,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,religion ,,an ,,an?ropological ,,/udy ,,by ,l4 ,r4 ,,f>nell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,litt4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,cults ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,/ates0 ,,fell[ ,,& ,,tutor ,,( ,,exet] ,,college1 ,,ox=d2 ,,univ]sity ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,classical ,,ar*,,ology2 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,g]man ,,imp]ial ,,ar*,,ological ,,in/itute2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,an?ropological ,,society ,,new ,,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,london3 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate #aije ,preface v ,a small book on a great & difficult subject mu/ expla9 & apologise = itself1 especially if x _c claim a raison d'tre z a h&book = beg9n]s4 ,hav+ accept$ ! /imulat+ invitation to give 9 ! spr+ ( ?is ye> a %ort s]ies ( lectures = ! ,hibb]t ,tru/ on "s subject belong+ to ! dep>tm5t ( comp>ative religion1 ,i felt t x 0 desirable to avoid ^? topics t _h be5 appropriat$ by =m] lectur]s2 & also t ! ,tru/ees1 z well z ! audi5ce1 des]v$ t :at ! lectur] put =? %\ld embody ! results ( "s p]sonal & orig9al /udy4 ,i f9ally select$ = special discussion ! ritual ( purification1 & vi ! influ5ce ( ! ideas associat$ ) x ^u law1 morality1 & religion2 & secondly1 ! developm5t ( pray] f l[] to high] =ms4 ,^! subjects d n appe> to h be5 z yet exhau/ively treat$ by mod]n an?ropology or sci5tific & comp>ative !ology1 & ,i _h already work$ ^u !m to "s ext5t z 8p>]ga0 ( ! treatise t ,i am complet+ = ! ,cl>5don ,press on ! hi/ory ( ,greek cults4 ,i am aw>e t ^! special que/ions w\ld well repay long] & m m9ute rese>*1 & c\ld ea* furni% mat]ial = a l>ge volume4 ,b hav+ be5 advis$ to publi% ! lectures m or less z !y 7 deliv]$1 ,i put !m =? z t5tative & incomplete "w4 ,i specially regret to h be5 unable to h gone fur!r at pres5t into ! ,egyptian evid5ce1 ) ! k9dly pr(f]$ assi/ance ( ,mr ,griffi?s1 ! ,read] 9 ,egyptology at ,ox=d4 ,! fir/ two lectures1 deal+ ) ! me?ods & ! value ( ! /udy ( comp>ative vii religion & its relations to an?ropology1 are ( a m g5]al "*4 ,if !y seem to occupy some:at too l>ge a "p ( a "w ( ?is small compass1 ! urg5cy ( ! que/ions !y raise may s]ve z an apology4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to me t "s su* pron\ncem5t might be timely at ! po9t we h rea*$4 ,= ! subject is w9n+ great] consid]ation1 & ev5 receiv+ end[m5t1 9 ! organisation ( ! new] ,univ]sities4 ,f ! sci5tific po9t ( view x is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( /udies2 & its practical importance = our colonial adm9i/rators & our mission>ies is obvi\s to ^? :o reflect4 ,x is also a legitimate hope t its wid] & m intellig5t recognition 9 ,engl& may t5d to cool & temp] ! heat$ atmosph]e ( dogmatic controv]sy1 by pres5t+ religi\s facts 9 _! true proportion & prop] sett+4 ,i mu/ take ?is opportunity ( express+ my gratitude to _m fri5ds = valuable viii assi/ance1 & especially to my fri5d & colleague1 ,mr ,r4 ,m>ett1 to ^: compreh5sive k ( ! religi\s ?\ght & ritual ( savage races ,i owe _m important clues4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,f>nell4 ,augu/1 #aije4 ,cont5ts ix ,,lectures ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,religions3 ,,its ,,me?od ,,& ,,problems ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ritual ,,( ,,purification ,,& ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,purity3 ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,religion1 ,,morality1 ,,& ,,social ,,cu/om ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,pray] ,,f ,,l[] ,,to ,,high] ,,=ms ,,index ,,endnotes ,! ,evolution ( ,religion #a ,,lectures ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,religions3 ,,its ,,me?od ,,& ,,problems ,! reasonable & sympa!tic /udy ( ! v>i\s religions ( mank9d1 :i* are p]haps ! cle>e/ mirror we possess ( human feel+1 aspiration1 & ?\ght 9 its highe/ & l[e/ =ms1 is only possible = ! individual or = ! age t feels no con/ra9+ call to suppress & oblit]ate all save "o *]i%$ cre$4 ,su* /udy began1 z we %\ld expect1 9 ! e>li] ,hell5ic p]iod1 ! ,hell5ic religion ?r[+ few or no ob/acles 9 ! way ( undogmatic inve/igation2 & ! fir/ an?ropologi/ ( religion is ,h]odotus4 ,!n among ,hell5i/ic #b s*ol>s & ^? ( pre-,*ri/ian ,rome !re 7 "s :o devot$ !mselves to ! collection & exposition ( ! religi\s in/itutions ( =eign races4 ,b save a few %ort treatises1 su* z ,plut>*'s ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 ,sallu/ius' ,de ,diis et ,mundo1 ,lucian's ,de ,dea ,syria1 no?+ has surviv$ beyond ! titles & ! fragm5ts ( _! works2 & by an irony ( =tune we owe mu* ( our k ( ,hell5ic & o!r religions ( ! ,m$it]ranean area to ! ,*ri/ian controv]siali/s1 :o reveal _m ( ! ess5tial features ( ! v>i\s pagan cre$s 9 ord] to expose !m to obloquy3 !y c\ld n anticipate t we %\ld ga!r z ! fruit ( _! lab\rs a bett] appreciation ?an we c\ld o!rwise h ga9$ ( ! religions :i* !y /rove to de/roy1 & possibly ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,if ,i 7 attempt+1 z ,i d n propose to attempt1 to give a complete survey ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! /udy :i* we are consid]+1 ,i %\ld probably be able to cull #c b little mat]ial = ! n>rative f ,byzant9e & m$ival s\rces4 ,we may note t ! _s ( ^! ages 01 on ! :ole1 ali5 to our pres5t int]e/2 & t x is n till aft] ! ,r5aissance & ! discov]y ( ,am]ica t sy/ematic "w 9 ?is field beg9s aga94 ,to two ,spani>ds ( ,p]uvian & ,mexican desc5t1#c4a we owe our k ( ! religions ( ! ,incas & ! ,aztecs1 t ( ! latt] at lea/ be+ ( prime importance = ! /ud5t ( ! high] religions ( mank9d4 ,a ,poli% nobleman ( ! #af? c5tury has left u a fairly detail$ acc\nt ( ! religi\s practices & beliefs ( ! !n semi-pagan ,li?uania4#c4b ,b x may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! latt] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury to h rais$ ! comp>ative /udy ( religion to a high position 9 ! :ole doma9 ( inductive speculation & inquiry4 ,& #d its developm5t has be5 ma9ly due to two indep5d5t l9es ( inve/igation4 ,! fir/ /imulus came ) ! discov]y & ! int]pretation ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,ea/1 a mom5t\s epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght1 & c]ta9 important !ories conc]n+ religi\s orig9s 7 put =? by ,v$ic s*ol>s1 & bas$ on ! evid5ce ( ,v$ic lit]ature3 at ! same "t ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,assyrian-,babylonian & ,egyptian texts has contribut$ a weal? ( new mat]ial1 & has />t$ new problems ( religi\s inquiry1 :i* specially conc]n ! /ud5ts ( ,hell5ic z well z ^? ( ,semitic antiquity4 ,b an equally or1 z "s may ?9k1 m p[]ful factor 9 ! rec5t advance t[>ds ! organis$ k ( religions has be5 ! gr[?1 9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 ( ! /udy t has appropriat$ ! "n ( an?ropology1 :i* is g5]ally und]/ood to mean ! /udy ( primitive or savage man1 bo? 9 ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 #e 9 respect ( 8 physical & m5tal conditions4 ,x is q unnecess>y = me to dilate on ! high & manifold utility1 bo? practical & speculative1 ( ?is new bran* ( human inquiry2 ! !me has become almo/ a popul> commonplace 9 ! lead+ j\rnalism ( ! day4 ,& an?ropology1 def9$ z above1 has a def9ite value & object ap>t f its contributions to our k ( ! religions ( ! _w4 ,x is nev]!less true t ! religi\s int]e/ 9 ,engl& is s /rong & p5etrat+1 t _m ( our lead+ an?ropologi/s1 9 _! inve/igations ( savage society1 h direct$ _! att5tion ma9ly to religi\s or quasi-religi\s ph5om5a4 ,ev5 if _! lab\rs 7 conf9$ to ! discov]y & ! exposition ( savage ritual & belief1 we %\ld /ill be greatly indebt$ to !m2 = to _m ( u at lea/ ! savage man is int]e/+ 9 8 own "r1 :e!r x is true or n t ! /udy ( 8 m5tal ph5om5a helps to expla9 ! m5tal ph5om5a ( our high] selves or ( ! #f high] races 9 ! pa/4 ,b ^! writ]s claim1 & ,i ?9k ) "r1 to h done m ?an ?is1 & by comp>ison1 induction1 & hypo!sis to h ?r[n "s light on ! evolution ( religion f l[] to high] =ms1 & !re=e to h laid ! f\ndation = ! sci5ce ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,also attempts h be5 rec5tly made by an accompli%$ s*ol> ( ! new doctr9e1 ,dr ,fraz]1 to trace :at may be call$ ! an?ropological g5esis ( ! c5tral idea ( ,*ri/ianity itself4#f4a ,x is n !n surpris+ t 9 ,engl& at lea/ su* claims & su* ambitions %\ld excite mi/ru/1 ev5 ho/ility1 & ! pre/ige ( an?ropology may h also suff]$ at times f ! indiscretion ( its fri5ds4 ,/ill1 its "w is ( wide vogue1 its en]gy exub]ant1 & its influ5ce 9 ! future assur$4 ,9 consid]+1 !re=e1 ! aims & me?ods ( ! comp>ative sci5ce ( religion1 x has appe>$ to me t its relations to an?ropology #g are n[ "o ( ! ma9 po9ts 9 ! inquiry4 ,& we may seem to h rea*$ a /age :]e x is desirable to te/ our position1 to take /ock z x 71 to exam9e our me?ods1 & to consid] :e!r !y are capable ( improvem5t4 ,! task is difficult1 & 9 fac+ x "o mu/ face ! imputation ( presumption1 especially z 9 a %ort c\rse ( lectures "o mu/ be brief1 & may !re=e appe> ov]-dogmatic4 ,if ! comp>ative /udy ( religion is to exam9e1 z on ! gr\nd ( its title x mu/1 ! v>i\s record$ or discov]able religions ( e bran* ( ! human family1 !n a "p ( an?ropology1 limit$1 z x has usually *os5 to limit itself1 to ! /udy ( ! savage races1 is obvi\sly a sub-dep>tm5t ( ! :ole4 ,& its "w1 conduct$ (t5 "u great difficulties1 has be5 solid1 well-organis$1 & ( high importance4 ,ev5 ^? :o d5y its claim to be call$ a sci5ce1 :atev] t ^w may mean1 mu/ admit t x is at lea/ an indisp5sable bran* ( hi/oric #h inquiry1 & t x has deep5$ ! self-k ( mank9d4 ,"s ( its pione]s may h be5 ov]eag] 9 _! !oris+1 premature 9 _! attempts to reveal ! orig9 ( all religion 9 "s savage ritual or 9 ! backgr\nd ( savage ?\ght1 = in/ance 9 ance/or-wor%ip or totemism4 ,su* ra% g5]alisations are inevitable 9 ! op5+ p]iods ( a new /udy1 & may be discr$it$ or ab&on$ )\t discr$it+ ! inve/igations t gave rise to !m4 ,we may h come to be aw>e ( ! excesses ( ! /ud5ts ( totemism3 we may h come to ! conviction t nei!r !irs nor any o!r special & s+le hypo!sis has z yet suppli$ u ) ! ma/]-clue by :i* we c p5etrate to ! aborig9al s\rce ( human religion3 we may h f\nd sci5tific reasons = reject+ ! belief t all gods arose z gho/s ( dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,b if we disc>d su* !ories ( orig91 we owe ?is negative result to ! matur] /udy ( an?ropology #i itself2 & we may owe to x ! positive induction t ! religi\s product at ! diff]5t /ages & 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( mank9d 0 a complex gr[? f _m diff]5t g]ms4 ,x has taught u also mu* m ?an ?is4 ,x has %[n u t all ?r\gh ! pres5t societies ( savage m5 !re prevails an extraord9>y uni=mity1 9 spite ( mu* local v>iation1 9 ritual & my?ology1 a uni=mity s /rik+ z to sugge/ belief 9 an ultimately id5tical tradition1 or1 p]haps m reasonably1 ! psy*ologic !ory t ! human bra9-cell 9 diff]5t races at ! same /age ( developm5t responds ) ! same religi\s spee* or ! same religi\s act to ! same /imuli suppli$ by its environm5t4 ,we h le>nt to discov] a c]ta9 savage /yle1 z we may call x1 9 my? & ritual2 & an?ropology has p]=m$ a tw(old "w ( comp>ison2 = x has n only comp>$ ! v>i\s savage races ( mank9d1 b x has comp>$ ! results ( ?is colligation #aj ) ! religi\s ph5om5a ( ! high] races1 & has reveal$ ! savage /yle 9 mu* ( _! my?ology & ritual4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ by ! e>li] inve/igators ( ! antiquity ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 su* z ! bro!rs ,grimm & ,mannh>dt1 t und]ly+ ! religion ( ,*ri/5dom lay a /ratum ( peasant-ritual & belief1 n yet ext9ct nor likely soon to be1 t reveals ! same m5tal condition 9 e>ly ,europe t exi/s among our savage contempor>ies 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!n ! sacr$ edifice ( ,hell5ism 0 attack$2 & ! complac5cy ( ,hell5ic s*ol>s 0 sometimes di/urb$ by ! revelation1 ?r\gh a /rict comp>ative me?od1 ( ! same savage /yle 9 mu* ( ,hell5ic ritual & ,hell5ic my?4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t we came to und]/& ! true significance ( _m ( ! crude & repulsive facts 9 ,hell5ic religion--! human sacrifices1 ! rev]5ce paid to animals1 /ones1 & trees1 ! demonology & magic rites4 ,_m ( ^! practices #aa _h lo/ _! mean+ = ! m advanc$ g5]ations1 :o nev]!less reta9$ !m "u ! /rong con/ra9t ( religi\s cons]vatism2 b if we f9d ! same practices among exi/+ races :o p]=m !m ) a liv+ & pl5>y fai? z "p ( a quasi-logical /ructure ( belief1 we c place !m back into _! prop] sett+ :5 we discov] !m /ill surviv+ 9 ! high] & ali5 society4 ,greek religion especially1 hav+ nev] viol5tly brok5 ) its own pa/1 is a b$ ( ri* deposit /ill invit+ exploration4 ,& n[ ,hell5ic s*ol>s are ransack+ ! same treasure = fur!r an?ropological mat]ial2 :ile ,assyriologi/s & ,egyptologi/s are treat+ a "p ( ! ph5om5a ( _! special dep>tm5ts 9 ! same _s4 ,we realise ! ga9 ( ?is3 we are sl[ly & surely arriv+ at inductive conclusions conc]n+ ! simil>ity ( developm5t ?r\gh :i* ! high] & l[] races h pass$ & are pass+2 ! solid>ity ( ! human family appe>s /rong] ?an we #ab might h suppos$4 ,at ! same "t we h n[ to be on our gu>d aga9/ c]ta9 common an?ropological fallacies4 ,"s ( ^! are less inevitable ?an o!rs3 = in/ance1 t :i* we may call ! fallacy ( simple enum]ation4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! g5]al inductive belief t ! high] races h at "o "t pass$ ?r\gh a savage phase1 x is (t5 too ra%ly assum$ t ea* & all ( !m mu/ at "o "t h possess$ a p>ticul> in/itution1 su* z totemism or ance/or-wor%ip1 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 is f\nd among ! majority ( ! savage races ( to-day4 ,?is is to exagg]ate ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity1 to ignore ! fact ( ! great div]sity actually obs]vable among exi/+ primitive societies1 & ! possibility t x 0 j by avoid+ "s p>ticul> detrim5tal in/itution t "s ( ! high] peoples 7 able to proce$ on _! pa? ( progress4 ,aga91 ! an?ropological explanation is (t5 oblig$ to be hypo!tical1 = ! evid5ce pres5t$ #ac is (t5 v fragm5t>y3 by means ( a reasonable & exp]t imag9ation1 an attempt is made to recon/ruct a :ole fabric out ( a few fragm5ts4 ,a s+le bone may enable ! exp]t biologi/ to re%ape un]r+ly ! once liv+ animal2 b 9 an?ropology ! fragm5t 9 "q may h desc5d$ f ei!r "o ( two diff]+ organisms or organic in/itutions t may h left v mu* ! same impr9t ^u my?ology & religion4 ,= in/ance1 a full-fl$g$ totemi/ic sy/em1 hav+ fall5 into decay1 might leave its trace 9 c]ta9 /ories ab\t animals or 9 occasional rev]5ce paid to a p>ticul> animal3 b direct animal-wor%ip1 a religi\s view t may be q indep5d5t ( totemism1 or c]ta9 =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip may equally well h deposit$ ! same fossil-?\ght or fossil-rite4#ac4a ,& we "k h[ recklessly ! !ory ( ! ubiquit\s practice #ad ( human sacrifice has be5 us$ to expla9 c]ta9 peculi> ph5om5a 9 lat] ritual1 su* z ! sc\rg+ ( ! ,sp>tan boys1 = example4 ,b a /rict] an?ropology c correct ! ov]-n>r[ hypo!ses ( its immaturity1 & c r5d] ma/]ly aid to ! evolution>y /udy ( ! high] religions2 = ea* ( ^!1 9 spite ( revelation or trans=m+ en?usiasm t w\ld oblit]ate ! pa/1 conta9s a mass ( my/]i\s dead matt]2 & x is = ! an?ropologi/ to %[ ! prior functional organic significance ( ?is4 ,b if1 9 ob$i5ce to ! curr5tly accept$ limitation ( 8 subject1 he conf9es himself ma9ly to ! /udy ( savage life & to ! dead matt] ( ! high] religions1 & yet is tempt$ to deal ) ! m vital & ess5tial elem5ts 9 ^!1 he w be liable to ! special bias ( 8 own /udy4 ,we may note su* bias 9 rec5t attempts to expla9 ! ess5tial features ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 9 ! light ( m]ely savage an?ropology4 #ae ,& ( c\rse we are all apt to lose ! s5se ( proportion & to exagg]ate ! importance ( ! special ph5om5a to :i* we conf9e our reg>d4 ,! folk-lori/ w be liable to ov]-emphasise ! "p play$ by my?ology 9 religion1 & may ignore ! high] importance ( pray] & ritual2 = ! mo/ consci5ti\s cobbl] is nev] really able to /ick to 8 la/4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh ! :ole exposition ( ! high] religions is impossible )\t an?ropology1 !re is "s dang] at pres5t le/ ! "p be at times mi/ak5 = ! :ole4 ,= in/ance1 we may feel ) "s uneas9ess t rec5t expositions ( ,hell5ic religion t5d1 un9t5tionally no d\bt1 to di/ort ! view ( ! read] & to produce a false impression by exagg]at+ ! savage & primitive facts1 miss+ ! true p]spective & misjudg+ ! :ole4 ,our appreciation ( ,greek my?ology may suff] 9 ! same way1 unless we c keep ! ke5 edge ( our appreciative faculty3 ! ,greek my? has (t5 its /rik+ #af aff9ities ) ! ,arunta or ! ,pawnee1 & x is necess>y = comp>ative folk-lore & an?ropology to po9t ?is out1 & (t5 to insi/ on ! beauty ( ! leg5d & ! dignity ( ! religi\s ?\ght among savages3 b x is un=tunate if ^! /udies %\ld result 9 our loss ( ! p]ception t ,greek my?ology1 aft] all1 is ! mo/ beautiful ( any ( :i* we h record4 ,! fallacy :i* ,i h s f> tri$ to indicate arises f ! temp] ( m9d t a special /udy is liable to eng5d]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a p>ticul> fallacy ( me?od to :i* ! mod]n /udy ( an?ropology1 z x has *os5 to limit itself1 specially exposes u4 ,x is liable to )draw u f ! imm$iate ent\rage ( a p>ticul> fact--a p>ticul> leg5d or a religi\s s]vice--to ! di/ant circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 inevitable = ! e>lie/ pione]s ( ! /udy to travel f>1 = ! circumf]5ce 0 unexplor$1 & !re 7 facts ly+ at ! di/ant po9ts t conc]n$ u4 ,b1 aft] all1 our fir/ #ag object ( /udy %\ld be ! m imm$iate environm5t ( ! ?+ :i* we wi% to und]/&4 ,! /ud5t ( ,hell5ic religion & my? may h ultimately to roam1 9 a lit]>y s5se1 into ,c5tral ,au/ralia & ! byways ( ,am]ica2 b he ought fir/ to explore ! ,m$it]ranean regions & ! l&s ( ant]ior ,asia4 ,x is int]e/+1 & may be necess>y1 to "k 8! ,pawnee v]sion ( ! ,eleus9ia02 b1 = ! true und]/&+ ( ! great ,greek my/]y1 c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ! ,egyptian religion1 9 ,mi?raism1 & 9 ,*ri/ianity itself w probably af=d a m illum9ative comp>ison4 ,! m9d ( our /ud5t is sometimes tempt$1 9 fact1 to travel too easily & too *eaply to ! o!r side ( ! globe1 & to leave undone "w t %\ld fir/ h be5 done ne>] home4 ,to r$uce ^! ideas to some?+ l a work+ =mula ( me?od1 may we say t ! an?ropology :i* ! comp>ative /udy ( any "o ( ! m complex & #ah advanc$ religions imm$iately dem&s is 8an adjac5t an?ropology08 ,= religi\s ideas1 leg5ds1 & ritual are mo/ contagi\s1 & t5d to propagate !mselves ov] l>ge contigu\s areas3 =1 to rev]se a /]eotyp$ "q1 8:at is less its own ?an a p's gods80 ,we greatly desid]ate an an?ropology ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 includ+ ant]ior ,asia2 = !re are /rong reasons = ! belief t f v e>ly times ! frequ5t int]c\rse ( ! lead+ peoples 9 ?is region end[$ !m ) a common /ock ( religi\s ideas1 ritual1 & leg5d :i* h probably left _! impress on ! high] religions ( ! _w4 ,x is ^! t specially int]e/ mo/ ( u1 & we feel we _c solve _! problems by means ( savage an?ropology alone4 ,:y1 aft] all1 %\ld ! latt] t]m be re/rict$1 z x usually is1 to ! /udy ( savage life8 ,d\btless we _c s ext5d ! use ( ! ^w z to cov] its full etymological signification3 else x w\ld come to include ! :ole ( human hi/ory #ai f ! beg9n+ d[n to ! pres5t1 & w\ld lose its value z a m>k ( any special sci5ce4 ,b we might some:at enl>ge its pres5t connotation ) advantage to ! comp>ative me?od1 & )\t a too wide dep>ture f curr5t usage4 ,we might def9e ! an?ropological /udy ( any "o ( ! high] religions z an evolution>y /udy ( its embryology3 ! evolution>y law might appe> 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a proximate law ( gr[?4 ,= probably e "o ( ! _w-cre$s has inh]it$1 ap>t f its own a*ievem5t1 a d\ble tradition1 a tradition f ! m remote & "o f ! m imm$iate pa/4 ,! fir/ may desc5d f immemorial antiquity1 & f really primitive or savage m5tal & social life2 & x has be5 ! task ( primitive an?ropology to exp\nd & expla9 ! facts t ?is tradition has deposit$4 ,b _m if n mo/ ( ^! facts may be reg>d$ z functionally dead matt] surviv+ 9 ! m advanc$ sy/em ( belief1 & z n belong+ #bj to its ess5tial life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! imm$iate tradition mu* w be f\nd to h be5 tak5 ov] by an inevitable law ( assimilation1 c]ta9 pot5t ideas :i*1 ?\gh trans=m$1 w ent] into ! v life-blood ( ! new cre$4 ,& ^! are to be discov]$ & analys$ by :at ,i h v5tur$ to call an 8adjac5t0 an?ropology1 :i* w include a compreh5sive /udy ( ! lit]ature & monum5ts belong+ to ! m proximate pa/ ( ! race :i* develops ! new fai? z well z ( ! races t are its ne>] neighb\rs4 ,su* a me?od1 ?\gh n hi!rto /yl$ an?ropological1 has already be5 appli$ by v>i\s s*ol>s 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( our field2 ! exposition ( ! ,babylonian elem5ts 9 ,judaic religion1 ( ! ,judaic & pagan elem5ts 9 ,moslemism1 are examples ( x4 ,on ! pres5t occasion ,i w\ld pref] to illu/rate x by not+ its application to ! sci5tific /udy ( ,*ri/ianity itself1 ( :i* ! rem>kable complexity1 #ba ! v>iety ( =ms t x has assum$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom at diff]5t p]iods1 seems specially to invite ! high] an?ropological treatm5t4 ,moreov] x probably conta9s a ri*] deposit ?an any o!r ( ! _w-religions f ! v>i\s /reams ( ?\ght & belief t n\ri%$ ! life ( e>ly civilis$ or semi-civilis$ man4 ,! illu/ration drawn f our own religion w be also m p]sonally int]e/+ to ourselves2 & ?\gh ! limits ( "t & my own k may prev5t me f putt+ =? any orig9al /atem5t1 yet some?+ may be ga9$ & a m ext5d$ int]e/ awak5$ by a brief notice ( :at has be5 & :at rema9s to be done4 ,!re is n[ no ne$ = apology if "o wi%es frankly to consid] ! g5esis ( ! fundam5tal ideas & prevail+ in/itutions ( e>li] & lat] ,*ri/ianity1 al?\gh hi!rto a c]ta9 religi\s %yness1 :i* belongs to ! national "*1 may h made ,engli% #bb s*ol>s reluctant to attempt ! an?ropology ( our national fai?2 & ! progress ( ! subject owes m to =eign work]s4 ,our own !ological /ud5ts ( di/9ction h n evad$ ! "q z to ! e>ly influ5ces t may h m\ld$ ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,*ri/ & ,/ ,paul2 b ^! 7 naturally s\ght ma9ly 9 ! lat] ,judaism2 & ?\gh ! debt ( ! develop$ ,*ri/ianity to ,hell5ic philosophy has nev] be5 ignor$1 yet t nei!r our sacr$ books nor ,judaic lit]ature nor ,greek philosophy expla9 ! :ole complex ( hi/oric ,*ri/ianity1 is a conviction ( rec5t gr[?1 & ! inve/igations to :i* x has prompt$ are rec5t4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 a new dep>ture ( great promise = ! future ( our sci5ce :51 9 a c\rse ( ,hibb]t lectures deliv]$ "s ye>s ago1 ,dr ,hat* publicly exp\nd$ ! deep indebt$ness ( ,*ri/ianity 9 respect ( ritual1 organisation1 & ev5 religi\s concept to ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies & o!r my/ic societies ( ,greek l&s4 ,& ! few #bc /ud5ts ( ,hell5ic religion 9 ,engl& h (t5 not$ its _m ties ( aff9ity ) our own1 ?\gh ( ^! !re has be5 z yet no complete & au?oritative acc\nt4 ,we may admit t ! triumph ( a new & great cre$ may imply a pot5t revelation1 p]haps a sudd5 m5tal trans=mation 9 ! cate*um5s difficult to equate ) any =mulat$ law ( evolution4 ,/ill we _c ga9say ! exp]i5ce t z ! religion e/abli%es & organises itself1 x draws n\ri%m5t f ! old soil :i* is full ( ! liv+ g]ms ( pa/ organisms4 ,!re=e x 0 inevitable t ,hell5ic religion %\ld leave a deep impress ^u e>li] & lat] ,*ri/ianity2 p>tly because ! religi\s temp] 9 ! ,greek _w ?r\gh\t ! c5turies imm$iately prec$+ ! adoption ( ,*ri/ianity 0 m p[]ful & f]vid ?an x _h be5 9 ! days ( ,hom] or ,p]icles1 & ma9ly because ,hell5ic conv]ts became ! pill>s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! comp>ative /ud5t mu/ pursue ! #bd problem fur!r afield & beyond ! track ( ,hellas4 ,! old ,phrygian religion1 :i* ,pr(essor ,ramsay's travels & inve/igations h assi/$ u to "k1 mu/ be s]i\sly tak5 into acc\nt2 = ,phrygia 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ homes ( ,*ri/ianity1 its aborig9al religion _h g]m9at$ 9 ideas /rik+ly ak9 to "s t are prim>y 9 all or _m ( ! cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom2 & ! morbid & ec/atic temp]am5t ( ! native ,phrygian1 :i* gave s di/9ct a col\r to ! ,cybele-,attis cult1 seems to h appe>$ aga9 9 c]ta9 s*ismatic =ms ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 ,phrygia1 especially 9 ! h]esy ( ,montanism4 ,f9ally1 we may le>n mu*1 ev5 adopt mu*1 f our enemies4 ,! mo/ dang]\s antagoni/s ( ,*ri/ianity 71 aft] all1 ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,mi?raism4 ,x may be possible to trace ! influ5ce ( ^! on _! conqu]or3 ! great "w ( ,m4 ,cumont on ,mi?ras cult sugge/s at lea/ _m int]e/+ religi\s p>allels2 & ev5 ! old] ,zoroa/rian #be lit]ature mu/ be consid]$ )9 ! range ( necess>y & legitimate comp>ison4 ,z ,i am "h conc]n$ ) illu/ration ( me?od r ?an ) positive pro(1 ,i c only (f] a v brief summ>y ( ! results :i* ! an?ropological /udy ( ,*ri/ianity has hi!rto a*iev$1 & may yet a*ieve4 ,! religi\s aff9ities discov]able betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] 8,m$it]ranean0 sy/ems may be classifi$ accord+ z !y appe> 9 ! leg5ds1 9 nom5clature & t]m9ology1 9 ext]nal symbols & liturgical objects1 9 hi]atic in/itutions1 & f9ally 9 ! ideas1 aspirations1 & concepts ( fai?4 ,z reg>ds leg5d & my?ology1 a great hi/oric religion may ( c\rse claim to be free f all my?ology2 nev]!less x is a matt] ( exp]i5ce t popul> leg5ds are sure at "s p]iod e>li] or lat] to creep 91 = ! p insi/ on tell+ ! old /ories "u *ang$ names4 ,i myself h he>d ! immemorial /ory ( ,odysseus walk+ inl& ) 8 o>1 :i* ! ru/ic mi/akes #bf = a w9n[+-fan1 told ab\t ,/ ,pet]1 ,/ ,paul1 & ,/ ,john on ! coa/ ( ! ,peloponnese2 j z an old ,norse leg5d ab\t ,od9 & ,baldur is retold ( ,*ri/ & ,/ ,pet]4#bf4a ,& /ud5ts ( m$ival hagiology w discov] m & m cle>ly v>i\s fragm5ts ( pre-,*ri/ian my?ology emb$d$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts4 ,su* facts are ! mat]ial ( comp>ative folk-lore1 :i* plays a useful b q subord9ate "p 9 ! "w ( comp>ative religion4 ,leg5ds h inde$ _! own indep5d5t int]e/1 poetical1 e?ical1 & o!r2 b ! importance ( m]e my?ology 9 ! /udy ( religion has be5 (t5 mu* ov]rat$2 ,/ ,augu/9e1 mi/ak+ ,greek leg5ds = ,greek religion1 c\ld discov] no morality 9 x at all1#bf4b & mod]n s*ol>s h inh]it$ ! fallacy4 ,my?s are (t5 irresponsible1 caprici\s1 volatile1 & flit l a vap\r r\nd ! solid /ructure ( real #bg belief & ritual4 ,a high religion may attract l[ my?s3 "s ( our own are n spotless1 b ,*ri/ianity c ignore !m4 ,! my? t is an ess5tial fact = ! /ud5t ( religion is t :i* en%r9es "s liv+ religi\s idea or in/itution1 or "o :i* proves ! survival ( "s ritual or fai? t belong$ to an old] sy/em4 ,i may note a few ( ?is k9d :i* illu/rate ! aff9ities ( ,judaic1 ,*ri/ian1 & pagan leg5d4 ,! cessation ( human-sacrifice 9 ! ,m$it]ranean area1 ! awak5+ ( ! conviction t ! practice 0 abhorr5t to a m]ciful ,god1 impli$ s mom5t\s a *ange 9 religi\s & moral ?\ght & practice t x w\ld be /range if x left no leg5d>y record ( itself4 ,we may disc]n "o 9 ! /ory ( ,abraham's sacrifice2 to :i* we f9d a v /rik+ & close p>allel 9 ! ,laconian leg5d ( ,hel51 ^: fa!r int5d$ to sacrifice h] to ,god 9 ord] to /ay a plague3#bg4a #bh ! eagle1 ! mess5g] ( ,god1 swoop$ d[n & snat*$ ! knife f ! sacrific]'s h&1 & let x fall on a kid t 0 pa/ur+ ne>4 ,aga91 we are all famili> ) ! /ory ( ,jeph?a's v[3 ! fact is n s well kn[n t a /ory id5tical 9 ne>ly e detail 0 told ( ,idom5eus1 ! ,cretan h]o1#bh4a :o v[$ t if he return$ home f ! ,trojan w> he w\ld sacrifice to ,god ! fir/ ?