,,greece & ,,babylon ,a ,,comp>ative ,,sket* ,,( ,,mesopotamian1 ,,anatolian ,,& ,,hell5ic ,,religions ,,by ,,lewis ,r4 ,,f>nell1 ,d4,litt41 ,m4,a4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,exet] ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,,au?or ,,( 8,,cults ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,/ates10 8,,evolution ,,( ,,religion10 8,,high] ,,aspects ,,( ,,greek ,,religion0 7,,hibb]t ,,lectures7 ,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,,cl>k1 #ch ,george ,/reet #aiaa ,,impr9t4 ,pr9t$ by ,morrison ,gibb ,limit$1 ,,= ,t4 ,t4 ,,cl>k1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,london3 ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all1 ,,hamilton1 ,,k5t1 ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons4 ,,d$ication4 ,,to ,dr4 ,,h5ry ,,wilde ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,wilde ,,lecture%ip ,,9 ,,natural ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,religion ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,^! ,,fir/-,,fruits ,,( ,,8 ,,end[m5t ,,are ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,fir/ ,,wilde ,,lectur] ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,novemb] #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts4 vii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,inaugural ,lecture ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,problem & ! ,evid5ce4 ,indebt$ness ( primitive ,greek religion to ,mesopotamian influ5ces--,v>i\s k9ds ( evid5ce to be consid]$3 ,texts & ,monum5ts ( ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 ,canaan1 ,hittite ,k+dom1 ,asia-,m9or coa/1 ,m9oan-,myc5aean area--,necessity ( det]m9+ :5 ! ,nor?-,aryan tribes ent]$ ,greece1 & :at !y br\ght ) !m--,influ5ces f ,mesopotamia on ,greece ( ! second mill5nium at lea/ n direct--,prec>i\sness ( !ory ( religi\s borr[+--,special l9es t ! inquiry w pursue ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,morphology ( ! ,comp>$ ,religions4 ,di/9ction betwe5 nature religions & e?ical religions uns\nd--,! degree ( p]sonality 9 ! cult-objects a bett] crit]ion--,! e>lie/ sy/em kn[n 9 ,mesopotamia a poly!ism ) p]sonal deities1 b conta9+ c]ta9 products ( animism & polydaimonism--,o!r ,semitic & non-,semitic peoples ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean races1 ! e>lie/ ,greek tribes1 already on ! plane ( p]sonal !ism 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,an?ropomorphism & ,!riomorphism 9 ,anatolia & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,mesopotamian religi\s conception g5]ally an?ropomorphic1 b ! an?ropomorphism 8un/able0--,!riomorphic viii features1 especially ( daimoniac p[]s--,my/ic imag9ation (t5 !riomorphic--,individuality ( deities sometimes indi/9ct--,female & male sometimes fus$--,! p]son becomes ! ,^w--,simil> ph5om5a 9 o!r ,semitic peoples--,!riolatry m prom95t 9 ,hittite religion1 ?\gh an?ropomorphism ! preval5t idea--,! ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion also ma9ly an?ropomorphic--,! evid5ce ( !riolatry (t5 mis9t]pret$--,! proto-,hell5ic religion p>tly !riomorphic--,"s traces ( !riolatry ev5 9 lat] p]iod1 9 spite ( /rong bias t[>ds an?ropomorphism ,,*apt] ,v4 ,pr$om9ance ( ! ,goddess4 ,importance ( ! ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( religions--,9 ,mesopotamia & o!r ,semitic regions ! *ief deity male1 except ,a/>te at ,sidon--,evid5ce f ,hittite k+doms d\btful1 b at po9ts on ! ,asia-,m9or coa/1 su* z ,ephesos1 & notably 9 ,phrygia1 ! supremacy ( ! goddess well atte/$--,! same true on ! :ole ( ,cretan religion--,! e>lie/ ,hell5es1 l o!r ,aryan communities1 probably incl9$ to exalt ! male deity1 & did n develop ! cult ( ,virg9 goddesses--,!re=e ,a!na & ,artemis probably pre-,hell5ic ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,deities z ,nature-,p[]s4 ,%ama% ! sun-god d]ives 8 p]sonal "* f ! nature-ph5om5on2 b ! ,babylonian deities develop _! p]sonality indep5d5tly ( _! nature-orig91 :i* is (t5 d\btful--,importance ( ,s91 ! moon-god--,/>-wor%ip 9 ,babylonian cult--,no cle> recognition ( an e>?-goddess--,tammuz a vegetation-p[]--,we/]n ,canaanites wor%ip nature-deities 9 ! second mill5nium1 probably ) moral attributes--,! ,hittites a ?und]-god & corn-god--,! ,phrygians a "m-goddess ( ! e>? & l[] _w--,on ! :ole1 pre-,hom]ic ,hellas wor%ips e?ical p]sonalities r ?an nature-p[]s--,di/+ui%$ f ,mesopotamia by comp>ative insignificance ( sol>1 lun>1 a/ral cults--,also by ! great prom95ce ( ! e>?-goddess & ! association ( c]ta9 es*atological ideas ) h] ix ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,deities z ,social-,p[]s4 ,! religi\s orig9 ( ! city--,slight evid5ce f ,mesopotamia1 m f e>ly ,greece--,e>ly ,mesopotamian k+%ip ( div9e type--,! k+ inspir$ & occasionally wor%ipp$--,! ,hittite monum5ts %[ ! div9e associations ( ! k+--,proto-,hell5ic k+%ip probably ( simil> "*--,social usages protect$ by religion 9 ! :ole ( ?is area--,no family cult ( ! he>? at ,babylon--,! code ( ,hammurabi--,comp>atively secul> 9 its enactm5ts conc]n+ homicide--,religi\s feel+ p]ceptible 9 ! laws conc]n+ ince/--,! legal sy/em atta*$ to religion at c]ta9 po9ts1 b on ! :ole1 indep5d5t ( x--,9 e>ly ,hellas ! religion an equally /rong social =ce1 b _m ( its social manife/ations diff]5t--,religion tribal & 8phratric0 9 ,greece2 n s 9 ,babylon--,purification f blood%$ c\ld n h be5 borr[$ f ,mesopotamia ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,religion & ,morality4 ,! deity conceiv$ on ! :ole z b5efic5t & righte\s1 b ! div9e de/ructive p[] m emphasis$ 9 ,babylonia--,e ,babylonian deity moralis$1 n e ,hell5ic--,9 bo? societies p]jury a s91 untru?fulness only 9 ,babylonian religi\s !ory--,int]national morality--,! e?ics ( ! family v vital 9 bo? societies1 b m complex 9 ,babylonia--,rituali/ic tabus a heavi] burd5 on ! ,babylonian consci5ce--,morality m daimoni/ic ?an 9 ,greece--,9 ! ,babylonian confessional /ress laid on unkn[n involunt>y s91 h5ce t5d5cy to pessimism--,9 ,greece less timidity ( consci5ce1 less prom95ce ( magic--,m]cifulness a prom95t div9e attribute 9 bo? religions--,m pan!i/ic ?\ght & a cle>] s5se ( ! div9ity ( all life 9 ,babylonian !ology1 z 9 ! ,tammuz-my? ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,purity a ,div9e ,attribute4 ,ritual purity g5]ally dem&$--,babylonian my?ology f> pur] ?an ! ,greek--,"* ( ,i%t>--,virg9ity a div9e attribute--,my/ic conception ( a virg9-"m1 ! evid5ce exam9$ 9 ,ea/ & ,we/ x ,,*apt] ,x4 ,concept ( ,div9e ,p[] & ,anci5t ,cosmogonies4 ,nei!r 9 ,babylon nor ,greece any cle> & consi/5tly ma9ta9$ dogma ( div9e omnipot5ce--,yet ! div9ities collectively ! /ronge/ p[] 9 ! univ]se--,no develop$ !ory ( dualism--,! div9e p[] comb9$ ) magic 9 ,babylonia1 b n 9 ,greece--,no e>ly ,hell5ic consci\sness ( ! ,^w z a creative =ce--,! magic p[] ( ! div9e "n felt by ! ,hell5es1 b n realis$ z a creative =ce--,babylonian cosmogonies n traceable 9 ! e>lie/ ,greek my?ology1 nor 9 ,hesiod1 b ! my? ( ,typhoeus probably f ,babylonian s\rces--,babylonian my?s conc]n+ creation ( man n kn[n 9 e>ly ,greece--,organisation ( ! poly!ism into div9e gr\ps--,evid5ce ( ,tr9it>ian idea & ( mono!i/ic t5d5cy--,no pro( "h ( ,greek indebt$ness to ,mesopotamia ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,religi\s ,temp]am5t ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,peoples4 ,! relation ( ! individual to ! deity m intimate 9 ,mesopotamia ?an 9 ,greece--,! religi\s temp] m ec/atic1 m prone to self-abasem5t1 s5tim5tality1 rapture--,humility & ! fe> ( ,god e?ical virtues 9 ,babylonia--,! *ild nam$ aft] ! god 9 bo? societies--,9 "s ,semitic communities ! deity takes a title f ! wor%ipp]--,fanaticism 9 ,mesopotamian religion1 entire abs5ce ( x 9 ! ,hell5ic ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,es*atologic ,ideas ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,g5]al resemblances betwe5 ,mesopotamian & e>ly ,hell5ic rites ( t5dance ( dead--,mesopotamian !ory ( ! l[] _w gloomi]--,! t]ror ( ! spectre /rong] 9 ! ,ea/ ?an 9 ! ,we/2 yet bo? fe> ! miasma ( ! dead--,9 bo?1 ! lit]>y evid5ce cla%es some:at ) ! evid5ce f ! graves--,c]ta9 important diff]5ces 9 t5dance ( dead--,wat] ess5tial 9 lat] ,babylonian1 w9e & ! triple libation 9 e>ly ,hell5ic--,h]o-cult /rong 9 e>ly ,hellas1 at lea/ v r>e 9 ,mesopotamia--,hell5ic idea ( re-inc>nation n xi yet f\nd 9 ,babylonian records--,! evocation ( gho/s1 & ! p]iodic meals ) or 9 memory ( ! dead1 common to bo? peoples--,g5]al ,all ,s\ls' fe/ival--,b 9 ,babylonia no popul> belief 9 po/hum\s puni%m5ts & rew>ds--,! p[]s ( ! l[] _w m gloomy & repell5t ?an 9 ,hellas--,no my/]ies to develop ! g]ms ( a bright] es*atologic fai? ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,ritual4 ,9 ! second mill5nium all ,semitic communities _h evolv$ ! temple1 & ,babylonia ! idol--,9 ,greece1 temple-build+ 0 com+ into vogue1 b ! cults /ill aniconic--,! pill> & ! phallic emblem common 9 e>ly ,greece1 v r>e 9 ,mesopotamia--,sacrifice bo? 9 ,ea/ & ,we/ ( two types1 ! blood-sacrifice & ! bloodless1 b 9 ,hellas 9 e>ly vogue1 n yet f\nd 9 ! ,ea/--,inc5se unkn[n to ! pre-,hom]ic ,greeks--,! di/9ction betwe5 ,*?onian & ,olympian ritual n f\nd at ,babylon--,communion-sacrifice & sacram5t 9 e>ly ,greece1 n f\nd z yet 9 ,mesopotamia--,vic>i\s piacul> sacrifice common to bo? regions1 b human sacrifice rife 9 e>ly ,greece1 n f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia--,my/ic use ( blood 9 ,greek ritual1 immolation or expulsion ( ! scape-goat n yet discov]$ 9 ,mesopotamia--,! dea? ( ! div9ity 9 ,babylonian ritual--,m\rn+ = ,tammuz--,9 o!r ,semitic communities--,9 ,hittite wor%ip1 ,s&on ( ,t>sos--,attis ( ,phrygia--,emasculation 9 ,phrygian ritual1 ali5 to ,babylonian z to ,hell5ic religi\s s5tim5t--,dea? ( div9ity 9 ,cretan ritual1 & 9 ,cyprus--,9 g5u9e ,hell5ic religion1 f\nd only 9 agr>ian h]o-cults1 su* z ,l9os1 ,euno/os2 ^! hav+ no connection ) ,tammuz--,babylonian liturgy ma9ly a s]vice ( sorr[1 ,greek ma9ly *e]ful--,a holy m>riage at ,babylon1 on ,hittite relief at ,boghaz-,keui1 9 ,m9oan & ,hell5ic ritual--,a mortal ! consort ( div9ity1 an idea f\nd 9 _m races widely remov$--,greek evid5ce--,consecrat$ wom5 9 ,mesopotamia1 two types--,_! functions to be di/+ui%$ f ! consecration ( virg9ity be=e m>riage m5tion$ by ,h]odotus--,o!r examples ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! cu/oms 9 ,asia ,m9or--,v>i\s explanations ( ^! cu/oms (f]$ by an?ropology--,criticism ( diff]5t views--,_! religi\s significance--,ritual ( purification--,ca?>tic use ( wat] & fire--,pres]vation ( peace dur+ public purification--,po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ,hellas & xii ,babylonia--,po9ts ( diff]5ce1 ,babylonian confessional--,value ( ,hom]'s evid5ce conc]n+ e>ly ,hell5ic purification--,babylonian magic 9 g5]al contra/ ) ,greek--,a/rologic magic--,magic value ( numb]s1 ( ! ^w--,babylonian exorcism--,magic use ( images--,no sev]ance 9 ,mesopotamia betwe5 magic & religion--,babylonian & ,hell5ic div9ation ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,summ>y ( ,results4 ,,index ,,( ,,names ,,& ,,subjects4 ,,endnotes4 ,,greece ,,& ,,babylon4 #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,inaugural ,lecture4 ,! newly-elect$ hold] ( a ,univ]sity pr(essor%ip or lecture%ip1 be=e emb>k+ on ! c\rse ( special discussion t he has select$1 may be all[$ or expect$ to pres5t "s outl9$ acc\nt ( ! :ole subject t he repres5ts1 & to /ate be=eh&1 if possible1 ! l9e t he proposes to pursue 9 reg>d to x4 ,?is is all ! m incumb5t on me1 z ,i h ! hon\r to be ! fir/ ,wilde ,lectur] 9 ,natural & ,comp>ative ,religion--! fir/1 t is1 :o has be5 (ficially *>g$ by ! ,univ]sity to give public tea*+ 9 ! mo/ mod]n & "o ( ! mo/ difficult fields ( /udy1 "o t has already borne copi\s fruit1 & w be> m 9 ! future4 ,i appreciate highly ! hon\r ( su* a *>ge1 & ,i take ?is opportunity ( express+ my deep s5se ( ! indebt$ness ( our ,univ]sity & ( all /ud5ts ( ?is subject to ,dr4 ,wilde = 8 g5]\s end[m5t ( ?is bran* ( rese>*1 :i* z yet has only f\nd enc\ragem5t 9 a few ,univ]sities ( ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ,japan4 ,i feel also ! responsibility ( my *>ge4 ,ye>s ( /udy h %[n me ! magnitude ( ! subject1 ! pitfalls t "h--m1 p]haps1 #b ?an 9 o!r fields--beset ! unw>y1 & ! multiplicity ( aspects f :i* x may be /udi$4 ,hav+ no pr$ecessor1 ,i _c foll[1 b may be call$ ^u r to set1 a prec$5t4 ,"o guidance1 at lea/1 ,i h--namely1 ! express$ wi%es ( ! f\nd] ( ?is po/4 ,he has =mulat$ !m 9 reg>d to ,comp>ative ,religion 9 su* a way t ,i feel preclud$1 9 h&l+ ?is "p ( ! :ole field1 f :at may be call$ ! primitive an?ropology ( religion4 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 deal directly ) ! embryology ( ! subject1 ) m]ely savage religi\s psy*ology1 ritual1 or in/itutions4 ,x is n t ,i d n feel myself ! fasc9ation ( ^! subjects ( inquiry1 & _! inevitabl5ess = "o :o wi%es :olly to und]/& ! :ole ( any "o ( ! high] _w-religions4 ,b we h 9 ! ,univ]sity "o accompli%$ expon5t ( ^! !mes 9 ,mr4 ,m>ett1 & until rec5tly we h be5 privileg$ to possess ,pr(essor ,tylor2 & ,dr4 ,wilde has made 8 wi%es cle> t ! exposition ( ,comp>ative ,religion %\ld be ma9ly an elucidation & comp>ison ( ! high] =ms & ideas 9 ! m advanc$ religions4 ,& ,i c *e]fully accept ?is limitation1 z = ye>s ,i h be5 occupi$ ) ! m9ute /udy ( ! religion ( ,greece1 9 :i* "o f9ds mu*1 inde$1 t is primitive1 ev5 savage1 b mu* also ( religi\s ?\ght & religi\s e?ic1 unsuspect$ by =m] g5]ations ( s*ol>s1 t has become a ri* inh]itance ( our high] culture4 ,he :o wi%es to succe$ 9 ?is new field ( ardu\s inquiry %\ld h /udi$ at lea/ "o ( ! high] religions ( ! old civilisation au fond1 & he mu/ h /udi$ x by ! comp>ative me?od4 ,he may !n make ?is religion ! po9t ( dep>ture = wide #c excursions into outly+ tracts ( ! m or less adjac5t religi\s sy/ems1 & he w be ! less likely to lose himself 9 ! maze & tangle ( facts if he c focus ! v>y+ light or d\btful glimm] !y af=d ^u ! complex set ( ph5om5a ) :i* he is already famili>4 ,& ! ,greek religion s]ves bett] ?an any o!r t ,i "k = su* a po9t ( dep>ture1 ! influ5ces be+ s num]\s t radiat$ ^u x4 ,x _h its own special inh]itance1 :i* x fruitfully develop$1 f ! ,nor?1 f its proto-,aryan pa/1 & :i* we %all be able to def9e ) great] cle>ness :5 comp>ative religion has done its "w ^u ! religi\s records ( ! e>ly ,aryan peoples4 ,also1 ! ,hell5e _h _m intimate po9ts ( contact ) e>li] & ali5 peoples ( ! anci5t ,m$it]ranean culture :om he conqu]$ & p>tly absorb$1 or ) :om he ent]$ into intellectual or comm]cial relations4 ,!re=e ! religions ( ! ,m9oan ,age1 ( ! ,anatolian peoples1 ( ,egypt1 & f9ally ( ,babylon & ,p]sia1 come inevitably to attract ! /ud5t ( ! ,hell5ic4 ,z f>1 !n1 z ,i c see at pres5t1 ,i may h to limit my att5tion 9 ! lecture-c\rses ( ^! ?ree ye>s dur+ :i* ,i fill ?is po/1 to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,m$it]ranean area1 & ^! are m ?an "o man c ?or\ghly elucidate 9 a lifetime1 z ! manifold activity 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ?is field1 atte/$ by ! ,transactions ( our rec5t ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 w prove to ^? :o read !m4 ,& ,i %all endeav\r 9 ! future to foll[ out "o ma9 inquiry ?r\gh a %ort s]ies ( lectures1 z ?is is ! be/ me?od = a reason$ /atem5t ( consecutive ?\ght4 ,b ,i propose 9 ?is lecture to sket* m]ely 9 outl9es ! sali5t features ( "s #d ( ! religions ( ! ,m$it]ranean area1 & hope !reby to indicate ! ma9 problems :i* ! /ud5t ( comp>ative religion mu/ try to solve1 or ! lead+ que/ions he mu/ ask1 & ?us1 p]haps1 to be able to sugge/ to o!rs z well z to myself special l9es ( future rese>* & discussion4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! que/ions :i* naturally arise :5 we approa* ! /udy ( any religion t has advanc$ beyond ! primitive /age8 ,we wi% to discov] ) def9it5ess :at is ! idea ( div9ity t x has evolv$1 9 :at =ms & ) :at concepts ?is idea is express$--:e!r1 = in/ance1 ! godhead is conceiv$ z a vague 8num510 or z a def9ite p]sonality ) complex "* & functions1 & :e!r x is imag9$ or pres5t$ to s5se 9 an?ropomorphic =ms4 ,! "q :e!r ! religion is mono!i/ic or poly!i/ic is usually answ]$ at a glance1 unless ! record is unusually defective2 b 9 ! case ( poly!ism c>eful inquiry is (t5 ne$$ to answ] ! o!r morphological que/ions t press !mselves ^u u1 :e!r ! poly!ism is an organis$ sy/em ( co-ord9at$ & subord9at$ p[]s or a m]e m$ley ( uncorrelat$ deities4 ,if ! =m]1 :e!r ! unify+ t5d5cy has develop$ 9 ! direction ( mono!ism or pan!ism4 ,aga91 ! /udy ( ! attributes & functions ascrib$ & ! titles atta*$ to ! deity w enable u to answ] ! que/ions conc]n+ 8 relation to ! _w ( ,nature1 to ! social sph]e ( law1 politics1 & morality2 & 9 ?is que/ we may hope to ga9 fruitful sugge/ions conc]n+ ! int]action ( religion1 social organisation1 & e?ics4 ,we %all also wi% to "k :e!r ! religion is dogmatic or n--t is #e to say1 :e!r x lays /ress on precise !ological def9itions2 :e!r x claims to possess sacr$ books or a revelation2 :e!r x conta9s ! idea ( fai? z a c>d9al virtue4 ,fur!r1 x is always int]e/+ to consid] :e!r x has eng5d]$ a cosmogony1 a !ory ( ! cosmos1 its orig91 ma9t5ance1 & possible dissolution2 & :e!r x is in/9ctively fav\rable or antagoni/ic to ! gr[? ( ! sci5tific _s1 to ! free activity ( ! intellect2 &1 f9ally1 :e!r x gives prom95ce to ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l & to ! doctr9e ( po/hum\s rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,!re are also c]ta9 special que/ions conc]n+ ! nature & p[]s ( ! div9ity t are f\nd to be ( importance4 ,! di/9ction ( sex 9 ! an?ropomorphic religions1 ! p>am\ntcy ( ! god or ! goddess1 is obs]v$ to produce a s+ul> effect 9 religi\s psy*ology1 & may be associat$ ) fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 social in/itutions1 ) ! di/9ction1 = in/ance1 betwe5 a patril9e> & a matril9e> society4 ,z reg>ds ! p[]s attribut$ to ! div9ity1 we may endeav\r to disc]n c]ta9 laws ( progress or evolution 9 progressive societies--an evolution1 p]haps1 f a m mat]ial to a m spiritual conception1 or1 aga91 f a belief 9 div9ities f9ite & mortal to a dogma t inf9ity1 omnisci5ce1 & immortality are _! necess>y attributes4 ,on ?is l9e ( inquiry we are (t5 confront$ ) ! ph5om5on ( ! dea? ( ! god or goddess1 & no s+le fact 9 ! hi/ory ( religions is ( m int]e/ & ( m weight4 ,also1 we frequ5tly f9d an antagonism betwe5 malevol5t & b5evol5t p[]s1 :5ce may arise a philosophic conception ( dualism 9 ,nature & ! moral _w4 #f ,!re are1 fur!r1 ! que/ions conc]n+ ritual1 (t5 v m9ute1 b ( none ! less significance4 ,:at are ! =ms ( wor%ip1 sacrifice1 pray]1 adoration8 ,z reg>ds sacrifice1 is x deprecatory m]ely1 a bribe to av]t wra?1 or is x a gift to secure fav\r1 or is x a tok5 ( fri5dly tru/ & affection1 or a my/ic act ( communion :i* effects betwe5 ! deity & ! wor%ipp] a tempor>y union ( body & s\l8 ,9 ! /udy ( ritual we may consid] ! position ( ! prie/hood1 its p[] ov] ! religion1 & ?r\gh ! religion ov] ! ,/ate1 & ! s\rces ( t p[]4 ,?is enum]ation ( ! problems is long1 b ,i fe> by no means exhau/ive4 ,i h n yet m5tion$ ! "q t may legitimately arise1 & is ! mo/ p]plex+ ( all--t :i* is ask$ conc]n+ ! vital p[] & influ5ce ( a c]ta9 religion1 its /r5g? ( appeal1 its real control ( ! p's ?\ghts & acts4 ,! "q1 z we "k1 is difficult en\gh :5 we apply x to mod]n societies2 x may be q hopeless :5 appli$ to an anci5t ,/ate4 ,x is only wor? rais+ :5 ! record is unusually ample & v>i$1 & ( long cont9uity2 :5 we c believe t x en%r9es ! ?\ghts ( ! p1 n m]ely ( ! prie/ or ( ! philosoph]4 ,we are m likely to believe ?is :5 ! record is ri* n only 9 lit]ature1 b 9 monum5ts4 ,x may also be dem&$ t ! hi/ory ( religions %\ld include a hi/ory ( _! decay1 &1 9 8 brilliant address at ! rec5t ,congress1 ,pr(essor ,petrie has =mulat$ ?is dem& z "o t ,egyptology might fulfil4 ,c]ta9ly x belongs to ! sci5tific treatm5t ( our subject to note ! circum/ances & op]ative causes t induc$ a c]ta9 p to ab&on _! ance/ral beliefs & cults2 b :e!r f ! #g c>eful /udy ( ea* special case c]ta9 g5]al laws w em]ge by process ( induction may be d\bt$4 ,x w dep5d p>tly on ! complet5ess ( our records & our skill 9 _! int]pretation4 ,i w conclude ?is sket* ( an ideal programme1 :i* ,i1 z lea/1 c nev] hope to make actual1 ) "o la/ qu]y--,is x ! ma9 object ( ?is comp>ative /udy to answ] ! inquiry z to ! reciprocal influ5ces ( adjac5t religions1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ali5 & ! native elem5ts 9 any p>ticul> sy/em--to e/imate1 = in/ance1 :at ,greece ow$ to ,babylon1 to ,egypt1 to ,india8 ,c]ta9ly ! problem is prop] to our prov9ce1 is attractive1 & ev5 hopeful1 & ,i h v5tur$ to approa* x myself4 ,b ,i %\ld hesitate to all[ t x is ! ma9 "o1 & t ! value ( our /udy is to be measur$ by our success 9 solv+ x2 =1 :atev] answ] we f9ally give to su* que/ions1 or if we ab&on 9 despair ! attempt to answ] !m precisely1 x is none ! less fruitful to comp>e ! ,babylonian1 ,indo-,iranian1 ,egyptian1 & ,hell5ic sy/ems ( belief--= in/ance1 to consid] ! ,orphic es*atology 9 relation to ! ,buddhi/ic1 ev5 if we reject ! !ory t ,buddhi/ic influ5ces c\ld h p5etrat$ into e>ly ,orphism4 ,i w n[ sket* :at ,i h p]ceiv$ to be ! high] elem5ts or m develop$ features 9 ,hell5ic religion1 & w consid] 9 reg>d to ea* ( ^! h[ x contra/s ) or resembles ! cults ( ! o!r lead+ peoples ( ?is area4 ,! ,hell5ic high div9ity is1 9 ! fir/ place1 no m]e %ad[y 8num510 no vague _s-p[] or semi-p]sonal div9e =ce1 su* z ! old ,roman belief (t5 seems to pres5t u )1 nor is he usually conceiv$ z a div9e elem5t imman5t 9 c]ta9 ?+s2 b he appe>s z a concrete p]sonal #h individual ( def9ite physical traits & complex moral nature4 ,vagu] & crud] ideas no d\bt surviv$ "r ?r\gh ! hi/oric p]iod1 & ! primitive ance/or ( ! ,hell5e may once h liv$ 9 ! religi\s phase ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! p]sonal god has n yet em]g$ or n yet be5 deta*$ f ! ph5om5on or ! _w ( liv+ matt]4 ,b ,i believe t ! ,greek ( ! hi/oric1 & ev5 ( ! ,hom]ic1 p]iod _h left ?is phase f> m remotely beh9d him ?an c]ta9 mod]n !ori/s h lightly suppos$1 & ,i am conv9c$ t ! proto-,hell5ic tribes _h already be=e ! conque/ ( ,greece develop$ ! cult ( c]ta9 p]sonal deities1 & t "s1 at lea/1 ( ^! 7 ! common h]itage ( sev]al tribes4 ,x is q possible t be=e !y cross$ ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,greece !y f\nd su* div9ities among _! ,aryan k9sfolk ( ,?race1 & x is c]ta9 t ?is 0 ! type ( religion t !y w\ld ma9ly f9d among ! peoples ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean culture4 ,we disc]n x also1 :]e ! record all[s u to disc]n any?+1 among ! ne>] & remot] /ocks ( ! ,asiatic side ( ! ,m$it]ranean area4 ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,p]sian religion1 ,ahura-,mazda is pres5t$ z a noble e?ical figure1 a concrete p]sonal god1 l ,jahw ( ,israel1 :atev] 8 orig9al physical significance may h be54 ,m>duk ( ,babylon1 :om ,hammurabi1 ! consolidator ( ! ,babylonian p[]1 rais$ to ! rank ( ! high god1 may once h be5 a sun-god1 b he transc5d$ 8 elem5tal nature1 & appe>s 9 ! records ( ! ?ird mill5nium z a political deity1 ! w>-god1 & lead] ( ! p1 z real a p]sonality z ,hammurabi himself4 ,! same is true ( ,as%ur1 once ! local #i deity ( ! aborig9al l& ( ! ,assyrians1 b lat] rais$ by ! imp]ial expansion ( ?is p almo/ to ! position ( a univ]sal god1 ! gu>dian ( ! l&1 ! tea*] & ! fa!r ( ! k+s2 nor c we disc]n t he 0 ev] an elem5tal god4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 9 spite ( _m important diff]5ces1 we may reg>d ! religi\s /ructure to :i* ! cults ( ,anatolia & ,egypt belong$ z morphologically ! same z t :i* ,i am def9+ z ,hell5ic4 ,also1 among all ^! peoples1 by ! side ( ! few high] deities :o h develop$ moral p]sonalities1 we f9d special elem5tal div9ities1 z1 9 ,hellas1 we f9d ,helios & ! deities ( ! w9d1 ,hephai/os ! fire-god4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! religions ( ! ,hell5es & 8! b>b>ians10 :i* ,ari/ophanes def9es z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ideal div9e p]sonages1 su* z ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,demet]1 & ! direct wor%ip ( elem5t>y p[]s1 su* z sun & moon1 is n borne out by mod]n rese>*4 ,:]e we f9d sun-wor%ip or moon-wor%ip 9 ! ,ea/1 x does n appe> to h be5 direct$ imm$iately to ! ?+ itself reg>d$ z a liv+ or animate body1 b to a p]sonal god ( ! sun or ! moon--,bel1 ,%ama%1 or ,s94 ,we c only di/+ui% ! ,greek f ! ,ori5tal 9 respect ( ,nature-religion by ! less] degree ( devotion t ! ,hell5e %[$ to x4 ,only ^? ( 8 div9ities ^: names connot$ no?+ 9 ! mat]ial or natural _w1 c\ld develop into free moral p]sonalities1 & dom9ate ! religi\s imag9ation ( ! p4 ,n[h]e1 = in/ance1 _h ,helios any high position 9 ! ,greek _w except at ,rhodes1 :]e we mu/ reckon ) pre-,hell5ic1 ,m9oan1 & lat] ) ,semitic influ5ces4 ,!re=e1 :51 %ortly #aj be=e & aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,graeco-,roman p]iod1 a wave ( sun-wor%ip well$ f ! ,ea/ ov] ! ,we/1 x may h br\ght ) x religi\s ideas ( high spirituality & e?ical purity1 yet by ! race-consci\sness ( ! ,hell5es x mu/ h be5 judg$ to be a regress t[>ds a b>b>ic pa/4 ,! in/9ct ( ! ,greek 9 8 creation ( div9e =ms %[s always a bias t[>ds ! p]sonal & ! individual1 an av]sion to ! amorph\s & vague1 & h]e9 we may contra/ him ) ! ,p]sian & ,egyptian4 ,a c]ta9 m9or ph5om5on 9 ^! religions w illu/rate & atte/ ?is4 ,all ( !m admitt$ by ! side ( ! high p]sonal deities c]ta9 subord9ate p]sonages less %>ply conceiv$1 div9e emanations1 z we may sometimes call !m1 or p]sonifications ( moral or ab/ract ideas4 ,plut>* specially m5tions ! ,p]sian wor%ip ( ,tru?1 ,goodwill1 ,law-abid+ness1 ,wisdom1 emanations ( ,ahura-,mazda1 :i* 9 ! light ( ! sacr$ books we may1 p]haps1 int]pret z ! ,frava%is or ,s\l-p[]s ( ! ,high ,god2 & 9 c]ta9 ,egyptian my?s & religi\s records we he> ( a p]sonification ( ,tru?1 ^: /atue is describ$ by ! same writ]4 ,b at lea/ 9 ! ,p]sian sy/em we may suspect t su* div9e be+s _h little concrete p]sonality1 b1 r1 7 conceiv$ vaguely z daimoniac =ces1 special activities ( div9e =ce 9 ! invisible _w4 ,n[ ! ,greek ( ! p]iod :5 we really "k him seems to h be5 m5tally unable to all[ 8 consci\sness ( ^! ?+s or ^! =ces to rema9 j at t po9t4 ,once1 no d\bt1 x 0 aft] ?is fa%ion t 8 ance/ors dimly imag9$ ,eros1 or ! half-p]sonal ,curse-p[] 2 b he himself c\ld only *]i% ,eros "u ! f9i%$ & concrete =m ( a #aa beautiful p]sonal god1 & ! curse 0 only vitalis$ = him :5 x took on ! =m ( ! p]sonal ,er9ys4 ,?is topic is a fruitful "o1 & ,i hope to develop x on a lat] occasion4 ,x sugge/s :at is n[ ! next matt] ,i wi% to t\* on--! comp>ison ( ! ,m$it]ranean religions 9 respect ( _! an?ropomorphism4 ,philosophically1 ! t]m might be c5sur$ z fail+ to di/+ui% any special type ( religion2 = we %\ld all admit t man c only envisage ! unse5 _w 9 =ms intelligible to 8 own m9d & reflect+ 8 own m5tal /ructure4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is truism1 we f9d t religions diff] ess5tially & vitally accord+ z ?is an?ropomorphism is vague & indef9ite or %>ply def9$ & dom9at+2 accord+ z !y picture ! div9ity z ! exact ?\gh idealis$ c\nt]p>t ( man1 & con/ruct ! div9e society purely on ! l9es ( ! human1 or refra9 f do+ ?is ei!r ?r\gh weakness & obscurity ( imag9ation or 9 def]5ce to a diff]5t & p]haps m elevat$ law ( ! religi\s intellect4 ,n[1 ( ! ,hell5ic religion no feature is sali5t z its an?ropomorphism1 & ?r\gh\t its :ole developm5t & c>e] ! an?ropomorphic pr9ciple has be5 m dom9at+ & imp]i\s ?an x has ev] be5 f\nd to be 9 o!r religions4#aa4a ,at :at remote p]iod 9 ! evolution ( ! ,hell5ic m9d ?is pr9ciple began 9 =ce1 :at 7 ! influ5ces t fo/]$ & /r5g!n$ x1 9 :at v>i\s ways x %ap$ ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! ,hell5ic p1 are que/ions t ,i may be able to treat m 9 detail 9 ! future4 #ab ,b !re are two important ph5om5a t ,i w indicate n[1 :i* we mu/ associate ) x1 & :i* af=d u an illum9at+ po9t ( view f :i* we may contra/ ! ,greek _w & ! ,ori5tal4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! an?ropomorphic pr9ciple1 comb9+ ) an arti/ic faculty ! highe/ t ! _w has kn[n1 produc$ 9 ,greece a unique =m ( idolatry2 &1 9 ! second place1 9 consequ5ce *iefly ( ?is idolatry1 ! purely ,hell5ic religion rema9$ almo/ incapable ( t :i* we call my/icism4 ,n[1 mu* rema9s /ill to be ?\ght out1 especially = ^? int]e/$ 9 ,m$it]ranean culture1 conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( idolatry on religion2 & n only ! hi/ory1 b ! psy*ology ( religion1 mu/ note & e/imate ! influ5ce ( religi\s art4 ,x may well be t ! primitive ,greeks1 l ! primitive ,roman1 ! e>ly ,teuton1 & ,indo-,iranian /ocks1 7 non-idolatr\s1 & ?is appe>s to h be5 true to "s ext5t ( ! ,m9oan culture4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,m$it]ranean area has f "t immemorial be5 ! c5tre ( ! fabric & ! wor%ip ( ! eikon & ! idol4 ,! impulse may h come f ! ,ea/ or f ,egypt to ! ,hell5e2 he 9 8 turn imp>t$ x to ! ,indian ,aryans1 z we n[ "k1 & 9 great measure at lea/ to ! ,roman1 j z ! ,assyrian-,babylonian temple-wor%ip imp>t$ x to ! ,p]sian4 ,n[h]e1 we may well believe1 has ! influ5ce ( idolatry be5 s /rong ^u ! religi\s temp]am5t z x 0 ^u t ( ! ,hell5es2 = to x !y ow$ works ( ! type t may be call$ ! human-div9e1 :i* surpass any o!r art-a*ievem5t ( man4 ,i c "h only indicate briefly its ma9 effects4 ,x #ac int5sifi$ ! p]ception ( ! real p]sonal god z a mat]ial fact4 ,x increas$ poly!ism by multiply+ ! sep>ate figures ( wor%ip1 (t51 p]haps1 )\t int5tion4 ,x assi/$ ! imag9ation to disc>d :at 0 unc\? & t]rify+ 9 ! ,hell5ic religion1 & 0 at once ! effect & ! cause ( ! atta*m5t ( ! ,hell5ic m9d t[>ds mild & graci\s types ( godhead4 ,! aniconic emblem & unc\? feti*-=m$ figures 7 "h & !re reta9$1 because ( vague ideas ab\t luck or = sup]/iti\s feti*i/ic reasons2 b ! beautiful idol 0 *]i%$ because x c\ld ar\se ! en?usia/ic affection ( a s5sitive p1 & c\ld br+ !m to ! v pres5ce ( a fri5dly div9e p]son4 ,! say+ t ! ,olympian deities di$ ( _! own lovel9ess means a wrong int]pretation ( ! facts & ! p4 ,b = a beautiful idolatry1 ,hell5ic poly!ism w\ld h pass$ away "s c5turies be=e x did1 ! deities fad+ into ali5 types or becom+ fus$ "o ) ! o!r4 ,nor 0 its =ce & influ5ce exhau/$ by ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 = x %ap$ ! de/9ies ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & ?rew d[n a victori\s *all5ge to ! iconocla/ic ,emp]ors4 ,if n[ we 7 to look across ! ,m$it]ranean1 & c\ld survey ! religi\s monum5ts ( ,p]sia1 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 ,pho5icia1 & ! ,hittite p1 we %\ld f9d a g5]al acceptance ( ! an?ropomorphic idea4 ,! high p]sonal deities are repres5t$ ma9ly 9 human =m1 b ! art is n able to int]pret ! poly!i/ic beliefs ) skilfully diff]5tiat$ types4 ,9 ,*aldaic & ,assyrian art "o type ( c\nt5ance is us$ = v>i\s div9ities1 & ?is su* z might inspire awe r ?an affection4 ,& ! an?ropomorphism is un/able4 ,(t5 animal traits #ad appe> 9 p>ts ( ! div9e figure4 ,n]gal has a lion's head2 ev5 ! w>rior ,m>duk is invok$ 9 ! my/ic incantations z 8,black ,bull ( ! ,deep1 ,lion ( ! d>k h\se40#ad4a ,9 fact1 ov] a l>ge "p ( ant]ior ,asia1 an?ropomorphism & !riomorphism exi/ side by side 9 religi\s concept & religi\s art4 ,we may say ! same ( ,egypt1 b "h !riomorphism is ! dom9at+ factor4 ,z reg>ds ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 _m que/ions are involv$ :i* are outside my pres5t prov9ce4 ,i w\ld only express my gr[+ conviction t ^! two di/9ct modes ( repres5t+ ! div9e p]sonage to ! wor%ipp] are n necess>ily prior & po/]ior1 ! "o to ! o!r1 9 ! evolution ( religion4 ,!y c easily1 & frequ5tly d1 coexi/4 ,! vaguely conceiv$ deity %ifts 8 %ape1 & ! same p may imag9e him ma9ly z a glorifi$ man ( human volition & action1 & yet ?9k ( him z tempor>ily inc>nate 9 an animal1 & embody 8 type = purposes ( wor%ip or religi\s art 9 animal =ms4 ,i w\ld fur!r indicate "h :at ,i _c prove 9 detail--t !riomorphism l5ds itself to my/icism1 :ile ! an?ropomorphic idolatry ( ,greece 0 /rongly 9 opposition to x4 ,! my/ic !osophy t p]vad$ lat] paganism1 & f :i* e>ly ,*ri/ianity c\ld n escape1 orig9at$1 z ,reitz5/e9 has well %[n1 ma9ly 9 ,egypt1 & x arose p>tly1 ,i ?9k1 9 connection ) ! hi]atic & allegorical int]pretation ( ! !riomorphic idol4 ,!re 0 no?+ my/ic ab\t ! ,zeus ( ,pheidias1 s f> z ! =m ( ! god 0 conc]n$4 ,! =ms 7 #ae entirely adequate to ! expression ( ! physical1 moral1 & spiritual nature ( ! god4 ,! god 0 j t1 & !re 0 no?+ beh9d1 &1 z ! anci5t en?usia/ av]s1 8hav+ once se5 him ?us1 y c\ld n imag9e him o!rwise40 ,b :5 a div9ity to :om high religi\s conceptions h already come to atta* is pres5t$1 z x might be 9 ,egyptian religi\s art1 ) ! head ( a jackal or an ape1 ! feel+ is c]ta9 to arise soon] or lat] 9 ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp] t ! s5se-=m is inadequate to ! idea4 ,!n 8 tr\bl$ que/ion+ w receive a my/ic answ]1 & ! animal type ( godhead w be giv5 an esot]ic int]pretation4 ,plut>*1 9 ! ,de ,iside et ,osiride1#ae4a is "o ( our witnesses4 ,he f9ds a pr(\nd] significance = !osophy 9 ! beetle1 ! asp1 & ! weasel ?an 9 ! mo/ beautiful an?ropomorphic "w ( bronze or m>ble4 ,he "h turns 8 back on 8 ance/ors1 & goes ov] to ! sect ( ! ,egyptian my/ic4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s te/imony to my !sis is borne by an inscription on an ,egyptian lamp--an invocation ( ! ,god ,?o?3 8,o ,fa!r ( ,light1 ,o ,^w 77 t ord]e/ day & night1 come %[ ?yself to me4 ,o ,god ( ,gods1 9 ?y ape-=m ent]40#ae4b ,"h ! association ( s my/ic a concept z ! 8,logos10 ! div9e ,reason1 an emanation ( ,god ) ! =m ( an ape1 is /rik+ en\gh1 & sugge/s to u _m reflections on ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,egyptian !riomorphism & ! human idolatry ( ! ,greek4 ,! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles 0 too /ubborn a fact be=e ! p's eyes to fade or to so> into #af ! high vagu5ess ( ! 8,logos10 too /able 9 8 beautiful humanity to s9k into ! ape4 ,b be=e leav+ ?is subject ,i w\ld po9t out a ph5om5on 9 ! ,hell5ic _w t %[s ! work+ ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,! ,orphic god ,dionysos-,sabazios-,zagreus 0 1 a %ape-%ift]1 conceiv$ n[ z bull1 n[ z s]p5t1 n[ z man1 & ! ,orphic sects 7 p5etrat$ ) a my/ic !osophy2 &1 aga91 !y 7 a =eign elem5t emb$d$ 9 ,greek society & religion4 ,:ile we 7 deal+ ) ! subject ( an?ropomorphism1 we %\ld consid] also ! "q ( sex1 = a religion t gives pr$om9ance to ! god is c]ta9 to diff] 9 "s ess5tial respects f "o 9 :i* a goddess is supreme4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! conception ( an ,all-,fa!r 0 a recognis$ belief 9 e ,greek community1 & !oretically ,zeus 0 admitt$ to be ! highe/ god1 yet we may believe ,a!na c\nt$ m ?an he = ! ,a!nians1 & ,h]a m = ! ,argives4 ,& we h evid5ce ( ! passionate devotion ( _m urban & village communities to ! "m ,demet] & h] daught] ,kore1 to :om ! greate/ my/]ies ( ,greece1 full ( ! promise ( po/hum\s salvation1 7 consecrat$4 ,also1 9 ! adjac5t l&s ( e>li] culture we m>k ! same ph5om5on4 ,9 ,egyptian religion we h ! comm&+ figure ( ,isis1 :o1 ?\gh by no means supreme 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 seems to dom9ate ! latt] age ( ?is poly!ism4 ,9 ! ,assyrian-,babylonian ,pan!on1 ?\gh ! male deity is at ! head1 ,i%t> appe>s z 8 compe]1 or z inf]ior only to ,as%ur4 ,com+ we/w>d t[>ds ,asia ,m9or1 we seem to see ! goddess ov]%ad[+ ! god4 ,on ! great ,hittite monum5t at ,boghaz-,keui1 #ag 9 ,cappadocia1 skilfully int]pret$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 we obs]ve a great goddess ) h] son coequal ) ! ,fa!r-,god4 ,9 ! l&s adjac5t to ! coa/ a ,"m-,goddess1 sometimes also imag9$ z virg91 ,kybele ( ,phrygia1 ,ma ( ,cappadocia1 ,hipta ( ,lydia1 ,a/>te ( ,askalon1 ,artemis ( ,ephesos :o 0 probably a bl5d ( ,hell5ic & ,ori5tal cult-ideas1 appe>s to h be5 dom9ant f an immemorial antiquity2 & ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans has discov]$ ! same my/]i\s fem99e p[] pre-em95t 9 ! ,m9oan religion4 ,we may ev5 affirm t %e has rul$ a great "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! v>i\s que/ions sugge/$ by ?is pr$om9ance ( goddess-wor%ip are fasc9at+ & subtle4 ,! sociological "o--h[ f> x is to be connect$ ) a sy/em ( c\nt+ desc5t ?r\gh ! female1 ) a matril9e> society--,i h p>tly discuss$ else:]e4#ag4a ,i may lat] be able to ent] on ! "q t is ( m int]e/ = ! psy*ology ( religion--! effect ( su* wor%ips on ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,"h ,i c m]ely po9t to ! ph5om5on z a natural & logical product ( ! pr9ciple ( an?ropomorphism1 b w\ld call att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! ,ea/ x sometimes develop$ into a =m t1 f ! an?ropomorphic po9t ( view1 mu/ be call$ morbid & subv]sive ( ?is pr9ciple2 = ! rivalry ( div9e sex 0 "h & !re solv$ by ! fusion ( ! two natures 9 ! div9ity1 & we f9d a bisexual type--a male ,a/>te1 a be>d$ ,i%t>4#ag4b ,! heal?y-m9d$ an?ropomorphism ( ! ,hell5e rejects ?is ,ori5tal extravagance4 #ah ,if we n[ c\ld consid] 9 detail ! v>i\s moral conceptions atta*$ to ! high ,/ate div9ities ( ,greece & ! ,ea/1 we %\ld be /ruck ) a g5]al simil>ity 9 ! po9t ( view ( ! v>i\s culture-/ocks4 ,! high] deities1 on ! :ole1 are e?ical be+s :o fav\r ! righte\s & puni% transgressors2 & ! wor%ip ( ,greece falls "h into l9e ) ! ,hebraic conceptions ( a god ( righte\sness4 ,b 9 "o important p>ticul> ,hell5ic ?\ght m>k$ly diff]s f ,ori5tal1 especially ! ,p]sian4 ,9 ! p's religion ?r\gh\t ,hellas ! deities are1 on ! :ole1 wor%ipp$ z b5efic5t1 z do+ good to _! wor%ipp]s1 s long z ^! d n (f5d or s9 aga9/ !m4 ,! app>5t exceptions are no real exceptions4 ,ares may h be5 reg>d$ z an evil god by ! poet or ! philosoph]1 b we _c discov] t ?is 0 ev] ! view ( ! p :o c>$ to e/abli% 8 cult4 ,! ,er9yes are v9dictive2 nev]!less1 !y are moral1 & ! /ruggle betwe5 !m & ,apollo 9 ! ,aes*ylean drama is only ! conte/ betwe5 a m b>b>ic & a m civilis$ morality4 ,9 ! li/ ( ,greek div9e titles & appellatives1 only "o or two at mo/ c be giv5 a significance ( evil4 ,d\btless1 b5ea? ! bright an?ropomorphic religion lurk$ a fe> ( gho/s & evil spirits1 & ! lat] days ( ,hell5ic paganism 7 some:at cl\d$ ) demonology4 ,b ! av]age ,greek protect$ himself suffici5tly by purification & easy conv5tional magic4 ,he did n brood on ! pr9ciple ( evil or p]sonify x z a great cosmic p[]1 & !re=e he w\ld n naturally evolve a sy/em ( religi\s dualism1 ?\gh ! g]ms f :i* ?is might gr[ may be f\nd 9 ,orphic tradition & doctr9e4 ,contra/ ?is ) ! evid5ce f ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & #ai ,p]sia4 ,! ,egyptian & ,assyrian records be> /rong impress ( ! prom95ce & p[] ( ! belief 9 evil spirits4 ,! high gods ( ,assyria 7 cont9ually be+ invok$ & implor$ by ! wor%ipp] to save him f ! demons1 & "o ( ^!1 ,ira1 a demon ( pe/il5ce1 seems to h receiv$ actual wor%ip2 & mu* ( ,egyptian private ritual 0 protective magic aga9/ !m4 ,b n[h]e did ! p[] ( evil assume su* gr& proportions z 9 ! old ,mazdean cre$ ( ,p]sia1 & ! dualism betwe5 ! good & evil pr9ciple became "h ! f\ndation ( a great religion t spread its influ5ce wide ?r\gh ! ,we/4 ,! religion _h its prophet1 ,z>a?u/ra1 9 ^: hi/oric reality we ought n to d\bt4 ,9 8 sy/em ! fai?ful ,mazdean is call$ ^u to play 8 "p 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,ahura-,mazda & ,angra-,ma9yu1 & ?is /ruggle cont9ues ?r\gh ! ages till 9 ! f9al cataclysm ! ,daevas1 or evil demons1 w be ov]?r[n4 ,we note "h t ?is fai? includes ! idea ( a f9al ,judgm5t1 s famili> to ,judaic & ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 b sc>cely to be f\nd 9 ! native ,hell5ic religion4 ,fur!r1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! ,mazdean dualism betwe5 good & evil has no?+ 9 common ) ! ,platonic anti!sis betwe5 m9d & s5se1 or ,/4 ,paul's betwe5 _s & fle%1 or ) ! hatr$ ( ! body t is express$ 9 ,buddhism4 ,! good ,mazdean might reg>d 8 body z good & pure1 & !re=e he escap$1 z by a diff]5t way did ! ,greek1 f ! tyranny ( a morbid asceticism4 ,only he develop$ ! doctr9e ( purity into a code m burd5some ?an c be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 else:]e4 ,! ideas ( ritual-purity on :i* he fram$ ?is code are f\nd broadca/ ?r\gh ! ,ea/ & 9 ,egypt1 & appe> #bj 9 ! ,hell5ic religion also4 ,! ,greek1 h[ev]1 did n all[ himself to be oppress$ by 8 own ca?>tic sy/em1 b turn$ x to excell5t s]vice 9 ! doma9 ( law1 z ,i h tri$ to %[ else:]e4#bj4a ,g5]ally1 z reg>ds ! association ( religion & morality1 we f9d ?is to be always intimate 9 ! m develop$ races1 b our /ati/ics are insuffici5t = u to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ! comp>ative /r5g? ( ! religi\s sanction ( morals 9 ! anci5t societies ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! e?ical-religi\s =ce ( ! ,z>a?u/rian fai? seems to approa* t ( ! ,hebraic4 ,we %\ld judge x to be /rong]1 at lea/1 ?an any t 0 ex]cis$ 9 ,hellas1 = ,hellas1 outside ! ,orphic sects1 _h nei!r sacr$ books ( univ]sal recognition nor a prophet4 ,yet all ,hell5ic morality 0 protect$ by religion1 & ! ,delphic oracle1 :i* occasionally 0 able to play ! "p ( ! fa!r-confessor1 enc\rag$ a high /&>d ( conduct--z high z ! av]age f\nd else:]e 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,we may note1 h[ev]1 "o lacuna 9 ! ,hell5ic code3 nei!r ,greek e?ics1 on ! :ole1 nor ,greek religion1 emphasis$ or exalt$ or deifi$ ! virtue ( tru?2 b we he> ( a goddess ( ,tru? 9 ,egypt1 & x becomes a c>d9al t5et & a div9e =ce 9 ! ,z>a?u/rian ideal4 ,aga91 9 all anci5t societies religion is closely int]wov5 ) political1 legal1 & social in/itutions1 & its influ5ce on ^! conc]ns ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( society & law4 ,x is only 9 mod]n society1 or 9 a few mo/ ideal cre$s at p]iods ( great exaltation1 t a sev]ance is made betwe5 ,cs> & ,god4 ,save ,buddhism1 ! religions ( ! anci5t societies ( ! ,ea/ & ( ,egypt 7 all 9 a s5se political4 ,d>ius #ba reg>ds himself z specially protect$ by ,ahura-,mazda1 & we are told by ,h]odotus#ba4a t 9 ! private ,p]sian's pray]s no sep>ate p]sonal b5efits 7 bes\ght1 b only ! welf>e ( ! ,k+ & ! ,p]sian community4 ,! gods ( ,assyria inspire c\nsel & ord] ! campaign2 ,%ama%1 ! sun-god1 is 8,j ,rul]0 & ! 8,"l ( ,law02 & ,n9ib is /yl$ ! god 8:o lays = ev] ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,/ate10 & :o1 l ,zeus 1 & ! ,lat9 ,t]m9us1 8protects ! b\nd>ies ( ! cornfield40 ,! ,syrian goddess ( ,bambyke1 ,kybele ( ,phrygia1 ,a/>te ( ,askalon1 all we> ! mural cr[n1 ! badge ( ! city goddess4 ,b ,i d\bt if our mat]ials are z yet ri* en\gh to in=m u 9 :at precise way religion play$ a con/ructive "p 9 ! olde/ civilisations1--namely1 ^? ( ,assyria & ,egypt4 ,we may obs]ve t ! code ( ,hammurabi1 our olde/ legal docum5t1 is curi\sly secul> & 9 _m respects mod]n4 ,! "q c be mo/ fruitfully pursu$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,greek societies2 = no o!r religion ( :i* we h any record 0 s political z ! ,hell5ic1 n ev51 z ,i %\ld judge1 ! ,roman1 to :i* x be>s ! close/ resemblance 9 ?is respect4 ,! v orig9 ( ! 1 ! city-/ate1 0 (t5 religi\s2 = ! "n or title ( ! deity (t5 gave a "n to ! city1 & ! temple 0 9 ?is case probably ! c5tre ( ! e>lie/ resid5ce4 ,9 ! organis$ & complex ,greek societies1 e in/itution ( ! ,/ate--! assembly1 ! c\ncil1 ! law-c\rts1 ! agr>ian economy1 all ! regulations ( ! family & clan--7 consecrat$ & safegu>d$ by ! sup]vision ( "s deity4 ,(t5 he or %e 0 wor%ipp$ z 9 a lit]al s5se ! #bb ,/ate ance/or1 & 9 "o ( ! temples might be f\nd burn+ ! p]petual fire :i* symbolis$ ! p]man5ce ( ! city's life4 ,& 9 ,greece we f9d a unique ph5om5on1 :i*1 ?\gh small1 is ( great significance--! deity might "h & !re be made to take ! (fice & title ( a civic magi/rate4 ,= in/ance1 ,apollo 0 9 ,asia ,m9or cities1 & 9 ! lat] days ( ,sp>ta1 z ! rec5t excavations h %[n1 ! gho/ ( ,lyk\rgos 0 elect$ z ! *ief inspector ( ! education ( ! "y4 ,to ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 !n1 ! ,greek civic society might appe> a !ocracy4 ,b su* a view w\ld imply ignorance ( ! av]age "* ( ! anci5t ,greek _w4 ,!re c be no !ocracy :]e !re is no !ocrat4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or ! prie/ might be a great political p[]1 b 9 ,greece ?is 0 nev] s4 ,"h ! political1 secul>1 utilit>ian int]e/ dom9ates ! religion4 ,! high div9ities become politicians1 & imm]s$ 9 secul> affairs1 & ev5 take sides 9 ! p>ty /rife1 z "s ( ! religi\s titles atte/4 ,?us ,greek religion escap$ morbidity & insanity1 becom+ g5ial & human1 & comp5sat+ by its adaptability to ! common ne$s ( social life = :at x lack$ ( my/]y & alo(ness4 ,!re=e1 also1 9 ,greek invocations & hymns we d n (t5 he> ! e*o ( t sublimity t res\nds 9 ! ,iranian1 ,assyrian1 & /ill m 9 ! ,hebrew liturgies4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t ( comp>ison is ! relation ( religion to ! arts & sci5ces4 ,_! association may be said to h be5 m intimate 9 ,hell5ism ?an x has be5 f\nd to be 9 any o!r cre$4 ,we c e/imate :at music & ! drama ow$ to ,apollo & ,dionysos1 & h[ ! life ( ! #bc philosoph]1 arti/1 & poet 0 consid]$ consecrat$ to c]ta9 div9ities4 ,we he> ( ! ,delphic oracle enc\rag+ philosophic pursuits4 ,! "n 8,museum0 is a l&m>k 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( education1 & we "k t ! temple ( ,asklepios 9 ,kos 0 ! cradle ( ! s*ool ( mod]n m$ic9e4 ,! records ( ! o!r religions ( ?is area %[ glimpses ( ! same association1 & m ext5d$ rese>* may ?r[ fur!r light on x4 ,! ,babylonian gods ,nebo & ,ea 7 div9ities ( wisdom & ! arts1 & to ! =m]1 :o 0 ! inv5tor ( writ+1 ! libr>y ( ,a%urbanapal 0 consecrat$4 ,*aldean a/ronomy 0 evolv$ f _! a/rology1 :i* 0 itself a religi\s sy/em4 ,b demonology 0 /rong] 9 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 & ,egypt ?an 9 ,hellas1 & demonology is ! foe ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a ! prie/ly m$ic9e-man1 :o heals by spell & exorcism1 is rank$ high] ?an ! sci5tific practition]4 ,a *apt] might be writt5 on ! negative advantages ( ,greek religion1 & none 0 ( great] mom5t ?an ?is--t x _h no sacr$ books or au?oritative religi\s cosmogony to oppose to ! dawn & ! developm5t ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,asklepios _h be5 a practition] 9 ! me?od ( ?aumaturgic cures1 b he accept$ ,hippokrates g5ially :5 ! "t came4 ,z reg>ds ! relation betwe5 ,greek philosophy & ,greek religion1 some?+ may rema9 to be discov]$ by any s*ol> :o is equally famili> ) bo?4 ,x w\ld be absurd to attempt to summ>ise ! facts 9 a few phrases "h4 ,i wi% m]ely to indicate ! abs5ce 9 pure ,hell5ic speculation ( any elaborat$ sy/em ( !osophy1 su* z ! late ,egyptian 8gnosis10 till we come to ,neo-,platonism1 :5 ! ,greek intellect is no long] pure4 ,we discov] #bd also a vacuum 9 ! religi\s m9d & nom5clature ( ! e>li] ,greek3 he _h nei!r ! concept nor any "n to express ! concept ( :at we call 8fai?10 ! intellectual acceptance & confessional affirmation ( c]ta9 dogmas conc]n+ ! div9ity2 & 9 ?is respect he diff]$ ess5tially n only f ! ,*ri/ian1 b also f ! ,iranian & ,buddhi/ic vot>y4 ,a great "p ( ! /udy ( anci5t religion is a /udy ( ritual1 & x is int]e/+ to survey ! ,m$it]ranean area1 s z to disc]n simil>ities or div]g5cies 9 ! =ms ( religi\s s]vice4 ,ev]y:]e we obs]ve ! blood-sacrifice ( animals1 & v frequ5tly ! h>mless (f]+ ( fruits & c]eals1 & n[ "o1 n[ ! o!r1 9 ,greece z else:]e1 0 reg>d$ z ! m pi\s4 ,! =m] is ( ! high] int]e/1 = c]ta9 ideas :i* h be5 con/ructive ( high] religions--our own1 = example--h gr[n out ( x4 ,at fir/ sight ! animal oblation seems ev]y:]e mu* ! same 9 "* & significance4 ,! sacrificial ritual ( ,leviticus does n diff] 9 any ess5tial trait f t :i* comm5d$ itself to ! ,greeks & ! o!r peoples ( ^! l&s4 ,c]ta9 animals are ev]y:]e (f]$1 at times z a free & *e]ful gift1 at o!r times z an atonem5t to expiate s9 & to deprecate wra?4 ,c]ta9 o!r animals are taboo$1 = reasons t may repay se>*+ out4 ,9 mo/ regions we h evid5ce ( ! practice ( human sacrifice1 ei!r z an e/abli%$ sy/em or z an occasional exp$i5t4 ,! motives t prompt$ x pres5t an important & intricate "q to ! mod]n inquir]4 ,! two nations t grew to abhor x & to prote/ aga9/ x 7 ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek1 ?\gh ! latt] did n :olly escape ! ta9t #be ( x2 = he _h inh]it$ ! practice f 8 ance/ral pa/1 & he f\nd x indig5\s 9 ! l&s he conqu]$4 ,repell5t z ! rite may be1 x mu* conc]ns ! /udy ( ! religions ( ! cultur$ races4 ,n[1 an int]e/+ !ory conc]n+ sacrifice 0 exp\nd$ & br\ght into prom95t discussion by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 8 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 & 9 an e>li] article 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica--namely1 t a c]ta9 type ( anci5t sacrifice 0 a my/ic sacram5tal communion1 ! wor%ipp] p>tak+ ( "s sacr$ food or dr9k 9 :i* ! _s ( ! deity 0 tempor>ily lodg$4 ,?is my/ic act1 ( :i* !re is no cle> trace 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is report$ f ,egypt1#be4a & x appe>s to h be5 "p ( ! ,attis ritual ( ,phrygia4 ,we f9d d\btful traces ( x 9 ! ,eleus9ian & ,samo?racian my/]ies2 also a glimpse ( x "h & !re 9 ! public religion ( ,hellas4 ,b x is be/ atte/$ z a pot5t =ce 9 ! ,dionysiac wor%ip1 especially 9 a c]ta9 savage ritual t we may call ,?racian1 b also 9 ! ref9$ & ,hell5is$ s]vice z well4 ,i _c dwell "h on ! v>i\s aspects ( ?is problem4 ,! ,hell5ic /ati/ics & _! significance ,i h p>tly collect$ & e/imat$ 9 a pap] publi%$ "s ye>s ago4#be4b ,! application ( ! sacram5tal idea to ! explanation ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 +5i\sly attempt$ by ,dr4 ,jevons1 ,i h discuss$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( my ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates2 & ! ,dionysiac communion-s]vice is consid]$ at l5g? 9 ! fif?4 ,! attractiv5ess ( ! my/ic appeal ( ! #bf ,sacram5t appe>s to h increas$ 9 ! lat] days ( paganism1 especially 9 its p]iod ( /ruggle ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,t /range/ rite ( ! expir+ poly!ism1 ! 1 or ! baptism 9 bull's blood1 9 ! wor%ip ( ,kybele1 has be5 successfully trac$ back by ,m4 ,cumont to ! wor%ip ( ! ,babylonian ,anaitis4 ,! sacram5tal concept 0 ! /ronghold ( ,mi?raism1 b c h>dly be reg>d$ z "p ( its h]itage f ,p]sia1 = x does n seem to h be5 famili> to ! ,iranian religion nor to ! ,v$ic ,indian4 ,9 fact1 ! religi\s hi/ory ( no o!r ,aryan race discloses x ) cle>ness1 save t ( ! ,?raco-,phrygian & ,hell5ic4 ,0 x1 !n1 a special product ( anci5t 8,m$it]ranean0 religi\s ?\ght8 ,x w\ld be important to "k1 & ,crete may "o day be able to tell u1 :e!r ,k+ ,m9os took ! sacram5t4 ,meantime1 ,i w\ld urge ^u ^? :o are /udy+ ?is ph5om5on 9 ! v>i\s religions ! necessity ( precise def9ition1 s z to di/+ui% ! diff]5t grades ( ! sacram5tal concept1 = loose /atem5ts are some:at rife ab\t x4 ,ap>t f ! ritual ( ! alt>1 !re is ano!r mode ( atta9+ my/ic union ) ! div9ity--namely1 by means ( a sacr$ m>riage or simulat$ corporeal union4 ,?is is sugge/$ by ! initiation =mul ( ! my/]ies ( ,attis-,kybele4 ,! cult ( ,kybele 0 connect$ ) t ( ! ,m9oan goddess1 & ! /range leg5d ( ,pasiphae & ! bull-god l5ds itself naturally to ?is int]pretation4 ,! ,hell5ic religion also pres5ts u ) a few examples ( ! holy m>riage ( ! human bride ) ! god1 ! mo/ notable be+ ! annual c]emony ( ! union ( ! 8,que510 ! wife ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on1 at ,a!ns1 ) ,dionysos4 ,& 9 ! my/]ies ( #bg lat] paganism1 z well z 9 c]ta9 =ms & symbolism ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 ,pr(essor ,diet]i* has trac$ ! surviv+ influ5ce ( ?is rite4 ,among all ! ph5om5a ( ritual1 none are m int]e/+ or 9 _! effects m mom5t\s ?an ! rites t are associat$ ) ! dogma ( ! dea? ( ! div9ity4 ,t ! high gods are naturally mortal & liable to dea? is an idea t is c]ta9ly r>e1 ?\gh x may be f\nd 9 ,egyptian & old ,teutonic my?ology2 b ! dogma ( ! annual or p]iodic dea? & resurrection ( ! div9ity has be51 & is1 enact$ 9 mu* peasant ritual1 & work$ = ! purposes ( agr>ian magic 9 ,europe & else:]e4 ,m r>ely we f9d ! belief atta*$ to ! my/ic =ms & fai? ( "s advanc$ religion1 & x is specially 9 ! ,m$it]ranean area :]e x appe>s 9 a high /age ( developm5t4 ,x is a sali5t feature ( ! ,egyptian wor%ip ( ,isis2 ( ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian ritual1 9 :i* ! dead ,?ammuz 0 bewail$1 & :i* p5etrat$ ,syria & o!r p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or2 ( ! wor%ip ( ,attis & ,adonis 9 ,phrygia & ! ,lebanon2 & ( c]ta9 %r9es ( ! ,ori5tal ,aphrodite4 ,x is associat$ (t5 ) orgia/ic sorr[ & ec/atic joy1 & ) ! belief 9 human immortality ( :i* ! resurrection ( ! deity is ! symbol & ! efficaci\s means4 ,?is idea & ?is ritual appe>s to h be5 ali5 to ! native ,hell5ic religion4 ,! ,hell5ic gods & goddesses d n die & rise aga94 ,only 9 "o ,aryan nation ( antiquity1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 0 ! idea cle> & op]ative--! ,?raco-,phrygian1 9 ! religion ( ,dionysos-,sabazios4 ,?is ali5 cult1 :5 transplant$ into ,greece1 reta9$ /ill "s savag]y 9 ! rite t enact$ ! dea? ( ! #bh god2 b 9 ! ,orphic sects ! ritual idea 0 develop$ into a doctr9e ( po/hum\s salvation1 f :i* ! lat] pre-,*ri/ian _w drew spiritual com=t & "s f]tile moral conceptions4 ,?is ,?racian-,dionysiac influ5ce 9 ,hellas1 ?\gh *a/5$ & sob]$ by ! sanity ( ! national temp]am5t1 initiat$ ! ,hell5e into a c]ta9 spiritual mood t 0 n naturally evok$ by ! native religion2 = x br\ght into 8 poly!ism a high] measure ( en?usiasm1 a m ec/atic _s ( self-ab&onm5t1 ?an x possess$ by its own traditional b5t4 ,_m civilis$ religions appe> to h pass$ beyond ! phase ( orgia/ic f]v\r4 ,x em]ges 9 ! old ,egyptian ritual1 & mo/ p[]fully 9 ! religion ( ,phrygia & ( c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,syria2 b x seems to h be5 ali5 to ! high] ,semitic & ! ,iranian religions1 z x 0 to ! native ,hell5ic4 ,i h only be5 able "h1 )\t argum5t or detail$ exposition1 to pres5t a %ort summ>y ( ! m /rik+ ph5om5a 9 ! religi\s sy/ems ( our spiritual ance/ors4 ,_m ( ! problems ,i h /at$ /ill invite fur!r rese>*1 :i* may consid]ably modify our !ories4 ,i claim t ! subject possesses a ma/]ful int]e/ bo? 9 its own "r & = ! light x %$s on anci5t philosophy1 anci5t art1 & anci5t in/itutions4 ,& x ought 9 ! future to attract m & m ! devotion ( "s ( our po/-graduate /ud5ts4 ,mu* rema9s to be done ev5 = ! ,hell5ic & ,roman religions1 /ill m = ^? ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,"h1 9 our ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 "u ^: auspices ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7 translat$1 & :]e ! equipm5t = ! /udy is at lea/ equal to t ( any o!r c5tre ( le>n+1 ?is appeal ought n to be made 9 va94 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,problem & ! ,evid5ce4 #bi ,! subject ,i h *os5 = ?is c\rse may appe> ov]-ambiti\s2 & ! attempt to pass critical judgm5t ^u ! facts t arise 9 ?is wide comp>ative survey may be ?\ght premature4 ,= n only is ! area va/1 b l>ge tracts ( x are /ill unexplor$1 :ile c]ta9 regions h yield$ mat]ials t are ample & promis+1 b ( :i* ! true int]pretation has n yet be5 f\nd4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 abundant evid5ce fl[+ 9 ) ev]-increas+ volume ( ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian religion1 b only a portion ( ! cunei=m texts has z yet be5 au?oritatively translat$ & made available = ! s]vice ( ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,! ,hittite monum5ts are witnesses ( prim>y value conc]n+ ,hittite religion3 b ! ,hittite script may reveal mu* m t is vital to our view ( x1 & )\t ! help ( t script we are n sure ( ! exact int]pretation ( ^? religi\s monum5ts2 b ?\gh we h rec5tly he>d c]ta9 enc\rag+ expressions ( hope1 ! ma/]-^w has n yet be5 f\nd t c op5 ! door to ?is buri$ treasure ( k4 ,& aga91 ! attempt to gauge accurately ! relation & ! indebt$ness ( ,greek religion to t ( ! ne> ,ea/ _c be :olly successful1 until we "k m ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion2 #cj & our hope hangs "h p>tly on ! discov]y ( m monum5ts1 b ma9ly1 ,i am conv9c$1 on ! deciph]m5t ( ! my/]i\s ,m9oan writ+1 to :i* great a*ievem5t ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans' rec5t "w on ! ,scripta ,m9oa is a valuable contribution4 ,!re=e ! "t is c]ta9ly n yet ripe = a f9al & au?oritative pron\ncem5t on ! great que/ions t ,i am v5tur+ ^u 9 ?is c\rse4 ,b ev5 ! e>ly premature attempts to solve a problem may contribute some?+ to ! ultimate satisfy+ solution4 ,& (t5 9 ! middle ( our inve/igations1 :5 new evid5ce cont9ues to p\r 91 !re comes a mom5t :5 x is desirable to look ar\nd & take /ock1 s to speak1 to consid] :e!r we c draw "s g5]al conclusions ) safety1 or 9 :at direction ! facts appe> at ?is /age to be po9t+4 ,9 reg>d to ! religions ( ant]ior ,asia & ,s\?-,ea/]n ,europe1 & ! "q ( _! relation%ips1 ?is is n[1 ,i feel1 a seasonable ?+ to d--all ! m because ! ,asiatic region has be5 ma9ly explor$ by speciali/s1 :o h work$1 z 0 pr(itable & "r1 ea* 9 8 special prov9ce1 )\t hav+ ! "t or p]haps ! tra9+ to a*ieve a comp>ative survey ( ! :ole4 ,we "k also by long exp]i5ce ! peculi> dang]s to :i* speciali/s are prone2 9 _! en?usia/ic devotion to _! own doma91 !y are apt to believe t x supplies !m ) ! ma/]-key :]eby to unlock _m o!r secret places ( human hi/ory4 ,?is hope1 soon to prove an illusion1 0 regnant :5 ! int]pretation ( ! ,sacr$ ,v$ic ,books 0 fir/ accompli%$4 ,& n[ c]ta9 s*ol>s1 :o are di/+ui%$ speciali/s 9 ,assyriology1 are putt+ =w>d a simil> claim = ,babylon1 & are *ampion+ ! view t ! #ca ,sum]ian-,assyrian religion & culture play$ a dom9at+ "p 9 ! evolution ( ! ,m$it]ranean civilisation1 & t !re=e mu* ( ! religi\s beliefs & practices ( ! e>ly ,greeks & o!r ,european /ocks mu/ be trac$ back to ,mesopotamia z _! f\nta9-head4#ca4a ,?is w be enc\rag+ to t di/+ui%$ writ] on ,greek religion1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,gruppe1 :o almo/ a g5]ation ago proclaim$ 9 8 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie ! dogma ( ! emanation ( all religion f a s+le c5tre1 & ! dep5d5ce ( ,greece ^u ! ne> ,ea/4 ,n[ !re ought to be no prejudice a priori aga9/ su* a !ory1 :i* /&s on a diff]5t foot+ f :at ,i may call ! ,v$ic fallacy3 & x is *ildi% to all[ to ! ,aryan1 or any o!r racial bias1 any malignant influ5ce 9 ^! difficult discussions4 ,^? :o h work$ = ye>s ^u ! m>vell\sly ri* records ( ,mesopotamian culture1 :e!r at fir/ h& or1 l myself1 at second h&1 _c fail to receive ! deepe/ impression ( its imp]ial gr&eur & its =ceful vitality1 & ( its int5sity ( ?\ght & purpose 9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,naturally1 !y may feel1 su* spiritual p[] mu/ h radiat$ influ5ce f> & wide ov] ! adjac5t l&s2 & no "o c\ld ma9ta9 t ,s\?-,ea/]n ,europe 0 too remote to h be5 t\*$1 p]haps p5etrat$1 by x4 ,= we "k t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! race-b>ri] falls d[n be=e ! m>* ( a conqu]+ & dom9at+ religion4 ,& n[1 9 ! new light ( a wid] hi/orical survey1 in/ead ( say+1 z once 0 said1 8,:at is m its own ?an a p's gods80 we #cb may r ask1 8,:at is less its own ?an a p's gods80 always1 h[ev]1 rememb]+ t race-tradition1 inh]it$ in/9ctive feel+ & ?\ght1 is v /rong 9 ^! matt]s1 & t a p w1 (t5 unconsci\sly1 cl+ to its ance/ral modes ( religi\s consci\sness & expression1 :ile x w freely borr[ ali5 =ms1 names1 & ritual4 ,! inquiry indicat$ by ! title ( ^! lectures is naturally tw(old2 x may be appli$ ei!r to ! e>li] or ! lat] p]iods ( ! ,hell5ic & ,hell5ic-,roman hi/ory4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! lat] p]iod1 ?\gh mu* critical rese>* is ne$$ = its cle> solution1 is f> simpl] & m hopeful3 = ! evid5ce is immeasurably full] & m precise1 & hi/orical dates & l&m>ks are !re to help4 ,! hi/ory ( ! invasion ( ! ,we/ by ,mi?raism has be5 ma/]fully /at$ by ,cumont2 ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! ,anatolian religions ^u ,graeco-,roman society is pres5t$ & e/imat$ by ! same writ] 9 8 ,religi\s ,ori5tales2 by ,t\ta91 9 8 ,les ,cultes ,pai5s dans l',empire ,roma92 by our own s*ol>1 ,samuel ,dill1 9 ,roman ,society 9 ! la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire2 & m summ>ily by ,salomon ,re9a* 9 8 ,orpheus4 ,!re=e ,i am n go+ to pursue ! inquiry at ?is end1 al?\gh ,i may h to notice & use "s ( ! lat] evid5ce4 ,i am go+ to raise ! "q conc]n+ ! v orig9s ( ! ,hell5ic religi\s sy/em1 s z to te/ ! rec5tly proclaim$ dogma ( c]ta9 ,assyriologi/s1 & to det]m9e1 if possible1 :e!r ! ,ori5t play$ any =mative "p 9 ! organic developm5t ( ,greek religion4 ,= ?is is j ! "q :i*1 ,i v5ture to ma9ta91 has nev] yet be5 critically explor$4 ,f :at ,i h said at ! beg9n+1 x is obvi\s t ,i _c #cc promise f9al & prov$ results4 ,x w be ga9 en\gh if we c dimly disc]n some?+ beh9d ! veil t %r\ds ! orig9s ( ?+s1 c rea* to some?+ t has ! air ( a reason$ sci5tific hypo!sis1 & /ill m if we c indicate ! pa?s along :i* "o day light may come4 ,we may !n beg9 at once ) /at+ m cle>ly :at are ! necess>y conditions = a successful solution ( ! problem4 ,fir/1 we mu/ accompli% a ?or\gh exploration ( ! religions ( ! ,anatolian & ,mesopotamian l&s2 secondly1 we mu/ explore ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion1 & e/imate ! /r5g? ( its influ5ce on ! lat] p]iod2 ?irdly1 we mu/ be able to decide :at beliefs & practices ! ,hell5es br\ght ) !m f ! ,nor?2 la/ly1 be=e we c hope = any precision 9 our results1 we mu/ be able to answ] ) "s degree ( accuracy a burn+ *ronological "q3 ,:at 0 ! date ( ! arrival ?r\gh ! ,balkans f ! ,nor? ( ^? ,aryan-speak+ tribes t by m+l+ ) ! ,s\!rn]s =m$ ! ,hell5ic p ( hi/ory8 ,= only !n %all we be able to te/ ! :ole "q1 by consid]+ ! position ( ! ,ea/]n p[]s at ?is mom5t\s epo*4 ,! ?ird ( ^! inquiries1 conc]n+ ! aborig9al religi\s ideas ( ! e>lie/ ,aryan ,hell5es1 is p]haps ! mo/ tr\blesome ( all4 ,i may v5ture ^u x at a lat] occasion1 b x is f> too difficult & ext5sive to comb9e x ) ! o!rs 9 a %ort treatise4 ,nor c ,i d m ?an t\* lightly on ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean p]iod2 = ,i wi% to devote ! great] "p ( ^! lectures to ! comp>ative survey ( ,greece1 ,anatolia1 & ,mesopotamia1 z ?is task has nev] yet be5 critically p]=m$4 ,some?