,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,bold text is denoted by equal signs4 ,footnote anchors are denoted by number1 and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book4 ,the tables in this book are best viewed using a monospace font4 ,page #ae has some unusual characters to describe the phonetic pronunciation of some words4 ,these will display on this device as a with diaeresis e with macron and acute accent i with breve o with macron and acute ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,the ,,english of ,,military ,,communications ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,ganoe ,major of ,infantry1 ,united ,states ,army ,assistant ,professor of ,english ,united ,states ,military ,academy ,illustration3 7colophon7 ,the ,collegiate ,press ,,george ,,banta ,,publishing ,,company ,,menasha1 ,,wisconsin ,copyright1 #aiah by ,george ,banta ,publishing ,company ,,printed ,,and ,,bound ,,by ,,george ,,banta ,,publishing ,,co4 ,,manufacturing ,,publishers ,,menasha1 ,,wisconsin ,,contents ,,page ,,foreword ,v ,,preface ,,vii ,,chapter ,i--,our ,approach to a ,critical ,matter #a ,,chapter ,,ii--,military ,communications #bj ,,chapter ,,iii--,problems in the ,composition of the ,field ,message #cc ,,chapter ,,iv--,more ,problems on the ,composition of the ,field ,message #da ,,chapter ,v--,verbal ,field ,message #di ,,chapter ,,vi--,the ,field ,order1 ,the ,estimate1 ,the ,decision1 ,the ,expression #eh ,,chapter ,,vii--,problems in the ,field ,order #gc ,,chapter ,,viii--,more ,problems of the ,composition of the ,field ,order #ic ,,chapter ,,ix--,the ,verbal ,field ,order #aaj ,,chapter ,x--,the ,operation ,order1 ,orders1 ,letters of ,instruction #abd ,,chapter ,,xi--,the ,war ,diary--,the ,report--,routine ,orders #adg ,,chapter ,,xii--,official ,correspondence--,explanations--,lecture s #afe ,,appendices #ahg ,,foreword ,it is important in military matters that a writer shall express definitely the ideas he intends to convey and in such phraseology that there can be no misunderstanding of the language used4 ,carelessly or improperly phrased instructions have caused many miscarriages of military plans4 ,the attainment of perfection in the use of language is a matter of painstaking study and the gradual refinement of practice4 ,merely dreaming of what one will do when responsibility is thrust upon him is not the way to prepare for successful achievement4 ,it is the duty of every self respecting officer to be ready to do not only his best but to do what is right4 ,when one has qualified himself to write or dictate orders and instructions properly he has already learned to interpret those he may receive from others4 ,accuracy of language demands discipline of mind4 ,under our system of raising war armies much has had to be entrusted to men without either discipline of mind or of character4 ,this makes it necessary for officers not only to be qualified themselves to prepare and to interpret orders1 but to teach the art to others4 ,carelessly written instructions are like contoured maps with the base data omitted1 leaving one in doubt as to whether he is observing a hill or a depression4 ,a recent instance of such carelessness1 coming under my observation1 may serve to illustrate this3 orders were received at my headquarters to call out certain reservists for actual service and direct them to report at ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,in the execution of the order individual telegrams were dispatched during the night4 ,as orders had been received previously to turn over for the training of such reservists several permanent posts1 including ,fort ,wayne1 near ,detroit1 ,michigan1 telegraphic inquiry was made to find out if a mistake had been made4 ,the reply established that the ,post of ,fort ,wayne1 ,michigan1 and not the ,city of ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana1 was intended4 ,modern warfare of nations-in-arms is vastly different from the campaigns and open field fighting of the smaller armies of past wars4 ,nations no longer entrust the preparation and solution of their military problems to old type of practical soldiers4 ,military ,academies1 ,war ,colleges1 and ,general ,staff ,colleges have become necessary to insure that only trained men shall be entrusted with the preparation of instructions for the employment of the forces4 ,to combine the study of tactical problems1 the preparation of orders and the correct use of language1 as contemplated by ,major ,ganoe1 will afford a great advantage to the student of today1 and should make the diaries1 journals1 and war histories of the future finished writings without necessity for editing4 ,these are the true sources of military history1 a knowledge of which is essential to the ambitious officer desirous of perfecting himself in his profession4 7signed7 ,,william ,,harding ,,carter1 ,major ,general1 ,united ,states ,army4 ,,preface ,this course of lessons has for its sole object a demonstration to the military man that rhetoric is a big part of his profession4 ,if he sees this advantage early it is hoped that he will not slight his rich language as so many of us have done to our later regret4 ,vocational training in ,english6 ,that is practically what this book is4 ,it is recognizing rhetoric for the first time as a separate study in the field service regulations4 ,just as we take up topography1 engineering1 sanitation1 and supply as sciences by themselves in order to fit our efficiency into the team work of battle later1 so here we apply ourselves to that part of field work which helps us state our ideas in a proper military manner4 ,the course is in no way tactics1 but it forms an excellent primer to tactics4 ,it leads up to and aids in the solution of tactical problems by passing over military ground4 ,because it is a combination of analysis and synthesis1 rhetoric1 as we know1 is1 unlike the exact sciences1 purely a secondary subject4 ,its material1 whether of poetry1 essay1 or fiction1 is indiscriminate in its selection of matter so long as the matter is good4 ,the idea in this book is to make both the material and the treatment count--to place the emphasis upon the manner of expressing oneself and to let the student see incidentally the interesting military features as he is passing along4 ,he will be learning what he has never before had the opportunity of taking up separately1 and what will lead him more easily into intricate tactical paths afterwards4 ,some will criticise the book in that the author is not conforming to the principles which he is enunciating4 ,they will say1 8,he tells us to boil our communications to the clearest minimum while he himself deals in reiteration and illumination40 ,although this objection appears just1 it is nevertheless cursory4 ,a closer view will reveal the fact that the purpose and readers of communications are quite different from the purpose and readers of a text book4 ,one of the first principles we learn in rhetoric is to suit our treatment and diction to our purpose and readers4 ,commanders await with interest and expectancy the words of a field message or order4 ,students await with skepticism or inertia the chapters of their lessons4 ,although we rightly can prescribe the severest clearness for something which is bound to be absorbed1 we cannot be satisfied with one precise1 colorless statement of that which is likely to be ignored4 ,the student must be cudgeled and enticed4 ,as a proof of the correctness of this position1 this course has been tried with unexpected success upon the ,cadets of the ,united ,states ,military ,academy4 ,the very items which have been repeated and highly colored have proven themselves to the instructors to be the very ones which have more easily driven the points home4 ,grateful acknowledgment is made by the author to ,lieut4 ,colonel ,l4 ,h4 ,holt1 ,professor of ,english and ,history1 who made the book possible2 to ,captain ,g4 ,hoisington1 ,infantry1 for drawing a plate2 to ,captains ,j4 ,r4 ,n4 ,weaver1 ,infantry1 ,r4 ,h4 ,lee1 ,coast ,artillery ,corps1 ,l4 ,e4 ,moreton1 ,coast ,artillery ,corps1 ,c4 ,c4 ,benson1 ,cavalry1 and ,j4 ,h4 ,grant1 #bdth ,infantry1 for their valuable criticism2 and to ,major ,a4 ,w4 ,chilton1 ,infantry1 for the revision of the book in order to make it conform to the practical work passed over--by his disinterested correction the whole becomes more valuable as a text4 ,w4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,chapter ,i ,,our ,,approach ,,to ,a ,,critical ,,matter ,all military language should be of the utmost brevity and clarity4 ,death and disaster are the direct results of ambiguity4 ,throughout all history mistaken directions and information have been the ruin of whole campaigns4 ,careless wording1 like careless shooting1 is not only ineffective but often suicidal4 ,the object of these few lessons is to give practice in putting the language of military communication into form4 ,it is hoped that by means of certain technical and rhetorical principles the student may gain proficiency in expressing his thoughts as he intends them and as military efficiency demands them4 ,our ,field ,service ,regulations state that 8clear and decisive orders are the logical result of definite and sure decisions40 ,but this statement does not imply that if a person arrives at a definite and sure decision1 he gains clear and decisive phraseology without effort on his part4 ,general ,wagner1 a pioneer among ,american military authorities1 divides into completely separate operations the act of deciding upon a definite plan of action and that of drafting or framing orders which will carry that decision into effect4 ,one is purely military and has to do with dispositions of forces2 the other is mainly rhetorical and has to do with manipulations of language4 ,many a military man has decided certainly in his own mind what he is going to do in order to carry out his mission1 only to be faced immediately with a harder task4 ,he must set that definite idea in the mind of some one else4 8,how10 he sighs1 8shall ,i put this so as to let my ,captains1 ,smith and ,jones1 know exactly what ,i want80 ,he seats himself on a warm rock under the blazing sun and chews his pencil4 ,what he at first writes down1 he finds1 is full of loop-holes and is not expressive of what he means4 ,he tries again1 crosses out words here and there1 adds others1 and changes his sentences until the whole is undecipherable4 ,in disgust he tears up the paper and tries again4 ,after fifteen minutes of such effort he holds in his hand a few paragraphs of which he is not proud1 but which will have to do4 ,there has been no want1 perhaps1 of clear tactical reasoning on his part1 but rather a distinct lack of ability to drive common ,english home4 ,his case1 we find1 is not exceptional4 ,one has only to listen to the discussions of military beginners 7or of some1 alas1 who are not military beginners7 to hear this statement confirmed4 ,how often after having given careful or even brilliant estimates of a situation will a man burst out with1 8,i know what ,i mean right here1 but don't quite know how to say it60 ,all the way along there has been a decided blank space between decision in the mind and embodiment in language4 ,whether slang1 profanity1 or colloquialisms have cut into our ordinary speech to such an extent as to keep us at a loss for the apt word1 or whether we have grown careless or slovenly in our habits of expression1 is a matter with which we are not concerned here4 ,we do know that we are continually hampered by our inability to state absolutely our meaning4 ,this lack of skill in composition which besets us1 we must overcome in our profession1 for the sake of the lives dependent upon our words4 ,napoleon sitting at his desk scribbling off orders and messages as fast as his nimble fingers can travel1 his secretaries standing about him grasping each finished piece from under his pen and sending it off immediately by courier without revision or correction1 is a dazzling picture for the military leader to contemplate4 ,in his writing1 a commander capable of carrying out single-handed all the phases and minor items of the mightiest of campaigns could1 no doubt1 be precise and accurate habitually4 ,he was a genius4 ,yet ,napoleon had had long years of practice in putting his will into words2 for1 we are told1 he began to compose orders and to think tactically and strategically at a time of life when most of us have not even chosen our careers4 ,if1 then1 we can try our hand at transcribing our ideas in as formative a period as possible in our military careers1 we1 too1 may attain a proficiency that will become a second nature with us4 ,at least1 we may put behind us a great part of this uninteresting but indispensable work of learning to control our language1 before we confront the more serious task of straightening out tactical and strategical difficulties in the presence of the enemy4 ,incidentally1 while we are on our way in our progress in expression1 we may pick up much valuable military information4 ,in our practice with tactical language we must make use of certain facts which have been found by experience appropriate to certain happenings connected with officers' and soldiers' duties4 ,we shall be in constant touch with the workings of patrols1 advance guards1 outposts1 and forces in battle4 ,like so many reporters we shall be present at maneuvers putting our notes into graphic and specific form4 ,now1 however1 we are going to rivet our attention to the main issue--the mastery of clear and brief military communication4 ,it has been mentioned that such ready skill often prevents loss of battles and human life4 ,it prevents another loss which we have not taken up separately--the loss of time4 ,the officer who sat chewing his pencil on the warm rock threw away from ten to twelve minutes which might have been used profitably upon the accomplishment of his mission--an amount of time which might have given the very advantage needed to gain a complete victory over the enemy4 ,if he had had a skilful working knowledge of his own ,mother ,tongue1 the delay would not have occurred4 ,his effectiveness was lost for want of power of expression4 ,to illustrate further1 consider for a moment an army post going about its routine duties of drill1 guard1 and police4 ,into the ,adjutant's office walks an individual who announces himself to be ,major ,smart of the ,inspector ,general's ,department4 ,on being introduced to the ,colonel1 he identifies himself1 and gives immediate orders that the ,colonel shall have his regiment on the parade ground ready for field service in fifteen minutes4 ,when the troops are formed1 the ,inspector rides up to the ,colonel1 hands him a typewritten tactical problem1 and asks for a solution of it as soon as possible4 ,the ,inspector then takes out his watch and observes4 ,if the ,colonel consumes more than a reasonable number of minutes in writing his orders1 or if he shows a hesitancy in so doing1 or if he must seek aid from his ,adjutant1 it is surprising to note how soon after ,major ,smart's departure from the post1 the ,colonel receives a letter from ,washington apprising him of his shortcomings1 and recommending1 for his own good1 a speedy remedy4 ,because of the inroads upon efficiency1 the ,war ,department1 like any good business firm1 cannot brook vacillation or unwarranted loss of time4 ,we must1 then1 adopt some method or procedure by which we will effectually beat down the causes of this loss of time1 battles1 and life4 ,after analysing past proficiencies and deficiencies in military communication1 we spy out from all the roads to the goal open to us1 two which appear to be shorter than the rest4 ,if we guide ourselves along these we shall come upon our object in the quickest way4 ,since the first leads into the second1 they are given here in order4 ,we should strive3 7#a7 ,to learn to find quickly expressions which will cover information and decisions that are trying to struggle into language2 and 7#b7 ,to plant that information and decision into the recipient's understanding exactly as it was rooted in our minds4 ,the first process is that of defining thoughts exactly and briefly4 ,the second process is that of making those thoughts so unmistakable that the most stupid cannot misunderstand and the most captious cannot misinterpret4 ,after we have done the first1 we should look over our work and be certain that we have done the second4 ,the first has to do with the kind of situation that faced the man who knew what he 8wanted to say but couldn't express himself40 ,some authorities argue that there is no difference between clear thinking and clear expression4 ,they give no place to the 8mute inglorious ,milton40 ,they would not concede that the man groping for language had formed a definite plan in his mind1 because that plan was not definite enough to be expressed4 8,if he has not thought in language10 they say1 8he has not really thought40 ,their opponents claim that a man thinks in pictures1 and that he conceives his ideas as a painter imagines objects4 ,in his mind are the outlines and colors of what he considers4 ,there is truth in both views of the matter4 ,but it is likely from what we know of the training of the military man that his mind works more by visualizing the troops and by conjuring up the scene than by gaining his conceptions through words4 ,his forces are moving along roads1 occupying trenches1 or surging into conflict4 ,his map is not a plane surface with names upon it1 but a vision of highways1 waving corps1 and rolling hills4 ,he is looking at these things without mentally describing them4 ,for the purpose of this course1 we shall take the view that there are occasions where we deduce certain results1 but are unable1 because of unfamiliarity with framing good sentences or because of a small vocabulary1 to communicate those results or deductions in accordance with common usage4 ,the second road can be illustrated by comparison with the first4 ,there is a wide difference1 although at first there does not appear to be1 between merely stating a thing clearly and making it unmistakable4 ,the first is but a negative approach to complete certainty of expression1 but the second must be a positive one4 ,the distinction is one more or less of attitude of mind1 and although heretofore it has been overlooked as an entity in ,english text books and military regulations1 it assuredly illustrates itself in two types of men who actually exist4 ,the man who is content with merely making himself clear takes the attitude of1 8,o1 well1 they will get what ,i meant because any other interpretation is absurd or incorrect40 ,the man who is not content unless he makes himself unmistakable says1 8,i won't let any of them have the slightest excuse for any other interpretation2 when ,i get through there will be but one interpretation and that will be mine40 ,the first one in sending a message to his commanding officer locates himself by putting in his heading1 8,irrigation ditch #ejj yards east of southeast corner of ,catholic ,church40 ,he notices another irrigation ditch fifty yards further to the east1 but says to himself1 8,if my commanding officer measures the distance on the map he will know which one ,i mean40 ,the second man1 upon looking about him and discovering the other ditch1 does not accept the chance of letting his commanding officer confuse the two ditches by a possible difference of maps or measuring instruments4 ,he investigates further4 ,by moving a few yards to the top of a hillock he notices that the farther ditch is entirely a dirt construction whereas the one he occupies is a concrete one4 ,he confirms this intelligence by looking at his map which shows the ditches to be as he has made them out4 ,he1 therefore1 heads his message1 8,concrete irrigation ditch #ejj yards east of southeast corner of ,catholic ,church40 ,this is a case where an added word has made the meaning more proof against error4 ,there are similar cases where a word taken away1 or the change of a phrase1 clause1 or sentence1 will make the recipient of the communication more sure of the true state of affairs4 ,to sum up as far as we have gone1 we see that our object is to put military communication into proper form2 that the failure to make our expression of the utmost brevity and clarity causes loss of efficiency1 battles1 and life2 that a condition of inability to express ourselves exists widely2 that by starting as early as we can to practice clear and brief form within the bounds of rhetorical and military rules 7which1 after all1 are nothing more than those of common sense71 we shall overcome this deficiency2 and that for ourselves we are going to direct our course along two highways1 viz43 7#a7 ,to learn to find quickly expressions which will cover information and decisions that are trying to struggle into language2 and 7#b7 ,to plant that information or decision in the recipient's understanding exactly as it was rooted in our minds4 ,we have1 so far1 rehearsed the general attitude we must adopt toward conquering indefinite and lengthy expression4 ,because this weakness is so natural to us1 we cannot afford to trifle with it if we wish to become a factor in battle4 ,positive decisions and information must be given in a positive way4 ,since no other kind of decision or information is countenanced in the military service1 we must search for specific means of having our language stand sturdily by itself4 ,it must not choke our idea or our will1 however little4 ,our decisiveness must reach our farthest superior or subordinate2 and words1 phrases1 clauses1 sentences1 and paragraphs are going to be our only representatives4 ,they alone will stand for us4 ,every pencil mark on that paper will be a part of the photograph of our intelligence4 ,our phraseology will be ourselves4 ,we shall be judged by it1 and rightly so1 at a time when we shall have no chance to offer an amendment1 an excuse1 or an ,i-didn't-mean-quite-that4 ,guide-posts must mark our highways1 if we are in earnest about our destination of brevity and clarity4 ,in the specific hints which follow as to what to do and what not to do1 there will be no attempt to point the way to literary effects which have entertainment for their sole object4 ,our effort must be to find a practical and speedy outlet for military information and decision through the most unmistakable channels4 ,but since we must be terse and clear even to entertain1 most of the rules of ,english will apply here4 ,so we must not betray surprise or anguish when we are beset on our way by some old enemies with whom we have wrestled in rhetorics4 ,in meeting them again we shall become the stronger because of the exercise on new and professional ground4 ,the effort to put facts into forceful and compact form now1 will create for us such a habit of brevity and clarity that later on we shall have room in our natural language for only such ideas and decisions as are brief and clear4 ,,what ,,we ,,must ,,not ,,do ,,as ,,to ,,words4 #a4 ,never use a term which depends upon the point of view of the observer1 such as right1 left1 in front of1 behind1 on this side1 beyond1 and the like4 ,any of these directions may be turned askew in nine cases out of ten for the hearer or reader4 ,use instead north1 east1 etc4--the points of the compass--designations which do not change4 ,to give an exact position of a place1 state the number of yards it lies south1 west1 etc41 of a certain point on the map or of a well-known object called a reference point4 ,exceptions4--,right and left may be used in regard to individuals1 banks of a stream1 and flanks of troops1 because their rights and lefts do not change4 ,the right of a man is the side on which his right arm is no matter which way he faces2 the right bank of a stream is the right as the observer faces down stream2 the right flank of a body of troops is the right as the troops face the enemy4 7,troops in retreat are supposed to be facing the enemy4 ,the rear guard in reality is doing so47 #b4 ,do not use qualifying words such as1 sort of1 kind of1 very1 almost1 quite1 exceedingly1 tremendously1 somewhat1 rather1 nearly1 and the like2 ,for1 7a74 ,they lessen force1 because they render uncertain ideas which should be definite2 and 7b74 ,they mean different things to different people4 ,smith's almost may achieve2 ,jones' almost may scarcely start4 #c4 ,do not use slang4 ,there is usually a word which will express the meaning more truthfully4 8,putting it over0 may mean complete victory or a sniper's accurate shot4 ,the phrase is not truthful4 #d4 ,use no abbreviations except ,a4 ,m41 and ,p4 ,m41 and those given in ,appendix #i of our ,field ,service ,regulations4#a ,noon and midnight should be written out fully4 #e4 ,never use he1 it1 this1 him1 her1 their1 them1 that1 those1 which1 whose1 or the like1 without looking at them from every angle to make sure that they refer to a single word4 ,if they refer to a whole statement or to two or more possible words1 they are used wrongly4 ,the addition of a noun will usually fix the meaning4 ,suppose you were to receive a message with this sentence in it3 ,the platoon leader assigned to one squad the wrong objective1 and it delayed the firing4 ,grammatically1 the objective delayed the firing4 ,logically1 either the act of the platoon leader or the squad delayed the firing4 ,you make out by re-reading the whole message that it must have been the mistake of the platoon leader which delayed the firing4 ,but in the meantime you have lost three minutes1 and the government has lost that much efficiency4 ,and this or which in place of 8and it0 in the message would have made the sense no clearer4 ,but and this error1 or which error1 makes the meaning unmistakable4 #f4 ,never use a participle without inspecting it to see that it does not dangle--that it refers to the subject of the sentence rightly4 ,example3 8,looking over the crater1 the periscope of the enemy was seen to turn40 ,what this sentence really says is that the periscope was looking over the crater--a very possible happening4 ,but all circumstances connected with the idea1 after a series of mental deductions on the part of the reader1 reveal that the writer had been looking over the crater at the periscope4 ,the commander who received this information might have been led to believe that the periscope was situated in the crater4 ,at least he was delayed1 if not misled4 #g4 ,do not use and except where necessary4 ,usually1 when we connect clauses with it1 we do not mean and1 but some more expressive word such as because1 whereas1 when1 etc4 #h4 ,do not use any word which might not mean the same thing to any probable recipients1 or might not commonly be understood4 ,for instance1 to a southerner evening means something different from its significance to a northerner1 and to an ,englishman clever has not the ,american meaning4 ,watch the words which have local standards4 ,,as ,,to ,,phrases ,,and ,,clauses4 #a4 ,do not allow a phrase or a clause to string out your expression when one word might answer4 ,boil your communication to the clearest minimum4 7a74 ,we went back to headquarters with all possible speed4 ,we hurried to headquarters4 ,here the specific verb hurried does away with your phrase with all possible speed4 7b74 ,when we were present in the cantonment1 the soldiers looked as though they were quite hungry4 ,our inspection of the cantonment revealed the soldiers to be hungry4 ,here our inspection does away with the clause when we were present2 and to be hungry does away with as though they were quite hungry4 ,this error of spreading words is common to ordinary writers and is most tiring and time-wasting to readers4 #b4 ,do not omit words from your phrases and clauses where there is a chance for misunderstanding4 ,examples3 ,the detachment commander will be with the main body until #g a4 m4 and thereafter the advance guard4 ,what is really stated is that the advance guard will be with the main body after #g a4 m4--an unintended statement4 ,make your grammar accord absolutely with your meaning4 ,add the with which belongs before the advance1 and notice how the sense is brought out4 ,again1 ,they order us to go to ,brownsville and do impossible things4 ,in this sentence do they order us to do impossible things1 or do they themselves do impossible things8 ,add the sign of the infinitive where it belongs before do4 ,and to do impossible things reads unmistakably4 #c4 ,do not use a participial phrase without first inspecting it to see that it holds but one idea4 ,having changed our position1 the enemy was confused4 ,what this sentence really says is that the enemy1 when he had changed our position1 was confused4 ,this meaning is evidently not intended from the very nature of the statement4 ,it is clearer and more accurate to use a finite form of the verb instead of the participle2 as1-- ,because we changed our position we confused the enemy4 ,or if you can condense with accuracy1 ,the change in our position confused the enemy4 ,,as ,,to ,,sentences4 #a4 ,avoid long involved sentences4 ,even if they are grammatically well constructed1 they are liable to rhetorical error4 ,the following sentence because of its length violates unity3 8,the organization of the ,german army is today well known to ,american ,army officers1 and experience has shown that ,german problems and solutions of a complex character changed in translation to conform to ,american units are often more troublesome for the student to understand than the original would be1 as1 on account of the difference in the size of the units1 it is often necessary in reading such a translation to go back to the ,german organization in order to explain a distribution of troops1 which1 though simple for a ,german division1 would be an awkward one for a division organized after our own ,field ,service ,regulations40 ,the first thought given to the reader is that 8the organization of the ,german army is today well known to ,american ,army officers40 ,the last thought of the sentence is that the 8explanation of a distribution of troops would be an awkward one for a division organized after our own ,field ,service ,regulations40 ,the path from the first thought to the second is long and winding4 ,in fact the two do not belong in the same sentence as the sense stands4 ,with a simple change we can make the whole easier to read3 ,the organization of the ,german army is today well known to ,american ,army officers4 ,their experience has shown that ,german problems and solutions of a complex character changed in translation to conform to ,american units are often more troublesome for the student to understand than the original would be4 ,on account of the difference in the size of the units1 it is often necessary in reading such a translation to go back to the ,german organization in order to explain a distribution of troops1 which1 though simple for a ,german division1 would be an awkward one for a division organized after our own ,field ,service ,regulations4 ,the reader has been allowed to take in a thought at a time instead of three thoughts at once4 ,in spite of the injunction in our ,field ,service ,regulations that 8short sentences are easily understood10 such long and involved expressions as the above have abounded among military writers4 ,in war1 this continuous motion in a single sentence has marred undertakings2 in peace1 it has robbed efficiency4 ,it has been an incubus upon general orders1 and even communications in the field4 ,,caution4--,by short sentences we do not mean choppy sentences--sentences unnecessarily short as1-- ,the battalion halted for the night4 ,it ate supper4 ,then the battalion relieved the outpost4 ,here the reader has been stopped when he should have been kept going1 for there is in reality but one thought in the three separate sentences4 ,they should be combined into some such form as this1-- ,after the battalion had halted for the night and had eaten supper1 it relieved the outpost4 ,the proper relation of ideas is here expressed for the reader4 ,he knows that the relief of the outpost is the main consideration1 depending in point of time upon the halt and supper4 ,and the whole thought is not too big for him to take in as he reads4 ,the first error1 illustrated by the sentence concerning ,german organization1 is a fault common to older writers4 ,they have allowed themselves to grow into the habit of adding qualifying phrases and clauses to sentences already completed until their additions come to swamp the originals4 ,the second error1 illustrated by the sentence concerning the battalion relieving the outpost1 is a fault common to young writers4 ,they have not yet formed the habit of relating in their own minds the separate ideas of a complete thought4 ,the happy mean between these two indefinite extremes is the one we wish to find--the sentence that gives speedy and accurate intelligence4 #b4 ,do not use compound sentences containing and1 save where they cannot be avoided4 ,here is a common piece of slovenliness found in such a construction4-- ,the wagon trains pulled out and the troops ate breakfast4 ,any one of the following is more definite4 ,after the wagon trains pulled out the troops ate breakfast4 ,the wagon trains pulled out before the troops ate breakfast4 ,as the wagon trains pulled out the troops ate breakfast4 ,the writer in the first instance was too lazy or stupid to think out the specific meaning of and for the reader4 ,remember1 also1 that the use of and to connect clauses leads us into the treacherous 8run-on sentences0--the sentence that flits from subject to subject like an old gossip4 8,they fell into the trap and so the commanding officer's orders were lost and they remained there twenty days and were finally removed to a prison camp and there winter soon came on and finally they were released and went home in the spring40 ,the sentence1 in addition to having too many ideas in it1 has them unrelated4 ,,what ,,we ,,must ,,do ,,as ,,to ,,words4 #a4 ,every geographical name must be printed in capitals1 thus1-- ,,west ,,point1 ,,marne ,,river1 ,,paris4 ,this rule does not mean that the names must be printed1 merely1 but that every letter must be capitalized legibly4 ,if the place be not pronounced as it is spelled1 it should appear thus1--,,xenia 7,z-n-71 ,,poughkeepsie 7,p-kp-s71 ,,chihuahua 7,ch-w-w74 ,a road must be designated by enough points to make it unmistakable along the entire course considered2 thus3-- ,,biglerville--#ehb--;,,center ,,mills4 7,see map1 ,a-#h and #g47 ,the #ehb inserted in this case keeps the course from being confused with the turn-off toward ,,guernsey4 ,if the course were intended to lie through ,,guernsey1 the road would appear thus1-- ,,biglerville--,,guernsey--,,center ,,mills4 #b4 ,use the words of one syllable preferably4 ,you will find that the longer words come to you more readily but are usually more hazy in meaning4 ,you will gain vigor and clearness by the cultivation of ,anglo-,saxon4 #c4 ,do not connect two sentences by a comma2 for example3-- ,the phrase does not imply motion1 thus it would mean nothing to say that the battery is advancing on the line ,twins-,concrete ,ford4 ,the error here is not so much one of punctuation as of sentence idea4 ,somehow1 the thought does not run smoothly4 ,we find that two separate thoughts without much relationship have been compressed into a single sentence--into something which should be a complete whole1 and go from capital to period without break4 ,oftentimes1 by showing this relationship1 we may bring the idea within bounds of a single sentence2 for example3-- ,since the phrase does not imply motion1 it would mean nothing to say that the battery is advancing on the line1 etc4 #d4 ,watch the position of your adverbs4 ,when you mean1-- ,we captured almost all the ammunition1 ,do not say1-- ,we almost captured all the ammunition4 ,the first means that we captured at least a part of the ammunition2 the second means that we were close to success1 but failed to capture ammunition4 #e4 ,use the words head and tail when speaking of a column of troops4 ,the head is the leading element and the tail is the other end1 no matter in which direction the column happens to be facing4 #f4 ,in the newspaper or book that you are reading1 every time you meet a new word make it yours4 ,look up the meaning in the dictionary until you are sure that you know how to use the word4 ,at the first opportunity1 employ it in your conversation or writing4 ,sooner or later 8dope0 and the eternal 8damn0 will have ceased to fill in endless crevices in your talk and their places will have been taken by incisive words4 ,you will awake to find that you are expressing yourself more easily and plainly4 ,on the other hand1 every word you pass over or for which you merely consult the dictionary1 is a tool cast aside in your building of an officer4 ,every bit of slang or profanity which now crowds out the appropriate word will later rise up and clog your thought at a time when you are making your utmost endeavor to put into clear1 forceful ,english your plan of action or your order4 ,,as ,,to ,,phrases ,,and ,,clauses4 ,remember to place phrases and clauses nearest the words they modify4 ,captain ,george will divide the tools equally among the battalions which are fit for felling timber4 ,the change of the italicized clause to its proper position next the word tools1 gives the intended meaning4 ,,as ,,to ,,sentences4 #a4 ,use the short complex sentence2 such as3-- ,an attack is expected tomorrow from strong hostile forces whose advanced troops are near ,,fort ,,montgomery4 ,the enemy's infantry disappeared to the south as soon as our advance cavalry came over the hill4 ,the use of when1 since1 because1 where1 whenever1 although1 after1 till1 until1 as1 so long as1 now that1 whence1 whither1 inasmuch as1 that1 in order that1 so that1 and lest1 with the finite form of the verb is a good construction to practice4 ,notice how compact and explicit is the following3-- ,lest the enemy should turn your flank1 keep veering to the east4 ,try to put this same thought into twelve words by means of a different construction4 #b4 ,when you start with one kind of construction1 keep it up unless there be some good reason to change it4 ,if you begin with the past tense and third person1 have the past tense and third person continue throughout the sentence or sentences4 ,it is reported that extensive preparations are being made in the vicinity of ,,cambrai and the enemy has stored railroad material there4 ,it is reported that the enemy has made extensive preparations at ,,cambrai and has stored railroad material there4 ,which sentence reads along with less break8 ,again1 ,it is advisable to advance part of the ammunition columns and that the division should follow at #bjj yards4 ,better1 ,it is advisable to advance part of the ammunition columns and to have the division follow at #bjj yards4 ,now that specific guides have been posted near the grammatical turns of the road1 let us look at two general rules covering everything we do4 #a4 ,write legibly4--,rain1 wear in the pocket1 dim and fading lights1 and crumpled paper are going to make havoc of your orders and messages in war time4 ,your commanding officer must be able to make out your script as well as your meaning4 ,now is the moment to make your handwriting a size or two larger and noticeably plainer4 #b4 ,inspect the form4 ,after you have written your ideas legibly1 look at them searchingly to see that they mean only what you intend4 ,you cannot be too cold-blooded about this act for two reasons4 ,in the first place1 there is a habit which is strong upon us4 ,we have all been too prone to state a thing haphazardly1 and then to exclaim1 8,you know what ,i mean60 ,the person addressed1 of course1 is not going to acknowledge that he has not the brains to understand2 so the jumble is never smoothed out4 ,thus in nine-tenths of our off-hand moments we have been accustomed to say what we do not mean4 ,the habit is so strong that when we find ourselves dealing with matters of life and death1 we are still liable to whisper to ourselves1 8,o1 well1 he'll get it40 ,the result is that the part of the order1 message1 or report1 which struck us as having our usual clearness1 is a puzzle to the recipient4 ,in the second place1 the impression has grown up in the minds of many that substance1 no matter how it is mixed1 is all that is necessary4 ,there has come about a certain proud disregard of the manner in which a thing is expressed4 ,too many technical books have failed of their purpose because the writer1 although he was an expert in his line1 did not know how to present his subject in an attractive form4 ,in the same way explanations have failed upon the drill ground1 and lectures have made excellent tacticians appear like school-boys4 ,the very manner of communication has not only spoiled the taste for the subject matter but has hindered its absorption4 ,his audience has not understood his explanation4 ,in inspecting your work1 take the attitude that the recipient is skeptical of everything you have said4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is assumed that you wish to fasten in your mind everything in this chapter4 ,the following method is suggested as the best short-cut3 #a4 ,make an outline of the whole chapter1 expressing the main idea of each paragraph and sub-paragraph in two or three words4 #b4 ,close your books4 #c4 ,with the aid of your outline see whether you can call to your mind everything the paragraph or sub-paragraph means4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,military ,,communications ,the following are the various types of military communication3 ,,field ,,messages convey verbal or written information by messenger or wire4 ,,reports are written accounts of some enterprise1 undertaking1 or event1 such as a reconnaissance1 march1 or battle4 ,,war ,,diaries are daily records of events kept during campaign by each battalion and higher organization4 ,from the entries in these diaries the facts of our military history are obtained4 ,,letters ,,of ,,instruction1 issued by higher commanders1 regulate in a general way movements covering much time and space4 ,army and ,corps commanders may1 by visits and conferences1 often communicate verbally the substance of letters