+ t he met on l&+3 8 daught] 0 ! fir/ t met him--& ,idom5eus 8did ) h] accord+ to 8 v[10 or int5d$ to d s1 & ! p exil$ him = x4 ,diff]5t f ^!1 b belong+ to ! inn] circle1 s to speak1 ( sacr$ n>rative1 are "o or two ,gospel /ories :i* are n peculi> to ,pale/9e or to our sacr$ books4 ,! miracul\s /> t guides sacr$ p]sonages on a div9e err& mu/ be an ,anatolian />-leg5d1 = x is told ( neas & 8 voyage to ,italy4#bh4b ,& a critical appreciation ( ! #bi /yle ( ,hell5ic folk-lore detects at once a m>k$ ,hell5ic col\r 9 ! leg5ds t ga!r ar\nd ! bir? & re>+ ( ! ,virg9 9 ! apocryphal ,gospel ( ,/ ,james4 ,m important & sugge/ive ( mu* m is ! p>allelism t we discov] betwe5 ! /ory ( our ,"l's temptation & ! temptation ( ,z>a?u/ra 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a3 "h also ! evil god (f]s ! holy prophet ! k+doms ( ! _w if he w fall d[n & wor%ip him4#bi4a ,f9ally1 x is n improbable t ! /range leg5d pres]v$ 9 v>i\s late ,greek ,,mss41 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y's desc5t into hell1#bi4b :]e %e is %[n ! torm5ts ( ! damn$1 is d]iv$ ultimately f ! ,babylonian my? ( ! desc5t ( ,is*t>1 :i* 9 ! ,greek _w trans=m$ itself into ! /ory ( ! desc5t ( ,aphrodite4 ,?is sugge/ion is 9 h>mony ) ! evid5ce :i* w be #cj notic$ bel[ = ! belief t ! developm5t ( ! wor%ip & ! div9e "* ( ! ,virg9 ow$ mu*1 directly or indirectly1 to ! great ,anatolian cult ( ! "m-goddess4 ,z reg>ds ! leg5d j m5tion$1 we may suppose direct borr[+1 or at lea/ direct m5tal sugge/ion f an old] my?ology & fai?4 ,to ! o!r examples :i* ,i h adduc$--probably only a few among _m t might be quot$--! !ory ( borr[+ may be inappropriate4 ,x may be m sci5tific1 & c]ta9ly x is at pres5t m exp$i5t1 to be cont5t ) ! assumption t = ?\s&s ( ye>s ov] contigu\s human areas a simil>ity ( religi\s temp]am5t1 religi\s in/itutions1 religi\s crises may t5d to produce a common /ock ( leg5d2 :e!r ! leg5d is true or false is n our pres5t conc]n4 ,i turn n[ to ! second gr\p ( aff9ities1 ^? 9 nom5clature & t]m9ology4 ,?is may at fir/ sight appe> a matt] unimportant #ca = ! evolution ( religion1 & ( m]ely l+ui/ic conc]n4 ,a p *ang+ its religion _c sudd5ly *ange its spee*1 b mu/ adapt ! old t]m9ology to ! new ?\ght4 ,x may be ( int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( language to "k t :5 ,/ ,paul promises to 8%[ y a my/]y0 he is borr[+ ! language ( paganism2 t :5 ,bi%op ,clem5s#ca4a ec/atically exclaims1 8,! ,"l is our hi]ophant2 be>+ ! sacr$ tor* ,he has m>k$ ! initiate ) ,8 own seal''' once jo9 our my/]y & y w dance 9 ! *oir ( angels10 he is us+ ! phraseology ( ! ,eleus9ian & ,attis ,my/]ies4 ,b ! int]e/ ( su* a /yle1 ^u :i* ,dr ,hat* has suffici5tly comm5t$1 is m ?an l+ui/ic2 = x =e%ad[s a real ?\gh =tunately a tempor>y *ange :i* came ov] ,*ri/ianity 9 ! fir/ few c5turies ( its life1 trans=m+ x f an op5 doctr9e into a my/]y organis$ aft] ! old ,greek type4 #cb ,moreov] ! mod]n logical view ( names z m]ely indiff]5t spee*-symbols1 :i* c be *ang$ )\t affect+ ! ess5ce ( ! ?+s1 0 by no means ! old-_w view4 ,! =mula nom9a sunt num9a 0 valid 9 all ! old religions ( ! ,m$it]ranean area1 includ+ e>li] & ev5 lat] ,*ri/ianity3 ! div9e "n 0 felt to be "p ( ! div9e ess5ce & itself ( sup]natural pot5cy2 & ?is w be se5 to be ( p>am\nt importance :5 we consid] ! =ms ( anci5t pray]4 ,!re=e ! propagation ( a new religion 0 greatly assi/$ if x c\ld all[ itself to employ "s at lea/ ( ! names pot5t & famili> 9 ! old] cre$4 ,n[ ! p]sonal names ( ! v>i\s deities ( paganism1 ow+ to ! m5tal illusion not$ above1 7 necess>ily hateful to ! new fai? & 7 ru?lessly suppress$1 surviv+ m]ely z names ( demons or = purposes ( magic3 only 9 remote corn]s ( ! old _w "o or two may /ill be l+]+1 purifi$ z x #cc 7 & at peace1 z 9 ! mod]n *apel ( 8,panagia ,aphroditissa10 ne> ! old ,paphos 9 ,cyprus4 ,b "s ( ! sacr$ names ( ,greek paganism 7 m]e appellatives1 possess+ less individual p]sonality1 & 7 !re=e innoc5t 9 ! e>s ( ! ,*ri/ian propag&i/s4 ,& two ( ^! 7 de/9$ to become names ( prim>y virtue 9 ! t]m9ology ( ! new fai?4 ,:5 ! apo/les & _! successors prea*$ ! ,gospel ( 8! ,savi\r10 ?is title c\ld awak5 at lea/ a responsive religi\s ?rill 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,hell5es :o _h be5 nurs$ 9 _! ance/ral religion4 ,= x _h long be5 atta*$ to _! supreme god1 & 9 its fem99e =m to _! belov$ goddess ,kore1 & z appli$ to h] ! appellative already connot$ 8salvation0 aft] dea?2#cc4a & already x _h be5 us$ by ! ,alex&rian ,greeks to sanctify ! div9e man1 ,god's repres5tative on e>?1 8! #cd liv+ image ( ,god10 z "o ( ! lat] ,ptolemies is /yl$ 9 ! ec/atic language ( ! ,rosetta inscription4#cd4a ,b 9 ! hi/ory ( div9e names none h be5 ( great] import = paganism & ,*ri/ianity alike ?an 8,kore-,p>!nos0 & t ( ! ,greek & ,phrygian 8,div9e ,"m10 ! 4 ,x is at lea/ probable t ! preval5ce ( ! cult & ! "n ( 8,kore10 ! goddess :o pr(f]$ salvation 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,hell5ic _w1 af=d$ /rong /imulus to ! lat] gr[? & diffusion ( ,m>iolatry1 :i* is "o ( ^? ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* :i* _c be adequately expla9$ )\t look+ beyond ! limits ( ,*ri/ianity prop]4 ,a passage 9 ! ,pan>ium ( ,epiphanios#cd4b is ( s+ul> int]e/ = ^? :o wi% to /udy ! p]iod ( transition betwe5 old ?+s & #ce new4 ,?is writ] tells u t on ! night ( ! #e? or #f? ( ,janu>y1 9 ,alex&ria1 ! wor%ipp]s met 9 ! sacr$ enclosure or temple ( 8,kore10 & hav+ sung hymns to ! music ( ! flute till dawn1 !y desc5d$ by ! light ( tor*es into an und]gr\nd %r9e & br\ght up !nce a wood5 idol on a bi] repres5t+ ,kore1 seat$ & nak$1 ) ! sign ( ! cross on h] br[1 h] h&s1 & h] knees4 ,& ) ! accompanim5t ( flutes1 hymns1 & dances ! image 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! c5tral %r9e sev5 times1 be=e x 0 re/or$ aga9 to its ne!r dwell+-place3 8& ! vot>ies say t to-day at ?is h\r ,kore--t is1 ! ,virg9--gave bir? to ! ,et]nal40 ,x is /range t ,epiphanios %\ld quote ?is rite z an example ( pure paganism4 ,?is _c be true3 ! image has be5 c>efully sign$ ) ! cross 9 su* a way z to sugge/1 n casual viol5ce1 b ! delib]ate int5tion ( ! wor%ipp]s2 nor #cf c\ld ! =mula1 8! ,virg9 has born ! ,et]nal10 h be5 "p ( a purely pagan liturgy consecrat$ to ! ,hell5ic ,kore4 ,/ill less c\ld ! s]vice be purely ,*ri/ian3 at lea/ ,i imag9e t a nak$ ,virg91 kept 9 a cav]n %r9e & c>ri$ r\nd ) timbrels1 w\ld be a unique fact 9 ,*ri/ian ar*ology4 ,! belief is =c$ ^u u t we h "h a bl5d+ ( at lea/ two rival cre$s 9 a p]iod ( transition4 ,an old ritual ( ,kore at ,alex&ria1 ! goddess ( ! und]world ^: /atue 0 kept 9 a subt]rane\s cav]n1 may h includ$ a k9d ( passion play 9 :i* a holy *ild 0 born3 z ?is occurr$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 x c\ld all ! m easily be adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( a gradually prevail+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! idol is sanctifi$ ) ! sign ( ! cross1 & ! *ild is call$ 8! ,aion40 ,?is "n betrays ! influ5ce at "w4 ,! doctr9e :i* lab\r$ mo/ zeal\sly to comb9e ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! pagan & ,*ri/ian cre$s 0 ,gno/icism1 #cg & 8,aion0 0 a figure :i* ! ,gno/ics borr[$ f ,mi?raism4#cg4a ,x seems t ! religi\s rays f ,hellas1 ,p]sia1 & ,be?lehem conv]g$ at ! 8,korion0 ( ,alex&ria4 ,b ! "n does n seem to h usually =m$ "p ( ! sacr$ title accept$ by ! e>ly ,*ur* = ! ,"m ( our ,"l4 ,probably ! "n _h acquir$ a p]sonal association ) ! pagan goddess too /rong to all[ x to be us$ = ! new fai?2#cg4b nor 0 ! idea ( virg9ity s directly connot$ by x z by ! t]m 3 h5ce or is *os5 = ! ,*ri/ian appellation ( ,m>y4 ,b ^! words !mselves belong to ! anci5t hi]atic vocabul>y ( ,hellas1 = ! maid5-goddess kn[n by no o!r "n ?an ,p>!nos _h long be5 ador$ 9 #ch v>i\s /ates ( ,asia ,m9or & ,?race2#ch4a 8,hagne10 ! 8,holy ,"o10 0 a div9ity de> to ! ,arcadians2#ch4b & at ,assos1 ! *ief port ( ,mysia1 visit$ by ,/ ,paul on "o ( 8 j\rneys1 an inscription atte/s t 8! ,holy ,virg9 ( our fa!rl&0--su* is h] /yle--_h be5 pre-em95t 9 ! pagan wor%ip4#ch4c ,moreov] ! sacr$ title1 8! ,"m ( ,god10 0 sympa!tic ) a v anci5t & dom9ant ,m$it]ranean fai?3 9 prehi/oric times f ,crete1 & at a lat] p]iod f ,phrygia1 _h gone =? ! wor%ip ( ! div9e "m1 kn[n g5]ally z 8! ,gods' ,"m0 or 8! ,"m10 :i* _h left a deep impress ^u ! religi\s imag9ation ( ! v>i\s races ( ! ,greek & ,roman _w4 ,x is no p>adox to affirm t "o ( ! /reams #ci t fo/]$ ! lat] gr[? ( ,m>iolatry may h desc5d$ f ! ,m9oan palace ( ,knossos4#ci4a ,z reg>ds ! ?ird gr\p 9 my classification1 ext]nal symbols & liturgical objects1 we might suppose t ^! ma9ly belong to ! m9uti ( ar*ological /udy4 ,a philosoph] may ignore !m z trivial facts2 b !y h be5 ! cause ( too mu* blood%$ & /rife to be ignor$ by ! hi/ory ( religions1 & ! feel+s !y excite are /ill p[]ful en\gh to divide ! *ur*es & ! sects ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,besides1 if "o religion borr[s its symbols & sacr$ objects f ano!r1 x probably borr[s mu* m besides4 ,! use ( c&les & inc5se 9 *ur*es1 ! fa%ion ( c]ta9 ecclesia/ic ve/m5ts1 c be %[n to h desc5d$ to u f a pre-,*ri/ian _w4 ,& x 0 q natural t ! new fai? %\ld take ov] ! religi\s prop]ty ( paganism1 :atev] at lea/ x c\ld #dj receive )\t violation ( its own ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,x is only ! an?ropological /udy ( ^! p>ticul>s1 app>5tly insignificant 9 !mselves1 t enables u to und]/& c]ta9 mod]n controv]sies1 z = in/ance conc]n+ inc5se1 & also to appreciate ! extraord9>y t5acity ) :i* ! successive g5]ations cleave to ! small] ?+s ( cult4 ,^! latt] are felt to be "p ( ! spell :i* is ex]cis$ ^u u by an immemorial tradition1 a spell t is all ! /rong] because x works ^u ! 8subconsci\s0 self2 & ^? :o ma9ta9 !m are r>ely aw>e ( ! aborig9al reason :i* prompts !m4 ,& (t5 ! "q ab\t ! symbols or ! sacr$ objects ( wor%ip1 z di/9ct f ! ideas & p]sonalities1 becomes obvi\sly ( prime importance = ! comp>ison & classification ( religions4 ,?us ! di/9ction betwe5 iconic or idolatr\s & aniconic or non-idolatr\s cults is ( deep significance1 = x may correspond to ! di/9ction betwe5 a m & a less #da an?ropomorphic conception ( ! div9ity1 or to a belief t ! embodim5t ( him 9 mat]ial objects is "r & seemly or wrong & unseemly4 ,! m spiritual a religion becomes1 ! great] is its incl9ation to disp5se ) ! idol & ev5 to reprobate x2 ! wor%ipp] ( ,jahv 0 ?us set 9 antagonism to ! surr\nd+ tribes1 & 9 ! ,iranian region ! ,z>a?u/rian vot>y to ! wor%ipp] ( ! ,daevas4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 reg>d to ?is matt] is famili> to u all3 9 spite ( ! vehem5t prote/s ( its apo/les & e>li] propag&i/s :o inh]it$ ! spiritual ,judaic view1 we "k t all ! ef=ts ( ! iconocla/ic emp]ors c\ld n suppress ! v5]ation ( images 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,ev5 9 ! ,teutonic nor?1 ,*ri/ianity came1 9 ! days be=e ! ,re=mation1 to assume an iconic "* :i* is n acc\nt$ = by ! ance/ral tradition ( our pagan =efa!rs3 :o c]ta9ly c>v$ images1 9 spite ( :at ,tacitus tells u1 b d n appe> to h be5 m>k$ly idolatr\s4 #db ,we infallibly detect "h ! abid+ influ5ce ( ,greco-,roman paganism1 9 :i* idolatry _h tak5 s deep a root1 satisfy+ z x did ! arti/ic-religi\s crav+s ( ! p4 ,we h records ( ! trans=mation ( ! old /atues into ,*ri/ian images2 9 an epigram we f9d ,h]acles pa!tically compla9+ t he is =c$ to become ,/ ,luke3#db4a a beautiful head ( ,aphrodite 9 ,a!ns is rudely /amp$ ) ! cross1 p]haps to conv]t h] into ! ,virg93#db4b at ! pres5t day !re exi/s 9 ,s\? ,italy an image ( a ,madonna del ,granato1 hold+ a pomegranate1 :i* by a curi\s *a9 ( evid5ce c be trac$ ) "s probability back to ! ,h]a ( ,argos1 c>v$ by ,polycleitos4 ,n[ ! image may be reg>d$ 9 two aspects3 z a symbol m]ely br++ close to ! s5se ! spiritual idea ( div9ity1 & #dc s]v+ to /imulate ! pray]ful ?\ght ( ! wor%ipp]3 or x may be v5]at$ z ! indwell+ abode ( ! div9ity1 9 :i* he habitually resides1 or into :i*1 by spells & blood-(f]+s1 he may be compell$ to ent]4 ,! fir/ is ! m spiritual & advanc$ po9t ( view1 ! or?odox aspect ( ! image 9 ! iconic *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom at mo/ p]iods2 & ?is is put =w>d z an apology = :at may seem idolatry3 we may note 9 pass+ t ! same apology 0 put =w>d by ! advanc$ *ampions ( paganism4 ,! second is ! m primitive view1 accept$ at mo/ p]iods by ! p1 & sometimes tol]at$ or ev5 enc\rag$ by c]ta9 ( ! *ur*es3 ! idol is reg>d$ z miracul\s1 z infus$ ) div9e p[]1 p]haps itself ! v div9ity2 & ! uncultur$ ,greeks :o :ipp$ ! idol ( ,pan ) squills if food 0 sc>ce1#dc4a or b\nd ! image ( ,aphrodite ) cords to prev5t x runn+ away1#dc4b ! #dd ,breton smi? m5tion$ by ,r5an1 :o ?reat5$ ! sa9t's image ) r$-hot p9c]s to compel him to heal 8 son1 ! mod]n savage :o sme>s 8 idols ) blood1#dd4a are to be class$ toge!r 9 ! morphology ( religion4 ,idolatry 9 ?is s5se is a high] =m ( feti*ism1 :i*1 /rictly def9$1 is ! v5]ation ( mat]ial objects1 (t5 %ap$ by art & h&l$ 9 su* a way z to end[ !m ) div9e pot5cy1 :i* br+ good =tune to ! own]4 ,x is suppos$ to connote savag]y1 b survivals ( x are f\nd 9 mo/ civilis$ communities1 & we probably all inh]it "s fa9t impress ( ! feti*i/ic _s1 nor ne$ we be />tl$ if we f9d x 9 ! high] religions4 ,9 anci5t ,greece ! feti* 0 common en\gh3 sacr$ axes1 sacr$ sceptres1 pyramidical or cone-%ap$ /ones1 rudely hewn #de tree-/umps1 are examples :i* we f9d 9 ! lit]ature & art ( ! hi/oric or prehi/oric p]iods2 ! mo/ common k9d ( private feti* 0 ! gem1 c>ri$ z an amulet4 ,?is sup]/iti\s view ( gems belong+ to primitive fai? has cont9u$ ?r\gh _m ages4 ,moreov]1 bo? 9 ! public & private religion ( ,*ri/5dom 9 _m p]iods1 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 we c easily recognise ! feti*i/ic value ( ! sacr$ objects1 relics1 crucifixes2 & ! ,bible itself might sometimes be c>ri$ z an amulet ab\t ! p]son to secure "o f dang]1 & its mod]n use 9 ! ,engli% legal oa?1 ! witness 8kiss+ ! book10 con=ms to a feti*i/ic type ( oa? :i* 0 common 9 ! primitive ,teutonic communities4#de4a ,:5 ,t]tullian exclaims1 8,h[ great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wood ( ! cross & ! %apeless wood5 emblems ( ,pallas or ,c]es10#de4b he is ?9k+ g5]ally #df ( ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,hell5ic poly!ism4 ,z reg>ds ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian & pagan wor%ipp]s t[>ds ^! emblems ( _! cult :i* ,t]tullian m5tions1 we are n sure t any su* g5]al di/9ction c\ld be drawn4 ,! 8adoration ( ! true wood ( ! cross10 ( :i* we h he>d 9 rec5t times1 if we m]ely consid] ! nature ( ! religi\s object & ! value ( ! mat]ial ?+ = fai?1 mu/ be call$ feti*i/ic3 at lea/ ,i "k ( no o!r ^w equally appropriate 9 ! t]m9ology ( ! sci5ce ( religions4 ,d\btless ! mod]n m9d1 9 ! p]=mance ( su* ritual practices1 c di/+ui% betwe5 ! inanimate or mat]ial ?+ & ! div9e _s :i* sanctifies x4 ,b s also c ! intellig5t savage1 :o c>es no?+ = 8 piece ( wood :5 he ?9ks ! p[]-giv+ _s has dep>t$ f x4 ,! feti*ism !n ( ! high] religions & ( ! savage fai? is morphologically ! same2 ! vital diff]5ce lies 9 #dg ! conception ( ! div9ity t is suppos$ to animate or sanctify ! mat]ial ?+4 ,x w\ld be wrong to attribute ! feti*i/ic proclivities discov]$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian communities :olly to ! ,hell5ic or ,m$it]ranean /ra9 9 our religion2 = we mu/ reckon ) ! survival among ! lat] ritual-obs]vances ( ! sup]/itions ( ! ,nor!rn peoples1 & feti*ism 0 c]ta9ly *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ,teutonic1 ,celtic1 & ,slavonic races4 ,9 ?is matt]1 z 9 o!rs1 we h to note t ! puritanism ( ! e>ly ,*ur* c\ld n prevail aga9/ ! /r5g? ( habit & immemorial tradition4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is gr\p ( aff9ities may conclude ) ! obs]vation t ! mo/ *]i%$ emblem ( our cre$1 ! type ( ! cross itself1 _h already be5 9 vogue z a religi\s symbol ( c]ta9 ( ! e>li] pagan peoples2 x play$ a "p 9 ! anci5t ,egyptian#dg4a & #dh ,assyrian ritual1 & rec5tly ,dr ,evans has reveal$ to u 9 ! ,palace ( ,m9os 9 ,crete a *apel ( ! cross d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( ! div9e "m4#dh4a ,we c g no fur!r ?an ! surmise t ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity may h be5 assi/$ by ! fact t ! emblem ( ! new fai? w\ld n appe> :olly unfamili> to "s ( ! conv]t$ races4 ,z reg>ds ! aff9ities disc]nible 9 respect ( hi]atic in/itutions1 ! organisation ( *ur*es1 ! relations ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ,i h only space to cite a few sali5t illu/rations4 ,! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 a private religi\s society unit$ by ! bond ( fai?1 ! memb]s contribut+ to ea* o!r's wants1 ) a simple democratic organisation ( ecclesia & sacr$ (ficials1 w\ld n /rike ! contempor>y ,greco-,roman _w z an unfamili> ph5om5on2 = its family lik5ess #di to ! ,hell5ic 8?iasoi0 or bro!rhoods ( cult 0 suffici5tly obvi\s1 & has (t5 be5 comm5t$ on4 ,!y1 l x1 7 (t5 proselytis]s1 &1 ignor+ ! b>ri]s ( ca/e1 g5s1 & city1 accept$ 9 pr9ciple ! religi\s fell[%ip ( man4 8,x is well to consid] all m5 fri5ds & bro!rs1 z be+ ! family ( ,god10 says ,apollonius1#di4a e*o+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics4 ,! soil 0 ready prep>$ = ! new cosmopolitan religion4 ,9 consid]+ ! hi/ory ( ! hi]>*y 9 ,*ri/5dom1 we are (t5 oblig$ to turn our eyes back ^u ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,= in/ance1 ! insi/5ce on ! apo/olic succession 9 ! v>i\s *ur*es1 a prim>y #ej article ( fai? ) _m at ! pres5t "t1 is entirely 9 keep+ ) a v old ,m$it]ranean tradition3 = we f9d x n infrequ5tly ma9ta9$ 9 ,hell5ic paganism t ! prie/ %\ld desc5d directly f ! god :om he s]ves1 or f ! fir/ apo/le :o in/itut$ ! p>ticul> cult or my/]y2#ej4a we he> ( ! prie/ be+ qualifi$ 8by desc5t & by div9e appo9tm5t40#ej4b ,b 9 ! e>li] religi\s p]iod ! succession or desc5t 0 reg>d$ 9 ! l9e> & physical s5se3 ?is has become ref9$ into ! idea ( a spiritual succession1 ma9ta9$ h[ev] by a cont9uity ( physical ?\gh my/ic contact4 ,"h1 z s (t5 9 ! comp>ative /udy ( religion1 we h to note #ea ! physical & mat]ial ideas ( ! m primitive p]iod ma9ta9+ !mselves 9 ! lat] b translat$ into a spiritual significance4 ,! relation betwe5 ! prie/hood & ! ,/ate has be5 "o ( ! burn+ que/ions ( ! secul> & religi\s hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,to und]/& fully all ! features 9 ! ,/ate organisation ( ! ,*ur* & ! _m po9ts ( controv]sy1 we ne$ (t5 to g f> back into ! records ( e>ly ,aryan & ,m$it]ranean society4 ,we may m>k "h & !re 9 ! pagan ,anatolian region ! em]g5ce ( ! idea t ! prie/ %\ld be temporal "l1#ea4a :ile 9 mo/ e>ly ,aryan societies ! subord9ation ( ! spiritual to ! secul> p[] appe>s to h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,a /udy ( ! sagas ( ! ,nor? sugge/s ! reflection t ! /ruggle f\ght out to a def9ite decision at ! ,re=mation _h already be5 decid$ 9 ! #eb ,teutonic ,nor? 9 ! f>-(f days be=e ,*ri/ianity2#eb4a also t ! secul> "* ( ! m>ri$ ,engli% prie/hood 9 our pre-,conque/ p]iod is only ! reflex ( old ,teutonic cu/om4 ,! celibacy ( ! prie/hood is1 aga91 a "q t has agitat$ & divid$ ! *ur*es1 nor does x appe> t we ourselves h f9i%$ ) x4 ,to trace its orig9 & inn] significance1 a wide an?ropological /udy is necess>y1 & ,i may be able to return to x 9 ano!r association 9 a lat] lecture4 ,)9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 we may trace back ! religi\s ideas und]ly+ ! dogma ( celibacy to ! ascetic en?usiasm ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 & we may be "r 9 connect+ x ) ! gr[? ( ,m>iolatry4 ,b ! orig9al s\rce ( ! ph5om5on lies f> 9 ! backgr\nd ( our religion2 ! impulse to religi\s celibacy _h long be5 cong5ial to ! temp]am5t ( #ec "s ( ! ,anatolian races4 ,we f9d x p[]ful 9 ! ,judaic sect ( ! ,ess5ians2 & 9 ! an?ropology ( primitive societies we are (t5 confront$ ) ! idea t ! virg9 body is ! only fit organ = ! full div9e afflatus4 ,9 ano!r "q ( adm9i/ration1 9 ! position ( wom5 9 reg>d to ! m9i/ry1 we c trace ! oppos+ =ces ( diff]+ pre-,*ri/ian traditions4#ec4a ,_! pres5t total exclusion f sacr$ functions 9 all b a few sects %[s ! triumph ( ! ,judaic rule sanction$ & insi/$ ^u by ,/ ,paul2 x is n at all 9 accordance ) ,teutonic or ,greco-,roman religi\s cu/om2 & 9 fact we f9d 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 ,greek influ5ce 0 /ronge/1 t c]ta9 (fices ( ! m9i/ry c\ld be fulfill$ by wom52 we ev5 he> ( a h]etic sect 9 ! fif? c5tury t signalis$ itself by ! orgia/ic processions ( ! 8prie/esses #ed ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y40#ed4a ,x is /ill possible t ! old ,teutonic view 9 ?is matt] may reass]t itself4 ,if we try to give a complete acc\nt ( any ( ! important in/itutions ( ! *ur*es1 infant baptism or ! ,roman confession = in/ance1 we ought at lea/1 be=e we c pron\nce t any p>ticul> "o is a spontane\s or a unique gr[?1 to survey ! religions contigu\s to or imm$iately prec$+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,z reg>ds ! practice ( confession1 a usage :i*1 z ,i hope to %[1 may be expla9$ z connect$ ) a ritual ( purification1 its in/itution _c at lea/ be reg>d$ z a unique ph5om5on 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,a v simple =m ( x appe>s to h be5 kn[n to ! ,judaic sy/em1 & x appe>s z a =mal elem5t 9 ! ,babylonian liturgy3#ed4b z a spiritual relief to :i* a man might volunt>ily resort1 x 0 enc\rag$ by ! ,delphic #ee oracle2#ee4a z "p ( ! ca?>tic ritual :i* 0 prelim9>y to initiation x 0 requir$ by ! ord9ances ( ! ,samo?racian ,my/]ies2 & x is 9 an anecdote conc]n+ ^! t we meet ) ! fir/ example ( ! free ,prote/ant _s reprobat+ ! practice4#ee4b ,we may inf] t x 0 uncong5ial to ! "* & ali5 to ! tradition ( our ,teutonic =efa!rs1 9 ! record ( ^: pagan in/itutions !re is no h9t ( x1 & ,alcu9 compla9s ( 8 ,go?s 8t no "o ( ! laity 0 will+ to confess to ! prie/s40#ee4c ,x may well h be5 a spontane\s gr[? ( s\!rn ,*ri/ianity2 b x appe>s to h aris5 fir/ )9 ! e>ly mona/ic ord]s1#ee4d & #ef z ^! 9 _! orig9 _h c]ta9 aff9ities ) ! non-,*ri/ian my/ic bro!rhoods1 :]e ! practice 0 n unkn[n1 x is possible t 9 ?is matt] also a pre-,*ri/ian tradition 0 /ill ( "s effect4 ,or1 if ?is is unlikely1 we mu/ ma9ta9 t l conditions evolve simil> products ov] ! :ole area ) :i* comp>ative religion deals2 & ! mo/ /rik+ resemblance to a ,*ri/ian confessional is to be obs]v$ 9 ! old ,mexican ritual1 if we c tru/ ,sahagun4#ef4a ,z reg>ds ! o!r sugge/$ example1 we %\ld probably f9d1 if we foll[$ out ! hi/ory & orig9 ( infant baptism1 t ! pre-,*ri/ian tradition 0 a /rong effici5t =ce 9 ! settlem5t ( ! "q2 !re 7 urg5t reasons at lea/ :y ! rite %\ld soon h come to be ma9ta9$ by ! e>ly ,*ur*1 = analog\s rites :]eby ! new-born *ild 0 consecrat$ to ! div9ity 7 probably "p ( ! h]$it>y tradition ( mo/ ( ! conv]t$ races4 #eg ,we "k t _m ( ! ,hell5es _h be5 9 ! habit ( pass+ ! infant solemnly r\nd ! fire1 a purificatory & also consecrat+ process2#eg4a ! nor!rn ,teutons spr9kl$ ! infant ) wat]3#eg4b & :5 ,ari/otle tells u t _m ( ! b>b>ian tribes 7 9 ! habit ( plung+ ! new-born into riv]-wat]1 to h>d5 ! little ones1 he is mi/ak+ a religi\s = a secul> practice4#eg4c ,look+ at ! baptism ( ! adult neophyte1 we f9d int]e/+ resemblances to ! c]emonies ( ! pre-,*ri/ian my/ic initiations2 ! idea commonly express$ 9 ^! latt]1 t ! cate*um5 di$ to 8 old life & 0 born aga91 0 eag]ly adopt$ & develop$ by ! lat] religion1 & "h z !re left its impr9t on ! ritual3 dea? & rebir? 7 actually simulat$ 9 ! my/ic s]vice4#eg4d #eh ,! aff9ities betwe5 ,*ri/ian & pagan ritual1 9 _m cases no d\bt ! result ( direct inh]itance1 dem& a m detail$ inve/igation ?an !y h yet receiv$1 especially 9 respect ( ! fe/ival cal5d>3 ev5 ! e>ly writ]s ( ! ,*ur* 7 ( op9ion t ! fea/ ( ! ,purification ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ,febru>y1 0 a developm5t ( ! old ,roman ,februalia in/itut$ by ,numa2#eh4a & su* names ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts & bi%ops z ,hil>ion1 ,hil>ius1 atte/ ! popul>ity ( ! ,hil>ia1 ! fe/ival ( ,adonis 9 ! la/ days ( paganism4 ,mu* might be /ill discov]$ by a m9ute k ( ! ,greco-,roman records1 comb9$ ) travel 9 ,m$it]ranean l&s & ) p]sonal obs]vation ( ! ritual ( fea/- & fa/-days 9 ! remot] villages4#eh4b #ei ,f9ally1 !re rema9s ! "q1 ( great] mom5t & p]plexity ?an all ! prec$+1 conc]n+ ! aff9ities ( ! ,*ri/ian & pre-,*ri/ian religions 9 prim>y ideas & ess5tial belief4 ,to po9t out resemblances is n necess>ily to ignore contra/s2 only x is ( m avail = pres5t sci5ce to emphasise ! =m]1 z ! latt] are obvi\s en\gh & h always be5 emphasis$4 ,b we mu/ gu>d aga9/ accept+ too ra%ly ! fact ( resemblance = pro( ( actual orig92 nor mu/ we ignore ! tru? t two religions may be vitally diff]5t 9 effect1 :ile !y use ! same mat]ials ( ?\ght & belief4 ,! subject dem&s great k & critical insight1 & ,i c only indicate "h clues t h already be5 foll[$ & might be foll[$ fur!r4 ,!re is probably no ne$ to call to y\r notice ! fact t ! inc>nation ( ! ,godhead 9 human =m 0 a famili> conception to ! civilis$ & half-civilis$ races ( ! old _w1 & 0 atta*$ equally to #fj my?ic p]sonages z well z to actual m54 ,t su* a p]sonality c\ld s]ve z a m$iator betwe5 man & ! ,supreme ,god 0 conceivable to ! ,hell5ic1 ,egyptian1 ev5 ! ,lat9 imag9ation2 & ?\gh ! idea does n seem to h be5 wov5 into any fabric ( fai? by ^! races1 x appe>s z a natural product 9 ! high] /ages ( poly!ism1 & 9 _m primitive & advanc$ societies x has dom9at$ m5's views conc]n+ ! p]son & position ( ! ,k+4 ,m important /ill = ! purposes ( ! religi\s comp>ison is ! wide preval5ce 9 ! ,m$it]ranean communities ( ! belief 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ! div9ity3 & ?is has be5 ! !me ( mu* rec5t an?ropological inve/igation4#fj4a ,?is is n #fa ! "t to exam9e into its orig9 & significance or to track out ! v>i\s ph5om5a t illu/rate & gr\p !mselves ar\nd x 9 ! ,m$it]ranean cults4 ,i w\ld m]ely call att5tion 9 pass+ to ! fact t ! belief exi/$1 & 0 probably express$ 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ritual ( ,/ ,paul's own city ( ,t>sos1#fa4a & t x 0 especially /rong 9 ! ,attis ,my/]ies ( ! ,great ,"m ( ,phrygia & ,crete2 we "k t ^! 