge aus der ,kinderwelt4 ,schirmer4 ,in addition1 such names as ,eleanor ,smith and ,harvey ,worthington ,loomis should not be omitted1 as composers who recognise successfully the requirements of children's voices4 ,these requirements cannot be too often reiterated4 ,in a letter to the author1 the following was underscored3 8,a child's song must be written almost entirely in the middle register of the voice--neither too high nor too low4 ,then there must be a distinct melody for the child's ear to catch readily4 ,and the words must interest the child's mind40 ,in this last respect music-teachers are most emphatic4 ,they appeal for verses that stimulate the imagination1 they wish words carefully chosen2 in the teaching1 they seek for purity of diction1 for proper valuation of vowels1 consonants1 and word-endings4 ,miss ,avery's ,music ,list4 ,music in ,children's ,libraries ,,breitkopf ,,edition ,,catalogue--,breitkopf and ,hartel4 ,new ,york4 ,,musical1 ,,the1 ,,interests tastes ,,of ,,children--,fanny ,b4 ,gates4 ,west4 ,springfield1 ,mass41 #ahih4 ,reprinted from the ,journal of ,pedagogy1 ,october1 #ahih4 ,,novello',s ,,school ,,music ,,catalogue 7,,operettas1 ,,etc47--,descriptive4 ,london4 ,,scribner',s ,,musical ,,literature ,,list--,new ,york4 ,literature of ,music ,,letters ,,from ,,great ,,musicians ,,to ,,young ,,people--,alathea ,e4 ,crawford and ,alice ,chapin4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,musicians ,,in ,,rhyme ,,for ,,childhood',s ,,time--,crawford and ,sill4 ,new ,york1 ,schirmer4 ,,story ,,of ,,major ,c ,,and ,,his ,,relatives3 ,,lessons ,,in ,,harmony--,grace ,s4 ,duff4 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,,story ,,of ,,music ,,and ,,musicians--,lucy ,c4 ,lillie4 ,new ,york4 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,rhinegold--,chapin4 ,,wagner ,,story-,,book--,william ,henry ,frost4 ,new ,york4 ,vocal ,music ,,baby',s ,,bouquet--7,old songs47 ,ill41 ,walter ,crane4 ,routledge4 ,,baby',s ,,opera--7,old songs47 ,ill41 ,walter ,crane4 ,routledge2 ,warne4 ,,book ,,of ,,rhymes ,,and ,,tunes--,compiled by ,margaret ,p4 ,osgood from ,german and ,english4 ,boston1 #ahhj4 ,,book ,,of ,,old ,,rhymes ,,set ,,to ,,music--,walter ,crane4 ,warne1 #a4bj4 ,,child',s ,,garden ,,of ,,song--,arranged by ,wm4 ,l4 ,tomlins4 ,chicago1 #ahie4 ,,child',s ,,garden ,,of ,,verses--#ab ,songs by ,stevenson4 ,music by ,mary ,carmichael4 ,london4 ,,child',s ,,garland ,,of ,,songs ,from a ,child's ,garden of ,verses4--,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson4 ,music by ,c4 ,villiers ,stanford4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,,children',s ,,singing ,,games--,eleanor ,withey ,willard4 ,grand ,rapids1 #ahie4 ,,children',s ,,souvenir ,,song ,,book--,arranged by ,wm4 ,l4 ,tomlins4 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,,christmas 7,a7 ,,dream--,school ,operetta--,moffat4 ,london1 ,novello4 ,,christmas ,,carols ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern--,wm4 ,l4 ,tomlins4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,christmas ,,carols ,,new ,,and ,,old--,bramley and ,sir ,john ,stainer4 ,novello2 ,routledge4 ,,garland ,,of ,,country ,,song--7,english folk songs47 ,arranged by ,s4 ,baring ,gould and ,h4 ,f4 ,sheppard4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,,kindergarten ,,chimes--,kate ,douglas ,wiggin4 ,boston 7cop471 #ahhg4 ,,kinderlieder--,von ,carl ,reinecke4 ,leipzig2 ,new ,york1 ,schirmer4 ,,kinder- ,,und ,,jugend-,,lieder 7#ej7--,von ,hoffman1 ,v4 ,stuttgart4 ,,kinderlieder 7#bd7--;,gustav ,fischer4 ,new ,york4 ,,kinderlieder-,,album--,amalie ,felsenthal4 ,leipzig4 ,,may-,,day ,,revels 7,operetta1 ,old ,english style47--,hawkins and ,west4 ,london4 ,,musik-,,beilage ,,zu ,,kinderfest--,j4 ,fischer4 ,berlin1 ,bloch4 ,,national1 ,,patriotic1 ,,and ,,typical ,,airs ,,of ,,all ,,lands1 with ,copious ,notes--,john ,philip ,sousa4 ,philadelphia1 #ahij4 ,,old ,,may ,,day 7,operetta47--,shapcott ,wensley and ,f4 ,c4 ,wood4 ,london4 ,,olde ,,englyshe ,,pastimes--,f4 ,w4 ,galpin4 7,dances and sports1 old music47 ,london4 ,,singing 7,a7 ,,quadrille1 ,,set ,,to ,,nursery ,,rhymes1 for ,pianoforte and ,voices--,cotsford ,dick4 ,,singing ,,verses ,,for ,,children--,lydia ,coonley and others4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,small ,,songs ,,for ,,small ,,singers--,w4 ,h4 ,neidlinger4 7,coloured ill41 ,bobbett47 ,new ,york1 ,schirmer4 ,,st4 ,,nicholas ,,operettas4 ,century4 ,,st4 ,,nicholas ,,songs4 ,century4 ,,songs ,,of ,,childhood--,eugene ,field4 ,music by ,reginald de ,koven and others4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,,stevenson ,,song ,,book--,music by various composers4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,three ,,operettas 7,,three ,,little ,,kittens2 ,,seven ,,old ,,ladies ,,of ,,lavender ,,town2 ,,bobby ,,shaftoe7--,h4 ,c4 ,bunner and ,oscar ,weil4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,instrumental ,music ,,haydn',s ,,kinder-,,symphonie--,for ,piano and ,violin and ,toy ,instruments4 ,,our ,,favorites 7,,unsere ,,lieblinge74 ,piano gems arranged by ,carl ,reinecke4 ,new ,york1 ,breitkopf and ,hartel4 ,,schumann1 ,,robert--,album for ,young ,pianists4 ,op4 #fh4 ,kinderball4 7,dances1 four hands1 for ,piano47 ,op4 #acj4 ,kinderscenen4 7,piano47 ,op4 #ae4 ,,science ,,and ,,invention ,,baker1 ,,ray ,,stannard--,boy's ,book of ,inventions4 ,mc,clure1 #b4jj4 ,there is a second volume1 #a4fj4 ,,ball1 ,,sir ,,robert ,,stawell--,starland4 ,ginn1 #a4jj4 ,,darwin1 ,,charles ,r4--,what ,mr4 ,darwin ,saw in ,his ,voyage ,round the ,world in the ,ship 8,beagle40 ,harper1 #c4jj4 ,,iles1 ,,george--,flame1 ,electricity1 and the ,camera4 ,doubleday1 #b4jj net4 ,,meadowcroft1 ,w4 ,h4--,a ,b ,c of ,electricity4 ,empire ,publishing ,co41 #j4ej4 ,,newcomb1 ,,simon--,astronomy for ,everybody4 ,mc,clure1 #b4jj net4 ,,santos-,,dumont1 ,,alberto--,my ,air-,ships4 ,century1 #a4dj net4 ,,scientific ,,american ,,boy3 ,,or1 ,,the ,,camp ,,at ,,willow ,,clump ,,island--,a4 ,russell ,bond4 ,munn and ,co41 #b4jj4 ,,serviss1 ,,garrett ,p4--,astronomy with an ,opera-,glass4 ,appleton1 #a4ej4 ,this book has been challenged4 ,,sloane1 ,t4 ,o',c4--,electric ,toy-making4--,henley1 #a4jj4 7,vide also ,st4 ,john1 ,t4 ,m4--,three books on electricity4 ,scribner47 ,,travel ,,boyesen1 ,h4 ,h4--,boyhood in ,norway4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,the ,modern ,vikings4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,,brassey1 ,,lady ,a4 7,a47--,around the ,world in the ,yacht 8,sunbeam40 ,holt1 #b4jj2 ,longmans 7condensed71 #j4ge2 ,burt4 ,,du ,,chaillu1 ,p4 ,b4--,the ,land of the ,long ,night4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,land of the ,midnight ,sun4 ,harper1 #b vols41 #e4jj4 ,,janvier1 ,,thomas ,a4--,the ,aztec ,treasure ,house4 7,narrative47 ,harper1 #a4ej4 ,,jenks1 ,,tudor--,boys' ,book of ,explorations4 ,doubleday1 #b4jj4 ,,kennan1 ,,george--,tent ,life in ,siberia4 ,putnam1 #j4ej to #a4be4 ,,knox1 ,,thomas ,w4--,boy ,travellers in ,russia4 ,harper1 #b4jj4 ,boy ,travellers in ,south ,america4 ,harper4 #b4jj4 ,in these volumes there is a large amount of information which would have been more graphic1 relieved of the artificial conversational style4 ,,lummis1 ,,charles ,f4--,some ,strange ,corners of ,our ,country4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,nansen1 ,,fridtjof--,farthest ,north3 ,record of a ,voyage of the ,ship 8,fram40 ,harper1 #b vols41 #d4jj4 ,,peary1 ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,and ,m4 ,a4--,children of the ,arctic4 ,stokes1 #a4bj net4 ,snow ,baby4 ,stokes1 #a4bj net4 ,,slocum1 ,,joshua--,sailing ,alone ,around the ,world in the ,sloop 8,spray40 ,whole edition1 ,century1 #b4jj2 school edition1 ,scribner1 #j4ej4 ,,stanley1 ,,henry ,m4--,in ,darkest ,africa4 ,scribner1 #b vols41 #g4ej4 ,vide also 8,my ,dark ,companions1 and ,their ,strange ,stories40 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,,taylor1 ,,bayard--,boys of ,other ,countries4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,,french 8,the collection of books which we call #8,bibliothque ,rose' 7the paper bound edition has a pink cover2 perhaps that is the reason why we call it ,bibliothque ,rose7 includes the most charming stories a child can wish for1 especially those of ,mme4 de ,sgur's and ,znade ,fleuriot's4 ,in this collection as well as in the ,bibliothque des ,petits ,enfants1 and in the large illustrated albums1 much will be found of interest to children of from six to ten years4 8,for older boys and girls 7#aj-ae71 ,i would recommend ,bibliothque des ,mres de ,famille4 ,at the present time the only thing ,i remember about this collection is that there were in it a number of books translated from the ,german by ,emmeline ,raymond1 and which used to give me much pleasure4 8,as far as ,i can judge1 girls and boys of this age enjoy ,jules ,verne199 ,charles ,wagner1 ,h4 ,grville1 ,h4 ,malot1 ,e4 ,about1 ,erckmann-,chatrian199 ,anatole ,france1 ,daudet1 and ,la ,fontaine1 the two ,i have starred being special favourites with boys4 ,of course1 ,i would not recommend for children everything by these authors4 ,i have suggested many books in the ,bibliothque ,rose2 there are other writers in that collection1 such1 for example1 as ,mme4 ,cazin1 ,mlle4 ,j4 ,gouraud1 ,maistre1 ,mayne-,reid1 ,mme4 ,pape-,carpantier1 ,mme4 de ,stolz1 and ,mme4 de ,witt1--all of whom have done some excellent juvenile work4 ,but a parent should not be satisfied with a recommendation2 personal judgment is the surest test4 8,regarding poetry1 there are many short pieces by ,mme4 ,tastu1 well adapted for very young children4 ,in the anthologies which are published you are most likely to find such pieces as ,victor ,hugo's #8,l'enfant1' #8,pour les pauvres1' #8,aprs la bataille'2 ,lamartine's #8,l'automne1' #8,milly'2 extracts from ,corneille and ,racine2 and ,chateaubriand's well-known #8,combien j'ai douce souvenance4' ,then there are a number of ,coppe's poems2 ,brenger's #8,les souvenirs du peuple1' and #8,a mon habit'2 ,andr ,chnier's #8,la jeune ,captive'2 ,hgsippe ,moreau's #8,la ,voulzie'2 ,brizeux's #8,la pauvre fille'2 ,theuriet's #8,la ,chanson du ,vannier'2 and poems of ,mme4 ,desborde-,valmore4 ,this will give some idea of how rich the field of poetry is1 which1 with ,la ,fontaine alone1 would supply children with untold enjoyment4 8,the educational value in most of the books which ,i have suggested consists chiefly in the attractive manner in which they are written2 there is no #8leon de morale' in disguise in the style1 yet such books are more than well-written stories4 ,children read ,mme4 de ,sgur's books with much more pleasure than they do the old-fashioned ,berquin's1 which are #8ennuyeux4' ,such stories as ,mme4 de ,sgur writes make a deep impression1 since they teach agreeably to love the qualities which we grown-ups wish to see in children1 and to dislike those faults which we would blame in them1 even if1 sometimes1 the naughty child in the story is made attractive4 8,you will see1 we have no special books of animal stories1 such as you publish in ,england and in ,america--unless you consider1 of course1 ,la ,fontaine's fables1 which do not give any practical knowledge of animal life4 ,books which appeal to the heart1 or to the imagination1 are very popular with ,french children1 who are naturally sensitive and imaginative2 but1 after all1 is it not so with every child1 ,french or ,english or ,american8 8,it has been my experience that ,american children 7the very young ones71 if they were able to read the ,french books ,french children of the same age read1 enjoyed them quite as much4 ,the difference in national temperament develops later on4 ,the ,american boy or girl grows up more rapidly than the ,french boy or girl2 acquires the practical sense sooner2 has a more real view of life4 ,perhaps this is due largely to the fact that the ,french child has little independence1 and hence is unpractical4 ,but there is a compensation somewhere1 for the ,french child's mind is subtler1 and his imagination more vivid4 ,i do not think we have any library system at present where children's work is a specialty2 in fact1 our public libraries are mostly frequented by grown-up people4 ,i have never seen children1 as far as ,i can recollect1 in any of our libraries40--,,mlle4 ,,emilie ,,michel1 in a letter to the author4 ,both ,brentano and ,dryrsen ,pfeiffer 7successors to ,christern71 as well as ,w4 ,r4 ,jenkins ,co41 ,new ,york1 issue complete catalogues1 ,french and ,german1 in which illustrated books1 magazines1 and series of special volumes are suggested4 ,they differ so markedly in prices1 that no uniformity can be reached4 ,but except in the case of illustrated albums1 it may be claimed1 generally1 that the prices are reasonable4 ,,about1 ,,edmond--,le ,roi des ,montagnes4 ,l',homme l'oreille ,casse4 ,,carraud1 ,,mme4--,la petite ,jeanne4 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,,daudet1 ,,alphonse--,tartarin de ,tarascon4 ,tartarin sur les ,alpes4 ,lettres de ,mon ,moulin4 7,contes47 ,le ,petit ,chose4 ,,defoe--,la ,vie et les ,aventures de ,robinson ,cruso4 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,vide also in ,bibl4 des petits enfants1 with 8,gulliver's ,travels40 ,,dombre1 ,,roger--,tante ,rabat ,joie4 ,,erckmann-,,chatrian--,le conscrit de #ahac4 ,l',ami ,fritz4 ,,fleuriot1 ,,mlle4 ,z4--,le petit chef de famille4 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,,florian--,fables ,illustres par ,vimar4 ,brentano1 #b4gj4 ,,france1 ,,anatole--,le ,crime de ,sylvestre ,bonnard4 ,crowned by the ,french ,academy4 ,le ,livre de ,mon ,ami4 ,for adults4 ,,genlis1 ,,madame ,,de--,bibliothque ,rose4 ,contes ,moraux4 ,vide p4 #ff4 ,,gr,,ville1 ,,henry 7pseud4 of ,mme4 ,alice ,durant7--,perdue4 ,vide entire list4 ,,grimm--,contes ,choisis4 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,,job--,le grand ,napolon des ,petits ,enfants4 7,ill4 coloured47 ,brentano1 #c4jj4 ,,la ,,fontaine--,vide ,boutet de ,monvel4 ,picture-,book section4 ,,la ,,motte-,,fouque1 ,,baron ,,de4--,undine and ,sintram4 ,vide ,english version4 ,houghton4 ,,malot1 ,,hector--,en famille4 ,sans famille4 ,,perrault1 ,,charles2 ,,mmes4 ,d',,aulnoy ,,et ,,le ,,prince ,,de ,,beaumont--,contes de ,fes4 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,vide also ,petite ,bibliothque ,blanche1 et ed4 ,perrault1 ill4 by many artists4 ,brentano1 #b4gj4 ,vide p4 #cf4 ,,pressens1 ,,mme4 ,e4 ,,de--,la ,maison ,blanche et ,histoire pour les coliers4 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,vide also ,bibl4 des ,petits ,enfants4 ,,sandeau1 ,,jules--,la ,maison de ,penarvan4 ,s,,gur1 ,,mme4 ,,de--,l',auberge de l',ange-,gardien4 ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,un ,bon ,petit ,diable4 ,le ,gnral ,dourakine4 ,mmoires d'un ,ane4 ,les ,bons ,enfants4 ,,verne1 ,,jules--,les ,enfants du ,capitaine ,grant4 ,cinq ,semaines en ,ballon4 ,vingt ,mille ,lieues sous les ,mers4 ,le ,tour du ,monde en #hj ,jours4 ,all in the ,bibliothque ,rose4 ,,wagner1 ,,charles--,jeunesse4 ,vaillance4 ,,german ,in the preparation of the following ,german list1 the author begs to acknowledge in a general way his indebtedness to many sources4 ,an authority on the subject is ,wolgast1 who is the author of 8,vom ,kinderbuch0 7,leipzig1 ,teubner74 ,one of the committee recommends the inclusion of all the stories by ,johanna ,spyri2 another emphasises the importance of the work done by ,ottilie ,wildermuth1 and appends the following interesting account in a letter3 8#8,she was the wife of a professor in ,tbingen1 ,swabia1 and was born in #ahag4 ,she died in #ahgg4 ,long before she thought of writing for publication1 she charmed a wide circle of friends and acquaintances with her talent for narrating the simple events1 memories1 and experiences of ,swabian life4 ,most of her works must be considered1 not as mere fiction1 but as true pictures of the culture of that time1 and as such will be of permanent value4' ,the same may be said of her children's books1 although these are more fanciful and varied in their subject-matter1 and appeal strongly to the imagination40 ,the ,germans illustrate their ,a-,b-,c ,bcher1 their ,nursery ,rhymes1 their ,bilderbcher1 and their ,erzhlungen in the most attractive fashion4 ,reference is particularly made to ,herr ,richter4 ,fairy ,tales are read extensively by ,german children--and also by adults4 ,grimm1 ,hauff1 ,musus1 are about the best4 ,schmitt's ,geschichten u4 ,erzhlungen 7of which there are perhaps from one to two hundred volumes7 are excellent for boys and girls between ten and fifteen years4 ,the ,germans have paid such special attention to the selection and grading of juvenile literature1 that their library lists are recommended to readers4 ,the volumes here mentioned are not presented with any intention of making them definitive4 ,brentano will send1 on application1 8,verzeichnis einer ,auswahl ,vorzglicher ,bcher--,miniatur-,katalog4--,stilke1 ,berlin40 ,the reader is further referred to 8,verzeichnis empfehlenswerter ,jugendlektre4 ,herausgegeben vom ,wiener ,volksbildungs-,verein1 #aijd40 ,,sop--,fabeln4 ,mit #f ,buntbildern4 ,lwe4 ,,aus ,,dem ,,leben ,,der ,,zwerge--,humorist4 ,bilderbuch4 ,,bilderb,,cher4 7,lwensohn47 ,der ,d-,zug ,kommt4 ,eisenbahnbilderb4 auf ,papyrolin2 auf ,papier4 ,fr unsere ,a ,b ,c-,schtzen4 ,grimms ,mrchen4 ,hnsel und ,gretel4 ,heerschau b4 d4 ,kriegsvlker ,europas4 ,hertwig1 ,r41 ,eduard und ,ferdinand4 ,vide ,catalogues4 ,,bilderb,,cher4 7,scholz47 ,,liebe ,m,,rchen4 ,dornrschen2 ,marienkind4 ,aschenputtel2 ,rotkppchen4 ,hnsel und ,gretel2 ,schneewittchen4 ,,hey-,,speckter1 ,w4--,fnfzig ,fabeln f4 ,kinder4 ,jub4-,ausg4 ,noch fnfzig ,fabeln fr ,kinder4 ,jub4-,ausg4 ,fabeln4 #b ,bde4 ,schul-,ausgabe2 #b ,bde4 ,feine ,ausgabe4 ,,thumann1 ,p4--,fr ,mutter und ,kind4 ,alte ,reime mit neuen ,bildern4 ,,wiedemann1 ,f4--,hundert ,geschichten fr eine ,mutter und ihre ,kinder4 ,,wildermuth1 ,o4--,aus der ,kinderwelt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anders1 ,h4--,gesammelte ,mrchen von ,rbezahl4 ,,andersen1 ,h4 ,c4--,smtl4 ,mrchen4 ,pr4-,a4 7,abel ,mller72 ,v4-,ausg4 7,abel ,mller72 ,pr4-,ausg4 7,wartig74 ,mrchen4 7,hendel72 ,lwe2 ,billige ,ausgabe4 7,weise47 ,ausgewhlte ,mrchen4 7,abel ,mller72 ,hrsg4 v4 ,hamb4 ,jugendschr4-,ausschuss4 ,,arndt1 ,p4--,es war einmal4 ,mrchen1 ,sagen u4 ,schwnke4 ,im ,mrchenwalde4 ,fr brave ,knaben4 ,rbezahl4 7,lwe72 ,v4-,aug1 7,lwe74 ,,bechstein1 ,l4--,mrchenbuch4 7,hendel74 ,,beeg1 ,m4--,schulmdelgeschichten4 ,,beetz1 ,k4 ,o4--,urd42 ,deutsche ,volksmrchen4 ,,bl,,thgen1 ,v4--,hesperiden4 ,mrchen fr jung und alt4 ,vollst4 ,ausg4 ,lebensfrhling4 ,vier ,erzhlungen fr ,mdchen4 ,der ,mrchenquell4 ,der ,weg zum ,glck4 ,fnf ,erzhl4 f4 ,knaben4 ,,campe1 ,j4 ,h4--,robinson ,krusoe von ,j4 ,hoffmann4 ,,emmy1 ,,tante--,mrchen fr grosse und kleine ,kinder4 ,,grimm1 ,j4 ,u4 ,w4--,smtl4 ,kinder-u4 ,hausmrchen4 ,mit ,bildern v4 ,l4 ,richter usw4 ,,gumpert1 ,,th4 ,v4--,herzblttchens ,zeitvertreib4 ,,hauff1 ,w4--,mrchen4 ,ausw4 f4 d4 ,jugend4 7,lwe74 ,,hoffmann1 ,,frz4--,ausgew4 ,erzhlungen4 ,bd4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,das bunte ,buch4 ,neue #aej moral4 ,erzhlungen4 #aej moralische ,erzhlungen4 ,die ,grossmutter4 ,neuer deutscher ,jugendfreund4 ,mrchen und ,fabeln4 ,m,,ller1 ,k4 ,a4--,rbezahl1 der ,herr des ,riesengebirges4 ,,mus,,us1 ,j4 ,k4 ,a4--,mrchen4 ,von ,k4 ,a4 ,mller4 ,,nibelungenlied--,fr die ,jugend1 von ,a4 ,bacmeister4 ,,otto1 ,h4--,ilias1 fr die ,jugend4 ,nibelunge1 fr die ,jugend4 #b ,bdchn4 ,sagen und ,mrchen fr ,achtjhrige4 ,,reichenbach--,buch der ,tierwelt4 ,erzhl4 u4 ,schildergn4 a4 d4 ,leben der ,tiere4 #b ,bde4 ,,rosegger1 ,p4--,als ich noch der ,waldbauernbub war4 #c ,teile4 ,waldferien4 ,,schanz1 ,,fr4--,heidefriedel4 ,das ,komtesschen und andere ,erzhlungen4 ,rottraut u4 ,ilse4 ,schulkindergeschichten4 ,bunter ,strauss4 ,mrchen u4 ,erzhlungen4 ,unter der ,tanne4 ,,schanz1 ,p4--,in der ,pension u4 anderes4 ,,schott1 ,,cl4--,im ,feenreich4 ,mit ,bildern4 ,,stein1 ,a4--,mariens ,tagebuch4 #eb ,sonntage4 ,tagebuch dreier ,kinder4 ,,villamaria4--,elfenreigen4 ,nordische ,mrchen4 ,,wildermuth1 ,o4--,aus ,nord und ,sd4 ,aus ,schloss und ,htte4 ,jugendschriften4 ,v4-,a42 ,inhalt s4 ,abt4 ,schriften fr die reifere weibl4 ,jugend4 ,kindergruss4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cervantes--,don ,quichote4 ,fr d4 ,jugend v4 ,frz4 ,hoffmann2 fr ,schule und ,haus bearbeitet von ,hller4 7,schaffstein74 ,illustriert2 ,fr die ,jugend von ,p4 ,moritz4 ,v4-,ausg42 7,weise74 ,,cooper1 ,j4 ,f4--,conanchet4 ,von ,frz4 ,hoffmann4 ,der rote ,freibeuter4 ,von ,p4 ,o4 ,hcker4 7,lwe74 ,lederstrumpf-,erzhlgn4 ,f4 d4 ,jugend v4 ,kl4 ,bernhard2 ,fr die ,jugend v4 ,o4 ,hcker4 7,lwe72 v4 ,frz4 ,hoffmann2 v4 ,fr4 ,meister4 ,pr4-,a42 ,einzeln3 ,der ,wildtter2 ,der letzte der ,mohikaner2 ,der ,pfadfinder2 ,lederstrumpf2 ,der alte ,trapper2 v4 ,p4 ,moritz4 ,gesamt-,ausg42 ,einzeln3 ,der letzte ,mohikaner2 ,der ,pfadfinder2 ,lederstrumpf od4 die ,ansiedler2 ,der ,wildsteller od4 die ,prrie2 ,der ,wildtter4 ,die ,prrie4 ,fr die ,jugend4 7,weise47 ,der ,spion4 ,fr die ,jugend von ,e4 ,benseler4 ,,dahn1 ,f4 ,u4 ,,th4--,walhall4 ,germanische ,gtter-u4 ,heldensagen4 ,ausgabe mit ,bildern4 ,,hauff1 ,w4--,lichtenstein4 ,fr die ,jugend4 7,weise47 ,,liliencron1 ,d4 ,v4--,gedichte4 ,auswahl fr die ,jugend4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ebner-,,eschenbach1 ,m4 ,v4--,die arme ,kleine4 ,,gumpert1 ,,th4 ,v4--,tchter-,album4 ,,hartner1 ,e4 7,e4 ,e4 ,h4 v4 ,twardowska47--,pension und ,elternhaus4 ,,heinz1 ,t4 ,v4 7,henny von ,tempelhoff47--,goldkpfchen4 ,pension ,velden4 ,tante ,sybille4 ,,heldern1 ,t4 7,toni ,lindner47--,die ,backfischpension4 ,,rhoden1 ,e4 ,v4 7,emma ,friedrich-,friedrich47--,der ,trotzkopf4 ,mit ,bildern2 ,billige ,ausgabe4 ,trotzkopfs ,brautzeit4 ,mit ,bildern2 ,billige ,ausgabe4 7,wildhagen71 ,aus ,trotzkopfs ,ehe4 ,mit ,bildern2 ,billige ,ausgabe4 7,s4 la ,chapelle-,roobol71 ,trotzkopf als ,grossmutter4 ,der ,trotzkopf4 #c ,bde4 ,feine ,ausg4 in hell4 ,damastlnw4 geb41 in eleg4 ,hlse4 ,,rosegger1 ,p4--,ernst u4 heiter4 ,volksausg4 f4 sterreich4 ,,schmidt1 ,h4--,in ,backfischchens ,kaffeekrnzchen4 ,,wildermuth1 ,o4--,jugendschriften4 ,volks-,ausg4 #bb ,bde4 #a4 ,ein einsam ,kind4 ,die ,wasser im ,jahre #ahbd2 #b4 ,drei ,schulkameraden4 ,der ,spiegel der ,zwerglein2 #c4 ,eine seltsame ,schule4 ,brbeles ,weihnachten2 #d4 ,eine ,knigin4 ,der ,kinder ,gebet2 #e4 ,sptes ,glck4 ,die drei ,schwestern vom ,walde2 #f4 ,die ,ferien auf ,schloss ,brensprung4 ,der ,sandbub oder ,wer hat's am besten82 #g4 ,cherubino u4 ,zephirine4 ,kann sein1 's ist auch so recht2 #h4 ,brderchen und ,schwesterchen4 ,der ,einsiedler im ,walde2 #i4 ,der ,peterli von ,emmenthal4 ,zwei ,mrchen fr die ,kleinsten2 #aj4 ,krieg und ,frieden4 ,emmas ,pilgerfahrt2 #aa4 ,das braune ,lenchen4 ,des ,knigs ,patenkind2 #ab4 ,nach ,regen ,sonnenschein4 ,frau ,luna4 ,das ,bumlein im ,walde2 #ac4 ,die ,nachbarskinder4 ,kordulas erste ,reise4 ,balthasars ,apfelbume2 #ad4 ,die wunderbare ,hhle4 ,das ,steinkreuz4 ,unsere alte ,marie2 #ae4 ,der kluge ,bruno4 ,eine alte ,schuld4 ,heb' auf1 was ,gott dir vor die ,tre legt2 #af4 ,elisabeth4 ,die drei ,christbume4 ,klrchens ,genesung4 ,das ,feental2 #ag4 ,vom armen ,unstern2 #ah4 ,es ging ein ,engel durch das ,haus4 ,des ,herrn ,pfarrers ,kuh4 ,die erste ,seefahrt2 #ai4 ,schwarze ,treue2 #bj4 ,das ,osterlied4 ,die ,kinder der ,heide2 #ba4 ,hinauf und ,hinab2 #bb4 ,der rote ,hof4 ,,nature ,,arnold1 ,a4 ,f4--,the ,sea-,beach at ,ebb-,tide4 ,century1 #b4dj net4 ,,bostock1 ,f4 ,c4--,the ,training of ,wild ,animals4 ,century1 #a4jj net4 ,,burroughs1 ,,john--,squirrels and ,other ,fur-,bearers4 7,ill4 after ,audubon47 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,wake ,robin4 ,houghton1 #a4jj net4 ,,chapman1 ,,frank ,r4--,bird-,life3 ,a ,guide to the ,study of ,our ,common ,birds4 7,ill41 ,seton47 ,appleton1 #b4jj4 ,,doubleday1 ,,mrs4 ,f4 ,n4 7pseud41 ,neltje ,blanchan7--,bird ,neighbors4 ,doubleday1 #b4jj4 ,american and local4 ,vide same author's 8,birds that ,hunt and ,are ,hunted10 #b4jj4 ,nature's ,garden4 ,doubleday1 #c4jj net4 ,,dugmore1 ,a4 ,,radclyffe--,nature and the ,camera4 ,doubleday1 #a4ce net4 ,,gibson1 ,w4 ,h4--,blossom ,hosts and ,insect ,guests4 ,newson1 #j4hj4 ,eye ,spy4 ,harper1 #b4ej4 ,sharp ,eyes4 ,harper1 #b4ej4 ,,holland1 ,w4 ,j4--,butterfly ,book4 ,doubleday1 #c4jj net4 ,vide same author's 8,moth ,book10 #d4jj net4 ,,hornaday1 ,,william ,t4--,american ,natural ,history4 ,scribner1 #c4ej net4 ,vide same author's 8,two ,years in a ,jungle10 #b4ej4 ,,keeler1 ,,harriet ,l4--,our ,native ,trees and ,how to ,identify ,them4 ,scribner1 #b4jj net4 ,vide also the 8,tree ,book40 ,julia ,e4 ,rogers4 ,doubleday1 #d4jj net4 ,,miller1 ,,olive ,,thorne--,the ,first ,book of ,birds4 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,there is a second book4 ,,morley1 ,,margaret ,w4--,the ,bee ,people4 ,mc,clurg1 #a4be4 ,,parsons1 ,,frances ,,theodora 7formerly ,mrs4 ,dana7--,how to ,know ,wild ,flowers4 ,scribner1 #b4jj net4 ,vide also same author's 8,according to the ,seasons40 ,scribner1 #a4ge net4 ,,seton1 ,,ernest ,,thompson--,biography of a ,grizzly4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,wild ,animals ,i have ,known4 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,vide also same author's 8,lives of the ,hunted40 ,,shaler1 ,,nathaniel ,s4--,story of the ,continent4 ,ginn1 #j4ge4 ,first ,book in ,geology4 ,heath1 #j4fj4 ,,sharp1 ,,dallas ,l4--,wild ,life ,near ,home4 ,century1 #b4jj4 ,vide also same author's 8,a ,watcher in the ,woods40 ,century1 #j4hd4 ,,thoreau1 ,,henry ,d4--,walden4 ,houghton1 #a4ej to #c4jj4 ,,torrey1 ,,bradford--,every-day ,birds4 7,ill4 after ,thoreau47 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,,wright1 ,,mabel ,,osgood--,citizen ,bird4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej net4 ,,biography ,,abbott1 ,j4 ,s4 ,c4--,daniel ,boone1 and the ,early ,settlement of ,kentucky4 ,dodd1 #j4ge4 ,david ,crockett and ,early ,texan ,history4 ,dodd1 #j4ge4 ,kit ,carson1 the ,pioneer of the ,far ,west4 ,dodd1 #j4ge4 ,,alcott1 ,,louisa ,,may--,life1 ,letters1 and ,journals4 7,ed41 ,e4 ,d4 ,cheney47 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4ej4 ,,barnes1 ,,james--,midshipman ,farragut4 ,appleton1 #a4jj4 ,,bolton1 ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,k4--,poor ,boys ,who ,became ,famous4 ,crowell1 #a4ej4 ,this author has written many books of a similar character for boys and girls4 ,,brooks1 ,e4 ,s4--,historic ,boys4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,historic ,girls4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,same author wrote 8,historic ,dwarfs0 for ,st4 ,nicholas ,magazine4 ,his facts have been challenged4 ,chivalric ,days4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,,butterworth1 ,,hezekiah--,the ,boys of ,greenway ,court4 ,the ,early ,days of ,washington4 ,many librarians would challenge this4 ,appleton1 #a4ej4 ,,franklin1 ,,benjamin--,autobiography4 ,houghton1 #j4ge4 ,,garland1 ,,hamlin--,ulysses ,s4 ,grant4 ,mc,clure1 #b4ej4 ,,joan ,,of ,,arc--,vide ,boutet de ,monvel4 ,picture-book section4 ,,keller1 ,,helen--,the ,story of ,my ,life4 ,doubleday1 #a4ej net4 ,,lee1 ,,robert ,e4--,vide ,beacon ,biographies4 ,trent1 ,w4 ,p4 ,the ,lives of ,lee1 ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,stuart1 and ,stonewall ,jackson have yet to be treated satisfactorily for young people4 ,,nicolay1 ,,helen--,boys' ,life of ,lincoln4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,ober1 ,,frederick ,a4--,columbus2 ,pizarro2 ,de,soto4 ,harper1 #a4jj net each4 ,this author's style is picturesque4 ,,riis1 ,,jacob ,a4--,the ,making of an ,american3 ,an ,autobiography4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej net4 ,,scudder1 ,,horace ,e4--,george ,washington4 ,houghton1 #j4ge4 ,vide also ,e4 ,e4 ,hale's 8,life of ,washington40 ,putnam1 #a4ge4 ,,seawell1 ,m4 ,e4--,decatur and ,somers4 ,appleton1 #a4jj4 ,twelve ,naval ,captains4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,paul ,jones4 ,appleton1 #a4jj4 ,,seelye1 ,,elizabeth ,e4--,the ,story of ,columbus4 ,appleton1 #a4ge4 ,,southey1 ,,robert--,life of ,nelson4 ,vide ed41 ,macmillan1 ,warne1 ,crowell1 ,dutton1 ,lothrop1 etc4 ,,wister1 ,,owen--,u4 ,s4 ,grant4 7,beacon ,biography47 ,small1 #j4ge net4 ,this is the same series as referred to under ,lee1 in which ,norman ,hapgood has written on ,daniel ,webster4 ,,history ,,alton1 ,e4 7pseud1 of ,edmund ,bailey7--,among the ,law ,makers4 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,,barnes1 ,,james--,yankee ,ships and ,yankee ,sailors4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,callcott1 ,m4 7,d47--,little ,arthur's ,history of ,england4 ,crowell1 #j4fj4 ,little ,arthur's ,history of ,france4 ,crowell1 #j4fj4 ,both volumes have a certain value in the history of children's books4 ,,coffin1 ,c4 ,c4--,boys of '#gf4 ,harper1 #b4jj4 ,same author wrote 8,boys of '#fa40 ,estes1 #b4jj4 ,,creasy1 ,e4 ,s4--,fifteen ,decisive ,battles of the ,world4 ,harper1 #a4jj4 ,,dickens1 ,,charles--,child's ,history of ,england4 ,houghton1 #a4jj to #b4ej4 ,,dole1 ,c4 ,f4--,the ,young ,citizen4 ,heath1 #j4de4 ,,eggleston1 ,e4 and ,,seelye 7,,mrs471 ,e4 ,e4--,brant and ,red ,jacket4 ,dodd1 #j4ge4 ,,fiske1 ,,john--,he has written a ,united ,states ,history4 7,houghton47 ,his larger contributions on periods are so excellent in their narrative style as to recommend themselves for young readers of high-school age4 ,vide also ,edward ,eggleston's 8,household ,history of the ,united ,states40 ,appleton1 #b4ej4 ,,griffis1 ,w4 ,e4--,brave ,little ,holland and ,what ,she ,taught ,us4 ,houghton1 #a4be4 ,,greenwood1 ,,grace--,merrie ,england2 ,bonnie ,scotland4 ,out of print1 but re-publication strongly advised by librarians4 ,miss ,burnite1 of the ,cleveland ,public ,library1 recently edited the 8,ballads ,retold40 ,ginn1 #j4ej4 ,stories and ,legends2 ,stories and ,sights of ,france and ,italy4 ,also out of print4 ,,hawthorne1 ,,nathaniel--,grandfather's ,chair4 ,containing also ,biographical ,stories4 ,houghton1 #a4be4 ,,jenks1 ,,tudor--,our ,army for ,our ,boys4 7,ill4 ,ogden47 ,moffat1 ,yard1 #b4jj net4 ,mr4 ,jenks is also the author of the lives of ,john ,smith and ,miles ,standish 7,century72 of a series of historical and social studies for children1 the first volume called 8,when ,america ,was ,new0 7,crowell472 and of another series1 ,lives of ,great ,writers 7,barnes474 ,,kieffer1 ,h4 ,m4--,recollections of a ,drummer ,boy4 7,a ,civil ,war biographical story47 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,,marshall1 ,,helen--,an ,island ,story4 ,a history of ,england1 written by an ,australian4 ,the book is in sumptuous format4 ,stokes1 #b4ej net4 ,,mcdougall1 ,,isabel--,little ,royalties4 ,revell1 #a4be4 ,,parkman1 ,,francis--,the ,oregon ,trail4 7,ill41 ,remington47 ,little1 ,brown1 #d4jj2 #b4jj4 ,the ,conspiracy of ,pontiac4 7#b vols47 ,little1 ,brown1 #c4jj4 ,,roosevelt1 ,,theodore1 ,,and ,,lodge1 ,,henry ,,cabot--,hero ,tales from ,american ,history4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,scott1 ,,sir ,,walter--,tales of a ,grandfather4 ,macmillan1 #b4jj4 ,,stockton1 ,,frank ,r4--,buccaneers and ,pirates of our ,coast4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,tarbell1 ,,ida ,m4--,he ,knew ,lincoln4 ,mc,clure1 #j4ej net4 ,,yonge1 ,,charlotte ,m4--,young ,folk's ,history of ,england4 ,lothrop1 #a4ej4 ,vide ,miss ,yonge's 8,book of ,golden ,deeds40 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,,historical ,,stories ,,aguilar1 ,,grace--,the ,days of ,bruce4 ,appleton1 #a4jj4 ,she also wrote 8,a ,mother's ,recompense0 and 8,home ,influence40 ,,andrews1 ,,mary ,,raymond ,,shipman--,the ,perfect ,tribute4 7,a ,story of ,lincoln47 ,scribner1 #j4ej4 ,,barnes1 ,,james--,for ,king or ,country4 ,harper1 #a4ej4 ,,bennett1 ,,john--,master ,skylark4 7,a ,story of ,shakespeare's ,time47 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,barnaby ,lee4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,bulwer-,,lytton1 ,,edward--,harold1 the ,last of the ,saxons4 7#b vols47 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4be each4 ,last ,days of ,pompeii4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4be4 ,last of the ,barons4 7,a ,story of the ,earl of ,warwick47 #b vols4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4be each4 ,,davis1 ,m4 ,e4 ,m4--,in ,war ,times at ,la ,rose ,blanche4 ,lothrop1 #a4be4 ,,doyle1 ,a4 ,,conan--,white ,company4 7,a #adth-century story47 ,harper1 #a4ge4 ,micah ,clarke4 7,a #agth-century story47 ,harper1 #a4ge4 ,,eggleston1 ,,george ,,cary--,signal ,boys4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,southern ,soldier ,stories4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,strange ,stories from ,history4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,,hale1 ,,edward ,e4--,a ,man ,without a ,country4 ,little1 ,brown1 #j4ej to #a4be4 ,,henty1 ,g4 ,a4--,lion of the ,north4 7,a ,tale of ,gustavus ,adolphus47 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,st4 ,george for ,england4 7,a ,tale of ,cressy and ,poitiers47 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,with ,clive in ,india4 ,scribner1 #a 4#ej4 ,with ,wolfe in ,canada4 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,when one is read1 the formula for all is discovered4 ,,keary1 ,,annie--,a ,york and ,lancaster ,rose4 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,,kingsley1 ,,charles--,westward ,ho6 ,macmillan1 #j4ej to #b4jj4 ,this book1 a tale of the #afth century1 was recently debarred from one of the library centres in ,england4 ,,knapp1 ,,adeline--,the ,boy and the ,baron4 7,germany of feudal times47 ,century1 #a4jj4 ,,marshall1 ,,beatrice--,the ,siege of ,york4 7,in the days of ,thomas1 ,lord ,fairfax47 ,dutton1 #a4ej4 ,for older girls4 ,,matthews1 ,,brander--,tom ,paulding4 7,a story of ,new ,york and a treasure47 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,page1 ,,thomas ,,nelson--,two ,little ,confederates4 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,among the ,camps4 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,,porter1 ,,jane--,the ,scottish ,chiefs4 ,dutton1 #b4ej4 7,ill41 ,t4 ,h4 ,robinson4 ,a ,story of ,william ,wallace4 ,miss ,aguilar's book1 8,in the ,days of ,bruce10 is considered a sequel47 ,thaddeus of ,warsaw4 ,various editions3 ,coates1 ,burt1 ,routledge1 ,warne4 ,,pyle1 ,,howard--,men of ,iron4 7,a #adth-century story47 ,harper1 #b4jj4 ,,scott1 ,,sir ,,walter--,ivanhoe4 ,macmillan1 #a4be4 ,the ,talisman4 ,macmillan1 #a4be4 ,quentin ,durward4 ,macmillan1 #a4be4 ,rob ,roy4 ,macmillan1 #a4be4 ,as an introduction1 these should lead the way to others4 ,,seawell1 ,m4 ,e4--,little ,jarvis4 ,appleton1 #a4jj4 ,,stowe1 ,,harriet ,b4--,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 7,ill41 ,kemble1 #d4jj47 ,this is reluctantly included2 many are strongly in favor of keeping from children such partisan writing2 the cause for sectional feeling has been removed to an extent4 ,,tomlinson1 ,e4 ,t4--,boy ,officers of #ahab4 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4be4 ,search for ,andrew ,field4 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4be4 ,,twain1 ,,mark 7pseud1 of ,samuel ,l4 ,clemens7--,the ,prince and the ,pauper4 7#afth century47 ,harper1 #a4ge4 ,,wallace1 ,,lew--,ben ,hur4 7,a ,tale of the ,christ47 ,harper1 #a4ej to #aj4jj4 ,,yonge1 ,,charlotte ,m4--,the ,lances of ,lynwood1 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4jj4 ,miss ,yonge on children's reading is seen to great advantage4 ,,indian ,,stories ,,baylor1 ,,frances ,c4 7,mrs4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,belger47--,juan and ,juanita4 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,,brooks1 ,,noah--,the ,boy ,emigrants4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,the ,boy ,settlers4 7,early times in ,kansas47 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,,catherwood1 ,,mary ,,hartwell--,heroes of the ,middle ,west4 ,ginn1 #j4ej4 ,,cooper1 ,,james ,,fenimore--,deerslayer4 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,the ,spy4 ,houghton1 #a4jj2 ,appleton1 #a4ej4 ,the entire ,leatherstocking series should be read4 ,the ,last of the ,mohicans4 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,,custer1 ,,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4--,boots and ,saddles4 ,harper1 #a4ej4 ,an account of life in camp out ,west1 and of her husband's career4 ,campaigns against the ,indians are described4 ,a second book is called 8,tenting on the ,plains40 ,harper1 #a4ej4 ,,deming1 ,e4 ,w4--,little ,indian-,folk4 ,stokes1 #a4be4 ,little ,red ,people4 ,stokes1 #a4be4 ,vide the same author's 8,indian ,child ,life40 ,stokes1 #b4jj4 ,,drake1 ,f4 ,s4--,indian ,history for ,young ,folks4 ,harper1 #c4jj4 ,,eastman1 ,,charles ,a4--,indian ,boyhood4 ,mc,clure1 #a4fj net4 ,,munroe1 ,,kirk--,the ,flamingo ,feather4 7,a tale of ,huguenots and ,spaniards47 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,,stoddard1 ,w4 ,o4--,little ,smoke4 7,a tale of the ,sioux47 ,appleton1 #a4ej4 ,red ,mustang4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,two ,arrows4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,,stories ,,abbot1 ,,alice ,,balch--,a ,frigate's ,namesake4 ,century1 #a4jj4 ,,alcott1 ,,louisa ,,may--,eight ,cousins4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4ej4 ,little ,women4 ,ibid4 ,little ,men4 ,ibid4 ,old ,fashioned ,girl4 ,ibid4 ,,alden1 ,w4 ,l4--,cruise of the ,canoe ,club4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,,andrews1 ,,jane--,the ,seven ,little ,sisters who ,lived on the ,round ,ball ,that ,floats in the ,air4 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4jj4 ,ten ,boys who ,lived on the ,road from ,long ,ago to ,now4 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4jj4 ,,barbour1 ,,ralph--,the ,crimson ,sweater4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,the same author wrote 8,captain of the ,crew02 8,for the ,honor of the ,school40 ,,barrie1 ,,james ,m4--,peter ,pan4 7,ill41 ,arthur ,rackham47 ,scribner1 #e4jj4 ,,blackmore1 ,r4 ,d4--,lorna ,doone4 ,for older readers4 ,harper1 #b4jj4 ,,burnett1 ,f4 ,h4--,little ,lord ,fauntleroy4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,the ,little ,princess4 ,an enlarged 8,sara ,crew40 ,scribner1 #b4jj4 ,,champney1 ,e4 ,w4--,howling ,wolf4 ,lothrop1 #a4be4 ,pierre and his ,poodle4 ,dodd1 #a4jj4 ,paddy ,o',leary and his ,learned ,pig4 ,dodd1 #a4jj4 ,,coolidge1 ,,susan 7pseud41 ,s4 ,c4 ,woolsey47--,eyebright4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4be4 ,,dana1 ,,richard ,h41 ,,jr4--,two ,years ,before the ,mast4 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,,de ,,amicis1 ,,edmondo--,cuore3 an ,italian ,schoolboy's ,journal4 ,crowell1 #a4jj4 ,,defoe1 ,,daniel--,robinson ,crusoe4 7,ill41 ,rheid ,brothers47 ,russell1 ,harper1 #a4ej4 ,,dickens1 ,,charles--,david ,copperfield4 ,houghton1 #b vols41 #c4jj4 ,tale of ,two ,cities4 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,vide also 8,christmas ,carol40 ,these should encourage the children to follow up one work with another4 ,,dodge1 ,,mary ,,mapes--,donald and ,dorothy4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,vide her 8,baby-,days40 ,hans ,brinker1 or the ,silver ,skates4 7,new ,amsterdam edition47 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,,duncan1 ,,norman--,adventures of ,billy ,topsail4 ,revell1 #a4ej4 ,this is a good example of an adventurous story1 well told4 ,,edgeworth1 ,,maria--,waste ,not1 ,want ,not4 ,heath1 #j4bj4 ,popular ,tales4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,tales4 7,ed41 ,austin ,dobson47 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,early ,lessons4 ,routledge1 #a4jj4 ,the ,macmillans also publish 8,moral ,tales10 #a4jj2 ,routledge1 8,parent's ,assistant10 #a4jj4 ,,eggleston1 ,,george ,,cary--,big ,brother4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,captain ,sam4 ,putnam1 #a4be4 ,,ewing1 ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4--,jackanapes4 ,little1 ,brown1 #j4ej2 ,crowell1 #j4fj4 ,story of a ,short ,life4 ,dutton1 #a4jj2 ,crowell1 #j4ge4 ,timothy ,shoes4 ,short story4 ,the ,brownies4 ,young1 #a4jj2 ,burt1 #j4ge4 ,,fairstar1 ,,mrs4 7pseud4 of ,richard ,hengist ,horne74--,memoirs of a ,london ,doll4 ,brentano1 #a4be4 ,,fletcher1 ,r4 ,h4--,marjory and ,her ,papa4 ,century1 #a4jj4 ,,french1 ,,allen--,the ,junior ,cup4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,vide the same author's excellent legendary-historical tale1 8,sir ,marrok40 ,century1 #a4jj4 ,,gaskell1 ,e4 ,c4 7,s47--,cranford4 7,for older readers47 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,gates1 ,,eleanor 7,mrs4 ,richard ,walton ,tully47--,biography of a ,prairie ,girl4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,gilson1 ,,roy ,,rolfe--,katrina4 7,for older readers47 ,baker and ,taylor1 #a4ej4 ,,goldsmith1 ,,oliver--,the ,vicar of ,wakefield4 ,ill41 ,hugh ,thomson4 ,vide also ,caldecott4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,goody ,two ,shoes4 7,ed41 ,welsh47 ,heath1 #j4bj4 ,vide also edition1 ,macmillan4 ,,goulding1 ,,frank--,the ,young ,marooners4 ,dodd4 ,no price stated4 ,there is a companion volume1 8,marooner's ,island40 ,this ,southern writer is little known4 ,,hale1 ,,lucretia ,p4--,the ,peterkin ,papers4 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,there is another volume1 8,the ,last of the ,peterkins1 with ,others of ,their ,kin40 ,,harker1 ,l4 ,,allen--,concerning ,paul and ,fiametta4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,this book is delightfully human2 some would consider it more a story about children than for children4 ,,higginson1 ,,thomas ,w4--,tales of the ,enchanted ,islands of the ,atlantic4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,hill1 ,c4 ,t4--,fighting a ,fire4 ,stories of real life4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,hughes1 ,,rupert--,the ,lakerim ,athletic ,club4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,the ,dozen from ,lakerim4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,hughes1 ,,thomas--,tom ,brown's ,school ,days at ,rugby4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej2 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,for older readers1 there is 8,tom ,brown at ,oxford40 ,,irving1 ,,washington--,bracebridge ,hall4 7,ill41 ,caldecott47 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,old ,christmas4 7,ill41 ,caldecott47 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,jackson1 ,,helen ,,hunt--,ramona4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4ej4 ,nelly's ,silver ,mine4 7,a ,story of ,colorado life47 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4ej4 ,cat ,stories4 ,little1 ,brown1 #b4jj4 ,,jamison1 ,,mrs4 ,c4 ,v4--,lady ,jane4 ,century1 #a 4#ej4 ,toinette's ,philip4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,descriptions of early ,new-,orleans life4 ,,jewett1 ,,sarah ,,orne--,betty ,leicester4 ,houghton1 #a4be4 ,,johnson1 ,,rossiter--,phaeton ,rogers4 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,,king1 ,,capt4 ,,charles--,cadet ,days4 ,harper1 #a4be4 ,,kipling1 ,,rudyard--8,captains ,courageous40 7,a tale of the ,gloucester fishermen47 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,lamb1 ,,charles ,,and ,,mary--,mrs4 ,leicester's ,school4 ,dent 7ill41 ,winifred ,green1 in ,kate ,greenaway style74 ,macmillan1 #b4be4 ,,la ,,ram,e1 ,,louise ,,de 7,ouida7--,dog of ,flanders4 ,lippincott1 #a4ej4 ,,lucas1 ,e4 ,v4 7,,ed47--,old-,fashioned ,tales4 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 7,,ed47 ,forgotten ,tales of ,long ,ago4 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,,marryatt1 ,,frederick--,masterman ,ready4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej2 ,routledge1 #a4be4 ,some librarians would reject ,marryatt as they would ,ballentyne2 others would include him as they would ,ballentyne4 ,,martineau1 ,,harriet--,the ,crofton ,boys4 ,routledge1 #j4ge2 ,heath1 #j4cj4 ,,mathews1 ,,margaret ,h4--,dr4 ,gilbert's ,daughters4 ,coates1 #j4ge4 ,,moffett1 ,,cleveland--,careers of ,danger and ,daring4 ,stories of real life4 ,century1 #a4ej4 ,,molesworth1 ,,mrs4--,two ,little ,waifs4 ,macmillan1 #a4jj4 ,carrots4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej2 ,crowell1 #j4ge4 ,,munroe1 ,,kirk--,cab and ,caboose4 ,tale published in ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,derrick ,sterling4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,,myrtle1 ,,harriet--,country ,scenes4 ,man of ,snow4 ,out of print1 but re-publication strongly advised by librarians4 ,,ollivant1 ,,alfred--,bob1 ,son of ,battle4 ,doubleday1 #a4ej4 ,strongly recommended for its vigour and its vividness4 ,,otis1 ,,james 7pseud1 of ,j4 ,o4 ,kaler7--,toby ,tyler2 or1 ,ten ,weeks with a ,circus4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,mr4 ,stubbs's ,brother4 ,harper1 #j4fj4 ,,paull1 ,,mrs4 ,h4 ,b4--,only a ,cat4 ,whitaker1 #a4be4 ,an excellent story4 ,,pier1 ,,arthur ,s4--,boys of ,st4 ,timothy's4 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,,pyle1 ,,howard--,jack ,ballister's ,fortunes4 ,century1 #b4jj4 ,,richards1 ,,laura ,e4--,captain ,january4 ,estes1 #j4ej4 ,,sandford1 ,,mrs4 ,d4 ,p4--,the ,little ,brown ,house and the ,children who ,lived in ,it4 ,dutton1 #b4jj4 ,,saunders1 ,,marshall--,beautiful ,joe4 ,am4 ,bap41 #j4be4 ,,scudder1 ,,horace ,e4--,bodley ,books4 ,houghton1 #h vols41 #ab4jj set2 #a4ej each4 ,the ,children's ,book4 7,edited47 ,houghton1 #b4ej4 ,s,,gur1 ,,mme4 ,s4 7,r47 ,,de--,the ,story of a ,donkey4 ,heath1 #j4bj4 ,,sewell1 ,,anna--,black ,beauty4 ,page1 #a4be4 ,,sharp1 ,,evelyn--,the ,youngest ,girl in ,school4 ,macmillan1 #a4ej4 ,,sherwood1 ,m4 ,m4 7,b47--,the ,fairchild ,family4 ,stokes1 #a4ej4 ,recommended for historic value4 ,,shaw1 ,f4 ,l4--,castle ,blair4 ,little1 ,brown1 #a4jj4 ,,spyri1 ,j4--,story of ,heidi4 ,de,wolfe ,fiske1 #a4ej2 ,ginn1 #j4dj4 ,,stevenson1 ,,robert ,,louis--,treasure ,island4 ,scribner1 #a4jj4 8,kidnapped0 is a sequel4 ,black ,arrow4 ,scribner1 #a4jj4 ,a good 8penny-dreadful40 ,,stockton1 ,,frank ,r4--,a ,jolly ,fellowship4 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,,stuart1 ,,ruth ,,mcenery--,the ,story of ,babette4 ,harper1 #a4ej4 ,vide the same author's 8,solomon ,crow's ,christmas ,pocket40 ,harper1 #a4be4 ,,taggart1 ,,marion ,,ames--,the ,little ,gray ,house4 ,mc,clure1 #a4be4 ,the author has unfortunately been persuaded to continue her story in a second volume4 ,,trimmer1 ,,sarah ,k4--,history of the ,robins4 ,heath1 #j4be4 ,historic interest4 ,,trowbridge1 ,,john ,t4--,the ,tinkham ,brothers' ,tide-,mill4 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4be4 ,his ,own ,master4 ,lothrop1 ,lee1 #a4be4 ,jack ,hazard and ,his ,fortunes4 ,coates1 #a4be4 7,in a series47 ,,twain1 ,,mark 7pseud4 of ,samuel ,l4 ,clemens47--,huckleberry ,finn4 ,harper1 #a4ge4 ,tom ,sawyer4 ,harper1 #a4ge4 ,,van ,,dyke1 ,,henry--,the ,first ,christmas ,tree4 7,ill41 ,pyle47 ,scribner1 #a4ej4 ,the ,story of the ,other ,wise ,man4 ,harper1 #a4jj4 ,,verne1 ,,jules--,a ,tour of the ,world in ,eighty ,days4 ,vide various editions4 ,twenty ,thousand leagues under the ,sea4 ,coates1 #j4ge4 ,vide various editions4 ,,wiggin1 ,,kate ,,douglas--,half a ,dozen ,house ,keepers4 ,altemus1 #j4ge4 ,rebecca of ,sunnybrook ,farm4 ,houghton1 #a4be4 ,the ,bird's ,christmas ,carol4 ,houghton1 #j4ej4 ,timothy's ,quest4 7,ill41 ,oliver ,herford47 ,houghton1 #a4ej4 ,polly ,oliver's ,problem4 ,houghton1 #a4jj4 ,,wyss1 ,j4 ,r4 ,v4 ,,and ,,montolieu1 ,,baronne ,,de--,swiss ,family ,robinson4 ,warne1 #b4ej2 ,dutton1 #b4ej4 ,cheaper editions4 ,,books ,,about ,,children ,,aldrich1 ,,thomas ,,bailey--,story of a ,bad ,boy4 7,ill41 ,frost47 ,houghton1 #b4jj2 #a4be4 ,,eggleston1 ,,edward--,the ,hoosier ,school-,boy4 ,scribner1 #a4jj4 ,,ewald1 ,,carl 7,tr41 ,de,mattos47--,my ,little ,boy4 ,scribner1 #a4jj4 ,,gilson1 ,,roy ,,rolfe--,mother and ,father4 ,harper1 #a4be4 ,,howells1 ,,william ,,dean--,a ,boy's ,town4 7,told for ,harper's ,young ,people47 ,harper1 #a4be4 ,,hutton1 ,,laurence--,a ,boy ,i knew and ,four ,dogs4 ,harper1 #a4be4 ,,larcom1 ,,lucy--,new ,england ,girlhood4 ,houghton1 #j4ge4 ,vide various editions4 ,,martin1 ,,edward ,s4--,the ,luxury of ,children4 ,harper1 #a4ge net4 ,,richards1 ,,laura ,e4--,when ,i ,was ,your ,age4 ,estes1 #a4be4 ,,warner1 ,,charles ,,dudley--,being a ,boy4 ,houghton1 #a4be4 ,,whittier1 ,,john ,g4 7,,ed47--,child-,life in ,prose4 ,houghton1 #b4jj4 ,,ethics ,,and ,,religion ,,bible ,,for ,,young ,,people 7,ed41 ,mrs4 ,joseph ,gilder2 ,bishop ,potter47--,century1 #a4ej2 ed4 de luxe1 #c4jj4 ,,bunyan1 ,,john--,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,century 7,ill41 ,brothers ,rhead471 #a4ej2 ,scribner 7,ill41 ,byam ,shaw71 #b4ej net4 ,,field1 ,,eugene--,a ,little ,book of ,profitable ,tales4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,,gatty1 ,,mrs4--,parables from ,nature4 ,bell 7#b vols472 ,macmillan1 #a4ej2 ,dutton 7,everyman's ,library474 ,,houghton1 ,,louise ,,seymour--,telling ,bible ,stories4 ,scribner1 #a4be4 ,r4 ,g4 ,moulton has edited for ,macmillan a ,children's ,scries of ,bible ,stories4 ,,psalms ,,of ,,david 7,ill41 ,brothers ,rhead47--,revell1 #b4ej4 ,,ruskin1 ,,john--,sesame and ,lilies4 ,vide editions1 ,mc,clurg1 ,mosher1 ,crowell1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,,bibliographical ,,note ,a few references of a miscellaneous character are here given3 ,,bible in ,elementary ,schools 7,j4 ,g4 ,fitch7--,nineteenth ,century1 #cf3hag4 ,,book1 ,the ,child and ,his 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,field7--,london1 ,wells1 ,gardner1 ,darton ,co41 #ahia4 ,,book1 ,the ,child and the 7,gerald ,stanley ,lee7--,putnam1 #aijg4 ,,book-,,plates1 ,modern1 and their ,designers 7,gleeson ,white7--,the ,studio1 #ahih-ii1 ,supplement #a4 ,,books1 ,better1 ,some ,means by ,which ,children ,may ,be ,led to ,read 7,clara ,w4 ,hunt7--,library ,journal1 #bd3adg4 ,,books1 ,children's 7,caroline ,m4 ,hewins7--,public ,library1 #a3aij4 ,,books1 ,children's1 and ,children 7,h4 ,a4 ,page7--,contemporary1 #aa3g4 ,,books for ,boys and ,girls1 ,on ,some 7,from ,blackwood7--,liv4 ,age1 #bji3c4 ,,books for ,children1 ,illustrated 7,w4 ,m4 ,thackeray7--,fraser1 #cc3die 7#ahdf74 ,,books for ,children ,that ,have ,lived 7,c4 ,welsh7--,library ,london1 n4s41 #a3cad4 ,,books1 ,the ,best ,hundred1 for ,children--,liv4 ,age1 #bbe3acb4 ,,carnegie ,libraries1 ,giving 7,i4 ,f4 ,marcosson7--,world's ,work1 #i3fjib4 ,,culture1 ,on a ,possible ,popular 7,t4 ,wright7--,contemporary1 #dj3be4 ,,english1 ,on the ,teaching of 7,percival ,chubb7--,macmillan1 #aijb4 ,,girl1 ,the ,reading of the ,modern 7,florence ,b4 ,low7--,nineteenth ,century1 #ei3bgh4 ,,girls ,read1 ,what 7,e4 ,g4 ,salmon7--,nineteenth ,century1 #bj3eae4 ,,henty ,book1 ,what ,you ,can ,get ,out of a 7,caroline ,m4 ,hewins7--,wisconsin ,library ,bulletin1 ,sept4-,oct41 #aijf4 ,,lesson-,,books1 ,our ,ancestor's 7,s4 ,e4 ,braine7--,liv4 ,age1 #bbb3ebb4 ,,librariana3 ,an ,outline of the ,literature of ,libraries 7,f4 ,j4 ,teggart7--,library ,journal1 #be3bbc1 #egg1 #fbe4 ,,libraries1 ,home1 for ,poor ,children 7,frances ,j4 ,olcott7--,chautauquan1 #ci3cgd4 ,,libraries1 ,public1 in the ,united ,states3 ,their ,history1 ,condition1 and ,management4 ,bureau of ,education1 #ahgf4 ,,libraries1 ,small1 ,hints to 7,m4 ,w4 ,plummer7--,pratt ,institute1 #aijb4 ,,libraries1 ,the ,free ,travelling1 in ,wisconsin4 ,the ,story of ,their ,growth1 etc4 ,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission1 ,madison1 #ahig4 ,interesting monograph4 ,,libraries1 ,what ,free1 are doing for ,children 7,mary ,w4 ,plummer47--,library ,journal1 ,vide vol4 #bb4 ,,library1 ,the ,free3 ,its ,history1 etc4 7,john ,j4 ,ogle7--,london1 ,allen1 #ahig4 ,,library ,literature in ,england and in the ,united ,states ,during the ,nineteenth ,century 7,f4 ,j4 ,teggart7--,library ,journal1 #bf3beg4 ,,library ,movement in the ,south ,since #ahii 7,anne ,wallace7--,library ,journal1 #cb3bec4 ,,library ,work with ,children 7,arabella ,h4 ,jackson7--,carnegie ,library1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,statistical4 ,,library ,work1 ,rational1 ,with ,children1 and the ,preparation ,for ,it 7,frances ,j4 ,olcott7--,carnegie ,library1 ,pittsburgh4 ,boston3 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,pub4 ,board4 ,reprint ,series1 ,no4 #i1 #j4je4 ,,lists1 ,reading1 ,fallacies of--,liv4 ,age1 #agj3bah4 ,,literature1 ,cheap 7,helen ,bosanquet7--,contemporary1 #gi3fga4 ,,literature1 ,cheap1 for ,village ,children--,liv4 ,age1 #ach3bif4 ,,literature1 ,children's 7,ellen ,m4 ,henrotin7--,national ,magazine 7,boston71 #g3cgc4 ,,literature for the ,little ,ones 7,e4 ,g4 ,salmon7--,nineteenth ,century1 #bb3efc4 ,,literature1 ,modern1 ,children and 7,h4 ,sutton7--,liv4 ,age1 #aib3bhg4 ,,music1 ,public ,school 7,s4 ,w4 ,cole7--,new ,eng4 ,mag41 n4s41 #ac3cbh4 ,,music in ,schools1 ,teaching of 7,j4 ,c4 ,hadden7--,nineteenth ,century1 #db3adb4 ,,music1 ,the ,introduction of the ,study of1 into the ,public ,schools of ,boston and of ,america 7,j4 ,c4 ,johnson7--,boston1 #a3fbb4 ,,novels1 ,some1 to ,read 7,caroline ,m4 ,hewins7--,traveller's ,record1 ,feb4-,mar41 #ahhi4 ,,periodicals1 ,children's ,books and 7,abby ,l4 ,sargent7--,library ,journal1 #be3fd ,conference1 ,june #g-ab1 #aijj4 ,,pictures in ,library ,work for ,children1 ,the ,place of 7,annie ,c4 ,moore7--,library ,journal1 #be3aei4 ,,read1 ,some ,things a ,boy of ,seventeen ,should ,have ,had an ,opportunity to 7,h4 ,l4 ,elmendorf7--,r4 of ,rs4 7,n4 ,y471 #bh3gac4 ,,reader1 ,the ,modern ,child as a 7,tudor ,jenks7--,book-,buyer1 #bc3ag4 ,,reading for ,boys and ,girls 7,e4 ,t4 ,tomlinson7--,atlantic1 #hf3fic4 ,,reading for ,children 7,h4 ,v4 ,weisse7--,contemporary1 #gi3hbi4 ,,reading1 ,on 7,georg ,brandes7--,internal4 ,quar41 #ab3bgc4 ,,reading1 ,on the ,pleasure of 7,sir ,john ,lubbock7--,contemporary1 ,feb41 #ahhf4 ,,school1 ,the ,novel and the ,common 7,charles ,dudley ,warner7--,atlantic1 #fe3gba4 ,,schools1 ,school-books1 and ,school-masters4 ,a ,contribution to the ,history of ,educational ,development in ,great ,britain 7,w4 ,carew ,hazlitt7--,london1 #ahhh4 ,,schooldays of ,eminent ,men 7,john ,timbs7--,london1 #ahgj4 ,,shakespeare for ,children 7,charles ,welsh7--,dial 7,chicago71 ,may #af1 #aijg1 in answer to ,,shakespeare1 ,reading1 to ,children 7,walter ,taylor ,field7--,dial 7,chicago71 ,may #a1 #aijg4 ,,stories to ,children1 ,how to ,tell 7,sara ,cone ,bryant7--,houghton1 #a4jj net4 ,,story-,,books1 ,children's 7,f4 ,maccuun7--,liv4 ,age1 #bda3gdf4 ,,story-,,tellers1 ,about ,old 7,donald ,g4 ,mitchell7--,scribner4 ,,women',s ,,clubs1 ,how1 ,may ,help the ,library ,movement 7,e4 ,g4 ,browning7--,library ,journal1 #bd3--suppl4 ,c4 #ah4 ,conference1 ,may #i-ac1 #ahii4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes - ,italic text shown with surrounding underscores4 - ,bold text shown with surrounding equal signs4 - ,text in small caps have been converted to all caps4 - ,typographic inconsistencies in the bibliographic references silently corrected4 - ,all footnotes have been renumbered sequentially and moved to the ends of their respective chapters4 ,corrections ,page ,original ,correction ,notes ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ v wth with typo #da verification1 verification4 typo #gc irrritability irritability typo #abb ,dr4 ,watts' ,dr4 ,watts's match usage on p4 #abd #abh 8,away down the river ,away down the river1 original has no 8 #abi beautitul beautiful typo #acf graphcally graphically typo #adj ,de,genlis ,de ,genlis typo #adc laisse laiss typo #adc m'egaye m'gaye typo #adc ,i prefer 8,i prefer missing open quote #aga area way areaway typo #aha improverishing impoverishing typo #ahb betweeen between typo #ahf text book text-book typo #aia ,prufungsausschsse ,prfungsausschsse typo #aif fourteen fourteen- typo #bai ,o',keefe ,o',keeffe typo #bba ,swift1 ,dean ,swift1 ,jonathan incorrect attribution #bbc ,how o ,make ,baskets ,how to ,make ,baskets typo #bcj ,electrcitiy ,electricity typo