+ l an attempt 0 made by #cd ,tiele 9 8 ,hi/oire des anci5nes ,religions1 b :5 t book 0 writt5 mu* ( ! mo/ important evid5ce _h n yet come 94 ,b be=e beg9n+ ! exploration ( any l>ge area1 :e!r = ! purposes ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 ar*aeology1 or an?ropology1 we mu/ possess or acquire c]ta9 data ( e?nography & secul> hi/ory4 ,we mu/1 = in/ance1 face ! *ronological "q t ,i m5tion$ j above1 be=e we c e/imate ! =mative influ5ces at "w 9 ! e>lie/ phases ( ,hell5ic developm5t4 ,rec5t ar*aeological evid5ce1 :i* ,i _c "h discuss1 r5d]s u valuable aid at ?is critical po9t ( our inquiry4 ,we c no long] relegate ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic invasion ( ,greece to a v remote p]iod ( ,m$it]ranean hi/ory4 ,! argum5ts f ! ,m9oan culture1 comb9$ ) ! /ill m /rik+ evid5ce1 ( :i* ! value is n yet fully appreciat$1 obta9$ by ! rec5t excavations ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool on ! soil ( ,!ssaly1#cd4a po9t to ! conviction t ?is1 ! epo*-mak+ ev5t ( ! _w's secul> & spiritual life1 occurr$ n mu* e>li] ?an #aejj ,b4,c4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 our que/ becomes less vague4 ,we c consid] :at influ5ces 7 likely to be radiat+ f ! ,ea/ ^u ! opposite %ores ( ! ,aegean dur+ ^? few c5turies1 9 :i* ! ,hell5ic tribes 7 pass+ f b>b>ism to culture1 & ! religi\s beliefs & ritual 7 develop+ into t comp>atively advanc$ & complex =m ( poly!ism :i* is pres5t$ ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,by ?is date we may ass]t t ! ,hell5ic _s _h evolv$ c]ta9 def9ite traits & _h acquir$ a c]ta9 autonom\s p[]4 ,:ile cont9u+ always to be quickly responsive to #ce ali5 influ5ce1 x w\ld n h5ce=? admit ! ali5 product ) ! submissive & infant9e docility ( b>b>ians ,9 fact1 :5 we comp>e ! ,hom]ic religion ) t ( ! fif? c5tury1 we feel t 9 ?is p>ticul> sph]e ( ! social & spiritual life ! ,hell5e 9 _m ess5tials _h already come to 8 own 9 ! ,hom]ic p]iod4 ,!re=e1 9 try+ to track ! e>lie/ /reams ( influ5ces t m\ld$ 8 religi\s consci\sness1 :at 0 op]ative be=e ! t5? c5tury is ( m prim>y importance ?an :at 0 at "w ^u him aft]w>ds4 ,n[ ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es into ,mesopotamian hi/ory e/abli% ) c]ta9ty ! conclusion t !re 0 no direct political contact possible betwe5 ! p[]s 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,aegean1 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,x is true t ! fir/ ,tigla?-,piles]1 ne> ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ext5d$ ! ,assyrian arms to ! %ores ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,asia1 to ,cilicia & ,pho5icia#ce4a2 b !re does n seem to h be5 any p]man5t ,assyrian or ,babylonian settlem5t on ?is littoral4 ,! city ( ,s9ope 9 ! nor?1 :i*1 z ! leg5d atte/s & ! "n t mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,assyrian god ,s9 indicates1 0 orig9ally an ,assyrian colony1 0 probably ( lat] f\ndation1 & geographically too remote to c\nt = ! pres5t inquiry4 ,9 fact1 betwe5 ! nasc5t ,hellas & ! great _w ( ,mesopotamia1 !re 7 p[]ful & possibly indep5d5t /rata ( cultures int]pos+4 ,we h to reckon fir/ ) ! great ,hittite ,k+dom1 :i* includ$ ,cappadocia & ,nor!rn ,syria1 & 0 9 close t\* ) ,phrygia & _m ( ! communities #cf ( ! %ore-l9e ( ,asia ,m9or2 & :i* at ! p]iod ( ! ,tel-el-,am>na correspond5ce 0 9 diplomatic relations & on t]ms ( equality ) ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian p[]s4 ,& ! t5d5cy ( mod]n /ud5ts1 su* z ,mess]s*midt 9 8 ,die ,hettit]1 is to ext5d ?is e?nic "n s z to include practically all ! ,anatolian peoples :o 7 o!r ?an ! ,aryan & ,semitic /ocks4 ,z f> z ,i c disc]n1 at ! pres5t /age ( our k ?is is unsci5tific2 & x is at pres5t saf] to reg>d ! pre-,aryan inhabitants ( ! ,troad1 ,phrygia1 ,lycia1 ,c>ia1 & ,lydia1 possibly ,cilicia1 z v>ieties ( an anci5t ,m$it]ranean /ock to :i* ! p ( ! ,m9oan-,aegean culture !mselves belong$4 ,at any rate1 = ! purposes ( our religi\s comp>ison1 !y are to be c\nt$ z a ?ird /ratum1 ?r\gh :i* z ?r\gh ! ,hittite ! /ream ( influ5ce f ,mesopotamia w\ld be oblig$ to p]colate be=e x c\ld dis*>ge itself ^u ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,& ^! int]jac5t peoples are races ( great m5tal gifts & =ce2 !y 7 n likely to transmit ! ,mesopotamian influ5ce pure & unm+l$ ) curr5ts ( _! own religi\s life4 ,!re=e ?is great problem ( old-_w religion is no light "o2 & fallacies "h c only be avoid$ by ! mo/ critical intellig5ce tra9$ on ! be/ me?od ( comp>ative religi\s /udy4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to seize & compreh5d ! mo/ ess5tial & *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian cults & !ology2 we mu/ discov] all t is at pres5t possible1 & tru/ to ! future = discov]+ m1 conc]n+ ! ,hittite religion2 & !n we mu/ glean all we c ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( cult 9 vogue among ! o!r peoples ( ! ,asia-,m9or coa/1 #cg & 9 ! e>ly _w ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean culture4 ,& if ! ph5om5a ( ?is area pres5t u ) c]ta9 g5]al resemblances to ! ,hell5ic1 we mu/ n too ha/ily assume t ! ,we/ has borr[$ f ! ,ea/4 ,= (t5 9 comp>+ ! mo/ remote regions ( ! _w we are /ruck ) /range simil>ities ( my? & cult2 &1 :]e ! possibility ( borr[+ is rul$ out1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation work+ 9 ob$i5ce to simil> psy*ical =ces4 ,! hypo!sis ( borr[+1 :i* is always legitimate :]e ! peoples ) :om we are conc]n$ are adjac5t1 is only rais$ to pro( ei!r :5 ! l+ui/ic evid5ce is cle>1 = in/ance :5 ! div9e names or ! names ( cult-objects are ! same 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts1 or :5 ! po9ts ( resemblance 9 ritual or religi\s concept are num]\s1 /rik+1 & fundam5tal1 or peculi> to ! communities ( a c]ta9 area4 ,?is is all ! m necess>y to insi/ on1 because _m sup]ficial po9ts ( resemblance w be f\nd 9 all religions t are at ! same /age ( developm5t4 ,n[1 9 beg9n+ ?is wide comp>ative survey1 "o's fir/ difficulty is to arrange ! mat]ial 9 su* a way z to enable "o to pres5t a comp>ison t %all be def9ite & crucial4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt a m]e synoptical outl9e ( ! ,babylonian-,sum]ian religion2 ^? :om t might cont5t w f9d "o 9 ,dr4 ,p9*es' h&book1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 or ,mr4 ,k+'s ,babylonian ,religion1 :ile ^? :o desire a m ?or\gh & detail$ pres5tation ( x w d\btless turn to ! labori\s & critical volumes ( ,pr(4 ,ja/r[1 ,die ,religion ,babyloni5s u4 ,assyri5s4 ,b = me to #ch try to pres5t ?is complex poly!ism en bloc w\ld be useless 9 view ( my pres5t object2 = two elaborate religi\s sy/ems _c effectively be comp>$ en bloc4 ,a m hopeful me?od = ^? :o h to pass cursorily ov] a great area1 is to select c]ta9 sali5t & ess5tial features sep>ately1 & to see h[1 9 reg>d to ea* "o1 ! adjac5t religi\s sy/ems agree or diff]4 ,& ! me?od ,i propose to pursue ?r\gh\t ?is c\rse is z foll[s3 ,ignor+ ! embryology ( ! subject1 t is to say1 all discussions ab\t ! g5esis ( religi\s =ms & ideas t w\ld contribute no?+ to our purpose1 ,i w try to def9e ! morphology ( ! ,mesopotamian & ,anatolian religions2 & w fir/ comp>e !m ) ! ,hell5ic 9 respect ( ! elem5t ( p]sonality 9 ! div9e p]ception1 ! t5d5cy to1 or away f1 an?ropomorphism1 ! relation ( ! deities to ! natural _w1 to ! ,/ate1 & to morality1 & ,i w consid] :at we c d$uce f ! /udy ( ! fam\s law-code ( ,hammurabi4 ,a special "q w arise conc]n+ ! supremacy ( ! goddess1 a ph5om5on :i* may be ( "s importance z a clue 9 our :ole inquiry4 ,! comp>ison w !n be appli$ to ! religi\s psy*ology ( ! diff]5t peoples2 & "h x w be useful to analyse & def9e t elem5t ( ! religi\s temp] :i* we call fanaticism1 & :i* sometimes af=ds "o ( ! crucial di/9ctions betwe5 "o religion & ano!r4 ,we may also obta9 evid5ce f a comp>ison ( ! cosmogonic ideas preval5t ov] ?is area1 s f> z ! records reveal any1 z well z ( ! es*atological beliefs conc]n+ man's future de/9y & 8 po/hum\s exi/5ce4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ comp>e ! v>i\s cult-objects & =ms ( ritual1 ! significance ( ! #ci sacrifice2 ! position & organisation ( ! prie/hood2 & "h x w be conv5i5t to consid] ! ritual ( magic z well z ( ! high] s]vice & ! "p play$ by magic )9 ! limits ( ! high] religion4 ,if "u ea* ( ^! heads we h be5 able to discov] c]ta9 sali5t po9ts ( div]g5ce or resemblance betwe5 ! ,hell5e & ! ,mesopotamian1 we may be able to draw a g5]al d$uction ( "s probability conc]n+ ! :ole "q4 ,9 any case we may be enc\rag$ by ! assurance t ! comp>ison ( two complex & highly develop$ religions is fruitful & int]e/+ 9 itself1 :e!r x yields u def9ite hi/orical conclusions or n4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,morphology ( ! ,comp>$ ,religions4 #dj ,z ,i said 9 a previ\s lecture1#dj4a 8we mu/ reg>d ! religi\s /ructure to :i* ! cults ( ,anatolia & ,mesopotamia belong$ z morphologically ! same z ! ,hell5ic40 ,! gr\nds ( ?is judgm5t may be n[ briefly %[n4 ,9 8 ,hi/oire des anci5nes ,religions1 ,tiele classifies mo/ ( ^! toge!r "u ! category ( ,nature-,religions1 :i* he di/+ui%es f ! e?ical3 he is ?9k+ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 t religi\s view 9 :i* ! div9ity is closely associat$1 or ev5 id5tifi$1 ) "s natural object1 & t 9 :i* ! div9ity is a moral be+ m]ely1 /ript ( all attributes t are d]iv$ f ! _w ( nature4 ,s]i\s objection may be tak5 to ! t]ms 9 :i* ?is classification ( religions is express$4 ,! only religions :i* w\ld fall "u ! e?ical class w\ld be ! ,judaic1 ! ,moslem1 & ! ,*ri/ian3 & yet ! ,hebrews 9 ! mo/ exalt$ p]iod ( _! religion pray$ to _! god = ra9 & crops1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es d ! same to ?is day4 ,a deity ^: int]e/ is purely e?ical has only exi/$ 9 c]ta9 philosophic sy/ems3 he has nev] _h an e/abli%$ cult4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a nature-religion1 at ! /age :5 p]sonal deities h be5 some:at develop$1 :i* is n also #da moral1 has yet to be discov]$4 ,religion1 9 its orig9 possibly non-moral1 mu/1 z society advances1 acquire ! close/ relations ) ! social moral code4 ,a ,sun-god or ,?und]-god--,%ama%1 = in/ance1 ( ,babylon1 ,mi?ras ( ,p]sia1 ,sol ,invictus ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire--may become a great div9ity ( an e?ical cult & yet reta9 8 association ) ! elem5t4 ,& x is fruitless to classify high] religions at lea/ on su* a basis ( di/9ction z 8moral0 & 8non-moral40#da4a ,x is m to ! purpose ( our pres5t comp>ison to employ z "o ( our te/-/&>ds ! degree ( p]sonality 9 ! cult-objects ( ! diff]5t races4 ,is ! popul> imag9ation /ill on ! level ( animism :i* eng5d]s m]e vaguely conceiv$ daimones1 %ad[y ag5ts1 work+ p]haps 9 amorph\s gr\ps1 )\t fix$ names or local habitations or special individuality8 ,or has x rea*$ t /age ( religi\s p]ception at :i* p]sonal deities em]ge1 concrete individualities clo!d ) special attributes1 physical1 moral1 spiritual8 ,! mo/ sup]ficial /udy ( ! cunei=m texts & ! religi\s monum5ts ( ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian society does n leave u 9 d\bt h[ we %\ld answ] ^! que/ions 9 behalf ( ! peoples 9 ! ,mesopotamian valley4 ,:5 ! ,semitic tribes fir/ pu%$ _! way into ^! regions1 sw>m+ probably1 z usual1 f ,arabia1 at "s remotely e>ly date1 !y f\nd !re ! non-,semitic ,sum]ian p possess$ ( a highly complex religi\s pan!on4 ,br++ ) !m _! own ,%ama% ! sun-god1 ,adad ! /orm-god1 & ! #db great goddess ,i%t>1 & p]haps o!r div9ities1 !y nev]!less took ov] ! :ole ,sum]ian pan!on1 ) its elaborate liturgy ( hymns & incantations2 & = ! record ( ?is great & fasc9at+ hi]atic lit]ature ! ,sum]ian language--) int]l9e> ,babylonian-,assyrian p>aphrase--0 pres]v$ d[n to ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,?is religi\s sy/em ( dateless antiquity suff]$ little *ange 8f ! drums & trampl+s0 ( all ! conqu]ors f ! "t ( ,s>gon #a/ & ! k+s be=e ,hammurabi to ! day ( ! ,mac$onian ,seleukos4 ,& 9 a sket* ( ?is sy/em z x prevail$ 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 x is q useless = our purpose to try to di/+ui% betwe5 ,sum]ian & ,semitic elem5ts4 ,x is m valuable to =mulate ?is obvi\s fact1 t a widespread belief 9 p]sonal concrete div9ities1 ^u :i* an advanc$ poly!ism 0 bas$1 0 an immemorial ph5om5on 9 ?is region4 ,tiele's hypo!sis#db4a t ! e>lie/ ,sum]ian sy/em 0 n s mu* a poly!ism z a polydaimonism1 out ( :i* c]ta9 def9ite gods gradually em]g$ "s "t be=e ! ,semitic p]iod1 is m]ely a priori !oris+4 ,! e>lie/ texts & monum5ts reveal z vigor\s a fai? 9 real div9e p]sonalities z ! late/3 witness#db4b t int]e/+ relief rec5tly f\nd on a slab 9 ! c>avan r\te ne> ,zohab1 on :i* ! goddess ,9-,h9ni is br++ captives to ! ,k+ ,annuban9i3 ! evid5ce ( ! text accompany+ x po9ts to a p]iod e>li] ?an t ( ,k+ ,hammurabi4 ,we may comp>e ) ?is ! impressive relief :i* %[s #dc u ! /ately =m ( ,hammurabi receiv+ 8 code ( laws f ! sun-god ,%ama% seat$ on 8 ?rone#dc4a2 & ( a lat] date1 ! alaba/] relief f ,khorsabad %[+ a sacrifice to ,m>duk1 a speak+ witness to ! /]n solemnity ( ! ,babylonian wor%ip & to ! /r5g? ( ! fai? 9 p]sonal div9ity4#dc4b ,t ?is fai? 0 z real 9 ! poly!i/ic ,babylonian z 9 ! mono!i/ic ,israelite is ev9c$ n m]ely by ! monum5ts1 b /ill m cle>ly & impressively by ! ,sum]ian hymns & liturgies4 ,nev]!less ! ph5om5a ( animism coexi/ 9 all ?is region ) ^? ( develop$ !ism4 ,by ! side ( ^! high p]sonal deities we f9d vague companies ( div9e p[]s su* z ! ,igigi & ! ,anunnaki1 :o are conceiv$ m or less z p]sonal b )\t cle>ly imag9$ individuality1 ! =m] be+ p]haps def9able z ! daimones ( heav51 ! latt] z ! daimones ( e>?4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,hell5ic sy/em we note su* nameless companies ( div9e ag5cies z ! & 1 conceiv$ indep5d5tly ( ! concrete figures ( ! poly!ism4 ,b1 fur!r1 9 ! ,mesopotamian religion we mu/ reckon s]i\sly ) l[] products ( polydaemonism ?an ^!1 ! demons ( evil & disease :o s dom9at$ ! imag9ation & mu* ( ! religi\s life ( ! private p]son t ! *ief object ( ! elaborate ritual 01 z we %all see1 to combat ^!4 ,only1 z ! curta9 gradually rolls away f ! remote pa/ ( ?is e>lie/ home ( human culture1 x is n giv5 u to see ! gradual em]g5ce ( ! div9e p]sonalities1 or trace--z p]haps we may else:]e--! #dd process f polydaimonism to !ism4 ,! gods1 z f> z we c disc]n1 7 always !re1 & at lea/ x is n 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 t me may hope to f9d ! orig9s ( !i/ic religion4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r ,semitic /ocks1 ! cumulative evid5ce ( e>ly inscriptions1 lit]>y records1 & leg5ds is suffici5t pro( t ! belief 9 high p]sonal div9ities 0 pr$om9ant 9 ?is mill5nium4 ,x is n necess>y to lab\r "h at ! details ( ! pro(2 ! o!r l9es ( inquiry t ,i am soon go+ to foll[ w give suffici5t illu/ration ( ?is2 & x is en\gh to allude to ! wide preval5ce ( ! designation ( ! high god z ,baal or ,bel1 :i* c be trac$ f ,assyria ?r\gh ,syria1 9 ! ,aramaean communities1 9 ,canaan & ,pho5icia1 & 9 ! ,pho5ician colonies3 ! ,moabite ,/one tells u ( ,*emo%2 ! e>lie/ ,c>?ag9ian inscriptions ( ,baal-,hammon & ,tanit2 f our e>lie/ witness = ,arabian religion1 ,h]odotus1#dd4a we le>n t ! ,arabs nam$ _! two *ief div9ities1 ,orotal & ,alilat1 a god & a goddess1 :om he id5tifies ) ,dionysos & ,aphrodite ,ourania4 ,x is /ill m important = u to "k ! /age rea*$ by ! ,hittite religion 9 ?is e>ly p]iod2 = 9 ! latt] half ( ! second mill5nium ! influ5ce ( ! ,hittite culture _h m *ance ( t\*+ ! e>lie/ ,greek societies ?an _h t ( ! remote ,mesopotamia or ( ! inaccessible ,canaanites4 ,9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ! explor]s ( ,asia ,m9or1 notably ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,dr4 ,hog>?1 h done ine/imable s]vice to ! comp>ative /udy ( ! ,m$it]ranean area by ! discov]y & int]pretation ( ! monum5ts ( ,hittite art3 & ! greate/ ( !m all1 ! rock-cut reliefs ( ,boghaz-,keui 9 ,cappadocia1 #de has giv5 mat]ial to ,dr4 ,fraz] = con/ruct+ an elaborate !ory ( ,hittite sacrifice 9 8 #8,attis1 ,adonis1 ,osiris4' ,b1 be=e deal+ ) ! ,hittite monum5ts1 ! /ud5t %\ld note ! lit]>y evid5ce :i* is (f]$ by ! treaty inscrib$ on a silv] tablet 7circ4 #abij ,b4,c47 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 :i* 0 ratifi$ betwe5 ,ramses ,,ii4 & ! ,hittite ,k+ ,*attus>2#de4a ! witnesses to ! treaty are ! ?\s& gods & goddesses ( ! ,hittite l& & ! ?\s& gods & goddesses ( ,egypt4 ,we are c]ta9ly "h n deal+ ) m]e vague pluralities ( spirits1 su* z may be f\nd 9 an animi/ic sy/em ( ,%amanism2 ! ?\s& is only a vague num]al = ! plurality ( div9ities 9 ! ,hittite & ,egyptian poly!ism2 ! diff]5ce ( sex w\ld alone suffice to prove t ! ,hittite _h develop$ ! cult ( p]sonal deities1 & ! docum5t expressly quotes ! great heav5-god ( ! ,hittites1 call$ by ! ,egyptian "n ,sutekh1 & reg>d$ z compe] ( ! ,egyptian ,ra4 ,o!r p]sonal ,hittite deities are allud$ to 9 ! docum5t1 & among !m appe>s to be m5tion$ a c]ta9 8,an!ret ( ! l& ( ,kheta40#de4b ,possibly a witness ( /ill e>li] date speaks 9 ! ,tel-,am>na lett]s1 ! e>lie/ diplomatic correspond5ce 9 ! _w2 "o ( ^!1 writt5 9 cunei=m to ,am5hotep ,,iii41 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 is f ,tu%ratta1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,mitani p4#de4c ,tu%ratta s5ds 8 daught] 9 m>riage to ,ph>aoh1 & prays t 8,%ama% & ,i%t> may g be=e h]10 & t ,amon may 8make h] correspond to my bro!r's wi%40 ,he ev5 dispat*es a /atue ( ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 t 8%e may #df ex]cise h] b5efic5t p[] 9 ! l& ( ,egypt02 = %e _h reveal$ h] desire by an oracle--8to ,egypt to ! l& t ,i love w ,i g40 ,! ,mitani *iefta9s be> names t %[ a conv9c+ly ,aryan =mation1 & we "k f ! mom5t\s inscriptions f\nd 9 #aijg at ,boghaz-,keui record+ treaties betwe5 ! k+ ( ! ,hittites & ! k+ ( ! ,mitani 7,b4,c4 #adjj71 t ! dyna/s ( ! latt] p _h ,aryan gods 9 _! pan!on4#df4a ,b ! ,mitani !mselves 7 n ,aryans1 & are assum$ by ,w9ckl] & ,mess]s*midt to be ,hittites4#df4b ,if ?is 7 prov$1 ! !ory :i* x is ! g5]al aim ( ^! lectures to consid]1 t ! ,babylonian religi\s sy/em may h rea*$ ! ,m$it]ranean 9 ! second mill5nium1 w\ld receive a c]ta9 vraisemblance f ! fact reveal$ by ! lett] ( ,k+ ,tu%ratta1 namely1 t ! ,mitani ( ?is p]iod _h adopt$ "s ( ! ,mesopotamian p]sonal div9ities1 & might !re=e h transmitt$ !m to ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,yet ! ,hittites _h _! own local div9e names2 f ! cunei=m inscriptions writt5 9 ! ,hittite language f\nd at ,van 9 ,arm5ia1 we ga!r ! names ( v>i\s ,hittite gods1 ,te%up1 = in/ance1 :o appe>s on a column f\nd at ,babylon hold+ ! lightn+1 & 9 8 "r h& a hamm]1 :i*1 f ! analogy ( o!r religions1 we may int]pret z ! feti*-emblem ( ! ?und]4#df4c ,9 fact1 ap>t f ! lit]>y evid5ce1 ! ,hittite #dg monum5ts w\ld be pro( suffici5t ( ! high developm5t ( p]sonal religion 9 ^! regions4 ,a relief ) ,hittite inscriptions1 f\nd ne> ,ibriz1 ! old ,kybi/ra1 ne> ! ,cilician gates nor? ( ,tauros1 %[s u a deity ) corn & grapes1 & a prie/ ador+2#dg4a he is evid5tly conceiv$1 l ,baal by ! ,semites ( ,canaan1 z a local god ( ! e>? & ( vegetation4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ ( all ! ,hittite monum5ts1 & "o t is all-suffici5t 9 itself = our pres5t purpose1 is ! great s]ies ( reliefs on ! rock at ,boghaz-,keui 9 ,cappadocia1 n f> f ! site ( ! anci5t ,pt]ia4#dg4b ,"h is reveal$ a great & probably my/ic pageant ( an advanc$ poly!ism ) an elaborate ritual & a cle> fai? 9 high gods & goddesses3 ! :ole procession seems to be pass+ along ! n>r[+ gorge t[>ds a ,holy ( ,holies1 ! inn] cave-%r9e ( ! ,my/]y4 ,z we draw ne>] to ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! facts are too well kn[n to ne$ reit]ation "h4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d pro(s ( a p]sonal !ism rea*+ f> back into prehi/oric times3 :e!r x be ! cult ( a high god su* z ! ,cilician div9ity1 call$ ,zeus or ,h]akles by ! lat] ,greeks1 or ! ,lycian 8,apollo10 or a great goddess su* z ,ma ( ,comana1 ,cybele ( ,phrygia & ,lydia4 ,& n[ to all ?is te/imony we c add ! rec5tly discov]$ monum5ts ( a develop$ ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion ) ! elaborate ritual & wor%ip ( p]sonal div9ities1 an?ropomorphically imag9$ on ! :ole4 ,su* 0 ! religi\s _w ly+ be=e ! feet ( ! ,aryan ,hell5es desc5d+ f ! nor?2 #dh & :5 _! expansion across ! isl&s to ! ,asiatic %ores began1 !y w\ld f9d ev]y:]e a religion m or less on ! same plane ( developm5t4 ,!re=e if1 z "s /ud5ts appe> to imag9e1 ! aborig9al ,hell5e _h n develop$ p]sonal gods be=e he arriv$1#dh4a x w\ld be irrational to conclude t ,babylon _h taught him to wor%ip su* be+s 9 place ( ! vague & flitt+ daimon4 ,8 imm$iate tea*]s w\ld be ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean peoples2 & t _! !i/ic sy/em 0 d]iv$ f ,babylon is a !ory lack+ bo? positive evid5ce & a priori probability1 z ,i may aft]w>ds indicate4 ,b t ! proto-,hell5ic peoples 7 9 t backw>d condition ( religi\s ?\ght1 is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,we mu/ suppose t e>ly 9 ! second mill5nium !y 7 sl[ly pu%+ _! way d[n ?r\gh ! ,balkans & ?r\gh ! c\ntry t is aft]w>ds ,?race4 ,s f> z ! e>lie/ my?s & records ( ?is region ?r[ "s light on its prehi/oric d>kness1 x appe>s to h be5 dom9at$ by a great god4 ,:5 ! ,?raco-,phrygian race1 & possibly _! k9sm5 ! ,bi?ynoi1 p5etrat$ into ! same region1 !y br\ght ) !m a fa!r-god1 :o accompani$ memb]s ( ^! /ocks into ,asia ,m9or1 & settl$ 9 ,phrygia1 ,pontus1 & ,bi?ynia by ! side ( an e>li] goddess4 ,_! c\s9s ( ! ,indo-,iranian /ock _h c]ta9ly rea*$ ! /age ( p]sonal poly!ism be=e #adjj ,b4,c41 z ! epo*-mak+ discov]y ( ! ,hittite-,mitani inscriptions at ,boghaz-,keui1 ref]r$ to above1 suffici5tly indicates4#dh4b ,we _c believe t ! ,hell5es ( ! e>lie/ #di migration 7 inf]ior 9 culture to ^? ,?racians1 ,bi?ynians1 or ev5 ,indo-,iranians2 = v>i\s reasons we mu/ believe ! rev]se4 ,& we n[ "k f mod]n an?ropology t peoples at a v l[ grade ( culture1 f> l[] ?an t :i* ! ,aryan /ocks _h rea*$ at ! "t ( ! great migrations1 h yet atta9$ to ! idea ( p]sonal & relatively high gods4 ,9 fact1 t scepticism ( c]ta9 philological !ori/s :o1 a few ye>s ago1 7 ma9ta9+ t ! ,aryans be=e _! sep>ation may h _h no real gods at all1 is beg9n+ to appe> audaci\s & uncritical4 ,at any rate1 9 reg>d to ! ,hell5es1 ! tr5d ( ! evid5ce is to my m9d weighty & cle>1 mak+ = ! conviction t ! diff]5t /ocks n only possess$ ! cult ( p]sonal gods1 b _h already ! common wor%ip ( c]ta9 deities :5 fir/ !y ent]$ ,greece4 ,o!rwise1 :5 we consid] ! mutual ho/ility ( ! v>i\s tribes & ! geographical difficulties 9 ! way ( int]c\rse 9 e>ly ,greece1 x w\ld be difficult to expla9 ! religi\s facts ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,we might1 inde$1 if ,hom] 0 our only witness1 suspect him ( repres5t+ :at 0 m]ely local ,a*aean religion z common to all ,greece4 ,b we c *eck him by _m o!r witnesses1 by anci5t my?s & cults ( div]se localities4 ,zeus 0 wor%ipp$ by "s1 at lea/1 ( ! ma9 tribes1 :5 !y 7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,olympus3 he is no m ,!ssalian ?an he is ,dryopian4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic immigrants 7 p]haps ! ,m9yai1 & _! aborig9al god 0 ,poseidon4 ,! ritual ( ,apollo pres]ves ! cle>e/ rem9isc5ce ( 8 entry f ! nor?1 & he is ! high god ( "o ( ! olde/ ,hell5ic tribes1 ! ,dryopes1 & ! wide diffusion ( 8 cult sugge/s t aborig9ally x 0 a #ej common inh]itance ( sev]al /ocks4 ,! =ce ( ! evid5ce t may be urg$ = ?is view is ignor$ by ,wilam[itz 9 8 brilliant b fallaci\s !ory ( ! ,lycian orig9 ( ! god4 ,we mu/ reject ! hypo!sis ( a proto-,hell5ic godless p]iod2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m]e fact t ! e>ly ,greek religion appe>s on ! same plane z ! ,mesopotamian1 9 respect ( ! wor%ip ( p]sonal be+s1 gives no support at all to ! !ory ( ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,if x is to be accept$1 x mu/ be su/a9$ by m special evid5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,an?ropomorphism & ,!riomorphism 9 ,asia ,m9or & ! ,m$it]ranean4 #ea ,a comp>ison made accord+ to ! te/ we h j appli$ is n s important z t :i* arises 9 ! second /age ( ! inquiry4 ,assum+ t ! peoples on ! ea/ & we/ ( ! ,aegean 7 already on ! same religi\s plane :5 ! fir/ glimm] ( :at may be call$ hi/ory beg9s1 c we disc]n c]ta9 /rik+ resemblances or diff]5ces 9 _! conception & imag9ation ( div9ity1 suffici5t to prove or disprove ! !ory ( borr[+ or ( a movem5t across l>ge areas ( c]ta9 waves ( religi\s influ5ce emanat+ f a fix$ c5tre8 ,! comp>ison n[ becomes m complex1 & c only be summ>ily attempt$4 ,! fir/ lead+ "q conc]ns ! way 9 :i* ! p]sonal div9e be+ is imag9$4 ,9 ,mesopotamia 0 ! religi\s p]ception dom9at+ly an?ropomorphic1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se t ! high] div9e attributes 7 sugge/$ by ! high] moral & spiritual life ( humanity1 b 9 ! m mat]ial s5se t ! deity 0 imag9$ & repres5t$ habitually 9 human =m8 ,?is "q has be5 summ>ily treat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,! ,mesopotamian cults are ma9ly an?ropomorphic2 9 ! e>lie/ hymns & liturgies1 z well z 9 ! art-monum5ts1 ! div9ities appe> to h be5 #eb imag9$ z glorifi$ human =ms4 ,! figure ( ,%ama% on ! relief1 :]e he sits en?ron$ inspir+ ,hammurabi1#eb4a ! =m ( ,n9ni br++ ! captives to ,annaban9i1#eb4b prove a v e>ly dom9ance ( an?ropomorphic art 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,& ! rule holds true on ! :ole ( ne>ly all ! great div9ities ( ! ,pan!on2 ! /atue ( ,nebo ! scribe-god 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#eb4c & ! repres5tation ( him on ! cyl9d]s1 are :olly an?ropomorphic4 ,! sev5 planet>y deities on ! relief f ,maltaija are human-%ap$ entirely2#eb4d we may say ! same ( ! procession ( deities on ! relief f a palace ( ,n9eveh publi%$ by ,lay>d1#eb4e except t ,m>duk has horns bran*+ f ! top ( 8 head2 j z on ! alaba/] relief conta9+ ! sc5e ( wor%ip not$ above1#eb4f & on ! wall-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum he is repres5t$ ) w+s2 b ev5 ! rigor\s an?ropomorphism ( ,greece tol]at$ bo? ^! adjuncts to ! pure human type4 ,! types ( ,ramman ! wea!r-god1#eb4g & ! repres5tations ( a ,babylonian goddess1 :o is occasionally f\nd ) a *ild on h] knee1 & :om sometimes we may recognise z ,i%t>1 %[ no?+ t is !riomorphic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ note exceptions to ?is g5]al rule4 ,9 "o ( ! cunei=m inscriptions t describe c]ta9 types ( deities1 we read ! foll[+3 8,horn ( a bull1 clu/]s ( hair fall+ on 8 back2 human c\nt5ance1 & /r5g? ( a'''2 w+s''' & lion's body40 ,& ?is description #ec agrees exactly1 z ,j]emias has po9t$ out1 ) ! w+$ colossal figures1 half-lion1 half-man1 t gu>d$ ! gate ( ! palace ( ,n9eveh4 ,& we mu/ !re=e int]pret !m z gods1 n z m]e g5ii2 & he gives "s reason = reg>d+ !m z a type ( ,n]gal1 ! god ( ! und]world4#ec4a ,fur!r1 we f9d 9 an inscription ( ,as>haddon ! foll[+ pray]3 8,may ! graci\s bull-god & lion-god ev] dwell 9 t palace1 protect+ ! pa? ( my royalty40#ec4b ,!re is "s d\bt 9 reg>d to ! w+$ figures ) eagles' heads on ! reliefs f ,khorsabad1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7pl4 #ch-dj73 !y are repres5t$ hold+ p9e-cones & a 8ci/a my/ica0 on ea* side ( ! sacr$ tree1 & might be g5ii engag$ 9 wor%ip2 b on "o ( ! reliefs ,assur-nasir-,pal is /&+ be=e "o ( !m 9 attitude ( adoration4 ,b ! mo/ cle> & def9ite evid5ce on ?is po9t is af=d$ by ! leg5d & monum5ts ( ! god :om ,b]osos calls ,oannes1#ec4c b :om mod]n ,assyriology int]prets z ! ocean-born god ,ea or ,ae ( ,eridu1 ! god ( all wisdom & sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ,b]osos1 he _h entirely a fi% body1 b a human head _h gr[n "u ! head ( ! fi%1 human feet out ( ! fi%'s tail1 & he spoke ) human voice3 a /atue ( ?is type 0 /ill exi/+ at ,babylon accord+ to ?is writ] 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,n[ ! exact type is pres5t$ 9 ! =m t appe>s on v>i\s ,babylonian cyl9d]s2 !re is "o t pres5ts ! fi%-man-god /&+ be=e ! tree ( ,life--receiv+ a ray p]haps f ! sun above3#ec4d & half #ed 8 =m f ! girdle d[nw>ds is pres]v$ on a bas-relief publi%$ by ,lay>d1#ed4a %[+ him hold+ ! bread ( life 9 "o h& & 9 ! o!r a vase conta9+ ! wat] ( life4 ,"h1 !n1 is !riomorphism /ruggl+ ) an?ropomorphism z we see x /rik+ly 9 ! religi\s monum5ts ( ,egypt4 ,b we h no ne$ ( ! !ory1 de> to "s an?ropologi/s--t ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,mesopotamian religion 0 purely !riomorphic1 :5 ! deities 7 imag9$ & repres5t$ m]ely z animals1 & t ! human-%ap$ deities :om we f9d /&+ on lions 9 ! ,babylonian art _h once be5 div9e lions & no?+ m1 & _h at a lat] p]iod em]g$ f ! animal into div9e manhood4 ,!riomorphism & an?ropomorphism c & g5]ally d confus$ly co-exi/3 nei!r 9 ! l[e/ savag]y or at ! highe/ culture is !re f\nd a purely !riomorphic art or !riomorphic religion2 on ! o!r h&1 sev]e an?ropomorphism among ! anci5t religions is to be f\nd only 9 ! ,hell5ic1 & we may add 9 ! ,judaic1 ?\gh "h ) a q diff]5t mode ( expression & f> m /]nly controll$4 ,9 ,mesopotamia we h no?+ t po9ts to a direct wor%ip ( animals1#ed4b b we disc]n t ! an?ropomorphism is un/able2 #ee ! religi\s arti/ ma9ly clung to x1 except :5 he 0 embody+ =ms ( t]ror1 ! de/ructive demons1 & especially ! p[]s ( ! l[] _w3 = ?is purpose he select$ ! mo/ port5t\s types ( be/iality1 su* z we f9d on t bronze tablet1 :i* us$ to be reg>d$ z reveal+ an int]e/+ glimpse into ,babylonian es*atology3 at lea/ we may be sure t ! lion-head$ female above ! horse 9 ! canoe1 at ^: brea/s two small lions are suck+1 is ! goddess ( ,hell4#ee4a ,x 0 probably ?r\gh 8 association ) ! _w ( dea? t ,n]gal acquir$ some?+ ( ! lion's nature1 & ev5 ! v human goddess ,i%t> might assume a lion's head :5 %e 0 unusually wro?1 ?\gh ?is re/s on a d\btful text4 ,we may say1 !n1 ) fair degree ( accuracy1 t ! !riomorphic =ms ( ,babylonian religi\s art belong to demonology2 & 9 ?is doma9 ! ,babylonian arti/ has %[n ! same p[]ful imag9ation z ! ,myc5aean3 x is ! =m] to :om we are indebt$ = ! attractively al>m+ type ( ! scorpion-man4 ,! phrase 8un/able an?ropomorphism0 applies also to ! religi\s lit]ature1 to ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian hymns4 ,! imag9ation ( ! poets 9 _! highe/ exaltation 0 c]ta9ly an?ropomorphic on ! :ole2 ! high div9ities are conceiv$ & pres5t$ ) ! corporeal1 moral1 & spiritual traits ( glorifi$ humanity4 ,b (t5 9 ! ec/asy ( invocation ! religi\s poets felt ! human image too n>r[ & /raight5$ = _! /ruggl+ s5se ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,!n ! expression becomes my/ic1 & by virtue ( a curi\s law t ,i indicat$ above1 x avails itself ( !riomorphic imag]y4#ee4b ,i quot$ ! hymn #ef to ! w>rior ,m>duk t invokes him z 8,black ,bull ( ! deep1 ,lion ( ! ,d>k ,h\se40 ,( /ill m int]e/ is ! invocation ( ,enlil1 ! e>?-god ( ,sum]3 8,ov]p[]+ ox1 exalt$ ov]p[]+ ox1 at ?y ^w :i* creat$ ! _w1 ,o "l ( l&s1 "l ( ! ^w ( life1 ,o ,enlil1 ,fa!r ( ,sum]1 %eph]d ( ! d>k-hair$ p1 ?\ :o ha/ vision ( ?yself40#ef4a ,sev5 times ! words 8ov]p[]+ ox0 are add$ 9 ?is my/ic incantation4 ,9 ano!r hymn ,enlil is 8! ,bull t ov]:elms02 ,ea1 8! ,ram ( ,eridu40 ,b ?is is my/ic symbolism1 r ?an a cle> p]ception ( div9e p]sonality2 & we may say ! same ( su* vaguely picturesque phrases z 8,bel1 ! great m\nta910 8,asur1 ! great rock10 an expression p>allel to our 8,rock ( ,ages40#ef4b ,x naturally happ5s 9 a religion ( un/able an?ropomorphism t ! diff]5t p]sonalities are unfix$ & may melt away "o into ! o!r1 or may become conceiv$ z metaphysical emanations1 ?us los+ concrete individuality4 ,z ,dr4 ,langdon rem>ks ( ,babylonian religi\s phraseology1 8! god himself becomes my/ifi$1 he retires into ! hazy conception ( an all-p]vad+ _s1 & 8 ^w becomes ! active ag5t40#ef4c ,?us ev5 ! /rongly p]sonal goddess 8,nana0 is id5tifi$ ) ! ^w ( ,enlil2 %e h]self exclaims1 8,( ! ,"l 8 ^w am ,i40 ,8 /atem5t accords ) ! g5]al impression t ! liturgies & monum5ts ( ?is va/ & complex religion make ^u ! /ud5t4 ,"o disc]ns t ! religi\s art1 & to "s ext5t ! religi\s poetry1 develop$ #eg & /r5g!n$ ! an?ropomorphic fai? & p]ception ( ! p1 b n s p[]fully z to preclude a my/icis+ t5d5cy t[>ds metaphysical speculation t transc5d$ ! limits ( a poly!ism ( concrete p]sonalities4 ,ev5 ,allatu1 ! goddess ( ,hell1 %e :o 0 pres5t$ ) ! dog's head & ! lions at ! brea/1 0 half spiritualis$ by ! epi!t :i* is r5d]$ 8_s-w9d ( ! consecrate40#eg4a ,9 ! o!r anci5t ,semitic communities we f9d ! same ph5om5on1 a prevail+ an?ropomorphism ) "s slight admixture ( !riomorphic idea4 ,at ,bambyke1 ! lat] ,hi]apolis1 we h ! record & tradition ( ,at>gatis-,d]keto1 ( human & fi%-=m comb9$4 ,9 ! cult ( ,esmun 9 ,pho5icia1 ,baudiss9#eg4b suspects ! inc>nation ( ! god 9 a snake1 :i* br\ght ab\t 8 lat] id5tification ) ,asklepios1 & he sugge/s t ! bronze s]p5t t heal$ ! ,israelites 9 ! des]t 0 borr[$ f a ,canaanite idol ( a heal+ snake4 ,! ,a/>te-images f\nd 9 prehi/oric ,pale/9e are ma9ly ( human type1 b "o gives h] ! curv+ horns ( a ram1 & a rude bronze 0 f\nd at ,tel ,zak>iya ( an amphibi\s goddess ) human head & ! tail ( a fi%4#eg4c ,some?+ real und]lies ! /atem5t ( ,san*unia?on1 quot$ by ,eusebios1 #eh t ,a/>te plac$ on h] own head ! head ( a bull4#eh4a ,b ^! are exceptional ph5om5a2 & z ! ,hell5es 9 ! lat] p]iod 7 usually able to id5tify ! lead+ ,semitic deities ) _! own1 we may see 9 ?is ano!r pro( t ! ,we/]n & ,ea/]n religions 7 ne>ly on ! same plane z reg>ds _! p]ception ( div9e p]sonality4 ,only1 we disc]n signs 9 ,canaan z 9 ,mesopotamia1 t ! an?ropomorphism is1 z ,i h call$ x1 un/able2 = n only c ! div9ity be imag9$ z embodi$ 9 o!r =ms ?an ! human1 b ! dem>cations ( individuality t5d at c]ta9 po9ts to fall away3 ! mo/ curi\s in/ance ( ?is is t ! female div9ity seems at times to h be5 almo/ absorb$ 9 ! god4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% "h betwe5 :at is real belief & :at is m]e !ologic phras+4 ,9 a hymn ( praise to ,i%t>1 compos$ = ! ,k+ ,a%urbanapal1 ! equality ( ! goddess ) ! great ,assyrian god ,as%ur is qua9tly express$ by ! phrase1 8l ,a%ur1 %e we>s a be>d02 b ,ja/r[#eh4b prote/s aga9/ ! inf]5ce t ! goddess 0 !re=e really reg>d$ z male 9 ! ,mesopotamian religion4 ,& inde$ ?is is probably only a fanta/ic expression ( ! idea t ,i%t> is ! compe] 9 p[] ( ! god1 & has mu* ( ! mascul9e temp]am5t4 ,ev5 9 ! full vogue ( an an?ropomorphic religion :i* insi/s on ! di/9ctions ( sex1 a my/ical religi\s ?9k] c\ld rise to ! idea t ! div9ity might assume ! p[]s #ei ( bo? natures1 an idea ( :i* we f9d a glimpse 9 ! lat] ,greek & ,greek-,egyptian !osophy4 ,?us a ,sum]ian hymn to ,enlil *>act]ises him z 8,"l ( w9ds1 fa!r & "m :o creates himself02#ei4a & a well-kn[n hymn to ,s9 speaks ( him z 8,mat]nal ,body t br+s ev]y?+ to bir?10 & 9 ! next l9e z 8,compassionate1 graci\s fa!r40#ei4b ,! close approximation ( ! goddess to ! god is m cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! ,canaanite religion4 ,on ! ,moabite ,me%a /one1 ,a%t>-,*emo% appe>s z a d\ble div9ity2 & "o ( ! e>li] ,c>?ag9ian inscriptions ref]s to a temple ( ,molo*-,a/>te4#ei4c ,aga9 ,a/>te1 9 ! inscription on ! s>cophagus ( ,e%m\naz> ( ,sidon1 is call$ ,a/>t-,%em-,baal1 :i* signifies ,a/>te ! ,face ( ,baal2 & 9 ! ,c>?ag9ian inscriptions ! same designation occurs = ,tanit4 ,r5an has int]pret$ ! phrase z express+ ! dogma t ! goddess is an emanation ( ! god1 b ,dr4 ,langdon w\ld expla9 x z aris+ f ! close opposition ( ! two /atues face to face1 ,a/>t-,%em-,baal m]ely mean+1 !n1 8,%e :o fronts ,baal40 ,:i*ev] int]pretation be correct1 su* close assimilation ( ! pair might evolve "h & !re ! concept ( a bisexual div9ity4 ,unless ! evid5ce ( ! classical writ]s is false1 x did s at a lat] p]iod "u ,pho5ician influ5ces 9 ,cyprus4 ,macrobius tells u t !re 0 9 t isl& a /atue ( a be>d$ deity 9 female dress1 reg>d$ z bisexual1 & he quotes ,philo*oros z witness to ! fact1 & to ! curi\s ph5om5on 9 ! ritual 9 :i* ! #fj m5 wore female dress & ! wom5 male4 ,?is expla9s ,catullus' phrase 8duplex ,ama?usia0 ( ! bisexual goddess4 ,s]vius & ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs repeat ! /atem5t1 & ,joannes ,lydus ass]ts t ! ,pamphylians at "o "t wor%ipp$ a be>d$ ,aphrodite2#fj4a if we tru/ 8 au?ority1 we might expla9 ! fact z due to late ,semitic influ5ce1 :i* is some:at atte/$ by inscriptions on ! co9age ( ,pamphylia "u ! ,p]sian dom9ation4#fj4b ,b1 at ! mo/1 we c only reg>d ?is cult z a late ph5om5on1 a local ecc5tricity1 & a morbid developm5t ( a c]ta9 vague idea t 0 work+ sporadically 9 ! old ,semitic religion4 ,we h no "r to ass]t1 z "s h occasionally v5tur$1 t ! ,semitic peoples g5]ally accept$ ! dogma ( a bisexual div9ity4 ,turn+ n[ to ! o!r great area ( culture t lay betwe5 ,mesopotamia & ! coa/1 t ( ! ,hittite k+doms1 we f9d t ! ,hittite deity is usually pres5t$ 9 human =m4 ,on ! great relief ( ,boghaz-,keui1 ! di/9ctions ( ! human family appe> 9 ! div9e =ms1 9 :om we may recognise ! fa!r god1 ! "m goddess ) h] "y son1 or x may be1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] sugge/s1 ) h] "y lov]4 ,& ! o!r ,hittite repres5tations ( div9ity to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above are ( purely human =m1 & s also are ! small ,hittite bronze idols 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum4 ,nev]!less "h1 z 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! !riomorphic fancy 0 active at ! same "t4 ,on ! relief at ,boghaz-,keui1 ne>e/ to ! inn]mo/ %r9e1 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 is an idol #fa ( human visage ) a body compos$ ( a biz>re arrangem5t ( lion-=ms2 & 9 ! procession ne> to ! ma9 deities we note a /range repres5tation ( two bulls 9 mitr$ caps ( ,hittite fa%ion1 & to ^! my/ic bea/s we may apply ! "n !an?ropic1 :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? sugge/$ = ! sacrificial animal t 0 half-div9e1 half-human4 ,& cle>] evid5ce /ill is af=d$ by ano!r relief f\nd n f> f ?is site at ! palace ( ,euiuk1 :]e a bull is repres5t$ on a p$e/al ) wor%ipp]s approa*+4#fa4a ,he is n "h ! sacrificial animal1 = he & ! alt> be=e him are on a high] plane1 :ile ! prie/ & prie/ess bel[ are rais+ _! h&s to him z if 9 adoration1 & are lead+ rams evid5tly z victims to ! bull-god4 ,we may be sure1 !n1 t !re 0 "s close association ( ! ,hittite div9ity ) ! bull1 z !re 0 ) ! lions ^u :i* bo? god & goddess are /&+2 & ?is is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! horns t adorn ! conical cap ( ! god at ,ibriz1#fa4b to :om ! grapes & corn 7 consecrat$4 ,aga91 ! relief on ! gate at ,s9j]li#fa4c af=ds u ano!r cle> example ( a div9ity only p>tly an?ropomorphic3 a god ) ! body ( a man & ! head ( a lion2 z he be>s a hunt+ weapon 9 "o h& & a h>e 9 ! o!r1 & on ea* %\ld] a bird is sitt+1 we may reg>d him z a deity ( ! *ase4 ,f9ally1 f c]ta9 cunei=m texts f\nd at ,boghaz-,keui1 & rec5tly publi%$ & int]pret$ by ,pr(essor ,sayce1#fa4d we ga!r t ! eagle1 probably ! d\ble-head$ #fb eagle :i* appe>s z an ensign on ,hittite monum5ts1 0 deifi$2 = we appe> to h a ref]5ce to 8! h\se0 or temple 8( ! eagle0 7,bit ,id ,khu71 & ?is fact may help to expla9 ! figure ( a man's body ) a bird's head on a relief ( ,s9j]li4#fb4a ,z reg>ds ! te/1 !n1 t we are at pres5t apply+1 x seems t ! ,hittite & ! ,mesopotamian religions 7 m or less on ! same plane1 ?\gh we may suspect t !riolatry 0 /rong] 9 ! =m]4 ,x is also important = our purpose to regi/] 9 pass+ ! cle> pro( ( c]ta9 religi\s approximations1 probably 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c41 betwe5 ! ,hittites & ! ,assyrian-,babylonian k+dom4 ,! ,hittite god ,te%up1 ) ! d\ble-head$ hamm] or axe & ! =k$ lightn+ 9 8 h&1 is ( close k9 & simil> 9 type to ! ,canaanite1 ,syrian1 & ,babylonian ,ramman-,adad1 ! god ( /orms4#fb4b ,b ! evid5ce does n yet seem to me to make x cle> :i* p or gr\p ( peoples 0 9 ?is case ! borr[]1 :i* ! l5d]4 ,& ! same d\bt arises 9 respect ( ! /rik+ art-type ( ! div9ity /&+ on ! lion2 we f9d x 9 ! e>ly ,hittite monum5ts1 su* z ! ,boghaz-,keui sculptur$ slabs2 & aga9 on ! relief ( ,g>gami*1 on :i* is a w+$ male deity /&+ on a lion & a prie/ beh9d him1 also on a lion2#fb4c & lat] among ! ,t>sos repres5tations ( ! ,hittite ,s&on3 x 0 9 vogue at ! ,syrian ,bambyke & at ,babylon4 ,! assumption ( ,p]rot#fb4d is t x 0 #fc ( ,babylonian orig91 b ! art-*ronology does n seem to speak decisively 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is n necess>y "h to prejudge ?is difficult problem3 x does n directly affect our pres5t "q1 z ! type ( ! goddess ) lions comes into ,hellas only at a lat] p]iod4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r ,anatolian peoples :o came into close contact ) ! ,hell5es1 we may f9d abid+ influ5ces ( c]ta9 ,hittite religi\s ideas & motives ( religi\s art4 ,we may admit t ! lion-borne goddess ( ,boghaz-,keui is ! prototype ( ,kybele1 ev5 ! cr5elat$ headdress t %e we>s sugge/+ ! turret$ diadem ( ! lat] goddess3 x is likely t ! anci5t type ( ,te%up1 ! wea!r-god ) hamm] or axe & ! lightn+1 surviv$ 9 ,commag5e 9 ! cult-figure t 0 aft]w>ds int]pret$ z ,jupit] ,doli*5us3 & x may h influ5c$ ! ideas ab\t ! ?und]-god 9 ,pontus1 z a primitive relief ( a god br&i%+ a ?und]bolt & hold+ a %ield has be5 f\nd ne> ,amasia4#fc4a ,speak+ g5]ally1 we mu/ pron\nce ! native pre-,hell5ic religi\s art ( ! ,asia ,m9or littoral1 ( ,phrygia1 ,lydia1 ,c>ia1 an?ropomorphic1 s f> z x tri$ at all to embody ! imag9$ =m ( ! div9ity4 ,! record is g5]ally blurr$ by ! lat] ,hell5ic influ5ces4 ,b we h at lea/ 9 ,phrygia rude images ( ! pre-,hell5ic ,cybele2 ! int5tion ( ^! is an?ropomorphic1 & 9 ! r\gh outl9e ( ! goddess's =m z hewn out ( ! rock ( ,sipylos above ,smyrna1 ! ,hell5es c\ld disc]n _! sorr[+ ,niobe4 ,:]e ! an?ropomorphism fails1 z 9 ! ,phrygian monum5t1 :i* %[s ,cybele seat$ ) a phiale & human-%ap$ 9 o!r respects1 b ) a head fa%ion$ l 8! r\nd capital ( a #fd pill>10#fd4a ! influ5ce ( ! aniconic feti* may be ! cause4 ,at any rate1 we h no cle> trace ( !riomorphism ei!r 9 ! leg5d nor 9 ! monum5ts ( ! great "m1 ! ,kybele ( ,phrygia1 or ! ,m ( ,cappadocia4 ,! p[] ( ! m\nta9-goddess 0 inc>nate 9 ! lions1 b we h no gr\nd = say+ t %e h]self 0 ev] wor%ipp$ z a lion4 ,we turn at la/ to ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean & proto-,hell5ic p]iods2 = our pres5t purpose ! two _c well be kept ap>t1 z mu* ( ! evid5ce conc]n+ ! =m] is d]iv$ f records ( my?s & religi\s cu/oms t 7 9 vogue 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,our fir/ glimpse ( ! ,m9oan religion1 :i* ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans m ?an any "o else has reveal$ to u1#fd4b gave u ! impression ( an aniconic wor%ip t _h = its sacr$ 8agalmata0 su* feti* objects z ! sacr$ pill> or d\ble-head$ axe1 b :i* did n express its actual imag9ation ( its div9ities 9 any art-type4 ,if ?is 7 s1 we %\ld n be able to answ] ! "q h[ f> ! ,m9oan religion 0 purely an?ropomorphic until we h f\nd ! int]pretation ( ,m9oan writ+4 ,b our /ore ( monum5ts has be5 mu* enri*$ by lat] discov]ies 9 ! ,palace ( ,knossos1 & 9 "o ( its private *apels 9 :i* ! ,cross 0 ! c5tral sacr$ emblem1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans f\nd ! int]e/+ figure ( ! snake-goddess--purely human1 b hold+ snakes 9 h] h&s & girdl$ ) snakes1 :ile be=e h] /&s a vot>y #fe br&i%+ a snake3#fe4a aga91 a ,m9oan signet-r+ publi%$ by him#fe4b reveal$ ! great m\nta9-goddess h]self on ! summit ( a peak flank$ by lions & hold+ a spe>4 ,^! may be actual reproductions ( cult-images2 & _m o!r gems & o!r works h n[ be5 publi%$ by him & o!rs prov+ t ! p :o belong$ to ?is great ,aegean culture ( ! second mill5nium habitually conceiv$ ( _! gods 9 human =m1 ev5 if !y did n z a rule erect _! idols 9 _! temples4 ,?us on a gem :i* %[s u an act ( wor%ip p]=m$ by a female vot>y be=e a sacr$ pill>1 a human-%ap$ god ) rays r\nd 8 head & hold+ a spe> is hov]+ 9 ! air above x2#fe4c & on ! great s>cophagus ( ,praisos we h on ! "o side a complex sc5e ( ritual1 conspicu\s = ! abs5ce ( any idol or eikon ( ! div9ity1 & at ! o!r end a human =m ( god1 or x may be h]o1 /&+ z if he _h j come =? f 8 %r9e or h]on4#fe4d ,9 fact1 ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean religi\s monum5ts h reveal$ to u at lea/ ?ree p]sonages1 an?ropomorphically conceiv$1 ( ! popul> religion ( ! p]iod t we may call pre-,hell5ic3 a great goddess1 (t5 repres5t$ z ?ron$1 ) fruits & emblems ( vegetation ar\nd h]1 or z /&+ on a m\nta9 & associat$ ) lions2 a god :o is sometimes conv]s+ ) h] or is desc5d+ f ! sky arm$ ) spe> & %ield1#fe4e & sometimes ray$2 ?irdly1 ! goddess ) ! snake z h] famili>4 #ff ,to ?is ext5t1 !n1 ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean peoples 7 on ! same plane ( religion z ^? ( ,mesopotamia3 & ! record ( ! an?ropomorphic div9ity c be trac$ 9 ! ,aegean area back to ! f\r? mill5nium ,b4,c4 by ! nude figures 9 /one ( a goddess ( fecundity ) arms press$ across h] brea/s1 a type belong+ to ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,9 pass+1 let u obs]ve t nei!r ! e>lie/ prehi/oric art ( ! ,m$it]ranean nor ! great religi\s types ( ! ,m9oan div9ities recall ! art /yle ( ,mesopotamia4 ,b ?is develop$ an?ropomorphism ( ! e>ly ,aegean civilisation is n ! :ole /ory4 ,mod]n rese>* has accumulat$ evid5ce t seems to po9t to a !riomorphic religion 9 ,crete & 9 ,myc5aean ,greece :i* has be5 suppos$ by "s to h prec$$ ! =m] 9 ord] ( "t & 9 ! logical process ( evolution1 & :i* at any rate surviv$ by ! side ( x4 ,traces ( ! same ph5om5on h be5 not$ 9 ! ,hittite area1 & m fa9tly 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! fir/ mod]n writ] :o proclaim$ ) emphasis ! !riomorphic elem5ts 9 ! prehi/oric religions ( ,greece 0 ,mr4 ,a4 ,lang 9 8 ,cu/om & ,my?1 connect+ x ) a !ory ( totemism t does n conc]n u "h4 ,aft]w>ds1 a sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! problem 9 ! light ( ! monum5ts ( ! ,cretan & ,myc5aean p]iods 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,cook 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,hell5ic ,j\rnal ( #ahid on 8,animal ,wor%ip 9 ! ,myc5aean ,age02 & aga9 9 #ahie by an essay on 8,! ,bee 9 ,greek ,my?ology03 a v full collection ( ! mat]ials1 ) "s exposition ( important religi\s !ory1 w be f\nd 9 ,de ,viss]'s treatise1 ,de ,graecorum ,diis non ref]5tibus speciem humanam #fg 7#aijj74 ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison has work$ fur!r along ! same l9es1 & has publi%$ "s special results 9 h] pap] read be=e ! ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aijh1 & publi%$ 9 its ,transactions1 on 8,bird & ,pill> ,wor%ip 9 relation to ,ouranian ,div9ities40 ,n[ ! mat]ial t =ms ! fabric ( ^! rese>*es is s intricate1 ! relevant facts s manifold & m9ute1 t x is impossible to consid] !m 9 detail )9 ! limits ( ?is pres5t inquiry1 ( :i* ! lead+ object is an important "q ( hi/ory conc]n+ ! religi\s influ5ce ( ! ,ea/ on ! ,we/2 &1 aga91 ! writ]s above m5tion$ are deeply conc]n$ ) !ories ab\t ! orig9s1 or at lea/ ! e>li] /ages 9 ! evolution ( religion4 ,& z ,i am only comp>+ ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 a limit$ & some:at advanc$ p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 ,i am n necess>ily b\nd to deal ) problems ( orig94 ,nev]!less1 a summ>y survey ( ?is gr\p ( facts may provide u ) important clues t[>ds ! solution ( our ma9 "q4 ,b a few g5]al criticisms ( ! assumptions :i*1 :e!r lat5t or explicit1 are commonly made 9 ! writ+s j quot$1 may be useful at ! outset4 ,fir/1 "o f9ds t ! ^w 8wor%ip0 is us$ v loosely by ! anci5ts z well z by contempor>y writ]s3 & by its vague & indiscrim9ate employm5t an ef=t is made to conv9ce u t ! pre-,hell5ic & proto-,hell5ic _w wor%ipp$ ! lion1 ! ox1 ! horse1 ! ass1 ! /ag1 ! wolf1 ! pig1 ! bird1 especially ! dove1 ! eagle1 & la/ly ev5 ! cock4 ,we %\ld h to deal ) a savage religion riot+ 9 !riolatry1 & we %\ld n ne$ to tr\ble any long] ab\t ! !ory ( its ,mesopotamian orig91 = z we h se5 !riomorphism play$ a v small "p 9 ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian cult4 ,b "o #fh mu/ ask m precisely1 ,:at is wor%ip1 & :at does lion-wor%ip1 = in/ance1 imply8 ,are we to believe t e "o ( ^! animals 0 wor%ipp$1 ! :ole species be+ div9e8 ,& does _! 8wor%ip0 mean t ! sup]/iti\s p pray$ to !m1 built alt>s or sacr$ columns1 or ev5 %r9es to !m1 & (f]$ !m sacrifice8 ,x has become urg5t to res]ve "s su* /rict s5se = ! ^w z ?is1 9 ord] to pres]ve a s5se ( ! di/9ction betwe5 our ritual-s]vice ( a real p]sonal div9ity & ! v>i\s1 (t5 trifl+1 acts t may be prompt$ by ! uneasy feel+ or rev]5tial awe evok$ by ! pres5ce ( a curi\s or dang]\s animal4 ,?us1 to ab/a9 f eat+ or injur+ mice or weasels is n to wor%ip mice or weasels3 to lam5t ov] a dead sea-ur*9 is n to wor%ip sea-ur*9s3 to give a wolf a decor\s fun]al is n to wor%ip wolves3 to ?r[ a piece ( sacrificial meat to flies be=e a great sacrifice to "s high div9ity is n to wor%ip flies4 ,all ^! ?+s ! civilis$ ,greeks c\ld d1 b !y ought n = t to be *>g$ ) wor%ipp+ :ole species ( animals directly z gods4 ,next let u be> well 9 m9d t secul> animals1 l secul> ?+s1 c become tempor>ily sacr$ ?r\gh contact ) ! alt>3 ?us ! ox :o volunt>ily approa*$ ! alt> & ate ( ! gra9 or cakes ^u x1 might be believ$ by ! ,hell5es to become in/antly div9e1 full ( ! life ( ! div9ity1 & mo/ c]emoni\s respect resembl+ wor%ip might be met$ out to him2 b we %\ld n ha/ily believe t ! ,greeks :o might feel l ?is t[>ds t p>ticul> ox wor%ipp$ all ox52 or t ! society ( ,k+ ,m9os wor%ipp$ all axes :]ev] f\nd1 because 9 peculi> circum/ances & ritual an axe might become *>g$ ) #fi div9ity4 ,f9ally1 ,i may aga9 prote/ aga9/ ! fallacy ( suppos+ t !riomorphism always prec$es an?ropomorphism3 = an ev]-increas+ mass ( evid5ce =ces "o to ! conviction t !y are (t5 co-exi/5t & always compatible "o ) ! o!r2 if ?is is s1 x is ra% & unsci5tific to say1 z is s easy to say & is s (t5 said1 :5 "o meets 9 ! ,m$it]ranean or else:]e a human god or goddess accompani$ by a lion or a cock1 t ! an?ropomorphic div9ity has be5 evolv$ f ! animal4 ,look+ n[ directly to ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean monum5ts1 be=e we consid] ! e>ly ,hell5ic records1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ^? t are obvi\sly cult-sc5es & ^? t are n obvi\sly b only hypo!tically s1 & ?is second class are ^? ) :i* ,mr4 ,cook's pap]s ma9ly deal4 ,! =m] h be5 treat$ ma/]fully by ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans 9 8 pap] on 8,tree & ,pill> ,cult02 f ^! we ga!r t ! wor%ipp] did n usually pray be=e an idol1 b be=e a pill> or a sacr$ tree comb9$ (t5 ) horns ( consecration or an axe2 also t he imag9$ 8 deity g5]ally 9 human =m1 ! pill> s]v+ z a spiritual conductor to draw d[n ! div9ity f heav54 ,!re=e ,i may rem>k t ! phrase 8pill>-cult0 "h1 & 9 ,miss ,h>rison's pap] quot$ above1 does n express ! inw>dness ( ! facts4 ,b ! latt] writ] endeav\rs to prove ! preval5ce ( a direct cult ( birds 9 ?is p]iod2 & fur!r ma9ta9s ! dogma t 89 ! days ( pill> & bird an?ropomorphism 0 n yet40 ,! ,m9oan monum5ts on :i* %e relies are ! great ,phai/os s>cophagus1 ! tr9ity ( t]ra-cotta pill>s surm\nt$ by doves f\nd 9 an e>ly %r9e ( ! ,palace ( ,knossos1#fi4a ) #gj :i* are to be comp>$ ! dove-%r9e ( ,myc5ae & ! gold-leaf$ goddesses ( ,myc5ae ) a dove p]*$ on _! heads2 & f9ally1 ! semi-aniconic idol ( a dove goddess1 ) ! dove on h] head & h] arms outspread l w+s1 f\nd 9 ano!r %r9e ( ! palace ( ,knossos1 & desc5d+ f a pre-,myc5aean traditional type4#gj4a ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ^! monum5ts1 !y _c be quot$ z ! memorials ( a "t 8:5 an?ropomorphism 0 n yet02 = ! e>lie/ ( !m1 probably t m5tion$ la/1 is ( lat] date ?an ! type ( ! nak$ human-=m$ goddess ( ! ,neoli?ic ,aegean p]iod4 ,! "q dep5ds :olly on ! true int]pretation ( ! monum5ts2 z reg>ds ! ,phai/os s>cophagus1 ! exact significance ( ! ritual is /ill a matt] ( controv]sy1 to :i* ,i may return lat]1 :5 ,i comp>e ! ritual ( ea/ & we/2 ?is mu* is cle>1 t a holy s]vice ( blood-oblation is be+ p]=m$ be=e two sacr$ trees1 into ! top ( :i* two axes are ins]t$ & on ! axes are two birds pa9t$ black4 ,is x imm$iately cle> t 8! birds are objects ( a def9ite cult10 z ,miss ,h>rison ma9ta9s8#gj4b ,?is may be /rongly disput$2 o!rwise we mu/ say t ! axe & ! tree are equally direct objects ( cult4 ,b ! illum9ative sc5e on ! signet-r+ describ$ above#gj4c sugge/s t ! function ( ! pill> 0 to s]ve z a p[]ful magnet to attract a p]sonal div9ity4 ,& ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans has well %[n t ! tree & ! pill> 7 ( equal value z sacr$ objects 9 ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion4 ,a sacrifice d\btless ( my/ic & magical p[] is #ga be+ p]=m$ be=e !m "h3 ! wor%ipp]s may well believe t ! comb9$ influ5ce ( blood-(f]+1 sacr$ tree1 & sacr$ axe w draw d[n ! div9ity ( ! skies4 ,9 :at =m visible to ! eye w\ld he desc5d8 ,! c>v] ( t signet-r+ d>$ to %[ him above ! pill> 9 human =m1 z ! m9d's eye ?\gh n ! s5se-organ ( ! wor%ipp] disc]n$ him4 ,b ! arti/ ( ! ,phai/os s>cophagus is m res]v$4 ,z ! ,holy ,gho/ desc5d$ 9 ! =m ( a dove1 s ! unse5 cele/ial div9ity ( ,crete might use any bird ( ! air z 8 mess5g]1 p]haps by pref]5ce ! woodpeck] or dove4 ,& ?is natural idea w\ld be support$ by ! fact t occasionally birds did alight on ! top ( sacr$ columns1 & !y w\ld !n in/antly be *>g$ ) ! sanctity ( t object & w\ld be reg>d$ z a sign ( ! deity's pres5ce & z an auspici\s answ] to pray] & sacrifice4 ,?us _m birds 9 ,greece became sacr$ by haunt+ temples2 & ,dr4 ,fraz] has sugge/$ t ! swall[s & sp>r[s t ne/$ on ! temple or on ! alt> at ,j]usalem acquir$ sanctity by ! same simple religi\s logic4#ga4a ,b x is futile to argue t !re=e ! ,hell5es & ,hebrews once wor%ipp$ ei!r ! :ole species ( swall[s & sp>r[s or any s+le "o4 ,& ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans' own int]pretation ( ! doves on ! triple gr\p ( columns1 z be+ m]ely 8! image ( ! div9e desc5t1 & ( ! consequ5t possession ( ! bactylic column by a spiritual be+10 is sane & conv9c+4#ga4b ,?is does n prove or necess>ily lead to 8bird-wor%ip40 ,fur!r1 he sugge/s#ga4c t z ! dove 0 orig9ally pos$ on ! top ( ! column #gb z a graci\s sign ( ! div9e pres5ce1 s :5 ! human =m 0 beg9n+ to take ! place ( ! column ! dove w\ld !n be se5 on ! human head1 z 9 ! case ( ! /atuettes ( goddesses m5tion$ above1 & z x appe>$ on ! head ( ! gold5 image at ,bambyke1 :i* "s call$ ,semiramis4#gb4a ,! close association ( ! ,m$it]ranean goddess & ( ! goddess ( ,askalon1 ,pho5icia1 & ,bambyke ) doves may h be5 caus$ by sev]al indep5d5t reasons2 "o may well h be5 ! habitual frequ5t+ ( h] temple by ! birds4 ,?is w\ld easily gr[ into a belief t ! goddess :5 %e wi%$ to reveal some?+ ( h] pres5ce & p[] to ! ext]nal eye w\ld manife/ h]self 9 ! bird4 ,?is we may call !riomorphic imag9ation t goes p>i passu easily ) ! an?ropomorphic4 ,b none ( ^! monum5ts come ne> to prov+ t ?is ,m$it]ranean race directly wor%ipp$ birds1 nor d !y sugge/ any su* !ory z t ! human div9ity em]g$ f ! bird4 ,we %all1 9 fact1 f9d t evid5ce ( ?is k9d t ,i h be5 exam9+1 us$ recklessly 9 simil> cases1 leads to absurd results4#gb4b ,"h x is well to rem>k 9 pass+ t ! cult ( #gc ! ,dove-goddess is a te/ case = try+ ! "q ( ,ori5tal influ5ce on ! we/4 ,x _c be trac$ back to ,babylon1 & no "o w\ld n[ ma9ta9 ! old !ory t ! dove-%r9es ( ,myc5ae 7 an import f ! ,pho5ician ,a/>te cult4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans' discov]ies enable u to c>ry back ?is p>ticul> wor%ip 9 ! ,aegean to pre-,myc5aean times4 ,we c\ld ) bett] "r ma9ta9 t ! ,syrians borr[$ x f ! ,aegean or possibly f ,askalon1 :]e1 z ,dr4 ,evans has po9t$ out1 ,m9oan influ5ces 7 /rong4 ,b ! mo/ reasonable view is t :i* he expresses t 8! div9e associations ( ! dove 7 a primitive h]itage ( primitive ,greece & ,anatolia40#gc4a ,z reg>ds ,mr4 ,cook's !ory ( ,myc5aean animal-wor%ip1 x is n n[ necess>y to exam9e x at any l5g?4 ,x 0 bas$ ma9ly on a comp>ison ( a fairly l>ge numb] ( 8,myc5aean0 seals & gems f ,crete & else:]e %[+ mon/]s be>+ animals on _! %\ld]s or /&+ by !m4 ,he int]pret$ ! 8mon/]s0 z m5 engag$ 9 a religi\s mumm]y1 we>+ ! sk9s ( lions1 asses1 horses1 bulls1 /ags1 sw9e1 t is1 z m9i/]s ( a div9e lion1 ass1 etc41 br++ sacrificial animals to ^! animal-deities1 & he rais$ ! l>ge que/ions ( totemism & totemi/ic cult-practices4 ,8 !ory pres5ts a picture ( zoolatric ritual t _c be p>allel$ else:]e 9 ! _w ei!r among primitive or advanc$ societies4 ,& we beg9 to di/ru/ x :5 x asks u to int]pret ! figures 9 a gem-repres5tation z an ass-man be>+ two lions to sacrifice2 = nei!r 9 ,greece1 ,egypt1 or #gd ,asia is !re any record ( a lion-sacrifice1 a c]emony :i* w\ld be difficult to c>ry out ) due solemnity4 ,! m rec5t discov]y ( a set ( clay-seal+s at ,zakro 9 ,crete by ,dr4 ,hog>?1 :o publi%$ !m 9 ! ,hell5ic ,j\rnal ( #aijb1 has r5d]$ ,mr4 ,cook's view ( ! cult-value ( ^! 8mon/]s0 n[ unt5able4 ,!y are f\nd 9 comb9ations too widely fanta/ic to be ( any value = totemi/ic or a zoolatric !ory1 & ! op9ion ( ar*aeologi/s l ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans & ,w9t]#gd4a t ^! biz>re =ms arose f modifications ( =eign types1 su* z ! ,egyptian hippopotamus goddess1 cross$ at times ) ! hippokamp & ! lion1 has receiv$ int]e/+ confirmation f ! discov]y ( a %ell relief at ,phai/os %[+ a s]ies ( mon/]s ) hippopotamus heads1 & 9 a pose d]iv$ und\bt$ly f a ,nilotic type4#gd4b ,we may v5ture to say t ! exub]ant fancy ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean arti/ ran riot & amus$ itself ) wild comb9ations ( mon/]s1 m5 & animals1 to :i* no s]i\s mean+ 0 atta*$4 ,only r>ely1 :5 ! mon/]s are rituali/ically engag$ 9 wat]+ a sacr$ palm tree or column1#gd4c does ! religi\s "q arise4 ,& "h we may f9d a p>allelism 9 ,assyrian religi\s art1 9 ! repres5tation ( 8w+$ g5ii f]tilis+ ! adult palms ) ! male cones02 b accord+ to ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans ?is motive is lat] 9 ! ,ea/]n art ?an 9 ! ,myc5aean4 ,p]haps only "o type ( mon/] f\nd on ^! gems & seals is d]iv$ f a real !riomorphic figure ( ! contempor>y religion1 namely1 ! ,m9otaur #ge type4 ,a few ( ! ,zakro seal+s %[ ! seal$ figure ( a human body ) bov9e head1 e>s1 & tail#ge4a2 & a clay seal-impression f\nd at ,knossos pres5ts a bov9e human figure ) possibly a bov9e head seal$ 9 a hi]atic attitude be=e a w>rior 9 arm\r4#ge4b ,su* ar*aeological evid5ce is prec>i\s1 b :5 we comp>e x ) ! indig5\s ,cretan leg5ds ( ! bull-,zeus & ! union ( ,pasiphae ) ! bull1 we are tempt$ to believe t a bull-head$ god or a :olly bov9e deity _h once a place 9 ,m9oan cult4 ,to conclude1 ?is brief survey ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean monum5ts po9ts to a contempor>y religion t pref]r$ ! aniconic agalma to ! human idol1 b imag9$ ! div9ity ma9ly z an?ropomorphic1 ?\gh ?is imag9ation 0 probably n s fix$ z to disc>d ! !riomorphic type entirely4 ,!re=e ?is religion is on ! same plane ) t ( ,mesopotamia r ?an ) t ( ,egypt4 ,turn+ n[ to ! proto-,hell5ic p]iod1 :i*1 )\t prejudg+ any e?nic "q1 ,i h kept di/9ct f ! ,myc5aean1 we h "h ! advantage ( lit]>y records to assi/ ! ar*aeological evid5ce4 ,i h /at$ my conviction t ! e>lie/ ,hell5es _h already rea*$ ! /age ( p]sonal poly!ism be=e conqu]+ ! s\!rn ,p59sula2 & ! comb9$ evid5ce ( ! facts ( my?s & cults ju/ifies ! belief t _! imag9ation ( ! deity 0 ma9ly an?ropomorphic4 ,by ! p]iod ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 compos$ p]haps "s five c5turies aft] ! e>lie/ entrance ( ! ,hell5es1 we mu/ conclude t ! an?ropomorphism z a religi\s #gf pr9ciple 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! m progressive m9ds t %ap$ ! culture ( ! race3 a m9ute b speak+ example ( ?is is ! *ange t ensu$ 9 accordance ) ,hom]ic ta/e 9 ! mean+ ( ! old hi]atic epi!t 2 9 all probability x orig9ally designat$ a c[-fac$ goddess1 b x is cle> t he int5ds x = ox-ey$1 an epi!t signify+ ! beauty ( ! l>ge & lu/r\s human eye4 ,! bias t is felt 9 ! religi\s poetry ( ,hom] comes to det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! lat] religi\s art1 s t ! religion1 art1 & lit]ature ( hi/oric ,greece may be call$ ! mo/ an?ropomorphic or an?ropoc5tric 9 ! _w4 ,yet we h suffici5t pro( t 9 ! pre-,hom]ic age ! popul> m9d 0 by no means b\nd by any su* law1 & t ! religi\s imag9ation 0 unfix$ & wav]+ 9 its p]ception ( div9ity3 & ! belief mu/ h be5 g5]al t ! god1 usually imag9$ z a man1 might manife/ himself at times 9 ! =m ( "s animal4 ,apollo ,lykeios1 ! wild god ( ! woods1 0 evid5tly 9 ! habit ( inc>nat+ himself 9 ! wolf1 s t wolves might be sacram5tally (f]$ to him or sacrifice (f]$ to c]ta9 wolves4#gf4a ,9 ! ,artemis leg5d ( ,brauron & ,aulis we detect ! same close communion ( ! goddess ) ! be>4 ,n[1 ^u ! fairly num]\s indications 9 cult-leg5d & ritual t ! deity 0 occasionally inc>nate 9 ! animal1 mu* fallaci\s an?ropological !ory has be5 built4 ,x is n n[ my cue to pursue ?is matt] au fond4 ,b x is necess>y = my purpose to emphasise ! fact t !re is fair evid5ce = "s direct zoolatry 9 ! proto-,hell5ic p]iod1 ?