,?is e,book 0 produc$ by ,anne ,foll&1 ,tiffany ,v]gon1 ,*>les ,franks & ! ,onl9e ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read+ ,team ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,by ,,john ,,edg> ,mc,f,a,d,y,e,n1 ,m4,a4 7,glas47 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,pr(essor ( ,old ,te/am5t ,lit]ature & ,exegesis1 ,knox ,college1 ,toronto ,to ,my ,pupils ,pa/ & ,pres5t ,,preface ,?is ,introduction does n pret5d to (f] any?+ to speciali/s4 ,x is writt5 = !ological /ud5ts1 m9i/]s1 & laym51 :o desire to und]/& ! mod]n attitude to ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole1 b :o ei!r d n h ! "t or ! incl9ation to foll[ ! details on :i* all ?or\gh /udy ( x mu/ ultimately re/4 ,^! details are intricate1 (t5 p]plex+1 & all b innum]able1 & ! /ud5t is 9 dang] ( fail+ to see ! wood = ! trees4 ,?is ,introduction1 !re=e1 conc5trates att5tion only on ! m sali5t features ( ! discussion4 ,no attempt has be5 made1 = example1 to relegate e v]se 9 ! ,p5tateu*#a to its docum5t>y s\rce2 b ! me?od ( attack+ ! ,p5tateu*al problem has be5 pres5t$1 & ! l>g] docum5t>y divisions indicat$4 ,footnote #a3 ,p5tateu* & ,hexateu* are us$ 9 ?is volume to indicate ! fir/ five & ! fir/ six books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t respectively1 )\t ref]5ce to any critical !ory4 ,z ! fir/ five books =m a natural division by !mselves1 & z _! lit]>y s\rces are cont9u$ n only into ,jo%ua1 b probably beyond x1 x is z legitimate to speak ( ! ,p5tateu* z ( ! ,hexateu*4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! discussions c 9 no case be exhau/ive2 su* treatm5t c only be expect$ 9 comm5t>ies to ! individual books4 ,:ile c>efully consid]+ all ! m important alt]natives1 ,i h usually cont5t$ myself ) pres5t+ ! conclusion :i* seem$ to me mo/ probable2 & ,i h ?\ght x bett] to discuss ea* case on its m]its1 )\t ref]r+ expressly & cont9ually to ! op9ions ( ,engli% & =eign s*ol>s4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! discussion )9 ! range ( ^? :o h no special l+ui/ic equipm5t1 ,i h h>dly ev] cit$ ,greek or ,hebrew words1 & nev] 9 ! orig9al alphabets4 ,= a simil> reason1 ! v]ses are numb]$1 n z 9 ! ,hebrew1 b z 9 ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,i h s\ght to make ! discussion read cont9u\sly1 )\t di/ract+ ! att5tion--except+ v occasionally-by foot-notes or o!r devices4 ,above all ?+s1 ,i h tri$ to be int]e/+4 ,critical discussions are too apt to div]t ^? :o pursue !m f ! absorb+ human int]e/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,its writ]s 7 m5 ( l hopes & fe>s & passions ) ourselves1 & n ! lea/ important task ( a sympa!tic s*ol>%ip is to recov] t humanity :i* speaks to u 9 s _m portions & s _m ways f ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,:ile we mu/ nev] all[ ourselves to =get t ! ,old ,te/am5t is a voice f ! anci5t & ! ,semitic _w1 n a few p>ts ( x--books1 = example1 l ,job & ,ecclesia/es--are z mod]n z ! book t 0 writt5 ye/]day4 ,b1 fir/ & la/1 ! ,old ,te/am5t is a religi\s book2 & an ,introduction to x %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 introduce u n only to its lit]>y problems1 b to its religi\s cont5t4 ,i h !re=e usually attempt$--briefly1 & n 9 any homiletic _s--to indicate ! religi\s value & significance ( its sev]al books4 ,!re may be read]s :o w\ld "h & !re h desid]at$ a m confid5t tone1 b ,i h delib]ately refra9$ f go+ fur!r ?an ! facts seem$ to w>rant4 ,! cause ( tru? is n s]v$ by unw>rant$ ass]tions2 & ! facts are (t5 s difficult to concat5ate t dogmatism becomes an imp]t95ce4 ,^? :o "k ! gr\nd be/ walk ! mo/ w>ily4 ,b if ! old confid5ce has be5 lo/1 a new confid5ce has be5 won4 ,traditional op9ions on que/ions ( date & au?or%ip may h be5 %ak5 or ov]turn$1 b o!r & great] ?+s abide2 & n ! lea/ preci\s is t confid5ce1 :i* c n[ ju/ify itself at ! b> ( ! mo/ rigor\s sci5tific inve/igation1 t1 9 a s5se altoge!r unique1 ! religion ( ,israel is t\*$ by ! f+] ( ,god4 ,,john ,e4 ,mc,f,a,d,y,e,n4 ,,engelb]g1 ,,switz]l&4 ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,books ,,g5esis ,,exodus ,,leviticus ,,numb]s ,,deut]onomy ,,jo%ua ,,! ,,prophetic ,,& ,,prie/ly ,,docum5ts ,,judges ,,samuel ,,k+s ,,isaiah ,,j]emiah ,,ezekiel ,,hosea ,,joel ,,amos ,,obadiah ,,jonah ,,micah ,,nahum ,,habakkuk ,,zephaniah ,,haggai ,,ze*>iah ,,mala*i ,,psalms ,,prov]bs ,,job ,,song ,,( ,,songs ,,ru? ,,lam5tations ,,ecclesia/es ,,e/h] ,,daniel ,,ezra-,,nehemiah ,,*ronicles ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,books ,9 ! ,engli% ,bible ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are arrang$1 n 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 b 9 t assign$ to !m by ! ,greek translation4 ,9 ?is translation ! v>i\s books are gr\p$ accord+ to _! cont5ts--fir/ ! hi/orical books1 !n ! poetic1 & la/ly ! prophetic4 ,?is ord] has its advantages1 b x obscures _m important facts ( :i* ! ,hebrew ord] pres]ves a rem9isc5ce4 ,! ,hebrew ,bible has also ?ree divisions1 kn[n respectively z ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,writ+s4 ,! ,law /&s = ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! ,prophets are subdivid$ into 7i7 ! =m] prophets1 t is1 ! hi/orical books ( ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel & ,k+s1 reg>d$ z f\r 9 numb]2 & 7ii7 ! latt] prophets1 t is1 ! prophets prop]--,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! ,twelve 7i4e4 ! ,m9or ,prophets74 ,! ,writ+s designate all ! re/ ( ! books1 usually 9 ! foll[+ ord]--,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,song ( ,songs1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]1 ,daniel1 ,ezra-,nehemiah1 ,*ronicles4 ,x w\ld some:at simplify ! sci5tific /udy ev5 ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 if ! ,hebrew ord] c\ld be re/or$1 = x is 9 _m ways in/ructive & important4 ,x reveals ! unique & sep>ate importance ( ! ,p5tateu*2 x sugge/s t ! hi/orical books f ,jo%ua to ,k+s are to be reg>d$ n only z hi/ories1 b r z ! illu/ration ( prophetic pr9ciples2 x raises a high probability t ,ru? ought n to be tak5 ) ,judges1 nor ,lam5tations ) ,j]emiah1 nor ,daniel ) ! prophets4 ,x c be prov$ t ! ord] ( ! divisions repres5ts ! ord] 9 :i* !y respectively atta9$ canonical importance--! law be=e #djj ,b4,c41 ! prophets ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 ! writ+s ab\t #ajj ,b4,c4--&1 g5]ally speak+1 ! late/ books are 9 ! la/ division4 ,?us we are l$ to suspect a relatively late orig9 = ! ,song & ,ecclesia/es1 & ,*ronicles1 be+ late1 w n be s important a hi/orical au?ority z ,k+s4 ,! facts sugge/$ by ! ,hebrew ord] & confirm$ by a /udy ( ! lit]ature are suffici5t to ju/ify ! adoption ( t ord] 9 pref]5ce to t ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,,g5esis ,! ,old ,te/am5t op5s v impressively4 ,9 measur$ & dignifi$ language x introduces ! /ory ( ,israel's orig9 & settlem5t ^u ! l& ( ,canaan 7,g54--,jo%47 by ! /ory ( creation1 i4-ii4 #d;a1 & ?us sugge/s1 at ! v beg9n+1 ! f>-rea*+ purpose & ! _w-wide significance ( ! p & religion ( ,israel4 ,! n>rative has n travell$ f> till x becomes app>5t t its dom9ant int]e/s are to be religi\s & moral2 =1 aft] a pictorial sket* ( man's place & task 9 ! _w1 & ( 8 ne$ ( woman's companion%ip1 ii4 #d;b-#be1 x plunges at once into an acc\nt1 wond]ful alike 9 its poetic p[] & its psy*ological insight1 ( ! tragic & co/ly#a disob$i5ce by :i* ! div9e purpose = man 0 at lea/ tempor>ily fru/rat$ 7iii474 ,8 progress 9 hi/ory is1 morally consid]$1 d[nw>d4 ,disob$i5ce 9 ! fir/ g5]ation becomes murd] 9 ! next1 & x is to ! (fspr+ ( ! viol5t ,ca9 t ! arts & am5ities ( civilization are trac$1 iv4 #a-bb4 ,?us ! fir/ song 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is a song ( rev5ge1 iv4 #bc1 #bd1 ?\gh ?is d>k backgr\nd ( cruelty is n unlit by a gleam ( religion1 iv4 #bf4 ,aft] ! lapse ( t5 g5]ations 7v47 ! _w _h gr[n s corrupt t ,god det]m9$ to de/roy x by a flood2 b because ,noah 0 a good man1 ,he sav$ him & 8 h\sehold & resolv$ nev] aga9 to int]rupt ! c\rse ( nature 9 judgm5t 7vi4-viii474 ,9 e/abli%+ ! cov5ant ) ,noah1 emphasis is laid on ! sacr$ness ( blood1 especially ( ! blood ( man1 ix4 #a-ag4 ,?\gh grace ab\nds1 h[ev]1 s9 also ab\nds4 ,noah fell1 & 8 fall reveal$ ! "* ( 8 *ildr53 ! ance/or ( ! ,semites1 f :om ! ,hebrews sprang1 is bless$1 z is also ,japhe?1 :ile ! ance/or ( ! lic5ti\s ,canaanites is curs$1 ix4 #ah-bg4 ,f ^! ?ree are desc5d$ ! great families ( mank9d 7x47 ^: unity 0 conf\nd$ & ^: ambitions 7 de/roy$ by ! creation ( div]se languages1 xi4 #a-i4 ,footnote #a3 ,dea? is ! p5alty 7iii4 #bb-bd74 ,ano!r explanation ( h[ dea? came into ! _w is giv5 9 ! anci5t & int]e/+ fragm5t vi4 #a-d4 ,x is aga9/ ?is univ]sal backgr\nd t ! /ory ( ! ,hebrews is ?r[n2 & 9 ! new beg9n+ :i* hi/ory takes ) ! call ( ,abraham1 some?+ l ! lat] contra/ betwe5 ! *ur* & ! _w is int5d$ to be sugge/$4 ,^u ! sombr5ess ( human hi/ory z reflect$ 9 ,g54 i4-xi41 a new possibility breaks 9 ,g54 xii41 & ! re/ ( ! book is devot$ to ! fa!rs ( ! ,hebrew p 7xii4-l474 ,! mo/ impressive figure f a religi\s po9t ( view is ,abraham1 ! olde/ ( !m all1 & ! /ory ( 8 discipl9e is told ) great p[]1 xi4 #aj-xxv4 #aj4 ,he 0 a ,semite1 xi4 #aj-cb1 & "u a div9e impulse he migrat$ we/w>d to ,canaan1 xii4 #a-i4 ,!re v>i\s =tunes befell him--fam9e :i* drove him to ,egypt1 p]il ?r\gh ! beauty ( 8 wife1#a ab\nd+ & conspicu\s prosp]ity--b ?r\gh x all ,abraham display$ a true magnanimity & enjoy$ ! div9e fav\r1 xii4 #aj-xiii41 :i* 0 manife/$ ev5 9 a /rik+ milit>y success 7xiv474 ,despite ?is fav\r1 h[ev]1 he grew despond5t1 z he _h no *ild4 ,b !re came to him ! promise ( a son1 confirm$ by a cov5ant 7xv471 ! symbol ( :i* 0 to be circumcision 7xvii472 & ,abraham tru/$ ,god1 unlike 8 wife1 ^: fai? 0 n equal to ! /ra91 & :o s\ght ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise 9 fooli% ways ( h] own1#b xvi41 xviii4 #a-ae4 ,!n foll[s ! /ory ( ,abraham's e>ne/ b ineffectual int]cession = ! wick$ cities ( ! pla9--a /ory :i* fur!r rem9ds u h[ p[]fully ! n>rative is controll$ by moral & religi\s int]e/s1 xviii4 #af-xix4 ,fai? is rew>d$ at la/ by ! bir? ( a son1 xxi4 #a-g1 & ,abraham's prosp]ity becomes s conspicu\s t a native pr9ce is eag] to make a treaty ) him1 xxi4 #bb-cd4 ,! supreme te/ ( 8 fai? came to him 9 ! impulse to (f] 8 son to ,god 9 sacrifice2 b at ! critical mom5t a sub/itute 0 provid5tially provid$1 & ,abraham's fai?1 :i* _h /ood s t]rible a te/1 0 rew>d$ by ano!r r5ewal ( ! div9e assurance 7xxii474 ,8 wife di$1 & = a burial-place he pur*as$ f ! natives a field & cave 9 ,hebron1 ?us w9n+ 9 ! promis$ l& gr\nd he c\ld legally call 8 own 7xxiii74 ,among 8 ea/]n k9sfolk a wife is provid5tially f\nd = ,isaac 7xxiv471 :o becomes 8 fa!r's heir1 xxv4 #a-f4 ,!n ,abraham dies1 xxv4 #g-aa1 & ! unev5tful c>e] ( ,isaac is briefly describ$ 9 tales t p>tly duplicate#c ^? told ( 8 great] fa!r1 xxv4 #g-xxvi4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is /ory 7xii4 #aj-bj7 is duplicat$ 9 xx42 also 9 xxvi4 #a-aa 7( ,isaac74 ,footnote #b3 ,! /ory ( ! expulsion ( ,hag> 9 xvi4 is duplicat$ 9 xxi4 #h-ba4 ,footnote #c3 xxvi4 #a-aaxii4 #aj-bj 7xx472 xxvi4 #bf-ccxxi4 #bb-cd4 ,! /ory ( ,isaac's son ,jacob is z v>i$ & romantic z 8 own 0 unev5tful4 ,he beg9s by fraudul5tly w9n+ a bless+ f 8 fa!r1 & has 9 consequ5ce to flee ! promis$ l&1 xxvii4-xxviii4 #i4 ,on ! ?re%old ( 8 new exp]i5ces he 0 taught 9 a dream ! ne>ness ( heav5 to e>?1 & receiv$ ! assurance t ! ,god :o _h visit$ him at ,be!l w\ld be ) him 9 ! /range l& & br+ him back to 8 own1 xxviii4 #aj-bb4 ,9 ! l& ( 8 exile1 8 =tunes ran a v *eck]$ c\rse 7xxix4-xxxi474 ,9 ,laban1 8 ,aramean k9sman1 he met 8 mat*1 & almo/ 8 ma/]1 9 craft2 & ! initial fraud ( 8 life 0 m ?an once puni%$ 9 k9d4 ,9 due "t1 h[ev]1 he left ! l& ( 8 soj\rn1 a ri* & prosp]\s man4 ,b 8 discipl9e is n ov] :5 he rea*es ! homel&4 ,! pa/ rises up be=e him 9 ! p]son ( ! bro!r :om he _h wrong$2 & besides reckon+ ) ,esau1 he has also to wre/le ) ,god4 ,he is embroil$ 9 /rife ) ! natives ( ! l&1 & he loses 8 belov$ ,ra*el 7xxxii4-xxxv474 ,into ! lat] ye>s ( ,jacob is wov5 ! mo/ romantic /ory ( all--t ( 8 son ,joseph 7xxxvii4-l47#a ! dream]1 :o rose ?r\gh p]secution & prison1 sl&] & sorr[ 7xxxvii4-xl47 to a seat beside ! ?rone ( ,ph>aoh 7xli474 ,n[h]e is ! provid5ce t gov]ns life & ! ,nemesis t waits ^u s9 m dramatically illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! /ory ( ,joseph4 ,aga9 & aga9 8 guilty bro!rs are compell$ to confront ! pa/ :i* !y imag9$ !y _h buri$ out ( sight = ev] 7xlii4-xliv474 ,b at la/ comes ! graci\s reconciliation betwe5 ,joseph & !m 7xlv471 ! t5d] meet+ betwe5 ,jacob & ,joseph 7xlvi471 ! ultimate settlem5t ( ! family ( ,jacob 9 ,egypt1#b & ! consequ5t transf]5ce ( int]e/ to t c\ntry = sev]al g5]ations4 ,! book closes ) sc5es illu/rat+ ! wisdom & au?ority ( ,joseph 9 ! "t ( fam9e 7xlvii471 ! dy+ ,jacob bless+ ,joseph's sons 7xlviii471 8 p>t+ words 79 v]se7 to all 8 sons 7xlix471 8 dea? & fun]al hon\rs1 l4 #a-ad1 ,joseph's magnanim\s =giv5ess ( 8 bro!rs1 & 8 dea?1 9 ! sure hope t ,god w\ld "o day br+ ! ,israelites back aga9 to ! l& ( ,canaan1 l4 #ae-bf4 ,footnote #a3 xxxvi4 deals ) ! ,edomite clans1 & xxxviii4 ) ! clans ( ,judah4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 "o v]sion !y are n exactly 9 ,egypt1 b ne> x1 9 ,go%5 7xlvii4 #f74 ,! unity ( ! book ( ,g5esis is unmi/akable2 yet a close inspection reveals x to be r a unity ( idea ?an ( execution4 ,:ile 9 g5]al x exhibits ! gradual progress ( ! div9e purpose on its way ?r\gh primeval & patri>*al hi/ory1 9 detail x pres5ts a numb] ( ph5om5a incompatible ) unity ( au?or%ip4 ,! !ological presuppositions ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! book v>y widely2 c5turies ( religi\s ?\ght1 = example1 mu/ lie betwe5 ! ,god :o p>takes ( ! hospitality ( ,abraham "u a tree 7xviii47 & ! maje/ic1 transc5d5t1 invisible ,be+ at ^: ^w ! worlds are born 7i474 ,! /yle1 too1 diff]s z ! !ological conceptions d3 x is impossible n to feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diffuse1 precise1 & =mal /yle ( ix4 #a-ag1 & ! t]se1 pictorial & poetic mann] ( ! imm$iately succe$+ section1 ix4 #ah-bg4 ,fur!r1 diff]5t acc\nts are giv5 ( ! orig9 ( p>ticul> names or facts3 ,be]%eba is connect$1 e4g4 ) a treaty made1 9 "o case1 betwe5 ,abraham & ,abimele*1 xxi4 #ca1 9 ano!r1 betwe5 ,isaac & ,abimele*1 xxvi4 #cc4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( t ! book is n an orig9al lit]>y unit is ! lack ( inh]5t cont9uity 9 ! n>rative ( special incid5ts1 & ! occasional inconsi/5cies1 sometimes betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! book1 sometimes ev5 )9 ! same section4 ,?is c be mo/ simply illu/rat$ f ! /ory ( ! ,flood 7vi4 #e;ff471 ?r\gh :i* ! beg9n] %\ld "w = himself-at fir/ )\t sugge/ions f critical comm5t>ies or introductions--z "h ! analysis is easy & s+ul>ly free f complications2 ! results rea*$ ^u ?is area c be appli$ & ext5d$ to ! re/ ( ! book4 ,! problem might be attack$ 9 "s su* way z foll[s4 ,*4 vi4 #e-h ann\nces ! wick$ness ( man & ! purpose ( ,god to de/roy him2 ?r\gh\t ^! v]ses ! div9e ,be+ is call$ ,jehovah4#a ,9 ! next section1 vv4 #i-ac1 ,he is call$ by a diff]5t "n--,god 7,hebrew1 ,elohim7--& we _c b notice t ?is section adds no?+ to ! la/2 vv4 #i1 #aj are an int]ruption1 & vv4 #aa-ac b a repetition ( vv4 #e-h4 ,correspond+ to ! *ange 9 ! div9e "n is a fur!r *ange 9 ! vocabul>y1 ! ^w = de/roy be+ diff]5t 9 vv4 #g & #ac4 ,v]ses #ad-bb cont9ue ! previ\s section ) precise & m9ute in/ructions = ! build+ ( ! ark1 & 9 ! lat] v]ses 7cf4 #ah1 #bj7 ! precision t5ds to become diffus5ess4 ,! la/ v]se speaks ( ! div9e ,be+ z ,god 7,elohim71 s t bo? ! language & cont5ts ( vv4 #i-bb %[ x to be a homog5e\s section4 ,note t "h1 vv4 #ai1 #bj1 two animals ( e k9d are to be tak5 into ! ark1 no di/9ction be+ drawn betwe5 ! clean & ! unclean4 ,noah mu/ n[ be 9 ! ark2 = we are told t he _h done all t ,god comm&$ him1 vv4 #bb1 #ah4 ,footnote #a3 ,wrongly repres5t$ by ! ,"l 9 ! ,engli% v]sion2 ! ,am]ican ,revis$ ,v]sion always correctly r5d]s by ,jehovah4 ,god 9 v4 #e is an un=tunate mi/ake ( ,a4,v4 ,?is ought also to be ! ,"l1 or r ,jehovah4 ,b1 to our surprise1 *4 vii4 />ts ! :ole /ory afre% ) a div9e comm& to ,noah to ent] ! ark2 & ?is "t1 significantly en\gh1 a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! clean & ! unclean-sev5 pairs ( ! =m] to ent] & "o pair ( ! latt] 7vii4 #b74 ,x is surely no accid5t t 9 ?is section ! "n ( ! div9e ,be+ is ,jehovah1 vv4 #a1 #e2 & its cont5ts foll[ naturally on vi4 #e-h4 ,9 o!r words we h "h1 n a cont9u\s acc\nt1 b two p>allel acc\nts1 "o ( :i* uses ! "n ,god1 ! o!r ,jehovah1 = ! div9e ,be+4 ,?is important conclusion is put practically beyond all d\bt by ! simil>ity betwe5 vi4 #bb & vii4 #e1 :i* diff] only 9 ! use ( ! div9e "n4 ,a close /udy ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! sections ^: orig9 is ?us c]ta9 w enable u approximately to relegate to _! respective s\rces o!r sections1 v]ses1 or fragm5ts ( v]ses 9 :i* ! important clue1 furni%$ by ! "n ( ! div9e ,be+1 is n pres5t4 ,any v]se1 or gr\p ( v]ses1 e4g4 involv+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! clean & ! unclean1 w belong to ! ,jehovi/ic s\rce1 z x is call$ 7,j74 ,?is is ! real explanation ( ! confusion :i* e "o feels :o attempts to und]/& ! /ory z a unity4 ,x 0 always p>ticul>ly h>d to reconcile ! app>5tly conflict+ e/imates ( ! duration ( ! ,flood2 b z soon z ! s\rces are sep>at$1 x becomes cle> t1 accord+ to ! ,jehovi/1 x la/$ sixty-eight days1 accord+ to ! o!r s\rce ov] a ye> 7vii4 #aa1 viii4 #ad74 ,brief z ! ,flood /ory is1 x furni%es u ) mat]ial en\gh to /udy ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! s\rces out ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! ,jehovi/ is t]se1 graphic1 & poetic2 x is ?is s\rce 9 :i* occurs ! f9e description ( ! s5d+ =? ( ! rav5 & ! dove1 viii4 #f-ab4 ,x kn[s h[ to make a s+ul>ly effective use ( concrete details3 witness ,noah putt+ out 8 h& & pull+ ! dove into ! ark1 & h] f9al return ) an olive leaf 9 h] m\?4 ,a simil>ly graphic t\*1 int]e/+ also = ! sidelight x ?r[s on ! ,jehovi/'s !ological conceptions is t1 :5 ,noah ent]$ ! ark1 ,jehovah clos$ ! door beh9d him1 vii4 #af4 ,altoge!r diff]5t is ! o!r s\rce4 ,x is all b lack+ 9 poetic t\*es & concrete detail ( ?is k9d1 & su* an an?ropomorphism z vii4 #af w\ld be to x impossible4 ,x is p$antically precise1 giv+ ! exact ye>1 mon?1 & ev5 day :5 ! ,flood came1 vii4 #aa1 & :5 x ceas$1 viii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,!re is a c]ta9 legal precision ab\t x :i* issues 9 diffus5ess & repetition2 ov] & ov] aga9 occur su* phrases z f[l1 cattle1 creep+ ?+s1 ea* aft] its k9d1 vi4 #bj1 vii4 #ad1 & ! dim5sions ( ! ark are accurately giv54 ,:]e ,j _h simply said1 ,?\ & all ?y h\se1 vii4 #a1 ?is s\rce says1 ,?\ & ?y sons & ?y wife & ?y sons' wives ) !e1 vi4 #ah4 ,f ! id5tity ( int]e/ & /yle betwe5 ?is s\rce & ! middle "p ( ! ,p5tateu*1 notably ,leviticus1 x is *>act]iz$ z ! prie/ly docum5t & kn[n to criticism z ,p4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! ma9/ay ( ! analysis1 or at lea/ ! orig9al po9t ( dep>ture1 is ! diff]5ce 9 ! names ( ! div9e ,be+1 _m o!r ph5om5a1 ( vocabul>y1 /yle1 & !ology1 are s di/9ctive t on ! basis ( !m alone we c\ld relegate _m sections ( ,g5esis ) consid]able confid5ce to _! respective s\rces4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,p is especially easy to detect4 ,= example1 ! use ( ! t]m ,elohim1 ! repetitions1 ! precise & =mal mann]1 ! collocation ( su* phrases z f[l1 cattle1 creep+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>?1 i4 #bf 7cf4 vii4 #ba71 m>k out ! fir/ /ory ( creation1 i4-ii4 #d;a1 z indubitably belong+ to ,p4 ,besides ! /ories ( ! creation & ! flood1 ! longe/ & mo/ important1 ?\gh n q ! only passages#a belong+ to ,p are ix4 #a-ag 7! cov5ant ) ,noah71 xvii4 7! cov5ant ) ,abraham71 & xxiii4 7! pur*ase ( a burial place = ,s>ah74 ,?is is a fact ( ! greate/ significance4 ,= ,p1 ! /ory ( creation culm9ates 9 ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?1 ! /ory ( ! flood 9 ! cov5ant ) ,noah1 ) ! law conc]n+ ! sacr$ness ( blood1 ! cov5ant ) ,abraham is seal$ by circumcision1 & ! pur*ase ( ,ma*pelah gives ,abraham legal "r to a foot+ 9 ! promis$ l&4 ,9 o!r words ! int]e/s ( ?is s\rce are legal & ritual4 ,?is becomes abundantly pla9 9 ! next ?ree books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 b ev5 9 ,g5esis x may be ju/ly inf]r$ f ! unusual fulness ( ! n>rative at ^! f\r po9ts4 ,footnote #a3 ,! curi\s *4 xiv4 is writt5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,p4 ,"h also ritual int]e/s play a "p 9 ! ti!s paid to ! prie/ ( ,salem1 v4 #bj 7i4e4 ,j]usalem74 ,9 spite ( its array ( anci5t names1 xiv4 #a1 #b1 :i* h be5 p>tially corroborat$ by rec5t discov]ies1 ?is *apt] is1 = sev]al reasons1 believ$ to be "o ( ! late/ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,:5 we exam9e :at is left 9 ,g5esis1 aft] d$uct+ ! sections t belong to ,p1 we f9d t ! ^w ,god 7,elohim71 *>act]i/ic ( ,p1 is /ill v frequ5tly & 9 "s sections exclusively us$4 ,! explanation w appe> :5 we come to deal ) ,exodus3 meantime ! fact mu/ be c>efully not$4 ,*4 xx41 e4g41 uses ! ^w ,elohim1 b x has no o!r m>k *>act]i/ic ( ,p4 ,x is nei!r =mal nor diffuse 9 /yle nor legal 9 _s2 x is z concrete & almo/ z graphic z any?+ 9 ,j4 ,inde$ ! /ory relat$--,abraham's d5ial ( 8 wife--is actually told 9 t docum5t1 xii4 #aj-bj 7also ( ,isaac1 xxvi4 #a-aa72 & 9 g5]al ! hi/ory is cov]$ by ?is docum5t1 :i* is call$ ! ,elohi/#a & kn[n to criticism z ,e1 9 mu* ! same _s1 & ) an emphasis ^u mu* ! same details1 z by ,j4 ,9 opposition to ,p1 ^! are kn[n z ! prophetic docum5ts1 because !y 7 writt5 or at lea/ put toge!r "u ! influ5ce ( prophetic ideas4 ,! close aff9ity ( ^! two docum5ts r5d]s x mu* m difficult to di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r ?an to di/+ui% ei!r ( !m f ,p1 b )9 c]ta9 limits ! attempt may be successfully made4 ,! basis ( x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be a /udy ( ! duplicate v]sions ( ! same incid5ts2 t is1 su* a n>rative z *4 xx41 :i* uses ! ^w ,god 7,elohim7 is comp>$ ) its p>allel 9 xii4 #aj-bj1 :i* uses ! ^w ,jehovah1 & 9 ?is way ! di/9ctive features & int]e/s ( ea* docum5t w mo/ readily be f\nd4 ,! p>allel sugge/$ is easy & in/ructive1 & x reveals ! relative e?ical & !ological sup]iority ( ,e to ,j4 ,j tells ! /ory ( ,abraham's falsehood ) a qua9t navet 7xii472 ,e is (f5d$ by x & excuses x 7xx474 ,! !ological ref9em5t ( ,e is sugge/$ n only "h1 xx4 #c1 #f1 b else:]e1 by ! frequ5cy ) :i* ,god appe>s 9 dreams & n 9 bodily pres5ce z 9 ,j 7cf4 iii4 #h74 ,simil>ly ! expulsion ( ,hag>1 :i* 9 ,j is due to ,s>ah's jeal\sy 7xvi471 9 ,e is attribut$ to a comm& ( ,god1 xxi4 #h-ba2 & ! success ( ,jacob ) ! %eep1 :i* 9 ,j is due to 8 skill & cunn+1 xxx4 #bi-dc1 is ref]r$ 9 ,e to ! int]v5tion ( ,god1 xxxi4 #e-ab4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ,j1 :ile religi\s1 is also natural1 :]eas ,e t5ds to emphasize ! sup]natural1 & ?us takes ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! au/]e !ology ( ,p4#b ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is way x is di/+ui%$ f ,p1 :i*1 z we h se51 is also ,elohi/ic1 b is n n[ s call$4 ,footnote #b3 ,a detail$ ju/ification ( ! gr\nds ( ! critical analysis w be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,driv]'s elaborate & admirable ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :]e e section ?r\gh\t ! ,hexateu* is ref]r$ to its special docum5t>y s\rce4 ,to read]s :o desire to ma/] ! detail1 t "w or "o ( ! foll[+ w be indisp5sable3 ,! ,hexateu*1 edit$ by ,c>p5t] & ,batt]sby1 ,addis's ,docum5ts ( ! ,hexateu*1 ,bacon's ,g5esis ( ,g5esis & ,triple ,tradition ( ! ,exodus1 or ,k5t's ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t 7vol4 i47 ,j is ! mo/ picturesque & fasc9at+ ( all ! s\rces-attractive alike = its f9e poetic p[] & its pr(\nd religi\s insight4 ,?is is ! s\rce :i* describes ! woo+ ( ,isaac's bride 7xxiv471 & ! meet+ ( ,jacob & ,ra*el at ! well1 xxix4 #b-ad2 9 ?is s\rce1 too1 :i* appe>s to be ! mo/ primitive ( all1 !re are speak+ animals--! s]p5t1 e4g41 9 ,g5esis iii4 7& ! ass 9 ,num4 xxii4 #bh74 ,! /ory ( ! orig9 ( s91 9 e respect a ma/]piece1 is told by ,j2 we d n "k :e!r to admire m ! ease ) :i* ,jehovah1 l a skilful judge1 by a few p5etrat+ que/ions drives ! guilty pair to an involunt>y confession1 or ! fidelity ) :i* ! :ole immortal sc5e reflects ! et]nal facts ( human nature4 ,! religi\s tea*+ ( ,j is extraord9>ily p[]ful & impressive1 all ! m t x is nev] directly didactic2 x %9es ?r\gh ! simple & un/udi$ recital ( concrete incid5t4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ delicate & n ! lea/ important tasks ( criticism to discov] by analysis ev5 ! s\rces :i* lie s close to ea* o!r z ,j & ,e1 = ! lit]>y ef=ts repres5t$ by ^! docum5ts are b ! reflection ( religi\s movem5ts4 ,!y te/ify to ! affection :i* ! p *]i%$ = ! /ory ( _! pa/2 & :5 we h arrang$ !m 9 *ronological ord]1 !y enable u fur!r1 z we h se51 to trace ! progress ( moral & religi\s ideas4 ,b1 = sev]al reasons1 x is n unfair1 &1 f ! beg9n]'s po9t ( view1 x is p]haps ev5 advisable1 to treat ^! docum5ts toge!r z a unity3 fir/ly1 because !y 7 actually comb9$1 probably 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 into a unity 7,,je71 & sometimes1 z 9 ! ,joseph /ory1 s skilfully t x is v difficult to di/+ui% ! compon5t p>ts & assign !m to _! prop] docum5t>y s\rce2 secondly1 because1 = a reason to be aft]w>ds /at$1 beyond ,ex4 iii4 ! analysis is usually supremely difficult2 &1 la/ly1 because 9 language & _s1 ! prophetic docum5ts are v l ea* o!r & altoge!r unlike ! prie/ly docum5t4 ,= practical purposes1 !n1 ! broad di/9ction into prophetic & prie/ly w g5]ally be suffici5t4 ,:]ev] ! n>rative is graphic1 p[]ful1 & int]e/+1 we may be sure t x is prophetic1#a :]eas ! prie/ly docum5t is easily recognizable by its ritual int]e/s1 & by its =mal1 diffuse1 & legal /yle4 ,footnote #a3 ,if inconsi/5cies1 contradictions or duplicates appe> 9 ! section :i* is cle>ly prophetic1 ! /ud5t may be practically c]ta9 t ^! are to be ref]r$ to ! two prophetic s\rces4 ,cf4 ! two d]ivations ( ! "n ( ,joseph 9 consecutive v]ses ^: s\rce is at once obvi\s3 ,god 7,elohim7 has tak5 away my reproa* 7,e72 & ,jehovah adds to me ano!r son 7,j71 ,g54 xxx4 #bc1 #bd4 ,cf4 also ! illu/rations adduc$ on pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,! docum5ts already discuss$ con/itute ! *ief s\rces ( ! book ( ,g5esis2 b !re are occasional fragm5ts :i* d n seem orig9ally to h belong$ to any ( !m4 ,!re 7 also collections ( poetry1 su* z ! ,book ( ,ja%> 7cf4 ,jo%4 x4 #ac2 #b ,sam4 i4 #ah71 at ! disposal ( ^? :o wrote or compil$ ! docum5ts1 & to su* a collection ! p>t+ words ( ,jacob may h belong$ 7xlix474 ,! poem is 9 reality a *>act]ization ( ! v>i\s tribes2 v4 #ae1 & /ill m pla9ly vv4 #bc1 #bd1 look back ^u hi/orical ev5ts4 ,! ref]5ce to ,levi1 vv4 #e-g1 :i* takes no acc\nt ( ! prie/ly pr]ogatives ( t tribe1 %[s t ! poem is e>ly 7cf4 xxxiv4 #be72 b ! description ( ! prosp]ity ( ,joseph 7i4e4 ,ephraim & ,manasseh71 vv4 #bb-bf1 & ! pre-em95ce ( ,judah1 vv4 #h-ab1 br+ x f> bel[ patri>*al times--at lea/ into ! p]iod ( ! ,judges4 ,if vv4 #h-ab is an allusion to ! triumphs ( ,david & vv4 #bb-bf to nor!rn ,israel1 ! poem z a :ole1 :i* c h>dly be lat] ?an ,solomon's "t--= x celebrates ,israel & ,judah equally--c\ld n be e>li] ?an ,david's2 b probably ! v>i\s utt]ances conc]n+ ! diff]5t tribes arose at diff]5t times4 ,! religi\s int]e/ ( ,g5esis is v high1 ! m s z almo/ e /age ( religi\s reflection is repres5t$ 9 x1 f ! mo/ primitive to ! mo/ mature4 ,?r\gh ! anci5t /ories !re gleam n[ & !n fla%es f a my?ological backgr\nd1 z 9 ! int]m>riage ( angels ) mortal wom51 vi4 #a-d1 or 9 ! /ruggle ( ! mighty ,jacob1 :o c\ld roll away ! great /one f ! m\? ( ! well1 xxix4 #b1 #aj1 ) 8 sup]natural visitant1 xxxii4 #bd4 ,x is a long /ep f ! second creation /ory 9 :i* ,god1 l a pott]1 fa%ions m5 out ( moi/ e>?1 ii4 #g1 & walks 9 ! g>d5 ( ,p>adise 9 ! cool ( ! day1 iii4 #h1 to ! fir/1 ) its sublime sil5ce on ! my/]i\s processes ( creation 7i474 ,b ! :ole book1 & especially ! prophetic section1 is dom9at$ by a spl5did s5se ( ! reality ( ,god1 ,8 int]e/ 9 m51 ,8 horror ( s91 ,8 purpose to r$eem4 ,broadly speak+1 ! religion ( ! book /&s ^u a m>vell\sly high moral level4 ,x is t\*$ ) humility-its h]oes "k t !y are n wor? ( all ! love & ! fai?fulness :i* ,god %[s !m1 xxxii4 #aj2 & x is m>k$ by a true inw>dness-= x is n works b implicit tru/ 9 ,god t c\nts = righte\sness1 xv4 #af4 ,yet 9 practical ways1 too1 ?is religion f9ds expression 9 national & individual life2 x prote/s vehem5tly aga9/ human sacrifice 7xxii471 & x /r5g!ns a lonely y\? 9 an h\r ( t]rible temptation1 xxxix4 #i4 ,,exodus ,! book ( ,exodus--s nam$ 9 ! ,greek v]sion f ! m>* ( ,israel out ( ,egypt--op5s ^u a sc5e ( oppression v diff]5t f ! prosp]ity & triumph 9 :i* ,g5esis _h clos$4 ,israel is be+ cruelly cru%$ by ! new dyna/y :i* has aris5 9 ,egypt 7i47 & ! /ory ( ! book is ! /ory ( h] r$emption4 ,ultimately x is ,israel's ,god t is h] r$eem]1 b ,he op]ates l>gely by human means2 & ! fir/ /ep is ! prep>ation ( a deliv]]1 ,moses1 ^: p>5tage1 e>ly tra9+1 & fe>less love ( ju/ice m>k him out z ! com+ man 7ii474 ,9 ! solitude & depression ( ! des]t1 he is enc\rag$ by ! sight ( a bu%1 burn+ yet unconsum$1 & s5t =? ) a new vision ( ,god#a ^u 8 great & p]il\s task 7iii474 ,?\gh ?us div9ely equipp$1 he hesitat$1 & ,god gave him a help] 9 ,a>on 8 bro!r 7iv474 ,!n beg9s ! ,titanic /ruggle betwe5 ,moses & ,ph>aoh--,moses ! *ampion ( ju/ice1 ,ph>aoh ! inc>nation ( might 7v474 ,bl[ aft] bl[ falls f ,israel's ,god ^u ! ob/9ate k+ ( ,egypt & 8 unhappy l&3 ! wat] ( ! ,nile is turn$ into blood 7vii471 !re are plagues ( frogs1 gnats1 gadflies 7viii471 murra91 boils1 hail 7ix471 locu/s1 d>kness 7x471 &--la/ & mo/ t]rible ( all--! smit+ ( ! fir/-born1 an ev5t 9 connexion ) :i* ! passov] 0 in/itut$4 ,!n ,ph>aoh yield$4 ,israel w5t =?2 & ! fe/ival ( unleav5$ bread 0 orda9$ = a p]petual memorial 7xi41 xii472 also ! fir/-born ( man & bea/ 0 consecrat$1 xiii4 #a-af4 ,footnote #a3 ,! /ory ( ! revelation ( ,israel's ,god "u ,8 new "n1 ,jehovah1 is told twice 79 *4 iii4 & *4 vi474 ,israel's tr\bles1 h[ev]1 7 n yet ov]4 ,_! dep>t+ ho/ 0 pursu$ by ! imp5it5t ,ph>aoh1 b miracul\sly deliv]$ at ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 :i* ! ,egyptian horses & horsem5 7 ov]:elm$1 xiii4 l#g-xiv4 ,! deliv]ance 0 celebrat$ 9 a spl5did song ( triumph1 xv4 #a-ba4 ,!n !y began _! j\rney to ,s9ai--a j\rney :i* reveal$ alike ! fai?lessness & discont5t ( _! he>ts1 & ! omnipot5t & pati5t b\nty ( _! ,god1 manife/$ 9 deliv]+ !m f ! p]ils ( hung]1 ?ir/ & w>1 xv4 #bb-xvii4 #af4 ,on ! advice ( ,je?ro1 ,moses' fa!r-9-law1 ,god-fe>+ m5 7 appo9t$ to decide = ! p on all matt]s ( less] mom5t1 :ile ! grav] cases 7 /ill res]v$ = ,moses 7xviii47#a,! arrival at ,s9ai m>k$ a crisis2 = x 0 !re t ! epo*-mak+ cov5ant 0 made--,jehovah promis+ to cont9ue ,8 grace to ! p1 & !y1 on _! "p1 pl$g+ !mselves to ob$i5ce4 ,?und] & lightn+ & d>k /orm-cl\ds accompani$ ! proclamation ( ! t5 comm&m5ts1#b :i* repres5t$ ! claims made by ,jehovah ^u ! p :om ,he _h r$eem$1 xix4-xx4 #bb4 ,connect$ ) ^! claims are c]ta9 /atutes1 p>tly ( a religi\s b mu* m ( a civil nature1 :i* ,moses is enjo9$ to lay ^u ! p1 & ob$i5ce to :i* is to be rew>d$ by prosp]ity & a safe arrival at ! promis$ l&1 xx4 #bc-xxiii4 #cc4 ,?is section is kn[n z ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 xxiv4 #g4 ,! p unit$ly promis$ implicit ob$i5ce to ! t]ms ( ?is cov5ant1 :i* 0 !n seal$ ) ! blood ( sacrifice4 ,aft] six days ( prep>ation1 ,moses asc5d$ ! m\nta9 9 ob$i5ce to ! voice ( ,jehovah 7xxiv474 ,footnote #a3 ,?is *apt] is app>5tly misplac$4 ,9 ,deut4 i4 #i-ah ! incid5t is set j be=e ! dep>ture f ,s9ai 7cf4 i4 #ai74 ,x may !re=e orig9ally h /ood aft] ,ex4 xxxiv4 #i or be=e ,num4 x4 #bi4 ,footnote #b3 ,or r1 ! t5 words4 ,9 ano!r s\rce1 ! comm&s are giv5 diff]5tly1 & are ritual r ?an moral1 xxxiv4 #aj-bh 7,j74 ,at ?is po9t ! /ory takes on a di/9ctly prie/ly complexion1 & int]e/ is transf]r$ f ! =tunes ( ! p to ! con/ruction ( ! sanctu>y1 = :i* ! mo/ m9ute directions are giv5 7xxv4-xxxi471 conc]n+ ! tab]nacle ) all its furniture1 ! ark1 ! table = ! %ewbread1 ! gold5 c&le/ick 7xxv471 ! f\r-fold cov]+ = ! tab]nacle1 ! wood-"w1 ! veil betwe5 ! holy & ! mo/ holy place1 ! curta9 = ! door 7xxvi471 ! alt>1 ! c\rt r\nd ab\t ! tab]nacle1 ! oil = ! light 7xxvii471 ! sacr$ ve/m5ts = ! high prie/ & ! o!r prie/s 7xxviii471 ! mann] ( consecration ( ! prie/s1 ! prie/ly dues1 ! atonem5t = ! alt>1 ! morn+ & ev5+ (f]+ 7xxix471 ! alt> ( inc5se1 ! poll-tax1 ! lav]1 ! holy oil1 ! inc5se 7xxx471 ! names & div9e equipm5t ( ! ov]se]s ( ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! tab]nacle1 ! sanctity ( ! ,sabba? z a sign ( ! cov5ant 7xxxi474 ,aft] ?is prie/ly digression1 ! ?read ( ! /ory is resum$4 ,dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,moses ^u ! m\nt1 ! p imp]ill$ _! cov5ant relation%ip ) _! ,god by wor%ipp+ ,him 9 ! =m ( a calf2 b1 on ! v e>ne/ int]cession ( ,moses !y 7 =giv51 & !re 0 giv5 to him ! special revelation ( ,jehovah z a ,god ( =giv+ pity & ab\nd+ grace4 ,9 ! t5t to :i* ! p regul>ly resort$ to le>n ! div9e w1 ,god 0 wont to speak to ,moses face to face1 xxxii4 #a-xxxiv4 #i4 ,!n foll[s ! o!r v]sion ( ! decalogue already ref]r$ to--ritual r ?an moral1 xxxiv4 l#j-bh--;& an acc\nt ( ! transfiguration ( ,moses1 z he laid ,jehovah's comm&s ^u ! p1 xxxiv4 #bi-ce4 ,f ?is po9t to ! end ( ! book ! atmosph]e is aga9 unmi/akably prie/ly4 ,*s4 xxxv4-xxxix1 beg9n+ ) ! ,sabba? law1 ass]t ) a pr(usion ( detail t ! in/ructions giv5 9 xxv4-xxxi4 7 c>ri$ out to ! lett]4 ,!n ! tab]nacle 0 set up on ,new ,ye>'s day1 ! div9e glory fill$ x1 & ! subsequ5t movem5ts ( ! p 7 guid$ by cl\d & fire 7xl474 ,! unity ( ,exodus is n q s impressive z t ( ,g5esis4 ,?is is due to ! diff]5t proportion 9 :i* ! s\rces are bl5d$1 ,p play+ a mu* m conspicu\s "p "h ?an !re4 ,)\t hesitation1 m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! book may be at once relegat$ to ?is s\rce3 viz4 xxv4-xxxi41 :i* describe ! tab]nacle to be erect$ ) all t p]ta9$ to x1 & xxxv4-xl41 :i* relate t ! in/ructions !re giv5 7 fully c>ri$ out4 ,! m9ut5ess1 ! =mality & monotony ( /yle :i* we notic$ 9 ,g5esis reappe> "h2 b ! real _s ( ,p1 its devotion to ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! sanctu>y & wor%ip1 is mu* m obvi\s "h ?an !re4 ,?is docum5t is also fairly prom95t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! book1 & its pres5ce is usually easy to detect4 ,! section1 e4g41 on ! in/itution ( ! passov] & ! fe/ival ( unleav5$ bread1 xi4 #i-xii4 #bj1 is easily recogniz$ z belong+ to ?is s\rce4 ,( v great importance is ! passage1 vi4 #b-ac1 :i* describes ! revelation giv5 to ,moses1 ass]t+ t ! fa!rs knew ! ,god ( ,israel only by ! "n ,el ,%addai1 :ile ! "n ( ,jehovah1 :i* 0 !n reveal$ to ,moses = ! fir/ "t1 0 unkn[n to !m4 ,! succe$+ g5ealogy :i* traces ! desc5t ( ,moses & ,a>on to ,levi1 vi4 #ad-cj1 & ,a>on's commission to be ! spokesman ( ,moses1 vii4 #a-g1 also come f ,p4 ,?is s\rce also gives a brief acc\nt ( ! oppression & ! plagues1 & ! prom95ce ( ,a>on ! prie/ 9 ! /ory ( ! latt] is v significant4 ,9 ,e ! plagues come :5 ,moses /ret*es out 8 h& or 8 rod at ! comm& ( ,jehovah1 ix4 #bb1 x4 #ab1 #ba2 9 ,p1 ,jehovah says to ,moses1 ,say unto ,a>on1 ',/ret* =? ?y h&' or '?y rod1' viii4 #e1 #af4 ,! /ory to :i* we h j allud$1 ( ! revelation ( ! "n ,jehovah1 is also told 9 *4 iii41 :]e x is connect$ ) ! incid5t ( ! burn+ bu%4 ,ap>t f ! improbability ( ! same docum5t tell+ ! same /ory twice1 ! v picturesque sett+ ( *4 iii1 is conv9c+ pro( t we h "h a section f "o ( ! prophetic docum5ts1 & we _c long d\bt :i* x is4 ,= :ile "o ( ^? docum5ts 7,j71 z we h se51 uses ! ^w ,jehovah )\t scruple ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,g5esis1 & reg>ds t "n z kn[n n only to ,abraham1 xv4 #g1 b ev5 to ! ant$iluvians1 iv4 #bf1 ! o!r regul>ly uses ,elohim4 ,?is prophetic /ory1 !n1 ( ! revelation ( ! "n ,jehovah to ,moses1 mu/ belong to ,e1 :o delib]ately avoids ! "n ,jehovah ?r\gh\t ,g5esis1 because he consid]s x unkn[n be=e ! "t ( ,moses4 ,?is v fact1 h[ev]1 greatly complicates ! subsequ5t analysis ( ! prophetic docum5ts 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 because1 f ?is po9t on1 bo? are n[ free to use ! "n ,jehovah ( ! div9e ,be+1 & ?us "o ( ! pr9cipal clues to ! analysis practically disappe>s4#a ,consid]+ ! aff9ity ( ^! docum5ts1 x is !re=e compet5t1 z we h se51 to treat !m z a unity4 ,footnote #a3 ,naturally !re are o!r v important & valuable clues4 e4g1 ! holy m\nt is call$ ,s9ai 9 ,j & ,horeb 9 ,e4 ,! pro(1 h[ev]1 t bo? prophetic docum5ts are really pres5t 9 ,exodus1 if n at fir/ sight obvi\s or ext5sive1 is at any rate conv9c+4 ,9 "o s\rce1 e4g4 7,j71 ! ,israelites dwell by !mselves 9 a di/rict call$ ,go%51 viii4 #bb 7cf4 ,g54 xiv4 #aj72 9 ! o!r1 !y dwell among ! ,egyptians z neighb\rs1 s t ! wom5 c borr[ jewels f !m1 iii4 #bb1 & _! doors h to be m>k$ ) blood on ! night ( ! passov] to di/+ui% !m f ! ,egyptians1 xii4 #bb4 ,aga9 9 ,j1 ! p numb] ov] #fjj1jjj1 xii4 #cg2 9 ,e !y are s few t !y only require two midwives1 i4 #ae4 ,simil> slight b significant diff]5ces may be f\nd else:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! acc\nt ( ! plagues4 ,9 ,j1 e4g41 ,moses pr$icts ! puni%m5t t w fall if ,ph>aoh refuses 8 reque/1 & next day ,jehovah s5ds x3 9 ,e1 ,moses works ! wond]s by rais+ 8 rod4 ,9 ,exodus1 z 9 ,g5esis1 ,j reveals ! div9e ?r\gh ! natural1 ,e r ?r\gh ! sup]natural4 ,x is an ea/ w9d1 e4g41 9 ,j1 z 9 ! poem1 xv4 #aj1 t drives back ! ,r$ ,sea1 xiv4 #ba;a 7z x _h br\ght ! locu/s1 x4 #ac72 9 ,e ?is happ5s on ! rais+ ( ,moses' rod1 xiv4 #af4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ,g5esis1 we f9d t ,e has tak5 ! fir/ /ep on ! way to ,p4 ,= ?is miracle 79 ,e7 at ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* 9 ,j is ess5tially natural1 & miracul\s only 9 happ5+ at ! critical mom5t1 is consid]ably height5$ 9 ,p1 :o relates t ! wat]s 7 a wall unto ! p on ! "r h& & on ! left1 xiv4 #bb4 ,^! ?ree great docum5ts con/itute ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! book ( ,exodus2 b "h1 z 9 ,g5esis1 !re are fragm5ts t belong to a m primitive ord] ( ideas ?an t repres5t$ by ! compil]s ( ! docum5ts 7cf4 iv4 #bd-bf72 !re is1 besides ! two decalogues1 a body ( legislation1 xx4 #bc-xxiii4 #cc2 & !re is a poem1 xv4 #a-ah4 ,! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 z x is call$1 is a body ( ma9ly civil b p>tly religi\s law1 practically indep5d5t ( ! n>rative4 ,! /yle & cont5ts ( ! code %[ t x is n all ( a piece1 b mu/ h be5 ( gradual gr[?4 ,! #bnd p]s4 s+41 e4g41 sometimes alt]nates ) ! pl4 9 consecutive v]ses1 xxii4 #ba1 #bb4 ,aga91 :ile "s ( ! laws /ate1 9 ! briefe/ possible words1 ! (ficial p5alty atta*$ to a c]ta9 crime1 xxi4 #ab1 o!rs are long] & introduce a religi\s sanction1 xxii4 #bc1 #bd1 & a few deal def9itely ) religi\s fea/s1 xxiii4 #ad-ai1 obligations1 xxii4 #bi-ca1 or sanctu>ies1 xx4 #bc-bf4 ,9 g5]al1 ! code implies ! settl$ life ( an agricultural & pa/oral p1 & ! community = :i* x is design$ mu/ h already atta9$ a c]ta9 measure ( organization1 z we mu/ assume t !re 7 means = enact+ ! p5alties ?reat5$4 ,a rem>kably humanit>ian _s p]vades ! code4 ,x mitigates ! lot ( ! slave1 x enc\rages a _s ( ju/ice 9 social relations1 & x exhibits a f9e reg>d = ! poor & def5celess1 xxii4 #ba-bg4 ,x probably repres5ts ! juri/ic usages1 or at lea/ ideals1 ( ! e>ly mon>*y4 ,! ,song ( ,moses1 xv4 #a-ah1 also appe>s to belong to ! mon>*y4 ,! explicit m5tion ( ,phili/ia1 ,edom & ,moab 9 vv4 #ad1 #ae imply t ! p are already settl$ 9 ,canaan1 & ! sanctu>y 9 v4 #ag;b is mo/ naturally1 if n necess>ily1 int]pret$ ( ! temple4 ,! poem appe>s to be an elaboration ( ! no d\bt anci5t l9es3 ,s+ to ,jehovah1 = ,he ha? triumph$ glori\sly2 ,! horse & 8 rid] ,he ha? ?r[n into ! sea 7xv4 #ba74 ,! religi\s1 z oppos$ to ! !ological1 int]e/ ( ! book lies entirely )9 ! prophetic s\rces4 ,"h ! drama ( r$emption beg9s 9 e>ne/1 & x is work$ out on a colossal scale4 ,f 8 fir/ bl[ /ruck 9 ! cause ( ju/ice to ! day on :i*1 9 indignation & a/oni%m5t1 he de/roy$ ! gold5 calf1 ,moses is a figure ( ov]:elm+ moral e>ne/ness4 ,few books 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t h a high] conception ( ,god ?an ,exodus4 ,! words ( ! decalogue are ,8 words1 xx4 #a1 & ! prote/ aga9/ ! calf-wor%ip 7xxxii4-xxxiv47 is an indirect plea = ,8 spirituality4 ,b ! highe/ heights are t\*$ 9 ! revelation ( ,him z m]ciful & graci\s1 long-suff]+ & abundant 9 goodness & tru?1 xxxiv4 #f--;a revelation :i* liv$ to ! late/ days & 0 *]i%$ 9 ^! v words by ! pi\s he>ts ( ,israel 7cf4 ,pss4 lxxxvi4 #ae2 ciii4 #h2 cxi4 #d2 cxlv4 #h74 ,,leviticus ,! emphasis :i* mod]n criticism has v prop]ly laid on ! prophetic books & ! prophetic elem5t g5]ally 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 has _h ! effect ( some:at div]t+ popul> att5tion f ! prie/ly contributions to ! lit]ature & religion ( ,israel4 ,f ?is neglect ,leviticus has suff]$ mo/4 ,yet = _m reasons x is wor?y ( close att5tion2 x is ! delib]ate expression ( ! prie/ly m9d ( ,israel at its be/1 & x ?us =ms a welcome foil to ! unattractive pictures ( ! prie/s :i* confront u on ! pages ( ! prophets dur+ ! ?ree c5turies betwe5 ,hosea & ,mala*i4 ,& if we %\ld be incl9$ to deplore ! excessively m9ute att5tion to ritual1 & ! comp>atively subord9ate "p play$ by e?ical consid]ations 9 ?is prie/ly manual1 x is only fair to rememb] t ! hymn-book us$ by ^! scrupul\s m9i/]s ( wor%ip 0 ! ,psalt]-en\gh surely to %[ t ! e?ical & spiritual aspects ( religion1 ?\gh n prom95t1 7 v f> f be+ =gott54 ,9 xvii4-xxvi4 ! e?ical elem5t receives a f9e & almo/ surpris+ prom95ce3 ! injunction to ab/a9 f idolatry1 e4g41 is imm$iately prec$$ by ! injunction to rev]5ce fa!r & "m1 xix4 #c1d4 ,inde$1 *4 xix4 is a good comp5dium ( ! e?ics ( anci5t ,israel2 &1 :ile h>dly to be comp>$ ) ,job xxxi41 /ill1 9 its c>e = ! resid5t ali51 & 9 its insi/5ce ^u motives ( b5evol5ce & humanity1 x is an eloqu5t rem9d] ( ! moral elevation ( ,israel's religion1 & is peculi>ly welcome 9 a book s l>gely devot$ to ! ext]nals ( ! cult4 ,! book ( ,leviticus illu/rates ! orig9 & gr[? ( law4 ,occasionally legislation is clo!d 9 ! =m ( n>rative--! law ( blasphemy1 e4g41 xxiv4 #aj-bc 7cf4 x4 #af-bj7--?us sugge/+ its orig9 9 a p>ticul> hi/orical incid5t 7cf4 ,i ,sam4 xxx4 #be72 & traces ( gr[? are num]\s1 notably 9 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! gr\p xvii4-xxvi4 & ! re/ ( ! book1 & v anci5t hea!n elem5ts are /ill visible ?r\gh ! trans=mations effect$ by ! prie/s ( ,israel1 z 9 ! case ( ,azazel xvi4 #h1bb1 a demon ( ! wild]ness1 ak9 to ! ,arabic j9ns4 ,/rictly speak+1 ?\gh ,leviticus is p]vad$ by a s+le _s1 x is n q homog5e\s3 ! fir/ gr\p ( laws1 e4g4 7i4-vii471 expressly ackn[l$ges diff]5t s\rces--c]ta9 laws be+ giv5 9 ! t5t ( meet+1 i4 #a1 o!rs on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 vii4 #ch4 ,! sections are well def9$--note ! subscriptions at ! end ( vii4 & xxvi4--& m>k$ ev]y:]e by ! scrupul\s precision ( ! legal m9d4 ,!re is no trace 9 ,leviticus ( ! prophetic docum5t ,,je4 ,t ! book is ess5tially a law book r ?an a cont9uation ( ! n>rative ( ! ,exodus is made pla9 by ! fact t t n>rative 7,ex4 xl47 is n ev5 =mally resum$ till *4 viii4 ,i4 ,,laws ,,( ,,sacrifice 7i4-vii47 7a7 ,= wor%ipp]s1 i4-vi4 #g4 ,laws = ! burnt (f]+ ( ! h]d1 ( ! flock1 & ( f[ls 7i474 ,laws = ! diff]5t k9ds ( c]eal (f]+s--! use ( salt compulsory1 honey & leav5 prohibit$ 7ii474 ,laws = ! peace-(f]+--! (f]] kills x1 ! prie/ spr9kles ! blood on ! sides ( ! alt> & burns ! fat 7iii47 ,= an unconsci\s transgression ( ! law1 ! high prie/ %all (f] a bullock1 ! community %all (f] ! same1 a rul] %all (f] a he-goat1 "o ( ! common p %all (f] a female animal 7iv474 ,a female animal %all be (f]$ = c]ta9 legal & c]emonial transgressions2 ! poor may (f] two turtle doves1 or pigeons1 or ev5 fl\r1 v4 #a-ac4 ,sacr$ dues un9t5tionally )held or ! prop]ty ( ano!r man di%one/ly reta9$ mu/ be re/or$ toge!r ) tw5ty p] c5t4 extra1 v4 #ad-vi4 #g4 7b7 ,= prie/s1 vi4 #h-vii4 #ch4 ,laws regulat+ ! daily burnt (f]+1 ! c]eal (f]+1 ! daily c]eal (f]+ ( ! high prie/1 & ! ord9>y s9 (f]+1 vi4 #h-cj4 ,laws regulat+ ! guilt (f]+1 ! prie/s' %>e ( ! sacrifices1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! fle% ( sacrifice may be eat51 ! prohibition ( ! eat+ ( fat & blood 7vii474 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,consecration ,,( ,,! ,,prie/hood 7viii4-x47 ,?is section is ! direct cont9uation ( ,exodus xl41 :i* prescribes ! inauguration ( ,a>on & 8 sons into ! prie/ly (fice4 ,laws regulat+ ! consecration ( ! high prie/ & ! o!r prie/s--wa%+1 inve/iture1 ano9t+1 s9 (f]+1 burnt (f]+1 ) accompany+ rites 7viii41 cf4 ,exod4 xxix474 ,! fir/ sacrificial s]vice at :i* ,a>on & 8 sons (ficiate--! b5$iction be+ foll[$ by ! appe>ance ( ,jehovah's glory 7ix474 ,! fir/ violation ( ! law ( wor%ip & its signal puni%m5t1 x4 #a-g4 ,(ficiat+ prie/s =bidd5 to use w9e1 x4 #h-aa4 ,prie/s' %>e ( ! meal & peace (f]+s1 x4 #ab-ae4 ,an error =giv5 aft] an adroit explanation by ,a>on 7law 9 n>rative =m71 x4 #af-bj4 ,,iii4 ,,laws ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,clean ,,& ,,! ,,unclean 7xi4-xvi47 ,?is section appropriately foll[s x4 #aj1 :]e ! prie/s are enjo9$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! clean & ! unclean4 ,laws conc]n+ ! animals :i* may or may n be eat5--quadrup$s1 fi%1 birds1 fly+ insects1 creep+ insects1 reptiles--& pollution ?r\gh contact ) c>casses 7xi474 ,laws conc]n+ ! purification ( wom5 aft] *ildbir? 7xii474 ,laws = ! detection ( leprosy 9 ! human body1 xiii4 #a-df1 & 9 g>m5ts1 xiii4 #dg-ei4 ,laws = ! purification ( ! lep] & 8 re-adoption into ! !ocracy1 xiv4 #a-cb4 ,laws conc]n+ h\ses afflict$ ) leprosy1 xiv4 #cc-eg4 ,laws conc]n+ purification aft] sexual secretions 7xv474 ,! laws ( purification are appropriately conclud$ by ! law = ! great day ( atonem5t1 ) regulations = ! c]emonial cleans+ ( ! high prie/ & 8 h\se1 ! sanctu>y1 alt>1 & p 7xvi474 ,two orig9ally indep5d5t sections appe> to be bl5d$ 9 ?is *apt]-"o 7cf4 vv4 #a-d7 prescrib+ regulations to be obs]v$ by ! high prie/ on e occasion on :i* he %\ld ent] ! inn] sanctu>y1 ! o!r ) specific ref]5ce to ! great day ( atonem5t4 ,,iv4 ,,law ,,( ,,hol9ess 7xvii4-xxvi47 ,?is section1 ?\gh /ill mov+ l>gely among ritual int]e/s1 diff]s m>k$ly f ! re/ ( ! book1 p>tly by reason ( its hortatory sett+ 7cf4 xxvi471 b especially by its emphasis on ! e?ical elem5ts 9 religion4 ,x has be5 designat$ ! ,law ( ,hol9ess because ( ! frequ5tly recurr+ phrase1 ,ye %all be holy1 = ,i1 ,jehovah1 am holy1 xix4 #b1 xx4 #bf--;a phrase :i*1 ?\gh n peculi> to ?is section 7cf4 xi4 #dd71 is highly *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,animals are to be slaught]$ = food or sacrifice only at ! sanctu>y xvii4 #a-i2 ! blood & fle% ( animals dy+ naturally or torn by bea/s is n to be eat51 xvii4 #aj-af4 ,laws regulat+ m>riage & *a/ity ) ?reats ( dire puni%m5t = violation ( ! same 7xviii474 ,p5alties = ,molo* wor%ip1 soo?say+1 curs+ ( p>5ts & un*a/ity 7xx471 ) a hortatory conclusion1 xx4 #bb-bd1 simil> to xviii4 #bd-cj4 ,*4 xix4 is ! mo/ prophetic *apt] 9 ,leviticus1 & be>s a close analogy to ! decalogue1 vv4 #c-h correspond+ to ! fir/ table1 & vv4 #aa-ah to ! second4 ,! hol9ess :i* ,jehovah dem&s has to express itself n only 9 rev]5ce = ,himself & ,8 ,sabba?s1 b 9 rev]5ce t[>ds p>5ts & ! ag$2 9 avoid+ n only idolatry & hea!n sup]/ition1 b di%one/y & unk9dness to ! weak4 ,! ideal is a ?ror\ghly moral "o4 ,a mod]n read] is surpris$ to f9d 9 s e?ical a *apt] a prohibition ( g>m5ts made ( two k9ds ( /uff m+l$ toge!r v4 #ai2 no d\bt su* a prohibition is aim$ at "s hea!n sup]/ition--p]haps ! practice ( magic4 ,laws conc]n+ prie/s & sacrifices 7xxi41 xxii474 ,! hol9ess ( ! prie/s is to be ma9ta9$ by avoid+1 z a rule 7)\t exception 9 ! case ( ! high prie/71 pollution ?r\gh corpses & p>ticipation 9 c]ta9 m\rn+ rites1 & by con=m+ to c]ta9 conditions 9 _! *oice ( a wife4 ,! physically de=m$ are to be ineligible = ! prie/hood 7xxi474 ,regulations to safegu>d ! c]emonial purity ( ! sacr$ food3 imp]fect or de=m$ animals ineligible = sacrifice 7xxii474 ,9 *4 xxiii41 :i* is a cal5d> ( sacr$ fe/ivals1 ! fe/ivals are enum]at$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! ye>1 beg9n+ ) spr+--! passov]1 reg>d$ z prelim9>y to ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread2 ! fea/ ( weeks 7,p5teco/7 sev5 weeks aft]w>ds2 ! new ye>'s fe/ival1 on ! fir/ day ( ! sev5? mon?2 ! day ( atonem5t2 & ! fe/ival ( boo?s4 ,!re are signs t ! section deal+ ) new ye>'s day & ! day ( atonem5t1 vv4 #bc-cb1 is lat] ?an ! orig9al =m ( ! re/ ( ! *apt] deal+ ) ! ?ree great anci5t fe/ivals t re/$ on agriculture & ! v9tage4 ,( k9dr$ !me to ?is *apt] is *4 xxv4--! sacr$ ye>s--7a7 ! sabbatical ye>3 ! l&1 l ! man1 mu/ enjoy a ,sabba? re/1 vv4 #a-g2 7b7 ! jubilee ye>1 an int5sification ( ! ,sabbatical idea3 e fiftie? ye> is to be a p]iod ( re/ = ! l&1 lib]ation ( ,hebrew slaves1 & re/oration ( prop]ty to its orig9al own]s or legal heirs1 vv4 #h-ee4 ,9 xxiv4 #a-i1 are regulations conc]n+ ! lamp/& & ! %ewbread2 ! law1 9 ! =m ( a n>rative1 prohibit+ blasphemy1 vv4 #aj-bc1 is int]rupt$ by a few laws conc]n+ injury to ! p]son1 vv4 #ag-bb4 ,! laws ( hol9ess conclude 7xxvi47 ) a p[]ful exposition ( ! bless+ :i* w foll[ ob$i5ce & ! curse :i* is ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce4 ,! curse rea*es a dramatic climax 9 ! ?reat ( exile1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 deliv]ance is promis$ on condition ( rep5tance4 ,*4 xxvii4 con/itutes no "p ( ! ,law ( ,hol9ess--note ! subscription 9 xxvi4 #df4 ,x conta9s regulations = ! commutation ( v[s 7:e!r p]sons1 cattle or ?+s7 & ti!s-commutation be+ inadmissible 9 ! case ( fir/l+s ( animals fit = sacrifice & ( ?+s & p]sons t _h come "u ! ban4 ,special importance atta*es to ! ,law ( ,hol9ess1 kn[n to criticism z ,h 7xvii4-xxvi474 ,9 its int]e/ 9 wor%ip1 x m>ks a v long advance on ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xxi4-xxiii471 & x w\ld seem to /& some:]e betwe5 ,deut]onomy & ! prie/ly codex4 ,x is pr(\ndly int]e/$1 l ! =m]1 9 ! e?ical side ( religion1 & yet x is almo/ z deeply conc]n$ ab\t ritual z ! latt]4 ,b ?\gh x may be reg>d$ z a prelim9>y /ep to ! prie/ly code1 x is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f x1 bo? by its tone & its vocabul>y3 ! ^w = idols1 e4g4 7?+s ( n\ght71 xix4 #d1 xxvi4 #a1 does n occur else:]e 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x specially emphasizes ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah2 z has be5 said1 9 ,h ,he is ! p]son to :om ! cult is p]=m$1 :ile ! "q ( h[ is m elaborately dealt ) 9 ,p4 ,!re are /ray allusions :i* almo/ seem to po9t to pre-exilic days2 e4g4 to idols1 xxvi4 #cj1 ,molo* be+ explicitly m5tion$1 xviii4 #ba1 xx4 #b2 & ! v>i\s sanctu>ies presuppos$ by xxvi4 #ca w\ld almo/ seem to c>ry u back to a po9t be=e ! promulgation ( ,deut]onomy 9 #fba ,b4,c42 b on ! o!r h& ! exile appe>s to be presuppos$ 9 xviii4 #bd-cj1 xxvi4 #cd4 ,?is code1 l all ! o!rs 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 no d\bt ! result ( gradual gr[?--note ! alt]nation ( #bnd p]s4 s+4 & pl4 9 *4 xix4--b ! ma9 body ( x may be plac$ some:]e betwe5 #fjj & #eej ,b4,c4 ,! section be>s s /rong a resemblance to ,ezekiel t he has be5 suppos$ by "s to be ! au?or1 b ?is is improbable4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! m9ut5ess ( ! ritual religion ( ,leviticus c\ld deg5]ate into casui/ry4 ,its emphasis on ext]nals is ev]y:]e visible1 & its lack ( k9dly human feel+ is only too conspicu\s 9 its treatm5t ( ! lep]1 xiii4 #de1 #df4 ,b ov] aga9/ ?is1 to say no?+ ( ! pr(\nd symbolism ( ! ritual1 mu/ be set ! moral virility ( ! law ( hol9ess--its e>ne/ inculcation ( comm]cial hon\r1 rev]5ce = ! ag$1 xix4 #cb1 & ev5 unselfi% love4 ,= x is to ?is s\rce t we owe ! great ^w adopt$ by our ,savi\r1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1 xix4 #ah1 ?\gh ! fir/ "p ( ! v]se %[s t ?is noble utt]ance /ill moves )9 ! limitations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,,numb]s ,l ! la/ "p ( ,exodus1 & ! :ole ( ,leviticus1 ! fir/ "p ( ,numb]s1 i4-x4 #bh--s call$1#a r inappropriately1 f ! c5sus 9 i41 iii41 7iv471 xxvi4--is unmi/akably prie/ly 9 its int]e/s & language4 ,beg9n+ ) a c5sus ( ! m5 ( w> 7i47 & ! ord] ( ! camp 7ii471 x devotes specific att5tion to ! ,levites1 _! numb]s & duties 7iii41 iv474 ,!n foll[ laws = ! exclusion ( ! unclean1 v4 #a-d1 = det]m9+ ! mann] & am\nt ( re/itution 9 case ( fraud1 v4 #e-aj1 ! guilt or innoc5ce ( a m>ri$ woman suspect$ ( unfai?fulness1 v4 #aa-ca1 & ! obligations ( ! ,nazirite v[1 vi4 #a-ba4 ,?is legal section ends ) ! prie/ly b5$iction1 vi4 #bb-bg4 ,!n1 closely connect$ ) ! n>rative 9 ,exodus xl41 is an unusually elaborate acc\nt ( ! d$ication gifts t 7 (f]$ on ! occasion ( ! erection ( ! tab]nacle 7vii474 ,?is quasi-hi/orical int]lude is aga9 foll[$ by a few sections ( a m legal nature--in/ructions = fix+ ! lamps ^u ! lamp/&1 viii4 #a-d1 = ! consecration ( ! ,levites & _! p]iod ( s]vice1 viii4 #e-bf1 = ! celebration ( ! passov]1 &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ( a supplem5t>y passov]1 ix4 #a-ad4 ,!n1 ) ! div9e guidance assur$1 & ! ord] ( m>* det]m9$1 ! />t f ,s9ai 0 made1 ix4 #ae-x4 #bh4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! ,greek v]sion1 foll[$ by ! ,lat94 ,?is is ! only book ( ! ,p5tateu* 9 :i* ! ,engli% v]sion has reta9$ ! ,lat9 title1 ! o!r titles be+ all ,greek4 ,! ,hebrew titles are usually borr[$ f ! op5+ words ( ! book4 ,! ,hebrew title ( ,numb]s is ei!r ,& he said or 9 ! wild]ness2 ! latt] is fairly appropriate--c]ta9ly mu* m s ?an ! ,greek4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! old prophetic n>rative 7,exod4 xxxii4-xxxiv471 int]rupt$ by ,exodus xxxv4 #a-,numb]s x4 #bh1 is resum$ ) an acc\nt ( ! precautions tak5 to secure reliable guidance ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 x4 #bi-cb1 & a v int]e/+ snat* ( anci5t poetry1 ?r\gh :i* we may easily read ! unique importance ( ! ark = e>ly ,israel1 x4 #cc-cf4 ,! succe$+ *apt]s make no pret5ce to be a connect$ hi/ory ( ! wild]ness p]iod2 ! incid5ts ) :i* !y deal are v few1 & ^! are relat$ r = _! religi\s ?an _! hi/orical significance1 e4g4 ! murmur+ ( ! p1 ! t]rible answ] to _! pray] = fle%1 ! div9e equipm5t ( ! sev5ty eld]s1 ! magnanimity ( ,moses 7xi471 & ! v9dication ( 8 prophetic dignity 7xii474 ,be=e ! actual assault on ,canaan1 spies 7 s5t out to inve/igate ! l&4 ,b ! p all[$ !mselves to be disc\rag$ by _! report1 & = _! unbelief ! :ole g5]ation except ,caleb 7& ,jo%ua7#a 0 doom$ to die 9 ! wild]ness1 )\t a sight ( ! promis$ l& 7xiii41 xiv474 ,! ?read ( ! n>rative1 brok5 at ?is po9t by laws relat+ to (f]+s & sacrifices1 xv4 #a-ca1 ! hall[+ ( ! ,sabba?1 xv4 #cb-cf1 & ! we>+ ( fr+es1 xv4 #cg-da1 is at once resum$ by a complicat$ acc\nt ( a rebellion aga9/ ,moses1 :i* end$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! rebels1 & 9 ! signal v9dication ( ! au?ority ( ,moses1 ! privileges ( ! tribe ( ,levi1 & ! exclusive "r ( ! sons ( ,a>on to ! prie/hood 7xvi41 xvii474 ,aga9 ! n>rative elem5t gives place to legislation regulat+ ! duties1 relative position & rev5ues ( ! prie/s & ,levites 7xviii47 & ! mann] ( purification aft] defilem5t 7xix474 ,footnote #a3 ,caleb alone 9 ,,je1 ,jo%ua also 9 ,p4 ,^! laws are foll[$ by a section ( cont9u\s n>rative4 ,moses & ,a>on1 = c]ta9 rebelli\s words1 are div9ely w>n$ t !y w n be p]mitt$ to br+ ! p into ! promis$ l&--a w>n+ :i* 0 foll[$ soon aft]w>ds by ! dea? ( ,a>on on ,m\nt ,hor4 ,edom haughtily refus$ ,israel p]mission to pass ?r\gh h] l& 7xx474 ,sore at he>t1 !y frett$ aga9/ ,god & ,moses1 & deadly s]p5ts 7 s5t among !m 9 *a/isem5t1 b ! p5it5t & believ+ 7 re/or$ by ! p[] ( ,god & ! int]cession ( ,moses4 ,!n ,israel turn$ nor?1 & began h] c>e] ( conque/ by defeat+ ,sihon1 k+ ( ! ,amorites1 & ,og1 k+ ( ,ba%an 7xxi474 ,h] success /ruck t]ror into ! he>t ( ,balak1 ! k+ ( ,moab2 he accord+ly s5t = ,balaam1 a fam\s soo?say]1 ) ! reque/ t he w\ld curse ,israel 7xxii474 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 he =etold = h] a spl5did de/9y 7xxiii41 xxiv474 ,b ! reality fell pitifully %ort ( ?is fair ideal1 = ,israel at once succumb$ to ! s$uctions ( idolatry & impurity1#a & ! fe>ful puni%m5t :i* fell ^u h] = h] s9 0 only /ay$ by ! zeal ( ,ph9ehas1 ! high prie/'s son1 :o 0 rew>d$ ) ! hon\r ( p]petual prie/hood1 xxv4 #a-ae4 ,implacable enmity 0 enjo9$ aga9/ ,midian1 xxv4 #af-ah4 ,footnote #a3 ,moabite idolatry1 & int]m>riage ) ! ,midianites-- ultimately1 x w\ld seem1 ! same /ory4 ,,je gives ! beg9n+ ( x1 vv4 #a-e1 & ,p ! conclusion1 vv4 #f-ah4 ,f ?is po9t to ! end ( ! book ! n>rative is1 ) few exceptions1 di/9ctly prie/ly 9 complexion2 ! vivid sc5es ( ! old] n>rative are abs5t1 & _! place is tak51 = ! mo/ "p1 ei!r by /ati/ics & legislative enactm5ts or by n>rative :i* is only legislation 9 disguise4 ,a c5sus 7xxvi47 0 tak5 at ! end1 z at ! beg9n+ ( ! w&]+s 7i471 :i* %[$ t1 except ,caleb & ,jo%ua1 ! :ole g5]ation _h p]i%$ 7cf4 xiv4 #bi1 #cd74 ,!n foll[ sections on ! law ( inh]itance ( daught]s1 xxvii4 #a-aa1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ,moses' imm95t dea? & ! appo9tm5t ( ,jo%ua 8 successor1 xxvii4 #ab-bc1 a prie/ly cal5d> def9+ ! sacrifices appropriate to ea* season 7xxviii41 xxix471 & ! law ( v[s 7xxx474 ,9 accordance ) ! injunction ( xxv4 #af-ah a w> ( ext]m9ation 0 successfully und]tak5 aga9/ ,midian 7xxxi474 ,! l& ea/ ( ! ,jordan 0 allott$ to ,reub51 ,gad & ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1 on condition t !y w\ld help ! o!r tribes to conqu] ! we/ 7xxxii474 ,foll[+ an it9]>y ( ! w&]+s f ! exodus to ! pla9s ( ,moab 7xxxiii47 is a description ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! l& allott$ to ! v>i\s tribes 7xxxiv471 directions = ! ,levitical cities & ! cities ( refuge 7xxxv471 &1 la/ ( all1 a law 9 n>rative =m1 det]m9+ t heiresses :o possess$ l&$ prop]ty %\ld m>ry into _! own tribe 7xxxvi474 ,ev5 ?is brief sket* ( ! book ( ,numb]s is en\gh to reveal ! ess5tial incoh]5ce ( its plan1 & ! great div]g5ce ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* x is compos$4 ,no book 9 ! ,p5tateu* makes s little ! impression ( a unity4 ,! ph5om5a ( ,exodus are "h repeat$ & int5sifi$2 a n>rative ( ! int5se/ moral & hi/orical int]e/ is brok5 at frequ5t int]vals by /ati/ical & legal mat]ial1 "s ( :i*1 at lea/1 makes h>dly any pret5ce to be connect$ ) ! ma9 body ( ! /ory4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( ! book comes f ,p1 & mo/ ( x is v easy to detect4 ,no possible d\bt1 e4g41 c atta* to i4-x41 #bh1 ) its int]e/ 9 prie/s1 ,levites1 tab]nacle & laws4 ,z significant z ! cont5ts is ! /yle :i* is n seldom diffuse to t$i\sness1 e4g41 9 ! acc\nt ( ! c5sus 7i471 ! d$ication gifts 7vii471 or ! regulation ( ! movem5ts ( ! camp by ! cl\d1 ix4 #ae-bc4 ,*4 xv41 ) its laws = (f]+s1 sacrifices & ! ,sabba?1 *4 xvii41 ) its v9dication ( ! special pr]ogatives ( ! tribe ( ,levi1 & *s4 xviii41 xix41 :i* regulate ! duties & privileges ( prie/s & ,levites1 & ! mann] ( purification1 are also unmi/akable4 ,*s4 xxvi4-xxxi41 z ev5 ! prelim9>y sket* ( ! book w\ld sugge/1 mu/1 = simil> reasons1 also h ! same orig94 ,to ,p also cle>ly belong xxxiii4 & xxxiv4 ) _! /ati/ical b5t1 & xxxv4 & xxxvi4 ) _! int]e/ 9 ! ,levites & legislation4 ,besides ^! sections1 h[ev]1 ! pres5ce ( ,p is c]ta9--?