7 celebrat$ at a season :i* correspond$ to ! end ( our ,l5t5 p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( ,ea/]1 t !y 7 prec$$ by fa/+ & began ) lam5tations1 #fb ! vot>ies ga!r+ 9 sorr[ ar\nd ! bi] ( ! dead div9ity2 !n foll[$ ! resurrection1 & ! ris5 god gave hope ( salvation to ! my/ic bro!rhood1 & ! :ole s]vice clos$ ) ! fea/ ( rejoic+1 ! ,hil>ia4#fb4a ,! ,*ri/ian fa!rs !mselves 7 /ruck ) ! deep resemblance betwe5 ?is & _! own my/]y1 & !y 7 tempt$ to attribute x to ! diabolic _s ( p>ody4 ,we may take ! words ( ,firmicus ,mat]nus1#fb4b ) :i* he concludes 8 description ( su* an ,attis ,my/]y z ,i h outl9$--8truly ! devil has ,*ri/ians ( 8 own0--z ! text ( a v important *apt] 9 comp>ative religion4 ,we he> ( a ,*ri/ian conv]t 9 ,crete be+ s$uc$ by ! fasc9ations ( ! ,hil>ia2 & ,phrygia1 its ance/ral home1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ /rongholds ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"h at lea/ we may assume t ! #fc anci5t dogma & ritual ( ! p 0 "o ( ! pr$ispos+ causes op]at+ 9 fav\r ( ! new4 ,! comp>ative /ud5t mu/ also give c>eful consid]ation to :at are call$ ! es*atologic doctr9es1 ! beliefs conc]n+ po/hum\s happ9ess1 salvation1 & damnation1 n only ( ! ,judaic1 b also ( ! ,hell5ic1 ,anatolian1 & ,egyptian religions3 & especially to ^? ( ! ,hell5ic1 = x 0 !y t 7 mo/ widely kn[n 9 ! area ( ! ,greco-,roman _w1 & mod]n !ory has at times endeav\r$ to trace back ! apocalyptic lit]ature ( ,*ri/ianity to ,hell5ic s\rces4#fc4a ,! inve/igation w\ld dem& a c>eful /udy ( ! ,eleus9ian & ! ,orphic ,my/]ies1 9 bo? ( :i* we f9d ! pregnant idea t salvation aft] dea? dep5d$ #fd on a religi\s act ( fai? or on a my/ic communion ) a div9ity t might be atta9$ on e>? by a sacram5t or o!r liturgical means3 & ! inquiry w include ! "q h[ f> 9 ^! e>li] sy/ems ! doctr9e ( salvation by fai? 0 actually bl5d$ ) any admixture ( ! e?ical doctr9e ( salvation by works4 ,& ! problem1 l _m o!rs 9 ! sci5tific /udy ( religion1 w be f\nd to conc]n philosophic z well z religi\s hi/ory4 ,! ideas atta*+ to sacrifice 9 ! ,m$it]ranean _w h long be5 recognis$ z a vital subject ( inquiry = ! comp>ative sci5ce2 & bo? ! l[] & ! high] an?ropology c contribute mu* t is ess5tial to ! full und]/&+ ( ! evolution ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e conc]n+ ! div9e sacrifice & ! ,holy ,communion4 ,i ne$ n "h enl>ge on ?is subject1 ev5 by way ( m]e illu/ration1 = ,i h already dealt ) x1 h[ev] inadequately1 #fe 9 a =m] pap]3#fe4a x is an intricate & fasc9at+ !me & invites fur!r rese>*4 ,b = prov+ ! revival on ! new ,*ri/ian soil ( ! old] pre-,*ri/ian religi\s ?\ght & aspiration1 !re is no special subject s fruitful z ! /udy ( ,m>iolatry4 ,i h already sugge/$ by way ( illu/ration ! possibility ( su* pagan titles z 8,kore-,p>!nos10 ! 8,gods' "m10 hav+ ex]cis$ an abid+ influ5ce 9 excit+ & %ap+ ! nasc5t ?\ght ( e>li] ,*ri/5dom2 & ,i affirm$ t _! preval5ce correspond$ to a prevail+ religi\s bias :i* turn$ ! m9ds ( _m ( ! peoples 9 ! old _w to cleave affectionately to ! "m-goddess or to ! div9e maid4 ,ap>t f m]e titles1 ! /ud5t ( ! latt] days ( paganism is =c$ to note at almo/ e po9t ! deep impress ( su* ideas & ! en?usiasm !y evok$4 ,9 all ! lead+ ,greek my/]ies1 ! ,"m & ! ,maid #ff held a dom9ant position1 & ! ,orphic bro!rhoods _h rang$ ! ,"m by ! side ( ! ,son-,god & ! ,fa!r-,god2 & ev5 9 ! /ate-cults ( ! anci5t c5tres ( ,hell5ic civilisation1 ! mat]nal "* ( ! div9e p[] _h long be5 *]i%$4 ,f9ally1 ! ,phrygian religion ( ! ,"m1 to :i* ev5 ,mi?raism1 a pre-em95tly mascul9e or pat]nal religion1 0 oblig$ to accommodate itself1 _h captur$ ! great] "p ( ! ,greco-,roman _w2 & 0 c]ta9ly v influ5tial 9 ! di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or visit$ by ,/ ,paul & 9 e "o ( ! cities ( ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es4 ,! s5tim5t x evok$ is express$ by ! words ( a poet ( ! ,middle ,attic com$y3 8,= ^? :o h true k ( ?+s div9e1 !re is no?+ great] ?an ! ,"m2 h5ce ! fir/ man :o became civilis$ f\nd$ ! %r9e ( ! ,"m40#ff4a ,?is !n is a lead+ factor 9 ! religi\s psy*ology ( ! conv]t$ nations ) :i* we mu/ reckon4 #fg ,we _c1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( human nature1 suppose t a religi\s tradition ( su* h]$it>y p[] z ?is c\ld :olly lose its =ce "u a *ang$ cre$4 ,! gaps 9 ! record w probably make x impossible to supply a detail$ & geographical /atem5t %[+ h[ 9 ! v>i\s communities ( ! anci5t cult ! p]sonality ( ! pre-,*ri/ian goddess 0 fus$ gradually ) ! ideal image ( ! ,virg9-,"m ( ,*ri/4 ,only a few sugge/ive facts 9 ! developm5t & organisation ( ,m>iolatry may be m5tion$ "h4 ,! h]etic ,montani/s ( ,phrygia 7 *>g$ ) deify+ ! ,virg9 & believ+ t "o ( _! lead]s 0 unit$ 9 a my/ic m>riage ) h]1 a belief natural to ,phrygian paganism2 & _! f\nd] ,montanus is said to h orig9ally be5 a prie/ ( ,cybele4#fg4a ,! "m ( ,con/ant9e1 ! #fh ,empress ,hel5a1 :o is suppos$ to h be5 ( ,bi?ynian orig91 0 prais$ = deck+ ! grotto ( ,be?lehem ) sacr$ gifts z ! %r9e ( ! ,virg92#fh4a x is notewor?y t h] e>lie/ record$ *apel %\ld be a grotto or cave2 = x 0 9 su* und]gr\nd %r9es t ! ,phrygian ,"m 0 commonly wor%ipp$ 9 h] own l&4 ,ano!r /rik+ analogy to ! anci5t ritual ( ! "m-goddess is pres5t$ by ! fea/ call$ ! & 1 fir/ m5tion$ by ,&reas ( ,crete 7circ4 #fej ,a4,d471 b probably 9 exi/5ce long be=e 8 "t3 ! ,"m ( ,god dies & rises aga9 9 ! ,assumption4 ,x w\ld be ( special int]e/ if we c\ld discov] t ?is ritual fir/ became canonical 9 ,crete1 ! home ( ,&reas2 = 9 ,crete z 9 ,cyprus1 :]e ! ,virg9 succe$$ to ! "n ( ,aphrodite1 we h traces ( a simil> rite 9 :i* ! goddess ,aphrodite 0 laid out #fi z dead on a bi] & 0 aft]w>ds rais$ to life4#fi4a ,& is x no?+ m ?an a co9cid5ce t 9 ! same city ( ,ephesus1 :]e dur+ ,/ ,paul's visit ! fanatics rais$ a tumult 9 behalf ( _! ,virg9 ,artemis1 "s six c5turies lat] ! p ) equal ec/asy hail$ ! decision ( ! ,synod t proclaim$ ! ,virg9-,"m ( ,god 778 ,! m5tion ( ,ephesus sugge/s ano!r consid]ation ( ! greate/ importance = ! /udy ( ! developm5t & propagation ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma conc]n+ ! virg9ity ( ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,! ,virg9-bir?1 an idea :i* has long be5 a /umbl+-block to sci5ce1 & :i* has rec5tly be5 pron\nc$ by "s to be uness5tial to ,*ri/ianity1 0 a dogma t c\ld easily be und]/ood & ev5 eag]ly accept$ by ! conv]ts ( ,anatolia#fi4b & ! #gj ,greek _w4 ,9 ,ephesus itself ! anci5t goddess _h be5 imag9$ 9 "s s5se z a mat]nal or g5]ative div9ity1 yet also z a virg91 9 ^: ritual1 conduct$ p>tly by a prie/hood ( monks1 a /rong rule ( au/]ity & *a/ity 0 en=c$4#gj4a ,! great ,phrygian ,"m 0 h]self1 accord+ to a native leg5d1 miracul\sly conceiv$1 & !re are gr\nds = sugge/+ t %e 0 occasionally reg>d$ z a virg94#gj4b ,! evid5ce inde$ conc]n+ su* ideas 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian cults is always confus$1 casual1 & (t5 contradictory1 ) no p[] app>5tly 9 !mselves to develop a fix$ dogma ( fai?4 ,x w\ld be 9 fact unreasonable to ma9ta9 t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es conc]n+ ! ,virg9-,"m c\ld h be5 evok$ m]ely by ! spontane\s dem& ( ! ,anatolian or ,greek conv]ts4 ,b we may affirm t :5 t doctr9e 0 #ga pres5t$ to !m1 _! own traditions _h prep>$ _! imag9ations to receive x z cong5ial4 ,we meet 9 ! late pagan lit]ature passages 9 praise ( virg9ity z a div9e quality q z ec/atic & extravagant z _m 9 ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs4#ga4a ,_m ( ! nations _h long *]i%$ ! ideal ( a virg9 goddess2 mo/ _h be5 devotees ( ! ,div9e ,"m4 ,! successful propagation ( ,*ri/ianity may h ow$ mu* to ! means :i* x possess$ = satisfy+ ^! two s5tim5ts & = reconcil+ !m 9 a prim>y article ( fai?4 ,!n1 we mu/ c]ta9ly ascribe ! exaltation ( ,m>y 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! fir/ six c5turies to ! en?usiasm eng5d]$ by ! old] goddess-wor%ips4 ,alex&ria may h contribut$ mu* m ?an we h already not$2 & m ?an "o writ] has explor$ ! deep indebt$ness ( ! develop$ ,m>iolatry to ! old] figure ( #gb ,isis4#gb4a ,! extravagance ( an en?usiasm t 0 root$ 9 old pagan s5tim5t occasionally eng5d]$ h]esies4 ,besides ! records conc]n+ ! ,montani/1 ( :i* ! significance has already be5 notic$1 mo/ int]e/+ & valuable = our purpose is ! s]mon ( ,epiphanius aga9/ ! h]esy ( ! ,collid]iani1#gb4b wild wom5 :o devot$ !mselves to ! wor%ip ( ,m>y1 & ^: orgia/ic s]vice he describes & reprobates3 9 _! processions !y appe> to h drawn ! ,virg9 r\nd 9 a c> /rewn ) raim5t1 & !y solemnis$ a sacram5t ) bread3 & he adds t !y came f ,?race1 ! immemorial home ( fanatic wom5 & ( ! goddess 8,artemis ! ,que510 to :om also (f]+s ( corn 7 made4#gb4c ,! procession ( a goddess 9 a c> 0 probably "p ( an old ,?rako-,phrygian #gc c]emonial1 & we he> ( a sacram5tal eat+ ( bread 9 ! s]vice ( ,cybele4 ,we may f9ally note t ! en?usia/ic lit]ature devot$ to ! pre-,*ri/ian ,div9e ,"m & ,maid & to ! ,virg9-,"m ( ,god is ! same 9 quality & tone4 ,! pray] address$ to ,isis 9 ! /ory ( ,apuleius rem9ds u ( a ,*ri/ian hymn ( praise2 & ! old] liturgical or lit]>y expressions w\ld naturally col\r ! lat]4#gc4a ,ano!r "q ) :i* ! comp>ative /udy ( ,*ri/ianity is conc]n$ t\*es ! evolution ( ! ,tr9it>ian idea4#gc4b ,"h #gd aga9 x is necess>y c>efully to sift ! ph5om5a ( ! contigu\s religions1 to consid] :e!r !y pres5t su* a conception at all1 & :e!r 9 any ( !m x _h ga9$ suffici5t vividness & p[] to be likely to evoke a dogma ( religi\s metaphysic4 ,moreov]1 to und]/& ! complete g5esis ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 we mu/ trace out ! idea ( div9e emanations 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,ea/2 = ! religions ( ! ,iranian & ev5 ! ,greek _w pres5t u ) p>allels to ! process :]eby ! ,holy ,_s becomes 9 relation to ! p]sonal ,god a di/9ct ?\gh closely atta*$ p]sonality4 ,9 ! ,zoroa/rian ritual ! ,frava%i or ,s\l ( ,ahura receives rev]5ce1#gd4a & 9 ,greek speculation & ev5 cult ! or ,div9e ,provid5ce is sometimes reg>d$ z an individual & #ge p]sonal p[]2#ge4a nor is ! conception ( a plurality ( be+s )9 ! limits ( ! same p]sonality unfamili> to primitive ?\ght4 ,! subject is "o ( ! mo/ intricate 9 ! field ( religi\s /udy1 & ! m hopeful inve/igation ( x w\ld dem& an?ropological /udy 9 its wide/ s5se1 comb9$ ) a k ( ! lat] ,greek metaphysic :i* has cle>ly left its impress on our doctr9e4 ,i w close ^! illu/rations ) ! mo/ obvi\s example ( ! contribution ( an?ropological /udy to our k ( actual ,*ri/5dom4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fruitful (f%oots ( ! old] ,hell5ic sy/em 0 h]o-wor%ip1 :i* itself may h aris5 z a developm5t ( ance/or-cult4 ,at fir/ conf9$ to ! my?ic figures ( ! pa/1 x came to be appli$ to f\nd]s ( colonies1 legislators1 & ev5 to a?letes2 9 its f9al developm5t 9 ! la/ c5turies be=e ,*ri/ x 0 *iefly consecrat$ to k+s & dyna/s1 #gf ! f\nd]s ( religi\s societies1 m5 ( sci5ce1 & political b5efactors4 ,! div9e wor%ip ( ! mortal1 an idea abhorr5t to ,judaism1 & n accept$ by ! sev]] ,zoroa/rian1 0 "p ( ! /ate sy/em ( e>li] & lat] ,egypt1 & 0 f9ally impos$ on ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,! soil 9 :i* x _h mo/ rankly fl\ri%$ 0 ,greek1 & ,greece & ,anatolia 7 cr[d$ ) *apels consecrat$ to rec5tly liv+ m5 or to fad$ figures :o 7 suppos$ to h once liv$ on e>?1 "s ( !m p]haps actual ance/ors1 "s imag9>y p]sonages ( ! epic or leg5d>y _w1 "s m]ely functional div9ities ( subord9ate dep>tm5ts1 l ! h]o ( ! pl\gh%>e or ! tutel>y h]o ( ! pott]s4 ,?is gr[? ( poly!ism _h /ruck its roots s deeply t ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite ( its mono!i/ic ideal1 0 unable to eradicate x4 ,! anci5t h]o may sometimes be lurk+ "u ! lat] disguise ( ! sa9t3 ! m$ival guild1 l ! ,attic frat]nity ( pott]s1 #gg _h its sacr$ tutel>y patron2 & x is curi\s to obs]ve t 9 ! matt] ( canonisation ! ,pope came to play exactly ! same "p z ! ,delphic oracle _h play$ 9 ! public consecration ( ! h]o-cult3 ! div9e au?orisation is giv5 or )held by ! vic> or ag5t ( ,god4 ,! importance ( ?is inh]it$ tradition 9 det]m9+ our religi\s e/imate ( hi/orical ,*ri/5dom is ( ! highe/3 = :atev] may h be5 or may be ! or?odox dogma ( ! ,*ur* conc]n+ ! /atus ( ! sa9t1 su* wor%ip inevitably means poly!ism f ! po9t ( view ( ! popul> fai?3 & we ga!r t 9 _m outly+ communities ( ,*ri/5dom1 z ( ! anci5t ,greek _w1 ! l[] cult ov]%ad[s ! high]4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! mo/ sali5t & sure examples t we c quote ( ! direct influ5ce ( ! old] religions ^u ! lat]4 ,?is special influ5ce is ma9ly ,greek1 ?\gh ! pagan ,nor?1 ! ,celtic & ,li?uanian1 & p]haps ! #gh ,teutonic peoples1 h contribut$ mu* to ! tradition ( sa9t-wor%ip4 ,! illu/rations giv5 may suffice z a sket* ( ! v>i\s applications ( a comp>ative me?od to ! problems t ! ph5om5a ( ,*ri/ianity (f] to ! /ud5t4 ,9 ! *oice ( illu/ration ,i may seem to h ignor$ ! /r5g? ( ! ,judaic elem5t 9 det]m9+ ! evolution2 b ,i h consid]$ x unnecess>y to t\* on ?is1 z x has long be5 ! famili> !me ( sci5tific !ology4 ,i h also v5tur$ to sugge/ t our own religi\s hi/ory %\ld be trac$ back to ! p]iod ( our ance/ral paganism4 ,& ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d to ! /ud5t ( comp>ative religion 9 ,engl& a devot$ att5tion to ! _w ( ! ,norse ,saga3 = ?is has be5 /rangely & fatally neglect$ by our ,engli% sy/em ( culture1 ) griev\s loss to our poetic imag9ation1 & to our k ( ! e>ly law & ! religi\s in/itutions & temp]am5t ( our ance/ors4 ,su* a "w #gi z ,gol!r's ,h&bu* d] g]manis*5 ,my?ologie %[s u :at a h>ve/ may be reap$ 9 t field = ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,! subject 9 its own "r claims our int]e/1 & c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 ! old ,teutonic religion1 its fatali/ic ideas1 its es*atologic beliefs conc]n+ a 8day ( judgm5t10 dem& consid]ation 9 ! light ( m advanc$ cre$s4 ,on ! o!r h& x may be wrong to attribute to x any direct influ5ce on ! inn] developm5t ( ,nor!rn ,*ri/ianity2 = !re may be reason = ! view t1 :5 ! new religion conqu]$ ! ,teutonic ,nor?1 x f\nd !re 9 "s s5se a religi\s vacuum1 ! old ritual & fai? hav+ lo/ its vitality & hold2 & c]ta9ly our ance/ral paganism made no su* /ruggle to survive z did ! ,greco-,roman4 ,nev]!less ! hi/ory ( its in/itutions may be necess>y1 z has be5 sugge/$ already1 to expla9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ,teutonic l&s2 &1 fur!r1 x is only ! pages ( ! ,norse ,saga-book t c yield u #hj an answ] to ! "q :e!r we may n h inh]it$ f remote times a c]ta9 av]age racial law ( religi\s temp]am5t result+ 9 a *>act]i/ic attitude t[>ds matt]s ( religion t may h det]m9$ our religi\s hi/ory4 ,if ! answ] 7 affirmative & def9ite1 ! fact w\ld h a practical no less ?an a speculative importance4 ,at lea/ we %all n "k ourselves completely 9 ?is or 9 o!r matt]s if we cont9ue to ?9k t ,greece & ,rome & ,pale/9e are our sole intellectual & spiritual ance/ors2 9 fact we may say t no acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 any ,european ,/ate c be real & complete unless we c get back to ! pre-,*ri/ian pa/ ( t community4 ,yet1 :ile mak+ full all[ance = ! influ5ce ( special ance/ral traditions1 ^? :o "w on ! l9es :i* h be5 indicat$ 9 ! illu/rations ( me?od :i* ,i h select$1 w acquire ! ev]-gr[+ conviction t ,hellas has dom9at$ ! #ha cre$ z %e has dom9at$ ! intellectual hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom2 t ! new fai?1 9 spite ( its fi]ce or contemptu\s intol]ance ( ! pa/1 0 only able to trans=m b n to aboli% ! ,m$it]ranean tradition3 t 9 fact ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's (t5 quot$ aphorism1 :ile by no means :olly true1 0 tru] 9 respect ( religi\s hi/ory ?an he himself 0 aw>e4 ,i h be5 speak+ hi!rto ma9ly on ! relations ( an?ropology to ! comp>ative /udy ( religion4 ,& x may be well n[ to po9t out t an?ropology1 z ,i h tri$ to def9e & di/+ui% its functions1 ?\gh an ess5tial "p1 is only a "p ( ! :ole4 ,= we mu/ "k n only ! pa/ b ! pres5t conditions1 n only ! embryology b ! p]fect$ gr[?4 ,&1 aga91 we comp>e religions n m]ely to te/ !ories ( orig91 ance/ry1 & indebt$ness1 b also to =m ! prop] e/imate ( ea* "o1 & to correct ! "o-sid$ judgm5t t is always quick to pron\nce ?is ph5om5on #hb or feature 9 any p>ticul> sy/em z unique4 ,if ! comp>ison reveals m div]g5ces ?an p>allels1 ! result is no less important4 ,& ! comp>ative me?od %\ld be appli$ n m]ely to ritual1 liturgy1 hi]atic in/itutions1 leg5ds1 & dogmas1 b also to ! v>y+ ph5om5a & expressions ( ! religi\s temp]am5t 9 ! v>i\s races4 ,only ! /udy ( ! latt] c enable u to te/ ! liv+ =ce ( a fai?1 ! degree ) :i* x possesses ! national m9d2 & su* a /udy is only possible :5 a nation has produc$ a ri* religi\s lit]ature or monum5ts ( art embody+ ! public & private wor%ip & religi\s s5tim5t4 ,we "k :at we h ga9$ by ! discov]y ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,ea/1 by ! int]pretation ( ! ,babylonian inscriptions1 & f _! revelation to u 9 ! ,v$ic1 ,iranian1 & ,mesopotamian cult-c5tres ( a f]v\r z deep & passionate z any t we f9d 9 ,hebraic or ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a religion has pass$ away1 #hc z is ! case ) t ( pre-,hell5ic ,rome1 )\t leav+ any articulate expression ( its inn] life1 our k ( x c be sup]ficial only1 conf9$ to m]e ritual1 fragm5ts ( liturgies1 & ! ext]nals ( cult4 ,a dispassionate & uncontrov]sial /udy ( t :i* is at lea/ "o ( ! greate/ =ces 9 human society _c b be int]e/+1 & fruitful also = o!r bran*es ( inquiry1 su* z ! hi/ory ( e>ly law & morals1 ( :i* 9 _m primitive communities ! religion is ! only record4 ,x may ev5 solve c]ta9 problems conc]n+ ! e>ly migrations ( races1 z ,i h be5 conv9c$ by ! inve/igation ( v>i\s ,greek cults4 ,9 ,engl& ! tra9$ work]s 9 ?is field are /ill un=tunately few1 p]haps because a c]ta9 lat5t prejudice1 born ( religi\s p>tisan%ip1 is n yet ext9ct1 & may act some:at z a det]r5t4 ,i h avoid$ hi!rto allud+ to any ( ! practical & controv]sial consid]ations #hd :i* ! me?odical pursuit & propagation ( ?is sci5ce may excite1 ?\gh ,i am well aw>e t its practical effects may be ( high importance2 b !y are n imm$iately our conc]n at pres5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o su* consid]ation t x is p]t95t to t\* on be=e conclud+ ! survey ( ! me?ods & functions ( ?is bran* ( hi/orical inquiry1 :i* deals mu* ) orig9s & ) ! evolution ( high] =ms ( religion f ! l[]4 ,discov]ies ( orig9s may appe> to affect ! validity ( a cre$ or c]ta9 articles ( cre$4 ,t ?is is actually ! case 9 reg>d to ! great problem ) :i* ! illu/rations ,i h put be=e y are ma9ly conc]n$1 namely1 ! g5esis ( ,*ri/ianity1 has be5 rec5tly frankly admitt$ by a lead+ dignit>y ( ! ,roman ,*ur*3 :o1 mov$ by a rum\r ( an?ropological rese>*1 has promptly turn$ x to ! pr(it ( 8 cause by ma9ta9+ t ! ,roman ritual & communion ga9s 9 =ce & validity by #he ! discov]y t x has inh]it$ & absorb$ ! religi\s ?\ght & practice ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!rs may f9d ! exposition ( ! s-call$ pagan elem5ts 9 ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity repugnant to _! s5tim5t2 & h5ce are incl9$ to accept ! dictum 8t orig9 does n affect validity40 ,i imag9e ! facts ( religi\s psy*ology make some:at aga9/ ?is aphorism4 ,b x only conc]ns ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religion1 because 9 ! hi/ory ( cre$s validity has be5 v (t5 f\nd to ma9ta9 itself ma9ly by an appeal to orig92 & z our sci5ce1 to reit]ate1 is mu* conc]n$ ) orig9s1 x is indirectly conc]n$ ) ^? claims ( validity t support !mselves by su* an appeal4 ,ano!r cause ( ! paucity ( work]s 9 ?is field is ! complexity & difficulty ( ! subject1 :i* c be h&l$ successfully only by ! advanc$ & mature /ud5t4 ,! pre-requisites ( compet5ce are an #hf exact philological z well z an ar*ological tra9+1 ) a view to ! prop] appreciation bo? ( texts & monum5ts2 secondly1 a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! problems & hi/ory ( philosophy1 & especially ( e?ics1 & ) ! hi/ory ( e>ly social in/itutions & law2 ?irdly1 a compreh5sive /udy ( an?ropology4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ a sympa!tic & m9ute k ( at lea/ two ( ! great _w-religions1 :]eby alone a critical insight into ! ess5tial & significant ph5om5a ( ! religi\s exp]i5ces ( our race c be obta9$4 ,! comp>ative sci5ce ( religion has n[ become possible1 ?anks p>tly to ! lab\rs ( philological speciali/s 9 ! anci5t languages ( ,europe & ,asia1 & p>tly to ! organisation ( an?ropological travel4 ,let me conclude ) rem>k+ t subdivision ( lab\r is imp]ative 9 ?is field3 & x is especially 9 ,ox=d t ! opportunities = ! requisite prelim9>y #hg tra9+ are pl5tiful4 ,x w\ld be a ga9 = m ?an sci5ce if we c\ld see a gr\p ( mature /ud5ts organis$ "h explor+ ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ?is complex subject 9 co-op]ation & ) mutual assi/ance4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ritual ,,( ,,purification ,,& ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,purity3 ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,religion1 ,,morality1 ,,& ,,social ,,cu/om #hh ,among all ! v>i$ religi\s acts ( man1 !re is probably none t has be5 s widely preval5t ?r\gh\t ! diff]5t races ( mank9d z ! ritual ( purification1 nor does any idea seem to h possess$ s /rong a legislative p[] 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( our life z ! concept ( purity4 ,we c trace x back to in/9cts t we appe> to %>e ) ! high] animals1 & we c track x upw>ds ?r\gh ! complex rites ( ! high] religions4 ,! record pres5ts u ) a va/ mass ( ph5om5a :i*1 z f> z ,i am able to discov]1 h n yet be5 r$uc$ to sy/em or unifi$ by any con/ructive #hi !ory ( evolution4 ,9 ?is lecture ,i v5ture to attempt ! sy/ematisation ( ! subject1 fir/ giv+ a brief summ>y ( ! ma9 facts :i* are well kn[n to ! /ud5ts ( primitive an?ropology & comp>ative religion & :i* confront u 9 ne>ly all ! societies t h be5 explor$4 ,9 ! /age ( our consci\s life :i* we may call1 relatively to man's gr[?1 primeval1 c]ta9 bodily acts & /ates & c]ta9 mat]ial sub/ances are reg>d$ z unclean & impure1 likely to impr9t a /a9 ^u ! p]son4 ,x is impossible "h to attempt to enum]ate all ! examples1 & x is en\gh to m5tion a few t are sali5t & typical4 ,! g5]ative processes ( life1 ! /ates & activities ( ! male & especially ! female organism connect$ ) !m1 ! bodily *anges incid5t on pub]ty1 are among ! mo/ famili> ph5om5a ) :i* ! idea ( impurity 9 "s peculi> s5se has be5 univ]sally associat$4 ,a *ief c5tre or #ij 8nidus0 ( impurity is *ild-bir?2 b /ill m dang]\sly impure is its c\nt]p>t1 dea? & all ! ph5om5a ( dea?4 ,9 respect ( *ild-bir? ! idea is fad+ away f our civilis$ consci\sness2 b x has left a deep deposit 9 our consci\s or subconsci\s self 9 reg>d to dea?4 ,! mat]ial sub/ance t has be5 mo/ g5]ally felt to be impure is blood2 ! curi\s feel+ t ! m]e m5tion ( ! ^w (t5 excites 9 c]ta9 mod]n p is a fa9t reflex ( ! savage m5tal /ate 9 respect to ! ?+2 & ! influ5ce ( ?is disposition ^u advanc$ society raises ! mo/ int]e/+ "q 9 :i* comp>ative law1 e?ics1 & religion are jo9tly conc]n$1 & :i* w be consid]$ lat]4 ,to cont9ue our enum]ation we may n f9d t ! objects ( ! inanimate _w outside ourselves are usually reg>d$ by primitive ?\ght z 9 !mselves impure1 b all or mo/ ( !m are capable ( cat*+ ! infection f ourselves1 f dea? or *ild-bir? #ia = in/ance3 h5ce x may be necess>y to break or de/roy or purify ! ut5sils & furniture ( ! h\se :]e a dea? or a bir? has occurr$4 ,at a some:at m advanc$ /age1 c]ta9 food-/uffs come to rank z impure1 & a complicat$ code ( 8tapu0 is e/abli%$ = specially sanctifi$ p]sons4 ,!n we are confront$1 b n app>5tly 9 ! mo/ primitive p]iod1 ) ! di/9ction betwe5 pure & impure animals1 :i* also dictates c]ta9 rules & practices ( diet4 ,on ! o!r h& c]ta9 natural ?+s may come to be reg>d$ z specially 8pure10 :e!r on ! gr\nd ( a c]ta9 intr9sic quality1 because = in/ance !y are bright & lu/r\s1 or f ! fact t !y 7 habitually us$ = ca?>tic or cleans+ processes1 z fire1 wat]1 odor\s wood or spices1 or sub/ances :i* emitt$ a pung5t od\r su* z sulphur4 ,su* objects 8are us$ 9 ritual10 says ,jambli*us1#ia4a #ib 8because !y are specially full ( ! div9e nature40 ,b ! psy*ic ph5om5a & ! correspond+ acts ) :i* we are deal+ may be well suspect$ ( desc5d+ f an age at :i* no def9ite concept ( a div9e nature _h z yet aris51 an age n yet p]haps ev5 animi/ic1 = 9 _! crude/ =m !y d n seem necess>ily to imply any articulate sy/em ( belief 9 a _w ( gho/s & spirits4 ,& ?is reflection br+s u to ! fir/ "q ( importance1 :at ?is primitive concept ( purity & impurity really is1 & :at 7 ! s5sations f :i* x 0 evolv$4 ,no?+ is m difficult to describe ?an simple s5sations1 b x is possible to di/+ui% "o f ano!r4 ,& we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! mod]n feel+ ab\t cleanl9ess & ! primitive feel+s :i* we are consid]+4 ,t 8cleanl9ess is next to godl9ess0 is an aphorism sugge/$ no d\bt by s5sations fundam5tally ak9 to ^!2 b _m a savage :o is mo/ p>ticul> ab\t 8impurity0 #ic c>es little or no?+ = :at we call 8cleanl9ess40 ,we consid] t ! cleans+ acts we ourselves p]=m are purely hygi5ic or pleasure-giv+1 p>tly connect$ ) ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 & "s ( !m we f9d p]=m$ by o!r animals ?an man4 ,b ! savage ritual ( purification does n by any means t5d necess>ily to self-pres]vation1 b at times may lead to self-de/ruction1 & no hygi5ic or utilit>ian or secul> consid]ations w c>ry u f> 9 expla9+ ! ca?>tic code ( ,leviticus or ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or ,buddhism1 or ! impurity ( taboo$ animals4 ,^! codes1 :ile "s ( _! prescriptions may be su* z mod]n utilit>ian ideas might dictate1 are obvi\sly in/9ct ) religi\s or sup]/iti\s beliefs1 & to expla9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! pure & ! impure animals w\ld ne$ a long excursus into primitive religion2 ! di/9ction is c]ta9ly n "o betwe5 :olesome & un:olesome1 or pleasant & unpleasant1 meat4 #id ,we may probably discov] ! nature ( ! in/9ct und]ly+ mu* ( ! ca?>tic cu/om-law by tak+ z our typical example ! savage feel+ ab\t blood4 ,evid5ce f almo/ e society 9 ! _w yields pro( t ! /a9 ( blood is ! prim>y impurity t ne$s a purify+ ritual3 h5ce arose a body ( rules t 7 a burd5 ^u dome/ic life1 h5ce ! elaborate purifications ( w>riors aft] battle or ( ! individual homicide4 ,su* rules 9 no way rem9d u ( ! natural desire to take a ba? at ! end ( a w>m field-day3 ! savage purifications aft] battle may la/ = weeks2 x is record$ t a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribe 0 extirpat$ because x ne$$ a mon? to wipe (f ! /a9 ( a s+le conflict1 :ile _! enemies ne$$ only a week = t purpose & !re=e _h ! advantage ( ?ree weeks' />t 9 prep>+ = ! next attack4 ,! s5se-in/9ct t sugge/s all ?is is probably "s primeval t]ror or av]sion evok$ by c]ta9 objects1 z we see animals #ie %r9k ) disgu/ at ! sight or smell ( blood4 ,! n]ves ( savage man are /rangely excit$ by c]ta9 /imuli ( t\*1 smell1 ta/e1 sight3 ! specially excit+ object is some?+ t we %\ld call 8my/]i\s10 8weird10 or1 /ill m expressively1 8uncanny40 ,to ! primitive m9d no?+ 0 m uncanny ?an blood1 & !re are p /ill :o fa9t at ! sight ( x3 = 8! blood is ! life10 life & dea? are ! great primeval my/]ies1 & all ! physical sub/ances t are associat$ ) ! inn] pr9ciple ( ei!r p>take ( ?is my/]i\sness4 ,= ! savage1 :at is my/]i\s is also dang]\s & n to be lightly h&l$ or approa*$4 ,n[1 ! man :o incurs su* /a9 n m]ely is expos$ to "s unacc\ntable dang] himself1 b he is able to infect o!rs by contagion2 he spreads a sort ( miasma1 he is ! conduct+ vehicle ( a dang]\s spiritual electricity--m]e metaphors1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may enable u to cat* some?+ ( ! primitive ?\ght4 ,su* a #if man !re=e mu/ avoid communion ) 8 fell[s = a "t1 mu/ be 8taboo$02 & w naturally endeav\r to remove ! 8tapu0 or dang]\s 8miasma0 by "s magic rites ( cleans+ or release4 ,! k9sm5 ( ! rec5tly dead 9 all primitive societies are impure1 because !y h come into contact ) dea?1 ! *ief s\rce ( all impurity2 !re=e !y mu/ be isolat$1 &1 until !y are purifi$1 mu/ we> "s badge or ext]nal m>k--:i* we call 8m\rn+0--to w>n o!rs aga9/ approa*+ !m4 ,! 8tapu0 /ill rema9s 9 civilis$ communities2 we ab/a9 f intrud+ on ! b]eav$ family1 ?\gh we give a diff]5t motive = our keep+ alo(4 ,x s (t5 happ5s t 9 su* matt]s we act z ! savage acts2 b we mu/ ab&on = a "t our normal way ( look+ at ?+s 9 ord] to imag9e 84 ,to u a corpse may be an object ( av]sion1 & x is 9 "s degree contagi\s2 b our view ( x1 :5 we are cool1 is secul> & sci5tific3 :ile ! primitive aspect ( x is #ig supranormal & my/ic1 & ! contagion is some?