of instruction4 ,,field ,,orders1 issued verbally or in writing by commanders of tactical units1 regulate the tactical actions of troops1 and such strategical actions as are not covered by letters of instruction4 ,,general ,,orders are written directions having to do with the general administration of a command4 ,they contain the necessary details for carrying out injunctions from higher authority1 for keeping up standing instructions1 and for publishing results of special and general courts-martial4 ,,orders 7when not used as a general term7 refer to the instructions communicated to troops by commanders of divisions and of separate brigades in regard to combat1 field1 ammunition1 supply1 sanitary1 and engineer trains4 ,,special ,,orders cover such matters in regard to individuals as are not necessary to be communicated to the entire command4 ,,operation ,,orders1 as we now use the term in reference to trench warfare1 are the orders governing a certain enterprise along a given sector of the front4 ,although they are even more precise than field orders1 they contain more details on account of the wide difference between trench and open warfare4 ,,circulars are printed from time to time by various bureaus and departments of the ,war ,department1 and by purchasing officers1 for the publication of data pertaining to the business of a bureau or department4 ,,bulletins publish1 usually in pamphlet form1 information for the military service4 ,both circulars and bulletins have the force of orders4 ,,memoranda are published from time to time by commanding officers to embody directions not vital or sweeping enough for general or special orders4 ,memoranda have the force of orders4 ,,official ,,correspondence consists of official letters1 returns1 rolls1 estimates1 requisitions1 and certain routine reports4 ,these types of communication have been defined in order to give a general survey of the many kinds of written and oral expression of which military men should become masters4 ,although the task appears huge1 proficiency can be gained by attention to the hints suggested in ,chapter ,i4 ,in order to apply those suggestions in a practical way1 we must now sort out from all of the above types those which should press themselves most upon our attention4 ,certainly all these types cannot be equally necessary for our immediate study4 ,possibly if we classify them from the point of view of the occasion for their use1 we may see more clearly how to treat them4 ,,classification ,,according ,,to ,,stress ,,message ,communicated usually in the presence ,,field ,,orders of the enemy under stress4 ,,operation ,,orders ,,orders--,written often in the presence of the enemy under stress4 ,,letters ,,of ,,instruction--,written under stress1 but with more or less leisure4 ,,war ,,diaries--,written under stress1 but at any time1 during twenty-four hours4 ,,reports--,written during campaign or peace at comparative leisure4 ,,general ,,orders ,,special ,,orders ,,circulars ,written during campaign or peace ,,bulletins concerning subjects of a routine ,,memoranda nature4 ,,correspondence ,,explanations ,,lectures ,it is evident that we are going to have to write messages1 field orders1 and operation orders when the enemy is upon us1 and when every second is vital4 ,if we must stop in that crisis and putter over the forms and methods of drafting our thoughts1 how useless we shall be6 ,when that time comes1 one thing alone should occupy our conscious thought--our military idea4 ,that will be sufficient to keep busy the most brilliant intellect4 ,in order that we shall have1 then1 perfect freedom to grapple with tactical1 strategical1 or logistical difficulties on the field of battle1 let us learn the forms and methods of messages1 field orders1 and operation orders as soon as possible4 ,in so doing we shall discover two things1-- 7#a7 ,that messages1 field orders1 and operation orders have a bearing upon each other in the sequence given1 and 7#b7 ,that the work of framing them will give us the greatest possible practice in writing all other types of communication4 ,,the ,,message4--,the general term message may refer to 7#a7 any informal or short communication1 7#b7 any directions or orders too abbreviated to be known as field orders1 or 7#c7 any piece of information transmitted in the presence of the enemy4 ,number #a is too broad for treatment here4 ,moreover1 the ready skill in composing anything of its nature should follow easily from what we are about to practice4 ,number #b is to be considered in connection with field orders4 ,number #c1 then1 is the important one for us to take up now4 ,from its definition it is already familiar to us as ,,the ,,field ,,message ,since it deals entirely with the communication of information1 it might be well to inquire from what sources this information is to be derived1 in order that we may know something about the kind of material with which we are going to deal4 ,just as a stenographer acquaints herself with some of the workings of her employer's business in order to attain the greatest amount of usefulness1 so we should now look over the vast amount of territory which the contents of field messages cover in order to gain the maximum efficiency in composing these communications4 ,accordingly1 we find that higher commanders1 adjoining troops1 inhabitants of the country1 newspapers1 letters1 telegraph files1 prisoners1 deserters1 spies1 maps1 and reconnaissances1 are all sources of valuable military information4 ,it is from these that we shall obtain our data4 ,most of all1 however1 will the fighting man obtain his from reconnaissance--the work of gathering information in the field4 ,from the moment of entering the theatre of operations to that of abandoning it1 there is necessary a constant quest of knowledge of the enemy's composition1 morale1 material1 disposition1 and activities4 ,no leader can act intelligently without this information1 and1 since he cannot hope to get it in person1 he must depend for its acquisition upon certain reconnaissance units1 chief of which is the patrol4 ,our concern with these reconnaissance units lies in the fact that the information which they gather must be sent to the commander by messages4 ,if no one in the patrol is capable of sending back accurate and timely written information1 the reconnaissance has failed1 and the patrol might as well have remained in camp4 ,the good field message is the strong link between the reconnoitering party and the main body4 ,the poor field message is a gap which no amount of courageous effort in ferreting out facts from a wary enemy will bridge4 ,the ideal reconnaissance1 then1 is one which keeps a constant stream of accurate and reliable messages flowing back to the proper recipient4 ,the main factors which go to make up accuracy and reliability of field messages are keen observation and faithful expression4 ,both of these faculties can be cultivated1 and indeed are so closely allied that they ought to be considered together4 ,it is quite difficult at times to tell where one leaves off and the other begins4 ,if a man puts in his message1 8,the enemy was seen over the hill10 and another1 witnessing the same occurrence1 states that 8seven hostile infantrymen lay down on the military crest of hill #cjg at #d-ag p4 m410 which one has keenly observed8 ,which one has faithfully expressed himself8 ,is it possible that the first man did not see any of the details of the second message8 ,or did he fail to put them down faithfully8 ,in whatever way we answer these questions1 we are brought to the realization that the second man applied both faculties to an equal extent4 ,and1 therefore1 we are led to the conclusion that from the standpoint of complete expression we must take things quickly1 precisely1 and accurately1 and put them out certainly1 specifically1 concretely1 unmistakably1 and faithfully4 ,the field message is not used by the reconnaissance unit exclusively4 ,an exchange of communications might be necessary between commanders to tell of changing conditions4 ,the enemy has developed an unexpected attack1 reinforcements are urgently needed1 etc4 ,this message will differ slightly in form from the ordinary field message which will be analysed below1 but it will be of the same essential type1 and will make the same demands upon brevity and clearness4 ,,forms ,,for ,,field ,,messages ,the ,infantry ,drill ,regulations state that 8the authorized message book should be used and the form therein adhered to40 ,this book1 issued by the ,signal ,corps1 contains fifty message blanks with fifty duplicating sheets1 so that fifty messages may be sent and a copy of each retained4 ,the front of the blank appears as on next page4 ,the back of the blank is divided into squares4 ,by means of a ratio between the size of these squares and certain scales for maps1 a fairly accurate sketch is possible4 ,caution4 ,remember that a message may not always go direct from sender to receiver1 but may be relayed by several methods of communications--buzzer1 helio1 or flag4 ,think how errors may creep in at each change of method1 and guard against them by making your message one of telegraphic brevity and unmistakable clearness4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,sent by ,time ,rec'd by ,time ,check ,u4 ,s4 ,,army ,,field ,,message4 7,these spaces for ,signal ,operators only47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,communicated by 7,name of sending detachment47 ,buzzer1 ,phone1 ,telegraph1 ,wireless1 ,lantern1 ,helio1 ,flag1 ,from44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,cyclist1 ,foot 7,location of sending detachment7 ,messenger1 ,mounted ,messenger1 ,motor ,car1 ,at4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,flying ,machine4 ,underscore means used4 ,date44444444444 ,hour44444444 ,no4444 ------------------------ ,to4444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 ,received4444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,by means of this sketch1 the message may often be shortened1 for the sender can refer by letter or number to various points on the sketch1 whereas he would otherwise be compelled to describe positions or to go into detail at length4 ,when he does draw a sketch1 he should refer to it somewhere on the bottom of the face of the message thus3 7,see sketch over7 or 7,see sketch reverse side74 ,the sketch is not usually duplicated4 ,the reverse side of the message blank appears thus3 ,illustration3 7grid of #bex#ce squares7 ,scale of ,sketch 444 ins4 #a mile4 ,when scale is #f ins4 #a mile1 each small square is #ej yards4 ,when #c ins4 #a mile1 each one is #ajj yards4 ,when #f ins4 #a mile1 ,v4,i4 #aj ft4 ,when #c ins4 #a mile1 ,v4,i4 #bj ft4 ,the form of address of the regulation envelope for this message appears below4 ,it is probably best explained by an extract from paragraph #cf1 ,field ,service ,regulations1 which reads as follows3 8,messages carried by a messenger are usually enclosed in envelopes properly addressed4 ,the envelope when not marked #8confidential' is left unsealed1 so that commanders along the line of march may read the contents4 ,upon the envelope is written the name of the messenger1 his time of departure1 and rate of speed4 ,the last is indicated as follows3 ,ordinary1 rapid1 or urgent4 ,ordinary means five miles an hour for a mounted man2 rapid1 about #g or #h miles an hour2 and urgent1 the highest speed consistent with certainty of arrival at destination4 ,the recipient notes the time of receipt upon the envelope and returns the latter to bearer40 ,,united ,,states ,,army ,,field ,,message ,to4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,no44444444444 7,for signal operator only47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,when sent444444444444444444444444444444 ,no44444444444 ,rate of speed44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,name of ,messenger444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 ,when and by whom rec'd444444444444444444444444444444444 ,this ,envelope ,will ,be ,returned to ,bearer ,we should certainly be armed with a ,field ,message ,book when the crucial moment for writing a message arrives4 ,but it so happens1 especially in open warfare1 that that article of equipment may have been left in the saddlebags1 or have been borrowed by a friend4 ,at any rate it is not present for duty when we want it4 ,however1 we are always able to produce a piece of paper or clothing--something upon which to write--from someone of the party present4 ,it behooves us1 then1 to learn to compose a message without the aid of a blank4 ,indeed1 this idea is contained in the latter part of the quotation from the ,infantry ,drill ,regulations--8and the form therein adhered to40 ,we are not compelled to memorize the form of the ,field ,message ,blank4 ,we can1 however1 analyse it so that it will fix itself in our memory and will be a part of what we must know in regard to the field order4 ,and we can gain a knowledge of this form rather by adhering to the field message blank than by departing from it4 ,yet we need not know its entire form but simply what contents are necessary and what order they must have4 ,in the first place the field message may be divided into three parts3 ,,the ,,heading1 ,,the ,,body1 ,,the ,,ending4 ,,the ,,heading should contain3 ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,sending ,,detachment1 ,,the ,,location ,,of ,,sending ,,detachment 7,,place71 ,,the ,,date1 ,,the ,,hour ,,of ,,issue1 ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,the ,,message4 ,for example1 the whole heading would appear something like this3 ,combat ,patrol1 #cahth ,infantry1 ,cross ,roads #ejj yds4 south of ,,clinton ,,school ,,house4 ,no4 #c4 #i ,jan4 #ah4 #i-de p4 m4 ,location of sending detachment means the exact spot upon which sender is located at time of writing4 ,the date should be given always as above in the sequence1 day1 month1 year4 ,this combination prevents the numerals from being confused4 ,in naming a night both days should be mentioned thus3 ,night #d_/e ,feb4 #ah4 ,the time should always have the dash between the hour and minutes4 ,messages sent on the same day from the same sending detachment are numbered consecutively4 ,each day or each mission starts a new series4 ,if a map referred to is not the one on the reverse side of the message1 the sender should designate the name or number of the map used1 immediately below the number of the message4 ,,the ,,body of the message contains the following3 ,,to ,,whom ,,sent1 ,,the ,,body ,,proper4 ,,the ,,body ,,proper has the following sequence for its information3 #a4 ,,enemy4 #b4 ,,your ,,own ,,troops4 #c4 ,,terrain4 #d4 ,,your ,,plan4 ,the body then would appear something like this3 8,to ,commanding ,officer1 ,advance ,guard1 #gast ,brigade3 ,squadron of enemy's cavalry encamped in meadow #fjj yards southeast of here4 ,our officer's patrol1 which we met at ,,zion ,,church at #h-aj a4 m41 reported two regiments enemy's infantry intrenched at railroad one mile south of here4 ,tail of our second battalion at ,,parksburg steel bridge #g-bj a4 m4 ,battalion was marching south4 ,,martin',s ,,creek unfordable at any point between ,,smith',s ,,corners and ,,greensburg4 ,will move southeast from here along creek bed in order to complete mission40 ,on account of lack of space1 paragraphing is impossible3 but if this sequence is followed the thought is easily gained4 ,if some one of our own troops tells us concerning the enemy1 this information should come between #a and #b1 and should be definitely shown to be hearsay and not our own observation4 ,of course1 all of the parts1 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d1 do not always occur4 ,the order is nevertheless followed4 ,,the ,,ending consists of ,,the ,,signature which1 in turn1 consists of the sender's surname and his rank1 thus1 ,,fletcher1 ,,sgt4 ,the outline of the whole message construction1 then1 would be as follows3-- #a4 ,name of sending detachment4 #b4 ,location of sending detachment 7place74 ,,the ,,heading #c4 ,the ,date4 #d4 ,the ,hour of ,issue4 #e4 ,the ,number of the ,message4 #a4 ,enemy4 #a4 ,to whom sent4 #b4 ,your own troops4 ,,the ,,body #b4 ,the body proper4 #c4 ,terrain4 #d4 ,your plan4 ,,the ,,ending--,,the ,,signature #a4 ,surname4 #b4 ,rank4 ,the message we have composed1 when assembled1 would appear as follows3 ,combat ,patrol1 #cahth ,infantry1 ,cross ,roads #ejj yds4 south of ,,clinton ,,school ,,house4 ,no4 #c4 #i ,jan4 #ah4 #i-de a4 m4 ,to ,commanding ,officer ,advance ,guard1 #gast ,brigade3 ,squadron of enemy's ,cavalry encamped in meadow #fjj yards southeast of here4 ,our officer's patrol1 which we met at ,,zion ,,church at #h-aj a4 m41 reported two regiments enemy's infantry intrenched at railroad one mile south of here4 ,tail of our second battalion at ,,parksburg steel bridge #g-bj a4 m4 ,battalion was marching south4 ,,martin',s ,,creek unfordable at any point between ,,smith',s ,,corners and ,,greensburg4 ,will move southeast from here along creek bed in order to complete mission4 ,,fletcher1 ,,sgt4 7,see sketch reverse side47 ,caution4--,remember that 8your own troops0 means friendly supporting troops and not the troops of which you are in immediate command4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,problems ,,in ,,the ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,field ,,message 8,an intrinsically good tactical exercise10 says ,griepenkerl1#b 8loses by faulty composition and careless or illegible handwriting4444 ,a rambling mode of expression1 a long-winded1 elaborate style1 is unmilitary4 ,therefore1 test your order to see whether you cannot cross out some superfluous word1 or whether you cannot think of some shorter and more suitable mode of expression2 grudge every word40 ,but he goes on to say in another place that clearness takes precedence over brevity2 8therefore1 rather use a long expression where a shorter one might be misunderstood4 ,brevity must never lead to superficiality40 ,griepenkerl was speaking of orders4 ,yet our ,field ,service ,regulations state that 8most of the rules adopted to secure clearness in orders apply equally to messages40 ,in the following problems which are designed for practice in framing field messages1 we should adhere not only to ,griepenkerl's advice1 but also to the hints1 forms1 and cautions of ,chapters ,i and ,,ii4 ,remember that each time a faulty form or expression is used1 some commanding officer is halted or hindered1 retarded or confused4 ,the highest premium should be placed upon correct form and expression4 ,with the selection of material from the purposely misleading and sometimes ill-stated problems below1 you may1 however1 have difficulty4 ,certainly all of the long narrative1 often in soldier jargon1 cannot be placed in the message4 ,some facts must be eliminated as unessential4 ,what you should let your commanding officer know can be determined sometimes only by technical experience4 ,however1 ,major ,general ,morrison's#c caution along this line should be repeated here for your help3 8,we all recognize the fact that1 as a rule1 the sooner information reaches headquarters1 the more valuable it is4 ,but this applies only to information which really has value4 ,if you are in doubt as to whether or not information would be valuable1 give headquarters the benefit of the doubt and send it in40 ,so you see that if you are not quite decided about stating a detail1 it is better to give the information than to withhold it4 ,therefore1 exclude only those items which would on the ground of common sense be pointless4 ,in extracting and writing your messages from the problems given1 it will be assumed that you do not know whether or not the recipient is provided with a map similar to your own4 ,it may be taken for granted1 however1 that he is acquainted with the names which appear on your map4 ,it may also be assumed that you have drawn a sketch on the reverse side of your message sheet4 ,in reading your map the signs and abbreviations1 explained in ,appendix #d1 ,field ,service ,regulations1 will aid you4 ,a scale of yards is at the bottom 7the south7 of your map4 ,by the use of a slip of paper1 distances in yards may be measured off from place to place4 ,wherever it is stated in these problems that a person writes a message1 the student should construct that same message4 ,in so doing3 7#a7 ,assemble your information in proper sequence1 7#b7 ,give it proper and unmistakable expression1 and 7#c7 ,inspect it thoroughly in order to be positive that you have given it proper sequence1 and proper and unmistakable expression4 ,hold yourself strictly accountable for every expression which could be put into better form4 ,caution4--,the hour in the heading of message is the time of signature4 ,,problems #a4 ,on ,january #bg1 #aibf1 you are ,corporal ,peck in charge of a reconnoitering patrol from the advance guard of the third battalion of the #aggth regiment of ,infantry4 ,you are proceeding along the road east to ,hunterstown from #edi 7,d1 #e and #f74 ,you arrive at the east edge of ,j4 ,bell's orchard when you see several men at the zero in #fjb4 ,with the aid of your field glasses you make out four field pieces and limbers to be turning to the north off the road just opposite to1 and south of1 the men4 ,the vehicles soon disappear behind the knoll of #fjb4 ,you can see that the men are wearing the enemy's uniform4 ,after five minutes of observation1 the men go out of sight on the far side of the hill1 and nothing further happens4 ,after you have written your message at half past four o'clock in the afternoon1 you travel under cover of the creek and fields in the general direction of ,henderson ,meeting ,house1 in the hope of finding out more about the force in the vicinity of #fjb4 #b4 ,on ,august #bg1 #aibj1 you are ,sergeant ,fenton of a left flank patrol sent out from the second battalion 7#bgth ,infantry7 which is marching north1 as an advance guard to its regiment1 toward #edf from ,hunterstown4 ,as you come out into the open to the west of the ,j4 ,bell farm house1 you receive a volley from about twenty rifles from the woods at the north4 ,two of your men are killed4 ,with the remainder of your men you retire hastily under cover of the ,bell orchard to the stream bed which you follow to the north until half way between the ,bell house and the 8,r0 in ,beaverdam4 ,there you go through the fields to the west until you get a glimpse of the high ground in the vicinity of #egd4 ,you can make out through the corn-rows infantrymen deployed and lying down facing you4 ,they extend along the fence for fifty yards on each side of the dirt road4 ,you can see a field piece half way between the ends of the fence and at the edge of the woods4 ,you go back to where you left the stream and write your message4 ,you hand it to one of your men at #bj minutes past two in the afternoon for delivery4 ,you then crawl forward leaving your men under cover in the stream1 and remain in observation in the corn-field4 #c4 ,you are #ast ,sergeant ,james in charge of a combat patrol from the #chth ,infantry which is on outpost duty for the #hth ,division at ,granite ,hill 7#e1 bottom74 ,in passing the house at #e-;,e the farmer tells you that yesterday at noon he saw about one hundred and fifty saddle-horses in a lot near the cross-roads in ,hunterstown4 ,on questioning him further he tells you that there were quite a lot of soldiers about1 having a good time1 and wearing the enemy's uniform4 ,you keep on your course4 ,when you arrive at the orchard near #fjc it is after nightfall4 ,you hear voices and laughing at the northern edge of the orchard just south of the 8#f0 in #fjc4 ,you sneak up until you can make out four of the enemy's infantrymen sitting about a little fire4 ,you charge with bayonets fixed1 kill three and capture one4 ,he is half drunk on apple-jack and talks freely4 ,he says his brigade is in bad shape1 has marched four days and nights without stopping1 has a big outpost at ,woodside ,school ,house1 and that he himself is with a bunch of the advance cavalry in the town4 ,at a quarter of ten at night you hand your message to a member of your patrol for delivery4 ,you then proceed along the road toward #edi1 looking for more information4 ,you arrive there1 having seen nothing of value1 the next day at #g a4 m41 ,july #ah1 #aidj4 #d4 ,on ,june #ba1 #aibj1 you are a first lieutenant in charge of an officer's patrol from the #hjth ,cavalry which is operating as ,independent ,cavalry for the #aijth ,division4 ,it is six o'clock in the evening when as you are riding along the road from ,texas to ,biglerville1 three of the enemy jump out upon you4 ,in the struggle which ensues the three are overpowered and sabred by your superior force4 ,you search the dead men1 but find nothing upon them but ornaments indicating they belong to the #bgth ,cavalry4 ,you dismount1 tie your horses in the orchard near the word ,stiner1 and proceed with two of your men along the railroad track toward ,biglerville4 ,near #fbf you look toward the town to find the space between you and it well dotted with tents4 ,placing your men well under cover in the woods1 you lie down in the culvert at #fbf4 ,before taps is blown in the enemy's camp1 from conversations which have gone on in your vicinity1 you have learned that a regiment of cavalry has been encamped there for two days1 that no other force is about1 and that the regiment will move out at five the next morning1 marching toward ,goldenville4 ,you write your message at #i3ae p4 m4 ,after it is sent1 you take up your position again in the culvert4 #e4 ,on the #aith of ,february1 #aidj1 a visiting patrol in charge of ,corporal ,eaton sent out from #b;d ,battalion1 which is acting as outpost for the #hast ,infantry1 is on its way to a picket of friendly troops4 ,its route lies from ,boyd ,school ,house1 ,e-#h toward ,mc,elheny4 ,as it approaches the bridge near the #d in the #dhj contour1 it hears footsteps of men hurrying into the timber to the east4 ,the suspicions of the patrol being aroused1 it looks about and discovers loose earth scattered over the snow at the abutments of the bridge2 upon further investigation it finds fuses leading from the center of the pile of fresh earth4 ,the message is finished on the spot at exactly midnight4 ,after the messenger has departed the corporal and one man remain on guard over the mines whose fuses were cut before the messenger left4 #f4 ,you are ,corporal ,peters sent out with a visiting patrol from ,company ,a1 #b;d ,battalion of your regiment4 ,your company is ,support number #b of the outpost at the 8,k0 in ,oak ,ridge1 ,e-#h4 ,as you approach ,boyd ,school ,house1 you are not challenged as you expect4 ,you hurry on to where the sentry of the picket should be posted at the cross-roads1 only to find him dead of a bayonet thrust4 ,you go to the south side of the school house and there find the remainder of the picket in their blankets in the same condition4 ,you put your hand on one of the men and find that his body is still warm4 ,at fifteen minutes to three1 ,september #cj1 #aicb1 you complete your message at the spot where you found most of the picket dead4 ,you then take your remaining man with you and together perform double sentry duty at the cross-roads4 #g4 ,on ,july #d1 #aibe1 you are ,sergeant ,black in charge of an harassing patrol sent out from the #fhth regiment of ,infantry which is acting as outpost for the #abth ,division4 ,at a quarter to twelve at night1 you have just fired two volleys from ,boyd ,school ,house in the direction of ,oak ,ridge1 and are proceeding toward ,c4 ,topper's to do the same there1 when1 as you cross the railroad one hundred yards south of the 8r0 in ,topper1 you stumble upon a wagon wheel imbedded in the earth4 ,cautious inspection reveals four howitzers camouflaged4 ,with the aid of known measurements upon your hand you find that the calibre of each is #f inches4 ,you finish a message at a quarter to one and then proceed as you intended4 #h4 ,on the #bast of ,august1 #aiai1 you are ,sergeant ,stuart sent out in charge of a contact patrol from the #iith ,infantry acting as outpost of the #cb;d ,brigade4 ,after hard work during which you are nearly captured at the cemetery near ,henderson ,meeting ,house1 you arrive with your patrol1 at ten minutes to nine in the evening1 at #fja just west of ,hunterstown4 ,a regiment of the enemy's infantry has been defeated by your troops during the day and it is your duty to find out what you can about the enemy's whereabouts and intentions4 ,as you look across to the west you see lights in the fields between ,r4 ,smith's farm house and ,j4 ,bell's4 ,you make your way carefully down the hill to the farm house at ,d-#f4 ,as you lie in the edge of the woods nearest the house you count fifteen rows of tents by the glow from the fires4 ,you see no animals or picket lines4 ,the fires die down shortly and the talking ceases4 ,you take turns on watch with the senior man of your patrol4 ,at a quarter to one while you are on watch1 fires begin to spring up at the ends of the company streets4 ,shortly afterwards a young soldier comes to the nearby farm house to get water4 ,he grumbles loudly that he must get up in the middle of the night and complains that the first sergeant has ordered the company to be in ranks at one fifty4 ,you get your message off at five minutes after one and remain in observation of the camp4 #i4 7,two messages47 ,on ,may #ca1 #aidj1 you are ,corporal ,decker in charge of a reconnoitering patrol from the #gast ,regiment of ,cavalry acting as ,advance ,cavalry to the #ahth ,division4 ,you are proceeding toward ,heidlersburg from ,friends' ,grove ,school ,house1 and you arrive at #e-;,a4 ,when1 proceeding to the east1 you are half way through the woods1 you hear hoof-beats on the road to the north4 ,having proceeded due east1 you now arrive at the edge of the woods4 ,there you see several mounted men of the enemy halted near the road fork #ede1 but the trees in the ravine make it difficult for you to see them clearly4 ,near the main cross-roads of the town you see a hundred or more dismounted men holding their horses4 ,after watching them for a few moments you realize that the horses are being watered4 ,at five minutes to five you start to write your message where you are4 ,after sending it off you remain to see what is going to happen further4 ,at ten minutes past five1 the mounted men ride west with an advance guard of about a troop4 ,your patrol was well concealed so that it was able to time the main body as it trotted past the road fork #egh in column of twos4 ,it took two minutes and a half to pass4 ,the group near #ede that appeared to be a patrol has disappeared4 ,while the larger body was passing road fork #egh you heard firing about a mile to the south by less than a dozen rifles4 ,you begin to send a message at a quarter after five and start to return to your command4 7#ajj cavalrymen in column of twos will trot past a given point in one minute47 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,more ,,problems ,,on ,,the ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,field ,,message #a4 7,three messages47 ,on ,july #ah1 #aicj1 you are ,corporal ,flint in charge of a reconnoitering patrol sent out from the #fast ,infantry which is acting as ,rear ,guard to the #aith ,brigade1 and which is withdrawing from ,goldenville through ,table ,rock4 ,as you proceed south along the stream which flows past ,herman1 #ejj yds4 south of ,c-#g1 you stumble upon one of your own regiment seriously wounded and lying at the 8,v0 in ,varney1 in the open field4 ,he tells you that a regiment of ,cavalry of the enemy passed by the nearest farm house going northeast on the dirt road when the sun was overhead4 ,you ask the people of the farm house1 who are manifestly in sympathy with the enemy1 what they know about the occurrence1 but they refuse to answer4 ,on the road are many fresh hoof-marks4 ,you begin to write your message at the ,varney farm house at half past three in the afternoon4 ,when you have finished you proceed southwest along the same road and along the creek bed toward the race-track4 ,at the bottom part of the 8,s0 in ,stock ,farm1 you leave your men in the field under cover and go south along the edge of the main road toward ,boyd ,school ,house4 ,you see several patrols of the enemy but you press on4 ,you have not gone far1 however1 before you spy a low heavy cloud of dust ahead which seems to be moving toward you4 ,at the ,boyd ,school ,house ,cross ,roads it turns west at twenty-five minutes to six4 ,it takes the column1 which you now make out to be infantry in column of squads1 three minutes and forty seconds to pass the cross-roads 7#age ,infantry in column of squads can pass a given point in one minute74 ,since the patrols of the enemy are becoming rather thick1 you decide to make your way back to the 8,k0 in ,stock ,farm4 ,there you finish writing another message at a quarter after seven4 ,you have scarcely sent it off when there is a noise among the corn-stalks near you4 ,you lie low and have your men1 whom you have now collected about you1 do the same4 ,a friendly uniform appears through one of the corn-rows2 it is just light enough for you to make it out4 ,you give a low whistle and signal at which the wearer of the uniform approaches4 ,he turns out to be ,sergeant ,black of your regiment who is leading a combat patrol4 ,he tells you that he counted twenty passenger coaches hitched together on the railroad to the southwest4 ,the engine was pointed toward the north and opposite the 8r0 in ,c4 ,topper at four o'clock4 ,the enemy's soldiers were crowding around trying to hurry into the coaches4 ,after the ,sergeant leaves you1 you try to make your way back to your company4 ,at a quarter to twelve you have arrived under cover of the fields and woods near the road-fork #fdf just south of ,hamilton when you hear the rumble of wheels close behind you to the south4 ,one of your men counted twelve pieces of light artillery which turned off the road and unlimbered just south of #ffd4 ,you begin to write another message at the 8n0 in ,hamilton at #e minutes after twelve4 #b4 ,on ,september #a1 #aibg1 you are a first lieutenant of ,infantry in charge of an expeditionary patrol from the #bfth ,infantry1 which is acting as outpost to the #ahth ,division4 ,the outpost is covering the general sector from ,stiner1 #a1jjj yards north of ,texas1 to ,bender's ,church1 ,b-#g4 ,the ,division is encamped between ,biglerville and ,guernsey4 ,your patrol leaves the outermost picket near ,table ,rock at three o'clock in the afternoon4 ,its mission is to capture a strong officer's patrol of the enemy which is supposed to be proceeding north along the railroad from ,hamilton4 ,you conceal yourself and your patrol in the shrubbery near the railroad bridge south of ,table ,rock ,station4 ,at five minutes after four you hear footsteps and subdued talking to the south4 ,you allow the first two men to pass you1 and when the main body of the patrol is near the bridge you spring out upon them with bayonets4 ,the mle lasts for about three minutes4 ,four men finally survive--the leader of their patrol1 two of your men1 and yourself4 ,because of the wound of the foreign officer1 whom you make out by his insignia to be a staff officer of their #acb;d ,regiment of ,engineers and a ,captain1 you decide that you will be unable to risk bringing in your prisoner at once4 ,you question him as to what he has been doing and he tells you that he has been all day on the road and that his regiment has marched for three days from the south without stopping to pitch camp4 ,he will answer no other questions4 ,you bind and gag him1 after you have taken him into the field to the bottom of the 8,s0 in ,table ,rock ,station4 ,there you start to write your message twelve minutes after the end of the fight4 ,after you have sent off the communication you and the one remaining man keep guard over your prisoner4 #c4 7,six messages47 ,on ,october #bi1 #aide1 you are ,sergeant ,murray sent out in charge of a strong reconnoitering patrol from the #hb;d ,infantry which is acting as ,advance ,guard to the #cdth ,brigade4 ,you send a message from ,mt4 ,olivet ,school ,house 7#g-top7 that the country is clear of the enemy from there back to ,center ,mills from which you have come4 ,you finish your message at half past one in the afternoon4 ,at ten minutes after two1 from the main cross-roads of ,guernsey1 you start another message in which you let your ,commanding ,officer know that you have seen nothing of the enemy1 and that the roads have been patrolled to a distance of eight hundred yards on each side4 ,you keep on going south along the railroad4 ,as the first two men of your patrol enter the railroad cut five hundred yards south of the main cross-roads of ,guernsey1 they receive a volley from the top and west side of the embankment4 ,they back out while you with the remainder of your patrol skirt the top of the cut to the west4 ,three men run to the west into the fields and woods4 ,your fire does not reach them4 ,you continue to scour the country as far as the stream4 ,at five minutes to three you begin to write a message from the farm house near the southern exit of the cut4 ,you then proceed south along the railroad as before4 ,as you approach ,biglerville you try to see through your field glasses any signs of the enemy's men or wagons which might be in the town4 ,seeing none1 you go carefully and completely around the village back to your starting point4 ,two of your men then enter the main street from the east4 ,after investigating the first eight or ten houses1 they signal you to approach4 ,you then with your patrol go along every street of the town1 go into the main stores and houses1 but you can find no trace of the enemy4 ,at #bj minutes to five you finish your message at the cross-roads five hundred yards southwest of the 8,b0 in ,biglerville4 ,you then take the main ,carlisle road and proceed south on it4 ,as you go you inspect all bridges1 railroad tracks1 streams1 and ground in general for eight hundred yards on either side of the road1 but find no enemy4 ,at twenty-five minutes to six you begin your message at the ,stiner ,house4 ,before you now go south1 you investigate for eight hundred yards the roads leading to the east and west from the main cross-roads south of ,stiner4 ,after your men return you proceed along the side of the road south toward the stream4 ,as you come up to the bridge1 although it is getting dusk you see a sentinel on the bridge1 and you collect your men in some bushes near the north abutment4 ,you tell them that when you give the word they are to charge with you across the bridge at a run with bayonets fixed4 ,there is no sentry at the north end of the bridge1 and the one at the south end seems to be lazily looking into the field4 ,you give the signal and your patrol leaps out1 but in the middle of the bridge your whole party is caught by fire from machine guns located near the wooden fence half way between the word ,texas and the bridge4 ,all but two of your men fall4 ,you are hit in the leg1 but are dragged back off the bridge to a copse at the edge of the stream4 ,waiting for further developments1 but hearing nothing more of the enemy except laughter at the other end of the bridge1 you have your men carry you further eastward along the stream to a place of comparative safety in the woods4 ,you start writing your message twenty yards south of the railroad crossing east of ,stiner at seven o'clock4 ,you find that you will be unable to travel for some time4 ,after sending the message1 you remain with one man where you are1 both of you concealing yourselves as well as possible4 ,,messages ,,from ,,commanders #d4 ,on ,july #bb1 #aicb1 you are ,colonel ,algernon ,m4 ,potts1 commanding the #dhth ,infantry which is acting as ,advance ,guard for the #bjth ,division4 ,you have at a quarter to one just pushed two battalions of the enemy's infantry toward ,woodside ,school ,house4 ,your adjutant counts on the ground over which they have fled forty-eight of their dead and wounded4 ,when you have taken up and reorganized your line from ,plainview through the cross-roads at #fff to1 and including1 the farm house one mile and a quarter directly east of ,a4 ,logan1 ,lieutenant ,shelley1 adjutant of the first battalion1 reports to you that ,major ,jones' command has captured twenty-two prisoners4 ,while you are talking1 suddenly a heavy fire of artillery comes from somewhere in the vicinity of #fjc west of ,hunterstown4 ,at the same time a message reaches you from ,sergeant ,stearns1 who has been out with a combat patrol to the south1 that a regiment of the enemy's cavalry was between ,table ,rock and ,herman at half past two1 and that a civilian had telephoned that an infantry regiment of the enemy was seen marching west through ,hunterstown at twenty minutes to twelve that morning4 ,you have no reenforcements at hand1 but send your reserve of one battalion to prolong the right of your line to the bridge at ,fidler1 ,b-#g4 ,your artillery seems to be superior to the enemy's and is holding down his fire which is growing heavier4 ,the adjutants of the #b;d and #c;d battalions report that their commands have lost #ab dead1 #ag wounded1 and #bd missing during the previous engagement4 ,you feel that you will scarcely be able to hold out more than an hour under the present circumstances1 but decide to make strenuous efforts to do more4 ,you start to write your message to the ,division ,commander at four o'clock in the afternoon4 #e4 ,you are ,major ,mark ,montclair in command of the battalion which constituted the reserves in the preceding problem4 ,when you arrive in your designated position at a quarter to five you are immediately charged by two troops of cavalry which you drive off to the south by superior fire4 ,you send in pursuit one company and a machine gun4 ,by the number of loose horses you see galloping about and by the haste with which the troopers took to their heels1 you infer that the casualties must have been large4 ,your adjutant arrives at this time reporting that sixteen prisoners in sound condition have been taken1 that twelve dead and twenty-two wounded of the enemy have been counted1 and that your own losses are #c missing1 #d dead1 and #h wounded4 ,just before you start