\gh n always s easily detect$1 z x is 9 comb9ation ) ,,je--9 "s ( ! m di/9ctively n>rative sections1 e4g4 9 ! acc\nt ( ! spies 7xiii41 xiv471 ( ! rebellion aga9/ ! au?ority ( ,moses & ,a>on 7xvi471 ( ! s9 ( ,moses & ,a>on1 xx4 #a-ac1 & ( ! settlem5t ea/ ( ! ,jordan 7xxxii474 ,ab\t su* n>ratives z ! dea? ( ,a>on1 xx4 #bb-bi1 or ! zeal & rew>d ( ,ph9ehas1 xxv4 #f-ah1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,) ! exception ( a few odd v]ses1 all t rema9s1 aft] d$uct+ ! passages ref]r$ to1 belongs to ! prophetic n>rative 7,,je74 ,! radical diff]5ce 9 po9t ( /yle & int]e/s betwe5 ,,je & ,p occasionally ext5ds ev5 to _! acc\nt ( ! facts4 ,! /ory ( ! spies furni%es sev]al /rik+ illu/rations ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,9 ,,je !y g f ! wild]ness to ,hebron 9 ! s\? ( ,judah1 xiii4 #bb1 9 ,p !y g to ! extreme nor? ( ,pale/9e1 xiii4 #ba4 ,9 ,,je ,caleb is ! only fai?ful spy1 xiii4 #cj1 xiv4 #bd1 ,p unites him ) ,jo%ua1 xiv4 #f1ch4 ,9 ,,je ! l& is f]tile1 b its inhabitants are inv9cible1 9 ,p x is a b>r5 l&4 ,! /ory ( ! rebellion ( ,korah1 ,da?an & ,abiram is peculi>ly in/ructive 7xvi474 ,x w be notic$ t ,da?an & ,abiram are occasionally m5tion$ by !mselves1 vv4 #ab1 #be1 & ,korah by himself1 vv4 #e1 #ai4 ,if ?is clue be foll[$ up1 x w be f\nd t ! rebellion ( ,da?an & ,abiram is ess5tially aga9/ ! au?ority ( ,moses1 :om !y *>ge ) disappo9t+ _! hopes1 vv4 #ac1 #ad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rebellion head$ by ,korah is trac$ to two s\rces3#a x is reg>d$ 9 "o ( ^! z a layman's prote/ aga9/ ! exclusive sanctity ( ! tribe ( ,levi1 v4 #c1 &1 9 ! o!r1 z a ,levitical prote/ aga9/ ! exclusive "r ( ! sons ( ,a>on to ! prie/hood1 vv4 #h-aa4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ,,je & ,p is 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ark4 ,9 ,,je x goes be=e ! camp1 x4 #cc 7cf4 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #g71 9 ,p ! tab]nacle1 to :i* x belongs1 is 9 ! c5tre ( ! camp1 ii4 #ag1 :i* is f\rsqu>e4 ,footnote #a3 ,two /rata ( ,p are pla9ly visible "h4 ,mu* m ?an 9 ,g5esis1 & ev5 m ?an 9 ,exodus h ,j & ,e be5 weld$ toge!r 9 ,numb]s--s closely1 inde$1 t x is usually all b impossible to di/+ui% !m ) c]ta9ty2 b1 "h1 z 9 ,exodus1 !re are occasional pro(s ( composit5ess4 ,! app>5t confusion ( ! /ory ( ,balaam1 e4g4 7xxii471 9 :i* ,god is angry ) him aft] giv+ him p]mission to g1 is to be expla9$ by ! simple fact t ! /ory is told 9 bo? s\rces4 ,?is duplication ext5ds ev5 to ! poetry 9 *s4 xxiii4 & xxiv4 7cf4 xxiv4 #h1 #i1 xxiii4 #bb1 #bd74 ,!re is n a trace ( ,p 9 ! ,balaam /ory4 ,all ! romantic & religi\s1 z oppos$ to ! legal & !ological int]e/ ( ! book1 is conf9$ to ! prophetic section 7,,je72 & x greatly to be regrett$ t m ( x has n be5 pres]v$4 ,! /ructure ( ! book pla9ly %[s t x has be5 displac$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,p1 & f ! express ref]5ce to ! t5 times t ,israel tempt$ ,jehovah1 xiv4 #bb1 we may safely inf] t mu* has be5 lo/4 ,b :at has be5 pres]v$ is ( great religi\s1 & "s hi/orical value4 ,( c\rse1 x is n hi/ory 9 ! ord9>y s5se3 a p]iod ( ?irty-eight ye>s is cov]$ 9 less ?an t5 *apt]s 7x4 ,,ii-xix474 ,b mu* ( ! mat]ial1 at lea/ 9 ! prophetic hi/ory ,,je1 re/s on a tradition :i* may well h pres]v$ "s ( ! hi/orical facts1 especially z !y 7 (t5 embalm$ 9 poetry4 ,! book ( ,numb]s ?r[s "s light on ! importance ( anci5t poetry z a hi/orical s\rce4 ,x cites a difficult fragm5t & ref]s x to ! book ( ! w>s ( ,jehovah1 xxi4 #ad1 x confirms ! victory ov] ,sihon by a quotation f a w>-ballad :i* is ref]r$ to a guild ( s+]s1 xxi4 #bg1 x quotes ! anci5t words ) :i* ! w>riors broke up _! camp & return$ to x aga91 x4 #ce1 #cf1 & x relieves its wild w>-sc5es by ! lovely ,song ( ! ,well1 xxi4 #ag1 #ah4 ,probably o!r episodes 9 ! books ( ,numb]s1 ,jo%ua & ,judges 7e4g4 *4 v47 ultimately re/ ^u ?is lo/ book ( ! w>s ( ,jehovah4 ,! f9e poetry ascrib$ to ,balaam1 :i* brea!s ! full consci\sness ( a high national de/9y1 may belong to ! "t ( ! e>ly mon>*y1 xxiv4 #g1 p]haps to t ( ,david1 to :om xxiv4 #ag-ai seems to be a cle> allusion4 ,! five v]ses t foll[ ,balaam's words1 xxiv4 #bj-bd1 are app>5tly a late app5dix2 ! m5tion ( ,*ittim 9 v4 #bd w\ld almo/ c>ry ! passage d[n to ! ,greek p]iod 7#d? c5t4 ,b4,c471 & ( ,as%ur 9 v4 #bb at lea/ to ! ,assyrian p]iod 7#h? c5t471 unless ! "n /&s = a ,b$aw9 tribe 7cf4 ,g54 xxv4 #c74 ,hi/orically ,p is ( little acc\nt4 ,?is is mo/ obvi\s 9 8 n>rative ( ! w> ) ,midian 7xxxi471 9 :i*1 )\t los+ a s+le man1 ,israel slew e male 9 ,midian & took enorm\s booty4 ,x is suspici\s t ! old] s\rces 7,,je7 h n a s+le ^w to say ( s rem>kable a victory2 b ! impossibility ( ! /ory is %[n by ! fact t1 ?\gh all ! males are sla91 ! tribe reappe>s1 z ! assailant ( ,israel1 9 ! days ( ,gideon 7,jud4 vi4-viii474 ,! real object ( ! /ory is to illu/rate ! law gov]n+ ! di/ribution ( booty1 xxxi4 #bg--;a law :i* is else:]e trac$1 ) mu* m probability1 to an ord9ance ( ,david 7,i ,sam4 xxx4 #bd74 ,f ?is unhi/orical1 b highly in/ructive *apt]1 we le>n ! t5d5cy to ref] all ,israel's legislation1 :atev] its orig91 to ,moses1 & ! fur!r t5d5cy to f9d a hi/orical prec$5t1 :i* no d\bt once exi/$1 = ! details ( ! legislation4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t ! n>ratives ( ,p h to be consid]$4 ,! /ory ( ! fate ( ! ,sabba?-break] is simply told to emphasize ! /r+5cy ( ! ,sabba? law1 xv4 #cb-cf1 ! p>ticul> dilemma 9 ix4 #f-ad is creat$1 z a prec$5t = ! in/itution ( ! supplem5t>y passov]1 ! case ( ! daught]s ( ,zelophehad s]ves z a hi/orical basis = ! law gov]n+ ! prop]ty ( heiresses 7xxxvi474 ,9 o!r words1 ,p is n a hi/orian2 8 n>rative1 ev5 :]e x is explicit1 is usually b ! ?9 disguise ( legislation4 ,z 9 ,g5esis & ,exodus1 almo/ e /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! religion ( ,israel is repres5t$ by ! book ( ,numb]s4 ,?r\gh ! /ory 9 xxi4 #d-aa we c detect ! practice ( s]p5t-wor%ip1 :i* we "k p]si/$ to ! "t ( ,hezekiah 7#b ,k+s xviii4 #d72 & ! trial by ordeal1 v4 #aa-ca1 ?\gh 9 its pres5t =m late1 repres5ts no d\bt a v anci5t cu/om4 ,p ?r[s mu* light on ! usages & ideas ( po/-exilic religion4 ,b x is to ! prophetic docum5t we mu/ g = passages ( abid+ religi\s p[] & value4 ,"h1 z 9 ,exodus1 ! "* ( ,moses (f]s a brilliant /udy--9 8 solit>y gr&eur1 pati5t /r5g?1 & h]oic fai?2 /eadfa/ amid jeal\sy1 suspicion & rebellion1 & v9dicat$ by ,god ,himself z a prophet ( transc5d5t privilege & p[] 7xii4 #h74 ,ov] aga9/ ! n>r[ ass]tions ( ,levitical & prie/ly pr]ogative 7xvi41 xvii71 :i* reflect b too fai?fully ! /rife ( a lat] day1 is ! noble pray] ( ,moses t ,god w\ld make all ! p prophets1 & put ,8 _s ^u !m e "o1 xi4 #bi4 ,,deut]onomy ,ow+ to ! comp>atively loose nature ( ! connection betwe5 consecutive passages 9 ! legislative section1 x is difficult to pres5t an adequate summ>y ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,9 ! fir/ section1 i4-iv4 #dj1 ,moses1 aft] review+ ! rec5t hi/ory ( ! p1 & %[+ h[ x reveals ,jehovah's love = ,israel1 e>ne/ly urges ^u !m ! duty ( keep+ ,8 laws1 rem9d+ !m ( ,8 spirituality & absolut5ess4 ,!n foll[s ! appo9tm5t1 iv4 #da-dc--;"h irrelevant 7cf4 xix4 #a-l#c7--( ?ree cities ( refuge ea/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,! second section1 v4-xi41 ) its sup]scription1 iv4 #dd-di1 is a hortatory introduction to ! m specific injunctions ( xii4-xxviii41 & deals ) ! g5]al pr9ciples by :i* ,israel is to be gov]n$4 ,! special relation betwe5 ,israel & ,jehovah 0 e/abli%$ on ! basis ( ! decalogue 7,ex4 xx471 & ) ?is ,moses beg9s1 rem9d+ ! p ( _! promise to obey any fur!r comm&s ,jehovah might give 7v474 ,b z ! s\rce ( all true ob$i5ce is a "r attitude1 ,israel's deepe/ duty is to love ,jehovah1 s]v+ ,him ) rev]5ce1 & keep+ ,8 claims /eadily be=e ! *ildr5 7vi474 ,to d ?is effectively1 ,israel mu/ uncompromis+ly repudiate all social & religi\s int]c\rse ) ! idolatr\s peoples ( ! l&1 & ,jehovah _! ,god w /& by !m 9 ! /ruggle 7vii74 ,9 ! pa/ ! discipl9e _h (t5 inde$ be5 /]n & sore1 b x _h come f ! h& ( a fa!r1 & _h be5 int5d$ to tea* ! spiritual nature ( true religion2 worldl9ess & idolatry w\ld assur$ly be puni%$ by defeat & de/ruction 7viii474 ,& j z deadly z worldl9ess is ! _s ( self-righte\sness1 a _s z absurd z x is deadly2 = ,israel's pa/ has be5 m>k$ by an ob/9acy s disgraceful t1 b = ! int]cession ( ,moses1 ! p w\ld already h be5 devot$ to de/ruction1#a ix4 #a-x4 #aa4 ,true religion is ! lov+ s]vice ( ! great ,god & ( ne$y m51 & x ought to be inspir$ by rev]5t fe>4 ,ob$i5ce to ! div9e comm&s w br+ life & bless+1 disob$i5ce w be puni%$ by ! curse & dea?1 x4 #ab-xi4 ,footnote #a3 ,*1 x4 #f-i is an int]polation2 vv4 #f1 #g a fragm5t ( an it9]>y relat+ ! dea? ( ,a>on1 & vv4 #h1 #i ! sep>ation ( ! tribe ( ,levi to prie/ly functions4 ,?is hortatory introduction is succe$$ by ! specific laws :i* =m ! ma9 body ( ! book 7xii4-xxvi41 xxviii474 ,r\ghly !y may be classifi$ z affect+ 7a7 religi\s 7xii4-xvi471 7b7 civil 7xvii4-xx471 & 7c7 social 7xxi4-xxv47 life1 ! religi\s be+ made ! basis ( ! o!r two4 7a7 ,z ! true wor%ip is jeop>diz$ by a multiplicity ( sanctu>ies1 ^! sanctu>ies are decl>$ illegal1 & _! p>aph]nalia are to be de/roy$2 wor%ip is to be conf9$ h5ce=? to "o sanctu>y 7xii471 & e idolatr\s p]son & influ5ce are to be ext]m9at$ 7xiii474 ,! hol9ess ( ! p is to be ma9ta9$ by _! ab/a9+ f ! fle% ( c]ta9 prohibit$ animals#a xiv4 #a-ba1 & ! sacr$ dues su* z ! ti!s1 xiv4 #bb-bi1 & fir/l+s1 xv4 #ai-bc1 are regulat$4 ,religion is to express itself 9 g5]\s consid]ation = ! poor & ! slave1 xv4 #a-ah1 z well z 9 ! ?ree annual pilgrimages to celebrate ! passov]1 ! fea/ ( weeks1 & ! fea/ ( boo?s1 xvi4 #a-ag4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is section is n altoge!r 9 ! _s ( ,deut4 & is f\nd ) v>iations 9 ,lev4 xi4 ,if x is n a late ins]tion 9 ,deut4 f ,lev41 probably bo? h borr[$ x f an old] code4 7b7 ,besides ! local c\rts !re is to be a supreme c5tral tribunal1 xvi4 #ah-bj1 xvii4 #h-ac4 ,no idolatr\s symbols are to be us$ 9 ! ,jehovah wor%ip2 idolatry is to be puni%$ ) dea?1 xvi4 #ba-xvii4 #g4 ,! "* & duties ( ! k+ are def9$1 & 8 obligation to rule 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ,israel's religion1 xvii4 #ad-bj2 ! rev5ues & privileges ( ! ,levitical prie/s are regulat$ & ! high position & function ( ! prophets are def9$ 9 opposition to ! repres5tatives ( sup]/ition 9 hea!n religion 7xviii474 ,foll[+ ! laws affect+ ! (fic]s ( ! !ocracy are laws--:i* f9ely temp] ju/ice ) m]cy--conc]n+ homicide1 murd] & false witness#a 7xix474 ,a simil> comb9ation ( humanity & /]nness is illu/rat$ by ! laws--:e!r practicable or n--regulat+ ! usages ( w>1 xx41 ) :i* may be tak5 xxi4 #aj-ad4 ,footnote #a3 ,k9dr$ 9 !me is xxi4 #a-i1 deal+ ) ! expiation ( an unc]ta9 murd]4 7c7 ,! laws 9 xxi-xxv4 are ( a m miscellane\s nature & deal ) v>i\s phases ( dome/ic & social life--su* z ! puni%m5t ( ! unfilial son1 ! duty ( neighb\rl9ess1 ! protection ( "m-birds1 ! duty ( tak+ precautions 9 build+1 ! rights ( a husb&1 ! puni%m5t ( adult]y & s$uction1 ! exclusion ( c]ta9 classes f ! privilege ( wor%ip1 ! cleanl9ess ( ! camp1 ! duty ( humanity to a runaway slave1 ! prohibition ( religi\s pro/itution1 ! regulation ( divorce1 ! duty ( humanity to ! /rang]1 ! fa!rless & ! wid[1 & ( k9dness to animals1 ! duty ( a surviv+ bro!r to m>ry 8 bro!r's *ildless wid[1 ! prohibition ( immode/y1 etc4 ,by two simple c]emonies1 "o ( ?anksgiv+1 ! o!r a confession ( fai?1 ,israel ackn[l$ges h] obligations to ,jehovah#a 7xxvi471 & ! great spee* ends ) a v impressive p]oration 9 :i* bless+s ( _m k9ds are promis$ to ob$i5ce1 :ile1 ) a mu* great] elaboration ( detail1 disa/] is ann\nc$ z ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce 7xxviii474 ,9 *s4 xxix11 xxx41 :i* are ( a supplem5t>y nature1 ,moses briefly rem9ds ! p ( ! goodness ( _! ,god1 & w>ns !m ( ! disa/] into :i* infidelity w plunge !m1 ?\gh--s graci\s is ,jehovah--p5it5ce w be foll[$ by re/oration4 ,9 a p[]ful conclusion he sets be=e !m life & dea? z ! recomp5se ( ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce1 & pleads ) !m to *oose life4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 xxvii41 :i*1 besides be+ 9 ! #crd p]son1 int]rupts ! connection betwe5 xxvi4 & xxviii41 c h>dly h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al book4 ,x prescribes ! inscription ( ! law on /ones1 its ratification by ! p1 & ! curses to be utt]$ by ! ,levites4 ,! spee*es are ov]1 & ! n>rative ( ! ,p5tateu* is resum$4 ,9 a few p>t+ words1 ,moses enc\rages ! p & 8 successor ,jo%ua1 :o1 9 xxxi4 #ad1 #ae1 #bc1 receives 8 div9e commission1 & f9ally gives in/ructions = ! read+ ( ! law e sev5 ye>s1 xxxi4 #a-ac4 ,v]ses #af-cj 7except #bc7 con/itute ! preface to ! f9e poem kn[n z ! ,song ( ,moses1 xxxii4 #a-dc1 :i* celebrates1 9 bold & /rik+ words1 ! lov+ fai?fulness ( ,jehovah to ,8 apo/ate & ungrateful p4#a ,?is poem1 aft] a few v]ses 9 :i* ,moses f9ally comm5ds ! law to ,israel & himself receives ! div9e comm& to asc5d ,nebo & die1 is foll[$ by ano!r kn[n z ! ,bless+ ( ,moses 7xxxiii474 ,9 ?is poem1 :i* ought to be comp>$ ) ,g54 xlix41 ! v>i\s tribes are sep>ately *>act]iz$ 9 language :i* is (t5 simply a description#b r ?an a b5$iction1 & ! poem concludes ) an en?usia/ic expression ( joy ov] ,israel's incomp>able ,god4 ,! book ends ) an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,moses 7xxxiv474 ,footnote #a3 ,! song mu/ be mu* lat] ?an ,moses1 z x describes ! effect1 v4 #ae;ff41 on ,israel ( ! transition f ! nomadic life ( ! des]t1 v4 #aj1 to ! settl$ agricultural life ( ,canaan1 & expressly reg>ds ! days ( ! exodus z long pa/1 v4#g4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! enemy f :om 9 vv4 #cd-dc1 ! s+] hopes to be div9ely deliv]$ are ! ,assyrians or ! ,babylonians3 on ! :ole1 probably ! latt]4 ,9 t case1 ! poem w\ld be exilic2 v4 #cf too seems to presuppose ! exile4 ,footnote #b3 ,^! descriptions--to say no?+ ( v4#d 7,moses comm5d$ u a law7--are conclusive pro( t ! poem 0 compos$ long aft] ,moses' "t4 ,reub5 is dw9dl+ 9 numb]s1 ,simeon has already disappe>$ 7z n yet 9 ,g54 xlix74 ,judah is 9 at lea/ tempor>y di/ress1 & ! bann] tribe is ,ephraim1 ^: glory & p[] are eloqu5tly describ$1 vv4#ac-ag4 ,levi appe>s to be ?or\ghly organiz$ & held 9 great respect1 vv4 #h-ll4 ,! poem mu/ h be5 writt5 at a "t :5 nor!rn ,israel 0 enjoy+ high prosp]ity1 probably dur+ ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii & be=e ! adv5t ( ,amos 7#ggj ,b4,c4874 ,deut]onomy is "o ( ! epo*-mak+ books ( ! _w4 ,x n only pr(\ndly affect$ mu* ( ! subsequ5t lit]ature ( ! ,hebrews1 b x left a deep & abid+ m>k ^u ,hebrew religion1 & ?r\gh x ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,! problem ( its orig9 is z int]e/+ z ! romance :i* atta*$ to its discov]y 9 ! reign ( ,josiah 7#fba ,b4,c474 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! book claims to be ! val$ictory address ( ,moses to ,israel4 ,b ev5 a sup]ficial exam9ation is en\gh to %[ t its pres5t =m1 at any rate1 0 n due to ,moses4 ,! v fir/ words ( ! book repres5t ! spee*es z be+ deliv]$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,jordan--an important po9t obscur$ by ! errone\s translation ( ,a4,v4 ,n[ ,moses 0 on ! ea/ side1 & obvi\sly ! writ] to :om ! ea/ side 0 ! o!r side1 mu/ himself h be5 on ! we/ side4 ,! law provid+ = ! battlem5t on ! ro( ( a new h\se1 xxii4 #h1 %[s t ! book contemplates ! lat] settl$ life ( cities or villages1 n ! nomadic life ( t5ts2 & ! v significant law conc]n+ ! b\nd>y m>ks :i* _h be5 set up by ^? ( ! old5 "t1 xix4 #ad1 is pro( conclusive t ! p _h be5 settl$ = g5]ations 9 ! l&4 ,! negative conclusion is t ! book is n1 9 its pres5t =m1 f ! h& ( ,moses1 b is a product1 at lea/ sev]al g5]ations lat]1 ( ! settl$ life ( ! p4 ,b x is at once ask$1 ,d ! op5+ words ( ! book n commit u expressly to a belief 9 ! ,mosaic au?or%ip1 9 spite ( ! resultant difficulties8 ,is x n explicitly said t ^! words are 8 words8 ,! answ] to ?is "q lies 9 ! lit]>y fre$om claim$ by all anci5t hi/orians4 ,?ucydides1 "o ( ! mo/ scrupul\s hi/orians :o ev] wrote1 /ates1 9 an int]e/+ passage1 ! pr9ciples on :i* he compos$ 8 spee*es 7i4 #bb73 ,z to ! v>i\s spee*es made on ! eve ( ! w> or 9 its c\rse1 ,i h f\nd x difficult to reta9 a memory ( ! precise words :i* ,i he>d spok52 & s x 0 ) ^? :o br\ght me reports4 ,b ,i h made ! p]sons say :at x seem$ to me mo/ opportune = !m to say 9 view ( ea* situation2 at ! same "t ,i h adh]$ z closely z possible to ! g5]al s5se ( :at 0 actually said4 ,?is /atem5t repres5ts ! g5]al practice ( ! anci5t _w2 ! conditions ( hi/orical v]acity 7 satisfi$ if ! spee* repres5t$ ! _s ( ! speak]4 ,& ?is1 z we %all see1 is em95tly true ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 :i* is an eloqu5t exposition & application ( pr9ciples fundam5tal to ! ,mosaic religion4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be urg$ t ! book conta9s delib]ate ass]tions t x 0 writt5 by ,moses--e4g41 :5 ,moses _h made an end ( writ+ ! words ( ?is law 9 a book1 xxxi4 #bd1 cf4 #i--! simple reply is t ?is v phrase1 all ! words ( ?is law1 is else:]e us$ ( a body ( law s small t x c be inscrib$ ^u ! memorial /ones ( ! alt> to be set up on ,m\nt ,ebal1 xxvii4 #c4 ,we are free1 !n1 to consid] ! date ( ,deut]onomy by an exam9ation ( ! int]nal evid5ce4 ,! late/ possible date = ! book1 z a :ole1 is det]m9$ by ! /ory ( its discov]y 9 #fba ,b4,c4 7#b ,k+s xxii41 xxiii474 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! book !n discov]$ by ! prie/ ,hilkiah1 & read by ! *ancellor be=e ! k+1 0 ,deut]onomy4 ,x is call$ ! book ( ! cov5ant 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #b71 b x cle>ly _c h be5 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,= "o ?+1 t 0 mu* too long2 ! book discov]$ 0 %ort en\gh to h be5 read twice 9 "o day 7#b ,k+s xxii4 #h1 #aj74 ,& aga91 ! swift & t]rible impression made by x c\ld n h be5 made by a book s het]og5e\s 9 its cont5ts & conta9+ romantic n>ratives su* z ! patri>*al /ories4 ,nor aga9 c ! discov]$ book h be5 ,exodus xxi4-xxiii41 ?\gh t is also call$ ! book ( ! cov5ant 7,exod4 xxiv4 #g72 = "s ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 ! succe$+ re=mation are n t\*$ 9 t book at all4 ,x is cle> f ! n>rative 9 #b ,k+s xxii4 ff4 t ! book mu/ h be5 a law book2 no o!r meets ! facts ( ! case b ,deut]onomy1 & ?is meets !m completely4 ,po9t = po9t1 ! details ( ! re=mation are p>allel$ by injunctions 9 ,deut]onomy--notably ! abolition ( idolatry1 ! conc5tration ( ! wor%ip at a s+le sanctu>y 7xii471 ! abolition ( wit*craft & />-wor%ip1 & ! celebration ( ! passov]4 ,"s ( ^! enactm5ts are f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 b ,deut]onomy is ! only code 9 :i* !y are all comb9$4 #fba ,b4,c4 !n is ! late/ possible date = ! composition ( ,deut]onomy4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to fix ! date m precisely4 ,! mo/ rem>kable elem5t 9 ! legislation is its repeat$ & emphatic dem& = ! c5tralization ( wor%ip 9 ! place :i* ,jehovah y\r ,god %all *oose out ( all y\r tribes to put ,8 "n !re1 xii4 #e4 ,only by su* a c5tralization c\ld ! ,jehovah wor%ip be controll$ :i*1 at ! num]\s %r9es scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry1 0 be+ /a9$ & confus$ by ! idolatr\s practices :i* ,israel _h le>n$ f ! ,canaanites4 ,?is dem& is recogniz$ z some?+ new1 xii4 #h4 ,9 ! n9? & eigh? c5turies1 :5 ! prophetic n>ratives ( ,g5esis 7 writt51#a ^! %r9es1 :i* 7 ! sc5es ( an en?usia/ic wor%ip1 are lov+ly trac$ back to an orig9 9 patri>*al times4 ,z late z #gej-gce ,b4,c41 ,amos & ,hosea1 ?\gh !y deplore ! excesses :i* *>act]iz$ ^? sanctu>ies1 & reg>d _! wor%ip z l>gely immoral1 d n reg>d ! sanctu>ies !mselves z actually illegal2 consequ5tly ,deut]onomy mu/ be lat] ?an #gce4 ,b ! situation 0 ev5 !n s s]i\s t x mu/ soon h occurr$ to m5 ( practical piety to devise plans ( re=m1 & t ! only real rem$y lay 9 /rik+ ! evil at its roots1 i4e4 9 aboli%+ ! local %r9es4 ,! fir/ important bl[ appe>s to h be5 /ruck by ,hezekiah1 :o1 possibly "u ! influ5ce ( ,isaiah1 is said to h remov$ ! high places 7#b ,k+s xviii4 #d71 & ! movem5t mu/ h be5 greatly help$ by ! immunity :i* ! temple ( ,j]usalem enjoy$ dur+ ! invasion ( ,judah by ,s5na*]ib 9 #gja ,b4,c4 ,b ! s+ul> ?+ is t no appeal 0 made 9 ?is re=mation to a book1 z 0 made 9 #fba1 & z x is natural to suppose w\ld h be5 made1 _h su* a book be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,some:]e !n betwe5 ,hezekiah & ,josiah we may suppose ! book to h be5 compos$4 ,footnote #a3 ,see bel[ ,! mo/ probable supposition is t ! re=mation ( ,hezekiah gave ! fir/ impulse to ! legislation :i* aft]w>ds appe>$ z ,deut]onomy4 ,b 9 ! t]rible reign ( 8 son ,manasseh1 ! ef=ts ( ! re=m]s met ) viol5t & bloody opposition4 ,judah 0 "u ! iron heel ( ,assyria1 &1 to ! av]age m9d1 ?is w\ld prove ! sup]iority ( ! ,assyrian gods4 ,judah & h] k+1 ,manasseh1 w\ld seek 9 _! desp]ation to w9 ! fav\r ( ! ,ori5tal pan!on1 & ?is no d\bt expla9s ! idolatry & wor%ip ( ! ho/ ( heav5 :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ 8 reign ev5 )9 ! temple itself4 ,x 0 j su* a crisis z ?is t w\ld call out ! fi]ce condemnation ( ! idolatr\s high places :i* *>act]izes ,deut]onomy 7cf4 xii47 & create ! imp]ative dem& = su* a control ( ! wor%ip z 0 only possible by c5traliz+ x at ,j]usalem4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 too1 su* a book may v well h be5 hidd5 away 9 ! temple by "s sorr[+ he>t t hop$ = bett] days4 ,x is improbable 9 itself 7cf4 xviii4 #f-h71 & unju/ to ! n>rative 9 #b ,k+s xxii41 xxiii41 to suppose t ! book 0 writt5 by ^? :o pret5d$ to f9d x4 ,x 0 really lo/2 _h x be5 writt5 dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ,josiah's reign1 !re 0 no?+ to h9d] its be+ publi%$ at once4 ,9 all probability1 !n1 ! book 0 9 ! ma9 writt5 & lo/ dur+ ! reign ( ,manasseh 7circa #ffj ,b4,c474 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t 9 "s sections ! #bnd p]s4 s+1 is us$4 9 o!rs ! pl41 & t ! tone ( ! plural passages is m aggressive ?an t ( ! s+ul>2 ! contra/1 e4g41 betwe5 xii4 #bi-ca 7?\7 & xii4 #a-ab 7y7 is unmi/akable4 ,we might1 !n1 limit ! conclusion rea*$ above by say+ t ! passages 9 :i* a mild] tone prevails probably came f ,hezekiah's reign1 & ! m aggressive sections f ,manasseh's4 ,?is date agrees ) conclusions rea*$ on o!r gr\nds conc]n+ o!r p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! prophetic n>ratives ,j & ,e 7 writt5 9 or be=e ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! prie/ly code 7,p7 is1 broadly speak+1 po/-exilic4#a ,n[ if x c be prov$ t ,deut]onomy kn[s ,,je & does n "k ,p1 ! natural inf]5ce w\ld be t x falls betwe5 ! eigh? & ! six? or fif? c5tury4 ,b ?is c easily be prov$1 = bo? 9 its n>rative & legislative p>ts1 ,deut]onomy re/s on ,,je4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! =m]1 cf4 ,deut]onomy xi4 #f1 :]e only ,da?an & ,abiram are ! rebels1 n ,korah z 9 ,p 7cf4 ,num4 xvi1 #ab1 #be72 z an illu/ration ( ! latt]1 cf4 ! law ( slav]y 9 ,exodus xxi4 #b;ff4 ) t 9 ,deut]onomy xv4 #ab-ah1 :i* cle>ly re/s ^u ! old] law1 b delib]ately gives a human] turn to x1 ext5d+ its privileges1 e4g41 to ! female slave4 ,footnote #a3 ,see bel[4 ,aga9 9 _m important respects ! legislation ( ,deut]onomy ei!r ignores or conflicts ) t ( ,p4 ,x kn[s no?+1 e4g41 ( ! =ty-eight ,levitical cities 7,num4 xxxv472 x reg>ds ! ,levite1 9 common ) ! fa!rless & ! wid[1 z to be f\nd ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! l&1 xviii4 #f4 ,x kn[s no?+ ( ! provision made by ,p = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,levite 7,num4 xviii472 x comm5ds him to ! *>ity ( ! wor%ipp]s1 xiv4 #bi4 ,above all x kn[s no?+ ( ,p's v %>p & important di/9ction betwe5 prie/s & ,levites 7,num4 iii41 iv472 any ,levite is qualifi$ to (ficiate z prie/ 7cf4 ! rem>kable phrase 9 xviii4 #a1 ! prie/s ! ,levites74 ,deut]onomy mu/1 !re=e1 fall be=e ,p1 z aft] ,,je4 ,a n unimportant "q "h arises3 ,:at precisely 0 ! ext5t ( ! book f\nd 9 #fba ,b4,c48 ,c]ta9ly ! legislative section1 xii4-xxvi41 xxviii41 possibly ! prec$+ hortatory section1 v4-xi41 b 9 all probability n ! introductory section1 i4 i-iv4 #dj4 ,^! ?ree sections are all approximately writt5 9 ! same /yle1 b i4 i-iv4 #dj has m ! appe>ance ( an attempt to provide ! legislation ) a hi/orical introduction summ>iz+ ! n>rative ( ! j\rney f ,horeb to ! bord]s ( ! promis$ l&4 ,c]ta9 passages1 e4g4 iv4 #bg-ca1 seem to presuppose ! exile1 & ?us sugge/ t ! section is lat] ?an ! book z a :ole4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ii4 #ad1 :i* repres5ts ! g5]ation ( ! exodus z hav+ di$ 9 ! wild]ness1 & v4 #c;ff4 h>dly makes = id5tity ( au?or%ip2 & ! simil>ity ( ! sup]scriptions1 i4 #a-e1 & iv4 #dd-di1 looks z if ! sections i4-iv4 & v4-xi4 7 orig9ally p>allel4 ,:e!r v4-xi4 0 "p ( ! book discov]$ is n s c]ta94 ,mu* ( ! f9e/ religi\s tea*+ ( ,deut]onomy is to be f\nd 9 ?is section2 b1 besides be+ disproportionately long = an introduction1 x repeat$ly dem&s ob$i5ce to ! /atutes & judgm5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n actually ann\nc$ till *4 xii42 x seems m l an addition prefix$ by "o :o _h ! comm&m5ts 9 xii4-xxvi4 be=e him4 ,*4 xxvii41 :i* is n>rative & int]rupts ! spee* ( ,moses1 xxvi1 xxviii41 besides 9 "p anticipat+ xxviii4 #ae;ff41 _c h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al ,deut]onomy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 xxviii4 0 c]ta9ly includ$ 9 x1 z x mu/ h be5 precisely ! ?reats conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] t produc$ su* con/]nation 9 ,josiah :5 he he>d ! book read 7#b ,k+s xxii474 ,! hortatory section t foll[s ! legislation 7xxix41 xxx471 is also probably late1 z ! exile appe>s to be presuppos$1 xxix4 #bh1 xxx4 #a-c4 ,on ?is supposition1 too1 ! ref]5ces to ! legislation z ?is book1 xxix4 #bj1 #ba1 xxx4 #aj1 are mo/ naturally expla9$4 ,! publication ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy 0 no?+ less ?an a provid5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,hebrew religion4 ,x 0 accompani$1 ( c\rse1 by incid5tal & p]haps inevitable evils4 ,by its c5tralization ( wor%ip at ! ,j]usalem temple1 x t5d$ to rob life 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry ( ^? religi\s int]e/s & sanctions :i* _h receiv$ _! satisfaction f ! local sanctu>ies2 & by its attempt to regulate by writt5 /atute ! religi\s life ( ! p1 x probably contribut$ indirectly to ! decl9e ( prophecy1 & />t$ ,israel ^u t fatal pa? by :i* %e ultimately became ! p ( ! book4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! s]vice r5d]$ to religion by ,deut]onomy 0 incalculable4 ,! wor%ip ( ,jehovah _h be5 p[]fully corrupt$ f two s\rces2 on ! "o h&1 f ! e>ly influ5ce ( ! ,canaaniti% ,baal wor%ip1 practically a nature-wor%ip1 :i* set morality at defiance1 xxiii4 #ah2 & on ! o!r1 f h] p[]ful ,assyrian conqu]ors4 ,idolatry n only cov]$ ! :ole l&1 x _h p5etrat$ ! temple itself 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #f74 ,! cause ( true religion 0 at /ake4 ,!re _h be5 sporadic attempts at re=m1 b ,deut]onomy1 = ! fir/ "t1 /ruck at ! root by r5d]+ illegal ! wor%ip--nom9ally a ,jehovah1 b practically a ,baal wor%ip--:i* 0 practis$ at ! local sanctu>ies4 ,aga9 ,deut]onomy r5d]$ a great s]vice to religion1 by translat+ its l>ge _s into dem&s :i* c\ld be appreh5d$ ( ! common p4 ,! book is spl5didly practical1 & =m$ a p]haps n unnecess>y supplem5t to ! tea*+ ( ! prophets4 ,society ne$s to h its ideals embodi$ 9 sugge/ions & comm&s1 & ?is is done 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,! writ]s ( ! book legislate ) ! f]v\r ( ! prophet1 s t x is n s mu* a collection ( laws z a cate*ism ( religion & morals4 ,d\btless ! prophets _h done ! deepe/ ?+ ( all by insi/+ on ! new he>t & ! return to ,jehovah1 b !y _h (f]$ no programme ( practical re=m4 ,j su* a programme is suppli$ by ,deut]onomy1 & yet x is sav$ f ! ext]nalism ( be+ m]ely a religi\s programme by its t5d] & uni=m insi/5ce ^u ! duty ( lov+ ,jehovah ) ! :ole he>t4 ,! love ( ,jehovah to ,israel--love altoge!r undes]v$1 ix4 #e1 & manife/$ ?r\gh\t hi/ory 9 ways )\t numb]--dem&s a human response4 ,israel mu/ love ,him ) an uncompromis+ affection1 = ,he is "o & !re is none else1 & %e mu/ express t love = ! ,god :o is a _s invisible1 iv4 #ab1 by de$s ( affection t[>ds ! creatures :om ,god has made1 ev5 to ! bea/s & ! birds1 xxv4 #d1 b mo/ ( all to ! ne$y--! /rang]1 ! ,levite1 ! fa!rless & ! wid[4 ,aga9 & aga9 ^! are comm5d$ by def9ite & practical sugge/ions to ! g5]osity ( ! p1 & ?is g5]osity is expect$ to express itself p>ticul>ly on occasions ( public wor%ip4 ,religion is felt to be ! basis ( morality & ( all social ord]1 & !re=e1 ev5 9 ! legislation prop] 7xii4-xxviii471 to say no?+ ( ! f9e hortatory introduction 7v4-xi471 its claims & nature are pres5t$ fir/4 ,! book ab\nds 9 pr(\nd & memorable /atem5ts t\*+ ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,x answ]s ! "q1 ,:at do? ?y ,god require ( !e8 x4 #ab4 ,x rem9ds ! p t man lives n by bread alone1 viii4 #c4 ,x kn[s t weal? & success t5d to beget indiff]5ce to religion1 viii4 #ac;ff41 & t *a/isem5t1 :5 x comes1 is s5t 9 fa!rly love1 viii4 #e2 & x presses home ^u ! sluggi% consci5ce ! duty ( k9dness to ! d[n-trodd5 & de/itute1 ) a sweet & irresi/ible reasonabl5ess--,love ! soj\rn]1 = ye 7 soj\rn]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 x4 #ai4 ,,jo%ua ,! book ( ,jo%ua is ! natural complem5t ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,moses is dead1 b ! p are on ! v]ge ( ! promis$ l&1 & ! /ory ( e>ly ,israel w\ld be incomplete1 did x n record ! conque/ ( t l& & h] e/abli%m5t ^u x4 ,! div9e purpose moves re/lessly on1 until x is accompli%$2 s aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 ,jehovah spake to ,jo%ua1 i4 #a4 ,! book falls naturally into ?ree divisions3 7a7 ! conque/ ( ,canaan 7i4-xii471 7b7 ! settlem5t ( ! l& 7xiii4-xxii471 7c7 ! la/ words & dea? ( ,jo%ua 7xxiii41 xxiv474 ,?is p]iod seems to be bett] kn[n ?an t ( ! wild]ness w&]+s1 &1 especially ?r\gh\t ! fir/ twelve *apt]s1 ! /ory moves =w>d ) a firm tread4 ,on ! dea? ( ,moses1 ,jo%ua assumes ! lead]%ip1 & makes prep>ations = ! advance 7i474 ,aft] s5d+ m5 to ,j]i*o to spy & report ^u ! l& 7ii471 ! p solemnly cross ! ,jordan1 prec$$ by ! ark 7iii472 &1 to commemorate ! miracle by :i* _! passage _h be5 facilitat$1 memorial /ones are set up 7iv474 ,aft] circumcision _h be5 impos$1 v4 #a-i1 ! passov] celebrat$1 v4 #aj-ab1 & ,jo%ua /r5g!n$ by a vision1 v4 #ac-ae1 ! p assault & capture ,j]i*o 7vi474 ,?is initial success 0 foll[$ by a %>p & unexpect$ disa/] at ,ai1 = :i* ,a*an1 by 8 violation ( ! law ( ! ban1 0 held guilty & puni%$ ) dea? 7vii474 ,a r5ew$ assault ^u ,ai 0 ?is "t successful4#a 7viii474 ,fe> ( ,israel induc$ ! p[]ful ,gibeonite clan to make a league ) ! conqu]ors 7ix474 ,success cont9u$ to rema9 ) ,israel1 s t s\? 7x47 & nor?1 xi4 #a-ae1 ! arms ( ,israel 7 victori\s1 xi4 #af-xii4 ,footnote #a3 ,! book ( ,jo%ua describes only ! s\!rn & nor!rn campaigns2 x gives no details conc]n+ ! conque/ ( ,c5tral ,pale/9e4 ,?is omission is app>5tly due to ! ,deut]\omic r$actor1 :o1 9 place ( ! acc\nt itself1 gives a brief idealization ( its results 9 viii4 #cj-ce4 ,mu* ( ! l& rema9$ /ill unconqu]$1 b arrangem5ts 7 made = its ideal di/ribution4 ,! two & a half tribes _h already receiv$ _! inh]itance ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 & ! re/ ( ! l& 0 allott$ on ! we/ to ! rema9+ tribes4 ,judah's b\nd>ies & cities are fir/ & mo/ exhau/ively giv52 !n come ,manasseh & ,ephraim1 ) meagre records1 foll[$ by ,b5jam91 :i* aga9 is exhau/ive1 !n by ,simeon1 ,zebulon1 ,issa*>1 ,a%]1 ,naphtali & ,dan 7xiii4-xix474 ,?ree cities on ei!r side ( ,jordan 7 !n set ap>t z cities ( refuge = innoc5t homicides1 & = ! ,levites =ty-eight cities ) _! pa/ure l&1 xx4 #a-xxi4 #db4 ,z ,israel 0 n[ 9 possession ( ! l& 9 accordance ) ! div9e promise1 xxi4 #dc-de1 ,jo%ua dismiss$ ! two & a half tribes to _! ea/]n home ) comm5dation & exhortation1 xxii4 #a-h4 ,incurr+ ! sev]e displeasure ( ! o!r tribes by build+ :at 0 suppos$ to be a s*ismatic alt>1 !y expla9$ t x 0 int5d$ only z a memorial & z a witness ( _! k9%ip ) ,israel1 xxii4 #i-cd4 ,! book concludes ) two f>ewell spee*es1 ! fir/ 7xxiii47 c\*$ 9 g5]al1 ! second xxiv4 #a-bc1 9 some:at m p>ticul> t]ms1 9 :i* ,jo%ua rem9ds ! p ( ! goodness ( _! ,god1 w>ns !m aga9/ idolatry & int]m>riage ) ! natives ( ! l&1 & urges ^u !m ! p]il ( compromise & ! duty ( r5d]+ ,jehovah a :ole-he>t$ s]vice4 ,! p solemnly pl$ge !mselves to ob$i5ce1 xxiv4 #bc-bh4 ,!n ,jo%ua's dea? & burial are record$1 & pa/ 0 l9k$ to pres5t 9 ! burial ( ,joseph's bones 7,g54 #a4 #be7 at la/ 9 ! promis$ l&1 xxiv4 #bi-cc4 ,! docum5t>y s\rces :i* lie at ! basis ( ! ,p5tateu* are pres5t1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t proportions1 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua1 & 9 _! ma9 features are easily recognizable4 ,! /ory ( ! conque/ 7i4-xii47 is told by ! prophetic docum5t ,,je1 :ile ! geographical section on ! di/ribution ( ! l& 7xiii4-xxii47 belongs 9 ! ma9 to ! prie/ly docum5t ,p4 ,jo%ua1 9 common ) ,judges1 ,samuel 79 "p7 & ,k+s1 has also be5 v pla9ly subject$ to a r$action kn[n to criticism z ! ,deut]onomic1 because its phraseology & po9t ( view are ^? ( ,deut]onomy4 ,?is r$actional elem5t1 :i*1 to any "o fre% f ! /udy ( ,deut]onomy1 is v easy to detect1 is m or less conspicu\s 9 all ( ! fir/ twelve *apt]s1 b x is especially s 9 *s4 i4 & xxiii41 & x w\ld be well wor? ! /ud5t's :ile to read ^! two *apt]s v c>efully1 9 ord] to famili>ize himself ) ! nature ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,deut]onomic r$action ^u ! old] prophetico-hi/orical mat]ial4 ,v significant1 e4g41 are su* phrases z ! l& :i* ,jehovah y\r ,god give? y to possess1 i4 #aa1 ,deut]onomy xii4 #a3 equally s is ! emphasis ^u ! law1 i4 #g1 xxiii4 #f1 & ! injunction to love ,jehovah y\r ,god1 xxiii4 #aa4 ,! mo/ s]i\s effect ( ! ,deut]onomic influ5ce has be5 to pres5t ! hi/ory r f an ideal ?an f a /rictly hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,accord+ to ! r$action1 e4g41 ! conque/ ( ,canaan 0 entirely effect$ )9 "o g5]ation & "u ,jo%ua1 :]eas x 0 n completely effect$ till long aft] ,jo%ua's dea?3 inde$ ! olde/ s\rce frankly admits t 9 _m di/ricts x 0 nev] ?or\ghly effect$ at all 7,jud4 i4 #bg-cf74 ,a typical illu/ration ( ! ,deut]onomic attitude to ! hi/ory is to be f\nd 9 ! /atem5t t ,jo%ua oblit]at$ ! p ( ,gez]1 x4 #cc1 :i* directly contradicts ! old] /atem5t t ,israel fail$ to drive !m out1 xvi4 #aj4 ,! ,deut]onomi/ is1 9 reality1 n a hi/orian b a morali/1 int]pret+ ! hi/ory & ! =ces1 div9e z well z human1 t 7 m\ld+ x4 ,to him ! conque/ 0 really complete 9 ! g5]ation ( ,jo%ua1 z by t "t ! factors 7 all at "w :i* w\ld ultimately compel success4 ,! p]si/5cy ( ! ,deut]onomic influ5ce1 ev5 long aft] ! prie/ly code 0 writt51 is prov$ by xx4 #d-f1 :i*1 ?\gh embodi$ 9 a prie/ly passage1 is 9 ! _s ( ,deut]onomy 7cf4 ,deut4 xix474 ,z ?is passage is n f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t1 x is probably z late z ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,p is v l>gely repres5t$4 ,its pres5ce is recogniz$1 z usual1 by its language1 its po9t ( view1 & its dep5d5ce ^u o!r p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 demon/rably prie/ly4 ,:ile 9 ! old] s\rces1 e4g41 x is ,jo%ua :o divides ! l&1 xviii4 #aj1 9 ,p n only is ,eleaz> ! prie/ associat$ ) him z ,a>on ) ,moses 7,exod4 viii4 #e1 #af71 b he is ev5 nam$ be=e him 7xiv4 #a1 cf4 ,num4 xxxiv4 #ag74 ,x is naturally also ?is docum5t :i* records ! fir/ passov] 9 ! promis$ l&1 v4 #aj-ab4 ,! cities ( refuge & ! ,levitical cities are set ap>t 7xx41 xxi47 9 accordance ) ! t]ms prescrib$ 9 a prie/ly *apt] ( ,numb]s 7xxxv474 ,! prom95ce ( ,judah & ,b5jam9 9 ! allocation ( ! l& is also significant4 ,! section on ! memorial alt>1 xxii4 #i-cd1 app>5tly belong+ to a lat] /ratum ( ,p1 is cle>ly /amp$ z prie/ly by its :ole temp]--its =mality1 v1 #ad1 its repres5tation ( ! congregation z act+ unanim\sly1 v4 #af1 its repetitions & /]eotyp$ phraseology1 & by ! prom95ce x gives to ,ph9ehas ! son ( ,eleaz> ! prie/1 vv4 #cj-cb4 ,t ?is docum5t 9 ,jo%ua 0 p>tly n>rative s well z /ati/ical is also sugge/$ by its v brief acc\nt ( ,a*an's s9 9 *4 vii41 & ( ! trea*]y & puni%m5t ( ! ,gibeonites1 ix4 l#g-bl--an acc\nt :i* may well h be5 full] 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! docum5t4 ,! mo/ valuable "p ( ,jo%ua = hi/orical purposes is naturally t :i* comes f ! prophetic docum5t1 :i* is ! olde/4 ,x is "h t ! int]e/+ & concrete detail lies1 notably 9 *s4 i4-xii41 b also scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! book 9 "s extremely important fragm5ts1 :i* indicate h[ sev]e & occasionally unsuccessful 0 ! /ruggle ( ,israel to ga9 a secure foot+ ^u c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry4#a ,_m ( ! difficulties reveal$ by a m9ute /udy ( i4-xii4 make x absolutely c]ta9 t ! prophetic docum5t is really composite 7,,je71 b ow+ to ! ?or\gh bl5d+ ( ! s\rces ! analysis is peculi>ly difficult & unc]ta94 ,t !re are v>i\s s\rces1 h[ev]1 admits ( no d\bt4 ,! /ory ( ! cross+ ( ! ,jordan 9 *s4 iii41 iv41 if we foll[ x c>efully /ep by /ep1 is se5 to be un9telligible on ! assumption t x is a unity4 ,9 iii4 #ag all ! p are already ov] ! ,jordan1 b 9 iv4 #d1 #e1 ! implication is t !y are only ab\t to cross4 ,*4 iv4 #b repeats iii4 #ab almo/ ^w = ^w4 ,9 iv4 #i ! memorial /ones are to be plac$ 9 ! ,jordan1 9 iv4 #bj at ,gilgal4 ,9 vii4 #be;b1 #bf;a1 ,a*an alone appe>s to be /on$1 9 v4 #be;c ! family is /on$ too4 ,a simil> confusion prevails 9 ! /ory ( ! fall ( ,j]i*o 7vi474 ,9 "o v]sion1 ,israel m>*es six days sil5tly r\nd ! city1 & on ! sev5? !y %\t at ! ^w ( ,jo%ua2 on ! o!r1 !y m>* r\nd sev5 times 9 "o day1 & ! sev5? "t !y %\t at ! bla/ ( ! trumpet4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 xv4 #ad-ai1 #fc2 xvi4 #aj2 xvii4 #aa-ah2 xix4 #dg4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! prophetic docum5t1 z we h x1 is composite1 ?\gh !re c seldom be any mann] ( c]ta9ty ab\t ! ultimate analysis into its ,j & ,e con/itu5ts4 ,!re is reason to believe t mo/ ( ! isolat$ notices ( ! /ruggle ) ! ,canaanites scatt]$ ?r\gh\t xiii4-xxii4 & repeat$ 9 ,judges i4 are f ,j1 :ile *4 xxiv41 ) its int]e/ 9 ,%e*em & ,joseph1 & its simple b significant /atem5t1 ,!y pres5t$ !mselves be=e ,god 7,elohim71 xxiv4 #a1 is almo/ entirely f ,e4 ,x us$ to be ma9ta9$1 on ! /r5g? ( a phrase 9 v4 #a--until we 7 pass$ ov]--t ! book ( ,jo%ua mu/ h be5 writt5 by a contempor>y4 ,b ! true read+ !re is und\bt$ly t giv5 by ! ,septuag9t--until !y pass$ ov]-:i* involves only a v slight *ange 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,on :at1 !n1 d ! n>ratives ( ! book really re/8 ,! answ] is sugge/$ by x4 #ab1 #ac1 :]e ! hi/orian appeals to ! book ( ,ja%> 9 confirmation ( an incid5t 9 ,jo%ua's s\!rn campaign4 ,d\btless ! :ole battle 0 describ$ 9 "o ( ! w>-ballads 9 ?is fam\s collection 7cf4 ,jud4 v471 & x is n unreasonable to suppose t o!r n>ratives 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua simil>ly re/ ^u o!r ballads n[ = ev] lo/4 ,! capture ( ,j]i*o1 e4g41 may well h be5 commemorat$ 9 a /irr+ song :i* 0 an inspiration alike to fai? & patriotism4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be true t ! book ( ,jo%ua has ?us a poetic basis1 x is only fair to rememb] t its prose n>ratives mu/ n be treat$ z bald hi/orical annals2 !y mu/ be int]pret$ 9 a poetic _s4 ,!re is ! m reason to insi/ ^u ?is1 z a lat] editor1 by a too inflexible lit]alism1 has mis9t]pret$ ! v passage f ! book ( ,ja%> to :i* we h allud$4 ,:at ! precise mean+ ( ,jo%ua's f9e apo/rophe to sun & moon may be1 is d\btful--:e!r a pray] = ! prolongation ( ! day or r p]haps a pray] = ! sudd5 oncom+ ( d>kness4 ,! words mean1 ,sun1 be ?\ /ill1 & if ?is be ! pray]1 x w\ld p]haps be answ]$ by ! furi\s /orm :i* foll[$4 ,b1 9 ei!r case1 ! appeal to ! sun & moon to l5d _! help to ,israel 9 h] battles is obvi\sly poetic--a f9e conception1 b grotesque if lit]ally press$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is j :at has be5 done by ! editor :o add$ x4 #ad1 & ?us creat$ a miracle out ( ! bold b appropriate imag]y ( ! poet4 ,simil>ly x is n necess>y to suppose t ! walls ( ,j]i*o fell d[n )\t ! /rik+ ( a bl[ on ! "p ( ,israel1 = ?is too may be poetry4 ,x may be j ! imag9ative way ( say+ t no walls c /& be=e ,jehovah :5 ,he fights = ,8 p4 ,t ?is is ! real mean+ ( ! /ory1 & t !re 0 m ( a /ruggle ?an ! poetical n>rative ( *4 vi4 w\ld lead u to believe1 is made highly probable by1 ! altoge!r incid5tal b v explicit /atem5t 9 xxiv4 #aa1 ,! m5 ( ,j]i*o f\ght aga9/ y4 ,) its l>ge geographical elem5t ! book ( ,jo%ua is n p>ticul>ly ri* 9 sc5es ( direct religi\s value2 yet ! :ole n>rative is inspir$ by a sublime fai? 9 ! div9e purpose & its sure triumph ov] e ob/acle4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! /ory ( ! ,gibeonites sugge/s ! p]man5t obligation ( reckon+ ) ,god 9 affairs ( national policy1 ix4 #ad1 :ile ,gilgal is a rem9d] ( ! duty ( =mally commemorat+ ! b5efic5t provid5ces ( life 7iii41 iv474 ,! /ory ( ,a*an reveals ! national be>+s ( individual conduct & ! l>ge & disa/r\s consequ5ces ( individual s94 ,! val$ictory addresses ( ,jo%ua are t\*$ by a f9e s5se ( ! importance ( a grateful & uncompromis+ fidelity to ,god4 ,b p]haps ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! book is ! vision ( ! heav5ly lead] enc\rag+ ,jo%ua on ! eve ( 8 p]il\s campaign1 v4 #ac-ae1 a noble imag9ation1 fitt$ to rem9d ^? :o are fight+ ! battles ( ! ,"l t !y are su/a9$ & aid$ by =ces unse54 ,,! ,,prophetic ,,& ,,prie/ly ,,docum5ts ,( ! ?ree pr9cipal docum5ts1 ,j1 ,e & ,p1 to ^: fusion is due ! acc\nt ( ,israel's orig9 & e>ly hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! ,hexateu*1 no?+ c be kn[n except by inf]5ce2 b )9 c]ta9 limits _! date & orig9 may be fix$4 ,9 ,g5esis1 ,j & ,e alike love to trace ! sacr$ places ( ! ,hebrews to "s revelation or incid5t 9 ! life ( ! patri>*s4 ,n[ f ! prom95ce assign$ to ,hebron 9 ,j1 toge!r ) ! rle assign$ to ,judah 9 ! /ory ( ,joseph1 xxxvii4 #bf1 & ! special int]e/ 9 ,judah display$ by ,g5esis xxxviii41 x may be inf]r$ t ,j orig9at$ 9 ,judah2 :ile ! special att5tion paid 9 ,e to ! sanctu>ies ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 su* z ,%e*em & ,be!l1 is n unreasonably held to imply t ,e orig9at$ 9 ,israel4 ,x is impossible to assign m ?an an approximate date to ! orig9 ( ^! docum5ts1 b !y c h>dly be e>li] ?an ! mon>*y1 :i* is cle>ly allud$ to 9 ,g5esis xxxvi4 #ca4 ,su* incid5tal /atem5ts z t ! ,canaanite 0 !n 9 ! l&1 xii4 #f1 xiii1 #g1 imply t by ! au?or's "t ! situation _h *ang$2 &1 z _! subjection 0 n atta9$ till ! "t ( ,solomon 7#a ,k+s ix4 #ba7 ! docum5ts c h>dly be e>li] ?an t4 ,! sanctu>ies glorifi$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* are ! v sanctu>ies at :i* a sumptu\s b misguid$ wor%ip 0 practis$ z late z ! eigh? c5tury1 9 ! days ( ,amos & ,hosea 7cf4 ,amos iv4 #d2 ,hosea xii4 ,,ii72 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! conception ( ,god f\nd 9 ! prophetic hi/ory1 ?\gh z robu/ & int5se z t ( ! e>ly prophets1 is m primitive4 ,x is n afraid ( an?ropomorphisms 7,g54 iii4 #h2 ,exod4 iv4 #bd71 & !ophanies1 & x has n v cle>ly grasp$ ! idea t ,god is _s4 ,on ^! gr\nds alone x w\ld n be unfair to place ! prophetic docum5ts some:]e betwe5 ,solomon & ,amos4 ,j probably belongs to ! n9? c5tury1 & ,e1 :i*1 z we saw reason to believe1 0 lat]1 to ! eigh?4 ,p takes u into a totally diff]5t _w4 ,! wit*]y ( ! prophetic docum5ts has disappe>$2 poetry has giv5 place to legislation1 !ophany to ritual1 religion to !ology4 ,f ! late hi/orical books1 su* z ,ezra-,nehemiah1 we le>n t legalism dom9at$ po/-exilic religion to an ext5t out ( all proportion to :at c be prov$1 or :at is probable1 = pre-exilic times2 & x w\ld be natural to suppose t ano!r writ+1 su* z ,p1 dom9at$ by precisely ! same _s1 is a product ( ! same "t4 ,?is supposition becomes a practical c]ta9ty 9 ! light ( two or ?ree facts4 ,fir/ly1 9 n a few respects ,p is at v>iance ) ! legislative programme drawn up by ! exilic prophet ,ezekiel 7xl4-xlviii474 ,n[ if ,p _h be5 9 exi/5ce1 su* a programme w\ld h be5 unnecess>y1 &1 9 any case1 ,ezekiel w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to contradict a code :i* enjoy$ s v5]able a sanction & bore ! hon\r$ "n ( ,moses4 ,x is easi] to suppose t ,ezekiel's programme is a t5tative sket*1 :i* 0 modifi$ & improv$ ^u by ! au?ors ( ,p4 ,aga9 !re 0 e inducem5t dur+ & imm$iately aft] ! exile to =mulate def9itely ! ritual practice ( pre-exilic times1 & to modify x 9 ! direction ( exi/+ or future ne$s4 ,s long z ! temple /ood1 cu/om c\ld be tru/$ to take c>e ( ! ritual tradition1 b ! viol5t brea* ) _! c\ntry & _! pa/ w\ld impose ^u ! exiles ! necessity ( secur+ ^? traditions 9 p]man5t & accessible =m4 ,p is !re=e ref]r$ almo/ unanim\sly by s*ol>s to ! exilic & e>ly po/-exilic age1 & may be r\ghly put ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 ,! docum5ts ,j1 ,e & ,p1 :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 we h treat$ z if ea* 7 ! product ( a s+le p51 repres5t 9 reality movem5ts :i* ext5d$ ov] decades & ev5 c5turies4 ,! ,jehovi/1 e4g41 :o traces ! desc5t ( %eph]ds1 musicians1 & work]s 9 metal to ant$iluvian times 7,g54 iv4 #ai-bb71 _c be ! ,jehovi/ :o told ! /ory ( ! ,flood1 :i* int]rupt$ ! cont9uity ( human life4 ,^! di/9ctions are kn[n to criticism z ,jl1 ,j#b1 etc42 b1 ?\gh !y /& = und\bt$ lit]>y facts1 x is altoge!r futile to attempt1 on ?is basis1 an analysis ( ! entire docum5t into its compon5t p>ts4 ,! pres5ce ( sev]al h&s may also be detect$1 ?\gh n s readily1 9 ,e4 ,mo/ s*ol>s suppose ,j to prec$e ,e1 b "o or two rev]se ! ord]4 ,! tru? is t !re are passages 9 ,j inspir$ by spl5did prophetic conceptions1 :i* mu/ be lat] ?an ! e>lie/ edition ( ,e2 & ! mom5t x is recogniz$ t a long p]iod elaps$ be=e ei!r docum5t rea*$ its pres5t =m1 ! "q ( priority becomes relatively unimportant4 ,p is ev5 m obvi\sly ! result ( a long process m>k$ by repeat$ additions & ref9em5ts4 ,numb]s xviii4 #g1 e4g41 implies t ord9>y prie/s might pass )9 ! vail1 :]eas 9 ,leviticus xvi4 ?is is possible only to ! high prie/1 & ev5 to him only once a ye>4 ,exodus xxix4 #g repres5ts only ! high prie/ z ano9t$1 ,exodus xxviii4 #da ! o!r prie/s z well4 ,! section 9 ,exodus xxx4 #a-aj on ! alt> ( inc5se mu/ be lat] ?an ! li/ 9 xxvi4 #ca-cg1 :]e x is n m5tion$4 ,! age1 too1 at :i* ! ,levites might ent] ^u _! s]vice appe>s to h be5 repeat$ly *ang$2 9 ,numb]s iv4 #c x is put at ?irty ye>s1 9 viii4 #bd at tw5ty-five 7& i ,*ron4 xxiii4 #bd at tw5ty74 ,all ?is only %[s ! unceas+ att5tion t 0 paid by ! prie/s to ! problem ( wor%ip2 & ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ov] :i* ?is att5tion 0 spread may be inf]r$ f ! fact t1 ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 z we "k f ! ,septuag9t1 ! ,hebrew text ( ,exodus xxxv4-xl4 0 n absolutely fix$4 ,we may conceive ! composition ( ! ,p5tateu* to h pass$ ?r\gh approximately ! foll[+ /ages4 ,e>lie/ ( all & fundam5tal to all come ! anci5t traditions & ! anci5t poetry1 su* z ! book ( ! w>s ( ,jehovah1 & ! book ( ,ja%>4 ,^u ?is basis1 dur+ ! mon>*y m5 ( prophetic _s 9 bo? k+doms--n improbably at ! sanctu>ies--wrote ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,^! docum5ts1 ,j & ,e1 7 subsequ5tly comb9$ into a s+le hi/ory 7,,je71 possibly 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ?\gh h[ long1 if at all1 ,j & ,e cont9u$ to enjoy an indep5d5t exi/5ce we h no means ( kn[+4 ,dur+ ! exile1 ! book ( ,deut]onomy 0 add$ 7,,j$74 ,its influ5ce1 z we h se51 is v prom95t 9 ,jo%ua1 & occasionally traceable ev5 9 ! e>li] books 7cf4 ,g54 xviii4 #ai1 xxvi4 #e74 ,aft] ! exile ,p 0 incorporat$1 & ! ,hexateu* _h assum$ practically its pres5t =m ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,judges ,= ! und]/&+ ( ! e>ly hi/ory & religion ( ,israel1 ! book ( ,judges1 :i* cov]s ! p]iod f ! dea? ( ,jo%ua to ! beg9n+ ( ! /ruggle ) ! ,phili/9es1 is ( ine/imable importance2 & x is v =tunate t ! elem5ts contribut$ by ! lat] editors are s easily sep>at$ f ! anci5t /ories ^: moral !y seek to po9t4 ,t moral is mo/ elaborately /at$ 9 ii4 #f-;iii4 #f1 :i* is a sort ( programme or preface to iii4 #g-xvi4 #ca1 :i* con/itutes ! real k]nel ( ! book ( ,judges--*s4 xvii4-xxi41 z we %all see1 be+ a supplem5t & i4 #a-;ii4 #e an introduction4 ,briefly /at$1 ! moral is ?is3 9 ! anci5t hi/ory1 unfai?fulness to ,jehovah 0 regul>ly foll[$ by *a/isem5t 9 ! %ape ( =eign invasion1 b :5 ! p rep5t$ & cri$ to ,jehovah ,he rais$ up a lead] to deliv] !m4 ,unfai?fulness1 *a/isem5t2 p5it5ce1 =giv5ess4 ,?is philosophy ( hi/ory1 if su* x c be call$1 _h ( c\rse ! practical object ( inspir+ ! p ) a s5se ( ! importance ( fidelity to ,jehovah4 ,bo? ! ideas & ! phraseology ( ?is passage1 ii4 #f-;iii4 #f1 are unmi/akably ^? ( ,deut]onomy3 !re=e "h1 z 9 ,jo%ua1 we speak ( ! ,deut]onomic r$action4 ,! moral express$ 9 ! preface & repeat$ 9 a less elaborate =m else:]e1 vi4 #g-aj1 x4 #f-af1 is amply illu/rat$ by ! /ories t foll[--! /ories ( ,o?niel1 ,ehud1 ,deborah & ,b>ak1 ,gideon1 ,jeph?ah & ,samson4 ,?is does n exhau/ ! li/ ( judges1 b x exhau/s ! li/ ( ^? ^: /ories are us$ to illu/rate ! ,deut]onomic s*eme4 ,! /ory ( ,abimele*1 e4g4 7ix471 has no su* preface or conclusion z ^! six h2 nei!r has ! notice ( ,%amg> 9 iii4 #ca2 ! preface is also lack+ 9 ! v bald notices ( ! five m9or judges1 x4 #a-e1 xii4 #h-ae4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t !y fell )\t ! orig9al ,deut]onomic s*eme2 b x is equally cle> t ! lat] editors ( ! book int5d$ to repres5t ! p]iod by twelve judges1 ,abimele* be+ app>5tly reckon$ a judge1 ?\gh he is n call$ "o4 ,ano!r computation1 :i* ignor$ ,abimele*1 rea*$ ! numb] twelve by add+ ,%amg>1 iii4 #ca1 :om a comp>ison ( iii4 #ca ) iv4 #a %[s n to h belong$ to ! orig9al book2 ! "n 0 probably sugge/$ by v4 #f;a4 ,*s4 xvii4-xxi41 :i* consi/ ( two app5dices 7xvii41 xviii1 ! orig9 ( ! sanctu>y at ,dan1 & xix4-xxi41 ! v5geance ( ,israel on ,b5jam9 = ! outrage at ,gibeah71 also cle>ly fell )\t ! ,deut]onomic r$action3 ! section is unt\*$ ei!r by ! language or ideas ( ,deut]onomy4 ,fur!r1 ^! *apt]s are cle>ly out ( place :]e !y /&2 =1 g5]ally speak+1 ! ord] ( ! book is *ronological1 beg9n+ ) ! dea? ( ,jo%ua & end+ ) ! ,phili/9e invasion :i* la/$ on into ! days ( ,samuel1 :]eas bo? /ories 9 ! app5dix ref] to q an e>ly p]iod1 two ( ! *>act]s nam$ be+ ! gr&sons ( ,moses & ,a>on respectively 7xviii4 #cj1 xx4 #bh74a ,footnote #a3 ,9 *4 xviii4 #cj ! ^w n[ read z ,manasseh 0 orig9ally ,moses4 ,! introduction1 i4 ,i-ii4 #e1 also pla9ly falls )\t ! s*eme1 = ! book prop]1 ii4 #f;ff41 is a direct cont9uation#a ( ,jo%ua xxiv4 #bg1 & i4 i-ii4 #e really duplicates1 9 ! ma91 acc\nts & isolat$ notices scatt]$ ?r\gh ,jo%ua xv41 xvi41 xvii41 xix4 ,! incid5ts relat$ 9 ^! *apt]s are assign$ to ,jo%ua's lifetime2 ! phrase ) :i* ! book ( ,judges beg9s--,x came to pass aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua--is cle>ly a lat] attempt to connect ! two books1 & inconsi/5t ) ii4 #f;ff41 :i* c>ries ! /ory back to a p]iod be=e ,jo%ua's dea?4 ,footnote #a3 #b ,*4 ii4 #f1 #g;,jo%4 xxiv4 #bh1 #ca2 ,jud4 ii4 #h1 #i;,jo%4 xxiv4 #bi1 #cj4 ,! orig9al book ( ,judges1 !n1 z edit$ by ! ,deut]onomi/1 is repres5t$#a by ii4 #f-xv41 m9us ! notices ( ,%amg>1 ,abimele* & ! m9or judges4 ,! moral po9t$ by ! r$action1 valuable z x may be1 is n always sugge/$ by ! hi/ory4 ,! r$action assigns ! national mis=tunes to idolatry1 ?\gh only once is idolatry m5tion$ ) reprobation 9 ! anci5t /ories !mselves1 vi4 #be-cb4 ,! r$action %[s a fur!r indiff]5ce to hi/ory 9 giv+ a national#b turn to ! tale ( apo/asy & deliv]ance1 :]eas ! orig9al /ories %[ t ! int]e/s are really n z yet national1 b only tribal4 ,! *ronology ( ! book--:i* is also "p ( ! r$action--) its r\nd numb]s1 #bj1 #dj1 #hj1 etc41 appe>s to conta9 an artificial elem5t1 & to =m "p ( ! s*eme indicat$ 9 i ,k+s vi4 #a1 :i* assigns #dhj ye>s1 i4e4 twelve g5]ations1 to ! p]iod betwe5 ! exodus & ! build+ ( ! temple4 ,_m consid]ations make x practically c]ta9 t ! p]iods ( ! judges1 :i* are repres5t$ z successive1 7 (t5 really syn*ron\s1 & t !re=e ! p]iod cov]$ by ! entire book is only ab\t two c5turies4 ,footnote #a3 ,note t *4 xv4 #bj 0 app>5tly design$ to conclude ! /ory ( ,samson1 rais+ ! suspicion t *4 xvi4 7) a simil> conclusion7 0 add$ lat]4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 iii4 #ab4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel did evil aga9 9 ! sight ( ,jehovah1 & ,jehovah /r5g!n$ ,eglon ! ,k+ ( ,moab aga9/ ,israel2 s vv4 #ad1 #ae1 etc4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! orig9al ,deut]onomic book ( ,judges includ$ ! /ories ( ,eli & ,samuel1 & end$ ) ,i ,samuel xii4 ,x is expressly said 9 ,judges xiii4 #e t ,samson is to beg9 to deliv] ,israel out ( ! h& ( ! ,phili/9es1 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! completion ( ! deliv]ance 0 also relat$2 besides1 ,samuel's f>ewell address conta9s _m rem9isc5ces ( ! famili> =mulae ( ! book ( ,judges 7,i ,sam4 xii4 #i;ff47 & an appropriate summ>y ( ! tea*+ & "s ( ! facts ( t book 7cf4 v4 #aa74 ,x is easy to imag9e1 h[ev]1 :y ! /ories ( ,eli & ,samuel 7 ultimately sep>at$ f ! book ( ,judges3 p>tly because !y 7 felt to be h>dly judges 9 ! old s5se ( def5d]s1 deliv]]s--,eli 0 a prie/1 & ,samuel a prophet--& /ill m because ! /ory ( ,samuel1 at any rate1 0 b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( ! mon>*y4 ,! book receiv$ its pres5t =m f po/-exilic r$actors4 ,?is is r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! unmi/akable m>ks ( ! influ5ce ( ! prie/ly code 9 *s4 xx41 xxi4 ,! unanimity ) :i* ,israel acts1 ! extraord9>ily high numb]s1#a ! prom95ce ( su* words z congregation1 con/itute indubitable evid5ce ( a prie/ly h&4 ,"s po/-,deut]onomic h&1 if n ?is same "o1#b add$ ! o!r app5dix1 xvii41 xviii41 ! introduction1 i4-ii4 #e1 & ! sections 9 ! body ( ! book already %[n to be late4#c4 ,! motives :i* prompt$ ^! additions 7 v>i$4 ,) reg>d to ! m9or judges1 e4g41 "s suppose t ! object 0 simply to make up ! numb] twelve2 b g5]ally speak+1 ! motive = ! additions w\ld be ! natural desire to cons]ve extant relics ( ! pa/4 ,! introduction1 & app5dix1 ?\gh add$ late1 conta9 v anci5t mat]ial4 ,_m ( ! hi/orical notices 9 *4 i4 are reproductions ( e>ly & important notices 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua1 ?\gh ) significant editorial additions1 usually 9 hon\r ( ,judah2 ,footnote3 ,cf4 *4 i4 #h1 :i* contradicts i4 #ba2 & i1 #ah1 :i* contradicts i4 #ai4 & ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! sanctu>y at ,dan1 ) its v c&id acc\nt ( ! furniture ( ! sanctu>y & ! capture ( ! prie/1 is obvi\sly v old4 ,d\btless also !re is a hi/orical elem5t 9 xix4-xxi41 ?\gh x has be5 s]i\sly ov]laid by ! prie/ly r$action--possibly also 9 ! notices ( ! m9or judges4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 xx4 #b 7(4 ,num4 xxxi474 ,contra/ ,jud4 v4 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,note ! phrase 9 bo? /ories4 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no k+ 9 ,israel1 xviii4 i1 xix4 ,i4 ,footnote #c3 ,%amg> iii4 #ca2 ,abimele* 7ix72 m9or judges1 x4 #a-e1 xii4 #h-ae2 ,samson 7xvi47 ,?is raises ! "q ( ! s\rces & hi/orical value ( ! /ories 9 ! body ( ! book1 :i*1 z we h se51 are v easily sep>at$ f ! r$actional elem5ts4 ,inde$1 z ^? elem5ts are conf9$ to ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! /ories1 we may assume t ! /ories !mselves 7 n compos$ by ! r$actors1 b already rea*$ !m 9 a fix$ & f9i%$ =m4 ,fur!r1 x is important to note t1 j z 9 ! prophetic portions ( ! ,hexateu*1 duplicates are (t5 pres5t--v probably 9 ! /ories ( ,ehud1 iii4 #ab;ff41 ,deborah & ,b>ak 7iv471 ,abimele* 7ix471 & ,micah 7xvii41 xviii471 b c]ta9ly 9 ! /ory ( ,gideon#a 7vi4-viii474 ,accord+ to ! lat] v]sion1 ,gideon is ! deliv]] ( ,israel f ! incursions ( ! ,midianites1 & ! pr9ces sla9 are ,oreb & ,zeeb1 vii4 #bd-viii4 #c2 accord+ to ! e>li] v]sion1 viii4 #d-ba1 :i* is on a small] scale1 ,gideon1 accompani$ by "p ( 8 clan1 takes ! lives ( ,zebah & ,zalmunna to av5ge 8 bro!rs1 :om !y _h sla94 ,9 ! case ( duplicat$ /ories1 ! ,deut]onomic r$actors app>5tly f\nd ! /ories already 9 comb9ation1 s t ! orig9al con/itu5t docum5ts mu/ be fur!r back /ill4 ,z ! n>ratives1 ) _! primitive religi\s ideas & practices & _! obvi\s delight 9 w>1 are cle>ly ! e*o ( an e>ly "t1 we %all be safe 9 relegat+ ! orig9al docum5ts1 at ! late/1 to ! eigh? or n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x is a po9t on :i* unanimity has n yet be5 rea*$1 :e!r ^! docum5ts are ! ,jehovi/ & ,elohi/ ( ! ,hexateu*2 b consid]+ ! fact t ! old] notices 9 i4-ii4 #e1 on acc\nt ( ! prom95ce ( ,judah & = o!r reasons1 are usually assign$ to ,j1 & t "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! two docum5ts recur 9 ! c\rse ( ! book1 ! hypo!sis t ,j & ,e are cont9u$ at lea/ into ,judges mu/ be reg>d$ z n improbable4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! /ory ( ,jeph?ah1 *4 xi4 #ab-bh1 :i* int]rupt ! connexion & deals ) ,moab1 n ) ,ammon1 is a lat] int]polation4 ,=tunately we are able 9 "o case to trace ! s\rce ( a /ory4 ,! /ory ( ,deborah & ,b>ak is told 9 *s4 iv4 & v4 ,*4 #e1 :i* is s graphic t x mu/ h come f a contempor>y-"o _h almo/ said an eye-witness--is und\bt$ly ! old] =m ( ! /ory1 z x is 9 v]se4 ,p>tly on ! basis ( ?is poem *4 iv4 has be5 built up1 & ! acc\nt ( ,sis]a's dea? 9 ?is *apt]1 iv4 #ba1 :i* diff]s f t 9 v4 #bf1 #bg1 re/s on a misund]/&+ ( ! situation 9 v4 #bf4 ,"h we see ! risks :i* ! ballads ran :5 turn$ into prose1 b m important is x to note ! poetical orig9 ( ! /ory4 ,probably *4 v4 orig9ally belong$ to su* a collection z ! book ( ! w>s ( ,jehovah or ! book ( ,ja%>1 & x is natural to suppose t o!r /ories 9 ! book ( ,judges--e4g4 ! exploits ( ,gideon--may h simil>ly orig9at$ 9 w>-ballads4 ,! religion ( ! book ( ,judges is p[]ful b primitive4 ,! ideal man is ! ideal w>rior4 ,grim tales ( w> are told ) unaffect$ delight1 & ! _s ( ,god manife/s itself *iefly 9 ! inspiration ( ! w>rior4 ,gideon & ,micah h _! idols4 ,*emo% & ,dagon are z real1 ?\gh n s p[]ful1 z ,jehovah4 ,unlike ! r$action1 ! e>li] tales are n giv5 to moraliz+1 & yet once at lea/ ! moral is explicitly po9t$1 ix4 #ef;ff4 ,b else:]e ! p[] ( religion 9 life is sugge/$1 n by explicit comm5t1 b r by ! naturalness ) :i* e int]e/ & activity ( life are view$ 9 a religi\s light4 ,n[h]e is ?is m obvi\s ?an 9 ! priceless song ( ,deborah#a 7v474 ,israel's battles are ! battles ( ,jehovah2 h] triumph is ,8 triumph4 ,! song is inspir$ by an int5se belief 9 ! national ,god1 b !re 0 little t 0 e?ical 9 ! religion ( ! p]iod4 ,jeph?ah (f]s 8 *ild 9 sacrifice4 ,jael is prais$ = a murd] :i* 0 a brea* ( ! common ,semitic law ( hospitality4 ,by reveal+1 h[ev]1 s c&idly ! meagre beg9n+s ( ,israel's religion1 ! book ( ,judges only increases our s5se ( ! miracle :i* br\ght t religion to its incomp>able consummation 9 ! fulness ( ! times4 ,footnote #a3 ,! song is n necess>ily & n probably compos$ by ,deborah4 ,9 v4 #ab %e is address$ 9 ! #bnd p]son1 & v4 #g may be simil>ly read1 ,till ?\1 ,deborah1 did/ arise4 ,,samuel ,alike f ! lit]>y & ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 ! book#a ( ,samuel /&s midway betwe5 ! book ( ,judges & ! book ( ,k+s4 ,z we h already se51 ! ,deut]onomic book ( ,judges 9 all probability ran into ,samuel & end$ 9 *4 xii42 :ile ! /ory ( ,david1 begun 9 ,samuel1 embraces ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ! fir/ book ( ,k+s4 ,! book ( ,samuel is n v happily nam$1 z mu* ( x is devot$ to ,saul & ! great] "p to ,david2 yet x is n altoge!r inappropriate1 z ,samuel _h mu* to d ) ! f\nd+ ( ! mon>*y4 ,! ,jewi% tradition t ,samuel 0 ! au?or ( ! book is1 ( c\rse1 a palpable fiction1 z ! /ory is c>ri$ beyond 8 dea?4 ,footnote #a3 ,two books 9 ! ,greek translation1 z 9 mod]n ,bibles2 orig9ally "o 9 ! ,hebrew1 b two f ! ye> #aeag ,a4,d4 ,! book deals ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! mon>*y4 ,its ultimate analysis is v difficult2 b1 if we reg>d ! summ>y notices 9 #a ,samuel xiv4 #dg-ea & #b ,samuel viii4 z ! conclusion ( sections--& ?is seems to h be5 _! orig9al int5tion--! broad outl9es are cle> en\gh1 & ! book may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 ! fir/ 7#a ,sam4 i4-xiv47 deal+ ) ,samuel & ,saul1 ! second 7i ,sam4 xv4-#b ,sam4 viii47 ) ,saul & ,david1 & ! ?ird 7#b ,sam4 ix4-xx41 conclud+ ) ,i ,k+s i41 ii47 ) ,david1 xxi4-xxiv4 be+1 l ,judges xvii4-xxi41 9 ! nature ( an app5dix4 ,! book op5s 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,phili/9e w>s4 ,samuel's bir?1 call & influ5ce are describ$ 7,i ,sam4 i4-iii471 & ! disa/r\s defeat :i* ,israel suff]$ at ! h& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,jehovah1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ ,8 dignity1 & ! ark1 :i* _h be5 captur$1 0 re/or$ to ,israel 7iv4-vii474 ,b ! p]il _h taught ,israel h] ne$ ( a k+1 &1 by a provid5tial c\rse ( ev5ts1 ,saul becomes ! *os5 man4 ,he ga9s initial successes 7viii4-xiv474 ,b1 = a c]ta9 disob$i5ce & impetuosity1 8 rejection by ,god is pron\nc$ by ,samuel1 & ,david /eps ^u ! ar5a ( hi/ory z ! com+ k+4 ,8 successes 9 w> /ung ! melan*oly ,saul1 :o at fir/ _h lov$ him1 into jeal\sy2 & ! trag$y ( ,saul's life deep5s4 ,recogniz+ 9 ! v]satile ,david 8 almo/ c]ta9 successor1 he seeks 9 v>i\s ways to compass 8 de/ruction1 b m ?an once ,david repays 8 malice ) g5]osity4 ,saul's p]secution1 h[ev]1 is s p]si/5t t ,david is compell$ to flee1 & he takes refuge ) 8 c\ntry's enemy1 ! ,phili/9e k+ ( ,ga?4 ,at ! decisive battle betwe5 ,israel & ! ,phili/9es on ,gilboa1 ,saul p]i%es4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 ,david is made k+ ( ,judah2 & em]g+ successfully f ! subsequ5t /ruggle ) ,saul's surviv+ son1 he becomes k+ ov] all ,israel1 seizes ,j]usalem1 & makes x 8 civil & religi\s capital 7#a ,sam4 xv4-#b ,sam4 viii474 ,! /ory ( 8 reign is told ) great p[] & c&\r1 & is full ( ! mo/ div]se int]e/--8 guilty passion = ,ba?%eba1 :i* left its trail ( sorr[ ov] all 8 subsequ5t c>e]1 ! diss5sions 9 ! royal family1 ! unsuccessful rebellion ( 8 son ,absalom1 ! /rife betwe5 ,israel & ,judah 7#b ,sam4 ix4-xx474 ,! /ory is conclud$ 9 #a ,k+s i41 ii41 by an acc\nt ( ! intrigue :i* secur$ ! succession ( ,solomon1 & f9ally by ! dea? & te/am5t ( ,david4 ,! app5dix1 :i* int]rupts ! /ory & closes ! book ( ,samuel 7xxi4-xxiv47 consi/s ( 7a7 two n>ratives1 ) a dom9ant religi\s int]e/1 :i* *ronologically appe> to belong to ! beg9n+ ( ,david's reign--! atonem5t by :i* ,jehovah's ang]1 express$ 9 fam9e1 0 turn$ away f ! l&1 xxi4 #a-ad1 & ! plague :i*1 z a div9e p5alty1 foll[$ ,david's c5sus ( ! p 7xxiv472 7b7 two psalms--a song ( gratitude = ,god's graci\s deliv]ances 7xxii4,ps4 xviii471 & a brief psalm express+ confid5ce 9 ! triumph ( ju/ice1 xxiii4 #a-g2 7c7 two li/s ( ,david's h]oes & _! de$s1 xxi4 #ae-bb1 xxiii4 #h-ci4 ,9 ! book ( ,samuel1 ev5 m di/9ctly ?an 9 ! ,hexateu*1 composite au?or%ip is app>5t4 ,little or no attempt has be5 made by ! r$actor#a to r$uce1 by omissions1 adaptations1 or corrections1 ! div]g5t s\rces to a unity1 s t we are 9 ! s+ul>ly =tunate position ( possess+ in=mation :i* is exce$+ly e>ly1 & 9 "s cases all b contempor>y1 ( p]sons1 ev5ts & movem5ts1 :i* ex]cis$ ! pr(\nde/ influ5ce on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,! book has be5 t\*$ 9 a v few places by ! ,deut]onomic r$actor--n to any?