\gh !re is less ?an is (t5 suppos$1 & x ne$s always c>eful criticism4 #gg ,z ,i h already said1 ! anci5ts ( ! lat] le>n$ p]iod 7 (t5 vague & unprecise :5 !y spoke ( 8! wor%ip0 ( animals4 ,?us ,clem5s in=ms u#gg4a t ! ,!ssalians 8wor%ipp$0 ants1 & on ! au?ority ( ,euphorion t ! ,samians 8wor%ipp$0 a %eep3 ! ^w us$ 9 ea* case be+ 4 ,b accurate /atem5ts conc]n+ religi\s psy*ology dem& ! nice/ discrim9ation3 8a little m1 & h[ mu* x is40 ,we may suspect t ! ^w 0 z vaguely us$ 9 antiquity z ! t]m 8wor%ip0 9 loose mod]n writ+3 & x is to be rem>k$ t :5 "o au?ority uses ?is ^w1 ano!r may employ ! v]b 1 :i* does n imply s mu*4 ,= in/ance1 ,clem5s /ates t ! ,!bans 8hon\r$0 ! weasel2 ,aelian1 t !y 8wor%ipp$0 x4#gg4b ,we are ne>ly always left 9 d\bt h[ mu* is meant3 :e!r ! animal 0 m]ely treat$ rev]5tially & its life sp>$1 or :e!r sacrifice & pray]s 7 (f]$ to x3 ! =m] practice may be f\nd 9 almo/ any society mod]n or anci5t1 ! latt] is savage zoolatry1 & is a fact ( importance = ! religi\s e/imate ( a p4 ,i _c consid] all ! cases :i* are giv5 ) suffici5t fullness 9 ! "w t ,i h cit$ by ,de ,viss]4#gg4c ,b ! in/ance cit$ above--! ,samian wor%ip ( ! %eep --%[s u h[ little we h to build our !ories on4 ,x is q possible t su* a /ory arose f "s ritual 9 :i* ! %eep 0 (f]$ rev]5tially1 treat$ z a !an?ropic #gh animal1 half-human1 half-div9e1 l ! bull-calf ( ,t5$os 9 ! cult ( ,dionysos1#gh4a an int]e/+ =m ( sacrifice to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] aga94 ,cle> records ( actual sacrifice to animals 9 ,greece are exce$+ly r>e4 ,we h ! qua9t example ( ! s-call$ 8,sacrifice0 to ! flies be=e ! fea/ ( ,apollo on ! promontory ( ,leukas2 ?is ,i h discuss$ else:]e1#gh4b po9t+ out t x seems only a ritual trick to p]suade ! flies to leave ! wor%ipp]s alone1 & c]ta9ly does n sugge/ ! 8wor%ip0 ( flies4#gh4b ,!re is also a dim ritual-leg5d atta*+ to ! temple ( ,apollo ! wolf-god 9 ,sikyon1 :i* appe>s to po9t to "s sacrifice to wolves 9 or ne> ! temple at "s e>ly p]iod4#gh4c ,! ?ird case is m important3 ! 8sacrifice to ! pig10 :i* ,a!naeus1 quot+ f ,aga?okles ( ,kyzikos1 atte/s 0 an important s]vice at ,praisos 9 ,crete1 p]=m$ z a 1 t is1 z a prelim9>y act 9 ! liturgies ( ! high] religion4#gh4d ,! ritual-leg5d expla9$ ! act z prompt$ by ! s]vice t a s[ _h r5d]$ to ! infant ,zeus2 b x rema9s my/]i\s1 & we w\ld l to h _h m cle> in=mation z to ! actual rite4 ,f9ally1 we h ! mo/ important type ( zoolatric ritual 9 ,greece1 ! wor%ip ( c]ta9 sacr$ snakes3 v>i\s records atte/ ?is 9 ! cult ( ,trophonios at ,lebadeia & 9 ! temple ( ,a!na ,polias at ,a!ns2 9 ! cult ( ,zeus-,meili*ios 9 ! ,piraeus1 9 ! sacr$ grove ( ,apollo 9 ,epeiros1 probably 9 ! %r9es ( ,asklepios at ,epidauros & ,kos1 & else:]e4 #gi ,n[ x is important to note t ^! ritual records n[h]e sugge/ t :ole species ( animals 7 wor%ipp$1 b t only c]ta9 individuals ( t species1 haunt+ c]ta9 places to :i* a s5se ( religi\s my/]y atta*$1 su* z a cave or a lonely grove1 or else f\nd 9 or ne> "s holy %r9e1 7 ?us m>k$ out z div9e4 ,also1 we obs]ve t 9 all ! examples j quot$1 ! cult ( ! animal is l9k$ to ! cult ( "s p]sonal god or goddess or h]o3 ! snake1 = in/ance1 is ! natural inc>nation ( ! und]world div9ity or h]o4 ,! only exception to ?is latt] rule t may be reasonably urg$ is ! prehi/oric wor%ip ( ,py?on at ,delphi1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] has po9t$ out1 is curi\sly l ! ritual & cult ( a feti*-snake 9 ,dahomey4#gi4a ,yet1 = all we "k1 ,py?on1 :o 9 ! e>lie/ v]sion ( ! /ory is ( female sex1 may at a v e>ly "t h be5 reg>d$ n z a m]e snake1 b z an inc>nation ( ! e>?-goddess ,gaia1 :o rul$ at ,delphi be=e ,apollo came4 ,! "q :e!r ! ance/ors ( ! ,hell5es or ! pre-,hell5ic peoples ) :om !y mix$ 7 ev] on ! l[e/ plane ( !riolatry does n conc]n u "h4 ,:at is important is1 t ! records1 bo? ,myc5aean & ,hell5ic1 ju/ify u 9 believ+ t ! dom9ant religion 9 ,greece ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 0 ! wor%ip ( p]sonal div9ities humanly conceiv$ :o c\ld occasionally inc>nate !mselves 9 animal =m1 & t :]e animal wor%ip surviv$ x 0 always l9k$ 9 ?is way to ! cults ( p]sonal poly!ism4 ,f ! ,hom]ic p]iod onw>d1 ! high] ,hell5ic _s %[s itself av]se to ! !riomorphic fa%ion ( religion2 yet ?is nev] disappe>$ :olly f #hj ! l[] circles4 ,arcadia1 ! mo/ backw>d & cons]vative ( ! ,greek communities1 nev] accept$ ! rigid an?ropomorphic canon4 ,?is is %[n by ! record ( ! ,phigaleian ,demet] ) ! horse's head2 ! my/]i\s goddess ,eurynome ( ,phigaleia1 half-woman1 half-fi%2 ! ,arcadian ,pan1 ! daimon ( ! h]ds1 imag9$ z ) goat legs & sometimes ) goat's head2 &1 f9ally1 by ! ,arcadian idols ( ! ,roman p]iod f\nd at ,lykos\ra 9 #ahih1 repres5t+ ! female =m ) ! head ( a c[4#hj4a ,?is rsum ( ! facts1 s f> z x has gone1 appe>s to ju/ify ! !orem ) :i* x />t$1 t ! 8,myc5aean0 peoples & proto-,hell5es 9 ! second mill5nium 7 on ! :ole1 9 respect ( ! morphology ( _! religion1 on ! same plane z ^? ( ! ,euphrates valley2 only x appe>s t !riomorphism play$ slightly m "p 9 ! cults & leg5ds ( ! ,we/ ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian culture4 ,x is obvi\s to any /ud5t ( comp>ative religion t su* g5]al simil>ity :i* we h "h obs]v$1 & :i* we might obs]ve if we comp>$ e>ly ,greece ) ,v$ic ,india1 nei!r proves nor disproves a !ory ( borr[+4 ,& s f> !re seems no occasion = resort+ to su* a !ory1 unless ! type ( ! fi%-goddess at ,phigaleia be consid]$ a reason = suppos+ ,semitic influ5ces "h at "w & = trac+ h] ance/ry to ,d]keto ( ,bambyke4 ,= su* transf]5ce ( cult we might h to invoke ! help ( ,pho5icians1 :o arrive on ! sc5e too late to help u 9 ! pres5t que/1 & :o are n likely to h be5 attract$ into ! int]ior ( ,arcadia4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,pr$om9ance ( ! ,goddess4 #ha ,! next clue t ,i propose to foll[ 9 our g5]al comp>ison is ! relative prom95ce ( ! goddess-cult 9 ! areas t we are survey+4 ,! subject is ( importance & int]e/1 p>tly because x may ?r[ "s light on ! "q ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! adjac5t religions1 p>tly because x br+s into view c]ta9 /rik+ facts ( religi\s psy*ology4 ,a religion )\t a goddess is liable to diff] m>k$ly 9 tone & col\r1 & probably 9 ritual1 f ^? t possess "o4 ,:]ev] an?ropomorphism is all[$ free play1 ! same in/9ct :i* evolves ! fa!r-god w evolve ! "m-goddess2 & :5 ! religion is "o ( ! type :i* ,tiele calls 8,nature-religions10 "o1 t is1 :]e ideas reflect+ ! =ces ( ! natural _w lie on ! surface ( ! conception ( ! div9e p]sonality1 "s ( ^! =ces are s naturally reg>d$ z fem99e t ! evolution ( a goddess appe>s inevitable2 & ! only _w-religions t h reject$ ?is idea are ! ,judaic1 ! ,islamic1 & ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[ goddess-cult is (t5 f\nd to ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce on ! religi\s emotion2 & ! religi\s psy*ology ( a p devot$ to x w probably diff] f ^? :o es*ew x2 (t5 x w be likely to eng5d] a peculi> s5tim5t ( t5d]ness1 ( s5tim5tality 9 #hb an o!rwise au/]e & repell5t religi\s sy/em2 & ! cl++ entreaty ( ! *ild is he>d 9 ! pray]s or reflect$ 9 ! ritual2 & j z ! "m frequ5tly /&s betwe5 ! *ildr5 & ! fa!r z ! mild int]cessor1 s ! goddess (t5 becomes ! m$iator ( m]cy to :om ! s9n]s turn z _! int]cessor ) ! (f5d$ god4 ,su* 0 ,isis = ! ,graeco-,roman _w2 su* at times 0 ,a!na = ! ,a!nians2 su* is ! ,virg9 = ,m$it]ranean ,*ri/5dom4 ,or ! goddess may be m m]ciless ?an any god1 m delight+ 9 blood%$1 m savage 9 resi/+ progress3 su* (t5 0 ,artemis = ! ,greeks1 su* is ,kala at ?is mom5t 9 ,india1 a dang]\s & liv+ =ce t ?reat5s our rule4 ,aga91 ! goddess may enc\rage purity 9 ! sexual relations2 ?is 0 ! pot5tial value ( ! ideal ( ,artemis 9 ,greece1 & p]haps ! actual value ( ,m>iolatry 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,or ! goddess-cult may be ! s\rce ( :at to u appe>s gross lic5ti\sness1 z 0 ! case 9 ,babylon & "s p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is discordance 9 ! "* ( goddess-cults may reflect ! div]sity ( ! mascul9e feel+ t[>ds wom51 & also to "s ext5t ! position ( wom5 at diff]5t /ages ( culture 9 ! family & 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! :ole subject has _m fasc9at+ aspects1 :i* relevance prev5ts me pres5t+ 9 detail4 ,i h consid]$ else:]e ! sociologic que/ions involv$ 9 goddess-cult2#hb4a & ,i mu/ limit my att5tion "h to its value z e?nic evid5ce4 ,9 ,mesopotamia ! ph5om5on pres5ts itself at ! v e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h record4 ,! #hc monum5t already describ$#hc4a on :i* ! goddess ,n9i is pres5t+ captives to ! ,k+ ,annaban9i1 atte/s ! preval5ce ( goddess-cult 9 ! ?ird mill5nium2 & ,tiele supposes--)\t1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5t evid5ce--t x 0 /rong] 9 ! ,sum]ian ?an 9 ! ,semitic p]iod4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! conqu]+ ,semites may h f\nd ! cult ( goddesses well develop$ 9 ! l&2 & 9 all probability !y br\ght at lea/ "o ( _! own ) !m1 namely1 ,i%t>1 ^: "n has its phonetic equival5ts 9 ,semitic ,anatolia4 ,also at lea/ by ! second mill5nium ,b4,c41 ! ,babylonian pan!on 0 organis$ aft] ! type ( ! human family to ?is ext5t1 t ea* male div9ity has 8 female consort2 & x w\ld n help u n[ to consid] ! !orem put out by ,j]emias & o!rs t ! v>i\s ,babylonian goddesses are all emanations & v>ieties ( "o orig9al ,all-"m4 ,only ! mighty ,i%t> rema9s = ! mo/ "p alo( f ! m>riage sy/em1 & h] p[] transc5ds t ( ! o!r goddesses4 ,orig9ally ! *ief goddess ( ! ,sum]ian ,ere*1 %e 0 rais$ by ! ,assyrians to ! highe/ position next to _! national god ,as%ur2#hc4b & = !m %e is ! great div9ity ( w>1 :o1 arm$ ) b[1 quiv]1 & sword1 ord]s ! battle-ranks4 ,9 a fam\s hymn1#hc4c p]haps ! mo/ f]v5t & mov+ ( all ! ,babylonian collection1 %e seems exalt$ to a supreme place above all o!r div9ities2 ano!r#hc4d displays ! same ec/asy 9 adoration ( ! goddess ,belit1 imput+ omnipot5ce to h]1 z "o to :om ! v gods (f] pray]s4 ,! same idea may be express$ 9 a difficult #hd phrase 9 a hymn to ,nebo#hd4a :i* conta9s 8 dialogue ) ,assurbanipal3 8,nebo1 :o has grasp$ ! feet ( ! div9e goddess1 ,que5 ( ,n9eveh10 ! goddess :o came to be reg>d$ z ,i%t>4 ,f su* isolat$ indications we might conclude t ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion 0 m devot$ to ! goddess ?an to ! god4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly be wrong1 z a m critical & wid] survey ( ! facts1 s f> z !y are at pres5t accessible1 w\ld conv9ce u4 ,^! hymns imput+ supreme omnipot5ce to ! goddess1 :e!r ,i%t> or ano!r1 may be m]ely examples ( t t5d5cy v m>k$ 9 ! ,babylonian liturgies1 to exalt ! p>ticul> div9ity to :om wor%ip is at t mom5t be+ paid above all o!rs4 ,! ec/atic poet is always contradict+ himself4 ,to ! omnipot5t ,belit1 9 ! la/-m5tion$ hymn1 a phrase is atta*$ :i* ,zimm]n int]prets z 8%e :o c>ries out ! comm&s ( ,bel10 z if aft] all %e 7 only a viceg]5t4 ,9 ! beautiful pray] to ,i%t> pr(f]$ by ! ,assyrian ,k+ ,asurnasirabal 7#ah? c5t4 ,b4,c47 he implores h] to int]c$e = him1 8! ,prie/-,k+1 ?y fav\rite''' ) ,?y belov$ ! ,fa!r ( ! gods40#hd4b ,! belov$ wife naturally plays ! ,madonna "p ( ! int]cessor2 ?us ,sanh]ib prays t ,n9lil 8! consort ( ,a%ur1 ! "m ( ! great gods1 may daily speak a fav\rable ^w = ,sanh]ib1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 be=e ,a%ur40#hd4c ,b ! int]cessor is n supreme2 & 9 spite ( ! great p[] ( ,i%t> & ! f]v5t #he devotion %e ar\s$1 ! /ate-pan!on is pr$om9antly mascul9e4 ,nor c we1 look+ at ! anci5t records ( ! o!r ,semitic peoples1 :i* are (t5 too scanty to dogmatise ab\t1 safely speak ( ! supremacy ( ! goddess 9 any ,semitic community1 except 9 ,sidon4 ,all t we f9d ev]y:]e1 except among ! ,israelites1 is a goddess by ! side ( a god4 ,accord+ to ,web]1 9 8 treatise1 8,arabi5 vor dem ,islam10#he4a ! aborig9al god ( all ! ,semites :5 !y 7 9 ! nomadic condition 0 ! moon-god2 & ! male div9ity is n[h]e f\nd to be displac$4 ,he is prom95t among ! poly!i/ic ,arabs "u ! "n ,a?t>4#he4b ,"s ( ! ,arab deities 9 ,nor? ,arabia are reveal$ to u 9 an inscription dat+ probably f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 :i* m5tions ! gods ,salm1 ,sangala1 ,asira1 & ( ^! ,salm 0 evid5tly a w>-god1 z he is repres5t$ on a relief ) a spe>4#he4c ,! ,aramaic inscriptions only reveal ! goddess ,i%t> by ! side ( _m p[]ful gods su* z ,ramman1 ,adad ! god ( /orms1 ,%ama% ! sun-god1 ,re%ef ! god ( lightn+ & w>1 ,baal-*>ran ! ,"l ( ,h>ran4#he4d ,an eigh?-c5tury ,aramaic inscription f\nd at ,s9j]li 9 ,nor? ,syria1 writt5 9 ! reign ( ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii41 m5tions no goddess1 b reg>ds ! k+s z "u ! protection ( ,hadad1 ,elre%ef1 & ,%ama%4#he4e ,ev5 9 ,canaan & ,pho5icia we h no reason to say t ,a/>te rose above ,baal2 su* an epi!t z 8! ,face ( ,baal0 appe>s to ma9ta9 ! supremacy ( ! ,god4 ,9 ,moab we h #hf ! evid5ce ( ! ,me%a /one1 :i* m5tions ! div9e pair ,a%tor-,*emo%1 & 9 ,numb]s#hf4a ! ,moabites are call$ ! p ( ,*emo%4 ,b we h ,pho5ician inscriptions ( ! p]iod ( ,p]sian supremacy 9 :i* ! k+ ( ,byblos1 ,ja*umelek1 speaks ( himself z rais$ to ! k+dom by ! ,baalat1 ! que5-goddess ( t /ate2 & he prays to h] t ! que5 may give him fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! gods & 9 ! eyes ( ! p ( 8 l&4#hf4b ,a/>te 0 p> excell5ce ! city-goddess ( ,sidon1 & on ! lat] ,imp]ial co9age we see h] image drawn 9 a c>4 ,two repres5tations ( h] h be5 f\nd1 9 "o ( :i* %e is seat$ 9 front ( ! k+1#hf4c ! o!r %[s h] embrac+ him4#hf4d ,k+ ,tabnit ( ,sidon1 ^: s>cophagus is 9 ! ,museum ( ,con/ant9ople1 /yles himself 8prie/ ( ,a/>te1 ,k+ ( ! ,sidonians40#hf4e ,b 9 ! o!r ,pho5ician settlem5ts1 su* z ,tyre1 ,cyprus1 & ,c>?age1 ! memorials ( ! male div9ity1 :e!r ,baal1 ,baal ,sam91 ,baal ,ammon1 ,re%ef ,mikal1 ,esmun-,melq>t1 are at lea/ z conspicu\s4 ,x is likely t at c]ta9 places 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ! ,semites 7 t\*$ by ! influ5ces ( ! aborig9al ,aegean goddess's cult2 ?is may well h be5 ! case at ,sidon1 & /ill m probably at ,askalon1 & x may h p5etrat$ z f> z ,bambyke4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 we may conclude t among ! e>ly ,semites ! male div9ity 0 dom9ant4 ,& if we c\ld believe t ?is is a reflection 9 _! !ology ( ! patri>*al sy/em 9 society1 let u obs]ve t ! e>lie/ ,babylonian #hg evid5ce proves t ! patri>*al type ( family 0 dom9ant 9 ,babylonia 9 ! ?ird mill5nium4 ,pass+ ov] to ! non-,semitic gr\p ( ,anatolian cults1 & consid]+ fir/ ! ,hittite1 we h ample evid5ce 9 ! great relief ( ,boghaz-,keui ( ! importance ( ! goddess2 & x may well be1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] has conjectur$1 t t monum5t1 on :i* we see ! great god borne on ! %\ld]s ( 8 wor%ipp]s to meet ! goddess on ! lion1 gives u ! sc5e ( a ,holy m>riage4#hg4a ,we f9d ! male & female div9ity unit$ 9 a common wor%ip on a relief f\nd ne> ,caes>ea 9 ! middle ( ,cappadocia1 on ! left side ( :i* is depict$ a w>rior-god /&+ be=e a pill>-%ap$ alt>1 :ile a man 9 ! guise ( a w>rior is p\r+ a libation be=e him2 on ! "r is a simil> sc5e1 mak+ libation be=e a seat$ goddess1 on ^: alt> a bird is seat$4#hg4b ,besides ?is1 we h ano!r type ( goddess %[n u on a ,hittite votive-relief1 on :i* is c>v$ a l>ge seat$ female figure ) a *ild on h] knees2 we may surely int]pret ?is z a 4#hg4c ,aga91 on two ( ! reliefs at ,euzuk we f9d a seat$ goddess hold+ a goblet & approa*$ ) pray]s1 libations1 & o!r (f]+s by prie/ & prie/ess1#hg4d & we may v5ture to add to ?is li/ ( ,hittite types ! my/]i\s veil$ goddess f\nd by ,von ,opp5heim at ,tel-,halaf 9 ,mesopotamia on ! ,*abur1 a bran* ( ,euphrates1 ) an inscription conta9+ ! "n ,as%ur1 a "w :i*1 on ! evid5ce ( o!r cunei=m inscriptions f\nd on ! site1 he w\ld date ne> to #hh #ijj ,b4,c4#hh4a ,b ?is evid5ce 9 no way am\nts to any pro( or af=ds any sugge/ion ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! goddess--& ! ,tel-,el-,am>na correspond5ce ( ! ,hittite k+s implies t ! male & female div9ity 7 l9k$ 9 an equal union 9 ! ,hittite religion4 ,! text ( ! treaty betwe5 ,rameses ,,ii4 & ! ,kheta 7circ4 #abij ,b4,c47 includes v>i\s sun-gods1 ,sutekh1 ! ,egyptian "n = ! ,hittite w>-god1 & ,an!ret 7possibly a =m ( ! "n ,a/oret71 & o!r goddesses call$ 8! ,que5 ( ,heav51 ! ,mi/ress ( ! ,soil1 ! ,mi/ress ( ,m\nta9s40#hh4b ,c we draw any conclusions f t extraord9>y monum5t f ,fassirlir#hh4c on ! bord]s ( ,lycaonia & ,pisidia1 repres5t+ a "y god 9 a high cap t sugge/s ,hittite fa%ion1 /&+ on ! neck ( a /oop+ goddess at ^: side are two lions8 ,?is might seem a nave indication ( male supremacy2 b ! sex ( ! support+ figure does n seem cle>4#hh4d ,com+ n[ to ! ,asia-,m9or %ore1 :]e 9 ! fir/ mill5nium ,b4,c4 ! ,hell5ic colonisation & culture fl\ri%$1 we f9d ! traces ( a great goddess-cult discov]able on e important site2 ?\gh record$ only by lat] writ]s1 z a rule1 & int]pret$ to u by ! lat] ,greek names1 su* z ,artemis1 ,leto1 ,aphrodite1 m r>ely ,a!na1 we c /ill disc]n cle>ly t %e belongs to a pre-,hell5ic /ock4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is c be ga!r$ f _m s\rces1 & x is unnecess>y #hi to detail x "h4 ,:at is m important1 & n s easy1 is to detect cle> pro( ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! goddess ov] ! god1 a ph5om5on t has n yet pres5t$ itself cle>ly 9 ! ,semitic communities1 except at ,sidon & p]haps ,byblos4 ,we f9d goddess-cult 9 ,cilicia1 :]e 8,artemis ,s>p$onia0 is a "n t trails ) x ,m9oan associations2#hi4a b1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] has po9t$ out1#hi4b at lea/ at ,t>sos & ,olba x appe>s t ! male deity 0 ! dom9ant p[]4 ,at ! =m] city a long s]ies ( co9s atte/s ! supremacy ( ,baal-,t>s & ,s&on-,h]akles4 ,at ,olba ! rul+ prie/hood 7 call$ ! 1 & claim desc5t f ,teukros & ,aias1 b ,greek inscriptions giv+ su* names z 8,teukros0 ! prie/1 son ( ,t>ku>is1 support ! view t ,teukros is a ,hell5isation ( ! div9e ,hittite "n ,t>ku4 ,x is 9 ,lycia :]e we ought1 9 accordance ) a popul> !ory1 to f9d ! cle>e/ pro( ( goddess-supremacy2 = we "k t ! ,lycians _h ! matril9e> family sy/em1 & ?is 0 suppos$ by ,rob]tson ,smi? to lead logically to t religi\s product4#hi4c ,& rec5tly we h he>d ,pr(essor ,wilam[itz#hi4d brilliantly exp\nd ! !ory t ,leto 0 ! aborig9al "m-goddess ( ,lycia1 call$ !re 9 ! ,lycian tongue 8,lada10 & wor%ipp$ z supreme ) h] son ,apollo1 bo? ( :om ! ,hell5es f\nd !re1 & :ile !y trans=m$ ,lada 8! ,lady-goddess0 into ,leto1 surnam$ ,apollo 1 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,lycian rule ( call+ a son aft] 8 "m4 ,& :]e a son is wor%ipp$ m]ely z ! son ( 8 #ij "m1 we may reg>d ! "m-goddess z supreme4 ,! !ory ab\t ,apollo's ,lycian orig91 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 contradicts all ! important facts1 does n conc]n u "h4 ,x is 8 view t ,leto is ! aborig9al & p>am\nt div9ity ( ,lycia :i* we w\ld wi% to te/4 ,s f> z x re/s on ! equation betwe5 ,leto & ,lada1 its philology is bad2 =1 z ,dr4 ,c[ley has po9t$ out on ! evid5ce ( ,lycian-,greek transcrib$ names1 ! ,greeks w\ld n h transcrib$ ,lada z ,leto4 ,fur!rmore1 ! geography ( ! ,leto-cult gives no vraisemblance to ! !ory ( its ,lycian orig92 nei!r h we any pro( at all ( ! cult ( any goddess 9 ,lycia at an e>ly p]iod1 ?\gh no d\bt x exi/$2 ! co9 ( ,myra1 %[+ a goddess em]g+ f ! split trunk ( a tree1#ij4a is ( ! ,imp]ial p]iod1 b pres]ves an anci5t leg5d & an ar*aic idol-type4 ,b ! e>lie/ fact ( ,lycian religion record$ is ! pr$om9ance ( ,apollo1 & ! ,lycians ma9ta9$ him z _! *ief div9ity ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory & long aft] ! v e>ly influ5ces ( ,hell5ic colonisation _h wan$4 ,! inscriptions ( ,lycia t m5tion ,leto are all ( ! lat] p]iod2 h] temple ne> ,xan?os & h] two holy groves on ! coa/ t ,/rabo m5tions#ij4b are j on ! track along :i* ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic influ5ce travell$3 & ! mo/ t5able view is t ! ,hell5es introduc$ h]4 ,9 ,c>ia1 at ,labr&a1 & aga9 9 ! vic9ity ( ,/ratonikeia1 we h pro( ( ! e>ly supremacy ( a great god :om ! ,hell5es call$ ,zeus1 atta*+ to him 9 ! latt] c5tre ( cult ! ,c>ian "n ( ,panam>os1 & associat+ him ) a native goddess call$ ,h]a or #ia ,hekate1 :o did n claim to be ! pr$om9ant p>tn]4#ia4a ,x is n till we come to ! neighb\rhood ( ,ephesos t we c speak positively ( goddess-supremacy4 ,artemis1 z ! ,greeks call$ h] "h1 is admitt$ly 1 ! fir/ 9 p[] & 9 place4 ,h] bro!r ,apollo himself s]v$ z ! ( ! ,artemis ( ,magnesia1 t is1 z h] (ficiat+ magi/rate1#ia4b & ,artemis ( ,magnesia we may take to be ! same aborig9al goddess z ! ,ephesian4 ,c]ta9 features ( h] wor%ip w be consid]$ lat] 9 a comp>ative survey ( ritual & cult-ideas4 ,i w only indicate "h ! abs5ce ( any pro( ( ! ,semitic orig9s ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis1#ia4c & ! associations t l9k h] ) ! great "m-goddess ( ,phrygia4 ,:5 we rea* ! area )9 :i* ?is latt] cult & its cognate =ms prevail$1 we c posit ! pr$om9ance ( ! goddess z a sali5t fact ( ! popul> religion impr9t+ indelible traits ^u ! religi\s physiognomy ( ! p4 ,! god ,attis 0 de> to ! aborig9al ,phrygian z to ! lat] g5]ations1 b he 0 only ! boy-lov]1 ! "y son :o di$ & rose aga94 ,! great goddess 0 supreme & et]nal2 & h] p[] spread into ,lydia1 ,cappadocia1 ,pontus1 & ,galatia1 & f> & wide 9 ! lat] p]iod across ! sea4 #ib ,h] c\nt]p>t 9 ,cappadocia 0 ,m1 ! great goddess ( ,comana1 9 ^: wor%ip we he> no?+ ( ! male div9ity4 ,9 ?is wide area1 gov]n$ by ! religion ( ! ,great ,"m1 we c trace a simil> ritual & some?+ ( ! same religi\s psy*ology 9 ! v>i\s peoples3 orgia/ic liturgy & ec/atic passion1 a crav+ = complete id5tification ) ! goddess t l$ to acts ( sexual madness su* z emasculation2 also a m>k$ tone ( sorr[ & t5d]ness 9 ! leg5ds & religi\s s]vice4 ,9 foll[+ back to its f\nta9-head ! orig9s ( ?is cult1 we are l$ inevitably to ,m9oan ,crete4 ,!re are _m l9ks reveal$ bo? by leg5d & cult t associate ,crete ) ! c\ntry adjac5t to ! ,troad1 ) ,lydia & ,c>ia4 ,& we may t5tatively hold to ! dogma t ,kybele-,rhea1 ,hipta ( ,lydia1 :o appe>s n[ z a virg91 n[ z a "m-goddess1 ,m :o appe>s 9 ,c>ia1 b ^: *ief hi/oric c5tre 0 ,comana ( ,cappadocia1 7 all desc5d$ f or specialis$ =ms ( an aborig9al ,aegean or ,anatolian goddess ^: cult 0 also ma9ta9$ by ! ,hittites4 ,( h] nature & ritual ,i may speak lat]4 ,i am only conc]n$ "h ) ! correctness ( ! view put =w>d by ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans4#ib4a 8,x is probable t 9 ! ,myc5aean religion z 9 ! lat] ,phrygian1 ! female aspect ( div9ity pr$om9at$1 fitt+ on1 z x seems to h1 d[n to ! matri>*al sy/em4 ,! male div9ity is n s mu* ! consort z ! son or ! y\?ful fav\rite40 ,if we put aside ! sugge/ion ( a matri>*al !ory "h1 ! ma9 idea 9 ?is judgm5t accords g5]ally ) ! evid5ce t ! au?or ( x has himself done mo/ to accumulate & to pres5t to u4 ,x is #ic n insignificant t ! e>lie/ type ( ,aegean idol 9 exi/5ce is t ( a goddess1 n a god2 & 9 ! m develop$ ,m9oan p]iod ! repres5tations ( ! goddess are m frequ5t & m impos+ ?an ^? ( ! god2 :ile 9 ! few sc5es ( cult :]e ! male deity appe>s 9 h] company1 he appe>s 9 a subord9ate position1 ei!r 9 a corn] ( ! field or /&+ be=e h] ?rone4#ic4a ,& a /rong curr5t ( e>ly ,greek leg5d induces u to believe t :5 ! e>lie/ ,hell5es rea*$ ,crete !y f\nd a p[]ful goddess-cult ov]%ad[+ ! isl&1 associat$ ) ! figure ( a "y or infant god3 h5ce spread ! ,cretan wor%ip ( ,rhea & ! 1 & h5ce !re came to a few places on ! ,hell5ic ma9l&1 :]e ,m9oan influ5ce 0 /rong1 ! cult & ! cult-leg5d ( ! infant ,zeus4#ic4b ,yet we mu/ n /ra9 ! evid5ce too f>2 besides ! y\?ful or infant ,cretan god1 !re may h be5 ! p[]ful cult ( a fa!r-god z well4 ,on ?ree monum5ts we cat* a glimpse ( ! arm$ deity ( ! sky4#ic4c ,:at is m important is ! prom95ce ( ! d\ble-head$ axe 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,m9oan palace2 & ?is mu/ be a feti*i/ic emblem my/ically associat$ ) ! ?und]-god1 ?\gh occasionally ! goddess might borr[ x4 ,! prom95ce & great vogue ( ?is religi\s emblem detracts some:at f ! weight ( ! evid5ce z po9t+ to ! supremacy ( ! female div9e p>tn]4 ,x is ,zeus1 n ,rhea1 t inspir$ ,m9os1 z ,jahw inspir$ ,moses1 & ,%ama% ,hammurabbi4 ,yet ! view is probably "r on ! :ole t ! "m-goddess 0 a m frequ5t figure 9 #id ! ,m9oan s]vice1 & 0 ne>] & de>] to ! p4 ,may we also reg>d h] z ! prototype ( all ! lead+ ,hell5ic goddesses8 ,! consid]ation ( ?is "q w br+ ?is p>ticul> l9e ( inquiry to a close4 ,if we f9d goddess-supremacy among ! e>ly ,hell5es1 %all we int]pret x z an ,aryan-,hell5ic tradition1 or z an ali5 & borr[$ trait 9 _! composite religion8 ,if borr[$1 are !y m likely to h d]iv$ x f ! ,ea/ or f _! imm$iate pr$ecessors 9 ! regions ( ,aegean culture8 ,! latt] "q1 if x arises1 we ought to be able to answ] at la/4 ,we might gu>d ourselves at ! outset aga9/ ! uncritical dogma :i* has be5 proclaim$ at times t ! goddesses 9 ! v>i\s ,aryan poly!isms 7 all ali51 & borr[$ f ! pre-,aryan peoples 9 ^: l&s !y settl$4 ,any c>eful /udy ( ! ,v$ic & old-,g]manic1 ,phrygo-,?racian religions c refute ?is wild /atem5t3 ! wide preval5ce 9 ,europe ( ! wor%ip ( 8,"m ,e>?10 :i* ,pr(essor ,diet]i*'s treatise e/abli%es1#id4a is suffici5t evid5ce 9 itself4 ,nor c\ld we believe t ! e>ly ,aryans 7 unmov$ by an an?ropomorphic law ( ! religi\s imag9ation t is almo/ univ]sally op]ative4 ,! ,hell5ic ,aryans1 !n1 mu/ be suppos$ to h br\ght c]ta9 ( _! own goddesses into ,greece1 & p]haps philology w be able "o day to tell u :o exactly !y 74 ,on l+ui/ic & o!r gr\nds1 ,dione & ,demet] may be accept$ z prov$ly old ,hell5ic3 on ! same gr\nds1 probably1 ,h]a2 also ! "n & cult ( ,he/ia is c]ta9ly 8,aryan10#id4b only we #ie d>e n call h] 9 ! e>lie/1 & sc>cely at any p]iod1 a true p]sonal goddess4 ,n[1 !re is a fur!r important induction t we may confid5tly make3 at ! p]iod :5 ! ,aryan conqu]ors 7 pu%+ _! way into ,aegean l&s & ! ,indo-,iranians into ! ,punjaub & ,mesopotamia1 !y _h a religi\s bias mak+ = ! supremacy ( ! ,fa!r-,god & aga9/ ! supremacy ( ! goddess4 ,we c detect ! same in/9ct also 9 ! old ,g]manic pan!on4#ie4a ,its op]ation is mo/ visible :5 ! ,?rako-,phrygian /ock1 & _! c\s9s ! ,bi?ynian1 broke into ! nor? ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ! regions on ! s\? ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,! god-cult !y br+ ) !m cla%es ) ! aborig9al &--z x prov$--inv9cible supremacy ( ! goddess l9k$ to h] div9e boy3 we he> ( su* /range cult-products z ,attis-1 ,fa!r ,attis1 & "o ( ! old ,aryan titles ( ! ,high ,god appe>s 9 ! ,phrygian ,zeus 1 ,bagha 9 old ,p]sian & ,bog 9 ,slavonic mean+ deity4 ,! ,aryan h]o-ance/or ( ! ,phrygian /ock1 ,manes1 :om ,sir ,william ,ramsay believes to be id5tical ) ! god ,m51 becomes ! fa!r ( ,atys2#ie4b also we h lat] pro( ( ! p[]ful cult ( ,zeus ! ,?und]]1 ,zeus ! ,lead] ( ,ho/s1 9 ?is region ( ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,ano!r induction t ,i v5ture1 p]haps incauti\sly1 to make1 is t 9 no ,aryan poly!ism is !re to be f\nd ! wor%ip ( an isolat$ or virg9-goddess1 keep+ ap>t f relations ) ! male #if deity3 ! goddesses 9 ,india1 ,g]many1 ,irel&1 ,gaul1#if4a ,?race1 & ,phrygia are usually associat$ tempor>ily or p]man5tly ) ! male div9ity1 & are popul>ly reg>d$ z mat]nal1 if n z w$d$4 ,tru/+ to ! guidance ( ^! two inductions1 & always consci\s ( ! lacunae 9 our records1 we may draw ?is important conclusion conc]n+ ! e>lie/ religi\s hi/ory ( ,hellas3 namely1 t :]e we f9d ! p[]ful cult ( an isolat$ goddess1 %e belongs to ! pre-,hell5ic population4 ,! axiom applies at once & mo/ =cibly to ,artemis & ,a!na2 ! "o dom9ant 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,arcadia & ,attica1 ! o!r ! exclusive deity ( ! ,attic ,acropolis4 ,_! virg9al "* 0 probably a lat] idea aris+ f _! isolation1 _! av]sion to cult-p>tn]%ip ) ! male deity4#if4b ,! ,aryan ,hell5es 7 able to plant _! ,zeus & ,poseidon on ! high hill ( ,a!ns1 b n to ov]?r[ ! supremacy ( ,a!na 9 ! c5tral %r9e & 9 ! aborig9al s\l ( ! ,a!nian p4 ,z reg>ds ,h]a1 ! "q is m difficult3 ! excavations at ! ,h]aeum h be5 suppos$ by ,dr4 ,wald/e9 to prove ! wor%ip ( a great goddess on t site1 go+ back 9 "t to ! ?ird mill5nium ,b4,c41#if4c a p]iod ant]ior to ! adv5t ( ! god-wor%ipp+ ,aryan ,hell5es4 ,& ?is goddess rema9$ #ig dom9ant ?r\gh all hi/ory at ,argos & ,samos4 ,b we h no reason = suppos+ t h] "n 0 ,h]a 9 t e>lie/ p]iod4 ,phonetically1 ! ^w is be/ expla9$ z 8,aryan03 if x 0 orig9ally ! "n br\ght by ! ,hell5es & designat+ ! wife-goddess ( ! sky-god--& 9 spite ( rec5t !ories t contradict x ,i /ill incl9e to ?is view--! ,hell5es c\ld apply x to ! great goddess ( ! ,argolid1 unless h] av]sion to matrimony 0 a dogma1 or h] religi\s isolation a privilege1 too /rong to infr+e4 ,?is does n seem to h be5 ! case4 ,! goddess ( ,samian cult1 a tw9-in/itution ) ! ,argive1 0 no virg91 b unit$ ) ! sky-god 9 an old 4 ,nev]!less1 ?r\gh\t all hi/ory ! goddess 9 ,argos1 & probably 9 ,samos1 is a m p[]ful cult-figure ?an ! god4 ,z reg>ds ,aphrodite1 few /ud5ts ( ,greek religion w\ld n[ assign h] to ! orig9al ,aryan-,hell5ic poly!ism4 ,mo/ /ill reg>d h] z com+ to ! ,greek p f ! ,semitic area ( ! ,a/>te cult4 ,& ?is 0 ! view t ,i =m]ly develop$ 9 ! second volume ( my ,cults4 ,b at t "t we 7 all ignorant ( ! facts ( ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion1 & "s ( u 7 deceiv$ conc]n+ ! antiquity ( ! ,pho5ician settlem5ts 9 ,cyprus & ,hellas4 ,! rec5tly discov]$ evid5ce po9ts1 ,i ?9k1 inevitably to ! !ory t ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans supports2 t ! goddess ( ,cyprus1 ! isl& :]e ! old ,m9oan culture liv$ longe/1 is "o =m ( ! great goddess ( t gift$ ,aegean p1 :o _h develop$ h] into v>i\s manife/ations ?r\gh long c5turies ( undi/urb$ religi\s life4 ,let u f9ally obs]ve t x is j ^! names1 ,artemis1 ,a!na1 ,aphrodite1 t h hi!rto defi$ l+ui/ic #ih explanation on ei!r ,aryan or ,semitic phonetic pr9ciples4 ,we d n yet "k ! language ( ,k+ ,m9os4 ,a cursory & dogmatic answ] may n[ be giv5 to ! two que/ions pos$ above4 ,! ,aryan ,hell5es did n br+ ) !m ! supremacy ( ! goddess1 = ! idea 0 n natural to !m3 !y did n borr[ x f any ,semitic p 9 ! second mill5nium1 = at t "t x 0 n natural to ! ,semites3 !y f\nd x on ! soil ( ! ,aegean l&s1 z a native gr[? ( an old ,m$it]ranean religion1 a /rong plant t may be buri$ "u ! deposits ( ali5 cre$s1 b is always =c+ its head up to ! light aga94 ,!re=e 9 trac+ goddess-cult f ! ,euphrates valley to ! we/]n ,aegean %ores1 z a te/ ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/ on ! ,we/1 we are br\ght up %>ply at ?is po9t4 ,! ,we/]n _w is divid$ f ! ,ea/]n by ?is v ph5om5on t ! old] s*ol>s us$ to reg>d z prov+ a connection4 ,& x may well h be5 ! ,we/]n cult t influ5c$ ! we/]n ,semites4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,deities z ,nature-,p[]s4 #ii ,s f> z we h gone our ma9 "q mu/ be /ill reg>d$ z an op5 "o4 ,we may n[ comp>e ! p>ticul> conceptions conc]n+ div9ity t prevail$ at ! p]iod to :i* our se>* is limit$1 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates1 & 9 ! o!r communities t are 9 our r\te ( comp>ison4 ,_m /rik+ po9ts ( g5]al simil>ity w pres5t !mselves1 ^u :i* we mu/ n lay too mu* weight = our argum5t1 s9ce all poly!isms possess a c]ta9 family lik5ess3 ( m importance w be c]ta9 /rik+ly dissimil> features1 if we f9d any4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al concepts or *>act]s ( ! div9ities1 ! same =mula seems ma9ly applicable to ! ,mesopotamian z to ! ,hell5ic facts3 ! lead+ div9ities h usually "s di/9ct association ) ! _w ( nature2 b ! natural ph5om5on or elem5tal fact t may be !re 9 ! backgr\nd ( _! p]sonality1 becomes ov]laid & obscur$ by ! complex e?ical & m5tal traits t are evolv$4 ,!re=e ! m]e nature-fact r>ely expla9s ! fully-develop$ god1 ei!r ( ,babylon or ( ,hellas4 ,a few sali5t examples w make ?is cle>4 ,x is only p]haps ,%ama% ! sun-god ( ,sipp>1 & ,s9 ! moon-god ( ,ur1 t reta9 _! nature-significance r>ely obscur$4 ,! hymn to ,s9 9 ,dr4 ,langdon's #ajj collection reveals an intelligible lun> imag]y ?r\gh\t2 b 9 ano!r publi%$ by ,zimm]n1#ajj4a 8 p]sonality becomes m spiritual & my/ical2 he is at once 8! "m-body :o be>s all life1 & ! pitiful graci\s fa!r10 ! div9ity :o has creat$ ! l& & f\nd$ temples2 "u ! ,assyrian rgime he seems to h become a god ( w>4#ajj4b ,%ama% ev5 surpasses him 9 gr&eur & religi\s value1 s f> z we c judge f ! docum5ts2 b 8 :ole e?ical & spiritual "*1 cle>ly articulat$ z x is1 c be logically evolv$ f 8 sol>4 ,b 9 /udy+ ! *>act]s ( ,m>duk & ,n]gal1 = in/ance1 we feel t ! physical !ories ( _! orig9 help u b little1 & are at times self-contradictory2 & x might be well = ,assyriologi/s to take note ( ! confusion & d>kness t simil> !ories h spread 9 ?is doma9 ( ,hell5ic /udy4 ,?us we are told t ! ,sun 9 ! old ,sum]ian-,babylonian sy/em gave bir? to v>i\s special p]sonalities1 repres5t+ v>i\s aspects ( him3 ,m>duk is ! spr+-sun1 rejoic+ 9 8 /r5g?1 al?\gh 8 connection ) ,%ama% does n seem specially close2 yet ,j]emias1 :o expresses ?is op9ion1#ajj4c believes also t ,m>duk is a /orm-god1 because 88 ^w c %ake ! sea40 ,%all we say1 !n1 t ,jahw is a /orm-god 8because ! voice ( ! ,"l %ake? ! c$>-trees08 ,! phrase is q innoc5t if we only mean by x t any & e p]sonal ,god c\ld s5d a /orm2 x becomes ( d\btful value if x signifies "h t ,m>duk is an imp]sonation ( ! /orm4 ,! texts seem sometimes to contradict ea* o!r2 ,n9ib1 = in/ance1 #aja is reg>d$ by ,j]emias#aja4a z ! ris+ sun1 on ! gr\nd ( c]ta9 phrases 9 8 hymn ( praise2 b ! concept ( him z a /orm-god is m sali5t 9 ! olde/ texts1 & ?us he is pre-em95tly a deity ( de/ruction & dea?1 & becomes specially an ,assyrian w>-god4 ,does x help u if we imag9e him orig9ally z ! ,/orm-,sun1 z ,j5s5 w\ld h u8 or is x n all[able to suspect t sol> t]ms ( religi\s description became a lat] ,babylonian conv5tion1 & t any deity might attract !m8 ,n]gal1 aga91 ! god ( ,ku?a1 has be5 suppos$ to h _h a sol> orig91 z ! god ( ! midday & de/ructive sun2#aja4b yet 8 special realm is ,hades1 :]e he rul$ by ! side ( ! goddess ,allatu1 & 8 "n is d\btfully int]pret$ z ! ,"l ( ! ,great ,habitation1 & ?us he is reg>d$ z a god ( disease & dea?4 ,?is did n h9d] him f becom+ ) ,n9ib ! great w>-god ( ! ,assyrians & _! god ( ! *ase1 nor a pi\s ,babylonian poet f exalt+ him z 8,god ( ! little ones1 he ( ! b5evol5t visage40#aja4c ,9 "o ( ! ,tel-,el-,am>na texts he is designat$ by an ideogram1 t almo/ c]ta9ly means 8! god ( iron40#aja4d ,?is la/ fact1 if correct1 is an illu/ration ( t :i* a g5]al survey ( ! ,babylonian texts at la/ impresses ^u u3 ! physical orig9 ( ! deity1 if he _h "o1 does n (t5 %ape & control 8 :ole c>e]2 ! high god gr[s into manifold =ms1 dilates into a v>i$ spiritual p]sonality1 progresses ) ! life ( 8 p1 reflects new aspects ( life1 altoge!r indep5d5tly ( any physical idea ( him t may h orig9ally prevail$4 ,adad1 ! #ajb god ( /orms1 becomes a god ( prophecy1 & is address$ z a god ( m]cy 9 ! fragm5t ( a hymn4#ajb4a ,ea ! god ( wat]s becomes p> excell5ce ! god ( wisdom1 n because wat]s are wise1 b probably because ,eridu1 ! seat ( 8 cult1 0 an immemorial home ( anci5t wisdom1 t is to say1 magic4 ,z = ! great ,nebo ( ,borsippa1 ,j]emias1#ajb4b :o is o!rwise devot$ to sol> !ories1 has "s good rem>ks on ! abs5ce ( any sign ( 8 nature-orig93 8 ideogram designates 8! prophet10 9 8 e>lie/ "* he is ! writ]1 8 symbol is ! 8/ilus0 ( ! scribe4 ,yet he does n conf9e himself to writ+3 he is int]e/$ 9 vegetation1 & eulogis$ 9 "o hymn z 8he :o op5e? ! spr+s & cause? ! corn to spr\t1 he )\t :om ! dykes & canals w\ld run dry40 ,surely ?is int]e/ comes to him1 n f ! planet ,m]cury1#ajb4c b f 8 wisdom & 8 conc]n ) ,babylonian civilisation1 :i* dep5d$ ^u dykes & canals4 ,we are pres5t$ "h ) a progressive poly!ism1 t is1 "o ( :i* ! div9ities %[ ! p[] ( self-developm5t p>allel ) ! self-developm5t ( ! p4 ,! "q we h j be5 consid]+1 ! physical "* ( ! ,babylonian deities 9 relation to _! :ole p]sonality1 sugge/s two la/ reflections4 ,_! gods h a c]ta9 relation to ! planets1 :i* is pres]v$ ev5 9 our mod]n a/ronomy4 ,t ! e>ly ,sum]ians wor%ipp$ />s is probable1#ajb4d z ! ,sum]ian sign = div9ity is a />2 b t ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian high gods 7 p]sonal =ms ( ! planets1 is d5i$ by lead+ mod]n ,assyriologi/s1#ajc4a #ajc except 9 ! case ( ! sun & ! moon1 ,%ama% & ,s94 ,x 0 only ! ,*aldaean a/ronomic !ory t came to reg>d ! v>i\s planets 9 _! v>y+ positions z special manife/ations ( ! p[]s ( ! diff]5t p]sonal gods2 & ! same planet might be a manife/ation1 accord+ to its diff]5t positions1 ( diff]5t gods3 ! 8/> ,jupit] at "o po9t is ,m>duk1 at ano!r po9t ,nebo02 ?is dogma is f\nd on a sev5?-c5tury tablet1 :i* decl>es at ! same "t t 8,m]cury0 is ,nebo4#ajc4b ,?is planet>y association ( ! deities is well illu/rat$ by ! memorial relief ( ,as>haddon f\nd at ,s9j]li1 & ! relief ( ,maltaija1 %[+ />s cr[n+ _! heads2#ajc4c b bo? ^! are lat] ?an ! p]iod ) :i* we are "h imm$iately conc]n$4 ,la/ly1 we fail to obs]ve 9 t doma9 ( ! old ,babylonian religion :i* may be call$ nature-wor%ip1 any cle> wor%ip ( ! e>? reg>d$ z a p]sonal & liv+ be+1 z ! ,hell5es reg>d$ ,gaia4 ,! great goddesses1 ,i%t>1 ! goddess at once w>like & luxuri\s1 virg9 & yet un*a/e1 t]rible & m]ciful1 ! bright virg9 ( ! sky1 ,bau1 ! wife ( ,n9ib1 ! 8amor\s lady ( heav510 are c]ta9ly n ( ?is "*4 ,/ill less is ,allatu1 ! mon/r\s & grim ,que5 ( ,hell1 at ^: brea/ ! lions are suckl$4 ,x seems t if ! e>ly ,sum]ians conceiv$ ! e>? z a p]sonal div9ity at all1 !y imag9$ x z a male div9ity4 ,= 9 ! inscriptions ( ,nippur1 ,enlil or ,bel appe>s z a ,"l ( ! und]world1 #ajd mean+ our e>? z di/9ct f ! heav5s3 he is hymn$ z ! 8"l ( ! h>ve/-l&s1 "l ( ! gra9-fields0#ajd4a--;he is ! 8husb&man :o t5ds ! fields02 :5 ,enlil is angry1 8he s5ds hung] ev]y:]e40 ,9 ano!r hymn he is ?us describ$3 8,! great ,e>?-,m\nta9 is ,enlil1 ! m\nta9-/orm is he1 ^: %\ld]s rival ! heav5s1 ^: f\ndation is ! bright abyss02#ajd4b & aga91 8,"l1 :o make/ to ab\nd pure oil & n\ri%+ milk2''' 9 ! e>? ,"l ( life art ?\02 8to give life to ! gr\nd ?\ do/ exi/40#ajd4c ,x is evid5t t ,enlil is m ?an ! p]sonal e>? reg>d$ z a solid sub/ance2 he is r ! god ( all ! =ces & life t move on & 9 ! e>?1 h5ce he is 8! "l ( w9ds40#ajd4d ,he is m1 !n1 ?an ! m]e equival5t ( ,gaia4 ,"o might h expect$ to f9d a ,sum]ian c\nt]p>t = ?is goddess 9 ,n9lil or ,belit1 ! wife & female d\ble ( ,enlil or ,bel3 b 9 an inscription t is dat$ z e>ly z #djjj ,b4,c4 %e is /yl$ 8,! ,que5 ( ,heav5 & ,e>?10#ajd4e & ?\gh 9 a hymn ( lam5tation address$ to h]#ajd4f %e is describ$ z ! goddess 8:o cause? plants to come =?10 yet ! ec/atic & my/icis+ ,babylonian imag9ation has veil$ & cl\d$ h] nature-aspect4 ,?is /range religi\s poetry :i* _h be5 f]m5t+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 0 likely en\gh to trans=m pa/ recognition ! simple aborig9al fact4 ,x is only ! less] deities1 ! 8,sond]gtt]0 ( ! ,sum]ian pan!on1 ^: nature-functions might rema9 cle> & un*ang$3 = in/ance1 su* a corn-deity z we see on a cyl9d]1 ) corn-e>s 9 #aje 8 h& & corn-/alks spr++ f 8 %\ld]s4#aje4a ,ev5 ! simple =m ( ,tammuz1 ! d>l+ ( ! ,sum]ian p1 has be5 some:at blurr$ by ! poetry ( passion t = long ages 0 wov5 ab\t him4 ,z ,zimm]n has %[n 9 a rec5t treatise1#aje4b he 0 nev] ! *ief deity ( any ,babylonian or ,assyrian /ate1 b nev]!less "o ( great antiquity & p[] ) ! ,sum]ian p1 & 8 cult & /ory 7 d\btless spread+ we/w>d 9 ! second mill5nium4 ,9 spite ( all accretions & ! obscurity ( 8 "n1 :i* is int]pret$ to mean 8real son ( ! wat]-deep10#aje4c we c /ill recognise ! =m ( ! "y god ( vegetation :o dies 9 ! heat ( ! summ] sol/ice & desc5ds to ! _w bel[1 leav+ ! e>? b>r5 till he returns4 ,?is idea is express$ by "s ( 8 names1 8! ,"l ( ! l&'s fruitfulness1 ! ,"l ( ! %eph]d's dwell+1 ! ,"l ( ! cattle-/all1 ! ,god ( gra910#aje4d & by _m an allusion to 8 leg5d 9 ! hymns1 :i* are ! mo/ beautiful & pa!tic 9 ! old ,sum]ian psalmody3 89 8 manhood 9 ! subm]g$ gra9 he lay02 8h[ long /ill %all ! v]dure be imprison$1 h[ long %all ! gre5 ?+s be held 9 bondage80#aje4e ,an int]e/+ title f\nd 9 "s ( ! incantation liturgies is t ( 8! %eph]d10 & l "s o!r vegetation-p[]s he is at times reg>d$ z ! ,heal]4 ,?\gh he 0 n admitt$ #ajf z ! compe] ( ! high gods into ! ,babylonian or ,assyrian pan!on1 he may be said to h surviv$ !m all1 & 8 "n & my? became ! inspiration ( a great popul> religion4 ,no o!r ( t va/ frat]nity ( corn-spirits or vegetation-spirits into :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] has initiat$ u1 has ev] _h su* a c>e] z ,tammuz4 ,9 "o ( 8 hymns he is invok$ z 8,"l ( ! _w ( ,dea?10 because = a "t he desc5d$ into ,hell4#ajf4a ,if ?is idea _h be5 all[$ to g]m9ate & to develop its full pot5tiality1 x might h *ang$ ! aspect ( ,babylonian es*atology4 ,b1 z we %all see1 ! ideas naturally atta*+ to vegetation1 to ! k9dly & fair life ( se$s & plants1 7 nev] 9 ,babylonia prop]ly h>monis$ ) ^? t dom9at$ belief conc]n+ ! l[] _w ( ! dead4 ,! /udy ( ! ,tammuz-rites ,i %all res]ve = a lat] occasion4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! o!r ,anatolian cults f ! po9t ( view ( nature-wor%ip4 ,! survey ne$ n deta9 u long z our evid5ce is less copi\s4 ,z reg>ds ! we/]n ,semites1 our tru/wor?y records are 9 no way s anci5t z ^? t enlight5 u conc]n+ ,mesopotamia4 ,philo ( ,byblos1 ! int]pret] ( ! ,pho5ician ,san*unia?on1 pres5ts u only ) a late picture ( ! ,canaanite religion1 t may be m>r$ by _! own symbolic int]pretations4 ,because we are told#ajf4b t 8! ,pho5icians & ,egyptians 7 ! fir/ to wor%ip ! sun & ! moon & ! />s10#ajf4b or 8! fir/ to deify ! gr[?s ( ! e>?10#ajf4c we _c conclude t 9 ! second mill5nium ! religion ( ! ,pho5icians 0 purely sol> or a/ral1 or m]ely ! cult ( vegetation-gods4 #ajg 8,baal%am90 means ! "l ( ! heav5s1 an ,aramaic & ,pho5ician god1 & ,san*unia?on expla9$ him z ! sun2#ajg4a b ,rob]tson ,smi? gives good reason = ! view t ! e>lie/ conception ( ! local ,baal 0 ( a deity ( ! f]tilis+ spr+1 a local div9e own] ( a well-wat]$ plot1 h5ce ! giv] ( all life to fruits & cattle4#ajg4b ,nor are we sure :at 0 ! lead+ 8nature-aspect0 ( ! cult ( ,a/>te4 ,! title 8,meleket ,a%amaim10 8! ,que5 ( ! ,heav5s10 :i* ,ezekiel atta*es to h]1 does n in=m u precisely conc]n+ h] e>lie/ & orig9al "*4 ,f h] close association ) ! ,m9oan goddess ( ,cyprus1 %e 0 no d\bt wor%ipp$ z ! s\rce ( ! life ( plants & animals & m54 ,also1 x is ( "s value to be> 9 m9d ! lat] records conc]n+ ! wor%ip ( ,helios at ,tyre 9 ! ,roman ,imp]ial p]iod1 & ( ,helios & ! ?und]-god at ,palmyra1 :]e ,adad-,rimmon1 ! /orm-god :o 0 9 p[] among ! we/]n ,semites 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod1 may h surviv$ till ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we may conclude f all ?is t 9 ! olde/ p]iod ( ! we/]n ,semite societies ! cult ( special nature-deities 0 a prom95t feature ( ! religion4 ,b ev5 ^! may already 9 ! second mill5nium h acquir$ a complex ( p]sonal attributes e?ical & spiritual4 ,9 ! lat] ,c>?ag9ian religion1 ! p]sonal deities are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! m]e nature-p[]s1 su* z ! sun1 e>?1 & moon2 & ?is important di/9ction may h aris5 long be=e ! date ( ! docum5t t proves x4#ajg4c #ajh ,( ! ,hittite gods we may say ?is mu* at lea/1 t ! monum5ts enable u to recognise ! ?und]-god ) ! hamm] or axe1 & 9 ! /rik+ relief at ,ibreez we disc]n ! =m ( ! god ( vegetation & crops1 hold+ corn & grapes4 ,! w+$ disk1 c>v$ ) o!r d\btful feti*-emblems above ! head ( ! god :o is clasp+ ! prie/ or k+ on ! ,boghaz-,keui relief1 is a sol> emblem1 borr[$ probably f ,egyptian religi\s art4 ,& ! ,hittite sun-god 0 invok$ 9 ! ,hittite treaty ) ,rameses ,,ii4#ajh4a ,:e!r ! "m-goddess 0 conceiv$ z ! p]sonal =m ( ,gaia is d\btful2 h] cle> aff9ity ) ,kybele w\ld sugge/ ?is1 & 9 ! ,hittite treaty ) ,rameses ,,ii4 m5tion$ above1 ! goddess ,tesk] is call$ ! ,mi/ress ( ! ,m\nta9s1 ! express title ( ! ,phrygian ,"m1 & ano!r 8! ,mi/ress ( ! ,soil40#ajh4b ,yet evid5tly ! ,hittite religion is too complex to be reg>d$ z m]e nature-wor%ip3 ! great relief ( ,boghaz-,keui %[s a solemn & elaborate ritual to :i* d\btless "s spiritual concepts 7 atta*$4 ,z reg>ds ! orig9al ideas und]ly+ ! cults ( ^? o!r ,anatolian peoples :o 7 ne>] 9 geographical position & p]haps 9 race to ! ,aegean peoples1 we h no explicit anci5t records t help u to decide = ! second mill5nium4 ,= "s ( ^! v>i\s communities ! goddess 01 z we h se51 ! supreme p[]4 ,! great ,phrygian goddess ,kybele is ! cult-figure ( mo/ importance = our purpose1 & x is possible to div9e h] orig9al "* ) fair c]ta9ty4#ajh4c ,9 h] attributes1 functions1 & =m1 we c disc]n no?+ cele/ial1 #aji sol> or lun>2 %e 01 & rema9$ to ! end1 a "m-goddess ( ! e>?1 a p]sonal s\rce ( & life ( fruits1 bea/s1 & man3 h] fav\rite haunt 0 ! m\nta9s1 & h] e>lie/ image t we "k1 t :i* ! ,greeks call$ ,niobe on ,m\nt ,sipylos1 seems l a human %ape em]g+ f ! m\nta9-side3 %e lov$ also ! m\nta9 cav]ns1 :i* 7 call$ aft] h] 2 & accord+ to "o leg5d %e em]g$ f ! rock ,agdos1 & h5ce took ! "n ,agde/is4 ,! my? ( h] belov$ ,attis is cle> ritual-leg5d associat$ ) vegetation2 & ,greek poetry & ,greek cult def9itely l9k$ h] ) ! ,greek ,gaia4 ,we ga!r also f ! leg5d ( ,attis & o!r facts t h] p[] desc5d$ to ! und]world1 & ! spirits ( ! dead 7 ga!r$ to h]2#aji4a h5ce ! snake appe>s z h] symbol1 c>v$ z an akrot]ion above h] sepul*ral %r9e1 :]e %e is sculptur$ ) h] two lions at ,arslan ,kaya--8! ,lion ,rock 9 ,phrygia02#aji4b & h] c\nt]p>t1 ! ,lydian ,"m ,hipta1 is address$ z 4#aji4c ,9 all h] aspect & functions %e is ! d\ble ( ! great ,m9oan "m-goddess describ$ already1 ^: famili> animals are ! lion & ! s]p5t1 :o claims wor%ip f ! m\nta9-top1 & ^: "* is :olly t ( a great e>? goddess ) p[] d\btless rea*+ d[n to ! l[] _w ( ! dead4 ,only f ,crete we h evid5ce :i* is lack+ 9 pre-,aryan ,phrygia ( ! pres5ce ( a ?und] or sky-god by h] side4#aji4d #aaj ,turn+ our att5tion n[ to ! e>ly ,hell5ic _w1 & to t "p ( its religion :i* we may call ,nature-wor%ip1 we disc]n c]ta9 g5]al traits t place x on ! same plane 9 "s respects ) ! ,mesopotamian4 ,c]ta9 ( ! high] deities %[ _! p[] 9 c]ta9 elem5tal sph]es1 ,poseidon ma9ly 9 ! wat]1 ,demet] 9 ! l&1 ,zeus 9 ! air4 ,b ( none ( ^! is ! p[] :olly limit$ to t elem5t3 & ea* has acquir$1 l ! high gods ( ,assyria & ,babylon & ,jahw ( ,israel1 a complex an?ropomorphic "* t _c be d]iv$1 ?\gh ! old g5]ation ( s*ol>s we>ily attempt$ to d]ive x1 f ! elem5tal nature-ph5om5on4 ,aga91 o!r lead+ div9ities1 su* z ,apollo1 ,artemis1 ,a!na1 are already 9 ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod1 z f> z we c disc]n1 pure real p]sonalities l ,nebo & ,as%ur1 hav+ no discov]able nature-significance at all4 ,besides ^! high] cults1 we disc]n a va/ numb] ( popul> local cults ( w9ds1 spr+s1 riv]s1 at fir/ animi/ically & !n an?ropomorphically imag9$4 ,s 9 ,mesopotamia we f9d direct wor%ip ( canals & ! riv]4 ,f9ally1 we disc]n 9 e>ly ,hellas a multitude ( special 8functional0 div9ities or h]oes1 8,sond]gtt]10 l ,euno/os1 ! h]o ( ! h>ve/3 & x may be possible to f9d _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates4#aaj4a ,we h also ! nameless gr\ps ( div9e pot5cies 9 ,hellas1 su* z ! 1 1 ^! be+ m frequ5t 9 ! ,hell5ic ?an 9 ! ,mesopotamian religion1 :i* pres5ts su* p>allels z ! ,annunaki & ! ,igigi1 nameless daimones ( ! l[] & upp] _w3 & #aaa ^! 9 bo? regions may be reg>d$ z products ( animism n yet develop$ into !ism4 ,b su* g5]al traits ( resemblance 9 two develop$ poly!isms deceive no tra9$ inquir]2 & x w\ld be *ildi% to base a !ory ( borr[+ on !m4 ,:at is f> m important are ! m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! nature-side ( ! ,greek poly!ism1 z comp>$ ) ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! sol>-elem5t 0 v /rong1 ?\gh p]haps n s omnipres5t z "s ,assyriologi/s assure u4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! proto-,hell5ic sy/em x 0 /rik+ly weak1 s f> z we c int]pret ! evid5ce4 ,! e>lie/ ,hell5es c]ta9ly reg>d$ ! ,sun z a p]sonal animate be+1 ?\gh ! ^w ,helios did n necess>ily connote = !m an an?ropomorphic god4 ,b ! insignificance ( 8 figure 9 ! ,hom]ic poems agrees well ) ! facts ( actual cult4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out 9 ! la/ volume ( my ,cults1#aaa4a x 0 only at ,rhodes t ,helios 0 a great p]sonal god1 appeal+ to ! fai? & affections ( ! p1 rev]$ z _! ance/or & ! au?or ( _! civilisation1 & desc5d+1 we may believe1 f ! p]iod ( ! ,m9oan culture#aaa4b ) :i* ,rhodes 0 closely associat$ 9 leg5d4 ,& x appe>s f ! evid5ce ( leg5d & ,m9oan art t sun-wor%ip 0 ( "s p[] 9 ! pre-,hell5ic ,aegean civilisation4 ,9 ! ,myc5aean epo* he may h _h p[] 9 ,cor9?1 b 8 cult fad$ !re 9 ! hi/oric age be=e t ( ,a!na & ,poseidon4 ,! develop$ ,hell5e pref]r$ ! m p]sonal #aab deity1 ^: "n did n s obvi\sly sugge/ a special ph5om5on ( nature4 ,& if he inh]it$ or adopt$ c]ta9 sol> p]sonages1 z "s ?9k he adopt$ a sun-god ,ares f ,?race1 he seems to h trans=m$ !m by "s m5tal process s z to oblit]ate ! traces ( ! orig9al nature-p]ception4 ,ev5 m significant = our purpose is ! comp>ison ( ! two regions f ! po9t ( view ( lun>-cult4 ,we h suffici5tly not$ already ! prom95ce ( ! moon-god ,s9 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on1 an augu/ figure ( a great religion3 & among all ! ,semitic peoples ! moon 0 a male p]sonality1 z x appe>s to h be5 = ! ,v$ic ,indians & o!r ,aryan peoples4 ,! ,hell5ic imag9ation "h pres5ts to u ?is sali5t diff]5ce1 t ! p]sonal moon is fem99e1 & %e seems to h enjoy$ ! scantie/ cult ( all ! great p[]s ( ,nature4 ,n t any:]e 9 ,greece %e 0 :olly )\t wor%ip4#aab4a ,%e is m5tion$ 9 a vague record z "o ( ! div9ities to :om 1 8w9eless (f]+s10 7 consecrat$ 9 ,a!ns3 %e _h an anci5t place 9 ! aborig9al religion ( ,arcadia2 ( h] wor%ip 9 o!r places ! records are usually late & insignificant4 ,! great ,m9oan goddess may h attract$ to h]self "s lun> significance1 b ?is aspect ( h] 0 n pron\nc$4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r po9t at :i* ! !ory ( e>ly ,babylonian influ5ce 9 nasc5t ,hell5ic religion s]i\sly breaks d[n4 ,& 9 ?is comp>ison ( ,nature-cults x breaks d[n m>k$ly at two o!rs4 ,! pan!on ( ,mesopotamia _h e>ly tak5 on an a/ral-"*4 ,! primitive ,hell5es d\btless _h1 l o!r peoples1 _! />-my?s2 & _! #aac sup]/itions 7 ar\s$ & sup]/iti\s practices evok$ by cele/ial 8t]atology10 by /rik+ ph5om5a1 su* z eclipses1 comets1 fall+ />s4#aac4a ,b !re is no record sugge/+ t !y paid direct wor%ip to ! />s1 or t _! deities 7 a/ral p]sonations1 or 7 9 ! e>ly p]iod associat$ ) ! />s3 su* association1 :]e x arose1 is m]ely a sign ( t wave ( ,ori5tal influ5ce t mov$ we/w>d 9 ! lat] c5turies4 ,! only cle> evid5ces ( />-cult 9 ,hell5ic communities t ,i h be5 able to f9d d n di/urb ?is induction3 ,lykophron & a late ,byzant9e au?or indicate a cult ( ,zeus 9 ,crete1 :i* _c1 ev5 if real1 be int]pret$ z direct />-wor%ip3#aac4b at ,s9ope1 a city ( ,assyrian orig91 nam$ aft] ! ,babylonian moon-god1 a /one ) a late inscription sugge/s a cult ( ,seirios & ! con/ellations2#aac4c & an ,attic inscription ( ! ,roman ,imp]ial epo*1 m5tions a prie/ ( ! 1 :om we mu/ int]pret z /ell> be+s4#aac4d ,:at1 !n1 mu/ we say ab\t ! ,diosk\roi1 :om we are g5]ally taught to reg>d z ! p]sonal =ms ( ! morn+- & ! ev5+-/>8 ,c]ta9ly1 if ! a/ral "* ( ! great ,tw9-,bre?r5 ( ! ,hell5es 7 prov$ly _! orig9al "o1 ! g5]al /atem5t j put =? w\ld h to be s]i\sly modifi$4 ,b a c>eful /udy ( _! cult does n ju/ify ! conv5tional view2 & ! !ory t ,wide has insi/$ on#aac4e appe>s to me ! only reasonable acc\nt #aad ( !m1 namely1 t orig9ally !y 7 h]oic 8*?onian0 figures1 to :om a cele/ial "* came lat] to be atta*$3 x is significant t ! a/ral aspect ( !m is only pres5t$ 9 comp>atively late docum5ts & monum5ts1 n 9 ,hom] or ! ,hom]ic hymn1 & t _! mo/ anci5t ritual includes a 8lecti/]nium10 :i* prop]ly belong$ to h]oes & p]sonages ( ! l[] _w4 ,la/ly1 ! nature-wor%ip ( ! ,hell5es 0 pre-em95tly conc]n$ ) ,"m-e>?--) ,ge-met]1 & ?is div9e p[] 9 its v>i$ p]sonal =ms 0 p]haps ( all o!rs ! ne>e/ & de>e/ to ! popul> he>t3 s mu* ( _! ritual 0 conc]n$ directly ) h]4 ,& "s s*ol>s h suppos$1 errone\sly1 ,i ?9k1 b n unnaturally1 t all ! lead+ ,hell5ic goddesses arose f ?is aborig9al animi/ic idea4 ,we may at lea/ believe ?is ( ,demet] & ,kore1 ! mo/ w9n+ p]sonalities ( ! high] ,hell5ic religion4 ,& ev5 ,a!na & ,artemis1 :atev]1 if any1 0 _! orig9al nature-significance1 %[ 9 _m ( _! aspects & mu* ( _! ritual a close aff9ity to ! e>?-goddess4 ,b1 z ,i h indicat$ above1 x is impossible to f9d 9 ! e>ly ,mesopotamian religion a p>allel figure to ,ge3 ?\gh ,i%t> 0 naturally possess$ ( vegetative functions--s t1 :5 %e disappe>s bel[ ! _w1 all vegetation langui%es--yet x w\ld be haz>d\s to say t %e 0 a p]sonal =m ( e>?3 we may r suspect t by ! "t ! ,semites br\ght h] to ,mesopotamia f ! ,we/1 %e _h lo/ all direct nature-significance1 & 0 :olly a p]sonal individual4 ,f9ally1 ! cleavage betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( peoples 9 _! attitude t[>ds ! p[]s ( nature is /ill fur!r m>k$ 9 ! evolution ( c]ta9 moral & #aae es*atologic ideas4 ,! concept ( a ,ge-,!mis1 ( ,e>? z ! s\rce ( righte\sness1 & ( ,"m-e>? z ! k9dly welcom] ( ! s\ls ( ! dead1 appe>s to h be5 ali5 to ,mesopotamian imag9ation1 = :i*1 ,allatu1 ! ,que5 ( ! l[] _w1 is a figure :olly t]rible4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,deities z ,social-,p[]s4 #aaf ,! next important section ( our survey is ! comp>ison ( ! social & e?ical aspects ( ! religions 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n areas4 ,"h aga9 ! =m] w>n+ may be repeat$1 n to draw ra% conclusions f ! obs]vance ( m]e g5]al po9ts ( simil>ity1 su* z occur 9 ! religi\s sy/ems ( all ! m advanc$ societies ( :i* we h any explicit record4 ,! idea t religion is m]ely a conc]n ( ! private individual consci5ce is "o ( ! late/ ph5om5a 9 all religi\s hi/ory4 ,bo? = ! primitive & ! m cultur$ communities ( anci5t hi/ory1 religion 0 by a law ( its nature a social ph5om5on1 a =ce p5etrat+ all ! in/itutions ( ! political life1 law & morality4 ,b its precise contribution to ! evolution ( c]ta9 social products 9 ! v>i\s communities is /ill a "q invit+ & repay+ mu* rese>*4 ,x w be int]e/+ to comp>e :at may be glean$ f ,assyriology & ! /udy ( ,hell5ism be>+ on ?is inquiry1 al?\gh x may n help u mu* t[>ds ! solution ( our ma9 "q4 ,we may assume ( ! ,mesopotamian z ( o!r peoples1 t its 8social orig9s0 7 p>tly religi\s2 only 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates1 society _h already #aag s f> advanc$ 9 ! fif? mill5nium ,b4,c4 t ! /udy ( its orig9s w be always problematic4 ,! deities are already national1 hav+ develop$ f> beyond ! n>r[ tribal limits be=e we beg9 to disc]n !m cle>ly2 we h n to deal ) ! div9ities ( clans1 phratries1 or septs1 b ( complex aggregates1 su* z cities & k+doms4 ,& ! great cities are already !re be=e our k beg9s4 ,9 ! ,sum]ian my? ( creation1 x is ! high god himself :o1 aft] settl+ ! ord] ( heav5 & e>?1 imm$iately con/ructs cities su* z ,borsippa2 a passage 9 ,b]osus speaks ( ,oannes1 t is to say1 ,ea z ! f\nd] ( cities & temples2#aag4a & ! my?s may en%r9e ! tru? t ! orig9 ( ! ,mesopotamian city 0 (t5 religi\s1 t ! temple 0 its nucleus4 ,i _c discov] t ?is is indicat$ by ! names ( any o!r ( ! great cities1 ,babylon1 ,borsippa1 ,sipp>1 ,ku?a2 b x is %[n by ! "n ( ,n9eveh & its connection ) ! ,sum]ian goddess ,n9 or ,n9a1 possibly a =m ( ,i%t>4#aag4b ,& 9 ! inscription ( ,s>gon giv+ ! names ( ! eight doors ( 8 palace1 all nam$ aft] deities1 ,n9ib is describ$ z ! god 8:o lays ! gr\nd-/one ( ! city = et]nity02#aag4c also we f9d designations ( p>ticul> cities1 z ! city ( su*-&-su* a deity4#aag4d ,f9ally1 x may be wor? not+ 9 ?is direction t ,nusku ! fire-god1 :o lights ! sacrifices1 is call$ 8! ,city-,f\nd]1 ! ,re/or] ( ,temples40#aag4e ,! evid5ce ( ,anatolia is late1 b x tells ! same /ory3 ,sir ,william ,ramsay has emphasis$ ! #aah importance = e>ly political hi/ory ( su* names z ,hi]\polis1 ! ,city ( ! ,temple1 develop+ into ,hi]apolis1 ! ,holy ,city4#aah4a ,9 ,hellas ! evid5ce is full] & old] ( ! religi\s orig9 ( "s1 at lea/1 ( ! 1 = "s ( ! old names reveal ! p]sonal "n or ! appellative ( ! div9ity4 ,su* are ,a!nai 7! settlem5ts ( ,a!na72 ,potniai1 8! place ( ! rev]$ ones02 ,alalkom5ai1 8! places ( ,a!na ,alalkom5e02 ,nemea1 8! sacr$ groves ( ,zeus02 ,meg>a1 probably 8! %r9es ( ! goddess ( ! l[] _w02 ,diades1 ,olympia & o!rs4 ,! reason ( su* developm5t is n h>d to seek3 ! temple w\ld be ! meet+-place ( _m consangu9e\s tribes1 & its sanctu>y w\ld safegu>d int]tribal m>kets1 & at ! same "t dem& =tification & attract a settlem5t4 ,mecca1 ! holy city ( ,arabia 9 days long be=e & aft] ,islam1 _h d\btless ?is orig94#aah4b ,we h traces ( ! same ph5om5on 9 our ,engli% names3 ,pre/on1 = in/ance1 %[+ ! gr[? ( a city out ( a mona/]y4 ,9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ,hell5ism ! religi\s orig9 ( ! is /ill m frequ5tly reveal$ by its "n3 ! god :o leads ! coloni/s to _! new home gives 8 "n to ! settlem5t2 h5ce ! v num]\s 8,apolloniai40 ,b ?\gh x is n p]missible to dogmatise ab\t ! orig9 ( ! great cities 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates1 we h ample mat]ial suppli$ by ,babylonian-,assyrian monum5ts & texts ( ! close int]dep5d5ce ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 to illu/rate :at ,i rem>k$ ^u 9 my inaugural lecture1 ! political "* ( ! pan!on4 ,?is em]ges mo/ cle>ly :5 we consid] #aai ! relations ( ! mon>* to ! deity4 ,( all ,ori5tal autocracies1 x may be said ) tru? t ! in/9ctive bias ( ! p to an autocratic sy/em is a religi\s in/9ct3 ! k+%ip is ( ! div9e type ( :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] has collect$ ! ample/ evid5ce4 ,& ?is 0 c]ta9ly ! type ( ! mo/ anci5t k+%ip t we c discov] 9 ! ,mesopotamian region4 ,! anci5t k+s ( ! ,is9 dyna/y d>$ to speak ( !mselves z 8! belov$ consort ( ,nana40#aai4a ,b m usually ! k+ 0 reg>d$ z ! son or fo/]l+ ( ! div9ity1 ?\gh ?is dogma ne$ n h be5 giv5 a lit]al int]pretation1 nor did x cla% ) ! well-e/abli%$ pro( ( a secul> pat]nity4 ,an int]e/+ example is ! inscription ( ,samsuil9a1 ! son ( ,hammurabi1 :o 0 reign+ p]haps z e>ly z ! latt] "p ( ! ?ird mill5nium3#aai4b ! k+ proclaims1 8,i built ! wall 9 ,nippur 9 hon\r ( ! goddess ,n91 ! walls ( ,padda to ,adad my help]1 ! wall ( ,lagab to ,s9 ! god1 my begett]40 ,! tie ( ! fo/]-*ild 0 z close z t ( actual son%ip2 & ,assurbanipal is reg>d$ z ! fo/]-*ild ( ! goddess ( ,n9eveh4 ,nebo himself says to him 9 t rem>kable conv]sation betwe5 ! god & ! k+ t an inscription has pres]v$1#aai4c 8weak wa/ ?\1 ,o ,assurbanipal1 :5 ?\ satte/ on ! lap ( ! div9e ,que5 ( ,n9eveh1 & did/ dr9k f h] f\r brea/s40 ,simil>ly1 ! e>ly ,k+ ,lugalzaggisi decl>es t he 0 n\ri%$ by ! milk ( ! goddess ,n9h>sag1 & ,k+ ,gudea m5tions ,n9a z 8 "m4#aai4d ,9 an oracle ( enc\ragem5t #abj giv5 by ! goddess ,belit to ,assurbanipal1 %e speaks to him ?us1 8,?\ :om ,belit has borne1 d n fe>40#abj4a ,n[ a few isolat$ texts might be quot$ to sugge/ t ?is idea ( div9e p>5tage 0 n conf9$ to ! k+s1 b t ev5 ! private ,babylonian might at times rise to ! conception t he 0 9 a s5se ! *ild ( ,god4 ,at lea/ 9 "o incantation1 9 :i* ,m>duk is commission$ by ,ea to heal a sick man1 ! man is call$ 8! *ild ( 8 god02#abj4b & ,i%t> is (t5 designat$ 8! ,"m ( ,gods & m50 & ! s\rce ( all life on ! e>?1 human1 animal1 & vegetative4#abj4c ,b ! incantation po9ts only to a vague spiritual belief t might be associat$ ) a g5]al idea t all life is orig9ally div9e4 ,we may be sure t ! feel+ ( ! div9e life ( ! k+ 0 a mu* m real & liv+ belief ?an 0 any s5se t ! individual might occasionally *]i% ( 8 own cele/ial orig94 ,! k+ & ! god 7 toge!r ! jo9t s\rce ( law & ord]4 ,! greate/ ( ! e>ly ,babylonian dyna/s1 ,lugalzaggisi1 ^: reign is dat$ ne> to #djjj ,b4,c41 /yles himself ! viceg]5t 7,patesi7 ( ,enlil1 ! e>?-god ( ,nippur2#abj4d & 9 e>ly ,babylonian contracts1 oa? 0 tak5 9 ! names bo? ( ! god & ! k+4#abj4e ,hammurabi conv]ses ) ,%ama% & receives ! great code f 8 h&s1 ev5 z ,moses receiv$ ! law f ,jahw or ,m9os f ,zeus4 ,did any monum5t ev] express s pr(\ndly ! div9e orig9 ( ! royal au?ority & ! ,/ate in/itutions z ! fam\s #aba ,%ama% relief8#aba4a ,x is ! gods :o end[ ,hammurabi ) 8 v>i\s m5tal qualities3 he himself tells u s 9 8 code1 8,m>duk s5t me to rule m5 & to proclaim ,righte\sness to ! _w02#aba4b & he speaks simil>ly ( ! sun-god ,%ama%3 8,at ! comm& ( ,%ama%1 ! great ,judge ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 %all ,righte\sness arise up 9 ! l&40#aba4c ,he proclaims himself1 !re=e1 ! political prophet ( ! ,"l2 & curses ) a port5t\s curse any "o :o %all v5ture to aboli% 8 enactm5ts4 ,! lat] ,assyrian k+s h ! same religi\s confid5ce3 ,s>gon 7,b4,c4 #gbb-gje7 proclaims t he owes 8 p5etrat+ g5ius to ,ea1 8! ,"l ( ,wisdom10 & 8 und]/&+ to ! 