,,viol9 ,,tone ,,& ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,,viol9 ,,tone ,,& ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,,deg5]ation ,,( ,,tonal ,,/atus4 ,,curiosity ,,value ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce4 ,,types ,,& ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,viol9 ,,tone4 ,,importance ,,( ,,tone ,,ideals4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,viol9s ,,& ,,tone4 ,,age1 ,,v>ni%1 ,,& ,,tone4 ,,tone ,,& ,,! ,,viol9 ,,mak]1 ,,deal]1 ,,exp]t ,,& ,,play] ,,by ,,hidalgo ,,moya ,,toge!r ,,) ,,an ,,acc\nt1 ,,biographical ,,& ,,critical1 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,s*ools ,,& ,,_! ,,works ,,by ,,t[ry ,,pip]1 ,,jo9t ,,editor ,,( ,,h>t',s 8,,! ,,viol91 ,,its ,,fam\s ,,mak]s ,,& ,,_! ,,imitators0 ,,london ,,*atto ,,w9dus #aiaf ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,& ,,beccles ,all rights res]v$ ,,to ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,8 ,,fai?ful ,,subjects ,,9 ,,all ,,c\ntries ,,?is ,,humble ,,ef=t ,,on ,,behalf ,,( ,,tone ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,introduction ,= _m ye>s ^? :o advocate ! pr9ciple t ,tone is ! only ?+ t matt]s 9 a viol9 h be5 few 9 numb]1 b e>ne/ 9 purpose1 & x w\ld appe> _! ef=ts h n be5 b>r5 ( result :5 we f9d x admitt$1 :]e "o w\ld lea/ expect x1 t ! day ( ! toneless old fiddle has pass$ = ev]4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,play]s ( ! viol91 & especially ^? :o seek ref9em5t ( tone 9 ! in/rum5t1 /ill rema9 "u ! ?rall ( sy/ems1 me?ods1 influ5ces & errors :i* mu/ also pass away be=e ! road to tone is freely op54 ,an und]/&+ ( ! relation%ip betwe5 tone & ! in/rum5t1 & betwe5 ! in/rum5t & ! v>i\s toneless int]e/s by :i* x is surr\nd$1 is vitally important to ! play] or ! buy] ( a viol9--unless ! in/rum5t is be+ acquir$ z a curiosity1 9 :i* case tone ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 conc]n ! pur*as] to any m>k$ ext5t4 ,b to ! play] ^! relation%ips matt] v mu* inde$1 & ! und]/&+ ( !m is r5d]$ difficult ow+ to ! invisible nature ( tone1 !re be+ no mat]ial evid5ce to indicate its pres5ce 9 "o viol9 or its abs5ce f ano!r1 a fact ( :i* full advantage is tak5 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s4 ,9 ! classify+ ( viol9s accord+ to pres5t me?ods1 tone f9ds no place1 hav+ nei!r /atus nor any /&>d by :i* x may be judg$2 well may ! play] be unc]ta9 :e!r he is acquir+ a musical in/rum5t or m]ely an antique4 ,! v reason :y ! viol9 possesses a tone has n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 pres5t op9ion on ! subject be+ ne> to *aos1 "s hold+ t x is due to ! wood1 o!rs t x lies 9 "s secret ( con/ruction1 a few t x results f v>ni%1 & _m t x is creat$ by age--b none1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ?9k+ x is due to an ,ideal2 mat]ial & con/ruction be+ m]ely ! means ?r\gh :i* x f9ds expression4 ,!re is en\gh "h to expla9 ! unc]ta9ty :i* surr\nds ! subject ( tone & its connection ) ! viol91 a connection :i* ,i %all attempt to expla9 9 ^! pages by deal+ ) ! in/rum5t & its mak]s1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 & ) its hi/ory1 manufacture1 sale & use1 solely f ! po9t ( view ( ,tone4 ,) tone at ! m]cy ( caprice1 & ! viol9 9 no bett] case1 x is n unlikely t ! g5]al unc]ta9ty ext5ds to its mak]s--especially to ! old in/rum5ts & _! build]s--not)/&+ ! numb] ( books :i* catalogue _! names & indicate ! nature ( _! "w4 ,"s few ( ^! books are fairly exhau/ive1 au?oritative & reliable1 b ! po9t ( view f :i* ! viol9 is approa*$ is t ( ! connoisseur & collector r ?an t ( ! play]1 :il/ ! re/ are ma9ly unreliable & p>tial copies ( ! fir/4 ,9 ord] to provide a suffici5t acc\nt ( ^? mak]s :o1 = "o reason or ano!r1 are wor?y ( att5tion or likely to be ! subject ( inquiry f play]s1 ! second section ( ! volume1 conta9+ reliable & valuable in=mation--mu* ( :i* is n[ publi%$ = ! fir/ "t--has be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,t[ry ,pip]1 ^: aid ,i h be5 =tunate en\gh to secure1 & :o ne$s no introduction to fiddle lov]s4 ,to ^? new to matt]s connect$ ) ! viol91 x is suffici5t to say t ,mr4 ,pip] is widely kn[n z a writ] & exp]t1 "o ( ! editors ( ,h>t's classical "w on ! viol91 a recognis$ judge ( fiddles & tone1 & a capable play] ( ! in/rum5t4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,anomal\s ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,viol9 ,,pages ,its dual /atus--,m ( a curiosity ?an a musical in/rum5t--,h[ ! curio int]e/ orig9at$--,its p]nici\s influ5ce--,t>isio & ! =mation ( ! ,fiddle ,cult--,exploitation ( viol9s ( small tone value--,consequ5ces to ! play] #a-f ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,toneless ,,me?od ,,( ,,valuation ,h[ ! old viol9 is judg$--,valu$ )\t ref]5ce to tone--,b\ght & sold by ! same me?od--,examples--,:y ! me?od %\ld be aboli%$ or modifi$--,a gu>antee = tone-value ne$$--,small tone-value ( _m old viol9s--,! viol9's prop] position z a 8"w ( art0--,a toneless p>iah #g-ac ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,types ,,( ,,/&>d ,,viol9 ,,tone ,amatis1 ,b]gonzian1 ,brescian1 8,cremonese10 ,gu>n]ian1 8,italian10 ,/radiv>ian--,o!r anci5t mak]s & /&>d tone #ad-ah ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,old ,,ma/]s ,,z ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,viol9s frequ5tly made by workm5 & 8pupils0--,f9i%$ & tone-develop$ by ! ma/]--,two entirely di/9ct arts--,tone ! result ( ideal--,effect ( model on tone--,me?ods ( tone developm5t /ill 9 use--,only possible means ( creat+ a tone to an ideal--,reasons--,:y ! great ma/]s attract$ pupils--,tone v]sus cab9et mak+--,:y pupils succe$$ & fail$--,mo/ /rik+ tone-feature ( ! old ma/]s--,con/ruction no gu>antee = tone #ai-bf ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,tone ,position ( viol9 mak]s aft] #agej--;,difficulty ( su/a9+ supreme ideals--,ov]%ad[+ influ5ce ( ! great viol9s--,! dem& = l[-pric$ fiddles--,a few tone-build]s always liv+--,! art ab&on$ by all save ! few--,attempts at a revival ( ! 8lo/0 art--,me*anical ef=ts ( ,sav>t--,sci5tific exp]im5t]s--,sci5tific side ( tone unkn[n to ! old ma/]s--,results foll[+ 8attun+0 process ( ,sav>t--,copyi/s1 old wood !ori/s1 & v>ni%]s #bg-cd ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,relation%ip ,,betwe5 ,a ,,new ,,viol9 ,,& ,,tone ,no my/]y ab\t con/ruction--,tonal results ( m]e con/ruction--,! tone ( a new fiddle lik5$ to raw mat]ial--,its ref9em5t & ! result--,:at a satisfactory relation%ip betwe5 viol9 & tone dep5ds ^u--,tonal position ( ! mod]n viol9--,influ5ces t h work$ to its detrim5t--,its survival--,its te/ ( m]it--,idolat]s ( ! fiddle & tone seek]s #ce-db ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,old ,,tone ,,& ,,new--,a ,,conte/ ,! ,p>is competition ( #aiab report$ by ! ,daily ,mail correspond5t--,! m ext5d$ report ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,i4 ,c>dozo & its p>ticul> int]e/--,six old viol9s compete ) six new viol9s--,h[ ! competition 0 arrang$--,! viol9s & _! mak]s--,! result ( ! conte/--,! w9n]'s advice to viol9 mak]s--,obvi\s criticisms on ! conte/--,! result decisive--,great /rides 9 tone s9ce ! conte/--,! importance ( ^! comp>isons to ! viol9i/--,comp>ison betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n viol9 mak] #dc-ej ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,d\ble-,,b>rell$ ,,!ory ,a consid]ation ( "s ( ! pitfalls besett+ ! tone-seek]--,! accommodat+ qualities ( age--,! p]man5cy ( tone--,:y ! age !ory is advanc$--,s[+ ! se$s ( suspicion--,! result #ea-eb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,exp]t ,,deal] ,two k9ds ( deal]s--,! 8exp]t0 deal]'s fir/ consid]ation--,8 /ock-9-trade--,:y he does n exploit new viol9s--,8 "o s]i\s tr\ble--,8 view ( tone--,:at he consid]s viol9s are n pur*as$ =--,:y he prosp]s--,! type ( deal] t is oppos$ to him--,! g5u9e deal] & exp]t--,! reliability ( fam\s h\ses--,haz>ds confront+ ! buy] & h[ !y may be avoid$ #ec-eg ,,*apt] ,x ,,imitation ,,old ,,ma/]s ,anci5t copyi/s--,g5u95ess ( _! "w--,=g]y ?ru/ ^u !m--,! sub/itution ( labels--,all ! great mak]s copi$--,difficulties ( detection--,g5u9e labels ( ! ma/]s 9 ! copies--,tone ( ! copies--,ano!r class ( copyi/--,^? :o imitat$ age--,_! object 9 s do+--,process ( age+ de/ructive ( tone--,hone/y ( ^! 8fakes0--,ano!r class3 ! factory imitation--,deceive only ! ignorant--,ano!r class3 ^? int5d$ to deceive--,_! victims--,_! dang] to ! play]--,a quotation f a lett] & its lesson #eh-fa ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,viol9 ,! au?oritative hi/ories ( ! old mak]s--,_! *ief value--,_! /atus z guides to tone--,! impressions !y convey--,! limitations ( ! au?ors--,_! attitude t[>ds ! mod]n build]--,! mod]n build]'s 8rev5ge0--,! "o idea :i* ! play] absorbs f ^! hi/ories--,! good fai? ( ! au?ors--,_! hone/y ( purpose--,_! r5[n z connoisseurs & judges--,! wide-spread influ5ce ( _! "w & its effect--,books on viol9 mak+--,:at !y d & d n tea*--,a classical "w--,in/ructions on h[ to play ! viol9--,_! s]vice--,_! neglect ( tone--,! p]iodical lit]ature ( ! fiddle--,its int]e/ & value--,:]e9 x fails--,a w>n+--,! 8,lives0 ( fam\s old mak]s--,_! value #fb-fg ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,want$3 ,a ,,tone ,,gu>antee ,! bus9ess ( ! deal]--,:at he gu>antees--,8 attitude t[>ds tone--,! deal]'s gu>antee ( no tone value to ! play]--,! fiddle w>rant$ b n its tone--,:y ! deal] %\ld give a tone gu>antee--,h[ x c\ld be done--,m]e /atem5ts reg>d+ tone n en\gh--,an indep5d5t judge ne$$--,! pres5t situation review$--,! p]fect viol9 model--,! mod]n mak]'s relation !reto--,h[ ! critics view 8 "w--,! play] )\t a guide to tone--,8 proc$ure "u ! circum/ances--,no /&>d ( tone recognis$ by exp]ts--,! result+ difficulties--,capable judges ( tone--,! unsatisfactory judge #fh-gf ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,h[ ,,to ,,te/ ,a ,,viol9',s ,,tone ,an infallible me?od--,! viol9 weigh$ 9 an imp>tial & accurate balance #gg-gi ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,effect ,,( ,,age ,,on ,,tone ,mo/ !ories held z m]e beliefs--,mell[ness ( tone & age--,reasons :y age is n responsible = mell[ness--,h[ mell[ tone is creat$--,! real effect ( age on ! in/rum5t & its tone--,its effect purely me*anical--,an appeal to viol9 lov]s #hj-he ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,v>ni% ,,& ,,tone ,a controv]sial subject--,effect ( v>ni% on tone--,:y x is misund]/ood--,:y exp]im5ts fail--,! gov]n+ factor--,! effect ( a f9e oil v>ni%--,h[ ! effect ( ! be/ v>ni% may be nullifi$ #hf-hi ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,tone ,,& ,,! ,,viol9 ,,play] ,relation%ip betwe5 play] & viol9--,! inexp]t1 beg9n]1 amateur1 arti/1 & tone--,! play]'s relation to tone3 an illu/ration--,! gulf betwe5 play] & fiddle--,arti/ & play]--,:y play]s fail or succe$ 9 tone #ij-id ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,ideal ,,tone ,! ideal tone--,h[ a fam\s viol9i/ secur$ 8 ideal--,difficulties ( tone selection--,:at ! av]age play] seeks--,/atem5t by a pupil ( ,joa*im #ie-ig ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,h[ ,,to ,,acquire ,,an ,,ideal ,,tone ,! appeal ( te*nic & ! appeal ( tone--,importance ( tone--,! developm5t ( tone-s5se--,subjects = tone-/udy--,:at ! /ud5t %\ld avoid--,! tone ( te*nic--,tone ( te*nic & ideals comb9$--,progress ( ! /ud5t expla9$--,advice to ! beg9n] #ih-ajb ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,two ,,/yles ,,( ,,tone ,,production ,! arti/ ( ! b[ & ! arti/ ( ! bru%3 a comp>ison--,! delicate /yle ( play+--,its dang]s--,! robu/ /yle--,h[ ! play] is h&icapp$--,! difficulties ( judgm5t--,importance ( ! robu/ /yle #ajc-aje ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,mod]n ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,attractions ( viol9 mak+--,mak]s :o h discov]$ ! 8secret0 ( ,/radiv>i--,viol9 mak]s & tone--,mod]n view ( art & arti/s--,fiddle-mak]s & adv]tis+--,wor? ( te/imonials #ajf-aaj ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,notes ,,on ,,tone ,,c>ry+ ,,p[]3 ,c>ry+ p[] di/9ct f l\dness ( tone--,true ton$ viol9 r>ely seems l\d to ! play]--,h[ su* viol9s are abus$--,:at play]s d n always realise--,c>ry+ p[] & its relation to tone expla9$4 ,,quantity ,,v]sus ,,quality3 ,a quotation v mu* to ! po9t--,a w>n+ to be rememb]$--,importance ( good tone--,! play]'s limits 9 tone--,h[ ! viol9's tone-capacity affects ! play]4 ,,flexibility ,,( ,,tone3 ,! mean+ ( flexibility--,:at ! tone loses )\t x--,its importance to ! /ud5t & arti/4 ,,tone ,,failure3 ,viol9s :i* 8lose _! voice0--,conditions responsible--,reasons sugge/$ = ! failure 9 old viol9s & new4 ,,fiddles ,,classifi$3 ,difficulties ( tonal classification r5d] results only approximately accurate--,may be r\ghly divid$ into f\r gr\ps3 7#a7 ,sup]ior tone--,! viol9s possess+ x2 7#b7 ,excell5t tone--,:]e x is f\nd--,difficulties ( selection--,anci5t & mod]n fiddles--,human limits & consecutive reproduction ( sup]ior tone2 7#c7 ,good tone--,wide range = selection4 ,:]e ?is tone is usually f\nd4 ,exp]t advice ess5tial 9 selection2 7#d7 8,j ,fiddles0--,:at !y are--,_! legitimate place--,^? to :om !y br+ pleasure4 ,a ,,/range ,,belief3 ,a quotation & comm5ts !reon--8,/radiv>i z a failure if liv+ to-day60 ,,tone ,,heal?3 ,"s habits & fallacies--,fre% air & ! fiddle--,mu/y fiddle cases--,! c>elessness ( viol9i/s--,a sugge/$ v&alism4 ,,tonal ,,misjudgm5t3 ,a few in/ances--,a pr(essional viol9i/ & two viol9s--,! op9ions ( himself & ^? ( 8 he>]s--,a ,/radiv>i viol9 & a tal5t$ amateur--,8 mi/ake & ! result--,an arti/1 an exp]t1 & a poor ton$ viol9--,! result--,"s great play]s & _! tone--,:]e x fails--,a play] ( ability & a factory fiddle--,its 8suitable0 tone--,accessories & tone--,! important accessories ( ! viol9--,! s\nd po/--,:at x may d & :at ! play] %\ld d--,! bridge--,h[ to keep x 9 ! correct position--,/r+s--,"s simple advice--,! b[--,a few rem>ks on its selection--,! fiddle doctor--,deceptive simplicity ( ! viol9--,:at to d 9 ! case ( accid5ts1 etc4 #aaa-abf ,,conclusion #abg ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,viol9 ,,mak]s #abi ,,viol9 ,,tone ,,& ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,,*apt] ,i ,,anomal\s ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,viol9 ,x w\ld be difficult to pres5t ! subject ( tone 9 a mann] calculat$ to inspire bo? appreciation & confid5ce )\t fir/ mak+ an ef=t to rescue ! viol9 f its pres5t position ( unc]ta9ty1 & ! play] f influ5ces detrim5tal to an imp>tial judgm5t ( ! in/rum5t z a tone-produc+ m$ium4 ,?is position has be5 =c$ ^u ! viol9 gradually2 has become m m5ac+ ) ! pass+ ye>s2 & is due to ! addition ( an int]e/ :i* x did n orig9ally possess1 & :i* has f9ally become s p>am\nt t tone1 :5 consid]$ at all1 actually plays second fiddle 9 a dual value4 ,! viol9 may /ill be ! 8,k+0 ( in/rum5ts1 b ?is add$ int]e/ has made x ( ev5 great] value z a curiosity4 ,?us has its position come to be extraord9>y & )\t c\nt]p>t 9 ! _w ( art4 ,?is dual int]e/ is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n4 ,:5 associat$ ) c]ta9 special in/rum5ts x is h>mless en\gh4 ,b :at is n fully appreciat$ by play]s is ! p]nici\s influ5ce ?is _w-wide curio int]e/ ex]cises ov] all viol9s :5 ! attempt is made to value !m f a purely tonal po9t ( view4 ,mr4 ,h>t says 9 8 book1 8,! ,viol91 ,fam\s ,mak]s & _! ,imitators30 8,9 ^? days :5 ! old ,brescian & ,cremonese mak]s fl\ri%$1 ! only consid]ation 0 ! tone-produc+ qualities ( _! in/rum5ts2 ! viol9 _h n !n tak5 its place among curiosities40 ,s1 !n1 tone 0 once ! only value consid]$1 presumably because ! in/rum5t 0 orig9ally made to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( play]s1 & n ! curiosity-hunt+ in/9ct ( collectors4 ,& ! play]'s int]e/ 9 tone has nev] wav]$4 ,x /ill ov]%ad[s e o!r consid]ation1 & is ! object ( con/ant se>*4 ,tone be+ ! play]'s elem5t>y necessity1 ! desire = tone has always eclips$ int]e/ 9 ! m]ely curi\s4 ,b be+ a curiosity1 ! old viol9 ) ! f9e/ tone is plac$ practically beyond ! play]'s rea*1 & ?is has made ! pursuit ( ev5 good tone1 9 all old viol9s1 an unc]ta9 & f9ancially haz>d\s ent]prise4 ,let u n[ expla9 h[ ?is curio value orig9at$2 h[ x advanc$2 ! mighty int]e/s surr\nd+ x2 h[ x usurp$ ! position ( tone2 & h[ x has come ab\t t ! old viol9 is valu$1 b\ght1 & sold entirely reg>dless ( its tonal capacity4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #aeej & #ahge !re work$ 9 ,italy & else:]e "s sev5 hundr$ mak]s ( viol9s & k9dr$ in/rum5ts :o 7 suffici5tly well kn[n to w>rant ! inclusion ( _! names 9 mod]n books ( ref]5ce4 ,z a l>ge numb] ( exi/+ old fiddles are by unkn[n mak]s2 z no am\nt ( rese>* w une>? all :o made viol9s dur+ t p]iod1 x is safe to add z _m m z w\ld make ! total n9e hundr$4 ,among ^! n9e hundr$ mak]s two take ! fir/ rank1 closely foll[$ by ?ree or f\r :o take second place1 & a doz5 or s :o occupy ! ?ird position z creators ( really great tone 9 ! viol94 ,let u say ! total is tw5ty1 & we %all !n h eight hundr$ & eighty viol9 mak]s ( old5 times :o simply 8made fiddles40 ,^u ! viol9s turn$ out by ! tw5ty :o rank z 8,old ,ma/]s20 ^: in/rum5ts1 & especially *oice specim5s ( !m1 7 always few 9 numb] :5 comp>$ ) ! productions ( _! m num]\s confrres1 & are to-day almo/ priceless2 ^u ^! viol9s 0 f\nd$ a cult1 pione]$ by "o ,luigi ,t>isio 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,t>isio 0 a c>p5t] by trade2 nev] made a viol91 & c\ld play ! in/rum5t b indiff]5tly4 ,9 due "t1 h[ev]1 he began ! collection & sale ( viol9s by ! fam\s old mak]s ( ,italy & became ! *ief in/rum5t 9 spread+ ! cult ov] ,france & ,engl&4 ,orig9ally f\nd$ ^u ! great ma/] viol9s1 fir/ "o & !n ano!r ( ! less] kn[n mak]s has be5 embrac$1 until n[ all old fiddles ( e c\ntry are includ$1 :e!r ! mak] be kn[n or n1 & reg>dless ( :e!r ! in/rum5t has any?+ o!r ?an age to recomm5d x4 ,?is cult is sc>cely di/+ui%able f any o!r cult1 :e!r ( furniture1 pott]y1 or /amps4 ,x diff]s only 9 ! object ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,x has its exp]ts1 deal]s1 collectors1 & its ho/ ( foll[]s4 ,x is due to ! sc>city ( f9e old ma/] viol9s t ! m pl5tiful supply ( m9or old fiddles1 _m ( :i* are tonally wor?less1 is s dilig5tly exploit$4 ,)\t !m ! cult c\ld n n[ be kept alive = a s+le day4 ,among exp]ts1 deal]s & collectors--b n among play]s--!re has always exi/$ a t5d5cy to deal ) ! old viol9 m z a curio ?an z a musical in/rum5t1 & ?is t5d5cy has br\ght x p]il\sly ne> ! /atus ( old furniture1 ! value be+ c5tr$ 9 ! object r ?an 9 any tone m]it :i* ! object may possess4 ,?is view ( ! common] old fiddle1 s widely held by deal]s ( ! pres5t day1 is due to ! fact t ! really f9e ton$ old ma/] viol9s1 ^u :i* ! cult 0 f\nd$1 did possess "s r>e type ( tone :i*1 ) mu* confid5ce ^u ! "p ( ev]ybody conc]n$1 c\ld be tak5 = grant$1 & !re 0 no ne$1 ev5 if an exp]t c\ld be f\nd capable en\gh1 to pass any judgm5t ^u its tone-value4 ,9 mo/ cases ! tone 0 !re4 ,x 0 abs5t only :5 visible evid5ce 9 ! =m ( cracks1 etc41 indicat$ o!rwise4 ,x 0 suffici5t to secure ! object & tone ( ! "r sort foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,"h1 !n1 ! exp]t act$ n )\t reason 9 bas+ value ^u :at c\ld be se5 r ?an ^u :at c\ld be he>d4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! viol9s ( ! ma/]s 7 succe$$1 = ! purpose ( trade1 by ^? ( less] tonal wor?1 x 0 b natural t ?is me?od ( valuation %\ld be ext5d$ to ^! fiddles4 ,x 0 ! "t-hon\r$ cu/om1 & rema9s to ?is day ! only sy/em ( valuation 9 exi/5ce4 ,x _h always satisfi$ ! collectors1 = :om x 0 inv5t$1 & :o collect = reasons o!r ?an tone because1 9 _m in/ances1 !y c\ld n play ! viol9 at all4 ,! great play]s accept$ ?is toneless me?od ( valuation ) "s %[ ( reason4 ,!y 7 ?or\ghly compet5t judges ( tone2 c\ld select _! ideal f ! works ( ! ma/]s ) un]r+ accuracy &1 if !y paid a high price = curio value1 x 0 to secure :at 0 ( mu* great] importance to !m1 tone value4 ,b h[ ab\t ! m num]\s section ( tone lov]s3 ! aspir+ "y arti/s1 ! lead]s ( or*e/ras1 ! ambiti\s /ud5ts1 & ! amateur soloi/s8 ,to ^! tone is ( importance1 to say ! lea/4 ,_m a promis+ c>e] is jeop>dis$ ?r\gh ! lack ( x1 & progress 9 a difficult /udy ret>d$ = ! same reason4 ,a poor ton$ viol9 w b9d ! soloi/ to a commonplace voice1 & may ev5 set up = ! beg9n] a false /&>d z an ideal ( tone4 ,x is ?is great body ( play]s :o are oblig$1 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 to place _! tonal wants at ! m]cy ( a sy/em n int5d$ to cat] = _! ne$s1 b to ! ne$s ( ! curio-hunt]4 ,let u n[ expla9 ?is me?od ( valuation m fully 9 ord] t ! viol9 play] may see exactly :]e he /&s 9 relation to a sy/em "u :i* he is1 p]=ce1 oblig$ to secure 8 tone4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,toneless ,,me?od ,,( ,,valuation ,x is ! bus9ess ( ^? :o value old viol9s to det]m9e ! age1 mak] 7if kn[n71 c\ntry ( orig91 8s*ool10 g5u95ess & condition ( v>i\s p>ts1 &1 f ! result ( ^! obs]vations1 to place a money value ^u ! in/rum5t4 ,all ?is is done )\t any ref]5ce to ! tone2 )\t plac+ a b[ to ! /r+s2 )\t1 9 fact1 !re be+ any necessity = ! exp]t to be able to play at all4 ,an equally reliable op9ion w be giv5 if ! old viol9 be )\t /r+s1 f+]-bo>d1 tailpiece1 bridge1 s\ndpo/ or bassb>1 ! top sep>at$ f ! body1 & ! neck dislocat$2 t is to say1 if ! fiddle be utt]ly unplayable4,a ,?is is precisely ! sy/em ( valuation "u :i* ! deal] 9 old viol9s acquires 8 /ock1 & :5 t /ock is put into a saleable condition1 x is ! sy/em ( valuation "u :i* x is sold4 ,:atev] tone ! old fiddle may or may n possess 7& z to ?is ! buy] may satisfy himself71 ! curio value rema9s intact4 ,x is ! pr$om9ant asset1 & is unaffect$ save by consid]ations involv+ ! object4 ,let any?+ connect$ ) ! object prove que/ionable & d[n goes ?is curio value at once4 ,"h is an example3 ,a viol91 suppos$ to be by a fam\s old mak]1 0 well kn[n 9 ,europe = ye>s4 ,its value 0 a ?\s& p\nds4 ,x c>ri$ _m ( ! e>-m>ks ( its suppos$ mak]1 & conta9$ 8 g5u9e label4 ,9 due "t x came into ! possession ( a celebrat$ ,london connoisseur :o _h d\bts4 ,remov+ ! label1 he f\nd b5ea? ! label ( ! fam\s mak]'s son4 ,! viol9 0 !n valu$ at five hundr$ p\nds1 ! curio value ( ! son's be/ "w4 ,b ! tone rema9$ ! same6 ,?is example deals ) ! kn[n great viol9s2 ^? ( tonal repute4 ,let u see h[ x affects ! common] old fiddle2 ^? t come ! way ( mo/ tone seek]s4 ,a f9e-look+ old viol9 is acquir$ at a suppos$ b>ga9 price ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,its fad$ & tatt]$ label reads3 ,jacobus ,/a9] 9 ,absam prope ,o5ipontum4 #affd4 ,aft] possess+ ?is in/rum5t ) mu* pride = a "t ! own] takes x to an exp]t to asc]ta9 its real value1 & is told at ! fir/ glance t x is a mod]n imitation1 made 9 ,g]many1 & its value is ?irty %ill+s4 ,"h aga9 ! tone rema9s unalt]$1 b ! in/rum5t is n old4 ,z to ^! imitations1 mo/ deceive only ! inexp]i5c$4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are m ambiti\s1 be+ c>efully doctor$ by exp]t 8fak]s10 & ! old ma/]s imitat$--9 ev]y?+ save tone--) diabolical +5uity4 ,we are con/antly read+ h[ pa9t+s & o!r works ( art1 suppos$ to be ! product ( "s anci5t & gift$ h&1 are f9ally discov]$ to be spuri\s2 b n be=e !y h succe$$ 9 impos+ ^u ! exp]ts ( national museums6 ,^! ?+s are judg$ solely by _! appe>ance1 j z ! viol9 is judg$1 & s long z ?is sy/em cont9ues1 j s long mu/ e "o rely+ ^u x be prep>$ = deception 9 two directions2 ! imitation old ma/] on ! "o h&1 & ! g5u9e old fiddle ( poor tone on ! o!r4 ,w\ld x n be a move 9 ! "r direction to rely ^u tone alone2 ^u some?+ :i*1 at lea/1 is capable ( speak+ = itself8 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ f ! =ego+ t ! great exp]t & connoisseur kn[s no?+ ( tone4 ,he (t5 kn[s v mu* ab\t x--m1 p]haps1 ?an _m :o actually make viol9s4 ,?is k he has ga9$ ?r\gh a unique exp]i5ce1 cov]+ a wide range ( in/rum5ts by _m old ma/]s1 & because he is (t5 a play] ( ! viol9 himself4 ,b all exp]ts are n great1 nor are all ( !m play]s ( ! viol94 ,!re is1 inde$1 "u su* a sy/em1 no ne$ = !m to possess a k ( tone1 or any ability to produce x f ! in/rum5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! old viol9 is n judg$ & valu$ f ! /&po9t ( its tone x is n ! fault ( ! exp]t1 b ! fault ( ! sy/em "u :i* he ex]cises 8 call+4 ,?is sy/em (f]s protection only to ! collector &1 9 ! int]e/ ( all play]s 7:o receive f x no tone protection :atev]71 %\ld be aboli%$1 or at lea/ modifi$ to include z b9d+ a gu>antee = tone value z1 )\t hesitation1 is giv5 = curio value4 ,if ! lov] & seek] ( tone has "s exp]i5ce ( ! matt]2 if he is s =tunate z to numb] among 8 fri5ds a c&id & imp>tial deal]2 he is aw>e t ! bulk ( old fiddles possess b small tone value2 t x is age1 repute1 or appe>ance t sells !m4 ,_m play]s h pur*as$ old viol9s :i* are g5u9e en\gh1 b practically wor?less 9 tone2 su* tonal glories z !y possibly once possess$ hav+ long s9ce dep>t$4 ,b ! mak]'s "n rema9s2 ! in/rum5t is /ill ! v]itable production ( an old mak]4 ,9 ! case ( pa9t+s ! ravages ( "t detract f a s+le asset1 & matt] little4 ,y\r pa9t+ may be *equ]$ ) cracks & o!rwise %[ t "t has pass$ across x no g5tle h&4 ,its crumbl+ canvas may be bol/]$ up f ! back )\t any detrim5t to its s+le value z a "w ( art1 & x may slumb] 9 ! mansion or ! museum secure f e hurt save ! desiccat+ influ5ce ( ! pass+ ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! exp]ts ! viol9 %\ld be simil>ly situat$ & h b a s+le asset3 t ( an arti/ic object4 ,if x 7 n call$ ^u to ex]cise ! function ( a musical in/rum5t all w\ld be well4 ,x w\ld1 l ! pa9t+1 rema9 a r>e "w & no?+ m4 ,z su* x w\ld repose 9 its cab9et )\t ev] a b[ be+ drawn across its /r+s4 ,z a curiosity t w\ld be its legitimate place4 ,%\ld any play] drag x =? to fulfil ano!r purpose1 8 mu/ be ! risk4 ,%\ld he f9d ?is purpose accompli%$1 well & good4 ,if n1 he mu/ be satisfi$ 9 ! possession ( a curiosity1 & accept1 ) :at pati5ce he c comm&1 ! lack ( tone4 ,= a c5tury or m ! toneless p>iahs among 8g5u9e old0 fiddles h roam$ f place to place1 & f c\ntry to c\ntry4 ,l ! ,w&]+ ,jew1 !y are nev] at re/4 ,c\ntless amateurs h own$ !m1 treasur$ !m1 f\nd !m out1 & s5t !m =? aga94 ,"s be> ! sc>s ( fruitless op]ations1 = x is ! fa%ion among ! inexp]i5c$ to attribute ! lack ( tone 9 all viol9s to faults ( adju/m5t4 ,9 "o way or ano!r ! attempt is made to accompli% :at ! mak] ( ! fiddle fail$ to d4 ,z to ?is1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 adju/+ a f9e-ton$ viol91 & try+ by ! same means1 or by any means :atsoev]1 to create tone 9 a fiddle t nev] possess$ any4 ,! _m aids & improv]s ( tone may1 inde$1 alt] = ! bett] t :i* c\ld n well be worse1 b to say t any ( !m w 8create ! tone ( a f9e ,italian0 is a /atem5t v f> f fact4 ,i h n[ def9$ ! position ( ! old viol9 z a musical in/rum5t1 & z a curiosity4 ,! new viol9 has no /atus :i* ! exp]t c recognise1 because x is wor? no?+ z a curio4 ,unlike ! anci5t fiddle1 x has b "o asset1 tone1 &1 accord+ to possession ( ?is attribute1 is its value high or l[4 ,be+ outside ! calculation ( ! exp]t valu]1 tone has nei!r /&>d nor /atus1 nor any recognisable money value4 ,! sy/em "u :i* ! old viol9 is judg$1 !re=e1 _c & does n apply to ! new4 ,9 fact1 !re is no exi/+ me?od ( valu+ a new viol96 ,z ,i deal ) ! mod]n fiddle 9 ano!r place1 let u proce$ ) ! consid]ation ( ! old & acqua9t ! read] ) ! ,/&>d & ,types ( t gr& tone aga9/ :i* all viol9s1 :e!r new or old1 %\ld be measur$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,types ,,( ,,/&>d ,,viol9 ,,tone ,9 ord] to di/+ui% ! types ( tone :i*1 at v>i\s p]iods1 h be5 look$ ^u z ,/&>d--t is to say1 repres5t+ an ideal ( p]fection1 & at all times h _h adh]5ts1--,i set out bel[ five types t may be said to repres5t ! five great gr\ps ( tone4 ,viol9s embrac$ by any "o ( ^! gr\ps w v>y 9 ! p]fection ) :i* !y pres5t ! type accord+ to ! tone-develop+ skill ( ! mak]2 accord+ to 8 ideals ( p]fection1 & accord+ to ! condition ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is unlikely t two mak]s1 engag$ ^u ! developm5t ( ! same tone-type1 w\ld succe$ 9 copy+ ea* o!r exactly4 ,individuality w\ld be sure to ass]t itself 9 tone z x does 9 h&icraft4 ,z to ?is individuality1 x is some:at difficult to describe1 b may be said to be a sort ( uni=m peculi>ity noticeable 9 ! tone ( all viol9s produc$ by a c]ta9 lu?i]4 ,,amatis4--,sweet1 sympa!tic1 & m or less lack+ 9 p[]4 ,f\nd 9 ! viol9s ( ! num]\s ,amati family1 ,jacob ,/a9]1 ^? ( ,antonio ,/radiv>i prior to #affg & 8 small] in/rum5ts made aft] t ye>1 & 9 ! viol9s ( ! foll[]s ( ^! mak]s4 ,pl5tiful4 ,l5g? ( body #ac-c_/d to #ac-g_/h in*es ,wid? across l[] b\ts #g-ac_/af to #g-ae_/af in*es ,wid? across upp] b\ts #f-a_/d to #f-c_/h in*es ,ar*+ elevat$4 ,,b]gonzian4--,virile1 p[]ful1 p>tak+ ( ! qualities ( ,/radiv>i & ,joseph ,gu>n]ius del ,ges to "s ext5t4 ,r>e4 ,l5g? ( body #ac-g_/h to #ad in*es ,wid? across upp] b\ts #f-i_/af in*es ,wid? across l[] b\ts #h-c_/af in*es ,ar*+ flat to m$ium4 ,,brescian4--,d>k1 sombre1 8brilliantly melan*oly40 ,any viol9 possess+ a tone sombre 9 "* is said to be ,brescian1 frequ5tly )\t mu* reg>d to o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,f\nd 9 ! viol9s ( ,g4 ,p4 ,magg9i1 & da ,sal1 :i* are r>e1 & 9 less p]fection 9 a numb] ( in/rum5ts by o!r mak]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 7,magg9i7 ,l5g? ( body #ad-i_/af in*es ,wid? across l[] b\ts #h-i_/af in*es ,wid? across upp] b\ts #f-ad_/af in*es 8,,cremonese40--,n a type1 b a g5]ic t]m1 us$ to designate ! g5]al sup]iority ( tone produc$ by viol9 mak]s ( ,cremona1 prior to ab\t #agge1;,b ov] in/rum5ts produc$ 9 o!r c5tres4 ,,gu>n]ian4--,a tone di/+ui%$ = its rem>kable qualities ( cle>ness1 brilliancy1 virility & int5sity4 ,peculi> to ! viol9s ( ,joseph ,gu>n]ius del ,ges4 ,r>ely imitat$ ) any degree ( success4 ,r>e4 7,gu>n]i7 ,l5g? ( body #ac-c_/d to #ac-g_/h ins4 ,wid? across l[] b\ts #h-a_/h ins4 ,wid? across upp] b\ts #f-i_/af ins4 ,ar*+ v>iable b t5d+ to flatness4 8,,italian40--,n a type1 b an expression1 us$ to di/+ui% ! tone ( anci5t ,italian viol9s f ^? made 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,n[ r loosely appli$ to any in/rum5t possess+ tonal qualities above ! av]age4 ,,/radiv>ian4--,ri*1 mell[1 sympa!tic & p[]ful4 ,! fav\rite ) mo/ play]s al?\gh ,gu>n]ian tone is pref]r$ by "s--to quote ! op9ion ( "o celebrat$ exp]t1 8,! tone ( a good ,joseph beats t ( ! av]age #8,/rad' into a cock$ hat60 ,/radiv>ian tone has be5 said to comb9e ! good qualities ( bo? ,brescian & ,amatis4 ,x possesses 9 a m>k$ degree t ri* woody quality admir$ by connoisseurs4 ,to appreciate ! mean+ ( 8woody0 quality1 "o %\ld he> an organ conta9+ bo? wood & metal pipes & note ! diff]5ce 9 tone quality betwe5 !m4 ,! be/ organ ( ?is k9d ,i "k (1 & "o ( ! ri*e/ ton$ in/rum5ts x has ev] be5 my pleasure to he>1 is locat$ 9 ! ,tab]nacle at ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 ,u4,s4,a41 & 0 built by an ,engli%man1 ,joseph ,h4 ,ridges 7#ahbf-aiad7 ab\t sixty ye>s ago4 7,antonio ,/radiv>i #agjj-agbd p]iod47 ,l5g? ( body #ac-ae_/af to #ad-a_/h in*es ,wid? across l[] b\ts #h-a_/d in*es ,wid? across upp] b\ts #f-a_/b to #f-aa_/af in*es ,ar*+ v>iable b always t5d+ to flatness4 ,( all ! five types ( tone ,/radiv>ian is ! mo/ pl5tiful4 ,ap>t f ! viol9s ( ,/radiv>i1 :i* are m num]\s1,c p]haps1 ?an t ( any o!r fam\s old mak]1 ! type is f\nd 9 a high /ate ( p]fection 9 "s ( ! in/rum5ts ( 8 foll[]s1 & 9 n a few viol9s by mod]n mak]s4 ,x may be ?\ght t o!r great mak]s %\ld be cr$it$ ) ! creation ( a tone-type2 b ,i ?9k _! viol9s w1 9 tone1 be f\nd to fall into "o or ano!r ( ! gr\ps nam$ above1 v>y+ only accord+ to ! ideals & individuality ( ! sev]al mak]s4 ,i %all n[ inve/igate ! relation%ip betwe5 tone & ! old in/rum5ts1 & expla9 :y a ma/] ( tone 0 n always a ma/] ( h&icraft1 & :y _m excell5t workm5 7 unsuccessful z creators ( a gr& tone4 ,9 ! next *apt]1 !re=e1 ,i deal ) ! old ma/]s z viol9 mak]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,old ,,ma/]s ,,z ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,!re is a 8,life0 ( ,/radiv>i,d by ,messrs4 ,hill :i* conta9s a deal ( valuable & reliable in=mation ( ! utmo/ importance to ^? int]e/$ 9 viol9 tone4 ,x does n1 inde$1 deal ) ! subject f ! po9t :i* we are n[ ab\t to approa*1 b x makes su* a fitt+ prelude to our !me t ,i regret my inability to quote ?is "w ext5sively4 ,i !re=e e>ne/ly advise my read]s to procure a copy ( t "w if !y are n already acqua9t$ ) x1 z1 9 deal+ ) ! subject ( tone f my own po9t ( view1 ,i am prev5t$1 ?r\gh consid]ations ( space1 f giv+ mu* in=mation :i* w\ld add backgr\nd & p]spective to ?is discussion1 & !reby add mat]ially to its int]e/ & und]/&+4 ,) ?is digression ,i w n[ proce$4 ,! old ma/]s divid$ ! art1 or "w1 connect$ ) ! manufacture ( a viol9 into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( prep>+ ! v>i\s pieces ( wood & comb9+ !m into a m or less f9i%$ viol91 & ! second consi/$ 9 s manipulat+ ^! p>ts z to control ! tone & cause ! in/rum5t to give =?1 :5 f9i%$1 exactly ! quality1 int5sity1 flexibility & ref9em5t ( voice :i* ! mak] int5d$4 ,! result+ viol9 w\ld1 )9 human limitations1 embody ! tone ideal ( ! ma/]4 ,! great tone build]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 7 surr\nd$ by workm5 & pupils ^: duty x 0 p>tly1 if n :olly1 to prep>e ! wood & br+ ! in/rum5t to a m or less r\gh /ate ( completion4 ,9 addition to develop+ ! tone ! ma/] design$ ! m\lds & det]m9$ ! exact size & %ape ( ! in/rum5t1 ?is be+ a "w hav+ mu* to d ) tone z1 ^u ! p]fection ( ! design1 dep5ds ! type ( tone :i* ! ma/] w produce 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! ,amatis 7 z well equipp$ ) ideals ( tone z ,/radiv>i1 b ! model :i* !y us$ prev5t$ !m atta9+ su* good results1 al?\gh produc+ tone ( mu* ref9em5t4 ,"h is se5 "o reason = ! nev]-end+ *anges :i* ! ma/]s made 9 ! %ape ( _! in/rum5ts4 ,!y 7 seek+ ! be/ possible base ^u :i* to build tonal ideals1 & n endeav\r+ to design a viol9 :i* w\ld1 9 itself1 possess ^! *>act]i/ics--an impossible task1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[4 ,equipp$1 !re=e1 ) high ideals ( tone & a spl5did model 9 :i* to develop & control e ess5tial t makes = ! creation ( ! p]fect voice1 x is n difficult to und]/& :y c]ta9 mak]s 7 able to create1 ) rem>kable uni=mity1 a great ton$ in/rum5t2 or o!rs1 ) an equally good model1 b n s gift$ ) ideals1 a viol9 inf]ior 9 tone2 :ile o!rs aga91 l ! copyi/ ( =m1 )\t ideals1 or ! ability or desire to apply !m if he possess$ any1 turn$ out a viol9 lack+ 9 ^? ess5tials ( tone :i* *>act]ise ! p]fect in/rum5t4 ,! viol9 has figur$ 9 ! m9ds ( its devotees z a curio = s long t po9ts relat+ to its great asset1 tone1 _c well be left to a m]e /atem5t ( fact4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 deal+ ) matt]s =m+ ! base ( t cult to :i* !y belong1 = _! k ( ! in/rum5t1 its hi/ory1 & its mak]s is pr(\nd1 & embraces an intimate acqua9tance ) ! _m !ories & exp]im5ts advanc$ & tri$ dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s to acc\nt = & unravel ! my/]ies ( tone4 ,:ile ! reason = tone :i* ,i advance 9 ?is "w is n only obvi\s1 b actually 9 use at ! pres5t day1 a*iev+ consecutive results id5tical ) ^? nam$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x may n be amiss to set =? "h1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o may be int]e/$1 "s argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! fact t tone 9 ! viol9s ( ! great ma/]s 0 due to _! ideals ( tone1 & to no o!r reason4 ,! process employ$ 9 develop+ ^! ideals 0 9 no s5se a secret ) ^! ma/]s4 ,great results 9 all art are due to ! tal5ts ( ! arti/4 ,me?od & process1 be+ b means to an end1 may be imp>t$ to ano!r by precept & example1 b ! ability to express a high ideal 0 nev] ! outcome ( any 8secret0 9 con/ruct+ a viol91 or ! prep>ation ( canvas & pigm5t1 or due to any special virtue conta9$ 9 m]e wood1 pa9t1 or m>ble4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^? responsible = ! gr& tone 9 ! old viol9s did no m ?an make ! in/rum5t1 or sup]vise its manufacture by ! workm5 & pupils by :om !y 71 9 mo/ cases1 surr\nd$2 if ! creation1 regulation1 & control ( tone 7 due to any set1 or ev5 v>iable1 rule ( design1 con/ruction1 arrangem5t ( p>ts1 mann] ( apply+ v>ni%1 or me?od ( select+ wood1 !n ! pupils (1 say1 ,/radiv>i1 by foll[+ ^! rules1 etc41 c\ld n fail to obta9 l tonal results4 ,b tone equal to t ( ,/radiv>i1 or ( any o!r great tone-creator1 has nev] foll[$ ! copy+ ( any?+ t c\ld be discov]$ by ! mo/ pa9/ak+ measurem5t & /udy ( _! in/rum5ts4 ,aga94 ,x has always be5 suppos$ ! old ma/]s attract$ pupils desir\s ( le>n+ f !m ! purely me*anical art ( con/ruct+ a viol94 ,) ?is idea ,i entirely disagree4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t ! m]e mak+ ( a fiddle to w>rant ! supposition4 ,if ^! pupils 7 attract$ because !y wi%$ to acquire1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! high tone ideals ( ! ma/]s1 & become v]s$ 9 ! delicate me?od ( its embodim5t 9 a viol91 = ! purpose1 9 %ort1 t has always attract$ pupil to ma/] 9 all art1 ! matt] becomes cle>]4 ,pupils ( ! ma/]s frequ5tly /at$ ! fact on _! tickets1 & x is h>dly possible !y did s m]ely to adv]tise ! s\rce ( _! cab9et-mak+ k4 ,mod]n build]s1 m (t5 ?an n1 "w to satisfy connoisseurs ( =m r ?an expon5ts ( tone2 b1 ) ! e>li] mak]s1 we are assur$ by an au?ority ( ! highe/ em95ce t 8tone 0 ! only consid]ation40 ,to hold any o!r view ( tone-creation leads b to confusion4 ,if me*anical con/ruction alone attract$ pupils !y w\ld c]ta9ly acquire all necess>y k ) ! same facility z k is acquir$ to-day 9 all bran*es ( me*anical art4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ connect$ ) ! matt] t c\ld n be se5 ) ! eye & reproduc$ ) ! h&4 ,ev5 if !y fail$ or 7 at times c>eless 9 ! la/ degree z c>v]s ( wood1 we "k by ! "w ( ,joseph ,gu>n]ius del ,ges1 ?is is no b> to tone4 ,yet we h mak]s taught by ! greate/ ma/]s1 heirs to _! models &1 9 ! case ( ! sons ( ,/radiv>i & ,b]gonzi1 to patt]ns1 tools1 wood1 & ev5 p>tly f9i%$ in/rum5ts1 b :o /ill fail$ to produce ! tone ( _! tea*]s & fa!rs4 ,surely no cle>] evid5ce ?an ?is is ne$$ to indicate t x 0 high ideals alone t plac$ ! ma/]s above o!rs--ev5 _! own sons--z poets 9 tone4 ,let me repeat t ?is is no m]e !ory4 ,viol9s are develop$ to ideals to-day1 & ,i believe x has be5 done s9ce ! days ( da ,sal by "o mak] or ano!r4 ,by no o!r process is x possible to create1 z ! ma/]s did1 a tone *>act]i/ic ( ! mak]4 ,no me*anical process w produce ?is result1 :atev] else x may accompli%1 & h[ev] complicat$1 8secret10 or sci5tific x may be4 ,i believe exp]ts agree t ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! old ma/]s' viol9s is n simply ! gr&eur ( _! tone1 b ! extraord9>y regul>ity ) :i* ?is tone 0 reproduc$ 9 successive in/rum5ts4 ,x is said t consecutive reproduction ( any k9d ( tone is ! mo/ infrequ5t z well z ! mo/ difficult ?+ 9 pres5t-day fiddle mak+4 ,s f> z ! in/rum5t is conc]n$1 no?+ has occurr$ to make ?is m difficult to-day ?an 9 #agbe1 :5 ,/radiv>i1 ,gu>n]i1 & ,c>lo ,b]gonzi 7 accompli%+ _! consecutive tonal m>vels4 ,! fiddle itself has no secrets :i* c be hidd54 ,x does n defy analysis1 & to add t ! m]e build+ ( a viol9 nev] has giv5 & nev] w give consecutive tone results1 is b to say :at is already kn[n & has be5 repeat$ly demon/rat$ = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,le/ x be suppos$ t any me?od is1 9 itself1 a nev]-fail+ produc] ( gr& tone1 let me say positively x is no?+ ( ! sort4 ,) ! highe/ ideals ev5 ! ma/]s did n produce a /]eotyp$ tonal gr&eur4 ,a f9e tone 01 ) !m1 ! rule1 & a tone ( less] wor? ! exception--b !re 7 su* exceptions4 ,) o!rs less gift$ tone ( a l[] grade 0 ! rule1 & f9e tone ! exception--& "h1 aga91 !re 7 exceptions4 ,9 bo?1 h[ev]1 is f\nd ! unmi/akable & individual "* ( tone p]sonal to ! mak]1 & inimitable4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ,i %\ld condemn any me?od ( tone creation :i* is purely me*anical2 :i* dep5ds ^u me?od r ?an ^u ideals1 z be+ entirely outside ! sy/em ( tone-creation us$ by ! great mak]s ( old "t4 ,:ile deal+ ) ! old ma/]s & tone1 we may z well cont9ue ) _! imm$iate foll[]s & devote a *apt] to ! decl9e ( gr& tone aft] ! p]iod ( decad5ce 0 rea*$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,tone ,z we h se51 tone _h an auspici\s beg9n+ ab\t #aeej2 suff]$ a r l5g?y relapse1 b began to recov] dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( ! next c5tury2 took a new lease ( life ab\t #agjj2 & 0 9 full maturity & vig\r dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x !n suff]$ a second relapse1 m ext5d$ & m s]i\s ?an ! fir/1 :i* all b t]m9at$ its exi/5ce4 ,a pl5tiful numb] ( !ories h be5 advanc$1 all m or less +5i\s1 to acc\nt = ! decl9e ( tone aft] ab\t #agej4 ,! kn[n facts are few & simple4 ,on ! "o h& we h ! sons1 pupils1 & foll[]s ( ! ma/]s1 :ile on ! o!r we h ! fact t !y fail$ to secure su* consecutive tonal excell5ce--to put x v mildly4 ,to ! _m !ories to acc\nt = ?is ano!r may be add$ )\t any great h>m4 ,z ! decl9e 0 9 tone1 let u look at x f t po9t4 ,9 purely me*anical affairs progress foll[s exp]i5ce & ! pass+ ( "t4 ,t no su* progress foll[$ 9 ?is case w\ld seem evid5ce en\gh to elim9ate ! me*anical1 or viol9-mak+1 factor1 & sub/itute tone-ideals 9 its place4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by ! way4 ,s great 7 ! la/ ?ree tone creators t !re is "s excuse = _! sons1 pupils1 & foll[]s fail+ to equal !m4 ,betwe5 #agej & #ahjj !re 01 d\btless1 little dem& = f9e-ton$ viol9s f ! mak]s :o 7 !n alive1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( ma/] viol9s h&$ d[n f ! e>li] half ( ! c5tury4 ,! liv+ mak]s might well h be5 =c$ to compete among !mselves = su* trade 9 l[-pric$ viol9s z !y c\ld get4 ,) !m x 0 probably n s mu* a matt] ( tonal art z ( bread & butt]--or mac>oni4 ,we are aw>e t1 9 all ages ( viol9 mak+1 a dem& has exi/$ = ! l[-pric$ in/rum5t1 num]ically 9 excess ( ! dem& = ^? ( high] price & bett] tone4 ,ov]%ad[$1 !re=e1 by ! great ma/]s ?is may well h be5 ab\t ! only dem& ^u ! build]s ( t "t4 ,! "q ( high tone quality does n ent] l>gely into ?is dem&1 b ! "q ( price is vital4 ,"h1 !n1 we h conditions :i* w\ld appe> to fo/] a decl9e 9 high /&>ds ( tone1 especially :5 we consid] t ! models1 z p]fect$ by ! ma/]s1 ev5 )\t any special regulation or adju/m5t1 produc$ a tone :i* satisfi$ ! bulk ( play]s ( t day1 j z ! same fiddles1 n[ rank+ z 8old10 satisfy ! bulk ( play]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,"s few mak]s ( t & succe$+ times1 h[ev]1 did n appe> cont5t to =ego ideals4 ,if !y did n succe$ 9 rea*+ ! highe/ /&>ds1 !y at lea/ kept ! wav]+ flame f dy+ altoge!r4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ,?omas ,bale/ri]i 9 #agej1 ,j4 ,b4 ,guadagn9i 9 #aghj1 ,franois ,f5t1 #aghj1 ,janu>ius ,gagliano1 #aggj1 ,ni*olas ,lupot 9 #ahbj1 ,j4 ,f4 ,press5da 9 #ahdj1 & ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume 9 #ahgj1 to m5tion "s ( ! be/ kn[n1 & n ^? ( m rec5t times4 ,?us build]s 7 always turn+ out fiddles1 "s ( :i* fell little %ort ( ! highe/ /&>ds1 f #agej d[n to ! pres5t day1 =1 z w be se5 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to mod]n viol9s1 "s ( ! in/rum5ts produc$ 9 ^! days1 regulat$ to ideals 9 ! old-fa%ion$ mann]1 uphold ! highe/ /&>d4 ,b if gr& tone 0 n ext+ui%$ its creators 71 & are1 suffici5tly few 9 numb] to w>rant ! /atem5t t tone has suff]$ a s]i\s decl9e4 ,especially is ?is realis$ :5 ! few really great ton$ fiddles are comp>$ ) ! numb]1 less notable f ?is /&po9t1 produc$ s9ce #agej4 ,b !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by lab\r+ ?is po9t4 ,x w\ld appe> to h be5 fully appreciat$ e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 :5 we f9d ! celebrat$ exp]im5t] ,felix ,sav>t busily engag$ 9 demon/rat+1 by me*anical me?ods1 ! reason = tone2 & ef=ts at a g5]al revival h cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,! fact t tone _c be se51 :ile ! viol9 conta9+ x is visible en\gh1 has /imulat$ curiosity to discov] a suppos$ 8lo/ secret10 :i* 9 reality 0 ! me?od ,i h nam$1 probably ab&on$ = ! reasons & 9 ! mann] already sugge/$1 by all save a few4 ,& x is n difficult to imag9e ^! few1 cle>ly appreciat+ _! advantage1 keep+ ! me?od ( tone regulation & control v mu* to !mselves &1 by produc+ fairly consecutive tonal excell5ce 7:ile ! m num]\s contempor>y mak]s 7 do+ ! rev]se71 spurr+ ! inve/igators to fre% ef=ts & ! sci5ti/s to new explanations4 ,"s ( ^! !ories dealt ) ac\/ics & are extremely complicat$ & int]e/+1 b x has nev] occurr$ to me t art has any?+ 9 p>ticul> to d ) sci5ce1 & ,i c]ta9ly d n believe ! old ma/]s knew ov]mu*1 if any?+1 ab\t ! sci5tific side ( tone4 ,if ! results !y a*iev$ h s9ce be5 f\nd ( a highly sci5tific nature1 !re is good reason to believe !y 7 unaw>e ( x at ! "t4 ,we read 9 ,messrs4 ,hill's 8,antonio ,/radiv>i10 p4 #ahi3 8,t ,/radiv>i 0 guid$ 444 by a k ( sci5ce z appli$ to ! con/ruction ( in/rum5ts1 we d n = "o mom5t believe40 ,& to ?is ,i w\ld add t nei!r 0 he s guid$ 9 8 creation ( tone4 ,sav>t1 9 8 ef=ts to une>? ! 