,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,old or antiquated spellings have been preserved4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,,the ,,hand-,,book ,,of ,,artillery4 ,,by ,,capt4 ,,joseph ,,roberts1 ,fourth ,regt4 ,artillery ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,,richmond3 ,,printed ,,by ,,ritchie ,,dunnavant4 #ahfa4 ,,proceedings4 ,the following ,report was made by the ,committee appointed at a meeting of the staff of the ,artillery ,school at ,fort ,monroe1 ,va41 to whom the commanding officer of the ,school had referred this work3 ,your ,committee to which has been referred the consideration of the work of ,captain ,roberts1 proposed as a text-book for the ,artillery ,school1 beg leave to submit the following ,report1 viz3 ,the work submitted by ,captain ,roberts1 and entitled 8,hand-book of ,artillery10 embraces sections on the following subjects4 ,for subjects see ,table of ,contents1 page #g4 ,under each of these heads1 except the last1 the work contains a number of questions and answers4 ,your ,committee have carefully examined each of these questions and their corresponding answers1 and find that the answers have been principally drawn from the following sources1 viz3 ,gibbon's ,artillerist's ,manual1 ,light and ,heavy ,artillery ,tactics1 and the ,ordnance ,manual1 all of which works have been authorized by the ,war ,department4 ,wherever the prescribed authorities furnish the means of answering the questions1 they appear to have been followed as closely as possible4 ,the idea of the arrangement1 and a few of the questions and answers1 appear to have been taken from 8,burns' ,questions and ,answers on ,artillery20 but that work has been so far deviated from1 as fairly to entitle the present work to be considered as an original compilation4 ,in the opinion of your ,committee1 the arrangement of the subjects and the selection of the several questions and answers have been judicious4 ,the work is one which may be advantageously used for reference by the officers1 and is admirably adapted to the instruction of non-commissioned officers and privates of ,artillery4 ,your ,committee do therefore recommend that it be substituted as a text-book in place of 8,burns' ,questions and ,answers on ,artillery40 7,signed7 ,i4 ,,vogdes1 ,,capt4 #a,,st ,,art',y4 7,signed7 ,e4 ,o4 ,c4 ,,ord1 ,,capt4 #c;,d ,,art',y4 7,signed7 ,j4 ,a4 ,,haskin1 ,,bvt4 ,,maj4 ,,and ,,capt4 #a,,st ,,art',y4 ,the preceding ,report was adopted1 and the ,staff recommended this work as a book of instruction at the ,artillery ,school1 in lieu of 8,burns' ,questions and ,answers on ,artillery40 ,,preface4 ,the following compilation originated in an attempt to adapt ,lieut4 ,col4 ,burns' 8,questions and ,answers on ,artillery0 to the ,united ,states service4 ,the ,british ,artillery being very different from ours1 it was found necessary to omit many of ,burns' questions1 and to introduce others4 ,the compiler is under great obligations to several of his brother officers at ,fort ,monroe 7especially to ,major ,haskin1 #ast ,artillery71 for their kindness in assisting him in the compilation of this little volume1 and for important suggestions in the revision of many of the 8answers40 ,fort ,monroe1 ,va41 #ahfj4 ,,contents4 ,the pages refer to the sidenotes in the margin of the text4 ,page4 ,preface1 #e ,general ,table of ,contents1 #g ,part ,i41 ,section #a4 ,on ,artillery in ,general1 #i 8 8 #b4 ,on ,guns1 #bf 8 8 #c4 ,on ,howitzers1 #bh 8 8 #d4 ,on ,columbiads1 #cj 8 8 #e4 ,on ,mortars1 #ca 8 8 #f4 ,on ,sea-coast ,artillery1 #ce 8 8 #g4 ,siege ,artillery1 #cf 8 8 #h4 ,field ,guns and ,field ,batteries1 #dj ,part ,,ii4 8 #a4 ,pointing ,guns and ,howitzers1 #ea 8 8 #b4 ,pointing ,mortars1 #ef ,part ,,iii4 ,charges1 #fj ,,iv4 ,ranges1 #fc ,v4 ,ricochet1 #gc ,,vi4 ,recoil1 #gg ,,vii4 ,windage1 #hj ,,viii4 ,gunpowder1 #hc ,,ix4 ,projectiles1 #ij ,x4 ,laboratory ,stores1 #aji ,,xi4 ,platforms1 #aah ,,xii4 ,artillery ,carriages and ,machines1 #abc ,,xiii4 ,practical ,gunnery1 #adg ,,xiv4 ,miscellaneous1 #aea ,appendix--,rifle ,cannon1 #afc ,index1 #afi ,,the ,,hand-,,book ,,of ,,artillery4 ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,i4 ,,artillery ,,in ,,general4 ,sidenote3 #i #a4 ,what is understood by the term ,artillery8 ,heavy fire-arms of every description4 #b4 ,how many kinds of ,artillery are employed in the land service of the ,united ,states8 ,four1 viz43 ,guns1 ,howitzers1 ,columbiads1 and ,mortars4 #c4 ,how are these pieces distinguished8 ,according to their use as ,sea-coast1 ,garrison1 ,siege1 and ,field ,artillery4 #d4 ,what metals are used in the construction of ,artillery8 ,all heavy artillery1 such as that for sea-coast1 siege1 and garrison equipment1 is made of iron2 and that for field service1 of bronze4 ,sidenote3 #aj #e4 ,what is bronze for cannon8 ,an ,,alloy consisting of #ij parts of copper and #aj of tin1 allowing a variation of one part of tin more or less4 ,it is commonly called brass4 #f4 ,why is bronze used in preference to iron1 for field pieces8 ,this metal1 having greater tenacity and strength than iron1 the pieces can be made lighter4 #g4 ,in what respect does iron merit a preference8 ,iron is less expensive than bronze1 and is more capable of sustaining long-continued firing with larger charges2 such pieces are1 therefore1 better calculated for the constant heavy firing of sieges4 ,,note4--,in the sieges in ,spain1 bronze guns could never support a heavier fire than #abj rounds in twenty-four hours1 and were never used to batter at distances exceeding #cjj yards2 whereas1 with iron guns1 three times that number of rounds were fired with effect1 from three times the distance1 for several consecutive days1 without any other injury than the enlargement of their vents4 ,the comparative power of conducting heat in iron and copper being respectively as #c4gdc to #h4icb1 taking gold at #aj4jjj1 it is evident that in practicing with iron and bronze pieces of the same calibre1 it would soon become necessary to reduce the charges in the bronze pieces1 and1 also to increase the time between the discharges1 to prevent their softening and drooping2 while with iron1 full charges and rapid firing may be kept up4 #h4 ,what additional objection has been urged to bronze for cannon8 ,the difficulty of forming a perfect alloy1 in consequence of the difference of fusibility of tin and copper4 #i4 ,what iron pieces are used in the land service8 ,sidenote3 #aa #ab1 #ac1 and #bd-pdr4 siege and garrison guns1 #cb and #db-pdr4 sea-coast guns1 #h-;in4 siege and #bd-pdr4 garrison howitzers1 #h and #aj-;in4 sea-coast howitzers1 #h and #aj-;in4 columbiads1 #h and #aj-;in4 siege1 and #aj and #ac-;in4 sea-coast mortars4 ,,note4--,the #bd-pdr4 eprouvette is also of iron1 and used for the proof of powder4 #aj4 ,what are the kinds of bronze pieces in use at present8 #f and #ab-pdr4 field guns2 #ab-pdr4 mountain howitzer2 #ab1 #bd and #cb-pdr4 field howitzers2 stone and #bd-pdr4 ,coehorn mortars4 #aa4 ,what is a battery8 ,this term is applied to one or more pieces1 or to the place where they are served4 #ab4 ,what regulate the dimensions of cannon8 ,the tenacity and elasticity of the metals employed in their fabrication4 ,their thickness must be proportioned to the effect developed by the powder2 and the length is determined by experiment1 and should not exceed #bd calibres4 ,the exterior surface of a cannon is composed of several surfaces1 more or less inclined to the axis of the bore1 the forms of which have been determined by experiment4 #ac4 ,why is a piece made stronger near the breech than towards the muzzle8 ,because the elastic force of the inflamed gunpowder is there greatest1 constantly diminishing in intensity as the space increases in which it acts4 #ad4 ,what is the length of a piece8 ,the distance from the rear of the base-ring to the face of the piece4 ,sidenote3 #ab #ae4 ,what is the extreme length8 ,from the rear of the cascable to the face4 #af4 ,what is the bore of a piece8 ,it includes the part bored out1 viz3 the cylinder1 the chamber 7if there is one71 and the conical or spherical surface connecting them4 #ag4 ,what is understood by the calibre of a piece8 ,the diameter of the bore4 #ah4 ,how do you ascertain the number of calibres in a piece8 ,divide the length of the cylinder1 in inches1 by the number of inches in the calibre4 #ai4 ,the number of calibres being known1 how do you find the length of the cylinder8 ,multiply the number of calibres by the calibre in inches4 #bj4 ,what is meant by the sights of a piece8 ,artificial marks on the piece for determining the line of fire4 #ba4 ,how are the sights determined8 ,usually by means of the gunner's level1 when the trunnions are perfectly horizontal4 #bb4 ,what is the line of metal or the natural line of sight8 ,it is a line drawn from the highest point of the base-ring to the highest point on the swell of the muzzle4 #bc4 ,what is the axis of a piece8 ,an imaginary line passing through the centre of the bore4 #bd4 ,what is the natural angle of sight8 ,it is the angle which the natural line of sight makes with the axis of the piece4 ,sidenote3 #ac #be4 ,what is the dispart of a piece8 ,it is the difference of the semi-diameter of the base-ring and the swell of the muzzle1 or the muzzle-band4 ,it is1 therefore1 the tangent of the natural angle of sight to a radius equal to the distance from the rear of the base-ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle1 or the front of the muzzle-band1 as the case may be1 measured parallel to the axis4 #bf4 ,give the nomenclature of a piece8 ,the ,,cascable is the part of the gun in rear of the base-ring1 and is composed generally of the knob1 the neck1 the fillet1 and the base of the breech4 ,the ,,base ,,of ,,the ,,breech is a frustum of a cone1 or a spherical segment in rear of the breech4 ,the ,,base-,,ring is a projecting band of metal adjoining the base of the breech1 and connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding4 ,the ,,breech is the mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore1 extending to the rear of the base-ring4 ,the ,,reinforce is the thickest part of the body of the gun1 in front of the breech2 if there be more than one reinforce1 that which is next the breech is called the first reinforce2 the other the second reinforce4 ,the ,,reinforce ,,band is at the junction of the first and second reinforces in the heavy howitzers and columbiads4 ,the ,,chase is the conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce4 ,the ,,astragal ,,and ,,fillets in field guns1 and the chase ring in other pieces1 are the mouldings at the front end of the chase4 ,sidenote3 #ad ,the ,,neck is the smallest part of the piece in front of the astragal or the chase ring4 ,the ,,swell ,,of ,,the ,,muzzle is the largest part of gun in front of the neck4 ,it is terminated by the muzzle mouldings1 which in field and siege guns1 consist of the lip and fillet4 ,in sea-coast guns and heavy howitzers and columbiads1 there is no fillet4 ,in field and siege howitzers1 and in mortars1 a muzzle-band takes the place of the swell of the muzzle4 ,the ,,face of the piece is the terminating plane perpendicular to the axis of the bore4 ,the ,,trunnions are cylinders1 the axes of which are in a line perpendicular to the axis of the bore1 and in the same plane with that axis4 ,the ,,rimbases are short cylinders uniting the trunnions with the body of the gun4 ,the ends of the rimbases1 or the shoulders of the trunnions1 are planes perpendicular to the axis of the trunnions4 ,the ,,bore of the piece includes all the part bored out1 viz43 the cylinder1 the chamber 7if there is one71 and the conical or spherical surface connecting them4 ,the ,,chamber in howitzers1 columbiads1 and mortars1 is the smallest part of the bore1 and contains the charge of powder4 ,in the howitzers and columbiads1#a the chamber is cylindrical2 and is united with the large cylinder of the bore by a conical surface2 the angles of intersection of this conical surface with the cylinders of the bore and chamber1 are rounded 7in profile7 by arcs of circles4 ,in the #h-;inch siege howitzer1 the chamber is united with the cylinder of the bore by a ,spherical surface1 in order that the shell may when necessary1 be inserted without a sabot4 #a ,the new columbiad is made without a chamber4 ,sidenote3 #ae ,the ,,bottom ,,of ,,the ,,bore 7to facilitate sponging7 is a plane perpendicular to the axis1 united with the sides 7in profile7 by an arc of a circle the radius of which is one-fourth of the diameter of the bore at the bottom4 ,in the columbiads1 the heavy sea-coast mortars1 stone mortar1 and eprouvette1 the bottom of the bore is hemispherical4 ,the ,,muzzle1 or mouth of the bore1 is chamfered to a depth of #j4ae inch to #j4e inch 7varying with the size of the bore71 in order to prevent abrasion1 and to facilitate loading4 ,the ,,true ,,windage is the difference between the true diameters of the bore and of the ball4 #bg4 ,what is the vent8 ,the aperture through which fire is communicated to the charge4 #bh4 ,what is to be observed in reference to the diameter of the vent8 ,it should be as small as the use of the priming wire and tube will allow4 #bi4 ,why8 ,as the velocity of the gases arising from the combustion of the powder is extremely great1 a large amount escapes through the vent1 which contributes nothing to the velocity of the projectile4 ,it therefore follows1 that the effect produced by a given charge will diminish as the diameter of the vent increases4 ,besides1 on account of the increase of power in the current that escapes from them1 large vents are more rapidly injured than small ones4 ,sidenote3 #af #cj4 ,what is the diameter of the vent8 #j4b of an inch in all pieces except the eprouvette1 in which it is #j4a4 #ca4 ,what is the position of the axis of the vent8 ,the axis of the vent1 is in a plane passing through the axis of the bore1 perpendicular to the axis of the trunnions4 ,in guns1 and in howitzers having cylindrical chambers1 the vent is placed at an angle of #hj with the axis of the bore1 and it enters the bore at a distance from the bottom equal to one-fourth the diameter of the bore4 ,as this inclination renders it easy to pull the friction tube out of the vent1 that of the new #ab-pdr4 field gun1 and the new columbiads has been placed perpendicular to the axis4 #cb4 ,what are the quarter-sights of a piece8 ,divisions marked on the upper quarters of the base ring1 commencing where it would be intersected by a plane parallel to the axis of the piece1 and tangent to the upper surface of the trunnions4 ,,note4--,not used in our service4 #cc4 ,to what use are the quarter-sights applied8 ,for giving elevations up to three degrees but especially for pointing a piece at a less elevation than the natural angle of sight4 #cd4 ,what is a breech-sight8 ,an instrument having a graduated scale of tangents1 by means of which any elevation may be given to a piece4 ,sidenote3 #ag #ce4 ,how are the divisions of the tangent scale found8 ,by taking the length of the piece1 from the rear of the base-ring to the swell of the muzzle1 measured on a line parallel to the axis1 and multiplying it by the natural tangent of as many degrees as may be required2 and then deduct the dispart4 ,thus1 for #e elevation1 and the gun supposed to be #e feet1 or #fj inches long1 multiply 4#jhgdh1 which is the natural tangent of #e1 by #fj2 the product gives #e4bdhh inches2 supposing the dispart to be #a inch1 the graduating of the tangent scale will be #d4bdhh inches4 #cf4 ,with what pieces are breech-sights used8 ,guns and howitzers4 #cg4 ,what is a pendulum hausse8 ,it is a tangent scale1 the graduations of which are the tangents of each quarter of a degree of elevation1 to a radius equal to the distance between the muzzle-sight of the piece1 and the axis of vibration of the hausse1 which is one inch in rear of the base-ring4 ,at the lower end of the scale is a brass bulb filled with lead4 ,the slider which marks the divisions on the scale is of thin brass1 and is clamped at any desired division on the scale by means of a screw4 ,the scale passes through a slit in a piece of steel1 with which it is connected by a screw1 forming a pivot on which the scale can vibrate laterally4 ,this piece of steel terminates in pivots1 by means of which the pendulum is supported on the seat attached to the gun1 and is at liberty to vibrate in the direction of the axis of the piece4 ,the seat is of metal1 and is fastened to the base of the breech by screws1 so that the centres of the steel pivots of vibration shall be at a distance from the axis of the piece equal to the radius of the base-ring4 ,sidenote3 #ah ,a ,,muzzle-,,sight of iron is screwed into the swell of the muzzle of guns1 or into the middle of the muzzle-ring of howitzers4 ,the height of this sight is equal to the dispart of the piece1 so that a line joining the muzzle-sight and the pivot of the tangent scale is parallel to the axis of the piece4 #ch4 ,what is a gunner's level1 or gunner's perpendicular8 ,an instrument made of sheet-brass2 the lower part is cut in the form of a crescent1 the points of which are made of steel2 a small spirit-level is fastened to one side of the plate1 parallel to the line joining the points of the crescent1 and a slider is fastened to the same side of the plate1 perpendicular to the axis of the level4 #ci4 ,what is it used for8 ,to mark the points of sight on pieces4 #dj4 ,what is a plummet8 ,a simple line and bob for pointing mortars4 #da4 ,what is a gunner's quadrant8 ,it is a graduated quarter of a circle of sheet-brass1 attached to a brass rule #ah inches long4 ,it has a vernier turning on a pivot1 to which is attached a spirit-level4 ,to get a required elevation1 the vernier is fixed at the indicated degree1 the brass rule is then inserted in the bore parallel to the axis of the piece2 the gun is then elevated or depressed until the level is horizontal4 ,there is another graduated quadrant of wood1 of #f inches radius1 attached to a rule #bc4e inches long4 ,it has a plumb-line and bob1 which are carried1 when not in use1 in a hole in the end of the rule1 covered by a brass plate4 ,sidenote3 #ai #db4 ,what is an elevating arc1 and its use8 ,it is an arc attached to the rear part of the cheek of a gun-carriage1 having its centre in the axis of the trunnions2 the arc is graduated into degrees and parts of a degree4 ,by placing the axis of the piece horizontal1 and marking the breech at any one of the divisions on the arc1 any elevation or depression required will be noted by the number of degrees below or above this mark4 ,it turns on a pivot which admits of the arc1 when not in use1 being placed inside the cheek to which it is attached4 #dc4 ,what is the use of the knob of the cascable8 ,to facilitate the handling of the piece in mounting and dismounting it1 and moving it when off its carriage4 #dd4 ,of what use are the trunnions of a piece8 ,by means of them the piece is attached to its carriage2 and by being placed near the centre of gravity1 it is easily elevated or depressed4 #de4 ,what are the dolphins of a piece8 ,two handles placed upon the piece with their centres over the centre of gravity1 by which it is mounted or dismounted4 #df4 ,are all pieces provided with dolphins8 ,only the #ab-pdr4 brass guns1 and the #bd and #cb-pdr4 brass howitzers4 #dg4 ,what is understood by the preponderance of a piece8 ,it is the excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over that in front2 it is measured by the weight which it is necessary to apply in the plane of the muzzle to balance the gun when suspended freely on the axis of the trunnions4 #dh4 ,why is this preponderance given8 ,to prevent the sudden dipping of the muzzle1 in firing1 and violent concussion on the carriage at the breech4 ,sidenote3 #bj #di4 ,what is bushing a piece of artillery8 ,inserting a piece of metal about an inch in diameter 7near the bottom of the bore71 through the centre of which the vent has been previously drilled4 ,it is screwed in4 #ej4 ,what kind of metal is used for bushing bronze pieces8 ,pure copper always1 which is not so liable to run from heat as gun metal4 #ea4 ,what is the object of bushing a piece8 ,to prevent deterioration of the vent1 or provide a new one when this has already occurred4 #eb4 ,is all new artillery bushed8 ,no1 only bronze pieces1 and iron pieces1 only when repeated firing has rendered it absolutely necessary4 #ec4 ,how is artillery rendered unserviceable8 ,i4 ,drive into the vent a jagged and hardened steel spike with a soft point1 or a nail without a head2 break it off flush with the outer surface1 and clinch the point inside by means of the rammer4 ,,ii4 ,wedge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with felt1 or by means of iron wedges1 using the rammer or a bar of iron to drive them in4 ,,iii4 ,cause shells to burst in the bore of bronze guns4 ,,iv4 ,fire broken shot from them with large charges4 ,v4 ,fill the piece with sand over the charge1 to burst it4 ,,vi4 ,fire a piece against another1 muzzle to muzzle1 or the muzzle of one to the chase of the other4 ,,vii4 ,light a fire under the chase of a bronze gun1 and strike on it with a sledge1 to bend it4 ,,viii4 ,break off the trunnions of iron guns2 or burst them by firing them at a high elevation1 with heavy charges and full of shot4 ,sidenote3 #ba #ed4 ,state how to unspike a piece4 ,if the spike is not screwed in or clinched1 and the bore is not impeded1 put in a charge of powder of the weight of the shot1 and ram junk wads over it2 laying on the bottom of the bore a slip of wood1 with a groove on the under side containing a strand of quick-match1 by which fire is communicated to the charge4 ,in a brass gun1 take out some of the metal at the upper orifice of the vent1 and pour sulphuric acid into the groove1 and let it stand some hours before firing4 ,if this method1 several times repeated1 is not successful1 unscrew the vent piece if it be a brass gun2 and if an iron one1 drill out the spike1 or drill a new vent4 #ee4 ,explain how to drive out a shot wedged in the bore4 ,unscrew the vent piece1 if there be one1 and drive in wedges so as to start the shot forward2 then ram it back again in order to seize the wedge with a hook2 or pour in powder1 and fire it after replacing the vent piece4 ,in the last resort1 bore a hole in the bottom of the breech1 drive out the shot1 and stop the hole with a screw4 #ef4 ,what is scaling a piece of artillery8 ,flashing off a small quantity of powder to clean out the bore2 about #a-ab of the shot's weight4 ,the practice is discontinued4 ,sidenote3 #bb #eg4 ,how are cannon in our service marked8 ,as follows1 viz3 ,the number of the gun and the initials of the inspector's name on the face of the muzzle1--the numbers in a separate series for each kind and calibre at each foundry2 the initial letters of the name of the founder1 and of the foundry1 on the end of the right trunnion2 the year of the fabrication on the end of the left trunnion2 the foundry number on the end of the right rimbase1 above the trunnion2 the weight of the piece in pounds on the base of the breech2 the letters ,u4 ,s4 on the upper surface of the piece1 near the end of the reinforce4 #eh4 ,what marks are used to designate condemned pieces8 ,pieces rejected on inspection are marked ,x ,c on the face of the muzzle2 if condemned for erroneous dimensions which cannot be remedied1 add ,x ,d2 if by powder proof1 ,x ,p2 if by water proof1 ,x ,w4 #ei4 ,what are the kinds of proof which artillery must undergo1 before being received into the service8 #ast4 ,they are gauged as to their several dimensions1 internal and external2 as to justness and position of the bore1 the chamber1 vent1 trunnions1 c4 #b;d4 ,they are fired with a regulated charge of powder and shot1 being afterwards searched to discover irregularities or holes produced by the firing4 #c;d4 ,by means of engines1 an endeavor is made to force water through them4 #dth4 ,they are examined internally1 by means of light reflected from a mirror4 ,sidenote3 #bc #fj4 ,are brass cannon liable to external injury1 caused by service8 ,they are little subject to such injury1 except from the bending of the trunnions sometimes1 after long service or heavy charges4 ,,note4--,recent experiments at ,fort ,monroe show that brass guns1 when rifled1 and fired with large charges and heavy shot1 expand so much that the projectile does not take the grooves4 #fa4 ,what are the causes of internal injury8 ,internal injuries are caused by the action of the elastic fluids developed in the combustion of the powder1 or by the action of the shot in passing out of the bore4 #fb4 ,name the injuries of the first kind4 ,enlargement of the bore by the compression of the metal2 corrosion of the metal at the inner orifice of the vent1 or at the mouth of the cylindrical chamber2 cracks1 from the yielding of the cohesion of the metal2 cavities1 cracks enlarged by the action of the gas1 and by the melting of the metal1 observable especially in the upper surface of the bore4 #fc4 ,name those of the second kind4 ,sidenote3 #bd ,the lodgment of the shot1--a compression of the metal on the lower side of the bore1 at the seat of the shot1 which is caused by the pressure of the gas in escaping over the top of the shot4 ,there is a corresponding burr in front of the lodgment2 and the motion thereby given to the shot causes it to strike alternately on the top and bottom of the bore1 producing other enlargements1 generally three in number3 the first1 on the upper side a little in advance of the trunnions2 the second1 on the lower side about the astragal2 the third1 in the upper part of the muzzle2 it is chiefly from this cause that brass guns become unserviceable4 ,scratches1 caused by the fragments of a broken shot1 or the roughness of an imperfect one2 enlargement of the muzzle by the striking of the shot in leaving the bore2 external cracks1 or longitudinal slits1 caused by too great a compression of the metal on the inside4 #fd4 ,when is a piece said to be honeycombed8 ,when the surface of the bore is full of small holes or cavities4 #fe4 ,to what is this due8 ,to the melting and volatilization of a portion of the tin in the alloy2 tin being much more fusible than copper4 #ff4 ,do lodgments cause an inaccuracy of fire8 ,they do4 #fg4 ,how may this in a measure be remedied8 ,by using a wad over the cartridge1 in order to change the place of the shot2 or by wrapping the shot in woollen cloth or paper1 so as to diminish the windage4 ,in field guns1 the paper cap which is taken off the cartridge should always be put over the shot4 #fh4 ,to what injuries are iron cannon subject8 ,to the above defects in a less degree than brass1 except the corrosion of the metal1 by which the vent is rendered unserviceable from enlargement4 ,the principal cause of injury to iron cannon is the rusting of the metal1 producing a roughness and enlargement of the bore1 and an increase of any cavities or honeycombs which may exist in the metal4 #fi4 ,how may you judge of the service of an iron gun8 ,generally by the appearance of the vent4 ,sidenote3 #be #gj4 ,what rules are laid down for the preservation of artillery8 ,cannon should be placed together1 according to kind and calibre1 on skids of stone1 iron1 or wood1 laid on hard ground well rammed and covered with a layer of cinders or of some other material to prevent vegetation4 ,in case of guns and long howitzers1 the pieces should rest on the skids in front of the base ring and in rear of the astragal1 the axis inclined at an angle of #d or #e with the horizon1 the muzzle lowest1 the trunnions touching each other2 or the trunnion of one piece may rest on the adjoining piece1 so that the axis of the trunnions may be inclined about #de to the horizon2 the vent down1 stopped with a greased wooden plug1 or with putty or tallow4 ,the pieces may be piled in two tiers1 with skids placed between them exactly over those which rest on the ground2 the muzzles of both tiers in the same direction and their axes preserving the same inclination4 ,in case of short howitzers and mortars1 the pieces should stand on their muzzles1 resting on thick planks1 the trunnions touching1 the vents stopped4 #ga4 ,what additional precautions should be observed in case of iron pieces8 ,they should be covered on the exterior with a lacker impervious to water2 the bore and the vent should be greased with a mixture of oil and tallow1 or of tallow and beeswax melted together and boiled to expel the water4 ,the lacker should be renewed as often as necessary1 and the grease at least once a year4 ,the lacker and grease should be applied in hot weather4 ,the cannon should be frequently inspected1 to see that moisture does not collect in the bore4 ,sidenote3 #bf ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,on ,,guns4 #a4 ,what are ,guns8 ,long cannon without chambers4 #b4 ,how are guns denominated8 ,by the weight of their respective shot4 #c4 ,what