,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,illustrations and tables have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,,photographic ,,investigations ,,of ,,faint ,,nebulae ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,chicago ,,press ,,chicago1 ,,illinois ,,the ,,baker ,,taylor ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,cambridge ,,university ,,press ,,london ,,the ,,maruzen-,,kabushiki-,,kaisha ,,tokyo1 ,,osaka1 ,,kyoto1 ,,fukuoka1 ,,bombay ,,the ,,mission ,,book ,,company ,,shanghai ,the ,university of ,chicago ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,yerkes ,,observatory ,,volume ,,iv ,,part ,,ii ,,photographic ,,investigations ,,of ,,faint ,,nebulae ,,by ,,edwin ,p4 ,,hubble ,illustration ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,chicago ,,press ,,chicago1 ,,illinois ,,copyright #aibj ,,by ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,chicago ,all ,rights ,reserved ,published ,january #aibj ,composed and ,printed ,by ,the ,university of ,chicago ,press ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,photographic ,,investigations ,,of ,,faint ,,nebulae#a ,,by ,,edwin ,p4 ,,hubble ,the study of nebulae is essentially a photographic problem for cameras of wide angle and reflectors of large focal ratio4 ,the photographic plate presents a definite and permanent record beside which visual observations lose most of their significance4 ,perhaps the one field left for the older method is the measurement of sharp nuclei deeply enshrouded in nebulosity4 ,new nebulae are now but rarely seen in the sky1 although an hour's exposure made at random with a large reflector has more than an even chance of adding several small faint objects to the rapidly growing list of those already known4 ,about #ag1jjj have already been catalogued1 and the estimates of those within reach of existing instruments1 based on the ratio of those previously known to those new in various fields1 lie around #aej1jjj4 #a ,a dissertation submitted to the ,faculty of the ,ogden ,graduate ,school of ,science of the ,university of ,chicago in candidacy for the degree of ,doctor of ,philosophy4 ,extremely little is known of the nature of nebulae1 and no significant classification has yet been suggested2 not even a precise definition has been formulated4 ,the essential features are that they are situated outside our solar system1 that they present sensible surfaces1 and that they should be unresolved into separate stars4 ,even then an exception must be granted for possible gaseous nebulae which appear stellar in the telescope1 but whose true nature is revealed by the spectroscope4 ,it may well be that they differ in kind and do not form a unidirectional sequence of evolution4 ,some at least of the great diffuse nebulosities1 connected as they are with even naked-eye stars1 lie within our stellar system2 while others1 the great spirals1 with their enormous radial velocities and insensible proper motions1 apparently lie outside our system4 ,the planetaries1 gaseous but well defined1 are probably within our sidereal system1 but at vast distances from the earth4 ,in addition to these classes are the numberless small1 faint nebulae1 vague markings on the photographic plate1 whose very forms are indistinct4 ,they may give gaseous spectra1 or continuous2 they may be planetaries or spirals1 or they may belong to a different class entirely4 ,they may even be clusters and not nebulae at all4 ,these questions await their answers for instruments more powerful than those we now possess4 ,our present hope is to study them statistically1 but until motions1 either radial or transverse1 have been detected we must content ourselves with the problem of their distribution4 ,the first step is to make a systematic survey with powerful telescopes4 ,fath made a beginning by photographing each of the ,kapteyn fields within reach of the ,mount ,wilson #fj-;inch reflector with uniform exposures of one hour4 ,he discovered more than eight hundred new nebulae1 and confirmed the fact that the small nebulae avoid the ,milky ,way4 ,this last is vital in its bearing on the question of whether or not these objects belong to our system4 ,a survey with long exposures suggests itself1 analogous to that of ,kapteyn1 but based on the ,milky ,way rather than on the equator4 ,the writer attempted such a program with the ,yerkes #bd-;inch reflector1 giving two-hour exposures4 ,little progress was made1 but one fact stood out1 namely1 that in the fields of galactic latitude -#fj nebulae were very scarce when compared to the numbers met with in galactic latitude #fj4 ,the tendency of small nebulae to gather in clusters has been known for some time4 ,stratonoff's map of the distribution of faint nebulae in the ,northern ,hemisphere shows it very plainly4 ,max ,wolf's more detailed study of the ecliptic regions with the #af-;inch ,bruce camera and the #cj-;inch reflector demonstrates that within these larger regions of the sky where nebulae tend to congregate there are points of accumulation about which the clustering is more marked4 ,he measured the positions of more than four thousand new nebulae1 and devised a classification which1 while admittedly formal1 offers an excellent scheme for temporary filing until a significant system shall be constructed4 ,the present paper has to do with certain clusters of small1 faint nebulae which the writer found during the years #aiad to #aiaf while photographing with the #bd-;inch reflector of the ,yerkes ,observatory4 ,from about #ajjj uncatalogued objects1 #eab in #g well-defined clusters were chosen for measurement4 ,known nebulae in the clusters numbered #gf2 hence there were1 in all1 some #ehh objects1 or an average of #hd per cluster4 ,the fields are as given in ,table ,i4 ,the problem of measuring and reducing accurate positions of objects at a considerable distance from the center of plates taken with a reflector of so large a focal ratio1 #a3d1 presented serious difficulties4 ,the area covered by each plate is a square of some #aaj to the side4 ,with the full aperture the stellar images are sensibly round only within #e of the optical center of the plate4 ,from there outward the coma becomes more and more prominent1 distorting the images first into an oval1 and finally1 near the edge of the plate1 into the shape of an arrow1 while the point about which the images build up becomes more and more eccentric4 ,for images of various sizes this point will be at various distances from the centers of figure1 and at #dj from the center will fall very nearly at the point of the arrow4 ,this introduces at once an overwhelming magnitude-error1 masking whatever distortion of the field may exist4 ,,table ,i ,,center 7#ahge4j7 ,,number ,,field ---------------------------------------- -------- ,known ,new ,total ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,i #a #j #cj #cadd #ba #eg #gh ,,ii #a #db #bj #cb #j #c #ha #hd ,,iii #aa #c #ed #bi #bg #h #agh #ahf ,,iv #ac #cg #aj #ef #ba #ba #eb #gc ,v #ad #eg #aj #bc #dg #c #di #eb ,,vi #ag #aa #bb #dc #ej #e #dc #dh ,,vii #bc #ad #af #g #bg #ae #eb #fg ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total #gf #eab #ehh ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,if very faint stellar images could be used for reference1 this error could be largely reduced4 ,it was necessary1 however1 to use stars from the catalogues of the ,astronomische ,gesellschaft for reference1 and with the long exposures required for the faint nebulae the images of these stars were very large4 ,at the edge of the plate1 for instance1 the