8secret0 by ! use ( "s sort ( me*anical means1 0 ! fir/ to 8attune0 ! plates & ?us produce ! be/ me*anical me?od yet devis$2 a me?od hav+ no?+ to d ) ideals1 b mu* to d ) sci5ce4 ,its out/&+ feature is t x produces ) uncanny regul>ity a type ( tone :i*1 l ! process1 may be *>act]is$ z me*anical4 ,x is only fair to say ( ?is me?od t x does1 on occasion1 result 9 a tone ( mu* brilliance4 ,j :y x %\ld d s is probably a puzzle to ^? :o employ ! process4 ,if !y 7 aw>e ( ! reason = ?is occasional good tone1 !y c\ld d\btless make x ! rule in/ead ( ! exception4 ,! reason1 h[ev]1 lies beyond ! scope ( ! me?od employ$1 z we expla9 9 ! *apt] devot$ to v>ni% & tone4 ,none ! less1 tone produc$ by 8attun+0 ! plates is n by any means to be d]id$1 al?\gh ! g5]al results atta9$ d n w>rant ! high claims made = ! process4 ,among o!rs :o lab\r$ t[>ds a revival ( tone 7 ! copyi/1 :o let tone take c>e ( itself2 ! old wood !ori/s1 :o consid]$ t tone-quality lay 9 old wood1,e & ! v>ni%]s1 :o believ$ t ! 8secret0 ( tone is 9 v>ni%4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 among/ ^? :o h s lab\r$1 ! elucidation ( ! problem seems nev] to h be5 approa*$ f ! /&po9t ( ,tone itself1 & !y h n reg>d$ tone z an expression ( ideals1 b a sort ( natural result foll[+ ^u "s peculi> or p>ticul> virtues to be f\nd 9 wood & v>ni%1 ! mak] ( ! viol9 be+ a k9d ( human ma*9e a*iev+ tonal results by rote & rule4 ,wood1 con/ruction1 & v>ni% d1 inde$1 seem to indicate ! possible av5ues ?r\gh :i* inve/igation may be c>ri$4 ,9 !m und\bt$ly lies ! reason = tone :i*1 if discov]$1 w\ld /ill leave ! process by :i* x 0 a*iev$ z pr(\nd a difficulty z ev]4 ,we view ! pa9t ^u a pictur$ canvas )\t special int]e/4 ,we "k x is pa9t & leave x at t4 ,aside f ! ideals ( ! arti/ we "k x possesses no virtues lead+ t[>ds ! creation ( a "w ( art4 ,we h no illusions reg>d+ a comb9ation su* z ?is4 ,if we desir$ to produce a simil> picture we are q aw>e t simil> pa9ts plac$ ^u canvas ( equal size w\ld n be en\gh4 ,we fully appreciate ! fact t col\r & canvas are b ! means ?r\gh :i* ideals are r5d]$ visible1 yet1 :5 we turn to ! viol91 we f9d ?is tru? ab&on$4 ,by ! tok5 "h express$ all ! virtue lies 9 canvas & pa9t4 ,to a*ieve an arti/ic result is to use a clo? simil> to t (1 say1 ,rembr&t 7( ! same age1 if possible71 cut to ! same size1 & apply !reto simil> col\rs--c>efully gaug+ ! ?ickness all ov] ) a micromet]6 ,) all ?is c>e we get a picture1 b n a ,rembr&t4 ,z ev]y?+ has be5 done t ,rembr&t did1 & ! result is n exactly :at we desire1 we take refuge 9 ! only hypo!sis left1 & agree t a picture s produc$ mu/ wait = p]fection until x is z old z ,rembr&t's4 ,to produce a picture by any su* means appe>s ridicul\s1 yet x is exactly ! means by :i* x is s\ght to produce an ideal ( tone 9 ! viol94 ,x is n consid]$ t mat]ials & con/ruction are m]ely ! means ?r\gh :i* ! tone ideal ( ! build] f9ds expression1 b ?r\gh "s my/]i\s influ5ce 7n yet discov]$67 ! mat]ials are expect$ to create "s magnific5t quality ( tone at :i* ! build] mu/ be prep>$ to /& agha/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ n[ become fairly well acqua9t$ ) ! old viol91 & review$ ! progress ( its tone ?r\gh ! pa/ ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six ye>s1 we may consid] we h arriv$ at a po9t :]e ! mod]n viol9 c be admitt$1 ) ! object ( def9+ its position f a tonal po9t ( view2 fir/ mak+ an inve/igation into ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 a new fiddle & tone4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,relation%ip ,,betwe5 ,a ,,new ,,viol9 ,,& ,,tone ,fiddle-mak+ may be ei!r a hobby or a bus9ess4 ,sometimes x is bo?4 ,x is also m or less ( an art1 b only ! connoisseur is able to expla9 :]e9 & :y4 ,to ! 8man 9 ! /reet0 a fiddle is j a fiddle1 z l any or all o!r fiddles1 z "o pea is l ano!r4 ,sometimes x is r$1 sometimes yell[1 & sometimes br[n4 ,!re9 d !y diff]4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t ! mak+ ( a viol9 :i* calls = our special notice4 ,?is has be5 set =? 9 _m exhau/ive works1 describ$ & illu/rat$ at great l5g?4 ,9 a "w on tone x w\ld be useless to devote space to cab9et-mak+4 ,! relation betwe5 mak+ a fiddle & tone is all t ne$ conc]n u "h4 ,let u see j :at t relation%ip is4 ,9 ord] to make ! subject cle> we mu/ g5]alise4 ,we _c g into ! numb]less & complicat$ details t affect ! s\nd 9 "o way or ano!r--= good or evil--because x is n s\nd1 n ! m]e noise a viol9 w emit1 t int]e/s ! tone-lov]4 ,we procure1 let u say1 suitable wood & a book on fiddle-mak+ & set to "w4 ,9 due "t1 ) ! ex]cise ( pati5ce & su* skill z we c comm&1 we produce a viol9--our fir/--built c>efully to ! measurem5ts & along ! l9es (1 say1 ! immortal ,/radiv>i4 ,:5 ! v>ni% is dry en\gh we /r+ x up1 & n until !n d we "k :at its tone is l6 ,& :at1 by ! way1 is x l8 ,! answ] is simple en\gh3 x is l ! tone ( any o!r fiddle s con/ruct$4 ,we h accompli%$ tone results no great] & no less ?an any o!r copyi/ has a*iev$ 9 ! pa/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 because we h done no m ?an !y h done & no m ?an any "o c d4 ,we h made a box ab\t f\rte5 in*es long1 a little ov] an in* deep1 eight in*es or s 9 its wide/ "p1 & ) an irregul> outl9e4 ,we h slightly ar*$ ! top & bottom ( ?is box1 & provid$ x ) v>i\s fitm5ts & /r+s4 ,e box s made w1 )\t exception1 produce a s\nd ( "s sort1 :e!r made by ,antonio ,/radiv>i 9 #agbj1 or ,john ,doe 9 #aiaf4 ,sometimes t s\nd is l\d1 & sometimes x is weak1 (t5 x is bo?1 & aga9 x is nei!r1 dep5d+ ^u matt]s :i* ! mak]s may1 or may n1 appreciate &1 p]haps1 alt] = ! bett] or worse )9 ^! n>r[ limits4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! relation%ip betwe5 ! raw fiddle & tone4 ,bo? ! viol9 & su* tone z x w naturally1 or we might say me*anically1 possess1 is b ! crude mat]ial :i* ! tone-build] uses4 ,by means ( ! "o he ref9es1 regulates1 & develops ! o!r4 ,manife/ly ! result dep5ds ^u :at he consid]s a f9e & tell+ tone4 ,!re c be no guess-"w ab\t x1 & no?+ c be left to *ance4 ,he mu/ "k exactly :5 he has rea*$ ! result he desires1 & ! high] 8 ideals ! bett] ! tone4 ,z ! raw mat]ial 9 ! %ape ( unref9$ tone is1 to a great] or less] ext5t1 fill$ ) flaws1 ^! mu/ be elim9at$2 z ! viol9s 9 _! undevelop$ /ate ev] pres5t tone problems inf9ite 9 v>iation--no two be+ alike--! tone build] c foll[ no set rule1 & no me*anical me?od4 ,to a*ieve1 !re=e1 a ?or\ghly arti/ic & satisfactory tonal relation%ip betwe5 ! in/rum5t & its voice dep5ds1 fir/1 on high ideals &1 second1 a process ela/ic en\gh to meet1 successfully1 conditions :i* are always *ang+4 ,z to ! tonal position ( ! mod]n viol91 !re is no d5y+ ! fact t x has long be5 an object ( suspicion4 ,! wond] is n t ?is suspicion %\ld exi/1 b t a new fiddle %\ld h any tonal repute left at all4 ,let u review "s ( ! causes responsible = ?is condition ( affairs4 ,9 ! 8good old days0 ( viol9 mak+1 say 9 #agbe1 :5 ! mo/ fam\s ( all mak]s 7 work+1 surr\nd$ by _m :o1 if less fam\s1 7 able to hold _! own1 !re 7 no fiddle factories swamp+ ! m>ket ) ma*9e-made tra%1 belittl+ & depreciat+ ! 7!n7 new & less num]\s h&-made in/rum5t4 ,!re 7 no deal]s 91 say1 ! viol9s ( da ,sal1 ,magg9i1 & ! fir/ ,amati1 to ! exclusion ( ! new ones ( ,/radiv>i1 ,b]gonzi1 & ,joseph ,gu>n]ius del ,ges4 ,!re 7 no collectors ( ! old & r>e :o disreg>d$ ! "w & tone ( ! liv+ build]s4 ,!re 7 no books on ! hi/ory ( ! viol9 devot+ sixte5 pages to1 let u say1 ,duiffoprugc>1 :o work$ two hundr$ ye>s previ\sly1 & indicat+ ! liv+ mak]s ?us3 8,/radiv>i1 ,antonio1 n[ liv+0--:5 m5tion$ at all4 ,!re 7 no 8,j\rnals devot$ to ! int]e/s ( viol9i/s10 9 :i* ,c>lo ,b]gonzi might h read an article on ! "w ( ,antonio ,amati1 fill$ ) fulsome praise & flatt]y ( ! old1 b conta9+ little1 or no?+1 ab\t :at 0 be+ done !re 9 ,cremona at ! "t4 ,!re 7 no play]s ( ! viol9 :o pref]r$ a batt]$ fiddle1 made by "s unkn[n mak] 9 #aeib1 to "o made 9 8 home t[n ( ,cremona ?ree ye>s previ\sly--9 #agbb4 ,hav+ none ( ^! ?+s to cont5d aga9/1 _! l9es 7 truly laid 9 pleasant places if we comp>e !m ) ! build]s ( #aiaf1 :o h all ^! ?+s1 & _m m besides1 aga9/ ! popul>ity ( _! in/rum5ts4 ,9 pass+1 x is wor?y ( note t1 :atev] influ5ce !re is aga9/ a j consid]ation ( ! mod]n tone "w1,f ?is influ5ce does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! sale ( factory fiddles4 ,^! are /ill sold at ! rate ( "s hundr$ ?\s& in/rum5ts p] annum to ^? :o nev] read fiddle books or lit]ature2 to :om a fiddle is j a fiddle2 :o place all old fiddles 9 "o class1 & all new fiddles 9 ano!r--& ?is k9d ( buy] is f> m num]\s ?an might be suppos$1 if figures did n place ! matt] beyond d\bt4 ,b e work] :o builds 8 viol9 by h&1 select+ co/ly mat]ials & do+ 8 "w ) lov+ & pa9/ak+ c>e1 kn[s :at ?is influ5ce means4 ,he kn[s !re are surr\nd+ him _m influ5ces1 all ( :i* lead ! tone-seek] 9 "o direction1 namely1 t[>ds ! old4 ,yet ! f9e mod]n in/rum5ts /ill survive1 & are gr[+ rapidly 9 tone repute4 ,9 spite ( ev]y?+ !y /ill f9d play]s ^: only consid]ation is ,,tone1 j z ,,tone 0 ! only consid]ation 9 ! days :5 ! old mak]s fl\ri%$4 ,if ! new viol9 c1 9 ! face ( all t is aga9/ its popul>ity1 /ill f9d ?is fav\r1 x mu/1 inde$1 h tone m]it s exceptional z to be f> 9 advance ( _m ( ^? old viol9s ^: praises are s p]si/5tly adv]tis$4 ,ev]y?+ consid]$1 ?is /rikes u z a happy augury = ! imm$iate future ( ! new fiddle4 ,i v5ture to pr$ict t its mak]s w n be compell$ to sp5d a c5tury or s 9 ! tomb be=e _! good "w is appreciat$4 ,t ^! new viol9s are becom+ a factor s]i\sly to be reckon$ ) is n lo/ ^u ^? ^: int]e/ x is to fo/] ! trade 9 old in/rum5ts ( less tonal value4 ,aft] all1 x is tone value t w decide ! "q betwe5 ! old & ! new1 & x is possible ! day is n f> di/ant :5 old viol9s 7outside ^? by ! fam\s creators ( gr& tone7 w h to /& or fall ^u _! tone-m]it1 r ?an ^u ! claim ( hav+ be5 made by "s obscure or unkn[n mak] 9 an equally unc]ta9 b anci5t day4 ,meantime mod]n mak]s mu/ expect new "w to be ignor$ by all save ^? :o h no old axe to gr9d2 to be condemn$1 or 8damn$ by fa9t praise20 all ( :i* x has /ood & w cont9ue to /&4 ,its claim is f\nd$ ^u a tone-base too sub/antial to be %ak54 ,all x requires is a fair trial & comp>ison ) ! products ( ! old ma/]s2 & ! m fam\s ! old ma/] ! bett] ! te/2 = x may easily prove itself sup]ior to an ord9>y old viol9 )\t be+ 9 any respect rem>kable 9 tone4 ,9 ord] t no "q may arise z to ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t1 ,i give1 9 ! next *apt]1 ! results 9 a conte/ ( tone betwe5 six old ma/] viol9s1 & six new in/rum5ts by liv+ mak]s4 ,i believe t mo/ ( u :o are lov]s ( ! fiddle began z idolat]s ( ! in/rum5t1 r ?an ( its tone4 ,( su* lov]s ?is may be said3 9 our e>ly fai? we 7 prone to accept _m /range & unc\? gods2 b1 z we grew old]1 we became m p>ticul>2 we select$ = our allegiance "o out ( _m2 b z ev5 idols co/ money1 we 7 n always privileg$ to possess ! "o :i* 0 our he>t's desire1 b wor%ipp$ x f af>1 meantime liv+ 9 hope & consol+ ourselves ) a less pot5t feti%4 ,x is said ( ! ,*9ese t1 :5 an idol ceases to answ] requirem5ts1 x is *opp$ 9 pieces & ano!r pur*as$4 ,our progress ) fiddles is n dissimil>1 only we sell our idol4 ,& ?us _m ( u sp5d our lives--& money--seek+ fiddles :51 9 reality1 x is tone we are aft]4 ,t we s seldom f9d x is due to ! fact t we make up our m9ds be=eh& :]e x w abide4 ,nev]1 ,i believe1 has imag9ation play$ me su* scurvy tricks z :5 x caus$ me1 dur+ ! ye>s ( my novitiate 9 tone1 to inve/ "s anci5t & tubby 8g\rd0 ) ! dulcet voice ( a 8real ,cremona40 ,i look back ^u ^? di/ant days ) real humiliation4 ,& ,i recall ! assurance ) :i* ,i clung to my fai?6--ma9ly because ,i _h no su* illum9at+ guide to tone z ! "o pres5t$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,old ,,tone ,,& ,,new--,a ,,conte/ ,on ,june #bb1 #aiab1 ! ,london ,daily ,mail publi%$ ! foll[+ f its ,p>is correspond5t3 8,a conte/ took place 9 ,p>is la/ night :i* seems to v9dicate ! cont5tion t mod]n viol9s are z good 9 tone z ^? ( anci5t make1 = :i* ?\s&s are paid by en?usia/s4 ,a numb] ( viol9s 7 play$ 9 a d>k room1 & at ! end ( ! competition a vote 0 tak5 f ! num]\s musical & arti/ic audi5ce pres5t1 ) ! result t ! f9e/ 0 judg$ to be a ,belgian in/rum5t dat$ #aiab2 ! second 0 a ,fr5* #aiaa viol91 & n until ! ?ird came a ,/radiv>ius1 valu$ at m ?an #cjjj40 ,!re are lack+ 9 ! above report _m details :i* _c fail to int]e/ ! tone-seek]4 ,i am1 !re=e1 indebt$ to ,mr4 ,d4 ,i4 ,c>dozo1 ( ,am/]dam1 = a m ext5d$ communication on ! subject1 :i* ,i pr9t 9 full4 ,:ile ?is1 z well z simil> conte/s1 are extremely int]e/+1 ! lesson :i* !y convey has already be5 le>n$ by ^? :o keep abrea/ ( matt]s relat+ to tone4 ,! pres5t conte/ w s]ve to keep ?is lesson be=e viol9i/s1 & future competitions w spread fur!r afield ! high tone repute ( ! mod]n viol94 ,a po9t 9 ?is communication wor?y ( c>eful note is conta9$ 9 ! /atem5t t ! w9n+ viol9s 7 bo? produc$ by a sy/em :i* enabl$ _! mak]s to control ! tone4 ,i h dealt ) ?is subject at consid]able l5g? 9 previ\s *apt]s1 b ! b>e /atem5t ( ! fact 9 ?is communication is incomplete )\t add+ t ! mak] n only controls & regulates ! tone1 b creates its quality z well4 ,manife/ly he c\ld 8control0 ) equal facility a poor tone1 &1 if he possess$ no ideals ( :at a f9e tone %\ld be1 8 regulation ( x w\ld /ill be b>r5 ( satisfactory results4 ,mr4 ,c>dozo writes z foll[s3-- 8,are ! viol9s ( ! great ,italian viol9 mak]s ( ! glori\s "t ( _! art--! ,/radiv>ii1 ,gu>n]ii1 ,amatis1 ,granc9os--)\t rivals1 & are ! _w's fam\s viol9 play]s "r 9 pay+ fabul\s prices = su* r>e in/rum5ts & to pref] !m to ^? ( mod]n make8 ,or h ! mod]n mak]s br\ght _! art to su* p]fection t ! pref]5ce = ! old in/rum5ts is no?+ b a prejudice2 t a man ) common s5se mu/ admit "s mak]s are produc+ su* beautiful in/rum5ts1 ) su* a ri* tone1 t !y are by no means inf]ior to ! mo/ beautiful old in/rum5ts kn[n8 8,?is is n a "q ( ye/]day nor ( to-day1 b ! solution has come some:at ne>] s9ce ! competition held 9 ,p>is "s weeks ago4 ,cont9u+ ! competitions ( #aiji & #aiaj1 :5 9 bo? cases ! viol9s & violoncellos ( mod]n mak]s 7 aw>d$ ! fir/ prize & ! ,/radiv>ii 7 beat51 ! ,monde ,musical has op5$ ?is ye> a new competition4 8,tw5ty-sev5 mod]n viol9-mak]s1 viz4 eighte5 ,fr5*1 two ,belgian1 two ,g]man1 two ,italian1 "o ,dut*1 "o ,engli%1 & "o ,russian _h toge!r s5t 9 =ty-two in/rum5ts :i* _h to /ruggle aga9/ six old ,italian3 "o ,/radiv>ius 7valu$ at #cjjj71 "o ,gu>n]ius del ,ges1 "o ,magg9i1 "o ,g&1 "o ,joseph ,gu>n]ius 7son ( ,&rea71 & "o ,granc9o4 8,! competition 0 s regulat$ t ! public1 consi/+ ( well-kn[n arti/s1 c\ld n see :at viol9 0 be+ play$ ^u at any giv5 mom5t4 ,! same arti/ play$1 beh9d a curta9 9 ! d>k1 ! same piece on ! diff]5t viol9s1 :i* 7 numb]$1 & :i* numb]s 7 acquir$ by ca/+ lots4 ,betwe5 ! play+ ( two numb]s ! lights 7 swit*$ on = a mom5t to enable ! audi5ce to make _! rem>ks & put d[n ! po9ts on _! li/s4 8,on ! fir/ night only ! new viol9s 7 play$1 9 ord] to select f !m ! be/1 &1 z a result1 tw5ty ( ! =ty-two in/rum5ts 7 deem$ wor?y to compete ) ! old viol9s4 ,f ?is tw5ty ! six be/ 7 aga9 *os51 ,no4 #a be+ a ,dut* viol9 ) #aab po9ts1 & ( ! five o!rs f\r 7 ,fr5* ) #hg1 #gc1 #fg1 & #ea po9ts respectively1 & "o ,belgian ) #dg po9ts4 8,on ! next night ^! six mod]n viol9s _h to compete ) ! six old ones4 ,!re 0 a l>ge public att5dance1 & a hundr$ & sixty-"o arti/s 7 select$ to d ! vot+4 ,two well-kn[n viol9i/s1 ,simonne ,filon & ,jean t5 ,h1 play$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 on ! twelve viol9s4 ,! vot+ produc$ ! foll[+ result3-- 7,new7 #a ,augu/e ,falisse1 ,brussels #dbc po9ts 7,new7 #b ,*5antais-,kaul1 ,nantes #dbb 8 7,old7 #c ,antonio ,/radiv>i1 ,cremona #dja 8 7,old7 #d ,paolo ,granc9o1 ,milan #cfi 8 7,new7 #e ,d]\x1 ,p>is #cea 8 7,new7 #f ,poisson1 ,lyons #cbg 8 7,old7 #g ,joseph ,gu>n]ius 7del ,ges71 ,cremona po9ts n giv5 7,old7 #h ,joseph ,gu>n]ius 7son ( ,&rea71 ,cremona po9ts n giv5 7,old7 #i ,francois ,g&1 ,p>is 8 8 7,old7 #aj ,g4 ,p4 ,magg9i1 ,brescia 8 8 7,new7 #aa ,ang>d1 ,p>is 8 8 7,new7 #ab ,kunze1 ,! ,hague 8 8 8,! two viol9s :i* ga9$ ! fir/ & second place1 & :i* receiv$ a good numb] ( po9ts m ?an ! ,/radiv>ius1 7 built accord+ to ! sy/em ( ! ,fr5* physicus1 ,dr4 ,*5antais4 ,kaul1 a pupil ( ! doctor1 is a fri5d ( ,falisse1 & x 0 :ile /ay+ 9 ,brussels t he expla9$ to ,falisse ! pr9ciples ( ,*5antais1,g & advis$ him to foll[ !m4 ,falisse took ?is advice & entirely succe$$4 ,! viol9 ) :i* he succe$$ 9 w9n+ ! fir/ prize 0 f9i%$ on ! #ae? ( ,june1 ! conte/ be+ held on ! #ba/ ( ! same mon?4 8,! pr9ciple ( ,dr4 ,*5antais is t ! mak] mu/ n cont9ue to copy ! viol9s ( ! ,italians1 nor bo!r ab\t :y !re is s mu* v>iation ( =m4,h ,! doctor does n pay mu* att5tion to ! v>ni%4 ,! ma9 po9t is ! v]ify+ 78relage0--regulation7 ( ! tone1 & 8 success %[s t he is "r4 ,9 #aiji a violoncello on ?is pr9ciple ( ,*5antais-,kaul 0 aw>d$ ! fir/ prize1 & n[ aga9 by means ( two ( 8 pupils he w9s place ov] all new & old viol9s4 8,x may be t su* competitions are n completely conclusive2 t ! old viol9 may be play$ ! be/1 z ! arti/ is m us$ to play+ ^u x4 ,9 any case x is n true to say ! old viol9-mak]s _c be improv$ ^u 9 tone40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! obvi\s criticism ( ?is report is1 ( c\rse1 t ! _w seems to h be5 sc\r$ to f9d ! six new viol9s1 &1 aft] all1 only two ( !m succe$$ 9 beat+ all ! old in/rum5ts 9 tone4 ,x may also be said we are giv5 no indication ( ! tonal repute ( ! six old viol9s1 b are left to assume !y 7 repres5tative ( _! mak]s4 ,we h also no explanation ( ! peculi> fact t1 :5 ! new fiddles 7 te/$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 ! w9n] ( t conte/ f\nd itself among ! 8also rans0 9 ! f9al--& br++ up ! extreme re>1 to boot4 ,we h no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ! result 0 arriv$ at 9 a ?or\ghly hone/ & reliable mann]1 capable critics hav+ decid$ 7)\t kn[+ :at in/rum5t !y 7 vot+ =7 t ! new viol9s 7 equal1 & 9 "s cases sup]ior1 to ! viol9s ( ! old ma/]s4 ,s9ce #aiab ! new viol9 has made rapid /rides1 an ev]-increas+ numb] ( arti/s provid+ !mselves ) new viol9s ( f9e tone1 in/ead ( old ones ) que/ionable tone1 !reby increas+ ! pleasure ( ^? :o he> !m play & add+ to _! own r5[n4 ,t ^! viol9s exi/ %\ld be a s\rce ( gratification to all lov]s ( ! in/rum5t1 & especially to ^? :o are unable to inve/ ! l>ge sums dem&$ = ! great-ton$ viol9s produc$ by ! ma/]s ( ,cremona & else:]e4 ,to ^! ! fact t a viol91 equally great 9 tone1 is actually )9 _! means may well be accept$ ) incr$ulity4 ,?is incr$ulity is1 "u all ! circum/ances1 natural4 ,x is1 !re=e1 accept$ & respect$ by e mak] ( a great-ton$ new in/rum5t4 ,n only s1 b e facility w be giv5 = te/+ ! new aga9/ ! old1 to ! end t mod]n tone may become bett] kn[n & appreciat$1 = x is only by ?is means t ! s5tim5tal influ5ces :i* h s long work$ aga9/ ! new viol9 c be ov]come4 8,are1 !n1 all mod]n mak]s creators ( great tone80 ,no1 !y are n1 nor has ?is be5 ! case 9 any p]iod ( viol9 mak+4 ,yet--& ?is may well be wor?y ( att5tion--!re is sc>cely a mak] ( to-day1 ev5 to ! copyi/1 :o has n 8 tonal c\nt]p>t among ! build]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,8 viol9s are z good z ^? produc$ by 8 m anci5t prototype4 ,!y may1 inde$1 be m wor?y ( ! att5tion ( play]s1 z our mod]n is apt to foll[ a model sup]ior to ^? adopt$ by _m ( ! old] copyi/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+1 s f> z ! magnitude ( ! task & my own limitations p]mit1 made ?is ef=t to re9/ate ! mod]n viol9 9 a position ( :i*1 b = circum/ance1 x w\ld h nev] be5 depriv$1 let u consid] "s ( ! pitfalls besett+ ! pa?way ( ! tone-seek]--especially if he be s d>+ z to v5ture 8 que/ t[>ds new pa/ures1 leav+ t pre-empt$ field :]e91 "s w\ld h u believe1 tone c only be f\nd4 ,9 pla9] t]ms1 if he seeks1 or f9ds1 tone among new fiddles in/ead ( old ones4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,d\ble-,,b>rell$ ,,!ory ,a frequ5t cont5tion aga9/ ! new viol91 especially :5 its high-tone quality is s ov]:elm+ly app>5t z to conf\nd ev5 ! unreasonably prejudic$1 is ! /atem5t t ?is f9e tone w disappe> 9 "t4 ,?is appe>s /range :5 we rememb] x comes f ^? :o say tone is f\nd only 9 ! old viol96 ,accord+ to ?is !ory age seems a mo/ accommodat+ adjunct4 ,x n only gives tone1 b takes x away also--x all dep5ds ^u :e!r ! mak] is dead or n6 ,b ! seek] ( tone ne$ n be al>m$ :5 su* d\ble-b>rell$ wisdom is solemnly imp>t$4 ,! tone ( ! great new viol9s is absolutely p]man5t4 ,x does n owe its orig9 to age1 or to any?+ t "t c alt] any fur!r ?an x c alt] ! tone ( any o!r great viol94 ,its cont9u$ exi/5ce is subject to ! same conditions z gov]n ! exi/5ce1 or tone-life1 ( ! f9e/ old ,italian in/rum5ts4 ,if "t influ5ces x at all x is only to make x bett]4 ,:atev] effect age may h ^u a fiddle con/ruct$ ( gre5 wood1 ^u ! factory-made article1 or ^u ^? unsuitably v>ni%$1 :]e x is conceivable some?+ unexpect$ may occur to ! s\nd su* in/rum5ts are capable ( emitt+1 no?+ ( ?is sort happ5s to viol9s con/ruct$ by ei!r old or new ma/]s ( tonal art4 ,?is tone-disappe>+ !ory is n only ridicul\s1 x is mean4 ,unable to d5y tone z a pat5t & pres5t fact 9 a new viol91 suspicion mu/ be creat$ & ! possessor fright5$ ) ! bogey ( its ultimate & c]ta9 loss4 ,! tone-seek]'s int]e/ mu/ be /ruck 9 ! t5d]e/ spot4 ,ev5 if n imm$iately effective1 ! se$ ( suspicion is s[n1 ) ! result t 79 effect7 ! tone-lov] sits at ! b$side ( 8 7suppos$7 ail+ fiddle apply+ home rem$ies & pat5t no/rums )\t avail4 ,at la/ ! doctor1 usually a quack1 is s5t = &1 )\t m ado1 gives ! tone its c\p de grce4 ,b ?is ne$ no long] be ! case4 ,=tifi$ ) k & fully aw>e ( ! purpose = :i* ?is entirely false !ory is advanc$1 ! new viol9 possess+ f9e tone may be treasur$ ) confid5ce 9 ! p]man5cy ( its brilliant voice4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,exp]t ,,deal] ,:ile !re are num]\s exp]ts & deal]s ( great r5[n & unque/ion$ repute1 !re is no d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ^? :o w\ld d well to drop ! 8&0 f ?is title & ?us become :at !y really are1 8,exp]t ,deal]s0--exp]ts 9 acquir+ old fiddles 7usually ( l[ grade71 exp]ts 9 adv]tis+ _! praise1 & exp]ts 9 sell+ !m4,i ,! fir/ consid]ation ( ?is type ( deal] is to keep alive ! int]e/ 9 old fiddles--! type ( old fiddle t is acquir$ = a few %ill+s & sold = z _m p\nds4 ,new viol9s1 ev5 ( ! f9e/-tone quality1 are no?+ to him4 ,!y _c be pur*as$ *eaply1 or sold at an extravagant price4 ,! new viol9 has b "o asset--,tone4 ,its value dep5ds ^u ! quality ( its tone & no?+ else1 :ile ! old1 ev5 ! v *eap old1 is lift$ above tone because x is a curio z well z a fiddle1 al?\gh x may be d[nright flatt]y to say its tone is ?ird rate4 ,?is deal] has b "o s]i\s tr\ble1 namely1 to keep 8 patrons satisfi$ ) ! species ( 8tone0 :i*1 :5 ! glam\r ( own+ a 8f9e old viol90 has worn (f1 beg9s to :9e = att5tion4 ,8 ability to meet ?is issue really ju/ifies 8 claim to ! title ( 8exp]t40 ,he is full ( advice reg>d+ adju/m5t1 alt]ation ( bridge1 po/1 b>1 etc41 or an ex*ange = ano!r fiddle if ^! prove unavail+4 ,:atev] he may advise x w n be to try a new viol94 ,he does n realise ! gulf t is fix$ betwe5 himself & ! pur*as] ( ! in/rum5t4 ,8 int]e/ is c5tr$ 9 ! sale ( a fiddle1 :ile ^? :o patronise him are int]e/$ 9 ! pur*ase ( tone4 ,?is type ( fiddle m]*ant sometimes admit1 ) cynical c&\r1 t 8p d n buy viol9s = _! tone 7sic7 n[adays40 ,if s1 ! fault lies ) ! deal] r ?an ) ! 8p40 ,b if viol9s are n b\ght = _! tone1 :at are !y pur*as$ =8 ,if ! deal] & 8 patron 7 9 agreem5t t a viol9 has no o!r mission ?an to pose1 l a ,*ipp5dale *air1 z a curiosity1 ! tone ( ! in/rum5t may well be relegat$ to a second>y position4 ,x c1 l ! *air1 be us$2 f its "t-/a9$ int]ior a s\nd may be produc$ :i*1 if x does no?+ else1 at lea/ proclaims ! ?+ to be a fiddle4 ,& t is all x is b\ght =6 ,x is d\btless q true t ! majority ( viol9s are n 8b\ght = _! tone n[adays20 b ! only "o p]fectly aw>e ( ! fact is ! deal] himself1 & he is1 p]haps1 ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ ! /atem5t1 = he kn[s :at ! in/rum5t is b\ght = if ! pur*as] does n4 ,x might h be5 m accurate to /ate t viol9s are n sold = _! tone1 b = _! age or appe>ance4 ,x is only ! deal] :o buys an old fiddle simply because x is old4 ,?is k9d ( deal] prosp]s because few p realise t f9e tone is n to be acquir$ *eaply 9 an old viol92 t age & tone are n synonym\s t]ms4 ,!y are misl$ ?r\gh ! spell ca/ ov] all old fiddles by ! ma/]pieces ( ,cremona4 ,tone ( sup]f9e quality seldom comes _! way4 ,x is r>e _! acqua9tance ) x is close en\gh1 or frequ5t en\gh1 = !m to appreciate m ?an its sup]ficial beauties4 ,age1 or its simulation1 is visible to ! eye1 & tone ( "s r>e sort is !re=e consid]$ an assur$ ?+4 ,_! ideas are /rong] ?an _! ideals & _! imag9ation sup]ior to bo?1 ) ! result t ! progress ( _m tal5t$ /ud5ts1 & n a few good play]s1 is s]i\sly ret>d$ ?r\gh ! use ( "s 8g5u9e old0 b poor-ton$ viol94 ,oppos$ to ?is type ( deal] are ! g5u9e deal]s & exp]ts1 m5 ( a va/ly diff]5t class4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t1 :ile ! fir/ are _m ! la/ are few4 ,/ill1 !y may be f\nd 9 mo/ great cities ( ! _w1 ! two mo/ fam\s h\ses be+ locat$ 9 ,london4 ,"h "o may f9d all k9ds ( old viol9s & new ones z well1 ! la/ be+1 9 mo/ cases1 produc$ 9 _! own work%ops4 ,?r\gh ^! h\ses h pass$ ! mo/ fam\s viol9s kn[n1 & !re "o may be sure ( f9d+ old in/rum5ts ( f9e tone & und\bt$ p$igree & repute4 ,x is f ?is k9d ( deal] t mo/ ( ! _w's greate/ play]s h pur*as$ _! in/rum5ts1 & x is "h !y s5d !m = adju/m5t or repair4 ,z x is extremely haz>d\s = ! ord9>y buy] to rely ^u 8 own judgm5t :5 pur*as+ an old viol91 he _c d bett] ?an place 8 wants 9 ! h&s ( "o ( ^! speciali/s4 ,9 mo/ cities & t[ns are also to be f\nd reputable deal]s & repair]s4 ,_! /ock ( old in/rum5ts is1 h[ev]1 necess>ily limit$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,imitation ,,old ,,ma/]s ,:5 c]ta9 ( ! m fam\s old viol9 mak]s 7 /ill liv+1 :5 !y _h a*iev$ ?r\gh ! spl5d\r ( _! tone & ! p]fection ( _! model a wide-spread fame1 !re came into be+ a class ( fiddle build]s :o devot$ _! en]gies t[>ds copy+1 z closely z possible1 ! "w ( ! great lu?i]s ( _! "t4 ,x is only fair to /ate t ! majority ( !m 7 hone/1 & )\t desire or int5tion to create :at might be consid]$ a =g]y4 ,b "s unkn[n h& has accompli%$ ! feat = !m by remov+ ! label ( ! real mak] & sub/itut+ ! ticket ( "o m fam\s4 ,?us we h _m g5u9e old viol9s sail+ "u col\rs to :i* !y h no legitimate "r1 & deceiv+--n only ! unw>y1 b sometimes ^? :o are v w>y inde$4 ,jacob ,/a9] inspir$ m copyi/s1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r build]1 al?\gh ,ni*olas ,amati seems to h be5 a v good second1 :ile none ( ! great mak]s escap$ altoge!r4 ,z ^! copies 7 manufactur$ :5 ! orig9als 7 new !y 7 n artificially ag$4 ,"t1 !re=e1 has dealt ) !m j z x has dealt ) ! viol9s ( any o!r mak] ( old times4 ,_! anci5t appe>ance is p]fectly g5u9e1 & !re=e ! detection ( fraud r5d]$ m difficult 9 ! close copies--especially z "s conta9 labels :i* 7 remov$ f au!ntic old ma/] viol9s4 ,z to ! tone ( ^! in/rum5ts x is suffici5t to say t a select few 7 produc$ by mak]s :o 7 really good regulators & develop]s ( tone4 ,if _! viol9s _h be5 untamp]$ ) & all[$ to sail "u true col\rs in/ead ( false1 _! repute w\ld h be5 ( no mean ord]4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 possess a tone ( ! meane/ description1 be+ m]ely unregulat$ copies4 ,ano!r class ( imitator consi/$ ( ^? mak]s ( consid]able reputation1 z build]s ( f9e-ton$ viol9s1 :o indulg$ 9 ! habit ( age+ _! in/rum5ts by artificial means1 l$ !reto by a ke5 appreciation ( ! fact t a fiddle :i* has ! appe>ance ( age w sell m readily ?an "o t is frankly new4 ,connoisseurs h always condemn$ ?is practice1 n only because x detracts f ! intr9sic value ( ! in/rum5t1 or because ! processes employ$ are de/ructive to tone1 b because !re is add$ to ! viol9 t :i* is false1 & !re=e hateful to all lov]s ( ! fiddle1 save1 inde$1 ^? = :om ^! imitations 7 int5d$--! age-wor%ipp]s4 ,! mak]s did n int5d ^! in/rum5ts to pose z old ma/]s4 ,!y 7 produc$ z hone/ 8fakes10 if su* a ?+ c be imag9$4 ,mo/ conta9 ! label ( ! build]1 & 7 artificially ag$ m]ely to ha/5 _! sale4 ,z works ( tonal art !y _c be recomm5d$4 ,! next class ( imitation is compos$ ( ^? new-old1 ma*9e-made abom9ations turn$ out lit]ally by ?\s&s by ! ,g]man fiddle factories4 ,:y ^! %\ld be made to imitate ! old is a my/]y1 = !y deceive nobody--unless x be ^? absolutely ignorant ( fiddle matt]s4 ,!y are b\ght by deal]s & sold = j :at !y are2 ) 8case1 b[1 in/ruction book & res910 all = a sov]eign6 ,^! ne$ n deta9 u1 nor ne$ we m5tion _! 8tone40 ,! la/ imitations to claim our notice are ^? int5d$ delib]ately to deceive1 & !y f9d victims among t class ( fiddle play] :o appe>s ev] will+ to 8take *ances40 ,"s ( ^! =g]ies are clev] en\gh1 & well calculat$ to cat* ! eye ( ! novice4 ,no wond] ! pawn%ops are fe/oon$ ) !m6 ,f e po9t ( view !y are wor?less4 ,)\t any pride ( ance/ry1 f po/]ity !y c hope = no?+4 ,_! =te1 if n _! purpose1 is to ret>d ! progress ( ^? :o /ruggle hopefully ) a spl5did b difficult art2 to lay ! f\ndations ( failure = _m tal5t$ play]s1 & br+ ! mo/ e>ne/ ef=t t[>ds tone to an untimely or unsatisfactory end4 ,x is said t a poor workman blames 8 tools1 b _m excell5t play]s blame !mselves :5 x is ! fiddle t is at fault4 ,^! fiddles make !m incapable ( appreciat+ f9e tone1 & ?r\gh\t _! lives !y all[ a wor?less in/rum5t to impose its /rid5t voice ^u !m4 ,let u close ?is review ( ! imitations ) ! foll[+ quotation f a lett] ,i receiv$ n long ago1 writt5 by ! head ( a _w-fam\s firm ( deal]s 9 old viol9s3 8,x is easi] to sell an imitation old viol9 ?an a new "o ( bett] tone40 ,! italics are m9e1 b ! lesson is unmi/akable1 & %\ld be s]i\sly consid]$ by e seek] ( tone4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,viol9 ,:ile ! lit]ature ( ! viol9 deals ) e phase connect$ ) ! subject--its hi/ory1 manufacture1 repair1 music1 old ma/]s1 great play]s1 celebrat$ in/rum5ts & _m in/ructions on h[ to play ! fiddle1 ! mo/ celebrat$ & au?oritative works are ^? :i* conta9 a hi/orical ref]5ce to all ! anci5t mak]s1 s f> z kn[n1 & _! "w4 ,_! *ief value lies 9 ! fact t !y catalogue ! names ( ov] six hundr$ old viol9 mak]s & give mu* in=mation reg>d+ _! fiddles4 ,s f> z ! kn[n old mak]s are conc]n$ !y are n only reliable1 b invaluable guides to all deal]s 9 & lov]s ( ! old in/rum5ts4 ,z guides to tone1 h[ev]1 !y are hopelessly out ( date4 ,! be/ ( ^! books 7 orig9ally publi%$ ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 & :ile _! value z a li/ ( old mak]s is 9 no way depreciat$1 ! pass+ ( "t has1 9 "s o!r respects1 r5d]$ little hon\r4 ,f !m "o ga9s ! impression t ! fiddle1 & especially its tone1 belongs to an age t is pa/2 t its be/ days are gone1 nev] to return4 ,:ile tone is r>ely m5tion$1 we are l$ t[>ds ! supposition t ! art ( its creation is z dead z ! dodo2 t x /opp$ %ort 7l gr&fa!r's clock7 a v long "t ago4 ,! idea is convey$ t1 s9ce t "t1 no mak] has succe$$ 9 produc+ a really wor?y fiddle4 ,9 fact1 all o!r mak]s are def9itely /at$ to be imitators1 :i* %[s _! au?ors 7 entirely ignorant reg>d+ tone creation1 h[ev] v]s$ !y 7 9 ! lore ( fiddle manufacture4 ,yet !re is no int5tional slight ca/ ^u ! mod]n1 nor is he s+l$ out = obloquy4 ,he is consid]$ m]ely z a liv+ non5tity4 ,! idea seems to prevail t1 to become fam\s1 ! fiddle mak] mu/ die1 & ! long] he is dead ! m wor?y he becomes ( inclusion among ! immortals4 ,8 s9 is n t he _c make a good viol91 or ev5 t he _c create a tone equal to ! antiques1 b t he _c1 by any means :atev]1 make an old viol94 ,"s ( ^! 8imitators0 h1 h[ev]1 rev5g$ !mselves by almo/ accompli%+ ! feat2,j at lea/ !y h succe$$ s well z completely to deceive "s ( ! age wor%ipp]s4 ,!y h bak$ or /a9$ _! fiddles to ! col\r ( anci5t wood1 graft$ ! head1 c\nt]feit$ we>2 creat$ & repair$ cracks1 & ev5 reproduc$ ! label 9 facsimile--& sold ! result at a f9e 8old0 figure6 ,)\t any d\bt ^! fiddles are treasur$ by m ?an "o play] to-day ?r\gh absorb+ f ^! books "o conclusion ov]-ma/]+ e o!r--! age value ( a viol94 ,^! hi/ories voice s5tim5ts :i* h be5 de> to ! collectors ev] s9ce ! fiddle 8took its place among curiosities40 ,& ^! s5tim5ts are hone/ly held & express$ 9 good fai?4 ,! au?ors 7 m5 ( r5[n 9 ! fiddle _w4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ _! en?usiasm = ! old in/rum5t & ev]y?+ connect$ ) x4 ,!y 7 connoisseurs1 exp]ts1 deal]s1 & great judges ( tone2 also1 9 "s in/ances1 f9e play]s ( ! in/rum5t1 & !y cov]$ ! field ( ! old fiddle s completely t mo/ books ( a l k9d :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s are f\nd$ ^u _! ef=ts4 ,9 absorb+ ! facts1 h[ev]1 ^! lat] works h also absorb$ ! fancies ( _! m5tors1 & ?us we h ! old fallacies multipli$ & spread fur!r afield until ! influ5ce ( ! old in/rum5ts has come to be truly amaz+4 ,consid] ! fabul\s sums n[ *e]fully paid = !m2 ! adv]tisem5t !y receive f pa9t]s1 poets1 & noveli/s2 _! possession by ! greate/ play]s2 ! int]e/ atta*$ to c]ta9 r>e examples1 & note ! effect ( all ?is ^u ! m humble foll[]s ( ! fiddle cult1 :o h come at la/ to see e old in/rum5t--ev5 ! imitation--gl[+ ) a brilliance reflect$ by ! beacon-lights ( ,cremona6 ,^! books hold an important place 9 viol9 lit]ature1 b n z guides to tone4 ,books on viol9 mak+ are ( two k9ds3 ^? t in/ruct & ^? t amuse4 ,=tunately ! la/ are few1 b /ill pl5tiful en\gh to cause tr\ble--n because ! writ]s 7 unskill$ 9 _! art1 b because ! read] is told v mu* less ?an en\gh ( "s matt]s & too mu* ( o!rs4 ,! excell5t "w ( ,mr4 ,ed4 ,h]on ,all51,k h[ev]1 does n suff] 9 ei!r ( ^! respects4 ,in/ructions & books on h[ to play ! viol9 are almo/ numb]less1 & ! te*nic ( ! art is cov]$ at e po9t4 ,) h>dly an exception !y are ( real s]vice1 al?\gh woefully neglect+ ! matt] ( tone--save f ! necessities ( te*nic4 ,i h endeav\r$ to repair ?is omission 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,!re are a few mon?ly j\rnals1 or magaz9es1 devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ^? :o play ! viol9 & k9dr$ in/rum5ts4 ,_! subscription price is exce$+ly mod]ate1 & !y deal ) subjects mo/ ( :i* ! e>ne/ /ud5t c h>dly af=d to miss4 ,among/ all ! lit]ature ( ! fiddle ^! j\rnals are ( mo/ value & int]e/ to ! play]4 ,_! columns are1 naturally1 op5 to correspond5ts & "s valuable lett]s appe>1 :ile o!rs are int]e/+ if only to indicate ! peculi> work+ ( ! speculative m9d :5 appli$ to ! viol9 & matt]s connect$ !re)4 ,! "w ( mod]n build]s is occasionally review$1 ?is be+ fai?fully & fairly done1 al?\gh n1 p]haps1 entirely dissociat$ f consid]ations b9d+ ! review]s to o!r & old] int]e/s4 ,x is surpris+ t1 9 ?is progressive age1 ) _m ?\s&s ( viol9 mak]s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 !re has n appe>$ a p]iodical :i*1 :ile cat]+ to ! ne$s ( ! mod]n play]1 w\ld also weigh ! "w ( ! mod]n build] 9 a balance m ev5ly held betwe5 himself & 8 anci5t competitor4 ,x is a simple fact t ! pres5t-day build] receives b scant enc\ragem5t f practically all fiddle lit]ature1 :ile any nondescript is lavi%ly 7& freely7 adv]tis$ if he %\ld happ5 to be anci5t--:i*1 m (t5 ?an n1 is ! ext5t ( 8 virtues4 ,! mod]n is becom+ impati5t ( ! p]petual ins9uation t he is inf]ior1 z a creator ( tone1 to ! wor/ old fiddle-mak] t ev] di$1 & z he =ms no inconsid]able section ( ! fiddle community1 ) an influ5ce & patronage n to be despis$1 8 int]e/ w\ld naturally tr5d 9 ! direction :]e he f\nd t ju/ice :i* is 8 due4 ,"o o!r type ( fiddle lit]ature is ( int]e/ to ! lov] ( viol9s4 ,! 8,lives0 deal+ ) fam\s mak]s s+ly4 ,9 practically all cases ^! deal ) ! creators ( a /&>d ( tone4 ,^! %\ld f9d a place 9 e fiddle fanci]'s libr>y1 n because ev]y?+ !y conta9 may be tak5 z absolute tru?1 b = ! light ca/ ^u ! mak]'s "w & times4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,want$--,a ,,tone ,,gu>antee ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! deal] 9 old viol9s to seek out1 pur*ase1 re/ore1 adv]tise1 & sell old viol9s2 to gu>antee ! in/rum5t to be made by1 or attribut$ to1 a c]ta9 mak] 7z ! case may be71 & to be made 9 or ab\t1 a c]ta9 ye>--?is la/ to settle ! fact t x is old4 ,x is also 8 bus9ess to h ?is in/rum5t equipp$ ) ! necess>y tackle to make x playable1 o!rwise x w\ld n be saleable4 ,if he does n "k :o made ! fiddle x is simply gu>ante$ z 8g5u9e old40 ,no deal] ( repute w sell an imitation-old fiddle = o!r ?an :at x really is4 ,tone1 h[ev]1 is n a "p ( ! old viol9 ! deal] w gu>antee to be o!r ?an :at x happ5s to be4,l ,if ! in/rum5t is by a well-kn[n mak] he may1 inde$1 say ! tone is *>act]i/ic ( t mak]1 or bett] 7or worse7 ?an ! viol9s ( ano!r mak]1 b he w n gu>antee a c]ta9 ref9em5t or quality ( tone to foll[ ^u a c]ta9 am\nt ( age 9 an old viol92 or ! tone ( an old in/rum5t made1 say1 9 ! ye> #agba1 to be equal to t ( any viol9 made 9 t ye>1 or any o!r ye>4 ,x has always seem$ to me rem>kable t deal]s 9 old viol9s1 especially in/rum5ts rang+ 9 price f fifty to two hundr$ p\nds1 d n give "s sort ( tone gu>antee2 especially :5 ! pur*as] int5ds to use ! viol9 = ! production ( musical s\nds4 ,:y %\ld ! play] be ask$ to accept a docum5t :i* does n gu>antee ! ?+ = :i* he is mak+ ! pur*ase1 b some?+ entirely diff]5t8 ,z a curio ! fiddle may be g5u9e en\gh1 & z mo/ ( its value lies 9 ! fact t x is a curio1 x is only "r t ?is "p %\ld be fully gu>ante$4 ,tone1 h[ev]1 is ! ?+ ( mo/ value to ! play]1 & he %\ld h = t equal protection aga9/ mi/akes ( judgm5t4 ,i h always1 9 common ) all lov]s ( ! fiddle1 paid my ungrudg+ tribute to ! ma/]pieces ( pa/ times1 b if all old viol9s are really bett] 9 tone ?an "s ( ! new ones1 z "s w\ld h u believe1 ^? :o hold ?is op9ion %\ld n only be will+1 b anxi\s1 to back _! view4 ,if !y h s mu* confid5ce 9 ! tonal sup]iority ( ! old in/rum5t1 a tone gu>antee c\ld be issu$ t w\ld *all5ge comp>ison ) any new in/rum5t4 ,?is w\ld be m conv9c+ ?an ! pres5t habit ( simply say+ t ! tone is 8gr&10 or ev5 t x is 8magnific5t10 z su* expressions h no tangible value1 & are all[$ to a deal] j z poetic lic5se is all[$ to a poet4 ,! deal] c\ld rem$y ?is /ate ( affairs1 %\ld he *oose to d s4 ,he c\ld1 = in/ance1 issue a gu>antee ) old viol9s1 o!r ?an ^? by ! kn[n great creators ( tone1 /at+ t ! tone ( ! in/rum5t is w>rant$ sup]ior1 or ev5 equal1 to any new viol9 at ! same1 or a l[]1 pur*ase price4 ,by "s su* means c\ld ! "q z to :e!r ! in/rum5t is b\ght = its age or its tone be m cle>ly def9$4 ,if ?is _c be done !n let ! deal] cle>ly intimate t ! old viol9 is sold ma9ly z a curiosity & z su* is fully gu>ante$ z to value4 ,! pres5t sy/em by :i* "s deal]s 7n all1 be x und]/ood7 make _! sales %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,m]e /atem5ts reg>d+ tone1 if n back$ by a gu>antee1 are too ela/ic :5 issu$ z a v]bal op9ion4 ,ev5 deal]s are n infallible1 be+ z prone to mi/akes z ! re/ ( u4 ,an indep5d5t exp]t 9 tone is sadly ne$$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ reputable ( exp]ts are n deal]s at all2 !y d n buy or sell old fiddles1 b1 = a reasonable fee1 w pass judgm5t ^u ! mak]1 age1 & curio value ( ! in/rum5t4 ,among !m are _m :o are skilful p]=m]s on ! viol91 &1 al?\gh tone is n ! po9t ( view f :i* !y approa* a valuation ( ! old viol91 !y are ?or\ghly compet5t judges ( tone z well z ( fiddles4 ,!y h a wide exp]i5ce ( f9e old viol9s by ! greate/ mak]s1 & an op9ion f !m z to tone c\ld be reli$ ^u ) confid5ce4 ,tr\bl$ own]s are con/antly s5d+ _! old in/rum5ts to ^! exp]ts = curio valuation & judgm5t & receive :at !y ask =4 ,:y _c "o ( ^! exp]ts let x be kn[n he w also imp>tially judge tone2 t he w1 f t /&po9t1 value any & all fiddles1 new z well z old8 ,i believe ,i express ! wi% ( mo/ tone-lov]s :5 ,i ask = su* an exp]t4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way are1 ( c\rse1 consid]able1 & 7z usual67 w\ld come f ^? receiv+ ! mo/ b5efit4 ,b ,i ?9k my read]s w agree t some?+ %\ld be done4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 let me review ! pres5t situation4 ,at a r\gh e/imate !re are "s fifty ?\s& g5u9e old viol9s 9 exi/5ce1,m includ+ a l>ge numb] ( clev] =g]ies ( ! old ma/]s1 mo/ ( :i* are also anci5t4 ,( factory fiddles !re is no end1 & h&made new viol9s are num]\s en\gh4 ,all ^! in/rum5ts are accurately classifi$2 ! old & ! old =g]ies 7or close copies7 accord+ to _! mak]s1 or1 if ! mak]s are unkn[n1 accord+ to _! 8s*ool10 c\ntry1 or age to :i* !y belong4 ,! imitation-old 7save 9 ! few cases :]e fam\s mak]s 8ag$0 _! viol9s71 & ! factory-made in/rum5ts are bru%$ aside by ! exp]ts z unwor?y ( notice4 ,! h&-made new viol9 occupies a position s extraord9>y t we may be p>don$ a %ort digression 9 ord] to indicate m cle>ly ! attitude assum$ by exp]ts t[>ds ! mod]n viol9 build]4 ,x is freely admitt$ by all mak]s & connoisseurs ( ! in/rum5t t c]ta9 ( ! anci5t mak]s develop$ ! body ( ! viol9 to a /&>d ( excell5ce beyond :i* no improvem5t is possible1 z a base ^u :i* may be built1 regulat$1 & develop$ a gr& tone4 ,n[ obs]ve4 ,if ! mod]n mak] employs any ( ^! models he is an 8imitator40 ,?is t]m c>ries ) x an air ( reproa*1 indicat+ t ! mod]n fiddle-mak] is cont5t to pose z a m]e copyi/ & let tone take c>e ( itself2 a supposition v f> f fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %\ld he try to avoid ?is reproa*2 %\ld he endeav\r to placate ! capti\s1 &1 p]haps aga9/ 8 bett] judgm5t1 devise a model ^u orig9al l9es1 he is aga9 condemn$1 ?is "t n )\t reason4 ,9 ei!r case x is n tone :i* c\nts ) ! exp]t1 b fiddle4 ,s f> z tone is conc]n$1 ! play] is left to 8 own devices4 ,he has pl5ty ( guides to ! in/rum5t1 b none to tone4 ,he may seek ! advice ( "s fiddl+ fri5d :o1 be+ also )\t any guide or /&>d1 expresses m]ely 8 own op9ion4 ,%\ld he fall back ^u 8 own res\rces he _c b hesitate4 ,! new viol9 he views ) suspicion4 ,x is an 8imitation10 s ! exp]ts h said1 & :o w\ld h an imitation :5 ! 8g5u9e0 is available6 ,%\ld ! tone ( ?is 8imitation0 happ5 to be ( exquisite quality1 he is unconv9c$4 ,he is apt to ?9k !re is a mi/ake some:]e1 or t 8 judgm5t is at fault4 ,he w come at la/ to ! 8g5u9e0 7or to ! imitation7 old in/rum5t1 9 bo? ( :i* he f9ds some?+ tangible1 some?+ he c see4 ,"h is some?+ ! exp]ts h bo!r$ !mselves ab\t2 some?+ ) an anci5t "n & mu* hi/ory2 some?+ ! m]e possession ( :i* is an inspiration6 ,:5 all ?is is w$d$ to a gr& tone he has1 inde$1 f\nd a prize4 ,b ! tone is n always !re4 ,(t5 x is b a pale reflection ( a =m] glory4 ,9 any case he has no guide to x1 & usually accepts its visible & hi/orical features & takes 8 *ance on ! tone4 ,) no exi/+ ,/&>d ( ,tone recognis$ by exp]ts or deal]s !re is no viol91 old or new1 :i* ! play] c accept )\t "q4 ,ea*1 !re=e1 sets up a /&>d ( 8 own1 toge!r ) endless ways & means ( 8try+0 a fiddle1 9 ! process ( :i* x is usually =gott5 t a /range viol91 ev5 ?\gh x be a ma/] in/rum5t1 w pres5t 7(ttimes 9 its mo/ desirable tone-elem5ts7 an uncom=table feel+ :5 fir/ tri$1 m]ely because ^! elem5ts are =eign to ! play]'s idea ( tone & 8t\*40 ,deal]s & exp]ts are cont9ually1 & rightly1 w>n+ pur*as]s aga9/ any reliance ^u _! own judgm5t reg>d+ ! g5u95ess ( a viol91 b no "o w>ns !m aga9/ possible mi/akes 9 tone4 ,if !y are n a judge ( ! "o1 :y %\ld !y be consid]$ a judge ( ! o!r8 ,n9e play]s out ( t5 are n a judge ( ei!r1 & are guid$ by ! "n1 fame1 or appe>ance ( ! in/rum5t r ?an by any confid5ce 9 _! ability to judge tone = !mselves4 ,any really good play] ) a wide exp]i5ce ( all sorts ( fiddles is a good judge ( tone4 ,! great soloi/s & ^? exp]ts :o are also play]s are excell5t judges4,n ,! ?or\ghly compet5t judge is "o :o regul>ly plays ^u _m viol9s1 possess+ tone ( all sorts1 & is specially in=m$ & exp]i5c$ ) ! tone ( ! ma/]s4 ,he is !n equipp$ ) :at may be t]m$ an 8,av]age ,/&>d0 & n b\nd to any "o type4 ,! wor/ possible judge ( tone is ! play] ^: exp]i5ce ext5ds to "o viol9 only4 ,:atev] ! tone ( ?is in/rum5t may be1 x c]ta9ly does n embrace all ! virtues & faults ( tone4 ,su* z x has1 h[ev]1 x transmits to its own]1 ) ! result t ! viol9 to be te/$ is n judg$ on its m]its1 b accord+ to its agreem5t ) a preconceiv$ notion4 ,aga91 viol9s are r>ely alike 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! equipm5t4 ,! curvature ( ! bridge diff]s4 ,! /r+s are spac$ diff]5tly4 ,! 