,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,! ,,h&-,,book ,,( ,,artill]y4 ,,by ,,capt4 ,,joseph ,,rob]ts1 ,f\r? ,regt4 ,artill]y ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,,ri*mond3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,rit*ie ,,dunnavant4 #ahfa4 ,,proce$+s4 ,! foll[+ ,report 0 made by ! ,committee appo9t$ at a meet+ ( ! /aff ( ! ,artill]y ,s*ool at ,=t ,monroe1 ,va41 to :om ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! ,s*ool _h ref]r$ ?is "w3 ,y\r ,committee to :i* has be5 ref]r$ ! consid]ation ( ! "w ( ,capta9 ,rob]ts1 propos$ z a text-book = ! ,artill]y ,s*ool1 beg leave to submit ! foll[+ ,report1 viz3 ,! "w submitt$ by ,capta9 ,rob]ts1 & entitl$ 8,h&-book ( ,artill]y10 embraces sections on ! foll[+ subjects4 ,= subjects see ,table ( ,cont5ts1 page #g4 ,"u ea* ( ^! heads1 except ! la/1 ! "w conta9s a numb] ( que/ions & answ]s4 ,y\r ,committee h c>efully exam9$ ea* ( ^! que/ions & _! correspond+ answ]s1 & f9d t ! answ]s h be5 pr9cipally drawn f ! foll[+ s\rces1 viz3 ,gibbon's ,artill]i/'s ,manual1 ,light & ,heavy ,artill]y ,tactics1 & ! ,ordnance ,manual1 all ( :i* works h be5 au?oriz$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,:]ev] ! prescrib$ au?orities furni% ! means ( answ]+ ! que/ions1 !y appe> to h be5 foll[$ z closely z possible4 ,! idea ( ! arrangem5t1 & a few ( ! que/ions & answ]s1 appe> to h be5 tak5 f 8,burns' ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,artill]y20 b t "w has be5 s f> deviat$ f1 z fairly to entitle ! pres5t "w to be consid]$ z an orig9al compilation4 ,9 ! op9ion ( y\r ,committee1 ! arrangem5t ( ! subjects & ! selection ( ! sev]al que/ions & answ]s h be5 judici\s4 ,! "w is "o :i* may be advantage\sly us$ = ref]5ce by ! (fic]s1 & is admirably adapt$ to ! in/ruction ( non-commission$ (fic]s & privates ( ,artill]y4 ,y\r ,committee d !re=e recomm5d t x be sub/itut$ z a text-book 9 place ( 8,burns' ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,artill]y40 7,sign$7 ,i4 ,,vogdes1 ,,capt4 #a,,/ ,,art',y4 7,sign$7 ,e4 ,o4 ,c4 ,,ord1 ,,capt4 #c;,d ,,art',y4 7,sign$7 ,j4 ,a4 ,,hask91 ,,bvt4 ,,maj4 ,,& ,,capt4 #a,,/ ,,art',y4 ,! prec$+ ,report 0 adopt$1 & ! ,/aff recomm5d$ ?is "w z a book ( in/ruction at ! ,artill]y ,s*ool1 9 lieu ( 8,burns' ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,artill]y40 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ compilation orig9at$ 9 an attempt to adapt ,lieut4 ,col4 ,burns' 8,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,artill]y0 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]vice4 ,! ,briti% ,artill]y be+ v diff]5t f ours1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to omit _m ( ,burns' que/ions1 & to introduce o!rs4 ,! compil] is "u great obligations to sev]al ( 8 bro!r (fic]s at ,=t ,monroe 7especially to ,major ,hask91 #a/ ,artill]y71 = _! k9dness 9 assi/+ him 9 ! compilation ( ?is little volume1 & = important sugge/ions 9 ! revision ( _m ( ! 8answ]s40 ,=t ,monroe1 ,va41 #ahfj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! pages ref] to ! sid5otes 9 ! m>g9 ( ! text4 ,page4 ,preface1 #e ,g5]al ,table ( ,cont5ts1 #g ,"p ,i41 ,section #a4 ,on ,artill]y 9 ,g5]al1 #i 8 8 #b4 ,on ,guns1 #bf 8 8 #c4 ,on ,h[itz]s1 #bh 8 8 #d4 ,on ,columbiads1 #cj 8 8 #e4 ,on ,mort>s1 #ca 8 8 #f4 ,on ,sea-coa/ ,artill]y1 #ce 8 8 #g4 ,siege ,artill]y1 #cf 8 8 #h4 ,field ,guns & ,field ,batt]ies1 #dj ,"p ,,ii4 8 #a4 ,po9t+ ,guns & ,h[itz]s1 #ea 8 8 #b4 ,po9t+ ,mort>s1 #ef ,"p ,,iii4 ,*>ges1 #fj ,,iv4 ,ranges1 #fc ,v4 ,rico*et1 #gc ,,vi4 ,recoil1 #gg ,,vii4 ,w9dage1 #hj ,,viii4 ,gunp[d]1 #hc ,,ix4 ,projectiles1 #ij ,x4 ,laboratory ,/ores1 #aji ,,xi4 ,plat=ms1 #aah ,,xii4 ,artill]y ,c>riages & ,ma*9es1 #abc ,,xiii4 ,practical ,gunn]y1 #adg ,,xiv4 ,miscellane\s1 #aea ,app5dix--,rifle ,cannon1 #afc ,index1 #afi ,,! ,,h&-,,book ,,( ,,artill]y4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,i4 ,,artill]y ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,sid5ote3 #i #a4 ,:at is und]/ood by ! t]m ,artill]y8 ,heavy fire-arms ( e description4 #b4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( ,artill]y are employ$ 9 ! l& s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,f\r1 viz43 ,guns1 ,h[itz]s1 ,columbiads1 & ,mort>s4 #c4 ,h[ are ^! pieces di/+ui%$8 ,accord+ to _! use z ,sea-coa/1 ,g>rison1 ,siege1 & ,field ,artill]y4 #d4 ,:at metals are us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,artill]y8 ,all heavy artill]y1 su* z t = sea-coa/1 siege1 & g>rison equipm5t1 is made ( iron2 & t = field s]vice1 ( bronze4 ,sid5ote3 #aj #e4 ,:at is bronze = cannon8 ,an ,,alloy consi/+ ( #ij p>ts ( copp] & #aj ( t91 all[+ a v>iation ( "o "p ( t9 m or less4 ,x is commonly call$ brass4 #f4 ,:y is bronze us$ 9 pref]5ce to iron1 = field pieces8 ,?is metal1 hav+ great] t5acity & /r5g? ?an iron1 ! pieces c be made light]4 #g4 ,9 :at respect does iron m]it a pref]5ce8 ,iron is less exp5sive ?an bronze1 & is m capable ( su/a9+ long-cont9u$ fir+ ) l>g] *>ges2 su* pieces are1 !re=e1 bett] calculat$ = ! con/ant heavy fir+ ( sieges4 ,,note4--,9 ! sieges 9 ,spa91 bronze guns c\ld nev] support a heavi] fire ?an #abj r\nds 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & 7 nev] us$ to batt] at di/ances exce$+ #cjj y>ds2 :]eas1 ) iron guns1 ?ree times t numb] ( r\nds 7 fir$ ) effect1 f ?ree times ! di/ance1 = sev]al consecutive days1 )\t any o!r injury ?an ! enl>gem5t ( _! v5ts4 ,! comp>ative p[] ( conduct+ heat 9 iron & copp] be+ respectively z #c4gdc to #h4icb1 tak+ gold at #aj4jjj1 x is evid5t t 9 practic+ ) iron & bronze pieces ( ! same calibre1 x w\ld soon become necess>y to r$uce ! *>ges 9 ! bronze pieces1 &1 also to increase ! "t betwe5 ! dis*>ges1 to prev5t _! s(t5+ & droop+2 :ile ) iron1 full *>ges & rapid fir+ may be kept up4 #h4 ,:at additional objection has be5 urg$ to bronze = cannon8 ,! difficulty ( =m+ a p]fect alloy1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( fusibility ( t9 & copp]4 #i4 ,:at iron pieces are us$ 9 ! l& s]vice8 ,sid5ote3 #aa #ab1 #ac1 & #bd-pdr4 siege & g>rison guns1 #cb & #db-pdr4 sea-coa/ guns1 #h-;94 siege & #bd-pdr4 g>rison h[itz]s1 #h & #aj-;94 sea-coa/ h[itz]s1 #h & #aj-;94 columbiads1 #h & #aj-;94 siege1 & #aj & #ac-;94 sea-coa/ mort>s4 ,,note4--,! #bd-pdr4 epr\vette is also ( iron1 & us$ = ! pro( ( p[d]4 #aj4 ,:at are ! k9ds ( bronze pieces 9 use at pres5t8 #f & #ab-pdr4 field guns2 #ab-pdr4 m\nta9 h[itz]2 #ab1 #bd & #cb-pdr4 field h[itz]s2 /one & #bd-pdr4 ,coehorn mort>s4 #aa4 ,:at is a batt]y8 ,?is t]m is appli$ to "o or m pieces1 or to ! place :]e !y are s]v$4 #ab4 ,:at regulate ! dim5sions ( cannon8 ,! t5acity & ela/icity ( ! metals employ$ 9 _! fabrication4 ,_! ?ickness mu/ be proportion$ to ! effect develop$ by ! p[d]2 & ! l5g? is det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 & %\ld n exce$ #bd calibres4 ,! ext]ior surface ( a cannon is compos$ ( sev]al surfaces1 m or less incl9$ to ! axis ( ! bore1 ! =ms ( :i* h be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 #ac4 ,:y is a piece made /rong] ne> ! bree* ?an t[>ds ! muzzle8 ,because ! ela/ic =ce ( ! inflam$ gunp[d] is !re greate/1 con/antly dim9i%+ 9 int5sity z ! space increases 9 :i* x acts4 #ad4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( a piece8 ,! di/ance f ! re> ( ! base-r+ to ! face ( ! piece4 ,sid5ote3 #ab #ae4 ,:at is ! extreme l5g?8 ,f ! re> ( ! cascable to ! face4 #af4 ,:at is ! bore ( a piece8 ,x includes ! "p bor$ out1 viz3 ! cyl9d]1 ! *amb] 7if !re is "o71 & ! conical or sph]ical surface connect+ !m4 #ag4 ,:at is und]/ood by ! calibre ( a piece8 ,! diamet] ( ! bore4 #ah4 ,h[ d y asc]ta9 ! numb] ( calibres 9 a piece8 ,divide ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 9 in*es1 by ! numb] ( in*es 9 ! calibre4 #ai4 ,! numb] ( calibres be+ kn[n1 h[ d y f9d ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]8 ,multiply ! numb] ( calibres by ! calibre 9 in*es4 #bj4 ,:at is meant by ! sights ( a piece8 ,artificial m>ks on ! piece = det]m9+ ! l9e ( fire4 #ba4 ,h[ are ! sights det]m9$8 ,usually by means ( ! gunn]'s level1 :5 ! trunnions are p]fectly horizontal4 #bb4 ,:at is ! l9e ( metal or ! natural l9e ( sight8 ,x is a l9e drawn f ! highe/ po9t ( ! base-r+ to ! highe/ po9t on ! swell ( ! muzzle4 #bc4 ,:at is ! axis ( a piece8 ,an imag9>y l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! bore4 #bd4 ,:at is ! natural angle ( sight8 ,x is ! angle :i* ! natural l9e ( sight makes ) ! axis ( ! piece4 ,sid5ote3 #ac #be4 ,:at is ! disp>t ( a piece8 ,x is ! diff]5ce ( ! semi-diamet] ( ! base-r+ & ! swell ( ! muzzle1 or ! muzzle-b&4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! tang5t ( ! natural angle ( sight to a radius equal to ! di/ance f ! re> ( ! base-r+ to ! highe/ po9t ( ! swell ( ! muzzle1 or ! front ( ! muzzle-b&1 z ! case may be1 measur$ p>allel to ! axis4 #bf4 ,give ! nom5clature ( a piece8 ,! ,,cascable is ! "p ( ! gun 9 re> ( ! base-r+1 & is compos$ g5]ally ( ! knob1 ! neck1 ! fillet1 & ! base ( ! bree*4 ,! ,,base ,,( ,,! ,,bree* is a fru/um ( a cone1 or a sph]ical segm5t 9 re> ( ! bree*4 ,! ,,base-,,r+ is a project+ b& ( metal adjo9+ ! base ( ! bree*1 & connect$ ) ! body ( ! gun by a concave m\ld+4 ,! ,,bree* is ! mass ( solid metal beh9d ! bottom ( ! bore1 ext5d+ to ! re> ( ! base-r+4 ,! ,,re9=ce is ! ?icke/ "p ( ! body ( ! gun1 9 front ( ! bree*2 if !re be m ?an "o re9=ce1 t :i* is next ! bree* is call$ ! fir/ re9=ce2 ! o!r ! second re9=ce4 ,! ,,re9=ce ,,b& is at ! junction ( ! fir/ & second re9=ces 9 ! heavy h[itz]s & columbiads4 ,! ,,*ase is ! conical "p ( ! gun 9 front ( ! re9=ce4 ,! ,,a/ragal ,,& ,,fillets 9 field guns1 & ! *ase r+ 9 o!r pieces1 are ! m\ld+s at ! front end ( ! *ase4 ,sid5ote3 #ad ,! ,,neck is ! smalle/ "p ( ! piece 9 front ( ! a/ragal or ! *ase r+4 ,! ,,swell ,,( ,,! ,,muzzle is ! l>ge/ "p ( gun 9 front ( ! neck4 ,x is t]m9at$ by ! muzzle m\ld+s1 :i* 9 field & siege guns1 consi/ ( ! lip & fillet4 ,9 sea-coa/ guns & heavy h[itz]s & columbiads1 !re is no fillet4 ,9 field & siege h[itz]s1 & 9 mort>s1 a muzzle-b& takes ! place ( ! swell ( ! muzzle4 ,! ,,face ( ! piece is ! t]m9at+ plane p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! bore4 ,! ,,trunnions are cyl9d]s1 ! axes ( :i* are 9 a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! bore1 & 9 ! same plane ) t axis4 ,! ,,rimbases are %ort cyl9d]s unit+ ! trunnions ) ! body ( ! gun4 ,! ends ( ! rimbases1 or ! %\ld]s ( ! trunnions1 are planes p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! trunnions4 ,! ,,bore ( ! piece includes all ! "p bor$ out1 viz43 ! cyl9d]1 ! *amb] 7if !re is "o71 & ! conical or sph]ical surface connect+ !m4 ,! ,,*amb] 9 h[itz]s1 columbiads1 & mort>s1 is ! smalle/ "p ( ! bore1 & conta9s ! *>ge ( p[d]4 ,9 ! h[itz]s & columbiads1#a ! *amb] is cyl9drical2 & is unit$ ) ! l>ge cyl9d] ( ! bore by a conical surface2 ! angles ( int]section ( ?is conical surface ) ! cyl9d]s ( ! bore & *amb]1 are r\nd$ 79 pr(ile7 by arcs ( circles4 ,9 ! #h-;in* siege h[itz]1 ! *amb] is unit$ ) ! cyl9d] ( ! bore by a ,sph]ical surface1 9 ord] t ! %ell may :5 necess>y1 be ins]t$ )\t a sabot4 #a ,! new columbiad is made )\t a *amb]4 ,sid5ote3 #ae ,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,bore 7to facilitate spong+7 is a plane p]p5dicul> to ! axis1 unit$ ) ! sides 79 pr(ile7 by an arc ( a circle ! radius ( :i* is "o-f\r? ( ! diamet] ( ! bore at ! bottom4 ,9 ! columbiads1 ! heavy sea-coa/ mort>s1 /one mort>1 & epr\vette1 ! bottom ( ! bore is hemisph]ical4 ,! ,,muzzle1 or m\? ( ! bore1 is *amf]$ to a dep? ( #j4ae in* to #j4e in* 7v>y+ ) ! size ( ! bore71 9 ord] to prev5t abrasion1 & to facilitate load+4 ,! ,,true ,,w9dage is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true diamet]s ( ! bore & ( ! ball4 #bg4 ,:at is ! v5t8 ,! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* fire is communicat$ to ! *>ge4 #bh4 ,:at is to be obs]v$ 9 ref]5ce to ! diamet] ( ! v5t8 ,x %\ld be z small z ! use ( ! prim+ wire & tube w all[4 #bi4 ,:y8 ,z ! velocity ( ! gases aris+ f ! combu/ion ( ! p[d] is extremely great1 a l>ge am\nt escapes ?r\gh ! v5t1 :i* contributes no?+ to ! velocity ( ! projectile4 ,x !re=e foll[s1 t ! effect produc$ by a giv5 *>ge w dim9i% z ! diamet] ( ! v5t increases4 ,besides1 on acc\nt ( ! increase ( p[] 9 ! curr5t t escapes f !m1 l>ge v5ts are m rapidly injur$ ?an small ones4 ,sid5ote3 #af #cj4 ,:at is ! diamet] ( ! v5t8 #j4b ( an in* 9 all pieces except ! epr\vette1 9 :i* x is #j4a4 #ca4 ,:at is ! position ( ! axis ( ! v5t8 ,! axis ( ! v5t1 is 9 a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! bore1 p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! trunnions4 ,9 guns1 & 9 h[itz]s hav+ cyl9drical *amb]s1 ! v5t is plac$ at an angle ( #hj ) ! axis ( ! bore1 & x ent]s ! bore at a di/ance f ! bottom equal to "o-f\r? ! diamet] ( ! bore4 ,z ?is incl9ation r5d]s x easy to pull ! friction tube out ( ! v5t1 t ( ! new #ab-pdr4 field gun1 & ! new columbiads has be5 plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! axis4 #cb4 ,:at are ! qu>t]-sights ( a piece8 ,divisions m>k$ on ! upp] qu>t]s ( ! base r+1 comm5c+ :]e x w\ld be int]sect$ by a plane p>allel to ! axis ( ! piece1 & tang5t to ! upp] surface ( ! trunnions4 ,,note4--,n us$ 9 our s]vice4 #cc4 ,to :at use are ! qu>t]-sights appli$8 ,= giv+ elevations up to ?ree degrees b especially = po9t+ a piece at a less elevation ?an ! natural angle ( sight4 #cd4 ,:at is a bree*-sight8 ,an in/rum5t hav+ a graduat$ scale ( tang5ts1 by means ( :i* any elevation may be giv5 to a piece4 ,sid5ote3 #ag #ce4 ,h[ are ! divisions ( ! tang5t scale f\nd8 ,by tak+ ! l5g? ( ! piece1 f ! re> ( ! base-r+ to ! swell ( ! muzzle1 measur$ on a l9e p>allel to ! axis1 & multiply+ x by ! natural tang5t ( z _m degrees z may be requir$2 & !n d$uct ! disp>t4 ,?us1 = #e elevation1 & ! gun suppos$ to be #e feet1 or #fj in*es long1 multiply 4#jhgdh1 :i* is ! natural tang5t ( #e1 by #fj2 ! product gives #e4bdhh in*es2 suppos+ ! disp>t to be #a in*1 ! graduat+ ( ! tang5t scale w be #d4bdhh in*es4 #cf4 ,) :at pieces are bree*-sights us$8 ,guns & h[itz]s4 #cg4 ,:at is a p5dulum hausse8 ,x is a tang5t scale1 ! graduations ( :i* are ! tang5ts ( ea* qu>t] ( a degree ( elevation1 to a radius equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! muzzle-sight ( ! piece1 & ! axis ( vibration ( ! hausse1 :i* is "o in* 9 re> ( ! base-r+4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! scale is a brass bulb fill$ ) lead4 ,! slid] :i* m>ks ! divisions on ! scale is ( ?9 brass1 & is clamp$ at any desir$ division on ! scale by means ( a screw4 ,! scale passes ?r\gh a slit 9 a piece ( /eel1 ) :i* x is connect$ by a screw1 =m+ a pivot on :i* ! scale c vibrate lat]ally4 ,?is piece ( /eel t]m9ates 9 pivots1 by means ( :i* ! p5dulum is support$ on ! seat atta*$ to ! gun1 & is at lib]ty to vibrate 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! piece4 ,! seat is ( metal1 & is fa/5$ to ! base ( ! bree* by screws1 s t ! c5tres ( ! /eel pivots ( vibration %all be at a di/ance f ! axis ( ! piece equal to ! radius ( ! base-r+4 ,sid5ote3 #ah ,a ,,muzzle-,,sight ( iron is screw$ into ! swell ( ! muzzle ( guns1 or into ! middle ( ! muzzle-r+ ( h[itz]s4 ,! height ( ?is sight is equal to ! disp>t ( ! piece1 s t a l9e jo9+ ! muzzle-sight & ! pivot ( ! tang5t scale is p>allel to ! axis ( ! piece4 #ch4 ,:at is a gunn]'s level1 or gunn]'s p]p5dicul>8 ,an in/rum5t made ( %eet-brass2 ! l[] "p is cut 9 ! =m ( a cresc5t1 ! po9ts ( :i* are made ( /eel2 a small _s-level is fa/5$ to "o side ( ! plate1 p>allel to ! l9e jo9+ ! po9ts ( ! cresc5t1 & a slid] is fa/5$ to ! same side ( ! plate1 p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! level4 #ci4 ,:at is x us$ =8 ,to m>k ! po9ts ( sight on pieces4 #dj4 ,:at is a plummet8 ,a simple l9e & bob = po9t+ mort>s4 #da4 ,:at is a gunn]'s quadrant8 ,x is a graduat$ qu>t] ( a circle ( %eet-brass1 atta*$ to a brass rule #ah in*es long4 ,x has a v]ni] turn+ on a pivot1 to :i* is atta*$ a _s-level4 ,to get a requir$ elevation1 ! v]ni] is fix$ at ! indicat$ degree1 ! brass rule is !n ins]t$ 9 ! bore p>allel to ! axis ( ! piece2 ! gun is !n elevat$ or depress$ until ! level is horizontal4 ,!re is ano!r graduat$ quadrant ( wood1 ( #f in*es radius1 atta*$ to a rule #bc4e in*es long4 ,x has a plumb-l9e & bob1 :i* are c>ri$1 :5 n 9 use1 9 a hole 9 ! end ( ! rule1 cov]$ by a brass plate4 ,sid5ote3 #ai #db4 ,:at is an elevat+ arc1 & its use8 ,x is an arc atta*$ to ! re> "p ( ! *eek ( a gun-c>riage1 hav+ its c5tre 9 ! axis ( ! trunnions2 ! arc is graduat$ into degrees & p>ts ( a degree4 ,by plac+ ! axis ( ! piece horizontal1 & m>k+ ! bree* at any "o ( ! divisions on ! arc1 any elevation or depression requir$ w be not$ by ! numb] ( degrees bel[ or above ?is m>k4 ,x turns on a pivot :i* admits ( ! arc1 :5 n 9 use1 be+ plac$ inside ! *eek to :i* x is atta*$4 #dc4 ,:at is ! use ( ! knob ( ! cascable8 ,to facilitate ! h&l+ ( ! piece 9 m\nt+ & dism\nt+ x1 & mov+ x :5 (f its c>riage4 #dd4 ,( :at use are ! trunnions ( a piece8 ,by means ( !m ! piece is atta*$ to its c>riage2 & by be+ plac$ ne> ! c5tre ( gravity1 x is easily elevat$ or depress$4 #de4 ,:at are ! dolph9s ( a piece8 ,two h&les plac$ ^u ! piece ) _! c5tres ov] ! c5tre ( gravity1 by :i* x is m\nt$ or dism\nt$4 #df4 ,are all pieces provid$ ) dolph9s8 ,only ! #ab-pdr4 brass guns1 & ! #bd & #cb-pdr4 brass h[itz]s4 #dg4 ,:at is und]/ood by ! prepond]ance ( a piece8 ,x is ! excess ( weight ( ! "p 9 re> ( ! trunnions ov] t 9 front2 x is measur$ by ! weight :i* x is necess>y to apply 9 ! plane ( ! muzzle to balance ! gun :5 susp5d$ freely on ! axis ( ! trunnions4 #dh4 ,:y is ?is prepond]ance giv58 ,to prev5t ! sudd5 dipp+ ( ! muzzle1 9 fir+1 & viol5t concussion on ! c>riage at ! bree*4 ,sid5ote3 #bj #di4 ,:at is bu%+ a piece ( artill]y8 ,ins]t+ a piece ( metal ab\t an in* 9 diamet] 7ne> ! bottom ( ! bore71 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* ! v5t has be5 previ\sly drill$4 ,x is screw$ 94 #ej4 ,:at k9d ( metal is us$ = bu%+ bronze pieces8 ,pure copp] always1 :i* is n s liable to run f heat z gun metal4 #ea4 ,:at is ! object ( bu%+ a piece8 ,to prev5t det]ioration ( ! v5t1 or provide a new "o :5 ?is has already occurr$4 #eb4 ,is all new artill]y bu%$8 ,no1 only bronze pieces1 & iron pieces1 only :5 repeat$ fir+ has r5d]$ x absolutely necess>y4 #ec4 ,h[ is artill]y r5d]$ uns]viceable8 ,i4 ,drive into ! v5t a jagg$ & h>d5$ /eel spike ) a s(t po9t1 or a nail )\t a head2 break x (f flu% ) ! out] surface1 & cl9* ! po9t inside by means ( ! ramm]4 ,,ii4 ,w$ge a %ot 9 ! bottom ( ! bore by wrapp+ x ) felt1 or by means ( iron w$ges1 us+ ! ramm] or a b> ( iron to drive !m 94 ,,iii4 ,cause %ells to bur/ 9 ! bore ( bronze guns4 ,,iv4 ,fire brok5 %ot f !m ) l>ge *>ges4 ,v4 ,fill ! piece ) s& ov] ! *>ge1 to bur/ x4 ,,vi4 ,fire a piece aga9/ ano!r1 muzzle to muzzle1 or ! muzzle ( "o to ! *ase ( ! o!r4 ,,vii4 ,light a fire "u ! *ase ( a bronze gun1 & /rike on x ) a sl$ge1 to b5d x4 ,,viii4 ,break (f ! trunnions ( iron guns2 or bur/ !m by fir+ !m at a high elevation1 ) heavy *>ges & full ( %ot4 ,sid5ote3 #ba #ed4 ,/ate h[ to unspike a piece4 ,if ! spike is n screw$ 9 or cl9*$1 & ! bore is n imp$$1 put 9 a *>ge ( p[d] ( ! weight ( ! %ot1 & ram junk wads ov] x2 lay+ on ! bottom ( ! bore a slip ( wood1 ) a groove on ! "u side conta9+ a /r& ( quick-mat*1 by :i* fire is communicat$ to ! *>ge4 ,9 a brass gun1 take out "s ( ! metal at ! upp] orifice ( ! v5t1 & p\r sulphuric acid into ! groove1 & let x /& "s h\rs be=e fir+4 ,if ?is me?od1 sev]al times repeat$1 is n successful1 unscrew ! v5t piece if x be a brass gun2 & if an iron "o1 drill out ! spike1 or drill a new v5t4 #ee4 ,expla9 h[ to drive out a %ot w$g$ 9 ! bore4 ,unscrew ! v5t piece1 if !re be "o1 & drive 9 w$ges s z to />t ! %ot =w>d2 !n ram x back aga9 9 ord] to seize ! w$ge ) a hook2 or p\r 9 p[d]1 & fire x aft] replac+ ! v5t piece4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 bore a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! bree*1 drive out ! %ot1 & /op ! hole ) a screw4 #ef4 ,:at is scal+ a piece ( artill]y8 ,fla%+ (f a small quantity ( p[d] to clean out ! bore2 ab\t #a-ab ( ! %ot's weight4 ,! practice is discont9u$4 ,sid5ote3 #bb #eg4 ,h[ are cannon 9 our s]vice m>k$8 ,z foll[s1 viz3 ,! numb] ( ! gun & ! initials ( ! inspector's "n on ! face ( ! muzzle1--! numb]s 9 a sep>ate s]ies = ea* k9d & calibre at ea* f\ndry2 ! initial lett]s ( ! "n ( ! f\nd]1 & ( ! f\ndry1 on ! end ( ! "r trunnion2 ! ye> ( ! fabrication on ! end ( ! left trunnion2 ! f\ndry numb] on ! end ( ! "r rimbase1 above ! trunnion2 ! weight ( ! piece 9 p\nds on ! base ( ! bree*2 ! lett]s ,u4 ,s4 on ! upp] surface ( ! piece1 ne> ! end ( ! re9=ce4 #eh4 ,:at m>ks are us$ to designate condemn$ pieces8 ,pieces reject$ on inspection are m>k$ ,x ,c on ! face ( ! muzzle2 if condemn$ = errone\s dim5sions :i* _c be rem$i$1 add ,x ,d2 if by p[d] pro(1 ,x ,p2 if by wat] pro(1 ,x ,w4 #ei4 ,:at are ! k9ds ( pro( :i* artill]y mu/ und]go1 be=e be+ receiv$ into ! s]vice8 #a/4 ,!y are gaug$ z to _! sev]al dim5sions1 int]nal & ext]nal2 z to ju/ness & position ( ! bore1 ! *amb]1 v5t1 trunnions1 c4 #b;d4 ,!y are fir$ ) a regulat$ *>ge ( p[d] & %ot1 be+ aft]w>ds se>*$ to discov] irregul>ities or holes produc$ by ! fir+4 #c;d4 ,by means ( eng9es1 an endeavor is made to =ce wat] ?r\gh !m4 #d?4 ,!y are exam9$ int]nally1 by means ( light reflect$ f a mirror4 ,sid5ote3 #bc #fj4 ,are brass cannon liable to ext]nal injury1 caus$ by s]vice8 ,!y are little subject to su* injury1 except f ! b5d+ ( ! trunnions sometimes1 aft] long s]vice or heavy *>ges4 ,,note4--,rec5t exp]im5ts at ,=t ,monroe %[ t brass guns1 :5 rifl$1 & fir$ ) l>ge *>ges & heavy %ot1 exp& s mu* t ! projectile does n take ! grooves4 #fa4 ,:at are ! causes ( int]nal injury8 ,int]nal injuries are caus$ by ! action ( ! ela/ic fluids develop$ 9 ! combu/ion ( ! p[d]1 or by ! action ( ! %ot 9 pass+ out ( ! bore4 #fb4 ,"n ! injuries ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,enl>gem5t ( ! bore by ! compression ( ! metal2 corrosion ( ! metal at ! inn] orifice ( ! v5t1 or at ! m\? ( ! cyl9drical *amb]2 cracks1 f ! yield+ ( ! cohesion ( ! metal2 cavities1 cracks enl>g$ by ! action ( ! gas1 & by ! melt+ ( ! metal1 obs]vable especially 9 ! upp] surface ( ! bore4 #fc4 ,"n ^? ( ! second k9d4 ,sid5ote3 #bd ,! lodgm5t ( ! %ot1--a compression ( ! metal on ! l[] side ( ! bore1 at ! seat ( ! %ot1 :i* is caus$ by ! pressure ( ! gas 9 escap+ ov] ! top ( ! %ot4 ,!re is a correspond+ burr 9 front ( ! lodgm5t2 & ! motion !reby giv5 to ! %ot causes x to /rike alt]nately on ! top & bottom ( ! bore1 produc+ o!r enl>gem5ts1 g5]ally ?ree 9 numb]3 ! fir/1 on ! upp] side a little 9 advance ( ! trunnions2 ! second1 on ! l[] side ab\t ! a/ragal2 ! ?ird1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! muzzle2 x is *iefly f ?is cause t brass guns become uns]viceable4 ,scrat*es1 caus$ by ! fragm5ts ( a brok5 %ot1 or ! r\ghness ( an imp]fect "o2 enl>gem5t ( ! muzzle by ! /rik+ ( ! %ot 9 leav+ ! bore2 ext]nal cracks1 or longitud9al slits1 caus$ by too great a compression ( ! metal on ! inside4 #fd4 ,:5 is a piece said to be honeycomb$8 ,:5 ! surface ( ! bore is full ( small holes or cavities4 #fe4 ,to :at is ?is due8 ,to ! melt+ & volatilization ( a portion ( ! t9 9 ! alloy2 t9 be+ mu* m fusible ?an copp]4 #ff4 ,d lodgm5ts cause an inaccuracy ( fire8 ,!y d4 #fg4 ,h[ may ?is 9 a measure be rem$i$8 ,by us+ a wad ov] ! c>tridge1 9 ord] to *ange ! place ( ! %ot2 or by wrapp+ ! %ot 9 wooll5 clo? or pap]1 s z to dim9i% ! w9dage4 ,9 field guns1 ! pap] cap :i* is tak5 (f ! c>tridge %\ld always be put ov] ! %ot4 #fh4 ,to :at injuries are iron cannon subject8 ,to ! above defects 9 a less degree ?an brass1 except ! corrosion ( ! metal1 by :i* ! v5t is r5d]$ uns]viceable f enl>gem5t4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( injury to iron cannon is ! ru/+ ( ! metal1 produc+ a r\ghness & enl>gem5t ( ! bore1 & an increase ( any cavities or honeycombs :i* may exi/ 9 ! metal4 #fi4 ,h[ may y judge ( ! s]vice ( an iron gun8 ,g5]ally by ! appe>ance ( ! v5t4 ,sid5ote3 #be #gj4 ,:at rules are laid d[n = ! pres]vation ( artill]y8 ,cannon %\ld be plac$ toge!r1 accord+ to k9d & calibre1 on skids ( /one1 iron1 or wood1 laid on h>d gr\nd well ramm$ & cov]$ ) a lay] ( c9d]s or ( "s o!r mat]ial to prev5t vegetation4 ,9 case ( guns & long h[itz]s1 ! pieces %\ld re/ on ! skids 9 front ( ! base r+ & 9 re> ( ! a/ragal1 ! axis incl9$ at an angle ( #d or #e ) ! horizon1 ! muzzle l[e/1 ! trunnions t\*+ ea* o!r2 or ! trunnion ( "o piece may re/ on ! adjo9+ piece1 s t ! axis ( ! trunnions may be incl9$ ab\t #de to ! horizon2 ! v5t d[n1 /opp$ ) a greas$ wood5 plug1 or ) putty or tall[4 ,! pieces may be pil$ 9 two ti]s1 ) skids plac$ betwe5 !m exactly ov] ^? :i* re/ on ! gr\nd2 ! muzzles ( bo? ti]s 9 ! same direction & _! axes pres]v+ ! same incl9ation4 ,9 case ( %ort h[itz]s & mort>s1 ! pieces %\ld /& on _! muzzles1 re/+ on ?ick planks1 ! trunnions t\*+1 ! v5ts /opp$4 #ga4 ,:at additional precautions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 case ( iron pieces8 ,!y %\ld be cov]$ on ! ext]ior ) a lack] imp]vi\s to wat]2 ! bore & ! v5t %\ld be greas$ ) a mixture ( oil & tall[1 or ( tall[ & beeswax melt$ toge!r & boil$ to expel ! wat]4 ,! lack] %\ld be r5ew$ z (t5 z necess>y1 & ! grease at lea/ once a ye>4 ,! lack] & grease %\ld be appli$ 9 hot wea!r4 ,! cannon %\ld be frequ5tly inspect$1 to see t moi/ure does n collect 9 ! bore4 ,sid5ote3 #bf ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,on ,,guns4 #a4 ,:at are ,guns8 ,long cannon )\t *amb]s4 #b4 ,h[ are guns d5om9at$8 ,by ! weight ( _! respective %ot4 #c4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a gun8 ,! cascable1 bree*1 re9=ce1 *ase1 & muzzle4 #d4 ,:at proportion usually exi/s betwe5 ! l5g? & calibre ( a gun8 ,x v>ies f #ae to #bc calibres4 #e4 ,:at proportion does ! disp>t ( a gun be> g5]ally to its l5g?8 ,ab\t a sixtie? "p 9 field guns1 ab\t a ?irtie? "p 9 sea-coa/1 & ab\t a ?irty-eigh? "p 9 siege & g>rison guns4 #f4 ,:at is ! natural