are the principal parts of a gun8 ,the cascable1 breech1 reinforce1 chase1 and muzzle4 #d4 ,what proportion usually exists between the length and calibre of a gun8 ,it varies from #ae to #bc calibres4 #e4 ,what proportion does the dispart of a gun bear generally to its length8 ,about a sixtieth part in field guns1 about a thirtieth part in sea-coast1 and about a thirty-eighth part in siege and garrison guns4 #f4 ,what is the natural angle of sight in siege and garrison guns8 ,one degree and thirty minutes4 #g4 ,what is it in field guns8 ,one degree4 #h4 ,why have sea-coast guns no natural line of sight8 ,because the swell of the muzzle is not visible when the eye is on a level with the base ring4 #i4 ,upon what are guns mounted8 ,on field1 siege1 barbette or casemate carriages4 ,sidenote3 #bg #aj4 ,what projectiles are used with guns8 ,solid shot1 spherical case1 grape1 and canister4 #aa4 ,about what are the weights of the different guns8 #f-pdr41 #hhd lbs42 brass #ab-pdr41 #a1geg lbs42 iron #ab-pdr41 #c1eij lbs42 #ah-pdr41 #d1iac lbs42 #bd-pdr41 #e1gij lbs42 #cb-pdr41 #g1bjj lbs42 #db-pdr41 #h1dfe lbs4 #ab4 ,give the entire length of the several guns8 #f-pdr4 field-gun1 #fe4f inches2 #ab-pdr4 field-gun1 #he inches2 #ab-pdr4 iron gun1 #aaf inches2 #ah-pdr41 #abc4be inches2 #bd-pdr41 #abd inches2 #cb-pdr41 #abe4b inches2 #db-pdr41 #abi inches4 ,sidenote3 #bh ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,on ,,howitzers4 #a4 ,what is a ,howitzer8 ,a chambered piece1 of larger calibre than a gun of like weight1 and mounted in a similar manner4 #b4 ,what form of chamber is given to howitzers8 ,that of a cylinder4 #c4 ,how is it united with the large cylinder of the bore8 ,by a conical surface1 except in the #h-;inch siege howitzer1 where it is united with the cylinder of the bore by a spherical surface1 in order that the shell may--when necessary--be inserted without a sabot4 #d4 ,what advantages are gained by the employment of howitzers8 ,they project larger shells than the guns with which they are associated1 are well adapted for ricochet fire1 the destruction of field works1 breaking down palisades1 and setting fire to buildings4 #e4 ,what projectiles are used with howitzers8 ,shells usually1 spherical case1 canister1 grape and carcasses4 ,sidenote3 #bi #f4 ,give the entire length of the several howitzers4 ,iron #aj-;inch1 #abd4be inches2 #h-;inch sea-coast1 #aji inches2 #h-;inch siege and garrison1 #fa4e inches2 #bd-pdr4 garrison1 #fi inches2 #cb-pdr4 field1 #hb inches2 #bd-pdr4 field1 #ga4b inches2 #ab-pdr4 field1 #eh4f inches2 mountain1 #ab-pdr41 #cg4ba inches4 #g4 ,what is the weight of a howitzer of each kind8 #aj-;inch1 #i1ejj lbs42 #h-;inch sea-coast1 #e1gdj lbs42 #h-;inch siege and garrison1 #b1fad lbs42 #bd-pdr4 garrison1 #a1dgf lbs42 #cb-pdr4 field1 #a1ibj lbs42 #bd-pdr4 field1 #a1cah lbs42 #ab-pdr4 field1 #ghh lbs42 #ab pdr4 mountain1 #bbj lbs4 #h4 ,what is the natural angle of sight in siege and garrison and field howitzers8 ,one degree4 #i4 ,what in mountain howitzers8 ,thirty-seven minutes4 #aj4 ,why have sea-coast howitzers no natural line of sight8 ,because the swell of the muzzle is not visible when the eye is on a level with the base ring4 ,sidenote3 #cj ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,on ,,columbiads4 #a4 ,what is a ,columbiad8 ,a gun of much larger calibre than the ordinary gun1 used for throwing solid shot or shells4 #b4 ,what are some of the peculiarities of this gun1 when mounted in barbette8 ,its carriage gives a vertical field of fire from #e depression to #ci elevation2 and a horizontal field of fire of #cfj4 #c4 ,are these pieces chambered8 ,those of the old pattern have chambers2 but they are now cast without any4 #d4 ,give the weight of this piece8 #aj-;inch1 #ae1djj lbs42 #h-;inch1 #i1bdj lbs4 #e4 ,what is the entire length of this gun8 #aj-;inch1 #abf inches2 #h-;inch1 #abd inches4 #f4 ,what is the natural angle of sight in this piece8 #h-;inch1 #a #bc2 #aj-;inch1 #a #ba4 ,sidenote3 #ca ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,v4 ,,on ,,mortars4 #a4 ,what is a ,mortar8 ,the shortest piece in service2 the trunnions are placed in rear of the vent at the breech2 the bore is very large in proportion to the length1 and is provided with a chamber4 #b4 ,what are the principal advantages obtained by the employment of mortars8 ,reaching objects by their vertical fire--such as a town1 battery1 or other place--whose destruction or injury cannot be effected by direct or ricochet fire2 dismounting the enemy's artillery2 setting fire to and overthrowing works2 blowing up magazines2 breaking through the roofs of barracks1 casemates1 c42 and producing havoc and disorder amongst troops4 #c4 ,what do you mean by vertical fire8 ,that produced by firing the mortar at a high elevation4 #d4 ,what are its advantages8 ,the shell having attained a great elevation1 descends with great force on the object1 in consequence of the constant action of the force of gravity on it4 ,sidenote3 #cb #e4 ,why are mortars constructed stronger and shorter than other pieces8 ,because greater resistance is required in consequence of the high elevation under which they are fired2 and were they longer1 the difficulty experienced in loading them would become too great4 #f4 ,why is a mortar constructed with a chamber8 ,in consequence of employing various charges1 some very small1 it becomes necessary to use a chamber to concentrate the charge as much as possible1 so that the shell may be acted on by the entire expansive force of the powder4 #g4 ,what form of chamber is given to mortars8 ,usually that of a frustum of a cone4 ,the bottom is hemispherical in the sea-coast1 stone1 and eprouvette mortars4 ,in siege mortars it is a plane surface1 the angles of intersection being rounded in profile by arcs of circles4 #h4 ,what is this form of chamber called8 ,gomer ,chamber4 #i4 ,what is the advantage of the conical over the cylindrical chamber8 ,cylindrical chambers are objectionable1 as the projectile is frequently broken in consequence of the small surface exposed to the action of the charge4 ,this defect is obviated by large chambers1 and particularly by those that are conical1 in which the charge is expended upon nearly a hemisphere4 #aj4 ,what form of chamber has the eprouvette8 ,that of a cylinder1 it being the only mortar whose chamber is of this shape4 #aa4 ,how are mortars mounted8 ,on beds of wood or iron4 ,sidenote3 #cc #ab4 ,what is the object of mounting mortars on beds in preference to wheel carriages8 ,on account of the high elevation at which they are usually fired1 when the recoil1 instead of forcing the piece backwards1 tends to force it downwards1 and this tendency becomes so great at the higher angles that no wheel carriage could long sustain the shock4 #ac4 ,what is the entire length of each mortar8 #ac-;inch1 #ec inches2 #aj-;inch sea-coast1 #df inches2 #aj-;inch siege1 #bh inches2 #h-;inch1 #cb4e inches2 stone mortar1 #ca4ee inches2 coehorn1 #af4cb inches4 #ad4 ,what are the weights of mortars8 #ac-;in41 #aa1ejj lbs42 #aj-;in4 sea-coast1 #e1gge lbs42 #aj-;in4 siege1 #a1heb lbs42 #h-;in41 #icj lbs42 stone mortar1 #a1ejj lbs42 coehorn1 #afd lbs42 eprouvette1 #bbj lbs4 #ae4 ,what are the weights of the different mortar beds8 #h-;in4 siege1 #ibj lbs42 #aj-;in4 siege1 #a1hcj lbs42 coehorn1 #acb lbs42 eprouvette1 #bhj lbs4 #af4 ,what are the diameters of the bores of the stone1 coehorn1 and eprouvette mortars8 ,stone mortar1 #af inches2 coehorn1 #e4hb inches2 eprouvette1 #e4fee inches4 #ag4 ,what is the length of the bore1 exclusive of the chamber1 of the different mortars8 #ac-;in41 #bf inches2 #aj-;in4 sea-coast1 #be inches2 #aj-;in4 siege1 #ae inches2 #h-;in41 #ab inches2 stone mortar1 #ai4h inches2 coehorn1 #h4hb inches2 eprouvette1 #aa4e inches4 #ah4 ,what is the length of the chamber of the different mortars8 #ac-;in41 #ac inches2 #aj-;in4 sea-coast1 #aj inches2 #aj-;in4 siege1 #e inches2 #h-;in41 #d inches2 stone mortar1 #f4ge inches2 coehorn1 #d4be inches2 eprouvette1 #a4ce inches4 ,sidenote3 #cd #ai4 ,for what purpose is the eprouvette used8 ,for determining the relative strength of gunpowder4 #bj4 ,to what purpose is a stone mortar applied8 ,to throw stones a short distance1 from #aej to #bej yards2 and also #f-pr4 shells from #ej to #aej yards4 #ba4 ,in what manner are the stones disposed in this mortar8 ,they are put into a basket fitted to the bore1 and placed on a wooden bottom which covers the mouth of the chamber4 #bb4 ,what use is made of coehorn mortars8 ,they are fired either from behind intrenchments like other mortars1 or they may accompany troops in effecting lodgments in towns and fortified places4 #bc4 ,what kind of projectiles are thrown from mortars8 ,shells1 fire-balls1 carcasses1 and stones4 #bd4 ,how rapidly may siege mortars be fired8 ,at the rate of twelve rounds per hour continuously2 and in case of need with greater rapidity4 ,sidenote3 #ce ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,sea-,,coast ,,artillery4 #a4 ,how are ,sea-,coast pieces mounted8 ,on barbette1 casemate1 flank-casemate1 and columbiad carriages2 and the carriage upon which the mortar is mounted--called its bed4 ,these carriages do not subserve the purpose of transportation2 the barbette carriage may1 however1 be used for moving its piece for short distances1 as from one front of the work to another4 #b4 ,what number and kind of pieces are required for the armaments of forts on the sea-board8 ,in our service they are prescribed by the ,war ,department1 according to the character and extent of the work4 #c4 ,what disposition should be made of heavy and light pieces in a fortification8 ,heavy pieces should be employed on the salients of the work1 or for enfilading channels where a long range is required2 light pieces1 where the range is shorter4 ,sidenote3 #cf ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,siege ,,artillery4 #a4 ,how are siege-guns mounted8 ,usually on travelling-carriages1 with limbers4 #b4 ,of what number and kind of pieces is a siege train composed8 ,this must altogether depend on circumstances2 but the following general principles may be observed in assigning the proportion of different kinds and calibres1 and the relative quantity of other supplies for a train of #ajj pieces3 ,,guns4 #bd-pdr41 about one-half the whole number1 #ej #ah-pdr4 or #ab-pdr41 one-tenth1 #aj ,,howitzers4 #h-;in4 siege1 one-fourth1 #be ,,mortars4 #aj-;in4 siege1 one-eighth1 #ab #h-;in4 siege1 #c ,,stone-,,mortars1 #f ,,coehorn ,,mortars1 in addition to the #ajj pieces1 #f ,,wall ,,pieces1 #dj ,sidenote3 #cg ,,carriages4 ,for #bd-pdr4 guns1 and #h-;in4 howitzers1 one-fifth spare1 #ij ,for #ah-pdr4 and #ab-pdr4 guns1 #ab ,for #aj-;in4 mortars and stone-mortars1 one-sixth spare1 #ba ,for #h-;in4 mortars1 #d ,mortar-wagons1 #a for each #aj-;in4 mortar and bed1 for each stone mortar and bed1 and for three #h-;in4 mortar and beds1 #ch ,wagons for transporting implements1 intrenching and miner's tools1 laboratory tools and utensils and other stores1 each loaded with about #b1gjj lbs41 say1 #adj ,carts 7carrying balls1 c4 on the march71 #ej ,park battery-wagons1 fully equipped1 #bh ,park forges1 8 8 #h ,sling carts1 large1 #e ,do4 hand1 #d ,,draught ,,horses4 ,for each gun and howitzer1 with its carriage1 #h 8 ,spare gun-carriage1 #f 8 ,mortar wagon1 #h 8 ,battery wagon1 #f 8 ,forge1 #f 8 ,cart1 #b 8 ,sling-cart1 large1 #b 8 ,spare horses1 #a-ajth ------------ ,total1 about #a1ijj horses4 ,sidenote3 #ch ,,projectiles ,,and ,,ammunition4 ,round-shot1 #hjj to each #bd-pdr41 #a1jjj to each #ah and #ab pdr4 ,for ,guns4 ,grape and canisters strapped1 #bj rounds to each piece4 ,spherical case strapped1 #bj rounds to each piece4 ,shells1 #hjj to each #h-;in4 howitzer4 ,,for ,,howitzers4 ,canisters strapped1 #e to each4 ,spher4 case strapped1 #bj to each4 #fjj shells to each #aj-;inch4 ,,for ,,mortars4 #hfj 8 8 #h-;inch4 #bjj 8 8 ,coehorn4 ,gunpowder1 in barrels1 #ejj1jjj lbs4 ,computing for each #bd-pdr4 round-shot1 one-third the weight of shot4 8 8 #ah and #ab pdr4 round-shot1 one-fourth the weight of shot4 8 8 grape1 canister and spherical case1 one-sixth the weight of shot4 8 8 round of howitzer ammunition1 #e lbs4 8 8 round #aj-;in4 mortar ammunition1 including #g lbs4 charge of 8 8 round #h-;in4 mortar ammunition1 shell4 #c lbs4 8 8 round ,coehorn mortar ammunition1 lb4 8 8 round stone mortar ammunition1 #a lb4 #c4 ,what is the best position for guns in order to make a breach8 ,on the glacis1 within #ae or #af feet of its crest2 but if the foot of the revetment cannot be seen from thence1 the guns must be placed in the covered way1 within #ae feet of the counterscarp4 ,sidenote3 #ci #d4 ,in what manner should the fire of siege guns be conducted in order to form a breach8 #ast4 ,make a horizontal section the length of the desired breach along the scarp1 at one-third its height from the bottom of the ditch1 and to a depth equal to the thickness of the wall4 #b;d4 ,make vertical cuts through the wall1 not farther than ten yards apart1 and not exceeding one to each piece of ordnance1 beginning at the horizontal section and ascending gradually to the top of the wall4 #c;d4 ,fire at the most prominent parts of the masonry left standing2 beginning always at the bottom and gradually approaching the top4 #dth4 ,fire into the broken mass with howitzers until the breach is practicable4 #e4 ,how long would it take to make a breach of #bj yards in length8 ,breaches of more than #bj yards in length have been opened by way of experiment1 and rendered practicable in less than ten hours1 by about two hundred and thirty #bd-pdr4 balls and forty shells in one case1 and by three hundred #ah-pdr4 balls and forty shells in another4 #f4 ,how many discharges can an iron gun sustain8 ,an iron gun should sustain twelve hundred discharges1 at the rate of twelve an hour2 but whatever may be the rate of fire1 it is deemed unsafe after that number of discharges4 ,as many as twenty an hour have been made for sixteen consecutive hours4 ,sidenote3 #dj ,,part ,i4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,on ,,field ,,guns ,,and ,,batteries4 #a4 ,what proportion of artillery should be allotted to an army in the field8 ,the proportion of artillery to other troops varies generally between the limits of one and three pieces to #a1jjj men1 according to the strength of the army1 the character of the troops composing it1 the strength and character of the enemy1 the nature of the country which is to be the theatre of the war1 and the character and objects of the war4 #b4 ,what regulates the selection of the kinds of artillery and the proportion of the different kinds in the train8 ,similar considerations to those specified in the foregoing answer4 ,the following principles may be observed in ordinary cases3 are #ab-pdrs4 #c pieces to guns1 of which 8 #f-pdrs4 #a1jjj men4 8 #bd or #cb-pdrs4 howitz41 of which 8 #ab-pdrs4 #c4 ,what is a field-battery8 ,a certain number of pieces of artillery so equipped as to be available for attack or defense1 and capable of accompanying cavalry or infantry in all their movements in the field4 #d4 ,how many pieces are allotted to a field-battery8 ,four guns and two howitzers4 ,sidenote3 #da #e4 ,are all field batteries alike8 ,no2 field batteries accompanying infantry are composed of the heavier1 and those accompanying cavalry of the lighter pieces1 the first manned by foot-artillery1 and the latter by horse-artillery4 #f4 ,in what respect does a battery of horse-artillery differ from one of foot-artillery8 ,the main difference consists in the cannoneers in a battery of horse-artillery being mounted2 in rapid evolutions of foot-artillery they are conveyed on the carriages4 #g4 ,what is the composition of a field-battery on the war establishment8 ,,kind ,,of ,,battery4 #ab-,,pr4 #f-,,pr4 ,,guns4 #ab-pdrs41 mounted1 #d #f-pdrs41 8 #d ,,howitzers4 #bd-pdrs41 mounted1 #b #ab-pdrs41 8 #b ------------ #f #f ,,caissons4 ,for guns1 #h #d ,for howitzers1 #d #b ------------ #ab #f ,,traveling ,,forges1 #a #a ,,battery ,,wagon1 #a #a ------------ #b #b ------------------ ,whole ,no4 of carriages with a battery1 #bj #ad ,shot1 #efj #efj ,for #d guns1 ,spher4 case1 #bbd #hj ,canisters1 #aab #afj ---------------- #hif #hjj ,shells1 #afh #abj ,,ammunition4 ,for #b howitzers1 ,spher4 case1 #aab #afj ,canisters1 #db #cb ---------------- #cbb #cab -------------------- ,total ,no4 rounds with a battery1 #abah #aaab ,,draught ,,horses4 #f to each carriage1 #abj #hd ,spare horses1 #a-ab1 #aj #g ---------------- ,total1 #acj #ia ,sidenote3 #db ,,note4--,for two #cb-pdr4 howitzer carriages and four caissons1 the number of rounds of ammunition is3 ,shells1 #aab ,spher4 case1 #hd ,canisters1 #ad ------ ,total1 #baj #h4 ,what is the composition of a battery of mountain howitzers8 ,howitzers1 #f ,gun-carriages1 #g ,ammunition-chests1 #cf 7#dh rounds for each howitzer47 ,forge and tools1 in #b chests1 #a ,set of carriage-makers' tools in #b chests1 #a ,pack saddles and harness1 #cc ,horses or mules1 #cc #i4 ,what composes the ,field-,park8 ,the spare carriages1 reserved supplies of ammunition1 tools1 and materials for extensive repairs1 and for making up ammunition1 for the service of an army in the field from the ,field-,park1 to which should be attached also the batteries of reserve4 #aj4 ,what determines the quantity of such supplies8 ,the quantities of such supplies must depend in a great measure on the particular circumstances of the campaign4 #aa4 ,how is the ammunition which cannot be transported by the batteries carried8 ,with the park2 in caissons1 or in store wagons4 ,sidenote3 #dc #ab4 ,do any other carriages and stores form part of the ,field-,park8 ,yes2 spare gun-carriages1 one to each field-battery1 ,traveling ,forges1 ,battery-,wagons1 one or more of each4 ,spare spokes1 #ej to each battery1 ,spare fellies1 #bj to each battery1 in store wagons4 ,spare harness1 in ,horse-shoes and nails1 boxes4 ,gunpowder1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 charcoal1 laboratory paper1 cannon-primers 7percussion and friction71 fuzes and plugs for field-service1 stuff for cartridge bags1 woollen yarn1 cotton yarn1 glue4 #ac4 ,are any other pieces ever used for field service8 ,yes3 sometimes the #ab and #ah-pdr4 siege guns1 and the #h-;in4 siege howitzer4 #ad4 ,for what particular service are these different pieces most suitable8 ,the siege pieces for batteries of position2 the #ab-pdr4 battery1 for following the movements of infantry1 and the #f-pdr4 battery for those of cavalry4 ,,note4--,these siege pieces should be placed on the weakest points of a line1 and on heights which either form a key to the position1 or from whence the greatest and longest continued effect may be produced4 #ae4 ,what are the peculiar advantages of ,horse-,artillery8 ,possessing1 from their lighter construction and mounted detachments1 much greater locomotive powers than other field batteries1 they are especially adapted for following the rapid evolutions of cavalry1 for sudden attacks upon particular points1 and for supporting the advance or covering the retreat of an army4 ,sidenote3 #dd #af4 ,how is a field gun mounted8 ,upon a four-wheel carriage1 which answers for its transportation as well as for its service1 similar to a siege carriage1 but lighter1 and the limber carrying an ammunition chest4 #ag4 ,where should a battery be placed before the commencement of an action8 ,as much as possible under cover1 by taking advantage of banks1 hollow-ways1 buildings1 woods1 c4 #ah4 ,is if advisable to move a battery at once into position in the field8 ,no2 but if unavoidable1 it should be masked as much as possible until ordered to open its fire4 #ai4 ,how should a battery be masked8 ,if practicable1 by covering it with cavalry1 in preference to infantry1 as the former does it more effectually1 and is sooner moved out of the way4 #bj4 ,in commencing an action1 how should the fire of a battery be directed8 ,when the enemy is in line1 the fire should be directed over the whole line1 and not upon the real points of attack2 but when in column1 ready to advance1 it should be concentrated upon the real points of attack4 #ba4 ,how should batteries be placed in relation to the troops with which they are acting8 ,upon the flanks of a line1 but at such a distance as not to impede its movements1 and at the same time to be unfettered in their own2 the artillery may thus represent the faces of a bastion1 and the line of troops the curtain4 ,sidenote3 #de #bb4 ,is the front of a line of troops an advantageous position for a field battery8 ,on the contrary1 it is the worst possible1 as offering a double object to the enemy's fire1 and greatly obstructing the movements of the troops2 while a position in rear is nearly as bad1 as the fire might seriously injure1 or at least1 greatly disquiet them4 #bc4 ,in supporting an attack1 what precautions are necessary8 ,the battery should be carefully kept clear of the intended line of march of our own troops1 and such points occupied as may afford the greatest annoyance to the enemy4 #bd4 ,how should batteries be disposed with regard to the enemy's troops8 ,generally so as to secure a cross fire on his position1 and on all the ground over which he moves to the attack1 endeavoring to take him at all times in the direction of his greatest dimensions2 that is1 obliquely or in flank when in line1 and in front when formed in columns4 ,moderate heights1 commanding as much as possible the surrounding country1 should always be taken advantage of1 but not such as may prevent operations in advance if required4 #be4 ,is it imperatively necessary to confine positions for field batteries to the flanks of a line8 ,when1 from particular circumstances1 the front of the army is too extended1 and unavoidably divided into two lines1 it may become necessary to place one or more batteries in the centre1 if those on the flanks are unable to sweep the whole front2 but great care must be taken not to impede the advance or retreat of the troops when required4 ,sidenote3 #df #bf4 ,should the fire of field batteries be carried on at the same uniform rate8 ,certainly not2 the destruction of the enemy being the object1 it follows that at distant ranges1 a greater degree of care is required in pointing the guns2 the fire is slow and steady1 and increasing in rapidity as the enemy advances1 without however1 impairing its precision4 #bg4 ,should the fire of field batteries be carried on in salvoes or otherwise8 ,never in salvoes2 but in a regular manner1 well sustained1 and with distinct intervals between every round1 commencing slowly1 and increasing in rapidity as the range diminishes4 #bh4 ,is the fire of batteries more efficacious when dispersed than when concentrated8 ,the effects of the fire will be in proportion to the number of guns brought together1 and therefore1 in order to strike a decisive blow1 this should at once be done4 #bi4 ,what projectiles are used with field guns8 ,solid shot1 spherical case1 and canister4 #cj4 ,at what distance from the enemy should the several kinds of projectiles be employed with field battery pieces8 ,solid shot from #cej yards and upwards2 spherical case from #fjj up to #ajjj yards1 although it may be used within the first range2 and canister within #cej yards1 or up to #djj against extended formations4 #ca4 ,what number of rounds can be fired from a field gun in one minute8 ,two solid shot or spherical case1 or three of canister4 ,sidenote3 #dg #cb4 ,why are more rounds of canister fired in a minute than of solid shot or spherical case8 ,because the latter are fired at greater distances than canister1 and require the piece to be carefully aimed1 thus requiring more time4 #cc4 ,what is the smallest number of guns that may with safety be employed in the face of an enemy8 ,never less than two1 in order to secure a continuous fire and mutual support4 #cd4 ,is the practice of employing field batteries against those of the enemy recommended8 ,only under peculiar circumstances2 as for instance1 when his troops are well covered and his guns exposed1 or their fire very destructive4 ,their fire should be directed principally against columns of attack1 and masses1 or upon positions which are intended to be carried4 #ce4 ,in what time could a battery come into action in the field8 ,it could come into action and fire one round in #be seconds1 timing from the order 8action front10 to the discharge of one piece4 #cf4 ,suppose cavalry to be advancing to attack infantry1 and first observed at the distance of a mile1 passing over the first half mile at a trot2 the next quarter of a mile at the manuvring gallop2 and the remaining distance at an increased gallop1 terminating with the charge2 occupying altogether about six minutes3 during the last #aejj yards of their advance how many rounds per piece might a battery fire in that time8 ,eleven rounds with effect1 thus3 ,from #aejj to #fej yards1 #c' #cb--spherical case1 #g 8 #fej to #cej 8 #j' #dh--solid shot1 #b 8 #cej to close quarters1 #j' #cd--;canister1 #b ,sidenote3 #dh #cg4 ,what number of rounds could a battery fire against infantry1 supposing them to pass over #aejj yards in about #af minutes8 ,thirty-six rounds with effect1 viz3 ,from #aejj to #fej1 quick step1 #i' #de--spher4 case1 #ai 8 #fej to #cej1 8 #c' #ej--solid shot1 #g 8 #cej to #ajj1 8 #b' #cj--;canister1 #h 8 #ajj to close double quick #j' #dj--;can4 #b quarters and the charge4 #ch4 ,should the enemy attempt to force the passage of a river1 what is the best position for artillery to oppose it8 ,wherever the best cross fire can be obtained in order to obstruct and harass him as much as possible1 and if he has succeeded in passing over any portion of his troops1 it should be directed against their formation4 #ci4 ,when the enemy is making the passage of a river in retreat1 where should your guns be posted8 ,in such a position as to bear upon the batteries that cover the retreat1 and also upon his bridges4 #dj4 ,in forcing the passage of a river1 what is the most advantageous position for artillery8 ,the bridge being generally laid in a re-entering angle1 batteries should be posted on each side of the bridge1 and far enough from it to secure a cross fire on the opposite bank4 #da4 ,should the indiscriminate expenditure of ammunition be permitted in the field during action8 ,upon no account2 ammunition should at all times be carefully husbanded1 particularly at the commencement of an action1 as the want of it at the close may decide the fate of the day2 it should also be sparingly used in skirmishes and minor affairs1 especially when at a distance from supplies1 or in anticipation of a general action4 ,sidenote3 #di #db4 ,when should the reserve be employed8 ,when a particular point of the line requires additional support1 a favorable position is to be seized1 an impression has been made on the line by the enemy1 a forward or retrograde movement is in contemplation1 or when a determined attack is to be made on him1 then the reserve should come up and take part in the action2 and it is of the utmost importance that this should be done as expeditiously as circumstances will permit4 #dc4 ,where should the reserve be placed previous to an engagement8 ,in rear with the second line1 out of the range of shot1 and as little exposed as circumstances will admit1 but always in such a position as to have ready access to the front or rear4 #dd4 ,should guns be lightly abandoned before an enemy8 ,never until the ,,very ,,last ,,extremity4 ,an artilleryman must never forget that his gun is his proper ,,arm2 that here lies his strength2 that here is his post of honor and of duty2 also1 that the ,,last ,,discharges are always ,,the ,,most ,,destructive1 and ,,may ,,possibly ,,insure ,,the ,,safety ,,of ,,the ,,whole ,,army1 or ,,turn ,,the ,,tide ,,of ,,victory ,,in ,,their ,,favor4 #de4 ,what is the position for cavalry when placed in support of a battery8 ,on its flank1 about the distance of #ajj yards1 and as much concealed as possible4 ,sidenote3 #ej #df4 ,what is the proper position of field batteries when infantry squares are attacked by cavalry8 ,when infantry are formed in squares to resist the charge of cavalry1 the guns should be placed outside at the angles of the squares1 the limbers1 horses1 c41 inside4 ,should the detachments be driven from their guns1 they will retire into the square1 after discharging their pieces1 and taking with them the sponges and other equipments2 the moment the enemy has retired1 they recommence their fire4 ,supposing the infantry formed in echelon of regimental squares1 and that the time1 or small extent of the squares would not admit of the limbers1 c41 being placed inside1 then the wagons and limbers should be brought up with their broadsides to the front1 so as to occupy1 if possible1 the space between the guns1 leaving no intervals for the cavalry to cut through3 the prolonge or drag ropes might also offer an effectual momentary impediment to them1 