8/op0 is n ! same4 ,x may also possess important tonal elem5ts :i*1 if n und]/ood1 may be ignor$1 or ev5 condemn$4 ,x is p>tly = ^! reasons t play]s s seldom admit a /range viol9 is equal to _! own4 ,!y are accu/om$ to _! own viol9 & its tone4 ,its use has become second nature &1 )\t mean+ to be s1 !y are prejudic$ 9 its fav\r4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i indicate a me?od ( te/+ tone4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,h[ ,,to ,,te/ ,a ,,viol9',s ,,tone ,! me?od ( te/+ tone :i* ,i h us$ = _m ye>s1 ) uni=m success1 is ?is3 ,i procure a f9e-ton$ old ma/] viol91 a really fir/-class solo in/rum5t & "o possess+ ^? qualities ( voice & c>ry+ p[] mo/ desir$ by arti/s4 ,i !n secure ! s]vices ( a compet5t critic4 ,! old ma/] & ! viol9 to be te/$ are !n play$ "u two environm5ts3 9 a l>ge hall1 & 9 a room1 c>pet$1 furni%$1 & curta9$4 ,! piece to be play$ is select$ ) a view to plac+ ^u bo? in/rum5ts 7:i* are tun$ to exactly ! same pit*7 a sev]e tonal & op]ative te/1 & ?is piece is play$ successively ^u bo? viol9s4 ,! critic is nev] all[$ to "k :i* fiddle is be+ play$1 b mu/ judge by ! tone1 & decide :i* possesses 7#a7 ! be/ c>ry+ p[]1 7#b7 ! greate/ dep? & ri*ness on ! l[] /r+s1 7#c7 ! mo/ incisive & tell+ qualities ( cle>ness & brilliancy 9 ! upp] regi/]1 & 7#d7 :i* ( ! two viol9s conveys ! be/ g5]al impression ( tonal ref9em5t4 ,:]e ! slighte/ d\bt exi/s reg>d+ ! flexibility ( tone1 t is to say1 ! ease ) :i* x c be produc$ "u ! b[1 ,i submit ! viol9 to "s great play]4 ,?is la/ is a v important te/1 = x det]m9es ! play+ possibilities ( ! in/rum5t4 ,if ! viol9 passes ) hon\r ?r\gh ^! trials x is a v f9e-ton$ & satisfactory fiddle inde$4 ,%\ld x fail to equal ! old ma/] on any tonal po9t1 or n prove p]fectly satisfactory to ! arti/ z a responsive in/rum5t1 ! po9ts :]e9 x is at fault are cle>ly indicat$4 ,^? :o wi% to settle ! "q ( a viol9's tone1 !re=e1 %\ld c>ry out ! te/ ^u ^! l9es1 or foll[ !m z closely z circum/ances p]mit4 ,!reaft] ! in/rum5t may be treasur$ or condemn$ ) equal confid5ce1 = x has be5 weigh$ 9 an imp>tial & accurate balance4 ,! viol9 submitt$ to te/ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be 9 prop] adju/m5t & equipp$ ) suitable /r+s4 ,if !re is d\bt ab\t ?is1 place x 9 ! h&s ( a qualifi$ exp]t 9 su* matt]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce age is s univ]sally invok$2 s9ce x is ?is elem5t :i* gives to ! old viol9 its greate/ value & 7s x is said7 to tone its quality & mell[ness1 let u endeav\r to det]m9e j :at relation%ip exi/s betwe5 age1 ! viol91 & tone4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,effect ,,( ,,age ,,on ,,tone ,x has always seem$ to me t !ories deal+ ) ! effect ( age ^u ! tone ( ! viol9 are lack+ 9 conviction1 & t mo/ ( !m are held z m]e beliefs1 f\nd$ ^u a l>g] exp]i5ce ( ! old viol9s ?an ( ! new4 ,_m celebrat$ play]s h express$ ! op9ion to me t age alone gives to a viol9 its mell[ness1 or ri*ness1 ( tone2 "s1 inde$1 add+ t ! in/rum5t mu/ also be mu* play$ ^u4 ,z to ?is la/1 x w\ld appe> disprov$ :5 we consid] ! few magnific5t examples ( ! old ma/]s' "w :i* h come d[n to our times almo/ unt\*$1 & ) ! tone ( :i* we h he>d no compla9t4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 ! !ory ref]s to ! age ( ! viol91 t is to say1 ! age ( ! wood ( :i* x is con/ruct$4 ,to accept ?is !ory w\ld be to say ! old viol9 _h no mell[ness1 or ri*ness1 ( tone :5 new1 a /atem5t impossible ( pro(1 z no liv+ man has se5 or he>d x :5 fre% f ! mak]'s h&s4 ,docum5ts exi/ :i* g to prove t ! viol9s 7 q satisfactory f a g5]al tone po9t1 & 7 mu* s\ght aft] solely on t acc\nt1 ev5 :5 _! mak]s 7 liv+4 ,b if we take refuge 9 ! hypo!sis & say t age ( wood is responsible = mell[ness ( tone1 h[ d we acc\nt = ! failure1 9 ?is respect1 ( viol9s con/ruct$ f mat]ials "o to two hundr$ ye>s old1 & 9 "s cases ev5 old]8 ,ev]ybody kn[s ^! fiddles are n "o :it bett] 9 mell[1 or any o!r k9d ( tone1 ?an ^? made f new1 b ?or\ghly season$1 wood4 ,x is because ( ^! contradictions betwe5 !ory & fact t we _c accept ! idea t age is solely responsible = mell[ness ( tone--ev5 7 we n possess$ ( concrete evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! lack ( mell[ tone 9 _m new viol9s4 ,"o w\ld h>dly expect x 9 ma*9e-made & _s-v>ni%$ factory fiddles ) plates ar*$ by compression betwe5 hot iron m\lds1 & ,i %all pres5tly indicate ! reason :y x is s seldom f\nd 9 h&made in/rum5ts ( a high] grade2 b to say ! bulk ( new fiddles h little or no mell[ness ( tone is1 aft] all1 only :at may be said reg>d+ ! bulk ( old viol9s1 & br+s u no ne>] a solution ( ! problem4 ,mell[ness1 s(tness1 ri*ness1 or :atev] x may be t]m$1 appe>s to me z m]ely "o ( ^? elem5ts :i*1 l purity1 adds "o to ! total ( desirable features :i* we look = & expect 9 a viol9 ( ,quality4 ,x may appe> reasonable to assume t "t might improve "o or all ( ^! features1 provid$ !y orig9ally exi/$1 or act ) m pot5cy on ! quality ( mell[ness2 b x is aga9/ exp]i5ce1 z well z reason1 to say t "t is an unfail+ creator ( !m1 else mell[ness w\ld n be abs5t 9 ! tone ( hundr$s--n to say ?\s&s--( h&-made viol9s con/ruct$ prior to #ahjj4 ,fur!rmore1 %\ld we accept ?is !ory we mu/ be prep>$ to believe t ! greate/ mak]s ( ! old5 "t 7 n ! ma/]s ( tone we h always suppos$ !m to be4 ,aga91 h[ does x come ab\t t "t has select$ ! viol9s ( c]ta9 old mak]s1 & n always ! be/ workm5 ei!r1 :ile ! viol9s ( o!rs j z old1 or ev5 old]1 rema9 unt\*$ by ?is miracul\s1 mell[-produc+ elixir8 ,if x be said t c]ta9 conditions 9 ! /ructure ( ! in/rum5t are unfav\rable to ! action ( age1 is x too mu* to ask t ^! be po9t$ out to u8 ,?is "q ( age & tone is b "o ( ! _m & mu*-debat$ aspects ( ! viol9 :i* resolves itself :5 consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( tone-creation advanc$ 9 ^! pages4 ,9 :atev] age a viol9 mak] 7if he be also a capable tone-build]7 may "w1 he w con/ruct 8 tonal edifice accord+ to 8 ideals4 ,he may hold e desirable elem5t z an ideal save mell[ness1 :ile ano!r may develop mu* ( t quality & little else4 ,to hold ! balance ev5ly betwe5 all ! desirable elem5ts ( tone is1 !re=e1 no easy task1 & we may well m>vel at ! g5ius ( ! great ones :o accompli%$ ! feat1 & ev5 admire ^? :o succe$$ only p>tially4 ,we c also und]/& :y ! copyi/s1 ^? :o "w )\t tone ideals1 fail s (t5 9 ! production ( a mell[ quality1 &1 on ! occasions :5 !y d produce x1 rema9 9 ignorance z to h[ x 0 done4 ,i d n ?9k _m w object if ,i /ate t x takes a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t = a newly made viol9 to settle d[n to its "w2 t ! fulle/ measure ( its tonal beauties become available to ! play] only aft] ! in/rum5t becomes accu/om$ to ! t5sion ( its /r+s1 & :5 ! v>ni% is settl$ & season$4 ,all ?is is purely me*anical4 ,!re is no creative =ce at "w4 ,x is simply an adju/m5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts to ! "w = :i* !y are int5d$1 &1 aft] mu* exp]i5ce1 ,i f9d ! "t requir$ = ^! b5efic5t *anges to be f ?ree weeks to ?ree mon?s1 dep5d+ on ! season4 ,i h ev5 kn[n in/ances :]e !y became op]ative )9 ! space ( a few days4 ,aft] ?is ! viol9 may be expect$ to improve sl[ly1 or n to improve at all1 = ab\t a ye>1 dep5d+ ^u ! in/rum5t1 & ! am\nt ( "t requir$ to put ! f9al season+ t\* to ! v>ni%1 & accompli% ! la/ adju/m5t ( its v>i\s p>ts "u ! /ra9 ( conc]t pit* & use4 ,! effect ( age on tone is1 !re=e1 practically nil4 ,x does n & nev] has creat$ x4 ,! in/rum5t may1 inde$1 be consum$ by ! rott+ ( its wood1 or fall to du/ ?r\gh ! corrod+ influ5ce ( "t1 or be totally spl9t]$ by an accid5t1 or ev5 injur$ by fire :51 )\t any d\bt1 its tone w disappe>4 ,i h indicat$ :]e9 & :y "t may be ( "s aid to tone1 b ! idea t x takes a l5g?y p]iod to 8br+ out ! tone0 9 a f9ely con/ruct$ & prop]ly tone-develop$ viol91 9 :atev] age its mak] liv$1 ,i *>act]ise z %e] nons5se4 ,let me make ?is appeal to all lov]s or own]s ( a viol91 old or new1 or to all :o contemplate ! pur*ase ( ei!r3 ,d n all[ ! inexp]i5c$1 self-con/itut$ exp]t1 :o usually appe>s 9 ! guise ( a 8c&id fri5d10 or "o :o possesses t type ( k :i* is little & dang]\s1 to lead y a/ray on ?is matt] ( age & tone4 ,if y\r viol9 is a ye> old y may consid] its tone has acquir$ f age all x is ev] likely to receive4 ,if ! in/rum5t be heavily built x may be ext5d$ to eighte5 mon?s4 ,9 any case1 su* improvem5t z ! tone w receive aft] ?is w be s small z to be sc>cely wor? consid]+4 ,rememb] t tone is n creat$ by age1 nor has age any p[] 7o!r ?an t :i* ,i h indicat$7 to de/roy x4 ,9 a ^w1 if y\r fiddle be well built1 its tone 7:e!r good or bad7 may improve slightly1 & x w n det]iorate if ! in/rum5t receives ord9>y c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,v>ni% ,,& ,,tone ,among ! attributes :i* con/itute ! f9i%$ viol91 v>ni% holds ! premi] position z a controv]sial subject4 ,= m ?an a c5tury x has provid$ an unfail+ s\rce ( argum5t1 speculation1 exp]im5t1 & !ory1 wag$ ar\nd two issues1 ! mat]ial itself1 & its effect on tone4 ,! fir/ is conc]n$ ) ef=ts to discov] ! =mula,o ( ! 8old ,cremona0 v>ni%1 & ! second ) ! effect ( all v>ni% on tone4 ,not)/&+ ! claims :i* appe> 7& disappe>7 ) unfail+ regul>ity t ?is 8secret0 ( ! old ,italian v>ni% has1 at la/1 be5 f\nd1 ! _w rema9s unconv9c$1 & ! subject !re=e rema9s v mu* :]e x 04 ,& :]e1 = my "p1 ,i am q cont5t to leave x4 ,! effect ( v>ni% on tone w\ld appe> to be equally unc]ta9 if we are to judge by ! /atem5ts we see 9 pr9t f "t to "t4 ,we are confront$ ) su* widely div]g5t /atem5ts z1 on ! "o h&1 ! effect ( v>ni% on tone is absolutely nil2 &1 on ! o!r1 t v>ni% actually creates ! tone4 ,!re is an indication "h t inve/igators h n yet succe$$ 9 conv9c+ ea* o!r1 &1 until "s clos] agreem5t is come to1 !y c h>dly blame ! public = its attitude ( pr(\nd & uncompromis+ scepticism t[>ds individual /atem5ts & !ories4 ,i believe mo/ viol9 mak]s h solv$ ?is problem to _! satisfaction & 9 _! own way4 ,^? ) mu* exp]i5ce ( fiddles 89 ! :ite10 z well z in/rum5ts coat$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( v>ni%1 are well en\gh aw>e ( ! effect ( v>ni% on tone4 ,exp]im5t 9 ?is matt] is p>ticul>ly ineffective1 especially :5 x seeks to det]m9e a result :i* may be consid]$ uni=m1 = ! reason t1 :ile ! cause is well en\gh und]/ood1 ! effect is n4 ,! cause is v>ni% & ! effect is its influ5ce on tone1 & ! elem5ts ( tone are nev] exactly ! same 9 any two viol9s1 & are r>ely affect$ by v>ni% 9 ! same mann]4 ,! effect ( v>ni% on tone _c1 !re=e1 be consid]$ 9 ! light ( exact sci5ce4 ,x is = ?is reason t failure s (t5 foll[s ! second application ( a successful exp]im5t2 or a s]ies ( failures may be punctuat$ ) a few successes v>y+ f p>tial to full4 ,if ! v>ni% & me?od ( application be ! same1 x is fairly obvi\s ! failures1 z well z ! successes1 c only be due to ! diff]5t tonal conditions pres5t$ by ! in/rum5ts4 ,yet x w\ld seem ?is is n appreciat$1 & inve/igators are l$ a/ray ?r\gh ef=ts to produce a v>ni% capable ( meet+ all ^! *anges--an impossible task4 ,tone is ! det]m9+ factor & n v>ni%4 ,a good1 mod]n oil v>ni% w leave unaffect$ all ! v>y+ conditions :i* tone pres5ts1 provid$ ! latt] be c>efully regulat$ s z to (f]1 z f> z x is humanly possible1 a uni=m tonal comb9ation 9 ea* viol94 ,if ! tone ( a viol9 be develop$ to a ri*1 tell+1 & vigor\s quality1 ) ! elem5t ( vig\r slightly 9 excess ( :at is requir$ 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! l[] regi/]71 exp]i5ce indicates t su* a tone w\ld be be/ pres]v$ & mo/ 7if at all7 improv$ by ! application ( a f9e oil v>ni%4 ,! be/ v>ni% w1 h[ev]1 affect "o or ano!r ( ! elem5ts ( tone to its detrim5t if wrongly appli$4 ,x is ! fa%ion among _m viol9 mak]s to aim at ! production ( a f9e mirror-l surface4 ,:ile ?is und\bt$ly adds to ! appe>ance1 ! 8rubb+ d[n0 & poli%+ necess>y to its a*ievem5t is b\nd to affect ! texture ( ! v>ni% &1 "u c]ta9 tonal conditions1 ! voice ( ! viol94 ,9 our op9ion x is bett] to sacrifice ?is sup]f9e surface & all[ ! v>ni% to rema9 z appli$1 ) all its natural s(tness undi/urb$4 ,x is unlikely ! old ma/]s act$ o!rwise2 ! f9e1 flat surface :i* _! v>ni% n[ pres5ts1 be+ due to use4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,tone ,,& ,,! ,,viol9 ,,play] ,let u fir/ briefly consid] ! relation%ip betwe5 ! play] & ! viol94 ,"h we f9d a condition unlike t exi/+1 to ! same degree1 9 any o!r comb9ation ( play] & in/rum5t4 ,:ile x w\ld be f> f fact to say ! piano1 = in/ance1 produces its tone-quality q indep5d5tly ( ! play]1 x does1 none ! less1 produce its tone me*anically4 ,t is to say1 "o may believe t a p]son inexp]t 9 play+ ^u ! in/rum5t & unable to execute ev5 ! simple/ ( airs1 capable ( /rik+ "o key & produc+ a tone ( m or less quality & ref9em5t--dep5d+ ^u ! in/rum5t4 ,?is is f> f ! case ) ! viol94 ,9 ! h&s ( ! inexp]t ev5 ! f9e/-ton$ viol9 w produce only a vile1 scrap+ noise2 if x produces any?+ at all4 ,ev]ybody is aw>e t ! beg9n] draws =? a mis]able & irritat+ noise2 ! amateur w a*ieve any?+ f v bad to v good1 & ! arti/ a tone ( e!real beauty--all f ! same in/rum5t6 ,let u look into ! reasons = ?is4 ,! fir/ fact to be not$ is t ! viol9 does n produce its tone me*anically2 ! second1 t a really f9e in/rum5t1 al?\gh x possesses all ! possibilities1 gives =? only t tone :i* ! play] is capable ( dem&+ f x4 ,9 consid]+ ?is subject x is extremely difficult to cite any?+ 9 ! nature ( a cle> illu/ration1 b we may be all[$ to lik5 ! tone ( a good viol9 to ! inanimate clay f :i* ! sculptor models a figure4 ,"o may suppose ! p]fection ( ?is figure to dep5d on ! sculptor's idea ( p]fection 9 =m4 ,if 8 clay be ( good1 ev5 col\r1 & ( f9e1 pla/ic quality2 if 8 ideals be high & 8 ability z an executant well season$ by exp]i5ce1 "o c h>dly expect any?+ save a satisfactory result4 ,?is result1 x is true1 may be biz>re1 unusual1 grotesque2 may c>ry ! m>ks ( g5ius gone awry1 b x w n be amateuri%1 or lack+ 9 any ( ! elem5ts ( a pr(\nd & settl$ purpose4 ,! play] ( ! viol9 is confront$ ) a some:at simil> proposition4 ,! tone ( 8 in/rum5t may be lik5$ to ! sculptor's clay1 yield+ to no?+ save ideals & ! ability to express !m4 ,9 bo? te*nical skill is necess>y1 b x is a mi/ake to suppose ?is does m ?an remove ob/acles 9 ! way to a free expression ( ideals4 ,"o m illu/ration4 ,x does n require a deal ( te*nical ability to play a simple aria on ! viol94 ,_m amateurs are capable ( giv+ a m>vell\sly good r5dition )\t do+ any?+ :i* ! he>] consid]s at all rem>kable2 b a great viol9i/ w play ! same ?+1 )\t embelli%m5t1 & 9 q ! same simple mann]1 & !n ! aria becomes rem>kable6 ,"h is se5 t gulf :i* always exi/s betwe5 play] & fiddle2 t ob/acle :i* only ! few appreciate1 _m ignore1 :ile o!rs are unaw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is ! gulf divid+ ! arti/ f ! play]4 ,e devotee ( ! fiddle comes to x soon] or lat]1 & !re mo/ ( !m rema91 unaw>e t _! progress t[>ds tone has come to a dead /op4 ,a cle> und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ?is ob/acle & ! mann] 9 :i* x may be bridg$ w g fur!r t[>ds assi/+ ! play] to a gr& tone ?an ye>s ( labori\s practice4 ,inde$1 nei!r practice nor exp]i5ce w1 ( !mselves1 lead a s+le /ep 9 t direction4 ,to cont9ue ! illu/ration1 let u say 7= our purpose7 bo? ! amateur & ! arti/ employ$ ! same simple f+]+ z well z ! same viol9 & b[ 9 play+ ! aria1 & t bo? play$ 9 ! same hall be=e ! same audi5ce4 ,to :at1 !n1 is ?is diff]5ce 9 tone to be attribut$8 ,is x t "o has m exp]i5ce ?an ! o!r8 ,is x due to "s virtuosic b invisible t\* ( b[+ or f+]+8 ,or is x t "o has a high] conception ( tone-beauty8 ,let u see4 ,_m viol9i/s ( long exp]i5ce are utt]ly incapable ( produc+ a really beautiful tone f any viol92 ye>s ( play+ has giv5 !m a te*nical equipm5t1 b ! results aim$ at are n a*iev$4 ,fur!rmore1 !y c play practically any?+1 to say no?+ ( a simple aria1 & yet !y rema9 only a degree sup]ior to a fair amateur1 s f> z tone is conc]n$4 ,no?+1 !n1 is left to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce save t x is due to ideals4 ,if "o play] possesses high] ideals ?an ano!r x seems reasonable to say all 8 exp]i5ce & te*nic w 7p]haps unconsci\sly7 be direct$ t[>ds ! expression ( !m4 ,?us w tone-beauty be con/antly dem&$ f ! in/rum5t1 :ile ^? )\t ideals simply play ! fiddle1 ask+ = no?+ m 9 ! way ( tone ?an t ! viol9 be 9 tune4 ,we _c d bett] 9 clos+ ?is *apt] ?an quote ! foll[+ f ,messrs4 ,hill's 8,antonio ,/radiv>i10 p4 #afb3-- 8,t ! s5se ( beauty or di/9ction ( tone is to-day cultivat$ to ! same ext5t z =m]ly is1 we v5ture to ?9k1 m ?an d\btful4 ,! cu/om 9 mod]n or*e/ral scor+ ( sacrific+ ! individuality ( ! in/rum5t 9 ord] to obta9 effects ( great] sonority1 or ( te*nical dext]ity1 & ! abuse ( ! full-siz$ conc]t gr& pian(orte 9 *amb] music1 seems to be l>gely de/ructive ( ! feel+ = beauty ( tone40 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,ideal ,,tone ,! ideal tone is t :i* satisfies ! play] & also 8holds ! audi5ce spell-b\nd40 ,x is said ( a v fam\s viol9i/ t he "o day ent]$ ! %op ( a celebrat$ ,london deal] & he>d1 9 ! room above1 ! tones ( a viol9 ) :i* he 0 in/antly fasc9at$4 ,?is in/rum5t he det]m9$ to possess1 & succe$$1 aft] mu* tr\ble1 9 f9ally becom+ its own] at ! h&some price ( two ?\s& p\nds4 ,?is viol9i/ made 8 *oice ( tone ?r\gh be+1 = ! mom5t1 a spell-b\nd audi5ce ( "o1 & n ?r\gh play+ ^u ! in/rum5t himself4 ,x is impossible adequately to judge tone by play+ ^u ! fiddle2 ! play] is too close2 he _c tell :e!r ! tone is 8c>ry+0 or n2 its beauties1 or frailties1 are1 l a picture1 only appreciat$ at a di/ance1 & ! viol9i/ c no m get away f 8 tone ?an a s+] c get away f 8 voice4 ,b he has ?is advantage ov] ! vocali/3 he c become1 s to speak1 an audi5ce & he> ! tone-quality inh]5t to a giv5 in/rum5t produc$ by ano!r2 b n1 be> 9 m9d1 z he w produce x4 ,none ! less he may1 by ?is means1 select 8 voice ) a measurable degree ( c]ta9ty1 if he has "s idea ( :at con/itutes an ideal ( viol9 tone4 ,!re are few matt]s connect$ ) ! viol9 approa*$ m lightly & ) less und]/&+ ?an ?is "q ( ideals ( tone1 :e!r 9 ! viol9 or ! play]4 ,z we h se5 9 previ\s *apt]s1 "s viol9 mak]s ignore x entirely1 be+ cont5t simply to make ! fiddle1 j z "s play]s ignore x1 & are cont5t m]ely to play ! fiddle4 ,^! are cont9ually seek+ ! in/rum5t :i*1 ?r\gh ! p]fection ( its tone1 w turn !m into virtuosi--a ?+ x nev] w d4 ,al?\gh ! great arti/ nev] he>s himself z o!rs he> him--ev5 on ! gramophone6--mu* exp]i5ce enables him to "k some?+ ( ! tone effect he is produc+4 ,we /udi$ ?is matt] ) a fav\rite pupil ( ! late ,dr4 ,joa*im = a subject1 ^: op9ions on tone are int]e/+4 8,! mo/ an arti/ c d10 he says1 8is to /udy ! tone ( 8 viol9 ) pa9/ak+ c>e1 &1 by con/ant practice1 fit su* tone ideals z he may possess to ^? ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?is mu/ be done ) su* ?or\ghness t ! two ideals become "o1 o!rwise he w be cont9ually at conflict ) 8 viol91 & unable to devote an undivid$ att5tion to ! expression ( tone & te*nic 9 a mann] :i* exp]i5ce w tea* him is mo/ impressive to ! he>]4 ,?is #8mann]' ( expression becomes 9 "t1 & 9 its turn1 second nature1 & only :5 ?is f9al po9t is rea*$ is ! arti/ entirely unconsci\s ( possess+ ei!r a viol9 or me?od1 & ! expression ( tone becomes untrammell$ z ! expression ( ?\ght--to :i*1 inde$1 x may be lik5$4 ,?is is ! only #8secret ( tone1' &1 until x is accompli%$1 no play] c tru?fully say he und]/&s1 or is able to express1 ! true tone ( ! viol9--or ev5 su* ideals z he may possess40 ,i w n[ devote a %ort *apt] to ! me?od by :i* a tone ideal may be cultivat$ & acquir$4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be too mu* to say ?is me?od 7or any o!r7 is an unfail+ produc] ( virtuosity4 ,x is b "o ( _m guides1 &1 z su*1 ,i believe x _c fail to int]e/ e ke5 /ud5t ( ,tone4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,h[ ,,to ,,acquire ,,an ,,ideal ,,tone ,to give expression to an ideal tone "o mu/ possess a tone ideal4 ,if n a natural gift1 x may1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 be acquir$4 ,x is n giv5 to all to appreciate art 9 its high] =ms1 & ! purely te*nical side ( viol9 play+ may be cultivat$ to su* an ext5t z to appeal1 f9ally1 only to ! few2 :il/ tone1 no matt] to :at ext5t x is cultivat$1 appeals inv>iably to ! _m4 ,x is t quality 9 viol9 play+ :i* holds ! att5tion ( ! major portion ( ! audi5ce1 &1 :il/ a s\nd te*nical tra9+ is a necess>y "p ( e play]'s equipm5t1 x is ! fault ( "s amateurs t !y rely too mu* ^u x4 ,s frequ5tly is ! 8%[ piece0 (f]$1 full ( fi]y te*nical gymna/ics1 t viol9 play+ has be5 look$ ^u 7by m p ?an is g5]ally suppos$7 z a sort ( ex]cise 9 /r+-pluck+ & b[-jump+4 ,x is said ( ,dr4 ,johnson t he once compla9$ ( ?is v ?+1 & 0 told t ! piece 0 extremely difficult1 to :i* he repli$ t he wi%$ x 0 impossible6 ,! cultivation & build+ up ( a tone ideal is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,fir/1 ! developm5t ( tone-s5se2 ! ability to appreciate :at is meant by purity1 delicacy1 grace1 t5d]ness1 appeal1 dep?1 & p[] 9 tone--n only f ! viol91 b f e s\rce4 ,z ! /ud5t _c see 8 model x mu/1 p]=ce1 be c>ri$ z a memory & ! m9d tra9$ to recall1 & rememb] ) z mu* accuracy z possible1 ! exact impression & 8aspect0 ( su* tone z may be ! subject ( /udy2 = x is necess>y to /udy1 n m]ely to he>1 all tone4 ,! be/ subjects = tone-/udy are ^!3 ,a really f9e organ--n "o ( ! 8brassy0 in/rum5ts n[ s frequ5tly erect$4 ,! human voice1 p>ticul>ly ! s+]s ( op]atic music1 & mo/ p>ticul>ly ! soprano s+]s 9 gr& op]a1 ?is be+ pref]able to he>+ ! same s+]s on ! conc]t plat=m1 :]e1 x has always appe>$ to me1 ! s++ loses mu* ( its purpose1 & consequ5tly some?+ 9 ri*ness & col\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conc]t %\ld be visit$ :5 viol9i/s ( r5[n appe> on ! programme1 = !n w be he>d tone to its greate/ advantage4 ,! novice %\ld1 z f> z possible1 avoid he>+ ! viol9 except :5 play$ by ! fam\s arti/s4 ,lat] he w become immune1 & ! s\nds produc$ by ! mo/ tone-deaf ( fiddle play]s w leave 8 ideals unsulli$--may1 inde$1 become useful lessons 9 :at to avoid4 ,conf9e att5tion to tone1 & n ! me?od ( its production4 ,d n all[ ! m9d to be div]t$ f its object4 ,mu* advantage may accrue by n look+ at ! play] at all4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( tone %\ld be c>efully /udi$2 n only ! tone ( in/rum5ts1 b ! s\nds he>d 9 field & =e/4 ,n[1 x mu/ n be suppos$ ! pupil %\ld attempt to reproduce1 p>rot-l1 any?+ he may h he>d--lea/ ( all ! tone ( ! great play]s4 ,! purpose ( tone-/udy is to create orig9al ideals1 & n to imitate ! ideals ( o!rs4 ,:at he %\ld try to produce f ! viol9 is simply ! be/ tone he is capable ( dem&+ f x4 ,?is w be 8 ideal--:5 he beg9s to possess "o4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t practice %\ld be cont9u$1 =1 )\t ability to play ! fiddle1 ev5 ! highe/ ideals c\ld n be express$2 b1 until ^! ideals ( tone beg9 to take =m1 x is z well to conf9e ! practice solely to te*nic1 "u a good tea*]4 ,:y8 ,let u endeav\r to expla94 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! k9d ( tone :i* ! viol9 w yield to te*nic alone & ! k9d x w yield to te*nic & ideals comb9$4 ,! fir/ may be lik5$ to an outl9e draw+1 & ! la/ to ! same fill$ 9 ) col\r4 ,h[ev] p]fect ! =m]1 its appeal is small & its influ5ce evanesc5t1 & x is a mi/ake to give su* tone any consid]ation ap>t f t te*nic to :i* x owes its exi/5ce1 especially :il/ engag$ ^u ! spade "w prep>atory to ! expression ( some?+ high]4 ,z ! /ud5t progresses ?is te*nical tone naturally improves4 ,! 8draw+10 s to speak1 becomes m =ceful & accurate4 ,to ! en?usia/ic novice x appe>s1 9 "t1 almo/ virtuosic1 or at lea/ po9t+ ! road to supreme arti/ry4 ,h]e9 is f\nd ! reason = t abs5ce ( really great tone :i* *>act]ises s _m play]s :o1 o!rwise1 are excell5t & accurate p]=m]s on ! fiddle4 ,su* tone z !y possess is solely & purely te*nical 9 "*1 good en\gh1 or ev5 p]fect1 z a succession ( correctly phras$ s\nds1 b s f> remov$ f ! tonal requirem5ts ( solo play+ z to make ef=ts 9 t direction almo/ a trave/y4 ,= ^! reasons x is advisable t ! beg9n] %\ld1 :5 practis+ ! viol91 conf9e 8 :ole att5tion to te*nic4 ,:5 n ?us engag$1 & :5 opportunity (f]s1 let him he> & c>efully /udy ! tone-picture pres5t$ to him by music f "o or ano!r ( ! s\rces ,i h indicat$4 ,9 due "t he may beg9 to w$ 8 ideals to 8 te*nical abilities1 select+ a simple aria1 & ,i v5ture ! ass]tion t bo? he & ^? :o he> him play w be highly gratifi$ ) ! result4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,two ,,/yles ,,( ,,tone ,,production ,! play] ( ! viol9 is an arti/ 9 tone no less ?an 8 confrre ( ! bru% is an arti/ 9 col\r1 & ea* has 8 me?ods ( convey+ ! impressions :i* he desires to produce4 ,he ( ! bru% may pa9t an exquisite picture1 f9e ( l9e & detail2 delicate 9 col\r+1 z 9 a m9iature1 a picture capable ( be>+ ! close/ scrut9y4 ,aga9 he may pile ! pigm5t ^u 8 canvas z ) a tr[el1 & ^? :o view su* "w at close qu>t]s w m>vel h[ s mu* seem+ r\ghness1 lack ( detail & c>elessness c mean any?+4 ,b :5 ?is picture is view$ at a little di/ance1 ord] comes =? f *aos2 !re is unfold$ a l&scape ( surpass+ lovel9ess4 ,x is ! same ) ! arti/ 9 tone4 ,! viol9i/1 = in/ance1 may produce 8 tone-picture z ! pa9t] does ! m9iature1 by ! mo/ pa9/ak+ att5tion to e detail ( %ad+ & expression1 giv+ to ea* individual note 8 idea ( col\r+4 ,! effect ( su* a tone-picture is1 l ! m9iature1 be/ appreciat$ at close qu>t]s1 &1 l mo/ delicate ?+s1 is easily m>r$1 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! t5d] & ! 8f9niky0 be+ v n>r[4 ,x takes an arti/ ( r>e tal5t & s\nd ideals to a*ieve ! "o & avoid ! o!r4 ,!re are m failures ?an successes 9 ?is /yle1 & x is p]haps = ?is reason t ! majority ( play]s affect :at may be call$ ! robu/ /yle--& seldom get fur!r ?an ! robu/2 produc+ a great deal ( s\nd & v little music4 ,x takes mu* exp]i5ce1 & judgm5t ( a high ord]1 to weave a co>se fabric ( tone :i*1 at a di/ance1 develops ! inf9ite possibilities ( ! graceful & beautiful 9 music4 ,! play] ( ! viol9 is always h&icapp$ by inability to get away f 8 tone4 ,he _c1 s to speak1 he> himself4 ,9 ! delicate /yle he may1 inde$1 h "s excuse = ?9k+ he is able to d s1 b 9 ! robu/ /yle he has none4 ,he _c1 l ! pa9t]1 /ep back a few paces & criticise 8 "w4 ,he mu/ possess ! ability to "k h[ ?is bold & vigor\s treatm5t ( tone w s\nd at1 say tw5ty paces1 ! :ile he produces x at arm's l5g?--inde$1 at a di/ance measur$ by in*es6 ,a difficult ?+ x is to acquire1 b wor?y ( e ef=t t[>ds atta9m5t1 & e e>ne/ /ud5t ( ! viol9 %\ld make ! attempt4 ,x is ! only means by :i*1 l ! pla/ic /yle 9 pa9t+1 effects ( ! noble/ & mo/ impressive "* are atta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,mod]n ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,nev] h mak]s ( ! lead+ in/rum5t be5 m num]\s4 ,! my/]y & romance ( t wond]ful tone1 enclos$ )9 ! app>5tly simple1 box-l affair call$ ! viol91 has prov$ an irresi/ible attraction1 & ! rew>d await+ ^? :o discov] ! connection & its utilisation z 9 pa/ times1 has fir$ ! zeal ( hone/ build]s1 & drawn to ! art a ho/ ( amateurs1 exp]im5t]s1 & !ori/s4 ,nev] has ! viol9 be5 m e>ne/ly consid]$ at e po9t2 ! mat]ial = its con/ruction select$ ) great] c>e1 or workman%ip execut$ ) m delib]ate att5tion to tone4 ,! mod]n build] may ju/ly claim ! title ( arti/ &1 b = ! l+]+ miasma ( explod$ !ories1 h mu* reason to congratulate himself4 ,b 8 tr\bles d n always come f ^? outside ! pale4 ,)9 8 ranks is a small section1 l>ge by virtue ( _! insi/5t clam\r1 ^u ^: %\ld]s ! mantle ( ,/radiv>i has fall52 ^? :o h discov]$ ! 8secret0 ( 8 tone & v>ni%6--n1 we may rem>k1 = ! fir/ "t 9 fiddle hi/ory4 ,=tunately ! gre5-ey$ mon/] is rampant among !m2 ea* is impati5t ( ! claims ( ! o!r4 ,_! amateurs are t>r$ ) ! same bru%1 :ile !ori/s indulge _! bitt]ness & s>casm 9 lett]s to ! fiddle ,press4 ,?us1 l ! fam\s cats1 are !y likely to de/roy ea* o!r1 & br+ to naught _! cupidity & ability to trade ^u prevail+ ignorance4 ,x is ! fa%ion to consid] t ! m]e mak] ( a viol9 _c1 ) mu* au?ority1 tell ! play] any?+ ab\t tone4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is due to ! ridicul\s claims ( ! m\ntebanks2 to ! we>]s ( ! ,/radiv>ian mantle4 ,i admit ! op9ion is fairly g5]al1 & ,i also admit ! claims ( ! great exp]ts & connoisseurs z unequall$ judges ( tone4 ,= obvi\s reasons !y w\ld give a fair] criticism on ! tone ( ,joseph ,gu>n]ius1 = example1 ?an ,joseph w\ld h be5 able to r5d] on ! tone ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,b is ! connoisseur capable ( creat+ ! tone :i* he judges ) su* accuracy8 ,he is n4 ,x is a feat entirely beyond 8 p[]s1 j z x is beyond 8 p[] to fa%ion ! replica ( a viol9 ^u :i* is ex]cis$ 8 skilful criticism4 ,! creation ( tone is a "w belong+ to ! mak] ( ! viol91 & 8 exp]i5ce ( ! subject diff]s f t ( ! exp]ts & judges4 ,8 "w fixes ^u him a set ( obligations & responsibilities ) :i* connoisseurs & play]s nev] come 9 contact4 ,he has1 s to speak1 an inside k1 :ile t possess$ by o!rs is1 9 its v nature1 sup]ficial2 t is to say1 !y judge1 he>1 & use ! tone ( a viol91 b rema9 9 ignorance z to ! process ( its creation4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 ref]s to ! new fiddles4 ,) ! old ! "q ( tone does n arise4 ,criticism is frequ5tly express$ ^u ! publi%$ claims ( ! mod]n mak]s1 especially ^u ! braz5 ann\ncem5ts ( ^? to :om ! m9ds ( ! old ma/]s are z an op5 book6 ,x has sometimes appe>$ to me t1 9 ?is age ( brilliant comm]cialism1 art is too frequ5tly relegat$ to ! /atus ( a pa/ime devoid ( s]i\s purpose2 unwor?y ( exploit+ = ! b5efit ( anybody2 t ! arti/ is also look$ ^u z a sort ( drone )9 ! indu/rial hive1 or 8 occupation ! labori\s b useless pursuit ( a k9d ( ignis fatuus4 ,yet art survives comm]cially1 if only z v5e] ^u ! surface ( crude utility1 prov+ beyond d\bt t dilettantism1 at lea/1 /ill lives6 ,?us d art & comm]cialism come closely 9 contact1 & if ! arti/ w\ld exi/ he mu/ make 8 appeal aft] ! only mann] :i* ! age und]/&s &--adv]tise6 ,h[ev] x may h be5 9 o!r times1 9 ^! days patrons are too busy to make a 8beat5 pa?0 9 ! wild]ness4 ,if !y d n dem&1 !y at lea/ expect ! v5dor ( ! beautiful to ann\nce himself4 ,) "s mak]s ! desire = fav\rable op9ions ^u tone am\nts almo/ to a passion1 lead+ !m to all mann] ( mi/akes4 ,!re is little objection 9 mak+ public ! op9ions :i* may be express$ ^u ! tone ( a viol91 p>ticul>ly if made 9 ! ,press1 or "s au?ority o!r ?an ! play]1 b x is well to rememb] t ! value ( su* op9ions is ?or\ghly nullifi$ by exploit+ on _! /r5g? viol9s less wor?y4 8,te/imonials0 h be5 giv5 = viol9s :i*1 9 ! bulk1 7 tonally wor?less4 ,an in/ance is rec5t hi/ory1 ! mak]s pr(it+ l>gely by exploit+ examples :i* !y seldom1 if ev]1 duplicat$--) results no less disa/r\s to !mselves ?an to _! cr$ul\s patrons4 8,te/imonials10 !re=e1 are wor?less4 ,!y ref] to "o viol9 only1 & n to o!rs by ! same mak]2 a /atem5t :i* _c be too (t5 repeat$1 or too well rememb]$4 ,h[ obvi\sly1 !n1 is indicat$ ! pa?way to la/+ success2 to ! satisfaction ( all patrons2 to fame built ^u a solid tonal f\ndation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,notes ,,on ,,tone ,,c>ry+ ,,p[]4--,"h we h t phase ( tone :i* is mo/ elusive4 ,a viol9 seem+ly l\d1 full & ev5 brilliant1 to ! play]1 may1 at a little di/ance1 be ?9 & wail+4 ,su* a viol9 is lack+ 9 c>ry+ p[]1 & :5 play$ ) a small or*e/ra1 is r>ely he>d 9 ! l[] regi/] by any save ! play]4 ,! voice ( a true-ton$ viol9 is r>ely l\d to ! play]1 &1 9 ! h&s ( _m1 su* an in/rum5t nev] has a *ance to display its ability to lead ! accompany+ in/rum5ts4 ,^? unus$ to su* an in/rum5t are *>m$1 x may be1 ) ! purity ( tone1 b disappo9t$ ) its suppos$ lack ( volume :i*1 9 _! misguid$ ef=ts to produce1 is all b de/roy$4 ,x is seldom su* play]s c be br\ght to realise t c>ry+ p[] is due to purity & n to m]e l\dness2 t a tone :i* /rikes ! play] z l\d & ! he>] z weak possesses elem5ts ( a conflict+ nature :i*1 9 _! ef=ts to dom9ate ea* o!r1 all b de/roy ! c>ry+ ability2 t tone1 :5 8pure10 is dive/$ ( ^! elem5ts1 or mo/ ( !m1 & is naturally less 9 quantity1 or l\dness1 b great] 9 p5etrative ability2 &1 f9ally1 t pure tone requires no =c+1 or undue pressure1 to create a c>ry+ p[] entirely beyond ! possibilities ( mo/ l\d-ton$ fiddles4 ,^! facts are r>ely appreciat$ save by arti/s1 :e!r play]s or s+]s1 & x is seldom t amateurs1 or "s :o rank z pr(essionals1 und]/& purity ( tone suffici5tly well to recognise :at degree ( c>ry+ p[] x w possess4 ,9 fact1 a l\d-ton$ viol91 al?\gh lack+ ! f9] elem5ts1 is m suit$ to su* play]s ?an a pur]-ton$ in/rum5t4 ,x is bett] t !y possess a fiddle ) ! tone ) :i* !y c be satisfi$ ?an ano!r :i* is belab\r$ ) ! b[ 9 ! va9 ef=t to create :at is consid]$ an effective1 or 8big10 tone4 ,9 ju/ice to ! play] x mu/ be said he is n :olly to blame4 ,wrong ideals ( tone & c>ry+ p[] are easily =m$ ?r\gh ! use ( an unsuitable in/rum5t4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ a play] c nev] 8he> himself z o!rs he> him40 ,,quantity v]sus ,,quality4--8,rugg]i10 writ+ 9 ! ,/rad = ,febru>y1 #aiac1 says3 8,!re seems s (t5 a t5d5cy among viol9i/s ( ! pres5t day to =get t x is n quantity1 b ! #8quality' ( tone t holds ! audi5ce spell-b\nd40 ,?is w>n+ %\ld be rememb]$ by all devotees ( ! fiddle4 ,:ile ! possession ( a beautiful ton$ viol9 does n1 ipso facto1 make a tone-poet ( its own]1 x is ! ess5tial "p ( 8 equipm5t4 ,tone ( sup]f9e quality c only be freely & easily produc$ f a pure & flexible ton$ viol91 & ! importance ( su* a viol9 to ^? :o w\ld express ! highe/ ideals 9 a ma/]ly mann] _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,h[ev] s\nd ! play]'s !ory may be1 h[ev] high 8 ideals1 he is1 9 practice1 b\nd to limits ( expression :i* are set by ! in/rum5t4 ,long association & use ( a p>ticul> viol9 create a feel+ t ! limit ( ! play]'s ability to produce quality ( tone1 & ! capacity ( ! viol9 = giv+ x =?1 are "o & ! same1 :]eas !y are entirely diff]5t2 ! play]'s ability is con/antly gr[+ & exp&+1 b ! capacity ( ! viol9 rema9s always ! same4 ,%\ld ?is viol9 capacity be ( a l[ ord] ! play] is b\nd to a dead level ( tonal m$iocrity1 al?\gh r>ely consci\s ( ! fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a viol9 :i* is practically limitless 9 capacity = express+ quality ( tone places no ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! play] ^: ambition is to 8hold ! audi5ce spell-b\nd40 ,,flexibility ,,( ,,tone4--,by flexibility is meant ease ( production1 ! in/ant tone-response to ! lighte/ t\* ( ! b[--n only 9 ! fir/1 b 9 ! high positions4 ,)\t flexibility tone loses its t5d]ness1 mo/ ( its qualities ( appeal1 & delicate %ades ( expression become next to impossible4 ,its abs5ce adds to ! te*nical lab\r ( ! /ud5t & robs ! soloi/ ( 8 ma9 s\rce ( inspiration--! comm& ( a supple voice4 ,,tone-,,failure4--,x is sometimes rem>k$ by play]s t c]ta9 viol9s & o!r b[ in/rum5ts 8lose _! voice0 aft] be+ play$ = a "t "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,?is w\ld appe> to take place 9 heat$ & cr[d$ rooms & halls4 ,x w\ld fur!r appe> t x is c]ta9 old viol9s :i* are mo/ affect$1 b new in/rum5ts are n entirely exempt1 al?\gh less susceptible4 ,!re is1 )\t d\bt1 a sci5tific reason = ?is1 b ,i h n se5 any explanation ( ! ph5om5on 9 pr9t4 ,i m5tion x only z an ecc5tricity ( tone1 & "o :i* w\ld appe> to pres5t difficulty 9 regulat+1 & x may be said t an in/rum5t possess+ ?is peculi>ity mu/1 inde$1 be ne> to tonal collapse :5 heat1 humidity1 & g5]al heav9ess ( ! air are suffici5t to produce su* a fatal effect4 ,old wood is spongy 9 nature4 ,:5 too old x is d>k br[n 9 col\r & almo/ crumbles to ! t\*4 ,x is n difficult to imag9e old wood1 p>ticul>ly if affect$ ) "s slight degree ( dry rot1 absorb+ moi/ure :i*1 toge!r ) heat1 w\ld cause x to become lea!ry & lose ! crispness x w\ld possess "u opposite conditions4 ,if ! new viol9 is affect$ ! cause may possibly be f\nd 9 ! fact t its tone is1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 hang+ on ! v br9k ( failure1 :i* ! m]e t\* ( a heavy atmosph]e is suffici5t to consummate4 ,if ?is be ! reason = tone failure we %\ld expect ! old viol9 to become affect$ aft] "s exposure to ! conditions /at$1 & ! new in/rum5t imm$iately4 ,,fiddles ,,classifi$4--,x is a task ( extreme difficulty to classify viol9s accord+ to _! tonal value2 :ile !y may be dealt ) s+ly1 any attempt to sep>ate !m into well-def9$ gr\ps1 9 :i* c]ta9 mak]s are associat$ ) c]ta9 tone *>act]i/ics1 w yield a result :i*1 = reasons t are well und]/ood1 c only be consid]$ approximately correct4 ,yet !y may be r\ghly divid$ into f\r gr\ps :i* ,i may be all[$ to indicate z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,sup]ior ,tone4--,?is mu/ be s\ght = among ! viol9s ( ! old ,italian ma/]s2 among ^? produc$ by "o or two old mak]s 9 o!r c\ntries1 & among ! in/rum5ts produc$ by ! be/ mak]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ are ! mo/ difficult to obta91 & by f> ! mo/ exp5sive1 due to _! sc>city & to ! fame ( _! build]s4 ,ow+ to ! ravages ( "t1 to ! influ5ce ( damp1 we>1 accid5t1 mu* repair+ 7n always skilful71 & ! v&al ef=ts ( 8improv]s10 _m viol9s by old ma/]s h greatly depreciat$ 9 tone4 7#b7 ,excell5t ,tone4--,! less] lights ( ! 8,palmy ,days0 turn$ out an occasional great viol91 wor?y to rank ) ! ma/] fiddles ( any age1 & ! same may be said ( "s ( ! great copyi/s ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,^! are r>e examples1 & s mix$ ) o!rs ( less tonal wor? by ! same mak]s z to r5d] _! discov]y possible only to ! exp]t4 ,consecutive reproduction ( sup]ior tone is su* a difficult "p ( viol9 con/ruction t only ma/]s c accompli% ! feat successfully4 ,! celebrat$ old mak]s are kn[n to h succe$$1 & s h a select few ( ! liv+ mak]s4 ,mr4 ,t[ry ,pip]1 writ+ 9 ! ,/rad1 says ( a mod]n build]3 8,he c build a fiddle ) a c]ta9 quality & volume ( tone1 & )9 human limits1 repeat ! process ad lib40 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t ! old ma/]s also lab\r$ 8)9 human limits40 ,ap>t f ! specially good examples1 ! old viol9 mak]s ( ! second class produc$ 9 _! in/rum5ts a quality ( tone 9 e respect wor?y ( be+ t]m$ ,excell5t4 7#c7 ,good ,tone4--,)9 ?is category is a wide range ( fiddles suitable = all ord9>y uses1 made 9 all ages ( ! art1 b usually f\nd among viol9s by old mak]s ( ! ?ird class 9 ,italy1 ^? ( ! second class 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,! tone ( "s ( ^! viol9s des]ves to rank z excell5t1 b "h1 aga91 is f\nd a wide diff]5ce 9 fiddles by ! same mak]4 ,9 ?is class ! inexp]i5c$ w also f9d difficulty 9 mak+ a selection1 & ! advice ( an exp]t %\ld be secur$4 7#d7 8,j ,fiddles40--,nameless1 b 8old0 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or ,engli% fiddles4 ,viol9s ( all sorts1 old & new1 be>+ unfamili> names4 ,! age-bak$ imitations by mak]s ) & )\t repute4 8,pawn%op0 fiddles1 manufactur$ to cat* ! eye ( ^? seek+ ! r>e b unrecognis$6 ,factory-made 8copies0 ( ,amati1 ,gu>n]i1 ,/radiv>i1 ,/a9]1 etc4 ,numb]$ by ?\s&s1 su* fiddles z ^! are c>efully avoid$ by ! kn[+ seek] aft] tone4 ,because "o or ! o!r r>ely fail to deceive ! well-mean+ b un9=m$1 x does n foll[ t !y lack any legitimate place 9 ! _w ( fiddles4 ,:5 sold on _! m]its1 or by deal]s ( repute1 !y are l[ 9 price4 ,on !m "o may 8:ack out0 a lively tune ( sorts & br+ pleasure to ! uncritical atmosph]e ( _m homes--may1 inde$1 be a direct lead to bett] ?+s4 ,! ,k+ ( ,in/rum5ts rules ov] ! pleasures ( ! great1 & ! little pr9ces ( 8 h\se br+ an equal happ9ess to ^? ^: lives & ta/es are humble4 ,?us may ^! in/rum5ts br+ music to ! =eca/le & ! f>m1 & pleasure to ^? :o1 by "o circum/ance or ano!r1 are b>r$ f bett] ?+s4 ,a ,,/range ,,belief4--,z an illu/ration ( ! extraord9>y beliefs held reg>d+ tone & its connection ) ! viol91 ,i quote ! foll[+ f a rec5t issue ( an ,am]ican j\rnal3 8,if ,/radiv>ius 7 liv+ to-day & 0 a viol9-mak] 444 he w\ld be j z big a failure z our be/ mod]n mak]s are to-day 444 he build$ bett] ?an he knew40 ,! writ] ( ?is is )\t fir/-h& k1 ei!r ( ,/radiv>i or ! 8be/ mod]n mak]s10 else he w\ld cite a diff]5t explanation ( failure4 ,b :at are we to say ( su* beliefs--long s9ce explod$--be+ reviv$ 9 a mod]n j\rnal8 ,un=tunately = ! accuracy ( ?is !ory1 "t has n dealt 9 a l mann] ) ,/radiv>i's sons4 ,!y did n build 8bett] ?an !y knew40 ,,tone ,,heal?4--,x is said a viol9 %\ld always be kept 9 its case :5 n 9 use4 ,:ile small objection c be f\nd ) ?is advice1 ,i believe good fre% air is b5eficial1 & x is my practice to make ! fulle/ use ( ?is reviv+ & antiseptic influ5ce on suitable occasions4 ,i hang ! viol9 away f ! wall if indoors1 & 9 a %ady place if 9 ! op51 s arrang$ t x w n /rike aga9/ any?+ %\ld x sw+ ab\t ?r\gh ! action ( a pass+ breeze4 ,viol9i/s are apt to neglect _! cases1 :i* %\ld also be kept well air$ & dry1 toge!r ) ! clo? us$ to cov] ! in/rum5t4 ,! function ( a case is to keep out damp1 n to keep x 91 b ,i h se5 "s cases s mu/y & damp t /eam has ris5 f ! cov]+ clo? :5 held be=e ! g5tle w>m? ( a fire4 ,no wond] viol9i/s are tr\bl$ ) _! tone by ?us neglect+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( hygi5e4 ,x may be ?\ght sup]flu\s to add t ! viol9 %\ld be kept p]fectly clean1 b e "o exp]i5c$ 9 ^! matt]s is aw>e t _m play]s are exce$+ly c>eless1 :ile o!rs actually look ^u dirt z an ornam5t4 ,! int]ior ( ! in/rum5t may be clean$ by p\r+ a h&ful ( rice ?r\gh ! s\ndhole1 %ak+ x ab\t1 & empty+ ?r\gh ! same orifice4 ,on ! ext]ior use a v s(t clo? or *amois lea!r1 & remove e trace ( du/ & dampness4 ,?is la/ is deposit$ f ! h&s1 & may prove fatal to ! v>ni% because ( its sal9e prop]ties4 ,:]e ! h& t\*es ! body ( ! in/rum5t mo/ frequ5tly x is n uncommon to see1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! old viol9s1 ! v>ni% entirely remov$ & ! b>e wood left to absorb1 n only moi/ure1 b grease1 :i* is difficult to extract )\t injury to ! wood4 ,i am aw>e t1 ev5 to m5tion su* a ?+1 is to sugge/ some?+ 9 ! nature ( v&alism1 b ,i d say ^! b>e places %\ld be c>efully clean$ & rev>ni%$--b only :]e ! h& t\*es :5 9 ! high positions1 a *9-re/ w protect ! o!r end ( ! viol94 ,! own] ( ! viol9 may1 h[ev]1 d z he pleases2 x is m]ely a "q :e!r heal? 9 tone or weal? 9 fiddle is to h ! mo/ consid]ation4 ,,tonal ,,misjudgm5t4--,! viol9 pres5ts _m /range difficulties1 &1 9 ord] to indicate t ! judg+ ( tone is no simple or easy matt]1 ,i w cite a few cases to %[ h[ "s excell5t & exp]i5c$ play]s h be5 deceiv$4 ,a pr(essional play$ ^u two viol9s at a public ent]ta9m5t--8 own1 an old ,italian :i* co/ "o hundr$ & eighty p\nds1 & a mod]n in/rum5t wor? ab\t ?irty p\nds4 ,he play$ ! fir/ half ( a selection on ! ,italian & ! second half on ! mod]n1 ! *ange occupy+ b a few seconds4 ,! num]\s audi5ce 7 unaw>e ( any te/ be+ made4 ,! in/ant he began play+ ! mod]n in/rum5t ! surprise 0 g5]al1 ! contra/ be+ extraord9>y1 ! int5sity1 ri*ness1 & tell+ qualities ( ! new fiddle's tone completely eclips+ t ( ! old] viol91 :i*1 9 comp>ison1 seem$ weak & wail+4 ,note ! sequel4 ,imm$iately ! piece 0 f9i%$ ! play]1 :o 0 unaw>e ( ! impression creat$ on 8 he>]s1 obs]v$ to a fri5d3 8,! new fiddle is good1 b too weak4 ,i c\ld nev] lead ) x60 ,a ,/radiv>i viol91 once ! prop]ty ( a celebrat$ arti/ :o us$ ! in/rum5t until 8 dea?1 play+ 9 all ! great cities 9 ,europe1 0 borr[$ by a v tal5t$ amateur = ! purpose ( play+ a solo at 8 f>ewell conc]t1 z he 0 ab\t to live abroad4 ,he did n use ?is viol91 h[ev]1 ! excuse be+ t he did n ?9k x w\ld c>ry suffici5tly well to fill ! hall1 n by any means a l>ge "o4 ,he us$1 in/ead1 ano!r in/rum5t1 ! prop]ty ( a local play]1 &1 x is h>dly necess>y to add1 treat$ 8 he>]s to a tone n only less 9 quantity1 b ) no quality :atev]4 ,x is ! belief among a c]ta9 class ( play]s 7:o are n by any means always amateurs71 t an e>-splitt+ s\nd indicates a viol9 possess$ ( all ! requirem5ts ( a fir/-class fiddle4 ,:5 !y discov] su* an in/rum5t x is treasur$ above pe>ls1 not)/&+ _! progress & popul>ity are 9 no wise enhanc$ by its possession4 ,an arti/ once call$ ^u a cont95tal exp]t ) an old ,fr5* fiddle4 ,x _h co/ a consid]able sum1 & 0 look$ ^u by its own] z p]fectly ideal 9 tone4 ,! exp]t diff]$1 h[ev]1 b express$ 8 op9ion z mildly z possible1 m]ely obs]v+ t ! tone 0 h>dly suit$ to ! arti/'s tal5ts6 ,?is op9ion ! said arti/ receiv$ ) "s %[ ( pique4 ,lat]1 ?is viol9i/ began /udy+ "u a celebrat$ ma/]1 :o condemn$ ! ?+ 9 language bo? =ceful & picturesque2 & a bett] ton$ in/rum5t 0 procur$4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! great viol9i/s use in/rum5ts ) :i* no tone fault c be f\nd1 o!rs are n s happy 9 _! possession1 al?\gh1 d\btless1 q satisfi$ !mselves4 ,among ^! la/ are two ^: names are h\sehold words1 & ! fault lies 9 ! two l[] /r+s ( _! viol9s1 ! s\nds f :i* are sc>cely audible 9 a fair-siz$ hall1 al?\gh ! he>] may sit only "s ?irty feet di/ant--axioma m$ium6 ,!re are play]s s accu/om$ to ! tone ( "o viol9 t !y are utt]ly incapable ( correctly judg+ ! tonal qualities ( ano!r4 ,i once met a play] ( no mean ability :o own$ & play$ ^u a factory-made in/rum5t :i* emitt$ a mis]ably flat & ?9 tone4 ,yet ?is fiddle _h be5 treasur$ & us$ = twelve ye>s6 ,no o!r viol9 8suit$0 s well6 al?