angle ( sight 9 siege & g>rison guns8 ,"o degree & ?irty m9utes4 #g4 ,:at is x 9 field guns8 ,"o degree4 #h4 ,:y h sea-coa/ guns no natural l9e ( sight8 ,because ! swell ( ! muzzle is n visible :5 ! eye is on a level ) ! base r+4 #i4 ,^u :at are guns m\nt$8 ,on field1 siege1 b>bette or casemate c>riages4 ,sid5ote3 #bg #aj4 ,:at projectiles are us$ ) guns8 ,solid %ot1 sph]ical case1 grape1 & cani/]4 #aa4 ,ab\t :at are ! weights ( ! diff]5t guns8 #f-pdr41 #hhd lbs42 brass #ab-pdr41 #a1geg lbs42 iron #ab-pdr41 #c1eij lbs42 #ah-pdr41 #d1iac lbs42 #bd-pdr41 #e1gij lbs42 #cb-pdr41 #g1bjj lbs42 #db-pdr41 #h1dfe lbs4 #ab4 ,give ! entire l5g? ( ! sev]al guns8 #f-pdr4 field-gun1 #fe4f in*es2 #ab-pdr4 field-gun1 #he in*es2 #ab-pdr4 iron gun1 #aaf in*es2 #ah-pdr41 #abc4be in*es2 #bd-pdr41 #abd in*es2 #cb-pdr41 #abe4b in*es2 #db-pdr41 #abi in*es4 ,sid5ote3 #bh ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,on ,,h[itz]s4 #a4 ,:at is a ,h[itz]8 ,a *amb]$ piece1 ( l>g] calibre ?an a gun ( l weight1 & m\nt$ 9 a simil> mann]4 #b4 ,:at =m ( *amb] is giv5 to h[itz]s8 ,t ( a cyl9d]4 #c4 ,h[ is x unit$ ) ! l>ge cyl9d] ( ! bore8 ,by a conical surface1 except 9 ! #h-;in* siege h[itz]1 :]e x is unit$ ) ! cyl9d] ( ! bore by a sph]ical surface1 9 ord] t ! %ell may--:5 necess>y--be ins]t$ )\t a sabot4 #d4 ,:at advantages are ga9$ by ! employm5t ( h[itz]s8 ,!y project l>g] %ells ?an ! guns ) :i* !y are associat$1 are well adapt$ = rico*et fire1 ! de/ruction ( field works1 break+ d[n palisades1 & sett+ fire to build+s4 #e4 ,:at projectiles are us$ ) h[itz]s8 ,%ells usually1 sph]ical case1 cani/]1 grape & c>casses4 ,sid5ote3 #bi #f4 ,give ! entire l5g? ( ! sev]al h[itz]s4 ,iron #aj-;in*1 #abd4be in*es2 #h-;in* sea-coa/1 #aji in*es2 #h-;in* siege & g>rison1 #fa4e in*es2 #bd-pdr4 g>rison1 #fi in*es2 #cb-pdr4 field1 #hb in*es2 #bd-pdr4 field1 #ga4b in*es2 #ab-pdr4 field1 #eh4f in*es2 m\nta91 #ab-pdr41 #cg4ba in*es4 #g4 ,:at is ! weight ( a h[itz] ( ea* k9d8 #aj-;in*1 #i1ejj lbs42 #h-;in* sea-coa/1 #e1gdj lbs42 #h-;in* siege & g>rison1 #b1fad lbs42 #bd-pdr4 g>rison1 #a1dgf lbs42 #cb-pdr4 field1 #a1ibj lbs42 #bd-pdr4 field1 #a1cah lbs42 #ab-pdr4 field1 #ghh lbs42 #ab pdr4 m\nta91 #bbj lbs4 #h4 ,:at is ! natural angle ( sight 9 siege & g>rison & field h[itz]s8 ,"o degree4 #i4 ,:at 9 m\nta9 h[itz]s8 ,?irty-sev5 m9utes4 #aj4 ,:y h sea-coa/ h[itz]s no natural l9e ( sight8 ,because ! swell ( ! muzzle is n visible :5 ! eye is on a level ) ! base r+4 ,sid5ote3 #cj ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,on ,,columbiads4 #a4 ,:at is a ,columbiad8 ,a gun ( mu* l>g] calibre ?an ! ord9>y gun1 us$ = ?r[+ solid %ot or %ells4 #b4 ,:at are "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ?is gun1 :5 m\nt$ 9 b>bette8 ,its c>riage gives a v]tical field ( fire f #e depression to #ci elevation2 & a horizontal field ( fire ( #cfj4 #c4 ,are ^! pieces *amb]$8 ,^? ( ! old patt]n h *amb]s2 b !y are n[ ca/ )\t any4 #d4 ,give ! weight ( ?is piece8 #aj-;in*1 #ae1djj lbs42 #h-;in*1 #i1bdj lbs4 #e4 ,:at is ! entire l5g? ( ?is gun8 #aj-;in*1 #abf in*es2 #h-;in*1 #abd in*es4 #f4 ,:at is ! natural angle ( sight 9 ?is piece8 #h-;in*1 #a #bc2 #aj-;in*1 #a #ba4 ,sid5ote3 #ca ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,v4 ,,on ,,mort>s4 #a4 ,:at is a ,mort>8 ,! %orte/ piece 9 s]vice2 ! trunnions are plac$ 9 re> ( ! v5t at ! bree*2 ! bore is v l>ge 9 proportion to ! l5g?1 & is provid$ ) a *amb]4 #b4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal advantages obta9$ by ! employm5t ( mort>s8 ,rea*+ objects by _! v]tical fire--su* z a t[n1 batt]y1 or o!r place--^: de/ruction or injury _c be effect$ by direct or rico*et fire2 dism\nt+ ! enemy's artill]y2 sett+ fire to & ov]?r[+ works2 bl[+ up magaz9es2 break+ ?r\gh ! ro(s ( b>racks1 casemates1 c42 & produc+ havoc & disord] among/ troops4 #c4 ,:at d y mean by v]tical fire8 ,t produc$ by fir+ ! mort> at a high elevation4 #d4 ,:at are its advantages8 ,! %ell hav+ atta9$ a great elevation1 desc5ds ) great =ce on ! object1 9 consequ5ce ( ! con/ant action ( ! =ce ( gravity on x4 ,sid5ote3 #cb #e4 ,:y are mort>s con/ruct$ /rong] & %ort] ?an o!r pieces8 ,because great] resi/ance is requir$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! high elevation "u :i* !y are fir$2 & 7 !y long]1 ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 load+ !m w\ld become too great4 #f4 ,:y is a mort> con/ruct$ ) a *amb]8 ,9 consequ5ce ( employ+ v>i\s *>ges1 "s v small1 x becomes necess>y to use a *amb] to conc5trate ! *>ge z mu* z possible1 s t ! %ell may be act$ on by ! entire expansive =ce ( ! p[d]4 #g4 ,:at =m ( *amb] is giv5 to mort>s8 ,usually t ( a fru/um ( a cone4 ,! bottom is hemisph]ical 9 ! sea-coa/1 /one1 & epr\vette mort>s4 ,9 siege mort>s x is a plane surface1 ! angles ( int]section be+ r\nd$ 9 pr(ile by arcs ( circles4 #h4 ,:at is ?is =m ( *amb] call$8 ,gom] ,*amb]4 #i4 ,:at is ! advantage ( ! conical ov] ! cyl9drical *amb]8 ,cyl9drical *amb]s are objectionable1 z ! projectile is frequ5tly brok5 9 consequ5ce ( ! small surface expos$ to ! action ( ! *>ge4 ,?is defect is obviat$ by l>ge *amb]s1 & p>ticul>ly by ^? t are conical1 9 :i* ! *>ge is exp5d$ ^u ne>ly a hemisph]e4 #aj4 ,:at =m ( *amb] has ! epr\vette8 ,t ( a cyl9d]1 x be+ ! only mort> ^: *amb] is ( ?is %ape4 #aa4 ,h[ are mort>s m\nt$8 ,on b$s ( wood or iron4 ,sid5ote3 #cc #ab4 ,:at is ! object ( m\nt+ mort>s on b$s 9 pref]5ce to :eel c>riages8 ,on acc\nt ( ! high elevation at :i* !y are usually fir$1 :5 ! recoil1 in/ead ( =c+ ! piece backw>ds1 t5ds to =ce x d[nw>ds1 & ?is t5d5cy becomes s great at ! high] angles t no :eel c>riage c\ld long su/a9 ! %ock4 #ac4 ,:at is ! entire l5g? ( ea* mort>8 #ac-;in*1 #ec in*es2 #aj-;in* sea-coa/1 #df in*es2 #aj-;in* siege1 #bh in*es2 #h-;in*1 #cb4e in*es2 /one mort>1 #ca4ee in*es2 coehorn1 #af4cb in*es4 #ad4 ,:at are ! weights ( mort>s8 #ac-;941 #aa1ejj lbs42 #aj-;94 sea-coa/1 #e1gge lbs42 #aj-;94 siege1 #a1heb lbs42 #h-;941 #icj lbs42 /one mort>1 #a1ejj lbs42 coehorn1 #afd lbs42 epr\vette1 #bbj lbs4 #ae4 ,:at are ! weights ( ! diff]5t mort> b$s8 #h-;94 siege1 #ibj lbs42 #aj-;94 siege1 #a1hcj lbs42 coehorn1 #acb lbs42 epr\vette1 #bhj lbs4 #af4 ,:at are ! diamet]s ( ! bores ( ! /one1 coehorn1 & epr\vette mort>s8 ,/one mort>1 #af in*es2 coehorn1 #e4hb in*es2 epr\vette1 #e4fee in*es4 #ag4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! bore1 exclusive ( ! *amb]1 ( ! diff]5t mort>s8 #ac-;941 #bf in*es2 #aj-;94 sea-coa/1 #be in*es2 #aj-;94 siege1 #ae in*es2 #h-;941 #ab in*es2 /one mort>1 #ai4h in*es2 coehorn1 #h4hb in*es2 epr\vette1 #aa4e in*es4 #ah4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! *amb] ( ! diff]5t mort>s8 #ac-;941 #ac in*es2 #aj-;94 sea-coa/1 #aj in*es2 #aj-;94 siege1 #e in*es2 #h-;941 #d in*es2 /one mort>1 #f4ge in*es2 coehorn1 #d4be in*es2 epr\vette1 #a4ce in*es4 ,sid5ote3 #cd #ai4 ,= :at purpose is ! epr\vette us$8 ,= det]m9+ ! relative /r5g? ( gunp[d]4 #bj4 ,to :at purpose is a /one mort> appli$8 ,to ?r[ /ones a %ort di/ance1 f #aej to #bej y>ds2 & also #f-pr4 %ells f #ej to #aej y>ds4 #ba4 ,9 :at mann] are ! /ones dispos$ 9 ?is mort>8 ,!y are put into a basket fitt$ to ! bore1 & plac$ on a wood5 bottom :i* cov]s ! m\? ( ! *amb]4 #bb4 ,:at use is made ( coehorn mort>s8 ,!y are fir$ ei!r f beh9d intr5*m5ts l o!r mort>s1 or !y may accompany troops 9 effect+ lodgm5ts 9 t[ns & =tifi$ places4 #bc4 ,:at k9d ( projectiles are ?r[n f mort>s8 ,%ells1 fire-balls1 c>casses1 & /ones4 #bd4 ,h[ rapidly may siege mort>s be fir$8 ,at ! rate ( twelve r\nds p] h\r cont9u\sly2 & 9 case ( ne$ ) great] rapidity4 ,sid5ote3 #ce ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,sea-,,coa/ ,,artill]y4 #a4 ,h[ are ,sea-,coa/ pieces m\nt$8 ,on b>bette1 casemate1 flank-casemate1 & columbiad c>riages2 & ! c>riage ^u :i* ! mort> is m\nt$--call$ its b$4 ,^! c>riages d n subs]ve ! purpose ( transportation2 ! b>bette c>riage may1 h[ev]1 be us$ = mov+ its piece = %ort di/ances1 z f "o front ( ! "w to ano!r4 #b4 ,:at numb] & k9d ( pieces are requir$ = ! armam5ts ( =ts on ! sea-bo>d8 ,9 our s]vice !y are prescrib$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 accord+ to ! "* & ext5t ( ! "w4 #c4 ,:at disposition %\ld be made ( heavy & light pieces 9 a =tification8 ,heavy pieces %\ld be employ$ on ! sali5ts ( ! "w1 or = enfilad+ *annels :]e a long range is requir$2 light pieces1 :]e ! range is %ort]4 ,sid5ote3 #cf ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,siege ,,artill]y4 #a4 ,h[ are siege-guns m\nt$8 ,usually on travell+-c>riages1 ) limb]s4 #b4 ,( :at numb] & k9d ( pieces is a siege tra9 compos$8 ,?is mu/ altoge!r dep5d on circum/ances2 b ! foll[+ g5]al pr9ciples may be obs]v$ 9 assign+ ! proportion ( diff]5t k9ds & calibres1 & ! relative quantity ( o!r supplies = a tra9 ( #ajj pieces3 ,,guns4 #bd-pdr41 ab\t "o-half ! :ole numb]1 #ej #ah-pdr4 or #ab-pdr41 "o-t5?1 #aj ,,h[itz]s4 #h-;94 siege1 "o-f\r?1 #be ,,mort>s4 #aj-;94 siege1 "o-eigh?1 #ab #h-;94 siege1 #c ,,/one-,,mort>s1 #f ,,coehorn ,,mort>s1 9 addition to ! #ajj pieces1 #f ,,wall ,,pieces1 #dj ,sid5ote3 #cg ,,c>riages4 ,= #bd-pdr4 guns1 & #h-;94 h[itz]s1 "o-fif? sp>e1 #ij ,= #ah-pdr4 & #ab-pdr4 guns1 #ab ,= #aj-;94 mort>s & /one-mort>s1 "o-six? sp>e1 #ba ,= #h-;94 mort>s1 #d ,mort>-wagons1 #a = ea* #aj-;94 mort> & b$1 = ea* /one mort> & b$1 & = ?ree #h-;94 mort> & b$s1 #ch ,wagons = transport+ implem5ts1 intr5*+ & m9]'s tools1 laboratory tools & ut5sils & o!r /ores1 ea* load$ ) ab\t #b1gjj lbs41 say1 #adj ,c>ts 7c>ry+ balls1 c4 on ! m>*71 #ej ,p>k batt]y-wagons1 fully equipp$1 #bh ,p>k =ges1 8 8 #h ,sl+ c>ts1 l>ge1 #e ,d4 h&1 #d ,,draught ,,horses4 ,= ea* gun & h[itz]1 ) its c>riage1 #h 8 ,sp>e gun-c>riage1 #f 8 ,mort> wagon1 #h 8 ,batt]y wagon1 #f 8 ,=ge1 #f 8 ,c>t1 #b 8 ,sl+-c>t1 l>ge1 #b 8 ,sp>e horses1 #a-aj? ------------ ,total1 ab\t #a1ijj horses4 ,sid5ote3 #ch ,,projectiles ,,& ,,ammunition4 ,r\nd-%ot1 #hjj to ea* #bd-pdr41 #a1jjj to ea* #ah & #ab pdr4 ,= ,guns4 ,grape & cani/]s /rapp$1 #bj r\nds to ea* piece4 ,sph]ical case /rapp$1 #bj r\nds to ea* piece4 ,%ells1 #hjj to ea* #h-;94 h[itz]4 ,,= ,,h[itz]s4 ,cani/]s /rapp$1 #e to ea*4 ,sph]4 case /rapp$1 #bj to ea*4 #fjj %ells to ea* #aj-;in*4 ,,= ,,mort>s4 #hfj 8 8 #h-;in*4 #bjj 8 8 ,coehorn4 ,gunp[d]1 9 b>rels1 #ejj1jjj lbs4 ,comput+ = ea* #bd-pdr4 r\nd-%ot1 "o-?ird ! weight ( %ot4 8 8 #ah & #ab pdr4 r\nd-%ot1 "o-f\r? ! weight ( %ot4 8 8 grape1 cani/] & sph]ical case1 "o-six? ! weight ( %ot4 8 8 r\nd ( h[itz] ammunition1 #e lbs4 8 8 r\nd #aj-;94 mort> ammunition1 includ+ #g lbs4 *>ge ( 8 8 r\nd #h-;94 mort> ammunition1 %ell4 #c lbs4 8 8 r\nd ,coehorn mort> ammunition1 lb4 8 8 r\nd /one mort> ammunition1 #a lb4 #c4 ,:at is ! be/ position = guns 9 ord] to make a brea*8 ,on ! glacis1 )9 #ae or #af feet ( its cre/2 b if ! foot ( ! revetm5t _c be se5 f !nce1 ! guns mu/ be plac$ 9 ! cov]$ way1 )9 #ae feet ( ! c\nt]sc>p4 ,sid5ote3 #ci #d4 ,9 :at mann] %\ld ! fire ( siege guns be conduct$ 9 ord] to =m a brea*8 #a/4 ,make a horizontal section ! l5g? ( ! desir$ brea* along ! sc>p1 at "o-?ird its height f ! bottom ( ! dit*1 & to a dep? equal to ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 #b;d4 ,make v]tical cuts ?r\gh ! wall1 n f>!r ?an t5 y>ds ap>t1 & n exce$+ "o to ea* piece ( ordnance1 beg9n+ at ! horizontal section & asc5d+ gradually to ! top ( ! wall4 #c;d4 ,fire at ! mo/ prom95t p>ts ( ! masonry left /&+2 beg9n+ always at ! bottom & gradually approa*+ ! top4 #d?4 ,fire into ! brok5 mass ) h[itz]s until ! brea* is practicable4 #e4 ,h[ long w\ld x take to make a brea* ( #bj y>ds 9 l5g?8 ,brea*es ( m ?an #bj y>ds 9 l5g? h be5 op5$ by way ( exp]im5t1 & r5d]$ practicable 9 less ?an t5 h\rs1 by ab\t two hundr$ & ?irty #bd-pdr4 balls & =ty %ells 9 "o case1 & by ?ree hundr$ #ah-pdr4 balls & =ty %ells 9 ano!r4 #f4 ,h[ _m dis*>ges c an iron gun su/a98 ,an iron gun %\ld su/a9 twelve hundr$ dis*>ges1 at ! rate ( twelve an h\r2 b :atev] may be ! rate ( fire1 x is deem$ unsafe aft] t numb] ( dis*>ges4 ,z _m z tw5ty an h\r h be5 made = sixte5 consecutive h\rs4 ,sid5ote3 #dj ,,"p ,i4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,on ,,field ,,guns ,,& ,,batt]ies4 #a4 ,:at proportion ( artill]y %\ld be allott$ to an army 9 ! field8 ,! proportion ( artill]y to o!r troops v>ies g5]ally betwe5 ! limits ( "o & ?ree pieces to #a1jjj m51 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! army1 ! "* ( ! troops compos+ x1 ! /r5g? & "* ( ! enemy1 ! nature ( ! c\ntry :i* is to be ! !atre ( ! w>1 & ! "* & objects ( ! w>4 #b4 ,:at regulates ! selection ( ! k9ds ( artill]y & ! proportion ( ! diff]5t k9ds 9 ! tra98 ,simil> consid]ations to ^? specifi$ 9 ! =ego+ answ]4 ,! foll[+ pr9ciples may be obs]v$ 9 ord9>y cases3 are #ab-pdrs4 #c pieces to guns1 ( :i* 8 #f-pdrs4 #a1jjj m54 8 #bd or #cb-pdrs4 h[itz41 ( :i* 8 #ab-pdrs4 #c4 ,:at is a field-batt]y8 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( pieces ( artill]y s equipp$ z to be available = attack or def5se1 & capable ( accompany+ cavalry or infantry 9 all _! movem5ts 9 ! field4 #d4 ,h[ _m pieces are allott$ to a field-batt]y8 ,f\r guns & two h[itz]s4 ,sid5ote3 #da #e4 ,are all field batt]ies alike8 ,no2 field batt]ies accompany+ infantry are compos$ ( ! heavi]1 & ^? accompany+ cavalry ( ! light] pieces1 ! fir/ mann$ by foot-artill]y1 & ! latt] by horse-artill]y4 #f4 ,9 :at respect does a batt]y ( horse-artill]y diff] f "o ( foot-artill]y8 ,! ma9 diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! cannone]s 9 a batt]y ( horse-artill]y be+ m\nt$2 9 rapid evolutions ( foot-artill]y !y are convey$ on ! c>riages4 #g4 ,:at is ! composition ( a field-batt]y on ! w> e/abli%m5t8 ,,k9d ,,( ,,batt]y4 #ab-,,pr4 #f-,,pr4 ,,guns4 #ab-pdrs41 m\nt$1 #d #f-pdrs41 8 #d ,,h[itz]s4 #bd-pdrs41 m\nt$1 #b #ab-pdrs41 8 #b ------------ #f #f ,,caissons4 ,= guns1 #h #d ,= h[itz]s1 #d #b ------------ #ab #f ,,travel+ ,,=ges1 #a #a ,,batt]y ,,wagon1 #a #a ------------ #b #b ------------------ ,:ole ,no4 ( c>riages ) a batt]y1 #bj #ad ,%ot1 #efj #efj ,= #d guns1 ,sph]4 case1 #bbd #hj ,cani/]s1 #aab #afj ---------------- #hif #hjj ,%ells1 #afh #abj ,,ammunition4 ,= #b h[itz]s1 ,sph]4 case1 #aab #afj ,cani/]s1 #db #cb ---------------- #cbb #cab -------------------- ,total ,no4 r\nds ) a batt]y1 #abah #aaab ,,draught ,,horses4 #f to ea* c>riage1 #abj #hd ,sp>e horses1 #a-ab1 #aj #g ---------------- ,total1 #acj #ia ,sid5ote3 #db ,,note4--,= two #cb-pdr4 h[itz] c>riages & f\r caissons1 ! numb] ( r\nds ( ammunition is3 ,%ells1 #aab ,sph]4 case1 #hd ,cani/]s1 #ad ------ ,total1 #baj #h4 ,:at is ! composition ( a batt]y ( m\nta9 h[itz]s8 ,h[itz]s1 #f ,gun-c>riages1 #g ,ammunition-*e/s1 #cf 7#dh r\nds = ea* h[itz]47 ,=ge & tools1 9 #b *e/s1 #a ,set ( c>riage-mak]s' tools 9 #b *e/s1 #a ,pack saddles & h>ness1 #cc ,horses or mules1 #cc #i4 ,:at composes ! ,field-,p>k8 ,! sp>e c>riages1 res]v$ supplies ( ammunition1 tools1 & mat]ials = ext5sive repairs1 & = mak+ up ammunition1 = ! s]vice ( an army 9 ! field f ! ,field-,p>k1 to :i* %\ld be atta*$ also ! batt]ies ( res]ve4 #aj4 ,:at det]m9es ! quantity ( su* supplies8 ,! quantities ( su* supplies mu/ dep5d 9 a great measure on ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! campaign4 #aa4 ,h[ is ! ammunition :i* _c be transport$ by ! batt]ies c>ri$8 ,) ! p>k2 9 caissons1 or 9 /ore wagons4 ,sid5ote3 #dc #ab4 ,d any o!r c>riages & /ores =m "p ( ! ,field-,p>k8 ,yes2 sp>e gun-c>riages1 "o to ea* field-batt]y1 ,travel+ ,=ges1 ,batt]y-,wagons1 "o or m ( ea*4 ,sp>e spokes1 #ej to ea* batt]y1 ,sp>e fellies1 #bj to ea* batt]y1 9 /ore wagons4 ,sp>e h>ness1 9 ,horse-%oes & nails1 boxes4 ,gunp[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 *>coal1 laboratory pap]1 cannon-prim]s 7p]cussion & friction71 fuzes & plugs = field-s]vice1 /uff = c>tridge bags1 wooll5 y>n1 cotton y>n1 glue4 #ac4 ,are any o!r pieces ev] us$ = field s]vice8 ,yes3 sometimes ! #ab & #ah-pdr4 siege guns1 & ! #h-;94 siege h[itz]4 #ad4 ,= :at p>ticul> s]vice are ^! diff]5t pieces mo/ suitable8 ,! siege pieces = batt]ies ( position2 ! #ab-pdr4 batt]y1 = foll[+ ! movem5ts ( infantry1 & ! #f-pdr4 batt]y = ^? ( cavalry4 ,,note4--,^! siege pieces %\ld be plac$ on ! weake/ po9ts ( a l9e1 & on heights :i* ei!r =m a key to ! position1 or f :5ce ! greate/ & longe/ cont9u$ effect may be produc$4 #ae4 ,:at are ! peculi> advantages ( ,horse-,artill]y8 ,possess+1 f _! light] con/ruction & m\nt$ deta*m5ts1 mu* great] locomotive p[]s ?an o!r field batt]ies1 !y are especially adapt$ = foll[+ ! rapid evolutions ( cavalry1 = sudd5 attacks ^u p>ticul> po9ts1 & = support+ ! advance or cov]+ ! retreat ( an army4 ,sid5ote3 #dd #af4 ,h[ is a field gun m\nt$8 ,^u a f\r-:eel c>riage1 :i* answ]s = its transportation z well z = its s]vice1 simil> to a siege c>riage1 b light]1 & ! limb] c>ry+ an ammunition *e/4 #ag4 ,:]e %\ld a batt]y be plac$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( an action8 ,z mu* z possible "u cov]1 by tak+ advantage ( banks1 holl[-ways1 build+s1 woods1 c4 #ah4 ,is if advisable to move a batt]y at once into position 9 ! field8 ,no2 b if unavoidable1 x %\ld be mask$ z mu* z possible until ord]$ to op5 its fire4 #ai4 ,h[ %\ld a batt]y be mask$8 ,if practicable1 by cov]+ x ) cavalry1 9 pref]5ce to infantry1 z ! =m] does x m effectually1 & is soon] mov$ out ( ! way4 #bj4 ,9 comm5c+ an action1 h[ %\ld ! fire ( a batt]y be direct$8 ,:5 ! enemy is 9 l9e1 ! fire %\ld be direct$ ov] ! :ole l9e1 & n ^u ! real po9ts ( attack2 b :5 9 column1 ready to advance1 x %\ld be conc5trat$ ^u ! real po9ts ( attack4 #ba4 ,h[ %\ld batt]ies be plac$ 9 relation to ! troops ) :i* !y are act+8 ,^u ! flanks ( a l9e1 b at su* a di/ance z n to imp$e its movem5ts1 & at ! same "t to be unfett]$ 9 _! own2 ! artill]y may ?us repres5t ! faces ( a ba/ion1 & ! l9e ( troops ! curta94 ,sid5ote3 #de #bb4 ,is ! front ( a l9e ( troops an advantage\s position = a field batt]y8 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! wor/ possible1 z (f]+ a d\ble object to ! enemy's fire1 & greatly ob/ruct+ ! movem5ts ( ! troops2 :ile a position 9 re> is ne>ly z bad1 z ! fire might s]i\sly injure1 or at lea/1 greatly disquiet !m4 #bc4 ,9 support+ an attack1 :at precautions are necess>y8 ,! batt]y %\ld be c>efully kept cle> ( ! int5d$ l9e ( m>* ( our own troops1 & su* po9ts occupi$ z may af=d ! greate/ annoyance to ! enemy4 #bd4 ,h[ %\ld batt]ies be dispos$ ) reg>d to ! enemy's troops8 ,g5]ally s z to secure a cross fire on 8 position1 & on all ! gr\nd ov] :i* he moves to ! attack1 endeavor+ to take him at all times 9 ! direction ( 8 greate/ dim5sions2 t is1 obliquely or 9 flank :5 9 l9e1 & 9 front :5 =m$ 9 columns4 ,mod]ate heights1 comm&+ z mu* z possible ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 %\ld always be tak5 advantage (1 b n su* z may prev5t op]ations 9 advance if requir$4 #be4 ,is x imp]atively necess>y to conf9e positions = field batt]ies to ! flanks ( a l9e8 ,:51 f p>ticul> circum/ances1 ! front ( ! army is too ext5d$1 & unavoidably divid$ into two l9es1 x may become necess>y to place "o or m batt]ies 9 ! c5tre1 if ^? on ! flanks are unable to sweep ! :ole front2 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to imp$e ! advance or retreat ( ! troops :5 requir$4 ,sid5ote3 #df #bf4 ,%\ld ! fire ( field batt]ies be c>ri$ on at ! same uni=m rate8 ,c]ta9ly n2 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy be+ ! object1 x foll[s t at di/ant ranges1 a great] degree ( c>e is requir$ 9 po9t+ ! guns2 ! fire is sl[ & /eady1 & increas+ 9 rapidity z ! enemy advances1 )\t h[ev]1 impair+ its precision4 #bg4 ,%\ld ! fire ( field batt]ies be c>ri$ on 9 salvoes or o!rwise8 ,nev] 9 salvoes2 b 9 a regul> mann]1 well su/a9$1 & ) di/9ct int]vals betwe5 e r\nd1 comm5c+ sl[ly1 & increas+ 9 rapidity z ! range dim9i%es4 #bh4 ,is ! fire ( batt]ies m efficaci\s :5 disp]s$ ?an :5 conc5trat$8 ,! effects ( ! fire w be 9 proportion to ! numb] ( guns br\ght toge!r1 & !re=e1 9 ord] to /rike a decisive bl[1 ?is %\ld at once be done4 #bi4 ,:at projectiles are us$ ) field guns8 ,solid %ot1 sph]ical case1 & cani/]4 #cj4 ,at :at di/ance f ! enemy %\ld ! sev]al k9ds ( projectiles be employ$ ) field batt]y pieces8 ,solid %ot f #cej y>ds & upw>ds2 sph]ical case f #fjj up to #ajjj y>ds1 al?\gh x may be us$ )9 ! fir/ range2 & cani/] )9 #cej y>ds1 or up to #djj aga9/ ext5d$ =mations4 #ca4 ,:at numb] ( r\nds c be fir$ f a field gun 9 "o m9ute8 ,two solid %ot or sph]ical case1 or ?ree ( cani/]4 ,sid5ote3 #dg #cb4 ,:y are m r\nds ( cani/] fir$ 9 a m9ute ?an ( solid %ot or sph]ical case8 ,because ! latt] are fir$ at great] di/ances ?an cani/]1 & require ! piece to be c>efully aim$1 ?us requir+ m "t4 #cc4 ,:at is ! smalle/ numb] ( guns t may ) safety be employ$ 9 ! face ( an enemy8 ,nev] less ?an two1 9 ord] to secure a cont9u\s fire & mutual support4 #cd4 ,is ! practice ( employ+ field batt]ies aga9/ ^? ( ! enemy recomm5d$8 ,only "u peculi> circum/ances2 z = in/ance1 :5 8 troops are well cov]$ & 8 guns expos$1 or _! fire v de/ructive4 ,_! fire %\ld be direct$ pr9cipally aga9/ columns ( attack1 & masses1 or ^u positions :i* are int5d$ to be c>ri$4 #ce4 ,9 :at "t c\ld a batt]y come into action 9 ! field8 ,x c\ld come into action & fire "o r\nd 9 #be seconds1 tim+ f ! ord] 8action front10 to ! dis*>ge ( "o piece4 #cf4 ,suppose cavalry to be advanc+ to attack infantry1 & fir/ obs]v$ at ! di/ance ( a mile1 pass+ ov] ! fir/ half mile at a trot2 ! next qu>t] ( a mile at ! manuvr+ gallop2 & ! rema9+ di/ance at an increas$ gallop1 t]m9at+ ) ! *>ge2 occupy+ altoge!r ab\t six m9utes3 dur+ ! la/ #aejj y>ds ( _! advance h[ _m r\nds p] piece might a batt]y fire 9 t "t8 ,elev5 r\nds ) effect1 ?us3 ,f #aejj to #fej y>ds1 #c' #cb--sph]ical case1 #g 8 #fej to #cej 8 #j' #dh--solid %ot1 #b 8 #cej to close qu>t]s1 #j' #cd--;cani/]1 #b ,sid5ote3 #dh #cg4 ,:at numb] ( r\nds c\ld a batt]y fire aga9/ infantry1 suppos+ !m to pass ov] #aejj y>ds 9 ab\t #af m9utes8 ,?irty-six r\nds ) effect1 viz3 ,f #aejj to #fej1 quick /ep1 #i' #de--sph]4 case1 #ai 8 #fej to #cej1 8 #c' #ej--solid %ot1 #g 8 #cej to #ajj1 8 #b' #cj--;cani/]1 #h 8 #ajj to close d\ble quick #j' #dj--;c4 #b qu>t]s & ! *>ge4 #ch4 ,%\ld ! enemy attempt to =ce ! passage ( a riv]1 :at is ! be/ position = artill]y to oppose x8 ,:]ev] ! be/ cross fire c be obta9$ 9 ord] to ob/ruct & h>ass him z mu* z possible1 & if he has succe$$ 9 pass+ ov] any portion ( 8 troops1 x %\ld be direct$ aga9/ _! =mation4 #ci4 ,:5 ! enemy is mak+ ! passage ( a riv] 9 retreat1 :]e %\ld y\r guns be po/$8 ,9 su* a position z to be> ^u ! batt]ies t cov] ! retreat1 & also ^u 8 bridges4 #dj4 ,9 =c+ ! passage ( a riv]1 :at is ! mo/ advantage\s position = artill]y8 ,! bridge be+ g5]ally laid 9 a re-ent]+ angle1 batt]ies %\ld be po/$ on ea* side ( ! bridge1 & f> en\gh f x to secure a cross fire on ! opposite bank4 #da4 ,%\ld ! indiscrim9ate exp5diture ( ammunition be p]mitt$ 9 ! field dur+ action8 ,^u no acc\nt2 ammunition %\ld at all times be c>efully husb&$1 p>ticul>ly at ! comm5cem5t ( an action1 z ! want ( x at ! close may decide ! fate ( ! day2 x %\ld also be sp>+ly us$ 9 skirmi%es & m9or affairs1 especially :5 at a di/ance f supplies1 or 9 anticipation ( a g5]al action4 ,sid5ote3 #di #db4 ,:5 %\ld ! res]ve be employ$8 ,:5 a p>ticul> po9t ( ! l9e requires additional support1 a favorable position is to be seiz$1 an impression has be5 made on ! l9e by ! enemy1 a =w>d or retrograde movem5t is 9 contemplation1 or :5 a det]m9$ attack is to be made on him1 !n ! res]ve %\ld come up & take "p 9 ! action2 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ?is %\ld be done z exp$iti\sly z circum/ances w p]mit4 #dc4 ,:]e %\ld ! res]ve be plac$ previ\s to an engagem5t8 ,9 re> ) ! second l9e1 out ( ! range ( %ot1 & z little expos$ z circum/ances w admit1 b always 9 su* a position z to h ready access to ! front or re>4 #dd4 ,%\ld guns be lightly ab&on$ be=e an enemy8 ,nev] until ! ,,v ,,la/ ,,extremity4 ,an artill]yman mu/ nev] =get t 8 gun is 8 prop] ,,arm2 t "h lies 8 /r5g?2 t "h is 8 po/ ( honor & ( duty2 also1 t ! ,,la/ ,,dis*>ges are always ,,! ,,mo/ ,,de/ructive1 & ,,may ,,possibly ,,insure ,,! ,,safety ,,( ,,! ,,:ole ,,army1 or ,,turn ,,! ,,tide ,,( ,,victory ,,9 ,,_! ,,favor4 #de4 ,:at is ! position = cavalry :5 plac$ 9 support ( a batt]y8 ,on its flank1 ab\t ! di/ance ( #ajj y>ds1 & z mu* conceal$ z possible4 ,sid5ote3 #ej #df4 ,:at is ! prop] position ( field batt]ies :5 infantry squ>es are attack$ by cavalry8 ,:5 infantry are =m$ 9 squ>es to resi/ ! *>ge ( cavalry1 ! guns %\ld be plac$ outside at ! angles ( ! squ>es1 ! limb]s1 horses1 c41 inside4 ,%\ld ! deta*m5ts be driv5 f _! guns1 !y w retire into ! squ>e1 aft] dis*>g+ _! pieces1 & tak+ ) !m ! sponges & o!r equipm5ts2 ! mom5t ! enemy has retir$1 !y recomm5ce _! fire4 ,suppos+ ! infantry =m$ 9 e*elon ( regim5tal squ>es1 & t ! "t1 or small ext5t ( ! squ>es w\ld n admit ( ! limb]s1 c41 be+ plac$ inside1 !n ! wagons & limb]s %\ld be br\ght up ) _! broadsides to ! front1 s z to occupy1 if possible1 ! space betwe5 ! guns1 leav+ no int]vals = ! cavalry to cut ?r\gh3 ! prolonge or drag ropes might also (f] an effectual mom5t>y imp$im5t to !m1 if prop]ly /ret*$ & secur$4 ,sid5ote3 #ea ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,section ,i4 ,,po9t+ ,,guns ,,& ,,h[itz]s4 #a4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m po9t+ a piece8 ,to po9t a piece1 is to give x su* a direction & elevation1 or depression1 t ! %ot may /rike ! object2 & ! rule 7except 9 case ( mort>s7 is3 ,fir/ give ! direction & !n ! elevation1 or depression4 #b4 ,:5 a %ot is fir$ f a piece1 by h[ _m =ces is x act$ on8 ,by ?ree4--#a/4 ,! impulsive =ce ( ! p[d]1 :i* urges x =w>d4 #b;d4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* t5ds to /op x4 #c;d4 ,! =ce ( gravity :i* causes x to desc5d4 #c4 ,:y is x necess>y to give a c]ta9 degree ( elevation to a piece8 ,because a %ot describes "u ! action ( ! above =ces a curve call$ a trajectory1 :i* is situat$ bel[ ! prolongation ( ! axis ( ! piece1 ! ext5t ( its dep>ture f ?is l9e increas+ ) ! "t ( flight4 ,!re=e1 ! m di/ant ! object1 ! great] mu/ be ! elevation