if properly stretched and secured4 ,sidenote3 #ea ,,part ,,ii4 ,,section ,i4 ,,pointing ,,guns ,,and ,,howitzers4 #a4 ,what is meant by the term pointing a piece8 ,to point a piece1 is to give it such a direction and elevation1 or depression1 that the shot may strike the object2 and the rule 7except in case of mortars7 is3 ,first give the direction and then the elevation1 or depression4 #b4 ,when a shot is fired from a piece1 by how many forces is it acted on8 ,by three4--#ast4 ,the impulsive force of the powder1 which urges it forward4 #b;d4 ,the resistance of the air1 which tends to stop it4 #c;d4 ,the force of gravity which causes it to descend4 #c4 ,why is it necessary to give a certain degree of elevation to a piece8 ,because a shot describes under the action of the above forces a curve called a trajectory1 which is situated below the prolongation of the axis of the piece1 the extent of its departure from this line increasing with the time of flight4 ,therefore1 the more distant the object1 the greater must be the elevation to enable the shot to reach it4 #d4 ,how is the direction given to a gun or howitzer8 ,by directing the line of metal upon the object4 ,sidenote3 #eb #e4 ,how is the elevation or depression given8 ,the elevation or depression1 which depends upon the charge1 the distance1 and the position of the object above or below the battery1 must be ascertained from tables or by experiment1 and the proper degree given by means of instruments4 #f4 ,when will the object be struck by merely directing the line of metal upon it8 ,but in one case1--when it is at point-blank distance4 #g4 ,how must the line of metal be directed for all ranges less than the point-blank range1 in order to strike it8 ,so as to pass below the object4 #h4 ,give a simple rule for firing at objects within point-blank4 ,add to the point-blank range the difference between it and the required range1 set the scale to the elevation corresponding to this sum1 as shown by tables of firing4 ,then aim the gun directly at the object2 now apply the scale1 and observe where the visual ray of the scale strikes the ground1 and having noted this point1 aim the gun directly at it4 #i4 ,how must the line of metal be directed for ranges greater than the point-blank range1 in order to strike it8 ,above it4 #aj4 ,when the line of metal passes over the object1 what instruments must be employed for giving the proper elevation8 ,the gunner's quadrant1 or the breech-sight4 ,sidenote3 #ec #aa4 ,how is the quadrant used8 ,after the direction has been given1 the quadrant is applied1 either by its longer branch to the face of the piece1 or this branch is run into the bore parallel with the axis1 or it may be applied to the upper surface of the lock-piece1 making the allowance due to its inclination with the axis of the piece1 which ought to be previously determined1 and the elevating screw turned1 or the quoin adjusted1 until the required degree is indicated4 #ab4 ,how is the breech-sight used8 ,it is first set to the elevation corresponding to the distance2 it is then applied to the highest point of metal on the base-ring1 and by the elevating screw1 or quoin1 the notch of the breech-sight1 the highest point on the swell of the muzzle1 and the object1 are brought in the same line4 #ac4 ,what is a line thus determined called8 ,an artificial line of sight4 #ad4 ,in the absence of instruments1 how may the elevation be given8 ,by placing one or more fingers of the left hand upon the base-ring1 perpendicular to the axis1 and using them as a breech-sight4 ,,note4--,in practice1 it is well to fire two or three shot to determine the range experimentally1 as it is affected by divers causes4 #ae4 ,should the line of metal be always directed in the vertical plane passing through the object8 ,no2 as in practice there are circumstances 7as1 for instance1 a strong wind blowing across the field of fire7 which will cause a ball to deviate from this plane1 it follows that to strike the object1 in such a case1 the line of metal must be directed to its right or left2 the gunner judging of the distance by observing the striking of the shot4 ,sidenote3 #ed #af4 ,is the line of metal a permanent line under all circumstances8 ,no2 in batteries for garrison and sea-coast defense1 where the platforms are fixed1 the line of metal may be considered as nearly permanent2 but with siege guns1 which are mounted on traveling carriages1 the wheels of which are liable to vary in position from unevenness of ground1 or unequal settling in newly constructed platforms1 this line is constantly changing4 ,it approximates the higher wheel in proportion to the difference of level between the wheels2 and hence1 to secure the greatest accuracy of fire1 it must be frequently verified2 the old marks1 if not found correct1 should be erased and new ones substituted4 #ag4 ,when the notches or sights1 which are sometimes made upon the base-ring and swell of the muzzle in field guns1 for aiming the piece are used1 how is the error of direction remedied when the wheels are not on the same level8 ,the piece must be aimed more or less to that side which corresponds to the higher wheel1 according to the inclination4 #ah4 ,when the elevation or depression has once been ascertained for any given distance1 how may the firing at that distance be facilitated8 ,by noting some point on the elevating screw or quoin2 adjusting some fixed measurement from a point on the stock to another point on the under side of the breech2 or by a chalk mark drawn across the face of a trunnion and its corresponding cheek4 ,sidenote3 #ee #ai4 ,when firing either within or beyond point-blank range1 may remarkable points on the ground be taken advantage of1 in order to furnish an object to aim at8 ,yes2 some fixed object may often present itself which will serve as a point upon which to direct the line of metal4 ,no means should be neglected that may tend to secure accuracy of aim2 for the shot that is thrown away by carelessness in pointing1 had better not be thrown at all4 #bj4 ,how may precision of fire be secured at night8 ,when a fixed object is to be fired at by night1 the piece should be directed during the day1 and two narrow and well-dressed strips of wood laid on the inside of the wheels1 and two others outside of the trail of a siege carriage1 and nailed or screwed to the platform4 ,in case of a barbette carriage1 the traverse-wheels should be chocked in the proper position4 ,to preserve the elevation1 measure the height of the elevating screw above its box1 or take the measure between a point on the gun1 and another on the stock2 cut a stick to this length and adjust the gun on it at each fire4 #ba4 ,should night-firing with guns be limited8 ,yes2 it should be limited to a small number of rounds1 as it consumes ammunition to little advantage4 ,sidenote3 #ef ,,part ,,ii4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,pointing ,,mortars4 #a4 ,what is the rule for pointing mortars8 ,first give the elevation1 and then the direction4 #b4 ,how is the elevation given8 ,by applying the quadrant to the face of the piece1 and adjusting the quoin until the required number of degrees is indicated4 #c4 ,are the same means employed for giving mortars their direction as those which are used with guns and howitzers8 ,no2 because mortars are usually masked from the object to be struck1 by an epaulment or parapet4 #d4 ,to what are all the methods employed for giving the direction to mortars reduced8 ,to determining practically two fixed points1 which shall be in line with the piece and the object1 and sufficiently near to be readily distinguished by the eye4 ,these points being covered by the plummet1 determine a vertical plane1 which1 when including the line of metal1 becomes the plane of fire4 #e4 ,what is the simplest manner of directing the mortar8 ,by means of pointing-wires4 ,sidenote3 #eg #f4 ,describe this method4 ,the two fixed points required are determined by planting two wires upon the epaulment1 one upon its crest1 and the other about a yard in advance of it1 both as nearly as possible in the vertical plane passing through the centre of the platform and the object4 ,the points being thus established1 the direction is given to the mortar1 by causing a plummet held in rear of it1 to cover the wires and the line of metal4 #g4 ,in what respects is this method defective8 ,both in accuracy of aim1 and the liability of the wires being deranged by the shots of the enemy or by other causes4 #h4 ,give a better method4 ,by means of pointing-stakes1 by which one of the fixed points is established upon the crest of the parapet1 or at the toot of the interior slope1 and another in rear of the piece4 ,then by a cord called the pointing-cord1 stretched between these two points1 with the plummet suspended from it1 a vertical plane is determined with which the line of metal is made to coincide4 #i4 ,how are the stakes planted8 ,a stake1 a foot or more in length1 is driven into the crest of the epaulment1 as nearly as practicable in the vertical plane of fire passing through the centre of the platform2 sighting by this stake1 another long one is planted1 three or four feet in front of it1 in line with the object4 ,to this stake the cord is temporarily attached1 and stretched by the first stake1 just grazing it1 to a point on the ground1 one yard in rear of the platform4 ,at this point a third stake is driven4 ,the cord is removed from the second stake1 which may now be taken away1 and permanently attached to the first4 ,sidenote3 #eh #aj4 ,how is the mortar directed8 ,the cord is stretched to the rear stake1 and as near the muzzle-band as possible1 with the left hand1 while the plummet is suspended against it with the right2 or the plummet may be attached to the cord1 just in rear of the mortar4 #aa4 ,how does it appear that the mortar is thus properly directed8 ,because the cord1 the plummet1 and the line of metal1 are evidently in the vertical plane of fire4 #ab4 ,what is done in case the shell should strike constantly to the right or left of the object8 ,the pointing-cord is shifted to some notch on the pointing-board1 to the right or left1 until the shell falls at the desired point4 #ac4 ,describe the pointing-board4 ,this is a piece of wood one foot long1 two or three inches wide1 and one inch thick1 having a notch cut in the middle of one side1 to fit on the stake and which is graduated into equal divisions from its middle4 ,when not in use1 the pointing-cord may be wound on it4 ,sidenote3 #ei #ad4 ,describe another mode of planting the pointing-stakes4 ,the mortar being placed upon the middle of the platform1 the gunner mounts upon it1 and suspends the plummet in front of the muzzle1 covering the object4 ,where the plummet thus suspended cuts the crest of the epaulment1 the first stake is driven4 ,a second stake is then driven in the same line between the mortar and the epaulment4 ,the pointing-cord being attached to the first stake and stretched to the rear1 over the point where the plummet touches the top of the mortar1 determines the point on the ground at which the rear stake is driven4 ,the first stake is then removed1 and the cord attached permanently to the second stake4 ,when the object cannot be seen from the mortar1 owing to the interposition of some obstacle1 as a parapet or a hill1 two persons in sight of each other1 one of whom can see the mortar1 and the other the object1 must by successive changes of position1 place themselves in the vertical plane of fire1 and at the points thus determined1 stakes must be driven1 one of which will serve as the object4 #ae4 ,how may precision of fire be secured at night with mortars8 ,the direction is preserved by nailing or screwing two boards to the platform outside of the cheeks2 the elevation is marked on the quoin1 or the quoin may be nailed in the proper position4 ,sidenote3 #fj ,,part ,,iii4 ,,charges4 #a4 ,what is the charge of a piece of artillery8 ,the powder with which it is loaded4 #b4 ,what is the ordinary service charge of powder for heavy guns8 ,one-fourth the weight of the shot4 #c4 ,what is it for firing double shot8 ,one-sixth the weight of one shot4 #d4 ,what is the breaching charge8 ,one-third the weight of the shot4 #e4 ,what kind of charges are used in hot shot firing8 ,small charges from one-fourth to one-sixth the weight of the ball4 #f4 ,for what reason8 ,because balls fired with small velocities split the wood in a manner which is favorable to its burning2 with a great velocity the hole closes1 the ball sinks deep1 and1 deprived of air1 chars without setting fire to the surrounding wood4 #g4 ,to what depth should hot shot penetrate8 ,not deeper than ten or twelve inches4 #h4 ,in ricochet firing1 what kind of charges are used8 ,light charges generally2 varying from two-thirds to one-eighth of the ordinary charge4 ,sidenote3 #fa #i4 ,in what manner are the charges of mortars regulated8 ,the charges vary with the elevation2 or if the elevation be fixed at any particular angle1 they must be determined by the range4 #aj4 ,what are the charges for field guns and field howitzers8 ,see ,table1 page #df4 #aa4 ,what are the charges for heavy guns1 columbiads1 and howitzers8 ,see ,table1 page #df4 #ab4 ,what are the greatest charges of the sea-coast1 siege1 and coehorn mortars8 ,see ,table1 page #df4 #ac4 ,what charge is used for projecting fire balls from mortars8 ,one twenty-fifth the weight of the ball4 ,sidenote3 #fb ,,charges ,,for ,,field ,,guns ,,and ,,field ,,howitzers4 ,,for ,,guns4 ,,for ,,howitzers4 ,,kind4 ----------------------------- #ab- #f- #cb- #bd- #ab- ,mountain4 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 ,for shot1 #b4e #a4be ,for spher4 case or canister1 #a4e #a4j #b4e #a4gej4ge #j4e ,for shells1 ,small charge1 -- -- #b4e #b4j #a4jj #j4e ,large charge1 -- -- #c4beb4eja4jj #j4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,charges ,,for ,,heavy ,,guns1 ,,columbiads ,,and ,,howitzers4 ,,guns4 ,,columbiads ,,howitzers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #db- #cb- #bd- #ah- #ab- #aj- #h- ,siege #bd-pr4 ,sea-,coast4 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 pr4 inch4inch4#h-;in4,garri- ----------- son #aj-;in4#h-;in4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #aj4e #h4 #h4 #f4 #d4 #ad4 #h4 #d4 #b4 #ab4 #h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,greatest ,,charges ,,of ,,sea-,,coast1 ,,siege ,,and ,,coehorn ,,mortars4 ,,sea-,,coast4 ,,siege4 ,,coehorn4 ,,stone ,,mortar4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ah-;inch4#aj-;inch4#aj-;inch4#h-;inch4 #abj pds4 #ae #f-pr4 of stones4shells4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #bj4 #aj4 #d4 #b4 #j4e #a4e #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sidenote3 #fc ,,part ,,iv4 ,,ranges4 #a4 ,what is meant by the range of a piece of artillery8 ,the distance from the muzzle to the first graze4 #b4 ,how may the range of a projectile be extended8 ,either by raising the piece to a higher level1 or by giving its axis greater elevation within certain limits4 #c4 ,define point-blank range4 ,the distance from the muzzle of the piece to that point in a shot's trajectory where it cuts the prolongation of the natural line of sight1 a second time4 #d4 ,in what does the ,french definition for point-blank range differ from ours8 ,it requires that the natural line of sight should be horizontal4 #e4 ,what is the ,british definition for point-blank range8 ,the distance from the muzzle to the first graze when the axis of the piece is parallel to the plane upon which the carriage stands4 #f4 ,explain by a figure1 the position of1 and relations existing between the line of sight1 the line of fire or axis of the piece1 and the trajectory1 and also what the point-blank range is4 ,sidenote3 #fd ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,a,bc,f1 the line passing through the highest points of the base ring and swell of the muzzle1 or the muzzle-band1 is called1 the natural line of sight4 ,e,pc,g1 is the axis of the piece or line of fire2 the curved line1 ,pg,d1 described by the projectile1 is called the trajectory1 and is entirely below the line of fire1 in consequence of the action of the force of gravity giving the projectile a downward tendency4 ,the point ,d is called the point-blank1 and its distance from the mouth of the piece1 the point-blank range4 #g4 ,mention some of the causes which vary the point-blank range4 ,the form of the cannon2 the weight or force of the charge2 the diameter and weight of the projectile2 and the inclination of the line of sight to the horizon4 #h4 ,why has the form of the cannon an influence on the point-blank range8 ,because as the difference between the diameter of the breech and muzzle become greater1 the angle of sight1 ,bc,p ,gc,f 7see fig47 increases1 and the point-blank ,d is removed farther off2 on the contrary1 as the diameters approach to an equality1 the point-blank approaches the piece4 ,within a certain angle1 or when there is no angle of sight1 as is the case with some old howitzers in which the line of sight is parallel to the axis of the bore1 there will be no point-blank1 as the trajectory will be constantly below the line of sight4 ,sidenote3 #fe #i4 ,what influence has the charge on the point-blank range8 ,an increase of the charge determines a more distant point-blank2 its diminution produces a contrary effect3 but beyond a charge equal to one-third the weight of the ball1 the increase of range is inconsiderable1 and the force of the recoil becomes very great4 #aj4 ,how do the diameter and weight of the projectile affect the range8 ,as the ball increases in size and density1 it will overcome with more ease the resistance of the air4 #aa4 ,does the inclination of the line of sight to the horizon have much effect on the point-blank range8 ,only when this inclination is very considerable4 ,for the ordinary inclination1 from #j to #ae1 above or below the horizon1 the difference may be wholly neglected4 #ab4 ,what is the effect on the point-blank range of firing upwards under a large angle8 ,the action of the weight being nearly directly opposed to the impulsive force1 the trajectory becomes compressed and the point-blank distance diminishes4 ,the contrary effect obtains in firing downwards under a similar angle1 as the weight and the force then act in nearly the same direction4 ,sidenote3 #ff #ac4 ,why may the point-blank be considered constant for the same calibre8 ,the dimensions1 charges1 and weights of projectiles1 being constant1 and the inclination of the natural line of sight1 except in a very few cases1 being comprised between #j and #ae1 it follows that for the same calibre1 the point-blank may be considered constant1 and may serve as a point of reference in firing at different distances4 #ad4 ,what is the extreme range of a piece of artillery8 ,the distance from the piece to where the projectile finally rests4 #ae4 ,for a given velocity what effect has an increase of the angle of lire on the range8 ,it increases with the angle of fire up to a certain limit1 beyond which it diminishes4 #af4 ,what angle gives the greatest range in vacuo8 ,forty-five degrees4 #ag4 ,when will this angle give the maximum range in practice8 ,only for feeble charges1 and very heavy projectiles4 #ah4 ,how is the angle of greatest range in practice affected by a change in the velocity and size of the projectile8 ,it seems to diminish as the velocity is increased1 and as the ball is reduced4 ,for the musket the angle of maximum range varies from #bh to #cj2 and is nearly #db for mortars4 #ai4 ,under what angle is a mortar usually fired8 ,under the constant angle of #de1 and the charge is varied according to the range required4 #bj4 ,what are the advantages of this practice8 ,economy of ammunition2 the recoil being inconsiderable1 the mortar and its bed receive but little strain2 the ranges are more uniform1 and the effect of a slight error in the angle of fire is less than with any other4 ,sidenote3 #fg #ba4 ,is the mortar ever fired at any other angle than #de8 ,yes2 sometimes at #fj4 #bb4 ,when is the mortar fired under an angle of #fj8 ,when the battery is situated very near the object assailed1 and it is desired that the shells may fall upon the magazines of the besieged4 ,it is evident that projectiles the higher they are thrown up acquire more velocity in falling1 besides striking the object more directly and with increased violence4 #bc4 ,under what angle are stone-mortars usually fired8 ,under an angle of #fj1 and sometimes of #ge1 that in falling from a great height1 the stones may have the maximum force of percussion4 #bd4 ,under what angle should grenades be thrown from stone-mortars8 ,about #cc2 otherwise they will be buried in the earth1 and their fragments will not be sufficiently destructive4 #be4 ,when a gun or howitzer is aimed with the line of metal horizontal1 what is the elevation equal to8 ,the natural angle of sight or dispart4 #bf4 ,how is the time of flight for siege mortars at an elevation of #de determined8 ,it is nearly equal to the square root of the range in feet divided by four4 ,sidenote3 #fh ,,ranges ,,of ,,field ,,guns ,,and ,,howitzers4 ,,kind ,,of ,,piece4 ,powder4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4 deg4 min yds4 #f-,pounder ,field #a4be ,shot #j #cah ,gun4 8 #a #fdg ,p4 ,b4 ,range 8 #b #hfg 8 #c #aach 8 #d #abef 8 #e #aebc ---------------------------------------- ------- #a4 ,sph4 case #b #fej ,time of flight #b8 8 #b #cj #hdj do4 #c8 8 #c #ajej do4 #d8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ab-,pounder ,field #b4e ,shot #j #cdg ,gun4 8 #a #ffb ,p4 ,b4 ,range4 8 #a #cj #ghe 8 #b #iji 8 #c #abfi 8 #d #adee 8 #e #affc ---------------------------------------- ------- #a4e ,sph4 case #a #fgj ,time #b seconds4 8 #a #de #iej 8 #c 8 8 #b #cj #abej 8 #d 8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ab-,pounder ,field #a4 ,shell #j #aie ,howitzer4 8 #a #eci 8 #b #fdj 8 #c #hdg 8 #d #ige 8 #e #ajgb ---------------------------------------- ------- #j4ge ,sph4 case #b #ae #dhe ,time #b seconds4 8 #c #ae #gae 8 #c 8 8 #c #de #ajej 8 #d 8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bd-,pounder ,field #b4 ,shell #j #bie ,howitzer4 8 #a #eaf 8 #b #gic 8 #c #igf 8 #d #abgb 8 #e #acbb ---------------------------------------- ------- #a4ge ,sph4 case #b #fjj ,time #b seconds4 8 #c #hjj 8 #c 8 8 #e #cj #ajej 8 #d 8 #b4 8 #c #cj #hhj 8 #c 8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #cb-,pounder ,field #b4e ,shell #j #bij ,howitzer4 8 #a #eca 8 #b #ggi 8 #c #ajbi 8 #d #abjc 8 #e #aejd ---------------------------------------- ------- #b4e ,sph4 case #c #hjj ,time #b sec'ds4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mountain #j4e ,shell #j #agj ,howitzer4 8 #a #cjj 8 #b #cib 8 #b #cj #ejj ,time #b seconds4 8 #c #fcg 8 #d #ghe ,time #c seconds4 8 #e #ajje ---------------------------------------- ------- #j4e ,sph4 case #j #aej 8 #b #cj #dej ,time #b seconds4 8 #c #ejj 8 #d #gjj ,time #b sec'ds4 8 #d #cj #hjj ,time #c seconds4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #j4e ,canister #d to #e #bej ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sidenote3 #fi ,,ranges ,,of ,,heavy ,,artillery4 ,,kind ,,of ,,piece4 ,powder4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lbs4 deg4 min yds4 #ah-,pdr4 ,siege #d4e ,shot #a #fda and ,garrison 8 #a #cj #hjj ,point-,blank4 ,gun on 8 #b #iej ,barbette 8 #c #abef ,carriage4 8 #d #adej 8 #e #aeib ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bd-,pdr4 ,siege #f4 ,shot #j #dab and ,garrison 8 #a #hdb ,gun on ,siege4 8 #a #cj #iec ,point-,blank4 ,carriage 8 #b #aadg 8 #c #adag 8 #d #afff 8 #e #aija #h4 8 #a #hhc 8 #b #aagj 8 #c #aded 8 #d #afci 8 #e #ahcd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #cb-,pdr4 ,sea-,coast #f4 ,shot #a #de #ijj ,gun on #h4 8 #a #gac ,barbette 8 #a #cj #hjj ,carriage4 8 #a #ce #ijj 8 #b #aajj 8 #c #adcc 8 #d #afhd 8 #e #aibb #aj4fg 8 #a #ghj 8 #b #aaee 8 #c #aeag ,sidenote3 #gj ,,kind ,,of ,,piece4 ,powder4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #db-,pdr4 ,sea-,coast #aj4e ,shot #a #gge ,gun on 8 #a #cj #hfj ,barbette 8 #b #ajaj ,carriage4 8 #c #acjj 8 #d #afjj 8 #e #aiee #ad4 8 #a #ggj 8 #b #aabh 8 #c #achj 8 #d #afhg 8 #e #aiae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d4 #de-lb4 #h-;in4 ,siege ,shell #j #bea ,time sec'ds4 ,howitzer on 8 #a #dce 8 #a 8 ,siege 8 #b #fah 8 #b 8 ,carriage4 8 #c #gbj 8 #c 8 8 #d #iib 8 #d 8 8 #e #abda 8 #e 8 8 #ab #cj #bbhj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #b4 #ag-lb4 #bd-,pdr4 ,iron ,shell #j #bie ,howitzer on 8 #a #eaf a ,flank 8 #e #acbb ,casemate #a ,sph4 case #b #fjj ,time #b seconds4 ,carriage4 8 #e #cj #ajej 8 #d 8 #b4 8 #c #cj #hhj 8 #c 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d4 #de-lb4 #h-;in4 ,sea-,coast ,shell #a #dje ,howitzer on 8 #b #feb a ,barbette 8 #c #hge ,carriage4 8 #d #aaaj 8 #e #acjj #f4 8 #a #egb 8 #b #hbh 8 #c #idg 8 #d #aafh 8 #e #adfc #h4 8 #a #fdf 8 #b #iji 8 #c #aaij 8 #d #aecb 8 #e #ahjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab4 #ij-lb4 #aj-;in4 ,sea-,coast ,shell #a #ehj ,howitzer on 8 #b #hia ,time #c sec'ds4 ,barbette 8 #c #aahe 8 #d 8 ,carriage4 8 #c #cj #acjj 8 #d #adbf 8 #e 8 8 #e #afej 8 #f 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sidenote3 #ga ,,kind ,,of ,,piece4 ,powder4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aj4 #fe-lb4 #h-;in ,columbiad ,shot #a #icb ,axis of gun #af on ,barbette 8 #b #aaaf feet above ,carriage4 8 #c #adjb the water4 8 #d #afjh 8 #e #ahdg 8 #f #bjaj 8 #h #bcig ,shot ceased to 8 #aj #bhcd ricochet on 8 #ae #cehc the water4 8 #bj #dcbb 8 #be #dhge 8 #bg #ddha #ae4 8 #bg #cj #dhab #aj4 #ej-lb4 ,shell #a #iai 8 #b #abji 8 #c #adji 8 #d #afig 8 #e #ahac 8 #f #aihe 8 #h #bbjc 8 #aj #bfeg 8 #ae #ceef 8 #bj #cgaf 8 #be #dchg 8 #bg #daga #ae4 8 #bg #cj #ddfh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sidenote3 #gb ,,kind ,,of ,,piece4 ,powder4 ,ball4 ,elevation,range ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ah4 #abh-lb4 #aj-;in4 ,columbiad ,shot #j #cid ,axis of gun #af on ,barbette 8 #a #geb feet above ,carriage4 8 #b #ajjb the water4 8 #c #abcj 8 #d #aegj 8 #e #ahad 8 #f #bjcg ,shot ceased to 8 #h #beai ricochet on 8 #aj #bggg the water4 8 #ae #cebe 8 #bj #djbj 8 #be #dcjd 8 #cj #dgfa 8 #ce #edcc #bj4 8 #ci #ae #efed ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab4 #ajj-lb4 ,shell #a #hjj 8 #b #ajab 8 #c #aahd 8 #d #addc 8 #e #afjd #ah4 8 #j #ddh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ah4 #ajj-lb4 #a #gdg ,shell 8 #b #aajj 8 #c #abci 8 #d #afaa 8 #e #ahfe 8 #f #bbji 8 #h #bdhi 8 #aj #bhdh 8 #ae #cbjj 8 #bj #chhe 8 #be #daej 8 #cj #dfea 8 #ce #dhbh ,time #ce sec's4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ac-;in4 ,sea-,coast #bj4 #bjj-lb4 #de #dcbe ,time #dj sec's4 ,mortar4 ,shell ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aj-;in4 ,sea-,coast #aj4 #ih-lb4 #de #dbej ,time #cf sec's4 ,mortar ,shell ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aj-;in4 ,siege #a4 #ij-lb4 #de #cjj ,time #f4e sec's4 ,mortar4 #a4e ,shell 8 #gjj 8 #ab4 8 #b4 8 8 #ajjj 8 #ad4 8 #b4e 8 8 #acjj 8 #af4 8 #c4 8 8 #afjj 8 #ah4 8 #c4e 8 8 #ahjj 8 #ai4 8 #d4 8 8 #bajj 8 #ba4 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lbs oz #de-lb4 #h-;in4 ,siege #j #h ,shell #de #bji ,time #f4ge sec's4 ,mortar4 #j #ab 8 8 #cgf 8 #i4 8 #a #j 8 8 #fej 8 #aa4e 8 #a #d 8 8 #idc 8 #ad4 8 #a #h 8 8 #acah 8 #af4e 8 #a #ab 8 8 #aebb 8 #ah4e 8 #b #j 8 8 #ahcg 8 #bj4e 8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- oz #ag-lb4 #bd-,pounder #j4e ,shell #de #be ,coehorn #a4 8 8 #fh ,mortar4 #a4e 8 8 #ajd #a4ge 8 8 #adc #b4 8 8 #afe #b4ge 8 8 #bfj #d4 8 8 #dbb #f4 8 8 #ijj #h4 8 8 #abjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lbs ,stones ,stone ,mortar4 #a4e #abj lbs4 #fj #aej to #bej #a #ae #f-pdr #cc #ej to ,fuze #ae sec's4 shells #aej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,note4--,fire-balls1 according to their size1 are fired from mortars of corresponding calibres4 ,with a charge of ,,one ,,twenty-,,fifth its weight1 the ball is thrown #fjj to #gjj yards4 ,sidenote3 #gc ,,part ,v4 ,,ricochet4 #a4 ,what is understood by ricochet firing8 ,that obtained by firing a piece at very small angles of elevation1 by which means the projectile which falls on ground of ordinary firmness at an angle not greater than #aj1 or upon water at #d or #e1 will make one or more bounds4 ,in this case the projectile is said to ricochet4 #b4 ,what is the object of ricochet firing8 ,to enfilade a face of the enemy's work1 which is effected by causing a projectile to bound along the terreplein of the face with the view of annoying his cannoneers1 and dismounting his pieces4 ,it is employed also in harassing an enemy1 when formed or in the act of forming behind a rising ground or other obstacle1 taking post in a wood1 c42 and in enfilading a line of troops4 #c4 ,what are the peculiar advantages of this fire8 ,in