\gh _m excell5t in/rum5ts _h be5 tri$4 ,su* extreme cases ( self-deception z ?is are1 =tunately1 r>e1 b !y are occasionally met )4 ,,accessories ,,& ,,tone4--,s f> z ! play] is conc]n$1 ! important accessories are ! /r+s1 bridge & s\nd po/1 & ) ^! x is n advisable to exp]im5t4 ,! po/ & ! bridge are usually correctly proportion$ & 9 _! prop] positions4 ,! =m] may fall :5 all ! /r+s are loose1 & because ( ?is x is well to keep !m fairly taut always4 ,:5 ! viol9 is n 9 use ,i consid] ! ,e & ,g /r+s may be slightly l[]$1 ! fir/ to prev5t unnecess>y breakage & ! la/ to prev5t ?9n+ ( ! core & consequ5t 8buzz+40 ,:5 a /r+ breaks put a new "o on at once4 ,if ! in/rum5t is to be re/rung ?r\gh\t1 *ange "o /r+ at a "t4 ,x is well = ! play] to be> 9 m9d t resett+ ! s\nd po/ may seem a simple matt]1 b t x is n s simple z x appe>s4 ,n "o play] 9 a ?\s& c accompli% ?is op]ation prop]ly1 or )\t "s damage to ! in/rum5t4 ,! position ( ! po/ %\ld be m>k$ on ! back ( ! viol9 by ins]t+ a ?9 p5cil ?r\gh ! "r-h& s\nd hole & m>k+ z f> z possible1 & fa9tly1 ar\nd its l[] end4 ,if ! po/ falls1 take ! in/rum5t to ! ne>e/ repair]4 ,! bridge is almo/ inde/ructible if x receives prop] att5tion4 ,x is important t x %\ld lean slightly t[>ds ! tailpiece1 nev] be upright1 nor lean t[>ds ! f+]-bo>d4 ,wat* ! bridge frequ5tly :5 tun+ up1 or :5 putt+ on a new /r+4 ,! ,e /r+ is a p>ticul> (f5d] ow+ to its high t5sion & ! frequ5cy ( its tun+ & r5ewal4 ,x pulls ! upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! bridge =w>d4 ,pay con/ant att5tion to ! bridge & keep x 9 ! correct position4 ,?is pull+ =w>d may be some:at ov]come if ! nicks :]e9 ! /r+s re/ are lead$1 us+ ! %>p po9t ( a s(t p5cil4 ,e play] %\ld possess a /r+ gauge on :i* is m>k$ ! sizes mo/ suitable = ! viol94 ,tone is greatly influ5c$ by ! h>dness1 s(tness1 or size ( ! /r+s1 & ! play] %\ld asc]ta9 by exp]im5t :at is mo/ suit$ to ! in/rum5t & keep to t4 ,x is r>e t two viol9s are exactly alike 9 _! /r+ requirem5ts1 & !y also diff] 9 temp]am5t3 t is to say1 "o may dem& a c]ta9 size & k9d ( /r+ be=e ! be/ results are obta9$1 :ile ano!r w respond v well )\t m ?an ord9>y c>e 9 selection4 ,,! ,,b[4--,?is important accessory %\ld be select$ ) c>e4 ,x has an important "p 9 ! production ( tone1 to say no?+ ( t te*nic :i* belongs to x4 ,x is said t a really good b[ ( correct balance1 flexibility & weight1 is m difficult to f9d ?an a good ton$ viol94 ,only ! few c af=d a b[ by ,t\rte1 or o!r fam\s mak]s1 b really f9e mod]n b[s may be obta9$ at reasonable prices f mo/ ( ! deal]s1 & especially f ^? :o are1 9 addition1 b[-mak]s4 ,j z "o may become us$ to a viol9 ( faulty tone1 s also may ! play] become us$ to a b[ :i* adds to 8 tonal & te*nical difficulties4 ,a good 8/ick0 is a treasure & %\ld be well c>$ =4 ,:5 n 9 use ! t5sion %\ld be entirely remov$4 ,! /ick %\ld be kept p]fectly clean1 especially on ! "u side1 & ! screw oil$ occasionally4 ,,! ,,fiddle 8,,doctor40--,! simplicity ( ! fiddle is deceptive4 ,x is n only n s simple z x appe>s1 b ( all musical in/rum5ts requires ! mo/ k & skill 9 its repair & adju/m5t4 ,any play] may apply ! means by :i* tone c be pres]v$1 & ?is is be/ accompli%$ by keep+ ! viol9 9 a cleanly condition & heal?y surr\nd+s2 b 8accid5ts w happ510 or some?+ peculi> 9 ! tone w indicate ! ne$ ( att5tion1 & 9 ei!r case1 x is ! lu?i] & n ! fiddle 8doctor0 :o %\ld be consult$4 ,skilful repair]s are to be f\nd 9 practically e city 9 ! _w1 & 9 _! h&s ! ail+ viol9 may be left ) confid5ce4 ,,conclusion ,& n[ a few words reg>d+ ! process ( regulat+ & develop+ ! tone ( a viol94 ,x w\ld 9 my judgm5t s]ve no useful purpose to attempt to publi% details ( ! means employ$1 z ,i am satisfi$ t no?+ %ort ( practical exposition & demon/ration 7c\pl$ ) exp]i5ce7 w suffice to convey ! k :i* mu/ be acquir$ by any "o desir+ to comm& any?+ l uni=m success4 8,?ickness+10 z x is t]m$1 ^u :i* su* success is v l>gely dep5d5t1 is a v>iable & complex op]ation & _c be le>n$ f books2 & ! mo/ t c be said is t aft] a viol9 is built its tone c be fundam5tally alt]$1 regulat$1 & develop$ by int]nal & ext]nal means to give su* f9al results z ! mak]1 or op]ator :o develops ! tone1 may consid] to be ideal4 ,?is is well en\gh und]/ood by ! be/ mak]s1 b1 = reasons :i* are fairly self-evid5t1 ^? :o practise x are v few inde$4 ,z mu* m is requir$ ( ! /ud5t ( tone developm5t ?an a m]e acqua9tance ) ! means c give1 a ?or\gh work+ k1 lead+ to successful application1 is be/ acquir$ by p]sonal in/ruction f "o acqua9t$ ) ! complicat$ & ev]-*ang+ tonal problems pres5t$ by ! newly-made viol91 & exp]i5c$ 9 deal+ ) !m--j z ,i believe ?is art 0 imp>t$ to pupils by ma/]s 9 ! 8gold5 p]iod0 ( viol9-mak+2 ! measure ( success a*iev$ dep5d+ always ^u ! tone ideals ( bo? ! ma/] & pupil1 & ! skill ) :i* ! process is employ$ to obta9 8 results4 ,i hope a return w be made to ! me?ods ( t p]iod1 :5 tone rea*$ its fulle/ p]fection1 to ! end t ! _w may become ri*] 9 in/rum5ts possess+ t quality ( tone :i* is n[ almo/ exclusively associat$ ) ! viol9s produc$ by ! 8old ma/]s40 ,,notices ,,biographical ,,& ,,critical ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,viol9 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,s*ools ,,& ,,( ,,_! ,,works ,by ,,t[ry ,,pip] ,,prefatory ,,note ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! au?or has endeav\r$1 s f> z limitations ( space & o!r circum/ances w\ld admit1 to incorporate ! results ( obs]vations made dur+ a v long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahgg he has be5 a m or less assidu\s /ud5t ( old viol9s & k9dr$ in/rum5ts1 & has _h p]haps exceptional opportunities ( h&l+ & exam9+ "s ?\s&s ( examples ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( viol9-mak+4 ,?\gh ! "w does n1 p]haps1 come appropriately )9 ! def9ition ( a diction>y ( ! subject ( :i* x treats1 x w be f\nd to conta9 notices ( a consid]able numb] ( mak]s :o h n be5 dealt ) 9 previ\s ,engli% works on ! viol94 ,9 decid+ ! some:at difficult "q z to :at names %\ld be includ$ & :at reject$1 ! au?or1 :o has = sev]al ye>s be5 a contributor to ! ,/rad magaz9e1 has f\nd 8 exp]i5ce ( ! correspond5ce dep>tm5t ( t j\rnal ( frequ5t assi/ance 9 arriv+ at a conclusion1 z x has be5 possible 9 ! light ( su* exp]i5ce to =m "s sort ( e/imate ( ! nature ( ! in=mation mo/ likely to be ( use to viol9 play]s & own]s ( /r+$ in/rum5ts g5]ally4 ,mo/ ( ! previ\s works ( ?is k9d w be f\nd to conta9 numb]s ( names ( old viol & lute mak]s :o are n kn[n to h made viol9s1 su* z ,d>delli1 ,duiffoprugc>1 & _m o!rs2 b by omitt+ ^!1 almo/ 9 toto1 x has be5 possible to include a numb] ( m9or workm5 ^: in/rum5ts possess m]it1 )\t unduly increas+ ! bulk ( ! book4 ,to deal 9 any?+ l detail ) ! huge army ( mak]s ( ,g]man orig9 is a task :i* no ,engli% writ] has _h ! tem]ity to attempt1 nor w\ld any useful purpose be s]v$ by s do+ 9 a "w int5d$ = ,engli% read]s4 ,^? :o desire m precise in=mation on t bran* ( ! subject ?an is h]e9aft] convey$ are recomm5d$ to ref] to ! two portly volumes ( ! ,g]man writ]1 von ,ltg5dorff1 :o1 ) *>act]i/ic ,teuton ?or\ghness1 seems to h hunt$ up ne>ly e "o ( 8 c\ntrym5 :o ev] made a fiddle4 ,! "w 9 "q is inde$ a monum5t ( lit]>y indu/ry & rese>*4 ,a numb] ( ! m rec5t ,italian mak]s1 ^: "w has come into prom95ce dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 h be5 notic$ 9 some:at m detail$ fa%ion ?an has usually be5 adopt$ 9 books ( ?is k9d1 & an attempt has be5 made to deal 9 ! same way ) a few mak]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ^: names1 = "s reason or o!r1 h previ\sly receiv$ some:at meagre att5tion4 ,/radiv>i1 & "s ( ! o!r ,italians ( ! fir/ rank1 h already be5 h&l$ s fully 9 works :i* w be f\nd m5tion$ 9 ! text t ! facts already publi%$ conc]n+ !m h be5 dige/$ s f> z possible1 to enable !m to be succ9ctly pres5t$1 & to make room = o!r matt]4 ,,bexhill1 ,,augu/ #ba1 #aiaf4 ,,absam1 ,,?omas4--,wakefield2 n9ete5? c5tury to ab\t #ahej2 said to h be5 ( ,tyrolese bir?4 ,work$ = ,pick>d ( ,le$s1 & on 8 own acc\nt4 ,,adam4--,mirec\rt4 ,a family ( b[-mak]s ( :om ! be/ 0 ,,jean ,,dom9ique1 :o work$ to ab\t #ahfj4 ,,aireton1 ,,edmund4--,london4 ,di$ ab\t #ahjg4 ,a mak] ( ! /yle & p]iod ( ,pet] ,wamsley4 ,work$ = ! deal]s1 ,norris & ,b>nes4 ,,albani4--,late sev5te5? & fir/ half ( eighte5? c5turies4 ,a family ( viol9 mak]s orig9at+ at ,botz5 9 ! ,tyrol4 ,! *ief mak]1 & ! f\nd] ( ! family1 0 ,,mat?ias1 :o 0 born 9 #afba1 & di$ at ,botz5 9 ,febru>y1 #agab4 ,mo/ au?orities m5tion two diff]5t individuals nam$ ,mat?ias1 b x seems to be e/abli%$ t !re 0 b "o4 ,mat?ias ,albani's "w belongs *iefly to ! s*ool ( ,/a9]1 b ! lat] & bett] examples %[ di/9ct traces ( ,italian influ5ce1 & are built ^u l9es m approximat+ to ! ,amati s*ool4 ,! ar*+ is mu* less pron\nc$ ?an t ( old] specim5s1 9 :i* x is (t5 extravagantly high2 outl9e & s\nd-holes1 ?\gh nev] los+ entirely _! ,g]man cut1 are m ,italian-look+1 & ! v>ni%1 usually a brilliant r$-br[n1 is ei!r id5tical 9 composition ) t us$ by ,italian workm5 ( ! p]iod1 or closely alli$ to x4 ,! tone ( 8 bett] in/rum5ts is excell5t4 ,! wood us$ is ( good quality & frequ5tly h&some4 ,examples ) lion & o!r ornam5tal heads occur4 ,he made viol9s1 t5ors1 & basses1 & ! l>g] in/rum5ts are held 9 high e/eem among/ play]s4 ,tradition has x t he work$ = "s "t at ,cremona or else:]e 9 ,italy1 b any?+ l tangible evid5ce 9 support ( ?is appe>s to be lack+4 ,8 "n has be5 made free ) by =g]s & imitators1 & may be se5 9 all sorts ( wor?less fiddles1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,spuri\s labels1 dat$ 9 ! ye> #afij1 ab\nd4 ,8 ord9>y label reads1 8,mat?ias ,albanus fecit ,bulsani 9 ,tiroli10 ) date4 ,o!r mak]s ( ! family 7 ,,mi*ael1 a son :o work$ *iefly 9 ,gratz1 :]e he di$ 9 #agcj2 ,,joseph1 a y\ng] son1 :o assi/$ him1 & di$ at ,botz5 9 #agbb2 & ,,joseph ,,anton1 a nephew1 :o di$ at ,botz5 9 #agga4 ,,albani4--,m5tion is made ( mak]s ( ?is "n work+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,"o1 nam$ ,,paolo1 is said to h op]at$ 9 ,pal]mo1 ,rome1 & ,cremona4 ,,aldric4--,p>is4 ,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,0 liv+ 9 #ahdc4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! ,fr5* mak]s ( ! ,lupot ,s*ool4 ,he 0 also well-kn[n z a deal]4 ,excell5t "w & mat]ial4 ,/radiv>i model1 & usually r d>k r$ v>ni%4 ,in/rum5ts frequ5tly r heavy look+ 9 build4 ,he us$ *iefly pr9t$1 b also writt5 labels1 & work$ 9 ,p>is at v>i\s addresses4 ,8 viol9s & o!r in/rum5ts h sometimes be5 relabell$ & sold z ! "w ( ,ni*olas ,lupot4 ,,amati4--,! family "n ( ! f\nd]s ( ! celebrat$ s*ool ( ,cremona4 ,_! record z mak]s beg9s ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 or p]haps a little lat]1 & ends 9 #agdj4 ,! pione] ( ! family 0 ,,&rea1 ! date ( ^: bir? is unkn[n1 b !re is evid5ce 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ,cremona %[+ t he 0 alive 9 #afaa1 & buri$ 8 second wife 9 t ye>4 ,! appe>ance & g5]al "* ( 8 works po9t to ,brescia z ! s*ool f :i* he d]iv$ 8 inspiration1 b beyond tradition !re is no evid5ce to prove t ,b]tolotti 7kn[n z ,casp> da ,sal7 0 8 actual ma/]4 ,v little ( 8 au!ntic "w is n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,a few violoncellos1 & "s bass & d\ble bass viols survive1 & a v few viol9s ( small or ?ree-qu>t] patt]n4 ,a wellkn[n example ( ^! la/ 0 put up to auction 9 ,london rec5tly4 ,! ar*+ ( ! in/rum5ts is high1 ! s\nd-holes1 ( ,brescian type1 are r wide op51 ! wood & workman%ip good1 ! backs ( ! viol9s g5]ally 9 "o piece cut slab wise4 ,! labels seem to be dat$ 9 ,roman num]als4 ,x 0 ?is mak]'s sons1 ,,antonius & ,,hi]onymus1 m especially ! latt]1 :o produc$ ! type ( viol9 :i* w ev] be associat$ ) ! "n ( ,amati4 ,!y work$ 9 p>tn]%ip dur+ _! jo9t lives1 b _! individual workman%ip is di/9ct2 ,,antonius1 ! eld] bro!r's in/rum5ts reta9+ c]ta9 ,brescian *>act]i/ics :i* 7 wisely disc>d$ by ,hi]onymus1 :o produc$ examples ( great elegance ( =m1 & possess+ a tone :i* = beautiful quality has nev] s9ce be5 surpass$4 ,! date ( ,antonius's bir? has n be5 discov]$1 nor t ( 8 dea?1 b x is g5]ally believ$ t ! latt] occurr$ aft] ! ye> #afdj4 ,hi]onymus's bir?-ye> is also undiscov]$1 b !re is an entry 9 ,cremonese regi/]s1 prov+ t he di$ ( ! plague 9 ,novemb]1 #afcj4 ,! viol9s be>+ ! label ( ! firm v>y 9 size1 & a consid]able numb] /ill survive1 ! l>g] & r>] specim5s1 measur+ ab\t #ad in*es 9 l5g? ( body1 be+ ( m value ?an ! small] patt]ns4 ,! usual label ( ! firm is 8,antonius ,hi]onymus ,fr4 ,amati ,cremon5 ,&reae fil4 ,f4 #af44440 ,! bro!rs are cr$it$ by ,messrs4 ,hill1 ( ,bond ,/reet1 ) hav+ be5 ! e>lie/ mak]s kn[n to h produc$ violas ( ! small] dim5sions1 measur+ ab\t #af-a_/d in*es long1 :i* is n[ accept$ z ! /&>d l5g? = ! viola4 ,_! violoncellos 7 ( l>ge size--well ov] #cj in*es long--b appe> to h be5 all1 or almo/ all1 r$uc$1 to fit !m = mod]n play+4 ,9 ! viol9s slab backs 9 "o piece are frequ5tly se51 b _m ( !m1 especially ^? ( lat] date1 h jo9t$ backs1 ! wood ( :i* is cut 8on ! qu>t]40 ,numb]s ( labels exi/ or are cit$ 9 books1 be>+ dates long aft] ! dea?s ( bo? bro!rs mu/ h occurr$4 ,no v satisfactory explanation ( ?is seems to be =?com+ unless we assume t ,niccol ,amati1 ! son ( ,hi]onymus1 & ! mo/ celebrat$ mak]1 cont9u$ to use ! /yle & tickets ( ! firm = a long p]iod be=e f9ally adopt+ 8 own label4 ,we may n[ turn to ,,niccolo ,,amati1 :o 0 born 9 ,cremona on ,decemb] #c1 #aeif1 & di$ !re on ,april #ab1 #afhd4 ,an e>li] ,niccol is m5tion$ z hav+ be5 a bro!r ( ,&rea1 & ! "n has be5 copi$ "t & aga9 by successive compil]s ( li/s ( mak]s4 ,no?+ :atev] appe>s to be kn[n ( su* a p]son1 & !re is no good reason = suppos+ t he ev] exi/$4 ,niccol1 son ( ,hi]onymus1 closely foll[$ 8 fa!r's patt]n & tea*+s = a consid]able "t1 & does n seem to h begun to use ! ticket ) 8 own "n until ab\t #afdj1 by :i* "t he w\ld be =ty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,he made viol9s ( v>y+ sizes1 ! ord9>y type be+ ab\t #ac-g_/h in*es long4 ,8 s\nd-holes are g5]ally simil> 9 design to ^? ( 8 fa!r1 b 9 lat] "w ! op5+ is frequ5tly r wid]1 & ! angle at :i* x is set 9 ! in/rum5t a trifle m slant+4 ,he also ext5d$ ! ar*+ 9 "s ( 8 "w1 c>ry+ x ne>] ! sides1 & some:at dim9i%+ ! grooves runn+ ar\nd ^!4 ,! t]m 8,gr& ,amati0 :i* is associat$ ) 8 "n 0 at "o "t well und]/ood to apply to a type ( viol9 #ad in*es long1 ) r produc$ corn]s1 & a some:at sudd5 dip beg9n+ n f> f ! c5tre ( ! back & belly1 =m+ 9 fact a di/9ct ridge 9 ! long axis ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b ! t]m 8gr&0 appe>s n[adays to be loosely appli$ to almo/ any ,niccol ,amati viol9 ( some:at l>g] size ?an ! ord9>y patt]n above m5tion$4 ,9 addition to great] l5g? measurem5t1 ! ,gr& ,amati exhibits consid]ably great] wid?1 :i* is especially noticeable 9 ! upp] portion ( ! body4 ,on ^! l>ge viol9s ! enhanc$ fame ( ?is great mak] *iefly re/s1 & _! money value is mu* great] ?an t ( ! small] =ms4 ,!y are v sc>ce1 & !re is /rong reason to suppose t "s ( ! few :i* exi/ 7 l>gely1 if n altoge!r1 ! h&iwork ( pupils1 among/ :om may be m5tion$ ,&rea ,gu>n]i1 al?\gh t mak] 9 8 own sign$ "w does n v (t5 foll[ t patt]n4 ,x has be5 adopt$ ) success by sev]al o!r mak]s ( high repute1 e4g4 ,francesco ,rug]1 ,sanctus ,s]aph9 ( ,v5ice1 ,jacobs ( ,am/]dam1 ,banks ( ,salisbury1 ,v9c5zo ,panormo 7r>ely71 & ho/s ( o!r copyi/s4 ,/radiv>i does n seem to h be5 attract$ by x1 & only 9 "o or two m9or features d any ( 8 kn[n works exhibit any resemblance to x4 ,niccol ,amati's v>ni% is g5]ally ( ! yell[ type associat$ ) ! works ( e>li] memb]s ( 8 family1 & ! wood us$ = ! backs & sides is ( native gr[? & small1 ?\gh (t5 v h&some1 figure4 ,9 "s lat] "w wood ) a broad] curl may be se51 b examples are r>e4 ,! violoncellos 7 orig9ally ( l>ge size1 b are seldom or nev] se5 uncut4 ,niccol ,amati _h num]\s notable pupils & foll[]s1 ! mo/ important be+1 ( c\rse1 ,antonio ,/radiv>i4 ,( ^! !re is n space to app5d a li/1 b _! names & "w w be f\nd not$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,!re is good reason to believe t = at lea/ t5 ye>s prior to 8 dea? he did n take mu* active "p 9 ! bus9ess ( 8 work%op4 ,,hi]onymus ,,amati ,,ii41 born #afdi1 di$ ,febru>y #ba1 #agdj1 0 ! ?ird son ( ,niccol1 & app>5tly ! only "o :o 0 a viol9-mak]4 ,x is n[ well recognis$ t he 0 a workman ( mu* ability1 & !re is no room = d\bt t numb]s ( ! in/rum5ts made 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 fa!r's lifetime 7 ei!r :olly or p>tially 8 h&iwork4 ,_m viol9s dat+ f ab\t #afgj1 & be>+ g5u9e ,niccol ,amati labels exi/1 :i* exhibit a v high degree ( f9i%1 great neatness ( workman%ip1 & o!r *>act]i/ics :i* d n appe> 9 examples by o!r workm5 employ$ by ,niccol1 b :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) in/rum5ts admitt$ly made by ,hi]onymus ,,ii4 aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 are suffici5t to proclaim _! au?or%ip4 ,9 ^! ! cutt+ ( ! scrolls & s\nd-holes is cle>ly ! "w ( a mak] 9 ! full maturity ( 8 p[]s4 ,! v>ni% on "s1 at lea/1 is ( a some:at r$d] hue ?an ! typical ,amati yell[1 & ! rise ( ! ar*+ m gradual4 ,! in/rum5ts are n aft] ! gr& patt]n 9 _! design & proportions4 ,messrs4 ,hill sugge/ t ,/radiv>i may h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! mak+ ( "s ( !m1 z probabilities po9t to t mak] hav+ cont9u$ to "w = ,niccol 7besides work+ on 8 own acc\nt7 d[n to ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,hi]onymus ,,ii4 cont9u$ to produce & repair in/rum5ts aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 & 8 label1 /at+ t he execut$ repairs1 may /ill be se5 9 a few old in/rum5ts4 ,! writ] has se5 m ?an "o su*4 ,:5 he fir/ began to ins]t 8 own labels 9 8 "w does n seem to be cle>1 b mo/ ( ^? cit$ 9 books1 & all se5 by ! writ]1 h be5 dat$ aft] #agjj4 ,9 mo/ ( 8 tickets he /ates t he 0 ,niccol's son4 ,= "s reason--possibly because 8 fa!r's dea? left him 9 easy circum/ances--specim5s made by him aft] t ev5t are by no means pl5tiful1 & ! in=mation ab\t !m conta9$ 9 mo/ ( ! books on ! viol9 is meagre1 unreliable1 & q fails to d ju/ice to 8 und\bt$ abilities4 ,a f9e viol9 ( 8 make1 dat$ #agaj1 is figur$ 9 ! la/ edition ( ! "w on 8,viol9 ,mak]s0 by ! ,g]man writ]1 von ,ltg5dorff4 ,,amati1 ,,nicolaus4--,bologna2 ab\t #agbj to #agdj2 commonly call$ 8,dom ,nicolaus ,amati20 0 a prie/ :o made viol9s & o!r in/rum5ts ( mod]ately good workman%ip & fair tone4 ,! writ] has met ) two or ?ree viol9s & a viola ( 8 make4 ,x is n kn[n if he 0 relat$ to ! ,cremonese family4 ,,ambrosi1 ,,petrus4--,rome & ,brescia2 fir/ half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to labels ! mak] 0 a ,cremonese1 & 9 "s ! "n is spelt 8,ambrogi40 ,mod]ate workman%ip & v>ni%4 ,r\gh ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,! "n may n unfrequ5tly be se5 9 common fiddles1 su* z are sold 9 pawn%ops4 ,,&]son4--,at lea/ ?ree mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 ,scotl& dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury2 "o nam$ ,,john 0 a pupil ( ,mat!w ,h>die & a prolific workman4 ,he liv$ *iefly 9 ,ab]de51 & di$ !re 9 #ahhc4 ,,antoniazzi4--,! "n ( sev]al mak]s 9 ,italy 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,,gaetano 7di$ #ahig 9 ,milan7 0 a good workman1 & obta9$ m$als = 8 productions2 ano!r1 ,,romeo1 0 work+ 9 ,cremona rec5tly1 & makes in/rum5ts 9 v>i\s /yles1 b has a model ( 8 own4 ,,aud9ot4--,a ,mirec\rt family ( ! n9ete5? c5tury :o h made _m useful in/rum5ts4 ,! be/ kn[n is ,,ne/or ,,dom9ique1 born 9 #ahdb1 :o is 9 good repute bo? z a mak] & repair] 9 ,p>is4 ,,baad]1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,& ,co4--,mitt5wald2 contempor>y4 ,a well-kn[n firm :o manufacture in/rum5ts ( v>i\s classes on an ext5sive scale4 ,,ba*mann4--,! "n ( sev]al ,g]man mak]s2 ! two be/ kn[n1 ,,anton & ,,k>l ,,ludwig1 work$ 9 ,b]l9 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,bagatella1 ,,antonio4--,paduna4 ,di$ 9 #ahbi4 ,in/rum5ts sc>ce4 ,writ] has se5 "o or two d\ble-basses ( "s m]it :i* 7 assign$ to him4 ,be/ kn[n z ! writ] ( a pamphlet1 publi%$ 9 #aghb1 on sci5tific viol9 mak+4 ,,bailly1 ,,paul4--,a well-kn[n mod]n ,fr5* mak]1 :o work$ 9 ,mirec\rt1 ,p>is1 & ,london4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume1 & di$ rec5tly4 ,,bairh(f1 ,,giorgio4--,naples2 latt] half eighte5? c5tury4 ,l sev]al o!r mak]s work+ 9 ,naples he 0 ( ,g]man orig94 ,has produc$ useful in/rum5ts ( ! ,gagliano type4 ,,baldantoni1 ,,joseph4--,ancona2 #aghd-ahgc4 ,0 a clev] me*anic & an inv5tor 9 a small way2 he has left a numb] ( well-made in/rum5ts ( good =m & tone4 ,,bale/ri]i1 ,,tommasso4--,mantua2 appe>s to h work$ until aft] #aggj4 ,8 in/rum5ts h long be5 appreciat$ among/ play]s on acc\nt ( _! tone1 :i* is usually ( a ri* sonor\s quality4 ,he 0 an unequal workman1 "s ( 8 viol9s & basses exhibit+ a high am\nt ( f9i%1 :il/ o!rs leave a good deal to be desir$ 9 ?is respect4 ,on "s specim5s ! v>ni% is ( excell5t quality1 b !re are o!rs 9 :i* x is mu* inf]ior bo? 9 appe>ance & texture4 ,he seems to h us$ a v>iety ( labels1 f :i* x appe>s t he 0 a native ( ,cremona4 ,spuri\s tickets are fairly pl5tiful4 ,! =m ( 8 viol9s be>s a r\gh g5]al resemblance to "s ( ^? ( ,/radiv>i1 b he is no long] acc\nt$ a pupil ( t mak]1 z 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,he is said to h work$ 9 ,cremona until #ageg1 :5 he remov$ to ,mantua4 ,! writ] has se5 a consid]able numb] ( 8 in/rum5ts1 b does n recall meet+ ) specim5s dat+ f ,cremona4 ,messrs4 ,hill1 9 _! monograph on ,/radiv>i1 /ate t he 0 a pupil ( ,pet] ,gu>n]i 78,pet] ( ,mantua074 ,"s ( 8 violoncellos are exceptionally good4 ,ano!r ,bale/ri]i1 nam$ ,,pet]1 work$ 9 ,cremona1 & 9 8 tickets calls himself a pupil ( ,/radiv>i4 ,,banks4--,! "n ( a ,salisbury family ( mak]s1 ( :om ! be/ 0 ,,b5jam91 born #agbg1 di$ ,febru>y1 #agie4 ,8 "w belongs to ! s*ool ( ,wamsley4 ,copi$ ,amati ) uncommon skill1 & in/rum5ts h sometimes be5 re-labell$1 & pass$ z ! "w ( ,niccol4 ,he us$ on 8 be/ productions a v f9e r$di%-br[n v>ni%1 :i* resembles ,italian4 ,viol9s & violoncellos are sub/antially built1 & h /ood we> well4 ,! violoncellos are spl5did in/rum5ts1 & ! l>g] ones fet* high prices2 "s ( ! viol9s are also excell5t1 & ! resemblance to ,amati "w is close4 ,9 ! s\nd-holes he did n always succe$ 9 cat*+ ! true =m ( ! orig9als he copi$4 ,!y be> a resemblance to ^? ( ,/a9]1 & ! scrolls 9 all 8 "w are ,g]man 9 "* & cut4 ,he /amp$ ! blocks & int]iors ( _m ( 8 productions ) 8 initials1 b "s ( 8 f9e/ ef=ts are un/amp$4 ,he 0 assi/$ by v>i\s workm51 includ+ ?ree sons3 ,,b5jam91 :o also work$ 9 ,london1 & ,liv]pool1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahbj2 ,,h5ry & ,,james1 bo? ( :om di$ 9 ,liv]pool 9 #ahcj & #ahca1 respectively4 ,he made in/rum5ts ( inf]ior quality = ! trade1 "s ( :i* be> ! /amp ( ,longman & ,brod]ip4 ,,b>nes1 ,,rob]t4--,london4 ,di$ #agid4 ,pr9cipally kn[n z a deal]1 & memb] ( ! firm ( ,norris & ,b>nes4 ,,b>rett1 ,,john4--,london2 to ab\t #agdj4 ,long-bodi$1 high-built in/rum5ts1 hav+ ink l9es 9 place ( purfl+4 ,tone small1 b g5]ally ( good quality4 ,,b>tl 7or ,,p>tl74--,vi5na4 ,! "n is usually spelt 8,p>tl0 9 labels4 ,sev]al mak]s ( ?is "n work$ 9 ,vi5na 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s specim5s ! "w is good4 ,,b>zoni4--,! trade "n ( a well-kn[n class ( mod]n *eap in/rum5ts made on ! ,cont95t4 ,!y are well made1 & ! tone is usually good4 ,,baus*4--,dresd5 & ,leipzig2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family *iefly not$ z mak]s ( b[s1 _m ( :i* are highly e/eem$1 b !re are _m spuri\s specim5s ab\t4 ,,be>e1 ,,john & ,,ar?ur4--,london2 contempor>y4 ,well kn[n deal]s & repair]s4 ,ar?ur ,be>e is an excell5t repair]1 & a s\nd judge ( old in/rum5ts4 ,,bela1 ,,szepessy4--,contempor>y4 ,born 9 ,buda ,pe/h1 & well kn[n among/ ,engli% amateurs4 ,,bellosio1 ,,anselmo4--,v5ice2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,said to h work$ ) ,s]af9o4 ,tone usually good1 b in/rum5ts are ( unequal m]it & workman%ip4 ,,b]gonzi4--,a celebrat$ ,cremona family ( mak]s1 ! la/ ( :om1 ,,b5$etto1 di$ 9 #ahdj1 & seems to h be5 *iefly occupi$ z a repair]4 ,,c>lo1 an arti/ ( ! fir/ rank1 0 born 9 or ab\t ! ye> #afhf1 & is said to h di$ 9 #agdg4 ,! date ( bir? 0 discov]$ by ! late ,signor ,sac*i1 :o asc]ta9$ f ! ,regi/]s ( ! suppress$ ,*ur* ( ,san ,matteo 9 ,cremona1 t ,c>lo ,b]gonzi 0 liv+ 9 #agdf 9 ! h\se =m]ly occupi$ by ,/radiv>i1 & 8 age 0 /at$ to be sixty ye>s4 ,two ( 8 sons1 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,zosimo1 7 !n liv+ ) him4 ,he work$ ) & = ,/radiv>i1 & 9 "s ( 8 in/rum5ts copi$ him ) great exactness4 ,9 o!r examples he introduces modifications ( ! great ma/]'s patt]ns2 ^! are *iefly noticeable 9 ! =m ( ! s\nd-holes1 :i* are ( slightly po9t$ =m1 & ! corn]s1 9 :i* a decid$ droop is obs]vable4 ,! boss ( ! scroll is frequ5tly m prom95t ?an 9 ,/radiv>i viol9s4 ,! ar*+ v>ies1 b ! declivity is g5]ally incl9$ to flatness4 ,wood usually v h&some1 & v>ni% ( diff]5t %ades1 f amb] to deep r$4 ,x is ( beautiful quality1 & app>5tly simil> 9 composition to t ( ,/radiv>i4 ,! viol9s are f #ac-g_/h to #ad in*es long1 &1 s f> z writ]'s exp]i5ce goes1 he did n exce$ ! latt] measurem5t4 ,! tone ( great beauty1 b di/9ct f t ( ,/radiv>i4 ,8 fiddles h be5 repeat$ly relabell$ & sold z ! "w ( ,gu>n]i1 del ,ges1 & g5u9e labels are n v pl5tiful2 ev5 9 8 own "w ! dates & tickets _c always be reli$ on1 z !y h 9 "s in/ances be5 ins]t$ to replace =g$ ,/radiv>i & ,gu>n]i labels1 atta*$ by unscrupul\s deal]s & o!rs4 ,"s ( ! bett] judges "q ! exi/5ce ( ei!r violas or violoncellos ( 8 make1 b v f9e examples ( bo? =ms ( in/rum5t exi/ :i* h be5 assign$ to him by connoisseurs ( ! fir/ rank4 ,! same rem>k applies to a few d\ble-basses ( great m]it :atev] _! au?or%ip4 ,/range z x may seem1 none ( 8 sons w\ld appe> to h us$ v>ni% ( ! true ,cremonese type4 ,c>lo's "n & label may be f\nd 9 _m in/rum5ts1 bo? g5u9ely old1 & ( ! 8mod]n antique0 class1 ) ! mak+ ( :i* he _h no?+ to d4 ,,nicol1 8 elde/ son1 is suppos$ to h work$ until ab\t #aghb4 ,he 0 a good workman1 & seems to h made _m in/rum5ts1 b !y are v inf]ior 9 /yle to ^? ( 8 fa!r4 ,wood & v>ni% are ( second-rate quality1 ! latt]1 judg+ by appe>ances1 be+ ( a h>d alcoholic nature4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,b]gonzi1 ! second son1 0 born1 accord+ to ! regi/]s quot$ f by ,sac*i1 9 #agbb1 & work$ until ab\t #agfe-gj4 ,! f9i% is v passable1 b patt]n g5]ally inelegant1 ! corn]s 9 "s examples be+ elongat$ 9 unsightly fa%ion4 ,! ?ird son1 ,,zosimo1 born #agbe1 work$ until ab\t #aghj1 accord+ to dates 9 in/rum5ts4 ,x is said t 8 violoncellos are 8 be/ in/rum5ts4 ,! writ] has n met ) any1 b has se5 a few viol9s ( good tone1 l>ge patt]n1 some:at high ar*+1 & outl9e ( ,amati "*4 ,! v>ni%1 a some:at dull d>k r$1 ( s(t quality4 ,a second ,,c>lo1 :o di$ ab\t #ahbj1 & 0 a son ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 seems to h be5 *iefly a guit> mak]1 & repair] ( in/rum5ts4 ,,b]n>del4--,a well-kn[n family ( mak]s & deal]s :o c>ri$ on bus9ess 9 ,p>is 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & 7 associat$ ) ! equally well-kn[n ,g& family "u ! /yle ( ,g& & ,b]n>del4 ,! f\nd] 0 ,,augu/e ,,seba/i5 ,,philipp1 born at ,mirec\rt 9 #ahjb1 di$ #ahgj4 ,work$ ) ,lupot1 & lat] ) ! eld] ,g&4 ,a clev] mak] ^: in/rum5ts are 9 high e/eem4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 ,,erne/ ,,augu/e1 di$ ,p>is1 #ahii2 ,,gu/ave ,,adolphe1 born #ahcb2 & ,,leon1 born 9 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,all ^! h cont9u$ to foll[ ! /yle & traditions ( ,ni*olas ,lupot4 ,,b]tolotti4--,brescia2 sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! *ief memb] ( ?is family 0 ! celebrat$ ,,gasp> ,,da ,,sal1 born at ,sal 7prov9ce ( ,brescia7 9 or ab\t #aedb1 di$ 9 ,city ( ,brescia1 ,april1 #afji4 ,he c]ta9ly made viol9s1 usually ( r small =m1 at lea/ a doz5 ( :i* are recognis$ by ! be/ au?orities z au!ntic2 b x is by no means cle> t he 0 ! fir/ man to make a fiddle /rung ) f\r /r+s & g5]ally ( ! =m 9 :i* ! in/rum5t is n[ se54 ,! au?or%ip ( ! true viol9 has be5 assign$ to o!rs3 e4g4 ,duiffoprugc>1 a viol mak]1 ^: claims h long s9ce be5 dismiss$ by compet5t judges z unsupport$ by evid5ce ( any value4 ,gasp>'s viol9s1 z might be expect$1 are ( primitive appe>ance & "*4 ,"o ( !m1 belong+ to ! late ,"l ,amh]/ ( ,hackney1 & ( unque/ion$ au!nticity1 0 se5 _m ye>s ago by ! writ]1 & is ! only viol9 by da ,sal ( undisput$ g5u95ess ) :i* he has met dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s4 ,sev]al violas ( l>ge size 78t5ores07 /ill exi/1 b ! majority h be5 r$uc$1 (t5 v unskilfully1 9 size4 ,( ^? se5 by ! writ] all h be5 rem>kable = _! f9e tone4 ,a numb] ( l>ge bass viols 7violoni7 /ill survive4 ,!y 7 built to c>ry a numb] ( /r+s1 b h mo/ly be5 conv]t$ by mod]n repair]s into ?ree or f\r /r+ d\ble basses4 ,a v f9e & p]fect example ( ^! is 9 ! possession ( ! ,rev]5d ,leigh ,blake4 ,x is said t he made violoncellos1 b ?is is probably incorrect4 ,in/rum5ts ( v>i\s types =m]ly assign$ to him are n[ recognis$ z ! "w ( 8 pupil & foll[]1 ,gio4 ,paolo ,magg9i4 ,int]e/+ in=mation relat+ to him1 includ+ ! date ( 8 dea?1 0 discov]$1 & publi%$ 9 #ahia1 by ,cavali] ,livi1 :o also asc]ta9$ t 8 fa!r 0 a viol mak]1 & t a son ,,francesco1 :o di$ 9 #afad1 assi/$ him4 ,gasp>o's g5u9e labels are undat$4 ,,b]tr&1 ,,ni*olas4--,p>is2 circa #afhe-agcj4 ,be/ kn[n z a viol mak]4 ,writ] rec5tly saw & repair$ a viol9 by him ) manuscript label1 date #agaj1 ( good workman%ip & sweet tone2 ar*+ high4 ,"s examples are br&$4 ,,betts4--,london4 ,a well-kn[n family ( mak]s & deal]s 9 old in/rum5ts4 ,! f\nd] ( ! bus9ess 0 ,,john ,,edw>d ,,betts1 8,old ,john ,betts10 born ,/am=d1 #agee1 di$ ,london1 ,m>*1 #ahbc4 ,work$ ) ,ri*>d ,duke1 & made "s in/rum5ts1 b employ$ 9 8 own bus9ess ! be/ workm5 ( ! day3 ,b]nh>d ,f5dt1 ,john ,c>t]1 ,v9c5t ,panormo & 8 sons1 toge!r ) sev]al o!rs4 ,! in/rum5ts made = him g5]ally be> 8 /amp "u ! button1 & ?is has be5 =g$ ( rec5t ye>s 9 ! mo/ :olesale mann]2 x may be se51 9 pawn%ops & else:]e1 on in/rum5ts ( ! commone/ class & =eign make4 ,betts 0 a fir/ rate judge ( old ,italian "w & _m f9e examples pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,a nephew1 ,,edw>d1 0 associat$ ) him2 he 0 a c>eful workman & made "s good copies2 he di$ ab\t #ahbj4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 at "o "t or o!r connect$ ) ! bus9ess1 among/ :om may be m5tion$ two nam$ ,ar?ur ,betts1 ! fir/ a bro!r ( ,john1 & ! second a nephew4 ,,bian*i1 ,,niccol4--#agif-ahha4 ,born 9 ,g5oa1 di$ ,nice4 ,a clev] workman :o 0 employ$ by sev]al mak]s ( repute1 includ+ ,bagatella1 ,g4 ,b4 ,c]uti1 & ,press5da4 ,he 0 = "s ye>s 9 ,p>is2 8 own in/rum5ts are said to be v good1 b he 0 mu* employ$ z a repair]4 ,,bimbi1 ,,b>tolommeo4--,si5a & ,flor5ce2 second half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,viol9s usually ( r small patt]n1 high built1 & ) v pretty r$-orange v>ni%4 ,,b9d]nagel1 ,,johann ,,wilhelm4--,go?a4 ,di$ #ahde4 ,in/rum5ts highly valu$ 9 ,g]many4 ,copi$ ,amati patt]n *iefly1 b also ,/radiv>i4 ,0 a pupil ( ,ern/4 ,,bisia*1 ,,le&ro4--,milan2 contempor>y4 ,is reg>d$ z "o ( ! clev]e/ workm5 & imitators ( old in/rum5ts n[ work+ 9 ,italy4 ,8 be/ viol9s & o!r in/rum5ts display v f9e workman%ip1 h g5]ally an excell5t tone1 & are already 9 mu* reque/ among/ play]s4 ,,bittn]1 ,,david4--,vi5na2 di$ #ahhg4 ,a good copyi/ ( ,italian "w4 ,,blair1 ,,john4--,ed9burgh2 to ab\t #ahbj4 ,work$ ) ,m4 ,h>die4 ,in/rum5ts br&$ 8,j4 ,b40 ,,blaise1 ,,joseph4--,mirec\rt & ,g5eva2 di$ #ahhb4 ,little kn[n1 except z in/ructor ( ,p4 & ,n4 ,silve/re ( ,lyons4 ,,blan*>d1 ,,paul ,,fran,,ois4--,lyons4 ,born ,mirec\rt #ahea4 ,work$ =m]ly = ,silve/re's firm4 ,has made "s excell5t copies ) good v>ni%4 ,,bodio1 ,,gio4 ,,batti/a4--,v5ice2 to ab\t #ahcj4 ,mod]ate "w4 ,examples sc>ce4 ,writ] has se5 a viol9 ) belly inlaid ) ebony at edges ( s\nd holes4 ,seems to h made in/rum5ts ) ornam5tal heads4 ,,boiv91 ,,claude4--,p>is2 ab\t #ahdj4 ,*iefly guit>s & simil> in/rum5ts4 ,viol9s r>e4 ,,boo?1 ,,william4--,le$s4 ,di$ #ahef4 ,little kn[n4 ,said to h be5 a good workman4 ,,boquay1 ,,jaques4--,p>is4 ,work$ until ab\t #agce-dj4 ,"o ( ! bett] mak]s ( ! old] ,fr5* s*ool4 ,viol9s 9 two sizes1 ! patt]n resembl+ ,amati4 ,good wood1 d>k r$-br[n v>ni%4 ,back usually /amp$ ) initials4 ,tone frequ5tly v good4 ,v well cut scrolls1 b orig9al heads are (t5 abs5t1 hav+ be5 transf]r$ to old in/rum5ts by o!r mak]s4 ,,b\llangi]1 ,,*>les4--,london4 ,born ,mirec\rt1 #ahbc2 di$ ,london1 #ahhh4 ,a well-kn[n & excell5t mak]4 ,work$ 9 ,p>is ) ,vuillaume & ,g&4 ,9 #ahdi employ$ by ,edw>d ,)]s1 s5ior1 ) :om he rema9$ until #ahef4 ,copi$ bo? ,/radiv>i & ,gu>n]i ) skill1 & employ$ r$ v>ni% ( diff]5t %ades4 ,,b\mee/]1 ,,jan4--,am/]dam2 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! old] ,dut* mak]s1 b 8 labels are n v (t5 se54 ,x has be5 surmis$ t 9 _m cases !y h be5 remov$ & ! tickets ( ,italian mak]s sub/itut$4 ,,b\rgeois1 ,s,,raph94--,g5eva2 ab\t #ahcj4 ,a few ye>s ago a l>ge viol9 by a mak] nam$ ,b\rgeois 0 ! subject ( a law-suit1 c]ta9 8exp]ts0 hav+ decl>$ x to be ! "w ( ,gu>n]i1 del ,ges4 ,,bovis1 ,,fran,,ois4--,nice2 contempor>y4 ,mak] to ! or*e/ra at ,monte ,c>lo4 ,,braglia1 ,,antonio4--,mod5a2 ab\t #ahjj4 ,a good b[-mak]4 ,,br&ilioni1 ,,filippo4--,brescia4 ,said to h work$ !re 9 latt] half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,"w is describ$ z resembl+ t ( ,mitt5wald r ?an ,italy4 ,,br&n]4--,"n ( num]\s family work+ 9 ,s*nba* 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,,br&/aett]1 ,,mat?,,u ,,ignaz4--,vi5na2 di$ #ahea4 ,mak] & excell5t repair]4 ,,braun4--,!re 7 num]\s ,g]man mak]s ( ?is "n 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,,breton1 ,,le4--,mirec\rt2 di$ #ahcj4 ,good "w1 b r commonplace 9 /yle4 ,in/rum5ts br&$ on back1 & /amp may be se5 on _m spuri\s examples4 ,an e>li] ,breton work$ 9 ,p>is4 ,,br[n4--,london2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,mak]s ( ! "n work$ pr9cipally = ! deal]s4 ,! be/ kn[n is ,,james ,,br[n1 8,br[n ( ,spitalfields10 a good workman1 :o di$ ab\t #ahcj4 ,,brug,,re4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a well-kn[n ,mirec\rt family :o work$ 9 ,p>is1 ,m>seilles1 & else:]e4 ,! be/ kn[n is ,,*>les1 born 9 #ahfe4 ,a c>eful workman2 frequ5tly uses a l>ge ornam5tal ticket4 ,,bruno1 ,,c>lo ,,colombo4--,tur92 contempor>y4 ,has obta9$ m$als = in/rum5ts 9 ,p>is1 ,tur91 & ,m>seilles4 ,,bu*/ett]1 ,,gabriel ,,david4--,ratisbonn2 second half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,in/rum5ts n (t5 se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,bu?od4--,mirec\rt2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a mak] ( ! "n work$ = ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume4 ,labels may be se5 9 l>ge numb]s ( *eap viol9s1 etc41 ( ! 8factory class40 ,,cabroly4--,t\l\se2 ab\t #agdj4 ,said to h come f ,milan4 ,in/rum5ts seem+ly sc>ce4 ,,cahusac4--,london2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,! label may be se5 9 _m old fiddles :i* 7 obvi\sly ! "w ( diff]5t mak]s1 b he seems to h made "s himself4 ,writ] has se5 examples ( ,amati outl9e1 & ) v pretty v>ni%4 ,,calcagni 7,,calcanius71 ,,b]n>do4--,g5oa2 to ab\t #agej4 ,m$ium size viol9s1 slightly ar*$ & ) v pretty r$di%-yell[ v>ni%4 ,g5]al workman%ip well f9i%$4 ,,calv>ola1 ,,b>tolommeo4--,b]gamo2 circa #agej-aggj4 ,in/rum5ts sc>ce4 ,m$ium workman%ip )\t mu* "*4 ,yell[ & yell[-r$ v>ni%4 ,patt]n looks r n>r[4 ,scrolls small & ( poor design4 ,,camilli1 ,,camillo4--,mantua2 to ab\t #agfj4 ,a mak] ^: in/rum5ts h rapidly ris5 9 value ( late ye>s4 ,!y are ( unequal m]it & workman%ip4 ,9 good examples ! wood & =m are h&some4 ,s\nd-holes r %ort & wide op54 ,v>ni% r$1 ( v>y+ %ades & good texture4 ,! tone usually excell5t4 ,! patt]n usually se5 be>s "s resemblance to viol9s ( ,/radiv>i4 ,labels bo? writt5 & pr9t$4 ,,cappa1 ,,g(fr$o4--,saluzzo2 born #afdg1 di$ ,augu/1 #agag4 ,x is important to note ! dates ( bir? & dea?1 z 9 mo/ books on ! viol9 ^! appe> z hav+ occurr$ fully a c5tury too e>ly4 ,cappa's "n & "w h be5 ! subject ( almo/ :olesale fraud1 =g]y1 & misrepres5tation4 ,8 own g5u9e labels are v r>ely se51 & ! frequ5t appe>ance ( ,amati tickets 9 8 in/rum5ts gives "s col\r to ! !ory1 prop\nd$ 9 ,hill's "w on ,/radiv>i1 t he himself ins]t$ !m4 ,:atev] may be ! tru?1 ! resemblance to ,amati 9 8 small] patt]n viol9s is v m>k$1 bo? 9 =m & *oice ( mat]ial4 ,! v>ni% also is ( simil> quality & col\r4 ,! s\nd-holes1 :i* are mu* m slant+ ?an 9 ,amati fiddles1 at once betray ! mak] to ! exp]i5c$ eye2 & ! heads are q unlike ! type associat$ ) ! ,amati "n4 ,! viol9s ( l>g] build are r>e1 & ^? se5 by ! writ] h diff]$ s mat]ially 9 =m & build f ^? j describ$ t !y might easily be tak5 to be ! "w ( ano!r h&4 ,violoncellos ( good =m & /yle exi/1 & g5]ally comm& high prices4 ,o!r mak]s ( ! "n & ( v d\btful exi/5ce are m5tion$ by diff]5t writ]s4 ,,c>cassi4--,a ,flor5t9e family ( mak]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 numb]+ ab\t half a doz5 memb]s4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal workm5 7 ,,lor5zo & ,,tomaso1 :o work$ bo? indep5d5tly & 9 p>tn]%ip f ab\t #agdj onw>ds4 ,! patt]n belongs *iefly to ! s*ool ( ,amati1 ?\gh no v close resemblance exi/s4 ,"w 9 "s cases well f9i%$1 ar*+ fairly high1 pretty wood1 & v>ni% ( good col\r & texture4 ,! "n is "o ( ^? :i* h be5 freely us$ by =g]s1 & a numb] ( spuri\s examples are to be met )4 ,,c>t]1 ,,john4--,london2 ab\t #agij4 ,work$ on 8 own acc\nt 9 ,wy* ,/reet1 b 0 *iefly employ$ by ,betts4 ,,cas9i1 ,,antonio4--,mod5a4 ,sev5te5? c5tury1 to ab\t #afij4 ,,ca/agn]i1 ,,&rea4--,p>is4 ,work$ to ab\t #agej4 ,he 0 ( ,italian extraction1 & 8 g5u9e viol9s are ,italian 9 /yle4 ,flat ar*+4 ,outl9e ( ,/radiv>i type4 ,tone g5]ally p[]ful4 ,an e>li] mak] ( ! "n is said to h be5 8 fa!r1 & to h work$ 9 ,p>is4 ,,ca/ello1 ,,paolo4--,g5oa2 latt] half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,well built viol9s ( good =m & tone4 ,middle b\ts sometimes appe> r n>r[4 ,,causs91 ,,fran,,ois4--,neuf*teau4 ,also spelt ,c\ss94 ,work$ betwe5 ab\t #ahde-ha4 ,0 a v clev] imitator ( old ,italian "w & v>ni%1 & 8 in/rum5ts h frequ5tly be5 sold z orig9als4 ,patt]n v>ies4 ,,celoniati1 ,,gian4 ,,francesco4--,tur92 circa #agcj-ej4 ,! "w some:at resembles t ( ,cappa4 ,outl9e g5]ally ( ,amati "*4 ,v>ni% cle> & ( yell[ or yell[-br[n col\r4 ,in/rum5ts g5]ally well f9i%$1 & ! tone ( good quality4 ,,c]91 ,,m>c ,,antonio4--,v5ice2 ab\t #agij4 ,,c]uti4--,cremona2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a family well kn[n to mod]n play]s4 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a1 ! e>lie/ ( ! "n1 work$ ) ,/orioni1 & succe$$ to 8 bus9ess1 dy+ some:]e betwe5 #ahag & #ahbj4 ,made a l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts ( v>y+ patt]ns1 9 "s ( :i* ! *>act]i/ics ( m ?an "o ( ! classic mak]s are comb9$4 ,! wood ( ! backs & sides is (t5 ( native gr[? & small figure1 & ! v>ni% v>ies bo? 9 col\r & quality4 ,tone frequ5tly excell5t4 ,he us$ a label ) an ornam5tal bord]1 & conta9+ a monogram )9 a circle4 ,8 son ,,joseph di$ 9 ,mantua 9 #ahfj & 0 a clev] workman4 ,he work$ ) 8 fa!r1 ^: label has be5 f\nd 9 8 e>li] productions4 ,a y\ng] son1 ,,enrico1 di$ 9 #ahhc4 ,in/rum5ts well made & ( v>y+ =m4 ,he obta9$ exhibition m$als = "s ( 8 "w4 ,,*anot4--,a "n fam\s 9 ! annals ( fiddle-mak+4 ,! fir/ mak] ( ! "n 0 ,,joseph1 a native ( ,mirec\rt1 :o di$ ab\t #ahcj4 ,,fran,,ois1 an eng9e]1 0 born at ,mirec\rt1 #aghh1 di$ at ,bre/1 #ahbc4 ,he exp]im5t$ mu* ^u ! =m & con/ruction ( ! viol91 & made1 among/ o!r ?+s1 guit> %ap$ fiddles4 ,,georges ,,*anot ,i4 born at ,mirec\rt1 #ahja1 di$ ,c\rcelles1 #ahhc1 0 ! mo/ celebrat$ mak] ( ! family1 & work$ 9 ,p>is4 ,he 0 "o ( ! be/ judges ( old in/rum5ts ( 8 "t4 ,8 be/ viol9s & basses are beautifully made & *iefly ( ,/radiv>i & ,gu>n]i patt]n4 ,!y comm& at ! pres5t day good prices & are ris+ 9 value4 ,a son1 ,,georges ,,ii41 work$ = _m ye>s 9 ,london1 & 0 also well kn[n z a deal] & repair]4 ,he di$ 9 #ahic4 ,8 sons1 ,,george ,,adolphus1 ,,fr$]ick 7di$ #aiaa71 & ,,joseph ,,an?ony1 h all become kn[n z mak]s4 ,g4 ,a4 ,*anot lives 9 ,man*e/]1 & ,joseph ,an?ony is e/abli%$ 9 ,w>d\r ,/reet1 ,london4 ,,*appuy1 ,,ni*olas ,,augu/94--,p>is1 ,mirec\rt2 #agej-ij4 ,in/rum5ts ( unequal m]it1 "s be+ ( a v common class1 inf]ior v>ni% & f9i%4 ,good examples h g5]ally a tone ( good quality & consid]able p[]4 ,:at may be describ$ z 8 own patt]n is inelegant1 flatti% model1 %ort corn]s1 & broad 9 ! wai/2 yell[ & yell[i%-br[n v>ni%4 ,,*>don4--,p>is2 contempor>y4 ,a well-kn[n firm4 ,,joseph ,,m>ia ,,*>don 0 a pupil ( ,georges ,*anot1 ^: daught] he m>ri$4 ,,*>les1 ,j4--,m>seilles2 ab\t #aghj4 ,pretty "w 9 /yle ( ,gu]san4 ,he 0 a nephew ( t mak]4 ,,*]pitel1 ,,ni*olas ,,mile4--,p>is2 di$ #ahic4 ,,*evri]4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a ,mirec\rt family :o work$ !re & 9 ,p>is4 ,,*r,,ti51 ,,hippolyte4--,lyons1 ,p>is2 contempor>y4 ,a good mak]4 ,nephew ( ,silve/re1 ^: "n he assum$4 ,firm ,silve/re & ,maucotel4 ,,claudot4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,mirec\rt family numb]+ sev]al mak]s4 ,,*>les ,,claudot1 #agid-ahgf1 adopt$ ! br& (t5 se5 on ! backs ( in/rum5ts1 8,m>quis de l'air l'oiseau40 ,o!r memb]s ( ! family br&$ _! names on _! "w4 ,,cl,,m5t1 ,,jean ,,laur5t4--,p>is2 ab\t #ahjj-dh4 ,sub/antially made in/rum5ts ) good v>ni%1 usually r$-br[n1 & h&some wood4 ,l>ge patt]n viol9s4 ,,coll9-,,mez91 ,,*>les ,,jean ,,bapti/4--,p>is2 contempor>y4 ,born ,mirec\rt4 ,"s ( ! in/rum5ts made ab\t ?irty ye>s ago are e/eem$ & possess a good tone4 ,lat] specim5s seem to be ( ! 8factory class10 & are ( little acc\nt4 ,,contr]as1 ,,jos4--,madrid2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,in/rum5ts frequ5tly h&some1 & "w ,italian 9 "*4 ,a good _m seem to h be5 re-labell$ ) ! tickets ( bett] kn[n ,italian mak]s4 ,,corsby1 ,,george4--,london2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a well-kn[n deal] 9 ,pr9ce's ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e4 ,seems to h be5 himself a workman1 b employ$ o!rs to make in/rum5ts = him4 ,ano!r ,corsby ( ,nor?ampton made "s good d\ble-basses4 ,,c\turieux1 ,n4--,t\lon2 ab\t #ahdj4 ,made useful in/rum5ts ( flat patt]n4 ,br&$ inside ) initials 8,n4 ,c40 ,,craske1 ,,george4--,born #agie1 di$1 ,/ockport1 9 #ahhh4 ,work$ 9 ,ba?1 ,le$s1 ,%effield1 ,birm+ham1 ,man*e/]1 & else:]e4 ,made a huge numb] ( in/rum5ts ( v>y+ patt]ns1 b readily id5tifiable aft] see+ a few examples4 ,"w sometimes good1 b m frequ5tly only passable or indiff]5t4 ,tone n usually ( good quality4 ,,cri/(ori1 ,,b>tolommeo4--,flor5ce2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,pupil ( ,niccol ,amati4 ,in/rum5ts v sc>ce1 b "s f9e violoncellos1 & at lea/ "o d\ble-bass1 are kn[n4 ,is ) "s probability id5tifi$ ) ,cri/or=i :o is usually acc\nt$ ! inv5tor ( ! pian(orte4 ,,cross1 ,,na?aniel4--,london2 to ab\t #agde-ej4 ,"s well-made viol9s & basses exi/1 :i* exhibit a patt]n & *>act]i/ics ( ,g]man /yle4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,he 0 associat$ ) ,b>ak ,norman 7q4v474 ,,cuyp]s1 ,,jan4--,! ,hague4 ,born #agbc-bd1 di$ ab\t #ahaj-ab4 ,9 sev]al viol9s ( late date he /ates 8 age1 :i* 9 #ahjf 0 #hb4 ,in/rum5ts h ris5 rapidly 9 value ( late ye>s4 ,!y are s\ndly made1 ( good wood1 & ) yell[ v>ni% ( good quality4 ,patt]n1 %ape ( s\nd holes1 & outl9e v>y consid]ably4 ,scrolls heavy & boldly cut1 b n h&some4 ,! "n is met ) 9 books on ! viol9 ) ! spell+ 8,koeupp]s10 presumably copi$ f labels4 ,writ] has n se5 su*4 ,,dal+]1 ,,seba/ian4--,vi5na2 latt] half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,/a9] patt]n1 d>k v>ni%4 ,"s examples h lion heads4 ,,dalla ,,co/a1 ,,pietro ,,antonio4--,treviso2 ab\t #agdj & lat]4 ,pr9ts 8 "n z 8a ,co/a0 9 "s ( 8 tickets4 ,g5u9e in/rum5ts n v (t5 se54 ,g5]ally ,amati outl9e1 good r$ or r$-br[n v>ni%4 ,well-f9i%$ "w4 ,,dall' ,,aglio1 ,,joseph4--,mantua2 n9ete5? c5tury to ab\t #ahcj4 ,,d>*e4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a well-kn[n ,mirec\rt family work+ 9 ,brussels & ,aix4 ,_! in/rum5ts are ( ! /yle & "* ( ,vuillaume4 ,,davis1 ,,william4--,london2 to #ahdf4 ,0 a deal] & repair] 9 a l>ge way 9 ,cov5try ,/reet4 ,,de>love1 ,,m>k ,,william4--,le$s2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! violoncellos & d\ble-basses %[ good "w & are 9 fav\r among/ or*e/ral play]s4 ,he 0 = "s "t 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,john ,fry]4 ,,de ,,comble1 ,,ambroise4--,t\rnay2 ab\t #agce & lat]4 ,reput$ to h work$ ) ,antonio ,/radiv>i1 :i* is unlikely4 ,"w n usually highly f9i%$4 ,v>ni% r$1 ( f9e quality4 ,well-cut scrolls4 ,labels are writt54 ,!re seem to be m violoncellos ?an viol9s ( 8 make 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,deconet1 ,,mi*ele4--,v5ice4 ,seems to h work$ until aft] #aghj4 ,!re are1 or 7 n long ago1 a c]ta9 numb] ( spuri\s 8,deconets0 9 ?is c\ntry2 "o individual1 well kn[n among/ ,london deal]s1 is said to h 8specialis$0 9 su* ?