+ l ! same ext5t z ,judges or ,k+s4 ,! few po9ts at :i* he int]v5es1 h[ev]1 are v significant2 8 h& is app>5t 9 ! ?reat ( doom pron\nc$ ^u ,eli's h\se 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #bg-cf71b 9 ! acc\nt ( ! decisive battle aga9/ ! ,phili/9es repres5t$ z won = ,israel by ,samuel's int]cession 7#a ,sam4 vii4 #c-af71 9 ,samuel's f>ewell address to ! p 7#a ,sam4 xii47 &--mo/ important ( all--9 ,na?an's ann\ncem5t to ,david ( ! p]petuity ( 8 dyna/y 7#b ,sam4 vii474 ,a /udy ( ^! passages reveals ! didactic int]e/ s *>act]i/ic ( ! r$actors4 ,footnote #a3 ,come & let u r5ew ! k+dom1 #a ,sam4 xi4 #ad1 is a r$actional attempt to reconcile ! two /ories ( ! orig9 ( ! mon>*y4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #i2 ,deut1 xviii4 #f-h4 ,su* a book z ,samuel (f]$ little opportunity = a prie/ly r$action1 b x has be5 t\*$ "h & !re by a prie/ly h&1 z we see f #a ,samuel vi4 #ae1 ) its belat$ introduction ( ! ,levites to d :at _h be5 done already1 v4 #ad1 & f ! v significant sub/itution ( all ! ,levites = ,abia?> 9 #b ,samuel xv4 #bd1 cf4 #bi4 ,! composite quality ( ! book ( ,samuel c\ld h>dly fail to /rike ev5 a c>eless obs]v]4 ,_m ( ! ev5ts1 bo? important & unimportant1 are relat$ twice "u circum/ances :i* r5d] x practically impossible t two diff]5t incid5ts are record$4 ,two explanations are giv51 e4g41 ( ! orig9 ( ! say+1 ,is ,saul also among ! prophets8 ,i ,sam4 x4 #aa1 xix4 #bd4 ,simil>ly1 ! /ory ( ,david's magnanimity 9 sp>+ ,saul's life is twice told 7#a ,sam4 xxiv41 xxvi471 & !re is no allusion 9 ! second n>rative to ! fir/1 su* z w\ld be natural1 if n necess>y1 on ! assumption t ! occasions 7 really diff]5t4 ,!re are also two acc\nts ( ,david's soj\rn among ! ,phili/9es & ( 8 spe$y dep>ture f a situation fraught ) s mu* p]il 7#a ,sam4 xxi4 #aj-ae1 xxvii41 xxix474 ,( c\rse !re are n unimportant diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two n>ratives3 ! volunt>y dep>ture ( ! "o /ory becomes a c\rte\s1 ?\gh firm1 dismissal 9 ! o!r2 b 9 ! light ( s _m o!r unmi/akable duplicates1 x is h>d to believe t ^! are n simply diff]5t v]sions ( ! same /ory4 ,!re are two acc\nts ( ! dea? ( ,saul3 accord+ to ! "o1 he committ$ suicide 7#a ,sam4 xxxi4 #d71 accord+ to ! o!r he 0 sla9 by an ,amalekite 7#b ,sam4 i4 #aj74 ,! ,amalekite's /ory may1 ( c\rse1 be fiction1 b x is n necess>y to suppose ?is4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! duplicate acc\nts are sometimes s s]i\s z to am\nt to incompatibility4 ,9 "o docum5t1 e4g41 t]aphim are f\nd 9 ! h\se ( a dev\t wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah1 #a ,sam4 xix4 #ac1 9 ano!r !y are ! symbol ( an idolatry :i* is comp>able to ! wor/ ( s9s1 #a ,sam4 xv4 #bc4 ,aga91 !re is no reason to d\bt ! /atem5t 9 ! app>5tly anci5t record ( ! de$s ( ,david's h]oes1 t ,elhanan slew ,golia? ( ,ga?1 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #ai4 ,b if ?is be s1 :at becomes ( ! elaborate & romantic /ory ( i ,samuel xvii41 :i* claims ?is hon\r = ,david8 ,! difficulty creat$ by ?is discrepancy 0 felt z e>ly z ! times ( ! *ronicl]1 :o surm\nts x by ass]t+ t x 0 ! bro!r ( ,golia? :om ,elhanan slew 7#a ,*ron4 xx4 #e74 ,connect$ ) ?is /ory are o!r difficulties affect+ ! relation ( ,david to ,saul4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 ,saul is unacqua9t$ ) ,david1 #a ,samuel xvii4 #ef1 :]eas 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,david is n only pres5t at 8 c\rt1 b has already won ! mon>*'s love1 xvi4 #ba4 ,! ,david ( ! "o *apt] is q unlike ! ,david ( ! o!r2 9 xvi4 #ah he is a mature man1 a skill$ & v]satile m9/rel-w>rior1 & ! arm\r-be>] ( ! k+2 9 xvii4 #ch1 #ci1 he is a "y %eph]d boy :o _c wield a sword1 & :o cuts a sorry figure 9 a coat ( mail4 ,_m ( ^! und\bt$ difficulties are remov$ by ! ,septuag9t#a :i* omits xvii4 #ab-ca 1#da1 #ej1 #ee-xviii4 #e1 & ! "q is rais$ :e!r ! ,septuag9t omitt$ ^! v]ses to secure a m consi/5t n>rative1 or :e!r !y 7 want+1 z seems m probable1 9 ! ,hebrew text f :i* ! ,greek 0 translat$4 ,9 t case ^! v]ses1 :i* give an idyllic turn 7cf4 *4 xvi47 to ! /ory ( ,david1 may h be5 add$ aft] ! ,greek v]sion 0 writt51 i4e1 h>dly e>li] ?an #bej ,b4,c41 & a curi\s light w\ld ?us be %$ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! text & on ! fre$om ) :i* x 0 treat$ by lat] ,jewi% s*ol>s4 ,equally /rik+ & important are ! conflict+ conceptions ( ! mon>*y ent]ta9$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! book4 ,"o s\rce reg>ds x z a bless+ & a gift ( ,jehovah2 ! fir/ k+ is ano9t$ by div9e commission to be pr9ce ov] my p ,israel1 & he %all save my p out ( ! h& ( ! ,phili/9es1 #a ,sam4 ix4 #af2 ! o!r reg>ds ! reque/ = an e>?ly k+ z a rejection ( ! div9e k+1 & ! mon>*y z de/9$ to prove a vexation1 if n a curse 7viii474 ,c5turies seem to sep>ate ^! conceptions--! "o express+ ! exub]ant en?usiasm ) :i* ! mon>*y 0 initiat$1 ! o!r--p]haps ab\t ,hosea's "t 7cf4 ,hosea viii4 #d7--reflect+ ! melan*oly exp]i5ce ( its ess5tial impot5ce4#b ,footnote #a3 ,! ,greek text ( ,samuel is (t5 ( great value4 ,9 #a ,sam4 xiv4 #ah x pres]ves ! und\bt$ly orig9al read+1 br+ hi!r ! ephod1 = he c>ri$ ! ephod t day be=e ,israel1 in/ead ( ,be+ hi!r ! ark ( ,god4 & 9 v4 #da ! ,greek v]sion makes x cle> t ! ,urim & ,?ummim 7 ! means employ$ to det]m9e ! lot4 ,footnote #b3 ,if o!r pro( 7 want$ t ! book is n an orig9al lit]>y unit1 x might be f\nd 9 ! occasional int]ruption ( ! natural ord]4 #b ,sam4 xxi4-xxiv4 is ! mo/ ext5sive & obvi\s int]ruption4 ,b #b ,sam4 iii4 #b-e is also out ( place1 x goes ) v4 #f-af4 ,s ,i ,sam4 xviii4 #aj1 #aa1 :i* is really a duplication ( xix1 #i1 #aj is psy*ologically inappropriate at s e>ly a /age4 ,^! consid]ations sugge/ t at any rate z f> z #b ,samuel viii4--= x is univ]sally admitt$ t #b ,samuel ix4-xx4 is homog5e\s--!re are at lea/ two s\rces1 :i* "s w\ld id5tify1 ?\gh ^u gr\nds t are n altoge!r conv9c+1 ) ! ,jehovi/ & ,elohi/ docum5ts 9 ! ,hexateu*4 ,"o ( ^! s\rces is di/9ctly e>ly & ! o!r di/9ctly late1 & ! e>ly s\rce conta9s mu* anci5t & valuable mat]ial4 ,its recognition ( ,samuel z a local se] will+ to tell = a small piece ( money :]e /ray asses h gone1 its en?usia/ic attitude to ! mon>*y1 its obvi\s delight 9 ! spl5did pres5ce & p[]s ( ,saul1 its intimate k ( ! ec/atic prophets1 its conception ( ! ark z a sort ( feti% ^: pres5ce insures victory--all ^! ?+s bespeak = ! docum5t t relates !m a high antiquity4 ,! o!r docum5t repres5ts ,samuel z a great judge & virtual reg5t ov] all ,israel1 x has a wide exp]i5ce ( ! evils ( mon>*y1 x idealizes ,david1 & x reg>ds ,saul z a reject$ man4 ,x is possible t ^! docum5ts1 9 _! orig9al =m1 7 biographical--,saul be+ ! *ief h]o 9 ! "o & ,david 9 ! o!r4 ,a biography ( ,samuel1 :i* may or may n h includ$ ! /ory ( ! w> ) ! ,phili/9es 7,i ,sam4 iv4-vii4 #b71 possibly exi/$ sep>ately1 ?\gh 9 its pres5t =m x is int]wov5 ) ! /ory ( ,saul4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]praise ! lit]>y & hi/orical g5ius ( ! writ] :o 9 #b ,samuel ix4-xx4 traces ! *eck]$ c\rse ( ,david's reign4 ,he has an unusually intimate k ( ! p]iod1 a cle> s5se ( ! =ces t m\ld hi/ory1 a delicate insight into ! spr+s ( "*1 & an e/imable c&\r 9 portray+ ! weakness z well z ! /r5g? ( 8 h]o4 ,! writ]'s k is s intimate t "o is tempt$ to suppose t he mu/ h be5 a contempor>y2 & yet su* a phrase z to ?is day1 #b ,sam4 xviii4 #ah1 unless x be r$actional1 almo/ compels u to come l[] d[n4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 x is n lat] ?an ! "t ( ,solomon1 ^: reign appe>s to h be5 m>k$ by lit]>y z well z comm]cial activity4#a ,footnote l3 ,! ,book ( ,ja%>1 ^: late/ kn[n ref]5ce comes f ! reign ( ,solomon 7cf4 p4#ajb71 is suppos$ by "s to h be5 edit$ 9 t reign4 ,! la/ f\r *apt]s1 :i* int]rupt ! ma9 n>rative1 conta9 "s anci5t & "s late mat]ial4 ,! two tales1 xxi4 #a-ad1 xxiv41 :i* h mu* 9 common1 7 pres]v$ because ( _! religi\s int]e/2 & al?\gh "p ( *4 xxiv4 7cf4 vv4 #aj-ad7 is 9 ! lat] /yle1 bo? /ories ?r[ mu* welcome light on ! e>ly religi\s ideas ( ,israel4 ,( ! poems #b ,samuel xxii4 9 its pres5t =m c h>dly be ,david's1#a & ! same d\bt may be fairly ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to xxiii4 #a-g4 ,ev5 if v4 #a be n an imitation ( ,numb]s xxiv4 #c1 #ae1 x is h>dly likely t ,david w\ld h describ$ himself 9 t]ms ( ! la/ clause ( ?is v]se4 ,! es*atological complexion ( vv4 #f1 #g also sugge/s1 ?\gh p]haps x does n compel1 a lat] date2 fur!r1 x is n exactly 9 fav\r ( ! ,davidic au?or%ip ( ei!r ( ^! psalms t !y are f\nd 9 a section :i* 0 obvi\sly int]polat$ lat]4#b ,on ! o!r h&1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! incomp>able elegy ov] ,saul & ,jona?an 9 #b ,samuel i4 #ai-bg is ,david's4 ,poetically x is a gem ( pure/ ray2 b1 ?\gh its position 9 ! book ( ,ja%>#c %[s t x 0 reg>d$ z a religi\s poem1 x /rikes no di/9ctively religi\s note4 ,! little fragm5t on ! dea? ( ,abn]1 #b ,sam4 iii4 #cc;ff41 is also no d\bt 84 ,footnote #a3 ,see pp4 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,footnote #b3 ,! song ( ,hannah1 #a ,sam4 ii4 #a-aj1 is pro( t lat] editors ins]t$ poems at po9ts :i* !y deem$ appropriate4 ,if ! ano9t$ k+1 = :om pray] is (f]$ 9 v4 #aj1 be "o ( ! hi/orical k+s1 !n ! ,ps4 is pre-exilic2 if ! ,messianic k+ ( ! latt] days1 po/-exilic4 ,b 9 nei!r case c\ld ! pray] be ,hannah's1 z !re 0 no k+ yet4 ,! clause 9 v4 #e--! b>r5 ha? borne sev5--sugge/$ ! int]polation ( ! poem at ?is po9t4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is may ei!r mean ! book ( ! upright or brave1 i4e4 ! h]oes ( ,israel1 or x may mean ! book ( ,israel h]self4 ,! book ( ,samuel (f]s a l>ge contribution to our k ( ! e>ly religion ( ,israel4 ,x pres5ts u ) a practical illu/ration ( ! rigor\s obligations ( ! ban 7#a ,sam4 xv471 ( ! effects ( te*nical hol9ess 7#a ,sam4 xxi4 #d1 #e71 ( ! appe>ance ( ! images kn[n z t]aphim 7#a ,sam4 xix4 #ac71 ( ! usages ( necromancy 7#a ,sam4 xxviii471 ( ! p]il ( unav5g$ blood%$ 7#b ,sam4 xxi471 ( ! almo/ idolatr\s reg>d = ! ark 7#a ,sam4 iv471 ( ! nature ( ! lot 7#a ,sam4 xiv4 #da1 lxx471 ( ! place ( fa/+ & ! inviolability ( oa?s 7#a ,sam4 xiv474 ,to ! /ud5t ( human nature1 ! book is peculi>ly ri* 9 mat]ial4 ,! c>e] ( ,david & /ill m t ( ,saul--,david ) 8 weakness & 8 magnanimity1 & ,saul1 a noble "*1 ru9$ by jeal\sy & failure comb9$ work+ ^u a pr$isposition to melan*oly--pres5t a mo/ fasc9at+ psy*ological /udy4 ,! e?ical int]e/1 too1 ?\gh seldom obtrud$1 is always pres5t4 ,9 ! p>able ( ,na?an1 x receives direct & dramatic expression2 b ! :ole /ory ( ,david's reign is haunt$ by a s5se ( ! ,nemesis ( s94 ,,k+s ,! book#a ( ,k+s is /rik+ly unlike any mod]n hi/orical n>rative4 ,its comp>ative brevity1 its curi\s p]spective1 &-) "s brilliant exceptions--its relative monotony1 are obvi\s to ! mo/ cursory p]usal1 & to und]/& ^! ?+s is1 9 l>ge measure1 to und]/& ! book4 ,x cov]s a p]iod ( no less ?an f\r c5turies4 ,beg9n+ ) ! dea? ( ,david & ! accession ( ,solomon 7#a ,k+s i41 ii47 x trav]ses 8 reign ) consid]able fulness 7#a ,k+s iii4-xi471 !n c>ries on ! hi/ory ( ! mon>*y 9 bo? c\ntries f ! disruption to ! fall ( ! nor!rn k+dom 7#a ,k+s xii4-#b ,k+s xvii471 & traces ! /ory ( ,judah f t po9t to ! exile 7#b ,k+s xviii4-xxv474 ,footnote #a3 ,orig9ally & till #aeag ,a4,d4 ,k+s 0 reckon$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible z "o book4 ,! ,greek translation reckons x z two books1 :i* x entitles ! ?ird & f\r? books ( ! k+doms1 ! fir/ two be+ repres5t$ by ! two books ( ,samuel4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ev5ts ( epo*-mak+ importance 9 politics & religion 7 tak+ place4 ,9 x lit]>y prophecy 0 born1 trade & comm]ce arose ) _! inevitable cleavage ( society into ! ri* & ! poor1 ! nor!rn k+dom disappe>$ z a political =ce1 & _m ( h] p 7 c>ri$ into exile4 ,judah 0 dom9at$ 9 turn by ,assyria & ,babylonia1 ) ! result t h] religi\s usages 7 pr(\ndly affect$ by !irs4 ,b ( all ?is we le>n v little f ! book ( ,k+s4 ,mo/ ( :at we d "k ( ! inn] hi/ory ( ! p]iod comes f ! prophets4 ,to und]/& ! /ate ( society1 e4g4 9 ! "t ( ,j]oboam ,,ii1 we g n to ! book ( ,k+s b to ,amos & ,hosea4 ,aga9 ! p]spective is /range4 ,x is n only t brief reigns l ^? ( ,%allum & ,pekahiah 7#b ,k+s xv47 are dismiss$ 9 a v]se or two1 b ev5 long & v important reigns1 su* z t ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #bc-bi74 ,omri1 ! fa!r ( ,ahab1 01 we "k1 a mu* m important p]son ?an ! few v]ses devot$ to him 9 ,i ,k+s xvi4 #ba-bh w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,! reign ( ,ahab himself1 on ! o!r h&1 is dealt ) at consid]able l5g? 7,i ,k+s xvi4 #bi-xxii4 #dj71 & ,solomon receives no less ?an n9e *apt]s 7,i ,k+s iii4-xi474 ,! /ories ( ,j]oboam ,i 7,i ,k+s xii471 ,hezekiah 7#b ,k+s xviii4-xx471 ,josiah 7#b ,k+s xxii4 ff47 are told ) comp>ative fulness4 ,:5ev] ! n>rative beg9s to exp& x is pla9 t ! int]e/ ( ! au?or is pr$om9antly & almo/ exclusively religi\s2 9 o!r words1 8 aim is to write n a political1 b an ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,?is at once expla9s 8 ins]tions & omissions4 ,omri's reign 0 n m>k$ by any?+ ( conspicu\s importance to religion1 :ile x 0 "u ,ahab t ! great /ruggle ( ,jehovah wor%ip aga9/ ,baalism took place4 ,solomon is ( unique importance1 z he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! temple4 ,hezekiah's c>e] t\*es t ( ! prophet ,isaiah1 :ile 8 reign & ,josiah's are m>k$ by attempts at religi\s re=m4 ,! au?or is writ+ = m5 :o h access to records ( ! political hi/ory1 & to ^! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah1 z !y are call$1 he repeat$ly ref]s read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 ! political facts4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh "s ( ! n>ratives--notably ! ,elijah gr\p-are dramatic & p[]ful to ! la/ degree1 ! book has n1 g5]ally speak+1 t flexibility & movem5t :i* we are accu/om$ to look = 9 a mod]n hi/orian4 ,x has be5 artificially con=m$ to a s*eme4 ,! v>i\s k+s are introduc$ & dismiss$ & _! reigns are criticiz$1 9 set =mulae1 & ^! =mulae are ,deut]onomic4 ,) ! exception ( ,hezekiah1 all ! k+s be=e ,josiah are implicitly condemn$ = wor%ipp+ ^u ! high places2 & ! c5tralization ( ! wor%ip at ,j]usalem 01 z we h already se51 ! *ief feature ( ! ,deut]onomic legislation4 ,! book ( ,k+s1 l ,jo%ua1 ,judges & ,samuel 79 "p71 has be5 subject$ to a ,deut]onomic r$action1 ( :i* ! mo/ obvi\s feature is ! summ>y notice & criticism ( ! v>i\s k+s4 ,?is r$action _c h tak5 place e>li] ?an #fba ,b4,c4 7! date ( ! publication ( ,deut]onomy7 nor lat] ?an #eig ,b4,c41 z ! ref]5ce to ! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,judah ceases ) ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 #b ,k+s xxiv4 #e4 ,p>ts ( ! book presuppose t ! temple is /ill /&+1 ,i ,k+s viii4 #bi1 & ! exile n yet an accompli%$ fact4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a lat] r$action "s ye>s aft] ! p>don ( ,jehoia*9 9 #efa ,b4,c4 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bg71 & sporadic traces ( ?is are se5 ?r\gh\t ! book1 p>ts ( :i* cle>ly imply ! exile1 #a ,k+s viii4 #df1 #dg1 & ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 #a ,k+s ix4 #g1 #h4 ,^! r$actions are kn[n to criticism z ,d & ,d#b respectively4 ,on none ( ! hi/orical books has ! influ5ce ( ,deut]onomy be5 s p]vasive z on ,k+s4 ,! importance ( ! ,deut]onomic law receives emphatic reit]ation1 #a ,k+s ii4 #c1 #d1 ix4 #a-i1 & once t law is cit$ practically ^w = ^w1 #b ,k+s xiv4 #f2 cf4 ,deut4 xxiv4 #af4 ,naturally ! affairs ( ! temple z ! exclusive seat ( ! true wor%ip receive consid]able att5tion4 ,?is expla9s ! elaborate treatm5t accord$ to ! reign ( ,solomon1 :o f\nd$ ! temple1 & to ! description ( ! temple itself 7#a ,k+s vi472 & on 8 pray] ( d$ication ! ,deut]onomic influ5ce is v conspicu\s 7#a ,k+s viii474 ,x is also unmi/akable 9 ! *apt] :i* concludes ! /ory ( ! nor!rn k+dom & attempts to acc\nt = ! disa/] 7#b ,k+s xvii474 ,! *apt] pres5ts :at may be call$ a ,deut]onomic philosophy ( hi/ory1 correspond+ to ! s*eme :i* is ?r[n into ! =efront ( ! book ( ,judges 7ii4 #f-;iii4 #f74 ,traces ( a h& t is /ill lat] ?an ! second ,deut]onomic r$action are to be f\nd "h & !re 9 ! book2 e4g41 9 #a ,k+s viii4 #d1 ! ,levites are a lat] ins]tion to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! po/-exilic prie/ly law--! words are n support$ by ! ,septuag9t4 ,"h we see ! influ5ce ( ! prie/ly po9t ( view1 b ! traces are f> too few to ju/ify u 9 speak+ ( a prie/ly r$action2 ! c\rse :i* su* a r$action w\ld h tak5 we see f ! book ( ,*ronicles4 ,b t ! book 0 t\*$ by po/-exilic h&s is c]ta92 #a ,k+s xiii4 #cb actually speaks ( ! cities ( ,sam>ia1 a phrase :i* implies t ,sam>ia 0 a prov9ce1 z x 0 n till aft] ! exile4 ,x is =tunate t "o ( ! longe/1 mo/ important1 & impressive sections ( ! book--! ,elijah & ,eli%a n>ratives 7#a ,k+s xvii4-#b ,k+s viii41 xiii4 l#d-bl7--has n be5 t\*$ by ! ,deut]onomic r$action4 ,! ,elijah n>ratives n only recognize ! exi/5ce ( alt>s all ov] ! l&1 #a ,k+s xix4 #aj1 b ! great conte/ betwe5 ,jehovah & ,baal is actually decid$ at ! sanctu>y on ,c>mel1 xviii4 #bj1 a sanctu>y :i*1 by ! ,deut]onomic law1 0 illegal4 ,aga91 ! advice giv5 by ,eli%a to cut d[n ! fruit trees 9 "t ( w>1 #b ,k+s iii4 #ai1 is 9 direct contrav5tion ( ! ,deut]onomic law 7,deut4 xx4 #ai74 ,^! n>ratives mu/ prec$e ! r$action ( ! book by a c5tury & a half or m1 & we h !m pretty mu* z !y left ! h& ( ! orig9al writ]s4 ,a po/-exilic h&1 h[ev]1 is evid5t 9 #a ,k+s xviii4 #ca1 #cb;a4 ,to a lat] age1 :i* believ$ 9 ! exclusive rights ( ,j]usalem1 ! alt> on ,c>mel1 :i* 0 said to be repair$ by ,elijah1 v4 #cj1 0 naturally an (f5ce2 s ! repair+ ( ?is old alt> is repres5t$ z ! erection ( a new & special "o1 typical ( ! unity ( ,israel4 ,! lat5ess ( ! ins]tion is fur!r prov$ by its conta9+ a quotation f ,p 7,g54 xxxv4 #aj74 ,z ! book 0 r$act$ by ,judean writ]s1 x is n unnatural t ! summ>y notices ( ! k+s ( ,judah are m elaborate ?an ^? ( ,israel4 ,9 ! =m] case1 b n 9 ! latt]1 ! age ( ! k+ at 8 accession & ! "n ( 8 "m are m5tion$4 ,"o curi\s feature ( ^! notices is t ! /atem5t ( a k+'s accession1 :e!r 9 ,israel or ,judah1 is always accompani$ by a /atem5t ( ! correspond+ ye> 9 ! contempor>y reign ( ! si/] k+dom4 ,! notices con=m to ?is type3 ,9 ! tw5ty & sev5? ye> ( ,j]oboam1 k+ ( ,israel1 began ,az>iah1 son ( ,amaziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 to reign1 #b ,k+s xv4 #a4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ^! syn*ronisms1 z !y are call$1 are n contempor>y b ! "w ( ! r$actors4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! k+s ( ei!r c\ntry w\ld h dat$ _! own reigns ) ref]5ce to ! o!r2 besides1 ! syn*ronisms d n /rictly agree ) ! o!r *ronological notices ( ! reigns4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! division ( ! k+doms & ! fall ( ,sam>ia is e/imat$ z #bfj ye>s 9 ! /ory ( ! k+s ( ,judah1 b only z #bdb 9 ! case ( ,israel4 ,probably ! orig9al docum5ts conta9$ ! numb] ( ye>s 9 ! reign1 & ! dates ( ! m important ev5ts2 b ! syn*ronisms repres5t an artificial s*eme creat$ by ! r$actor4 ,traces ( su* a sy/em are pres5t 9 #a ,k+s vi4 #a1 accord+ to :i* #dhj ye>s1 i4e4 twelve g5]ations ( =ty ye>s ea*1 elaps$ betwe5 ! exodus & ! build+ ( ! temple4 ,s mu* = ! r$action2 :at1 !n1 7 ! s\rces ( ! r$action8 ,?ree are expressly m5tion$--! book ( ! acts ( ,solomon1 #a ,k+s xi4 #da1 ! book ( ! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 & ! book ( ! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,judah4 ,! nature ( ^! books may be inf]r$1 p>tly f ! facts record$ 9 our book ( ,k+s1 & especially f ! facts 9 support ( :i* !y are cit$4 ,!y seem to h conta9$1 e4g41 acc\nts ( w>s1 conque/s1 conspiracies1 build+s1 #a ,k+s xiv4 #ai1 xv4 #bc1 xvi4 #bj1 b x is n probable t !y 7 (ficial annals4 ,!re 0 inde$ a c\rt (ficial ^: "n is sometimes translat$ ! record]1 #b ,sam4 viii4 #af1 #a ,k+s iv4 #c4 ,b besides ! probable inaccuracy ( ?is translation1#a x is v unlikely t1 9 ! nor!rn k+dom at any rate1 ) its frequ5t revolutions1 c\rt annals 7 cont9u\sly kept2 ! annali/ c\ld h>dly h record$ ! que/ionable /eps by :i* 8 mon>* (t5 succe$$ to ! ?rone1 ?\gh d\btless (ficial docum5ts 7 extant1 capable ( =m+ mat]ial = ! subsequ5t hi/orian4 ,b 9 any case1 ! *ronicles to :i* ! book ( ,k+s ref]s _c h be5 (ficial annals2 x is assum$ t !y are accessible to ev]ybody1 z !y w\ld n h be5 _h !y be5 (ficial *ronicles4 ,!y 7 9 all probability f9i%$ political hi/ories1 some?+ l ! elaborate section devot$ to ,solomon 9 our pres5t book ( ,k+s4 ,! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah probably =m$1 n "o book1 z has be5 suppos$1 b two2 ! same ev5t1 e4g41 ! campaign ( ,hazael1 is sometimes m5tion$ 9 two di/9ct & indep5d5t connections1 #b ,k+s x4 #cb1 xiii4 #c1 cf4 xii4 #ah;f4--a fact :i* fur!r sugge/s t ! r$actor treat$ 8 s\rces ) at lea/ comp>ative fidelity4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ^w /rictly means "o :o calls to m9d1 & w\ld appropriately designate an (ficial :o br\ght ! affairs ( ! k+dom be=e ! k+4 ,! book ( ,k+s1 z we h se51 conc5trates att5tion almo/ exclusively on ! religi\s elem5ts 9 ! hi/ory1 & ^! 7 det]m9$ l>gely by ! prophets4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t _m ( ! long] sections deal ) ! utt]ances or activities ( prophets at critical junctures ( ! hi/ory4 ,! "p play$ by ,ahijah at ! "t ( ! disruption ( ! k+dom1 by ,elijah 9 ! great /ruggle betwe5 ,baal & ,jehovah wor%ip1 by ,eli%a dur+ ! ,aramean assaults ^u ,israel1 by ,isaiah at ! invasion ( ,s5na*]ib--^! & simil> episodes are dealt ) s fully z to sugge/ t biographies ( ! prophets1 writt5 possibly by lit]>y memb]s ( ! prophetic ord]1 7 at ! disposal ( ! r$actors ( ! book ( ,k+s4 ,temple affairs are also discuss$1 f ! days ( ,solomon to ,josiah 7,i ,k+s vi4 vii41 #b ,k+s xi41 xii41 xvi41 xxii41 xxiii471 ) a sympa?y & a m9ut5ess :i* almo/ sugge/ ! inf]5ce t a regul> temple hi/ory 0 kept2 b occasional /atem5ts :i* are any?+ b flatt]+ to ! prie/s 7#b ,k+s xii4 #g1 #ae7 r5d] ! inf]5ce some:at prec>i\s4 ,besides ! *ronicles & biographies1 !re are h9ts t ! r$actors _h access to o!r s\rces4 ,! words 9 :i* ,solomon d$icat$ ! temple1 only p>tially pres]v$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 are1 by a v probable em5dation ( ! ,greek text1 tak5 f ! book ( ,ja%>3-- ,! sun ha? ,jehovah set 9 ! heav5s1 ,he himself ha? det]m9$ to dwell 9 ! d>kness4 ,& s ,i h built ,!e an h\se to dwell 91 ,ev5 a place to abide 9 = ev] & ev]4 7#a ,k+s viii4 #ab1 #ac2 ,septuag9t1 v4 #ec74 ,aga91 #a ,k+s xx41 xxii4 appe>s to come f a diff]5t s\rce f ! ,elijah n>ratives 9 #a ,k+s xvii4-xix41 xxi4 ,! =m] section takes a di/9ctly m fav\rable view ( ,ahab ?an ! ,elijah /ories d1 &1 unlike !m1 x alludes to ,ahab seldom by "n1 b usually z ! k+ ( ,israel2 fur!r1 9 x ! great prophet ( ! p]iod is ,micah r ?an ,elijah4 ,bo? ^! gr\ps ( n>rative belong no d\bt to ! nor!rn k+dom4#a ,footnote #a3 ,*s4 xx41 xxii4 obvi\sly s2 b no less xvii4-xix41 xxi41 = 9 #a ,k+s xix4 #c ,be]%eba is describ$ z belong+ to ,judah4 ,a ,judean writ] w\ld n h app5d$ su* a note4 ,x is important to consid] ! value ( ! s\rces ( ! book ( ,k+s4 ,we h already se5 t ! r$actor occasionally deals ) !m 9 a _s ( praisewor?y scrupul\sness1 repeat+ ! same fact f diff]5t s\rces1 & mak+ no attempt to dovetail ! "o n>rative into ! o!r4 ,sometimes ! s\rces h be5 demon/rably foll[$ ^w = ^w1 phrases l to ?is day be+ us$ ( situations :i* _h pass$ away by ! "t ! book 0 r$act$4#a ,! facts1 ?\gh lam5tably meagre1 h usually ! appe>ance ( be+ ?or\ghly tru/wor?y2 ! quotation f ! book ( ,ja%> is no d\bt z g5u9e z x is int]e/+1 & ! brief acc\nt ( ! submission ( ,hezekiah to ! tribute impos$ by ,s5na*]ib1 #b ,k+s xviii4 #ad-af1 is support$ by ! ,assyrian records4 ,b x is evid5t t ! hi/ory does n always re/ ^u contempor>y s\rces1 & t e>ly ev5ts & p]sonalities are t\*$ ) ! col\rs ( leg5d or romance4 ,mu* ( ! /ory ( ,solomon1 e4g41 is unmi/akably hi/orical--8 luxury1 8 effem9acy1 8 comm]ce1 8 unscrupul\sness4 ,b !re are /ories ( ano!r sort :i*1 on ! face ( !m1 mu/ be decades1 if n c5turies1 lat] ?an ,solomon's reign4 ,!re came no m1 we are in=m$1 su* abundance ( spices z ^? :i* ! que5 ( ,%eba gave to k+ ,solomon 7#a ,k+s x4 #aj74 ,! age ( ,solomon is cle>ly long pa/1 & 8 glory has be5 enhanc$ by ! lapse ( "t2 = silv] 0 no?+ acc\nt$ ( 9 ! days ( ,solomon1 x4 #ba4 ,tales are told ( 8 almo/ fabul\s rev5ue1 x4 #ad1 :i* c h>dly be reconcil$ ) ! /ory ( 8 loan f ,hiram1 ix4 #ad4 ,! /ory ( ,solomon is really a compilation1 & its v>i\s elem5ts are by no means all ( ! same hi/orical value4 ,footnote #a3 ,e4g41 #a ,k+s xii4 #ai implies ! exi/5ce ( ,israel1 & #b ,k+s viii4 #bb 7,edom revolt$ f "u ! h& ( ,judah unto ?is day7 ignores ! lat] conque/ ( ,edom by ,amaziah1 xiv4 #g4 ,! c>e] ( ,eli%a is also se5 ?r\gh ! col\rs ( a ri* & rev]5t imag9ation4 ,x is1 9 ! ma91 int5d$ to be a replica ( ,elijah's1 & _m ( 8 miracles are obvi\sly sugge/$ by 84 ,! /ory ( ,eli%a's resuscitation ( ! dead *ild is an expansion ( ! simil> /ory told ( ,elijah 7#b ,k+s iv41 #a ,k+s xvii471 & 8 miracle wr\ght 9 behalf ( ! wid[1 #b ,k+s iv4 #a-g1 is modell$ on a simil> miracle wr\ght by ,elijah1 #a ,k+s xvii4 #h-af4 ,!re is fur!r an elem5t ( magic 9 8 miracles :i* diff]5tiates !m f ,elijah's1 & ?r[s !m m ^u ! level ( m$iaeval hagiography2 su*1 e4g41 z ! float+ ( ! iron ^u ! wat]1 or ! rais+ ( a dead man by contact ) ! prophet's bones4 ,! ,elijah n>ratives1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5t a high] type ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! figure ( t great prophet may also h be5 glorifi$ by tradition1 b 9 any case 8 0 a p]sonality ( ! mo/ comm&+ p[]4 ,he 0 inde$ =tunate 9 8 biograph]2 8 /ory is told ) great dramatic & lit]>y art4 ,9 its acc\nt ( ! /ruggle ) ! gre$ ( ,ahab & ! lic5ti\sness ( ,baalism1 x %$s a brilliant light ^u "o ( ! mo/ crucial epo*s ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,ev5 ?is /ory1 h[ev]1 is n all ( a piece4 ,!re is l+ui/ic & o!r evid5ce t ! *apt] 7#b ,k+s i471 9 :i* two companies ( fifty m5 are consum$ by fire f heav5 at ! ^w ( ,elijah1 is v late4 ,9 ! /ory1 :i* is r me*anical & lacks ! spl5did dramatic p[] ( ! o!r ,elijah /ories1 ! prophet is only a wond]-work]1 & 8 action is n det]m9$ by any moral consid]ation4 ,x 0 n s mu* ! _s ( ,elijah himself1 b r t ( ! late r$actor1 t ,jesus rebuk$1 :5 ,he said to ,8 disciples1 :o quot$ ! prophet's conduct = a prec$5t1 ,ye "k n :at _s ye are (4 ,p]haps ! *apt] ( lea/ hi/orical value 9 ! book ( ,k+s is t 9 :i* ,j]oboam ,i is condemn$ & d5\nc$ = 8 idolatry at ,be!l 7#a ,k+s xiii474 ,x conta9s an unp>ellel$ in/ance ( pr$ictive prophecy3 ,josiah is =etold by "n ?ree c5turies be=e he appe>s1 v4 #b4 ,! difficulty ( ?is pr$iction is s ke5ly felt t "o or?odox comm5tator feels con/ra9$ to dispose ( x by assum+ t ! "n is to be tak51 n z a prop] "n1 b 9 its etymological s5se z "o :om ,jehovah supports1 ,! sudd5 )]+ ( ! h& & its equally sudd5 re/oration to heal? are h>dly m surpris+ ?an ! def9ite pr$iction ( ! fate ( ! idolatr\s prie/s1 v4 #b1--;a pr$iction :i* appe>s to be fulfill$ to ! lett]1 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #af-ah4 ,b :5 we exam9e ! acc\nt ( ! fulfilm5t1 we f9d t ! passage is lat] ?an its context#a & inconsi/5t ) x4 ,! conduct ( ! old prophet1 ^: ly+ c\nsel is attribut$ to an angel1 is1 morally consid]$1 disreputable1 & x is surely no accid5t t ! man ( ,god1 ^: message & fate are ?us /rangely told1 is anonym\s1 ?\gh1 z ! oppon5t ( ! fam\s ,j]oboam ,i1 ! lead] ( ! disruption1 he ought to h be5 well kn[n4 ,! vagu5ess & improbabilities ( ! /ory c only be acc\nt$ = by its v late date4 ,=tunately we are able to %[ t ! /ory is1 at ! e>lie/1 po/-exilic4 ,z we h already se51 !re is an allusion 9 v4 #cb to ! cities ( ,sam>ia1 :i* implies t ,sam>ia 0 a prov9ce1 & /amps ! passage at once z po/-exilic4 ,ev5 )9 ! po/-exilic p]iod1 x probably falls q late--a precursor ( ! book ( ,*ronicles4 ,! hi/orical _s is 9 abeyance1 & edification is ! only consid]ation4 ,! /ory is a late attempt to illu/rate ! great tru? t ,god's ^w is immutable & mu/ be uncompromis+ly obey$4 ,footnote #a3 ,v]se #af1 9 :i* ! bones are burn$ on ! alt>1 contradicts v4 #ae1 9 :i* ! alt> is already de/roy$4 ,! religi\s value ( ! book ( ,k+s is g5]al r ?an p>ticul>4 ,!re are individual sections ( great religi\s p[] & value--mo/ ( all ! great gr\p ( ,elijah n>ratives2 b ! book has be5 %orn1 by ! ?or\ghness ( ! r$action1 ( mu* t w\ld h be5 ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to ! mod]n /ud5t ( ,israel's religi\s no less ?an political developm5t4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 x has a c]ta9 melan*oly gr&eur4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! spl5did glitt] ( ,solomon's reign1 ! mon>*y pass$ ) un/eady gait across ! c5turies1 m5ac$ by foes )\t & )91 & end$ at la/ 9 ! irretrievable disa/] ( exile4 ,b ?r\gh ! sombre m>* ( hi/ory1 a div9e purpose 0 be+ accompli%$4 ,! disa/] :i* swall[$ up ! nation r5ew$ & spiritualiz$ ! religion1 & ?us ! seem+ loss prov$ great ga94 ,,isaiah ,,*apt]s ,i-,,xxxix ,isaiah is ! mo/ regal ( ! prophets4 ,8 words & ?\ghts are ^? ( a man ^: eyes _h se5 ! ,k+1 vi4 #e4 ,! times 9 :i* he liv$ 7 big ) political problems1 :i* he met z a /atesman :o saw ! l>ge mean+ ( ev5ts1 & z a prophet :o read a div9e purpose 9 hi/ory4 ,unlike 8 y\ng] contempor>y ,micah1 he 01 9 all probability1 an ari/ocrat2 & dur+ 8 long m9i/ry 7#gdj-gja ,b4,c41 possibly1 b n probably lat]7 he bore te/imony1 z unremitt+ z x 0 brilliant1 to ! indefeasible supremacy ( ! unse5 =ces t %ape hi/ory1 & to ! quiet /r5g? t comes f confid5ce 9 ,god4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ?ree ev5ts /& out z ( unique importance3 ! coalition--due to fe> ( ,assyria--=m$ by ,aram & ,israel aga9/ ,judah 9 #gce ,b4,c4 7vii4 #a-;ix4 #f71 ! capture ( ,sam>ia by ! ,assyrians 9 #gba ,b4,c41 & ! deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem 9 #gja ,b4,c4 f ! m5ace ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,9 ^! & 9 all crises1 ,isaiah's message 0 a religi\s "o1 b in/9ct1 z ! sequel %[$1 ) political wisdom4 ,x re/$ ultimately ^u ! vision ) :i* 8 m9i/ry _h be5 inaugurat$--! vision ( ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 ^u a ?rone high & lift$ up1 ^: glory fill$ ! :ole e>?4 ,! ,k+ 0 holy1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 9 ! e?ical s5se--= ! man ( unclean lips is afraid 9 ,8 pres5ce--b also p>tly 9 ! old] s5se ( be+ sep>at$1 elevat$1 lift$ above ! *ances & *anges ( humanity4 ,hol9ess "h is almo/ equival5t to maje/y1 x is ! o!r side ( ! div9e glory2 & x is ?is ?\ght t inspires ! message ( ,isaiah ) su* s]5e confid5ce4 ,8 ,god is on ! ?rone ( ! univ]se3 ,he is ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,8 purposes conc]n n only ,judah1 b ! :ole _w1 xiv4 #bf1 & ,8 k+dom mu/ ev5tually come4 ,!re=e x is t :51 at ! news ( ! conf$]acy ( ,aram & ,israel aga9/ ,judah1 ! he>t ( ,ahaz & 8 p %ook z %ake ! =e/ trees be=e ! w9d1 vii4 #b1 ,isaiah rema9s firm z a rock2 =1 to p>aphrase 8 own great allit]ative words1 ,fai? br+s fixity1 vii4 #i;b4 ,?is ^w ( 8 e>ly m9i/ry is also "o ( 8 late/ 7#gja73 he :o believe? %all n give way1 xxviii4 #af4 ,t is ! preci\s f\ndation /one t abides un%ak5 amid ! %ock ( circum/ance1 & c be> any weight t may be ?r[n ^u x4 ,?is1 !n1 is ,isaiah's great contribution to religion3 he is be=e all ?+s1 ! prophet ( fai?4 ,9 quietness & confid5ce y\r /r5g? %all be1 xxx4 #ae4 ,x is easy f ?is po9t ( view to und]/& ! scorn :i* ,isaiah heaps ^u ! common objects ( m5's tru/1 :e!r %ips1 walls or t[]s 7ii471 lip-wor%ip1 xxix4 #ac;f41 or ! gorge\s s]vices ( ! sanctu>y1 cunn+ diplomacy or ! project$ alliance ) ,egypt or ,assyria 7xxx474 ,isaiah is ! sworn foe ( mat]ialism3 ! contra/ betwe5 human & div9e res\rce is to him no?+ less ?an inf9ite4 ,! ,egyptians are m51 & n ,god2 & _! horses fle%1 & n _s1 7xxxi4 #c74 ,x is 9 h>mony ) ?is insi/5ce ^u ! supremacy ( ! spiritual t ,isaiah reg>d$ religion z sep>able n only f political =m1 b ev5 f ecclesia/ical organization2 = 7if ! text ( viii4 #af;b c be tru/$7 he committ$ 8 message n to ! contempor>y *ur*1 b to a few disciples1 trans=m+ !reby ! exi/+ conception ( ! *ur*1 & tak+ a /ep ( immeasurable significance = ! developm5t ( true religion4 ,! maje/y & orig9ality ( ,isaiah's ?\ght h _! c\nt]p>t 9 8 language4 ,v p[]ful1 e4g41 is 8 description ( ! ,assyrian army-- ,see6 ha/ily1 swiftly he comes1 ,none we>y1 none /umbl+ among !m1 ,! b& ( 8 lo9s nev] loos$1 ,! ?ong ( 8 %oes nev] torn4 ,8 arr[s are %>p5$1 ,8 b[s are all b5t4 ,! ho(s ( 8 horses are c\nt$ z fl9t1 ,& 8 :eels z ! :irlw9d4 ,8 ro> is l t ( ! lioness4 ,& l ! "y lions he ro>s1 ,?und]+1 seiz+ ! prey1 ,& be>+ x (f to a place ( security4 v4 #bf-bi4 ,! book is full ( poetry z f9e z ?is4 ,:e!r describ+ ! mighty ro> ( ! sea1 xvii4 #ab-ad1 or ,jehovah's p[] to def5d ,israel1 xxxi4 #d1 or s++ a t5d] v9ey>d song 7v472 ,isaiah is equally at home4 ,he effects 8 transitions ) consummate skill3 note1 e4g41 ! swift application he makes ( ! p>able ( ! v9ey>d1 v4 #e-g1 or ! sca?+ retort he makes to ^? :o compla9 ( ! monotony & repetition ( 8 message 7xxviii4 #aa74a ,footnote #a3 ,! real irony ( ?is passage1 xxviii4 #aj-ac1 c only be appreciat$ 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,! prophecies t fall )9 ! fir/ ?irty-n9e *apt]s are practically all on a v high religi\s & lit]>y level2 yet x is all b univ]sally conc$$ t !y are n entirely f ! h& ( ,isaiah4 ,"s prophecies1 e4g4 xiii41 xiv41 may be ne>ly two c5turies lat] ?an 8 "t1 o!rs1 e4g4 xxiv4-xxvii1 f\r or six2 inde$ l>ge sections or fragm5ts ( ! book are relegat$ by ! m radical critics to ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 & connect$ ) ! ,maccabean times4 ,b ev5 ! m cons]vative s*ol>s admit t sev]al oracles ( ,isaiah h be5 work$ ov] by lat] h&s1 possibly by pupils1 & t isolat$ sections1 e4g4 xxiv4-xxvii41 h to be relegat$ to ! po/-exilic age1 & ev5 to a comp>atively late p]iod )9 t age4 ,^! que/ions c only be settl$1 if at all1 by exegetical1 !ological & hi/orical consid]ations1 = :i* ?is is n ! place2 b 9 sket*+ ! cont5ts ( ! v>i\s prophecies1 ! m probable alt]natives w be indicat$1 :]e a solution is important4 ,x is pla9 t ! pres5t ord] ( ! book is n /rictly *ronological2 o!rwise x w\ld h begun ) ! inaugural vision :i* n[ appe>s 9 *4 vi4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !re are six m or less %>ply articulat$ divisions 9 ! fir/ ?irty-n9e *apt]s1 i4-xii41 xiii4-xxiii41 xxiv4-xxvii41 xxviii4-xxxiii41 xxxiv4-xxxv41 xxxvi4-xxxix4 ,*s1 i4-xii4 ,prophecies conc]n+ ,judah1 ,j]usalem 7& ,israel7 ,! fir/ division1 l ! f\r?1 deals 9 ! ma9 ) ,judah & ,j]usalem4 ,z ! next division1 xiii4-xxiii41 deals ) =eign peoples1 i4#a c s]ve z a preface only to ! fir/ division & n to ! :ole book4 ,! prophecy op5s ) an arraignm5t ( ,judah1 int5sely e?ical 9 _s4 ,x 0 plac$ "h1 n because x 0 fir/ 9 po9t ( "t1 b z a sort ( frontispiece2 =1 ?\gh ! diff]5t sections ( ! *41 e4g4 vv4 #b-i1 #aj-bj1 may come f diff]5t times1 ! fir/ at any rate implies ! ravag+ ( ,judah1 i4 #g1 & appe>s to po9t to ! invasion ( ,s5na*]ib 9 #gja ,b4,c43 x w\ld ?us be "o ( ! late/ 9 ! book4 ,! l& is wa/$1 ! body politic diseas$1 i4 #a-i2 ! p seek ! fav\r ( _! ,god by assidu\s & co/ly c]emony1 :i* ! prophet answ]s by an appeal = a moral in/ead ( a ritual s]vice1 vv4 #aj-bj4 ,b1 z inju/ice & idolatry are rampant1 !y w be surely puni%$1 vv4 #ba-ca4 ,z a foil to ?is picture ( ! depravity ( ,zion1 a foil also to ! imm$iately succe$+ description ( h] pride & idolatry1 is ! beautiful vision ( ,zion 9 ! issue ( ! days1 ii4 #b-e1 z ! city to :i* all nations %all resort = religi\s in/ruction1 & _! ob$i5ce to ! express$ w ( ! ,god ( ,zion w u%] 9 a reign ( univ]sal peace4 ,! passage appe>s1 ) an additional v]se1 9 ,micah iv4 #a-e1 :]e x seems to be pres]v$ 9 a m orig9al =m2 yet ,isaiah c h>dly h borr[$ x f ,micah1 :o 0 y\ng] ?an he4 ,x us$ to be suppos$ t bo? adopt$ x f an old] poet4 ,b ! cont5ts ( ! oracle1 assign+ z x does a _w-wide significance to ,zion1 its temple1 & its torah1 :ile n absolutely incompatible ) ,isaianic au?or%ip1 r po9t to a po/-exilic date4 ,we are ! m at lib]ty to assume t ! passage 0 lat] ins]t$ z a foil to ! prec$+ description ( ,zion z ,sodom1 z nei!r 9 ,isaiah nor 9 ,micah does x fit ! context4 ,! g5]al !me ( ii4-iv4 is ! div9e judgm5t :i* w fall on all ! fooli% pride ( ,judah4 ,h[ x w come1 ,isaiah does n say--! prophecy is "o ( ! e>lie/ 7#gce87--;b ! /orm t w sweep across ! l& w reveal ! impot5ce ( sup]/ition & idolatry & mat]ial res\rces ( e k9d1 ii4 #f-bb4 ,all ! supports ( ,judah's political life w be tak5 away3 inde$1 ! lead]s are ei!r s weak or rapaci\s t ! c\ntry is already z good z ru9$1 iii4 #a-ae2 & ! wom51 :o are z guilty z ! m51 w also be involv$ 9 _! doom1 iii4 #af-;iv4 #a4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is eloqu5t ?reat ( judgm5t ends 9 a vision ( com=t & peace1 iv4 #b-f4 ,! l& is "o day to be wondr\sly fruitful1 h] p to be cleans$ & holy1 & ! glory ( ,jehovah w be ov] ,zion z a %elt] & %ade4 ,! !ological implications ( ?is la/ passage seem late1 & x 0 probably app5d$ by ano!r h& ?an ,isaiah's z a contra/ & consolation4 ,!n foll[s a lam5t1 9 ! =m ( a v9ey>d song1 :i* skilfully ends 9 a d5unciation ( ,judah1 ! v9ey>d ( ,jehovah1 v4 #a-g1 m]g+ !reaft] into a sixfold woe1 pron\nc$ ^u h] rapaci\s l&-hold]s1 drunk>ds1 sceptics1 enemies ( ! moral ord]1 worldly wise m51 besott$ & unju/ judges1 v4 #h-bd4 ,?is is fitt+ly foll[$ by ! ann\ncem5t t ,jehovah w summon aga9/ ,judah ! swift1 unwe>i$ & inv9cible ho/s ( ,assyria1 v4 #be-cj4 ,9 ! noble vision 7#gdj ,b4,c47 :i* inaugurat$ 8 prophetic m9i/ry 7vi471 ,isaiah saw ! glori\s ,jehovah att5d$ by s]aphim & receiv$ f ,him ! call to g =? & deliv] 8 message to an unbeliev+ p4 ,?is vision appropriately introduces ! prophecies prop] 9 vii4-xii42 b x is practically c]ta9 t ?\gh ! vision itself 0 e>ly1 ! acc\nt ( x is lat]4 ,! hopelessness ( 8 prospective m9i/ry looks r l ! retrospect ( a disappo9t+ exp]i5ce4 ,?\gh ,isaiah else:]e expresses 8 fai? 9 ! salvation ( a remnant1 ?is *apt] ass]ts ! utt] annihilation ( ! p1 vv4 #aa-ac;ab4 ,an attempt has be5 made to relieve ! gloom 9 ! la/ clause ( ! *apt]1 v4 #ac c1 by a comp>ison ( ! /ump ( ! tree t rema9$1 aft] fell+1 to ! holy se$2 b ?is clause1 :i* is want+ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & utt]ly blunts ! ke5 edge ( ! prophecy1 is no "p ( ! orig9al *apt]4 ,! next section1 vii4 i-ix4 #f1 plunges u into ! w> :i* ! alli$ arms ( ,aram & ,israel wag$ aga9/ ,judah 9 #gce1 d\btless 9 ! desire to =ce h] to jo9 a coalition aga9/ ,assyria4 ,isaiah1 vii4 #a-ag1 seeks to reassure ! fai? ( ! trembl+ k+ ,ahaz2 & :5 ,ahaz refuses to put ! prophetic ^w to ! te/1 ,isaiah boldly decl>es t ! l& w be deliv]$ f ! m5ace be=e two or ?ree ye>s are ov]2 & _m a *ild--or x may be "s p>ticul> *ild--soon to be born1 w be giv5 ! "n ,immanuel1 & w !reby be> witness to ! fai? t1 despite ! /ress ( invasion1 ,god w n =get ,8 p1 b t ,he is ) u4#a ,to ! same p]iod1 b probably n ! same occasion1 belongs ! prophecy ( ! deva/ation ( ,judah by ,assyria1 vii4 #ah-be4 ,b ! bl[ is to fall fir/1 & )9 two or ?ree ye>s1 on ,aram & ,israel1 ) _! respective capitals4 ,x did n fall s quickly z ,isaiah _h expect$3 ,damascus 0 inde$ tak5 9 #gcb1 b ,sam>ia n till #gba3 9 _s1 h[ev]1 if n 9 ! lett]1 ! prophecy 0 fulfill$1 viii4 #a-d4 ,! unbelief ( ,judah w also be puni%$ by ! ho/s ( ,assyria1 b ! ultimate purpose ( ,jehovah w n be fru/rat$1 viii4 #e-aj4 ,he alone is to be fe>$1 & no comb9ation ( conf$]ate k+s ne$ al>m1 viii4 #aa-ae4 ,! prophet commits 8 message to 8 disciples1 & ) pati5ce & confid5ce looks = v9dication to ! future1 viii4 #af-ah4 ,desp]ate days w\ld come1 viii4 #ai-ia1 b !y w\ld be foll[$ by a brilliant day ( r$emption :5 ,jehovah w\ld remove ! yoke f ! %\ld] ( ,8 burd5$ p by s5d+ !m a glori\s pr9ce ) ! f\rfold "n4 ,footnote #a3 vii4 #h;b ,?is latt] prophecy1 ix4 #b-g1 has be5 d5i$ to ,isaiah1 b app>5tly ) insuffici5t reason4 ,! passage falls v naturally into its context4 ,! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,israel 7ix4 #a7 _h be5 ravag$ by ,assyria 9 #gcd ,b4,c4 7#b ,k+s xv4 #bi71 & ^u ?is d>kness x is fitt+ t ! great light %\ld %9e2 & ! yoke to be brok5 might well be ! heavy tribute ,judah 0 n[ oblig$ to pay4 ,!re are und\bt$ difficulties1 e4g4 ! m5tion ( a ,davidic k+1 ix4 #g1 aft] a specific ref]5ce to ! =tunes ( ,israel ov] :i* ! ,davidic k+ _h no jurisdiction2 & x is probable t we d n possess ! oracle 9 its orig9al =m or complet5ess4 ,b1 9 any case1 ! vision ( ! righte\s & prosp]\s k+ rul+ ov] a deliv]$ p fitt+ly closes ?is s]ies ( some:at loosely connect$ oracles4 ,! next section1 ix4 #h-x4 #d1 =ms a v arti/ic :ole1 consi/+ ( f\r /rophes1 ea* ( f\r v]ses1#a conclud+ ) ! refra9-- ,= all ?is ,8 wra? is n turn$1 ,& ,8 h& is /ret*$ out /ill4 ,! poem1 :i* falls ab\t #gcd1 la%es ! pride & ambition ( ,israel 7n ,judah7 & ?reat5s h] p ) loss ( t]ritory & population1 an>*y & civil w>4 ,! passage 0 probably orig9ally foll[$ by v4 #bf-bi1 :i* has a simil> refra91 & :i*1 ) its vivid description ( ! t]rible ,assyrian army1 w\ld =m an admirable climax to ?is poem4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 ix4 #h is an introduction & v4 #ac an int]polation4 ,*s4 x4 #e-xii4 #f4 ,assyria1 !n1 is ! in/rum5t ) :i* ,jehovah *a/ises ,israel4 ,b because %e executes h] task 9 a _s ( presumption & pride1 %e 9 h] turn is doom$ to de/ruction2 b ! remnant ( ,jehovah's p w be sav$1 x4 #e-bg4 ,! gradual approa* ( ! ,assyrians to ,j]usalem is !n describ$ 9 language full ( ^w-play1 vv1 #bh-cb1 :i* =cibly rem9ds u ( a v simil> passage 9 ,isaiah's contempor>y ,micah1 i4 #aj-ae4 ,?is *apt] is probably ab\t tw5ty ye>s lat] ?an ^? t imm$iately prec$e x4 ,!re is an obvi\s advance 9 ! prophet's attitude to ,assyria1 & ! boa/ 9 vv4 #i-aa c>ries ! *apt] lat] ?an ! fall ( ,sam>ia 7#gba7 & ,c>*emi% 7#gag74 ,x is ev5 possible t ! description ( ! ,assyrian advance 9 vv4 #bh-cb implies ,s5na*]ib's campaign 9 ,judah 9 #gja4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! enemy be=e ,j]usalem 9 x4 #cc1 #cd foll[s an en?usia/ic description ( ! ,messianic k+--( 8 wisdom & ju/ice1 & ( ! univ]sal peace :i* w ext5d ev5 to ! animal _w1 xi4 #a-i4 ,x is ! c\nt]p>t ( ix4 #b-g1 ?\gh "h aga91 & p]haps ) m reason1 ! ,isaianic au?or%ip has be5 d\bt$4 ,! peculi> emphasis ^u ! equipm5t ) ! _s is h>dly1 9 ^! e?ical relation%ips1 demon/rably pre-exilic1 & ! /em out ( :i* ! %oot is to gr[ sugge/s t ! mon>*y _h fall51 b ! ^w may possibly be us$ to indicate its decad5t condition4 ,9 any case1 !re seems v little d\bt t ! re/ ( ! section1 xi4 #aj-xii4 #f1 /rik+ly appropriate z x is 9 ?is place1 is po/-exilic4 ,x describes h[ 9 ! ,messianic days j pictur$1 !exiles ( ,israel & ,judah w be ga!r$ f ! ends ( ! e>? to _! own l&1 :]e _! ne> neighb\rs w all be vanqui%$1 xi4 #aj-af4 ,!n foll[s a simple song ( gratitude = ! r$emption ,jehovah has wr\ght1 xii4 ,! presuppositions ( ! disp]sion "h describ$ are n su* z fit into ,isaiah's "t2 !y w\ld n ev5 apply to ! conditions aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem & ! exile ( ,judah 9 #ehf1 /ill less to ! fall ( ,sam>ia & ! exile ( ,israel 9 #gbl--! passage mu/ be po/-exilic4 ,b ?\gh mu* lat] ?an ,isaiah's "t x =ms a v skilful conclusion to ! fir/ division ( 8 book1 & is an admirable c\nt]p>t to ! gloomy sc5es ( *4 i4 ,*s4 xiii4-xxiii4 ,prophecies conc]n+ =eign nations ,*s4 xiii4 #a-xiv4 #bc4 ,! ,d[nfall ( ,babylon4 ,! oracle conc]n+ ,babylon1 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( oracles conc]n+ =eign nations1 is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t odes 9 lit]ature4 ,a day ( de/ruction to be execut$ by ! ,m$es is com+ ^u ,babylon ! pr\d 7xiii47 & ! exiles w return to _! own l&1 xiv4 #a-c4 ,! triumph song t foll[s discloses a weird sc5e 9 ! und]world1 :]e ! fall5 k+ ( ,babylon receives an ironical welcome f ! %ad[-k+s ( ! o!r nations4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is prophecy is n by ,isaiah4 ,x gl[s ) a passionate hatr$ ( ,babylon2 b ! ,babylon :i* figur$ 9 ! days ( ,isaiah 7xxxix47 0 only a prov9ce ( ,assyria1 n an indep5d5t & oppressive _w-p[]2 nor w\ld its de/ruction h meant ! return ( ! exiles ( nor!rn ,israel4 ,! situation is pla9ly t ( ! p]iod dur+ ! lat] exile ( ,judah be=e ! capture ( ,babylon by ,cyrus 9 #ech1 z ! horrors :i* ! poet anticipat$ 7xiii4 #ae;f47 did n take place4 ,9 ! _s ( *4 x41 xiv4 #bd-bg proclaims ! inv9cible triumph ( ,jehovah's purpose & ! de/ruction ( ! ,assyrians 9 ! l& ( ,judah4 ,! assass9ation ( ,s>gon 9 #gje ,b4,c4 0 ! cause ( wild rejoic+ ?r\gh\t ! we/]n vassal /ates3 ! joy ( ,phili/ia is rebuk$ by ! prophet 9 vv4 #bh-cb ) ! w>n+ t worse is yet 9 /ore--an allusion1 no d\bt1 to an expect$ ,assyrian invasion4 ,if ?is be ! !me ( ! passage1 v4 #bh c h>dly be correct1 z ,ahaz _h di$ t5 or tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,*s4 xv41 xvi4 ,oracle conc]n+ ,moab4 ,! subscription to ?is prophecy1 xvi4 #ac1 indicates t we h "h an old] prophetic oracle1 giv5 h]et(ore4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is n s mu* a prophecy z an elegy ov] ! fate ( ,moab ^: l& _h be5 deva/at$ by an invad] f ! nor?4 ,! fugitives1 arriv+ 9 ,edom1 s5d 9 va9 = help to ! p ( ,judah4 ,:o ! invad] 0 x is h>d to say--possibly ,j]oboam ,,ii ( ,israel1 ^: conque/s 7 ext5sive 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #be2 ,amos vi4 #ad74 ,! oracle1 besides be+ diffuse1 is altoge!r de/itute ( high] prophetic ?\ght1 & is c]ta9ly n ,isaiah's1 ?\gh he adapt$ x to ! exi/+ situation & =etold a simil> & spe$y deva/ation ( ,moab1 no d\bt at ! h&s ( ! ,assyrians1 xvi4 #ad4 ,*4 xvii4 ,i-,,ii4 ,?is prophecy conc]n+ ,aram & ,israel falls1 no d\bt1 )9 ! p]iod :5 ^! two c\ntries 7 leagu$ aga9/ ,judah1 ab\t #gce4 ,! doom ( ,aram is to be utt] de/ruction2 t ( ,israel1 all b utt] de/ruction4 ,9 ! next two passages1 xvii4 #ab-ad1 xviii41 ,isaiah appe>s to return to 8 fav\rite !me ( ! sure de/ruction ( ! ,assyrians1 ?\gh !y are n m5tion$ by "n4 ,9 xvii4 #ab-ad _! ho/s are comp>$ to ! noise ( _m wat]s1 :ile 9 xviii4 _! doom is ann\nc$ by ! prophet 9 answ] to an embassy s5t by ! ,e?iopians1 :o 7 al>m$ at ! prospect ( an invasion by ! ,assyrians1 d\btless "u ,s5na*]ib4 ,*4 xix4 ,oracle conc]n+ ,egypt4 ,= ,egypt ! prophet ann\nces a doom ( civil w>1 oppression at ! h&s ( a h>d ma/]1 & public & private di/ress :i* w issue 9 despair1 vv4 #a-ag4 ,9 _! t]ror1 h[ev]1 ! ,egyptians w cry to ,jehovah1 :o w reveal ,himself to !m & be 9 consequ5ce hon\r$ & wor%ipp$ on ,egyptian soil4 ,!n a triple alliance w be =m$ betwe5 ,egypt1 ,assyria & ,israel1 & !y %all all be ,jehovah's p1 vv4 #ah-be4 ,! dream ( su* an alliance is v attractive & n too bold = s orig9al a ?9k] z ,isaiah4 ,b ! passage is beset by difficulties4 ,! attitude to ,egypt appe>s to be mu* fri5dli] 9 vv4 #ah-be ?an 9 vv4 #a-ag2 & x seems q impossible to f9d )9 ,isaiah's age a place = five 7sev]al87 ,hebrew-speak+ cities 9 ,egypt1 v4 #ah1 :]eas su* a ref]5ce w\ld excell5tly fit ! lat] po/-exilic "t :5 !re 7 ext5sive ,jewi% colonies 9 ,egypt4 ,if ! city specially m5tion$ at ! end ( ! v]se be1 z x seems to be1 ei!r ,sun-city 7,heliopolis7 or ,lion-city 7,leontopolis7 !n x w\ld n be unnatural to f9d1 9 ! next v]se1 ) its wor%ip ( ,jehovah ^u ,egyptian soil1 a ref]5ce to ! f\nd+ ( a temple at ,leontopolis by ,onias 9 #afj ,b4,c4 ,9 t case1 ,assyria 9 v4 #bc /&s1 z occasionally else:]e1 = ,syria1 f :i* ,israel _h suff]$ m sev]ely dur+ ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ?an ! e>li] ,israel f ,assyria2 & ! dream ( ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 & ,egypt1 unit$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 w\ld be j z /rik+ & g5]\s 9 ! second c5tury z 9 ! eigh?4 ,at fir/1 v4 #ai seems to tell p[]fully 9 fav\r ( ! ,isaianic au?or%ip1 z ! massebah 7pill>7 "h reg>d$ z innoc5t 0 proscrib$ a c5tury aft] ,isaiah by ! ,deut]onomic law 7,deut4 xii4 #c74 ,b ! ,egyptian ,jews may n h be5 s /r+5t z ! ,pale/9ian1 or we may ev5 suppose t ! pill> has "h no?+ to d ) wor%ip1 b /&s1 = "s o!r purpose1 on ! b\nd>y l9e4 ,!re is no adequate reason1 h[ev]1 :y vv4 #a-ag1 or at lea/ vv4 #a-ae1 %\ld n be assign$ to ,isaiah4 ,9 *4 xx4 7#gaa ,b4,c41 cf4 v4 #a1 capture ( ,a%dod7 ,isaiah indicates 9 symbolic prophecy--:i*1 h[ev]1 0 n fulfill$--t ! p ( ,egypt & ,e?iopia w\ld be deport$ by ! ,assyrians4 ,! prophet's object 0 to dissuade ! p ( ,judah f ! ,egyptian alliance :i* !y 7 contemplat+4 ,! !me ( xxi4 #a-aj is ! same z t ( xiii41 xiv4--! imp5d+ fate ( ,babylon--& ! passages may be almo/ contempor>y4 ,w>riors ( ,elam & ,m$ia are s5t aga9/ ,babylon1 & ! issue is await$ ) tremul\s excitem5t1 till at la/ ! wat*man proclaims ! welcome news1 ,babylon is fall51 is fall54 ,! importance "h align$ to ,babylon & h] fall1 ! express m5tion ( ,elam & ,m$ia1 v4 #b1 z h] assailants1 & ! description ( ,jehovah's p z ?re%$ po9t unmi/akably to ! la/ ye>s ( ! exile1 aft] ! rise ( ,cyrus 9 #edi1 & be=e ! fall ( ,babylon 9 #ech1 s t ! passage _c be f ,isaiah4 ,) ?is seems to g ! next little enigmatic oracle conc]n+ ,edom1 xxi4 #aa1 #ab1 ^: fate1 z affect$ by ! fall ( ,babylon1 is z yet unc]ta94 ,! des]t tribes1 xxi4 #ac-ag1 w also be affect$ by ! g5]al upheaval & be driv5 f ! regul> c>avan r\tes4 ,*4 xxii4 is ! only *apt] 9 ?is division 7xiii4-xxiii47 :i* is n conc]n$ ) =eign nations4 ,x probably owes its place "h to its peculi> sup]scription :i* con=ms to ! o!r sup]scription 9 xiii4-xxiii4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! prophet lam5ts & v /]nly rebukes ! frivolity ( ! p ( ,j]usalem--:e!r %ortly be=e ! invasion ( ,s5na*]ib or aft] 8 retreat1 x is h>d to say4 ,tru/+ 9 _! arm\r & =tifications !y give ! re9 to _! appetites1 b he solemnly decl>es t _! s9 w be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,unique among ! oracles ( ,isaiah are ! two pieces1 xxii4 #ae-ah & #ai-be1 :i* deal ) p]sons4 ,%ebna1 "o ( ! c\rt (ficials & probably a =eign]1 is ?reat5$ ) exile & ! consequ5t loss ( 8 (fice3 probably he *ampion$ ! policy ( an ,egyptian alliance4 ,8 place w be tak51 accord+ to ,isaiah1 by ,eliakim1 :o1 curi\sly en\gh1 is ?reat5$ 9 8 turn4 ,probably vv4 #ai-bc are an adaptation ( #b ,k+s xviii4 #ah1 :]e ,eliakim is hold+ an (fice "h held by ,%ebna1 :ile ,%ebna is only a scribe4 ,a prophetic lam5t ov] ,tyre 7xxiii47 concludes ! oracles deal+ ) ! =eign peoples4 ,! glad anci5t m]*ant city w be br\ght to sil5ce1 vv4 #a-ad1 ?\gh aft] sev5ty ye>s %e is to be reviv$1 & ! proce$s ( h] traffic are to be enjoy$ by ! p ( ,j]usalem1 vv4 #ae-ah4 ,!re 0 a siege ( ,tyre dur+ ,isaiah's "t1 b x is probably n t :i* is celebrat$ "h1 z ! poem lacks ! nobility & gr&eur ( ! prophet's /yle4 ,if ! oracle is held to imply ! conque/ ( ,tyre1 x w\ld require to be br\ght d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 b x may well be only an anticipatory lam5t & !re=e e>li]1 contempor>y p]haps ) a simil> oracle ( ,ezekiel conc]n+ ! siege ( ,tyre 7,ez4 xxvi4-xxviii47 ,v]ses #ae-ah are cle>ly dep5d5t on ,j]emiah's view ( ! duration ( ! ,*aldean oppression 7,j]4 xxv4 #aa1 xxix4 #aj72 & ! :ole *apt] may be exilic4 ,*s4 xxiv4-xxvii4 ,late prophecy conc]n+ ! glori\s issue ( "s _w-cata/rophe4 ,?is section is v peculi>1 obscure1 & 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t altoge!r unique4 ,contempor>y hi/orical facts are se5 n[ 9 ! lurid light ( fe>1 m (t5 9 ! m brilliant light ( es*atological hopes4 ,9 *4 xxiv4 a great cata/rophe is imp5d+4 ,! _w is we>y1 & joy has vani%$4 ,! city 7,j]usalem87 is desolate4 ,some?+ has happ5$ to revive ,jewi% hopes & k9dle high expectations z to ! issue ( ! com+ calamity1 b 9 ! imm$iate future new woes are imp5d+--! e>? w reel2 on t day1 h[ev]1 ,jehovah w sudd5ly puni% ! p[]s sup]natural & t]re/rial1 & come d[n to reign 9 glory on ,m\nt ,zion4 ,!n 7xxv47 foll[s an en?usia/ic song ( praise1 because a c]ta9 /rong city 7unnam$7 has be5 laid l[4 ,a great banquet is prep>$ on ,zion = all ! sorr[-ridd5 nations ( ! _w--emblem ( _! reception into ! ,k+dom ( ,god--te>s are wip$ f e eye1 &1 ) _! reproa* remov$1 ! ,jews praise _! ,god = ! victory4 ,ano!r song ( praise foll[s 9 xxvi4 #a-xxvii4 #a = ! p[] ) :i* ,jehovah has def5d$ ,8 own city1 & laid h] pr\d rival l[4 ,! wick$ w n le>n f ! div9e judgm5ts2 b1 :ile !y are de/roy$1 n only d ,jehovah's own p increase1 b _! dead are re/or$ to life1 to p>ticipate 9 ,8 glori\s k+dom2 & ! dragon is smitt54 ,!n foll[s xxvii4 #b-f1 a song ( ! v9ey>d-c\nt]p>t to v4 l-#g--:i* praises ,jehovah's c>e = ,judah1 ) :om ,he is angry no m4 ,h] rival %all become a desolation1 b %e h]self %all be =giv5 & re-e/abli%$1 if only %e remove all signs ( hea!n wor%ip1 & f ! ends ( ! e>? h] exil$ sons %all ga!r to wor%ip at ,j]usalem4 ,! orig9 ( ?is piece is wrapp$ 9 obscurity2 & x w\ld seem t ! au?or1 = "s reason1 delib]ately conceal$ ! hi/orical situation4 ,x is n ev5 c]ta9 t ! piece is a unity3 ! song1 e4g41 9 xxv4 #a-e int]rupts ! description ( judgm5t1 & ! connection is occasionally loose4 ,!re is no clue to :at is meant by ! /rong city :i* is to be ov]?r[n4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ! writ] liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 d\btless 9 or ne> ,j]usalem1 xxv4 #f1 #g1 at a "t :5 ! ,jews 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t _m l&s1 xxiv4 #ad-af1 xxvii4 #ab1 #ac1 & :5 !re 7 at lea/ ?ree great _w p[]s1 xxvii4 #a4 ,?is c\ld h>dly h be5 e>li] ?an ! end ( ! ,p]sian p]iod1 & probably ! tid+s t rang f ! isles ( ! sea1 xxiv4 #ad1 #ae1 7 ^? ( ! victori\s advance ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,no e>li] date w\ld suit ! !ological implications ( ! passage3 e4g4 ! judgm5t ^u ! ho/s ( heav51 xxiv4 #ba1 #bb 7cf4 ,dan4 xi471 ! resurrection f ! dead1 xxvi4 #ai1 ! banquet ( ! nations on ,zion1 xxv4 #f4 ,! /yle ( ! passage is ne>ly z peculi> z its ?\ght1 x ab\nds 9 assonance & allit]ation4 ,x is assign$ by "s to ! close ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 b1 9 any case1 x c h>dly be e>li] ?an ! lat] half ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & may well express ! wild expectations to :i* disappo9t$ ,jewi% he>ts 7 lift$ by ! conque/s ( ,alex&]4 ,*s4 xxviii4-xxxiii4 ,prophecies conc]n+ ,judah & ,j]usalem ,we n[ return to ! und\bt$ prophecies ( ,isaiah4 ,?is gr\p beg9s ) a woe1 xxviii4 #a-d1 pron\nc$ n long be=e ! fall ( ,sam>ia 9 #gba ,b4,c41 end+ 9 two v]ses1 #e1 #f1 pres5t+ ano!r outlook1 app>5tly by a lat] h&4 ,9 vv4 #g-bb1 probably ab\t ! "t ( ! ,egyptian alliance1 ,judah is also ?reat5$ = ! drunk5ness ( h] lead]s1 & = ! false confid5ce :i* leads ! p scornfully to close _! e>s to prophetic in/ruction4 ,! int]e/+ little section :i* foll[s1 vv4 #bc-bi1 %[s h[ ! f>m] adapts 8 me?ods to ! p>ticul> "w he has to d4 ,! connection1 h[ev]1 is any?+ b obvi\s3 x may be int5d$ z a rem9d] to ! sceptics ( ,judah t ! div9e p5alties1 ?\gh sl[1 v4 #ai1 are sure2 or x may be meant to sugge/ t ,god's judgm5ts are temp]$ ) m]cy4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs ! prophecy ( ! di/ress t is to be inflict$ on ,ariel1 i4e4 ,j]usalem1 by a great multitude ( all ! nations1 cle>ly ,s5na*]ib's army1 xxix4 #a-ae2 b 9 a prophecy1 probably mu* lat]1 :i* is dramatically app5d$ to x1 a promise ( r$emption & re/oration is held out1 xxix4 #af-bd4 ,9 xxx41 xxxi41 also be=e ! invasion ( ,s5na*]ib1 ! prophet d5\nces ! folly ( tru/+ ! impot5t aid ( ,egypt1 :5 _! real /r5g? lay 9 quietly tru/+ _! ,god3 = ,jehovah w smite ! ,assyrian ) a my/]i\s bl[ & def5d 8 de> ,j]usalem4 ,?\gh su* promises und\bt$ly fall )9 ! range ( ,isaiah's message1 ! ideas & ! g5]al tone ( xxx4 #ah-bf are suffici5t to place t passage almo/ c]ta9ly 9 ! po/-exilic p]iod4 ,aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( calamity 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 xxxii4 #a-h ?r[s up a picture--:e!r f ,isaiah's or a lat] h&--( ! ,messianic age1 :5 rul]s w\ld be j & "* trans=m$4 ,! imm95t desolation ( ,j]usalem1 ) :i* ! wom5 are ?reat5$1 is aga9 imm$iately contra/$ ) ! fruitfulness & security ( ! l&1 :5 ! _s w be p\r$ out f on high1 xxxii4 #i-bj4 ,?is gr\p is clos$ by a song ( triumph 7xxxiii47 ov] ! prospective annihilation ( ! =eign foes :o h cru%$ ,israel1 by ! glori\s ,god :o def5ds ,j]usalem4 ,!re is mu* 9 ! passage1 especially t[>ds ! end1 vv4 #ai-ba1 :i* looks z if ! ,assyrians 7 ! enemy1 & ! prophecy1 l mo/ ( ^? 9 ?is gr\p1 fell %ortly be=e ,s5na*]ib's invasion4 ,b1 besides lack+ ! vig\r ( ,isaiah's ackn[l$g$ prophecies1 ! passage conta9s ideas :i* are h>dly 83 e4g4 ! s9n]s 9 ,zion1 v4 #ad1 are n to be de/roy$ b =giv51 v4 #bd4 ,! allusion to ! k+ 9 v4 #ag1 if ! text is correct1 helps u little1 z ! k+ may be ,jehovah4 ,!re is a gr[+ conviction t ! passage is po/-exilic1 "s s*ol>s ev5 br++ x d[n to ! ,maccabean times1 ab\t #afc ,b4,c4 ,*s4 xxxiv41 xxxv4 ,prophecy conc]n+ ! r$emption & return ( ,israel4 ,a fitt+ conclusion to ! :ole book--ignor+ xxxvi4-xxxix41 :i* is an hi/orical app5dix--is af=d$ by ! picture ( ! _w-judgm5t1 ! r$emption ( ,israel1 & ! de/ruction ( h] enemies 9 xxxiv41 xxxv4 ,edom is s+l$ out z ! special object ( ,jehovah's v5geance1 xxxiv4 #e-ag2 &1 9 contra/ to h] desolation1 is ! bless$ness ( ,israel1 return+ to h] own l& across ! blossom+ wild]ness ) exce$+ joy4 ,*4 xxxv41 at any rate1 seems to po9t to ! return ( ! exiles f ,babylon1 & *4 xxxiv4 may also )\t viol5ce be fitt$ into ?is "t4 ,! ,jews nev] =got or =gave ! ,edomites = _! cruelty on ! occasion ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7,lam4 iv4 #ba;ff41 ,ps4 cxxxvii4 #g7 & ! joy ( _! own r$emption w\ld be height5$ by ! ru9 ( ,edom 7,mal4 i4 #b-e74 ,if1 h[ev]1 xxxiv4 #af implies1 z we are n b\nd to believe1 a fix$ prophetic canon1 ! *apt]s w\ld be v late1 fall+ some:]e )9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,m probably !y 7 writt51 l xiii41 xiv41 t[>ds ! end ( ! exile4 xxxvi4-xxxix4 ,hi/orical ,app5dix ,sep>at+ ! e>li] f ! lat] ( ! two great divisions ( ! book ( ,isaiah 7i4-xxxv41 xl4-lxvi47 /&s a purely hi/orical section1 practically id5tical ) & probably borr[$ f #b ,k+s xviii4 l#c-xx4 #ai1 :i* f9ds its place "h1 no d\bt simply because ( its connection ) ! prophet ,isaiah4 ,x tells ! /ory ( ,s5na*]ib's invasion ( ,judah1 8 insult+ dem&s1 :e!r transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,rab%akeh 7xxxvi47 or by lett] 7xxxvii471 ( ,hezekiah's t]ror & ,isaiah's div9e ^w ( reassurance1 & ( ! ultimate dep>ture ( ! ,assyrian army4 ,*4 xxxviii4 conta9s ,isaiah's prophecy to ,hezekiah ( 8 recov]y f sickness1 ) ! k+'s song ( gratitude4 ,?is is foll[$ by ano!r prophecy ( ! ,babylonian exile1 occasion$ by an embassy s5t to ,hezekiah by ,m]oda* ,baladan1 k+ ( ,babylon 7xxxix474 ,?is acc\nt omits ! v important /atem5t 9 #b ,k+s xviii4 #ad-af ( ! heavy tribute paid by ,hezekiah to ! ,k+ ( ,assyria1 & ins]ts ! psalm ( ,hezekiah1 xxxviii4 #i-bj1 :i* is no d\bt lat] ?an ! r$action ( ! book ( ,k+s z x is n f\nd !re1 & is1 9 all probability1 a po/-exilic psalm4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! acc\nts 9 xxxvi4 #a-xxxvii4 #i;a & xxxvii4 #i;b-#cg are simply p>allel v]sions ( ! same incid5t1 or ref] to two diff]5t campaigns4 ,9 ! di/9ctly prophetical portion1 xxxvii4 #bb;ff1 ?\gh !re is mu* t recalls ,isaiah1 ! passage 9 its pres5t =m c h>dly be 84 ,*4 xxxvii4 #bf1 e4g4 w\ld be a p]t95t appeal to ,israel1 b h>dly to ,s5na*]ib2 x re/s1 no d\bt1 on ! lat] ,isaiah 7xl4 #bh1 xlvi4 #aa74 ,! prophecy ( exile to ,babylon1 xxxix4 #f1 #g1 is n natural at a "t :5 ,assyria1 n ,babylon1 0 ! enemy4 ,aga91 xxxvii4 #cc1 :i* d5ies t ev5 an arr[ w\ld be %ot1 is h>dly reconcilable ) ,isaiah's prophecy ( an ardu\s siege = ! city1 xxix4 #a-d4 ,fur!r1 ! m9ute pr$iction t ,hezekiah's life w\ld be prolong$ = fifte5 ye>s is n 9 ! mann] ( ,isaiah1 nor inde$ ( any ( ! great prophets1 ^: precise numb]s1 :]e !y occur1 are to be int]pret$ z r\nd numb]s 7e4g4 sev5ty ye>s 9 ,j]4 xxv4 #aa1 xxix4 #aj72 & ! /ory ( ! rev]sal ( ! %ad[ on ! sun-dial reflects ! lat] conception ( ! prophet z a miracle-work] 7cf4 ,i ,k+s xiii4 #c-f74 ,! section1 9 its pres5t =m1 mu/ be po/-exilic4 ,,*apt]s ,,xl4-,,lv4 ,) *4 xl4 we pass into a diff]5t hi/orical & !ological atmosph]e f t ( ! au!ntic prophecies ( ,isaiah4 ,! v fir/ ^w1 ,com=t ye1 /rikes a new note3 9 ! ma91 ! message ( ,isaiah _h be5 "o ( judgm5t4 ,j]usalem & ! cities ( ,judah are 9 ru9s1 xlv4 #ac4 ,! p are 9 exile 9 ! l& ( ! ,*aldeans1 xlvii4 #e1 #f1 f :i* !y are on ! po9t ( be+ deliv]$1 xlviii4 #bj4 ,! "t ( h] sorr[ is all b ov]1 xl4 #b2 & h] r$emption is to come ?r\gh a great w>rior :o is twice expressly nam$ z ,cyrus1 xliv4 #bh1 xlv4 #a1 & occasionally allud$ to z a figure almo/ too famili> to ne$ nam+1 xli4 #be1 xlv4 #ac4 ,he x is :o is to ov]?r[ ,babylon1 xlviii4 #ad4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! situation3 ! exile is n pr$ict$1 x is presuppos$1 & ! oppressor is n ,assyria1 z 9 ,isaiah's "t1 b ,babylon4 ,n[ x is a c>d9al1 inde$ an obvi\s pr9ciple1 ( prophecy t ! prophet addresses himself1 at lea/ prim>ily1 to ! situation ( 8 own "t4 ,prophecy is a moral1 n a magical ?+2 & no?+ w\ld be ga9$ by ! deliv]y ( a message ov] a c5tury & a half be=e x 0 ne$$1 to a p to :om x 0 irrelevant & un9telligible4 ,! lit]>y /yle ( ^! *apt]s also diff]s widely f t ( ,isaiah4 ,no d\bt !re are po9ts ( contact1 notably 9 ! fondness = ! phrase1 ! holy ,"o ( ,israel--a fav\rite phrase ( ,isaiah's & r>e else:]e4 ,! influ5ce ( ,isaiah is unmi/akable1 b ! diff]5ces are no less /rik+4 ,isaiah m\nts up on w+s z an eagle3 ! lat] prophet nei!r m\nts nor runs1 he walks1 xl4 #ca4 ,he has n ! old] prophet's maje/y2 he has a quiet dignity1 & 8 tone is m t5d]4 ,nor has he ,isaiah's exub]ance & f]tility ( res\rce3 ! same ?\ghts are repeat$1 ?\gh ) pleas+ & +5i\s v>iations1 ov] & ov] aga94 ,all 8 *>act]i/ic ?\ghts already appe> 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s3 ! c]ta9ty & joy ( ,israel's r$emption1 ! omnipot5ce ( ,jehovah & ! absurdity ( idolatry1 ! call ( ,cyrus to execute ,jehovah's purpose1 ! ultimate design ( t purpose z ! br++ ( ! :ole _w1 ?r\gh r$eem$ ,israel1 to a k ( ! true ,god4 ,! !ological ideas ( ! prophecy are diff]5t f ^? ( ,isaiah4 ,unique emphasis is laid on ! creative p[] ( ,jehovah1 & ?is ?