being able to reach objects which cannot be reached by direct fire1 on account of intervening obstacles4 #d4 ,in enfilading a face of an enemy's work1 what is the object to be fired at8 ,usually some point of the interior crest of the parapet which covers a flank of the terreplein to be reached4 #e4 ,what is the point of fall8 ,the point of the terreplein which is first struck by the projectile1 after having grazed the interior crest4 ,sidenote3 #gd #f4 ,what is the angle of fall8 ,it is the angle made at the point of fall by the tangent to the trajectory with a horizontal line in the plane of fire4 #g4 ,how does the angle of fall compare with that of elevation8 ,it is greater4 #h4 ,upon what do the charge and elevation depend8 ,upon the distance of the object from the battery2 upon the difference of level between these points2 the distance of the desired point of fall from the parapet2 the height of the parapet1 c4 #i4 ,if the embrasure be such that the object is masked1 how is the piece pointed8 ,the direction must be given1 as with the mortar1 by the plummet2 this is held by the person who points1 in such a manner as to cover both the line of metal and the object4 ,the elevation is then given by the quadrant4 #aj4 ,what is the maximum angle of elevation in ricochet firing8 ,against troops it should seldom exceed #c above the surface of the ground occupied by them4 ,against fortresses1 forts1 and fortified lines1 it varies from #c to #i above the horizontal4 #aa4 ,at what distance from the object should the ricochet battery be placed8 ,never at a greater distance than #fjj yards4 ,sidenote3 #ge #ab4 ,in enfilading a work1 how should the ricochet firing be conducted8 ,the projectile should be made to graze the parapet while in the descending branch of the trajectory2 and this must be effected by regulating the charges and elevating or depressing the piece until the shot is seen to fall just over the interior crest of the parapet4 ,light charges are generally used1 varying from two-thirds to one-eighth of the ordinary charge4 #ac4 ,what pieces are best adapted for ricochet fire8 ,those which throw heavy shells1 for1 if used to enfilade a work1 the shells lodge and explode in the traverses1 and render the guns more liable to be dismounted1 and their detachments put hors de combat4 #ad4 ,what determines the nature of the ricochet8 ,the angle of fall3 it is flattened when this angle does not exceed #f1 and curvated when it is between #aj and #ab4 ,in the first of these fires1 the velocities are great1 and in the second small4 #ae4 ,what are the charges for a flattened ricochet for siege guns at an angle of about #c8 ,see ,table1 page #eh4 #af4 ,what are the charges for a flattened ricochet for siege howitzers at an angle of about #c8 ,see ,table1 page #eh4 #ag4 ,what are the charges for a curvated ricochet for a siege howitzer at an angle of about #aj8 ,see ,table1 page #eh4 ,sidenote3 #gf ,,charges ,,for ,a ,,flattened ,,ricochet ,,for ,,siege-,,guns4 ,,distance4 ,,elevation4 ,,charge4 ---------------------------------------- #ffj yards4 #b #de' #a-ab weight of ball4 #eej 8 #c #a-ae 8 8 #ddj 8 #c #ae' #a-bj 8 8 #ccj 8 #c #ce' #a-cj 8 8 ---------------------------------------- ,,charges ,,for ,a ,,flattened ,,ricochet ,,for ,,siege ,,howitzers4 ,,distance4 ,,elevation4 ,,charge4 ---------------------------------------- #eej yards4 #a #de' #c lbs4 #ddj 8 #b #ae' #b lbs4 #c oz4 #ccj 8 #b #ae' #a lb4 #ab oz4 #bbj 8 #b #de' #a lb4 #b oz4 ---------------------------------------- ,,charges ,,for ,a ,,curvated ,,ricochet ,,for ,,siege ,,howitzers4 ,,distance4 ,,elevation4 ,,charge4 ,,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #eej yards4 #g #cj' #a lb4 #d oz4 ,the height of the object above #ddj 8 8 #a lb4 #a oz4 the level of the battery being #ccj 8 8 #ad oz4 supposed to be #bj feet4 #bbj 8 8 #aj oz4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sidenote3 #gg ,,part ,,vi4 ,,recoil4 #a4 ,what is meant by the recoil of a piece of artillery8 ,the retrograde motion impressed upon cannon by the discharge is termed the recoil4 #b4 ,what causes the recoil of a piece8 ,the gas produced by the ignition of the charge in the bore1 expanding with equal force in every direction1 finds only two ways of escape 7the muzzle and vent72 the pressure upon these points will therefore cease1 while it will be proportionally increased upon the parts directly opposite1 that is1 the breech and the lower part of the first reinforce1 producing in the first case the recoil1 and in the other1 indirectly1 the dipping of the muzzle4 #c4 ,how far does a gun usually recoil8 ,this depends entirely upon the nature and inclination of the ground upon which the carriage stands1 the situation of the trunnions1 angle of elevation1 comparative weight of the gun and carriage1 and upon the strength of the charge4 #d4 ,what proportion does the velocity of the recoil of a piece bear to that of a ball8 ,the proportion is inversely as their weights1 or their masses4 ,sidenote3 #gh #e4 ,what proportion exists between the pressure acting upon the part of the bore of a piece directly opposite the vent1 and that which occasions the recoil8 ,as the square of the diameter of the vent is to the square of that of the shot4 #f4 ,has the recoil any effect upon the flight of the projectile8 ,no appreciable effect1 the shot being expelled from the gun before it has recoiled a fraction of an inch4 #g4 ,what are the principal inconveniences arising from the recoil of guns8 ,the necessity of running up the gun after every discharge1 and consequent fatigue to the men and loss of time2 it also necessitates that a greater breadth should be given to the terreplein of a work4 #h4 ,what causes the muzzle of a piece of artillery to dip when fired8 ,the sudden pressure of the gas acting upon the portion of the first reinforce opposite to the vent1 causes the piece to strike downwards upon the elevating screw or quoin1 and the reaction to make the muzzle dip4 #i4 ,what influence has the position of the axis of the trunnions in respect to that of the bore upon the recoil8 ,if the axis of the trunnions be below that of the piece1 the pressure of the breech upon the carriage will increase as the distance between the axes increases2 and from this pressure there will arise a friction upon the ground which will diminish the recoil4 ,on the contrary1 if the axis of the trunnions1 be above that of the piece1 the breech will have an upward tendency1 the recoil will be increased1 but the carriage1 and particularly the axle-tree1 will be subjected to less strain4 ,hence1 the recoil will be transmitted directly to the trunnions1 if their axis 7as in our service7 be situated in the same plane with the axis of the piece4 ,the size of the trunnions is made proportional to the force of the recoil4 ,sidenote3 #gi #aj4 ,does the position of the trunnions with reference to the centre of gravity of the piece influence the recoil8 ,yes2 in cannon fired horizontally1 or under very small angles1 the portion in rear of the trunnions is heavier than that in front2 an arrangement which increases the pressure of the trail on the ground so as to diminish the recoil4 ,but in pieces fired under large angles1 the trunnions are placed in rear of the center of gravity1 for the purpose of increasing the ease of pointing4 ,sidenote3 #hj ,,part ,,vii4 ,,windage4 #a4 ,what is meant by windage8 ,the difference between the diameter of the projectile and that of the bore4 #b4 ,is it absolutely necessary to allow windage8 ,yes1 in order to make an allowance for a piece becoming foul1 the expansion of shot by heat1 the incrustation of rust1 and for the tin straps of fixed ammunition4 #c4 ,what advantages are derived from reducing the windage8 ,an increase in the accuracy of fire2 a more extensive range1 or an equal range with a smaller charge1 as there is less loss of gas2 and less injury to the surface of the bore4 #d4 ,why should the bore suffer less injury by a diminution of the windage8 ,because in proportion to the decrease of windage there will be less space for the reflections of the shot along the bore1 and consequently less injurious power exercised upon it4 #e4 ,what is the loss of velocity by a given windage proportional to8 ,it is directly as the windage1 and inversely as the diameter of the bore very nearly4 ,sidenote3 #ha #f4 ,what is the loss of velocity by the windage of the ball8 ,charge,initial velocity of ball4,loss of velocity ,,kind ,,of ,,gun4 of ------------------------ by windage of powder ,without ,with windage #a-djth diam4 windage4of #a-djth diam4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4 feet feet4 feet4 per cent4 #cb-pdr4 ,sea-,coast1 #d #addd #abga #agc #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bd-pdr4 ,siege1 #d #afjj #adcc #afg #aj #f #ahij #agbc #afg #i ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- #b #afag #addd #agc #aa #ab-pdr4 #c #aiae #agdb #agc #i #be calibres1 #d #babd #aiea #agc #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #b #aebh #acgj #aeh #aj #ab-pdr4 ,field1 #c #agic #afce #aeh #i #af calibres1 #d #aiib #ahcd #aeh #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f pdr4 ,field1 #a4e #agcd #aefj #agd #aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #g4 ,what windage is allowed to guns8 ,,iron4 ,,brass4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,sea-,coast4 ,siege and ,garrison4 ,field4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #ab #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------- inches4inches4inches4 inches4 inches4 inches4 inches4 #j4af #j4ae #j4ad #j4ac #j4aj #j4aj #j4ji ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sidenote3 #hb #h4 ,what windage is allowed to columbiads and howitzers8 ,,columbiads4 ,,howitzers4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,iron4 ,brass4 ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,sea-,coast4 ,siege and ,field4 ,mountain4 ,garrison4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aj-;in#h-;in #aj-;in#h-;in#h-;in#bd-pdr#cb-pdr#bd-pdr #ab-pdr#ab-pdr ---------------------------------------- ------------- in4 in4 in4 in4in4 in4 in4 in4 in4 in4 #j4abj4ab #j4abj4acj4ac #j4ad #j4ae #j4ad #j4aj #j4aj ---------------------------------------- ------------- #i4 ,what amount of windage is allowed to mortars8 ,,iron4 ,,brass4 ,,iron4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,heavy4 ,light4 ,stone ,coehorn,eprouvette4 ,mortar4#bd-pdr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- inches4inches4inches4inches4inches4inche s4 inches4 #j4ac #j4ac #j4ac #j4ab -- #j4ad #j4jbe ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,sidenote3 #hc ,,part ,,viii4 ,,gunpowder4 #a4 ,what are the ingredients in gunpowder8 ,saltpetre1 charcoal and sulphur4 #b4 ,what are the proportions8 ,in the ,united ,states1 #ge to #gf saltpetre1 #ad to #ae charcoal1 and #aj sulphur4 ,england1 #ge ,saltpetre1 #ae ,charcoal1 #aj ,sulphur4 ,france1 #ge 8 #ab 8 #ab 8 ,prussia1 #ge 8 #ac 8 #aa 8 #c4 ,what is the combustible ingredient8 ,charcoal4 #d4 ,what is the use of the saltpetre8 ,it furnishes the oxygen necessary to support a rapid combustion1 and to change the whole mass into gas4 #e4 ,what is the use of sulphur8 ,it adds consistency to the mixture and intensity to the flame1 besides rendering the powder less liable to absorb moisture4 #f4 ,on what does the quality of gunpowder depend8 ,on the intimate mixture and proper proportions and purity of the ingredients4 #g4 ,in what does the manufacture of gunpowder consist8 ,in pulverizing the ingredients1 incorporation1 compression1 granulation1 drying1 glazing and dusting4 ,sidenote3 #hd #h4 ,explain the method of making gunpowder by the pounding mill4 ,the charcoal in small pieces is first placed in the mortars1 with a quantity of water1 and pounded for half an hour2 after which the saltpetre and then the sulphur1 previously pulverized and sifted1 are put in1 and the whole well mixed with the hand2 it is then pounded in the mortars1 and at the end of each hour1 the composition is passed from each mortar into the next4 ,at the sixth or eighth change1 add half a pint of water2 it is then pounded two hours without changing the mortars1 in order that it may form into cake4 ,it is then partially dried1 and grained in a graining sieve1 or passed between wooden rollers4 ,the grains are then sifted to separate those which are too coarse and too fine1 and also to separate from each other the different kinds of grains for cannon1 musket1 and rifle powder4 ,it is then glazed in large glazing barrels1 which make #ae or #bj revolutions in a minute4 ,a charge of #ejj lbs4 is thus treated for about twenty-four hours4 ,it is then dried either in the open air1 or in a drying house4 ,if in the open air1 when the sun is too hot1 the powder should be covered to prevent the loss of sulphur4 ,it is then dusted1 by being sifted in fine sieves1 or through bolting cloths4 #i4 ,what other machines besides the pounding mill are used in pulverizing and incorporating the ingredients of gunpowder8 ,rolling barrels1 and the cylinder or rolling mill4 ,sidenote3 #he #aj4 ,what advantage is gained by the use of the rolling barrels8 ,it lessens the duration and danger of pounding in the mortars4 ,after the ingredients are pulverized and mixed in the rolling barrels1 the mixture is placed under the pestles of the pounding mill1 #aj per cent4 of water is added1 and it is beaten for three hours only4 #aa4 ,which mill is now generally used8 ,the ,,cylinder ,,mill1 which forms #ej lbs4 of composition into cake in from one to three hours4 #ab4 ,does powder inflame instantaneously8 ,no2 its inflammation is gradual1 and progressive1 and in a gun the projectile commences to move before the whole charge is ignited4 #ac4 ,why should gunpowder be grained8 ,in order to facilitate the transmission of the flame4 ,when the powder is very fine1 and in large and compact charges1 the flame cannot penetrate it1 and it burns slowly and in successive layers4 #ad4 ,which burns quickest1 the small or large grained powder8 ,before coming to the limit of dust1 the smaller the grain1 the more rapid the combustion1 and the greater the bursting force of the powder4 #ae4 ,what is the difference between the ignition and combustion of large and small grained powder8 ,with the large grained1 the ignition is more rapid1 but the combustion slower2 with small grains1 the contrary is the case4 #af4 ,why should the grains be angular8 ,because they present a greater surface to the action of the flame1 and therefore burn quicker4 #ag4 ,why should powder be free from dust8 ,because the dust fills up the intervals between the grains1 and forming a compact mass1 retards combustion4 ,sidenote3 #hf #ah4 ,to what special purpose are large and small grained powders applied8 ,the large for cannon1 and the small for small arms4 #ai4 ,how is the size of the grain for each kind of powder tested8 ,by means of sieves or gauges4 #bj4 ,how many grains of powder are in #aj grs4 ,troy weight8 ,cannon1 #aej2 ,musket1 #b1jjj to #b1ejj2 and ,rifle1 #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj4 #ba4 ,what is the object in glazing powder8 ,glazed powder does not absorb moisture1 or break up in transportation1 so much as unglazed4 #bb4 ,what is the established mode of proving the strength of powder in the ,u4 ,s48 ,a sample is taken from each barrel1 and the strength determined by the eprouvette mortar4 #bc4 ,what is the least range allowed8 ,the general mean-range of new powder must not be less than #bej yards2 but no powder ranging below #bbe yards is received4 #bd4 ,when is powder in magazines considered unserviceable4 ,when it does not range over #ahj yards4 #be4 ,what is the range of good powder8 ,cannon from #bhj to #cjj yards4 ,small grained from #cjj to #cbj yards4 #bf4 ,what other means is there for determining the strength of powder8 ,the ,,gun ,,and ,,ballistic ,,pendulum1 and ,,navez' ,,electro-,,ballistic ,,machine4 ,the latter is considered the best for determining the initial velocity4 ,sidenote3 #hg #bg4 ,what is the hygrometric proof of powder8 ,samples are placed in shallow tin pans1 set in a tub1 the bottom of which is covered with water2 the pans should be about an inch above the water1 and the tub covered4 ,good powder will not absorb more than #b per cent4 in #bd hours4 #bh4 ,how can the relative quickness of two kinds of powder be determined8 ,by burning a train laid in a circular or other groove1 which returns into itself1 made in a piece of hard wood3 one-half of the groove being filled with each kind of powder1 and fire communicated at the junction of the two trains1 the relative quickness is readily deduced from observation of the point at which the flames meet4 #bi4 ,what are the qualities of good powder8 ,it should be perfectly free from dust1 uniform in strength and size of grains1 angular and irregular in form2 in color1 brownish black1 or slate color2 so hard as not to be easily crushed by pressure with the finger2 and should leave no beads or foulness when flashed in quantities of #aj grs4 on a copper plate4 #cj4 ,what is the expansive velocity1 and pressure of ignited powder8 ,the expansive velocity is about #e1jjj feet per second1 and pressure about #b1jjj atmospheres4 #ca4 ,what is the weight of a cubic inch of powder8 ,about half an ounce2 a cubic foot will therefore weigh about #ed pounds1 and #cb cubic inches1 one pound4 ,sidenote3 #hh #cb4 ,how is government powder packed8 ,in barrels of #ajj lbs4 each2 the barrels being large enough to allow sufficient space for the powder to move when rolled to prevent its caking4 #cc4 ,how are the barrels marked8 ,on one head with the place and year of manufacture1 and with the kind of grain1 cannon1 musket or rifle2 on the other head with the year in which it was proved and the proof-range1 leaving room for subsequent proofs1 which are marked in the same manner4 #cd4 ,when powder is injured by dampness1 can it be restored8 ,if the water absorbed does not exceed #g per cent41 it can be by drying4 ,if it has absorbed from #g to #ab per cent41 after drying1 it remains porous and friable1 and is unfit for transportation4 ,in this case it is better to work it over4 #ce4 ,how is powder stored8 ,in magazines especially constructed for the purpose4 ,the barrels are generally placed near the sides1 three tiers high1 or four tiers if necessary2 small skids should be placed on the floor and between the several tiers of barrels1 in order to steady them1 and chocks should be placed at intervals on the lower skid1 to prevent the rolling of the barrels4 #cf4 ,how are the different kinds of powder arranged8 ,those barrels of the same kind1 place and date of fabrication1 and proof range1 are piled together4 #cg4 ,should it be necessary to pile the barrels more than four tiers high1 what is done8 ,the upper tiers are supported by a frame resting on the floor2 or the barrels may be placed on their heads1 with boards between the tiers4 ,sidenote3 #hi #ch4 ,what is necessary for the preservation of the powder8 ,the magazine should be opened and aired in clear dry weather1 and the ventilators should be kept free4 #ci4 ,how may the moisture of a magazine be absorbed8 ,by chloride of lime suspended in a box under the arch1 and renewed from time to time4 #dj4 ,when the magazine is open1 what precautions should be observed8 ,the sentinel or guard should have no fire-arms1 and any one who enters it should take off his shoes1 or put socks over them4 ,no sword or cane1 or anything which might occasion sparks should be carried in4 #da4 ,how should powder in barrels be transported8 ,the barrels should never be rolled2 they should be carried in hand-barrows1 or slings made of rope or leather4 ,in wagons1 the barrels should be packed in straw1 and not allowed to rub against each other1 and the whole covered with thick canvas4 #db4 ,what precaution should be used to prevent powder caking8 ,the barrels should be taken outside the magazine and rolled on boards4 #dc4 ,where should cartridge bags be filled8 ,in the filling room of the laboratory1 or a small magazine1 and not in the general magazine4 ,sidenote3 #ij ,,part ,,ix4 ,,projectiles4 #a4 ,what projectiles are made use of in the service8 ,solid shot2 shells2 spherical case1 or shrapnel2 canister2 grape2 grenades2 stones2 carcasses2 light and fire balls4 #b4 ,what is a solid shot8 ,a solid sphere of cast-iron1 almost exclusively appropriated to guns4 ,the gun derives it denomination from the weight of the shot1 as #f-pr41 #ab-pr41 c4 #c4 ,what is a shell1 and its use8 ,a hollow sphere of cast-iron1 containing powder1 which is ignited by means of a fuze2 when fired at troops1 it should be prepared to burst over their heads1 or1 if the ground be favorable1 to ricochet a little in front1 and plunge into the column4 ,when fired at works or buildings1 it should explode after penetration4 #d4 ,what is spherical case1 and what advantages does it possess8 ,it is a shell much thinner than the ordinary shell1 and filled with leaden bullets and a charge of powder sufficient to burst it1 which is done by means of a fuze as with a common shell at any required distance4 ,it is thus calculated to extend all the advantages of canister shot1 to distances far beyond the reach of that projectile4 ,it is fired both from guns and howitzers4 ,sidenote3 #ia #e4 ,what are canister shot8 ,cylindrical tin cases with iron heads1 of calibre suitable for different pieces of ordnance1 filled with cast-iron balls arranged in tiers2 they are fired at ranges not exceeding #djj yards1 but their most destructive effects are from #ajj to #bjj yards4 #f4 ,what are grape shot8 ,a certain number of iron balls1 usually nine1 put together by means of two cast-iron plates1 two rings1 and one pin and nut4 ,each plate has on the inside three beds for the shot1 of a depth equal to half the thickness of the plate1 and of the form of a spherical segment1 the curvature of which is the same as that of the shot4 ,an iron pin riveted to the bottom iron plate1 passes through the centre and also through the top plate1 where the whole is secured by a nut and screw4 ,,note4--,the use of these shot for field pieces has been discontinued1 canister answering the purpose of these shot4 #g4 ,how were the balls fixed in the old pattern8 ,they were placed in tiers around an iron pin attached to an iron tompion at the bottom1 and put into a canvas bag1 and then quilted around with a strong cord4 #h4 ,what is a grenade8 ,a shell thrown from the hand1 or in baskets from the stone-mortar1 and ignited as other shells by means of a fuze4 #i4 ,how many kinds of grenades are made use of8 ,hand-grenades and rampart-grenades2 six-pounder spherical case may be used for the former1 and shells of any calibre for the latter4 ,sidenote3 #ib #aj4 ,to what purposes are grenades applied8 ,they are useful in the defense of works1 the smaller1 thrown by hand into the head of a sap1 trenches1 covered way1 or upon the besiegers mounting a breach3 the larger kinds are rolled over the parapet in a trough4 #aa4 ,what is a carcass1 and its use8 ,it is a spherical shell having three additional holes1 of the same dimensions as the fuze-hole1 pierced at equal distances apart in the upper hemisphere of the shell1 and filled with a composition which burns with intense power from eight to ten minutes1 and the flame issuing from the holes1 sets fire to everything combustible within its reach2 it is used in bombardments1 setting fire to shipping1 c42 and is projected from cannon like a common shell4 #ab4 ,what is a substitute for a carcass8 ,common shells loaded in the following manner3 ,the bursting charge is placed in the bottom of the shell in a flannel bag1 over which carcass composition is driven until the shell is nearly filled2 then insert four or five strands of quick-match1 which must be secured by driving more composition upon it4 ,these shells1 after burning as a carcass1 explode4 #ac4 ,what is a fire-ball1 and its use8 ,it is a projectile of an oval shape1 formed of sacks of canvas filled with combustible composition1 which emits a bright flame4 ,its use is to light up the enemy's works1 and it is loaded with a shell to prevent it from being approached4 #ad4 ,what is a light ball8 ,light balls are the same as fire balls1 except that there is no shell in them1 as they are used for lighting up our own works4 ,sidenote3 #ic #ae4 ,what is a smoke ball8 ,a hollow paper sphere similar to a light ball1 and filled with a composition which emits a dense1 nauseous smoke2 it is employed to suffocate the enemy's miners when at work1 or to conceal one's own operations2 it burns from twenty-five to thirty minutes4 #af4 ,in field pieces to what is the projectile attached8 ,to a block of wood called a sabot4 #ag4 ,are the projectile and cartridge ever attached to the same sabot8 ,yes1 in field guns1 and the #ab-pr4 field-howitzer2 the whole then constitutes a round of fixed ammunition4 #ah4 ,what is the arrangement in case of the #cb and #bd-pdr4 field howitzers8 ,the projectile is separate from the charge1 and the cartridge is attached to a block of wood called the cartridge-block1 the object of which is to give a finish to the cartridge and fill the chamber4 #ai4 ,what difference is there in sabots for field service8 ,sabots for shot1 and spherical case for guns1 have one groove for attaching the cartridge--those for gun canisters and for the #ab-pdr4 howitzer shells1 spherical case1 and canisters1 have two grooves4 ,those for the #cb and #bd-pdr4 howitzers have no grooves2 but are furnished with handles made of cord1 passing through two holes in the sabot1 and fastened by knots on the inside4 #bj4 ,how are projectiles for field service fastened to the sabot8 ,by straps of sheet-tin1 or of strong canvas1 when tin or sheet iron cannot be procured4 ,sidenote3 #id #ba4 ,how many straps are employed1 and how are they fastened8 ,for shot1 there are two straps crossing at right angles1 one passing through a slit in the middle of the other4 ,for shells1 there are four straps soldered to a ring of tin1 or fastened to it by cutting four slits in the ring1 into which the upper ends of the strap are hooked1 and turned down on the inside of the ring4 ,the sabots for #cb and #bd-pdr4 field howitzers having no groove1 each strap is fastened by one nail on the side1 and two under the bottom of the sabot4 #bb4 ,what is a canister for field-service8 ,it consists of a tin cylinder attached to a sabot and filled with cast-iron shot4 #bc4 ,how is it made8 ,the cylinder is fastened to the sabot by six or eight nails1 and a plate of rolled iron is placed at the bottom on the sabot4 ,it is closed with a sheet-iron cover after being filled1 the top of the cylinder being cut into strips an inch long1 and turned down over the cover4 #bd4 ,in case of heavy guns are the shot attached to the sabot8 ,they are generally without a sabot4 #be4 ,how is it with shells8 ,they are strapped to sabots made of thick plank1 with strips of tin1 as in case of strapping shot for field-service4 #bf4 ,how is it with canister for siege and sea-coast guns8 ,they have no sabot2 the tin is turned over the iron bottom4 ,sidenote3 #ie #bg4 ,how is it with canisters for the #h-;in4 siege and sea-coast howitzers8 ,they are attached to sabots in the same way as the field-howitzer canisters4 ,the sabot for the siege howitzer has a hemispherical bottom and the sea-coast a conical one1 to suit the connecting surface between the cylinder of the bore and the chamber in these pieces4 #bh4 ,are sabots used with grape shot8 ,yes1 in the #h-;inch sea-coast howitzer4 #bi4 ,what is its form1 and how fastened8 ,it is conical2 and may be fastened to the lower plate with screws1 or the pin may be made long enough to pass through it2 or else the sabot maybe inserted into the piece separately from the stand of grape4 #cj4 ,what is the object of fixing shot or shells to wooden bottoms8 ,to prevent injury to brass cannon2 and to insure the fuze of a shell being retained in the axis of the piece4 #ca4 ,what proportion does the weight of one shot bear to that of another8 ,the proportion is1 as the cubes of their diameters4 #cb4 ,how is the weight of a cast-iron shot or shell determined8 ,multiply the cube of the diameter of the shot in inches1 or the difference of the cubes of the exterior and interior diameters of the shell by #j4acd for the weight in pounds4 ,in case of lead balls1 the multiplier is #j4bad4 #cc4 ,how is the diameter of a cast-iron shot of a given weight found8 ,divide the weight in pounds by #j4acd1 and extract the cube root of the quotient1 which will be the diameter in inches4 ,sidenote3 #if #cd4 ,how is the quantity of powder which a shell will contain found8 ,multiply the cube of the interior diameter of the shell in inches1 by #j4jagdd for the weight of powder in pounds4 ,,note4--,the above multipliers are found as follows3 ,suppose ,w to represent the weight of a body1 ,d its density1 ,v its volume1 and g the weight of the