to write your message at a quarter to six1 word reaches you from ,a ,company which is still pursuing the enemy1 that they have captured #ah prisoners and have killed and wounded twelve4 ,you finish your message at five minutes to six1 and then go over your lines in order to make them stronger for defense4 #f4 ,on ,june #ab1 #aibe1 you are ,captain ,james ,a4 ,marion in command of ,company ,i1 #bjc;d ,infantry4 ,your company1 which constitutes a detached post from your regiment acting as outpost at ,granite ,hill1 is at #fja1 five hundred yards west of ,hunterstown ,cross-roads4 ,at twenty-five minutes to five in the morning you are charged by a squadron of cavalry from the ,j4 ,bell farm4 ,they strike you from the front1 and you are holding them by your fire when a troop hits your right flank riding at a full gallop out of the woods from the direction of the ,henderson ,meeting ,house4 ,you are in a very awkward position and are prepared to do or die1 when1 without warning of any kind1 a squadron of your own #bith ,cavalry which has been on a raiding expedition in the direction of ,new ,oxford1 deploys at a gallop from ,hunterstown4 ,the enemy1 who is now in turn struck in flank1 is in serious straits4 ,he breaks and runs in the direction of ,table ,rock1 the friendly squadron pursuing4 ,you count #de dead and #fb wounded of the enemy4 ,of your own troops #ab infantrymen are missing1 #c cavalrymen and #i infantrymen dead1 and #e cavalrymen and #ah infantrymen wounded4 ,you start to write your message at twenty minutes to six4 ,you straighten out your former position and send strong connecting and reconnoitering patrols to north and west4 #g4 ,on ,may #ac1 #aibb1 you are ,major ,gerald ,pendelton of the #ast ,battalion1 #dc;d ,infantry4 ,you have been ordered by your regimental commander to establish by a line of your own troops a defensive position facing east from the #d 7exclusive7 in #ffd east of ,hamilton1 ,d-#h1 to the southeast corner of the orchard 7inclusive71 five hundred yards northwest of ,stock ,farm4 ,at five minutes to ten at night you have formed your line as ordered and are beginning to entrench4 ,you are proceeding with your work when a messenger from ,b ,company on the left flank tells you that ,g ,company of the #b;d ,battalion has arrived at the #d in #ffd1 and that at ten minutes to ten the right flank of that company was beginning to dig4 ,seven minutes later another messenger from ,a ,company arrives with similar information concerning ,company ,e1 #b;d ,battalion1 #dgth ,infantry2 he states that the left flank of that company at thirteen minutes to ten started to dig twenty yards south of the corner of the orchard4 ,you go over your lines correcting positions here and there and start to send a message at twenty-five minutes to eleven4 ,the order of your interior companies is1 left to right1 ,c1 ,d4 ,,chapter ,v ,,verbal ,,field ,,message ,,observation--,,attention--,,exposition ,there are occasions when it becomes proper not to write the field message1 but to speak it4 ,if the enemy is strong and active1 so that a bearer of information runs grave risk of capture1 the message is safer as a verbal one4 ,in the case of the written one1 both message and messenger are lost2 in the case of the verbal one1 only the messenger4 ,therefore1 it is best to entrust the information to the care of the messenger's mind4 ,the facts deposited there should remain in readiness for the first opportunity of delivery4 ,there are times1 too1 when no chance is offered to write a message on account of the pressure of the enemy4 ,the attention of a leader may be so occupied with warding off1 or moving away from1 strong hostile bodies1 that work with pencil and paper becomes an impossibility4 ,the form of the written field message must be abbreviated4 ,the gist of the ,heading and ,ending must be stated by the messenger upon his arrival at his destination2 and the ,body must be contracted into one or two sentences depending upon the accuracy and intelligence of the messenger4 ,where officers are messengers the message may be lengthened4 ,for our purpose and practice we must attempt the shorter form4 ,the usual procedure in sending off a verbal message may be represented by the following dialogue3 ,patrol ,leader 7or ,commander73 8,swinton1 go back at once to the ,commanding ,officer of our ,outpost and say1-- ,twelve enemy's cavalry marching north on ,carlisle ,road at ,hamilton #aa3de a4 m4 ,repeat40 ,swinton3 8,i am going back to the ,commanding ,officer of our ,outpost and say1-- ,twelve of enemy marching north on ,carlisle ,road at #aa3de a4 m40 ,p4 ,l43 8,no1 ,swinton1 twelve enemy's cavalry marching north on ,carlisle ,road at ,hamilton #aa3de a4 m4 ,repeat again40 ,swinton3 8,i am to go back right away and say to ,commanding ,officer1-- ,twelve enemy's cavalry marching north on ,carlisle ,road at ,hamilton #aa3de a4 m4 ,repeat40 ,p4 ,l43 8,not quite2 you are to go back to ,commanding ,officer of ,outpost4 ,repeat again40 ,swinton3 8,i am to go back and say to ,commanding ,officer of the ,outpost1-- ,twelve enemy's cavalry marching north on ,carlisle ,road at ,hamilton at #aa3de a4 m40 ,p4 ,l43 8,that's right4 ,it is now #ab o'clock4 ,notice where we are located4 ,i am going to continue on my mission toward the southwest4 ,do you understand80 ,swinton3 8,yes1 sir40 ,when ,swinton arrives at headquarters he ought thus to be able to give to his commanding officer not only the accurate ,body of the verbal message1 but the contents of the ,heading and ,ending of a similar written one4 ,the above conversation is not exaggerated4 ,it is not only what does happen1 but what should happen4 ,it does happen because the average ,american has rarely developed his powers of attention to things outside of his interest4 ,it should happen because every word in every good message is a vital word4 ,any omission or substitution is a loss4 ,,problems ,in each of the following problems try to condense the essential facts1 without loss of substance or truth1 if possible1 into one sentence4 ,the ,body only will be attempted4 ,in other words1 that part of the dialogue which preceded the last speech of the ,patrol ,leader will be imitated4 ,it is presumed that we are now conversant with the material of the ,heading and ,ending4 ,we shall1 therefore1 dispense with these parts of the message in the verbal exercise4 ,,caution4--,under no circumstances should there be any writing done in connection with the solution of the problems4 ,a violation of this prohibition will destroy the value of the exercise4 #a4 ,you are alone in your aeroplane scouting north from your ,division which is at ,granite ,hill4 ,while you are flying low in the vicinity of ,b-,a1 you notice a moving cloud of dust which produces a dark spot on the road leading south from ,guernsey4 ,the haze extends from the lower edge of the 8,g0 in ,guernsey indistinctly through the town4 ,you turn off and fly over ,center ,mills4 ,when you return the head of the dust cloud has reached the first road-fork south of ,guernsey and the tail of it is at the lower edge of the 8,g40 ,you land in twelve minutes at ,granite ,hill4 ,it is one o'clock in the afternoon4 ,you are so cold that you walk with difficulty4 ,you call a ,corporal of the ,signal ,corps to you and give him a verbal message4 #b4 ,you are sitting on the knoll at #fbd immediately south of the 8,sta40 in ,granite ,hill ,station1 #e-;,e4 ,you see about fifteen horsemen cross the railroad tracks and ride up to the cross-roads to the east of you4 ,it is half past ten in the morning when you see them split up into three parties1 one riding southwest1 one northeast1 and one southeast on the three different roads in your vicinity4 ,as the party on the road running southeast comes opposite you1 they dismount4 ,you can make them out to be cavalrymen of the enemy4 ,as they start in your rear to cross the stream and to come toward you1 you decide to send a verbal message4 #c4 ,you are proceeding from the cross-roads southwest of ,plainview 7,b-#e7 toward ,hershey ,mill 7,b-#f74 ,when you approach the mill race you notice a quantity of smoke rising2 when you come nearer you see the smouldering ruins of the mill4 ,you go on to the ,miller's house and there perceive that the bridge has buckled in the middle and is lying on its side in the water4 ,the ,miller tells you that an aeroplane of the enemy went up and down the ,conewago at six o'clock the evening before1 until it finally landed a bomb upon the bridge4 ,as it was circling to leave1 it let another bomb drop upon the mill4 ,you go to the ,miller's telephone and send a message4 #d4 ,you are lying on the long knoll #eff1 five hundred yards south of ,c-#f4 ,you are watching at half past two in the afternoon two infantrymen of the enemy who are walking along the edge of the stream to the west4 ,you have been interested in their movements ever since they crossed the first road to the southwest several moments ago4 ,while you are watching them1 you are fired upon by what you estimate to be sixteen rifles from the woods to the south4 ,you hasten north and give to one of your men a verbal message on the way4 #e4 ,you are proceeding south along the stream at #g-;,e4 ,at twenty minutes after eight in the morning you approach the more densely wooded section of country near the bridge4 ,you look toward the cross-roads to the west and spy in the field some of the enemy loafing and talking at the letter 8#h0 in #dhh4 ,you see four stacks of arms and are making further observations1 when you hear a rustle of undergrowth in the woods4 ,eight men rush out upon you4 ,three of your men are killed4 ,you escape with one man4 ,as soon as you are able1 you give him a verbal message1 and both of you take different routes back to headquarters4 #f4 ,you are reconnoitering south along the railroad track from ,biglerville4 ,when you reach the siding at #fbf1 you notice that part of the track exactly opposite 8,b10 both on the siding and main line1 is completely blown away4 ,you count ten ties burning at the side of the road4 ,while you are making an inventory of the situation1 you are fired upon by a machine gun mounted on a flat car near the next bridge to the south4 ,the car apparently filled with men seems to be approaching4 ,your patrol scatters to the fields4 ,you give one man a verbal message4 #g4 ,you have been sent with two men to find out whether the ,conewago is fordable at any point between ,table ,rock and ,fidler1 ,b-#g4 ,after some search you find a crossing directly south of the zero in the number #edj which marks the contour of that height4 ,some time ago you sent a written message to the effect that there was a picket located at the ,logan farm house4 ,you have finished searching thoroughly that part of the stream assigned to you1 when a strong party of the enemy is seen approaching your position from ,a4 ,logan4 ,you give your remaining man a verbal message4 ,each takes a separate route4 #h4 ,you are in charge of a small reconnoitering patrol going south from ,boyd ,school ,house4 ,as you approach the marsh 7#g-de1 bottom7 at the west of the road1 you see three pieces of artillery stuck in the mud up to their hubs4 ,you find that the guns are #c in4 field pieces4 ,while you are investigating their mechanism in order to confirm your opinion that they belong to hostile troops1 about forty men of the enemy with ropes and tackle appear about #djj yards to the south4 ,you hurry away under cover1 and find a telephone4 ,you send a verbal message over the wire at twenty minutes to five in the evening4 #i4 ,you are delivering a message by motor cycle from ,center ,mills to ,granite ,hill ,station4 ,you are riding at about thirty miles an hour on a road supposedly clear of the enemy1 when you are met by a fusillade from the woods in the vicinity of ,henderson ,meeting ,house4 ,as you pass the road-fork1 shots follow you and you feel a sharp pain in the calf of your leg4 ,you speed up to pass the cross-roads at ,hunterstown1 and in two minutes reach ,granite ,hill ,station4 ,at twenty minutes after nine in the morning you dismount from your motor cycle and direct an infantryman standing near you to take a verbal message to headquarters in addition to the written one you hand him4 #aj4 ,you are ,captain ,williams in command of ,company ,b1 #ast ,battalion1 #bdth ,infantry4 ,you are acting as a support during the ,outpost duty of your battalion4 ,you are at #eib1 northwest of the ,good ,intent ,school ,house1 ,d-#g1 and are engaged in driving back a company of infantrymen which is attacking you from the stream to the west4 ,at twenty-five minutes to ten in the morning you are suddenly attacked also by a platoon of infantry from the direction of ,herman4 ,the nearest friendly troops are those at battalion headquarters4 ,you are in a serious predicament4 ,you at once send a verbal message by an intelligent sergeant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have doubtless demonstrated to our own satisfaction by means of the problems above how difficult it is to frame a message briefly and unmistakably4 ,it might be well to inquire why we have had this trouble4 ,an analysis may not only reveal1 but also remedy1 the cause of our inability to achieve the desired result4 ,we find upon investigation that we have permitted certain practical talents to lie unused in our minds4 ,we have not acquired the habit of observing anything outside of our desire1 of listening to anything outside of our interest1 and of explaining anything outside of simplicity4 ,strict observation1 attention1 and exposition are the ordinary tools of a military man4 ,let him develop them to the highest degree and he has done no more than is expected of him4 ,here1 between the study of the field message1 which informs commanders1 and the field order1 which directs troops1 it is especially fitting for us to reckon with mental improvement4 ,for it is in this interval between the information's coming to1 and the decision's going from1 a leader that the fateful question arises1 8,what is my plan80 ,his thoughts1 before they arrive at a decision1 must take in and classify in a certain definite order all obtainable and pertinent facts4 ,he must assemble all his data before he can take the slightest risk as to how his troops are to act4 ,lives are at stake in the passing minutes2 victory is awaiting the decision4 ,in all this stress and excitement the commander must observe and listen as if he were stalking a deer in a thicket4 ,and when his mind is made up he must formulate his decision as if he were sitting before his own peaceful hearth writing a letter4 ,but he must do both in one per cent of the time allowed for stalking deer or writing letters4 ,to acquire this ability1 he must have regarded beforehand the development of these three talents as a necessity4 ,if he has caused himself to be a faithful observer1 so that he is capable of taking in many details at once1 if he has compelled himself to be a keen listener so that he can absorb every word instantly1 if he has made himself into a skilful instructor so that he can express rapidly his exact wishes and knowledge1 he will be able1 when the crisis comes1 to give his entire attention to his plan4 ,otherwise he will be hampered4 ,if he has not observed1 if he has not listened1 he will be able neither to decide nor to state his will forcibly4 ,the following hints may show us our deficiencies3 #a4 ,in regard to the scope and habit of observation1-- 7a7 ,look out of the window1 count off to yourself five seconds1 turn about and see how much of the view or of its salient features you can describe4 7b7 ,after you have taken your next long walk through the woods or open country1 go over in your mind your journey4 ,pick out points along the course and see whether you know in regard to each3 7#a7 the appearance and number of trees within your view1 7#b7 the rise and fall of the ground within your view1 7#c7 or the direction you next took4 7c7 ,what is the exact color of the hair or eyes1 or the shape of the hands of your closest associates8 7d7 ,have someone place five articles on a plane surface while your back is turned4 ,look at the objects for ten seconds2 then look away and describe fully their appearance and position4 #b4 ,in regard to the power and habit of listening1-- 7a7 ,have someone read aloud to you three sentences capable of being understood by a person of ordinary intellect4 ,try to repeat in your own words every idea given in the reading4 ,this is not a memory exercise4 7b7 ,the next time you find yourself interrupting someone1 check yourself at once1 and try to repeat in your own mind the substance of what the speaker has last uttered4 7c7 ,the next time you find yourself a part of an audience to which a sermon or lecture is being delivered1 say to yourself1 8,i am going to get at least for practice's sake every idea this speaker has to offer40 ,then note how short a time it is before you miss a phrase4 #c4 ,in regard to the power of exposition1-- 7a7 ,with your hands behind your back1 try to describe in a sentence each one of the following articles3 ,a barrel1 a scabbard1 a tea kettle1 a potato1 a billiard cue1 a chrysanthemum1 a dumb-bell1 your shoes1 a fox terrier1 a grand piano4 7b7 ,give the shortest complete description you can of the parts and working of a rifle4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,field ,,order1 ,,the ,,estimate1 ,,the ,,decision1 ,,the ,,expression 8,upon the information of the enemy and of the terrain obtained by reconnaissance1 and1 as far as time will permit1 upon the study of the terrain made by the leader in the field of probable operations1 the plan of action is based40 ,so state our ,field ,service ,regulations4#d ,decision1 then1 is built upon the amount of material that the observation and attention of a commander can collect4 ,and it is only his observation and attention which count4 ,it is only what he himself has fixed in his own mind which is going to do the troops harm or good4 ,he may receive dozens of excellent messages1 or may view the battle-field for twenty miles2 yet it is only what he himself appropriates to his own straight thinking1 which can influence the outcome4 ,the reports or the visions of others cannot enter into the decision1 unless he has transferred those reports or visions to his own calculations4 ,how can he weigh what he has not handled--consider what he has not absorbed8 ,the decision of a leader issues from the door of his own observation and attention4 ,the most pertinent facts may be laid at that threshold only to be shut out because he has not increased his capacity to take them in4 ,and no one else can enter there in order to do the work for him unless the intruder becomes virtually1 if not actually1 the leader4 ,,the ,,estimate ,let us suppose that the observation and attention have taken in all that they should4 ,these various items lying in a more or less jumbled mass must now be sorted4 ,information of one class must not be found mixed with that of another class4 ,each organized body of information must approach the leader's judgment by itself so that3 7#a7 nothing will be overlooked2 so that 7#b7 each item will be with its proper set4 ,after they have all passed through his thought1 certain ones1 of course1 may be discarded2 but they all must none the less be first reviewed consciously by the leader4 ,this process is called the estimate of the situation4 ,in order1 therefore1 to comply with the full conditions of such an estimate1 a fixed classification of all the essentials which should go through the hopper of a leader's judgment has been made4 ,after his information has been obtained and before his decision has been formed1 the leader must say to himself3-- #a4 ,what is my mission8 #b4 ,what are the forces--the enemy's and my own8 #c4 ,what conditions are favorable and what unfavorable8 #d4 ,what is the enemy doing and what will he probably do8 #e4 ,what effect has the terrain upon my mission8 #f4 ,what different courses are open to me in order to carry out my mission1 and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each8 ,the method just described is no more than that of collecting1 classifying1 and weighing data4 ,it is the very process we must follow before we can write a decent theme1 article1 report1 or anything fit to read4 ,an estimate of a situation is nothing more than an outline of observations made in order to arrive at a proper conclusion4 ,the leader has no time to write down the points4 ,but he nevertheless assembles in his own mind everything which bears on his subject--unity2 he classifies all this into groups with a certain orderly arrangement--coherence2 and he considers the effect of each item upon his mission and situation--clear thinking4 ,,the ,,decision ,as soon as he has finished with this estimate of the situation1 there should stand forth as a result of this clear thinking his decision4 ,if he has been in the habit of making his ideas unmistakable in conversation or writing--if he has been accustomed to dealing in good exposition1 his plan ought to be clear and simple4 ,for no man can make clear statements without first thinking clear thoughts4 ,if then he has habitually insisted upon his own use of only the clearest phraseology1 he ought certainly to arrive at a clear plan whatever may be its tactical value4 ,,the ,,expression ,to give this plan expression is the purpose of the field order4 ,certainly if the decision is clear and simple1 the translation into language ought to be easy4 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations state3 8,ambiguity or vagueness indicates either vacillation or inability to formulate orders40 ,since vacillation is a matter of character1 the discussion of such a trait is outside of this course2 but the inability to formulate orders is not4 ,in fact it belongs only in the course of ,rhetoric or ,english4 ,the following terms are found in our ,regulations and ,text ,books3 8,clear and concise instructions are given as to the action to be taken in combat02#e 8an order must be definite and the expression of a fixed decision02#e 8field orders are brief02#f 8field orders must be brief and definite02#f 8clear and decisive orders are the logical result of definite and sure decisions and are the means of transforming the decision into action02#f 8,make your order short and make it definite02#g 8above all do not give vague orders02#g 8be positive and definite02#g 8a plan1 promising success1 may fail if it does not find correct expression in an order40#h ,and so our manuals keep on telling us to use correct ,english1 but failing to tell us how4 ,putting the clarified decision into the form of an order is the business of ,rhetoric4 ,and the process requires the application of every rule for correct ,english we have learned or are going to learn4 8,often a faulty expression1 a word too much or too little1 or an omission1 may become the source of serious consequences10 declares ,buddecke4 ,even in the orders of the greatest commanders1 a twist of phrase or a wrong word has given an unintentional meaning1 so that troops have from the very construction of the order acted contrary to the will of the chief4 ,napoleon1 in a despatch to ,davout before the battles of ,auerstadt and ,jena1 stated3 8,if the ,prince of ,portecorvo 7,bernadotte7 is with you1 you may march together2 but the ,emperor hopes that he will be already in the position assigned him at ,dornberg40 ,bernadotte1 as it happened1 had not gone to ,dornberg4 ,he was with ,davout4 ,he determined1 from the last clause of the order and from the word 8may10 that ,napoleon desired him to be at ,dornberg4 ,to ,dornberg he marched1 and there he calmly waited within sound of the guns1 while the battles of ,auerstadt and ,jena were fought4 ,he was useless both to ,napoleon and to ,davout4 ,indeed1 he was seriously needed by ,davout who1 with #bg1jjj was opposed to #ea1jjj ,prussians4 ,yet the error is attributable not to ,bernadotte but to ,napoleon1 who meant to say1 8,you should march together2 but the ,emperor hopes that he has arrived10 etc4 ,napoleon for once did not say what he meant4 ,it is likely we may be found more wanting in this regard4 ,there is no error in the expressiveness of a field order which the analytical and synthetical study of ,english will not overcome4 ,we must first learn by analysis to recognize mistakes when we see them4 ,we must then try to manipulate our language so that those mistakes will not occur4 ,indeed1 we must go further than the mere negative avoidance of mistakes4 ,we must not be satisfied until we have made our expressions exert a positive force4 ,the ways and means of so doing are found in the simple rules of rhetoric4 ,it is1 perhaps1 not too much to say that the ,american works against heavier odds than the ,european4 ,the syntax of the inflected languages of ,europe demands that the speaker pay a proper attention to the changes of number1 gender1 and case1 if he would not appear ridiculous1 whereas the ,english language1 being almost without inflections1 permits its speaker to toss his words about with an ease unknown to ,continental speech1 and still be intelligible4 ,the result is that the ,european is trained to more care1 and1 therefore1 greater exactness1 than is demanded of the ,american4 ,moreover1 the average ,american's commercial education does not include a careful1 analytical study of an inflected language4 ,his geographical aloofness from the rest of the world insures him also a linguistic isolation4 ,the ,european1 on the other hand1 has an added advantage in that by traversing a territory no larger than three or four of our big states1 he will encounter a half-dozen languages1 of all of which he must have some knowledge if he is to be a financial success4 ,the ,american1 then1 in writing orders is competing against a handicap4 ,von ,kiessing1 a foreigner1 states that 8the best of plans1 the most skilful combinations1 may fail1 if the commander or his staff officers cannot express them properly02 and ,buddecke1 also a foreigner1 insists that 8a plan1 promising success1 may fail if it does not find correct expression in an order40 ,if these men1 schooled in language as well as in tactics1 find admonition so emphatically necessary1 how must we look upon the matter8 ,the form and composition of the order1 if practiced now1 ought to give us a certain amount of independence when we come to practical and strategical considerations later4 ,for certainly1 we shall be far ahead of our fellows who must try at once1 and for the first time1 both tactics and composition4 ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,field ,,order 8,to enable the will of the commander to be quickly understood1 to secure prompt cooperation among his subordinates1 and for ready reference1 field orders are required to follow a general form4 ,this form divides an order into sections or parts and assigns to each a particular class of information4 ,the parts of the field order are3 ,,the ,,heading4 ,,the ,,distribution ,,of ,,troops 7in certain orders74 ,,the ,,body4 ,,the ,,ending40#i ,the only difference between the divisions of the field message and the field order1 then1 is that the latter contains in certain orders ,the ,distribution of ,troops4 ,,the ,,heading4--,the heading contains3 ,,the ,,title ,,or ,,name ,,of ,,issuing ,,officer',s ,,command4 ,,the ,,place4 ,,the ,,date4 ,,the ,,hour ,,of ,,issue4 ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,the ,,order4 ,,the ,,reference ,,to ,,map ,,used4 ,the ,title or ,name corresponds to the ,name of ,sending ,detachment in the field message4 ,but a title is the name applied to the temporary duty of a command1 such as1 8,advance ,guard1 ,det4 #bast ,div410 whereas the name itself might be 8#afb;d ,inf41 ,det4 #bast ,div40 ,the ,place does not need to be given so specifically as in the field message1 because the command issuing a field order takes up much more space than a reconnaissance party4 ,the ,date and ,hour of ,issue are written as in the field message4 ,field ,orders are numbered in sequence usually annually4 ,the ,reference to ,map ,used is placed immediately below the number4 ,the ,heading of a field order would appear thus3 ,field ,orders3 ,det4 #bast ,div41 #abth ,corps1 ,no4 #bb ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 7,geological ,survey ,sheet7 #i ,dec4 #bh1 #h-ae p4 m4 ,,the ,,distribution ,,of ,,troops4--8,the distribution of troops shows the tactical components into which a command is divided 7advance guard1 main body1 etc47 and the troops assigned to each4 ,it is generally used in march orders and in the first field order applying to a command newly created or organized4 ,in other cases it is usually more convenient to name the troops in the body of the order1 where their duties are prescribed4 ,when a #8distribution' is used1 it is headed #8,troops1' and in written or printed orders is placed on the left of ,the ,body1 occupying about one-third of the page4 ,the tactical components are marked with lettered subheads 7a71 7b71 etc41 the troops listed under each performing the task prescribed in the similarly marked paragraph of the body of the order4 ,when orders are dictated or sent by wire or signals1 the distribution of troops 7if used7 is given immediately after paragraph #b1 without number40#aj ,in orders for a regiment and smaller bodies the ,distribution of ,troops is usually omitted4 ,the ,distribution of ,troops in a field order would appear thus3 ,troops4 7a7 ,independent ,cavalry3 ,col4 ,adams4 #ast #b;d ,sqs4 #ast ,cav4 7less one troop7 7b7 ,advance ,guard3 ,col4 ,byron4 #ast ,inf41 #ast ,cav41 ,btry4 ,b1 #eth ,f4 ,a4 ,det4 ,co4 ,a1 ,engrs4 ,det4 ,amb4 ,co4 ,no4 #a4 7c7 ,main ,body1 in order of march3 #ast ,bn1 #b;d ,inf4 #ast ,bn1 #eth ,f4 ,a4 7less #a btry74 #ast ,brig4 7less #ast ,inf4 and #ast ,bn4 #b;d ,inf474 #dth ,inf4 ,co4 ,a1 ,engrs4 7less det474 ,amb4 ,co4 ,no4 #a 7less det474 #ast ,f4 ,hosp4 7d7 ,signal ,troops3 ,lieut4 ,dash4 #a plat41 ,co4 ,a4 ,,the ,,body4--,the ,body1 of course1 is the main part of the order4 ,it contains the information and instructions for the command4 ,it is to this part that ,buddecke refers when he says3 8,the order1 which is to transform decision into action1 is of the utmost importance40 ,the ,sentence and the ,paragraph1 then1 should be perfectly constructed4 ,each one of those elements should be tested to see that it is unified1 coherent1 and emphatic4 ,the examples herein given1 or any set phrasing1 should never be imitated4 ,every leader must compose his own words1 his own decision4 ,he must give to his subordinates the language that best suits the particular occasion4 ,otherwise there will be no unity of structure and little likelihood of unity of action4 ,every military situation is a a law unto itself1 and the language of the field order should fit that law4 ,nevertheless there are certain aids1 as we shall see1 in composing the ,body4 ,the topic of each paragraph is to be found in our ,regulations4 ,we must see that nothing enters the paragraph or sub-paragraph but that which belongs in the topic assigned4 ,we must see1 also1 that all of the matter belonging in a paragraph is placed there1 and that every sentence in the paragraph is free from violations of ,unity1 ,coherence1 and ,emphasis4 8,paragraph #a contains such information of the enemy and of our supporting troops as it is desirable that subordinates should know40 8,paragraph #b contains the general plan of the commander1 or so much thereof as will insure cooperation of all parts of the command40 8,paragraph #c contains the detailed tactical dispositions adopted by the commander to carry out the plan outlined in paragraph #b1 including the tasks assigned to each of the several combatant fractions of the command4 ,these tasks are given under lettered subheads 7a71 7b71 etc41 the leading fraction1 or the one having the most important duty to perform1 being generally considered first4 ,for instance3 ,in an attack order it is customary to consider the artillery first2 in a march order troops are considered according to their position in column40 8,instructions applicable to all of these fractions may be embodied in a sub-paragraph1 letter 7,x71 at the end of paragraph #c40 8,paragraph #d contains instructions for the trains1 and may designate the position of ammunition distributing stations1 dressing stations1 and stations for slightly wounded40 8,the last paragraph1 usually paragraph #e1 shows where the commander can be found or messages may be sent4 ,in orders of subordinate commanders1 this paragraph also gives the location of lines of information1 if any have been established40 8,if additional paragraphs are necessary1 they are incorporated1 properly numbered1 after paragraph #d4 ,sometimes it is unnecessary to include instructions for the trains2 but whatever the number of paragraphs the last always shows where the commander can be found1 etc40#aa ,briefly1 then1 the paragraphs may be epitomized as follows3 #a4 ,enemy 7sub-paragraph neither numbered nor lettered74 ,your own troops 7sub-paragraph neither numbered nor lettered74 #b4 ,plan 7single paragraph74 #c4 7a7 ,task of the leading1 or the most important1 fraction of command4 7b7 ,task of next1 or next important1 fraction of command4 7,x7 ,anything which applies to all fractions of command4 #d4 ,trains4 #e4 ,location of commander or place to which messages are to be sent 7sub-paragraph neither numbered nor lettered74 ,location of lines of information 7sub-paragraph neither numbered nor lettered74 ,the ,body of a field order would appear thus3 #a4 ,the enemy's cavalry patrols have been seen north of ,,kickapoo4 ,his infantry and artillery are reported at ,,atchison4 ,our division is #h miles south of ,,leavenworth4 #b4 ,this detachment will march tomorrow to ,,kickapoo4 #c4 7a7 ,the independent cavalry will start at #e-cj a4 m41 covering the movement4 7b7 ,the advance guard will clear the northern exit of ,,leavenworth at #f a4 m41 marching by the ,,atchison ,,cross-,,frenchman road4 7c7 ,the main body will follow the advance guard at #a1bjj yards4 7d7 ,the signal troops will establish a line of information along the line of march between the independent cavalry and ,,leavenworth1 one of the stations being at ,,frenchman4 #d4 ,the field train1 escorted by one company #dth ,inf41 will follow the main body as far as ,,frenchman4 #e4 ,the detachment commander will be with the main body until #g a4 m41 and thereafter with the advance guard4 ,,the ,,ending4--8,the ending contains the authentication of the order and a statement of how it is communicated to the command4 ,this statement is an important feature of a field order and is made by the officer signing the order1 he being responsible that it is properly distributed40#ab ,the ending then would appear thus3 ,by order of ,brig4-,gen4 ,forse3 ,j4 ,g4 ,,hamilton1 ,lt4 ,col4 #ast ,inf41 ,act4 ,chief of ,staff4 ,copies to ,colonels ,adams and ,byron1 commanders of artillery and engineers1 and to staff2 to division commander by wire4 ,the various parts of the field order1 when assembled1 appear as follows3 ,det4 #bast ,div4 #abth ,corps1 ,field ,orders3 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 ,no4 #bb4 #i ,dec4 #bh1 #h-ae p4 m4 7,geological ,survey ,sheet47 ,troops4 7a7 ,independent #a4 ,the enemy's cavalry patrols ,cavalry3 have been seen north of ,col4 ,adams4 ,,kickapoo4 ,his infantry #ast #b;d ,sqs4 #ast and artillery are reported ,cav4 at ,,atchison4 7less #a troop74 ,our division is #h miles south of ,,leavenworth4 #b4 ,this detachment will march tomorrow to ,,kickapoo4 7b7 ,advance ,guard3 ,col4 ,byron4 #c4 7a7 ,the ,independent ,cavalry #ast ,inf4 will start at #e-cj a4 m41 #a ,troop1 #ast ,cav4 covering the movement4 ,btry4 ,b1 #eth ,f4 ,a4 ,det4 ,amb4 ,co4 7b7 ,the advance guard will ,no4 #a4 clear the northern exit of ,,leavenworth at #f a4 m41 marching by the ,,atchison ,,cross-,,frenchman road4 7c7 ,main ,body1 in 7c7 ,the main body will follow order of march3 the advance guard at #ast ,bn4 #b;d ,inf4 #a1bjj yards4 #ast ,bn4 #eth ,f4 ,a4 7less #a btry74 7d7 ,the ,signal troops will #ast ,brig4 7less #ast establish a line of information ,inf4 and #ast ,bn4 along the line of #b;d ,inf474 march between the independent #dth ,inf4 cavalry and ,co4 ,a1 ,engrs4 ,,leavenworth1 one 7less det474 of the stations being at ,amb4 ,co4 ,no4 #a ,,frenchman4 7less det474 #ast ,f4 ,hosp4 #d4 ,the field train1 escorted by one company #dth ,infantry1 will follow the main body as far as ,,frenchman4 #e4 ,the detachment commander will be with the main body until #g a4 m41 7d7 ,signal ,troops3 and thereafter with the advance ,lieut4 ,dash4 guard4 #a plat4 ,co4 ,a4 ,by order of ,brig4-,gen4 ,forse3 ,j4 ,g4 ,,hamilton1 ,lt4 ,col41 #ast ,inf41 ,acting ,chief of ,staff4 ,copies to ,colonels ,adams and ,byron1 commanders of artillery and engineers1 and to staff2 to division commander by wire4 ,there are certain ,,special ,,cautions in regard to the writing of the field order4 #a4--,what is required in paragraph #c of the ,body is that the order be logical--coherent4#ac #b4--;,an order tells a subordinate what to do but not how to do it4 #c4--;,conjectures1 expectations1 reasons for measures adopted1 and detailed instructions for a variety of possible events1 do not inspire confidence1 and should be avoided4 #d4--;,as a rule1 an affirmative form of expression is used4 ,such an order as3 8,the supply train will not accompany the division10 is defective1 because the gist of the order depends upon the single word 8not40 ,it is far better to say1 8,the supply train will remain at so-and-so until further orders40 #e4--;,do not use such expressions as 8attempt to capture10 8try to hold10 8as far as possible10 8as well as you can40 ,besides being indefinite1 they divide responsibility4 ,you1 for example1 receive an order 8to try to capture0 a certain position4 ,immediately there pops into your mind the suspicion that the commanding officer did not believe that the place could be taken1 or was not anxious about having it captured4 ,the commanding officer by the very wording of his order has taken on himself a part of the responsibility in the event of a repulse4 ,at least he has not placed all the burden of the undertaking upon you4 ,in the latter case he has been guilty of improper subordination4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,problems ,,in ,,the ,,field ,,order ,after the plan of ,trench of the ,english ,service1 we are going to take up the problems in the construction of the field order along the lines on which tactical situations naturally develop themselves during hostilities4 ,we shall discover that the sequence will not only conform to actual conditions1 but will lead from the more simple to the more complex4 ,we shall1 then1 proceed with1-- 7#a7 ,the ,march ,order4 7#b7 ,the ,attack ,order4 7#c7 ,the ,order for ,position in ,readiness4 7#d7 ,the ,defense ,order4 7#e7 ,the ,retreat ,order4 7#f7 ,the ,pursuit ,order4 7#g7 ,the ,halt ,order4 7#h7 ,the ,outpost ,order4 ,emphasis will be laid upon the march and attack orders1 because they are the most usual and the most critical4 ,in these problems all necessary data will be given4 ,no attempt will be made to mislead in regard to fact4 ,but every attempt will be made to mislead in regard to the expression of the fact4 ,crude violations and mixtures of rhetoric will therefore be found throughout4 ,in arranging his material the student should use his own style and should not attempt to copy phraseology from any military forms4 ,that which is most brief and most unmistakable is best1 no matter who writes the order4 ,note4--,the topographical data will not be found upon the map4 ,the units for which a field order must be written require an area larger than that which our limited sheet provides4 ,the student1 by reading over the problem two or three times ought1 with the aid of his imagination1 to perceive the will of the commander4 7#a7 ,,march ,,orders #a4--,on ,june #ab1 #aibe1 you are ,major ,general ,abercrombie in command of the #afth ,division of the #abth ,army ,corps4 ,you wish your division1 which is in the vicinity of ,bruceville1 to march over to ,littlestown the next day4 ,you want it to cover the base and line of supply for your troops4 ,you want it to do all this because one of your flying corps lieutenants saw from a captive balloon about a division of the enemy pass through ,chambersburg early in the morning4 ,the enemy was marching east and according to the lieutenant was composed of infantry1 cavalry1 field artillery--in fact1 all branches of the service4 ,you finish with this your twenty-second order since ,january #ast at a quarter after ten at night4 ,but just before you finish with your order a ,colonel of ,cavalry on your staff tells you that he personally saw cavalry in ,gettysburg during the evening4 ,you want your advance guard1 which consists of the #ast ,brigade1 #ast ,battalion of the #ast ,field ,artillery1 ,company ,a1 ,first ,battalion of ,engineers1 one section of a ,signal ,company1 and the first ambulance company1 to get past the bridge over ,pipe ,creek at precisely six o'clock and to go along the main road to ,littlestown in its route4 ,the advance guard is to be commanded by ,brigadier ,general ,black4 ,now the main body1 you figure1 will go along in column from front to rear1--one section of the ,signal ,company1 the fourth regiment of ,infantry1 the ,field ,artillery ,brigade without its combat train1 the #b;d ,brigade without the #dth ,infantry1 the third ,brigade1 the ,signal ,company 7,company ,a7 without its detachments1 the first ,battalion of ,engineers without ,company ,a1 the ,field ,artillery ,combat ,train1 and then the second1 third1 and fourth ,ambulance companies4 ,you want this main body to start across the ,pipe ,creek bridge at half past six and you want it to go along keeping a distance of a mile behind the tail of the advance guard4 ,you want to tell your troops1 too1 that you will be with the tail of the reserve of the advance guard4 ,you intend to sign your order yourself and you want copies sent to ,lieutenants ,kingsley and ,lawrence1 and to ,brigade ,generals ,black1 ,dare1 ,evans1 ,colonel ,file1 ,major ,glad1 ,captain ,hume and your staff4 ,you want your trains to follow your main body in order from front to rear3 field trains1 