+s4 ,deconet us$ a v>iety ( labels1 writt5 & pr9t$1 & 8 "n is frequ5tly spelt ) a small 8d40 ,8 "w is n unlike t ( ,montagnana1 by :om he is said to h be5 employ$4 ,good 7sometimes excell5t7 v>ni% ( ! ,v5etian type1 & r$ or r$-br[n col\r4 ,x is said t 9 lat] life he work$ 9 ,padua4 ,,degani1 ,,eug5io4--,v5ice2 contempor>y4 ,a good workman :o has obta9$ sev]al m$als = 8 in/rum5ts4 ,frequ5tly uses purfl+ made 9 five /rips 7?ree black & two :ite7 & works on a model ( 8 own design4 ,,d]azey1 ,,honor4--,mirec\rt1 ,p>is2 to ab\t #ahge4 ,"s ( 8 copies are good s\nd in/rum5ts2 *iefly ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,8 son1 ,,ju/9 ,,d]azey1 0 a manufactur] on a l>ge scale1 & b\ght ! bus9ess ( 8didi]0 ,ni*olas f ! latt]'s wid[4 ,,d]\x4--,mirec\rt1 ,p>is2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 two mak]s ( ! "n4 ,,georges1 di$ #ahhi 7,reims74 ,work$ = ,d]azey1 & ,m\g5ot ( ,brussels4 ,"w br&$1 & "n sometimes p5cill$ 9 in/rum5ts4 ,8 son1 ,,augu/e1 born #ahdh1 work$ ) ,hippolyte ,silve/re1 & ,miremont4 ,is a good repair] & a m$alli/4 ,,desp9e1 ,,alex&]4--,tur94 ,work$ until ab\t #ahde4 ,0 employ$ by ,press5da1 & made "s f9e viol9s :i* be> t mak]'s ticket4 ,occasionally copi$ ,gu>n]i1 del ,ges4 ,piatti at "o "t possess$ a violoncello made by him4 ,,de ,,vitor1 ,,pietro ,,paolo4--,v5ice1 ,brescia2 ab\t #agdj4 ,made "s l>ge fiddles ( ,magg9i patt]n4 ,,diehl4--,a numb] ( mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,,dodd4--,an ,engli% family1 *iefly di/+ui%$ z b[-mak]s1 9 ! late eighte5? & ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 sev5 or eight workm54 ,,john1 born at ,/irl+1 #ageb1 di$ 9 ,ri*mond ,workh\se1 #ahci1 0 ! be/-kn[n b[-mak]1 & at lea/ two ,,edw>ds1 "o ( :om atta9$ ! age ( #aje ye>s1 7 also mak]s4 ,,?omas ,,dodd1 :o di$ 9 ab\t #ahbj1 _h a bus9ess z in/rum5t deal] & mak] 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 ,london4 ,he does n seem to h made in/rum5ts p]sonally1 b discov]$ a f9e v>ni% :i* he put ^u excell5t in/rum5ts made = him by ,b]nh>d ,f5dt1 ,john ,lott1 & o!r workm54 ,^! in/rum5ts1 especially ! violoncellos1 are ( great m]it & h&some appe>ance1 & realise good prices4 ,d,,rffell1 also ,d,,rffl]4--,! "n ( fully a score ( ,g]man mak]s work+ 9 ,kl+5?al & ,m>kneukir*52 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,,doll5z4--,trie/e2 n9ete5? c5tury2 !re 7 two ( ! "n4 ,,du*esne1 ,,ni*olas4--,p>is2 ab\t #agej4 ,br&$ in/rum5ts ( no great m]it4 ,,duke1 ,,ri*>d4--,london2 circa #agej-he4 ,a celebrat$ ,engli% mak]4 ,*iefly copi$ ,/a9]1 b also ,amati1 & m r>ely ,/radiv>i4 ,well-f9i%$ "w4 ,usually r$-br[n v>ni% ( r dull hue1 b light] %ades are se54 ,in/rum5ts commonly /amp$ "u ! button4 ,spuri\s & c\nt]feit 8,dukes10 _m n 9 ! lea/ resembl+ ! orig9als1 ab\nd4 ,8 son1 ,ri*>d1 atta9$ no di/9ction4 ,,dulf5n1 ,,alex&]4--,leghorn2 ab\t #agjj & lat]4 ,specim5s se5 by writ] 7 ( wret*$ mat]ial & poor workman%ip4 ,,dvorak4--,prague4 ,di$ #ahij4 ,a good copyi/1 :o has left "s well-made fiddles & violoncellos4 ,,dykes1 ,,h>ry1 ,,& ,,sons4--,london2 contempor>y4 ,well-kn[n deal]s & repair]s4 ,! sons1 ,george & ,ar?ur ,d41 are bo? skilful workm54 ,,eb]le4--,v>i\s mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 ,prague & else:]e dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! *ief ,prague mak] 0 ,,johannes ,,udalricus ,,eb]le1 #afii-agfh1 a skilful workman :o has left a good _m in/rum5ts1 g5]ally on ! l9es ( ,/a9]1 ) h&some wood & well-cut scrolls4 ,v>ni% on _m ( !m is excell5t & ( consid]able brilliancy4 ,,tomaso ,,eb]le work$ 9 ,naples d[n to ab\t #agij4 ,x does n appe> :e!r he 0 relat$ to ! ,prague family4 ,!re is little or no trace ( ,g]man tea*+s 9 8 viol9s1 :i* are ( ! ,gagliano class1 & (t5 be> ,gagliano tickets4 ,he may h work$ ) ,niccol ,gagliano or "s o!r memb] ( ! family4 ,! v>ni% is simil> to t us$ by t family2 ! "w usually neat & well f9i%$4 ,wood well-*os5 & sometimes h&some4 ,,emiliani1 ,,francesco ,,de4--,rome2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,r high built4 ,"w ( ! ,tec*l] s*ool4 ,he possibly assi/$ t mak]4 ,scrolls v neatly cut4 ,,ern/1 ,,franz ,,anton4--,go?a4 ,di$ #ahje4 ,"w little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,said to be ( ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,he 0 also a viol9i/ & compos]4 ,,eury4--,p>is2 e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,an excell5t b[-mak]4 ,,fabris1 ,,luigi4--,v5ice2 #ahfj4 ,obta9$ m$al 9 #ahgb at ,treviso4 ,,fagnola1 ,,annibale4--,tur92 contempor>y4 ,a mak] ^: in/rum5ts h lately attract$ att5tion4 ,8 imitations ( ,press5da & ,rocca's in/rum5ts are clev] & n unfrequ5tly pass z orig9als4 ,"s are n well f9i%$4 ,writ] has rec5tly se5 a v good example made 9 ! /yle ( ,j4 ,b4 ,guadagn9i4 ,,f5dt4--,london2 late eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a gift$ family ( mak]s4 ,! fir/1 ,,b]nh>d ,,f5dt1 0 a native ( ,innsbruck1 born circa #agge2 di$1 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,an admirable workman :o copi$ ! be/ features ( ! great ,italian mak]s4 ,he work$ mu* = ,?omas ,dodd 7q4v47 & 9 association ) ,john ,lott4 ,lat] he work$ = old ,john ,betts1 cont9u+ to "w = ! h\se aft] ! dea? ( t mak]4 ,"w s made be>s ,betts's /amp4 ,,b]nh>d ,,simon ,,f5dt1 8 elde/ son1 di$ 9 ,m>*1 #aheb4 ,work$ = ,betts & 0 = "s "t p>tn] ) "o ,purdy 78,purdy ,f5dt074 ,he 0 a wond]fully clev] copyi/1 & made1 among/ o!r types1 in/rum5ts ( all sizes1 f viol9s to d\ble basses1 9 imitation ( ! ,brescian /yle 7,gasp> da ,sal & ,magg9i74 ,^! in/rum5ts h be5 con/antly mi/ak5 = g5u9e ,brescian examples--p>ticul>ly ! d\ble-basses1 ( :i* a numb] are 9 exi/5ce4 ,,jacob ,,f5dt1 ?ird son ( ,b]nh>d ,i41 di$ comp>atively "y 9 or ab\t #ahdi4 ,8 abilities 7 also ( a high ord]4 ,he work$ = ,davis1 ( ,cov5try ,/reet1 & = ,turn]1 ! deal]1 produc+ 8mod]n antiques10 *iefly ( ,/radiv>i type1 9 :i* ! appe>ance ( we> & "t are mo/ skilfully imitat$4 ,! tone ( 8 copies is usually ( excell5t quality4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 ,,m>t91 ,,william1 & ,,francis2 all good workm54 ,,f5t1 ,,fran,,ois4--,p>is2 circa #agfj-ia4 ,relat$ to above family1 & /at$ to h be5 uncle & in/ructor ( ! fir/ ,b]nh>d ,f5dt4 ,9 8 labels he omits ! 8d0 f 8 "n4 ,said to h come f ,innsbruck4 ,8 be/ "w has nev] be5 surpass$ & seldom equall$ by any mak] work+ 9 ,france4 ,! viol9s are ( ,/radiv>i =m1 & ! /yle is ,italian ?r\gh\t4 ,wood ( h&some figure1 & ! f9i% irreproa*able4 ,v>ni%1 a beautiful r$ br[n4 ,! tone ( v f9e quality ev5 9 inf]ior examples4 ,8 in/rum5ts1 un=tunately1 7 obvi\sly made 9 diff]5t grades2 & ! common] types1 :i* frequ5tly be> 8 "n /amp$ 9 v>i\s places1 are ( relatively little importance & money value4 ,"s ( 8 v>ni% is mu* oxydis$ 7almo/ black71 & ! wood ( bo? backs & bellies worm eat54 ,8 f9e/ fiddles h sometimes pass$ z g5u9e ,/rads1 & occasionally ,lupot's labels h be5 ins]t$2 b ! "w is less heavy & m graceful ?an t ( ,lupot4 ,8 ord9>y label has an ornam5tal bord]1 be>s no date1 & conta9s errors ( spell+4 ,,fi*tl4--,a numb] ( ,g]man & ,au/rian mak]s ( ?is "n are m5tion$4 ,two nam$ ,,m>t9 ,,mat?ias work$ 9 ,vi5na 9 ! eighte5? c5tury & foll[$ ! ,/a9] patt]n4 ,,fick]4--,! "n ( fully a score ( ,m>kneukir*5 & o!r ,g]man mak]s4 ,,johann ,,gottlob1 :o di$ 9 #ahcb1 is among/ ! be/ kn[n4 ,us$ a br& ) 8 initials4 ,o!r ,fick]s foll[$ ! same practice4 ,,fior9i4--,two mak]s ( ! "n may be m5tion$4 ,,raffaele work$ 9 ,italy1 *iefly 9 ,bologna1 & di$ !re 9 #ahih4 ,he made "s well-f9i%$ in/rum5ts1 among/ !m a numb] ( violoncellos4 ,v>ni% v>ies 9 col\r1 b is (t5 a r d>k r$4 ,he 0 also reput$ a good judge ( old ,italian "w4 ,,giuseppe1 8 son1 migrat$ to ,muni*1 :]e he 0 at "w rec5tly4 ,,fis*]4--,upw>ds ( ?irty ,g]man & ,au/rian mak]s ( ! "n are enum]at$4 ,,flor5o4--,bologna2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re appe> to h be5 at lea/ two mak]s :o adopt$ ! common practice ( plac+ ! surname fir/ 9 _! tickets4 ,! ,*ri/ian "n1 ,,guidantus1 has !re=e appe>$ z ! surname 9 v>i\s books4 ,writ] has se5 a few specim5s be>+ ! label1 ) brilliant v>ni%4 ,high built1 & outl9e ( ,amati "*4 ,,fonclauze4--,p>is4 ,di$ #ahfd4 ,a mo/ skilful b[ mak]4 ,he work$ = sev]al o!rs1 includ+ ,vuillaume4 ,,=/]4--,a well-kn[n ,engli% family1 :o came f ,brampton 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,?ree 7 nam$ ,,william1 ! second ( :om di$ 9 #ahjh1 & is be/ kn[n z 8,old ,=/]40 ,v good "w ( ,/a9] or ,/a9]-,amati patt]n4 ,oil v>ni% ( a durable b n v cle> texture4 ,8 violoncellos are m valu$ ?an ! viol9s1 ?\gh ! "w 9 ! latt] is (t5 excell5t4 ,he employ$ v>i\s assi/ants1 0 patronis$ by ,royalty1 & 8 in/rum5ts comm&$ good prices 9 8 own day4 ,8 gr&son1 ,,simon ,,&rew ,,=/] 7di$ #ahgj71 0 jo9t au?or ) ,s&ys ( a well-kn[n hi/ory ( ! viol94 ,a v readable1 b n conspicu\sly accurate compilation1 :i* has be5 humor\sly dubb$ 8! hi/ory ( ! ,=/] family40 ,he 0 himself a mak]1 & "s ( 8 "w is ( consid]able m]it4 ,,f\rri]1 ,,fran,,ois ,,nicolas 7kn[n z 8,nicolas ( ,p>is074--,p>is4 ,born 9 #ageh2 di$ #ahaf4 ,he 0 a fir/-rate mak]1 b is little kn[n among/ ,engli% deal]s & play]s1 :o are apt to conf\nd him ) 8didi] ,nicolas10 a ,mirec\rt workman1 & latt]ly a manufactur] on a l>ge scale4 ,f\rri]'s "w is h&some1 well f9i%$1 & he 0 evid5tly well acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! classic ,italian mak]s4 ,writ] has met ) viol9s1 patt]n r l>ge2 excell5t v>ni% ( r$ or r$-br[n col\r on a f9e yell[ gr\nd4 ,sides sometimes r %all[4 ,boldly cut scrolls4 ,he 0 8lu?i] to ! *apel ( ! ,emp]or10 ,napoleon ,i4 ,,furb]4--,london2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a num]\s family1 mo/ ( :om work$ *iefly = ! trade4 ,! be/ ( !m 0 ,,john1 :o di$ some:]e ab\t #ahde4 ,he work$ l>gely = ,betts1 & 0 a good copyi/ ( ,amati4 ,,gabrielli4--,flor5ce2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 sev]al mak]s ( ! "n4 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a 7ab\t #agdj & lat]7 is ! be/ kn[n4 ,h&some wood & good v>ni% ( yell[ or orange col\r4 ,!re is a resemblance to ,g]man "w 7,/a9]7 9 ! =m ( "s in/rum5ts4 ,! f9i% is neat & c>eful1 ar*+ frequ5tly high4 ,he us$ bo? writt5 & pr9t$ tickets1 9 "s ( :i* he calls himself 8de ,gabriellis40 ,he also br&$ "s ( 8 "w ) ! initials ,g4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,gaff9o1 ,,joseph4--,p>is2 circa #agdj-fj4 ,0 ( ,italian orig94 ,work$ ) ,ca/agn]y1 & aft]w>ds on 8 own acc\nt4 ,,gagliano4--,naples2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a l>ge & important family ( mak]s1 :o h left a consid]able numb] ( valuable in/rum5ts4 ,! f\nd] 0 ,,aless&ro1 :o di$ betwe5 #agbj & #agcj1 & is reput$1 ^u v d\btful evid5ce1 to h work$ ) ,/radiv>i4 ,9 ?is c\ntry 8 g5u9e in/rum5ts are sc>ce1 ?\gh numb]s ( ,neapolitan in/rum5ts ( v>y+ patt]ns h be5 assign$ to him4 ,?\gh ne>ly all ! family appe> to h work$ on l9es m or less ak9 to ^? ( ,/radiv>i ! resemblance betwe5 ,aless&ro's viol9s & ^? ( t mak] is by no means close4 ,9 a few se5 by ! writ] ! ar*+ has be5 ( ! ridgy "* associat$ ) "s ,amati in/rum5ts1 b he also made examples ( flatt] ar*+4 ,v>ni% v>ies4 ,9 "s x is ( f9e quality & s(t texture1 & q di/9ct f ! ord9>y ,neapolitan type4 ,! scrolls ( ?is mak]1 & ( o!rs ( ! "n1 are usually ( poor1 cramp$ /yle & workman%ip4 ,he made "s violoncellos ( consid]able beauty & v f9e tone4 ,he seems to h us$ a v>iety ( labels1 "s 9 manuscript4 ,,niccol ,,gagliano ,i4 0 ! elde/ son ( ! =ego+1 & judg+ by ! numb] ( works /ill extant1 0 probably ! mo/ prolific mak] ( ! family4 ,! dates assign$ to him 9 mo/ books are q unreliable2 he seems to h work$ until late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & probably di$ ab\t #aghj4 ,?\gh 8 productions are ( unequal m]it1 he 0 und\bt$ly a workman ( mu* skill4 ,sometimes he employ$ a f9e r$ v>ni% ( mu* brilliance & s(t quality2 9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 he us$ ! cle> yell[ prep>ation1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool4 ,ar*+ g5]ally pretty full1 & sometimes r high4 ,wood frequ5tly h&some1 ! backs ( ! in/rum5ts be+ g5]ally divid$4 ,9 ! viol9s ! scrolls are g5]ally poor & ( insignificant cut4 ,9 ! violoncellos !y are some:at bett]4 ,9 ! latt] ! back ( ! peg-box sometimes has an ap]ture cut 9 x1 to facilitate /r++4 ,outl9e bas$ on t ( ,/radiv>i2 s\nd-holes v well cut1 & frequ5tly plac$ a %ade high 9 in/rum5t4 ,!y are g5]ally set v upright 9 ! bellies4 ,he made a consid]able numb] ( examples inlaid ) black ornam5tation4 ,,niccol ,,ii4 0 a son ( ,giovanni ,gagliano 7,joannes71 & 0 a mak] ( no p>ticul> acc\nt4 ,he di$ ab\t #ahbf4 ,,g5n>o 7,jann>ius71 circa #agbj-ge1 0 ! second son ( ,aless&ro1 & is n[ usually reckon$ ! be/ mak] ( ! family4 ,in/rum5ts mu* r>] ?an ^? ( ,niccol4 ,9 8 be/ "w ! f9i% is excell5t2 & 8 v>ni% 7orange-yell[ or r$7 is almo/ uni=mly ( a sup]ior k9d4 ,! patt]n m or less aft] t ( ,/radiv>i4 ,! scrolls well cut & ( bold] "* ?an ^? ( ! o!r ,gagliani4 ,"s ( 8 fiddles & basses h conta9$ ,/radiv>i tickets & h pass$ z orig9als4 ,! tone is r\nd1 equal1 & free f ! nasal "* :i* is (t5 obs]vable 9 ,neapolitan fiddles4 ,,f]d9&1 #agbd-ha4 ,0 ! elde/ son ( ,niccol ,i4 ,a good workman4 ,patt]n r broad-look+4 ,ar*+ mod]ate4 ,f9i% frequ5tly some:at c>eless4 ,,joseph3 work$ until ab\t #agie1 & 0 ! second son ( ,niccol ,i4 ,he 0 associat$ ) a y\ng] bro!r1 ,antonio1 & ! in/rum5ts ( ! firm be> _! jo9t label4 ,8 in/rum5ts are some:at simil> 9 appe>ance to ^? ( 8 fa!r1 b usually inf]ior 9 /yle & f9i%4 ,,giovanni1 di$ circa #ahjf2 0 a nephew ( ,g5n>o1 & work$ ) him4 ,"s ( 8 examples are ( good patt]n1 & well made4 ,he occasionally ornam5t$ !m aft] ! mann] ( ,niccol4 ,!re 7 sev]al o!r ,gagliani3 ,,gaetano1 ,,raffaele1 & ,,antonio1 :o work$ toge!r 9 ! la/ c5tury d[n to ab\t #aheg2 & o!rs4 ,,gaill>d1 ,,*>les4--,p>is2 #ahej-ha4 ,an excell5t workman ( ! ,p>is s*ool1 ^: in/rum5ts are ris+ 9 value4 ,he work$ ) ,g&4 ,/rad patt]n2 s\nd-holes v well cut2 set r upright1 & look a little wide op54 ,,gaill>d-,,laj\e1 ,j4--,mirec\rt & ,p>is4 ,di$ ab\t #ahgj4 ,bro!r ( ! above1 & also a f9e workman4 ,work$ ) ,g&4 ,,galram1 ,,joa*im ,,joseph4--,lisbon2 #agfi to #ahbe4 ,"w little kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,,g&4--,p>is1 ,v]sailles4 ,a fam\s ,fr5* family ( mak]s & deal]s orig9at+ 9 ,mirec\rt4 ,,*>les ,,mi*ael1 ! f\nd]1 0 born !re 9 #agdh1 & di$ 9 ,v]sailles #ahbj4 ,,*>les ,,fran,,ois 78,g& pre07 0 8 elde/ son4 ,work$ ) ,lupot1 ^: daught] he m>ri$1 f #ahjb4 ,0 an excell5t mak]1 & "o ( ! mo/ skilful repair]s :o ev] liv$4 ,he di$ 9 #ahde4 ,,*>les ,,ni*olas ,,eug,,ne1 ! second son ( ,*>les ,franois1 di$ 9 #ahib4 ,0 s5ior p>tn] 9 ! firm ( ,g& & ,b]n>del1 :o made in/rum5ts on an ext5sive scale1 & held important appo9tm5ts4 ,! "w produc$ by ?is h\se is ( ! ,lupot class & traditions1 & is ( a high ord] ( m]it4 ,!re 7 o!r memb]s ( ! family engag$ 9 ! viol9 bus9ess4 ,,gav9i,s1 ,,fran,,ois4--,bordeaux1 ,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,in/rum5ts br&$4 ,! bett] class examples well made4 ,,geiss5h(f1 ,,franz4--,vi5na2 #aged-ahba4 ,by f> ! be/ ( ! ,vi5nese mak]s1 & a close imitator ( ! ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,all ! details ( ! "w are well execut$1 includ+ ! scrolls4 ,v>ni% usually a d>k r$-br[n4 ,! tone is r\nd & ( v good quality4 ,he usually br&$ 8 "w ) 8 initials1 "u ! button4 ,! violoncellos are r>e4 ,8 "w has ris5 rapidly 9 value & to-day comm&s good prices4 ,,gem,,nd]1 ,,augu/4--,born #ahad1 ,wrtemburg2 di$ ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,made num]\s in/rum5ts :i* are 9 high e/eem 9 ,am]ica4 ,8 bro!r ,,george1 born #ahaf1 di$ #ahii1 work$ fir/ ) ,vuillaume 9 ,p>is1 b w5t to ,new ,york 9 #ahdi4 ,made good copies 9 ! ,vuillaume /yle4 ,,g]ma91 ,,joseph ,,l\is4--,p>is4 ,di$ #ahgj4 ,work$ ) ,g& & lat] ) ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume2 aft]w>ds on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he 0 a clev] mak] & "o ( ! be/ ( ,vuillaume's workm54 ,8 son ,,emile1 born #ahec1 is well kn[n 9 ,p>is1 & has made a l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts4 ,,gib]t9i1 ,,antonio4--,p>ma1 ,g5oa2 n9ete5? c5tury to ab\t #ahej4 ,m$alli/ at ,milan4 ,a neat workman4 ,a few viol9s se5 by writ] 7 ( ,/radiv>i patt]n1 good wood & h&some r$ v>ni%4 ,8 "w does n seem to be pl5tiful4 ,,gilkes1 ,,samuel4--,london4 ,di$ #ahbg4 ,a mak] ( mu* ability4 ,work$ = ,=/] be=e e/abli%+ himself on 8 own acc\nt4 ,! f9i% ( 8 in/rum5ts is rem>kable4 ,!y are some:at sc>ce1 & g5]ally ( ,amati "*1 b he also copi$ ,/radiv>i4 ,a son1 ,,william1 0 well kn[n z a d\ble-bass mak]4 ,,gisalb]ti1 ,,&rea4--,p>ma2 eighte5? c5tury1 circa #agbj & lat]4 ,said also to h work$ 9 ,bozzolo1 ,rim9i1 & else:]e4 ,8 exi/5ce has be5 d\bt$ 9 "s qu>t]s1 b viol9s by him und\bt$ly exi/1 a few ( :i* se5 by ! writ] 7 ( good tone1 & n )\t "*1 albeit some:at indiff]5t workman%ip4 ,horace ,pe!rick "s ye>s s9ce wrote a book 9 :i* he s\ght to prove t ,gisalb]ti 0 ! in/ructor ( ,gu>n]i1 del ,ges4 ,,gl,,zel4--,m>kneukir*54 ,= ov] a c5tury a l>ge numb] ( mak]s ( ?is "n h work$ 9 ,m>kneukir*5 & else:]e 9 ,g]many4 ,,glass4--,kl+5?al4 ,ano!r ,g]man family ( :om mu* ! same may be said z ( ! ,glzels4 ,,gli]4--,m>kneukir*54 ,ano!r l>ge family ( mak]s4 ,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,,gobetti1 ,,francesco4--,v5ice2 circa #agjj-cj4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ mak]s ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,!re is no?+ beyond tradition ( a mo/ unsatisfactory k9d to prove t he 0 a pupil ( ,/radiv>i4 ,8 "w 9 "s cases sugge/s late ,amati influ5ce1 bo? 9 =m & /yle2 x is frequ5tly v beautiful 9 e respect1 save ! cutt+ ( ! scrolls4 ,h&some wood1 beautiful r$ v>ni%1 & tone ( excell5t quality4 ,8 g5u9e labels are by no means pl5tiful1 ! tickets ( ,francesco ,rug]1 ,amati1 & ,/radiv>i1 hav+ be5 ins]t$ 9 8 in/rum5ts4 ,! writ] has met ) two or ?ree viol9s hav+ a decid$ly ,g]man outl9e :i* 7 assign$ to ?is mak] by judges ( repute4 ,,g(rill]4--,v5ice2 to ab\t #agdj4 ,a family1 possibly ( ,tyrolese orig91 ^: "w 0 until rec5t ye>s little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! be/ mak] 0 ,,matteo1 mu* ( ^: "w has be5 masqu]ad+ "u ! names ( o!r mak]s1 su* z ,joseph ,gu>n]i1 son ( ,&rea1 ,c>lo ,b]gonzi1 & ,montagnana4 ,! workman%ip & /yle are good1 wood sometimes1 b n frequ5tly1 h&some1 & ! v>ni%1 g5]ally d>k r$1 is ( good quality4 ,he seems to h made a good _m violoncellos4 ,! scrolls are well cut1 b c h>dly be describ$ z ( ,italian type4 ,labels v>y1 & 9 "s ! "n is spelt ) a d\ble 8f40 ,two o!r ,g(rill]s1 ,francesco & ,antonio1 are m5tion$1 b _! "w is almo/ unkn[n4 ,,gossel91 ,,jean4--,p>is2 circa #ahbj-cj4 ,an amateur4 ,!re are "s f9e viol9s ( ,/radiv>i patt]n be>+ 8 label4 ,9 "s cases in/rum5ts made by ano!r h& 7 v>ni%$ by him4 ,,g\ld+4--,london2 ab\t #ahjj4 ,!re are a good _m violoncellos & viol9s be>+ ! /amp 8,g\ld+10 "s ( ,engli% "w1 & o!rs ( obvi\sly =eign make4 ,"s ( ^! are useful in/rum5ts1 b !re seems to be "s d\bt :e!r he 0 actually a mak]4 ,,gragnani1 ,,antonio4--,leghorn2 circa #agdj-ahjj4 ,! be/ ( ! few mak]s dat+ f ,leghorn4 ,! viol9s be> "s little lik5ess to ! "w ( ! ,gagliano family1 h a v good quality ( tone1 & ! v>ni% is n unfrequ5tly ( good texture & appe>ance1 ?\gh ! col\r is apt to fade4 ,! scrolls are v poor4 ,in/rum5ts br&$ on ! button1 & sometimes 9 o!r places4 ,( late !y h comm&$ "s att5tion among/ play]s1 & _! value has increas$ consid]ably4 ,!re 7 two o!r mak]s ( ! "n1 b ( no p>ticul> acc\nt4 ,,granc9o4--,milan2 late sev5te5? & e>li] eighte5? c5turies4 ,an important family ( mak]s ( :om !re seem to h be5 upw>ds ( half a doz5 memb]s4 ,! e>lie/ appe>s to h be5 ,,paolo1 :o 0 at "w until ne> ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! few ( 8 in/rum5ts met ) by ! writ] h be5 ( ,amati patt]n1 ) yell[ v>ni%1 & wood exhibit+ little or no figure4 ,x is said t he 0 a pupil 9 ,amati's work%op4 ,he c]ta9ly does n seem to h us$ v>ni% :i* c be comp>$ ) t ( 8 ma/]4 ,8 son ,,giovanni work$ f ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury until #agcj or a little lat]1 & has left a good _m in/rum5ts ( consid]able value4 ,! violoncellos p]haps take high] rank ?an ! viol9s1 b ! f9] specim5s ( ! latt] are n unfrequ5tly h&some1 bo? z to wood & v>ni%1 & ! tone is ( full & tell+ quality4 ,9 "s ( 8 lat] "w ,giovanni disc>d$ "s ( ! ,amati features se5 9 e>li] examples4 ,! ar*+ is flatt]1 & ! s\nd-hole assumes a some:at po9t$ =m1 & is set m obliquely 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,x has be5 said by writ]s t he imitat$ ,gu>n]i del ,ges1 a /atem5t :i* is manife/ly absurd hav+ reg>d to dates4 ,in/rum5ts by him ) ! po9t$ s\nd-hole exi/1 :i* 7 made long be=e del ,ges's admitt$ p]iod ( activity1 i4e4 #agbe-de4 ,( ! o!r mak]s ( ! "n v little seems to be c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,,gr&-,g,,r>d4--,mirec\rt2 e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,br&$ in/rum5ts ( r l>ge flat patt]n & commonplace "*4 ,! tone is n unfrequ5tly passable4 ,,gr&jon4--,mirec\rt2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family ( mak]s4 ,in/rum5ts ( mod]ate price & bett] class 8factory0 /yle ( "w4 ,,groblicz1 ,,m>t94--,w>saw2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,! "n is commonly pr9t$ 8,grobitz0 9 books deal+ ) ! viol94 ,examples sc>ce4 ,pretty "w ( ,/a9] patt]n4 ,sometimes se5 ) lion-heads4 ,! "n is f\nd 9 m mod]n in/rum5ts ( a v common type1 & ) edges flu% ) ! sides1 in/ead ( ov]lapp+ !m4 ,,grossman1 ,,dr4 ,,max4--,born ,b]l94 ,contempor>y4 ,is *iefly kn[n z orig9ator ( a sy/em ( attun+ ! backs & bellies ( in/rum5ts4 ,?is has be5 appli$ to mod]n examples made 9 ,g]many & sold "u ! "n ( ! 8,new ,cremona0 viol9s1 etc4 ,,guadagn9i4--,piac5za1 ,tur91 ,milan1 ,p>ma2 eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a v celebrat$ family orig9at+ at ei!r ,piac5za or ,cremona4 ,,lor5zo1 ! f\nd]1 claims 9 "s ( 8 tickets to h be5 a ,cremonese4 ,accord+ to ,h>t & o!r writ]s1 8 dates run f ab\t #afie to #agdj1 or lat]4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t him1 b 9 reality 8 g5u9e in/rum5ts are r>ely se5 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 8 "w is imp]fectly kn[n1 ev5 among/ "s ( our bett] in=m$ deal]s4 ,he also claims 9 "s labels to h work$ ) ,/radiv>i1 b ! v]acity ( ! /atem5t has be5 que/ion$ "t & aga94 ,! writ]1 dur+ an exp]i5ce ( ov] ?irty-five ye>s1 has se5 v few au!ntic in/rum5ts by him4 ,!y are said to be ( bold] design ?an ^? ( 8 son ,giovanni ,batti/a1 & ! s\nd-holes are ( v>y+ =m1 sometimes resembl+ ^? ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges4 ,all au?orities are agre$ z to ! tone ( 8 viol9s1 :i* is describ$ z l>ge1 & ( excell5t quality4 ,he is suppos$ to h di$ at ,milan4 ,! mo/ important mak] ( ?is family 0 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a ,,guadagn9i1 born app>5tly at ,piac5za 9 #agaa1 di$ at ,tur91 ,septemb]1 #aghf4 ,he 0 ,lor5zo's son1 & l him1 /ates 9 "s ( ! labels 7^? dat+ f ,tur97 t he 0 a ,cremonese1 & a pupil ( ,/radiv>i4 ,ne>ly all writ]s1 ,briti% & cont95tal1 /ate t !re 7 two ,g4 ,b4 ,guadagn9is1 "o ( :om 0 ,lor5zo's bro!r1 & ( some:at e>li] date ?an ! subject ( ?is notice4 ,! writ] has se5 a l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts by ,g4 ,b4 ,guadagn9i ( v>y+ dates & places ( orig91 & is con/ra9$ to admit t viol9s dat+ f ,milan & ,p>ma pres5t po9ts ( dissimil>ity bo? 9 =m1 v>ni%1 & ! cutt+ ( ! scrolls1 f ^? dat+ f ,tur9 f ab\t #aggc onw>ds4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! op9ion ( ! be/ exp]ts 9 ?is c\ntry1 t !re 0 b "o ,g4 ,b4 ,guadagn9i1 :o *ang$ 8 habitat sev]al times4 ,! facts ( 8 life 7 collect$ by ,c\nt ,cozio di ,salabue1 an ,italian nobleman & collector1 :o di$ 9 #ahbd2 he patronis$ ,guadagn9i & sav$ him 9 ,tur9 f de/itution4 ,at ! dea? ( ?is di/+ui%$ amateur1 some?+ l fifty ( ,guadagn9i's in/rum5ts1 ) o!r valuable viol9s1 7 among/ 8 effects4 ,guadagn9i seems to h work$ fir/ 9 ,milan1 !n at ,piac5za1 lat] at ,p>ma1 :]e he 0 c\rt mak] to ! duke1 & la/ly at ,tur91 to :i* city he migrat$ 9 #aggb4 ,!re seems to be little d\bt t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! composition ( ! celebrat$ ,cremonese v>ni%1 & us$ x1 ?\gh comp>atively infrequ5tly1 on "s ( 8 f9e/ ef=ts4 ,"s ( 8 fiddles are models ( good "w1 f9e wood1 & beautiful v>ni%1 b 8 av]age in/rum5t may fairly be describ$ 9 less gl[+ t]ms4 ,! v>ni% on mo/ ( ^? dat+ f ,tur9 is a r$1 almo/ sc>let 9 "s cases1 ( mu* brilliance1 b less s(t 9 texture ?an ! true ,cremonese4 ,9 e>li] "w ! t9ts are less gl>+1 p]haps p>tly ow+ to ! effect ( "t4 ,! patt]n resembles ,/radiv>i's4 ,! s\nd-holes 9 _m cases %[ r a pron\nc$ sweep 9 _! upp] turns4 ,9 a good _m lat] examples1 "o is set a trifle high] ?an ! o!r4 ,! viol9s are g5]ally r "u f\rte5 in*es long1 & ! violoncellos almo/ always measure ab\t tw5ty-eight in*es or a trifle ov]4 ,v high prices h be5 paid 9 rec5t ye>s = 8 be/ examples4 ,! f9e/ viol9 ( 8 make ev] se5 by ! writ]1 0 sold by ,mr4 ,h>t ab\t two ye>s s9ce = #hjj2 & high] figures h be5 rea*$ m rec5tly /ill4 ,,giuseppe ,,guadagn9i 7,joseph71 circa #agcf-ahje4 ,0 second son ( ! =ego+ mak]1 & work$ at ,milan1 ,como1 & ,p>ma4 ,"w heavi]-look+ ?an t ( 8 fa!r4 ,! viol9s are app>5tly ( some:at l>g] patt]n4 ,! ar*+ g5]ally flat & ! s\nd-holes broad 9 ! /em4 ,seems to h made a good _m in/rum5ts1 includ+ violas & violoncellos4 ,! tone is frequ5tly l>ge & ( good quality4 ,x is said t he 9 _m cases us$ ! label ( 8 fa!r4 ,,gaetano1 ano!r son ( ,giovanni ,batti/a1 work$ at ,tur9 to ab\t #ahca4 ,he is said to h be5 *iefly a repair]4 ,writ] has se5 "s viol9s 7"o or two ( good workman%ip & patt]n1 & prettily figur$ wood7 be>+ 8 label1 b 8 "w is v little kn[n4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! family1 ,francesco1 ,c>lo1 & ,antonio1 h be5 employ$ 9 ! viol9 bus9ess4 ,"o ,francesco 0 at "w q rec5tly4 ,,gu>9i4--,vide ,m5nesson4 ,,gu>n]i4--,cremona1 ,mantua1 ,v5ice2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is celebrat$ family 0 ,,&rea1 born #afbf 9 ,cremona2 di$ !re 9 ,decemb]1 #afih4 ,an und\bt$ pupil ( ,niccol ,amati1 by :om he 0 employ$ z late z #afec2 he 0 at fir/ a close imitator ( 8 ma/]4 ,lat] he alt]$ ! /yle ( 8 "w some:at4 ,x is /at$ 9 _m books t he 0 fell[-workman ) ,/radiv>i1 by ^: /yle he became influ5c$4 ,dates c]ta9ly d n t5d to confirm ! /atem5t4 ,/radiv>i 0 n born until #afdd1 & ev5 if he 0 employ$ by ,amati :ile ,&rea ,gu>n]i 0 9 t mak]'s work%op1 !re are in/rum5ts by ,&rea 9 exi/5ce :i* 7 made be=e ,/radiv>i c\ld possibly be ( an age to ex]t any influ5ce1 & :i* exhibit modifications 9 ! patt]n1 =m ( s\nd-holes1 & ar*+1 %[+ cle>ly en\gh t ! mak] _h begun to "w on l9es ( 8 own4 ,occasionally1 ,&rea adopt$ ! 8,gr& patt]n0 ( ,amati1 & x is probable he assi/$ 9 ! mak+ ( "s ( ! viol9s ( t type4 ,"o v beautiful viol91 be>+ 8 own label1 is kn[n to ! writ]1 :i* might well pass = a ,gr& ,amati4 ,! sides ( ,&rea's heads are usually m deeply groov$ ?an ^? ( ,amati4 ,v few violas or violoncellos seem to be kn[n4 ,messrs4 ,hill /ate t !y h met ) "o ( ! latt] ( small] dim5sions ?an ! usual violoncello ( ! p]iod1 b t o!r examples _h be5 cut d[n f _! orig9al size4 ,,joseph ,,gu>n]i1 son ( ,,&rea1 0 born 9 ,novemb]1 #afff1 & appe>s to h be5 alive 9 #agch1 b ! date ( dea? has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,he work$ = "s "t ) 8 fa!r4 ,! beauty ( ! v>ni% on _m ( 8 viol9s has n be5 surpass$ by any o!r mak]4 ,"s ( 8 backs %[ a broad curl1 o!rs h wood ( small] figure1 b consid]able beauty4 ,! patt]n ( 8 viol9s v>ies consid]ably1 z also ! am\nt ( ar*+ 9 ! plates1 :i* is commonly flatt] 9 late ?an e>ly specim5s4 ,"s examples %[ a long & some:at /iff curve 9 ! wai/1 or middle b\ts2 9 o!rs ! curve is m pron\nc$1 & resembles t se5 9 ! in/rum5ts ( 8 celebrat$ relative1 ,del ,ges4 ,9 ! heads also a resemblance may n[ & !n be trac$1 & ! peg-box is some:at cut 9 at ! ?roat4 ,! fiddles are usually ab\t #ac-g_/h in*es long4 ,! s\nd-holes set a trifle l[] & ne>] ! edge ( ! in/rum5t ?an is usual1 & 9 c]ta9 examples ! =m ( ! s\nd-holes is v slightly po9t$ at ! ends4 ,?is =m is n se5 9 e>li] specim5s4 ,8 violas & violoncellos are sc>ce4 ,a few f9e examples ( ! latt] are recognis$4 ,,pietro ,,giovanni ,,gu>n]i 78,pet] ( ,mantua071 ! elde/ son ( ,&rea1 0 born 9 ,cremona 9 ,febru>y1 #afee4 ,date ( dea? n asc]ta9$4 ,he also employ$ mo/ beautiful v>ni% ( a deep orange1 or r$ orange t9t1 & has left "s *>m+ examples ( 8 "w4 ,! g5]al /yle ( 8 in/rum5ts belongs to ! ,amati s*ool4 ,ar*+ usually some:at full1 v f9e scrolls1 & s\nd-holes :i* are set almo/ p]p5dicul>ly1 & v decid$ly ar*$ at _! upp] & l[] turns4 ,! fiddles usually ( m$ium size1 b l>g] examples are occasionally met )4 ,a v f9e viol9 dat$ #afhf1 ) ornam5tal purfl+1 is figur$ by von ,ltg5dorff4 ,! date :5 he w5t to ,mantua does n seem to be kn[n1 & ! writ] is unable to f9d any satisfactory pro( t he work$ also 9 ,v5ice1 z has be5 frequ5tly /at$4 ,,pietro ,,gu>n]i ,,ii4 78,pet] ( ,v5ice07 0 a son ( ,joseph1 son ( ,&rea4 ,he 0 born 9 ,cremona 9 ,april1 #afie1 & appe>s to h work$ 9 ,v5ice until aft] #agfj4 ,9 8 labels1 :i* h an ornam5tal bord]1 he calls himself son ( ,joseph4 ,he is /at$ to h work$ = "s "t ) 8 uncle1 ,pet] ( ,mantua1 9 t city4 ,! writ] is n well acqua9t$ ) 8 in/rum5ts4 ,,giuseppe ,,gu>n]i 78,joseph1 del ,ges07 0 born at ,cremona 9 ,octob]1 #afhg4 ,date & place ( dea? are unkn[n4 ,! late/ date se5 9 a viol9 is #agde4 ,! correct bir? date 0 asc]ta9$ by an ,italian writ] 7de ,piccolellis71 & fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahhf1 not)/&+ :i* sev]al subsequ5t writ]s h p]si/$ 9 /at+ t ! ev5t took place 9 #afhc1 ! date =m]ly suppos$ to be correct 7on ! au?ority ( ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume74 ,accord+ to ,h>t1 ^: view is g5]ally foll[$ by ! be/ mod]n au?orities1 del ,ges's probable in/ructor 0 8 relative1 ,joseph1 son ( ,&rea1 & !re are features 9 "s ( 8 "w :i* c]ta9ly support ?is !ory4 ,! e>lie/ date f\nd 9 8 admitt$ly g5u9e viol9s is said to be #agbc4 ,9 t ye> he w\ld be at lea/ ?irty-six ye>s old1 & no v satisfactory explanation ( ! abs5ce ( au!ntic specim5s ( e>li] date seems to be =?com+1 unless we suppose t he did n beg9 to foll[ ! art 9 :i* he 0 s conspicu\sly successful until pretty mature manhood4 ,horace ,pe!rick1 9 #aijf1 publi%$ a book 7illu/rat$7 9 :i* he claim$ to h discov]$ t del ,ges's ma/] 0 ,&rea ,gisalb]ti ( ,p>ma 7q4v471 a little-kn[n mak] ( no great acc\nt4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r ,mr4 ,pe!rick's argum5ts1 nor ! examples by :i* he /rove to support !m1 7 s]i\sly accept$ by mo/ judges ( ! fir/ rank1 & ! difficulty may be said to be /ill unsolv$4 ,nei!r violas nor violoncellos :i* c unhesitat+ly be accept$ z ! "w ( del ,ges h come to light4 ,in/rum5ts ( bo? types h f "t to "t be5 put =w>d z au!ntic1 b h be5 reject$ z spuri\s by all ! be/-in=m$ au?orities4 ,mu* misappreh5sion--"s at lea/ ( :i* may be trac$ to g5]al & loosely word$ descriptions 9 books--has exi/$ 9 reg>d to ! size ( del ,ges's l>g] viol9s4 ,8 m massive look+ in/rum5ts give ! impression ( be+ ( great] size ?an is f\nd on c>eful measurem5t to be really ! case4 ,! wid?s are full1 b ! bodies measure only #ac-g_/h in*es1 or a m9ute fraction ov]1 9 l5g?1 &1 s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 no prop]ly v]ifi$ exception to ?is rule has z yet appe>$4 ,a numb] ( 8 e>li] works are only #ac-c_/d in*es long1 b nev]!less possess a volume ( tone :i* is a/oni%+1 consid]+ ! relatively small size ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to classify 8 works into di/9ct types1 v>y+ ) ! p]iod ( _! production4 ,?\gh 9 ! ma9 a conv5i5t sy/em1 ! dates f\nd 9 8 viol9s d n by any means always squ>e ) x4 ,two illu/rations ( ?is w suffice4 ,! 8,h>t0 ,joseph1 n[ own$ by ! great arti/ ,kreisl]1 is ( ! bold massive build :i* he is suppos$ to h adopt$ n e>li] ?an #agdj2 b x dates1 accord+ to ! label1 f ! ye> #agcg4 ,pagan9i's fam\s in/rum5t 7n[ 9 ! museum at ,g5oa7 is dat$ #agdc1 & ! spl5did example kn[n z ! 8,le ,duc0 0 made 9 #agde4 ,nei!r ( ^! in/rum5ts exhibits ! exceptional f9i% & elegance ( =m :i* may be se5 9 a few examples made betwe5 ab\t #agcd-ch1 yet ea* is a rem>kable "w ( art1 ?\gh dat+ f a p]iod :5 8 h&iwork has be5 said to betray a lam5table fall+ (f 9 design1 workman%ip1 & v>ni%4 ,!re is no d\bt t del ,ges did occasionally produce in/rum5ts :i* 9 "s features1 su* z ! =m ( ! s\nd-holes1 are uncompromis+ly ugly2 b1 9 ! writ]'s view1 !re are n suffici5t data to assign ^! specim5s to any p>ticul> p]iod ( 8 work+ life4 ,8 h&some/ & mo/ exquisitely f9i%$ viol9s seem to h be5 made approximately betwe5 ! dates above /at$1 #agcd-ch4 ,in/rum5ts ( ?is class are r>e1 b w 9 e way be> comp>ison ) ^? ( ,/radiv>i4 ,?ree notable fiddles ( ?is type may be m5tion$3 ! ,d',egville1 dat$ #agce2 ! 8,k+0 ,joseph 7n[ 9 ,am]ica71 & ! 8,gillott10 bo? dat$ #agcg4 ,^!1 ) p]haps a doz5 o!rs1 are reckon$ among/ connoisseurs z ! mo/ f9ely =m$ & f9i%$ specim5s ( ?is great ma/]'s "w4 ,9 e>ly examples a di/9ct resemblance to ! works ( 8 c\s91 ,joseph1 son ( ,&rea1 is traceable1 & in/rum5ts n[ prop]ly assign$ to t mak] h pretty frequ5tly be5 labell$ & pass$ z ! "w ( ,del ,ges4 ,! s\nd-holes ( 8 viol9s exhibit mu* div]sity ( treatm5t bo? 9 ! =m & ! angle at :i* !y are plac$1 & x is evid5t t 9 ! cutt+ ( !m he r>ely _h rec\rse to patt]ns1 or templates4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t he reviv$ ! 8po9t$0 =m associat$ ) ! s*ool ( ,brescia4 ,9 _m cases !re is little or no suspicion ( a 8po9t0 visible1 & 9 no case kn[n to ! writ] is ! peculi>ity acc5tuat$ to ! absurd ext5t exhibit$ 9 sw>ms ( copies :i* may be met )4 ,8 ar*+ v>ies consid]ably1 b ! rise ( ! plates f ! edges to ! c5tre is usually gradual4 ,9 ! outl9e ( 8 m robu/ type ( in/rum5t !re is a resemblance to ! viol9s ( ,magg9i1 b t mak]'s l>ge dim5sions--8 ord9>y fiddle is ab\t #ad-a_/d to #ad-a_/b in*es long--are nev] approa*$ by del ,ges4 ,8 v>ni% is almo/ always ( f9e quality & ,cremonese type4 ,!re are probably m yell[ specim5s to be se5 ?an ^? ( deep] %ade1 b on ! latt] its col\r+ & texture are admirable4 ,sw>ms ( mak]s ( all nationalities h imitat$1 or attempt$ to imitate1 him2 b ! tru?1 z %[n by exp]i5ce1 is t del ,ges's "w is v difficult to imitate successfully2 f> m s ?an t ( ,/radiv>i & _m o!r not$ mak]s4 ,8 ecc5tricities h be5 trave/i$ to an ext5t :i* betrays ! h& ( ! =g] to all b ! mo/ inexp]i5c$4 ,! cutt+ ( ! scroll is ne>ly always a /umbl+ block1 & p]haps n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ copies are too big4 ,?is latt] obs]vation w g5]ally be f\nd to apply to ! wond]fully clev] imitations made by ,john ,fr$]ick ,lott 9 ! la/ c5tury1 a goodly numb] ( :i* are /ill accept$ z au!ntic 8,josephs0 by ! un9itiat$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s he has be5 imitat$ 7s f> at lea/ z ext]nal appe>ances g7 ) rem>kable exactness1 by a mak] nam$ ,voll]1 ^: skilful 8facsimiles0 ( v>i\s classic mak]s at fir/ puzzl$ numb]s ( obs]v]s by no means ill-acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( g5u9e ,italian "w4 ,among/ ,fr5* copyi/s1 ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume1 ,pi]re ,silve/re1 ,remy1 & ,georges ,*anot ,i41 may be m5tion$2 b _! in/rum5ts1 ?\gh reproduc+ ) m or less fidelity ! =m & peculi>ities ( del ,ges1 are 9 ! great majority ( cases ( l>g] dim5sions ?an ! orig9als4 ,italy has produc$ a numb] ( foll[]s1 b1 until q rec5tly1 none seem to h succe$$ 9 produc+ viol9s :i* by any /ret* ( imag9ation c\ld be describ$ z exact copies4 ,/orioni & ,c>lo ,b]gonzi1 & occasionally ,te/ore1 made fiddles :i* = ye>s 7 accept$ by ! multitude z g5u9e 8,josephs10 b n[adays few if any ( !m w\ld pass z su* among/ judges ( any exp]i5ce4 ,z may be suppos$1 ! numb] ( ?is celebrat$ mak]'s au!ntic works is v mu* less ?an t ( ,/radiv>i1 ^: labels date f ab\t #affe-f to #agcg1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,x is mu* to be deplor$ t ! repeat$ attempts to obta9 reliable details ( del ,ges's life /ory h produc$ su* meagre & disappo9t+ results1 b ! prospect ( fre% in=mation com+ to light seems to be remote4 ,,gu]san1 ,,l\is4--,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury to ab\t #aggj4 ,work$ fir/ ) ,claude ,pi]ray4 ,!re are "s good viol9s & o!r in/rum5ts be>+ 8 "n4 ,8 p]sonal "w1 ?\gh by no means sc>ce1 is n s pl5tiful z is sometimes suppos$4 ,he came ( a family ( mak]s1 & 8 patt]n & /yle 7 foll[$ by o!r mak]s4 ,r$ or yell[ v>ni%1 sometimes h&some & brilliant4 ,s\nd-holes n v wide op54 ,heads cleanly cut4 ,! ar*+ v>ies a good deal4 ,patt]n looks r n>r[2 probably m s ?an x actually is4 ,he us$ a v>iety ( labels1 "o hav+ a %ield be>+ 8 "n4 ,g,,tt]4 ,a :ole tribe ( mak]s ( ?is "n work$ 9 ,m>kneukir*5 & else:]e 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,upw>ds ( a score ( !m are m5tion$ by ! ,g]man writ]1 von ,ltg5dorff4 ,,guggemos1 ,,m>cus4--,fss52 eighte5? c5tury4 ,high built fiddles ) br[n v>ni%1 & ornam5tal labels4 ,fss5 has produc$ mak]s ^: /yle & v>ni% are n unlike ,italian1 b ,guggemos c h>dly be reckon$ among/ !m4 ,,guglielmi1 ,,gio4 ,,batti/a4--,cremona2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,little kn[n4 ,,guidantus4 ,see ,flor5o4 ,,gusetto1 ,,niccol4--,cremona2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,a ,flor5t9e ( no p>ticul> m]it z a mak]4 ,in/rum5ts usually high built & ,g]man 9 /yle4 ,,gut]mann1 ,,wilhelm ,,!odor4--,vi5na4 ,di$ 9 #aijj4 ,a good workman4 ,made "s curi\s %ap$ viol9s on a patt]n design$ by a ,dr4 ,lih>zik4 ,,haase1 ,,f]d9&4--,magdeburg1 ,dessau4 ,di$ #ahib4 ,0 a flute play] :o turn$ 8 att5tion to fiddle mak+1 b app>5tly ) indiff]5t success1 8 in/rum5ts be+ too ?9 9 ! plates4 ,,ha5sel1 ,,johann ,,anton4--,rocksburg2 ab\t #ahjj4 ,,haff1 ,,joseph ,,anton4--,augsburg2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,di$ #ahff4 ,a son ( ! same "n di$ 9 ,/uttg>t 9 #aijb1 & 0 a clev] workman4 ,he work$ = "s "t 9 ,muni* & obta9$ m$als4 ,,hakk]t1 ,,jacob ,,wolfgang4--,rott]dam2 contempor>y4 ,a workman ( ability1 :o makes good copies ( ! ,italian ma/]s4 ,,hamb]g]4--,vi5na1 ,presburg2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family ( mak]s :o made "s good viol9s1 *iefly ( ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,hamm4--,m>kneukir*5 & ,vil+5?al2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 sev]al workm5 ( ?is "n1 ! be/ kn[n ( :om1 ,johann ,gottfri$1 work$ = "s "t 9 ,rome4 ,in/rum5ts ( ,/a9] patt]n1 b broad]1 & frequ5tly ) ivory edges4 ,initials br&$ inside4 ,he di$ 9 #ahag4 ,,hamma ,,co4--,/uttg>t2 contempor>y4 ,a well-kn[n firm ( deal]s & repair]s4 ,,hammig4--,a family orig9at+ 9 ,m>kneukir*51 & dat+ back to ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re h be5 sev]al ( ! "n work+ & deal+ 9 in/rum5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many besides ,m>kneukir*5 7,leipzig1 ,dresd51 ,b]l971 & ! ,b]l9 h\se1 /ill c>ri$ on1 is well kn[n on ! ,cont95t4 ,,h>b\r1 ,,jacob4--,london2 ab\t #agfj-ij4 ,,h>die4--,ed9burgh2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,p]haps ! be/ kn[n family among/ ! ,scotti% mak]s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ memb] 0 ,,mat!w1 born ,ed9burgh 9 #agee1 di$ #ahbf4 ,8 be/ "w is v well f9i%$4 ,he copi$ ! patt]ns ( v>i\s ,italian mak]s1 b *iefly ,/radiv>i & ,amati4 ,! tone ( _m ( 8 viol9s is excell5t4 ,8 v>ni%1 accord+ to examples se5 by ! writ]1 0 n ( ! be/4 ,!re 7 two ,james ,h>dies1 ( :om ! second1 born #ahcf1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! pres5t ,ed9burgh firm ( ,james ,h>die & ,son4 ,he has produc$ an enorm\s numb] ( in/rum5ts1 _m ( :i* are some:at on ! l9es ( ,magg9i4 ,o!r mak]s ( ! "n 7 ,,pet]1 :o di$ at ,dunkeld 9 #ahfc1 & br&$ 8 "w ) 8 "n2 & ,,?omas1 a son ( ,mat!w1 :o c\ld turn out good "w :5 he *ose2 he di$ 9 #ahef4 ,,h>e1 ,,john4--,london2 eighte5? c5tury1 fir/ half4 ,unque/ionably "o ( ! be/ ( ! old ,engli% mak]s4 ,he %>es ) a contempor>y 7,daniel ,p>k]7 ! m]it ( hav+ be5 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,engli% s*ool to turn s]i\s att5tion to ! patt]n ( ,/radiv>i4 ,8 in/rum5ts are ( l>ge proportions1 flat ar*+1 & good f9i%1 ! heads be+ ! weake/ feature ( ! design4 ,he us$ an excell5t r$ v>ni% ( consid]able brilliance1 & x is to be regrett$ t 8 "w is s sc>ce4 ,! tone also is exceptionally good & resonant 9 a well-pres]v$ example4 ,op9ions seem /ill to be divid$ z to :e!r ,,joseph ,,h>e1 m5tion$ 9 mo/ books on ! viol91 0 or 0 n id5tical ) ,john4 ,! latt] 0 = "s "t associat$ 9 bus9ess ) an individual nam$ ,freeman1 ( :om no?+ else seems to be kn[n4 ,he work$ ne> ! ,royal ,ex*ange4 ,,h>m&1 ,l4--,mirec\rt2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,m$ium siz$ fiddles1 ) r$di% v>ni%4 ,/amp$ 8,au ,roi ,david4 ,l4 ,h>m&40 ,,h>ris1 ,,*>les4--,ox=d1 ,london4 ,work$ until ab\t #ahjj4 ,8 "w is r>ely labell$1 & is little kn[n1 except to a few ( ! deal]s4 ,an excell5t mak]1 ^: fiddles & basses 7p>ticul>ly ! latt]7 are des]v$ly 9 high repute4 ,! patt]n is g5]ally t ( ,/radiv>i2 ,amati copies d n s frequ5tly occur4 ,h>ris is not$ among/ o!r ?+s = 8 v>ni% ( a w>m r$ t9t4 ,a son ( ! same "n work$ 9 ,ox=d & ,london1 & 0 = a "t employ$ by ,john ,h>t4 ,,h>t4--,a "n famili> to viol9i/s ! _w ov]4 ,! firm ( ,h>t & ,son 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,l[] ,w>d\r ,/reet 7=m]ly ,pr9ces ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e7 by ,,john ,,?omas ,,h>t1 :o di$ 9 #ahgd4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to ,samuel ,gilkes1 b made few in/rum5ts4 ,john ,h>t & ,georges ,*anot ,i41 ( ,p>is1 7 9 _! day ! mo/ r5[n$ judges ( fiddles 9 ,europe1 & ! =m] 0 in/rum5tal 9 =m+ "s ( ! mo/ notable collections ( viol9s t h ev] be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,,george ,,h>t ,i41 8 son1 :o di$ 9 #ahia1 0 also a judge ( ! highe/ em95ce1 b w always be rememb]$ z ! au?or ( 8,! ,viol91 its ,fam\s ,mak]s & _! ,imitators10 :i* is recognis$ z ! /&>d ,engli% "w ( ref]5ce4 ,x pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s editions 9 ! au?or's lifetime1 & a fur!r edition1 ) c]ta9 additions & em5dations by 8 son & ! pres5t writ]1 0 issu$ 9 #aiji4 ,,george ,,h>t ,,ii41 son ( ! =m]1 is ! pres5t head ( ! firm1 & is a judge ( wide exp]i5ce ( viol9s & violoncellos ( ! highe/ class4 ,,hass]t1 ,,johannes ,,george ,,*ri/ian4--,eis5a* & ,rudol/adt2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,in/rum5ts r>ely se5 9 ?is c\ntry1 b accord+ to cont95tal writ]s !y are ( good =m1 ,italian /yle1 & mod]ate ar*+4 ,he work$ until ab\t #agge4 ,a son1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian1 work$ at ,rudol/adt1 & di$ !re 9 #ahbc4 ,,haudek1 ,,c>l4--,vi5na2 contempor>y4 ,succe$$ to bus9ess ( ,lembck4 ,he has obta9$ m$als1 b appe>s to h made few in/rum5ts2 well kn[n z a re/or]4 ,h,,ussl]1 ,,gu/ave4--,crac[2 contempor>y4 ,a mak] :o has obta9$ m$als = 8 in/rum5ts 9 ,crac[ & ,lemb]g4 ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,havelka1 ,,johann ,,bapti/4--,l9z2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,,heb]le94--,a family ( mak]s orig9at+ 9 ,m>kneukir*51 & rang+ 9 date f ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury to ! pres5t "t4 ,"s fifte5 or sixte5 mak]s ( ! "n are enum]at$4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ,,he9ri* ,,!odore1 :o di$ 9 #aiaj1 & 0 a fir/-class workman4 ,,heesom1 ,,edw>d4--,london2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,"w v sc>ce & little kn[n4 ,/a9] patt]n4 ,,he9el1 ,,osk> ,,b]nh>d4--,m>kneukir*52 contempor>y4 ,a clev] workman 9 v>i\s /yles1 includ+ 8mod]n antiques40 ,,hel1 ,,pi]re ,,joseph4--,lille4 ,born #ahdb4 ,in/rum5ts ( 8 workman%ip are excell5t 9 e detail4 ,=m1 mat]ial1 & v>ni% are all mo/ praisewor?y1 & he occupies a prom95t place among/ mak]s ( mod]n times4 ,he obta9$ sev]al m$als4 ,in/rum5ts ( an inf]ior grade1 b n ( 8 own workman%ip1 are ( ! 8trade class10 & ( no p>ticul> acc\nt1 al?