unit of mass1 then ,w ,d,vg4 ,now1 if a cubic inch be taken as the unit of volume1 then g will be numerically #fb4e pounds4 -------- #agbh #fb4e ,hence1 ,w ,,dv -------- #j4jcfbja2 #agbh ,,dv #j4jcfbj ,d ---- d #f 7supposing d to be the diameter1 and the body to be spherical7 #j4jcfbja #j4ebcf;,dd #j4jahiee;,dd4 ,if we now substitute for ,d the specific gravity of cast-iron shot or shells #g4jjj1 we have1 ,w #g #j4jahiee;d #j4acd;d2 and if for ,d we substitute the specific gravity of lead1 ,w #j4badb;d2 and in case of powder1 ,w #j4jagdd;d4 ,for diameters1 weights and charges1 see ,tables1 pages #hj-ha4 #ce4 ,when shot are heated to a white heat1 what expansion takes place8 ,calibre4 #h-;in4 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,expansion1 inches1 #j4adi #j4aa #j4aj #j4jh #j4jf #j4jd ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #cf4 ,do heated shot retain a permanent enlargement8 ,yes2 in case of the #h-;in4 shot1 for example1 after the first cooling the enlargement is #j4jed in42 and1 after the second1 #j4jii in4 #cg4 ,are the igniting powers of a hot shot destroyed by ricochetting upon the water8 ,no2 a shot1 properly heated1 will ignite wood after having struck the water several times4 ,sidenote3 #ig #ch4 ,what is the peculiarity of cartridges for hot shot8 ,there are two cartridge bags1 one being inserted1 choke foremost in another of the next higher calibre1 and the end of the latter folded under4 #ci4 ,explain the process of loading with hot shot4 ,the piece should be sponged with great care1 and the worm frequently passed into the bore4 ,as a precaution1 it is well to insert a wet sponge just before putting in the ball4 ,the muzzle is sufficiently elevated to allow the ball to roll down the bore1 the cartridge is inserted1 the mouth of the outer bag foremost1 the fold down1 and carefully pushed home without breaking it2 a dry hay-wad is placed upon it1 and rammed once2 then a clay or wet hay wad1 and rammed twice2 and finally1 if firing at angles of depression1 a wad of clay a half-calibre in length1 or a wet hay-wad is put on the ball4 #dj4 ,may the ball cool in the gun without igniting the charge8 ,yes1 with proper precaution in loading4 ,the piece1 however1 should be fired with as little delay as possible1 as the vapor1 which arises from the action of the hot ball on the water contained in the wad1 diminishes the strength of the powder4 #da4 ,what means are afforded at the sea-board forts for heating shot8 ,furnaces for this purpose are erected1 which hold #fj or more shot4 ,sidenote3 #ih #db4 ,what length of time is required to heat them to a red heat8 ,the shot being placed and the furnace cold1 it requires one hour and fifteen minutes2 but after the furnace is once heated1 a #bd-pdr4 shot is brought to a red heat in twenty-five minutes2 the #cb-pdr4 and #db-pdr4 shot require a few minutes longer4 #dc4 ,describe grates for heating shot4 ,in siege and other batteries1 where there are no furnaces1 a grate is used4 ,it consists of four bars #a4ge inches square1 three feet long1 placed four inches apart on three iron stands1 one foot in height4 ,it is placed in an excavation one foot in depth1 of the width of the grate1 perpendicular at the back and side1 open in front1 the legs resting on bricks or stones rising about four or five inches from the bottom4 ,a roof is made over it with hoops of flat iron1 covered with sods and eighteen inches of earth1 having in the back part a chimney six inches square4 ,the shot are placed on the back part of the grate1 leaving one-fourth of the front part free2 and under and on the front part the wood is put1 cut in pieces about fourteen inches long and two inches thick4 ,a thick sod is used as a register1 to regulate the draught of the chimney1 so that no flame can issue from the front4 ,this grate1 which will contain about fifteen #bd-pdr4 balls1 heats them to a red heat in an hour1 and will supply three guns4 #dd4 ,how are wads for firing hot shot made8 ,of hay2 by twisting from the hay a rope of an inch or an inch and a half in diameter1 and then commencing at one end1 and doubling it up about one calibre in length1 twisting it all the time until it becomes nearly large enough1 when the rope is wound around the wad perpendicular to its axis1 and fastened with a hitch4 ,or the hay may be rammed in a form of proper calibre1 and then bound with spun yarn1 and afterwards rammed a second time4 ,sidenote3 #ii #de4 ,have hot shot been almost entirely superseded8 ,yes1 since the adoption of the method of throwing large hollow shot from long pieces4 ,these require but little preparation1 can be used at once1 and are more terrible in their effects4 #df4 ,what are ring or grommet wads1 and their use8 ,they consist of a ring of rope yarn1 about #j4g in4 thick1 with two pieces of strong twine tied across at right angles to each other4 ,the size of the ring is the full diameter of the bore1 in order that it may fit tight1 and stop the windage4 ,they increase the accuracy of fire1 and are to be preferred when the object of the wad is to retain the ball in its place1 as in firing at a depression4 ,they stop the windage best when placed behind the ball4 ,they may be attached to the straps1 or to the ball by twine1 or may be inserted like other wads after the ball4 ,sidenote3 #ajj #dg4 ,how are junk-wads made2 and for what are they used8 ,wad-moulds for each calibre1--consisting of two cast-iron cylinders of different diameters set in oak1 or of two strong pieces of oak1 strapped with iron1 and joined by a hinge1--are employed in their manufacture4 ,the junk1 after having been picked1 is compressed by being beaten in the smaller mould with a maul and cylindrical drift--the latter nearly of the size of the mould--until it assumes the requisite dimensions2 it is then taken out by raising the upper part of the mould1 and closely wrapped with rope yarn1 passed over it in the direction of the axis of the cylinder1 and fastened by a few turns around the middle of the wad4 ,it is then placed in the large mould1 and again beaten with the maul and drift1 until its diameter is increased to that of the mould1 when it is taken out and its diameter verified by a wooden gauge corresponding to the large shot-gauge of the calibre4 ,these wads are used for proving cannon4 #dh4 ,describe the process of loading field shells4 ,they are set up on their sabots1 the charges measured out in the proper powder measure1 and poured in through a copper funnel4 ,the fuze-plugs are then driven in with a mallet1 allowing the tops to project about #j4a in41 care being taken not to split them4 ,the holes in the plugs are then carefully reamed out1 and stopped with tow-wads1 which are pressed in firmly with a round stick4 ,sidenote3 #aja #di4 ,describe the process of loading spherical case shot4 ,the shot having been cleaned1 the balls are put in4 ,a stick with a less diameter than the fuze-hole1 and having a groove on each side of it1 is inserted and pushed to the bottom of the chamber by working the balls aside4 ,the shot is then placed in a sand-bath or oven1 and brought to a proper temperature to receive the sulphur1 which in a melted state is poured in to fill up the interstices between the balls2 the shot is allowed to cool1 and the sulphur to harden1 when the stick is withdrawn1 and the sulphur adhering to the sides of the eye and the surface of the shot is removed4 ,if a fuze-plug and paper-fuze are to be used1 the charge is poured in and the plug inserted exactly as in case of a shell2 but1 if the ,bormann fuze is to be used the charge is inserted and the stopper and fuze screwed into their places1 care being taken before placing the fuze in position to puncture the covering of the magazine1 so that the fire can communicate with the charge4 ,spherical case are now usually loaded by putting in the bullets1 and pouring melted sulphur in until the case is full4 ,after the sulphur has cooled1 the space for the powder is bored out by a cutter1 which removes both the sulphur and portions of the bullets from the space4 ,this is a quicker method1 and gives a more compact projectile4 #ej4 ,what advantages does this mode of loading possess over the old one8 ,in the old mode there was a liability to accidents1 and1 if the powder remained in for any length of time before being used1 it was ground up and became impaired4 ,by the new mode the powder can be placed in the small chamber1 and allowed to remain without fear of damage or danger1 and be ready for use when required4 ,being1 besides1 in a compact mass1 instead of scattered among the bullets1 its power is much greater and it acts more effectively in throwing the bullets outward from the centre4 ,sidenote3 #ajb #ea4 ,describe the process of filling ,mortar shells4 ,having been inspected to see that they are clean1 dry1 and in good order1 place them on a block made for the purpose1 or on rings of rope1 or in indentations in the floor of the magazine1 or on the ground1 with the eyes up4 ,the charge measured out in a powder-measure is poured in through a funnel1 and any incendiary composition1 such as pieces of port-fire1 rock-fire1 c4 is inserted4 ,in the mean time the fuze is cut to the proper length according to the range1 by resting it in a groove made in the block1 or inserting it in a hole made in a block1 or in a post1 and sawing it across with the fuze-saw2 or the fuze may be bored through with a gimlet perpendicularly to the axis1 at the proper point4 ,the fuze is then tried in the eye1 and should enter of its length4 ,if it does not1 it may be reduced by rasping4 ,the head of it is covered with tow to prevent the breaking of the composition1 the fuze-setter placed on1 and the fuze driven with the mallet until the head projects not more than #j4b in4 to #j4d in4 above the surface of the shell4 ,these shells are generally filled and the fuzes driven in the battery magazines1 as they are required4 #eb4 ,how are shells for columbiads and heavy guns loaded8 ,in the same way as ,mortar shells2 but as paper fuzes inserted in wooden or bronze fuze-plugs are used instead of wooden fuzes1 the plug only is driven into its place1 and stopped with tow after the bursting charge has been poured through it into the shell4 #ec4 ,how are condemned shot and shell marked8 ,with an ,x1 made with the cold chisel4 #ed4 ,how should balls be preserved8 ,they should be carefully lacquered as soon as possible after they are received4 ,when it becomes necessary to renew the lacquer1 the old lacquer should be removed by rolling or scraping the balls1 which should never be heated for that purpose4 ,sidenote3 #ajc #ee4 ,how should grape and canister shot be preserved8 ,they should be oiled or lacquered1 put in piles1 or in strong boxes on the ground floor1 or in dry cellars2 each parcel marked with its kind1 calibre1 and number4 #ef4 ,how are balls piled8 ,balls are piled according to kind and calibre1 under cover if practicable1 in a place where there is a free circulation of air1 to facilitate which the piles should be made narrow1 if the locality permits2 the width of the bottom tier may be from #ab to #ad balls according to calibre4 ,prepare the ground for the base of the pile by raising it above the surrounding ground so as to throw off the water2 level it1 ram it well1 and cover it with a layer of screened sand4 ,make the bottom of the pile with a tier of unserviceable balls buried about two-thirds of their diameter in the sand2 this base may be made permanent3 clean the base well and form the pile1 putting the fuze-holes of shells downwards in the intervals1 and not resting on the shells below4 ,each pile is marked with the number of serviceable balls it contains4 ,the base may be made of bricks1 concrete1 stone1 wood1 or with borders and braces of iron4 ,sidenote3 #ajd #eg4 ,how should fixed ammunition for cannon be stored8 ,either in boxes or placed in piles1 formed of two parallel rows of cartridges1 with the sabots together2 in #d tiers for #ab-pdr4 and #e for #f-pdr42 chock the lower tier with strips of wood fastened with small nails2 put a layer of tow #b in4 thick between the shot2 let the piles rest on planks1 if there is no floor1 and cover them with tarpaulins2 have the place swept1 and the cartridge bags brushed off4 ,leave a passage of #ah in4 between the double rows1 and keep them #b feet from the walls4 ,fixed ammunition should not be put into powder-magazines1 if it can be avoided2 it should be kept in a dry place above the ground floor if practicable2 the store-rooms should be always aired in fine weather1 the piles should be taken down1 and made up again every six months at most1 the bags examined and repaired1 and the damaged cartridges broken up4 ,a ticket on each pile should show the number and kind of cartridges1 the additions to the pile1 and the issues4 #ec4 ,how should canisters be piled8 ,like fixed ammunition1 in #d tiers for #bd's and #ah's2 and #e for #ab's and #f's4 ,empty canisters in #aj or #ab tiers2 the bottoms and covers separately4 #ei4 ,how should cartridge bags filled be piled8 ,like fixed ammunition1 or packed in boxes or barrels4 #fj4 ,how should loaded shells be piled8 ,on the ground floor of a secure building on planks1 if the floor is not boarded2 in #f tiers at most2 the fuzes of the lower tier in the vacant spaces between the shells2 those of the other tiers turn downwards1 like the fuze-holes of empty shells2 the piles should be covered with a tarpaulin4 ,loaded shells should never be put into magazines1 except from absolute necessity4 #fa4 ,how should fire-balls be preserved8 ,in a cool place1 separated from each other by shavings or straw1 if they are piled up4 ,sidenote3 #aje #fb4 ,how is the number of shots or shells in a pile computed1 of whatever form the pile may be8 ,by multiplying the sum of the three parallel edges1 by one-third of the number of balls in a triangular face4 #fc4 ,what is meant by the three parallel edges of the pile8 ,of the rectangular or long pile1 they consist of the two largest bottom rows and top-row2 of the square pile1 of two bottom-rows and top shot2 and of the triangular pile1 of one bottom-row1 the shot at the opposite angle1 and that at the top4 #fd4 ,how is the number of shot in a triangular face computed8 ,multiply the number in the bottom row1 plus one1 by half the number in the bottom row1 for the number required4 #fe4 ,how is the shot contained in the top row of a rectangular pile calculated8 ,one added to the difference between the long and short bottom rows will be the number required4 #ff4 ,how is the shot in an incomplete pile calculated8 ,by first computing the number in the pile considered as complete1 then the number of what the upper part ought to consist2 and the difference of these piles will be the number contained in the frustum or incomplete portion4 ,sidenote3 #ajf ,,diameters ,,of ,,shot1 ,,shells ,,and ,,spherical ,,case4 #ac-;in4#aj-;in4#h-;in4 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #f ---------------------------------------- - in4 in4 in4 in4 in4 in4 in4 in4 in4 #ab4hg #i4hg #g4hh #f4hdf4bee4fhe4agd4ebc4eh ---------------------------------------- - ,,weights ,,of ,,shot1 ,,shells ,,and ,,spherical ,,case4 ,columbiads and ,mortars4 ,guns and ,howitzers4 ,sea-,coast ,howitzers4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #aj-;in#h-;in#ac-;in#aj-;in#h-;in #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #f ---------------------------------------- -------- lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4 ,shot1 #abh #fe -- -- -- #db4gcb4fbd4d #ah4eab4cf4a ,shells1 #aja #ej4e #aig #hg4edd4eca #bb4eag #ac4d #h4d ,spher4 case1 -- #cj -- -- -- #bj4caf #aa4hf #h4g #f4ac4jf ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,the #h-;inch ,mortar ,shell is used for the ,siege ,howitzer4 ,,weight ,,of ,,canister ,,shot4 #bd-pr4 #ab-pr4 ,gun #bd-pr4 #ab-pr4 ,howitzer4 #db #cb ,gun and #ah and #cb-pr4,howitzer4 #f --------------- #h-;in4 ,howitzer4 ,field4,mountain4 ,sieg4 ,howit4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,musket #a4e #a4ad #j4hf #j4fd #j4dc #j4cb #j4ba #j4af ball4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,weights ,,of ,,finished ,,canisters ,,and ,,number ,,of ,,shot4 ,siege and ,garrison ,guns4 #h-;in4 ,howitzer4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ,siege4 ,sea-,coast4 ---------------------------------------- --------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,weights1 #dh #cg #bi #bc #ae #ec4e #ed4e ,no4 of shot1 #bg #bg #bg #bg #bg #dh #dh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sidenote3 #ajg ,,weight ,,of ,,grape ,,shot ,,and ,,grape ,,shot ,,stands4 #h-;in4 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,grape shot1 #f4a #d4b #c4ae #b4d #a4h #a4ad ,stands1 #gd4e #ea4b #ci4g #cj4f #bb4a #ad4h ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,weights ,,of ,,fixed ,,ammunition4 ,for ,guns4 ,for ,howitzers4 ,,weights4 ------------------------ #ab #f #cb #bd #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4 lbs4 ,cartridge1 including large charge1 #b4efa4cj #c #hh #b4gj ,cartridge ,block4 small 8 #b4jfa4je #c4aj #b4cd #a4je ,shot strapped1 #ab4gef4bh ,shell strapped and charged1 -- -- #bd4fjah4hj #i4ce ,spherical case1 strapped and charged1 #aa4dce4geca4jjbc4jjaa4cj ,canister1 with ,sabot1 #ad4hjg4cbbh4ejba4beaj4hj ,shot1 #ae4djg4fj ,round of ,ammunition ,shell with small complete4 charge1 -- -- #bg4gjba4aeaj4ej ,spherical case1 #ac4ejf4hbcd4ajbe4cdab4ej ,canister1 #af4iah4djca4fjbc4fjaa4he ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,charges ,,for ,,mortar ,,shells4 #ac-;in4 #aj-;in4 #h-;in4 ,coehorn4 -------------------------------- lbs4 oz4lbs4 oz4lbs4 oz4lbs4 oz4 of the shell filled with powder1 #aa4j #e4j #b4i #a4j ,charge to burst the shell1 #f4j #b4j #a4j #j4h to blow out the fuze1 #j4f #j4e #j4d #j4b ,ordinary ,cannon ,powder1 #g4j #c4j #a4ab service ,incendiary match or charge4 other composition1 #j4h #j4f #j4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sidenote3 #ajh ,,charges ,,for ,,field ,,shells4 #cb-pdr4 #bd-pdr4#ab-pdr4 ,remarks4 --------------------------------- lbs4 oz4lbs oz4lbs4 oz4 to fill the shell1 #a #e #a #j #j #h ,rifle or ,powder to burst do4 #j #aa #j #h #j #e musket required to blow out powder is the fuse plug1 #j #b #j #b #j #a used in for service charge1 #a #j #j #ab #j #g pref'nce to cannon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,charges ,,for ,,spherical ,,case ,,shot4 ,,charge4 #h-;in4 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #f ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 of musket balls1 #dhf #cjfbbe #age #abj #gh #ch ,bursting charge of powder1 oz4 #ae #i #h #f #e #d4e #b4e ,weight of shot loaded1 lbs4 #ei4e #ci #cj4ac #bb4ge #af4caa #e4e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,charges ,,for ,,shells ,,for ,,columbiads ,,and ,,heavy ,,guns4 ,charge of ,columbiads4 ,,for ,,guns4 ,powder4 ---------------------------------------- --- #aj-;in4 #h-;in4 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------- lbs ozlbs ozlbs ozlbs ozlbs ozlbs oz lbs oz ,to fill the shell1 #c #d #a #ab #a #h #a #e #a #j #j #aa #j #h ,to burst 8 #a #f #a #j #j #ab #j #a #j #h #j #g #j #e ,to blow out the #j #aj #j #h #j #f #j #b #j #b #j #a #j #a fuze-plug1 ,for ordinary #c #j #a #h #a #d #a #j #j #ab #j #aj #j #g service1 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sidenote3 #aji ,,part ,x4 ,,laboratory ,,stores4 #a4 ,what is a fuze8 ,the contrivance by which fire is communicated to the charge in a shell4 ,it consists1 essentially1 of a highly inflammable composition inclosed in a wood1 metal1 or paper-case4 #b4 ,what fuzes are used in the ,u4 ,s4 service8 ,wooden1 paper1 the ,bormann and the ,united ,states sea-coast fuzes4 #c4 ,describe the wooden fuze4 ,it consists of a conical plug of wood1 of the proper size for the fuze-hole of the shell with which it is to be fired4 ,the axis of this plug is bored out cylindrically1 from the large down to within a short distance of the small end1 which is left solid4 ,at the large end a cup is hollowed out1 and the outside of the plug is divided into inches and parts1 generally tenths1 commencing at the bottom of the cup4 ,the cylindrical space is filled with composition1 pounded hard1 and as regularly as possible1 and the cup filled with mealed powder moistened with whisky or alcohol4 ,the rate of burning is determined by experiment1 and marked on a water proof cap1 which is tied over the cup4 ,knowing the time any shell is to occupy in its flight1 the fuze is cut off with a saw at the proper division1 and firmly set in the fuze-hole with a fuze-set and mallet4 ,say the fuze burns #e to the inch4 ,if a shell be #aj in reaching the mark two inches of fuze will burst it as it strikes4 ,if it takes #h to reach the mark1 #a_/ in4 will be cut off1 c4 ,sidenote3 #aaj #d4 ,what is the disadvantage of this fuze8 ,its irregularity1 it being very difficult to pound the composition so that equal lengths will burn in equal times4 ,the shell may either burst too soon1 and a great part of its effect be lost2 or it may burst after burying itself in the ground2 or it may burst after passing the proper point4 ,this irregularity of burning is common to all fuzes where the composition is driven in successive layers in a column which burns in the same direction4 #e4 ,what is the composition for ,mortar fuzes8 ,no4,nitre4,sulphur4,mealed ,time of ,remarks4 ,powder4burning #a in4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #b #a #c #c4h sec4 ,for ,siege ,mortars4 #b #b #a #b #e4 8 8 ,sea-,coast 8 #c -- -- #a #b4b 8 8 #h-;in4 ,howitzers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f4 ,is the wooden fuze used8 ,yes1 for ,mortars4 #g4 ,are these fuzes always cut before being inserted in the shell8 ,generally they are2 but they are sometimes bored through at the proper positions instead of being sawed4 ,sidenote3 #aaa #h4 ,are they ever cut obliquely8 ,yes1 when the fuze is so long as to render it likely that it will reach the bottom of the shell2 for by cutting it perpendicular to the axis1 the whole base of the wood might be driven in contact with the bottom of the shell1 and prevent the lighted composition from setting fire to the bursting charge4 #i4 ,describe the paper-fuze4 ,it consists of a conical paper-case1 containing the composition1 whose rate of burning is shown by the color of the case1 as follows3 ,black1 burns #b to the inch ,red1 8 #c 8 ,green1 8 #d 8 ,yellow1 8 #e 8 ,each fuze is made two inches long1 and the yellow consequently burns #aj4 ,for any shorter time1 the fuze is cut with a sharp knife4 ,with this fuze is used a fuze-plug having a conical opening1 which is reamed out to fit the paper-case when the shell is loaded1 and the fuze is then pressed in with the thumb4 #aj4 ,what is the great advantage of this fuze8 ,its simplicity1 and the little trouble required to place it in the shell1 which renders unnecessary the numerous and complicated instruments such as saws1 fuze-setter1 and extractor1 files1 c41 which were formerly used in field artillery4 #aa4 ,what is the composition of paper fuzes made of8 ,mealed ,sulphur4 ,powder4 ------------------------------- ,black1 #a #j ,red1 #h #c ,green1 #h #c4e ,yellow1 #h #d4j ------------------------------- ,sidenote3 #aab #ab4 ,describe the ,belgian or ,bormann fuze8 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,the fuze-case is made of metal 7a composition of lead and tin71 and consists ,fig4 #b1 first1 of a short cylinder1 having at one end a horse-shoe shaped indentation2 one end only of which communicates with the magazine of the fuze placed in the centre4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,this horse-shoe indentation extends nearly to the other end of the cylinder1 a thin layer of the metal only intervening4 ,this is graduated on the outside into equal parts representing seconds and quarter seconds 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,in the bottom of this channel a smooth layer of the composition is placed1 with a piece of wick or yarn underneath it4 ,on this is placed a piece of metal1 the cross section of which is wedge shaped 7see ,fig4 #c72 and this1 by machinery1 is pressed down upon the composition1 sealing it hermetically4 ,the cylindrical opening represented at a ,fig4 #b1 is filled with fine powder and covered with a sheet of tin1 which is soldered1 closing the magazine from the external air4 ,sidenote3 #aac ,before using the fuze1 several holes are punched through this sheet of tin1 to allow the flame to enter the shell4 ,on the side of the fuze the thread of a screw is cut which fits into one cut on the inside of the fuze-hole1 and the fuze is screwed into the shell with a wrench4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,the thin layer of metal over the composition is cut through with a gouge or chisel1 or even a pen-knife1 at the interval marked with the number of seconds which we wish the fuze to burn4 ,to prevent the metal of this fuze1 which is soft1 from being driven into the shell by the explosive force of the charge1 a circular piece of iron1 with a hole through its centre1 and the thread of a screw on the outside ,fig4 #e is screwed into the fuze-hole before the fuze is inserted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 #ac4 ,to what kind of artillery has this fuze been confined8 ,principally to light artillery1 in firing shells and particularly spherical case1 where regularity and certainty are essential requisites4 ,sidenote3 #aad #ad4 ,mention one important advantage of this fuze4 ,the shells can be loaded1 all ready for use1 and remain so any length of time1 perfectly safe from explosion1 as the fuze can be screwed into its place1 and the composition never exposed to external fire until the metal is cut through4 #ae4 ,what is the only operation under fire required8 ,to gouge through the metal at the proper point1 with any kind of chisel1 knife1 or other instrument4 #af4 ,describe the ,united ,states sea-coast fuze4 ,in the ,united ,states1 a bronze fuze-plug has been adopted for heavy shells instead of the wooden one4 ,it fits the eye in the same way1 and is retained by friction4 ,it having been found that ricochets1 especially over water1 were apt to extinguish these fuzes1 a safety cap and primer combined have been adopted in the navy4 ,a recess in the top is filled with priming composition and covered1 until the fuze is required for use1 with a leaden disk which fits accurately the opening4 ,a crooked passage filled with priming1 conveys the fire to the fuze composition beneath1 and prevents water from being forced in in sufficient quantity to extinguish the fuze4 #ag4 ,when are paper fuzes for field shells and spherical case inserted8 ,at the moment of loading the gun1 and into wooden fuze-plugs previously driven into the shell4 #ah4 ,what is a port-fire8 ,it consists of a small paper-case filled with a highly inflammable but slow burning composition1 the flame of which is very intense and penetrating1 and cannot be extinguished by water4 ,sidenote3 #aae #ai4 ,what is it used for8 ,principally as an incendiary material in loading shells1 and for communicating fire to the priming of guns when proving them4 #bj4 ,what does port-fire composition consist of8 ,of nitre1 sulphur1 and mealed powder1 in different proportions4 ,one kind is composed of ,nitre1 #fe parts4 ,sulphur1 #bb4e 8 ,mealed powder1 #ab4e 8 ,a port-fire case1 eighteen inches in length filled with this composition1 burns ten minutes4 #ba4 ,what are priming-tubes1 and their use8 ,small pipes having a cap at one end1 and filled with a composition for firing cannon4 #bb4 ,what tube is in general use in our service8 ,the friction primer4 #bc4 ,describe it4 ,it consists of a short tube of metal inserted into a hole near the top of a longer tube1 and soldered in that position4 ,the short tube1 is lined with a composition made by mixing together two parts of chlorate of potassa and one of sulphurate of antimony1 moistened with gum water4 ,a serrated wire passes through the short tube and a hole opposite to it in the side of the long one1 the open end of the short tube being compressed with nippers1 and the wire at the end of the serrated part doubled under to prevent any displacement4 ,the other end of the wire is doubled and twisted by machinery4 ,the long tube is filled with musket powder1 its upper end being closed with shellac-varnish1 and its lower with shoemakers-wax4 ,sidenote3 #aaf #bd4 ,what advantage does the friction tube possess8 ,it gives an enemy at night no clue to the position of your piece1 as does the lighted port-fire1 or slow-match4 #be4 ,what is slow-match8 ,a slow burning match prepared from hemp or flax slightly twisted1 soaked in a strong lye1 or in water holding in solution sugar of lead4 ,cotton rope well twisted1 forms a good match without any preparation4 #bf4 ,how long does slow-match prepared from hemp or flax burn8 ,four to five inches to the hour4 #bg4 ,what is the