ammunition columns1 supply columns1 field hospitals1 medical reserve1 and pack train4 ,you feel that the man in command of your signal corps should arrange to have radio connection between your independent cavalry and the advance guard4 ,that idea brings up another matter4 ,your independent cavalry1 which will be commanded by ,colonel ,file and which will consist of the #ast ,cavalry and one section of the ,signal ,company1 will have to reconnoiter all the roads which lead out of ,gettysburg and which are between the ,york ,pike and the ,emmitsburg road4 ,you want the cavalry to reconnoiter the ,york ,pike and the ,emmitsburg road1 too4 ,you want this cavalry to maneuver so that they will come in contact with the enemy as soon as practicable4 ,now you want the independent cavalry to do all this because you want it to cover the whole movement of your troops and you think it ought to start out promptly at five o'clock in the morning in order to accomplish its purpose best4 #b4--,on the tenth of ,august1 #aibh1 you are ,colonel ,bruce commanding the #abith regiment of ,infantry which is acting as advance guard to the #eth ,division4 ,on the tenth of ,august at half past five in the morning at the ,penitentiary of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 you sign your #bgth field order4 ,you have in reality dictated it to your officers1 but you sign it as soon as you have finished4 ,you have told them in substance that all but one squad of ,troop ,a1 under command of ,captain ,briggs1 #bast ,cavalry1 would comprise the ,advance ,cavalry2 that the first battalion of the #ast ,infantry1 one squad of ,troop ,a1 #bast ,cavalry1 and a detachment of ,company ,a of the ,engineers under ,major ,chittombly1 would constitute the support2 and that the ,reserve would be ,headquarters and #b;d ,battalion of the #abith ,infantry1 ,battery ,b of the #eth ,field ,artillery1 the third ,battalion of the #abith ,infantry1 and a ,detachment of ,ambulance ,company1 ,number #a4 ,you assembled all the officers of your command when you dictated your order and you told them that the troops of the command would march in order as stated above4 ,you told them that you would stay with the reserve and would march near its head4 ,you stated that the field train would assemble at the first cross-roads to the south and there wait under command of ,captain ,phillips1 the ,quartermaster of the #ast ,infantry1 for the field train of the main body and would join that field train as it passed4 ,the main body was to come along so that the head of it would be just a half mile behind the tail of the ,reserve of the ,advance ,guard4 ,the whole of the ,advance ,guard you want to march on ,kickapoo1 because the enemy which someone had reported to have camped near ,atchison the night before1 and is composed of all branches of the service1 has cavalry patrols out which were seen in the vicinity of ,kickapoo yesterday4 ,you wish the point of the support to begin the march at a quarter to six in the morning4 ,it is to go by the general route which marks the turning points ,atchison ,cross1 ,frenchman1 ,kickapoo1 along a continuous stretch of road4 ,so that the ,advance ,cavalry will have time to get ahead1 you want it to leave camp at once and march by way of ,atchison ,cross to ,kickapoo4 ,this proceeding is necessary because you want all the country west of the line of march to the extent of three miles very carefully observed4 ,you want ,sheridan's ,drive to be observed carefully also4 ,you want the reserve to follow the support so that there will be #hjj yards distance between it and the tail of the support4 ,you send a copy of the order to your ,division ,commander4 #c4--,on the thirty-first of ,may1 #aica1 you are ,major ,general ,perkins in command of the #afth ,division1 #bb;d ,corps4 ,war has just broken out and not any of your army has crossed the frontier as yet4 ,however1 it is going to do so on the next day1 and the #bb;d ,corps is going to march on ,thurmont and ,frederick4 ,your division has been ordered to cover the left of the whole army4 ,your independent cavalry in command of ,colonel ,frank and composed of the #aath ,cavalry and the first radio section of the ,signal ,corps1 is to be followed by the ,advance ,guard under command of ,brigadier ,general ,blood4 ,the advance guard is composed of the first ,brigade1 the first battalion of the first field artillery1 a company of the first ,battalion of ,engineers1 the first ,ambulance ,company1 and one radio section of the ,signal ,company4 ,you sign your order at eight in the evening and send copies to ,brigadier ,generals ,blood1 ,cook1 ,dean1 ,enfield1 ,colonel ,frank1 ,major ,good1 ,captain ,harry1 by officers4 ,you also furnish copies to your staff4 ,you decide to have your division march on ,gettysburg in order to carry out your mission4 ,your main body is going to start at seven in the morning and will march in the following order3 one section of the ,signal ,company1 the first battalion of the #dth ,infantry1 all but one battalion of the first brigade of ,field ,artillery1 all of the second ,brigade but the first battalion of the #dth ,infantry1 the entire third ,brigade1 all but one company of the first battalion of engineers1 ,signal ,company ,a without certain detachments mentioned before1 the field artillery combat trains1 and three ambulance companies4 ,you want the advance guard to be up and out of camp at half past six in the morning4 ,it is to march by the ,chambersburg ,pike on ,gettysburg and to be followed by the main body with a mile between the two units4 ,the independent cavalry is to be up and out of camp by six o'clock in the morning4 ,you want your trains to follow your main body five miles behind it and you want them to follow in this order3 field trains1 first section of the supply trains1 ammunition column1 the remainder of the supply trains1 field hospitals1 medical reserve1 pack train4 ,you want your independent cavalry to advance on ,gettysburg4 ,you want your independent cavalry to reconnoiter all the roads which run out of ,gettysburg to the south and east and you want them to get in touch with the cavalry of the corps as soon as possible4 ,you are going to march at the forward end of the reserve of the advance guard4 ,when you have signed your order at ,chambersburg where your troops are located1 you have it telegraphed to ,corps headquarters4 #d4--,on ,may the eleventh1 #aidj1 you are in command of the #hth ,division of the #aith ,corps4 ,you are at ,frederick1 ,maryland1 and you want your division to advance toward ,gettysburg and to be a protection to your main army which is going to come through the passes of the mountains in that vicinity4 ,you are going to remain in ,frederick until half past eight the next morning1 and then you are going to go and be with the advance guard at its head4 ,you want your main body to begin to move out when the head is at the first railroad crossing north of the town1 and at ten minutes to seven to follow a mile behind the advance guard which you are going to have march along the ,emmitsburg ,turnpike4 ,the end of the column ought to be across the first railroad crossing north of the town at half past six in the morning4 ,the enemy's main army is near ,baltimore and ,washington4 ,you have heard from pretty good sources that a part of his army is in such a condition that any immediate movement is rendered out of the question1 though you have reliable word that one of his divisions and possibly more are in fit condition to move toward the frontier4 ,indeed they may have done so1 for already your frontier is being observed by all sorts and kinds of small detachments of the enemy4 ,you want your field trains to come along and get together north of the town as soon as all of the troops have got out4 ,you want them to be divided into two sections and you want the first section to be about two miles in rear of the troops and the second section to come along after the first section with a two mile distance4 ,your main body in order of march will be1 one section of the signal company1 the first battalion of the fourth regiment of infantry1 the first brigade of ,field ,artillery without its first battalion1 all but the first battalion of the second brigade1 all but one company of the first battalion of ,engineers1 ,signal ,company ,a without its detachment1 the field artillery combat train1 and three ambulance companies4 ,you want the river crossings of the ,monocacy and the roads1 railroads1 and in fact all approaches to them from the east to be especially observed by the ,advance ,guard4 ,that body will consist of the first brigade1 the first battalion of the first field artillery1 ,company ,a of the ,engineers1 the first ,ambulance ,company and the first section of the ,signal ,company1 all under command of ,brigadier ,general ,bates4 ,the first section of the field train will have the following order3 field trains2 one section of the supply column2 one wagon company of artillery ammunition2 and one wagon company of small arms ammunition4 ,the second section3 field hospitals1 all but two wagon companies of the ammunition column2 all but one section of the supply column2 medical reserve2 and pack trains4 ,you are going to begin this whole march on the next day4 ,your independent cavalry1 commanded by ,colonel ,fine1 and consisting of the first regiment of ,cavalry and one section of the ,signal ,company is to start out at half past five in the morning and cover your whole movement4 ,you want this cavalry to scout around ,taneytown and see what it can find on the roads which go off from the southeast from there4 ,the whole army of which you are a part aims to take up an advance movement and it plans to get to ,gettysburg on the eighteenth of ,may4 ,this is the second field order you have issued in this campaign4 ,you send copies of it by your aide ,lieut4 ,kill to ,generals ,bates1 ,cutts1 ,dent1 and ,eaton2 by ,lieut4 ,link to ,colonel ,fine1 ,major ,good1 ,captain ,hall1 and to the commander of the trains4 ,you read the order to your staff1 send a copy by mail to ,corps ,headquarters and telegraph a synopsis to the same place4 ,you sign your order at a quarter after nine4 #e4--,on ,june #aj1 #aibe1 you are ,brigadier ,general ,stewart in command of a ,detachment from the ninth division4 ,you are lost4 ,you can find out nothing about the enemy4 ,indeed you can get no wind of where your own troops are4 ,you assemble all your officers and read at ten minutes after five in the morning an order which you have written at ,bonnyville where you are located4 ,you want your whole command to go by way of ,whitehall and move toward ,levere4 ,you want your field train and ammunition wagon companies1 on account of your ignorance of the enemy to park near the western end of the town where the road runs out4 ,they are to make this maneuver after half past six and are to be in readiness to move to the west or to the east4 ,the advance guard under command of ,colonel ,dent1 and composed of all of the second infantry but the third battalion1 is to march on the road past ,st4 ,luke's ,church and then on the same road toward ,whitehall4 ,it is to get past the road fork where the main road goes out of the town at the southeastern edge at twenty minutes to six4 ,you are going to be with the advance guard4 ,you will be up front with the reserve4 ,your independent cavalry is to march at half past four4 ,it consists of the first squadron of the fifth cavalry under command of ,major ,curt4 ,it is going to try to get in touch with the enemy4 ,the main body is to come along after the advance guard so that it will be eight hundred yards from the tail of it4 ,your main body will march in the following order3 third battalion of the second infantry1 first battalion without the reserve1 the third regiment of infantry1 the first regiment of infantry1 the artillery reserve1 the first ambulance company and ,signal ,company ,a4 ,part of your main body is doing outpost duty1 and you have told your officer when you issued your order that when the support of the advance guard reached ,st4 ,luke's ,church the next morning the outpost would stand relieved1 and that it would take its place in column after it had closed in to the road1 when the troops came along4 7#b7 ,,attack ,,orders #f4--,you are ,brigadier ,general ,greene commanding a ,detachment of the #ahth ,division1 and on ,june #aa1 #aife1 you are at the headquarters of your division at ,st4 ,luke's ,church4 ,you receive reliable messages to the effect that the enemy is in your front about two and a half miles away4 ,you determine to attack the left of the enemy and to envelop that flank4 ,you want the cavalry to cover your own left flank1 and you want the cavalry also to send out patrols to keep a lookout on the right4 ,first of all1 though1 you want the battalion of artillery to go south via the ,newman farm and take a position north of the farm4 ,you want the artillery to begin firing as soon as it arrives in the position designated4 ,you have heard from other patrols coming in that the enemy is taking up a position on a hill in your front about the distance away you had previously estimated4 ,you want the first infantry to form the reserve and you want it to follow in rear of the left flank of the third infantry4 ,the third infantry will take up and follow over the same route as the artillery4 ,after crossing ,plum ,creek the whole regiment will move to attack the enemy4 ,the regiment will keep its left near the road which runs past ,piper and ,whitehall4 ,the battalion of artillery when it is moving to its new position should move off the road whenever it is necessary to screen itself from hostile view4 ,the second infantry will attack along the road it is now on4 ,it should not1 however1 advance beyond the ,whitehall ,school ,house until the artillery opens fire4 ,it ought then to help along the attack in support of the third infantry4 ,you sign your message at half past six in the morning4 ,you want your first ambulance company to follow the reserve4 ,when the company gets to ,plum ,creek1 however1 it should stop there and wait until further orders4 ,you hear that your cavalry out in front has defeated the enemy's cavalry and that the enemy's cavalry is fleeing eastward4 ,you wish to incorporate this fact in your order4 ,you will have some one always ready to receive messages at the cross-roads at the ,newman farm if you are not there yourself4 ,you send a copy of this your sixth field order of the campaign by ,lieutenant ,cost to ,major ,call4 ,you read the order at half past six to your commanders of infantry regiments1 artillery battalion1 signal company1 and staff officers4 ,you desire the ,signal ,company to establish a line which will connect you with ,bonnyville1 and you should have a line to your support commander1 who is the commanding officer of the second infantry4 #g4--,you1 on ,september #a1 #aibb1 are at ,kolpatrick ,school ,house4 ,you are in command of the #bhth ,brigade #c;d ,division1 and you issue to your assembled officers by word of mouth the twenty-ninth field order of this campaign at ten minutes after nine in the morning4 ,you send a copy to the ,chief of ,staff of your ,division by an aide4 ,you have just decided to attack a hostile detachment which has just been reported by an officer to be near you and to be about half your strength4 ,in fact this detachment has taken a position on a ridge of long mountains about two and one-half miles straight to the south of you4 ,you wish to communicate to your troops1 also1 that the entire army of which your brigade is a part is engaged in a fight with the enemy2 and that the right of the line of the army is near ,two ,taverns4 ,you do not want the field train to move out and to accompany you in your movement4 ,the third infantry you have decided to make your reserve4 ,it ought to take up some kind of position to the right of the second infantry and in rear of it4 ,the first infantry should move out and should follow the road leading south1 and before any of the others of the troops it ought to attack the enemy in front4 ,you want the first infantry to begin their movement right off and then later on to support the enveloping attack4 ,the enveloping attack you have trusted to the second and third infantry regiments4 ,the second followed by the third is to move out with the artillery on their left4 ,the whole body is to march along ,brush ,run under cover of a ridge of mountains on which you are located until it comes opposite to the ,brush ,run ,school ,house4 ,the artillery1 as you plan it1 is then to go into position west of ,brush ,run ,school ,house1 and to open fire on the enemy4 ,the second infantry is then to deploy1 and it is to deploy so that its right will be about five hundred yards to the left of the artillery's position4 ,the second infantry is then to go right off into an attack on the enemy's right flank4 ,while this body of troops is on the march 7the second1 and third infantries and the artillery71 the commanding officer of the second infantry should see that the necessary precautions are taken against surprise or attack by the enemy4 ,you have decided to be during the attack at the head of the column on the extreme left until it deploys4 ,after that you are going to be with the reserve4 ,the first squadron of the fourth cavalry under your command is going to cover your left in this movement4 ,it should send out strong patrols to the right besides sending them to the left and get in touch with the right of the main army4 ,the ambulance will go along with the third infantry4 ,but when the third ,infantry gets to ,cedar ,ridge1 the ambulance company will not proceed any further4 #h4--,on the #fth of ,january1 #aicj1 you are ,brigadier ,general ,hitt in command of the first ,brigade1 first ,division4 ,you are at ,ode1 ,missouri4 ,you defeated the enemy the day before4 ,you have since heard that he is occupying the line which extends from ,baldwin to the hill south of ,eppley's ,farm4 ,you have an advance guard for your ,brigade and you decide to take up an attack formation which will not necessitate the use of an advance guard any longer4 ,the trains you feel should not be moved from where they are located1 but the ambulance company ought to move toward1 and take a suitable position near1 ,ode4 ,you decide to attack immediately1 and you are going to do so in a way which will cause the enemy's left to be enveloped4 ,you issue the #fast field order of the campaign at half past nine in the morning4 ,you understand from reliable sources1 in fact from officers' patrols1 that there is a large convoy of the enemy parked somewhere in ,farley4 ,you decide that the first infantry ought to take up the main advance against the enemy1 and you think it ought to go in a general direction along the road which runs past ,square ,corners and ,eppley4 ,after the #ast ,infantry has launched its attack it ought to support the attack of the #b;d ,infantry4 ,the #c;d ,infantry is going to send the #b;d ,infantry a machine gun company1 which you think you will have attached to the #b;d ,infantry4 ,the #b;d ,infantry1 you have figured out1 ought to advance1 keeping the ravine near ,meas between itself and the enemy4 ,after it strikes the ravine1 it ought to go along it until the first part of the column approaches and comes up to a point where the ravine starts to bend south4 ,when it has exactly reached that point where the ravine does bend south1 it ought to start out on the enemy's left in an attack4 ,the #b;d ,infantry ought to push this attack with all its might4 ,the #c;d ,infantry will be known as a reserve1 and it will be under your orders2 until further orders it ought to take up a position in some sheltered place to the west of ,square ,corners4 ,before it starts out1 however1 it ought to send its machine gun company1 without further delay1 so that the company may report to the commander of the #ast ,infantry as soon as practicable4 ,you give all this order to your regimental commanders after they have been assembled--in fact1 you read it off to them4 ,with the regimental commanders have been assembled also ,major ,black of the #gth ,field ,artillery1 and the officers in charge of the ambulance company1 and the officers of your staff4 ,you are going to send a copy of this order by the aide to your ,division ,commander4 ,you are going to have a station at the reserve where you will be in touch with any messages that might come in--in fact1 all the messages ought to be sent there4 ,you want the cavalry to cover your left flank1 and you want a strong patrol sent in the general direction of the west and also of the south4 ,before you finished writing this order you found out that the bridges over the ,platte ,river were all destroyed4 ,the ,platte ,river runs along the rear of the enemy4 ,all those bridges which are between ,platte ,city and ,farley you know are destroyed2 you hear also that the enemy is at work repairing them4 ,from all the messages and all sources of information which you can assemble1 you estimate that it will require two or three hours to make these bridges safe for troops4 ,you want the #ast ,battalion of the #gth ,field ,artillery to move out straight to the south and to take up a position #ejj yards south of where you are writing your message4 ,when the artillery gets there1 you want it to open fire just as soon as it can on the enemy's position wherever that might be4 ,you want your artillery to make the enemy's artillery a target1 and to develop that target as soon as possible4 #i4--,on the #agth of ,may1 #aiai1 you are in command of the #ast ,division of the #ahth ,corps4 ,your division is encamped near ,mt4 ,st4 ,mary's4 ,you want your division to attack the enemy right away and you want him to go around so he will develop the left of the enemy4 ,your first ambulance company ought to follow the ,field ,artillery to where ,hampton ,valley starts1 and it ought to stay there until further orders4 ,your second ambulance company you want to go along with and follow the #c;d ,brigade4 ,this ambulance company ought to go as far as the crossing of ,beaver ,branch1 and then it should stay there and not go away until further orders4 ,the third and fourth ambulance companies should not move out at all1 but ought to park somewhere near the road near the place called ,rodey4 ,the field hospitals will not move out at all1 but ought to stay until you send them orders to the contrary4 ,in the place called ,thurmont1 there ought to be a collecting station for the slightly wounded4 ,your first artillery ought to move out at once down ,hampton ,valley and take a position somewhere near the road which runs through ,emmitsburg and along past ,st4 ,joseph's ,academy4 ,the #b;d ,field ,artillery should find a position and take it up somewhere near ,motters4 ,the #c;d ,brigade1 which we found the second ambulance company was to follow1 should move out and then go along by ,motters and launch an attack on the enemy2 the #c;d ,brigade ought to envelop the enemy's left4 ,the left of the #c;d ,brigade ought to rest on the line which runs through the place called ,motters1 and also runs through ,tom's ,creek ,church4 ,the ,brigade ,commander of the #c;d ,brigade will have the general line of the ,monocacy ,creek under observation of mounted men4 ,this line ought to be kept in under observation pretty well south--in fact1 to the mouth of ,hunting ,creek4 ,the main attack will be launched1 as you figured1 all along the front1 which is determined by a line running through ,st4 ,joseph's ,academy and also running through ,long's4 ,the brigade commander of this brigade ought to detail a battalion of infantry2 the special duty of this battalion will be to form an escort for the #ast ,field ,artillery which it will accompany4 ,one wagon company of artillery ammunition will go down to the mouth of ,hampton ,valley4 ,you have heard that there is a great party of the enemy1 which has been estimated at say two-thirds of a division1 and that this big force is assembling and concentrating in rear of the outlying timber4 ,this fringe of timber extends from ,tom's ,creek ,church all the way north to near ,parkersburg4 ,this hostile force averages about #ej yards south of this timber4 ,the first cavalry you feel ought to cover your left4 ,you feel that the reconnaissance that it ought to take up must be strong1 dashing1 and vigorous1 and that it should reconnoiter east of the ,monocacy4 ,you write your order1 which is the third one during the year1 at #i o'clock in the morning4 ,your ,signal ,company will lay a line from the #ast ,field ,artillery to the road-fork1 #ejj yards west of ,round ,corners4 ,a second line will be laid from the #b;d ,brigade to the same road-fork4 ,your leading wagon company of small arms ammunition should be placed just north of ,riley4 ,you want to state to the remainder of your trains that they are not to move out from there until they get orders from you4 ,you send copies of this order to ,majors ,black1 ,cord1 ,darwin1 ,enfield1 ,colonel ,forse1 ,major ,good1 and ,captain ,harrow4 ,you report by telegraph to your ,division ,headquarters what you have said in your order4 ,the #b;d ,brigade is going to be your general reserve2 it should take up a position outside near the cross-roads4 ,this cross-roads that you mean is #a1ejj yards west of ,motters4 ,any messages and reports which are going to come to you1 you want to have reach you at the road-fork1 which is about #b1jjj yards west of the place called ,motters4 #aj4--,you are ,brigadier ,general ,aaron in charge of a detachment of the #ast ,division4 ,you are about to get out your fourth field order of the campaign1 which you issued and signed at ten minutes to seven on the morning of ,october #f1 #aiah4 ,your ,chief of ,staff is ,lieutenant ,bean4 ,the main body1 of which you are a part1 is engaged with the enemy at the present time4 ,the two bodies opposed to each other1 fighting strenuously1 extend from near the ,belmont ,school ,house toward the north4 ,you want the #ast ,infantry to advance via the #ecj-fah road1 and you want it to deploy whenever it is necessary for it to do so4 ,you want it to deploy with its left flank touching the #edh-fah road4 ,after it has done this you want it to attack at the same time that the #b;d ,infantry does4 ,your artillery you want to move out by way of the road which runs through #edb and #eej1 and you want it to go so it will get a position somewhere near the ,hill #fjh2 it will be escorted by the #ast ,battalion of the #b;d ,infantry4 ,you want this artillery to support the attack in the best way it can4 ,the #ast ,battalion of the #b;d ,infantry should take up such formation and movement as will best provide protection for the left of your whole line4 ,the whole of the #b;d ,infantry1 of course1 excepting the first battalion1 will advance by #deb4 ,it will then take a cut across country and then by the road which goes by #edf and #edh4 ,the #b;d ,infantry will attack the enemy's right flank4 ,the cavalry should cover the left of your own troops and make strong reconnaissance of the country to the north and also to the west4 ,a troop of this ,cavalry should be sent over to the right flank of our troops4 ,the work of this troop should be to get into communication and keep communication with your main army by telegraph4 ,you want the ,signal ,detachment to give you wire communications1 or in fact1 any kind of communications which will best keep you in touch with the #ast ,infantry4 ,you are at the cross-roads near ,mt4 ,vernon ,school ,house when you write your order4 ,you have learned that there is a body of the enemy1 a rather large body in fact1 which is going into some position selected near ,granite ,hill4 ,you gain from reliable patrols all the above information1 and also the fact that this detachment of the enemy is about one-half your own strength4 ,you decide that you are going to attack at once this detachment which is just spoken of1 which is going into a position near ,granite ,hill4 ,if it is going into position1 and if it is now only one-half your strength1 you can see that there are two reasons why you must launch your attack with the utmost vigor and celerity1 because the enemy might gain reinforcements1 or a good position in the meantime4 ,you state in your order that you are going to be with the reserve all the time1 and you send copies to all your officers1 especially to ,major ,good who is commanding the cavalry1 and you report what you have done by telegraph to the ,chief of ,staff4 ,you decide to have the #c;d ,infantry be the reserve4 ,if the #c;d ,infantry is the reserve and you are with it1 it ought to be under your orders4 ,the #c;d ,infantry will follow along behind the #b;d ,infantry until the latter regiment deploys4 #aa4--,you are ,major ,general ,plunkitt4 ,on the #c;d of ,september1 #aibc1 you are near the town of ,guldens4 ,you are in command of the #dth ,division of the #abth ,corps4 ,you issue a written order by your ,chief of ,staff1 who is ,lt4 ,col4 ,miley1 at a quarter of eight in the morning of this day4 ,you propose that your division shall make a vigorous attack upon the enemy1 and that you will break through his outpost line4 ,your intention is to go on through with all speed to ,gettysburg4 ,you are going to be near the ,plank ,farm when this is happening4 ,the two troops of cavalry who are now with your advance guard1 or really have just been with your advance guard1 are going to continue covering your left flank as they have been doing4 ,the #c;d ,brigade will march from near the ,i4 ,p4 ,plank ,farm1 and it will proceed north on the road which runs north from that farm4 ,now1 it will keep going on that road until it gets to the woods and then it will advance to the northwest of the railroad1 and go against the enemy4 ,the #b;d ,brigade and ,engineer ,battalion are going to make up the reserve4 ,they are going to be under your orders directly1 and they1 in order to make this attack successful will take a position somewhere under cover northwest of ,granite ,hill4 ,colonel ,field of your cavalry will cover your right flank with those of his regiment who are not covering the left4 ,he ought to assemble his main body right now somewhere on the ,harrisburg road4 ,you are writing this #gth field order since the first of the year at a quarter to eight in the morning when information from officers' patrols comes in that there is only one division of the enemy in ,gettysburg1 and that he has lost heavily by casualties in the fight you have had with it the day before4 ,you learn also at the same time that there is an outpost line of the enemy1 which is extending from ,body ,school ,house to ,mc,allister ,hill4 ,this outpost line crosses the road you are on and your troops are on1 at ,hill #fah2 you find out also that ,wolff ,hill is full of the enemy4 ,the artillery of your command you figure ought to take up some position to the west of ,granite ,hill1 and that it should open fire on the enemy as soon as the enemy has been discovered4 ,the ,signal ,company should connect you and your headquarters with all of the commanders of the first1 third1 and artillery ,brigades4 ,you send copies of all these orders by ,lieut4 ,knight to your four brigade commanders1 and also to the officers in charge of the first section of your train2 you read it off to your staff1 and you send a copy by an orderly to the second section of your train4 ,your ambulance companies are going to park near the right fork of #fag1 and you are going to camp east of this fork1 which is northeast of ,granite ,hill4 ,you want the first sections of your trains to go and park at ,guldens1 and you want the second section not to budge from where it is now stationed4 ,your first brigade should continue its advance along the road you are on1 and when it becomes necessary finally to deploy1 they should deploy across this road4 ,after they have deployed they ought to take up the attack at once and go forward with ,hill #fah as their objective4 ,there are about a thousand of your troops1 you learn1 who are wounded in ,gettysburg2 then1 too1 there are many wounded who are now held as prisoners of war in ,gettysburg where a division of the enemy is stationed1 and where it has lost heavily4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,more ,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,field ,,order 7#c7 ,,order ,,for ,,position ,,in ,,readiness #a4--,you are ,major ,general ,tuttill in command of the #ajth ,division of the #c;d ,corps1 which is at ,taneytown4 ,on ,june #c1 #aieb1 your division has been designated to keep a certain force of the enemy out of a battle which is going to take place with your whole army4 ,this hostile force is directly in your front4 ,you determine therefore to take up a position in readiness on the south side of ,pipe ,creek4 ,you have been encamped with the outpost4 ,you want this outpost and the cavalry which is attached to your command1 to watch out for the retirement of your whole division to this position in readiness4 ,after that1 this whole outpost is to withdraw to ,keymar4 ,they are to get to ,keymar by going over the road through ,bruceville4 ,the commander of the outpost will be notified when he will begin this withdrawal4 ,the enemy1 you have learned1 is directly in your front and has gone into camp along ,piney ,creek near the village of ,piney ,creek toward the north4 ,the third brigade is to start at #d o'clock in the morning and is to march directly to ,keymar1 and the artillery brigade1 all but one battalion1 will start out at the same hour and will go around by ,otterdale mill and will go to ,montunion ,church4 ,the first brigade should march the very same hour with its destination to be near the vicinity of a small amount of woods1 which are about #a1jjj yards in a southerly direction from ,trevanion4 ,your army on this very day crossed the ,monocacy4 ,during the expedition1 they don't meet with very much opposition1 so that they intend on the next day to attack the main body of the enemy which is somewhere in the vicinity of ,mt4 ,ary4 ,your signal company should leave the third brigade4 ,when the signal company gets to ,keymar1 it should connect up that place with the station of the first brigade2 it should put in on this line a station for the artillery brigade4 ,in addition1 the signal company ought to keep up a line of communication with the outpost until the outpost is withdrawn4 ,you1 as the commanding general of this division want to notify all your troops about a certain fact which applies to every one--namely1 that the staff officers should go along with the infantry brigade before mentioned1 and should pick out and mark points which are to be entrenched4 ,your engineer battalion will start to march at the same hour as the other troops mentioned above4 ,they are to strike then across to ,middleburg and then they are to go to places which are to be picked out by the chief of staff1 and when they get to those places they are to assist in the entrenching4 ,you decide that you are going to go to ,taneytown and stay there until the outpost is withdrawn4 ,you want the field trains to start out at three o'clock in the morning1 and these should go along and follow in the course which has been already designated for the respective units to which the field trains belong4 ,these field trains are to cross the ,pipe ,creek and are to assemble at ,woodsburg4 ,all the other columns of the trains will start out at the same hour as the troops4 ,the ammunition columns and the two field hospitals are to halt at ,ladysburg2 all the others halt at ,woodsburg4 ,you issue this order at #aj o'clock in the evening and you sign it yourself1 and you send copies of this1 your #ajth field order of the campaign1 to all officers who come to your headquarters to receive orders4 7#d7 ,,the ,,defense ,,order #b4--,you are ,major ,general ,standish4 ,you have just received word that the enemy to which you are opposed has been very heavily reenforced and has now about two divisions in the town of ,taneytown4 ,your main army is not going to leave until the #aith1 and then it will get as far as ,marshall probably4 ,you are in command of the #bast division of the #hth corps1 and you are south of ,emmitsburg on the #agth day of ,may1 #aide4 ,you decide that you can't do anything else but take up a defensive position4 ,you accordingly want to make your division occupy a position extending from ,mc,kee ,knob to the northeast4 ,you want the second brigade1 which is going to be reenforced by the first cavalry and also by the #b;d battalion1 #ast field artillery to cover this movement1 to take up a defensive position4 ,general ,calhoun of the second brigade has to put in place of the infantry of his brigade on the southern line of outpost1 certain cavalry patrols4 ,these cavalry patrols will come from two corps which have been sent to ,general ,calhoun1 or at least have been ordered to report to him at ,motters at one o'clock in the morning4 ,general ,calhoun should relieve the outpost of the third brigade at two o'clock in the morning1 and of the first at three o'clock in the morning4 ,the first brigade1 after its outpost is relieved1 should immediately take up the march1 going up the road which runs through ,emmitsburg and ,liberty ,hall ,school ,house4 ,it should halt when it gets northeast of #fef4 ,general ,calhoun has to be placed in command in order to carry out his part of the situation as to certain other troops--in fact1 the #b;d battalion of the #ast field artillery1 and the #ast cavalry1 should now become a part of his command4 ,the #b;d battalion of the #ast field artillery is at the northeastern outskirts of the town of ,emmitsburg1 and the #ast cavalry has its headquarters at ,fairplay2 he will begin to command these troops at two o'clock in the morning4 ,you write1 at #aa o'clock at night1 your sixth field order and send copies by ,lieut4 ,fright to ,generals ,byrd1 ,carr1 ,dale1 and to ,colonel ,fink and ,captain ,hervey4 ,you read the message off to your staff and report by telegraph to army headquarters what you have done4 ,you decide to have your third brigade1 after this outpost is relieved1 march by way of ,emmitsburg from ,four ,points4 ,then the brigade is to march by the road just east of ,mc,kee ,knob to a position half a mile north of #ehg2 there the brigade will halt4 ,general ,calhoun should delay the crossing of the river by the enemy4 ,he should do this as much as he is able1 but he should not become too closely engaged with the enemy4 ,you decide that you will be at ,emmitsburg until after #e o'clock in the morning2 then you are going to be at ,liberty ,hall ,school ,house4 ,the signal company will take up what lines it has laid down after two o'clock in the morning4 ,then one-half of the company will report to ,brigadier ,general ,calhoun1 and the remainder of the signal company will proceed to join the #c;d brigade4 ,you want your entire command to know that there is to be on no occasion any unnecessary noise and that this noise is to be avoided at all hazards4 ,you do not wish a bugle call to be sounded before the sun rises4 #c4--,on the #dth of ,june1 #aifd1 you are ,major ,general ,boswell in command of the first division of the fourth army corps4 ,your division is west of ,gettysburg4 ,you hear that the enemy in your front is at ,cashtown and has been heavily reenforced4 ,the troops for these reenforcements have come from his main army4 ,this gives you the idea that you had better take up a defensive position2 you had better take up this position astride the road which you now are on and you must hold this position throughout the day4 ,your third brigade should start right away to make preparations for the defense4 ,they should take up a line in their defense preparations extending from somewhere east of ,seven ,stars1 and should continue this line to the southwest for about three-quarters of a mile4 ,the first cavalry should send two platoons to report to the ,major who commands the engineer battalion near ,moonsburg4 ,these should be sent if the enemy advance in force1 and they should be sent with the patrol on your right flank4 ,the main body of this cavalry should patrol the left of your line to cover it4 ,the #b;d brigade will prepare for defense a line extending from near ,seven ,stars northwest4 ,it should extend this line until it reaches the farm road which crosses the ridge4 ,the #ast brigade will be the reserve4 ,they are going to be under your direct orders2 they should therefore remain midway between ,knoxburg and #eig4 ,there is a road fork there where they should stay4 ,the engineer battalion will go at once and prepare the high ground southwest of ,moonsburg for defense1 and in this defense which they will make at this point1 they are to act as a right flank guard4 ,the ambulance companies will be held near the north end of ,herr ,ridge4 ,you have a second field hospital which you have established at ,gettysburg and you want it to stay there4 ,you want your first1 third1 and fourth field hospitals at the western outskirts of ,gettysburg4 ,you want these first1 third1 and fourth field hospitals to assemble by the road somewhere there4 ,company ,a of your signal corps you decide to have lay certain lines4 ,all these lines should go from the position of the reserve to the second field artillery1 and on this line there should be a station so that the commander of the second brigade could cut in1 and then ,company ,a also should lay a line from the first field artillery to the reserve4 ,on this line also1 the commander of the third brigade should have a station where he can go4 ,the signal company also ought to arrange to have receiving stations for flag signals for the engineer battalion1 and ought to do the same thing for the cavalry on the left flank4 ,two wagon companies of small arms ammunition should be held near #ehe1 and another wagon company of artillery ammunition near #ehg4 ,you are going to be at ,division ,headquarters at #eig4 ,your second field artillery should set out at once to the road leading southwest about half a mile from ,moonsburg2 it should move around the ,moonsburg road to do this4 ,it should then go by this road1 which leads southwest1 to an intersection of that road to the next farm road4 ,the ,colonel of the second field artillery should prepare a position in this