8,que5 ( ! cr[n ( heav540#aba4d ,we f9d !m also1 ! ,assyrian k+s1 consult+ ! sun-god by pres5t+ to him tablets inscrib$ ) que/ions z to _! *ances ( success 9 a w>1 or ! fitness & loyalty ( a m9i/] :om !y propos$ to appo9t4#aba4e ,& ?is religion af=ds a unique illu/ration ( ! intimacy ( ! bond betwe5 ! k+ z head ( ! ,/ate & ! div9e p[]s4 ,! gods are ! rul]s ( de/9y3 & 9 ! ,hall ( ,assembly at ,esagila ea* ye> ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,gods "u ! presid5cy ( ,nebo fix$ ! de/9y ( ! k+ & ! ,empire = ! ensu+ ye>4#aba4f ,?is aw>d mu/ h signifi$ ! writ+ d[n ( oracles conc]n+ ! imm$iate future1 & no d\bt ! que/ions 7 prep>$ by ! k+ & ! prie/s4 ,! good k+ #abb :o 0 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! gods 0 glorifi$ by ! prie/hood 9 mu* ! same t]ms z are appli$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! k+ :o 0 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,jahw3 9 ! cult-inscription ( ,sipp> 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#abb4a ,nabupaladd91 :o reign$ #hhd-hfj ,b4,c41 & :o re-e/abli%$ ! cult ( ,%ama%1 is prais$ by ! prie/ z 8! call$ ( ,m>duk1 ! d>l+ ( ,anu & ,ea1 ! man :olly aft] ! he>t ( ,z>panit40 ,! k+1 !n1 is ! head ( ! *ur*1 himself a high-prie/1 z ,gudea 0 high-prie/ ( ,n+irsu1 & z ! ,assyrian k+s describ$ !mselves z ! prie/s ( ,as%ur1 ! pr(essional prie/hood s]v+ z _! exp]t advis]s & m9i/]s4 ,0 he actually wor%ipp$ 9 8 life8 ,?is is ma9ta9$ by "s ,assyriologi/s1 & c]ta9 evid5ce po9ts to ! practice4 ,9 ! conv]sation betwe5 ,nebo & ,assurbanipal1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 ! god promises to ! k+1 8,i w raise up ?y head & erect ?y =m 9 ! temple ( ,bit-,ma%ma%02#abb4b ! names ( old ,babylonian k+s are m>k$ ) ! ideogram ( div9ity1 & ,pr(essor ,ja/r[#abb4c m5tions an inscription ( ! f\r? mill5nium ,b4,c4 9 :i* ,gudea orda9s sacrifices to 8 own /atues4 ,a docum5t is quot$ by ,mr4 ,johns1#abb4d record+ ! d$ication ( a piece ( l& by a private citiz5 8= 8 life10 t is to say1 to br+ a bless+ on himself1 to ! ,k+ ,lugalla :o is call$ a god1 & to 8 consort4 ,b ,zimm]n#abb4e consid]s t ! direct deification ( k+s 0 a practice ( ! e>lie/ p]iod only1 & 0 nev] pu%$ s f> z x 0 9 ,egypt4 #abc ,!re is reason to suppose t ! k+ or patesi :o controll$ ,nippur _h alone ! "r to be deifi$1 ,nippur be+ ! orig9al c5tre ( ! ,sum]ian religion4#abc4a ,! sacr$ "* ( ! k+ impli$ t he c\ld ex]cise miracul\s functions or put =? div9e 8mana0 on behalf ( 8 p4 ,we f9d him 9 ! e>li] p]iod recit+ incantations 9 ! d>k ( ! moon to av]t evil f ! l&4#abc4b ,"o ( ! k+s ( ! dyna/y ( ,ur assum$ ! title 8! exorcis] ( ! holy tree ( ,eridu10 :i* may po9t to c]ta9 magic functions p]=m$ by ! k+ on ! sacr$ tree4#abc4c ,?is political aspect ( religion appe>s pron\nc$ also 9 o!r e>ly communities ( ! ,semitic race2 ! high god or goddess is ! head ( ! ,/ate2 ! p ( ,moab are ! sons & daught]s ( ,*emo%2 ! goddess ( ,askalon & ,sidon we>s ! mural cr[n4 ,& d\btless ! e>ly ,semitic k+%ip 0 ( ! same sacr$ "* else:]e z 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! ,k+ ( ,moab on ! ,me%a ,/one calls himself ! son ( ,*emo%2 & ,b5-,hadad1 ,k+ ( ,damascus1 is ! son ( ,hadad4#abc4d ,9 ! ,aramaic inscription f\nd at ,s9j]li1#abc4e ! gods ,hadad1 ,el-,res*ef1 & ,%ama% are reg>d$ z special protectors ( ! k+s4 ,"o ( ! la/ k+s ( ,sidon1 ,tabnit1 9 ! inscription on 8 s>cophagus1 places 8 prie/ly (fice be=e 8 royal title1 8,i1 ,tabnit1 prie/ ( ,a/>te1 ,k+ ( ! ,sidonians40#abc4f ,k+ ( ,byblos or ,gobal1 9 #abd ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 reg>ds himself z call$ to 8 high (fice by ! ,baalat1 ! goddess ( ! ,/ate1 & prays t %e may bless him & give him l5g? ( days 8because he is a j k+03#abd4a & m5tion has already be5 made ( ,pho5ician monum5ts %[+ ! ,k+ ( ,sidon seat$ ) ,a/>te & embrac$ by h]4 ,! claim to actual god%ip may h really be5 made by ! ,k+ ( ,tyre1 z ! prophet ,ezekiel twice reproa*es him ) ! blasphemy3 8,?\ ha/ said1 ,i am a ,god1 ,i sit 9 ! ,seat ( ,god1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,seas40#abd4b ,! ,hittite monum5ts & ! text ( ! ,hittite treaty ) ,rameses ,,ii4 reveal a religion ( ! same political type4 ,! gods are n only witnesses to ! political contract1 b ! great ,hittite god ( heav5 puts 8 own seal to x2 & ! la/ few l9es ( ! text conta9 a c>eful description ( t seal1 :i* reveals ! sacrosanct "* ( ! ,hittite k+%ip2 = ! design *os5 0 a gr\p ( ! god & ! ,hittite k+ :om he is embrac+4 ,! same significance belongs to c]ta9 sc5es 9 ! great relief ( ,boghaz-,keui3 on "o ( ! slabs we disc]n an arm$ god ) 8 arm r\nd ! neck & 8 h& grasp+ ! h& ( a small] figure1 ^: emblem & dress sugge/ a sac]dotal r ?an a royal p]sonality4 ,b ! happy co9cid5ce ( ! description 9 ! ,hittite-,egyptian treaty proves t ?is is no m]e prie/1 b a ,hittite ,k+#abd4c ( sacr$ function & semi-div9e #abe "* 9 affectionate union ) 8 god2 x sugge/s also a date n f> f ! ?irte5? c5tury = ! ,boghaz-,keui relief2 & x makes unnecess>y & improbable ! my/ic explanation ( ?is sc5e t ,dr4 ,fraz] has v5tur$4#abe4a ,at ?is e>ly p]iod ( ! ,hittite empire1 ! k+%ip may n yet h be5 deta*$ f ! prie/hood2 ev5 lat] at ,comana1 9 ! same c\ntry ( ,cappadocia1 ! prie/s & ! k+s 7 drawn f ! same /ock4#abe4b ,"o m detail be>+ p]haps on ! pres5t subject may be not$ 9 ?is monum5t at ,boghaz-,keui3 ! goddess we>s a cr5elat$ cap1 t rem9ds u some:at ( ! lat] mural or turret$ cr[n borne by ,cybele & ,a/>te4 ,may we suppose t ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ^?1 & _h ! same political significance8 ,aga91 x may be not$ t 9 ,phrygia itself1 ! l& ( ! goddess1 we h vague evid5ce 9 ! leg5d ( ,midas t ! e>ly k+s call$ by t "n 7 reg>d$ z ! sons ( ,kybele4#abe4c ,z reg>ds ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion & its relation to ! ,/ate1 ! excavations on ! site ( ,knossos sugge/ t !re at lea/ ! :ole ( ! /ate-cult 0 9 ! h&s ( ! k+s2 = no public temples h be5 f\nd1 b only %r9es 9 ! palaces4 ,?is is ! /ronge/ pro( ( ! sacral p[] ( ! ,m9oan rul]1 & we c well believe t he 0 deifi$ aft] 8 dea?2 nor ne$ we :olly discr$it t vague /atem5t ( ,tzetzes t ! old k+s ( ,crete 7 giv5 ! div9e "n ( ,zeus 4#abe4d #abf ,!re is value1 !n1 9 ,hom]'s picture ( ,m9os z ! fri5d ( ,god :o holds conv]se ) him4 ,! political significance ( ,greek religion impresses itself ^u u at a ?\s& po9ts & "u endless aspects4 ,! deity belongs n to ! individual b to ! tribe2 & z 9 ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic p]iod ! tribes 7 consci\s ( a c]ta9 community ( blood1 _! e>lie/ religion appe>s at _m po9ts to h transc5d$ ! tribal limits1 & c]ta9 deities h develop$ a national "*4 ,n[ evid5ce--vague & leg5d>y1 x is true1 b valuable :5 comp>$ ) ! facts ( o!r communities--compels u to conceive ( ! e>ly ,hell5ic k+s hav+ ! same "* z ^? t we h obs]v$ 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,anatolia1 & ,crete2 ,hom] reg>ds !m z ! god-born1 :o c ex]cise religi\s functions1 ^: decrees h ! =ce ( 4 ,! fire t burnt on _! he>? 0 sacr$ & embodi$ ! life ( ! community2 & 9 ! lat] p]iod ! p]petual fire t 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,prytaneum ( ! repres5t$ ! anci5t sacr$ he>?-fire ( ! k+4#abf4a ,also1 :5 ! mon>*y 0 g5]ally aboli%$1 _m ( ! cities felt compell$ to reta9 ! title ( = ! prie/ :o c>ri$ on ! religi\s functions z ! %ad[ ( ! anci5t prie/-k+4 ,b ^! simil> ph5om5a are ( little e?nographic value4 ,primitive ,hell5ism 0 9 ^! respects only ma9ta9+ its own inh]it$ traditions1 & foll[+ ! same l9es ( e>ly social evolution z ^? ( o!r communities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! di/9ctness ( develop$ ,hell5ism is ! secul> indep5d5ce ( its intellect2 & ev5 9 its e>lie/ #abg my?ic p]iod we c believe t ! div9e "* ( ! ,basileus 0 less impressively felt1 8 association ) ! div9ity less intimate1 ?an 0 ! case 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,nei!r ,agamemnon nor 8 pr$ecessors w\ld speak1 we may be sure1 ) ! same a/oni%+ self-consci\sness ( _! div9e inspiration z ! e>lie/ & lat] k+s ( ,babylon & ,assyria4 ,return+ to ! ,mesopotamian societies1 we f9d mu* o!r evid5ce ( ! dep5d5ce ( ,/ate-in/itutions ^u cult & religi\s ideas4 ,ju/ice & ! integrity ( ! ,law 7 virtues consecrat$ by old ,babylonian religion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! ,%ama% hymns exhibits ! sun-god z ! gu>dian ( "r judgm5t--8! wick$ judge ?\ make/ to behold bondage--him :o receives n a bribe1 :o has reg>d to ! weak1 %all be well-pleas+ to ,%ama%1 he %all prolong 8 life03 8,%ama% hates ^? :o falsify b\nd>ies & weights40#abg4a ,! respect = ! rights ( prop]ty to :i* ! latt] phrase alludes1 0 ma9ta9$ by ! =ce ( religi\s sanctions4 ,! ,k+ ,asurbanipal decl>es t he has re/or$ to ! ,babylonians _! fields t _h be5 wrongfully tak5 away1 8= fe> ( ,bel & ,nebo40#abg4b ,a numb] ( inscrib$ ,babylonian b\nd>y-/ones h be5 f\nd ) symbols ( ! v>i\s high gods c>v$ ^u !m1 ) invocations 9 _! "n to det] trespass]s1 or ^? :o w\ld remove _! neighb\r's l&m>k4#abg4c ,"o ( ^! is m>k$ ) a curse z foll[s3#abg4d 8,may ,n9ib1 ! ,"l ( ,b\nd>ies1 deprive him ( #abh 8 son ! wat]-p\r]0--mean+ t ! man :o violates ! b\nd>ies %all leave no son beh9d him to p]=m ! fun]al rites4 ,probably o!r examples ( ?is practice are to be f\nd 9 non-,hell5ic ,asia ,m9or2 at pres5t ,i c only quote "o1 a late ,phrygian inscription1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may te/ify to an e>ly ,phrygian religi\s function1 on a slab ) ! div9e "n 1 8,b\nd>y-gu>dian10 inscrib$ b5ea? a c>v$ relief-figure ( ! god ,m5 be>+ a club4#abh4a ,9 ,greece1 z is well kn[n1 religion contribut$ ! same aid to ! evolution ( ! law ( private prop]ty 9 l&2 ! b\nd>y is put "u ! protection ( ,zeus 1 a p[] simil> to ! ,lat9 ,jupit] ,t]m9us1 or ( ,h]mes 4#abh4b ,9 ?is function !y are reg>d$ z ne!r-deities1 ^: div9ity is lat5t 9 ! soil4 ,b ?\gh ,hellas may h borr[$ f ,babylon its sy/em ( l&-measurem5t1 x did n ne$ to borr[ ?is religi\s idea & practice4 ,= ^! are widespread ov] ! _w3 9 ! ,teutonic nor? ! rights ( ! own] 7 sanctifi$ by c>ry+ holy fire f ! he>? r\nd ! b\nd>y2 & 9 savage mod]n societies by ! use ( ! t]rible weapon ( ! tabu & by ! erection ( feti*es on ! b\nd>y m>k :i* s]ve z 4#abh4c ,we h "h a sali5t example ( religion z a con/ructive =ce 9 fram+ a great social in/itution1 :ile ! motive desire is secul> & purely human4 ,b we mu/ n1 ,i ?9k1 hope to be able to trace ) any exactness ! "p play$ by religion 9 con/ruct+ ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! social fabric #abi ( ,babylonia2 = :5 we get our fir/ glimpse ( t society x is already s f> advanc$1 s complex 9 its civilisation1 9 a s5se s mod]n1 t its embryology is likely to escape u4 ,nev]!less1 x is int]e/+ = our purpose to /udy ! e>lie/ mat]ial1 ! code ( ,hammurabi1 to wat* :at light x ?r[s on ! correlation ( religi\s & secul> life4 ,"s p>ts ( x are miss+1 b we may be all[$ to pass a tempor>y judgm5t on t :i* is pres]v$1 & :i* appe>s to be ! great] "p ( ! :ole corpus4#abi4a ,! code1 z ,i h m5tion$1 is inspir$ by ! god1 safegu>d$ by ! god1 & ! legislation is 9 t s5se !ocratic2 b z comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) ! ,jewi% books ( ! ,law1 x impresses u z ! "w ( a cool-head$ lawy]1 ( secul> utilit>ian pr9ciples1 br++ legal acum5 to be> on ! problems ( a complex society4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts x is /ill on ! b>b>ic plane3 ! pr9ciple ( 8an eye = an eye0 is enact$2 ! s5se ( individual responsibility = wrong-do+ is n yet s f> develop$ b t vic>i\s puni%m5t is /ill all[$2 a man's son or daught] might be put to dea? = 8 own (f5ce4 ,b 9 _m respects x reveals an advanc$ moral & intellectual view1 & ! religi\s atmosph]e is abs5t :]e we %\ld mo/ expect to f9d an infusion ( x4 ,9 ! enactm5ts deal+ ) ! fees due to a physician1 we seem to disc]n t m$ic9e has become a free & secul> sci5ce4 ,/ill m important = our purpose are ! clauses conc]n+ homicide1 = x is p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to homicide t religi\s feel+ has be5 mo/ op]ative 9 ! #acj e>ly legislation ( society1 & ! evolution ( our mod]n morality conc]n+ ?is (f5ce has be5 at times ret>d$ by religion4 ,only "o clause 9 ! code happ5s to deal ) delib]ate murd]1 & only murd] 9 special circum/ances1 ^? 9 :i* ,clytemne/ra murd]$ ,agamemnon3 ,hammurabi w\ld h impal$ ,clytemne/ra3 a few o!r clauses are conc]n$ ) culpable homicide & un9t5tional4 ,hammurabi be+ himself a ma/]-build]1 is sev]e ) bad ar*itects :o build h\ses s weakly t !y fall 9 & kill ! own]s3 9 su* a case he kills ! ar*itect4 ,b he is s+ul>ly equitable & mild ) a man :o is drawn into a qu>rel 9 :i* bl[s are pass$1 & :o un?9k+ly w\nds or kills 8 oppon5t2 if he c take an oa? t he act$ 8)\t k or )\t w10 he has only to pay ! physician if ! man is w\nd$1 & half a m9a ( silv] if ! man is kill$ & 0 ( free bir?4 ,"h !re is no m5tion ( ! blood-feud1 & ,babylonian society seems :olly to h escap$ f t dang]\s pr9ciple ( tribal b>b>ism4#acj4a ,nei!r is !re any h9t ( ! inh]5t impurity ( all blood%$1 :atev] is ! mann] ( ! %$d+2 & x seems t ?is society 0 no long] 9 bondage to t religi\s feel+1 to :i* our mod]n moral s5se conc]n+ murd] is 9 _m ways indebt$1 b :i* is (t5 ob/ructive ( legal & e?ical progress1 & :i* col\r$ s deeply ! e>ly ,judaic & ,hell5ic law ( homicide4 ,fur!r1 we note t ,hammurabi's code has come to all[ ! consid]ation ( motives #aca & ext5uat+ circum/ances2 & 9 ?is vital respect x ranks ) mod]n civilis$ legislation4 ,betwe5 su* a society & ! proto-,hell5ic community1 at lea/ 9 reg>d to ! view ( homicide1 !re 0 a great gulf fix$4 ,b = ! pres5t let u pursue ! code fur!r4 ,ano!r crime t e>ly society reg>ds ) religi\s horror1 & ( :i* religion always takes cognisance1 is ince/4 ,! enactm5ts ( ! code deal only ) ?ree cases3 ince/ ) daught]1 "m1 & /epmo!r2 9 ! fir/1 ! s9n] is driv5 f ! l&1 probably into p]petual exile2 9 ! second1 bo? p>ties are burn$ alive2 9 ! ?ird1 he is m]ely driv5 f ! pat]nal h\se4 ,! fir/ two puni%m5ts reveal1 ,i ?9k1 religi\s feel+1 /rong] 9 ! second case ?an 9 ! fir/3 ! s9n] pollutes ! l&1 !re=e ! pollution mu/ be purg$ by 8 flight1 or :5 mo/ deadly mu/ be purg$ away by fire2 = execution by burn+ _h (t5 ! religi\s significance ( a holocau/4 ,/ill x is only by surmise t we detect religi\s col\r 9 ! code at ?is po9t3 9 fact1 x em]ges cle>ly only 9 a few clauses4 ,we note t ! code all[s ( expurgation by oa?-tak+2 s did ! e>ly ,greeks & our own =efa!rs1 & ! practice is n di/9ctive ( any p>ticul> p or gr\p4 ,! code all[s ! ordeal 9 c]ta9 cases1 z did ! ,greek1 & z probably e community has done at a c]ta9 /age ( religi\s feel+2 also civilis$ ,babylon c\nt5anc$ trials = wit*craft1 & enact$ a simil> wat]-ordeal to t :i* prevail$ 9 ,engl& till fairly rec5t times4 ,"o clause is ( int]e/ z %[+ t ,hammurabi 0 n afraid ( any opposition f ! prie/hood if he wi%$ to tax ,*ur* prop]ty2 = he enacts t #acb ! ransom ( 8 captur$ feudal foll[]s 7ab\t :om he is p>ticul>ly ?\ghtful7 8%all be paid out ( ! prop]ty ( ! temple ne>e/ to ! place :]e !y 7 tak5 prison]s40#acb4a ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! code f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 are ! enactm5ts conc]n+ a class ( wom5 :o are devot$ to ! s]vice ( religion1 si/]s or wives1 z !y are "h call$1 ( ,m>duk3 b x w be m conv5i5t to consid] ^! lat] on :5 ! "q ( ritual is dealt )4 ,ap>t f ?is great docum5t1 ,i d n "k if fur!r evid5ce is =?com+ ( ! precise influ5ce ( religion on ! social sy/em ( ,babylonia4 ,! two sph]es may once h be5 closely int]dep5d5t2 b we c see f ! e>lie/ legal contracts t law _h already fre$ itself f religion 9 ! ma92 ! judge is a secul> au?ority2#acb4b ! scribe :o draws up ! contracts is a pr(essional not>y1 & x is n cle> t he _h any necess>y connection ) ! temples2#acb4c we only he> ( c]ta9 eld]s :o assi/$ ! judge1 _m ( :om 7 temple (ficials or memb]s ( ! guild ( ,%ama% vot>ies2#acb4d also1 we f9d trials tak+ place 9 ! temples1 especially ! temple ( ,%ama% at ,sipp>a1 :]e ! legal judgm5t 0 call$ 8! judgm5t ( ,%ama% 9 ! h\se ( ,%ama%40#acb4e ,mu* light has yet to come1 no d\bt1 f ,babylon1 & new light p]haps f ,anatolia1 to illum9ate ! "p play$ by religion 9 ! evolution ( society4 ,we w\ld wi% to "k m conc]n+ ! religi\s side ( family in/itutions1 :e!r1 = in/ance1 !re 0 any direct cult ( ! family he>? to :i* ! ,hell5es ow$ s mu*4 ,rob]tson ,smi? def9itely d5ies t #acc any ( ! ,semitic races knew ( su* an in/itution2 & he is v probably "r1 = x belongs m naturally to ! cold] climates1 :]e ! fix$ & c>efully plac$ he>? is a necess>y c5tre ( ! dwell+-room1 ?an to ! hott]1 :]e ! inhabitants c\ld be cont5t 9 w9t] ) a movable brazi]4 ,yet "o text at lea/ may be cit$ to prove1 if rightly int]pret$1 t ! he>? c\ld be occasionally deifi$ 9 a ,babylonian liturgy2 = 9 a hymn to ,nusku ! fire-god1 :i* conta9s a litany ( absolution f s9s1 we f9d ! phrase1 8,may ! he>? ( ! h\se deliv] y & absolve y10#acc4a b ! same litany speaks also ( ! canals z deifi$4 ,& we may value ^! two examples ( t polydaimonism to :i* we c\ld f9d p>allels 9 e>ly ,hellas4 ,b ?is evid5ce does n po9t to any e/abli%$ & regulat$ he>?-wor%ip :i* might s]ve z ! religi\s bond ( family morality4 ,m ?an "o inscription1 h[ev]1 atte/s ! wor%ip ( a family h\se-god 7ilu-biti71 to :om x seems a small dome/ic *apel 0 consecrat$4#acc4b ,simil>ly1 we h 9 ,hellas ,zeus & 4 ,& ! ,babylonian ilu-biti is m5tion$1 9 association ) a div9ity ( ! /reet1 ila-ski1--a "n :i* rem9ds u ( ,apollo 4 ,only1 ^! h\sehold & /reet-div9ities 9 ,babylon may h be5 m]e 8daimones0 r ?an 2 nor is x cle> :e!r ^! family cults 7 ance/ral1 ! h]itage ( a p>ticul> clan1 or :e!r !y 7 m]ely consecrat$ to ! p]sonal protective deity ( ! h\sehold]1 or :at "p !y play$ 9 ! family organisation1 = in/ance1 9 ! #acd m>riage-c]emonies1 bir?s1 & adoptions4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to /udy !m1 ! ,babylonian litanies & hymns seem r>ely to reflect ! religi\s side ( ! family life#acd4a2 !y are prompt$ by ! ne$s ( ! city & ! empire1 or by ! emotional crises ( ! individual s\l4 ,! legal contracts pres]v$ on ! brick tablets ?r[ "s light on ! =ms ( ! m>riage c]emony1 :i* appe>s to h be5 p]=m$ usually 9 a regi/ration-(fice r ?an a *ur*4 ,!re mu/ surely h be5 also "s religi\s side to x2 b ! only evid5ce1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 is a v curi\s & d\btful docum5t t has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,p9*es1 conta9+ details ( a religi\s c]emony :i* appe>s to be "p ( a bridal4#acd4b ,i w n quote ! qua9t & biz>re =mulae1 z ! r5d]+s are said to be highly conjectural3 if !y prove correct1 "o may judge t ! s]vice belongs to a highly advanc$ religion2 b ,i _c adduce any p>allel to x f o!r peoples4 ,z = ! ritual or religi\s feel+ connect$ ) adoption or bir?1 ,i am n aw>e t ! docum5ts h s f> disclos$ any?+3 x is /at$ vaguely by ,peis]1 9 8 sket* ( ,babylonian society1 t adoption at ,babylon might be prompt$ by a religi\s motive1 namely1 by ! desire ( ! *ildless p>5ts to h an heir :o might cont9ue ! ance/or-wor%ip ( ! family4 ,b no docum5t is quot$ 9 pro( ( ?is2 & x is v d\btful if we ought to speak ( ,babylonian ance/or-wor%ip4#acd4c ,we may suspect t ! writ] has be5 misl$ by ! #ace well-kn[n facts ( ,v$ic1 ,hell5ic1 & ,roman family cult4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 we may feel h[ advanc$1 mod]n & secul>1 0 ,babylonian society4 ,no trace has appe>$ z yet ( ! tribal or phratric sy/em2 ! family is ! unit ( ! ,/ate1 b individualism is mu* develop$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! function ( religion z a con/ructive =ce 9 e>ly ,greek society1 9 ! evolution ( tribal & int]tribal law1 is m obvi\s & transp>5t1 = 9 ?is l& we are =tunate en\gh to cat* glimpses ( civilis$ society 9 its mak+1 :i* are d5i$ to u 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,hell5ic religion p5etrat$ e doma9 & dep>tm5t ( ,hell5ic life to an ev5 great] degree ?an did ,babylonian religion ! society ( ,babylon4 ,& yet ! ,greek m9d z x develops becomes pron\nc$ly secul>1 at lea/ 9 comp>ison ) ! ,ori5tal4 ,! contradiction is only app>5t4 ,! ,hell5e us$ religion z an in/rum5t = con/ruct+ 8 social ord]1 = utilit>ian ends1 z a s]viceable m9i/] t c\ld r>ely1 & nev] = long1 e/abli% a tyranny4 ,he ev5 us$ x to assi/ & glorify 8 sports1 yet he v>i$ & arrang$ ^! accord+ to 8 pleasure4 ,! detrim5tal t5d5cy ( religion to petrify cu/om 0 less m>k$ 9 8 mid/ ?an else:]e2 z usual1 x (t5 lagg$ beh9d 9 ! progress ( ! race1 yet x foll[$ ! progress on ! :ole1 & (t5 assi/$ x4 ,i _c "h give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! social functions ( ,greek religion2 & "s ( its m int]e/+ ph5om5a ,i h tri$ to analyse 9 detail 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures & 9 v>i\s *apt]s ( my ,cults3 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! special que/ions1 ! social or political influ5ce ( ! cults ( ance/ors1 #acf ent]$ into ! c\rse t ,i deliv]$ la/ ye>4 ,i w only attempt "h a brief indication ( ! sali5t facts t w repay special /udy1 conf9+ myself z f> z possible to ^? t belong to ! proto-,hell5ic p]iod4 ,our k1 ( c\rse1 ( ! relation ( religion to ! social ord] ( life1 law1 & morality 9 ! second mill5nium 9 ,greece1 is only dim & hypo!tical3 "h & !re ,hom] af=ds u glimpses2 = ! re/1 we h leg5ds & cult evid5ce :i* mu/ be c>efully & tactfully us$4 ,i h already t\*$ on ! religi\s "* ( ! anci5t k+%ip1 & ! evid5ce ( ! religi\s orig9 ( "s ( ! ,hell5ic 4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! deities _h already 9 ! proto-,hell5ic p]iod a political "*1 z deities ( ! assembly or ! 8agora40 ,?us ,apollo 1 at fir/ a div9e lead] ( ! invasion1 becomes1 :5 ! conqu]ors settle on ! l&1 at once a div9ity ( ! city2 & "s s*ol>s w\ld d]ive 8 v "n f ! 1 ! political assembly4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! settlem5t & developm5t ( law1 ! debates & judgm5ts 9 ! m>ket-place mu/ be secur$ f arm$ di/urbance su* z frequ5tly ?reat5$ ! peace ( ! ,icel&ic ,?+3 !re=e1 9 pre-,hom]ic days ! m>ket-place 0 consecrat$ z a holy place1 & ! eld]s :o give judgm5t 8hold 9 _! h&s ! sceptres ( cle>-voic$ h]alds40#acf4a ,^! words probably ref] to ! 1 ! badge ( ,h]mes1 ! god ( ! m>ket-place1 :i* z a religi\s amulet conf]s inviolability on ! be>]4 ,! same feti*-badge1 giv+ security to ! h]ald & ambassador1 assi/$ ! developm5t ( int]national law2 & ! only spiritual sanction ( treaties #acg & cov5ants ) o!r communities 0 a religi\s "o1 ! =ce ( ! oa? sworn & ! ordeal-ritual :i* accompani$ ! conclusion ( a treaty or contract4 ,! temple on ! bord]l& ( diff]5t tribes s]v$ z a secure place = int]tribal int]c\rse1 comm]cial & fe/ive1 & might become ! c5tre ( an ,amphictyony1 or f$]al union ( tribes4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,delphic ,amphictyony po9ts back to ! proto-,hell5ic p]iod4 ,! oracles 7 beg9n+ 9 ! second mill5nium to play a political "p1 z !y did ) great] effect 9 ! fir/4 ,= ,zeus 0 already at ,dodona1 & ,apollo1 ! political god p> excell5ce1 at ,py?o4 ,our indications are slight & dim2 b ! poet ( ! ,odyssey seems to be aw>e t an or oracul> deliv]ance might be us$ to de?rone a royal dyna/y4#acg4a ,! d$ication ( a ti! ( ! captives tak5 9 w> to ,apollo 0 a cu/om connect$ ) ! e>lie/ settlem5ts & migration1 = ,apollo dispos$ ( 8 captives by colonis+ !m on "s vacant l&4 ,! practice appe>s to h be5 a v e>ly "o1 = ?is is ! leg5d ( ! pre-,dorian settlem5t ( ! ,dryopes 9 ! ,peloponnese2#acg4b also !re is evid5ce = ! in/itution 9 pre-hi/oric ,greece ( t religi\s sy/em ( colonisation :i* ! ,lat9s call$ ! ,v] ,sacrum4#acg4c ,9 fact1 ! religion ( ,apollo1 especially ! common wor%ip ( ,apollo 1 s]v$ m ?an any o!r cult z a bond ( connection betwe5 ! indep5d5t communities already--,i believe--9 pre-,hom]ic days2 & to ?is e>lie/ epo* may belong t int]e/+ ritual ( ! ,hyp]borean (f]+s br\ght by sacrosanct ,hell5ic pilgrims d[n f ! nor? along ! primeval r\tes ( ! ,aryan immigration4#acg4d #ach ,! n>r[] sy/ems ( family & phratry tell ! same /ory ( ! con/ructive p[] ( religion4 ,! primitive gr\p+ into septs & phratries & tribal subdivisions1 ( :i* ! traces are n yet discov]$ 9 ! civilisation ( ,babylon1 has left its deep impr9t on hi/oric ,greek society2 & religion is intimately int]wov5 ) ! dome/ic & phratric cults1 n only 9 t ^! are mu* conc]n$ ) wor%ip ( h]oes & ance/ors1 b t ! high div9ities also1 ,zeus 1 ,a!na & 1 take ^! in/itutions "u _! *>ge4 ,h5ce all adoptions & admissions ( new memb]s into ! phratry _h to be p]=m$ at ! alt>4 ,! m>riage c]emony 0 a religi\s ritual--9 ,attica1 at lea/1 a religi\s communion l ! ,roman ,conf>reatio1#ach4a & ! mutual duties ( p>5ts & *ildr51 k9sm5 & tribesm51 7 consecrat$ by ! e>ly ideas conc]n+ ! div9e nature4#ach4b ,a fe/ival su* z ! 1 in/itut$ to cem5t a social organisation1 & to all appe>ances ( great antiquity1 has no?+ l x 9 ! ,babylonian fe/ival cal5d>1 s f> z ,i am aw>e2 & aga91 to ! _m political & social titles ( ! ,hell5ic div9ities su* z 1 1 1 1 x w\ld be h>d to f9d p>allels 9 ! cult-t]m9ology ( ,babylon4 ,9 consid]+ a religion "u its social or legal aspects1 ! laws conc]n+ homicide w (t5 yield tell+ evid5ce4 ,!re is a :ole aeon ( developm5t divid+ ! code ( ,hammurabi & ! ,hom]ic & pre-,hom]ic !ory 9 ?is matt]4 ,! ,babylonian _h arriv$1 z we h se51#ach4c 9 "s indef9itely #aci e>ly p]iod at ! conception ( murd] z a crime aga9/ ! :ole ,/ate1 at :at we may call ! advanc$ secul> po9t ( view4 ,9 ,greece t conception is po/-,hom]ic3 ! ,hom]ic & pre-,hom]ic societies 7 /ill 9 ! /age ( law 9 :i* homicide is treat$ z a private affair ( ! k9sm51 a matt] to be settl$ by ! blood-feud or w]egild4 ,only 9 c]ta9 cases x 0 a s91 namely1 :5 ! sla9 p]son 0 a suppliant or a k9sman4 ,! religi\s feel+ 9 respect ( ! fir/ p>tly arises f ! old ,aryan ,he>?-wor%ip2#aci4a 9 respect ( ! second1 x is associat$ ) a primitive tribal horror ( %$d+ k9dr$ blood3 &1 ?\gh ! feel+ ( ! religi\s sanctity ( ! gue/1 ! suppliant1 & ! k9sman 0 /rong 9 ,semitic communities1 ,i _c f9d any special ,babylonian cult t is analog\s to t ( ,zeus 1 or 1 or 4 ,i h trac$ else:]e ! developm5t 9 ! n9? & eigh? c5turies ( ! m civilis$ legislation conc]n+ homicide 9 ,greece1 & ,i h tri$ to indicate ! precise "p play$ by religion 9 aid+ ! evolution3#aci4b to get to ! facts "o mu/ specially /udy ! wor%ip ( ,a!na & ,apollo4 ,i h connect$ x ) a gr[+ s5se ( ! impurity ( blood%$1 :i* might express itself 9 a def9ite religi\s way1 z fe> ( ! gho/ or ( ! (f5d$ deity4 ,x is op5 to u to expla9 ?is increas$ s5sitiv5ess conc]n+ purity z a m>k ( ,ori5tal influ5ce1 :i* 0 rea*+ ,greece 9 ! fir/ mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,b at lea/ we ought n to d]ive x f ,mesopotamia until we f9d evid5ce ( purifications f blood%$ z a common ritual 9 ,babylonian religion1 & ! impurity ( blood%$ an und]ly+ #adj pr9ciple ( ! ,babylonian law ( murd]4 ,b1 z we h se51 we disc]n "h only ! secul> result3 ! religi\s =ce t may h work$ t[>ds x is too f> remov$ 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! pa/4 ,summ>ily1 we mu/ conclude t ! political application ( ,hell5ic religion seems :olly a native & indep5d5t product ( ! ,hell5ic _s1 & reflect$ ! *>act]i/ically ,hell5ic =ms ( civic life4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,religion & ,morality4 #ada ,! comp>ison mu/ also consid] ! relation 9 ^! v>i\s societies betwe5 religion & morality1 bo? social & individual4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 z we are deal+ ) ! second mill5nium only1 x mu/ be a comp>ison ma9ly betwe5 ! ,mesopotamian & ! ,hell5ic2 = except = a few ,hittite lett]s t reveal little1 !re is no evid5ce conc]n+ our races ( ! we/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 s9ce monum5ts c sc>cely be direct witnesses conc]n+ e?ics2 at lea/1 ! ,asia ,m9or monum5ts are n1 & we mu/ await ! fur!r discov]y & int]pretation ( ,hittite lit]ature4 ,= ! proto-,hell5ic p]iod also1 x may be said1 we h no explicit & direct evid5ce4 ,b we h ,hom]1 ^: poems belong to ! end ( t p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( ! second2 & we _c suppose t ! av]age morality t !y repres5t _h all gr[n up 9 ! c5tury be=e !m1 /ill less t ,hom] _h discov]$ x z an orig9al tea*]4 ,!re=e1 cauti\sly & critically h&l$1 8 poems ?r[ "s light on ! moral facts ( ! c5turies beh9d !m4 ,!re is also "s evid5ce to be glean$ f ! ri* field ( ,greek my?ology & cult2 only we mu/ realise t we r>ely c det]m9e ! date ( ! rise ( an old ,hell5ic leg5d or ! in/itution ( an old ,hell5ic cult4 ,! ,mesopotamian evid5ce1 #adb !n1 is direct & explicit1 dep5d+ solely on ! "r int]pretation ( docum5ts2 ! ,hell5ic evid5ce conc]n+ ! e>lie/ p]iod is indirect & (t5 hypo!tical4 ,a c>eful /udy ( all ! s\rces w all[ ?is induction1 t ! deities ( ?is p]iod 9 bo? societies are on ! side ( :atev] morality is curr5t1 inspir+ x1 protect+ x1 & av5g+ ! brea* ( x2 we are deal+1 9 fact1 ) a religion ( p]sonal moral p[]s4 ,conc]n+ ! ,mesopotamian1 ?is is a trite obs]vation to make2 ! mo/ sup]ficial glance ( a few hymns confirms x4 ,%ama% is ! great god ( ju/ice1 ! protector ( ! weak2 ,enlil 8de/roye? ! evil-m9d$02#adb4a ,i%t> judges ! cause accord+ to "r--%e ma9ta9s ! "r ( ! oppress$ & ! d[nca/2 ,righte\sness & ,judgm5t are ! sons ( ,%ama%4 ,ga-tum-duga1 8%e :o produces good10 is an appellative ( ,bau4#adb4b ,& yet ?is is n ! :ole acc\nt4 ,! de/ructive & evil "* ( "s ( ! deities 9 ,mesopotamia occasionally appe>s 9 ! hymns1 & is express$ app>5tly 9 c]ta9 titles4 ,?is might be ! case at times :5 ^? deities are address$ t 7 p[]s ( dea? & ! l[] _w2 = in/ance1 ,n]gal1 ! "l ( de/ruction2 ,isum1 a little-kn[n deity to :om a phrase is atta*$ t is said to mean 8! exalt$ murd]]40#adb4c ,& ?is might be expla9$ by ! fact t ^! p[]s p]sonifi$1 z x 71 ! baneful =ces ( nature1 or1 z p]haps 9 ! case ( ,m>tu1 :om ,j]emias cites z "o ( ! evil gods1 7 ali5s4#adb4d #adc ,we f9d also ! "n ( an obscure deity1 8,ira10 :o 0 a god ( pe/il5ce1 & at times id5tifi$ ) ,n]gal2#adc4a b t a direct cult 0 atta*$ to him 9 ?is baneful "* is n %[n4 ,& x is unlikely t any ,babylonian deity 0 wor%ipp$ def9itely z an evil p[]3 moral speculation c\ld always expla9 ! evil t he appe>$ to "w z a puni%m5t = s9 or z righte\s v5geance on ! enemy2 t is to say1 ! evil elem5t becomes moralis$1 & ! wor%ipp] is always conv9c$ t ! god c become good to him4 ,?us 9 ! same context ,n]gal is call$ ! 8,"l ( ,de/ruction10 & yet he is 8! god ( ! little ones1 he ( ! b5efic5t visage40#adc4b ,! d>k /orm-god ,adad1 be=e ^: wra? ! high gods rise up 9 t]ror1 ! pitiless "o1 c yet be implor$ z 8! m]ciful among ! great gods40#adc4c ,?is trans=mation1 by :i* a de/ructive nature-p[] c\ld become a b5evol5t be+1 foll[s a law ( religi\s psy*ology1 :i* expresses itself 9 ! quasi-magical phraseology ( pray]4 ,! wor%ipp] wi%es to get "s good f 8 deity or "s m]cy3 !re=e he calls him good & m]ciful1 feel+ t su* spell-words con/ra9 ! god to be s2 & belief w arise f ! cont9ual repetition ( =mulae4 ,!re=e1 by ! "t our record beg9s1 all ! deities t ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian wor%ipp$ are b5efic5t on ! :ole3 ! ,epic ( ,creation supposes ! exi/5ce ( primeval bad p[]s1 b ^! _h be5 conqu]$1 & "s p>don$1 by ,m>duk4 ,! evil p]sonal ag5cies t rema9$ active 7 demons1 & ^! #add 7 n wor%ipp$1 b exorcis$ or av]t$ by ! good gods4#add4a ,& ?is may s]ve z a fairly accurate description ( ! moral "* ( ,greek religion at t /age ( developm5t :]e ,hom] pres5ts x to u4 ,! high deities are wor%ipp$ on ! :ole z moral be+s & z b5efic5t3 t is1 z ! gu>dians ( ! social morality ( ! p]iod1 :atev] t 04 ,! usual popul> writ] does n p]ceive ?is1 because he is always liable to ! error ( confus+ my?ology ) wor%ip1 & suppos+ t if ! my?ology is lic5ti\s or immoral1 ! deity is wor%ipp$ 9 t "*4 ,all /ud5ts ( my?ology & religion are aw>e t ?is is false4 ,we might be able to %[ t ! religi\s imag9ation & /atem5t ( ,hom] at times fall bel[ ! level ( contempor>y cult1 at times rise above x4 ,at any rate1 he is evid5tly address+ a _w ( religi\s-m9d$ p1 :o impute _! own moral ideals to _! highe/ div9ities1 especially to _! high god ,zeus4 1 ! social feel+ ( indignation :i* is at ! psy*ic basis ( social morality1 is ! common emotion excit$ bo? 9 gods & m5 by ! same acts2 & ?\gh mu* ( ,greek religion 0 /ill n yet p5etrat$ ) morality1 ! high] p]sonal gods 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z on ! side ( righte\sness4 ,"o or two ,greek my?s1 su* z t ( ,prome!us1 z ,hesiod n>rates x1 might sugge/ t ! deity 0 n necess>ily conceiv$ z ! fri5d1 b sometimes ev5 z ! enemy1 ( man4 ,b ,hesiod's n>rative does n /rike u z primitive or #ade popul>2 &1 at any rate1 su* a view is inconsi/5t ) ! e>lie/ /age ( wor%ip t we c discov] or surmise4 ,! poets & philosoph]s might dislike ,ares2 b ! ,hell5es1 :o wor%ipp$ him1 did n wor%ip him z an evil god1 ) apotropaeic rites3 nor is x prov$ or likely t any deity to :om actual s]vice 0 paid1 0 reg>d$ z 9 8 nature malefic5t by 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! dread p[]s ( ! l[] _w 7 also giv]s ( vegetation4 ,! ,er9yes _h sc>cely a record$ cult1 & _! wra? 0 moralis$ z righte\s indignation2 nor 0 gho/-cult1 :5 x arose1 m]ely a s]vice ( t]ror & av]sion4 ,x is a /rik+ confirmation ( ! view "h express$1 t among ! v long li/ ( cult-appellatives atta*$ to ! ,greek div9ities1 "s ( :i* h a moral value1 !re are only two d\btful examples ( an evil connotation atta*+ to ! ^w4#ade4a ,we may affirm g5]ally1 !n1 t ! ,mesopotamian & ,hell5ic religions are m or less on ! same level ( ?\ght 9 respect ( ! moral & b5efic5t "* ( ! deities4 ,b c>eful /udy ( ! ,hell5ic w give u ! impression t ! t]rible & de/ructive p[] ( div9ity is f> less emphasis$ by cult ?an x 0 9 ! ,ea/]n ,semitic _w4 ,e deity might be dang]\s if neglect$1 & c]ta9ly w\ld be if insult$4 ,! idea ( ! 8jeal\s god0 is non-moral1 & c easily become immoral3 t is1 x t5ds to divorce ! conception ( ! div9e "* f ! purely human moral ideal4 ,& ?is idea is palpable n only 9 ! ,hell5ic & ,mesopotamian1 b /ill m 9 ! ,judaic religion1 & our own religion is n yet deliv]$ f x4 ,b ap>t #adf f ?is1 ! ,hell5ic imag9ation1 s f> z we c disc]n x1 ev5 9 its infancy1 did n con/ruct manifold =ms ( fe> out ( ! dang]\s p[]s 9 ! nature-_w1 & wor%ip !m ) ! high] =ms ( cult4 ,we d n come ^u aborig9al ?und] gods & /orm gods p] se 7,i use ! t]m 8god0 advis$ly73 ,zeus ! ?und]] _h be5 civilis$ & moralis$ be=e ,hom]'s "t4 ,poseidon _h always 8 wild side z god ( /orms & e>?quakes2 & to ! end he rema9s r m a non-moral nature-p[] ?an ! o!rs2 b de/ructive =ce 0 c]ta9ly n ! c5tre ( 8 p]sonality1 & 9 ! pre-hi/oric days he _h become ! fa!r ( ! ,m9yan & ,ionic p1 & ! gu>dian ( _! family life4 ,! w9d-p[]s might develop into b5efic5t gods or ance/ors2 or might occasionally be reg>d$ f ! l[] /&po9t ( polydaimonism1 & av]t$ by magical means4 ,! high] ,hell5ic religion did n admit su* be+s z 8,ira10 ! god ( pe/il5ce1 or a special god ( /orms or e>?quakes1 & x is f> less ?an ! ,babylonian a religion ( fe>4 ,?is diff]5ce w em]ge m cle>ly 9 ! /udy ( ritual4 ,"o m diff]5ce /rikes u 9 comp>+ ! e?ical "* ( ! two religions4 ,! ,greek high div9ity is a moral be+1 b n e div9ity 0 moralis$ to su* an ext5t z 7 ! high] p[]s ( ,mesopotamia4 ,a few ,hell5ic deities rema9 e?ically undevelop$ & crude1 ,ares1 = in/ance1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se ,he/ia4 ,a sali5t example is ! contra/ betwe5 ! fire-god ,hephai/os & ! ,babylonian-,sum]ian ,nusku or ,girru4#adf4a ,bo? are elem5tal p[]s ( fire1 bo? are !re=e conc]n$ ) ! arts ( metalwork2 b ,hephai/os rema9s a h&icraftsman1 & #adg has little or no?+ to d ) moral life2 :]eas ! ,babylonian deity acquires an exalt$ moral & spiritual "*4 ,dionysos becomes a mo/ pot5t =ce 9 ! lat] ,hell5ic _w2 yet an irrepressible ve9 ( wildness & a _s t refuses to con=m to ! e?ical ideal ( ,hellas rema9s 9 him4 ,a god s highly plac$ at ,babylon w\ld h be5 clo!d ) moral attributes 9 _m an ec/atic phrase ( temple liturgy4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to g m into detail conc]n+ ! special moral virtues consecrat$ by ! two religions1 or ! v>i\s moral attributes specially attribut$ to ! div9ities4 ,su* a /udy w\ld dem& two long treatises on ,greek & ,babylonian e?ics4 ,i h only "t & p[] to indicate "h a few po9ts4 ,! peoples ( ! old _w %[ _m g5]al po9ts ( resemblance ) ea* o!r 9 _! moral ideas1 & z comp>$ ) ourselves _m sali5t po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,& moral /ati/ics h r>ely any value = prov+ ! influ5ce ( "o race ^u ano!r4 ,z ! ,babylonian society 0 m complex 9 ! second mill5nium ?an 0 ! ,hell5ic1 s mu/ its morality h be52 b x w n be f\nd futile f ! po9t ( view ( our ma9 purpose to comp>e ! two 9 respect ( "s special virtues1 z we h already comp>$ !m incid5tally 9 reg>d to ! ideas ab\t homicide4 ,! idea ( ! s9 ( p]jury belongs to ! e>lie/ /age ( religi\s e?ic1 & is ! />t+-po9t ( mu* moral evolution4 ,x is magical 9 its orig92 = ! oa?-tak] ent]s into communion ) ! div9ity1 by t\*+ "s sacr$ object or eat+ sacr$ food *>g$ ) div9e p[]1 :i*1 be+ n[ )9 him1 w bla/ him if he =swe>s4 ,?is dang]\s p[] becomes int]pret$ z ! ang] #adh ( ! deity by :om ! p]son swe>s falsely4 ,h5ce ! belief arose 9 e>ly ,mesopotamia & ,greece1 & g5]ally 9 ! cults ( p]sonal gods1 t !y puni% p]jury z a dire (f5ce3 su* puni%m5t w fall on ! community or individual1 & (t5 on bo?3 !re=e a social moral in/9ct arises aga9/ p]jury4 ,?is might develop into a moral idea among a progressive p t tru?fulness1 q ap>t f ! ritual ( ! oa?1 0 de> to ,god 9 any case1 & 0 !re=e a religi\s virtue4 ,& ( ?is religi\s virtue atta*+ to tru?fulness1 h[ev] x came to atta*1 we h evid5ce 9 a ,babylonian ritual ( confession2 be=e ! evil demon c be exorcis$1 ! prie/ ask$ c]ta9 que/ions ( ! p5it5t1 & twice he asks1 8,has he said1 yea = nay1 & nay = yea80#adh4a ,b 9 no ,hell5ic record h ,i ev] be5 able to f9d a religi\s p>allel to ?is4 ,! ,hell5ic religi\s _s 0 mo/ s5sitive 9 respect to p]jury1 & no religion ev] reprobat$ x m4 ,9 reg>d to ord9>y tru?fulness1 ,hell5ic religion _h no?+ to say1 no message to give1 & ,hell5ic e?ics v little4 ,9 ! poetic /ory1 ,a!na smiles on ! audaci\s m5dacities ( ,odysseus1 & ,h]mes loves ! li> ,autolykos4 ,n t ! religion consecrat$ m5dacity1 only x fail$ to consecrate tru?4 ,x is only ! great ,a*illes :o hates ) ! hate ( hell ! man :o says "o ?+ ) 8 tongue & hides ano!r ?+ 9 8 he>t4#adh4b ,?is is ! voice ( nor!rn hon\r1 b x has no religi\s import4 ,! ideas connect$ ) p]jury h ?is fur!r value = ! hi/ory ( e?ics1 t !y contribut$ mu* to ! gr[? ( int]national morality4 ,x is #adi (t5 suppos$ t ! e>lie/ morality is m]ely tribal or clanni%1 & t 9 respect ( ! ali5 x is nonexi/5t2 b ?is acc\nt ( morality is false :]ev] p]jury is f\nd to be a s94 ,= "o great occasion = oa?-tak+ is a treaty or a contract ) an ali5 p[]4 ,& ,hom] is our witness t x 0 consid]$ an immoral act = ei!r ,a*aeans or ,trojans to break _! mutual oa?4 ,& ?is e>ly idea ( int]national morality inspires ! ,tel-,el-,am>na correspond5ce & ! ,hittite treaty ) ,rameses4 ,int]national morality also includes ! duty ( hospitality1 & ! pre-,hom]ic _w _h develop$ ?is moral s5se /rongly1 & no d\bt ?r\gh ! aid ( religion2 ! /rang] :o puts himself into communion ) ,he/ia1 ! holy he>?1 or ) ,zeus ,x5ios1 has a moral "r to protection1 & ! abduction ( ,hel5 0 reg>d$ z a s9 on ! "p ( ,p>is aga9/ ,zeus ! god ( ! gue/-"r4 ,i h n yet be5 able to f9d a cult-concept 9 ,babylonian religion p>allel to t ( ,zeus ,x5ios1 or any ref]5ce to hospitality z a sacr$ duty2 yet we "k t ?is 0 & is z highly reg>d$ by "s ,semitic races z x ev] 0 by ! ,hell5ic4 ,we may suspect1 h[ev]1 t z ,babylonian society 0 9 _m respects v mod]n & complex1 ! religi\s sanction ( hospitality _h decay$4 ,look+ n[ at ! moral code z regulat+ ! relations ( memb]s ( ! same tribe or community1 we _c d\bt t clan-morality 0 already highly develop$ 9 ! proto-,hell5ic p]iod3 ! rights & duties ( k9sm5 are ! basis ( ?is morality1 & ^! 7 consecrat$ by ! wor%ip ar\nd ! alt> ( ,zeus 89 ! c\rty>d10 :i* may h be5 a primitive religi\s ga!r+-place = ! k9sfolk ( ! e>ly ,aryan h\sehold4 ,hom] is our fir/ witness = ! #aej cult ( ,zeus 1#aej4a b x is evid5t t x _h be5 long 9 exi/5ce be=e 8 "t4 ,! e>lie/ moral duty t ! tie ( k9%ip imposes is ! ma9t5ance ( peace & goodwill1 & z ! k9dr$s gr[ into a political community1 ?is becomes ! basis ( political morality & ! corn]-/one ( ! religion ( ! city4 ,! ,hom]ic age1 & probably _! pr$ecessors1 h atta9$ ?is e?ical religi\s idea2 & ?\gh ,hom] is ! fir/ to give voice to x1 we w n suppose t he discov]$ x3 8outca/ f clan1 f holy law1 & holy he>? is he :o longs = bitt] battle among ! p ( 8 own t[n%ip40#aej4b ,& to ?is e>ly age we mu/ also impute ! religi\s morality ( ! monogamic family3 ! son fe>s ! curse ( ! fa!r & ( ! "m1 ev5 ( ! eld] bro!r3 8?\ kn[e/ t ! p[]s ( judgm5t def5d ! "r ( ! eld]-born0--,iris says w>n+ly to ,poseidon4#aej4c ,! ,er9yes are specially *>g$ ) ! pres]vation ( ! morality ( ! family & clan1 & ) ! puni%m5t ( ! two *ief (f5ces aga9/ ! sacr$ blood ( ! k91 murd] & ince/4 ,( ! fir/1 en\gh has be5 said2 ! religi\s view ( ! e>lie/ ,greeks conc]n+ ! second is fir/ atte/$ by ,hom]1 :o m5tions 8! woes ( ,o$ipus t ! ,furies ( 8 "m br+ to pass = him02#aej4d he is ?9k+ m ( ! ince/u\s m>riage ?an ( ! p>ricide4 ,z reg>ds ord9>y adult]y1 x is only f ! lat] p]iod ( ,greek lit]ature t we he> prote/s aga9/ x z a s91 ?\gh ! s5tim5t ( moral indignation aga9/ ! adult]] is no d\bt pre-,hom]ic4 ,"o or two ,greek my?s t may reflect v e>ly ?\ght express ! sev]e reprobation on ! "p ( ! fa!r ( #aea un*a/ity 9 8 unm>ri$ daught]2 my?s tell+ ( cruel s5t5ces ( dea? impos$ = ! (f5ce4 ,b ^! sugge/ no religi\s feel+2 ! s5tim5t may well h aris5 f ! fact t "u ! patri>*al sy/em ! virg9-daught] 0 ! m m>riageable & comm&$ a high] bride-price4 ,look+ at ! code ( family & social duties 9 ! e?ical religion ( ,babylon1 ( :i* ! private p5it5tial hymns & confessional ritual ( exorcism are ! *ief witnesses1 we f9d no figures ^: concept & function rem9d u at all ( ! ,er9yes1 ! curse-p[]s on ! side ( righte\sness2 b !re is evid5ce 9 ! lit]ature ( a family morality m advanc$ & m articulate ?an ! primitive ,greek4 ,among ! s9s m5tion$ 9 ! ritual ( confession1 allud$ to above1 ^? indicat$ by ! foll[+ que/ions are ( int]e/3 8,has he caus$ v>iance betwe5 fa!r & son1 "m & daught]1 fa!r-9-law & daught]-9-law1 bro!r & bro!r1 fri5d & fri5d1 p>tn] & p>tn]8 ,has he conceiv$ hatr$ aga9/ 8 eld] bro!r1 has he despis$ 8 fa!r & "m1 insult$ 8 eld] si/]80#aea4a ,all ^! acts ( social misconduct are suppos$ to give a man into ! possession ( ! evil demon1 :i* mu/ be exorcis$ be=e ,god w admit him to 8 fell[%ip aga94 ,?\gh magical ideas are op]ative 9 ! c]emony1 yet we disc]n "h a high religi\s morality4 ,& among ! o!r moral (f5ces cle>ly consid]$ z s9s 9 ! same =mula are su* z %$d+ "o's neighb\r's blood1 committ+ adult]y ) "o's neighb\r's wife1 /eal+ f "o's neighb\r4 ,we f9d also a c]ta9 morality 9 ! matt] ( prop]ty & comm]ce giv5 a religi\s sanction 9 ?is text3 8,?\ %alt n #aeb remove ?y neighb\r's l&m>k0 0 a religi\s law 9 anci5t ,babylonian e?ics z 9 our pres5t liturgy2 x w\ld appeal to ! ,hell5e :o rev]5c$ ,zeus 2 & !re are reasons = believ+ ?is cult-idea to h be5 9 vogue v e>ly 9 ,greece4 ,! ,babylonian code also recognises ! s9 ( us+ false measure or false co94 ,& ! confessional liturgy agrees 9 _m po9ts ) ! fam\s hymn to ,%ama%1 :]e phrases occur su* z 8,%ama% hates him :o falsifies b\nd>ies & weights02 8,%ama% hates ! adult]]40#aeb4a ,x excites our envy also1 by /amp+ z s9s c]ta9 unpatriotic acts1 su* z 8! spread+ a bad report conc]n+ "o's city10 or 8br++ "o's city into evil repute40 ,we may say1 !n1 t we f9d a high degree ( morality 9 e>ly ,greece1 a /ill high] at a /ill e>li] p]iod 9 ,babylon1 & bo? are obvi\sly indig5\s & natural products4 ,& bo? reveal ! ph5om5on t m>ks an e>ly /age ( social morality3 z ! tribe or ! family are "o fle%1 "o corporate unit ( life1 s ! memb]s are collectively responsible1 & 8! s9s ( ! fa!rs are visit$ on ! *ildr540 ,?is 0 ! famili> law ( old ,hellas1 & we may say ( ! anci5t ,m$it]ranean society2 ! fir/ to make ! mom5t\s prote/ aga9/ x1 & to proclaim ! responsibility ( ! individual consci5ce1 0 ,!ognis = ! ,hell5es & ,ezekiel = ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,babylonian1 advanc$ 9 moral ?\ght z he 01 _h n escap$ ! bondage ( ! old] clan-fai?3 9 an incantation-hymn to ,m>duk1#aeb4b ! man :o is seek+ deliv]ance prays 8may ! s9s ( my fa!r1 ( my gr&fa!r1 my "m1 my gr&mo!r1 my family1 #aec my :ole circle ( k9dr$1 n come ne> me1 may !y dep>t f my side40 ,"o o!r *>act]i/ic ( e>ly moral ?\ght & feel+ is t ! s5se ( s9 is n :olly e?ical accord+ to our mod]n crit]ia1 b is p>tly reg>d$ z some?+ ext]nal to ! w & purpose1 some?+ inh]5t 9 c]ta9 acts or sub/ances ( :i* ! p]=mance or ! contagion r5d]s a man a s9n]4 ,?us 9 ! ,babylonian confessional liturgy & hymns ( p5it5ce1 :ile !re is mu* t w\ld appeal to ! mo/ delicate moral consci\sness1 & is on ! same level ) ! mo/ spiritual passages 9 ! ,hebrew psalms1 !re is also a /rong admixture ( :at is ali5 & non-moral4 ,! confessional =mula#aec4a asks a man1 = in/ance1 8:e!r he has sat 9 ! *air ( a p]son "u a ban10 t is1 8a man =bid10 a p]son impure & "u a curse2 8:e!r he has met him1 has slept 9 8 b$1 has drunk f 8 cup40 ,9 "o ( ! p5it5tial hymns t might be address$ to any god1 8to ! god t ,i "k1 & to ! god t ,i d n "k10 z ! =mula expresses x1 we f9d su* sorr[ful confessions z 8)\t kn[+ x1 ,i h eat5 ( t :i* is abom9able 9 ! sight ( my god3 )\t kn[+ x1 ,i h trodd5 on t :i* is fil?y 9 ! sight ( my goddess02 8my s9s are _m1 great is my transgression40#aec4b ,?is mu/ be tak5 q lit]ally3 contact ) unclean ?+s or ) unclean p]sons1 eat+ ( =bidd5 food1 is put 9 ! same category ) s]i\s (f5ces aga9/ social morality1 & all ^! expose a man equally to ! p[] ( ! evil demon & to ! loss ( 8 ,god's protection4 ,& ?is is a half-civilis$ developm5t 9 ,babylonian psy*ology ( ! primeval savage #aed law ( tabu3 nor1 z ,i ?9k1 is !re yet any pro( t ! p ( ! ,mesopotamian culture ev] atta9$ to ! highe/ plane ( e?ical enlight5m5t2 ! lat] ,z>a?u/rian religion ( ! ,p]sian dom9ation is /rongly fett]$ by ?is rituali/ic morality1 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 t :i* is morally wrong & t :i* is physically unclean1 is nev] cle>ly appreh5d$4 ,?is m5tal attitude is support$ 9 ! old] & lat] ,mesopotamian sy/em by a vivid polydaimonism2 ! evil demon is on ! al]t to de/roy ! family & ! individual2 & :]e ! demon is 9 possession ! god dep>ts4 ,z ! demon takes advantage ( e accid5tal act1 :e!r consci\s or unconsci\s1 ! idea arises 9 ! ov]-anxi\s _s t "o _c be sure :5 or h[ (t5 "o has s9n$1 & all illness or o!r mis=tune is attribut$ to "s unkn[n (f5ce4#aed4a ,! utt]ance ( ! ,hebrew psalmi/1 8:o c tell h[ (t he (f5de?3 cleanse ,?\ me f my secret faults10 may express ! int5se s5sitiv5ess ( a v spiritual morality1 or x may be m]ely rituali/ic anxiety4 ,?is latt] is c]ta9ly ! explanation ( ! /rik+ly simil> phrases 9 a ,babylonian p5it5tial hymn--8! s9s t ,i h done ,i "k n2 ! trespass t ,i h committ$ ,i "k n40#aed4b ,! feel+ ( s9 is "h deep & v mov+--8take away f me my wick$ness z a cloak''' my ,god1 ?\gh my s9s be sev5 times sev51 yet undo my s9s02 yet ! context t illu/rates ?is passionate outp\r+ ( ! he>t1 %[s t ! s9 might be su* z ! accid5tal /epp+ on fil?4 ,su* ideas1 all[$ to obsess ! m9d1 easily eng5d] despond5cy & #aee pessimism2 & ?is tone is he>d & once or twice is v m>k$ 9 "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ products ( ,babylonian religi\s poetry2 = in/ance1 9 ! p5it5tial hymn j quot$ f1 ! poet sorr[fully exclaims3 8,m5 are dumb1 & ( no und]/&+3 all m5 :o live on ! e>?1 :at d !y und]/&8 ,:e!r !y d "r1 or wrong1 !y und]/& no?+40 ,b ! /range/ example ( ?is is a lyric ( lam5tation t rem9ds u vividly ( ! book ( ,job1 f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,assurbanipal1 & ( great antiquity & ( wide vogue1 z ,zimm]n %[s4#aee4a ,x is a ma/]piece ( ! poetry ( pessimism3 ! !me is ! sorr[ & tribulation ( ! righte\s :o has s]v$ ,god fai?fully all 8 life1 & feels at ! la/ t he has _h no pr(it ( x2 & 8 ma9 ?\ght is express$ 9 ! l9es1 8,if ,i only knew t su* ?+s 7 pleas+ be=e ,god2 b t :i* seems good to a man's self1 is evil 9 ! sight ( ,god3 & t :i* accord+ to ea* man's s5se is to be despis$1 is good 9 ! sight ( 8 ,god4 ,:o c und]/& ! c\nsel ( ! ,gods 9 heav58 ,a god's plan is full ( d>kness1 :o ha? se>*$ x out80 ,x is easy 9 all ?is to detect ! intimate associations ) ,biblical ?\ght & feel+2 & we may trace back to ,babylon ! daimoni/ic !ory ( morals t col\rs ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & has prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! c5turies ( ,*ri/5dom1 & is only sl[ly los+ its hold4 ,b at ! same "t all ?is %>ply divides e>ly ,babylonian ?\ght f :at we c disc]n ( ! e>ly ,hell5ic1 & m ?an any o!r evid5ce confirms ! belief t ! great ,ea/]n & ,we/]n races 7 n 9 close spiritual contact at ! "t :5 ,hell5ism 0 9 ! mak+4 ,c]ta9 #aef ext]nal resemblances 9 ! ?\ght & feel+ ab\t ^! matt]s are to be f\nd 9 ,hellas & 9 ,mesopotamia2 t is to say1 ! g]ms are id5tical1 = !y are broadca/ all ov] ! _w2 b ! int5sity ( _! cultivation1 & _! importance 9 relation to o!r life-=ces1 are immeasurably diff]5t4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,greek leg5d we discov] ! reflex ( t ext]nal unpurposive morality t ,i h tri$ to def9e above3 ! acts ( ,o$ipus 7 n accord+ to our moral judgm5t e?ically wrong1 = !y 7 :olly un9t5tional3 yet 9 ! olde/ leg5d he is 1 z he calls himself 9 ,sophocles' play1 & a s9n] 9 ! eyes ( ! gods2 nor c\ld all ! virtue & val\r ( ,bell]ophon save him f ! wra? ( heav5 ar\s$ by ! accid5tal slay+ ( 8 bro!r4 ,c]ta9 acts 7 suppos$ to put ^u a man a quasi-physical1 quasi-spiritual miasma1 )\t ref]5ce to w or purpose1 & r5d] him hateful to ,god & man4 ,b ! bondage ( ! ,greek m9d to ?is idea 0 slight] & m tempor>y4 ,& aft] all1 ! ext]nal s9s 9 ^! leg5ds 7 p>ricide1 ince/1 & fratricide1 dreadful ?+s en\gh 9 !mselves4 ,we d n he> ( any ,hell5e's agony ( remorse on acc\nt ( tread+ accid5tally on fil?1 or eat+ malodor\s food4 ,hom]1 inde$1 is m>vell\sly untr\bl$ by any rituali/ic ph>isaic code2 we might ev5 take him z a witness t !re 0 none at all 9 e>lie/ ,hellas4 ,we %\ld be und\bt$ly wrong4 ,! e>ly ,greek mu/ h _h1 l all mank9d1 8 8tabus0 9 pl5ty2 = to suppose t all t we f9d 9 ,hesiod & 9 ! lat] inscriptions 7 a sudd5 discov]y1 w\ld be *ildi%4 ,i may be able to consid] ! evid5ce conc]n+ e>ly ,greek tabus :5 ,i comp>e ! ritual4 ,i w only say "h t we h #aeg reason to believe t at no p]iod 0 ! ,hell5e morbidly p]turb$ ab\t ^!1 or ev] moralis$ !m up to t po9t :]e !y c\ld ex]cise a spiritual tyranny ov] 8 moral s5se4 ,he might object to t\*+ a corpse or to approa*+ an alt> ) blood ^u him2 b x does n seem to h occurr$ to him1 z x did to ! ,p]sian1 & ) almo/ equal =ce to ! ,babylonian1 t accid5tal contact ) an impure ?+ in/antly />t$ into exi/5ce an army ( demons1 :o w\ld ru% abroad to de/roy ! _w ( righte\sness4#aeg4a ,9 fact1 ,hell5ic tabus & purification-laws1 except1 inde$1 ! law conc]n+ purification f blood%$1 _h only ?is contact ) religion1 t ! brea* ( !m might (f5d an irritable div9ity1 :i* x w\ld be unwise to d2 !y 7 n religi\s1 s f> z we c disc]n1 9 ! s5se t !y 7 associat$ ) a vivid belief 9 evil spirits1 z !y 7 9 ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian cre$s4 ,!re 7 g]ms inde$ :i* might h develop$ into a vigor\s daimoni/ic !ory 9 e>ly ,hellas4 ,we he> ev5 9 ,hom] ( su* unpleasant ?+s z 8a black ,kr02 & a my?ic h]o ( ,meg>a kills a mon/] call$ a 1 almo/1 we may say1 a devil4 ,c]ta9 days1 accord+ to ,hesiod1 might be unlucky1 because p]haps ,er9yes or gho/s 7 walk+ ab\t1 ?\gh t popul> poet is n cle> ab\t ?is4 ,b c]ta9ly n 9 e>ly nor (t5 9 lat] ,greece 7 m5 habitually devil-ridd53 nor did !y see devils 9 food or blood or mud4 ,!re=e1 on ! :ole & comp>atively1 e>ly ,greek religion1 :5 we fir/ cat* a glimpse ( x1 appe>s bright & sane1 a religion ( ! heal?y-m9d$ & ( m5 9 ! op5 air4 ,& #aeh !re=e1 :5 secul> philosophy arose1 ,greek moral !ory made no use ( evil spirits except 9 c]ta9 ,py?agorean circles :]e we may detect ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,sup]/ition & magic mu/ h be5 m rife 9 anci5t ,greece ?an ! ,hom]ic picture w\ld lead u to suppose3 yet ! high] culture ( ! p1 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod :i* we are consid]+1 0 comp>atively free f ^! influ5ces & refus$ to develop by religi\s speculation or anxi\s brood+ ! g]ms ( daimonism always emb$d$ 9 ! l[] /ratum ( ! national m9d4 ,! ,univ]se c\ld n1 !re=e1 be view$ by ! ,hell5e z x 0 by ! ,z>a?u/rian1 & to "s ext5t by ! ,babylonian1 z ! ar5a ( a cosmic /ruggle betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & ! p[]s ( evil4 ,nor c\ld ! ,hell5e p]sonify ! p[] ( evil maje/ically1 9 su* a guise z ,ahriman or ,satan2 he only 0 aw>e ( c]ta9 little daemon-figures ( dea? & disease1 gho/ly %ad[s r ?an fully outl9$ p]sonages2 or su* vaguely conceiv$ p]sonal ag5cies z ,ate & ,eris1 :i* belong$ n to religion1 b to ! poetic-moral ?\ght ( ! p4 ,:5 we comp>e ! v>i\s rituals1 we %all disc]n t ! ,hell5ic 0 by no means :olly bright or %all[1 b t "s ( its mo/ anci5t =ms 7 gloomy & inspir$ by a s5se ( s9 or sorr[3 nev]!less1 x is j 9 respect ( ! comp>ative weakness ( ?is s5se t x diff]$ mo/ m>k$ly f ! ,babylonian4 ,!re are o!r aspects ( ! div9e "* int]e/+ to comp>e 9 ! religi\s !ory ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,despite ! app>5t grimness ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian !ology1 no div9e trait is m mov+ly insi/$ on 9 ! liturgies ?an ! m]cifulness #aei ( ! deity3 ,nebo is 8! m]ciful1 ! graci\s02#aei4a ,i%t> is 8! mighty lady ( ! _w1 que5 ( humanity1 m]ciful "o1 ^: fav\r is propiti\s1 :o ha? receiv$ my pray]02#aei4b ,s>panitum is address$ z 8! int]cessor1 ! protectress ( ! captive02#aei4c ,%ama% z 8! m]ciful god1 :o lifte/ up ^? t are b[$ d[n & protecte/ ! weak02#aei4d ,s9 z 8! compassionate1 graci\s ,fa!r02 & 8,gamlat ! m]ciful0 is m5tion$ z a descriptive g5]al epi!t ( an unkn[n ,assyrian deity4#aei4e ,^! phrases may atte/ 9 ! end a g5u9e & f]v5t fai?2 b orig9ally !y 7 probably inspir$ by ! ^w-magic ( p5it5ce1 ! s9n] believ+ t he c make ! deity m]ciful by repeat$ly call+ him s4 ,at any rate1 ,babylonian religion cat*es ?us ! gl[ ( a high e?ical ideal2 & z ! deities 7 invok$ & reg>d$ z by nature m]ciful1 s ! private man 0 requir$ at c]ta9 times to %[ m]cy1 z ! confessional =mula proves4 ,! same idea1 ?\gh a less f]v5t & ec/atic expression is giv5 to x1 is f\nd 9 ! olde/ record ( ,greek religion3 8,ev5 ! gods are mov$ to pity''' !m m5 turn aside f wra? by sacrifice1 libation1 & g5tle pray]s1 :5 a man ha? s9n$ & trespass$ aga9/ !m4 ,= pray]s are ! daught]s ( great ,god1''' & if a man d !m hon\r :5 !y come anigh him1 to him !y br+ great bless+s1 & he> him :5 he praye?40 ,?is ,hom]ic utt]ance #afj 9 ! great spee* ( ,pho5ix#afj4a is ! voice ( a high & civilis$ religion2 & ! idea inspires ! anci5t cults ( ,zeus & 4 ,! ,babylonian conception ( div9e m]cy gave rise to an int]e/+ phrase :i* is atta*$ z a quasi-liturgical =mula to _m ( ! lead+ gods & goddesses--8! awak5] ( ! dead10 8?\ :o raise/ up ! dead03 a phrase :i* has errone\sly be5 suppos$ to ref] to an actual resurrection ( ! dead3#afj4b v>i\s contexts atte/ its real significance z an expression ( ! div9e grace %[n 9 re/or+ ! sick to heal?1 9 sav+ m5 f ! h& ( dea?4 ,hell5ic religi\s vocabul>y af=ds no p>allel to ?is =mula nor to t title ( ,enlil--8,"l ( ! brea? ( life ( ,sum]02#afj4c or t ( ,bel1 8,"l ( ! life ( ! ,l&40#afj4d ,9 "s passages ( ,babylonian lit]ature we m>k ! glimm]+ ( ! idea t life 9 its v>i$ =ms on ! e>? is a div9e sub/ance su/a9$ by ! p]sonal deity4 ,i%t> is describ$ z ! protectress ( all animate exi/5ce1 & all life langui%es :5 %e desc5ds to ! ne!r regions4#afj4e ,! goddess ( ,ere*1 id5tifi$ ) ,i%t>1 speak+ ( h] own functions1 exclaims1 8,9 ! place ( giv+ bir? 9 ! h\se ( ! begett+ "m1 gu>dian ( ! home am ,i40#afj4f ,x is specially ,tammuz :o1 by ! side ( ,i%t>1 imp]sonates ! life ( ! soil1 z appe>s 9 ! /rik+ refra9 recurr+ 9 8 hymn ( lam5t3 8,:5 he slumb]s1 ! %eep & ! lambs slumb] also2 #afa :5 he slumb]s1 ! %e-goats & ! kids slumb] also02#afa4a & ! same ?\ght may h inspir$ a phrase t is d\btfully translat$ at ! end ( ! hymn3 8,9 ! mead[s1 v]ily1 v]ily1 ! s\l ( life p]i%es40 ,/ill m explicit is ano!r ,tammuz hymn1 9 :i*1 :ile bewail+ ! dep>t$ god1 !y wail = all ! life ( ! e>?1 8! wail+ is = ! h]bs2''' !y are n produc$3 ! wail+ is = ! gra91 e>s are n produc$3 ! wail+ is = ! habitations1 = ! flocks1 ! flocks br+ =? no m4 ,! wail+ is = ! p]i%+ w$d$ ones1 = ! p]i%+ *ildr52 ! d>k-head$ p create no m40 ,9 all ?is we see ! reflection ( a pan!i/ic feel+ t l9ks ! liv+ _w & ! p]sonal div9e p[] 9 a my/ic sympa?y4 ,n[ ! idea ( div9ity imman5t 9 liv+ nature is inconsi/5t ) a sev]ely def9$ an?ropomorphic religion2 h5ce we sc>cely f9d x 9 ! e>li] religion ( ,hellas4 ,zeus is call$ ! fa!r ( m5 & gods1 b 9 a rev]5tial r ?an 9 any lit]al creative s5se3 nor is !re f\nd any trace ( ! idea t div9e p[] is imman5t 9 ! life or s\l ( man1 till we come to ! lat] p]iod ( philosophic speculation & ,orphism4 ,only "h & !re beh9d ! an?ropomorphism we disc]n 9 ,hell5ic my? or cult ! vagu] ?\ght ( diffus$ & imman5t div9ity2 ?is reveals itself m ?an once 9 ! my? & cult ( ,demet]1 ^: ang] & sorr[ at ! loss ( h] daught] causes a sympa!tic disappe>ance ( ! crops & ! fruits ( ! e>?2 & x is embodi$ 9 ! ,attic cult on ! ,akropolis ( ,demet] 1#afa4b :i* title expresses ! imman5ce 9 ! v]dure ( #afb ! life-giv+ pot5cy ( ! goddess4 ,! anci5t folklore ( ,greece1 & a few cult-records ( ! primitive village-communities1 reveal figures t recall fa9tly ! l9eam5ts ( ,tammuz1 ,euno/os ( ,tanagra1 ,skephros ( ,tegea1 :o may belong1 z ,l9os c]ta9ly did1 to t gr\p ( h]oes ( crop & h>ve/1 :o die & are bewail$ 9 ! fall ( ! ye>1 & ^: life is sympa!tically l9k$ ) ! life ( ! e>?4 ,b we f9d ?is type ( p]sonage 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 & !re is e reason = believ+ t ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean _h n be5 t\*$ by ! ,tammuz-my? & s]vice 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,! evid5ce !n sugge/s t ! pregnant idea ( ! godhead z ! s\rce ( life 0 m prom95t & m articulate 9 ,babylonian ?an 9 ,hell5ic religion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,purity a ,div9e ,attribute4 #afc ,we may next consid] ! attribute ( purity z a div9e *>act]i/ic1 to see :e!r 9 ?is respect ! ,ea/ diff]$ m>k$ly f ! ,we/4 ,z reg>ds ritual-law1 all ! religions ( ! old _w agree 9 dem&+ ritual-purity3 ! wor%ipp] :o approa*es ! deities mu/ be free f physical ta9t & impurity3 ?is idea is s _w-wide & s deeply emb$d$ 9 primitive ?\ght1 t ! m]e pres5ce ( x is ( no s]vice = prov+ ! int]dep5d5ce ( any religions 9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,f ?is ritual-law ! concept naturally arises ( 8pure gods10 deities :o !mselves are believ$ to be pure because !y insi/ on purity 9 _! wor%ipp]s4 ,m>duk is call$ 8! purifi]0 9 "o ( ! incantation-texts1 9 allusion to 8 p[] ( exorcis+ ! evil demon ( sickness by cleans+ processes4#afc4a ,! ca?>tic rules t ! law ( ritual prescribes w diff] accord+ to ! in/9cts & prejudices ( diff]5t societies4 ,b ! ,babylonian s]vice dem&$ m ?an m]e ritual-purity2 = in/ance1 9 a fragm5t ( a /rik+ text publi%$ by ,delits*1 we f9d ?is injunction3 8,9 ! sight ( ?y ,god ?\ %alt be pure ( he>t1 = t is ! di/9ction ( ! ,godhead40#afc4b #afd ,z reg>ds ! moral & spiritual s5se ( purity1 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( 8purity ( he>t10 we %\ld naturally include purity 9 respect ( sexual indulg5ce4 ,b 9 apply+ ?is te/ to ! ,mesopotamian religion we are confront$ ) a s+ul> difficulty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! my?ology is /rik+ly pure 9 our mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 s f> z ! mat]ials h z yet be5 put be=e u4 ,x agrees 9 ?is respect ) ! ,hebraic1 & diff]s m>k$ly f ! ,hell5ic2 ! gods live 9 monogamic m>riage ) _! respective goddesses1 & we h z yet f\nd no lic5ti\s /ories ( _! intrigues4 ,x may be t g5]ally ! ,babylonian imag9ation 0 re/ra9$ by an au/]ity & %y rev]5ce t did n control ! m reckless & light] _s ( ! ,hell5e2 or x may be t ! prie/ly & royal scribes1 to :om we owe ! :ole ( ! ,babylonian religi\s lit]ature t has come d[n to u1 delib]ately exclud$ any elem5t ( lic5ti\sness t !y may h f\nd 9 ! l[] folklore4 ,b !re is "o curi\s exception4 ,9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame% ! h]o repulses ! pr(f]$ love ( ,i%t>1 & taunts h] ) h] cruel am\rs1 giv+ a long li/ ( h] lov]s :om %e _h ru9$3 "o ( ^! is ,tammuz1 8! sp\se ( ?y y\?10 ^u :om 8?\ did/ lay affliction e ye>03 !n he m5tions h] o!r lov]s :o suff]$ at h] h&s--a s+ul> li/3 a bird1 a lion1 a horse1 a %eph]d ( ! flock1 "s ,babylonian ,p>is or ,an*ises1 :om ,i%t> treat$ z ,artemis treat$ ,aktaion4 ,we mu/ suppose ^! allusions are drawn f ,babylonian folklore1 ( :i* no?+ else has surviv$1 conc]n+ ! amor\s adv5tures ( ! goddess4 ,h5ce mod]n acc\nts are apt to impute a lic5ti\s "* to ,i%t>1 z a goddess ( viol5t #afe & lawless passion1 & to connect ) ?is aspect ( h] ! in/itution 9 h] temple at ,ere* ( ! s]vice ( sacr$ pro/itutes1 atte/$ by c]ta9 cunei=m texts4 ,9 comp>+ ! ritual ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,i %all give "s consid]ation to ?is ph5om5al practice4 ,b ?is view ( ,i%t> is utt]ly contr>y to t pres5t$ ( h] 9 ! hymns & liturgies4 ,n only are c]ta9 hymns to ,i%t> transc5d5tly noble & spiritual 9 tone1 surpass+ mo/ ( ! greate/ works ( ,babylonian religi\s poetry1 b c]ta9 phrases specially exalt h] z ! virg9-goddess4 ,9 "o ( ! lam5tations we read1 8,virg91 virg91 9 ! temple ( my ri*es1 am ,i40#afe4a 8,! _s-maid1 glory ( ,heav53 ! ,maid5 ,i%t>1 glory ( ,heav540#afe4b ,9 a psalm to ,nana1 "o ( ! by-names ( ,i%t>1 %e is call$ 8,virg9-goddess ( ,heav502#afe4c 9 ano!r %e speaks ( h]self1 8%e ( ! pure he>t1 %e )\t fe> 0 ,i40#afe4d ,?is virg9-"* ( h]s mu/ !n be reg>d$ z fix$ by su* epi!ts & phrases1 ( :i* m examples might no d\bt be f\nd4 ,!re=e ! phrase atta*$ to h] 9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame%1#afe4e 8,kadi/i ,ilani10 mu/ n be translat$ z ,dhorme w\ld translate x1#afe4f 8! c\rtesan ( ! ,gods10 m]ely on ! gr\nd t ! same ^w is appli$ to h] temple-h>lots3 = ! ^w prop]ly means 8pure0 f /a91 h5ce 8holy10#afe4g & 9 ?is latt] s5se x c\ld be appli$ to h] consecrat$ vot>ies1 9 spite ( _! s]vice1 :i* seems to u #aff impure3 ! same ^w 8,k$e%0 is us$ = ! vot>ies ( ! same ritual 9 ,pho5icia & ,syria4 ,?is app>5t contradiction 9 ! conception ( ,i%t>'s "* is sometimes expla9$#aff4a by ! sugge/ion t %e 0 really a comb9ation ( two di/9ct goddesses1 a voluptu\s & effem9ate goddess ( ,ere*1 & a pure & w>like ,assyrian goddess ( ,n9eveh4 ,b !re is no real contradiction2 = 9 ,babylonian religi\s & liturgical lit]ature ! l[] view ( ,i%t> is nev] pres5t$ at all4 ,%e is always wor%ipp$ z pure & holy2 ! lic5ti\sness ( folklore1 if !re 0 any su* 9 vogue1 0 n all[$ to intrude into ! temple-s]vice4 ,!re=e ,i%t> is no real exception to ! rule t purity1 ev5 9 our s5se1 is a prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ,babylonian div9ity1 z x 0 ( ! ,hebraic4 ,b n[ ano!r ph5om5on claims our int]e/3 :ile be+ a virg9-goddess1 %e is sometimes address$ z a "m4 ,9 ! inscription ( ,s>gon 7#gbb-gje ,b4,c47 %e is describ$ z 8! ,lady ( ! ,heav5ly ,cr[n1 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods02#aff4b & 9 "s ( ! old] hymns1 :i* h already be5 quot$1 %e speaks ( h]self at "o "t z "m & at ano!r z maid3 8,"m :o kn[s lam5tation10 & 8,i am ! ,virg9-,goddess40#aff4c ,simil>ly1 9 ! hymn to ,nana %e is call$ 9 "o place 8! ,virg9-,goddess ( ,heav502 9 ano!r1 8,"m ( ! fai?ful brea/s40#aff4d ,ano!r goddess1 ,bau1 :o is em95tly ! "m or ! wife-goddess1 ! sp\se ( ,n+irsu or ,n9ib1 is *>act]is$ 9 a hymn to ! latt] god z 8?y sp\se1 ! maid1 ! ,lady ( ,nippur40#aff4e #afg ,f ^! phrases1 !n1 seems to em]ge ! conception ( a virg9-"m4 ,only we mu/ n press x too f>1 or suppose at all t x cry/allis$ into a dogma4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ec/atic ,babylonian imag9ation t 9 ! swoon ( rapture ! intellect does n %>ply hold contradictions ap>t1 & ! my/ic en?usiasm reconciles contr>y ideas z fus$ 9 "o div9e p]sonality4 ,?us ev5 a div9ity naturally & prop]ly male1 might be my/ically address$ z ,fa!r-,"m1 = ! wor%ipp] craves t ! godhead %\ld be all 9 all to him4 ,?us mo!rhood is ! natural function & int]e/ ( ! goddess2 !re=e ! ,babylonian supplicat$ 8 goddess z "m1 ev5 z "m ( ! gods1 )\t ?9k+ ( any div9e (fspr+ or ( any lit]al g5ealogy or !ogony4 ,virg9ity is also beautiful1 & a s\rce ( div9e p[] & virtue4 ,!re=e ! "m ,bau might rejoice to be address$ occasionally z maid4 ,z = ,i%t>1 %e 0 aborig9ally1 p]haps1 a maid1 9 ! s5se t no god ent]$ into h] wor%ip2 & ?is idea %ap$ ! e>ly spiritual conception ( h]4 ,b z a great goddess %e mu/ %[ h] p[] 9 ! propagation ( life2 !re=e %e mu/ be recognis$ 9 pray] & supplication z a "m2 ! ador] wi%+ to give h] ! virtue ( bo? /ates1 probably )\t dogmatis+ or feel+ ! contradiction4 ,?is explanation appe>s m likely1 :5 we consid] ! psy*ologic temp] ( ! ,babylonian poetry1 its (t5 incoh]5t rapture1 ?an ! o!r obvi\s "o t ,i%t> ! virg9 happ5$ 9 _m places to appropriate to h]self ! cult ( a "m-goddess1 ?