to enable ! %ot to rea* x4 #d4 ,h[ is ! direction giv5 to a gun or h[itz]8 ,by direct+ ! l9e ( metal ^u ! object4 ,sid5ote3 #eb #e4 ,h[ is ! elevation or depression giv58 ,! elevation or depression1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! *>ge1 ! di/ance1 & ! position ( ! object above or bel[ ! batt]y1 mu/ be asc]ta9$ f tables or by exp]im5t1 & ! prop] degree giv5 by means ( in/rum5ts4 #f4 ,:5 w ! object be /ruck by m]ely direct+ ! l9e ( metal ^u x8 ,b 9 "o case1--:5 x is at po9t-blank di/ance4 #g4 ,h[ mu/ ! l9e ( metal be direct$ = all ranges less ?an ! po9t-blank range1 9 ord] to /rike x8 ,s z to pass bel[ ! object4 #h4 ,give a simple rule = fir+ at objects )9 po9t-blank4 ,add to ! po9t-blank range ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! requir$ range1 set ! scale to ! elevation correspond+ to ?is sum1 z %[n by tables ( fir+4 ,!n aim ! gun directly at ! object2 n[ apply ! scale1 & obs]ve :]e ! visual ray ( ! scale /rikes ! gr\nd1 & hav+ not$ ?is po9t1 aim ! gun directly at x4 #i4 ,h[ mu/ ! l9e ( metal be direct$ = ranges great] ?an ! po9t-blank range1 9 ord] to /rike x8 ,above x4 #aj4 ,:5 ! l9e ( metal passes ov] ! object1 :at in/rum5ts mu/ be employ$ = giv+ ! prop] elevation8 ,! gunn]'s quadrant1 or ! bree*-sight4 ,sid5ote3 #ec #aa4 ,h[ is ! quadrant us$8 ,aft] ! direction has be5 giv51 ! quadrant is appli$1 ei!r by its long] bran* to ! face ( ! piece1 or ?is bran* is run into ! bore p>allel ) ! axis1 or x may be appli$ to ! upp] surface ( ! lock-piece1 mak+ ! all[ance due to its incl9ation ) ! axis ( ! piece1 :i* ought to be previ\sly det]m9$1 & ! elevat+ screw turn$1 or ! quo9 adju/$1 until ! requir$ degree is indicat$4 #ab4 ,h[ is ! bree*-sight us$8 ,x is fir/ set to ! elevation correspond+ to ! di/ance2 x is !n appli$ to ! highe/ po9t ( metal on ! base-r+1 & by ! elevat+ screw1 or quo91 ! not* ( ! bree*-sight1 ! highe/ po9t on ! swell ( ! muzzle1 & ! object1 are br\ght 9 ! same l9e4 #ac4 ,:at is a l9e ?us det]m9$ call$8 ,an artificial l9e ( sight4 #ad4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( in/rum5ts1 h[ may ! elevation be giv58 ,by plac+ "o or m f+]s ( ! left h& ^u ! base-r+1 p]p5dicul> to ! axis1 & us+ !m z a bree*-sight4 ,,note4--,9 practice1 x is well to fire two or ?ree %ot to det]m9e ! range exp]im5tally1 z x is affect$ by div]s causes4 #ae4 ,%\ld ! l9e ( metal be always direct$ 9 ! v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ! object8 ,no2 z 9 practice !re are circum/ances 7z1 = in/ance1 a /rong w9d bl[+ across ! field ( fire7 :i* w cause a ball to deviate f ?is plane1 x foll[s t to /rike ! object1 9 su* a case1 ! l9e ( metal mu/ be direct$ to its "r or left2 ! gunn] judg+ ( ! di/ance by obs]v+ ! /rik+ ( ! %ot4 ,sid5ote3 #ed #af4 ,is ! l9e ( metal a p]man5t l9e "u all circum/ances8 ,no2 9 batt]ies = g>rison & sea-coa/ def5se1 :]e ! plat=ms are fix$1 ! l9e ( metal may be consid]$ z ne>ly p]man5t2 b ) siege guns1 :i* are m\nt$ on travel+ c>riages1 ! :eels ( :i* are liable to v>y 9 position f unev5ness ( gr\nd1 or unequal settl+ 9 newly con/ruct$ plat=ms1 ?is l9e is con/antly *ang+4 ,x approximates ! high] :eel 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! :eels2 & h5ce1 to secure ! greate/ accuracy ( fire1 x mu/ be frequ5tly v]ifi$2 ! old m>ks1 if n f\nd correct1 %\ld be eras$ & new ones sub/itut$4 #ag4 ,:5 ! not*es or sights1 :i* are sometimes made ^u ! base-r+ & swell ( ! muzzle 9 field guns1 = aim+ ! piece are us$1 h[ is ! error ( direction rem$i$ :5 ! :eels are n on ! same level8 ,! piece mu/ be aim$ m or less to t side :i* corresponds to ! high] :eel1 accord+ to ! incl9ation4 #ah4 ,:5 ! elevation or depression has once be5 asc]ta9$ = any giv5 di/ance1 h[ may ! fir+ at t di/ance be facilitat$8 ,by not+ "s po9t on ! elevat+ screw or quo92 adju/+ "s fix$ measurem5t f a po9t on ! /ock to ano!r po9t on ! "u side ( ! bree*2 or by a *alk m>k drawn across ! face ( a trunnion & its correspond+ *eek4 ,sid5ote3 #ee #ai4 ,:5 fir+ ei!r )9 or beyond po9t-blank range1 may rem>kable po9ts on ! gr\nd be tak5 advantage (1 9 ord] to furni% an object to aim at8 ,yes2 "s fix$ object may (t5 pres5t itself :i* w s]ve z a po9t ^u :i* to direct ! l9e ( metal4 ,no means %\ld be neglect$ t may t5d to secure accuracy ( aim2 = ! %ot t is ?r[n away by c>elessness 9 po9t+1 _h bett] n be ?r[n at all4 #bj4 ,h[ may precision ( fire be secur$ at night8 ,:5 a fix$ object is to be fir$ at by night1 ! piece %\ld be direct$ dur+ ! day1 & two n>r[ & well-dress$ /rips ( wood laid on ! inside ( ! :eels1 & two o!rs outside ( ! trail ( a siege c>riage1 & nail$ or screw$ to ! plat=m4 ,9 case ( a b>bette c>riage1 ! trav]se-:eels %\ld be *ock$ 9 ! prop] position4 ,to pres]ve ! elevation1 measure ! height ( ! elevat+ screw above its box1 or take ! measure betwe5 a po9t on ! gun1 & ano!r on ! /ock2 cut a /ick to ?is l5g? & adju/ ! gun on x at ea* fire4 #ba4 ,%\ld night-fir+ ) guns be limit$8 ,yes2 x %\ld be limit$ to a small numb] ( r\nds1 z x consumes ammunition to little advantage4 ,sid5ote3 #ef ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,po9t+ ,,mort>s4 #a4 ,:at is ! rule = po9t+ mort>s8 ,fir/ give ! elevation1 & !n ! direction4 #b4 ,h[ is ! elevation giv58 ,by apply+ ! quadrant to ! face ( ! piece1 & adju/+ ! quo9 until ! requir$ numb] ( degrees is indicat$4 #c4 ,are ! same means employ$ = giv+ mort>s _! direction z ^? :i* are us$ ) guns & h[itz]s8 ,no2 because mort>s are usually mask$ f ! object to be /ruck1 by an epaulm5t or p>apet4 #d4 ,to :at are all ! me?ods employ$ = giv+ ! direction to mort>s r$uc$8 ,to det]m9+ practically two fix$ po9ts1 :i* %all be 9 l9e ) ! piece & ! object1 & suffici5tly ne> to be readily di/+ui%$ by ! eye4 ,^! po9ts be+ cov]$ by ! plummet1 det]m9e a v]tical plane1 :i*1 :5 includ+ ! l9e ( metal1 becomes ! plane ( fire4 #e4 ,:at is ! simple/ mann] ( direct+ ! mort>8 ,by means ( po9t+-wires4 ,sid5ote3 #eg #f4 ,describe ?is me?od4 ,! two fix$ po9ts requir$ are det]m9$ by plant+ two wires ^u ! epaulm5t1 "o ^u its cre/1 & ! o!r ab\t a y>d 9 advance ( x1 bo? z ne>ly z possible 9 ! v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! plat=m & ! object4 ,! po9ts be+ ?us e/abli%$1 ! direction is giv5 to ! mort>1 by caus+ a plummet held 9 re> ( x1 to cov] ! wires & ! l9e ( metal4 #g4 ,9 :at respects is ?is me?od defective8 ,bo? 9 accuracy ( aim1 & ! liability ( ! wires be+ d]ang$ by ! %ots ( ! enemy or by o!r causes4 #h4 ,give a bett] me?od4 ,by means ( po9t+-/akes1 by :i* "o ( ! fix$ po9ts is e/abli%$ ^u ! cre/ ( ! p>apet1 or at ! toot ( ! int]ior slope1 & ano!r 9 re> ( ! piece4 ,!n by a cord call$ ! po9t+-cord1 /ret*$ betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 ) ! plummet susp5d$ f x1 a v]tical plane is det]m9$ ) :i* ! l9e ( metal is made to co9cide4 #i4 ,h[ are ! /akes plant$8 ,a /ake1 a foot or m 9 l5g?1 is driv5 into ! cre/ ( ! epaulm5t1 z ne>ly z practicable 9 ! v]tical plane ( fire pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! plat=m2 sight+ by ?is /ake1 ano!r long "o is plant$1 ?ree or f\r feet 9 front ( x1 9 l9e ) ! object4 ,to ?is /ake ! cord is tempor>ily atta*$1 & /ret*$ by ! fir/ /ake1 j graz+ x1 to a po9t on ! gr\nd1 "o y>d 9 re> ( ! plat=m4 ,at ?is po9t a ?ird /ake is driv54 ,! cord is remov$ f ! second /ake1 :i* may n[ be tak5 away1 & p]man5tly atta*$ to ! fir/4 ,sid5ote3 #eh #aj4 ,h[ is ! mort> direct$8 ,! cord is /ret*$ to ! re> /ake1 & z ne> ! muzzle-b& z possible1 ) ! left h&1 :ile ! plummet is susp5d$ aga9/ x ) ! "r2 or ! plummet may be atta*$ to ! cord1 j 9 re> ( ! mort>4 #aa4 ,h[ does x appe> t ! mort> is ?us prop]ly direct$8 ,because ! cord1 ! plummet1 & ! l9e ( metal1 are evid5tly 9 ! v]tical plane ( fire4 #ab4 ,:at is done 9 case ! %ell %\ld /rike con/antly to ! "r or left ( ! object8 ,! po9t+-cord is %ift$ to "s not* on ! po9t+-bo>d1 to ! "r or left1 until ! %ell falls at ! desir$ po9t4 #ac4 ,describe ! po9t+-bo>d4 ,?is is a piece ( wood "o foot long1 two or ?ree in*es wide1 & "o in* ?ick1 hav+ a not* cut 9 ! middle ( "o side1 to fit on ! /ake & :i* is graduat$ into equal divisions f its middle4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! po9t+-cord may be w\nd on x4 ,sid5ote3 #ei #ad4 ,describe ano!r mode ( plant+ ! po9t+-/akes4 ,! mort> be+ plac$ ^u ! middle ( ! plat=m1 ! gunn] m\nts ^u x1 & susp5ds ! plummet 9 front ( ! muzzle1 cov]+ ! object4 ,:]e ! plummet ?us susp5d$ cuts ! cre/ ( ! epaulm5t1 ! fir/ /ake is driv54 ,a second /ake is !n driv5 9 ! same l9e betwe5 ! mort> & ! epaulm5t4 ,! po9t+-cord be+ atta*$ to ! fir/ /ake & /ret*$ to ! re>1 ov] ! po9t :]e ! plummet t\*es ! top ( ! mort>1 det]m9es ! po9t on ! gr\nd at :i* ! re> /ake is driv54 ,! fir/ /ake is !n remov$1 & ! cord atta*$ p]man5tly to ! second /ake4 ,:5 ! object _c be se5 f ! mort>1 ow+ to ! int]position ( "s ob/acle1 z a p>apet or a hill1 two p]sons 9 sight ( ea* o!r1 "o ( :om c see ! mort>1 & ! o!r ! object1 mu/ by successive *anges ( position1 place !mselves 9 ! v]tical plane ( fire1 & at ! po9ts ?us det]m9$1 /akes mu/ be driv51 "o ( :i* w s]ve z ! object4 #ae4 ,h[ may precision ( fire be secur$ at night ) mort>s8 ,! direction is pres]v$ by nail+ or screw+ two bo>ds to ! plat=m outside ( ! *eeks2 ! elevation is m>k$ on ! quo91 or ! quo9 may be nail$ 9 ! prop] position4 ,sid5ote3 #fj ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,*>ges4 #a4 ,:at is ! *>ge ( a piece ( artill]y8 ,! p[d] ) :i* x is load$4 #b4 ,:at is ! ord9>y s]vice *>ge ( p[d] = heavy guns8 ,"o-f\r? ! weight ( ! %ot4 #c4 ,:at is x = fir+ d\ble %ot8 ,"o-six? ! weight ( "o %ot4 #d4 ,:at is ! brea*+ *>ge8 ,"o-?ird ! weight ( ! %ot4 #e4 ,:at k9d ( *>ges are us$ 9 hot %ot fir+8 ,small *>ges f "o-f\r? to "o-six? ! weight ( ! ball4 #f4 ,= :at reason8 ,because balls fir$ ) small velocities split ! wood 9 a mann] :i* is favorable to its burn+2 ) a great velocity ! hole closes1 ! ball s9ks deep1 &1 depriv$ ( air1 *>s )\t sett+ fire to ! surr\nd+ wood4 #g4 ,to :at dep? %\ld hot %ot p5etrate8 ,n deep] ?an t5 or twelve in*es4 #h4 ,9 rico*et fir+1 :at k9d ( *>ges are us$8 ,light *>ges g5]ally2 v>y+ f two-?irds to "o-eigh? ( ! ord9>y *>ge4 ,sid5ote3 #fa #i4 ,9 :at mann] are ! *>ges ( mort>s regulat$8 ,! *>ges v>y ) ! elevation2 or if ! elevation be fix$ at any p>ticul> angle1 !y mu/ be det]m9$ by ! range4 #aj4 ,:at are ! *>ges = field guns & field h[itz]s8 ,see ,table1 page #df4 #aa4 ,:at are ! *>ges = heavy guns1 columbiads1 & h[itz]s8 ,see ,table1 page #df4 #ab4 ,:at are ! greate/ *>ges ( ! sea-coa/1 siege1 & coehorn mort>s8 ,see ,table1 page #df4 #ac4 ,:at *>ge is us$ = project+ fire balls f mort>s8 ,"o tw5ty-fif? ! weight ( ! ball4 ,sid5ote3 #fb ,,*>ges ,,= ,,field ,,guns ,,& ,,field ,,h[itz]s4 ,,= ,,guns4 ,,= ,,h[itz]s4 ,,k9d4 ----------------------------- #ab- #f- #cb- #bd- #ab- ,m\nta94 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 ,= %ot1 #b4e #a4be ,= sph]4 case or cani/]1 #a4e #a4j #b4e #a4gej4ge #j4e ,= %ells1 ,small *>ge1 -- -- #b4e #b4j #a4jj #j4e ,l>ge *>ge1 -- -- #c4beb4eja4jj #j4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,*>ges ,,= ,,heavy ,,guns1 ,,columbiads ,,& ,,h[itz]s4 ,,guns4 ,,columbiads ,,h[itz]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #db- #cb- #bd- #ah- #ab- #aj- #h- ,siege #bd-pr4 ,sea-,coa/4 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 in*4in*4#h-;94,g>ri- ----------- son #aj-;94#h-;94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #aj4e #h4 #h4 #f4 #d4 #ad4 #h4 #d4 #b4 #ab4 #h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,greate/ ,,*>ges ,,( ,,sea-,,coa/1 ,,siege ,,& ,,coehorn ,,mort>s4 ,,sea-,,coa/4 ,,siege4 ,,coehorn4 ,,/one ,,mort>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ah-;in*4#aj-;in*4#aj-;in*4#h-;in*4 #abj pds4 #ae #f-pr4 ( /ones4%ells4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #bj4 #aj4 #d4 #b4 #j4e #a4e #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sid5ote3 #fc ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,ranges4 #a4 ,:at is meant by ! range ( a piece ( artill]y8 ,! di/ance f ! muzzle to ! fir/ graze4 #b4 ,h[ may ! range ( a projectile be ext5d$8 ,ei!r by rais+ ! piece to a high] level1 or by giv+ its axis great] elevation )9 c]ta9 limits4 #c4 ,def9e po9t-blank range4 ,! di/ance f ! muzzle ( ! piece to t po9t 9 a %ot's trajectory :]e x cuts ! prolongation ( ! natural l9e ( sight1 a second "t4 #d4 ,9 :at does ! ,fr5* def9ition = po9t-blank range diff] f ours8 ,x requires t ! natural l9e ( sight %\ld be horizontal4 #e4 ,:at is ! ,briti% def9ition = po9t-blank range8 ,! di/ance f ! muzzle to ! fir/ graze :5 ! axis ( ! piece is p>allel to ! plane ^u :i* ! c>riage /&s4 #f4 ,expla9 by a figure1 ! position (1 & relations exi/+ betwe5 ! l9e ( sight1 ! l9e ( fire or axis ( ! piece1 & ! trajectory1 & also :at ! po9t-blank range is4 ,sid5ote3 #fd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,a,bc,f1 ! l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! highe/ po9ts ( ! base r+ & swell ( ! muzzle1 or ! muzzle-b&1 is call$1 ! natural l9e ( sight4 ,e,pc,g1 is ! axis ( ! piece or l9e ( fire2 ! curv$ l9e1 ,pg,d1 describ$ by ! projectile1 is call$ ! trajectory1 & is entirely bel[ ! l9e ( fire1 9 consequ5ce ( ! action ( ! =ce ( gravity giv+ ! projectile a d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,! po9t ,d is call$ ! po9t-blank1 & its di/ance f ! m\? ( ! piece1 ! po9t-blank range4 #g4 ,m5tion "s ( ! causes :i* v>y ! po9t-blank range4 ,! =m ( ! cannon2 ! weight or =ce ( ! *>ge2 ! diamet] & weight ( ! projectile2 & ! incl9ation ( ! l9e ( sight to ! horizon4 #h4 ,:y has ! =m ( ! cannon an influ5ce on ! po9t-blank range8 ,because z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! bree* & muzzle become great]1 ! angle ( sight1 ,bc,p ,gc,f 7see fig47 increases1 & ! po9t-blank ,d is remov$ f>!r (f2 on ! contr>y1 z ! diamet]s approa* to an equality1 ! po9t-blank approa*es ! piece4 ,)9 a c]ta9 angle1 or :5 !re is no angle ( sight1 z is ! case ) "s old h[itz]s 9 :i* ! l9e ( sight is p>allel to ! axis ( ! bore1 !re w be no po9t-blank1 z ! trajectory w be con/antly bel[ ! l9e ( sight4 ,sid5ote3 #fe #i4 ,:at influ5ce has ! *>ge on ! po9t-blank range8 ,an increase ( ! *>ge det]m9es a m di/ant po9t-blank2 its dim9ution produces a contr>y effect3 b beyond a *>ge equal to "o-?ird ! weight ( ! ball1 ! increase ( range is inconsid]able1 & ! =ce ( ! recoil becomes v great4 #aj4 ,h[ d ! diamet] & weight ( ! projectile affect ! range8 ,z ! ball increases 9 size & d5sity1 x w ov]come ) m ease ! resi/ance ( ! air4 #aa4 ,does ! incl9ation ( ! l9e ( sight to ! horizon h mu* effect on ! po9t-blank range8 ,only :5 ?is incl9ation is v consid]able4 ,= ! ord9>y incl9ation1 f #j to #ae1 above or bel[ ! horizon1 ! diff]5ce may be :olly neglect$4 #ab4 ,:at is ! effect on ! po9t-blank range ( fir+ upw>ds "u a l>ge angle8 ,! action ( ! weight be+ ne>ly directly oppos$ to ! impulsive =ce1 ! trajectory becomes compress$ & ! po9t-blank di/ance dim9i%es4 ,! contr>y effect obta9s 9 fir+ d[nw>ds "u a simil> angle1 z ! weight & ! =ce !n act 9 ne>ly ! same direction4 ,sid5ote3 #ff #ac4 ,:y may ! po9t-blank be consid]$ con/ant = ! same calibre8 ,! dim5sions1 *>ges1 & weights ( projectiles1 be+ con/ant1 & ! incl9ation ( ! natural l9e ( sight1 except 9 a v few cases1 be+ compris$ betwe5 #j & #ae1 x foll[s t = ! same calibre1 ! po9t-blank may be consid]$ con/ant1 & may s]ve z a po9t ( ref]5ce 9 fir+ at diff]5t di/ances4 #ad4 ,:at is ! extreme range ( a piece ( artill]y8 ,! di/ance f ! piece to :]e ! projectile f9ally re/s4 #ae4 ,= a giv5 velocity :at effect has an increase ( ! angle ( lire on ! range8 ,x increases ) ! angle ( fire up to a c]ta9 limit1 beyond :i* x dim9i%es4 #af4 ,:at angle gives ! greate/ range 9 vacuo8 ,=ty-five degrees4 #ag4 ,:5 w ?is angle give ! maximum range 9 practice8 ,only = feeble *>ges1 & v heavy projectiles4 #ah4 ,h[ is ! angle ( greate/ range 9 practice affect$ by a *ange 9 ! velocity & size ( ! projectile8 ,x seems to dim9i% z ! velocity is increas$1 & z ! ball is r$uc$4 ,= ! musket ! angle ( maximum range v>ies f #bh to #cj2 & is ne>ly #db = mort>s4 #ai4 ,"u :at angle is a mort> usually fir$8 ,"u ! con/ant angle ( #de1 & ! *>ge is v>i$ accord+ to ! range requir$4 #bj4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ?is practice8 ,economy ( ammunition2 ! recoil be+ inconsid]able1 ! mort> & its b$ receive b little /ra92 ! ranges are m uni=m1 & ! effect ( a slight error 9 ! angle ( fire is less ?an ) any o!r4 ,sid5ote3 #fg #ba4 ,is ! mort> ev] fir$ at any o!r angle ?an #de8 ,yes2 sometimes at #fj4 #bb4 ,:5 is ! mort> fir$ "u an angle ( #fj8 ,:5 ! batt]y is situat$ v ne> ! object assail$1 & x is desir$ t ! %ells may fall ^u ! magaz9es ( ! besieg$4 ,x is evid5t t projectiles ! high] !y are ?r[n up acquire m velocity 9 fall+1 besides /rik+ ! object m directly & ) increas$ viol5ce4 #bc4 ,"u :at angle are /one-mort>s usually fir$8 ,"u an angle ( #fj1 & sometimes ( #ge1 t 9 fall+ f a great height1 ! /ones may h ! maximum =ce ( p]cussion4 #bd4 ,"u :at angle %\ld gr5ades be ?r[n f /one-mort>s8 ,ab\t #cc2 o!rwise !y w be buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & _! fragm5ts w n be suffici5tly de/ructive4 #be4 ,:5 a gun or h[itz] is aim$ ) ! l9e ( metal horizontal1 :at is ! elevation equal to8 ,! natural angle ( sight or disp>t4 #bf4 ,h[ is ! "t ( flight = siege mort>s at an elevation ( #de det]m9$8 ,x is ne>ly equal to ! squ>e root ( ! range 9 feet divid$ by f\r4 ,sid5ote3 #fh ,,ranges ,,( ,,field ,,guns ,,& ,,h[itz]s4 ,,k9d ,,( ,,piece4 ,p[d]4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4 deg4 m9 yds4 #f-,p\nd] ,field #a4be ,%ot #j #cah ,gun4 8 #a #fdg ,p4 ,b4 ,range 8 #b #hfg 8 #c #aach 8 #d #abef 8 #e #aebc ---------------------------------------- ------- #a4 ,sph4 case #b #fej ,"t ( flight #b8 8 #b #cj #hdj d4 #c8 8 #c #ajej d4 #d8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ab-,p\nd] ,field #b4e ,%ot #j #cdg ,gun4 8 #a #ffb ,p4 ,b4 ,range4 8 #a #cj #ghe 8 #b #iji 8 #c #abfi 8 #d #adee 8 #e #affc ---------------------------------------- ------- #a4e ,sph4 case #a #fgj ,"t #b seconds4 8 #a #de #iej 8 #c 8 8 #b #cj #abej 8 #d 8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ab-,p\nd] ,field #a4 ,%ell #j #aie ,h[itz]4 8 #a #eci 8 #b #fdj 8 #c #hdg 8 #d #ige 8 #e #ajgb ---------------------------------------- ------- #j4ge ,sph4 case #b #ae #dhe ,"t #b seconds4 8 #c #ae #gae 8 #c 8 8 #c #de #ajej 8 #d 8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bd-,p\nd] ,field #b4 ,%ell #j #bie ,h[itz]4 8 #a #eaf 8 #b #gic 8 #c #igf 8 #d #abgb 8 #e #acbb ---------------------------------------- ------- #a4ge ,sph4 case #b #fjj ,"t #b seconds4 8 #c #hjj 8 #c 8 8 #e #cj #ajej 8 #d 8 #b4 8 #c #cj #hhj 8 #c 8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #cb-,p\nd] ,field #b4e ,%ell #j #bij ,h[itz]4 8 #a #eca 8 #b #ggi 8 #c #ajbi 8 #d #abjc 8 #e #aejd ---------------------------------------- ------- #b4e ,sph4 case #c #hjj ,"t #b sec'ds4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,m\nta9 #j4e ,%ell #j #agj ,h[itz]4 8 #a #cjj 8 #b #cib 8 #b #cj #ejj ,"t #b seconds4 8 #c #fcg 8 #d #ghe ,"t #c seconds4 8 #e #ajje ---------------------------------------- ------- #j4e ,sph4 case #j #aej 8 #b #cj #dej ,"t #b seconds4 8 #c #ejj 8 #d #gjj ,"t #b sec'ds4 8 #d #cj #hjj ,"t #c seconds4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #j4e ,cani/] #d to #e #bej ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sid5ote3 #fi ,,ranges ,,( ,,heavy ,,artill]y4 ,,k9d ,,( ,,piece4 ,p[d]4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lbs4 deg4 m9 yds4 #ah-,pdr4 ,siege #d4e ,%ot #a #fda & ,g>rison 8 #a #cj #hjj ,po9t-,blank4 ,gun on 8 #b #iej ,b>bette 8 #c #abef ,c>riage4 8 #d #adej 8 #e #aeib ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bd-,pdr4 ,siege #f4 ,%ot #j #dab & ,g>rison 8 #a #hdb ,gun on ,siege4 8 #a #cj #iec ,po9t-,blank4 ,c>riage 8 #b #aadg 8 #c #adag 8 #d #afff 8 #e #aija #h4 8 #a #hhc 8 #b #aagj 8 #c #aded 8 #d #afci 8 #e #ahcd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #cb-,pdr4 ,sea-,coa/ #f4 ,%ot #a #de #ijj ,gun on #h4 8 #a #gac ,b>bette 8 #a #cj #hjj ,c>riage4 8 #a #ce #ijj 8 #b #aajj 8 #c #adcc 8 #d #afhd 8 #e #aibb #aj4fg 8 #a #ghj 8 #b #aaee 8 #c #aeag ,sid5ote3 #gj ,,k9d ,,( ,,piece4 ,p[d]4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #db-,pdr4 ,sea-,coa/ #aj4e ,%ot #a #gge ,gun on 8 #a #cj #hfj ,b>bette 8 #b #ajaj ,c>riage4 8 #c #acjj 8 #d #afjj 8 #e #aiee #ad4 8 #a #ggj 8 #b #aabh 8 #c #achj 8 #d #afhg 8 #e #aiae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d4 #de-lb4 #h-;94 ,siege ,%ell #j #bea ,"t sec'ds4 ,h[itz] on 8 #a #dce 8 #a 8 ,siege 8 #b #fah 8 #b 8 ,c>riage4 8 #c #gbj 8 #c 8 8 #d #iib 8 #d 8 8 #e #abda 8 #e 8 8 #ab #cj #bbhj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #b4 #ag-lb4 #bd-,pdr4 ,iron ,%ell #j #bie ,h[itz] on 8 #a #eaf a ,flank 8 #e #acbb ,casemate #a ,sph4 case #b #fjj ,"t #b seconds4 ,c>riage4 8 #e #cj #ajej 8 #d 8 #b4 8 #c #cj #hhj 8 #c 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d4 #de-lb4 #h-;94 ,sea-,coa/ ,%ell #a #dje ,h[itz] on 8 #b #feb a ,b>bette 8 #c #hge ,c>riage4 8 #d #aaaj 8 #e #acjj #f4 8 #a #egb 8 #b #hbh 8 #c #idg 8 #d #aafh 8 #e #adfc #h4 8 #a #fdf 8 #b #iji 8 #c #aaij 8 #d #aecb 8 #e #ahjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab4 #ij-lb4 #aj-;94 ,sea-,coa/ ,%ell #a #ehj ,h[itz] on 8 #b #hia ,"t #c sec'ds4 ,b>bette 8 #c #aahe 8 #d 8 ,c>riage4 8 #c #cj #acjj 8 #d #adbf 8 #e 8 8 #e #afej 8 #f 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sid5ote3 #ga ,,k9d ,,( ,,piece4 ,p[d]4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aj4 #fe-lb4 #h-;9 ,columbiad ,%ot #a #icb ,axis ( gun #af on ,b>bette 8 #b #aaaf feet above ,c>riage4 8 #c #adjb ! wat]4 8 #d #afjh 8 #e #ahdg 8 #f #bjaj 8 #h #bcig ,%ot ceas$ to 8 #aj #bhcd rico*et on 8 #ae #cehc ! wat]4 8 #bj #dcbb 8 #be #dhge 8 #bg #ddha #ae4 8 #bg #cj #dhab #aj4 #ej-lb4 ,%ell #a #iai 8 #b #abji 8 #c #adji 8 #d #afig 8 #e #ahac 8 #f #aihe 8 #h #bbjc 8 #aj #bfeg 8 #ae #ceef 8 #bj #cgaf 8 #be #dchg 8 #bg #daga #ae4 8 #bg #cj #ddfh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sid5ote3 #gb ,,k9d ,,( ,,piece4 ,p[d]4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ah4 #abh-lb4 #aj-;94 ,columbiad ,%ot #j #cid ,axis ( gun #af on ,b>bette 8 #a #geb feet above ,c>riage4 8 #b #ajjb ! wat]4 8 #c #abcj 8 #d #aegj 8 #e #ahad 8 #f #bjcg ,%ot ceas$ to 8 #h #beai rico*et on 8 #aj #bggg ! wat]4 8 #ae #cebe 8 #bj #djbj 8 #be #dcjd 8 #cj #dgfa 8 #ce #edcc #bj4 8 #ci #ae #efed ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab4 #ajj-lb4 ,%ell #a #hjj 8 #b #ajab 8 #c #aahd 8 #d #addc 8 #e #afjd #ah4 8 #j #ddh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ah4 #ajj-lb4 #a #gdg ,%ell 8 #b #aajj 8 #c #abci 8 #d #afaa 8 #e #ahfe 8 #f #bbji 8 #h #bdhi 8 #aj #bhdh 8 #ae #cbjj 8 #bj #chhe 8 #be #daej 8 #cj #dfea 8 #ce #dhbh ,"t #ce sec's4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ac-;94 ,sea-,coa/ #bj4 #bjj-lb4 #de #dcbe ,"t #dj sec's4 ,mort>4 ,%ell ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aj-;94 ,sea-,coa/ #aj4 #ih-lb4 #de #dbej ,"t #cf sec's4 ,mort> ,%ell ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aj-;94 ,siege #a4 #ij-lb4 #de #cjj ,"t #f4e sec's4 ,mort>4 #a4e ,%ell 8 #gjj 8 #ab4 8 #b4 8 8 #ajjj 8 #ad4 8 #b4e 8 8 #acjj 8 #af4 8 #c4 8 8 #afjj 8 #ah4 8 #c4e 8 8 #ahjj 8 #ai4 8 #d4 8 8 #bajj 8 #ba4 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lbs oz #de-lb4 #h-;94 ,siege #j #h ,%ell #de #bji ,"t #f4ge sec's4 ,mort>4 #j #ab 8 8 #cgf 8 #i4 8 #a #j 8 8 #fej 8 #aa4e 8 #a #d 8 8 #idc 8 #ad4 8 #a #h 8 8 #acah 8 #af4e 8 #a #ab 8 8 #aebb 8 #ah4e 8 #b #j 8 8 #ahcg 8 #bj4e 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- oz #ag-lb4 #bd-,p\nd] #j4e ,%ell #de #be ,coehorn #a4 8 8 #fh ,mort>4 #a4e 8 8 #ajd #a4ge 8 8 #adc #b4 8 8 #afe #b4ge 8 8 #bfj #d4 8 8 #dbb #f4 8 8 #ijj #h4 8 8 #abjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lbs ,/ones ,/one ,mort>4 #a4e #abj lbs4 #fj #aej to #bej #a #ae #f-pdr #cc #ej to ,fuze #ae sec's4 %ells #aej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,note4--,fire-balls1 accord+ to _! size1 are fir$ f mort>s ( correspond+ calibres4 ,) a *>ge ( ,,"o ,,tw5ty-,,fif? its weight1 ! ball is ?r[n #fjj to #gjj y>ds4 ,sid5ote3 #gc ,,"p ,v4 ,,rico*et4 #a4 ,:at is und]/ood by rico*et fir+8 ,t obta9$ by fir+ a piece at v small angles ( elevation1 by :i* means ! projectile :i* falls on gr\nd ( ord9>y firmness at an angle n great] ?an #aj1 or ^u wat] at #d or #e1 w make "o or m b\nds4 ,9 ?is case ! projectile is said to rico*et4 #b4 ,:at is ! object ( rico*et fir+8 ,to enfilade a face ( ! enemy's "w1 :i* is effect$ by caus+ a projectile to b\nd along ! t]reple9 ( ! face ) ! view ( annoy+ 8 cannone]s1 & dism\nt+ 8 pieces4 ,x is employ$ also 9 h>ass+ an enemy1 :5 =m$ or 9 ! act ( =m+ beh9d a ris+ gr\nd or o!r ob/acle1 tak+ po/ 9 a wood1 c42 & 9 enfilad+ a l9e ( troops4 #c4 ,:at are ! peculi> advantages ( ?is fire8 ,9 be+ able to rea* objects :i* _c be rea*$ by direct fire1 on acc\nt ( int]v5+ ob/acles4 #d4 ,9 enfilad+ a face ( an enemy's "w1 :at is ! object to be fir$ at8 ,usually "s po9t ( ! int]ior cre/ ( ! p>apet :i* cov]s a flank ( ! t]reple9 to be rea*$4 #e4 ,:at is ! po9t ( fall8 ,! po9t ( ! t]reple9 :i* is fir/ /ruck by ! projectile1 aft] hav+ graz$ ! int]ior cre/4 ,sid5ote3 #gd #f4 ,:at is ! angle ( fall8 ,x is ! angle made at ! po9t ( fall by ! tang5t to ! trajectory ) a horizontal l9e 9 ! plane ( fire4 #g4 ,h[ does ! angle ( fall comp>e ) t ( elevation8 ,x is great]4 #h4 ,^u :at d ! *>ge & elevation dep5d8 ,^u ! di/ance ( ! object f ! batt]y2 ^u ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ^! po9ts2 ! di/ance ( ! desir$ po9t ( fall f ! p>apet2 ! height ( ! p>apet1 c4 #i4 ,if ! embrasure be su* t ! object is mask$1 h[ is ! piece po9t$8 ,! direction mu/ be giv51 z ) ! mort>1 by ! plummet2 ?is is held by ! p]son :o po9ts1 9 su* a mann] z to cov] bo? ! l9e ( metal & ! object4 ,! elevation is !n giv5 by ! quadrant4 #aj4 ,:at is ! maximum angle ( elevation 9 rico*et fir+8 ,aga9/ troops x %\ld seldom exce$ #c above ! surface ( ! gr\nd occupi$ by !m4 ,aga9/ =tresses1 =ts1 & =tifi$ l9es1 x v>ies f #c to #i above ! horizontal4 #aa4 ,at :at di/ance f ! object %\ld ! rico*et batt]y be plac$8 ,nev] at a great] di/ance ?an #fjj y>ds4 ,sid5ote3 #ge #ab4 ,9 enfilad+ a "w1 h[ %\ld ! rico*et fir+ be conduct$8 ,! projectile %\ld be made to graze ! p>apet :ile 9 ! desc5d+ bran* ( ! trajectory2 & ?is mu/ be effect$ by regulat+ ! *>ges & elevat+ or depress+ ! piece until ! %ot is se5 to fall j ov] ! int]ior cre/ ( ! p>apet4 ,light *>ges are g5]ally us$1 v>y+ f two-?irds to "o-eigh? ( ! ord9>y *>ge4 #ac4 ,:at pieces are be/ adapt$ = rico*et fire8 ,^? :i* ?r[ heavy %ells1 =1 if us$ to enfilade a "w1 ! %ells lodge & explode 9 ! trav]ses1 & r5d] ! guns m liable to be dism\nt$1 & _! deta*m5ts put hors de combat4 #ad4 ,:at det]m9es ! nature ( ! rico*et8 ,! angle ( fall3 x is flatt5$ :5 ?is angle does n exce$ #f1 & curvat$ :5 x is betwe5 #aj & #ab4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! fires1 ! velocities are great1 & 9 ! second small4 #ae4 ,:at are ! *>ges = a flatt5$ rico*et = siege guns at an angle ( ab\t #c8 ,see ,table1 page #eh4 #af4 ,:at are ! *>ges = a flatt5$ rico*et = siege h[itz]s at an angle ( ab\t #c8 ,see ,table1 page #eh4 #ag4 ,:at are ! *>ges = a curvat$ rico*et = a siege h[itz] at an angle ( ab\t #aj8 ,see ,table1 page #eh4 ,sid5ote3 #gf ,,*>ges ,,= ,a ,,flatt5$ ,,rico*et ,,= ,,siege-,,guns4 ,,di/ance4 ,,elevation4 ,,*>ge4 ---------------------------------------- #ffj y>ds4 #b #de' #a-ab weight ( ball4 #eej 8 #c #a-ae 8 8 #ddj 8 #c #ae' #a-bj 8 8 #ccj 8 #c #ce' #a-cj 8 8 ---------------------------------------- ,,*>ges ,,= ,a ,,flatt5$ ,,rico*et ,,= ,,siege ,,h[itz]s4 ,,di/ance4 ,,elevation4 ,,*>ge4 ---------------------------------------- #eej y>ds4 #a #de' #c lbs4 #ddj 8 #b #ae' #b lbs4 #c oz4 #ccj 8 #b #ae' #a lb4 #ab oz4 #bbj 8 #b #de' #a lb4 #b oz4 ---------------------------------------- ,,*>ges ,,= ,a ,,curvat$ ,,rico*et ,,= ,,siege ,,h[itz]s4 ,,di/ance4 ,,elevation4 ,,*>ge4 ,,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #eej y>ds4 #g #cj' #a lb4 #d oz4 ,! height ( ! object above #ddj 8 8 #a lb4 #a oz4 ! level ( ! batt]y be+ #ccj 8 8 #ad oz4 suppos$ to be #bj feet4 #bbj 8 8 #aj oz4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sid5ote3 #gg ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,recoil4 #a4 ,:at is meant by ! recoil ( a piece ( artill]y8 ,! retrograde motion impress$ ^u cannon by ! dis*>ge is t]m$ ! recoil4 #b4 ,:at causes ! recoil ( a piece8 ,! gas produc$ by ! ignition ( ! *>ge 9 ! bore1 exp&+ ) equal =ce 9 e direction1 f9ds only two ways ( escape 7! muzzle & v5t72 ! pressure ^u ^! po9ts w !re=e cease1 :ile x w be proportionally increas$ ^u ! p>ts directly opposite1 t is1 ! bree* & ! l[] "p ( ! fir/ re9=ce1 produc+ 9 ! fir/ case ! recoil1 & 9 ! o!r1 indirectly1 ! dipp+ ( ! muzzle4 #c4 ,h[ f> does a gun usually recoil8 ,?is dep5ds entirely ^u ! nature & incl9ation ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! c>riage /&s1 ! situation ( ! trunnions1 angle ( elevation1 comp>ative weight ( ! gun & c>riage1 & ^u ! /r5g? ( ! *>ge4 #d4 ,:at proportion does ! velocity ( ! recoil ( a piece be> to t ( a ball8 ,! proportion is inv]sely z _! weights1 or _! masses4 ,sid5ote3 #gh #e4 ,:at proportion exi/s betwe5 ! pressure act+ ^u ! "p ( ! bore ( a piece directly opposite ! v5t1 & t :i* occasions ! recoil8 ,z ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! v5t is to ! squ>e ( t ( ! %ot4 #f4 ,has ! recoil any effect ^u ! flight ( ! projectile8 ,no appreciable effect1 ! %ot be+ expell$ f ! gun be=e x has recoil$ a fraction ( an in*4 #g4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal inconv5i5ces aris+ f ! recoil ( guns8 ,! necessity ( runn+ up ! gun aft] e dis*>ge1 & consequ5t fatigue to ! m5 & loss ( "t2 x also necessitates t a great] bread? %\ld be giv5 to ! t]reple9 ( a "w4 #h4 ,:at causes ! muzzle ( a piece ( artill]y to dip :5 fir$8 ,! sudd5 pressure ( ! gas act+ ^u ! portion ( ! fir/ re9=ce opposite to ! v5t1 causes ! piece to /rike d[nw>ds ^u ! elevat+ screw or quo91 & ! reaction to make ! muzzle dip4 #i4 ,:at influ5ce has ! position ( ! axis ( ! trunnions 9 respect to t ( ! bore ^u ! recoil8 ,if ! axis ( ! trunnions be bel[ t ( ! piece1 ! pressure ( ! bree* ^u ! c>riage w increase z ! di/ance betwe5 ! axes increases2 & f ?is pressure !re w arise a friction ^u ! gr\nd :i* w dim9i% ! recoil4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! axis ( ! trunnions1 be above t ( ! piece1 ! bree* w h an upw>d t5d5cy1 ! recoil w be increas$1 b ! c>riage1 & p>ticul>ly ! axle-tree1 w be subject$ to less /ra94 ,h5ce1 ! recoil w be transmitt$ directly to ! trunnions1 if _! axis 7z 9 our s]vice7 be situat$ 9 ! same plane ) ! axis ( ! piece4 ,! size ( ! trunnions is made proportional to ! =ce ( ! recoil4 ,sid5ote3 #gi #aj4 ,does ! position ( ! trunnions ) ref]5ce to ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! piece influ5ce ! recoil8 ,yes2 9 cannon fir$ horizontally1 or "u v small angles1 ! portion 9 re> ( ! trunnions is heavi] ?an t 9 front2 an arrangem5t :i* increases ! pressure ( ! trail on ! gr\nd s z to dim9i% ! recoil4 ,b 9 pieces fir$ "u l>ge angles1 ! trunnions are plac$ 9 re> ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! ease ( po9t+4 ,sid5ote3 #hj ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,w9dage4 #a4 ,:at is meant by w9dage8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! projectile & t ( ! bore4 #b4 ,is x absolutely necess>y to all[ w9dage8 ,yes1 9 ord] to make an all[ance = a piece becom+ f\l1 ! expansion ( %ot by heat1 ! incru/ation ( ru/1 & = ! t9 /raps ( fix$ ammunition4 #c4 ,:at advantages are d]iv$ f r$uc+ ! w9dage8 ,an increase 9 ! accuracy ( fire2 a m ext5sive range1 or an equal range ) a small] *>ge1 z !re is less loss ( gas2 & less injury to ! surface ( ! bore4 #d4 ,:y %\ld ! bore suff] less injury by a dim9ution ( ! w9dage8 ,because 9 proportion to ! decrease ( w9dage !re w be less space = ! reflections ( ! %ot along ! bore1 & consequ5tly less injuri\s p[] ex]cis$ ^u x4 #e4 ,:at is ! loss ( velocity by a giv5 w9dage proportional to8 ,x is directly z ! w9dage1 & inv]sely z ! diamet] ( ! bore v ne>ly4 ,sid5ote3 #ha #f4 ,:at is ! loss ( velocity by ! w9dage ( ! ball8 ,*>ge,initial velocity ( ball4,loss ( velocity ,,k9d ,,( ,,gun4 ( ------------------------ by w9dage ( p[d] ,)\t ,) w9dage #a-dj? diam4 w9dage4( #a-dj? diam4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4 feet feet4 feet4 p] c5t4 #cb-pdr4 ,sea-,coa/1 #d #addd #abga #agc #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bd-pdr4 ,siege1 #d #afjj #adcc #afg #aj #f #ahij #agbc #afg #i ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- #b #afag #addd #agc #aa #ab-pdr4 #c #aiae #agdb #agc #i #be calibres1 #d #babd #aiea #agc #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #b #aebh #acgj #aeh #aj #ab-pdr4 ,field1 #c #agic #afce #aeh #i #af calibres1 #d #aiib #ahcd #aeh #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f pdr4 ,field1 #a4e #agcd #aefj #agd #aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #g4 ,:at w9dage is all[$ to guns8 ,,iron4 ,,brass4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,sea-,coa/4 ,siege & ,g>rison4 ,field4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #ab #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------- in*es4in*es4in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 #j4af #j4ae #j4ad #j4ac #j4aj #j4aj #j4ji ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sid5ote3 #hb #h4 ,:at w9dage is all[$ to columbiads & h[itz]s8 ,,columbiads4 ,,h[itz]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,iron4 ,brass4 ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,sea-,coa/4 ,siege & ,field4 ,m\nta94 ,g>rison4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aj-;9#h-;9 #aj-;9#h-;9#h-;9#bd-pdr#cb-pdr#bd-pdr#ab -pdr#ab-pdr ---------------------------------------- ------------- 94 94 94 9494 94 94 94 94 94 #j4abj4ab #j4abj4acj4ac #j4ad #j4ae #j4ad #j4aj #j4aj ---------------------------------------- ------------- #i4 ,:at am\nt ( w9dage is all[$ to mort>s8 ,,iron4 ,,brass4 ,,iron4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,heavy4 ,light4 ,/one ,coehorn,epr\vette4 ,mort>4#bd-pdr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- in*es4in*es4in*es4in*es4in*es4in*es4 in*es4 #j4ac #j4ac #j4ac #j4ab -- #j4ad #j4jbe ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,sid5ote3 #hc ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,gunp[d]4 #a4 ,:at are ! +r$i5ts 9 gunp[d]8 ,saltpetre1 *>coal & sulphur4 #b4 ,:at are ! proportions8 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ge to #gf saltpetre1 #ad to #ae *>coal1 & #aj sulphur4 ,engl&1 #ge ,saltpetre1 #ae ,*>coal1 #aj ,sulphur4 ,france1 #ge 8 #ab 8 #ab 8 ,prussia1 #ge 8 #ac 8 #aa 8 #c4 ,:at is ! combu/ible +r$i5t8 ,*>coal4 #d4 ,:at is ! use ( ! saltpetre8 ,x furni%es ! oxyg5 necess>y to support a rapid combu/ion1 & to *ange ! :ole mass into gas4 #e4 ,:at is ! use ( sulphur8 ,x adds consi/5cy to ! mixture & int5sity to ! flame1 besides r5d]+ ! p[d] less liable to absorb moi/ure4 #f4 ,on :at does ! quality ( gunp[d] dep5d8 ,on ! intimate mixture & prop] proportions & purity ( ! +r$i5ts4 #g4 ,9 :at does ! manufacture ( gunp[d] consi/8 ,9 pulv]iz+ ! +r$i5ts1 incorporation1 compression1 granulation1 dry+1 glaz+ & du/+4 ,sid5ote3 #hd #h4 ,expla9 ! me?od ( mak+ gunp[d] by ! p\nd+ mill4 ,! *>coal 9 small pieces is fir/ plac$ 9 ! mort>s1 ) a quantity ( wat]1 & p\nd$ = half an h\r2 aft] :i* ! saltpetre & !n ! sulphur1 previ\sly pulv]iz$ & sift$1 are put 91 & ! :ole well mix$ ) ! h&2 x is !n p\nd$ 9 ! mort>s1 & at ! end ( ea* h\r1 ! composition is pass$ f ea* mort> into ! next4 ,at ! six? or eigh? *ange1 add half a p9t ( wat]2 x is !n p\nd$ two h\rs )\t *ang+ ! mort>s1 9 ord] t x may =m into cake4 ,x is !n p>tially dri$1 & gra9$ 9 a gra9+ sieve1 or pass$ betwe5 wood5 roll]s4 ,! gra9s are !n sift$ to sep>ate ^? :i* are too co>se & too f9e1 & also to sep>ate f ea* o!r ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra9s = cannon1 musket1 & rifle p[d]4 ,x is !n glaz$ 9 l>ge glaz+ b>rels1 :i* make #ae or #bj revolutions 9 a m9ute4 ,a *>ge ( #ejj lbs4 is ?us treat$ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is !n dri$ ei!r 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 a dry+ h\se4 ,if 9 ! op5 air1 :5 ! sun is too hot1 ! p[d] %\ld be cov]$ to prev5t ! loss ( sulphur4 ,x is !n du/$1 by be+ sift$ 9 f9e sieves1 or ?r\gh bolt+ clo?s4 #i4 ,:at o!r ma*9es besides ! p\nd+ mill are us$ 9 pulv]iz+ & incorporat+ ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d]8 ,roll+ b>rels1 & ! cyl9d] or roll+ mill4 ,sid5ote3 #he #aj4 ,:at advantage is ga9$ by ! use ( ! roll+ b>rels8 ,x less5s ! duration & dang] ( p\nd+ 9 ! mort>s4 ,aft] ! +r$i5ts are pulv]iz$ & mix$ 9 ! roll+ b>rels1 ! mixture is plac$ "u ! pe/les ( ! p\nd+ mill1 #aj p] c5t4 ( wat] is add$1 & x is beat5 = ?ree h\rs only4 #aa4 ,:i* mill is n[ g5]ally us$8 ,! ,,cyl9d] ,,mill1 :i* =ms #ej lbs4 ( composition into cake 9 f "o to ?ree h\rs4 #ab4 ,does p[d] inflame in/antane\sly8 ,no2 its inflammation is gradual1 & progressive1 & 9 a gun ! projectile comm5ces to move be=e ! :ole *>ge is ignit$4 #ac4 ,:y %\ld gunp[d] be gra9$8 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! transmission ( ! flame4 ,:5 ! p[d] is v f9e1 & 9 l>ge & compact *>ges1 ! flame _c p5etrate x1 & x burns sl[ly & 9 successive lay]s4 #ad4 ,:i* burns quicke/1 ! small or l>ge gra9$ p[d]8 ,be=e com+ to ! limit ( du/1 ! small] ! gra91 ! m rapid ! combu/ion1 & ! great] ! bur/+ =ce ( ! p[d]4 #ae4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ignition & combu/ion ( l>ge & small gra9$ p[d]8 ,) ! l>ge gra9$1 ! ignition is m rapid1 b ! combu/ion sl[]2 ) small gra9s1 ! contr>y is ! case4 #af4 ,:y %\ld ! gra9s be angul>8 ,because !y pres5t a great] surface to ! action ( ! flame1 & !re=e burn quick]4 #ag4 ,:y %\ld p[d] be free f du/8 ,because ! du/ fills up ! int]vals betwe5 ! gra9s1 & =m+ a compact mass1 ret>ds combu/ion4 ,sid5ote3 #hf #ah4 ,to :at special purpose are l>ge & small gra9$ p[d]s appli$8 ,! l>ge = cannon1 & ! small = small arms4 #ai4 ,h[ is ! size ( ! gra9 = ea* k9d ( p[d] te/$8 ,by means ( sieves or gauges4 #bj4 ,h[ _m gra9s ( p[d] are 9 #aj grs4 ,troy weight8 ,cannon1 #aej2 ,musket1 #b1jjj to #b1ejj2 & ,rifle1 #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj4 #ba4 ,:at is ! object 9 glaz+ p[d]8 ,glaz$ p[d] does n absorb moi/ure1 or break up 9 transportation1 s mu* z unglaz$4 #bb4 ,:at is ! e/abli%$ mode ( prov+ ! /r5g? ( p[d] 9 ! ,u4 ,s48 ,a sample is tak5 f ea* b>rel1 & ! /r5g? det]m9$ by ! epr\vette mort>4 #bc4 ,:at is ! lea/ range all[$8 ,! g5]al mean-range ( new p[d] mu/ n be less ?an #bej y>ds2 b no p[d] rang+ bel[ #bbe y>ds is receiv$4 #bd4 ,:5 is p[d] 9 magaz9es consid]$ uns]viceable4 ,:5 x does n range ov] #ahj y>ds4 #be4 ,:at is ! range ( good p[d]8 ,cannon f #bhj to #cjj y>ds4 ,small gra9$ f #cjj to #cbj y>ds4 #bf4 ,:at o!r means is !re = det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( p[d]8 ,! ,,gun ,,& ,,balli/ic ,,p5dulum1 & ,,navez' ,,electro-,,balli/ic ,,ma*9e4 ,! latt] is consid]$ ! be/ = det]m9+ ! initial velocity4 ,sid5ote3 #hg #bg4 ,:at is ! hygrometric pro( ( p[d]8 ,samples are plac$ 9 %all[ t9 pans1 set 9 a tub1 ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ ) wat]2 ! pans %\ld be ab\t an in* above ! wat]1 & ! tub cov]$4 ,good p[d] w n absorb m ?an #b p] c5t4 9 #bd h\rs4 #bh4 ,h[ c ! relative quickness ( two k9ds ( p[d] be det]m9$8 ,by burn+ a tra9 laid 9 a circul> or o!r groove1 :i* returns into itself1 made 9 a piece ( h>d wood3 "o-half ( ! groove be+ fill$ ) ea* k9d ( p[d]1 & fire communicat$ at ! junction ( ! two tra9s1 ! relative quickness is readily d$uc$ f obs]vation ( ! po9t at :i* ! flames meet4 #bi4 ,:at are ! qualities ( good p[d]8 ,x %\ld be p]fectly free f du/1 uni=m 9 /r5g? & size ( gra9s1 angul> & irregul> 9 =m2 9 color1 br[ni% black1 or slate color2 s h>d z n to be easily cru%$ by pressure ) ! f+]2 & %\ld leave no beads or f\lness :5 fla%$ 9 quantities ( #aj grs4 on a copp] plate4 #cj4 ,:at is ! expansive velocity1 & pressure ( ignit$ p[d]8 ,! expansive velocity is ab\t #e1jjj feet p] second1 & pressure ab\t #b1jjj atmosph]es4 #ca4 ,:at is ! weight ( a cubic in* ( p[d]8 ,ab\t half an ounce2 a cubic foot w !re=e weigh ab\t #ed p\nds1 & #cb cubic in*es1 "o p\nd4 ,sid5ote3 #hh #cb4 ,h[ is gov]nm5t p[d] pack$8 ,9 b>rels ( #ajj lbs4 ea*2 ! b>rels be+ l>ge en\gh to all[ suffici5t space = ! p[d] to move :5 roll$ to prev5t its cak+4 #cc4 ,h[ are ! b>rels m>k$8 ,on "o head ) ! place & ye> ( manufacture1 & ) ! k9d ( gra91 cannon1 musket or rifle2 on ! o!r head ) ! ye> 9 :i* x 0 prov$ & ! pro(-range1 leav+ room = subsequ5t pro(s1 :i* are m>k$ 9 ! same mann]4 #cd4 ,:5 p[d] is injur$ by dampness1 c x be re/or$8 ,if ! wat] absorb$ does n exce$ #g p] c5t41 x c be by dry+4 ,if x has absorb$ f #g to #ab p] c5t41 aft] dry+1 x rema9s por\s & friable1 & is unfit = transportation4 ,9 ?is case x is bett] to "w x ov]4 #ce4 ,h[ is p[d] /or$8 ,9 magaz9es especially con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,! b>rels are g5]ally plac$ ne> ! sides1 ?ree ti]s high1 or f\r ti]s if necess>y2 small skids %\ld be plac$ on ! floor & betwe5 ! sev]al ti]s ( b>rels1 9 ord] to /eady !m1 & *ocks %\ld be plac$ at int]vals on ! l[] skid1 to prev5t ! roll+ ( ! b>rels4 #cf4 ,h[ are ! diff]5t k9ds ( p[d] arrang$8 ,^? b>rels ( ! same k9d1 place & date ( fabrication1 & pro( range1 are pil$ toge!r4 #cg4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to pile ! b>rels m ?an f\r ti]s high1 :at is done8 ,! upp] ti]s are support$ by a frame re/+ on ! floor2 or ! b>rels may be plac$ on _! heads1 ) bo>ds betwe5 ! ti]s4 ,sid5ote3 #hi #ch4 ,:at is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! p[d]8 ,! magaz9e %\ld be op5$ & air$ 9 cle> dry wea!r1 & ! v5tilators %\ld be kept free4 #ci4 ,h[ may ! moi/ure ( a magaz9e be absorb$8 ,by *loride ( lime susp5d$ 9 a box "u ! ar*1 & r5ew$ f "t to "t4 #dj4 ,:5 ! magaz9e is op51 :at precautions %\ld be obs]v$8 ,! s5t9el or gu>d %\ld h no fire-arms1 & any "o :o ent]s x %\ld take (f 8 %oes1 or put socks ov] !m4 ,no sword or cane1 or any?+ :i* might occasion sp>ks %\ld be c>ri$ 94 #da4 ,h[ %\ld p[d] 9 b>rels be transport$8 ,! b>rels %\ld nev] be roll$2 !y %\ld be c>ri$ 9 h&-b>r[s1 or sl+s made ( rope or lea!r4 ,9 wagons1 ! b>rels %\ld be pack$ 9 /raw1 & n all[$ to rub aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) ?ick canvas4 #db4 ,:at precaution %\ld be us$ to prev5t p[d] cak+8 ,! b>rels %\ld be tak5 outside ! magaz9e & roll$ on bo>ds4 #dc4 ,:]e %\ld c>tridge bags be fill$8 ,9 ! fill+ room ( ! laboratory1 or a small magaz9e1 & n 9 ! g5]al magaz9e4 ,sid5ote3 #ij ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,projectiles4 #a4 ,:at projectiles are made use ( 9 ! s]vice8 ,solid %ot2 %ells2 sph]ical case1 or %rapnel2 cani/]2 grape2 gr5ades2 /ones2 c>casses2 light & fire balls4 #b4 ,:at is a solid %ot8 ,a solid sph]e ( ca/-iron1 almo/ exclusively appropriat$ to guns4 ,! gun d]ives x d5om9ation f ! weight ( ! %ot1 z #f-pr41 #ab-pr41 c4 #c4 ,:at is a %ell1 & its use8 ,a holl[ sph]e ( ca/-iron1 conta9+ p[d]1 :i* is ignit$ by means ( a fuze2 :5 fir$ at troops1 x %\ld be prep>$ to bur/ ov] _! heads1 or1 if ! gr\nd be favorable1 to rico*et a little 9 front1 & plunge into ! column4 ,:5 fir$ at works or build+s1 x %\ld explode aft] p5etration4 #d4 ,:at is sph]ical case1 & :at advantages does x possess8 ,x is a %ell mu* ?9n] ?an ! ord9>y %ell1 & fill$ ) lead5 bullets & a *>ge ( p[d] suffici5t to bur/ x1 :i* is done by means ( a fuze z ) a common %ell at any requir$ di/ance4 ,x is ?us calculat$ to ext5d all ! advantages ( cani/] %ot1 to di/ances f> beyond ! rea* ( t projectile4 ,x is fir$ bo? f guns & h[itz]s4 ,sid5ote3 #ia #e4 ,:at are cani/] %ot8 ,cyl9drical t9 cases ) iron heads1 ( calibre suitable = diff]5t pieces ( ordnance1 fill$ ) ca/-iron balls arrang$ 9 ti]s2 !y are fir$ at ranges n exce$+ #djj y>ds1 b _! mo/ de/ructive effects are f #ajj to #bjj y>ds4 #f4 ,:at are grape %ot8 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( iron balls1 usually n9e1 put toge!r by means ( two ca/-iron plates1 two r+s1 & "o p9 & nut4 ,ea* plate has on ! inside ?ree b$s = ! %ot1 ( a dep? equal to half ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 & ( ! =m ( a sph]ical segm5t1 ! curvature ( :i* is ! same z t ( ! %ot4 ,an iron p9 rivet$ to ! bottom iron plate1 passes ?r\gh ! c5tre & also ?r\gh ! top plate1 :]e ! :ole is secur$ by a nut & screw4 ,,note4--,! use ( ^! %ot = field pieces has be5 discont9u$1 cani/] answ]+ ! purpose ( ^! %ot4 #g4 ,h[ 7 ! balls fix$ 9 ! old patt]n8 ,!y 7 plac$ 9 ti]s ar\nd an iron p9 atta*$ to an iron tompion at ! bottom1 & put into a canvas bag1 & !n quilt$ ar\nd ) a /rong cord4 #h4 ,:at is a gr5ade8 ,a %ell ?r[n f ! h&1 or 9 baskets f ! /one-mort>1 & ignit$ z o!r %ells by means ( a fuze4 #i4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( gr5ades are made use (8 ,h&-gr5ades & ramp>t-gr5ades2 six-p\nd] sph]ical case may be us$ = ! =m]1 & %ells ( any calibre = ! latt]4 ,sid5ote3 #ib #aj4 ,to :at purposes are gr5ades appli$8 ,!y are useful 9 ! def5se ( works1 ! small]1 ?r[n by h& into ! head ( a sap1 tr5*es1 cov]$ way1 or ^u ! besieg]s m\nt+ a brea*3 ! l>g] k9ds are roll$ ov] ! p>apet 9 a tr\gh4 #aa4 ,:at is a c>cass1 & its use8 ,x is a sph]ical %ell hav+ ?ree additional holes1 ( ! same dim5sions z ! fuze-hole1 pi]c$ at equal di/ances ap>t 9 ! upp] hemisph]e ( ! %ell1 & fill$ ) a composition :i* burns ) int5se p[] f eight to t5 m9utes1 & ! flame issu+ f ! holes1 sets fire to ev]y?+ combu/ible )9 its rea*2 x is us$ 9 bomb>dm5ts1 sett+ fire to %ipp+1 c42 & is project$ f cannon l a common %ell4 #ab4 ,:at is a sub/itute = a c>cass8 ,common %ells load$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! bur/+ *>ge is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! %ell 9 a flannel bag1 ov] :i* c>cass composition is driv5 until ! %ell is ne>ly fill$2 !n ins]t f\r or five /r&s ( quick-mat*1 :i* mu/ be secur$ by driv+ m composition ^u x4 ,^! %ells1 aft] burn+ z a c>cass1 explode4 #ac4 ,:at is a fire-ball1 & its use8 ,x is a projectile ( an oval %ape1 =m$ ( sacks ( canvas fill$ ) combu/ible composition1 :i* emits a bright flame4 ,its use is to light up ! enemy's works1 & x is load$ ) a %ell to prev5t x f be+ approa*$4 #ad4 ,:at is a light ball8 ,light balls are ! same z fire balls1 except t !re is no %ell 9 !m1 z !y are us$ = light+ up our own works4 ,sid5ote3 #ic #ae4 ,:at is a smoke ball8 ,a holl[ pap] sph]e simil> to a light ball1 & fill$ ) a composition :i* emits a d5se1 nause\s smoke2 x is employ$ to suffocate ! enemy's m9]s :5 at "w1 or to conceal "o's own op]ations2 x burns f tw5ty-five to ?irty m9utes4 #af4 ,9 field pieces to :at is ! projectile atta*$8 ,to a block ( wood call$ a sabot4 #ag4 ,are ! projectile & c>tridge ev] atta*$ to ! same sabot8 ,yes1 9 field guns1 & ! #ab-pr4 field-h[itz]2 ! :ole !n con/itutes a r\nd ( fix$ ammunition4 #ah4 ,:at is ! arrangem5t 9 case ( ! #cb & #bd-pdr4 field h[itz]s8 ,! projectile is sep>ate f ! *>ge1 & ! c>tridge is atta*$ to a block ( wood call$ ! c>tridge-block1 ! object ( :i* is to give a f9i% to ! c>tridge & fill ! *amb]4 #ai4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re 9 sabots = field s]vice8 ,sabots = %ot1 & sph]ical case = guns1 h "o groove = atta*+ ! c>tridge--^? = gun cani/]s & = ! #ab-pdr4 h[itz] %ells1 sph]ical case1 & cani/]s1 h two grooves4 ,^? = ! #cb & #bd-pdr4 h[itz]s h no grooves2 b are furni%$ ) h&les made ( cord1 pass+ ?r\gh two holes 9 ! sabot1 & fa/5$ by knots on ! inside4 #bj4 ,h[ are projectiles = field s]vice fa/5$ to ! sabot8 ,by /raps ( %eet-t91 or ( /rong canvas1 :5 t9 or %eet iron _c be procur$4 ,sid5ote3 #id #ba4 ,h[ _m /raps are employ$1 & h[ are !y fa/5$8 ,= %ot1 !re are two /raps cross+ at "r angles1 "o pass+ ?r\gh a slit 9 ! middle ( ! o!r4 ,= %ells1 !re are f\r /raps sold]$ to a r+ ( t91 or fa/5$ to x by cutt+ f\r slits 9 ! r+1 into :i* ! upp] ends ( ! /rap are hook$1 & turn$ d[n on ! inside ( ! r+4 ,! sabots = #cb & #bd-pdr4 field h[itz]s hav+ no groove1 ea* /rap is fa/5$ by "o nail on ! side1 & two "u ! bottom ( ! sabot4 #bb4 ,:at is a cani/] = field-s]vice8 ,x consi/s ( a t9 cyl9d] atta*$ to a sabot & fill$ ) ca/-iron %ot4 #bc4 ,h[ is x made8 ,! cyl9d] is fa/5$ to ! sabot by six or eight nails1 & a plate ( roll$ iron is plac$ at ! bottom on ! sabot4 ,x is clos$ ) a %eet-iron cov] aft] be+ fill$1 ! top ( ! cyl9d] be+ cut into /rips an in* long1 & turn$ d[n ov] ! cov]4 #bd4 ,9 case ( heavy guns are ! %ot atta*$ to ! sabot8 ,!y are g5]ally )\t a sabot4 #be4 ,h[ is x ) %ells8 ,!y are /rapp$ to sabots made ( ?ick plank1 ) /rips ( t91 z 9 case ( /rapp+ %ot = field-s]vice4 #bf4 ,h[ is x ) cani/] = siege & sea-coa/ guns8 ,!y h no sabot2 ! t9 is turn$ ov] ! iron bottom4 ,sid5ote3 #ie #bg4 ,h[ is x ) cani/]s = ! #h-;94 siege & sea-coa/ h[itz]s8 ,!y are atta*$ to sabots 9 ! same way z ! field-h[itz] cani/]s4 ,! sabot = ! siege h[itz] has a hemisph]ical bottom & ! sea-coa/ a conical "o1 to suit ! connect+ surface betwe5 ! cyl9d] ( ! bore & ! *amb] 9 ^! pieces4 #bh4 ,are sabots us$ ) grape %ot8 ,yes1 9 ! #h-;in* sea-coa/ h[itz]4 #bi4 ,:at is its =m1 & h[ fa/5$8 ,x is conical2 & may be fa/5$ to ! l[] plate ) screws1 or ! p9 may be made long en\gh to pass ?r\gh x2 or else ! sabot maybe ins]t$ into ! piece sep>ately f ! /& ( grape4 #cj4 ,:at is ! object ( fix+ %ot or %ells to wood5 bottoms8 ,to prev5t injury to brass cannon2 & to insure ! fuze ( a %ell be+ reta9$ 9 ! axis ( ! piece4 #ca4 ,:at proportion does ! weight ( "o %ot be> to t ( ano!r8 ,! proportion is1 z ! cubes ( _! diamet]s4 #cb4 ,h[ is ! weight ( a ca/-iron %ot or %ell det]m9$8 ,multiply ! cube ( ! diamet] ( ! %ot 9 in*es1 or ! diff]5ce ( ! cubes ( ! ext]ior & int]ior diamet]s ( ! %ell by #j4acd = ! weight 9 p\nds4 ,9 case ( lead balls1 ! multipli] is #j4bad4 #cc4 ,h[ is ! diamet] ( a ca/-iron %ot ( a giv5 weight f\nd8 ,divide ! weight 9 p\nds by #j4acd1 & extract ! cube root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* w be ! diamet] 9 in*es4 ,sid5ote3 #if #cd4 ,h[ is ! quantity ( p[d] :i* a %ell w conta9 f\nd8 ,multiply ! cube ( ! int]ior diamet] ( ! %ell 9 in*es1 by #j4jagdd = ! weight ( p[d] 9 p\nds4 ,,note4--,! above multipli]s are f\nd z foll[s3 ,suppose ,w to repres5t ! weight ( a body1 ,d its d5sity1 ,v its volume1 & g ! weight ( ! unit ( mass1 !n ,w ,d,vg4 ,n[1 if a cubic in* be tak5 z ! unit ( volume1 !n g w be num]ically #fb4e p\nds4 -------- #agbh #fb4e ,h5ce1 ,w ,,dv -------- #j4jcfbja2 #agbh ,,dv #j4jcfbj ,d ---- d #f 7suppos+ d to be ! diamet]1 & ! body to be sph]ical7 #j4jcfbja #j4ebcf;,dd #j4jahiee;,dd4 ,if we n[ sub/itute = ,d ! specific gravity ( ca/-iron %ot or %ells #g4jjj1 we h1 ,w #g #j4jahiee;d #j4acd;d2 & if = ,d we sub/itute ! specific gravity ( lead1 ,w #j4badb;d2 & 9 case ( p[d]1 ,w #j4jagdd;d4 ,= diamet]s1 weights & *>ges1 see ,tables1 pages #hj-ha4 #ce4 ,:5 %ot are heat$ to a :ite heat1 :at expansion takes place8 ,calibre4 #h-;94 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,expansion1 in*es1 #j4adi #j4aa #j4aj #j4jh #j4jf #j4jd ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #cf4 ,d heat$ %ot reta9 a p]man5t enl>gem5t8 ,yes2 9 case ( ! #h-;94 %ot1 = example1 aft] ! fir/ cool+ ! enl>gem5t is #j4jed 942 &1 aft] ! second1 #j4jii 94 #cg4 ,are ! ignit+ p[]s ( a hot %ot de/roy$ by rico*ett+ ^u ! wat]8 ,no2 a %ot1 prop]ly heat$1 w ignite wood aft] hav+ /ruck ! wat] sev]al times4 ,sid5ote3 #ig #ch4 ,:at is ! peculi>ity ( c>tridges = hot %ot8 ,!re are two c>tridge bags1 "o be+ ins]t$1 *oke =emo/ 9 ano!r ( ! next high] calibre1 & ! end ( ! latt] fold$ "u4 #ci4 ,expla9 ! process ( load+ ) hot %ot4 ,! piece %\ld be spong$ ) great c>e1 & ! worm frequ5tly pass$ into ! bore4 ,z a precaution1 x is well to ins]t a wet sponge j be=e putt+ 9 ! ball4 ,! muzzle is suffici5tly elevat$ to all[ ! ball to roll d[n ! bore1 ! c>tridge is ins]t$1 ! m\? ( ! out] bag =emo/1 ! fold d[n1 & c>efully pu%$ home )\t break+ x2 a dry hay-wad is plac$ ^u x1 & ramm$ once2 !n a clay or wet hay wad1 & ramm$ twice2 & f9ally1 if fir+ at angles ( depression1 a wad ( clay a half-calibre 9 l5g?1 or a wet hay-wad is put on ! ball4 #dj4 ,may ! ball cool 9 ! gun )\t ignit+ ! *>ge8 ,yes1 ) prop] precaution 9 load+4 ,! piece1 h[ev]1 %\ld be fir$ ) z little delay z possible1 z ! vapor1 :i* arises f ! action ( ! hot ball on ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! wad1 dim9i%es ! /r5g? ( ! p[d]4 #da4 ,:at means are af=d$ at ! sea-bo>d =ts = heat+ %ot8 ,furnaces = ?is purpose are erect$1 :i* hold #fj or m %ot4 ,sid5ote3 #ih #db4 ,:at l5g? ( "t is requir$ to heat !m to a r$ heat8 ,! %ot be+ plac$ & ! furnace cold1 x requires "o h\r & fifte5 m9utes2 b aft] ! furnace is once heat$1 a #bd-pdr4 %ot is br\ght to a r$ heat 9 tw5ty-five m9utes2 ! #cb-pdr4 & #db-pdr4 %ot require a few m9utes long]4 #dc4 ,describe grates = heat+ %ot4 ,9 siege & o!r batt]ies1 :]e !re are no furnaces1 a grate is us$4 ,x consi/s ( f\r b>s #a4ge in*es squ>e1 ?ree feet long1 plac$ f\r in*es ap>t on ?ree iron /&s1 "o foot 9 height4 ,x is plac$ 9 an excavation "o foot 9 dep?1 ( ! wid? ( ! grate1 p]p5dicul> at ! back & side1 op5 9 front1 ! legs re/+ on bricks or /ones ris+ ab\t f\r or five in*es f ! bottom4 ,a ro( is made ov] x ) hoops ( flat iron1 cov]$ ) sods & eighte5 in*es ( e>?1 hav+ 9 ! back "p a *imney six in*es squ>e4 ,! %ot are plac$ on ! back "p ( ! grate1 leav+ "o-f\r? ( ! front "p free2 & "u & on ! front "p ! wood is put1 cut 9 pieces ab\t f\rte5 in*es long & two in*es ?ick4 ,a ?ick sod is us$ z a regi/]1 to regulate ! draught ( ! *imney1 s t no flame c issue f ! front4 ,?is grate1 :i* w conta9 ab\t fifte5 #bd-pdr4 balls1 heats !m to a r$ heat 9 an h\r1 & w supply ?ree guns4 #dd4 ,h[ are wads = fir+ hot %ot made8 ,( hay2 by twi/+ f ! hay a rope ( an in* or an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 & !n comm5c+ at "o end1 & d\bl+ x up ab\t "o calibre 9 l5g?1 twi/+ x all ! "t until x becomes ne>ly l>ge en\gh1 :5 ! rope is w\nd ar\nd ! wad p]p5dicul> to its axis1 & fa/5$ ) a hit*4 ,or ! hay may be ramm$ 9 a =m ( prop] calibre1 & !n b\nd ) spun y>n1 & aft]w>ds ramm$ a second "t4 ,sid5ote3 #ii #de4 ,h hot %ot be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$8 ,yes1 s9ce ! adoption ( ! me?od ( ?r[+ l>ge holl[ %ot f long pieces4 ,^! require b little prep>ation1 c be us$ at once1 & are m t]rible 9 _! effects4 #df4 ,:at are r+ or grommet wads1 & _! use8 ,!y consi/ ( a r+ ( rope y>n1 ab\t #j4g 94 ?ick1 ) two pieces ( /rong tw9e ti$ across at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! size ( ! r+ is ! full diamet] ( ! bore1 9 ord] t x may fit tight1 & /op ! w9dage4 ,!y increase ! accuracy ( fire1 & are to be pref]r$ :5 ! object ( ! wad is to reta9 ! ball 9 its place1 z 9 fir+ at a depression4 ,!y /op ! w9dage be/ :5 plac$ beh9d ! ball4 ,!y may be atta*$ to ! /raps1 or to ! ball by tw9e1 or may be ins]t$ l o!r wads aft] ! ball4 ,sid5ote3 #ajj #dg4 ,h[ are junk-wads made2 & = :at are !y us$8 ,wad-m\lds = ea* calibre1--consi/+ ( two ca/-iron cyl9d]s ( diff]5t diamet]s set 9 oak1 or ( two /rong pieces ( oak1 /rapp$ ) iron1 & jo9$ by a h+e1--are employ$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,! junk1 aft] hav+ be5 pick$1 is compress$ by be+ beat5 9 ! small] m\ld ) a maul & cyl9drical drift--! latt] ne>ly ( ! size ( ! m\ld--until x assumes ! requisite dim5sions2 x is !n tak5 out by rais+ ! upp] "p ( ! m\ld1 & closely wrapp$ ) rope y>n1 pass$ ov] x 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! cyl9d]1 & fa/5$ by a few turns ar\nd ! middle ( ! wad4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 ! l>ge m\ld1 & aga9 beat5 ) ! maul & drift1 until its diamet] is increas$ to t ( ! m\ld1 :5 x is tak5 out & its diamet] v]ifi$ by a wood5 gauge correspond+ to ! l>ge %ot-gauge ( ! calibre4 ,^! wads are us$ = prov+ cannon4 #dh4 ,describe ! process ( load+ field %ells4 ,!y are set up on _! sabots1 ! *>ges measur$ out 9 ! prop] p[d] measure1 & p\r$ 9 ?r\gh a copp] funnel4 ,! fuze-plugs are !n driv5 9 ) a mallet1 all[+ ! tops to project ab\t #j4a 941 c>e be+ tak5 n to split !m4 ,! holes 9 ! plugs are !n c>efully ream$ out1 & /opp$ ) t[-wads1 :i* are press$ 9 firmly ) a r\nd /ick4 ,sid5ote3 #aja #di4 ,describe ! process ( load+ sph]ical case %ot4 ,! %ot hav+ be5 clean$1 ! balls are put 94 ,a /ick ) a less diamet] ?an ! fuze-hole1 & hav+ a groove on ea* side ( x1 is ins]t$ & pu%$ to ! bottom ( ! *amb] by work+ ! balls aside4 ,! %ot is !n plac$ 9 a s&-ba? or ov51 & br\ght to a prop] temp]ature to receive ! sulphur1 :i* 9 a melt$ /ate is p\r$ 9 to fill up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! balls2 ! %ot is all[$ to cool1 & ! sulphur to h>d51 :5 ! /ick is )drawn1 & ! sulphur adh]+ to ! sides ( ! eye & ! surface ( ! %ot is remov$4 ,if a fuze-plug & pap]-fuze are to be us$1 ! *>ge is p\r$ 9 & ! plug ins]t$ exactly z 9 case ( a %ell2 b1 if ! ,bormann fuze is to be us$ ! *>ge is ins]t$ & ! /opp] & fuze screw$ into _! places1 c>e be+ tak5 be=e plac+ ! fuze 9 position to puncture ! cov]+ ( ! magaz9e1 s t ! fire c communicate ) ! *>ge4 ,sph]ical case are n[ usually load$ by putt+ 9 ! bullets1 & p\r+ melt$ sulphur 9 until ! case is full4 ,aft] ! sulphur has cool$1 ! space = ! p[d] is bor$ out by a cutt]1 :i* removes bo? ! sulphur & portions ( ! bullets f ! space4 ,?is is a quick] me?od1 & gives a m compact projectile4 #ej4 ,:at advantages does ?is mode ( load+ possess ov] ! old "o8 ,9 ! old mode !re 0 a liability to accid5ts1 &1 if ! p[d] rema9$ 9 = any l5g? ( "t be=e be+ us$1 x 0 gr\nd up & became impair$4 ,by ! new mode ! p[d] c be plac$ 9 ! small *amb]1 & all[$ to rema9 )\t fe> ( damage or dang]1 & be ready = use :5 requir$4 ,be+1 besides1 9 a compact mass1 in/ead ( scatt]$ among ! bullets1 its p[] is mu* great] & x acts m effectively 9 ?r[+ ! bullets outw>d f ! c5tre4 ,sid5ote3 #ajb #ea4 ,describe ! process ( fill+ ,mort> %ells4 ,hav+ be5 inspect$ to see t !y are clean1 dry1 & 9 good ord]1 place !m on a block made = ! purpose1 or on r+s ( rope1 or 9 ind5tations 9 ! floor ( ! magaz9e1 or on ! gr\nd1 ) ! eyes up4 ,! *>ge measur$ out 9 a p[d]-measure is p\r$ 9 ?r\gh a funnel1 & any inc5di>y composition1 su* z pieces ( port-fire1 rock-fire1 c4 is ins]t$4 ,9 ! mean "t ! fuze is cut to ! prop] l5g? accord+ to ! range1 by re/+ x 9 a groove made 9 ! block1 or ins]t+ x 9 a hole made 9 a block1 or 9 a po/1 & saw+ x across ) ! fuze-saw2 or ! fuze may be bor$ ?r\gh ) a gimlet p]p5dicul>ly to ! axis1 at ! prop] po9t4 ,! fuze is !n tri$ 9 ! eye1 & %\ld ent] ( its l5g?4 ,if x does n1 x may be r$uc$ by rasp+4 ,! head ( x is cov]$ ) t[ to prev5t ! break+ ( ! composition1 ! fuze-sett] plac$ on1 & ! fuze driv5 ) ! mallet until ! head projects n m ?an #j4b 94 to #j4d 94 above ! surface ( ! %ell4 ,^! %ells are g5]ally fill$ & ! fuzes driv5 9 ! batt]y magaz9es1 z !y are requir$4 #eb4 ,h[ are %ells = columbiads & heavy guns load$8 ,9 ! same way z ,mort> %ells2 b z pap] fuzes ins]t$ 9 wood5 or bronze fuze-plugs are us$ in/ead ( wood5 fuzes1 ! plug only is driv5 into its place1 & /opp$ ) t[ aft] ! bur/+ *>ge has be5 p\r$ ?r\gh x into ! %ell4 #ec4 ,h[ are condemn$ %ot & %ell m>k$8 ,) an ,x1 made ) ! cold *isel4 #ed4 ,h[ %\ld balls be pres]v$8 ,!y %\ld be c>efully lacqu]$ z soon z possible aft] !y are receiv$4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to r5ew ! lacqu]1 ! old lacqu] %\ld be remov$ by roll+ or scrap+ ! balls1 :i* %\ld nev] be heat$ = t purpose4 ,sid5ote3 #ajc #ee4 ,h[ %\ld grape & cani/] %ot be pres]v$8 ,!y %\ld be oil$ or lacqu]$1 put 9 piles1 or 9 /rong boxes on ! gr\nd floor1 or 9 dry cell>s2 ea* p>cel m>k$ ) its k9d1 calibre1 & numb]4 #ef4 ,h[ are balls pil$8 ,balls are pil$ accord+ to k9d & calibre1 "u cov] if practicable1 9 a place :]e !re is a free circulation ( air1 to facilitate :i* ! piles %\ld be made n>r[1 if ! locality p]mits2 ! wid? ( ! bottom ti] may be f #ab to #ad balls accord+ to calibre4 ,prep>e ! gr\nd = ! base ( ! pile by rais+ x above ! surr\nd+ gr\nd s z to ?r[ (f ! wat]2 level x1 ram x well1 & cov] x ) a lay] ( scre5$ s&4 ,make ! bottom ( ! pile ) a ti] ( uns]viceable balls buri$ ab\t two-?irds ( _! diamet] 9 ! s&2 ?is base may be made p]man5t3 clean ! base well & =m ! pile1 putt+ ! fuze-holes ( %ells d[nw>ds 9 ! int]vals1 & n re/+ on ! %ells bel[4 ,ea* pile is m>k$ ) ! numb] ( s]viceable balls x conta9s4 ,! base may be made ( bricks1 concrete1 /one1 wood1 or ) bord]s & braces ( iron4 ,sid5ote3 #ajd #eg4 ,h[ %\ld fix$ ammunition = cannon be /or$8 ,ei!r 9 boxes or plac$ 9 piles1 =m$ ( two p>allel r[s ( c>tridges1 ) ! sabots toge!r2 9 #d ti]s = #ab-pdr4 & #e = #f-pdr42 *ock ! l[] ti] ) /rips ( wood fa/5$ ) small nails2 put a lay] ( t[ #b 94 ?ick betwe5 ! %ot2 let ! piles re/ on planks1 if !re is no floor1 & cov] !m ) t>paul9s2 h ! place swept1 & ! c>tridge bags bru%$ (f4 ,leave a passage ( #ah 94 betwe5 ! d\ble r[s1 & keep !m #b feet f ! walls4 ,fix$ ammunition %\ld n be put into p[d]-magaz9es1 if x c be avoid$2 x %\ld be kept 9 a dry place above ! gr\nd floor if practicable2 ! /ore-rooms %\ld be always air$ 9 f9e wea!r1 ! piles %\ld be tak5 d[n1 & made up aga9 e six mon?s at mo/1 ! bags exam9$ & repair$1 & ! damag$ c>tridges brok5 up4 ,a ticket on ea* pile %\ld %[ ! numb] & k9d ( c>tridges1 ! additions to ! pile1 & ! issues4 #ec4 ,h[ %\ld cani/]s be pil$8 ,l fix$ ammunition1 9 #d ti]s = #bd's & #ah's2 & #e = #ab's & #f's4 ,empty cani/]s 9 #aj or #ab ti]s2 ! bottoms & cov]s sep>ately4 #ei4 ,h[ %\ld c>tridge bags fill$ be pil$8 ,l fix$ ammunition1 or pack$ 9 boxes or b>rels4 #fj4 ,h[ %\ld load$ %ells be pil$8 ,on ! gr\nd floor ( a secure build+ on planks1 if ! floor is n bo>d$2 9 #f ti]s at mo/2 ! fuzes ( ! l[] ti] 9 ! vacant spaces betwe5 ! %ells2 ^? ( ! o!r ti]s turn d[nw>ds1 l ! fuze-holes ( empty %ells2 ! piles %\ld be cov]$ ) a t>paul94 ,load$ %ells %\ld nev] be put into magaz9es1 except f absolute necessity4 #fa4 ,h[ %\ld fire-balls be pres]v$8 ,9 a cool place1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by %av+s or /raw1 if !y are pil$ up4 ,sid5ote3 #aje #fb4 ,h[ is ! numb] ( %ots or %ells 9 a pile comput$1 ( :atev] =m ! pile may be8 ,by multiply+ ! sum ( ! ?ree p>allel edges1 by "o-?ird ( ! numb] ( balls 9 a triangul> face4 #fc4 ,:at is meant by ! ?ree p>allel edges ( ! pile8 ,( ! rectangul> or long pile1 !y consi/ ( ! two l>ge/ bottom r[s & top-r[2 ( ! squ>e pile1 ( two bottom-r[s & top %ot2 & ( ! triangul> pile1 ( "o bottom-r[1 ! %ot at ! opposite angle1 & t at ! top4 #fd4 ,h[ is ! numb] ( %ot 9 a triangul> face comput$8 ,multiply ! numb] 9 ! bottom r[1 plus "o1 by half ! numb] 9 ! bottom r[1 = ! numb] requir$4 #fe4 ,h[ is ! %ot conta9$ 9 ! top r[ ( a rectangul> pile calculat$8 ,"o add$ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! long & %ort bottom r[s w be ! numb] requir$4 #ff4 ,h[ is ! %ot 9 an incomplete pile calculat$8 ,by fir/ comput+ ! numb] 9 ! pile consid]$ z complete1 !n ! numb] ( :at ! upp] "p ought to consi/2 & ! diff]5ce ( ^! piles w be ! numb] conta9$ 9 ! fru/um or incomplete portion4 ,sid5ote3 #ajf ,,diamet]s ,,( ,,%ot1 ,,%ells ,,& ,,sph]ical ,,case4 #ac-;94#aj-;94#h-;94 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #f ---------------------------------------- - 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 #ab4hg #i4hg #g4hh #f4hdf4bee4fhe4agd4ebc4eh ---------------------------------------- - ,,weights ,,( ,,%ot1 ,,%ells ,,& ,,sph]ical ,,case4 ,columbiads & ,mort>s4 ,guns & ,h[itz]s4 ,sea-,coa/ ,h[itz]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #aj-;9#h-;9#ac-;9#aj-;9#h-;9 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #f ---------------------------------------- -------- lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4 ,%ot1 #abh #fe -- -- -- #db4gcb4fbd4d #ah4eab4cf4a ,%ells1 #aja #ej4e #aig #hg4edd4eca #bb4eag #ac4d #h4d ,sph]4 case1 -- #cj -- -- -- #bj4caf #aa4hf #h4g #f4ac4jf ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! #h-;in* ,mort> ,%ell is us$ = ! ,siege ,h[itz]4 ,,weight ,,( ,,cani/] ,,%ot4 #bd-pr4 #ab-pr4 ,gun #bd-pr4 #ab-pr4 ,h[itz]4 #db #cb ,gun & #ah & #cb-pr4,h[itz]4 #f --------------- #h-;94 ,h[itz]4 ,field4,m\nta94 ,sieg4 ,h[it4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,musket #a4e #a4ad #j4hf #j4fd #j4dc #j4cb #j4ba #j4af ball4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,weights ,,( ,,f9i%$ ,,cani/]s ,,& ,,numb] ,,( ,,%ot4 ,siege & ,g>rison ,guns4 #h-;94 ,h[itz]4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ,siege4 ,sea-,coa/4 ---------------------------------------- --------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,weights1 #dh #cg #bi #bc #ae #ec4e #ed4e ,no4 ( %ot1 #bg #bg #bg #bg #bg #dh #dh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sid5ote3 #ajg ,,weight ,,( ,,grape ,,%ot ,,& ,,grape ,,%ot ,,/&s4 #h-;94 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,grape %ot1 #f4a #d4b #c4ae #b4d #a4h #a4ad ,/&s1 #gd4e #ea4b #ci4g #cj4f #bb4a #ad4h ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,weights ,,( ,,fix$ ,,ammunition4 ,= ,guns4 ,= ,h[itz]s4 ,,weights4 ------------------------ #ab #f #cb #bd #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4 lbs4 ,c>tridge1 includ+ l>ge *>ge1 #b4efa4cj #c #hh #b4gj ,c>tridge ,block4 small 8 #b4jfa4je #c4aj #b4cd #a4je ,%ot /rapp$1 #ab4gef4bh ,%ell /rapp$ & *>g$1 -- -- #bd4fjah4hj #i4ce ,sph]ical case1 /rapp$ & *>g$1 #aa4dce4geca4jjbc4jjaa4cj ,cani/]1 ) ,sabot1 #ad4hjg4cbbh4ejba4beaj4hj ,%ot1 #ae4djg4fj ,r\nd ( ,ammunition ,%ell ) small complete4 *>ge1 -- -- #bg4gjba4aeaj4ej ,sph]ical case1 #ac4ejf4hbcd4ajbe4cdab4ej ,cani/]1 #af4iah4djca4fjbc4fjaa4he ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,*>ges ,,= ,,mort> ,,%ells4 #ac-;94 #aj-;94 #h-;94 ,coehorn4 -------------------------------- lbs4 oz4lbs4 oz4lbs4 oz4lbs4 oz4 ( ! %ell fill$ ) p[d]1 #aa4j #e4j #b4i #a4j ,*>ge to bur/ ! %ell1 #f4j #b4j #a4j #j4h to bl[ out ! fuze1 #j4f #j4e #j4d #j4b ,ord9>y ,cannon ,p[d]1 #g4j #c4j #a4ab s]vice ,inc5di>y mat* or *>ge4 o!r composition1 #j4h #j4f #j4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sid5ote3 #ajh ,,*>ges ,,= ,,field ,,%ells4 #cb-pdr4 #bd-pdr4#ab-pdr4 ,rem>ks4 --------------------------------- lbs4 oz4lbs oz4lbs4 oz4 to fill ! %ell1 #a #e #a #j #j #h ,rifle or ,p[d] to bur/ d4 #j #aa #j #h #j #e musket requir$ to bl[ out p[d] is ! fuse plug1 #j #b #j #b #j #a us$ 9 = s]vice *>ge1 #a #j #j #ab #j #g pref'nce to cannon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,*>ges ,,= ,,sph]ical ,,case ,,%ot4 ,,*>ge4 #h-;94 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #f ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 ( musket balls1 #dhf #cjfbbe #age #abj #gh #ch ,bur/+ *>ge ( p[d]1 oz4 #ae #i #h #f #e #d4e #b4e ,weight ( %ot load$1 lbs4 #ei4e #ci #cj4ac #bb4ge #af4caa #e4e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,*>ges ,,= ,,%ells ,,= ,,columbiads ,,& ,,heavy ,,guns4 ,*>ge ( ,columbiads4 ,,= ,,guns4 ,p[d]4 ---------------------------------------- --- #aj-;94 #h-;94 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------- lbs ozlbs ozlbs ozlbs ozlbs ozlbs oz lbs oz ,to fill ! %ell1 #c #d #a #ab #a #h #a #e #a #j #j #aa #j #h ,to bur/ 8 #a #f #a #j #j #ab #j #a #j #h #j #g #j #e ,to bl[ out ! #j #aj #j #h #j #f #j #b #j #b #j #a #j #a fuze-plug1 ,= ord9>y #c #j #a #h #a #d #a #j #j #ab #j #aj #j #g s]vice1 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sid5ote3 #aji ,,"p ,x4 ,,laboratory ,,/ores4 #a4 ,:at is a fuze8 ,! contrivance by :i* fire is communicat$ to ! *>ge 9 a %ell4 ,x consi/s1 ess5tially1 ( a highly inflammable composition inclos$ 9 a wood1 metal1 or pap]-case4 #b4 ,:at fuzes are us$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 s]vice8 ,wood51 pap]1 ! ,bormann & ! ,unit$ ,/ates sea-coa/ fuzes4 #c4 ,describe ! wood5 fuze4 ,x consi/s ( a conical plug ( wood1 ( ! prop] size = ! fuze-hole ( ! %ell ) :i* x is to be fir$4 ,! axis ( ?is plug is bor$ out cyl9drically1 f ! l>ge d[n to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! small end1 :i* is left solid4 ,at ! l>ge end a cup is holl[$ out1 & ! outside ( ! plug is divid$ into in*es & p>ts1 g5]ally t5?s1 comm5c+ at ! bottom ( ! cup4 ,! cyl9drical space is fill$ ) composition1 p\nd$ h>d1 & z regul>ly z possible1 & ! cup fill$ ) meal$ p[d] moi/5$ ) :isky or alcohol4 ,! rate ( burn+ is det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 & m>k$ on a wat] pro( cap1 :i* is ti$ ov] ! cup4 ,kn[+ ! "t any %ell is to occupy 9 its flight1 ! fuze is cut (f ) a saw at ! prop] division1 & firmly set 9 ! fuze-hole ) a fuze-set & mallet4 ,say ! fuze burns #e to ! in*4 ,if a %ell be #aj 9 rea*+ ! m>k two in*es ( fuze w bur/ x z x /rikes4 ,if x takes #h to rea* ! m>k1 #a_/ 94 w be cut (f1 c4 ,sid5ote3 #aaj #d4 ,:at is ! disadvantage ( ?is fuze8 ,its irregul>ity1 x be+ v difficult to p\nd ! composition s t equal l5g?s w burn 9 equal times4 ,! %ell may ei!r bur/ too soon1 & a great "p ( its effect be lo/2 or x may bur/ aft] bury+ itself 9 ! gr\nd2 or x may bur/ aft] pass+ ! prop] po9t4 ,?is irregul>ity ( burn+ is common to all fuzes :]e ! composition is driv5 9 successive lay]s 9 a column :i* burns 9 ! same direction4 #e4 ,:at is ! composition = ,mort> fuzes8 ,no4,nitre4,sulphur4,meal$ ,"t ( ,rem>ks4 ,p[d]4burn+ #a 94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #b #a #c #c4h sec4 ,= ,siege ,mort>s4 #b #b #a #b #e4 8 8 ,sea-,coa/ 8 #c -- -- #a #b4b 8 8 #h-;94 ,h[itz]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f4 ,is ! wood5 fuze us$8 ,yes1 = ,mort>s4 #g4 ,are ^! fuzes always cut be=e be+ ins]t$ 9 ! %ell8 ,g5]ally !y are2 b !y are sometimes bor$ ?r\gh at ! prop] positions in/ead ( be+ saw$4 ,sid5ote3 #aaa #h4 ,are !y ev] cut obliquely8 ,yes1 :5 ! fuze is s long z to r5d] x likely t x w rea* ! bottom ( ! %ell2 = by cutt+ x p]p5dicul> to ! axis1 ! :ole base ( ! wood might be driv5 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! %ell1 & prev5t ! light$ composition f sett+ fire to ! bur/+ *>ge4 #i4 ,describe ! pap]-fuze4 ,x consi/s ( a conical pap]-case1 conta9+ ! composition1 ^: rate ( burn+ is %[n by ! color ( ! case1 z foll[s3 ,black1 burns #b to ! in* ,r$1 8 #c 8 ,gre51 8 #d 8 ,yell[1 8 #e 8 ,ea* fuze is made two in*es long1 & ! yell[ consequ5tly burns #aj4 ,= any %ort] "t1 ! fuze is cut ) a %>p knife4 ,) ?is fuze is us$ a fuze-plug hav+ a conical op5+1 :i* is ream$ out to fit ! pap]-case :5 ! %ell is load$1 & ! fuze is !n press$ 9 ) ! ?umb4 #aj4 ,:at is ! great advantage ( ?is fuze8 ,its simplicity1 & ! little tr\ble requir$ to place x 9 ! %ell1 :i* r5d]s unnecess>y ! num]\s & complicat$ in/rum5ts su* z saws1 fuze-sett]1 & extractor1 files1 c41 :i* 7 =m]ly us$ 9 field artill]y4 #aa4 ,:at is ! composition ( pap] fuzes made (8 ,meal$ ,sulphur4 ,p[d]4 ------------------------------- ,black1 #a #j ,r$1 #h #c ,gre51 #h #c4e ,yell[1 #h #d4j ------------------------------- ,sid5ote3 #aab #ab4 ,describe ! ,belgian or ,bormann fuze8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! fuze-case is made ( metal 7a composition ( lead & t971 & consi/s ,fig4 #b1 fir/1 ( a %ort cyl9d]1 hav+ at "o end a horse-%oe %ap$ ind5tation2 "o end only ( :i* communicates ) ! magaz9e ( ! fuze plac$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is horse-%oe ind5tation ext5ds ne>ly to ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 a ?9 lay] ( ! metal only int]v5+4 ,?is is graduat$ on ! outside into equal p>ts repres5t+ seconds & qu>t] seconds 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is *annel a smoo? lay] ( ! composition is plac$1 ) a piece ( wick or y>n und]nea? x4 ,on ?is is plac$ a piece ( metal1 ! cross section ( :i* is w$ge %ap$ 7see ,fig4 #c72 & ?is1 by ma*9]y1 is press$ d[n ^u ! composition1 seal+ x h]metically4 ,! cyl9drical op5+ repres5t$ at a ,fig4 #b1 is fill$ ) f9e p[d] & cov]$ ) a %eet ( t91 :i* is sold]$1 clos+ ! magaz9e f ! ext]nal air4 ,sid5ote3 #aac ,be=e us+ ! fuze1 sev]al holes are pun*$ ?r\gh ?is %eet ( t91 to all[ ! flame to ent] ! %ell4 ,on ! side ( ! fuze ! ?read ( a screw is cut :i* fits into "o cut on ! inside ( ! fuze-hole1 & ! fuze is screw$ into ! %ell ) a wr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! ?9 lay] ( metal ov] ! composition is cut ?r\gh ) a g\ge or *isel1 or ev5 a p5-knife1 at ! int]val m>k$ ) ! numb] ( seconds :i* we wi% ! fuze to burn4 ,to prev5t ! metal ( ?is fuze1 :i* is s(t1 f be+ driv5 into ! %ell by ! explosive =ce ( ! *>ge1 a circul> piece ( iron1 ) a hole ?r\gh its c5tre1 & ! ?read ( a screw on ! outside ,fig4 #e is screw$ into ! fuze-hole be=e ! fuze is ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 #ac4 ,to :at k9d ( artill]y has ?is fuze be5 conf9$8 ,pr9cipally to light artill]y1 9 fir+ %ells & p>ticul>ly sph]ical case1 :]e regul>ity & c]ta9ty are ess5tial requisites4 ,sid5ote3 #aad #ad4 ,m5tion "o important advantage ( ?is fuze4 ,! %ells c be load$1 all ready = use1 & rema9 s any l5g? ( "t1 p]fectly safe f explosion1 z ! fuze c be screw$ into its place1 & ! composition nev] expos$ to ext]nal fire until ! metal is cut ?r\gh4 #ae4 ,:at is ! only op]ation "u fire requir$8 ,to g\ge ?r\gh ! metal at ! prop] po9t1 ) any k9d ( *isel1 knife1 or o!r in/rum5t4 #af4 ,describe ! ,unit$ ,/ates sea-coa/ fuze4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a bronze fuze-plug has be5 adopt$ = heavy %ells in/ead ( ! wood5 "o4 ,x fits ! eye 9 ! same way1 & is reta9$ by friction4 ,x hav+ be5 f\nd t rico*ets1 especially ov] wat]1 7 apt to ext+ui% ^! fuzes1 a safety cap & prim] comb9$ h be5 adopt$ 9 ! navy4 ,a recess 9 ! top is fill$ ) prim+ composition & cov]$1 until ! fuze is requir$ = use1 ) a lead5 disk :i* fits accurately ! op5+4 ,a crook$ passage fill$ ) prim+1 conveys ! fire to ! fuze composition b5ea?1 & prev5ts wat] f be+ =c$ 9 9 suffici5t quantity to ext+ui% ! fuze4 #ag4 ,:5 are pap] fuzes = field %ells & sph]ical case ins]t$8 ,at ! mom5t ( load+ ! gun1 & into wood5 fuze-plugs previ\sly driv5 into ! %ell4 #ah4 ,:at is a port-fire8 ,x consi/s ( a small pap]-case fill$ ) a highly inflammable b sl[ burn+ composition1 ! flame ( :i* is v int5se & p5etrat+1 & _c be ext+ui%$ by wat]4 ,sid5ote3 #aae #ai4 ,:at is x us$ =8 ,pr9cipally z an inc5di>y mat]ial 9 load+ %ells1 & = communicat+ fire to ! prim+ ( guns :5 prov+ !m4 #bj4 ,:at does port-fire composition consi/ (8 ,( nitre1 sulphur1 & meal$ p[d]1 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,"o k9d is compos$ ( ,nitre1 #fe p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #bb4e 8 ,meal$ p[d]1 #ab4e 8 ,a port-fire case1 eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? fill$ ) ?is composition1 burns t5 m9utes4 #ba4 ,:at are prim+-tubes1 & _! use8 ,small pipes hav+ a cap at "o end1 & fill$ ) a composition = fir+ cannon4 #bb4 ,:at tube is 9 g5]al use 9 our s]vice8 ,! friction prim]4 #bc4 ,describe x4 ,x consi/s ( a %ort tube ( metal ins]t$ into a hole ne> ! top ( a long] tube1 & sold]$ 9 t position4 ,! %ort tube1 is l9$ ) a composition made by mix+ toge!r two p>ts ( *lorate ( potassa & "o ( sulphurate ( antimony1 moi/5$ ) gum wat]4 ,a s]rat$ wire passes ?r\gh ! %ort tube & a hole opposite to x 9 ! side ( ! long "o1 ! op5 end ( ! %ort tube be+ compress$ ) nipp]s1 & ! wire at ! end ( ! s]rat$ "p d\bl$ "u to prev5t any displacem5t4 ,! o!r end ( ! wire is d\bl$ & twi/$ by ma*9]y4 ,! long tube is fill$ ) musket p[d]1 its upp] end be+ clos$ ) %ellac-v>ni%1 & its l[] ) %oemak]s-wax4 ,sid5ote3 #aaf #bd4 ,:at advantage does ! friction tube possess8 ,x gives an enemy at night no clue to ! position ( y\r piece1 z does ! light$ port-fire1 or sl[-mat*4 #be4 ,:at is sl[-mat*8 ,a sl[ burn+ mat* prep>$ f hemp or flax slightly twi/$1 soak$ 9 a /rong lye1 or 9 wat] hold+ 9 solution sug> ( lead4 ,cotton rope well twi/$1 =ms a good mat* )\t any prep>ation4 #bf4 ,h[ long does sl[-mat* prep>$ f hemp or flax burn8 ,f\r to five in*es to ! h\r4 #bg4 ,:at is ! use ( sl[-mat*8 ,x is us$ pr9cipally = ! purpose ( reta9+ fire 9 ! %ape ( a h>d-po9t$ coal1 to be us$ 9 fir+ cannon1 fire-works1 c4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ 9 field batt]ies = light+ ! port fires ) :i* ! pieces 7 dis*>g$2 b bo? are n[ entirely sup]s$$ by ! friction tube4 #bh4 ,:at is quick-mat*8 ,x is a mat* made ( ?reads ( cotton1 or cotton wick1 /eep$ 9 gumm$ br&y or :isky1 !n soak$ 9 a pa/e ( meal$ p[d] & gumm$ spirits1 & aft]w>ds /rew$ ov] ) meal$ p[d]4 #bi4 ,h[ long does x burn8 ,"o y>d burns 9 ! op5 air ?irte5 seconds4 #cj4 ,:at is ! use ( quick-mat*8 ,to fire /one & heavy mort>s1 & sometimes 9 prov+ pieces4 ,x is ext5sively us$ 9 prim+ all k9ds ( fire-works1 su* z fire & light balls1 c>casses1 rockets1 prim+-tubes1 c41 & 9 convey+ fire v rapidly f "o portion ( a piece ( fire-"w to ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 #aag #ca4 ,:5 us$ = dis*>g+ cannon1 h[ is ! quick-mat* set fire to8 ,by a sl[ mat*1 port-fire1 or any o!r conv5i5t mat]ial4 #cb4 ,:5 us$ to prime c>cases1 c41 h[ is x set on fire8 ,by ! flame f ! piece4 #cc4 ,:at is ,val5ci5nes composition8 ,a comp\nd ( #ej p>ts ( nitre1 #bh ( sulphur1 #ah ( antimony1 & #f ( ros94 #cd4 ,:at is its use8 ,z an inc5di>y composition1 9 *>g+ %ells = ! purpose ( increas+ _! de/ructive prop]ty1 by sett+ fire to build+s1 %ipp+1 c4 ,sid5ote3 #aah ,,"p ,,xi4 ,,plat=ms4 #a4 ,:at is a plat=m8 ,a /rong floor+ ^u :i* a piece ( ordnance1 m\nt$ on its c>riage1 is manuvr$ :5 9 batt]y4 #b4 ,:at is ! object ( a plat=m8 ,to facilitate ! s]vice ( heavy guns & mort>s1 & to insure accuracy ( fire4 #c4 ,m5tion ! k9ds ( plat=ms 9 g5]al use 9 ! s]vice4 ,fix$ plat=ms = casemate & b>bette batt]ies 9 =tifications1 :i* are con/ruct$ ) ! works2 ! siege-plat=m = guns & h[itz]s2 & ! siege-plat=m = mort>s2 ! rail-plat=m2 & ! rico*et-plat=m4 #d4 ,:at prop]ties %\ld wood5 plat=ms possess8 ,/r5g? & portability4 ,sid5ote3 #aai #e4 ,are ! pieces compos+ siege-plat=ms ( ! same or diff]5t dim5sions8 ,all ( ! same dim5sions1 viz3 #i feet long1 #e in*es wide1 & #c in*es ?ick2 except ! sleep]s1 :i* 9 ! mort>-plat=m are "o foot less 9 l5g?4 #f4 ,:at is ! weight ( ea* piece8 ,ab\t fifty p\nds4 #g4 ,:at is ! numb] ( pieces 9 ! siege-plat=m = guns & h[itz]s8 ,=ty-n9e 9 all1 "o be+ us$ z a hurt] on ! front "p ( ! plat=m to prev5t ! c>riage f runn+ too f> =w>d2 & twelve = sleep]s4 #h4 ,describe ! me?od ( lay+ a plat=m = a siege-gun or h[itz]4 ,fir/ e/abli% ! c5tre l9e ( ! embrasure1 & /ret* a cord on ?is l9e f ! middle ( ! embrasure to ! re>4 ,?is is ! directrix ( ! plat=m4 ,lay ! two outside sleep]s p>allel to ?is directrix1 _! outside edges be+ fifty-f\r in*es di/ant f x4 ,! f\r o!r sleep]s are laid p>allel to ^!1 ! edge ( ea* fifte5 & a half in*es f ! edge ( ! next4 ,! upp] surface ( ! front ends ( ^! sleep]s to be fifty in*es on a v]tical l9e bel[ ! sole ( ! embrasure4 ,sid5ote3 #abj ,!y are laid ) an elevation to ! re>1 ( "o & a half in*es to ! y>d1 or f\r & a half in*es 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,?is elevation may be det]m9$ by plac+ a block f\r & a half in*es high on ! front end ( ! sleep]1 & lay+ a /raight-edge1 ) a gunn]'s level on x f ?is block to ! re> end1 !n s arrange ! e>? z to br+ ! level true 9 ?is position4 ,! next set ( sleep]s are laid aga9/ & inside ( ! fir/1 ov]lapp+ !m ?ree feet1 hav+ ! re> ends incl9$ outw>ds1 s t ! out] edges ( ! ext]ior ones %all be ea* fifty-f\r in*es f ! directrix1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! edges ( ! o!rs ! same z 9 ! fir/ set1 viz3 fifte5 & a half in*es f ! edge ( "o to ! edge ( ! next1 all hav+ ! elevation to ! re> ( "o & a half in*es to ! y>d1 & p]fectly level across4 ,! e>? is !n ramm$ firmly ar\nd ^! sleep]s1 & made ev5 ) _! upp] surface4 ,! fir/ deck-plank1 ) a hole ?r\gh ea* end = ! eye-bolts1 is laid 9 place p]p5dicul> to ! directrix1 its holes correspond+ ) ^? 