vicinity which would be capable of supporting the entire line of defense when this line was attacked4 ,the first field artillery should go about half a mile south of this camp2 it should proceed around by the road parallel to the ,chambersburg road1 and should go as far as a point one mile south of ,seven ,stars4 ,when it gets there it should select and prepare a position to support the defense4 ,you want all the other trains which you have not mentioned not to move out from where they are1 but want them to be ready to move in any direction at your command4 ,you know that your main army is going to attack the weaker hostile force1 which is in its front1 on the very morning your order is issued4 ,you also know that if your own army is successful in this attack1 it will send you later some reenforcements if you really need them4 ,you write this order at twenty minutes of five in the morning4 ,you send copies of this1 your sixth field order1 since the beginning of the campaign1 to all officers who have been sent under your order to receive them4 7#e7 ,,retreat ,,order #d4--,on ,may the #b;d1 #aiai1 at #d a4 m41 you wish copies of this your #abth field order since the beginning of the year sent to the commanders of the first brigade1 the artillery brigade1 and the #ajth cavalry by ,lieut4 ,alber2 to the commanders of the second brigade1 the engineer battalion1 the signal company1 and the chief surgeon by ,captain ,cutts2 to the commander of the third brigade1 and to ,major ,quincy by ,sgt4 ,donohue4 ,your name is ,major ,general ,slump4 ,you are in command of the second division of the third army corps4 ,your division is at ,platte ,city1 ,missouri4 ,there are two divisions of the enemy who are coming down against ,platte ,city from the north4 ,you know this to be reliable information1 and you know1 also1 that one division of the enemy went into camp last night before you found out that the outposts of that division were six miles north of ,tracy on the road that runs through ,tracy and ,severn4 ,the other division1 you know1 camped six miles further to the north4 ,you give1 in your order1 the direction that the first brigade is to take up a position on the west end of the farm road which runs west from ,nile4 ,you want this brigade to be prepared to make all sorts of resistance--in fact1 you want it to delay the enemy's advance1 and to hold this position until you order it to retire further4 ,you decide really that your whole division should go into a position west of the ,platte river4 ,your idea is that it should hold back the enemy there1 and should hold it back sufficiently until the trains can be withdrawn4 ,when the trains are all withdrawn1 then you ought to be able to make an orderly retreat in the general direction of the ,nile4 ,at the crack of dawn the next day1 you figure that the cavalry ought to begin going out and looking for the enemy with all possible speed and vigilance4 ,and then1 too1 you think that the cavalry ought to look out especially for your left flank4 ,your second brigade should start out at ten minutes to five the next morning4 ,it should go to 8,e0 and should close up off the road near 8,e10 and should march by the ,b-,d road4 ,this brigade is to be the second line and it should take up such a position and be in such a state as to hold back any movement of the enemy which should come in this direction4 ,if it is going to be necessary1 this second brigade ought to cover the troops of the first line who are withdrawing4 ,the engineer battalion should be ready to march out at half past four2 it ought to follow immediately behind the artillery brigade until the engineer battalion gets somewhere beyond ,tracy4 ,the signal company will be ready to march at twenty-five minutes of five and to follow the battalion of engineers until the signal company gets to the southeast corner of ,tracy4 ,the advance should move out in this way3 the supply trains1 the ammunition columns1 the bridge train1 and the field hospital will march at a quarter of four and they should march toward ,leavenworth4 ,they should go by the road that runs two miles east of ,platte ,city through #ef and #ed4 ,the field train of the first brigade will clear 8#ae0 at #d o'clock4 ,the field train of the second brigade1 the engineer battalion1 the signal company1 ambulance companies1 and division headquarters1 in the order named1 will move out toward #ef at half past five in the morning4 ,these trains just enumerated will follow the division trains4 ,the baggage of the third brigade1 and the artillery brigade will proceed to ,leavenworth and will go by the road which runs through #ef and #ed4 ,the baggage will go any prescribed distance as far as #ej2 during this move it will follow the third brigade4 ,you want ,major ,quincy to be put in charge of all the division trains--in fact1 you want him to be put in charge of all the trains that join his column1 and you want him to regulate the march4 ,you want messages sent to you between five o'clock in the morning and the time of the withdrawal of the first line to the small orchard which is between #ac and #ae4 ,after that time you want messages sent to you at 8#ab40 ,one section of your artillery ammunition1 and one section of your small arms ammunition are to be at a point between #ej and #eb at six o'clock in the morning4 ,all the other sections of the ammunition column will be on the road between ,alexander and 8#ej0 after one o'clock in the morning4 ,the ambulance companies will march at #e3cj a4 m41 and park by the road near 8,b40 ,the road fork at 8#ad0 will be the collecting station for the slightly wounded4 ,the artillery brigade will get into position as follows3 one regiment about one mile north of 8#ae10 the other somewhere near a mile north on the road #a1ajj yards northwest of #ac4 ,the artillery command should open fire as soon as the enemy is seen anywhere1 or1 in any strength1 at any time4 7#f7 ,,pursuit ,,order #e4--,you are ,major ,general ,jervey in command of the #abth division #fth corps4 ,you have just defeated the enemy1 and you have defeated him so badly that he is retreating in great disorder in the direction of ,gettysburg4 ,you are near ,cashtown when you issue your #abth field order of the campaign4 ,it is twenty minutes to four in the afternoon1 ,june #ab1 #aibe1 when you issue to your brigade commanders1 and to ,lt4 ,col4 ,miles1 ,colonel ,forse1 ,major ,good1 and ,captain ,harrow copies of your order4 ,you decide to pursue the enemy without any delay4 ,you want your second brigade1 which is now without the #fth infantry which ordinarily belongs to that brigade1 to reform itself1 and you want the second brigade at half past four to follow the third brigade in the general direction of ,gettysburg4 ,the third brigade1 which is under the command of ,brigadier ,general ,dunn1 you think ought to advance at once4 ,you are going to reenforce it1 however1 with the second infantry1 the second field artillery1 and the first cavalry4 ,the third brigade ought1 by all reasonable surmise1 to drive the enemy inside of ,gettysburg or even beyond ,gettysburg4 ,after the third brigade with this reenforcement has done so1 it ought to seize the whole of the ,mc,pherson ,ridge and hold it4 ,two companies from the second brigade ought to be detailed to report to the division surgeon there4 ,they should assist him in policing all the field4 ,you are going to be at ,seven ,stars as soon as you can get there and you are going to start at five o'clock4 ,all but one squadron of the first cavalry will move out by the north of ,gettysburg4 ,you plan that it shall be the first cavalry's object to interrupt communication and delay traffic on the railroad there1 and then it ought to reconnoiter in the general direction of the east4 ,the first brigade you think ought to follow the first field artillery4 ,the first brigade you figure should select two companies from its organization and detail them to report to the division surgeon4 ,those two companies should assist in policing all the battle-field4 ,the first field artillery will follow the second brigade3 this regiment should detail an officer and thirty men1 and this officer and thirty men ought to do the same thing as the two companies from the first brigade were detailed to do4 ,the division will have entire charge of the policing of the field4 ,a field hospital ought to be established at ,cashtown4 ,cars will be available for the division surgeon by five o'clock at ,ortanna4 ,the evacuation of the wounded1 therefore1 should be through ,ortanna4 ,the whole of the first battalion of engineers will report to the division surgeon and go under his orders4 7#g7 ,,halt ,,order #f4--,you are ,brigadier ,general ,short2 you are in command of a detachment from the first division4 ,you have just decided that your whole command should go into camp for the whole night4 ,your command is at ,bonnyville4 ,you want to let your troops know that your cavalry has come in contact with hostile cavalry1 and that this attack was made near ,whitehall4 ,about an hour after the issue of your message your cavalry drove back the hostile cavalry toward ,littlestown4 ,you want the second infantry to camp in a field southwest of the town in which your division is now located4 ,you want your first battalion of your fourth artillery to camp in a field northwest of the same town4 ,you understand from a patrol which has just reported to you1 that at noon a column of the enemy was on the march going west1 and that at that time the advance guard of this column of the enemy was at ,center ,school ,house4 ,you decide to place the first infantry in a camp northwest of ,sweet ,home ,school ,house4 ,there this first infantry is to establish an outpost4 ,the outpost is to extend from ,hill #fbg on the north1 along through ,st4 ,luke's ,church up into a place called ,coshun4 ,you want to notify the first infantry of your command1 that in case it is attacked1 the line which has just been designated will be the one to be held4 ,your third infantry you want to have camp in a field north of the town in which you are4 ,you want your field trains to join their organizations2 that is1 the organization to which they ordinarily belong1 and you want this done right away4 ,you yourself at your own headquarters are going to camp where the main street comes out of the western end of this town at which you are located4 ,at one o'clock in the afternoon of ,june #b1 #aicj1 you deliver this order verbally to your advance guard commander1 to all your columns of infantry1 to your artillery commander1 and all your staff2 you send one of your aides with a copy of the order to ,major ,kline of the fifth cavalry1 ,captain ,quigley who is in charge of the train1 and to ,captain ,supple of the signal corps4 ,this is the #gth field order you have written in this campaign4 ,signal ,company ,a is to be camped west of the second infantry1 and the first ambulance company is to be near the signal company4 ,all the ammunition companies are to be camped near the farm house called ,lawrence4 ,the first squadron of the #eth cavalry ought1 you figure1 to camp somewhere near and west of the artillery4 #g4--,the enemy has been retreating2 he is continuing his retreat4 ,your troops know that he has been retreating1 but they do not know that he is continuing his retreat4 ,in fact1 he is retreating in great disorder4 ,he is retreating in such great disorder that he is offering no show of resistance to any of your troops who are pursuing him4 ,you are ,major ,general ,plight in command of the first division of the first army corps4 ,you are on the ,baltimore ,turnpike near ,white ,run4 ,you decide to have your advance guard camp north of ,two ,taverns and to establish an outpost line4 ,they are to have a line of observation and keep on the alert on that line of observation which will extend from ,bonnyville through ,germantown to the cross-roads at #efh4 ,the first brigade will come between the two branches of ,white ,run1 which are north of the road just mentioned4 ,the artillery brigade1 with one battalion gone1 will camp along the road which runs through the western branch of ,white ,run4 ,the ambulance companies1 you figure1 should camp south on the road just mentioned and west of ,white ,run4 ,your division headquarters you decide to have placed west of the farm house4 ,this farm house is located west of where the road you are on crosses over ,rock ,creek4 ,you wish to tell your command that orders will be issued from these headquarters at nine o'clock4 ,your whole command1 you decide1 should halt for the whole night4 ,your second brigade should camp just north of the road where you are located1 and just west of a road known by the name of ,low ,dutch4 ,this #b;d brigade should have a detached post which it will detail for outpost duty4 ,such a post should be in observation of the cross-roads at #ecj4 ,this cross-roads is just west of the ,mt4 ,vernon ,school ,house4 ,the engineer battalion should camp south of the road you are on and east of ,white ,run4 ,the signal company should camp at a spot where the road you are on goes across ,rock ,creek4 ,you want the signal company to lay a wire from there to the outpost1 and you want the signal company to have a station on this wire or line at a place indicated by #dhi4 ,you want your outpost to know that if they are attacked they will be supported by you4 ,you give copies of this order to the officers who are sent from the various commands to get the orders4 ,you issue the order at a quarter after two in the afternoon of ,june #b1 #aice4 ,they are the #ggth field orders you have issued in this campaign4 ,your field trains ought to join their commands right off4 ,you want the remaining trains to go into park on the main battle-field of ,gettysburg4 ,you decide that issues of supplies will be best made from the supply column and that these issues should be made at half past five in the morning4 ,the place you decide from which such issues should be made is #ebc4 ,your supply wagons1 which have been emptied1 ought to proceed to ,ortanna for the night4 ,there they should fill up with supplies and come back and join early the next day4 7#h7 ,,the ,,outpost ,,order #h4--,you are ,colonel ,fluke of the #iith infantry1 and you are located near ,bonnyville4 ,you decide to establish an outpost1 and you decide that your regiment should go into camp in the vicinity of ,sweet ,home ,school ,house4 ,the outpost should extend from ,hill #fbg at the northern extremity1 and then go on through ,st4 ,luke's ,church1 and should extend to the right fork at #ehg at its southern extremity4 ,this road fork at #ehg is south of the ,coshun place4 ,you want the line of support to be held if you are attacked4 ,your line of support will be at one1 two1 three1 four1 and five1 in order4 ,your support ,no4 #a will take a position near the road fork at #ehg1 about a mile southwest of ,bonnyville4 ,this support will cover the sector from the stream on the west to the first stream on its east both inclusive4 ,frequent patrols will be made to the ,baltimore ,turnpike4 ,you issue this1 your first field order1 at half past one on the afternoon of ,june #b1 #aiej4 ,you deliver this order in person by reading it after you have assembled all your field officers1 your staff officers1 and your company commanders4 ,you decide that you will be at the ,sweet ,home ,school ,house during the continuation of the outpost4 ,your cavalry on this very day came in contact with some cavalry of the enemy4 ,about noon at ,whitehall this occurrence took place4 ,there your cavalry drove back the enemy's cavalry toward ,littlestown4 ,from reliable patrols you get a report that at noon1 the very same time that this occurrence took place1 a large column of the enemy was seen to be coming west4 ,the head of the advance guard of this platoon of the enemy was then at ,center ,school ,house4 ,your ,support ,no4 #a1 in command of ,captain ,link1 will consist of ,company ,g and four mounted scouts4 ,support ,no4 #c1 you decide to go into a position near ,st4 ,luke's ,church4 ,it ought to be responsible for the sector of ground which you designate to extend from the stream about #ejj yards south of ,st4 ,luke's ,church1 on to a farm house #a1jjj yards northeast from a point #ejj yards south of ,st4 ,luke's ,church4 ,you wish to include both these extremities in the sector of ,support ,no4 #c4 ,support ,no4 #c ought to patrol the road which runs past ,whitehall ,school ,house4 ,the reserve ought to camp near the ,sweet ,home ,school ,house4 ,support ,no4 #e should take a position on the north slope ,hill #fbg2 the duty of ,support ,no4 #e ought to consist of connecting with ,support ,no4 #c1 and of covering by their observations the road forks of #fja and #eih4 ,support ,no4 #e will consist of #b;d ,lieut4 ,prince and the first section of ,company ,i4 ,support ,no4 #d should go and take a position at a point on the ,hanover road4 ,this point is the place where the ,hanover road joins with the ,bihl farm road4 ,support ,no4 #d will cover the ground around ,support ,no4 #c1 and the road fork at #eig4 ,this road fork is north of ,square ,corners4 ,support ,no4 #d will include in its observations the points mentioned as the extremities of this section4 ,support ,no4 #b should take a position somewhere near the road fork of #fag2 this road fork is just about a mile and a quarter south of the camp where you are4 ,support ,no4 #b should cover the territory which is included in the ground around the stream1 which is west on the road for #fag1 to a point #ejj yards east of this road fork4 ,the reserve should consist of the first infantry1 of which five companies will already have been taken out1 and also fourteen scouts4 ,you want the wagons of the field trains to go ahead right away and join the organizations to which they ordinarily belong4 ,support ,no4 #c is to be under the command of ,captain ,nutt1 and is to consist of ,company ,h and six mounted scouts4 ,those wagons of the field trains1 which belong to the companies in support1 will join the wagons of the regimental headquarters2 they will do this by eight o'clock in the evening4 ,support ,no4 #c1 under the command of ,captain ,nelson1 will consist of ,company ,i1 excepting the first section1 and two mounted orderlies4 ,support ,no4 #b1 under the command of ,major ,king1 will consist of the second battalion1 all except ,companies ,g and ,h and will also consist of four mounted scouts4 ,you want to tell your troops that your brigade to which your regiment belongs is about to go into camp in the vicinity of ,bonnyville4 ,,march ,,orders ,,with ,,advance ,,and ,,rear ,,guard #i4--,on the #dth of ,september1 #aief1 you are ,major ,britton4 ,you are in command of the fourth division of the #aith army corps and you are about to issue an order which will keep your division on the march on the next morning2 you have been marching4 ,at #aj o'clock at night you issue your order near ,abbottstown1 stating that you yourself are going to be at the head of your main body4 ,you feel that you should march in the general direction of ,york on the next day4 ,your main body in this order of march will consist of the first infantry1 of the second battalion of the #hth field artillery1 of the third brigade1 of signal company 8,d10 and of the four ambulance companies4 ,your main body should move out so as to come along behind the advance guard1 so that the tail of the advance guard will be #a1jjj yards ahead of the head of the main body itself4 ,wagon trains should move out so that they in turn will come along behind the main body1 so that the head of the lead horses will be #a1jjj yards behind the tail of the main body4 ,you are in such a position between two large forces of the enemy that you must have a rear guard4 ,this rear guard will be in command of ,major ,general ,huff4 ,it will consist of the first cavalry division1 of the second brigade1 of the #gth field artillery1 of the #dth battalion of engineers1 and of the #ast1 #b;d1 and #c;d ambulance companies4 ,you hear that the enemy has probably been reenforced and that this reenforcement probably consists of a brigade of cavalry4 ,you also hear1 just when you issue this1 your #gth field order of the campaign1 that there are some hostile infantrymen near ,york1 say1 about a brigade4 ,the rear guard1 you figure1 ought indeed to keep the enemy in check4 ,a rear guard of this nature ought to resist any advancement on the part of the enemy until your advance guard can open a road through ,york4 ,the first cavalry division1 you have knowledge1 is bivouacking near where you are4 ,it has1 indeed1 reported for duty in connection with the work of the division4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the idea of the last two chapters has been to put a jumbled military decision into good working form4 ,the object has not been to solve tactical problems1 but rather to put the ideas correctly expressed into their logical places4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,verbal ,,field ,,order 8,the initial combat orders of a division are almost invariably written2 those of the brigade are generally so4 ,the written order is preferable and is used wherever time permits4 ,subsequent orders are likewise written either as field orders or messages40#ad ,in chapters ,,vii and ,,viii we actually practiced the expression of the field orders for the higher units4 ,we illustrated to ourselves how difficult it was to express disordered and straggling thoughts in the most direct way4 ,we did this work for two purposes3 first1 to gain facility in dealing with language1 and second1 to go through with a part of the mental process demanded of commanders in the field4 ,we should have found out how perplexing it is to put the new-born decision into form4 ,we now progress in our development to a more difficult performance4 ,we are going to discard our pencil4 ,just as we took up the practice of speaking a field message after we had been drilled in writing it1 so here we are going to learn to dictate the field order after we have been schooled in composing it4 8,the initial combat orders of regiments and smaller units are given verbally4 ,for this purpose the subordinates for whom the orders are intended are assembled1 if practicable1 at a place from which the situation and plan can be explained4 ,subsequent orders are verbal or are in the form of verbal or written messages40#ae ,the verbal field order1 then1 may be divided into two classes3 7#a7 ,the initial combat order4 7#b7 ,the subsequent order1 in the form of a field message4 ,number #a follows implicitly the sequence of the body of the written field order4 ,number #b follows the form of the written or verbal message4 ,what really happens in action is this4 ,a regiment or battalion commander1 after he has arrived at a decision by way of his estimate of a situation1 assembles his subordinate officers4 ,he recites to them his order4 ,he points out on the map and on the ground the various places to which he refers in his order4 ,he gives an opportunity1 when he has finished1 for his officers to ask questions4 ,he then dismisses them4 ,the asking of questions is delaying4 ,it mars efficiency2 and it points either to faulty expression on the part of the commander or to inattention on the part of his audience4 ,after the subordinates have returned to their commands and have set out upon the accomplishment of the mission1 it is of course impossible to reassemble them during the progress of the engagement4 ,often1 too1 the colonel or major desires to issue instructions to but one or two officers of the command at a time4 ,number #b1 therefore1 becomes the natural means of communication until the conflict is over or the situation is passed4 ,when a new situation arises the commander assembles his officers as before1 and the procedure throughout is repeated4 ,let us suppose1 now1 that a colonel1 faced with a new or changed situation1 wishes to make his will known to his subordinates4 ,when his officers are assembled he speaks as follows3 8,it is reliably reported that two battalions of the enemy are entrenching on that hill 7he points out the hill7 one mile to the southeast of here4 ,their position extends from the ,jordan ,river to the ,wellington ,road1 both inclusive4 ,our main body is at ,tarrytown4 7,he points toward ,tarrytown both on the ground and map47 ,we will attack at once enveloping the enemy's left4 ,the ,first ,battalion will attack the hostile trenches from the ,jordan ,river1 exclusive1 to the ,darlington ,house1 exclusive4 ,the ,second ,battalion will attack the hostile trenches from the ,darlington ,house1 inclusive1 to the west1 and will envelop the enemy's right4 ,the ,third ,battalion and machine gun companies1 in reserve1 will follow the ,second ,battalion4 ,ambulances and combat wagons will assemble at ,main ,station4 ,battalions will maintain semaphore communications with the reserve where ,i shall be40 ,the ,regimental ,adjutant writes down this order immediately after its issue1 gives it its proper heading and ending1 and files it away4 ,it thus becomes a written field order and a part of the records of the regiment4 ,copies of it are sent to higher commanders4 ,let us imagine that the attack is well under way1 and that the regiment is holding its own1 but is not progressing as it should4 ,the colonel decides to increase the size of the enveloping body4 ,he therefore calls a staff officer to him and says3 8,go over to ,major ,swift1 in command of the third battalion1 and tell him to send ,k and ,l ,companies to extend our right4 ,repeat40 ,the staff officer replies1--8,i am to go to ,major ,swift1 in command of the third battalion and am to say to him that the ,regimental ,commander directs him to have ,k and ,l ,companies extend the right of our line40 ,we must notice that the initial field order1 when spoken1 has exactly the same arrangement and brevity of expression as when written4 ,of course1 the heading and ending are omitted4 ,but the distribution of troops1 if necessary for small units1 would follow what would be paragraph #b in a written order4 ,the relation which exists between the verbal and written message holds true in principle for the field order4 ,in the following problems read over the matter several times4 ,put it in orderly arrangement in your mind before you speak4 ,then utter it in the most brief and unmistakable form4 ,cautions4--7#a7 ,only oral solutions will prove valuable in working these problems4 ,the student should make only such notes as will enable him to carry the problem in his mind4 ,proper notes would include the organizations1 their present situations1 etc4--things which an actual commander would know as a matter of course4 7#b7 ,once begun on the order1 the student should pay no heed to a false start1 but should continue to the end4 ,it is better to remake the entire order1 than to patch the faults4 ,he should not permit himself to change a previous statement1 begin a new sentence in the midst of an unfinished one1 or hesitate unreasonably4 ,he must take care not only to express the matter in proper form1 but also to enunciate so distinctly that any one within hearing may understand him4 ,intentional rhetorical errors will be found in the problems which follow4 ,watch for them4 ,,problems ,,in ,,the ,,verbal ,,field ,,order #a4--,you are ,colonel ,foote1 halted with your regiment in ,goldenville4 ,you have previously sent out ,lieutenant ,lasker toward ,gettysburg for information4 ,he has just sent you a message4 ,you have made up your mind from the facts in his message that you will march south at once and that you will march in the direction of ,gettysburg4 ,you desire the first battalion and the ,machine ,gun ,company to be the ,advance ,guard for your regiment4 ,the remainder of the regiment will follow the first battalion in order as follows3 second battalion1 third battalion1 band1 and ambulances4 ,the field trains are not to move out but are to stay behind until they get orders from you4 ,they are to remain at ,texas4 ,the message from ,lieutenant ,lasker stated that about a regiment of the enemy was throwing up intrenchments north of ,penn ,college4 ,the message also stated that about half of the regiment of the enemy consisted of recruits4 ,you want the main body of your regiment to follow the tail of the ,advance ,guard so that there will be a distance of a half mile between the tail of the ,advance ,guard and the head of the main body4 ,you want to notify your troops where the ,regimental ,headquarters will march so that the troops will know where to send messages4 ,you decide to have the ,headquarters march between the ,advance ,guard and the main body4 ,the ,advance ,guard is to march at once and it is to proceed south by way of the ,hamilton ,farm and the ,boyd ,school ,house4 ,you assemble your majors1 their staffs and your staff1 and you issue verbally the decision which you have just made4 ,you issue it in the shape of a verbal order4 #b4--,you are ,major ,black in command of the ,advance ,guard mentioned in the preceding problem4 ,it is now your mission1 of course1 to form the advance guard and to tell your captains that you are going to do so1 and that you are going to be reinforced by the machine gun company4 ,you ought also to tell them just where your regiment is going to march4 ,you want ,companies ,c and ,d and the machine gun company to march in the order mentioned1 and they are to follow ,company ,b as soon as that company has got its distance4 ,company ,c will be the company which is to regulate the pace4 ,company ,a is to go out and act as a left flank guard4 ,it is to move by way of the eastern branch of the ,carlisle ,road while it is on this duty4 ,you ought also to let your captains know all the information about the enemy which has been given to you by your colonel4 ,you want ,company ,b to be the advance party2 you want it to go ahead of the remainder of the battalion so that there will be four hundred yards distance between it and the main body4 ,you want to attach ,lieutenant ,kay1 the ,battalion ,adjutant1 and his orderly1 to ,company ,b4 ,you want to direct the march of the advance party so that it will know where it is to go4 ,you decide that it shall go by the railroad to the ,carlisle ,road1 and then by the ,stock ,farm1 and on down to the ,boyd ,school ,house4 ,you are going to be right behind the advance on the march4 ,you want the combat wagons to move out right away1 and you want them to go by the cross-roads which is one-quarter of a mile west of ,goldenville1 and then south on the ,carlisle ,road1 and finally1 to join the tail of ,company ,d where the railroad crosses the road4 #c4--,you are the ,company ,commander of ,company ,a of the preceding problem4 ,you call your officers and non-commissioned officers together and you give them a verbal order4 ,you tell them that your company is to march as the flank guard of the battalion to which you belong1 and you tell them that the enemy possibly has about a regiment in ,gettysburg2 at least1 that is the belief of the ,regimental ,commander4 ,your regiment is on its way to ,gettysburg4 ,the ,first ,battalion and the machine gun company is going as the advance guard4 ,you want to let your command know that all of the battalion1 except yourselves is leaving on the road to the west4 ,you want ,lieutenant ,johnson1 the ,second ,lieutenant of your company1 and the ,fourth ,platoon1 to act as the advance guard to the flank guard1 which is the duty on which the company is acting4 ,you want this platoon to march by the country road east of the knoll marked #fea1 and then you want it to march along the east branch of the ,carlisle ,road4 ,the distance you decide upon for the advance guard to be in front of the main body is #ejj yards4 #d4--,you are ,major ,simpson1 and you are halted with your battalion at the cross-roads #fba1 near ,goldenville4 ,your mission is1 with your battalion1 to act as outpost during the coming night for your regiment2 you have the machine gun company attached to you4 ,you are operating toward the south4 ,you want company ,c and one of the platoons of the machine gun company to take station on the ridge north of the point where you are4 ,this ridge has the figure #gjg on it4 ,it shall be the duty of this detachment to secure that sector between ,goldenville and ,five ,forks1 just a little off the map1 about #a1ejj yards west of the ,carlisle ,road4 ,you want ,company ,c to establish communication with ,texas by signals on this hill1 where they are to be located4 ,if you are going to be attacked on that hill1 instead of falling back1 you want them to hold the ridge4 ,you want a platoon of ,company ,c to be sent over to ,hamilton ,farm to act as a picket there4 ,you have received reports from ,lieutenant ,finley of your command that there are no detachments of the enemy or patrols which have come north of the ,stock ,farm at any time4 ,you want to tell your captains that the remainder of the outpost is going into camp at ,texas1 and that the regiment itself is moving into camp just north of the ,conewago4 ,you want the rations and baggage of ,company ,c to be sent up to the company1 but you want the wagons to be returned immediately after they have been there1 to ,texas for the night4 #e4--,you are in command of ,company ,c which was to go to ,hill #gjg in the preceding problem4 ,you want to notify your company what you are going to do2 in other words1 you want to deliver to them verbally your field order4 ,for this purpose you assemble your officers and non-commissioned officers and the lieutenant who is in charge of the machine gun4 ,you state that the outguards will be posted as follows3 ,corporal ,browning1 with his squad as ,no4 #a1 is to be posted at the ,five ,forks #fgi1 three-quarters of a mile west of where you are2 ,corporal ,martin1 with his squad as ,no4 #c1 is to be posted at the road-fork numbered #fba1 which is on the ,carlisle ,road2 ,corporal ,denton1 with ,privates ,noonan1 ,ogden1 and ,prince will go as ,no4 #d4 ,his post will be posted at the railroad crossing in ,goldenville4 ,you1 as ,company ,commander1 deliver the information about the enemy which has been received through your major4 ,corporal ,calhoun1 with ,johnson1 ,kelly1 and ,latham are to go as ,no4 #b1 and they are to be posted at the cross-roads #fdh1 which is #ejj yards west of the point where you are located--,goldenville4 ,you state that this company and that a platoon of machine guns is to take station on the ridge to the north of the road on which you are located1 and is to go as support to the outpost4 ,lieutenant ,haskins will take the #dth platoon and will proceed as a picket down to the ,hamilton ,farm4 ,this farm is a mile and a quarter south of here on the ,carlisle ,road4 ,lieutenant ,haskins is to get some sort of flag communication with ,hill #gjg4 ,he is also to send small patrols down as far south as ,boyd's ,school ,house4 ,corporal ,roberts will go to the top of ,hill #gjg2 he will take four signalers with him4 ,he will get in communication with ,texas and keep in communication4 ,he will do the same for each one of the outguards and he will also do the same for ,lieutenant ,haskins' picket4 #f4--,you are ,major ,perkins and you are in command of a squadron of cavalry4 ,you are between ,goldenville and the bottom of the map4 ,you receive word that the enemy is somewhere to the north1 and you get messages from your commanding officer stating that you are to go as independent cavalry for your brigade4 ,reports also come in to you that the enemy1 which consists of about #a1jjj men1 is occupying ,carlisle4 ,you have assembled your captains1 and you state to them that ,troop ,a will make up the ,advance ,guard4 ,you state also1 that it will keep a small patrol about two or three miles to the front in the direction in which it is going4 ,you tell ,troop ,a1 also1 that its average rate of speed should be about four miles per hour1 and that this rate includes halts4 ,you know that your main body is going to march at #f o'clock the next morning in the direction of ,carlisle and you know that it is only going to advance #ae miles on that day4 ,you know1 also1 that it is going by the ,gettysburg--,table ,rock--,center ,mills--,carlisle ,road4 ,you want your main body to follow the advance guard1 which you have already mentioned1 so that there will be a distance between the advance guard and the main body of about a mile4 ,the main body is to march from front to rear--,troops ,b1 ,c1 and ,d4 ,you wish to inform everybody present that ,lieutenant ,butler and ,sgt4 ,clifford are out with patrols and that these patrols are very far out to the flank of the line of march4 ,you decide to ride in this march of the independent cavalry near the head of the main body4 ,you want your officers to know that both of the patrols which you have just mentioned are going to send reports to you1 and that these reports should arrive at the squadron when the main body is about two miles north of the ,conewago4 ,you desire wheel transportation of all kinds to join the advance of the main body of infantry back near ,gettysburg4 #g4--,you are ,captain ,small in command of ,troop ,a of the preceding problem4 ,you are to constitute1 as you remember1 the advance guard of the squadron of independent cavalry4 ,you wish to tell your officers and non-commissioned officers1 whom you have assembled1 that ,lieutenant ,butler and ,sgt4 ,clifford are out with patrols1 and you want to give them the information you have got from your major in regard to your own troops and the enemy4 ,you want ,corporal ,dillingham to take four men and to go ahead of the troop4 ,he is to go at a rate of about six miles per hour until ,conewago ,creek is crossed2 after that1 he is to go about four miles an hour4 ,when he gets about a mile north of ,gettysburg he is to take the right-hand road which goes through ,table ,rock and ,center ,mills4 ,he is to give quick and prompt warning of the appearance of any of the enemy or hostile troops which he encounters4 ,he is also to report promptly any places in the road which cannot be crossed by troops or vehicles4 ,in fact1 he is to report any information which will interfere with the march of the squadron4 ,you1 as the captain of the troop1 are going to march between the advance party and the support4 #h4--,you are ,major ,adams and you are in command of a squadron of cavalry which is mounted and ready for action at ,d-#f4 ,you see a squadron of the enemy in an open field to the west1 about #fjj yards west of the woods where you are located4 ,you see the guidons mounted1 and you see that the remainder of the men are leading their horses into line or are saddling up4 ,you note1 also1 through your glasses1 that the guidons are facing in your direction4 ,you note1 also1 that the wagons have left the camp and have gone around the woods just north4 ,you call your captains together and you issue a verbal order--you have decided to attack the hostile squadron at once1 and to attack that squadron while you are mounted4 ,you want ,troops ,d and ,c1 commanded by ,captain ,denton1 who is senior to ,captain ,clifford1 to form the main attacking line4 ,you want ,captain ,denton to take advantage of an opening in the woods which is about #aej yards to your front4 ,he is to attack the enemy in close order1 mounted1 as soon as he has cleared the woods in which you are all located4 ,you give to the captains the information which you have got through your field glasses4 ,you also state that ,captain ,billings with his troop1 ,troop ,b1 is to go in rear of ,troops ,d and ,c and form the supporting line1 keeping a distance of about #aej yards1 and at the same time he is to look out for the right flank4 ,you want ,lieutenant ,fink1 who is the squadron adjutant1 and who has seen the same things through his glasses as you have seen1 to accompany ,captain ,denton with his two troops to the edge of the woods1 where he is to point out to ,captain ,denton the enemy's position4 ,you yourself are going to be with the reserve4 ,captain ,andrews with his troop1 ,troop ,a1 is to constitute the reserve4 ,captain ,andrews with his command is to follow the attacking line at a distance of #djj yards4 ,he is to echelon his command with the left flank4 ,you want the whole command to move out at once4 #i4--,you are ,general ,temple and you are #gjj yards northwest of ,hermans with your brigade when you receive a message from ,lieutenant ,kline1 ,aeroplane ,no4 #g4 ,the substance of this message states that the left of the enemy has extended itself by a battalion from a regiment which is northwest of #eja cross-roads4 ,he also states that there is another battalion from a regiment near #ejd1 and that this battalion is moving toward ,varney4 ,he states that there is a regiment of artillery posted on ,oak ,ridge1 and that there is another regiment of artillery which has its right flank at the ,stock ,farm and its left flank near #eca road fork4 ,you assemble your regimental commanders and your cavalry commander2 also1 your artillery commander4 ,you state that the artillery battalion which is with you is to go into a position near where you are and that it is to operate against the artillery of the enemy and the attacking infantry of the enemy4 ,this your artillery battalion is to do at first1 but later it will support your attack4 ,the first battalion of the first infantry you want to have assigned as a support to the artillery4 ,you want the first infantry1 minus its first battalion which is going to go as support to the artillery1 to advance in the direction of ,herman's ,farm ,house2 then it is to deploy and attack4 ,it is to attack so that the right of the regiment will pass through the ,j4 ,weaver ,farm ,house4 ,the third infantry is to be the reserve2 it will be under your command and it will move out and go forward to the ,good ,intent ,school ,house4 ,the first platoon of ,troop ,a and the first cavalry will take a position on the hill which is designated by the figures #fea4 ,this platoon will cover your right flank and report immediately any changes which take place in the disposition of the enemy4 ,your station for the slightly wounded will be at ,table ,rock4 ,you are going to be at the ,good ,intent ,school ,house1 where messages are going to reach you4 ,of course1 you give your officers whom you have assembled1 the