arrow-shaped image of a star of the ninth magnitude would often be fully a minute of arc in length4 ,it seemed inadvisable to make an exhaustive study of this magnitude-error1 whence the alternatives were to use a restricted portion of the field or to sacrifice accuracy in the reduced positions4 ,the second of these evils was chosen4 ,the positions of the optical centers of images at various distances from the center of the field were determined empirically4 ,pairs of plates of a region were taken with apertures of #i inches and with the full #bd inches and were compared in the ,zeiss 8blink0 comparator4 ,with the smaller aperture1 and hence the smaller focal ratio1 the images near the edge of the plates were sensibly round and small4 ,superimposed on the #bd-;inch images1 they indicated where the wires should be set in measuring the larger distorted images4 ,trials were then made1 measuring positions of ,a4,g4 stars all over the #bd-;inch plates1 until a kind of technique was acquired4 ,judged by the aims in view and the results obtained1 this empirical scheme fully justified itself4 ,at least two plates of each field were taken4 ,in any case the two best plates were put on the 8blink0 comparator1 and only those objects clearly nebulous on both plates were marked4 ,the better plate was then placed on a ,gaertner measuring machine4 ,the nebulae and all the ,a4,g4 stars fainter than the seventh magnitude were measured in ,x and ,y with the same screw4 ,after an interval of a day or two the plate was remeasured4 ,settings were read to #j4ja mm1 corresponding to about #j4hg on the scale of the plate4 ,the two measures of a nebula differed but seldom in this unit1 and if faint reference stars could have been used1 a higher degree of accuracy could have been maintained throughout the work4 ,in order to orient the plate1 two stars were selected with as large a difference in right ascension and as small a difference in declination as possible4 ,the difference in ,x was then computed in millimeters1 assuming a scale-value of #hg4d per mm4 ,the plate was placed in the measuring machine with the meridian roughly perpendicular to the screw1 and adjusted with the tangent slow-motion until the setting on the two stars gave the computed difference to the limit of accuracy of the settings4 ,this method reduced the constant of orientation of the plate to an almost negligible quantity4 ,turner's method 7,the ,observatory1 #af1 #cgc1 #ahic7 was used as the basis for reducing the measures4 ,the six plate-constants for each field were determined from the five or six ,a4,g4 stars most symmetrically distributed about the optical center1 and graphs were constructed from which the values of ,y-,y and ,x-,x were corrected4 ,the and were then added directly to the and of the assumed center1 and final corrections to the positions were read from graphs constructed from ,turner's formulae4 ,any ,a4,g4 stars not included in the determination of plate-constants furnished checks4 ,since the distribution of the stars was about the same as that of the nebulae1 it was hoped that the reduced positions of the latter would be of the same order of accuracy as those of the stars4 ,for the #fb ,a4,g4 stars on the seven plates measured1 the average difference from the ,a4,g4 positions was #a4j in either co-ordinate4 ,the settings on the nebulae could be made with greater precision than on the stars1 hence these results justify placing the accuracy of the nebular positions at about #b4j in either co-ordinate1 except for such as were near the edge of the plates4 ,the positions are given for the epoch of the ,a4,g4 catalogues1 #ahge4j4 ,two of the ,n4,g4,c4 nebulae had been measured by ,lorenz from photographs made at ,heidelberg4 ,a comparison of his measures with the present measures shows the same second of arc in declination and the same tenth of a second of time in right ascension4 ,the agreement is perfect to the last units used in the present paper1 but as the nebulae1 ,n4,g4,c4 #gfai and #gfbf1 are situated near the center of the plate1 they cannot serve as a test of the accuracy of those near the edge4 ,in several cases comparisons could be made with positions from visual measures1 as given in the ,strassburg ,annals1 ,vols4 ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,here the agreement is not so good4 ,in one case1 on the same night1 positions of four objects were measured with reference to a certain star1 which was1 in turn1 tied up to an ,a4,g4 star some distance away4 ,the objects are given as ,n4,g4,c4 #ceej1 #ceeb1 #ceed1 and a nova which is designated as ,k4 ,the photograph shows ,n4,g4,c4 #ceej and #ceed properly placed with reference to the star1 both in distance and in position-angle2 there is nothing at all in the place given for ,n4,g4,c4 #ceeb2 ,k is properly placed from the star1 but is in the ,n4,g4,c4 position for ,no4 #ceeb4 ,the position of the reference star is given as about #ag too small in declination4 ,k is clearly ,n4,g4,c4 #ceeb1 and evidently the fourth object does not exist in the published position4 ,as these objects were all in the same field of view in the telescope1 one is at a loss to account for the discrepancy4 ,a list of the comparisons is given in ,table ,,ii4 ,the descriptions indicate form1 brightness1 and size1 and occasionally the location of a neighboring star4 ,wolf's classification was used4 ,it is1 as he remarks1 wholly empirical and probably without physical significance1 yet it offers the best available system of filing away data1 and will later be of great service when a significant order is established4 ,one class was interpolated between g and h1 and was designated g4 ,brightness was estimated in the order ,b1 p,b1 p,f1 ,f1 v,f1 e,f1 ee,f1 and eee,f4 ,the range is from ,herschel's ,class ,,ii down to the limit of the plates4 ,for several of the fields diameters were estimated to the nearest #e4 ,otherwise the size was given in the order ,l1 p,l1 p,s1 c,s1 ,s1 v,s1 e,s4 ,the classification given in ,table ,,iii is illustrated in ,plate ,,iii1 copied from ,wolf's engraving in ,band ,,iii1 ,no4 #e1 of the ,publicationen des ,astrophysikalischen ,instituts ,knigstuhl-,heidelberg4 ,the most striking feature is the great predominance of the classes e and f4 ,these two classes form a continuous sequence from the brightest in the list to the very limits of the plates1 where they are but mere faint markings on the films4 ,eleven are clearly spirals1 and the spindles are unexpectedly common4 ,these results are typical4 ,the frequency of the classes e and f may merely be a way of stating that the scale of the telescope is too small to show the ordinary structure1 but it must be remembered that many members of these classes are pretty large and bright and that the gradation in the series is apparently continuous4 ,as far as telescopes of moderate focal length are concerned1 the predominant form of nebulae as we know them at present is not the spiral1 but is this same 8e1 f0 class1 described as round or nearly so1 brightening more or less gradually toward the center1 and devoid of detail4 ,the brightest of the class are probably ,messier #fj and ,n4,g4,c4 #ccgi4 ,their spectrum1 as derived from objective-prism plates1 is continuous1 and is probably of the same type as those of the spirals and the globular clusters4 ,a detailed study on an adequate scale of the brighter members of the class will throw considerable light on the problem of the small nebulae4 ,,table ,,ii ---------------------------------------- - ,,hubble minus ,,strassburg --------------------------------------- ,n4,g4,c4 --------------------------------------- #cgi #j4j #c #chj #j4a #c #chb #j4b #a #chc #j4a #j #chd #j4a #a #che #j4a #b #chf -#j4b - #b #chg #j4b #c #ceejb #j4e #bd #ceeb #j4a #ai #ceed -#j4b #ae #ceeh -#j4c - #a #fcbi -#j4c #c #fccb -#j4c #f #fccf #j4a #h #gehf #j4b #a #gfjh -#j4c #f #gfaa -#j4b - #a #gfabc #j4j #b #gfag #j4a #a #gfaid #j4a - #a #gfbce #j4j #a #gfbff -#j4b - #b --------------------------------------- #b ,nucleus is eccentric and undefined on the photograph1 hence the photographic position is probably in error by several seconds of arc4 #c ,mean of the positions given in ,vols4 ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,n4,g4,c4 #gfba is #e4d preceding1 and #a #di south of #gfbc4 ,there is a double star in the position published in the ,strassburg ,annals4 #d ,mean of the positions given in ,vols4 ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,n4,g4,c4 #gfba is #e4d preceding1 and #a #di south of #gfbc4 ,there is a double star in the position published in the ,strassburg ,annals4 #e ,mean of the positions given in ,vols4 ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,n4,g4,c4 #gfba is #e4d preceding1 and #a #di south of #gfbc4 ,there is a double star in the position published in the ,strassburg ,annals4 #f ,mean of the positions given in ,vols4 ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,n4,g4,c4 #gfba is #e4d preceding1 and #a #di south of #gfbc4 ,there is a double star in the position published in the ,strassburg ,annals4 ,,table ,,iii ,,distribution ,,of ,,varieties ,,or ,,classes ,,of ,,nebulae ,,in ,,the ,,seven ,,clusters ,,or ,,fields ,,field ,,class ------------------------------------ ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,total ---------------------------------------- -- a #a #a c #a #a #a #c d #a #cc #a #f #da e #bg #ci #aji #da #bg #ba #bj #bhd f #cc #ce #ag #ai #h #ab #ba #ade g #g #c #d #ab #e #g #ch g #e #h #c #a #ag h #b #b #b #aj #a #a #d #bb h #c #b #d #a #b #b #ad i #a #b #c k #a #b #c n #a #a q #a #b #c r #b #b v #a #a w #a #d #b #g irreg #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- -- ,messier #fj has a spiral as a very near neighbor--,h ,,iii #dd4 ,the contrast in the two classes is well shown2 so also in the case of ,n4,g4,c4 #ccgi mentioned above4 ,here there is a group of three fairly bright nebulae3 ,n4,g4,c4 #ccgi1 a globular nebula of class e2 #cchi1 an open spiral2 and #cchd1 which might be called a spindle1 except that the wings flare out from the nucleus4 ,the three irregular forms are ,n4,g4,c4 nebulae and are commented upon in the descriptions accompanying the positions4 ,very little can be said concerning the surface-brightness of these objects4 ,it is independent of the distance so long as the angular diameter is sensibly greater than that of a faint star4 ,the photographic plate therefore records the absolute surface-brightness of the nebulae4 ,high luminosity is a comparatively rare attribute and there is some relation between luminosity and absolute size2 that is to say1 the brighter usually have the greater angular diameter4 ,since it is hard to conceive of a relation between distance and absolute brightness1 the fact that the faint nebulae are usually the smaller can be interpreted only in the light of a relation between luminosity and absolute size4 ,the clustering of the nebulae here recorded is very pronounced4 ,in the center of ,field ,,iii there are some #ge nebulae scattered over an area equal to that subtended by the full moon4#g ,in order to examine the distribution of the different sizes1 diameters were plotted against frequencies4 ,the small scale of the plates renders the number of smallest diameters very uncertain4 ,nebulae less than #aj in diameter might easily be mistaken for stars and overlooked1 especially if they are at some distance from the center of the field4 ,the curves resemble probability-curves1 as one would expect for random distribution in a cluster at a definite distance4 #g ,see ,plate ,,iv1 enlarged from negative ,r #cceb1 taken with #abj exposure on ,february #bf1 #aiaf4 ,the numbers were marked on only those nebulae which promised to be readily visible on the engraving1 and which were separated enough to give room for inscribing the number4 ,the ,b4,d4 stars are designated by letters1 for which the key is as follows4 ,,field ,,iii ,,star ,b4,d4 ,a #cjbajg ,b #cjbajh ,c #cjbaji ,d #cjbaaj ,e #cjbaae ,f #cjbaba ,g #cjbabc ,h #bibabc ,j #bibabe ,k #bibabf ,l #bibabh ,m #bibabi ,n #bibacj ,p #bibacc ,r #biaigj ,s #bhaiga ,,table ,,iv ,,distribution ,,according ,,to ,,size ,,of ,,the ,,nebulae ,,in ,,three ,,fields ,,field ,,diameter ------------------- ,,wolf',s ,,field ,i ,,iii ,,vii ,,in ,,perseus ---------------------------------------- #e #c #aj #g #ch #e #cd #ae #bg #fg #ab #eb #bj #be #db #ah #bf #be #f #ai #aj #f #cj #e #i #d #b #ce #c #b #d #a #dj #d #e #d #b #de #a #c #c #ej #a #c #fj #c #ij #a ---------------------------------------- ,exposures of two hours gave all of the nebulae recorded4 ,five-hour exposures brightened the images somewhat1 but revealed no new ones4 ,the conclusion would seem to be that the limits of the clusters had been reached4 ,this1 however1 is uncertain1 for the longer exposures gave relatively few stars which were not on the plates of shorter exposures4 ,as a matter of fact1 the #bd-;inch reflector at this altitude seems to have a maximum working efficiency at slightly over two hours4 ,save for very exceptionally clear and steady skies1 the longer exposures add much labor for negligibly greater results4 ,the diameters of the faintest stars near the center of the field1 with the full aperture1 fine sky1 and an hour's exposure1 which are of about magnitude #ag4e1 are about #b4j4 ,longer exposures are apparently subject to change of focus1 differential refraction1 and other disturbances which tend to increase the size of the images unduly1 and hence to spread the total light over a larger area4 ,the result is that the value of p in the reciprocity equation ,it i,t does not remain constant throughout the exposure1 but varies1 beyond a certain value of ,t1 depending on the adjustments of the telescope1 the position of the field1 and the condition of the sky4 ,however1 the effect should be more noticeable on the stars than on nebulae which present surfaces4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,distribution of size in ,wolf's ,nebel ,listen ,nos4 #c to #ad ,i have plotted ,wolf's lists of nebulae1 ,nos4 #c-ad1 in the same manner1 converting estimates of size into seconds of arc according to his table4 ,these lists were made from plates taken with the #af-;inch 7#da cm7 ,bruce camera1 of focal length #bjc cm1 of the ,heidelberg ,observatory4 ,the curves 7,fig4 #a7 take the same form1 save that for most the maximum frequency is for diameters between #bj and #be4 ,one of his lists was made from plates taken with the #cj-;inch reflector at ,knigstuhl4 ,it is of a field in ,perseus1 #cab1 #da #f4 ,diameters of the #abd ,wolf nebulae and five others were measured from plates taken with the ,yerkes #bd-;inch reflector4 ,this plot 7,fig4 #b7 gives a maximum for diameters around #ae1 and the longer focus of ,wolf's #cj-;inch apparently does not add to the number of small nebulae distinguishable on the plates made with the shorter telescope4 ,,table ,v ,,wolf',s ,,nebel ,,listen ,,nos4 #c-ad ,diameter ,list ---------------------------------------- --- #d #f #ae #be #fj #bjj #bjj ---------------------------------------- -------- #c #bje #cbb #bia #bhj #aie #cf #f #d #a #fi #aec #ai #f #a #e #f #ii #ajf #bc #a #c #f #ad #aad #gb #b #b #a #g #i #ajc #aef #ce #d #ab #h #hj #cgb #bdc #cd #c #i #dh #agd #afj #ai #aj #c #ca #bf #b #aa #ac #fj #ai #a #ab #ad #fa #afb #bg #aj #ac #bj #fa #bf #c #ad #c #afj #bif #dc #a #a ---------------------------------------- -------- ,the evidence1 while far from conclusive1 appears to indicate the existence of actual clusters of these small nebulae in the sky4 ,if this is true1 it is natural to suppose them physically connected1 as is the case in star-clusters4 ,it is not possible to form a conception of this state of affairs until some idea of their distance is acquired4 ,suppose them to be extra-sidereal and perhaps we see clusters of galaxies2 suppose them within our system1 their nature becomes a mystery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,distribution of size of nebulae in ,wolf's ,perseus and three ,yerkes fields ,the question of nebular distances is of first importance1 for it is in terms of this quantity that the various dimensions may be expressed4 ,the dark nebulosities1 by their very nature1 and the great diffuse clouds1 some obviously connected with even naked-eye stars1 may safely be considered as galactic1 and this view is in accord with their low radial velocities with reference to our system4 ,the planetaries have repeatedly been measured for proper motion1 with negligible results4 ,taking a value of #dj km_/sec4 for the average radial velocity1 and an assumed lower limit of #j4jb for the average annual proper motion1 a tentative lower limit for the average distance of the largest1 and hence probably the nearest1 is found to be about #bjjj light-years4 ,there is thus no reason on this ground for placing them outside our system1 especially in view of their decidedly systematic galactic distribution4 ,rotation of these nebulae1 as detected by the spectroscope1 furnishes a means of relating mass and average density with distance4 ,assume an axis perpendicular to the line of sight1 the mass as concentrated in the nucleus and the individual distant particles as rotating in equilibrium2 let be the radius1 ,p the period of rotation1 ,m the mass1 and suppose the rotation to be circular4 ,then _/,p,m ,c1 a constant4 ,let the unit of distance be the light-year 7,,ly72 of time1 the year2 of mass1 that of the sun 7,s71 then ,c1 as computed from the earth-sun system1 is about #d #aj4 ,let the angular radius in seconds of arc d the distance in light-years the density in terms of earth's atmosphere at sea-level v the linear velocity of rotation in km_/sec4 ,then the following relations hold3 7#a7 ,m #c4d #aj dv 7#b7 #a4d #aj 7v_/d7 7#c7 ,p #i4ae d_/v ,the velocity of escape for the nebula is proportional to _/ and hence to v4 ,this follows from the assumption that the particles are rotating in equilibrium1 and therefore the factor of proportionality is the ratio between parabolic and circular velocity1 that is1 #a4d1 and is independent of the distance4 ,the value of v for those nebulae so far observed is small1 ranging from #e to #aj km4 ,hence1 if the assumptions held only approximately1 the velocity of escape would be small and of the same order as that for the earth4 ,since these nebulae are composed of the lightest gases1 it follows that at any save very low temperatures the molecules would escape at a very rapid rate4 ,certainly the nebulae would dissipate if the temperatures were of the order of that of our own atmosphere4 ,,table ,,vi d ,diameter ,mass ,period ,density ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aj ,,ly #j4jja ,,ly #a4b,s #a4eaj year #a4haj #aj #j4ja #ab4 #a4eaj #a4haj #aj #j4a #abj4 #a4eaj #a4haj #aj #a4j #abjj4 #a4eaj #a4haj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,for an assumed typical planetary nebula1 #bj in diameter1 rotating with a velocity of #f km at #aj from the perpendicular axis1 ,table ,,vi has been constructed from formulae 7#a7-7c71 expressing the order of magnitude of dimensions in terms of distance4 ,the velocity of escape would be about #h4d km per second1 whatever the distance4 ,spectroscopic rotation of spirals furnishes an analogous set of formulae1 and here the inclination of the axis may be roughly determined from the ratio of the two diameters of the nebulae4 ,let be the semi-minor axis1 then the formulae will be3 7#d7 ,m #c4d #aj dv 7 v 7 7#e7 #a4d --- #aj7------7 in suns per cu4 ,,ly1 or 7 d 7 7 v 7 #b4h --- #aj7------7 in atmospheres 7 d 7 7#f7 ,p #i4ae d --- v ,the spirals form a continuous series from the great nebula of ,andromeda to the limit of resolution1 the smaller ones being much the more numerous4 ,considering them to be scattered at random as regards distance and size1 some conception may be formed of their dimensions from the data at hand4 ,the average radial velocity of those so far observed is about #djj km1 while the proper motion is negligible4 ,putting the annual proper motion at #j4je1 the lower limit of the average distance is found to be about #gejj light-years4 ,if they are within our sidereal system1 then1 as they are most numerous in the direction of its minor axis1 the dimensions of our system must be much greater than is commonly supposed4 ,the observations point to very large values for the rotational components of velocity1 although the necessarily small scale of the instruments employed in their study renders the measuring difficult4 ,pease has determined the velocity of rotation for ,n4,g4,c4 #deid with some degree of accuracy4 ,at #abj from the nucleus it amounts to #cjj km and varies linearly with the distance outward4 ,v4 ,m4 ,slipher reports that for the ,andromeda nebula the angular rotation is fastest near the nucleus1 and that this type of rotation promises to be the more common4 ,assume a typical spiral #djj in diameter1 with the ratio of the axes of figure as _/ #j4a1 and with rotation perpendicular to the line of sight at a velocity of1 say1 #bjj km at the periphery4 ,these figures are apparently not very different from the average of the two dozen brighter spirals4 ,table ,,vii gives the dimensions in terms of distance4 ,the velocity of escape is #bhj km_/sec4 ,at the lower limit of average distance of spirals the typical nebulae would be fifteen light-years in diameter1 forty-five million times as massive as our sun1 and #c #aj as dense as our atmosphere4 ,on the other hand1 if the typical spiral nebula is placed at a suitable distance1 its dimensions assume the same order of magnitude as those of our own stellar system4 ,the conception of our galaxy set forth by ,eddington in his book ,stellar ,movements and the ,structure of the ,universe is that the ,milky ,way forms a ring around a central1 slightly flattened cluster4 ,this ring is supposed to rotate in equilibrium so that the stars may remain concentrated in the configurations they now form4 ,assuming the ratio of the two radii as one to five1 and using ,eddington's figures of #bjjj parsecs for the distance of the ,milky ,way1 and #aj suns as the mass of the inner cluster1 the period and density may be computed and compared with those of the typical nebula placed at a distance such as will make the diameter the same as that of our system4 ,the results are given in ,table ,,viii4 ,,table ,,vii d ,mass ,period ,density ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aj #aj #b4g #aj #i #aj #a4d #aj suns per cu4 ,,ly #aj #aj #b4g #aj #i #aj #a4d #aj #aj #aj #b4g #aj #i #aj #a4d #aj #aj #aj #b4g #aj #i #aj #a4d #aj #aj #aj #b4g #aj #i #aj #a4d #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,table ,,viii ,distance ,radius ,mass ,period ,density ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,nebula #f #aj ,,ly#f #aj,,ly#a4f #aj ,s#e4d #aj year #e4f #aj ,galaxy #f #aj #aj #b4e #aj #a4b #aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,the velocities of escape would be about #bhj km for the nebula and #agj km for the galaxy4 ,considering the problematic nature of the data1 the agreement is such as to lend some color to the hypothesis that the spirals are stellar systems at distances to be measured often in millions of light-years4 ,the computations by ,o4 ,h4 ,truman#h and by ,r4 ,k4 ,young and ,w4 ,e4 ,harper#i of the motion of our system with respect to the spirals1 based on the radial velocities of the spirals1 are another and stronger argument for the hypothesis4 #h ,popular ,astronomy1 #bd1 #aaa1 #aiaf4 #i ,journal of the ,r4,a4,s41 ,canada1 #aj1 #acd1 #aiaf4 ,the principal objection lies in their apparently systematic distribution with respect to the ,milky ,way4 ,the matter is usually stated in the form that 8spirals avoid the ,milky ,way40 ,there are less than #cjj nebulae known to be spiral in form4 ,the greatest of them all is just on the border4 ,it is suggested that the spirals seem to follow the distribution of the small faint nebulae4 ,if this is true1 the most that can be definitely stated is that they tend to cluster in certain regions of the sky1 in one of which the north pole of the galaxy is located4 ,as the small nebulae and the spirals inhabit the same regions of the sky1 it is probable that the order of distance of the two classes is the same4 ,classes e1 f1 may even turn out to be spirals themselves4 ,this1 however1 is a question for large instruments1 and is outside the scope of the present paper4 ,,table ,,ix ,,field ,i ,,of ,,nebulae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7#ahge4j7 ,no4------------------------------,,clas s ,,description ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #j #ef #ce4a #cacfci f p,f1 ,r1 #bj;d1 99#adm #bjp4 #b #ci4c #ca #ch #bd e ,f1 ,r1 #bj;d1 99#abm #bjn4 #c #di4j #ca #bb #ad h ,f1 m,e#aaj1 #fjl4 #d #j #eg #e4g #cb #d #ab e e,f1 st4 99#acm #cjnp4 #e #ed4e #cb #ag #da e v,f1 ,r1 #be;d1 99#adm #cjsf4 #f #j #eh #h4i #cb #h #cc e v,f1 ,r1 #be;d1 99#i #anf4 #g #bb4c #ca #cc #ab e e,f st4 #h #da4h #ca #de #cc f p,f1 ,r1 ,s1 #b faint991 b,m4 #i #db4g #ca #ag #eh f p,f1 st4 #b99ac1 #ad #a4ep4 #aj #ed4g #ca #af #cj g ,f1 c,e#j1 #cjl4 #aa #eh4j #ca #dc #e g ,f1 c,e#acj1 #cjl1 b,m4 #ab #ei4g #cb #e #cc e v,f1 ,r1 #cj;d4 #ac #j #ei #ac4i #ca #ef #ba f v,f1 st4 99#afm#djsf4 #ad #bh4b #ca #ca #dc f v,f1 st4 99#aem #a4e;f4 #ae #ea4f #cb #cc #dh g v,f1 ,e#adj1 #del4 #af #eh4b #cb #a #eh f v,f1 ,e#fj1 #bjl #c;f994 #ag #eh4h #ca #da #bg f e,f1 e,s4 #ah #a #j #j4g #ca #ed #ce e ,f1 st4 #ai #c4f #ca #ah #ci e v,f1 st4 d4 nuc4 #bj #f4d #ca #bi #ai e v,f1 #a;,e1 #bjl4 #ba #h4b #ca #db #af e v,f1 st4 #bb #aj4i #ca #dc #ab h v,f1 ,e#ij1 #al4 #bc #ae4j #cb #bd #a e e,f1 e,s #b99aj1 #aam#anf4 #bd #ah4i #ca #cj #bb g v,f1 c,e1 ,s1 99#aem#djs4 #be #bb4j #ca #a #db e v,f1 st4 #bf #bb4a #cb #bb #ea e e,f1 ,r1 #cj;d1 99#abm#a4enf4 #bg #bb4i #ca #ca #bi f ,fc,e#fjal1 99#afm#djnp4 #bh #be4j #ca #de #ag f e,f1 ,e1 e,s4 #bi #bi4j #ca #ed #dh h ,fv1 m,e#afj1 #djl99#acm#as4 #cj #cc4c #ca #ed #da e e,f1 ,e1 e,s4 #ca #ci4c #ca #be #bc h ,f1 m,e#acj1 #al4 #cb #dc4b #cb #ag #ah e v,f1 ,r1 #dj;d1 99#adm#cjs4 #cc #ei4a #ca #ce #ad g e,f1 e,s1 st4 #cd #a #a #c4e #cb #ch #i e v,f1 c,e#dj99aam#anf4 #ce #aa4c #ca #ac #af h v,f1 #caj1 #al4 #cf #ai4f #ca #dg #i f ,f1 ,s1 ,e#fj1 99#adm#as4 #cg #bd4e #ca #be #ag f ,f1 st4 99#adm#anp4 #ch #bg4h #ca #eb #ef f e,f1 v,s1 99#aem#bjp4 #ci #cb4g #ca #de #dh e e,f1 st4 in line with #b;f994 #dj #ej4c #ca #de #eg e e,f1 i,r1 99#adm#as4 #da #eh4h #ca #be #ed e p,f1 ,r1 #be;d4 no nuc4 #db #a #b #e4e #ca #cd #ba e v,f1 st4 99#ajm#bjs4 #dc #bj4d #ca #bi #d e v,f1 ,r1 #de;d4 no nuc4 #dd #bb4c #ca #ah #db f ,f1 st4 and sev f994 #de #bf4d #cb #c #bb e v,f1 st4 99#aam#bjs4 #df #cb4j #cb #f #ai e e,f1 i,r99#adm#cjsf4 #dg #ci4g #ca #cj #ba g v,f1 c,e#hj1 ,s4 #dh #dh4e #ca #dg #e f ,f1 st4 99#aem#anf4 #di #di4j #ca #da #ci f e,f1 v,s1 99#aem#cj;f4 #ej #di4h #ca #eg #c f e,f1 st4 99#adm#anp4 #ea #a #c #e4c #ca #db #g f v,f1 st4 #b99adm#a;f4 #eb #h4j #cb #ad #ea e e,f1 st4 #ec #bf4d #ca #dc #ah f v,f1 st4 #bv,f994 #ed #cg4f #ca #cj #ea f e,f1 st4 bet4 #b994 #ee #eg4f #ca #ee #da f e,f1 st4 99#abm#aep4 #ef #a #d #af4d #cb #b #i f v,f1 st4 bet4 #b994 #eg #a #e #a4f #ca #dh #bb e e,f1 st4 99#abm#as4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,nebulae ,,previously ,,known ,,in ,,field ,i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,n4,g4,c4 #cgj #j #ei #ea4f #caddee g v,f1 ,s1 c,e#bj99 #adm#cjs4 #cgd #a #j #ab4e #cb #g #ce g p,b1 m,e#aj;bet4 #b99acm4 #cgf #ad4c #ca #dj #dc f v,f4 #cgi #bb4e #ca #ea #h g p,b1 c,e #j1 #fjcj4 #chj #bd4e #ca #dh #ec e p,b1 ,r1 #dj;d4 #chb #cj4i #ca #dd #h f p,b1 ,r1 #bj;d4 #chc #cb4j #ca #dd #ch e p,b1 ,r1 #a';d b,m4 #chd #cb4b #ca #cg #bf g p,b1 c,e#ace1 #cjl4 #che #cd4c #ca #ci #d f p,b1 ,r1 #dj;d4 #chf #ch4c #ca #da #ce f p,f1 st4 #chh #ed4b #ca #ch #bh f ,f1 st4 #cib #a #a #bi4a #cb #bg #ei f p,f1 ,r1 #cj;d b,m1 99#aam#a sp4 #cid #ca4f #cb #bh #ej f ,f1 st4 #cig #cf4d #cb #bf #cb f v,f1 st4 #cih #a #b #j4j #ca #ej #ej f ,f1 st4 #cii #e4b #ca #eh #a g ,f ,e#ej #djl4 #djc #bj4j #cb #e #i k p,b1 m,e#ij1 #fjbj4 #chg #a #j #dj4a #ca #dc #bc f v,f1 e,s1 st4 ,i4,c4 #afah #j #ei #c4d #ca #dd #ca g p,f1 c,e1 #aej #bel1 b,m4 #afai #a #j #bh4f #cb #bc #eg f p,f1 st4 bet4 #b99aa1 #abm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,n4,g4,c4 #cgi and #cgb are probably the same object1 with of #cgj1 and the mean of the two ,n4,g4,c4 positions4 ,there is no other object in the immediate vicinity4 #djj #dja ,faint stars in these positions2 no nebulae near4 #djb #cij1 ,faint star1 #afm4 in this position4 ,no trace of a nebula4 ,,table ,x ,,field ,,ii ,,of ,,nebulae 7#ahge4j7 ,no4------------------------------,,clas s,,description ---------------------------------------- --------- #a #a #ci #cb4a #caebeh f ,f1 ,s4 #b #da4g #cb #df #c e e,f1 p,s4 #c #dc4d #cb #d #be d ee,f1 ,s4 #d #df4g #ca #bi #b f v,f1 ,s4 #e #ej4d #cb #g #ce e e,f1 p,s4 #f #ee4f #ca #bd #bi e e,f1 e,s4 #g #ei4j #cb #aj #ba f v,f1 v,s4 #h #a #dj #bg4e #ca #bd #ag h ee,f1 ,s4 #i #dh4c #ca #cj #bi e ee,f1 v,s4 #aj #ej4d #ca #cg #df e ee,f1 v,s4 #aa #a #da #e4f #ca #dd #i e e,f1 ,s4 #ab #h4i #ca #ee #dh e v,f1 v,s4 #ac #i4d #ca #ei #cd f v,f1 p,s4 #ad #bj4b #ca #ec #bc e e,f1 v,s4 #ae #cb4f #cb #bj #b f v,f1 ,s4 #af #cg4a #ca #ee #dj e e,f1 v,s4 #ag #dg4f #cb #af #ch f e,f1 v,s4 #ah #ea4e #ca #ee #ej e ee,f1 ,s4 #ai #a #db #j4e #ca #ef #ch e eee,f ,s4 #bj #j4h #cb #bh #be f v,f1 ,s4 #ba #ae4h #cb #aa #bh g e,f1 #cjl4 #bb #af4d #ca #eb #dc e ee,f1 e,s4 #bc #ba4a #ca #ee #da e ee,f1 e,s4 #bd #bc4e #ca #eg #bd f ,f1 ,s4 #be #ca4e #cb #j #i g v,f1 ,s4 #bf #cg4h #cb #db #ai e ee,f1 ,s4 #bg #da4d #cb #cd #bd e ee,f1 ,s4 #bh #dc4e #ca #bi #bj f ee,f1 e,s4 #bi #dd4d #cb #aj #bj g p,f1 #cjl4 #cj #ej4d #cb #ai #ee f v,f1 ,s4 #ca #ej4i #cb #dg #af e e,f1 ,s4 #cb #ea4b #ca #bd #ej e ee,f1 e,s4 #cc #eh4j #cb #j #d e ee,f1 e,s4 #cd #a #dc #b4g #cb #eb #cc f e,f1 ,s4 #ce #e4c #ca #ea #eb e eee,f1 e,s4 #cf #g4j #ca #dh #ag f p,f1 ,s4 #cg #g4e #cb #cb #d w e,f1#dj;d4 #ch #g4g #ca #ef #cf f v,f1 v,s4 #ci #h4f #ca #ed #ae e ee,f1 e,s4 #dj #i4a #ca #ec #a f e,f1 e,s4 #da #i4c #cb #f #aa e ee,f1 v,s4 #db #ab4j #ca #eb #ce f ee,f1 e,s4 #dc #ab4b #cb #bb #eh f e,f1 ,s4 #dd #ac4a #ca #ea #ci h ee,f1 ,s4 #de #ac4b #ca #ei #cd e ee,f1 v,s4 #df #ac4d #cb #b #cb e ee,f1 e,s4 #dg #ag4i #ca #eg #ad f v,f1 v,s4 #dh #ai4f #cb #be #ci f v,f1 v,s4 #di #bj4g #ca #ej #c h eee,f1 ,s4 #ej #bb4f #cb #cf #i e ee,f1 v,s4 #ea #bb4f #ca #di #ag e ee,f1 ,s4 #eb #bc4h #ca #dg #eg e ee,f1 e,s4 #ec #bi4e #ca #eb #bi f v,f1 ,s4 #ed #cj4e #cb #bg #dc f p,f1 p,s4 #ee #cg4f #ca #ec #bj e e,f1 e,s4 #ef #ci4j #ca #ef #dc f e,f1 e,s4 #eg #ci4b #cb #bh #ba f v,f1 ,s4 #eh #ci4c #cb #ac #df e ee,f1 v,s4 #ei #ci4i #ca #ec #e e ee,f1 e,s4 #fj #dc4d #ca #ec #bb e ee,f1 e,s4 #fa #df4h #ca #eb #ah f ee,f1 e,s4 #fb #dh4i #cb #af #dd f e,f1 v,s4 #fc #ef4d #cb #ah #ea f e,f1 v,s4 #fd #eh4h #cb #j #aj e eee,f1 v,s4 #fe #a #dd #j4g #cb #bg #bi e ee,f1 v,s4 #ff #j4h #cb #i #eh e ee,f1 e,s4 #fg #a4i #cb #j #ag f v,f1 v,s4 #fh #d4j #cb #bi #d e eee,f1 ,s4 #fi #h4d #cb #bd #f e e,f1 v,s4 #gj #aa4c #cb #bd #dg f ,f1 p,s4 #ga #ad4i #cb #ab #dh e ee,f1 v,s4 #gb #bj4g #cb #be #ed f v,f1 ,s4 #gc #bd4f #cb #d #cg f ee,f1 e,s4 #gd #bd4f #cb #i #ch f e,f1 e,s4 #ge #cd4i #cb #e #cd f ee,f1 e,s4 #gf #dc4e #cb #bg #cd e ee,f1 p,s4 #gg #dg4e #ca #cc #ac f e,f1 e,s4 #gh #eb4g #cb #bd #bd e e,f1 v,s4 #gi #ef4j #cb #ad #bd e eee,f1 v,s4 #hj #eg4d #cb #d #b e ee,f1 ,s4 #ha #a #df #bh4f #ca #bb #b f ee,f1 e,s4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,nebulae ,,previously ,,known ,,in ,,field ,,ii ,i4,c4 #agcc #a #dc #be4f #ca #ef #dj f v,f1 e,s4 #agce #ce4e #ca #ee #cb c v,f nuc41 i,r ee,f neb41 #fj;d4 #a #db #bj4d #ca #eg #ee q #bgjcj4 ,found visually by ,barnard4 ,not catalogued4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,table ,,xi ,,field ,,iii ,,of ,,nebulae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#ahge4j7 ,no4 --------------------------,,class ,,description ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #aj #ei #ei4d #bibbdj e ee,f1 #be;d4 #b #aa #j #b4a #bi #bc #cg e #ce;d4 #c #ad4g #bi #df #ef e e,f1 #cj;d4 #d #bb4j #bi #ae #ei e v,f1 #bj;d4 #e #bc4e #bi #e #ei f e,f1 #cj;d4 #f #be4h #bi #bg #ba f v,f1 #cj;d4 #g #db4e #bh #ci #aa e ef1 #ae;d4 #h #ef4a #bi #bj #aj d ee,f1 #cj;d4 #i #aa #a #a4j #bh #ea #c e e,f1 #bj;d4 #aj #e4b #bi #aj #ca e e,f1 #be;d4 #aa #ai4e #bi #bb #df e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #ab #bb4d #bh #ci #ab w e,f1 #cj;d1 open spiral4 #ac #bc4i #bi #ab #ba e v,f1 #be;d4 #ad #bd4h #bi #ai #d h ee,f1 ,e#afe1 #ceaj #ae #bg4c #bi #cb #ah d ee,f1 #ae;d4 #af #bh4d #bi #e #cb e v,f1 #cj;d4 #ag #bh4d #bi #ab #eh d e,f1 #bj;d4 #ah #bi4b #bi #ca #aa e e,f1 #ae;d4 #ai #cb4c #bi #f #cj h ee,f1 #cafj4 #bj #cf4f #bi #ag #eb d ee,f1 #bj d1 some structure4 #ba #ch4f #bi #ag #ac f e,f1 #bj;d4 #bb #ec4d #bi #ai #cc e e,f1 ,e#fj1 #cjae4 #bc #ef4f #bi #ed #c d e,f1 #cj;d4 #bd #aa #b #b4b #bi #cf #df d ee,f1 #ae;d4 #be #e4g #bi #ej #c w ee,f1 #de;d1 open spiral4 #bf #ag4b #bh #eg #bg e e,f1 #bj;d4 #bg #bd4j #bh #de #i g e,f1 ,e#afj1 #djbj4 #bh #cj4c #bi #cc #f e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #bi #cf4j #ca #ad #ea e v,f1 #be;d4 #cj #cf4d #bi #dc #ei e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #ca #cg4i #bi #bd #f d ee,f1 #bj;d4 #cb #ch4g #bi #bf #dd e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #cc #ch4h #bi #dd #ab e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #cd #ci4h #bi #bj #ag e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #ce #dj4c #bi #ed #ee e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #cf #da4b #bi #bg #bj w ee,f1 nuc4 #aj;d1 ring1 #cj;d4 #cg #da4d #bh #ee #eg e e,f1 #ae;d4 #ch #db4h #bi #bc #de d v,f1 #ae;d4 #ci #dd4i #bi #bc #ea e e,f1 #aj;d4 #dj #dg4c #bi #ah #ag k v,f1 ,e#aej1 #deae4 #da #dh4j #bi #dc #bc g ee,f1 ,e#dj1 #bjaj4 #db #dh4c #bi #ba #ba e e,f1 #ae;d4 #dc #ed4j #bi #ba #ai g e,f1 #cjaj4 #dd #ee4g #bi #ce #cc e ,f1 #bj;d4 #de #ef4f #bh #ee #da e e,f1 #ce;d4 #df #eh4b #bi #ac #ej g ee,f1 ,e#ej1 #cjaj4 #dg #aa #c #d4a #bi #aj #ci a ee,f1 #ae;d1 structure4 #dh #d4c #bi #ch #ef g ee,f1 ,e#hj1 #bjaj4 #di #ba4f #bi #a #ad d e,f1 #ae;d4 #ej #bb4f #bi #ah #ae d ee,f1 #bj;d4 #ea #bc4d #bi #ag #ba e v,f1 #bj;d4 #eb #bc4f #bi #ci #ce e e,f1 #bj;d4 #ec #bd4c #bi #dj #aa e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #ed #bg4i #bi #i #c f e,f1 #ae;d4 #ee #bh4f #cj #g #i f ee,f1 #cj;d4 #ef #bh4g #bi #j #dg d ee,f1 #ae;d4 #eg #cj4a #bh #di #i e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #eh #ca4d #bi #dc #bb e ,f1 #ae;d4 #ei #ca4e #bi #bh #f e e,f1 #ae;d4 #fj #cb4e #bi #ad #ee e e,f1 #ae;d4 #fa #cc4d #bh #eg #di e e,f1 #ae;d4 #fb #ce4h #bi #ah #i f v,f1 #bj;d4 #fc #ch4e #bi #bc #ee e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #fd #ci4f #bi #bc #i a8 e,f1 #cebe4 ,e#ce1 a miniature ,dumb-bell4 #fe #ci4g #bi #be #ci e eee,f1 #aj;d4 #ff #dj4a #bi #be #dh e eee,f1 #aj;d4 #fg #dj4c #bi #bc #eg e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #fh #da4c #bi #ba #ee g e,f1 ,e#aaj1 #cj99aj4 #fi #da4i #bi #bb #ba e e,f1 #bj;d4 #gj #dc4g #cj #g #ad e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #ga #dd4g #bi #bb #ch e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #gb #df4b #bi #bh #g f e,f1 #bj;d4 #gc #df4d #bi #cj #be d e,f1 #ae;d4 #gd #di4h #bi #bb #df d ee,f1 #bj;d4 #ge #ea4f #bi #bb #ec e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #gf #eb4d #bi #bb #cd e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #gg #eb4i #bi #dc #ei e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #gh #ec4f #bh #ei #ci e ,f1 #ce;d4 #gi #ed4e #bi #bf #a d ee,f1 #bj;d4 #hj #ed4g #bi #bc #e e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #ha #ee4a #bi #ba #ej e e,f1 #ae;d4 #hb #ef4g #bi #bf #bb e ee,f1 #ae;d1 ,e#ej4 #hc #ef4i #bi #cd #dj e e,f1 #ae;d4 #hd #eg4e #bi #af #ei e e,f1 double nebula1 nuc4 #d apart4 #he #eg4f #bi #h #g e e,f1 #cj;d4 #hf #eg4g #bi #bg #ai h ee,f1 ,e#adj1 #aee4 #hg #aa #d #j4h #bi #ag #ea e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #hh #a4j #bh #ef #bh e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #hi #a4d #bi #bb #ae e e,f1 #ae;d4 #ij #a4d #bi #ci #e e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #ia #a4h #bh #eg #ba e v,f1 #cj;d4 #ib #c4d #bi #bg #bf e e,f1 #aj;d4 #ic #c4g #bi #bi #aj e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #id #b4g #bi #bj #ag e v,f1 #bj;d4 #ie #c4h #bi #b #i e ee,f1 i,r4 #if #d4d #bi #bg #cc e e,f1 #aj;d4 #ig #e4g #bi #bh #bc e ee,f1 #ae;d1 faint extensions4 #ih #e4h #cj #ad #ea e e,f1 st4 #ii #f4i #bi #bb #ej e e,f1 #ae;d4 #ajj #g4f #bh #ef #ea h ee,f1 ,e#be1 #cjaj4 #aja #i4d #bi #ad #bc e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #ajb #i4i #bi #bi #bi d ee,f1 #aj;d4 #ajc #aj4j #bh #ec #ee e8 ee,f1 faint extensions #fjdj8 #ajd #aj4a #cj #j #bg d e,f1 #cj;d4 #aje #aj4f #bi #h #dh g e,f1 ,e#ade1 spiral1 #djbj4 #ajf #ab4h #bi #bh #eh h eee,f1 #bjaj4 #ajg #ac4d #bi #bc #ae e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #ajh #ac4e #bi #ba #ai g ee,f1 ,e#abe1 #beae4 #aji #ac4h #bi #dg #ad d ee,f1 #bj;d4 #aaj #ad4b #cj #j #eg k e,f1 ,e#dj1 #cdbj4 #aaa #ad4d #bi #be #bd e e,f1 #ae;d4 #aab #ae4f #bi #bi #cf d eee,f1 #aj;d4 #aac #ah4f #bh #ee #ef e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #aad #bj4b #bh #ec #f f ee,f1 #bj;d4 #aae #bb4h #bh #ed #f e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #aaf #bg4i #bi #bc #be f e,f1 #ce;d4 #aag #bg4i #bi #bf #dj e8 ee,f1 #fjdj1 spiral8 #aah #bh4d #bi #bb #ca e e,f1 #de;d4 #aai #bh4f #bi #ba #eh d ee,f1 #ae;d4 #abj #bh4f #bi #be #ah e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #aba #cj4b #bi #cg #db e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #abb #cb4j #bi #be #cg d ee,f1 #ae;d4 #abc #cd4d #bi #ba #cc e e,f1 #bj;d4 #abd #cd4i #bi #db #a e e,f1 #bj;d4 #abe #ce4e #bi #ab #aj e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #abf #cf4j #bi #ba #j e e,f1 ,e#fj1 #bjae4 #abg #cg4j #bi #bg #g d eee,f1 #ae;d4 #abh #ch4e #bh #ef #bb e e,f1 st4 #abi #ci4d #bi #bd #cc f v,f1 #be;d4 #acj #dj4b #bi #ab #eg e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #aca #da4h #bi #bg #dj g ee,f1 ,e#ie1 #bj #aj4 #acb #df4h #bi #ai #ah g ee,f1 #cj #ae4 #acc #dg4i #bi #ca #i d ee,f1 #aj;d4 #acd #di4c #bi #bf #a f e,f1 #ae;d4 #ace #di4i #bi #bi #ai e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #acf #di4i #bi #ad #de e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #acg #ej4e #bi #be #bg e e,f1 #cj;d4 #ach #ea4e #bi #bb #ee e e,f1 #aj;d4 #aci #eb4g #bi #bc #ba e e,f1 #aj;d4 #adj #ed4a #bi #bi #eg e ee,f1 #ae;d4 #ada #aa #e #c4j #bh #ef #dc e v,f1 #cj;d4 #adb #d4g #bi #af #cf e e,f1 #ae;d4 #adc #f4h #bi #ae #ec e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #add #g4f #bh #ec #d d ee,f1 #ae;d4 #ade #aa4f #bi #ch #e e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #adf #ab4c #bi #aj #a d e,f1 #bj;d4 #adg #ac4e #cj #i #cj d e,f1 #bj;d4 #adh #ad4d #cj #f #bh e e,f1 #bj;d4 #adi #ad4g #bi #bj #ch w e,f1 #be;d1 spiral4 #aej #ae4f #bi #h #ai d eee,f1 #ae;d4 #aea #ag4a #bi #bi #af e e,f1 #bj;d4 #aeb #ai4d #bi #aj #eb g v,f1 ,e#dj1 #ej #bj4 #aec #cd4c #bi #be #aj d ee,f1 #cj;d4 #aed #ce4e #bi #ae #j e ee,f1 #cj;d4 #aee #dc4f #bh #eg #bd e e,f1 #dj;d4 #aef #di4b #bh #db #cd f e,f1 st4 #aeg #ea4c #bh #dc #ab e ee,f1 #cj;d4 #aeh #ei4f #bh #eg #ch e ee,f1 #cj;d4 #aei #aa #f #f4i #bh #dd #ee d ee,f1 #cj;d4 #afj #i4g #bi #bi #cj d eee,f1 #bj;d4 #afa #aj4f #bh #dj #df e e,f1 #cj;d4 #afb #aa4h #bi #d #h f v,f1 st4 #afc #ab4h #cj #aa #af e ee,f1 #aj;d4 #afd #ag4e #bi #be #dg e e,f1 #ae;d4 #afe #bc4b #bh #dc #ee f ee,f1 #bj;d4 #aff #bd4i #bh #ci #dj e ee,f1 #cj;d4 #afg #bg4h #bh #da #bf e ee,f1 #cj;d4 #afh #bi4j #bh #ef #bb e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #afi #dj4i #bi #bj #bg d eee,f1 #bj;d4 #agj #cg4g #bh #cc #bc d eee,f1 #ae;d4 #aga #db4g #bi #cg #ei e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #agb #dd4b #bi #e #ac d eee,f1 #ae;d4 #agc #ej4f #bi #ah #ca e ee,f1 #bj;d4 #agd #aa #g #aa4a #bh #cb #ed d ee,f1 #bj;d4 #age #ad4i #cj #ad #de e e,f1 #bj;d4 #agf #ai4b #bi #ah #be h eee,f1 #cjaj4 #agg #bg4a #bi #f #bf f e,f1 #bj;d4 #agh #cb4i #bh #ea #cj e e,f1 #cj;d4 ,,nebulae ,,previously ,,known ,,in ,,field ,,iii ,n4,g4,c4 #cebg #aa #j #ca4d #bi #ab #f f v,f1 #ce;d4 #cecf #aa #b #e4c #bi #i #e e ,f1 #dj;d4 #ceci #bb4i #bi #bj #ef g ,f1 ,e#e1 #fjbj4 #ceej #aa #c #ec4e #bi #bf #dg p,b1 eccentric nuc41 #ce #be4 #ceeb #aa #c #eb4b #bi #bd #ch e ,f1 #bj;d4 #ceed #aa #c #eg4g #bi #bb #ae e v,f1 #be;d4 #ceeh #aa #d #aj4i #bi #ac #ag f v,f1 #ae;d1 with what appears to be a faint ring #ej in d4 #cefa #aa #d #bh4d #bi #bb #ca e e,f1 #de;d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,table ,,xii ,,field ,,iv ,,of ,,nebulae#aj 7#ahge4j7 ,no4------------------------------,,clas s ,,description ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #ac #cb #cc4j #efahbh e ,f1 e,s1 99#aem#ajn4 #b #ac #cc #j4d #ef #di #df e ee,f1 p,s4 #c #af4j #ee #di #bc e e,f1 ,s4 #d #da4g #eg #i #a e e,f1 ,s4 #e #ee4f #ef #e #d e v,f1 e,s4 #f #ef4i #ef #f #ae e e,f1 ,s4 #g #ac #cd #i4a #ee #ej #df e ee,f1 e,s4 #h #aa4c #ef #cb #h f e,f1 e,s4 #i #be4i #ef #bi #ad f e,f1 e,s4 #aj #ef4f #ef #db #cf e e,f1 v,s4 #aa #eg4g #eg #j #df f e,f1 v,s4 #ab #ac #ce #d4i #ef #de #ba h ee,f1 ,s4 #ac #di4h #ef #ac #ch h v,f1 ,s4 #ad #eb4j #ef #eb #eh e e,f1 c,s4 #ae #ec4a #ef #c #be e ee,f1 e,s4 #af #ac #cf #bj4a #ee #ej #be e ee,f1 e,s4 #ag #bi4a #ef #ea #be e e,f1 ,s4 #ah #cc4a #ee #di #ei e ee,f1 e,s4 #ai #cc4b #ef #dc #ed f e,f1 e,s4 #bj #ch4f #ee #df #ah e ee,f1 e,s4 #ba #ci4j #ef #ah #cc h ,f1 #cjl4 #bb #da4j #ef #ab #b d ee,f1 ,s4 #bc #dc4g #ef #db #aa e ee,f1 ,s1 99#aem#ajs4 #bd #df4b #ef #dh #ab e e,f1 c,l4 #be #di4g #ef #da #bf f e,f1 ,s4 #bf #ec4f #ef #dh #eg e ee,f1 e,s4 #bg #ee4g #ef #bg #ai h ee,f1 ,s4 #bh #ef4a #ef #dj #ag e ee,f1 ,s4 #bi #ac #cg #g4b #ef #d #bi f v,f1 ,s4 #cj #aa4f #ee #df #cf e ee,f1 e,s4 #ca #ai4j #ef #bd #ed e e,f1 ,s4 #cb #bj4b #ef #bf #ea f ee,f1 v,s4 #cc #ce4e #eg #g #f e e,f1 c,s4 #cd #df4j #ef #e #f f ee,f1 ,s4 #ce #ed4j #ef #aj #ab h ee,f1 ,s4 #cf #eh4b #ef #i #ca h ee,f1 ,s4 #cg #ac #ch #d4c #ef #g #cb f ee,f1 ,s4 #ch #i4h #ef #g #aa f ee,f1 e,s4 #ci #ae4h #ef #ac #i e ee,f1 e,s4 #dj #ag4a #ef #ac #eg f e,f1 v,s4 #da #bi4a #ef #af #di e e,f1 ,s4 #db #ce4b #ef #ae #e h e,f1 v,s4 #dc #ce4d #ef #ac #ee h ee,f1 e,s4 #dd #cg4c #ef #ad #da f e,f1 v,s4 #de #dg4c #ef #da #ai e ee,f1 c,s4 #df #eb4h #ee #ce #bc e ee,f1 e,s4 #dg #ef4d #ef #ab #eh f e,f1 v,s4 #dh #ac #ci #f4i #ef #ae #de e ee,f1 e,s4 #di #g4i #ef #af #ca h e,f1 v,s4 #ej #h4a #ef #e #de f v,f1 ,s4 #ea #i4b #ef #aa #de e ee,f1 e,s4 #eb #i4d #ee #ef #ad e ee,f1 e,s4 #ec #ac4c #ef #af #cb f ee,f1 v,s4 #ed #ag4f #ef #aj #cc e ee,f1 e,s4 #ee #ai4h #ef #aj #ej e ee,f1 e,s4 #ef #bc4j #ef #aa #dj e e,f1 e,s4 #eg #be4a #ef #af #dc e ee,f1 e,s4 #eh #cj4c #ef #bf #di f e,f1 e,s4 #ei #ca4f #ef #bj #c e ee,f1 ,s4 #fj #de4a #ef #bi #e f e,f1 v,s4 #fa #de4g #ef #cd #df e ee,f1 ,s4 #fb #ed4b #ef #ae #ah e ee,f1 e,s4 #fc #ac #dj #c4b #ef #cg #bb e ee,f1 e,s4 #fd #e4i #ef #cj #ef e ee,f1 e,s4 #fe #e4i #ef #cj #bi h ee,f1 #cjl4 #ff #bg4b #ef #f #bg e ee,f1 v,s4 #fg #ac #da #bg4b #ef #bj #ch e e,f1 #fj;d4 #fh #ch4h #ee #dg #ae e e,f1 e,s4 #fi #dg4d #ee #dd #ed f e,f1 v,s4 #gj #ac #db #dj4b #ef #ae #ed e ee,f1 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aj ,field ,,iv covers the position of a group of #ah small nebulae announced by ,e4 ,e4 ,barnard in ,astronomische ,nachrichten1 #abe1 #cfi1 #ahij4 ,the positions there given were rough estimations from the stars ,b4,d4 #ef4afgi and ,b4,d4 #ef4afhb4 ,on the photographs1 the nebulae in this region are so small and so crowded that ,i have been able to identify only three individuals of the group4 ,barnard's ,nos4 #d1 #g1 and #ah are very probably my ,nos4 #da1 #dc1 and #fb4 ,,nebulae ,,previously ,,known ,,in ,,field ,,iv ,n4,g4,c4 #ebgh #ac #cf #ei4de #efah #c4h #ebgi #cg #c4gb #ef #ah #ad4e #ebid #dj #ci4g #ee #ee #b f e,f1 ,s1 99#aem#anp4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,n4,g4,c4 #ebgh and #ebgi form a double nebula1 somewhat similar to ,messier #ea4 #ebgh is the nucleus and #ebgi is at the tail of the arm4 ,the spiral apparently has but one branch4 ,,table ,,xiii ,,field ,v ,,of ,,nebulae 7#ahge4j7 ,no4 ---------------------------,,class ,,description ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #ad #ec #eb4e #bcajaf e e,f1 ,s1 ,r4 #b #ed4e #bc #eg #ci e v,f1 ,r1 #bj;d1 99#ahm#djnf4 #c #ad #ed #ef4b #bc #ec #cg g e,f1 ,s1 m#c4 99#afm#a4np4 #d #eh4a #bc #af #ef e v,f1 p,s1 i,r4 #e #ad #ee #f4g #bc #bd #cb f e,f1 ,s4 #f #af4b #bd #e #cj f ,f1 ,s1 99#agm#cjn4 #g #ca4d #bd #f #i w ,f1 #cj;d4 ,spiral4 #h #ce4i #bc #eh #bg g v,f1 m,e1 #djl1 bet4 #b994 #i #cg4c #bd #ab #ec e e,f1 e,s4 #aj #ad #ef #ac4g #bc #eb #ba g ,f1 ,e1 spiral8 #aa #ag4g #bd #b #cj g ,f1 ,e#ahj4 #ab #bf4c #bd #j #ea h v,f1 ,s1 i,r4 #ac #bg4j #bd #i #bh g ,f1 v,s1 ,e4 #ad #bh4f #bc #bc #h e v,f1 ,s1 ,r1 #ae;d1 no nuc4 #ae #cj4j #bc #ed #ec e v,f1 v,s1 ,r4 #af #cb4f #bd #b #dg f e,f1 v,s4 #ag #df4d #bd #c #ed e e,f1 ,s1 i,r4 #ah #dg4h #bd #cf #d e v,f1 ,s1 i,r4 #ai #ea4b #bc #dj #d e v,f1 v,s4 #bj #ef4j #bc #ea #aj e e,f1 v,s1 ,r4 #ba #eh4g #bc #di #ab f e,f1 v,s1 ,r4 #bb #eh4g #bc #ej #ad e e,f1 e,s1 ,r4 #bc #ei4j #bc #ea #da g e,f1 ,s1 ,,ie4 #bd #ad #eg #d4c #bc #ea #ea e e,f1 ,s4 #be #d4c #bc #eb #h f e,f1 ,e4 #bf #f4a #bd #e #ef f ,f1 bet4 #b99ad1 #aem4 #bg #h4d #bc #dg #bb g e,f1 c,s1 i,r4 #bh #h4i #bd #af #ei e e,f1 ,s4 #bi #aj4c #bc #ej #ca e e,f1 ,s4 #cj #aa4c #bc #df #dd e e,f1 ,s4 #ca #aa4h #bc #di #eg e e,f1 ,s4 #cb #ac4f #bc #ec #b h e,f1 ,s4 #cc #ah4h #bc #dd #bb g e,f1 ,s4 #cd #bd4a #bc #db #db e e,f1 c,s1 i,r4 #ce #bd4c #bd #d #dj e e,f1 ,s1 i,r4 #cf #bf4h #bc #de #b e e,f1 v,s1 i,r4 #cg #ce4i #bd #f #cg e e,f1 ,s4 #ch #da4g #bd #ce #g f e,f1 ,s4 #ci #dc4j #bc #bd #ch e v,f1 ,r1 #cj;d1 no nuc4 #dj #ea4g #bd #j #dh g e,f1 v,s1 with #b99ad and #afm4 #da #ad #eh #j4f #bc #ah #d c v,f1 #be;d1 spiral8 #db #f4h #bc #aa #ba g ,f1 c,l1 m,e#ahj1 #hjae4 #dc #ah4e #bc #bf #cj g e,f1 ,s1 #bj;d4 #dd #ai4h #bc #ba #ee f v,f1 ,r8 #fj;d4 #de #be4i #bc #be #ce e e,f1 ,s1 ,r1 #bj;d4 #df #dh4d #bc #dj #eg g e,f1 c,s1 m,e4 #dg #ed4g #bc #ed #ab e ,f1 m,e #ahj4 #dh #ad #ei #ef4h #bd #aj #cb e v,f1 ,s1 i,r1 b,m4 #di #ae #j #g4b #bc #eb #aa e e,f1 ,s1 i,r4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,nebulae ,,previously ,,known ,,in ,,field ,v ,n4,g4,c4 #ehbi #ad #eg #i4f #bcdibi w open #b;br1 spiral4 ,i4,c4 #debf #ad #eg #e4i #bc #ej #ca e p,b1 ,r1 #ah;d4 #decb #ei #ba4g #bc #dd #dc e p,b1 ,s1 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,i4,c4 #debf is connected with ,n4,g4,c4 #ehbi4 ,the two form a double nebula fashioned as a miniature of ,messier #ea4 ,,table ,,xiv ,,field ,,vi ,,of ,,nebulae 7#ahge4j7 ,no4 ------------------------,,class ,,description ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #ag #h #af4gdd #ece f v,f1 v,s1 99#acm1 #a;f4 #b #bi4i #dc #bf #f f v,f1 v,s1 st4 #c #ce4b #dc #bc #h g e,f1 ,e #fj1 99#acm#djsp4 #d #eb4f #db #eg #dd f ,f1 ,s1 st4 #e #ag #i #b4f #dd #ah #bh e v,f1 v,s1 99#afm1 #djs4 #f #ad4b #dd #af #aa e e,f1 ,s1 99#afm1 #dj;f4 #g #ag4e #dc #ej #ea f v,f1 sharp nuc4 #cj;d4 #h #cc4b #dc #b #ch e ,f1 p,s1 99#agm1 #an4 #i #ce4a #dd #b #ed e ,f1 v,s1 99#aem1 #cj;f4 #aj #da4a #dc #ch #ci g p,f1 ,s1 m,e1 #fj99adm1 #cjp4 #aa #ec4h #dc #eb #b e v,f1 v,s1 99#agm1 #djn4 #ab #ag #aj #c4d #dd #ab #ce f e,f1 e,s1 99#afm1 #cjn4 #ac #bc4c #dc #di #cb e v,f1 v,s1 bet4 #b vf994 #ad #be4e #dc #dc #g f v,f1 v,s4 #ae #bi4a #dc #dd #dh e v,f1 v,s4 #af #cc4j #dd #d #dc g v,f1 ,s4 #ag #cg4g #dd #e #cb e e,f1 v,s4 #ah #ci4j #dc #db #ch g v,f1 e,s1 99#afm1 #djsf4 #ai #dj4b #dd #e #bj h e,f1 v,s4 #bj #df4g #dc #ea #ad f v,f1 v,s1 99#afm1 #djsf4 #ba #eb4h #dc #cc #i f v,f1 ,s1 99#afm1 #djsf4 #bb #ee4g #dd #d #h g ,f1 c,e #gj1 99#adm1 #djn4 #bc #ag #aa #af4c #dc #aj #eg f v,f1 ,s4 #bd #be4i #dc #be #dh f p,f1 ,s1 99#afm1 #dj;f4 #be #cc4i #dc #dg #ba g v,f1 vs1 c,e #afj1 99#aem1 #djnp4 #bf #cf4g #dc #db #ea h v,f1 ,s1 c,e #abj1 faint nuc4 #bg #dc4j #dc #ec #ce g p,f1 ,s1 c,e #bj1 99#adm1 #a4enp4 #bh #de4g #dc #ee #db f ,f1 v,s1 99#aem1 #djnf4 #bi #dh4f #dc #eh #ej e v,f1 ,s 99#acm1 #a4en4 #cj #eg4a #dd #h #ej e e,f1 es4 #ca #eg4h #dd #h #f e e,f1 ,s4 #cb #eg4i #dc #dd #eg e v,f1 v,s1 99#aem1 #cj;f4 #cc #ag #ab #ac4c #dd #b #af e ,f1 e,s1 99#abm1 #an4 #cd #bf4b #dd #ab #ba e ,f1 e,s4 #ce #cg4b #dd #ab #ab e ,f1 e,s1 with #b99abm4 #cf #ch4d #dc #bh #eb f p,f1 v,s1 99#a4es4 #cg #dj4i #dc #ed #dj h e,f1 c,e #aej1 no nuc4 #ch #dd4i #dc #de #bb e v,f1 v,s1 with #b99afm4 #ci #ej4f #dc #ci #dh f v,f1 e,s1 with #b f994 #dj #ea4j #dc #dh #af e v,f1 v,s1 99#afm1 #djnf4 #da #ag #ac #d4i #dc #cf #cg e e,f1 v,s1 99#aem1 #bjs4 #db #bg4b #dc #dj #ci e v,f1 v,s4 #dc #ci4b #dc #dd #ai e v,f1 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,nebulae ,,previously ,,known ,,in ,,field ,,vi ,n4,g4,c4 #fcbc #ag #i #cj4f #dceedb i p,f1 m,e1 ns1 #djl4 #fcbi #ag #aj #bg4c #dc #di #dj f p,f1 p,l1 sl,e4 #fccb #ag #aa #ae4b #dc #dh #e g p,f1 p,l1 ,e #de4 #fccf #ag #ab #cj4j #dc #ee #ce v p,f1 open spiral1 #de;d4 ,i4,c4 #dfde #ag #aj #ec4j #dcaddj e v,f1 p,s1 with #b faint994 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,n4,g4,c4 #fcbg is on the plate but was not measured4 ,,table ,,xv ,,field ,,vii ,,of ,,nebulae 7#ahge4j7 ,no4 -----------------------,,class ,,description ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #bc #aj #be4ghacbh f st4 #adm4 #b #bc #aa #ai4d #g #cd #ac e ,f1 ,s1 99#agm#cjs4 #c #ci4c #g #de #bf d v,f1 ,r1 no nuc41 #afm#de np4 #d #dg4c #g #c #ee f e,f1 ,s1 ,r1 no nuc4 #e #bc #ab #bc4a #g #ah #bj c v,f1 st4 nuc4 with ring #de;d4 #f #db4b #f #de #g d e,f1 ,s1 ,r1 no nuc4 #g #ea4a #g #b #aj q ,f1 #a;b,m1 m,e#ajj1 #ajj1 #bj4 #h #bc #ac #ag4b #g #bd #ab h v,f1 ,s1 #a;,e#ej99adm#cjp4 #i #ai4d #g #cd #ea q ,f1 sharp nuc41 m,e#gj1 #hjbj4 #aj #bi4i #g #ca #ae f ,f1 ,s1 ,e#aej4 #aa #cc4f #h #f #ea d e,f1 p,s1 ,r4 #ab #ce4d #g #eb #ci g p,f1 b,m1 m,e#aej #djl4 #ac #da4f #g #cb #b g e,f1 v,s4 #ad #da4f #g #ah #ac e v,f1 v,s1 #b faint 994 #ae #di4a #g #b #af e v,f1 ,s1 #b faint 994 #af #eb4g #g #ad #eb h ,f1 sharp nuc4 vm,e#bjijae4 #ag #ef4f #g #ai #af e e,f1 p,l1 no nuc4 #ah #bc #ad #b4d #f #ea #h f ,f1 ,s1 ,r1 99#adm#ijn4 #ai #b4i #g #ch #ee f ,f1 ,s1 ,r1 b,m4 #bj #ah4d #g #db #dj f ,f1 ,s1 b,m4 #ba #bd4d #g #de #ce e e,f1 v,s1 99#afm#cjs4 #bb #ca4c #g #bg #aj e e,f1 v,s1 bet4 #b994 #bc #cd4i #g #ca #dg e v,f1 ,s4 #bd #cf4j #g #cj #c f v,f1 v,s4 #be #cf4b #g #db #d f v,f1 v,s4 #bf #cg4e #g #da #d f v,f1 v,s4 #bg #da4h #g #bi #dj h ,,fn1 m,e#afj1 #hjbj4 #bh #da4h #g #ac #df f p,f1 v,s1 b,m1 with #b faint 994 #bi #db4d #g #dd #cb e e,f1 e,s199#adm#asp4 #cj #df4a #g #cb #ca n p,f,n1 eccentric1 m,e#ij4 #ca #df4b #g #bi #ba i p,f1 v,s1 ,r4 #cb #eb4h #f #dj #di f st4 #adm4 #cc #ed4i #g #cb #ci e ,f1 ,s1 #a;,e4 #cd #ef4b #g #aj #g i v,f1 ,s1 ,e1 99#adm#cjsf4 #ce #ef4i #f #dg #da e v,f1 #a;,e1 99#aem#cjs4 #cf #eh4e #g #cc #bd e v,f1 v,s1 99#agm#cj;f4 #cg #bc #ae #e4i #g #ea #bc e v,f1 ,r1 lv,m1#dj;d1 99#ab4an4 #ch #aa4a #g #bj #ae f v,f1 ,s1 ,e1 99#adm#cjsp4 #ci #af4i #g #cd #bc e v,f1 v,s1 99#aem#anp4 #dj #bj4d #g #ch #ae d v,f1 v,s4 #da #ba4h #h #ah #bd h v,f1 ,e1 99#im1 superimposed4 #db #bf4j #h #bc #cg d p,f1 p,l1 ,r1 lb,m4 #dc #bh4g #g #bi #dc f ,f1 ,s4 #dd #ec4j #h #ae #ad e e,f1 p,l1 i,r1 no nuc4 #de #ef4c #g #df #cb e e,f1 ,s1 99#afm#djp4 #df #bc #af #bd4b #g #dj #cb e v,f1 ,e1 99#agm#dj;f4 #dg #ch4h #h #ah #ci h e,f1 no nuc41 vm,e#age1 #aejcj4 #dh #db4e #g #cc #ci g v,f1 ,s1 ,e4 #di #dc4d #g #cf #ci e e,f1 p,s1 no nuc4 ,trapz4 of #d994 #ej #ee4c #g #ea #h e v,f1 ,s1 99#abm#as4 #ea #bc #ag #ad4b #g #cg #cg e e,f1 v,s1 99#abm#bnf4 #eb #cd4i #f #ee #dj d e,f1 p,s1 no nuc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,nebulae ,,previously ,,known ,,in ,,field ,,vii ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,n4,g4,c4 #gfjd #bc #aa #ca4g #fdddh f ,f1 ,r1 b,m4 #gfje #cb4f #f #da #df f ,f1 ,r1 b,m1 99#aem#gjp4 #gehf #cf4a #g #ed #g f p,f1 st4 #gfjh #bc #ab #ee4e #g #dj #f h p,f1 sharp nuc41 m,e#bj1 #ajjbe4 #gfaa #bc #ac #af4f #g #bb #de g p,b1 gb,m1 m,e#adj1 #hjcj4 #gfab #bd4g #g #ec #ch g p,b1 mb,m1 c,e#agj1 #hjdj4 #gfae #ce4j #g #db #eh f ,f1 ,e#acj1 99 #adm involved4 #gfag #di4b #g #bh #ed e p,f1 p,s1 mb,m1 vl,e#bj4 #gfai #ed4h #g #ca #ai f ,b1 ,r1 #ij;d4 #gfba #bc #ad #e4j #g #dj #ef g p,f1 p,s1 mb,m1 ,e#j4 #gfbc #aj4d #g #db #de f p,b1 ,r1 mb,m1 #fj;d4 #gfbf #bb4h #g #ca #ef f ,b1 ,r1 b,m1 #ij;d1 99#adm#fjp4 #gfca #bc #ae #g4a #g #ca #ei g p,b1 mb,m1 m,e#hj1 #aajdj4 #gfcd #bb4c #h #ab #ad f ,f1 ,r1 99#ajm#bjp4 #b;d ,i4,c4 #ecji #bc #ab #ea4h #g #be #cb g p,f1 mb,m1 ,e#j1 #ejcj1 99#adm on south edge4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,yerkes ,,observatory ,may1 #aiag ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,wolf',s ,,classes ,,of ,,nebulae 7,copied from the ,knigstuhl ,heidelberg ,publications7 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,,enlarged ,,negative ,,of ,,field ,,iii#bc #aa #ca ,center at #aa #d1 #bicj ,for identification of lettered stars see footnote #g page #e4