+ spiritual & incalculably dang]\s4 ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a we f9d an int]e/+ special application ( ?is idea3 ! defil+ p[] ( ! dead v>ies directly accord+ to ! sanctity or rank ( ! deceas$2 ?us x is greate/ 9 ! corpse ( ! prie/1 some:at less 9 t ( a w>rior1 & lea/ 9 t ( ! husb&man3#ig4a corruptio optimi pessima3 ! mo/ sacr$ p]son c defile ! mo/1 because he is *>g$ ) ! mo/ my/]i\s & !re=e dang]\s pot5cy4 ,! ,lat9 t]m 8sac]0 has ! d\ble mean+ ( 8holy0 & 8accurs$03 f ! same ,greek root1 1 spr+ a ^w connot+ hol9ess & a ^w mean+ 8pollution40 ,primeval ?\ght or feel+ holds toge!r 9 a vague unity ideas t aft]w>ds diff]5tiate !mselves & ev5 become anti!tical4 ,! same p[] ( radiat+ dang]\s influ5ce1 suppos$ #ih to atta* to ! holy man1 ! pollut$ man & ! pollut+ ?+1 br\ght !m orig9ally "u ! same dim conception4 ,x w\ld n repay u "h to endeav\r to trace out & expla9 all ! m9uti ( ?is sup]/ition3 ! long li/s ( pure & impure ?+s t "o might compile d n disclose any s+le regulative idea1 & no?+ is m baffl+ ?an ! ecc5tricities ( prejudice & t]ror4 ,b ?is sup]/ition (t5 proce$s ) a logic ( its own3 z a corpse is mo/ unclean1 & all :o t\* x are impure1 !re=e dogs & wolves & c>rion birds are impure & mu/ n be eat53 & any?+ t h[ev] di/antly rem9ds u ( dang] & dea?1 su* z qu>relsome acts & words1 may come to be rigidly prohibit$ dur+ a ritual ( purification4 ,z blood is primevally impure1 !re=e any sub/ance analog\s to x or ( ! same col\r might be reg>d$ z ill-om5$1 su* z beans or pomegranates4 ,! same k9d ( s5sational av]sion w cause malodor\s sub/ances to #ii be reg>d$ usually z unclean2 !re=e food ( an evil sav\r1 or su* z leaves unpleasant traces 9 ! p]son1 w (t5 be taboo$ by c]ta9 /rict sects4#ii4a ,!re is also a c]ta9 common-s5se discov]able 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 sub/ances on ! gr\nd ( _! great] or less susceptibility to spiritual contagion3 e>!n pots1 = in/ance1 h be5 (t5 consid]$ m easily infect$ ?an metal1 & ne$ long] purification1 liquid sub/ances m dang]\s conductors ?an dry4 8,%\ld ! dry m+le ) ! dry10 says ,ahura ,mazda 9 a conv]sation ) ,z>a?u/ra1 8h[ soon all ?is mat]ial e>? ( m9e w\ld be only "o ,pe%tanu10 :i* is z mu* z to say t ! e>? w\ld become a *>nel-h\se ( impurity4 ,& ,d>me/et]#ii4b rem>ks1 9 comm5t+ on ?is v]se1 8,n[adays 9 ,p]sia1 ! ,jews are #ajj n all[$ to g out ( _! h\se on a ra9y day1 le/ ! religi\s impurity conduct$ ?r\gh ! ra9 %\ld pass f ! ,jew to ! ,mussalman40 ,we h "h a view ( contagion t seems to agree ) t ( mod]n sci5ce1 only ! latt] is physical1 ! =m] my/ic or spiritual4 ,aga91 ! *oice ( sub/ances us$ = purification 0 n dictat$ by ! mod]n idea ( a cleans+ quality1 b by a c]ta9 sup]/iti\s logic :i* we c sometimes detect4 ,if liquid sub/ances h a natural aff9ity = contagion1 !n if we take !m :ile !y are un9fect$ & use !m = lu/ration1 !y w easily absorb ! impurities ( our own p]sons & rid u ( !m2 !re=e ! mod]n savage or ! anci5t ,greek might ?9k x desirable to daub himself ) clay or mud to wa% away 8 ta9t3 & f ?is example we see h[ di/9ct ^! primeval lu/ral processes are f ! mod]n hygi5ic wa%+1 to :i* nev]!less !y (t5 be> a close resemblance4 ,by a simil> reason+ we #aja may expla9 an inconsi/5cy t occasionally appe>s 9 ! ca?>tic ritual2 a sub/ance impure z food might be us$ = purposes ( lu/ration3 = in/ance1 we f9d g>lic us$ z a ca?>tic 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,phrygian god ,mn at ,a!ns4#aja4a ,fire1 ! univ]sal purifi]1 may h be5 accr$it$ ) ?is p[] by "r ( its own nature1 b p>tly 9 all probability because x 0 believ$ to dry up miasma & damp infection4#aja4b ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a code1 aft] dry+ = a :ole ye> "u ! light ( ! sun1 ! corpse at la/ becomes pure2 = by ! same natural in/9ct t caus$ ! av]sion to blood1 ! sun's light comes to be reg>d$ z ! pure/ ?+ 9 ! _w3 meat cook$ by its w>m? is m sanctifi$ ?an fire-cook$ meat2 & c]ta9 acts & /ates ( man h a great] defilem5t 9 ! sun's face4 ,s f> ,i h be5 try+ to pres5t ! #ajb ph5om5a )\t ref]5ce to any def9ite religi\s belief1 to express !m z f> z possible 9 t]ms ( simple s5sation2 =1 z 0 said at ! beg9n+ ( ! discussion1 x is possible t !y h desc5d$ f a pre-religi\s age4 ,we may n[ ask h[ ! baneful influ5ce ( ! impure ?+ 9 ?is primeval /age ( ?\ght 0 suppos$ to "w1 unassi/$ by any spiritual ag5cy su* z _s or god4 ,we may suppose t x produc$ its results indirectly by depress+ ! vital en]gies ( ! man :o 0 ! victim ( ! sup]/ition3 ! savage might believe t x work$ directly1 by "s my/]i\s law ( luck1 p>alys+ a man's =ce & spoil+ 8 hunt+ & fight+4 ,?is idea ( a spontane\s mesm]ic p[] ( evil t c]ta9 ?+s possess seems to glimm] ?r\gh ! v]se 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 8,"h am ,i10 says an unlucky man to ^? :om he meets1 8"o :o has t\*$ ! corpse ( a man & :o is p[]less 9 m9d1 p[]less 9 tongue1 #ajc p[]less 9 h&2 d make me clean40#ajc4a ,is x an illusion to believe t we h "h p5etrat$ to ! psy*ological root ( ! :ole matt]8 ,& "h !re is no direct ref]5ce to _s or god4 ,b at an e>ly p]iod su* ref]5ce 0 made1 & x 0 !n t ?is ca?>tic ritual really />t$ on a mom5t\s c>e]4 ,:5 ! doctr9e ( animism became firmly e/abli%$1 x attract$ ! ritual & ! ideas associat$ ) x1 & ! animi/ic impr9t ^u !m c /ill be trac$ ev5 9 ! high] religions4 ,a dang]\s _s 0 suppos$ to abide 9 ! impure ?+ & to be evok$ by ! unclean act2 ! pot5cy :i* 9 ! primeval /age ( feel+ _h be5 p]haps reg>d$ m]ely z some?+ my/]i\sly baneful & 8uncanny10 n[ becomes p]sonal & intelligible & c be dealt ) & exorcis$ by c]ta9 efficaci\s rules4 ,! /a9 ( blood on ! homicide attracts ! gho/ ( ! sla9 to pursue him1 c]ta9 foods #ajd are impure because evil spirits atta* to !m1 disease is specially _! "w1 & a v]itable p&emonium ga!rs ar\nd ! corpse1 ! woman 9 *ild-bir?1 & ! new-born *ild4 ,illu/rations %[+ h[ ?is demoniac fai? has p]vad$ ! ?\ght ( ! _w are broadca/ 9 ! records ( primitive man z well z 9 ! high] lit]ature ( our race1 ! ,v$ic & ,iranian sacr$ books1 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,py?agorean1 ,platonic1 & ,neoplatonic texts4 ,9 ! view ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 :i* reg>ds ! :ole univ]se z an ov]*>g$ batt]y ( spiritual electricity1 a s+le c>eless act ( accid5tal uncleanl9ess is a cosmic cata/rophe3 legions ( 8drugs0 or devils />t up at once into exi/5ce to de/roy ! _w ( righte\sness4#ajd4a ,plato1 ?\gh on ! :ole he pres]ves 8 sanity 9 ! matt]1 is "u ! dom9ion ( simil> ideas1 & ,neoplatonism rev]ts back to ! savage view1 believ+ t ! *ief aim ( 1 or purifications1 0 to #aje drive ! evil spirits out ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food4#aje4a ,! deep animi/ic col\r+ t ! conception we are analys+ came at a v e>ly "t to acquire may be responsible = a v important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( religion3 ! evolution1 namely1 ( ! duali/ic pr9ciple1 ! idea ( ! antagonism betwe5 good & evil spirits1 ! g]m ( :i* we c already detect 9 ! animi/ic /age :i* may h prec$$ ! fai? 9 high p]sonal gods4 ,if ! impure ?+s & acts are impregnat$ ) evil spirits1 x is natural to suppose t ! pure are ! abode ( ! good1 & ^! are contr>y ! "o to ! o!r4 ,x may h requir$ a v long p]iod = a cle> belief 9 ! good _s to cry/allise2 = to ! v primitive m9d all spirits are my/]i\sly dang]\s1 ev5 ! gho/s ( "o's de>e/ k9sm54 ,/ill1 ! ance/ral spirits make on ! :ole = righte\sness1 & c be giv5 ! position ( gu>dians ( #ajf ! purification code4 ,?us ! ,new ,cal$onians av]t ! wra? ( ! gho/s ( _! ance/ors by wa%+1 fa/+1 & *a/ity3#ajf4a ! anci5t ,greek might pray or sacrifice to a vague animi/ic company ( or 1 reg>d$ p]haps z gho/s ( ! l[] _w1 to av]t ! impure om5 or to wa% (f ! ta9t ( blood4 ,f9ally1 ! conception ( purity comes "u ! dom9ion ( ! high] fai? 9 a p]sonal god4 ,9 ,greece1 ,apollo & ,zeus atta* to !mselves ! ritual & ! associat$ ideas2 9 ,p]sia ! :ole complex code ( purity is e/abli%$ by ,ahura ,mazda2 9 ,israel by ,jahv1 :o en=ces ! m9ute/ details ( ! law ) insi/5ce on ! purity ( ,god4#ajf4b ,9 ,babylonian z 9 ,v$ic religion1 ! fire-god is pre-em95tly ! purifi]1 a "n :i* is atta*$ p>ticul>ly to ,agni1 & we f9d 9 ! ,babylonian liturgical texts ! #ajg pray]1#ajg4a 8,may ! tor* ( ! %9+ fire-god cleanse me40 ,nor does ,buddhism appe> to diff] f ,leviticus or ! ,z5d-,ave/a 9 respect ( ! complications ( its ca?>tic rules & ! importance x atta*$ to !m4 ,! ,buddhi/ mission>y1 ,i-,ts+1 exhorts ! fai?ful to obs]ve ! elaborate prescriptions ( ! ,buddha1 8because10 z he naively puts x1 8gods & spirits get disgu/$ ) our ways ( we>+ g>m5ts & eat+ food40 ,) ?is abundance ( te/imony be=e u1 we are all ! m surpris$ to f9d t v little is =?com+ f ! records ( our own ance/ral paganism4 ,we c sc>cely believe t our ,teutonic ance/ors 7 de/itute ( ! idea ( lu/ration1 & t _! cleanl9ess & *a/ity1 atte/$ by ! ,roman writ]s & /ill m cle>ly by _! own sagas1 7 virtues ( purely secul> orig94 ,& 9 fact we h c]ta9 records ( ,teutonic ritual t seem to po9t to ca?>tic ideas3 8,aft] ! goddess ,n]?us _h gone on h] annual #ajh procession r\nd ! villages10 z ,tacitus in=ms u1#ajh4a 8h] *>iot & g>m5ts & h] own p]son 7 solemnly wa%$ 9 ! wat]s ( a sacr$ lake1 z if ! holy div9ity _h be5 pollut$ by h] int]c\rse ) m540 ,x is also possible t ! cu/om /ill preval5t 9 ! ,teutonic populations ( ,europe1 ( leap+ ov] ! bonfire on midsumm]'s eve1 is ! relic ( a c]emony ( fire-lu/ration p]=m$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( h>ve/4#ajh4b ,d\btless also !y _h ! same rules z ^? prevail+ 9 ne>ly all communities1 :e!r civilis$ or uncivilis$1 conc]n+ ! purity ( temples2 = we h record ( an ,icel&ic law t ! 8,holy ,place ( ,peace0 0 n to be defil$ by blood or any human uncleanness4#ajh4c ,/ill1 ?\gh o!r evid5ce po9t+ 9 ! same direction might be ga!r$1 x seems cle> t ! burd5 ( ! ca?>tic ritual did n weigh heavily on ! consci5ces ( our fa!rs :5 ! dawn #aji ( _! hi/ory beg9s4 ,i am n aw>e ( any indication1 = in/ance1 t !y reg>d$ =mal lu/ration aft] blood%$ to be obligatory or desirable4 ,& _! comp>ative fre$om 9 reg>d to su* c]emonies is a fact ( great importance ) :i* we mu/ reckon 9 our e/imate ( our lat] spiritual hi/ory4 ,we may at ! same "t believe1 on g5]al gr\nds1 t !y also _h at "s remot] epo* pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( bondage to ! same ideas & ! same =malities t we f9d s g5]ally preval5t 9 o!r k9dr$ & ali5 races4 ,! m int]e/+ side ( ! inquiry n[ pres5ts itself1 ! "q ab\t ! influ5ce t ^! ca?>tic ideas may h ex]cis$ ^u religion1 morality1 & law4 ,we may endeav\r1 = ! sake ( sy/ematisation1 to ma9ta9 ?is trip>tite classification1 al?\gh we f9d x becom+ m & m illusory ! fur!r our inve/igation travels back to ! e>li] social life ( man4 ,b be=e attempt+ to survey ! special #aaj facts t pres5t !mselves )9 ^! ?ree dep>tm5ts1 x is well to note "o ph5om5on t conc]ns religion & morality 9 equal measure1 & is ( p]haps great] importance ?an all o!rs 9 ! v>i$ process ( ! evolution ( ! ca?>tic idea4 ,we h ma9ly be5 deal+ s f> ) facts t seem to belong to ! mo/ primitive deposit ( human consci\sness & n prop]ly to be e?ical 9 ! mod]n s5se at all3 ! /a9 ( blood1 ev5 incurr$ by ru?less murd]1 ! /a9 ( *ildbir? & ! sexual processes1 ! contagion ( ! corpse1 are all = ! same reason 8suspect0 to primitive man because !y involve vague & my/]i\s dang]1 n because !y are associat$ ) ! concept ( s94 ,nor does ?is latt] concept necess>ily ent] 91 ev5 :5 a m articulate animism has tak5 possession ( ! sup]/ition1 & ! impurity means ! pres5ce ( an evil _s3 ! lep]1 ! man :o has come into contact ) ! dead1 #aaa ! blood-/a9$ murd]]1 are all reg>d$ z suff]+ f ! same tr\ble1 ?\gh 9 great] or less] degree4 ,! idea ( purity & impurity1 9 fact1 :e!r corporeal & ext]nal or :e!r spiritual 9 ! s5se ( its association ) ! _w ( spirits1 is /ill non-e?ical1 & we mu/ n apply our moral /&>ds to x until a lat] /age4 ,x arrives at ?is /age & at its high] significance = morality :5 x has evolv$ ! conception ( a pure he>t1 a pure s\l4 ,& t ?is latt]1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ pregnant ( ! concepts ( develop$ e?ics1 0 actually evolv$ f ! primitive rituali/ic & demoniac sup]/ition c1 ,i believe1 be prov$ by ! evid5ce1 & accords ) a well-kn[n psy*ologic law ( e>ly ?\ght4 ,we deceive ourselves if we are cont5t to say t t]ms su* z 8pure he>t10 8pure s\l0 are m]e metaphors4 ,! !ory ( metaphors is a refuge = ^? :o d n und]/&1 or :o d n wi% to und]/&1 #aab religi\s hi/ory1 & mu* might be said ( ! f>-rea*+ effects ( ?is fallacy ( int]pretation4 ,! s\l 0 n call$ 80 or 8animus0 or 8spiritus0 by m]e metaphor3 nor 0 ! phrase 8:ite liv]0 a metaphor = ! p :o fir/ appli$ x to ! c[>d4 ,primitive man may be ! victim ( false analogy & association ( ideas1 b ^! m5tal processes mean = him some?+ o!r ?an metaphor means = u4 ,x is n by way ( metaphor t ! mod]n ,basuto speaks ( 8 he>t 8be+ black & dirty10 t is1 8impure0 or 8sad10 ! same ^w be+ us$ = corporeal impurity1 sadness1 & s94#aab4a ,! col\r ( ! impure act or bodily /ate is1 s to speak1 transf]r$ inw>ds3 if ! act involves a physical /a91 !n1 z ?+s1 #aac words1 & ?\ghts are s closely correlat$ 9 e>ly psy*ology1 ! t]m 8unclean ^w10 8unclean ?\ght0 expresses a lit]al belief3 gradually1 z ! concept ( m9d & s\l becomes m & m immat]ial1 we may rea* ! spiritual concept ( m5tal purity :i* is ( value = mod]n e?ics4 ,! example quot$ above reveals ! ,basuto at ! half-way po9t 9 ?is evolution3 & a c]ta9 ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian tribe1 ^: cu/oms h be5 record$ by ,miss ,alice ,flet*]1 appe>s to h rea*$ ! same m5tal /age2 9 h] pap] call$ ! 8,%ad[ ( a ,gho/ ,lodge10#aac4a %e m5tions t ! k9sm5 :o sit toge!r isolat$ f o!rs & m\rn+ ! dead = a p]iod mu/ rigidly ab/a9 f any tales ( fight+ or 8bad words10 !y mu/ =get old injuries & cancel all grudges4 ,! m5tal process t leads to ?is excell5t tapu may be /at$ ?us3 ! m\rn]s are 9 a condition ( deep impurity :i* !y are endeav\r+ #aad to cleanse away2 qu>rell+1 v9dictive spee*1 & memories w\ld int5sify ! impurity1 because all ^! are associat$ ) blood%$ & dea?4 ,?is analogy may s]ve to expla9 ! curi\s rule prevail+ at ,a!ns t anyone :o laid a suppliant-b\gh on ! alt> 9 ! ,eleus9ion dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 0 liable to ! p5alty ( dea? or a heavy f9e4#aad4a ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! und]ly+ ?\ght is ! same3 ! lay+ ! suppliant-b\gh indicat$ a grievance & 0 a legally qu>relsome act1 & !re=e a violation ( ! purity ( ! solemn season4 ,x 0 probably a simil> *a9 ( reason+ t induc$ ! ,greeks & o!r races ( ! high] religion to en=ce sil5ce be=e & dur+ ! sacrifice1 n m]ely 9 ord] t ! prie/ %\ld n be di/urb$ by ! *att] ( ! cr[d2 = ! ^w us$ = ?is sacr$ sil5ce is 1 8auspici\s spee*03 x is obvi\s t ! orig9al motive ( ! rule #aae 0 to gu>d aga9/ ! utt]ance ( any impure ^w t might produce an ill-om5$ condition ( m9d 9 ! congregation4 ,( ?is developm5t ( ! idea ( spiritual f t ( rituali/ic purity1 ! language ( c]ta9 ( ! high] races af=ds ! same indication z we f9d 9 ! ,basuto phrase3 ! ,lat9 8purus0 & ! ,greek & !mselves h an orig9al mat]ial or physical significance2 ! blood t is %$ & ! unburi$ corpse emit a 8miasma10 a defil+ atmosph]e *>g$ ) dang]\s spirits1 & ! same ^w comes to d5ote a spiritual corruption ( ! s\l3 t\*+ a corpse is call$ 8s90 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a2#aae4a & x is significant t ! same ^w :i* is us$ to express ! mat]ial idea ( impurity 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! e>li] books ( ! ,law is employ$ 9 ! lat] & m advanc$ e?ical vocabul>y ( ! ,bible = a real s9 aga9/ ,god z und]/ood 9 ! mod]n s5se4 #aaf ,aga91 we h o!r evid5ce besides ! l+ui/ic t ! e>lie/ conception ( s9 :i* we c call spiritual 0 /ill half-mat]iali/ic1 & 0 /ill closely alli$ to t ( bodily impurity4 ,9 ! !ory ( e>li] ritual1 ! s9 c be wa%$ away l a physical ta9t1 ! atonem5t takes ! =m ( c]ta9 lu/rations1 & rep5tance is n consid]$ necess>y z a moral condition ( release4 ,& to ! same middle /age ( developm5t belongs ! process kn[n z ! transf]5ce ( s91 :]eby ! s9 c be extract$ z if x 7 a sub/ance f ! p]son ( ! s9n] & transf]r$ into ano!r man or animal or ev5 an inanimate object4 ,?9k ( s9 z an inn] vap\r or exhalation & ! idea ( quasi-me*anical transf]5ce is intelligible4#aaf4a ,x no d\bt belongs to a comp>atively e>ly #aag p]iod ( savage religion4 ,among ! ,atkans1 = in/ance1#aag4a we he> ( su* a release z ?is3 ! s91 :i* 9 ?is case 0 a gross violation ( a natural law ( ! sex-in/9ct1 0 made to ent] into c]ta9 we$s :i* 7 worn ab\t ! p]son1 & !n1 "u a cle> sun 7 c>efully ?r[n away1 ! sun himself be+ call$ to witness ! act ( transf]5ce4 ,9 ! anci5t ,p]uvian ,*ur*1 ! %ak+ (f ( evils 0 a great public fe/ival3 b&s ( w>riors m>*$ =? cry+ out1 8,g =?1 all evils10 & !n ba!d 9 ! riv]1 :ile ! p %ook out _! clo!s f ! doors4#aag4b ,a simil> record speaks ( ! ,inca pray+ to ! riv]-god to be> away 8 s9s1 :i* he _h confess$ 9 ! sight ( ! sun4 ,& dur+ ! ,p]uvian purification a simil> rule prevail$ to t :i* 0 notic$ above1 t all abusive language & /rife 0 to be avoid$4 ,or aga91 ! #aah belief t ! s9 is an evil _s t c be induc$ to f9d ano!r liv+-lodgm5t1 sugge/s ! scapegoat1 a famili> figure 9 ,leviticus & 9 ,greek ritual1 ! animal :o be>s away ) x into ! wild]ness ! s9s ( ! p1 or is put to dea? ) ! utt]$ pray] t into x may ent] all ! evils ( ! community4 ,! ,judaic record tells u t ,a>on 8confess$ ov] him all ! iniquities ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel''' putt+ !m on ! head ( ! goat02 aft] ?is1 z ! animal 0 9 a high degree ( s9-infection1 bo? ,a>on & ! man :o l$ x away into ! wild]ness mu/ wa% & *ange _! clo!s4#aah4a ,! ,egyptian rite describ$ by ,h]odotus1#aah4b %[s u ! same idea diff]5tly work$ out3 ! head ( ! animal is sev]$ ) ! imprecation t x may be> ! evils ( ! community1 & is !n ei!r ?r[n into ! riv] s t ! /ream may c>ry !m away1 or is sold to ! ,hell5es :]ev] !re happ5s to be a ,hell5ic m>ket3 ,h]odotus #aai does n tell u ! reason ( ?is1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is easily div9$3 ! ,hell5e is ! /rang] :o1 z ! ,egyptians hop$1 might eat ! infect$ fle% & !reby absorb into 8 ali5 p]son ! p's s9s2 = ! eat+ ( o!r p's s9s is a recognis$ primitive process ( transf]5ce4#aai4a ,:at is unique 9 ! ,egyptian managem5t ( ! c]emony is ! skilful comb9ation ( religion & trade4 ,f9ally1 ! ritual may dem& a human scapegoat1 :o w fulfil exactly ! same function z ! animal4 ,he may be put to dea?1 or driv5 ov] ! bord]1 c>ry+ away ! national s9s3 he may be v vile1 & !re=e a fitt+ receptacle = s91 l ! 810 ! 8purify+ man0 9 ! ,attic fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia1 :o 0 l$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 :ipp$ ) rods1 & at "o "t burnt2 or ! slave at ,m>seilles1#aai4b :o 0 f$ up & rev]5tially treat$ = #abj a ye>1 & !n 0 l$ =? 9 solemn procession ?r\gh ! /reets & expell$ f ! city1 pray+ t on him might fall all ! evils ( ! community3#abj4a or ! scapegoat-man may be exceptionally holy1 be+ ! bett] able1 ?r\gh 8 v hol9ess1 to absorb h>mlessly & dissipate ! evils ( o!rs4 ,?us ev5 ! mis]able victim ( ! ,?>gelia 0 my/]i\sly inve/$ ) a c]ta9 sacr$ "*1 & seems once to h be5 reg>d$ 9 a c]ta9 degree z ! c\nt]p>t ( ! div9ity4#abj4b ,mu* ( ?is ritual ( s9-transf]5ce is altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! high] gods2 x is work$ by mesm]ic or mimetic or me*anical magic4 ,at a lat] p]iod x is h>monis$ ) _! s]vice & accompani$ ) pray]2 & at ?is /age we note a curi\s rituali/ic ph5om5on4 ,blood1 ! primeval s\rce ( impurity1 becomes itself #aba a purifi]1 n by ! law similia similibus curantur1 b ow+ to ! gr[+ p[] ( ! sacrificial concept4 8,! blood ( bulls & goats c wa% away s9s10 because ! animal t has be5 consecrat$ by contact ) ! alt> becomes *>g$ ) a div9e pot5cy1 & its sacr$ blood1 p\r$ ov] ! impure man1 absorbs & disp]ses 8 impurity4 ,illu/rations are easily ga!r$ f ,hell5ic ritual1#aba4a :i* frequ5tly employ$ ! blood ( sw9e = ca?>tic purposes4 ,on an e>ly vase-pa9t+ we see ! h]o ,!seus seat$ on ! alt> ( ,god ! ,aton] ) pig's blood runn+ d[n 8 body to cleanse him f ! slaught] ( ! brig&s4#aba4b ,9 ! ,judaic rule ! blood ( ! r$ heif] 0 #abb fir/ spr9kl$ by ! prie/ be=e ! tab]nacle ( ! congregation sev5 times1 b = special purposes ( lu/ration ! 8wat] ( sep>ation0 0 us$1 t is1 wat] made holy by be+ m+l$ ) ! a%es ( ! heif] t _h be5 burnt4 ,we h a curi\s illu/ration ( ! d\ble "* ( ?is wat] ( sep>ation3 be+ consecrat$ & holy1 x 0 p[]ful to cleanse away /a9 & s93 yet its own impure composition 0 n :olly =gott51 = he :o spr9kl$ ! wat] or t\*$ x 0 unclean till ev5+4#abb4a ,^! ideas belong to v old-_w ?\ght1 yet _! reflex abides ) u /ill 9 ! he>t ( a spiritual cre$2 = _! association is cle> ) ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! transf]5ce ( s9 & ( ! div9e victim t takes ^u himself ! s9s ( ! p4 ,z f> z we h exam9$ x z yet1 ! concept ( a 8pure he>t0 is n necess>ily :olly e?ical2 x is (t5 coexi/5t ) ! ideas ( s9 t d n cle>ly recognise #abc moral responsibility or ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 delib]ate wrong-do+ & ! rituali/ic or accid5tal or involunt>y s94 ,9 ! middle /age ( e?ical-religi\s gr[?1 an innoc5t dipus may yet be reg>d$ z 1 impure body & s\l4 ,! f9al po9t is rea*$ :5 x is realis$ t ! blood ( bulls & goats _c wa% away s91 t no?+ ext]nal c defile ! he>t or s\l1 b only evil ?\ghts & evil w4 ,?is purg$ & idealis$ concept w !n 9 ! progressive religions revolt aga9/ its own p>5tage1 & w prompt ! et]nal antagonism ( ! prophet aga9/ ! ritual prie/1 ( ! ,*ri/ aga9/ ! ,ph>isee4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to trace ! po9ts ( ?is long developm5t1 :i* has "h be5 ha/ily sket*$1 among ! high] races ( ! old _w2 b a brief & p>tial indication ( its hi/ory among "s ( !m mu/ "h suffice4 ,we are all acqua9t$ ) ! f9al evolution ( ! idea ( purity 9 #abd ,judaic hi/ory3 b ! ph5om5a ( its embryonic /ages1 z reveal$ 9 ! ritual books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 may n be s famili>4 ,!y pres5t ! ,hebrew m9d 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> z on ! same level ) ! ,z>a?u/rian ,p]sian1 ! ,v$ic ,indian1 & ! ,hell5e ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,purity is ! /ricte/ law ( ,jahv1 ! pure god1 :o intimates t he w\ld puni% ,a>on ) dea? if he he$lessly ent]$ ! holy place )\t purification4#abd4a ,b ! processes by :i* x is secur$ are me*anical1 quasi-magical1 & ! concept itself appe>s m mat]iali/ic ?an spiritual1 rituali/ic r ?an e?ical 9 our s5se3 ! processes ( cleans+ are su* z ! use ( inc5se1 lu/rations ) blood1 wat]1 & ev5 fire1 ca?>tic me?ods :i* are almo/ univ]sal3 we he> no?+ ( pray] or rep5tance4 ,blood is ! *ief impurity1 :e!r %$ delib]ately1 accid5tally1 or righte\sly4 ,! w>riors aft] battle mu/ be purifi$ #abe be=e !y ent] ! camp4#abe4a ,murd] has inde$ become a tribal (f5ce1 & ?is m>ks a great advance 9 ! social developm5t ( human society3 no satisfaction su* z ! 7-gilt 0 all[$ = murd]2 b x is reg>d$ z a s9 r ?an a crime1 & its s9fulness is ! uncleanness ( ! l& on :i* ! blood is %$4 8,blood defile? ! l&10 & 8,i ! ,"l dwell among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel40#abe4b ,ev5 ! accid5tal homicide mu/ fly to ! city ( refuge1 n m]ely to escape ! av5g] ( blood1 :o repres5ts ! old family "r ( ! blood-feud1 b to rid ! l& ( ! impurity ( 8 pres5ce4 ,nor mu/ he return till ! dea? ( ! high prie/4#abe4c ,?is latt] re/riction has n yet be5 expla9$1 s f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,i v5ture ! explanation t ! high prie/ is reg>d$ "h z ! tempor>y repres5tative ( ,jahv1 & z infect$ ) ! impurity t cleaves to ! outrag$ god2 b :5 #abf he dies1 ! /a9 t has be5 put ^u ! god fades away & 8 wra? ceases4 ,f9ally1 we may note ! rule t :5 ! murd]] c\ld n be discov]$1 ! ne>e/ city mu/ (f] ca?>tic sacrifices1 8& ?y s90--t is1 ! rituali/ic s9 ( hav+ an impure spot ( gr\nd 9 "o's t]ritory--8%all !n be =giv5 !e40#abf4a ,9 fact ! ,judaic law conc]n+ homicide z %[n 9 ^! books1 ?\gh x has advanc$ f> beyond savag]y1 & has ev5 atta9$ to ! mod]n view t manslay+ conc]ns ! :ole community1 is yet b>b>ic on ! :ole4 ,! concept ( purity aid$ developm5t up to a c]ta9 po9t & !n probably ret>d$ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( sexual morality its op]ation 0 mo/ p[]ful = good2 x consecrat$ & safegu>d$ ! fundam5tal laws if x did n actually con/ruct or evoke !m2 b1 z we %\ld expect1 ! sexual purity ( ! ,hebrew code rema9s a religi\s law & does n pass into ! doma9 ( secul> e?ic4 #abg ,ano!r religion t is ( equal value = our pres5t purpose is ! ,z>a?u/rian4 ,tru/+ z f> z we may ! translation & int]pretation ( its sacr$ books1 we may ga!r ! impression f ! /udy ( !m t no religion on ! e>? has ev] be5 "u su* bondage to ! ca?>tic ideal z ?is "o2 nor does x appe> v pr(itable at fir/ sight to put ! "q "h ( ! influ5ce ( ! idea ( purity on religion1 law1 & morals1 = ! idea seems all-absorb+ & ^! ?ree to h no indep5d5t exi/5ce ap>t f x4 ,x creates = ! ,mazdean believ] a morality ( its own1 ) :i* ! secul> sy/ems h little or no?+ to d4 8,oh1 mak] ( ! _w10 asks ,z>a?u/ra ( ,ahura ,mazda1 8c he be clean aga9 :o has eat5 ( ! c>case ( a dog or ! corpse ( a man80 ,! deity answ]s--8,he _c1 oh holy ,z>a?u/ra40#abg4a ,nor is !re any purification possible = ! un=givable s9 ( walk+ ab\t aft] fifte5 ye>s ( age 7 #abh rea*$ )\t a girdle or a prop] %irt3 8su* a "o goes h5ce=? ) p[] to de/roy ! _w ( righte\sness40#abh4a ,on ! o!r h&1 ! highe/ act ( righte\sness :i* br+s =giv5ess ( all s9s to him :o p]=ms x is ! pull+ d[n ( a dakhma1 ! scaffold on :i* ! corpses 7 hung accord+ to ! ,p]sian sy/em ( burial1 aft] x _h s]v$ its purpose2 = naturally x 0 a focus ( impurity1 & demons congregat$ !re 9 sw>ms4#abh4b ,& ! ,p]sian concept ( purity makes its own law4 ,z ! ritual ( cleans+ is ! prime article ( ! ,z>a?u/rian code1 s ! sacrilegi\s cleans]1 t is1 ! amateur :o tri$ to purify ano!r )\t k ( ! ,mazdean c]emonies1 br\ght /]ility ^u ! l& & 0 puni%$ ) dea?4#abh4c ,& dea? 0 ! p5alty = him :o d>$ to c>ry a corpse alone1 = ! dead body spread ar\nd ! contagion ( a myriad 8drugs0 or demons1 #abi & two m5 at lea/ mu/ set h& to x to prev5t an intol]able epidemic ( impurity4#abi4a ,legislation 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a is m]ciless beyond any record$ code2 we mu/ suppose t x 0 ma9ly idle ?und]1 or ,p]sia w\ld h be5 depopulat$4 ,! :ole univ]se ( ,mazdeism is p]meat$ ) ^! ca?>tic ideas1 & a secul> or physical view ( ?+s sc>cely glimm]s ?r\gh3 ! ritual ord] dom9at$ :at we call ! mat]ial z well z ! spiritual _w2 ! sun1 moon1 & />s are purifi$ by ! ,^w4 ,on ?is basis arose a religion ( great exaltation & a religi\s f]v\r ( r>e int5sity3 & ! sacr$ books ( ,p]sia are ( great value = ! pres5t inquiry1 = !y %[ u m cle>ly ?an any o!r record ! spiritual concept ( ! pure he>t em]g+ f ! rituali/ic idea2 :ile x is (t5 h>d 9 any p>ticul> text to di/+ui% betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] significance4 ,:5 ,god speaks to ! prophet ?us--8,purity #acj is = man1 next to life1 ! highe/ good3 t purity1 ,o ,z>a?u/ra1 t is 9 ! religion ( ,mazda = him :o cleanses himself ) good ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s10#acj4a we believe we h rea*$ a high e?ical conception2 b ! phrase is suppos$ by ,d>me/et] to ref] to him :o cleanses himself accord+ to ! prescriptions ( ! law4 ,yet 9 _! ca?