9 ! sleep]s4 ,! hurt] is plac$ on x1 & ! bolts driv5 ?r\gh ! correspond+ holes 9 ^! pieces4 ,! hurt] %\ld be s plac$ z to prev5t ! :eels f /rik+ aga9/ ! epaulm5t :5 ! piece is 9 batt]y4 ,if ! int]ior slope has a base ( two-sev5?s ( its height1 ! inn] edge ( ! hurt] %\ld be two & a half in*es f ! foot ( ! slope4 ,! o!r planks are !n laid1 ea* "o =c$ aga9/ ! prec$+1 ! la/ plank hav+ holes = ! re> eye-bolts4 ,by draw+ out or driv+ 9 ! outside sleep]s1 ! holes ?r\gh _! re> ends are made to correspond ) ^? 9 ! la/ deck-plank1 & ! bolts are put 94 ,drive /akes 9 ! re> ( ea* sleep]1 leav+ _! tops level ) ! upp] surface ( ! plat=m4 ,raise1 ram1 & level ! e>? 9 re> ( ! plat=m1 s z to h a pla91 h>d surface to support ! trail :5 ! recoil is great4 ,! e>? at ! sides %\ld be rais$ ne>ly z high z ! plat=m1 & well ramm$1 giv+ x a slight incl9ation outw>ds to all[ ! wat] to run (f4 ,sid5ote3 #aba #i4 ,:at are ! dim5sions ( ?is plat=m8 ,fifte5 feet by n9e feet4 #aj4 ,:y is ! elevation to ! re> giv5 to ?is plat=m8 ,to dim9i% ! recoil & to p]mit ! wat] to run (f4 #aa4 ,describe ! plat=m = a mort>4 ,! mort>-plat=m is compos$ ( only half ! numb] ( sleep]s & deck-planks requir$ = ! gun or h[itz] plat=m4 ,x is laid level1 & ! front & re> deck-planks are connect$ by eye-bolts to e sleep]4 ,its dep? is "o-half t ( ! previ\s plat=m4 #ab4 ,describe ! me?od ( lay+ ! rail-plat=m4 ,! rail-plat=m = siege-mort>s consi/s ( ?ree sleep]s & two rails = ! *eeks ( ! mort>-b$ to slide on1 in/ead ( ! deck-plank1 & is v /rong1 & easily con/ruct$ & laid4 ,! pieces be+ not*$ to fit1 are driv5 toge!r at ! batt]y1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre l9es ( ! rails be+ equal to t betwe5 ! c5tre l9es ( ! *eeks4 ,! e>? is excavat$ eight & a half in*es1 ! dep? ( ! sleep]s1 & ! bottom made p]fectly level4 ,! directrix be+ exactly m>k$ by /akes1 ! plat=m is plac$ 9 position1 its c5tre l9e co9cid+ ) a cord /ret*$ betwe5 ! /akes m>k+ ! l9e ( fire4 ,! e>? is fill$ 9 z high z ! upp] surface ( ! sleep]s1 & firmly ramm$2 & /akes are driv5 9 ! re> angles =m$ by ! sleep]s & rails1 & "o at ! re> end ( ea* rail4 ,sid5ote3 #abb #ac4 ,m5tion ! p>ts ( ! rico*et-plat=m4 #a ,hurt]1 #h ft4 long1 #h 94 wide1 & #h 94 ?ick4 #c ,sleep]s1 #i ft4 8 #e 8 8 8 #e 8 #b planks1 #aj ft4 #h 94 l'g1 #ac 8 8 8 #b 8 #a plank1 #g ft4 long1 #ac 8 8 8 #b 8 #a piece plank1 #b ft4 long1 #ac 8 8 8 #b 8 ,& "s /akes4 #ad4 ,describe ! me?od ( lay+ ?is plat=m4 ,to lay ?is plat=m1 place ! hurt] p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( fire1 & secure x by f\r /akes1 "o at ea* end & two 9 front1 #ca in*es f ! middle t[>ds ea* end3 lay ! ?ree sleep]s p>allel to ! hurt]1 ! fir/ #af in*es f ! re> edge ( ! hurt]1 ! second #dc in*es f ! re> edge ( ! fir/1 & ! ?ird #dc in*es f ! re> edge ( ! second4 ,lay ! plank #ca in*es f ! directrix ( ! plat=m to ! c5tre ( ! plank4 ,place ! piece ( plank #fj in*es f ! re> edge ( ! la/ sleep]1 & b$ x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,place on ! la/ sleep] & ?is piece ( plank1 ! plank 7#g feet long71 its front edge #ajf in*es f ! re> edge ( ! hurt]4 ,sid5ote3 #abc ,,"p ,,xii4 ,,artill]y ,,c>riages ,,& ,,ma*9es4 #a4 ,:at is meant by artill]y c>riages8 ,c>riages ( e description employ$ 9 ! artill]y s]vice4 #b4 ,h[ are su* c>riages classifi$8 ,into two g5]al divisions2 fir/1 ^? c>riages on :i* artill]y are m\nt$1 ei!r = fir+ or travell+2 & secondly1 su* z are especially us$ = ! transportation ( artill]y ammunition & /ores4 #c4 ,:at is a gun-c>riage8 ,x is ! ma*9e on :i* a piece is m\nt$ = manuv]+ & fir+4 #d4 ,into :at classes may gun-c>riages be divid$8 ,into movable & /ation>y c>riages4 #e4 ,:at is ! use ( movable c>riages8 ,!y are us$ = ! transportation ( ! pieces z well z = fir+ !m1 & are m\nt$ on l>ge :eels4 ,!y are furni%$ ) limb]s4 #f4 ,describe ! movable c>riage4 ,x consi/s ( two *eeks1 connect$ toge!r & ) a /ock by assembl+ bolts4 ,! front "p supports ! piece1 & re/s ^u an axle-tree furni%$ ) :eels1 ! re> end ( ! /ock or trail re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 #abd #g4 ,:at are ! *eeks8 ,! p>ts ( ! c>riage betwe5 :i* ! piece is plac$1 & ^u :i* ! trunnions are support$4 #h4 ,:at is ! :eel compos$ (8 ,( a nave into :i* ! axle-tree ent]s2 ( a c]ta9 numb] ( spokes fa/5$ 9 ! nave2 & a circumf]5ce :i* is compos$ ( a numb] ( fellies equal to half ! numb] ( spokes4 #i4 ,:at is ! di% ( a :eel8 ,! incl9ation outw>d ( ! spokes1 :5 fa/5$ 9 ! nave4 #aj4 ,:at is ! advantage ( ?is obliquity ( ! spokes8 ,x gives ela/icity to ! :eel1 & protects x f ! effect ( %ocks1 :i* w\ld de/roy x1 if ! spokes 7 9 ! same plane4 #aa4 ,:at is ! object ( giv+ di% to a :eel8 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ ! body ( ! c>riage wid]2 to dim9i% ! l5g? ( ! axle-tree1 ?us increas+ its /r5g?2 to ?r[ ! mud & wat] outside ! :eels2 & to keep ! :eel close aga9/ ! c>riage1 & prev5t any t5d5cy to run (f ! axle4 #ab4 ,h[ are movable gun-c>riages di/+ui%$8 ,z field1 m\nta91 & siege-c>riages4 ,sid5ote3 #abe #ac4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal consid]ations to be kept 9 view 9 ! con/ruction ( movable c>riages8 ,9 fir+1 ! c>riage %\ld yield to ! recoil4 ,7 x fix$ immovably1 x w\ld soon be de/roy$1 no matt] h[ great its solidity4 ,its weight %\ld be proportional to t ( ! piece4 ,if too heavy x w\ld soon be de/roy$ by ! %ocks ( ! piece4 ,if too light1 ! recoil w\ld be immod]ate4 ,its weight %\ld always be less ?an t ( ! piece4 ,a heavy piece ^u too light a c>riage w p]=m bett] s]vice ?an ! rev]se arrangem5t1 s9ce ! ef=t ex]t$ by a piece dep5ds ^u its mass multipli$ into ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 #ad4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal consid]ations to be kept 9 view 9 ! con/ruction ( field c>riages8 ,lightness & /r5g? comb9$1 great mobility & flexibility1 & a l[ c5tre ( gravity1 9 ord] to surm\nt all difficulties 9 ! field :i* mu/ frequ5tly arise :ile artill]y is act+ ) o!r troops1--to resi/ ! concussion 9 fir+1 & ! sev]e jolt+ produc$ :5 mov+ rapidly ov] unev5 gr\nd4 #ae4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( field gun-c>riages h we8 ,?ree1 viz3 ,"o = ! #f pdr4 gun & #ab-pdr4 h[itz]2 ano!r = ! #bd-pdr4 h[itz]2 & ! ?ird = ! #ab-pdr4 gun & #cb-pdr4 h[itz]4 #af4 ,9 :at respect are ^! c>riages simil>8 ,9 all hav+ ! same k9d ( limb] & ! same-siz$ :eels1 s t any limb] or :eel may be us$ ) any c>riage2 ?\gh1 if possible1 ! heavie/ :eel 7,no4 #b7 %\ld be us$ on ! c>riage ( ! ?ree heavie/ pieces1 #ab-pdr4 gun & #bd & #cb-pdr4 h[itz]s4 #ag4 ,describe ^! gun-c>riages4 ,!y consi/ ( two %ort *eeks ( wood1 bolt$ ^u a /ock & wood5 axle-body1 9 a recess ( :i* fits ! iron axle on :i* ! :eels are plac$4 ,! /ock t]m9ates 9 a trail & trail-plate :i* re/s on ! gr\nd1 & has on ! end a /rong r+ call$ ! lunette1 :i* is plac$ on ! p9tle hook :5 ! piece is limb]$4 ,9 ! /ock is plac$ an elevat+ screw-box ( bronze 9 :i* ! elevat+ screw fits4 ,sid5ote3 #abf #ah4 ,m5tion o!r p>ts ( a field-c>riage4 ,cap-squ>es1 e>-plates1 trunnion-plates1 "u-/rap1 elevat+ screw1 :eel gu>d plate1 axle-tree1 trail-plate1 trail-h&les1 prolong-hooks1 po9t+-r+s1 wa%]-hooks1 lock-*a91 sponge-*a91 sponge & ramm] /op1 bolts1 r+s1 b&s1 hooks1 keys1 /raps1 nuts1 & nails4 #ai4 ,:at is ! limb]8 ,x consi/s ( a simil> axle-body1 axle1 & two :eels1 & on ^! re/s a frame-"w to receive ! tongue4 ,on top ( ! :ole is an ammunition box1 ! top ( :i* =ms a seat = ?ree cannone]s4 ,9 re> ( ! axle-tree is a p9tle-hook to receive ! lunette ( ! trail4 ,connect$ ) ! frame-"w 9 front1 is a fix$ spl9t]-b> ) f\r hooks1 to :i* are atta*$ ! traces ( ! :eel-horses4 ,at ! extremity ( ! tongue are plac$ two pole-*a9s1 by :i* ! tongue or pole is held up1 & a pole-yoke ) two movable bran*es1 to prev5t1 z mu* z possible1 ! pole f oscillat+ & /rik+ ! horses4 #bj4 ,:at is ! use ( ! limb]8 ,to facilitate ! movem5ts ( ! c>riage4 ,by means ( x a consid]able portion ( ammunition & /ores may be convey$ = ! imm$iate use ( ! piece1 "s ( ! cannone]s may be seat$ on ! boxes1 & by ! simple mann] 9 :i* x is atta*$ to ! c>riage1 ! greate/ facility is af=d$ = com+ into action1 or 9 retir+4 ,sid5ote3 #abg #ba4 ,are !re any o!r advantages f ! mann] 9 :i* ! gun-c>riage & limb] are connect$8 ,^! two p>ts ?us possess all ! advantages ( a f\r-:eel c>riage1 & ! fre$om ( motion peculi> to ea* admits ( _! pass+ ov] gr\nd un9jur$1 or )\t be+ ov]turn$ or /ra9$1 :]e any o!r f\r-:eel c>riage w\ld inv>iably fail4 #bb4 ,describe ! m\nta9 artill]y gun-c>riage4 ,x is =m$ l ! field-gun c>riage1 b mu* small]1 ! *eeks n be+ =m$ ( pieces di/9ct f ! /ock1 b all ?ree made ( two pieces bolt$ toge!r4 ,! axle-tree is ( wood1 :i* less5s ! recoil1 & gives an ela/icity to ! :ole c>riage1 bett] adapt$ to resi/ ! %ocks ( fir+4 ,! :eels are b ?irty-eight in*es high4 ,ord9>ily1 ov] r\gh gr\nd1 ! c>riage is transport$ on ! backs ( mules2 b :]e x is possible1 a pair ( %afts is atta*$ to ! trail to keep x f ! gr\nd1 & ! piece is drawn on its c>riage by h>ness+ "o ( ! pack mules to x4 ,! ammunition is c>ri$ 9 ammunition boxes on ! backs ( mules4 #bc4 ,describe ! prairie c>riage4 ,! necessity = a small c>riage = ! m\nta9 h[itz] :5 us$ on our we/]n prairies1 has l$ to ! adoption ( a special c>riage = t s]vice1 ) a limb] atta*$ z 9 a field-c>riage4 ,?is r5d]s ! c>riage less liable to ov]turn1 & pref]able 9 e respect to ! two-:eel$ "o4 ,! limb] is furni%$ ) two ammunition boxes1 plac$ ov] ! axle-tree1 & p>allel to x1 & j wide en\gh = "o r[ ( %ells & _! c>tridges4 ,sid5ote3 #abh #bd4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( siege-gun c>riages are us$ 9 our s]vice8 ,?ree2 "o = ! #ab-p\nd gun2 ano!r = ! #ah-pdr42 & ! ?ird = ! #bd-p\nd gun & #h-;94 h[itz]4 #be4 ,9 :at respect are !y simil>8 ,!y are all con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann]1 diff]+ only 9 _! dim5sions4 ,all ! limb]s & :eels are ! same1 s t !y c be us$ 9 common4 #bf4 ,describe ?is gun-c>riage4 ,x is simil> 9 its con/ruction to ! field-c>riage1 b is jo9$ to ! limb] 9 a diff]5t way4 ,project+ upw>ds f ! limb] & 9 re> ( ! axle-tree1 is plac$ a p9tle1 :i* ent]s a hole made 9 ! trail f ! und]side1 & a la%+-*a9 & hook keep ! two p>ts toge!r :5 once 9 position4 ,! weight ( ! trail re/+ on ! re> end ( ! tongue keeps ?is ne>ly horizontal1 & relieves ! horses ( ! weight ( x1 :i*1 z x mu/ be bo? long & heavy1 is too mu* = ! horses to c>ry4 ,! spl9t]-b> is1 z 9 field c>riages1 /ation>y1 b ! traces ( ! next team are atta*$ to a movable b> :i* is connect$ ) ! end ( ! tongue4 ,! tongue is furni%$ ) pole-*a9s1 b no yoke1 & ! re/ ( ! teams are h>ness$ z 9 field-artill]y4 ,! axle-trees are ( iron1 ) axle-bodies ( wood2 :i* la/1 by its ela/icity1 r5d]s ! %ock f ! piece less direct & viol5t4 ,sid5ote3 #abi ,on ! upp] surface ( ! *eeks1 ne> ! re> ends1 are plac$ two project+ bolts :i*1 ) ! curve ( ! *eeks1 =m re/+ places = ! trunnions1 :5 ! piece is 9 position = transportation4 ,!y are call$ travel+ trunnion-b$s4 ,:5 ! piece is 9 ?is position1 its bree* re/s ^u ! bol/]1 :i* is a curv$ block ( wood1 bolt$ to ! upp] side ( ! /ock4 ,on ea* side ( ! trail1 & p]p5dicul> to x1 a /rong manuvr+ bolt is plac$ to s]ve z places to apply ! h&spikes 9 manuv]+ ! c>riage4 #bg4 ,:at is ! object ( ! travel+ trunnion-b$s8 ,= ! purpose ( di/ribut+ ! load m equally ov] ! c>riage4 #bh4 ,m5tion ! p>ts compos+ ! limb]4 ,! =k1 ! spl9t]-b>1 ! h\nds1 ! sweep-b>1 ! tongue1 ! p9tle1 ! la%+-*a91 ! axle-tree 7iron74 ,! sweep-b> is ( iron1 & on x re/s ! trail1 :i* by its weight keeps up ! tongue4 #bi4 ,:y is x unnecess>y = siege-c>riages to h ! same degree ( mobility & flexibility z field c>riages8 ,because siege-c>riages are1 prop]ly speak+1 transportation wagons = use on roads1 & nev] int5d$ = manuvr+ ) troops4 #cj4 ,h[ _m horses does ! transportation ( siege-guns require8 ,a #bd-pdr4 requires t5 horses 7five driv]s72 a #ab or #ah-pdr41 eight horses 7f\r driv]s74 #ca4 ,:at are /ation>y gun-c>riages us$ =8 ,to fire ! piece f1 & n to transport x except = %ort di/ances4 ,sid5ote3 #acj #cb4 ,= :at s]vice are ^! c>riages us$8 ,= g>rison & sea-coa/ pieces2 al?\gh ! siege-gun c>riages j describ$ may also be us$ 9 a =tification or g>rison4 ,mort>-b$s1 to be describ$ h]eaft]1 are us$ ei!r = siege or g>rison s]vice4 #cc4 ,:at are ! *ief requisites = g>rison & sea-coa/ c>riages8 ,/r5g?1 durability1 & facility 9 s]v+ ! guns1 z !y are int5d$ only = ! works ( a place1 coa/-batt]ies1 & situations :]e !y are p]man5tly fix$4 #cd4 ,:y %\ld ^! c>riages be requir$ to possess great /r5g? & durability8 ,unless made /rong !y w\ld soon be %ak5 by ! cont9u$ & rapid fire :i* ! def5se ( a "w may dem&2 & f _! con/ant exposure to ! wea!r !y w\ld soon decay if made ( a v p]i%able mat]ial4 #ce4 ,is ! weight ( g>rison c>riages a matt] ( great importance8 ,x is ( less importance 9 ?is class ( c>riages ?an 9 any o!r1 z !y are seldom remov$ f _! situations3 _! weight adds b little to ! labor ( runn+ !m up4 #cf4 ,m5tion ! diff]5t /ation>y c>riages4 ,! c>riage f :i* a mort> is fir$1 call$ its b$2 ! b>bette-c>riage2 ! columbiad-c>riage2 ! casemate-c>riage2 & t = ! #bd-pdr4 iron h[itz]1 call$ ! flank-casemate c>riage4 #cg4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( siege mort> b$s h we8 ,f\r2 ! #h-;941 #aj-;941 ! /one1 ! coehorn4 ,sid5ote3 #aca #ch4 ,:i* ( ^! are alike8 ,! fir/ ?ree1 diff]+ only 9 dim5sions4 ,!y are made ( ca/-iron1 :i* has v little ela/icity4 #ci4 ,describe ^! b$s4 ,!y consi/ ( two *eeks1 jo9$ by two transoms1 all ca/ toge!r 9 ! same piece4 ,! manuvr+ bolts1 plac$ on ea* side1 "o ne> ea* end ( ! *eeks1 are made ( wr\ght iron1 & set 9 ! m\ld :5 ! b$ is ca/4 ,on ! front transom is fa/5$ a wood5 bol/]1 groov$ to receive ! elevat+ quo94 ,not*es1 on ! und]side ( ! front & re> ( ! *eeks1 give hold to ! h&spikes 9 ?r[+ ! c>riage to ! "r or left4 #dj4 ,describe ! coehorn mort>-b$4 ,x is made ( a block ( oak wood1 9 "o piece1 or two pieces jo9$ toge!r ) bolts4 ,a recess1 = ! trunnions & "p ( ! bree* is made 9 ! top ( ! b$2 & ! trunnions are kept 9 _! places by plates ( iron bolt$ d[n ov] !m4 ,two iron h&les are bolt$ to ! b$ on ea* side1 by :i* f\r m5 c c>ry ! b$ ) ! mort> 9 its place4 #da4 ,describe ! epr\vette mort>-b$4 ,x consi/s ( a block ( wood1 on ! top ( :i* is c\nt]sunk & bolt$ ! b$-plate1 :i* is a heavy circul> plate ( ca/-iron hav+ a rectangul> recess ) slop+ sides1 s z to make x longe/ at ! bottom4 ,into ?is recess ! sole ( ! mort> slides4 ,! wood5 block is bolt$ to a /one block ( ! same size1 :i* is firmly plac$ 9 ! gr\nd on a masonry f\ndation4 ,sid5ote3 #acb #db4 ,describe ! heavy sea-coa/ mort> b$4 ,! b$ = ! heavy t5-in* mort> is ! only "o :i* has yet be5 adopt$4 ,! *eeks are ( ca/-iron1 & some:at simil> 9 =m to ^? 9 ! b$s ( siege-mort>s2 b 9 ! front1 ! *eeks turn up to receive betwe5 !m ! front transom1 :i* has1 c\nt]sunk 9 & bolt$ to x1 an elevat+ screw-b$1 ?r\gh :i* works an incl9$ elevat+ screw1 :i* rises or falls by turn+ ! nut1 fitt$ on x by means ( a lev] ins]t$ into mortises cut 9 ! direction ( ! radii ( ! circul> nut4 ,bo? ! transoms are made ( wood1 connect$ ) ! *eeks by mortises & t5ons1 & secur$ by bolts runn+ ?r\gh1 & nuts on ! outside4 ,"o ( ^! bolts at ea* end1 is long] ?an ! o!rs1 & ! project+ ends are made use ( z manuvr+ bolts4 ,directly beh9d & und]nea? ! position = ! trunnions1 a bronze b$-piece is plac$ to receive ! %ock ( ! piece4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge beam ( bronze1 ) ea* end well let 9 to ! face ( ! *eek4 ,! use ( ! elevat+ screw in/ead ( ! quo91 is r5d]$ necess>y by ! great mass ( metal to be rais$ or l[]$ 9 sight+ ! piece4 #dc4 ,:at is a b>bette c>riage8 ,x is a c>riage belong+ to ! class d5om9at$ immovable1 on :i* a gun is m\nt$ to fire ov] a p>apet2 & a b>bette gun is any gun m\nt$ on a b>bette-c>riage4 #dd4 ,h[ _m =ms ( ! b>bette-c>riage are 9 use 9 ! s]vice8 ,two3 "o = iron guns & sea-coa/ h[itz]s 7#ab1 #ah1 #bd1 #cb1 #db-pdrs41 & #h & #aj-;9472 & "o = ! columbiads4 ,sid5ote3 #acc #de4 ,( h[ _m p>ts are b>bette-c>riages compos$8 ,( a gun-c>riage & a *assis4 #df4 ,describe ! gun-c>riage4 ,x is =m$ ( two upright pieces ( timb]1 ne>ly v]tical1 beh9d :i* are plac$ two incl9$ braces1 mortis$ into ! uprights1 & design$ to receive ! =ce ( ! recoil1 ! :ole =m+ ! *eeks1 :i* are firmly connect$ & brac$ by transoms & assembl+ bolts1 ?us =m+ a triangul> frame-"w1 :i* is less liable ?an any o!r =m to become de=m$ f ! %ocks ( ! gun4 ,a horizontal piece 7! transom & axle-tie7 runs f front to re> betwe5 ! *eeks1 connect+ ! axle-body & re> transom4 ,! trunnion-b$ is at ! top ( ! upright1 :]e x is jo9$ to ! brace2 & ! bree* ( ! gun is support$ on an elevat+ screw1 work+ into a screw-box plac$ 9 ! re> end ( ! transom & axle-tie4 ,! front transom is j "u ! gun2 ! middle transom is betwe5 ! braces2 & ! re> transom is at ! l[] end ( ! braces1 & "u ! transom & axle-tie1 into :i* x is not*$2 ! l[] "p ( ?is transom is not*$ to receive ! tongue ( ! *assis on :i* x slides4 ,betwe5 ?is transom & ! transom & axle-tie1 ! end ( a lunette is plac$ project+ to ! re>1 & fa/5$ by a bolt = ! purpose ( atta*+ a limb] to ! c>riage4 ,sid5ote3 #acd ,! feet ( ! uprights & front end ( ! transom & axle-tie are jo9$ to an axle-body1 9 :i* an iron axle is plac$4 ,on ! ends ( ! axle are fitt$ ca/-iron roll]s1 :i* re/ on ! rails ( ! *assis1 & support ! front ( ! c>riage4 ,on ! outside ( ! roll] is plac$ an octagonal projection1 on :i* ! ca/-iron nave ( ! :eel fits1 secur$ by a wa%] & l9*-p94 ,! spokes ( ! :eels are wood1 inclos$ )9 heavy iron tires4 ,manuvr+ bolts are ins]t$ 9 front ( ! feet ( ! uprights1 & 9 ! c>riages1 = pieces heavi] ?an a #bd-pdr41 9 re> ( ^! feet also4 ,^! bolts & ! spokes ( ! :eels =m ! po9ts ( application = ! h&spikes1 9 manuv]+ ! piece4 ,manuv]+ /aples are plac$ 9 front ( ! feet ( ! braces1 = ! purpose ( us+ h&spikes to raise ! re> ( ! c>riage f ! tongue ( ! *assis 9 runn+ to & f batt]y4 #dg4 ,:at pieces g on ! same c>riage8 ,! #cb-p\nd gun1 & #h-;in* h[itz]4 ,all o!r pieces h sep>ate c>riages4 #dh4 ,h[ _m sizes ( roll]s are us$8 ,two3 "o = ! c>riages ( ! #ab1 #ah1 & #bd-p\nd]s2 ! o!r = ! rema9+ c>riages4 #di4 ,are cap-squ>es us$ ) ^! c>riages8 ,no4 #ej4 ,:at o!r purposes d ! :eels subs]ve besides assi/+ 9 manuv]+ ! gun-c>riage8 ,9 transport+ ! piece on its c>riage = %ort di/ances1 z f "o front ( a =t to ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 #ace #ea4 ,describe ! *assis4 ,x consi/s ( two rails & a tongue1 jo9$ by ?ree transoms4 ,! tongue is 9 ! middle1 & projects consid]ably beyond ! rails1 to ! re>4 ,at ea* end ( ! rails on top1 a h>d piece ( wood is not*$ 91 & bolt$4 ,!y are call$ hurt]s & c\nt]-hurt]s1 & _! use is to prev5t ! gun c>riage f runn+ (f ! *assis4 ,rail-plates ( iron to protect ! wood5 rails are let 9 to ! outside ( ! rails4 ,at ! re> end ( ! tongue1 a sw++ prop is plac$ to support ! end ( ! tongue :5 ! piece is run back4 ,! l[] side ( ! end ( ! tongue is not*$ out1 & a manuv]+ loop fix$ !re1 ) a bolt & screws1 to assi/ 9 h&l+ ! *assis4 ,on ! "u side ( ea* rail1 opposite ! re> transom1 a mortise is =m$1 = ! reception ( a socket ( iron :i* receives ! h&le ( ! trav]se-:eel =k4 ,ea* ( ^! =ks receives a trav]se-:eel1 jo9$ to x by an axle-bolt1 & ^! support ! re> end ( ! *assis4 ,! front end is support$ on a p9tle-plate ( iron2 ?r\gh :i*1 & up into ! middle ( ! front transom1 passes a p9tle or bolt1 :i* s]ves z a pivot ar\nd :i* ! :ole sy/em moves4 #eb4 ,9 p]man5t batt]ies1 h[ are ! p9tle & trav]se circle fix$8 ,! p9tle is fix$ 9 a block ( /one1 & ! trav]se circle is an iron plate set also 9 /one4 #ec4 ,9 tempor>y batt]ies1 h[ is ! p9tle atta*$8 ,to a wood5 bol/] :i* is cov]$ by a circul> ca/-iron plate1 & atta*$ by bolts to a wood5 cross picket$ firmly into ! gr\nd4 #ed4 ,h[ may a tempor>y trav]se circle be made8 ,( plank1 p9n$ to sleep]s1 & fa/5$ to pickets1 or secur$ to /r+-pieces1 :i* connect ! trav]se circle ) ! p9tle-cross4 ,sid5ote3 #acf #ee4 ,:at reta9s ! trav]se-:eels & _! =ks 9 _! places8 ,! weight ( ! c>riage & gun1 & ! =m ( ! socket & h&le ( ! =k4 #ef4 ,:]e are ! h&spikes appli$ 9 trav]s+ ! c>riage8 ,to ! pivot-bolts ( ! trav]se-:eels1 :i* project to ! re>2 or "u ! trav]se-:eels4 #eg4 ,:y does ! *assis slope t[>ds ! front8 ,9 ord] to dim9i% ! recoil1 & aid 9 runn+ ! piece into batt]y4 #eh4 ,describe ! columbiad gun-c>riage4 ,x is a triangul> frame-"w1 consi/+ on ea* side ( an upright1 a horizontal rail or tie1 & a brace1 firmly mortis$ & bolt$ toge!r1 =m+ ! *eeks1 :i* are jo9$ by a transom at ea* end4 ,^! project bel[ ! l[] surfaces ( ! ties1 & fit 9 betwe5 ! rails ( ! *assis1 s]v+1 l ! flanges on ! roll]s 9 ! o!r b>bette-c>riages1 to prev5t ! gun-c>riage f slipp+ sideways (f ! *assis4 ,?r\gh ! front transom1 & ne> ! front ends ( ! ties1 an iron axle-tree is pass$1 work+ 9 iron boxes fitt+ 9 ! ties4 ,on ! project+ ends ( ?is axle-tree ! roll]s or manuvr+ :eels are fix$ 7! axes ( :i* are ecc5tric ) ! axis ( ! axle-tree7 ! extreme ends ( ! axle1 be+ octagonal 9 %ape1 to fit ! wr5* ( ! iron h&spike4 ,sid5ote3 #acg ,^! ecc5trics are s arrang$ t :5 ! c5tres ( ! :eels are at _! l[e/ po9ts1 ! surfaces ( ! :eels be> on ! rails ( ! *assis & raise ! gun-c>riage tie f x2 & :5 ! c5tres are at ! highe/ po9ts1 ! surfaces ( ! :eels d n t\* ! rails1 & ! ties are 9 contact ) !m4#b ,a simil> arrangem5t is made = ! re> "p ( ! c>riage1 except t ! axle does n ext5d all ! way ?r\gh1 b ! :eel on ea* side has a project+ piece ( axle :i* works into a box plac$ ne> ! end ( ! tie4 #b ,a c\ple ( not*es or ind5tations are made on ! ends ( ! ecc5tric axles4 ,:5 ^! not*es are 9 a v]tical l9e1 ! :eels re/ on ! rails2 b :5 !y are 9 a horizontal or incl9$ l9e1 ! ties re/ on !m4 ,! :eel is ?r[n into or out ( ge>1 t is1 made to be> on ! rail ( ! *assis or reliev$ f x1 by turn+ ! axle ) a wr5* plac$ on ! octagonal end4 ,9 ! direction ( ! radii ( ! :eels1 b incl9$ outw>ds1 mortises are plac$ = ! reception ( ! end ( ! iron h&spikes1 by act+ on :i* :ile ins]t$ ! :eels are turn$1 & ! c>riage mov$ back & =? on ! *assis4 ,ord9>ily1 :5 ! :eels are ?r[n into ge>1 ! c>riage be+ back1 x w run into batt]y ( itself4 ,! elevat+ arrangem5t consi/ ( an elevat+ screw1 work+ into a screw-b$1 :i* slides 9 a v]tical box1 & c>ries on ! top ( x a movable pawl to fit into ! not*es cut 9 ! bree* ( ! gun1 9 ord] to give consid]able elevations4 ,= ! purpose ( transf]r+ ! pawl f "o not* to ! next1 x has a slit 9 x1 ?r\gh :i* ! elevat+ b> is pass$1 & ! gun support$ by mak+ use ( ! edge ( ! elevat+-box z a fulcrum4 ,?is arrangem5t is ov] ! re> transom4 ,sid5ote3 #ach #ei4 ,describe ! *assis ( ! columbiad-c>riage4 ,x consi/s1 l ^? us$ ) o!r b>bette-c>riages1 ( two rails connect$ by ?ree transoms2 b ! tops ( ! rails are %od ) iron plates1 & ! re> hurt]s are ! l>ge heads ( heavy bolts :i* pass entirely ?r\gh ! rails4 ,! front hurt]s are fix$ to ! front transom by a heavy plate & bolt4 ,trav]se-:eels are plac$ "u bo? front & re> transoms1 & ! *assis moves on a p9tle pass+ ?r\gh ! middle transom4 ,two ( ^! :eels are plac$ "u ea* end ( ! *assis1 _! axes be+ kept 9 place by /raps bolt$ to ! transoms4 ,recesses are cut 9 ! und]side ( ! transom1 = ! :eels to turn 94 ,?is *assis has no tongue4 #fj4 ,( h[ _m p>ts are casemate c>riages compos$8 ,l b>bette-c>riages1 ( a gun-c>riage & *assis4 #fa4 ,describe ! gun-c>riage4 ,sid5ote3 #aci ,x consi/s ( two *eeks1 jo9$ toge!r by z _m transoms1 & support$ 9 front by an axle-tree on truck :eels1 & 9 re> on ! re> transom1 :i* is not*$ to fit ! tongue ( ! *assis4 ,ea* *eek is =m$ ( two pieces1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 & connect$ by d[els & bolts4 ,on ! und]side1 ne> ! front1 a not* is cut = ! reception ( ! axle-tree1 :i* is ( oak2 & ne>ly ov] ! axle1 on ! upp] side ( ! *eek1 ! trunnion-b$ is plac$4 ,! re> ( ! upp] piece ( ! *eek is cut into /eps1 :i* give a bett] hold = ! assembl+-bolts1 ?an a uni=m slope1 & give pur*ases = ! h&spikes1 9 elevat+ ! piece4 ,on ! inside ( ea* *eek1 j 9 re> ( ! axle1 a v]tical guide is fix$ to keep ! c>riage on ! *assis4 ,x is ( wood1 & bolt$ to ! front transom & axle-tree4 ,! top ( ! front transom is holl[$ out1 to admit ! depression ( ! piece4 ,beh9d ! re> transom & at ! not* cut 9 x1 !re is an ecc5tric-roll]1 s arrang$ z to be> ! weight ( ! re> "p ( ! c>riage1 or n1 accord+ z x is ?r[n 9 or out ( ge>4 ,ne> ! re> end ( ea* *eek1 & outside1 a heavy trail-h&le ( iron is