\gh occasionally sold z g5u9e4 ,!y be>1 or %\ld be>1 a di/9ctive label4 ,! bus9ess is n[ c>ri$ on by a son 7,pi]re71 :o is well kn[n z a deal]4 ,,held1 ,,johann ,,joseph4--,enskir*51 ,beuel4 ,di$ #aijd4 ,a clev] workman1 :o obta9$ sev]al m$als1 & seems to h _h "s !ories ( 8 own1 "o ( :i* 0 impregnat+ ! wood ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,he 0 patronis$ by ,ole ,bull4 ,,hellm]4--,sev]al mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 ,prague 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury4 ,! family is suppos$ to h come f ,fss54 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! be/ kn[n is ,,k>l ,,joseph1 :o di$ 9 #ahaa1 & 0 a pupil ( ,eb]le4 ,!re seem to be a good _m spuri\s labels ab\t conta9+ ! device us$ by him1 a lion hold+ an in/rum5t ( ! lute species4 ,r$-br[n v>ni%1 c>eful f9i%1 & m$ium ar*+4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( 8 "w belong to ! ,g]man s*ool4 ,8 fa!r1 ,,johann ,,georg1 :o di$ 9 ,prague 9 #aggj1 made high-built fiddles ( ! ,kloz type4 ,,h5ocq4--,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,two mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 ,p>is4 ,,h5ry4--,p>is2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family ( mak]s ( good repute4 ,among/ !m may be m5tion$ ,,*>les1 :o di$ 9 #ahei1 & 0 a prolific workman1 :o has left _m useful in/rum5ts4 ,he obta9$ m$als4 ,a son1 ,,eug5e1 also a m$alli/1 di$ 9 #ahib4 ,,h5ry1 ,j4--,p>is4 ,di$ #ahgj4 ,an excell5t b[-mak]4 ,work$ = "s "t ) ,dom9ique ,peccatte4 ,,h]zlieb1 ,,franz4--,gratz4 ,di$ #ahfa4 ,a clev] copyi/4 ,h&some wood1 yell[-br[n v>ni%4 ,,hill4--,a well-kn[n family ( fiddle-mak]s & deal]s1 ^: connection ) /r+$ in/rum5ts dates back to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! e>li] memb]s 7 mak]s ( mu* ability4 ,among/ !m may be m5tion$ ,,joseph ,,hill ,,ii41 son ( ano!r mak] ( ! same ,*ri/ian "n2 ?is mak] di$ 9 #aghd1 & fir/ work$ ) ,banks & ,pet] ,wamsley4 ,8 copies ( ,amati viol9s1 ?\gh n scrupul\sly exact1 h frequ5tly pass$ z orig9als1 & "s are ?or\ghly good in/rum5ts4 ,8 violoncellos are also 9 high e/eem among/ play]s4 ,two o!r ,josephs 7 also mak]s1 & seem to h work$ bo? on _! own acc\nt1 & = ! trade4 ,!re 7 two ,,lockey ,,hills1 ! second ( :om1 nam$ ,,h5ry ,,lockey1 0 employ$ by ,john ,betts4 ,! writ] has met ) "s beautiful examples ( 8 in/rum5ts1 ! /yle & f9i% ( :i* 7 mo/ praisewor?y1 & ! patt]n t ( ,/radiv>i4 ,! pres5t widely kn[n firm ( ,w4 ,e4 ,,hill ,,sons 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,w>d\r ,/reet by ,,william ,,ebswor? ,,hill1 & is n[ locat$ 9 ,bond ,/reet1 ,london4 ,w4 ,e4 ,hill di$ 9 #ahie4 ,?\gh a skilful workman he made few new in/rum5ts1 & devot$ 8 att5tion *iefly to repair+ & deal+ 9 old viol9s4 ,! active memb]s ( ! pres5t firm are ,,ar?ur ,,fr$]ick1 born 9 #ahfj1 & ,,alfr$ ,,ebswor?1 born 9 #ahfb4 ,z a judge ( old fiddles & basses ! latt] holds a =emo/ place4 ,! firm has publi%$ monographs on v>i\s notable in/rum5ts1 & ! "w on ,antonio ,/radiv>i is ! mo/ exhau/ive acc\nt ( t mak] & 8 "w :i* has be5 publi%$4 ,,hjor?4--,cop5hag54 ,a family ( mak]s e/abli%$ 9 ,cop5hag5 s9ce ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! f\nd] 0 ,,&rea1 :o di$ !re 9 #ahcd1 & copi$ ! patt]n ( ,amati4 ,8 in/rum5ts are br&$ 8,a4 ,h4 ,h40 ,,emil ,,hjor?1 born #ahdj1 & 8 son ,,otto c>ry on ! bus9ess1 & h made good copies4 ,! =m] at "o "t work$ ) ,b]n>del 9 ,p>is4 ,h,,rle91 ,,k>l ,,adam4--,kitz+51 ,wrzburg4 ,di$ #aijb4 ,pupil ( ,lembck1 9 ,vi5na4 ,9 lat] ye>s import$ fiddles f ,m>kneukir*51 :i* he v>ni%$ & f9i%$ p]sonally4 ,,h(fmann4--,num]\s mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n is ,,m>t9 ,,h(fmann1 :o work$ 9 ,leipzig until ab\t #agbe4 ,a son1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian1 0 at "w !re until ab\t #agej4 ,,h(mann1 ,,anton4--,vi5na4 ,di$ #ahga4 ,c>ri$ on a l>ge bus9ess z a mak] & repair] 9 ,vi5na1 & dealt ) ,t>isio4 ,,h(mans1 ,,mat?ias4--,antw]p2 #agjj-ej4 ,good "w1 & excell5t v>ni% ( ,italian "* & appe>ance4 ,,homolka4--,!re 7 ne>ly a doz5 mak]s ( ! "n 9 ,prague & else:]e 7"o 9 ,vi5na74 ,! be/ kn[n 0 ,,f]d9& ,,augu/ ,,v9c5z1 :o di$ 9 #ahij1 & 0 a clev] copyi/ ( ,italian ma/]s1 includ+ ,pet] ,gu>n]i ( ,mantua4 ,o!rs ( ! family are3 ,,emmanuel ,,adam1 di$ #ahdi 9 ,prague2 & ,,edw>d ,,emmanuel1 born #ahfj4 ,! latt] is a good mak]1 & judge ( old in/rum5ts4 ,,hopf4--,a l>ge numb] ( mak]s ( ?is "n h op]at$ 9 ,kl+5?al1 ,m>kneukir*51 & else:]e 9 ,g]many = g5]ations4 ,"s 7 tol]able workm52 o!rs mo/ indiff]5t4 ,mo/ ( !m us$ to br& _! "w1 & ! "n ,hopf may be se5 br&$ on productions ( ! v commone/ class1 :i* are h>dly fit to be describ$ z viol9s4 ,,horn/e9]4--,! family "n ( a small army ( ,mitt5wald fiddle-mak]s :o h be5 at "w = sev]al g5]ations4 ,sev]al bore ! same ,*ri/ian "n1 & space prohibits any attempt to describe or discrim9ate betwe5 _! works4 ,mat?ias ,,ii4 & ,joseph ,,ii41 :o work$ d[n to ab\t ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 are among/ ! be/ ( ?is num]\s tribe4 ,,hoy]4--,a ,kl+5?al family ( mak]s dat+ f ! eighte5? c5tury to v rec5t times4 ,von ,ltg5drff enum]ates ne>ly =ty workm5 ( ?is "n4 ,,huel1 ,,h5ri4--,p>is2 to ab\t #aghj4 ,little kn[n2 us$ a l>ge label4 ,,hul9zky1 ,,?omas ,,&reas4--,prague4 ,di$ #aghh4 ,a pupil ( ,eb]le1 & a c>eful workman4 ,us$ a ticket be>+ a device simil> to t ( ,hellm]4 ,,hulskamp4--,a ,we/phalian :o migrat$ to ,new ,york4 ,he exhibit$ a 8freak fiddle0 ) a r\nd hole 9 ! belly in/ead ( ! usual s\nd-holes 9 ,london 9 #ahfb4 ,,hung]1 ,,*ri/oph ,,fri$ri*4--,leipzig4 ,di$ #aghg4 ,a mak] ^: in/rum5ts are highly ?\ght ( 9 ,g]many4 ,8 fa!r1 :o work$ 9 ,bor/5dorff1 0 also a viol9 mak]4 ,,hurel1 ,,jean4--,p>is4 ,c\rt mak] ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,husson4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a ,mirec\rt family ( mak]s1 "o ( :om1 ,*>les1 work$ ) ,g& & ,b]n>del & 0 not$ = 8 b[s1 "s ( :i* are /amp$ ) 8 "n4 ,,jacobs1 ,,h5drik4--,am/]dam2 late sev5te5? c5tury to ab\t #agce4 ,! mo/ important mak] ( ! ,dut* s*ool4 ,leg5d has be5 busy ) 8 "n1 & accord+ to ! /ory1 he work$ ) ,niccol ,amati1 & m>ri$ 8 daught]4 ,to make matt]s complete he %\ld h succe$$ to ! bus9ess1 b tradition /ops %ort ( ?is d5\em5t4 ,!re seems to be no?+ l direct evid5ce t he _h any ,italian tra9+4 ,he frequ5tly imitat$ ,amati ) consid]able exactness1 & employ$ wood resembl+ t us$ by ! ,cremona mak]2 he also us$ a f9e quality ( v>ni%1 usually r$-br[n 9 col\r4 ,8 viol9s v>y 9 size1 b _m ( !m are built m or less on ! l9es ( ! gr& ,amati4 ,! scrolls are g5]ally some:at mean look+1 & n>r[1 :5 view$ f ! front2 b ! writ] has se5 exceptions :]e he 0 m successful ) ?is feature4 ,s\nd-holes v>y 9 =m1 "s be+ ( ,amatese cut1 & o!rs h9t+ ( ! s*ool ( ,/a9]4 ,8 in/rum5ts are n s r>e z is frequ5tly suppos$1 ! fact be+ t _m ( !m /ill figure ei!r z ! "w ( ,amati or ( o!r ,italian mak]s4 ,"o su*1 9 ! possession ( a well-kn[n ,fr5* pr(essor1 rec5tly came "u ! writ]'s notice1 & _h be5 confid5tly decl>$ to be an e>ly example ( ,/radiv>i4 ,jacobs us$ :alebone purfl+1 :i* 9 "s cases has be5 remov$1 & wood5 purfl+ ins]t$ by o!r h&s4 ,:e!r he p]sonally ins]t$ ,amati tickets into 8 in/rum5ts1 z "s ,italians did1 is n cle>4 ,! tone ( a well-pres]v$ example is usually excell5t4 ,! "n seems to h be5 at fir/ 8,jacobsz10 ! f9al 8z0 be+ dropp$ 9 ! labels usually se54 ,! old] books speak ( a ,peet] ,jacobs1 :o1 if he ev] exi/$1 app>5tly _c n[ be trac$4 ,vidal supposes t he 0 really id5tical ) ,piet] ,romb\ts1 ano!r ,am/]dam mak] contempor>y ) ,jacobs1 & suppos$ to h work$ ) him4 ,,jacot1 ,,jean ,,*>les4--,metz4 ,di$ #ahhg4 ,made "s well-made in/rum5ts2 a son 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is4 ,,jacquot4--,n9ete5? c5tury2 ,nancy1 ,p>is4 ,a well-kn[n family ( mak]s4 ,! f\nd] 0 ,,*>les1 born at ,mirec\rt #ahjd1 di$ #ahhj1 ne> ,p>is4 ,work$ ) 8didi]0 ,nicolas1 & lat] ) ,breton4 ,0 fir/ e/abli%$ at ,nancy1 w5t to ,p>is 9 #ahed & !re produc$ 8 be/ "w4 ,an excell5t workman1 & a good judge ( old in/rum5ts4 ,he receiv$ num]\s m$als4 ,,pi]re ,,*>les1 born #ahbh1 0 8 son1 & took ov] ! bus9ess 9 ,nancy4 ,he di$ !re 9 #ahie1 & also receiv$ m$als4 ,well-f9i%$ "w1 usually ( ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,two ( 8 sons1 ,,eti5ne ,,*>les ,,alb]t1 born #ahec1 & ,,jules ,,victor1 born #ahee1 h c>ri$ on ! bus9ess4 ,,jaeg]4--,m>kneukir*54 ,mak]s ( ! "n h be5 at "w f e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury d[n to v rec5t times4 ,,jais4--,mitt5wald1 ,botz52 eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 sev]al mak]s ( ! "n4 ,"s ( _! in/rum5ts h a f9e r$ or yell[-br[n v>ni% ( ,italian "*1 & ! build & g5]al /yle ( ! "w is n unlike t ( ,albani4 ,,joannes ,,jais seems to h work$ 9 ,botz5 until aft] #aghj4 ,good "w1 label ) an ornam5tal bord]4 ,,&reas ,,jais work$ 9 ,mitt5wald & ,tlz d[n to ab\t #agej4 ,made a good _m in/rum5ts ( high build & frequ5tly ) well-c>v$ lion-heads4 ,a son nam$ ,johannes di$ 9 ,tlz 9 #agfb4 ,,anton1 app>5tly a gr&son1 0 at "w until aft] #ahcj4 ,pretty wood & good v>ni%4 ,,jau*1 ,,&reas4--,dresd52 circa #agdi-hj4 ,"w r>ely se5 9 ?is c\ntry1 b is said to be ( ,italian "*4 ,! family "n seems to h be5 8,jauck0 & to h orig9at$ 9 ,gratz--o!r mak]s ( ! "n work$ !re4 ,,jaura4--,vi5na2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family ( mak]s4 ,! pres5t mak]1 ,,wilhelm ,,?omas1 0 born 9 #ahfc1 & is kn[n z a skilful copyi/ & repair]4 ,,jay1 ,,h5ry4--,london2 latt] half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,work$ = ,longman & ,brod]ip1 = :om he made violoncellos4 ,0 also a not$ mak] ( kits4 ,,?omas ,,jay1 8 fa!r1 work$ 9 ! e>li] half ( ! c5tury4 ,little kn[n4 ,,je&el1 ,,pi]re ,,napoleon4--,r\52 #ahab-gi4 ,r$ fiddles ( good patt]n & workman%ip4 ,obta9$ sev]al m$als4 ,,johnson1 ,,john4--,london2 circa #agej4 ,/a9] patt]n1 m$iocre workman%ip4 ,examples sc>ce4 ,he _h a music %op 9 ,*eapside4 ,,jomb>1 ,,paul4--,p>is2 contempor>y4 ,well-made fiddles ( ! mod]n ,fr5* type4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to ,aud9ot4 ,,jorio1 ,,v9c5zo4--,naples2 circa #ahej4 ,ornam5tal label1 pr9t$ on yell[ pap]4 ,r l>ge patt]n4 ,"w well f9i%$ b seem+ly sc>ce4 ,,kab+51 ,,jacob4--,budape/2 circa #ahee4 ,seems to h be5 a sup]ior workman & to h migrat$ to ,russia4 ,k,,mbl1 ,,johann ,,&reas4--,muni*4 ,di$ #agha4 ,app>5tly a mak] ( repute4 ,writ] is unacqua9t$ ) 8 "w4 ,,k>n]1 ,,b>?olom,,u4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,fairly well made in/rum5ts4 ,br[n v>ni%4 ,label ) ornam5tal bord]4 ,,k>n]1 ,,johann ,,georg4--,enns2 ab\t #ahbe4 ,in/rum5ts br&$ 8,i4 ,k40 9 addition to bord]$ label4 ,m$iocre "w2 wood frequ5tly worm-eat54 ,,keff]4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,!re appe> to h be5 sev]al ,g]man mak]s ( ! "n1 work+ *iefly 9 ,gois]n4 ,in/rum5ts labell$1 also br&$ 8,j4 ,k40 ,,kempt]1 ,,&reas4--,dill+54 ,di$ #aghf4 ,high built4 ,/a9] patt]n2 sometimes ) lion heads4 ,he seems also to h made in/rum5ts ( flatt] ar*+4 ,,k5n$y4--,london2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a well-kn[n family ( ,scotti% orig94 ,,alex&]1 ! f\nd]1 di$ 9 ,london 9 #aghe4 ,neat "w4 ,/a9] patt]n4 ,a nephew1 ,,john1 work$ *iefly = ! trade & di$ 9 #ahaf4 ,! be/ kn[n mak] 0 ,,?omas1 ! son ( ,john1 born #aghd1 di$ #ahgj4 ,he also work$ = ! trade1 b made a v l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts on 8 own acc\nt1 includ+ num]\s violoncellos4 ,8 p]sonal "w1 :5 he *ose to d 8 be/1 0 ( good patt]n1 & v neatly f9i%$1 b he evid5tly made in/rum5ts ( diff]5t classes1 & ! poor] examples are ( little wor?4 ,,kessl]4--,m>kneukir*54 ,a v num]\s family ( ,g]man mak]s dat+ f ab\t #agjj to ! pres5t "t4 ,!y came f ,m>kneukir*51 b "s h settl$ 9 diff]5t ,g]man t[ns4 ,! m rec5t memb]s h manufactur$ on a consid]able scale4 ,,kittel1 ,,ni*olas4--,/4 ,pet]sburg2 to ab\t #ahgj4 ,"w sc>ce4 ,he is be/ kn[n z a b[-mak]1 & has produc$ excell5t b[s1 /amp$ ) 8 "n4 ,,klemm4--,m>kneukir*54 ,!re 7 sev]al workm5 ( ! "n 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,kleyman1 ,,cornelis 7also spelt ,kleynman74--,am/]dam2 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a little kn[n copyi/ ( ,amati4 ,,kloz4--,mitt5wald2 sev5te5? to n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a v num]\s & important family ( mak]s1 & ! real f\nd]s ( ! enorm\s bus9ess 9 viol9 mak+ :i* has be5 c>ri$ on 9 & ar\nd ,mitt5wald s9ce _! "t4 ,ab\t a score or m ( mak]s ( ! "n h be5 enum]at$1 &1 z _m ( !m bore ! same ,*ri/ian "n1 !re has be5 mu* confusion z to _! id5tity4 ,ab\t half a doz5 ( ! numb] are tol]ably well kn[n & di/+ui%$ by judges 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= ! re/1 x is d\btful if ev5 among/ _! own c\ntrym5 any "o is liv+ :o c claim any v exact k ( _! individual "w4 ,! e>li] workm5 made m or less accurate copies ( ! in/rum5ts ( ,/a9]1 & 9 "s cases !re is little d\bt t !y labell$ & sold _! "w z 81 ev5 dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,"s ( ! lat] ,klozs alt]$ ! patt]n ( _! viol9s & evid5tly bas$ _! designs ^u ,italian "w1 b none ( !m really succe$$ 9 produc+ specim5s possess+ ! true ,italian /yle1 al?\gh "s ( ^! h pass$ curr5t z ,cremonese among/ ! unle>n$ 9 su* matt]s4 ,mo/ ( !m made _! fiddles 9 two or m grades1 ! bett] ( :i*1 9 c]ta9 cases1 are well f9i%$ & possess a yell[ or r$-br[n v>ni% ( consid]able brilliancy1 & quality ak9 to t ( ,italy2 b ! bulk ( ! ,kloz fiddles & basses are cov]$ ) ! poor1 meagre-look+ /uff kn[n z 8glue v>ni%40 ,9 numb]s ( cases ! v>ni% on _! "w has become almo/ black4 ,( ! individual memb]s ( ! family1 ,,mat?ias ,i4 7#afef-agdc7 made fiddles ( ,/a9] "* & occasionally cov]$ ) v>ni% :i* gives "s col\r to ! /ory t he travell$ 9 ,italy & acquir$ exp]i5ce ( ,italian me?ods ( v>ni%+4 ,,egidius ,,kloz ,i4 work$ until #agaa1 & 8 in/rum5ts are good & fairly valuable4 ,,egidius ,,ii4 di$ 9 #ahje1 & 0 a neat workman1 b r>ely us$ dec5t v>ni%4 ,8 viol9s are fairly common 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,johann ,,c>l 0 "o ( ! be/ ( ! tribe2 model fairly flat2 good r$-br[n v>ni%1 & "s g5]al resemblance to ,italian /yle 9 ! "w4 ,he di$ 9 #agij4 ,!re 7 two mak]s nam$ ,,george1 ! second ( :om di$ 9 #agig1 & produc$ "s highly f9i%$ "w ) brilliant v>ni%1 b ( ,/a9] model4 ,( ! ?ree ,,josephs1 ! late/1 :o 0 alive 9 #agih1 seems to h adopt$ a type ( fiddle :i* has s9ce be5 ext5sively imitat$ & has an outl9e ( m ,amati appe>ance ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,,seba/ian ,i4 0 a son ( ! fir/ ,mat?ias1 & is usually reckon$ ! be/ mak] ( ! family2 he work$ until ab\t #agej1 & produc$ good-siz$ fiddles1 ! be/ ( :i* h h&some wood & flatt] ar*+ ?an ^? ( 8 fa!r2 b ,/a9] traditions 7 evid5tly deeply implant$ 9 him1 & he nev] entirely disc>d$ !m4 ,sev]al ( ! family adopt$ lion-heads ) m or less frequ5cy4 ,^? ( ! fir/ ,george are v well c>v$4 ,kloz scrolls are n arti/ic1 ?\gh !y are di/9ctive en\gh4 ,g5u9e ,kloz fiddles ( "o grade or ano!r are pl5tiful en\gh1 b ! celebrity at "o "t atta*+ to ! "n has l$ to numb]less =g]ies1 _m ( :i* figure 9 pawn%ops1 & be> little or no resemblance to ! orig9als4 ,,knill+4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 well ov] a doz5 mak]s ( ?is "n4 ,,knitl1 ,,joseph4--,mitt5wald2 to ab\t #agij4 ,/a9] model4 ,ano!r ,knitl1 nam$ ,franz1 said to be a son1 work$ 9 ,freis+1 dy+ !re 9 #agia4 ,,knopf4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a ,m>kneukir*5 family settl$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many & else:]e4 ,"o ( !m1 ,,h5ry ,,ri*>d1 work$ ) ,baus* 9 ,dresd5 & 0 rec5tly at "w 9 ,new ,york4 ,k,,gl1 ,,hanns4--,vi5na2 ab\t #afgj4 ,said to h be5 born 9 ,fss54 ,imitat$ ,brescian "w4 ,,kolditz4--,!re 7 two or ?ree mak]s ( ! "n1 "o ( :om1 ,,mat?ias ,,johann1 work$ 9 ,muni* until ab\t #agfj4 ,,kolik]1 ,,jean ,,gabriel4--,p>is2 to ab\t #ahaj4 ,*iefly kn[n z a repair]1 b is reput$ to h made c]ta9 mod]n antiques ( nondescript appe>ance4 ,,kretz*mann4--,m>kneukir*52 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a v num]\s family4 ,9 "s ( _! in/rum5ts ! mak]'s initials are br&$ 9 ! place usually occupi$ by ! label4 ,,kreuz+]4--,! "n ( a ,s*nba* family ( mak]s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,anton1 born #ahgc1 is highly spok5 ( z a good copyi/4 ,,joseph1 born #ahga1 is reckon$ a good workman1 b seems latt]ly to h manufactur$ on a l>ge scale4 ,,krigge1 ,,he9ri*4--,danzig2 circa #agej ,l>ge fiddles1 d\ble purfl$ aft] ! mann] ( ,magg9i4 ,,kr9]4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a l>ge family :i* includes "o or two high-class workm54 ,among/ !m may be m5tion$ ,,simon ,,kr9]1 :o di$ 9 #ahba1 & 0 a clev] copyi/ ( ,italian "w4 ,he travell$ ) 8 productions & occasionally came to ,engl&4 ,,kulik1 ,,johannes4--,prague4 ,di$ #ahgb4 ,neat "w & well-cut heads4 ,us$ v>i\s tickets4 ,,lafleur1 ,,jacques4--,p>is4 ,di$ #ahcb4 ,excell5t b[-mak]4 ,a son1 ,,joseph ,,r51 0 also a good workman4 ,di$ #ahgd4 ,,lagetto1 ,,l\is4--,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,0 an ,italian4 ,yell[-br[n v>ni%4 ,m$iocre /yle & appe>ance4 ,,lamb]t1 ,,jean ,,nicolas4--,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,us$ v>i\s labels1 "s ) ornam5tal bord]2 also sometimes br&$ 8 "w4 ,,lamy1 ,,alfr$ ,,joseph4--,p>is2 contempor>y4 ,well-kn[n b[-mak]4 ,imitates /yle ( ,voiriu4 ,,l&olfi1 ,,c>lo ,,f]d9&o4--,milan2 circa #agdj-hj4 ,a mak] ( "s importance4 ,8 "w is fairly pl5tiful1 & ! be/ examples are well f9i%$ & exhibit mu* h&som] mat]ial ?an t employ$ by mo/ ( ! ,milanese mak]s4 ,! v>ni% on su* examples is /rik+ly beautiful4 ,x is ( diff]5t %ades v>y+ betwe5 yell[i%-r$ & br[n-r$4 ,scrolls n h&some4 ,he is sometimes cit$ z a foll[] ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges1 b !re is little or no resemblance to ! "w ( t mak]4 ,ar*+ sometimes r full4 ,s\nd-holes well cut1 b r weak look+4 ,"w g5]ally v *>act]i/ic1 b examples are met ) 9 :i* x is c>elessly f9i%$ & ! v>ni% inf]ior4 ,he seems to h made 8 in/rum5ts 9 diff]5t grades4 ,! violoncellos us$ to realise bett] prices ?an ! viol9s4 ,!y are good in/rum5ts1 b r small 9 size4 ,a son nam$ ,,pietro ,,antonio work$ ) him & succe$$ him4 ,he seems to h liv$ until ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,a few examples ( 8 "w se5 by ! writ] 7 ( inf]ior /yle & f9i%4 ,yell[i%-r$ v>ni% ( n mu* brilliancy4 ,s\nd-holes slightly po9t$4 ,,lantn]1 ,,f]d9& ,,m>t94--,prague4 ,di$ #aijf4 ,he made a numb] ( in/rum5ts1 b !y seem to be sc>ce 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,lanza1 ,,antonio ,,m>ia4--,brescia2 to ab\t #agae4 ,g5u9e "w sc>ce4 ,magg9i /yle4 ,,lapaix1 ,j4 ,a4--,lille2 to ab\t #aheh4 ,0 an inv5tor or innovator ^: exp]im5ts did n lead to mu*1 b made "s useful fiddles ( or?odox patt]n4 ,,la ,,prevotte1 ,,eti5ne4--,m>seilles1 ,p>is4 ,di$ #ahef4 ,made "s h&some viol9s1 b 0 *iefly a guit> mak]4 ,,l>*]1 ,,pi]re4--,p>is1 ,t\rs2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,pupil ( ,gu]san4 ,,laske1 ,,joseph ,,anton4--,prague4 ,di$ #ahje4 ,said to h be5 a f9e workman4 ,little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"s ( ! labels h an ornam5tal bord]4 ,,lavazza1 ,,antonio ,,m>ia4--,milan2 e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,sc>ce4 ,a relative nam$ ,,sant9o ,,lavazza work$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,,le ,,blanc4--,p>is2 ab\t #ahjj4 ,br[n in/rum5ts1 br&$ ) ! "n4 ,,le ,,cl]c1 ,j4 ,n4--,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,,leeb4--,pressburg1 ,vi5na4 ,a family ( mak]s 9 ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! be/ kn[n is ,,&reas ,,c>l1 a good workman4 ,*iefly ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,legnani1 ,,luigi4--,naples2 circa #agfj4 ,pupil ( ,zosimo ,b]gonzi4 ,,leidolff4--,vi5na2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 sev]al memb]s ( ! family4 ,_! "w is ( ! ,/a9] s*ool4 ,,leissm,,ll]1 ,,*ri/oph] & ,,m>t94--,krnn1 ne> ,mitt5wald2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,two mak]s :o h made useful viol9s ( good tone4 ,,le ,,jeune4--,p>is2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a num]\s family ( mak]s ( no p>ticul> em95ce4 ,,lemb,,ck1 ,,gabriel4--,budape/4 ,di$ #ahib4 ,a good mak] & excell5t repair]4 ,,l5oble1 ,,augu/e4--,p>is4 ,di$ #ahie4 ,a f9e b[-mak]4 ,work$ fir/ ) ,franois ,peccatte4 ,,l5tz1 ,,johann ,,ni*olaus4--,london2 e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a ,tyrolese4 ,in/rum5ts date f ,*elsea4 ,! "w is passable1 b specim5s are n (t5 se54 ,he 0 fir/ employ$ z a butl]1 & became fri5dly ) ,j4 ,f4 ,lott4 ,,le ,,pileur1 ,,pi]re4--,p>is2 #agej4 ,l,t1 ,,simon4--,p>is2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,f4 ,pique4 ,0 *iefly an organ build]1 b made passable viol9s4 ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume 0 9 p>tn]%ip ) him until #ahbh4 ,,lewis1 ,,edw>d4--,london2 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,c>efully f9i%$ "w ) yell[ or yell[-r$ v>ni%4 ,sc>ce4 ,,liebi*4--,breslau2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sev]al ( ! "n date f ,breslau4 ,"s ( _! copies are v well made4 ,,lipp4--,a "n frequ5tly se5 9 eighte5? c5tury fiddles1 mo/ly dat+ f ,mitt5wald4 ,,lippold4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a family ( mak]s 9 ,m>kneukir*54 ,,longman ,,brod]ip4--,london4 ,well-kn[n deal]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,banks1 ,jay1 & sev]al o!r good workm5 made in/rum5ts = ! firm4 ,,lor5z4--,eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 two or ?ree ,g]man mak]s ( ! "n1 *iefly 9 ,m>kneukir*54 ,no p>ticul> m]it4 ,"n br&$ on backs4 ,,lott4--,london4 ,a celebrat$ family ( ,g]man orig91 dat+ f late eighte5? c5tury4 ,! s5ior & p]haps mo/ important memb] 0 ,,john ,,fr$]ick ,,lott1 :o di$ 9 ,london 9 #ahec4 ,he 0 fir/ associat$ ) ,f5dt 9 work+ = ,?omas ,dodd 7q4v471 & 8 d\ble basses w be> comp>ison = /yle & workman%ip ) any?+ ( ! k9d made 9 ?is c\ntry or abroad4 ,he also made f9e violoncellos1 &1 m r>ely1 viol9s1 b 0 a f9e workman 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,8 son ,,george ,,fr$]ick di$ 9 #ahfh1 & work$ *iefly = ,davis1 ! well-kn[n deal] 9 ,cov5try ,/reet1 = :om he made _m clev] copies ( ,italian in/rum5ts4 ,he 0 also celebrat$ z a judge ( old viol9s4 ,,john ,,fr$]ick ,,lott ,,ii41 :o di$ 9 #ahga1 0 ! second son ( ,j4 ,f4 ,lott1 s5ior1 & is p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( ! family among/ viol9i/s4 ,8 copies ( del ,ges's fiddles are frequ5tly rem>kably clev] imitations1 & are /ill frequ5tly mi/ak5 = orig9als1 ?\gh !y are usually a trifle l>g] ?an ! latt]4 ,he 0 almo/ equally successful 9 imitat+ ,c>lo ,b]gonzi1 b examples ( t patt]n are r sc>ce4 ,b x may be said t he c\ld1 :5 he *ose1 imitate any ( ! great ,cremonese ma/]s ) extraord9>y fidelity4 ,he 0 occasionally employ$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume1 to :om he is said to h imp>t$ in=mation 7little ne$$1 "o w\ld h suppos$7 on ! me?ods employ$ 9 mak+ facsimiles ( old ,italian "w4 ,,l\is1 ,,jean4--,g5eva1 ,basle2 ab\t #ahjj-bj4 ,,l[5dall1 ,,l\is4--,dresd51 ,b]l92 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a well-kn[n manufactur] ( /r+$ in/rum5ts & accessories4 ,,lupot4--,eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a celebrat$ ,fr5* family ( mak]s orig9at+ 9 ,mirec\rt4 ,,jean1 ! f\nd]1 di$ !re 9 #agdi1 & 0 9 no way di/+ui%$4 ,8 son ,,laur5t work$ 9 v>i\s places & di$ 9 ,orleans betwe5 #agfj-gj4 ,,francois ,,lupot ,i4 0 son ( ,laur5t1 & work$ *iefly 9 ,orleans1 b w5t to ,p>is 9 #agid & di$ !re 9 #ahjd4 ,he 0 a good workman1 va/ly sup]ior to 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 "n is usually /amp$ on ! back ( 8 in/rum5ts 9 addition to ! label4 ,br[n or yell[-br[n v>ni% ( mod]ate quality4 ,ar*+ sometimes incl9$ to be full4 ,s\nd-holes r upright & ! op5+ n v wide4 ,scroll m$iocre4 ,he is said to h work$ ) ,gu>n]i del ,ges1 b 8 viol9s be> no lik5ess :atev] to ^? ( t ma/]1 & x is difficult to und]/& h[ su* a /ory c\ld h ga9$ curr5cy4 ,8 son ,,ni*olas ,,lupot1 born ,/uttg>t1 #ageh1 di$ ,p>is1 #ahbd1 0 a mak] ( ! fir/ rank1 & is usually reckon$ ! mo/ important ( all ! mak]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,he work$ fir/ ) 8 fa!r1 & 8 e>li] examples date f ,orleans4 ,9 #agib he made = ,pique ( ,p>is a numb] ( fiddles 9 ! :ite1 :i* 7 v>ni%$ by t mak]1 & bore 8 label1 b are easily di/+ui%$ f ! works ( ! latt]4 ,! migration to ,p>is took place 9 #agid1 & 8 f9e/ ef=ts are dat$ f !re1 ! be/ p]iod beg9n+ ab\t #ahjj1 or a ye> or two lat]4 ,8 copies ( mak]s o!r ?an ,/radiv>i are comp>atively r>e1 b he 0 unque/ionably "o ( ! be/ imitators ( ! great ,cremonese :o ev] liv$4 ,! "w ?r\gh\t is scrupul\sly well f9i%$2 outl9e exactly reproduc$1 & scrolls & s\nd-holes cut ) mu* vig\r & accuracy4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( 8 in/rum5ts is a trifle massive & heavy1 & !re is no d\bt t 9 ?is respect c]ta9 o!r copyi/s1 su* z ,franois ,f5t & ,v9c5t ,panormo1 h excell$ him4 ,8 v>ni% is ( good quality1 b v>ies some:at 9 appe>ance1 texture1 & col\r4 ,d>k r$ 0 ! fav\rite %ade1 b light] %ades f yell[ onw>ds are met )1 & 9 "s examples ! r$s are r gl>+4 ,! tone ( a f9e example is excell5t1 b1 l t ( mo/ ,fr5* in/rum5ts1 seldom or nev] possesses ! true ,italian quality4 ,"s ( ! violoncellos are sup]b4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! m mod]n & typical ,fr5* s*ool ( mak]s & _h sev]al notable pupils4 ,8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,,fran,,ois ,,lupot ,,ii41 di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahcg4 ,su* viol9s z he made are q indiff]5t1 & 8 att5tion 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to b[-mak+4 ,8 be/ b[s are excell5t 9 e way1 b he 0 an unequal workman1 & a good _m are a trifle %ort 9 ! /ick4 ,,lutz4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a l>ge family ( mak]s 9 ,s*nba*4 ,"s ( !m e/abli%$ !mselves 9 o!r places 7,vi5na & ,p>is71 & 7 at "w q rec5tly4 ,,macgeorge1 ,,george4--,ed9burgh4 ,work$ ) ,mat!w ,h>die1 & lat] alone until ab\t #ahbj4 ,,mac9to%1 ,,john4--,dubl94 ,di$ ab\t #ahdj4 ,born 9 ,scotl&4 ,succe$$ to ,p]ry & ,wilk9son's bus9ess4 ,a tol]ably good workman1 b resort$ to practices = artificially matur+ ! wood ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,,magg9i1 ,,giovanni ,,paolo4--,brescia4 ,born 9 ,bottic9o ,s]a1 ne> ,brescia1 9 ,augu/1 #aehj4 ,di$ 9 or be=e #afcb4 ,x is suppos$ t he fell a victim to ! plague 9 ! latt] ye>4 ,int]e/+ & important in=mation ab\t him 0 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,b]5zi1 :o lectur$ on ! subject 9 ,brescia 9 #ahij & also wrote a pamphlet4 ,! facts ?us disclos$ 7 includ$ 9 a monograph on ,magg9i compil$ by ,lady ,hugg9s1 & publi%$ 9 #ahib1 mo/ ( ! mat]ial be+ d]iv$ f notes suppli$ by ! bro!rs ,hill4 ,! mak] 0 appr5tic$ to ,gasp> da ,sal1 & 8 e>li] "w is primitive look+ & some:at r\gh4 ,accord+ to ! ,hugg9s monograph bo? backs & bellies 7 at fir/ cut on ! slab4 ,! viol9s ( ,gasp> da ,sal1 or su* ( !m z h surviv$1 seem to be usually ( small patt]n2 ^? ( ,magg9i1 on ! o!r h&1 are usually ( l>ge size & may measure f #ad-a_/d to a fraction ov] #ad-a_/b in*es 9 l5g? ( body2 b accord+ to obs]vations made by ! writ]1 !re is reason to believe t he n[ & !n made examples ( some:at r$uc$ proportions4 ,be t z x may1 ! typical ,magg9i fiddle is consid]ably l>g] ?an an ord9>y full-siz$ in/rum5t4 ,8 practice 0 to d\ble purfle 8 "w1 b sev]al s+le purfl$ specim5s are kn[n4 ,! s\nd-holes at 8 be/ p]iod are f9ely cut & set some:at slant+ly 9 ! belly1 ! edges be+ bevell$ on ! "u side4 ,! l[] circles are some:at small] ?an ! upp] ones1 b x is by no means c]ta9 t ?is feature 0 ei!r orig9at$ by or entirely peculi> to ,magg9i1 z has be5 ass]t$4 ,! cutt+ ( ! scroll is peculi>1 ! turns be+ f a qu>t] to half a turn %ort] ?an ! ord9>y numb]4 ,9 l>ge numb]s ( cont95tal & o!r =g]ies1 & 9 ! common copies ( ,magg9i viol9s1 ! process has be5 rev]s$ & an extra turn add$ to ! volute4 ,! v>ni% is ( f9e quality1 br[n 9 e>ly "w1 & gold5 ) a t+e ( r$ 9 ! late/ specim5s4 ,! outl9e ( ! body is bold1 ) %ort corn]s1 &1 9 a typical example1 ! wai/ wid5s rapidly to ! l[] corn]4 ,! ar*+ ( ! viol9s is v gradual1 ris+ to ab\t half an in* 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 specim5s1 suppos$ to date f ,magg9i's middle p]iod1 9 :i* ! build is some:at high]1 & !re is a 8pron\nc$ rais$ bord]0 runn+ r\nd ! edges4 ,! labels are undat$1 & plac$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! in/rum5t1 in/ead ( directly "u ! s\nd-hole4 ,! tone ( 8 be/ viol9s is sup]b1 b a little defici5t 9 brilliancy 9 ! upp] regi/]4 ,g5u9e ,magg9i "w is sc>ce1 b imitations ( x ab\nd4 ,"o ( ! clev]e/ imitators 0 ,b]nh>d ,f5dt1 sev]al ( ^: d\ble-basses h pass$ z ,magg9is4 ,violas ( unque/ion$ au!nticity d n exce$ ab\t a doz5 9 numb]4 ,!y are m ar*$ ?an ! fiddles & ! s\nd-holes set some:at high4 ,ne>ly all ! exi/+ specim5s h be5 r$uc$ 9 size4 ,only two or ?ree g5u9e violoncellos appe> to be kn[n4 ,( d\ble-basses & in/rum5ts ( ! violone class x is difficult to speak ) c]ta9ty4 ,a small *amb] bass1 errone\sly assign$ to da ,sal1 0 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,b\rne a few ye>s ago1 & a f9e example ( l>ge size is1 or 0 rec5tly1 9 ,/ockholm4 ,mu* ( ! "w ( ?is class =m]ly assign$ 9 ?is c\ntry to ,magg9i is n[ recognis$ z ,engli%1 ,f5dt & "o or two o!rs be+ ! au?ors ( x4 ,( ,magg9i's two sons1 "o di$ 9 infancy1 & ! o!r1 ,pietro1 0 n a viol9 mak]4 ,! old] books m5tion a ,pietro ,santo ,magg9i1 b 8 exi/5ce z a mak] is n[adays discr$it$4 ,,maire1 ,,ni*olas4--,p>is4 ,di$ #ahgh4 ,a good b[-mak]4 ,,maldon]1 ,,johann ,,/ephan4--,fss52 eighte5? c5tury4 ,m$iocre "w1 (t5 worm-eat54 ,us$ a label ) an ornam5tal bord]4 ,,mal9e4--,p>is2 work$ to ab\t #ahej or lat]4 ,a clev] b[-mak]4 ,work$ at "o "t = ,vuillaume4 ,a viol9-mak] ( ! same "n1 :o may h be5 8 son1 also work$ 9 ,p>is4 ,,m&elli1 ,,camillo4--,late n9ete5? c5tury4 ,app>5tly dates f ,cremona1 ) :i* city he 0 intimately acqua9t$4 ,"w n kn[n to writ]4 ,,mann1 ,,john ,,alex&]4--,glasg[4 ,di$ #ahhi4 ,a good workman4 ,usually copi$ ,/radiv>i4 ,d>k yell[ v>ni%4 ,he 0 "o ( ! be/ ,scotti% mak]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 & 0 intimate ) ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume4 ,"s ( 8 tickets are 9 ,fr5* word+4 ,,mansuy1 or ,,mansue4--,p>is2 circa #ahdj4 ,in/rum5ts seem+ly sc>ce4 ,,mantegazza--,milan2 eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 ?ree or f\r memb]s ( ! family4 ,,pietro ,,giovanni seems to h work$ 9 p>tn]%ip ) two bro!rs4 ,!y 7 well-kn[n deal]s & repair]s4 ,good "w1 v>ni% (t5 v d>k 9 col\r4 ,_! violas are highly spok5 (4 ,! =m ( _! in/rum5ts resembles t ( ,amati4 ,,m>*etti1 ,,enrico4--,tur92 late n9ete5? c5tury4 ,obta9$ a m$al = 8 "w at ,antw]p 9 #ahhe4 ,,m>*i1 ,,gian ,,antonio4--,bologna2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,gold5 yell[ or r$-br[n v>ni% ( good quality4 ,wood h&some4 ,scrolls v well cut4 ,appe>s to h made "s f9e violoncellos4 ,,m>conc9i1 ,,aloysius4--,bologna1 ,f]r>a2 circa #agfj-ij4 ,said to h be5 a pupil ( ,omobono ,/radiv>i4 ,a son nam$ ,,giuseppe di$ 9 #ahda4 ,he work$ 9 ,cremona z a pupil ( ,/orioni4 ,,m>5go-,,r9aldi1 ,,romano4--,tur94 ,born #ahff4 ,succe$$ ! well-kn[n deal]1 ,gi(fr$o ,r9aldi4 ,"w is aft] ! /yle ( ,press5da1 ^: recipe = v>ni% he is said to possess4 ,he has obta9$ m$als at ,tur9 & ,p>is4 ,,m>iani1 ,,antonio4--,pes>o2 circa #afce-ie4 ,?is mak] has %>$ ! fate ( ,cappa1 8 work+ p]iod hav+ be5 ant$at$ by ab\t a c5tury 9 ! old] books on ! viol94 ,he 0 at "w until v ne> ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,all sorts ( d\ble purfl$ in/rum5ts1 "s ( !m 9 no way l 81 h be5 attribut$ to him4 ,he is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,magg9i1 :i* is c]ta9ly v d\btful4 ,! resemblance to ! "w ( t mak] is v trifl+4 ,! fiddles are g5]ally r l>ge1 & 9 mo/ cases d\ble purfl$2 b 9 o!r respects !y diff] mat]ially f ^? ( ,magg9i4 ,! patt]n is primitive & inelegant2 ! corn]s long2 ! s\nd-holes usually set v upright2 9 "s ! w+s are abs5t1 & ! s\nd-hole is ( ! type kn[n z 8,brescian40 ,! wai/ is long & /iff look+1 & q unlike t ( ,magg9i4 ,! scroll a r\gh piece ( c>v+4 ,v>ni% ( good quality1 & usually br[n or yell[-br[n4 ,wood g5]ally ( v pla9 appe>ance4 ,a f9e viol9 ) an excell5t tone1 hav+ a s+le l9e ( purfl+1 is 9 ! possession ( ! well-kn[n arti/1 ,philip ,ca?ie4 ,ano!r ,m>iani1 nam$ ,,fabio1 is said by ,valdrighi to h work$ 9 ,pes>o 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 0 probably a son4 ,,m>9o1 ,,b]n>d9o4--,rome2 eighte5? c5tury & e>ly n9ete5?4 ,r\ghi% "w ( ,tec*l] /yle4 ,v>ni% r$-br[n4 ,,m>quis ,,de ,l',,air4 ,see ,,claudot4 ,,m>%all1 ,,john4--,london2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,wamsley s*ool ( "w4 ,/a9] patt]n4 ,labels usually 9 ,lat94 ,9 "s ( 8 tickets !re is a mild attempt at hum\r1 8,good beef a p5ny a p\nd1 b trades all v bad40 ,,m>t94--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a pretty num]\s family work+ *iefly 9 ,m>kneukir*51 sev]al ( :om bore ! ,*ri/ian names 8,john ,adam40 ,,m>t94--,p>is2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 sev]al ( ! "n4 ,!y 7 pr9cipally deal]s & repair]s4 ,,ma/4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a ,mirec\rt family4 ,,jean ,,laur5t work$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,in/rum5ts br&$4 ,,joseph ,,laur5t1 a neat workman1 settl$ 9 ,t\l\se4 ,r high model4 ,pretty wood4 ,yell[ or r$ v>ni%4 ,he 0 a skilful repair]4 ,,maucotel4--,mirec\rt1 ,p>is1 ,london2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a well-kn[n family ( good workm54 ,,*>les1 born ,mirec\rt1 #ahjg1 work$ 9 ,p>is "u ,g&4 ,came to ,london 9 #ahdd1 & aft] work+ = ,davis e/abli%$ himself 9 ,rup]t ,/reet4 ,retir$ to ,france 9 #ahfj4 ,*iefly copi$ ,/radiv>i4 ,r$ v>ni%4 ,,*>les ,,adolphe1 8 bro!r1 work$ 9 ,p>is = ,vuillaume until #ahdd1 & !n set up = himself4 ,made a consid]able numb] ( copies ( excell5t workman%ip & tone4 ,obta9$ v>i\s m$als1 & di$ 9 #aheh4 ,,ern/ ,,maucotel1 born 9 ,mirec\rt 9 #ahfg2 assi/$ ,hippolyte ,*rti5-,silve/re1 ) :om he became p>tn] 9 #aijj4 ,,maurizi1 ,,francesco4--,appignano2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,us$ sometimes a l>ge oval ticket ) ornam5tal bord]4 ,v>ni% br[n4 ,,maussiell1 ,,leonh>d4--,nuremb]g4 ,born #afhe1 di$ aft] #agfj4 ,a c>eful mak]4 ,usually copi$ ,/a9]4 ,"s ( ! fiddles h lion-heads4 ,v>ni% yell[1 or yell[-br[n4 ,,mayr4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,?ree or f\r ( ! "n work$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many 7,salzburg1 ,muni*1 ,s*nba*74 ,! be/ kn[n is ,,&reas ,,f]d9&1 a c>eful workman1 :o copi$ ,/a9]1 & work$ 9 ,salzburg until ab\t #agej4 ,,mayson1 ,,walt] ,h4--,man*e/]4 ,born #ahce1 di$ #ai--4 ,has made a great numb] ( viol9s & o!r in/rum5ts ( excell5t f9i%1 "s ( :i* are elaborately c>v$4 ,he wrote a book on viol9 mak+1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! 8,/rad ,libr>y40 ,m,,d>d4--,a num]\s family ( mak]s e/abli%$ 9 ,nancy & ,p>is 9 ! sev5te5? & e>ly eighte5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 upw>ds ( a doz5 ( !m4 ,! be/ kn[n is ,franois1 son ( ,claude ,md>d4 ,born at ,nancy1 he work$ *iefly 9 ,p>is1 :]e he fl\ri%$ until ab\t #agae1 or lat]4 ,! "w is v pretty1 & ! wood frequ5tly h&some4 ,light r$ v>ni% ( v cle> texture4 ,ar*+ r flat4 ,,me]1 ,,k>el ,,van ,,d]4--,am/]dam2 contempor>y4 ,a clev] workman4 ,mak] to ! ,cons]vatoire 9 ,am/]dam4 ,,meib]i1 ,,francesco4--,leghorn2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! few mak]s dat+ f ,leghorn4 ,"w little kn[n4 ,,me9el4--,upw>ds ( a score ( mak]s ( ! "n date f ,kl+5?al & ,m>kneukir*51 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! "w ( "s ( !m is v passable4 ,in/rum5ts frequ5tly br&$ ) mak]'s initials4 ,,meisel4--,ano!r v l>ge tribe ( ,g]man mak]s1 dat+1 *iefly f ,kl+5?al1 d[n to v rec5t times4 ,,meisn]1 ,,johann ,,fri$ri*4--,lbeck4 ,di$ #aggj4 ,a pr(essional musician :o made viol9s1 specim5s ( :i* are occasionally se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,d>k br[n v>ni%4 ,,meleg>i1 ,,enrico ,,clodovio4--,tur92 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,meloni1 ,,antonio4--,milan2 late sev5te5? c5tury4 ,pretty "w4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,,m5n,,g&1 ,,*>les4--,di$ #ahhe4 ,work$ 9 v>i\s places1 includ+ ,am/]dam1 b *iefly 9 ,p>is4 ,a v clev] workman & repair]4 ,has left num]\s in/rum5ts1 a numb] ( :i* are violoncellos4 ,usually work$ on ,/radiv>i l9es4 ,,m5neson1 ,,jean ,,emile 7pseudonym 8,gu>9i074--,rheims4 ,born #ahdb4 ,a clev] workman1 :o has obta9$ sev]al m$als4 ,has produc$ a great numb] ( in/rum5ts ) ! assi/ance ( workm51 & _h =m]ly a factory at ,mirec\rt4 ,_m ( 8 viol9s are copies ( ! 8,messie0 ,/radiv>i4 ,8 sons succe$$ to 8 bus9ess4 ,,m]ci]1 ,a4--,p>is2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,mirec\rt class ( "w4 ,"n /amp$ inside in/rum5ts4 ,v>ni% yell[i% r$4 ,m,,riotte1 ,,*>les4--,lyons2 middle eighte5? c5tury4 ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,messori1 ,,pietro4--,mod5a2 contempor>y4 ,manufactures v>i\s k9ds ( in/rum5ts1 & has receiv$ sev]al m$als4 ,viol9s are said to be well made & amb] v>ni%1 b "w is n kn[n to ! writ]4 ,,me?fessel1 ,,gu/av4--,b]ne4 ,born #ahci4 ,work$ fir/ 9 ,vi5na4 ,,mey]1 ,,magnus ,,&reas4--,hamburg2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,"w said to resemble t ( ,tielke4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,sometimes inlaid4 ,writt5 labels4 ,,mezzadri1 ,,aless&ro4--,f]r>a2 circa #agbj & lat]4 ,amati /yle4 ,fairly good "w4 ,ano!r ,mezzadri nam$ ,,francesco work$ 9 ,milan to ab\t #agej4 ,writ] has se5 two or ?ree viol9s ( fairly neat workman%ip & ,amati outl9e4 ,r$di% v>ni%4 ,,mi*elis4--,see ,,zanetto4 ,,migge1 ,,otto ,,kobl5z4--,london4 ,born #aheg4 ,has writt5 a book claim+ to h discov]$ ! secrets ( ! ,italian ma/]s4 ,viol9s by him se5 by ! writ] c]ta9ly did n ju/ify ! claim4 ,,miremont1 ,,claude ,,augu/94--,new ,york1 ,p>is4 ,born #ahbg1 ,mirec\rt1 di$ #ahhg4 ,has left _m useful in/rum5ts1 *iefly ( ,/radiv>i patt]n1 :i* are ris+ 9 value4 ,sides sometimes appe> r deep4 ,he made "s excell5t violoncellos4 ,m,,ckel4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a ,b]l9 family e/abli%$ 9 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 & else:]e4 ,"o ( !m1 ,,otto1 us$ a label ) 8 portrait ^u x4 ,,mo9el1 ,,*>les4--,p>is4 ,born #ahff4 ,succe$$ ,*]pitel4 ,,moitessi]1 ,,l\is4--,mirec\rt4 ,work$ to ab\t #ahbe & made _m in/rum5ts4 ,examples se5 by writ] 7 ( m$iocre workman%ip4 ,m,,nnig4--,m>kneukir*54 ,a family ( n9ete5? c5tury mak]s4 ,ab\t half a doz5 ( !m are m5tion$4 ,,montade1 ,,gregorio4--,cremona2 to ab\t #agcj4 ,! "w is aft] ! patt]n ( ,/radiv>i1 b is little kn[n among/ connoisseurs4 ,,montagnana1 ,,dom5ico4--,v5ice2 to ab\t #agde or lat]4 ,a mak] ( v high rank1 ab\t :om v little is c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,he 0 probably born 9 ,v5ice1 & ! /ories t he work$ "u ei!r ,/radiv>i or ,amati may be dismiss$ z be+ unsupport$ by any evid5ce wor?y ( ! "n4 ,! e>lie/ date se5 by ! writ] 9 an au!ntic ticket is #agae1 & appe>s 9 a f9e viol9 ( r small size1 photographs ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,/rad magaz9e 9 ,june1 #aiab4 ,:oev] 0 8 in/ructor1 he seems to h ass]t$ 8 individuality f ! outset4 ,9 a few ( ! viol9s !re is m ?an a suspicion ( a lean+ t[>ds ! ,g]man =m ( outl9e2 & 9 ! treatm5t ( ! s\nd-holes ! same ?+ may be obs]v$4 ,?is is n surpris+ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! majority ( ! old ,v5etian mak]s exhibit traces1 m or less m>k$1 ( ! influ5ce ( ,/a9]4 ,9 8 f9e/ examples no trace ( any?+ ( ! k9d is disc]nible4 ,he 0 an admirable workman ) great k ( wood1 & a f9e eye = =m4 ,mu* ( 8 mat]ial is v h&some1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! violoncellos1 9 ! mak+ ( :i* in/rum5ts he 0 second to no mak]1 except ,/radiv>i4 ,a few d\ble-basses are kn[n4 ,violas are v r>ely se51 b ! few recognis$ z g5u9e are admirable in/rum5ts & possess a v f9e tone4 ,8 v>ni% has long excit$ ! admiration ( connoisseurs4 ,x is v lu/r\s1 & ( v>y+ %ades ( r$1 ! texture be+ mu* cle>] ?an t usually se5 on "w ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,! viol9s are ( two sizes1 ! l>g] & m valuable be+ a small fraction "u #ad in*es long1 & ! g5]al dim5sions correspond+ pretty ne>ly ) ! l>g] examples ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges4 ,9 ! f9] examples ! s\nd-holes are n unlike "s ( ^? ( ,c>lo ,b]gonzi4 ,! ar*+ is ( m$ium height z a rule1 b n[ & !n a little full]4 ,8 fiddles are c]ta9ly v r>e1 b _! numb] is n s ph5om5ally limit$ z has be5 ass]t$ by "s writ]s4 ,tricks h be5 freely play$ ) 8 labels 9 ! pa/4 ,^! 9 "s examples date f ! sign 8,cremona02 b !re are g5u9e tickets :i* conta9 no ref]5ce to x4 ,! heads are always spl5did pieces ( c>v+ & ( bold cont\r4 ,"o ( ! h&some/ ( 8 violoncellos has long be5 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,george ,gudgeon4 ,a woodcut ( x appe>s 9 ,h>t's book on ! viol94 ,,morlet1 ,,ni*olas4--,france1 probably ,mirec\rt2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,l>ge viol9s aft] ! /]eotyp$ patt]n ( 8didi]0 ,nicolas4 ,,morrison1 ,,john4--,london2 n9ete5? c5tury1 fir/ half4 ,work$ 9 ,soho1 *iefly = ! trade4 ,in/rum5ts little kn[n4 ,,m\g5ot4--,r\52 circa #agfj4 ,,m\g5ot1 ,,georges4--,brussels4 ,born #ahdc4 ,a well-kn[n deal] & mak]4 ,he work$ ) ,n4 ,f4 ,vuillaume1 ^: bus9ess 9 ,brussels he acquir$4 ,8 copies ( ,/radiv>i & ,gu>n]i are v well made4 ,"w usually sign$ 9 addition to pr9t$ label4 ,,m\g5ot-,,gau*4--,contempor>y4 ,a manufactur] ( viol9s on a consid]able scale4 ,8 be/ grade fiddles are useful in/rum5ts & mo/ly aft] ! patt]n ( ! 8,messie0 ,/radiv>i4 ,,muc*i1 ,,antonio4--,mod5a4 ,di$ #ahhc4 ,8 viol9s & violoncellos are fair examples ( mod]n ,italian "w4 ,v>ni% g5]ally yell[ or yell[-br[n4 ,m,,ll]4--,sev]al ,g]man mak]s ( ?is "n are kn[n4 ,"s work$ 9 ,m>kneukir*5 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,o!rs 9 ,s*nba*4 ,,nadotti1 ,,joseph4--,piac5za2 eighte5? c5tury1 latt] half4 ,,nancy1 ,,jean ,,?,,odore4--,p>is2 to ab\t #ahjj4 ,*iefly kn[n z a clev] repair]4 ,,nemess,,nyi1 ,,samuel ,,felix4--,budape/2 circa #ahej-ge4 ,"w little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 b he 0 an exceptionally clev] copyi/ ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges & us$ good v>ni%4 ,,neum,,rk]4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sev]al mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 ,s*neck4 ,,neun]4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a v num]\s family ( mak]s1 sev]al ( :om bore ! ,*ri/ian "n ,,mat?ias4 ,! second ( t "n di$ ab\t #ahcj1 & 9 #ahab f\nd$ ! well-kn[n firm ( ,,neun] ,,& ,,horn/a9]1 "o ( ! l>ge/ manufactur+ h\ses 9 ,g]many4 ,,ludwig ,,neun]1 born #ahdj1 & a memb] ( ! firm1 work$ = a "t ) ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume 9 ,p>is4 ,a clev] workman1 he1 9 #ahgi1 ga9$ a m$al 9 ,b]l94 ,,neveu1 ,,*>les4--,p>is4 ,born #ahfc4 ,a skilful copyi/4 ,*iefly ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,newton1 ,,isaac4--,london4 ,di$ #ahbe4 ,work$ = ,betts4 ,,nicolas4--,p>is4 ,see ,,f\rri]4 ,,nicolas4--,mirec\rt2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a well-kn[n family1 ! pr9cipal memb] ( :i* is kn[n ! _w ov] z 8didi]0 ,nicolas4 ,he 0 born 9 #ageg & di$ 9 #ahcc4 ,8 e>ly p]sonal "w is good & well f9i%$4 ,! viol9s are built some:at ^u ,/radiv>i l9es1 b _c be describ$ z copies ( t mak]4 ,!y are g5]ally ( r l>ge patt]n & b slightly ar*$4 ,tone p[]ful1 & ! v>ni%es1 a r$di%-yell[ or yell[-br[n1 ( good quality4 ,"s ( ! violoncellos are exceptionally good4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! e>li] examples possess consid]able m]it1 b 9 lat] ye>s ,nicolas employ$ a v l>ge /aff ( workm51 & deg5]at$ into a manufactur] ( co>se-s\nd+1 common-place in/rum5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh useful en\gh 9 ! or*e/ra1 are q unsuitable = o!r purposes4 ,! type ( in/rum5t ultimately turn$ out has be5 ext5sively copi$ 9 ,france & else:]e4 ,! feature :i* at once /rikes ! eye is ! s\nd-hole1 ! w+s ( :i* are cut (f almo/ horizontally4 ,8 fiddles are br&$ ) a triangul> /amp 8a la ,ville de ,cremonne40 ,sev]al o!r ,mirec\rt mak]s adopt$ ! 8,ville de ,cremonne0 z a sign4 ,a son1 ,,joseph1 di$ 9 #ahfd1 & aft] ! latt]'s dea? ! bus9ess 0 sold to ,d]azey 7q4v474 ,,niggell1 ,,symp]t4--,fss52 circa #agcj-ge4 ,a mak] ( "s repute1 b n v well-kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a few fiddles se5 by ! writ] 7 well-f9i%$ in/rum5ts2 patt]n a little l t ( ,albani1 & ) d>k br[n v>ni%4 ,he br&$ 8 "w inside ) 8 initials4 ,,nisbet1 ,,william4--,pre/onkirk4 ,born #ahbh4 ,p5cill$ 8 "n inside ! backs ( 8 viol9s4 ,obta9$ a m$al 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahhf4 ,,norman1 ,,b>ak4--,london2 circa #afhj-agdj4 ,said to h be5 ! fir/ mak] ( violoncellos 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,8 "w is g5]ally d\ble purfl$1 & he imitat$ "s ( ! ,magg9i features1 includ+ ! peculi>ity obs]v$ 9 t mak]'s s\nd-holes1 ! l[] circles ( :i* are small] ?an ! upp] ones4 ,! violoncellos are l>ge1 & well made1 ! v>ni% g5]ally a d>k r$-br[n1 b light] %ades occur4 ,he & ,na?aniel ,cross1 ) :om he 0 = a "t p>tn]1 seem to h made a numb] ( ornam5tally purfl$ viols-da-gamba4 ,! writ] has se5 "s ( ^!1 conv]t$ & /rung z violoncellos4 ,viol9s by ,b>ak ,norman exi/1 al?