>tic code 7 ! g]ms ( an advanc$ morality1 & tru?fulness & *a/ity 7 fo/]$ by x4#acj4b ,! lu/rations 7 p>tly ( ! primitive type1 tak5 ov]1 z usual1 f a l[] /ratum ( religion2 _! mo/ int]e/+ features are ! cleans+ words t accompani$ !m1 :i* 7 n usually pray]s b spells1 =mul ( magic pot5cy1 b drawn f a high #aca religion1 su* z ^!1 = in/ance3--8,! w ( ! ,"l is ! ,law ( ,righte\sness02 8,hol9ess is ! be/ ( all ,good3 x is also ,happ9ess40#aca4a ,ev5 ! virtue ( philan?ropy is giv5 ca?>tic value 9 a spell-=mula1 8he :o relieves ! poor makes ,ahura ,k+10 recit$ be=e ! p]son 0 wa%$ ) ! holy wat] ( ,mazda & ! 8gmz0 ( an ox4#aca4b ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! ,mazdean religion has be5 ! 8pure/0 ! _w has kn[n2 b ! high spiritual concept ( purity t x evolv$ nev] escap$ nor /ruggl$ to escape1 z did ! ,judaic & ,hell5ic1 f ! bondage to ritual4 ,!re=e ! religion 0 doom$ to c]emoni\sness & sac]dotalism2 & ! mod]n /ud5t :o is fasc9at$ ) its frequ5t outbur/s ( g5ius & its deep1 :ole-he>t$ conviction mu/ be prep>$ = ! inevitable ba?os t awaits him4 ,its remot5ess f ! mod]n & civilis$ view ( ?+s may be e/imat$ f #acb ! ,z>a?u/rian text1 9 :i* ! prophet exalts ! prie/ly m$ic9e-man :o heals ! diseas$ limb ) a cleans+ spell & by ! ejection ( ! demon1 above ! surgeon :o heals x ) a knife4#acb4a ,x is ) a feel+ ( relief t we n[ turn to ! survey ( ! ,hell5ic ph5om5a1 pass+ by z we mu/ ! ,v$ic & ! ,islamic1 :i* appe> to be ( less] importance s f> z ,i h be5 able to /udy !m4 ,! ,hell5ic religion m ?an all o!rs ( ! anci5t _w is ! mirror ( ! manifold civilisation ( a p2 = its less] int5sity all[$ x m v>i$ application1 & x 0 oblig$ to reconcile itself spe$ily ) ! utilit>ian & secul> =ces ( rational progress1 :i* !re 0 no sac]dotal ca/e /rong en\gh to oppose4 ,& x is 9 ! light ( ?is religion !re=e t ! concept ( purity c be/ be /udi$ 9 its relations to law & morality4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ca?>tic ritual 9 ,greece #acc does n beg9 till ! eigh? c5tury2 = ! ,hom]ic age 0 /rik+ly sane1 *e]ful1 & secul> 9 its views ab\t su* ?+s4 ,?\gh ,hektor feels1 z any mod]n g5tleman w\ld feel1 t x 0 wrong to g to a religi\s s]vice 8b$abbl$ 9 gore & fil?10 ?\gh ,odysseus purifies 8 h\se ) sulphur-fumigation aft] ! c>nage ( ! fight1 ! _w = :om ,hom] sang does n appe> to h be5 burd5$ ) ! c]emoni\sness ( purification or ) dread ( ! impurity ( blood & dea?1 or ) any sort ( c>e = ! v5geance or miasma ( ! gho/4 ,an age t c\ld rise to ! height ( su* a s5tim5t z 8be/ ( om5s is x to fight = "o's c\ntry10 0 likely to be heal?y-m9d$ 9 all su* matt]s4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( purification = blood%$ is 9 a poem ( ,arct9os ( ! eigh? c5tury2 & a c]ta9 ritual-code ( purity beg9s to em]ge 9 ,hesiod4 ,h5ce=w>d ca?>tic legislation comes to be v rife 9 ,greece1 emanat+ *iefly f two c5tres z x #acd seems1 ,delphi & ,crete4 ,! gods to :om ! doma9 ( ritual-purity belongs especially are ,apollo1 ,zeus1 & ,dionysos2 at ! same "t ! gho/ly t]rors ( ! und]world appe> to be ga9+ a great] hold on ! ,hell5ic imag9ation1 & 8ca?>sis0 is specially ne$$ to deal ) ^!4 ,probably all ?is is only a revival ( aborig9al practices & sup]/itions root$ 9 ! ,hell5ic soil1 a religion :i* ! intellectualism ( ,hom]ic civilisation _h happily suppress$ = a "t1 b :i* ass]t$ itself ) r5ew$ /r5g? :5 t civilisation 0 ov]?r[n4 ,yet ! revival1 ?\gh app>5tly a 8set-back10 bore fair fruit = morality1 law1 & ev5 religion4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greek e?ic mu/ reckon z x has n yet done ) ! ritual ( purity1 & ! hi/ory ( ,greek law ) ! fe> ( ! gho/ & ! miasma ( blood%$4 ,at fir/ ! idea is1 z usual1 rituali/ic & non-moral3 & mu* t we f9d 9 savage communities1 & 9 ,juda1 ,p]sia1 & ,india1 we f9d aga9 9 ,greece4 ,z ! ,hebrew #ace w>riors 7 purifi$ be=e return+ to camp1 s ! ,mac$onian army 0 purifi$ 9 spr+ be=e ! campaign1#ace4a & ! misund]/ood /ory ( ! ,phokians daub+ !mselves ) gypsum be=e battle po9ts to a ca?>tic ritual4#ace4b ,& ! ,hell5ic c]emonies agre$ ) ^? ( mo/ o!r nations 9 reg>d to ! causes ( uncleanness & ! me?ods ( deliv]ance3 fire1 wat]1 blood1 onions1 ! sk9s ( animals sacrific$1 ev5 clay & bran1 are ! usual purify+ m$ia4 ,9 "o me?od ( only ! ,hell5ic ritual is unique s f> z ,i "k3 sacrificial communion ) ,god 0 sometimes consid]$ an effective means ( oblit]at+ ! impurity :i* ! k9sm5 contract$ by a dea? 9 ! family3 at ,argos ! m\rn]s put (f ! 8tapu0 by eat+ ( ! sacrifice to ,apollo1 believ+ t ! _s ( ! pure god 9 ! sacr$ food c\ld de/roy #acf ! miasma )9 & ar\nd !m4#acf4a ,! /rongholds ( ,ph>isaic purification 7 ! religi\s bro!rhoods ( ,orphism & ! e>li] ,py?agoreanism1 a religi\s-philosophic s*ool closely associat$ ) ! =m]2 9 ^! ! law ( 8! pure life0 is a c]emoni\s law1 specially conc]n$ ) ab/95ce f c]ta9 food4 ,b ,greek ?\ght did n rema9 long on ?is level3 a say+ is attribut$ to ,*>ondas ( ,catana1 b p]haps ( lat] orig91 :i* ass]ts t 8f\l spee* is a defilem5t ( ! s\l02#acf4b & 9 a fragm5t ( ,epi*>mos ( ! fif? c5tury1 we h ! utt]ance ( ! high] gospel1 8,if ?\ art pure ( s\l1 ?\ art pure ( all ?y body02 & ! lat] ,py?agorean lit]ature1 su* z ! 8,gold5 ,song0 ( ,hi]ocles1 conta9s ! doctr9e t 8purity ( s\l is ! only div9e s]vice02 8,god has no m famili> abode on ! e>? ?an ! pure s\l40 ,& to an unkn[n writ]1 probably ( ! same #acg s*ool1#acg4a we owe ! dogma1 8,we wor%ip ,god mo/ meetly if we r5d] our own s\l pure f e /a9 ( evil40 ,!re are two epigrams 9 ! ,an?ology1 includ$ 9 ! fanciful collection ( ,py?ian oracles1 express+ ! same idea t hol9ess is a spiritual fact indep5d5t ( c]emonies or lu/rations3 8,oh /rang]1 if holy ( s\l1 ent] ! %r9e ( ! holy ,god1 hav+ b t\*$ ! lu/ral wat]3 lu/ration is an easy matt] = ! good1 b all ocean ) its /reams _c cleanse ! evil man40#acg4b ,! o!r ma9ta9s z cle>ly z ,isaiah or ! ,new ,te/am5t ! uselessness ( all m]e wa%+ ( h&s3 8,! temples ( ! gods are op5 to all good m51 nor is !re any ne$ ( purification3 no /a9 c ev] cleave to virtue4 ,b dep>t1 :osoev] is baneful at he>t1 = ?y s\l w nev] be wa%$ by ! cleans+ ( ! body40#acg4c ,! bett] ,greek m9d atta9$ ?is fre$om ! m easily 9 t x 0 n /rongly #ach or g5]ally possess$ ) ! belief 9 ! aborig9al impurity or s9fulness ( ! fle% & ! e>?ly life4 ,& ,greek ritual itself1 cons]vative z x 0 & nev] ab&on+ its code ( purification1 comes at la/ to be influ5c$ by ?is fre] atmosph]e & to reconcile c]emoni\s purity ) a high] moral law4 ,be=e ! temple ( ,asclepios at ,epidauros /ood ! text1 8,)9 ! inc5se-fill$ sanctu>y "o mu/ be pure2 & purity is to h righte\s ?\ghts40#ach4a ,an inscription on a temple 9 ,rhodes ( ! "t ( ,hadrian#ach4b %[s a /range bl5d ( primitive & advanc$ ?\ght4 ,its preamble m5tions 8rules conc]n+ righte\s entrance into ! %r9e40 8,! fir/ & greate/ rule is to be pure & unblemi%$ 9 h& & he>t & to be free f an evil consci5ce40 ,!n foll[s ! usual c]emoni\s code ( rules conc]n+ ! impurities ( food1 #aci fun]als1 & natural affections ( ! body3 & ! la/ clause %[s ! e?ical idea p5etrat+ ev5 ^!1 = ! code prescribes t a p]son may ent] ! %r9e 8on ! same day aft] lawful m>ri$ int]c\rse40 ,?is means t ! adult]ess 0 exclud$1 z %e 0 at ,a!ns by a law quot$ by ,demo/h5es4#aci4a ,x appe>s !n t ! lib]al e?ic judgm5t attribut$ to ,!ano1 ! female ,py?agorean tea*]1 t :ile lawful int]c\rse 0 no b> to p>ticipat+ 9 a religi\s s]vice on ! same day1 ! adult]ess 0 to be = ev] exclud$1#aci4b 0 n :olly out ( accordance ) ! advanc$ rituali/ic code ( ,greece4 ,! above is "s slight illu/ration ( ! developm5t ( ! ,greek concept ( purity & ( its e?ical influ5ce4 ,x rema9s to trace its action 9 a v important dep>tm5t ( law--! law ( homicide4 ,p]haps ! mo/ significant di/9ction betwe5 ! code ( a civilis$ & t ( a savage or #adj b>b>ic community lies 9 _! respective attitudes t[>ds manslaught] or murd]3 9 ! latt] society x is ma9ly an affair betwe5 ! families conc]n$1 to be settl$ by ! 7-gilt or ! blood-feud3 9 ! =m] ! :ole community feels itself to be deeply conc]n$4 ,our ,teutonic ance/ors1 at ! "t ( ,tacitus & = c5turies aft]1 rema9$ at ! l[] /age1 ?\gh we disc]n t ! legal g5ius ( ! ,icel&]s 0 impell+ !m t[>ds ! high] ev5 be=e ,*ri/ianity rea*$ !m4 ,:at is /range is t "s societies appe> to h atta9$ a high g5]al level ( civilisation )\t mak+ ?is mom5t\s advance3 ! ,hom]ic _w1 = in/ance1 0 sc>cely abrea/ ) ! e>ly ,icel&ic 9 ?is respect1 al?\gh we may see signs t ! high] idea 0 ready to em]ge 9 ! lat] ,hom]ic p]iod4#adj4a ,!n foll[s a blank 9 #ada our record :i* may be t5tatively fill$ up by ! int]pretation ( my?ology1 until 9 ! develop$ ,attic law--:i* we "k bett] ?an ! law ( any o!r ,greek /ate--we f9d ! mod]n idea fully recognis$ & appli$ to a crim9al code1 probably f ! six? c5tury onw>d1 ?\gh traces ( legal b>b>ism /ill survive4 ,we w\ld gladly discov] ! con/ructive =ces1 spiritual or political1 t br\ght ?is great re=m ab\t4 ,! an?ropology ( our contempor>y savage societies has n yet suppli$ u ) analogies t we c\ld apply to ,greek hi/ory3 a few savage /ates h inde$ spontane\sly a*iev$ ! great advance f ! blood-feud to a public law ( homicide1 b !re is no record %[+ h[ !y h a*iev$ x4 ,"s writ]s h suppos$ t ! em]g5ce ( crim9al law 9 g5]al is always due to "s great increase ( p[] 9 ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 probably to ! developm5t ( ! mon>*y4 ,b z a univ]sal axiom ?is _c be accept$2 =1 z #adb ,/e9metz 9 8 treatise on 8,! ,developm5t ( ,puni%m5t0#adb4a has %[n1 su* a sugge/$ cause is n f\nd op]ative 9 ! backw>d communities ( mod]n times t h develop$ a public crim9al law4 ,nor w\ld x be reasonable to urge t ! c5tral au?ority 0 /rong] 9 ,greece ( ! sev5? c5tury ?an 9 ! e>li] mon>*ical p]iod4 ,probably ,/e9metz is "r 9 8 belief t among savage societies ! e>lie/ crim9al law arises f "s int5se feel+ ( hatr$ or dread excit$ by acts t violate religi\s feel+ or secul> int]e/s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ crimes to be puni%$ by dea? at ! h&s ( ! society is ince/3 ! horror t x excites among savages is a feel+ t we may call religi\s4 ,we may n be able to %[ inde$ t ! primitive ideas ( purity w\ld expla9 ! e>lie/ complicat$ codes ( human m>riage3 b ! circles ( k9%ip t are ?us e/abli%$ seem c]ta9ly to h be5 consecrat$ #adc at a v e>ly "t by ! concept ( purity t came to be atta*$ to !m4#adc4a ,n[ x is probable t a simil> religi\s feel+ 0 op]ative 9 ! case ( homicide4 ,if 9 any giv5 society ! primitive belief 9 ! impurity ( blood%$ became int5sifi$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 homicide might easily come to be reg>d$ no long] z a matt] to be settl$ by ! families ( ! slay] & ! sla91 b z ! deep conc]n ( ! p ( ! l&4 ,we h se5 t x 0 j ?is religi\s concept ( impurity t br\ght ! act "u ! cognisance ( ! national religi\s law ( ,israel3 ! p are t]rifi$ because ! soil has be5 made impure & _! god has be5 /a9$4 ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a we f9d t #add ! slay+ ( a wat]-dog 0 an impure act aga9/ ,god1 & 0 av5g$ by ! :ole community2 & sacrifice 0 (f]$ to appease ! holy s\l ( ! dog4#add4a ,^! facts !n (f] "s analogy = ! !ory t ,i w\ld sugge/1 namely1 t ! civilis$ law 9 ,greece conc]n+ homicide arose 9 ! po/-,hom]ic p]iod ?r\gh an int5sification ( ! feel+ conc]n+ ! impurity ( blood%$ & ow+ to ! great] hold t ! t]rors ( ! gho/ly _w _h come to ga9 ov] ! lat] ,hell5ic imag9ation2 = ! gho/ or ! ,er9ys ( ! dead is ! embodim5t ( ! miasma t arises f ! slay+2 & ! gho/ kn[s h[ to drive x home1 & is no respect] ( p]sons1 b c make a :ole area un9habitable4 ,! religi\s ph5om5on & ! legal fact t ,i w\ld connect z cause & effect are n f\nd 9 ! ,hom]ic p]iod3 bo? are f\nd coexi/+ 9 ! lat]4 ,& mu* leg5d>y evid5ce accords ) ?is hypo!sis4 #ade ,p]haps ! e>lie/ indication ( ! em]g5ce ( ! idea 9 ,greek society t c]ta9 k9ds ( homicide conc]n ! ,/ate1 is f\nd 9 ! leg5ds ab\t exile & excommunication = ! %$d+ ( k9dr$ blood1 ! exile1 = in/ance1 ( ,bell]ophon & ,ixion4 ,su* exile is n ! ord9>y flight ( ! homicide to avoid ! av5g] ( blood2 = 9 ! cases :]e a man is ( ! same k9 z ! sla91 !re is no family av5g]1 b ! :ole community 9 horror ca/ him out le/ ! curse %\ld infect !mselves4 ,k9sm5's blood 0 m sacr$ ?an o!r1 !re=e ! %$d+ x spread ! great] impurity ov] ! l&4 ,& ! ,greek leg5ds sugge/ t ?is (f5ce 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ! legal hi/ory ( ! race :i* awoke ! religi\s consci5ce ( ! ,/ate4#ade4a #adf ,n[ if we assume t ! old ideas associat$ ) k9%ip came to be ext5d$ to ! :ole community ( ! polis--z might easily happ5 ?r\gh ! int]m>riage ( ! --!n a simil> miasma w\ld be caus$ by ! slay+ ( a citiz5 z by k9dr$ murd]3 ! ,/ate w\ld feel ! sup]natural p]il ( ! act & w\ld take cognisance4 ,! reasons = suppos+ t ?is 0 ! actual ord] 9 ! ,hell5ic evolution ( ! homicide law may appe> to re/ on m]e leg5ds1 b leg5ds are (t5 direct & fir/h& evid5ce ( e>ly ?\ght1 & ! /ories ab\t ! slay]s ( k9dr$ :o 7 driv5 out ( ! communities & :o 7 ! fir/ applicants = ! ritual ( purification1 su* z ,ixion1 ,ore/es1 ,!seus1 accord well ) ! e>ly belief t ! ,er9yes 7 ! gho/ly av5g]s ( k9dr$ slaught]4 ,!n we f9d t 9 ! ,ai?iopis1 ! poem ( ,arct9os ( ,miletus1 ,a*illes has to leave ! army & retire to ,lesbos = #adg purification1 al?\gh ,!rsites1 :om he has sla91 is no real k9sman ( 83 :5ce we may draw ! conclusion t ! ,/ate ( ,miletus1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 _h come to take cognisance ( ! slay+ ( any citiz54 ,& ! ,argives1 9 ! fif? or f\r? c5tury1 (f] atonem5t to ,zeus ,meili*ios = a civic massacre1 ! god :o has a leg5d>y association ) purification = ! %$d+ ( k9dr$ blood4 ,by ! fif? c5tury 9 ,a!ns ! religi\s feel+ conc]n+ ! sacr$ness ( all life )9 ! city _h s deep5$ t ev5 ! slay+ ( a slave caus$ a miasma & 0 a ,/ate (f5ce4#adg4a ,n[ :5 we exam9e c]ta9 details ( ,attic law1 toge!r ) c]ta9 expressions ( s5tim5t conc]n+ homicide 9 ! classical writ]s ( ,attica1 we see ! cle> impr9t ( its orig94 ,accid5tal homicide 0 z gravely reg>d$ by ! ,a!ns ( ! f\r? c5tury z by ! old ,hebrew code3 su* homicides mu/ fly ov] ! bord]1 b if !y w5t by #adh a c]ta9 road1 ! ,/ate refus$ to all[ ! av5g] ( blood to foll[ !m3 !y mu/ rema9 9 exile until !y h won ! =giv5ess ( "o ( ! k9sm5 ( ! dead4#adh4a ,we may suppose t ! k9sm5 are reg>d$ z tak+ up ! feud ( ! gho/1 :o is likely to be v9dictive1 ev5 :5 ! slay+ 0 accid5tal4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! p>don$ homicide returns he mu/ g ?r\gh elaborate purifications4 ,^! latt] 7 to wipe (f ! miasma1 n to ease :at we might call ! burd5 ( consci5ce4 ,& ! community 7 oblig$ to expel tempor>ily ev5 a p]fectly innoc5t man1 because ( _! fe> ( ! wra? ( ! dead4 ,?is dread ( ! gho/ is appeal$ to by an ,attic orator z a motive t %\ld influ5ce ! judges to condemn ! prison]4#adh4b ,! fir/ legal prelim9>y 9 a case ( murd]1 :i* reveals cle>ly ! religi\s orig9 ( ! ,/ate law1 0 ! solemn proclamation1 made by "o ( ! relatives hold+ #adi a spe> at ! fun]al1 t ! murd]] %\ld keep alo( f all ! holy & public places ( ! community4#adi4a ,& ,antiphon /rongly expresses ! popul> s5tim5t t ! unpuni%$ murd]] pollutes ! public alt>s & vitiates ! atmosph]e ( ! city3#adi4b & ! :ole ( ,plato's legislation#adi4c conc]n+ homicide is bas$ on ! idea ( ! miasma aris+ f blood%$1 & is q 9 accord ) ,attic law4 ,! exile ( ! murd]] purges ! city z well z 8 execution2 !re=e ! accus$ 0 all[$ to g out ( ! c\ntry be=e ! v]dict4#adi4d ,! contagion 0 worse "u a ro( ?an 9 ! op5 air2 !re=e ! ,a!nian judges insi/$ on try+ homicide 9 an unro($ c\rt1 8le/ !y %\ld be "u "o ro( ) ! slay]40#adi4e ,also x is "p ( primitive animi/ic belief t su* miasma c\ld cleave to ?+s :i* _h caus$ ! dea? ( a man3 h5ce ! #aej inanimate object su* z an axe or b> ( iron might be solemnly tri$ &1 if f\nd guilty1 w\ld be ?r[n into ! sea to rid ! ,/ate ( infection3#aej4a ! same sup]/ition expla9s ! old ,engli% law t a waggon :i* ran ov] a man & caus$ 8 dea? %\ld be giv5 to ,god--8deod&03 t is1 x 0 to become a p]quisite ( ! ,k+1 :o repres5t$ ,god4 ,s f> we seem to disc]n cle>ly ! concept ( purity evolv+ ,/ate law 9 a v vital matt]4 ,& ?is is a great a*ievem5t4 ,b x might easily evolve law :i* f our po9t ( view w\ld be unju/ & sup]/iti\s4 ,! t]rors ( ! gho/1 ! inequitable wra? ( a pure god1 ! insi/5ce on ! rituali/ic view ( impurity1 might ret>d progress & prev5t ! evolution ( ! highe/ law :i* reg>ds ext5uat+ circum/ances & admits ju/ifiable homicide4 ,su* law is n he>d ( 9 ! ,mosaic books1 b x #aea exi/$ 9 ! ,attic code1#aea4a :i* specially on ?is acc\nt may be call$ civilis$4 ,! c\rt :i* tri$ admitt$ cases ( homicide :]e ! plea ( ju/ification 0 rais$ 0 ! ,delph9ion1 & its f\ndation leg5d claim$ t x 0 in/itut$ to try ,!seus = slay+ ! ,pallantids :o attack$ him1 & t ! plea ( ju/ifiable homicide 0 all[$4#aea4b ,! "n ( ! c\rt %[s t its patron is ! pure god1 & po9ts to ,crete & ,delphi1 ! *ief c5tres ( ! ritual ( purification4 ,n[ x is q possible t ?is mom5t\s advance 9 law may h be5 prompt$ by ! heal?y rationalism ( ! e>ly ,greek m9d1 to "s ext5t by secul> utilit>ian ?\ght1 :i* react$ on ! religi\s view ( purity4 ,we %all !n say t ! religion adapt$ itself dext]\sly to a secul> movem5t1 z x usually did 9 ,greece4 ,or x may #aeb be ! tru? t ! advance 0 due to a spontane\s movem5t )9 ! religion itself1 beg9n+ p]haps 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & to ! gr[+ consci\sness t ! purity or impurity ( an act dep5d$ on motive & w4 ,if ?is idea p5etrat$ at an e>ly "t1 z x c]ta9ly did at a lat]1 into ! sac]dotal circle1 !n ! prie/ ( ,apollo might grant or )hold purification accord+ to ! degree ( ju/ification ! homicide might prove3#aeb4a 9 ?is case a c\rt w\ld be e/abli%$ at ! in/igation ( ! purify+ god to consid] ! circum/ances4 ,?is explanation mu/ rema9 a hypo!sis1 b x is "o t assumes ! action ( real =ces4 ,en\gh has be5 said to illu/rate ! intimate association ( ! idea ( purity ) legal progress1#aeb4b & x only rema9s to indicate #aec v briefly its impress & effect on religi\s in/itutions4 ,"o ( ! me?ods mo/ frequ5tly employ$ to atta9 m5tal purity or fre$om f ! evil _s is fa/+2 f all human societies1 primitive & advanc$1 we c\ld ga!r a copi\s /ock ( illu/ration4 ,& mank9d has1 on ! :ole1 agre$ z to ! occasions at :i* ! ritual is desirable2 9 spr+ be=e ! crops & ! fir/-fruits appe>1 be=e ! w>riors g =? to battle1 be=e any k9d ( intimate communion ) ,god1 :5 ! family is 9 m\rn+ = a k9sman & evil influ5ces are abroad1 fa/+ has be5 practis$ z a mode ( purg+ ! body & safegu>d+ x aga9/ spiritual h>m or prep>+ x = ! privilege ( div9e int]c\rse4 ,x has be5 held necess>y be=e any my/ic initiation1#aed4a #aed ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* prescrib+ x = ! days prec$+ ! ,ea/] communion2 also be=e ! individual c atta9 ! div9e afflatus ( prophecy or ! sup]natural pot5cy = expell+ evil spirits or work+ wond]-cures4 8,su* k9d goe? n =? save by pray] & fa/+40 ,! psy*ological basis ( ! ritual is ! belief t c]ta9 foods1 & f9ally all food1 are liable to eng5d] evil influ5ces 9 ! body2 &1 moreov]1 ! exp]i5ce t ! ab/95ce g5]ates a peculi> m5tal condition ( exaltation1 ec/asy1 & supra-normal self-confid5ce3 o!r ideas1 su* z ! discipl9e ( self-d5ial1 t come to ga!r r\nd ! practice are ( lat] gr[?4 ,f ! same primitive view ( ! relations betwe5 our body & ! spiritual _w has aris5 ! en=cem5t ( celibacy ^u ! prie/hood4 ,to trace ! ph5om5on1 #aee :i* is commonly or exceptionally f\nd 9 all human societies1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*es1 w\ld require a sep>ate *apt]4 ,x is n a late gr[? 9 religion1 nor ( necessity a sign ( high developm5t4 ,& "h aga9 ! orig9al psy*ological motive is n a _s ( self-mortification1 b ! belief t ! *a/e body is ! pur] abode = ! ,div9e ,_s1 & ! m5tal exp]i5ce t su* self-abnegation usually eng5d]s a /rong] consci\sness ( religi\s p[]4 ,!re are signs t ! idea is los+ its hold on ! mod]n consci\sness1 b we see ! deep impress x has made ^u "s ( ! ideas & dogmas ( our religion4 ,! in/itution ( a sac]dotal rule ( celibacy corresponds to ! view preval5t 9 any giv5 society ( ! prie/ly function2 x is likely to be en=c$ :5 ! prie/ is inve/$ ) a specially prophetic & my/ic "*1 & is requir$ to m$iate betwe5 ! society & ,god by means ( frequ5t communion ) ! #aef div9ity3 x is r>e :5 ! civic & semi-secul> view ( ! sac]dotal (fice prevails1 r>e !re=e among ! ,nor!rn ,aryans & 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,greek & ,roman /ates1 al?\gh ! ,hell5ic ritual g5]ally requir$ virg9ity1 or at lea/ a prolong$ *a/ity1 9 ! prophetess & occasionally 9 ! ord9>y prie/4 ,x 0 common 9 ! ec/atic religions ( ,anatolia1 & 9 ! wor%ip ( ,cybele 0 pu%$ to an unnatural extreme4 ,x is int]e/+ aga9 to trace ! association betwe5 ! ,phrygian-,*ri/ian h]esy ( ,montanism & ! old] ,phrygian paganism2 & we h not$ t ,montanus1 its f\nd]1 ! *ampion ( celibacy1 is report$ to h be5 9 8 unconv]t$ days a prie/ ( ,cybele4 ,aga91 ! baptismal rite is a =m ( purification ( _w-wide preval5ce1 z has be5 already intimat$4 ,! wa%+ ( ! new-born has be5 g5]ally int]pret$ z a purgation ( dang]\s & evil influ5ce among ! l[] z well z ! high] races4 ,an int]e/+ =m ( su* lu/ration is #aeg record$ ( ! old ,aztec home-life3 ! midwife wa%$ ! infant ) ! pray]1 8,may ?is wat] purify & :it5 ?y he>t3 may x wa% away all t is evil40#aeg4a ,! adult1 be=e initiation into any my/ic society1 usually ne$$ elaborate purification2 & ?is (t5 took ! =m ( baptism ) wat] & occasionally ) blood3 & 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean religions ! lu/ration 0 n m]ely reg>d$ z a wa%+ away ( ! old s91 b z a spiritual rebir?4#aeg4b ,9 ! ,isis rites ! baptism ) wat] 0 suppos$ to raise ! mortal to ! div9ity3 9 ! description ( ! baptismal purification ( ,setis ,i4 ! words occur3 8,i h purifi$ !e ) life & p[]1 s z to make !e "y1 l ?y fa!r ,ra40 ,& ! gods !mselves 7 believ$ to be reborn ?r\gh ! spr9kl+ ( lu/ral wat] ov] _! images4#aeg4c ,we discov] ! same !ories held by ! #aeh e>ly ,*ur* conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ian rite3 ! font wa%es away ! ta9t ( ! fle%1 :ile at ! same "t ! div9e pot5cy ( ! wat] revivifies & recreates ! cate*um51 :o dies to ! old life & is born aga92 s t ! font1 :i* itself 0 exorcis$ & purifi$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 0 9 "s s5se ! womb ( spiritual life1 & ! rite is bo? an exorcism & a communion4 ,v soon 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* x came to be reg>d$ z ( su* s]i\s & critical significance t ! cate*um5 mu/ prep>e himself = x by prior purifications & exorcisms3 su* c]emonies z ! brea?+ on 8 =ehead by ! prie/1 ! sacram5tal p>tak+ ( ! salt1 ! ano9t+ ) oil1 toge!r ) ! utt]ance ( a pray] t 8! enemy might be put to flight10 h an obvi\s ca?>tic significance4#aeh4a ,we mu/ also reg>d confession z a k9d ( purification2 = ! 8speak+ out0 ( #aei s9 w\ld be reg>d$ z a real purgation & deliv]ance at t p]iod ( ?\ght :5 words might be view$ z ?+s1 or at lea/ z controll+ ?+s4 ,?is 0 its mean+ 9 ! prelim9>y ritual ( ! ,samo?racian ,my/]ies1 9 ! ,mexican religion#aei4a :]e x 0 associat$ ) purification & ! concept ( rebir?1 & f9ally 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :]e x 0 specially impos$ ^u ! prie/ be=e ! ,ea/] communion z "p ( ! purificatory prep>ation4#aei4b ,an int]e/+ =mula ( confession is f\nd among ! ,babylonian liturgical tablets3 ! p5it5t prays to ! god & ! goddess--8,let ! sev5 w9ds c>ry away my sighs''' let ! bird be> my wick$ness to ! heav5s3 let ! fi% c>ry (f my mis]y1 let ! riv] sweep x away4 ,let ! bea/ ( ! field take x f me4 ,let ! wat]s ( ! riv] wa% me clean40 ,"h ! purificatory confessional #afj works p>tly by pray] to ! high god1 p>tly by ! old idea ( ! magic transf]5ce ( s9 into an ali5 sub/ance4#afj4a ,^! are examples ( practices 9 ! advanc$ religions aim+ at ! purg+ ( int]nal & spiritual s94 ,b ! old] & m mat]iali/ic view ( impurity z a physical ta9t or z ! miasma ( an evil _s1 has n :olly fad$ ev5 f hi/oric ,*ri/ianity3 ! c]emony ( ! *ur*+ ( wom51 ?\gh trans=m$ into a ?anksgiv+ s]vice1 has desc5d$ f an old ca?>tic ritual t purg$ away ! dang]\s pollution ( *ild-bir?3 & ! consecration ( *ur*es 0 orig9ally m]ely a special application ( ! old-_w practice ( purify+ ! h\se aga9/ demons1 z we may see f ! leg5d>y example giv5 9 ! apocryphal 8,acts ( ,/ ,?omas40#afj4b #afa ,! facts :i* ,i h collect$ & expos$1 incomplete z ! /atem5t is1 may ju/ify :at 0 said at ! outset ( ! inquiry1 t ! aborig9al idea ( purity has /ruck deep roots 9 ! soil on :i* mu* ( our e?ical ?\ght & feel+1 _m ( our legal & religi\s in/itutions1 h gr[n & develop$4 ,! concept1 ow+ p]haps to its immemorial cont9uity ( life & deep primeval in/9ctiv5ess1 if ! ^w may pass1 is liable to fanta/ic exagg]ations4 ,x has sometimes prov$ itself an insurm\ntable b>ri] to moral & legal progress4 ,:5 x has cry/allis$ into a h>d 8ph>isaic0 =m1 x has arre/$ & imprison$ ! life ( a hi!rto progressive p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh its innate quality1 s to speak1 is nev] secul>-utilit>ian1 its contributions to our civilisation h be51 z we h se51 ( ine/imable s]vice4 ,x has eng5d]$ ! mod]n horror ( murd] #afb & blood%$1 & ! ideal ( ! *a/e life3 we owe to x 9 great degree ! delicate s5sitiv5ess ( spiritually gift$ *>act]s4 ,= good & = evil1 x has be5 an in/9ctive religi\s =ce m pot5t ?an any o!r ( ^! 9 ! m5tal evolution ( man4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,pray] ,,f ,,l[] ,,to ,,high] ,,=ms #afc ,!re is no "p ( ! religi\s s]vice ( mank9d t s cle>ly reveals ! v>i\s views ( ! div9e nature held by ! diff]5t races at ! diff]5t /ages ( _! developm5t z ! =mul ( pray]1 or reflects s vividly ! mat]ial & psy*ologic hi/ory ( man4 ,! hi/oric mat]ial at our disposal is un=tunately mod]n1 n rea*+ back1 t is to say1 to a p]iod e>li] ?an "s f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 b ?is c be supplem5t$1 z usually happ5s1 by ! evid5ce ga!r$ f ! l[] societies1 z well z by ! obs]vation ( practices t frequ5tly accompany & are v closely bl5d$ ) pray] ev5 9 ! high] religions1 #afd & t we may ) confid5ce believe to h desc5d$ f an immemorial antiquity4 ,! "q z to ! orig9 ( pray] is "o ( great difficulty & ( ! deepe/ significance = ! hi/ory & philosophy ( religion2 = x inevitably involves ! que/ions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 a p]sonal div9ity1 conc]n+ ! relation ( magic to religion1 ( ! spell-ritual :i* comm&s or con/ra9s to a pray]-ritual ( humiliation & entreaty4 ,ev5 if ,i _h an orig9al & matur$ judgm5t to put be=e y on que/ions ( su* importance1 a s+le lecture w\ld be a v inadequate space = its exposition4#afd4a ,!re=e1 ?\gh ,i may indicate1 ,i w n attempt 9 ?is lecture to decide on1 ! "q ( orig94 ,i w cont5t myself ) arrang+ ! ph5om5a accord+ z !y appe> f our po9t ( view to belong to a l[] /ratum ( religion or a high]2 su* an #afe arrangem5t begs no "q1 & agrees ) our exp]i5ce t 9 all religions1 :e!r savage or civilis$1 l[] & high] elem5ts are able to coexi/4 ,i w fir/ give a g5]al sket* ( ! facts1 ) "s int]pretation ( !m1 & w foll[ ?is ) an illu/rative selection ( ! pray]s ( primitive & advanc$ communities4 ,accord+ to ! mod]n def9ition ( pray]1 man addresses utt]$ or inaudible spee* to a div9e p[] conceiv$ z ,_s or ,god1 b always z p]sonal1 9 ord] to obta9 mat]ial1 moral1 or spiritual bless+s3 t "p ( ! address t conta9s ! actual pray] w be (t5 accompani$ by words ( homage1 adoration1 confession ( s91 expressions ( doctr9al fai?1 /atem5ts conc]n+ ! b5efic5t op]ations ( ! div9ity 9 "t pa/1 self-assur+ utt]ances ( confid5ce 9 div9e protection or ! div9e promise4 ,?