plac$1 & us$ 9 manuvr+ ! piece4 ,on ! ends ( ! axle truck :eels are plac$1 ) mortises slop+ outw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! radii1 = ! ins]tion ( ! h&spikes 9 runn+ f batt]y4 ,! elevat+ app>atus consi/s ( a ca/-iron b$-plate1 secur$ to ! re> transom2 an elevat+ screw & brass nut2 ! nut be+ act$ on by an oblique-too!d :eel1 turn$ by a h&le plac$ outside ! "r *eek4 #fb4 ,describe ! *assis4 ,x consi/s ( two rails & a tongue1 jo9$ by two transoms1 & support$ on trav]se-:eels 9 front & re>4 ,! track on ea* rail is curv$ up at ea* end1 & provid$ ) hurt]s to prev5t ! c>riage f runn+ (f ! *assis4 ,a prop fa/5$ "u ! re> end ( ! tongue prev5ts ! *assis f upsett+ backw>ds 9 fir+ heavy *>ges1 & may be us$ z a po9t ( support 9 rais+ ! *assis4 ,an iron =k is bolt$ to ! "u side ( ! front end ( ! tongue1 to :i* is bolt$ an iron tongue4 ,an op5+ 9 ! masonry bel[ ! embrasure1 is left = ?is tongue1 & x is secur$ 9 its place by dropp+ ! p9tle f ! embrasure d[n ?r\gh ! eye ( ! tongue4 ,sid5ote3 #adj #fc4 ,:]e is ! flank-casemate c>riage employ$8 ,x is especially adapt$ to ! m\nt+ ( ! #bd-pdr4 iron h[itz] 9 ! flanks ( casemate batt]ies1 = def5d+ ! dit*2 & bo? ! gun-c>riage & *assis are n>r[] & light] ?an ! o!r casemate c>riages4 #fd4 ,describe ! gun-c>riage4 ,! *eeks are made ( :ite oak1 & connect$ by two iron transoms1 ! front "o project+ bel[ ! *eeks1 & re/+ on ! *assis ) a projection on ! bottom ( x1 fitt+ 9 betwe5 ! rails4 ,! bottom ( ! trail has ! same slope z ! upp] surface ( ! *assis on :i* x re/s2 s t :5 its ecc5tric-roll] is out ( ge>1 ! re> p>ts ( ! *eeks fit ! rails4 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! bottom ( ! *eek makes an angle ) ! rail1 & has 9 front a =k1 & a roll] :i* runs on ! rail ( ! *assis :5 ! ecc5tric is 9 ge>4 ,ea* *eek has on ! side a trail-h&le & a manuvr+-r+4 ,9 re> ( ! re> transom is plac$ an ecc5tric-roll]1 hav+ a projection 9 ! middle ( x1 j l>ge en\gh to fit 9 betwe5 ! rails ( ! *assis1 & guide ! trail ( ! c>riage4 ,:5 ?is roll] is 9 ge>1 ! weight ( ! trail re/s ^u x1 :ile t ( ! front "p ( ! c>riage is ?r[n ^u ! front roll]s1 & ! piece is !n easily run 9 & out ( batt]y2 b ! roll] be+ out ( ge>1 z :5 ! piece is ab\t to be fir$1 ! weight re/s ^u ! re> "p ( ! *eeks & ! front transom1 & friction is br\ght into play to dim9i% ! recoil4 ,cap-squ>es are us$ ) ?is c>riage4 ,sid5ote3 #ada #fe4 ,describe ! *assis4 ,x consi/s simply ( two rails #c 94 ap>t1 & jo9$ by f\r transoms & assembl+-bolts4 ,hurt]s on ! re> ends ( ! rails only are us$1 z ! bottom projection ( ! front transom prev5ts ! c>riage runn+ too f> into batt]y4 ,! front end ( ! *assis re/s on ! sole ( ! embrasure4 ,! end is provid$ ) a p9tle-plate & a /rap ( half-94 iron ?r\gh :i* ! p9tle passes to ! masonry b5ea?4 ,! re> ( ! *assis is support$ by an iron prop1 ! l[] end ( :i* is atta*$ to two trav]se-:eels4 #ff4 ,:at k9d ( c>riages h be5 recomm5d$ = use 9 g>risons1 in/ead ( wood5 ones8 ,wr\ght iron c>riages1 = all except ! flank-casemate2 all made 9 a simil> mann]1 diff]+ only 9 weight & dim5sions4 #fg4 ,:at is ! objection to ca/-iron8 ,its weight1 & its great liability to spl9t] :5 /ruck by %ot4 #fh4 ,( h[ _m p>ts is ?is wr\ght iron c>riage compos$8 ,l ! wood5 ones1 ( a gun-c>riage & *assis4 #fi4 ,describe ! gun-c>riage4 ,x consi/s ( two *eeks ( ?ick %eet-iron1 ea* "o ( :i* is /r5g!n$ by ?ree flang$ iron plates bolt$ to ! *eeks4 ,along ! bottom ( ea* *eek1 an iron %oe is fix$ ) ! end b5t upw>ds4 ,sid5ote3 #adb ,9 front1 ?is b5t end is bolt$ to ! flange ( ! front /r5g!n+ plate4 ,9 re> ! b5t portion is long]1 & t]m9at$ at top by ano!r b5d1 :i* s]ves z a po9t ( application = a lev] on a :eel1 :5 runn+ to & f batt]y4 ,! trunnion-plates fit ov] ! top ends ( ! /r5g!n+ plates1 :i* meet ar\nd ! b$1 & are fa/5$ to ! flanges ( ! latt] by movable bolts & nuts4 ,! *eeks are jo9$ toge!r by transoms made ( b>-iron4 ,!y are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & 9 ord] t ! base r+ on ! gun may n int]f]e ) giv+ x ! full elevation by /rik+ aga9/ !m1 x is propos$ to disp5se ) ! base r+ 9 sea-coa/ & g>rison pieces1 & to reta9 ! prepond]ance by r$uc+ ! swell ( ! muzzle4 ,! front ( ! c>riage is m\nt$ on an axle-tree1 ) truck :eels simil> to ! wood5 casemate c>riages4 #gj4 ,describe ! *assis4 ,x consi/s ( two rails ( wr\ght iron1 ! cross section ( ea* be+ 9 =m ( a ,t1 ! flat surface on top be+ = ! reception ( ! %oe-rail ( ! gun-c>riage4 ,! rails are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & connect$ by iron transoms & braces4 ,! *assis is support$ on trav]se-:eels4 ,a prop is plac$ "u ! middle transom ( ! *assis1 to provide aga9/ sagg+4 #ga4 ,:at c>riage is us$ = convey+ ammunition = a field batt]y8 ,! ,,caisson4 ,sid5ote3 #adc #gb4 ,describe x4 ,a f\r-:eel c>riage1 consi/+ ( two p>ts1 "o ( :i* is a limb] simil> to t ( ! gun c>riage1 & connect$ 9 a simil> way by a wood5 /ock & lunette4 ,on ! axle-body ( ! re> "p1 & p>allel to ! /ock1 are plac$ ?ree rails ^u :i* are fa/5$ two ammunition boxes1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 & simil> to ! "o on ! limb]2 s t ! caisson has ?ree ammunition boxes :i* w seat n9e cannone]s4 ,! int]ior comp>tm5ts ( ! ammunition boxes v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! ammunition ) :i* !y are load$4 ,9 re> ( ! la/ box is plac$ a sp>e :eel1 axle ( iron1 ) a *a9 & toggle at ! end ( x4 ,on ! re> end ( ! middle rail is plac$ a c>riage hook1 simil> to a p9tle-hook1 to :i* ! lunette ( a gun c>riage ^: limb] has become disabl$1 may be atta*$1 & ! gun c>ri$ (f ! field4 ,! caisson has ! same turn+ capacity & mobility z ! gun c>riage1 s t x c foll[ ! piece 9 all its manuvres1 if necess>y4 ,x also c>ries a sp>e :eel1 sp>e pole1 c4 #gc4 ,:at provision is made = repair+ ! c>riages ( a field batt]y :5 requir$8 ,e field batt]y is provid$ ) a ,,=ge4 #gd4 ,describe ?is wagon4 ,x consi/s1 besides ! limb]1 ( a frame-"w on :i* is fix$ ! bell[s1 fire-place1 c4 ,beh9d ! bell[s is plac$ a coal-box1 :i* has to be remov$ be=e ! bell[s c be put 9 position4 ,9 ! limb] box are plac$ ! smi?'s tools1 horse-%oes1 nails1 & sp>e p>ts 7iron7 ( c>riages1 h>ness1 c4 ,sid5ote3 #add #ge4 ,describe ! batt]y wagon4 ,x consi/s1 besides ! limb]1 ( a long-bodi$ c>t ) a r\nd top1 :i* is connect$ ) ! limb] 9 ! same way z all o!r field c>riages4 ,! lid op5s on h+es plac$ at ! side2 & 9 re> is fix$ a movable =age rack = c>ry+ long =age4 ,"o ( ^! wagons accompanies ea* field-batt]y1 = ! purpose ( transport+ c>riage-mak]'s & saddl]'s tools1 sp>e p>ts ( c>riages1 h>ness & equipm5ts1 & r\gh mat]ials = replac+ diff]5t p>ts4 ,bo? ?is & ! =ge are made ( equal mobility ) ! o!r field c>riages1 9 ord] to accompany !m :]ev] !y may be requir$ to g4 #gf4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( :eels are employ$ = field c>riages8 ,two3 ,no4 #a = ! #f-pdr4 gun c>riage1 ! caisson1 ! =ge1 ! batt]y-wagon1 & = ! limb]s ( all field-c>riages4 ,no4 #b = ! #bd-pdr4 h[itz] & ! #ab-pdr4 gun c>riages4 #gg4 ,9 :at respects are ^! :eels simil>8 ,!y are ( ! same =m & height1 & !y fit on ! same axle-tree arm4 ,! height is #eg in*es1 & ea* :eel is compos$ ( #ad spokes & #g fellies4 #gh4 ,h[ d !y diff]8 ,9 ! dim5sions ( _! p>ts1 & 9 /r5g? & weight4 #gi4 ,:at is ! weight ( ^! :eels8 ,no4 #a1 #ahj lbs41 ,no4 #b1 #aif lbs4 #hj4 ,:at are ! weight & height ( a :eel ( siege-gun c>riages & limb]s8 ,weight #djd lbs41 & height #fj in*es4 #ha4 ,:at is ! portable =ge design$ =8 ,s]vice 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 :]e :eel$ vehicles _c travel1 = ! purpose ( mak+ repairs1 n only = ! artill]y b = all o!r arms ( s]vice tak5 on su* exp$itions4 ,sid5ote3 #ade #hb4 ,:at is ! mort> wagon design$ =8 ,! transportation ( siege mort>s & _! b$s1 or ( guns or l>ge %ot & %ells4 #hc4 ,describe ?is wagon4 ,! limb] & :eels are ! same z ^? ( ! siege-gun c>riage4 ,! body consi/s ( a plat=m ( rails & transoms1 re/+ on an axle-tree1 ! two middle rails be+ prolong$ to =m ! /ock2 six /akes or /&>ds are ins]t$ 9 sockets on ! side ( ?is plat=m & us$ to secure ! load4 ,! side-rails are prolong$ to ! re>1 & furni% pivots = a roll] plac$ imm$iately 9 re> ( ! plat=m4 ,?is roll] has holes = ! ins]tion ( h&spikes1 & is us$ 9 load+ ! wagon2 ! guns1 mort>s1 c41 be+ drawn up on ! /ock4 ,a muzzle bol/] on ! /ock ne> ! limb]1 & a bree*-hurt] ne> ! h9d "p ( ! wagon1 are provid$ & us$ :5 long ordnance is transport$ on x4 ,mort>s are usually c>ri$ m\nt$ on _! b$s4 #hd4 ,:at is ! use ( ! h&-c>t8 ,= ! transportation ( light /ores 9 siege & g>rison s]vice4 #he4 ,describe x4 ,x consi/s ( a light body ) %afts1 m\nt$ on two :eels4 ,! %afts are jo9$ toge!r at ! ends1 & support$ imm$iately 9 front ( ! body by iron legs4 ,sid5ote3 #adf #hf4 ,:at is ! use ( ! h& sl+-c>t8 ,x is us$ 9 siege & g>rison s]vice = transport+ artill]y %ort di/ances4 #hg4 ,describe x4 ,x is a two-:eel$ c>riage made entirely ( iron1 except ! pole1 :i* is ( oak4 ,! axle-tree is ar*$ to make x /rong]1 & connect$ ) ! pole by /rong wr\ght iron /raps & braces4 ,9 ! re> ( ! axle a projection is weld$ to receive ! end ( a /rong hook4 ,! end ( ! pole t]m9ates 9 a f]ule & an eye4 ,! eye is = ! purpose ( atta*+ to ! c>t :5 necess>y1 a limb] or a horse4 #hh4 ,h[ great weights c be transport$ by ?is c>t8 ,x %\ld n be us$ ) heavi] weights ?an ab\t #djjj lbs41 b 9 case ( necessity a #bd or #cb-pd4 gun may be transport$ on x4 ,= heavi] guns or mat]ial1 ! l>ge sl+-c>t drawn by horses or ox5 %\ld be us$4 #hi4 ,:at is ! field & siege g9 & its use8 ,x consi/s1 l all g9s1 ( two legs & a pry-pole1 a w9dlass1 %eaves1 pulleys1 & a fall or rope1 & is us$ = m\nt+ or h&l+ guns1 or o!r heavy bodies1 9 ! field or 9 ! tr5*es ( a siege4 ,! legs are ab\t #ad feet long & ! height ( ! gun ab\t #ab feet4 #ij4 ,h[ does ! g>rison g9 diff] f ! field & siege gun8 ,x is heavi] & /rong]1 z x is us$ = m\nt+ heavi] guns1 & has n to be transport$ l ! o!r ) an army 9 ! field4 ,! legs are long] & ! g9 high] ?an ! o!r4 #ia4 ,describe ! casemate g94 ,x does n diff] f ! g>rison g9 except 9 its height 7:i* is ab\t t ( ! field & siege g97 & ! ?ickness & /r5g? ( ! p>ts4 ,sid5ote3 #adg ,,"p ,,xiii4 ,,practical ,,gunn]y4 #a4 ,h[ may ! velocity ( a %ot or %ell be asc]ta9$8 ,approximately by ! empirical =mula1 7 ac 7 ,v #afjj7---------- 74 7 w 7 ,:]e ,v initial velocity4 a a coeffici5t1 ^: value dep5ds on ! w9dage4 c *>ge w weight ( ball 9 lbs4 ,! values ( a are3 ,w9dage4 ,values ( a4 #j4age #c4f #j4abe #d4d #j4jij #e4j #b4 ,does a %ot or %ell cont9ue at ! same uni=m velocity dur+ its flight8 ,! velocity decreases z ! di/ance increases1 9 a proportion a little high] ?an ! squ>es ( ! velocities ?r\gh\t4 #c4 ,:at causes a decrease 9 ! velocity ( a %ot8 ,! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( ! %ot4 ,sid5ote3 #adh #d4 ,) balls ( diff]5t diamet]s1 & equal velocities1 to :at is ! resi/ance ( ! air proportional8 ,_! surfaces1 or ! squ>es ( _! diamet]s4 #e4 ,w\ld ! velocity ( ! %ot be increas$ by l5g!n+ ! gun8 ,only up to a c]ta9 po9t2 9 a proportion :i* is ne>ly ! mean ratio betwe5 ! squ>e & cube roots ( ! l5g? ( ! bore4 ,x is f\nd t ! velocity giv5 by long guns is r$uc$ to an equality ) t ( %ort guns )9 a %ort di/ance f ! muzzle :5 fir$ ) simil> *>ges4 #f4 ,w\ld ! velocity ( a %ot be increas$ by entirely prev5t+ ! recoil1 or by add+ greatly to ! weight ( ! gun8 ,9 nei!r case w\ld any s5sible effect be produc$ on ! velocity4 #g4 ,w\ld ! velocity ( ! %ot be increas$ by us+ a l>g] *>ge ( p[d]8 ,only to a c]ta9 po9t1 peculi> to ea* gun2 by fur!r increas+ ! *>ge ! velocity w\ld be gradually dim9i%$2 yet ! recoil is always increas$ by an increase ( *>ge4 #h4 ,:at is ! ratio ( ! velocities ( %ot1 :5 ( diff]5t weights1 b fir$ ) simil> *>ges8 ,! velocities are inv]sely z ! squ>e roots ( _! weights4 #i4 ,:at is ! ratio ( ! velocities ( %ot ( equal weights :5 fir$ ) diff]5t *>ges ( p[d]8 ,! velocities are directly z ! squ>e roots ( ! *>ges4 ,sid5ote3 #adi #aj4 ,h[ may ! velocity be increas$ )\t augm5t+ ! *>ge ( p[d]8 ,by decreas+ ! w9dage2 ! loss ( velocity by a giv5 w9dage be+ directly z ! w9dage4 ,f #a-h to #a-ab is lo/ by a w9dage ( #a-dj diamet]4 #aa4 ,:at is meant by ! "t ( flight ( a %ot or %ell8 ,! "t dur+ :i* x is pass+ ?r\gh ! air f ! piece to ! fir/ graze4 #ab4 ,:5 fir+ ) common %ells at #de elevation1 h[ is ! "t ( flight f\nd8 ,extract ! squ>e root ( ! range 9 feet & divide by #d1 or divide ! range 9 feet by #af & extract ! squ>e root ( ?is quoti5t4 ,,note4--,range 9 feet gt cotang5t elevation4 #aft cotang5t elevation4 #aft :]e ! elevation is #de4 ,or t range 9 feet = elevation #de4 #ac4 ,hav+ ! "t ( flight1 h[ is ! range asc]ta9$8 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! "t ( flight by #af = ! range 9 feet 7! elevation be+ #de74 #ad4 ,:at is meant by ! p5etration ( projectiles8 ,! dep? to :i* !y are =c$ :5 fir$ into any resi/+ m$ium4 #ae4 ,:at dep? d %ot p5etrate8 ,! p5etration ( balls ( ! same size1 ) diff]5t velocities or *>ges1 is ne>ly z ! squ>es ( ! velocities2 :]e ! balls are ( diff]5t sizes ! p5etration w be proportionate to _! diamet]s multipli$ by ! d5sity1 & inv]sely z ! t5acity ( ! m$ium4 ,sid5ote3 #aej #af4 ,m5tion ! dep? ( p5etration 9 case ( ! #bd-pdr4 siege-gun4 ,at #ajj y>ds a #bd-pdr4 ball ) a *>ge ( "o-?ird ( its weight w p5etrate z foll[s3 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,9 e>? ( old p>apets1 #h #f 8 8 rec5tly ?r[n up1 #ae #j 8 ,oak wood1 s\nd & h>d1 #d #f 8 ,rubble /one masonry1 #a #aj 8 ,brick1 #c #j #ag4 ,:at is ! dep? ( p5etration ( field pieces8 ,fir$ at ! di/ance ( #ejj or #fjj y>ds1 ! p5etration w be f #d to #f feet 9 p>apets rec5tly con/ruct$1 & w trav]se walls ( ord9>y con/ruction2 b a #ab-p\nd] is necess>y to make a brea* 9 walls ( good masonry & ( #d feet 9 ?ickness1 & 9 ?is case ! position ( ! batt]y mu/ be favorable1 & ! op]ation a sl[ "o4 #ah4 ,9 attack+ a po/1 or =tifi$ position1 9 :at mann] %\ld ! fire f artill]y be c>ri$ on8 ,previ\s to an assault1 ! artill]y ought to support ! o!r troops by a comb9$ fire ( guns1 h[itz]s1 & small mort>s1 s t1 if possible1 ! fire may be simultane\s1 z su* a div]sity ( projectiles w\ld t5d to di/ract ! def5d]s & prev5t !m f ext+ui%+ any fire among build+s1 besides ?r[+ !m into confusion at ! mom5t ( assault4 ,9 cases ( surprise1 :5 imm$iate action is requir$1 ! above me?od _c1 ( c\rse1 be practicable4 #ai4 ,:5 fir+ guns ( diff]5t calibres at long ranges1 :at are ! probabilities ( hitt+ ! object8 ,z ! squ>es ( ! diamet]s ( _! respective %ot1 :5 ( equal d5sity1 & fir$ ) proportional *>ges4 ,sid5ote3 #aea ,,"p ,,xiv4 ,,miscellane\s4 #a4 ,:at is ! velocity ( s\nd 9 ! air8 ,at ! temp]ature ( #cc ! mean velocity ( s\nd is #aajj feet 9 a second4 ,x is increas$ or dim9i%$ half a foot = ea* degree ( temp]ature above or bel[ #cc4 #b4 ,h[ c ! di/ance ( an object be asc]ta9$ by ! report ( fire-arms8 ,by obs]v+ ! numb] ( seconds t elapse betwe5 ! fla% & ! report ( a gun1 & multiply+ ! numb] by ! velocity ( s\nd 9 ! air4 #c4 ,:at is mom5tum8 ,! =ce possess$ by a body 9 motion2 & is measur$ by ! product ( ! mass ( ! body into its velocity4 #d4 ,:5 equal masses are 9 motion1 :at proportion d _! mom5ta be> to _! velocities8 ,!y are proportional to _! velocities4 #e4 ,:5 velocities are equal1 :at proportion d _! mom5ta be> to _! masses8 ,!y are proportional to _! masses4 #f4 ,:at proportion d ! mom5ta be> to ea* o!r :5 nei!r ! masses nor velocities are equal8 ,!y are to ea* o!r z ! products ( _! masses into _! velocities respectively4 #g4 ,:at is ! av]age weight ( a horse8 ,ab\t #ajjj p\nds4 ,sid5ote3 #aeb #h4 ,:at space does a horse occupy 9 ! ranks2 9 a /all2 & at a picket8 ,9 ! ranks a front ( #dj 941 a dep? ( #aj feet2 9 a /all2 f #c to #d feet front2 at picket #c feet by #i4 #i4 ,:at are ! comp>ative effects ( ! labor ( a man1 & t ( a horse or mule8 ,tak+ ! useful effect ( a man's daily labor z unity1 a horse c c>ry a load on a horizontal plane1 #d4h to #f4a times2 & a mule1 #g4f times great] ?an a man4 ,tak+ a man ) a :eel-b>r[ z unity1 a horse 9 a f\r-:eel wagon c draw #ag4e1 & 9 a c>t #bd4c2 & a mule 9 a c>t1 #bc4c times great] burd54 #aj4 ,:at weight is an artill]y horse requir$ to draw8 ,n m ?an #gjj lbs41 ! weight ( ! c>riage includ$4 #aa4 ,:at weight c a team ( f\r horses or m1 draw ) useful effect8 ,includ+ ! weight ( c>riage1 #d horses c draw #bd cwt41 or #f ea*2 #f horses1 #cj cwt41 #e ea*2 #h horses1 #cf cwt41 #d ea*2 & #ab horses1 #dh cwt41 or #d ea*4 ,x is usual to e/imate ! weight ( a c>riage exce$+ #ab cwt4 z "p ( ! load4 #ab4 ,:at weights are c>ri$ by ! rid+1 pack1 & draught horses respectively8 ,a horse c>ry+ a soldi] & 8 equipm5ts1 7say #bbe lbs47 travels #be miles 9 a day 7#h h\rs72 a pack-horse c c>ry #bej to #cjj lbs41 #bj miles a day2 & a draught-horse1 #afjj lbs4 #bc miles a day1 weight ( c>riage includ$4 #ac4 ,:at are ! usual paces = horses 9 ! artill]y8 ,walk1 trot & gallop2 ! la/ is seldom necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 #aec #ad4 ,:at is consid]$ an ord9>y day's m>* = field artill]y1 & rate ( motion8 ,an ord9>y m>* is ab\t #ae miles at #b miles p] h\r = #f h\rs2 ?is mu/ dep5d ^u ! condition ( ! horses1 /ate ( ! roads1 & v>i\s o!r circum/ances4 ,horses />t+ fre%1 & re/+ aft] _! "w1 may1 on tol]able roads1 p]=m #b miles 9 half an h\r2 #d miles 9 #a h\rs2 #h 9 #d1 & #af 9 #aj h\rs4 #ae4 ,:at is ! rate ( m>* ( horse-artill]y & cavalry8 ,walk1 #c miles p] h\r1 or #a mile 9 #af m9utes2 trot1 #g p] h\r1 or #a mile 9 #h m9utes2 manuvr+ gallop1 at ! rate ( #aa miles p] h\r1 or #a mile 9 #c m9utes2 cavalry *>ge1 #bd miles an h\r1 or at ! rate ( #a mile 9 #b m9utes4 #af4 ,at :at rate does infantry m>*8 ,9 common "t1 #ij /eps #gj y>ds 9 #a m9ute1 or #b miles #fhj y>ds 9 an h\r2 9 quick "t1 #aaj /eps #hf y>ds 9 #a m9ute1 or #b miles #afac y>ds 9 an h\r2 9 d\ble quick1 #adj /eps #aji y>ds 9 #a m9ute1 or #c miles #abec y>ds 9 an h\r4 #ag4 ,:at space does a foot soldi] occupy 9 ! ranks1 & :at is 8 av]age weight8 ,a front ( #bj 941 & a dep? ( #ac 941 )\t ! knapsack2 ! int]val betwe5 ! ranks is #ac 942 #e m5 c /& 9 a space ( #a squ>e y>d4 ,av]age weight ( m51 #aej lbs4 ea*4 ,sid5ote3 #aed #ah4 ,:at is ! daily all[ance ( wat] = a man8 ,"o gallon1 = all purposes4 #ai4 ,:at is x = a horse8 ,f\r gallons4 #bj4 ,:at is ! weight ( a bu%el ( oats2 or ( :eat2 & ! weight ( hay8 #dj lbs41 or #cb4ad lbs4 to ! cubic foot1 9 case ( oats2 #fj lbs4 to ! bu%el1 or #dh4ba lbs4 to ! cubic foot1 9 case ( :eat2 hay press$ 9 bundles1 weighs #aa lbs4 p] cubic foot4 #ba4 ,:at weight does an infantry soldi] c>ry :5 9 m>*+ ord]8 ,ab\t #de lbs4 9 all4 ,8 knapsack :5 pack$ weighs #bd lbs42 cante5 :5 fill$1 & "o day's provisions 9 hav]sack1 #e lbs42 rifle1 musket1 sl+1 & bayonet1 #aj lbs42 belts1 complete1 includ+ #bj r\nds ( ammunition1 #f lbs4 #bb4 ,h[ is ! area ( a circle f\nd2 ,squ>e ! diamet]1 & multiply by 4#ghed = ! area2 or squ>e ! circumf]5ce1 & multiply by 4#jgieh = ! same result4 #bc4 ,h[ is ! cont5t ( a conical fru/um f\nd8 ,add into "o sum1 ! areas ( ! two ends & ! mean proportional betwe5 !m2 take "o-?ird ( t sum = ! mean area1 & multiply x by ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! fru/um1 = its cont5t4 ,sid5ote3 #aee #bd4 ,h[ is ! mean proportional f\nd = ! above8 ,by multiply+ ! areas ( ! two ends toge!r & extract+ ! squ>e root ( _! product4 ,a m simple rule is ! foll[+3 ,z ! diamet] ( ! l>ge end is to t ( ! small end1 s is area ( base to mean proportional requir$4 #be4 ,h[ is ! cont5t ( a sph]ical segm5t f\nd8 ,f ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! sph]e1 take d\ble ! height ( ! segm5t1 !n multiply ! rema9d] by ! squ>e ( ! height1 & ?is product by 4#ebcf2 or1 to ?ree times ! squ>e ( ! radius ( ! segm5t's base1 add ! squ>e ( its height1 !n multiply ! sum by ! height1 & ?is product by 4#ebcf1 = ! cont5t4 #bf4 ,h[ is ! capacity or cont5t ( a ,gom] *amb] comput$8 ,?is *amb] be+ ! fru/um ( a cone ) a hemisph]ical bottom1 its capacity w be f\nd by apply+ ! =ego+ rules1 viz3 fir/ f9d ! cont5t ( ! fru/um1 !n t ( ! sph]ical segm5t or bottom1 & add _! cont5ts into "o sum = ! capacity4 #bg4 ,h[ is ! cont5t ( a rectangul> box asc]ta9$8 ,multiply ! l5g? by ! bread?1 & ?is product by ! dep?4 #bh4 ,h[ is ! capacity ( a cyl9d] calculat$8 ,multiply ! area ( ! base by ! height4 #bi4 ,h[ is ! cont5t ( a b>rel f\nd8 ,multiply half ! sum ( ! areas ( ! two int]ior circles1 tak5 at ! head & bung1 by ! int]ior l5g?2 or1 to ! area ( ! head1 add twice ! area at ! bung1 multiply t sum by ! l5g?1 & take "o-?ird ( ! product = ! cont5t4 ,sid5ote3 #aef #cj4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m1 enfilade8 ,sweep+ ! :ole ext5t ( a "w1 l9e ( troops1 deck ( a %ip1 c41 ) %ot or %ells4 #ca4 ,:at does defilade mean8 ,! art ( dispos+ guns1 troops1 or works 9 su* a mann]1 t !y %all be protect$ f a plung+-fire f adjo9+ heights4 #cb4 ,:at are ! dim5sions requir$ = an e>!n p>apet to resi/ ! fire ( field or siege guns8 #f feet = #f-pdrs42 #ad feet = #ab-pdrs42 #ah feet = #bd or #ah-pdrs42 f\r feet ( oak or brick w resi/ cannon %ot4 #cc4 ,:at ?ickness ( ice w admit ! passage ( infantry1 cavalry1 & artill]y8 ,ice #c in*es ?ick1 w be> infantry m>*+ 9 file2 f #d to #f in*es1 cavalry & light artill]y2 & beyond t ! heavie/ gun c>riages may pass 9 safety4 ,ice #h in*es ?ick w be> ne>ly #aj cwt4 ^u a squ>e foot )\t dang]4 #cd4 ,h[ is ! size ( a rope designat$8 ,by its circumf]5ce3 ?us1 a two-in* rope is a rope two in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 #ce4 ,h[ is ! /r5g? ( a hemp rope1 or ! weight x w support1 asc]ta9$8 ,squ>e ! circumf]5ce 9 in*es1 & divide by #e1 = ! weight 9 tons1 t x w be> susp5d$ f x4 #cf4 ,h[ c ! bread? ( a riv] be asc]ta9$ )\t in/rum5ts8 ,z foll[s3 ,sid5ote3 #aeg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f #a/4 ,! l9e ,,ab 7! di/ance to be det]m9$7 is ext5d$ ^u ! bank to ,d1 f :i* po9t1 aft] hav+ m>k$ x1 lay (f equal di/ances ,,dc & ,cd2 produce ,,bc to b1 mak+ ,cb ,,cb2 !n ext5d ! l9e db until x int]sects ! prolongation ( ! l9e ,,ca at a4 ,! di/ance ab is equal to ,,ab or ! wid? ( ! riv]4 #b;d4 ,lay (f any conv5i5t di/ance1 ,,bc1 p]p5dicul> to ,,ab1 erect a p]p5dicul> ,,dc to ,,ac1 note ! po9t ,d :]e x int]sects ,,ab produc$2 measure ,,bd2 !n ,,bc ,,ab ----------4 #c ,,bd #c ,! #b;d me?od 0 sugge/$ to me by ,capta9 ,vogdes1 #a/ ,artill]y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #cg4 ,h[ c ! bread? ( a riv] be asc]ta9$ by ! means ( ! peak ( a cap1 or cock$ hat8 ,sid5ote3 #aeh ,place y\rself at ! edge ( "o bank1 & l[] ! peak ( ! cap1 or po9t ( ! hat till ! edge cut ! o!r bank1 !n /eady y\r head1 by plac+ y\r h& "u y\r *91 & turn g5tly ar\nd to "s level spot ( gr\nd on y\r own side ( ! riv]1 & obs]ve :]e y\r peak or po9t ( y\r hat aga9 meets ! gr\nd2 measure ?is di/ance1 :i* w be ne>ly ! bread? ( ! riv]4 #ch4 ,h[ d y asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( an object by means ( ! tang5t scale ( a gun1 ! height ( ! object at ! requir$ di/ance be+ kn[n8 ,direct ! l9e ( metal ( ! gun on ! top ( ! object2 !n raise ! tang5t slide till ! top ( x & not* on ! muzzle are 9 l9e ) ! foot ( ! object1 & note :at l5g? ( scale is requir$2 !n1 by simil> triangles1 z ! l5g? ( ! rais$ "p ( ! tang5t scale is to ! l5g? ( ! gun1 s is ! height ( ! di/ant object to ! di/ance requir$4 #ci4 ,:at composition may be us$ = greas+ ! axle-trees ( artill]y c>riages8 ,hog's l>d s(t5$ by work+ x4 ,if ?is _c be procur$1 tall[ or o!r grease may be us$2 if h>d1 x %\ld be melt$ ) fi%-oil4 #dj4 ,:at is ! simple/ me?od ( bur/+ op5 /rong gates8 ,susp5d a bag ( gunp[d] conta9+ #ej or #fj lbs41 ne> ! middle ( ! gate1 ^u a nail or gimlet1 hav+ a small piece ( port-fire ins]t$ at ! bottom1 & well secur$ ) tw9e4 #da4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( a p5dulum to vibrate seconds1 half & qu>t] seconds respectively8 ,seconds1 #ci4a in*es2 half-seconds1 #i4h in*es2 & qu>t]-seconds1 #b4de in*es4 ,sid5ote3 #aei #db4 ,give a =mula = det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! seconds p5dulum 9 any latitude4 #a l ------------------ #cb4ahjc feet - #j4jhba cos4 #b lat4 #i4hfifjdd #dc4 ,h[ are ! times ( a s+le oscillation ( two p5dulums to ea* o!r8 ,z ! squ>e roots ( _! l5g?s4 #dd4 ,repeat ! table ( measures4 #aj t5?s1 #a in*4 #d in*es1 #a h&4 #ab in*es1 #a foot4 #bh in*es1 #a pace4 #c feet1 #a y>d4 #b y>ds1 #a fa?om4 #bbj y>ds1 #a furlong4 #agfj y>ds1 #a mile4 #de4 ,repeat ! table ( avoirdupois weight4 #dg4cdgce gra9s1 #a dram4 #af drams1 #a ounce4 #af ounces1 #a p\nd4 #bh p\nds1 #a qu>t]4 #d qrs4 or #aab lbs4 #a cwt4 #bj cwt4 #a ton4 ,9 "s ( our ,/ates ! ton is e/imat$ at #bjjj lbs4 #df4 ,:at is ! =ce ( gravity8 ,x is t =ce ( attraction ex]t$ by ! e>? ^u all p>ticles ( matt] :i* t5ds to urge !m t[>ds its c5tre4 #dg4 ,:at is ! specific gravity ( a body8 ,! ratio ( ! weight ( a body to t ( an equal volume ( "s o!r body assum$ z a /&>d1 usually pure di/ill$ wat] at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 #dh4 ,:at is ! law ( desc5t ( fall+ bodies8 ,! spaces fall5 ?r\gh f ! comm5cem5t ( ! desc5t are proportional to ! squ>es ( ! times elaps$4 ,sid5ote3 #afj #di4 ,:at compositions are made use ( = pres]v+ iron cannon8 #a4 ,black lead1 pulv]iz$1 #ab ,r$ lead1 #ab ,li?>ge1 #e ,lampblack1 #e ,l9se$ ,oil1 #ff ,boil x g5tly ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t x mu/ be con/antly /irr$4 #b4 ,umb]1 gr\nd1 #c4ge ,gum ,%ellac1 pulv]iz$1 #c4ge ,ivory black1 #c4ge ,li?