\ght is appli$ to ! case ( =lorn ,israel ) ov]:elm+ effect2 = x is none o!r ?an ! et]nal & omnipot5t ,god t is ab\t to reveal ,himself z ,israel's r$eem]1 9 fulfilm5t ( anci5t words ( prophecy1 xliv4 #g1 #h4 ,?is v attitude to prophecy m>ks ! book z late2 x w\ld n be possible 9 a pre-exilic prophet4 ,b ! mo/ orig9al conception ( ! book is "o :i* f9ds no p>allel :atev] 9 ,isaiah1 viz4 ! suff]+ s]vant ( ,jehovah4 ,?is s]vant is ! exclusive !me ( ! f\r songs1 xlii4 #a-d1 xlix4 #a-f1 l4 #d-i1 lii4 l#c-liii4 #ab2 b m or less he is involv$ 9 ! :ole prophecy4 ,! function ( ! s]vant is to give light to ! ,g5tiles--9 o!r words1 to br+ ! _w to a k ( ,jehovah 7cf4 xlii4 #a1 xlv4 #ad74 ,:o is ! s]vant8 ,! difficulty 9 answ]+ ?is "q is tw(old3 7i47 :ile ! s]vant is (t5 und\bt$ly a collective t]m = ! p ( ,israel1 xli4 #h1 xliv4 #a1 #b1 ! descriptions ( him1 especially 9 ! songs allud$ to1 are occasionally s intimately p]sonal z to seem to compel an individual int]pretation 7cf4 liii474 ,b 9 ?is connection we h to rememb] ! ease ) :i* ! ,ori5tal c\ld p]sonify1 & apply ev5 ! mo/ p]sonal detail to a collective body4 ,grey hairs are ^u him1 says ,hosea1 vii4 #i1 n ( a man b ( ! nation2 & ,isaiah himself1 i4 #f1 describ$ ! body politic z sick f ! cr[n ( ! head to ! sole ( ! foot 7cf4 ,ezek4 xvi41 xxiii74 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 individual allusions d n necess>ily compel an individual int]pretation2 & !re is no reason 9 ! nature ( ! case1 & /ill less 9 ! context1 to assume a ref]5ce to any specific individual4 ,! songs are an integral "p ( ! prophecy3 ! function ( ! s]vant is ! same1 & ! s]vant mu/ also be ! same 9 bo?4 ,inde$ "o passage 9 ! second song1 xlix4 #c1 expressly id5tifies ! s]vant ) ,israel2 & 9 liii41 an int5sely p]sonal *apt]1 :]e ! s]vant1 aft] dea?1 is to rise aga9 & take 8 place victori\sly 9 ! _w1 ! collective int]pretation ( ! s]vant z ,israel1 em]g+ triumphantly f ! doom ( exile1 is natural1 if n necess>y4 ,b 7ii47 admitt+ t ! s]vant is ev]y:]e ,israel1 a new difficulty em]ges4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* he is describ$ are (t5 app>5tly contradictory4 ,at "o "t he is bl9d & deaf1 xlii4 #ah1 #ai2 at ano!r he is ,jehovah's witness & m9i/] to ! bl9d & deaf1 i4e4 to ! hea!n _w1 xliii4 #h-aj1 xlii4 #g4 ,?is contra/1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! prophecy1 is simply to be expla9$ z a bl5d+ ( ! real & ! ideal4 ,! p contemplat$ are 9 bo? cases ! same2 b1 at "o "t1 ! prophet contemplates !m z !y are1 unreceptive & irresponsive to _! high de/9y2 at ano!r1 he reg>ds !m 9 ! light ( t de/9y--call$1 ?r\gh _! exp]i5ce ( suff]+ & r$emption1 to br+ ! _w to a sav+ k ( ! true & only ,god4 ,*apt]s xl4-xlix4 fall some:]e ab\t #edj ,b4,c4-betwe5 ! decisive victories ( ,cyrus ov] ! ,lydians 9 #edf 7cf4 xli4 #a-e7 & ! capture ( ,babylon 9 #ech4 ,! prophecy op5s ) a ^w ( consolation4 ,! exile ( ,judah is all b ov]1 h] r$emption is v nigh2 = ! et]nal purpose ( ,jehovah mu/ be fulfill$1 xl4 #a-aa1 ,he is a ,god ^: p[] & wisdom are beyond all imag9+1 & ,he w be ! /r5g? ( ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 ,him 7xl4 #ab-cl74#a ,= ,he has rais$ up a great w>rior f ! nor?-ea/ 7cf4 xli4 #b1 #be71 i4e4 ,cyrus1 ?r\gh :om ,israel's happy return to h] own l& is assur$ 7xli4 #a-bj74 ,israel's ,god is ! true ,god2 = ,he alone =etold ?is day1 z no hea!n god c\ld ev] h done1 xli4 #ba-bi4 ,! mission ( ,8 s]vant ,israel is to spread ! k ( ,8 "n ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & t mission mu/ be fulfill$1 xlii4 #a-i4 ,let ! _w rejoice1 !n1 at ! glori\s r$emption ,jehovah has wr\ght = ,8 p1 xlii4 #aj-ag2 = _! sorr[1 xlii4 #ah-be1 & _! r$emption alike1 xliii4 #a-g1 spr+ f a deep purpose ( love4 ,israel is n[ fitt$ to be ,jehovah's witness be=e ! _w1 = h] imp5d+ deliv]ance f ,babylon is m m>vell\s ?an h] anci5t deliv]ance f ,egypt1 xliii4 #h-ba4 ,h] griev\s s9s are freely =giv51 xliii4 #bb-bh1 & soon %e %all ent] ^u a new & happy life1 xliv4 #a-e1 = h] ,god1 ! et]nal & ! only ,god1#b =gives & r$eems1 xliv4 #f-bc4 ,footnote #a3 ,betwe5 xl4 #ai & #bj probably xli4 #f1 #g %\ld be ins]t$4 ,footnote3 ,*4 xliv4 #i-bj1 ?\gh graphic1 is diffuse1 & int]rupts ! context3 x is probably a lat] addition4 ,! deliv]ance ( ,israel is to be effect$ ?r\gh ,cyrus1 :o is hon\r$ ) ! high titles1 ,%eph]d & ,messiah ( ,jehovah1 xlv4 #a1 & assur$ by him ( a triumphant c>e]1 = ,israel & ! true religion's sake1 xliv4 #bd-xlv4 #h4 ,^? :o are surpris$ at ,jehovah's call ( ! =eign ,cyrus are /]nly rem9d$ t ,jehovah is sov]eign & c call :om ,he w1 xlv4 #i-ac1 & ! ultimate object ( ,8 call is t ?r\gh ! r$emption ( ,israel1 :i* he is commission$ to effect1 all m5 %all be sav$1 & ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 xlv4 #ad-be4 ,9 xlvi4 ! impot5ce ( ! ,babylonian gods to save !mselves :5 ! city is tak5 by ,cyrus is contra/$ ) ! incomp>able p[] ( ,jehovah z %[n 9 hi/ory1 & 9 ,8 =ekn[l$ge ( ! future1 & made ! basis ( a w>n+ to ,israel to ca/ away despond5cy4 ,!n foll[s a song ( triumph ov] ,babylon1 ! pr\d & luxuri\s1 ^: doom all h] magic & a/rology _c av]t 7xlvii474 ,*4 xlviii4 /rikes 9 places a diff]5t note f t ( ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,!y are a message ( com=t2 &1 :]e ! p are c5sur$1 x is = lack ( fai? & responsiv5ess4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tone is 9 places /]n1 almo/ h>%1 & ! p are ev5 *>g$ ) idolatry4 ,probably an orig9al prophecy ( ,deut]o-,isaiah has be5 work$ ov] by a po/-exilic h&4 ,?is *apt] is 9 ! nature ( a summ>y4 ,x emphasizes ,jehovah's =e-k z witness$ by ! anci5t prophecies & _! fulfilm5t 9 ! com+ de$s ( ,cyrus2 & ! section fitt+ly closes ) a r++ appeal to ,israel to g =? out ( ,babylon4#a ,footnote #a3 ,*4 xlviii4 #bb is probably borr[$ f lvii4 #ba1 :]e x is 9 place1 to divide xl4-lxvi4 into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,*apt]s xlix4-lv4 presuppose ! same g5]al situation z xl4-xlviii42 b :]eas ! e>li] *apt]s deal incid5tally ) ! victories ( ,cyrus & ! folly ( idolatry1 xlix4-lv4 conc5trate att5tion sev]ely ^u ,israel h]self1 :i* is (t5 address$ z ,zion4 ,! gr\p beg9s ) ! second ( ! s]vant songs1 xlix4 #a-f1 its !me be+ ,israel's div9e call1 ?r\gh suff]+ & r$emption1 to br+ ! :ole _w to ! true religion4 ,9 e>ne/ & beautiful language ,israel is assur$ ( re/oration & a happy return to h] own l&1 ( ! rebuild+ ( h] ru9s1 & ! increase ( h] population2 & no p[] c undo ?is m>vell\s deliv]ance1 = ,jehovah1 despite ,8 p's sl5d] fai?1 is omnipot5t1 xlix4 #g-l4 #c4 ,9 l4 #d-i ! s]vant tells ( ! suff]+s :i* 8 fidelity br\ght him1 & 8 confid5ce 9 ,jehovah's p[] to save & v9dicate him4#a ,! glori\s salvation is ne> & sure2 let ,israel b tru/ 9 h] omnipot5t ,god & ca/ away all fe> ( man1 li4 #a-af4 ,bitt] has be5 ,j]usalem's sorr[1 b n[ %e may break =? into joy1 = mess5g]s are spe$+ ) good tid+s ( h] r$emption1 li4 l#g-lii4 #ab4 ,! f\r? & la/ song ( ! s]vant1 lii4 l#c-liii4 #ab1 celebrates ! /range & unp>allel$ suff]+s :i* he bore = ! _w's sake-8 dea?1 resurrection1 & ! consequ5t triumph & v9dication ( 8 cause4 ,9 f9e contra/ to ! suff]+s ( ! s]vant acqua9t$ ) grief is ! joy t foll[s 9 *4 liv4--joy 9 ! vision ( ! re/or$1 popul\s & glori\s city1 or r 9 ! ev]la/+ love ( ,god by :i* t r$emption is inspir$4#b ,no?+ rema9s b = ! p to lay hold1 9 fai?1 ( ! salvation :i* is s nigh1 & :i* is s high above all human expectation 7lv474 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 #a4 #aj1 #aa are app>5tly late4 ,footnote #b3 ,f liv4 #ag & on we he> ( ! s]vants ( ,jehovah1 n z 9 xl4-liii41 ( ! s]vant4 ,,*apt]s ,,lvi4-,,lxvi4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 & date ( ?is section is "o ( ! mo/ obscure & intricate 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! g5]al simil>ity ( ! tone to t ( xl4-lv4 is unmi/akable4 ,!re is ! same assurance ( r$emption1 ! same brilliant pictures ( re/oration4 ,b1 ap>t f ! fact t1 on ! :ole1 ! /yle ( lvi4-lxvi4 seems less orig9al & p[]ful1 ! situation presuppos$ is di/9ctly diff]5t4 ,9 xl4-lv41 ,israel1 ?\gh occasionally reg>d$ z unwor?y1 is treat$ z an ideal :ole1 :]eas 9 lvi4-lxvi4 !re are two oppos$ classes )9 ,israel itself 7cf4 lvii4 #c;ff41 #ae;ff474 ,"o ( ^! classes is guilty ( sup]/iti\s & idolatr\s rites1 lvii4 #c;ff41 lxv4 #c1 #d1 lxvi4 #ag1 :]eas 9 xl4-lv4 ! ,babylonians 7 ! idolat]s1 xlvi4 #a4 ,aga91 ! k9d ( idolatry ( :i* ,israel is guilty is n ,babylonian1 b t indig5\s to ,pale/9e1 & x is describ$ 9 t]ms :i* sometimes s\nd l an e*o ( pre-exilic prophecy1 lvii4 #e1 #g 7,hos4 iv4 #ac7--s mu* s inde$ t "s h reg>d$ ^! passages z pre-exilic4 ,! spiritual lead]s ( ! p are false to _! high tru/1 lvi4 #aj-ab4 ,?is la/ passage implies a religi\s community m or less def9itely organiz$--a situation :i* w\ld suit po/-exilic times1 b h>dly ! exile2 & ?is presumption is borne out by _m o!r h9ts4 ,! temple exi/s1 lvi4 #g1 lx4 #g1 #ac1 b religion is at a l[ ebb4 ,fa/ days are kept 9 a me*anical _s1 & are m>r$ by disgraceful conduct 7lviii474 ,judah suff]s f raids1 lxii4 #h1 ,j]usalem is unhappy1 lxv4 #ai1 h] walls are n yet built1 lx1 #aj4 ,! gloomy situation expla9s ! passionate appeal ( lxiii4 #g-lxiv4 to ,god to int]pose--an appeal utt]ly unlike ! s]5e assurance ( xl4-lv43 x expla9s1 too1 :y ?reat & promise "h alt]nate regul>ly1 :ile !re ! pr$om9ant note 0 "o ( consolation4 ,9 its g5]al temp] & backgr\nd1 ?\gh n 9 its /yle1 ! *apt]s =cibly recall ,mala*i4 ,!re is ! same condemnation ( ! spiritual lead]s 7lvi4 #aj-ab2 ,mal4 i4 ii471 ! same emphasis on ! fa!rhood ( ,god 7lxiii4 #af1 lxiv4 #h2 ,mal4 i4 #f1 ii4 #aj1 iii4 #ag71 ! same int]e/ 9 ! in/itutions ( ,judaism 7lvi471 ! same depress$ & hopeless mood to combat4 ,f lx4 #aj 7lxii4 #f87 x may be inf]r$ t ! book falls be=e ! build+ ( ! walls by ,nehemiah--probably some:]e betwe5 #dfj & #dej ,b4,c4 ,?is conclusion1 ( c\rse1 is v f> f c]ta92 x is n ev5 c]ta9 t ! *apt]s con/itute a unity4 ,v>i\s s*ol>s isolate c]ta9 sections1 assign+1 e4g41 lxiii4-lxvi4 to a p]iod mu* lat] ?an lvi4-lxii41 o!rs reg>d+ xlix4-lxii4 z writt5 by ! same au?or z xl4-xlviii41 b lat] & o!r diff]5t conditions1 o!rs ref]r+ lvi4-lxii4 to a pupil ( ,deut]o-,isaiah1 :o wrote n long aft] #ebj 7cf4 ,hag41 ,ze*474 ,to complicate matt]s1 ! text ( c]ta9 passages ( crucial importance seems to be 9 ne$ ( em5dation 7cf4 lxiii4 #ah72 & x is practically c]ta9 t !re are lat] int]polations4 ,"o c see h[ intricate ! problem becomes1 if ,m>ti is "r 9 d5y+ s important a passage z lxiv4 #aj-ab to ! au?or ( ! re/ ( ! *apt]1 & assign+ x to ,maccabean times4 ,b1 ?\gh !re are und\bt$ difficulties 9 ! way1 x seems n impossible to reg>d lvi4-lxvi4 z1 9 ! ma91 a unity1 & its au?or z a contempor>y ( ,mala*i4 ,9 t case1 ! sup]/iti\s & idolatr\s p1 ^: pres5ce is at fir/ sight s surpris+ 9 ! po/-exilic community1 w\ld be ! desc5dants ( ! ,jews :o _h n be5 c>ri$ into exile1 & :o1 be+ b sup]ficially t\*$1 if at all1 by ! re=mation ( ,josiah1 w\ld p]petuate anci5t idolatr\s practices into ! po/-exilic p]iod4 ,?is prophecy beg9s ) a ^w ( assurance to ! proselytes & eunu*s t1 if !y fai?fully obs]ve ! ,sabba?1 !y w n be exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 ! temple wor%ip1 lvi4 #a-h4 ,b ! g5]al situation 79 ,judah7 is deplorable4 ,! spiritual lead]s ( ! community are indol5t & fond ( pleasure1 m5 ( no consci5ce or ideal 7cf4 ,mal4 ii471 ) ! result t ! truly godly are cru%$ out1 lvi4 #i-lvii4 #b1 & ! old immoral idolatry is rampant1 lvii4 #c-ac4 ,! s9n]s w !re=e be puni%$1 b ! godly :om !y h p]secut$ w be com=t$ & sav$1 lvii4 #ad-ba4 ,! p1 :o h be5 zeal\sly keep+ fa/-days1 are surpris$ & vex$ t ,jehovah has n yet hon\r$ _! fidelity by s5d+ happi] times3 ! prophet replies t ! real dem&s ( ,jehovah are n exhau/$ by c]emonial1 b lie r 9 ! fulfilm5t ( moral duty1 & especially 9 ! duty ( practical love to ! ne$y 7lviii474 ,x is n ! impot5ce ( ,jehovah1 b ! manifold s9s ( ! p1 t h kept back ! day ( salvation1 lix4 #a-ae2 b ,he w "o day appe> to puni% ,8 adv]s>ies & r$eem ! p5it5t & fai?ful1 lix4 #af-ba4 ,!n ! city ( ,j]usalem %all be glori\s3 h] scatt]$ *ildr5 %all /ream back to h]1 h] walls %all be rebuilt by ! gifts ( ! hea!n nations1 & %e %all be mi/ress ( ! _w1 enjoy+ peace & light & prosp]ity 7lx474 ,aga9 ! good news is proclaim$3 ! ,jews %all be1 z x 71 ! prie/s ( ,jehovah = ! :ole _w1 ,j]usalem %all be secure & fair & popul\s 7lxi41 lxii474 ,b if ,judah is ?us to prosp]1 h] enemies mu/ be de/roy$1 & _!#a de/ruction is describ$ 9 lxiii4 #a-f1 a unique & p[]ful song ( v5geance4 ,footnote #a3 ,! enemy is n ,edom alone4 ,in/ead ( f ,edom & ,bozrah 9 lxiii4 #a;a %\ld be read1 ,:o is ?is t comes /a9$ ) r$1 ) g>m5ts r$d] ?an a v9e-dress]'s8 ,a v /rik+ contra/ to all ?is dream ( victory & bless$ness is pres5t$ by lxiii4 #g-lxiv4 #ab1 9 :i* ! p sorr[fully rem9d !mselves ( ! brilliant f>-(f days ( ! ,exodus :5 ! ,_s 0 ) !m--! ,_s :om s9 has n[ driv5 away--& passionately pray t ,jehovah1 9 ,8 fa!rly pity1 w\ld mightily int]pose to save !m4#a ,! devotees ( sup]/iti\s cults are ?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 lxv4 #a-g1 :ile brilliant promises are held out to ! fai?ful--long & happy life 9 a _w trans=m$1 lxv4 #h-be4 ,aga9 de/ruction is pr$ict$ = ^? :o1 :ile practis+ sup]/iti\s rites1 are yet eag] to build a temple to ,jehovah to rival ! exi/+ "o 9 ,j]usalem2 :ile ! fai?ful are com=t$ ) ! prospect ( victory1 increase ( population & res\rces1 & ! p]petuity ( _! race 7lxvi474 ,footnote #a3 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,smi? ref]s ?is pray] to ! p]iod ( disillusion aft] ! return & be=e ! new religi\s impulse giv5 by ,haggai & ,ze*>iah--ab\t #ebe ,b4,c4 ,,j]emiah ,! int]e/ ( ! book ( ,j]emiah is unique4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is our mo/ reliable & elaborate s\rce = ! long p]iod ( hi/ory :i* x cov]s2 on ! o!r1 x pres5ts u ) prophecy 9 its mo/ int5sely human phase1 manife/+ itself ?r\gh a /rangely attractive p]sonality t 0 subject to l d\bts & passions ) ourselves4 ,at 8 call1 9 #fbf ,b4,c41 he 0 "y & inexp]i5c$1 i4 #f1 s t he _c h be5 born e>li] ?an #fej4 ,! political & religi\s atmosph]e ( 8 m9i/ry 0 alike depress+4 ,:5 x began1 ! ,scy?ians 7 ov]runn+ ,we/]n ,asia1 & ,judah 0 ! vassal ( ,assyria1 z %e cont9u$ to be till ! fall ( ,n9eveh 9 #fjf ,b4,c4 ,josiah1 9 ^: reign ,j]emiah began 8 m9i/ry1 0 a good k+2 b ! idolatries ( 8 gr&fa!r ,manasseh _h only too surely left _! m>k1 & ! re=mation :i* 0 inaugurat$ on ! basis ( ,deut]onomy 7#fba7 _h produc$ little p]man5t result4 ,idolatry & immorality ( all k9ds cont9u$ to be ! ord] ( ! day1 vii4 #i 7ab\t #fjh74 ,! inn] corruption f\nd its c\nt]p>t 9 political disa/]4 ,! dea? ( ,josiah 9 #fji at ,megiddo1 :5 he took ! field1 probably z ! vassal ( ,assyria1 aga9/ ! k+ ( ,egypt1 0 a /agg]+ bl[ to ! hopes ( ! re=m]s1 & =m$ a p[]ful argum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! sceptics4 ,! vassalage ( ,assyria 0 ex*ang$ = ! vassalage ( ,egypt1 & t1 9 f\r ye>s1 = ! vassalage ( ,babylonia1 ^: supremacy ov] ,we/]n ,asia 0 assur$ by h] victory on ! epo*-mak+ field ( ,c>*emi% 7#fje74 ,!re 0 no /rong rul] ^u ! ?rone ( ,judah dur+ ! ye>s prec$+ ! exile4 ,jehoahaz1 ! successor ( ,josiah1 depos$ by ! ,egyptians & exil$ aft] a ?ree mon?s' reign1 xxii4 #aj-ab1 0 succe$$ by ! rapaci\s ,jehoiakim 7#fjh-eig71 :o c>$ no?+ = ! w>n+ words ( ,j]emiah 7xxxvi471 & 8 successor ,jehoia*91 :o 0 exil$ to ,babylon aft] a ?ree mon?s' reign1 0 foll[$ by ! weak & vacillat+ ,z$ekiah1 :o reign$ f #eig to #ehf1 :5 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 & ! mon>*y p]i%$4 ,! prie/s & prophets 7 no m fai?ful to _! high (fice ?an ! k+s4 ,! prophets 7 sup]ficial m5 :o did n realize h[ deep & griev\s 0 ! hurt ( ! p1 xxiii4 #i-dj1 & :o imag9$ t ! cata/rophe1 if x came1 w\ld spe$ily be rev]s$1 xxviii42 & ! prie/s repos$ a /ubborn confid5ce 9 ! inviolability ( ! temple 7xxvi47 & ! punctili\sness ( _! (f]+s1 vii4 #ba1 #bb4 ,j]emiah1 ?\gh he came ( a prie/ly family1 knew v well t !re 0 no salvation 9 ritual4 ,he saw t ! root ( ! evil 0 9 ! he>t1 :i* 0 deceitful above all ?+s & desp]ately sick1 xvii4 #i1 & t no re=mation 0 possible till ! he>t itself 0 *ang$4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t he call$ ^u ! p to circumcise _! he>t1 iv4 #d1 & to se>* = ,jehovah ) all _! he>t1 xxix4 #ac4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at 0 ,j]emiah's attitude to ! law-book discov]$ & publi%$ 9 #fba1 b un=tunately ! problems t ga!r r\nd ! au!nticity ( ! text ( ,j]emiah are s vexati\s t we _c say ) c]ta9ty4 ,on ! "o h&1 we "k t1 ?\gh at t "t a prophet ( five ye>s' /&+1 he 0 n consult$ on ! discov]y ( ! book 7#b ,k+s xxii4 #ad72 on ! o!r h&1 xi4 #a-ad explicitly connects him ) an it9]ant mission ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce ( ,judah = ! purpose ( inculcat+ ! tea*+ ( ! words ( ?is cov5ant1 :i* c only be ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,b !re is fairly good reason = suppos+ t ?is passage1 :i* is diffuse1 & v unlike ! poems t foll[ x1 vv4 #ae1 #af1 #ah-bj1 is "o ( ! _m lat] scribal additions to ! book4 ,ev5 if ,j]emiah did support ! ,deut]onomic movem5t1 he mu/ h felt1 9 ! words ( ,d>me/et]1 t x is easi] to re=m ! cult ?an ! s\l1 & t ! real solution w\ld nev] be f\nd 9 ! /atutes ( a law-book1 b only 9 ! law writt5 ^u ! he>t1 xxxi4 #ca-cc4 ,"h aga91 ?is great prophecy ( ! law writt5 ^u ! he>t1 has be5 d5i$ to ,j]emiah--by ,duhm1 = example3 b at any rate1 x is conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( ! prophet4 ,x is un=tunate t "s ( ! noble/ utt]ances on religion 9 ! book ( ,j]emiah h be51 = reasons m or less conv9c+1 d5i$ to him3 e4g4 ! great passage :i* looks out ^u a "t :5 ! de>e/ mat]ial symbols ( ! anci5t religion w\ld no long] be necess>y2 days w\ld come :5 m5 w\ld nev] ?9k ( ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 & nev] miss x1 iii4 #af4 ,b ev5 if x c\ld be prov$ t ^! words 7 n ,j]emiah's1 x 0 a s\nd in/9ct t plac$ !m 9 8 book4 ,he c]ta9ly did n reg>d sacrifice z ess5tial to ! true religion1 or z possess+ any specially div9e sanction1 vii4 #bb1 & ! ?9k] :o c\ld utt] su* a ^w z vii4 #bb is surely on ! v]ge ( a purely spiritual conception ( religion1 if inde$ he does n /& already )9 x4 ,if ! temple is n indisp5sable1 vii4 #d1 nei!r c\ld ! ark be4 ,?is sev]ely spiritual conception ( religion is b ! outcome ( ! int5sely p]sonal religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! prophet4 ,!re is no o!r prophet ^: int]c\rse ) ! div9e _s is s dramatically portray$1 or into ! dep?s ( ^: he>t we c s cle>ly see4 ,he speaks to ,god ) a directness & famili>ity t are />tl+1 ,:y ha/ ,?\ become to me z a trea*]\s brook1 z wat]s t are n sure8 xv4 #ah4 ,he has little ( ! s]5e maje/y ( ,isaiah ^: eyes _h se5 ! k+4 ,8 t5d] he>t1 ix4 #a1 is vex$ & torn till he curses n only 8 enemies1 xi4 #bj;ff41 b ! day on :i* he 0 born1 xx4 #ad-ah4 ,he did n *oose 8 pr(ession1 he recoil$ f x2 b he 0 ?ru/ into ! ar5a ( public life by an impulse :i* he c\ld n resi/4 ,! ^w1 :i* he w\ld fa9 h hidd5 9 8 he>t1 0 l a burn+ fire %ut up 9 8 bones1 & x leap$ into spee* ( flame1 xx4 #i4 ,z a poet1 ,j]emiah is "o ( ! greate/4 ,he kn[s ! human he>t to its dep?s1 & he possesses a p[] ( rem>kably t]se & vivid expression4 ,no?+ c\ld be m weird ?an ?is picture ( ! utt] desolation ( w>2-- ,i beheld ! e>?1 ,& lo6 x 0 wa/e & void4 ,i look$ to ! sky1 ,& lo6 its light 0 gone4 ,i beheld ! m\nta9s1 ,& lo6 !y trembl$4 ,& all ! hills ,sway$ to & fro4 ,i beheld 7! e>?7 ,& lo6 !re 0 no man1 ,& all ! birds ( ! heav5 ,_h fl$4 iv4 #bc-be4 ,a _w )\t ! birds w\ld be no _w to ,j]emiah4 ,( s+ul> p[] & beauty is ! lam5t :i* ,j]emiah puts into ! m\?s ( ! wom53-- ,dea? is come up at our w9d[s1 ,he has ent]$ our palaces1 ,cutt+ (f ! *ildr5 f ! /reets ,& ! y\?s f ! squ>es4 ,!n ! figure *anges to ,dea? z a reap]3-- ,!re fall ! corpses ( m5 ,^u ! face ( ! field1 ,l %eaves beh9d ! reap] ,:i* none ga!rs up4 ix4 #ba1 #bb4 ,! book appropriately op5s ) ! call ( ,j]emiah1 & repres5ts him z div9ely preorda9$ to 8 great & *e]less task be=e 8 bir?4 ,9 two visions he sees prefigur$ ! com+ doom 7i47 & ! prophecies t imm$iately foll[1 ?\gh b loosely connect$1 appe> to come f an e>ly /age ( 8 m9i/ry1 & to be elicit$1 9 "p1 by ! inroads ( ! ,scy?ians--! enemy f ! nor?4 ,false to ! love %e bore ,jehovah 9 ! old5 "t1 ,israel has turn$ = help to ,egypt1 to ,assyria1 & to ! impot5t ,baals ) _! lic5ti\s wor%ip1 ii1 #a-;iii4 #e2 b#a;if 9 h] despair & mis]y %e yet turns ) a p5it5t he>t to ,jehovah1 ! prophet assures h] ( ,8 read9ess to receive h]1 iii4 #ai-;iv4 #d4 ,! re/ ( *4 iv4 conta9s sev]al poems ( rem>kable p[]4 ,! ,scy?ians are com+ swiftly f ! nor?1 & ,j]emiah's patriotic s\l is deeply mov$4 ,he sees ! desolation !y w "w1 & c\nsels ! p to ga!r 9 ! =tifi$ cities4 ,! sc5e *anges 9 v4 & vi4 to ! capital1 :]e ,j]emiah's t5d] & unsuspect+ he>t has be5 h>r[$ by ! lack ( public & private consci5ce2 & aga9 ! l& is ?reat5$ ) invasion f ! swift wild ,scy?ian hordes4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 iii4 #f-ah conta9s mu* t is altoge!r wor?y ( ,j]emiah1 especially ! great conception 9 v4 #af ( a religion :i* c disp5se ) its mo/ *]i%$ mat]ial symbols4 ,x int]rupts ! connection1 h[ev]1 betwe5 vv4 #e & #ai1 & curi\sly reg>ds ,israel z ! nor!rn k+dom1 di/9ct f ,judah1 :]eas 9 ! surr\nd+ context1 ii4 #c1 iii4 #bc1 ,israel /&s = ,judah4 ,! diff]5ce is suspici\s4 ,aga91 v4 #ah w\ld appe> to presuppose t ,judah is 9 exile or on ! v]ge ( x1 :i* w\ld make ! passage among ! late/ 9 ! book4 ,if x is ,j]emiah's1 x mu/ be mu* lat] ?an its context4 ,! foll[+ *apt] 7vii47 introduces u to ! reign ( ,jehoiakim4#a ,! prophet /r5u\sly combats ! confid5ce falsely repos$ 9 ! temple & ! ritual3 ! =m] is b a d5 ( robb]s1 ! latt] _h nev] be5 comm&$ by ,jehovah1 & nei!r w save !m4 ,) sorr[ful eyes ,j]emiah sees ! com+ disa/]1 & he s+s ( x 9 elegies unspeakably t\*+ 7viii4-x43 cf4 viii4 #ah-bb1 ix4 #ba1 #bb74b ,footnote #a3 ,! sc5e 9 *4 vii4 is v simil> to1 if n id5tical ) t 9 *4 xxvi41 :i* is expressly assign$ to ! beg9n+ ( ,jehoiakim's reign 7#fjh74 ,footnote #b3 ,*4 ix4 #bb is directly cont9u$ by x4 #ag4 ,( ! ?ree passages int]v5+1 ix4 #bc1 #bd 7! true & false objects ( confid5ce7 & ix4 #be1 #bf 7puni%m5t ( ^? uncircumcis$ 9 he>t or fle%7 are bo? 9 ! _s ( ,j]emiah1 b !y _c belong to ?is context4 ,*4 x4 #a-af1 on ! o!r h&1 c h>dly be ,j]emiah's4 ,its !me is ! impot5ce ( idols & ! omnipot5ce ( ,jehovah--a fav\rite !me ( ,deut]o-,isaiah 7cf4 ,is4 xl471 & x is elaborat$ 9 ! _s ( ,is4 xliv4 #i-bj4 ,! w>n+ n to fe> ! idols is mu* m natural if address$ to an exilic audi5ce ?an to ,j]emiah's contempor>ies4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! passage is lat] ?an ,j]emiah4 ,9 *4 xi4 ,j]emiah is div9ely impell$ to und]take an it9]ant mission ?r\gh\t ,judah 9 support ( ! ,deut]onomic legislation1 b he is w>n$ t1 = _! disob$i5ce1 ! p w be ov]tak5 by disa/]1 :i* he mu/ n int]c$e to av]t1 xi4 #a-ag4 ,a cruel conspiracy =m$ aga9/ him by 8 own t[nsm5 raises p]plexities 9 8 m9d t\*+ ! moral ord]1 b he is rem9d$ t /ill h>d] ?+s are 9 /ore1 xi4 l#h-xii4 #f4 ,!n foll[s a poem1 xii4 #g-ac1 lam5t+ ! desolation ( ! l&1 ?\gh :o ! aggressors are x is h>d to say2 b1 9 vv4 #ad-ag1 a passage possibly mu* lat]1 !re is an ultimate possibility ( re/oration bo? = ,judah & h] ravag$ neighb\rs1 if !y adopt ! religion ( ,judah4 ,9 *4 xiii4 :i* possibly belongs to ,jehoia*9's %ort reign1 #eig ,b4,c4 7cf4 v4 #ah ) #b ,k+s xxiv4 #h71 ! utt] & incurable corruption ( ! p is symbolically indicat$ to ,j]emiah1 :o ann\nces ! spe$y fall ( ! ?rone & ! sorr[s ( exile4 ,! elem5ts t make up *s4 xiv4-xvii4 are v loosely connect$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! situation ( ! p is desp]ate4 ,! doom--already inaugurat$ 9 ! =m ( a dr\ght-is ha/5+ on2 no excuse w be accept$ & no int]cession c avail4 ,9 a bold & /rik+ poem1 xv4 #aj-ba1 ,j]emiah compla9s ( 8 bitt] & lonely fate1 & is reassur$ ( ! div9e support4 ,9 view ( ! imp5d+ mis]y he is =bidd5 to m>ry1 & m & m he is ?r[n back ^u ,jehovah z 8 absolute & only hope4#a ,footnote #a3 ,*4 xvii4 #ai-bg is almo/ c]ta9ly po/-exilic1 & probably belongs to ,nehemiah's "t 7ab\t #dej74 ,j]emiah n[h]e else emphasizes ! ,sabba?1 & x w\ld be v unlike him to repres5t ! future prosp]ity ( ,judah z conditional ^u ! p's obs]vance ( a s+le law1 especially "o n di/9ctively e?ical4 ,su* emphasis on ! ,sabba? sugge/s ! po/-exilic *ur* 7cf4 ,neh4 xiii42 ,is4 lviii474 ,*s4 xviii4-xx4 ,a *ance sight ( a pott] refa%ion+ a spoil$ vessel sugge/s to ,j]emiah ! conditional nature ( prophecy4 ,b z ,judah rema9s ob/9ate1 ! ?reat mu/ be irretrievably fulfill$4 ,! proclamation ( ?is tru? 9 ! temple c\rt l$ to 8 imprisonm5t4 ,on 8 release he di/9ctly & delib]ately ann\nces ! exile to ,babylon1 & !n breaks out into a passionate cry1 :i* r+s ) an almo/ unp>allel$ s9c]ity1 ov] ! mis]y ( 8 life1 especially ( t prophetic life to :i* he _h be5 my/]i\sly b irresi/ibly impell$4 ,*4 xxi4 #a-aj1 "o ( ! late/ pieces 9 ! book1 conta9s ,j]emiah's answ] to ! "q ( ,z$ekiah relative to ! issue ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 :i* _h already begun 7#ehh74 ,!n foll[ two sections1 "o deal+ ) k+s1 xxi4 #aa-xxiii4 #h1 ! o!r ) prophets1 xxiii4 #i-dj4 ,! =m]1 aft] an introduction :i* emphasizes ! specific functions ( ! k+1 deals successively ) ,jehoahaz 7,%allum71 ,jehoiakim & ,jehoia*91 ,jehoiakim's oppressive me?ods be+ po9t$ly contra/$ ) ! b5efic5t regime ( 8 fa!r ,josiah2 & aga9/ ! pres5t incompet5ce ( ! rul]s & mis]y ( ! mon>*y is ?r[n up a picture ( ! true k+ & ! ,messianic days1 xxiii4 #e-h4 ,! latt] section1 xxiii4 #i-dj1 d5\nces ! prophets = _! immorality1 _! easy optimism & _! lack ( indep5d5ce4 ,9 *4 xxiv41 :i* falls 9 ,z$ekiah's reign1 aft] ! fir/ deportation 7ab\t #eif ,b4,c471 x is symbolically sugge/$ to ,j]emiah t ! exiles are mu* bett] ?an ^? :o 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! l&1 & _! ultimate fate w\ld be inf9itely happi]4 ,! battle ( ,c>*emi% 9 #fje %[$ t ,babylonian supremacy 0 ultimately inevitable2 to ?is ye> belongs *4 xxv41 9 :i* ,j]emiah def9itely ann\nces ! duration ( ! exile z sev5ty ye>s4 ,_m l&s beside ,judah w\ld be includ$ 9 ! doom1 & f9ally ,babylon itself w\ld be puni%$4 ,*s4 i4-xxv4 repres5t 9 ! ma9 ! words ( ,j]emiah2 we n[ come to a gr\p ( n>ratives by ,b>u*1 xxvi4-xxix4 ,*4 xxvi4 relates h[ a c\rage\s s]mon ( ,j]emiah's 7#fjh ,b4,c47 provok$ ! ho/ility ( ! pr(essional cl]gy1 & ne>ly co/ him 8 life4 ,*s4 xxvii4-xxix4 %[ h[ ! calm wisdom ( ,j]emiah met ! ambitions & hopes *]i%$ by 8 c\ntrym5 at home & 9 exile dur+ ! reign ( ,z$ekiah4#a ,9 view ( a coalition t 0 =m+ aga9/ ,babylon 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 he ann\nces t ! supremacy ( ,nebu*adrezz> is div9ely orda9$1 & any su* coalition is doom$ to failure 7xxvii474 ,t supremacy w la/ = _m a day2 & a /range fate ov]takes ! %all[ prophet :o supposes t x w be ov] 9 two ye>s 7xxviii474 ,! exiles are !re=e advis$ by ,j]emiah 9 a lett] to settle d[n cont5t$ly 9 _! adopt$ l&1 ?\gh ! lett] naturally r\ses ! res5tm5t & opposition ( ! sup]ficial prophets among ! exiles 7xxix474 ,footnote #a3 ,9 *4 xxvii4 #a1 = ,jehoiakim read ,z$ekiah1 cf4 vv4 #c1 #ab4 ,! next f\r *apt]s1 xxx4-xxxiii41 are full ( promise3 !y look out ^u ! re/oration1 9 :i*1 despite ! seem+ hopelessness ( ! prospect1 ,j]emiah nev] ceas$ to believe4 ,x is a voice f ! d>k days ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 #ehg 7xxxii4 #a;ff472 b ! pres5t sorr[ is to be foll[$ by a p]iod ( joy1 :5 ! city w be rebuilt1 & ! mighty love ( ,jehovah w express itself 9 ! re/oration n only ( ,judah b ( ,israel1 a love to :i* !re w be a glad spontane\s response f m5 :o h ! div9e law writt5 9 _! he>ts4 ,?is prophecy ( ! new cov5ant is "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ d>+ conceptions 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 v naturally appropriat$ by our ,"l & ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7xxx41 xxxi474 ,s confid5t 0 ,j]emiah 9 ! div9e assurance t ,pale/9e w\ld "o day be fre$ f ! ,babylonian yoke t1 ev5 dur+ ! siege ( ! city1 he pur*as$ fields belong+ to a k9sman1 & took measures to pres]ve ! title de$s 7xxxii474 ,*4 xxxiii4 /ill fur!r confirms ! assurance ( re/oration4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,j]emiah bo? believ$ 9 & ann\nc$ ! re/oration3 ! v /raight=w>d /ory 9 *4 xxxii41 :i*1 by ! way1 ?r[s consid]able light on ! psy*ology ( prophecy1 is pro( en\gh ( t4 ,b !re c be equally little d\bt t ! section xxx4-xxxiii4 did n come1 z x /&s1 f ! h& ( ,j]emiah4 ,_m v]ses h no d\bt be5 ne$lessly suspect$3 ! attitude to nor!rn ,israel 9 *4 xxxi41 especially vv4 #d1 #e1 practically =bids a ref]5ce ( ^! v]ses to po/-exilic times4 ,b xxxi4 #g-l#d--! glad return--is exactly 9 ! _s ( ,deut]o-,isaiah1 & appe>s to be dep5d5t ^u him4 ,:atev] d\bt1 h[ev]1 may be atta*$ to ^! sections1 x is practically c]ta9 t ! conclud+ section1 xxxiii4 #ad-bf1 :i* has a special ^w ( promise1 n only = ! h\se ( ,david1 b = ! ,levitical prie/s1 is n ,j]emiah's4 ,! v]ses are want+ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & s 7 n 9 ! ,hebrew copy f :i* t translation 0 made2 b m fatal /ill to _! au!nticity is _! attitude to ! prie/s & (f]+s4 ,! religion advocat$ by ,j]emiah 0 a purely spiritual "o1 :i* c\ld disp5se ) temple & sacrifice 7*4 vii474 ,to ! false prophets1 z ,rob]tson ,smi? has said1 & ! p :o foll[$ !m1 ! ark1 ! temple1 ! holy vessels1 7 all 9 all4 ,to ,j]emiah !y 7 less ?an no?+1 & _! re/oration 0 no "p ( 8 hope ( salvation4 ,x is v significant 9 ?is connection t ! ,septuag9t omits ! re/oration ( ! holy vessels 9 xxvii4 #bb4 ,f ! ideal pictures ( ! la/ gr\p1 *4 xxxiv4 fl+s u back into ! /]n reality4 ,! city & ! k+ alike are doom$1 & _! fate is ?or\ghly ju/ifi$ by ! trea*]y display$ t[>ds ! ,hebrew slaves1 :o 7 compell$ by _! ma/]s to return to ! bondage f :i*1 9 ! /ress ( siege1 !y _h emancipat$ !m4 ,! next *apt]1 xxxv41 c>ries u back to ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 &1 9 an int]e/+ & important passage1 contra/s ! fai?fulness ( ! ,re*abites to ! comm&s ( _! ance/or ,jona?an ) ! popul> disreg>d ( ,jehovah4 ,! long section :i* foll[s 7xxxvi4-xlv47 is almo/ purely hi/orical4 ,x comes 9 ! ma9 f ,b>u*1 b x has be5 exp&$ "h & !re by subsequ5t writ]s2 e4g4 xxxix4 #d-ac is n f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t2 ! importance ( ,j]emiah is height5$ 9 ?is passage by 8 be+ ! object ( ! special c>e ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 vv4 #aa;ff41 :]eas 9 all probability 8 fate 0 decid$1 n by ! k+1 b by 8 (fic]s 7ci4 #c1 #ac1 #ad74 ,b aft] mak+ e d$uction1 ^! *apt]s rema9 z a hi/orical s\rce ( ! fir/ rank4 ,! section beg9s by reveal+ ! reckless impiety ( ,jehoiakim 9 burn+ ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah 9 #fje ,b4,c41 b ! o!r *apt]s ga!r r\nd ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 eighte5 ye>s lat]1 & ! ev5ts t foll[$ x4 ,!y describe ! cruel & successive imprisonm5ts ( ! prophet = 8 fe>less & seem+ly unpatriotic proclamation ( ! ,babylonian triumph1 ! pitiful vacillation ( ! k+1 ! f9al capture ( ! city1 ! appo9tm5t ( ,g$aliah z gov]nor ( ,judah1 8 assass9ation & ! attempt to av5ge x1 ! consequ5t dep>ture ( _m ,jews to ,egypt aga9/ ! advice ( ,j]emiah1 :o 0 =c$ to accompany !m1 ! prophet's d5unciation ( ! idolatry practis$ 9 ,egypt & ann\ncem5t ( ! conque/ ( t l& by ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,! section closes 7xlv47 ) a ^w ( meagre consolation to ,b>u*1 ^: c\rage 0 giv+ way b5ea? ! /ra9 ( ! times4 ,! int]e/ atta*+ to ! oracles aga9/ ! =eign nations 7xlvi4-li47 is n v great1 z1 = good reasons1 ! au!nticity ( mu*--"s say all--( ! section may be disput$1 & ) ! exception ( ! oracle aga9/ ,egypt1 !y are lack+1 z a :ole1 n only 9 di/9ctness ( situation1 b also 9 t emotion & orig9ality s *>act]i/ic ( ,j]emiah4 ,! :ole gr\p 7except ! oracle aga9/ ,elam1 xlix4 #cd-ci1 :i* is expressly assign$ to ,z$ekiah's reign7 is sugge/$ by reflection on ! decisive influ5ce :i* ! battle ( ,c>*emi% 0 b\nd to h on ! =tunes ( ,we/]n ,asia1 xlvi4 #b4 ,nebu*adrezz> is allud$ to1 ei!r expressly1 xlix4 #cj1 or figuratively1 xlviii4 #dj1 z ! in/rum5t ( ! div9e v5geance4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t1 ?is gr\p ( oracles appe>s betwe5 xxv4 #ac & xxv4 #ae1 a *apt] likewise assign$ to ! ye> ( ! battle ( ,c>*emi%1 xxv4 #a4 ,*4 xlvi4 conta9s two oracles aga9/ ,egypt1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 at lea/ vv4 #a-ab1 is graphic & p[]ful1 & ! second1 vv4 #ac-bf1 ann\nces ! conque/ ( ,egypt by ,nebu*adrezz>1 :i* took place 9 #efh ,b4,c4 ,! v5geance ^u ,egypt1 v4 #aj1 9 :i* ! writ] evid5tly exults1 may be v5geance = ! defeat ( ,josiah at ,megiddo4#a ,a c]ta9 vig\r also *>act]izes ! oracle aga9/ ! ,phili/9es 7xlvii471 & ! conception ( ! enemy out ( ! nor?1 v4 #b1 is a famili> "o 9 ,j]emiah4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 xlvi4 #bg1 #bh1 h>dly 9 place "h1 7 borr[$ f xxx4 #aj;f4 & d\btless add$ lat]4 ,ev5 if1 h[ev]1 ^! oracles c\ld be rescu$ = ,j]emiah1 ^? t foll[ are1 9 all probability1 no?+ b lat] lit]>y compilations re/+ ^u a close /udy ( ! e>li] prophetical lit]ature4 ,! oracle aga9/ ,moab 7xlviii47 besides be+ unp>donably diffuse1 is ess5tially an imitation ( ! old oracle pres]v$ 9 ,isaiah xv41 xvi4 ,! oracle aga9/ ,ammon1 xlix4 #a-f1 is foll[$ by ano!r aga9/ ,edom1 vv4 #g-bb1 :i* aga9 borr[s v l>gely f ,obadiah4 ,doom is fur!r pron\nc$ on ,damascus1 vv4 #bc-bg1 ,k$> & ,hazor1 vv4 #bh-cc1 &1 ab\t sev5 ye>s lat]1 on ,elam1 vv4 #cd-ci4 ,x is n1 inde$1 impossible t ,j]emiah %\ld h utt]$ a prophetic ^w conc]n+ at lea/ "s ( ^! nations--witness 8 reply to ! ambassadors ( ! neighb\r+ k+s 9 *4 xxvii4--?\gh ! relevance ( ,elam 9 su* a connection is h>d to see2 b x is v improbable t a writ] & ?9k] s indep5d5t z ,j]emiah %\ld h borr[$ 9 ! :olesale fa%ion :i* *>act]izes ! bulk ( ?is gr\p ( oracles4 ,! oracle aga9/ ,egypt might be 81 n impossibly ! oracle aga9/ ! ,phili/9es also2 b ! gr\p z a :ole1 consi/+ ( sev5 oracles--omitt+ ! oracle aga9/ ,elam1 :i*1 by its date1 falls outside--appe>s to be a lat] artificial composition1 utiliz+ ! m famili> names 9 xxv4 #ai-bf1 & exp&+ ! h9t 9 vv4 #ae-ag t ! nations w\ld be compell$ to dr9k ( ! cup ( ! fury ( ,jehovah4 ,! climax ( ! =eign oracles is t aga9/ ,babylon 7l4-li4 #eh74 ,?is prophecy is writt5 ) great vig\r & int5sity & *>act]iz$ by a tone ( triumphant scorn4 ,a nation f ! nor?1 l4 #c1 explicitly designat$ z ! ,m$es1 li4 #aa1 is to assail ,babylon & r$uce h] to a desolation4 ,jehovah's p are urg$ to leave ! doom$ city2 ) s9s =giv5 !y w be l$ back by ,jehovah to _! own l&1 & ! poet contemplates ) gl[+ satisfaction ! day :5 ,babylon ! de/roy] w be h]self de/roy$4 ,?is oracle purports to be a message :i* ,j]emiah s5t ) an (fic] ,s]aiah1 :o accompani$ ,k+ ,z$ekiah to ,babylon 7li4 #ei74 ,!re is no probability1 h[ev]1 t ! oracle 0 writt5 by ,j]emiah4 ,d\btless ! prophet =etold ! de/ruction ( ,babylon1 xxv4 #aj1 b 8 attitude to t great p[] 9 ?is oracle is altoge!r diff]5t f :at we "k x to h be51 judg+ by o!r au!ntic oracles ( ?is p]iod 7xxvii4-xxix474 ,!re he c\nsels pati5ce--x is ! false prophets :o hope = a spe$y deliv]ance--"h !re is an eag] expectancy :i* am\nts to impati5ce4 ,b ! cont5ts ( ! oracle %[ t x _c belong to ! ye> to :i* x is assign$4 ,! temple is already de/roy$1 l4 #bh1 li4 #aa1 s t ! exile is presuppos$1 & inde$ ! ,m$es are def9itely nam$ z ! executors ( v5geance ^u ,babylon4 ,all ?is c>ries u d[n to ! conque/s ( ,cyrus & ! close ( ! exile1 inde$ to ! "t ( ,isaiah xl4-lv4 ,! oracle be>s a /rik+ resemblance bo? 9 _s & expression to ,isaiah xiii41 & might well come f ! same "t 7ab\t #edj74 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be lat]4 ,n only is x diffuse 9 expression & slip%od 9 arrangem5t1 b x borr[s ext5sively f o!r exilic or po/-exilic p>ts ( ! book ( ,j]emiah 7cf4 li4 #ae-ai ) x4 #ab-af1 l4 #dd-df ) xlix4 #ai-ba71 late exilic p>ts ( ,isaiah 7cf4 ,j]4 l4 #ci;ff1 ) ,isa4 xiii4 #ai-bb71 & f ,ezekiel 7cf4 ,j]4 li4 #be ) ,ezek4 xxxv4 #c74 ,besides1 ! au?or appe>s to h no cle> conception ( ! actual situation1 z he seems to reg>d ,israel & ,judah z liv+ side by side 9 ,babylon1 l4 #d1 #cc4 ,9 all probability ! oracle aga9/ ,babylon is a po/-exilic production inspir$ by ! ye>n+ to see ! anci5t oppressors n only humbl$1 b de/roy$4 ,! oracle j discuss$ is suppos$ to be an expansion ( ! message giv5 by ,j]emiah1 9 writ+1 to ,s]aiah1 li4 #fj;a1 :5 he w5t ) ! k+ to ,babylon4 ,b ?\gh ?is n>rative1 li4 #ei-fd1 possibly re/s on a basis ( fact1 x _c h come1 9 its pres5t =m1 f ,j]emiah1 = x presupposes ! prec$+ oracle aga9/ ,babylon1 :i* has j be5 %[n n to be au!ntic4 ,) ! composition ( *4 lii41 :i* n>rates ! capture ( ,j]usalem & ! exile ( ! p1 ,j]emiah _h no?+ :atev] to d4 ,! *apt]1 except vv4 #bh-cj1 :i* is additional1 is simply tak5 bodily f #b ,k+s xxiv4 #ah-xxv4 #cj1 ) ! omission ( ! acc\nt ( ! appo9tm5t & assass9ation ( ,g$aliah 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bb-bf7 z t /ory _h already be5 fully told 9 ,j]emiah xl4-xliii4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ,j]emiah is ( m ?an usual int]e/ & importance4 ,x is ab\t #b1gjj words1 or "o-eigh? ( ! :ole1 %ort] ?an ! ,hebrew text1 ?\gh x has ab\t #ajj words or s n f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,! ord]1 too1 is occasionally diff]5t1 notably 9 ! oracles aga9/ ! =eign nations 7xlvi4-li471 :i* 9 ! ,septuag9t are plac$ betwe5 xxv4 #ac & xxv4 #ae 7v]se #ad be+ omitt$74 ,aft] mak+ e d$uction = ! usual numb] ( mi/akes due to incompet5ce & badly writt5 manuscripts1 x has to be admitt$ t1 9 c]ta9 respects1 ! ,greek text is sup]ior to ! ,hebrew4 ,?is is especially pla9 if we exam9e its omissions4 ,consid]+ ! lat] t5d5cy to exp&1 its relative brevity is a po9t 9 its fav\r2 b1 :5 we exam9e p>ticul> cases1 ! sup]iority ( ! ,septuag9t1 ) its omissions1 is evid5t at once4 ,*4 xxvii41 e4g41 is consid]ably long] 9 ! ,hebrew ?an 9 ! ,greek text2 b ! additions 9 ! ,hebrew text repres5t ,j]emiah z int]e/$ 9 ! temple vessels & prophesy+ _! re/oration to ! temple :5 ! exile 0 ov]1 9 a way t is utt]ly unlike :at we "k ( ,j]emiah's g5]al attitude to ! mat]ial symbols ( religion4 ,simil>ly1 xxxiii4 #ad-bf1 :i* promises1 among o!r ?+s1 t !re w\ld nev] be lack+ a ,levitical prie/ to (f] burnt (f]+s1 is want+ 9 ! ,septuag9t2 "h aga9 ! ,greek mu/ be reg>d$ z m truly repres5t+ ,j]emiah's attitude to sacrifice 7vii4 #bb74 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be unfair to inf] f ?is t ! brief] read+s ( ! ,septuag9t 7 inv>iably sup]ior to ! long] read+s ( ! ,massoretic text1 = x c be %[n t ! ,greek translators (t5 omitt$ or pass$ lightly ov] :at !y did n und]/&2 nev]!less1 _! omissions (t5 indicate a bett] & m orig9al text4 ,) reg>d to ! oracles aga9/ ! =eign nations1 !re c be little d\bt t _! position 9 ! ,hebrew text is to be pref]r$ to t ( ! ,greek4 ,a c]ta9 plausibility atta*es to ! ,greek text :i* places !m aft] xxv4 #ac1 ! la/ clause ( :i*--t :i* ,j]emiah prophesi$ aga9/ all ! nations--is tak5 z a title2 b1 besides completely break+ up ! surr\nd+ context1 ^: !me is altoge!r ,judah1 ! ,greek position ( ! oracles is exce$+ly clumsy1 prec$+ z x does ! enum]ation 9 xxv4 #ae-bi1 :i* x might inde$ foll[1 b c\ld n reasonably prec$e4 ,fur!r ! ,hebrew arrangem5t ( ! oracles )9 ?is gr\p is mu* m probable ?an ! ,greek4 ,! =m] appropriately res]ves ! oracle aga9/ ,babylon to ! end1 ! latt] places x ?ird1 i4e4 among ! nations :i* are to be puni%$ by ,babylon h]self1 xxv4 #i4 ,we possess "s direct in=mation ab\t ! composition ( ! book ( ,j]emiah1 b ! pres5t arrangem5t is m>k$ by consid]able confusion1 & c 9 no case be orig9al4 ,a glance at ! cont5ts ( consecutive *apt]s is en\gh to %[ t ! ord] is n rigor\sly *ronological4 ,*4 xxv41 e4g41 falls 9 #fje ,b4,c41 :]eas ! prec$+ *apt] is at lea/ eight ye>s lat] 7cf4 xxiv4 #a1 #h74 ,*4 xxi4 #a-aj1 :i* reflects ! p]iod ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 is "o ( ! late/ passages 9 ! book 7#ehg ,b4,c474 ,!re are occasional traces ( a topical ord]3 e4g4 *s4 xviii41 xix41 give lessons f ! pott]1 xxi4 #i-xxiii4 #h is a s]ies ( prophecies conc]n+ k+s1 xxiii4 #i-dj ano!r conc]n+ prophets4 ,*s4 xxx4-xxxiii4 ga!r up ! prophecies conc]n+ ! re/oration4 ,*s4 xxxvii4-xliv4 con/itute a n>rative deal+ ) ! siege ( ! city & ev5ts imm$iately subsequ5t to x4 ,"h we t\* "o ( ! /rik+ peculi>ities ( ! book ( ,j]emiah t mu* ( x is purely n>rative4 ,aga91 9 ! n>rative portion1 sometimes ! prophet speaks himself 9 ! fir/ p]son1 z 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 call 7i471 sometimes he is spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird1 xxviii4 #e4 ,?is sugge/s t "s passages are m directly traceable to ,j]emiah ?an o!rs1 & ! clue to ?is fact is to be f\nd 9 ! int]e/+ /ory told 9 *4 xxxvi4 ,!re we are in=m$ t ,j]emiah dictat$ to 8 disciple ,b>u* ! scribe ! messages ( 8 m9i/ry s9ce 8 call tw5ty-"o ye>s be=e4 ,aft] be+ read be=e ! public ga!r+ at ! temple1 & !n be=e ! c\rt1 !y 7 de/roy$ by ! k+1 ,jehoiakim2 b ! messages 7 rewritt5 by ,b>u*1 & _m simil> words1 we are told1 7 add$1 xxxvi4 #cb4 ,x is cle> t ! book writt5 by ,b>u* to ,j]emiah's dictation _c h be5 v long1 z x c\ld be read ?ree times 9 "o day1 b x is impossible to say :at precisely 7 its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,r\ghly speak+1 !y mu/ be conf9$ to *s4 i4-xxv41 z ! foll[+ *apt]s 7except xlvi4-li47 are ei!r n>rative1 l xxvi4-xxix41 xxxvii4-xliv41 or1 if prophetic words ( ,j]emiah1 come f a lat] date 7cf4 xxx4-xxxiii41 xxxii4 #a74 ,b ! book _c h includ$ all ( i4-xxv41 =1 z we h se51 p>ts ( ?is section are lat] ?an #fje1 :5 ! book 0 fir/ dictat$ 7cf4 xxiv41 xxi4 #a-aj71 & "s are v late 7cf4 x4 #a-af1 exilic at ! e>lie/1 & xvii4 #ai-bg1 po/-exilic74 ,! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! con/itu5ts is increas$ by ! fact t sev]al ( ! *apt]s are undat$ 7e4g4 xiv4 #a-xvii4 #ah74 ,no d\bt mo/ ( *s4 i4-xii4 & mu* ( xiii4-xxv4 7 includ$ )9 ! orig9al book dictat$4 ,x is fur!r important to note t ! book 0 dictat$2 t is to say1 x 0 n writt5 by ,j]emiah's own h&1 & x 0 dictat$ f memory1 ?\gh v possibly on ! basis ( notes4 ,obvi\sly we _c 9 any case h 9 ^! few *apt]s m ?an a summ>y ( ! words spok5 dur+ a m9i/ry :i* at t "t _h already cov]$ tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,! /rong p]sonal feel+ :i* animates s mu* ( ,j]emiah's e>ly prophecies1 especially ! poetry1 we owe directly to 8 own dictation4 ,! n>rative sections1 9 :i* he is spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son1 b mo/ ( :i* obvi\sly came f "s "o :o 0 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! prophet's life1 we owe1 no d\bt1 to ! fai?ful ,b>u*1 :o cle>ly held ! prophet's words n only 9 respect1 b 9 rev]5ce1 xxxvi4 #bd4 ,! biography1 :i*1 9 its e>li] *apt]s1 assumes a some:at annali/ic =m1 xxvi4 i1 xxviii4 i1 xxix4 i1 develops an easy & fl[+ /yle :5 x comes to deal ) ! siege ( ,j]usalem 7xxxvii4-xliv474 ,speak+ v g5]ally1 ! biography cov]s *s4 xxvi4-xlv4 7except xxx41 xxxi41 xxxiii474 ,b long aft] ,b>u* 0 9 8 grave1 ! book ( ,j]emiah cont9u$ to receive additions4 ,"s ( ^!1 f exilic & po/-exilic times1 we h already se5 7(1 #a41 li474 ,a relatively l>ge lit]ature grew up ar\nd ! book ( ,j]emiah3 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #ba ev5 quotes z ,j]emiah's a prophecy :i* does n occur 9 our canonical book at all4 7cf4 ,lev4 xxvi4 #cd;f74 ,(t5 ^? :o add$ to ! book _h no cle> imag9ation ( ! hi/orical situation :atev]2 "o ( !m repres5ts ,j]emiah z address+ ! k+s ( ,judah--z if !y _h all liv$ at ! same "t--on ! "q ( ! ,sabba? day 7xvii4 #bj1 cf4 xix4 #c74 ,! ext5t ( ^! additions has already be5 illu/rat$ by comp>ison ) ! ,septuag9t1 & v (t5 ! passages :i* are n support$ by ! ,greek text are hi/orically ! lea/ tru/wor?y1 cf4 xxxix4 #aa1 #ab4 ,^! diff]5t rec5sions ( ! orig9al text atte/ ! wide popul>ity ( ! book2 an ,aramaic gloss 9 x4 #aa %[s ! lib]ties :i* transcrib]s took ) ! text1 ! integrity ( :i* suff]$ mu* f its v popul>ity4 ,! int]e/ ( ! lat] scribes 0 r 9 homiletics ?an 9 hi/ory1 & v probably mo/ ( ! writ+ t seems t$i\s & diffuse 9 ! book ( ,j]emiah is to be set d[n to ! c\nt ( ^! tea*+ scribes4 ,j]emiah 0 a v gift$ poet1 ) unusual p[]s ( emotional expression1 & x is greatly to be regrett$ t 8 own message has be5 s inextricably involv$ 9 ! inf]ior "w ( a lat] age4 ,,ezekiel ,to a mod]n ta/e1 ,ezekiel does n appeal any?+ l s p[]fully z ,isaiah or ,j]emiah4 ,he has nei!r ! maje/y ( ! "o nor ! t5d]ness & passion ( ! o!r4 ,!re is mu* 9 him t is fanta/ic1 & mu* t is rituali/ic4 ,8 imag9ations bord] sometimes on ! grotesque & sometimes on ! me*anical4 ,yet he is a hi/orical figure ( ! fir/ importance2 x 0 v l>gely f him t ,judaism receiv$ ! ecclesia/ical impulse by :i* = c5turies x 0 p[]fully dom9at$4 ,corrupt z ! text is 9 _m places1 we h 9 ,ezekiel ! r>e satisfaction ( /udy+ a c>efully elaborat$ prophecy ^: au!nticity is practically undisput$ & indisputable4 ,x is n impossible t !re are1 z ,kraetzs*m> ma9ta9s1 occasional d\blets1 e4g4 ii4 #c-g & 94 #d-i2 b ^! 9 any case are v few & h>dly affect ! "q ( au!nticity4 ,! ord] & precision ( ! prie/ly m9d are reflect$ 9 ! unusually sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! book4 ,its g5]al !me might be broadly describ$ z ! de/ruction & ! recon/itution ( ! /ate1 ! de/ruction occupy+ exactly ! fir/ half ( ! book 7i4-xxiv47 & ! recon/itution ! second half 7xxv4-xlviii474 ,! foll[+ is a sket* ( ! book4 ,aft] five ye>s ( resid5ce 9 ! l& ( exile1 ,ezekiel1 ?r\gh an ec/atic vision 9 :i* he beholds a my/]i\s *>iot ) ,god en?ron$ above x1 receives 8 prophetic call to ! rebelli\s exiles 7i41 ii471 & is equipp$ = 8 task ) ! div9e inspiration2 t task is p>tly to reprove1 p>tly to w>n 7iii474 ,at once ! prophet addresses himself !reto1 ann\nc+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem & ! captivity ( ,judah--,israel has already be5 langui%+ 9 exile = a c5tury & a half 7iv474#a ,! ?reefold fate ( ! inhabitants is describ$ 7v471 & a /]n & spe$y fate is =etold = ! m\nta9 l& ( ,israel 7vi47 & = ! p 7vii474 ,h[ des]v$ t fate is becomes too pa!tically pla9 9 ! descriptions ( ! idolatr\s wor%ip ) :i* ! temple is desecrat$ 7viii47 & 9 *a/isem5t = :i* ! inhabitants are sla9 7ix47 & _! city burn$ 7x474 ,jehovah solemnly dep>ts f ,8 desecrat$ temple 7xi474 ,footnote #a3 ,= #cij 9 iv4 #e ! ,septuag9t correctly reads #aij1 & ?is includes ! =ty ye>s ( ,judah's captivity4 ,?is g5]al !me ( ! s9 & fate ( ! city is cont9u$ ) v>iations ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! fir/ half ( ! book4 ,! horrors ( ! siege & exile are symbolically indicat$1 xii4 #a-bj1 & ! false prophets & prophetesses1 xiii4 #ag1 are reprov$ & d5\nc$ = enc\rag+1 by _! %all[ optimism1 ! unbelief ( ! p1 xii4 #ba-xiv4 #aa4 ,= ! judgm5t w assur$ly come & no int]cession w avail1 xiv4 #ab-bc4 ,israel1 9 h] mis]y1 is l ! wood ( ! v9e1 unpr(itable to beg9 )1 & n[1 besides1 sc>r$ & burnt 7xv472 h] :ole c>e] has be5 "o ( consi/5t infidelity--,israel & ,judah alike 7xvi474 ,& h] k+s are z p]fidi\s z h] p-witness ,z$ekiah's trea*]y to ! k+ ( ,babylon 7xvii474 ,b contr>y to preval5t op9ion1 ! pres5t g5]ation is n aton+ = ! s9s ( ! pa/2 e man is free & responsible & is dealt ) precisely z he des]ves--! s\l t s9ne?1 x %all die 7xviii474 ,!n foll[s a beautiful elegy ov] ! pr9ces ( ,judah--,jehoahaz tak5 captive to ,egypt1 & ,jehoia*9 to ,babylon 7xix474 ,! ?ird cycle 7xx4-xxiv47 is1 9 ! ma91 a repetition ( ! second4 ,f ! v day ( h] election1 ,israel has be5 unfai?ful1 giv+ h]self ov] to idolatry1 immorality1 & ! pr(anation ( ! ,sabba? 7xx474 ,b ! dev\r+ fire w consume1 & ! %>p sword ( ,nebu*adrezz> w be drawn1 fir/ aga9/ ,j]usalem1 & !n aga9/ ,ammon 7xxi474 ,! corruption ( ,j]usalem is utt] & absolute--pr9ces1 prie/s1 prophets1 & p 7xxii472 & ?is corruption has *>act]iz$ h] f ! v beg9n+--,sam>ia & ,j]usalem1 ! nor!rn & s\!rn k+doms alike 7xxiii474 ,s ! end has come3 ! fil? & ru/ ( ! empty caldron--symbolic ( ,j]usalem aft] ! fir/ deportation 9 #eig ,b4,c4--w be purg$ away by a yet fi]c] fire4 ,! besieg$ city is at l5g? captur$1 &1 l ! prophet's wife1 x p]i%es unm\rn$ 7xxiv474 ,! m9i/ry ( judgm5t1 s f> z x conc]ns ,j]usalem1 is n[ ov]1 & ,ezekiel is free to turn to ! m cong5ial task ( consolation & promise4 ,b a negative condition ( ! re/oration ( ,israel is ! removal ( imp$im5ts to h] welf>e1 & next to h] own s9s h] enemies are ! greate/ ob/acle to h] re/oration2 x is ) !m1 !re=e1 t ! foll[+ prophecies are conc]n$4 ,! sev5 oracles 9 *s4 xxv4-xxxii4 7#ehg-ehf ,b4,c41 cf4 xxvi4 #a1 except xxix4 #ag-ba 9 #egj ,b4,c47 are direct$ aga9/ ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,edom1 ,phili/ia 7xxv471 ,tyre1 xxvi4 #a-xxviii4 #ai1 ,sidon1 xxviii4 #bj-bf1 & ,egypt 7xxix4-xxxii474 ,tyre & ,egypt receive elaborate att5tion2 ! o!r peoples are dismiss$ ) comp>atively brief notice4 ,! g5]al reason assign$ = ! de/ruction ( ! small] peoples 9 xxv4 is _! v5geful attitude to ,israel4 ,ammon 9 p>ticul> is s+l$ out = h] malici\s joy ov] ! de/ruction ( ! temple & h] mock]y ( ! captive ,jews4 ,! de/ruction ( ^! p is no d\bt to be br\ght ab\t indirectly1 if n directly1 z 9 ! case ( ,tyre1 xxvi4 #g1 & ,egypt1 xxix4 #ai1 by ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,! oracle aga9/ ,tyre is "o ( ,ezekiel's mo/ brilliant compositions4 ,! glori\s city is to be /orm$ & de/roy$ by ,nebu*adrezz> 7xxvi471 & h] fall is celebrat$ 9 a spl5did dirge1 9 :i* %e is comp>$ to a noble m]*ant %ip wreck$ by a furi\s /orm ^u ! high seas 7xxvii472 h] pr\d pr9ce w be humbl$ to ! gr\nd 7xxviii474 ,egypt is simil>ly ?reat5$ ) a desolat+ invasion at ! h&s ( ,nebu*adrezz>2 ! conque/ ( t c\ntry is to be 8 recomp5se = 8 failure1 contr>y to ,ezekiel's expectations1 to capture ,tyre 7xxix474 ,! day ( ,jehovah draws nigh ^u ,egypt 7xxx472 l a pr\d c$> %e w be fell$ by ! h& ( ,nebu*adrezz> 7xxxi471 & h] fall is celebrat$ 9 two dirges--"o 9 :i* ,ph>aoh is comp>$ to a crocodile2 ! o!r1 weird & /rik+1 describes ! arrival ( ! sla9 ,egyptians 9 ! _w bel[ 7xxxii474 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ,israel's enemies1 "o ( ! great ob/acles to h] re/oration has be5 remov$2 b ! greate/ ob/acle is 9 ,israel h]self4 ,%e has be5 /iff-neck$ & rebelli\s3 n[ t ! prophet's words h prov$ true1#a ea* individual = himself mu/ give he$ to 8 w>n+ voice1 n m]ely consult+ him1 b obey+ him 7xxxiii474 ,!n ,jehovah w manife/ ,8 grace 9 _m ways4 ,he w s5d !m an ideal k+1 unlike ! m]c5>y rul]s ( ! pa/1 :o _h plund]$ ! flock 7xxxiv474 ,he w de/roy ! unbro!rly ,edomites 7xxxv47 & bless ,8 p ,israel ) ! peaceful possession ( a fruitful l&1 & ) ! bett] bless+ ( ! new he>t 7xxxvi474 ,f9ally1 ,he w wake ! p1 :o are n[ z good z dead1 to a new life1 & unite ! long sund]$ ,israel & ,judah "u "o sceptre = ev] 7xxxvii474 ,9 ! f9al assault :i* w be made aga9/ ,8 p by ! my/]i\s hordes ( ,gog f ! nor?1 ,he w pres]ve !m f dang]1 & multitudes ( ! assailants w fall & be buri$ 9 ! l& ( ,israel 7xxxviii41 xxxix474 ,footnote3 ,9 xxxiii4 #ba ! twelf? ye> %\ld be ! elev5? 7cf4 xxvi4 #a74 ,! news ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem w\ld n take ov] a ye> to travel to ,babylon4 ,probably ! book orig9ally end$ "h3 b f ,ezekiel's po9t ( view1 ! rema9+ *apt]s 7xl4-xlviii47 are ?or\ghly integral to x1 if inde$ !y be n its climax4 ,! p are n[ r$eem$ & re/or$ to _! own l&3 ! problem is1 h[ %all !y ma9ta9 ! prop] relations betwe5 !mselves & _! ,god8 ,! unorganiz$ community mu/ become a *ur*1 & an elaborate organization is provid$ = x4 ,! temple1 ) its build+s1 is !re=e fir/ m9utely describ$1 z t is to be ! e>?ly resid5ce ( ! p's ,god2 !n ! rights & duties ( ! prie/s are /rictly regulat$3 & la/ly ! holy l& is s r$i/ribut$ among ! tribes t ! temple is practically 9 ! c5tre4 ,*s4 xl4-xliii4 embrace ! description & measurem5t ( ! temple1 ) its c\rts1 gateways1 *amb]s1 decorations1 prie/s' rooms & alt>4 ,:5 all is ready1 ,jehovah solemnly ent]s1 xliii4 #a-ab1 by ! gate f :i* ,ezekiel _h 9 vision se5 ,him leave almo/ n9ete5 ye>s be=e1 x4 #ai4 ,! sanctity ( ! temple :]e ,jehovah is h5ce=? to dwell mu/ be scrupul\sly ma9ta9$1 & ?is is secur$ by ! regulations 9 xliv4-xlvi4 ,! m5ial s]vices ( ! sanctu>y1 :i* 7 =m]ly p]=m$ by =eign]s1 are to be h5ce=? p]=m$ by ,levites4 ,!n foll[ regulations det]m9+ ! duties & rev5ues ( ! prie/s1 ! t]ritory to be occupi$ by !m1 also by ! ,levites1 ! city & ! pr9ce2 ! religi\s duties ( ! pr9ce1 & ! rite ( atonem5t = ! temple4 ,! :ole description is a /rik+ c\nt]p>t to ! e>li] vision ( ! desecration ( ! temple 7viii474 ,! la/ section 7xlvii41 xlviii47 deals ) ! l& :i* 9 ^! latt] days is to %>e ! r$emption ( ! p4 ,! b>r5 gr\nd ne> ! ,dead ,sea is to be made f]tile1 & ! wat]s ( t sea sweet1 by a /ream issu+ f und]nea? ! temple4 ,! l& w be r$i/ribut$1 sev5 tribes nor? & five s\? ( ! temple1 & ! city w be> ! "n ,jehovah is !re--symbolic ( ! abid+ pres5ce ( ! p's ,god4 ,:atev] be ! precise mean+ ( ! mu* disput$ ?irtie? ye> 9 i4 #a1 ,ezekiel 0 born probably ab\t or n long be=e ! "t ,j]emiah began 8 m9i/ry 9 #fbf ,b4,c4 ,z a "y man1 he mu/ h he>d ,j]emiah prea*1 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t "s ( ,j]emiah's prophecies 7 9 circulation ab\t eight ye>s be=e ,ezekiel w5t into exile 7#fje-eig7 expla9s ! pr(\nd influ5ce :i* ! old] prophet pla9ly ex]cis$ ^u ! y\ng]4 ,) ,jehoia*9 & ! ari/ocracy1 ,ezekiel 0 tak5 9 #eig to ,babylon1 :]e he liv$ ) 8 wife1 xxiv4 #af1 among ! ,jewi% colony on ! banks ( ! ,*eb>1 "o ( ! canals tribut>y to ! ,euphrates1 i4 #c4 ,nev] _h a prophet be5 m necess>y4 ,! p left beh9d 9 ! l& 7 ?or\ghly deprav$1 xxxiii4 #be;ff41 ! exiles 7 n mu* bett]1 xiv4 #c;ff4--!y are a rebelli\s h\se1 ii4 #f2 & ev5 worse ?an !y are ! exiles :o came ) ! second deportation 9 #ehf1 xiv4 #bb4 ,idolatry ( _m k9ds _h be5 practis$ 7viii472 & n[ t ! p5alty 0 be+ paid 9 exile1 ! p 7 helpless1 xxxvii4 #aa4 ,= six ye>s & a half--till ! city fell--,ezekiel's m9i/ry 0 "o ( repro(2 aft] t1 ( consolation4 ,! prophet becomes a pa/or4 ,8 m9i/ry la/$ at lea/ tw5ty-two ye>s1 ! la/ dat$ prophecy be+ 9 #egj 7xxix4 #ag72 = ?irte5 ye>s be=e ! writ+ ( *s4 xl4-xlviii4 9 #egb ,b4,c4 !re is no dat$ prophecy1 xxxii4 #a1 #ag1 s t ?is sket* ( ecclesia/ical organization1 pa!tic z embody+ an old man's hope = ! future1 /&s among 8 mo/ mature & delib]ate "w4 ,8 absolute c&\r is /rik+ly %[n by 8 refusal to cancel 8 orig9al prophecy ( ! capture ( ,tyre by ,nebu*adrezz>1 xxvi4 #g1 #h1 :i* _h n be5 fulfill$2 he simply app5ds ano!r oracle & all[s ! two to /& side by side1 xxix4 #ag-bj4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ,ezekiel prophecy has travell$ f> f ! me?ods1 expressions & hopes t _h *>act]iz$ x 9 ! days ( ,amos & ,isaiah1 or ev5 ( ,ezekiel's imm$iate pr$ecessor & contempor>y1 ,j]emiah4 ,9 ^! books !re are visions1 su* z ^? ( ,amos1 vii4 #a1 viii4 #a1 ix4 #a1 & symbolic acts l t ( ,isaiah1 xx4 #b1 walk+ b>efoot2 b !re su* ?+s are only occasional1 "h !y ab\nd4 ,_! int]pretation1 too1 is beset by mu* unc]ta9ty4 ,"s ma9ta9 t ! symbolic actions1 unless :5 !y are obvi\sly impossible1 7 really p]=m$2 o!rs reg>d !m simply z "p ( ! imag9ative me*anism ( ! book4 ,! dumbness1 e4g41 ) :i* ,ezekiel 0 afflict$ = a p]iod1 iii4 #bf1 xxiv4 #bg1 xxxiii4 #bb1 & :i* has be5 int]pret$ z a s5se ( re/ra9t & defeat1 may v well h be5 real1 & connect$1 z has be5 rec5tly suppos$1 ) c]ta9 pa?ological conditions2 b x is h>dly to be believ$ t he lay on "o side = #aij days#a 7iv4 #e74 ,aga91 ?\gh ! curi\s action repres5t+ ! ?reefold fate ( ! inhabitants ( ! city 9 *4 v4 is some:at grotesque1 x is n absolutely impossible2 b x is difficult to see h[ ! comm& to eat bread & dr9k wat] ) trembl+ c be tak5 lit]ally1 xii4 #ah4 ,z ! fir/ symbolic action 9 ! book--! eat+ ( ! roll1 iii4 #a-c--mu/ be int]pret$ figuratively1 x w\ld seem n unfair to apply ?is pr9ciple to all su* actions4 ,x is ev5 appli$ by ,reuss to ! v circum/antial /ory ( ! dea? ( ! prophet's wife1 xxiv4 #ae;ff41 :i* he *>act]izes z an easily deciph]$ hi]oglyph4 ,footnote #a3 ,s ! ,septuag9t4 ,aga91 9 spite ( _! highly elaborat$ detail1 ! visions appeal1 & are int5d$ to appeal1 r to ! m9d ?an to ! eye4 ,su* a vision z t ( ! div9e *>iot 9 *4 i4 c\ld n be transf]r$ to canvas2 & if x c\ld1 ! effect w\ld be any?+ b impressive4 ,reg>d$1 h[ev]1 z a creation ( ! intellectual imag9ation1 sugge/+ z x does c]ta9 attributes ( ,god1 & clo?+ !m ) a my/]i\s & indef9able maje/y1 x is n )\t an impressiv5ess ( its own4 ,a simil> s5se ( unreality has be5 held to p]vade ! spee*es4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t !y are simply artificial compositions1 nev] address$ & n capable ( be+ address$ to any audi5ce ( liv+ m54 ,c]ta9ly "o c h>dly conceive ( ! la/ *apt]s1 ) _! m9ute description ( ! temple build+s1 (fic]s & c]emonies1 z =m+ "p ( a public address2 & "s ev5 ( ! e>li] *apt]s1 e4g4 xvi41 xxiii41 d n sugge/ t liv+ contact ) an audi5ce :i* inve/s ! e>li] prophets ) _! p]5nial dramatic int]e/4 ,at ! same "t1 to reg>d him simply z an au?or & 9 no s5se z a public man w\ld und\bt$ly be to d him less ?an ju/ice1 cf4 xi4 #be4 ,he 0 9 any case a pa/or--a new (fice 9 ,israel1 to :i* he 0 l$ by 8 ov]:elm+ s5se ( ! indefeasible importance ( ! individual 7iii4 #ah;ff41 xviii41 xxxiii474 ,b--especially 9 8 e>li] m9i/ry1 till ! fall ( ! city--he 0 prophet z well z pa/or1 ) a public message ( condemnation v mu* l t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 reputation z a prophet naturally rose ) ! corroboration :i* 8 words _h receiv$ f ! fall ( ! city1 xxxiii4 #cj1 b ev5 be=e ?is x mu/ h be5 high1 z we f9d him frequ5tly consult$1 viii4 #a1 xiv4 #a1 xx4 #a2 & ?\gh beh9d ! real audi5ce he addresses1 we (t5 _c help feel+ t 8 words h 9 view t l>g] ,israel ( :i* ! exiles =m a "p 7cf4 vi471 ! *apt]s1 z !y n[ /&1 are no d\bt 9 mo/ cases expansions ( actual addresses4 ,?is view is /r5g!n$ by ! precision ( ! num]\s *ronological notices1 cf4 viii4 #a4 ,!re is ano!r important aspect 9 :i* ! contra/ betwe5 ,ezekiel & ! pre-exilic prophets is v great3 viz4 9 8 attitude to ritual4 ,e "o ( !m _h express$ 9 emphatic language ! relative1 if n ! absolute1 indiff]5ce ( ritual to true religion 7,amos v4 #be1 ,hos4 vi4 #f1 ,isa4 i4 #aa;ff41 ,mic4 vi4 #f-h74 ,no "o _h express$ himself 9 language m /rong & unmi/akable ?an ,ezekiel's contempor>y1 ,j]emiah4 ,yet ,ezekiel himself devotes no less ?an n9e *apt]s to a detail$ programme = ! ecclesia/ical organization ( ! /ate aft] ! return f exile 7xl4-xlviii474 ,) "s ju/ice ,luci5 ,gauti] has call$ him ! cl]ical prophet1 & ,duhm goes s f> z to say t he annihilat$ spontane\s & e?ical religion4 ,?is1 z we %all see1 is a grave exagg]ation2 b !re c be no d\bt t 9 ,ezekiel ! c5tre ( gravity ( prophecy has %ift$4 ,he ?rew ritual into a prom95ce :i*1 9 prophecy1 x _h nev] _h be=e1 & :i*1 f 8 day on1 x successfully ma9ta9$ 7cf4 ,hag41 ,ze*41 ,mal474 ,x is difficult to e/imate ju/ly ! importance to ,hebrew religion ( ! new turn giv5 to x by ,ezekiel3 x seems to be1 & 9 reality x is1 a desc5t f ! m purely spiritual & e?ical conception ( ! e>li] prophets4 ,b two ?+s h to be rememb]$ 7#a7 t1 = ! situation contemplat$ by ,ezekiel1 su* a programme z t :i* he drew up 0 a practical religi\s necessity4 ,! spiritual atmosph]e 9 :i* ,j]emiah drew 8 brea? s freely 0 too r>e = ! av]age ,israelite4 ,religi\s conceptions _h to be express$ 9 mat]ial symbols4 ,! l& & ! temple _h be5 pr(an$ by s9 7viii472 aft] ! return1 _! hol9ess mu/ be secur$ & gu>ante$1 & ,ezekiel's legislation makes ! necess>y provision by translat+ t idea into specific & concrete applications4 ,b 7#b7 ?\gh ritual int]e/s are v prom95t t[>ds ! close ( ! book1 !y d n by any means exhau/ ! religi\s int]e/s ( ,ezekiel4 ,if n v frequ5tly1 at any rate v delib]ately & emphatically1 he ass]ts ! e?ical elem5ts t are insep>able f true religion & ! moral responsibility ( ! individual 7iii41 xviii41 xxxiii474 ,inde$1 ! backgr\nd ( xl4-xlviii4 is a p r$eem$ f _! s94 ,! wor%ipp]s are ! r$eem$2 & ev5 9 ?is almo/ exclusively ritual section e?ical int]e/s are n =gott51 xlv4 #i;ff4 ,9 int]pret+ ! m9d ( ! man :o sket*$ ?is prie/ly legislation1 x is surely unfair to ignore ^? pr(\nd & noble utt]ances t\*+ ! necessity ( ! new he>t1 xviii4 #ca1 xxxvi4 #bf1 & ! new _s1 xi4 #ai1 utt]ances :i* h ! r+ ( "s ( ! greate/ words ( ,j]emiah4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ,ezekiel did n fully realize ! implications ( ^! pr(\nd words3 he at once proce$s to apply !m 9 a some:at me*anical way1 :i* sugge/s t 8 religion is a ?+ ( /atutes & judgm5ts1 if x is also a ?+ ( ! _s1 xxxvi4 #bg 7cf4 xx4 #aa1 #ac71 & ?is t5d5cy to a me*anical view ( ?+s is *>act]i/ic ( ! prophet4 ,ev5 9 ! great *apt] ass]t+ ! responsibility ( ! individual 7xviii47 some?+ ( ?is t5d5cy appe>s 9 ! isolation ( ! v>i\s p]iods ( ! individual life f ea* o!r4 ,x %[s itself aga9 9 8 description ( ! riv] t issues f "u ! ?re%old ( ! temple1 xlvii4 #c-f4 ,8 imag9ation1 :i* 0 consid]ably influ5c$ by ,babylonian art1 is undiscipl9$4 ,images are work$ out ) a detail arti/ically unnecess>y1 & ae/hetically sometimes (f5sive 7xvi41 xxiii474 ,on ! o!r h& ! book is n de/itute ( noble & *a/5$ imag9ations4 ,! weird fate ( ,egypt 9 ! und]world1 xxxii4 #ag-cb1 ! glory ( ,tyre & ! horror :i* h] fate elicits 7xxvii47 are describ$ ) great p[]4 ,no?