\gh ! =mul conta9 mu* positive /atem5t & are by no means conf9$ to ! optative mood1 ! attitude ( ! #aff supplicator is always rev]5tial & self-abas$2 mod]n religion reprobates any idea ( compell+ ! div9ity2 only x g5]ally seals its petitions ) ! my/ic signature ( a p[]ful "n4 ,if ?is may pass z a fairly compreh5sive & adequate acc\nt ( mod]n or advanc$ pray]1 x w /ill be f\nd to conta9 elem5ts t may desc5d f a v anci5t m\ld ( religi\s ?\ght n easy to reconcile ) our high] religi\s consci\sness2 & x is no adequate acc\nt ( ! v>i\s modes :i* less advanc$ societies h us$ & are /ill us+ to express _! desires to ! sup]natural p[]4 ,x has inde$ be5 rec5tly ass]t$1 ) "s plausibility1#aff4a t no savage community yet explor$ lacks ! conception ( a high god mak+ = righte\sness2 & c]ta9ly _m ( ! l[] races h spontane\sly develop$ g5u9e pray] 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,/ill x is sometimes report$ by sci5tific obs]v]s t "s backw>d #afg peoples d n pray at all2#afg4a & x appe>s n to be uncommon = ! savage to reg>d 8 high god z too remote to be address$ = any practical purpose4 ,b ! savage1 ?\gh he may pray z we d1 has o!r ways ( address+ himself to ! unse5 p]sonal ag5cies t he believes to surr\nd him2 & ^! are ! ways ( magic & ! magic-spell4 ,hav+ le>n$ f human exp]i5ce t he c project 8 w-p[] by an occult process s z to subdue ! m9d ( 8 fell[-man1 he exp]im5ts ) ?is me?od ^u ! _w ( nature & spirits3 he deals ) gho/s *iefly 9 ?is way1 ?\gh he may pray to !m also2 & he has no reluctance 9 apply+ 8 magic ev5 to ! high] div9ities4 ,z magic-work] he /&s on a diff]5t foot+ altoge!r f ! petition]3 8 attitude t[>ds ! sup]natural p[] is self-confid5t & imp]i\s1 8 spee* is no pray] b a comm&4 ,he may project 8 w by dumb %[1 #afh by action sugge/ive ( 8 desire3 b 9 mo/ cases he w probably pref] to accompany x ) pot5t spee*1 s z to drive 8 w home to ! m>k1 s to speak3 & ! psy*ology ( su* magic practices has be5 ably inve/igat$ by rec5t writ]s4 ,! te*nical "n = su* ex]cise ( w ^u ano!r p]son is sugge/ion2 a mod]n application ( x sometimes appe>s 9 ! extreme =m t we call mesm]ism or hypnotism4 ,= ! successful application ( ! *>m1 x is (t5 an ess5tial condition t "o %\ld possess oneself ( ! "n ( ! p]son aga9/ :om x is direct$1 & at times ( 8 picture or effigy1 = bo? ! "n & ! picture are reg>d$ z vital p>ts ( ! :ole individuality t "o seeks to control4 ,! same ideas transf]r$ into ! _w ( sup]natural p]sonalities acc\nt = ! pot5cy & deep significance t atta*es to ! div9e "n1 & = ! prom95ce ( ! picture & ! effigy 9 ! religi\s magic4 ,b ! savage has also #afi le>n$ f exp]i5ce t he c "w ^u 8 fell[s by entreaty1 flatt]y1 soo?+ & ende>+ address3 & x 0 obvi\sly natural = him to approa* ! div9e p[]s 9 ! same fa%ion1 & to use humble & pray]ful petitions4 ,nor does !re seem any reason :y he %\ld n employ ! me?ods ( magic & pray] simultane\sly or 9 close conjunction on ! same occasion4 ,we may (t5 9 fact be 9 d\bt :e!r to int]pret a c]ta9 primitive religi\s act f "o po9t ( view or ! o!r4 ,?us we are told t :5 ! ,khonds ( ,orissa are ab\t to ent] on a campaign1 8! prie/ cuts a bran* & dresses x & arms x1 s z to p]sonate "o ( ! foe3 !reupon x is ?r[n d[n at ! %r9e ( ! w>-god03#afi4a ,?is =mal appeal to ! god is spee*less1 & may be ?\ght to be a spee*less pray]2 b x is ( ! same col\r z a multif>i\s mass ( practices :i* are mimetic & :i* are int5d$ to "w by means ( sugge/ion4 #agj ,a s+ul> ritual is record$ ( ! ra9 societies ( ,nor? ,am]ica3#agj4a emblems or picture-writ+ repres5t+ cl\ds1 ) v]tical drops symbolis+ ra91 are plac$ on an alt>1 e>s ( maize are plac$ by ! side ( !m ) o!r objects1 & ! corn-e>s are spr9kl$ ) wat]1 :ile at ! same "t pray]s are pr(f]$ to ! gho/s t control ! ra9-supply4 ,we w\ld wi% to "k :at ! mann] ( ! pray+ is2 b x seems cle> t we "h h ! ritual ( pray] comb9$ ) magic-sugge/ion1 :i* consi/s 9 pret5d+ to d ! ?+ :i* x is desir$ to br+ ab\t4 ,aga91 ! primitive =mul devis$ to drive out ! demons ( disease & pov]ty are usually imp]i\s comm&s & n pray]s3 su* z ! ,*9ese 8,let ! devil ( pov]ty dep>t02#agj4b ! ,greek1 8,g out1 hung]10#agj4c & 8,to ! door1 y gho/s40#agj4d #aga ,b :51 z 9 ,buro1 ! bidd+ takes su* a =m z 8,gr&fa!r small-pox1 g away10#aga4a ! rev]5tial & soo?+ address all[s u to approximate ?is to pray]1 = 9 ! liturgies ( ! e>li] z well z ! advanc$ religions ! div9ity is commonly address$ 9 t]ms ( k9%ip4 ,we %all note in/ances ( real pray]s pr(f]$ by ! uncultur$ races to a high god1 yet reta9+ some?+ ( ! magic "* & tone3 we detect x 9 ! my/ic employm5t ( ! "n1 9 ! reit]ation ( ! same %ort phrase1 9 ! dron+ s+-song 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,tylor1#aga4b savage pray]s are usually inton$1 ! tone ( a mesm]ic incantation4 ,b gradually1 z ! concept ( div9ity deep5s 9 ! progressive race1 & ! m9d becomes p5etrat$ ) ! consci\sness ( ! littl5ess ( man & ( ! incomp>able greatness ( ,god1 ! wor%ipp] t5ds to become ! humble petition] & pray] #agb comes to pr$om9ate ov] spell4 ,& x has happ5$ 9 ! legislation ( ! high] religions t magic at la/ becomes 8suspect0 & taboo$3 yet ! mo/ au/]e & purifi$ religion (t5 unconsci\sly reta9s c]ta9 elem5ts ( spell-ritual1 & ev5 legitimatises ! spell by virtue ( ! di/9ction betwe5 :ite magic & black4 ,! di/9ction is morphologically uns\nd1 & arises g5]ally f ex-p>te prejudice4 ,we d n f9d1 9 fact1 if we broadly comp>e ! ph5om5a ( all religions1 t cleavage & irreconcilable antagonism betwe5 magic & religion :i* has (t5 be5 suppos$4 ,ev5 9 religions t we mu/ class z high1 ! deity himself is (t5 imag9$ to "w by means ( magic1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* itself has giv5 its patronage & consecration to practices ( magical significance1 su* z ! ordeal1 purification1 c]ta9 =ms ( heal+1 exorcisms ( evil spirits3 all ^! w be accompani$ by pray]s to ,god1 b ! pray]s are s impregnat$ ) ! ideas ( #agc animi/ic magic t we c h>dly reg>d !m z pure =ms4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! l[] elem5ts are s difficult to eradicate1 yet ! exp]i5ce ( "s few ( ! high] communities may reassure u t z a religion progresses 9 spirituality x c purge itself m & m ?or\ghly ( ^!1 & ! progress is f spell to pray]4 ,aga91 we may comp>e ! ph5om5a f ! po9t ( view ( ! progress 9 aspiration4 ,9 ! primitive p]iod1 :5 ! /ruggle is to live at all r ?an to live well1 ! objects ( pray] mu/ be mat]ial bless+s1 & ^! are /ill prom95t 9 ! liturgies ( ! civilis$ societies4 ,!re is a sam5ess 9 all ^!1 & ! *ief di/9ction to note is betwe5 ! pray]s t look to ! individual alone & ^? t look to ! good ( ! community4 ,a high] /age is rea*$ :5 moral & spiritual qualities become ! object ( pray]2 & :5 ?is is atta9$1 ! pr9ciple ( pray] is likely to become m & m spiritual1 & ! #agd petition] m & m diffid5t 9 ! expression ( 8 mat]ial wants1 & ) a gr[+ consci\sness t ! ,deity kn[s be/ :at is good = man1 may rise to ! height ( ! =mula1 8,?y w be done40 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 h[ _m races "s su* utt]ance has be5 he>d2 & at times m5 may h be5 help$ to x by ! consci\sness :i* sci5tific advance _h awak5$1 t ! laws ( ! mat]ial univ]se _c be caprici\sly alt]$ to suit ! tempor>y ne$s ( ! individual3 a =mula ( acquiesc5ce appe>s !n to be ! deepe/ & true/ pray]4 ,f9ally1 9 ! evolution ( pray] we may consid] t ! consummation is m>k$ by ! !ory1 ma9ta9$ by lat] ,greek philosophy & e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs alike1 t ! true int5tion ( pray] is n ! m]e petition = "s special bless+1 b r ! communion ) ,god1 to :om x is a spiritual approa*4 ,"h z (t5 else:]e1 ! highe/ spiritual product ( human ?\ght #age reveals its aff9ity ) "s dimly remote primeval concept2 = mu* ( ! spell-ritual at :i* we h be5 glanc+ implies an idea ( su* communion1 ! human ag5t endeav\r+ to *>ge himself ) a pot5cy drawn f a quasi-div9e s\rce4 ,x rema9s n[ to take concrete examples f ! record ( pray] illu/rative ( ^! phases ( developm5t4 ,look+ fir/ at ! savage races1 we h already obs]v$ t "s ( _! =mul seem to belong to ! bord]l& betwe5 spell & pray]4 ,:5 ! ,new ,cal$onian says ov] ! fire t he k9dles to increase ! heat ( ! sun1 8,sun1 ,i d ?is t y may be burn+ hot10 x is obvi\sly n a pray] t he utt]s to ! sun-god b a =mula express+ ! sugge/ion ( 8 magic4#age4a ,& :5 ! ,k>5s ( ,burma at ! ?re%+ ( ! rice call out to ! corn-"m1 8,%ake ?yself1 gr&mo!r1 %ake ?yself4 ,let ! paddy asc5d till x equals a hill1 equals a m\nta92 %ake ?yself1 #agf gr&mo!r1 %ake ?yself10#agf4a we h surely a comm& r ?an a pure pray]2 = primitive vegetation-ritual works by compulsion r ?an entreaty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h record ( a g5u9e ,k>5 pray] address$ to 8! ,god ( heav5 & e>?1 ,god ( ! m\nta9s & hills10 on ! occasion :5 a s9 ( un*a/ity 0 suppos$ to h /]ilis$ ! e>?3 8,d n be angry ) me1 d n hate me1 b h m]cy on me & compassionate me4''' ,n[ ,i repair ! m\nta9s1 n[ ,i heal ! hills4''' ,make ?y paddy fruitful1 ?y rice abundant4''' ,if we cultivate b little1 /ill grant t we may obta9 a little40 ,b ! pray] is accompani$ ) rites t are purely magical & aim+ at ! re/oration ( ! e>?4#agf4b ,! buffalo clan among ! ,si\x ,indians decorate !mselves ) emblems ( _! totem animal be=e go+ on ! w>-pa?1 #agg & express ! purpose ( ! dress+ ) a s5t5ti\s phrase3 8,my little gr&fa!r is always dang]\s :5 he makes an attempt40#agg4a ,su* an utt]ance1 consid]$ =mally1 is n a pray] b a /atem5t ab\t ! p[] ( ! buffalo1 8! little gr&fa!r02 = x is an article ( fai? 9 ! magic cre$ t ! sup]natural =ce1 :i* ! spell aims at sett+ 9 op]ation1 c be made to "w by def9ite /atem5ts t x is work+2 ^! are sugge/ive assurances t increase "o's own confid5ce2 & ! ,si\x =mula is ( su* a nature2 only ! coax+ & ende>+ phrase ( k9%ip seems to imply a half entreaty z well4 ,we disc]n m cle>ly ! rudim5ts ( a pray] 9 ! words address$ by ! ,santee ,indians to ! buffalo :5 !y h (f]$ him a fea/3 8,gr&fa!r1 v5]able man1 ?y *ildr5 h made ?is fea/ = y3 may ! food ?us tak5 cause !m to live #agh & br+ !m good =tune40#agh4a ,! acc\nt ( ! ,si\x religion pres]ves a qua9t =m ( words :i* are us$ = ! riddance ( ! gho/1 to despat* ! s\l ( ! deceas$ to ! home ( ! dead3 8,y are go+ to ! animals1 y are go+ to y\r ance/ors1 y came hi!r f ! animals & y are go+ back ?i!r3 d n face ?is way aga93 :5 y g1 cont9ue walk+40#agh4b ,! tone ( ! words is k9d & consid]ate1 b au?oritative r ?an supplicatory1 & unlike ! =mula :i* ! same ,indians are report$ to use :5 pray+ to _! ance/ors = good wea!r or good hunt+1 8,spirits ( ! dead1 h m]cy on u40#agh4c ,c]ta9 pray]s us$ habitually by ! ,todas ( ! ,nalgiri hills = ! ?riv+ ( ! dairy & ! buffalo h]d h rec5tly be5 publi%$1#agh4d & z ! =mul are all #agi 9 ! optative mood--8,may x be well = ! buffaloes1 may !re be no de/roy]1 etc410 & !re is an appeal to div9e p]sonages or p[]s--8= ! sake ( su* or su* a god may ?is happ50--we may class !m z pray]s2 b ! appeal is v fa9t & ! =mul seem to be us$ z if !y possess$ a self-dep5d5t efficacy4 ,m int]e/+ & f]v5t is ! address to ! sun1 pr(f]$ by a solit>y hunt] ( ! half-*ri/ianis$ ,kek*i tribe ( ,indians3#agi4a 8 object is to secure game & food 9 ! wild]ness bo? = himself & z an oblation to ! god2 b 9 ! v long & impassion$ utt]ance1 ) its _m repetitions1 !re is v little direct entreaty3 ! ,indian cont5ts himself ) def9ite & reassur+ /atem5ts conc]n+ ! omnipres5ce ( ! deity & ! ease ) :i* ! latt] c execute 8 w3 8,x w give y no tr\ble to give me all k9d ( game02 & a mov+ #ahj appeal is made on ! gr\nd ( k9%ip3 8,?\ art my fa!r3 :o is my "m1 :o is my fa!r8 ,only ?\1 ,o ,god40 ,we may reg>d ^! utt]ances ( ! hunt] n inde$ z spells1 = 8 attitude is mo/ rev]5t & lov+1 b z pot5t /atem5t effect+ ! purpose ( pray]4 ,nor ne$ we see ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9 ! /rik+ phrase la/ quot$1 ?\gh ( c\rse ?is is possible2 su* ende>+ address is common bo? 9 ! l[] & high] liturgies3 ! ,egyptian appeal$ to ,isis 9 simil> t]ms#ahj4a--8,oh my fa!r1 my bro!r1 my "m ,isis10 ! ,babylonian address$ ,bel z fa!r & "m1#ahj4b & a ,v$ic hymn conta9s ! phrase1 8,?\1 oh ,agni1 art our fa!r1 we are ?y k9sm540#ahj4c ,su* appeals1 sugge/$ by ! affection betwe5 k9sm5 #aha & ! idea ( ! k9%ip ( man ) ,god1 belong to ! alphabet ( pure pray]4 ,( /ill m value = ! light x ?r[s on ! attitude ( ! ,indian's m9d to ! p[]s ( ! unse5 _w1 is ! s-call$ pray] ( a ,navajo ,%aman belong+ to ! di/rict ( ,arizona1 rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/2#aha4a & to und]/& x ! circum/ances mu/ be briefly /at$4 ,! ,%aman _h be5 tell+ ! ,am]ican inquir] ! /ory ( 8 tribe's desc5t ?r\gh ! l[] _w & _! re-em]g5ce3 aft] ! n>rative he fe>s t speak+ ab\t ! l[] regions may h caus$ 8 own spiritual or a/ral "p to h left 8 body & dep>t$ ?i!r2 & he !re=e proce$s to recite a long s-call$ pray] int5d$ to deliv] 8 s\l f ! wit*craft t may be deta9+ x bel[4 ,we %\ld n /rictly call x a pray] at all1 b a n>rative 9 ! indicative mood /at+ t ! w>-gods ( ! tribe are actually do+ :at he specially #ahb wants !m to d1 namely1 to g d[n & rescue 8 s\l f ! woman-*iefta91 8! und]gr\nd wit*40 ,e /ep ( _! way !re & back is c>efully rec\nt$ sev]al times ov]1 s t !y _c g wrong2 & :5 !y are suppos$ to h br\ght back 8 s\l1 ! recital ends ) ! joyful refra91 8,! _w be=e me is re/or$ 9 beauty3 my voice is re/or$ 9 beauty10 ea* phrase repeat$ five times4 ,x is really a spell-n>rative ab\t ! gods1 hav+ ! same effect z pray]1 & is a tw(old illu/ration ( ! primitive idea t talk+ ab\t a ?+ makes x happ52 an idea n :olly ext9ct among ourselves1 & possibly und]ly+ "s ( ! liturgies ( high] religions4 ,= ! re/1 savages (t5 pray v mu* z ! civilis$ man1 & accompany "s ( _! purifications & m$ic9e-magic ) real pray]s to high] gods to give !m efficacy3 = in/ance1 ! ,african doctor adm9i/]+ ! m$ic9e %[n him by #ahc ! feti* holds x fir/ up to heav5 & prays1 8,fa!r ,heav51 bless ?is m$ic9e t ,i n[ give40#ahc4a ,b ,i h n be5 able to f9d any example ( a savage pray] = moral or spiritual bless+s4 ,an int]e/+ feature is1 h[ev]1 obs]vable 9 a v]bose & v exact+ pray] made by ! ,khonds ( ,orissa to ! e>?-goddess2 aft] p>ticul>is+ v c>efully _! mat]ial wants1 !y conclude ) ! words1 8,we are ignorant ( :at x is good to ask =4 ,y "k :at is good = u1 give x u40#ahc4b ,?is appe>s to be a unique savage v]sion ( ! great phrase1 8,?y w be done40 ,turn+ n[ to ! liturgies ( ! m advanc$ peoples1#ahc4c we may note briefly at ! #ahd outset "o feature t is f\nd 9 mo/ ( !m if n common to all2 namely1 ! idea t ! pray] ga9s pot5cy f ! solemn utt]ance ( ! true div9e "n4 ,! ph5om5on has be5 exam9$ by rec5t writ]s on comp>ative religion1 especially by ,giesebre*t 9 8 treatise on ,die ,alt-te/am5tli*e ,s*tzung des ,gottesnam5s4#ahd4a ,9 primitive psy*ology1 ! "n is "p ( ! p]sonality1 & ! s\l or p[] ( ! individual inh]es 9 x3 !re=e he :o has ! "n ( ! p]son1 :e!r human1 sup]human1 or div9e1 c ex]cise a c]ta9 control ov] him by means ( its magical application4 ,?us 9 ! appeal to ! god ,ukko 9 ! ,kalevala1 8,ukko1 oh ?\ god 9 heav51 ,ukko come1 we call ^u !e1 ,ukko come1 we ne$ !e sorely10 !re is virtue 9 ! ?reefold repetition ( ! "n1 & ! passage is "p ( an address :i* is call$ 8magic words40 ,evid5ce f #ahe ,teutonic paganism1 s f> z ,i "k1 is lack+1 al?\gh ! idea has left its cle> impr9t on ! human saga4 ,its influ5ce is /ronge/ & its op]ation mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! liturgies ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ( ,india4 ,9 old ,latium1 x seems1 ! pontifices endeav\r$ to conceal ! true names ( ! gods1 le/ !y might be wrongly us$ by unau?oris$ p]sons#ahe4a or le/ ! enemy %\ld get ! k ( !m & !re) ! p[] to draw ! div9ities away4 ,we may ?us und]/& ! (t5 mis9t]pret$ /atem5t 9 ,h]odotus1 t ! ,pelasgian deities 7 nameless2 & ! ,greeks !mselves mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! ritual precaution ( keep+ secret ! div9e "n1 z we may ga!r f ! phrase 9 ! ,euripidean fragm5t#ahe4b ab\t ! enlight5$ man 8:o kn[s ! sil5t names ( ! gods03 x is curi\s to f9d exactly ! same expression 9 a ,v$ic hymn1#ahe4c #ahf 9 :i* ! sacrificial po/1 or tree to :i* ! sacrifices 7 atta*$1 is ?us address$3 8,:]e ?\ kn[e/1 oh tree1 ! sacr$ names ( ! gods1 to t place make ! (f]+s g40 ,x is possible t ! same sup]/ition may h be5 ! orig9al cause ( ! cu/om t has sometimes be5 obs]v$ ( sil5t or inaudible pray]3 ! =mul ) ! div9e "n atta*$ to !m be+ ( su* pot5cy t !y mu/ be conceal$4 ,! belief t ! "n belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! p]sonality expla9s ! curi\s =mula 9 ! ,umbrian pray] pres]v$ 9 ! ,tabul ,iguv91 :]e ! god ,grabovius is implor$ to be propiti\s to ! 8,arx ,fisia0 & to 8! "n ( ! ,arx ,fisia10 z if ! "n ( ! city 0 a liv+ & indep5d5t entity4 ,9 ! ,greek liturgies we note ! anxi\s c>e ) :i* p>ticul> qualify+ epi!ts 7 select$ & atta*$ to ! p]sonal "n ( ! div9ity1 s z to make cle> :at 0 ! precise op]ation ( div9e #ahg fav\r :i* ! pray] aim$ at evok+4 ,?is expla9s :y s _m div9ities1 "s ( :om 7 sc>cely kn[n outside a n>r[ area1 7 invok$ z 1 8?\ god ( _m names10 all possible titles ( p[] be+ summ$ up 9 "o ^w4 ,c]ta9 passages 9 ! poets become intelligible only 9 ! light ( ?is idea3 su* z ! well-kn[n phrase 9 ! *orus ( ! ,agamemnon ( s*ylus3#ahg4a 8,zeus1 :osoev] ! god is1 if ?is "n ( ,zeus is de> to him1 by ?is "n ,i n[ appeal to him40 ,! ?\ght & ! words ( ! ,v$ic poet are (t5 ! same z ! ,greek3 ,agni is 3 8,agni1 _m are ! names ( !e ! ,immortal "o02 & aga91 8,! fa!r ador+ gives _m names to !e1 oh ,agni1 if ?\ %\lde/ take pleasure !re940#ahg4b ,b x is 9 ,egypt1 ! l& ( magic1 :]e ! idea ( ! pot5cy ( ! div9e "n #ahh assumes dim5sions t are truly gigantic4 ,9 an e>ly metaphysical !ory ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 :i* 9 its h>moni\s self-contradiction rea*es q to ! level ( ,hegelian philosophy1 ! univ]se is said to h come into be+1 & ! fir/ god himself effects 8 own creation by ! utt]ance ( 8 own port5t\s "n3#ahh4a 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! "n4 ,x is said ( ! great god ,ra t 88 names are manifold & unkn[n1 ev5 ! gods "k !m n40 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ! goddess ,isis 0 desir\s ( kn[+ 8 real "n1 & hav+ discov]$ x by a ruse1 %e became mi/ress ov] him & all gods4#ahh4b ,9 c]ta9 ,egyptian papyri conta9+ ,abraxas pray]s1 we f9d ! pray] sometimes c\pl$ ) ! rem9d] t ! petition] kn[s ! div9e my/ic "n2#ahh4c ?us equipp$1 ! pray] is m ?an a m]e humble entreaty4 #ahi ,0 x f ,egypt t ! e>ly ,israelites d]iv$ ! same my/ic illusion conc]n+ ! div9e "n1 :i* to "s ( ! s*ol>s ( ! la/ g5]ation appe>$ to be a fai? peculi> to ! *os5 p8 ,at lea/ we are n[ enabl$1 by ! rec5t exposition ( ! facts1 to und]/& ! inn] =ce ( su* pray]s z ! ,psalmi/'s 8,save me1 oh ,god1 by ?y "n & judge me by ?y /r5g?03#ahi4a ( ,jahv's w>n+ to 8 p 9 ! ,exodus to obey ! angel :om he s5ds !m1 8,obey 8 voice''' = my ,"n is 9 him30#ahi4b ( ! oa? tak5 by ^? initiat$ into ! ,ess5ian sect n to reveal ! names ( ! angels3#ahi4c ( expressions 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t conc]n+ ! ca/+ out ( devils & ! heal+ ( ! sick 9 ! "n ( ,jesus3 f9ally1 ( ! significant baptismal phrase1 8to baptize into ! "n ( ,*ri/10#ahi4d :i* reveals ! "n z a religi\s pot5cy into :i* z into a #aij spiritual atmosph]e ! adult cate*um5 or ! initiat$ infant is br\ght4 ,& ^! facts ( old-_w religion & religi\s logic ca/ a new light on ! "n-=mul :i* close mo/ ( ! pray]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & :i* are words ( p[] to spe$ ! pray] home2 & ?\gh ! mod]n consci\sness may (t5 be unaw>e ( ?is my/ic function ( !irs1 we may believe t x 0 m cle>ly recognis$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 = 9 ! apocryphal acts ( ,/ ,john we f9d a long li/ ( my/ical names & titles atta*$ to ,*ri/ giv+ to ! pray] mu* ( ! tone ( an en*antm5t4#aij4a ,connect$ z x seems ) ?is sup]/ition ab\t names is ! belief t1 9 ord] to ga9 complete p[] ov] a human or div9e p]sonality1 x is necess>y to "k _! orig9 & to express :at "o kn[s ab\t !m 9 ! *>m3 ?us 9 ! ,kalevala ! "y magician is taught ! orig9 #aia ( ?+s 9 ord] t he may "k ! prop] en*antm5t aga9/ !m1 & a long acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( iron1 reg>d$ z a demoniac sub/ance1 occurs 9 ! ^w-magic us$ to cure ! w\nd x inflict$4 ,h5ce we may acc\nt = ! descriptive or1 s to speak1 biographical elem5t 9 *>ms t are on ! bord]l& ( pray]4 ,! exorcis] ( evil dreams 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a prays or s+s ?us3 8,we "k1 oh sleep1 ?y bir?2 ?\ art ! son ( ! div9e wom5-folk1 ! in/rum5t ( ,dea?4 ,?\ art ! end]1 ?\ art ,dea?4 ,?us d we "k !e1 oh sleep3 d ?\1 oh sleep1 protect u f evil dreams40#aia4a ,& 9 ! wor%ip ( ,agni ! belief is express$ t 8! pray]s fill !e ) p[] & /r5g!n !e10 & ?is is at once foll[$ by an acc\nt ( 8 nature & orig94#aia4b ,is x !n too f>-fet*$ to trace ! survival ( ?is old-_w #aib ?\ght1 root$ z x is 9 ! magic ( ! ^w & ! /atem5t1 9 ! prom95ce giv5 to ! dogmatic biographical /atem5t 9 our own liturgy8 ,we reg>d x z a confession ( fai?3 x may also be reg>d$ z an expression ( ! wor%ipp]'s k ( ! div9e p]sonality1 :]eby he raises himself into communion ) x & ?us ga9s p[] = 8 pray]4#aib4a ,consid]+ n[ 9 a m g5]al survey ! liturgies ( ! nations t h atta9$ culture1 we might beg9 ) our own fa!rs4 ,b s little t t\*es ! inn] life ( _! pre-,*ri/ian religion has be5 pres]v$1 t probably n mu* mat]ial = our pres5t purpose is to be discov]$ f ! records4 ,we "k t !y 7 giv5 to ! employm5t ( ! rune or ! spell1 ! rival or ! p>5t ( pray]2 & "o ( ^!1 us$ by ,od9 to heal ! spra9$ foot ( ,baldur's foal1 is p]haps #aic ! only surviv+ fragm5t ( ,indo-,g]manic poetry4#aic4a ,od9 s+s1 8,bone to bone1 blood to blood1 limb to limb1 z ?\gh !y 7 glu$ toge!r02 9 a lat] ,norwegian1 & also 9 a ,scotti% v]sion1 x is ,*ri/ :o heals ! foal ) ! same magic words1 /r5g!n$ h[ev] by ! =mula1 8,heal 9 ! ,holy ,gho/'s "n40 ,& ?is useful m$ic9e-*>m 0 n =gott5 by ! ,aryan ,indians1 = we f9d ! words 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 8,fit toge!r1 hair ) hair1 fit toge!r1 sk9 ) sk93 ?y blood1 ?y bone %all gr[40#aic4b ,nei!r god nor gho/ 0 ne$$ to help out ! =ce ( su* incantations4 ,b probably "s "t be=e ,*ri/ianity pray] _h come to prevail ov] spell 9 ! ,teutonic ,nor?1 = !re are traces !re ( a c]ta9 #aid antagonism gr[+ betwe5 magic & religion1 :i* l$ to ! condemnation ( c]ta9 =ms ( magic4#aid4a ,an int]e/+ "q arises ab\t a pray]-*>m us$ by ! e>ly ,engli% aga9/ /]ility ( ! fields3 8,hail be ?\1 ,e>?1 ,"m ( ,m51 wax f]tile 9 ! embrace ( ,god1 fulfill$ ) fruit = ! use ( man40#aid4b ,?is poetic utt]ance implies a v]itable 1 or holy m>riage ( e>? & heav5 9 ! ,greek s5se2 & rem9ds u vividly ( ! spell-=mula1 us$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies & desc5d+ f ! p]iod :5 ! purpose ( ^! 0 ma9ly agricultural1 1 8,ra9 & ,conceive10 :i* 0 utt]$ by ! my/es1 :o fold$ 8 arms & glanc$ up to ! sky at ! fir/ ^w & d[n to ! e>? at ! second3 a spell-pray] = f]tility & human increase4 ,x is probably !n correct #aie to call ?is phrase ( our ance/ors1 :i* is ! only surviv+ fragm5t1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ( _! pre-,*ri/ian liturgy1 a spell-pray] t 0 efficaci\s by way ( sugge/ion r ?an ( entreaty4 ,( ! same ambigu\s "* 0 ! old ,roman *ant ( ! prie/s ( ,m>s1 8,enos ,lases juvate10 8,help u1 ,o spirits ( our ance/ors10 repeat$ ) ! it]ation common 9 en*antm5ts & accompani$ ) danc+ & ) ! utt]ance ( ! ^w 8triumpe40 ,f ! high] po9t ( view ! ,roman pray]s t h come d[n to u are b>r5 & dull2 ! well-kn[n liturgical ar*ive conta9+ ,rome's address to ,jupit] 9 ! critical days ( ! ,hannibalic w> is a w>y & clev]ly drawn legal docum5t1 int5d$ to b9d ! god z well z ! ,/ate4#aie4a ,9 fact ! spiritual side ( ! old ,roman "* has left no trace ( itself 9 any ritual or liturgy ( :i* we h record4 ,! pray] ( #aif ,cato's t has be5 pres]v$ is m]ely mat]iali/ic4#aif4a ,we expect mu* m f ,greece1 & 9 "s measure we are n disappo9t$4 ,spell-ritual 0 no d\bt always mu* 9 vogue1 especially = ! purposes ( agriculture & purification3 we he> ( c]ta9 8magicians0 or ( ,cleonae :o av]t$ hail/orms ) incantations & ! %$d+ ( _! own blood4#aif4b ,& a solemn "p ( ! ,/ate liturgy 9 ,greece 0 a comm9ation s]vice1 :i* pron\nc$ a curse on c]ta9 (f5ces aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,! religi\s curse is an int]e/+ ph5om5on ( :i* x is n easy to give briefly a full & exact an?ropological acc\nt2 x is tak5 up by ! high] religions1 b x by no means orig9at$ 9 !m1 belong+ to ! sph]e ( spell r ?an ( pray]1 & work+ out its effect by means ( magic sugge/ion4 ,ev5 ! #aig ,jewi% s]vice1 :i* we /ill use on ,a% ,w$nesday1 employs curse-=mul 9 :i* !re is no imm$iate ref]5ce to ,god1 & !y may h be5 reg>d$ orig9ally z hav+ an indep5d5t efficacy4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case 9 ,greece1 = ! curse 0 itself p]sonifi$ z an indep5d5t1 p]sonal p[]2 & ! ,er9yes !mselves1 9 "s degree ! p]sonal embodim5ts ( ! curse1 "w _! effect on ! victim by s++ a spell-song1 accord+ to s*ylus1 :i* b9ds 8 s\l & )]s him away4#aig4a ,& ! _m private 8devotiones0 or 8dir0 t h come d[n to u f ,greek antiquity1 writt5 usually on lead5 tablets & consecrat+ ! enemy to ! p[]s ( ! l[] _w1 employ inde$ an appeal to ^! p[]s t may be int]pret$ z pray]1 b _! ess5tial quality is magical1 & !y c]ta9ly 7 suppos$ to op]ate z spells aga9/ ! individual1 :ile ev5 ! div9ities to :om !y are address$ appe> to be con/ra9$ #aih r ?an entreat$4 ,9 "o int]e/+ example ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 f\nd 9 g9a1#aih4a ( ,hell5ic-,*ri/ian or possibly ,judaic orig91 ! curse takes on ! =m ( a pray] = righte\s v5geance--8,i call on ! ,highe/ ,god1 ! ,"l ( all spirits & ( all fle%1 be=e :om e s\l ?is day is humbl$ ) supplication1 aga9/ ^? :o h trea*]\sly sla9 or poison$ ! un=tunate ,h]acleia40 ,9 ! ,greek legal proc$ure a curse 0 sometimes utt]$ aga9/ oneself if "o =swore oneself or if "o 0 guilty ( ! *>ge2 & "h z 9 simil> cases 9 ,*ri/ian jurisprud5ce ! curse is an invocation ( ! high god :o w puni% p]jury2 b we f9d x simil>ly employ$ 9 ! animi/ic /age ( religion1 by ! ,african = in/ance1 :o takes an oa? by 8 feti*1#aih4b 8,may ?is feti* slay me if ,i d n fulfil ! contract02 & 9 su* cases we mu/ reg>d ! curse z a spell work+ by #aii sugge/ion aga9/ oneself r ?an z a pray]4 ,be=e consid]+ ,greek pray] prop]1 we may note z a la/ example ( an ambigu\s =mula1 /&+ midway z x seems betwe5 spell & pray]1 ! /rik+ liturgical utt]ance ( ! old ,dodonan ritual1 employ$ = an agricultural s]vice3 ! prie/esses *ant$ ! refra9 9 two hexamet]s1 ! old metre ( religion1 8,god 01 ,god is1 ,god w be1 oh ,great ,god2 ! e>? br+s =? fruits1 !re=e call on "m e>?40#aii4a ,! resemblance ( ?is to ! e>ly ,engli% =mula quot$ above is /rik+ en\gh4 ,! fir/ l9e belongs to an elevat$ religion & seems f> remov$ f ! region ( magic2 b equally spiritual =mul conc]n+ ! nature & ! attributes ( ,god 7 us$ 9 ! ,z>a?u/rian & ,babylonian liturgies = magical purposes1 j z texts f ! ,bible & ,koran h be54 ,& ! second l9e employs ! same me?od z ! ,navajo #bjj ,%aman employ$1 = x /ates t ! div9ity is do+ t v ?+ :i* x is ! object ( ! liturgy to br+ ab\t4 ,! appeal to "m e>? :i* is enjo9$ may h be5 m]ely ! invocation ( h] "n1 a spell at lea/ z mu* z a pray]4 ,! same may be said ( ! o!r popul> refra9s *ant$ by ! husb&m5 ( anci5t ,greece to obta9 good crops or fair wea!r--8,give u big %eaves1 %eaves10 to ,demet]1#bjj4a or 8,come =?1 de> sun10 to ! sun-god4#bjj4b ,! public pray]s ( ,greece1 ^? actually us$ 9 ! temple-s]vice & ! (ficial liturgies1 h n be5 pres]v$1 & 9 ?is respect ! ,greek record is v b>r5 comp>$ ) ! ,babylonian1 ,v$ic1 or ,iranian4 ,b ?