contents of the aeroplane message which you received4 ,you want the infantry combat wagons to assemble at ,table ,rock1 and you want them to go there after all the troops have cleared the road4 ,you want the second infantry to get under cover from the enemy and to go toward ,hill #ehf2 this hill is northeast of ,varney4 ,when they are deployed they will attack so that their left will pass through ,hill #ehf4 #aj4--,major ,quincy1 in charge of the artillery battalion of the preceding problem1 assembles the captains of his batteries and issues his instructions covered by the following data3 he wishes ,batteries ,a and ,b to attack the hostile artillery1 and he wishes them to take up a position on the north end of the field near where the brigade is halted4 ,he wants ,battery ,c to go to ,hill #eib4 ,from that point he wants that ,battery to attack the hostile infantry4 ,he gives to his commanders the information which was contained in the aeroplane message of the preceding problem4 ,he also states that the enemy in superior force is attacking from the west4 ,he points out also that between #c1jjj and #d1jjj yards to the southwest can be seen a long line of artillery of the enemy and that this artillery is in action4 ,he also states that the first battalion of the first infantry1 which is now marching down the road1 which is the support of the artillery1 will occupy ,hill #eib4 ,battery ,a's target is to be the further half of the line of the enemy's guns1 and ,battery ,b's target is to be the nearer half4 ,he states to his ,battery ,commanders that he has already marked the position that they are to occupy with their commands1 and he tells them that they are to occupy this position at once and prepare for immediate action4 ,he tells ,battery ,a that the adjutant will give them the firing data and they are to range by volleys4 ,they are to report to him when ready1 and they are to be on the alert and await his order to commence firing4 ,he also states that the advance cavalry is on the ,hill #fea south of ,goldenville1 and that they are covering the right of the line4 ,he wishes to tell his battery commanders that the infantry is marching in a general direction south1 and that it is going from here to begin an attack against the left of the enemy4 ,he wishes to tell them also that he is to be1 during the action1 on the left of ,battery ,a4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,operation ,,order1 ,,orders1 ,,letters ,,of ,,instruction ,before ,august1 #aiad1 the ,operation order was the ,english term for our ,field order4 ,both orders had the same functions and about the same form4 ,at times1 the term operation order was used by us to include only battle orders1 but on the whole1 the terms ,operation orders and ,field orders practically amounted to ,american and ,english designations of the same thing4 ,in the beginning of the present war1 after a few weeks of open conflict1 this kind of fighting in ,france gave way to a vast siege4 ,the ,english found themselves1 after some cross-country fighting1 in the trenches4 ,there the operation order which had provided for situations of march1 halt1 bivouac1 and battle1 was gradually made over to suit the peculiar needs of defenses1 raids1 and frontal attacks4 ,the barrage fire1 bombs1 mortars1 machine guns1 and intricate lines of communication added to the number of details to be considered4 ,little by little the will of the commander expressed itself in such completeness that the former size of his operation order passed all bounds4 ,it was natural1 then1 that although the scope and character of the ,english order steadily changed1 its name remained the same4 ,when the ,americans came to take part in the war1 the operation order had during the previous years of struggle developed out of all resemblance to its former self4 ,it was no longer a field order as we know the term4 ,it was fully grown to meet the tremendous progress of ,english experience in the trenches4 ,the consequence was that the ,american1 finding both the state of siege and the order to cover it beyond his experience1 associated the ,english name with the novel warfare4 ,thus1 today1 the operation order is a term used in connection with the disposition of troops on the battle fronts of ,europe4 ,we should bear in mind1 then1 that the operation order is nothing more than a field order fitted to trench conditions4 ,we must not gain the idea that it has supplanted the order which goes with mobile exercises on open ground4 ,open warfare began this conflict1 and will1 provided it be ended by martial victory1 bring it to a close4 ,open warfare has been the rule on the long ,russian1 ,italian1 ,serbian1 ,turkish1 and ,roumanian fronts4 ,we must not be led astray in our estimate of the proportions because the front in ,france and ,belgium is the most vital one to us from a strategic standpoint4 ,field orders1 which are the accompaniments of open warfare1 should still form the larger part of our study4 ,nevertheless1 the operation order is the order next in importance to the field order4 ,it must be framed with mathematical precision under fire4 ,it has the greatest conciseness1 but is not brief4 ,it goes into the minutest details1 but its details are tersely put4 ,in certain parts it is telegraphic like the field message2 in others it has completed sentences like those of the field order4 ,it has an orderly arrangement of paragraphs and brief and unmistakable language4 ,if we are able to compose a good field message and order1 we should find1 after we have familiarized ourselves with the technique of the trenches1 that the construction of the operation order will fall naturally into place in our minds4 ,unfortunately1 we are forbidden to place an example of one of our own operation orders upon these pages4 ,but we may have the opportunity of viewing a ,german one1 which contains the principles of our own4 ,the example given was issued by a regimental commander for a raid4 ,the action actually took place near ,la ,boisselle1 ,april #aa1 #aiaf4 #aajth ,reserve ,infantry ,regiment4 ,in the field1 #fth ,april1 #aiaf4 ,,regimental ,,orders ,,for ,a ,,raid ,,on ,,the ,,spion #a4 ,the raid will probably take place at dusk the #aath of ,april4 #b4 ,organization of the raiding party-- ,in command4--,captain ,wagener1 assisted by ,lieutenant ,boening1 ,assistant-,surgeon ,wisser1 one bugler and six stretcher bearers4 ,patrol commanders4--,lieutenants ,stradtmann1 ,freund1 ,dumas1 and ,bhlefeld4 ,raiding party4--#ej men of the #aajth ,reserve ,infantry ,regiment and four ,pioneers of the #ast ,reserve ,company1 #acth ,pioneer ,battalion4 #c4 ,upon the day fixed1 the raiding party will be assembled in ,dug-outs ,nos4 #a-aj1 on the right wing of the left-hand battalion4 ,dug-out ,no4 #i will be used as advanced regimental command post4 ,the assaulting party must not exceed three officers and #cj men4 ,the remaining officers and men will be at ,captain ,wagener's disposal for use as supports4 ,captain ,shortly after dusk the assaulting party will leave the ,wagener's ,blaue ,stellung by ,sap ,no4 #c with the object of breaking ,orders-- into the enemy's position in the neighborhood of the ,appendix ,sd ,spion1 from which point the enemy's trenches will #a4 be cleared northwards1 if possible1 as far as the ,spion4 ,unless prevented by the enemy's fire1 the raiding party will return to our ,blaue ,stellung by the same way4 ,table of #d4 ,for #be minutes before the commencement of the distrib- raid1 the artillery will prepare for the assault by ution of shelling the enemy's trenches between ,besenhecke and artillery the ,windmhle1 and also the ,weisse ,steinmauer4 ,during fire-- the raid the artillery will control by its fire all the ,appendix enemy's trenches likely to prove a source of danger to #b4 the enterprise4 ,special #e4 ,in order to draw the fire of the enemy's artillery ,orders for away from the spot to be raided1 a feint attack against feint the enemy's position just north of ,la ,boiselle ,cemetery attack-- will start #ae minutes after the artillery opens fire4 ,appendix #c4 #f4 ,in order that the registration of the objective by the heavy artillery and ,minenwerfer shall not be apparent1 on ,special the morning of the day before the raid--probably the #ajth ,orders for ,april--a feint bombardment of ,target-sectors #gf-gi will this bom- be carried out1 combined with a mine explosion1 with bardment-- the object of misleading the enemy4 ,the exact time will ,appendix be fixed beforehand by the artillery commander1 ,officer #d4 ,commanding ,ersatz ,abteilung1 #gfth ,artillery ,regiment4 #g4 ,the machine gun officer will arrange that1 during the whole time of the raid1 the enemy's rear trenches in ,target-sectors #gf-ha are kept under a constant fire1 with a view to causing him all possible loss1 and1 at the same time1 to safeguarding our patrol against counter-attacks4 #h4 ,the ,officer ,commanding #ast ,reserve ,company1 #acth ,pioneer ,battalion1 will arrange for a gallery of the left-hand minefield to be ready charged by the morning of the day before the raid1 and for a gallery of the right-hand minefield to be ready charged by the evening of the raid4 ,the former will be sprung at the conclusion of the feint bombardment1 the latter as an introduction to the feint attack4 ,from today1 the 8earth mortars0 7,erdmrser7 will systematically cut the enemy's wire opposite the ,blinddarm4 ,on the day before the raid1 they will coperate with all other close-range weapons to assist in the feint bombardment of ,target-sectors #gf-gh4 ,on the evening of the raid1 they will assist in the feint attack by bombarding ,target-sectors #gf and #gg 7see ,appendices #c and #d74 ,throughout the raid1 the 8,albrecht-,mrser10 in position on the ,lehmgrubenhhe1 will heavily bombard the enemy's trenches in the ,nordrondell4 ,particular care will be taken that the enemy's machine guns do not interfere with the raid from that quarter 7see ,appendix #a74 #i4 ,the ,officer ,commanding #bbhth ,minenwerfer ,company will register the enemy's wire at the point of entry with one heavy and two medium ,minenwerfer in the course of the feint bombardment on the day before the raid4 ,he will also take part in this bombardment and fire #cj medium ,minenwerfer shells at the ,weisse ,steinmauer 7see ,appendix #d74 ,on the afternoon of the same day1 with both medium ,minenwerfer mounted in the ,minenwerfer ,weg1 he will cut the enemy's wire at #gfy1 and throughout the whole night and the following day will keep up a desultory fire4 ,on the evening of the raid1 the wire in front of the point of entry of the raiding party will be cut on a width of #ej meters by the heavy and two medium ,minenwerfer 7see ,appendix #a74 ,meanwhile1 the two other medium ,minenwerfer will take part in the feint attack against #gfy 7see ,appendix #c74 ,the light ,minenwerfer at the disposal of the #bbhth ,minenwerfer ,company will take part in the feint bombardment and in the feint attack1 in accordance with the orders 7para4 #h7 issued for the close-range weapons of the #ast ,reserve ,company1 #acth ,pioneer ,battalion 7see ,appendices #c and #d74 ,the ,officer ,commanding #bbhth ,minenwerfer ,company will receive further detailed instructions from ,captain ,wagener4 #aj4 ,on the evening of the raid1 battalions will hold themselves in a state of readiness for an alarm4 ,arrangements will be made that1 in the event of the enemy opening a barrage on our trenches1 as may well happen1 the number of sentries will be reduced to a minimum4 ,gas masks and other gas equipment must be held ready for use4 #aa4 ,i shall be at the regimental command post from the morning of the day before the raid4 ,from #f p4 m4 of the evening of the raid1 ,i shall be in the advanced regimental command post in ,dug-out ,no4 #i on the right wing of the left-hand battalion4 ,captain ,wagener will maintain constant communication with me4 ,the artillery liaison officer will also be with me4 7,signed7 ,,frhr4 ,v4 ,,vietinghoff4 ,distribution ,headquarters #b #c ,battalions #c #aajth #ab ,companies #ab ,reserve ,labor ,company #a ,infantry #ast ,machine ,gun ,company #a ,regiment #bnd ,machine ,gun ,company #b #eeth ,machine ,gun ,section #a ,captain ,wagener #b #bith ,reserve ,field ,artillery ,regiment #a ,ersatz ,abteilung1 #agfth ,field ,artillery ,regiment #a #ast ,abteilung1 #bith ,regiment ,field ,artillery #a #ast ,reserve ,company1 #acth ,pioneer ,battalion #a #bbhth ,minenwerfer ,company #a ,division #a ,brigade #a #ajith ,reserve ,infantry ,regiment #a #aaath ,reserve ,infantry ,regiment #a ,spare copies #e ---- #cg ,,appendix ,i ,,special ,,orders ,,for ,,the ,,raid ,,on ,,the ,,spion #a4 ,organization of the raiding party-- ,commander4--,captain ,wagener2 with him1 ,bugler ,held4 ,stradtmann's patrol4--,lieutenant ,stradtmann and #aj men4 ,dumas' patrol4--,lieutenant ,bhlefeld and #aj men4 ,supports1 at my disposal4--,lieutenant ,freund and #bd men4 ,in addition to the latter party1 at my disposal--,boening1 and ,assistant-,surgeon ,wiser and six stretcher bearers4 #b4 ,dress and equipment4--,attack order without greatcoat or cap1 belts to be worn without pouches1 gas masks to be slung and tucked into tunic4 ,the ,stradtmann1 ,dumas1 and ,bhlefeld patrols will each be equipped1 half with rifles and half with pistols and wire-cutters4 ,the supports will carry rifles1 five men will carry pistols1 each man will carry two grenades4 ,as a distinguishing mark each man will wear a triangle of white linen sewn on the breast and back4 ,minutes4 #c4 ,time table4--,the artillery will open fire with gas ,o ,the time shells on the enemy's trenches on both sides of the point of starting of entry and on the objectives opposite the southwest will be corner of ,la ,boisselle1 where the feint attack is to communi- take place4 cated1 in good time1 ,for a quarter of an hour1 all the enemy's trenches likely on the day to prove of importance to the raiding party will be of the brought under fire4 ,at the same time1 the close-range raid4 weapons of the #ast ,reserve ,company1 #acth ,pioneer ,battalion1 with the two medium and the light ,minenwerfer of the #bbhth ,minenwerfer ,company1 will fire with maximum rapidity on the enemy's trenches opposite the southwest corner of ,la ,boisselle4 #g ,the one heavy and two medium ,minenwerfer of the #bbhth ,minenwerfer ,company will open fire with the object of cutting the wire in front of the point of entry4 #adde ,on the right flank of the minefield a shallow gallery will be fired4 #ae ,the artillery1 which was firing on the southwest corner of ,la ,boiselle1 will increase its range and shell the trenches in rear4 ,the close-range weapons will cease fire4 ,the machine guns will sweep communication trenches in this sector and in the ,galgen4 #aecj ,in the ,blinddarm and just south of the same1 isolated groups of dummies will be exposed in order to make the enemy think an attack is pending4 ,from now on1 artillery and ,minenwerfer fire will increase to its maximum intensity on the real objective4 ,the 8,albrecht-,mrser0 of the #ast ,reserve ,company1 #acth ,pioneer ,battalion1 in position on the ,lehmgrubenhhe1 will bombard the ,nordrondell with the utmost intensity4 #bj ,the patrols will leave their dug-outs and take up their positions in readiness1 in accordance with direct orders received from me1 in the ,hohlweg by ,sap ,no4 #c4 #bc ,stradtmann's patrol will leave the ,hohlweg at 8a0 and crawl forward as far as 8b40 ,lieutenant ,boening will post the stretcher bearers as connecting files between ,stradtmann's patrol and myself4 #be ,the artillery will lift its fire from the objective between ,besenhecke and the ,windmhle to the targets in rear1 and will open a barrage on those of the enemy's trenches which may prove a source of danger to the raid4 ,the ,minenwerfer will cease fire4 ,the machine guns will open fire on positions in rear and on the communication trenches which lead to the objective from both sides4 ,the 8,albrecht-,mrser0 of the #ast ,reserve ,company1 #acth ,pioneer ,battalion1 on the ,lehmgrubenhhe1 will continue to bombard the ,nordrondell4 ,all close-range weapons and the artillery1 which from #j to #ae had been bombarding the enemy's position opposite the southwest corner of ,la ,boisselle1 will reopen fire on these targets with renewed vigor4 #beae ,stradtmann's patrol will break into the enemy's trenches at the ,sd ,spion and1 at point #a 7see ,sketch ,no4 #a71 will defend the point of entry from the direction of the enemy4 ,on orders received from me personally1 ,dumas' patrol will follow ,stradtmann's patrol and advance southwards along the enemy's trench as far as point #b4 ,on orders received from me personally also1 ,bhlefeld's patrol will follow ,dumas' patrol and1 once in the enemy's trench1 will push on towards the ,spion4 ,the stretcher bearers will act as connecting files between ,stradtmann's patrol and myself4 ,the supports will hold themselves in readiness at #d1 so as to be able to push on after the other patrols immediately on receipt of an order from me4 ,if the enemy opens a barrage on our position and on the ,hohlweg before the patrols come out of their dug-outs1 ,i shall either lead the patrol to the enemy's position by another route1 or cancel the raid4 #d4 ,duty of the patrols4--,as many of the enemy as possible must be made prisoners2 in addition1 rifles1 machine guns1 rifle grenade stands1 trench mortars1 etc41 as well as filled packs are to be brought back4 ,should it be found impossible to carry back all the booty owing to the small numbers of the raiding party1 but if1 as far as regards the enemy's fire it could be done1 report will be passed on to me by ,stradtmann's patrol4 #e4 ,return4--,on a signal given by ,lieutenant ,stradtmann1 or on the 8,charge0 being blown by my bugler1 the raiding party will make its way back from the ,sd ,spion to the ,hohlweg by the shortest way1 and immediately make for the same dug-outs whence it started4 ,in the dug-outs1 ,i shall ascertain whether everyone has returned4 ,prisoners and booty will be taken into the dug-outs4 ,during the raid1 if the enemy should open a heavy barrage on the trenches on the ,schwabenhohe and on the ,hohlweg1 the raiding party will remain in the enemy's trench and acquaint me of the fact by firing a red flare4 ,i shall then endeavor to reach the party and lead them back by some other way4 ,should ,i not arrive1 the senior officer present will lead the entire party4 #f4 ,assistant-,surgeon ,wisser will organize ,no4 #a ,dug-out as a first aid post and will remain there until the conclusion of the raid4 #g4 ,until the #aeth minute ,i shall be in the advanced regimental command post2 after that time in the ,hohlweg1 which will be connected by telephone with the advanced regimental command post4 7,signed7 ,,wagener1 ,captain and ,company ,commander4 ,verbally and in writing to participants in the raid4 ,copy to the regiment4 ,w4 ,to quote ,appendices #b1 #c1 and #d would take up too much space and would add very little to the purpose of the example4 ,number #b consists of a five-page table of the kinds and time of fire1 the batteries of fire1 and the targets2 number #c1 of detailed orders for a feint attack2 and number #d1 for a feint bombardment4 ,the object of the quotation is to show the accuracy and detail of an operation order4 ,since the ,german subject matter and treatment are about the same as our own1 we ought to gain from it a conception of the requirements of framing an operation order4 ,note4--,the meager space devoted to the ,operation ,order in this course of lessons should in no way reflect on its relative importance among military communications4 ,only because the treatment of our own examples is forbidden and because our experience is slight1 do we leave it without further practice4 ,those who are armed with the confidential documents of the ,war ,department may look into our own operation order more closely2 and those who have conscientiously applied themselves to the work of the preceding lessons ought to have no trouble with its composition4 ,,the ,,order ,our ,field ,service ,regulations state#af that 8orders in contra-distinction to field1 general1 and special orders1 are used by commanders of divisions and separate brigades for regulating the movements and resupply of the field trains1 fixing the position of distributing points 7rations and forage71 authorizing the use of reserve rations1 providing for the refilling of combat trains after combat or a march1 providing for ambulance or hospital service in camps1 and for furnishing such other similar information or instructions as it is desired to communicate to troops4 ,they also include such instructions as may be sent to the commander of trains1 relative to the movements and disposition of the trains and information with regard to the arrangements made with the line of communication relative to the positions of refilling1 rendezvous1 and evacuation points40 ,thus1 when separate orders are necessary for such conditions as cited1 they are called simply orders4 ,they may be transmitted as field messages between commanders or as more formal documents4 ,in either case they are usually addressed to the person concerned4 ,examples of orders follow3 #east ,division1 #ith ,corps1 ,gettysburg1 #c ,june '#ai1 #f-cj p4 m4 ,to ,commander of ,trains3 ,have one wagon company small arms ammunition at cross-roads near ,,eppley at #h p4 m4 ,have one wagon company artillery ammunition at north edge of ,mc,p,h,e,r,s,o,n ,,ridge at #h p4 m4 ,have #ast ,section1 supply1 ready to issue at ,central ,square in ,,gettysburg at #h p4 m4 ,have empty wagons return to ,,littlestown tonight to refill2 have them report en route to ,field ,hospital ,no4 #a at the crossing of ,,rock ,,creek to carry back wounded4 ,have them well filled with straw or hay4 ,,mabie1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,telegraphed to ,commander of ,trains4 ,copies to ,regimental ,commanders4 #aith ,division1 ,marysville1 #e ,oct4 '#bb1 #f-de p4 m4 ,to ,officer in ,charge of ,trains3 ,you will move with your trains at #c-de a4 m41 by corduroy road ,,jepsom-,,smalley-,,saint ,,marys4 ,arrange your columns as follows3 one section artillery ammunition1 one section small arms ammunition1 bridge train1 supply column1 field hospitals1 remainder of ammunition column4 ,on reaching ,,saint ,,marys have the two sections ammunition turn north and1 when they have cleared the road1 halt and await orders4 ,have the remainder of the ammunition columns halt beside the road between ,,saint ,,marys and ,,alexander and await orders4 ,have the field hospitals park off the road near ,,hillis4 ,on the march1 as you overtake1 or are joined by1 the field trains of the troops1 you will assume command4 ,hasten your march until you are clear of ,,jepsom4 ,,smith1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,copies to all ,commanders4 ,by ,lieut4 ,jones to officer in charge of trains4 ,birmingham1 #h ,sept4 '#be1 #i-ej a4 m4 ,to ,captain ,mott1 commanding trains3 ,our advance guard met at #i-cj a4 m4 two battalions hostile infantry at ,,garlington4 ,have trains keep well closed and follow main body without distance4 ,,norton1 ,colonel1 commanding4 ,the first two examples are of the formal type4 ,the third one is less so4 ,verbal orders are usually transmitted by officers4 ,however1 if the order consists of a single sentence such as1 8,the trains will halt two hours at ,bingham10 it may be transmitted by an enlisted man4 ,although there is more latitude in the form of written order than in that of the field order1 the one should be as brief and unmistakable in its construction as the other4 ,the paragraph structure and sequence should be as logical and unified as ,english composition can make them4 ,with your book open at the extract from ,field ,service ,regulations in regard to the order1 compose enough imaginary orders to cover all the instances therein given4 ,,letters ,,of ,,instruction ,letters of ,instruction chiefly differ from orders1 operation orders1 and field orders in their lack of definition of specific tactical duties4 ,they are truly instructions4 ,they deal mainly with strategic considerations and general plans1 because the writer is usually far away from1 or not in direct command of1 the units which are going to carry out the general plans4 ,at the beginning of campaigns letters of instruction enumerate the troops of the various commands and the corresponding leaders4 8,in armies1 combat orders will often be in the form of1 or a part of1 letters of instruction to the commanding generals in the field armies composing the army4 ,but where the field armies are within supporting distance of each other and can mutually coperate in the task assigned them1 formal combat orders may be issued4 ,such orders are necessarily general in character and consist of a statement of the objective sought by the army commander1 and of the part he expects each field army to play in attaining this objective4 ,the army commander1 either by means of letters of instruction or by personal conferences with his field army commanders1 fully acquaints them not only with the immediate end in view1 but also with so much of his future plans as may be necessary to insure thorough cooperation on their part40#ag ,in the illustration which follows1 ,president ,lincoln outlines a general offensive to the various armies4 ,as commander-in-chief he issues the substance of a letter of instructions in the form of an executive order4 ,in it we shall notice that he does not prescribe any specific movement of troops4 ,executive ,mansion1 ,washington1 ,jan4 #bg1 #ahfb4 ,president's ,general ,war ,order1 ,no4 #a4 ,ordered3 ,that the #bb;d day of ,february1 #ahfb1 be the day for a general movement of the land and naval forces of the ,united ,states against the insurgent forces4 ,that1 especially1 ,the army at and about ,fortress ,monroe1 ,the army of the ,potomac1 ,the army of ,west ,virginia1 ,the army near ,mumfordsville1 ,kentucky1 ,the army and flotilla at ,cairo1 ,and a naval force in the ,gulf of ,mexico1 be ready to move on that day4 ,that all other forces1 both land and naval1 with their respective commanders1 obey existing orders for the time1 and be ready to obey additional orders when duly given4 ,that the heads of departments1 and especially the ,secretaries of ,war and of the ,navy1 with all their subordinates1 and the ,general-in-,chief1 with all other commanders and subordinates of land and naval forces1 will severally be held to their strict and full responsibilities for prompt execution of this order4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,the following is a more usual form of letter of instructions4 ,this time it goes directly from the commander-in-chief to the general-in-chief3 ,may #bd1 #ahfb4 ,from ,washington1 #bdth4 ,maj4-,gen4 ,g4 ,b4 ,mc,clellan1-- ,i left ,general ,mc,dowell's camp at dark last evening4 ,shield's command is there1 but it is so worn that he cannot move before ,monday morning1 the twenty-sixth 7#bfth74 ,we have so thinned our line to get troops for other places1 that it was broken yesterday at ,front ,royal1 with a probable loss to us of one 7#a7 regiment infantry1 two 7#b7 companies cavalry1 putting ,general ,banks in some peril4 ,the enemy's forces under ,general ,anderson1 now opposing ,general ,mc,dowell's advance1 have as their line of supply and retreat the road to ,richmond4 ,if1 in conjunction with ,mc,dowell's movement against ,anderson1 you could send a force from your right to cut off the enemy's supplies from ,richmond1 preserve the railroad bridges across the two 7#b7 forks of the ,pamunkey1 and intercept the enemy's retreat1 you will prevent the army now opposed to you from receiving an accession of numbers of nearly fifteen thousand 7#ae1jjj7 men1 and if you succeed in saving the bridges1 you will secure a line of railroad for supplies in addition to the one you now have4 ,can you not do this almost as well as not1 while you are building the ,chickahominy bridges8 ,mc,dowell and ,shields both say you can1 and positively will1 move ,monday morning4 ,i wish you to march cautiously and safely4 ,you will have command of ,mc,dowell after he joins you1 precisely as you indicated in your long dispatch to us of the twenty-first 7#bast74 ,a4 ,,lincoln1 ,president4 ,as you see1 the above example does no more than suggest to ,general ,mc,clellan from a strategic standpoint certain courses open to him4 ,the general-in-chief on the spot is the one to make the decision4 ,to progress in our examples1 let us take one issued by the general-in-chief to one of his subordinate generals4 ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,washington1 ,feb4 #bc1 #ahfb4 ,maj4-,gen4 ,b4 ,f4 ,butler1 ,u4 ,s4 ,volunteers1-- ,general3--,you are assigned to the command of the land forces destined to coperate with the navy1 in the attack upon ,new ,orleans4 ,you will use every means to keep your destination a profound secret1 even from your staff officers1 with the exception of your chief-of-staff1 and ,lieut4 ,weitzel1 of the engineers4 ,the force at your disposal will consist of the first #ac regiments named in your memorandum handed to me in person1 the #bast ,indiana1 #dth ,wisconsin1 and #fth ,michigan 7old and good regiments from ,baltimore74 ,the #bast ,indiana1 #dth ,wisconsin1 and the #fth ,michigan1 will await your orders at ,fort ,monroe4 ,two companies of the #bast ,indiana1 are well-drilled as heavy artillery4 ,the cavalry force already en route for ,ship ,island1 will be sufficient for your purposes4 ,after full consultation with officers well acquainted with the country in which it is proposed to operate1 ,i have arrived at the conclusion that 7#b7 two light batteries fully equipped and 7#a7 one without horses1 will be all that are necessary4 ,this will make your force about #ad1djj infantry1 #bge cavalry1 #fhj artillery2 total #ae1bee men4 ,the commanding general of the ,department of ,key ,west1 is authorized to loan you1 temporarily1 #b regiments2 ,fort ,pickens can probably give you another1 which will bring your force to nearly #ah1jjj4 ,the object of your expedition is one of vital importance1 the capture of ,new ,orleans4 ,the route selected is up the ,mississippi ,river1 and the first obstacle to be encountered 7perhaps the only one7 is in the resistance of ,forts ,st4 ,philip and ,jackson4 ,it is expected that the navy can reduce these works2 in that case1 you will1 after their capture1 leave a sufficient garrison in them to render them perfectly secure2 and it is recommended1 that on the upward passage1 a few heavy guns1 and some troops1 be left at ,pilot ,station 7at the forks of the river71 to cover a retreat in the event of disaster4 ,these troops and guns1 will1 of course1 be removed as soon as the forts are captured4 ,should the navy fail to reduce the works1 you will land your forces and siege train1 and endeavor to breach the works1 silence their fire1 and carry them by assault4 ,the next resistance will be near the ,english ,bend1 where there are some earthen batteries2 here it may be necessary for you to land your troops and coperate with the naval attack1 although it is more than probable1 that the navy1 unassisted1 can accomplish the result4 ,if these works are taken1 the city of ,new ,orleans necessarily falls4 ,in that event1 it will probably be best to occupy ,algiers with the mass of your troops1 also1 the eastern bank of the river above the city2 it may be necessary to place some troops in the city to preserve order1 but if there appears sufficient ,union sentiment to control the city1 it may be best for purposes of discipline to keep your men out of the city4 ,after obtaining possession of ,new ,orleans1 it will be necessary to reduce all the works guarding its approaches from the east1 and particularly to gain the ,manchac ,pass4 ,baton ,rouge1 ,berwick ,bay1 and ,fort ,livingston will next claim your attention4 ,a feint at ,galveston may facilitate the objects we have in view4 ,i need not call your attention to the necessity of gaining possession of all the rolling stock you can on the different railways1 and of obtaining control of the roads themselves4 ,the occupation of ,baton ,rouge by a combined naval and land force1 should be accomplished as soon as possible after you have gained ,new ,orleans4 ,then endeavor to open your communication with the northern column by the ,mississippi1 always bearing in mind the necessity of occupying ,jackson1 ,mississippi1 as soon as you can safely do so1 either after1 or before you have effected the junction4 ,allow nothing to divert you from obtaining possession of all the approaches to ,new ,orleans4 ,when that object is accomplished to its fullest extent1 it will be necessary to make a combined attack on ,mobile1 in order to gain possession of the harbor and works1 as well as to control the railway terminus at the city4 ,in regard to this1 ,i will send more detailed instructions as the operations of the northern column develop themselves4 ,i may briefly state that the general objects of the expedition are3 ,first1 ,the reduction of ,new ,orleans and all its approaches3 then ,mobile and its defenses3 then ,pensacola1 ,galveston1 etc4 ,it is probable that by the time ,new ,orleans has been reduced it will be in the power of the government to reinforce the land forces sufficiently to accomplish all these objects2 in the meantime you will please give all the assistance in your power to the army and navy commanders in your vicinity1 never losing sight of the fact1 that the great object to be achieved is the capture and firm retention of ,new ,orleans4 ,i am1 etc41 ,,geo4 ,b4 ,mc,c,l,e,l,l,a,n1 ,maj4-,gen4 ,com'g ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,general ,mc,clellan goes more into detail than does the ,president4 ,he is considering the situation on more technical lines4 ,yet he does not go beyond the limits of strategy in outlining the general plan4 ,he still conforms to the principles of letters of instruction4 ,if we were to follow ,general ,butler in his journey to the ,gulf1 we should perceive in his orders the disappearance of the strategic and the appearance of the tactical idea4 ,later we should discover one of his brigade commanders actually issuing a field order4 ,notice in the last example how1 on account of its length1 ,general ,mc,clellan has made a neat summary of the whole4 ,notice that in all of these letters the writers have adhered to the principles of rhetoric2 and that they have given to the recipient a unified and coherent production4 ,why8 ,because the will of the commander is transmitted more quickly in that way4 ,we have now completed the consideration of the expression which directly affects troops in the field4 ,we have written the field message which brings information to commanders and which helps them to make an estimate of a situation4 ,we have framed the field order which grows out of that estimate and which transforms the decision into action4 ,we have viewed the operation order which is no more than a field order made to fit trench warfare4 ,we have seen orders which are issued in connection with combat so as to govern the movement of trains4 ,we have read letters of instruction which are written by higher commanders in order to regulate in a general way extensive movements4 ,all of these communications bear specifically upon the effort of troops toward success in battle--the ultimate object of all military training4 ,in leaving this most important part of our professional work1 we might take with us this one idea4 ,we can best express ourselves in any of the communications we have studied by having all the thoughts of one kind together and the different kinds in an orderly arrangement4 ,whenever it is possible we should keep the paragraph sequence1 7a7 ,enemy4 7b7 ,own troops4 7c7 ,plan4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,war ,,diary--,,the ,,report--,,routine ,,orders ,we have heretofore considered those communications which aid combat4 ,we now take up those which have no direct bearing upon the outcome of an engagement4 ,we have seen how the field message makes possible by its fresh information the plan for battle1 how the field and operation orders frame that plan for battle1 how the order maneuvers the trains in connection with battle1 and how letters of instruction issue general directions for a campaign of many battles4 ,we now come to the place where the maneuver1 enterprise1 or undertaking is over4 ,for a variety of future benefits we must have a record of those occurrences4 ,the ,war ,diary and ,the ,report are the communications which perform that office4 ,,the ,,war ,,diary ,just as certain individuals keep journals of their lives1 so the higher military units keep diaries of their existences4 8,the ,war ,diary is a record of events kept in campaign by each battalion and higher organization and by each ammunition1 supply1 engineer1 and sanitary train4 ,entries are made daily and should form a concise history of the military operations4 ,a day comprises #bd hours covered ,each day's record will commence with a march table1 or statement of the operations or location of the organization1 including an account of weather1 roads1 camp1 health of troops1 etc41 and a statement of the supply of ammunition1 rations1 and forage4 ,this will be followed by a chronological record of events1 including time and place of issue and receipt of orders and messages1 with a copy or a synopsis of contents4 ,it is of especial importance that the exact hour and place at which movements are begun and ended1 and orders or important messages sent or received be noted4 ,after an engagement1 the war diary will contain a report of losses and captures and will be accompanied by a sketch showing the positions of the command at the most important phases4 ,each day's record will be attested by the commander or by the adjutant2 and1 with attached copies of orders and messages sent and received1 will be forwarded daily to the next higher commander1 who as soon as practicable1 after the receipt thereof1 will forward the war diary direct to the ,war ,department4 ,commanders of armies1 or of units not components of a higher command1 will forward their war diaries direct to the ,war ,department40#ah ,thus these documents become the authentic material for our military history4 ,to go into the ,war ,diary more specifically1 let us tabulate what we might actually state therein4 ,we should start with the heading3 ,war ,diary1 #c;d ,battalion1 #gb;d ,infantry1 #c ,may1 #aibj4 ,the date in this case would cover the whole period from midnight ,may #b_/c to midnight ,may #c_/d4 ,since a march would most likely be the first happening of any note after midnight ,may #b_/c1 the diary would start with a march table4 ,reveille1 #c-cj a4 m4 ,breakfast1 #c-de a4 m4 ,first call1 #d-aj a4 m4 ,assembly1 #d-ae a4 m4 ,head of column moved out1 #d-ag a4 m4 ,first ,halt at ,,square ,,corners1 #e-jb a4 m4 ,second ,halt at ,,liberty1 #e-ea a4 m4 ,third ,halt at ,,miles ,,river1 #f-da a4 m4 ,fourth ,halt at ,,smith',s ,,farm1 #g-dg a4 m4 ,message from ,c4 ,o41 #gb;d ,infantry2 received #djj yards west ,,hope ,,farm1 #h-dj a4 m4 ,fifth ,halt at ,orchard near ,,hope ,,farm1 #h-dg a4 m4 ,extent of march3 #ac-b miles4 ,went into defensive position on ,,silers ,,ridge at #i-ae a4 m4 ,right of ,i ,company at ,,silers ,,farm--,left of ,m ,company at rail fence corner4 ,began building standing trench at #i-be a4 m4 ,dinner1 cooked ration1 #aa a4 m4 ,finished trenches1 saps1 and entanglements #d p4 m4 ,supper1 #d-cj p4 m4 ,bivouacked #hjj yds4 in rear of trenches at #h p4 m4 ,enemy's harassing patrol wakened command at #aa p4 m42 otherwise no activity4 ,weather3 clear and cool4 ,slight rain between second and third halts4 ,roads3 good metal roads entire march4 ,camp3 ,bivouac grassy gentle slope--dry ground4 ,water3 ,spring #bjj yds4 rear of center of position--capacity for regiment4 ,health3 ,command generally exhausted after march with full packs and with #fj rounds per man1 and especially after digging4 ,on sick report--#af2 absent sick--#h4 ,ammunition3 ,on hand1 including amount on persons of men--#aah1bjj rounds4 #a ammunition wagon returned to ,,liberty at #ab1 noon1 for refilling4 ,rations3 #d days' supply on hand4 ,forage3 #a day's forage on hand4 #a wagon returned to ,,liberty at #b p4 m4 to refill4 ,losses3 #a private1 ,k ,company1 killed by enemy's harassing patrol4 ,captures3 none4 ,road and ,position sketches covering day's operations enclosed4 ,copies of battalion commander's march and defense orders1 also copies of one message from regimental commander1 enclosed4 ,by order of ,major ,jenkins3 ,h4 ,e4 ,,bottomly1 #ast ,lieut41 ,bn1 ,adj4 #c;d ,bn4 ,the original of the above is sent to the regimental commander and a copy is retained by the battalion4 ,the above data1 supplemented with the sketches1 messages1 and orders enclosed1 furnish a complete history of the battalion's doings for the day4 ,blanks are furnished from the ,war ,department from time to time to enable ,adjutants 7whose duty it is to keep the ,war ,diary7 to fill in the data more quickly4 ,,reports ,reports cover a wide range of subjects4 ,when a leader is in doubt as to whether an event is important enough to report1 he had better take the wise course and send in his description of what has happened4 ,very few occurrences in the military service are so unessential as to be rightfully ignored4 ,they may take either one of two forms3 either they may be dated1 headed 8,report on so-and-so0 7see example on following71 and inclosed with a letter of transmittal2 or they may themselves be in the form of letters addressed directly to the person or office for whom they are destined4 ,reports may consist of expository description on the one hand or of a narration on the other1 but they usually consist of a combination of the two4 ,here is an example of highly expository description4 ,it is the report upon the ,german raid which was given us under ,operation ,orders4 ,in the field1 #abth ,april1 #aiaf4 ,,captain ,,wagener',s ,,report ,,on ,,the ,,raid ,,on ,,the ,,evening ,,of #aa,,th ,,april1 #aiaf ,at #d p4 m4 the raiding party marched from ,martinpuich through ,pozires1 then by the ,lattorf ,graben--,regimentstrichter--,krebs ,graben to the ,appointed dug-outs on the left of ,sap ,no4 #c1 where the