\gh ?is has be5 d5i$ by "s writ]s4 ,8 monogram 9 purfl+ appe>s "u ! f+]-bo>ds1 & sometimes on ! backs4 ,"s l>ge t5ors ( high build are 9 exi/5ce4 ,,norris1 ,,john4--,london4 ,di$ #ahah4 ,f\nd$ ! well-kn[n bus9ess ( ,norris & ,b>nes1 = _m ye>s c>ri$ on 9 ,cov5try ,/reet4 ,he le>n$ fiddle-mak+ ) ,?omas ,smi?1 b v little seems to be kn[n ( him z a workman4 ,,novello4--,v5ice2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,?ree mak]s ( ! "n are m5tion$4 ,! only examples ( viol9s se5 by ! writ] 7 by ,,pietro ,,val5t9o1 :o 0 at "w 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 & describes himself 9 8 tickets z a pupil ( ,bellosio4 ,n,,rnb]g]4--,m>kneukir*52 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a l>ge family ( workm51 two or ?ree ( :om h turn$ _! att5tion to b[-mak+4 ,"s ( _! "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t is excell5t1 & w be> comp>ison = /yle & f9i% ) t ( ! be/ liv+ ,fr5* b[-mak]s4 ,,obb1 ,,m>co4--,naples2 e>li] "p ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,little kn[n4 ,8 full "n does n seem to be kn[n1 b ! f9al ,o 9 8 label has ! abbreviation m>k 7z above7 ov] x4 ,flatti% fiddles4 ,yell[1 or yell[-br[n v>ni%4 ,,obici1 ,,b>tolomeo4--,v]ona2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,l>ge viol9s4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,brescian /yle ( "w4 ,,oddone1 ,,c>lo ,,giuseppe4--,tur94 ,born #ahff4 ,a clev] mak]1 :o 0 = a "t 9 ,engl&1 b has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,tur9 s9ce #aija4 ,,odo>di1 ,,giuseppe4--,ascoli4 ,born #agdf2 date ( dea? n asc]ta9$4 ,"o ,italian writ] says he di$ at ! age ( #bh1 b ?is seems to be incorrect4 ,he seems to h exp]im5t$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( wood4 ,writ] has n met ) examples ( 8 "w4 ,,hb]g1 ,,johannes4--,/ockholm2 circa #agfj-ij4 ,,olry1 ,j4--,ami5s2 to ab\t #ahej4 ,/radiv>i patt]n2 good "w4 ,d>k-r$ v>ni%4 ,he work$ ) ,georges ,*anot ,i4 ,,omond1 ,,james4--,/romness4 ,born #ahcc4 ,a ,scotti% mak] ( m ?an av]age ability4 ,has made a l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts4 ,,ortega1 ,,as5sio4--,madrid4 ,di$ ab\t #ahce4 ,a mak] & repair]1 :o has e>n$ un5viable notoriety by t9k]+ ) ! fam\s violoncello made by ,/radiv>i = ! ,spani% ,c\rt4 ,,o/l]1 ,,&reas4--,breslau2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,pretty "w & h&some wood4 ,yell[ or yell[-br[n v>ni%4 ,/a9] patt]n4 ,,otto4--,mak]s ( ?is "n work$ all ov] ,g]many & else:]e4 ,ab\t tw5ty ( !m are m5tion$ by von ,ltg5dorff1 :o devotes sev]al pages to !m4 ,! only memb] ( ! family ( mu* int]e/ to ,engli% read]s is ,,jakob ,,augu/1 :o di$ 9 #ahbi1 & 0 ! au?or ( ! wellkn[n book on ! viol94 ,,ouvr>d1 ,,jean4--,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,pupil ( ,pi]ray1 :om he imitat$ to "s ext5t4 ,"w seldom se54 ,,pa*]ele1 ,,mi*el4--,p>is2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,sc>ce4 ,/amp$ 8 "n on ! backs ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,,pa*]ele1 ,,pi]re4--,p>is1 ,nice1 ,g5oa1 ,tur94 ,di$ 9 ,nice #ahga4 ,a f9e workman1 b a 8rov+ blade40 ,he did mu* "w z a repair]4 ,work$ ) ,press5da = sev]al ye>s1 & made in/rum5ts :i* closely resemble & are equal to ^? ( t mak]4 ,8 ord9>y in/rum5ts are ( ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,pacquet4--,m>seilles2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,common-place in/rum5ts4 ,frequ5tly worm-eat54 ,,padewet4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,f\r or m mak]s ( ! "n are kn[n4 ,! family seems to h sprung f ,vi5na4 ,?ree ( !m work$ 9 ,k>lsruhe4 ,,johann ,i4 di$ #ahgb4 ,a skilful mak] :o obta9$ sev]al m$als4 ,,johann ,,ii41 :o di$ 9 #aijb1 copi$ ,/radiv>i1 & seems to h made a l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts4 ,he receiv$ v>i\s m$als1 & 0 a well-kn[n repair]4 ,,pageot4--,mirec\rt4 ,di$ #ahdi4 ,"n also spelt ,pajeot4 ,b[-mak]4 ,p]sonally a skilful workman1 b employ$ workm5 :o turn$ out b[s :olesale1 ! prices beg9n+ at sixp5ce ea*4 ,,pajot4--,j5zat2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family ( mak]s1 probably orig9at+ 9 ,mirec\rt4 ,*iefly mak]s ( hurdy-gurdies4 ,,pallota1 ,,pietro4--,p]ugia4 ,di$ ab\t #ahbj4 ,little kn[n4 ,,pamphilon1 ,,edw>d4--,london2 ab\t #afha4 ,he us$ a beautiful v>ni% ( yell[ col\r1 sometimes ) a t+e ( r$4 ,! fiddles are squ>i%1 & /iff look+ 9 outl9e4 ,scrolls small4 ,! bottom ( ! %ell is f9i%$ 9 a peculi> way4 ,"s ( ! s\nd-holes are m curi\s ?an beautiful1 ! l[] turns hav+ a v wide sweep4 ,d\ble-purfl+ 0 g5]ally1 b n always1 employ$4 ,writ] has se5 a few specim5s conta9+ ,magg9i labels4 ,8 own tickets are v sc>ce1 & conta9 ! day ( ! mon? :5 in/rum5t 0 f9i%$1 9 addition to ! ye>4 ,,p&olfi1 ,,antonio4--,v5ice2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,! "w & tone are highly spok5 (1 b ! writ] has n se5 examples4 ,,panormo4--,london1 ,p>is2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! la/ survivor ( ?is celebrat$ family di$ 9 ,brighton 9 #ahia4 ,! mo/ important memb] ( x 0 ,,v9c5zo ,,trusiano ,,panormo1 or z appe>s 9 _m ( 8 labels1 8,v9c5t10 f ^: son1 ,francis1 7 obta9$ ! dates ( 8 bir? & dea?4 ,he 0 born at ,monreale1 ne> ,pal]mo1 accord+ to ! /ory1 9 #agcd1 & di$ 9 ,london 9 #ahac4 ,ow+ to ! wide range ( dates se5 9 labels 7g5u9e or o!rwise7 x has be5 surmis$ t !re 7 two ,v9c5ts1 & "o en?usia/ claims to h discov]$ ?ree4 ,v>i\s traditions are curr5t z to 8 e>ly life & tra9+4 ,accord+ to "o ( !m he work$ ) ,c>lo ,b]gonzi 9 ,cremona4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 seems to be def9itely kn[n except t 9 c]ta9 ye>s he work$ 9 ,p>is1 t mo/ ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 ,london1 & t he 0 also = a "t 9 ,irel&4 ,a l>ge numb] ( 8 works survive1 ! be/ ( !m be+ magnific5t copies ( ! diff]5t types ( ,/radiv>i4 ,z copies ^! specim5s h nev] be5 surpass$1 & b r>ely equall$ by any o!r mak]2 _! tone is ( ,italian "*1 & f> sup]ior to t ( ! ,fr5* copies1 & !y are cov]$ ) beautiful v>ni%1 mo/ly ( v>y+ %ades ( yell[1 b m r>ely r$4 ,panormo 0 a consummate workman1 & giv5 ! mat]ial & ! opportunity he 0 capable ( build+1 z few o!rs c\ld1 any in/rum5t ( ! fiddle tribe1 f a sup]b d\ble-bass to a viol94 ,8 violoncellos are v f9e4 ,un=tunately he did mu* "w = ! trade1 :i* does him little cr$it1 al?\gh f> bett] ?an "o is accu/om$ to see 9 "w ( its class4 ,8 be/ fiddles are h&som] & less heavy look+ ?an ^? ( ,lupot4 ,8 son ,,joseph is be/ kn[n z a violoncello mak]4 ,8 viol9s look r heavy 9 /yle z a rule1 b !re are exceptions4 ,,george ,,l\is1 usually kn[n z ,l\is1 di$ 9 ,london 9 or be=e #ahde4 ,he is said to h be5 ! second son4 ,! octagon b[s be>+ 8 /amp are frequ5tly v f9e4 ,he specialis$ z a guit> mak]1 b turn$ out a good _m viol9s4 ,^! v>y 9 m]it1 b "s are decid$ly h&some4 ,he 0 a good scroll-cutt]4 ,,paquotte4--,p>is2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a ,mirec\rt family4 ,! bus9ess 9 ,p>is 0 f\nd$ by ,,seba/i51 :o di$ 9 #ahfc4 ,!re 7 ?ree or f\r mak]s1 all good workm54 ,,p>is1 ,,claude4--,p>is2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,,p>k]1 ,,daniel4--,london2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,an excell5t mak]1 ^: "w has 9 rec5t ye>s ris5 rapidly 9 value4 ,he seems to h work$ f q e>ly 9 ! c5tury until aft] #aggj4 ,he %>es ) ,john ,h>e ! m]it ( hav+ turn$ att5tion to ! patt]n ( ,/radiv>i1 & x is mu* to be regrett$ t o!r ,briti% mak]s ( ! p]iod did n d ! l4 ,"s ( 8 fiddles are ^u l9es m or less l ^? ( ,amati1 b 8 reputation *iefly re/s on ^? :i* are evid5tly 9 imitation ( ! 8long ,patt]n0 ( ,/radiv>i4 ,!y are n exact copies1 b 9 design & dim5sions are v simil> to ,/radiv>i fiddles ( t type4 ,v>ni% r$1 ( good quality1 wood frequ5tly h&some1 & tone l>ge & brilliant4 ,a good example 0 n long ago 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,kreisl]4 ,x is said t ,p>k] work$ mu* = ! trade4 ,writ] has se5 "o or two labels 9 manuscript4 ,,pa/a4--,brescia2 late sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,a ,milanese family1 two or ?ree ( :om work$ 9 ,brescia1 & ! f\nd]1 ,,b>tolomeo1 9 ,milan4 ,9 8 labels he calls himself pupil ( ,niccol ,amati4 ,,gaetano ,,pa/a1 :o 0 9 ,brescia until ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 calls himself a pupil 8dell ,amati10 & is suppos$ to h work$ ) ,hi]onymus ,amati ,,ii4 ,in/rum5ts are said to h a f9e tone1 & to be r flat1 ) outl9e resembl+ ,g4 ,b4 ,rog]i4 ,,pa?an1 ,,v9c5z4--,vi5na4 ,di$ #ahid4 ,work$ "s "t ) ,za*4 ,made good copies ( v>i\s ,italian mak]s1 p>ticul>ly ,magg9i4 ,,patzelt4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,mak]s ( ! "n date f ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 & ,b]l94 ,,pauli4--,ta*au2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,?ree or m mak]s ( ?is "n4 ,,paulus4--,m>kneukir*52 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a num]\s family1 memb]s ( :i* h work$ 9 ! pr9cipal ,g]man cities 7,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,leipzig7 & else:]e4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( !m1 ,,augu/1 is1 or 01 a memb] ( ! ,dresd5 firm1 8,ri*>d ,wei*old40 ,ano!r1 ,,alb9 ,,ludwig1 ( ,m>kneukir*51 has made a l>ge numb] ( copies ( ! 8trade class10 ! bett] qualities are well-made useful in/rum5ts4 ,,pazz9i1 ,,giovan ,,gaetano4--,flor5ce2 #afcj-gj4 ,calls himself a pupil ( ,magg9i4 ,high built4 ,d>k v>ni%4 ,"w sc>ce4 ,,peccatte4--,mirec\rt1 ,p>is4 ,a celebrat$ n9ete5? c5tury family ( b[-mak]s4 ,,dom9ique1 ! be/ kn[n1 0 born 9 #ahaj1 & di$ 9 #ahgd4 ,"s ( 8 f9e/ b[s are un/amp$4 ,he work$ = sev]al ye>s = ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume4 ,,fran,,ois1 8 y\ng] bro!r1 born #ahbj1 di$ ,p>is #ahee1 01 :5 he *ose1 almo/1 if n q1 z good a workman z ,dom9ique4 ,he also work$ ) ,vuillaume = ?ree ye>s1 hav+ previ\sly work$ on 8 own acc\nt 9 ,mirec\rt = t5 ye>s4 ,latt]ly he aga9 work$ = himself1 b 9 ,p>is4 ,mu* confusion has exi/$ 9 di/+ui%+ ! b[s ( ! two bro!rs4 ,franois b[s are frequ5tly /amp$ 8,peccatte0 9 a simil> way to ^? ( ,dom9ique1 & attempts h be5 made to di/+ui% _! respective /amps--a v unc]ta9 te/4 ,! be/ means ( id5tification is 9 ! heads3 ! b[s ( ,dom9ique h a %>p] appe>ance t[>ds ! peak ?an ^? ( 8,peccatte jeune40 ,,*>les ,,peccatte1 son ( ,franois1 0 at "w 9 ,p>is 9 q rec5t ye>s1 & is a mak] ( v fair ability4 ,,p$r9elli1 ,,antonio4--,crespano4 ,di$ #ahed4 ,began life z an und]tak]4 ,/udi$ ac\/ics1 & became a copyi/ ( m ?an av]age capacity4 ,orange-r$ v>ni%4 ,,pellizon1 ,g,,rz4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a family :o h be5 at "w until v rec5t ye>s4 ,in/rum5ts n frequ5tly se5 9 ,engl&4 ,! be/ kn[n is ,,antonio1 ! f\nd]1 :o di$ 9 #ahej4 ,,pemb]ton1 ,,edw>d4--,london2 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"n appe>s 9 mo/ books on ! viol94 ,v>ni% said to be good4 ,"w indiff]5t4 ,,p5ze1 ,,ignatio4--,s*nba*2 circa #agfj4 ,appe>s to h be5 a ,g]man nam$ ,p5zl4 ,! "n is spelt 9 diff]5t ways1 & occasionally is quot$ z ,ponze or ,ponzel4 ,accord+ to labels to :i* writ]'s att5tion has be5 drawn1 ! viol9s are dat$ f ,cremona4 ,!y h little or no?+ 9 common ) ,cremonese "w4 ,! tone is describ$ z ( good quality4 ,yell[i% r$ v>ni%4 ,,p]egr9o1 or ,,pelegr9o4 ,see ,,zanetto4 ,p,,ron1 ,,nicolas4--,p>is2 latt] half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,yell[-br[n fiddles4 ,fairly good av]age "w4 ,,p]r94--,mirec\rt2 middle n9ete5? c5tury4 ,useful in/rum5ts4 ,dat$ f ,p>is4 ,,p]ry1 ,,?os4--,dubl94 ,di$ #ahah4 ,! viol9s be>+ 8 /amp v>y enorm\sly1 "s be+ v f9e works ( art1 & o!rs q indiff]5t4 ,a consid]able numb] 7 made aft] 8 dea?4 ,wilk9son1 8 son-9-law & p>tn]1 0 a poor workman1 & cont9u$ ! bus9ess = sev]al ye>s1 s t ! /amp appe>s on fiddles dat$ well into ! 8?irties0 ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,p]ry's e>lie/ examples date f ab\t #agfj or a little lat]4 ,! be/ specim5s ( 8 viol9s are some:at aft] ! ,amati /yle1 & ! v>ni% on !m is cle> & ( f9e quality4 ,:at is kn[n z 8 own model is f> f h&some1 & ! s\nd-holes are frequ5tly plac$ too high 9 ! belly4 ,! tone ( a dec5tly pres]v$ specim5 is g5]ally v good4 ,8 in/rum5ts h lately attract$ consid]able att5tion4 ,! col\r v>ies f d>k br[n to amb]1 ! d>k] %ades occurr+ *iefly on 8 e>li] "w4 ,he made a numb] ( viols4 ,! violoncellos are g5]ally good4 ,he is said to h le>nt 8 bus9ess 9 ,london ) ,duke4 ,! orig9al "n 0 8,pi]ray10 & he seems to h be5 a relative ( ,claude ,pi]ray1 a well-kn[n ,p>is mak] 7q4v474 ,two o!r ,p]rys work$ 9 ,irel&4 ,"o dates f ,kilk5ny1 & is said to h be5 a c\s9 ( ,?omas4 ,ano!r 0 nam$ ,joseph1 b ! relation%ip 7if any7 does n seem to be asc]ta9$4 ,,p]sois4--,p>is2 to ab\t #ahej4 ,! "n is usually spelt 8,p]soit40 ,a clev] b[-mak]4 ,work$ = ,vuillaume & on 8 own acc\nt4 ,b[s /amp$ ,p4,r4,s4 ,,petz4--,!re 7 sev]al mak]s ( ! "n4 ,"o nam$ ,,jacob dates f ,vi5na ab\t #ahcj4 ,labels be> ! two-head$ eagle4 ,an e>li] mak] 9 ,vi5na1 ,,m>ianus ,,petz1 di$ 9 #agha4 ,two o!rs1 ,,franz & ,,jacob1 date f ,vils 9 ! ,tyrol4 ,! =m] di$ 9 #aggb1 ! latt] 9 #ahbd4 ,,pezz>di4--,brescia2 #affj-ij4 ,!re seems to be "s confusion z to ?is mak]'s dates4 ,l ,m>iani1 8 work+ p]iod has be5 ant$at$ ab\t #ajj ye>s4 ,d\ble purfl$ in/rum5ts4 ,,pfab1 ,,fri$ri* ,,augu/4--,hamburg4 ,di$ #aijd4 ,receiv$ a gold m$al 9 ,hamburg 9 #ahhi4 ,ano!r 9 ,vi5na1 #ahgc4 ,,pfretz*n]4--,m>kneukir*52 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,ano!r huge family ( workm54 ,tw5ty-two or m are enum]at$4 ,9 v rec5t ye>s "o or two ( !m h become well kn[n z b[-mak]s4 ,two ( !m1 ,,johann ,,gottlob & ,,c>l ,,fri$ri*1 :o work$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 date _! labels f ,cremona4 ,! /yle ( ! "w is poor1 & gives no c\nt5ance to ! claim4 ,,piattell9i1 ,,gasp]o4--,flor5ce2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,in/rum5ts said to resemble ^? ( ,gabbrielli4 ,,pi*on4--,lyons2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,pieg5dorf]1 ,,georg4--,augsburg4 ,di$ #aijf4 ,,pi]r>d1 ,,l\is4--,brussels2 contempor>y4 ,work$ ) ,m\g5ot4 ,viol9 mak] to ! ,gh5t ,cons]vatoire4 ,a clev] workman4 ,publi%$ a book 9 #aijb on 8,! ,viol93 ,its ,hi/ory & ,orig940 ,,pi]ray1 ,,claude4--,p>is2 late sev5te5? c5tury to ab\t #agbf4 ,:e!r or n ?is excell5t mak] work$ 9 ,italy1 z has be5 surmis$1 ! v>ni% se5 on 8 in/rum5ts is ( excell5t quality4 ,! col\r a light r$ or deep yell[4 ,!re is a look ( ,amati ab\t ! patt]n1 b !y are n exact copies ( ,amati4 ,! s\nd-holes h an appe>ance at _! upp] turns :i* is difficult to describe )\t ! assi/ance ( specim5s4 ,! "w is neat & ! tone ( f9e quality4 ,! fiddles1 l ^? ( ,boquay1 7 made 9 two sizes4 ,wood v>ies1 b is sometimes h&somely m>k$4 ,he seems to h made _m in/rum5ts1 b 9 ?is c\ntry !y are by no means common4 ,,pi,,te1 ,,no,l4--,p>is2 eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,,pilat1 ,,paul4--,budape/4 ,born #ahfj4 ,work$ ) ,za*4 ,has receiv$ sev]al m$als4 ,in/rum5ts br&$ inside ) initials )9 a circle4 ,,pillem5t1 ,f4--,p>is2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a v unequal workman4 ,in/rum5ts br&$4 ,,pique1 ,,fran,,ois ,,l\is4--,p>is4 ,born ne> ,mirec\rt1 #ageh4 ,di$ #ahbb4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ,p>is mak]s1 he e>ly acquir$ a good reputation1 & has left a great _m in/rum5ts ( v>y+ m]it4 ,! be/ viol9s are l>ge examples ( ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,_! g5]al appe>ance is massive1 & ! scrolls1 ?\gh well cut1 are inf]ior to ^? ( ,lupot1 :o made a numb] ( in/rum5ts = him4 ,! quality ( ! v>ni% is unequal1 & he appe>s to h made two or m grades1 presumably accord+ to ! price he 0 to receive4 ,! wood ( ! backs is (t5 9 "o piece1 & ( h&some figure4 ,s\nd-holes v well cut4 ,col\r ( v>ni% commonly1 b n always1 a deep r$ or r$-br[n4 ,labels commonly writt51 b he also us$ an engrav$ ticket4 ,he retir$ f bus9ess 9 #ahaf4 ,,pirot1 ,,claude4--,p>is2 ab\t #ahjj-cj4 ,an exceptionally good workman4 ,! in/rum5ts are ( ,/radiv>i "*1 b less /]eotyp$ & m ,italian look+ ?an ! av]age ,fr5* viol9 ( ! p]iod4 ,v>ni% r$ or r$-br[n4 ,he us$ a small label ) a neatly engrav$ bord]4 ,writ] has se5 examples br&$ "u ! tail p94 ,"s ( 8 "w has be5 ascrib$ to ,press5da4 ,,pizzurno1 ,,david4--,g5oa2 circa #agej-fe4 ,specim5s sc>ce4 ,m$iocre "w4 ,,pla*t4--,s*nba*2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,well ov] a score ( mak]s ( ?is "n are enum]at$4 ,,plani1 ,,ago/9o ,,de4--,g5oa2 second half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,v commonplace "w4 ,,platn]1 ,,mi*ael4--,rome2 #agce-ej4 ,8 0 probably ( ,g]man orig94 ,8 "w belongs to ! s*ool ( ,tec*l]1 & x is n unlikely he work$ = t mak]4 ,he us$ pretty r$ & gold5 yell[ v>ni%1 & 0 a good scroll cutt]4 ,! ar*+ ( 8 viol9s is r full1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! in/rum5ts is ( ,g]man "*4 ,,plum]el1 ,,*>les4--,ang]s2 n9ete5? c5tury2 fir/ half4 ,a clev] workman4 ,in/rum5ts some:at resemble ^? ( ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume 9 /yle & f9i%4 ,,poirson1 ,,elophe4--,lyons4 ,born #ahdj4 ,began z an amateur mak]4 ,he inv5t$ a v>ni% :i* is suppos$ to imp>t an improv$ quality ( tone4 ,uses a label ) 8 portrait ^u x4 ,! workman%ip ( 8 in/rum5ts is well f9i%$4 ,,poison1 ,,ju/94--,p>is4 ,born #ahea4 ,a wellkn[n b[-mak]4 ,,poll]1 ,,anton4--,vi5na2 contempor>y4 ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,r$di% yell[ v>ni%4 ,,poll]4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,a family ( mak]s4 ,9 ! labels ! "n is usually spelt 8,boll]40 ,,pollusca1 ,,antonio4--,eighte5? c5tury4 ,tec*l] s*ool ( "w4 ,,pos* 7,,bos*71 ,,antony4--,vi5na2 #afgg-agdb4 ,a son1 also nam$ ,,an?ony1 di$ 9 #agdi4 ,viol9s g5]ally high built4 ,bo? mak]s exhibit ! ,au/rian d\ble eagle on _! labels4 ,,po/ac*9i1 ,,&reas4--,f]mo4 ,two mak]s ( ?is "n dat$ f ,f]mo4 ,! e>li] di$ betwe5 #ahbj-cj4 ,! in/rum5ts are some:at ( ,gagliano type & appe>ance1 & are ris+ 9 value4 ,! second ,&reas di$ ab\t #aheg4 ,,po/iglione1 ,,v9c5zo4--,naples4 ,born #ahce4 ,a v neat workman4 ,has made "s h&some & well-f9i%$ viol9s ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges patt]n4 ,,press5da1 ,,giovanni ,,francesco4--,tur91 ,alba1 ,c>magnola4 ,born #aggg4 ,di$ #ahed4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ,italian mak]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 viol9s date *iefly f ,tur91 b he also work$ 9 ,alba & ,c>magnola1 & possibly = a %ort p]iod 9 ,m>seilles4 ,a well-kn[n repair] told ! writ] t ?ree in/rum5ts by ,press5da dat+ f ! la/-nam$ place _h pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,he le>n$ 8 bus9ess 9 ,cremona ) ,/orioni1 & w5t to ,tur9 ab\t #ahbj4 ,e>ly specim5s ( 8 "w are m or less aft] ! patt]n ( ,/radiv>i1 b lat] he design$ a patt]n ( 8 own 9 :i* he some:at *ang$ ! "* ( ! s\nd-holes & ! /yle ( ! ar*+4 ,! wood ( 8 in/rum5ts is ne>ly always h&some1 ! majority ( ! backs 9 "o piece1 cut on ! qu>t]4 ,! v>ni% is lu/r\s & v>ies 9 t9t1 "s ( ! f9e/ be+ ( a deep mahogany r$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( 8 viol9s & ^? ( ,rocca & o!r foll[]s 7 import$ into ?is c\ntry by ,gi(fr$o ,r9aldi1 :o wrote a bro*ure on ,press5da1 & viol9 mak+ 9 ,pi$mont4 ,?is mak] has _h a numb] ( clev] imitators besides ,rocca1 :o rivals or surpasses him 9 popul>ity among/ mod]n play]s4 ,among/ !m may be m5tion$ ,fagnola 7q4v474 ,,ps5n]1 ,,johann ,,george4--,eighte5? c5tury4 ,two mak]s ( ?is "n1 bo? ( :om 7 fair workm51 date f ,innsbruck4 ,,pupunat1 ,,fran,,ois ,,m>ie4--,lausanne2 circa #ahcj-fj4 ,orig9ally a cab9et mak] he became a neat workman4 ,a viol9 ( 8 make is 9 ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire4 ,,rambaux1 ,,claude ,,victor4--,p>is4 ,born #ahjf4 ,di$ #ahga4 ,work$ ) ,moitessi] & lat] ) ,?ib\t & ,g&4 ,began bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt 9 #ahch1 & 0 a mo/ skilful repair] ( old in/rum5ts4 ,8 viol9s & o!r in/rum5ts are f9ely f9i%$ & g5]ally ( ,/radiv>i patt]n1 b he does n seem to h be5 a v prolific mak]4 ,he 0 ! recipi5t ( sev]al m$als4 ,,ramftl]1 ,,franz4--,muni*2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,*iefly a deal]4 ,,ra/elli4--,g5oa2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,rau1 ,,augu/4--,m>kneukir*52 contempor>y4 ,a good b[-mak]4 ,work$ = a "t ) ,wei*old ( ,dresd54 ,,rau*4--,*iefly eighte5? c5tury4 ,"s f\rte5 or fifte5 mak]s ( ! "n work$ 9 ,komotau 7,bohemia71 & 9 diff]5t ,g]man t[ns4 ,,jacob ,,rau* work$ 9 ,mannheim1 & x is said t 8 in/rum5ts are high built & clumsy look+ b possess a good tone4 ,,raut1 ,,jean4--,r5nes2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,,rawl9s4--,london2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,practically unkn[n1 b ! "n appe>s 9 mo/ books on ! viol94 ,,rayman1 ,,jacob4--,london2 #afbj-eg4 ,a ,tyrolese4 ,g]man look+ fiddles4 ,! v>ni% is ! be/ feature ab\t !m4 ,,rei*el4--,z !re 7 ab\t fifty or m mak]s ( ?is "n1 pr9cipally 9 ,m>kneukir*51 detail$ notice ( _! "w is out ( ! "q4 ,,remy4--,p>is & ,london2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 five or m memb]s ( ?is family engag$ 9 fiddle mak+4 ,,ma?ur9 ,,fran,,ois1 ! f\nd]1 work$ circa #agfj-ahjj4 ,gu]san /yle ( "w4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,,jean ,,ma?ur91 8 son1 di$ 9 #ahed1 & is reput$ a bett] workman4 ,two ( ! latt]'s sons1 ,,hippolyte & ,,jules1 di$ 9 #ahgf & #ahfi4 ,a mak] ( ! "n bett] kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ! ,,remy :o work$ 9 ,london ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,h>t says t he spoilt 8 fiddles by artificially matur+ ! wood4 ,h[ev] t may be he 0 a clev] imitator ( ,italian "w4 ,! writ] has se5 examples :i* 7 mu* above ! av]age ( su* ?+s2 9 p>ticul> "o or two copies ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges4 ,he also copi$ ,magg9i ) success4 ,8 relation%ip to ! ,p>is family is n /at$4 ,,r5aud91 ,,leopold4--,p>is4 ,born ,mirec\rt #agdi4 ,guillot9$ dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution #agie4 ,he us$ v>i\s labels2 "o ( l>ge size ) an engrav+ repres5t+ a musical p]=mance4 ,he is be/ kn[n z a d\ble-bass mak]1 b 8 "w g5]ally is n pl5tiful4 ,! viol9s high built & clumsy look+4 ,yell[i% v>ni%1 "s ( :i* is mu* oxydis$4 ,,r5ault1 ,,seba/i5 ,b4--,p>is2 circa #agee-ahaa4 ,firm ,r5ault & ,*atela94 ,!y 7 musical in/rum5t mak]s1 & ! viol9s are n (t5 se54 ,r,,su*e1 ,,*>les4--,lyon1 ,bordeaux4 ,born #aheh4 ,work$ ) ,g& & ,b]n>del4 ,a good copyi/ ( ,italian in/rum5ts4 ,,ri*t]1 ,,*ri/oph] ,,adam4--,m>kneukir*52 eighte5? c5tury4 ,,rie*]s1 ,,augu/4--,hanov]1 ,b]l94 ,di$ ,b]l9 #ahic4 ,mov$ ab\t a great deal1 b settl$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahgb4 ,he 0 a clev] workman1 & made a l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts ( v>i\s patt]ns4 ,writ] has se5 viol9s by him resembl+ ^? ( 8didi]0 ,nicolas4 ,publi%$ a book on viol9 mak+4 ,he 0 also a not$ repair] & patronis$ by ,joa*im4 ,,ri$el1 ,,joseph ,,alex&]4--,mes]itz1 ,danzig4 ,di$ #ahff4 ,,rief4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,vils4 ,sev5 or eight mak]s ( ! "n4 ,,rieg]4--,mitt5wald4 ,f sev5te5? c5tury to pres5t "t4 ,at lea/ a doz5 names are m5tion$4 ,,riess1 ,,&reas4--,bamb]g4 ,di$ #aggg4 ,high built4 ,he 0 also a pr(essional musician & organ build]4 ,ano!r ,riess nam$ ,,joseph also work$ 9 ,bamb]g4 ,,r9aldi1 ,,gi(fr$o ,,b5$etto4--,tur92 #ahej-hh4 ,work$ ) ,press5da1 b is be/ kn[n z a deal] & import] into ?is c\ntry ( ,italian fiddles1 *iefly by ,press5da & ,rocca1 ) o!r mak]s ( t s*ool & p]iod4 ,,rivolta1 ,,giacomo4--,milan2 circa #ahbj-ce4 ,"o ( ! bett] mak]s 9 ,italy 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! violoncellos & violas are well made1 & 9 appe>ance & v>ni% some:at resemble "w ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool4 ,v>ni% gold5 yell[4 ,he receiv$ a gold m$al1 & on "s ( 8 tickets /ates t x 0 aw>d$ 8= hav+ reviv$ ! celebrat$ s*ool ( ,/radiv>i40 ,,rocca4--,tur92 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a mak] nam$ ,joannes is m5tion$ z hav+ be5 at "w ab\t #ahji1 b x is n unlikely t he is id5tical ) ,joannes ,rotta1 ! ticket cit$ be+ a writt5 "o4 ,,giuseppe ,,antonio ,,rocca 0 born1 probably 9 ,tur91 ab\t #ahjj1 & di$ 9 ,g5oa1 accord+ to ! /ory1 9 #ahfg or #ahfh1 8 body be+ recov]$ f a dra9 or cesspool4 ,8 labels date f ab\t #ahcj or a ye> or two e>li]4 ,he 0 employ$ = "s "t by ,press5da1 ^: in/rum5ts he imitat$ s closely t !y h frequ5tly pass$ z t mak]'s "w4 ,8 initials 7 frequ5tly /amp$ ^u ! blocks & else:]e 9 8 in/rum5ts1 & ?is has sometimes l$ to _! id5tification 9 cases :]e ,press5da labels h be5 f\nd 9 !m4 ,b ,rocca did n conf9e himself to imitat+ ,press5da1 & made numb]s ( f9e fiddles ( o!r patt]ns4 ,8 be/ copies ( ,/radiv>i are v valuable1 & he 0 also successful ) ! del ,ges model4 ,! v>ni% on e>ly "w is sometimes r ?91 & h>d look+1 b 9 ?is detail he seems to h improv$ z "t w5t on4 ,! col\r v>ies a good deal1 f a ri* d>k r$ ( mahogany hue1 to yell[ ( diff]5t %ades4 ,d\ble purfl$ in/rum5ts are sometimes se51 & he occasionally us$ mahogany = 8 backs4 ,! ,/radiv>i copies are g5]ally1 b n always1 simil> 9 patt]n to ! viol9 kn[n z ! 8,messie40 ,8 "w is s\ght aft] by conc]t p]=m]s1 & ! prices paid = good specim5s h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 v high4 ,he obta9$ sev]al m$als1 & has be5 clev]ly imitat$ by ,fagnola & o!r mak]s4 ,a good _m c\nt]feit ,roccas h f\nd _! way into ! m>ket4 ,,enrico ,,rocca1 a son1 work$ 9 ,g5oa & ,tur91 & di$ 9 ,may1 #aiae4 ,,rog]1 ,g4--,montpelli]2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,nicolas type ( "w4 ,,rog]i1 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a4--,cremona1 ,brescia4 ,born ab\t #affj 9 ,bologna4 ,work$ until ab\t #agcj4 ,an admirable workman1 :o 0 a pupil 9 ,niccol ,amati's work%op1 ! pupillage be+ inv>iably /at$ 9 8 labels1 :i* are (t5 pr9t$ 9 r$ ink4 ,"s ( 8 "w conta9s ! g5u9e tickets ( 8 ma/]1 & a good _m ( 8 in/rum5ts are v l ^? ( ,amati1 ! head1 h[ev]1 be+ heavi] 9 /yle & ! s\nd-holes slightly diff]5t 9 =m4 ,lat] "w %[s a flatt] ar*+1 & !re is m or less resemblance 9 ! =m to t ( ,/radiv>i4 ,! g5]al workman%ip is always f9e4 ,! v>ni% ei!r id5tical ) ,amati's or a beautiful cle> r$4 ,! viol9s 7 9 two sizes1 ! l>ge examples be+ v sc>ce4 ,! size usually se5 is ab\t #ac-g_/h in*es long & ! measurem5ts are ab\t ^? ( an ord9>y ,amati fiddle4 ,! spell+ ( ! "n 9 ! labels v>ies4 ,sometimes x appe>s z 8,rug]ius10 b m commonly x is spelt ) an 8o40 ,! violoncellos are spl5did examples ( _! class1 & hav+ mo/ly be5 built ( conv5i5t size1 _! proportions h n usually be5 r$uc$ l ^? ( ! ,amati family4 ,,rog]i1 ,,pietro ,,giacomo4--,cremona & ,brescia4 ,seems to h work$ f ab\t #afij until aft] #agcj4 ,8 relation%ip to ,g4 ,b4 ,rog]i is n kn[n1 b if he work$1 z "s ( ! tickets /ate1 ) ,niccol ,amati1 he c\ld n h be5 a son1 z has (t5 be5 alleg$4 ,messrs4 ,hill suppose1 & x is extremely probable1 t ! two ,rog]i 7 associat$ 9 _! "w1 ?\gh !re d n seem to be labels conta9+ _! jo9t names4 ,pietro ,giacomo's "w is almo/1 if n q1 equal to t ( 8 relative4 ,viol9s be>+ 8 label are v sc>ce1 b /rongly resemble ^? ( ! latt]4 ,! corn]s droop some:at m1 b ! scrolls 9 "o or two specim5s se5 by ! writ] are s alike t !y might be ! "w ( ! same man4 ,a beautiful viol9 ) f9e r$ v>ni% is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,sa*se1 ! well-kn[n pr(essor2 & ,piatti = _m ye>s possess$ a f9e violoncello ( ,pietro's make4 ,"s ( 8 labels date f ,cremona1 & 8 "n is also sometimes se5 spelt ) a 8u0 in/ead ( an 8o40 ,,romb\ts1 ,,piet]4--,am/]dam2 circa #agjj-cj4 ,! viol9s are well made4 ,r high built1 & ) a brilliant r$ v>ni%4 ,! purfl+ is :alebone4 ,!re is "s resemblance to ! "w ( ,jacobs1 ) :om he is said to h work$4 ,x is also said t 9 e>li] ye>s he 0 kn[n z 8,piet]--,jacobs's pupil10 & ?is is suppos$ to be ! orig9 ( ! ,peet] ,jacobs ^: "n has s frequ5tly appe>$ 9 fiddle lit]ature4 ,,rom]1 ,,adolf4--,freib\rg4 ,born #ahfc4 ,a mak] :o seems to possess consid]able sci5tific k1 & has made "s v h&some copies ( ! ,italian ma/]s4 ,he has receiv$ v>i\s m$als4 ,,rook1 ,,joseph4--,c>lisle2 circa #agge-ahbe4 ,! "w is neat4 ,r high built2 & ! viol9s se5 by writ] ( m$ium size1 ) cle> yell[-br[n v>ni%4 ,x is said t he 0 taught by ,=/]1 presumably :5 ! latt] work$ 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,,rossi4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sev]al mak]s ( ?is "n h liv$ 9 ,italy1 *iefly 9 ,padua & ,milan4 ,"o nam$ ,,enrico is a good workman :o1 ) 8 son1 has a bus9ess 9 ,padua1 & obta9$ a m$al 9 #ahgg4 ,,rotta1 ,,giovanni4--,cremona2 e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! "n 9 labels se5 by ! writ] 0 spelt ) a s+le 8t10 b x is said t a good _m d\btful or spuri\s ones exi/4 ,"w n highly f9i%$4 ,r$di%-yell[ v>ni%4 ,writ] has se5 ! label 9 at lea/ two viol9s :i* 7 c]ta9ly ( ,mitt5wald orig94 ,,roze4--,orleans2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,r neat "w & good patt]n4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,,rub1 ,,augu/ ,,de4--,vit]bo2 circa #agfj-ge4 ,8 label /ates t he made 8 in/rum5ts = 8 p]sonal delectation4 ,writ] came across a viol9 9 ,london rec5tly4 ,,ruddiman1 ,,joseph4--,ab]de54 ,born #agcc4 ,di$ #ahaj4 ,said to h be5 a pupil ( ,mat!w ,h>die4 ,,rug]i4--,cremona2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,a celebrat$ family ( mak]s4 ,! "n is se5 spelt 9 a v>iety ( ways1 e4g4 8,ruggi]i10 8,rugi]i10 etc4 ,! f\nd] 0 ,,francesco1 :o work$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & adopt$ ! di/9ctive title 8il ,p]0 on 8 label1 possibly to prev5t confus+ 8 "w ) t ( ! ,rog]i :o also work$ ) ,amati b came f ,bologna4 ,9 ?is practice he 0 foll[$ by 8 sons4 ,he 0 a spl5did workman & "o ( ! be/ ( ,amati's foll[]s4 ,he copi$ ,niccol's in/rum5ts ) mu* fidelity & 0 v successful ) ! 8gr& patt]n40 ,amati labels1 mo/ly badly lat9is$ & incorrect1 seem to h be5 f\nd 9 8 viol9s f an e>ly p]iod1 b x does n seem to be c]ta9ly e/abli%$ t he himself ins]t$ !m4 ,su* "w ( 8 z 0 made 9 ! ma/]'s work%op w\ld obvi\sly be> correct labels4 ,mo/ ( 8 viol9s h h&some backs1 "s ( l>g] figure ?an t usually employ$ by ,amati4 ,8 v>ni% is mo/ beautiful1 &1 9 ! f9e/ specim5s1 ( a brilliant r$ col\r4 ,9 o!r works x is id5tical ) ! yell[ se5 on ! majority ( ,amati's in/rum5ts4 ,9 lat] works he some:at alt]$ ! =m ( ! s\nd-hole1 b 8 "w1 ( :atev] date1 is almo/ always full ( grace4 ,! heads are excell5t4 ,a l>ge numb] ( 8 violoncellos survive4 ,!y 7 mo/ly1 b n inv>iably1 ( l>ge size1 & h be5 r$uc$1 n always too well4 ,! backs are frequ5tly ( pla9 wood4 ,,giac9to ,,gio4 ,,batti/a ,,rug]i1 a son1 seems to h dropp$ ! 8,gio4 ,batti/a0 f 8 lat] labels4 ,he work$ d[n to ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b probably assi/$ 8 fa!r l>gely1 & 8 own sign$ "w is comp>atively sc>ce4 ,x is said t he made good t5ors & a numb] ( useful violoncellos4 ,"o or two viol9s se5 by ! writ] 7 less graceful ?an ^? ( ,francesco1 & ! v>ni% br[n4 ,,v9c5zo ,,rug]i1 a y\ng] son ( ,francesco1 seems to h be5 ! la/ ( ! family1 & 0 at "w until #agce or lat]4 ,writ] has se5 violas & violoncellos1 b only "o viol9 ( 8 make4 ,! "w is ( ,amati "*1 & ! f9i% good1 b n rem>kably s4 ,"s1 if n all1 ( 8 tickets h an ornam5tal bord]4 ,,rupp]t1 ,,johann ,,he9ri*4--,erfurt2 #agai-cf4 ,/a9] outl9e1 b ar*+ comp>atively flat2 no l9+s or corn] blocks4 ,,rupre*t1 ,,wilhelm4--,vi5na4 ,di$ #ahfb4 ,a clev] mak]4 ,_m ( 8 copies are d\ble purfl$1 & x is said t "s h be5 sold z g5u9e ,brescian "w4 ,he 0 aw>d$ a m$al 9 #ahci4 ,,sac*9i1 ,,sabatt9o4--,pes>o2 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,sacqu94--,p>is2 n9ete5? c5tury1 to ab\t #ahfj4 ,backs ( in/rum5ts br&$ inside4 ,*iefly ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,sa9t ,,paul1 ,,anto9e4--,p>is2 #agfh-hi4 ,gu]san /yle ( "w4 ,heads l ^? ( o!r mak]s ( ! p]iod1 said to h be5 cut by wom54 ,ano!r ,sa9t ,paul 7,pi]re7 work$ e>li] & 0 possibly 8 fa!r4 ,,salle1 ,,le ,p,,re4--,p>is2 #ahbe-ej4 ,*iefly kn[n z a connoisseur & repair]4 ,copi$ ,gu>n]i4 ,,salomon1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,de%ayes4--,reims1 ,p>is2 circa #agce-gj4 ,?is mak] 0 ei!r an unequal workman1 or ! in/rum5ts be>+ 8 "n & /amp 7 made 9 diff]5t grades4 ,! writ] has se5 v good violoncellos1 on :i* ! f9i% 0 above ! av]age4 ,yell[ v>ni% & well-c>v$ scrolls4 ,! viol9s g5]ally h a br[ni%-yell[ v>ni%1 ! ar*+ is c>ri$ almo/ to ! edges4 ,s\nd-holes r wide ap>t1 belly wood r h>d1 & backs %[+ little figure1 ?\gh n[ & !n !y are h&som]4 ,tone n p>ticul>ly good4 ,he us$ v>i\s tickets4 ,8 bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on by 8 wid[ = "s ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,,salz>d1 ,,francois4--,p>is1 ,mirec\rt4 ,born #ahjh4 ,di$ #ahgd4 ,mirec\rt /yle ( "w4 ,yell[-br[n v>ni%4 ,tone p[]ful4 ,"n (t5 writt5 or br&$ inside ! backs4 ,!re 0 a ,d4 ,salz>1 probably 8 fa!r4 ,a son1 ,erne/ ,&r1 work$ 9 ,mosc[ & ,/4 ,pet]sburg :]e he di$ 9 #ahig4 ,,s&n]4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a l>ge family orig9at+ 9 ,s*nba*4 ,!re h be5 ne>ly tw5ty ( !m work+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many & else:]e4 ,,santagiuliana1 ,,giac9to4--,v5ice2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,,sant9o4--,milan2 ab\t #agjj4 ,granc9o type ( "w4 ,,santo1 ,,giovanni4--,naples2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,,s>d9i1 ,,c>lo4--,madrid2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,said to h be5 a ,neapolitan4 ,l>ge flat in/rum5ts4 ,yell[-orange v>ni%4 ,,s>tory1 ,,eug5e4--,p>is4 ,born #ahga4 ,well-kn[n b[-mak]4 ,imitates ,voir94 ,,sauni]1 ,,edmond4--,bordeaux4 ,di$ circa #aghe4 ,good "w4 ,n v pl5tiful 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,sav>t1 ,,felix4--,p>is4 ,di$ #ahda4 ,well-kn[n ac\/ician4 ,made fiddles ( guit> outl9e4 ,,sawicki1 ,,c>l ,,nicolas4--,vi5na4 ,di$ #ahej4 ,g5]ally copi$ ,/radiv>i1 b also ! patt]n ( del ,ges4 ,a v f9i%$ workman4 ,scrolls & wood v h&some4 ,tone excell5t4 ,,sc>ampella4--,brescia1 ,p>is1 ,mantua1 ,flor5ce2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family orig9at+ 9 ,brescia4 ,! f\nd]1 ,,paolo1 di$ 9 #ahgj4 ,a son1 ,,giuseppe1 work$ 9 ,p>is & ,flor5ce4 ,di$ ab\t #ahhf or lat]4 ,neat "w4 ,r$ v>ni%4 ,ano!r son1 ,,/efano1 born #ahdc1 dates f ,mantua & ,brescia4 ,good "w4 ,has obta9$ a silv] m$al4 ,,s*all]4--,m>kneukir*51 ,s*nba*4 ,a l>ge family ( n9ete5?-c5tury workm54 ,,s*,,ndl4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 ?ree or f\r ( ! "n4 ,! be/ kn[n are ,,mi*ael & ,,anton4 ,well-made viol9s ( ! ,/a9]-,kloz type4 ,,s*e9le91 ,,johann ,,mi*ael4--,lang5feld2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,/a9] s*ool4 ,ano!r1 nam$ ,mat?ias ,fri$ri*1 work$ 9 ! same place4 ,,s*etelig4--,m>kneukir*52 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,ab\t a doz5 mak]s ( ! "n4 ,,s*lick4--,w4 ,dresd52 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! innum]able 8discov]]s0 ( ! 8secret ( ! ,italian v>ni%es40 ,has receiv$ m$als4 ,,s*loss]4--,kl+5?al2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,ano!r num]\s tribe4 ,"o1 nam$ ,johann ,george ,s*loss]1 br&$ 8 "w inside1 8,i4 ,g4 ,s40 ,,s*midt4--,ab\t tw5ty-five ,g]man mak]s are enum]at$ by von ,ltg5dorff4 ,,s*,,nfeld]4--,m>kneukir*52 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,ano!r tribe1 runn+ well into a score ( names4 ,,s*ong]4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,erfurt1 ,cassel4 ,,s*reck1 ,,rudolph4--,b]l92 eighte5? c5tury4 ,said to be "o ( ! olde/ ,b]l9 mak]s4 ,8 "n1 appropriately en\gh1 means 8fright60 ,,s*u/]4--,m>kneukir*54 ,ano!r horde ( mak]s4 ,!y manufacture v *eap trade in/rum5ts4 ,,s*u/]1 ,,joseph ,,anton4--,s*nba*2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,good "w4 ,,s*w>tz4--,/rasburg2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,f\r or m ( ! "n 7 in/rum5t mak]s4 ,"o1 nam$ ,george ,fri$]i*1 0 a good b[-mak]4 ,,s*weitz]1 ,,johann ,,bapti/4--,budape/4 ,di$ #ahfe4 ,an excell5t copyi/ ( ,italian "w4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,geiss5h( ( ,vi5na4 ,r$-br[n v>ni%4 ,innum]able in/rum5ts purport+ to be 8 "w & labell$ to t effect h be5 made 9 ,m>kneukir*54 ,^! in/rum5ts are ( a common class1 & examples ( !m are con/antly met ) 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,seelos4--,innsbruck2 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,/a9] s*ool4 ,"w n (t5 se54 ,georg ,seelos us$ a label pr9t$ 9 gold lett]+4 ,,seif]t1 ,,otto4--,b]l94 ,born ,m>kneukir*51 #ahff4 ,mak] ( ! mu*-adv]tis$ 8,new ,cremona0 viol9s1 ! plates ( :i* are attun$ accord+ to a sy/em devis$ by ,dr4 ,grossmann4 ,^! in/rum5ts are well f9i%$4 ,,seiz ,,or ,,seitz4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 a l>ge numb] ( ! "n4 ,_m ( ! in/rum5ts are ( a useful type & h a good tone4 ,,s]aph91 ,,santo4--,v5ice4 ,born at ,ud9e ab\t #afge-hj1 work$1 accord+ to labels1 until ab\t #agdh or lat]4 ,no neat] workman ev] liv$4 ,8 copies ( ,niccol ,amati's 8gr&0 patt]n are v h&some1 &1 z ,h>t rem>ks1 are (t5 v l ! in/rum5ts ( ,francesco ,rug]i4 ,v>ni% a v f9e r$1 b n[ & !n ! col\r is light]4 ,un=tunately ! great] numb] ( 8 works are ( ,g]man "*1 s f> z outl9e1 modell+1 & s\nd holes are conc]n$4 ,app>5tly ,v5etian patrons admir$ ! ,/a9] =m1 z numb]s ( ! viol9-mak]s 9 ,v5ice design$ _! "w m or less closely ^u x4 ,! scrolls are v well cut b g5]ally r weak look+4 ,"s magnific5t violoncellos are kn[n1 & he is said to h excell$ 9 d\ble basses4 ,! tone ( ,s]aph9's viol9s is sometimes disappo9t+4 ,"s specim5s h&l$ by ! writ]1 h[ev]1 h left little to compla9 ( on t score4 ,he br&$ 8 "w "u ! tail p91 & us$ l>ge ornam5tally engrav$ labels4 ,a nephew nam$ ,,george ,,s]aph91 :o also br&$ 8 in/rum5ts1 seems to h work$ at ab\t ! same "t4 ,,s]det1 ,,paul4--,p>is4 ,born ,mirec\rt1 #aheh4 ,a well-kn[n deal] & judge ( old in/rum5ts & a f9e workman4 ,0 a pupil ( ! excell5t mak] ,gaill>d4 ,,silve/re1 ,,pi]re4--,lyons4 ,born #ahja4 ,di$ #ahei4 ,8 "w is di/+ui%$ by sup]b f9i%1 & ! tone ( ! in/rum5ts is ( excell5t quality4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !y n[ comm& high prices4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( ,/radiv>i build1 b occasionally ,amati or ,gu>n]i copies are met )4 ,! v>ni% on _m ( !m is a f9e r$ ( mu* brilliance & excell5t quality4 ,! wid?s ( 8 ,/rad copies are a trifle great] ?an ^? ( ! orig9als4 ,! purfl+1 g5]ally r n>r[1 is ins]t$ ) unsurpassable neatness4 ,moreov]1 he did n 8mature0 8 wood by artificial means z did ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume = a consid]able p]iod4 ,aft] leav+ 8 in/ructor 7,blaise ( ,mirec\rt1 q4v47 he work$ = a "t ) ,lupot1 & ) ,g&1 8 successor4 ,he began bus9ess 9 ,lyons 9 #ahbi1 & f #ahca to #ahdh 0 9 p>tn]%ip ) 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,hippolyte4 ,! in/rum5ts be>+ ! jo9t labels ( ! bro!rs are well made1 b by no means up to ! /&>d ( ^? made by ,pi]re alone4 ,_! appe>ance is m t ( a fir/-class factory in/rum5t1 & !y are consequ5tly ( m9or value & importance4 ,,silve/re1 ,,hippolyte4--,lyons4 ,born #ahjh4 ,di$ #ahgi4 ,aft] ,pi]re's dea? he took ov] ! bus9ess & cont9u$ 9 x until #ahfe4 ,he 0 taught by ,blaise1 & 0 also = a "t ) ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume4 ,he 0 unque/ionably a skilful workman1 b ! abilities ( 8 bro!r ,pi]re 7 s manife/ly sup]ior t 8 "w suff]s some:at by comp>ison4 ,,silve/re1 ,,hippolyte ,,*r,,ti54--,see ,*rti54 ,,simon1 ,,franz4--,salzburg4 ,born ,mitt5wald1 #ageg4 ,di$ ab\t #ahjc4 ,he came ( a ,mitt5wald family ( mak]s nam$ ,simman4 ,! "w is ( ,g]man 7,kloz7 type4 ,,simon1 ,p4--,p>is4 ,born #ahjh4 ,mirec\rt4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,an excell5t b[-mak]4 ,work$ ) ,d4 ,peccatte & ) ,vuillaume4 ,0 also 9 p>tn]%ip 7#ahdh-ea7 ) ,h5ry4 ,"w /amp$ ) 8 "n4 ,,simon1 ,,r54--,au* 7,france74 ,born #ahdd4 ,a f9e workman4 ,work$ ) ,n4 ,vuillaume & sev]al o!r mak]s4 ,,simon91 ,,*>les4--,mirec\rt1 ,g5eva1 ,t\l\se2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,work$ = "s "t = ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume4 ,he di$ 9 or ab\t ! ye> #ahge4 ,an excell5t workman & among/ ! be/ ( ! _m employ$ by ,vuillaume4 ,,sim\tre1 ,,ni*olas4--,mirec\rt1 ,metz4 ,di$ #ahgj4 ,a prolific workman4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,lupot1 b 8 in/rum5ts ?