\gh ! actual =mul are lo/1 we c ga!r "s impression f ! inscriptions & o!r lit]>y s\rces z to ! objects ( pray]4 ,! ,a!nian /ate pray$1 8,= ! #bja heal? & safety ( ! p ( ! ,a!nians1 _! wives & *ildr5 & all 9 ! c\ntry10#bja4a & ! =mula might include a pray] = ! prosp]ity ( _! allies1 su* z ,milesians or ,platans4 ,b we h no indications t ! bless+s pray$ = includ$ o!rs besides ! mat]ial ones4 ,! ,lac$monians are comm5d$ by ,socrates#bja4b = refra9+ f specify+ any p>ticul> want1 ei!r 9 _! private or public pray]s1 b cont5t+ !mselves ) pray+ t ! gods %\ld grant !m 3 ! phrase has some?+ ( a g5u9e r+1 & is probably d]iv$ f a real liturgy1 b x is n absolutely precise2 x seems1 h[ev]1 to comprise spiritual bless+s z well z mat]ial1 & 9 ?is respect to be unique among ! public pray]s 9 ,greece1 if we d>e judge !m by ! scanty record4 ,probably ! =mul 7 v old & ! range ( aspiration usually n>r[2 & ! #bjb idea t moral advance c\ld be atta9$ by pray] is p]haps h>dly likely to h be5 reflect$ 9 !m2 yet we mu/ take note ( ! pla9tive "q put by ! ,corcyran /ate1 we>y ( civic /rife & massacre1 to ! ,dodonan oracle1 ask+1 8,to :at god or :at h]o %all we pray 9 ord] to obta9 concord1 & to gov]n our city fairly & well80#bjb4a & we f9d an educational (ficial ( ,cos1 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 pray+ 8= ! heal? & ! virtu\s behavi\r ( ! boys40#bjb4b ,we are bett] in=m$ conc]n+ ! /yle ( private pray] 9 ,greece1 z also conc]n+ ! !ory ( pray] t gradually comm5d$ itself to ! highe/ intellig5ces4 ,! av]age private man 0 c]ta9ly capable ( pray+ = bless+s o!r ?an mat]ial4 ,we h ! pray] ( a pott] ( ,metapontum1 ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 pray+ #bjc to ! god t he might 8h a good report among m540#bjc4a ,among ! pray]s conta9$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! fif? c5tury1 our int]e/ is arre/$ by su* utt]ances z ,p9d>'s1 8,may ,i walk1 oh ,god1 9 ! guileless pa?s ( life1 & leave beh9d me a fair "n = my *ildr502#bjc4b & aga91 8,oh ,god t br+e/ all ?+s to pass1 grant me ! _s ( rev]5ce = noble ?+s02#bjc4c & by ?is ( ,euripides1 8,may ! _s ( *a/ity abide ) me1 ! faire/ gift ( ,god40#bjc4d ,to ?is age may belong ! poetical fragm5t ( a banquet song--= ! ,greeks c\ld pray g5ially & s]i\sly 9 ! mid/ ( social int]c\rse--:i* mu/ h once _h mu* vogue3 8,oh ,pallas1 born ( wat]s1 ,que5 ,a!na1 maye/ ?\ & ?y fa!r keep ?is city & its citiz5s 9 prosp]ity1 free f sorr[1 civic discord1 & untimely dea?s40#bjc4e ,! pray]s ( ,x5ophon & ,plut>* may #bjd be tak5 z typical ( ! av]age e?ical feel+ ( _! respective p]iods3 ! =m] petitions = 8heal?1 bodily /r5g?1 good feel+ among fri5ds1 safety 9 w>1 & weal?02#bjd4a ! latt] = 8weal?1 concord1 righte\sness 9 ^w & de$40#bjd4b ,meantime ! philosoph]s f ,socrates onw>ds 7 insi/+ on ! m spiritual view ( pray]1 prea*+ t1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 no ne$ to p>ticul>ise "o's ne$s 9 "o's petitions to ,god1 = !re 0 dang] le/ "o %\ld pray = :at is injuri\s2 9 ! second place1 t pray] %\ld look only to ! spiritual1 n ! mat]ial life4 ,& we owe to ?is !ory "s /rik+ utt]ances t mu/ rank high 9 ! lit]ature ( e?ical religion3 su* z ! pray] ( ,socrates1 1 8,grant me to become noble ( he>t0#bjd4c2 ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 1 8,oh gods1 grant me t :i* ,i des]ve0#bjd4d2 ! long] poetic #bje =mula quot$ by ,plato1 8,k+ ,zeus1 grant u ! good :e!r we pray = x or n1 b evil keep f u ?\gh we pray = x0#bje4a3 & ) ^! we may comp>e ! dictum ( ,epictetus#bje4b3 8,9 pray+ to ! div9e p[]s ask = div9e ?+s1 ?+s free f fle%ly or e>?ly circum/ance40 ,o!r expressions ( ! ,/oic sect are equally /rik+ = ! _s ( f]v5t acquiesc5ce & resignation t inspires !m4 ,"h is ! pray] ( ,epictetus3 8,d ) me :at ?\ wilt3 my w is ?y w3 ,i appeal n aga9/ ?y judgm5ts0#bje4c2 & a poetic v]sion ( ?is has come d[n to u f e>li] /oicism--8,lead me1 ,o ,god1 & ,i w foll[1 will+ly if ,i am wise1 b if n will+ly ,i /ill mu/ foll[40 ,a pray] record$ 9 ! apocryphal ,acts ( ,/ ,?omas#bje4d seems almo/ an e*o ( ^!3 8,i g :i!r ,?\ wilt1 oh ,jesus3 ,?y w be done40 ,:5 ! be/ ?\ght ( ! age _h #bjf rea*$ to su* a po9t ( spiritual ab/raction1 x 0 natural t ! same "q %\ld arise z arose among ! m philosophic adh]5ts ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r special pray]s 7 ju/ifiable at all4 ,x seems t at "s p]iod ! ,py?agorean s*ool 7 incl9$ to =bid pray] altoge!r1#bjf4a = ! reason t ,god knew bett] h[ to give ?an man knew h[ to ask2 b ! lat] ,neo-,platonism discov]$ an ideal raison-d'tre = ! practice1 on ! gr\nd t x rais$ ! m9d to direct communion & conv]se ) ,god2 & ?is view is develop$ at great l5g? by ,proclus4#bjf4b ,?is sket* ( ! ,greek ph5om5a t belong to our subject may close ) an example ( t p]f]vid my/icism t m>ks ! liturgies ( late/ paganism3 ! #bjg foll[+ is ! close ( a long address to ,asclepios--an ,hell5ic deity attract$ "h into ! ,egyptian circle--f\nd 9 ! treatise call$ ,asclepios1 attribut$ to ,apuleius3#bjg4a 8,we rejoice 9 ?y div9e salvation1 because ?\ ha/ %[n ?yself :olly to u3 we rejoice t ?\ ha/ deign$ to consecrate u to et]nity1 :ile we are /ill 9 ^! mortal bodies4 ,we h kn[n !e1 oh true life ( ! life ( man4''' ,ador+ ?y goodness1 we make ?is our only pray]''' t ?\ w\ld/ be will+ to keep u all our lives 9 ! love ( ?y k40 ,portions at lea/ ( ?is pray]1 :i* 0 ! prelude to a communion supp]1 w\ld n surprise u if we f\nd x 9 a ,*ri/ian liturgy4#bjg4b #bjh ,x w be conv5i5t next to glance at ! records ( ! o!r great bran*es ( ! anci5t ,aryan _w1 ! ,v$ic ,indians & ! ,iranians4 ,"o does n read long 9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india )\t atta9+ ! conviction t ! highe/ religion ( ! ,v$as 0 deeply p5etrat$ ) sac]dotal magic2 :i* 0 s f> f los+ its hold 9 ! lat] p]iod t x imprison$ ! religi\s ?\ght1 & ! lat] ,brahmanism 0 capable ( ! belief t )\t ! spell ( ! sacrifice ! sun c\ld n run 8 c\rse 9 heav54 ,& ! recital ( spells =ms a great "p ( ! ,v$ic ritual4 ,?us ! hymns say ( ! fire-god ,agni1 8,! ?\ghtful m5 f9d ,agni :5 !y h recit$ ! spells02 & ! gods !mselves1 l ! ,norse div9ities1 "w by spells3 8,agni upholds ! sky by 8 efficaci\s spells40#bjh4a ,yet ! e>ly record gives u also copi\s illu/ration ( real pray]1 & occasionally ( a v exalt$ tone4 ,x is true1 z we %\ld expect1 #bji t mat]ial & temporal advantages are by f> ! pr$om9ant objects ( ! petition3 ! head ( ! h\sehold prays = weal?1 (fspr+1 victory 9 battle or ! races2 ) r>e exceptions1 ! pray]s are p]sonal & private r ?an political1 & are ?us 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! ,hell5ic2 yet we h a few t are evid5tly pr(f]$ = ! community1#bji4a & at times ! deity is petition$ to grant an abundant supply ( valiant m54 ,b ev5 9 ! few pray]s t reflect ! political life ( ! ,/ate1 ! individuali/ic _s is apt to appe>4 ,we h a curi\s example ( a petition to ,indra to make a man p[]ful 9 ! political assembly3 8,9 ?is entire ga!r+ r5d]1 ,o ,indra1 me successful10 & ?is is comb9$ ) a nave spell :]eby ! politician endeav\rs to mesm]ise ! :ole meet+3 he names ! assembly--z our ,speak] might "n a recalcitrant memb]--8,we "k ?y "n1 #baj oh assembly4''' ,( !m t are sitt+ toge!r ,i take to myself ! p[] & ! und]/&+03 & aga91 8,) my m9d d ,i seize y\r m9ds40#baj4a ,b ev5 :5 ! pray] is p]sonal & mat]iali/ic a real f]v\r & a g5ial poetic fre%ness is (t5 to be f\nd4 ,"h is a beautiful prelude to a pray] = long life pr(f]$ to ! anci5t heav5-god3 8,_m dawns h n yet dawn$3 grant me to live 9 !m1 ,o ,v>una40 ,& (t5 ! wor%ipp] rises above m]e mat]ial aspirations1 z 9 su* appeals to ,agni z ! foll[+3 8,may we be well-do]s be=e ! gods40#baj4b 8,give u n up1 oh ,agni1 to want ( ?\ght40#baj4c 8,maye/ ?\ be/[ spl5d\r1 r5[n1 & 7wise7 m9d ^u su* mortals z satisfy !e ) refre%m5t1 oh ,agni40#baj4d 8,drive f> f u s5selessness & angui%3 drive f> all ill-w f :om ?\ att5de/40#baj4e #baa ,at times also ! hymns reveal a deep consci\sness ( s9 & a desire = div9e =giv5ess4 8,?r\gh want ( /r5g?1 ?\ /rong & bright god1 h ,i gone a/ray4 ,h m]cy1 ,almighty1 h m]cy60#baa4a 8,agni1 drive away f u s91 :i* leads u a/ray40#baa4b 8,by ! e>?'s greatness1 oh ,agni1 =give u ev5 committ$ s91 t we may be great40#baa4c 8,:atev] s9 we h committ$ aga9/ !e 9 ?\ghtlessness1 m5 z we are1 make ?\ u s9less be=e ,aditi40#baa4d ,yet we may suspect t ! t]m s9 is n always us$ 9 ^! pray]s 9 its mod]n e?ical s5se1 n = in/ance 9 ! pray]1 8,f ! s9s :i* kn[+ly or unkn[+ly we h committ$1 d ye1 all gods1 ( "o accord release u02#baa4e & ! primitive concept on :i* ! old magic ( s9-transf]5ce 0 bas$ survives 9 su* passages z ! foll[+3 #bab 8,pass f> away1 oh s9 ( ! m9d3 :y do/ ?\ utt] ?+s n to be utt]$8 ,pass away1 ,i love !e n3 to ! trees & ! =e/s g on60#bab4a 8,ent] into ! rays1 into smoke1 oh s92 g into ! vap\rs1 & into ! fog40#bab4b ,! context discloses only an indirect appeal to a p]sonal deity1 ?\gh ! t]m s9 9 ! =m] passage is cle>ly appli$ to :at we %\ld call moral (f5ces4 ,9 ! ,v$ic ritual1 !n1 we f9d a pure & spiritual =m ( pray]2 yet a c]ta9 spell-p[] may atta* ev5 to ! highe/ types1 = we f9d n infrequ5tly ! conception t n only ! p[] ( ! wor%ipp] b ! p[] ( ! deity also is n\ri%$ & /r5g!n$ by pray]2#bab4c & ! pray] itself is usually accompani$ by a pot5t act4 ,) ?is aspect ( ,v$ic pray]s we may associate #bac ! fact t ,agni1 ! fire-god1 appe>s z ! *ief div9ity to :om !y are address$2 = 8 ritual is purificatory1 & ! pray]s are ?us bas$ on a liturgy ( purification :i* /imulates ! m5tal or spiritual =ce ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,we may n[ turn to ano!r great ,aryan /ock1 ! ,iranian1 ^: e>li] religion culm9at$ 9 ! ,z>a?u/rian sy/em4 ,! relation ( spell to pray] is1 on ! :ole1 ! same 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a z we f9d x 9 ! ,v$ic hymns1 a real spell c accompany a real pray]1 & ! text ( ! pray] itself becomes a mo/ pot5t *>m4 ,! 8sac]dotal0 physician1 :o1 z we h se51 occupi$ a high] rank 9 ! ,z>a?u/rian e/imate ?an ! sci5tific practition]1 (f]s fir/ a g5u9e pray] to ,ahura-,mazda = spiritual /r5g? to deal ) ! disease--8,give u1 ,ahura1 t p[]ful sov]eignty by ! /r5g? ( :i* we may smite d[n ! drug 7! demon740 ,fraught ) ?is mesm]ic p[] he !n directs 8 spell #bad aga9/ ! sickness-demon3 8,to !e1 oh ,sickness1 ,i say--,avaunt6 ,to !e1 oh ,dea?1 ,i say--,avaunt60#bad4a ,& 9 ! ritual ( purification1 :i* closely resembles ! sy/em ( !rapeutics1 ! =mul ( pray]s ( ! mo/ exalt$ type 9 ! sacr$ books are us$1 n z pray]s1 b z ca?>tic spells4#bad4b ,x is n h>d to disc]n ! /eps t lead f ?is grade ( ?\ght to ! highe/ at :i* ! religi\s speculation ( ! ,z>a?u/rian arriv$4 ,! utt]$ ,^w ( ,god is giv5 a sup]natural cosmic =ce2 & ! prophet pron\nces t ?is utt]ance ( ! 8,holy ,^w is ( su* a nature t if all ! corporeal & liv+ _w %\ld le>n x1 & le>n+ hold fa/ to x1 !y %\ld be r$eem$ f _! mortality40#bad4c ,& we c und]/& :y a l>ge "p ( ! ,z>a?u/rian liturgy %\ld be devot$ to ! recital ( =mul :i* are /atem5ts ( ! #bae ,mazdean fai?4 ,be=e ris+ 9 ! morn+ & retir+ at night1 ! pi\s ,p]sian 0 recomm5d$ to say1 8,all good ?\ghts1 all good words1 all good de$s ,i d will+ly3 all evil ?\ghts1 all evil words1 all evil de$s ,i d unwill+ly40#bae4a ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) our own cre$ ! foll[+ ,mazdean confession3 8,i confess myself a ,mazdayasnian ( ,z>a?u/ra's ord]3 ,i celebrate my praises = good ?\ghts1 good words1 & good de$s4''' ,) *ant+ praises ,i pres5t all good ?\ghts1 good words1 & good de$s1 & ) rejection ,i repudiate all evil ?\ghts & words & de$s4 ,"h ,i give to y1 oh ye ,b\ntiful ,immortals1 sacrifice & homage ) ! m9d1#bae4b ) words1 de$s1 & my entire p]son1 yea1 ,i (f] to y ! fle% ( my v body40#bae4c ,! =mul ( confession1 z well z o!r p>ts ( ?is liturgy1 are p5etrat$ ) ! idea ( a moral-!ological #baf dualism to :i* our ,*ri/ian !ology has be5 indirectly deeply indebt$4 ,! ,mazdean proclaims 8 dete/ation ( ! ,daevas1 & ( ,angra-,ma9yu1 ! evil god4 8,taught by ,ahura1 ,i drive away ,angra-,ma9yu f ?is h\se1 ?is bor\gh02 su* words are 8victori\s1 mo/ heal+10#baf4a & c\ld be us$ z ! recitation ( our cre$ & pat]no/] h be5 us$1 z v]itable spells aga9/ ! evil p[] or demon4 ,b 9 comp>+ ! spell-pray]s ( ! ,p]sian ) ! ,v$ic1 we are /ruck ) ! sup]iority ( ! =m] liturgy 9 "o respect1 t "h ! spell is only br\ght to be> on ! demon1 n on ! highe/ god2 ! pray] increases ! spiritual =ce ( ! wor%ipp] b does n con/ra9 ,ahura4 ,& ! ,iranian pray]s appe> to rise above ! ,v$ic 9 ! en?usiasm ( ! idea ( righte\sness t p]vades !m1 & 9 ! conviction t ! believ] c aid ,ahura-,mazda 9 ! cont9ual /ruggle aga9/ ! #bag p[] ( evil & 9 help+ t[>ds ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! righte\s k+dom4 ,he prays t1 8,?r\gh ! good ?\ght & ! hol9ess ( him :o (f]s !e ! due me$ ( praise ?\ maye/1 oh ,"l1 make ! _w ( ,resurrection appe> at ?y w1 "u ?y sov]eign rule40#bag4a 8,may we be su* z ^? :o br+ on ?is great ,r5ovation40#bag4b 8,may we help to br+ on ! good gov]nm5t ( ,ahura1 :i* is ! be/ = u at e pres5t h\r40#bag4c 8,be righte\sness life-/rong & clo!d ) body4 ,9 t realm :i* %9es ) spl5d\r z ! sun1 let piety be pres5t1 & may %e1 ?r\gh ! indwell+ ( ?y good m9d1 give u bless+s 9 rew>d = de$s40#bag4d ,9 fact ! great] numb] ( ! pray]s are /rik+ly spiritual1 & = spiritual1 n mat]ial bless+s4 ,! prophet asks ,ahura1 8,h[ man may become mo/ l unto !e80#bag4e & prays = 8aids ( grace1 besee*+ :at 9 accordance ) #bah ?y wi%$-= aim is be/40#bah4a ,& ! pray] is sometimes direct$ to ab/ract moral p[]s1 emanations ( ,ahura3 8,if ! ,mazda-,ahura & ,righte\sness & ,pi\s ,concord be invokable1 ,i implore ?r\gh ! good m9d a k+dom = myself1 ?r\gh ^: increase we may conqu] ! ,lie40 ,! k+dom is "h ! 8,desirable ,k+dom ( ,righte\sness40#bah4b ,c]ta9ly ! ,mazdean k+dom 0 n ( ?is _w1 & ! ,z>a?u/rian religion is "o ( ! lea/ mat]iali/ic t ! _w has kn[n2 its *ief moral weakness be+1 z we h se51 its bondage to rituali/ic purity4 ,we may note 9 conclusion1 z %[+ ! cont9uity ( ! national _s1 ! pron\ncem5t ( a ,p]sian ,*ri/ian1 ,bi%op ,aphrahat ( ,ea/ ,syria1 t ! only valid object ( pray] 0 purity ( he>t4#bah4c ,_m ( ! ph5om5a t we h be5 not+ among ! ,aryan races confront u #bai aga9 :5 we turn to ! ,*aldan-,babylonian liturgies4 ,"h also !re appe>s no real antagonism betwe5 spell & pray]1 magic & religion4#bai4a ,spell-=mul are us$ & accompani$ ) a ritual ( purification to drive out ! evil spirits ( sickness2 & ! highe/ hymns conta9+ real pray]s c be employ$ z texts = magic purposes2 ev5 ! gods !mselves "w by magic1 & ,m>duk himself is invok$ z ! ar*-magician4#bai4b ,& ! idea t ! pray] c\ld 9 "s s5se ex]cise compulsion on ! god appe>s 9 an anecdote told by ,porphyry ab\t a ,*aldan :o 0 an exp]t 9 8purifications ( ! s\l3 b f\nd 8 ef=ts ?w>t$ because ano!r man :o 0 p[]ful 9 ! same art _h1 by means ( my/ic pray]s1 b\nd ov] ! p[]s he _h invok$ n to grant 8 dem&s40#bai4c ,yet by ! side ( all ?is we f9d (t5 an exalt$ #bbj type ( pray]1 ) spiritual & f]v5t expressions ( homage2 & ! religi\s law t 8pray] absolves f s90 is giv5 z "p ( ,m>duk's revelation to man4#bbj4a ,a l>ge numb] ( ! records conta9 ! liturgies us$ by ! k+s1 & :ile victory1 heal?1 & long life1 ! p]man5ce ( ! dyna/y are ! m usual objects ( ! petition1 ! deep] e?ical tone is (t5 he>d4 ,! foll[+ are a few examples ( ! high] aspirations ( ! ,babylonian religion4 ,! f\nd] ( ! new ,babylonian k+dom has record$ 8 convictions = ! guidance ( 8 successor3 8,m>duk sees ?r\gh ! lips1 sees ! he>t3 he :o keeps true to ,bel & ! son ( ,bel w la/ = ev]40#bbj4b ,"o ( ! greate/ pray]s 9 ?is or any o!r liturgical collection is t :i* ,nebukadnez> made to ,m>duk on 8 accession3#bbj4c 8,oh ,et]nal ,rul]1 ,"l ( ,all''' lead ! ,k+ by ! "r way''' ,i am''' ! "w ( ?y h&3 #bba aft] ?y great m]cy :i* ?\ %[e/ to all1 oh ,"l1 grant t ?y high maje/y may %[ compassion ^u me3 set 9 my he>t ! fe> ( ?y ,godhead3 grant me :at ?\ deeme/ be/3 = ?\ x is t ha/ creat$ my life40 ,?is is sc>cely ! ,nebukadnez> :om we once ?\ght we knew4 ,!re is also a pa!tic int]e/ atta*+ to ! pray] ( ,nabonn$os to ! god ,s*amas* = 8 son ,belsaz>3#bba4a 8,prolong ! days ( ,belsaz>1 my fir/-born son--may he commit no s940 ,! k+ ,nabonn$os prays also to ,m>duk3 8,may ,i rule z k+ accord+ to ?y wi%''' let me n 9 my pride lose k ( !e1 = x is ?\ t ha/ *os5 me out40#bba4b ,! foll[+ phrases 9 a pray] to ,m>duk ( an unkn[n rul] are /ill m /rik+3 8,oh ,m>duk1 great ,"l''' let me behold ?y ,godhead1 let me atta9 my he>t's desire3 set righte\sness on my lips & grace 9 my he>t40#bba4c #bbb ,among ! attributes ( ! gods !re is a f]v5t recognition ( _! m]cy & compassionat5ess3 ,m>duk is 8! god full ( m]cy1 :o loves to quick5 t :i* is dead02#bbb4a & ,is*t>1 ! goddess1 is invok$ z 8! help] ( ! oppress$1 oh ?\ end[$ ) maje/y2 ?\ :o raise/ ! fall5 & exalte/ ! trodd5 "u foot40#bbb4b ,& ! same idea reappe>s 9 a hymn to ano!r goddess ( l "* ) ,is*t>1 9 :i* we cat* ! tones ( a high religi\s poetry ( homage3#bbb4c 8,oh /rong & maje/ic1 highe/ ( ! goddesses1 radiant />''' /ronge/ ( ! goddesses ^: robe is ! light3 ?\ :o do/ c\rse ?r\gh heav5 & engirdle ! e>?''' deal+ puni%m5t & plead+ = m51 rew>d+ ! j1 lead+ ! w&]]1 ov]?r[+ ! enemy :o fe>e? n ?y ,godhead1 protect+ ! captive1 tak+ ! weak by ! h&--be #bbc graci\s unto ?y s]vant1 :o calls ^u ?y "n ) grace40 ,?is brief illu/rative selection may close ) ! quotation ( a pray] or hymn ( praise to ,m>duk1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable among ^? t h z yet be5 translat$3#bbc4a 8,! ,"l1 pe]less 9 might1 ! ,k+ ( grace1 ! ,rul] ( ! l&s1 t br+e? peace 9 heav51 t ?r\gh 8 glance ov]?r[e? ! mighty4 ,"l1 ?y seat is ,babylon1 ?y cr[n ,borsippa4 ,?y ?\ght1 oh ,"l1 passe? ov] ! wide heav5s1 & ) ?9e eyes ?\ beholde/ ! affliction ( m51 ?r\gh ! ang] ( ?y c\nt5ance ?\ spreade/ lam5tation1 & ?\ take/ him captive :o reg>de? !e n & sette? himself up aga9/ !e4 ,?r\gh ?y graci\s c\nt5ance ?\ %[e/ m5 fav\r1 ?\ lette/ !m see ! light & !y proclaim ?y ,righte\sness4 ,oh ,"l ( ! l&s1 ,light ( ,izizi1 ?\ :o proclaime/ grace1 :o is x ^: #bbd m\? do? n tell ( ?y ,righte\sness1 :o do? n praise ?y maje/y1 & glorify ?y lord%ip8''' ,look d[n ^u ! h&s rais$ 9 pray] to !e4 ,grant fav\r to ?y city ,babylon''' & turn ?y c\nt5ance ^u ?y h\se1 & give help to ! sons ( ,babylon & all ?y p40 ,) all _! spells & _! magic1 ! high] m9ds ( ! ,babylonians knew h[ to pray1 & ! f]v5t & exalt$ tones ( su* liturgies rem9d u ( ! religi\s poetry ( ,israel4 ,& x is int]e/+ to note t among ! few deities ( ,babylon ^: ideal rea*$ to su* a po9t ( e?ical developm5t1 ! moon-god ,s9 appe>s1 :o gave 8 "n to ,s9ai1 & :o has be5 ?\ght by "s to h _h "s orig9al aff9ity ) ! ,god ( ,israel4#bbd4a ,z reg>ds ! liturgies ( ,egypt1 s f> z ,i h be5 able ) v limit$ opportunities to exam9e !m1 ! sup]/ition ( ! spell lay s heavy on ! ,egyptian m9d1 #bbe t pray] does n seem able to extricate itself f its prepossession4 ,n only d ! deities "w by means ( spells & ! magic ( _! names1 b ! wor%ipp] uses ! same means to "w ^u !m2 & ! pray] t accompanies ! spell seems usually to sav\r ( self-confid5ce & comm&4 ,at lea/ ?is is ! impression "o ga!rs f :at is publi%$ conc]n+ ! ,book ( ! ,dead & ! ritual practis$ to secure ! happ9ess ( ! deceas$4 ,by utt]ance ( words ( en*antm5t ov] pictures1 ! s\l ( ! dead becomes div9e4#bbe4a ,! magic ^w helps to transf] ! p[] ( ! deity into ! feti*1 & ?is ) ! ^w writt5 ^u x is plac$ on ! body ( ! dead3 = in/ance1 an amulet ) ! words1 8,may ! blood ( ,isis''' & ! ^w ( p[] ( ,isis be mighty to protect ?is mighty "o02#bbe4b a t]ra-cotta lamp ( ! ,greco-,roman p]iod1 c>v$ ) ! symbol #bbf ( ! frog-head$ goddess ,heqt1 & be>+ ! words1 8,i am ! ,resurrection40#bbf4a ,on an object plac$ "u ! head ( ! deceas$ to ma9ta9 ! w>m? ( ! body1 we f9d ! foll[+ words1 suppos$ to be address$ by ! _s to ,am53#bbf4b 8,i am a p]fect _s among ! companions ( ,ra1 & ,i h gone 9 & come =? among ! p]fect s\ls''' grant ?\ unto me ! ?+s :i* my body ne$e?1 & heav5 = my s\l & a hidd5 place = my mummy40 8,may ! god :o himself is hidd5 & ^: face is conceal$1 :o %9e? ^u ! _w 9 8 =ms ( exi/5ce & 9 ! und]world1 grant t my s\l may live = ev]40#bbf4c ,"h we h ! /atem5t ( a conviction t ga9s its assurance f magic1 foll[$ by pray]4 ,x seems t ! ,egyptian pray$ to ! gods1 z if by su* pray] he might ga9 immortality1 b t he tru/$ equally to #bbg magical means1 to pictures & words ( p[] f ! sacr$ texts1 & employ$ at once ! me?ods ( religion & ( en*antm5t4#bbg4a ,look+ at ! ,*ri/ian religion1 we %\ld f9d x h>d to give a succ9ct & accurate acc\nt ( ^! ph5om5a 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( its hi/ory4 ,we may be able to set =? ! !ories & ritual-practices ( ! v>i\s *ur*es & comp>e !m ) :at we f9d else:]e2 b x is m difficult to analyse accurately ! religi\s psy*ology1 ! ?\ght & feel+ :i* accompanies ! ritual3 ! quality ( ! m5tal /ate w\ld dep5d p>tly on ! ance/ral conditions & ! /r5g? ( ! ance/ral in/9cts ( ! individual4 ,& ! tea*+ ( ! mo/ spiritual ,*ri/ian philosophy has n be5 able to prev5t "s t\*es ( ! old-_w magic f contam9at+ ! wor%ip4 ,! !ory ( ! lead+ ?9k]s among ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs agre$1 z we h se51 ) ! #bbh pron\ncem5t ( lat] ,greek philosophy4 ,bo? = ,clem5s1 :o gives u ! e>lie/ !ory ( ,*ri/ian pray]1 )\t f9d+1 h[ev]1 a cle> logical sy/em1 & = ,orig51 ! f9al ju/ification ( pray] 0 communion ) ,god1 1#bbh4a 4#bbh4b ,& ,clem5s ma9ta9s t ! true gno/ic1 he :o has ! true k ( ,god1 8works himself ) ,god 9 8 pray] s z to atta9 p]fection40#bbh4c ,! gno/ic ( ,clem5s1 !n1 is n purely petition>y 9 8 pray]2 by 8 spontane\s self-projection he contributes some?+ himself to ! atta9m5t ( ! end he prays =2 &1 z ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ above1 we may disc]n 9 ?is !ory ! meet+-po9t ( ! m primitive & ! m exalt$ religi\s views4 ,meantime ! actual h]etic sect ( ! gno/ics 7 apply+ mu* ( ! old magic #bbi "u new names & new texts1 & did n ev5 c>e to disc>d :olly ! old spell-nom5clature4#bbi4a ,& ev5 9 ! or?odox *ur*es1 z we h se51 ! my/ic p[] & liturgical use ( ! "n has cont9u$1 be+ ! inh]itance ( a diff]5t religi\s _w f t ) :i* we are famili> or ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,we may also legitimately comp>e _m ( ! ritual acts :i* accompany pray]1 = in/ance 9 ! e>li] & lat] ,roman ,*ur*1 ) ! sugge/ive or mimetic religi\s actions ( less advanc$ cults4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples t may be quot$ is ! description ( ! bless+ ( ! baptismal wat] on ! eve ( ! ,epiphany1 a cu/om preval5t 9 ! e>li] ,*ur* ( ,rome3#bbi4b ! prie/1 :ile pray+ to ,god to sanctify ! wat]1 dipp$ a crucifix ?rice into x1 recall+ 9 8 pray] ! miracle describ$ 9 ,exodus1 ! sweet5+ ( ! bitt] wat] ) wood2 !n #bcj foll[$ antiphonal s++ describ+ ,*ri/'s baptism 9 ,jordan1 :i* sanctifi$ ! wat]4 ,we appe> to h "h a comb9ation ( ! great typical =ms ( ! immemorial religi\s en]gy1 pray] pure & simple1 ! pot5t use ( ! spiritually *>g$ object1 ! feti* 79 ?is case ! crucifix71 & an inton$ or *ant$ n>rative :i* has ! spell-value ( sugge/ion4#bcj4a ,:at ma9ta9$ ! use ( ! spell-pray] 9 full vig\r ?r\gh\t ! e>li] & m$ieval epo*s ( ,*ri/5dom1 ev5 9 ! or?odox ritual1 0 *iefly ! practice ( exorcism & ! belief 9 demons & demoniac possession2 & ! legal in/itution ( ! ordeal contribut$ also to its ma9t5ance4 ,z mod]n society has ab&on$ su* in/itutions1 & ! mod]n m9d is no long] possess$ ) demonology1 s 9 ! mod]n wor%ip pray] has become m & m purifi$ f ! associations ( ! spell2 ! traces t rema9 ( ! latt] are #bca fa9t & usually un9telligible to ! mod]n wor%ipp]4 ,& on ! o!r side !re is a progressive t5d5cy beg9n+ to be felt1 mak+ = a re=m ( our liturgy 9 respect ( ! objects = :i* pray] %\ld be pr(f]$4 ,b 9 ?is respect1 z ! comp>ison has %[n1 we _c be said to h advanc$ z yet beyond _m ( ! old-_w religions4 ,! special subjects ( ^! la/ two lectures1 ! hi/ory ( purification & pray]1 h only be5 pres5t$ 9 an inadequate sket*4 ,! full & exhau/ive treatm5t ( ei!r w\ld s]viceably fill a gap 9 ! libr>y ( comp>ative religion4 ,b !y h s]v$ my pres5t purpose1 if !y h be5 able to illu/rate & to "s ext5t te/ ! value ( ! comp>ative /udy ( ! v>i\s !ologies ( mank9d4 ,! ,end ,,index ,aion1 #cf1 #cg4 ,an?ropology1 value (1 #e3 occasional defects 9 its me?od ( treat+ religi\s problems1 #ab-ag3 sugge/$ improvem5ts 9 me?od1 #ag-bc4 ,apo/olic succession1 #di-ej4 ,babylonian spells & pray]s1 #bah-bbd4 ,baptism1 a ca?>tic ritual1 #aef-aeh3 ( infants1 #ef-eg4 ,buddhism1 ideas conc]n+ purity1 #ajg4 ,celibacy ( prie/hood1 #aed-aef4 ,*ri/ianity1 comp>ison ) e>li] 8,m$it]ranean0 religions 9 my?ology1 #be-cj2 9 t]m9ology1 #cj-ci2 ext]nal symbols1 #ci-dh2 in/itutions & organisation1 #dh-eh2 9 dogma & belief1 #ei-ge3 vide ,pray]4 ,collid]iani1 #gb4 ,comp>ative religion1 me?od ( /udy1 #ha-he3 %ort survey ( its gr[?1 #a-f4 ,confession1 #ed-ef1 #aeh-afj4 ,curs+-ritual1 a =m ( spell1 #aif-aih4 ,es*atological beliefs1 #fc-fd4 ,fa/+1 a ca?>tic ritual1 #aec-aed4 ,fe/ivals1 influ5ce ( pagan on ,*ri/ian1 #eh4 ,feti*ism1 #dd-dg3 9 ,hellas1 #dd-de3 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #de-dg4 ,hell5ism1 influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity1 #bc4 ,h]o-wor%ip1 #ge-gf4 ,hil>ia1 #fb4 ,homicide1 ca?>tic orig9 ( law conc]n+1 #adj-aeb4 ,human inc>nation ( div9ity1 #ei-fj4 #bcc ,human sacrifice1 leg5ds conc]n+1 #bg-bh4 ,idolatry1 #dj-dd4 ,indo-,g]manic spell1 #aic4 ,is*t>1 leg5d (1 #bi4 ,kalevala1 #ahd1 #aia4 ,kore1 #cc3 gno/ic-pagan wor%ip (1 #cd-ce1 #fe4 ,m>iolatry1 #fe1 #fi1 #gb4 ,mexican religion1 #c4 ,montanism1 #fg4 ,"m ( ,god1 #ch1 #ff4 ,names1 religi\s influ5ce (1 #cb1 #ahd-aib4 ,p>!nos1 #cg-ch3 cf4 #fe1 #fi1 #gj4 ,p]uvian religion1 #c4 ,phrygian religion1 #bd1 #fb1 #ff-fh4 ,pray] 7vide ,spell7 def9ition (1 #afe3 di/9ction betwe5 pray] & spell1 #afg-afi3 antagonism betwe5 !m1 #aic-aid3 objects ( pray]1 progress f mat]ial to spiritual1 #agc-agd3 pray] a =m ( communion ) ! deity1 #agd3 ,*ri/ian !ory ( pray]1 #bbg-bbh3 survival ( spell 9 ,*ri/ian liturgy1 #bbh-bcj3 ,egyptian pray]1 #ahh2 dom9at$ by spell1 #bbd-bbg3 ,engli%1 e>lie/ example ( spell-pray]1 #aid3 ,eleus9ian spell-pray]1 #aid3 ,hell5ic pray]1 #ahg1 #bjj-bje1 #bjg2 ,hell5ic spells1 #aif2 spell pray]1 #aii-bjj2 !ory ( pray] 9 ,hell5ic philosophy1 #bjf3 ,iranian liturgical magic1 #aii2 pray]s & spells 9 ,z>a?u/rian ritual1 #bac-bah3 ,lat9 pray]1 #ahe3 ,roman spell-pray]1 #aie3 ,p]uvian pray]1 #ahc n4 #c3 savage examples ( real pray]1 #ahb-ahc3 ,umbrian pray]1 #ahf3 ,v$ic spell-=mul comb9$ ) pray]1 #bjh-bac4 ,purification3 primitive ideas conc]n+ pure & impure sub/ances1 #hi-ia3 analysis ( primitive s5sation ( impurity1 #ib-ih3 purification aft] battle1 #id2 aft] fun]als1 #if3 logical developm5t ( idea ( purity1 #ih-aja3 psy*ological effect ( impure contact1 #ajb-ajc3 purity connect$ ) belief 9 spirits1 #ajc-ajd2 dualism ( good & evil spirits1 #aje3 ) belief 9 gods1 #ajf3 e>lie/ concept non-moral1 #aaj-aaa3 evolution ( idea ( 8pure he>t10 #aaa-aae3 ca?>tic sacrifice1 #abj-abb3 opposition betwe5 spiritual & rituali/ic #bcd purity1 #abc3 ,iranian ideas1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajg1 #aae1 #abg-acb3 ,jewi%1 #abd1 #abf3 ,hell5ic1 #acb-aci2 influ5ce on ,hell5ic law1 #adj-aeb3 influ5ce ( idea ( purity on religi\s in/itutions1 #aeb-afj4 ,rebir?1 my/ic s5se (1 #eg4 ,resurrection1 belief 91 #fj-fb3 resurrection ( div9ity1 #fh4 ,sacrifice1 #fd1 #abj-abb4 ,sa9t-wor%ip1 #gg4 ,savag]y1 survival (1 9 high] religion1 #aj1 #aa1 #ae1 #ag4 ,scapegoat1 ca?