evening meal was found ready prepared4 ,at #h p4 m4 the artillery preparation commenced as prearranged4 ,shortly after fire was opened1 the whole of the enemy's position from ,windmhle to ,besenhecke was wrapped in greyish-white smoke1 which the wind drove back over ,sap ,no4 #c into our lines4 ,by #h4aj p4 m4 it was impossible to remain in our trench east of ,sap ,no4 #c without wearing a gas mask4 ,this was still the case at #h4bj p4 m41 when the patrols moved forward from their dug-outs to the ,hohlweg1 in the order ,stradtmann1 ,dumas1 ,bhlefeld1 and ,freund4 ,lieutenant ,boenig followed close behind ,lieutenant ,stradtmann4 ,by #h4be p4 m4 the party was posted ready in the ,hohlweg4 ,the clouds of gas and smoke1 however1 still hung so thick over the enemy's trenches that it was impossible to distinguish whether our own shells were still falling on the point of entry or whether our artillery had already lengthened their range4 ,at #h4bg p4 m4 ,lieutenant ,stradtmann received the order to advance to the attack with his patrol4 ,lieutenant ,boenig1 with the six stretcher bearers1 left the ,hohlweg simultaneously and in rear of ,stradtmann's patrol1 and posted connecting files1 whose positions were marked by red signal lamps shaded to the front and to the sides4 ,at #h4bh p4 m4 ,dumas' and ,bhlefeld's patrols advanced4 ,following the line of connecting files1 they reached the point of entry1 to find that ,stradtmann's patrol was already in possession of #af yards of trench1 and had captured three prisoners4 ,the latter had come out of their dug-outs just as ,lieutenant ,stradtmann appeared in front of the enemy's trench4 ,they carried hand grenades and rifles with bayonets fixed1 but were immediately disarmed by ,lieutenants ,boenig and ,stradtmann4 ,dumas' patrol immediately turned to the left down the trench1 and1 in a few steps1 came upon a half-destroyed machine gun emplacement4 ,reservist ,nadolny1 of ,stradtmann's patrol1 was already occupied in digging out the buried machine gun4 ,lieutenant ,dumas penetrated further along the enemy's trench1 and soon reached the communication trench which runs1 roughly along the dividing line between ,target ,sectors #gi and #hj1 towards the ,weisse ,steinmauer4 ,at this point a large dug-out had been wrecked1 apparently by a direct hit4 ,lieutenant ,dumas had previously sent three men of his patrol along behind the enemy's trench2 they reached the communication trench about #aa yards behind the front line trench4 ,a few ,englishmen1 who came out of this communication trench1 endeavored to reach the parados of the front line trench1 whence they evidently intended to defend it4 ,they were1 however1 surprised by our three men and bayoneted4 ,meanwhile1 ,lieutenant ,dumas1 with the rest of his men1 forced his way further along the trench1 and just north of ,besenhecke reached the communication trench which leads to the brown prolongation of the ,weisse ,steinmauer 7white stone wall74 ,they passed another wrecked dug-out1 in which dead bodies were seen4 ,adjoining the above-mentioned communication trench1 another large dug-out was found1 which the patrol intended to clear4 ,as1 however1 a number of ,englishmen advanced upon ,dumas' patrol from the communication trench and alongside it1 a mle ensued with grenades1 rifles and pistols1 in the course of which the enemy1 after suffering evident loss1 either retreated or surrendered1 while none of ,dumas' patrol received wounds of any account4 ,meanwhile1 ,lieutenant ,bhlefeld advanced along the enemy's trench to the right of the point of entry1 and1 in a few yards1 came to three large dug-outs1 of which one was wrecked and full of dead and wounded4 ,at his summons1 the enemy came out of the others and surrendered without more ado4 ,lieutenant ,bhlefeld sent back the prisoners and asked for reinforcements in order to clear the dug-outs1 undertaking1 meanwhile1 to hold the enemy's trench with two men4 ,at #h4cj p4 m41 as no noise came from the point of entry1 or from the right of the same1 while from a point some #fe yards to the left shots and reports of grenades could be heard1 ,i ordered ,vice-,sergeant ,major ,elb to advance with five men and reinforce ,dumas' patrol4 ,lieutenant ,erb1 the regimental adjutant1 attached himself to this party4 ,he was wearing an oxygen-breathing apparatus and had been waiting in the ,hohlweg4 ,shortly after1 the sounds of fighting ceased on the left1 and the first batch of prisoners was brought back from the enemy's trench4 ,i had come to the conclusion that we had the upper hand everywhere1 especially on the right1 and with a view to exploiting fully our success1 ,i ordered ,lieutenant ,freund to cross the enemy's trench at the point of entry with #ae men of the supports1 and to attack the ,spion from the rear4 ,at the same time1 ,i sent forward ,vice-,sergeant ,major ,wlfle with #d men to reinforce ,lieutenant ,bhlefeld4 ,in order to have a reserve in hand for meeting all eventualities1 ,i ordered up the commanders of the two groups on the flank of the #abth ,company1 which was stationed immediately to the right of ,sap ,no4 #c4 ,the groups had been warned in the afternoon and given the necessary instructions4 ,whilst ,vice-,sergeant ,majors ,elb and ,wlfle1 with their men1 went in search of ,dumas' and ,bhlefeld's patrols1 ,lieutenant ,freund dashed across the enemy's trench at the point of entry and followed it along to the right as far as the communication trench which leads into the front line trench near the ,spion4 ,freund's patrol leapt into the enemy's front line trench on both sides of the communication trench1 captured #aj men almost without a struggle1 and secured several rifles and articles of equipment4 ,a few ,englishmen who offered resistance were bayoneted2 ,volunteer ,herrmann1 of the #gth ,company1 and ,lance ,corporal ,haufler1 of the #dth ,company1 particularly distinguished themselves4 ,a few ,englishmen attempted to get away1 but were shot dead4 ,volunteer ,herrmann further discovered an extemporized trench mortar4 ,the latter could not be carried off1 however1 as it was securely built in4 ,vice-,sergeant ,major ,wlfle1 who arrived on the scene shortly after1 destroyed the trench mortar as well as he could with hand grenades and pistol shots4 ,bhlefeld's reinforced patrol had accompanied the advance of ,freund's patrol along the trench1 and came across three or four more wrecked dug-outs1 which were filled with dead4 ,individuals standing about in the trench were killed by the patrol or made prisoner4 ,during this affair1 ,under ,officer ,nssler1 of the #aath ,company1 repeatedly distinguished himself4 ,whilst our party was breaking into the enemy's trenches or perhaps even before1 a party of the enemy1 approximately #be to #cj strong1 succeeded in getting away from the front line trench and making their way back to the ,weisse ,steinmauer1 but were again driven back by our artillery fire1 and now came running towards ,stradtmann's patrol4 ,the latter1 apprehending a counter-attack1 opened fire4 ,ersatz ,reservist ,walzer1 of the #aath ,company1 followed by ,under ,officer ,staiger1 of the #ajth ,company and others1 raised a cheer and charged the ,englishmen1 bayoneting two of them4 ,those who did not put up their hands and surrender1 were killed4 ,lieutenant ,erb had soon caught up ,dumas' patrol and took part in the subsequent fighting1 which was practically continuous1 for almost every one of the enemy offered resistance4 ,with hand grenade and pistol1 ,dumas' patrol killed more than #bj of the enemy1 besides wounding a large number4 ,in this fighting ,volunteer ,hees1 of the #fth ,company1 particularly distinguished himself4 ,always to the fore1 he alone accounted for several ,englishmen4 ,on our side only one man was slightly wounded4 ,in consequence of the events described above1 ,dumas' patrol remained in the enemy's trench considerably longer than intended4 ,when all the other patrols had returned to the ,hohlweg1 the ,dumas-,erb patrol was still missing4 ,hereupon1 ,lieutenants ,boenig and ,stradtmann1 with several non-commissioned officers and men1 went back to the enemy's lines and searched the trench to the left until they met the ,dumas-,erb patrol on its way back4 ,here again ,under ,officer ,nssler1 of the #aath ,company1 #aajth ,reserve ,infantry ,regiment1 distinguished himself4 ,at #h4ej p4 m41 the last men of the entire party had returned to the ,hohlweg and went back to their dug-outs4 ,at #h4ea p4 m41 the first shell fell on the front line trenches east of ,sap ,no4 #c4 ,at #h4eg p4 m41 the artillery commander was informed that the artillery fire could be gradually broken off4 ,at #i p4 m41 a heavy battery near ,albert dropped a few shells near ,sap ,no4 #c4 ,at #i4je p4 m41 the conclusion of the operation was reported4 ,the following were captured3 #bd unwounded and #e wounded prisoners1 #a ,lewis gun1 #a rifle with telescopic sights1 #bj ordinary rifles1 and a large number of steel helmets1 belts with ammunition pouches1 packs1 haversacks1 and gas helmets4 ,our casualties consisted of one man slightly wounded in the forehead by a splinter from a hand grenade4 ,he was bandaged in the advanced dressing-station and immediately returned to the patrol4 7,signed7 ,,wagener1 ,captain and ,company ,commander4 #dj copies1 as appendices to the ,report of the #aajth ,reserve ,infantry ,regiment on the raid of the #aath ,april1 #aiaf4 ,a more narrative form of report is represented by the following extract from ,gen4 ,bragg's report during the ,civil ,war3 8,to meet our successful advance and retrieve his losses in the front of his left1 the enemy early transferred a portion of his reserve from his left to that flank1 and by #b o'clock had succeeded in concentrating such a force on ,lieutenant ,general ,hardee's front as to check his further progress4 ,our two lines had1 by this time1 become almost blended1 so weak were they by losses1 exhaustion1 and extension to cover the enemy's whole front4 ,as early as #aj a4 m4 ,major ,general ,breckinridge was called on for one brigade1 and soon after for a second1 to reinforce or act as a reserve to ,general ,hardee4 ,his reply to the first call represented the enemy as crossing ,stone's ,river in heavy force in his immediate front2 and on receiving the second order he informed me they had already crossed in heavy force and were advancing on him in two lines4 ,he was immediately ordered not to wait attack but to advance and meet them4 ,about this same time a report reached me that a heavy force of the enemy's infantry was advancing on the ,lebanon ,road about five miles in ,breckinridge's front4 ,brigadier ,general ,pegram1 who had been sent to that road to cover the flank of the infantry with the cavalry brigade 7save two regiments1 detached with ,wheeler and ,wharton71 was ordered forward immediately to develop such movement4 ,the orders for the two brigades from ,breckinridge were countermanded1 whilst dispositions were made at his request to reinforce him4 ,before they could be carried out1 the movements ordered disclosed the facts that no force had crossed ,stone's ,river2 that the only enemy in our immediate front there was a small body of sharpshooters1 and that there was no advance on the ,lebanon ,road4 8,these unfortunate misapprehensions on that part of the field 7which1 with proper precaution1 could not have existed7 withheld from active operation three fine brigades until the enemy had succeeded in checking our progress1 had restablished his lines1 and had collected many of his broken battalions40 ,the above example1 in addition to its value as a narrative report1 illustrates the dependence of a commander upon proper information4 ,,routine ,,orders ,routine ,orders preserve their normal tenor in peace or war4 ,they have to do with the administration of the military service1 so that a state of campaign has very little influence upon their character4 ,general ,orders4 ,special ,orders4 ,they consist of ,circulars4 ,bulletins4 ,memoranda4 ,general ,orders 8include generally1 7#a7 all detailed instructions necessary in carrying out certain general regulations or orders issued from superior headquarters2 7#b7 all standing instructions1 to the end that frequent repetitions may be avoided2 and 7#c7 proceedings of general and special courts-martial40 ,general ,orders are issued by commanders of armies1 field armies1 corps1 divisions1 brigades1 regiments1 separate battalions1 posts1 departments1 and districts4 8,when necessary1 orders are used by commanders of battalions forming parts of regiments1 and for smaller units and detachments1 for the same class of instructions as are promulgated by higher commanders in general orders40 ,in other words orders is a term used to designate those instructions issued by commanders of divisions and of separate brigades in regard to trains1 and also a term used by battalions and smaller units to designate those instructions corresponding to general orders for higher units4 ,here is an example of a ,general ,order from the ,war ,department4 ,,general ,,orders1 ,,war ,,department1 ,no4 #b ,washington1 ,january #d1 #aiag4 #a4 ,an examination of majors1 captains1 and first lieutenants of the ,regular ,army1 with a view to their selection for appointment to fill vacancies in the grade of major in the ,judge ,advocate ,general's ,department1 will be held at the headquarters of the ,eastern1 ,central1 ,western1 ,southern1 ,hawaiian ,departments1 the headquarters of the ,united ,states troops in the ,panama ,canal ,zone1 the headquarters of the ,philippine ,department1 and the headquarters of the #aeth infantry1 ,tientsin1 ,china1 beginning at #h a4 m41 on ,may #aj1 #aiag1 or as soon thereafter as practicable4 ,no officer who has not served as a commissioned officer of the ,regular ,army for at least eight years will be regarded as eligible to take the examination4 #b4 ,eligible officers who desire to take the examination will make application to the commanding officer of that one of the commands mentioned in the preceding paragraph in which they are stationed1 and each of such commanding officers is authorized to issue the necessary orders to assemble applicants at his headquarters on the date set for the examination4 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,the examination will be supervised at each headquarters by the judge advocate or the officer acting as such4 ,if the acting judge advocate shall apply to take the examination and is the only judge advocate present at such headquarters1 the commanding officer of the command will detail some other suitable officer to supervise the examination4 #d4 ,on the day and hour set for the beginning of the examination1 each candidate will deliver to the officer supervising the examination a signed statement including3 7a7 ,a brief statement concerning the candidate's education and experience both legal and general2 7b7 ,a list of persons who are familiar with the candidate's qualifications along legal lines1 with the address of each person2 7c7 ,one or more briefs or other law memoranda1 not exceeding ten1 prepared by the candidate and made use of by him in the solution of legal questions1 whether moot or practical2 7d7 ,a specific list1 as complete as practicable1 of general court-martial or civil court trials in which the candidate has participated either as prosecutor or counsel2 7e7 ,copies of or specific references to the applicant's published writings1 whether of legal or other character1 which he may desire to have considered2 7f7 ,outline of service of candidate since his entry into the military establishment2 7g7 ,any other matter the candidate may desire to present for consideration4 7#bejgabe1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o47 ,by order of ,the ,secretary of ,war3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1 ,major ,general1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,official3 ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,c,a,i,n1 ,the ,adjutant ,general4 ,here is an example of a ,general ,order publishing the result of a ,general ,court-,martial4 ,,general ,,orders1 ,,war ,,department1 ,no4 #c ,washington1 ,january #e1 #aiag4 ,before a general court-martial which convened at ,nogales1 ,ariz41 ,october #be1 #aiaf1 pursuant to ,special ,orders1 ,no4 #bfh1 ,october #ad1 #aiaf1 as amended in ,special ,orders1 ,no4 #bgc1 ,october #ai1 #aiaf1 ,southern ,department1 and of which ,lieut4 ,col4 ,george ,a4 ,skinner1 ,medical ,corps1 was president1 and ,capt4 ,sherman ,a4 ,white1 #abth ,infantry1 judge advocate1 was arraigned and tried-- ,capt4 ,john ,smith1 ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry4 ,charge ,i4--8,conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline in violation of the #fb;d ,article of ,war40 ,one specification4 ,charge ,,ii4--8,conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman in violation of the #fast ,article of ,war40 ,two specifications4 ,to which charges and specifications the accused pleaded 8,not ,guilty40 ,,findings ,of the ,specification1 #ast ,charge1 and of the #ast ,charge1 8,not ,guilty40 ,of the ,specifications1 #b;d ,charge1 and of the #b;d ,charge1 8,guilty40 ,,sentence 8,to be dismissed the service of the ,united ,states40 ,the sentence having been approved by the convening authority and the record of trial forwarded for the action of the ,president under the #ajfth ,article of ,war1 the following are his orders thereon3 ,the sentence of dismissal imposed by the general court-martial in the foregoing case of ,captain ,john ,smith1 ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry1 is hereby confirmed and will be carried into execution4 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,the ,white ,house1 #c ,january1 #aiag4 ,capt4 ,john ,smith1 ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry1 ceases to be an officer of the ,army from ,january #f1 #aiag4 7#bdieeib1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o47 ,by ,order of ,the ,secretary of ,war3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott4 ,major ,general1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,,official3 ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,c,a,i,n1 ,the ,adjutant ,general4 ,here is an example of a ,general ,order of a ,territorial ,department4 ,,general ,,orders1 ,,headquarters ,,eastern ,no4 #a4 ,,department1 ,governors ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 ,january #a1 #aiaf4 ,this order supersedes ,general ,orders1 ,no4 #a1 ,headquarters ,eastern ,department1 dated ,january #a1 #aiae1 and all amendatory orders thereto1 together with all bulletins published heretofore4 ,,by ,,command ,,of ,,major ,,general ,,wood3 ,,edwin ,f4 ,,glenn1 ,colonel1 ,general ,staff1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,official3 ,w4 ,a4 ,,simpson1 ,adjutant ,general1 ,adjutant4 ,the above order is the first page of an alphabetical list of general orders in force in the ,department4 ,some of them have been originated by the ,department ,commander and some have been made to comply with ,war ,department instructions4 ,the general order of a ,department covering court-martial cases is the same as that of the ,war ,department1 with the exception of the caption which is given below4 ,general ,court-,martial ,,headquarters ,,eastern ,orders1 ,no4 #f4 ,,department4 ,governors ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #bb1 #aiaf4 ,here is an example of a ,post ,general ,order4 ,headquarters ,united ,states ,military ,academy1 ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 ,february #bg1 #aiag4 ,general ,orders1 ,no4 #g4 #a4 ,a vertical filing system 7the ,war ,department ,correspondence ,file1 a subjective decimal classification for arranging and filing ,war ,department correspondence7 will be used exclusively in recording and filing correspondence at these headquarters and also in the offices of the ,quartermaster and of the ,treasurer on and after ,march #a1 #aiag4 #b4 ,the operation of ,general ,orders1 ,no4 #ib1 ,war ,department1 #aiji1 as modified by subsequent orders1 prescribing the card record system now in use generally at administrative headquarters1 has been suspended by the ,war ,department as far as these headquarters is concerned4 #c4 ,the name of the writer signing an original paper will be inserted on carbon copies that are forwarded4 ,one carbon copy of all typewritten reports1 letters1 and indorsements 7except short1 routine indorsements71 will be made on standard letter size paper 7not perforated7 for use in the records at these headquarters4 ,such copy will be distinctly marked 8,for ,headquarters ,records10 and will not be withdrawn at subordinate offices4 #d4 ,copies of the publication entitled 8,war ,department ,correspondence ,file0 and ,circular ,no4 #a1 ,war ,department1 ,march #bd1 #aiad1 explaining and giving instructions as to the operation of this system1 will be supplied by ,the ,adjutant ,general of the ,army upon application direct4 ,by order of ,colonel ,biddle3 ,c4 ,c4 ,,carter1 ,major1 ,c4 ,a4 ,c41 ,adjutant4 ,if a ,post ,general ,order covers a court-martial case tried by a general court1 the order number will appear thus3 ,general ,court-,martial ,orders1 ,no4 #d4 ,if it covers one tried by a special court1 it will appear thus3 ,special ,court-,martial ,orders1 ,no4 #d4 ,the separate battalion or company would issue orders on the same general plan as post general orders4 ,the order number would appear thus3 ,orders3 ,no4 #f4 ,,special ,,orders differ from ,general ,orders in that the former refer to individuals4 ,here is an example of a ,war ,department ,special ,order4 ,,special ,,orders ,,war ,,department1 ,no4 #bhi4 ,washington1 ,december #aa1 #aiaf4 #a4 ,the leave of absence on account of sickness granted ,john ,j4 ,nobbo1 ,first ,lieutenant1 #acth ,cavalry1 in ,special ,orders1 ,no4 #aif1 ,war ,department1 ,august #bb1 #aiaf1 is extended three months on surgeon's certificate of disability1 and upon the expiration of this leave ,lieut4 ,nobbo will report to the commanding officer1 ,fort ,riley1 ,kan41 for examination as to his physical condition by the surgeon at the post4 99 99 99 99 99 ,these ,special ,orders then take up twenty different individuals in twenty paragraphs and end with1-- #bb4 ,capt4 ,alfred ,w4 ,perkins1 ,infantry1 ,detached ,officers' ,list1 will repair to this city and report in person to the ,chief of ,staff for duty in connection with the ,reserve ,officers' ,training ,corps1 and upon completion of this duty will return to his proper station4 ,the travel directed is necessary in the military service4 7#bejcbhb1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o47 ,by ,order of ,the ,secretary of ,war3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1 ,major ,general1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,,official3 ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,c,a,i,n1 ,the ,adjutant ,general4 ,the separate paragraphs are also made up into extract copies as follows3 ,,special ,,orders1 ,no4 #bhi4 ,,war ,,department1 ,washington1 ,december #aa1 #aiaf4 ,extract 99 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,private ,clifford ,h4 ,worthington1 ,military ,academy ,detachment of ,field ,artillery1 ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 is transferred as private second class to the ,ordnance ,department and is assigned to duty at that post4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,war3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1 ,major ,general1 ,acting ,chief of ,staff4 ,,official3 ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,c,a,i,n1 ,the ,adjutant ,general4 ,departments1 ,posts1 ,regiments1 ,brigades1 ,divisions1 ,corps1 ,field ,armies1 and ,armies follow the same scheme as above for their ,special ,orders4 ,,circulars are issued seldom but have great force4 ,they are signed directly by the heads of the ,war ,department1 ,quartermaster ,corps1 ,ordnance ,department or of whatever bureau prints the circular4 ,here is an example of a ,circular issued by the ,war ,department4 ,,war ,,department1 ,washington1 ,january #bd1 #aiag4 ,,circular3 ,the following resolution was adopted by the ,senate on ,january #af1 #aijh1 and is now one of its standing rules3 ,resolved1 ,that no communications from heads of departments1 commissioners1 chiefs of bureaus1 or other executive officers1 except when authorized or required by law1 or when made in response to a resolution of the ,senate1 will be received by the ,senate unless such communications shall be transmitted to the ,senate by the ,president4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chiefs of bureaus and others1 in preparing communications for the signature of the ,secretary of ,war1 will please conform to the foregoing rules and instructions4 ,,newton ,d4 ,,baker1 ,secretary of ,war4 ,here is a ,circular issued by the ,quartermaster ,corps4 ,,war ,,department1 ,office of the ,quartermaster ,general1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,august #bg1 #aiag4 ,circular1 ,no4 #i4 ,purchases of ,supplies #a4 ,during the continuance of the present emergency the following regulations are prescribed under the authority contained in the act of ,march #d1 #aiae3 7a7 ,where the time for delivery is not to exceed #cj days from date of acceptance of the award1 irrespective of the amount involved1 supplies may be procured by contract of brief form after the manner of proposal and acceptance agreement1 in accordance with form to be authorized therefor4 7b7 ,the regulations prescribed by ,circular ,no4 #g1 ,office of the ,quartermaster ,general1 ,march #bc1 #aiae1 so far as in conflict with the foregoing1 are hereby suspended during the continuance of the present emergency4 ,,henry ,g4 ,,sharpe1 ,quartermaster ,general1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #ajiaf--ag ,,bulletins are issued by the ,war ,department and territorial ,departments4 ,their purpose is the publication of information4 ,they are more numerous than ,circulars4 ,here is the first page of a ,bulletin of the ,war ,department4 ,,bulletin ,,war ,,department1 ,no4 #ah4 ,washington1 ,april #f1 #aiag4 ,the following digest of opinions of the ,judge ,advocate ,general of the ,army1 for the month of ,march1 #aiag1 and of certain decisions of the ,comptroller of the ,treasury and of courts1 together with notes on military justice prepared under the direction of the ,judge ,advocate ,general1 and a compilation of ,federal and ,state laws prohibiting discrimination against the uniform1 is published for the information of the service in general4 7#bebfdac ,b-,a4 ,g4 ,o47 ,,by ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,war3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1 ,major ,general1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,,official3 ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,c,a,i,n1 ,the ,adjutant ,general4 #higic-ag--a ,then follow twenty-three pages of the opinions of the ,judge ,advocate ,general4 ,here is another first page of a ,war ,department ,bulletin4 ,,bulletin ,,war ,,department1 ,no4 #ad4 ,washington1 ,march #ab1 #aiag4 ,the accompanying tabulated statement shows the standing of organizations of the ,coast ,artillery ,corps based on figures of merit attained at target practice during the year #aiaf1 and the hits by calibers at various ranges in #aiaf4 ,slight errors in the figures of merit have been corrected without returning the reports to the organizations concerned4 7#becgaja1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o47 ,,by ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,war3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1 ,major ,general1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,,official3 ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,c,a,i,n1 ,the ,adjutant ,general4 #hcfja-ag--a ,what follows for nine pages is a table of statistics on ,coast ,artillery firing records4 ,territorial ,departments issue ,bulletins seldom4 ,the pamphlets when they do appear1 follow the same plan as those of the ,war ,department4 ,,memoranda1 are issued by posts1 regiments1 and separate battalions--by the smaller units4 ,memoranda deal with subjects which are not so important in a military way as the foregoing orders4 ,they may be numbered1 as in the following case1 when they are of a permanent nature4 ,,headquarters ,,united ,,states ,,military ,,academy1 ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 ,october #h1 #aiag4 ,memorandum1 ,no4 #cd4 ,to prevent damage and danger from fires1 parents and others will exercise great care in allowing children under age of discretion to have access to1 or to handle matches1 or in allowing them to burn leaves or other combustibles in any part of the ,post4 7#fhj4bc7 ,by order of ,colonel ,tillman3 ,d4 ,h4 ,,torrey1 ,captain of ,infantry1 ,adjutant4 ,they may be unnumbered1 as in the following case1 when they are of a temporary nature4 ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 ,february #bg1 #aiag4 ,,memorandum3 ,residents of the ,post are informed that a case of chicken pox exists at the ,hotel4 ,the usual precautions against spreading the disease are enjoined4 7,tel4 memo4 ,surgeon47 ,by order of ,colonel ,biddle3 ,c4 ,c4 ,,carter1 ,major1 ,c4 ,a4 ,c41 ,adjutant4 ,,note4--,the ,war ,department issues also certain ,special ,regulations for particular ,general ,orders to which it wishes to call attention1 and puts out in pamphlet form ,changes to ,regulations4 ,both ,special ,regulations and ,changes belong to the class of the ,general ,order1 and1 therefore1 are not taken up separately here4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,official ,,correspondence--,,explanations--,,lect ures ,official ,correspondence includes official letters1 rolls1 returns1 estimates1 requisitions1 and routine reports4 ,the ,official ,letter includes 7#a7 letters to persons in the military service1 7#b7 letters to persons outside the military service1 and 7#c7 official telegrams4 ,number #a has its particular military form which must be precisely followed4 ,it consists of ,the ,brief ,the ,body ,the ,ending ,indorsements ,enclosures ,the ,brief consists of the following in the order ,the ,heading ,from ,whom ,sent given ,to ,whom ,sent ,the ,subject ,an example of a ,brief would be3 ,hq4 ,eastern ,department1 ,governors ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #ba1 #aidj4 ,from3 ,the ,adjutant4 ,to3 ,captain ,james ,l4 ,douglas1 #iith ,inf4 7,through ,c4 ,o4 ,madison ,barracks1 ,n4 ,y47 ,subject3 ,delay in submitting report4 ,another example would be3 ,company ,a1 #iith ,infantry1 ,madison ,barracks1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #i1 #aidj4 ,from3 ,commanding ,officer1 ,co4 ,a1 #iith ,inf4 ,to3 ,the ,commanding ,officer4 ,subject3 ,insufficiency of shoes4 ,another example of a ,brief would be3 ,madison ,barracks1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #aj1 #aidj4 ,from3 ,captain ,james ,l4 ,douglas1 #iith ,inf4 ,to3 ,the ,adjutant ,general of the ,army 7,through ,c4 ,o4 ,madison ,barracks1 ,n4 ,y47 ,subject3 ,request for leave of absence4 ,the heading consists of the name of the office1 place1 and date4 ,in the first example the name of the office was 8,headquarters1 ,eastern ,department40 ,in the second1 8,company ,a1 #iith ,infantry40 ,in the third1 there was no office named because the letter was written by an officer as an individual and not as an executive of an organization4 ,the place is the post-office address of an officer's station in any case4 8,indefinite expressions of locality1 which do not indicate where the letter was written10#ai should never be used4 ,the date is written on the same line as the place1 except where no office is designated2 and it is written not as in communications dealing with combat1 but in the ordinary way4 ,the 8,from0 in the ,from ,whom ,sent begins one line 7if typed1 two lines7 below the heading and at the left-hand margin4 ,it is followed by the official designation of the writer1 or in the absence of any official designation1 the name of writer with his rank and regiment1 corps1 or department4 ,the rank is written before the name2 and the regiment1 corps1 or department after the name4 ,directly below the 8,from0 is placed the 8,to0 in ,to ,whom ,sent1 followed by the official designation or name of the person addressed4 ,what follows 8,to0 is written in the same manner as what follows 8,from40 ,directly below the 8,to0 comes the word 8,subject0 which is followed by an expression which will give the gist of the ,body of the letter4 ,this expression will be boiled to a minimum and will not exceed ten words4 ,the words 8,from10 8,to10 and 8,subject0 will be immediately followed by colons1 and the 8,f10 8,t10 and 8,s0 will be on the same vertical line4 ,the ,body of the letter will comprise one subject only4 ,a leave of absence and a decision1 for instance1 will not be requested in the same letter4 ,two separate communications will be written4 ,this procedure is merely that of carrying out the principle of unity in the whole composition4 ,a violation in this regard causes endless worry to the receiving office and a deserved rebuke for the writer4 ,when typewritten1 the body of the letter will be single-spaced4 ,double spaces will be used between paragraphs4 ,the body should begin on the second fold of the paper4 ,the paragraphs will be numbered1 will each contain one topic1 and will be arranged in a logical sequence of topics4 ,thus if we were to write out the ,body of the letter for the last illustration of the ,brief1 we should have it appear about as follows3 #a4--;,i request a leave of absence for five months to take effect on or about ,february #a1 #aidj4 #b4--,my reasons for this request are very urgent at this time4 ,i have had ten years of continuous service without a leave of any kind1 and ,i feel the need of more than an ordinary rest4 ,besides1 my private affairs are in such shape that the matter of straightening them out will require at least all of the period requested4 #c4--,my address while on leave will be care of ,astor ,hotel1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ,ending ,the ,signature4 consists of ,the ,rank4 ,the ,regiment1 ,corps1 or ,department4 8,official communications will be signed or authenticated with the pen and not by facsimiles1 and if written by order1 it will be stated by whose order4 ,signatures will be plainly and legibly written4 ,by virtue of the commission and assignment to duty1 the adjutant of any command transacts the business or correspondence of that command over his signature2 but when orders or instructions of any kind are given1 the authority by which he gives the order must be stated40#bj 8,the ,body of the letter will be followed by the ,signature4 ,if the ,rank and the ,regiment1 ,corps or ,department of the writer appear at the beginning of the letter1 they will not appear after his name2 but if they do not appear at the beginning of the letter1 they will follow under his name40#ba ,to illustrate fully what we have said1 let us write the ,body and ,ending of the first illustration of the ,brief3 ,the ,department ,commander directs that you submit without delay the report of your recent inspection of the ,organized ,militia of the ,state of ,new ,york1 and that you also submit an explanation of your failure to comply with par4 #f1 ,s4 ,o4 #be1 c4 s41 these headquarters4 ,j4 ,l4 ,thurst1 ,lieut4 ,col41 #bdth ,cav4 ,one-half inch below the ,ending of the letter comes the first of the ,indorsements1 and the succeeding ,indorsements follow one another serially1 with a space of about one-half inch between ,indorsements4 ,letters in the military service are not answered in the sense in which we use the term in civilian life4 ,in other words1 the person who receives a letter does not retain it and reply thereto by another4 ,instead he states what he has to say in an ,indorsement1 which is put down in continuation of the original letter4 ,thus everything which has been written in regard to the contents of a letter appears as a part of the letter when it is finally filed4 ,when ,captain ,douglas' request for leave of absence1 for example1 reaches the headquarters of his regiment1 it has added to it the ,colonel's indorsement which appears as follows1 provided the ,colonel wishes the ,captain to obtain the leave3 #ast ,ind4 ,hq4 #iith ,inf41 ,madison ,barracks1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #aa1 #aidj-- ,to the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,dept4 of the ,east4 ,approved recommended4 ,e4 ,f4 ,hush1 ,colonel1 #iith ,inf41 ,comdg4 ,the serial number of indorsements1 the place1 the date1 and to whom written1 will be written as shown above4 ,when typewritten1 they will be written single-spaced1 with a double space between paragraphs4 ,should one or more additional sheets be necessary for the ,body or ,indorsements1 sheets of the same size as the first will be added4 ,only one side of the paper will be used for writing4 ,indorsements of a routine nature such as referring1 transmitting1 forwarding1 and returning papers1 will not be signed with the full name1 but with initials4 ,when the letter of the ,department ,commander to ,captain ,douglas reaches the ,commanding ,officer1 ,madison ,barracks1 ,n4 ,y41 who is also ,commanding ,officer1 #iith ,infantry1 the latter may do either of two things4 ,he may simply forward the letter to ,captain ,douglas without comment1 because he deems the letter sufficient for the purpose2 or he may add a disciplinary word also4 ,in the first case the indorsement would appear as follows3 #ast ,ind4 ,hq4 #iith ,inf41 ,madison ,barracks1 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #bc1 #aidj--,to ,captain ,james ,l4 ,douglas1 #iith ,inf41 ,forwarded1 ,a4 ,d4 ,t4 ,in the second case the indorsement would appear as follows3 #ast ,ind4 ,hq4 #iith ,inf41 ,madison ,bks41 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #bc1 #aidj--,to ,captain ,james ,l4 ,douglas1 #iith ,inf4 ,for compliance4 ,by order of ,colonel ,maish1 ,a4 ,d4 ,thomas1 ,capt4 #iith ,inf41 ,adjutant4 ,the ,body and ,indorsements of letters are signed by the ,adjutant when the letters are addressed to those lower in rank than the ,commanding ,officer4 ,they are signed by the ,commanding ,officer himself when addressed to those higher in rank than the ,commanding ,officer4 ,letters are never addressed to adjutants4 ,in connection with indorsements it might be well to quote what ,army ,regulations say in their regard4 8,communications1 whether from a subordinate to a superior1 or vice versa1 will pass through intermediate commanders4 ,this rule will not be interpreted as including matters in relation to which intermediate commanders can have no knowledge1 and over which they are not expected to exercise control4 ,chiefs of ,war ,department bureaus are intermediate commanders between higher authority and the officers and enlisted men of their respective corps or departments1 who are serving under the exclusive control of themselves and their subordinates4 ,verbal communications will be governed by the same rules as to channels as written communications4 ,when necessity requires communications to be sent through other than the prescribed channel1 the necessity therefor will be stated4 ,communications from superiors to subordinates will be answered through the same channels as received4 ,except as provided above1 all communications1 reports1 and estimates from officers serving at a military post1 and communications of every nature addressed to them relating to affairs of the post1 will pass through the post commander4 ,officers who forward communications will indorse thereon their approval or disapproval1 with remarks4 ,no communication will be forwarded to the ,war ,department by a department commander or other superior officer for the action of the ,secretary of ,war without some recommendations or expression of opinion40 ,it may often be necessary to enclose other letters1 certain documents1 or even bulkier material with a letter4 ,such addition to a letter is called an ,inclosure and is submitted as part of the letter4 ,inclosures to the original communication will be noted on the face of the letter at the left-hand margin opposite the signature1 thus3 #b ,incls4 ,j4 ,l4 ,douglas1 ,capt4 #iith ,inf4 ,the inclosures themselves will be numbered on the outside4 ,the two inclosures of the above example would be marked #a and #b4 ,if others are added when an indorsement is made1 their number will be noted at the foot of the indorsement and upon themselves1 as just described for the original communication4 ,if few in number or not bulky1 inclosures may be kept inside the original paper2 otherwise they should be folded together in a wrapper marked 8,inclosures40 ,if kept within the paper they lie between folds a and b below4 ,now that we have discussed in order the different parts of an official letter to a person in the military service1 let us see how the various parts appear when assembled4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bjci ,company ,b1 #djth ,infantry1 ,fort ,william ,h4 ,seward1 ,alaska1 ,july #ai1 #aiab4 a ,from3 ,the ,commanding ,officer1 ,co4 ,b1 #djth ,inf4 ,to3 ,the ,adjutant ,general of the ,army4 7,through military channels47 ,subject3 ,philippine campaign badges4 ,inclosed are lists in duplicate of enlisted men of ,company ,b1 #djth ,infantry1 entitled to the ,philippine campaign badge4 ,john ,a4 ,brown1 #b ,incls4 ,capt41 #djth ,inf4 b #hbd #ast ,ind4 ,hq4 ,ft4 ,william ,h4 ,seward1 ,alaska1 ,july #ai1 #aiab-- ,to the ,comdg4 ,gen4 ,dept41 of the ,columbia4 ,s4 ,f4 ,thomas1 #b ,incls4 ,col41 #djth ,inf41 ,comdg4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd ,western ,dept41 ,july #cj1 #aiab4 #hjdc #b;d ,ind4 ,hq4 ,western ,dept41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,july #ca1 #aiab-- ,to ,the ,adjt4 ,gen4 of the ,army1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 c ,arthur ,e4 ,green1 #b ,incls4 ,col41 ,gen4 ,staff1 in absence of the ,department ,commander4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd ,a4 ,g4 ,o41 ,aug4 #e1 #aiab4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aidbbhf #c;d ,ind4 ,war ,dept41 ,a4 ,g4 ,o41 ,aug4 #h1 #aiab-- ,to the ,c4 ,o41 ,co4 ,i1 #ejth ,inf41 through the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,philippine ,department4 #a4 ,information is requested as to whether the records of the company show that ,corporal ,doe1 ,co4 ,i1 #ejth ,inf41 served in the field against hostile natives on the ,island of ,panay during ,july1 #aijg4 #b4 ,the early return of these papers is desired4 ,by order of the ,secretary of ,war3 ,thomas ,h4 ,smith1 #b ,incls4 ,adjt4 ,gen4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd ,phil4 ,dept41 ,sept4 #ad1 #aiab4 #giice #dth ,ind4 ,hq4 ,philippine ,department1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i41 ,sept4 #ae1 #aiab--,to the ,c4 ,o41 ,co4 ,i1 #ejth ,inf41 through the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,dist4 of ,mindanao4 #b ,incls4 ,a4 ,m4 ,b4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd ,dist4 ,mind41 ,sept4 #bd1 #aiab4 #cdfg #eth ,ind4 ,hq4 ,dist4 of ,mindanao1 ,zamboanga1 ,p4 ,i41 ,sept4 #be1 #aiab--,to the ,c4 ,o41 ,co4 ,i1 #ejth ,inf41 ,camp ,keithley1 ,mind41 ,p4 ,i41 through the ,post ,commander4 #b ,incls4 ,s4 ,v4 ,b4 #aacb #fth ,ind4 ,hq4 ,camp ,keithley1 ,mind41 ,p4 ,i41 ,sept4 #bh1 #aiab--,to the ,c4 ,o41 ,co4 ,i1 #ejth ,inf4 #b ,incls4 ,e4 ,f4 ,h4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd ,co4 ,i1 #ejth ,inf41 ,sept4 #bi1 #aiab4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #eab #gth ,ind4 ,co4 ,i1 #ejth ,inf41 ,camp ,keithley1 ,mind41 ,p4 ,i41 ,oct4 #d1 #aiab-- ,to the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,dist4 of ,mindanao1 through the ,c4 ,o41 ,camp ,keithley1 ,p4 ,i4 #a4 ,inclosed are extracts from the post orders and morning report of this company1 which contain all that there is of record regarding the service of ,corporal ,doe referred to herein4 ,inclosed also is affidavit of ,corporal ,jones as to ,corporal ,doe's service4 #b4 ,it is believed that the records of the headquarters1 ,district of ,mindanao1 may contain the information desired4 7#c incls4 added47 ,edward ,french1 #e ,incls4 ,capt41 #ejth ,inf41 ,comdg4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd back1 ,camp ,keithley1 ,oct4 #e1 #aiab4 #hth ,ind4 ,hq4 ,camp ,keithley1 ,mind41 ,p4 ,i41 ,oct4 #e1 #aiab-- ,to the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,district of ,mind4 #e ,incls4 ,a4 ,c4 ,douglas1 ,maj41 #ejth ,inf41 ,comdg4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd back1 ,dist4 ,mind41 ,oct4 #f1 #aiab4 #cdfg #ith ,ind4 ,hq4 ,dept4 of ,mindanao1 ,zamboanga1 ,p4 ,i41 ,oct4 #ab1 #aiab--,to the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,philippine ,department4 ,there is nothing on file at these headquarters bearing on the service of ,corporal ,doe referred to herein4 ,william ,jones1 #e ,incls4 ,brig4 ,gen41 ,comdg4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd back1 ,phil4 ,dept41 ,oct4 #bc1 #aiab4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #giice #ajth ,ind4 ,hq4 ,philippines ,department1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i41 ,oct4 #bd1 #aiab-- ,to the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,dist4 of ,mindanao1 with directions to withdraw affidavit of ,corporal ,jones1 it being proposed to inclose an affidavit from ,sergeant ,blank1 who is on duty at these headquarters and who is prepared to furnish a more complete affidavit than that furnished by ,corporal ,jones4 ,by command of ,major ,general ,white3 ,andrew ,brown1 #e ,incls4 ,adjt4 ,gen4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd back1 ,dist4 ,mind41 ,nov4 #c1 #aiab4 #cdfg #aath ,ind4 ,hq4 ,dist4 of ,mindanao1 ,zamboanga1 ,p4 ,i41 ,nov4 #d1 #aiab-- ,to the ,comdg4 ,gen41 ,philippine ,department1 the foregoing directions have been complied with4 7,incl4 #e withdrawn47 ,william ,jones1 #d ,incls4 ,brig4 ,gen41 ,comdg4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd back1 ,phil4 ,dept41 ,nov4 #ae1 #aiab4 #giice #abth ,ind4 ,hq4 ,philippine ,department1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i41 ,nov4 #af1 #aiab-- ,to the ,adjutant ,general of the ,army1 inviting attention to the preceding indorsements and to the accompanying inclosures4 7#a ,incl4 added47 #e ,incls4 ,maj4 ,gen41 ,comdg4 7,stamp7 ,rec'd back1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o41 ,dec4 #bc1 #aiab4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the dotted lines on page #a of the model represent the creases between the folds a1 b1 and c4 a contains the ,brief in the relative position shown and is folded away from b1 the crease between the two being toward the reader4 b begins the ,body and may contain it or only a part of it according to its length4 c contains the continuation of the ,body or the whole or parts of indorsements1 as the case may be4 b and c are folded toward each other1 the crease between the two being away from the reader4 ,page #b contains the body or indorsements of the letter4 ,all pages are folded as page #a in three equal folds4 ,when foolscap is used instead of the ordinary sized letter paper as above1 the only difference is that there is an extra fold4 ,imagine this fold to be tacked on to the bottom of page #a in the example and to be marked d4 d and c would be folded just as b and c4 ,the page would contain a third crease and be a fold longer4 ,otherwise the letter would be the same as the first one described4 ,the number at the upper left-hand corner is the filing number of the office4 ,it will be noticed in the seventh indorsement that three inclosures have been added4 ,the whole transaction is noted in the proper place4 ,the eleventh and twelfth indorsements should be noticed in the same regard4 ,where 8stamp0 appears in parenthesis1 the word does not actually occur in letters4 ,it indicates that the office which received the letter noted by means of a rubber stamp at that particular place on the letter the date on which the communication was received or received back4 ,in other words1 what follows 87,stamp70 was placed there by some one of the office force as soon as the letter was received in that office4 ,the writing on all pages should begin one inch from the top4 ,the pages1 beginning with the first will be numbered serially4 ,the number will be placed half way between the edges and one inch above the bottom of the page4 ,in referring to an indorsement by number1 the number of the page will also be given1 thus3 8#eth ,ind41 page #c40 ,all ceremonial forms at the beginning and end of letters such as 8,sir10 8,i have the honor10 8,i would respectfully10 8,very respectfully0 and the like will be omitted4 ,in referring1 transmitting1 forwarding1 and returning papers1 the expressions 8,respectfully referred10 8,respectfully transmitted10 8,respectfully forwarded10 and 8,respectfully returned10 will also be omitted4 8,an officer will not be designated in orders nor addressed in official communications by any other title than that of his actual rank40#bb ,wherever appropriate the name should be supplanted by the title1 such as 8,commanding ,officer1 ,co4 ,a1 #iith ,infantry0 in place of 8,captain ,james ,l4 ,douglas40 8,all letters and indorsements which are typewritten1 excepting letters of transmittal1 reports of taking leave of absence1 periodical reports1 and communications of a similar nature1 will be made with two carbon copies4 ,one copy will be retained for the records of the office in which the letter was written1 and the other will be forwarded with the communication for the files of the first office in which a complete copy is required for the records1 but such copy will not be regarded as an enclosure4 ,it will be initialed by the person responsible for the communication40 8,in official correspondence between officers or between officers and officials of other branches of the public service1 and especially in matters involving questions of jurisdiction1 conflict of authority1 or dispute1 officers of the ,army are reminded that their correspondence should be courteous in tone and free from any expression partaking of a personal nature or calculated to give offense4 ,whenever questions of such character shall arise between officers and officials of other branches of the public service1 and it is found that they cannot be reconciled by an interchange of courteous correspondence1 the officer of the ,army1 as the representative of the interests of the ,war ,department in the matter involved1 will make a full presentation of the case to the ,secretary of ,war through the proper military channels1 in order that the same may be properly considered4 ,in order to reduce the possibility of confidential communications falling into the hands of persons other than those for whom they are intended1 the sender will enclose them in an inner and outer cover2 the inner cover to be a sealed envelope or wrapper addressed in the usual way1 but marked plainly 8,confidential0 in such a manner that the notation may be most readily seen when the outer cover is removed4 ,the package thus prepared will then be enclosed in another sealed envelope or wrapper addressed in the ordinary manner with no notation to indicate the confidential nature of the contents4 ,the foregoing applies not only to confidential communications entrusted to the mails or to telegraph companies1 but also to such communications entrusted to messengers passing between different offices of the same headquarters1 including the bureaus and offices of the ,war ,department40 ,we have so far discussed in this chapter official letters to persons in the military service4 ,we now come to consider the second form of official letter--the one to persons outside the military service4 ,often an adjutant or quartermaster is called upon to write to individuals or firms not conversant with the military forms4 ,for a variety of reasons1 the business form in that case is best4 ,in general the two forms present the following differences and likenesses4 ,the headings are the same4 ,the business form substitutes the ,address of the ,recipient and the ,salutation for the ,from ,whom ,sent1 ,to ,whom ,sent1 and ,subject of the military form4 ,the ,body in each case follows the principles of paragraphing1 and unity and coherence of the whole1 as set down for the military form4 ,in the business form the paragraphs need not be numbered4 ,the business form has a complimentary close before the signature1 rank1 and organization of the writer4 ,letters are retained by the recipient and answered by him with a new letter1 the sender retaining a carbon copy4 ,indorsements are not used in the business form4 ,an example of a good business form appears below4 ,office of the ,quartermaster1 ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 ,august #g1 #aicj4 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,c4 ,johnson and ,company1 #cab ,high ,street1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts4 ,gentlemen3 ,in reference to your letter of the #eth inst41 ,i desire to inform you that there is no need here at present for the roofing mentioned4 ,i regret that we cannot at this time become customers of your firm1 but we shall hold you in mind when the necessity for roofing arises4 ,yours very truly1 ,j4 ,h4 ,smith1 ,major1 ,q4 ,m4 ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,quartermaster4 ,the entire address of the recipient had best be written before the salutation4 ,other proper salutations are3 ,my dear ,sir3 ,my dear ,madam3 ,ladies3 ,other proper ,complimentary ,closings are3 ,yours truly1 ,yours respectfully1 ,stick close to the forms of the model above4 ,a very slight departure will make you appear crude4 ,for instance1 to say ,d4 ,c4 ,johnson1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,messrs4-- would be entirely wrong4 ,as to the ,body of the letter1 however1 write it your own way so long as you use words1 phrases1 clauses1 sentences1 and paragraphs1 of a kind we have striven to attain throughout this work4 ,do not make your letter telegraphic2 complete your sentences4 ,the instructions given for the attainment of the proper forms in ordinary business communications are in no sense as rigid as those given for the military communication4 ,many officers now use the military forms for their correspondence with business firms1 and1 indeed1 many of these firms have themselves adopted the military form4 ,the third type of official letter is that of the official telegram4 ,it does not differ in principle from the ordinary telegram1 and therefore does not require separate practice4 ,those who have conquered the field message should have no trouble in its composition4 ,it is written on an official telegraph blank which may be obtained from the ,quartermaster4 ,the blank is for the purpose of having the message go at ,government expense4 ,army ,regulations state that 8telegrams will be followed by official copies sent by the first mail in cases of financial transactions of more than trifling importance1 and in cases in which chiefs of bureaus of the ,war ,department may deem it necessary themselves to send1 or to require officers serving under their immediate control to send them1 such copies40 ,it is a good thing in any case to mail a copy of a telegram4 ,the other kinds of official correspondence which need no letters to accompany them are ,rolls1 ,returns1 ,estimates1 ,requisitions1 and ,routine ,reports4 ,a study of these forms of communication belongs properly to the subject of administration4 ,they are1 therefore1 simply mentioned here4 ,the principal ,rolls with which the novice in the military service is confronted are the ,muster and ,pay ,rolls4 ,the former is rendered every two months and the latter every month4#bc ,full instructions as to what is required in each set of rolls are found on the last page of each form4 ,on application to the ,adjutant ,general of the ,army1 a list of model remarks for the rolls will be furnished4 ,the principal ,returns with which the novice should become familiar are the ,ration1 ,clothing1 ,ordnance1 ,company 7monthly71 and ,field ,returns4 ,estimates and ,requisitions are used most frequently by the ,supply ,departments4 ,but organizations must prepare ,estimates of what they will need1 and must prepare ,requisitions for the desired articles when needed4 ,the ,clothing ,estimate and ,clothing ,requisition are two common and important forms4 ,among the ,routine ,reports in the military service should be mentioned the ,morning1 ,inventory and ,inspection1 ,sick1 and certain ,reports in official letter form4 ,the form of ,routine ,report which is most common is the ,morning ,report4 ,,explanations ,as we took up in each case after written work pertaining to combat the similar verbal task1 so now after we have discussed written correspondence we are going to dwell upon the ordinary verbal labor incumbent upon officers and non-commissioned officers in the military service4 ,in war or peace a military leader is useless without an effective tongue4 ,we have demonstrated his uselessness in combat2 we shall see that he is just as unsatisfactory in training men for combat4 ,the work of any military individual in command of men is not only that of doing but also that of telling others how to do4 ,the ,explanation of the efficient leader is a continuous process from morning until night4 ,he is constantly called upon to make his words count4 ,if he halts1 he loses time4 ,if he hesitates1 he makes his men restless4 ,he must speak straight through to the end in a clear-cut way1 never hedging or repeating2 and when he has finished1 the listeners should feel that the subject has been completely covered4 ,if he does not form the habit of so talking1 he forfeits his power of leadership4 ,for what good is an intelligent or inventive officer1 if he cannot put his intelligence or invention out through his lips8 ,the military profession is one which depends upon quick instruction by word of mouth4 ,the officer who does his own work and the work of his sergeants too1 is plainly inefficient4 ,he has avoided the harder task--that of teaching others how to carry on the work4 ,he has done worse4 ,he has lessened the value of his organization as an automatic machine4 ,when he leaves it1 it will either fall to pieces or place a weighty burden on the officer relieving him4#bd ,there is one caution which a military man should observe in his speech on the drill ground1 in barracks1 or in the field4 ,he should not repeat unnecessarily4 ,he should not allow his men to gain the idea that if they do not listen at once he will tell them later4 ,it should be an understood fact that his ,explanation1 once stated1 stands4 ,of course he may reiterate during his talk for the sake of emphasis4 ,but he should by practice be so capable of telling everything so unmistakably the first time over that no reasonable question can be asked4 ,good explanations make for attention on the part of his men1 and attention makes for an increase of good work4 ,sooner or later the achievements of his organization contrast it favorably with other organizations and his brother officers say1 8,he has made a success40 ,much of that success has come to him because he has set for himself1 and followed these simple rules3 7#a7 8,i will try today not to say anything which is not exactly expressive of what ,i mean40 7#b7 8,i will try whenever ,i write to make myself unmistakable40 7#c7 8,i will try whenever ,i speak to make every word distinct from every other word40 7#d7 8,i will try whenever ,i read to see how others express themselves so that ,i may at the next opportunity imitate that part of their style which says most in the simplest way40 7#e7 8,i will make every good new word my own1 because the vocabulary of my present life is limited40 7#f7 8,i will do all this because by so doing ,i shall develop myself in my profession1 and because ,i may some day fail that profession if ,i neglect that development now40 ,,lectures ,lectures are but extended ,explanations4 ,officers are more and more being called upon to appear before large audiences of educated people in order to give to the country military knowledge4 ,training ,camps and war are increasing the necessity for the delivery of lectures4 ,because the ,lecture takes more time1 it should be more carefully developed than the ,explanation4 ,the subject should be divided into its various parts in a logical way4 ,it should be bound together coherently4 ,and each part should have in it only what belongs there4 ,this process is simply that of following the rules of ,english with which we are already acquainted4 ,the purpose is speed and clearness4 ,there are other elements which enter into the betterment of a long talk4 ,since an audience is human1 there is reason in helping it through a dry subject4 ,the treatment of the ,lecture may in this way1 besides aiding the interest1 make the points stick longer4 ,two qualities which help to attain this treatment are ,humor and ,presence4 ,ordinarily the ,american does not need to be told to cultivate humor4 ,he reeks with it4 ,but there are some instructors whose minds work along so impassively that it is difficult for them to be wakened from their gravity4 ,to them the conscious development of the short anecdote1 homely illustration1 and incongruous phrase is a splendid aid4 ,the great majority1 however1 must be guarded in the use of humor4 ,the quality itself may be overworked so that the proportion of matter in the ,lecture is small in comparison to the witticisms4 ,humor is but a means to an end4 ,its sole object should be to lighten the talk in order to help the subject into the auditor's mind more easily4 ,fun should be incidental and made without effort4 ,as to ,presence more can be said in its favor4 ,it is an indispensable quality in a speaker4 ,if his diaphragm is in his mouth during his delivery1 or if his heart action is violent1 the audience cannot be fooled4 ,it will be made uncomfortable4 ,a speaker should have such ordinary fluency of accurate expression through practice that he entertains no fears of obscure or halting language4 ,he should be so familiar with the sensations of looking into a number of faces that he will feel at ease4 ,he should impress his audience that he enjoys standing before them for the purpose of imparting interesting knowledge4 ,such ,presence can be attained only by taking advantage of every opportunity for correct public and private speech4 ,the military novice should enter every impersonal discussion he can find1 and should urge himself to speak whenever possible to more than a dozen people at a time4 ,he must be more than an ordinary talker1 for he must have speed and interest as ready agents of his ideas4 ,to gain those qualities is a matter of constant attention to speaking and to writing exactly what he wishes to say4 ,we have now covered the territory of military communications4 ,we have seen the necessity for correct expression1 and the difficulty of its attainment4 ,what we have done should be but a beginning4 ,it may be a long struggle to gain brevity and clarity--the terse and the unmistakable4 ,but achievement will come with practice and will repay us fully in future satisfaction1 and increased worth in our profession4 ,,appendices#be ,,appendix ,,forms ,,of ,,complete ,,field ,,orders ,while the following forms are given for the convenience of officers in the field1 and with a view of securing uniformity in the service1 it must be remembered that no two military situations are the same4 ,the sequence in paragraph #c is not obligatory1 the commander arranging the details according to his best judgment4 ,for an advance4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour ,troops #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops 7a7 ,independent ,cavalry3 #b4 ,plan of commander ,commander #c4 7a7 ,instructions for independent ,troops cavalry--place and time of departure1 roads or country to be covered1 special mission 7b7 ,advance ,guard3 7b7 ,instructions for advance guard--place ,commander and time of departure1 or distance at ,troops which it is to precede the main body1 route1 special mission 7c7 ,main ,body--in 7c7 ,instructions for main body--distance order of march3 at which it is to follow the advance guard1 ,commander#bf or place and time of departure 7d7 ,right left ,flank 7d7 ,instructions for flank guard--place ,guard3 and time of departure1 route1 special mission ,commander 7e7 ,instructions for signal troops--lines ,troops of information to be established1 special 7e7 ,signal ,troops3 mission ,commander 7x7 ,instructions for outpost--when relieved1 ,troops subsequent duties #d4 ,instructions for field train--escort1 distance in rear of column1 or destination when different from that of main body1 if disposition not previously covered in 8,orders0 ,instructions for sanitary1 ammunition1 supply and engineer trains1 when necessary #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,for advance guards4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour ,troops #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops 7a7 ,advance ,cavalry3 #b4 ,plan of commander ,commander #c4 7a7 ,instructions for advance ,troops cavalry--place and time of departure1 roads 7b7 ,support3 or country to be covered1 special mission ,commander 7b7 ,instructions for support--place and ,troops time of departure1 route1 special mission 7c7 ,reserve--in order 7c7 ,instructions for reserve--distance at of march3 which it is to follow support ,troops 7d7 ,instructions for flank guard--place 7d7 ,right left ,flank and time of departure1 route1 special mission ,guard3 #d4 ,instructions for field train--generally ,commander to join train of column if not previously ,troops covered in orders #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent1 location of lines of information ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,a halt for the night--,camp with outpost4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops1 including independent cavalry #b4 ,plan of commander--to encamp or bivouac #c4 7a7 ,designation of commander and troops of outpost1#bg general line to be held1 special reconnaissance1 connection with other outposts1 if any 7b7 ,instructions for troops not detailed for outpost duty--location of camp1 designation of camp commander1#bh observation of flanks and rear when necessary1 lines of information1 conduct in case of attack #d4 ,instructions for field train--generally to join troops1 though if near enemy1 field train of outpost troops may be held in rear#bi ,instructions for sanitary1 ammunition1 supply1 and engineer trains1 when necessary #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,for outposts4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour ,troops #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops 7a7 ,advance ,cavalry3 #b4 ,plan of commander--to establish outpost ,commander approximate line of resistance ,troops #c4 7a7 ,instructions for advanced cavalry 7b7 ,supports3#cj contact with enemy1 roads or country to be ,no4#a;,commander specially watched1 special mission ,troops 7b7 ,instructions for supports--positions ,no4#b;,commander they are to occupy1 and sections of line of ,troops resistance which they are to hold1 intrenching1 ,no4#c;,commander etc4 ,troops 7c7 ,instructions for detached post--position 7c7 ,detached ,post3 to be occupied1 duties1 amount of ,commander resistance ,troops 7d7 ,instructions for reserves--location1 7d7 ,reserve3 observation of flanks1 conduct in case of ,commander attack1 duties of special troops ,troops #d4 ,instruction for field train if necessary #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent1 location of lines of information ,authentication ,how and to whom issued#ca ,it is sometimes necessary to issue two outpost orders2 the first as above1 containing general instruction2 the second1 issued after an inspection of the line1 and containing more definite instructions or involving changes4 ,for positions in readiness4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops #b4 ,plan of commander--to take up a position in readiness at or near ---- #c4 7a7 ,instructions for cavalry--to reconnoiter in direction of enemy1 special mission 7b7 ,instructions for artillery--position or place of assembly 7c7 ,instructions for infantry--position or place of assembly1 points to be especially held1 reconnaissance 7d7 ,instructions for engineers--position or place of assembly 7e7 ,instructions for signal troops--lines of information #d4 ,instructions for field trains1 sanitary1 ammunition1 supply and engineer trains if not previously covered in orders--generally to halt at designated localities in rear1 ready to move in any direction #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,for defense positions4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops #b4 ,plan of commander--to take up a defensive position at or along ----1 for the purpose of ---- #c4 7a7 ,instructions for artillery--position1 target1 intrenching1 etc4 7b7 ,instructions for fighting line--division of front into sections and assignment of troops thereto1 intrenching1 etc4 7c7 ,instructions for reserve--troops and position 7d7 ,instructions for cavalry--usually to cover with its main force the more exposed flank1 a detachment being sent to patrol the other2 reconnaissance 7e7 ,instructions for engineer--defensive work1 clearing field of fire1 preparation of obstacles1 opening roads1 etc4 7f7 ,instructions for signal troops--to establish lines of information #d4 ,instructions for sanitary train--location of dressing stations and station for slightly wounded ,instructions for ammunition train--location of ammunition distributing stations ,instructions for field and supply trains1 if not previously covered in orders #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,for an attack4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops #b4 ,plan of commander--indicating the general plan of attack1 usually to envelop a flank #c4 7a7 ,information for artillery--position1 first target1 generally hostile artillery 7b7 ,instructions for holding attack#cb--;commander1 troops1 direction and objective 7c7 ,instructions for main attack--commander1 troops1 direction and objective 7d7 ,instructions for reserve--commander1 troops1 position 7e7 ,instructions for cavalry--generally to operate on one or both flanks1 or to execute some special mission 7f7 ,instructions for engineers--any special mission 7g7 ,instructions for signal troops--to establish lines of information between the commander and the main and secondary attacks1 artillery1 reserves1 etc4 #d4 ,instructions for sanitary train--location of dressing stations and stations for slightly wounded when practicable ,instructions for ammunition train--location of ammunition distributing stations ,instructions for field and supply trains1 if not previously covered in orders #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,note4--,in war it is not always possible to issue a complete attack order like the above1 disposing of an entire command4 ,in unexpected encounters1 for instance1 orders must be given as the situation develops4 ,for a retreat4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour ,troops #a4 ,information of enemy and of our 7a7 ,leading ,troops3 supporting troops ,commander #b4 ,plan of commander--to retire in ,troops direction of ---- 7b7 ,main ,body--in #c4 7a7 ,instructions for leading order of march3 troops--place and time of departure1 route1 ,troops special mission 7c7 ,rear ,guard3 7b7 ,instructions for main body--place ,commander and time of departure1 route ,troops 7c7 ,instructions for rear guard--distance 7d7 ,right left ,flank from the main body or place and time of ,guard3 departure1 special mission ,commander 7d7 ,instructions for flank guard--place ,troops and time of departure1 special mission 7e7 ,signal ,troops3 7e7 ,instructions for signal troops--lines ,commander of information ,troops 7x7 ,instructions for outposts--when relieved1 subsequent duties--usually forming the rear guard #d4 ,instructions for field and divisional trains--place and time of departure1 route1 escort2 these trains are generally some distance ahead of the column #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,for rear guards4 ,field ,orders ,title ,no4 -- ,place ,reference to map used ,date and hour ,troops #a4 ,information of enemy and of our supporting troops 7a7 ,reserve--in order #b4 ,plan of commander--mission of rear of march3 guard ,troops #c4 7a7 ,instructions for reserve--place and 7b7 ,support3 time of departure1 or approximate distance ,commander from main body1 reconnaissance ,troops 7b7 ,instructions for support--place and 7c7 ,rear ,cavalry3 time of departure or distance from reserve1 ,commander any special reconnaissance ,troops 7c7 ,instructions for rear cavalry--place 7d7 ,right left ,flank and time of departure1 road or country to be ,guard3 covered1 special mission ,commander 7d7 ,instructions for flank guard--place ,troops and time of departure1 route1 special mission #d4 ,instructions for field train when necessary--usually to join the train of main body #e4 ,place of commander or where messages may be sent--location of lines of information ,authentication ,how and to whom issued ,,march ,,table ,in movements of large forces on several roads1 it is sometimes desirable to prescribe the daily marches of the various columns for two or more days4 ,in such cases the order may often be simplified by appending or incorporating a march table usually in the following form1 each column providing its own security4 ,march ,table4 ---- ,army1 from ---- date1 to ---- date4 ,reference to map used4 ,date ---- ,division ---- ,division ,army ,hq4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,location of main ,location of main ,location at end body or of advance body or of advance of each day's guard at end of guard at end of march4 each day's march1 each day's march1 and line of march1 and line of march1 if necessary4 if necessary4 ,,appendix #b ,abbreviations ,,field ,,maps ,,and ,,sketches ,the following abbreviations and signs are authorized for use on field maps and sketches4 ,for more elaborate map work the authorized conventional signs as given in the manual of 8,conventional ,signs1 ,united ,states ,army ,maps10 are used4 ,abbreviations other than those given should not be used4 ,abbreviations4 ,a4 ,arroyo4 abut4 ,abutment4 ,ar4 ,arch4 b4 ,brick4 ,b4 ,s4 ,blacksmith ,shop4 bot4 ,bottom4 ,br4 ,branch4 br4 ,bridge4 ,c4 ,cape4 cem4 ,cemetery4 con4 ,concrete4 cov4 ,covered4 ,cr4 ,creek4 cul4 ,culvert4 d4 ,deep4 ,d4 ,s4 ,drug ,store4 ,e4 ,east4 ,est4 ,estuary4 f4 ,fordable4 ,ft4 ,fort4 ,g4 ,s4 ,general ,store4 gir4 ,girder4 ,g4 ,m4 ,gristmill4 i4 ,iron4 ,i4 ,island4 ,jc4 ,junction4 k4p4 ,king-post4 ,l4 ,lake4 ,lat4 ,latitude4 ,ldg4 ,landing4 ,l4 ,s4 ,s4 ,life-,saving ,station4 ,l4 ,h4 ,lighthouse4 ,long4 ,longitude4 ,mt4 ,mountain4 ,mts4 ,mountains4 ,n4 ,north4 n4 f4 ,not fordable4 ,p4 ,pier4 pk4 ,plank4 ,p4 ,o4 ,post ,office4 ,pt4 ,point4 q4p4 ,queen-post4 ,r4 ,river4 ,r4 ,h4 ,roundhouse4 ,r4 ,r4 ,railroad4 ,s4 ,south4 s4 ,steel4 ,s4 ,h4 ,schoolhouse4 ,s4 ,m4 ,sawmill4 ,sta4 ,station4 st4 ,stone4 str4 ,stream4 ,t4 ,g4 ,tollgate4 ,tres4 ,trestle tr4 ,truss4 ,w4 ,t4 ,water ,tank4 ,w4 ,w4 ,water ,works4 ,w4 ,west4 w4 ,wood4 wd4 ,wide4 ,tactical organizations3 #c;d ,div4 ,third ,infantry ,division4 #ast ,cav4 ,div4 ,first ,cavalry ,division4 #ast ,sep4 ,brig4 ,first ,separate ,brigade4 #hth ,brig4 #c;d ,div4 ,eighth ,infantry ,brigade of ,third ,infantry ,division4 #b;d ,brig4 #ast ,cav4 ,div4 ,second ,cavalry ,brigade of ,first ,cavalry ,division4 #dth ,brig4 ,f4 ,a4 ,fourth ,brigade of ,field ,artillery4 #eth ,hv4 ,a4 ,fifth ,regiment of ,heavy ,artillery4 #dth ,m4 ,a4 ,fourth ,regiment of ,mountain ,artillery4 #ast ,pon4 ,bn4 ,first ,ponton ,battalion4 #ast ,aero ,sq4 ,first ,aero ,squadron4 #c;d ,inf4 ,third ,regiment of ,infantry4 #b;d ,cav4 ,second ,regiment of ,cavalry4 #c;d ,l4 ,a4 ,third ,regiment of ,light ,artillery4 #fth ,h4 ,a4 ,sixth ,regiment of ,horse ,artillery4 #ast ,bn4 ,engrs4 ,first ,pioneer ,battalion of ,engineers4 #ast ,bn4 mtd4 ,engrs4 ,first ,pioneer ,battalion of ,engineers1 ,mounted4 #ast ,bn4 ,sig4 ,first ,field ,battalion ,signal ,troops4 #ast ,bn4 ,sig4 cav4 ,first ,field ,battalion ,signal ,troops1 ,cavalry4 #ast ,tel4 ,bn4 ,first ,telegraph ,battalion4 ,trains3 ,c4 ,tn4 ,combat train4 ,f4 ,tn4 ,field train4 ,b4 ,sec4 ,f4 ,tn4 ,baggage section field train4 ,r4 ,sec4 ,f4 ,tn4 ,ration section field train4 ,am4 ,tn4 ,ammunition train4 ,sp4 ,tn4 ,supply train4 ,sn4 ,tn4 ,sanitary train4 #ast ,amb4 ,co4 ,first ,ambulance ,company4 #b;d ,f4 ,hosp4 ,co4 ,second ,field ,hospital ,company4 #ast ,med4 ,res4 ,co4 ,first ,medical ,reserve ,company4 ,engr4 ,tn4 ,engineer train4 ,columns 7#a of c73 ,am4 ,col4 ,ammunition column4 ,sp4 ,col4 ,supply column4 ,sn4 ,col4 ,sanitary column4 ,engr4 ,col4 ,engineer column4 ,fractional ,organization4 ,infantry3 #c;d ,div4 7less cav4 and #a bn4 ,f4 ,a47 #b;d ,brig4 7less #a regt47 #ast ,inf4 7less #f cos4 and ,m4 ,g4 ,co47 #a bn4 #fth ,inf4 #ast ,bn4 #fth ,inf4 7less #a co47 ,co4 ,a #ast ,inf4 7less #a plat47 ,cavalry3 #ast ,cav4 ,div4 7less #a brig47 #b;d ,brig4 7less #a regt47 #c;d ,cav4 7less #a sq4 and ,m4 ,g4 detch47 #a ,sq4 #dth ,cav4 #ast ,sq4 #dth ,cav4 7less #a tr47 ,tr4 ,c #dth ,cav4 7less #b plats47 ,artillery3 #dth ,brig4 ,f4 ,a4 7less #a bn47 #c;d ,l4 7less #a bn47 #a bn4 #ast ,l4 ,a4 7less #a btry47 #ast ,l4 ,a4 7less #b btries47 ,btry ,a #fth ,h4 ,a4 #eth ,hv4 ,a4 7less #a bn4 #f ,how47 #a ,bn4 #d4g ,how41 #eth ,hv4 ,a4 #a ,btry4 #d4g gun1 #eth ,hv4 ,a4 ,engineers3 #ast ,bn4 ,engrs4 7less #a co47 ,co4 ,a ,engrs4 7less #a sec47 #b ,secs4 ,engrs4 #ast ,pon4 ,bn4 7less #a co4 heavy equip47 #a pon4 co4 light equip4 7less #b bridge div47 ,signal3 #ast ,bn4 ,sig4 7less #a wire plat47 #a rad4 ,co4 ,sig4 #a wire ,co4 ,sig4 #a rad4 sec4 pack1 ,sig4 #a rad4 plat4 wagon1 ,sig4 #a wire ,sec4 ,sig4 #a wire plat4 ,sig4 ,miscellaneous3 ,adj4 adjutant4 ,adm4 ,sec4 ,g4 ,s4 administrative section1 general staff4 ,a4 ,d4 of ,ry4 assistant director of railways4 ,am4 ammunition4 ,adv4 ,gd4 advance guard4 ,adv4 ,sec4 ,l4 of ,c4 advance section1 line of communications4 ,asst4 ,c4 of ,s4 assistant chief of staff4 ,base ,sec4 ,l4 of ,c4 base section1 line of communications4 ,brig4 ,gen4 brigadier general4 ,capt4 captain4 ,c4 ,g4 commanding general4 ,c4 ,g4 ,l4 of ,c4 commanding general1 line of communications4 ,c4 ,o4 commanding officer4 ,col4 colonel4 ,c4 of ,s4 chief of staff4 ,comdg4 commanding4 ,comb4 ,sec4 ,g4 ,s4 combat section1 general staff4 ,detch4 detachment4 ,d4 of ,ry4 director of railways4 ,e4 ,o4 engineer officer4 ,f4 ,o4 field order4 ,f4 ,s4 ,r4 field service regulations4 ,gd4 guard4 ,gen4 general4 ,g4 ,o4 general order4 ,insp4 inspector4 ,int4 ,sec4 ,g4 ,s4 intelligence section1 general staff4 ,inter4 ,sec4 ,l4 of ,c4 intermediate section1 line of communications4 ,j4 ,a4 judge advocate4 ,l4 of ,c4 line of communications4 ,lt4 lieutenant4 ,lt4 ,col4 lieutenant colonel4 ,lt4 ,gen4 lieutenant general4 ,maj4 major4 ,maj4 ,gen4 major general4 ,m4 ,p4 military police4 ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 non-commissioned officer4 ,o4 ,o4 ordnance officer4 ,q4 ,m4 quartermaster4 ,s4 ,a4 ,am4 small arms ammunition4 ,sig4 ,o4 signal officer4 ,s4 ,o4 special order4 ,surg4 surgeon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,army ,changes ,,edited ,,by ,,colonel ,,james ,a4 ,,moss ,published ,quarterly and dated ,jan4 #a1 ,april #a1 ,july #a1 and ,oct4 #a4 ,every number gives ,,all changes in the ,army ,regulations1 ,manual of ,interior ,guard ,duty1 ,drill ,regulations of all arms1 ,field ,service ,regulations1 ,small-arms ,firing ,manual1 and various other ,war ,department publications1 from the dates of their issue to the date of the last number of ,army ,changes4 ,in other words1 each number of ,army ,changes is complete in itself1 and upon receipt of the last number the previous one may be discarded4 ,and it is issued promptly1 while the changes are still new4 ,the changes are printed on one side of the page only1 so that 8posting0 can be done the same as with ,changes as issued by the ,war ,department4 ,completeness and ,accuracy ,guaranteed ,,subscription3 #a4ej ,a ,,year ,,single ,,copies1 #ej ,,cents ,published by ,george ,banta ,publishing ,co4 ,menasha1 ,wisconsin ,,new ,,books ,,notes ,,from ,,the ,,front 7,major ,c4 ,r4 ,yates1 ,british ,army7 4#ge ,,studies ,,in ,,troop ,,leading 7,general ,morrison and ,lt4-,col4 ,e4 ,l4 ,munson7 #a4dj ,,troops ,,on ,,riot ,,duty 7,stockton and ,dickinson7 4#ge ,,squad ,,leaders' ,,notebook 4#ge ,extra 7pads1 #aj;c7 ,,french-,,english ,,dictionary ,,of ,,machine ,,gun ,,terms 7,major ,maloney7 4#ej ,complete ,catalog on request4 ,george ,banta ,publishing ,co4 ,menasha1 ,wisconsin ,government ,publications ,banta's ,special ,editions of ,,field ,,service ,,regulations 7with questions7 4#ge ,,infantry ,,drill ,,regulations 7with questions7 4#ej ,,manual ,,of ,,military ,,court-,,martial 7improved index7 #a4aj ,,army ,,regulations 7,list of paragraphs applicable to line officers in particular1 especially those just entering service7 #a4jj ,,manual ,,of ,,interior ,,guard ,,duty 7with questions7 4#ej 7paper bound with questions7 4#be ,,manual ,,for ,,noncommissioned ,,officers ,,and ,,privates 4#ej ,,manual ,,for ,,army ,,cooks 4#ge ,,drill ,,regulations ,,for ,,machine ,,gun ,,companies 4#cj ,,small ,,arms ,,firing ,,manual 7with questions7 4#ge ,all other ,government publications4 ,write for our complete catalog of military books4 ,george ,banta ,publishing ,co4 ,menasha1 ,wisconsin ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,appendix4 #b ,letters on ,applied ,tactics4 #c ,seventy ,problems--,infantry ,tactics4 #d ,par4 #ada4 #e ,infantry ,drill ,regs4 #f ,field ,service ,regs4 #g ,morrison's ,infantry ,tactics4 #h ,buddecke's ,tactical ,decisions and ,orders4 #i ,f4 ,s4 ,r41 par4 #ij4 #aj ,f4 ,s4 ,r41 par4 #ib4 #aa ,f4 ,s4 ,r41 par4 #ic4 #ab ,f4 ,s4 ,r41 par4 #id4 #ac ,see #ast par41 ,appendix4 #ad ,infantry ,drill ,reg4 par4 #cgh4 #ae ,infantry ,drill ,reg4 par4 #cgi4 #af ,par4 #hg4 #ag ,par4 #adc1 ,f4 ,s4 ,r4 #ah ,par4 #ce1 ,f4 ,s4 ,r4 #ai ,par4 #ggg1 ,a4 ,r4 #bj #ggi1 ,a4 ,r4 #ba ,g4 ,o41 #bc1 ,w4 ,d41 #aiab4 #bb ,par #ghj1 ,a4 ,r4 #bc ,see ,a4 ,r41 ,par4 #hjg4 #bd ,compare 8,winning and ,wearing of ,shoulder ,straps0--a convincing treatment of this subject by ,lt4-,col4 ,chas4 ,f4 ,martin1 ,cavalry4 #be ,f4 ,s4 ,regs4 #bf ,if a commander is designated for the main body1 his name is inserted here4 #bg ,where the advance guard is large the order may direct the advance guard commander to establish the outpost4 #bh ,omitted when the chief exercises immediate command of the camp4 #bi ,may be provided for in 8order0 issued subsequently4 #cj ,numbered from the right4 #ca ,for small outposts it may be more convenient to write this order without a marginal distribution of troops4 #cb ,the term 8holding attack0 as used in this form is for convenience only2 it is never used in actual orders1 as the vigor of an attack might be lessened if the troops knew it was 8holding0 only4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,footnote #e has two anchors on page #fj and #fa4 ,footnotes #f and #g each have three anchors on page #fa4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some hyphens in words have been silently removed1 some added1 when a predominant preference was found in the original book4 ,except for those changes noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,to,c 7,table of ,contents73 page number #8#afd' replaced by #8#afe'4 ,to,c3 page number #8#ahf' replaced by #8#ahg'4 ,pg #ah3 #8,cambrai and has' replaced by #8,,cambrai and has'4 ,pg #fh3 #8start at #e3cj' replaced by #8start at #e-cj'4 ,pg #gj3 #8the nothern exit' replaced by #8the northern exit'4 ,pg #gi3 #8,you haev heard' replaced by #8,you have heard'4 ,pg #aji3 #8to salve tactical' replaced by #8to solve tactical'4 ,pg #abg3 #8,ersatz ,abeiltung' replaced by #8,ersatz ,abteilung'4 ,pg #abh3 #8,albrechtmrser' replaced by #8,albrecht-,mrser'4 ,pg #acj3 #8,ersatz ,abeiltung' replaced by #8,ersatz ,abteilung'4 ,pg #acj3 #8#ast ,abeiltung' replaced by #8#ast ,abteilung'4 ,pg #afc3 #8,departments issues' replaced by #8,departments issue'4 ,pg #aha3 #8,your respectfully1' replaced by #8,yours respectfully1'4 ,pg #aij3 #8of where messages' replaced by #8or where messages'4 ,pg #aif3 #87les #a bn47' replaced by #87less #a bn47'4