+ c\ld be m impressive ?an ! vision ( ! valley ( dry bones--! fe>ful solitude & ! my/]i\s resurrection 7xxxvii474 ,ezekiel's imag9ative p[] p]haps rea*es its climax 9 8 vision ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & h] idolatr\s p4 ,on ! judgm5t day we see ! corpses ( ! s9n]s1 sla9 by sup]natural execution]s1 ly+ sil5tly 9 ! temple c\rt1 ! prophet pro/rate & sorr[ful1 & ! angel dep>t+ ) gl[+ coals to set fire to ! guilty city1 ix4 i-x4 #g4 ,! two *ief elem5ts 9 lat] ,judaism practically owe _! orig9 to ,ezekiel1 viz4 apocalypse & legalism4 ,! =m] f9ds expression 9 *s4 xxxviii1 xxxix41 :]e1 prelim9>y to ,israel's re/oration1 ,gog ( ! l& ( ,magog--an ideal1 r ?an1 l ! ,assyrians or ,babylonians1 an hi/orical enemy ( ,israel--is to be de/roy$4 ,we h already se5 h[ prom95t ! legali/ic int]e/ is 9 xl4-xlviii41 b x is also app>5t else:]e4 ,ezekiel1 e4g41 lays unusual /ress ^u ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?1 & c\nts its pr(anation "o ( ! grave/ ( ! national s9s1 xx4 #ab1 xxii4 #h1 xxiii4 #ch4 ,! prie/ly int]e/s ( ,ezekiel are easily expla9$ by 8 e>ly environm5t4 ,he belong$ by bir? to ! ,j]usalem prie/hood1 i4 #c1 xliv4 #ae1 & he receiv$ 8 e>ly tra9+ "u ! prophetico-prie/ly impulse ( ! ,deut]onomic re=mation4 ,f ! critical /&po9t1 ! book ( ,ezekiel is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,*s4 xl4-xlviii4 fall midway betwe5 ! simpl] legislation ( ,deut]onomy1 & ! v elaborate legislation ( ! prie/ly p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?is is especially pla9 9 ! laws affect+ ! prie/s & ! ,levites4 ,9 ,deut]onomy no di/9ction is made betwe5 !m2 !re ! phrase is1 ! prie/s ! ,levites 7,deut4 xviii4 #a72 9 ! prie/ly code 7cf4 ,num4 iii41 iv41 v47 !y are v %>ply di/+ui%$1 ! ,levites be+ res]v$ = ! m m5ial "w ( ! sanctu>y4 ,n[ ! orig9 ( ?is di/9ction c be trac$ to ,ezekiel1 accord+ to :om ! ,levites 7 ! prie/s :o _h be5 degrad$ f _! prie/ly (fice1 because !y _h m9i/]$ 9 idolatr\s wor%ip at ! high places1 xliv4 #f;ff41 :]eas ! prie/s 7 ! ,zadokites :o _h m9i/]$ only at ,j]usalem4 ,! natural inf]5ce is t1 at lea/ 9 ?is respect1 ! prie/ly legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* is lat] ?an ,ezekiel4 ,a close /udy ( *s4 xl4-xlviii4 enables u to ext5d ?is inf]5ce4 ,betwe5 ,ezekiel & t legislation !re are s]i\s diff]5ces 7cf4 xlvi4 #ac1 ,exod4 xxix4 #ch1 ,num4 xxviii4 #d71 :i*1 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 gave mu* p]plexity to ,jewi% s*ol>s4 ,accord+ to ! traditional view1 z ,reuss has said1 ,ezekiel w\ld be re=m+1 n ,israel1 b ,moses1 ! man ( ,god1 & ! m\? ( ,jehovah ,himself4 ,we h no alt]native1 !n1 b to suppose t ,ezekiel is e>li] ?an ! prie/ly legislation ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & t ?is sket* 9 xl4-xlviii4 prep>$ ! way = x4 ,9 ,ezekiel ! old] prophetic conception ( ,god has und]gone a *ange4 ,x has become m transc5d5tal1 ) ! result t ! love ( ,god is ov]%ad[$ by ,8 hol9ess4 ,x is ( ,8 grace1 no d\bt1 t ! p are ultimately sav$2 b1 accord+ to ,ezekiel1 ,he is prompt$ to ,8 r$emptive "w n s mu* out ( pity = ! fall5 p1 xxxvi4 #bb1 b r = ,8 "n's sake1 xx4 #dd--t "n :i* has be5 pr(an$ by ,israel 9 ! sight ( ! hea!n1 xx4 #ad4 ,! goal ( hi/ory is1 9 ,ezekiel's ev]-recurr+ phrase1 t m5 may "k t ,i am ,jehovah4 ,correspond+ to ?is transc5d5tal view ( ,god is 8 view ( man z frail & weak--ov] & ov] aga9 ,ezekiel is address$ z *ild ( man--& hi/ory has only too fai?fully exhibit$ t inh]5t & all b in]adicable weakness4 ,:ile o!r prophets1 l ,hosea & ,j]emiah1 _h se5 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ,israel's hi/ory1 a dawn :i* bore ! promise ( a beautiful day1 to ,ezekiel t hi/ory has f ! v beg9n+ be5 "o unbrok5 record ( apo/asy 7xvi41 xxiii474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ezekiel laid a :olesome1 if p]haps exagg]at$1 emphasis on ! possibility ( human fre$om4 ,a man's de/9y1 he ma9ta9$1 0 n irretrievably det]m9$ ei!r by h]$it>y influ5ces1 xviii4 #b;ff41 or by 8 own pa/1 xxxiii4 #aj;f4 ,fur!r1 ,j]emiah _h felt1 if he _h n said1 t ! individual1 n ! nation1 is ! real unit 9 religion3 to ,ezekiel belongs ! m]it ( supplem5t+ ?is conception by t o!r1 t religion implies fell[%ip1 & t individuals f9d _! true/ religi\s life only :5 unit$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,god 7xl4-xlviii474 ,,hosea ,! book ( ,hosea divides naturally into two p>ts3 i4-iii4 & iv4-xiv41 ! =m] relatively cle> & connect$1 ! latt] unusually disjo9t$ & obscure4 ,! diff]5ce is s unmi/akable t i4-iii4 h usually be5 assign$ to ! p]iod be=e ! dea? ( ,j]oboam ,,ii1 & iv4-xiv4 to ! an>*ic p]iod :i* succe$$4 ,c]ta9ly ,hosea's prophetic c>e] began be=e ! end ( ,j]oboam's reign1 z he pr$icts ! fall ( ! reign+ dyna/y1 i4 #d1 :i* practically end$ ) ,j]oboam's dea?4#a ,b i4-iii4 seem to be ! result ( long & agoniz$ m$itation on ! mean+ ( 8 w$d$ life3 x 0 n at once t he discov]$ ,gom] to be an unfai?ful wife1 i4 #b1 & x mu/ h be5 lat] /ill t he le>n$ to int]pret ! impulse :i* l$ him to h] & ?rew su* sorr[ ab\t 8 life1 z a ^w ( ! ,"l1 i4 #b4 ,^! *apt]s 7 probably !re=e writt5 late1 ?\gh ! exp]i5ces !y record 7 e>ly4 ,footnote #a3 ,ze*>iah 8 son reign$ = only six mon?s4 ,( ! date1 g5]ally speak+1 ( iv4-xiv4 !re c be no d\bt3 !y reflect b too fai?fully ! confusion ( ! times t foll[$ ,j]oboam's dea?4 ,x is a p]iod ( hopeless an>*y4 ,moral law is set at defiance1 & society1 f "o end to ! o!r1 is 9 confusion1 iv4 #a1 #b1 vii4 #a4 ,! c\rt is corrupt1 conspiracies are rife1 k+s are assass9at$1 vii4 #c-g1 x4 #ae4 ,we are irresi/ibly rem9d$ ( ! rapid succession ( k+s t foll[$ ,j]oboam--,ze*>iah 8 son1 ,%allum1 ,m5ahem1 ,pekahiah1 ,pekah4 ,gilead1 h[ev]1 is /ill "p ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 vi4 #h1 xii4 #aa1 s t ! deportation effect$ by ,tigla? ,piles] 9 #gcd ,b4,c4 has n yet tak5 place 7#b ,k+s xv4 #bi74 ,fur!r1 !re is no m5tion ( ! comb9ation ( ,israel & ,aram aga9/ ,judah2 &1 z ,hosea 0 a v close obs]v] ( ! political situation1 8 sil5ce on ?is po9t may be assum$ to imply t 8 prophecies fall e>li] ?an #gce4 ,! date ( 8 prophetic c>e] may safely be set ab\t #gdc-gcf ,b4,c4 ,9 *s4 i4 & iii4 ,hosea reads ! exp]i5ces ( 8 w$d$ life z a symbol ( ,jehovah's exp]i5ce ) ,israel4 ,gom] bore him ?ree *ildr51 to :om he gave names symbolic ( ! imp5d+ fate#a ( ,israel1 i4 #a-i4 ,! fai?less ,gom] ab&ons ,hosea = a p>am\r1 b he is mov$ by 8 love = h] to buy h] out ( ! degradation into :i* %e has fall51 & takes e>ne/ measures to wean h] to a bett] m9d4 ,all ?is ,hosea le>ns to int]pret z symbolic ( ! div9e love = ,israel1 :i* refuses to be defeat$1 b w seek to recov] ! p1 ?\gh x be ?r\gh ! /]n discipl9e ( exile 7iii474 ,*4 ii4 elaborates ! idea1 sugge/$ by ^! *apt]s1 ( ,israel's adult]y1 i4e4 ( h] unfai?fulness to ,jehovah1 ( ! fate to :i* x w br+ h]1 & ( h] r$emption f t fate by ! love ( h] ,god4#b ,footnote #a3 ,*s4 i4 #aj-;ii4 #a int]rupts ! /]n context ) an outlook on ! ,messianic days1 consid]s ,judah z well z ,israel1 presupposes ! exile ( ,judah1 & anticipates ii4 #ba-bc4 ,x c h>dly !re=e be ,hosea's2 nor c i4 #g1 :i* is q irrelevant & appe>s to be an allusion to ! deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem f ,s5na*]ib 9 #gja ,b4,c4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is mu* m satisfactory to int]pret i41 iii4 z a real exp]i5ce ( ,hosea1 & n simply z an allegory4 ,if x be object$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! names ( ! la/ two *ildr5 are n probable names1 x may be urg$1 on ! o!r1 t ,gom] seems to be an actual "n1 = :i* no plausible allegorical mean+ has be5 sugge/$4 ,x is q impossible ev5 to attempt a summ>y ( iv4-xiv41 p>tly because ( ! hopeless corruption ( ! text 9 v _m passages1 p>tly f ! brevity & app>5tly disjo9t$ nature ( ! individual sections4 ,possibly ?is is due1 9 l>ge measure1 to lat] r$actors ( ! book1 or to ! fragm5t>y reports ( ! prophet's addresses2 p]haps1 h[ev]1 x also expresses some?+ ( ! abrupt passion ( 8 spee*es1 :i*1 z ,kautzs* says1 7 m sob ?an spee*4 ,! g5]al !me ( ?is division appe>s 9 its op5+ words1 ,!re is no fidelity or love or k ( ,god 9 ! l&1 iv4 #a4 ,t k ( ,god is 9 "p innate & univ]sal3 x is k ( ,god1 & n specifically ( ,jehovah--n k ( a code1 b fidelity to ! dem&s ( consci5ce4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! peculi> bus9ess ( ! prie/s to proclaim & develop t k2 & = ! deplorable p]v]sity ( ,israel1 !y are l>gely held responsible1 iv4 #f4 ,! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 :i* ought to be a moral s]vice1 vi4 #f1 is indi/+ui%able f ,baal wor%ip 7ii47 & idolatry4 ,^u ! calf1 ! symbol "u :i* ,jehovah 0 wor%ipp$1 & ^u ^? :o wor%ip ,him ?us1 ,hosea p\rs indignant & s>ca/ic scorn1 viii4 #e1 #f1 x4 #e1 xiii4 #b4 ,ignorance ( ! true nature ( ,god is at ! root ( ! moral & political confusion4 ,x is ?is t leads ! "o p>ty to coquet ) ,egypt & ! o!r ) ,assyria1 vii4 ,,ii1 viii1 #i1 xi4 #e1 xii4 #a1 & ! price paid = ,assyrian int]v5tion 0 a heavy "o 7#b ,k+s xv4 #ai1 #bj1 cf4 ,hosea v4 #ac74 ,! native k+s1 too1 are z impot5t to heal ,israel's w\nds z ! =eign]s1 vii4 #g1 x4 #g2 & ?\gh x might be too mu* to say t ,hosea condemns ! mon>*y z an in/itution1 viii4 #d1 ! impot5ce ( ! k+s to /em ! tide ( disa/] is too pa9fully cle> to him1 x1 #g1 #ae4 ,:e!r ,hosea ev] alludes to ,judah 9 8 g5u9e prophecies is v d\btful4 ,"s ( ! ref]5ces are obvi\s int]polations 7cf4 i4 #g71 & = "o reason or ano!r1 ne>ly all ( !m are suspici\s3 9 vi4 #d1 e4g41 ! p>allelism 7cf4 v4 #aj7 sugge/s t ,israel %\ld be read in/ead ( ,judah4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t ! message ( ,hosea is address$ 9 ! ma91 if n exclusively1 to nor!rn ,israel4 ,x is h] l& t is ! l&1 i4 #b1 cf4 #d1 h] k+ t is our k+1 vii4 #e1 ! wor%ip ( h] sanctu>ies t he exposes1 & h] politics t he deplores4 ,if ,amos is ! ,/4 ,james ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,hosea is ! ,/4 ,john4 ,x is inde$ possible to draw ! contra/ too %>ply betwe5 ,amos & ,hosea1 z is done :5 x is ass]t$ t ,amos is ! *ampion ( morality & ,hosea ( religion4 ,amos is n1 h[ev]1 a m]e morali/2 he no less ?an ,hosea dem&s a return to ,jehovah1 iv4 #f1 #h1 v4 #f1 b he und\bt$ly lays ! emphasis on ! moral expression ( ! religi\s impulse1 :ile ,hosea is m conc]n$ ) religion at its roots & 9 its ess5ce4 ,?us ,hosea's "w1 besides be+ supplem5t>y to t ( ,amos1 emphasiz+ ! love ( ,god :]e ,amos _h emphasis$ ,8 righte\sness1 is also m fundam5tal ?an 84 ,!re is some?+ ( ! my/ic1 too1 9 ,hosea3 9 all exp]i5ce he f9ds some?+ typical4 ,! "* ( ! patri>* ,jacob is an adumbration ( t ( 8 desc5dants 7xii471 & 8 own love = 8 unfai?ful wife is a %ad[ ( ,jehovah's love = ,israel 7i4-iii474 ,8 message to ,israel 0 a /]n "o1 probably ev5 /]n] ?an x n[ reads 9 ! receiv$ text ( _m passages1 e4g41 xi4 #h1 #i4 ,he repres5ts ,jehovah z say+ to ,israel3 ,%all ,i set !e free f ! h& ( ,%eol8 ,%all ,i r$eem !e f dea?8 ,hi!r ) ?y plagues1 ,o dea?6 ,hi!r ) ?y pe/il5ce1 ,o ,%eol6 ,rep5tance is hidd5 f m9e eyes1 xiii4 #ad4 ,b x is too mu* to say ) "s s*ol>s t ! /]nness is unqualifi$ & to d5y to ! prophet ! hope s beautifully express$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!re 7 elem5ts 9 ,hosea's exp]i5ce ( 8 own he>t :i* sugge/$ t ! love ( ,jehovah 0 a love :i* w\ld n let ,8 p g1 & *4 xiv4 7except v4 #i7 may well be reta9$1 almo/ 9 its entirety1 = ,hosea4 ,8 passion1 ?\gh n robu/1 l t ( ,amos1 is t5d] & int5se1 xi4 #c1 #d3 z ,amos pleads = righte\sness1 he pleads = love 7,hos4 vi4 #f71 hes$1 a ^w /rangely en\gh nev] us$ by ,amos2 & x is no accid5t t ! great utt]ance ( ,hosea--,i w h love & n sacrifice1 vi4 #f--;_h a special attraction = ,jesus 7,matt4 ix4 #ac1 xii4 #g74 ,,joel ,! book ( ,joel admirably illu/rates ! intimate connection :i* subsi/$ = ! prophetic m9d betwe5 ! sorr[s & disa/]s ( ! pres5t & ! com+ day ( ,jehovah3 ! "o is ! imm$iate h>b+] ( ! o!r4 ,9 an unusually deva/at+ plague ( locu/s1 :i*1 l an army ( ! ,"l1#a has /ripp$ ! l& b>e & br\ght mis]y alike ^u city & c\ntry1 man & bea/--= ! bea/s ( ! field look up sigh+ unto ,!e1 i4 #bj--! prophet sees ! =]unn] ( su* an imp5d+ day ( ,jehovah1 bids ! prie/s summon a solemn assembly1 & calls ^u ! p to fa/ & m\rn & turn 9 p5it5ce to ,god4 ,_! p5it5ce is met by ! div9e pity & rew>d$ by ! promise n only ( mat]ial re/oration b ( an outp\r+ ( ! _s ^u all ,judah1#b :i* is to be accompani$ by m>vell\s signs 9 ! natural _w4 ,! re/oration ( ,judah has z its correlative ! de/ruction ( ,judah's enemies1 :o are repres5t$ z ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat--i4e4 ! valley :]e ,jehovah judges--& !re ! div9e judgm5t is to be execut$ ^u !m4 ,footnote #a3 ,"s reg>d ! locu/s z an allegorical designation = an invad+ army4 ,b )\t reason3 9 ii4 #g !y are comp>$ to w>riors1 & ! effect ( _! deva/ations is describ$ 9 t]ms inapplicable to an army4 ,footnote #b3 ,! sequel1 9 :i* ! nations are ! objects ( div9e wra?1 %[s t ! all fle%1 ii4 #bh1 mu/ be conf9$ to ,judah4 ,! !ological value ( ! book ( ,joel lies *iefly 9 its cle> contribution to ! conception ( ! day ( ,jehovah4 ,z ,m>ti says1 ,! book does n pres5t "o side ( ! picture only1 b comb9es all ! *ief traits ( ! es*atological hope 9 an in/ructive comp5dium--! effusion ( ! _s1 ! salvation ( ,j]usalem1 ! judgm5t ( ! hea!n1 ! fruitfulness ( ! l&1 ! p]man5t abode ( ,jehovah ^u ,zion4 ,^! features ( ! ,messianic hope are1 9 ! ma91 *>act]i/ic ( po/-exilic prophecy2 & n[1 ) v great unanimity1 ! book is assign$1 9 spite ( its position ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! m9or prophets1 to po/-exilic times4 ,a v>iety ( consid]ations appe>s to support ?is date4 ,judah is ! exclusive object ( int]e/4 ,israel has no indep5d5t exi/5ce1 &1 :]e ! "n is m5tion$1 x is synonym\s ) ,judah1 ii4 #bg1 iii4 #b1 #af4 ,fur!r1 ! p are scatt]$ among ! nations1 iii4 #b1 & /rang]s are n to pass ?r\gh ! holy ,j]usalem any m1 iii4 #ag4 ,! exile & ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 #ehf ,b4,c4 appe> !re=e to be presuppos$4 ,b ! temple has be5 rebuilt2 !re are num]\s allusions to prie/s & to meal & dr9k (f]+s1 i4 #i1 #ac1 ii4 #ad1ag1 & an assembly is summon$ to ! h\se ( ,jehovah y\r ,god1 i4 #ad3 ! ref]5ce to ! city wall1 ii4 #i1 w\ld br+ ! date z late z ,nehemiah 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,o!r argum5ts1 ?\gh m prec>i\s1 are n )\t weight1 e4g41 ! ease & smoo?ness ( ! language1 ! allusion to ! ,greeks1 94 #f1 ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ! s9 ( ,judah1#a ! app>5t citations f or allusions to o!r prophetic books4#b ,footnote #a3 ,?\gh x may be impli$ 9 ii4 #ab;f ,footnote #b3 ,obad4 v4 #ag1 ,jo4 ii4 #cb2 ,amos i4 #b1 ,jo4 iii4 #af2 ,amos ix4 #ac1 ,jo4 iii4 #ah2 ,ezek4 xlvii4 #a;ff41 ,jo4 iii4 #ah4 ,! effect ( ?is cumulative argum5t has be5 suppos$ to be ov]:elm+ 9 fav\r ( a po/-exilic date4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,baudiss91 9 a v c>eful discussion1 has ably argu$ = at lea/ ! possibility ( a pre-exilic date4 ,precisely 9 ! mann] ( ,joel1 ,amos iv4 #f-i l9ks toge!r locu/s & dr\ght z already exp]i5c$ calamities4 ,bo? alike compla9 ( ! ,phili/9e & ,pho5ician slave-trade4 ,! enemies--,edom1 ,pho5icia1 ,phili/ia1 iii4 #d1 l#i--;fit ! e>li] p]iod bett] ?an ! ,p]sian or ,greek4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 ,judah 0 invad$ by ! ,phili/9es & ,arabians accord+ to ! ,*ronicl] 7#b ,*ron4 xxi4 #af;ff471 ^: /atem5ts 9 su* a matt] !re is no reason = d\bt+1 & ,j]usalem may !n h suff]$3 9 any case1 we "k t ! treasures ( temple & palace 7 plund]$ z e>ly z ,rehoboam's "t 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #be;ff471 & ?is might be en\gh to satisfy ! allusion 9 ,joel iii4 #ag4 ,aga91 if ,joel is smoo?1 ,amos is n mu* less s2 & l+ui/ic peculi>ities t seem to be late might be due to dialect or p]sonal idiosyncrasy4 ,) reg>d to ! argum5t f citations1 x w\ld be possible to ma9ta9 t ,joel's simple & natural picture ( ! /ream f ! temple wat]+ ! acacia valley1 iii4 #ah1 0 n borr[$ f1 b r sugge/$ ! m elaborate imag]y ( ,ezekiel1 xlvii4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons ,baudiss9 sugge/s ) hesitation t a date slightly be=e ,amos is by no means impossible4#a ,footnote #a3 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,v]nes1 ,ro?/e9 & ,/rack h indep5d5tly rea*$ ! conclusion t *s4 i41 ii4 h a diff]5t orig9 f iii41 iv4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! /ate /ill exi/s1 & ! calamity is a plague ( locu/s2 9 ! latt]1 no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! locu/s--x is a "t ( national disa/]4 ,! reasons1 h[ev]1 are h>dly adequate = d5y+ ! unity ( ! book4 ,! "q is mu* m ?an an academic "o1 = on ! answ] to x w dep5d our :ole conception ( ! developm5t ( ,hebrew prophecy4 ,sac]dotal int]e/s1 e4g41 "h receive a prom95ce 9 prophecy :i* we are accu/om$ to associate only ) ! p]iod aft] ! exile4 ,"h aga91 ! promises are = ,judah1 ! ?reats = h] enemies--an attitude also *>act]i/ic ( po/-exilic prophecy3 x is cu/om>y to d5y to ! pre-exilic prophets any ^w ( promise or consolation to _! own p4 ,obvi\sly if ! prie/ & ! elem5t ( promise h already s assur$ a place 9 ! e>lie/ ( ! prophets1 ! ord9>y view ( ! c\rse ( prophecy w h to be s]i\sly modifi$4 ,! lack ( emphasis display$ by ,joel on ! e?ical aspect ( religion1 :i* has be5 made to tell 9 fav\r ( a late date1 might tell equally well 9 fav\r ( a v e>ly "o4 ,inde$1 ! book is ei!r v e>ly or v late2 &1 if e>ly1 x repres5ts :at we might call ! pre-prophetic type ( ,israel's religion1 & especially ! non-moral aspirations ( ^? :o1 9 ,amos's "t1 long$ = ! day ( ,jehovah1 & did n "k t = !m x meant ?ick d>kness1 )\t a /reak ( light across x 7,amos v4 #ah74 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! balance leans to a po/-exilic date4 ,! ,jewi% disp]sion seems to be impli$1 iii4 #b4 ,! /range visitation ( locu/s sugge/s to ! prophet ! my/]i\s army f ! nor?1 ii4 #bj1 :i* _h haunt$ ! pages ( ,ezekiel 7xxxviii41 xxxix472 & 9 ?is book1 prophecy 7i41 ii47 m]ges into apocalyptic 7iii41 iv474 ,,amos ,amos1 ! fir/ ( ! lit]>y prophets1 is also "o ( ! greate/4 ,hosea may be m t5d]1 ,isaiah m s]5ely maje/ic1 ,j]emiah m passionately human2 b ,amos has a c]ta9 ,titanic /r5g? & rugg$ gr&eur all 8 own4 ,he 0 a %eph]d1 i4 #a1 vii4 #ae1 & ! simplicity & /]nness ( nature are writt5 deep ^u 8 s\l4 ,he is famili> ) lions & be>s1 iii4 #h1 v4 #ai1 & ! t]rors ( ! wild]ness hov] ov] all 8 message4 ,he _h obs]v$ ) acut5ess & sympa?y ! great natural laws :i* ! exp]i5ces ( 8 %eph]d life s amply illu/rat$1 iii4 #ae41 & 8 simple moral s5se is provok$ by ! cities1 ) ! immoral civilization = :i* !y /&4 ,) a l(ty scorn ?is des]t man looks ^u ! palaces1 i4 #d1 etc41 ! w9t] & ! summ] h\ses1 iii4 #ae1 9 :i* ! luxuri\s & rapaci\s gr&ees ( ! "t indulg$1 & contemplates _! ru9 ) /]n satisfaction4 ,^? 7 ! days ( ,j]oboam ,,ii1 i4 #a1 &1 z ! p]iod is m>k$ by an easy self-assurance1 & ! anci5t b\nd>ies ( ,israel are re/or$1 vi4 #ad 7cf4 #b ,k+s xiv4 #be1 #bh71 ,amos belongs1 no d\bt1 to ! latt] half ( 8 reign1 probably z late z #gej ,b4,c41 = he kn[s1 ?\gh he does n "n1 ! ,assyrians1 vi4 #ad1 & he f9ds 9 _! irresi/ible progress we/w>ds an answ] to ! moral dem&s ( 8 he>t1 ,israel's exhau/+ w>s ) ! ,arameans 7 n[ ov]4 ,aram h]self _h be5 weak5$ by ! repeat$ assaults ( ,assyria1 & ,israel 0 enjoy+ ! dang]\s fruits ( peace4 ,extravagance 0 common1 & drunk5ness1 no less among ! wom5 ?an ! m51 iv4 #a4 ,! grosse/ immorality is associat$ ev5 ) public wor%ip1 ii4 #g1 & religion is be+ eat5 away by ! cank] ( comm]cialism1 viii4 #e4 ,! poor are driv5 to ! wall1 & ju/ice is set at defiance by ^? appo9t$ to adm9i/] x1 ii4 #f1 v4 #g4 ,su* 0 ! society1 brilliant )\t & corrupt )91 into :i* ,amos hurl$ 8 />tl+ message t ! ,god :o _h *os5 !m1 iii4 #b1 guid$ _! hi/ory1 ii4 #i1 & s5t !m prophets to int]pret ,8 w1 ii4 #aa1 w\ld puni% !m = _! iniquities1 iii4 #b4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! unusually skilful disposition ( ! book ( ,amos is due to himself or to a mu* lat] h&4#a ,x has ?ree great divisions3 7a7 ! judgm5t 7i41 ii471 7b7 ! gr\nds ( ! judgm5t 7iii4-vi471 7c7 visions ( judgm5t1 ) an outlook on ! ,messianic days 7vii4-ix474 ,9 *s4 i41 ii41 ) 8 s5se ( an imp>tial & univ]sal moral law1 ,amos sees ! judgm5t sweep across sev5 c\ntries 9 ! we/--,aram1 ,phili/ia1 ,pho5icia1 ,edom1 ,ammon1 ,moab & ,israel4#b ,! s9s d5\nc$ are1 e4g41 ! b>b>ities ( w>f>e & ! cruelties ( ! slave trade2 b ,amos dwells ) special emphasis & detail on ! s9s ( ,israel1 z t is ! c\ntry to :i*1 ?\gh a ,judean1 he has be5 specially s5t1 vii4 #aj1 #ae4 ,footnote #a3 ,note ! refra9s 9 i41 ii41 cf4 i4 #c1 #f2 iii4-vi4 are held toge!r by ?ree he>s1 iii4 #a1 iv4 #a1 v4 #a1 & app>5tly by ?ree woes1 v4 #g 7em5d$ text71 v4 #ah1 vi4 #a2 s ! visions 9 vii4-ix4 are introduc$ by ,?us ha? 7! ,"l ,jehovah7 %[n me4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is difficult to believe t ! col\rless oracle aga9/ ,judah1 ii4 #d1 #e1 c\*$ 9 p]fectly g5]al t]ms1 is orig9al4 ,d\bts t are n unreasonable h also be5 rais$ reg>d+ ! oracle aga9/ ,edom1 i4 #aa1 #ab4 ,9 ! next section 7b7 he beg9s by ass]t+ t ,israel's religi\s pr]ogative w only ! m c]ta9ly ensure h] de/ruction1 & ju/ifies 8 ?reat ( doom by 8 irrepressible assurance ( hav+ he>d ! div9e voice1 iii4 #a-h4 ,! doom is des]v$ because ( ! rapacity1 luxury1 iii4 #i-ae1 & drunk5ness1 iv4 #a-c1 nor w _! sumptu\s wor%ip save !m1 iv4 #d1 #e4 ,w>n+s en\gh !y h _h already1 b z !y h all be5 disreg>d$1 ,god w come 9 "s m t]rible way1 iv4 #f-ac4 ,!n foll[s a lam5t1 v4 #a-c1 & an appeal to hate ! evil & seek ,god & ! good1 v4 #d-ae2 o!rwise ,he w come 9 judgm5t & ! day ( ,jehovah1 = :i* ! p long1 w be a day ( /orm & utt] d>kness1 v4 #af-bj4 ,to-day1 z 9 ! "t ( ! ,exodus1 ,jehovah's dem&s are n ritual b moral1 & ! neglect ( !m w end 9 captivity1 v4 #ba-bg4 ,! luxury & self-assurance ( ! p are aga9 scornfully d5\nc$1 & ! doom ( exile =etold 7vi474 7c7 ,!n foll[ visions ( de/ruction f locu/s & dr\ght1 vii4 #a-f1 ! vision ( ! plumbl9e1 symbolical ( ! /raightness to :i* ,israel has fail$ to con=m1 vii4 #g-i1 ! vision ( ! summ] fruit1 :i*1 by a play ^u words1 port5d$ ! end1 viii4 #a-c1 & ! vision ( ! ru9$ temple1 ix4 #a-g4 ,^! visions are int]rupt$ by ! exce$+ly int]e/+ & in/ructive /ory ( ! enc\nt] ( ! prophet ) ! sup]cili\s c\rti]-prie/ ( ,be!l1 & ,amos's fe>less reit]ation ( 8 message1 vii4 #aj-ag2 & also by ! section viii4 #d-ad1 ) its exposition ( ! evils & its ?reats ( judgm5t--a section m ak9 to iii4-vi4 ?an to vii4-ix4 ,! book concludes ) an outlook on ! r$emption & prosp]ity :i* w foll[ 9 ! ,messianic age1 ix4 #h-ae4 ,x is h>dly possible t ?is outlook c be ,amos's own4 ,9 "o ^: int]e/ 9 morality 0 s ov]:elm+1 x w\ld be /range1 ?\gh p]haps n impossible1 t ! gold5 age %\ld be describ$ 9 t]ms s exclusively mat]ial2 b ! hi/orical implications ( ! passage are n ^? ( ,amos's "t4 ,x is fur!r an express contradiction ( ! imm$iately prec$+ words1 ix4 #b-e1 9 :i*1 ) dreadful e>ne/ness1 ! prophet has express$ ! ?\ght ( an inexorable & inevitable judgm5t f :i* !re is no escape4 ,besides1 :ile ,amos addresses ,israel1 ?is passage deals ) ,judah1 presupposes ! fall#a ( ! dyna/y 7cf4 v4 #aa7 & ! adv5t ( ! exile 7ix4 #ad1 #ae74b ,footnote #a3 ,ev5 if only ! decay 7 pre-suppos$1 ! words w\ld be q inapplicable to ! long & prosp]\s reign ( ,uzziah1 i4 #a4 ,footnote3 ,! au!nticity ( a few o!r passages1 cf4 viii4 #aa1 #ab1 has be5 d\bt$ = reasons t are n always conv9c+4 ,mo/ d\bt atta*es to ! great doxologies1 iv4 #ac1 v4 #h1 #i1 ix4 #e1 #f4 ,! utmo/ t c be said ) safety is t ^! passages are 9 no case necess>y to ! context1 :ile v4 #h1 #i is a di/9ct int]ruption1 b t ! conception ( ,god sugge/$ by !m1 z omnipot5t & omnipres5t1 is n at all beyond ! !ological rea* ( ,amos4 ,amos mu/ h _h pr$ecessors1 ii4 #aa2 b ev5 s ! range & boldness ( 8 ?\ght are a/oni%+4 ,hi/ory1 reflection & revelation h conv9c$ him t ,israel has _h unique religi\s privileges1 iii4 #b2 nev]!less %e /&s "u ! moral laws by :i* all ! _w is b\nd1 & :i* ev5 ! hea!n ackn[l$ge1 iii4 #i--;,amos has no?+ to say ( any writt5 law specially giv5 to ,israel--& by ^! laws %e w be condemn$ to de/ruction1 if %e is unfai?ful1 j z surely z ! ,phili/9es & ,pho5icians 7i474 ,inde$1 s /]nly imp>tial is ,amos t he at times ev5 seems to *all5ge ! pr]ogative ( ,israel4 ,! ,phili/9es & ,arameans _h _! ,god-guid$ exodus no less ?an ,israel1 & %e is no m to ,jehovah ?an ! sw>?y peoples ( ,africa1 ix4 #g4 ,! univ]sal & inexorable claims ( ! moral law h nev] _h a m rel5tless expon5t ?an ,amos2 &1 ?\gh !re is 9 him a s\l ( pity1 vii4 #b1 #e1 x 0 8 peculi> task1 n to proclaim ! div9e love1 b to plead = social ju/ice4 ,god is j & man mu/ be s too4 ,p]haps ,amos's message is all ! m d>+ & refre%+ t he 0 n a pr(essional prophet1 vii4 #ad4 ,8 culture1 ?\gh n =mal1 is ( ! pr(\nde/4 ,he is famili> ) di/ant peoples1 ix4 #g1 he has ?\ght long & deeply ab\t ! pa/1 he kn[s ! influ5ces t are m\ld+ ! pres5t4 ,! religion = :i* he plead$ 0 n a ?+ ( rites & c]emonies1 b an ideal ( social ju/ice--a ju/ice :i* w\ld n be *eck$ at e /ep by av>ice & cruelty1 b w\ld fl[ on & on l ! waves ( ! sea1 v4 #bd4 ,,obadiah ,! book ( ,obadiah--%orte/ ( all ! prophetic books--is occupi$1 9 ! ma91 z ! sup]scription sugge/s1 ) ! fate ( ,edom4 ,h] p h be5 humbl$1 ! high & rocky fa/nesses 9 :i* !y tru/$ h n be5 able to save !m4 ,neighb\r+ ,arab tribes h successfully attack$ !m & driv5 !m f _! home 7vv1 #a-g74a ,?is is ! div9e p5alty = _! cruel & unbro!rly treatm5t ( ! ,jews aft] ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 vv4 #aj-ad1 #ae;b4 ,nay1 a day ( div9e v5geance is com+ ^u all ! hea!n1 :5 ,judah w utt]ly de/roy ,edom1 & once aga9 possess all ! l&1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/1 t 0 =m]ly !irs1 & ! k+dom %all be ,jehovah's1 vv4 #ae;a1 #af-ba4 ,footnote #a3 ,v]ses #h1 #i1 :i* imply t ! cata/rophe is yet to come1 & speak ( ,edom 9 ! ?ird p]son1 appe> to be lat] ?an ! context4 ,= ?y mighty m51 ,o ,teman1 9 v4 #i;a1 probably we %\ld read1 ! mighty m5 ( ,teman4 ,! date ( ! prophecy seems to be fix$ by ! unmi/akable allusion 9 vv4 #aa-ad to ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 #ehf ,b4,c4--an occasion on :i* ! ,edomites abett$ ! ,babylonians 7,ezek4 xxxv42 ,lam4 iv4 #ba ff42 ,ps4 cxxxvii4 #g74 ,b ! case is gravely complicat$ by ! simil>ity1 :i* is mu* too close to be accid5tal1 betwe5 ,obadiah #a-i & ! oracle aga9/ ,edom 9 ,j]emiah1 xlix4 #g-bb 7especially vv4 #ad-af1 #i1 #aj1 #g1 #bb72 &1 ?\gh 9 "o or two places ! text ( ,obadiah is sup]ior 7cf4 ,ob4 #b1 #c2 ,j]4 xlix4 #ae1 #af71 ! resemblance is su* t ! passage 9 ,j]emiah mu/ be dep5d5t on ,obadiah4 ,n[ ! date assign$ to ,j]emiah's oracle is #fje ,b4,c4 7xlvi4 #b72 b obvi\sly ,j]emiah c\ld n adopt 9 #fje a prophecy :i* 0 n writt5 till #ehf4 ,a way out ( ?is difficulty has usually be5 s\ght 9 ! assumption t bo? prophets h made use1 9 diff]5t ways1 ( an old] oracle aga9/ ,edom1 vv4 #a-i or #aj4 ,b !re is no adequate reason = sep>at+ vv4 #aa-ad1 :i* mu/ ref] to ! capture ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehf1 f vv4 #a-g4 ,! assumption j m5tion$ becomes q unnecess>y :5 we rememb] t ,j]emiah xlix4 #g-bb1 z we h already se51 is probably1 at lea/ 9 its pres5t =m1 f a p]iod v mu* lat] ?an ,j]emiah4 ,! priority !re=e re/s ) ,obadiah1 ^: prophecy has be5 utiliz$ 9 ,j]emiah xlix4 ,9 vv4 #a-g ! cata/rophe is n pr$ict$ = ,edom1 x has already fall53 x 0 probably an e>li] /age ( ! ,b$aw9 assaults1 ^: desolat+ effect ^u ,edom is describ$ 9 ,mala*i i4 #a-e1 & mu/ !re=e be relegat$ to a p]iod ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,we are probably n f> f ! tru? 9 dat+ ,obadiah #a-ad ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 ,! memory ( ,edom's cruelty w\ld /ill rankle a g5]ation aft] ! return4 ,b 9 vv4 #ae;a1 #af-ba ! lit]>y & religi\s col\r+ is diff]5t2 vv4 #a-ad is m>k$ by a c]ta9 graphic vig\r1 vv4 #ae-ba is diffuse4 ,! judgm5t ( ,edom 9 vv4 #a-ad is 9 vv4 #ae-ba made only an episode 9 a great _w-judgm5t4 ,above all1 9 v4 #a ! nations are to execute ?is judgm5t1 9 v4 #ae !y are to be ! victims ( x4 ,fur!r1 vv4 #ai1 #bj seem to imply an ext5sive disp]sion ( ! ,jews4 ,probably1 !re=e1 ?is passage expresses ! bold es*atological hopes ( a lat] "t1 :5 ,judah 0 to be f9ally r$eem$ & ! hea!n annihilat$4 ,! section may be lat] ?an ! oracle 9 ,j]emiah xlix1 z no use is made ( x !re4 ,,jonah ,! book ( ,jonah is1 9 "s ways1 ! greate/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3 !re is no o!r :i* s bravely claims ! :ole _w = ! love ( ,god1 or pres5ts its noble lessons ) s w9n+ or subtle an art4 ,jonah1 a ,hebrew prophet1 is div9ely comm&$ to prea* to ,n9eveh1 ! capital ( ! great ,assyrian empire ( 8 day4 ,to escape ! unwelcome task ( prea*+ to a hea!n p1 he takes %ip = ! di/ant we/1 only to be ov]tak5 by a /orm1 & ?r[n into ! sea1 :51 by ! lot1 x is discov]$ t he is ! cause ( ! /orm4 ,he is imm$iately swall[$ by a fi%1 9 ! belly ( :i* he rema9s ?ree days & nights 7i474 ,!n foll[s a pray]3 aft] :i* ! prophet is ?r[n up by ! fi% ^u ! l& 7ii474 ,?is "t he obeys ! div9e comm&1 & 8 prea*+ is foll[$ by a g5]al rep5tance1 :i* causes ,god to sp>e ! wick$ city 7iii471 :]eat ,jonah is greatly displeas$2 b1 by a new & miracul\s exp]i5ce1 he is taught ! %ame & folly ( 8 ang]1 & ! inf9ite greatness ( ! div9e love 7iv474 ,on ! face ( x1 ! n>rative is n meant to be /rictly hi/orical4 ,its place among ! prophetic books %[s t its importance lies1 n 9 its facts1 b 9 ! tru?s = :i* x pleads4 ,mu* detail is want+ :i* we %\ld expect to f9d 7 ! n>rative pure hi/ory1 e4g4 ! "n ( ! ,assyrian k+1 ! results ( ,jonah's mission1 etc4 ,o!r circum/ances /amp x z unhi/orical3 consid]+ ! poor success ! ,hebrew prophets _h 9 _! own l&1 su* a :olesale conv]sion ( a =eign city1 ev5 if su* a visit z ,jonah's 7 likely1 mu/ be reg>d$ z extremely improbable1 to say no?+ ( ! impossibility ( ! animals fa/+ & we>+ sackclo?1 iii4 #g1 #h4 ,! miracul\s fi% & ! miracul\s tree :i* grew up 9 a s+le night =bid u to look = hi/ory 9 ! book4 ,n9eveh's fame is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 iii4 #c2 ! book is writt5 aft]1 probably long aft]1 its fall 9 #fjf ,b4,c4 ,! lat5ess ( ! book & its remot5ess f ! ev5ts x records1 are prov$ 9 o!r ways4 ,its language has ! ,aramaic flav\r ( ! lat] books1 & su* a phrase z ! ,god ( heav51 i4 #i1 only occurs 9 po/-exilic lit]ature4 ,x conta9s sev]al rem9isc5ces ( late books#a 7e4g4 ,joel871 & its ideas are mo/ intelligible z ! product ( po/-exilic times1 especially if x be reg>d$ z a prote/ aga9/ a loveless & n>r[-he>t$ type ( ,judaism4 ,all ! conditions po9t to a date n mu*1 if at all1 e>li] ?an #cjj ,b4,c4 ,footnote #a3 ,!re are _m po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! pray] 9 ,jonah ii4 & ! ,psalt]2 b ! pray] mu/ be lat] ?an ! orig9al book ( ,jonah4 ,x is 9 reality n a pray] b a psalm ( gratitude1 & is q inappropriate to ,jonah's horrible situation 9 ! belly ( ! fi%4 ,ev5 if ! metaphors f ! sea 7 int]pret$ lit]ally1 !y w\ld n be applicable to ,jonah's case2 e4g41 ! we$s 7 wrapp$ ab\t my head1 v4 #e4 ,! ,psalm1 :i* is p>tly1 b n altoge!r1 a compilation1 mu/ h be5 ins]t$ "h by a lat] h&1 h>dly by ! au?or ( ! book1 :o w\ld h notic$ ! impropriety ( x4 ,jonah is himself a hi/orical "*2 !re is no reason to d\bt t ! prophet1 9 ^: "t ,n9eveh is /&+1 i4 #b1 is contempor>y ) ! ,jonah m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #be z liv+ 9 ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii1 & prophesy+ ! re/oration ( ,israel to its anci5t b\nd>ies4 ,x may h be5 z ! repres5tative ( an int5se & exclusive nationalism t he 0 *os5 z ! h]o ( ?is book4 ,"h & !re ! /ory tr5*es on ,babylonian & ,greek leg5d1 b ! _s1 if n also ! =m1 is altoge!r ! au?or's own4 ,! book ab\nds 9 religi\s sugge/ion2 ev5 its incid5tal t\*es are illum9at+4 ,x sugge/s t man _c escape 8 div9ely appo9t$ de/9y1 & t ,god's w mu/ be done4 ,x sugge/s t prophecy is conditional2 a ?reat5$ de/ruction c be av]t$ by rep5tance4 ,x is peculi>ly int]e/+ to f9d s g5]\s an attitude t[>ds ! religi\s susceptibilities & capacities ( =eign]s3 9 ?is we are rem9d$ ( ,jesus' p>able ( ! good ,sam>itan4 ,! =eign sailors cry1 9 _! p]plexity1 to _! gods1 & end by ackn[l$g+ ! ,god ( ,israel2 ! p ( ,n9eveh rep5t at ! prophet's prea*+4 ,all ?is =ms a spl5did foil to ! smallness & ob/9acy ( ,jonah4 ,) 8 mean views ( ,god1 he w\ld n only exclude ! hea!n f ! div9e m]cy1 b rejoice 9 _! de/ruction4 ,9 ?is ! prophet is typical ( lat] ,judaism1 ) its long+ = ! annihilation ( ! nations z ! obv]se ( ! r$emption ( ,zion4 ,?is attitude 0 greatly enc\rag$ by ! rigor\s legislation ( ,ezra2 & ,jonah1 l ,ru?1 may be a prote/ aga9/ x1 or at lea/ aga9/ ! bigotry :i* x eng5d]$4 ,if ,israel is1 9 any s5se1 an elect p1 %e is b elect$ to c>ry ! message ( rep5tance to ! hea!n2 & ! book ( ,jonah is indirectly1 ?\gh n p]haps 9 ! int5tion ( ! au?or1 a plea = =eign missions4 ,! greate/ lesson ( ! book is skilfully res]v$ to ! end1 iv1 #b1 #aj1 #aa4 ,x is t ,god is pati5t & m]ciful1 t ,he loves all ! _w :i* ,he creat$1 t ,8 love /ret*es n only beyond ! ,jews & away to di/ant ,n9eveh1 b ev5 d[n to ! animal creation4 ,he he>s ! pray] ( ! =eign sailors1 ,he delights 9 ! rep5tance ( ,n9eveh1 ,he c>es = ! cattle1 iv4 #aa4 ,?is book is ! ,old ,te/am5t c\nt]p>t to ,god s lov$ ! _w4 ,,micah ,micah mu/ h be5 a v /rik+ p]sonality4 ,l ,amos1 he 0 a native ( ! c\ntry--some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ga?2 & he d5\nces ) fi]y e>ne/ness ! s9s ( ! capital cities1 ,sam>ia 9 ! nor!rn k+dom1 & ,j]usalem 9 ! s\!rn4 ,to him ^! cities seem to inc>nate ! s9s ( _! respective k+doms1 i4 #e2 & = bo? ru9 & desolation are pr$ict$1 i4 #f1 iii4 #ab4 ,micah expresses ) peculi> di/9ctness ! s5se ( 8 inspiration & ! object = :i* x is giv52 he is consci\s ( be+ fill$ ) ! _s ( ,jehovah to decl>e unto ,jacob 8 transgression & unto ,israel 8 s91 iii4 #h4 ,9 8 r++ s9c]ity1 he mu/ h =m$ a /range contra/ to ! prophets :o regulat$ _! message by _! income1 iii4 #e1 & prea*$ to a p ^: consci5ce 0 slumb]+1 a welcome gospel ( mat]ialism1 ii4 #aa4 ,! words ( ,micah mu/ h burn$ !mselves into ! memories1 if n ! consci5ces1 ( 8 g5]ation2 = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft]--?\gh d\btless by ?is "t ! prophecy 0 writt5--we f9d 8 unfulfill$ pr$iction ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem allud$ to by ! eld]s :o pl$ = ! life ( ,j]emiah1 xxvi4 #ag;ff4 ,x is c]ta9 f ?is ref]5ce t he prophesi$ dur+ ! reign ( ,hezekiah2 :e!r also "u ,jo?am & ,ahaz 7,mic4 i4 #a7 is n s c]ta91 & dep5ds ^u :e!r 8 prophecy ( ! de/ruction ( ,sam>ia1 i4 #f1 0 made be=e1 or z seems equally possible1 aft] ! capture ( t city 9 #gba ,b4,c4 ,at any rate 8 message 0 address$ to ,judah1 & mu/ h fall5 7at lea/ i4-iii47 be=e #gja ,b4,c4--! ye> 9 :i* ! city 0 sav$ beyond all expectation f an attack by ,s5na*]ib1 iii4 #ab4 ,micah beg9s by describ+ ! com+ ( ,jehovah4 ,he is com+ 9 judgm5t ^u ,sam>ia & ,j]usalem1 ! wick$ capitals ( wick$ k+doms1 i4 #a-i2 & 9 ! difficult v]ses1 i4 #aj-af1 ! deva/at+ m>* ( ! enemy ?r\gh ,judah is allusively describ$4 ,! judgm5t is ?or\ghly ju/ifi$--x is due to ! viol5t & grasp+ _s ( ! weal?y1 :o d n scruple to cru% ! poor & def5celess1 ii4 #a-aa4 ,! prophet !n#a br+s 8 *>ge 9 detail aga9/ ! lead]s ( ! p--(ficials1 judges1 prie/s1 prophets--accuses !m ( be+ m]c5>y & "t-s]v+1 & ends ) ! t]rible ?reat t ! holy hill w "o day be made a desolation 7iii474 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 ii4 #ab1 #ac1 :i* int]rupt ! /]n address ( ! prophet1 ii4 #aa1 iii4 #a ) a promise :i* implies t ,israel is scatt]$1 are probably exilic2 !y c h>dly be ,micah's4 ,^! *apt]s are assign$ almo/ unanim\sly to ,micah4 ,b s]i\s critical difficulties are rais$ 9 connection ) ! re/ ( ! book4 ,*s4 iv4 & v4 con/itute a section by !mselves1 & may be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,_! g5]al !me is ! c]ta9ty ( salvation1 b x is q cle> t !y d n =m an orig9al unity2 iv4 #a-d1 e4g41 ) its g5]\s attitude to ! =eign nations1 is inconsi/5t ) iv4 #aa-ac1 :i* pr$icts _! de/ruction4 ,aga91 iv4 #aj describes a siege ( ,j]usalem1 :i* is to issue 9 exile1 iv4 #aa-ac1 a siege :i* is to end 9 ! annihilation ( ! besieg]s4 ,simil> difficulties *>act]ize *4 v2 9 vv4 #g-i1 #ae ! enemies are to be de/roy$4 ,no consecutive outl9e ( ! *apt]s is possible 9 _! pres5t disconnect$ =m4 ,*4 iv4 #a-e describes ! ,messianic age1 9 :i* ! nations w come to ,j]usalem to h _! cases peacefully arbitrat$1 iv4 #f-h promise t ^? scatt]$ 79 exile7 w be ga!r$ aga91 & ! k+dom ( ,judah re/or$4 ,siege ( ,j]usalem1 exile1 & r$emption1 iv4 #i1 #aj4 ,unsuccessful siege ( ,j]usalem & annihilation ( ! enemy1 iv4 #aa-ac4 ,ano!r siege3 ,israel's suff]+1 v4 #a4 ,promise ( a victori\s k+1 v4 #b-d4 ,judah's victory ov] ,assyria1 v4 #e1 #f & all h] enemies1 v4 #g-i4 ,all ! app>atus ( w> & idolatry w be remov$ f ! l&1 v4 #aj-ad1 & v5geance tak5 on ! enemy1 v4 #ae4 ,! summ>y %[s h[ disjo9t$ ! *apt]s are4 ,!y may n impossibly conta9 rem9isc5ces or ev5 utt]ances ( ,micah2 e4g4 ! pr$iction ( ! fatal siege1 v4 #a1 or ( ! ov]?r[ ( idolatry1 v4 #aj-ad4 ,b _m elem5ts c\ld n possibly be ,micah's3 e4g4 iv4 #h implies t ! k+dom ( ,judah is already a ?+ ( ! pa/4 iv4 #f po/ulates ! exile1#a & ! prophecy ( exile to ,babylon1 iv4 #aj1 w\ld be unnatural 9 ,micah's "t1 :5 ,assyria 0 ! dom9ant p[]4#b ,aga9 x is exce$+ly improbable t ,micah w\ld h blunt$ ! edge ( 8 t]rible ?reat 9 iii4 #ab by foll[+ x up ) s brilliant a promise z iv4 #a-d1 especially z n a ^w is said ab\t ! ne$ ( rep5tance4 ,! /ory 9 ,j]emiah xxvi4 #ag;ff4 raises ! legitimate d\bt :e!r ,micah's prophecy1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ?reat5+1 iii4 #ab1 also conta9$ elem5ts ( promise4 ,on ! :ole x seems be/ to assume t ! f9e picture ( ! glory & importance ( ,zion 9 ! latt] days1 iv4 #a-d1 0 set by "s lat] writ] z a foil to ! /]n ?reat ) :i* ! orig9al prophecy clos$1 cf4 ,isaiah ii4 #a-d4 ,*s4 iv4 & v4 may be reg>d$ z a collection ( prophecies emphasiz+ ! c]ta9ty ( salvation & int5d$ to supplem5t i4-iii4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is might conceivably1 ?\gh n v naturally1 ref] to ! deportation ( ,israel 9 #gba4 ,footnote #b3 ,"s reta9 iv4 #i1 #aj = ,micah1 & assume ei!r t ! ,babylon clause is a lat] int]polation1 or t ,babylon has displac$ ano!r prop] "n4 ,*s4 vi4 & vii4 take u aga9 into ano!r atmosph]e1 m l ,micah's own4 ,! p1 :o attempt to def5d !mselves aga9/ ,jehovah's *>ge ( +ratitude on ! plea t !y are ignorant ( ,8 dem&s1 are rem9d$ t ^? dem&s are anci5t & simple3 ju/ice1 love z betwe5 man & man1 & a humble walk ) ,god1 vi4 #a-h4 ,b in/ead1 di%one/y & inju/ice are rampant ev]y:]e1 & ! judgm5t ( ,god is inevitable1 vi4 #i-af4 ,! prophet lam5ts ! utt] & univ]sal degradation ( ! p1 :i* has corrupt$ ev5 ! intimacies ( family life1 vii4 #a-f4 ,9 ! re/ ( ! *apt] ! bl[ pr$ict$ has already fall52 9 _! sorr[ ! p await ! fulfilm5t ( ,jehovah's purpose 9 pati5ce & fai?1 pray to ,him to re/ore ! l& :i* once 0 !irs on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 & ?us to compel f ! hea!n an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,8 p[]4 ,he is ! incomp>able ,god :o c =give & re/ore1 vii4 #g-bj4 ,! accusations & lam5ts ( ^! two *apt]s come v /rangely aft] ! repeat$ promises ( *s4 iv4 & v42 & if ! :ole book _h be5 by ,micah1 x is h>dly possible t ?is ord] %\ld h be5 orig9al4 ,probably ^! *apt]s 7 app5d$ to ,micah's book because ( sev]al features :i* !y h 9 common ) i4-iii43 notice1 e4g41 ! prom95ce ( ! ^w he>1 i4 #b1 iii4 #a1 #i1 vi4 #a1 #i1 ,mo/ s*ol>s agree ) ,ewald 9 suppos+ t ^! *apt]s--at any rate vi4 i-vii4 #f--;come f ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,! situation is t ( i4-iii41 only aggravat$3 ! ref]5ce to ,ahab1 vi4 #af1 ) :om ,manasseh is comp>$ 9 #b ,k+s xxi4 #c1 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,ev5 if writt5 9 ?is reign1 ,micah may /ill h be5 ! au?or2 b ! g5]al mann] ( ! *apt]s & ! individuality !y reveal appe> to be diff]5t f 84 ,b1 consid]+ _! noble insi/5ce ^u ! moral elem5ts 9 religion 7esp4 vi4 #f-h7 !y are1 if n 81 yet n inappropriately app5d$ to 8 book4 ,! conclud+ section1 h[ev]1 vii4 #g-bj1 is almo/ c]ta9ly po/-exilic4 ,! puni%m5t has come1 !re=e ! exile is ! e>lie/ possible date4 ,b !re are exiles n only 9 ,babylon1 b scatt]$ f> & wide ?r\gh\t ! _w1 vii4 #ab1 & !re is ! expectation t ! walls ( ,j]usalem w be rebuilt1 vii4 #aa4 ,z ?is took place "u ,nehemiah1 ! section w fall be=e 8 "t 7#ejj-dej ,b4,c474 ,?is passage ( promise & consolation is a foil to vi4 #a-vii4 #f1 int5d$ to su/a9 ! same relation to t section z iv41 v4 to i4-iii4 ,?us _m h&s appe> to h contribut$ to ! little book ( ,micah1 & ! voices ( two or ?ree c5turies may be he>d 9 x3 e>li] words ( ?reat5+ & judgm5t are answ]$ by lat] words ( hope & consolation4 ,b :]ev] else ! true ,micah is to be f\nd--& 8 _s at any rate is c]ta9ly 9 vi4 #f-h--;he is und\bt$ly pres5t 9 i4-iii4 ,x is a peculi> piece ( good =tune t we %\ld possess ! words ( two contempor>y prophets :o diff]$ s /rik+ly z ,micah ! peasant & ,isaiah ! /atesman4 ,unlike ,isaiah1 ,micah has no?+ to say ab\t =eign politics & _! be>+ ^u religion2 he conf9es himself sev]ely to its moral aspects1 & l ,amos1 t o!r prophet ( ! c\ntry1 hurls 8 accusations & makes 8 high e?ical dem&s1 ) an almo/ fi]ce p[]1 iii4 #b1 #c4 ,8 prophecy ju/ifies 8 claim to speak 9 ! p[] & inspiration ( 8 ,god1 iii4 #h4 ,,nahum ,poetically ! little book ( ,nahum is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,its descriptions are vivid & impetu\s3 !y set u be=e ! walls ( ! beleagu]$ ,n9eveh1 & %[ u ! w>-*>iots ( h] enemies d>t+ to & fro l lightn+1 ii4 #d1 ! pranc+ /e$s1 ! fla%+ swords1 ! glitt]+ spe>s1 iii4 #b1c4 ,! poetry gl[s ) passionate joy z x contemplates ! ru9 ( cruel & victori\s ,assyria4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt]1 i41 ii4 #b1 ,jehovah is repres5t$ z com+ 9 might & ang] to take v5geance ^u ! enemies ( ,judah1 :om ,he is to de/roy s completely t n a trace ( !m w be left2 & ,judah1 n[ deliv]$1 w be free to wor%ip h] ,god 9 peace4 ,9 *4 ii4 ! enemy1 ?r\gh :om ,assyria's de/ruction is to be wr\ght1 is at ! gates ( ,n9eveh1 v4 #h1 9 all ! fi]ce pomp ( w>4 ,! city is doom$1 ! def5d]s flee1 ev]y:]e is desolation & ru91 ! rav5\s ,assyrian lion is sla9 by ! sword4 ,x is because ( h] s9s t ?is utt] ru9 is com+ ^u h]1 iii4 #a-g1 nor ne$ %e ?9k to escape2 = ! popul\s & all b impregnable ,!bes 7,no-,amon7 0 tak51 & ,n9eveh's fate w be ! same4 ,already ! p are quak+ = fe>1 "s ( ! /rongholds ( ,assyria are tak52 x is "t to prep>e to def5d ! capital4 ,b !re is no hope1 h] doom is already seal$1 iii4 #h-ai4 ,f ! hi/orical implications ( ! prophecy1 :i* belongs1 z we %all see1 to ! sev5? c5tury1 & also f def9ite allusions 7cf4 i4 #ae71 ,nahum mu/ h be5 a ,judean2 &1 ( ! ?ree traditions conc]n+ ,elko% 8 bir?place1 :i* place x respectively 9 ,mesopotamia1 9 ,galilee1 & ne> ,eleu!ropolis 9 s\!rn ,judah1 ! la/ mu/ be held to be v mu* ! mo/ probable4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ! date is easy to fix4 ,*4 iii4 #h-aj1 :i* are hi/orically ! mo/ concrete v]ses 9 ! prophecy1 imply ! capture ( ,!bes1 :i* we n[ "k to h be5 tak5 by ! ,assyrians 9 #ffc ,b4,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,n9eveh has n yet fall53 ! !me ( ! prophecy is j ! c]ta9ty ( its fall4 ,x 0 tak5 by ! ,m$ians "u ,kyax>es1 leagu$ ) ,nabopolass> ( ,babylon 9 #fjf ,b4,c4 ,! prophecy !re=e falls betwe5 #ffc & #fjf4 ,! fix+ ( ! precise date dep5ds on two consid]ations3 7#a7 :e!r ! allusion to ,!bes 9 iii4 #h-aj implies t its capture 0 v rec5t1 & 7#b7 :e!r we mu/ suppose t ! prophecy 0 inspir$ by a def9ite hi/orical situation4 ,x is usually felt t ! ref]5ce to ,!bes implies t ! memory ( its capture is fre%1 & t ! prophecy mu/ /& v ne> x--n lat] p]haps ?an #fej2 & j ab\t ?is "t !re 0 a ,babylonian rebellion aga9/ ,assyria4 ,?is date mu/ be reg>d$ z by no means impossible4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 a lat] date appe>s to be di/9ctly m probable ,! la/ few v]ses1 iii4 #ab;f41 #ah;f41 imply ! ?or\gh weakness1 disorganization & imp5d+ dissolution ( ! ,assyrian empire1 & s e>ly a date z #fej h>dly meets ! case4 ,we mu/ app>5tly come d[n to ! "t :5 ! fate ( ,n9eveh 0 obvi\sly inevitable & h] conqu]or 0 on ! way1 ii4 #a4 ,probably ,m>ti is n f> f ! tru? 9 sugge/+ #faj ,b4,c4 ,! ref]5ce to ,!bes is intelligible ev5 at ?is lat] date1 :5 we rememb] t ! capture ( s /rong a city1 already fam\s 9 ,hom]'s "t1 mu/ h left an indelible impression on ! m9d ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,x is no d\bt ab/ractly possible t ! prophecy is n intimately connect$ ) any hi/orical situation1 & !re=e might be mu* e>li]2 b to say no?+ ( ! concret5ess ( ! detail1 su* a supposition w\ld be altoge!r contr>y to ! analogy ( ,hebrew prophecy4 ,:5 ,jehovah reveals ,8 secret to ! prophets1 x is because ,he is ab\t to d some?+ 7,amos iii4 #g74 ,! concret5ess ( detail j allud$ to is *>act]i/ic only ( ! second & ?ird *apt]s4 ,*4 i41 h[ev]1 is confess$ly vague1 & moves = ! mo/ "p along ! famili> l9es ( !ophanic descriptions4 ,x is n pla9 9 i4 7cf4 ii4 #h7 :o are ! enemies to be de/roy$1 z i4 #a is probably a lat] addition4 ,fur!r1 z f> z v4 #aj ! prophecy is alphabetic3 ?is circum/ance has giv5 rise to ! view t i41 ii4 #b orig9ally =m$ a complete alphabetic psalm ^: second half has ei!r be5 work$ ov]1 or displac$ by i4 #aa-ae1 ii4 #b1 ! object ( ! psalm be+ to pres5t a g5]al picture ( ! judgm5t into :i* ! p>ticul> doom ( ,n9eveh is fitt$1 & to give ! prophecy a !ological complexion :i* x appe>$ to ne$4 ,! ackn[l$g$ vagu5ess ( ! *apt] & ! demon/rably alphabetic nature ( at lea/ "p ( x1 c]ta9ly r5d] its au!nticity v d\btful4 ,! !ological int]e/ ( ,nahum is great4 ,x is ! fir/ prophecy deal+ exclusively ) ! enemies ( ,judah4 ,!re is a h9t ( ! s9 ( ,n9eveh1 b little m ?an a h9t1 iii4 #a1 #d2 %e is ! enemy & oppressor ( ,judah1 & t is en\gh to ju/ify h] doom4 ,:e!r we accept ! e>li] or ! lat] date = ! prophecy1 ! reign ( ,manasseh or t ( ,josiah1 ! moral condition ( ,judah h]self 0 deplorable en\gh1 & s cle>-ey$ a prophet z ,j]emiah saw t h] doom 0 inevitable4 ,nahum probably repres5ts ! s5tim5t ( n>r[ly patriotic p>ty1 :i* reg>d$ ,j]usalem z inviolable1 & ,jehovah z a jeal\s ,god ready to take v5geance ^u ! enemies ( ,judah4 ,,habakkuk ,! precise int]pretation ( ! book ( ,habakkuk pres5ts unusual difficulties2 b1 brief & difficult z x is1 x is cle> t ,habakkuk 0 a great prophet1 ( e>ne/1 c&id s\l1 & he has left u "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ p5etrat+ words 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 ii4 #d;b4 ,! prophecy may be plac$ ab\t ! ye> #fjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,assyrian empire _h fall51 & by ! battle ( ,c>*emi% 9 #fje ,b4,c41 ,babylonian supremacy 0 practically e/abli%$ ov] ,we/]n ,asia4 ,josiah's re=mation1 ^: effects _h be5 transi5t & sup]ficial1 lay m ?an tw5ty ye>s beh9d4 ,! reckless ,jehoiakim 0 ^u ! ?rone ( ,judah1 a k+ :o reg>d$ nei!r ! claims ( ju/ice 7,j]4 xxii4 #ac-ai7 nor ! words ( ! prophet 7,j]4 xxxvi4 #bc71 & 8 rebellion drew ^u him & 8 l& ! t]rible v5geance ( ,babylon1 fir/ 9 #fja ,b4,c41 !n 9 #eig4 ,! prophet beg9s by ask+ 8 ,god h[ long ! lam5table disord] & wrong are to cont9ue1 i4 #a-d4 ,= answ]1 he is assur$ t ! ,*aldeans are to be rais$ up 9 *a/isem5t1 :o1 ) _! t]rible army1 w mock+ly defy e attempt to *eck _! advance1 i4 #e-aa1 ,b 9 i4 #ab-ag ! prophet appe>s to be conf\nd$ by _! impiety2 !y h be5 guilty ( b>b>\s cruelty--h[ c ,jehovah reconcile ?is ) ,8 own hol9ess & purity8 ,! prophet f9ds ! answ] to 8 "q :5 he climbs 8 t[] ( fai?2 !re he le>ns t ! pr\d %all p]i% & ! righte\s live4 ,! solution may be long delay$1 b fai? sees & grasps x already3 ,! j %all live by 8 fai?fulness1 ii4 #a-d4 ,!n foll[s a s]ies ( woes1 ii4 #e-bj1 :i* exp& ! ?\ght ( ii4 #d;a--! sure de/ruction ( ! pr\d4 ,woes are d5\nc$ ^u ! cruel rapacity ( ! conqu]ors1 _! unju/ accumulation ( treasure1 _! futile ambitions1 _! unfeel+ treatm5t ( ! l&1 bea/s & p1 & f9ally _! idolatry4 ,9 contra/ to ! /upid & impot5t gods wor%ipp$ by ! oppressor is ! great ,god ( ,israel1 ^: temple is 9 ! heav5s1 & be=e :om ! e>? is summon$ to sil5ce1 ii4 #bj4 ,= ,he is on ,8 way to take v5geance ^u ! enemies ( ,8 p1 z ,he did 9 ! anci5t days ( ! exodus1 :5 ,he came 9 ! t]rors ( ! /orm & ov]?rew ! ,egyptians4 ,8 com+ is describ$ 9 t]ms ( old] !ophanies 7,jud4 v41 ,deut4 xxxiii472 & ?is pray]1 z x is call$ 9 ! sup]scription1 concludes ) an expression ( unb\nd$ confid5ce & joy 9 ,jehovah1 ev5 :5 all cu/om>y & visible signs ( ,8 love fail 7iii474 ,simple & coh]5t z ?is sequ5ce seems to be1 x is1 9 reality1 on clos] inspection1 v p]plex+4 ,*4 i4 #a-d reveals a picture ( confusion )9 ,judah1 b x is impossible to say :e!r x is =eign]s :o are oppress+ ,judah z a :ole1 or p[]ful classes )9 ,judah itself t are oppress+ ! poor4 ,p]haps ! latt] is ! m natural int]pretation4 ,9 t case1 ! ,*aldeans are rais$ up to *a/ise ! native oppressor1 i4 #e-aa4 ,?is section1 h[ev]1 has fre% difficulties ( its own2 vv4 #e1 #f sugge/ t ! ,*aldeans are n yet kn[n to be a =midable p[]1 !y are only ab\t to be rais$ up1 v4 #f1 & :at !y w d is z yet incr$ible1 v4 #e4 ,! m9ute description :i* foll[s1 h[ev]1 looks z if _! milit>y appe>ance & me?ods 7 ?or\ghly famili>4 ,assum+ t i4 #ab-ag is ! cont9uation ( i4 #e-ll--& ! descriptions are v simil>--! ,*aldeans1 ^: com+ 0 ! answ] to ! prophet's pray]1 n[ con/itute a fre% problem2 !y swall[ up ^? :o are m righte\s ?an !mselves1 v4 #ac1 i4e4 ,judah4 ,x _c be d5i$ t su* a *>act]ization ( ,judah s\nds /range aft] ! *>ge levell$ at h] 9 i4 #a-d1 unless we assume an int]val ( "t betwe5 ! sections1 or at lea/ t 9 i4 #ab-ag1 ,judah is reg>d$ z relatively righte\s1 i4e4 9 comp>ison ) ! ,*aldeans4 ,! situation is fur!r complicat$ by ! v close resemblance t prevails betwe5 i4 #a-d & i4 #ab-ag4 ,! v same words = righte\s & wick$ occur 9 i4 #ac z 9 i4 #d2 d !y or d !y n designate ! same p]sons8 ,if !y d1 !n1 z 9 i4 #ab-ag1 ! wick$ oppressor is almo/ c]ta9ly ! ,*aldean & ! righte\s is ,judah1 & we %all h to int]pret ! confusion pictur$ 9 i4 #b-d z due to ! ,*aldean suz]a9ty1 & p]haps to assign ! section to a p]iod aft] ! fir/ capture ( ,j]usalem 9 #eig ,b4,c4 ,9 t case1 z x is obvi\s t ! ,*aldeans c\ld n be rais$ up to execute div9e judgm5t ^u !mselves1 ! section1 i4 #e-aa1 w\ld h to be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t piece1 :e!r ,habakkuk's or n1 ann\nc+ ! rise ( ! ,*aldeans1 & n inappropriately plac$ "h1 consid]+ t ! sections on bo? sides ( x h ! ,*aldeans = _! !me4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x may be urg$ t ! id5tification ( ! righte\s & wick$ 9 i4 #ac ) i4 #d1 ?\gh natural1#a is n necess>y2 & by d5y+ x ! prophecy becomes di/9ctly m coh]5t4 ,! wrong done by ,judah1 i4 #a-d1 is av5g$ by ! com+ ( ! ,*aldeans1 i4 #e-aa2 !y1 h[ev]1 hav+ ov]/epp$ ! limits ( _! div9e commission1 only aggravate ! prophet's problem1 i4 #ab-ag1 & he f9ally f9ds ! solution on 8 wat*-t[]1 9 ! assurance t someh[1 despite all seem+ delay1 ! purpose ( ,god is ha/5+ on to its fulfilm5t1 & t ! moral con/itution ( ! _w is su* z to spell ! ultimate ru9 ( cruelty & pride & ! ultimate triumph ( righte\sness1 ii4 #a-d4 ,8 fai? 0 hi/orically ju/ifi$ by ! fall ( ! ,babylonian empire 9 #ech ,b4,c4 ,footnote #a3 ,"s s*ol>s feel s /rongly t ! hi/orical backgr\nd ( i4 #a-d & i4 #ab-ag is ! same1 t !y reg>d ! latt] section z ! direct cont9uation ( ! =m]4 ,budde1 foll[$ by ,cornill1 +5i\sly supposes t ! oppressor 9 ^! two sections is ! ,assyrian 7ab\t #fae ,b4,c471 & x is ?is p[] t ! ,*aldeans1 i4 #e-aa1 are rais$ up to *a/ise4 ,^! s*ol>s put i4 #e-aa aft] ii4 #d z a hi/orical amplification ( its moral & m indef9ite /atem5t4 ,b ! /r5g? ( ,habakkuk r seems to lie 9 ?is1 t he ab&ons ! imm$iate hi/orical solution1 i4 #e1 & is cont5t ) ! moral "o1 ii4 #d1 ?\gh no d\bt he believes t ! moral solution w realize itself 9 hi/ory4 ,! au!nticity#a ( "s ( ! woes 9 *4 ii4 may be conte/$1 e4g4 vv4 #ab-ad1 :i* appe>s to be a p>tial reproduction ( ,j]4 li4 #eh1 ,isa4 xi4 #i4 ,x is v improbable t *4 iii4 is ,habakkuk's3 x is n ev5 c]ta9 t ! poem is a unity4 ,! situation 9 vv4 #ag-ai 7especially v4 #ag7 seems diff]5t f t 9 ! re/ ( ! *apt]3 !re an enemy 0 fe>$1 "h r inf]tility4 ,aga9 ! g5]al temp] ( ! ode is h>dly t ( ii4 #c1 #d4 ,!re ! vision 0 to be delay$1 "h ! int]position seems to be impati5tly await$ & expect$ soon4 ,if ?9e ano9t$ 9 iii4 #ac ref]s to ! p--& ! p>allelism makes ?is almo/ c]ta9--!n ! days ( ! mon>*y are ov] & ! poem _c be e>li] ?an ! exile4 ,probably1 z ! sup]scription1 subscription1 & ?reefold ,selah sugge/1 we h "h a po/-exilic psalm4 ,! psalm1 h[ev]1 is fitt+ly en\gh associat$ ) ! prophecy ( ,habakkuk4 ,its belief 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! div9e purpose & its emphasis on a fai? indep5d5t ( ! ?+s ( sight1 are ak9 9 _s1 ?\gh n 9 =m to ii4 #d4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>ti expla9s ! book ?us3 7a7 i4 #b-d1 #ab;a1 #ac1 ii4 #a-d1 a psalm1 belong+ to ! fif? or p]haps ! second c5tury1 giv+ ! div9e answ] to ! pla9t t judgm5t is delay$2 7b7 i4 #e-aa1 #ab;b1 #ad-ag1 a prophecy ab\t #fje ,b4,c4 deal+ ) ! effect ( ! battle ( ,c>*emi%2 7c7 ii4 #e-ai1 ! woes3 ab\t #edj1 :5 ! ,*aldean empire is ne>+ its end2 7d7 iii41 a po/-exilic psalm4 ,pati5ce & fai? are ! wat*-words ( ,habakkuk1 ii4 #c1 #d4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 he _h expect$ an adequate hi/orical solution to 8 d\bts 9 8 own day1 i4 #e2 b1 z he contemplates ! immoral progress ( ! ,*aldeans1 he recognizes 8 difficulty to be only aggravat$ by ?is solution1 & he is cont5t to commit ! future to ,god4 ,he is com=t$ & /r5g!n$ by a l>g] vision ( ! div9e purpose & its inevitable triumph--if n n[1 !n h]eaft]4 ,?\gh x t>ry1 wait = x1 = x is sure to come1 x w n lag beh9d4 ,t purpose wills ! triumph ( ju/ice1 & ?\gh ! righte\s may seem to p]i%1 9 reality he lives1 & %all cont9ue to live1 by 8 fai?fulness4 ,,zephaniah ,if ! ,hezekiah :o 0 ,zephaniah's great-great-gr&fa!r1 i4 #a1 01 z is probable1 ! k+ ( t "n1 !n ,zephaniah 0 a pr9ce z well z a prophet1 & ?is may l5d "s po9t to 8 d5unciation ( ! pr9ces :o imitat$ =eign cu/oms1 i4 #h4 ,he prophesi$ 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1 i4 #a1 & ! fact t he c5sures n ! k+ b ! k+'s *ildr51 i4 #h1 po9ts to ! p]iod :5 ,josiah 0 /ill a m9or 7ab\t or be=e #fbf ,b4,c474 ,) ?is co9cides 8 description ( ! moral & religi\s condition ( ,judah1 :i* necessitates a date prior to ! re=mation 9 #fba4 ,idolatry1 />-wor%ip & impure ,jehovah-wor%ip are rampant1 i4 #d1 #e1 #i4 ,! ri* are easy-go+ & indiff]5t to religion1 suppos+ t ,god w leave ! _w to itself1 i4 #ab4 ,! p ( ,j]usalem are incorrigible1 iii4 #b1 reckless ( ! lessons t ,god has writt5 9 nature & hi/ory1 iii4 #e;ff42 _! lead]s--pr9ces1 prophets1 prie/s--are immoral or incompet5t4 ,! prophecy may be plac$ betwe5 #fcj & #fbf1 & ! prophet mu/ h be5 a "y man4 ,to ?is idolatr\s & indiff]5t p he ann\nces ! spe$y com+ ( ! day ( ,jehovah1 ^: t]rors he describes ) a c]ta9 solemn gr&eur 7i474 ,! judgm5t is practically inevitable1 i4 #ah1 b x may p]haps yet be av]t$ by an e>ne/ que/ ( ,jehovah1 ii1 #a-c4 ,t judgm5t w sweep along ! coa/ ?r\gh ! ,phili/9e c\ntry1 ii4 #d-g1 & on to ,egypt1 & aft]w>ds turn nor?w>ds & utt]ly de/roy ,assyria ) h] great capital ,n9eveh1 ii4 #ab-ae4 ,aga9 ! prophet turns to ,j]usalem1 & = ! s9s ( h] p & _! lead]s proclaims a g5]al day ( judgm5t1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ! humble w be sav$1 iii4 #a-ac 7except vv4 #i1 #aj474 ,! book ends ) a f9e vision ( ! latt] days1 :5 ! disp]s$ ( ,judah w be re/or$ to _! own l&1 & rejoice 9 ! omnipot5t love ( _! ,god1 iii4 #ad-bj4 ,! prophecy pres5ts a v impressive picture ( ! day ( ,jehovah1 b x _c all be f ! p5 ( ,zephaniah4 ,besides adopt+ a v diff]5t attitude t[>ds ,j]usalem f ! re/ ( ! prophecy1 iii4 #ad-bj cle>ly presupposes ! exile1 v4 #ai1 t[>ds ! end ( :i* x 0 probably writt54 ,*4 ii4 #aa1 iii4 #i1 #aj1 conta9+ ideas :i* are h>dly e>li] ?an ,deut]o-,isaiah1 are also probably exilic or po/-exilic4 ,! oracle aga9/ ,moab & ,ammon1 ii4 #h-aj1 c\ntries :i* lay (f ! l9e ( ! ,scy?ian m>* s\?w>ds f ,phili/ia1 v4 #g1 to ,egypt1 v4 #ab1 are = l+ui/ic1 contextual1 & o!r reasons1 also probably late4 ,prophecy has practically always an hi/orical occasion1 & ! ?\ght ( ! black & t]rible day ( ,jehovah 0 no d\bt sugge/$ to ,zephaniah by ! =midable b&s ( rov+ ,scy?ians :i* sc\r$ ,we/]n ,asia ab\t ?is "t1 sweep+ all be=e !m 7,hdt4 i4 #aje74 ,!y d n seem to h t\*$ ,judah2 b x is n surpris+ t m5 l ,j]emiah & ,zephaniah %\ld h reg>d$ !m z div9ely orda9$ m9i/]s ( v5geance ^u ,jehovah's deg5]ate p4 ,,haggai ,! po/-exilic age %>ply di/+ui%$ itself f ! pre-exilic 7,ze*4 i4 #d71 & n[h]e is ! diff]5ce m obvi\s ?an 9 prophecy4 ,po/-exilic prophecy has little ( ! lit]>y or moral p[] ( e>li] prophecy1 b x w\ld be v easy to d less ?an ju/ice to ,haggai4 ,8 prophecy is v %ort2 into two *apt]s is cond5s$ a summ>y1 probably n ev5 9 8 own words1 ( no less ?an f\r addresses4 ,meagre z !y may seem to u1 !y produc$ a great effect on ^? :o he>d !m4 ,! addresses 7 deliv]$ betwe5 ,septemb] & ,decemb] 9 ! ye> #ebj ,b4,c4 ,! p 7 suff]+ f a dr\ght1 & 9 ! fir/ address1 i4 #a-aa1 ,haggai int]prets ?is z a p5alty = _! indiff]5ce to religion--9 p>ticul>1 = _! neglect to build ! temple4 ,! effect ( ! appeal 0 t ?ree weeks aft]w>ds a beg9n+ 0 made ^u ! build+1 i4 #ab-ae4 ,! p1 h[ev]1 seem to be disc\rag$ by ! scant9ess ( _! res\rces1 & a mon? aft]w>ds ,haggai has to appeal to !m aga91 rem9d+ !m t ) ! silv] & ! gold1 :i* are ,81 ,jehovah w soon make ! new temple m glori\s ?an ! old1 ii4 #a-i4 ,two mon?s lat] ! prophet aga9 rem9ds !m t1 z _! =m] unholy indiff]5ce _h infect$ all _! life ) failure1 s loyal devotion to ! "w n[ w\ld ensure success & bless+1 ii4 #aj-ai2 & on ! same day ,haggai assures ,z]ubbabel a unique place 9 ! ,messianic k+dom :i* is soon to be u%]$ 91 ii4 #bj-bc4 ,! appeals ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7 successful 7,ezra v4 #a1 vi4 #ad71 & )9 f\r ye>s ! temple 0 rebuilt 7,ezra vi4 #ae74 ,x 0 n[ ! c5tre ( national life1 & !re=e also ( prophetic int]e/4 ,haggai 0 probably n himself a prie/1 b 9 s %ort a prophecy 8 elaborate allusion to ritual is v significant1 ii4 #aa;ff4 ,?is prophecy1 l pre-exilic prophecy1 0 no d\bt condition$ by ! hi/orical situation4 ,! allusion to ! %ak+ ( ! _w 9 ii4 #g1 #bb1 appe>s to be a reflection ( ! insurrections :i* broke out all ov] ! ,p]sian empire on ! accession ( ,d>ius to ! ?rone 9 #eba ,b4,c42 & probably ! ,jews 7 enc\rag$ by ! g5]al commotion to make a bold bid = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( an indep5d5t national life4 ,t !y *]i%$ ! ambition ( be+ once m a political z well z a religi\s =ce1 seems to be sugge/$ by ! frequ5cy ) :i* ,haggai l9ks ! "n ( ,z]ubbabel1 ( ! royal l9e ( ,judah1 ) t ( ,jo%ua ! high prie/2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 by ! extraord9>y language appli$ to him--9 ii4 #bc he is ! elect ( ,jehovah1 ,8 s]vant & signet4 ,cle>ly he is to be k+ 9 ! ,messianic k+dom :i* is to issue out ( ! convulsion ( ! _w4 ,x _c be safely inf]r$ f ii4 #c t ,haggai 0 among ^? :o _h se5 ! temple ( ,solomon & 0 !re=e a v old man4 ,simple z are 8 words1 8 fai? is /rong & 8 hope v bold4 ,consid]+ ! meagre res\rces ( ! po/-exilic community1 x is t\*+ to note ! confid5ce ) :i* he assures ! p t ,jehovah w br+ toge!r ! treasures ( ! _w to make ,8 temple glori\s4 ,,ze*>iah ,,*apt]s ,i-,,viii ,two mon?s aft] ,haggai _h deliv]$ 8 fir/ address to ! p 9 #ebj ,b4,c41 & a little ov] a mon? aft] ! build+ ( ! temple _h begun 7,hag4 i4 #ae71 ,ze*>iah appe>$ ) ano!r message ( enc\ragem5t4 ,h[ mu* x 0 ne$$ we see f ! popul> despond5cy reflect$ 9 ,hag4 ii4 #c1 ,j]usalem is /ill disconsolate 7,ze*4 i4 #ag71 !re has be5 fa/+ & m\rn+1 vii4 #e1 ! city is )\t walls1 ii4 #e1 ! population scanty1 ii4 #d1 & mo/ ( ! p are middle-ag$1 few old or "y1 viii4 #d1 #e4 ,! message !y ne$ is "o ( consolation & enc\ragem5t1 & t is precisely ! message t ,ze*>iah br+s3 ,i h det]m9$ 9 ^! days to d good to ,j]usalem & to ! h\se ( ,judah2 fe> n1 viii4 #ae4 ,! message ( ,ze*>iah comes 9 ! peculi> =m ( visions1 "s ( !m re/+ app>5tly on ,babylonian art1 & n always easy to int]pret4 ,aft] an e>ne/ call to rep5tance1 i4 #a-f1 ! visions beg91 i4 #g-vi4 #h4 ,9 ! fir/ vision1 i4 #g-ag1 ! e>?1 :i* has be5 tr\bl$1 is at re/2 ! adv5t ( ! ,messianic age may !re=e be expect$ soon4 ,! div9e promise is giv5 t ,j]usalem %all be graci\sly dealt ) & ! temple rebuilt4 ,! second is a vision1 i4 #ah-ba1 ( ! annihilation ( ! hea!n _w repres5t$ by f\r horns4 ,! ?ird vision 7ii47--t ( a "y man ) a measur+-rod--ann\nces t ,j]usalem w be wide & popul\s1 ! exiles w return to x1 & ,jehovah w make ,8 abode !re4 ,^! fir/ ?ree visions h to d1 9 ! ma91 ) ! city & ! p2 ! next two deal m specifically ) ! lead]s ( ! re/or$ community on its civil & religi\s side1 ,z]ubbabel ! pr9ce & ,jo%ua ! prie/4 ,9 ! f\r? vision 7iii47 ,jo%ua is accus$ by ! ,adv]s>y & ! accus] is rebuk$--symbolic picture ( ! mis]y ( ! community & its imm95t r$emption4 ,jo%ua is to h full *>ge ( ! temple1 & he & 8 prie/s are ! gu>antee t ! ,bran*1 i4e4 ! ,messianic k+ 7,j]4 xxiii4 #e1 xxxiii1 #ae71 no d\bt ,z]ubbabel 7,ze*1 iii4 #h1 vi4 #ab2 ,hag4 ii4 #bc71 is com+4 ,9 ! fif? vision 7iv47#a ! prophet sees a lamp/& ) sev5 lamps & an olive tree on ei!r side1 ! trees repres5t+ ! two ano9t$ lead]s1 ,z]ubbabel & ,jo%ua1 enjoy+ ! div9e protection4 ,footnote #a3 ,except vv4 #f;b-#aj;a1 :i* appe>s to be a special assurance1 h>dly "h 9 place1 t ,z]ubbabel w\ld f9i% ! temple :i* he _h begun4 ,! next two visions elaborate ! promise ( iii4 #i3 ,i w remove ! iniquity ( t l&1--& indicate ! removal ( all t ta9ts ! l& ( ,judah1 alike s9 & s9n]s4 ,! fly+ roll ( ! six? vision1 v4 #a-d1 c>ries ! curse t w fall ^u ?ieves & p]jur]s2 & 9 ! some:at grotesque figure ( ! sev5? vision1 v4 #e-aa1 ,s9 is p]sonifi$ z a woman & borne away 9 a clos$ cask by two wom5 ) w+s l /orks1 to ! l& ( ,%9>1 i4e4 ,babylon1 !re to "w ^u ! enemy ( ,judah ! ru9 %e has work$ = ,judah h]self4 ,9 ! la/ vision1 vi4 #a-h1 :i* is correlate ) ! fir/--f\r *>iots issu+ f betwe5 two m\nta9s ( brass--! div9e judgm5t is repres5t$ z be+ execut$ ^u ! nor? c\ntry1 i4e4 ! c\ntry oppos$ to ,god1 & p>ticul>ly ,babylonia4 ,! cumulative effect ( ! visions is v great4 ,all t h9d]s ! com+ ( ! ,messianic days is to be remov$1 :e!r x be ! great ali5 _w p[]s or ! s9n]s )9 ,j]usalem itself4 ,! purifi$ city w be bless$ ) prosp]ity ( e k9d1 & ov] h] civil & religi\s affairs w be two lead]s1 :o enjoy a unique measure ( ! div9e fav\r4 ,9 an app5dix to ! visions vi4 #i-ae1 ,ze*>iah is div9ely commission$ to make a cr[n = ,z]ubbabel 7or = him & ,jo%ua7#a out ( ! gold & silv] br\ght by emiss>ies ( ! ,babylonian ,jews1 & ! hope is express$ t peace w prevail betwe5 ! lead]s--a hope ?r\gh :i* we may p]haps read a gr[+ rivalry4 ,footnote #a3 ,x seems practically c]ta9 t ! orig9al prophecy 9 v4 #aa has be5 subsequ5tly modifi$1 d\btless because x 0 n fulfill$4 ,! la/ clause ( v4 #ac--! c\nsel ( peace %all be betwe5 !m bo?