>tic use (1 #aai1 #abj4 ,spell1 examples ( spell-pray]1 #afi1 #agj1 #age1 #ahj3 spell-value ( ! "n 9 l[] & high] religions1 #ahd-aib3 use ( n>rative z a spell-=m ( sugge/ion 7,navajo pray]71 #aha-ahb3 k ( orig9 ( p]son or sub/ance useful = spell-purposes1 #aij-aic3 progress f spell to pray]1 #aga-agc4 ,teutonic religion1 #da1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg1 #gh-hj3 ideas ( purity1 #ajg-aji4 ,?iasoi1 #dh-di4 ,totemism1 #ac4 ,transf]5ce ( s91 #aaf-aai4 ,tr9it>ian ideas1 #gc-gd4 ,virg9ity1 exaltation (1 #gj-ga4 ,,endnotes ,,lectures ,i ,,& ,,ii ,,notes #c4a ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,royal ,comm5t>y ( ! ,incas 7,hakluyt ,society73 ,sahagun--transl4 ,j\rdanet et ,simon4 #c4b ,jacob ,lask[ski1 vide ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 p4 #hb1 etc4 #f4a ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed41 vol4 iii4 p4 #ahf4 #ac4a ,= in/ance1 an ance/or may = c]ta9 reasons be wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( a snake1 & yet ?is ne$ n imply a snake-tribe or any tribal wor%ip ( snakes 9 g5]al4 #bf4a ,vide infra1 pp4 #aib1 #aic4 #bf4b ,e4g4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei41 bk4 #b1 *4 #f3 deos paganorum nunquam b5e viv5di sanxisse doctr9am4 #bg4a ,plut>*1 ,p>allela1 #ce4 ,vide my ,cults ( ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 i4 p4 #ic4 #bh4a ,s]vius1 n4 iii4 #aba4 #bh4b ,ibid41 ii4 #hja4 #bi4a ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv4 7ed4 ,mills71 p4 #baa4 #bi4b ,vide acc\nt ( ^! 9 ,revue des tudes grecques1 xiii4 7#aijj71 p4 #bcc1 & ,annuaire de l',association p\r l'enc\ragem5t des tudes grecques1 #ahga1 p4 #ib4 #ca4a ,protrept41 #ab1 #abj 7p4 #ib ,p74 #cc4a ,i h notic$ ! evid5ce ( ?is 9 my =?com+ ?ird volume ( ! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates4 #cd4a ,c4,i4,g41 #dfig4 #cd4b ,ha]es4 #ea1 #bb2 ,d9dorf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhc1 #ab-bi3 vide ,philologus1 #af1 p4 #ced4 ,i f9d t ! view ,i h tak5 ( ?is important text agrees on ! :ole ) t ( ,us5] 9 8 ,unt]su*ung51 p4 #bg4 #cg4a ,t ,aion 0 a real figure ( ,mi?raic religion has be5 f9ally prov$ by ! ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 publi%$ by ,diet]i*1 p4 #d1 l4 #ba4 #cg4b ,us5] quotes a few examples f ! liturgy ( ! ,greek ,*ur* & "o or two f patri/ic lit]ature1 ,religionsges*4 ,unt]su*ung51 #a1 p4 #bh1 n4 #e3 "s ( ^! are poetical4 #ch4a ,vide ,artemis ,r4 #cg1 9 my ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 ii4 p4 #efg4 #ch4b ,paus4 #d1 #cc1 #d3 inscription 9 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge7#b71 #fec4 #ch4c ,vide ,report ( ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 vol4 i41 inscr4 ,no4 xxvi4 #ci4a ,vide *apt] on ,cybele 9 ! =?com+ ?ird volume ( my ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates4 #db4a ,an?4 ,pal4 xi4 #bfi1 8,i am ,h]acles1 ! triumphant son ( ,zeus2 ,i am n ,luke1 b !y compel me40 #db4b ,ephem]is ,ar*aiologik1 #aijj1 4 #e4 #dc4a ,!ocritus1 ,id4 #g1 #ajf4 #dc4b ,cults ( ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gce3 ,r4 #be;b4 #dd4a ,cf4 ! me?od ( ,greco-,egyptian magic ( /rangl+ birds be=e ! idol ( ,eros1 9 ord] t _! brea? may animate x1 m5tion$ 9 an ,abraxas papyrus1 ,class4 ,rev4 #ahif1 p4 #dji4 #de4a ,vide ,s*rad]1 ,real-,lexikon1 s4v4 ,eid4 #de4b ,ad ,nat4 i4 #ab4 #dg4a ,! ,tatu1 ,tat1 or ,d$ pill> erect$ 9 ! ritual ( ,osiris1 p]haps z a symbol ( ! resurrection ( ! god1 _h ! =m ( a cross3 vide ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh7#b71 ii4 p4 #ada4 #dh4a ,vide ,palace ( ,knossos3 ,provisional ,report = ye> #aijc1 p4 #ib3 ! writ] quotes ,babylonian & ,assyrian examples4 #di4a ,epi/4 #cie3 ! doctr9es ( ! ,orphic sects f ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds also emphasis$ ! k9%ip ( man ) ,god1 z ! well-kn[n ,orphic tablets1 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,italy & ,crete1 reveal 7,hell4 ,j\rn4 #c1 p4 #aab3 ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion3 ,app5dix by ,pr(4 ,murray1 p4 #ffj74 ,9 ! pseudo-,platonic ,axio*us1 p4 #cga ,d1 ! sick man is assur$ ( salvation z be+ 8( ! family ( ,god0 4 #ej4a ,e4g4 a prie/ ( ,megalopolis1 a hi]ophantes ( ! ,great ,goddesses1 is spok5 ( z desc5d$ f 8^? :o fir/ e/abli%$ ! my/ic wor%ip ( ! ,great ,goddesses among ! ,arcadians10 ,eph4 ,ar*aiol4 #ahif1 p4 #abb3 ! prie/s ( ,poseidon at ,halik>nassos trac$ _! desc5t f ^? :o br\ght 8 cult f ,troez5 at ! f\ndation ( ! city1 ,c4,i4,g4 #bfee4 #ej4b ,at ,cos1 vide ,paton & ,hicks1 ,inscriptions ( ,cos1 ,no4 #ajc 7,roman ,imp]ial p]iod74 #ea4a ,e4g4 ! prie/ ( ,cybele at ,pess9us1 & ! prie/ ( ,ma 9 ! two ,comanas4 #eb4a ,vide ,gol!r1 ,h&bu* d] g]manis*5 ,my?ologie1 p4 #fab1 #fag4 #ec4a ,vide my pap] 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aijd1 on 8,! ,position ( ,wom5 9 ,anci5t ,religion40 #ed4a ,vide infra1 p4 #gb4 #ed4b ,see ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #baa4 #ee4a ,vide *apt] on 8,apollo ,cult0 9 my =?com+ f\r? volume ( ,cults4 #ee4b ,plut>*1 ,apoph!g4 ,lacon4 p4 #bbi ,d3 ,lys&] is told by ! prie/ t be=e initiation he mu/ confess 8 wor/ s93 he asks if ?is 0 ! gods' comm& or ! prie/s'1 & on he>+ t x 0 ! gods :o enjo9$ x1 he repli$1 8,!n d y /& aside & ,i w tell ! gods if !y ask me40 #ee4c ,opp4 ,ep4 #if4 #ee4d ,vide ,h]zog1 ,real-,encyclopdie1 s4v4 ,bei*te4 #ef4a ,j\rdanet et ,simon1 p4 #bd4 #eg4a ,hesz*1 s4v4 4 #eg4b ,vide ,gol!r1 op4 cit4 p4 #eee4 #eg4c ,polit4 p4 #accf ,b4 #eg4d ,9 ! ,attis ,my/]ies ! reborn & initiat$ 7 f$ on milk--,sallu/ius1 ,de ,diis et ,mundo1 #d3 = a c>eful treatm5t ( ! :ole "q1 vide ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 pp4 #aeg-agh3 = v>i\s savage p>allels %[+ ! preval5ce 9 primitive societies ( ! idea ( dea? & rebir? at initiation1 vide ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dbd-ddf4 #eh4a ,vide ,h]zog1 ,real-,encycl41 xii4 p4 #cai4 #eh4b ,vide ,tr$e1 ,das ,heid5?um 9 d] rmis*5 ,kir*e1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhj1 8,neue und alte ,fe/-,lu/40 #fj4a ,vide ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh1 passim1 especially vol4 ii4 pp4 #aae-afh 7dea? & resurrection 9 rites ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,dionysos71 & vol4 iii4 pp4 #ach-bjj3 cf4 articles by ,b]n>d ,cook 9 ,classical ,review1 #aijc1 #aijd1 on 8,zeus ,jupit] & ! ,oak03 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! simulat$ dea? ( ! div9e effigy1 & ! simulat$ or real dea? ( ! human repres5tative ( div9ity4 ,9 ,hell5ic religion we c trace ! idea 9 ! wor%ip ( ,pan1 9 ! leg5ds & ritual ( ,artemis-,iphig5ia & ,aphrodite1 vide ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ddj-ddb1 #fej-feb1 & 9 ! ,cretan wor%ip ( ,zeus1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cf-ch3 b x _h lo/ its vitality 9 ! purely ,hell5ic cults ( ! classical p]iod1 & 0 only real & en]getic 9 ! leg5ds & ritual ( ,adonis & ,dionysos4 #fa4a ,vide ,dio ,*rys41 vol4 ii4 p4 #af 7,d9dorf71 & ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]'s ,s>don und ,s>danapal 7,kle9e ,s*rift51 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj73 on a co9 publi%$ 9 ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue1 8,lycaonia10 etc41 pl4 xxxiii4 #b1 p4 #ahj1 we see ! god on 8 lion /&+ on :at may be 8 pyre4 #fb4a ,vide especially ,hippol41 ,ref4 ,ha]es4 #e1 p4 #aah 7,mill]73 ,macrob41 ,saturn4 #a1 #ba1 #g3 ,arnobius1 ,adv4 ,g5t4 #e1 #g1 #af2 #g1 #di3 ,julian1 ,or4 #e1 #afh ,c4 #fb4b ,de error4 c4 #bb4 #fc4a ,= ! ,greek orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian apocalyptical lit]ature1 vide ,diet]i*1 ,beitrage zur ,erklrung d] neu-entdeckt5 ,petrus ,apokalypse1 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 ,! cle>e/ trace ( ,orphic influ5ce on hi/oric ,*ri/ianity is ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 :i* 0 popul>is$ = ! lat] ages by ,v]gil's ,v,ith neid3 vide especially ! purgatorial !ory 9 ,s]vius' ,comm5t>y1 n4 vi4 #gda4 #fe4a ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #aijd4 #ff4a ,alexis 9 ,/obu1 ,florileg4 7,me9eke71 vol4 iii4 p4 #hc4 #fg4a ,vide ,h]zog1 ,real-,encycl41 s4v4 8,montanismus03 cf4 ! article !re on 8,m>ia0 & ! *apt] 9 ,tr$e1 op4 cit4 vol4 ii41 8,die grosse ,mutt]40 #fh4a ,euseb4 v4 ,con/41 iii4 #dc1 #b4 #fi4a ,vide ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 pp4 #fej-feb4 #fi4b ,"o ( ! ,babylonian goddesses is address$ 9 ! same hymn z 8,"m1 wife1 & maid10 ,ja/r[1 ,relig4 ,babyl4 ,assyr41 p4 #dei4 #gj4a ,vide ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 ii41 ,artemis1 ,r #acc3 cf4 ,paus4 #h1 #ac1 #a4 #gj4b ,i am treat+ ?is "q 9 an app5dix to ! ,cybele *apt] 9 vol4 iii4 ( my ,cults1 etc4 #ga4a ,e4g4 fragm5t ( ,nauma*ius 9 ,/obu1 op4 cit41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #af-ag4 #gb4a ,vide specially ,tr$e1 ,das ,heid5?um 9 d] rmis*5 ,kir*e3 ,r5an1 ,les orig9es du *ri/ianisme1 vol4 vii4 #egb-egc4 ,! resemblances are p>ticul>ly /rik+ betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,isiac sac]dotalism4 #gb4b ,hres41 #gi4 #gb4c ,h]od41 #d1 #cc4 #gc4a ,cf4 ! pray] to ,n9lil or ,belit 7a p>allel =m to ,is*t>7 ( ,as>haddon1 8may ! lips ( ,n9-lil1 ! ,"m ( ! ,great ,god1 utt] daily a graci\s ^w be=e ,as*ur = ! ,k+ ( ,assyria0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #ebe74 ,m>y 0 *iefly wor%ipp$ 9 ! same way z an int]cessor4 #gc4b ,= ! id5tity ( ,fa!r & ,son 9 ! lat] ,mi?raic cult-dogma1 vide ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 p4 #fh3 = ! ,tr9it>ian idea 9 ,mi?raism1 vide ,cumont1 ,die ,my/]i5 von ,mi?ra 7deuts*e ,ausgabe71 pp4 #if1 #ade3 ,mr ,cook endeav\rs to trace x 9 ! old ,pelasgian cult ( ,zeus1 ,class4 ,rev4 #aijc1 #aijd3 vide ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #aci1 = ,tr9it>ian symbolism 9 ,c>?ag9ian wor%ip4 7,note a c]ta9 my/ic sanctity atta*$ to ! triad 9 lat] ,greek philosophy1 e4g4 9 ,porphyry1 ,s]v41 ,v]g41 ,ecl41 #e1 #ff3 ,io4 ,lydus1 de ,m5s41 #b1 #ai47 #gd4a ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxxi4 pt4 iii4 p4 #bgh4 #ge4a ,vide ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjf4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,notes #ia4a ,de ,my/]iis1 #e1 #bc4 #ig4a ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv41 ,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 i4 pp4 #eh-ei4 #ii4a ,e4g4 onions1 pease-s\p1 *eese3 ,i-,ts+1 ,records ( ! ,buddhi/ ,religion1 p4 #ach1 8onions h a f\l smell & are impure03 cf4 li/ ( impure sub/ances 9 ritual inscription ( ,rhodes1 ,c4,i4,g4 ,ins4 ,m>4 g4 i4 ,no4 #ghi4 #ii4b ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 i4 p4 #aje4 #aja4a ,c4,i4,a41 #c1 #gc4 #aja4b ,! purify+ p[] t a%es possess 9 c]ta9 ritual may be d]ivative f fire4 #ajc4a ,op4 cit41 pt4 i4 p4 #abj4 #ajd4a ,e4g4 op4 cit41 pp4 #bja1 #bjd4 #aje4a ,e4g4 ,porphyry 9 ,euseb41 ,prp4 ,evang41 #d1 #bb4 #ajf4a ,/e9metz1 ,die ,entwickelung d] ,/rafe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cee4 #ajf4b ,cf4 8,ye %all be holy1 = ,i am holy10 ,lev4 xi4 #dd2 ,deut]on4 xxiii4 #ab4 #ajg4a ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ejj4 #ajh4a ,g]mania1 c4 #dj4 #ajh4b ,gol!r1 op4 cit4 p4 #egj4 #ajh4c ,gol!r1 op4 cit4 p4 #fjg4 #aab4a ,casalis1 ,les ,bass\tos1 p4 #bfi3 among ! ,zulus1 s9 & dirt are spok5 ( z ! same1--8,y h dirt1 y are dirty0 8,y h done wrong10 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus1 p4 #agj4 7,^! & o!r ref]5ces to ! evid5ce f savage society ,i owe to ! k9dness ( my fri5d ,mr ,r4 ,m>ett47 #aac4a ,p4 #cja4 #aad4a ,&oc41 ,de ,my/41 #aaj4 #aae4a ,op4 cit41 p4 #ajb4 #aaf4a ,! same k9d ( c]emoni\s logic inspires ! practice ( ! ,dam>as1 :o1 :5 mak+ peace ) an ali5 tribe1 g into a riv] ) _! foes & ?r[ wat] into _! faces to wa% away enmity4--,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,alex&]1 ,exp$ition & ,discov]ies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 #aag4a ,v5iam9(f ap4 ,petr(f1 ,alaska1 p4 #aeh4 #aag4b ,mol9a1 ,fables & ,rites ( ! ,yncas 7,hakluyt ,society71 p4 #bb4 #aah4a ,lev4 xvii4 #aah4b #b1 #ci4 #aai4a ,! ca?>tic process ( transf]5ce appli$ to plague z well z actual s91 e4g4 ,ari/otle1 ,frag41 #ded1 transf]5ce ( disease into a rav54 #aai4b ,s]v41 n4 #c1 #eg4 #abj4a ,9 mod]n ,india a crim9al & 8 wife sometimes und]take to transf] into _! own p]sons ! s9s ( ! ,rajah & ! ,rani3 ,an?rop4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #cjb4 #abj4b ,vide *apt] on ,apollo ,ritual1 ,cults1 vol4 iv4 #aba4a ,cf4 ,blood-purification 9 ,v$ic ritual1 ,hillebr&t1 ,v$is*e ,opf] und ,zaub]1 p4 #agi 7evil spirits driv5 away by a re$ dipp$ 9 blood ( ! sacrifice1 p4 #agf73 9 ! ,lup]calia at ,rome ! =eheads ( y\?s 7 sme>$ ) ! blood ( ! sacrific$ goat & dog & !n wip$ ) wool dipp$ 9 milk1 probably a piacul> c]emony2 vide ,w4 ,f[l]1 ,! ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #caa4 #aba4b ,cf4 ,apollon4 ,rhod41 #d1 #dgh1 = pig's blood 9 purification f murd]4 #abb4a ,numb]s c4 #ai4 #abd4a ,levit4 xvi4 #b4 #abe4a ,numb]s xxxi4 #ai4 #abe4b ,numb]s xxxv4 #abe4c ,numb]s xxxv4 #be4 #abf4a ,deut]on4 xxi4 #abg4a ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv4 "p i4 p4 #ha4 #abh4a ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv4 "p i4 p4 #bjd4 #abh4b ,ib4 p4 #hh4 #abh4c ,ib4 p4 #acf4 #abi4a ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bh4 #acj4a ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ef2 cf4 p4 #ada4 #acj4b ,! virtue ( *a/ity is religi\s r ?an e?ical2 ! c\rtesan is reprobat$ because %e m+les ! se$ ( believ]s & unbeliev]s alike1 ib4 p4 #bje4 ,yet ! ,z>a?u/rian sy/em escap$ ! extravagant exaltation ( m]e virg9ity t is f\nd 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature3 8! man :o has a wife is f> above him :o lives 9 cont95ce0 7,f>g>d1 iv4-iii4 b1 p4 #df74 #aca4a ,sacr$ ,books1 vol4 iv4 p4 #baf4 #aca4b ,ib4 p4 #baf4 #acb4a ,sacr$ ,books1 vol4 iv4 p4 #hg4 #ace4a ,livy1 #dj1 #f1 #a-c3 ! :ole ho/ 0 l$ betwe5 ! sev]$ limbs ( a dog4 #ace4b ,h]od41 #h1 #bg4 #acf4a ,plut>*1 ,qu/4 ,grc41 #bd4 #acf4b ,/obu1 ,florileg4 ,me9eke1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahd4 #acg4a ,mulla*1 ,frag4 ,philos41 ,adespota4 #acg4b ,an?4 ,pal41 #ad1 #ga4 #acg4c ,ib4 ,no4 #gd4 #ach4a ,wilam[itz1 ,isyllos1 #f2 ,an?4 ,pal41 ,adespota1 ccxxxiii4 b3 cf4 inscription f ,a/ypalaia 9 ,collitz1 ,dialect-,ins*rift51 ,no4 #cdgb4 #ach4b ,c4,i4,g4 ,ins4 ,m>4 g4 #a1 #ghi4 #aci4a ,9 ,neram1 #he4 #aci4b ,clem4 ,alex41 ,/rom41 #fai1 ,pott4 #adj4a ,i believe t ! trial sc5e on ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 rightly int]pret$1 implies t ! community are beg9n+ to decide :e!r ! av5g] %all accept ! 7-gilt or n4 #adb4a ,die ,entwickelung d] ,/rafe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdg4 #adc4a ,an example is giv5 by ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #ccf1 ( ! puni%m5t ( ince/ among ! ,pasemah]3 ! guilty pair 7 buri$ alive ) a holl[ pipe rea*+ f _! m\?s to ! top ( ! e>?3 if !y surviv$ sev5 days ( ?is agony _! lives 7 sp>$3 no explanation is (f]$1 b x is n improbable t ! law is inspir$ by ! idea t ! e>? c\ld absorb _! impurity4 #add4a ,sacr$ ,books1 vol4 iv4 p4 #afi 7pt4 i474 #ade4a ,vide ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ff-fi3 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cde1 discusses a record conc]n+ ! ,ossetes1 :o live habitually 9 ! sy/em ( ! blood-feud1 to ! effect t a p]son guilty ( p>ricide 0 surr\nd$ & burnt 9 8 h\se by ! :ole p1 & he sugge/s t ?is may be ! fir/ example among !m ( a ,/ate cognisance ( murd]4 #adg4a ,antiphon1 ,or4 #f1 p4 #gfd3 cf4 ,eurip41 ,hecuba1 pp4 #bia-bib4 #adh4a ,demo/h5es1 c4 ,ari/ocrat41 pp4 #fdc-fdd4 #adh4b ,antiphon1 p4 #fhf4 #adi4a ,plato1 ,laws1 #hgc ,a-,b3 ,demo/h41 c4 ,eu]g41 p4 #aafj4 #adi4b ,p4 #gdi2 cf4 #gfd4 #adi4c ,laws1 pp4 #hed1 #hfe4 #adi4d ,demo/h5es1 c4 ,ari/ocrat41 p4 #fdc4 #adi4e ,antiphon1 p4 #gji4 #aej4a ,demo/h5es1 op4 cit41 p4 #fde3 cf4 ! acc\nt 9 ,pausanias1 #e1 #bg1 #aj1 ( ! purification by ! ,eleans at ,olympia ( ! bronze ox :i* _h caus$ ! dea? ( a boy4 #aea4a ,drako appe>s to h sy/ematis$ x1 b x may h exi/$ z cu/om-law be=e 8 p]iod4 #aea4b ,paus41 #a1 #ai1 #a2 #a1 #bh1 #aj3 ,plut41 vit4 ,!s41 #ab1 #ah3 ,demo/h41 c4 ,ari/ocrat41 #gd4 #aeb4a ,we note ! leg5d t purification 0 refus$ to ,ixion1 & ! express /atem5t t no "o w\ld purify ,k+ ,pausanias f 8 brutal crime aga9/ ! ,olyn?ian maid54 #aeb4b ,! proc$ure by ordeal1 preval5t 9 ! anci5t _w & common among contempor>y savages1 is probably d]iv$ f an animi/ic conception ( purity3 ! primitive !ory appe>s to be t1 if ! p]son is innoc5t1 ! pure _s )9 him makes 8 body able to resi/ ! trial1 & is n dep5d5t ^u any idea ( a high] god ( righte\sness4 ,! ordeal proc$ure is v common 9 ,african society3 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*4 ,jurisprud41 #b1 p4 #aaj4 #aed4a ,e4g4 ! ,eleus9ian1 ,mi?raic1 & ,phrygian ,my/]ies3 = examples ( x 9 savage initiation rites1 see ,annual ,report ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #dce4 #aeg4a ,sahagun1 ,j\rdanet1 pp4 xxxix4 & #dee4 #aeg4b ,vide supra1 p4 #eg4 #aeg4c ,vide ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aijd1 pp4 #dja-dji4 #aeh4a ,du*esne1 ,orig9es du culte ,*rti51 transl4 by ,m',clure1 p4 #bif4 #aei4a ,sahagun1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cdj-cda4 #aei4b ,vide ,h]zog1 ,real-,encyclop41 s4v4 ,bei*te4 #afj4a ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #bab4 #afj4b ,vide ,von d] ,goltz1 ,das ,gebet1 p4 #big3 ,cabrol1 ,prire ,antique1 p4 #caf3 ! asp]sion ) holy wat] 9 ! pres5t ,roman ritual does n seem to h be5 obligatory 9 ! e>ly p]iod3 vide ,du*esne1 ,orig9es1 p4 #djd1 ,engl4 transl4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,notes #afd4a ,an int]e/+ & orig9al contribution to ! solution ( ! "q w be f\nd 9 a rec5t pap] by ,mr ,r4 ,m>ett 9 ,folk-,lore1 #aijd1 8,f ,spell to ,pray]40 #aff4a ,vide ,a4 ,lang1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 #afg4a ,vide ,an?ropolog4 ,j\rn41 #aijd1 p4 #afe4 #afi4a ,r4 ,m>ett1 op4 cit41 p4 #ade4 #agj4a ,man1 #aijb1 p4 #ajd4 #agj4b ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh7#b7 iii4 #hc4 #agj4c ,plut>*1 #fic ,f4 #agj4d ,at ! ,an!/]ia1 ,photius1 s4v4 3 ,hesy*41 s4v4 #aga4a ,fraz]1 op4 cit41 iii4 #ih3 vide ,m>ett1 op4 cit41 p4 #afc4 #aga4b ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 ii4 7conclud+ *apt]74 #age4a ,m>ett1 op4 cit41 p4 #aeb4 #agf4a ,tylor1 op4 cit41 ii4 p4 #ccd4 #agf4b ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh17#b7 vol4 ii4 p4 #bab4 #agg4a ,annual ,report ( ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 8,/udy ( ,si\x ,cults1 by ,dorsey10 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #cha1 etc4 #agh4a ,peabody ,museum ,reports1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgf1 etc4 #agh4b ,annual ,report ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 #ahii-aijj1 pp4 #dbj-dba4 #agh4c ,tylor1 op4 cit41 ii4 p4 #cca4 #agh4d ,folk-,lore1 #aijd1 p4 #afh3 ,toda ,pray]1 ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s4 #agi4a ,publi%$ by ,c>l ,sapp] 9 ,nrdli*es ,mittel-,am]ika1 vide ,ar*iv fr v]gl4 ,relig4 ,wiss41 #aijd1 p4 #dfh4 #ahj4a ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 p4 #di4 #ahj4b ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,babyloni5s ,assyri5s1 p4 #dij3 cf4 ! =mula 9 ! pray] ( "o ( ! e>ly k+s to ! goddess ,ga-tm-dug3 8,i h no "m--,?\ art my "m3 ,i h no fa!r--,?\ art my fa!r10 ,ja/r[1 p4 #cie4 #ahj4c ,sacr$ ,books1 vol4 xlvi4 p4 #bc4 #aha4a ,vol4 ,i4 #ahc4a ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41 ii4 p4 #ccc4 #ahc4b ,tylor1 op4 cit41 ii4 p4 #cce4 #ahc4c ,i h only space to make a summ>y ref]5ce "h to ! v notewor?y collection ( ,p]uvian pray]s pres]v$ by ,de ,mol9a1 ,fables & ,rites ( ! ,yncas1 p4 #bh1 etc41 #ch1 #ef3 !y h all ! "* ( pure pray]1 & occasionally rea* a high spiritual level3 ! only appe>ance ( magic is 9 ! sacrifice t accompanies ! s+ul> petition 8t ! ,creator & ! sun may rema9 ev] "y40 #ahd4a ,vide also ,&rian 9 ,deuts*4 ,gesells*4 ,an?ropol41 xxvii41 #ahif1 p4 #aji4 #ahe4a ,s]v41 n41 #b1 #cea4 #ahe4b ,fr4 #gha1 ,phae?on4 #ahe4c ,v$ic ,hymns 7,sacr$ ,books1 etc471 pt4 ii4 p4 #cgh4 #ahg4a l4 #afj3 cf4 ,plat4 ,crat41 #djj ,e41 8,x is our cu/om 9 our pray]s to call ! gods by :atsoev] "n !y mo/ rejoice to be call$ by40 #ahg4b ,v$ic ,hymns1 pt4 ii41 pp4 #bha1 #cgb4 #ahh4a ,budge1 op4 cit41 p4 #afa4 #ahh4b ,budge1 op4 cit41 pp4 #acg-ada4 #ahh4c ,vide examples quot$ by ,ausfeld1 ,de ,grcorum ,precationibus1 p4 #eai4 #ahi4a ,ps4 #ed1 #ca4 #ahi4b c4 #bc1 v4 #ba4 #ahi4c ,joseph1 ,de bell4 ,jud41 #b1 #h4 #ahi4d ,acts #h1 #af2 #ai1 #e4 #aij4a ,von d] ,goltz1 ,das ,gebet1 p4 #cec4 #aia4a ,hymns ( ! ,a?>va-,v$a 7,sacr$ ,books1 etc41 xlii4 p4 #afg74 #aia4b ,v$ic ,hymns1 pt4 ii4 p4 #cia4 #aib4a ,cf4 a =mula 9 an ,egyptian papyrus publi%$ by ,k5yon 7#abb1 v4 #ac71 8,i "k !e1 ,h]mes1 :o ?\ art & :5ce ?\ art & :at city is ! city ( ,h]mes03 quot$ by ,ausfeld1 op4 cit4 p4 #ebd1 n4 #a4 #aic4a ,! 8,m]seburg *>m10 old ,high ,g]man t5?-c5tury ,,ms43 cf4 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,fireside ,/ories1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdb4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to ! great antiquity ( ?is ,norse *>m by ,pr(4 ,napi]1 to ^: k9dness ,i owe ^! ref]5ces4 #aic4b ,sacr$ ,books1 xlii4 p4 #bj4 #aid4a ,gol!r1 op4 cit41 pp4 #fdg-fdh4 #aid4b ,9 a pre-,conque/ ,cotton ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 vide ,gre9's ,biblio!k d] ngels*sis*5 ,poesie3 ed4 ,mlck]1 vol4 i4 p4 #caf4 #aie4a ,livy1 #bb1 #aj4 #aif4a ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 #aci1 #ada3 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat91 p4 #cce4 #aif4b ,clem5s1 ,/rom41 p4 #ged1 ,pott4 #aig4a ,eum541 #ccb4 #aih4a ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge7#b71 vol4 iii4 #haf4 #aih4b ,po/1 ,afrikanis*4 ,jurisprud41 #b1 p4 #abh4 #aii4a ,paus41 #aj1 #ab1 #aj4 #bjj4a 1 1 ,a!n41 #fah ,e4 #bjj4b ,! song sung by ! *ildr51 probably an old wea!r-spell1 call$ 1 ) ! refra91 1 ,pollux1 #i1 #abc1 ,a!n41 #fai ,b4 #bja4a ,ephem4 ,ar*aiol41 #ahia1 p4 #hb4 #bja4b ,plato1 ,alcibiad41 #b1 p4 #adh ,c4 #bjb4a ,collitz1 ,dialect-,ins*rift41 #aefb1 #aefc1 e>ly f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 #bjb4b ,collitz1 #cfdh4 #bjc4a ,rob]ts1 ,greek ,epigraphy1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd4 #bjc4b ,nem41 #h1 #ce4 #bjc4c ,ol41 #ac1 #aae4 #bjc4d ,m$41 #fce4 #bjc4e ,b]gk1 ,frag4 ,lyr4 ,grc41 vol4 iii41 ,scolia #b4 #bjd4a con41 #aa1 #h4 #bjd4b ,de ,sup]/41 p4 #aaf ,d4 #bjd4c ,plat41 ,phdr41 #bgi ,b4 #bjd4d ,philo/r41 ,vit4 ,apoll41 #d1 #da4 #bje4a ,plat41 ,alcib41 #b1 p4 #adc ,a4 #bje4b ,epictet4 7,s*5kle71 p4 #dgi4 #bje4c ,id41 p4 #aeh4 #bje4d ,von d] ,goltz1 ,das ,gebet1 p4 #bib4 #bjf4a ,diog4 ,la]t4 #h1 #af1 #g3 yet1 accord+ to ,clem5s1 8,! ,py?agoreans enjo9 t pray] %\ld be utt]$ al\d1 s t "o might nev] pray = :at "o w\ld be a%am$ t o!rs %\ld he>10 ,/rom41 p4 #fda1 ,pott4 #bjf4b ,porphyry ap4 ,proclus 9 ,tim41 #b1 #fd ,b3 ,procl4 9 ,tim41 #b1 #fe3 ,sallu/ius1 ,de ,diis et ,mundo1 c4 #af3 cf4 ,max4 ,tyr41 ,diss]t4 xi4 #bjg4a ,vide ,ar*iv fr v]gl4 ,religionswiss5s*41 #aijd1 p4 #cie4 #bjg4b ,! rem>kable e?ical fragm5t ( an unkn[n philosoph]1 ,eusebios1 9 ,ionic dialect1 quot$ by ,/obu1 1 #he 7vol4 i4 p4 #ci1 ,me9eke71 conta9s moral aspirations t /rik+ly resemble ,new ,te/am5t doctr9e1 & may possibly h be5 int5d$ z a pray]1 b x conta9s no appeal to a div9ity3 he may belong to ! ,neo-,platonic sect1 vide ,orelli1 ,opusc4 ,grc4 ,s5t5t41 vol4 ii4 p4 #gbh4 #bjh4a ,v$ic ,hymns1 pt4 ii4 p4 #fa4 #bji4a ,e4g41 8,protect our p all ar\nd ) ^? undeceiv$ gu>dians ( ?9e1 oh ,agni10 ib41 p4 #aeh4 #baj4a ,a?>va-,v$a 7,sacr$ ,books1 vol4 xlii4 p4 #ach74 #baj4b ,v$ic ,hymns1 pt4 ii4 p4 #cgf4 #baj4c ,ib41 p4 #bgc4 #baj4d ,ib41 p4 #chc4 #baj4e ,ib41 p4 #ceb4 #baa4a ,quot$ by ,pr(4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cci1 f ,rig ,v$a1 vii4 #hi1 #c4 #baa4b ,v$ic ,hymns1 pt4 ii4 p4 #aha4 #baa4c ,ib41 p4 #bdi4 #baa4d ,ib41 p4 #ced4 #baa4e ,a?>va-,v$a1 p4 #afd4 #bab4a ,a?>va-,v$a1 p4 #afc4 #bab4b ,ib41 p4 #afe4 #bab4c 8,br+ ye =w>d an anci5t mighty spee* to ,agni4''' ,may our pray]s increase ,agni10 ,v$ic ,hymns1 pt4 ii4 p4 #bei3 cf4 p4 #cia1 8,! pray]s fill !e 7oh ,agni7 ) p[] & /r5g!n !e1 l great riv]s ! ,s9dhu40 #bad4a ,sacr$ ,books1 etc41 vol4 iv4 7,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 i4 p4 #bbh74 #bad4b ,ib41 pp4 #ade-adg4 #bad4c ,sacr$ ,books1 etc41 vol4 xxxi4 7,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 iii4 p4 #bfb47 #bae4a ,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 i4 p4 #bdf4 #bae4b ,cf4 ! ,greek s5tim5t1 1 ,joann4 ,damasc541 ,sacr4 ,p>41 tit4 ix4 p4 #fdj4 #bae4c ,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 iii4 p4 #bdg4 #baf4a ,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 i4 p4 #ach4 #bag4a ,pt4 i4 p4 #adg4 #bag4b ,pt4 iii4 pp4 #cc-cd4 #bag4c ,ib41 p4 #agi4 #bag4d ,ib41 p4 #ajf4 #bag4e ,ib41 p4 #di4 #bah4a ,pt4 iii41 p4 #agj4 #bah4b ,ar*iv f4 ,religionswiss41 #aijd1 p4 #cie4 #bah4c ,von d] ,goltz1 ,das ,gebet1 p4 #bhh4 #bai4a ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,babyloni5s w4 ,assyri5s1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cia-cic1 #dbc1 #dbg4 #bai4b ,ib41 p4 #dig4 #bai4c ,s4 ,aug41 ,de ,civ4 ,dei41 #aj1 #i4 #bbj4a ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #hc4 #bbj4b ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #dja4 #bbj4c ,ib41 p4 #djb4 #bba4a ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #djh4 #bba4b ,ib41 p4 #daa4 #bba4c ,ib41 p4 #eja3 ! elevat$ tone ( ! old ,babylonian royal liturgy 0 /ill pres]v$ "u ! lat] ,seleukid rule1 vide p4 #dad4 #bbb4a ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #eja4 #bbb4b ,ib41 p4 #ecc4 #bbb4c ,ib41 p4 #ecf4 #bbc4a ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #eji4 #bbd4a ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dci-ddj4 #bbe4a ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 pp4 #ajh1 #aaj1 #abj4 #bbe4b ,ib41 p4 #abg4 #bbf4a ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 p4 #fc4 #bbf4b ,ib41 p4 #aai4 #bbf4c ,ib41 p4 #aai4 #bbg4a ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 p4 #ahd4 #bbh4a ,orig51 1 c4 #aj1 #b4 #bbh4b ,clem5s1 ,/rom41 vii41 *4 #g1 #ci1 p4 #hed1 ,pott4 #bbh4c ,ib41 #ch1 p4 #hec1 ,pott4 #bbi4a ,vide ,von d] ,goltz1 op4 cit41 p4 #caj4 #bbi4b ,vide ,us5]1 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss41 #aijd1 p4 #bic4 #bcj4a ,vide supra1 pp4 #aha-ahb4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,?is book is twelf? 9 ! ,cr[n ,!ological ,libr>y s]ies4 ,page numb]s are giv5 9 curly brackets4 ,pla9 text v]sion only3 endnote m>k]s are giv5 9 squ>e brackets4 ,m9or spell+ inconsi/5cies 7e4g4 *ildbir?_/*ild-bir?1 ,ahura-,mazda_/,ahura ,mazda1 etc47 h be5 pres]v$4 ,add title & au?or's "n to cov] image4 ,alt]ations to ! text3 ,conv]t footnotes to endnotes1 relabel note m>k]s 7app5d ! orig9al note numb] to ! page numb]71 & add a correspond+ entry to ! ,,toc4 ,lecture ,,iv ,*ange 8employs ! same me?od z ! ,navajo ,%>man employ$0 to ,%aman4 8all evil ?\ghts1 all evils words1 all evil de$s ,i d unwill+ly0 to evil4 ,end ( text