use of slow-match8 ,it is used principally for the purpose of retaining fire in the shape of a hard-pointed coal1 to be used in firing cannon1 fire-works1 c4 ,it was formerly used in field batteries for lighting the port fires with which the pieces were discharged2 but both are now entirely superseded by the friction tube4 #bh4 ,what is quick-match8 ,it is a match made of threads of cotton1 or cotton wick1 steeped in gummed brandy or whisky1 then soaked in a paste of mealed powder and gummed spirits1 and afterwards strewed over with mealed powder4 #bi4 ,how long does it burn8 ,one yard burns in the open air thirteen seconds4 #cj4 ,what is the use of quick-match8 ,to fire stone and heavy mortars1 and sometimes in proving pieces4 ,it is extensively used in priming all kinds of fire-works1 such as fire and light balls1 carcasses1 rockets1 priming-tubes1 c41 and in conveying fire very rapidly from one portion of a piece of fire-work to another4 ,sidenote3 #aag #ca4 ,when used for discharging cannon1 how is the quick-match set fire to8 ,by a slow match1 port-fire1 or any other convenient material4 #cb4 ,when used to prime carcases1 c41 how is it set on fire8 ,by the flame from the piece4 #cc4 ,what is ,valenciennes composition8 ,a compound of #ej parts of nitre1 #bh of sulphur1 #ah of antimony1 and #f of rosin4 #cd4 ,what is its use8 ,as an incendiary composition1 in charging shells for the purpose of increasing their destructive property1 by setting fire to buildings1 shipping1 c4 ,sidenote3 #aah ,,part ,,xi4 ,,platforms4 #a4 ,what is a platform8 ,a strong flooring upon which a piece of ordnance1 mounted on its carriage1 is manuvred when in battery4 #b4 ,what is the object of a platform8 ,to facilitate the service of heavy guns and mortars1 and to insure accuracy of fire4 #c4 ,mention the kinds of platforms in general use in the service4 ,fixed platforms for casemate and barbette batteries in fortifications1 which are constructed with the works2 the siege-platform for guns and howitzers2 and the siege-platform for mortars2 the rail-platform2 and the ricochet-platform4 #d4 ,what properties should wooden platforms possess8 ,strength and portability4 ,sidenote3 #aai #e4 ,are the pieces composing siege-platforms of the same or different dimensions8 ,all of the same dimensions1 viz3 #i feet long1 #e inches wide1 and #c inches thick2 except the sleepers1 which in the mortar-platform are one foot less in length4 #f4 ,what is the weight of each piece8 ,about fifty pounds4 #g4 ,what is the number of pieces in the siege-platform for guns and howitzers8 ,forty-nine in all1 one being used as a hurter on the front part of the platform to prevent the carriage from running too far forward2 and twelve for sleepers4 #h4 ,describe the method of laying a platform for a siege-gun or howitzer4 ,first establish the centre line of the embrasure1 and stretch a cord on this line from the middle of the embrasure to the rear4 ,this is the directrix of the platform4 ,lay the two outside sleepers parallel to this directrix1 their outside edges being fifty-four inches distant from it4 ,the four other sleepers are laid parallel to these1 the edge of each fifteen and a half inches from the edge of the next4 ,the upper surface of the front ends of these sleepers to be fifty inches on a vertical line below the sole of the embrasure4 ,sidenote3 #abj ,they are laid with an elevation to the rear1 of one and a half inches to the yard1 or four and a half inches in their whole length4 ,this elevation may be determined by placing a block four and a half inches high on the front end of the sleeper1 and laying a straight-edge1 with a gunner's level on it from this block to the rear end1 then so arrange the earth as to bring the level true in this position4 ,the next set of sleepers are laid against and inside of the first1 overlapping them three feet1 having the rear ends inclined outwards1 so that the outer edges of the exterior ones shall be each fifty-four inches from the directrix1 and the spaces between the edges of the others the same as in the first set1 viz3 fifteen and a half inches from the edge of one to the edge of the next1 all having the elevation to the rear of one and a half inches to the yard1 and perfectly level across4 ,the earth is then rammed firmly around these sleepers1 and made even with their upper surface4 ,the first deck-plank1 with a hole through each end for the eye-bolts1 is laid in place perpendicular to the directrix1 its holes corresponding with those in the sleepers4 ,the hurter is placed on it1 and the bolts driven through the corresponding holes in these pieces4 ,the hurter should be so placed as to prevent the wheels from striking against the epaulment when the piece is in battery4 ,if the interior slope has a base of two-sevenths of its height1 the inner edge of the hurter should be two and a half inches from the foot of the slope4 ,the other planks are then laid1 each one forced against the preceding1 the last plank having holes for the rear eye-bolts4 ,by drawing out or driving in the outside sleepers1 the holes through their rear ends are made to correspond with those in the last deck-plank1 and the bolts are put in4 ,drive stakes in the rear of each sleeper1 leaving their tops level with the upper surface of the platform4 ,raise1 ram1 and level the earth in rear of the platform1 so as to have a plain1 hard surface to support the trail when the recoil is great4 ,the earth at the sides should be raised nearly as high as the platform1 and well rammed1 giving it a slight inclination outwards to allow the water to run off4 ,sidenote3 #aba #i4 ,what are the dimensions of this platform8 ,fifteen feet by nine feet4 #aj4 ,why is the elevation to the rear given to this platform8 ,to diminish the recoil and to permit the water to run off4 #aa4 ,describe the platform for a mortar4 ,the mortar-platform is composed of only half the number of sleepers and deck-planks required for the gun or howitzer platform4 ,it is laid level1 and the front and rear deck-planks are connected by eye-bolts to every sleeper4 ,its depth is one-half that of the previous platform4 #ab4 ,describe the method of laying the rail-platform4 ,the rail-platform for siege-mortars consists of three sleepers and two rails for the cheeks of the mortar-bed to slide on1 instead of the deck-plank1 and is very strong1 and easily constructed and laid4 ,the pieces being notched to fit1 are driven together at the battery1 the distance between the centre lines of the rails being equal to that between the centre lines of the cheeks4 ,the earth is excavated eight and a half inches1 the depth of the sleepers1 and the bottom made perfectly level4 ,the directrix being exactly marked by stakes1 the platform is placed in position1 its centre line coinciding with a cord stretched between the stakes marking the line of fire4 ,the earth is filled in as high as the upper surface of the sleepers1 and firmly rammed2 and stakes are driven in the rear angles formed by the sleepers and rails1 and one at the rear end of each rail4 ,sidenote3 #abb #ac4 ,mention the parts of the ricochet-platform4 #a ,hurter1 #h ft4 long1 #h in4 wide1 and #h in4 thick4 #c ,sleepers1 #i ft4 8 #e 8 8 8 #e 8 #b planks1 #aj ft4 #h in4 l'g1 #ac 8 8 8 #b 8 #a plank1 #g ft4 long1 #ac 8 8 8 #b 8 #a piece plank1 #b ft4 long1 #ac 8 8 8 #b 8 ,and some stakes4 #ad4 ,describe the method of laying this platform4 ,to lay this platform1 place the hurter perpendicular to the line of fire1 and secure it by four stakes1 one at each end and two in front1 #ca inches from the middle towards each end3 lay the three sleepers parallel to the hurter1 the first #af inches from the rear edge of the hurter1 the second #dc inches from the rear edge of the first1 and the third #dc inches from the rear edge of the second4 ,lay the plank #ca inches from the directrix of the platform to the centre of the plank4 ,place the piece of plank #fj inches from the rear edge of the last sleeper1 and bed it in the ground4 ,place on the last sleeper and this piece of plank1 the plank 7#g feet long71 its front edge #ajf inches from the rear edge of the hurter4 ,sidenote3 #abc ,,part ,,xii4 ,,artillery ,,carriages ,,and ,,machines4 #a4 ,what is meant by artillery carriages8 ,carriages of every description employed in the artillery service4 #b4 ,how are such carriages classified8 ,into two general divisions2 first1 those carriages on which artillery are mounted1 either for firing or travelling2 and secondly1 such as are especially used for the transportation of artillery ammunition and stores4 #c4 ,what is a gun-carriage8 ,it is the machine on which a piece is mounted for manuvering and firing4 #d4 ,into what classes may gun-carriages be divided8 ,into movable and stationary carriages4 #e4 ,what is the use of movable carriages8 ,they are used for the transportation of the pieces as well as for firing them1 and are mounted on large wheels4 ,they are furnished with limbers4 #f4 ,describe the movable carriage4 ,it consists of two cheeks1 connected together and with a stock by assembling bolts4 ,the front part supports the piece1 and rests upon an axle-tree furnished with wheels1 the rear end of the stock or trail resting on the ground4 ,sidenote3 #abd #g4 ,what are the cheeks8 ,the parts of the carriage between which the piece is placed1 and upon which the trunnions are supported4 #h4 ,what is the wheel composed of8 ,of a nave into which the axle-tree enters2 of a certain number of spokes fastened in the nave2 and a circumference which is composed of a number of fellies equal to half the number of spokes4 #i4 ,what is the dish of a wheel8 ,the inclination outward of the spokes1 when fastened in the nave4 #aj4 ,what is the advantage of this obliquity of the spokes8 ,it gives elasticity to the wheel1 and protects it from the effect of shocks1 which would destroy it1 if the spokes were in the same plane4 #aa4 ,what is the object of giving dish to a wheel8 ,for the purpose of making the body of the carriage wider2 to diminish the length of the axle-tree1 thus increasing its strength2 to throw the mud and water outside the wheels2 and to keep the wheel close against the carriage1 and prevent any tendency to run off the axle4 #ab4 ,how are movable gun-carriages distinguished8 ,as field1 mountain1 and siege-carriages4 ,sidenote3 #abe #ac4 ,what are the principal considerations to be kept in view in the construction of movable carriages8 ,in firing1 the carriage should yield to the recoil4 ,were it fixed immovably1 it would soon be destroyed1 no matter how great its solidity4 ,its weight should be proportional to that of the piece4 ,if too heavy it would soon be destroyed by the shocks of the piece4 ,if too light1 the recoil would be immoderate4 ,its weight should always be less than that of the piece4 ,a heavy piece upon too light a carriage will perform better service than the reverse arrangement1 since the effort exerted by a piece depends upon its mass multiplied into the square of the velocity4 #ad4 ,what are the principal considerations to be kept in view in the construction of field carriages8 ,lightness and strength combined1 great mobility and flexibility1 and a low centre of gravity1 in order to surmount all difficulties in the field which must frequently arise while artillery is acting with other troops1--to resist the concussion in firing1 and the severe jolting produced when moving rapidly over uneven ground4 #ae4 ,how many kinds of field gun-carriages have we8 ,three1 viz3 ,one for the #f pdr4 gun and #ab-pdr4 howitzer2 another for the #bd-pdr4 howitzer2 and the third for the #ab-pdr4 gun and #cb-pdr4 howitzer4 #af4 ,in what respect are these carriages similar8 ,in all having the same kind of limber and the same-sized wheels1 so that any limber or wheel may be used with any carriage2 though1 if possible1 the heaviest wheel 7,no4 #b7 should be used on the carriage of the three heaviest pieces1 #ab-pdr4 gun and #bd and #cb-pdr4 howitzers4 #ag4 ,describe these gun-carriages4 ,they consist of two short cheeks of wood1 bolted upon a stock and wooden axle-body1 in a recess of which fits the iron axle on which the wheels are placed4 ,the stock terminates in a trail and trail-plate which rests on the ground1 and has on the end a strong ring called the lunette1 which is placed on the pintle hook when the piece is limbered4 ,in the stock is placed an elevating screw-box of bronze in which the elevating screw fits4 ,sidenote3 #abf #ah4 ,mention other parts of a field-carriage4 ,cap-squares1 ear-plates1 trunnion-plates1 under-strap1 elevating screw1 wheel guard plate1 axle-tree1 trail-plate1 trail-handles1 prolong-hooks1 pointing-rings1 washer-hooks1 lock-chain1 sponge-chain1 sponge and rammer stop1 bolts1 rings1 bands1 hooks1 keys1 straps1 nuts1 and nails4 #ai4 ,what is the limber8 ,it consists of a similar axle-body1 axle1 and two wheels1 and on these rests a frame-work to receive the tongue4 ,on top of the whole is an ammunition box1 the top of which forms a seat for three cannoneers4 ,in rear of the axle-tree is a pintle-hook to receive the lunette of the trail4 ,connected with the frame-work in front1 is a fixed splinter-bar with four hooks1 to which are attached the traces of the wheel-horses4 ,at the extremity of the tongue are placed two pole-chains1 by which the tongue or pole is held up1 and a pole-yoke with two movable branches1 to prevent1 as much as possible1 the pole from oscillating and striking the horses4 #bj4 ,what is the use of the limber8 ,to facilitate the movements of the carriage4 ,by means of it a considerable portion of ammunition and stores may be conveyed for the immediate use of the piece1 some of the cannoneers may be seated on the boxes1 and by the simple manner in which it is attached to the carriage1 the greatest facility is afforded for coming into action1 or in retiring4 ,sidenote3 #abg #ba4 ,are there any other advantages from the manner in which the gun-carriage and limber are connected8 ,these two parts thus possess all the advantages of a four-wheel carriage1 and the freedom of motion peculiar to each admits of their passing over ground uninjured1 or without being overturned or strained1 where any other four-wheel carriage would invariably fail4 #bb4 ,describe the mountain artillery gun-carriage4 ,it is formed like the field-gun carriage1 but much smaller1 the cheeks not being formed of pieces distinct from the stock1 but all three made of two pieces bolted together4 ,the axle-tree is of wood1 which lessens the recoil1 and gives an elasticity to the whole carriage1 better adapted to resist the shocks of firing4 ,the wheels are but thirty-eight inches high4 ,ordinarily1 over rough ground1 the carriage is transported on the backs of mules2 but where it is possible1 a pair of shafts is attached to the trail to keep it from the ground1 and the piece is drawn on its carriage by harnessing one of the pack mules to it4 ,the ammunition is carried in ammunition boxes on the backs of mules4 #bc4 ,describe the prairie carriage4 ,the necessity for a small carriage for the mountain howitzer when used on our western prairies1 has led to the adoption of a special carriage for that service1 with a limber attached as in a field-carriage4 ,this renders the carriage less liable to overturn1 and preferable in every respect to the two-wheeled one4 ,the limber is furnished with two ammunition boxes1 placed over the axle-tree1 and parallel to it1 and just wide enough for one row of shells and their cartridges4 ,sidenote3 #abh #bd4 ,how many kinds of siege-gun carriages are used in our service8 ,three2 one for the #ab-pound gun2 another for the #ah-pdr42 and the third for the #bd-pound gun and #h-;in4 howitzer4 #be4 ,in what respect are they similar8 ,they are all constructed in the same manner1 differing only in their dimensions4 ,all the limbers and wheels are the same1 so that they can be used in common4 #bf4 ,describe this gun-carriage4 ,it is similar in its construction to the field-carriage1 but is joined to the limber in a different way4 ,projecting upwards from the limber and in rear of the axle-tree1 is placed a pintle1 which enters a hole made in the trail from the underside1 and a lashing-chain and hook keep the two parts together when once in position4 ,the weight of the trail resting on the rear end of the tongue keeps this nearly horizontal1 and relieves the horses of the weight of it1 which1 as it must be both long and heavy1 is too much for the horses to carry4 ,the splinter-bar is1 as in field carriages1 stationary1 but the traces of the next team are attached to a movable bar which is connected with the end of the tongue4 ,the tongue is furnished with pole-chains1 but no yoke1 and the rest of the teams are harnessed as in field-artillery4 ,the axle-trees are of iron1 with axle-bodies of wood2 which last1 by its elasticity1 renders the shock from the piece less direct and violent4 ,sidenote3 #abi ,on the upper surface of the cheeks1 near the rear ends1 are placed two projecting bolts which1 with the curve of the cheeks1 form resting places for the trunnions1 when the piece is in position for transportation4 ,they are called traveling trunnion-beds4 ,when the piece is in this position1 its breech rests upon the bolster1 which is a curved block of wood1 bolted to the upper side of the stock4 ,on each side of the trail1 and perpendicular to it1 a strong manuvring bolt is placed to serve as places to apply the handspikes in manuvering the carriage4 #bg4 ,what is the object of the traveling trunnion-beds8 ,for the purpose of distributing the load more equally over the carriage4 #bh4 ,mention the parts composing the limber4 ,the fork1 the splinter-bar1 the hounds1 the sweep-bar1 the tongue1 the pintle1 the lashing-chain1 the axle-tree 7iron74 ,the sweep-bar is of iron1 and on it rests the trail1 which by its weight keeps up the tongue4 #bi4 ,why is it unnecessary for siege-carriages to have the same degree of mobility and flexibility as field carriages8 ,because siege-carriages are1 properly speaking1 transportation wagons for use on roads1 and never intended for manuvring with troops4 #cj4 ,how many horses does the transportation of siege-guns require8 ,a #bd-pdr4 requires ten horses 7five drivers72 a #ab or #ah-pdr41 eight horses 7four drivers74 #ca4 ,what are stationary gun-carriages used for8 ,to fire the piece from1 and not to transport it except for short distances4 ,sidenote3 #acj #cb4 ,for what service are these carriages used8 ,for garrison and sea-coast pieces2 although the siege-gun carriages just described may also be used in a fortification or garrison4 ,mortar-beds1 to be described hereafter1 are used either for siege or garrison service4 #cc4 ,what are the chief requisites for garrison and sea-coast carriages8 ,strength1 durability1 and facility in serving the guns1 as they are intended only for the works of a place1 coast-batteries1 and situations where they are permanently fixed4 #cd4 ,why should these carriages be required to possess great strength and durability8 ,unless made strong they would soon be shaken by the continued and rapid fire which the defense of a work may demand2 and from their constant exposure to the weather they would soon decay if made of a very perishable material4 #ce4 ,is the weight of garrison carriages a matter of great importance8 ,it is of less importance in this class of carriages than in any other1 as they are seldom removed from their situations3 their weight adds but little to the labor of running them up4 #cf4 ,mention the different stationary carriages4 ,the carriage from which a mortar is fired1 called its bed2 the barbette-carriage2 the columbiad-carriage2 the casemate-carriage2 and that for the #bd-pdr4 iron howitzer1 called the flank-casemate carriage4 #cg4 ,how many kinds of siege mortar beds have we8 ,four2 the #h-;in41 #aj-;in41 the stone1 the coehorn4 ,sidenote3 #aca #ch4 ,which of these are alike8 ,the first three1 differing only in dimensions4 ,they are made of cast-iron1 which has very little elasticity4 #ci4 ,describe these beds4 ,they consist of two cheeks1 joined by two transoms1 all cast together in the same piece4 ,the manuvring bolts1 placed on each side1 one near each end of the cheeks1 are made of wrought iron1 and set in the mould when the bed is cast4 ,on the front transom is fastened a wooden bolster1 grooved to receive the elevating quoin4 ,notches1 on the underside of the front and rear of the cheeks1 give hold to the handspikes in throwing the carriage to the right or left4 #dj4 ,describe the coehorn mortar-bed4 ,it is made of a block of oak wood1 in one piece1 or two pieces joined together with bolts4 ,a recess1 for the trunnions and part of the breech is made in the top of the bed2 and the trunnions are kept in their places by plates of iron bolted down over them4 ,two iron handles are bolted to the bed on each side1 by which four men can carry the bed with the mortar in its place4 #da4 ,describe the eprouvette mortar-bed4 ,it consists of a block of wood1 on the top of which is countersunk and bolted the bed-plate1 which is a heavy circular plate of cast-iron having a rectangular recess with sloping sides1 so as to make it longest at the bottom4 ,into this recess the sole of the mortar slides4 ,the wooden block is bolted to a stone block of the same size1 which is firmly placed in the ground on a masonry foundation4 ,sidenote3 #acb #db4 ,describe the heavy sea-coast mortar bed4 ,the bed for the heavy ten-inch mortar is the only one which has yet been adopted4 ,the cheeks are of cast-iron1 and somewhat similar in form to those in the beds of siege-mortars2 but in the front1 the cheeks turn up to receive between them the front transom1 which has1 countersunk in and bolted to it1 an elevating screw-bed1 through which works an inclined elevating screw1 which rises or falls by turning the nut1 fitted on it by means of a lever inserted into mortises cut in the direction of the radii of the circular nut4 ,both the transoms are made of wood1 connected with the cheeks by mortises and tenons1 and secured by bolts running through1 and nuts on the outside4 ,one of these bolts at each end1 is longer than the others1 and the projecting ends are made use of as manuvring bolts4 ,directly behind and underneath the position for the trunnions1 a bronze bed-piece is placed to receive the shock of the piece4 ,it consists of a large beam of bronze1 with each end well let in to the face of the cheek4 ,the use of the elevating screw instead of the quoin1 is rendered necessary by the great mass of metal to be raised or lowered in sighting the piece4 #dc4 ,what is a barbette carriage8 ,it is a carriage belonging to the class denominated immovable1 on which a gun is mounted to fire over a parapet2 and a barbette gun is any gun mounted on a barbette-carriage4 #dd4 ,how many forms of the barbette-carriage are in use in the service8 ,two3 one for iron guns and sea-coast howitzers 7#ab1 #ah1 #bd1 #cb1 #db-pdrs41 and #h and #aj-;in472 and one for the columbiads4 ,sidenote3 #acc #de4 ,of how many parts are barbette-carriages composed8 ,of a gun-carriage and a chassis4 #df4 ,describe the gun-carriage4 ,it is formed of two upright pieces of timber1 nearly vertical1 behind which are placed two inclined braces1 mortised into the uprights1 and designed to receive the force of the recoil1 the whole forming the cheeks1 which are firmly connected and braced by transoms and assembling bolts1 thus forming a triangular frame-work1 which is less liable than any other form to become deformed from the shocks of the gun4 ,a horizontal piece 7the transom and axle-tie7 runs from front to rear between the cheeks1 connecting the axle-body and rear transom4 ,the trunnion-bed is at the top of the upright1 where it is joined to the brace2 and the breech of the gun is supported on an elevating screw1 working into a screw-box placed in the rear end of the transom and axle-tie4 ,the front transom is just under the gun2 the middle transom is between the braces2 and the rear transom is at the lower end of the braces1 and under the transom and axle-tie1 into which it is notched2 the lower part of this transom is notched to receive the tongue of the chassis on which it slides4 ,between this transom and the transom and axle-tie1 the end of a lunette is placed projecting to the rear1 and fastened by a bolt for the purpose of attaching a limber to the carriage4 ,sidenote3 #acd ,the feet of the uprights and front end of the transom and axle-tie are joined to an axle-body1 in which an iron axle is placed4 ,on the ends of the axle are fitted cast-iron rollers1 which rest on the rails of the chassis1 and support the front of the carriage4 ,on the outside of the roller is placed an octagonal projection1 on which the cast-iron nave of the wheel fits1 secured by a washer and linch-pin4 ,the spokes of the wheels are wood1 inclosed within heavy iron tires4 ,manuvring bolts are inserted in front of the feet of the uprights1 and in the carriages1 for pieces heavier than a #bd-pdr41 in rear of these feet also4 ,these bolts and the spokes of the wheels form the points of application for the handspikes1 in manuvering the piece4 ,manuvering staples are placed in front of the feet of the braces1 for the purpose of using handspikes to raise the rear of the carriage from the tongue of the chassis in running to and from battery4 #dg4 ,what pieces go on the same carriage8 ,the #cb-pound gun1 and #h-;inch howitzer4 ,all other pieces have separate carriages4 #dh4 ,how many sizes of rollers are used8 ,two3 one for the carriages of the #ab1 #ah1 and #bd-pounders2 the other for the remaining carriages4 #di4 ,are cap-squares used with these carriages8 ,no4 #ej4 ,what other purposes do the wheels subserve besides assisting in manuvering the gun-carriage8 ,in transporting the piece on its carriage for short distances1 as from one front of a fort to another4 ,sidenote3 #ace #ea4 ,describe the chassis4 ,it consists of two rails and a tongue1 joined by three transoms4 ,the tongue is in the middle1 and projects considerably beyond the rails1 to the rear4 ,at each end of the rails on top1 a hard piece of wood is notched in1 and bolted4 ,they are called hurters and counter-hurters1 and their use is to prevent the gun carriage from running off the chassis4 ,rail-plates of iron to protect the wooden rails are let in to the outside of the rails4 ,at the rear end of the tongue1 a swinging prop is placed to support the end of the tongue when the piece is run back4 ,the lower side of the end of the tongue is notched out1 and a manuvering loop fixed there1 with a bolt and screws1 to assist in handling the chassis4 ,on the under side of each rail1 opposite the rear transom1 a mortise is formed1 for the reception of a socket of iron which receives the handle of the traverse-wheel fork4 ,each of these forks receives a traverse-wheel1 joined to it by an axle-bolt1 and these support the rear end of the chassis4 ,the front end is supported on a pintle-plate of iron2 through which1 and up into the middle of the front transom1 passes a pintle or bolt1 which serves as a pivot around which the whole system moves4 #eb4 ,in permanent batteries1 how are the pintle and traverse circle fixed8 ,the pintle is fixed in a block of stone1 and the traverse circle is an iron plate set also in stone4 #ec4 ,in temporary batteries1 how is the pintle attached8 ,to a wooden bolster which is covered by a circular cast-iron plate1 and attached by bolts to a wooden cross picketed firmly into the ground4 #ed4 ,how may a temporary traverse circle be made8 ,of plank1 pinned to sleepers1 and fastened to pickets1 or secured to string-pieces1 which connect the traverse circle with the pintle-cross4 ,sidenote3 #acf #ee4 ,what retains the traverse-wheels and their forks in their places8 ,the weight of the carriage and gun1 and the form of the socket and handle of the fork4 #ef4 ,where are the handspikes applied in traversing the carriage8 ,to the pivot-bolts of the traverse-wheels1 which project to the rear2 or under the traverse-wheels4 #eg4 ,why does the chassis slope towards the front8 ,in order to diminish the recoil1 and aid in running the piece into battery4 #eh4 ,describe the columbiad gun-carriage4 ,it is a triangular frame-work1 consisting on each side of an upright1 a horizontal rail or tie1 and a brace1 firmly mortised and bolted together1 forming the cheeks1 which are joined by a transom at each end4 ,these project below the lower surfaces of the ties1 and fit in between the rails of the chassis1 serving1 like the flanges on the rollers in the other barbette-carriages1 to prevent the gun-carriage from slipping sideways off the chassis4 ,through the front transom1 and near the front ends of the ties1 an iron axle-tree is passed1 working in iron boxes fitting in the ties4 ,on the projecting ends of this axle-tree the rollers or manuvring wheels are fixed 7the axes of which are eccentric with the axis of the axle-tree7 the extreme ends of the axle1 being octagonal in shape1 to fit