--%[s t two p]sons h j be5 m5tion$4 ,! prec$+ clause mu/ !re=e be translat$1 n z 9 ,a4 ,v4 & ,r4 ,v41 & he %all be a prie/ ^u 8 ?rone1 z if ! (fice ( k+ & prie/ 7 to be comb9$ 9 a s+le p]son1 b & !re %all be 7or1 z ,wellhaus5 sugge/s1 & ,jo%ua %all be7 a prie/ ^u 8 ?rone1 7or no d\bt m correctly1 ) ! ,septuag9t1 a prie/ at 8 "r h&74 ,z two p]sons are involv$1 & ! ^w cr[ns 9 v4 #aa is 9 ! plural1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! v]se orig9ally read1 set ! cr[ns ^u ! head ( ,z]ubbabel & ^u ! head ( ,jo%ua4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 v4 #ad ! ^w cr[n mu/ be read 9 ! s+ul>1 & %\ld probably also be s read 9 v4 #aa 7?\gh ev5 ! plural c\ld ref] to "o cr[n74 ,9 t case1 if !re be b "o cr[n1 :o we>s x8 ,und\bt$ly ,z]ubbabel3 he is ! ,bran*1 iii4 #h1 & ! ,bran* is ! ,davidic k+ 7,j]4 xxiii4 #e1 xxxiii4 #ae74 ,! build+ ( ! temple "h assign$ to ! ,bran*1 vi4 #ab1 is else:]e expressly assign$ to ,z]ubbabel1 iv4 #i4 ,x is1 !re=e1 he :o is cr[n$3 9 o!r words1 v4 #aa1 may h orig9ally read1 set x ^u ! head ( ,z]ubbabel4 ,:e!r we accept ?is solution or ! o!r1 x seems c]ta9 t ! orig9al prophecy contemplat$ ! cr[n+ ( ,z]ubbabel4 ,z ! hopes t c5tr$ ^u ,z]ubbabel 7 nev] fulfill$1 ! passage 0 subsequ5tly modifi$ to its pres5t =m4 ,! conclud+ *apt]s ( ! prophecy 7vii41 viii471 deliv]$ two ye>s lat] ?an ! re/ ( ! book1 vii4 #a1 are occupi$ ) ! e?ical conditions ( ! imp5d+ ,messianic k+dom4 ,to ! "q :e!r ! fa/-days :i* commemorat$ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem are /ill to be obs]v$1 ,ze*>iah answ]s t ! anci5t dem&s ( ,jehovah _h no?+ to d ) fa/+1 b ) ju/ice & m]cy4 ,z =m] disob$i5ce _h be5 foll[$ by a div9e judgm5t1 s w\ld ob$i5ce n[ be rew>d$ ) bless+1 fa/-days w\ld be turn$ into days ( joy & gladness1 & ! bless+ w\ld be s great t repres5tatives ( e nation w\ld be attract$ to ,j]usalem1 to wor%ip ! ,god ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ,ze*>iah ev5 m ?an 9 ,haggai x is cle> t prophecy has ent]$ ^u a new /age4#a ,!re is ! same conc5tration ( int]e/ ^u ! temple1 ! same fai? 9 ! unique importance ( ,z]ubbabel4 ,b ! apocalyptic elem5t1 ?\gh n q a new ?+1 is pres5t on a scale altoge!r new to prophecy4 ,aga91 ! transc5d5ce ( ,god is acutely felt--! visions h to be int]pret$ by an angel4 ,we see1 too1 9 ! book ! rise ( ! idea ( ,satan 7iii47 & ( ! conception ( s9 z an indep5d5t =ce1 v4 #e-aa4 ,! ye>n+ = ! annihilation ( ! k+doms oppos$ to ,judah1 i4 #ah-ba1 has a f9e c\nt]p>t 9 ! clos+ vision1 viii4 #bb1 #bc1 ( ! nations flock+ to ,j]usalem because !y h he>d t ,god is !re4 ,! book is ( great hi/orical value1 af=d+ z x does contempor>y evid5ce ( ! droop+ hopes ( ! e>ly po/-exilic community1 & ( ! new mann] 9 :i* ?is disappo9tm5t 0 met by prophecy4 ,b1 ?\gh ,ze*>iah's message 0 l>gely conc]n$ ) ! build+ ( ! temple1 & 0 deliv]$ = ! mo/ "p 9 t]ms ( vision & apocalyptic1 ! e?ical elem5ts on :i* ! =m] prophets _h laid ! supreme emphasis1 7 by no means =gott51 viii4 #af1 #ag4 ,footnote #a3 ,ze*>iah himself is consci\s ( ! di/9ction1 :i* is m ?an a temporal "o1 betwe5 himself & ! pre-exilic prophets3 notice ! mann] ( 8 allusion to ! =m] prophets1 i4 #d1 vii4 #g1 #ab4 ,,*apt]s ,,ix4-,,xiv4 ,practically all ! di/9ctive features ( ! fir/ eight *apt]s disappe> 9 ix4-xiv4 ,! /yle & ! hi/orical presuppositions are altoge!r diff]5t4 ,!re are two new sup]scriptions1 ix4 #a1 xii4 #a1 b !re is no ref]5ce to ,z]ubbabel1 ,jo%ua1 or ! situation ( _! "t4 ,!re ! imm$iate problem 0 ! build+ ( ! temple2 "h1 m ?an once1 ,j]usalem is repres5t$ z 9 a /ate ( siege4 ,a sket* ( ! cont5ts w %[ h[ unlike ! "o situation is to ! o!r4 ,! g5]al !me ( ix4 #a-xi4 #c is ! de/ruction ( ! _w-p[]s & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,judgm5t is decl>$ at ! outset ^u ,damascus1 ,pho5icia & ,phili/ia1 :ile ,j]usalem is to enjoy ! div9e protection & to be ! seat ( ! ,messianic ,k+1 ix4 #a-i4 ,greece1 ! great enemy1 w be ov]come by ,judah & ,ephraim1 :o are b weapons 9 ,jehovah's h&1 ix4 #aj-ag4 ,!n foll[s#a a passage 9 :i* ! %eph]ds are ?reat5$ ) a dire fate4 ,judah receives a promise ( victory1 & ,ephraim is assur$ t h] exiles w be ga!r$ & br\ght home f ,egypt & ,assyria to ,gilead & ,lebanon2 ! c$>s ( ,lebanon & ! oaks ( ,ba%an--types p]haps ( =eign rul]s--w be laid l[1 x4 #c-xi4 #c4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 x4 #a1 #b appe>s to /& by itself4 ,x is an injunction to br+ ! reque/ = ra9 to ,jehovah & to put no fai? 9 t]aphim & div9]s4 ,! next section is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,9 x ! prophet is div9ely commission$ to t5d ! flock :i* has be5 neglect$ & impov]i%$ by o!r %eph]ds4 ,to ?is end he takes two /aves1 nam$ ,fav\r & ,unity1 to indicate respectively ! fav\r enjoy$ by ,judah 9 h] relations ) h] neighb\rs1 & ! unity subsi/+ betwe5 h] & ,israel 7or ,j]usalem1 accord+ to two codices72 & ?us inve/$ ) ! in/rum5ts ( ! pa/oral (fice he de/roy$ ?ree %eph]ds 9 a %ort "t4 ,b ! flock grew tir$ ( him1 &1 9 consequ5ce he broke ! /aves1 i4e4 ! relations ( fav\r & unity 7 ruptur$4 ,a fooli% & c>eless %eph]d is !n rais$ up1 :o abuses ! flock1 & ov] him a woe is pron\nc$1 xi4 #d-ag1 m m9utely def9$ 9 xiii4 #g-i1 :i* appe>s to h be5 misplac$4 ,jehovah w slay ! %eph]d & scatt] ! %eep2 a ?ird ( ! flock aft] be+ purifi$ by fire w con/itute ! p ( ,jehovah4 ,! next section1 xii4 #a-xiii4 #f1 introduces u to a siege ( ,j]usalem by ! hea!n1 abett$ by ,judah4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 ,judah *anges sides2 by ! help ( ,jehovah !y de/roy ! hea!n1 & ,j]usalem is sav$1 xii4 #a-h4 ,!n ! p & _! lead]s are mov$ by ! outp\r+ ( ! _s to confess & entreat =giv5ess = "s judicial murd] :i* !y h committ$ & :i* !y publicly & bitt]ly lam5t1 xii4 #i-ad4 ,! pray] is answ]$2 p & lead]s are cleans$ 9 a f\nta9 op5$1 ) ! result t idolatry & prophecy ( ! anci5t public type are abjur$1 xiii4 #a-f4 ,! !me ( ! la/ section also 7xiv47 is a hea!n attack ^u ,j]usalem1 b ?is "t ! city is de/roy$ & half ! inhabitants exil$4 ,!n ,jehovah int]v5es1 & by a miracle ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives ! re/ ( ! p effect _! escape1 & ,jehovah ,fights ) all ,8 angels aga9/ ! hea!n4 ,^? glori\s ,messianic days1 :5 ,jehovah w be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?1 w "k no heat or cold1 or *ange f light to d>kness4 ,j]usalem w be secure & ! l& ab\t h] level & fruitful1 wat]$ ea/ & we/ by a liv+ /ream4 ,^? :o h made w> aga9/ h] w wa/e away1 :ile ! re/ ( ! _w w make pilgrimages to ! holy city to wor%ip ,jehovah & celebrate ! fea/ ( boo?s4 ,!n ! mighty w>-horses1 once ! object ( ,8 hatr$1 w be consecrat$ to ,8 s]vice1 & ! numb] ( pilgrims w be s great t e pot 9 ! city & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,judah w be ne$$ = c]emonial purposes4 ,few problems 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are m p]plex+ ?an t ( ! orig9 & relation ( ! sections compos+1 ix4-xiv4 to "o ano!r4 ,! utmo/ t c be said ) comp>ative c]ta9ty is t ! prophecy1 9 its pres5t =m1 is po/-exilic1 :ile c]ta9 elem5ts 9 x1 especially 9 ix4-xi41 are1 if n pre-exilic1 at any rate imitations or rem9isc5ces ( pre-exilic prophecy4 ,_m s*ol>s ev5 d5y t ix4-xiv4 is a unity & assign x to at lea/ two au?ors4 ,?\gh ! sup]scription 9 xii4 #a1 :i* seems to ju/ify ?is di/9ction1 0 probably add$1 l ,mala*i i4 i1 by a lat] h&1 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 broad di/9ctions betwe5 ix4-xi4 & xii4-xiv4 c h>dly be d5i$4 ,9 ! =m] section1 ,ephraim is occasionally m5tion$ 9 comb9ation ) ,judah1 cf4 ix4 #ac2 9 ! latt]1 ,judah alone is m5tion$1 & p>tly1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is1 ! =m] section is assign$ to a p]iod betwe5 ,tigla? ,piles]'s invasion ( ! nor? ( ,pale/9e 9 #gcd 7xi4 #a-c7 & ! fall ( ! nor!rn k+dom 9 #gba1 :ile ! latt] is assign$ to a p]iod betwe5 ! dea? ( ,josiah 9 #fji1 to :i* ! m\rn+ 9 ,megiddo is suppos$ to allude1 xii4 #aa1 & ! fall ( ! s\!rn k+dom 9 #ehf4 ,ev5 )9 ^! sections !re are diff]5ces :i* are held to be incompatible ) ! unity ( ea* section4 ,! mo/ notable diff]5ce is p]haps t affect+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 *4 xii4 ! hea!n are de/roy$ be=e ,j]usalem1 :ile ! city itself rema9s secure2 9 *4 xiv4 ! h\ses are rifl$1 ! wom5 ravi%$1 & half ( ! p g into captivity be=e ,jehovah int]v5es to protect ! rema9d]4 ,^! & o!r diff]5ces are unmi/akable1 yet x may be que/ion$ :e!r !y are s s]i\s z to be fatal to ! unity ( ! :ole section1 ix4-xiv4 ,x is n impossible t !y may be due to ! eclectic _s ( an au?or :o ga!r$ f _m qu>t]s mat]ial = 8 es*atological pictures4 ,besides1 ! sections :i* h be5 by "s s*ol>s relegat$ to diff]5t au?ors1 occasionally seem to imply ea* o!r4 ,! g5]al assault on ,j]usalem 9 *4 xii41 e4g41 is ! natural result ( ! break+ ( ! /aves1 ,fav\r & ,unity1 9 *4 xi4 ,b1 ev5 if ix4-xiv4 be a unity1 x is well to rememb]1 z ,cornill rem9ds u1 t !re is mu* 9 ^! *apt]s :i* w ev] rema9 obscure & un9telligible1 because our k ( ! :ole po/-exilic & especially ( ! e>ly ,hell5ic p]iod is extremely defici5t4 ,?is leads to ! "q ( date4 ,! la/ section 7xii4-xiv47 at any rate is obvi\sly po/-exilic4 ,! idea ( ! g5]al assault on ,j]usalem is und\bt$ly sugge/$ by ,ezekiel xxxviii42 ! curi\sly condemnatory attitude to prophecy 9 xiii4 #b-f w\ld h be5 impossible 9 pre-exilic times2 ! phrase1 ,uzziah k+ ( ,judah1 xiv4 #e1 r implies t ! dyna/y is pa/1 & ! ref]5ce to ! e>?quake 9 8 reign has ! flav\r ( a le>n$ rem9isc5ce4#a ,^! & o!r circum/ances practically necessitate a po/-exilic date1 & ! objection bas$ ^u xii4 #aa falls to ! gr\nd1 z t v]se alludes1 9 all probability1 n to lam5tations = ! dea? ( ,josiah1 :i* w\ld no d\bt h tak5 place 9 ,j]usalem1 b to lam5ts :i* accompani$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,semitic ,adonis4 ,nor c any objection be gr\nd$ ^u ! allusion to idolatry 9 xiii4 #b1 z idolatry p]si/$ into po/-exilic times4#b ,footnote #a3 ,ev5 if ! e>lie/ possible date 7ab\t #fjj7 = ?is section be accept$1 ! e>?quake _h tak5 place a c5tury & a half be=e4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ,job xxxi4 #b;eff4 & p]haps also ,ps4 xvi4 ,if ix4-xiv4 be a unity1 a def9ite t]m9us a quo is provid$ 9 ix4 #ac by ! m5tion ( ! ,greeks1 ^: sons are oppos$ to ! sons ( ,zion4 ,su* a relation ( ,jews to ,greeks is n conceivable be=e ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ?is fact alone w\ld ?r[ ! prophecy1 at ! e>lie/1 into ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b !re are o!r facts :i* seem to "s to make = a pre-exilic date3 e4g4 ! m5tion ( ,judah & ,ephraim toge!r1 ix4 #ac 7cf4 ix4 #aj71 seems to presuppose ! exi/5ce ( bo? k+doms1 & ,egypt & ,assyria are plac$ side by side1 x4 #aj1 #aa1 precisely 9 ! mann] ( ,hosea 7ix4 #c1 xi4 #e74 ,b ^! facts1 significant z !y may seem1 are by no means decisive 9 fav\r ( a pre-exilic date4 ,assyria 0 ! fir/ great _w p[] ) :i* ,israel came into ho/ile contact1 & ! "n 0 n unnaturally transf]r$ by lat] ages to ! ho/ile p[]s ( _! own day--to ,babylon 9 ,lam4 v4 #f1 to ,p]sia 9 ,ezra vi4 #bb1 & possibly to ,syria 9 ,isaiah xxvii4 #ac4 ,consequ5tly1 9 a context :i* assigns ! passage1 at ! e>lie/1 to ! ,greek p]iod1 ,assyria & ,egypt w\ld v naturally designate ! ,seleucid & ,ptolemaic k+doms respectively1 & ! prophecy might be safely relegat$ to ! ?ird c5tury1 ,b4,c4#a ,! allusion to ,ephraim is n incompatible ) ?is date1 = ! prophecy presupposes a g5]al disp]sion1 x4 #i1 :i* mu/ be lat] ?an ! fall ( ,judah 9 #ehf1 consid]+ t resid5ce 9 ,egypt1 x4 #aj1 is impli$ 7cf4 ,j]4 xlii4-xliv474 ,no?+ m ne$ be impli$ by ! allusion to ,ephraim ?an t !re w be a g5]al re/oration ( all ! tribes t 7 once driv5 into exile & are n[ scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>ti puts x z late z #afj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important clues w\ld be furni%$ by xi4 #h--;,i cut (f ! ?ree %eph]ds 9 "o mon?--if ! ref]5ce 7 n s cryptic4 ,advocates ( a pre-exilic date f9d 9 ! words an allusion to ?ree successors ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ( ,israel--,ze*>iah1 ,%allum & "s unkn[n pret5d] 7ab\t #gdj72 o!rs1 to ! rapid succession ( high prie/s be=e ! ,maccabean w>s 7ab\t #agj74 ,"o mon? probably signifies g5]ally a brief "t4 ,if *s4 ix4-xiv4 belong to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 !y give u an int]e/+ glimpse into ! aspirations & defects ( lat] ,judaism4 ,!y reveal an unb\nd$ fai? 9 ! importance ( ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! c]ta9ty ( its triumph ov] ! assaults ( hea!nism2 on ! o!r h&1 !y are inspir$ by a f9e univ]salism1 xiv4 #af;ff4 ,b ?is univ]salism has a di/9ctly ,levitical & legali/ic col\r+1 xiv4 #ba4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! k+dom ( ,god involves ab/95ce f food proscrib$ by ! ,levitical law1 ix4 #g2 & ev5 = ! hea!n ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah takes ! =m ( ! celebration ( ! fea/ ( boo?s1 xiv4 #af4 ,!re is 9 ! prophecy a noble appreciation ( ! _w-wide de/9y ( ! true religion1 b h>dly ( its ess5tially spiritual nature4 ,,mala*i ,x is n inappropriate t ,mala*i1#a ?\gh n ! late/ ( ! prophets1 %\ld close ! prophetic collection4 ,! conclud+ words ( ?is book1 :i* pr$ict ! com+ ( ! great prophet ,elijah1 iv4 #e;f1 & ! apocalyptic tone ( ,mala*i1 %[ t prophecy feels itself unable to cope adequately ) ! moral situation & is consci\s ( its own decl9e4 ,"h1 z 9 ,haggai1 int]e/ ga!rs r\nd ritual r ?an moral obligation1 ?\gh ! latt] is n neglect$1 iii4 #e1 & ! religion = :i* ,mala*i pleads is f> f be+ exhau/$ by ritual4 ,he takes a l(ty view1 approa*+ to ,jesus' own1 ( ! obligations ( ! m>riage relation1 ii4 #af2 & p]functory ritual he abhors1 *iefly because x expresses a deep-seat$ indiff]5ce to ,god & ,8 claims1 iii4 #h4 ,! cl]gy or ! laity :o (f] ,god _! lame or blemi%$ bea/s are guilty ( an (f5ce t goes deep] ?an ritual4 ,_! :ole ideal ( religion & s]vice is insult+2 !y h =gott5 t ,jehovah is a great ,k+1 i4 #ad4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 i4 #a is late1 modell$1 l ,ze*4 xii4 #a on ,ze*4 ix4 #a4 ,! ^w ,mala*i has no d\bt be5 sugge/$ by ,mala*i 9 iii4 i 7 my mess5g]74 ,! prophecy is really anonym\s4 ,! prophecy ( ,mala*i is closely knit toge!r4 ,address+ a p :o d\bt ! love ( _! ,god1 he beg9s by po9t+-/rangely en\gh f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t1 b intelligibly en\gh f t ( e>ly po/-exilic ,judaism--to ! desolation ( ,edom1 ,judah's enemy 7cf4 ,obadiah7 9 po( ( t love1 i4 #b-e2 & asks h[ ,judah has respond$ to x4 ,! prie/s pres5t inf]ior (f]+s1 ?us =m+1 9 _! insult+ indiff]5ce1 a /range contra/ to ! untutor$ hea!n he>ts all ! _w ov]1 :i* (f] ,god pure s]vice2 !y h put to %ame ! anci5t ideals1 i4 #f-;ii4 #i4 ,! p1 too1 are z guilty z ! prie/s2 = !y _h divorc$ _! fai?ful ,jewi% wives :o _h borne !m *ildr51 & m>ri$ =eign wom5 :o 7 a m5ace to ! purity ( ! national religion1 ii4 #aj-af4 ,^? :o are beg9n+ to d\bt ! moral ord] because ,jehovah does n manife/ly int]pose z ! ,god ( ju/ice1 are assur$ by ! prophet t ! ,"l1 prec$$ by a mess5g]1 is on ,8 way2 & ,he w puni%1 fir/ ! unfai?ful prie/s1 & !n ! unfai?ful p1 ii4 #ag-;iii4 #e4 ,8 app>5t indiff]5ce to ! p is due to _! real indiff]5ce to ,him2 if !y br+ 9 ! ti!s1 ! bless+ w come1 iii4 #f-ab4 ,z be=e1 ii4 #ag;ff41 ! despond5t are assur$ t ,jehovah has n =gott5 !m2 ,he is writ+ _! names 9 a book1 & :5 ,he comes 9 judgm5t1 ! fai?ful w be sp>$1 & !n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! de/9ies ( ! good & ! bad w be pla9 = all to see4 ,! wick$ %all be trampl$ "u foot1 & ^u ! d>k _w 9 :i* ! upright m\rn %all arise ! sun1 f ^: g5tle rays w /ream heal+ = bruis$ m9ds & he>ts1 iii4 #ac-;iv4 #d4 ,be=e t day ,elijah w come to heal ! diss5sions ( ! home1 iv4 #e1 #f4 7cf4 ii4 #ad74 ,! atmosph]e ( ! book ( ,mala*i is v mu* l t ( ,ezra-,nehemiah4 ,! same problems em]ge 9 bo?--=eign m>riages1 neglect ( paym5t ( ti!s1 etc4 ,b ! allusion to ! pres5ts giv5 ! gov]nor1 i4 #h1 %[s t ! book 0 n writt5 dur+ ! gov]nor%ip ( ,nehemiah1 :o claims to h accept$ no pres5ts 7,neh4 v4 #ad-ah74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /ate ( affairs pres5t$ by ! book is inconceivable aft] ! measures adopt$ by ,ezra & ,nehemiah2 !re=e1 ,mala*i mu/ prec$e !m4 ,probably h[ev]1 n by mu*2 x 0 ,mala*i & o!rs l-m9d$ :o prep>$ ! way = ! re=mation1 & 8 date may be r\ghly fix$ at #dfj-dej ,b4,c4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is1 ! prie/s are designat$ ,levites1 ii4 #d1 iii4 #c1 z 9 ,deut]onomy2 ! book mu/ !re=e prec$e ! prie/ly code :i* %>ply di/+ui%es prie/s & ,levites4 ,!re is an unusual proportion ( dialogue 9 ,mala*i4 ,good m5 are p]plex$ by ! anomalies ( ! moral ord]1 & !y are n afraid to debate !m4 ,mala*i's solution is l>gely1 ?\gh n exclusively1 iii4 #h-ab1 apocalyptic2 & ?\gh 9 ?is1 z 9 8 emphasis on ! cult1 iii4 #d1 & 8 attitude to ,edom1 i4 #b;ff41 he /&s ^u ! level ( ord9>y ,judaism1 9 o!r respects he rises f> above x4 ,com+ f "o to :om correct ritual meant s mu*1 8 utt]ance t\*+ hea!n wor%ip is n only refre%+ly1 b a/oni%+ly bold4 ,9 all ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re is no m g5]\s outlook ^u ! =eign _w ?an t ( i4 #aa4 ,?\gh ! prie/s ( ! temple at ,j]usalem insult ! "n ( ,jehovah & are we>i$ ) ,8 s]vice1 yet f sunrise to sunset ,my "n is great among ! 7hea!n7 nations1 & 9 e place pure (f]+s are (f]$ to ,my "n2 = great is ,my "n among ! hea!n1 sai? ,jehovah ( ho/s4 ,,psalms ,! piety ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,*ur* is reflect$ ) m cle>ness & v>iety 9 ! ,psalt] ?an 9 any o!r book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x con/itutes ! response ( ! ,*ur* to ! div9e dem&s ( prophecy1 &1 9 a less degree1 ( law2 or1 r1 x expresses ^? emotions & aspirations ( ! univ]sal he>t :i* lie deep] ?an any =mal dem&4 ,x is ! spee* ( ! s\l face to face ) ,god4 ,its words are z simple & unaffect$ z human words c be1 = x is ! g5ius ( ,hebrew poetry to lay little /ress ^u artifices ( rhyme & rhy?m4 ,by its simple device ( p>allelism1 x sugge/s a rhy?m pr(\nd] ?an ! s\nd ( any words--! response ( ?\ght to ?\ght1 ! call+ ( deep to deep1 ! solemn h>monies t run ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,:e!r ! second ?\ght ( a v]se is co-ord9ate ) ! fir/1 z-- ,let u break _! b&s asund]1 ,& ca/ away _! cords f u1 ii #c4 or contra/$ ) x1 z-- ,jehovah kn[s ! way ( ! righte\s1 ,b ! way ( ! ungodly %all p]i%1 i4 #f1 ! result+ p>allelism is ess5tially simple1 & ! ,hebrew poet c express 8 pr(\nde/ ?\ghts & feel+s ) lucidity & fre$om4 ,x is ! dep? & s9c]ity ( its emotion1 c\pl$ ) ?is unrivall$ simplicity ( expression t has giv5 ! ,psalt] its abid+-place 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( humanity4 ,) ! p>tial exception ( ,psalm xlv41 :i* is a m>riage song1 ! songs ( ! ,psalt] are exclusively religi\s4 ,inde$ mo/ ( ! poetry ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is religi\s2 ! ,song ( ,deborah1 e4g4 7,jud4 v471 or ! ,psalm ( ,hezekiah 7,isa4 xxxviii474 ,b1 f scatt]$ h9ts x is abundantly pla9 t1 especially be=e ! exile1 ,hebrew poetry mu/ h rang$ ov] a wide v>iety ( !mes4 ,s f> z we "k1 ! ,hebrews nev] _h an epic2 & ?\gh a c]ta9 epic p[] is occasionally sugge/$ by ! extant lit]ature1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! ,hebrew g5ius1 :i* 0 ess5tially lyrical1 w\ld h be5 capable ( ! long su/a9$ ef=t dem&$ by a great epic4 ,b ! lyrical g5ius ( ! ,hebrew f\nd abundant opportunity 9 life's common joys1 sorr[s & activities4 ,victories 9 battle 7 celebrat$ 9 ballads1 :i* made ! blood leap1 love songs 7 sung at w$d+s1 & dirges 7 *ant$ ov] ! dead4 ,! lab\r ( draw+ wat]1 ( reap+ ! fields or ga!r+ ! v9tage1 0 reliev$ by snat*es ( song4 ,!re 0 all ?is & m1 b x has ne>ly all p]i%$1 leav+ little m ?an an e*o1 because ! m5 :o compil$ & edit$ ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 dom9at$ by an exclusively religi\s int]e/4 ,b if ! int]e/ ( ! ,psalt] be exclusively religi\s1 we h no reason to compla9 ( its v>iety4 ,f ! deepe/ despair to ! highe/ exaltation1 e mood ( ! s\l is utt]$ !re4 ,_m a classification ( ! ,psalt] has be5 attempt$1 e4g4 into 7a7 psalms ( gladness1 su* z ?anksgiv+ 7xlvi471 adoration 7viii472 7b7 psalms ( sadness1 su* z lam5tation 7lxxiv471 confession 7li471 supplication 7cii472 7c7 psalms ( reflection1 su* z ! occasional didactic poetry 7cxix471 or discussions ( ! moral ord] 7lxxiii474 ,b 9 ! nature ( ! case1 no classification c ev] hope to be completely satisfactory1 if = no o!r reason ?an t ! psalms1 be+ = ! mo/ "p lyrics1 are (t5 m>k$ by subtle & rapid *anges ( feel+1 pass+ sometimes1 z 9 ,psalm xxii41 f ! mo/ t\*+ lam5ts to ! mo/ d>+ expressions ( hope & gladness4 ,! foll[+ classification1 ?\gh expos$1 z all su* classifications mu/ be1 to ! *>ge ( cross-division1 w af=d a work+ basis = ! /udy ( ! ,psalt]3-- 7#a7 ,psalms ( ,adoration1 includ+ 7a7 adoration ( ,god = ,8 revelation 9 nature1 viii41 xix4 #a-f1 xxix41 civ42 7b7 adoration ( ,him = ,8 love to ,8 p1 xxxiii41 ciii41 cxi41 cxiii41 cxv41 cxvii41 cxlvii42 7c7 praise ( ,8 glori\s k+dom1 cxlv41 cxlvi41 end+ ) ! call to univ]sal praise1 cxlviii41 cl4 7#b7 ,psalms ( ,reflection 7a7 ^u ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 ix41 x41 xi41 xiv41 xxxvi41 xxxvii41 xxxix41 xlix41 lii41 lxii41 lxxiii41 lxxv41 lxxxii41 xc41 xcii41 xciv42 7b7 ^u ,div9e ,provid5ce1 xvi41 xxiii41 xxxiv41 xci41 cxii41 cxxi41 cxxv41 cxxvii41 cxxviii41 cxxxiii41 cxxxix41 cxliv4 #ab-ae2 7c7 on ! value ( ,scripture1 i41 xix4 #g-ad1 cxix42 7d7 on ! nature ( ! ideal man1 xv41 xxiv4 #a-f1 l4 7#c7 ,psalms ( ,?anksgiv+1 mo/ ( !m = hi/orical deliv]ances1 e4g4 f ! exile1 or f ! ,syrians 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 xxx41 xl41 xlvi41 xlviii41 lxv41 lxvi41 lxvii41 lxviii41 lxxvi41 cxvi41 cxviii41 cxxiv41 cxxvi41 cxxix41 cxxxviii41 cxliv4 #a-aa1 cxlix4 7#d7 ,psalms 9 ,celebration ( ,wor%ip1 v41 xxiv41 #g-aj1 xxvi41 xxvii41 xlii4-xliii41 lxxxiv41 cxxii41 cxxxiv4 7#e7 ,hi/orical ,psalms 7a7 emphasiz+ ! unfai?fulness ( ! p1 lxxviii41 lxxxi41 cvi42 7b7 emphasiz+ ! love or p[] ( ,god1 cv41 cxiv41 cxxxv41 cxxxvi4 7#f7 ,imprecatory ,psalms1 lviii1 lix41 lxix41 lxxxiii41 cix41 cxxxvii4 7#g7 ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 vi41 xxxii41 xxxviii41 li41 cii41 cxxx41 cxliii4 7#h7 ,psalms ( ,petition 7a7 pray]s = deliv]ance1 pres]vation or re/oration1 iii41 iv41 vii41 xii41 xiii41 xvii41 xxv41 xxxi41 xxxv41 xli41 xliv41 liv41 lv41 lx41 lxiv41 lxxi41 lxxiv41 lxxvii41 lxxix41 lxxx41 lxxxv41 lxxxvi41 lxxxviii41 cxx41 cxxiii41 cxxxi41 cxl41 cxli41 cxlii2 7b7 answ]$ pray]s1 xxii41 xxviii41 lvi41 lvii4 7#i7 ,royal ,psalms 7a7 k+'s coronation1 xxi42 7b7 m>riage1 xlv42 7c7 pray]s = 8 welf>e & success1 xx41 lxi1 lxiii42 7d7 8 "*1 lxxii41 ci42 7e7 dom9ion1 ii41 xviii41 cx42 7f7 ye>n+ = ! ,messianic ,k+1 lxxxix41 cxxxii4 7#aj7 ,psalms conc]n+ ! univ]sal reign ( ,jehovah1 i4e4 ,messianic psalms 9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w1 xlvii41 lxxxvii41 xciii41 xcv41 xcvi41 xcvii41 xcviii41 xcix41 c4 ,! ,psalt] has pla9ly _h a long hi/ory4 ,9 its pres5t =m x obvi\sly re/s ^u gr\ps1 :i* 9 turn re/ ^u individual psalms1 t are no d\bt (t5 f> old] ?an ! gr\ps 9 :i* !y /&4 ,l ! ,p5tateu*1 & p]haps 9 imitation ( x1 ! ,psalt] is divid$ into five books1 ^: close is indicat$1 9 ea* case1 by a doxology 7xli41 lxxii41 lxxxix41 cvi471 except 9 ! case ( ! la/ psalm1 :i* is itself a doxology 7cl474 ,?is division appe>s to h be5 artificially effect$4 ,psalm cvii41 :i* />ts ! la/ book1 goes naturally ) cv4 & cvi41 :i* close ! f\r? book2 & ! circum/ance t ! numb] ( psalms 9 ! f\r? book corresponds exactly ) t ( ! ?ird1 raises a /rong suspicion t ! break 0 delib]ately made at ,psalm cvi4 ,x is v probable1 too1 t ! doxology at ! close ( ,psalm cvi4 7cf4 #a ,*ron4 xvi4 #cf71 :i* diff]s some:at f ! o!r doxologies1 0 orig9ally int5d$ z a doxology to t psalm only1 & n to indicate ! close ( ! book4 ,9 any case1 ! cont5ts ( books #d & #e1 :i* are v l>gely liturgical1 are s simil> t !y may be practically consid]$ z "o book4 ,books #b & #c may also be simil>ly reg>d$2 = :]eas 9 books #a1 #d & #e ! "n ( ! div9e ,be+ is pr$om9antly ,jehovah1 9 books #b & #c x is pr$om9antly ,elohim 7,god71 & !re c be no d\bt t ^! two books1 at lea/ z f> z ,ps4 lxxxiii41 h be5 submitt$ to an ,elohi/ic r$action4 ,psalm xiv41 e4g41 reappe>s 9 ! #bnd book z ,psalm liii4 9 a =m practically id5tical1 except = ! "n ( ,god1 :i* is ,jehovah 9 ! "o 7xiv47 & ,elohim 9 ! o!r 7liii472 ! *ange is1 !re=e1 und\bt$ly delib]ate4 ,?is is also made pla9 by ! pres5ce ( su* impossible phrases z ,god1 ?y ,god1 xlv4 #g1 #a4 #g1 in/ead ( ! natural & famili> ,jehovah1 ?y ,god4 ,:atev] ! motive = ! *oice ( ?is div9e "n 7,elohim7 may be1 x is s ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( books #b & #c t !y may n unfairly be held to con/itute a gr\p by !mselves4 ,9 ?is way ! ,psalt] falls into ?ree great gr\ps--book ,i 7i4-xli471 :i* is ,jehovi/ic1 books #b & #c 7xlii4-lxxxix471 :i* are ,elohi/ic1 & books #d & #e 7xc4-cl471 :i* are ,jehovi/ic44 ,^! great] gr\ps re/1 h[ev]1 ^u o!r small] ones1 "s =mally ackn[l$g$1 e4g4 ! s-call$ ,psalms ( ,asc5t or ,pilgrim psalms 7cxx4-cxxxiv471 ! ,psalms ( ,david1 ,psalms ( ! ,korahites 7xlii4-xlix41 etc471 ,psalms ( ,asaph 7lxxiii4-lxxxiii41 etc471 & o!rs n s obvi\s 9 a translation1 e4g4 ! ,hallelujah ,psalms1 cxi4-cxiii41 cxlvi4-cl4 ,^! gr\ps mu/ (t5 h enjoy$ an indep5d5t reputation z gr\ps1 & ev5 be5 inve/$ ) a c]ta9 canonical au?ority1 = occasionally ! same psalm appe>s 9 two diff]5t gr\ps 7xiv4liii41 xl4 #ac-aglxx41 cviii4lvii4 #g-aa lx4 #f-ab74 ,su* repetition proves t ! f9al editors did n consid] !mselves at lib]ty to make any *ange )9 ! gr\ps4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! arrangem5t ( individual psalms )9 ! gr\p 0 probably n a sci5tific "o3 e4g4 xxxiv4 & xxxv4 seem to be plac$ toge!r = no o!r reason ?an t bo? ref] to ! angel ( ,jehovah1 xxxiv4 #g1 xxxv4 #e4 ,sometimes a psalm has be5 wrongly divid$ into two 7cf4 xlii41 xliii41 orig9ally "o psalm7 & occasionally two psalms h be5 unit$1 usually = reasons t are transp>5t 7s p]haps xix41 ! revelation 9 ! heav5s & ! revelation 9 ! ,scriptures1 & xxiv41 ! entrance ( ,jehovah into ,8 temple1 & ! ess5tial conditions = ! entrance ( man74 ,! orig9al ord] ( ! gr\ps !mselves appe>s to h be5 dislocat$4 ,:oev] add$ ! subscription to ,psalm lxxii4 c h>dly h be5 aw>e ( ! eighte5 psalms :i*1 9 ! subsequ5t books ( ! ,psalt]1 are ascrib$ to ,david2 nor is x natural to suppose t ! ,asaphic 7l47 & ,korahitic psalms 7xlii4-xlix47 /ood 9 ! second book :5 t subscription 0 writt54 ,x is n improbable t ,psalms xlii4-l4 orig9ally belong$ to ! ?ird book1 along ) ! ,asaphic gr\p1 lxxiii4-lxxxiii41 & t lxxii4 #bj1 ,! pray]s ( ,david ! son ( ,jesse are end$1 0 int5d$ z ! subscription ( all ! ,davidic psalms t _h !n be5 collect$ 7,book ,i1 except ,pss4 i41 ii41 x41 xxxiii41 & book #b1 ,pss4 li4-lxx474#a ,! fir/ two books orig9ally repres5t$ a ,davidic hymn-book2 !y probably repres5t1 z a :ole1 ! olde/ "p ( ! ,psalt]4 ,footnote #a3 ,psalms i4 & ii4 7 plac$ at ! beg9n+ z prefatory to ! :ole ,psalt]4 ,!y deal ) ! two c>d9al po9ts ( ,judaism--! law & ! ,messianic hope4 ,psalms ix4 & x4 orig9ally con/itut$ "o alphabetic psalm1 & xxxiii4 is ascrib$ to ,david 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,! problem ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,psalms is "o ( ! ?ornie/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"o hundr$ psalms are ascrib$ to def9ite au?ors3 "o is ascrib$ to ,moses 7xc471 sev5ty-?ree to ,david1 two to ,solomon 7lxxvii41 cxxvii472 & yet !re are n a few s*ol>s :o ma9ta9 t1 s f> f any psalm be+ ,mosaic1 or ev5 ,davidic1 !re is n a s+le pre-exilic psalm 9 ! ,psalt]1 & ! less radical critics d n all[ m ?an ?irty or =ty4 ,! "q mu/ be settl$ entirely ^u int]nal evid5ce1 z ! sup]scriptions1 def9ite z !y (t5 are1 are nev] demon/rably reliable1 :ile "s ( !m are pla9ly impossible4 ,to beg9 )1 d\bt atta*es to ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew preposition 9 ! phrase1 ,psalm ( ,david4 ,x is ! same preposition z t r5d]$ by = 9 ! phrase1 ,= ! *ief musician1 & z 9 ?is phrase au?or%ip is out ( ! "q1 x may be s]i\sly d\bt$ :e!r x is impli$ 9 ! phrase r5d]$ ,psalm ( ,david4 ,?is d\bt is corroborat$ by ! phrase1 ,psalms ( ! sons ( ,korah4 ,pla9ly all ! ,korahites did n coop]ate 9 ! composition ( ! psalms s sup]scrib$2 & ! mo/ natural inf]5ce is t ! phrase does n "h designate au?or%ip1 b t ! psalm is "o ( a collection 9 "s s5se belong+ to or de/9$ = ! ,korahitic guild ( temple-s+]s4 #a ,9 t case ! phrase w\ld h a liturgical s5se1 & ! p>allel phrase ( 7or =7 ,david1 might h to be simil>ly expla9$4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t :atev] ! actual orig9 ( ! sup]scription1 ( 7or =7 ,david1 x c]ta9ly came to be reg>d$ z imply+ au?or%ip--! _m hi/orical notices 9 ! sup]scriptions ( ,psalms li4-lx4 are pro( en\gh ( t2 & no o!r explanation is possible ( ! sup]scription ( ,moses 9 ,psalm1 xc 7cf4 ,is4 xxxviii4 #i1 ! writ+ ( ,hezekiah74 ,footnote #a3 ,x is n absolutely impossible t ! phrase might po9t to a collection compos$ by ?is guild1 cf4 ,moravian bre?r54 ,b ! o!r supposition is m likely4 ,9 lat] times1 !n1 au?or%ip 0 pla9ly int5d$ by ! sup]scriptions4 ,b x is q c]ta9 t ! sup]scriptions !mselves are no orig9al & integral p>ts ( ! psalms4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t !y occasionally diff] f ! ,hebrew1 assign+ psalms t are anonym\s 9 ! ,hebrew 7xcv41 cxxxvii47 to ,david1 or to o!r au?ors 7e4g41 cxlvi4-cxlviii4 to ,haggai & ,ze*>iah47 ,! ease ) :i* psalms 71 )\t w>rant1 ascrib$ to ,david may be se5 f ! ,greek sup]scription to ,psalm xcvi4 ,:5 ! h\se i4e4 ! temple 0 be+ built aft] ! captivity2 a song ( ,david3 9 o!r words1 an admitt$ly po/-exilic psalm is ascrib$ to ,david4 ,! sup]scriptions 7 add$ probably long aft] ! psalms1 & !re is no reason to suppose t ! ,hebrews 7 exempt f ! uncritical me?ods & ideas :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,greek translators4 ,t !y %>$ !m is abundantly prov$ by ! hi/orical sup]scriptions4 ,"o at lea/ 7,ps4 xxxiv47 9 sub/itut+ ! "n ( ,abimele* 7,g54 xx47 = ,a*i% 7#a ,sam4 xxi47 %[s ei!r ignorance or c>elessness1 & ca/s a v lurid light on ! reliability ( ! sup]scriptions4 ,! cont5ts ( o!r psalms are manife/ly irreconcilable ) ! assum$ au?or%ip3 ,asaph1 e4g41 :om ! ,*ronicles reg>ds z a contempor>y ( ,david 7#a ,*ron4 xvi #g71 lam5ts 9 ,psalms lxxiv41 lxxix4 ! deva/ation ( ! temple1 :i* 0 n at t "t 9 exi/5ce4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ! sup]scriptions 7 add$ 7 altoge!r sup]ficial & uncritical4 ,psalm cxxvii4 is ascrib$ to ,solomon1 *iefly because its op5+ v]se speaks ( ! build+ ( ! h\se1 :i* 0 und]/ood to be ! temple4 ,s ,psalm lxiii4 is describ$ z a psalm ( ,david :5 he 0 9 ! wild]ness ( ,judah1 simply on ! /r5g? ( ! words1 ,my s\l ?ir/e? = !e 9 a dry & we>y l& :]e no wat] is--words :i* are tak5 lit]ally1 ?\gh !y 7 und\bt$ly int5d$ metaphorically4 ,a p>allel case is t ( ! psalm ins]t$ 9 ,jonah ii41 obvi\sly a *ur* psalm ^: figurative language has be5 too lit]ally press$4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! sup]scriptions are lat] ?an ! psalms !mselves1 & (t51 if n always1 unreliable2 we are !re=e :olly dep5d5t ^u int]nal evid5ce1 & ! crit]ia = ,davidic au?or%ip mu/ be s\ght outside ! ,psalt]4 ,! only absolutely undisput$ poems ( ,david's are ! elegy ov] ,saul & ,jona?an 9 #b ,samuel i4 & ! lam5t ov] ,abn] 7#b ,sam4 iii4 #cc1 #cd74 ,!re is no means ( prov+ t #b ,samuel xxii4 7,ps4 xviii47 & #b ,samuel xxiii4 #a-g are ,david's1 z !y are int]polat$ 9 a section ( ,samuel :i* is itself an int]polation 7xxi4-xxiv471 int]rupt+ z x does ! cont9uity ( #b ,samuel xx4 & ,i ,k+s i4 ,! data (f]$ by ! elegy are mu* too sl5d] to enable u to decide :e!r any p>ticul> psalm is ,david's or n4 ,"s h v5tur$ to ascribe a doz5 psalms or s to him on ! /r5g? ( _! peculi> vig\r & orig9ality1 b obvi\sly all su* decisions mu/ be altoge!r subjective4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ,david 0 an accompli%$ musician 7#a ,sam4 xvi4 #ah7 & a great poet 7#b ,sam4 i471 a man ( ! mo/ v>i$ exp]i5ce1 ri* emotional nature & pr(\nd religi\s feel+1 a devot$ wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah1 & eag] to build ,him a temple2 & x is n impossible t su* a man may h writt5 religi\s songs1 b 9 ! nature ( ! case x c nev] be prov$ t he wrote any ( ! songs 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,psalm xviii4 has be5 by _m assign$ to him ) consid]able confid5ce because ( ! support x is ?\ght to receive f its appe>ance 9 a hi/orical book2 b besides ! fact t ?is support1 z we h se51 is sl5d]1 ! psalm c h>dly1 at lea/ 9 its pres5t =m1 h come f ,david4 ,! sup]scription assigns x to a lat] p]iod 9 8 life :5 he _h be5 deliv]$ f all 8 enemies2 b at t "t he c\ld n h look$ back ov] ! pa/1 /a9$ by 8 great s91 ) ! complac5cy :i* m>ks ! confession 9 vv4 #bj-bd4 ,o!rs h suppos$ t xxiv4 #g-aj1 ) its picture ( ! entrance ( ,jehovah ?r\gh ! anci5t gates1 may well be 84 ,x may be1 if ! gates are ^? ( ! city2 b if1 z is m probable1 !y are ! temple gates1 !n ! psalm mu/ be long aft] ! "t ( ,solomon4 ,9 ! que/ = ,davidic psalms we c nev] possibly rise above conjecture4 ,lat] ages reg>d$ ,david z ! fa!r ( sacr$ song1 j z !y reg>d$ ,moses z ! au?or ( ,hebrew law4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t !re are pre-exilic psalms or fragm5ts 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,f ,psalm cxxxvii4 #c1 #d we may safely inf] t already1 by ! "t ( ! exile1 !re 7 songs ( ,jehovah or songs ( ,zion4 ,we _c tell :at ^! songs 7 l2 b :5 we rememb] t = ne>ly two c5turies be=e ! exile great prophets _h be5 work+--& we _c suppose altoge!r ineffectually1 = !y _h disciples--x is difficult to see :y1 grant+ ! poetic p[] :i* ! ,hebrew _h f ! e>lie/ times1 pi\s spirits %\ld n h express$ !mselves 9 sacr$ song1 or :y "s ( ^! songs may n be 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,we appe> to be on tol]ably sure gr\nd 9 at lea/ "s ( ! royal psalms4 ,d\btless x is (t5 v h>d to say1 z 9 ,psalms ii41 lxxii41 :e!r ! k+ is a hi/orical figure or ! ,messianic ,k+ ( popul> ye>n+2 & possibly 7cf4 lxxii47 a psalm :i* orig9ally contemplat$ a hi/orical k+ may h be5 9 lat] times alt]$ or amplifi$ to fit ! features ( ! ideal k+4 ,o!r psalms1 aga9 7e4g41 lxxxix41 cxxxii471 cle>ly are ! products ( a "t :5 ! mon>*y is no m4 ,b !re rema9 o!rs1 express+1 e4g4 a wi% = ! k+'s welf>e 7xx41 xxi471 :i* c only be naturally ref]r$ to a "t :5 ! k+ 0 on ! ?rone4 ,x is n absolutely impossible to ref] ^! to ! p]iod ( ! ,hasmoneans1 :o bore ! title f ! end ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 b ! hi/ory ( ! canon r5d]s ?is supposition extremely improbable4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! psalms are n above pre-exilic possibility1 & _! position 9 ! fir/ book w\ld1 g5]ally speak+1 be 9 fav\r ( ! e>li] date4 ,psalm xlv4 also1 :i* celebrates ! m>riage ( a k+ to a =eign pr9cess1 seems almo/ to compel a pre-exilic date4 ,"s s*ol>s1 /ruck by ! resemblance betwe5 _m ( ! sorr[ful psalms & ! poetry ( ,j]emiah1 h n hesitat$ to ascribe "s ( !m to him 7cf4 xl4 #b74 ,su* a judgm5t is necess>ily subjective1 b !re c be little d\bt t ,j]emiah p[]fully influ5c$ ,hebrew religi\s poetry4 ,! ,greek sup]scriptions1 aga91 :i* assign c]ta9 psalms to ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 ?\gh d\btless unreliable1 are ( int]e/ 9 sugge/+ ! liturgical importance ( ! p]iod foll[+ ! return f ! exile4 ,?is p]iod seems to h produc$ sev]al psalms4 ,psalm cxxvi11 ) its curi\sly complex feel+1 app>5tly reflects ! situation ( t p]iod1 & ! gr\p ( psalms :i* proclaim ,jehovah z ,k+1 & r+ ) ! notes ( a new song1 7 probably compos$ to celebrate ! joy ( ! return & ! resumption ( public wor%ip 9 ! temple 7xciii41 xcv4-c41 cf4 xcvi4 #a74 ,! hi/ory ( ! next ?ree c5turies is v obscure1 & _m a psalm :i* we _c locate may belong to t p]iod2 b ! psalms :i* celebrate ! law 7i41 xix4 #g;ff41 cxix47 no d\bt foll[ ! re=mation ( ,ezra 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,x is n probable t !re are _m1 if any1 psalms lat] ?an #agj-afe ,b4,c4 9 ! ,maccabean p]iod2 "s d5y ev5 ?is possibility1 bas+ _! d5ial on ! hi/ory ( ! canon4 ,b if ! book ( ,daniel1 :i* belongs to ?is same p]iod1 0 admitt$ to ! canon1 !re is no reason :y ! same hon\r %\ld n h be5 conf]r$ ^u "s ( ! psalms4 ,! ,maccabean p]iod 0 fitt$1 almo/ m ?an any o!r 9 ,israel's hi/ory1 to r\se ! religi\s passion ( ! p to song2 &1 z ! possibility mu/ be conc$$1 ! "q becomes "o ( exegesis4 ,exegetically consid]$1 ! claims ( at lea/ ,psalms xliv41 lxxiv41 lxxix41 lxxxiii4 are indubitable4 ,!y speak ( a desolation ( ! temple 9 spite ( a punctili\s fulfilm5t ( ! law1 a religi\s p]secution1 a slaught] ( ! sa9ts1 a blasphemy ( ! holy "n4 ,no situation fits ^! circum/ances s completely z ! p]secution ( ! ,jews by ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 #afh ,b4,c41 & ^! psalms betray _m rem>kable aff9ities ) passages 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,maccabees4 ,z long ago z ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ! %>p-sight$ ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia believ$ t !re 7 sev5te5 ,maccabean psalms2 ,calv9 admitt$ at lea/ ?ree4 ,x may be safely conclud$1 !n1 t ! ,psalt] br+s u )9 ab\t a c5tury & a half ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! crit]ia = det]m9+ ! date ( a psalm are few & meagre4 ,! ,psalt] expresses ! piety ( m ?an half a mill5nium1 & ev5 ! c5tury _c always be fix$4 ,! language is (t5 g5]al1 & ! ?\ghts utt]$ w\ld be z possible & appropriate to "o c5tury z ano!r4 ,ne>ly =ty ye>s ago ,nldeke ma9ta9$ t !re 7 psalms ( :i* we c\ld n say ) any def9it5ess to :at p]iod !y belong$ betwe5 #ijj & #afj ,b4,c4 ,he himself ref]r$ ,psalm ii4 to ,solomon1 :i* _h be5 ref]r$ by ,hitzig to ,alex&] ,jannaeus 7#aje-gh ,b4,c474 ,ev5 :]e ! hi/orical implications may seem fairly c]ta91 !re may be m ?an "o legitimate int]pretation4 ,psalm xlvi41 e4g41 :i* is usually reg>d$ z a song ( triumph sung aft] ! dep>ture ( ,s5na*]ib1 is by "s int]pret$ es*atologically2 ,zion is ! ideal ,zion ( ! latt] days1 & ! /ream t makes h] glad is ! /ream ( ,p>adise4 ,"s psalms1 ( c\rse1 h _! orig9 /amp$ v legibly ^u !m4 ,psalm cxxxvii4 e4g41 cle>ly implies t ! exile is n long ov]4 ,! pres5ce ( ,aramaisms 9 a psalm is a fairly sure indication ( a relatively late date4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 also1 its !ological ideas may be a guide1 ?\gh we "k too little ( ! hi/ory ( ^! ideas to use ?is crit]ion ) mu* confid5ce4 ,/ill1 s elaborate an emphasis on ! omnipres5ce ( ,god z we f9d 9 ,psalm cxxxix4 is only possible to a lat] age1 & ?is inf]5ce is m ?an confirm$ by its highly ,aramaic flav\r4 ,bo? ^! consid]ations r5d] its ascription to ,david utt]ly unt5able4 ,! "q 0 rais$ long ago & has be5 mu* discuss$ 9 rec5t times1 :e!r ! subject ( ! ,psalt] is ! individual or ! *ur*2 & till v rec5tly ! op9ion has be5 ga9+ gr\nd t ! exp]i5ce & aspiration ( ! ,psalt] are n p]sonal & individual1 b t 9 x is he>d ! collective voice ( ! *ur*4 ,_m difficulties und\bt$ly disappe> or are less5$ on ?is int]pretation1 e4g41 ! bitt]ness ( ! imprecatory psalms1 or ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces atta*$ 9 o!r psalms 7cf4 xxii41 xl47 to ! deliv]ance ( ! s+]4 ,till ! exile1 ! religi\s unit 0 ! nation1 & ! collective use ( ! s+ul> pron\n is "o ( ! commone/ ph5om5a 9 ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,! ,decalogue is address$ to ,israel 9 ! #bnd p]s4 s+41 9 ,deut]onomy ! #bnd p]s4 s+1 alt]nates ) ! pl41 9 ! prie/ly bless+ 7,num4 vi4 #bd;ff47 ,israel is bless$ 9 ! s+ul>4 ,9 ,deut]o-,isaiah1 ! s]vant ( ,jehovah is und\bt$ly to be int]pret$ collectively1 & 9 _m ( ! psalms ! collective int]pretation is put beyond all d\bt by ! v explicit language ( ! context3 ,mu* h !y afflict$ me f my y\? up1 ,let ,israel n[ say1 cxxix4 #aa ,all ?is is true1 & !re are probably m collective psalms 9 ! ,psalt] ?an we h be5 accu/om$ to believe4 ,b x w\ld be ridicul\s to suppose t e psalm has to be s int]pret$4 ,"s ( ! psalms 7 orig9ally writt5 )\t any view to ! temple s]vice1 & !y mu/ h express$ ! individual emotion ( ! s+]4#a ,besides1 ,j]emiah _h %[n or at lea/ sugge/$ t ! real unit 0 ! individual2 ! tea*+ ( ,ezekiel & ! book ( ,job are pro( t ! lesson _h be5 well le>n$2 &1 al?\gh ! po/-exilic *ur* may h felt its solid>ity & realiz$ its corporate consci\sness z acutely z ! pre-exilic nation1 ! individual1 z a religi\s unit1 c\ld nev] aga9 be =gott54 ,he _h come to /ay2 & if1 9 _m psalms1 ! g5]al voice ( ! *ur* is he>d1 x is equally c]ta9 t _m o!rs utt] ! emotions & exp]i5ces ( individual s+]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,t ,psalms1 n[ collective1 7 orig9ally individual1 & subsequ5tly alt]$ & adapt$ to ! use ( ! community is se51 e4g41 9 ! occasional di/urbance ( ! ord] 9 alphabetical psalms 7ix41 x474 ,! ,psalt]1 or "p ( x1 0 us$ 9 ! temple s]vice#a-witness ! num]\s musical & liturgical sup]scriptions 7cf4 sup]scr4 ( ,ps4 xcii47--?\gh ! p probably did no m ?an s+ or utt] ! responses 7cvi4 #dh74 ,x w\ld be difficult to e/imate ! importance ( ! ,psalt] to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ! support ( piety z well z ! expression ( x2 &1 to a wor%ip :i* laid s mu* /ress ^u punctili\s ritual & animal sacrifice1 ! ,psalt]1 ) its au/]e spiritual tone1 its simple passion = ,god1 & its brac+ s5se ( fell[%ip ) ! ,et]nal1 w\ld come z a :olesome corrective4 ,almo/ 9 ! _s ( ! old] prophets 7,hos4 vi4 #f7 animal sacrifice is relegat$ to an altoge!r subord9ate place 7xl41 l41 li471 if x is n inde$ rebuk$3 ! sacrifice de> to ,god is a brok5 _s4 ,?us ! ,psalt] 0 a mighty contribution 9 "o direction1 z ! synagogue 9 ano!r1 to ! developm5t ( spiritual religion4 ,x kept alive ! prophetic elem5t 9 ,israel's religion1 & did mu* to c\nt]act ! m blight+ influ5ces ( ,judaism4 ,! place ( ! law is occasionally recogniz$ 7i41 xix4 #g;ff471 once v emphatically 7cxix471 b x is hon\r$ *iefly = its moral /imulus4 ,x is n1 z 9 lat] times1 an incubus2 x is /ill an inspiration4 ,footnote #a3 ,! addition ( ! la/ v]se to ! alphabetic psalms1 xxv4 & xxxiv41 adapts ^! psalms1 :e!r orig9ally individual or collective1 to ! temple s]vice4 ,!re are temp]s 9 ! ,psalt] :i* are any?+ b lovely-hatr$ ( enemies1 prote/ation ( self-righte\sness1 & o!r utt]ances :i* prev5t x f be+1 9 its entirety1 ! hymn-book ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,hi/orically ^! ?+s are explicable & p]haps inevitable1 b ! glory ( ! ,psalt] is its ov]:elm+ s5se ( ! reality ( ,god4 ,! m5 :o wrote x c\nt$ ,god _! ,fri5d2 & al?\gh !y nev] =got t ,he 0 ! inf9ite ,"o1 ^: home is ! univ]se & :o fills ! va/ spaces ( hi/ory ) ,8 fai?fulness & ,8 ju/ice1 ,he 0 also to !m ! pati5t & lov+ ,"o1 :o pres]ves bo? man & bea/1 "u ! %ad[ ( ^: w+s ! *ildr5 ( m5 may re/ ) quietness & confid5ce1 & be=e :om !y c\ld p\r out ! deepe/ ?\ghts & petitions ( _! he>ts1 9 ! assurance t ,he 0 ! he>] ( pray]1 & t ,8 t5d] m]cies 7 ov] all ,8 works4 ,he 0 to !m ! s\rce ( all /r5g? & consolation & vision4 ,9 ,8 light !y saw light2 & 9 _! noble/ mom5ts--:atev] !y might lose or suff]--) ,him !y 7 cont5t4 ,9 ,lu!r's f9e p>aphrase ( ,psalm lxxiii4 #be1 ,if ,i h b ,!e1 ,i ask = no?+ 9 heav5 or e>?4 ,,prov]bs ,_m specim5s ( ! s-call$ ,wisdom ,lit]ature are pres]v$ = u 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs1 = its cont5ts are by no means conf9$ to :at we call prov]bs4 ,! fir/ n9e *apt]s con/itute a cont9u\s disc\rse1 almo/ 9 ! mann] ( a s]mon2 & ( ! la/ two *apt]s1 *4 xxx4 is l>gely made up ( enigmas1 & xxxi4 is 9 "p a description ( ! good h\sewife4 ,all1 h[ev]1 are rightly subsum$ "u ! idea ( wisdom1 :i* to ! ,hebrew _h always moral relations4 ,! ,hebrew wise man seldom or nev] gave himself to ab/ract speculation2 he dealt ) issues rais$ by practical life4 ,wise m5 are spok5 ( almo/ z an organiz$ guild1 & coord9at$ ) prie/s & prophets z e>ly z ! "t ( ,j]emiah 7xviii4 #ah71 b ! g5]al impression made by ! pre-exilic ref]5ces to ! wise m5 is t !y ex]cis$ c]ta9 quasi-political functions & h>dly correspond to ! wise m5 ( lat] times :o discuss$ issues ( ! moral life & devot$ !mselves to ! in/ruction ( "y m5 7,prov4 i4 #d1 #h74 ,mo/ ( ! important types ( ?\ght ( ! wise m5 are repres5t$ 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,!re are prov]bs prop]1 a few ( ! popul> k9d1 b mo/ ( !m be>+ ! /amp ( delib]ate art1 & deal+ ) ! prud5t conduct ( life 7x4-xxix472 !re are speculations ( a m g5]al k9d on ! nature t wisdom :i* is ! guide ( life 7i4-ix472 & !re is scepticism 7cf4 ,eccles47 repres5t$ by ! words ( ,agur 7xxx4 #a-d74 ,! book1 z a :ole1 might be describ$ z a guide to ! happy life1 or1 we might almo/ say1 to ! successful life--= a c]ta9 n ignoble utilit>ianism cl+s to _m ( its precepts4 ,! _w is recogniz$ z a moral & ord]ly _w1 & wisdom is pr(itable unto all ?+s4 ,! wisdom :i* ! wise man manife/s 9 contact ) life & its exig5cies is b a c\nt]p>t ( ! div9e wisdom :i*1 9 "o noble passage1 is ! fell[ ( ,god & m anci5t ?an creation 7viii474 ,!re is n a little lit]>y p[] 9 ! book4 ,v beautiful is ,wisdom's appeal to ! sons ( m51 & h] invitation to ! banquet 7viii41 ix474 ,! isolat$ prov]bs 9 x4-xxix4 are usually m t]se & p[]ful ?an !y appe> 9 ! ,engli% translation4 ,!re are fla%es ( hum\r too3 ,z a r+ ( gold 9 a sw9e's sn\t1 ,s is a fair woman )\t discretion1 xi4 #bb4 ,)hold n correction f ?y son1 ,?\gh ?\ smite him ) ! rod1 he w n die1 xxiii4 #ac4 ,!y deal ) life ^u its av]age levels3 !re is no?+ ( ! prophetic en?usiasm1 b !y are robu/ & k9dly )al4 ,n )\t reason has ! book be5 call$ a =e/ ( prov]bs1 = at any rate 9 ! body ( x x is practically impossible to detect any pr9ciple ( ord]4 ,usually ! say+s 9 x4-xxix4 are disconnect$1 b occasionally k9dr$ say+s are ga!r$ into gr\ps ( two or m v]ses2 & sometimes x w\ld seem z if ! pr9ciple ( arrangem5t 0 alphabetic1 sev]al consecutive v]ses occasionally beg9n+ ) ! same lett]1 e4g41 xx4 #g-i1 xxii4 #b-d4 ,!re are eight divisions-- 7a7 i4-ix4 7( :i* i4 #a-f is no d\bt design$ z an introduction to ! :ole book1 & vi4 #a-ai is probably an int]polation73 an impressive appeal to secure wisdom & avoid folly1 especially :5 %e appe>s 9 ! guise ( ! /range woman4 ,wisdom's own appeal & invitation4 7b7 x4-xxii4 #af4 ,a s]ies ( v loosely connect$ prov]bs 9 c\plets1 x4-xv4 be+ *iefly anti!tic 7cf4 x4 #a1 xv4 #a7 & xvi4 #a-xxii4 #af *iefly syn!tic 7cf4 xvi4 #af74 7c7 xxii4 #ag-xxiv4 #bb1 designat$ z ! words ( ! wise1 conta9+ a few cont9u\s pieces 7cf4 xxiii4 #bi-ce on drunk5ness7 & address$1 l i4-ix41 to my son1 cf4 xxiii4 #ae1 #bf4 7d7 xxiv4 #bc-cd1 probably little m ?an an app5dix to 7c71 & also conta9+ a cont9u\s piece 7cf4 vv4 #cj-cd on slo?74 7e7 xxv4-xxix4 ,a s]ies1 9 _m respects resembl+ 7#f71 ( loosely connect$ say+s4 ,?is section1 especially xxv4-xxvii41 conta9s m prov]bs 9 ! /rict s5se1 i4e4 say+s )\t any specific moral be>+1 e4g4 xxv4 #be4 7f7 xxx4 ,! words ( ,agur1 ( a sceptical & enigmatical k9d1 work$ ov] by an or?odox read] 7cf4 vv4 #e1 #f1 :i* reprove vv4 #b-d74 7g7 xxxi4 #a-i4 ,words address$ to k+ ,lemuel 7:om we _c id5tify7 by 8 "m4 7h7 xxxi4 #aj-ca4 ,an alphabetic poem 9 praise ( ! good h\sewife4 ,cle>ly ! book makes no pret5ce to be1 z a :ole1 f ,solomon4 ,if we except i4 #a-f1 :i* is introductory to ! :ole book1 only 7b7 & 7e7 are assign$ to ,solomon3 ! o!r sections--except ! la/1 are delib]ately assign$ to o!rs1 7c7 & 7d7 expressly to ! wise4 ,! ascription ( ! :ole book to ,solomon1 :i* seems to be impli$ by its op5+ v]se1 & :i*1 if g5u9e1 w\ld r5d] ! fre% ascription 9 x4 #a unnecess>y1 is no d\bt to be expla9$ z ! simil> ascription ( ! ,psalms to ,david or ! legislation to ,moses4 ,he 0 ! wise man ( ,hebrew antiquity1 & he is expressly said 9 #a ,k+s iv4 #cb to h spok5 #c1jjj prov]bs4 ,! implication ( t passage 7cf4 v4 #cc7 is t ^? prov]bs consi/$ ( comp>isons betwe5 m5 & trees or animals3 t supposition is met by "s 7cf4 vi4 #f7 b n by _m 9 ! book4 ,!re are n likely !n to be _m ( 8 prov]bs 9 our book2 b n impossibly !re may be "s4 ,*4 xxv4 #a is inde$ v explicit1 b t notice is1 on ! face ( x1 late4 ,! fact t ,hezekiah is call$ n simply k+1 b k+ ( ,judah1 seems to po9t to a "t--at ! e>lie/ ! exile--:5 ! k+dom ( ,judah 0 no m2 s t ?is notice w\ld be ab\t a c5tury & a half aft] ,hezekiah's "t1 & ,hezekiah is m ?an two c5turies aft] ,solomon4 ,obvi\sly _m ( ! prov]bs 9 x4-xxix4 c\ld n h be5 ,solomon's4 ,! advice z to ! prop] demean\r 9 ! pres5ce ( a k+ 7xxv4 #f1 #g7 w\ld n come v naturally f "o :o 0 himself a k+ 7cf4 xxiii4#a;ff472 nor1 to say no?+ ( ! praises ( monogamy1 w\ld he be likely s to satirize 8 own gov]nm5t z he w\ld d 9 xxix4 #d3 ,he ^: exactions are excessive ru9s ! l&4 ,! "q may1 h[ev]1 be fairly rais$ :e!r ! prov]bs1 ?\gh z a :ole n ,solomonic1 may yet be pre-exilic2 & "h two que/ions mu/ be kept ap>t--! date ( ! individual prov]bs & ! date ( ! collections or ( ! book z a :ole4 ,n[ x is v probable t "s ( ! prov]bs are pre-exilic4 ,! ref]5ces to ! k+1 e4g4--k9dly 9 x-xxii41 & m sev]e 9 xxv-xxix4--might inde$ apply to ! ,greek p]iod 7f\r? & ?ird c5turies ,b4,c471 b are equally applicable to ! pre-exilic p]iod2 & _m ( ! %rewd obs]vations on life might come equally well f any p]iod4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t ! gr\ps 9 _! pres5t =m are po/-exilic4 ,! sages d _! "w on ! basis ( ! a*ievem5ts ( law & prophecy4#a ,! great prophetic ideas ab\t ,god are n discuss$1 !y are presuppos$2 :ile ! law ( xxviii4 #d1 #g1 #i1 z 9 ,psalm cxix41 appe>s to be practically equival5t to ,scripture1 & w\ld po9t to ! fif? c5tury at ! e>lie/4 ,true1 !re are say+s q 9 ! old prophetic _s1 to ! effect t "* is m acceptable to ,god ?an ritual & sacrifice1 xxi4 #c1 #bg1 xv4 #h1 xvi4 #f2 b ?is w\ld be an equally appropriate & almo/ m necess>y w>n+ 9 po/-exilic times1 especially ^u ! lips ( m5 ^: pr(ession 0 9 "p t ( moral education4 ,footnote #a3 ,! text ( xxix4 #ah;a is too insecure 7cf4 ,septuag9t7 to ju/ify u 9 say+ t prophecy /ill exi/s4 ,!re is no *all5ge ( idolatry1 su* z we %\ld expect if ! book 7 pre-exilic1 & monogamy is ev]y:]e presuppos$4 ,inde$ x is v rem>kable t no m5tion is made ( ,israel1 or ( any in/itutions di/9ctly ,israelitic4 ,its subject is n ! nation1 b ! individual1 & its wisdom is cosmopolitan4 ,n[ ?\gh ?is appeal to man r ?an ,israel1 ?is emphasis on ! univ]sal consci5ce1 c be trac$ z f> back z ! eigh? c5tury#a 7,amos iii4 #i71 ! ?or\ghgo+ application ( x 9 ,prov]bs sugge/s a l>g] exp]i5ce ( int]national relation%ips1 :i* c\ld h>dly be plac$ be=e ! exile1 & 0 n truly develop$ till long aft] x1 say1 9 ! ,p]sian or ,greek p]iod4 ,?is is peculi>ly true ( *s4 i-ix41 :i* 0 probably an indep5d5t piece1 prefix$ to x4-xxix41 to ga!r up _! sporadic elem5ts ( wisdom 9 a compreh5sive :ole1 & to secure an adequate religi\s basis = _! maxims :i* 71 9 ! ma91 e?ical4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ! p]sonification ( wisdom 9 *4 viii4 is directly influ5c$ by ,greek philosophy1 b ! :ole speculative mann] ( ! passage po9ts to a late1 ev5 if indep5d5t1 developm5t ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,! la/ two *apt]s are probably ! late/ 9 ! book1 :i*1 :ile x mu/ be e>li] ?an ,b5 ,sira* 7#ahj ,b4,c471 :o di/9ctly adapts x1 is probably n e>li] ?an #cjj ,b4,c4 ,footnote #a3 ,micah vi4 #h1 ,he t %[$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good1 is also a say+ ( f>-rea*+ significance 9 ?is connection4 ,! value ( ?is mu*-neglect$ book is v great4 ,x is easy ( c\rse to po9t to its limitations--to %[ t x h>dly1 if ev] 7ix4 #ah87 looks out ^u ano!r _w1 b conf9es its comp5sations & its p5alties to ?is1 xi4 #ca1 or to discov] utilit>ian elem5ts 9 its morality1 94 #aj1 or me*anical features 9 its conception ( life1 xvi4 #ca4 ,b x w\ld be easy to exagg]ate4 ,! sages "k v well t a good "n is bett] ?an weal?1 xxii4 #a1 & t ! deepe/ success ( life is its con=mity to ! div9e wisdom 7i4-ix474 ,:ile mo/ ( ! maxims are purely e?ical1 x has to be rememb]$ t to ! ,hebrew morality re/s ^u religion3 ! introductory section 7i4-ix47 ?r[s its influ5ce across ! :ole book1 ! motto ( :i* is t ! fe> ( ,jehovah is ! basis ( k & its *ief con/itu5t1 i4 #g4 ,besides1 _m ( ! maxims !mselves are specifically religi\s1 e4g41 ,he t oppresse? ! poor reproa*e? 8 ,mak]1 xiv4 #ca1 ,he t ha? pity on ! poor l5de? to ,jehovah1 xix4 #ag4 ,on ! m purely moral side1 besides giv+ a welcome glimpse into anci5t ,hebrew society1 x is ri* 9 applications to mod]n life4 ,sl&] & rev5ge are sev]ely d5\nc$2 & e>ne/ & repeat$ w>n+s are lift$ up 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! book aga9/ w9e & wom5 7v41 xxiii41 xxxi474 ,c>e = animals is inculcat$1 xii4 #aj1 & love to enemies1 xxv4 #ba41 9 words borr[$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t--a notable advance on ,leviticus xix4 #ah4 ,9 "o or two respects ! book is ( peculi> int]e/ & value to ! mod]n _w4 ,x is m int]e/$1 e4g41 9 practice ?an 9 cre$4 ,its cre$ is v simple1 little m ?an a g5]al fe> ( ,jehovah2 b ?is receives endless application to practical life4 ,aga91 ! appeal ( ! book is1 on ! :ole1 n to revelation1 b to exp]i5ce1 & x meets ! av]age man & woman ^u _! ord9>y level4 ,its appeal is !re=e "o :i* _c be evad$1 z x comm5ds itself1 )\t ! support ( revelation1 to ! univ]sal moral in/9cts ( mank9d4 ,aga91 its emphasis ^u ! moral1 z oppos$ to ! speculative1 is /rik+4 ,imm$iately aft] a passage :i* approa*es z ne> to metaphysical speculation z any ,old ,te/am5t writ] ev] approa*es1 viii4 #bb-ca1 comes a direct1 t5d] & p]sonal appeal4 ,la/ly1 !re is an almo/ mod]n s5se ( ! inexorabl5ess ( law 9 ! solemn rem9d] t ^? :o refuse & despise ! call ( wisdom w be left alone & helpless :5 _! day ( tr\ble comes1 i4 #bb;ff4 ,b ! /]nness is mitigat$ by a g5tl] ?\ght4 ,l a graci\s lady1 wisdom1 :i* is only "o aspect ( ! div9e ,provid5ce1 pleads ) m51 ye>n+ to w9 !m f _! folly to ! peace & happ9ess :i* are alone ) h]2 & ev5 suff]+ is b "o ( ! ways ( ,god1 a confirmation ( son%ip1 & ev5 a manife/ation ( ,8 love4 ,:om ,jehovah love?1 ,he reprove?1 ,ev5 z a fa!r ! son 9 :om he delighte?1 iii4 #ab4 ,?is is p]haps ! pr(\nde/ note 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,a book s ri* 9 moral precept & religi\s ?\ght may well claim to h fulfill$ its programme3 to give prud5ce to ! simple1 to ! "y man k & discretion1 i4 #d4 ,,job ,! book ( ,job is "o ( ! great ma/]pieces ( ! _w's lit]ature1 if n inde$ ! greate/4 ,! au?or 0 a man ( sup]b lit]>y g5ius1 & ( ri*1 d>+1 & orig9al m9d4 ,! problem ) :i* he deals is "o ( inexhau/ible int]e/1 & 8 treatm5t ( x is ev]y:]e *>act]iz$ by a psy*ological insight1 an intellectual c\rage1 & a f]tility & brilliance ( res\rce :i* are no?+ less ?an a/oni%+4 ,op9ion has be5 divid$ z to h[ ! book %\ld be classifi$1 :e!r z epic1 dramatic or didactic poetry4 ,x is didactic at any rate 9 ! s5se t ! poet1 :o wrote x ) 8 he>t's blood1 int5d$ to read 8 g5]ation a mu*-ne$$ lesson on ! my/]i\s discipl9e ( life2 & x is dramatic1 ?\gh n 9 ! ord9>y s5se--= 9 ! poetry prop] !re is no developm5t ( action--yet 9 ! s5se t x vividly p\rtrays ! conflict ( m9ds1 & ! cla% ( conv5tional ) indep5d5t op9ion4 ,! /ory ( ! book is easily told4 ,! prologue 7i41 ii47 introduces ,job z a patt]n ( scrupul\s piety1 & !re=e1 9 accordance ) ! anci5t view1 a prosp]\s man4 ,9 ! heav5ly c\ncil1 ! ,satan ins9uates t1 if ! prosp]ity be )drawn1 ! piety w also disappe>4 ,jehovah1 sure ( ,8 s]vant ,job1 grants ! ,satan p]mission to deprive ,job ( all t he has1 9 ord] t he may discov] :at he is4 ,job su/a9s ! f\r fi]ce bl[s1 :i* /ripp$ him ( all1 ) beautiful resignation4 ,! ,satan is foil$4 ,he n[ ins9uates t ! trial has n be5 sev]e en\gh3 only 8 prop]ty has be5 t\*$--n 8 p]son4 ,) ,jehovah's p]mission a second assault is made1 & ,job is smitt5 ) ! incurable & loa?some disease ( leprosy1 s t he is )\t hope 9 ! _w4 ,he has no?+ b ,god--w ,god be en\gh8 ,aga9 ,job su/a9s 8 trial 9 noble & ev]-memorable words2 & ! ,satan is foil$ aga94 ,!n ?ree ( ,job's fri5ds--great %eikhs--come to express _! sorr[4 ,!n foll[ ?ree cycles ( spee*es betwe5 ,job & 8 fri5ds 7iii4-xiv42 xv4-xxi42 xxii4-xxxi74 ,fir/ cycle4 ,job beg9s by lam5t+ 8 bir?day & long+ = dea? 7iii474 ,eliphaz1 a man ( age & wisdom1 ) mu* c\rtesy & by an appeal to a revelation :i* _h be5 giv5 him 9 ! night1 seeks to reconcile ,job to 8 lot1 rem9d+ him t no mortal man c be pure 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & assur+ him ( re/oration1 if he accepts 8 suff]+ z discipl9e 7iv41 v474 ,job rejects ?is easy optimism & expresses 8 long+ = a spe$y dea?1 z life on ! e>? is no?+ b a mis]able w>f>e 7vi41 vii474 ,bildad1 annoy$ at ,job's *all5ge ( ,god's ju/ice1 ass]ts ! sure de/ruction ( evildo]s1 b implicitly conc$es1 at ! end1 t ,job is n an evil-do]1 by promis+ him a bright future 7viii474 ,job !n gr[s ironical4 ,( c\rse1 he says1 ,god is always 9 ! "r4 ,might is "r1 & ,he is almighty1 de/roy+ innoc5t & guilty alike4 ,he longs to meet ,god1 & to "k :y ,he s m>vell\sly treats ! creature ,he s m>vell\sly made 7ix41 x474 ,zoph> bluntly condemns ,job's bold words & urges rep5tance1 b1 l 8 fri5ds1 =etells ! dawn ( a bett] day = ,job1 ?\gh 8 v la/ words are om9\s & sugge/ive ( ano!r possibility 7xi474 ,job1 ) a s>ca/ic complim5t to ! wisdom ( 8 fri5ds1 claims ! "r to an indep5d5t judgm5t & *all5ges ! :ole moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,bett] be hone/--,god ne$s no man to di/ort ! facts = ,him4 ,job longs = a meet+1 9 :i* ,god w ei!r speak to him or li/5 to him4 ,b1 z no answ] comes1 he lam5ts aga9 ! pa?os ( life1 :i* ends s utt]ly 9 dea? 7xii4-xiv474 ,second cycle4 ,eliphaz1 conclud+ t ,job despises religion1 describes 9 vigor\s t]ms ! fate ( ! godless 7xv474 ,job compla9s ( 8 fi]ce p]secution by ,god1 & appeals1 9 almo/ ! same brea?1 aga9/ ?is un9telligible ,god to ! righte\s ,god 9 heav51 :o is 8 witness & sponsor2 b aga9 he falls back into gloom & despond5cy 7xvi41 xvii474 ,bildad answ]s by describ+ ! doom ( ! wick$1 ) m ?an "o unmi/akable allusion to ,job's case 7xviii474 ,job is vex$4 ,he breaks out into a lam5t ( 8 utt] desolation1 ! d>kness ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is %ot ?r\gh ) a sudd5 & mom5t>y gleam ( assurance t ,god w "o day v9dicate him 7xix474 ,n s1 answ]s ,zoph>3 ! triumph ( ! wick$ is %ort 7xx474 ,job1 9 a bold & t]rible spee*1 assails ! doctr9e ( ! fri5ds1 *all5ges ! moral ord]1 & ass]ts t ! _w is turn$ upside d[n 7xxi474 ,?ird cycle4 ,to ! fri5ds ,job n[ seems to be condemn$ out ( 8 own m\?1 & ,eliphaz coolly proce$s to accuse him ( specific s9s 7xxii474 ,?is drives ,job to despair1 & he longs to appe> be=e ! ,god :om he _c f9d1 to plead 8 cause be=e ,him4 ,:y does ,he n int]pose8 & aga9 foll[s a fi]ce *all5ge ( ! moral ord] 7xxiii41 xxiv474 ,! argum5ts ( ! fri5ds are be+ gradually exhau/$1 & ,bildad c only reply by ass]t+ ! uncleanness ( man 9 pres5ce ( ! inf9ite maje/y ( ,god 7xxv41 xxvi474 ,9 spite ( ?is ,job ass]ts 8 integrity1 xxvii4 #a-f4 ,zoph> repeats ! old doctr9e ( ! doom ( ! wick$1 xxvii4 #g-bc4 ,!n ,job rises up1 l a giant1 to make 8 la/ great def5ce4 ,he pictures 8 =m] prosp]ity & 8 pres5t mis]y1 & ends1 9 a *apt] :i* t\*es ! noble/ heights ( ,old ,te/am5t morality1 ) a detail$ ass]tion ( ! pr9ciples t gov]n$ 8 conduct & "*4 ,) "o great cry t ! ,almighty w\ld li/5 to him1 he concludes 7xxix4-xxxi474 ,! ,almighty does li/52 & ,he answ]s--n by ref]r+ to ,job's p>ticul> case1 /ill less to 8 s91 b by que/ions t sugge/ to ,job ,8 own p[]1 wisdom1 & love1 & ! ignorance & impot5ce ( man1 xxxviii41 xxxix41 xl4 #b1 #h-ad4 ,job humbly recognizes ! inadequacy ( 8 criticism 9 ! light ( ?is vision ( ,god1 xl4 #c-e1 xlii4 #b-f1 & ) ?is ! poem comes to an end4 ,! epilogue1 xlii4 #g-ag1 9 prose1 describes h[ ,jehovah sev]ely condemn$ ! fri5ds = ! words !y _h spok51 comm5d$ ,8 s]vant ,job = speak+ rightly ( ,him1 & re/or$ him to d\ble 8 =m] prosp]ity4 ,x is obvi\s t we h "h a religi\s & n a philosophical discussion4 ,inde$ x is h>dly a discussion at all2 =1 ?\gh ! psy*ological int]e/ ( ! situation is height5$ by e spee*1 !re is practically no developm5t 9 ! argum5t4 ,! fri5ds gr[ m excit$ & unfair1 ,job gr[s m calm & dignifi$2 b s f> z argum5t is conc]n$1 nei!r he nor !y affect ea* o!r--! au?or mean+ to sugge/ by ?is p]haps ! futility ( human discussion4 ,! problem ( ! book ( ,job has be5 v>i\sly def9$4 ,9 "o =m x is rais$ by ! "q ( ,satan1 i4 #i1 ,do? ,job fe> ,god = naught8 :i* is ! ,hebrew way ( say+1 ,is !re su* a ?