\gh well made are n ( v high rank4 ,,sim\tre1 ,,nicolas ,,eug5e4--,basle1 ,p>is4 ,born #ahci4 ,son ( ! above4 ,he exp]im5t$ to "s ext5t & wrote pamphlets on ! improvem5t ( viol9 tone1 b does n seem to h accompli%$ mu* 9 t direction4 ,,simpson1 ,,james1 ,,& ,,son4--,london2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y appe> to h be5 deal]s4 ,x does n seem to be cle> :e!r !y 7 actual mak]s1 b in/rum5ts be>+ _! label are n ( great m]it4 ,,sirjean4--,p>is4 ,e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b[-mak]4 ,,sitt1 ,,anton4--,prague4 ,born #ahai4 ,di$ #ahgh4 ,work$ ) ,s*weitz]1 & copi$ v>i\s mak]s4 ,8 labels usually /ate ! "n ( ! mak] f :om !y are copi$4 ,good s\nd "w1 b r solid look+4 ,,smi?1 ,,?os4--,london2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,he work$ ) & succe$$ ,wamsley4 ,made _m violoncellos ( m]it4 ,in/rum5ts ( ,/a9] build4 ,!y are v l ! "w ( ,wamsley & are n unfrequ5tly sold z 84 ,,sneid]1 ,,joseph4--,padua2 e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 9 ,niccol ,amati's work%op1 b 0 probably ( ,g]man bir?4 ,in/rum5ts relatively sc>ce4 ,pretty "w ( ,amati "*2 yell[ v>ni%4 ,,snoeck4--,brussels2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re appe> to h be5 ?ree mak]s ( ! "n4 ,,egidius1 circa #agjj-cj1 is ! be/ kn[n4 ,r$-br[n v>ni%4 ,amati patt]n4 ,,socquet1 ,,l\is4--,p>is2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,m$iocre "w4 ,l>ge label ) engrav$ bord]4 ,,soliani1 ,,angelo4 ,mantua1 ,mod5a2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,useful in/rum5ts4 ,tone g5]ally p[]ful4 ,yell[ or r$di%-yell[ v>ni%4 ,8 labels be> ! sign ( ! ,sun4 ,"w g5]ally br&$4 ,,sorsana1 ,,spirito4--,coni2 e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,sc>ce4 ,! "n also appe>s ) ! spell+ 8,sursano40 ,,spidl51 ,,franz4--,mosc[1 ,prague2 contempor>y4 ,a good copyi/4 ,has obta9$ "s m$als 7,p>is1 #aijj74 ,br[n v>ni%4 ,"n br&$ on backs4 ,,spr5g]4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a ,mitt5wald family1 ?ree or m ( :om work$ 9 ,nuremburg4 ,,/adlman4--,vi5na2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 sev]al ( ! "n4 ,in/rum5ts se5 by ! writ] 7 ( good workman%ip & ,/a9] patt]n4 ,,mi*ael ,,ignatius1 :o di$ 9 #ahac1 is p]haps ! be/ kn[n4 ,he seems to h made mo/ ( 8 in/rum5ts on ,/radiv>i l9es4 ,labels be> ! d\ble-head$ eagle4 ,,/a9]1 ,,jacob4--,absam 7,tyrol74 ,born #afba4 ,di$ #afhc4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! ,g]man s*ool ( mak]s4 ,he is ! subject ( mu* tradition & has a small lit]ature devot$ to him4 ,! ma9 facts ( 8 life h n[ be5 made public = a good _m ye>s1 & mu* leg5d>y rubbi% has be5 swept away4 ,! ,/a9] model has be5 imitat$ by fiddle-mak]s all ov] ,europe1 bo? dur+ 8 lifetime & s9ce4 ,among/ ! fir/ to copy him 7 ! ,kloz family1 & 9 ,rome1 ,flor5ce1 & ,v5ice 8 imitators h be5 num]\s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry 8 influ5ce 0 almo/ p>am\nt = upw>ds ( a c5tury1 & only by sl[ degrees 0 x ou/$ by ! sup]ior =m ( in/rum5t design$ by ! ,amati family & p]fect$ lat] by ,/radiv>i4 ,:e!r he ev] work$ 9 ,cremona is at lea/ op5 to d\bt1 & ! evid5ce :i* has be5 adduc$ 9 support ( ! tradition is n suffici5tly /rong to ju/ify its unconditional acceptance4 ,he employ$ a v>ni% :i* proves to demon/ration t he 0 conv]sant ) ! composition ( t 9 use by ! ,amati1 b x is cle> f ! "w ( o!r mak]s t !re 0 no p>ticul> my/]y atta*+ to ! +r$i5ts ( ,cremonese v>ni%1 & 8 use ( a prep>ation :i* is n di/+ui%able f x does n af=d any unequivocal pro( ( 8 ev] hav+ be5 to ,cremona4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ,/a9]'s in/rum5ts is famili> to all :o take m ?an a m]ely pass+ int]e/ 9 a viol92 n because ( ! numb] ( g5u9e specim5s to be met )1 b f ! numb] ( o!r mak]s :o h copi$ him4 ,z a workman he 0 ( ! fir/ rank1 b :e!r he work$ 9 ,italy or n1 !re is n a fiddle ( 8 9 exi/5ce :i* has ! true ,italian cut4 ,! viol9s are usually ab\t ! size ( ! ord9>y ,amati in/rum5ts1 b "s ( !m are r l>g]1 & measure a full f\rte5 in*es or a %ade ov] 9 l5g?4 ,! v>ni% ranges 9 col\r f yell[ to br[n2 ! r$ specim5s are n (t5 se51 b a few v h&some rose-col\r$ viol9s1 ( mo/ beautiful workman%ip1 h surviv$4 ,! wood ( ! backs g5]ally %[s "s figure1 & is (t5 f9ely m>k$2 = "s ( ! bellies he us$ ! f9e-gra9$ wood frequ5tly employ$ by ,tyrolese mak]s1 b 9 8 f9e/ examples ! p9e is ( broad] gra94 ,a good _m ( ! in/rum5ts h lion heads1 ! c>v+ ( :i* is well execut$4 ,! scrolls are well cut1 b lack ! grace se5 9 ^? ( bett] ,italian "w4 ,x seems to be d\btful if ,/a9] himself us$ pr9t$ tickets1 b !re is no d\bt t o!r mak]s1 "s ( :om 7 contempor>ies1 & possibly workm5 ( 81 ins]t$ pr9t$ ,/a9] labels into _! "w4 ,/a9]'s ar*+ has be5 ! subject ( s mu* exagg]ation on ! "p ( copyi/s ( all nationalities t _m p h an altoge!r false idea ( its true proportions4 ,9 a good specim5 ( ,/a9]'s viol9s ! swell ( ! =m is n really high] ?an t ( an av]age ,amati2 n[ & !n he did exce$ ?is limit1 b x 0 n 8 g5]al practice4 ,violas are r>ely se51 & violoncellos are by no means common4 ,=/] & num]\s o!r ,engli% mak]s h left num]\s copies ( ! la/-m5tion$ in/rum5ts1 "s ( :i* are 9 e way excell5t4 ,! tone ( a f9e ,/a9] viol9 is ( beautiful quality1 & 9 examples met ) by ! writ]1 its timbre resembl$ t ( ,amati4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to say t =g]ies are innum]able1 & are n unfrequ5tly some:at difficult to detect1 n only on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic m]it1 b f ! fact t 8 manuscript tickets h be5 clev]ly imitat$4 ,,/a9]1 ,,m>cus4--,absam1 ,kuef/e91 ,lauf5 7,au/ria72 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a bro!r ( ! above1 he work$ 9 a v>iety ( places1 & is reput$ to h =g$ ! labels ( ! m celebrat$ ,jacob4 ,! few examples se5 by ! writ] resembl$ ^? ( ,jacob 9 =m1 & _h d>k r$-br[n v>ni%4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a viola1 ( good workman%ip & tone4 ,he also us$ lion & o!r c>v$ heads4 ,he seems to h be5 alive until aft] #afhj4 ,,/aud+]1 ,,ma?aeus ,,w5ceslaus4--,wurzburg2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s ( ! labels ! "n is spelt ,/aut+]4 ,! viol9s are v sc>ce1 b are ( f9e workman%ip4 ,,/e9]1 ,,joseph4--,l5gb]g4 ,di$ #aijh4 ,seems to h be5 a m]ry blade1 & a man ( v>i$ accompli%m5ts4 ,exp]im5t$ ) v>ni%es4 ,! viol9s are well made & ( good =m1 b n (t5 se54 ,! numb] ( ! in/rum5t appe>s on ! label4 ,,/e9+]4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a family ( mak]s said to h sprung f ,fss54 ,! mo/ important ( !m 0 ,franois ,xav]1 born 9 #aggh1 di$ ab\t #ahej4 ,he *ang$ 8 abode _m times & work$ 9 ,d>m/adt1 ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1 ,p>is1 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,8 "w is c>eful1 & ,fr5* 9 "*4 ,,/irrat1 ,,david4--,ed9burgh2 e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,pupil ( ,mat!w ,h>die4 ,,/ohr1 ,,jacob4--,/4 ,polt52 ab\t #agij-ahcj4 ,examples sc>ce4 ,/radiv>i outl9e1 high] ar*+1 light br[n v>ni%1 backs usually 9 "o piece4 ,!re 7 o!r mak]s ( ! "n2 probably sons4 ,,/orck4--,/rasburg1 ,augsburg2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t half a doz5 mak]s4 ,,/orioni1 ,,lor5zo4--,cremona4 ,born #agea2 di$ #ahja4 ,?is mak] is usually in/anc$ z ! la/ ( ! old ,cremonese s*ool4 ,he 0 a prolific workman1 & a consid]able numb] ( 8 in/rum5ts are 9 exi/5ce4 ,8 v>ni% is1 h[ev]1 ( a diff]5t nature1 & resembles t ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool4 ,8 patt]n v>ies a good deal4 ,n[ & !n 8 outl9e & ar*+ are aft] ! /yle ( ,amati1 b 9 mo/ cases !re is m or less resemblance bo? 9 g5]al appe>ance & ! cut ( ! s\nd-holes to ! "w ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges4 ,x has be5 said t violas by him are unkn[n2 b ?is is incorrect4 ,"s v f9e examples are 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 m ?an "o in/ance !y h be5 sold z ! "w ( del ,ges4 ,! col\r ( 8 v>ni% is usually a r$-br[n ( v>y+ %ades4 ,z a g5]al rule ! f9i% ( 8 viol9s is r\gh1 & ! purfl+ c>elessly work$1 b occasionally he took m pa9s1 & produc$ h&some fiddles ) prettily figur$ wood4 ,! scrolls are ( bold1 mascul9e cut1 & v *>act]i/ic4 ,! backs commonly h pla9 or small figur$ wood ( native gr[?4 ,bellies ( v f9e mat]ial4 ,! tone ( 8 in/rum5ts is ri* & full4 ,violoncellos are comp>atively sc>ce1 b are v f9e 9 tone & 9 high repute among/ play]s4 ,g4 ,b4 ,c]uti took ov] 8 bus9ess1 & is said to h be5 employ$ by him4 ,,/oss4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,?is 0 a l>ge family ( mak]s1 numb]+ f\rte5 or m memb]s1 & orig9at+ 9 ,fss54 ,mo/ ( !m work$ 9 ,vi5na1 & "o or two ( !m made in/rum5ts ( m ?an av]age m]it4 ,_m ( _! tickets are ( ! ornam5tal k9d1 exhibit+ v>i\s devices & engrav$ bord]s4 ,,johann ,,bapti/ ,,/oss work$ 9 ,prague1 & di$ !re 9 #ahej4 ,! be/ kn[n among/ !m 0 ,,m>t91 :o di$ 9 ,vi5na 9 #ahch4 ,he us$ v>i\s tickets1 & is be/ repres5t$ by 8 violoncellos1 :i* frequ5tly %[ h&some wood & are c>efully made4 ,,/radiv>i1 ,,antonio4--,cremona4 ,born #afdd2 di$ ,decemb]1 #agcg4 ,! bulk ( ! biographical matt] conc]n+ ?is1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all fiddle mak]s1 0 collect$ by ,george ,h>t1 :o publi%$ "s ( x 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 celebrat$ "w on ! viol91 b 0 unable to include ! :ole ( x until ! appe>ance ( ! second edition 9 #ahhd4 ,he 0 l>gely assi/$ 9 8 rese>*es by ,signor ,sac*i1 a ,cremonese g5tleman ( consid]able lit]>y ability4 ,9 #aijb appe>$ ! well kn[n & sumptu\s volume by ! ,bro!rs ,hill1 republi%$ 9 *eap] =m 9 #aiji1 entitl$ 8,antonio ,/radiv>i1 8 ,life & ,"w10 ! mo/ exhau/ive critical survey ( ! subject :i* has yet appe>$4 ,^! two books =m ! *ief ,engli% au?orities = all t is kn[n conc]n+ ! great ,cremona ma/]4 ,read]s may also consult ! v able article contribut$ by ! late ,e4 ,j4 ,payne to ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music1 & ! little volume ( ,horace ,pe!rick publi%$ 9 ! ,/rad ,libr>y 9 #aijj4 ,! writ]'s obs]vations on ! "w done by ,/radiv>i dur+ ! "t he 0 employ$ by ,niccol ,amati w be f\nd 9 ! notices ( t mak] & ( 8 son1 ,hi]onymus ,amati ,,ii4 ,"o or two labels /ill survive--"o ( !m dat$ 9 #afff--;9 :i* ,/radiv>i describes himself z a pupil ( ,amati4 ,e>ly works usually exhibit an outl9e & ar*+ simil> to ^? employ$ by 8 ma/] 9 8 ord9>y #ac-g_/h-;in* in/rum5t4 ,! v>ni% seems id5tical1 & is ( ! usual yell[ col\r1 al?\gh d>k] %ades may be se5 almo/ f ! fir/4 ,! *ief po9ts ( di/9ction lie 9 ! heavi] edges1 ! cutt+ ( ! s\nd-holes1 & ! =m ( ! scrolls4 ,?is type ( viol9 he cont9u$ to make ) c]ta9 exceptions1 su* z ! 8,helli]10 a l>ge fiddle ( ! 8inlaid0 class1 measur+ #ad-a_/h in*es 9 l5g?1 until #afhd4 ,betwe5 t ye> & #afij ! patt]n & details are some:at v>iable4 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,hill1 ,/radiv>i fir/ began to pick out ! edges ( 8 scrolls ) black 9 or ab\t ! ye> #afhh1 & cont9u$ ! practice1 ) r>e exceptions1 until ! end ( 8 life4 ,9 #afij he made ! rem>kable viol9 kn[n z ! 8,tuscan10 a l>ge in/rum5t ( exce$+ly h&some wood & build1 & 9 ! ye>s #afia & #afib a few viol9s ( exceptionally l>ge proportions4 ,! ye> #afij also saw ! adv5t ( ! 8long ,/rad10 a patt]n ! dim5sions ( :i* h giv5 rise to a c]ta9 am\nt ( controv]sy4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! l5g?s ( ^! in/rum5ts v>y betwe5 ab\t #ad-a_/h in*es & #ad-e_/af1 ! latt] be+ ! extreme limit4 ,ab\t #ad-c_/af in*es w\ld seem to be ! m usual l5g?4 ,! wid?s are ab\t #f-g_/af 9 ! upp] b\ts1 & #h in*es 9 ! l[] ones4 ,^! n>r[ viol9s 7 made until ! ye> #agjj1 ) ! exception ( ! ye> #afih1 f :i* ye> no examples seem to h be5 se54 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m--some?+ l fifty--are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 he did n conf9e himself entirely to ! long patt]n4 ,"s ( ! long ,/rads are ( great beauty ( =m & mat]ial1 & by ! "t he began to make !m he _h adopt$ a v>ni% ( deep] col\r4 ,! mak]'s be/ p]iod is commonly suppos$ to beg9 ab\t ! ye> #agjj1 b "s ( ! f9e/ ef=ts are dat$ f #agjd1 9 :i* ye> he made ! 8,betts10 a specim5 9 a rem>kable /ate ( pres]vation1 & ) r long corn]s4 ,9 ! same ye> he produc$ a viol9 be>+ a close resemblance to ! 8,betts10 & :i* is 9 ! possession ( ,colonel ,gl5nie4 ,! ye> #agji seems to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ prolific 9 ,/radiv>i's c>e]1 & _m f9e examples1 su* z ! 8,ern/10 & 8,la ,pucelle10 7 made 9 t ye>4 ,at ab\t ?is p]iod ! viol9s hav+ a body l5g? ( #ad-a_/h in*es beg9 to appe>4 ,9 ! prec$+ p]iod #ad in*es 0 ! g5]al rule4 ,! backs ( ^! viol9s are mo/ly made f h&some wood ) a broad curl4 ,! ye>s #agaj to #agaf inclusive 7 productive ( _m ( ! f9e/ viol9s ev] made by ,/radiv>i4 ,among/ !m are ! 8,p>ke10 #agaa1 ! 8,dolph910 #agad1 ! 8,gillot10 n[ r absurdly call$ ! 8,emp]or10 ! 8,al>d10 all made 9 #agae1 & ! fam\s 8,messie10 rem>kable = its unique /ate ( pres]vation1 & ! magnific5t 8,cessol10 bo? ( :i* belong to #agaf4 ,betwe5 #agbj & #agbe ! outl9e *anges some:at1 & is squ>] 9 ! %\ld]s & ! curves ( ! l[] b\ts4 ,s f> z tone goes "s ( ! be/ ton$ fiddles 9 ! _w 7 made ab\t ?is "t1 & x may be "h add$ t ( late ye>s ! lat] works ( ,/radiv>i h receiv$ mu* att5tion f conc]t play]s on acc\nt ( _! mascul9e tone4 ,9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ 8 dea? ! mak] 0 9 ! habit ( record+ 8 age 9 manuscript ei!r ^u ! labels or on a slip ( pap] j b5ea? !m4 ,messrs4 ,hill enum]ate eight examples ( ?is practice2 ano!r f ! ye> #agca came "u ! writ]'s notice 9 #aiab4 ,9 ! labels dat$ prior to #agcj ! mak]'s "n is spelt 8,/radiu>ius10 b f t ye> onw>ds x appe>s z 8,/radiv>ius40 ,! numb] ( ornam5t$ & inlaid in/rum5ts :i* h surviv$ seems to be ab\t a doz54 ,messrs4 ,hill record t5 ( ^!2 o!rs are kn[n to h be5 made1 b traces ( !m1 if /ill exi/+1 h disappe>$4 ,! e>lie/ seems to date f #afgg1 & ! late/ is ! 8,rode0 viol9 made 9 #agbb4 ,^! examples include a viola dat$ #afif1 & a violoncello4 ,?ree ( ! inlaid viol9s are dat$ #agji4 ,! violas at pres5t kn[n numb] only ab\t a doz54 ,"o ( ^!1 a 8t5ore10 dat$ #afij1 measures #ah-g_/h in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! small] examples av]age ab\t #af-c_/af to #af-e_/af in*es4 ,!re are ab\t fifty violoncellos1 ! old] specim5s be+ ov] #ca in*es long1 & ! lat] type ab\t #bi-a_/b in*es or a little ov]4 ,^! include _m notable in/rum5ts1 su* z ^? own$ by ,piatti1 ,duport1 ,s]vais1 & o!r celebrat$ play]s1 aft] :om !y h be5 nam$4 ,not)/&+ repeat$ ass]tions to ! contr>y1 !re is no trace ( any d\ble basses made by ,/radiv>i2 specim5s =m]ly assign$ to him h long be5 reject$ z spuri\s1 & no patt]ns = su* in/rum5ts are to be f\nd among/ 8 draw+s1 m\lds & o!r work+ app>atus4 ,^! la/ 7 b\ght f ,/radiv>i's son by ,c\nt ,cozio di ,salabue1 & f him desc5d$ to ! ,m>quis dalla ,valle1 :o is1 or 0 rec5tly1 /ill 9 possession ( !m4 ,/radiv>i's output 0 enorm\s1 ev5 :5 due all[ance is made = ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* he 0 at "w2 & ! e/imate made by ,messrs4 ,hill1 :i* gives a total ( #aaaf in/rum5ts1 is by no means an excessive "o4 ,no o!r mak]1 :o has n deg5]at$ into a 8manufactur]10 l ,vuillaume & 8didi]0 ,nicolas 9 ! la/ c5tury1 c comp>e ) him 9 ?is respect1 & ! m>vel ( x all is t 8 own h& is pla9ly visible 9 all 8 works1 ev5 to ! v la/4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t he 0 assi/$ by a consid]able numb] ( workm51 includ+ 8 sons ,francesco & ,omobono1 ,c>lo ,b]gonzi1 & o!rs ^: claims to h be5 8 pupils are m op5 to "q2 b :atev] %>e ^! may h _h 9 ! e>li] & r\gh] /ages ( ! "w ! ma/] left b little trace ( x 9 ! f9i%$ article4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury 8 fame 9 ?is c\ntry has /eadily increas$2 8 "n has become a h\sehold ^w4 ,9 8 own day 8 consummate abilities 7 widely recognis$1 & ord]s 7 s5t to him f royal c\rts & noblem5 all ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe1 z appe>s by contempor>y evid5ce4 ,to-day 8 viol9s comm& high] prices ?an ev]1 & al?\gh "s ( 8 e>li] in/rum5ts are m or less play$ out by ! successive g5]ations 9 ^: h&s !y h se5 s]vice1 _! au?or%ip is ( itself suffici5t to ma9ta9 _! m>ket value at a high figure4 ,,/radiv>i1 ,,francesco4--,cremona4 ,born #afga2 di$ #agdc4 ,! eld] ( ! two sons ( ,antonio :o foll[$ 8 call+4 ,a good _m viol9s ( consid]able intr9sic m]it b dubi\s au!nticity are assign$ to him1 b sev]al :i* 7 =m]ly accept$ z g5u9e h fail$ to obta9 a fav\rable v]dict among/ "s ( ! lat] judges1 & x is difficult to speak ) any c]ta9ty ab\t !m4 ,"o magnific5t violoncello1 ! proportions ( :i* h be5 slightly r$uc$1 is kn[n to ! writ]1 & its au?or%ip appe>s to be unque/ion$4 ,?is in/rum5t is cov]$ ) v f9e v>ni% ( gold5-r$ col\r1 & consid]ably m sub/ance ?an t se5 on viol9s suppos$ to be ( 8 make4 ,,/radiv>i1 ,,omobono4--,born #afgi2 di$ #agdb4 ,son ( ,antonio4 ,! writ] is acqua9t$ ) ?ree or f\r viol9s :i* are assign$ to him ^u good au?ority4 ,^! are ( bold patt]n & be> "s resemblance to ! "w ( ,antonio1 b d n display any ( 8 f9e f9i%4 ,! wood ( ! backs is ) "o exception ( small figur$ native maple4 ,! v>ni% ?9n] 9 texture ?an t ( ! fa!r4 ,! s\nd-holes are some:at l ^? ( ,b]gonzi1 & 9 "o case are v slightly po9t$4 ,! back & sides ( ! o!r viol9 ref]r$ to are ( bee*4 ,! tone ( all ^! specim5s is v f9e & full4 ,mo/ ( ,omobono's tickets seem to h be5 9 neatly writt5 manuscript4 ,a fav\rite date1 :i* leads "o to suspect _! g5u95ess 9 "s cases1 is #agdj4 ,,/raub4--,*iefly eighte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t a doz5 workm5 ( ! "n are enum]at$4 ,,/raube1 ,,johann ,,augu/94--,born #agbe2 di$ #ahjb4 ,work$ *iefly 9 ,b]l94 ,in/rum5ts seem+ly v sc>ce4 ,,/rnad1 ,,casp>4--,prague4 ,di$ #ahbc4 ,f9e r$ v>ni%1 patt]n usually t ( ,/radiv>i4 ,he us$ sev]al diff]5t labels1 engrav$ ) musical in/rum5ts & o!r devices4 ,,/robl4--,eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 at lea/ ?ree mak]s ( ! "n4 ,two nam$ ,johann work$ 9 ,halle91 & a ?ird nam$ ,tobias 9 ,krems4 ,,/umpel1 ,h4 ,c4--,m9d54 ,born #ahch4 ,a mak] :o produc$ in/rum5ts ( v>i\s models1 built accord+ to a sy/em ( ?ickness+ ( 8 own4 ,he us$ a label be>+ a diagram %[+ a viol9 belly graduat$ accord+ to 8 me?od4 ,,/urtz]1 or ,,/urz]4--,breslau4 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,two mak]s nam$ ,johann ,mi*ael ,/urz] work$ 9 ,breslau4 ,s,,ss1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian4--,m>kneukir*54 ,di$ #aijj4 ,work$ = a "t 9 ,dresd54 ,he 0 "o ( ! be/ b[mak]s ,g]many has produc$4 ,,sulot1 ,,nicolas4--,dijon2 ab\t #ahbj-dj4 ,took out a pat5t = a viol9 ) a d\ble belly4 ,,sutor1 ,,johann ,,m>t94--,vi5na4 ,di$ #ageh4 ,examples sc>ce1 & little kn[n4 ,,sutt]le91 ,j4 ,,fri$ri*4--,/rasburg4 ,di$ #ahic or lat]4 ,c>eful "w4 ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,pretty v>ni%4 ,he came "u ! notice ( ! arti/ ,wilhelmj1 :o ?\ght highly ( 8 abilities4 ,,szepessy4 ,see ,bela4 ,,tadol9i1 ,,ignazio4--,mod5a4 ,born #agig2 di$ #ahgc4 ,kn[n only z a b[-mak]1 9 :i* dep>tm5t he excell$4 ,a bro!r--,giuseppe--seems to h made a few in/rum5ts4 ,,tanegia1 ,,c>lo ,,antonio4--,milan2 ab\t #agbj4 ,granc9o /yle4 ,examples sc>ce4 ,,tan+>d1 ,,gio4 ,,giorgio4--,rome2 ab\t #agcj-agej4 ,possibly work$ ) ,tec*l]4 ,he us$ v>i\s labels4 ,,t>r1 ,,william4--,man*e/]4 ,born #ahji2 di$ #ahib4 ,?is mak] is *iefly kn[n among/ ,engli% d\ble-bass play]s1 b made small] in/rum5ts also4 ,! basses are (t5 excell5t1 & are 9 high e/eem among/ ,nor!rn & ,midl& contrabassi/s4 ,,tass9i1 ,,b>tolommeo4--,v5ice2 latt] half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,! backs ( 8 viol9s are usually 9 "o piece1 & ! wood is (t5 h&some4 ,v>ni% a cle> gold5 yell[4 ,,taylor1 ,,william4--,london2 eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,he 0 a good av]age workman1 & made useful in/rum5ts ( ! ,panormo class4 ,he is said to h be5 taught by ,panormo4 ,! writ] has met ) a few good violas ( 8 make1 b he seems to h made m d\ble-basses4 ,v>ni% yell[ or yell[ br[n4 ,,tec*l]1 ,,david4--,salsburg1 ,v5ice1 ,rome4 ,born #afff2 di$ ab\t #agde4 ,an important & prolific mak]4 ,he seems to h _h a l>ge bus9ess 9 ,rome1 & probably employ$ a good _m assi/ants4 ,a great numb] ( 8 violoncellos are 9 exi/5ce1 & are g5]ally ( high m]it4 ,!y 7 ( l>ge patt]n1 b h frequ5tly be5 r$uc$ 9 size4 ,9 8 be/ "w he caught some?+ ( ! true ,italian /yle1 & he 0 evid5tly acqua9t$ ) ,italian me?ods ( v>ni%+4 ,b l ne>ly all ( 8 c\ntrym51 he nev] succe$$ 9 free+ himself entirely f ,g]man notions1 traces ( :i* are noticeable 9 practically all 8 works4 ,!y all h9t ( ,/a9] some:]e4 ,a few f9e d\ble-basses are 9 exi/5ce4 ,! violas are v sc>ce4 ,viol9s are pretty pl5tiful1 & v>y some:at 9 f9i% & g5]al m]it4 ,! writ] has met ) two ( ^!1 & "o violoncello ) ! bellies cut ! wrong way ( ! wood1 or 8slab-wise40 ,! scrolls are (t5 well c>v$1 & 9 ! viol9s some:at sl5d] at ! ?roat4 ,! v>ni% on ! ,roman in/rum5ts1 :i* are mu* m pl5tiful ?an ^? dat+ f ,salsburg or ,v5ice1 is ( ,amati "*1 & g5]ally ( yell[-r$ or yell[-br[n col\r4 ,,t$esco1 ,,leopoldo4--,cremona1 ,rome4 ,is all b unkn[n z a mak]1 b is m5tion$ 9 ! ,p>i% ,regi/]s ( ,cremona z a pupil ( ,niccol ,amati4 ,! "n seems to be !re spelt 8,todesco40 ,he 0 born 9 #afbe4 ,,t5tzel4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,kloz s*ool ( "w4 ,,t]man9i1 ,,joseph4--,mod5a2 ab\t #agej & lat]4 ,appe>s to h be5 a prie/ :o made fiddles4 ,"w r>e & ( no p>ticul> m]it4 ,,te/ore4--,milan2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,a widely kn[n & important family ( mak]s ^: in/rum5ts1 ?\gh *iefly ( second-class workman%ip & inf]ior f9i%1 are mu* s\ght aft] by play]s on acc\nt ( _! excell5t tone4 ,h[ev] r\gh & unattractive ! specim5 may appe>1 a ,te/ore may almo/ always be reli$ on to possess a f9e tone4 ,app>5tly ! patronage !y 7 able to obta9 did n p]mit !m to d _! be/ save on r>e occasions1 b !re are viol9s 9 exi/5ce by ,c4 ,g4 & ,c4 ,a4 ,te/ore :i* prove conclusively t1 giv5 ! opportunity1 ^! mak]s 7 possess$ ( skill & abilities ( a high ord]4 ,9 ^! r>e cases we meet ) specim5s ( good =m & f9i%1 h&some wood & brilliant v>ni%4 ,! av]age ,te/ore is1 h[ev]1 an in/rum5t :i* 9 all or mo/ ( ^! p>ticul>s leaves a good deal to be desir$4 ,! bellies are almo/ )\t exception ( p9e ( ! be/ quality ac\/ically1 b ! backs & sides are mo/ly ( pla9 or small figur$ native wood1 ! heads are mean & p9*$ look+1 s\nd-holes c>elessly cut1 v>ni% a dull yell[ or dirty br[n1 & _m ( !m are 7or r 77 unpurfl$4 ,,c>lo ,,giuseppe ,,te/ore1 ! fir/ ( ! "n1 work$ betwe5 ab\t #afhj & #agaj4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,giovanni ,granc9o1 ^: label has be5 f\nd 9 viol9s & violoncellos ( 8 make1 8 own label be+ discov]$ by repair]s und]nea?4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! case ( a violoncello own$ by ,rob]t ,l9dley4 ,8 model v>ies1 b x is absurd1 hav+ reg>d to dates1 to class him z an imitator ( ,gu>n]i del ,ges1 ^: e>lie/ fiddles date f ab\t #agbe or a ye> or two e>li]4 ,su* resemblance z may exi/ betwe5 ! viol9s ( ! two mak]s is v trifl+1 & c h>dly be said to ext5d beyond an occasional simil>ity 9 ! =m ( ! s\nd-holes4 ,! v>ni% is usually br[n or br[ni% yell[4 ,9 "s1 b n all1 ( ! in/rum5ts a br& m>k1 repres5t+ an eagle1 is met )1 b ! use ( ! br& is m frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! "w ( 8 son1 ,c>lo ,antonio4 ,c>lo ,giuseppe made "s violoncellos ( mu* m]it1 ! wood ( ! backs be+ mo/ly pe> tree or pla9 mat]ial4 ,he is also 9 repute z a d\ble-bass mak]4 ,8 eld] son1 ,,c>lo ,,antonio1 seems to h work$ until aft] #agfj1 & app>5tly made m viol9s ?an 8 fa!r4 ,! patt]n v>ies a good deal & x is difficult to say t he imitat$ any o!r mak] 9 p>ticul>4 ,mo/ ( 8 in/rum5ts are br&$ inside ) ! d\ble eagle1 sometimes 9 two or m places4 ,! "w is (t5 r\ghly f9i%$4 ,bottes9i's fav\rite d\ble-bass 0 an example by ?is mak]4 ,a son1 ,,giovanni1 work$ ) him 9 lat] ye>s4 ,,paolo ,,antonio ,,te/ore 0 ! y\ng] son ( ,c>lo ,giuseppe4 ,he 0 at "w until aft] #agfj4 ,8 viol9s be> "s resemblance to ^? ( ,gu>n]i4 ,v>ni% (t5 pali% yell[4 ,in/rum5ts frequ5tly unpurfl$1 especially 9 ! backs1 b a good _m h be5 purfl$ by lat] h&s4 ,he also us$ ! eagle br&1 b n inv>iably4 ,wood g5]ally v pla94 ,,!ress1 ,,*>les4--,london2 ab\t #ahdj-ahej4 ,work$ fir/ ) ,maucotel2 aft]w>ds on 8 own acc\nt 9 ,soho4 ,mirec\rt /yle4 ,,?ib\t4--,p>is2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a well-kn[n family1 mo/ ( :om work$ 9 ,p>is4 ,!re 7 ab\t six mak]s 9 all4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ,,jacques ,,pi]re1 born #aggi1 di$ #ahef4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f9e/ workm5 ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 & 8 be/ copies ( ,/radiv>i are less heavy 9 appe>ance ?an ^? ( ,lupot & ! tone is m ,italian 9 "*4 ,! v>ni% on su* specim5s is also v h&some3 r$ on a yell[ basis4 ,8 in/rum5ts 7 made 9 at lea/ two grades & ! bett] ones n[ comm& v high prices4 ,he obta9$ sev]al m$als1 & us$ labels 9 v>i\s /yles at diff]5t dates4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t 8 be/ p]sonal "w is n m pl5tiful4 ,,?ib\ville-,,lamy1 ,,l\is ,,emile ,,j]ome4--,mirec\rt1 ,p>is4 ,born #ahcc4 ,manufactures /r+$ & o!r musical in/rum5ts on a huge scale1 & ( all grades4 ,he has receiv$ v>i\s m$als & employs _m workm54 ,,?ir4--,presburg1 ,vi5na2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,n9e or t5 mak]s ( ! "n4 ,!re 7 two ,antons 9 ,presburg1 & two 9 ,vi5na4 ,"o ( ! be/ 0 ,,&reas1 :o work$ 9 ,presburg until ab\t #agih1 & copi$ ! =m ( ,amati well4 ,,johann ,,georg ,,?ir 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,vi5na until aft] #agij1 & made a good _m in/rum5ts4 ,v>ni% d>k br[n or d>k r$4 ,geiss5h( 0 = a "t 9 p>tn]%ip ) him4 ,ano!r good mak] ( ! "n 0 ,,ma?ias1 :o 0 a bro!r ( ,j4 ,g4 ,?ir & work$ until ab\t #agie4 ,,?omass91 ,,l\is4--,p>is4 ,born #ahee4 ,a clev] b[-mak]4 ,voir9 /yle4 ,,?ompson4--,london2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 sev]al mak]s1 or r in/rum5t deal]s1 9 bus9ess 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d4 ,in/rum5ts v>y1 & ! violoncellos are (t5 bett] ?an ! viol9s4 ,! latt] are g5]ally a sort ( mixture ( ! patt]ns ( ,/a9] & ,amati1 ) r$ or yell[ v>ni%1 & ( no p>ticul> "*4 ,,?\v5el1 ,,h5ry4--,mirec\rt2 ab\t #ahej-ahfj4 ,/rad patt]n2 yell[ v>ni%4 ,,?um>dt4--,/raub+1 ,muni*2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,eight or m mak]s are nam$4 ,"o ( !m1 ,,johann ,,/ephan1 work$ 9 ,/raub+ until #ahag1 & 8 "w is ( "s value4 ,,tief5brunn]4--,mitt5wald1 ,muni*2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a family :o mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,tieff5bruck]s :o 7 viol mak]s4 ,eight or n9e ,tief5brunn]s h be5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( /r+$ in/rum5ts1 *iefly zi!rs4 ,among/ ^? :o made viol9s ,,johann ,,casp>1 :o di$ ab\t #agfi1 & work$ 9 ,mitt5wald1 seems to be be/ kn[n4 ,,tielke1 ,,joa*im4--,hamburg4 ,born #afda2 di$ #agai4 ,is said to h made viol9s1 b ! only in/rum5ts se5 by ! writ] 7 ( ! lute or viol class4 ,,tob91 ,,ri*>d4--,dubl91 ,london4 ,a f9e workman4 ,0 = a "t employ$ by ,p]ry4 ,aft]w>ds by ,betts & o!r ,london deal]s1 besides work+ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,made "s v h&some violoncellos1 & viol9s *iefly ( ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,he di$ 9 ,%or$it* 9 ab\t #ahcf4 ,8 scrolls are wond]ful pieces ( workman%ip2 b he 0 ( irregul> habits1 & did n always d full ju/ice to 8 p[]s4 ,,tolbecque1 ,,augu/e4--,p>is4 ,born #ahcj4 ,a violoncelli/1 & collector ( old in/rum5ts2 he made a few viol9s :i* are said to be excell5t copies ( ,italian "w4 ,,tononi4--,bologna1 ,v5ice1 ,rome2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,an important family ( mak]s ( ,bolognese orig94 ,!re 7 two ,c>los1 ! eld] ( :om dates f ,bologna1 & seems to h work$ d[n to ab\t #agag1 or p]haps lat]4 ,!re d n seem to be _m ( 8 in/rum5ts ab\t4 ,! relation%ips betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s ( ?is family are unc]ta91 & ! acc\nts giv5 ( !m 9 books on ! viol9 v>y 9 ?is respect4 ,mo/ ( ! in/rum5ts se5 are evid5tly bas$ ^u ! =m ( ,amati1 b !re is a ,g]man look ab\t !m :i* is app>5t en\gh on exam9+ a specim5 ?\gh n easy to expla9 on pap]4 ,_m ( !m are beautifully f9i%$1 & built ( h&somely figur$ wood1 & ! tone1 especially ( ! violoncellos1 is exceptionally good4 ,a numb] ( ! viol9s are ( r l>ge size1 ! ar*+ usually fairly high4 ,p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( ! family is ,,c>lo ,,antonio1 :o work$ 9 ,v5ice f ab\t #agbj-agfh4 ,mo/ ( ! fiddles are r high built1 h f9ely figur$ backs1 & a yell[ or r$-orange v>ni% ( v good quality4 ,"n br&$ above ! tail p94 ,8 second ,*ri/ian "n does n seem to appe> ^u 8 tickets4 ,,giovanni ,,tononi work$ 9 ,bologna & app>5tly 9 ,v5ice also4 ,8 in/rum5ts date f ab\t #afhi-agdj4 ,model v>ies1 b is *iefly ( l>ge ,amati "*4 ,good yell[ or br[n-r$ v>ni% ( cle> texture4 ,,felice ,,tononi dates f ,bologna & 0 possibly ! f\nd] ( ! family1 8 e>ly tickets dat+ f ab\t #afgj4 ,high model1 good cle> v>ni%4 ,two o!r names are m5tion$1 ,,guido & ,,pietro4 ,,toppani1 ,,angelo ,,de4--,rome2 ab\t #agcj-de4 ,high built fiddles4 ,tec*l] s*ool4 ,,torossi1 ,,ces>e4--,nov>a2 ab\t #ahdj4 ,little kn[n4 ,,t\rte4--,p>is2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,celebrat$ b[-mak]s4 ,beyond be+ ! fa!r ( ! fam\s ,franois1 8,t\rte pre10 ?\gh himself a b[-mak]1 did n a*ieve any p>ticul> di/9ction4 ,he di$ ab\t #aghj4 ,,xav] or ,,sav,,re1 8 eld] son1 made "s good b[s1 & "s v indiff]5t ones4 ,,francois ,,t\rte 0 born 9 #agdg1 & di$ 9 ,april1 #ahce4 ,he made a v l>ge numb] ( b[s1 & cont9u$ to "w until v late 9 life4 ,!y are un/amp$1 & save 9 ab\t two cases1 9 :i* he ins]t$ small engrav$ labels 9 ! nuts1 he us$ no di/+ui%+ m>k or br& to id5tify 8 "w4 ,he 0 admitt$ly ! f9e/ b[mak] :o ev] liv$1 b ! "w ( o!r ,fr5* mak]s is (t5 q equal 9 m]it to all b 8 v be/ examples1 & ev5 !n x is m a matt] ( sup]b f9i% ?an ( practical utility4 ,he probably 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 settl+ ! correct l5g? ( ! b[1 b beyond ?is x is v que/ionable :e!r he 0 ! actual 8inv5tor0 ( ! improvem5ts ) :i* he is cr$it$ 9 books4 ,,trapani1 ,,raffaele4--,naples2 e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 in/rum5ts are m rem>kable = orig9ality ?an beauty ( appe>ance4 ,l>ge viol9s4 ,s\nd-holes po9t$2 flat ar*+2 v>ni% r$di% br[n4 ,! "w is fairly well f9i%$4 ,,tr9elli1 ,,giovanni4--,sc&9o2 e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,l>ge viol9s4 ,p[]ful tone4 ,n highly f9i%$4 ,sc>ce4 ,,trucco1 ,,girolamo4--,savona2 ab\t #ahdj4 ,,truska1 ,,simon ,,joseph4--,/rah[4 ,di$ #ahji4 ,a prie/ :o made viol9s & o!r /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,,tubbs4--,london2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a well-kn[n family ( b[-mak]s4 ,william ,tubbs1 fa!r ( ! pres5t mak]1 work$ ) ,edw>d ,dodd1 & mu* ( 8 "w /rongly resembles t ( 8 ma/]2 he 0 a good workman4 ,,james ,,tubbs 0 born 9 #ahce1 & is /ill at "w4 ,he has atta9$ wide celebrity1 & _m ( 8 b[s are beautiful examples ( 8 art4 ,,turn]4--,london2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,0 a well-kn[n deal] & import]1 b seems to h employ$ workm54 ,8 /amp may be se5 on _m in/rum5ts ( a common class 7sometimes ) lion heads7 ( cont95tal make4 ,,tyw]sus4--,nancy2 sixte5? c5tury4 ,x seems to be d\btful :e!r he made viol9s4 ,,uebel4--,m>kneukir*51 ,kl+5?al2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,!re 7 sev]al mak]s ( ! "n4 ,"s ( !m 7 at "w until v rec5t times4 ,,ug>1 ,,cresc5zio4--,rome2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,0 possibly a ,g]man4 ,br[n v>ni%4 ,g]man /yle4 ,,ulri*1 ,,di$]i*4--,hamburg2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,yell[ v>ni%4 ,brescian type ( "w4 ,"s ( ! in/rum5ts h lion heads4 ,,ung>9i1 ,,raynaldo4--,fabriano2 ab\t #ahjj4 ,,urban1 ,,joseph4--,prague1 ,new ,york1 ,san ,francisco4 ,di$ #ahic4 ,,urquh>t1 ,,?omas4--,london2 latt] half ( sev5te5? c5tury4 ,high built viol9s4 ,v>ni% ( beautiful quality4 ,,vaillant1 ,,francois4--,p>is2 ab\t #agcj-hj4 ,sc>ce4 ,,vaillant1 ,,ni*olas4--,bordeaux2 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,r$ v>ni%4 ,well f9i%$ "w4 ,scrolls well cut4 ,,val5zano1 ,,giovanni ,,m>ia4--,val5tia1 ,rome1 ,trie/e4 ,accord+ to specim5s se5 by ! writ] ! patt]n v>i$ some:at4 ,"w v well f9i%$2 s\nd-holes & scroll well cut2 m$ium size viol9s ) yell[ or r$di% yell[ v>ni% ( good quality1 & resembl+ ,neapolitan1 b s(t] 9 texture4 ,he work$ 9 v>i\s places 7*iefly ,rome71 & us$ bo? writt5 & pr9t$ labels4 ,dates betwe5 ab\t #agij & #ahbe4 ,,vall5t9e1 ,,william4--,london4 ,di$ ab\t #ahgg4 ,work$ = _m ye>s = ,h>t4 ,a good repair]4 ,*iefly kn[n z a d\ble-bass mak]4 ,,v&elli1 ,,giovanni4--,fiorano 7,mod5a74 ,di$ #ahci4 ,,v&]li/4--,p>is2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,in/rum5ts br&$4 ,said to h copi$ ,guadagn9i4 ,,vangeli/i1 ,,pi] ,,lor5zo4--,flor5ce2 ab\t #agcj4 ,r indiff]5t "w2 some:at high built4 ,seem+ly sc>ce4 ,,v>otti1 ,,giovanni4--,bologna2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,,vau*el1 ,,jean ,,corn4--,may5ce1 ,wurzburg1 ,damm4 ,di$ #ahef4 ,0 a deal] & repair] z well z a mak]4 ,he 0 patronis$ by ,pagan9i & ,spohr4 ,8 monum5t describes him z "o ( ! mo/ fam\s viol9 mak]s 9 ! _w4 ,he seems to h be5 a workman ( ability1 b 8 in/rum5ts are little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,v5tapane4--,naples2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,?ree mak]s ( ?is "n date f ,naples4 ,_! "w belongs to ! ,gagliano s*ool4 ,in/rum5ts ( _! make h be5 sold z g5u9e ,gaglianos4 ,! be/ kn[n ( !m is ,,lor5zo1 :o dates betwe5 ab\t #ahjj-cj4 ,h&some wood1 good yell[-orange v>ni%4 ,,v9c5zo ,,v5tapane work$ d[n to ab\t #ahjj1 & produc$ "s useful in/rum5ts4 ,,pasquale ,,v5tapane 0 an inf]ior workman4 ,,v]9i1 ,,s]af9o4--,arceto1 ,cascogno 7,mod5a74 ,di$ #ahfh4 ,he 0 a l& surveyor :o made in/rum5ts = 8 amusem5t4 ,&rea ,v]9i1 :o 0 p]haps a son1 also made in/rum5ts4 ,,v]mes*4--,beaumont-sur-,oise4 ,a prie/ :o work$ at fiddle mak+ ab\t #aghj-ahaj4 ,,v]on1 ,,anto9e4--,p>is2 ab\t #agbj-ej4 ,pi]ray s*ool ( "w4 ,,v]on1 ,,pi]re ,,&r4--,p>is2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,,vetr9i4--,brescia2 ab\t #afcj4 ,,vi$5h(]1 ,,b]n>d4--,pe/h 7,budape/72 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,brescian /yle ( "w4 ,,vign]on1 ,,joseph ,,ar?ur4--,p>is2 contempor>y4 ,a b[-mak] ( consid]able ability4 ,work$ = "s ye>s ) ,g& & ,b]n>del4 ,,vim]cati1 ,,pietro4--,v5ice2 ab\t #afdj-fj4 ,said to be an imitator ( ,amati4 ,!re is a tradition t ,/a9] work$ ) him4 ,,vim]cati1 ,,paolo4--,v5ice2 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,amati /yle accord+ to acc\nts4 ,,v9accia4--,naples2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a v l>ge ,neapolitan family4 ,viol9s be>+ _! labels are met )1 b !y are not$ m z m&ol9e mak]s4 ,,viss5aire1 ,l4 ,,nicolas4--,lyons4 ,di$ #ahij4 ,a good workman4 ,,voel1 ,,jacob4--,may5ce1 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e2 ab\t #ahdj4 ,well made viol9s2 ,/radiv>i patt]n2 s\nd-holes r wide op52 scrolls well cut4 ,,vogl]1 ,,johann ,,georg4--,wurzburg2 fir/ half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,,voigt4--,m>kneukir*52 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a v]itable sw>m ( mak]s ( ! "n are enum]at$4 ,upw>ds ( ?irty h be5 engag$ 9 ! fiddle bus9ess1 & "o or two ( !m h _h bran*es ( _! e/abli%m5ts 9 ?is c\ntry 9 v rec5t ye>s4 ,,voir91 ,,francis ,,nicolas4--,p>is4 ,born #ahcc2 di$ #ahhe4 ,a celebrat$ b[-mak]4 ,8 patt]n has be5 mu* imitat$ by mod]n ,fr5* mak]s1 su* z ,lamy1 ,s>tory1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,,voll]1 ,,william4--,london4 ,born #ahfj4 ,a mo/ skilful imitator ( old ,italian "w4 ,8 8facsimiles0 h puzzl$ _m by no means un9=m$ obs]v]s by _! close resemblance to g5u9e ,italian ma/]pieces1 & h 9 "s in/ances be5 productive ( law suits4 ,he imitates ! appe>ances ( we> ) p]haps great] skill ?an any o!r workman :o has practis$ ! art1 n ev5 except+ ,vuillaume & ,john ,lott4 ,two or m bro!rs are1 or 7 rec5tly1 employ$ 9 ! same l9e ( bus9ess4 ,,vuillaume4--,mirec\rt1 ,p>is1 ,brussels2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! "n is probably kn[n :]ev] ! viol9 is 9 use ow+ to ! wide celebrity atta9$ by ! pr9cipal mak] ( ! family1 :i* 0 ( ,mirec\rt orig94 ,ab\t t5 ,vuillaumes h be5 engag$ 9 fiddle mak+4 ,f\r nam$ ,claude or ,claude ,francis op]at$ 9 ,mirec\rt f ab\t #afbe-ahfe4 ,claude ,vuillaume ,,ii4 di$ 9 ,mirec\rt 9 #ahcd4 ,in/rum5ts ( 8 make are br&$ on ! backs 8,au roi ,david10 ,p>is4 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,vuillaume1 :o made ! "n fam\s1 0 born 9 ,mirec\rt 9 #agih1 & 0 a son ( ,claude ,vuillaume ,,ii4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahge1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? 8 work%ops _h turn$ out upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& in/rum5ts4 ,?is fact speaks = itself1 & ?\gh he 0 p]sonally a workman ( consummate skill & employ$ assi/ants ( mu* ability1 !re c be no "q t ! _w w\ld h be5 ri*] 9 really fir/-class examples ( ! copyi/'s art _h he be5 cont5t to limit 8 output to m mode/ dim5sions4 ,b ,vuillaume 0 a ke5 bus9ess man1 & knew well en\gh t ext5sive production 0 ! "o & only way to amass a =tune 9 ! manufacture ( new fiddles4 ,! /ory ( 8 life has be5 told "t & aga9 9 books on ! viol91 & !re is no ne$ "h to repeat x4 ,he has left "s ( ! f9e/ copies ( ,/radiv>i t 7 ev] made1 & _m t1 f a tone po9t ( view1 are ( little or no acc\nt4 ,! in/rum5ts made f artificially matur$ wood1 ( :i* _m exi/1 are disa/r\s failures1 & x is =tunate t he desi/$ aft] "s "t f produc+ su* ?+s4 ,8 violoncellos are useful in/rum5ts1 & g5]ally possess a f9e tone4 ,he 0 a f9e judge ( old ,italian "w1 & _m notable viol9s & basses pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,,nicolas ,,vuillaume1 8 bro!r1 work$ 9 ,mirec\rt1 & di$ !re 9 #ahga4 ,8 "w is fair1 b ( ! trade class4 ,he 0 ! mak] ( ! s-call$ 8,/5tor0 viol9s4 ,,nicolas ,,francis ,,vuillaume1 ano!r bro!r--born #ahjb1 di$ #ahgf--work$ = a "t ) ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume1 & aft]w>ds w5t to ,brussels1 :]e he 0 = _m ye>s 9 bus9ess4 ,he 0 mak] to ! ,cons]vatoire !re1 & receiv$ m$als4 ,he 0 a v fair workman1 b mu* inf]ior to 8 bro!r 9 ability4 ,,seba/i5 ,,vuillaume1 a nephew1 di$ 9 #ahgf1 & 0 n p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$4 ,he also work$ 9 ,p>is4 ,,wagn]4--,eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,n9e or m mak]s are m5tion$ be>+ ! "n4 ,!y work$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,b5$ict ,wagn]1 ,elwang51 0 at "w 9 t place betwe5 ab\t #agbj & #agij4 ,patt]n v>ies1 b !y are usually high built4 ,yell[-br[n v>ni%4 ,he br&$ 8 "n on ! backs4 ,ano!r ,wagn]1 nam$ ,joseph1 work$ 9 ,con/ance 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,wamsley1 ,,pet]4--,london2 fir/ half ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool ( mak]s1 & sev]al workm51 su* z ,?omas ,smi?1 ,joseph ,hill1 & o!rs1 work$ )1 or imitat$ him4 ,8 in/rum5ts are ( ,/a9] patt]n1 & he g5]ally us$ prettily m>k$ wood = 8 backs4 ,v>ni% v>ies 9 col\r1 b is *iefly d>k r$ or r$-br[n4 ,he made a numb] ( violoncellos4 ,"w (t5 unpurfl$4 ,,w>necke1 ,l4 ,,georges4--,nancy2 ab\t #ahbj-cj4 ,he br&$ 8 viol9s ) a curi\s monogram "u ! bridge4 ,,wass]mann1 ,,joseph4--,znaim2 late eighte5? c5tury4 ,examples sc>ce4 ,well-made in/rum5ts ) orange-br[n v>ni%4 ,,web]1 ,,mi*ael4--,prague4 ,di$ #ahdd4 ,,wei*old1 ,,ri*>d4--,dresd54 ,a well-kn[n manufactur] ( /r+$ in/rum5ts & accessories4 ,_m ( ! b[s be>+ 8 /amp are excell5t4 ,he di$ 9 #aijb4 ,,well]4--,m>kneukir*52 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sev]al mak]s ( ! "n are m5tion$1 b among/ ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian names t ( 8,samuel0 does n occur4 ,,w5g]1 ,,gregori ,,f]d9&4--,augsburg2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,/a9] "* ( "w4 ,v>ni% r$ or d>k br[n4 ,,w]n]4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a num]\s family orig9at+ 9 ,s*nba*4 ,a mak] nam$ ,,franz ,,w]n] work$ 9 ,vi5na until ab\t #ahbe & 0 a pupil ( ,geiss5h(4 ,c>eful "w4 ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,wett5gel4--,m>kneukir*52 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a family ( in/rum5t mak]s4 ,"o ( !m 7,gu/av ,adolf7 wrote a book on viol9 mak+4 ,,:itak]4--,london2 ab\t #ahaj-bi4 ,button & ,:itak] 7 in/rum5t deal]s4 ,! "n may be se5 on viol9s & violoncellos ( m$iocre workman%ip4 ,,widhalm4--,nuremburg2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a fairly num]\s family ( mak]s1 ! *ief ( :om 0 ,,leopold ,,widhalm1 :o 0 born 9 #agbb & di$ 9 #aggf4 ,he 0 a prolific workman & a good _m ( 8 fiddles are 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he copi$ ,/a9] ) mu* ability1 b g5]ally ov]did ! ar*+4 ,8 v>ni% is usually r$1 & ( v good quality4 ,!re is a good deal ( sam5ess ab\t 8 "w4 ,he made "s f9e violas4 ,8 initials are g5]ally se5 /amp$ "u ! labels4 ,sev]al sons 7 also mak]s4 ,! second ( !m1 ,,gallus ,,ignatius1 di$ 9 #ahbb4 ,,wilf]4--,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re h be5 sev]al ,g]man mak]s ( ?is "n4 ,,willems4--,gh5t2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,?ree mak]s ( ! "n are kn[n4 ,good "w ( ! ,amati s*ool4 ,,will]4--,prague2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,?ree mak]s kn[n4 ,johann ,mi*ael ,wili] di$ 9 #ahbf1 & 0 a tol]ably good workman4 ,,wise1 ,,*ri/oph]4--,london2 middle ( sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a violoncello attribut$ to ?is mak] 0 se5 by ! writ] 9 ,london rec5tly1 b 0 n a v int]e/+ specim54 ,! viol9s are occasionally met ) & h v good v>ni%4 ,size r small4 ,,)]s4--,london2 n9ete5? c5tury & contempor>y4 ,well-kn[n firms ( ,london deal]s & repair]s4 ,! f\nd] ( ! bus9ess 0 ,,edw>d ,,)]s1 :o di$ ab\t #ahgj4 ,he 0 a mak] ( decid$ ability & made "s in/rum5ts ( high-class f9i% & workman%ip4 ,he also employ$ "s excell5t workm51 among/ !m ,b\llangi] 7q4v474 ,a son ( ! same "n 0 a pupil ( ,lott & c>ri$ on bus9ess 9 ,w>d\r ,/reet4 ,he di$ 9 #aiae1 & ! bus9ess is cont9u$ by 8 sons4 ,,george ,,)]s1 ano!r son ( ! fir/ ,edw>d1 e/abli%$ a successful bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt1 & retir$ "s ye>s ago4 ,! firm is n[ 8,george ,)]s & ,sons10 ! p>tn]s be+ two ( 8 sons1 ,,gu>n]i & ,,walt]1 bo? ( :om und]w5t a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 ,mirec\rt4 ,,wolff1 ,,bro!rs4--,kreuzna*2 contempor>y4 ,well-kn[n manufactur]s ( in/rum5ts ( ! 8factory0 class4 ,,worle ,,& ,,wornle4--,mak]s be>+ ^! names work$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many & 9 ,vi5na4 ,sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,,wund]li*4--,m>kneukir*52 n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sev]al ( ! "n4 ,,za*1 ,,?omas4--,budape/1 ,vi5na4 ,born #ahab2 di$ #ahib4 ,he 0 a v f9e workman4 ,8 copies ( ,/radiv>i & ,gu>n]i are beautifully made & take high rank among/ mod]n productions4 ,! v>ni% on _m ( !m is ( excell5t quality4 ,a son1 ,,c>l ,,za*1 inv5t$ a process = impregnat+ ! wood ( 8 in/rum5ts to improve ! tone4 ,judg+ by examples se5 by ! writ] x did n h ! desir$ effect4 ,,za*]1 ,,franz4--,+old/adt2 e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,high built in/rum5ts4 ,c>eful "w & h&some wood4 ,specim5s sc>ce4 ,,zanetto4--,brescia2 late sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5turies4 ,8 "n appe>s to h be5 ,p]egr9o1 or ,pelegr9o1 ,mi*elis di ,zanetto1 b he is usually ref]r$ to z 8,zanetto40 ,he c]ta9ly made violas ( ! l>ge1 or 8,t5ore0 class1 b z to :at o!r in/rum5ts ( a type n[ 9 use he really made !re seems to be "s d\bt4 ,messrs ,george ,)]s & ,sons possess a viola ( 8 make4 ,,zanfi1 ,,giacomo4--,mod5a4 ,born #agef2 di$ ab\t #ahbb4 ,accord+ to labels 0 a music tea*] :o made viol9s & l>g] in/rum5ts4 ,,zanoli1 ,,gio4 ,,batti/a4--,v]ona2 #agcj-eg ,seem+ly a m$iocre mak]4 ,,zanoli1 ,,giacomo4--,v5ice1 ,padua1 ,v]ona2 ab\t #agdj-fj4 ,,zanotti1 ,,antonio4--,mantua2 eighte5? c5tury4 ,,zanti1 ,,aless&ro4--,late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,work$ 9 ,mantua4 ,"w well f9i%$4 ,*iefly ,/radiv>i patt]n4 ,,zw]g]4--,mitt5wald2 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a family ( mak]s ( ,mitt5wald orig94 ,sev]al ( !m work$ 9 ,neub]g4 ,,add5dum ,,amati1 ,,hi]onymus ,,ii4--,s9ce ! notice ( ?is mak] 0 writt5 7vide page #aci7 ! writ] has met ) two viol9s labell$ prior to ! ye> #agjj4 ,"o ( ^! is dat$ #afhi4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 ,a ,nei!r ! pegs1 f+]-bo>d1 neck1 bridge1 tailpiece1 saddle nor tailp91 on ! ext]ior1 or ! s\ndpo/1 bassb>1 corn] blocks1 end blocks or l9+s1 inside ! in/rum5t1 add any p>ticul> value to ! viol9 if orig9al4 ,mo/ ( ^! items are1 9 a well-fitt$ old viol91 mod]n4 ,! vital p>ts = curio valuation are ! head1 top1 back1 & ribs4 ,b ,! viol9s produc$ 9 any "p ( mod]n ,italy z a rule possess repute no high] ?an ^? made 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,s long ago z ! latt] ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury x became necess>y = ! ,italian workm5 to seek in=mation 9 ! art f ,p>is & o!r cities ( ,france4 ,z = ,cremona ( ! pres5t day1 x may almo/ be said t1 z a viol9 c5tre1 x is n s]i\sly consid]$ at all4 ,i believe "s ef=t has rec5tly be5 made to revive its anci5t glories1 b ! success ( ! v5ture is /ill v mu* 9 d\bt4 ,c ,x has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ t ,/radiv>i con/ruct$ dur+ 8 lifetime betwe5 #ajjj & #aejj in/rum5ts4 ,d ,antonio ,/radiv>i is ! be/ kn[n ( all viol9 mak]s ( pa/ times1 & x is solely = ?is reason t we use 8 "n s frequ5tly :5 ref]r+ to ! old mak]s1 r ?an t ( ano!r less famili>4 ,e 8,we unhesitat+ly ass]t t mod]n viol9-mak]s h a *oice ( mat]ial equal 9 e respect to t :i* exi/$ at ! "t ( ,/radiv>i4444 ,we may "h add a ^w z to ! delusion t mat]ial tak5 f build+s1 su* z = in/ance ,swiss *lets--9 "s cases c5turies old--is pref]able to t cut & season$ dur+ a less]1 b /ill a suffici5t1 numb] ( ye>s4 ,we h tri$ bo? k9ds 444 & we fail to f9d t ! =m] has any real advantage ov] ! latt]2 9 fact1 our op9ion is r 9 fav\r ( ! m y\?ful wood40--,messrs4 ,hill1 8,antonio ,/radiv>i10 p4 #agc4 ,f ,a pot5t factor 9 ret>d+ a g5]al recognition & revival ( tone is t mod]n viol9 mak]s are all too frequ5tly look$ ^u--& look ^u !mselves--z m]e c>v]s ( wood1 & are judg$ almo/ entirely f t /&po9t4 ,p]fection ( workman%ip & su* arti/ry z ea* mak] may a*ieve1 r ?an ! tone-m]it 8 in/rum5ts may possess1 seems ! only exi/+ me?od ( indicat+ 8 /atus z a viol9 mak]4 ,aside f o!r consid]ations1 ?is r5d]s 8 position difficult 9 ! extreme1 ! viol9 (f]+ little scope 7z 9 ! pla/ic & k9dr$ arts7 = orig9ality2 & any dep>ture f conv5tion is apt to be *>act]is$ z freaki%1 :il/ all possible ref9em5t ( detail seems long s9ce anticipat$4 ,g ,^! pr9ciples1 z we h endeav\r$ to expla91 are z old z ! viol9 itself4 ,h ,x has long be5 consid]$ by _m :o seek to duplicate ! tone ( ! old ma/] viol9s t ! m p]fectly size1 outl9e1 ar*+1 ?ickness--or model--is copi$1 ! m *ance ( secur+ ! desir$ tone4 ,not)/&+ ! lack ( success att5d+ su* ef=ts1 copy+ is /ill ext5sively practis$ & reli$ ^u = tone production4 ,i ,_m viol9s ( little tonal wor?1 b by a m or less fam\s anci5t mak]1 are adv]tis$ 9 a mann] calculat$ to fire ! imag9ation ( ! read] & effect a sale ?r\gh an appeal to romantic s5tim5t4 ,x is = ?is reason t s mu* is said ab\t ! mak]1 8 times1 ma/]1 family1 etc41 & s little ab\t ! tone ( ! p>ticul> in/rum5t4 ,j 8,! copies ( ,/radiv>i by ,jacob ,f5dt are among 8 be/ ef=ts4 ,! "w is well done2 ! dicoloration ( ! wood clev]ly manag$1 & ! effect ( we> c\nt]feit$ ) great] skill ?an has ev] be5 done be=e or s9ce1 & f9ally1 an am\nt ( /yle is ?r[n into ! "w :i* transc5ds ! +5uity ( any o!r copyi/40--8,! ,viol910 ,g4 ,h>t1 page #big4 ,k 8,viol9 ,mak+ z x ,0 & ,is10 ,ed4 ,h]on ,all51 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,l ,a r popul> belief is t all old viol9s by a c]ta9 celebrat$ mak]1 or new ones by a mod]n mak]1 are alike 9 tonal wor?4 ,?is is n ! case1 & ! fact %\ld be c>efully rememb]$4 ,! v>iation is n due s mu* to ! vicissitudes ( a long & /r5u\s exi/5ce on ! "p ( ! in/rum5t z to ^? human limitations :i* r5d] x impossible = a ma/] 9 any art to copy himself ) unfail+ regul>ity & success4 ,m ,?is numb] may appe> l>ge1 b we believe x is "u1 r ?an ov]1 ! m>k4 ,"s ( ! mak]s ( lat] times1 n[1 h[ev]1 rank+ z 8old10 turn$ out f _! %ops z _m z #b1ejj in/rum5ts4 ,if ! #ijj mak]s produc$ an av]age ( #ajj viol9s ea* dur+ _! lifetime1 ! total w\ld am\nt to #ij1jjj4 ,n ,:ile mo/ ( ! great deal]s ?r\gh\t ! _w are ei!r good judges ( tone !mselves1 or employ ^? :o are1 !y _c1 z v5dors1 be consid]$ imp>tial4 ,x is only fair to say !y recognise ?is1 & pref] t ! prospective buy] =m 8 own op9ion4 ,o ,9 ! ,correspond5ce ,dep>tm5t ( ,! ,/rad = ,may1 #aiaf1 we f9d ! foll[+3 8,i ?9k 8 7,/radiv>i's7 v>ni% 0 purely & simply got by a visit to 8 f[l-%$1 & ! selection ( half a doz5 br[n-%ell$ eggs !refrom1 simply break+ 9 a di%1 beat+ ! cont5ts well toge!r1 remov+ ! fro?1 & apply+ ! residuum at once to 8 f9i%$ viol9s4444 ,i believe ?is is ! long-s\ght solution ( ! means employ$ by ,/rad to f9i% (f 8 viol9s40 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 succ$ 9 tone succe$ 9 tone pg xv approximateiy accurate approximately accurate pg xvii be m wor?y ! be m wor?y ( ! pg #ej ridicul\s claims or ridicul\s claims ( pg #ajg ,,glass4--,kl+eu?al ,,glass4--,kl+5?al pg #agj ,,ha,,ssl]1 ,,gu/ave ,h,,ussl]1 ,,gu/ave pg #ahg enum]at$ by von ,lutg5drff enum]at$ by von ,ltg5dorff pg #bdd ,,egiduis1 circa #agjj-cj ,,egidius1 circa #agjj-cj pg #bdi ,moscr[1 ,prague ,mosc[1 ,prague pg #bdi