\gh ?is might easily happ54 ,z reg>ds ! o!r poly!i/ic ,semitic races1 we c inf] t ! same religi\s ideas conc]n+ ritual-purity #afh 7 9 vogue2 b our scanty records d n enable u to det]m9e :e!r & h[ f> !y 7 quick5$ by spiritual significance4#afh4a ,b we c trace ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or ! d\ble concept ( "m & virg9 9 ! p]sonality ( ! goddesses2 ?\gh x is difficult to decide :e!r !y ev] co9cid$1 & ) :at degree ( def9it5ess1 9 ! same p]sonage4 ,a/>te mu/ h be5 imag9$ g5]ally z a "m-goddess1 & %e appe>s conspicu\sly z ! female consort ( ,baal2 ?us h] ,hell5ic equival5t is (t5 giv5 z ,aphrodite2 yet 9 ano!r aspect ( h] wor%ip %e mu/ h appe>$ z virg9al1 = %e is also (t5 id5tifi$ ) ,artemis1 j z a simil> goddess ,ana? 9 ,cyprus 0 id5tifi$ ) ,a!na4#afh4b ,! goddess ,at>gatis ( ,hi]apolis1 describ$ by ,lucian1 0 evid5tly a "m-goddess1 be>+1 accord+ to him1 a m>k$ resemblance to ,rhea1 & plac$ 9 ! temple by ! side ( h] husb&1 ,bel or ,zeus4 ,among ! ,sabaean inscriptions ( ,s\? ,arabia1 we f9d a d$ication by "s p>5ts 9 behalf ( _! *ildr5 to ! goddess ,umm-,att>1 a "n t signifies 8,"m-,att>0 7or 8,"m ,a/>te0#afh4c2 & a late record1 too late to s]ve z witness = ! e>ly p]iod we are consid]+1 speaks ( a virg9-"m among ! ,arabs4#afh4d ,f9ally1 ! e>lie/ ,c>?ag9ian inscriptions record ! cult ( ! great goddess ,tanit1 address$ usually z ! 8,lady ,tanit1 ! ,face ( ,baal10 & call$ 9 "o d$ication 8,! ,great ,"m40#afh4e ,if %e is ! same z ! div9ity :om ,augu/9e describes z ! ,virgo ,caele/is1 ! #afi ,heav5ly ,virg91#afi4a !n ei!r ! dual concept 0 my/ically comb9$ 9 ! same p]sonage1 or ! ,c>?ag9ian goddess 0 wor%ipp$ at diff]5t times & at diff]5t seasons z ! "m & !n z ! maid4 ,b ! evid5ce is q unc]ta91 & we mu/ n comb9e too ra%ly ! records ( diff]5t ages4 ,look+ at ! non-,semitic races ( ,asia ,m9or1 we h not$ ! monum5tal evid5ce among ! ,hittites = ! wor%ip ( a "m-goddess1 :o ) h] son figures 9 ! procession on ! reliefs at ,boghaz-,keui4 ,x may be %e :o appe>s on a ,hittite votive relief z a l>ge seat$ female ) a *ild on h] knees1#afi4b a type :i* ! ,greeks w\ld call 4 ,h] "n may h be5 ,umma2 = ?is div9e ^w is n[ giv5 u among ! names ( ,hittite div9ities 9 cunei=m texts rec5tly discov]$1 :i* h be5 publi%$ & int]pret$ by ,pr(essor ,sayce 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4#afi4c ,he !re connects ! ^w ) ! ,assyrian ,umma ,"m1 & reg>ds ?is ,hittite goddess z ! ance/ress bo? by "n & nature ( ! ,cappadocian goddess ,m1 fam\s at ,comana 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,n[ ! "n ,m designates 8! "m10 & yet ! ,hell5es id5tifi$ ?is goddess n only ) ! great "m ,kybele1 b freely ) ,artemis4 ,i believe ! ext]nal inducem5t to ?is latt] assimilation 0 ! isolation ( ,m 9 h] cult1 into :i* no god ent]$4 ,f ?is late evid5ce x is too haz>d\s to inf] an e>ly ,hittite virg9-"m1 especially z ! processional relief at ,boghaz-,keui seems to pres5t u ) a 1 ! solemn union ( a god & a goddess4 ,z reg>ds ! great goddess ( ! ,asia-,m9or coa/1 x #agj has be5 some:at ha/ily conclud$ t "h & !re h] cult includ$ ! my/ic idea ( a virg9-"m4 ,we h only "s evid5ce f a late p]iod1 & 9 any case x w\ld be a bold leap to argue back f x to ! second mill5nium4 ,b ! evid5ce is weak4 ,i h criticis$ x else:]e1 & ,i f\nd x & /ill f9d x v frail4#agj4a ,i h n be5 able to detect any cle> consci\sness ( ! idea 9 ! cult & cult-leg5ds ( ,kybele3 we mu/ n build mu* on ! ,pess9untian /ory t ,arnobius gives u conc]n+ h] resi/ance to ! love ( ,zeus1 = c]ta9ly ! g5]al leg5d ( ,kybele & ,attis is inconsi/5t ) any dogma ( ! goddess's virg9ity1 nor 0 %e ev] call$ 9 cult4 ,%e 0 r ! "m-goddess1 ) :om ! wor%ipp] himself 9 a my/ic ritual might be unit$ 9 corporeal union4#agj4b ,if we se>* ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,asia-,m9or littoral1 nei!r 9 ! prehi/oric nor 9 ! lat] p]iods be=e ,*ri/ianity is ! concept we are seek+ cle>ly to be trac$4 ,i _c f9d ! ,leto-,artemis1 ! goddess :o 0 at once ess5tially a virg9 & a "m4 ,:at we disc]n 9 ,crete is a great "m-goddess & a virg91 or ,britom>tis1 8! ,sweet ,maid40 ,t ! prehi/oric or lat] ,cretans my/ically comb9$ #aga ! two concepts 9 "o p]sonality we d n "k4 ,:5 we exam9e leg5ds & ritual1 usually dateless1 ( e>ly ,hellas1 we are aw>e t a goddess :o 0 wor%ipp$ z a ,maid 9 "o locality might be wor%ipp$ z a ,"m 9 ano!r2 or ! same goddess at diff]5t times ( ! ye> might be wor%ipp$ n[ "u "o aspect1 n[ "u ano!r4 ,h]a ( ,argos ye>ly r5ews h] div9ity by ba?+ 9 a c]ta9 /ream4 ,kore1 ! "y e>?-goddess1 0 probably an e>ly emanation f ,demet]4 ,h[ p[]ful 9 pre-,hell5ic days 0 ! appeal ( ! virg9al aspect ( c]ta9 goddesses1 is %[n by ! antiquity & ! t5acity ( ! dogma conc]n+ ! virg9ity ( ,artemis & ,a!na4 ,yet ! latt] 0 call$ at ,elis#aga4a4 ,b x w\ld be v ra% to decl>e t "h at la/ ! ,virg9-,"m is f\nd 9 old ,greece4 ,a!na has no (fspr+2 !re is nei!r loss nor miracul\s pres]vation ( h] virg9ity4 ,only ! ,elean wom51 wi%+ !mselves to be mo!rs1 pray to ! ,virg9-goddess = (fspr+1 & /r5g!n _! pray] by apply+ a ^w to ,a!na ( su* p[]ful spell-efficacy z 8,"m40 ,x w\ld be a mis9t]pretation ( ! me?od ( anci5t hi]atic spee* to suppose t ,a!na 0 my/ically imag9$ z h]self bo? ,virg9 & ,"m4#aga4b ,! rituali/ic value ( purity 0 probably a po/ulate ( ! religi\s feel+ ( e>ly ,hellas1 ?\gh ,hom] gives u only fa9t glimpses ( ! idea4 0 an old cult-title ( ,apollo1 & its root-significance may well h be5 8,pure40 ,we he> ( ,hagn1 8! pure goddess10 probably a rev]5tial #agb "n = ,kore at ! ,mess5ian ,&ania3#agb4a & on ! hilltop above ! ,arcadian ,pallantion1 ,pausanias records ! cult ( a nameless gr\p ( div9ities call$ 1#agb4b a cult :i*1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt ( x1 appe>s to h desc5d$ f v anci5t times4 ,! "q ( purity 9 ,greek ritual may be res]v$ = a lat] /age 9 our comp>ative /udy4 ,i w only rem>k "h on ! fact t ,greek wor%ip1 e>ly & late1 0 9 m>k$ antagonism 9 ?is respect to ,greek my?ology1 ! =m] be+ on ! :ole solemn & beautiful1 ! latt] (t5 s+ul>ly impure4 ,9 fact1 bo? 9 ! ,phrygian & ,hell5ic popul> imag9ation we detect an extraord9>y ve9 ( grossness1 t seems to m>k (f ^! ,aryan peoples %>ply f ! ,mesopotamians1 & equally1 z f> z we c see1 f ! o!r ,semites4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,concept ( ,div9e ,p[] & ! ,anci5t ,cosmogonies4 #agc ,we may pr(itably comp>e ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n peoples accord+ to _! respective conceptions ( ! div9e p[]4 ,look+ c>efully at ! ,babylonian hymns & liturgies1 we _c say t ! idea ( div9e omnipot5ce 0 ev] an assur$ dogma1 vividly pres5t to ! m9d & cle>ly express$4 ,any p>ticul> hymn may s exalt ! pot5cy ( ! p>ticul> deity to :om x is address$ t1 9 ! ec/asy ( pray] & adoration1 ! wor%ipp] may speak z if he believ$ him or h] to be p[]ful ov] all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?4 ,b ?is fai? 0 tempor>y & illusive4 ,! p[] ( ! deity 9 ! popul> cre$1 & inde$ 9 ! hi]atic sy/em1 0 b\nd up ) 8 temple & alt>4 ,:5 ,sanh]ib laid wa/e ,babylon & ! temples1 ! 8gods mu/ flee l birds up to heav540 ,9 ! ,babylonian epic ! deities !mselves are greatly al>m$ by ! flood4 ,9 "o ( ! hymns ( lam5tation1 ,i%t> lam5ts h] own ov]?r[ 9 h] ru9$ city1 :]e %e 8is z a helpless /rang] 9 h] /reets40#agc4a ,x is probable t ! popul> belief ( ,babylon agre$ 9 ?is respect ) t ( all o!r nations ( ! same type ( religion2 = ! popul> religi\s m9d is incapable ( fully #agd realis+ or logically apply+ ! idea ( div9e omnipot5ce4 ,b ?is at lea/ is cle> 9 ! ,babylonian sy/em1 t ! high] div9ities act+ z a gr\p are /rong] ?an any o!r ali5 pr9ciple 9 ! ,univ]se1 f ! p]iod :5 ,m>duk1 or orig9ally1 p]haps ,n9ib1 won 8 victory ov] ,tiamit4#agd4a ,! evil p[] embodi$ 9 ! demons rema9s inde$ active & /rong1 & mu* ( ! div9e ag5cy is devot$ to combat+ !m4 ,& ! demons are impressive be+s1 imp]sonat+ (t5 ! immoral pr9ciple1 b !y d n assume ! gr&eur ( an ,ahriman1 or rise to 8 position z compe]s ( ! high god4 ,?us ! ,babylonian !ology escapes ! duality ( ! ,z>a?u/rian2 ! god c always exorcise & ov]p[] ! demon if ! demon-ridd5 man rep5ts & returns to communion ) 8 deity by p5ance & confession4 ,fur!rmore1 ! anci5t docum5ts reveal ! ,babylonian deities z ! arbit]s ( de/9y4 ,m>duk is nam$ by ,k+ ,n]iglass> 8! ,lead] ( ,de/9y02#agd4b & we h frequ5t allusions to ! gods fix+ ! ye>ly fates at an annual meet+4 ,nebo ! scribe is ! writ] & ! keep] ( ! 8,doomsbook0 ( ,heav51 & ?is book is call$ 8! tablets t _c be alt]$1 t det]m9e ! b\nds 7or cycle7 ( ,heav5 & ,e>?40#agd4c ,fate is nei!r p]sonifi$ nor magnifi$ into a transc5d5t cosmic =ce ov]p[]+ & %ap+ ! w ( ! gods4 ,h[ ! o!r religions ( poly!i/ic ,asia ,m9or dealt ) ^! matt]s is n reveal$2 & ! #age comp>ison "h1 z 9 _m o!r po9ts1 mu/ be imm$iate betwe5 ,mesopotamia & ,hellas4 ,mu* t has j be5 said ( ! =m] may be affirm$ ( ! latt] 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ,hom] ! pre-em95ce1 ev5 ! omnipot5ce1 ( ,zeus is occasionally express$ z a dogma1 & we mu/ believe t ?is deity _h ris5 to ?is comm&+ position be=e ! ,hom]ic p]iod1 at lea/ among ! progressive tribes2#age4a & ?r\gh\t ! sy/ematis$ !ology ( ,greece 8 sov]eignty 0 ma9ta9$ m consi/5tly ?an1 ow+ to ! %ift+ ( ! p[]s ( ! cities1 0 t ( ,m>duk or ,bel or ,enlil 9 ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian sy/em4 ,probably ! high idea ( div9e omnipot5ce 0 z vaguely & feebly realis$ by ! av]age primitive ,hell5e z we h reason to suspect t x 0 by ! av]age ,babylonian4 ,also1 z ,hellas 0 f> less c5tralis$ ?an ,babylonia1 ! efficacy ( ! local or village god or goddess or daimon might (t5 transc5d ! influ5ce ( ,zeus4 ,b at lea/ we h no ,hell5ic evid5ce ( s n>r[ a !ory1 z t ! deity's p[] dep5d$ ^u 8 temple or 8 image1 or ev5 ^u 8 sacrifice4 ,x has (t5 be5 popul>ly & lightly ma9ta9$ t ! ,hell5ic deities 7 subord9ate to a p[] call$ ,fate4 ,?is is a %all[ misjudgm5t1 bas$ on a mis9t]pretation ( a few phrases 9 ,hom]2 we may be c]ta9 t ! aborig9al ,hell5e 0 incapable ( s gloomy an ab/raction1 :i* w\ld sap ! vitality ( p]sonal poly!ism1 & :i* only appe>s 9 /r5g? 9 ! latt] p]iods ( religi\s decay4 ,7 x1 inde$1 a root-pr9ciple ( ,hell5ic religion1 x w\ld /rongly diff]5tiate x f ! ,mesopotamian4 #agf ,9 ?us comp>+ ! two religions accord+ to _! respective conceptions ( div9e p[]1 we note two /rik+ ph5om5a 9 ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,! ,mesopotamian gods are magicians1 & "p ( _! "w is work$ by magic4 ,m>duk & ,ea1 ! wise deity ( ,eridu1 s]ve z exorcis]s ( demons 9 behalf ( ! o!r gods4#agf4a ,9 a panegyric on ! =m]1 ! /range phrase occurs1 8! spittle ( life is ?9e10#agf4b :i* probably alludes to ! well-kn[n magical qualities ( ! saliva4 ,eridu1 ! home ( ,ea1 0 also ! orig9al home ( ,*aldean magic4 ,:5 9 ! e>ly cosmic /ruggle betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & d>kness1 ,tiamat1 ! "m & que5 ( ! latt]1 selects h] *ampion ,q+\ z lead]1 %e proclaims1 8,i h pron\nc$ ?y magic =mula1 9 ! assembly ( ! gods ,i h made !e great40#agf4c ,9 magic1 great is ! p[] ( ! spok5 ^w1 ! 2 & ! ,^w1 ( :i* ! efficaci\s =ce arose 9 ! doma9 ( magic1 has be5 exalt$1 z we are well aw>e1 by high] religion to a great cosmic div9e ag5cy1 sometimes p]sonifi$4 ,x 0 s exalt$ 9 e>ly ,babylonian religion4 ,! deity acts & controls ! ord] ( ! _w by ! div9e ,^w4 ,_m ( ! ,sum]ian hymns lay /ress on its quasi-p]sonal virtue or 8mana02 & (t5 on its t]rible & de/ructive op]ation2 & 9 "o1 z we h se51 ! goddess ,nana is id5tifi$ ) ! ,^w ( ,enlil4#agf4d ,9 a great hymn to ,s91#agf4e ! might ( 8 ,^w is glorifi$ 9 v]ses t recall ! ,psalmi/'s phrase3 8,! voice ( ! ,"l is mighty #agg 9 op]ation40 ,! ,^w ( ,bel-,m>duk is said to be /rong] ?an any exorcis] or div9]1 & is ! !me ( a special hymn4#agg4a ,x is describ$ 9 ano!r z 8a net ( maje/y t encompasse? heav5 & e>?40 ,! ,^w ( ,m>duk %akes ! sea1#agg4b z ! ,hebrew poet decl>es t 8! voice ( ! ,"l %ake? ! c$>-trees40 8,! _s ( ! ,^w is ,enlil''' ! ,^w :i* /ille? ! heav5s above''' a prophet x ha? n1 a magician x ha? n10#agg4c--t is1 no prophet c fully int]pret1 no magician c control1 ! ,^w4 ,a mo/ pot5t ^w is ! "n ( ! div9ity1 & ! p>tial apo!osis ( ! "n itself is a /range religi\s ph5om5on1 :i* also orig9at$ 9 ! doma9 ( magic1 & has play$ a mom5t\s "p 9 ! ,egyptian1 ,judaic1 ,*ri/ian1 & o!r high religions4#agg4d ,x appe>s also 9 ,mesopotamian religion4 ,9 a hymn to ,enlil we f9d ! phrase3 8at ?y "n1 :i* creat$ ! _w1 ! heav5s 7 hu%$ ( !mselves40#agg4e ,9 ! ,babylonian poem ( creation ! primal /ate ( ,*aos is ?us describ$1 8no god _h yet be5 creat$1 no "n _h yet be5 nam$1 no de/9y fix$40#agg4f ,! gods "n ! fifty names ( ,n9ib1 & ! "n ( fifty becomes sacr$ to him1 s t ev5 9 ! "t ( ,gudea a temple 0 actually d$icat$ to ,numb] ,fifty4#agg4g ,n[1 9 ! respects j consid]$1 ! e>lie/ aspect ( ,greek religion t is reveal$ to u pres5ts a /rik+ contra/4 ,! relations betwe5 magic & #agh religion are m>k$ly diff]5t4#agh4a ,magic _h d\btless ! same hold on e>ly ,greece z x has on mo/ societies at a c]ta9 /age ( culture4 ,we c conclude ?is f ! glimpses ( x reveal$ by ,hom] & "s anci5t my?s1 su* z ! /ory ( ,salmoneus1 z well z by ! evid5ce ( its practice 9 lat] ,greece1 & z su* ph5om5a are n ( sudd5 gr[? we c safely believe t !y 7 "p ( an anci5t tradition always alive among ! p4 ,b :ile ,babylonian magic proclaims itself l\dly 9 ! great religi\s lit]ature & highe/ temple ritual1 ,greek magic is b>ely m5tion$ 9 ! old] lit]ature ( ,greece1 plays no "p at all 9 ! hymns1 & c only ) difficulty be discov]$ z lat5t 9 ! high] ritual4 ,aga91 ,babylonian magic is ess5tially demoniac2 b we h no evid5ce sugge/+ t ! pre-,hom]ic ,greek 0 demon-ridd51 or t demonology & exorcism 7 lead+ factors ( 8 consci\sness & practice3 ! e>lie/ my?ology does n sugge/ t he habitually imput$ 8 physical or moral disord]s to demons1 nor does x convey any h9t ( ! exi/5ce 9 ! e>ly society ( t t]rible function>y1 ! wit*-f9d]1 or ( ! in/itution ( wit*-trials4 ,_h ,greek religion & my?ology be5 deeply impregnat$ ) ,babylonian influ5ces we %\ld f9d x difficult to acc\nt = ?is mom5t\s diff]5ce4 ,! same reflection is =c$ ^u u :5 we obs]ve t ! or ,div9e ,^w conceiv$ z a cosmic p[] plays no "p 9 ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic !ology ( :i* we h any cognisance 7we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! lat] hi/ory ( ! concept73 nor c we f9d 9 ! e>lie/ ,greek p]iod ! "n ( ,god exalt$ into ! position ( a div9e creative =ce2 #agi al?\gh1 z ,i h %[n else:]e1 ! e>lie/ ,hell5e1 z ! lat]1 0 fully s5sitive to ! magico-div9e efficacy ( names4#agi4a ,we may also ga!r some?+ = our pres5t purpose f a comp>ison betwe5 ! cosmogony or cosmic my?s ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,( ^! x is only ! ,babylonian & ,hebraic t c claim a great antiquity ( record4 ,:at is report$ ( ,pho5ician belief conc]n+ ^! matt]s is ( late au?ority1 ,eusebios quot+ f ,san*unia?on or ,philo ,byblios1 & ?is is too mu* p]meat$ ) lat] elem5ts to be useful "h4 ,z reg>ds ! ,hell5ic !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! _w & ( man1 putt+ aside a few scatt]$ h9ts 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 we h ,hesiod = our fir/ & insuffici5t witness4 ,if we c detect ,babylonian influ5ce 9 ! ,hesiodic sy/em1 we mu/ n ha/ily conclude t ?is 0 already rife 9 ! second mill5nium3 on ! o!r h&1 if ,hesiod seems to h escap$ x1 x is f> less likely t x 0 /rong ^u ! proto-,hell5es4 ,= e>ly ,babylonian cosmogony our ma9 evid5ce is ! epic poem ( creation1 pres]v$ on tablets f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,k+ ,assurbanipal1 :i* elucidates1 & 9 ! ma9 corroborates1 ! fragm5ts ( ! /ory giv5 by ,b]osos 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,our e>lie/ record1 !n1 is actually ( ! sev5? c5tury1 b ,assyriologi/s h giv5 reasons = ! view t ! epic copi$ = ,assurbanipal desc5ds f a p]iod z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #bjjj2 = "p ( x accords ) an old ,babylonian hymn t has be5 discov]$4#agi4b ,! docum5t is !re=e anci5t en\gh = ! purposes ( our comp>ison4 ,x is well kn[n ?r\gh v>i\s #ahj publications1 & c be read conv5i5tly 9 ! detail$ exposition ( ,k+ 9 8 h&book on ,babylonian religion4#ahj4a ,:5 we consid] c>efully ! m significant features 9 ?is cosmogony1 we are /ruck ) its almo/ total unlik5ess to any?+ t we c discov] or surmise 9 e>ly ,hell5ic ?\ght4 ,x is true t ! ,babylonian !ory />ts ) ! dogma t ! e>lie/ cosmic fact 0 ! elem5t ( wat]4 ,apsu & ,timat are ! fir/ p[]s 9 an unord]$ univ]se1 & ^! seem to be ! p]sonal =ms ( ! upp] & l[] wat]s1 ! fre% & ! salt4 ,we f9d ! p>allel ?\ght 9 ,hom]1 :o speaks ( ,okeanos z 8! s\rce ( all ?+s10#ahj4b includ+ ev5 ! gods4 ,b ! value ( su* a p>allelism is ( ! slighte/1 = ! vague !ory ( a wat]y orig9 ( creat$ ?+s appe>s widely diffus$ 9 ! my?s ( remote peoples1 = in/ance1 ,nor?-,am]ican ,indians1 ,aztecs1 ! ,v$ic ,aryans1 & !re is a glimm] ( x 9 ! old ,norse4#ahj4c ,no conclusion1 !n1 c be drawn f s slight a co9cid5ce4 ,if we "k any?+ ( ! cosmogony ( ! pre-,hom]ic society we "k x f ,hesiod1 = ,hom] himself %[s no int]e/ & makes no revelation on ! subject4 ,) c]ta9 res]vations & aft] c>eful criticism we may be able to reg>d "s p>ts ( ! ,hesiodic /atem5t z reflect+ ! ?\ght ( an age ant]ior to ,hom]'s4 ,!re=e x is ( "s pres5t value to obs]ve h[ little ( *>act]i/ically ,babylonian speculation appe>s 9 ! ,hesiodic ,!ogony or #aha ,works & ,days4 ,bo? sy/ems agree ) ea* o!r1 &--x may be said--) all !ogonies & religi\s cosmogonies1 9 reg>d+ ! primeval creative =ces z p]sonal p[]s :o "w ei!r by ! me?od ( sexual g5]ation or ?r\gh me*anical processes ( creation3 ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods1 :i* ?\gh my?ical 9 =m has m aff9ity ) organic sci5ce1 is pr$om9ant ov] ! o!r 9 ! ,hesiodic n>rative4 ,b ! p]sonal p[]s are diff]5t 9 ! two sy/ems4 ,9 ! ,babylonian ! greate/ ( ! primeval dyna/s is ,timat1 ! sea1 ! "m ( ! gods & also ( all mon/]s3 9 ! ,hesiodic x is ,gaia1 ! ,e>?-"m1 :o does n appe> at all 9 ! ,ea/]n cosmogony1 b :o claim$ ?is position 9 ! ,hell5ic ?r\gh h] deep-seat$ influ5ce 9 ! anci5t religion4 ,we note also t ! ,babylonian ,sea is decid$ly evil1 ! aborig9al foe ( ! gods ( light1 a conception ali5 to ord9>y ,hell5ic ?\ght4 ,aga91 ! ,babylonian creation ( an ord]$ cosmos is a result ( ! great /ruggle betwe5 ,m>duk & ,timat1 ! p[] ( light & ! sov]eign ( *aos3 x is prec$$ by hate & t]ror4 ,9 ! ,hell5ic acc\nt ! g5]ation ( ! heav5s1 ! m\nta9s1 ! sea1 & ! e>ly dyna/y ( ,titan-p[]s is peaceful & is /imulat$ by ! p[] ( love1 ,eros1 :o has 8 obvi\s d\ble 9 ! ,kma or pr9ciple ( desire 9 a cosmogonic hymn ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 b is n m5tion$ by ! ,babylonian poet4 7,nor does x conc]n u = ! mom5t t ?is ,eros is 9 respect ( m]e lit]>y tradition po/-,hom]ic3 we may surmise at lea/ t he 0 a pre-,hom]ic p[] 9 ,boeotia47 ,aga91 :5 we come to ! !oma*y 9 ,hesiod1 z an ev5t x has no cosmogonic value at all3 x has ! air m]ely ( a dyna/ic /ruggle betwe5 eld] & y\ng] div9ities1 #ahb & ! my? may really h aris5 9 "p f ! religi\s hi/ory ( a %ift+ ( cults correspond+ to a %ift+ ( population3 nor are ! ,titans m repres5tative ( evil or ( a l[] ord] ( ?+s ?an ! ,olympian deities2 & cosmic creation1 s f> z ,hesiod treats ( x at all1 seems ov] be=e ! /ruggle beg9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] ,m>duk has de/roy$ ,timat he con/ructs 8 cosmos out ( h] limbs1 & !n proce$s to assign _! v>i\s /ations to ! great gods1 8 compe]s4 ,?us ! /ruggle ( ! god ) ! pr9ciple ( disord] has a cosmic significance :i* is n express$ 9 ! ,titanoma*y4 ,! curi\s conception also t ! univ]se 0 compact$ out ( ! dismemb]$ limbs ( a div9e p]sonage1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! ,v$ic /ory ( ! giant ,purusa#ahb4a & ( ! ,norse leg5d ( ,ymir1 is n cle>ly discov]able 9 ,hell5ic my?ology3 = ! ,hesiodic my? ( ! =ms & gr[?s t spr+ f ! blood ( ! mutilat$ ,ouranos is no real p>allel4 ,& !re is ano!r trait 9 ! ,babylonian !ory ( a _w-conflict t di/+ui%es x f ! ,hell5ic my?s ( a ,titanoma*y or ,gigantoma*y2 x 0 sometimes reg>d$ n z a s+le ev5t1 f9i%$ ) once = all1 b z a /ruggle liable to be repeat$ at c]ta9 p]iods4#ahb4b ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hesiod's n>rative ( ! oppression ( ,gaia's *ildr5 by ,ouranos & ! outrage inflict$ on him by ,kronos has its p>allels 9 ,maori & savage leg5d1#ahb4c b none 9 ,mesopotamian1 s f> z our k goes at pres5t4 ,a diff]5t ,babylonian my?ological text f ! libr>y ( ,assurbanipal speaks ( ano!r battle wag$ #ahc by ,m>duk aga9/ ,labbu1 a male mon/] imag9$ ma9ly z a huge snake2 & ,m>duk is describ$ z desc5d+ to ! conflict 9 cl\ds & lightn+3#ahc4a ! leg5d has no obvi\s significance = cosmogony1 = x places ! ev5t aft] ! creation ( ! _w & ( m5 & cities4 ,b x has ?is int]e/ = u1 t x may be ! prototype = ! leg5d ( ,zeus' /ruggle ) ,typhoeus1 :i* is kn[n to ,hom]1 & :i* he places 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,arimoi1 reg>d$ by _m ( ! anci5t int]pret]s1 includ+ ,p9d>1 z ,cilicia4#ahc4b ,n[1 ! /ory ( ?is conflict 9 ,hesiod's !ogony has no connections ) ! ,titanoma*y or ! ,gigantoma*y1 nor is x !re l9k$ by any device to any kn[n ,hell5ic my?2 nor is x d]iv$1 l ! leg5d ( ,apollo & ,py?on1 f g5u9e ,hell5ic cult-hi/ory4 ,x has an ali5 air & "*4 ,typhoeus is on ! :ole reg>d$ z a mon/r\s dragon1 b "o ( 8 voices is t ( a lion1 ano!r t ( a bull4 ,! resemblance ( ?is n>rative to ! ,babylonian "o j m5tion$ is /rik+1 & becomes all ! m sali5t :5 we comp>e c]ta9 ,babylonian cyl9d]s :i* picture ,m>duk 9 combat ) a mon/]1 sometimes ( s]p5t =m1 sometimes ) ! body ( a lion or a bull4#ahc4c ,! ,typhoeus-leg5d belongs also ess5tially to ! ,asia-,m9or %ores1 & if ,cilicia 0 really ! c\ntry :5ce x came to ! k ( ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 x is a significant fact t x 0 j ?is corn] ( ! ,asia-,m9or coa/ t felt ! arms ( ! e>lie/ ,assyrian conqu]ors 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,b4,c42 & x is j su* my?s t travel fa/ & f>4 #ahd ,if ! hypo!sis ( ,assyrian orig9 is reasonable "h1 _m w reg>d x z /ill m reasonable 9 reg>d to ! ,deukalion flood-/ory4 ,c]ta9 details 9 x rem9d u1 no d\bt1 ( ! ,babylonian flood-my?2 & z ?is latt] 0 f> diffus$ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or1 x 0 q easy = x to w&] across ! ,aegean & t\* ,hellas4 ,b if x did1 we h no indication t x rea*$ ! ,hell5es 9 ! e>ly p]iod ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 z ,hesiod is our e>lie/ au?ority = x4 ,! la/ !me ( high int]e/ 9 ! cosmogonic !ory ( anci5t ,babylonia is ! creation ( man4 ,accord+ to ,b]osos1 ?is mom5t\s act 0 attribut$ to ,bel1 :o1 aft] ! victory ov] ,*aos1 comm&$ "o ( ! gods to cut (f 8 head & to make m5 & animals out ( e>? mix$ ) 8 own blood1 & ?is /ory is p>tly corroborat$ by an old cunei=m text t is d]iv$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! second mill5nium4#ahd4a ,?is int]e/+ !ory 0 n univ]sally accept$1 = ano!r & indep5d5t text ascribes ! creation ( man to ,m>duk & a goddess call$ ,aruru1 simply z a me*anical act ( p[]4#ahd4b ,! idea implicit 9 ! =m] acc\nt1 ( ! blood-relation%ip ( man to god1 is ( ! great] pot5tiality = religi\s metaphysic1 & a simil> notion is f\nd1 develop$ into a high spiritual doctr9e1 9 ! lat] ,orphic ,zagreus-my/]y4 ,b !re is no trace ( x 9 g5u9e ,hell5ic ?\ght or lit]ature4 ,we h no prov$ly e>ly ,greek v]sion ( ! orig9 ( man3 only1 9 ! ,works & ,days1 we are told t ! ,immortals or ,zeus made ! m5 ( ! five ages1 ! ?ird g5]ation1 out ( a%-trees3 x may be t ! /ory ( ,prome!us #ahe =m+ !m out ( clay 0 kn[n to ,hesiod1 z ,lactantius ,placidus atte/s2#ahe4a 9 any case we may judge x to be ( great antiquity on acc\nt ( its wide vogue 9 ! lat] p]iod1 & its occurr5ce 9 o!r primitive folklore4 ,b no?+ l x has z yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ( ,mesopotamia4 ,g5]ally we may say t ! ,hesiodic cosmogony be>s no significant resemblance to ! ,babylonian1 & ?is negative fact makes aga9/ ! !ory ( ,mesopotamian influ5ce ^u pre-,hom]ic ,hellas4 ,z a div9e cosmogony implies "s organic !ory ( ! ,univ]se1 s ! poly!isms t attempt$ su* speculations w\ld be confront$ also ) ! problem ( f9d+ "s pr9ciple ( ord] by :i* !y might regulate ! relations ( ! v>i\s div9ities1 "o to ! o!r4 ,we f9d su* attempts 9 ,mesopotamian religion4 ,c]ta9 deities are affiliat$ to o!rs1 ,m>duk to ,ea1 ,nebo to ,m>duk1 ?\gh su* div9e relation%ips are less cle> & less insi/$ on ?an 9 ,hell5ic !ology2 & ! gr\p+ ( div9ities %ifts accord+ to ! political vicissitudes ( ! peoples & cities4 ,we may disc]n a t5d5cy at times to use ! triad z a unify+ pr9ciple1 giv+ u su* tr9ities z ,anu1 ,bel1 ,ea1 or ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,adad2#ahe4b we h glimpses ( a tr9it>ian cult 9 e>ly ,c>?age1#ahe4c & slight indications ( x 9 ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean pill>-ritual4#ahe4d ,b ,i _c f9d any?+ to sugge/ t among ! cultur$ or uncultur$ ,semites x 0 ev] 9 ! anci5t p]iod a p[]ful & con/ructive idea1 able #ahf to beget a liv+ dogma t might capture ! popul> m9d & spread & g]m9ate 9 adjac5t l&s4#ahf4a ,we h p]haps z mu* "r to reg>d ! numb] sev5 z a gr\p+ pr9ciple ( ,babylonian poly!ism1 9 ! lat] p]iod at lea/1 :5 we f9d a gr\p ( sev5 high deities correspond+ to ! sev5 planets4#ahf4b ,we might discov] a ,hittite tr9ity ( ,fa!r1 ,"m1 & ,son if we conc5trat$ our att5tion on ! ,boghaz-,keui reliefs2 b ! o!r ,hittite evid5ce1 bo? lit]>y & monum5tal1 gives no h9t ( ?is z a work+ idea 9 ! religion4 ,9 fact1 9 mo/ poly!isms ( ! ,m$it]ranean type x is easy to discov] tr9ities & easy to deceive oneself ab\t !m4 ,! human family reflect$ into ! heav5s naturally sugge/s ! div9e trio ( ,fa!r1 ,"m1 ,*ild4 ,& ?is may be f\nd on ! ,asia-,m9or %ore & 9 ,hellas4 ,x w\ld be m important if we c\ld discov] ! wor%ip ( ?is triad 9 an indissoluble union f :i* ! my/ic idea ( a triune godhead might arise4 ,?is is n disc]nible cle>ly 9 ! old] p]iod on ei!r side ( ! ,aegean4 ,! cult-complex ( ,zeus1 ,semele1 & ,dionysos does n belong to anci5t ,hellas & is r>e at any p]iod2 t ( ,hades ,demet] ,kore is occasionally f\nd 9 cults ( d\btful antiquity1 b usually ! "m & daught] 7 wor%ipp$ )\t ! male deity4 ,! ,hom]ic triad s (t5 invok$ 9 adjurations ( ,zeus1 ,a!na1 & ,apollo1 :i* misl$ ,mr4 ,glad/one1 is due probably to ! exig5cies ( hexamet] v]se1 & is n gu>ante$ by g5u9e cult4 ,no div9e triad 9 ,hellas c be prov$ to h desc5d$ f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( #ahg ,greek religion1 except probably t ( ! ,*>ites at ,or*om5os4#ahg4a ,we h lat] evid5ce ( a tr9ity ( ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 & ,hades1 express+ ! triad t ,nature pres5ts to u ( sky1 sea1 & e>?4 ,b probably "o ( ^! figures is an emanation ( ,zeus himself2 ! sky-god hav+ become 8*?onian0 9 a v e>ly p]iod4#ahg4b ,we _c say1 !n1 t ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,hell5ic religion %[s a tr9it>ian t5d5cy2 & if x 7 s1 we c\ld n impute x to e>ly ,mesopotamian influ5ce1 = ! idea ( a tr9ity does n appe> 9 ! ,ea/]n religion ) su* =ce & /r5g? z to be likely to travel f>4 ,z = ! artificial gr\p ( ! twelve ,olympians1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h be5 tempt$ to connect ?is ) ,babylonian lore1 ! numb] twelve be+ ( importance 9 a/ronomical num]ation2 only t ! div9e gr\p ( twelve does n happ5 to occur 9 ,babylonian religi\s records at all4 ,nor does ! complex cult ( ! appe> to belong to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek religion4#ahg4c ,& s f> ,i h be5 able to disc]n no?+ t ju/ifies ! sugge/ion#ahg4d t ! pr9ciple ( unification or div9e gr\p+ 9 e>ly ,m$it]ranean poly!ism came f ,babylon4 ,a sev]ely organis$ poly!ism ) "o *ief div9ity1 to :om all ! o!rs 7 9 def9ite degrees subord9at$1 might evolve a mono!ism4 ,& 9 ,babylonian lit]ature we c m>k c]ta9 t5d5cies mak+ 9 ?is direction4 ,"o tablet conta9s an inscription proclaim+ all ! high gods to be =ms ( ,m>duk1 ,n]gal ! ,m>duk ( w>1 ,nebo ! ,m>duk #ahh ( l&4#ahh4a ,t all ! deities 7 m]e =ms or emanations ( ! ,et]nal might h be5 an esot]ic doctr9e ( c]ta9 gift$ m9ds1 ?\gh x 0 difficult ?us to expla9 away & to de-individualise ! p[]ful self-ass]t+ p]sonality ( ,i%t>1 = an attractive goddess-cult is always a /rong ob/acle to pure mono!ism4 ,a p>ticul> k+ might wi% at times to exalt ! cult ( a p>ticul> god into a mono!i/ic ideal2 ! attempt 0 s]i\sly made 9 ,egypt & fail$4 ,x may h be5 s]i\sly int5d$ by ,k+ ,rammannir>i ,,iii4 7,b4,c4 #haa-ghb71 :o introduc$ ! cult ( ,nebo1 always "o ( ! mo/ spiritual figures ( ! ,pan!on1 into ,kela*2 h5ce comes a long inscription on two /atues n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 set up by a gov]nor 9 hon\r ( ! k+1 :i* is valuable = its e?ical import1 & /ill m int]e/+ = its mono!i/ic exhortation at ! close3#ahh4b 8,oh man1 yet to be born1 believe 9 ,nebo1 & tru/ 9 no o!r gods b him40 ,"h is ! se$ t might h be5 develop$ by a p[]ful prophet into pure mono!ism4 ,b ! ec/atic ,babylonian vot>y is always fall+ into contradiction1 = 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is hymn he has call$ ,nebo1 8,! belov$ ( ,bel1 ! ,"l ( ,lords40 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ ! congregation ?9k ( ,bel8 ,9 ,greek religion ! g]ms ( mono!i/ic ?\ght 7 /ill weak] & /ill less likely to fructify4 ,! e>lie/ ,hell5ic tribes _h already c]ta9 deities 9 common1 & ! lead+ /ocks at lea/ mu/ h reg>d$ ,zeus z ! supreme god4 ,!y mu/ h also adopt$ _m indig5\s deities t !y f\nd p[]ful 9 _! new homes1 ^: cult c\ld n be #ahi uproot$ ev5 if !y wi%$ to d s4 ,we mu/ !re=e imag9e ! pre-,hom]ic societies z ma9ta9+ a complex poly!ism1 ) "s pr9ciple ( div9e hi]>*y /ruggl+ to ass]t itself4 ,hom]1 if x is ev] true to speak ( him z prea*+1 seems c]ta9ly ! prea*] ( ! supremacy ( ,zeus4 ,h[ f> ?is idea 0 accept$ 9 ! v>i\s localities ( cult we h n suffici5t mat]ial = decid+3 mu* w\ld dep5d on ! degree to :i* ! individuals 7 p5etrat$ by ! high] lit]ature1 :i* f ,hom] onw>ds proclaim$ ! same religi\s t5et4#ahi4a ,we c at ! same "t be sure t 9 _m localities ! c\ntryfolk w\ld be m "u ! spell ( "s anci5t deity ( ! place ?an ( ! sky-fa!r ( ! ,aryan ,hell5es4 ,& ?\gh 8 cult 0 high plac$ by ! progressive races1 & 8 p]sonality p[]fully p]vad+ 9 ! realm ( nature & human society1 s t ! high] ?9k]s ent]$ on a track ( speculation t leads to mono!ism1 ! masses did n & c\ld n foll[ !m1 hav+1 9 fact1 ! contr>y bias4 ,! popul> poly!ism %[$ itself mo/ t5aci\s ( div9e p]sonalities2 & ow+ p>tly to ! sacr$ p[] ( div9e names1 ! v>i\s titles ( a s+le div9ity t5d occasionally to eng5d] di/9ct div9e entities4 ,i h also already indicat$ t art contribut$ to ! same effect ?r\gh multiply+ idols4 ,s f>1 !n1 f display+ mono!i/ic pot5tialities1 ,greek poly!ism1 f ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod we may suspect1 & c]ta9ly aft] ! ,hom]ic age1 t5d$ to become m poly!i/ic4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,religi\s ,temp]am5t ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,peoples4 #aij ,a m int]e/+ & fruitful gr\nd ( comp>ison is t :i* looks at ! inw>d s5tim5t or psy*ic emotion ( ! diff]5t religions1 at ! p]sonal emotional relation ( ! individual t[>ds ! godhead4 ,z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 a cle> judgm5t on ?is "q is only possible :5 ! religi\s memorials ( a p are num]\s1 v>i$1 & p]sonal1 s t "s ( !m at lea/ may be reg>d$ z ! expression ( ! individual _s4 ,ev5 if ! prie/ or ! ritual dictates ! expression1 ! pi\s & frequ5t vot>y may come to feel g5u9ely :at is dictat$ to him4 ,h5ce we c ga!r direct te/imony conc]n+ ! anci5t ,babylonian z we c ( ! anci5t ,hebrew religi\s temp] & emotion2 = ?\gh mo/ ( ! ,mesopotamian docum5ts are conc]n$ ) ! royal c]emonial1 :i* does n usually reveal g5u9e p]sonal feel+1 yet 9 ?is case ! royal inscriptions1 :e!r religi\s n>rative or liturgies or pray]s1 are unusually conv9c+ z revelations ( self4 ,& besides ^!1 we h _m private hymns ( p5ance & =mulae ( exorcism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! anci5t ,we/]n _w & ev5 hi/oric ,greece is s+ul>ly b>r5 ( ?is k9d ( religi\s te/imony4 ,we "k mu* ab\t ! #aia ,/ate religion1 b we h v few ritual =mulae or public or private pray]s4 ,our evid5ce is ma9ly ! religi\s utt]ances ( ! high] poetry & lit]ature & a few lyric hymns compos$ n = ! solit>y wor%ipp]1 b = common & tribal ritual-s]vice4 ,b we h also ! my?ology & ! art & ! g5]al manife/ations ( ! ,hell5ic _s 9 o!r directions t enable u to conclude some?+ conc]n+ ! religi\s psy*ology ( ! av]age man 9 ! hi/oric p]iods1 & if we f9d ?is m>k$ly diff]5t f t ( ! ori5tal1 we %all f9d x h>d to believe t ! ,babylonian _s c\ld h work$ ) any /rong influ5ce on ! proto-,hell5e4 ,a sympa!tic /udy ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian docum5ts impresses u ) c]ta9 sali5t traits ( ! ,mesopotamian religi\s _s1 "s ( :i* are common to o!r memb]s ( ! great ,semitic race4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! ,babylonian might be describ$ z 8e9 ,gott-betrunk5] ,m5s*03 z "o possess$ ) ! deepe/ consci\sness ( ! ineffable greatness ( ,god1 ( 8 own utt] dep5d5ce1 & at ! same "t ( ! close p]sonal association betwe5 himself & ! div9ity4 ,! ec/atic adoration we h m>k$ 9 ! liturgies is ! result ( a purely m5tal contemplation1 w-p[]1 & conviction1 n ( my/ic initiation--= ,babylonia _h no my/]ies--nor ( orgia/ic rites t c\ld af=d a physico-psy*ic /imulus4 ,! individual seems to h reg>d$ himself at times z ! son1 m (t5 z ! bond-slave1 ( 8 own tutel>y div9ity1 :o is angry :5 he s9s & becomes fav\rable & a m$iator 9 8 behalf ) o!r gods :5 he rep5ts4 ,9 private lett]s ( ! "t ( ,hammurabi we f9d ! greet+1 8,may ?y protect+ god keep ?y head well40 ,a #aib common =mula occurs 9 ! incantations3 8,i1 ^: god is s-&-s1 ^: goddess is s-&-s40#aib4a ,9 ! p5ance-liturgy ! prie/ speaks ?us ( ! suppliant s9n]1 8,?y slave :o be>s ! weight ( ?y wra? is cov]$ ) du/1''' comm5d him to ! god :o creat$ him40#aib4b ,) ?is we may comp>e c]ta9 phrases 9 a well-kn[n p5it5tial psalm1 8,oh mighty ,lady ( ! _w1 ,que5 ( mank9d4''' ,8 god & goddess 9 sorr[ ) him1 cry out unto !e4''' ,z a dove t moans ,i ab\nd 9 sigh+s40#aib4c ,abject remorse1 te>s & sigh+1 ca/+-d[n ( ! c\nt5ance1 are "p ( ! ritual t turns away ! ang] ( ! deity3 h5ce fe> ( ,god & humility are recognis$ religi\s virtues4 ,m]oda*-,balad9 ( ,babylon1 9 ,s>gon's inscription1 is describ$ z a fool 8:o did n fe> ! "n ( ! ,"l ( ,lords10#aib4d & ! idea is %ap$ 9 a g5]al e?ical maxim 9 ano!r inscription1 8,he :o does n fe> 8 god is cut d[n l a re$40#aib4e 8,i love ! fe> ( ,god10 says ,nebukadnez> 9 ! record ( 8 life4#aib4f ,su* emotion & m5tal attitude is consonant ) ! ,hebraic & ) mu* ( ! mod]n religi\s temp]2 b entirely out ( h>mony ) all t we "k ( ! ,hell5ic4 ,! religi\s habit ( ! ,hell5e /rikes u by comp>ison z sob]1 well-temp]$1 (t5 g5ial1 nev] ec/atically abject1 b ev5--we may say--self-respect+4 ,te>s = s91 lam5tations #aic & sighs1 ! c\nt5ance b[$ to ! gr\nd1 ! body cleav+ to ! pavem5t1 ^! are n "p ( 8 ritual2 ! wra? ( ,god 0 felt z a communal m (t5 ?an z an individual mis=tune1 & 9 any case 0 av]t$1 n by emotional outp\r+s ( ! individual he>t1 b by ritual acts1 solemn *oruses1 soo?+ sacrifice & songs1 or by special piacul> lu/rations t wip$ (f ! ta9t ( s94 ,te>s are nev] m5tion$1#aic4a except indirectly 9 ! fictiti\s lam5tations = "s buri$ h]o1 annually & c]emoni\sly lam5t$1 su* z ,a*illes4 ,nor c we f9d 9 e>li] ,hell5ic e?ic ! cle> recognition ( fe> & humility among ! religi\s virtues1#aic4b :ile bo? are p>ad$ 9 ! inscriptions ( ! lat] ,babylonian k+s1 ev5 9 ^? t reveal a mon/r\s excess ( pride4#aic4c ,! ,hell5ic god might puni% ! haughty & high-m9d$1 he did n love ! grovell+1 b r ! man ( mod]ate life1 tone1 & act4 ,su* is ,god = ! civic religion ( ! free man2 :ile ! ,babylonian liturgy reflects ! despotic society4 ,! ,hell5e1 = in/ance1 does n try to w9 = himself ! fav\r ( ! div9ity by call+ himself 8 slave4 ,& ! common phrase f\nd on ! ,greek ,*ri/ian tombs1 1 has pass$ into ,*ri/ianity f ,semitic s\rces4#aic4d ,?is s+le fact illu/rates1 p]haps bett] ?an any o!r1 #aid ! diff]5t temp] ( ! old ,ori5tal & old ,european religions2 & !re is a curi\s example ( x 9 ! bil+ual ,graeco-,pho5ician inscription f\nd 9 ,malta1#aid4a commemorat+ a d$ication to ,melk>? or to ,h]akles 3 ! ,pho5icians recomm5d !mselves to ! god z 8?y slaves10 ! ,greeks use nei!r ?is nor any o!r title ( subs]vi5t flatt]y4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to note ! significance ( m>k+ ! body ( ! wor%ipp] by br&+1 cutt+1 or tattoo+ ) "s sign t consecrat$ him z slave or famili> foll[] to ! div9ity4 ,! practice1 :i* may h be5 ( great antiquity1 ?\gh ! evid5ce is n e>li] ?an ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 0 9 vogue 9 ,syria1 ,phrygia1 & 9 e>ly ,israel1 & 0 adopt$ by "s ,*ri/ian en?usia/s1 b no pro( ( x has yet be5 adduc$ f ,mesopotamia4 ,x 0 ess5tially un-,hell5ic1 b 0 app>5tly foll[$ by "s ( ! ,dionysiac ?iasoi z a ,?racian tradition4#aid4b ,9 fact1 x is only 9 ! late/ p]iods t we f9d 9 ,hellas an individual p]sonal religion approa*+ ! ,babylonian 9 int5sity4 ,! old] cult 0 communal & tribal r ?an p]sonal2 ev5 ! h\sehold gods1 su* z ,zeus & 1 ! gods ( ! closet & /oreh\se1 ! he>?-goddess1 7 %>$ by ! h\sehold] 9 common ) ! ne>e/ circle ( k9dr$4 ,^! cults 7 p>tly utilit>ian1 & ! moral emotion t !y quick5$ 0 ! emotion ( k9%ip3 !y d n appe> to h inspir$ a high p]sonal & emotional fai? & tru/4 ,nor usually _h ! av]age ,hell5e ( ! #aie e>li] p]iod ! conception ( a p]sonal tutel>y div9ity :o br\ght him to life1 & wat*$ ov] 8 c\rse1 pres]v+1 rebuk+1 & int]c$+ = him4 ,! ,babylonian fancy ( ! great k+ sitt+ 9 infancy on ! lap ( ! goddess & dr9k+ milk f h] brea/s w\ld n comm5d itself to ! religi\s s5se 9 ,greece4 ,9 ,mesopotamia & 9 ! o!r ,semitic communities ! fa%ion ( nam+ a *ild aft] ! high god or goddess 0 v common--common] ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ?an 9 ,hellas1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] c\ntry su* names z ,demetrios1 ,apollodoros1 ,z5on1 ,diog5es1 po9t to ! same religi\s impulse2 b !y appe> to h aris5 only 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,! ,hell5ic language did n admit1 & ,hell5ic ?\ght w\ld n h approv$ (1 ^? my/ic div9e names1 :i* express z 9 a sacr$ text "s quality or action ( ! div9ity1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,bible 78! ,"l w provide071 & 9 pre-,islamitic inscriptions ( ,arabia1 ,ili-k>iba1 8,my ,god ha? bless$02 ,ili-azza1 8,my ,god is mighty02 ,ili-padaja1 8,my ,god ha? r$eem$40#aie4a ,su* names s]v$ z spells = ! protection ( ! *ild1 & are speak+ illu/rations ( ! close p]sonal dep5d5ce ( ! individual ^u ! god4 ,?is is also illu/rat$ by ano!r fa%ion1 possibly anci5t1 ( ,semitic religi\s nom5clature3 n only 0 ! individual frequ5tly nam$ aft] ! deity1 b ! deity might sometimes receive z a cult-title ! "n ( ! individual4 ,( ?is practice among ! poly!i/ic ,semites ! only examples ( :i* ,i am aw>e come f a late p]iod & f ! region ( ,palmyra3 ,greek inscriptions ( ! late ,imp]ial era give su* curi\s =ms z 1 #aif 1 3#aif4a & ^! descriptive names 9 ! g5itive mu/ designate ! pr9cipal wor%ipp] or f\nd] ( ! cult2 !y are mo/ly un-,greek1 z ! religi\s cu/om c]ta9ly is1 :i* is illu/rat$ by su* anci5t ,biblical expressions z 8! ,god ( ,abraham10 8! ,god ( ,jacob40 ,we may f9d an example ( ! same po9t ( view 9 ! ,phrygian title ( 9 ,pontus1 if we take ! mo/ probable explanation1 namely1 t x is d]iv$ f ! ,p]sian ,ph>nakes1 ! f\nd] ( ! cult2#aif4b & aga9 9 a ,c>ian d$ication to ,zeus ,panam>os 1 z is f\nd 9 ! same neighb\rhood z ! "n ( a liv+ man4#aif4c ,! only p>allel t ,hell5ic religion (f]s is ! d\btful "o1 ,a!na 1 ^: temple is record$ at ,meg>a3#aif4d x may be t ! goddess took h] title f ! h]o because 8 grave 0 once associat$ ) ! temple4 ,9 any case1 x is n s /rik+ t ! my?ic h]o %\ld /& 9 ?is intimate relation ) ! deity z t ! liv+ individual %\ld4 ,! ec/atic & self-pro/rat+ adoration ( div9ity :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,babylonian temp] might manife/ itself at times 9 t excess ( s5tim5t t we call s5tim5tality3 we cat* ?is tone n[ & aga9 9 ! *ildlike entreaties ) :i* ! supplicator appeals to ! deity z 8 fa!r or "m2 9 ! poetic pa?os ( ! hymns to ,tammuz1 :i* sometimes rem9d u ( ! s5tim5tality #aig ( "s ( our mod]n hymns3 he is call$ 8,"l ( ! t5d] voice & %9+ eyes02 8he ( ! dove-l voice40#aig4a ,su* language may be call$ 8hypokori/ic10 to use a ,greek phrase2 x belongs to ! fem99e s5tim5t 9 religion1 & we are famili> ) x 9 our own s]vice4 ,no e*o ( x is he>d 9 ! old] ,greek religi\s lit]ature nor 9 any record ( ,greek liturgy4 ,we c1 inde$1 sc>cely pron\nce on ! "q z to ! tone to :i* primitive ,greek wail+-s]vices 7 attun$4 ,we h only a few h9ts ( "s simple anci5t ritual ( sorr[3 ! pre-,hom]ic ,greek may h bewail$ ,l9os & ,hyak9?os1 z we he> t ! ,elean wom5 9 a lat] p]iod bewail$ ,a*illes2 b if1 inde$1 ! fragm5t ( a ,l9os-?r5ody t ! ,s*olia/ on ,hom] has pres]v$ = u is really primitive1#aig4b x has "s pa?os1 b mu* brightness & no?+ ( ! ,babylonian s5tim5tality4 ,! _s ( ! ,greek religi\s lyric /rikes u z always virile1 & z likely to be unsympa!tic ) ! viol5t & romantic expression ( sorr[ or ) ende>+ ec/asy ( appeal4 ,! o!r trait t %\ld be consid]$ "h 9 ! religi\s _s ( ! ,mesopotamian ,semites is fanaticism1 an emotional quality :i* (t5 af=ds a useful basis ( comp>ison betwe5 v>i\s religions4 ,?is religi\s ph5om5on is be/ kn[n by its deadly results2 b 9 itself x is mo/ difficult to def9e1 z are o!r special moral t]ms t imply blame & are highly controv]sial4 ,x is only f\nd among ^? :o feel _! religion s deeply z to be relatively indiff]5t to o!r functions ( life4 ,we impute fanaticism #aih :5 ! t5sion ( religi\s feel+ de/roys ! moral equilibrium or /unts developm5t ( o!r p>ts ( our nature1 or prompts to acts :i*1 b = ?is morbid influ5ce1 w\ld excite moral indignation4 ,x may display itself 9 ! arti/ic & intellectual sph]e1 z by iconoclasm or ! suppression ( arts & sci5ces2 or 9 ! discipl9e ( individual life1 z by ov]-ascetic self-mortification4 ,its co>se/ & mo/ usual manife/ation is 9 w> & ! de/ruction ( peoples ( ali5 cre$4 ,a w> or a slaught] is call$ fanatical1 if its lead+ motive is ! ext]m9ation ( a rival religion1 n = ! sake ( morality or civilisation1 b z an act 9 itself acceptable to "o's own jeal\s god4 ,! ascetic type ( fanaticism is specially a product ( ! ,f> ,ea/3 ! murd]\s type is peculi> to ! ,semitic _s1 :5 un*a/5$ by a high e?ical sympa?y or a s5sitive humanism2 = ! *ief record ( x is 9 ! pages ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 ,islam1 & ,*ri/ianity1 s f> z ?is la/ religion has be5 9 bondage to c]ta9 ,semitic influ5ce4 ,x is a "q ( int]e/ :e!r we f9d fanaticism ( ?is type 9 ! ,mesopotamian area & 9 ! anci5t poly!i/ic communities ( ! ,we/]n ,semites4 ,we might expect to f9d x because ( ! int5sity ( ! religi\s _s t seems to h be5 a common inh]itance ( all ^! /ocks4 ,! m f]v5t ! wor%ip1 ! m is ! likelihood t ! dang]\s idea ( a 8jeal\s0 god w em]ge1 especially :5 races are liv+ "u ! illusion ( ! 8fallacy ( names40 ,by a fatal logic ( devotion1 ! jeal\s god may be ?\ght to fav\r or orda9 ! de/ruction ( ^? :o wor%ip ! deity "u o!r names1 :i* meant1 = ! old _w1 o!r gods4 ,only ?is mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! o!r m innoc5t #aii idea1 prop] to all tribal religions1 t ! deity ( ! tribe1 l a good citiz51 w desire victory = 8 p's arms4 ,z reg>ds ,mesopotamia1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,religions ,tiele f9ds 9 ,assyrian hi/ory ! same traces ( murd]\s fanaticism z 9 ,israeliti%4#aii4a ,s f> z ,i h be5 able z yet to collect ! evid5ce1 ?is /atem5t appe>s to conta9 "s exagg]ation4 ,= ,i h n f\nd any record ( a w> t an ,assyrian or ,babylonian rul] und]takes at ! comm& ( a 8jeal\s god0 aga9/ a p ^: only (f5ce is an ali5 wor%ip4 ,! motives = a w> appe> to be ( ! ord9>y human & secul> k9d2 ,pale/9e1 = in/ance1 is attack$1 n because ,m>duk or ,as%ur p]sonally hates ,jahw1 b because ! c\ntry holds ! key ( ! r\te to ,egypt4 ,su* ,biblical n>ratives z ! de/ruction ( ,j]i*o1 ,ai1 & ! ,amalekites f9d no real p>allel 9 ,mesopotamian *ronicles4 ,yet 9 ^! also ! temp] ( homicidal religion is /rong en\gh to be dang]\s4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,babylonian nor 9 ! ,assyrian div9ities is !re any _s ( m]cy to ! conqu]$4 ,on t e>ly relief ( ,annaban9i ( ! ?ird mill5nium ,b4,c41 ! goddess leads to ! k+ ! captives by a hook 9 _! noses to "w 8 w ^u !m4#aii4b ,& 9 ! lat] records ( ! great ,assyrian ,empire1 ! deities appe> prom95tly z motive =ces1 & ! mo/ cruel treatm5t ( captives is reg>d$ z acceptable to !m4 ,! wor/ example t ,tiele quotes is ! great inscription ( ,assurbanipal1 :o1 aft] speak+ ( himself z 8! ,compassionate1 ! ,k+ :o *]i%es no grudge10#aii4c navely proce$s to n>rate h[ he tore out ! tongues #bjj ( ! rebels ( ,babylon1 hew$ _! fle% into small pieces1 & flung x to ! dogs1 sw9e1 & vultures2 & 8aft] ,i _h p]=m$ ^! acts1 ,i s(t5$ ! he>ts ( ! ,great ,gods1 my ,lords40 ,b ! l9es t foll[ sugge/ t :at 8s(t5$ _! he>ts0 0 n s mu* ! tortures & massacres1 :i* !y might approve ( )\t directly comm&+1 b ! religi\s measures t ,assurbanipal imm$iately und]took = ! purification ( ,babylon1 ^: temples _h be5 pollut$ ) corpses4 ,aga91 ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii4 speaks ( himself z ! ,mighty ,"o 8:o 9 ! s]vice ( ,as%ur broke 9 pieces l a pott]'s vessel all ^? :o 7 n submissive to ! w ( 8 god02#bjj4a & a little lat]1 ,s>gon rec\nts h[ 8,m]oda*-,balad91 ,k+ ( ! ,*aldaeans1''' :o did n fe> ! "n ( ! ,"l ( ,lords''' broke ! /atues ( ! great gods & refus$ 8 pres5t to me40#bjj4b ,yet x w\ld be a misund]/&+ to speak ( ^!1 z ,tiele does1 z if !y 7 w>s ( religion1 l ! ,crusades or ! w> aga9/ ! ,albig5ses4 ,as%ur s5ds ! k+ to ! w> inv>iably1 b r = ! sake ( ! k+'s pr(it & glory ?an = ! propagation ( ,as%ur's religion2 = 8 enemies are v frequ5tly ( ! same religion z himself4 ,! above phrases mu/ be und]/ood probably 9 a political s5se r ?an a religi\s2 ! god & ! k+ are s intimately associat$ t :oev] insults or injures "o1 insults or injures ! o!r4 ,we may suspect t ,m]oda*-,balad9's brea* ( ! div9e /atutes consi/$ 9 8 omitt+ to s5d 8 usual tribute to ,s>gon4 ,:5 two m5 _h spok5 scornfully ( ! gods ( ,assurbanipal1 bo? ! k+ & ! gods w\ld wi% to av5ge ! insult3#bjj4c x 0 natural1 !re=e1 = ,assurbanipal #bja to torture & flay !m4 ,9 w>r+ aga9/ an ali5 p1 ! k+ is w>r+ aga9/ ali5 gods2 !re=e if he sacks ! ali5 city he may capture & take away1 or--m r>ely--de/roy1 ! city's gods4 ,?us ,as>haddon _h tak5 away ! idols ( ,hazailu1 ,k+ ( ,arabia1 & ( ,laili1 ,k+ ( ,iadi2 b :5 ^! k+s _h made submission & won 8 fav\r he return$ to !m ! holy images1 hav+ fir/ inscrib$ !m ) 8 own ideogram & a m>k ( ! might ( ,as%ur3#bja4a ?us ! gods1 hav+ ! br&m>k ( ! great k+ & ! imp]ial deity1 become tribut>y div9ities4 ,or if he wi%$ to wipe a p out1 ! ,assyrian conqu]or might break _! idols to du/4 ,?us ,assurbanipal broke 9 pieces ! gods ( ! ,elamites--! mo/ deadly foes ( ,babylon--& !reby 8eas$ ! he>t ( ! ,"l ( ,lords40#bja4b ,b _m ( ! ,elamite deities he l$ away2 & ( "o ( !m he speaks 9 t]ms ( rev]5ce1 ,sainak1 ! god ( de/9y1 8:o dwells 9 hidd5 places1 ^: work+ no "o sees40#bja4c ,x is m difficult to und]/& :y ,sanh]ib %\ld boa/ to h de/roy$ ! deities ( ,babylon aft] 8 capture ( ! city2 = ! lead+ ,babylonian div9ities c]ta9ly belong$ to ! ,assyrian ,pan!on4 ,! evid5ce "h quot$ ju/ifies u 9 attribut+ fanaticism to ! religi\s temp] ( ,babylonia & ,assyria2 n because ! w>s 7 evangelis+1 und]tak5 9 ! s]vice ( religion1 b because ! savage cruelty t accompani$ !m is deem$1 z x is 9 ! e>ly ,hebraic view1 acceptable to ! national gods4 ,! idea ( div9e m]cy is pot5t 9 ! liturgies2 b nei!r morality nor religion w\ld appe> to h inculcat$ any m]cy t[>ds ! ali5 foe2 & ?is lack #bjb ( moral sympa?y may be t]m$ a passive fanaticism4 ,! same fanatic temp] might be trac$ 9 ! savag]y ( ! puni%m5ts = (f5ces aga9/ ! ,/ate-religion1 & 0 reflect$ also at times 9 ! legal code4#bjb4a ,f o!r poly!i/ic ,semitic communities we h no record1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 t be>s on ! ph5om5on t we are consid]+1 except ! fam\s ,moabite ,/one1 ( :i* ! /yle is 9 ?is respect /rik+ly ,biblical4 ,me%a reg>ds himself z s5t by 8 god ,*mo% to take ,nebo f ,israel1 & he expla9s :y he slaught]$ all )9 ! walls1 man1 woman1 & *ild1 8= ,i _h devot$ x to ,*mo%40 ,fanaticism does n s naturally belong to poly!ism z to mono!ism2 yet x seems t at times ! poly!i/ic ,semites c\ld be z prone to ?is vice ( ! religi\s temp] z ! mono!i/ic ,israelites4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 & 9 comp>ison ) ! anci5t ,semitic & ! m$iaeval & ev5 lat] _s ( ,europe1 we mu/ pron\nce ! ,hell5ic temp]am5t ( ! e>li] & classical p]iod z :olly innoc5t ( fanaticism4 ,! hi/ory ( ,hellas is n /a9$ by any 8w> ( religion02 & no religi\s hi]>*y 9 ,hellas ev] possess$ ! p[] or display$ ! w to suppress art or p]secute sci5ce & ?\ght4 ,x might occasionally happ5 t individuals 7 9 dang] ( puni%m5t if !y insult$ or op5ly fl\t$ ! civic wor%ip or introduc$ new deities2 b t ! ,/ate %\ld protect itself ?us is n fanaticism4 ,! lea/ tol]ant ( cities 0 ! enlight5$ ,a!ns4 ,b h] record 9 ?is matt] is a spotless page comp>$ #bjc ) ! hi/ory ( any lat] ,european ,/ate4 ,hellas ow$ ?is happy immunity to h] cool] religi\s temp]1 to ! equilibrium ( ! o!r life-=ces )9 h]1 & to h] comp>ative fre$om f d>k & cruel sup]/iti\s fe>s4 ,x is specially 9 reg>d to su* sali5t features ( ! religi\s temp]am5t z we h be5 consid]+ t ! e>ly ,hell5e ass]t$ 8 spiritual indep5d5ce ( ! ,ea/4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,es*atologic ,ideas ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 #bjd ,religions are (t5 f\nd to diff] fundam5tally 9 _! conceptions ( ! fate ( ! dep>t$ _s ( man1 & 9 ! prom95ce & importance !y assign to ! po/hum\s life4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a gr\p ( religions :i* we might t]m 8o!r-worldly10 because c]ta9 dogmas conc]n+ ! _w aft] dea? are made ! basis on :i* _! aspirations & ideals ( conduct are con/ruct$2 to ?is gr\p belong ,*ri/ianity1 ,buddhism1 ,islam1 & ! old ,egyptian cre$4 ,!re are o!r religions1 also ( a highly develop$ type1 9 :i* es*atologic doctr9e plays no =cible or con/ructive "p ei!r 9 ! !ology or 9 ! e?ics4 ,su* 7 ! ,mesopotamian1 primitive ,judaism1 & ! e>ly ,hell5ic4 ,our "q conc]n+ ! evid5ces 9 ! second mill5nium ( ,mesopotamian influ5ces on ! ,we/]n ,aegean dem&s1 !n1 at lea/ a brief comp>ison ( ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian1 & ,hell5ic es*atology4 ,our k ( ! =m] is d]iv$ f c]ta9 epic poems1 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame%1 8,! ,desc5t ( ,i%t>10 & ! poem deal+ ) ! m>riage ( ,n]gal & ,eri%kigal1 ! ,que5 ( ! dead2 secondly1 f a few inscriptions ( v>i\s p]iods1 allud+ to burial or ! /atus ( ! dead2 ?irdly1 & ?is is ! mo/ important s\rce1 f ! rec5t excavations #bje ( c]ta9 8necropoleis40#bje4a ,! ,hell5ic facts h be5 suffici5tly set =? = ! pres5t purpose 9 a =m] s]ies ( lectures4 ,9 ! picture ( ! l[] _w pres5t$ by ! two lit]atures1 a c]ta9 g5]al agreem5t is discov]able1 b none clos] ?an !y reveal ) ! conceptions ( o!r peoples4 ,bo? accept z an und\bt$ fact ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 & bo? imag9e ?is exi/5ce z %ad[y1 pr(itless1 & gloomy4 ,bo? also vaguely locate ! abode ( ! s\l "u ! e>?1 ) a d[nw>d entrance some:]e 9 ! we/4#bje4b ,9 bo? we f9d ! idea ( a ne!r riv] to be cross$1 or 8! wat]s ( dea?02#bje4c ( a port] at ! gates ( 8hell10 & ( a god & goddess z rul]s ( ! l[] _w2 :ile ! m\nta9 ( ! ,babylonian und]world on :i* ! gods 7 suppos$ to h be5 born 0 unkn[n to ,hell5ic my?ology4#bje4d ,su* co9cid5ces are no crit]ion ( a common orig9 ( belief2 = ^! traits recur 9 ! dea?-lore ( _m & widely scatt]$ races4 ,z aga9/ !m1 we mu/ take into acc\nt c]ta9 sali5t diff]5ces4 ,! lot ( ! dep>t$ 9 ! ,babylonian epic acc\nt appe>s dre>i] ev5 ?an #bjf 9 ! ,hom]ic1 j z ! ,babylonian religi\s poetry incl9es to ! m sombre tones & ! m viol5t pa?os4 ,! dead inhabit 8! h\se :]e9 he :o ent]s is exclud$ f ! light1 ! place :]e du/ is _! bread1 & mud _! food4 ,!y behold n ! light1 !y dwell 9 d>kness1 & are clo!d1 l birds1 9 a g>m5t ( fea!rs2 & ov] door & bolt ! du/ is scatt]$40#bjf4a ,?is is m hopeless ?an ! ,hom]ic mead[ ( ,asphodel1 :]e ! s\ls /ill pursue ! %ad[ ( _! =m] int]e/s1 & "s tid+s ( ! e>? may p5etrate to give !m joy4 ,also1 ! demoniac t]rors ( ! l[] _w are m vividly pres5t$ 9 ,babylonian ?an 9 ,hell5ic lit]ature & art4 ,! demons ( disease t p]=m ! bidd+ ( ,allatu1 ! ,que5 ( ,hell1 are closely connect$ ) ! gho/-_w2 we le>n f ! =mulae ( exorcism t ! haunt+ demon t de/roy$ a man's vital en]gies might be a w&]+ spectre4 8,o ,%ama%1 a horrible spectre = _m days ha? fa/5$ itself on my back1 & w n loose its hold ^u me4''' he s5de? =? pollution1 he make? ! hair ( my head to /& up1 he take? ! p[] f my body1 he make? my eyes to />t out1 he plague? my back1 he poisone? my fle%1 he plague? my :ole body''' :e!r x be ! spectre ( my own family & k9dr$1 or ! spectre ( "o :o 0 murd]$1 or :e!r x be ! spectre ( any o!r man t haunte? me40#bjf4b ,n[ x is possible t ! curse ( ! demon 0 p[]ful bo? 9 ! e>li] & lat] p]iods ( anci5t1 z x is p[]ful to-day 9 mod]n1 ,greece2 ! demon might be a gho/ or a rev5ant4 ,& x has #bjg be5 ! ambition ( a small gr\p ( s*ol>s 9 ?is c\ntry to prove t ! high] lit]ature & art ( ,greece1 t reveals s fair & sane an imag9ation ( ! unse5 _w1 is only a ?9 veil drawn ov] mu* t 0 grotesque & gha/ly 9 ! popul> sup]/ition4 ,ev5 ,hom] reveals =ms ( t]ror 9 ,hades2 & we h ugly tales ( demons suck+ blood1 & ravag+ ! l& l ! ( ,meg>a4 ,x is n necess>y to lab\r ?is po9t4 ,probably e anci5t race has be5 sorely tri$ at "o "t or o!r by ! burd5 ( demonology2 ev5 our h>dy anci5t k9sm5 ( ,icel& _h _! vampires & /rangl+ gho/s1 t figure occasionally 9 _! saga4 ,b ! great peoples ( our ,we/]n civilisation are ^? :o h /ruggl$ free f ?is obsession into ! light ( progressive secul> life4 ,su* also--we h ! "r to believe--0 ! e>ly ,greek4 ,to draw ! di/9ction too %>ply betwe5 ! cultur$ & ! uncultur$ /rata may be a s\rce ( fallacy1 especially :5 x is anci5t ,hellas t we are deal+ )1 :]e ! arti/ 0 usually a man ( ! p & ! p c]ta9ly delight$ 9 ! "w ( _! poets1 & 7 /rangely susceptible to ! heal+ influ5ces ( music4 ,if ,greek poetry1 !n1 & art /rove to bani% ! uglie/ =ms ( ! demon-_w1 & !reby work$ ) purify+ & tranquillis+ influ5ce on ! temp]am5t1 s mu* ! bett] = ! ,greek peasant4 ,x is probably wrong1 !re=e1 to reg>d ! av]age ,hell5e z a nightm>e-ridd5 man4 ,b we might d>e to say ?is ( ! ,babylonian2 & 8 imag9>y t]rors 7 fo/]$ by 8 religi\s liturgical poetry1 & to "s ext5t by 8 art4 ,= mo/ ( 8 hymns are =mulae ( exorcisms1 incantations aga9/ demons & spectres4 ,b su* liturgy play$ relatively a v small "p 9 #bjh ,greek ritual2 & ?is is "o ( ! /ronge/ facts t c be br\ght to witness aga9/ ! !ory ( e>ly ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,yet bo? ! ,greek & ! ,babylonian fe>$ ! miasma ( ! dead4 ,i%t>'s ?reats at ! portal ( ,hell1 a trem5d\s outbur/ ( inf]nal poetry1 is a /rong witness to ?is feel+3 8,?\ w>d]1 op5 ?y door1 op5 ?y door t ,i may ent] 94 ,if ?\ op5e/ n ?y door t ,i may n ent]1 ,i w cra% ?y door into spl9t]s1 ,i w bur/ ! bolt1 ,i w spl9t] ! ?re%old & te> up ! w+s ( ! door3 ,i w lead =? ! dead t !y %all eat & dr9k3 ! dead %all keep company ) ! liv+40 ,:at l5ds "p ( its =ce to ?is great passage is ! dreadful ?\ght t ! liv+ %\ld be haunt$ by ! multitude ( ! gho/s t w\ld pollute ! liv+ p]son & ! light ( day4 ,%ama% ! sun-god is ! natural enemy ( gho/s1 & is !re=e appeal$ to 9 ! incantation quot$ j above to drive away ! demon-spectres4 ,he seems to /& "h 9 ! same relation ( antipa?y to ! gho/-_w z ! 8pure0 ,apollo /ood = ! ,greek4 ,! mode & ! place ( burial w (t5 ?r[ light on ! feel+s ( ! liv+ 9 reg>d to ! dep>t$4 ,! peoples ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean culture int]r$ _! dead1 ,hom]ic society cremat$ !m1 :ile ! rec5t excavations h reveal$ t bo? sy/ems 7 9 vogue side by side ?r\gh\t an indef9ite p]iod 9 ,mesopotamia2#bjh4a & su* be+ ! facts1 we _c safely d$uce f !m any m>k$ diff]5ce 9 spiritual beliefs4 ,m illum9at+ is ! fact t ! pre-,hom]ic society 9 ,greek l&s appe>s g5]ally to h buri$ its dead 9 or ne> _! habitations1 #bji z if !y desir$ ! companion%ip ( ! spirits1 agree+ 9 ?is respect ) ! p ( ,gez] 9 ,pale/9e4#bji4a ,9 ,mesopotamia1 ?\gh 9 v anci5t times ! dead 7 sometimes buri$ 9 temples1 ! fa%ion g5]ally prevail$ ( e/abli%+ a necropolis outside ! city1 z 0 ! rule also 9 po/-,hom]ic ,greece4 ,?is diff]5ce alone sugge/s t ! fe> ( ! gho/ 0 less p[]ful 9 pre-,hom]ic ,greece ?an 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! ,babylonian1 l ! ,hell5e1 desir$ at times to ent] into communion ) ! dep>t$ family-gho/2 = 9 ,mesopotamia1 z 9 ,hellas1 we h cle> trace ( 8p>5talia10 communion-meals to :i* ! ance/ral spirits 7 invit$ to fea/ ) ! family4 ,9 ! ,babylonian phrase ?is 0 call$ 8break+ bread )0 ! dead3#bji4b ! p>allel facts 9 ,hellas are famili> to /ud5ts4 ,moreov]1 a c]ta9 g5]al resemblance 9 ! fun]al c]emonies c be detect$ betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n peoples :om we are comp>+4 ,:5 we exam9e ^!1 we discov] t nei!r ! ,hom]ic nor ! ,babylonian epic-picture ( ! desolat5ess & futility ( ! life 9 ,hades correspond$ altoge!r ) ! popul> fai? z express$ 9 tomb-ritual4 ,x is true to say ( all races t burial cu/oms & es*atological !ory are nev] :olly h>monis$ by any coh]5t logic1 & g5]ally reveal discord betwe5 ! dogma & ! ritual4 ,we c note ?is 9 anci5t ,hellas & among ourselves2 & ! discov]y ( ,babylonian graves reveals x 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! ?+s f\nd 9 ^!1 toys = *ildr51 cosmetics = girls1#bji4c #baj %[ t ! ideas s p[]fully express$ 9 8,! ,desc5t ( ,i%t>0 ab\t ! b>r5ness & nak$ness ( ! l& ( ! dead 7 ei!r n univ]sally admitt$ or n act$ ^u4 ,^? :o equip ! dead ) "s ( ! ?+s t 7 ( use & delight to ! liv+ mu/ believe t ! dep>t$ s\l pres]ves a c]ta9 en]gy & p[] ( enjoym5t1 ?\gh a gloomy poet among !m may enl>ge impressively on ! empt9ess ( dea?4 ,! unkn[n ,assyrian k+ :o describes 9 an inscription ! sumptu\s burial t he gave 8 fa!r may n h be5 ( ! same m9d z ! poet ( ! ,i%t>-epic conc]n+ ! laws ( ! ,que5 ( ,hell3 8,)9 ! grave ,! secret place ,9 k+ly oil ,i g5tly laid him4 ,! grave-/one ,m>ke? 8 re/+-place4 ,) mighty bronze ,i seal$ its entrance1 ,i protect$ x ) an incantation4 ,vessels ( gold & silv]1 ,su* z my fa!r lov$1 ,all ! furniture t befitte? ! grave1 ,! due "r ( 8 sov]eignty1 ,i display$ be=e ! ,sun-,god1 ,& beside ! fa!r :o begat me1 ,i set !m 9 ! grave4 ,gifts unto ! pr9ces1 ,unto ! spirits ( ! e>? ,& unto ! gods :o inhabit ! grave1 ,i !n pres5t$40#baj4a ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! act ( expos+ ! gold & silv] vessels to ! sun-god ,%ama% be=e plac+ !m on ! grave8 ,0 x done to purify !m by ! aspect ( ! pure god & ?us to fit !m = ! use #baa ( ! glorifi$ dead8 ,! evid5ce ( ! deification ( k+s has be5 collect$ above4 ,b ! c]emony 9 "q is unique1 z f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,no d\bt 9 ord9>y ,semitic burials !re 0 great v>iety 9 ! grave-(f]+s3 9 ! graves ( ,gez] 9 ,pale/9e1 weapons1 jewels1 o/ri*-eggs1 seals1 sc>abs1 amulets1 small figures 9 human or animal =m h be5 f\nd4#baa4a ,9 ^! practices ! primitive ,hell5e & ,semite 7 on ! same level1 nor is x likely t ei!r 0 ! pupil ( ! o!r4 ,"o important diff]5ce1 important at lea/ = our purpose1 we c m>k1 :i* is connect$ ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,hell5ic & ,ori5tal climate4 ,! ,hell5ic gho/ might take wat] among 8 (f]+s1 & ! neglect$ s\l might be piti$ = be+ #baa4b2 he might also eat 8 porridge 9 ! ,an!