+ z dis9t]e/$ religion8 ,b ! body ( ! book discusses ! problem "u a wid] aspect3 h[ c ! facts ( human life1 & especially ! suff]+s ( ! righte\s1 be reconcil$ ) ! ju/ice ( ,god8 ,) delicate skill ! au?or has sugge/$ t ?is problem is a univ]sal "o2 n ,israel alone is p]plex$ by x1 b humanity4 ,to indicate ?is1 he puts 8 h]o & 8 /age outside ! l& ( ,israel4 ,job is a =eign sa9t1 & ,uz is on ! bord]s ( ! ,arabian des]t4 ,! anci5t !ory ( retribution 0 v simple3 e man receiv$ :at he des]v$--! good prosp]ity1 ! bad mis=tune4 ,9 its national application1 ?is pr9ciple 0 obvi\sly m or less true1 b e age mu/ h se5 num]\s exceptions 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,! exceptions1 h[ev]1 7 n felt to be p>ticul>ly p]plex+1 because1 till ! exile1 ! individual 0 h>dly s]i\sly felt to be a religi\s unit3 8 p]sonality 0 m]g$ 9 ! wid] life ( ! tribe or nation4 ,b ! exile1 :i* saw _m ( ! be/ m5 suff]1 =c$ ! "q to ! front2 & ! explanation !n commonly (f]$ 0 t !y 7 suff]+ = ! s9s ( ! fa!rs4 ,ezekiel d5i$ ?is & ma9ta9$ t ! individual receiv$ exactly :at he des]v$ 7xviii473 x is well ) ! righte\s & ill ) ! wick$4 ,! fri5ds ( ,job 9 ! ma9 repres5t ?is doctr9e1 ,eliphaz appeal+ to revelation1 ,bildad to tradition1 & ,zoph> to common s5se4 ,! au?or ( ! book ( ,job desires1 among o!r ?+s1 to expose ! inadequacy ( ?is doctr9e4 ,job1 a good man--n only on 8 own confession 7xxxi471 b on ! express & repeat$ admission ( ,god ,himself1 i4 #h1 ii4 #c--;is ov]:elm$ ) calamities :i* _c be expla9$ by ! imp]fections :i* are inh]5t 9 all m51 & :i* ,job himself readily admits vii4 #ba4 ,h[ are su* suff]+s to be reconcil$ ) ! ju/ice ( ,god8 ,! problem _h to be solv$ )\t ref]5ce to ! future _w4 ,to a /eady fai? 9 immortality1 :i* c f9d its comp5sations o!r:]e1 !re is no real problem2 b x is c]ta9 t1 ?\gh !re are scatt]$ h9ts1 xiv4 #ac1 xix4 #be;ff4--:i*1 h[ev]1 _m int]pret diff]5tly--( a life aft] dea?1 ?is belief is n held by ,job 7or by ! au?or7 t5aci\sly1 nor (f]$ z a solution1 = ! lam5tations cont9ue to ! end4 ,! solution1 if !re is any1 ! au?or mu/ f9d 9 ?is _w4 ,x w\ld seem t no def9ite solution is (f]$1 ?\gh !re are n a few pr(\nd & valuable sugge/ions4 7#a7 ,! prologue1 e4g41 sugge/s t ! suff]+s ( e>? f9d _! ultimate explanation 9 ! c\ncils ( heav54 ,:at is done or suff]$ "h is det]m9$ !re4 7#b7 ,aga9 ! prologue sugge/s t suff]+ is a te/ ( fidelity4 ,job has prov$ 8 ess5tial & dis9t]e/$ goodness1 besides glorify+ ! "n ( ! ,god1 :o tru/$ him1 by /&+ fa/4 7#c7 ,! fri5ds make _! %all[ & conv5tional contribution to ! solution3 f ! doctr9e--^: /rict & univ]sal tru? ,job d5i$--t s9 0 always foll[$ by suff]+1 !y inf]r$ ! /ill m que/ionable doctr9e t suff]+ 0 puni%m5t = s94 ,9 e/imat+ ! views ( ! fri5ds1 x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t ,jehovah1 9 ! epilogue1 condemns !m z n hav+ spok5 ! ?+ t is "r1 xlii4 #g1 #h4 ,( c\rse1 ?\gh inadequate1 !y are n always absolutely wrong2 & ,eliphaz expresses a tru? n :olly inapplicable to ,job's case--at lea/ to ! ,job ( ! spee*es--:5 he insi/s on ! discipl9>y value ( suff]+1 v4 #ag ff4 7#d7 ,if a real solution is (f]$ any:]e1 "o w\ld mo/ naturally look = x 9 ! spee*es ( ,jehovah 7xxxviii4 ff472 & at fir/ sight !y are n v promis+4 ,_! effect w\ld mo/ naturally be r to sil5ce & ov]:elm ,job ?an to conv9ce him2 & to "s !y h sugge/$ no m ?an t ! contemplation ( nature may be a rem$y = scepticism4 ,b _! object is pr(\nd] ?an t4 ,by height5+ ! s5se ( ! my/]y ( ! univ]se1 !y %[ ,job ! folly1 & almo/ ! imp]t95ce1 ( expect+ an adequate answ] to all 8 :ys & :]e=es4 ,a man :o _c acc\nt = ! mo/ famili> facts ( ! physical _w is n likely to explore ! subtl] my/]ies ( ! moral _w4 ,b !re is m4 ,! div9e spee*es sugge/ t ,god is n only /rong--,job knew t v well 7ix47--b wise1 xxxviii4 #b1 & k9d1 fe$+ ev5 ! rav5\s bea/s1 xxxviii4 #ci1 & t5d]ly c>+ = ! wa/e & desolate place :]e no man is1 xxxviii4 #bf4 ,! univ]se compels tru/ 9 ! wisdom & love ( ,god4 7#e7 ,! epilogue1 too1 %[s h[ ! suff]+ h]o 0 rew>d$ & v9dicat$4 ,! rew>d we %all discuss aft]w>ds2 b x is ) f9e in/9ct t ! epilogue repres5ts ,job z a man s p[]ful ) ,god t 8 pray] is effectual to save 8 err+ fri5ds1 & f\r times )9 two v]ses1 xlii4 #g f1 ,jehovah calls him ,my s]vant ,job4 ,!re9 lies 8 real v9dication1 r ?an 9 ! rew>d ( ! %eep & ! ox54 ,! book cle>ly int5ds to sugge/ t 9 ?is _w x is va9 to look = exact retribution4 ,f calamity x is unju/ to inf] special or secret s93 ! wor/ may happ5 to ! be/4 ,aga91 !re is su* a ?+ z dis9t]e/$ goodness1 a goodness :i* believes 9 & cl+s to ,god1 :5 x has no?+ to hope = b ,himself4 ,b ! book may also be fairly reg>d$ z a prote/ aga9/ contempor>y !ology2 &1 9 its pres5t =m1 at any rate1 x sugge/s t ,god loves ! indep5d5t ?9k]4 ,! fri5ds are or?odox1 b %all[2 ,:o ev] p]i%$1 be+ innoc5t8 iv4 #g4 ,!y are s w$d$ to _! !ories t ev5 ! olde/ & wise/ among !m cruelly inv5ts falsehoods to support !m 7xxii474 ,job replies to !ories by facts4 ,he is a man ( indep5d5t obs]vation & judgm5t1 8 m\? mu/ ta/e = itself1 xii4 #aa4 ,he is bold sometimes almo/ to blasphemy1 he accuses ,god ( de/roy+ innoc5t & guilty alike1 ix4 #bb1 & does n scruple to p>ody a psalm1 vii4 #ag f4 ,yet he does ?is because he mu/ be true to facts1 :atev] comes ( !ories3 he mu/ cl+ to ! ,god ( consci5ce aga9/ ! ,god ( conv5tion4 ,9 discuss+ ! s*eme ( ! book & ! solution x (f]s ( ! problem ( suff]+1 we h n yet tak5 into acc\nt ! spee*es ( ,elihu 7xxxii4-xxxvii474 ,! value & importance ( ^! h be5 v>i\sly e/imat$1 ! extremes be+ repres5t$ by ,duhm1 :o *>act]izes !m z ! *ildi% effusions ( "s bomba/ic rabbi1 & ,cornill1 :o calls !m ! cr[n ( ! book ( ,job4 ,x is n )\t good reason t ! au!nticity ( ?is section has be5 d\bt$4 ,aft] ! dramatic appeal at ! close ( ,job's spl5did def5ce1 x is natural to suppose t ,jehovah appe>s2 & :5 ,he does appe> 7xxxviii471 ,8 spee* is expressly said to be an answ] to ,job4 ,elihu is completely ignor$1 z he is n only 9 ! prologue b also 9 ! epilogue1 xlii4 #g4 ,! latt] omission w\ld be especially /range1 if he is integral to ! book4 ,z 8 spee* is n condemn$1 x is natural to inf] f ! sil5ce t x is implicitly comm5d$4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 we h two solutions--! ,elihu spee*es & ! ,jehovah spee*es4 ,b !re is practically no?+ new 9 ! ,elihu spee*es3 9 emphasiz+ ! greatness ( ,god1 !y b anticipate ! ,jehovah spee*es1 & 9 emphasiz+ ! discipl9>y value ( *a/isem5t1 !y b amplify ! po9t already made by ,eliphaz 9 v4 #ag;ff41 & mo/ summ>ily express$ 9 xxxvi4 #ae4 ,almo/ ! only o!r ass]tion made is t1 z aga9/ ,job's cont5tion1 ,god does speak to m5--?r\gh dreams1 sickness1 angels1 etc4 ,! l5g?y description 9 :i* ,elihu is introduc$1 & ! m5tion ( 8 g5ealogy1 are v unlike ! o!r introductions4 ,! lit]>y art ( ! section is1 speak+ g5]ally1 inf]ior to t ( ! re/ ( ! book4 ,x is imitative r ?an creative4 ,elihu takes ab\t tw5ty v]ses to ann\nce ! simple fact t he is go+ to speak1 ?\gh !re might be a dramatic propriety 9 ?is1 z he is repres5t$ z a "y man4 ,fur!r1 ! language is m ,aramaic ?an ! re/ ( ! book4 ,cornill1 h[ev]1 def5ds ! section z (f]+ ! real solution ( ! problem4 ,if a man recognizes ! educative "* ( suff]+ & takes x to he>t1 ! suff]+ becomes = him a s\rce ( inf9ite bless+1 ! highe/ manife/ation ( div9e love4 ,b x seems r improbable t ! true solution %\ld be put into ! lips ( a "y man1 :o said he 0 ready to bur/ if he did n deliv] himself ( 8 spee*1 xxxii4 #ai4 ,ap>t f ! fact t x is m natural to look = ! solution 9 ! spee*es ( ,jehovah1 & t ! ,elihu spee*es1 9 condemn+ ,job1 disagree ) ! epilogue1 :i* comm5ds him1 ! argum5ts aga9/ _! au!nticity seem mu* m ?an to c\nt]balance ! little t c be said 9 _! fav\r2 & 9 all probability !y are an or?odox addition to ! book f ! p5 ( "s lat] s*ol> :o 0 (f5d$ by ,job's accusations ( ,god & prote/ations ( 8 own innoc5ce4 ,! au!nticity ( ! prologue & epilogue has also be5 que/ion$1 "s s*ol>s ass]t+ t !y really =m ! beg9n+ & end ( an old] 7pre-exilic7 book ( ,job1 ! body ( :i* 0 replac$ by ! spee*es 9 our pres5t book4 ,! "q is f> f unimportant1 z on x dep5ds1 9 "p1 our conception ( ! purpose ( ! au?or ( ! spee*es4 ,aga9/ ! idea t ! prologue & epilogue are f 8 h& are ^! consid]ations4 ,!y are 9 prose1 :ile ! body ( ! book is 9 v]se4 ,aga91 ! "n ( ,god 9 ! prologue & epilogue is ,jehovah2 else:]e1 ) "o exception1 :i* is probably an int]polation1 xii4 #i1 x is ,el1 ,eloah1 ,%addai1 z if ,jehovah 7 purposely avoid$4#a ,9 xix4 #ag;b1 :]e ! true translation is ,m9e evil sav\r is /range to ! sons ( my body1 ! *ildr5 are reg>d$ z liv+3#b :ile 9 ! prologue !y are dead4 ,b m s]i\s is ! fact t ! ,job ( ! prologue seems to diff] fundam5tally f ! ,job ( ! spee*es4 ,! =m] is pati5t1 submissive1 resign$2 ! latt] is impati5t1 bitt]1 & ev5 defiant4 ,fur!r1 ! epilogue repres5ts ,jehovah z comm5d+ ,job & condemn+ ! fri5ds )\t qualification1 :]eas x may be urg$ t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! spee*es1 ! fri5ds 7 n always wrong1 nor 0 ,job always "r1 & t x is impossible t 8 m]ciless criticisms ( ! moral ord] c\ld h pass$ )\t div9e rebuke3 mu* t ,job said w\ld h delight$ ! ,satan ( ! prologue4 ,^! consid]ations h l$ to ! supposition t1 9 ! orig9al book1 ,job ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! _s ( dev\t resignation :i* he %[$ 9 ! prologue1 :ile x 0 ! fri5ds :o accus$ ,god ( cruelty & inju/ice4 ,a bold] & pr(\nd] ?9k] ( a lat] age attack$ ! problem indep5d5tly on ! basis ( ! old /ory1 & ins]t$ 8 contribution1 iii4-xlii4 #f1 betwe5 ! prologue & ! epilogue1 ?us giv+ a totally diff]5t turn to ! /ory4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 xxxviii4 i1 be+ introductory to ! spee*es ( ,jehovah1 %\ld h>dly be c\nt$4 ,footnote #b3 ,see1 h[ev]1 viii4 #d1 xxix4 #e1 s t xix4 #ag;b may be due to =getfulness4 ,?is view is +5i\s1 b does n seem necess>y4 ,psy*ologically1 !re is no necess>y incompatibility betwe5 ! ,job ( ! prologue & ! ,job ( ! spee*es4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t mon?s h elaps$ betwe5 ! orig9al bl[ & ! lam5tations1 vii4 #c--mon?s 9 :i* ! brood+ m9d ( ! suff]] has _h "t to pass f resignation to p]plexity1 & almo/ to despair4 ,aga91 ! words ( ,job are n to be tak5 too s]i\sly2 !y are1 z he says himself1 ! words ( a desp]ate man1 vi4 #bf1 & ! comm5dation 9 ! epilogue may be tak5 to apply r to 8 g5]al attitude ?an to 8 p>ticul> utt]ances4 ,"s k9d ( introduction !re mu/ und\bt$ly h be52 o!rwise ! spee*es1 & especially ,job's repeat$ assev]ations ( 8 innoc5ce1 are un9telligible4 ,! lit]>y p[] & skill ( ! prologue is z great z t ( ! spee*es3 dramatically1 ! swift contra/ betwe5 ! happy family ^u ! e>? & ! c\ncil ( gods 9 heav51 or ! rapid succession ( bl[s t ra9$ ^u ,job ! mom5t t ,satan w5t =? f ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah1 is z effective z ! psy*ological surprises 9 :i* ! book ab\nds4 ,! language is slightly 9 fav\r ( a po/-exilic date1 & ! conception ( ,satan appe>s to be some:at 9 advance ( ,ze*>iah iii4 #a 7#ebj ,b4,c474 ,on ! :ole x seems fair to conclude t ! great poet :o compos$ ! spee*es also wrote ! prologue1 ?\gh ( c\rse 8 mat]ial lay to h& 9 a popul>1 & n improbably writt5 /ory4 ,) ! prologue mu/ g at lea/ "p ( ! epilogue1 xlii4 #g-i2 = ! au?or's purpose is to *>act]ize ! two types ( ?\ght repres5t$ by ! discussion & to v9dicate ,job4 ,m d\bt may atta* to ! conclud+ section1 vv4 #aj-ag1 :i* repres5ts t v9dication z tak+ ! =m ( a mat]ial rew>d4 ,a ,we/]n read] is surpris$ & disappo9t$3 to him x seems t ! au?or has fall5 f 8 high e/ate1 & has fail$ to be conv9c$ by 8 own magnific5t argum5t4 ,b1 z we h already said1 ! real v9dication ( ,job is ! efficacy ( 8 pray]1 & ! mat]ial rew>d is1 9 any case1 n mu* m ?an a sort ( poetic ju/ice4 ,x is inde$ an outw>d & visible sign ( ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ,job & 8 ,god2 b x is h>d to believe t ! g5ius :o f\ght 8 way to su* a solution z appe>s 9 xxxviii41 xxxix41 w\ld himself h laid mu* /ress ^u x4 ,yet x is n inappropriate or irrelevant4 ,job's suff]+s _h _! orig9 9 ,satan's d5ial ( 8 integrity2 & n[ t ,satan has be5 conv9c$--= ,job cl+s 9 ! deepe/ d>kness to ! ,god ( 8 consci5ce--x is only j t he %\ld be re/or$ to 8 =m] /ate4 ,x is n c]ta9 t *4 xxviii4 ) its f9e description ( wisdom1 :i* is nei!r to be f\nd 9 m9e nor m>t1 is orig9al to ! book4 ,x does n connect well ei!r ) ! prec$+ or ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! s]5ity t brea!s ?r\gh *4 xxviii4 w\ld n naturally be foll[$ by ! r5ew$ lam5tations ( xxix41 & x w\ld fur!r be dramatically inappropriate = a man 9 agony to speak ?us didactically4 ,x is a sort ( companion piece to ,prov]bs viii42 x is too ab/ract = its context1 & lacks its almo/ fi]ce emotion4 ,d\bt also atta*es to ! sections descriptive ( ! hippopotamus & ! crocodile1 xl4 l#e-xli4 ,! def5ce is t1 z ! e>li] spee*es ( ,god1 xxxviii4 xxxix41 7 to conv9ce ,job ( 8 ignorance1 s ^! are to conv9ce him ( 8 impot5ce4 ,b ! descriptions1 ?\gh f9e 9 _! way 7cf4 xli4 #bb71 d n /& on ! same lit]>y level z ^? ( xxxviii41 xxxix4 ,^! are brief & drawn to ! life--h[ vivid are ! pictures ( ! w>-horse & ! wild ass6--^? ( xl41 xli4 are diffuse & some:at exagg]at$4 ,( c\rse ,ori5tal /&>ds ( ta/e are n ours2 /ill ! diff]5ce c h>dly be ignor$4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 too1 t ! ^w levia?an 9 xli4 #a is us$ 9 a totally diff]5t s5se f iii #h1 :]e x is ! my?ological 7sea87 dragon4 ,! au?or appe>s to h travell$ widely & ! book betrays a k ( ,egypt 7cf4 pyramids1 iii4 #ad2 papyrus1 viii4 #aa2 re$ %ips1 ix4 #bf2 pho5ix1 xxix4 #ah71 b x is n )\t significance t all 8 o!r animal pictures are drawn f ! des]t--! lion 7iv471 ! wild ass1 ! w>-horse4 ,on ! :ole1 x is h>dly probable t ^! long descriptions1 r unnecess>ily ret>d+1 z !y d1 ! crisis betwe5 ,jehovah & ,job = :i* ! sympa!tic read] is impati5tly wait+1 are orig9al to ! book4 ,c]ta9 r$i/ributions ( ! spee*es seem to be necess>y4 ,*4 xxvi4 is conceiv$ 9 a temp] ?or\ghly unlike t ( ,job at ?is /age1 :ile x closely resembles t ( xxv4 ,z *4 xxv4 w\ld be an unusually %ort spee*1 x is probable t xxv4 & xxvi4 %\ld bo? be giv5 to ,bildad4 ,t !re is some?+ wrong is pla9 f ! fre% introduction to xxvii4 #a 7cf4 xxix4 #a71 a ph5om5on :i* does n else:]e occur & :i*1 if xxvi4 is ,job's1 %\ld be unnecess>y4 ,aga9 9 xxvii4 #g-bc ,job turns completely r\nd ^u 8 own position & adopts t ( ! fri5ds4 ,x has be5 said t he =gets himself suffici5tly 9 *4 xxvii4 to deliv] a disc\rse :i* w\ld h be5 suitable 9 ! m\? ( "o ( ! fri5ds4 ,surely su* an explanation is z impossible z x is psy*ologically unnatural3 9 all probability vv4 #g-bc ought to be giv5 to ,zoph>--! m probably z xxvii4 #ac is v l xx4 #ai1 :i* is ,zoph>'s4 ,?is w\ld h ! fur!r advantage ( acc\nt+ = ! fre% introduction to xxix4 7especially if we all[ xxviii4 to be a lat] addition74 ,probably xxxi4 #ch-dj1 :i* con/itute1 at lea/ to an ,occid5tal ta/e1 an anticlimax 9 _! pres5t position1 %\ld be plac$ aft] v4 #cb1 & xl4 #c-e 7foll[$ by xlii4 #b-f7 aft] xl4 #f-ad4 ,! date ( ! book ( ,job is n easy to det]m9e4 ,*4 xii4 #ag %[s a k ( ! de?ronem5t ( k+s & ! exile ( prie/s & nobles :i* compels a date at any rate lat] ?an ! fall ( ! nor!rn k+dom 7#gba ,b4,c47 m probably also ( ! s\!rn4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ,ezekiel1 xiv4 #ad1 #bj1 to ,job %\ld n be press$1 z x involves only a k ( ! man1 n necess>ily ( any book1 /ill less ( our book4 ,nor c mu* be made ( ! p>ody ( ,psalm viii4 #d 9 ,job vii4 #ag1 z we h no means ( fix+ precisely ! date ( ! psalm4 ,job's lam5t & curse 9 *4 iii4 are /rik+ly simil> to ,j]emiah xx4 #ad-ah1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! priority lies on ! side ( ! prophet4 ,j]emiah 0 9 no mood = quotation1 8 words are brief & abrupt4 ,! book ( ,job is a highly arti/ic poem1 & x is mu* m probable t ,job iii4 is an elaboration ( ! passionate words ( ,j]emiah ?an t ,j]emiah adapt$ 9 8 sorr[ ! long] lam5t ( ,job4 ,?is circum/ance w\ld br+ u d[n to a "t1 at ! e>lie/1 v ne> ! exile4 ,at ?is po9t x has to be not$ t ! discussion ( ! moral problem 9 ! book ( ,job is 9 advance ( ,j]emiah or ,ezekiel4 ,aga9/ ! explanation t ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge because _! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 ,ezekiel has no?+ to (f] b a r me*anical doctr9e ( /rict retribution 7*4 xviii474 ,! book ( ,job repres5ts a fur!r /age1 :5 t doctr9e 0 se5 to be unt5able2 & ! :ole "q is aga9 boldly rais$ & /ill m boldly discuss$4 ,?is w\ld c>ry ! date bel[ ,ezekiel4 ,z ! problem 9 ,job is individual1 & only indirectly1 if at all1 a national "o--!re 0 a man 9 ! l& ( ,uz--! book _c be e>li] ?an ! exile4 ,b fur!r1 !re is an unmi/akable simil>ity betwe5 ! temp] ( ?is book & t ( ! pi\s 9 ! "t ( ,mala*i4 ,e "o t doe? evil is good 9 ! sight ( ,jehovah1 & ,he delighte? 9 !m4 ,:]e is ! ,god ( ju/ice8 ,mala*i ii4 #ag4 ,we might fancy we he>d ! voice ( ,job2 & almo/ m pla9ly 9 ,mala*i iii4 #ad1 ,x is va9 to s]ve ,god1 & :at pr(it is x t we h kept ,8 ord9ance8 ,equally /rik+ is ! simil>ity betwe5 ! dialectic temp] 9 ,job & ,mala*i4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ,mala*i occur ! phrases1 ,ye h said1 yet ye say1 etc4 ,good m5 h n only rais$ ! problem ( ! moral ord]1 z ,habakkuk & ,j]emiah _h done3 !y are =mally discuss+ x--exactly ! ph5om5on :i* we h 9 ,job & d n h 9 pre-exilic times4 ,if x be ask$ :y1 9 t case1 !re is no trace ( influ5ce ( ,deut]o-,isaiah's solution1 ! answ] is t1 9 any case1 t solution /&s )\t s]i\s influ5ce on ! subsequ5t developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,aga91 ! peculi> boldness ( ! discussion sugge/s a po/-exilic date4 ,j]emiah is also v bold1 xii4 #a1 b x is a diff]5t type ( audacity t expresses itself 9 ! book ( ,job4 ,unlike ,ecclesia/es 9 practically ev]y?+ else1 ,job is l x 9 be+ a su/a9$ & fe>less *all5ge ( ! ph5om5a ( ! moral _w4 ,a po/-exilic date1 & p]haps n a v e>ly "o1 w\ld seem to be sugge/$ by ^! ph5om5a4 ,x is ! product n only ( an unhappy man1 b ( an unhappy "t1 :5 life is a w>f>e1 vii4 #a1 & good m5 are bitt] 9 he>t4 ,?is date is borne out by ! angelology ( ! book1 v4 #a1 & by its easy use ( my?ology1 iii4 #h1 xxvi4 #e--;a my?ology :i* is felt to be completely innocu\s1 because mono!ism is secure beyond ! possibility ( *all5ge4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ! book falls be=e ,*ronicles 7circa #cjj ,b4,c47 z 9 #a ,*ronicles xxi4 #a1 ,satan is a prop] "n1 :]eas 9 ,job ! ^w is /ill an appellative--he is ! ,satan44 ,:]e ! evid5ce is s sl5d] c]ta9ty is impossible2 b !re is a probability t ! book may be safely plac$ some:]e betwe5 #dej & #cej ,b4,c4 ,"o c\ld conceive x to be1 9 "o s5se1 a prote/ aga9/ ! legali/ic conception ( religion enc\rag$ by ! "w ( ,ezra1 & ?is w\ld admirably fit ! date assign$4 ,,song ,,( ,,songs ,! cont5ts ( ?is book ju/ify ! description ( x 9 ! title1 i4 #a1 z ! lovelie/ song--= t is ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew idiom song ( songs4 ,x ab\nds 9 poetical gems ( ! pure/ ray4 ,x brea!s ! brac+ air ( ! hill c\ntry1 & ! passionate love ( man = woman & woman = man4 ,x is a revelation ( ! ke5 ,hebrew delight 9 nature1 9 h] v9ey>ds & pa/ures1 fl[]s & fruit trees1 9 h] doves & de] & %eep & goats4 ,x is a song tremul\s f beg9n+ to end ) ! passion ( love2 & ?is love x depicts 9 t]ms nev] co>se1 b (t5 frankly s5su\s--s frankly s5su\s t 9 ! fir/ c5tury its place 9 ! canon 0 e>ne/ly conte/$ by ,jewi% s*ol>s4 ,t place 0 practically settl$ 9 #ij ,a4,d4 by ! ,synod ( ,jamnia1 :i* settl$ o!r simil> que/ions2 & ab\t #abj ,a4,d4 we f9d a di/+ui%$ rabbi ma9ta9+ t ! :ole _w does n outweigh ! day :5 ! ,song ( ,songs 0 giv5 to ,israel2 :ile all ! ,writ+s are holy1 ! song is holie/ ( all4 ,?is extravagant language sugge/s t ! canonicity ( ! song _h be5 /r5u\sly conte/$2 & x may h be5 a lat5t s5se ( ! secul> orig9 ( ! song t l$ to ! prescription t a ,jew mu/ n read x till he 0 ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,its place 9 ! canon 0 no d\bt secur$ = x by two consid]ations1 7i7 its reput$ ,solomonic au?or%ip1 7ii7 its allegorical int]pretation4 ,! reception ( ! book 9 ! ,canon l$1 z ,siegfri$ has said1 to ! mo/ mon/r\s creations 9 ! hi/ory ( int]pretation4 ,if x be by ,solomon1 & !re=e a holy book1 x mu/ be a celebration ( div9e love1 n ( human4 ,s x 0 argu$2 & ! !me ( ! book 0 reg>d$ z ! love ( ,jehovah = ,israel4 ,*ri/ian int]pret]s1 foll[+ ?is h9t ( _! ,jewi% pr$ecessors1 appli$ x to ! love ( ,*ri/ = ,8 *ur* or = ! individual s\l4 ,! allegorical view ( ! poem has _m p>allels 9 ! my/ic poetry ( ! ,ea/1 & x ev5 f9ds a sl5d] support 9 ,hosea's comp>ison ( ! relation ( ,jehovah to ,israel z a m>riage relation%ip2 b tak+ into acc\nt ! g5]al nature ( ! poem1 & ! t5d5cies ( ! ,hebrew m9d1 x may be fairly said t ! allegorical int]pretation is altoge!r impossible4 ,any love poem w\ld be equally capable ( su* an int]pretation4 ,ano!r view1 fir/ h9t$ at 9 a phrase ( ,orig51 is t ! book is a drama1 a view :i* has held ! field--n )\t *all5ge--= ov] a c5tury4 ,!re is mu* 9 ! language ( ! song to sugge/ ?is3 x is obvi\s1 e4g41 t !re is occasional dialogue1 i4 #ae1 #af1 ii4 #b1 #c1 b ! actual /ory ( ! drama 0 v f> f cle>4 ,! old] view 0 t x 0 a /ory ( ,solomon's love = a peasant girl1 & ( 8 r$emption f 8 impure loves by 8 affection = h]4 ,b z 9 viii4 #aa f4 & else:]e1 ,solomon is spok5 ( by way ( contra/1 room mu/ be made = a ?ird p]son1 ! %eph]d lov] ( ! peasant maid2 &1 ) mu* v>iety ( detail1 ! support]s ( ! dramatic !ory n[ adh]e 9 g5]al to ! view t ! poem celebrates ! fidelity ( a peasant maid :o _h be5 captur$ & br\ght to ,solomon's h>em1 b :o /eadily resi/$ 8 bl&i%m5ts & 0 f9ally re/or$ to h] %eph]d lov]4 ,! book becomes ?us n a triumph ( love ov] lu/1 b ( love ov] temptation4 ,! /ory is v pretty2 b ! objections to x & to ! dramatic view ( ! book are all b insup]able4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t1 to arrive at su* a /ory at all1 a good deal has to be read betwe5 ! l9es1 & int]pret]s usually f9d :at !y br+2 b ! mo/ fatal objection to x is t ! text 9 vi4 #ab1 on :i* ! :ole /ory turns--! maid5's surprise 9 ! or*>d by ! ret9ue ( ! k+--is s disjo9t$ & obscure t ! attempt to translate x has be5 ab&on$ by _m compet5t s*ol>s4 ,ap>t f t1 ! /ory c h>dly be said to be probable4 ,%e1 my dove1 is b "o1 vi4 #i1 w\ld s\nd almo/ comical ^u ! lips ( "o :o possess$ ! h>em ( vi4 #h4 ,b 9 any case1 x is almo/ inconceivable t ,solomon w\ld h tak5 a refusal f a peasant girl3 ,ori5tal k+s 7 n s scrupul\s4 ,aga91 x is v h>d to detect any progress on ! dramatic view ( ! book4 ,*4 viii4 ) its innoc5t expression ( an e>ly love1 foll[s *4 vii41 :i* is s5su\s to ! la/ degree4 ,fur!r1 9 ! abs5ce ( /age directions1 e comm5tator divides ! v]ses among ! *>act]s 9 a way ( 8 own3 ! op5+ words ( ! song1 i4 #b;a1 may be int]pret$ 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t ways1 & equal possibilities ( int]pretation ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! song4 ,( c\rse ! difficulties are n q s great 9 ! ,hebrew z 9 ! ,engli% 7e4g4 i4 #ae mu/ be spok5 by ! bridegroom & i4 #af by ! bride71 b !y are great en\gh4 ,aga91 h[ are we to conceive ( s %ort a play--ll#f l9es--be+ divid$ into acts & sc5es8 = ! sc5es are cont9ually *ang+1 & ! longe/ w\ld n la/ m ?an two m9utes4 ,x w\ld n be fair to lay too mu* /ress ^u ! fact t !re is no o!r illu/ration ( a purely ,semitic drama2 t w\ld be to argue t1 if a ?+ did n happ5 twice1 x did n happ5 once4 ,nev]!less1 c\pl$ ) ! untold difficulties & confusions t arise f reg>d+ ! song z a drama1 ! abs5ce ( a ,semitic p>allel is significant4 ,! true view ( ?is p]plex+ book appe>s to be t x is1 z ,h]d] call$ x1 a /r+ ( pe>ls--an an?ology ( love or w$d+ songs sung dur+ ! fe/ivities ( ! k+'s week1 z ! fir/ week aft] ! w$d+ is call$ 9 ,syria4 ,v great probability has be5 add$ to ?is view by ! obs]vations ( ,syrian cu/oms made by ,wetz/e9 9 8 fam\s essay on ,! ,syrian ,?re%+-bo>d1 & fir/ ?or\ghly appli$ by ,budde to ! int]pretation ( ! ,song4 ,syrian w$d+s1 we are told1 usually took place 9 ,m>*1 ii4 #aa;ff4 ,! ?re%+-floor is set on a sort ( plat=m on ! ?re%+-bo>d cov]$ ) c>pets & pill[s2 & ^u ?is ?rone1 ! k+ & que51 i4e4 ! bride & bridegroom1 are seat$1 :ile ! gue/s hon\r !m ) song1 game & dance4 ,?is la/s = sev5 days 7cf4 ,g54 xxix4 #bg2 ,jud4 xiv4 #ab72 & ! !ory is t 9 ! ,song ( ,songs we h specim5s ( ! songs sung on su* an occasion4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is practically c]ta9 t vi4 #ac-vii4 #i is ! song :i* accompani$ ! sword-dance 7z ! la/ words ( vi4 #ac %\ld probably be translat$7 p]=m$ by ! bride on ! eve ( h] w$d+ day4 ,?is w\ld expla9 ! loos5ess ( ! arrangem5t1 no special attempt be+ made to unify ! songs1 ?\gh x may be conc$$ t ! noble eulogy ( love 9 viii4 #f1 #g1 z x is ! f9e/ utt]ance 9 ! book1 0 probably int5d$ z a sort ( climax4 ,! k+1 !n1 is n ,solomon1 b ! peasant bridegroom1 :o enjoys ! regal dignity1 & ev5 ! "n ( ,israel's mo/ spl5did mon>*1 iii4 #g1 #i1 = ! space ( a week4 ,*4 iii4 #aa1 ) its ref]5ce to ! bridegroom's cr[n 7cf4 ,isa4 lxi4 #aj71 is all b conclusive pro( t ! h]o is n k+ ,solomon1 b ano!r sort ( bridegroom4 ,8 bride1 p]haps a pla9 c\ntry girl1 c\nts = ! week z ! maid ( ,%ulem1 vi4 #ac1 i4e4 ,abi%ag1 once ! faire/ maid 9 ,israel 7vi4 #a1 ,i ,k+s i4 #c74 ,s ?r\gh\t ! k+'s week ev]y?+ is transfigur$ & takes on ! col\rs ( royal magnific5ce3 ! ?re%+-bo>d becomes a palanqu91 & ! ru/ic bodygu>d appe> z a b& ( valiant w>riors1 iii4 #g1 #h4 ,!re is a *>m+ naivete1 & inde$ some?+ mu* pr(\nd]1 9 ?is tempor>y trans=mation ( ^? humble ru/ic lives4 ,we are involunt>ily rem9d$ ( sc5es 9 ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,?is view ( ! book has comm5d$ itself to s*ol>s l ,nldeke1 :o =m]ly *ampion$ ! dramatic !ory1 ?\gh two ( ! late/ writ]s#a h argu$ skilfully aga9/ x4 ,footnote #a3 ,h>p]1 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible ,song ( ,songs1 & ,ro?/e91 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z an approximate division ( ! songs1 ?\gh "s ( ! long] sections might easily be reg>d$ z a comb9ation ( two or ?ree songs4 ,! bride praises ! bridegroom1 mode/ly depreciates h] own beauty1 & asks :]e h] bridegroom is to be f\nd1 i4 #b-h4 ,ea* s+s ! o!r's praises3 ! happ9ess ( ! bride1 i4 #i-;ii4 #g4 ,a spr+ woo+1 ii4 #h-ag4 ,! bride's dream1 iii4 #a-e4 ,! bridegroom's procession1 iii4 #f-aa4 ,! *>ms ( ! bride1 iv4 #a-v4 #a4 ,! beauty ( ! bridegroom1 v4 #b-vi4 #c4 ,praise ( ! bride1 vi4 #d-ab4 ,praise ( ! bride z %e dances ! sword-dance1 vii4 #a-aj4 ,! bride's long+1 vii4 #aa-viii4 #d4 ,! incomp>able p[] ( love1 viii4 #e-g4 ,! bride's pr\d reply to h] bro!rs1 viii4 #h-aj4 ,! two v9ey>ds1 viii4 #aa1 #ab4 ,conclusion1 viii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,! immortal v]ses 9 praise ( love1 viii4 #f1 #g1 %[ t1 9 spite ( its (t5 s5su\s expression1 ! love "h celebrat$ is n only pure b exclusive2 & ! book1 :i* once 0 reg>d$ z a satire on ! c\rt ( ,solomon1 w\ld 9 any case make 9 fav\r ( monogamic s5tim5t1 & t5d to ennoble ideals 9 a c\ntry :]e m>riage 0 simply reg>d$ z a contract4 ,! m5tion ( ,israel's anci5t capital ,tirzah 9 vi4 #d 7if ! text be correct7 z a p>allel to ,j]usalem1 w\ld alone be en\gh to br+ ! date bel[ ,solomon's "t 7cf4 #a ,k+s xiv4 #ag1 xvi4 #bc74 ,b x is no d\bt mu* lat]4 ,! ,p]sian ^w p>des 9 iv4 #ac appe>s to imply ! ,p]sian p]iod1 & is us$ else:]e only 9 po/-exilic books 7,neh4 ii4 #h2 ,eccles4 ii4 #e74 ,inde$ ! ^w appirion 9 iii4 #i appe>s to be ! ,hebraiz$ =m ( a ,greek ^w phoreion1 & if s w\ld almo/ necess>ily imply ! ,greek p]iod1 ?\gh ! ,hebrews may h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,greek words1 ?r\gh ! ,greek settlem5ts 9 ,egypt1 z e>ly z ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,_m ( ! words & con/ructions1 h[ev]1 are demon/rably late & ,aramaic2 & ! l+ui/ic evid5ce alone 7unless we assume an e>li] book to h be5 work$ ov] 9 lat] times7 w\ld put ! ,song h>dly e>li] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,yet ! fact t ?\gh a secul> writ+1 x is 9 ,hebrew & n ,aramaic1 :i* 0 rapidly ga9+ gr\nd1 %[s t x c h>dly be br\ght d[n mu* lat]4 ,on ! :ole1 probably x is to be plac$ some:]e betwe5 #djj & #cjj2 & its sunny vivacity ?us becomes a welcome foil to ! au/]ity ( ! po/-exilic age4 ,if ?is argum5t is s\nd1 x foll[s t ! book _c h be5 by ,solomon4 ,! sup]scription1 i4 #a1 0 no d\bt add$ by a lat] h& on ! basis ( ! _m ref]5ces to ,solomon 9 ! book1 iii4 #g-aa1 viii4 #aa f1 & ( ! /atem5t 9 #a ,k+s iv4 #cb t he 0 ! au?or ( #a1jje songs4 ,:]e ! songs 7 compos$ we _c tell4 ,! sc5es !y reflect s vividly are r ^? ( ,israel ?an ( ,judah1 b ! repeat$ allusions to ! daught]s ( ,j]usalem w\ld be mo/ naturally expla9$ if ! songs came f ,j]usalem or its neighb\rhood4 ,) ?is agree ! ref]5ces to ,eng$i1 ,he%bon1 ,k$>1 :ile ! nor!rn places m5tion$1 ,lebanon1 ,h]mon1 ,gilead1 ,damascus1 are su* z w\ld be famili>1 at any rate1 by reputation1 to a ,judean4 ,,ru? ,goe! has *>act]iz$ ! book ( ,ru? z ! lovelie/ little idyll t tradition has transmitt$ to u4 ,:atev] be its didactic purpose--& "s w\ld pref] to ?9k t x _h little or none-x is1 at any rate1 a wond]ful prose poem1 sweet1 artless1 & p]suasive1 t\*$ ) ! qua9tness ( an old] _w & fre% ) ! sc5t ( ! h>ve/ fields4 ,! love--/rong] ?an c\ntry--( ,ru? = ,naomi1 ! graci\s figure ( ,boaz z he moves ab\t ! fields ) a ^w ( bless+ = ! reap]s1 ! innoc5t s*em+ ( ,naomi to secure him z a husb& = ,ru?--^! & a score ( simil> t\*es e/abli% ! book = ev] 9 ! he>t ( all :o love nobility & romance4 ,! inimitable grace & t5d]ness ( ! /ory are dissipat$ 9 a summ>y1 b ! ma9 facts are ^!4 ,a man ( ,be?lehem1 ) 8 wife ,naomi & two sons1 is driv5 by /ress ( fam9e to ,moab1 :]e ! sons m>ry wom5 ( ! l&4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 fa!r & sons die1 & ,naomi resolves to return home4 ,ru?1 "o ( h] daught]s-9-law1 accompanies h]1 9 spite ( ,naomi's e>ne/ entreaty t %e %\ld rema9 9 h] own l&4 ,9 ,be?lehem1 ,ru? receives peculi> k9dness f ,boaz1 a weal?y l&[n]1 :o happ5s to be a k9sman ( ,naomi2 & ,naomi1 ) a woman's happy in/9ct1 devises a plan = br++ ,boaz to decl>e himself a *ampion & lov] ( ,ru?4 ,! plan is successful4 ,a k9sman ne>] ?an ,boaz refuses to claim 8 rights by m>ry+ h]1 & ! way is left op5 = ,boaz4 ,he accord+ly m>ries ,ru?1 :o ?us becomes ! ance/ress ( ! great ,k+ ,david4 ,:y 0 ?is /ory told8 ,! "q ( its object is to "s ext5t b\nd up ) ! "q ( date2 & = sev]al reasons1 ?is appe>s to be late4 7#a7 ,9 ! ,greek1 ,lat9 & mod]n ,bibles1 ,ru? is plac$ aft] ,judges2 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible x is plac$ t[>ds ! end1 among ! ,writ+s1 i4e4 ! la/ division1 9 :i*1 speak+ g5]ally1 only late books appe>4 ,_h ! book be5 pre-exilic1 x is natural to suppose t x w\ld h be5 plac$ aft] ,judges 9 ! second division4 ,"s inde$ ma9ta9 t ?is is its orig9al position2 b x is easi] to acc\nt = its transf]5ce f ! ?ird division to ! second1 z a foil to ! w>-l episodes ( ! judges1 ?an = its transf]5ce f ! second to ! ?ird4 7#b7 ,! argum5t f language is p]haps n absolutely decisive1 b1 on ! :ole1 x is sc>cely compatible ) an e>ly date4 ,"s words are pure ,aramaic1 & "s ( ! ,hebrew usages d n appe> 9 e>ly lit]ature1 e4g41 fall1 9 ! s5se ( fall out1 issue1 happ51 iii4 #ah4 7#c7 ,! op5+ words--,9 ! days :5 ! judges judg$1 i4 #a--sugge/ n only t ^? days are pa/1 b t !y are reg>d$ z a def9ite p]iod fall+ )9 an hi/orical s*eme4 ,! book mu/ be1 at any rate1 z late z ,david--= x describes ,ru? z 8 ance/ress1 iv4 l#g--;& probably mu* lat]1 z ! implication is t x is a great ?+ to be ! ance/ress ( ,david4 ,! rev]5ce ( a lat] age = ! great k+ %9es ?r\gh ! simple g5ealogical notice ) :i* ! /ory concludes4#a 7#d7 ,fur!r1 ! old cu/om ( ?r[+ away ! %oe z a symbol ( ! ab&onm5t ( "o's claim to prop]ty1 a cu/om famili> 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 7,deut4 xxv4 #i;f47 is 9 iv4 #g reg>d$ z obsolete1 belong+ to ! =m] "t4 ,! cumulative effect ( ^! indications is /rongly to sugge/ a po/-exilic date4 ,n p]haps1 h[ev]1 a v late "o3 a book z late z ! ,maccabean p]iod w\ld h>dly h reflect$ s k9dly a feel+ t[>ds ! =eign] 7cf4 ,e/h]74 ,footnote #a3 ,probably iv4 #ah-bb is a lat] addition1 b t does n affect ! g5]al argum5t 7cf4 v4#ag74 ,! /ory probably re/s ^u a basis ( fact4 ,david's conduct 9 putt+ 8 p>5ts "u ! protection ( ! k+ ( ,moab 7,i ,sam4 xxii4 #c1 #d7 w\ld f9d its simple/ explanation1 if he _h be5 connect$ 9 "s way ) ,moab1 z ! book ( ,ru? repres5ts him to h be52 :]eas a lat] age w\ld h>dly h d>$ to inv5t a ,moabite ance/ress = him1 _h !re be5 no tradition to t effect4 ,! object ( ! book has be5 suppos$ by "s to be to comm5d ! s-call$ levirate m>riage4 ,?is is improbable3 n s mu* because ! m>riage 0 n /rictly levirate1 s9ce nei!r ,boaz nor ! k9sman 0 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,ru?--x w\ld be fair en\gh to reg>d ?is z a legitimate ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( levirate m>riage1 ^: object 0 to p]petuate ! dead man's "n--b r because ?is is a comp>atively subord9ate elem5t 9 ! /ory4 ,! true explanation is no d\bt to be s\ght 9 ! fact t ,ru? ! ,moabitess is c\nt$ wor?y to be an ance/ress ( ,david2 &1 if ! book be po/-exilic1 its religi\s significance is at once app>5t4 ,x 0 9 all probability ! dignifi$ answ] ( a man ( prophetic in/9cts to ! rigor\s measures ( ,ezra1 :i* dem&$ ! divorce ( all =eign wom5 7,ezra ix4 x1 cf4 ,neh4 xiii4 #bc;ff472 = x c h>dly be d\bt$ t !re is a delicate polemic 9 ! repeat$ designation ( ,ru? z ! ,moabitess1 i4 #bb1 ii4 #b1 #f1 #ba1 iv4 #e1 #aj--%e ev5 calls h]self ! /rang]1 ii4 #aj4 ,x w\ld be pleasant to ?9k t ! writ] _h himself m>ri$ "o ( ^! =eign wom54 ,9 any case1 he *ampions _! cause n only ) g5]osity b ) insight2 = he kn[s t "s ( !m h fai? en\gh to adopt ,israel's ,god z _! ,god1 i4 #af1 & t ev5 a ,moabitess may be an ,israelite inde$4 ,ezra's sev]e legislation 0 inspir$ by ! wor?y desire to pres]ve ,israel's religion f ! p]il ( contagion3 ! au?or ( ,ru? g5tly tea*es t ! =eign woman is n an inevitable p]il1 %e may be loyal to ,israel & fai?ful to ,israel's ,god4 ,! writ] d>es to repres5t ! ,moabitess z eat+ ) ! ,jews1 ii4 l#d--w9n+ by h] ability1 res\rce & affection1 ! reg>d ( all1 & c\nt$ by ,god wor?y to be ! "m ( ,israel's greate/ k+4 ,! g5]\s type ( religion repres5t$ by ! book ( ,ru? is a mu* ne$$ & v attractive complem5t to ! /]n legalism ( ,ezra4 ,,lam5tations ,! book famili>ly kn[n z ! ,lam5tations consi/s ( f\r elegies#a 7i41 ii41 iii41 iv47 & a pray] 7v474 ,! g5]al !me ( ! elegies is ! sorr[ & desolation creat$ by ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem#b 9 #ehf ,b4,c43 ! la/ poem 7v47 is a pray] = deliv]ance f ! long cont9u$ di/ress4 ,! elegies are all alphabetic1 & l mo/ alphabetic poems 7cf4 ,ps4 cxix47 are m>k$ by little cont9uity ( ?\ght4 ,! fir/ poem is a lam5t ov] ,j]usalem1 b]eft1 by ! siege1 ( h] glory & h] sanctu>y1 i4 #a-aa1 ?\gh ! bitt] & com=tless doom :i* %e bewails 9 i4 #ab-bb1 is reg>d$ z ! div9e p5alty = h] s91 i4 #e1 #h4 ,simil>ly 9 ii4 #a-aj h] sorr[ & suff]+ are admitt$ to be a div9e judgm5t4 ,h] %ame & di/ress are inconsolable1 ii4 #aa-ag1 & %e appeals to h] ,god to look ^u h] 9 h] agony1 ii4 #ah-bb4 ,! ?ird poem1 probably ! late/ 9 ! book1 repres5ts ! city1 aft] a bitt] lam5t1 iii4 #a-ba1 z be+ inspir$1 by ! ?\ght ( ! love ( ,god1 to submission & hope1 iii4 #bb-cf4 ,a pray] ( p5it5ce & confession1 iii4 #cg-ed1 is foll[$ by a petition = v5geance ^u ! adv]s>ies1 iii4 #ee-ff4 ,! f\r? poem1 l ! second1 (f]s a v vivid picture ( ! sorr[s & horrors ( ! siege3 x lam5ts1 9 detail1 ! fate ( ! p1 iv4 #a-f1 ! pr9ces1 iv4 #g-aa1 ! prie/s & ! prophets1 iv4 #ab-af1 & ! k+1 iv4 #ag-bj1 & ends ) a prophecy ( doom ^u ! ,edomites1 iv4 #ba1 #bb1 :o behav$ s cruelly aft] ! siege 7,ps1 cxxxvii4 #g74 ,9 ! la/ poem ! city1 aft] pite\sly lam5t+ h] manifold sorr[s1 v4 #a-ah1 besee*es ! ev]la/+ ,god = deliv]ance !refrom1 v4 #ai-bb4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! ,hebrew elegiac metre1 z 9 ! ,greek & ,lat91 ! second l9e is %ort] ?an ! fir/--usually ?ree beats foll[$ by two4 ,footnote #b3 ,an unconv9c+ attempt has be5 made to ref] ! la/ two *apt]s to ! ,maccabean age--ab\t #agj ,b4,c4 ,a v old & by no means unreasonable tradition assigns ! au?or%ip ( ! book to ,j]emiah4 ,9 ! ,greek v]sion x is introduc$ by ! words--:i* appe> to g back to a ,hebrew orig9al--,& x came to pass1 aft] ,israel _h be5 l$ captive & ,j]usalem made desolate1 t ,j]emiah sat d[n weep+1 & lift$ up ?is lam5t ov] ,j]usalem & said4 ,?is view ( ! au?or%ip is z old z ! ,*ronicl]1 :o 9 #b ,*ronicles xxxv4 #be seems to ref] ! book to ,j]emiah1 probably reg>d+ iv4 #bj1 :i* ref]s to ,z$ekiah1 z an allusion to ,josiah4 ,*s4 ii4 & iv4 especially are s graphic t !y mu/ h be5 writt5 by an eye-witness :o _h se5 ! temple desecrat$ & :o _h himself ta/$ ! horrors ( a siege1 9 :i* ! mo!rs _h eat5 _! own *ildr5 = v hung]4 ,! passionate love1 too1 = ! p1 :i* brea!s ?r\gh ! elegies might well be ,j]emiah's2 & ! ascription ( ! calamity to ! s9 ( ! p1 i4 #e1 #h1 is 9 ! _s ( ! prophet4 ,nev]!less1 x is n c]ta91 or ev5 v probable1 t ,j]emiah is ! au?or4 ,unlike ! ,greek & ! ,engli% ,bible1 ! ,hebrew ,bible does n place ! ,lam5tations imm$iately aft] ,j]emiah b 9 ! ?ird division1 among ! ,writ+s1 s t !re is really no initial presumption 9 fav\r ( ! ,j]emianic au?or%ip4 ,aga91 ,j]emiah c\ld h>dly h said t ! prophets f9d no vision f ,jehovah1 ii4 #h1 nor describ$ ! vacillat+ ,z$ekiah z ! brea? ( our no/rils1 iv4 #bj1 nor attribut$ ! national calamities to ! s9s ( ! fa!rs1 v4 #g ,o!r features 9 ! situation presuppos$ by *4 v4 appe> to imply a "t lat] ?an ,j]emiah's1 v4 #ah1bj1 & x is v unlikely t "o :o 0 s sorely smitt5 z ,j]emiah by ! inconsolable sorr[ ( ,j]usalem w\ld h express$ 8 grief 9 alphabetic elegies3 m5 d n write acro/ics :5 _! he>ts are break+4 ,:5 we add to ?is t *s4 ii4 & iv4 :i* /& ne>e/ to ! calamity appe> to betray dep5d5ce on ,ezekiel 7ii4 #ad1 iv4 #bj1 ,ezek4 xxii4 #bh1 xix1 #bd1 etc47 !re is little probability t ! poems are by ,j]emiah4 ,x is n ev5 c]ta9 t !y are all f ! same h&1 z1 unless we transpose two v]ses1 ! alphabetic ord] ( ! fir/ poem diff]s f t ( ! o!r ?ree1 & ! numb] ( elegiacs--?ree--9 ea* v]se ( ! fir/ two poems1 diff]s f ! numb]--"o--9 ! ?ird1 & two 9 ! f\r?4 ,9 ! ?ird poem ea* lett] has ?ree v]ses to itself2 9 ! o!r ?ree poems1 only "o4 ,*4 iii4 ) its highly artificial /ructure & its t5d5cy to s9k into ! gnomic /yle1 iii4 #bf;ff41 is probably remote/ ( all f ! calamity4#a ,consid]+ ! g5]al hopelessness ( ! outlook1 *s4 ii4 & iv4 at any rate1 :i* are app>5tly ! e>lie/1 7 probably compos$ be=e ! p>don ( ,jehoia*9 9 #efa ,b4,c4 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bg7 :5 new possibilities began to dawn = ! exiles4 #ehj-egj may be accept$ z a probable date4 ,! calamity is ne> en\gh to be p[]fully felt1 yet remote en\gh to be an object ( poetic contemplation4 ,! o!r poems are no d\bt lat]3 *4 v4 may z well express ! sorr[ ( ! return$ exiles z ! sorr[ ( ! exile itself4 ,m ?an ?is we _c say4 ,footnote #a3 ,! int5sely p]sonal words at ! beg9n+ ( *4 iii4 are1 no d\bt1 to be int]pret$ collectively4 ,! man :o has se5 affliction is n ,j]emiah1 b ! community1 ,cf4 v4 #ad1 ,i am become ! laugh+ /ock ( all nations 7em5d$ text74 ,cf4 also v4 #de4 ,! old] p>ts ( ! book1 :e!r writt5 9 ,egypt1 ,babylon1 or m probably 9 ,judah1 are ( great hi/oric value1 z (f]+ m9ute & practically contempor>y evid5ce = ! siege ( ,j]usalem 7cf4 ii4 #i-ab7 & z reflect+ ! hopelessness :i* foll[$ x4 ,yet ! hopelessness is by no means unreliev$4 ,besides ! pray] to ,god :o abide? = ev]1 v4 #ai1 is ! g5]al tea*+ t good may be won f calamity1 94 #bd-bg1 &1 above all1 ! beautiful utt]ance t ! love ( ,jehovah nev] ceases#a & ,8 pity nev] fails1 iii4 #bb4 ,footnote #a3 ,gramm> & p>allelism alike sugge/ ! em5dation on :i* ! above translation re/s4 ,,ecclesia/es ,x is n surpris+ t ! book ( ,ecclesia/es _h a /ruggle to ma9ta9 its place 9 ! canon1 & x 0 probably only its reput$ ,solomonic au?or%ip & ! la/ two v]ses ( ! book t p]man5tly secur$ its position at ! synod ( ,jamnia 9 #ij ,a4,d4 ,! ,jewi% s*ol>s ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 7 /ruck by ! mann] 9 :i* x contradict$ itself3 e4g41 ,i prais$ ! dead m ?an ! liv+1 iv4 #b1 ,a liv+ dog is bett] ?an a dead lion1 ix4 #d2 b !y 7 /ill m di/ress$ by ! _s ( scepticism & h]esy :i* p]vad$ ! book 7cf4 xi4 #i ) ,num4 xv4 #ci74 ,9 spite ( ! op5+ v]se1 x is v pla9 t ,solomon c\ld n h be5 ! au?or ( ! book4 ,n only 9 i4 #ab is 8 reign repres5t$ z ov]--,i 0 k+--?\gh ,solomon 0 on ! ?rone till 8 dea?1 b 9 i4 #af1 ii4 #g1 #i1 he is contra/$ ) all--app>5tly all ! k+s--t 7 be=e him 9 ,j]usalem1 ?\gh 8 own fa!r 0 ! f\nd] ( ! dyna/y4 ,!re is no probability t ,solomon w\ld h s sca?+ly assail$ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice = :i* he himself 0 responsible1 z is done 9 iii4 #af1 iv4 i1 v4 #h4 ,! sigh 9 xii4 #ab ov] ! multiplicity ( books is ?or\ghly inappropriate to ! age ( ,solomon4 ,inde$ ! :ole mann] 9 :i* ! problem is attack$ is inappropriate to s e>ly a /age ( lit]>y & religi\s developm5t4 ,b x 0 by a s+ul>ly happy /roke t ,solomon 0 *os5 by a lat] ?9k] z ! m\?piece ( 8 reflections on life2 = ,solomon1 ) 8 weal?1 build+s1 h>em1 magnific5ce1 _h _h opportunity to te/ life at e po9t1 & 8 exceptional wisdom w\ld give unique value to 8 judgm5t4 ,ecclesia/es is und\bt$ly "o ( ! late/ books 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! crit]ia = det]m9+ ! date are *iefly ?ree4 7#a7 ,l+ui/ic4 ,alike 9 its s+le words 7e4g41 pref]5ce = ab/ract n\ns end+ 9 ?7 its syntax 7e4g41 ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( waw conv]sive7 & its g5]al l+ui/ic "*1 ! book illu/rates ! late/ developm5t ( ! ,hebrew language4 ,!re are n a few words :i* occur else:]e only 9 ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]3 !re are "s pure ,aramaic words1 "s words ev5 :i* belong to ! ,hebrew ( ! ,mi%na4 ,ev5 if we all[ an e>ly int]national use ( ,aramaic1 ! corrupt ,hebrew ( ! book w\ld alone compel u to place x v late4 ,"s h s\ght to /r5g!n ! argum5t = a late date f ! pres5ce ( ,greek influ5ce on ! language ( ! book1 e4g41 9 su* phrases z "u ! sun1 to behold ! sun1 ! good :i* is also beautiful1 v4 #ah2 b1 probable z x may be1 x is n c]ta9 t !re are ,graecisms 9 ! language ( ,ecclesia/es4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,a4 ,h4 ,mc,neile1 ,introduction to ,ecclesia/es1 p4 #dc4 7#b7 ,hi/orical4 ,!re is mu* int]e/+ detail :i* is cle>ly a transcript ( ! au?or's exp]i5ce3 ! slaves he _h se5 on horseback1 x4 #g1 ! poor y\? :o became k+1 iv4 #ac-af 7cf4 ix4 #ad;ff474 ,^! incid5ts1 h[ev]1 are too lightly t\*$1 & we "k too little ( ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod1 to be able to locate !m def9itely4 ,! woe ^u ! l& ^: k+ is a *ild1 x4 #af1 has be5 repeat$ly connect$ ) ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,v4 ,epiphanes 7#bje-aha ,b4,c471 ! la/ ( 8 h\se :o rul$ ov] ,pale/9e & :o at 8 fa!r's dea? 0 little ov] f\r ye>s old4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! g5]al hi/orical backgr\nd is unmi/akably t ( ! late po/-exilic age4 ,! book be>s ! /amp ( an evil "t1 :5 inju/ice & oppression 7 ! ord] ( ! day1 iii4 #af1 iv4 #a1 v4 #h1 gov]nm5t 0 corrupt & disord]ly & spee* dang]\s1 x4 #bj4 ,! allusions w\ld suit ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,p]sian empire 7#ccc72 b if1 z ! l+ui/ic evid5ce sugge/s1 ! book is lat]1 x c h>dly be plac$ be=e #bej ,b4,c41 z dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,greek p]iod1 ,pale/9e 0 n unhappy4 7#c7 ,philosophical4 ,! speculative mood ( ! book m>ks x z late4 ,?\gh n an ab/ract discussion--! ,old ,te/am5t is nev] ab/ract--x is m ab/ract ?an ! k9dr$ discussion 9 ! book ( ,job4 ,x is h>d to believe t ,ecclesia/es 0 n affect$ by ! ,greek philosophical influ5ces ( ! "t4 ,if x be n necess>y to trace its contempt ( ! _w to ,/oicism1 or its inculcation ( ! wise enjoym5t ( ! pass+ mom5t directly to ,epicureanism1 at lea/ an indirect influ5ce c h>dly be d5i$4 ,greek ?\ght 0 spread+ z ! ,greek language 02 & ! scepticism ( ,ecclesia/es1 ?\gh n )\t p>allels 9 e>li] /ages ( ,hebrew lit]ature1 yet "h assumes a delib]ate1 su/a9$ & all b philosophic =m1 :i* f9ds its mo/ natural explanation 9 ! pr(\nd & p]vasive influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy--an influ5ce :i* c\ld h>dly be escap$ by an age 9 :i* books _h multipli$ & /udy be5 prosecut$ till x 0 a burd51 xii4 #ab4 ,?is *>m+ book1 z ,r5an calls x1 has 9 _m ways m aff9ity ) ! mod]n m9d ?an any o!r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is we>y ) ! weight ( an insoluble problem4 ,) a cold-blood$ frankness1 :i* is n cynical1 only because x is s e>ne/1 x faces ! /]n facts ( human life1 )\t be+ able to br+ to _! int]pretation ! sublime inspirations ( religion4 ,m ?an once is ! c\nsel giv5 to fe> ,god1 b x is n (f]$ z a solution ( ! riddle4 ,! _w is crook$1 i4 #ae1 vii4 #ac1 & no *ange is possible1 iii4 #a-h4 ,x is a we>y r\nd ( contradictions1 bir? & dea?1 peace & w>1 ! =m] /ate annihilat$ by ! latt]2 & by reason ( ! fixity ( ^! contradictions & ! c]ta9ty ( t annihilation1 all human ef=t is va91 iii4 #i4 ,x is all alike vanity--n only ! mean] /ruggles = food & dr9k & pleasure 7ii47 b ev5 ! nobl] ambitions ( ! s\l1 su* z its ye>n+ = wisdom & k4 ,:e!r we turn to ! physical or ! moral _w x is all ! same4 ,!re is no goal 9 nature 7i473 hi/ory runs on & runs n[h]e4 ,all ef=t is swall[$ up by dea?4 ,man is no bett] ?an a bea/1 iii4 #ai2 beyond ! grave !re is no?+4 ,ev]y:]e is disillusionm5t1 & woman is ! bitt]e/ ( all1 vii4 #bf4 ,! moral ord] is turn$ upside d[n4 ,wrong is = ev] on ! ?rone4 ,provid5ce1 if !re be su* a ?+1 seems to be on ! side ( cruelty4 ,te>s /& on _m a face1 b ! m\rn]s mu/ rema9 uncom=t$1 iv4 #a4 ,! j p]i% & ! wick$ live long1 vii4 #ae4 ,! good f>e z ! bad ought to f>e1 & ! bad z ! good1 viii4 #ad4 ,bett] be dead ?an live 9 su* a _w1 iv4 #b2 nay1 bett] nev] h be5 born at all1 vi4 #c4 ,= all is vanity3 t is ! beg9n+ ( ! matt]1 i4 #b1 x is no less ! end1 xii4 #h4 ,ov] e ef=t & aspiration is wrung ?is fe>ful knell4 ,sad conclusion any:]e1 b especially sad = a ,jew to rea*6 ,inde$ he contradicts "s ( ! de>e/ & mo/ fundam5tal t5ets ( ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,_m a dev\t contempor>y mu/ h be5 horrifi$ at ! dictum t man _h no pre-em95ce above a bea/1 or t ! _w1 :i* he _h be5 taught to believe 0 v good 7,g54 i1 #ca7 0 "o great vanity4 ,! prea*] c\ld n %>e ! high hopes ( a ,messianic k+dom to come1 ( resurrection & immortality1 :i* consol$ & inspir$ _m m5 ( 8 day4 ,to him life 0 no?+ b dissatisfaction end+ 9 annihilation4 ,if ?is is n pessimism1 :at is8 ,b is ?is all8 ,n exactly4 ,= ! light is sweet1 & a pleasant ?+ x is = ! eyes to behold ! sun1 xi4 #g4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ! c\nsel is giv5 to eat & dr9k & enjoy good1 ii4 #bd2 & despite ! bitt] criticism ( woman already allud$ to1 a wife c make life m ?an tol]able1 ix4 #i4 ,nor does ! book display ! ?or\gh-go+ rejection ( religion :i* ! previ\s sket* ( x w\ld h l$ u to expect4 ,x is pessimi/ic1 b n a!i/ic2 nay1 x believes n only 9 ,god b 9 a judgm5t1 iii4 #ag1 xi4 #i;b1 ?\gh n necess>ily 9 ! h]eaft]4 ,!re is consid]able extravagance 9 ,cornill's rem>k t nev] did ,old ,te/am5t piety celebrate a great] triumph ?an 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es2 b !re is en\gh to %[ t ! book is1 aft] its own peculi> melan*oly fa%ion1 a religi\s book4 ,x is significant1 h[ev]1 t ! context ( ! ^w ,god1 :i* only occurs "s tw5ty times1 is (t5 v sombre4 ,he x is :o has giv5 travail to ! sons ( m5 to be ex]cis$ !re)1 i4 #ac1 iii4 #aj1 cf4 esp4 iii4 #ah4 ,aga91 if ! writ] has any real belief 9 a day ( judgm5t1 :y %\ld he s p]si/5tly emphasize ! resultlessness ( life & d5y ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w8 ,! fate ( all is ! same-j & unju/1 pure & impure4 ,z f>es ! good1 s f>es ! s9n]1 ix4 #b4 ,?is is a direct & delib]ate *all5ge ( ! law ( retribution 9 :i* ! writ] _h be5 br\ght up4 ,x may be urg$1 ( c\rse1 t 8 belief 9 a div9e judgm5t is a po/ulate ( 8 fai? :i* he reta9s1 ?\gh he does n f9d x v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b su* words--& !re are _m su*--seem to c>ry u mu* f>!r4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! ess5tial problem ( ! book4 ,c x be reg>d$ z a unity8 ,almo/ e comm5tator lam5ts ! impossibility ( pres5t+ a cont9u\s & sy/ematic exposition ( ! argum5t 9 ,ecclesia/es1 or ,qohele?1 z ! book is call$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,! tru? is t1 ?\gh ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s are 9 ! ma9 coh]5t & cont9u\s1 little ord] or arrangem5t c be detect$ 9 ! re/ ( ! book4 ,v>i\s explanations h be5 (f]$4 ,bickell1 e4g41 suppos$ t ! leaves _h by "s accid5t become dis>rang$--a supposition n :olly impossible1 b highly improbable1 especially :5 we consid] t ! ,greek translation reads ! book 9 ! same ord] z ! ,hebrew text4 ,o!rs suppose ) equal improbability t ! book is a sort ( dialogue1 9 :i* ea* speak] ma9ta9s 8 own !sis1 :ile ! epilogue1 xii4 #ac;f1 pron\nces ! f9al ^w on ! discussion4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t v>i\s moods are repres5t$ 9 ! book3 ! "q is :e!r !y are ! moods ( "o man or ( sev]al4 ,baudiss9 ?9ks x n impossible t1 ap>t f small] int]polations1 ! book z a :ole is ! reflection ( ! /ruggle ( "o & ! same au?or t[>ds a view ( ! _w :i* he has n yet f\nd4 ,note ! phrase ap>t f int]polations4 ,ev5 ! mo/ cauti\s & cons]vative s*ol>s usually admit t ! facts con/ra9 !m to believe 9 ! pres5ce ( int]polations3 e4g41 xi4 #i;b & xii4 la are almo/ univ]sally reg>d$ 9 ?is light4 ,! difficulties occasion$ by ! book are *iefly ?ree4 7#a7 ,its fragm5t>y "*4 ,*4 x42 e4g41 looks m l a collection ( prov]bs ?an any?+ else4 7#b7 ,its abrupt transitions3 e4g41 vii4 #ai1 #bj4 ,wisdom /r5g!ne? ! wise m ?an t5 m5 t are 9 a city3 = !re is n a righte\s man on ! e>?4 ,?is may be ano!r aspect ( 7#a74 ,b 7#c7 m s]i\s & important are ! und\bt$ contradictions ( ! book1 "s ( :i* _h be5 not$ by e>ly ,jewi% s*ol>s4 ,e4g41 !re is no?+ bett] ?an to eat & dr9k1 ii4 #bd2 x is bett] to g to ! h\se ( m\rn+ ?an to ! h\se ( fea/+1 vii4 #b4 ,9 iii4 #a-h times are s fix$ & det]m9$ t human lab\r is pr(itless1 iii4 #i1 :ile 9 iii4 #aa ?is inflexible ord] is n an oppressive b a beautiful ?+4 ,9 viii4 #ad1 ix4 #b 7cf4 vii4 #ae7 ! fate ( ! righte\s & ! wick$ is ! same1 9 viii4 #ab1 #ac1 x is diff]5t3 x is well ) ! "o & ill ) ! o!r4 ,9 iii4 #af1 :i* is radically pessimi/ic 7cf4 vv4 #ah-ba71 !re is no ju/ice3 9 iii4 #ag a judgm5t is com+4 ,bett] dea? ?an life1 iv4 #b1 bett] life ?an dea?1 ix4 #d 7cf4 xi4 #g74 ,9 i4 #ag ! se>* = wisdom is a pursuit ( ! w9d3 9 ii4 #ac wisdom excels folly z light d>kness4 ,*4 ii4 #bb emphasizes ! utt] fruitlessness ( lab\r1 iii4 #bb its joy4 ,^! contradictions are too explicit to be ignor$4 ,inde$ sometimes _! juxtaposition =ces !m ^u ! mo/ inatt5tive read]2 z :5 viii4 #ab1 #ac ass]t t x is well ) ! righte\s & ill ) ! wick$1 :]eas viii4 #ad ass]ts t ! wick$ (t5 f>e z ! j %\ld f>e & vice v]sa2 & t ?is is ! au?or's real op9ion is made c]ta9 by ! occurr5ce ( ! melan*oly refra9 at ! end ( ! v]se4 ,diff]5t m9ds w int]pret ^! contradictions diff]5tly4 ,"s w say !y are no?+ b ! reflex ( ! contradictions ! prea*] f\nd to run ?r\gh life1 o!rs w say t !y repres5t him 9 diff]5t moods4 ,b !y are too num]\s1 radical1 & vital to be dispos$ ( s easily4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! book is ess5tially pessimi/ic3 x ends z well z beg9s ) ,vanity ( ,vanities1 xii4 #h2 & ?is mu/ !re=e h be5 ! gr\nd-texture ( ! au?or's m9d4 ,n[ x is n likely to be an accid5t t ! ref]5ces to ! moral ord] & ! c]ta9ty ( div9e judgm5t are n m]ely ass]tions3 !y c usually1 9 _! context1 only be reg>d$ z prote/s--z prote/s1 t is1 aga9/ ! context4 ,t is v pla9 9 *4 iii41 :]e ! ord] ( ! _w1 vv4 #a-h1 :i* ! prea*] lam5t$ z pr(itless1 vv4 #i1 #aj1 is ma9ta9$ to be beautiful1 v4 #aa4 ,x is equally pla9 9 iii4 #ag1 :i* ass]ts ! div9e judgm5t1 :]eas ! context1 iii4 #af1 d5ies ! ju/ice ( e>?ly tribunals1 & effectually %uts out ! hope ( a bright] future by ma9ta9+ t man dies#a l ! bea/1 vv4 #ah-ba4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 iii4 #ba %\ld read3 ,:o kn[e? ! _s ( man1 :e!r x goe? upw>d8 ,?is translation involves no *ange 9 ! consonantal text & is support$ by ! ,septuag9t4 ,( a simil> k9d1 b on a some:at l[] religi\s level are ! frequ5t prote/s aga9/ ! prea*]'s pessimi/ic ass]tions ( ! empt9ess ( life & ! vanity ( ef=t4 ,= ! injunction to eat & dr9k & enjoy ! fruits ( "o's lab\r may1 9 _! contexts1 also be fairly consid]$ n simply z /atem5ts1 b z prote/s 7cf4 v4 #ah-bj ) v4 #ac-ag72 = ?is glad love ( life 0 ?or\ghly repres5tative ( ! anci5t tradition ( ,hebrew life 7cf4 ,j]emiah's criticism ( ,josiah1 xxii4 #ae47 ,d\btless ^! prote/s c\ld come f ! prea*]'s own s\l2 b1 consid]+ all ! ph5om5a1 x is m natural to suppose t !y 7 ! prote/s ( o!rs :o 7 (f5d$ by ! scepticism & ! pessimism ( ! book1 :i* may well h _h a wide circulation4 ,x n[ only rema9s to ask :e!r books reg>d$ z ,scripture ev] receiv$ su* treatm5t z is "h assum$4 ,e "o acqua9t$ ) ! textual ph5om5a ( ! ,old ,te/am5t kn[s t ?is 0 a common occurr5ce4 ,! ,greek-speak+ ,jews1 translat+ ab\t or be=e ! "t at :i* ,ecclesia/es 0 writt51 alt]$ ! simple phrase 9 ,exodus xxiv4 #aj1 ,!y saw ! ,god ( ,israel1 to ,!y saw ! place :]e ! ,god ( ,israel /ood4 ,9 ,psalm lxxxiv4 #aa !y alt]$ ,god is a sun 7or p9nacle87 & %ield to ,god loves m]cy & tru?4 ,!y alt]$ ,god to an angel 9 ,job xx4 #ae1 ,god w ca/ !m 7i4e41 ! ri*es7 out ( 8 belly2 or ev5 to an angel w ca/ !m out ( 8 h\se4 ,^! alt]ations h no o!r au?ority ?an ! caprice ( ! translators1 act+ 9 ! int]e/s ( a pur]1 au/]]1 b m timid !ology4 ,at ! end ( ! ,greek v]sion ( ! book ( ,job1 :i* adds1 ,x is writt5 t ,job w rise aga9 ) ^? :om ! ,"l do? raise1 we see h[ delib]ately an ins]tion c\ld be made 9 !ological int]e/s4 ,! lib]ties :i* ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews ?us demon/rably took ) ! text ( ,scripture1 we fur!r "k t ! ,hebrew-speak+ ,jews did n hesitate to take4 ,a c>eful comp>ison ( ! text ( su* books z ,samuel & ,k+s ) ,*ronicles#a %[s t simil> *anges 7 delib]ately made1 & made by pi\s m5 9 !ological int]e/s4 ,we are ?us p]fectly free to suppose t ! orig9al text ( ,ecclesia/es1 :i* mu/ h giv5 great (f5ce to ! /rict] ,jews ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 0 work$ ov] 9 ! same way4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf41 e4g41 ! sub/itution ( ,satan 9 #a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a = ,jehovah 9 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a4 ,x w\ld be impossible to apportion ! v>i\s sections or v]ses ( ! book ) absolute def9it5ess among v>i\s writ]s2 9 ! nature ( ! case1 su* analyses w always be m or less t5tative4 ,b on ! :ole !re c be little d\bt t ! orig9al book1 :i* c be be/ e/imat$ by ! m or less cont9u\s section1 i4-iii41 0 p]vad$ by a _s ( almo/1 if n altoge!r1 unqualifi$ pessimism4 ,?is receiv$ correction or r prote/ f two qu>t]s3 f "o writ] ( happi] s\l1 :o believ$ t ! e>? 0 ,jehovah's 7,ps4 xxiv4 #a7 &1 z su*1 0 n a vanity1 b 0 full ( ,8 goodness2 & f a pi\s _s1 :o 0 (f5d$ & al>m$ by ! prea*]'s dang]\s *all5ge ( ! moral ord]1 & took occasion to assure 8 read]s ( ! c]ta9ty ( a judgm5t & ( ! consequ5t wisdom ( fe>+ ,god4 ,on any view ( ! book x is difficult to see ! relevance ( ! collection ( prov]bs 9 *4 x4 ,if ?is view be correct1 ! epilogue1 xii4 #i-ad1 c h>dly h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al pessimi/ic book4 ,! la/ two v]ses1 9 p>ticul>1 are conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( ! pi\s prote/ :i* f9ds frequ5t expression 9 ! book2 & x is easy to believe t ! words sav$ ! canonicity ( ,ecclesia/es1 if inde$ !y 7 n add$ = t v purpose4 ,! ref]5ce to ! comm&m5ts 9 v4 #ac is abrupt1 & almo/ )\t p>allel1 viii4 #e4 ,aga91 ! prea*]1 :o speaks ?r\gh\t ! book 9 ! fir/ p]son1 is spok5 ( "h 9 ! ?ird1 v4 #i2 &1 z 9 no o!r "p ( ! book1 ! read] is address$ z my son v4 #ab 7cf4 ,prov4 i4 #h41 ii4 #a1 iii4 #a74 ,! value ( ,ecclesia/es is negative r ?an positive4 ,x is ! ne>e/ approa* to despair possible ^u ! soil ( ,old ,te/am5t piety4 ,x is ! voice ( a fai?1 if fai? x c be call$1 :i* is n only p]plex$ ) ! se>*1 b we>y ( x2 b x %[s h[ deep & sore 0 ! ne$ ( a ,r$eem]4 ,,e/h] ,! _s ( ! book ( ,e/h] is any?+ b attractive4 ,x is nev] quot$ or ref]r$ to by ,jesus or ,8 apo/les1 & x is a satisfaction to ?9k t 9 v e>ly times1 & ev5 among ,jewi% s*ol>s1 its "r to a place 9 ! canon 0 hotly conte/$4 ,its aggressive fanaticism & fi]ce hatr$ ( all t lay outside ( ,judaism 7 felt by ! f9] spirits to be false to ! m g5]\s in/9cts t lay at ! he>t ( ! ,hebrew religion2 b by virtue ( its v int5sity & exclusiv5ess x z all ! m welcome to av]age repres5tatives ( lat] ,judaism1 among :om x enjoy$ an altoge!r unique popul>ity1 atte/$ by its ?ree ,t>gums & two di/9ct ,greek rec5sions#a--;inde$1 "o rabbi places x on an equality ) ! law1 & !re=e above ! prophets & ! writ+s4 ,footnote #a3 ,x is probable also t ! two decrees1 "o comm&+ ! celebration = two days1 ix4 #bj-bh1 ! o!r enjo9+ fa/+ & lam5tations1 ix4 #bi-cb1 are lat] additions1 design$ to incorporate ! practice ( a lat] "t4 ,! /ory is well told4 ,! que5 ( ,x]xes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 is depos$ = contumacy1 & h] cr[n is set ^u ! head ( ,e/h]1 a lovely ,jewi% maid54 ,pres5tly ! :ole ,jewi% race is imp]ill$ by an act ( ,mordecai1 ! fo/]-fa!r ( ,e/h]1 :o refuses to d obeisance to ,haman1 a p[]ful & fav\rite c\rti]4 ,haman's plans = ! de/ruction ( ! ,jews are fru/rat$ by ,e/h]1 act+ on a sugge/ion ( ,mordecai4 ,! c\rti] himself falls f p[]1 & is f9ally hang$ on ! gall[s he _h prep>$ = ,mordecai1 :ile ,mordecai ! ,jew is exalt$ to ! place next ! k+1 & ! ,jews1 :om ! initial decree _h doom$ to ext]m9ation1 turn ! tables by slay+ ov] #ge1jjj ( _! enemies ?r\gh\t ! empire1 includ+ ! t5 sons ( ,haman4 ,9 memory ( ! deliv]ance1 ! ,purim fe/ival is celebrat$ on ! #ad? & #ae? ( ! mon? ,ad>4 ,! popul>ity ( ! book 0 due1 no d\bt1 mo/ ( all to ! p[] ) :i* x expresses "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 if almo/ mo/ odi\s1 traits ( ,judaism2 b also 9 a measure to its attractive lit]>y qualities4 ,! sett+ is brilliant1 & ! developm5t ( ! incid5t is (t5 skilful & dramatic1 ,! elevation ( ,mordecai1 due to ! simple accid5t ( ! k+'s hav+ pass$ a sleepless night1 ! unexpect$ accusation ( ,haman by ,e/h]1 ! swift & complete rev]sal ( ! situation by :i* ,haman is hang$ ^u 8 own gall[s & ,mordecai receives ! royal r+--! g5]al sequ5ce ( incid5ts is conceiv$ & elaborat$ ) consid]able dramatic p[]4 ,! l>ge numb] ( prop] names1 ! occasional ref]5ce to *ronicles1 ii4 #bc1 vi4 #a1 & ! precise m5tion ( dates1 comb9e to raise ! presumption t ! book is real hi/ory2 b a glance at ! facts is suffici5t to dispel ?is presumption4 ,! /ory falls )9 ! reign ( ,x]xes--ab\t #dhc ,b4,c41 b ! h]o ,mordecai is repres5t$ z be+ "o ( ! exiles deport$ ) ,jehoia*9 9 #eig ,b4,c4 ,?is is a manife/ impossibility4 ,equally impossible is x t a ,jewi% maid5 c h become ! que5 ( ,p]sia1 9 ! face ( ! express /atem5t ( ,h]odotus 7iii4 #hd7 t ! k+ 0 b\nd to *oose 8 consort f "o ( sev5 noble ,p]sian families4 ,^! impossibilities are mat*$ by num]\s improbabilities4 ,x is improbable1 e4g41 t ,mordecai c\ld h _h su* free int]c\rse ) ! h>em1 ii4 #aa1 unless he _h be5 a eunu*1 or 9 ! palace1 ii4 #ai1 unless he _h be5 a royal (ficial4 ,x is improbable t ,x]xes w\ld h ann\nc$ ! date ( ! massacre mon?s be=eh&1 improbable t he w\ld lat] h sanction$ s indiscrim9ate a slaught] ( 8 non-,jewi% subjects1 & mo/ improbable ( all t ! ,jews1 :o 7 9 ! m9ority1 %\ld h sla9 #ge1jjj ( _! enemies1 :o _c be suppos$ to h be5 def5celess4 ,x is mu* m likely t ?is :olesale but*]y took place *iefly 9 ! au?or's imag9ation1 ?\gh d\btless ! wi% 0 fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,cle>ly he wrote long aft] ! ev5ts he claims to be describ+1 & ! s5se ( hi/orical p]spective is obscur$ :]e x is n lo/4 ,! ,p]sian empire is a ?+ ( ! relatively di/ant pa/1 i4 #a1 #ac1 & ?