the wrench of the iron handspike4 ,sidenote3 #acg ,these eccentrics are so arranged that when the centres of the wheels are at their lowest points1 the surfaces of the wheels bear on the rails of the chassis and raise the gun-carriage tie from it2 and when the centres are at the highest points1 the surfaces of the wheels do not touch the rails1 and the ties are in contact with them4#b ,a similar arrangement is made for the rear part of the carriage1 except that the axle does not extend all the way through1 but the wheel on each side has a projecting piece of axle which works into a box placed near the end of the tie4 #b ,a couple of notches or indentations are made on the ends of the eccentric axles4 ,when these notches are in a vertical line1 the wheels rest on the rails2 but when they are in a horizontal or inclined line1 the ties rest on them4 ,the wheel is thrown into or out of gear1 that is1 made to bear on the rail of the chassis or relieved from it1 by turning the axle with a wrench placed on the octagonal end4 ,in the direction of the radii of the wheels1 but inclined outwards1 mortises are placed for the reception of the end of the iron handspikes1 by acting on which while inserted the wheels are turned1 and the carriage moved back and forth on the chassis4 ,ordinarily1 when the wheels are thrown into gear1 the carriage being back1 it will run into battery of itself4 ,the elevating arrangement consist of an elevating screw1 working into a screw-bed1 which slides in a vertical box1 and carries on the top of it a movable pawl to fit into the notches cut in the breech of the gun1 in order to give considerable elevations4 ,for the purpose of transferring the pawl from one notch to the next1 it has a slit in it1 through which the elevating bar is passed1 and the gun supported by making use of the edge of the elevating-box as a fulcrum4 ,this arrangement is over the rear transom4 ,sidenote3 #ach #ei4 ,describe the chassis of the columbiad-carriage4 ,it consists1 like those used with other barbette-carriages1 of two rails connected by three transoms2 but the tops of the rails are shod with iron plates1 and the rear hurters are the large heads of heavy bolts which pass entirely through the rails4 ,the front hurters are fixed to the front transom by a heavy plate and bolt4 ,traverse-wheels are placed under both front and rear transoms1 and the chassis moves on a pintle passing through the middle transom4 ,two of these wheels are placed under each end of the chassis1 their axes being kept in place by straps bolted to the transoms4 ,recesses are cut in the underside of the transom1 for the wheels to turn in4 ,this chassis has no tongue4 #fj4 ,of how many parts are casemate carriages composed8 ,like barbette-carriages1 of a gun-carriage and chassis4 #fa4 ,describe the gun-carriage4 ,sidenote3 #aci ,it consists of two cheeks1 joined together by as many transoms1 and supported in front by an axle-tree on truck wheels1 and in rear on the rear transom1 which is notched to fit the tongue of the chassis4 ,each cheek is formed of two pieces1 one on top of the other1 and connected by dowels and bolts4 ,on the underside1 near the front1 a notch is cut for the reception of the axle-tree1 which is of oak2 and nearly over the axle1 on the upper side of the cheek1 the trunnion-bed is placed4 ,the rear of the upper piece of the cheek is cut into steps1 which give a better hold for the assembling-bolts1 than a uniform slope1 and give purchases for the handspikes1 in elevating the piece4 ,on the inside of each cheek1 just in rear of the axle1 a vertical guide is fixed to keep the carriage on the chassis4 ,it is of wood1 and bolted to the front transom and axle-tree4 ,the top of the front transom is hollowed out1 to admit the depression of the piece4 ,behind the rear transom and at the notch cut in it1 there is an eccentric-roller1 so arranged as to bear the weight of the rear part of the carriage1 or not1 according as it is thrown in or out of gear4 ,near the rear end of each cheek1 and outside1 a heavy trail-handle of iron is placed1 and used in manuvring the piece4 ,on the ends of the axle truck wheels are placed1 with mortises sloping outwards in the direction of the radii1 for the insertion of the handspikes in running from battery4 ,the elevating apparatus consists of a cast-iron bed-plate1 secured to the rear transom2 an elevating screw and brass nut2 the nut being acted on by an oblique-toothed wheel1 turned by a handle placed outside the right cheek4 #fb4 ,describe the chassis4 ,it consists of two rails and a tongue1 joined by two transoms1 and supported on traverse-wheels in front and rear4 ,the track on each rail is curved up at each end1 and provided with hurters to prevent the carriage from running off the chassis4 ,a prop fastened under the rear end of the tongue prevents the chassis from upsetting backwards in firing heavy charges1 and may be used as a point of support in raising the chassis4 ,an iron fork is bolted to the under side of the front end of the tongue1 to which is bolted an iron tongue4 ,an opening in the masonry below the embrasure1 is left for this tongue1 and it is secured in its place by dropping the pintle from the embrasure down through the eye of the tongue4 ,sidenote3 #adj #fc4 ,where is the flank-casemate carriage employed8 ,it is especially adapted to the mounting of the #bd-pdr4 iron howitzer in the flanks of casemate batteries1 for defending the ditch2 and both the gun-carriage and chassis are narrower and lighter than the other casemate carriages4 #fd4 ,describe the gun-carriage4 ,the cheeks are made of white oak1 and connected by two iron transoms1 the front one projecting below the cheeks1 and resting on the chassis with a projection on the bottom of it1 fitting in between the rails4 ,the bottom of the trail has the same slope as the upper surface of the chassis on which it rests2 so that when its eccentric-roller is out of gear1 the rear parts of the cheeks fit the rails4 ,the remaining portion of the bottom of the cheek makes an angle with the rail1 and has in front a fork1 and a roller which runs on the rail of the chassis when the eccentric is in gear4 ,each cheek has on the side a trail-handle and a manuvring-ring4 ,in rear of the rear transom is placed an eccentric-roller1 having a projection in the middle of it1 just large enough to fit in between the rails of the chassis1 and guide the trail of the carriage4 ,when this roller is in gear1 the weight of the trail rests upon it1 while that of the front part of the carriage is thrown upon the front rollers1 and the piece is then easily run in and out of battery2 but the roller being out of gear1 as when the piece is about to be fired1 the weight rests upon the rear part of the cheeks and the front transom1 and friction is brought into play to diminish the recoil4 ,cap-squares are used with this carriage4 ,sidenote3 #ada #fe4 ,describe the chassis4 ,it consists simply of two rails #c in4 apart1 and joined by four transoms and assembling-bolts4 ,hurters on the rear ends of the rails only are used1 as the bottom projection of the front transom prevents the carriage running too far into battery4 ,the front end of the chassis rests on the sole of the embrasure4 ,the end is provided with a pintle-plate and a strap of half-in4 iron through which the pintle passes to the masonry beneath4 ,the rear of the chassis is supported by an iron prop1 the lower end of which is attached to two traverse-wheels4 #ff4 ,what kind of carriages have been recommended for use in garrisons1 instead of wooden ones8 ,wrought iron carriages1 for all except the flank-casemate2 all made in a similar manner1 differing only in weight and dimensions4 #fg4 ,what is the objection to cast-iron8 ,its weight1 and its great liability to splinter when struck by shot4 #fh4 ,of how many parts is this wrought iron carriage composed8 ,like the wooden ones1 of a gun-carriage and chassis4 #fi4 ,describe the gun-carriage4 ,it consists of two cheeks of thick sheet-iron1 each one of which is strengthened by three flanged iron plates bolted to the cheeks4 ,along the bottom of each cheek1 an iron shoe is fixed with the end bent upwards4 ,sidenote3 #adb ,in front1 this bent end is bolted to the flange of the front strengthening plate4 ,in rear the bent portion is longer1 and terminated at top by another bend1 which serves as a point of application for a lever on a wheel1 when running to and from battery4 ,the trunnion-plates fit over the top ends of the strengthening plates1 which meet around the bed1 and are fastened to the flanges of the latter by movable bolts and nuts4 ,the cheeks are joined together by transoms made of bar-iron4 ,they are parallel to each other1 and in order that the base ring on the gun may not interfere with giving it the full elevation by striking against them1 it is proposed to dispense with the base ring in sea-coast and garrison pieces1 and to retain the preponderance by reducing the swell of the muzzle4 ,the front of the carriage is mounted on an axle-tree1 with truck wheels similar to the wooden casemate carriages4 #gj4 ,describe the chassis4 ,it consists of two rails of wrought iron1 the cross section of each being in form of a ,t1 the flat surface on top being for the reception of the shoe-rail of the gun-carriage4 ,the rails are parallel to each other1 and connected by iron transoms and braces4 ,the chassis is supported on traverse-wheels4 ,a prop is placed under the middle transom of the chassis1 to provide against sagging4 #ga4 ,what carriage is used for conveying ammunition for a field battery8 ,the ,,caisson4 ,sidenote3 #adc #gb4 ,describe it4 ,a four-wheel carriage1 consisting of two parts1 one of which is a limber similar to that of the gun carriage1 and connected in a similar way by a wooden stock and lunette4 ,on the axle-body of the rear part1 and parallel to the stock1 are placed three rails upon which are fastened two ammunition boxes1 one behind the other1 and similar to the one on the limber2 so that the caisson has three ammunition boxes which will seat nine cannoneers4 ,the interior compartments of the ammunition boxes vary according to the nature of the ammunition with which they are loaded4 ,in rear of the last box is placed a spare wheel1 axle of iron1 with a chain and toggle at the end of it4 ,on the rear end of the middle rail is placed a carriage hook1 similar to a pintle-hook1 to which the lunette of a gun carriage whose limber has become disabled1 may be attached1 and the gun carried off the field4 ,the caisson has the same turning capacity and mobility as the gun carriage1 so that it can follow the piece in all its manuvres1 if necessary4 ,it also carries a spare wheel1 spare pole1 c4 #gc4 ,what provision is made for repairing the carriages of a field battery when required8 ,every field battery is provided with a ,,forge4 #gd4 ,describe this wagon4 ,it consists1 besides the limber1 of a frame-work on which is fixed the bellows1 fire-place1 c4 ,behind the bellows is placed a coal-box1 which has to be removed before the bellows can be put in position4 ,in the limber box are placed the smith's tools1 horse-shoes1 nails1 and spare parts 7iron7 of carriages1 harness1 c4 ,sidenote3 #add #ge4 ,describe the battery wagon4 ,it consists1 besides the limber1 of a long-bodied cart with a round top1 which is connected with the limber in the same way as all other field carriages4 ,the lid opens on hinges placed at the side2 and in rear is fixed a movable forage rack for carrying long forage4 ,one of these wagons accompanies each field-battery1 for the purpose of transporting carriage-maker's and saddler's tools1 spare parts of carriages1 harness and equipments1 and rough materials for replacing different parts4 ,both this and the forge are made of equal mobility with the other field carriages1 in order to accompany them wherever they may be required to go4 #gf4 ,how many kinds of wheels are employed for field carriages8 ,two3 ,no4 #a for the #f-pdr4 gun carriage1 the caisson1 the forge1 the battery-wagon1 and for the limbers of all field-carriages4 ,no4 #b for the #bd-pdr4 howitzer and the #ab-pdr4 gun carriages4 #gg4 ,in what respects are these wheels similar8 ,they are of the same form and height1 and they fit on the same axle-tree arm4 ,the height is #eg inches1 and each wheel is composed of #ad spokes and #g fellies4 #gh4 ,how do they differ8 ,in the dimensions of their parts1 and in strength and weight4 #gi4 ,what is the weight of these wheels8 ,no4 #a1 #ahj lbs41 ,no4 #b1 #aif lbs4 #hj4 ,what are the weight and height of a wheel of siege-gun carriages and limbers8 ,weight #djd lbs41 and height #fj inches4 #ha4 ,what is the portable forge designed for8 ,service in a mountainous country1 where wheeled vehicles cannot travel1 for the purpose of making repairs1 not only for the artillery but for all other arms of service taken on such expeditions4 ,sidenote3 #ade #hb4 ,what is the mortar wagon designed for8 ,the transportation of siege mortars and their beds1 or of guns or large shot and shells4 #hc4 ,describe this wagon4 ,the limber and wheels are the same as those of the siege-gun carriage4 ,the body consists of a platform of rails and transoms1 resting on an axle-tree1 the two middle rails being prolonged to form the stock2 six stakes or standards are inserted in sockets on the side of this platform and used to secure the load4 ,the side-rails are prolonged to the rear1 and furnish pivots for a roller placed immediately in rear of the platform4 ,this roller has holes for the insertion of handspikes1 and is used in loading the wagon2 the guns1 mortars1 c41 being drawn up on the stock4 ,a muzzle bolster on the stock near the limber1 and a breech-hurter near the hind part of the wagon1 are provided and used when long ordnance is transported on it4 ,mortars are usually carried mounted on their beds4 #hd4 ,what is the use of the hand-cart8 ,for the transportation of light stores in siege and garrison service4 #he4 ,describe it4 ,it consists of a light body with shafts1 mounted on two wheels4 ,the shafts are joined together at the ends1 and supported immediately in front of the body by iron legs4 ,sidenote3 #adf #hf4 ,what is the use of the hand sling-cart8 ,it is used in siege and garrison service for transporting artillery short distances4 #hg4 ,describe it4 ,it is a two-wheeled carriage made entirely of iron1 except the pole1 which is of oak4 ,the axle-tree is arched to make it stronger1 and connected with the pole by strong wrought iron straps and braces4 ,in the rear of the axle a projection is welded to receive the end of a strong hook4 ,the end of the pole terminates in a ferule and an eye4 ,the eye is for the purpose of attaching to the cart when necessary1 a limber or a horse4 #hh4 ,how great weights can be transported by this cart8 ,it should not be used with heavier weights than about #djjj lbs41 but in case of necessity a #bd or #cb-pd4 gun may be transported on it4 ,for heavier guns or material1 the large sling-cart drawn by horses or oxen should be used4 #hi4 ,what is the field and siege gin and its use8 ,it consists1 like all gins1 of two legs and a pry-pole1 a windlass1 sheaves1 pulleys1 and a fall or rope1 and is used for mounting or handling guns1 or other heavy bodies1 in the field or in the trenches of a siege4 ,the legs are about #ad feet long and the height of the gun about #ab feet4 #ij4 ,how does the garrison gin differ from the field and siege gun8 ,it is heavier and stronger1 as it is used for mounting heavier guns1 and has not to be transported like the other with an army in the field4 ,the legs are longer and the gin higher than the other4 #ia4 ,describe the casemate gin4 ,it does not differ from the garrison gin except in its height 7which is about that of the field and siege gin7 and the thickness and strength of the parts4 ,sidenote3 #adg ,,part ,,xiii4 ,,practical ,,gunnery4 #a4 ,how may the velocity of a shot or shell be ascertained8 ,approximately by the empirical formula1 7 ac 7 ,v #afjj7---------- 74 7 w 7 ,where ,v initial velocity4 a a coefficient1 whose value depends on the windage4 c charge w weight of ball in lbs4 ,the values of a are3 ,windage4 ,values of a4 #j4age #c4f #j4abe #d4d #j4jij #e4j #b4 ,does a shot or shell continue at the same uniform velocity during its flight8 ,the velocity decreases as the distance increases1 in a proportion a little higher than the squares of the velocities throughout4 #c4 ,what causes a decrease in the velocity of a shot8 ,the resistance of the air1 which varies as the square of the velocity of the shot4 ,sidenote3 #adh #d4 ,with balls of different diameters1 and equal velocities1 to what is the resistance of the air proportional8 ,their surfaces1 or the squares of their diameters4 #e4 ,would the velocity of the shot be increased by lengthening the gun8 ,only up to a certain point2 in a proportion which is nearly the mean ratio between the square and cube roots of the length of the bore4 ,it is found that the velocity given by long guns is reduced to an equality with that of short guns within a short distance from the muzzle when fired with similar charges4 #f4 ,would the velocity of a shot be increased by entirely preventing the recoil1 or by adding greatly to the weight of the gun8 ,in neither case would any sensible effect be produced on the velocity4 #g4 ,would the velocity of the shot be increased by using a larger charge of powder8 ,only to a certain point1 peculiar to each gun2 by further increasing the charge the velocity would be gradually diminished2 yet the recoil is always increased by an increase of charge4 #h4 ,what is the ratio of the velocities of shot1 when of different weights1 but fired with similar charges8 ,the velocities are inversely as the square roots of their weights4 #i4 ,what is the ratio of the velocities of shot of equal weights when fired with different charges of powder8 ,the velocities are directly as the square roots of the charges4 ,sidenote3 #adi #aj4 ,how may the velocity be increased without augmenting the charge of powder8 ,by decreasing the windage2 the loss of velocity by a given windage being directly as the windage4 ,from #a-h to #a-ab is lost by a windage of #a-dj diameter4 #aa4 ,what is meant by the time of flight of a shot or shell8 ,the time during which it is passing through the air from the piece to the first graze4 #ab4 ,when firing with common shells at #de elevation1 how is the time of flight found8 ,extract the square root of the range in feet and divide by #d1 or divide the range in feet by #af and extract the square root of this quotient4 ,,note4--,range in feet gt cotangent elevation4 #aft cotangent elevation4 #aft where the elevation is #de4 ,or t range in feet for elevation #de4 #ac4 ,having the time of flight1 how is the range ascertained8 ,multiply the square of the time of flight by #af for the range in feet 7the elevation being #de74 #ad4 ,what is meant by the penetration of projectiles8 ,the depth to which they are forced when fired into any resisting medium4 #ae4 ,what depth do shot penetrate8 ,the penetration of balls of the same size1 with different velocities or charges1 is nearly as the squares of the velocities2 where the balls are of different sizes the penetration will be proportionate to their diameters multiplied by the density1 and inversely as the tenacity of the medium4 ,sidenote3 #aej #af4 ,mention the depth of penetration in case of the #bd-pdr4 siege-gun4 ,at #ajj yards a #bd-pdr4 ball with a charge of one-third of its weight will penetrate as follows3 ,feet4 ,inches4 ,in earth of old parapets1 #h #f 8 8 recently thrown up1 #ae #j 8 ,oak wood1 sound and hard1 #d #f 8 ,rubble stone masonry1 #a #aj 8 ,brick1 #c #j #ag4 ,what is the depth of penetration of field pieces8 ,fired at the distance of #ejj or #fjj yards1 the penetration will be from #d to #f feet in parapets recently constructed1 and will traverse walls of ordinary construction2 but a #ab-pounder is necessary to make a breach in walls of good masonry and of #d feet in thickness1 and in this case the position of the battery must be favorable1 and the operation a slow one4 #ah4 ,in attacking a post1 or fortified position1 in what manner should the fire from artillery be carried on8 ,previous to an assault1 the artillery ought to support the other troops by a combined fire of guns1 howitzers1 and small mortars1 so that1 if possible1 the fire may be simultaneous1 as such a diversity of projectiles would tend to distract the defenders and prevent them from extinguishing any fire among buildings1 besides throwing them into confusion at the moment of assault4 ,in cases of surprise1 when immediate action is required1 the above method cannot1 of course1 be practicable4 #ai4 ,when firing guns of different calibres at long ranges1 what are the probabilities of hitting the object8 ,as the squares of the diameters of their respective shot1 when of equal density1 and fired with proportional charges4 ,sidenote3 #aea ,,part ,,xiv4 ,,miscellaneous4 #a4 ,what is the velocity of sound in the air8 ,at the temperature of #cc the mean velocity of sound is #aajj feet in a second4 ,it is increased or diminished half a foot for each degree of temperature above or below #cc4 #b4 ,how can the distance of an object be ascertained by the report of fire-arms8 ,by observing the number of seconds that elapse between the flash and the report of a gun1 and multiplying the number by the velocity of sound in the air4 #c4 ,what is momentum8 ,the force possessed by a body in motion2 and is measured by the product of the mass of the body into its velocity4 #d4 ,when equal masses are in motion1 what proportion do their momenta bear to their velocities8 ,they are proportional to their velocities4 #e4 ,when velocities are equal1 what proportion do their momenta bear to their masses8 ,they are proportional to their masses4 #f4 ,what proportion do the momenta bear to each other when neither the masses nor velocities are equal8 ,they are to each other as the products of their masses into their velocities respectively4 #g4 ,what is the average weight of a horse8 ,about #ajjj pounds4 ,sidenote3 #aeb #h4 ,what space does a horse occupy in the ranks2 in a stall2 and at a picket8 ,in the ranks a front of #dj in41 a depth of #aj feet2 in a stall2 from #c to #d feet front2 at picket #c feet by #i4 #i4 ,what are the comparative effects of the labor of a man1 and that of a horse or mule8 ,taking the useful effect of a man's daily labor as unity1 a horse can carry a load on a horizontal plane1 #d4h to #f4a times2 and a mule1 #g4f times greater than a man4 ,taking a man with a wheel-barrow as unity1 a horse in a four-wheel wagon can draw #ag4e1 and in a cart #bd4c2 and a mule in a cart1 #bc4c times greater burden4 #aj4 ,what weight is an artillery horse required to draw8 ,not more than #gjj lbs41 the weight of the carriage included4 #aa4 ,what weight can a team of four horses or more1 draw with useful effect8 ,including the weight of carriage1 #d horses can draw #bd cwt41 or #f each2 #f horses1 #cj cwt41 #e each2 #h horses1 #cf cwt41 #d each2 and #ab horses1 #dh cwt41 or #d each4 ,it is usual to estimate the weight of a carriage exceeding #ab cwt4 as part of the load4 #ab4 ,what weights are carried by the riding1 pack1 and draught horses respectively8 ,a horse carrying a soldier and his equipments1 7say #bbe lbs47 travels #be miles in a day 7#h hours72 a pack-horse can carry #bej to #cjj lbs41 #bj miles a day2 and a draught-horse1 #afjj lbs4 #bc miles a day1 weight of carriage included4 #ac4 ,what are the usual paces for horses in the artillery8 ,walk1 trot and gallop2 the last is seldom necessary4 ,sidenote3 #aec #ad4 ,what is considered an ordinary day's march for field artillery1 and rate of motion8 ,an ordinary march is about #ae miles at #b miles per hour for #f hours2 this must depend upon the condition of the horses1 state of the roads1 and various other circumstances4 ,horses starting fresh1 and resting after their work1 may1 on tolerable roads1 perform #b miles in half an hour2 #d miles in #a hours2 #h in #d1 and #af in #aj hours4 #ae4 ,what is the rate of march of horse-artillery and cavalry8 ,walk1 #c miles per hour1 or #a mile in #af minutes2 trot1 #g per hour1 or #a mile in #h minutes2 manuvring gallop1 at the rate of #aa miles per hour1 or #a mile in #c minutes2 cavalry charge1 #bd miles an hour1 or at the rate of #a mile in #b minutes4 #af4 ,at what rate does infantry march8 ,in common time1 #ij steps #gj yards in #a minute1 or #b miles #fhj yards in an hour2 in quick time1 #aaj steps #hf yards in #a minute1 or #b miles #afac yards in an hour2 in double quick1 #adj steps #aji yards in #a minute1 or #c miles #abec yards in an hour4 #ag4 ,what space does a foot soldier occupy in the ranks1 and what is his average weight8 ,a front of #bj in41 and a depth of #ac in41 without the knapsack2 the interval between the ranks is #ac in42 #e men can stand in a space of #a square yard4 ,average weight of men1 #aej lbs4 each4 ,sidenote3 #aed #ah4 ,what is the daily allowance of water for a man8 ,one gallon1 for all purposes4 #ai4 ,what is it for a horse8 ,four gallons4 #bj4 ,what is the weight of a bushel of oats2 or of wheat2 and the weight of hay8 #dj lbs41 or #cb4ad lbs4 to the cubic foot1 in case of oats2 #fj lbs4 to the bushel1 or #dh4ba lbs4 to the cubic foot1 in case of wheat2 hay pressed in bundles1 weighs #aa lbs4 per cubic foot4 #ba4 ,what weight does an infantry soldier carry when in marching order8 ,about #de lbs4 in all4 ,his knapsack when packed weighs #bd lbs42 canteen when filled1 and one day's provisions in haversack1 #e lbs42 rifle1 musket1 sling1 and bayonet1 #aj lbs42 belts1 complete1 including #bj rounds of ammunition1 #f lbs4 #bb4 ,how is the area of a circle found2 ,square the diameter1 and multiply by 4#ghed for the area2 or square the circumference1 and multiply by 4#jgieh for the same result4 #bc4 ,how is the content of a conical frustum found8 ,add into one sum1 the areas of the two ends and the mean proportional between them2 take one-third of that sum for the mean area1 and multiply it by the perpendicular height of the frustum1 for its content4 ,sidenote3 #aee #bd4 ,how is the mean proportional found for the above8 ,by multiplying the areas of the two ends together and extracting the square root of their product4 ,a more simple rule is the following3 ,as the diameter of the large end is to that of the small end1 so is area of base to mean proportional required4 #be4 ,how is the content of a spherical segment found8 ,from three times the diameter of the sphere1 take double the height of the segment1 then multiply the remainder by the square of the height1 and this product by 4#ebcf2 or1 to three times the square of the radius of the segment's base1 add the square of its height1 then multiply the sum by the height1 and this product by 4#ebcf1 for the content4 #bf4 ,how is the capacity or content of a ,gomer chamber computed8 ,this chamber being the frustum of a cone with a hemispherical bottom1 its capacity will be found by applying the foregoing rules1 viz3 first find the content of the frustum1 then that of the spherical segment or bottom1 and add their contents into one sum for the capacity4 #bg4 ,how is the content of a rectangular box ascertained8 ,multiply the length by the breadth1 and this product by the depth4 #bh4 ,how is the capacity of a cylinder calculated8 ,multiply the area of the base by the height4 #bi4 ,how is the content of a barrel found8 ,multiply half the sum of the areas of the two interior circles1 taken at the head and bung1 by the interior length2 or1 to the area of the head1 add twice the area at the bung1 multiply that sum by the length1 and take one-third of the product for the content4 ,sidenote3 #aef #cj4 ,what is meant by the term1 enfilade8 ,sweeping the whole extent of a work1 line of troops1 deck of a ship1 c41 with shot or shells4 #ca4 ,what does defilade mean8 ,the art of disposing guns1 troops1 or works in such a manner1 that they shall be protected from a plunging-fire from adjoining heights4 #cb4 ,what are the dimensions required for an earthen parapet to resist the fire of field or siege guns8 #f feet for #f-pdrs42 #ad feet for #ab-pdrs42 #ah feet for #bd or #ah-pdrs42 four feet of oak or brick will resist cannon shot4 #cc4 ,what thickness of ice will admit the passage of infantry1 cavalry1 and artillery8 ,ice #c inches thick1 will bear infantry marching in file2 from #d to #f inches1 cavalry and light artillery2 and beyond that the heaviest gun carriages may pass in safety4 ,ice #h inches thick will bear nearly #aj cwt4 upon a square foot without danger4 #cd4 ,how is the size of a rope designated8 ,by its circumference3 thus1 a two-inch rope is a rope two inches in circumference4 #ce4 ,how is the strength of a hemp rope1 or the weight it will support1 ascertained8 ,square the circumference in inches1 and divide by #e1 for the weight in tons1 that it will bear suspended from it4 #cf4 ,how can the breadth of a river