/]ia2 b he pref]r$ w9e1 & ! (f]+s ( blood--! --& especially ! sacrifice ( animals4 ,& we may ga!r f ! pa9t+ on ! ,phai/os s>cophagus t ! blood-oblation to ! dead 0 "p ( ! pre-,hell5ic ritual 9 ,crete4 ,! triple-libation1 also1 t ,hom] m5tions1 ( w9e1 honey-mead1 & wat]1 & :i* ! lat] ,greeks reta9$1 may be reg>d$ z a ,m9oan tradition1 = its great antiquity among ! ,aegean p is atte/$ by ! libation-table f\nd by ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans 9 ! cave ( ,zeus on ,m\nt ,dickte4 ,"h !re is no trace ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,babylonian prie/3 nor 9 ! blood-(f]+s to ! dead4 ,= ! ,babylonian gho/1 p>*$ ) ?ir/ 9 ! intol]able heat ( ,mesopotamia1 crav$ n blood--:i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 is nev] m5tion$ 9 ! description ( 8 fun]al-rites--b #bab be] 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod1#bab4a & 9 ! lat] specially wat]4 ,x is wat] t 0 suppos$ to make ! deceas$ comp>atively happy3 8,on a c\* he lie? ,& dr9ke? pure wat]1 ,! man :o 0 sla9 9 battle4 ,8 fa!r & 8 "m support 8 head1 ,& 8 wife kneele? at 8 side40#bab4b ,?is is ! lore t 9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame% is imp>t$ to ! h]o by ! gho/ ( 8 belov$ ,eabani1 conc]n+ ! advantages ( ! man :o gets due burial ov] him ^: corpse is ?r[n out into ! field1 & ^: s\l w&]s re/lessly eat+ 8! dregs ( ! vessel1 ! leav+s ( ! fea/1 & t :i* is ca/ out ^u ! /reet40 ,! _s's ne$ ( wat] has be5 an anci5t tradition ( ,semitic grave-t5dance4 ,x is express$ on "o ( ! cyl9d]s ( ,gudea2#bab4c & 9 ! ,curse ( ,hammurabi1 :i* is a po/script to 8 code ( laws1 he swe>s t if a man breaks !m 88 _s 9 ! _w bel[ %all lack wat]40#bab4d ,clay-cyl9d]s 9 ! museums ( ,p>is & ,b]l91 t d\btless come f ,mesopotamian graves1 conta9 inscriptions express+ a bless+ on ! man :o respects ! dead1 8may 8 dep>t$ _s 9 ! _w bel[ dr9k cle> wat]40#bab4e ,! old idea survives 9 ! belief ( mod]n ,islam t ! s\l ( ! dead ye>ns = no?+ s mu* z t ! ra9s or dews ( heav5 %\ld fall refre%+ly on ! grave4 ,^! simple diff]5ces 9 ! oblations incl9e #bac u to suppose t ! primitive grave-ritual ( ,greece 0 develop$ indep5d5tly ( ,babylon4 ,aga91 9 ,greece ?is t5dance ( ! spirits1 9 ! case ( ! great ones ( ! community--! k+1 ! h]o1 or ! prie/--0 und\bt$ly l9k$ at an e>ly p]iod ) apo!osis ( ! dead2 & actual h]o-cults & actual cults ( ance/ors became1 z we h se51 a sali5t ph5om5on ( ,greek religion4 ,b if ?is ph5om5on is to be not$ at all 9 ! ,babylonian1 x c]ta9ly 0 n sali5t4 ,we "k t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! k+ might be wor%ipp$ 9 8 lifetime & aft]1 b we d n yet "k t ! dep>t$ head or ance/or ( ! family receiv$ actual cult2 :]e ?is is ass]t$ by mod]n s*ol>s1#bac4a x may be t !y h n paid suffici5t att5tion to ! important diff]5ce t has be5 def9$ betwe5 ! t5dance & ! wor%ip ( ! dead4#bac4b ,?is at all ev5ts1 on ! evid5ce already plac$ be=e u1 may be said3 9 respect ( ! frequ5cy & =ce ( h]o-wor%ip1 ,mesopotamia /&s at ! opposite pole to ,greece1 & 9 te/+ ! "q ( primitive religi\s influ5ces ( ,ea/ on ,we/ ?is fact mu/ be weigh$ 9 ! scale4 ,evid5ce has be5 adduc$ po9t+ to an e>ly ,greek belief t ! _s ( ! dep>t$ ance/or might re9c>nate itself 9 a desc5dant3 a belief fairly common among savage peoples4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d any indication ( x 9 ,babylonian records1 nor am ,i aw>e ( any trace ( x among o!r ,semitic peoples except1 possibly1 a late #bad ,pho5ician inscription f ! tomb ( ,e%munaz>1 ,k+ ( ,sidon ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjj3 9 ! curse :i* he invokes aga9/ ! violator ( 8 tomb he prays t su* a man's po/]ity may be root$ out3 8,may !y h no root 9 ! _w bel[1 nor fruit above1 nor any bloom 9 ! life "u ! sun40#bad4a ,^! /range words conta9 ! idea ( a family-tree2 ! fruit & ! bloom are ! liv+ memb]s :o are 9 ! light ( ! sun3 ! root are ! ance/ral spirits4 ,if ! figure is to be int]pret$ lit]ally1 we mu/ reg>d ^! latt] z ! s\rce ( ! life t is on ! e>?1 & ! curse w\ld mean 8may ! dep>t$ ance/ors no long] h ! p[] to reappe> 9 ! liv+40 ,b we _c feel sure h[ mu* s5se we c press into ! words4 ,s f>1 x appe>s t !re 0 little or no communion accord+ to ,babylonian belief betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1 except at ! family sacram5tal meal held aft] ! fun]al4 ,only ! vex$ & neglect$ s\l ( ! unburi$ or ! unhall[$ dead return$ to di/urb ! liv+4 ,& p]haps at times ! ,babylonians1 z ! ,israelites1 resort$ to 8necromancy10 ! evocation ( ! dead by spells1 s z to "q !m conc]n+ ! future4 ,"o evid5ce ( ?is is ! passage 9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame%1 :]e ! h]o is able to evoke ! spectre ( 8 fri5d ,eabani & "q x4 ,?is 0 probably sugge/$ by an actual practice1 :i* is atte/$ by su* prie/ly titles z 8he :o leads up ! dead10 8he :o que/ions ! dead40#bad4b ,9 anci5t ,greece we h ! fur!r evid5ce1 :i* is lack+ 9 ! ,babylonian record1 ( actual or %r9es :]e ! dead 7 #bae consult$1 & "s ( ^! may h desc5d$ f ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod2 = ! evocation ( gho/s seems to h be5 specially practis$ 9 ,arcadia1 :]e s mu* primitive lore surviv$4 ,z reg>ds ! high] es*atology1 x w\ld seem t ! ,babylonian ( ! e>li] p]iod _h n advanc$ ev5 z f> z ! ,hom]ic1 possibly ! pre-,hom]ic1 ,greek4 ,= ev5 9 ,hom]'s picture ( ,hades & ! aft]-life#bae4a !re already is f\nd ?is important trait--c]ta9 notori\s s9n]s are puni%$1 c]ta9 privileg$ p]sons l ,m5elaos may be waft$ to bless$ness2 :ile 9 ,hesiod ! idea is outspok5 t _m ( ! righte\s & di/+ui%$ m5 ( ! pa/ enjoy a bless$ lot h]eaft]4#bae4b ,moreov]1 ?is important dogma ( po/hum\s puni%m5ts & rew>ds is n conf9$ to ! _w ( my?ic fancy 9 ! ,hom]ic epic1 to p]sonages su* z ,tantalos1 ,tityos1 ,m5elaos3 ! av]age man 9 ! ,hom]ic p]iod might n hope = happ9ess aft] dea?2 b if ,hom] is 8 spokesman he c\ld fe> special puni%m5t1 & ! ?reat ( x 0 already a moral =ce4 ,!re are two /rik+ passages 9 ! ,iliad1 ( :i* ! importance = our pres5t "q is (t5 ignor$3 9 iii4 #bgh !re is ref]5ce to ! two div9ities :om1 ) ,ari/>*us1 we mu/ int]pret z ,hades & ,p]sephone1 :o puni% oa?-break]s aft] dea?3 9 xix4 #bei ! same function ( execut+ judgm5t 9 ! ne!r _w ^u ! s\ls ( ! p]jur$ is ascrib$ to ! ,er9yes3 ! context 9 bo? passages #baf sugge/s t ! poet is giv+ voice to a common popul> belief4 ,& 9 reg>d to po/hum\s happ9ess1 e>ly ,greece may h believ$ m ?an ,hom] reports4 ,= :o c det]m9e h[ e>ly ?is es*atologic hope came into ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies8 ,! 8?reats ( hell & hopes ( ,p>adise0 7 nev] :olly moralis$ ev5 by lat] ,greek ?\ght2 b "h are ! g]ms disc]nible 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( ! religion f :i* a high] moral tea*+ & a new moral =ce might emanate4 ,b ^? :o h tri$ to discov] simil> ideas 9 ! records ( ,babylonian es*atology h hi!rto entirely fail$4 ,c]ta9 phrases & c]ta9 my?ic data may be1 & h be51 press$ to support ! !ory t ,babylonian religion & e?ics 7 n )\t "s belief 9 judgm5t & resurrection2#baf4a b x is ov]pressure1 & ! phrases may easily be misund]/ood4 ,no cle> evid5ce po9ts to ,babylonian belief 9 po/hum\s judgm5t2 ! title 8god ( judgm5t0 atta*$ to ,n]gal might h m]ely a political significance4 ,aga91 8awak5] ( ! dead0 is a fairly frequ5t epi!t ( _m div9ities2 b no context :]e x occurs sugge/s = x an es*atologic int5tion4#baf4b ,9 ! /ory ( ,adapa1 mu* ( :i* is recov]$ f ! ,tel-,el-,am>na tablets1 we f9d ref]5ce to ! 8,food ( ,life0 & ! 8,wat] ( ,life10#baf4c t ! ,god ( ,heav5 might h giv5 to ,adapa & !reby made him immortal2 & 9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s desc5t1 x is said t ,allatu kept ! wat]s ( life 9 #bag hell :]e) ,i%t> 0 re/or$4 ,b n[h]e z yet has any h9t be5 f\nd t ^! wat]s ( life 7 available = any mortal man1 & ev5 ,adapa1 ! son ( a god1 miss$ gett+ !m4 ,9 ! my?ology ( ,babylon only "o mortal1 ,utnapi%tim1 ! ,babylonian ,noah1 passes )\t dea? to "s happy l& & becomes immortal2 aft] ! deluge ,bel spake ?us3 8,hi!rto ha? ,utnapi%tim be5 ( mank9d1 b n[ let ,utnapi%tim be l unto ! gods1 ev5 u1 & let ,utnapi%tim dwell af> (f at ! m\? ( ! riv]40#bag4a ,aga91 z ! k+s might be consid]$ div9e 9 life1 !re 0 no difficulty 9 suppos+ t !y jo9$ ! company ( ! gods aft] dea?1 z 0 suppos$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! pray]s (f]$ to deities ( ! l[] _w by ! ,assyrian k+ on behalf ( 8 fa!r1 9 ! tablet quot$ above1 may be ?us expla9$2 ! ne!r p[]s are entreat$ to (f] no ob/acles to 8 apo!osis4 ,o!r ,semitic nations may h _h ! same belief conc]n+ ! future bless$ness ( ! k+2 at lea/ an inscription ( ,k+ ,panammu ( ,nor? ,syria1 vassal ( ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii41 po9ts to ?is1 = 8 successor is urg$ to pray t 8! s\l ( ,panammu %all eat & dr9k ) ! good ,adad40#bag4b ,b no evid5ce has z yet be5 ga!r$ t ! ord9>y ,babylonian expect$ any su* di/+ui%$ lot4 ,nor does x appe> t pray]s 7 ev] (f]$ = 8 s\l1 z !y might be = ! k+'s1 & z !y habitually 7 = ! ord9>y ,a!nian's 9 ! ,an!/]ia4 ,= ! ,babylonian1 on ! :ole1 ! only di/9ction ( lot betwe5 "o p]son & ano!r aft] dea? 0 betwe5 him ^: gho/ 0 well #bah c>$ = by surviv+ relatives & him :o di$ an outca/ & 0 neglect$4 ,& ?is 0 no moral di/9ction1 nor "o t 0 likely to eng5d] ! belief 9 a righte\s judgm5t4 ,! duty to ! dead 0 a family duty m]ely2 nor c ,i f9d 9 ! ,mesopotamian records any indication ( t t5d] reg>d ( ! ali5 dead :i* leads 9 ,greece to a c]ta9 high] morality1 & :i* in=ms ,hom]'s pregnant phrase--8x is n righte\s to vaunt oneself ov] ! sla940 ,we f9d ,assyrian k+s rev5g+ !mselves by mutilation & exposure ( _! enemies' corpses2#bah4a & ,semitic f]ocity & ,hell5ic are n[h]e m vividly contra/$ ?an 9 ?is matt]4 ,f9ally1 !re appe>s a diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ! ,mesopotamian & ! ,hell5ic deities :o 7 conc]n$ ) ! surveillance ( ! _w bel[4 ,9 ! religion ( ! ,we/]n p1 ! latt] are z ess5tially conc]n$ ) life z ) dea?2 & ,demet]1 ,kore-,p]sephone1 ,pl\ton1 ,zeus 1 are b5ign div9ities ^: sombre "* is only ! rev]se ( ! picture2 !re is a *ance ( developm5t = a m hopeful cre$ :5 ! dead are committ$ to ! c>e ( ! g5tle e>?-goddess3 & x 0 ?r\gh ?is d\ble aspect ( ,demet]-,kore t ! es*atologic promise ( ! ,greek my/]ies 0 confirm$4 ,b ! ,babylonian ,que5 ( ,hell1 ,allatu1 is :olly repell5t 9 "* & aspect1 nor d we f9d t %e 0 wor%ipp$ at all2 ! only indication ( a s(t] ve9 9 h] is ! passage 9 8,! ,desc5t ( ,i%t>10 :i* describes ! sorr[ ( ,allatu = ! suff]+s br\ght ^u m5 ?r\gh ! dep>ture ( ! goddess ( life & love4 ,n]gal1 :o is probably an usurp] ( ! old] supremacy ( ,allatu1 has inde$ a cele/ial "* #bai z ! upp] god ( ,ku?a1 b ev5 9 ! upp] _w 8 nature 0 reg>d$ z t]rible & de/ructive4 ,only once or twice is ! g5tl] ,greek conception conc]n+ ! rul]s ( ! l[] _w f\nd 9 ,babylonian lit]ature4#bai4a ,enme%>ra--a "n t may be a synonym = ,n]gal#bai4b--;is hail$ z 8,"l ( ,e>?1 ( ! l& f :i* none returns 7,aralu71 great ,"l1 )\t :om ,n+irsu all[s no?+ to spr\t 9 field & canal1 no gr[? to bloom40#bai4c ,tammuz himself also is once at lea/ /yl$ 8! ,"l ( ! l[] _w40#bai4d ,& if ,n+irsu is ano!r "n ( ! und]world-god1 :i* is possible1 x is significant t 9 an old ,babylonian docum5t ! cultivator ( ! soil is call$ 8! s]vant ( ,n+irsu40#bai4e ,^! isolat$ utt]ances1 if !y _h p5etrat$ ! popul> religi\s ?\ght1 might h eng5d]$ a s(t] & bright] s5tim5t conc]n+ ! _w ( dea?4 ,b x is d\btful if !y 7 pot5t en\gh to effect ?is4#bai4f ,if ! g5tle ,tammuz _h displac$ ,allatu & ,n]gal z ! ,"l ( dea?1 ,babylonian es*atology might h _h a diff]5t c>e]4 ,b x does n appe> t he ev] did4 ,deeply belov$ z he 01 he nev] rea*$ ! position ( a high god ei!r 9 heav5 or ! l[] _w4#bai4g ,nor did 8 resurrection f ! #bbj dead evoke any fai?1 z f> z we see at pres5t1 t might com=t ! individual conc]n+ 8 own lot4 ,! p]sonality & ! rites ( ,attis1 8! ,phrygian %eph]d10 are closely ak9 to ^? ( ,tammuz1 & may be p>tly ( ,babylonian orig93 & f ^! 7 evolv$ a high] es*atologic !ory t became a p[]ful religi\s =ce 9 lat] ,paganism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,babylonia ! g]ms ( high] religion 9 ! ,tammuz-ritual seem to h rema9$ unquick5$2 possibly because !y 7 n fo/]$ & develop$ by any my/ic society4 ,= x is p]haps ! mo/ sali5t & significant diff]5ce betwe5 ,hell5ic & ,mesopotamian religions t 9 ! latt] we h no trace ( my/]ies at all1 :ile 9 ! =m] n only 7 !y a mo/ pot5t =ce 9 ! popul> religion1 b 7 ! *ief ag5ts = develop+ ! es*atologic fai?4 ,?is exposition ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ideas conc]n+ dea? & ! ritual ( ! dead is m]ely a slight sket* ( a great subject2 b may s]ve ! pres5t purpose1 ! te/+ ! "q ( e>ly religi\s contact4 ,we h not$ mu* g5]al resemblance1 b only su* z is f\nd among v>i\s races ( ! _w3 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 /rik+ diff]5ces1 bo? 9 detail & g5]al conception1 t argue /rongly aga9/ ! !ory ( contact or borr[+ 9 ! second mill5nium4 ,nor c we discov] 9 ! e>lie/ ,greek my?ology a s+le ,mesopotamian "n or my? associat$ ) ! l[] _w4#bbj4a ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,babylonian1 ,anatolian1 & ,aegean ,ritual4 #bba ,a comp>ison ( ! =ms obs]v$ 9 ^! regions1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! m9ute details & to ! g5]al und]ly+ ideas1 ought to contribute indep5d5t evid5ce to ! solution ( our "q4 ,! transmission ( precise rules ( ritual f "o p to ano!r1 implies an int]c\rse ( "s duration1 & m or less regulat$2 = :ile ! "n ( a god or a s+le my? is volatile1 & c be waft$ d[n remote r\tes by an it9]ant trad]1 or nomad1 or hunt]1 ! introduction ( any organis$ ritual implies1 z a rule1 ! pres5ce ( ! mission>y or ! =eign prie/4 ,if1 !n1 !re is any evid5ce sugge/+ t ,greece 9 its e>lie/ p]iod le>nt its ritual f ,babylon1 ! importance ( ?is = ! e?nic hi/ory ( religion w be great inde$4 ,!re=e x may seem t a detail$ comp>ison ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ritual is =c$ ^u u at ?is po9t3 b x w\ld be premature to expect at pres5t any f9ality 9 ! result1 because ! ,mesopotamian docum5ts h only be5 v incompletely exam9$ & publi%$ by ! l+ui/ic exp]ts4 ,h[ev]1 ! mat]ial t !y h pres5t$ to u reveals c]ta9 sali5t facts ( imm$iate value = our pres5t purpose t _c be :olly illusory1 h[ev] mu* we may h to modify our int]pretation ( !m 9 ! light ( future discov]y4 #bbb ,z reg>ds ! ,greek evid5ce1 we are n )\t fairly ample te/imony conc]n+ ! e>lie/ p]iod4 ,! ,hom]ic poems pres5t u ) ! contempor>y religi\s practices ( at lea/ a portion ( ! population :om we may conv5i5tly call ! ,a*aeans2 ?\gh we h no "r to suppose t !y give u a complete acc\nt ev5 ( ^?4 ,aga91 z ritual does n spr+ up 9 a day1 & has a s+ul> longevity1 we may be sure t mu* ( ,hom]ic ritual is a tradition ( ! second mill5nium4 ,fur!rmore1 we c supplem5t ,hom] by lat] te/imony1 ( :i* ! lat5ess ( date is no argum5t aga9/ ! primitiv5ess ( ! fa%ions t x may atte/4 ,! fir/ sup]ficial comp>ison ( ,mesopotamian & ,aegean c]emonies exhibits a g5]al simil>ity 9 ! me*anism ( religion2 an e/abli%$ prie/hood1 temples1 images1 alt>s1 pray]s1 sacrifice1 religi\s music1 holy days1 consultation ( ! gods by me?ods ( div9ation1 a c]ta9 c]emoni\s t5dance ( ! dead1 ^! are common features ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,b if we 7 comp>+ ,hell5ic ) ,egyptian or ,v$ic1 or ev5 ,mexican & ,p]uvian religion1 we %\ld be able to po9t to ! same g5]al agreem5t 9 ext]nals1 & _m ( ^! in/itutions are f\nd broadca/ ov] ! mod]n _w ( savage society4 ,x w be m important = ! pres5t "q1 if :5 we exam9e ! ,babylonian1 ,anatolian1 & ,hell5ic ritual m m9utely we disc]n sali5t diff]5ces1 especially if ^! are f\nd 9 c]ta9 organic c5tres ( ! religi\s life su* z 0 ! sacrifice4 ,& we mu/ fir/ try to det]m9e :e!r ! ,hellas ( ! pre-,hom]ic days already possess$ all ^? religi\s in/itutions r\ghly enum]at$ above4 ,we c deal to "s ext5t ) bo? ^! problems toge!r4 #bbc ,! erection ( temples is an important /age 9 ! high] developm5t ( an?ropomorphic religion4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ?is _h become an immemorial tradition ( ,mesopotamia4 ,b we are n sure at :at p]iod ! o!r poly!i/ic ,semites fir/ evolv$ ! ar*itectural %r9e1 or h[ long !y 7 cont5t to use ! natural cave z ! h\se ( a div9ity1 or a high place or 8tem5os0 ) alt> or sacr$ pill>4 ,! rec5t excavations at ,gez] h reveal$ a glimpse into ! religion ( ! prehi/oric ,semites ( ,canaan2 & "o %r9e t seems no?+ m ?an a r[ ( sacr$ monoli?s1 b also ano!r t has m ! appe>ance ( an elaborate build+ ( a sacr$ "*4#bbc4a ,( /ill great] antiquity 0 ! %r9e t ,pr(essor ,petrie has discov]$ at ,s]abit 9 ! ,s9aitic p59sula1 an orig9al cave-temple complicat$ ) ! addition ( porticoes & *amb]s1 :i* he believes to h be5 devot$ to a d\ble cult1 ! ,egyptian & ,semitic4#bbc4b ,at all ev5ts1 we may conclude t be=e #ajjj ,b4,c4 mo/ ( ! m cultur$ ,semitic communities 9 ,asia ,m9or _h come to h\se _! div9ities 9 m or less elaborat$ %r9es4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r race t dom9at$ ! e>ly p]iod ( ,anatolian hi/ory1 ! ,hittite1 we h ! priceless evid5ce ( ! ,boghaz-,keui monum5ts3 ^! reveal a complex temple hewn out ( & into ! rocky rav9e ) a 8,holy ( ,holies0 & :at appe>s to be a sleep+-*amb] = ! god4#bbc4c ,9 ,phrygia1 ! artificial %r9e may h be5 late 9 supplant+ ! natural cav]n or hole 9 ! rock t 0 once ! suffici5t home ( ! cult ( ! great goddess4#bbc4d ,f #bbd ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or we h no evid5ce conc]n+ ! site ( any anci5t temple t c>ries u back to ! e>ly p]iod ) :i* we are deal+4#bbd4a ,b ! ,hom]ic poems alone are suffici5t pro( t ! ,greeks1 = :om !y 7 compos$1 7 beg9n+ to be famili> ) "s ar*itectural type ( ! deity's habitation4 ,apollo ,sm9!us already has 8 %r9e & pr(essional prie/4#bbd4b ,we he> ( ! temple & prie/ess ( ,a!na 9 ,troy1#bbd4c ( h] %r9e at ,a!ns1 :i* %e %>$ ) ,ere*!us1#bbd4d & ! /one-?re%old ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 t gu>d$ already _m treasures )9 x4#bbd4e ,& we also "k f ! excavations ( ! la/ few ye>s t ! ,aryan invad]s f ! ,nor?1 ! proto-,hell5es1 w\ld f9d temples on "s at lea/ ( ! sites ( ! ,m9oan culture4 ,crete has pres]v$ c]ta9 %r9es ( ! second mill5nium2 b except ! temple-cave on ,dikte all ( !m s f> are f\nd to be m]ely dome/ic *apels 9 ! k+'s palace1 z ?\gh ! k+ 7 p]sonally responsible = ! religion ( ! community3 & s at ,myc5ae1 ,tiryns1 & ,a!ns1 ! olde/ temples h be5 f\nd on ! f\ndations ( 8,myc5aean0 palaces4#bbd4f ,b ! temples ( ,h]a on ! public hill ( ,argos & at ,olympia are n[ dat$ ne> to #hjj ,b4,c4#bbd4g ,we h1 !n1 pro( suffici5t ( temple-con/ruction 9 ,greece & ! ,aegean isl&s be=e ! p]iod ( ,hom]2 & if we mu/ h rec\rse to ! !ory t ! peoples ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean culture took #bbe _! cue 9 ?is important evolution f "s =eign civilisation1 we %\ld look to ,egypt r ?an to ,assyria1 z ne>] & m closely 9 t\* ) e>ly ,crete4 ,we may m>k "h a diff]5ce betwe5 ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ?\ght 9 ! religi\s conception ( ! temple4 ,x 0 naturally reg>d$ ev]y:]e z sacrosanct1 because p]meat$ ) ! virtue ( ! div9e pres5ce2 b ,babylonia develop$ ?is idea ) great] int5sity ( conviction ?an ! ,hell5e1 & actually deifi$ ! temple itself3 ! ,k+ ,nabopolass> 7circ4 #fbe ,b4,c47 prays to x 9 su* words z ^!1 8,oh1 temple1 be graci\s to ! k+ ?y re/or]1 & if ,m>duk ent]s !e 9 triumph1 report my piety to him40#bbe4a ,su* exagg]ation is n f\nd 9 ,greek religion4#bbe4b ,z reg>ds ! emblem ( div9ity1 ! cult-object set up 9 ! %r9e to attract & to m>k ! pres5ce ( ! deity1 ! ,mesopotamian religion _h1 z we h se51 already evolv$ ! eikon or image at "s p]iod consid]ably e>li] ?an ! second mill5nium1 & ! /atue ( ! god or goddess _h become an important factor ( e>ly ritual3 only ! emblem ( ,as%ur rema9$ aniconic4#bbe4c ,( equally e>ly vogue 0 ! image1 :e!r human or !riomorphic1 9 ,egyptian cult4 ,aga91 ! e>ly ,hittite monum5ts reveal x cle>ly1 ?\gh aniconic feti*es appe> also on ! reliefs ( ,boghaz-,keui4 ,b x is probable t ! ,we/]n ,semites1 & ! tribes ( ,arabia be=e #abjj ,b4,c41 #bbf & _m ( !m = c5turies aft]1 pref]r$ ! aniconic emblem1 ! 8,a%]a0 or po/1 or heap ( /ones or pill>1 to ! iconic /atue2 9 fact1 t temple idolatry 9 its develop$ =ms z x pres5ts itself 9 lat] ,m$it]ranean hi/ory 0 ali5 to ! old & g5u9e tradition ( ,semitic public wor%ip4 ,iconic repres5tations ( div9ities may inde$ be f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,semitic regions1 & "s ( ^! may be ( great antiquity2 su* z ! silv] /atue t ,?utmose ,,iii4 7( ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c47 c>ri$ (f f ,megiddo & ! ,lebanon1#bbf4a or ! 8,a/>te0-plaques f\nd on ! site ( ,gez]4 ,b 9 ,semitic communities ( ! e>li] p]iod su* objects belong$ r to ! private religion1 & ! public s]vice c5tr$ r\nd ! sacr$ pill> or /one1 z 0 ! case at ,mecca bo? be=e & aft] ,islam arose3 ! evid5ce = ?is has be5 c>efully giv5 & e/imat$ by ,rob]tson ,smi? & ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans4#bbf4b ,! same /atem5t holds ( _m ( ! non-,semitic peoples ( ,we/]n ,anatolia2 9 ,phrygia1 = in/ance1 ! e>lie/ emblem ( ,kybele 0 ! rude pill> or cone-%ap$ /one1 & ?is surviv$ d[n to late times 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,anatolian goddess 9 "s ( ! ,greek cities on ! ,asiatic coa/4 ,! rec5t discov]ies 9 ! regions ( ! ,m9oan & ,myc5aean culture reveal ! same ph5om5on3 ! cults 9 ?is area ( ! ,aegean 9 ! second mill5nium 7 9 ! ma9 aniconic1 ! fav\rite emblem be+ #bbg ! pill> or tree-trunk1 :ile 9 anci5t ,crete ! axe & ev5 ! cross has be5 f\nd4#bbg4a ,:]e ! div9ity appe>s 9 full human %ape1 z ! snake-goddess 9 ! *apel ( ! cross1 ! lion-gu>d$ goddess or ! god desc5d+ 9 ! air above ! pill> on ! ,m9oan seals1 ^! figures _c1 or ne$ n1 be int]pret$ z actual temple-idols4 ,& /ud5ts ( ! religion ( classical ,greece are famili> ) ! ample evid5ce ( ! aniconic tradition 9 ! 1 & ! cone-%ap$ pill>s & /ocks t s]v$ z div9e emblems 9 ! lat] temples ( ,greece4#bbg4b ,n[ ! e?nic "q conc]n+ pill>-cult has be5 critically discuss$ by ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans 9 8 treatise m5tion$ above2 & ! conclusion at :i* he arrives1 t ! /rik+ p>allelisms 9 ,semitic ,anatolian & ,aegean ritual monum5ts are n to be expla9$ z ! result ( direct borr[+ f "o or ! o!r gr\p ( peoples1 b z ! abid+ influ5ce ( a v e>ly ,m$it]ranean tradition1 comm5ds itself z ! mo/ reasonable4 ,x is legitimate to ma9ta9 t ! e>lie/ ,hell5es took ov] mu* ( ?is aniconic cult f ! e>li] ,m9oan & ,myc5aean civilisation2 b we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t !y also possess$ _! own1 z a tradition d]iv$ f ,c5tral ,europe4#bbg4c ,! mo/ futile hypo!sis w\ld be to assume t ! e>ly ,greeks d]iv$ x f ,babylon1 :]e x is less 9 evid5ce ?an 9 any o!r ,semitic community4#bbg4d #bbh ,! iconic impulse :]eby ! tree-trunk & pill> 7 gradually supplant$ by ! fully human /atue 0 beg9n+ to "w by ! "t t ! ,hom]ic poems receiv$ _! pres5t =m2 = we h 9 ! ,iliad#bbh4a an und\bt$ ref]5ce to a seat$ /atue ( ,a!na 9 h] temple on ! ,akropolis ( ,troy4 ,we see "h ! work+ ( an in/9ct t 0 p>tly religi\s1 p>tly1 p]haps1 ae/hetic 9 its orig94 ,if we are to connect x ) =eign influ5ces1 ,egypt is at lea/ a m 8proximate cause0 ?an ,babylon4 ,?is comp>ison ( ! cult-objects set up 9 %r9es or holy places mu/ take into acc\nt ! phallic emblem also4 ,?is 0 mu* 9 vogue 9 ! wor%ip ( ,h]mes & ,dionysos1 & 0 n unkn[n ev5 9 ! ritual ( ,artemis4#bbh4b ,h]odotus ma9ta9s t x 0 adopt$ by ! ,hell5es f 8! ,pelasgians10 b1 z ,i h tri$ to %[ else:]e1#bbh4c we _c atta* real value to 8 induction4 ,x may h desc5d$ f an old tradition ( ,european cult1 & x 0 indig5\s among o!r ,aryan nations4 ,z reg>ds ! ,m$it]ranean races1 we f9d traces ( its use 9 ! ,samo?racian my/]ies & 9 ! grave-cult ( ,phrygia2 :ile "s ( ! records ( ! ,sabazian my/]ies sugge/ t a phallic "* atta*$ to !m4 ,! ,m9oan-,myc5aean culture has be5 reg>d$ z innoc5t ( ?is1 s9ce ! phallic emblem does n appe> among ! monum5ts yet f\nd2 & ?is op9ion is some:at corroborat$ by its abs5ce 9 ! ritual ( ,aphrodite1 :o may be reg>d$ z a direct desc5dant ( ! great ,cretan goddess2 = only a late & some:at d\btful text atte/s ! d$ication ( phalloi to ! #bbi ,cyprian ,aphrodite4#bbi4a ,b ! evid5ce f ! ,phrygian religion1 t has _m e?nic aff9ities ) ,crete1 & f su* ritual-/ories z t ( ,pasiphae1 ought to make u hesitate4 ,9 ,semitic ritual ! emblem 0 c]ta9ly n commonly 9 public use1 ev5 if x occurr$ at all2 ! evid5ce = x1 at pres5t =?com+1 is at lea/ v d\btful2 two ( ! pill>s f\nd at ,gez] h be5 suppos$ to possess phallic attributes2#bbi4b b ,rob]tson ,smi? has well prote/$ aga9/ ! fooli% t5d5cy to int]pret sacr$ pill>s g5]ally z phalloi1#bbi4c & ev5 reg>ds ,lucian's ass]tion ( ! phallic significance ( ! two sacr$ pill>s1 ea* ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 t flank$ ! propylaea ( ! temple at ,hi]apolis1#bbi4d z a mi/ake sugge/$ to him by ! lat] ,hell5ic mis9t]pretation4 ,o!r /atem5ts ( ,lucian 9 t treatise may cause u to believe t a phallic "* atta*$ to "s "p ( ! ritual ( ! ,syrian goddess2 b1 if x did1 we c\ld n safely reg>d x z orig9ally ,semitic1 s9ce s _m e?nic /ra9s are m+l$ 9 t complex religion4 ,x is d\btful :e!r we c recognise ! emblem any:]e 9 ! religi\s monum5ts ( ! ,hittites1 ?\gh ,p]rot w\ld give ?is int]pretation to "o ( ! cult-objects c>v$ on ! relief ( ,boghaz-,keui4#bbi4e ,f9ally1 its vogue 9 ,babylonia seems to h be5 conf9$ to private sup]/ition2 f ! second mill5nium onw>ds x 0 employ$ z an amulet1 #bcj & "o ( ! royal *ronicles1 ab\t #aaaj ,b4,c41 is inscrib$ on a tablet t repres5ts a phallos2 b we _c argue f ?is or any o!r evid5ce yet adduc$1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 t ! emblem 0 us$ 9 public ritual4 ,s f> z we c disc]n at pres5t1 !n1 ! ,babylonian & ,hell5ic ph5om5a are div]g5t 9 respect ( pill>-cult & phallic ritual4#bcj4a ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( our pres5t inquiry is ! comp>ison ( ! c]emonies & ! concept ( sacrifice 9 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,at ! fir/ glance we note1 z usual1 a c]ta9 g5]al simil>ity4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod we f9d v>i\s animals1 bo? wild & dome/ic1 (f]$ ^u ! alt>s1 b 9 ,babylonia no special rules conc]n+ _! sex1 su* z 7 prescrib$ by anci5t ,greek & ,judaic ritual4 ,9 all ^! c\ntries1 aga91 bloodless (f]+s ( c]eals & fruits 7 9 common vogue2 & 9 ! e>lie/ ,babylonian p]iod1 ^! 7 ( great v>iety1 an inscription ( ,gudea m5tion+ butt]1 honey1 w9e1 corn ) milk1 figs1 dates1 z ! food ( ! gods1 8unt\*$ by fire40#bcj4b ,we note "h ! di/9ction famili> 9 ,greek ritual1 betwe5 & 2 only 9 ,babylonia x does n seem to h be5 ( religi\s importance1 nor to h be5 develop$1 z x 0 9 ,hellas1 into a c]emonial law t might eng5d] an important v>iation 9 ! moral ideas & religi\s concepts ( ! wor%ipp]2 = in/ance1 ! alt> ( #bca ,apollo at ,delos 0 call$ 1 8! pure alt>10 because no blood c\ld be %$ ^u x1 ! sacrifices ( ,a!na ,l9dia at ,rhodes1 & ( ,zeus 9 c]ta9 my/ic rites ( ,crete1 7 1 or 8fireless10 :i* 0 ! te*nical "n = ! oblations ( fruits & c]eals2 & ?is fact ( ritual sugge/$ to lat] ,greek philosophy ! e?ical-religi\s view t ! 8pure10 t is to say1 bloodless1 (f]+ 0 ! m acceptable oblation1 & 0 a tradition ( ! age ( man's innoc5ce4 ,?is pregnant idea has n yet be5 discov]$ 9 ,mesopotamian or 9 any o!r old ,semitic religion2 ! ,babylonian deities receiv$ bo? k9ds1 & p]haps simultane\sly1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 special c]emonies ! sacr$ cake1 or ! liquid (f]+s ( milk1 honey1 w9e1 & oil1 might suffice2#bca4a :ile1 accord+ to ! anci5t ,hebraic view1 z ! leg5d ( ,ca9 & ,abel indicates1 ! deity appe>s to pref] blood-sacrifice1 ?\gh ea* species is recognis$ 9 ! pre-exilic sacral lit]ature4#bca4b ,!re is ano!r di/9ction obs]v$ 9 ,greek ritual1 t becomes ( "s importance 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ascetic purity1 t betwe5 w9eless (f]+s 77 & ^? accompani$ ) w9e3 ! =m] be+ pref]r$ by ! p[]s ( ! l[] _w1#bca4c ?\gh n inv>iably1 & c]ta9ly n by ! dep>t$ h]o4 ,h[ev] ?is di/9ction arose--& no s+le hypo!sis expla9s all ! cases--x 0 n a ,semitic tradition1 taught 9 e>ly days to ,hellas4 ,= ! #bcb ,semitic div9ities1 includ+ ,jahw1 h a g5ial lik+ = w9e 8:i* *e]e? ,god & man02#bcb4a nor h we any ,semitic example ( a taboo on x1 except possibly a late ,nabataean inscription f ! neighb\rhood ( ,palmyra1 m5tion+ 8! god :o dr9ks no w9e40#bcb4b ,su* a phrase w\ld c]ta9ly n apply to ! deities ( ,babylon2 ev5 ! sun-god1 :o 9 ,hellas appe>s to h be5 a total ab/a9]1 is (f]$ w9e 9 ! ,babylonian s]vice1#bcb4c &1 accord+ to "o v]se 9 ! ,epic ( ,creation1 ! deities actually get drunk1#bcb4d a grossness :i*1 9 ! my?ic imag9ation ( ,hellas1 is only imag9$ z possible = ,dionysos4 ,we h ! "r to say1 !n1 t ! avoidance ( w9e 9 c]ta9 religi\s s]vices ( ,hellas helps to confirm ! impression ( its e>ly indep5d5ce ( ,semitic influ5ces4 ,! ,hell5ic rule may1 9 c]ta9 cases1 h be5 d]iv$ f an old] ,aegean tradition2 = two ( ! deities to :om x 0 appli$1 ,helios & ,aphrodite1 may be believ$ to h be5 bequea!d to ,greece by ! ,m9oan-,myc5aean religion2 & w9e appe>s to h be5 prohibit$ 9 c]ta9 c]emonies ( ! ,phrygian goddess1#bcb4e & ( a goddess ( ,c>ia4#bcb4f ,^! are diff]5ces ( "s importance1 & d\btless ( great antiquity betwe5 ! ritual ( ,ea/ & ,we/2 m insignificant1 yet ( consid]able value = #bcc our pres5t "q1 is ! fact t inc5se 0 a regul> accompanim5t ( ! ,babylonian sacrifice1 b did n come into religi\s use 9 ,greece till "s "t aft] ! p]iod ( ,hom]4 ,! fact itself we may consid] z prov$1 bo? by ,hom]'s sil5ce ab\t x1 & by ! ,hom]ic use ( ! ^w 1 :i* means 8victim10 & nev] 8inc5se10 z 9 lat] ,greek x came to mean4 ,_h ! influ5ce ( ! ,mesopotamian culture be5 z /rong on ,greece 9 ! second mill5nium z x came to be f #hjj ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h expect$ t ! religi\s use ( inc5se1 :i* is v attractive & spreads easily f "o race to ano!r1 w\ld h be5 adopt$ by ,greek ritual be=e ! "t ( ,hom]4 ,a m ess5tial po9t is ! %>p contra/ pres]v$ 9 ! ,greek rites betwe5 ! ,olympian & ! ,*?onian ritual2 a contra/ t dem&$ a diff]5ce ( t]m9ology & dictat$ diff]5t sacral laws conc]n+ "t1 mann]1 place ( sacrifice1 & *oice ( victim4 ,s f>1 ,i h n be5 able to discov] any h9t ( ?is important bifurcation ( ritual 9 any ,mesopotamian record4 ,! only ne!r-_w p[] :o 0 wor%ipp$ at all 0 ,n]gal1 :e!r "u ?is or o!r names2 & x does n appe> t 8 wor%ip diff]$ 9 any ess5tial respect f t ( any o!r high god4 ,9 fact1 ! dualism betwe5 p[]s ( ! upp] & p[]s ( ! l[] _w1 :i* has be5 g5]ally rem>k$1 & sometimes exagg]at$ 9 ,hell5ic poly!ism1 only appe>s slightly 9 ! ,babylonian1 & seems to h left no impress on ! div9e s]vice at all4 ,z reg>ds ! animals ( sacrifice1 ! only /rik+ div]g5ce t ,hell5ic & ,semitic cu/om pres5ts is 9 respect ( ! sw9e4 ,! sanctity or horror ) #bcd :i* ?is animal 0 reg>d$ by mo/ ,semitic societies#bcd4a is n reflect$ 9 any record ( e>ly ,greek feel+4 ,be+ ! ,hell5e's common food1 he (f]$ x freely to ! deity1 ?\gh 9 local cults !re might occasionally be a taboo on ?is z else:]e on o!r victims1 su* z %eep or goat4 ,b x is possible t "s ( ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,hell5e 9 ,crete & ,asia ,m9or1 if n 9 ,greece itself1 %>$ ! ,semitic s5tim5t 9 reg>d to ! pig2 & ! rev]5ce paid to x 9 ,crete1 & especially at ,praisos 9 lat] times1#bcd4b may h be5 a legacy ( ,m9oan religion2 also ! ,c>ian wor%ip ( ,hemi!a 9 :i* sw9e 7 taboo$ may h _h anci5t l9ks ) ,crete4#bcd4c ,b ! facts ( sw9e-sacrifice or sw9e-rev]5ce1 ?\gh !y s]ve to di/+ui% ! ,hell5ic f ! ord9>y ,semitic community1 d n be> directly on our pres5t problem1 ! pro(s ( e>ly ,mesopotamian influ5ce on ! proto-,hell5ic race4 ,= ! usual ,semitic taboo has n yet be5 f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! pig is m5tion$ 9 a religi\s text z "o ( ! animals t might be (f]$ to ! gods z a vic>i\s piacul> sacrifice1 nor is !re any h9t t ! animal is be+ (f]$ z an unclean animal4#bcd4d ,c]ta9ly1 o!r animals are m5tion$ mu* m frequ5tly z victims2 & ,i am n aw>e ( any o!r text t m5tions sw9e-sacrifice4 ,x 0 associat$ 9 "s way ) ! god ,n9ib1 "o ( ^: appellatives means 8sw9e02#bcd4e b no evid5ce is yet =?com+ t x 0 (f]$ to him4 #bce ,a "q n[ arises ( great] mom5t bo? = our pres5t purpose & = ! wid] int]e/s ( ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,0 ! purport & significance ( ! sacrificial act ! same 9 ! ,we/]n society z t :i* is reveal$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ,babylonia8 ,no "p ( ! anci5t religi\s sy/em has be5 ! !me ( s mu* /udy & speculation 9 rec5t ye>s z ! anci5t sacrifice4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 8 epo*-mak+ book1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 0 ! pione] ( a new !ory2 :i* has s9ce be5 develop$ or modifi$ by c]ta9 ,engli% & a few ,cont95tal s*ol>s foll[+ on 8 track4 ,! result ( ^! lab\rs has be5 to =mulate & def9e v>i\s =ms ( sacrifice t prevail$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean area4 ,?ree ma9 types appe> to em]ge3 7a7 ! gift sacrifice1 :]e an oblation is giv5 ov] entirely to ! deity1 :e!r g5]ally to w9 8 fav\r1 or 9 special circum/ances--= in/ance1 aft] s9 has be5 committ$--to appease 8 wra?1 or z a ?ank-(f]+ = fav\r receiv$2 7b7 ! communion sacrifice1 :]e ! community or ! individual eat ) ! deity1 /r5g!n+ _! feel+ ( fell[%ip by a common meal2 7c7 ! sacram5tal type1 :]e ! community or ! individual may be said to 8eat ! god10 t is1 to p>take ( food or dr9k made sacr$ by ! infusion ( ! div9e _s or p]sonality1 :i* is ?us communicat$ to ! p>tak]4 ,x is be/ = ! pres5t to reg>d ^! ?ree z sep>ate & indep5d5t1 )\t try+ to det]m9e :i* is prior & :i* po/]ior4#bce4a ,! fir/ type1 :i* is almo/ ubiquit\s 9 ! human societies t h arriv$ at ! belief 9 p]sonal #bcf deities1 is suffici5tly atte/$ by ,hom] ( ! e>ly ,greeks1 :o promise & p]=m ! sacrifice p>tly z an (f]+ to please or to appease ! deity4 ,:at is m important is ! evid5ce1 :i* ,i h dealt ) else:]e1#bcf4a t ,hom]ic society 0 famili> also ) ! m g5ial conception ( ! sacrifice z a communion-meal :]e ! wor%ipp] & ! deity meet ar\nd ! alt>2 ?is em]ges cle>ly 9 ! acc\nts t ,hom] has giv5 u ( an ,a*aean sacrificial fea/4#bcf4b ,ev5 ! g]ms are already visible ( ! idea f :i* ! ?ird or m my/ic type ( sacrifice1 :at ,i h call$ ! sacram5tal type1 might be evolv$2 = special significance atta*es to ! acts describ$ 9 ! phrases & 1 8!y ?rew =w>d ! b>ley-%r$d+s0 & 8!y ta/$ ! entrails03 ! fir/ phrase is n :olly cle>1 b x may signify t /alks ( b>ley are fir/ plac$ on ! alt>1 & !reby consecrat$ or fill$ ) ! div9e virtue t is inh]5t !re1 & !n ! bea/ is t\*$ ) ^! on ! =ehead & !reby becomes himself fill$ ) ! _s ( godhead2#bcf4c ! second is also a my/ic act1 = ! specially conta9 ! life1 :i* is n[ infus$ ) div9ity1 & by ta/+ !m ! wor%ipp]s p>take ( ! div9e life4 ,all ?is arises solely f ! extraord9>y degree ( sup]natural =ce or 8,mana0 :i* ! alt> itself possesses1 a =ce :i* may h #bcg be5 an inh]itance f long ages ( pill>-wor%ip1 if we believe ! alt> to h be5 evolv$ f ! sacr$ pill>4#bcg4a ,x expla9s o!r details 9 ! old ,hell5ic sacrificial act2 su* z ! ca/+ ! hairs ( ! victim into ! alt>-flame1#bcg4b :i* e/abli%$ a communion betwe5 ! animal & ! deity1 ! practice ( solemnly consecrat+ ! lu/ral wat] by c]emoni\sly c>ry+ x r\nd ! alt>1#bcg4c & *>g+ x ) a /ill m pot5t infusion ( div9ity by plung+ into x a light$ br& f ! alt>-fire4#bcg4d ,! communion sacrifice mu/ !n h be5 9 vogue 9 pre-,hom]ic times2 & ! idea t gave x its mean+ nev] :olly fad$ f ! ,/ate-ritual2 = ! rule1 express$ by su* =mulae z 1 1 bidd+ ! wor%ipp] conclude ! fea/ r\nd ! alt> & take none ( ! fle% home1 seems to arise p>tly f ! feel+ t ! c]emony 0 mean+less unless he fea/$ :olly ) ! deity4#bcg4e ,b x 0 mo/ vividly realis$ 9 ! religi\s s]vices ( ! 1 ! lat] religi\s ord]s or frat]nities devot$ ea* to ! cult ( its special div9ity2 = ^! a common religi\s meal =m$ ! *ief b9d+-tie4#bcg4f ,ap>t f ! ,hom]ic evid5ce1 we h ! record ( ! ,attic ,b\phonia z atte/ation ( ! great antiquity ( ?is type ( sacrifice 9 ,greece4 ,to #bch ! actual /atem5t ( ! details giv5 u by ,!ophra/os & ,pausanias1 mu* is add$ by ! curi\s aetiological leg5ds t grew up ar\nd x4#bch4a ,we see ! ox m>k+ himself = sacrifice by volunt>ily go+ up to ! alt> & eat+ ! corn ^u x1 be+ ?us call$1 z x 71 by ! god into communion ) himself4 ,z he is ?us full ( ! _s ( ! god1 x is reg>d$ a sacrilegi\s act to slay him2 b all ! citiz5s p>take ( 8 fle%1 & ev5 ! /rang] :o eats becomes himself a citiz51 z ?r\gh ?is fea/ he ent]s into k9%ip ) ,zeus ,polieus4 ,all ?is c be expla9$ by ! belief t ,zeus ,polieus is 9 ! alt>2 & we ne$ n resort to su* !ories z t ! ox is a totem-animal or ! _s ( vegetation4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 bew>e ( conclud+ t because ! victim 0 ?us tempor>ily possess$ ) godhead & 9 ?is holy /ate dev\r$1 he 0 !re=e lit]ally reg>d$ z ! full inc>nation ( ! god1 or t ! wor%ipp] consci\sly believ$ he 0 eat+ 8 own deity :o di$ 9 ! sacrifice4 ,= religi\s consci\sness by no means always draws ! full logical coroll>ies ( a religi\s act4 ,! m my/ic idea1 t has play$ a great "p 9 ! religion ( ,europe1 c only be detect$ or suspect$1 ap>t f writt5 direct anci5t te/imony1 :]e ! animal is treat$ ) rev]5ce ap>t f & be=e 8 association ) ! alt>1 or is reg>d$ z ! habitual inc>nation ( ! deity4 ,! immolation & dev\r+ ( su* a victim w\ld be ( ! true sacram5tal type1 :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? believ$ 0 ! aborig9al =m ( all sacrifice4 ,b we h no cle> example ( x f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( g5u9e ,hell5ic religion1 unless we #bci =ce ! evid5ce or exagg]ate its mean+4#bci4a ,we h only c]ta9 my?s t we may d\btfully v5ture to int]pret by means ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,& ^! are no my?s ab\t animals1 b ab\t human victims dev\r$ 9 sacrifice3 ! mo/ significant is ! /ory ( ! cannibali/ic fea/ held by ,k+ ,lykaon1 :o cook$ 8 own son & (f]$ ! fle% to ,zeus1 a ritual ( :i* "s survival1 :e!r mimetic or half-real1 0 witness$ by ,pausanias himself on ,m\nt ,lykaon4#bci4b ,?is w\ld po9t to sacram5tal cannibalism1 if we assume t ,k+ ,lykaon 0 ! human inc>nation ( ,zeus ,lykaios & t 8 son 0 !re=e a div9e infant4 ,b x is possible t ! /ory en%r9es ! remembrance ( ! m ord9>y clan-sacrifice ( ! life ( a clansman to procure !m communion ) ! clan-god by ! common p>tak+ ( 8 fle%3 ! k9sman is (f]$ r ?an ! animal1 n s mu* t ! sacrific]s may eat _! god1 b t ! god by consum+ _! mo/ valu$ life may be m closely incorporate ) !m4 ,aga91 9 "o ( ! d>ke/ & mo/ p]plex+ ( ,greek leg5ds1 ! /ory ( ,klum5os ( ,argos & 8 ince/u\s love ( 8 daught] ,h>palyke1 :o rev5ges h]self by slay+ h] own *ild & (f]+ x to ! fa!r 9 a sacrificial meal1 we may disc]n ! glimm] ( a remembrance ( a cannibal sacram5t4 ,! associations ( ! /ory dimly indicate a ,?racian orig94#bci4c ,& x is 9 ! range ( ! ,greek ,dionysiac #bdj cult1 :i* accord+ to ! mo/ probable view 0 adopt$ f ,?race1 t we f9d impr9t$ on leg5d & ritual ! tradition ( a savage type ( sacram5t1 9 :i* ! human or animal inc>nation ( ! god 0 dev\r$4 ,su* is ! significance t we may fairly atta* to ! ,titan-/ory ( ! murd] ( ! infant ,dionysos1 to ! ( ! goat or bull or snake p]iodically practis$ by ! ,bac*oi or ,bac*ae1 & to ! dea? ( ,p5!us4#bdj4a ,& 9 lat] ,greek ritual ! consci\sness "h & !re surviv$ t ! victim (f]$ to ,dionysos inc>nat$ ! v deity1 ev5 be=e x acquir$ ! tempor>y my/ic afflatus f contact ) ! alt>4 ,! record ( ! ritual ( ,t5$os1 9 :i* a sacr$ pregnant c[ 0 t5d$ rev]5tly & ! calf t %e bore 0 dress$ 9 ! busk9s & !n sacrific$ to ,dionysos1 8! r5d] ( m510 is ! mo/ piquant example4#bdj4b ,?is ,dionysiac tradition rea*es back und\bt$ly to ! second mill5nium 9 ,greece2 ! evid5ce ( a simil> sacram5tal ritual 9 purely ,hell5ic wor%ip is %ad[y & slight1 = ! critical exam9ation ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies does n cle>ly reveal x2 & ! gr[? & diffusion ( ! idea 9 lat] ,paganism does n conc]n u n[4 ,b ! consid]ation ( ! e>ly ,hell5ic sacrifice1 ( :i* ! sali5t features h be5 slightly sket*$ above1 is ( signal value = our pres5t purpose4 ,= x reveals at once a m>k$ contra/ to ,babylonian ideas s f> z ^! at pres5t are reveal$ to u4 ,! ,babylonian-,assyrian liturgies1 epics1 & *ronicles h fail$ to disclose any o!r !ory ( ! sacrifice ?an t :i* is call$ ! gift-!ory4 ,a g5]al #bda t]m = ! ,babylonian sacrifice is 8ki%tu0 or 8pres5t40#bda4a ,! deities are suppos$ to eat :at is giv5 !m2 9 ! ,epic ( ! ,deluge ! nave phrase occurs1 8,! gods smell ! sav\r1 ! delightful sav\r1 ! gods sw>m l flies ar\nd ! sacrific]40 ,no evid5ce is z yet =?com+ t ! sacrific] 0 suppos$ or 0 all[$ to eat ) ! deity1 z 9 ! ,hell5ic communion-sacrifice4 ,on ! contr>y1 c]ta9 texts c be quot$ :i* seem expressly to =bid su* a ?+4#bda4b ,! docum5t already cit$ t 0 f\nd 9 ,assurbanipal's libr>y1 conta9+ ! ,job-l lam5t ( ! good man :o _h f\nd no pr(it 9 goodness1 conta9s a v]se 9 :i* he comp>es himself ) ! s9n] :o neglects all religi\s ord9ances1 & :o has ev5 8eat5 ! food ( ,god40 ,& s we f9d t among ! v>i\s evil or impure or unlucky de$s t c\ld br+ a man "u ! ban ( ! gods1 ! 8dev\r+ ( sacrificial fle%0 is expressly m5tion$4#bda4c ,unless1 !n1 docum5ts yet to be reveal$ contradict ?is positive & negative evid5ce1 we h "h a fact ( great weight to set aga9/ ! !ory t we are discuss+4 ,:5cesoev] ! ,hell5es d]iv$ _! g5ial conception ( ! sacrifice z a communion-meal1 !y did n d]ive x f ,babylon4 ,& all ,rob]tson ,smi?'s speculations conc]n+ ! inn] significance ( ! ,semitic sacrifice _c yet be appli$ to ,mesopotamia1 :5ce he 0 n able to glean any evid5ce4 ,9 ,babylonia ! sacrific] got no %>e ( ! victim4 ,he might eat ) ! spirits ( ! dead 9 c]ta9 ritual1 b he 0 n1 x appe>s1 privileg$ #bdb to eat ) ! god or goddess4 ,! deity took ! victim1 or ! sacrifice ( c]eals & fruits1 z a pres5t1 & ! prie/ got 8 %>e4 ,b we are n told t ! prie/ ate ) ! god1 or :]e he ate2 nor c we say t ! prie/ repres5t$ ! wor%ipp]4 ,if a true sacram5t is yet to be discov]$ 9 ,babylonian religion1 x w probably be f\nd 9 "s docum5t ( ! ,tammuz ritual4 ,= x is probable t ,tammuz 0 id5tifi$ ) ! corn z ) o!r p>ts ( vegetation1 & t ! m\rn+ = him 0 accompani$ ) ab/95ce f bread4 ,8 resurrection end$ ! fa/1 & if 9 _! joy ! wor%ipp]s c]emoni\sly broke bread1 !y may h suppos$ !y 7 eat+ ! body ( _! ris5 "l4 ,b su* a recon/ruction ( ! old ,tammuz ritual re/s at pres5t only on ! indirect evid5ce ( ! lat] records ( ,attis-,adonis cult & ( ! ,tammuz-wor%ip among ! hea!n ,syrians ( ,h>ran 9 ! t5? c5tury ( our era4#bdb4a ,x belongs to ! ,babylonian conception ( ! sacrifice z a gift1 t ! animal 0 (t5 reg>d$ z a ransom = ! man's own life2 t is to say1 :5 s9 _h be5 committ$1 ! deity might be placat$ by ! gift ( an agreeable victim1 & be p]suad$ to accept x 9 place ( ! s9n] ^: life 0 prop]ly =feit4 ,= in/ance1 a sick man is always suppos$ to h s9n$2 & ! prie/ :o is p]=m+ an animal sacrifice 9 8 behalf uses ! pray]1 8,take 8 pres5t1 take 8 ransom02#bdb4b & ! =mula ( a sacrifice (f]$ by way ( exorcism is v explicit3 8,a male %eep1 a female %eep1 a liv+ %eep1 a dead #bdc %eep %all die1 b ,i %all live40#bdc4a ,ano!r inscription#bdc4b ?r[s fur!r light on ! ritual ( ! vic>i\s sacrifice3 8,to ! high-prie/ may "o cry out3 ! kid ( sub/itution = ! man1 ! kid = 8 s\l he ha? br\ght3 place ! head ( ! kid to ! head ( ! man1 place ! neck ( ! kid to ! neck ( ! man1 place ! brea/ ( ! kid to ! brea/ ( ! man40 ,:e!r ?is solemn manipulation 0 p]=m$ aft] or be=e ! sacrifice1 its object mu/ h be5 to e/abli% by contact a communion betwe5 ! man & ! victim1 s t ! kid might be 8 mo/ efficaci\s repres5tative4 ,x ?us became "p ( ! high] e?ical tea*+ ( ,babylon t 8sacrifice br+s life10 j z 8pray] takes away s910 a doctr9e express$ 9 a fragm5t>y tablet t conta9s a text ( /rik+ spiritual import4#bdc4c ,! type ( sacrifice t may be call$ vic>i\s mu/ h be5 an anci5t z well z a lat] tradition 9 ,greece2 = ! leg5ds associat$ ) _m sacrifices cle>ly atte/ x1 expla9+ c]ta9 animal victims z sub/itutes = a human life t 0 =m]ly dem&$ by ! (f5d$ deity1 ! vic>i\s sacrifice usually c>ry+ ) x ! ideas ( s9 & atonem5t4#bdc4d ,! sub/itution might occasionally #bdd be apologis$ = by a legal fiction1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 9 ! ritual ( ! ,brauronian ,artemis ! angry goddess dem&$ ! life ( a maid51 & ! ,a!nian p>5t sacrific$ a goat1 8call+ x 8 daught]40#bdd4a ,b ?\gh ?is idea is common to ! ,mesopotamian & ,hell5ic communities1 !y diff] widely 9 respect ( ! evid5ce !y af=d1 ( ! preval5ce ( human sacrifice4 ,z reg>ds anci5t ,greece1 ! evid5ce is indubitable1 ?\gh mu* t has be5 br\ght by mod]n s*ol>s is due to false int]pretation ( ritual1 su* z ! sc\rg+ ( ! ,sp>tan boys2 lat]1 ! human sacrifice became repugnant to ! advanc+ e?ical ?\ght ( ! nation1 b accord+ to "o au?ority did n :olly die out till ! age ( ,hadrian4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no lit]>y text nor any monum5t has yet be5 f\nd t proves ! exi/5ce ( su* a ritual 9 ,babylonia4 ,9 "o ( 8 biographical inscriptions ,assurbanipal proclaims t he 8sacrific$0 prison]s ( w> to av5ge 8 murd]$ fa!r on ! spot :]e 8 fa!r 0 sla94#bdd4b ,he boa/s ( worse ?+s ?an ?is2 & we c well believe t he murd]$ !m 9 cold blood4 ,b ! #bde words by no means sugge/ a c]emoni\s tomb-ritual ) human sacrifice4 ,slightly m important is a passage 9 a legal docum5t1 to :i* ,mr4 ,johns#bde4a calls att5tion2 :5ce x appe>s t a =feit = reop5+ an already adjudicat$ cause 0 ! consecration ( "o's elde/ *ild by fire to a god or goddess2 &1 z inc5se & c$>-wood are m5tion$ 9 ! same context z concomitants ( ! ?reat5$ c]emony1 ! conclusion seems natural t ?is 0 once at lea/ a real ?reat ( human sacrifice inflict$ z a legal puni%m5t4 ,?is legal clause gives u ! "r to conclude t 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ! ,semites & ,sum]ians ( ,mesopotamia occasionally resort$ to ?is rite4 ,!y w\ld be inde$ a peculi> p & a fav\r$ nation if !y _h always be5 innoc5t ( x4 ,x is suffici5tly atte/$ by direct evid5ce1 ei!r ( record or excavation1 or by ! sugge/ion ( leg5d1 ( ! ,arabs1 ,syrians1 ! e>ly ,canaanites1#bde4b ! ,israelites1 ! ,pho5icians2 also ( ! ,phrygians & o!r non-,semitic peoples ( ,anatolia4 ,yet x mu/ be put to ! cr$it ( ! ,babylonian culture ( ! second mill5nium1 t ! ,mesopotamians _h ei!r completely or almo/ ab&on$ x4 ,at ?is "t x 0 d\btless 9 full vogue 9 ,greece2 & c]ta9ly ,babylon c\ld n h be5 _! evil tea*] 9 ?is matt]4 ,b !y ne$$ no tea*]s 9 :at 0 an anci5t tradition ( _! nor!rn ance/ors1 & ( ! p ) :om !y m+l$4 ,yet only tw5ty ye>s ago a di/+ui%$ writ] on ,greek ritual c\ld say1 8,x is c]ta9 t ! #bdf ,hell5es borr[$ ! practice ( human sacrifice f ! ,ori5tals40#bdf4a ,z we discov] no trace ( ! idea ( communion 9 ! ord9>y ,babylonian sacrifice1 we are ! less surpris$ t sc>cely any h9t is giv5 by ! sacr$ lit]ature or monum5ts ( any my/ic application ( ! blood ( ! victim1 :i* 0 us$ = s _m purposes ( communion-ritual by ! e>ly ,hell5es & ,hebrews4 ,i c f9d no o!r evid5ce = ?is 9 ,mesopotamia except "o passage quot$ by ,zimm]n1#bdf4b 9 :i* ! sacrific] is ord]$ to spr9kle "s "p ( ! door ) ! blood ( ! lamb4 ,x is n probable t ! ,babylonians 7 incapable ( ! notion t by physical contact ) c]ta9 sacr$ objects a tempor>y communion c\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! mortal & ! div9ity3 x appe>s1 = in/ance1 9 "o ( ! =mulae ( ! purification-ritual--8,may ! tor* ( ! ,fire-god cleanse me0#bdf4c--;9 ! ye>ly practice ( ! k+ grasp+ ! h&s ( ! idol ( ! god1 p]haps 9 ! cu/om ( atta*+ ! wor%ipp] to ! deity ) a cord1#bdf4d & 9 ! div9]'s habit ( grasp+ ! c$>-/aff1 :i* is call$ 8! belov$ ( ! gods40#bdf4e ,b x may be t !y nev] appli$ ?is notion to ! sacrifice1 s z to evolve ! in/itution ( ! communion-meal2 or !y may h evolv$ x 9 e>ly times1 & ?r\gh long ages #bdg ( p[] ! prie/s may h become /rong en\gh to suppress x & to sub/itute = x ! gift-ritual1 :i* w\ld be m pr(itable = !mselves4 ,x accords ) ?is abs5ce ( any my/ic significance 9 ! sacrifice t we d n f9d 9 ! ,babylonian s]vice any my/ic use ( ! sacrificial sk9s1 ( :i* "s evid5ce c be ga!r$ f v>i\s details ( ,greek ritual4#bdg4a ,aga91 ! ,babylonian records h s f> fail$ to reveal any evid5ce = any su* public c]emony z ! s5d+ =? ( ! scapegoat1 :e!r human or animal1 *>g$ ) ! s9s ( ! community4 ,?is ritual 0 common to ! ,hell5es1 ,egyptians1 & ,hebrews1 & probably to o!r ,semitic communities4#bdg4b ,! idea ( s9-transf]5ce on :i* x re/s 0 famili> en\gh to ! anci5t ,babylonian2 b he seems only to h built ^u ?is a private sy/em ( exorcism & purgation ( s9 & disease = ! individual4 ,z f> z we "k1 x did n occur to him to effect by ?is me?od a solemn annual expulsion ( all ! s9s ( ! nation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ano!r type ( sacrifice common to ,babylonia & ,greece1 by :i* an oa? or an engagem5t might be cem5t$3 ! animal is slaught]$ ) an imprecation t ! same fate may befall him :o breaks 8 oa? or violates ! compact4 ,zimm]n quotes a good example ( ?is1 relat+ to ! compact made betwe5 ! ,assyrian k+ ,assurnir>i #bdh & ,mati'ilu1 pr9ce ( ,arpad3#bdh4a a %eep is sacrific$ & ! =mula pron\nc$3 8,?is head is n ! head ( a %eep1 x is ! head ( ,mati'ilu1 ( 8 sons1 ( 8 great ones1 ( ! p ( 8 l&4 ,if ,mati'ilu breaks ?is oa?1 ! head ( ,mati'ilu w be cut (f1 l ! head ( ?is %eep40 ,! same idea und]lies ! oa?-sacrifice 9 ! ,iliad1#bdh4b ?\gh x is n express$ ) su* nave make-believe or su* logic 9 ! detail2 b z ! bea/ is slaught]$ or w9e p\r$1 a curse is utt]$ invok+ on ! p]jur$ a simil> fate1 or ) a pray] t 88 bra9s may be p\r$ out l ?is w9e40 ,! orig9al idea is magical3 ! symbolic explanation is lat]4 ,ano!r p>allel is ! ,lat9 oa? ov] ! /one4#bdh4c ,su* resemblance 9 special =ms by no means weak5s ! impression t we receive f ! /rik+ diff]5ces disc]nible 9 ! ,babylonian & ,hell5ic significance ( sacrifice4 ,to ^? already not$ we may add yet ano!r1 :i* conc]ns ! association ( sacrifice ) div9ation4 ,x is ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s op9ion#bdh4d t ! *ief motive ( ! ,babylonian sacrifice 0 ! inspection ( ! liv] ( ! victim1 f ! m>k+s ( :i* ! skill$ exp]t c\ld int]pret ! future by a conv5tional sy/em reveal$ to u 9 c]ta9 anci5t ,babylonian docum5ts4 ,?is sup]/ition is s elaborate & artificial t if we f9d x 9 adjac5t c\ntries1 x is m reasonable to suppose t "o borr[$ x f ! o!r1 ?an t x 0 develop$ indep5d5tly 9 ea*4 ,we f9d x 9 lat] ,greece1 ,etruria1 & ,rome2 b ! evid5ce ( ! ,hom]ic poems sugge/s t x 0 unkn[n to ! #bdi ,hell5es ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,!y are v likely to h borr[$ x f ,babylonian s\rces 9 po/-,hom]ic times2 & we note "h1 z 9 o!r cases :]e ! influ5ce ( ,babylon ^u ,greece c be reasonably posit$1 x rea*es ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,aegean at a po/-,hom]ic r ?an a pre-,hom]ic epo*4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( ,mesopotamian & ,hell5ic sacrifice confronts u f9ally ) ano!r problem belong+ to ! hi/ory ( religions1 & "o ( ! greate/1 ! dogma ( ! dea? ( ! div9ity & ! orig9 & significance ( t belief4 ,= :]e ! my/ic type ( communion-sacrifice is f\nd1 :]e ! animal t is sla9 = ! sacram5t is reg>d$ z ! inc>nation ( ! deity1 ! div9ity may be suppos$ himself to die tempor>ily1 d\btless to rise aga9 to life1 ei!r imm$iately or at "s subsequ5t fe/ival4 ,?is mom5t\s conclusion ne$ n always h be5 drawn1 = religi\s logic is n (t5 p]si/5tly ?or\gh1 nor does ! evolution ( ! idea belong necess>ily to ! sph]e ( totemism1 z ,rob]tson ,smi? suppos$1 & ,m4 ,re9a* is /ill incl9$ to ma9ta94 ,x is n my conc]n "h to discuss ! totemi/ic hypo!sis1 b ,i may po9t out t 9 ! r>e examples :]e ! totem-animal is sla91 x is n cle> t x is sla9 z a div9ity4 ,aga91 ! belief 9 ! p]iodic dea? ( a deity might arise indep5d5tly ( ! sacrifice1 namely1 f ! ess5tial idea ( ! godhead itself1 :5 ! div9e life is id5tifi$ ) ! annual life ( vegetation3 ! ph5om5a ( nature 9 autumn & spr+ may sugge/ to ! wor%ipp] ! annual dea? & resurrection ( ! god or goddess4 ,x is important to note t 9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r s\rce ( ! belief1 ! conclusion ne$ n always h be5 drawn1 = ! vegetation-deity #bej might be suppos$ n to die 9 autumn or w9t]1 b m]ely to disappe>1 & ! /ory ( 8 or h] disappe>ance ne$ n c>ry ! same religi\s consequ5ces z ! /ory ( ! div9e dea?4 ,! immolation ( ! div9e victim 9 a communion-s]vice1 :]e9 ! wor%ipp]s p>take symbolically or reali/ically ( ! div9e fle% & blood1 ?\gh sugge/$ by a ?\ght t we mu/ call savage1 may be pregnant ) consequ5ces mom5t\s = high] religion1 z ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian dogma atte/s4 ,& ev5 ! annual dea? ( ! nature-god may be rais$ to a high] significance ?an its m]e nature-mean+1 & may be l9k$ ) ! promise ( human immortality4 ,we may note1 f9ally1 t a religion :i* expresses 9 its ritual ! idea ( ! deity's dea? & resurrection is likely to be *>g$ ) a /rong] emotional =ce ?an "o t lacks x2 = ! two ev5ts w excite an ec/asy ( sorr[ & ( joy 9 ! believ]4 ,z ! ph5om5on1 !n1 is ( su* importance1 x is necess>y to be critical & unbias$ 9 ! collection ( /ati/ics4 ,our pres5t field ( inquiry is ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean area2 & "h our conspicu\s example is ! anci5t ,sum]ian-,babylonian ritual ( ,tammuz1#bej4a a folk-s]vice ( lam5tation & rapture1 psy*ologically ak9 9 _m respects to ,*ri/ianity1 & ( mo/ p[]ful appeal4 ,! ,tammuz hymns pres]v$ to u are ( ! highe/ ,babylonian poetry1 & ?\gh !y are *iefly litanies ( lam5tation1 sorr[+ ov] ! dea? ( ! "y god1 yet "o or two e*oes are he>d at _! close ( ! raptur\s rejoic+ ov] 8 resurrection4#bea4a #bea ,) !m is associat$ ! /ory ( ! desc5t ( 8 consort ,i%t>1 or ( 8 goddess-si/]2 ano!r great motive ( ! religi\s imag9ation :i* neighb\r+ peoples & fai?s 7 quick to capture & adapt to _! own religi\s use4 ,we h se5#bea4b t ! evid5ce is cle> t ! life ( ,tammuz is ! life ( ! crops & fruits2 & we disc]n a pure nature-religion unmoralis$ & )\t dogma1 b evok+ a mood & a s5tim5t t might supply ! motive =ce to m complex & m spiritual cre$s4 ,x 0 n suit$ to ! religi\s atmosph]e ( ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian c\rts2 b its influ5ce spread f> ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or4 ,x captivat$ ! o!r poly!i/ic ,semites1 & at times1 z ,ezekiel %[s u1 ! wom5 ( ,israel1 reveal+ to ^! latt]1 no d\bt1 a ve9 ( religi\s s5tim5t unkn[n 9 ! au/]e ,mosaic mono!ism4 ,! ritual ( ,adonis is ma9ly borr[$ f ! ,tammuz s]vice4 ,= in/ance1 ! rite ( plant+ ! %ort-liv$ 8g>d5 ( ,adonis10 ( :i* possibly ! e>lie/ record is 9 ,isaiah xvii4 #aj1 appe>s to be allud$ to 9 a v]se ( a ,tammuz hymn4#bea4c ,! figure ( ,tammuz is primevally ,sum]ian2 !re=e ! diffusion ( 8 cult among ! v>i\s ,semitic communities does n enable u to conclude t ! dea? & resurrection ( a div9ity is an aborig9al ,semitic tradition4 ,z reg>ds o!r evid5ce on ! /r5g? ( :i* ?is dogma has be5 attribut$ to !m by "s s*ol>s1 x is ( late au?ority & ( d\btful validity4 ,josephus#bea4d tells u t at ,tyre ! #beb resurrection ( ,h]akles 0 once celebrat$ by ,hiram2 b ?is might well be a d]ivative ( ! non-,semitic ,s&on cult ( ,t>sos1 :i* w be consid]$ bel[4 ,& ! leg5d ( ! dea? ( ,dido at ,c>?age1 ev5 if !re is no d\bt t ! que5 0 orig9ally ! great goddess ( ,tyre1 is no suffici5t pro( ( a ,pho5ician ritual 9 :i* ! div9ity di$ annually4 ,b z reg>ds ! non-,semitic peoples ( ant]ior ,asia1 ! "q ( borr[+ is m difficult to answ] ) c]ta9ty4 ,no ,hittite monum5t nor any ,hittite text has z yet reveal$ to u any figure t we c id5tify ) ,tammuz4 ,b c]ta9 indications incl9e u to believe t ! idea ( ! dea? ( ! god 0 n unfamili> to ! ,hittite religion or to "s ( ! communities "u ,hittite influ5ce4 ,on ! ,boghaz-,keui relief we h not$ ! pres5ce 9 ! religi\s procession ( ^? my/]i\s animals1 calves1 or bulls1 we>+ caps ( peculi> ,hittite fa%ion4#beb4a ,are n ^! 8!an?ropic animals0 to be sacrific$ z a communion-l9k betwe5 man & ,god8 ,we "k t ! bull 0 wor%ipp$ z an inc>nation ( a ,hittite deity2 & !re=e f ! sacrifice ( ! bull might em]ge ! dogma t ! deity c]emoni\sly di$ at c]ta9 p]iods4 ,f ! sanctity ( ! bull 9 anci5t ,hittite cult-c5tres may h desc5d$ ! my/ic communion #bec rite ( ! ,taurobolion or ,tauropolion1 :i* ,cumont has %[n good reason = suppos+ to h aris5 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,p]sian ,anahita1 & to h be5 adopt$ into ! s]vice ( ,kybele4#bec4a ,m direct evid5ce is to be glean$ f ! cult ( ,s&on or ,s&es ( ,t>sos1 a city :i* 0 once )9 ! area ( ,hittite culture4 ,! god ( ,t>sos comes lat] to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,tyrian ,baal & ! ,hell5ic ,h]akles2 & ! leg5d ( ! dea? ( ! latt] h]o may be an e*o ( a ( ,t>sos1 inspir$ by an annual rite 9 :i* ! god ( ! city 0 consum$ on a fun]al pyre1 & 0 suppos$ to rise aga9 f ! flames 9 ! =m ( an eagle4#bec4b ,! lat] ,t>sian co9s display ! image ( ! god1 ! pyre1 ! eagle1 ! d\ble-head$ axe1 & ! lion2#bec4c & ! la/ ?ree ( ^! symbols belong to ! olde/ religi\s art ( ! ,hittites4 ,! pro( w\ld be complete if x c\ld be %[n t ! "n ,s&on or ,s&es belongs to ! ,hittite language4 ,all we "k at pres5t is t x is n a ,babylonian or ,sum]ian ^w1 or f\nd 9 ! vocabul>y ( any ,semitic p4 ,pr(4 ,sayce believes himself to h f\nd x 9 a cunei=m inscription ( ,boghaz-,keui4 ,?is w\ld be ! direct pro( t we require2 b ! ^w t he translit]ates z ,s&es is said to be ! ideogram ( ,hadad1 ! ,syrian ,semitic god1 & t ,hadad is us$ z ! ,semitic equival5t ( ,s&es is m]ely a conjuncture4#bec4d ,a /ill cle>] & m /rik+ example ( ! ph5om5on ) :i* we are deal+ is ! ,phrygian #bed & ,lydian cult & leg5d ( ,attis4 ,! v>i\s & (t5 conflict+ details 9 ! /ory ( 8 bir?1 life1 & dea?1 ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 8 cult1 are kn[n to u f late s\rces2 ! consid]ation ( ! :ole "q w\ld n be relevant "h2 b x is necess>y = our purpose to det]m9e1 if possible1 :at are ! aborig9al motives ( ! my? & cult4 ,x seems likely t ! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,phrygian religion 0 ! wor%ip ( ! great "m-goddess1 c\pl$ ) a son or lov]1#bed4a a "y & beautiful god :o dies prematurely1 & ^: dea? 0 bewail$ 9 an annual ritual1 ^: resurrection 0 pres5t$ 9 a subsequ5t or accompany+ s]vice4 ,( ! dea? & ! lam5tation we h old] evid5ce ?an = ! resurrection & ! rejoic+1 b ! "o seems to be a necess>y complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,! family lik5ess ( ,attis to ,tammuz /rikes u at fir/ sight4 ,z ,tammuz appe>s z a "y vegetation deity1 id5tifi$ p>tly ) ! life ( trees1 p>tly ) ! corn1 s ,attis 9 ! ,phrygian leg5d & ritual is pres5t$ z a tree-div9ity1 & 9 ! v]se ( a late hymn1 :i* is inspir$ by an anci5t tradition1 is invok$ z 8! corn cut by ! reap]40 ,& ^! two p]sonalities ( ! ,sum]ian & ,phrygian religions evok$ ! same psy*ologic s5tim5t1 sorr[ful1 romantic1 & ye>n+4 ,! hypo!sis naturally sugge/s itself t ! m ,we/]n p borr[$ ! cult f ,mesopotamia1 & t ?is _h happ5$ z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #aejj4bed4b ,all s*ol>s are agre$ at all ev5ts t ! figure ( ,attis belongs to ! old] pre-,aryan /ratum ( ! population ( #bee ,phrygia2 mod]n speculation is sometimes incl9$ to reg>d ?is z ,hittite1 & we "k t ! ,hittites adopt$ "s "p ( ! ,babylonian religion4 ,b ! "n ,attis itself is a /umbl+-block to ! hypo!sis ( borr[+ f ,mesopotamia4 ,believ+ ,adonis to be a ,we/]n-,semitic =m ( ,tammuz1 we c expla9 ! "n z mean+ m]ely 8! ,"l10 a natural appellative ( ! ,sum]ian god4 ,b we _c s expla9 8,attis40 ,x is non-,semitic1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z belong+ to an ,anatolian language-gr\p1 nor c we yet discov] its root-mean+4 ,aga91 !re are _m features ( ! ,attis-wor%ip & leg5d t are n f\nd 9 ! correspond+ ,sum]ian1 & "o at lea/ t seems ess5tially ali5 to x4 ,! dea? ( ! vegetation-god1 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! annual ph5om5on ( nature1 may be expla9$ by v>i\s my?s1 :5 ! p]sonal deity has s f> em]g$ f 8 nature-%ell t he is capable ( p]sonal drama4 ,! dea? ( ,tammuz does n appe> to h be5 my?ologically expla9$ at all4 ,we may suppose t ! kill+ ( ,adonis by ! bo> 0 borr[$ f ! ,attis leg5d1 = 9 ,phrygia1 & also 9 ,lydia--z ! ,h]odotean ,ates /ory proves--?is animal 0 sometimes reg>d$ z ! enemy t slew ! god4 ,x is a reasonable belief t ! bo> came to play ?is "p 9 ! /ory ?r\gh a misund]/&+ ( c]ta9 ritual1 9 :i* ?is victim 0 annually (f]$ z inc>nat+ ! deity1 or 0 rev]5tially sp>$ ?r\gh a sacrificial law ( tabu4 ,if ?is is an orig9al fact ( ,attis-cult1 x c\nts some:at aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( d]ivation f ,mesopotamia1 = ! pig does n appe> to h play$ any su* "p1 positive or negative1 9 ,mesopotamian1 z 9 ! ritual ( ! ,we/]n ,semites & #bef on ! %ores ( ,asia ,m9or2 nor c any connection at pres5t be discov]$ betwe5 ,tammuz & ?is animal4 ,b ano!r v]sion ( ! dea? ( ,attis1 curr5t at "s "t among 8 wor%ipp]s1 0 t he di$ f ! effects ( self-mutilation1 a motive sugge/$ by ! emasculation ( ! ,phrygian ,galloi4 ,we h "h a ph5om5on 9 ! cult & my? t 0 ali5 to ! religi\s habits ( ! ,mesopotamian communities4 ,! eunu* z a secul> function>y is a figure belong+ to an immemorial social tradition ( ! ,ea/2 b ! eunu*-prie/ is ! morbid product ( a v few religions1 & !re is no trace ( su* 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! ,babylonian *ur*-law dem&$ an unblemi%$ prie/hood ( /rong virility1 agree+ 9 ?is respect ) ! ,judaic & ! ,hell5ic1 & accord+ ) an anci5t s5tim5t t ! vig\r ( ! prie/ 0 ! pl$ge ( t cont9u$ fl[ ( div9e p[] :i* support$ ! vig\r ( ! community4 ,self-emasculation 0 p5alis$ 9 ! religi\s rule ( ,jahw1 & ! ,gallos 0 exclud$ f temple-wor%ip by ! ritual code ( ,lesbos4 ,! records ( mod]n savag]y & ! hi/ory ( asceticism1 :e!r 9 mod]n & m$iaeval ,india or 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 af=d u v>i$ illu/ration ( ! wilde/ excesses ( self-inflict$ cruelty aga9/ ! human body1 b n--s f> z ,i am aw>e--( ?is p>ticul> =m ( self-de/ruction4#bef4a ,z a religi\s practice x is a special *>act]i/ic ( ,phrygia1 a l& always fasc9at+ to ! /ud5t on acc\nt ( its /range freaks ( religi\s psy*ology2 & f ,phrygia ! practice spread into "s adjac5t communities1 su* z ,bambyke4 ,"o may be all[$ #beg to pause a little to consid] ! orig9al motive t prompt$ x4 ,at fir/ sight "o is tempt$ to expla9 x z due to a morbid exagg]ation ( ! crav+ = purity4 ,b else:]e1 :]e ?is impulse 0 mo/ p[]ful1 = in/ance1 9 ! lat] ,orphic & ,isis cults1 & 9 e>ly & m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity1 x produc$ _m m5tal ab]rations b n ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,nor1 aga91 h we any reason = suppos+ ?is crav+ to h be5 /rong 9 ! devotees ( ,phrygia2 ! ,galloi ( ,bambyke1 accord+ to ,lucian1 7 possess$ by /rong ?