\gh ! au?or is acqua9t$ ) ,p]sian cu/oms & (ficial titles1 x is significant t ! cu/oms h sometimes to be expla9$4 ,! book is1 9 fact1 n a hi/ory1 b a hi/orical novel 9 m9iature4 ,its date is h>d to fix1 b x mu/ be v late1 probably ! late/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 spite ( its obvi\s attempt to reproduce ! classic ,hebrew /yle1 ! book conta9s ,aramaisms1 late ,hebrew words & con/ructions1 & ! language alone /amps x z late4 ,/ill m decisive1 h[ev]1 is its s5tim5t4 ,its int5sely national pride1 its cruel & fanatical exclusiv5ess1 c be be/ expla9$ z ! result ( a fi]ce p]secution foll[$ by a brilliant triumph2 & ?is condition is exactly met by ! p]iod :i* succe$$ ! ,maccabean w>s 7#ace ,b4,c4 or lat]74 ,! book1 ) its ,p]sian sett+1 may inde$ h be5 writt5 e>li] 9 ,p]sia2 b x m probably repres5ts a phase ( ! fi]ce ,pale/9ian ,judaism ( ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ ) mu* probability t ,haman is modell$ on ,antio*us ,epiphanes2 betwe5 _! murd]\s designs aga9/ ! ,jews !re is c]ta9ly a /rong resemblance1 iii4 #i1 #a ,macc4 i4 #da1 iii4 #cd-cf4 ,! object ( ! book appe>s to h be5 tw(old3 to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ,purim fe/ival1 & to glorify ! ,jewi% p4 ,! real explanation ( ! fe/ival is %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,! book traces x to ! triumph ( ! ,jews ov] _! enemies & connects x ) ,pur1 ix4 #bf1 suppos$ to mean lot2 b no su* ,p]sian ^w has yet be5 discov]$4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 ! book is correct 9 assign+ ! orig9 ( ! fe/ival to ,p]sia4 ,a fe/ival ) a some:at dissimil> "n--,f>w>dign--0 held 9 ,p]sia 9 spr+ to commemorate ! dead1 & !re may be j a h9t ( ?is 9 ! fa/+ ) :i* ! fe/ival 0 prec$$1 ix4 #ca1 cf4 #a ,sam4 xxxi4 #ac1 #b ,sam4 i4 #ab4 ,! ,babylonians _h also held a new ye> fe/ival 9 spr+1 at :i* ! gods1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,m>duk1 7 suppos$ to draw ! lots = ! com+ ye>3 ?is may h be5 ! ultimate orig9 ( ! lot1 :i* is repeat$ly emphasiz$ 9 ! book ( ,e/h]1 iii4 #g1 ix4 #bd1 #bf4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,jews adopt$ a ,p]sian fe/ival1 :i* _h already incorporat$ old] ,babylonian elem5ts2 = !re c be little d\bt t ! ultimate gr\nd-"w ( ! book is ,babylonian my?ology4 ,e/h] is s simil> to ,i/>1 & ,mordecai to ,m>duk1 t _! id5tity is h>dly que/ionable2 & 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,haman by ,mordecai x is h>d n to see ! reproduction ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,hamman1 ! anci5t god ( ! ,elamites1 ! enemies ( ! ,babylonians1 by ,m>duk1 god ( ! ,babylonians4 ,?is supposition leaves c]ta9 elem5ts unexpla9$--,va%ti1 e4g41 is )\t ,babylonian analogy1 b x is too probable an explanation to be ignor$2 & x goes to illu/rate ! pr(\nd & la/+ influ5ce ( ,babylonia ^u ,israel4 ,! simil>ity ( ! "n ,e/h] to ,ame/ris1 :o 0 ,x]xes' que5 7,hdt4 vii4 #aad1 ix4 #aab7 may acc\nt = ! /ory be+ set 9 ! reign ( ,x]xes4 ,a collat]al purpose ( ! book is ! glorification ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ! dramatic conte/ betwe5 ,haman ! ,agagite & ,mordecai ! ,jew1 ! latt] is victor4 ,he refuses to b[ be=e ,haman1 & ,provid5ce ju/ifies 8 refusal2 = ! ,jews are born to dom9ion1 & all :o oppose or oppress !m mu/ fall4 ,ev]y:]e _! sup]iority is app>5t3 ,e/h] ! ,jewess is fair] ?an ,va%ti1 & ,mordecai1 l ,joseph 9 ! old days1 takes 8 place beside ! k+4 ,:at we regretfully miss 9 ! book is a truly religi\s note4 ,x is national to ! core2 b1 = once 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 nationality is n w$d$ to a wor?y conception ( ,god4 ,too mu* /ress ne$ n be laid on ! abs5ce ( ,8 "n--?is may h be5 due to ! some:at secul> "* ( ! fe/ival ) its giv+ & receiv+ ( pres5ts--& ! pres5ce ( ,god1 z ! gu>dian ( ! =tunes ( ,israel1 is presuppos$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole /ory1 notably 9 ,mordecai's confid5t hope t enl>gem5t & deliv]ance w\ld arise to ! ,jews f "o place1 if n f ano!r1 iv4 #ad4 ,b ! religion ( ! book--= religion x is entitl$ to be call$--is absolutely de/itute ( e?ical elem5ts4 ,x is ) a %udd] t we read ( ,e/h]'s reque/ = a second but*]y1 ix4 #ac2 & all ! romantic glam\r ( ! /ory _c bl9d u to its religi\s empt9ess & moral depravity4 ,9 a g5]ation :i* _h sm>t$ "u ! p]secution ( ,antio*us & %$ its blood 9 def5ce ( its lib]ty & ance/ral traditions1 su* bitt] fanaticism is n un9telligible4 ,b ! popul>ity ( ! book %[s h[ little ! prophetic elem5ts 9 ,israel's religion _h t\*$ ! p's he>t1 & h[ /ubborn a resi/ance 0 sure to be (f]$ to ! g5]\s & emancipat+ ^w ( ,jesus4 ,,daniel ,daniel is call$ a prophet 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,matt4 xxiv4 #ae74 ,9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 h[ev]1 ! book call$ by 8 "n appe>s n among ! prophets1 b among ! writ+s1 betwe5 ,e/h] & ,ezra4 ,! ,greek v]sion plac$ x betwe5 ! major & ! m9or prophets1 & ?is has det]m9$ its position 9 mod]n v]sions4 ,! book is bo? l & unlike ! prophetic books4 ,x is l !m 9 its passionate belief 9 ! ov]rul+ ,provid5ce ( ,god & 9 ! sure consummation ( ,8 k+dom2 b 9 its peculi> symbolism1 imag]y1 & p]vad+ s5se ( my/]y x /&s )\t a p>allel 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! impulse to ! type ( prophecy repres5t$ by ,daniel 0 giv5 by ,ezekiel & ,ze*>iah4 ,! book is inde$ r apocalyptic ?an prophetic4 ,! diff]5ce has be5 well *>act]iz$ by ,behrmann4 ,! ess5tial di/9ction1 he rem>ks1 betwe5 prophecy & apocalyptic lies 9 ?is3 ! prophets tea* t ! pres5t is to be int]pret$ by ! pa/ & future1 :ile ! apocalyptic writ]s d]ive ! future f ! pa/ & pres5t1 & make x an object ( consolatory hope4 ,) ! prophets ! future is ! s]vant & ev5 ! cont9uation ( ! pres5t2 ) ! apocalyptic writ]s ! future is ! brilliant c\nt]p>t ( ! sorr[ful pres5t1 ov] :i* x is to lift !m4 ,?is w be made mo/ pla9 by a summ>y ( ! book itself4 ,*s4 i4-vi4 are n>rative 9 =m2 *s4 vii4-xii4 are prophetic or apocalyptic--!y deal ) visions4 ,curi\sly en\gh ii4 #d-vii4 #bh1 = no app>5t reason1 are writt5 9 ,aramaic4 ,9 *4 i4 ,daniel & 8 ?ree fri5ds1 ,jewi% captives at ! c\rt ( ,babylon1 prove _! fidelity to _! religion by refus+ to defile !mselves ) ! k+'s food4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s !y %[ !mselves sup]ior to ! wise m5 ( ! empire4 ,!n 7ii47 foll[s a dream ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 9 :i* a great image 0 %iv]$ to pieces by a little /one1 :i* grew till x fill$ ! :ole _w4 ,daniel alone c\ld retell & int]pret ! dream3 x d5ot$ a succession ( k+doms1 :i* w\ld all be ultimately ov]?r[n & succe$$ by ! ev]la/+ k+dom ( ,god4 ,*4 iii4 deals n ) ,daniel b ) 8 fri5ds4 ,x tells ! /ory ( _! refusal to b[ be=e ,nebu*adrezz>'s colossal image ( gold1 & h[ _! fidelity 0 rew>d$ by a miracul\s deliv]ance1 :5 !y 7 ?r[n into ! furnace ( fire4 ,! sup]natural wisdom ( ,daniel is aga9 illu/rat$ 9 *4 iv41 :]e he int]prets a curi\s dream ( ,nebu*adrezz> z a tok5 t he w\ld be humbl$ = a "t & b]eft ( 8 reason4 ,*4 v4 af=ds ano!r illu/ration ( ! wisdom ( ,daniel1 & ( ! humiliation ( impiety & pride1 ?is "t 9 ! p]son ( ,bel%azz>1 :o is reg>d$ z ,nebu*adrezz>'s son4 ,daniel int]prets ! enigmatic words writt5 by ! my/]i\s h& on ! wall z a pr$iction ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,bel%azz>'s k+dom1 :i* dramatically happ5s t v night4 ,*4 vi4 is int5d$ to tea* h[ preci\s to ,god are ^? :o tru/ ,him & scrupul\sly con=m to ! practices ( true religion )\t reg>d to consequ5ces4 ,daniel is pres]v$ 9 ! d5 ( lions into :i* he _h be5 ?r[n by ! cruel jeal\sy ( ! (ficials ( ,d>ius' empire4 ,) *4 vii4 ,daniel's visions beg94 ,f\r great bea/s are se5 com+ up out ( ! sea1 :i*1 accord+ to ,babylonian my?ology1 is ! elem5t oppos$ to ! div9e4 ,! la/ ( ! bea/s1 especially cruel & t]rible1 _h t5 horns1 & among !m a little horn ) human eyes & presumptu\s lips4 ,!n is se5 ! div9e ,judge ^u ,8 ?rone1 & ! presumptu\s bea/ is judg$ & sla94 ,be=e ?is same ,judge is br\ght "o l a son ( man1 :o comes ) ! cl\ds ( heav5--?is human & heav5ly figure be+ 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! bea/s t rise out ( ! sea4 ,daniel is in=m$ t ! bea/s repres5t f\r k+doms1 ^: dom9ion is to be sup]s$$ by ! dom9ion ( ! sa9ts ( ! mo/ ,high1 i4e4 by ! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* w be ev]la/+4 ,9 a second vision 7viii47 a p[]ful ram is furi\sly attack$ & ov]?r[n by a goat4 ,! angel ,gabriel expla9s t ! ram is ! ,m$o-,p]sian empire1 & ! goat is ! k+ ( ,greece1 cle>ly ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,f "o ( ! f\r divisions ( ,alex&]'s empire1 a cunn+1 impud5t & impi\s k+ w\ld arise :o w\ld aboli% ! daily sacrifice & lay ! temple 9 ru9s1 b by a miracul\s visitation he w\ld be de/roy$4 ,9 *4 ix4 ,daniel1 aft] a f]v5t p5it5tial pray] (f]$ 9 behalf ( 8 s9ful p1 is enlight5$ by ,gabriel z to ! true mean+ ( ,j]emiah's prophecy 7xxv4 #aa;f41 xxix4 #aj;f47 t\*+ ! desolation ( ,j]usalem4 ,! sev5ty ye>s are n lit]al ye>s1 b weeks ( ye>s1 i4e4 #dij ye>s4 ,dur+ ! la/ week 7i4e4 sev5 ye>s7 !re w\ld be mu* sorr[ & p]secution1 especially dur+ ! la/ half ( t p]iod1 b x w\ld end 9 ! utt] de/ruction ( ! oppressor4 ,9 ano!r vision 7x4-xii47 ,daniel is in=m$ by a %9+ "o ( a /ruggle he _h _h1 support$ by ,mi*ael1 ) ! tutel>y angel ( ,p]sia2 & he makes a revelation ( ! future4 ,! ,p]sian empire w be foll[$ by a ,greek empire1 :i* w be divid$ into f\r4 ,9 p>ticul>1 alliances w be =m$ & w>s made betwe5 ! k+s ( ! nor? 7no d\bt ,syria7 & ! s\? 7,egypt74 ,) great elaboration & detail ! =tunes ( ! k+ ( ! nor?1 :o is call$ contemptible1 xi4 #ba1 are describ$3 h[ he desecrates ! sanctu>y1 aboli%es ! sacrifice1 cruelly p]secutes ! holy p1 & prescribes idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 he too p]i%es1 & 8 dea? is ! signal t ! ,messianic days are v soon to dawn4 ,israel's dead--especially p]haps h] m>tyr$ dead--are to rise to ev]la/+ life1 & h] enemies are also to be rais$ to ev]la/+ %ame4 ,well is x = him :o c possess 8 s\l 9 pati5ce1 = ! end is sure4 ,two facts are obvi\s ev5 to a cursory inspection ( ! cont5ts ( ,daniel 7#a71 t c]ta9 /atem5ts ab\t ! exilic p]iod1 dur+ :i*1 accord+ to ! book1 ,daniel liv$1 are inaccurate2 & 7#b7 t[>ds ! close ( ! book & especially 9 *4 xi41 :i* repres5ts a p]iod long subsequ5t to ,daniel1 ! visions are cr[d$ ) m9ute detail :i* corresponds1 po9t = po9t1 ) ! hi/ory ( ! ?ird & second c5turies ,b4,c41 & 9 p>ticul> ) ! c>e] ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7xi4 #ba-de74 7#a7 ,among ! unhi/orical /atem5ts ! foll[+ may be not$4 ,!re 0 no siege & capture ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 #fje ,b4,c41 z is impli$ by i4 #a 7cf4 ,j]4 xxv4 #a1 #i-aa71 nor inde$ c\ld !re h be5 any till aft] ! decisive battle ( ,c>*emi%1 :i* br\ght ,we/]n ,asia "u ! p[] ( ,babylon4 ,aga91 ,bel%azz> is reg>d$ z ! son ( ,nebu*adrezz> 7v471 ?\gh he 0 9 reality ! son ( ,nabunaid1 betwe5 :om & ,nebu*adrezz> ?ree mon>*s lay4 ,nor is !re any room 9 ?is p]iod ( ! hi/ory 7#ech ,b4,c47 = ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 v4 #ca2 ! conque/ ( ,babylon ?rew ! ,babylonian empire imm$iately into ! h&s ( ,cyrus1 & ! impossible figure ( ,d>ius ! ,m$e appe>s to arise ?r\gh a confusion ) ! ,d>ius :o recaptur$ ,babylon aft] a revolt 9 #eba1 & p]haps to h be5 sugge/$ by prophecies 7cf4 ,isa4 xiii4 #ag7 t ! ,m$es w\ld conqu] ,babylon4 ,aga91 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 passages ! ,*aldeans repres5t ! p ( t "n1 v4 #cj1 ix4 #a1 9 o!rs 7cf4 ii4 #b1 v4 #g7 ! ^w is us$ to d5ote ! wise m5 ( ,babylon--a use demon/rably mu* lat] ?an ! ,babylonian empire & impossible to any contempor>y ( ,daniel4 ,su* a sev5 ye>s' insanity ( ,nebu*adrezz> z is describ$ 9 ,daniel iv4 is extremely improbable2 equally improbable is ! attitude t ,nebu*adrezz> 9 8 decree 7iii47 & confession 7iv47 & ,d>ius 9 8 decree 7vi47 are repres5t$ z hav+ adopt$ t[>ds ! ,god ( ! ,jews4 7#b7 ,conc]n+ ! imm$iately succe$+ p]iod--f ,cyrus to ,alex&]--! au?or is app>5tly n well in=m$4 ,he kn[s ( only f\r ,p]sian k+s1 xi4 #b 7cf4 vii4 #f74 ,*4 xi4 #e-bj gives a brief rsum ( ! relations betwe5 ! k+s ( ! nor? & ! k+s ( ! s\?--:i*1 9 ?is context1 aft] a pla9 allusion 9 vv4 #c1 #d to ,alex&] ! ,great & ! divisions ( 8 empire1 c only be int]pret$ ( ,syria & ,egypt4 ,f v4 #ba1 h[ev]1 to ! end ( *4 xi4 int]e/ is conc5trat$ ^u "o p>ticul> p]son1 :o mu/1 9 ! context1 be a k+ ( ! nor?1 i4e4 ,syria4 ,! direct ref]5ce 9 v4 #ca to ! pollution ( ! sanctu>y1 ! tempor>y abolition ( sacrifice1 & ! erection ( a hea!n alt>1 put x beyond all d\bt t ! impi\s & contemptible mon>* is none o!r ?an ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! details ( ! section1 ) _! unmi/akable ref]5ces to 8 ,egyptian campaigns1 vv4 #be-bh1 & to ! *eck impos$ ^u him by ! ,romans1 v4 #cj1 9 #afh ,b4,c4 ,! ph5om5on !n ) :i* we h to deal is ?is4 ,a book suppos$ to come f ! exile1 & to ann\nce be=eh& ! p]secutions & ultimate triumph ( ! ,jewi% p 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 is occasionally inaccurate 9 deal+ ) ! exilic & e>ly po/-exilic p]iod1 b m9ute & reliable z soon z x t\*es ! lat] p]iod4 ,only "o conclusion is possible--t ! book 0 writt5 9 ! lat] p]iod1 n 9 ! e>li]4 ,x is a product ( ! p]iod :i* x s m9utely reflects1 #afh-afe ,b4,c4 ,! precise date ( ! book dep5ds ^u :e!r we reg>d viii4 #ad z imply+ t ! d$ication ( ! temple by ,judas ,maccabaeus 9 #afe ,b4,c4 is a ?+ ( ! pa/ or /ill an object ( contemplation4 ,9 any case x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! dea? ( ,antio*us 9 #afd 7xi4 #de74 ,l all ! prophets1 ! au?or ( ,daniel addresses 8 own age4 ,! brilliant ,messianic days are always ! issue ( ! exi/+ or imp5d+ cata/rophe2 & s x is 9 ,daniel4 ,! r$emption :i* is to involve ! resurrection is to foll[ on ! dea? ( ,antio*us & ! cessation ( ! horrors ( p]secution--horrors ( :i* ! au?or knew only too well4#a ,footnote #a3 ,daniel is fitt+ly *os5 z ! h]o ( ! book & ! recipi5t ( ! visions1 z he appe>s to h enjoy$ a reputation = piety & wisdom 7,ezek4 xiv4 #ad1 #bj1 xxviii4 #c74 ,ezekiel's ref]5ces to him1 h[ev]1 w\ld lead u to suppose t he is a figure belong+ to ! gray patri>*ial times1 r ?an a y\ng] contempor>y ( 8 own4 ,?us ! belief 9 ! late date ( ! book is rea*$ by a /udy ( ! book itself1 & is n due to any prejudice aga9/ ! possibility ( miracle or pr$ictive prophecy4 ,b ! late date is confirm$ by evid5ce ( o!r k9ds1 especially 7#a7 l+ui/ic1 & 7#b7 !ological4 7#a7 ,!re are ov] a doz5 ,p]sian words 9 ! book1 "s ev5 9 ! ,babylonian "p ( ! /ory4 ,^! words w\ld place ! book1 at ! e>lie/1 )9 ! p]iod ( ! ,p]sian empire 7#ech-cca ,b4,c474 ,fur!r1 )9 two v]ses1 iii4 #d1 #e1 occur no less ?an five ,greek words 7h]ald1 h>p1 trigon1 psalt]y & bagpipe71 "o ( :i*1 psant]n1 by its *ange ( l 7psalt]ion7 into n1 betrays ! influ5ce ( ! ,mac$onian dialect & mu/ !re=e be lat] ?an ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 & ano!r1 symphonia1 is fir/ f\nd 9 ,plato4 ,?\gh x is n impossible t ! names ( ! o!r musical in/rum5ts may h be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,semites f ! ,greeks at an e>ly "t1 ^! words at any rate practically compel u to put ! book1 at ! e>lie/1 )9 ! ,greek p]iod 7i4e4 aft] #cca ,b4,c474 ,fur!r1 ! ,hebrew ( ! book has a /rongly ,aramaic flav\r4 ,x is n classical ,hebrew at all1 b has m>k$ aff9ities1 bo? 9 vocabul>y & syntax1 ) "s ( ! late/ books 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 su* z ,*ronicles & ,e/h]4 7#b7 ,! !ology ( ,daniel und\bt$ly repres5ts "o ( ! late/ developm5ts )9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! transc5d5ce ( ,god is emphasiz$4 ,he is frequ5tly call$ ! ,god ( ,heav51 ii4 #ah1 #ai1 & once heav5 is us$1 z 9 ! lat] mann] 7cf4 ,luke xv4 #ah7 almo/ z a synonym = ,god1 iv4 #bf4 ,z ,god becomes m transc5d5t1 angels become m prom95t3 !y con/itute a v /rik+ feature 9 ! book ( ,daniel--two ( !m are ev5 nam$1 ,gabriel & ,mi*ael4 ,v s+ul>1 too1 & und\bt$ly late is ! conception t ! =tunes ( ea* nation are repres5t$ & gu>d$ 9 heav5 by a tutel>y angel1 x4 #ac;ff4 #bj4 ,! view ( ! future life 9 xii4 #b1 #c is ! mo/ advanc$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3 n only ! nation b ! individuals %all be rais$1 & ( ! individuals n only ! good 7cf4 ,isa4 xxvi4 #ad1 #ai7 b ! bad1 to receive ! de/9y :i* is _! due4 ,^! facts s conclusively sugge/ a late date = ! book t x is unnecess>y to emphasize ,daniel's pray] ?ree times a day ) 8 face t[>ds ,j]usalem1 vi4 #aj1 ?\gh ?is is n )\t its significance4#a ,footnote #a3 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! ref]5ce to ! books f :i* ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah is quot$ 9 ix4 #b seems to imply t ! prophetic canon ( ,scripture 0 already clos$2 & ?is 0 h>dly ! case be=e #bjj ,b4,c4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is difficult book loses mu* ( its difficulty z soon z we recognize x to be a product ( ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,x is be/ to beg9 ) *4 xi1 = !re ! allusions are1 9 ! ma91 unmi/akable & und5iable4 ,antio*us is ! la/ ( ! k+s ( ! nor?1 i4e4 ,syria1 reg>d$ z "o ( ! divisions ( ! ,greek empire ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,)\t enigma or symbolism ( any k9d1 ! ,p]sian empire is m5tion$ 9 xi4 #b z prec$+ ! ,greek1 & 9 v4 #a z be+ prec$$ by ! ,m$ian1 :i* 9 its turn _h be5 prec$$ by ! ,babylonian4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! pla9e/ possible t]ms1 is a succession ( f\r empires--,babylonian1 ,m$ian1 ,p]sian1 ,greek--! la/ to be succe$$ by ! k+dom ( ,god 7*4 xii472 & ) ?is key 9 our h& we c unlock ! secret ( *s4 vii4 & ii4 ,9 *4 vii4 ! f\r k+doms1 repres5t$ by ! f\r bea/s & contra/$ ) ! humane k+dom :i* is to foll[ !m1 are no d\bt ^! v same k+doms1 z are also ! f\r k+doms ( *4 ii41 symboliz$ by ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! colossal image ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s dream3 ! little /one :i* de/roys ! image is aga9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,9 *4 viii4 ! ram ) ! two unequal horns is ! ,m$o-,p]sian empire1 & ! goat :i* ov]?r[s ! ram is symbolic ( ! ,greek empire1 f\nd$ by ,alex&]4 ,^! great features ( ! book are practically c]ta94 ,x is fur!r extremely probable t1 9 spite ( a noticeable diff]5ce 9 ! context1 ! little horn ( viii4 #i is ! same z ! little horn ( vii4 #h1 #bj3 ! detail ( bo? descriptions--! w> ) ! sa9ts1 ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 ! abolition ( ! sacrifice--is an undisguis$ allusion to ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 8 p]secution ( ! fai?ful ,jews & 8 ef=ts to extirpate _! religion4 ,! "o l a son ( man 9 vii4 #ac is almo/ c]ta9ly n ! ,messiah3 com+ z he does ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 he is ! symbol ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 9 contra/ to ! bea/s1 :i* em]ge f ! ungodly sea & symbolize ! empires ( ?is _w4 ,aga91 8 be+ l a man--= ?is is probably all t ! phrase means--is meant to sugge/ t ! k+dom ( ,god is ess5tially human & humane1 9 contra/ to ! f\r prec$+ k+doms1 :i* are ess5tially brutal & cruel4 ,?is int]pretation1 :i* ! contra/s practically necessitate1 is made z c]ta9 z may be by vv4 #ah1 #bb1 #bg1 :]e ! k+dom & dom9ion1 :i* 9 v4 #ac are assign$ to "o l a son ( man1 are assign$ 9 simil> t]ms to ! p ( ! sa9ts ( ! mo/ ,high1 i4e4 ! fai?ful ,jews4 ,! passages ^: int]pretation is lea/ c]ta9 occur 9 *4 ix4 ,9 ea* ( two consecutive v]ses1 vv #be;f41 is a ref]5ce to an ano9t$ "o--a diff]5t p]son be+ int5d$ 9 ea* case4 ,! "q ( _! id5tity involves ! fur!r "q ( ! precise int]pretation ( ! prophecy ( ! sev5ty weeks4 ,9 ix4 #b ,daniel is rem9d$ by a /udy ( ,j]emiah 7xxv4 #aa;f41 xxix4 #aj7 ( ! prophecy t ! desolation ( ,j]usalem w\ld la/ = sev5ty ye>s4 ,b x is n ov] yet4#a ,gabriel !n expla9s1 v4 #bd1 t ! ye>s are 9 reality weeks ( ye>s1 i4e4 by ! sev5ty ye>s prophesi$ by ,j]emiah are really meant #dij ye>s4 ,! p]iod ( sev5ty weeks1 ?us int]pret$1 is fur!r subdivid$ 9 vv4 #be1 #bf 7a passage almo/ un9telligible 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion7 into ?ree p]iods1 viz4 sev5 weeks 7=ty-n9e ye>s71 sixty-two weeks1 & "o week 7sev5 ye>s74 ,footnote #a3 ,ano!r incid5tal pro( t ! book is late4 ,9 ! "t presuppos$ by x = ! activity ( ,daniel1 ! sev5ty ye>s _h n yet expir$1 & s !re c\ld h be5 no problem4 ,) ! fir/ & la/ p]iods !re is no difficulty4 ,/>t+ f #ehf ,b4,c41 ! date ( ! exile1 =ty-n9e ye>s w\ld br+ u to #ecg1 j ab\t ! "t assign$ to ! edict ( ,cyrus1 :i* p]mitt$ ! ,jews to return & rebuild _! city4 ,cyrus w\ld ?us be ! ano9t$1 ! pr9ce1 & x is an int]e/+ corroboration ( ?is view t ,cyrus is actually call$ ! ano9t$ 9 ,isaiah xlv4 #a4 ,n[1 z ! book ends ) ! anticipat$ dea? ( ,antio*us 9 #afd ,b4,c41 ! la/ week w\ld repres5t ! ye>s #aga to #afd2 & 9 #aga ! high prie/1 :o1 z su*1 w\ld naturally be an ano9t$ "o1 0 assass9at$4 ,att5tion is specially call$ to ! sorr[s ( ! la/ half ( ! la/ week1 :5 ! sacrifice w\ld be tak5 away4 ,?is corresponds almo/ exactly ) ! susp5sion ( ! temple s]vices f #afh to #afe2 & ?is p]iod1 aga91 is t :i* is else:]e *>act]iz$ z a "t1 & times1 & half a "t1 i4e4 ?ree & a half ye>s 7vii4 #be1 xii4 #g71 or #b1cjj ev5+s-morn+s1 i4e4 #a1aej days 7viii4 #ad7 or #a1bij or #a1cce days 7xii4 #aa1 #ab74 ,^! v>y+ e/imates ( ! p]iod1 n diff]+ widely1 probably sugge/ t ! book 0 writt5 at int]vals1 & n all at once4 ,! beg9n+ & ! close ( ! sev5ty weeks or #dij ye>s are ?us satisfactorily expla9$2 b ! p]iod betwe5 #ecg & #aga repres5ts #cff in/ead ( #dcd ye>s1 z ! sixty-two weeks dem&4 ,probably ! simple/ explanation ( ! difficulty is t dur+ mu* ( ?is long p]iod ! ,jews _h no fix$ me?od ( comput+ "t4 ,also x ought n to be =gott5 t ! numb]s are1 9 any case1 p>tly symbolical1 & ought n to be too /rictly press$4 ,= ! purposes ( ! au?or1 ! fir/ & la/ p]iods are m important ?an ! middle4 ,! precise int]pretation ( ! enigmatic writ+ on ! wall 7m5e1 tekel1 p]es1 v4 #bh7 is unc]ta94 ,x has be5 clev]ly expla9$ z equival5t to a m9a 7#fj %ekels71 a %ekel & a "p 7i4e4 ab\t sixty-two7 & reg>d$ z a cryptogram = ,d>ius1 :o1 accord+ to v4 #ca1 0 on ! eve ( de/roy+ ,bel%azz>'s k+dom4 ,m probably x simply means numb]1 weigh1 divide--! ambiguity be+ caus$ by ! diff]5t possibilities ( po9t+ & !re=e ( precisely int]pret+ ^! words1 :i* 7 ( c\rse unpo9t$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,fur!r1 9 ! ^w p]es 7divide71 !re is a veil$ allusion to ! ,p]sians4 ,x is difficult to acc\nt = ! fact t "p ( ! book1 ii4 #d-vii41 is writt5 9 ,aramaic4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! au?or began to use t language 9 ii4 #d1 ei!r because he reg>d$ t z ! language spok5 by ! wise m51 or because !y1 be+ ali5s1 mu/ n be repres5t$ z speak+ 9 ! sacr$ tongue2 & t1 hav+ once begun to use x1 & be+ equally famili> ) bo? languages1 he kept x up till he came to ! m purely prophetic "p ( ! book1 9 :i* he w\ld naturally recur to ! m appropriate ,hebrew4 ,*4 vii41 on ?is view1 is difficult to acc\nt =1 z x1 no less ?an viii4-xii41 is prophetic2 & we %\ld !n h to assume1 r unnaturally1 t ! vision 9 *4 vii4 0 writt5 9 ,aramaic because x s /rongly resembl$ ! dream ( *4 ii4 ,besides x is n c]ta9 t ! ^w 9 ,aramaic 9 ii4 #d is meant to sugge/ t ! wise m5 spoke 9 t language3 x may h orig9ally be5 only a m>g9al note to indicate t ! ,aramaic section beg9s "h1 j z vii4 #bh;a may indicate ! end ( ! section4 ,"s h suppos$ t "p ( a book orig9ally ,hebrew 0 translat$ into ! m popul> ,aramaic1 or t "p ( a book orig9ally ,aramaic 0 translat$ into ! sacr$ ,hebrew tongue4 ,! difficulty 9 ei!r case is to acc\nt reasonably = ! pres5ce ( ,aramaic 9 t p>ticul> section :i* does n co9cide ) ei!r ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! book 7n>rative or apocalyptic71 b appe>s 9 bo? 7i4-vi41 vii4-xii474 ,probably1 z ,pet]s has sugge/$1 ! ,aramaic portion repres5ts old & popul> folk-/ories ab\t ,daniel & 8 fri5ds1 t language be+ reta9$ because 9 x ! /ories 7 famili>ly told1 :ile = ! m prophetic or apocalyptic message ! sacr$ language 0 naturally us$4 ,*4 vii41 h[ev]1 pres5ts a /umbl+-block on any view ( ! ,aramaic section4 ,! ,aramaic ( ! book is t spok5 :5 ! book 0 writt53 x 0 c]ta9ly n ! language spok5 by ! ,babylonian wise m54 ,x is mo/ improbable t !y w\ld h us$ ,aramaic at all2 & if !y _h1 x w\ld n h be5 ! dialect ( ! book ( ,daniel1 :i* is a bran* ( we/]n ,aramaic1 spok5 9 & ar\nd ,pale/9e4 ,9 spite ( its some:at leg5d>y & apocalyptic =m1 ! religi\s value ( ,daniel is v high4 ,x is writt5 at :ite heat amid ! fires ( p]secution1 & x is inspir$ by a passionate fai? 9 ,god & 9 ! triumph ( ,8 k+dom ov] ! cruel & p[]ful k+doms ( ! _w4 ,its object 0 to su/a9 ! tri$ & tempt$ fai? ( ! loyal ,jews "u ! fi]ce assaults made ^u x by ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,nev] be=e _h !re be5 s awful a crisis 9 ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,9 #ehf ! temple _h be5 de/roy$1 b t 0 practically only an incid5t 9 or ! consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction ( ! city2 b ,antio*us _h made a delib]ate attempt to ext]m9ate ! ,jewi% religion4 ,x 0 to console & /r5g!n ! fai?ful 9 ?is crisis t ! book 0 writt54 ,! au?or rem9ds 8 read]s t !re is a ,god 9 heav51 & t ,he reigns1 iv4 #bf4 ,he bids !m lift _! eyes to ! pa/ & %[s !m h[ ! fidelity ( m5 l ,daniel & 8 fri5ds 0 rew>d$ by deliv]ance f ! lions & ! flames4 ,he bids !m lift _! eyes to ! future1 ! v ne> future3 let !m only be pati5t a little long]1 xii4 #ab1 & _! enemies w be cru%$1 & ! k+dom ( ,god w come--t k+dom :i* %all "k no end4 ,x is ( especial int]e/ t ,antio*us di$ at ! "t :5 our au?or pr$ict$ he w\ld1 9 #afd ,b4,c41 ?\gh n1 z he _h anticipat$1 9 ,pale/9e1 xi4 #de4 ,9 ! k+dom t 0 s swiftly com+1 ! lives t _h be5 lo/ on its behalf w\ld be f\nd aga93 ! m>tyrs w\ld rise to ev]la/+ life4 ,! n>rative p>ts h an application to ! times n mu* less imm$iate ?an ! apocalyptic4 ,! pr\d & mighty1 l ,nebu*adrezz>1 are humbl$3 ! impi\s1 l ,bel%azz>1 :o drank w9e out ( ! temple vessels1 are sla94 ,any contempor>y1 read+ ^! tales1 w\ld be b\nd to ?9k ( ,antio*us1 :o _h demoli%$ ! temple & susp5d$ ! sacrifices4 ,s ,daniel's refusal to p>take ( ! k+'s food 0 well calculat$ to enc\rage m5 :o _h be5 put to ! torture = decl9+ to eat sw9e's fle%4 ,man's extremity is ,god's opportunity4 ,h[ev] cruel ! suff]+s or desp]ate ! outlook1 yet ! ,"l is m9dful ( ,8 own1 & ,he w ,himself deliv] !m4 ,= "o ( ! mo/ impressive features ( ! book is its utt] confid5ce 9 ,god & its refusal to appeal to ! sword 7,ps4 cxlix4 #f74 ,x c\nsels to pati5ce1 xii4 #ab4 ,)\t human h&s1 ,god's k+dom comes1 ii4 #cd1 & ,8 enemies are de/roy$1 viii4 #be4 ,9 ! mo/ skilful way1 ! book rea*es its spl5did climax4 ,x moves /eadily on1 f a di/ant pa/ 9 :i* ,god's s]vants _h be5 rew>d$ & ,8 enemies cru%$1 d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies 9 :i* successive empires 7 all unconsci\sly work+ out ,8 pr$et]m9$ plan1 & on to ! d>ke/ days 9 hi/ory--s d>k1 because ! glori\s & ev]la/+ k+dom ( ,god 0 s soon to dawn4 ,,ezra-,,nehemiah ,"s ( ! mo/ complicat$ problems 9 ,hebrew hi/ory z well z 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ga!r ab\t ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,ap>t f ^! books1 all t we "k ( ! orig9 & e>ly hi/ory ( ,judaism is inf]5tial4 ,!y are our only hi/orical s\rces = t p]iod2 & if 9 !m we h1 z we seem to h1 au!ntic memoirs1 fragm5t>y ?\gh !y be1 writt5 by ! two m5 :o1 m ?an any o!r1 gave p]man5t %ape & direction to ,judaism1 !n ! importance & int]e/ ( ^! books is )\t p>allel 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 = n[h]e else h we hi/ory writt5 by a contempor>y :o %ap$ x4 ,x is j & practically necess>y to treat ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah toge!r4 ,_! cont5ts ov]lap1 mu* t 0 done by ,ezra be+ record$ 9 ! book ( ,nehemiah 7viii4-x474 ,! books are reg>d$ z "o 9 ! ,jewi% canon2 ! cu/om>y notes app5d$ to ea* book1 /at+ ! numb] ( v]ses1 etc41 are app5d$ only to ,nehemiah & cov] bo? books2 ! ,septuag9t also reg>ds !m z "o4 ,!re are s]i\s gaps 9 ! n>rative1 b ! p]iod !y cov] is at lea/ a c5tury 7#ech-dcb ,b4,c474 ,a brief sket* ( ! books z !y /& w sugge/ _! great hi/orical int]e/ & also ! hi/orical problems !y involve4 ,9 accordance ) a decree ( ,cyrus 9 #ech ,b4,c4 ! exil$ ,jews return to ,j]usalem to build ! temple 7,ezra i474 ,!n foll[s a li/ ( ^? :o return$1 numb]+ #db1cfj 7ii474 ,an alt> 0 erect$1 ! fea/ ( boo?s 0 celebrat$1 & ! regul> sacrificial sy/em 0 resum$4 ,next ye>1 amid joy & te>s1 ! f\ndation ( ! temple 0 laid 7iii474 ,! reque/ ( ! ,sam>itans = p]mission to assi/ 9 ! build+ ( ! temple 0 refus$1 ) ! result t !y hamp]$ ! activity ( ! ,jews cont9u\sly till #ebj ,b4,c4 7iv1 #a-e1 #bd74 ,simil> opposition 0 also (f]$ dur+ ! reigns ( ,x]xes & ,artax]xes1 :5 ! gov]nor ( ,sam>ia =mally accus$ ! ,jews be=e ! ,p]sian gov]nm5t ( aim+ at indep5d5ce 9 _! ef=ts to rebuild ! city walls1 & 9 consequ5ce ! k+ ord]$ ! susp5sion ( ! build+ until fur!r notice1 iv4 #f-bc4 ,"u ! /imulus ( ! prea*+ ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 ! real "w ( build+ ! temple 0 begun 9 #ebj ,b4,c4 ,! ent]prise r\s$ ! suspicion ( ! ,p]sian gov]nor1 :o promptly communicat$ ) ,d>ius4 ,! ,jews _h appeal$ to ! decree ( ,cyrus grant+ !m p]mission to build1 & ?is decree 0 f\nd1 aft] a se>*1 at ,ecbatana4 ,:]eupon ,d>ius gave ! ,jews sub/antial support1 ! build+s 7 f9i%$ & d$icat$ 9 #eaf ,b4,c41 & a great passov] fea/ 0 held 7v41 vi474 ,! sc5e n[ %ifts to a p]iod at any rate fifty-eight ye>s lat] 7#deh ,b4,c47 ,arm$ ) a commission f ,artax]xes1 ,ezra ! scribe1 ( prie/ly l9eage1 arriv$1 ) a company ( laity & cl]gy1 at ,j]usalem f ,babylon1 ) ! object ( inve/igat+ ! religi\s condition ( ,judah & ( tea*+ ! law 7vii474 ,be=e leav+ ,babylon he _h proclaim$ a fa/ ) public humiliation & pray]1 & tak5 scrupul\s precautions to h ! (f]+s = ! temple safely deliv]$ at ,j]usalem4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! city1 !y (f]$ a sumptu\s burnt-(f]+ & s9-(f]+ 7viii474 ,soon compla9ts are lodg$ ) ,ezra t lead+ m5 h be5 guilty ( int]m>riage ) hea!n wom51 & he p\rs out 8 s\l 9 a passionate pray] ( confession 7ix474 ,a p5it5t mood seizes ! p2 ,ezra summons a g5]al assembly1 & e/abli%es a commission ( inve/igation1 :i*1 9 ab\t ?ree mon?s1 convict$ #aac m5 ( int]m>riage ) =eign wom5 7x474 ,! hi/ory n[ moves =w>d ab\t f\rte5 ye>s 7#ddd ,b4,c474 ,nehemiah1 a royal cup-be>] 9 ! ,p]sian palace1 he>s ) sorr[ ( ! di/ress ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 ,judea1 & ( ! de/ruction ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem 7,neh4 i474 ,) ! k+'s p]mission1 & arm$ ) 8 support1 he visit$ ,j]usalem1 & k9dl$ 9 ! :ole community !re ! desire to rebuild ! walls 7ii474 ,! "w 0 prosecut$ ) vig\r1 &1 ) "o exception1 p>ticipat$ 9 by all 7iii474 ,! =eign neighb\rs ( ,j]usalem1 provok$ by _! success1 m$itat$ an attack--a plan :i* 01 h[ev]1 fru/rat$ by ! prep>ations ( ,nehemiah 7iv474 ,nehemiah1 be+ int]e/$ 9 ! social z well z ! political condition ( ! community1 unfl9*+ly rebuk$ ! unbro!rly treatm5t ( ! poor by ! ri*1 appeal+ to 8 own v diff]5t conduct1 & f9ally induc$ ! nobles to re/ore to ! poor _! mortgag$ prop]ty 7v474 ,by cunn+ plots1 ! enemy repeat$ly b unsuccessfully s\ght to secure ! p]son ( ,nehemiah2 & 9 fifty-two days ! walls 7 f9i%$ 7vi474 ,he !n plac$ ! city 9 *>ge ( two (ficials1 tak+ precautions to h x /rongly gu>d$ & m ?ickly peopl$ 7vii474 ,at a national assembly1 ,ezra read to ! p f ! book ( ! law1 & !y 7 mov$ to te>s4 ,!y celebrat$ ! fea/ ( boo?s1 & ?r\gh\t ! fe/ival week ! law 0 read daily 7viii474 ,! p1 l$ by ! ,levites 7"u ,ezra1 ix4 #f1 lxx471 made a humble confession ( s9 7ix471 & ! pray] issu$ 9 a cov5ant to ab/a9 f int]m>riage ) ! hea!n & trade on ! ,sabba? day1 & to support ! temple s]vice 7x474 ,! population ( ! city 0 increas$ by a special draft1 select$ by lot f ^? resid5t outside1 & also by a body ( volunte]s 7xi474 ,aft] a s]ies ( li/s ( prie/ly & ,levitical h\ses1 "o ( :i*#a is c>ri$ d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 xii4 #a-bf1 ! walls 7 =mally d$icat$1 & /eps 7 tak5 to secure ! ma9t5ance ( ! temple s]vice & (fic]s1 xii4 #bg-dg4 ,on 8 return to ,j]usalem 9 #dcb ,b4,c4 ,nehemiah en=c$ ! sanctity ( ! temple1 & in/itut$ v>i\s re=ms1 affect+ especially ! ,levitical dues1 ! sanctity ( ! ,sabba?1 & int]m>riage ) =eign]s1 xiii4 ,footnote #a3 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 ,jaddua 7,neh4 xii4 #bb7 0 high prie/ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] 7ab\t #ccj ,b4,c4874 ,! difficulties involv$ 9 ?is pres5tation ( ! hi/ory are ( two k9ds--inconsi/5cies ) assur$ hi/orical facts1 & improbabilities4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important illu/ration ( ! =m] is to be f\nd 9 ,ezra iii4 ,!re n only is an alt> imm$iately built by ! return$ exiles--a /atem5t n 9 itself improbable--b ! f\ndation ( ! temple is laid soon aft]1 iii4 #aj1 & ! c]emony is elaborately describ$ 7#ecf ,b4,c474 ,! f\ndation is also presuppos$ = ?is p]iod else:]e 9 ! book 7cf4 v4 #af1 9 an ,aramaic docum5t74 ,n[ ?is /atem5t is at lea/ =mally contradict$ by v4 #b1 :]e x is expressly said t1 "u ! /imulus ( ! prea*+ ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 :o did n prophesy till #ebj ,b4,c41 ,z]ubbabel & ,jo%ua began to build ! h\se ( ,god4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! v explicit /atem5ts ( ^! two prophets !mselves1 ^: evid5ce1 be+ contempor>y1 is un*all5geable4 ,haggai gives ! v day ( ! f\ndation1 ii4 #ah1 & ,ze*>iah iv4 #i says1 ,! h&s ( ,z]ubbabel h laid ! f\ndation ( ?is h\se4 ,x is n impossible to surm\nt ! difficulty by assum+ t ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation 9 #ecf ,b4,c4 0 a purely =mal c]emony :ile ! real "w 0 n begun till #ebj2 /ill1 x is awkw>d = ?is view t ! language ( two contempor>y prophets is s explicit4 ,& 9 any case1 ! /atem5t 9 ,ezra v4 #af t s9ce t "t 7i4e4 #ecf7 ev5 until n[ 7#ebj7 ha? ! temple be5 9 build+ is n easy to reconcile ) :at we "k f contempor>y s\rces2 ! :ole brunt ( ,haggai's indictm5t is t ! p h be5 att5d+ to _! own h\ses & neglect+ ,jehovah's h\se1 :i* is 9 consequ5ce desolate 7,hag4 i4 #d1 #i74 ,! mo/ signal illu/ration ( ! improbabilities t arise f ! traditional ord] ( ! book lies 9 ! priority ( ,ezra to ,nehemiah4 ,on ! common view1 ,ezra arrives 9 ,j]usalem 9 #deh ,b4,c4 7,ezra vii4 #g1 #h71 ,nehemiah 9 #ddd 7,neh4 ii4 #a74 ,b ! situation :i* ,ezra f9ds on 8 arrival appe>s to presuppose a settl$ & ord]ly life1 :i* 0 h>dly possible until ! city 0 =tifi$ & ! walls built by ,nehemiah2 inde$1 ,ezra1 9 8 pray]1 m5tions ! erection ( ! walls z a special exhibition ( ! div9e love 7,ezra ix4 #i74 ,fur!r1 ,nehemiah's memoirs make no allusion to ! alleg$ measures ( ,ezra2 &1 if ,ezra really prec$$ ,nehemiah1 x is difficult to see :y none ( ! re=m]s :o came ) him f ,babylon %\ld be m5tion$ z support+ ,nehemiah4 ,aga91 ! measures ( ,nehemiah are mild 9 comp>ison ) ! radical measures ( ,ezra4 ,ezra1 e4g4 dem&s ! divorce ( ! wives 7,ezra x4 #aa;ff471 :]eas ,nehemiah only =bids int]m>riage betwe5 ! *ildr5 7,neh4 xiii4 #be74 ,9 %ort1 ! "w ( ,nehemiah has all ! appe>ance ( be+ t5tative & prelim9>y to ! dra/ic re=ms ( ,ezra4 ,! hi/ory c]ta9ly ga9s 9 intelligibility if we assume ! priority ( ,nehemiah1 & ! text does n absolutely b9d u4 ,ezra's dep>ture took place 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,artax]xes ! k+ 7,ezra vii4 #g74 ,ev5 if we all[ t ! numb] is correct1 x is j possible t ! k+ ref]r$ to is n ,artax]xes ,i 7#dfe-dbd71 b ,artax]xes ,,ii 7#djd-cei74 ,9 t case1 ! date ( ,ezra's arrival w\ld be #cig ,b4,c42 9 any case1 ! numb] ( ! ye> may be incorrect4 ,any d\bt :i* might arise z to ! possibility ( s s]i\s a trans=mation is at once met by an indubitable case ( misplacem5t 9 ,ezra iv4 #f-bc4 ,! writ] is deal+ ) ! alleg$ attempts ( ! ,sam>itans to fru/rate ! build+ ( ! temple betwe5 #ecf & #ebj ,b4,c4 7,ezra iv4 #a-e71 & he div]ges )\t w>n+ into an acc\nt ( a simil> opposition dur+ ! reigns ( ,x]xes 7#dhe-dfe7 & ,artax]xes 7#dfe-dbd7 7,ezra iv4 #f-bc71 resum+ 8 int]rupt$ /ory ( ! build+ ( ! temple 9 *4 v4 ,! acc\nt 9 iv4 #f-bc is altoge!r irrelevant1 z x has to d1 n ) ! temple1 b ) ! build+ ( ! city walls1 iv4 #ab4 ,su* peculi>ities & dislocations are /range 9 a hi/orical writ+1 & !y are to be expla9$ by ! fact t ! book ( ,ezra-,nehemiah is n s mu* a connect$ hi/ory z a compilation4 ,! s\rces & _s ( ?is compilation we %all n[ consid]4 ,fir/ & ( surpass+ importance are 7a1 b7 :at are kn[n z ! ,i-sections--v]bal extracts 9 ! fir/ p]son1 f ! memoirs ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah3-- 7a7 ,ezra vii4 #bg-;ix41 except viii4 #ce1 #cf4 7b7 ,neh4 i4-vii4 #e1 xii4 #bg-dc1 xiii4 #d-ca4 7c7 ,o!r sections1 ?\gh !y are n actually extracts f ! memoirs1 appe> to re/ directly on !m3 cf4 ,ezra vii4 #a-aj1 x41 ,neh4 viii4-x4 ,9 ^! sections ,ezra is spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son4 7d7 ,( great int]e/ & importance are ! ,aramaic sections1 ,ezra iv4 #g;b-vi4 #ah & vii4 #ab-bf1 involv+ correspond5ce ) ! ,p]sian c\rt or royal rescripts4 7e7 ,f9ally1 !re are occasional li/s1 su* z ,neh4 xii4 #a-bf;a1 or ,neh4 vii4 #f-fi1 a li/ ( ! return+ exiles1 incorporat$ 9 ! memoirs ( ,nehemiah f "s e>li] li/ & borr[$ 9 ,ezra ii4 ,^! are ! *ief s\rces1 b !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 compil$--t is put toge!r & 9 c]ta9 cases work$ ov]--by ! ,*ronicl]4 ,t suspicion is at once rais$ by ! fact t ,ezra-,nehemiah is a /rict cont9uation ( ! book ( ,*ronicles1#a ?\gh 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible ,*ronicles appe>s la/1 because1 hav+ to compete ) ,samuel & ,k+s1 x won its canonical position lat] ?an ,ezra-,nehemiah4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 ! phraseology1 /yle & po9t ( view ( ! ,*ronicl] are v conspicu\s4 ,!re is ! same love ( ! law1 ! same int]e/ 9 ,leviticalism1 ! same joy 9 wor%ip1 ! same fondness = li/s & numb]s4 ,he mu/ h liv$ a c5tury or m aft] ,ezra & ,nehemiah2 he looks back 9 ,neh4 xii4 #dg to ! days ( ,nehemiah1 & he mu/ himself h belong$ to ! ,greek p]iod4 ,"o ( 8 li/s m5tions a ,jaddua1 a high prie/ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,he speaks ( ! k+ ( ,p]sia 7,ezra i4 #a71 & ( ,d>ius ! ,p]sian#b 7,neh4 xii4 #bb71 z "o to :om ! ,p]sian empire 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/2 contempor>ies simply spoke ( ! k+1 ,ezra iv4 #h4 ,footnote #a3 ,note t ! op5+ v]ses ( ,ezra are repeat$ at ! end ( ,*ronicles to secure a fav\rable end+ to ! book--! m s z t 0 ! la/ book ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ,ezra vi4 #bb ,d>ius is ev5 call$ ! k+ ( ,assyria4 ,_m ( ! peculi>ities ( ! book are expla9$ ! mom5t x is se5 to be a late compilation4 ,! compil] select$ f 8 available mat]ial :atev] suit$ 8 purpose2 he makes no attempt to give a cont9u\s acc\nt ( ! p]iod4 ,he leaves )\t scruple a gap ( sixty ye>s or m#a betwe5 ,ezra vi4 & vii4 ,he int]polates a comm5t ( 8 own 9 ! middle ( ! orig9al memoirs ( ,nehemiah4#b ,he transcribes ! same li/ twice 7,ezra ii41 ,neh4 vii471 :i* looks z if he _h f\nd x 9 two diff]5t docum5ts4 ,he gives passages irrelevant sett+s 7cf4 ,ezra iv4 #f-bc74 ,he passes )\t w>n+ f ! fir/ p]son 9 ,ezra ix4 to ! ?ird p]son 9 ,ezra x41 %[+ t he does n reg>d himself z ! slave1 b z ! ma/]1 ( 8 mat]ial4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! view t he has rev]s$ ! *ronological ord] ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ! book und\bt$ly conta9s misplac$ passages4 ,ezra x4 is a v unsatisfactory conclusion to ! acc\nt ( ,ezra1 :]eas ,neh4 viii4-x41 :i* deal ) ! "w ( ,ezra & its issue 9 a cov5ant1 =m an admirable sequel to ,ezra x41 & h almo/ c]ta9ly be5 misplac$4 ,footnote #a3 ,unless we take into acc\nt ! brief misplac$ section 9 iv4 #f-bc4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 especially xii4 #dg ) its ref]5ce to ! days ( ,nehemiah1 :]eas 9 xii4 #dj1 xiii4 #f1 etc41 ,nehemiah speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,*4 xii4 #dd-dg at lea/ belongs to ! ,*ronicl]4 ,we _c be too grateful to him = giv+ intact ! vivid & extremely important acc\nt ( ! activity ( ,nehemiah ! layman 9 ,nehemiah's own words 7i4-vii4 #e72 at ! same "t1 8 own int]e/s are almo/ entirely ecclesia/ical4 ,unlike ,ezra 7viii4 #ae;ff471 he says little ( ! homew>d j\rney ( ! exiles 9 #ecg1 b mu* ( ! temple vessels 7,ezra i47 & ( ! arrangem5ts = ! sacrificial sy/em1 iii4 #d-f4 ,he dwells at l5g? on ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation /one ( ! temple1 iii4 #h-ac1 on ! ,sam>itan opposition to ! build+1 iv4 #a-e1 on ! passov] fe/ival at ! d$ication ( ! temple :5 x 0 f9i%$1 vi4 #ai-bb4 ,he amplifies ! ,nehemiah n>ratives at ! po9t :]e ! s]vices & (fic]s ( ! temple are conc]n$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,*ronicl] is unmi/akable ev5 9 ! ,aramaic docum5ts1 ^: au!nticity "o w\ld on fir/ ?\ghts expect to be gu>ante$ by _! language4 ,aramaic w\ld be ! natural language ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,p]sian c\rt & ! we/]n prov9ces ( ! empire1 & ^! (ficial docum5ts 9 ,aramaic "o might assume to be orig9als2 b an exam9ation reveals "s ( ! editorial t]ms t *>act]ize ! ,hebrew4 ,a decree ( ,d>ius is repres5t$ z end+ ) ! pray] t ! ,god t ha? caus$ ,8 "n to dwell !re 7i4e4 at ,j]usalem7 may ov]?r[ all k+s & peoples t %all put =? _! h& to de/roy ?is h\se ( ,god :i* is at ,j]usalem 7,ezra vi4 #ac74 ,to say no?+ ( ! fir/ clause1 :i* has a suspici\s resemblance to ! language ( ,deut]onomy1 su* a wi% address$ to ! ,god ( ! ,jews is any?+ b natural on ! lips ( a ,p]sian4 ,aga91 !re are sev]al di/9ctively ,jewi% t]ms ( expression 9 ! rescript giv5 by ,artax]xes to ,ezra1 e4g4 ! detail$ allusion to sacrifices 9 ,ezra vii4 #ag4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 might easily be expla9$ by assum+ t ,ezra himself _h _h a h& 9 draft+ ! rescript1 :i* is n impossible4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is = ! hi/orian a v s]i\s "o3 h[ great 7 ! lib]ties :i* ! ,*ronicl] all[$ himself 9 ! manipulation ( 8 mat]ial8 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ?is connexion to comp>e 8 acc\nt ( ! decree ( ,cyrus on behalf ( ! ,jewi% exiles 9 ,ezra i4 #b-d ) ! ,aramaic v]sion 9 vi4 #c-e1 :i* has all ! appe>ance ( be+ orig9al4 ,! diff]5ce is /rik+4 ,cyrus speaks 9 *4 i4 z an ard5t ,jehovah wor%ipp]2 b ! sub/ance ( ! edict is approximately correct1 ?\gh its =m is altoge!r unhi/orical & inde$ impossible4 ,! ,*ronicl]'s idealiz+ t5d5cy is "h v app>5t2 & x is n impossible t ?is has else:]e affect$ 8 pres5tation ( ! facts z well z ! =m ( 8 n>rative4 ,9 ! light ( ! v pla9 /atem5ts ( ! contempor>y prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ :e!r1 9 ,ezra iii41 ! ,*ronicl] has n ant$at$ ! f\ndation ( ! temple4 ,to him x may well h seem$ inconceivable t ! return$ exiles %\ld--:atev] _! excuse--h wait$ = sixte5 ye>s be=e beg9n+ ! "w :i* to him 0 ( transc5d5t importance4 ,x is possible1 too1 t prophecy may h influ5c$ 8 pres5tation ( ! hi/ory4 ,he ?r[s into ! v =efront a prophecy ( ,j]emiah 7xxv4 #ab71 & reg>ds ! decree ( ,cyrus z its fulfilm5t 7,ezra i4 #a74 ,he may also h _h 9 m9d ! words ( ! great exilic prophet :o _h repres5t$ ,cyrus z issu+ ! comm& to lay ! f\ndation ( ! temple 7,isa4 xliv4 #bh72 & he may 9 ?is way h ?r[n into ! p]iod imm$iately aft] ! return activities :i* prop]ly belong to ! p]iod sixte5 ye>s lat]4 ,b x is p]fectly gratuit\s1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is1 to d\bt1 z has rec5tly be5 done1 ! :ole /ory ( ! return 9 #ecg ,b4,c4 ,^? :o d s po9t out t ! audi5ce address$ by ,haggai1 i4 #ab1 #ad1 ii4 #b1 & ,ze*>iah viii4 #f1 is describ$ z ! remnant ( ! p ( ! l&--t is1 x is alleg$1 ( ^? :o _h be5 left beh9d at ! "t ( ! captivity4 ,no d\bt ! bett]-m9d$ among ^! w\ld l5d _! support to ! ef=ts ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah to re-e/abli% ! wor%ip1 b ?is community z a :ole mu/ h be5 too dispirit$ & indiff]5t to h tak5 su* a /ep )\t ! impulse suppli$ by ! return$ exiles4 ,! devotion ( ! native population to ,jehovah1 n great to beg9 )--= x 0 ! wor/ ( ! p :o 7 left beh9d--mu/ h det]iorat$ ?r\gh int]m>riage ) hea!n neighb\rs 7,neh4 xiii41 ,ezra ix4 x472 & )\t a return 9 #ecg on ! /r5g? ( ! edict ( ,cyrus1 ! :ole situation & sequel are un9telligible4 ,! ,*ronicl]'s v]sion ( ! decree ( ,cyrus ?r[s a flood ( light ^u 8 me?od4 ,x _c be fairly said t he inv5ts facts2 he may modify1 amplify & transpose1 b always on ! basis ( fact4 ,8 fidelity 9 transcrib+ ! memoirs ( ,nehemiah is pro( t he 0 n unscrupul\s 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 s\rces4 ,x rema9s to consid] briefly ! value ( ^! s\rces4 ,! au!nticity ( ! memoirs ( ,nehemiah is univ]sally admitt$4 ,simil> phrases are cont9ually recurr+1 e4g4 ! good h& ( my ,god ^u me1 ii4 #h1 #ah1 & ! :ole n>rative is /amp$ ) ! impress ( a brave1 dev\t1 patriotic & res\rceful p]sonality4 ,! au!nticity ( ! memoirs ( ,ezra has be5 disput$ ) p]haps a %ad[ ( plausibility4 ,! language ( ! memoirs di/9ctly approximates to ! language ( ! ,*ronicl] himself1 ?\gh ?is c be fairly acc\nt$ =1 ei!r by suppos+ t ! _s & int]e/s ( ,ezra ! prie/ 7 l>gely id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,*ronicl]1 or t ! ,*ronicl]1 recogniz+ 8 g5]al aff9ity ) ,ezra1 hesitat$ less ?an 9 ! case ( ,nehemiah to con=m ! language ( ! memoirs to 8 own4 ,b m s]i\s *>ges h be5 made4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t ! acc\nt ( ! c>e] ( ,ezra has be5 l>gely modell$ on t ( ,nehemiah1 z t ( ,eli%a on ,elijah1 & t leg5d>y elem5ts are traceable1 e4g4 9 ! imm5se weal? br\ght by ,ezra's company f ,babylon 7,ezra viii4 #bd-bg74 ,^! reasons d n seem altoge!r conv9c+4 ,! ,*ronicl] /ood relatively ne> to ,ezra4 ,records & li/s 7 kept 9 t p]iod1 & he 0 no d\bt 9 possession ( m fir/-h& docum5t>y in=mation ?an appe>s 9 8 book4 ,!re is no obvi\s motive = ! writ] :o s fai?fully transcrib$ ! memoirs ( ,nehemiah1 inv5t+ s vivid1 coh]5t & circum/antial a n>rative = ,ezra 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> 7,ezra vii4 #bg-;ix474 ,! "q ( ! ,ezra memoirs raises ! fur!r "q ( ! ,aramaic docum5ts4 ,! memoirs are imm$iately prec$$ by ! ,aramaic rescript ( ,artax]xes p]mitt+ ,ezra to visit ,j]usalem = ! purpose ( reorganiz+ ! ,jewi% community 7,ezra vii4 #ab-bf74 ,d\bt has be5 ca/ ^u ! au!nticity ( ?is docum5t on ! /r5g? ( its und5iably ,jewi% col\r+2 b ?is1 z we h se51 is probably to be expla9$ by ! n unnatural assumption t ,ezra himself _h a h& 9 its prep>ation4 ,its sub/antial au!nticity seems fully gu>ante$ by ! spontane\s & w>m-he>t$ outbur/ ( gratitude to ,god ) :i* ,ezra imm$iately foll[s x 7,ezra vii4 #bg;ff73 ,bless$ be ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( our fa!rs1 :o ha? put su* a ?+ z ?is 9 ! k+'s he>t1 etc4 ,a simil> criticism may be made 9 g5]al on ! ,aramaic docum5t1 ,ezra iv4 #g;b-vi4 #ah4 ,x is c]ta91 z we h se51 t ! docum5t has be5 ret\*$ by ! ,*ronicl]2 b ! :ole passage & especially ! royal decrees are sub/antially au!ntic4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! ,p]sian words :i* !y conta91 ?\gh ?is alone is n decisive1 z !y might conceivably be due to a lat] au?or2 b ! au!nticity ( ! decree ( ,cyrus is practically gu>ante$ by ! /ory t x 0 discov]$ at ,ecbatana 7,ezra vi4 #b74 ,_h x be5 a fiction1 ! sc5e ( ! discov]y w\ld no d\bt h be5 ,babylon or ,susa4 ,aft] mak+ all[ance1 !n1 = ! ,*ronicl]'s occasionally cavali] treatm5t ( 8 s\rces1 we h to admit t ! s\rces !mselves are ( ! highe/ hi/orical value1 ?\gh 9 ord] to secure a coh]5t view ( ! p]iod1 !y h1 9 all probability1 to be re>rang$4 ,no re>rangem5t c be consid]$ z absolutely c]ta91 b ! foll[+1 :i* is adopt$ by sev]al s*ol>s1 has int]nal probability3-- ,ezra i4-iv4 #e1 iv4 #bd-vi41 foll[$ by ab\t sev5ty ye>s ( sil5ce 7#eaf-ddd ,b4,c474 ,neh4 i4-vi41 ,ezra iv4 #f-bc1 ,neh4 vii4 #a-fi 7 ,ezra ii471 ,neh4 xi41 xii41 xiii4 #d-ca1 ,ezra vii41 viii41 ,neh4 vii4 #gj-viii41 ,ezra ix4-x4 #i1 ,neh4 xiii4 #a-c1 ,ezra x4 #aj-dd1 ,neh4 ix41 x4 ,despite _! enorm\s difficulties1 ,ezra-,nehemiah are a s\rce ( ! highe/ importance = ! political & religi\s hi/ory ( e>ly ,judaism4 ,! human int]e/ ( ! /ory is also great--! problems = religion creat$ by int]m>riage 7,neh4 xiii4 #bc;ff41 ,ezra ix41 x471 & ! gr[? ( ! comm]cial _s 7,neh4 xiii4 #ae-bb74 ,! figure ( ,ezra1 ?\gh n )\t a c]ta9 dev\t en]gy1 is some:at /iff & =mal2 b ! p]sonality reveal$ by ! memoirs ( ,nehemiah is graci\s almo/ to ! po9t ( romance4 ,seldom did ! ,hebrew p produce s attractive & v]satile a figure--at once a man ( pray] & ( action1 ( cle> swift purpose1 d>+ initiative1 & resi/less en]gy1 & end[$ ) a s+ul> p[] ( inspir+ o!rs ) 8 own en?usiasm4 ,he =ms an admirable foil to ,ezra ! ecclesia/ic2 & x is a matt] ( supreme satisfaction t we h ! epo*-mak+ ev5ts 9 8 c>e] told 9 8 own direct & vigor\s words4 ,,*ronicles ,! comp>ative indiff]5ce ) :i* ,*ronicles is reg>d$ 9 mod]n times by all b pr(essional s*ol>s seems to h be5 %>$ by ! anci5t ,jewi% *ur*4 ,?\gh writt5 by ! same h& z wrote ,ezra-,nehemiah1 & =m+1 toge!r ) ^! books1 a cont9u\s hi/ory ( ,judah1 x is plac$ aft] !m 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 ( :i* x =ms ! conclud+ book2 & ?is no d\bt po9ts to ! fact t x atta9$ canonical di/9ction lat] ?an !y4 ,nor is ?is unnatural4 ,! book ( ,k+s _h br\ght ! hi/ory d[n to ! exile ( ,judah2 & ! natural desire to see ! hi/ory c>ri$ f its new />t+ po9t 9 ! return & re/oration ?r\gh po/-exilic times is met by ! book ( ,ezra-,nehemiah1 to :i* !re 0 no rival1 :]eas ,*ronicles _h a rival 9 ! exi/+ & popul> books ( ,samuel & ,k+s4 ,! book1 ^: "n ,*ronicles is borr[$ by ,lu!r f ,j]ome1 is v late4 ,ezra-,nehemiah ) :i* ,*ronicles goes mu/ be1 z we h se51#a z late z ,alex&] ! ,great2 b ! lat5ess ( ,*ronicles c be prov$ )\t go+ beyond ! book itself4 ,! ,hebrew text ( #a ,*ron4 iii4 #ai;ff4 c>ries ! date six g5]ations beyond ,z]ubbabel 7#ebj ,b4,c471 t is1 at ! e>lie/1 to #cej ,b4,c41 :ile ! ,greek text po/ulates elev5 g5]ations1 :i* w\ld compel u to come z late z #bej ,b4,c4 ,we %all n g f> a/ray if we consid] ! date z r\ghly #cjj ,b4,c4 ,x is ?us sev5 c5turies lat] ?an ! reign ( ,david1 ) ^: ecclesia/ical ent]prises x deals s elaborately1 & ab\t two & a-half c5turies f ! exile1 ) :i* x closes4 ,! di/ance ( ! record f ! ev5ts has to be borne 9 m9d :5 e/imat+ its religi\s _s & hi/orical value4 ,footnote3 ,see p4 #cee4 ,! book ( ,*ronicles is an ecclesia/ical hi/ory 9 a s5se v mu* m sev]e ?an ! book ( ,k+s2 on e page x reflects ! ritual int]e/s :i* 7 pr$om9ant :5 ! book 0 writt54 ,to x ! only hi/ory wor? record+ is ! hi/ory ( ,judah4 ,! fir/ t5 *apt]s are occupi$ ) ! prep>ation = t hi/ory1 & ! re/ ( ! book 7i ,*ron4 xi4-#b ,*ron4 xxxvi47 ) ! hi/ory itself f ! coronation ( ,david to ! exile4 ,israel is ! apo/ate k+dom2 %e _h revolt$ alike f ,judah & ,jehovah1 & _h be5 swept = h] s9s into exile1 f :i* %e nev] em]g$ aga94 ,! ,*ronicl] makes a man ( ,god say to ,amaziah1 ,jehovah is n ) ,israel1 #b ,*ron4 xxv4 #g1 & ?is exactly repres5ts 8 own attitude4 ,he !re=e all b absolutely ignores ! hi/ory ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 t\*+ ^u x only :]e x is 9 "s special way implicat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,judah4 ,?is practically exclusive att5tion ( ! ,*ronicles to ,judah is bas$ ^u h] unique religi\s or r ecclesia/ical importance4 ,9 ,judah ,god made ,himself kn[n z n[h]e else 7cf4 ,ps4 lxxvi4 #a1 #b72 %e 0 ! religi\s metropolis ( ! _w 7,ps4 lxxxvii472 ,j]usalem 0 ! capital ( ,judah1 & ! temple 0 ! c5tre ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re=e ! temple & its affairs completely dw>f all o!r int]e/s4 ,n only is ! /ory 9 ,k+s ( its build+ & d$ication by ,solomon repeat$ & exp&$ 7#b ,*ron4 i4-ix471 b ! /ory ( ,david's reign 7#a ,*ron4 xi4-xxix47 is almo/ entirely monopoliz$ by an acc\nt ( ! arrangem5ts :i* he made = ! temple ord9ances & ! mat]ial :i* he collect$ = ! build+4 ,he is said to h giv5 ,solomon a plan ( ! temple ) all its furniture & sundry o!r details1 ! patt]n ( :i* he is said to h himself receiv$ f ! h& ( ,god 7xxviii74 ,e opportunity is tak5 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory to dwell ) an affectionate elaboration ( detail on ! temple s]vices or fe/ivals2 & ! resultant contra/ betwe5 ! correspond+ acc\nts ( ! same reign 9 ,k+s & ,*ronicles is (t5 v s+ul>--n[h]e m s ?an 9 ! /ory ( ,hezekiah1 mo/ ( :i* is devot$ to an acc\nt ( ! great passov] held 9 connexion ) ! re=mation 7#b ,*ron4 xxix41 xxx474 ,! ,*ronicl] betrays1 if possible1 ev5 m int]e/ 9 ! ,levites ?an 9 ! prie/s4 ,x is a ,levite :o is mov$ by ! ,_s to enc\rage ,jeho%aphat be=e ! battle 7#b ,*ron4 xx4 #ad71 & special att5tion is call$ to _! en?usiasm at ! re=mation ( ,hezekiah 7#b ,*ron4 xxix4 #cd74 ,! ,*ronicl] also displays exceptional int]e/ 9 ! musical s]vice--9 8 acc\nt1 e4g41 ( ! inauguration ( ! temple & ( ! passov]s ( ,hezekiah & ,josiah2 s t x has be5 n unreasonably conjectur$ t ! au?or 0 himself a ,levite & memb] ( "o ( ! guilds ( temple s+]s or musicians4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ronicl] are s und5iably ecclesia/ical1 ! "q may be fairly rais$ h[ f> 8 n>rative is /rictly hi/orical4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 e4g41 t ! impression made by 8 acc\nt ( ,david is di/9ctly unnatural & improbable1 9 ! light ( ! graphic biography 9 #a & #b ,samuel4 ,x is n a supplem5t>y picture1 b an altoge!r diff]5t "o4 ,! v]satile m9/rel-w>rior ( ! e>li] books is trans=m$ into a sa9t1 ^: supreme aim 9 life is ! s]vice ( religion2 & ?is trans=mation is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ronicl]4 ,he deals ) 8 lit]>y s\rces 9 ! mo/ sov]eign fa%ion1 & adapts !m to 8 !ories ( ,provid5ce4 ,8 omissions1 e4g41 are v significant4 ,he has no?+ to say ( ,david's adult]y1 nor ( ,solomon's idolatry1 nor ( ! intrigues by :i* he succe$$ to ! ?rone1 nor ( ! tribute ( silv] & gold :i* ,hezekiah paid ,s5nac*]ib 7#b ,k+s xviii4 #ad-af74 ,x may be urg$ 9 ext5uation ( 8 sil5ce t 8 public 7 already famili> ) ^! /ories 9 ! books ( ,samuel & ,k+s2 b he repeats s _m sections f ^! books ^w = ^w t 8 failure to repeat ! sections :i* militate aga9/ 8 h]oes c only be reg>d$ z "p ( a delib]ate policy4 ,especially mu/ ?is be ma9ta9$ 9 ! light ( 8 num]\s modifications or contradictions ( 8 s\rces4 ,david's sons1 he tells u1 7 *ief ab\t ! k+ 7#a ,*ron1 xviii4 #ag72 he _c all[ t !y 7 prie/s1 z #b ,sam4 viii4 #ah says !y 74 ,nor c he all[ t ,solomon (f]$ 8 d$icatory pray] be=e ! alt> 7#a ,k+s viii4 #bb7--t 0 ! place = ! prie/--s he erects = him a special plat=m 9 ! mid/ ( ! c\rt1 f :i* he addresses ! p 7#b ,*ron4 vi4 #ac74 ,! motive ( ^! *anges is obvi\sly respect = ! prie/ly law4 ,sometimes ! motive is to glorify 8 h]oes or to magnify _! en?usiasm or devotion4 ,:]e1 e4g4 9 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #bd ,david pays ,araunah fifty %ekels ( silv] = ! gr\nd on :i* ! temple 0 aft]w>ds built1 9 #a ,*ron4 xxi4 #be he pays #fjj %ekels ( gold4 ,simil>ly1 9 #a ,k+s ix4 #aa ,solomon gives ,hiram c]ta9 cities 9 return = a loan2 9 #b ,*ron4 viii4 #b x is ,hiram :o gives ,solomon ! cities4 ,david accumulates #ajj1jjj tal5ts ( gold & #a1jjj1jjj ( silv] = ! build+ ( ! temple 7#a ,*ron4 xxii47--a fabul\s & impossible sum :5 we rememb] t ,solomon himself _h only #fff tal5ts ( gold ye>ly 7#a ,k+s x4 #ad74 ,9 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #ai ,elhanan is ! h]o :o slays ,golia?2 ! ,*ronicl] sees t ?is conflicts ) ! romantic /ory ( ,david 7#a ,sam4 xvii47 & !re=e makes ,elhanan slay ! bro!r ( ,golia? 7#a ,*ron4 xx4 #e74 ,9 #b ,k+s xxii41 xxiii41 ! re=mation ( ,josiah foll[s v naturally ^u ! f9d+ ( ! law 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ! k+1 b ! ,*ronicl] repres5ts ! re=mation z tak+ place 9 8 twelf? ye>1 i4e4 z soon z he came ( age 7#b ,*rori4 xxxiv4 #c74 ,he /ill1 h[ev]1 dates ! f9d+ ( ! law 9 8 eighte5? ye> 7cf4 #h71 i4e4 six ye>s aft] ! re=mation1 & ?us ?r[s ! hi/ory into an impossible sequ5ce1 app>5tly = no o!r object ?an to illu/rate ! y\?ful devotion ( 8 h]o-k+4 ,he is n ev5 always consi/5t ) himself2 foll[+ ,k+s 7#a ,k+s xv4 #ad1 xxii4 #dc7 he says t ,asa & ,jeho%aphat did n remove ! high places 7#b ,*ron4 xv4 #ag1 xx4 #cc71 & yet he _h j be=e told u t !y did 7#b ,*ron1 xiv4 #e1 xvii4 #f7 z1 on 8 !ory1--be+ good k+s1 !y %\ld4 ,! motive = ! *ange is usually obvi\s4 ,9 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a ,jehovah _h tempt$ ,david to numb] ! p4 ,?is is intol]able to ! m advanc$ !ology ( ! ,*ronicl]1 s he ascribes ! impulse to ,satan 7#a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a74 ,a simil> trans=mation may be se5 9 8 notice ( ! doom ( ,saul4 ,9 #a ,sam4 xxviii4 #f x is implicitly said t ,saul e>ne/ly s\ght to discov] ! div9e w2 9 #a ,*ron4 x4 #ad ?is is r\ndly d5i$-he did n inquire ( ,jehovah4 ,^! & simil> trans=mations1 am\nt+ sometimes to contradictions ( ! orig9al s\rces1 are due to a religi\s motive1 & !y appe> to be made 9 p]fectly good fai?4 ,! ,*ronicl] is a religi\s man :o1 unlike ,job1 f9ds no p]plexities 9 ! moral _w1 b ev]y:]e a precise & me*anical correspond5ce betwe5 "* & de/9y4 ,n only is piety rew>d$ by prosp]ity1 b prosp]ity presupposes piety4 ,! mo/ pi\s k+s h ! mo/ soldi]s4 ,david has ov] a million & a half1 ,jeho%aphat ov] a million1 :ile ,rehoboam has only #ahj1jjj4 ,manasseh's long reign ( fifty-five ye>s--a /umbl+-block1 on ! ,*ronicl]'s !ory--has to be expla9$ by 8 rep5tance 7#b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #aa;ff474 ,religi\s explanations are ev]y:]e assign$ = facts4 ,josiah's defeat & dea? are ! p5alty ( 8 disob$i5ce to ! ^w ( ,god :i* came to him ?r\gh ! ,egyptian k+ 7#b ,*ron4 xxxv4 #ba;ff74 ,s ,uzziah's leprosy is ! div9e puni%m5t ( 8 pride 9 presum+ to (f] inc5se despite ! prote/s ( ! prie/s 7#b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #af;ff471 ,! ,*ronicl] sees ! h& ( ,god 9 ev]y?+2 ,he is ! imm$iate arbit] ( all human de/9y4 ,t is :y rew>ds & puni%m5ts are s swift & j & sure4 ,! div9e control ( human affairs is mo/ conspicu\sly se5 9 ! ,*ronicl]'s acc\nt ( battles1 :]e ! human w>riors c\nt = no?+4 ,god fights or causes a panic among ! enemy2 ! w>riors d little m ?an %\t & pursue 7#b ,*ron4 xiii4 #ae1 xx474 ,! battle-sc5es %[ h[ little imag9ation ! ,*ronicl] possess$2 cle>ly he _h nev] se5 a battle1 & he has no conception ( "o 7cf4 ,num4 xxxi474 ,he ?9ks no?+ ( describ+ a conflict betwe5 #djj1jjj ,judeans & #hjj1jjj ,israelites1 9 :i* half a million ( ! latt] 7 sla9 7#b ,*ron4 xiii474 ,x is all s diff]5t f ! /irr+ & life-l tales ( ! ,judges or ! ,maccabees4 ,9 ! face ( ^! hi/orical improbabilities1 :at are we to make ( ! ,*ronicl]'s cont9ual appeal to 8 s\rces8 ,^! are o/5sibly ( two k9ds3 7a7 hi/orical1 7b7 prophetical4 7a7 ,he frequ5tly ref]s to ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah1 ! book ( ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel1 ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 & ! hi/ory ( ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,no d\bt "o book is cit$ "u ^! diff]5t titles4 ,! hi/ory ( ,manasseh1 e4g41 is said to be record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! k+s ( ,israel 7#b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #ah72 cle>ly ?is _c be nor!rn ,israel1 z ,manasseh 0 a k+ ( ,judah4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ?is book ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah8 ,at fir/ we are /rongly tempt$ to reg>d x z our canonical book ( ,k+s4 ,t book 0 already ov] two c5turies 9 exi/5ce & mu/ h be5 famili>2 n only are :ole sections copi$ f x by ! ,*ronicl] v]batim1 b occasionally passages :i* he adopts presuppose o!r passages :i* he has omitt$2 e4g4 he foll[s #b ,sam4 v4 #ac 9 ass]t+ t ,david took m wives 7#a ,*ron4 xiv4 #c71 ?\gh ! ^w m has no mean+ 9 8 context2 9 8 s\rce x po9ts naturally en\gh back to #b ,sam4 iii4 #b-e4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !n1 t ! canonical books ( ,samuel & ,k+s con/itut$ "o ( 8 s\rces4 ,yet x is almo/ equally c]ta9 t t is n ! book to :i* he cont9ually ref]s 8 read]s4 ,! book ( ,jehu1 :i* record$ ! hi/ory ( ,jeho%aphat1 is said to be incorporat$ 9 ! book ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel 7#b ,*ron4 xx4 #cd72 x is n1 h[ev]1 9 our canonical ,k+s4 ,nei!r is ! pray] ( ,manasseh 7#b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #ah71 nor are ! g5ealogies ref]r$ to 9 #a ,*ron4 ix4 #a4 ,aga91 = fur!r in=mation ab\t ,jo?am ! read] is ref]r$ to ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah 7#b ,*ron4 xxvii4 #g71 :51 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,*ronicl] has m to tell ab\t him ?an our book ( ,k+s 7#b ,k+s xv4 #cb-ch74 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! book s frequ5tly cit$ is n ! canonical book ( ,k+s4 ,:at sort ( production x 0 may be inf]r$ f ! ref]5ce 9 #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bg to ! midra% ( ! book ( ! ,k+s4 ,d\btless ! book 9 "q 0 a midra%1 i4e4 an edify+ comm5t>y on ! hi/ory1 ( ! sort pres]v$ 9 ! v late /ory ( #a ,k+s xiii4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds midra%1 :i* s p[]fully affect$ ! lat] ,jewi% m9d1 appe>s z e>ly z ! /ories ( ,eli%a4 7b7 ,prophetic s\rces are also frequ5tly cit$ or allud$ to1 e4g4 ! books ( ,samuel1 ,na?an1 ,gad 7#a ,*ron4 xxix4 #bi71 ! prophecy ( ,ahijah1 ! book ( ,%emaiah1 ! book ( ,iddo 7#b ,*ron1 xii4 #ae71 ! vision ( ,isaiah 7#b ,*ron4 xxxii4 #cb71 etc4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ^! 7 n indep5d5t prophetic works4 ,! ref]5ce to ! midra% ( ! prophet ,iddo 7#b ,*ron4 xiii4 #bb7 sugge/s t ^! works1 l ! hi/ory ( ! k+s1 7 midra%ic2 9 all probability !y 7 simply extracts f ! midra%ic book ( ,k+s already allud$ to4 ,practically all ! prophets to :om books are ascrib$ 9 ,*ronicles are m5tion$ 9 ! canonical books1 & probably !y 7 reg>d$ z ! au?ors ( ! sections 9 :i* _! names occur1 s t ! books ( ,samuel1 ,na?an & ,gad w\ld be none o!r ?an ! relevant portions ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 or ( ! midra% ( ^! books4 ,?us ! ,*ronicl]'s impos+ array ( citations may be )\t inju/ice r$uc$ to two books--! canonical book ( ,k+s 7or ,g5esis to ,k+s7 & ! midra% to ^? books4 ,^! facts h l$ _m to d5y all value :atev] to ! ,*ronicl]'s unsupport$ /atem5ts4 ,b su* a condemnation is too sweep+4 ,! g5ealogies 9 #a ,*ron4 i4-ix41 ?\gh !y no d\bt receiv$ _m lat] additions1 probably re/ on good s\rces1 & !re are o!r notices be>+1 e4g41 on ! =tifications ( ,rehoboam 7#b ,*ron4 xi471 ,jo?am 7#b ,*ron4 xxvii471 etc41 on ,uzziah's ent]prise 9 peace & w> 7#b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #e-ae71 on ,judah's bord] w>f>e 7#b ,*ron4 xvii4 #aa1 xxi4 #af1 xxvi4 #g1 xxviii4 #ag;f71 etc41 :i* d n display ! ,*ronicl]'s *>act]i/ic t5d5cies & appe> to be au!ntic4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! hi/orical value ( ,*ronicles mu/ be rat$ l[4 ,nor is its religi\s value high4 ,its attitude to ! problems rais$ by ! moral ord] is exce$+ly me*anical1 & ) "o noble exception 7#b ,*ron4 xxx4 #ah1 #ai71 its g5]al conception ( religion is rituali/ic4 ,b x is a valuable monum5t ( ! ,judaism ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & we le>n f x to appreciate ! d>+ indep5d5ce ( su* books z ,job & ,ecclesia/es4