be ascertained without instruments8 ,as follows3 ,sidenote3 #aeg ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f #ast4 ,the line ,,ab 7the distance to be determined7 is extended upon the bank to ,d1 from which point1 after having marked it1 lay off equal distances ,,dc and ,cd2 produce ,,bc to b1 making ,cb ,,cb2 then extend the line db until it intersects the prolongation of the line ,,ca at a4 ,the distance ab is equal to ,,ab or the width of the river4 #b;d4 ,lay off any convenient distance1 ,,bc1 perpendicular to ,,ab1 erect a perpendicular ,,dc to ,,ac1 note the point ,d where it intersects ,,ab produced2 measure ,,bd2 then ,,bc ,,ab ----------4 #c ,,bd #c ,the #b;d method was suggested to me by ,captain ,vogdes1 #ast ,artillery1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #cg4 ,how can the breadth of a river be ascertained by the means of the peak of a cap1 or cocked hat8 ,sidenote3 #aeh ,place yourself at the edge of one bank1 and lower the peak of the cap1 or point of the hat till the edge cut the other bank1 then steady your head1 by placing your hand under your chin1 and turn gently around to some level spot of ground on your own side of the river1 and observe where your peak or point of your hat again meets the ground2 measure this distance1 which will be nearly the breadth of the river4 #ch4 ,how do you ascertain the distance of an object by means of the tangent scale of a gun1 the height of the object at the required distance being known8 ,direct the line of metal of the gun on the top of the object2 then raise the tangent slide till the top of it and notch on the muzzle are in line with the foot of the object1 and note what length of scale is required2 then1 by similar triangles1 as the length of the raised part of the tangent scale is to the length of the gun1 so is the height of the distant object to the distance required4 #ci4 ,what composition may be used for greasing the axle-trees of artillery carriages8 ,hog's lard softened by working it4 ,if this cannot be procured1 tallow or other grease may be used2 if hard1 it should be melted with fish-oil4 #dj4 ,what is the simplest method of bursting open strong gates8 ,suspend a bag of gunpowder containing #ej or #fj lbs41 near the middle of the gate1 upon a nail or gimlet1 having a small piece of port-fire inserted at the bottom1 and well secured with twine4 #da4 ,what is the length of a pendulum to vibrate seconds1 half and quarter seconds respectively8 ,seconds1 #ci4a inches2 half-seconds1 #i4h inches2 and quarter-seconds1 #b4de inches4 ,sidenote3 #aei #db4 ,give a formula for determining the length of the seconds pendulum in any latitude4 #a l ------------------ #cb4ahjc feet - #j4jhba cos4 #b lat4 #i4hfifjdd #dc4 ,how are the times of a single oscillation of two pendulums to each other8 ,as the square roots of their lengths4 #dd4 ,repeat the table of measures4 #aj tenths1 #a inch4 #d inches1 #a hand4 #ab inches1 #a foot4 #bh inches1 #a pace4 #c feet1 #a yard4 #b yards1 #a fathom4 #bbj yards1 #a furlong4 #agfj yards1 #a mile4 #de4 ,repeat the table of avoirdupois weight4 #dg4cdgce grains1 #a dram4 #af drams1 #a ounce4 #af ounces1 #a pound4 #bh pounds1 #a quarter4 #d qrs4 or #aab lbs4 #a cwt4 #bj cwt4 #a ton4 ,in some of our ,states the ton is estimated at #bjjj lbs4 #df4 ,what is the force of gravity8 ,it is that force of attraction exerted by the earth upon all particles of matter which tends to urge them towards its centre4 #dg4 ,what is the specific gravity of a body8 ,the ratio of the weight of a body to that of an equal volume of some other body assumed as a standard1 usually pure distilled water at a certain temperature4 #dh4 ,what is the law of descent of falling bodies8 ,the spaces fallen through from the commencement of the descent are proportional to the squares of the times elapsed4 ,sidenote3 #afj #di4 ,what compositions are made use of for preserving iron cannon8 #a4 ,black lead1 pulverized1 #ab ,red lead1 #ab ,litharge1 #e ,lampblack1 #e ,linseed ,oil1 #ff ,boil it gently about twenty minutes1 during which time it must be constantly stirred4 #b4 ,umber1 ground1 #c4ge ,gum ,shellac1 pulverized1 #c4ge ,ivory black1 #c4ge ,litharge1 #c4ge ,linseed ,oil1 #gh ,spirits of turpentine4 #g4be ,the oil must be first boiled half an hour2 the mixture is then boiled #bd hours1 poured off from the sediment1 and put in jugs1 corked4 #c4 ,coal tar 7of good quality71 #b gals4 ,spirits of turpentine1 #a pint4 ,in applying lacker1 the surface of the iron must be first cleaned with a scraper and a wire brush1 if necessary1 and the lacker applied hot1 in two thin coats1 with a paint brush4 ,it is better to do it in summer4 ,old lacker should be removed with a scraper1 or by scouring1 and not by heating the guns or balls1 by which the metal is injured4 ,about #e gallons of lacker are required for #ajj field guns and #ajjj shot2 about #a quart for a sea-coast gun4 ,before the lacker is applied1 every particle of rust is removed from the gun1 and the vent cleared out4 #ej4 ,how many gallons does a cubic foot contain8 #g4dh gallons4 ,sidenote3 #afa #ea4 ,what is the weight of a gallon of distilled water8 ,at the maximum density 7#ci4hc ,fahr471 the barometer being at #cj inches1 it weighs #h4cchhh avoirdupois pounds1 or #ehcgc ,troy grains4 #eb4 ,what are the different lengths of plummets for regulating the march of infantry8 ,common time1 #ii steps in a minute1 #ag4cg inches4 ,quick time1 #aaj 8 8 #aa4f 8 ,double quick1 #adj 8 8 #g4ah 8 #ec4 ,how is a plummet made8 ,by means of a musket ball1 suspended by a silk string1 upon which the required lengths are marked2 the length is measured from the point of suspension to the centre of the ball4 #ed4 ,explain how to embark and disembark artillery and its stores4 #a4 ,divide the total quantity to be transported among the vessels1 and place in each vessel every thing necessary for the service required at the moment of disembarkation1 so that there will be no inconvenience should other vessels be delayed4 #b4 ,if a siege is to be undertaken1 place in each vessel with each piece of artillery its implements1 ammunition1 and the carriages necessary to transport the whole or a part2 the platforms1 tools1 instruments1 and materials for constructing batteries2 skids1 rollers1 scantling1 and plank4 #c4 ,if a particular calibre of gun is necessary for any operation1 do not place all of one kind in one vessel1 to avoid being entirely deprived of them by any accident4 ,sidenote3 #afb #d4 ,dismount the carriages1 wagons1 and limbers1 by taking off the wheels and boxes1 and1 if absolutely necessary1 the axle-trees4 ,place in the boxes the linch-pins1 washers1 c41 with the tools required for putting the carriage together again4 ,number each carriage1 and mark each detached article with the number of the carriage to which it belongs4 #e4 ,the contents of each box1 barrel1 or bundle1 should be marked distinctly upon it4 ,the boxes should be made small for the convenience of handling1 and have rope handles to lift them by4 #f4 ,place the heaviest articles below1 beginning with the shot and shells 7empty71 then the guns1 platforms1 carriages1 wagons1 limbers1 ammunition boxes1 c42 boxes of small arms and ammunition in the dryest and least exposed part of the vessel4 ,articles required to be disembarked first should be put in last1 or so placed that they can be readily got at4 ,if the disembarkation is to be performed in front of the enemy1 some of the field pieces should be so placed that they can be disembarked immediately1 with their carriages1 implements and ammunition2 also the tools and materials for throwing up temporary intrenchments on landing4 #g4 ,some vessels should be laden solely with such powder and ammunition as may not be required for the immediate service of the pieces4 #h4 ,on a smooth1 sandy beach1 heavy pieces1 c41 may be landed by rolling them overboard as soon as the boats ground1 and hauling them up with sling-carts4 ,sidenote3 #afc ,,appendix4 ,,rifle ,,cannon4 ,a rifle is a firearm which has spiral grooves cut into the surface of its bore1 for the purpose of communicating a rotary motion to a projectile around an axis coinciding with the direction of its flight4 ,the object of this rotation is to increase the range of a projectile1 by causing it to move through the air in the direction of its least resistance1 and to correct the cause of deviation by distributing it uniformly around the line of flight4 ,various plans have been tried to secure the safest and surest means of causing the projectile to follow the spiral grooves as it passes along the bore of a rifled piece4 ,those projectiles1 which promise to be the most successful for heavy guns1 may be ranged under two heads1 viz3 #ast4 ,those which have flanges or projections on them to fit into the grooves of the gun in loading4 ,the flanges are made of softer metal than the body of the projectile4 #b;d4 ,those which are constructed on an expanding principle4 ,sidenote3 #afd ,the body is generally made of cast-iron2 and the expanding portion is a band or cup of some softer metal1 as pewter1 copper1 or wrought iron1 which enters the bore of the piece freely when it is loaded1 but which is forced into the grooves by the discharge4 ,the grooves are of different forms1 determined by the angle made by the tangent line at any point with the corresponding element of the bore4 ,if the angles be equal at all points1 the groove is said to be uniform4 ,if they increase from the breech to the muzzle1 the grooves are called increasing2 if the reverse1 decreasing grooves4 ,the practical method of cutting grooves consists in moving a rod armed with a cutter1 back and forth in the bore1 and at the same time revolving it around its axis4 ,if the velocities of translation and rotation be both uniform1 the grooves will have a uniform twist2 if one of the velocities be variable1 the grooves will be either increasing or decreasing1 depending on the relative velocities in the two directions4 ,twist is the term employed by gunmakers to express the inclination of a groove at any point1 and is measured by the tangent of the angle which the groove makes with the axis of the bore2 and this is always equal to the circumference of the bore divided by the length of a single revolution of the spiral measured in the direction of the axis4 ,the most suitable inclination of grooves for a rifle cannon has not yet been determined experimentally2 and consequently a wide diversity of twists is employed by different experimenters4 ,the following table#d presents a synopsis of the results in case of some rifle cannon tested at ,fort ,monroe1 ,va41 in #ahei1 by a ,board composed of ordnance and artillery officers4 #d ,see ,table1 pages #abf1 #abg4 ,sidenote3 #afe ,the following is extracted from the report of the ,board3 8,the method of obtaining rifle motion in these different guns is of two kinds3 8#a4 ,flanged projectiles entering into the grooves of the gun4 8#b4 ,expanding projectiles1 which are forced into the grooves by the action of the charge4 ,although the flanged projectile1 when made with great precision1 has given good results1 as shown by the tables of firing1 the extreme nicety in its fabrication1 and the care and trouble to load the gun1 particularly when it becomes foul by firing1 seems to render it not as suitable for service as the expanding projectile4 99 99 99 99 99 8,from the results obtained1 the conclusion is inevitable that the era of smooth-bore field artillery has passed away1 and that the period of the adoption of rifle cannon for siege and garrison service cannot be remote4 ,the superiority of elongated projectiles1 whether solid or hollow1 with the rifle rotation1 as regards economy of ammunition1 extent of range1 and uniformity and accuracy of effect1 over the present system1 is decided and unquestionable40 ,the ,,armstrong ,,gun1 of which so much has been said1 belongs to the class of breech-loading rifle-cannon4 ,its projectile is made of cast-iron1 surrounded by two leaden rings1 placed at the extremities of the cylindrical part1 for the purpose of engaging the grooves1 when it is forced through the bore4 ,the great range and accuracy claimed for this projectile1 are probably derived from its great length compared with its diameter2 but a gun of great strength would be required to project it4 ,sidenote3 #aff ,,target #dj' ,,by #bj'4 ,bore4 ,grooves4 ,name4,calibre-------------------------- ---- ,twist4 ,diam- eter4,length4,no4,width4 ,depth4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- in4 in4 in4 in4 ,sawyer1#bd-pdr4#e4hfb #aaj #f #a4e #j4be ,uniform1 one turn in #cd feet4 ,dimick1#cb-pdr4#f4d #aja #f #b4j #j4b ,increasing from #j rectan4 to one turn in #fb feet at muzzle2 twist to the right ,dr4 #ab-pdr4#d4hed #aji #g _/th4#jc to ,increasing from #j ,read1 ,siege circum 4#jh at commencem't to one turn in #ej feet at muzzle4 ,do4 #ab-pr4 #d4fcf #gd #g do4 do4 ,do4 do4 ,field ,do4 #cb-pr4 #f4dbe #aaj #c _/th 4#jhe ,uniform1 one turn circum to 4#ab in #dj feet4 circular ,do4 #f-pr4 #c4fi #ajc4d #c do4 4#jgg ,uniform1 to the to 4#aaa right1 one turn circular in #be feet4 ,capt4 #c-pr4 #b4i #dd4e #h #j4d 4#je ,uniform1 one turn ,dyer1 in #af feet4 ,do4 #f-pr4 #c4fg #eg4e #af #j4e 4#jbe ,uniform1 one turn bronze in #ai feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sidenote3 #afg ,legend3 7,a7 ,weight of ,projectile4 7,b7 ,weight of ,charge4 7,c7 ,no4 fo shots fired4 7,d7 ,no4 of direct hits4 7,e7 ,no4 of ricochet hits4 7,f7 ,angle of ,elevation4 7,g7 ,time of flight4 ,weight #ajjj ,,yards4 of ------------------------ ,name ,gun4 7,a7 7,b7 7,c77,d7 7,e7 7,f7 7,g7 ---------------------------------------- ----- lbs4 lbs4lbs4 ' ,sawyer1 #hhbb #de #e #ae #ac #b #b ,dimick1 #icjj #ea #g #e #a #b #ae ,dr4 #ejjj #bb #c #bf #ad #i #b #ae ,reed1 ,do4 #aijj #ae #b #dh #af #c #b #c ,do4 #hejj #ej #f #aj #h #b #b #ae #c ,do4 #abjj #ab #a #bh #ah #d #b #aj ,capt4 #bej #i #a #bh #af #e #b #be ,dyer1 ,do4 #hhj #ad #a #bb #aa #d #b #ae ---------------------------------------- ----- ,legend3 7,a7 ,weight of ,projectile4 7,b7 ,weight of ,charge4 7,c7 ,no4 fo shots fired4 7,d7 ,no4 of direct hits4 7,e7 ,no4 of ricochet hits4 7,f7 ,angle of ,elevation4 7,g7 ,time of flight4 7,h7 ,corresponding ,elevation4 #bjjj ,,yards4 ,weight -------------------- ,avg4 ,name of 7,a7 7,b77,c77,d7 7,e7 7,f7 7,g7range4 7,h7 7,g7 ,gun4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- lbs4 lbs4lbs4 ' ' ,sawyer1 #hhbb #de #e #aai #cb #ag #d #cj #f #dcei #ac ,dimick1 #icjj #ea #f #eh #ba #f #e #f ,dr4 #ejjj #bb #c #cj #e #h #d #cj ,reed1 ,do4 #aijj #ae #b ,do4 #hejj #ej #f #hd #ai #h #e #f #cffe #aa #cj ,do4 #abjj #ab #a #eb #i #e #d #de ,capt4 #bej #i #a #ah #d #b #e #g #cbgj #ac #cj #ae ,dyer1 ,do4 #hhj #ad #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,the following is a description of the several projectiles1 viz3 ,,sawyer',s4--,flanged projectile2 elongated2 entire shell coated with an alloy chiefly of lead1 and has a percussion cap on small end4 ,,dimick',s4--,expanding shell2 elongated2 cup of soft metal cast on rear end of projectile4 ,,reed',s4--,the body is of cast-iron and the expanding portion is a cup of wrought iron1 which is fastened to the body by inserting it in the mould and pouring the melted metal around it4 ,,dyer',s4--,description nearly the same as that of ,dimick's4 ,,index4 ,the pages refer to the sidenotes in the margin of the text4 ,,air3 ,resistance of1 #adh4 ,,ammunition3 ,for field battery1 #da2 for seige train1 #cg-h2 storage #ajc-d2 preparation1 #ic-d1 #ajj-a-b2 weights of fixed1 #ajg4 ,,angle3 ,of greatest range1 #ff2 of fall1 #gd2 of least elevation for mortars1 #fg2 of elevation for stone-mortars1 #fg --,natural angle of sight1 #ab2 of guns1 #bf2 of howitzers1 #bi2 of columbiads1 #cj4 ,,animal ,,power1 #aeb4 ,,arc1 elevating1 #ah4 ,,area of a circle1 #aed4 ,,armstrong ,,gun1 #afe4 ,,artificial ,,line ,,of ,,sight1 #ec4 ,,artillery3 ,definition1 #i --,method of embarking and disembarking1 #afa-b --,carriages 7see carriages7 --,kinds of1 #i2 how distinguished1 #i --,proportion of1 to ,infantry1 #dj --,proportion of different kinds in a field train1 #dj2 in seige train1 #cf2 for mountain service1 #db2 for armament of forts1 #ce --,how rendered unserviceable1 #bj-a4 ,,astragal ,,and ,,fillets3 ,definition1 #ac4 ,,attack of a post1 #aej4 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight1 #aei4 ,,axis ,,of ,a ,,piece3 ,definition1 #ab4 ,,balls3 ,diameters and weights1 #aje-f2 computation of weight and diameter1 #ie2 piling1 #ajc2 number in a pile1 #ajd-e2 fire1 #ib2 light1 #ib2 smoke1 #ic2 penetration1 #adi-ej4 ,,barbette ,,carriage3 ,kinds1 #acb --,parts composing1 #acc --,description1 #acc-d4 ,,barrels3 ,for gunpowder1 marking1 #hh2 piling1 #hh2 transportation1 #hi4 ,,battery3 ,definition of1 #aa --,of field artillery1 composition1 #da2 tactics1 #dd-e-f-g-h-i1 #ej --,mountain ,artillery1 #db --,ammunition for field battery1 #da4 ,,battery-,,wagon1 #adc-d4 ,,base-,,ring3 ,definition1 #ac4 ,,base ,,of ,,the ,,breech3 ,definition of1 #ac4 ,,beds1 mortar3 ,weights1 #cc --,trunnion-beds1 #abi --,siege mortar1 #acj-a --,coehorn1 #aca --,eprouvette1 #aca --,heavy sea-coast1 #aca-b4 ,,board1 ,pointing1 #eh4 ,,bore3 ,definition1 #ad2 bottom of1 #ae4 ,,bormann ,,fuze1 #aab-ac4 ,,brass ,,cannon3 ,external injury1 #bc4 ,,breadth of a river ascertained1 #aeg-h4 ,,breaching3 ,battery1 best position for1 #ch2 manner of1 #ch-i2 time required1 #ci4 ,,breech3 ,definition1 #ac --,sights1 #af2 how used1 #ec2 construction1 #ag2 pieces supplied with1 #ag4 ,,bronze3 ,objections to1 for cannon1 #aj2 why used for field pieces1 #aj2 kinds of bronze pieces used1 #aa4 ,,burning gunpowder3 ,quickness of1 #hg4 ,,bursting ,,open gates1 #aeh4 ,,bushing a piece1 #bj2 metal used for1 in bronze pieces1 #bj2 object of1 #bj2 all new artillery not bushed1 #bj4 ,,caisson3 ,description of1 #adb-c2 number with a field battery1 #da4 ,,caking of powder prevented1 #hi4 ,,calibre3 ,definition1 #ab2 number in a piece ascertained1 #ab4 ,,canisters1 #ia3 ,for field service1 how made1 #id2 for siege and sea-coast service1 how made1 #ie --,how piled1 #ajd4 ,,cannon3 ,bore1 #ab --,brass1 external and internal injuries1 #bc --,dimensions1 how regulated1 #aa --,for siege train1 #cf --,iron1 injuries1 #bd --preservation of1 #be2 service of1 how judged1 #bd --,how marked1 #ba-b --,condemned cannon1 how marked1 #bb --,proof of1 #bb --,kinds1 #i --,length of1 #bg-h1 #cj1 #cc --,rifle cannon1 #afc-g4 ,,carcasses1 #ib4 ,,carriages3 ,classification1 #abc --,movable1 #abc2 field gun1 #abe-f2 mountain artillery1 #abg2 prairie1 #abg2 limbers1 #abf-i2 siege-gun1 #abh --,stationary1 #abi-cj2 barbette1 #acb-c-d2 casemate1 #ach-i2 columbiad1 #acf-g2 flank-casemate1 #adj --,mortar beds1 #aca --,wrought iron1 #ada-b --,number in a field battery1 #da4 ,,cartridge ,,bags3 ,where filled1 #hi4 ,,cartridges3 ,for hot shot1 #ig4 ,,cascable1 #ac4 ,,casemate3 ,carriage1 #ach-i --,gin1 #adf4 ,,chamber3 ,definition1 #ad2 object of1 #cb2 form for mortars1 #cb2 for howitzers1 #bh2 for eprouvette1 #cb2 gomer1 #cb4 ,,charges3 ,definition1 #fj --,for breeching1 #fj --,for double shot1 #fj --,for field guns and howitzers1 #fb --,for fire-balls1 #fa --,for heavy guns1 columbiads and howitzers1 #fb --,service charge for heavy guns1 #fj --,for hot shot1 #fj --,greatest charges for mortars1 #fb --,for mortars1 how regulated1 #fa --,for ricochet firing1 #fj --,for shells fired from columbiads and heavy guns1 #ajh --,for field shells1 #ajh --,for mortar shells1 #ajg --,for spherical case shot1 #ajh4 ,,chase3 ,definition1 #ac4 ,,chassis3 ,for barbette carriage1 #acd-e --,for casemate1 carriage1 #aci-dj --,for columbiad1 #ach --,for flank-casemate1 #ada --,for wrought iron carriage1 #adb4 ,,cheeks1 #abd4 ,,coehorn ,,mortar3 ,diameter1 #cc --,weight of bed1 #cc --,length of1 #cc --,length of bore1 #cc --,length of chamber1 #cc --,use1 #cd --,greatest charge for1 #fb --,bed1 description of1 #aca4 ,,columbiads3 ,definition1 #cj --,windage1 #hb --,charges1 #fb --,chamber1 #cj --,peculiarities1 #cj --,weights1 #cj --,length1 #cj --,natural angle of sight1 #cj --,gun carriage1 #acf-g2 chassis1 #acg-h --,shells1 charges for1 #ajh2 method of loading1 #ajb4 ,,composition1 for preserving iron pieces1 #afj2 application1 #afj2 for axle-trees of carriages1 #aeh4 ,,condemned cannon1 how marked1 #bb2 shot1 how marked1 #ajb4 ,,content3 ,of a barrel1 #aee2 box1 #aee2 conic frustum1 #aed2 gomer chamber1 #aee2 spherical segment1 #aee2 cylinder1 #aee4 ,,day',s ,,march3 ,of field artillery1 #aec4 ,,defilade3 ,definition1 #aef4 ,,depth ,,of ,,penetration of balls1 #adi-ej4 ,,descent of falling bodies3 ,law of1 #aei4 ,,diameter3 ,of coehorn mortar1 #cc2 of eprouvette1 #cc2 of stone-mortar1 #cc2 of cast-iron shot1 how found1 #ie2 of shot1 shells1 and spherical case1 #aje2 of vent1 #af4 ,,dimensions3 ,of cannon1 how regulated1 #aa2 of a parapet to resist field artillery1 #aef4 ,,dipping ,,of ,,the ,,muzzle1 #gg-h4 ,,discharges3 ,number an iron gun can sustain1 #ci4 ,,dish1 of a wheel1 #abd4 ,,direction1 how given3 ,to guns and howitzers1 #ea-b2 to mortars1 #ef-h --,at night1 #ee1 #ei --,when wheels are not on same level1 #ed4 ,,distance3 ,for firing field pieces1 #df --,ascertained by sound1 #aea --,determined by a tangent scale1 #aeh --,of recoil1 #gg --,of ricochet battery from object1 #gd4 ,,dispart3 ,definition1 #ac4 ,,dolphins3 ,definition1 #ai2 pieces furnished with1 #ai4 ,,driving ,,out shot wedged in the bore1 #ba4 ,,elevation3 ,necessity for1 #ea --,how given to guns and howitzers1 #eb2 to mortars1 #ef2 instruments for1 #eb --,angle of1 for mortars #fg2 greatest angle in vacuo1 #ff2 angle of1 for ricochet fire1 #gd4 ,,elevating ,,arc1 #ah4 ,,embarking3 ,artillery and its stores1 #afa-b4 ,,enfilade3 ,definition1 #aef4 ,,enfilading a work1 #gc-d-e --,object to be fired at1 #gc4 ,,eprouvette1 #aa2 form of chamber1 #cb --,calibre1 #cc --,use of1 #cd --,bed1 #cc1 #aca --,length of bore1 #cc4 ,,expansion of hot shot1 #if4 ,,external injury to cannon1 #bc-d4 ,,face of the piece3 ,definition of1 #ad4 ,,fall3 ,point of1 #gc --,angle of1 #gd4 ,,falling ,,bodies1 law of descent1 #aei4 ,,field ,,artillery3 ,charges for1 #fb --,kinds1 #dj --,tactics1 #dd-i1 #ej4 ,,field ,,battery3 ,number of pieces1 #dj --,battery of horse-artillery1 #da --,composition of1 on a war establishment1 #da --,composition of mountain 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--,principal parts of1 #bf --,projectiles used with1 #bg --,how mounted1 #bf --,natural angle of sight of1 #bf4 ,,gun ,,metal3 ,bronze1 #i1 #aj --cast-iron1 #i1 #aj4 ,,gunners' ,,implements3 ,level1 #ah --,quadrant1 #ah --,how used1 #eb-c4 ,,gun-,,carriages3 ,field1 #abe-f2 siege1 #abh2 barbette1 #acb-d2 casemate1 #ach-i2 flank-casemate1 #adj2 mountain howitzer1 #abg2 wrought iron1 #ada2 prairie1 #abg-h --,columbiad1 #acf-g4 ,,gunpowder3 ,materials1 #hc --,proportions1 #hc --,manufacture1 #hd --,qualities of1 #hg --,packing1 #hg-h --,proving1 #hf --,expansive velocity and pressure1 #hg --,hygrometric proof1 #hg --,relative quickness1 #hg --,preservation and storage1 #hh-i --,transportation1 #hi4 ,,hand-,,cart1 #ade4 ,,hand ,,sling-,,cart1 #ade-f4 ,,hausse3 ,pendulum1 #ag4 ,,hay3 ,weight of1 #aed4 ,,horses3 ,number required for a field battery1 #db2 for siege train1 #cg --,power of1 #aeb --,space occupied by1 #aeb --,number required for siege-gun1 #abi --,weight1 #aeb4 ,,horse-,,artillery3 ,peculiar advantages of1 #dc4 ,,hot ,,shot1 #ig-h --,loading with1 #ig --,expansion of1 #if4 ,,howitzers3 ,definition1 #bh --,kinds of1 and weights1 #bi2 --,lengths1 #bh-i --,number in field battery1 #da2 in siege train1 #cf --,chamber1 form of1 #bh --,advantages of1 #bh --,projectiles used with1 #bh --,natural angle of sight of1 #bi --,charges for1 #fb --,pointing1 #ea4 ,,ice3 ,strength of1 #aef4 ,,implements3 ,quadrant1 #ah2 breech-sight1 #af2 pendulum hausse1 #ag2 gunner's perpendicular1 #ah2 pointing stakes1 #eg-h2 pointing-wires1 #ef2 plummet1 #ah1 #eh2 pointing-cord1 #eg4 ,,incendiary ,,composition1 #aag4 ,,injuries to cannon1 #bc4 ,,iron preferred to bronze1 #aj4 ,,iron ,,cannon used in land service1 #aj1 #aa4 ,,junk-,,wads1 #ii4 ,,knob of cascable1 #ac2 use of1 #ai4 ,,lacquer1 for iron guns1 #afj4 ,,length of cannon3 ,definition of1 #aa --,extreme length1 #ab4 ,,line3 ,of fire1 #fd --,of metal1 #ab2 how directed1 #eb-c2 not permanent1 #ed --,artificial line 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of firing upwards under a large angle1 #fe4 ,,pointing3 ,guns and howitzers1 #ea --,mortars1 #ef --,stakes1 #eg-h --,wires1 #ef --,cord1 #eg --,board1 #eh4 ,,port ,,fires1 #aad --,composition for1 #aae4 ,,point of fall1 #gc-d4 ,,prairie ,,carriage1 #abg-h4 ,,preponderance3 ,definition1 #ai --,why given1 #ai4 ,,primers3 ,friction1 #aae4 ,,priming-,,tubes1 #aae4 ,,preservation3 ,of cannon1 #be --,fixed ammunition1 #ajc-d --,balls1 #ajb --,grape and canister1 #ajc --,fire balls1 #ajd4 ,,projectiles3 ,solid shot1 #ij --,shell1 #ij --,spherical case1 #ij --,canister1 #ia --,grape1 #ia --,grenades1 #ia --,carcasses1 #ib --,fire-balls1 #ib --,light balls1 #ib --,smoke balls1 #ic --,hot shot1 #ig-h --,forces acting on1 when fired from a piece1 #ea --,kind used with field pieces1 and distance at which they should be employed1 #df4 ,,quadrant1 gunners3 ,how used1 #eb-c4 ,,quarter-,,sights1 #af4 ,,quick-,,match1 #aaf --,how set fire to1 #aag4 ,,ranges3 ,definition1 #fc --,point-blank1 #fc --,british point-blank1 #fc --,causes which vary point-blank1 #fd --,extreme range1 #ff --,angle of greatest range in vacuo1 #ff --,tables of1 #fh-i1 #gj-a-b --,how ascertained1 #adi4 ,,rate ,,of ,,march of horse-artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry1 #aec4 ,,recoil3 ,definition1 #gg --,cause of1 #gg --,amount1 #gg --,has no appreciable effect on flight of projectile1 #gh --,influence of position of axis of trunnions on1 #gh-i4 ,,reinforce1 #ac --,band1 #ac4 ,,resistance ,,of ,,air to projectiles1 #adg-h4 ,,ricochet3 ,definition1 #gc --,object of1 #gc --,how conducted1 #gd-e --,advantages of1 #gc --,nature of1 #ge --,charges for a flattened ricochet1 #gf2 for curvated1 #gf --,tables of ricochet firing1 #gf --,pieces best adapted for1 #ge --,distance from object of ricochet battery1 #gd --,greatest angle of elevation for ricochet firing1 #gd4 ,,rifle-,,cannon3 ,experiments at ,fort ,monroe1 #aff-g --,armstrong gun1 #afe4 ,,rimbases1 #ad4 ,,ring ,,wads1 #id4 ,,rivers3 ,breadth1 #aef-g4 ,,ropes3 size and strength of1 #aef4 ,,sabots3 ,difference in1 for field service1 #ic --,arrangement for field guns and #ab-pdr4 field howitzer1 #ic2 in #bd and #cb-pdr4 field howitzers1 #ic --,mode of fastening sabots to projectiles for field-service1 #ic-d2 for heavy shells1 #id2 for canisters1 #id-e2 for grape shot1 #ie4 ,,sea-,,coast ,,pieces1 how mounted1 #ce --,number and kind required for sea-board forts1 #ce --,heavy sea-coast mortar-bed1 #aca-b4 ,,scaling a piece1 #ba4 ,,shot3 ,solid1 #ij --,hollow1 #ij --,rule for finding weights and diameters of cast-iron shot1 #ie --,condemned shot1 how marked1 #ajb --,piling1 #ajc-d --,preservation1 #ajb-c --,forces acting on a shot1 #ea --,penetration1 #adi-ej --,time required to heat1 #ig-h --,expansion of by heat1 #if --,ranges of1 #fh-gb --,method of driving out shot wedged in the bore1 #ba --,velocity of1 #adg4 ,,shells1 #ij2 --,dimensions and weights1 #ajf-g --,mode of computing weight of1 #ie --,quantity of powder to fill1 #if --,strapping1 #ic --,loading1 #ajj-a-b --,ranges1 #fh-gb --,condemned1 how marked1#ajb --,velocity1 #adg4 ,,sights of a piece3 ,definition1 #ab --,how determined1 #ab --,quarter1 #af4 ,,siege ,,artillery3 ,kinds1 #cf --,proportions in a siege train1 #cf2 of carriages1 #cf-g2 draught horses1 #cg2 projectiles and ammunition1 #cg-h --,siege mortar-beds1 #acj-a4 ,,sling-,,cart3 ,hand1 #adf4 ,,slow ,,match1 #aaf4 ,,smoke ,,balls1 #ic4 ,,sound3 ,velocity1 #aea --,distance determined by1 #aea4 ,,specific ,,gravity1 #aei4 ,,spherical ,,case1 #ij --,loading1 #ajj-a4 ,,spiking cannon1 #bj4 ,,stakes1 pointing3 ,how planted1 #eg-h4 ,,stone ,,mortar3 ,length1 #cc --,weight1 #cc --,calibre1 #cc --,length of bore1 #cc --,length of chamber1 #cc --,use of1 #cd --,stones1 how disposed1 #cd4 ,,storing of fixed ammunition1 #ajc-d4 ,,strapping ,,shot and shells1 #ic-d4 ,,strength3 ,of ice1 #aef --,of rope1 #aef4 ,,swell of the muzzle1 #ad4 ,,tables3 ,of charges1 #fb --,of ranges1 #fh-i1 #gj-a-b --,of 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carriages1 #add2 and for siege-carriages1 #add --,proportion between weights of shot1 #ie --,of cast-iron shot or shell1 how determined1 #ie --,quantity of powder to fill a shell1 how found1 #if --,carried by horses1 #aeb --,carried by an infantry soldier1 #aed4 ,,wheels3 ,field-carriage1 size and weight1 #add --,siege carriage1 size and weight1 #add --,parts of1 #abd4 ,,windage3 ,definition1 #hj --,amount1 #ha-b --,loss of velocity by1 #ha --,advantage of a reduction of1 #ha4 ,,wires1 pointing1 #ef4