\gh impot5t sexual desires & 7 all[$ full lic5se ) wom54 ,! =m ( communion mo/ ard5tly s\ght ) ! ,phrygian goddess & ) ! lat] ,sabazios 0 a m>riage symbolis$ by a sexual act2 & ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s1 bo? pagan & ,*ri/ian1 agree 9 reprobat+ ! obsc5ities ( ,kybele-,attis wor%ip2 we may note also t ,phrygian sacr$ my?ology is some:at gross] ?an ! ,hell5ic4 ,we are compell$ to seek ano!r explanation1 & ,i c sugge/ none o!r ?an t :i* ,i h haz>d$ else:]e2 namely1 t ,phrygian religi\s emasculation 0 an act p]=m$ 9 a fr5zy ( exaltation by ! prie/ or my/es desir\s ( assimilat+ himself z f> z possible to ! female nature ( ! great div9ity4#beg4a #beh ,! wor%ip 0 "u male m9i/ration = ! highe/ "p2 b = ! full ex]cise ( div9e p[] ! male prie/ mu/ become quasi-female & we> a female dress1 ! latt] "p ( ! rle be+ common en\gh 9 primitive 8!urgy40 ,! prie/ is himself at times ! inc>nation ( ! "y god1 & is call$ ,attis4 ,!re=e ,attis 0 himself suppos$ to h p]=m$ ! same act1 ev5 at ! co/ ( 8 life4 ,h[ e>ly 0 ?is in/itution ( a eunu* prie/hood 9 ,phrygia we h no direct evid5ce to prove4 ,x may be a 8,hittite0 tradition2 = figures t ,p]rot reasonably int]prets z eunu*-prie/s are se5 on ! reliefs ( ,boghaz-,keui4 ,return+ to ! topic ( ! dea? ( ! div9ity1 we may assume t 9 ,phrygia ?is 0 a v anci5t tradition1 enact$ ye>ly by a c]emoni\s lay+ out ( ! vegetation puppet on a bi]1 or ! susp5sion ( x on a p9e-tree4 ,we h no direct or o!rwise tru/y evid5ce = ! immolation ( ! prie/ :o inc>nates ! god2 d\btless ! /ories ab\t ! dea? ( ,m>syas & ! h>ve/-sacrifice ( ,lity]ses po9t to a ritual ( human-sacrifice2 :om ,m>syas /&s = is d\btful1 b 9 ! ,lity]ses leg5d x is m]ely ! pass+ /rang] :o is sla91 & nei!r ( ^! traditions is explicitly l9k$ ) ,attis-cult4 ,f9ally1 we may pron\nce ! hypo!sis ( ! d]ivation ( ! ,phrygian cult f ,mesopotamia to be unprov$ & unnecess>y4 ,pursu+ ?is ph5om5on fur!r afield1 we come to ! area ( ,m9oan-,myc5aean culture4 ,if ! leg5d ( ! dea? ( ! ,m9otaur c\ld be safely int]pret$ z aris+ f ! p]iodic immolation ( a bull-god1 ! idea t we are 9 que/ ( w\ld be prov$ to belong to ! ,m9oan ,cretans2 b ! #bei frescoes ( ,knossos pres5t t ev5t ) su* a gay & sport+ ent\rage t "o feels %y ( =c+ a solemn religi\s significance into x4 ,m important = our purpose is ! traditional ,zeus-leg5d ( ,crete4 ,x is g5]ally felt to be ali5 to ! g5u9e ,hell5ic tradition conc]n+ _! high god1 z some?+ adopt$ by ! immigrant ,hell5es f an e>li] ,eteocretan ritual & cre$4#bei4a ,we h a glimpse ( a ritual 9 :i* ! deity is born1 is wor%ipp$ z an infant1 & !n z a boy--1 z he is invok$ 9 ! new fragm5t ( ! hymn ( ! ,k\retes--& especially z ! son ( a great "m1 n z a mature indep5d5t p]sonality4 ,aga91 !re appe>s an orgia/ic emotion & passion 9 ! ritual t /rikes a note 9 h>mony ) ! ,phrygian ,kybele-,attis wor%ip4 ,! v e>ly associations ( ,crete & ! c\ntries adjac5t to ! ,troad are n[ be+ reveal$ by accumulat+ evid5ce1 & may po9t to an aff9ity ( /ock4 ,x may well h be51 !n1 t ! ,m9oan ,cretans _h _! c\nt]p>t to ,attis1 a "y god :o 0 born & di$ p]iodically1 :om !y may h nam$ ,vel*anos1 ! "n ( ! "y deity se5 sitt+ "u a tree on a ,cretan co9 ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,?\gh 9 age & "* s unlike ! ,hell5ic ,zeus1 we may suppose t ! incom+ ,hell5es nam$ him s because !y f\nd him ! *ief god ( ! isl&4 ,we c also und]/& :y ! lat] ,bac*ic my/]y fl\ri%$ s fruitfully 9 ,crete1 if x f\nd "h already ! ritual ( a "y god :o di$ & rose aga91 & :y 9 lat] times ! inhabitants celebrat$ ) su* en?usiasm ! ,hil>ia1#bei4b ! ,ea/] fe/ival ( ! resurrection ( ! ,phrygian div9ity4 #bfj ,?is attempt to recon/ruct a portion ( old ,cretan religion on ! l9es ( ! e>ly ,phrygian has only a prec>i\s value1 until "s m positive evid5ce is =?com+ f ! ,m9oan art-record1 :i* hi!rto has reveal$ to u no?+ conc]n+ an annual div9e bir? & dea?4 ,! ritual-leg5d is incomplete3 we he> suffici5tly ( ! bir?1 & we may argue a priori t a p]iodic ritual ( ! god's bir? implies a p]iodic dea?4 ,un=tunately all t we glean f anci5t lit]ature is t !re 0 a grave ( ,zeus1 p]haps 9 ! ,idaean cave1 on :i* ,py?agoras is said to h writt5 an epitaph4#bfj4a ,b a sceptical d\bt arises "h f ! fact :i* 0 po9t$ out by ,rohde1 t ! grave ( a div9e p]sonage 0 (t5 a misnom] ( ! und]gr\nd sanctu>y ( a *?onian deity2 & ei!r ! ,idaean cave or ! great cav]n on ,m\nt ,dikte1 :5ce ! int]e/+ relics ( an immemorial cult h rec5tly be5 ga!r$1#bfj4b might at a lat] p]iod h come to be reg>d$ z a grave4 ,/ill1 we may ask1 c\ld ! phrase 8! grave ( ,zeus0 h become preval5t among a p ) :om ! wor%ip ( ?is god 0 /ill a liv+ cre$1 unless ! fai? also prevail$ t ! god :o di$ rose aga9 to p[]8 ,9 t case ! 8grave ( ,zeus0 c\ld be a "n = a sanctu>y :]e ! ritual ( ! dea? 0 enact$ prelim9>y to ! ritual ( ! bir?4 ,?is recon/ruction !n1 & ! a priori d$uction emphasis$ above1 may claim to be at lea/ legitimate4 ,f9ally1 "s evid5ce may be add$ f ,cyprian cult = ! view t ! ,m9oan civilisation 0 #bfa cognisant ( ! dogma ( ! dea? ( ! div9ity4 ,we he> ( ! grave ( ,ariadne-,aphrodite :i* 0 %[n 9 lat] times 9 ,cyprus1#bfa4a & ! ,cretan & ,cypriote leg5ds ( ! maid5s call$ ,gorgo1 ,p>akupt\sa1 & ,galatea#bfa4b reveal to u an ,aphrodite :o di$ p]iodically & 0 laid out on a bi] & reviv$4 ,! ,aphrodite ( ,cyprus is mo/ probably ( 8,m9oan0 orig92 &1 be+ a goddess ( vegetation1 ! idea ( p]iodic dea? & resurrection might naturally atta* to h]1 & might be associat$ ) ano!r type ( ritual also1 ! annual ca/+ ( h] puppet into ! sea1 :i* probably gave rise to su* /ories z ! leap ( ,britom>tis or ,d]keto into ! waves4#bfa4c ,we c n[ deal ) ! purely ,hell5ic evid5ce4 ,conf9+ our view fir/ to ! cults & leg5ds ( ! high] div9ities ( ,hellas1 we _c affirm t ! dea? & resurrection ( ! deity is a primitive tradition ( ! ,hell5es4 ,we may suspect x to h be5 a lead+ motive 9 "s ( ! local ,arcadian cults ( ,artemis1 if1 = in/ance1 we int]pret ! ,arcadian ,kalli/o z a =m ( ! great goddess h]self2 b x is v probable t ,artemis 9 ,arcadia & _m o!r ( h] cult-c5tres repres5ts ! pre-,hell5ic div9ity ( bir? & fruitfulness4 ,:at we may d>e to call ! ,hell5ic _s seems to speak 9 ! answ] giv5 by ,x5ophanes to ! p ( ,elea :5 !y ask$ him :e!r !y ought to sacrifice to ,leuko!a & bewail h]3 8,if y reg>d h] z a deity1 d n bewail h]2 if z human1 d n sacrifice40#bfa4d ,b :5 we desc5d f ! high] religion to #bfb ! old ,hell5ic agr>ian cults associat$ ) ! h]oes or daimones ( ! soil & field1 we f9d evid5ce ( sorr[ful rites1 c]emonies ( bewail+1 :i* belong to ! same type z t ( ,tammuz2 & 9 ! ,greek1 z 9 ! ,babylonian1 ! p]sonage to :om !y are atta*$ is a y\?ful h]o or h]o9e ( vegetation3 su* are ,l9os1 p]haps ! e>lie/ !me ( a melan*oly h>ve/-song ( pre-,hom]ic days2 ,hyak9?os1 ! 8y\?0 ( ! ,laconian l& :o may or may n h be5 ,hell5ic1 to :om ! great] "p ( ! ,hyak9?ia 7 consecrat$2 ,euno/os ( ,tanagra2 ,erigone1 8! e>ly-born10 ( ,ik>ia4 ,! life ( all ^! passes away z ! v]dure passes1 or z ! crops are ga!r$ 92 & to "o ( !m at lea/1 ,hyak9?os1 & p]haps to ! o!rs1 ! idea ( an annual resurrection 0 atta*$4 ,b none ( ^! came l ,tammuz to play a _w-"p2 !y rema9 ! nave1 half-realis$ =ms ( poetic folk-religion4 ,l to !m is ,bormos ( ,bi?ynia1#bfb4a ^: dea? 0 bewail$ at ! h>ve/-"t ) melan*oly songs1 accompani$ by sad flute-music1 & ,lity]ses ( ,phrygia1 :om ! reap]s lam5t$ ar\nd ! ?re%+-floor4 ,%all we say t all ^! are m]ely reflections ca/ af> by ! great cult-figure ( ,babylon8 ,!n we mu/ say ! same ( ! peasant-h]o 8,g]man0 :om ! mod]n ,bulg>ians adore & bewail1 ( ! ,russian ,y>ilo1#bfb4b & our own ,john ,b>leycorn4 ,& at ?is po9t we %all probably fall back on ! !ory ( indep5d5t simil> developm5ts1 & %all believe t peasant religion 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w is capable ( evolv+ /rik+ly p>allel #bfc figures 9 ob$i5ce to ! /imulus ( simil> circum/ances & ne$s4 ,we h no surety1 !n1 = a belief t ,tammuz1 or any %ad[ ( ,tammuz1 0 borne to ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,aegean 9 ! days be=e ,hom]4 ,& we "k t ,adonis1 8 ne>e/ ,anatolian repres5tative1 only arriv$ late 9 ! po/-,hom]ic p]iod4 ,meantime1 :atev] view we may hold conc]n+ prehi/oric religi\s comm]ce betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 ?is vital diff]5ce betwe5 ,mesopotamian & ,hell5ic religion mu/ be /rongly emphasis$3 ,babylonian liturgy is ma9ly a s]vice ( sorr[1 & "p ( t sorr[ is = ,tammuz2 ,hell5ic wor%ip 0 ma9ly *e]ful & social1 & only 9 a few *?onian cults is a gloomi] tone disc]nible1 nor c we any:]e he> ! outbur/s ( viol5t & ec/atic grief4 ,9 ?is respect1 & 9 its remot5ess f any idea ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! deity1 ,hell5ic religion 0 fur!r remov$ f t ( ,ca?olic ,europe ?an 0 ! old ,phrygian or ! ,sum]ian4 ,! ,babylonian temple-s]vice 0 complex & v>i$1 & (f]s _m problems ( int]e/ to ! comp>ative /ud5t4 ,we ga!r t a ,holy ,m>riage 0 "p ( a religi\s drama p]haps p]=m$ annually2 = in/ance1 we f9d ref]5ce to ! solemn nuptials ( ,n9ib & ,bau1 & to ! m>riage pres5ts giv5 to ,bau4#bfc4a ,9 e an?ropomorphic poly!ism1 especially :5 idolatry provides images t c\ld be us$ = religi\s drama1 ?is ritual act is likely to occur4 ,x is record$ ( ! s\!rn ,arabians 9 ! days be=e ,islam1 an anci5t inscription speak+ ( ! m>riage c]emony ( ,a?t>4#bfc4b ,x is a m>riage ( ! great ,god #bfd & ,goddess t accord+ to ! mo/ reasonable int]pretation is repres5t$ on ! ,hittite reliefs ( ,boghaz-,keui4 ,we may conjecture t x 0 a c]emony ( ,m9oan wor%ip2 a ,myc5aean signet-r+ %[s u a seat$ goddess ) a "y god /&+ be=e h] & jo9+ 8 =e>m to h]s1 :ile bo? make a peculi> ge/ure ) _! f+]s t may indicate tro?-plight+2#bfd4a also1 ! lat] leg5ds & ! lat] ritual commemorat+ ! m>riages ( ,aphrodite & ,ariadne may desc5d f ! pre-,hell5ic religi\s tradition4 ,f9ally1 we h fairly full evid5ce ( ! same religi\s act 9 purely ,hell5ic cult4 ,! ( ,zeus & ,h]a 0 enact$ 9 _m communities ) c]ta9 traits ( primitive cu/om2#bfd4b ! nuptials ( ,kore & ! l[]-_w god might be f\nd 9 ! c]emonies ( c]ta9 temples2#bfd4c :ile ! c5tral sc5e ( ! ,eleus9ia1 ! great] if n ! less]1 includ$ a ,holy ,m>riage4#bfd4d ,! ,roman religion1 9 ! orig9al =m ( :i* !re may h be5 no m>ry+ or giv+ 9 m>riage1 no family ties or g5ealogies ( div9ities1 no d\bt borr[$ its 8,orci nuptiae0 f ! ,greek4 ,b = ! o!r cases1 !re is no ne$ to resort to any !ory ( borr[+ to expla9 a ph5om5on s natural at a c]ta9 /age ( religion4 ,nor is x an important ph5om5on1 s long z ! c]emony 0 enact$ m]ely by puppets or idols1 z 9 ! ,boeotian ,daidala4#bfd4e ,x only beg9s to be ( high] significance = ! hi/ory ( religi\s practice & ?\ght1 :5 ! "p ( "o ( ! div9ities 9 ?is drama is play$ by a human repres5tative4 ,= n only does ?is (f] indef9ite possibilities ( exaltation #bfe = ! mortal1 b x may eng5d] ! my/ic ideal & practice ( communion ) ! div9ity ?r\gh sexual int]c\rse1 :i* play$ a great "p 9 ,phrygian religion1 & left a deep impress on e>ly ,*ri/ian symbolism4 ,! "q :e!r ! ,mesopotamian religion pres5ts u ) evid5ce ( a 8holy m>riage0 solemnis$ betwe5 a mortal & ! div9ity mu/ f9ally involve ! m difficult "q z to ! function & purpose ( t /range ,mesopotamian in/itution ( temple-pro/itutes4 ,b1 leav+ ?is latt] alone = ! mom5t1 we f9d explicit te/imony 9 ,h]odotus to ! fact ) :i* we are imm$iately conc]n$4 ,9 describ+ ! great temple ( ,bel at ,babylon1#bfe4a he ass]ts1 on ! au?ority ( 8 8,*aldean prie/s10 t ! deity *ose z 8 nightly p>tn] "s native woman1 :o 0 suppos$ to pass ! night on ! c\* ) him1 & :o 0 oblig$ to ab/a9 f all o!r int]c\rse ) m52 & he comp>es a simil> practice ( belief f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,zeus 9 ,egyptian ,!bes1 & 9 ! oracul> %r9e ( ,apollo at ,pat>a 9 ,lycia4 ,n[ ,h]odotus' tru/wor?9ess 9 ?is matt] has be5 d\bt$ by ,assyriologi/s2#bfe4b nev]!less1 a phrase us$ 9 ! code ( ,hammurabi conc]n+ a holy woman d$icat$ to temple s]vice1 call+ h] 8a wife ( ,m>duk10 seems to give "s col\r to ! ,h]odotean /atem5t4#bfe4c ,only1 ?is t]m might h m]ely a spiritual-symbolic significance1 l ! designation ( a nun z 8! bride ( ,*ri/02 = ! orig9al ,babylonian docum5ts h suppli$ z yet1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no evid5ce ( a woman fulfill+ ! rle ( ,belit1 ! wife ( ,bel4 #bff ,z reg>ds ! adjac5t religions1 ! idea t a mortal might ent] into ?is mode ( communion ) ! div9ity 0 probably an anci5t h]itage ( ! ,phrygian religions1 = x crops up 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,! prie/ ( ,attis 0 himself call$ ,attis1 &1 !re=e1 probably _h lov+ int]c\rse ) ! goddess1 & ! lat] my/]ies ( ,kybele ext5d$ ?is idea & (f]$ to e vot>y ! glory ( a my/ic m>riage2#bff4a x 0 ! unconsci\s /imulus ( an immemorial tradition t prompt$ ! ,phrygian h]esi>* ,montanus to give himself out z ! husb& ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4#bff4b ,x also appe>s z a fundam5tal t5et ( ! ,sabazian my/]y & ( ! ,hell5i/ic-,egyptian ,h]metic !osophy4 ,! simple ritual-fact1 namely1 t a woman s]ves z ! bride ( ! god1 c\ld probably be trac$ f> afield ?r\gh _m widely di/ant peoples4 ,accord+ to ,sahagun1#bff4c ! human sacrifices ( ! ,mexicans _h sometimes ! purpose ( s5d+ away a woman victim into div9e w$lock4 ,9 pre-,*ri/ian ,sw$5 we f9d a prie/ess g5]ally reg>d$ z ! wife ( ! god ,freyr1 & enjoy+ consid]able p[] f ! connection4#bff4d ,simil> examples c be quot$ f mod]n savage communities4 ,!re=e if we f9d ! same in/itution 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 we %all n ?9k x necess>y to suppose t x 0 an import f ,babylon or f any ,semitic p4 ,z reg>ds ! ,m9oan wor%ip1 x is legitimate at lea/ to reg>d ! leg5d ( ,pasipha & h] am\r ) ! bull-god z an un=tunate #bfg aetiologic my? di/ort+ ! true s5se ( a ritual 9 :i* a mortal woman enjoy$ ?is k9d ( div9e communion1 & "h aga9 we %\ld m>k a religi\s aff9ity betwe5 ,crete & ,phrygia4 ,& x is likely t ! idea 0 n unfamili> to ! ,hell5es1 ?\gh ! record ( x is scanty & unc]ta94 ,accord+ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 ! inspiration ( ! ,py?ia ( ,delphi 0 due to a corporeal union ) ,apollo ak9 at lea/ to--if n id5tical )--sexual int]c\rse4 ,( m value is ,h]odotus' def9ite ass]tion t ! prie/ess ( ,pat>a ga9$ h] inspiration by h] nuptial union ) ,apollo4 ,9 ! r>e cases :]e ! cult ( a ,hell5ic god 0 adm9i/]$ by a prie/ess we may suspect t a 0 "p ( ! temple-ritual2 9 ! two examples t ,i h be5 able to f9d1 ! cults ( ,poseidon at ,kalaureia & ( ,h]acles at ,!spiai1 ! prie/ess mu/ be a maid51 z on ?is !ory w\ld be natural4#bfg4a ,! maid5-prie/esses ( ! ,leukippides1 ! div9e brides ( ! ,diosk\roi at ,sp>ta1 7 !mselves call$ ,leukippides2 9 all probability because !y 7 _! mortal repres5tatives 9 "s c]emony ( holy m>riage4#bfg4b ,b ! mo/ sali5t & explicitly record$ example is ! ye>ly m>riage ( ! ,que5-,ar*on at ,a!ns ) ,dionysos1 ! bull-god1 9 ! fea/ ( ,an!/]ia1 ! significance ( :i* ,i h discuss$ else:]e4#bfg4c ,x seems t ! ,que5 by unit+ h] body ) ! god's1 unites to him ! :ole ,a!nian /ate & secures its prosp]ity & fruitfulness2 ?is hi/oric fact may also expla9 ! my? ( ! union #bfh ( ,al?aia1 ,que5 ( ,kalydon1 ) ! same god4 ,f9ally1 let u obs]ve t no?+ 9 any ( ^! ,hell5ic records sugge/s any elem5t ( :at we %\ld call impurity 9 ! ritual2 we are n told t ^! holy m>riages 7 ev] consummat$ by ! prie/ z ! human repres5tative ( ! god2 or t ! c]emony involv$ any real loss ( virg9ity 9 ! maid5-prie/ess4 ,! m>riage c\ld h be5 consummat$ symbolically by use ( a puppet or image ( ! deity4 ,we may believe t ! rite desc5ds f pre-,hom]ic antiquity2 ! ritual :i* ! ,que5-,ar*on p]=m$ might naturally h be5 e/abli%$ at ! "t ( ! adoption into ,a!ns ( ! ,dionysiac cult1 & !re are reasons = dat+ ?is ev5t e>li] ?an #ajjj ,b4,c4#bfh4a ,we n[ come to a v difficult & important "q conc]n+ ! position ( wom5 9 ! old ,mesopotamian temple-ritual4 ,our fir/ docum5t ( value is ! code ( ,hammurabi1 9 :i* we f9d c]ta9 social regulations conc]n+ ! /atus ( a class ( wom5 designat$ by a "n :i* ,w9ckl] translates d\btfully z 8,god's-si/]s10 reg>d+ x1 h[ev]1 z equival5t to consecrat$1 :ile ,johns translates x m]ely z 8vot>y40#bfh4b ,at lea/1 we h pro( ( a class ( holy wom5 :o h c]ta9 privileges & are "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,!y 7 ! daught]s ( good families d$icat$ by _! fa!rs to religion2 !y c\ld inh]it prop]ty1 :i* 0 exempt f ! burd5 ( army-tax2 !y c\ld n m>ry1 & 7 prohibit$ f sett+-up or ev5 ent]+ a w9e-%op "u p5alty ( dea?4 ,x is some?+ to "k ev5 z mu* z ?is ab\t !m1 #bfi b we w\ld v gladly le>n m4 ,is x to _! ord] t ! p]sonage describ$ z 8! wife ( ,m>duk0#bfi4a belongs1 :o has be5 consid]$ above8 ,is x f among !m t ! prie/esses ( ,i%t> 7 *os51 :o int]pret$ ! oracles ( ! goddess8#bfi4b ,x seems cle> t a fa!r c\ld d$icate 8 daught] to any div9ity1 t _! position 0 hon\rable1 & t !y are n to be id5tifi$ ) ! temple-pro/itutes ( ,babylon or ,ere*1 :o excit$ ! wond] & (t5 ! reprobation ( ! lat] ,greek _w4 ,?is peculi> ord] ( temple-h>lots is also recognis$--accord+ to "s ( ! be/ au?orities#bfi4c--;9 ,hammurabi's code1 :]e !y are m5tion$ 9 ! same context ) ! 8consecrat$0 or ! 8,god-si/]s10 & yet are cle>ly di/9ct f !m2 ano!r clause seems to ref] to male pro/itutes 7 #ahg74 ,c]ta9 rules are laid d[n conc]n+ _! inh]itance ( prop]ty1 & conc]n+ ! re>+ ( _! *ildr51 if !y _h any1 :o might be adopt$ into private families4 ,evid5tly ^! 8,qadi%tu0 7 a p]man5t in/itution1 & !re is no h9t ( any di%on\r4 ,!re may be o!r ref]5ces 9 ,babylonian lit]ature to ^! temple-wom52 9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame%1 ! c\rtesan :o won ov] ,eabani evid5tly belongs to ! ret9ue ( ,i%t> ( ,ere*4 ,f ^! two in/itutions we mu/ di/+ui% t o!r1 = :i* ,h]odotus is our e>lie/ au?ority3#bfi4d accord+ to 8 explicit /atem5t1 once 9 h] lifetime e ,babylonian woman1 high or l[1 _h to /& 9 ! temple-prec9cts ( ! goddess ,mylitta--probably a #bgj functional appellative ( ,i%t>1 mean+ 8! help] ( *ildbir?0--& to pro/itute h]self to any /rang] :o ?rew money into h] lap & claim$ h] ) ! =mula1 8,i invoke ! goddess ,mylitta = y40 ,h]odotus ha/5s to assure u t ?is s+le act ( un*a/ity--:i* took place outside ! temple--did n aft]w>ds l[] ! morality ( ! wom51 :o1 z he decl>es1 7 o!rwise exempl>y 9 ?is respect4 ,b he is evid5tly %ock$ by ! cu/om1 & ! e>ly ,*ri/ian & mod]n writ]s h quot$ x z ! wor/ example ( gross pagan or ,ori5tal lic5ti\sness4 ,"s devot$ ,assyriologi/s h tri$ to ?r[ d\bt on ! hi/orian's v]acity3#bgj4a ! wi% is fa!r to ! ?\ght3 & x is inde$ difficult = ! ord9>y civilis$ man to und]/& h[ an anci5t civilisation ( o!rwise advanc$ morality c\ld h sanction$ su* a practice4 ,b ,h]odotus' te/imony ought n to be s impugn$2 nor is x suffici5t evid5ce = reject+ x t no ref]5ce to ! cu/om :i* he describes has be5 f\nd hi!rto 9 ! cunei=m lit]ature4 ,/rabo m]ely repeats :at ,h]odotus has said2 b indep5d5t evid5ce ( "s value is ga!r$ f ! apocryphal ,epi/le ( ,j]emias3#bgj4b 8,! wom5 also ) cords ab\t !m sit 9 ! ways1 burn+ bran = inc5se2 b if any ( !m1 drawn by "s t pass by1 lie ) !m1 %e reproa*e? h] fell[ t %e 0 n ?\ght z wor?y z h]self1 nor h] cord brok540 ,! context is altoge!r religi\s1 & ?is is no ord9>y secul> immorality2 c]ta9 details 9 ! n>rative rem9d u ( ,h]odotus1 & make x cle> t ! writ] has 9 m9d ! same social usage t ! hi/orian v\*es =4 ,?is usage may be describ$ z ! consecration to ! goddess ( #bga ! fir/-fruits ( ! woman's virg9ity be=e m>riage2 =1 ?\gh ,h]odotus does n explicitly say t x 0 a rite prelim9>y to m>riage1 yet ! records ( simil> practices else:]e 9 ,asia ,m9or assure u on ?is po9t4 ,we h n[ to beg9 ! comp>ative se>* 9 ! adjac5t regions1 keep+ di/9ct ! ?ree types ( consecration :i* ,i h specifi$ above1 :i* are too (t5 confus$4#bga4a ,! fir/ type has its close analogies ) ! e>ly ,*ri/ian1 m$iaeval1 & mod]n conv5tual life ( wom54 ,! code ( ,hammurabi pres5ts u ) ! e>lie/ example ( :at may be call$ ! religi\s si/]hood2 ! ,babylonian vot>ies 7 d$icat$ to religion1 & :ile ! ,*ri/ian nuns are (t5 call$ ! brides ( ,*ri/1 _! e>lie/ prototypes enjoy$ ! less que/ionable title ( 8,god's-si/]s40 ,we f9d no exact p>allel to ?is practice 9 anci5t ,greece2 f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 no d\bt1 ! cu/om prevail$ ( consecrat+ individual wom5 ( c]ta9 families z prie/esses to s]ve c]ta9 cults1 & sometimes *a/ity 0 en=c$ ^u !m2 b ^! did n =m a conv5tual society2 & usually1 ap>t f _! occasional religi\s duties1 !y c\ld lead a secul> life4 ,9 fact1 ! mona/ic sy/em 0 ( ,ea/]n orig9 & only rea*$ ,europe 9 lat] times1 be+ oppos$ #bgb to ! civic "* ( ! religion ( ! old ,aryan /ates4 ,! second class ( consecrat$ wom5 s]v$ z temple-h>lots 9 c]ta9 cult-c5tres ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,we _c say t ! cu/om 9 all cases emanat$ f ,babylon2 = !re is reason to ?9k t x 0 a tradition atta*+ to ! cult ( ! goddess among ! poly!i/ic ,semitic /ocks4 ,we h cle> allusions 9 ! ,bible to temple-pro/itution practis$ by bo? sexes 9 ! ,canaanite communities adjac5t to ! ,israelites1 :o 7 !mselves sometimes contam9at$ by ! practice4#bgb4a ,we he> ( 8hi]od\li0 among ! pagan ,arabs1#bgb4b ( wom5 8( ! congregation ( ! p ( ,a/>te0 at ,c>?age1#bgb4c ( numb]s ( d$icat$ slave wom5 9 ! cult ( ,aphrodite at ,eryx1#bgb4d :i* 0 at lea/ semi-,semitic2 & x is likely t "s ( ^! at lea/ 7 devot$ to ! impure religi\s practice4 ,z reg>ds non-,semitic wor%ips1 x is only cle>ly atte/$ ( two1 namely1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,m at ,comana 9 ,pontos1#bgb4e & ( ,aphrodite ,ourania 9 ,cor9?4#bgb4f ,9 ^! cases we h ! "r to assume ,semitic influ5ces at "w2 = we d n f9d traces ( ?is practice 9 ! anci5t cult ( ,kybele2 & ,ma ( ,cappadocia & ,pontus1 :o _h aff9ities ) h]1 0 p>tly contam9at$ ) ,anahita1 a ,p]sian goddess1 :o _h tak5 on ,babylonian fa%ions4 ,nor c we d\bt t ! practice ga9$ recognition at ,cor9? 9 po/-,hom]ic times ?r\gh its ,ori5tal trade2 = x 0 atta*$ to ! cult ( ,aphrodite #bgc ,ourania1 ^: p]sonality1 p>tly at lea/1 0 id5tical ) t ( ! ,semitic goddess4 ,! practice surviv$ 9 ,lydia 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,graeco-,roman culture4 ,= a woman ( ,tralles1 by "n ,aurelia ,aemilia1 erect$ a column ) an inscription t has be5 publi%$ by ,sir ,william ,ramsay1#bgc4a 9 :i* %e proclaims ) pride t %e _h pro/itut$ h]self 9 ! temple s]vice 8at ! comm& ( an oracle10 & t h] female ance/ors _h done likewise4 ,f9ally1 we may f9d ! cult-practice reflect$ 9 c]ta9 leg5ds2 9 ! leg5d ( ,iconium1 = in/ance1 ( ! woman :o entic$ all /rang]s to h] embraces & aft]w>ds slew !m1 b 0 h]self turn$ to /one by ,p]seus1 & ^: /one image gave ! "n to ! ,/ate4#bgc4b ,! o!r cu/om record$ by ,h]odotus ( ,babylon1 ! consecration ( ! fir/-fruits ( virg9ity to ! goddess be=e m>riage1 :i* ,i h consid]$ z di/9ct f ! =ego+1 may (t5 h be5 comb9$ or confus$ ) x2 = ! temple-h>lotry1 c>ri$ on = "s consid]able p]iod1 might be occasionally a prelim9>y to m>riage4 ,! mo/ exact p>allels to ! ,babylonian cu/om are f\nd 9 ! records ( ,byblos1 ,cyprus1 & ! ,syrian ,heliopolis or ,baalbec4 ,lucian atte/s ! rule prevail+ at ,byblos1 t 9 ! fe/ival ( ,adonis wom5 expos$ !mselves = pur*ase on "o s+le day1 & #bgd t only /rang]s 7 all[$ to enjoy !m2 b t ?is s]vice 0 only impos$ ^u !m if !y refus$ to cut (f _! hair 9 lam5tation = ,adonis4#bgd4a ,simil>ly ! ,byzant9e hi/orian ,sozom5os decl>$ t at ,heliopolis 7,baalbec71 9 ! temple ( ,a/>te1 ea* maid5 0 oblig$ to pro/itute h]self be=e m>riage1 until ! cu/om & ! cult 7 aboli%$ by ,con/ant9e4#bgd4b ,! /atem5ts ab\t ,cyprus1 ?\gh less explicit1 po9t to ! same in/itution3 ,h]odotus1 hav+ describ$ at l5g? ! ,babylonian practice1 decl>es t x prevail$ 9 ,cyprus also1 & ,ju/9#bgd4c t x 0 a cu/om ( ! ,cyprians 8to s5d _! virg9s be=e m>riage on fix$ days to ! %ore1 to e>n _! d[ry by pro/itution1 s z to pay a fir/-(f]+ to ,v5us = _! virtue h5ce=? 7pro reliqua pudicitia libam5ta ,v5]i soluturas740 ,! procession to ! %ore may indicate ! rule t int]c\rse 0 only all[$ !m ) /rang]s1#bgd4d & no?+ po9ts to prolong$ pro/itution4 ,x is probably ! same rite t ! ,locrians ( ! ,we/ v[$ to p]=m 9 hon\r ( ,aphrodite 9 ! ev5t #bge ( deliv]ance f a dang]\s w>4#bge4a ,b 9 ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis at ,akilis5e 9 ,arm5ia1 accord+ to ,/rabo1#bge4b ! unm>ri$ wom5 s]v$ z temple-h>lots = an indef9ite "t until !y m>ri$2 & ,aurelia ,aemilia ( ,tralles may h be5 only ma9ta9+ ! same anci5t ritual 9 ,lydia4 ,9 ^! two c\ntries1 !n1 x seems z if !re _h be5 a fusion ( two in/itutions t else:]e 7 di/9ct "o f ano!r1 h>lot-s]vice = a prolong$ p]iod 9 a temple1 & ! consecration ( ea* maid5's virg9ity z a prelim9>y to m>riage4 ,su* in/itutions m>k ! %>pe/ antagonism betwe5 ! e>ly religi\s s5tim5t ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,( no ,european ,/ate is !re any record1 religi\s or o!r1 t ! sacrifice be=e m>riage ( a woman's virg9ity to a mortal 0 at any "t reg>d$ z dem&$ by temple ritual4 ,su* a rite 0 abhorr5t to ! g5u9e ,hell5ic1 z x 0 to ! ,hebraic1 _s2 & only 9 lat] times d we f9d "o or two ,hell5ic cult-c5tres cat*+ ! ta9t ( ! ,ori5tal tradition3 :ile su* leg5ds z t ( ,melanippos & ,komai?o & ! /ory ( ,laokoon's s9 express ! feel+ ( horror :i* any sexual lic5ce 9 a temple ar\s$ 9 ! ,greek4#bge4c #bgf ,x is imp]ative to try to und]/& ! orig9al purpose or significance ( ! ,semitic & ,anatolian rites t we h be5 deal+ )4 ,to reg>d !m z ! e>ly ,*ri/ian & "s mod]n writ]s h done1 z m]e examples ( unbridl$ ,ori5tal lu/ masqu]ad+ 9 ! guise ( religion1 is a false & unju/ view4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! same society t orda9$ ?is sacrifice ( virg9ity ^u ! daught]s ( families ma9ta9$ 9 o!r respects a high /&>d ( virtue1 :i* appe>s also atte/$ by ,babylonian religi\s & secul> docum5ts4 ,mod]n an?ropology has h&l$ ! problem ) great] insight & s]i\sness2 b c]ta9 curr5t explanations are n conv9c+4 ,to take ! rite describ$ by ,h]odotus fir/1 :i* is always to be di/+ui%$ f ! p]man5t in/itution ( 8hi]odulai0 9 ! s5se ( temple-h>lots3 ,mannh>dt1 :o 0 ! fir/ to apply mod]n sci5ce to ! problem1 expla9$ x z a developm5t ( vegetation-ritual4#bgf4a ,aphrodite & ,adonis1 ,i%t> & ,tammuz1 repres5t vegetation1 & _! ye>ly union causes g5]al f]tility2 ! wom5 are play+ ! "p ( ! goddess1 & ! /rang] repres5ts ,adonis6 ,! ,babylonian rite1 !n1 is p>tly religi\s 1 ! human act+ ( a div9e drama1 p>tly religi\s magic good = ! crops4 ,b 9 spite ( ,mannh>dt's great & real s]vices to sci5ce1 8 vegetation-!ory leads him (t5 a/ray1 & only "o :o 0 desp]ately def5d+ a !sis w\ld expla9 t /rang]1 a necess>y p]sonage 9 ! ritual at ,babylon1 ,byblos1 ,cyprus1 & ,baalbec1 z ! native god4 ,!re is no k9d ( reason = connect+ ! ,babylonian rite ) ,tammuz1 or = suppos+ t ! wom5 7 repres5t+ #bgg ! goddess1#bgg4a or t _! act directly influ5c$ ! crops1 except 9 ! s5se t all due p]=mance ( religi\s c]emonies has be5 consid]$ at c]ta9 /ages ( belief z fav\r+ ! prosp]ity ( ! l&4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 9 8 ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1#bgg4b w\ld expla9 ! cu/om z pres]v+ ! tradition ( ! communism ( wom5 be=e regul> m>riage 0 in/itut$4 ,dr4 ,fraz]1 :o has dealt m fully ) ! "q1 accepts ?is explanation1#bgg4c z he also accepts ,mannh>dt's 9 full2 &1 :ile he associates--z ,i ?9k1 wrongly--! ,babylonian rite ) g5]al temple-pro/itution1 he adds a ?ird sugge/ion1 prompt$ by 8 !ory ( k+%ip3 ! k+ himself might h to mate ) "o or m ( ! temple-h>lots 8:o play$ ,a/>te to 8 ,adonis03#bgg4d su* unions might s]ve to ma9ta9 ! supply ( human deities1 "o ( :om might succe$ to ! ?rone1 & ano!r might be sacrific$ 9 8 fa!r's /ead :5 religion dem&$ ! life ( ! royal man-god4 ,i d n f9d ?is !ory coh]5t ev5 ) itself2 &1 l ! o!rs1 x fails to expla9 all ! facts1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x imag9es data :i* are n giv5 u by ! records4 ,t /ate ( communism :5 sexual union 0 entirely promiscu\s is rec$+ fur!r & fur!r into ! an?ropological backgr\nd3 x is dang]\s to pr$icate x ( ! mo/ backw>d ,anatolian ,/ate 9 any p]iod :i* c come into our k54 ,:5 ! ,byzant9e ,sokrates gravely tells u t ! m5 ( ,heliopolis #bgh _h _! wives 9 common1 he does n "k :at he is say+4 ,& if ?is sacrifice ( virg9ity be=e m>riage 0 a recognition ( ! orig9al rights ( all ! males ( ! community1 :y did n "s repres5tative ( ! community take ! virg9ity1 ! prie/ or "s head-man8 ,?is ill-consid]$ sociologic hypo!sis %ipwrecks on t my/]i\s /rang]4#bgh4a ,pr(4 ,we/]m>ck1 9 8 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1#bgh4b reg>ds ! ,mylitta-rite z int5d$ to ensure f]tility 9 wom5 ?r\gh direct appeal to ! goddess ( f]tility1 & he expla9s ! =mula :i* ! /rang] utt]$-- --z signify+ g5]ally 8,may ! goddess ,mylitta prosp] !e40 ,obvi\sly ! phrase1 8,i invoke ! goddess = !e10 c\ld z naturally mean1 8,i claim !e 9 ! "n ( ! goddess10 ! /rang] bas+ 8 "r to ! woman on ?is appeal4 ,b 8 g5]al !ory appe>s n s uns\nd z ^? :i* h j be5 not$4 ,! comp>ative me?od ought to help u "h2 & ?\gh we h no exact p>allel1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 record$ ( any p outside ! ,m$it]ranean area to ! ,babylonian cu/om1 we f9d usages report$ else:]e t agree ) x 9 "o ess5tial4 ,lubbock quotes in/ances f mod]n ,india ( ! rule impos$ ^u wom5 ( pres5t+ !mselves be=e m>riage 9 ! temple ( ,jugg]naut = ! purpose--z he implies--( (f]+ up _! virg9ity1 ?\gh no su* cu/om is record$ 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod ( religion2#bgh4c cases also are *ronicl$ ( ! rule prevail+ among #bgi uncultur$ or semi-cultur$ tribes t ! m$ic9e-man or ! prie/ %\ld take ! virg9ity ( ! bride be=e ! m>riage c]emony4#bgi4a ,^! are probably illu/rations ( ! work+ ( ! same idea z t :i* inspir$ ! ,babylonian cu/om4 ,m>riage involves ! ent]+ ^u a new /ate2 *ange ( life is g5]ally dang]\s1 & mu/ be safegu>d$ by :at ,van ,g5nep has call$ 8rites de passage02 m especially is ! sexual union ) a virg9 dang]\s & liable to be reg>d$ ) awe by primitive s5tim5t2 be=e x is safe to m>ry h]1 ! tabu t is ^u h] mu/ fir/ be remov$ by a religi\s act secur+ ! div9ity's sanction = ! removal2 j z ! ripe cornfield mu/ n be reap$ be=e religi\s rites1 su* z ! consecration ( fir/-fruits1 h loos5$ ! tabu ^u x3 we may believe t ,hell5ic m>riage ritual secur$ ! same end z ! ,babylonian by :at seems to u ! m innoc5t me?od ( (f]+ ! 4 ,s ! ,babylonian safegu>ds ! com+ m>riage by (f]+ ! fir/-fruits ( 8 daught] to ! goddess :o presides ov] ! p[]s & processes ( life & bir?4 ,"u h] protection1 aft] appeal to h]1 ! process loses its special dang]2 or if !re is dang] /ill1 x falls ^u ! head ( ! /rang]4#bgi4b ,= ,i c f9d no o!r way ( acc\nt+ #bhj = 8 pres5ce z a necess>y ag5t1 9 ! ritual ( at lea/ f\r widely sep>ate communities ( ,semitic race3 ?is comp>ative ubiquity prev5ts u expla9+ x z due to "s caprici\s accid5tal impulse ( delicacy1 z if ! act w\ld become less indelicate if a /rang] :o w\ld n cont9ue 9 ! place p>ticipat$ 9 x4 ,9 8 essay on ! "q1 ,mr4 ,h>tl& expla9s ! ,babylonian rite z belong+ to ! class ( pub]ty-c]emonies2 nor w\ld ?is acc\nt ( x conflict ) ! view "h put =?1 if1 z he ma9ta9s1 primitive pub]ty-c]emonies to :i* girls are subject$ are usually prelim9>y to ! m>riage :i* spe$ily foll[s4#bhj4a ,b pub]ty-c]emonies are g5]ally p]=m$ at initiation-my/]ies1 & none ( ! rites t we are consid]+ appe> to h be5 associat$ ) my/]ies except1 p]haps1 at ,cyprus1 :]e ! late record speaks ( my/]ies in/itut$ by ,k9yras t _h a sexual significance1 & :i* may h be5 ! occasion ( ! consecration ( virg9ity t ,ju/9 describes2#bhj4b b ! in/itution ( my/]ies has n #bha yet be5 prov$ = any purely ,semitic religion4 ,9 any case1 ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s /atem5t does n expla9 :y ! loss ( virg9ity %\ld be consid]$ desirable 9 a pub]ty-c]emony or z a prelim9>y to m>riage4 ,! significance ( ! action1 z ,i h int]pret$ x1 is negative r ?an positive1 ! avoidance ( a vague p]il or ! removal ( a tabu r ?an ! atta9m5t ( ! bless+ ( f]tility1 z ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck w\ld reg>d x4 ,& ?is idea1 ! removal ( a tabu1 seems express$ 9 ! phrase ( ,h]odotus#bha4a by :i* he describes ! /ate ( ! woman aft] ! c]emony-- 2 & ! p>allel t ,i h sugge/$1 ! consecration ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! h>ve/ to remove ! tabu f ! re/ ( ! crop1 is some:at ju/ifi$ by ! words ( ,ju/9 already quot$--8pro reliqua pudicitia libam5ta ,v5]i soluturas40 ,z reg>ds ! o!r in/itution1 ! ma9t5ance ( 8hi]od\lai0 9 temples z 8consecrat$0 wom51 8kades*im10 unm>ri$1 :o = a p]iod ( ye>s indulg$ 9 sexual int]c\rse ) visitors1 ! orig9al int5tion & significance ( x is h>d to decide4 ,we may be sure t x did n orig9ate 9 m]e pr(ligacy1 & ! inscription ( ,tralles %[s t ev5 9 ! lat] ,roman p]iod x _h n lo/ its religi\s pre/ige4#bha4b ,su* a cu/om c\ld naturally arise 9 a society t all[$ fre$om ( sexual int]c\rse among "y unm>ri$ p]sons--& ?is is n uncommonly f\nd at a primitive level ( culture--& t 0 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( a goddess ( sexual f]tility4 ,! rituals 9 ! temples ( ,i%t> ( ,ere*1 ,anaitis ( #bhb ,arm5ia1 ,m ( ,comana1 mu/ h be5 in/itut$ = "s national & social purpose2 !re=e ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s sugge/ion1 t ! orig9al object ( ! ,arm5ian rite 0 to give ! maid5s a *ance ( secur+ !mselves a suitable husb& by exp]i5ce1 seems insuffici5t4 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 t connects ! in/itution ) "s ( ! my/ic purposes ( k+%ip1#bhb4a floats 9 ! air2 = !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce %[+ any relation betwe5 ^! wom5 & ! mon>* or ! royal h>em or ! mon>*ical succession or ! dea? ( a royal victim4 ,a simpl] sugge/ion is t ! 8hi]od\lai10 or temple-wom51 7 ! human vehicles = diffus+ ?r\gh ! community ! peculi> virtue or pot5cy ( ! goddess1 ! mu*-covet$ bless+ ( human f]tility4 ,?us to consecrate slaves or ev5 daught]s to ?is s]vice 0 a pi\s social act4 ,! significance ( ! facts t we h be5 exam9+ is ( ! highe/ = ! hi/ory ( religi\s morality1 especially = ! v>i$ hi/ory ( ! idea ( purity4 ,we call ?is temple-h>lotry vile & impure2 ! civilis$ ,babylonian1 :o 9 private life valu$ purity & morality1 call$ ! wom5 8kadi/u10 t is1 8pure0 or clean 9 ! rituali/ic s5se1 or z ,zimm]n int]prets ! ideogram1 8n unclean40#bhb4b ,9 fact1 ! ,m$it]ranean old-_w religions1 all save ! ,hebraic1 agre$ 9 reg>d+ ! processes ( ! propagation ( life z div9e1 at lea/ z some?+ n ali5 or abhorr5t to godhead4 ,b ! e>ly ,*ri/ian propag&i/s1 work+ "h on ,hebraic l9es1 int5sifi$ ! isolation ( ,god f ! simple ph5om5a ( bir?1 !reby eng5d]+ at times an anti-sexual bias1 & prep>+ a discord betwe5 any possible biological #bhc view & ! curr5t religi\s dogma1 & mod]n e?ical ?\ght has n be5 :olly a ga9] !reby4 ,! subject t has be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? is also connect$ ) ! :ole "q ( ritual-purity & purification4 ,! primitive conception ( purity _h at an e>ly /age 9 its evolution be5 adopt$ by high] religion2 & ! ess5tial effect ( impurity 0 to deb> a p]son f int]c\rse ) ,god & ) 8 fell[-m54 ,h5ce arises a code ( rules to regulate temple-ritual4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! ,babylonian rules = safegu>d+ ! purity ( ! %r9es 7 n conspicu\sly diff]5t f ! ,greek or ! ,hebraic4#bhc4a ,! ta9t ( blood%$ & o!r physical impurities 0 kept alo(2 & x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t ! function ( ! 8hetairai0 0 only p]=m$ outside ! temple1 = ,h]odotus specially tells u t ?is rule 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,mylitta-rite4 ,! ca?>tic me?ods ( ,ea/ & ,we/ agree 9 _m po9ts4 ,! use ( holy wat] = purify+ purposes 0 kn[n to ! e>ly ,greeks4#bhc4b ,x 0 /ill m 9 evid5ce 9 ! ,babylonian ritual3 ! holy wat] ( ! ,euphrates or ,tigris 0 us$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 = ! wa%+ ( ! k+'s h&s be=e he t\*$ ! /atues1 = ! wa%+ ( ! idol's m\?s1#bhc4c #bhd p]haps also = baptism4 ,= we he> ( "s su* rite 9 a hymn to ,enlil translat$ by ,dr4 ,langdon#bhd4a--! l9e t he r5d]s 8,son :om 9 ! sacr$ b[l %e baptiz$10 seems to ref] to a human *ild4 ,ablution 0 prom95t also 9 ! exorcism-ritual1 & ! 8,h\se ( ,wa%+0 or 8,h\se ( ,baptism0 0 ! c5tre ( a liturgy t _h = its object deliv]ance f demons4#bhd4b ,! :ole ,/ate 0 at times purifi$ by wat]4#bhd4c ,& 9 all ?is ritual ! wat] mu/ itself be ( a peculi> purity--ra9-wat]1 = in/ance1#bhd4d or ! wat] ( ! ,euphrates1 :5ce came probably ! ,wat] ( ,life t 0 kept 9 ,m>duk's temple ) :i* ! ,gods & ! ,annunaki wa%$ _! faces1 & :i* 0 us$ 9 ! fea/ ( ! ,doom-fix+4#bhd4e ,accord+ to ! ,babylonian view ord9>y wat] 0 naturally impure 7we may well believe t x 0 s at ,babylon1 :]e ! riv] & canals 7 s press$ into ! s]vice ( man71 & a p]son incurr$ impurity by /epp+ ov] a puddle or o!r unpurifi$ wat]4#bhd4f ,! ,greek did n ne$ to be s scrupul\s1 = mo/ wat] 9 8 l& 0 naturally pure1 be+ spr+ or brook2 yet 9 8 ca?>tic rules we f9d (t5 t only a special wat] 0 suitable = ! religi\s purpose1 runn+ wat] especially1 or sea-wat]1 or 9 a p>ticul> locality "o sacr$ f\nta9 only4#bhd4g ,b ?\gh x 0 to him z to mo/ #bhe peoples1 ! simple & natural means ( purification1 he did n apply x to su* v>i\s ca?>tic purposes z ! ,babylonian4 ,nor z f> z we c discov] _h he develop$ 9 old days ! int]e/+ rite ( baptism3 we he> ( x fir/ 9 ! records ( ! fif? c5tury1 & 9 relation to ali5 cults l t ( ! ,?racian goddess ,kotytto4#bhe4a ,equally prom95t 9 ! ca?>tic ritual ( ,mesopotamia 0 ! elem5t ( fire3 9 ! pray] t foll[$ ^u ! purification-c]emonies we f9d ! =mula1 8,may ! tor* ( ! gleam+ ,fire-,god cleanse me40#bhe4b ,! ,fire-,god1 ,nusku1 is implor$ 8to burn away ! evil magicians10#bhe4c & we may believe t he owes 8 developm5t & exalt$ position z a high spiritual god to ! ritual use ( fire1 j z 9 ! ,v$ic religion did ,agni4 ,! conception ( fire z a mighty purify+ elem5t1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts & 9 ,*ri/ian es*atology1 has aris51 no d\bt1 f ! ca?>tic ritual ( ! anci5t ,semites4 ,d\btless also ! spiritual or magic pot5cy ( ?is elem5t 0 kn[n 9 anci5t ,europe3 x is cle>ly reveal$ 9 ! primitive c]emonies ( ! old ,g]man 8,notfeu]10 ) :i* ! cattle1 fields1 & m5 7 purifi$ 9 "t ( pe/il5ce4#bhe4d ,& !re are sev]al indications ( its use 9 ,greek ca?>tic ritual2 a notewor?y example is ! purification ( ,lemnos by ! br++ ( holy fire f ,delos2#bhe4e ! curi\s ,attic ritual ( runn+ ) ! new-born babe r\nd ! #bhf he>?1 call$ ! ,amphidromia1 may h _h a simil> int5tion2#bhf4a ev5 ! holy wat]1 ! 1 seems to h be5 hall[$ by ! ins]tion ( a tor*2#bhf4b & 9 ! lat] records fire is (t5 m5tion$ among ! usual implem5ts ( cleans+4#bhf4c ,! ,eleus9ian my? conc]n+ ,demet] hold+ ! infant ,demophon 9 ! flame to make him immortal 0 sugge/$ probably by "s purificatory rite 9 :i* fire 0 us$4 ,f9ally1 ! fire-ordeal1 :i* 0 practis$ bo? 9 ,babylonia & ,greece1#bhf4d may h be5 associat$ at a c]ta9 p]iod ) ! ca?>tic prop]ties ( fire4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,hell5ic div9ities specially conc]n$ ) ?is elem5t1 ,he/ia & ,hephai/os1 _h little p]sonal int]e/ 9 ?is ritual1 & did n rise to ! same height 9 ! national !ology z ,nusku rose 9 ! ,babylonian4 ,we might f9d o!r co9cid5ces 9 detail betwe5 ,hell5ic & ,assyrian ritual1 su* z ! purificatory employm5t ( salt1 onions1 & ! sacrificial sk9 ( ! animal-victim4#bhf4e ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! ca?>tic law ( old ,babylonia #bhg is a rule t possess$ an obvi\s moral value2 we f9d1 namely1 on "o ( ! cyl9d]s ( ,gudea1 t dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,gudea 0 purify+ ! city ! ma/] mu/ n /rike ! slave1 & no action at law mu/ be br\ght aga9/ any "o2 = sev5 days p]fect equality reign$1 no bad ^w 0 utt]$1 ! wid[ & ! orphan w5t free f wrong4#bhg4a ,! conception und]ly+ ?is rule is intelligible3 all qu>rell+ & oppression1 be+ (t5 accompani$ ) blood%$ & dea?1 di/urbs ! g5]al purity :i* is desir$ to prevail2 & ,i h indicat$ else:]e a simil> law regulat+ ! conduct ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies & ! ,dionysiac fe/ival at ,a!ns1 bo? c]emonies ( ca?>tic value1#bhg4b & ,i h po9t$ out a simil> ord9ance obs]v$ rec5tly by a ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian tribe1 & =m]ly by ! ,p]uvians2 to ^! in/ances may be add$ ! /atem5t by ,livy1#bhg4c t 9 ! ,roman 8lecti/]nia10 :5 a table ) (f]+s 0 laid be=e ! gods1 no qu>rell+ 0 all[$ & prison]s 7 releas$1 & ! hi/orian gives to ! in/itution ( ! lecti/]nia a piacul> significance4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d c]ta9 /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,babylonian ca?>tic sy/ems4 ,9 c]ta9 purification-c]emonies ( ,hellas1 ^? 9 :i* ! homicide 0 purg$ f 8 /a91 ! wa%+ ) ! blood ( ! piacul> victim 0 ! mo/ pot5t means ( grace4#bhg4d ,we may f9d analogies 9 ,v$ic1 ,roman1 & ,hebraic ritual1 b hi!rto none h be5 pres5t$ by ! religi\s docum5ts #bhh ( ,babylon1 :]e1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 sc>cely any my/ic use appe>s to h be5 made ( ! blood ( ! victim4#bhh4a ,aga91 ! ,babylonian purification includ$ ! confession ( s9s1 a purgation unkn[n & app>5tly unnatural to ! ,hell5e2#bhh4b & g5]ally ! ,babylonian1 :ile mo/ ( its me?ods1 l ! ,hell5ic1 are modes ( transf]5ce or physical riddance ( impurity1 _h a high] spiritual & religi\s significance2 = x includes lam5tations = s9 & pray]s to ! div9ity t are n m5tion$ 9 ! record ( any ,greek 8ka?>sis40 ,a long ritual-docum5t is pres]v$ conta9+ ! details ( ! purification ( ! k+3#bhh4c c]ta9 =ms agree ) ! ,hell5ic1 b "o :o 0 only v]s$ 9 ! latt] w\ld f9d mu* t 0 /range & un9telligible bo? 9 ! p>ticul>s & 9 g5]al atmosph]e4 ,we disc]n an int]e/+ mixture ( magic & religion4 ,! gods are p>tly entreat$1 p>tly brib$1 p>tly con/ra9$2 & at ! end ! evil is physically expell$ f ! palace4 ,! purifi] puts on d>k g>m5ts1 j z ! m9i/]s ( ! und]world-deities did occasionally 9 ,greece4 ,! k+ himself p]=ms mu* ( ! c]emony1 & utt]s words ( p[]3 8,may my s9s be r5t away1 may ,i be pure & live be=e ,%ama%40 ,! ord]+ ( ! ca?>tic app>atus is guid$ p>tly by a/rology4 ,x is curi\s also to f9d t e article us$ 9 ! process is id5tifi$ by "n ) "s div9ity3 ! cypress is ! god ,adad1 ! fragrant spices ! god ,n9ib1 ! c5s] ! god ,ib1 etc42 & ! comm5t>y t accompanies ! ritual-text expla9s t ^! #bhi sub/ances compel ! deities ?us associat$ ) !m to come & give aid4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 ?is religi\s sph]e are s important t we %\ld n be able to believe t ! ca?>tic sy/em ( ,greece 0 borr[$ f ,babylonia1 ev5 if ! po9ts ( resemblance 7 mu* m num]\s & /rik+ ?an !y are4 ,= x w\ld be possible to draw up a /rik+ li/ ( co9cid5ces betwe5 ,hell5ic & ,v$ic ca?>tic rites1 & yet no "o w\ld be able on ! /r5g? ( x to e/abli% a hypo!sis ( borr[+4 ,9 any case1 x may be said1 ! "q ( borr[+ does n arise )9 ! n>r[ limits ( our inquiry1 :i* is limit$ to ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod1 s9ce all ,greek 8ka?>sis0 is po/-,hom]ic4 ,! latt] dictum is obvi\sly n lit]ally true1 z a glance ?r\gh ! ,hom]ic poems w prove4 ,hom] is aw>e ( ! necessity ( purification by wat] be=e mak+ pray] or libation to ! gods3 ,a*illes wa%es 8 h&s & ! cups be=e he p\rs =? w9e & prays to ,zeus1#bhi4a ,telema*os wa%es 8 h&s 9 sea-wat] be=e he prays to ,a!na#bhi4b2 & !re is a significant acc\nt ( ! purification ( ! :ole ,a*aean ho/ aft] ! plague2#bhi4c z ! lat] ,greeks w\ld h done1 ! ,a*aeans ?r[ away into ! sea _! 1 ! infect$ implem5ts ( purification1 wool or :atev] !y us$1 t absorb$ ! evil f !m4 ,b x has be5 g5]ally obs]v$ t ,hom] does n appe> to h be5 aw>e ( any ne$ = purification f ! /a9 ( blood%$ or f ! gho/ly contagion ( dea?4 ,x is true t ,odysseus purifies 8 hall ) fire & sulphur aft] slay+ ! suitors1 b we are n sure t ! act _h any fur!r significance ?an #bij ! riddance ( ! smell ( blood f ! h\se4 ,sulphur is !re call$ 1#bij4a 8a rem$y aga9/ evil ?+s02 b we _c atta* any moral or spiritual s5se to 1 nor is ,hom]ic relat$1 z f> z we c see1 to any animi/ic belief4 ,!re is "o passage :]e ,hom]'s sil5ce is valuable & gives positive evid5ce2 ,!oklum5os1 :o has sla9 a man ( 8 own tribe & fl$ f 8 home1 9 consequ5ce approa*es ,telema*os :5 ! latt] is sacrific+ & implores & receives 8 protection3 !re is no h9t ( any feel+ t !re is a /a9 ^u him1 or t he ne$s purification1 or t 8 pres5ce pollutes ! sacrifice4#bij4b ,all ?is w\ld h be5 felt by ! lat] ,greek2 & 9 ! po/-,hom]ic p]iod we h to reckon ) a mom5t\s gr[? ( ! idea ( impurity & ( a complex sy/em ( purification1 especially 9 reg>d to homicide1 lead+ to important developm5ts 9 ! sph]e ( law & morality :i* ,i h tri$ to trace out on o!r occasions4#bij4c ,b ,hom] may well be reg>d$ z ! spokesman ( a gift$ race1 ! ,a*aeans1 z we call !m1 on :om ! burd5 ( ! doctr9e ( purification lay lightly1 & = :om ! gho/ly _w _h comp>atively little t]ror or int]e/4 ,besides ! ,a*aeans1 h[ev]1 & _! k9dr$ races !re 0 ! subm]g$ population ( ! old] culture :o ent] into ! composition ( ! v>i\s ,hell5es ( hi/ory4 ,!re=e ! v>i$ developm5t 9 ! po/-,hom]ic p]iod ( ca?>tic ideas may be only a r5aissance1 a recrudesc5ce ( =ces t 7 active en\gh 9 ! second mill5nium4 #bia ,attica may h be5 ! home :]e ! old tradition surviv$1 & ca?>tic rites su* z ! ,?>gelia & ! trial ( ! axe = murd] 9 ! ,b\phonia h ! sav\r ( great antiquity4 ,may n ! ,m9oan religion ( ,crete h be5 p]meat$ ) ! ideas ( ! impurity ( blood%$ & ! crav+ = purification f s98 ,= at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod ,crete seems to h be5 ! c5tre ( :at may be call$ ! ca?>tic mission2 f ?is isl& came ,apollo ,delph9ios1 ! div9e purifi] p> excell5ce1 to ?is isl& ! god came to be purifi$ f ! dea? ( ,py?on2 & 9 lat] times1 ,crete l5t to ,a!ns its purify+ prophet ,epim5ides4#bia4a ,if we believe1 !n1 t ! po/-,hom]ic blood-purification 0 really a recrudesc5ce ( ! tradition ( an old] indig5\s culture1 we %\ld use ?is z ano!r argum5t = ! view t ! ,greece ( ! second mill5nium 0 unt\*$ or sc>cely t\*$ by ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,=1 z we h se51 purification by blood or f blood appe>s to h be5 :olly ali5 to ,babylonian religi\s & legal practice4 ,! ritual ( purification belongs z mu* to ! hi/ory ( magic z religion4 ,n[1 ! /ud5t ( religion is n p]mitt$ to refuse to t\* ! doma9 ( magic2 nor c we exclude its consid]ation ev5 f ! highe/ topics ( religi\s speculation4 ,"s g5]al rem>ks h already be5 made#bia4b conc]n+ ! "p play$ by magic bo? 9 ! wor%ip & 9 ! #bib social life ( ! peoples t we are comp>+4 ,any exact & detail$ comp>ison w\ld be fruitless = our pres5t purpose2 =1 :ile ! k ( e>ly ,babylonian magic is beg9n+ to be consid]able1 we _c say t we "k any?+ def9ite conc]n+ ! practices 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,hell5ic & adjac5t peoples 9 ! e>ly p]iod ) :i* we are deal+4 ,f ! ,hom]ic poems we c ga!r little m ?an t magic ( "s k9d exi/$2 & t ,hom] & 8 gift$ audi5ce probably despis$ x z !y despis$ gho/s & demons4 ,x is only by inf]5ce t we c v5ture to ascribe to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,greek race "s ( ! magic rites t are record$ by ! lat] writ]s4 ,x w\ld require a l5g?y inve/igation & treatise to range ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,greek ritual & to dis5tangle & expose ! magic elem5t :i* 0 und\bt$ly !re1 & :i* 9 "s measure is lat5t 9 ! ritual ( e high] religion yet exam9$4 ,by way ( sali5t illu/ration we may quote ! c]emonies ( ! scapegoat & ! 1#bib4a modes ( ! magic-transf]5ce ( s9 & evil2 ! /rew+ ( sacr$ food-/uff t is in/9ct ) div9e pot5cy ov] ! fields 9 ! ,!smophoria2 ! ra9 magic p]=m$ by ! prie/s ( ,zeus ,lykaios2#bib4b we he> at ,kleonai ( an (ficial class ( 8,magi0 :o controll$ ! w9d & ! wea!r by spells1 & occasionally 9 _! excitem5t ga%$ _! own h&s1 l ! prie/s ( ,baal2#bib4c su* blood-magic be+ explicable z a viol5t mode ( dis*>g+ p]sonal en]gy ^u ! out] objects :i* "o wi%es to subdue to "o's w4 ,ano!r & m #bic ?rill+ example ( blood-magic is ! process ( wat]-f9d+ by p\r+ human blood ab\t ! e>?1 a me?od reveal$ by an old leg5d ( ,hali>tos 9 ,boeotia ab\t ! man :o desir$ wat]1 & 9 ord] to f9d x consult$ ,delphi1 & 0 recomm5d$ by ! oracle to slay ! fir/ p]son :o met him on 8 return2 8 own "y son met him fir/1 & ! fa!r /abb$ him ) 8 sword2 ! w\nd$ y\? ran r\nd ab\t1 & :]ev] ! blood dripp$ wat] sprang up f ! e>?4#bic4a ,no "o w n[ v5ture to say t all ^! ?+s are po/-,hom]ic2 ! natural view is t !y 7 an inh]itance ( crude & primitive ?\ght indig5\s to ! l&4 ,_m ( !m belong to _w-wide cu/om2 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! /rik+ & specialis$ rites1 su* z ! blood-magic & ! ritual ( ! 1 are n f\nd at ,babylon4 ,b be=e prejudg+ ! "q1 "s sali5t & peculi> developm5ts ( ,babylonian magic ought to be consid]$4 ,"o great a*ievem5t ( ,mesopotamian civilisation 0 ! e>ly developm5t ( a/rology1 to :i* p]haps ! :ole _w has be5 indebt$ = good & = evil1 & :i* 0 associat$ ) magic & put to magic uses4 ,a/rological obs]vation l$ to ! atta*m5t ( a magic value to numb]s & to c]ta9 special numb]s1 su* z numb] sev54 ,:e!r ! ,judaic "n & in/itution ( ! ,sabba? is ( ,babylonian orig9 or n1 does n conc]n our "q4 ,b x conc]ns u to "k t ! sev5? days1 ! #ad?1 ! #ba/1 & #bh? ( c]ta9 mon?s1 if n ( all1 7 sacr$ at ,babylon1 & 7 days ( p5ance & piacul> duties :5 ord9>y occupation 0 susp5d$4#bic4b ,we c disc]n ! orig9 ( ! sanctity ( ?is numb]3 ! obs]vation ( ! #bid sev5 planets1 & ! division ( ! lun> mon? into f\r qu>t]s ( sev5 days4 ,! e>ly ,greeks1 d\btless1 _h _! a/rological sup]/itions1 z mo/ races h _h2 ! new moon is naturally lucky1 ! wan+ moon unlucky2 b no "o c discov] any num]ical or o!r pr9ciple 9 ! ,hesiodic sy/em1 :i* is our e>lie/ evid5ce ( ,hell5ic lucky & unlucky days4 ,8 s*eme is pres5t$ 9 nave confusion1 & he concludes humor\sly1 8"o man praises "o day1 "o ano!r1 & few "k any?+ ab\t x40#bid4a ,8 page ( v]se reflects ! an>*y ( ! ,greek cal5d>s2 & we %\ld f9d x h>d to cr$it t ei!r ,hesiod or ! legislators t drew up ^? _h sat att5tively at ! feet ( ,babylonian tea*]s4 ,b a few co9cid5ces may be not$4 ,hesiod puts a special tabu on ! fif? day ( ! mon?2 9 fact1 x is ! only "o 9 8 li/ t is :olly unlucky1 a day :5 x w\ld seem to be be/ to d no?+ at all1 at lea/ outside ! h\se1 = on ?is day ! ,er9yes are w&]+ ab\t4#bid4b ,n[1 a ,babylonian text publi%$ by ,dr4 ,langdon conta9s ! dogma t on ! fif? day ( ,nisan 8he :o fe>s ,m>duk & ,z>panit %all n g out to "w40#bid4c ,?is ,babylonian rule is ! e>lie/ example ( :at may be /rictly call$ ,sabbat>ianism1 ab/95ce f "w ?r\gh fe> ( (f5d+ ! high god4 ,su* w\ld probably n be ! true acc\nt ( ,hell5ic feel+ conc]n+ ! 8=bidd5 days10 :i* 7 call$ or 4#bid4d ,! high god _h issu$ to ! ,hell5e no moral comm&m5t ab\t 8keep+ ! ,sabba?-day holy02 8 reluctance to d c]ta9 "w on c]ta9 days re/$ on a m primitive s5tim5t #bie conc]n+ !m4 ,?us x 0 unlucky bo? = himself & ! city t ,alcibiades %\ld return to ! ,piraeus :5 ! ,plynt]ia 7 go+ on2 = ?is latt] 0 a ca?>tic c]emony1 & evil influ5ces 7 abroad4 ,nor1 z ,x5ophon decl>es1 w\ld any "o v5ture to engage 9 a s]i\s "w on ?is day4#bie4a ,nor 7 ^! 1 l ! sev5? days ( ! ,babylonian mon?s1 necess>ily days ( gloom :5 (f5d$ deities _h to be propitiat$2 on ! contr>y1 ! day ( 0 a day ( m]ry dr9k+ & yet 3 9 fact1 we be/ und]/& ! latt] phrase by translat+ x 8taboo$10 r ?an 8sad0 or 8gloomy40#bie4b ,ano!r co9cid5ce t may arre/ att5tion is t 9 ,hesiod's s*eme ! sev5? day ( ! mon? 0 sacr$ because ,apollo 0 born on x2 & ?r\gh\t ! lat] p]iod ?is god ma9ta9s 8 connection ) ! sev5? day1 also app>5tly ) ! fir/1 ! f\rte5?1 & ! tw5tie? ( ! mon?4#bie4c ,?is almo/ co9cides ) ! ,sabbatical division ( ! ,babylonian mon?s4 ,b we _c suppose t 9 ,hellas ^! 7 days ( mortification z !y 7 9 ! ,ea/2 else !y w\ld n h be5 associat$ ) ! bright deity ,apollo4 ,su* dubi\s co9cid5ces1 balanc$ by /ill m /rik+ div]sities1 are b frail supports = ! hypo!sis ( race-contact4 ,9 ,babylonian ?aumaturgy no?+ is m significant ?an ! magic p[] ( ! ,^w1 :e!r spok5 or writt53 & ! ,^w1 z we h not$1 0 rais$ to a cosmic div9e p[] & possess$ inh]5t creative =ce4#bie4d ,?is is only a reflection ^u ! heav5s ( ! human use ( ! magical or mesm]ic ^w or set #bif ( words4 ,?is use ( !m is f\nd1 inde$1 all r\nd ! globe4 ,:at seems unique 9 ! ,mesopotamian culture is t religion1 religi\s lit]ature1 & poetry %\ld h rea*$ s high a pit* & yet nev] h ris5 above or %ak5 (f ! magic :i* is its con/ant accompanim5t4 ,m5 & gods equally use magic aga9/ ! demons2 ! mo/ f]vid hymn ( praise1 ! mo/ pa!tic litany1 is only "p ( an exorcism-ritual2 & s inevitably does ! %ad[ ( magic dog religion "h t ,dr4 ,langdon is ju/ifi$ 9 8 conjecture#bif4a t 9 a great hymn to ,enlil1 :i* conta9s sc>cely a pray] b *iefly ec/atic description ( 8 p[]1 ! wor%ipp] is really endeav\r+ to *>ge himself ) high] religi\s magic by ?is outp\r+4 ,9 fact1 "h & else:]e1 a magic orig9 = ! practice ( !ologic exegesis may be obscurely trac$2 n>rative might acquire an apotropaeic effect2 ?us tablets conta9+ ! n>rative ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! plague-god1 hung up be=e ! h\ses1 c\ld av]t pe/il5ce1#bif4b or1 aga91 ! read+ al\d ! tablet n>rat+ ! victory ( ,%ama% & ,ramman ov] ! sev5 demons :o attack$ ! moon-god ,s9 s]v$ to defeat ! sev5 demons by ! same sympa!tic magic z w\ld be work$ by a dramatic repres5tation ( t ev5t4#bif4c ,!re is no record or h9t t ! ,hell5es recit$ hymns to ,demet] or wrote up passages ( ,hom] to av]t demons4 ,x belongs to ! magic use ( =mulae t m9ute exactness 9 respect ( e syllable is necess>y to ! p[] ( ! spell or ! spell-pray]4 ,an ,assyrian #big k+ :o is consult+ ! sun-god conc]n+ success 9 a w> ) :i* he is ?reat5$1 prays t ! ritual :i* ! enemy may be employ+ may g wrong & fail2 & 9 ?is context occurs ! curi\s petition1 8,may ! lips ( ! prie/'s son hurry & /umble ov] a ^w40#big4a ,! idea seems to be t a s+le slip 9 ! ritual-=mulae de/roy$ _! :ole value2 & su* a view belongs to magic r ?an to religion4 ,n[ x is probable t 9 8 e>lie/ m5tal /age ! ,hell5e _h be5 9 bondage to ! religi\s magic ( sacr$ =mulae & sacr$ names2 & z a tradition ( t /age1 ! div9e epi!t :]eby he appeal$ to 8 deities accord+ to 8 ne$s reta9$ always = him a my/]i\s pot5cy2 b o!rwise we h no pro( t he work$ ^w-magic by means ( 8 sacr$ texts4 ,babylonian sorc]y1 :e!r legitimate or illegitimate1 0 int5d$ to "w ^u or ?r\gh demons2 & its famili>ity ) ! names & special qualities ( demons is its peculi> m>k4 ,9 ! ritual ( exorcism ( ! demons1 idols play a prom95t & (t5 s+ul> rle4 ,! foll[+ p]=mance is probably unique3 9 ! exorcism ( disease two idols1 male & female1 7 set up be=e ! sick man1 !n ! evil spirits ( sickness are invit$ ?us3 8,oh ye all wick$1 all evil1 :o pursue s-&-s1 if ?\ art male1 "h is ?y wife2 if ?\ art female1 "h is ?y husb&40#big4b ,! int5t ( ! exorcis] seems to be to attract ! demon ( disease1 ( ^: sex he is n sure1 into "o or ! o!r ( ^! images1 & he lures x by amor\s enticem5t into ! figure ( opposite sex to its own2 #bih hav+ got ! demon into ! image1 he d\btless takes x out & burns or buries x4 ,or ! evil _s may be attract$ f ! pati5t by means ( its own image plac$ ne> him4 ,"o docum5t prescribes v>i\s images ( be/ial =m1 all ( :i* are to be tak5 by night to ! bank ( ! riv]1 probably t !y may be ?r[n 9 & c>ry ! impurity ( sickness away4#bih4a ,ano!r %[s u h[ to deal ) ,lab>tu1 ! daught] ( ,anu2#bih4b h] image1 made ( clay1 is plac$ above ! head ( ! sick man1 s z to draw h] or h] p[] out f him2 x is !n tak5 out1 sla91 & buri$4 ,& ?is exorcism is all ! m notable because ,lab>tu is r an evil goddess ?an a m]e demon1 be+ /yl$ 9 ano!r text 8,augu/ lady10 8,mi/ress ( ! d>k-hair$ m540#bih4c ,su* magical drama1 9 :i* ! demon-image might be sla9 to annul its pot5cy1 seems *>act]i/ically ,babylonian3 x ent]$ also into ! ritual ( ! high gods4 ,=1 at ! fea/ ( ! ,new ,ye>1 :5 ,nebo arriv$ f ,borsippa1 two images are br\ght be=e him & 9 8 pres5ce decapitat$ ) ! sword4 ,dr4 ,langdon int]prets !m#bih4d z repres5t+ probably 8! demons :o aid$ ! dragon 9 h] fight ) ,m>duk2 !y are ! captive gods ( d>kness :i* ends ) ! ,equ9ox40 ,?is is dramatic magic helpful to ! gods4 ,! elaboration ( exorcism mu/ h l$ to a m9ut] articulation ( ! demon-_w2 ! exorcis] is mo/ anxi\s to "k & discov] all ab\t 8 unse5 foes3 he gives !m a "n1 a sex if possible1 & a numb]3 he says ( ! p[]ful /orm-demons #bii ,utuk 8!y are sev51 !y are sev51 !y are nei!r male nor female1 !y take no wife & beget no *ildr520#bii4a = k ( ! "n or nature ( ! p]sonality gives magic p[]4 ,_m ( ^! examples1 :i* might easily be multipli$1 %[ u magic appli$ to private b b5efic5t purposes1 ! heal+ ( disease1 ! exorcism ( spirits ( moral & physical evil4 ,x 0 also 9 vogue = national purposes--= in/ance1 = ! de/ruction ( ! enemies ( ! k+2 "o ( our docum5ts describes su* a process z ! mak+ ( a tall[-image ( ! enemy ( ! k+ & b9d+ 8 face ) a cord1 s z to r5d] ! liv+ foe impot5t ( w & spee*4#bii4b ,we h already notic$ t ! ,babylonian gods !mselves "w magic1 & t x 0 also work$ on behalf ( ! gods4#bii4c ,& 9 ! ritual-records mu* t might be int]pret$ z religion may f9d its tru] acc\nt f ! o!r po9t ( view2 = in/ance1 ! ritual ( plac+ by ! b$side ( a sick man ! image ( ,n]gal or ^? ( ! 8tw9s :o ov]?r[ ! wick$ ,gallu0#bii4d might appe> at fir/ sight z a religi\s appeal to ! deities to come to 8 aid2 b z 9 =m x is exactly simil> to ! use made on ! same occasion1 z not$ above1 ( ! images ( demons1 we may r suppose t ! int5tion 0 magical 9 ?is act also1 & t ! div9e idols 7 suppos$ to combat ! demon ( sickness by _! magical influ5ce4 ,or1 aga91 9 "p ( ! ritual ( exorcism we f9d acts t be> ! semblance ( sacrifice1 su* z ?r[+ onions & dates into ! fire2 b !y 7 *>g$ ) a curse be=e ?r[n1 & ! act #cjj is m naturally int]pret$ z a magic transf]5ce ( evil4#cjj4a ,= ! purpose ( ! exorcism1 to deliv] a 8bann$0 p]son1 ! high god1 ,m>duk or ano!r1 might be call$ 92 b ,m>duk also works ! effect by magic3 a rope is wov5 by ,i%t>'s maid5s1 :i* ,m>duk 7or 8 prie/7 turns r\nd ! head ( ! suff]]1 !n breaks x ?r\gh & ?r[s x out into ! des]t4#cjj4b ,?is looks l symbolic magic2 ! knott$ rope repres5ts ! ban1 :i* is !n brok5 & ?r[n away4 ,!re are _m features 9 ^! me?ods ( exorcism1 su* z ! apotropaeic use ( idols1 t are common to o!r peoples at a c]ta9 /age ( culture2 !re rema9s mu* also t seems peculi> to ,babylon4 ,b :at is uniquely *>act]i/ic ( ?is ,mesopotamian p1 & at ! same "t mo/ un-,hell5ic1 is ! all-p]vad+ atmosph]e ( magic1 :i* col\rs _! view ( life & _! !ory ( ! visible & invisible _w4 ,babylonia1 at lea/1 0 ! "o sali5t exception to ! hi/oric induction t a di/+ui%$ writ]#cjj4c has rec5tly sanction$--8religion once firmly e/abli%$ inv>iably seeks to exclude magic2 & ! prie/ does 8 be/ to discr$it ! magician40 ,! psalmody ( ,babylon1 ) its occasional outbur/s #cja ( inspiration & its gleams ( spiritual insight1 w\ld h appeal$ to an ,isaiah2 its magic w\ld h appeal$ to _m a mod]n ,african4 ,! ,babylonian prophet does n fr[n on x2 ! high gods accept x1 ! prie/ is its skill$ & b5efic5t practition]4 ,& at no o!r po9t1 p]haps1 is ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,mesopotamian religions s gl>+ z at ?is4 ,?is comp>ison ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ritual may close ) "s obs]vations on ano!r religi\s function t may be ( "s value = ! "q ( e>ly e?nic influ5ce4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t div9ation play$ an important1 p]haps a dom9ant "p 9 ! ,babylonian ritual ( sacrifice1 div9ation1 t is1 by inspection ( ! victim's entrails1 especially ! liv]2 & t ?is me?od 0 adopt$ 9 ,greece only 9 ! lat] c5turies4#cja4a ,b !re are o!r sali5t diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! m anci5t mantic art ( ,hellas4#cja4b ,ano!r me?od mu* 9 vogue 9 ! =m] 0 a curi\s mode ( div9+ by mix+ oil & wat] & wat*+ ! movem5ts & behavi\r ( ! two liquids4#cja4c ,! fir/ & only indication ( a simil> practice 9 ,hellas is a passage 9 ! ,agamemnon ( s*ylus1 ( :i* ! true mean+ has hi!rto escap$ ! int]pret]s4#cja4d ,& "h1 z usual1 an obvi\s example ( ,mesopotamian influ5ce on ,hell5ic cu/om belongs only to a late epo*4 ,x is also true #cjb t ! anci5t div9ation ( ! two peoples agre$ 9 c]ta9 respects1 namely1 9 t bo? us$1 l mo/ communities at a c]ta9 /age ( culture1 ! auguries ( birds & ! revelations ( dreams4 ,z reg>ds ! facts relat+ to ! =m]1 we "k m ab\t ,greece ?an at pres5t ab\t ,babylon4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( dream-oracles1 x is manife/ t ! ,hell5ic ph5om5a are entirely indep5d5t ( ,mesopotamian fa%ion4 ,! ,assyrian & ,babylonian docum5ts reveal ! fa%ion ( dream-prophecy 9 its simple/ & highe/ =m3 ! high deity ( 8 own pleasure s5ds a dream1 & ! div9+ prie/ or skill$ int]pret] int]prets x4 ,no h9t has s f> be5 detect$ ( t artificial me?od ( provok+ prophetic dreams by 8incubation0 or 1 ! fa%ion ( lay+ oneself d[n 9 "s sacr$ %r9e & sleep+ ) "o's e> to ! gr\nd1 t 0 mu* 9 vogue 9 anci5t ,hellas & /ill survives 9 p>ts ( ! mod]n ,greek _w & :i* may be reg>d$ z an immemorial tradition4 ,9 ?is div9ation1 ! div9e spokesman 0 ! p[] ( ! und]world4 ,& ?is 0 ! mo/ important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,we/]n & ! ,ea/]n society 9 respect ( ! div9e ag5cy4 ,9 an e>ly p]iod ( ,hell5ic hi/ory t may be call$ pre-,apoll9e1 ! e>?