>ge1 #c4ge ,l9se$ ,oil1 #gh ,spirits ( turp5t9e4 #g4be ,! oil mu/ be fir/ boil$ half an h\r2 ! mixture is !n boil$ #bd h\rs1 p\r$ (f f ! s$im5t1 & put 9 jugs1 cork$4 #c4 ,coal t> 7( good quality71 #b gals4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t4 ,9 apply+ lack]1 ! surface ( ! iron mu/ be fir/ clean$ ) a scrap] & a wire bru%1 if necess>y1 & ! lack] appli$ hot1 9 two ?9 coats1 ) a pa9t bru%4 ,x is bett] to d x 9 summ]4 ,old lack] %\ld be remov$ ) a scrap]1 or by sc\r+1 & n by heat+ ! guns or balls1 by :i* ! metal is injur$4 ,ab\t #e gallons ( lack] are requir$ = #ajj field guns & #ajjj %ot2 ab\t #a qu>t = a sea-coa/ gun4 ,be=e ! lack] is appli$1 e p>ticle ( ru/ is remov$ f ! gun1 & ! v5t cle>$ out4 #ej4 ,h[ _m gallons does a cubic foot conta98 #g4dh gallons4 ,sid5ote3 #afa #ea4 ,:at is ! weight ( a gallon ( di/ill$ wat]8 ,at ! maximum d5sity 7#ci4hc ,fahr471 ! b>omet] be+ at #cj in*es1 x weighs #h4cchhh avoirdupois p\nds1 or #ehcgc ,troy gra9s4 #eb4 ,:at are ! diff]5t l5g?s ( plummets = regulat+ ! m>* ( infantry8 ,common "t1 #ii /eps 9 a m9ute1 #ag4cg in*es4 ,quick "t1 #aaj 8 8 #aa4f 8 ,d\ble quick1 #adj 8 8 #g4ah 8 #ec4 ,h[ is a plummet made8 ,by means ( a musket ball1 susp5d$ by a silk /r+1 ^u :i* ! requir$ l5g?s are m>k$2 ! l5g? is measur$ f ! po9t ( susp5sion to ! c5tre ( ! ball4 #ed4 ,expla9 h[ to emb>k & disemb>k artill]y & its /ores4 #a4 ,divide ! total quantity to be transport$ among ! vessels1 & place 9 ea* vessel e ?+ necess>y = ! s]vice requir$ at ! mom5t ( disemb>kation1 s t !re w be no inconv5i5ce %\ld o!r vessels be delay$4 #b4 ,if a siege is to be und]tak51 place 9 ea* vessel ) ea* piece ( artill]y its implem5ts1 ammunition1 & ! c>riages necess>y to transport ! :ole or a "p2 ! plat=ms1 tools1 in/rum5ts1 & mat]ials = con/ruct+ batt]ies2 skids1 roll]s1 scantl+1 & plank4 #c4 ,if a p>ticul> calibre ( gun is necess>y = any op]ation1 d n place all ( "o k9d 9 "o vessel1 to avoid be+ entirely depriv$ ( !m by any accid5t4 ,sid5ote3 #afb #d4 ,dism\nt ! c>riages1 wagons1 & limb]s1 by tak+ (f ! :eels & boxes1 &1 if absolutely necess>y1 ! axle-trees4 ,place 9 ! boxes ! l9*-p9s1 wa%]s1 c41 ) ! tools requir$ = putt+ ! c>riage toge!r aga94 ,numb] ea* c>riage1 & m>k ea* deta*$ article ) ! numb] ( ! c>riage to :i* x belongs4 #e4 ,! cont5ts ( ea* box1 b>rel1 or bundle1 %\ld be m>k$ di/9ctly ^u x4 ,! boxes %\ld be made small = ! conv5i5ce ( h&l+1 & h rope h&les to lift !m by4 #f4 ,place ! heavie/ articles bel[1 beg9n+ ) ! %ot & %ells 7empty71 !n ! guns1 plat=ms1 c>riages1 wagons1 limb]s1 ammunition boxes1 c42 boxes ( small arms & ammunition 9 ! drye/ & lea/ expos$ "p ( ! vessel4 ,articles requir$ to be disemb>k$ fir/ %\ld be put 9 la/1 or s plac$ t !y c be readily got at4 ,if ! disemb>kation is to be p]=m$ 9 front ( ! enemy1 "s ( ! field pieces %\ld be s plac$ t !y c be disemb>k$ imm$iately1 ) _! c>riages1 implem5ts & ammunition2 also ! tools & mat]ials = ?r[+ up tempor>y intr5*m5ts on l&+4 #g4 ,"s vessels %\ld be lad5 solely ) su* p[d] & ammunition z may n be requir$ = ! imm$iate s]vice ( ! pieces4 #h4 ,on a smoo?1 s&y bea*1 heavy pieces1 c41 may be l&$ by roll+ !m ov]bo>d z soon z ! boats gr\nd1 & haul+ !m up ) sl+-c>ts4 ,sid5ote3 #afc ,,app5dix4 ,,rifle ,,cannon4 ,a rifle is a fire>m :i* has spiral grooves cut into ! surface ( its bore1 = ! purpose ( communicat+ a rot>y motion to a projectile ar\nd an axis co9cid+ ) ! direction ( its flight4 ,! object ( ?is rotation is to increase ! range ( a projectile1 by caus+ x to move ?r\gh ! air 9 ! direction ( its lea/ resi/ance1 & to correct ! cause ( deviation by di/ribut+ x uni=mly ar\nd ! l9e ( flight4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 tri$ to secure ! safe/ & sure/ means ( caus+ ! projectile to foll[ ! spiral grooves z x passes along ! bore ( a rifl$ piece4 ,^? projectiles1 :i* promise to be ! mo/ successful = heavy guns1 may be rang$ "u two heads1 viz3 #a/4 ,^? :i* h flanges or projections on !m to fit into ! grooves ( ! gun 9 load+4 ,! flanges are made ( s(t] metal ?an ! body ( ! projectile4 #b;d4 ,^? :i* are con/ruct$ on an exp&+ pr9ciple4 ,sid5ote3 #afd ,! body is g5]ally made ( ca/-iron2 & ! exp&+ portion is a b& or cup ( "s s(t] metal1 z pewt]1 copp]1 or wr\ght iron1 :i* ent]s ! bore ( ! piece freely :5 x is load$1 b :i* is =c$ into ! grooves by ! dis*>ge4 ,! grooves are ( diff]5t =ms1 det]m9$ by ! angle made by ! tang5t l9e at any po9t ) ! correspond+ elem5t ( ! bore4 ,if ! angles be equal at all po9ts1 ! groove is said to be uni=m4 ,if !y increase f ! bree* to ! muzzle1 ! grooves are call$ increas+2 if ! rev]se1 decreas+ grooves4 ,! practical me?od ( cutt+ grooves consi/s 9 mov+ a rod arm$ ) a cutt]1 back & =? 9 ! bore1 & at ! same "t revolv+ x ar\nd its axis4 ,if ! velocities ( translation & rotation be bo? uni=m1 ! grooves w h a uni=m twi/2 if "o ( ! velocities be v>iable1 ! grooves w be ei!r increas+ or decreas+1 dep5d+ on ! relative velocities 9 ! two directions4 ,twi/ is ! t]m employ$ by gunmak]s to express ! incl9ation ( a groove at any po9t1 & is measur$ by ! tang5t ( ! angle :i* ! groove makes ) ! axis ( ! bore2 & ?is is always equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! bore divid$ by ! l5g? ( a s+le revolution ( ! spiral measur$ 9 ! direction ( ! axis4 ,! mo/ suitable incl9ation ( grooves = a rifle cannon has n yet be5 det]m9$ exp]im5tally2 & consequ5tly a wide div]sity ( twi/s is employ$ by diff]5t exp]im5t]s4 ,! foll[+ table#d pres5ts a synopsis ( ! results 9 case ( "s rifle cannon te/$ at ,=t ,monroe1 ,va41 9 #ahei1 by a ,bo>d compos$ ( ordnance & artill]y (fic]s4 #d ,see ,table1 pages #abf1 #abg4 ,sid5ote3 #afe ,! foll[+ is extract$ f ! report ( ! ,bo>d3 8,! me?od ( obta9+ rifle motion 9 ^! diff]5t guns is ( two k9ds3 8#a4 ,flang$ projectiles ent]+ into ! grooves ( ! gun4 8#b4 ,exp&+ projectiles1 :i* are =c$ into ! grooves by ! action ( ! *>ge4 ,al?\gh ! flang$ projectile1 :5 made ) great precision1 has giv5 good results1 z %[n by ! tables ( fir+1 ! extreme nicety 9 its fabrication1 & ! c>e & tr\ble to load ! gun1 p>ticul>ly :5 x becomes f\l by fir+1 seems to r5d] x n z suitable = s]vice z ! exp&+ projectile4 99 99 99 99 99 8,f ! results obta9$1 ! conclusion is inevitable t ! era ( smoo?-bore field artill]y has pass$ away1 & t ! p]iod ( ! adoption ( rifle cannon = siege & g>rison s]vice _c be remote4 ,! sup]iority ( elongat$ projectiles1 :e!r solid or holl[1 ) ! rifle rotation1 z reg>ds economy ( ammunition1 ext5t ( range1 & uni=mity & accuracy ( effect1 ov] ! pres5t sy/em1 is decid$ & unque/ionable40 ,! ,,arm/rong ,,gun1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 said1 belongs to ! class ( bree*-load+ rifle-cannon4 ,its projectile is made ( ca/-iron1 surr\nd$ by two lead5 r+s1 plac$ at ! extremities ( ! cyl9drical "p1 = ! purpose ( engag+ ! grooves1 :5 x is =c$ ?r\gh ! bore4 ,! great range & accuracy claim$ = ?is projectile1 are probably d]iv$ f its great l5g? comp>$ ) its diamet]2 b a gun ( great /r5g? w\ld be requir$ to project x4 ,sid5ote3 #aff ,,t>get #dj' ,,by #bj'4 ,bore4 ,grooves4 ,"n4,calibre---------------------------- -- ,twi/4 ,diam- et]4,l5g?4,no4,wid?4 ,dep?4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 94 94 94 94 ,sawy]1#bd-pdr4#e4hfb #aaj #f #a4e #j4be ,uni=m1 "o turn 9 #cd feet4 ,dimick1#cb-pdr4#f4d #aja #f #b4j #j4b ,increas+ f #j rectan4 to "o turn 9 #fb feet at muzzle2 twi/ to ! "r ,dr4 #ab-pdr4#d4hed #aji #g _/?4#jc to ,increas+ f #j ,read1 ,siege circum 4#jh at comm5cem't to "o turn 9 #ej feet at muzzle4 ,d4 #ab-pr4 #d4fcf #gd #g d4 d4 ,d4 d4 ,field ,d4 #cb-pr4 #f4dbe #aaj #c _/? 4#jhe ,uni=m1 "o turn circum to 4#ab 9 #dj feet4 circul> ,d4 #f-pr4 #c4fi #ajc4d #c d4 4#jgg ,uni=m1 to ! to 4#aaa "r1 "o turn circul> 9 #be feet4 ,capt4 #c-pr4 #b4i #dd4e #h #j4d 4#je ,uni=m1 "o turn ,dy]1 9 #af feet4 ,d4 #f-pr4 #c4fg #eg4e #af #j4e 4#jbe ,uni=m1 "o turn bronze 9 #ai feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sid5ote3 #afg ,leg5d3 7,a7 ,weight ( ,projectile4 7,b7 ,weight ( ,*>ge4 7,c7 ,no4 fo %ots fir$4 7,d7 ,no4 ( direct hits4 7,e7 ,no4 ( rico*et hits4 7,f7 ,angle ( ,elevation4 7,g7 ,"t ( flight4 ,weight #ajjj ,,y>ds4 ( ------------------------ ,"n ,gun4 7,a7 7,b7 7,c77,d7 7,e7 7,f7 7,g7 ---------------------------------------- ----- lbs4 lbs4lbs4 ' ,sawy]1 #hhbb #de #e #ae #ac #b #b ,dimick1 #icjj #ea #g #e #a #b #ae ,dr4 #ejjj #bb #c #bf #ad #i #b #ae ,re$1 ,d4 #aijj #ae #b #dh #af #c #b #c ,d4 #hejj #ej #f #aj #h #b #b #ae #c ,d4 #abjj #ab #a #bh #ah #d #b #aj ,capt4 #bej #i #a #bh #af #e #b #be ,dy]1 ,d4 #hhj #ad #a #bb #aa #d #b #ae ---------------------------------------- ----- ,leg5d3 7,a7 ,weight ( ,projectile4 7,b7 ,weight ( ,*>ge4 7,c7 ,no4 fo %ots fir$4 7,d7 ,no4 ( direct hits4 7,e7 ,no4 ( rico*et hits4 7,f7 ,angle ( ,elevation4 7,g7 ,"t ( flight4 7,h7 ,correspond+ ,elevation4 #bjjj ,,y>ds4 ,weight -------------------- ,avg4 ,"n ( 7,a7 7,b77,c77,d7 7,e7 7,f7 7,g7range4 7,h7 7,g7 ,gun4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- lbs4 lbs4lbs4 ' ' ,sawy]1 #hhbb #de #e #aai #cb #ag #d #cj #f #dcei #ac ,dimick1 #icjj #ea #f #eh #ba #f #e #f ,dr4 #ejjj #bb #c #cj #e #h #d #cj ,re$1 ,d4 #aijj #ae #b ,d4 #hejj #ej #f #hd #ai #h #e #f #cffe #aa #cj ,d4 #abjj #ab #a #eb #i #e #d #de ,capt4 #bej #i #a #ah #d #b #e #g #cbgj #ac #cj #ae ,dy]1 ,d4 #hhj #ad #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! sev]al projectiles1 viz3 ,,sawy]',s4--,flang$ projectile2 elongat$2 entire %ell coat$ ) an alloy *iefly ( lead1 & has a p]cussion cap on small end4 ,,dimick',s4--,exp&+ %ell2 elongat$2 cup ( s(t metal ca/ on re> end ( projectile4 ,,re$',s4--,! body is ( ca/-iron & ! exp&+ portion is a cup ( wr\ght iron1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! body by ins]t+ x 9 ! m\ld & p\r+ ! melt$ metal ar\nd x4 ,,dy]',s4--,description ne>ly ! same z t ( ,dimick's4 ,,index4 ,! pages ref] to ! sid5otes 9 ! m>g9 ( ! text4 ,,air3 ,resi/ance (1 #adh4 ,,ammunition3 ,= field batt]y1 #da2 = seige tra91 #cg-h2 /orage #ajc-d2 prep>ation1 #ic-d1 #ajj-a-b2 weights ( fix$1 #ajg4 ,,angle3 ,( greate/ range1 #ff2 ( fall1 #gd2 ( lea/ elevation = mort>s1 #fg2 ( elevation = /one-mort>s1 #fg --,natural angle ( sight1 #ab2 ( guns1 #bf2 ( h[itz]s1 #bi2 ( columbiads1 #cj4 ,,animal ,,p[]1 #aeb4 ,,arc1 elevat+1 #ah4 ,,area ( a circle1 #aed4 ,,arm/rong ,,gun1 #afe4 ,,artificial ,,l9e ,,( ,,sight1 #ec4 ,,artill]y3 ,def9ition1 #i --,me?od ( emb>k+ & disemb>k+1 #afa-b --,c>riages 7see c>riages7 --,k9ds (1 #i2 h[ di/+ui%$1 #i --,proportion (1 to ,infantry1 #dj --,proportion ( diff]5t k9ds 9 a field tra91 #dj2 9 seige tra91 #cf2 = m\nta9 s]vice1 #db2 = armam5t ( =ts1 #ce --,h[ r5d]$ uns]viceable1 #bj-a4 ,,a/ragal ,,& ,,fillets3 ,def9ition1 #ac4 ,,attack ( a po/1 #aej4 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight1 #aei4 ,,axis ,,( ,a ,,piece3 ,def9ition1 #ab4 ,,balls3 ,diamet]s & weights1 #aje-f2 computation ( weight & diamet]1 #ie2 pil+1 #ajc2 numb] 9 a pile1 #ajd-e2 fire1 #ib2 light1 #ib2 smoke1 #ic2 p5etration1 #adi-ej4 ,,b>bette ,,c>riage3 ,k9ds1 #acb --,p>ts compos+1 #acc --,description1 #acc-d4 ,,b>rels3 ,= gunp[d]1 m>k+1 #hh2 pil+1 #hh2 transportation1 #hi4 ,,batt]y3 ,def9ition (1 #aa --,( field artill]y1 composition1 #da2 tactics1 #dd-e-f-g-h-i1 #ej --,m\nta9 ,artill]y1 #db --,ammunition = field batt]y1 #da4 ,,batt]y-,,wagon1 #adc-d4 ,,base-,,r+3 ,def9ition1 #ac4 ,,base ,,( ,,! ,,bree*3 ,def9ition (1 #ac4 ,,b$s1 mort>3 ,weights1 #cc --,trunnion-b$s1 #abi --,siege mort>1 #acj-a --,coehorn1 #aca --,epr\vette1 #aca --,heavy sea-coa/1 #aca-b4 ,,bo>d1 ,po9t+1 #eh4 ,,bore3 ,def9ition1 #ad2 bottom (1 #ae4 ,,bormann ,,fuze1 #aab-ac4 ,,brass ,,cannon3 ,ext]nal injury1 #bc4 ,,bread? ( a riv] asc]ta9$1 #aeg-h4 ,,brea*+3 ,batt]y1 be/ position =1 #ch2 mann] (1 #ch-i2 "t requir$1 #ci4 ,,bree*3 ,def9ition1 #ac --,sights1 #af2 h[ us$1 #ec2 con/ruction1 #ag2 pieces suppli$ )1 #ag4 ,,bronze3 ,objections to1 = cannon1 #aj2 :y us$ = field pieces1 #aj2 k9ds ( bronze pieces us$1 #aa4 ,,burn+ gunp[d]3 ,quickness (1 #hg4 ,,bur/+ ,,op5 gates1 #aeh4 ,,bu%+ a piece1 #bj2 metal us$ =1 9 bronze pieces1 #bj2 object (1 #bj2 all new artill]y n bu%$1 #bj4 ,,caisson3 ,description (1 #adb-c2 numb] ) a field batt]y1 #da4 ,,cak+ ( p[d] prev5t$1 #hi4 ,,calibre3 ,def9ition1 #ab2 numb] 9 a piece asc]ta9$1 #ab4 ,,cani/]s1 #ia3 ,= field s]vice1 h[ made1 #id2 = siege & sea-coa/ s]vice1 h[ made1 #ie --,h[ pil$1 #ajd4 ,,cannon3 ,bore1 #ab --,brass1 ext]nal & int]nal injuries1 #bc --,dim5sions1 h[ regulat$1 #aa --,= siege tra91 #cf --,iron1 injuries1 #bd --pres]vation (1 #be2 s]vice (1 h[ judg$1 #bd --,h[ m>k$1 #ba-b --,condemn$ cannon1 h[ m>k$1 #bb --,pro( (1 #bb --,k9ds1 #i --,l5g? (1 #bg-h1 #cj1 #cc --,rifle cannon1 #afc-g4 ,,c>casses1 #ib4 ,,c>riages3 ,classification1 #abc --,movable1 #abc2 field gun1 #abe-f2 m\nta9 artill]y1 #abg2 prairie1 #abg2 limb]s1 #abf-i2 siege-gun1 #abh --,/ation>y1 #abi-cj2 b>bette1 #acb-c-d2 casemate1 #ach-i2 columbiad1 #acf-g2 flank-casemate1 #adj --,mort> b$s1 #aca --,wr\ght iron1 #ada-b --,numb] 9 a field batt]y1 #da4 ,,c>tridge ,,bags3 ,:]e fill$1 #hi4 ,,c>tridges3 ,= hot %ot1 #ig4 ,,cascable1 #ac4 ,,casemate3 ,c>riage1 #ach-i --,g91 #adf4 ,,*amb]3 ,def9ition1 #ad2 object (1 #cb2 =m = mort>s1 #cb2 = h[itz]s1 #bh2 = epr\vette1 #cb2 gom]1 #cb4 ,,*>ges3 ,def9ition1 #fj --,= bree*+1 #fj --,= d\ble %ot1 #fj --,= field guns & h[itz]s1 #fb --,= fire-balls1 #fa --,= heavy guns1 columbiads & h[itz]s1 #fb --,s]vice *>ge = heavy guns1 #fj --,= hot %ot1 #fj --,greate/ *>ges = mort>s1 #fb --,= mort>s1 h[ regulat$1 #fa --,= rico*et fir+1 #fj --,= %ells fir$ f columbiads & heavy guns1 #ajh --,= field %ells1 #ajh --,= mort> %ells1 #ajg --,= sph]ical case %ot1 #ajh4 ,,*ase3 ,def9ition1 #ac4 ,,*assis3 ,= b>bette c>riage1 #acd-e --,= casemate1 c>riage1 #aci-dj --,= columbiad1 #ach --,= flank-casemate1 #ada --,= wr\ght iron c>riage1 #adb4 ,,*eeks1 #abd4 ,,coehorn ,,mort>3 ,diamet]1 #cc --,weight ( b$1 #cc --,l5g? (1 #cc --,l5g? ( bore1 #cc --,l5g? ( *amb]1 #cc --,use1 #cd --,greate/ *>ge =1 #fb --,b$1 description (1 #aca4 ,,columbiads3 ,def9ition1 #cj --,w9dage1 #hb --,*>ges1 #fb --,*amb]1 #cj --,peculi>ities1 #cj --,weights1 #cj --,l5g?1 #cj --,natural angle ( sight1 #cj --,gun c>riage1 #acf-g2 *assis1 #acg-h --,%ells1 *>ges =1 #ajh2 me?od ( load+1 #ajb4 ,,composition1 = pres]v+ iron pieces1 #afj2 application1 #afj2 = axle-trees ( c>riages1 #aeh4 ,,condemn$ cannon1 h[ m>k$1 #bb2 %ot1 h[ m>k$1 #ajb4 ,,cont5t3 ,( a b>rel1 #aee2 box1 #aee2 conic fru/um1 #aed2 gom] *amb]1 #aee2 sph]ical segm5t1 #aee2 cyl9d]1 #aee4 ,,day',s ,,m>*3 ,( field artill]y1 #aec4 ,,defilade3 ,def9ition1 #aef4 ,,dep? ,,( ,,p5etration ( balls1 #adi-ej4 ,,desc5t ( fall+ bodies3 ,law (1 #aei4 ,,diamet]3 ,( coehorn mort>1 #cc2 ( epr\vette1 #cc2 ( /one-mort>1 #cc2 ( ca/-iron %ot1 h[ f\nd1 #ie2 ( %ot1 %ells1 & sph]ical case1 #aje2 ( v5t1 #af4 ,,dim5sions3 ,( cannon1 h[ regulat$1 #aa2 ( a p>apet to resi/ field artill]y1 #aef4 ,,dipp+ ,,( ,,! ,,muzzle1 #gg-h4 ,,dis*>ges3 ,numb] an iron gun c su/a91 #ci4 ,,di%1 ( a :eel1 #abd4 ,,direction1 h[ giv53 ,to guns & h[itz]s1 #ea-b2 to mort>s1 #ef-h --,at night1 #ee1 #ei --,:5 :eels are n on same level1 #ed4 ,,di/ance3 ,= fir+ field pieces1 #df --,asc]ta9$ by s\nd1 #aea --,det]m9$ by a tang5t scale1 #aeh --,( recoil1 #gg --,( rico*et batt]y f object1 #gd4 ,,disp>t3 ,def9ition1 #ac4 ,,dolph9s3 ,def9ition1 #ai2 pieces furni%$ )1 #ai4 ,,driv+ ,,out %ot w$g$ 9 ! bore1 #ba4 ,,elevation3 ,necessity =1 #ea --,h[ giv5 to guns & h[itz]s1 #eb2 to mort>s1 #ef2 in/rum5ts =1 #eb --,angle (1 = mort>s #fg2 greate/ angle 9 vacuo1 #ff2 angle (1 = rico*et fire1 #gd4 ,,elevat+ ,,arc1 #ah4 ,,emb>k+3 ,artill]y & its /ores1 #afa-b4 ,,enfilade3 ,def9ition1 #aef4 ,,enfilad+ a "w1 #gc-d-e --,object to be fir$ at1 #gc4 ,,epr\vette1 #aa2 =m ( *amb]1 #cb --,calibre1 #cc --,use (1 #cd --,b$1 #cc1 #aca --,l5g? ( bore1 #cc4 ,,expansion ( hot %ot1 #if4 ,,ext]nal injury to cannon1 #bc-d4 ,,face ( ! piece3 ,def9ition (1 #ad4 ,,fall3 ,po9t (1 #gc --,angle (1 #gd4 ,,fall+ ,,bodies1 law ( desc5t1 #aei4 ,,field ,,artill]y3 ,*>ges =1 #fb --,k9ds1 #dj --,tactics1 #dd-i1 #ej4 ,,field ,,batt]y3 ,numb] ( pieces1 #dj --,batt]y ( horse-artill]y1 #da --,composition (1 on a w> e/abli%m5t1 #da --,composition ( m\nta9 h[itz] batt]y1 #db --,ammunition1 #da --,draught horses1 #db4 ,,field ,,gun1 h[ m\nt$1 #dd --,*>ges =1 #fb4 ,,field ,,c>riages3 ,k9ds (1 #abe --,description1 #abe-f4 ,,field ,,& ,,siege ,,g91 #adf4 ,,field ,,%ells3 ,load+1 #ajj --,*>ges1 #ajh4 ,,field-,,p>k1 #db2 quantity ( supplies =1 #db2 c>riages1 #dc4 ,,fill+3 ,mort> %ells1 #aja2 columbiad %ells1 c41 #ajb4 ,,fire ,,balls3 ,def9ition1 #ib --,*>ges1 #fa --,h[ pres]v$1 #ajd4 ,,fir+3 ,field pieces1 #df-g-h --,rapidity (1 = mort>s1 #cd2 = field pieces1 #df --,)9 po9t-blank range1 rule =1 #eb --,at night ) guns & h[itz]s1 #ee2 ) mort>s1 #ei --,mode ( facilitat+ fir+ = any giv5 di/ance1 #ed2 use ( rem>kable po9ts on ! gr\nd1 #ee --,rico*et fir+1 #gc --,effect ( fir+ upw>ds "u a l>ge angle1 #fe4 ,,fix$ ,,ammunition3 ,/or+1 #ajc-d --,weights (1 #ajg4 ,,flight ,,( ,,projectiles3 ,"t (1 #adi4 ,,flank-,,casemate c>riage1 #adj-da4 ,,foot1 numb] ( gallons 9 a cubic1 #afj4 ,,foot ,,soldi]1 space occupi$ by1 9 ranks1 #aec4 ,,=ge1 #adc --,portable1 #add --,numb] ) a field batt]y1 #da2 ) field-p>k1 #dc4 ,,=ces act+ on a projectile1 #ea4 ,,=ce ( gravity1 #aei4 ,,friction ,,prim]3 ,description1 #aae2 advantages (1 #aaf4 ,,furnaces = hot %ot1 #ig4 ,,fuzes3 ,def9ition1 #aji --,wood51 #aji-aj --,pap]1 #aaa --,bormann1 #aab-ac --,u4 ,s4 sea-coa/1 #aad --,composition = mort> fuzes1 #aaj2 = pap] fuzes1 #aaa4 ,,g9s3 ,field & siege1 #adf2 g>rison1 #adf2 casemate1 #adf4 ,,gom] ,,*amb]1 #cb4 ,,grape ,,%ot1 #ia2 weight (1 #ajg4 ,,grates = heat+ %ot1 #ih4 ,,gravity3 ,specific1 #aei --,=ce (1 #aei4 ,,grease = :eels1 #aeh4 ,,grooves = rifle cannon1 #afc-d4 ,,gr5ades3 #ia --,angle ( elevation =1 :5 ?r[n f /one-mort>s1 #fg4 ,,grommets1 #ii4 ,,guns3 ,def9ition1 #bf --,l5g?s1 #bg --,weights1 #bg --,pro(1 #bb --,ranges1 #fh-i1 #gj-a-b --,nom5clature1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae --,pr9cipal p>ts (1 #bf --,projectiles us$ )1 #bg --,h[ m\nt$1 #bf --,natural angle ( sight (1 #bf4 ,,gun ,,metal3 ,bronze1 #i1 #aj --ca/-iron1 #i1 #aj4 ,,gunn]s' ,,implem5ts3 ,level1 #ah --,quadrant1 #ah --,h[ us$1 #eb-c4 ,,gun-,,c>riages3 ,field1 #abe-f2 siege1 #abh2 b>bette1 #acb-d2 casemate1 #ach-i2 flank-casemate1 #adj2 m\nta9 h[itz]1 #abg2 wr\ght iron1 #ada2 prairie1 #abg-h --,columbiad1 #acf-g4 ,,gunp[d]3 ,mat]ials1 #hc --,proportions1 #hc --,manufacture1 #hd --,qualities (1 #hg --,pack+1 #hg-h --,prov+1 #hf --,expansive velocity & pressure1 #hg --,hygrometric pro(1 #hg --,relative quickness1 #hg --,pres]vation & /orage1 #hh-i --,transportation1 #hi4 ,,h&-,,c>t1 #ade4 ,,h& ,,sl+-,,c>t1 #ade-f4 ,,hausse3 ,p5dulum1 #ag4 ,,hay3 ,weight (1 #aed4 ,,horses3 ,numb] requir$ = a field batt]y1 #db2 = siege tra91 #cg --,p[] (1 #aeb --,space occupi$ by1 #aeb --,numb] requir$ = siege-gun1 #abi --,weight1 #aeb4 ,,horse-,,artill]y3 ,peculi> advantages (1 #dc4 ,,hot ,,%ot1 #ig-h --,load+ )1 #ig --,expansion (1 #if4 ,,h[itz]s3 ,def9ition1 #bh --,k9ds (1 & weights1 #bi2 --,l5g?s1 #bh-i --,numb] 9 field batt]y1 #da2 9 siege tra91 #cf --,*amb]1 =m (1 #bh --,advantages (1 #bh --,projectiles us$ )1 #bh --,natural angle ( sight (1 #bi --,*>ges =1 #fb --,po9t+1 #ea4 ,,ice3 ,/r5g? (1 #aef4 ,,implem5ts3 ,quadrant1 #ah2 bree*-sight1 #af2 p5dulum hausse1 #ag2 gunn]'s p]p5dicul>1 #ah2 po9t+ /akes1 #eg-h2 po9t+-wires1 #ef2 plummet1 #ah1 #eh2 po9t+-cord1 #eg4 ,,inc5di>y ,,composition1 #aag4 ,,injuries to cannon1 #bc4 ,,iron pref]r$ to bronze1 #aj4 ,,iron ,,cannon us$ 9 l& s]vice1 #aj1 #aa4 ,,junk-,,wads1 #ii4 ,,knob ( cascable1 #ac2 use (1 #ai4 ,,lacqu]1 = iron guns1 #afj4 ,,l5g? ( cannon3 ,def9ition (1 #aa --,extreme l5g?1 #ab4 ,,l9e3 ,( fire1 #fd --,( metal1 #ab2 h[ direct$1 #eb-c2 n p]man5t1 #ed --,artificial l9e ( sight1 #ec4 ,,light ,,balls1 #ib4 ,,limb]s3 ,= field c>riages1 #abf2 = siege-c>riages1 #abi4 ,,load+3 ,) hot %ot1 #ig --,field %ells1 #ajj --,sph]ical case1 #aja-b --,mort> %ells1 #aja-b --,%ells = columbiads & o!r heavy guns1 #ajb4 ,,magaz9es3 ,moi/ure (1 h[ absorb$1 #hi2 p[d] /or$ 91 #hh2 precautions to be obs]v$ :5 op51 #hi4 ,,m>k+3 ,cannon1 #ba-b2 condemn$ %ot & %ell1 #ajb2 p[d] b>rels1 #hh4 ,,m>*es3 ,horse-artill]y1 field-artill]y1 cavalry1 & infantry1 #aec4 ,,mat*3 ,quick1 #aaf2 sl[1 #aaf4 ,,metals = artill]y1 #i4 ,,mom5tum1 #aea4 ,,mort> ,,wagon1 #ade4 ,,mort>s1 #ca --,advantages (1 #ca --,l5g?s & weights1 #cc --,k9ds1 #aa --,b$s1 weights (1 #cc --,plat=m1 #aba --,=m ( *amb]1 #cb --,l5g? ( *amb] & ( bore1 #cc --,k9ds ( projectiles us$ )1 #cd --,rapidity ( fire ( siege mort>s1 #cd --,po9t+1 #ef1 #eh2 ,greate/ *>ges =1 #fb --,angles ( elevation =1 #ff-g --,siege mort> b$s1 #acj-a --,coehorn mort> b$1 #aca --,epr\vette b$1 #aca --,sea-coa/ mort> b$1 #acb4 ,,m\nta9 artill]y3 ,dim5sion & weights (1 #bi --,composition ( a batt]y1 #db --,ranges1 #fi4 ,,mules3 ,/r5g? (1 #aeb4 ,,muzzle3 ,def9ition1 #ae --,sight1 #ag4 ,,natural ,,angle ( sight1 #ab4 ,,neck3 ,def9ition1 #ad4 ,,nom5clature ( a piece1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,,night fir+3 ,) guns & h[itz]s1 #ee2 ) mort>s1 #ei4 ,,oats3 ,weight (1 #aed4 ,,pack horses1 #aeb4 ,,p5dulum ,,hausse1 #ag4 ,,p5dulums3 ,l5g? (1 #aeh4 ,,p5etration ( balls3 ,9 masonry1 #aej2 9 e>?1 #aej4 ,,p]p5dicul>1 gunn]'s1 #ah4 ,,pil+3 ,balls1 #ajc --,cani/]s1 #ajd --,load$ %ells1 #ajd --,p[d]-b>rels1 #hh --,numb] ( %ot 9 a pile1 #ajd-e4 ,,plat=ms1 #aah --,siege1 #aai-bj --,mort>1 #aba --,rail1 #aba --,rico*et1 #abb4 ,,plummet3 ,= mort> s]vice1 #ah1 #eh --,= regulat+ m>* ( infantry1 #afa4 ,,po9t-,,blank ,,range1 #fc-d --,causes :i* v>y x1 #fd --,effect on x ( fir+ upw>ds "u a l>ge angle1 #fe4 ,,po9t+3 ,guns & h[itz]s1 #ea --,mort>s1 #ef --,/akes1 #eg-h --,wires1 #ef --,cord1 #eg --,bo>d1 #eh4 ,,port ,,fires1 #aad --,composition =1 #aae4 ,,po9t ( fall1 #gc-d4 ,,prairie ,,c>riage1 #abg-h4 ,,prepond]ance3 ,def9ition1 #ai --,:y giv51 #ai4 ,,prim]s3 ,friction1 #aae4 ,,prim+-,,tubes1 #aae4 ,,pres]vation3 ,( cannon1 #be --,fix$ ammunition1 #ajc-d --,balls1 #ajb --,grape & cani/]1 #ajc --,fire balls1 #ajd4 ,,projectiles3 ,solid %ot1 #ij --,%ell1 #ij --,sph]ical case1 #ij --,cani/]1 #ia --,grape1 #ia --,gr5ades1 #ia --,c>casses1 #ib --,fire-balls1 #ib --,light balls1 #ib --,smoke balls1 #ic --,hot %ot1 #ig-h --,=ces act+ on1 :5 fir$ f a piece1 #ea --,k9d us$ ) field pieces1 & di/ance at :i* !y %\ld be employ$1 #df4 ,,quadrant1 gunn]s3 ,h[ us$1 #eb-c4 ,,qu>t]-,,sights1 #af4 ,,quick-,,mat*1 #aaf --,h[ set fire to1 #aag4 ,,ranges3 ,def9ition1 #fc --,po9t-blank1 #fc --,briti% po9t-blank1 #fc --,causes :i* v>y po9t-blank1 #fd --,extreme range1 #ff --,angle ( greate/ range 9 vacuo1 #ff --,tables (1 #fh-i1 #gj-a-b --,h[ asc]ta9$1 #adi4 ,,rate ,,( ,,m>* ( horse-artill]y1 cavalry1 & infantry1 #aec4 ,,recoil3 ,def9ition1 #gg --,cause (1 #gg --,am\nt1 #gg --,has no appreciable effect on flight ( projectile1 #gh --,influ5ce ( position ( axis ( trunnions on1 #gh-i4 ,,re9=ce1 #ac --,b&1 #ac4 ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,air to projectiles1 #adg-h4 ,,rico*et3 ,def9ition1 #gc --,object (1 #gc --,h[ conduct$1 #gd-e --,advantages (1 #gc --,nature (1 #ge --,*>ges = a flatt5$ rico*et1 #gf2 = curvat$1 #gf --,tables ( rico*et fir+1 #gf --,pieces be/ adapt$ =1 #ge --,di/ance f object ( rico*et batt]y1 #gd --,greate/ angle ( elevation = rico*et fir+1 #gd4 ,,rifle-,,cannon3 ,exp]im5ts at ,=t ,monroe1 #aff-g --,arm/rong gun1 #afe4 ,,rimbases1 #ad4 ,,r+ ,,wads1 #id4 ,,riv]s3 ,bread?1 #aef-g4 ,,ropes3 size & /r5g? (1 #aef4 ,,sabots3 ,diff]5ce 91 = field s]vice1 #ic --,arrangem5t = field guns & #ab-pdr4 field h[itz]1 #ic2 9 #bd & #cb-pdr4 field h[itz]s1 #ic --,mode ( fa/5+ sabots to projectiles = field-s]vice1 #ic-d2 = heavy %ells1 #id2 = cani/]s1 #id-e2 = grape %ot1 #ie4 ,,sea-,,coa/ ,,pieces1 h[ m\nt$1 #ce --,numb] & k9d requir$ = sea-bo>d =ts1 #ce --,heavy sea-coa/ mort>-b$1 #aca-b4 ,,scal+ a piece1 #ba4 ,,%ot3 ,solid1 #ij --,holl[1 #ij --,rule = f9d+ weights & diamet]s ( ca/-iron %ot1 #ie --,condemn$ %ot1 h[ m>k$1 #ajb --,pil+1 #ajc-d --,pres]vation1 #ajb-c --,=ces act+ on a %ot1 #ea --,p5etration1 #adi-ej --,"t requir$ to heat1 #ig-h --,expansion ( by heat1 #if --,ranges (1 #fh-gb --,me?od ( driv+ out %ot w$g$ 9 ! bore1 #ba --,velocity (1 #adg4 ,,%ells1 #ij2 --,dim5sions & weights1 #ajf-g --,mode ( comput+ weight (1 #ie --,quantity ( p[d] to fill1 #if --,/rapp+1 #ic --,load+1 #ajj-a-b --,ranges1 #fh-gb --,condemn$1 h[ m>k$1#ajb --,velocity1 #adg4 ,,sights ( a piece3 ,def9ition1 #ab --,h[ det]m9$1 #ab --,qu>t]1 #af4 ,,siege ,,artill]y3 ,k9ds1 #cf --,proportions 9 a siege tra91 #cf2 ( c>riages1 #cf-g2 draught horses1 #cg2 projectiles & ammunition1 #cg-h --,siege mort>-b$s1 #acj-a4 ,,sl+-,,c>t3 ,h&1 #adf4 ,,sl[ ,,mat*1 #aaf4 ,,smoke ,,balls1 #ic4 ,,s\nd3 ,velocity1 #aea --,di/ance det]m9$ by1 #aea4 ,,specific ,,gravity1 #aei4 ,,sph]ical ,,case1 #ij --,load+1 #ajj-a4 ,,spik+ cannon1 #bj4 ,,/akes1 po9t+3 ,h[ plant$1 #eg-h4 ,,/one ,,mort>3 ,l5g?1 #cc --,weight1 #cc --,calibre1 #cc --,l5g? ( bore1 #cc --,l5g? ( *amb]1 #cc --,use (1 #cd --,/ones1 h[ dispos$1 #cd4 ,,/or+ ( fix$ ammunition1 #ajc-d4 ,,/rapp+ ,,%ot & %ells1 #ic-d4 ,,/r5g?3 ,( ice1 #aef --,( rope1 #aef4 ,,swell ( ! muzzle1 #ad4 ,,tables3 ,( *>ges1 #fb --,( ranges1 #fh-i1 #gj-a-b --,( w9dage1 #ha-b --,( weights ( projectiles1 #ajf-g --,( measures1 #aei --,( avoirdupois weight1 #aei4 ,,tactics ( field artill]y1 #dd-e-f-g-h-i-ej4 ,,tang5t ,,scale1 #af4 ,,"t ,,( ,,flight = siege-mort>s1 #fg --,h[ f\nd1 #adi4 ,,trajectory1 #fd4 ,,transportation3 ,( artill]y by sea1 #afa-b --,( siege-guns1 #abi4 ,,trav]se circles1 #ace4 ,,trunnions3 ,def9ition1 #ad --,use1 #ai --,position 9 mort>s1 #ca --,b$s1 #abi4 ,,true ,,w9dage3 ,def9ition1 #ae4 ,,unspik+ cannon1 #ba4 ,,val5ci5nes composition1 #aag4 ,,velocity3 ,( balls1 #adg --,loss (1 by resi/ance ( air1 #adg --,( s\nd1 #aea --,loss (1 by w9dage1 #ha4 ,,v5t3 ,def9ition1 #ae --,position & diamet] (1 #af4 ,,v]tical ,,fire1 #ca4 ,,wads3 ,grommet1 #ii --,junk1 #ii --,hay1 = fir+ hot %ot1 #ih4 ,,wat]3 ,weight (1 #afa --,all[ance = a man & a horse1 #aed4 ,,weights3 ,guns1 #bg --,columbiads1 #cj --,h[itz]s1 #bi --,mort>s1 #cc --,projectiles1 #ajf-g --,( :eels = field c>riages1 #add2 & = siege-c>riages1 #add --,proportion betwe5 weights ( %ot1 #ie --,( ca/-iron %ot or %ell1 h[ det]m9$1 #ie --,quantity ( p[d] to fill a %ell1 h[ f\nd1 #if --,c>ri$ by horses1 #aeb --,c>ri$ by an infantry soldi]1 #aed4 ,,:eels3 ,field-c>riage1 size & weight1 #add --,siege c>riage1 size & weight1 #add --,p>ts (1 #abd4 ,,w9dage3 ,def9ition1 #hj --,am\nt1 #ha-b --,loss ( velocity by1 #ha --,advantage ( a r$uction (1 #ha4 ,,wires1 po9t+1 #ef4