-"m 0 conspicu\sly oracul> by ! vehicle ( dreams2 & ?is p[] ( h]s 0 g5]ally %>$ by ! ne!r god & buri$ h]oes4 ,nor c\ld ! religion ( ,apollo suppress ?is 8*?onian0 div9ation4 ,b 9 ,mesopotamia ! e>?-p[]s & ! ne!r _w h no "p or lot 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is almo/ ! pr]ogative ( ,%ama%1 ! sun-god1 ?\gh ,adad is sometimes associat$ ) him2#cjb4a #cjc bo? be+ designat$ z 8,bl-,biri0 or 8,lords ( ,oracles40#cjc4a ,ano!r rem>kable di/9ction is ! fact t ! ec/atic or en?usia/ic =m ( prophecy1 t ( ! ,%aman or ,py?oness possess$ & madd5$ by ! inwork+ _s ( god1 is n f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian record1 :i* only atte/s ! cool & sci5tific me?od ( int]pret+ by signs & dreams & ! />s4 ,p]haps ,mesopotamia f ! ?ird mill5nium onw>d 0 too civilis$ to admit ! mad prophet & prophetess to its c\nsels4 ,b su* *>act]s 7 atta*$ to c]ta9 ,anatolian cults1 especially to ^? ( ,kybele1#cjc4b & also to ! ,syrian goddess at ,hi]apolis2#cjc4c we h evid5ce ( !m also 9 a record ( ! ,cretan ,phai/os 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,great ,"m4#cjc4d ,"s s*ol>s h suppos$ t prophetic ec/asy 0 only a late ph5om5on 9 ,hellas1 because ,hom] is sil5t ab\t x4 ,b !re are reasons = suspect+ t demoniac possession 0 occasionally f\nd 9 ! pre-,hom]ic div9ation ( ,hellas1#cjc4e an inh]itance p]haps f ! pre-,hell5ic p]iod4 ,9 any case1 ! !ory t primitive ,hellas 0 indebt$ to ,babylonia = its div9ation-sy/em is /rongly repugnant to ! facts4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,summ>y ( ,results4 #cjd ,?is comp>ative exposition ( ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian & ! mo/ complex & develop$ pre-,*ri/ian religion ( ,europe _c claim to be complete or at any po9t f9ally decisive1 b x may at lea/ h help$ to reveal ! high value & int]e/ ( ^! ph5om5a = ! work]s 9 ?is broad field ( inquiry4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! ma9 objects ( ?is c\rse4 ,! o!r 0 ! discussion ( a "q ( religi\s e?nology1 conc]n+ ! possible influ5ce ( ,mesopotamia on ! e>lie/ developm5t ( ,hell5ic religion4 ,! v]dict mu/ /ill rema9 an op5 "o1 await+ ! light ( ! new evid5ce t ! future w ga!r4 ,b ! evid5ce at pres5t available--& x may be hop$ t none ( fir/ importance has be5 miss$--con/ra9s u to a negative answ] or at lea/ a negative attitude ( m9d4 ,conf9+ ourselves g5]ally to ! second mill5nium ,b4,c41 we h survey$ ! religions ( ! adjac5t peoples betwe5 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,aegean2 & h obs]v$ t morphologically !y are g5]ally on ! same plane ( poly!ism1 b t ^? ( ,mesopotamia & ,hellas reveal inn] diff]5ces1 /rik+ & vital en\gh to be s]i\s /umbl+-blocks to a !ory ( affiliation4 ,^! diff]5ces conc]n ! #cje p]sonality ( ! div9ities & _! relations to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w ( nature2 ! mo/ sali5t be+ ! diff]5t attitude ( ! two peoples to ! div9e lum9>ies ( heav5 & to ! *?onian p[]s ( ! l[] _w4 ,!y conc]n ! cosmogonies ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 _! views ( ! creation ( ! _w1 & ! orig9 ( man2 on ^! matt]s1 c]ta9 my?s :i* are easily diffus$ d n appe> to h rea*$ ,hellas 9 ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,!y conc]n ! religi\s temp]am5ts ( ! ,babylonian & ,hell5e1 :i* appe> z sep>ate z ! opposite po9ts ( ! pole2 ! raptur\s fanatic & self-abas+ _s ( ! ,ea/ contra/+ vividly ) ! coolness1 civic sobriety1 & self-confid5ce ( ! ,we/4 ,!y conc]n ! es*atologic ideas ( ! two peoples3 ! cult ( ! dead & "s idea ( a po/hum\s judgm5t be+ f\nd 9 e>ly ,hellas1 :ile ! =m] 0 r>e1 & ! latt] is sc>cely discov]able1 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,!y conc]n1 f9ally1 ! ritual2 & "h ! sali5t po9ts ( contra/ are ! diff]5t views ( ! sacrifice1 ( ! sacrificial victim1 & ! sacrificial blood2 ! diff]5t me?ods ( purification & ! expulsion ( s92 ! ritual ( sorr[ associat$ ) ! dea? ( ! god1 s p[]ful 9 ,babylonia & s insignificant 7by comp>ison7 9 ,hellas2 ! un-,hell5ic ,mylitta-rite1 & ! s]vice ( ! 8hi]od\lai02 &1 to conclude ) ! mo/ vital diff]5ce ( all1 ! manife/ations ( magic & its relation to ! national religions1 s complex1 s pregnant = ?\ght & fai?1 & s dom9ant 9 ,mesopotamia2 on ! o!r h&1 s insignificant & unobtrusive 9 ,hellas4 ,two o!r po9ts h be5 incid5tally notic$ 9 our g5]al survey1 b x is well 9 a f9al summ+ up to emphasise _! great importance z negative #cjf evid5ce4 ,! fir/ conc]ns ! high] hi/ory ( ,european religion3 ! e/abli%m5t ( religi\s my/]ies1 a ph5om5on ( dateless antiquity1 & ( p[]ful work+ 9 ,hell5ic & ,aegean society1 has n yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,mesopotamian culture4 ,! second is a small po9t t conc]ns comm]ce & ! trivialities ( ritual3 ! use ( inc5se1 univ]sal f immemorial times 9 ,mesopotamia1 & prov$ by ! e>lie/ docum5ts1 beg9s 9 ,greece n e>li] ?an ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is little product1 aft]w>ds ev]y:]e 9 great dem&1 = x is pleasant to ! s5se1 soo?+ to ! m9d1 & among ! h>mless am5ities ( wor%ip1 0 mu* easi] to import ?an ,babylonian !ology or m complex ritual4 ,x might h come )\t ^!1 b !y c\ld sc>cely h come )\t x4 ,yet x did n come to ,hell5ic %ores 9 ! second mill5nium4 ,& ?is trifl+ negative fact is wor? a volume ( ! high] criticism = ! decision ( our "q4 ,^? :o /ill cl+ to ! fai? t ,babylonia 0 ! c5tre :5ce emanat$ mu* ,m$it]ranean religion1 may urge t ! negative value ( ! facts expos$ above may be de/roy$ by future discov]ies4 ,?is is true1 b our prelim9>y hypo!ses %\ld be fram$ on ! facts t are already kn[n4 ,or !y may urge t ! g5]ic resemblances ( ! two religi\s sy/ems ) :i* we h be5 ma9ly conc]n$ are also great4 ,b1 z has be5 obs]v$1 ! same g5]ic resemblance exi/s betwe5 ,greek & ,v$ic poly!ism4 ,& = ! "q ( religi\s orig9 g5]al resemblances are f> less decisive ?an specific po9ts ( id5tity1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! id5tity ( div9e names or ( "s peculi> div9e attribute4 ,lat] we c trace ! migrations ( ,isis #cjg & ,mi?ras ?r\gh\t ,europe by _! names or by ! si/rum or by ! type ( ! fall5 bull1 ( ! ,hittite god ,tes*ub 9 ! ,graeco-,roman guise ( ,jupit] ,doli*5os z f> z ,hung>y1 p]haps z f> z ,sc&9avia1 by ! attribute ( ! hamm]4 ,x is j ?is sort ( evid5ce ( any trace ( ,babylonian influ5ce t is lack+ among ! records ( e>ly ,greece4 ,no s+le ,babylonian "n is recognisable 9 its religi\s or my?ologic nom5clature2 j z no *>act]i/ically ,babylonian fa%ion is f\nd 9 its ritual or 9 ! appurt5ances ( its religion4 ,?is well accords ) :at is already kn[n ( ! ,m$it]ranean hi/ory ( ! second mill5nium4 ,= long c5turies ! ,hittite empire 0 a b>ri] betwe5 ! ,babylonian p[] & ! coa/l&s ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,s f>1 !n1 z our k goes at pres5t1 !re is no reason = believ+ t nasc5t ,hell5ism1 :]ev] else arose ! /reams t n\ri%$ its spiritual life1 0 f]tilis$ by ! deep spr+s ( ,babylonian religion or !osophy4 #cjh ,,index ,,( ,,names ,,& ,,subjects4 #cji ,adad 7,ramman71 #fb1 #aja-ajb1 #adb1 #adc4 ,adonis1 #bea1 #bee1 #bgc-bgd4 ,alilat1 #dd4 ,allatu1 #eg1 #bjf1 #bah4 ,aniconic wor%ip1 #bbe-bcj4 ,animism1 #dc4 ,an?ropomorphism1 9 ,greece1 #aj-ab1 #ge-hj2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ea-eb1 #ee-eg2 9 ,canaan1 #eg-eh2 9 ,hittite religion1 #fj-fa2 9 ,phrygia1 #fc-fd2 9 ,crete1 #fd-ge4 ,aphrodite1 ,cretan-,myc5aean1 #if2 9 ,cyprus1 #bfa2 ,ourania1 #bgb-bgc4 ,apollo1 #di1 #bie2 !ory ( ,lycian orig91 #ij2 ,agyieus1 #acf2 ,delph9ios1 #bia2 ,lykeios1 #gf4 ,arabian div9ities1 #he1 #bfc4 ,aramaic div9ities1 #he4 ,artemis1 ( ,brauron1 #bdd2 9 ,cilicia1 #hi2 at ,ephesos1 #ia2 aborig9al ,m$it]ranean goddess1 #if4 ,aryan migration into ,greece1 #cd4 ,as%ur1 #eh1 #bbe4 ,a/>te1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #hf1 #ajg4 ,a/ral cults1 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ajb2 9 ,greece1 #aaa-aad4 ,at>gatis 7,d]keto71 #eg4 ,a!na1 aborig9al ,m$it]ranean goddess1 #if4 ,a?t>1 ,arabian deity1 #he1 #bfc4 ,att>1 9 ,arabia1 #afh4 ,attis1 #ia1 #bed-beh1 #bff2 1 #ie4 ,axe-cult1 9 ,crete1 #gj1 #ic4 ,baalbec1 #bgc-bgd4 ,baptism1 #bhd4 ,bau1 ,babylonian goddess1 #bfc4 ,belit1 ,babylonian goddess1 #hc1 #hd1 #ajd4 ,birds1 cult (1 #fc1 #fi-gc4 ,boghaz-,keui1 reliefs (1 #dg1 #fj1 #abe2 cunei=m texts at1 #fa4 ,borr[+1 te/s (1 9 religion1 #cg4 ,b\nd>ies1 sanctity (1 #abg-abh4 ,b\phonia1 9 ,attica1 #bcg-bch4 ,britom>tis1 #agj4 ,bull1 ,hittite wor%ip (1 #beb-bec4 ,burial-cu/oms1 #bjh-baj4 ,byblos1 ,adonis-rites at1 #bgc-bgd4 ,*emo%1 ( ,moab1 #ei1 #hf4 ,cilicia1 ,assyrian conque/s 91 #ce 7vide ,typhoeus74 ,cities1 religi\s orig9 (1 #aah4 ,communion-s]vice ) dead1 #bji4 ,confessional-s]vice 9 ,mesopotamia1 #aea1 #bhh4 ,conv5t-sy/em 9 ,mesopotamia1 #bfh-bfi4 ,cook1 ,mr41 #ff1 #fi1 #gc4 ,cosmogonies1 #agi-ahb4 ,c\rtesans1 sacr$1 #bfi-bhc4 ,c[ley1 ,dr41 #ij4 ,creation ( man1 #ahd-ahe4 ,cyprus1 religi\s pro/itution 91 #bgc-bgd4 ,days1 sacr$ "* (1 #bic-bie4 ,dead1 wor%ip (1 #abb1 #baj1 #baa1 #bac2 t5dance (1 #baa1 #bab2 evocation (1 #bad-bae4 ,dea? ( deity1 #bg-bh1 #bch-bdj1 #bdi-bfc4 ,demet]1 #hj4 ,demonology1 #aed1 #bjf-bjh1 #big-cjj4 ,dionysos1 #bci-bdj2 m>riage ) ,que5-,ar*on1 #bfg4 ,div9ation1 ?r\gh sacrifice1 #bdh-bdi1 #cja-cjb2 ec/atic1 #cjc4 ,dualism1 #ai1 #aeh4 #caj ,ea1 ,babylonian god1 #ec1 #ajb1 #aag1 #aba4 ,eagle1 ,hittite wor%ip (1 #fc4 ,e>?1 div9ity (1 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ajc2 9 ,greece1 #aad4 ,enlil1 ,babylonian god1 #ei1 #ajc-ajd1 #adb4 ,eros1 cosmic pr9ciple1 #aha4 ,es*atology1 #bjd-bbj4 ,esmun1 ,pho5ician god1 #eg4 ,euno/os1 ,tanagran vegetation-h]o1 #bfb4 ,eunu*s1 9 ,phrygian religion1 #ib1 #bef-beh4 ,euyuk1 relief at1 #fa4 ,evans1 ,sir ,ar?ur1 #ag1 #cj1 #fd1 #fi-ga1 #gc-gd1 #ia1 #ig1 #baa1 #bbg4 ,evil gods1 #ai1 #adb-adc4 ,fai?1 n a religi\s virtue 9 ,greece1 #bc-bd4 ,fanaticism1 9 ,mesopotamia1 #aig-bjc4 ,fassirlir1 ,lion-goddess at1 #hh4 ,fa!r-god1 #dh1 #ie4 ,feti*ism1 #bbe-bbh4 ,fire-god1 9 ,greece & ,babylon1 #adf-adg1 #bhe4 ,fire-purification1 #bhe-bhf4 ,fraz]1 ,dr41 #ag1 #fj1 #gi1 #hi1 #beg n4 #a1 #bgg1 #bhb4 ,functional deities 7,sond]gtt]71 #aaj1 #acc4 ,goddess-wor%ip1 importance (1 #e1 #ha-hb2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ag1 #hb-hd2 among ,we/]n ,semites1 #he-hf2 ,hittites1 #hg-hh2 on ,asia-,m9or coa/1 #hh-ia2 9 ,crete1 #ib-id2 ,aryan tradition (1 #id-if2 9 e>ly ,greece1 #if-ih4 ,hamm]1 sacr$ ,hittite symbol1 #fc4 ,hammurabi1 code (1 #abi-acb1 #bab4 ,h>palyke1 leg5d (1 #bci4 ,h>rison1 ,miss ,jane1 #fg1 #fi-gj4 ,h>tl&1 ,mr4 ,sidney1 #bga n4 #a1 #bhj-bha4 ,he>?-wor%ip1 #acb-acc4 ,helios1 at ,tyre & ,palmyra1 #ajg2 9 ,greece1 #aaj-aaa4 ,hell1 ,babylonian conception (1 #bje-bjf4 ,h]a1 8 ,aryan-,hell5ic1 #if2 1 #gf4 ,hi]od\lai1 #bgb4 ,hittite e?nology1 #cf4 ,hog>?1 ,dr41 #gd4 ,homicide1 ,babylonian laws conc]n+1 #abi-acj2 ,hell5ic religi\s feel+ ab\t1 #ach-adj2 purification f1 #bhg-bhh4 ,hyak9?os1 #bfb4 ,ibriz1 ,hittite monum5t at1 #dg4 ,idolatry1 9 ,greece1 #ab-ac1 #bbh4 ,inc5se1 #bca-bcb1 #cjf4 ,ince/1 ,babylonian laws conc]n+1 #aca4 ,incubation1 div9ation by1 #cjb4 ,ira1 goddess ( plague1 #adc4 ,i%t>1 #ee1 #hc1 #ajc1 #abj1 #adb1 #afd-afg2 desc5t (1 #bjd1 #bjh4 ,ja/r[1 ,pr(41 #cg1 #eh4 ,ka?>sis1 ,hom]ic1 #bhi-bia4 ,k+%ip1 div9e "* (1 9 ,mesopotamia1 #aai1 #abb-abc2 among ,we/]n ,semites1 #abc2 among ,hittites1 #abd-abe2 9 ,phrygia1 #abe2 9 ,crete1 #abe-abf2 9 ,greece1 #abf-abg4 ,knots1 magic use (1 #cjj4 ,kybele1 #fc1 #ia-ib1 #aji1 #agj1 #bbf4 ,lab>tu1 demon-goddess1 #bih4 ,langdon1 ,dr41 #ef1 #bje n4 #a1 #bif1 #bih4 ,leto 8 ,lycian orig9 (1 #hi-ij4 ,leuko!a1 #bfa4 ,l9os1 #aig1 #bfb4 ,lion-div9ity1 ,phrygian ,hittite ,mesopotamian type1 #fb-fc4 ,lykaon1 ,arcadian sacrifice (1 #bci4 ,ma1 ,anatolian goddess1 #afi1 #bgb4 ,magic1 9 ,greece1 #aeh1 #agf-agi1 #bib-bic2 9 ,babylon1 #bia-cja4 ,male deity1 pr$om9ant among ,semites1 #he-hf2 at ,olba & ,t>sos & 9 ,lycia1 #hi4 ,mannh>dt1 #bgf4 ,m>duk1 #ajc1 #abj1 #bfe4 ,m>riage ( god & goddess1 #bfc-bfh2 m>riage c]emonies 9 ,babylon1 #acd4 ,m]cy1 attribute ( div9ity1 #aeh-afj4 ,m9otaur1 #gd1 #bff-bfg4 ,mitani inscriptions1 #df4 ,mono!ism1 #ahg-ahi4 ,mon/]s1 9 ,cretan art1 #gd-ge4 ,moon-wor%ip1 ,semitic1 #he2 ,hell5ic1 #aab4 ,morality & religion1 #bj4 ,mylitta1 rites (1 #bfi-bga4 #caa ,nature-wor%ip1 #dj-da1 #ig2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ii-ajf2 ,we/-,semitic1 #ajf-ajg2 ,hittite1 #ajh2 ,hell5ic1 #aaj-aad4 ,nebo1 #eb1 #ajb1 #aai1 #aba1 #ahh4 ,n]gal1 #aja1 #adb4 1 w9eless (f]+s1 #aab4 ,n9ib1 #aja1 #aag1 #abg1 #bfc4 ,n9lil1 #hd4 ,n9ni1 relief (1 #eb4 ,nusku1 #aag4 ,omnipot5ce1 div9e attribute1 #agc-age4 ,orotal1 ,arabian deity1 #dd4 ,pan-,babylonism1 #cj-cc4 ,pan!ism1 #afa-afb4 ,p]jury1 #adg-adi4 ,p]sonal religion1 #aia-aif4 ,pessimism1 9 ,babylonian hymns1 #aee4 ,petrie1 ,pr(essor1 #bbc4 ,phallic cults1 #bbh-bcj4 ,phratric sy/em1 religi\s sanction (1 9 ,greece1 #ach2 non-exi/5t 787 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ach4 ,poseidon1 #adf4 ,puni%m5t1 po/hum\s1 #bae-baf4 ,purification1 #aee-aeh1 #bhb-bia4 ,purity1 #afc-agb4 ,qadi/u1 mean+ (1 #bfi4 ,ramman1 vide ,adad4 ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william1 #aag1 #agj1 #bgc1 #bgg4 ,rew>ds1 po/hum\s1 #baf-bah4 ,sacram5t1 #be-bf1 #bcf-bdb1 #bej4 ,sacrifice1 !ory (1 #bd-bf1 #bce-bcf1 #bdj-bdb2 bloodless1 #bcj-bca2 *?onian1 #bcc2 human1 #bdd-bdf2 at oa?-tak+1 #bdg-bdh2 8sob]10 #bca-bcb2 vic>i\s1 #bdb-bdd4 ,s&on1 #beb-bec4 ,sayce1 ,pr(essor1 #afi1 #bec4 ,scapegoat1 #bdg4 ,sci5ce1 relation to religion1 9 ,greece & ,mesopotamia1 #bc4 ,s5tim5tality1 9 ,babylonian religion1 #aif-aig4 ,sex1 confusion (1 #eh-fj4 ,%ama%1 ,babylonian sun-god1 #ii1 #ajj1 #abj-aba1 #abg1 #adb1 #bjh1 #cjb4 ,s91 ,babylonian moon-god1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,s91 non-moral ideas (1 #aeb-aed4 ,s9j]li1 relief at1 #fa4 ,smi?1 ,pr(4 ,rob]tson1 #be1 #bbf1 #bce1 #bch1 #bda4 ,snake-goddess1 9 ,crete1 #fd-fe2 snake-cult1 #gh4 ,tammuz1 #aje-ajf1 #bai-bbj1 #bdb1 #bej-bfc4 ,tanit1 ,c>?ag9ian goddess1 #afh4 ,taurobolion1 #bec4 ,temples1 erection (1 #bbc-bbe2 deification (1 #bbe4 ,te%up1 ,hittite god1 #df1 #fb4 ,teukridai1 at ,olba1 #hi4 ,!an?ropic animal1 #gg-gh4 ,!ism1 #g-i1 #dj-di4 ,!riomorphism1 9 ,egypt1 #ae2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ad1 #eb-ee2 9 o!r ,semitic communities1 #eg-eh2 ,hittite1 #fj-fb2 9 ,crete1 #ff-ge2 9 ,greece1 #ge-hj4 ,timat1 9 ,babylonian cosmogony1 #aha4 ,tiele1 ,pr(essor1 #dj1 #db1 #ha1 #aii4 ,tralles1 religi\s pro/itutes at1 #bge4 ,tr9ities1 #ahe-ahg4 ,tru?fulness1 religi\s virtue1 #adh4 ,typhoeus1 leg5d (1 #ahb-ahc4 ,van ,g5nep1 #bgi4 ,v] ,sacrum1 9 ,greece1 #acg4 ,virg9-goddesses1 n f\nd among ,aryans1 #ie2 ,m$it]ranean1 #if4 ,virg9ity1 sacrifice (1 #bfi-bha4 ,virg9-,"m1 idea (1 #aff-aga4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,pr(essor1 #da n4 #a1 #bgh4 ,wilde1 ,dr41 #a4 ,^w1 my/ic value (1 #ae1 #ef1 #eg1 #agf-agi1 #bie-big4 ,wor%ip1 ambiguity 9 t]m1 #fg1 #gg4 ,zeus1 #di2 grave (1 9 ,crete1 #ic1 #bei-bfj2 ,h]keios1 #adi-aej2 ,horios1 #aeb2 ,k\ros1 #bei2 ,panam>os 9 ,c>ia1 #ij2 ,polieus1 #bch2 ,?und]] 9 ,bi?ynia1 #ie4 ,,endnotes4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,notes #aa4a ,i am aw>e t !re are exceptions to ?is pr9ciple1 :i* ,i propose to consid] 9 a future c\rse2 no s+le =mula c ev] sum up all ! ph5om5a ( a complex religion4 #ad4a ,vide ,langdon1 9 ,transactions ( ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aijh1 vol4 i4 p4 #bea4 #ae4a ,p4 #chb1 ,c4 #ae4b ,vide ,petrie1 9 ,transactions ( ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aijh1 vol4 i4 p4 #aib4 #ag4a ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aijd4 #ag4b ,vide ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,babyloni5s u4 ,assyri5s1 vol4 i4 p4 #ede4 #bj4a ,vide my ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #aci-aeb4 #ba4a #a4 #acb4 #be4a ,transactions ( ,congress ( ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aijh1 vol4 i4 p4 #aib4 #be4b ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aijd1 8,sacrificial ,communion 9 ,greek ,religion40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,notes #ca4a ,vide ! critical rem>ks on su* a view by ,pr(4 ,ja/r[ 9 ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcd-bcg4 #cd4a ,vide ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool1 #aiji1 #aiaj4 #ce4a ,vide ,zimm]n1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das alte ,te/am5t 7,k4,a4,t47#c1 pp4 #cg-ch4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,notes #dj4a ,vide supra1 p4 #i4 #da4a ,we/]m>ck ma9ta9s ! view 9 8 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 pp4 #ffc-ffd1 t 9 _m savage religions ! gods h no conc]n ) ord9>y morality2 b ! /ati/ics he gives ne$ c>eful te/+4 #db4a ,op4 cit41 p4 #agj2 z f> z ,i "k1 only "o fact might be cit$ 9 support ( ,tiele's view1 a fact m5tion$ by ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #eb1 t ! ideogram ( ,enlil1 ! god ( ,nippur1 signifies ,"l-,daimon 7,lil ,daimon72 b we might equally well int]pret x 8,"l ( ,w9ds40 #db4b ,vide ,hs+1 ,d] ,zagros und se9e ,vlk]1 p4 #af4 #dc4a ,vide ,plate 9 ,w9ckl]1 8,die ,gesetze ,hammurabi10 9 ,d] ,alte ,ori5t1 #aijf4 #dc4b ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l'art1 ,assyrie1 p4 #aji1 fig4 #bi 7,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bceh74 #dd4a #c1 #h4 #de4a ,mess]s*midt1 ,die ,hettit]1 p4 #i2 ,/anley ,cook1 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 p4 #gc4 #de4b ,s ,cook1 op4 cit41 p4 #gc1 :o int]prets h] z ,a/>te4 #de4c ,w9ckl]1 ,tel-,el-,am>na ,lett]s1 #ag4 #df4a ,vide ,w9ckl]1 ,mit!il des deuts*4 ,ori5tgesells*41 #aijg1 ,no4 #ce4 #df4b ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,vlk] ,vord]asi5s1 p4 #ba2 ,mess]s*midt1 op4 cit41 p4 #e2 ,k5n$y1 ,j\rn4 ,royal ,asiat4 ,soc41 #aiji1 p4 #aaaj1 decl>es t _! language has be5 prov$ to belong to ! ,ural-,altaic gr\p & to be ak9 to ,vannic4 #df4c ,vide ,mess]s*midt1 p4 #be 7plate72 ,von ,opp5heim1 ,d] ,tel-,halaf und die v]s*lei]te ,gott91 p4 #ag1 publi%es a some:at simil> figure hold+ a k9d ( club4 #dg4a ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l'art1 iv4 p4 #ced 7fig474 #dg4b ,vide ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pl4 lxiii4-lxxi42 ,mess]s*midt1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bf-bg4 #dh4a e4g4 ,outl9es ( ,greek ,religion1 by ,r4 ,k>/51 p4 #f4 #dh4b ,vide supra1 p4 #df2 cf4 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,das er/e ,auftret5 d] ,ari] 9 d] ,ges*i*te 9 ,sitzungsb4 d4 konigl4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s*41 #aijh1 pp4 #ad seq4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,notes #eb4a ,vide supra1 p4 #dc4 #eb4b ,vide supra1 p4 #dc4 #eb4c ,vide ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dh1 s4v4 8,nebo40 #eb4d ,vide ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #fg 7,mit?4 aus dem ,ori5t4 ,sammlung4 zu ,b]l91 ,heft xi4 p4 #bc74 #eb4e ,monum5ts ( ,n9eveh1 i4 p4 #fe 7,ros*]1 op4 cit41 ii4 p4 #bcej74 #eb4f ,p4 #dc4 #eb4g ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bi4 #ec4a ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #bed-bee4 #ec4b ,s*rad]1 ,keil4 ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #ada4 #ec4c ,frag4 ,hi/4 ,graec41 ii4 p4 #dif4 ,frag4 #a1 #c4 #ec4d ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 pl4 vi4 7,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #ehj74 #ed4a ,lay>d1 ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 fig4 #b4 ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #ehj4 #ed4b ,9 ! ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,ar*ael41 #ahhg1 pp4 #ei-fj1 ,fro?+ham cites examples f ,assyrian cyl9d]s ( birds on pill>s or alt> ) wor%ipp]s approa*+3 "o ( ^! %[s u a seat$ god 9 front ( ! bird 7pl4 vii4 #a72 on ano!r1 a w>rior approa*es a tab]nacle1 )9 :i* is a horse's head on an alt>1 & ne> x a bird on a column 7pl4 vii4 #b2 cf4 ! b\nd>y-/one ( ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 publi%$ by ,miss ,h>rison1 ,trans4 ,congr4 ,hi/4 ,rel41 #aijh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aeh72 we f9d also a w+$ g5ius ador+ an alt> on :i* is a cock4 ,b cocks & o!r birds 7 sacrificial animals 9 ,babylonian ritual1 & might be int]pret$ 9 all ^! cases z m]e tempor>y embodim5ts ( ! div9ity's p[]2 ! human-%ap$ div9ity is once repres5t$ by ! side ( ! bird1 & might always h be5 imag9$ z pres5t ?\gh unse54 #ee4a ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #bfh4 #ee4b ,vide *apt] i4 pp4 #ad-ae4 #ef4a ,langdon1 ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms1 p4 #abg4 #ef4b ,s*rad]1 ,keil9s*4 ,bibl41 ii4 pp4 #gi1 #hc4 #ef4c ,op4 cit41 p4 xix4 #eg4a ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #aei1 n4 #ah4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! p]sonification ( ab/ract ideas2 ! *ildr5 ( ,%ama% are ,ju/ice 7,kettu7 & ,law 7,ms>u71 & rema9 imp]sonal ag5cies1 unlike ! ,greek 4 ,a deifi$ ,righte\sness 7s$ek7 has be5 inf]r$ f p]sonal names t occur 9 ! ,am>na docum5ts2 vide ,cook1 ,pale/9e1 p4 #ic4 #eg4b ,vide 8 article on 8,es*mun-,asklepios10 9 ,ori5t4 ,/ud4 zu ,?4 ,nldeke am #gjt5 ,geburt/ag gewidmet3 ! pro(s are d\btful1 b snake-wor%ip 9 ,pho5icia is atte/$ by ,san*unia?on1 ,eus4 ,praep4 ,ev41 #a1 #aj1 #df4 #eg4c ,cook1 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 pp4 #cj-ca4 #eh4a ,praep4 ,ev41 #a1 #aj1 #ca4 ,glas]1 ,mit!ilung5 ub] e9ige ,sabaeis*e ,ins*rift51 p4 #c-d1 gives reasons = affirm+ ! wor%ip ( black bulls 9 hea!n ,arabia2 b x is n cle> 9 :at relation ^! /ood to ! high p]sonal div9ities4 #eh4b ,op4 cit41 p4 #ede4 #ei4a ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbc4 #ei4b ,zimm]n1 ,babyl4 ,hymn4 w4 ,gebete1 p4 #aa4 #ei4c ,c4 ,i4 ,sem41 #bej4 #fj4a ,= ref]5ces1 vide my ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 ii41 8,aphrodite10 ,r4 #aac;a4 #fj4b ,vide ,head1 ,hi/4 ,num41 p4 #ehf4 #fa4a ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l'art1 iv4 fig4 #cbi2 cf4 ,g>/ang1 op4 cit41 p4 #bef4 #fa4b ,supra1 p #dc4 #fa4c ,mess]s*midt1 op4 cit41 p4 #bc4 #fa4d ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,asiat4 ,soc41 #aiji1 p4 #iga4 #fb4a ,lus*an1 ,ausgrabung5 9 ,s5ds*irli1 ,heft iii4 ,taf4 #db1 #dc2 cf4 ,g>/ang1 op4 cit41 p4 #bgd4 #fb4b ,vide ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii41 s4v4 8,ramman40 #fb4c ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 iv4 p4 #edi1 fig4 #bgf2 cf4 fig4 #bgh4 #fb4d ,op4 cit41 ii4 pp4 #fdb-fdd4 #fc4a ,cumont1 ,voyage d'exploration dans le ,pont1 p4 #aci4 #fd4a ,vide ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 vol4 iv4 fig4 #ajg2 cf4 ! relief-figure ( ,cybele on a ,phrygian rock-tomb1 we>+ on h] head a polos1 ) two lions rampant rais+ _! paws to h] head1 publi%$ by ,ramsay1 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #ahhd1 vol4 v4 p4 #bde2 cf4 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 iv4 fig4 #aaj 78little m ?an ! e>li] column> =m ( ! goddess slightly hewn10 ,evans1 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #aff74 #fd4b ,vide 8,myc5aean ,/one & ,pill>-cult10 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija4 #fe4a ,evans1 8,report ( ,excavations10 ,ann4 ,brit4 ,s*ool1 #aijb-aijc1 p4 #ib1 fig4 #fc4 #fe4b ,ann4 ,brit4 ,s*ool1 #aijj-aija1 p4 #bi1 fig4 #i4 #fe4c ,publi%$ by ,evans 9 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #agj1 fig4 #dh4 #fe4d ,vide ,p>ib5i's publication 9 ! ,monum5ti ,anti*i della ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 #aijh 7xix471 pp4 #f-hf1 pls4 i4-iii4 #fe4e ,cf4 ,ann4 ,brit4 ,s*ool1 #aijj-aija1 p4 #ei1 fig4 #ch2 "y god ) %ield & spe> & lioness or ma/iff by 8 side1 on clay seal impression4 #fi4a ,ann4 ,brit4 ,s*ool1 #aija-aijb1 p4 #bi4 #gj4a ,op4 cit41 p4 #ih1 fig4 #ef4 #gj4b ,trans4 ,cong4 ,hi/4 ,relig41 ii4 p4 #aee4 #gj4c ,p4 #fe4 #ga4a ,op4 cit41 i4 p4 #bed4 #ga4b ,ann4 ,brit4 ,s*ool1 #aijj-aija1 p4 #bi1 n4 #c4 #ga4c ,ib41 p4 #ih4 #gb4a ,lucian1 ,de ,dea ,syr41 #cd2 cf4 ,diod4 ,sic4 #b1 #e4 ,dove ) 8,a/>te0 on co9s ( ,askalon1 autonom\s & imp]ial1 ,head1 ,hi/4 ,num41 p4 #fgi4 #gb4b ,accord+ to ,aelian1 c]ta9 sp>r[s 7 sacr$ to ,asklepios1 & ! ,a!nians put a man to dea? = slay+ "o 7,v>4 ,hi/41 v4 #ag74 ,did ,asklepios z an an?ropomorphic div9ity em]ge f ! sp>r[8 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld we say ( ! sacr$ snake :o might bett] claim to be 8 p>5t8 ,0 ,h]mes z a god evolv$ f a sacr$ cock8 ,miss ,h>rison believes x 7op4 cit41 ii4 p4 #afa71 because he is repres5t$ on a late ,greek pat]a /&+ be=e a cock on a pill>4 ,b ! cock came into ,europe p]haps "o ?\s& ye>s aft] ,h]mes _h won to div9e manhood 9 ,arcadia4 ,on ! same evid5ce we might be =c$ to say t ! goddess ,leto came f ! cock 7vide ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #aifh1 cock on gem 9 ,vi5na1 ) inscription 74 #gc4a ,ann4 ,brit4 ,s*ool1 #aijj-aija1 p4 #cj2 cf4 ! pap] by ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*1 8,an?ropologie10 vi41 8,la sculpture en ,europe avant les influ5ces ,grco-,roma9es10 p4 #efa4 #gd4a ,evans 9 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #afi2 ,w9t]1 ,ar*4 ,anz41 #ahij1 p4 #ajh4 #gd4b ,hog>?1 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aijb1 p4 #ib4 #gd4c ,vide gem f ,vapheio1 publi%$ by ,evans1 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #aja1 fig4 #a2 cf4 p4 #aag1 figs4 #ac1 #ad4 #ge4a ,hog>?1 op4 cit41 pp4 #gi1 #ia4 #ge4b ,evans1 ,palace ( ,cnossus1 p4 #ah1 fig4 #g;a4 #gf4a ,vide my ,cults1 iv4 p4 #aae4 #gg4a ,protrept41 p4 #cd1 ,p4 #gg4b ,protrept41 p4 #cd1 ,p42 ,aelian1 ,nat4 ,an41 xii4 #e4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ,diodorus tells u t 8! ,syrians hon\r$ doves z goddesses0 7#b1 #e71 ! /atem5t lets little light on ! real religi\s feel+ & religi\s practice ( ! p4 #gg4c ,op4 cit41 pp4 #abi-aeb4 #gh4a ,see my ,cults1 v4 pp4 #afe1 #afg1 ,r4 #gi4 #gh4b ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #ii4 #gh4c ,cults1 iv4 p4 #aae4 #gh4d ,?is view ( ! passage is m probable ?an t :i* ,i h tak5 9 ,cults1 i4 p4 #cg 7,r4 #h1 p4 #ada74 #gi4a ,comm5t>y on ,pausanias1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ee4 #hj4a ,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 #ahii1 p4 #fce 7plate74 ,,*apt] ,v ,,notes #hb4a ,ar*iv4 fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aijd1 8,sociologic hypo!ses conc]n+ ! position ( wom5 9 anci5t religion40 #hc4a ,vide supra1 p4 #dc4 #hc4b ,vide ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 i4 p4 #baf4 #hc4c ,zimm]n1 ,bab4 ,hymn4 u4 ,gebete1 p4 #bj4 #hc4d ,ib41 p4 #bd4 #hd4a ,a4 ,j]emias 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fb1 s4v4 8,nebo40 #hd4b ,zeits*r4 f4 ,assyriologie1 #ahij1 p4 #gb4 #hd4c ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 vol4 i4 p4 #ebe2 cf4 ! inscription ( ! la/ ( ! ,babylonian k+s1 ,nabuna'id1 :o prays to ,n+al1 ! "m ( ! great gods1 to plead = him be=e ,s9 7,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 iii4 p4 #ajc74 #he4a ,d] ,alte ,ori5t 7#aijd71 p4 #bj4 #he4b ,web]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ai4 #he4c ,c4 ,i4 ,sem41 #b1 #a1 n4 #b1 #aac4 #he4d ,s&a1 ,d] ,alte ,ori5t1 8,die ,aramer10 p4 #bd4 #he4e ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions smitiques1 p4 #dib4 #hf4a xxi4 #bi4 #hf4b ,von ,l&au1 ,die phnizis*5 ,ins*rift51 p4 #ac4 #hf4c ,c4 ,i4 ,sem41 #a1 ii4 ad init4 #hf4d ,ib41 #a1 #g1 p4 #b4 #hf4e ,von ,l&au1 op4 cit41 p4 #ad4 #hg4a ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #bnd ed41 p4 #ajh2 ,g>/ang1 op4 cit41 pl4 lxv4 #hg4b ,mess]s*midt1 ,die ,hettit]1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #hg4c ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 figs4 #bhj1 #bha4 #hg4d ,g>/ang1 op4 cit41 pl4 lxxiii4 pp4 #bfb-bfc1 #bfg-bfh4 #hh4a ,d] ,alte ,ori5t1 #aijh2 ,d] ,tel-,halaf und die v]s*lei]te ,gtt91 pp4 #cc1 #cf4 #hh4b ,vide ,cook1 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 p4 #gc2 ,w9ckl]1 ,tel-el-,am>na ,tablets2 ,g>/ang1 op4 cit41 p4 #cdh4 #hh4c ,publi%$ by ,ramsay1 ,cities ( ,/4 ,paul1 p4 #acd1 fig4 #g4 #hh4d ,g>/ang1 op4 cit41 pp4 #age-agf1 int]prets ! figure z a prie/4 #hi4a ,vide my ,cults1 vol4 ii41 ,artemis-,ref]5ces1 ,r4 #gim4 #hi4b ,adonis1 etc41 #bnd ed41 p4 #abi4 #hi4c ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #eb4 #hi4d ,9 lecture deliv]$ 9 ,ox=d on 8,apollo10 & publi%$ #aiji2 cf4 8 article 9 ,h]mes1 #aijc1 p4 #ege4 #ij4a ,cults1 vol4 ii41 8,artemis0 ,co9-,pl4 ,b1 n4 #bh4 #ij4b ,pp4 #fea1 #feb1 #ffe4 #ia4a ,! inscriptions ?r[+ light on ! cult at ,panam>a are conta9$ 9 ,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 #aa1 #ab1 #ae 7ye>s #ahhg1 #ahhh1 #ahia72 cf4 ! article 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 vol4 iii41 s4v4 8,panam>os40 #ia4b ,vide my ,cults1 vol4 iv4 p4 #agc2 cf4 ib41 ,apollo ,geogr4 ,reg41 s4v4 8,phrygia10 p4 #deb1 & ,r4 #eg4 #ia4c ,! type ) _m brea/s might h be5 sugge/$ by ,babylonian symbolism1 = ! ,goddess ( ,n9eveh is spok5 ( z f\r-brea/$ 7vide ,j]emias 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 vol4 ii41 s4v4 8,nebo071 b ,dr4 ,hog>?'s excavations h %[n t ?is =m ( ! ,ephesian idol is late4 #ib4a ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #afh4 #ic4a ,vide op4 cit41 p4 #ajh1 fig4 #d1 & p4 #age1 fig4 #ea4 #ic4b ,cults1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cf-ch2 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bid-bif4 #ic4c ,cf4 ^? cit$ 9 note #a above1 & ! %ield-be>+ figure pa9t$ on ! tomb ( ,milato 9 ,crete 7ib4 p4 #agd74 #id4a ,mutt] ,erde1 #aije4 #id4b ,vide my ,cults1 v4 pp4 #cde-cfe4 #ie4a ,! ,celtic "q is m difficult3 ,pr(4 ,rhys 9 8 excell5t pap] on ,celtic religion1 read z a ,presid5tial address at ! ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aijh 7,transactions1 ii4 pp4 #bja-bbe71 gives ! impression t ! goddess 0 m 9 evid5ce ?an ! god 9 old ,iri% my?ology1 & d\bts :e!r to attribute ?is to ! non-,indog]manic /ra9 9 ! population2 he notices also c]ta9 8matri>*al0 ph5om5a 9 ! religion2 cf4 ib41 p4 #bdb4 #ie4b ,h]od41 #a1 #id2 #d1 #de 7note "h ! ,?racian associations ( ,manes74 #if4a ,! ,romanis$-,celtic cult ( a vague gr\p ( 8,sanctae ,virg9es10 atte/$ by an inscription f\nd ne> ,lyons 7,rhys1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ajb71 c\nts v little aga9/ ?is induction4 #if4b ,! w>like "* ( ^! ,virg9 ,goddesses1 ,a!na1 ,i%t>1 might be expla9$ on a sociologic hypo!sis t w\ld also acc\nt = ,amazonism2 9 mod]n ,albania ! girl :o refuses m>riage is all[$ to we> man's dress & to be> arms1 vide ,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/41 #aiaj1 p4 #dfj4 #if4c ,b 9 a rec5t pap] 7,a!nis*e ,mit!ilung51 #aiaa1 p4 #bg7 ,frick5haus & ,mll] give reasons = dat+ ! e>lie/ ,h]aeum to ! eigh? c5tury4 ,at any rate1 ! goddess-cult 9 ?is locality 0 va/ly old]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,notes #ajj4a ,bab4 ,hym4 u4 ,gebet41 p4 #aa4 #ajj4b ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #bcj4 #ajj4c ,9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 ii4 #bcga2 cf4 ib41 #bcfg4 #aja4a ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #cfd4 #aja4b ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #bej4 #aja4c ,langdon1 ,sum4 ,babyl4 ,psalms1 p4 #hc4 #aja4d ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 p4 #beb4 #ajb4a ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #dhd4 #ajb4b ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii41 s4v4 8,nebo40 #ajb4c ,z ,j]emias supposes1 ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #fj4 #ajb4d ,vide ,tiele1 ,hi/oire des anc4 relig41 p4 #bdb4 #ajc4a ,vide ,w9ckl]1 ,himmels und ,welt5bild d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #aj-aa4 ,j]emias1 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #eh4 ,b ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #hd1 seems to believe 9 ! planet>y orig9 ( ,i%t>1 & w\ld expla9 h] "* z ! planet ,v5us4 #ajc4b ,w9ckl]1 ib41 p4 #aa4 #ajc4c ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 pp4 #ff-fg4 #ajd4a ,langdon1 ,hymn xiii4 p4 #aii4 #ajd4b ,ib41 p4 #bba4 #ajd4c ,ib41 p4 #bgg4 #ajd4d ,ib41 p4 #bbc4 #ajd4e ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ee4 #ajd4f ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #beg4 #aje4a ,p9*es1 ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,religions1 p4 #ajd2 cf4 8,nidaba10 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ie1 a goddess ( agriculture4 #aje4b 8,d] ,babylonis*e ,gott ,tamuz10 9 ,abh4 ,knig4 ,s*s4 ,gesell4 ,wiss41 xxvii4 7#aiji74 #aje4c ,zimm]n reg>ds ,dumuzi or ,damuzi z %ort5$ f ,dumuzi-,abzu1 b ,ja/r[ 7op4 cit41 p4 #ij7 w\ld keep ! two names di/9ct1 & int]prets ,dumuzi simply z 8,son ( ,life40 #aje4d ,vide ,zimm]n 9 ,sitzungsb4 ,knig4 ,s*s4 ,gesell4 ,wiss41 #aijg4 #aje4e ,zimm]n1 ib41 p4 #bjh2 cf4 ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #cjg4 #ajf4a ,zimm]n1 ,sitzungsb4 ,knig4 ,s*s4 ,gesell4 ,wiss41 p4 #bbj4 #ajf4b ,eus41 ,praep4 ,ev41 #a1 #i1 #bi4 #ajf4c ,ib41 #a1 #aj1 #f4 #ajg4a ,eus41 ,praep4 ,ev41 #a1 #aj1 #g4 #ajg4b ,rel4 ( ,sem41 pp4 #if-ajj4 #ajg4c ,polyb41 #g1 #i 7! ,c>?ag9ian oa? ( alliance ) ,philip ( ,mac$on74 #ajh4a ,g>/ang1 op4 cit41 p4 #cdh4 #ajh4b ,vide supra1 p4 #hh4 #ajh4c ,vide my ,cults1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bie-cjj4 #aji4a ,vide ,ramsay1 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 v4 p4 #bfa2 my ,cults1 iii4 p4 #bii4 #aji4b ,ramsay1 ib41 p4 #bdb4 #aji4c ,cults1 vol4 v4 p4 #bif 7,dionysos1 ,r4 #fc;d74 #aji4d ,! axe1 ! ?und]-feti%1 is atta*$ to h] at times1 ei!r because x 0 ! preval5t religi\s symbol 9 ,crete or because ( h] union ) ! ,?und]-,god4 #aaj4a ,e4g4 ! 8,tile-,god10 ! "l ( f\ndations & tiles1 m5tion$ 9 ! inscription ( ,nabonid 9 ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 iii4 p4 #aja2 b cf4 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #agf1 :o reg>ds him z a special =m ( ,ea4 #aaa4a ,vol4 v4 #dag-dbj4 #aaa4b ,= ,sun-wor%ip indicat$ by ,m9oan monum5ts vide ,evans1 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 pp4 #agb-agc2 on a /one at ,t5os we f9d a curi\s inscription1 7,cults1 v4 p4 #dea1 ,r4 #cg71 & ,s>p$on is a ,m9oan-,rhodian figure4 #aab4a ,vide ,cults1 v4 pp4 #dej-dec1 = ref]5ces4 #aac4a ,e4g4 ,plut>*1 ,vit4 ,agid41 c4 #aa 7! ,sp>tan ephors e n9e ye>s wat* ! sky1 & if a /> falls take x = a sign ( "s religi\s (f5ce ( "o ( ! k+s1 :o is susp5d$ until ! ,delphic oracle det]m9es ab\t him74 #aac4b ,cults1 vol4 i41 8,zeus10 ,r4 #cj4 #aac4c ,ib41 vol4 v4 p4 #deb1 ,r4 #da4 #aac4d ,ib41 p4 #dej1 ,r4 #bd4 #aac4e ,lakonis*e ,kulte1 p4 #caf4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,notes #aag4a ,mll]1 ,frag4 ,hi/4 ,gr41 ii4 #dig4 #aag4b ,vide ,p9*es1 op4 cit41 p4 #gf4 #aag4c ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdf4 #aag4d ,id41 p4 #adf4 #aag4e ,id41 p4 #big4 #aah4a ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 p4 #fha4 #aah4b ,vide ,m>goli\?1 ,life ( ,mahomet1 pp4 #g1 #h4 #aai4a ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 iii4 #a1 p4 #hg4 #aai4b ,k+1 ,hammurabi1 pl4 #aia1 no4 #ig1 col4 ii42 ,j]emias1 9 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iv4 p4 #bi1 s4v4 8,ramman40 #aai4c ,j]emias1 s4v4 8,nebo10 9 ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #fb4 #aai4d ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #cgi4 #abj4a ,s*iel 9 ,rev4 de l'hi/oire des religions1 #ahig1 p4 #bjg4 #abj4b ,j]emias1 ,bab4 ,assyr4 ,vor/ellung5 von dem ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 p4 #ia4 #abj4c ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dcj4 #abj4d ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 vol4 i4 p4 #cd4 #abj4e ,johns1 ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,laws1 etc41 p4 #bg4 #aba4a ,reproduc$ on title-page ( ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,gesetze ,hammurabi4 #aba4b ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit41 p4 #aj4 #aba4c ,ib41 p4 #ci4 #aba4d ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #dg4 #aba4e ,vide ,knudtzon1 ,assyris*e ,gebete an d5 ,sonn5gott1 p4 #bda4 #aba4f ,vide ,langdon1 ,expositor1 #aiji1 p4 #adi2 cf4 ,j]emias1 s4v4 8,nebo10 ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 iii4 p4 #ee4 #abb4a ,j]emias1 ,die ,cultus-tafel von ,sipp>4 #abb4b ,see ,j]emias1 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 pp4 #fb-fc4 #abb4c ,op4 cit41 p4 #agj4 #abb4d ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbc4 #abb4e ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #fci-fdj4 #abc4a ,vide ,hilpre*t 9 ,babyl4 ,exp$4 ,univ4 ,p5nsylv41 vol4 v4 s]ies ,d1 pp4 #bd-bi4 #abc4b ,vide ,langdon1 ,transactions ( ,congress ( ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 vol4 i4 p4 #bea4 #abc4c ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 iii4 #a1 p4 #ig4 #abc4d ,vide ,fraz]'s p>agraph on ! div9e "* ( ,semitic k+s 9 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris#b1 pp4 #ab-ac4 #abc4e ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions smitiques1 p4 #dib4 #abc4f ,op4 cit41 p4 #dha4 #abd4a ,c4 ,i4 ,sem4 #a1 #a1 #a 7cf4 8,die ,phnizis*5 ,ins*rift510 by ,freih]r von ,l&au1 9 ,d] ,alte ,ori5t1 #aijg1 p4 #ac74 #abd4b ,ezek4 xxix4 #b1 #i2 quot$ by ,fraz]1 supra4 #abd4c ,! same figure :i* ,i int]pret z ! prie/-k+ occurs 9 o!r religi\s sc5es ( ,hittite sculpture2 ! type might (t5 h be5 us$ = ! prie/ pure & simple1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] w\ld always int]pret x 7vide op4 cit41 pp4 #ajc-ajh74 #abe4a ,op4 cit41 pp4 #eg-eh4 #abe4b ,/rab41 p4 #ece4 #abe4c ,vide ,ramsay1 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 x4 p4 #aeh2 cf4 ,hyg9us1 #aia 7,midas ,rex ,mydonius filius matris ,deae74 #abe4d ,*il41 #a1 #dgc2 vide ,cook 9 ,class4 ,rev41 #aijc1 p4 #djh4 #abf4a ,vide my ,cults1 v4 pp4 #cej-ced2 ,fraz]1 ,j\rn4 ,philol41 xiv4 8,! ,prytaneum1 ,temple ( ,ve/a40 #abg4a ,c4 ,d4 ,gray1 ,! ,samas ,religi\s ,texts 7,brit4 ,mus471 ,hymn #a4 #abg4b ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #aca4 #abg4c ,cook1 ,religions ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 p4 #aji4 #abg4d ,j]emias1 ,hlle u4 ,p>adies1 p4 #ag4 #abh4a ,/]rett1 ,epigraphical ,j\rney1 ,no4 #fe4 #abh4b ,vide ,cults1 vol4 v4 p4 #ai4 #abh4c ,vide ,fraz]1 ,psy*e's ,task1 pp4 #ah-cj4 #abi4a ,vide ,w9ckl]'s 8,die ,gesetze ,hammurabi0 9 ,d] ,alte ,ori5t1 #aijf2 an ,engli% v]sion ( ! code 9 ,johns' ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,laws & ,contracts4 #acj4a ,! son ( ! sla9 man c\ld claim comp5sation = manslaught]4 ,9 an ,assyrian docum5t a slave-girl is h&$ ov] to ! son at ! grave ( ! sla9 man4 ,?is is int]e/+1 = x seems to po9t to "s consid]ation = ! feel+s ( ! gho/ 7vide ,johns1 op4 cit41 p4 #aaf74 #acb4a ,vide ,johns1 op4 cit41 p4 #gg4 #acb4b ,op4 cit41 p4 #hc4 #acb4c ,op4 cit41 p4 #he4 #acb4d ,op4 cit41 p4 #hf4 #acb4e ,op4 cit41 p4 #ij4 #acc4a ,translat$ by ,s*eil 9 ,rev4 de l'hi/4 des ,religions1 #ahig1 p4 #bje4 #acc4b ,zimm]n 9 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dee2 cf4 8 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,babyl4 ,religion1 ii4 p4 #adg1 8= ! ,h\se-,god1 ! ,h\se-,goddess1 = ! ,h\se-daimon ?\ %alt erect ?ree alt>s40 #acd4a ,= exceptions1 vide infra1 pp4 #bac1 #bag4 #acd4b ,vide ,johns1 op4 cit41 p4 #acc2 quot+ f pap] by ,dr4 ,p9*es 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 #ahib-ic1 8,notes on "s rec5t ,discov]ies 9 ! ,realm ( ,assyriology40 #acd4c ,johns1 op4 cit41 p4 #aed1 etc41 treats ,babylonian adoption :olly z a secul> bus9ess bas$ on secul> feel+s4 #acf4a ,il41 #ah1 #eje4 #acg4a ,od41 #c1 #bae4 #acg4b ,vide ,cults1 iv4 pp4 #bja-bjb4 #acg4c ,ib41 p4 #bjb4 #acg4d ,ib41 pp4 #ajd-ajf4 #ach4a ,vide my ,cults1 iii4 pp4 #hj-ha4 #ach4b ,ib41 pp4 #ec-ee4 #ach4c ,vide supra1 pp4 #abi-aca4 #aci4a ,vide my ,cults1 v4 p4 #cde4 #aci4b ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #aci-aeb4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,notes #adb4a ,zimm]n1 ,babylonis*e ,hymn5 und ,gebete1 p4 #bj4 #adb4b ,p9*es1 op4 cit41 p4 #gg4 #adb4c ,vide ,j]emias1 ,bab4 ,assyr4 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 p4 #fh4 #adb4d ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #dcc-dcd4 #adc4a ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dab1 #ehg4 #adc4b ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #hc4 #adc4c ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 vi4 p4 #dg1 s4v4 8,ramman40 #add4a ,c]ta9 o!r m9or p[]s or daimones1 su* z ! corn-deity1 ! ,"l ( ,wat]c\rses 7,%uqamunu71 may h rema9$ purely 8functional10 & h acquir$ no moral attributes beyond ! b5efic5t ex]cises ( _! special function4 ,b ! habitual ,babylonian t5d5cy is to moralise all ! gods & goddesses4 #ade4a or 1 ,cults1 ii4 p4 #ffe1 & 1 ib41 v4 p4 #aef4 #adf4a ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #daf-dah2 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 pp4 #big1 #dhg4 #adh4a ,web]1 ,dmon5bes*wrung bei d5 ,babyloni]n und ,assyr]n1 p4 #h4 #adh4b ,il41 #i1 #cab4 #aej4a ,od41 #bb1 #ccd4 #aej4b ,il41 #i1 #fc4 #aej4c ,il41 #ae1 #bjd4 #aej4d ,od41 #aa1 #bhj4 #aea4a ,web]1 op4 cit41 p4 #h4 #aeb4a ,gray1 ,sama ,religi\s ,texts 7,briti% ,museum71 ,hymn #a4 #aeb4b ,zimm]n1 ,babylonis*e ,hymn5 u4 ,gebete1 p4 #ah4 #aec4a ,web]1 op4 cit41 p4 #i4 #aec4b ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #bc4 #aed4a 8,i h s9n$ & am !re=e ill10 is ! conv5tional =mula 9 ! confessional exorcism 7,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #bf74 #aed4b ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bc-bd4 #aee4a ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bh-cj4 #aeg4a ,vide my ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #abh4 #aei4a ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #di4 #aei4b ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfi4 #aei4c ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ecf4 ,= ! idea ( ! goddess z ! plead] = man be=e ! high god1 cf4 ! pray] ( ,a%urbanapal to ,n9lil 7,ja/r[1 p4 #ebe74 #aei4d ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #ae2 ib41 p4 #aa4 #aei4e ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjj4 #afj4a ,il41 #i1 #dig2 cf4 my ,cults1 i4 pp4 #gb-gc1 #ge-gg4 #afj4b ,vide ,j]emias 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bcee4 #afj4c ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbe4 #afj4d ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #dij4 #afj4e ,ib41 p4 #ebi4 #afj4f ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #c4 #afa4a ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #cai4 #afa4b ,cults1 iii4 p4 #cc4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,notes #afc4a ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bced4 #afc4b ,vide ,j]emias1 ,die ,cultus-,tafel von ,sipp>1 p4 #bi4 #afe4a ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #aia4 #afe4b ,ib41 p4 #aic4 #afe4c ,ib41 p4 #bhi4 #afe4d ,ib41 p4 #c4 #afe4e ,tabl4 #i1 #a1 #aa4 #afe4f ,*oix des textes religieux ,assyri5s ,babyloni5s1 p4 #bgj4 #afe4g ,vide ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dbc2 b cf4 8 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d4 ,babyl4 ,relig41 ii4 p4 #agi1 8treffli* i/ die grosse ,buhle die h]rli*e ,i/>40 #aff4a ,e4g4 by ,dhorme1 op4 cit4 #aff4b ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #dg4 #aff4c ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #aa4 #aff4d ,ib41 p4 #bhi4 #aff4e ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 #dfj4 #afh4a ,only a late ,greek inscription f ,b]ytos designates ,baal z ! pure ,god 7,ditt5b]g]1 ,ori5t4 ,graec4 ,inscr41 #eij74 #afh4b ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions smitiques1 p4 #dhb4 #afh4c ,vide ,web]1 ,arabi5 vor dem ,islam1 p4 #ah4 #afh4d ,epiphanius1 ,pan>ium1 #ea2 cf4 my ,cults1 ii4 #fbi4 #afh4e ,c4 ,i4 ,sem41 #a1 #a1 #aie4 #afi4a ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 #b1 #d2 cf4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i41 s4v4 8,caele/is40 ,c4,i4,l41 #h1 #igif4 #afi4b ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 iv4 fig4 #bhj4 #afi4c ,ye> #aiji4 #agj4a ,vide ,cults1 iii4 pp4 #cje-cjf2 ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,ar*41 #ahhg1 p4 #cdh1 express$ 8 belief 9 ! preval5ce ( ! cult ( an ,anatolian goddess 9 ! lat] p]iod1 reg>d$ z a virg9-"m & nam$ ,artemis-,leto2 ! fact is m]ely t ! goddess ,anaitis 0 usually id5tifi$ ) ,artemis1 b occasionally ) ,leto2 b we n[h]e f9d ,artemis explicitly id5tifi$ ) ,leto1 & ! int]pretation :i* he gives to ! ,messapian inscription 7,artamihi ,la?oi1 vide ,rhe94 ,mus41 #ahhg1 p4 #bcb1 ,deeke7 appe>s to me unconv9c+4 #agj4b ,! fact t a "p ( h] temple at ,kyzikos 0 call$ does n indicate a virg9-goddess4 ,m4 ,re9a* is1 9 my op9ion1 "r 9 expla9+ x z 8! ap>tm5t ( ! maid5s0 :]e ! maid5 prie/esses assembl$ 7,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 #aijh1 p4 #dii74 #aga4a ,cults1 vol4 i41 8,a!na10 ,r4 #ff4 #aga4b ,a diff]5t view ( ! :ole "q might be pres5t$ if ,i 0 deal+ "h ) ! evid5ce glean$ f ! p]iod j be=e ,*ri/ianity4 #agb4a ,cults1 iii4 p4 #bjf4 #agb4b #h1 #dd1 #e4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,notes #agc4a ,langdon1 op4 cit41 pp4 #a1 #g4 #agd4a ,vide ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbe4 #agd4b ,vide ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bcdh4 #agd4c ,vide ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dja4 #age4a ,ev5 ! ,py?ian ,apollo1 9 our e>lie/ record ( 8 oracle1 is only ! voice ( 8! c\nsels ( ,god0 7cf4 ,hom4 ,od41 #h1 #gi74 #agf4a ,web]1 ,dmon5bes*wrung bei d5 ,babyloni]n und ,assyr]n1 p4 #g4 #agf4b ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bcee1 quot+ ,hymn iv4 ,r4 #bi1 #a4 #agf4c ,dhorme1 ,*oix1 etc41 p4 #be1 l4 #ci4 #agf4d ,e4g4 ,langdon1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ci-da2 cf4 p4 xix4 #agf4e ,zimm]n1 ,babyl4 ,hymne u4 ,gebete1 p4 #h4 #agg4a ,dhorme1 ,*oix1 etc41 p4 #cdc4 #agg4b ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bcfg 7iv4 ,r4 #bf1 n4 #d74 #agg4c ,langdon1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ci1 #ii4 #agg4d ,vide my essays 9 ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #ahd-aib4 #agg4e ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #abi4 #agg4f ,dhorme1 op4 cit41 p4 #e1 l4 #g4 #agg4g ,j]emias1 ,hlle und ,p>adies1 p4 #ab2 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 s4v4 8,n9ib10 iii4 p4 #cfh4 #agh4a ,vide infra1 pp4 #bia-bic4 #agi4a ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 #agi4b ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #dij1 #dia1 #dig4 #ahj4a ,pp4 #eb-ajj2 cf4 ,p9*es1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #cj1 etc42 ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 #dhh-ejf4 #ahj4b ,il41 #ad1 #bdf1 #cjb4 #ahj4c ,e4g41 vide ,a4 ,lang1 ,my? ,ritual & ,religion1 pp4 #ahb1 #aih1 #bjc2 cf4 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 pp4 #ac1 #ad2 ,gol!r1 ,h&bu* d] ,g]man4 ,my?ologie1 pp4 #eab-ead4 #ahb4a ,macdonell1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 #ahb4b ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dig4 #ahb4c ,vide ,a4 ,lang1 ,my? ,ritual & ,religion1 ii4 pp4 #bi1 #cj4 #ahc4a ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dih2 cf4 ,k+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hd-hf4 #ahc4b ,vide ,/rab41 p4 #fbf2 o!rs plac$ x 9 ! volcanic region ( ,lydia 7ib41 p4 #egi74 #ahc4c ,cf4 ,k+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aja1 #ajb 7plate72 & ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #ejb1 #ejc1 n4 #b4 #ahd4a ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dig4 #ahd4b ,k+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hh-ia2 ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #dih 7b74 #ahe4a ,ad ,ov4 ,metam41 #a1 #cd 7! au!nticity ( ! ,lactantius passage is d\bt$2 vide ,bapp 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #cjdd74 #ahe4b ,! fir/ is specially ,babylonian1 ! second 9 ,es>haddon's inscriptions 7vide ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi74 #ahe4c 8,la ,tr9it ,c>?ag9oise0 9 ,gazette ,ar*ol41 #ahgi-ahhj4 #ahe4d ,evans1 9 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #adj4 #ahf4a ,vide1 h[ev]1 ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dai1 :o tries to d]ive ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity ultimately f ,babylon4 #ahf4b ,vide ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #fg1 s4v4 8,nebo40 #ahg4a ,vide ,cults1 v4 p4 #dca4 #ahg4b ,vide op4 cit41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bhd-bhe4 #ahg4c ,vide op4 cit41 vol4 i4 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #ahg4d ,made by ,web] 9 ,arabi5 vor dem ,islam1 p4 #ai4 #ahh4a ,vide ,p9*es1 op4 cit41 p4 #aah2 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjc1 n4 #a4 #ahh4b ,quot$ by ,j]emias 9 8 article on 8,nebo0 9 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #di4 #ahi4a ,x is int]e/+ to note ! cult ( ! supreme god "u ! title ( 9 ! remote di/rict & city ( ,b\lis1 :i* excit$ ! att5tion ( ,pausanias4 ,yet ! m5 ( ,b\lis 7 no mono!i/s1 = !y _h temples ( ,artemis & ,dionysos 7,paus41 #aj1 #cg1 #c2 cf4 my article 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 #aijg1 p4 #ib74 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,notes #aib4a ,vide ,langdon1 ,transactions ( ,congress ( ,rel41 #aijh1 i4 p4 #bed4 #aib4b ,zimm]n1 ,babylon4 ,hymn4 u4 ,gebete1 p4 #bg4 #aib4c ,langdon1 ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms1 p4 #bfi4 #aib4d ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl4 7,s*rad]71 vol4 ii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #fi4 #aib4e iv4 ,r4 #c1 #e2 quot$ by ,j]emias 9 ,bab4 ,assyr4 ,vor/ell4 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode4 #aib4f ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 iii4 #b1 p4 #aa4 #aic4a ,9 ,aes*4 ,agam41 l4 #gj1 ! words are spuri\s1 z ,i h argu$ 9 ,class4 ,review1 #ahig1 p4 #bic4 #aic4b ,we might p]haps inf] _! recognition f ! occasional use ( ! ^w 9 a p>tly good s5se1 e4g4 ,ari/ot4 ,pol41 #e1 #aa1 #be2 ,x54 ,ages41 #aa1 #h2 b its bad s5se is m emphasis$ by ,!ophra/os 9 8 8,*>act]s40 #aic4c ,nebukadnez> 7( all p7 calls himself m ?an once 8! humble1 ! submissive10 e4g4 ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 iii4 p4 #fc4 #aic4d ,we f9d ! phrase also 9 ! ,greek magic papyri1 b ^! are *>g$ ) ! ,ori5tal _s2 ,k5yon1 ,greek ,pap41 i4 p4 #ajh1 ll4 #gde-f4 #aid4a ,c4 ,i4 ,sem41 #a1 ,no4 #abb4 #aid4b ,^! facts are collect$ & expos$ 9 a valuable article by ,p]drizet 9 ,ar*iv4 fr ,relig4 ,wiss5s*41 #aiaa1 pp4 #ed-abi2 cf4 ,revue des tudes anci5nes1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bcf-bcg2 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #ahhh1 pl4 vi4 #aie4a ,vide ,o4 ,web]1 ,arabi5 vor dem ,islam1 p4 #ba4 #aif4a ,ditt5b]g1 ,ori5t4 ,graec4 ,inscr41 #fai 7 ,lebas-,wadd+ton1 ,inscr41 iii4 #bcic72 ! read+ "h is 1 probably a mi/ake = 2 cf4 ,lebas-,wadd41 #bcie & #bdee4 #aif4b ,vide ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bgeb4 #aif4c ,vide ib41 iii4 p4 #adif4 #aif4d ,cults1 vol4 i41 8,a!na10 ,r4 #if;b 7,paus41 #a1 #db1 #d72 z reg>ds 8,apollo ,s>p$onios0 we are unc]ta9 :e!r ! title 0 n m]ely local-geographical4 #aig4a ,langdon1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cji1 #cba2 cf4 ! l9es 9 ! hymn1 p4 #cce3 8,i am ! *ild :o ^u ! flood 0 ca/ out--,damu1 :o on ! flood 0 ca/ out1 ! ano9t$ "o :o on ! flood 0 ca/ out40 #aig4b ,b]gk's ,lyr4 ,graec41 iii4 p4 #fed4 #aii4a ,pp4 #bbb-bbc4 #aii4b ,vide supra1 p4 #db4 #aii4c ,keil9s*r4 ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #aia4 #bjj4a ,keil4 ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #aa4 #bjj4b ,ib41 p4 #fi4 #bjj4c ,ib41 p4 #beg4 #bja4a ,keil4 ,bibl41 ii4 pp4 #acc-acd4 #bja4b ,ib41 pp4 #bjc1 #bjg4 #bja4c ,ib41 p4 #bje4 #bjb4a ,we note ! indication ( a cruel human sacrifice--consecration ( a *ild to a god or goddess by fire--z a legal puni%m5t = reop5+ adjudicat$ causes 7,johns1 ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,laws1 etc41 p4 #ie74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,notes #bje4a ,vide ,dr4 ,langdon's pap] on 8,babylonian ,es*atology20 9 ,essays 9 ,mod]n ,!ology 7pap]s (f]$ to ,pr(essor ,briggs1 #aiaa71 p4 #aci4 #bje4b ,vide ,j]emias1 ,hlle und ,p>adies1 p4 #cj2 cf4 ,k+1 ,bab4 ,rel41 p4 #df--;=mula = lay+ a tr\bl$ & dang]\s gho/--8let him dep>t into ! we/2 to ,n$u1 ! ,*ief ,port] ( ! ,und]world1 ,i consign him40 ,! we/ 0 sugge/$ to ! ,hell5e because ( ! natural associations ( ! sett+ sun2 to ! ,babylonian1 p]haps1 accord+ to ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 p4 #ai1 because ! des]t we/ ( ,babylon 0 associat$ ) dea? & demons4 #bje4c ,! 8wat]s ( dea?0 figure 9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame%1 e4g4 ,k+1 op4 cit41 p4 #afi4 #bje4d ,vide inscr4 ( ,s>gon ,,ii4 9 ,keil4 ,bibl41 ii4 #b1 pp4 #ge-gg1 #gi3 8,ea1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,nabu1 ,ramman1 ,n9ib1 & _! b5ign sp\ses1 :o 7 rightfully born on ,ih>saggalkurkurra1 ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,und]world40 #bjf4a ,passage 9 8,! ,desc5t ( ,i%t>10 ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 p4 #bj4 #bjf4b ,k+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #de-df4 #bjh4a ,vide ,langdon1 op4 cit4 #bji4a ,cook1 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 p4 #cf4 #bji4b ,vide ,langdon1 op4 cit4 #bji4c ,vide ,pr(4 ,m>goli\?'s article on 8,ance/or-wor%ip0 9 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 #baj4a ,k+'s translation 9 ,babyl4 ,relig41 pp4 #dh-di4 ,cf4 ,j]emias1 ,hlle u4 ,p>adies1 p4 #ab4 #baa4a ,cook1 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 p4 #ce4 #baa4b ,e4g4 ,eur4 ,troad41 #ajhe1 1 4 #bab4a ,langdon1 op4 cit4 #bab4b ,k+1 op4 cit41 p4 #agf4 #bab4c ,?ureau-,dang91 ,les cyl9dres de ,g\da1 p4 #eg3 ,les hros morts leur b\*e auprs d'une fonta9e il plaa4 #bab4d ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit41 p4 #da4 #bab4e ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 p4 #ae4 #bac4a ,e4g4 ,peis]1 ,sket* ( ,babylonian ,society1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 #ahih1 p4 #ehf1 speaks z if x 0 ance/or-wor%ip t held ! ,babylonian family toge!r4 #bac4b ,vide my article on 8,h]o-wor%ip0 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aiji1 p4 #dag4 #bad4a ,v4 ,l&au1 ,phnizis*e ,ins*r41 p4 #ae4 #bad4b ,j]emias1 ,hlle u4 ,p>adies1 p4 #cg4 #bae4a ,x w\ld be idle = my purpose to di/+ui% betwe5 ! s-call$ 8,a*aean0 & 8,pelasgian0 elem5ts 9 ! ,hom]ic 2 ev5 if ! latt] e?nic t]m 0 ( any pres5t value = ,greek religion4 #bae4b ,hesiod1 4 #aaj-agj 7! m5 ( ! gold5 & ! silv] ages & ! h]oes74 #baf4a ,vide ,zimm]n 9 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #fcf-fci2 ,j]emias1 ,hlle u4 ,p>adies1 p4 #be2 cf4 8 ,die ,babyl4 ,assyr4 ,vor/ellung5 rom4 ,leb5 na* dem ,tode4 #baf4b ,vide supra1 p4 #afj4 #baf4c ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #ebj2 ,k+1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahh4 #bag4a ,k+1 op4 cit41 p4 #ach4 #bag4b ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions smitiques1 p4 #dic4 #bah4a ,cf4 ,keil4 ,bibl41 ii4 #aji2 ,j]emias1 ,hlle u4 ,p>adies1 pp4 #ac-ad4 #bai4a ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dgb-dgc4 #bai4b ,ib41 p4 #dgc4 #bai4c ,ib41 p4 #dgb4 #bai4d ,zimm]n 9 ,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,kn4 ,s*s4 ,gesell4 ,wiss4 #aijg1 8,sum]is*-,babylonis*e ,tanzli$]10 p4 #bbj4 #bai4e ,vide ,j]emias 9 8 article on 8,n]gal0 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #bea4 #bai4f ,x is d\btful if any argum5t c be bas$ on ! "n ,n+zu1 occasionally f\nd z ! "n ( ! consort ( ,ere%kigal 7,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #fcg7 & said to mean 8,"l ( ,heal+10 9 ref]5ce1 probably1 to ! wat]s ( life4 #bai4g ,only 9 ! /ory ( ,adapa he appe>s z "o ( ! w>d]s ( ! gates ( heav5 7,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #eba74 #bbj4a ,! /ory ( ,aphrodite desc5d+ into ,hades to seek ,adonis is mu* lat] ?an ! p]iod ) :i* we are deal+4 ,n]gal's desc5t to satisfy ! wra? ( ,allatu & 8 subsequ5t m>riage ) h] 7,j]emias1 ,hlle und ,p>adies1 p4 #bb7 is a /ory ( entirely diff]5t motive to ! ,rape ( ,kore4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,notes #bbc4a ,cook1 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 p4 #ag4 #bbc4b ,rese>*es 9 ,s9ai1 p4 #gb1 etc41 #ahf3 he w\ld c>ry back ! f\ndation to ! f\r? mill5nium ,b4,c4 #bbc4c ,vide ,ar*4 ,anzeig41 #aiji1 p4 #dih4 #bbc4d ,vide ,cults1 iii4 p4 #bii4 #bbd4a ,vide ,hog>?'s evid5ce = ! date ( ! e>lie/ ,artemision1 ,excavations at ,ephesus1 p4 #bdd4 #bbd4b ,il41 i4 #ch4 #bbd4c ,ib41 vi4 #bfi1 #bii-cjj4 #bbd4d ,ib41 ii4 #eej4 #bbd4e ,ib41 ix4 #dje4 #bbd4f ,vide ,/5gel1 ,grie*is*e ,sacral-,alt]tm]1 p4 #ag4 #bbd4g ,vide ,a!n4 ,mit!il41 #aiaa1 pp4 #bg1 #aib4 #bbe4a ,vide ,j]emias 9 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #bcdg1 s4v4 8,m>duk40 #bbe4b ,some?+ ne> to x w\ld be f\nd 9 ! cult-phrase ( ,dodona1 :i* is a =m common] 9 ! inscriptions ?an 1 if1 ) ,m4 ,re9a* 7,rev4 ,ar*ol41 #aije1 p4 #ig71 we reg>d$ ?is z ! orig9al title & int]pret$ x z 8,zeus-,temple40 ,b ! int]pretation is haz>d\s4 #bbe4c ,a disk on ! top ( a pole1 vide ,ja/r[1 ,rel4 ,bab4 ,assyr41 vol4 i4 p4 #bjc4 #bbf4a ,cook1 op4 cit41 p4 #bh4 #bbf4b ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #ahe-aie2 8,myc5aean ,tree & ,pill> ,cult10 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,baitylos1 a "n d]iv$ f ! ,semitic description ( ! sacr$ /one z ! 8,h\se ( ,god10 is giv5 z ! "n ( a div9e k+ 9 ! cosmogony ( ,philo ,byblius1 ,mll]1 ,frag4 ,hi/4 ,graec41 iii4 p4 #efg2 cf4 ! baitylos ) human head f\nd at ,tegea inscrib$ 7fif? c5tury ,b4,c471 8,zeus ( ! lightn+0 7,eph4 ,ar*41 #aijf1 p4 #fd74 #bbg4a ,vide ,evans1 op4 cit41 & ,annual ( ,briti% ,s*ool1 #aijh1 #aiji4 #bbg4b ,vide my ,cults1 i4 pp4 #ac-ah1 #ajb2 ii4 pp4 #ebj1 #fgj2 iv4 pp4 #d1 #adi1 #cjg2 v4 pp4 #g1 #bdj1 #ddd4 #bbg4c ,= ! evid5ce ( a pill>-cult ( ,apollo ,agyieus & ,k>neios com+ f ! nor?1 vide ,cults1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cjg-cjh4 #bbg4d ,! pill>s kn[n z 8,kudurru10 ) emblems ( ! v>i\s div9ities ^u !m1 s]v$ m]ely z b\nd>y-/ones 7vide ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 i4 p4 #aia2 ,hilpre*t 9 ,babylonian ,exp$ition ( ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 vol4 iv474 #bbh4a #f1 #bfi4 #bbh4b ,cults1 ii4 #dde4 #bbh4c ,op4 cit41 vol4 v4 p4 #h4 #bbi4a ,arnob4 ,adv4 ,g5t41 #e1 #ai 79 ! my/]ies ( ! ,cyprian ,v5us71 8ref]unt phallos propitii num9is signa donatos40 #bbi4b ,cook1 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 p4 #bh2 cf4 ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,sem41 i4 #aa4 #f1 inscription f\nd 9 cave1 d$icat$ p]haps by ! hi]odulai1 8pud5da muliebria0 c>v$ on ! wall4 #bbi4c ,rel4 ( ,sem41 pp4 #dcg-dch4 #bbi4d ,de ,dea ,syria1 c4 #af & c4 #bh4 #bbi4e ,hi/oire de l',art1 iv4 pl4 viii1 ,d4 #bcj4a ,j]emias1 9 8 articles on 8,izdub>0 & 8,nebo0 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 ii4 p4 #gib & iii4 p4 #fe1 concludes t a phallic emblem 0 employ$ 9 ! ritual ( ,i%t>2 b he bases 8 view on ! translation ( ! ^w ibattu 9 ! ,gilgame% ,epic1 :i* is diff]5tly r5d]$ by ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #afc1 & ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #egb4 #bcj4b ,?ureau-,dang91 ,les ,cyl9dres de ,g\da1 p4 #fi4 #bca4a ,?is may expla9 ! d\ble phrase1 us$ conc]n+ ! in/itution & end[m5t ( temple-rites 9 an inscription ( ! "t ( ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii41 :i* ,zimm]n translates by 8,opf]-,mahlzeit510 ,keil4 ,bibl41 iv4 p4 #ajc2 cf4 especially ,k4,b41 iii4 p4 #agi 7inscr4 ( n9? c5tury72 ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,babyl4 ,relig41 ii4 p4 #ii 7sacr$ loaves (f]$ be=e consultation ( div9ity74 #bca4b ,vide ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjj4 #bca4c ,vide ,cults1 i4 p4 #hh2 v4 p4 #aii4 #bcb4a ,judges ix4 #ac2 cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjc4 #bcb4b ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions smitiques1 p4 #ejf4 ,?is seems to agree ) ! /atem5t 9 ,diodorus 7#ai1 #id7 t ! ,nabataeans taboo$ w9e2 yet ,dus>es1 ! ,arabian c\nt]p>t ( ,dionysos1 0 a ,nabataean god4 #bcb4c ,gray1 ,%ama% ,religi\s ,texts1 p4 #ba4 #bcb4d ,dhorme1 ,*oix1 etc41 p4 #da1 l4 #acf4 #bcb4e ,vide ,cults1 iii4 p4 #cij1 ,r4 #eg;h4 #bcb4f ,ib41 ii4 p4 #fdf4 #bcd4a ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bgb-bgc4 #bcd4b ,a!nae4 #cgf;a 7,cults1 i4 p4 #ada74 #bcd4c ,cults1 ii4 pp4 #fdf-fdg4 #bcd4d ,o4 ,web]1 ,dmon5bes*wrung1 p4 #bi2 8 note on ! passage 8t ! unclean bea/ is (f]$ z a sub/itute = an unclean man0 is n support$ by any evid5ce4 #bcd4e ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #dji-daj4 #bce4a ,rob]tson ,smi?'s !ory t ! gift-sacrifice 0 a lat] deg5]acy f ! communion-type is unconv9c+2 vide specially an article by ,ada ,?oms51 8,d] ,trug von ,prome!us10 ,ar*4 ,relig4 ,wiss5s*41 #aiji1 p4 #dfj4 #bcf4a 8,sacrificial ,communion 9 ,greek ,religion10 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aijd4 #bcf4b ,e4g4 ,il41 #a1 #deg-dgd2 ,od41 #c1 #a-da2 #ad1 #dbf4 #bcf4c ,cf4 ,s*ol4 ,od41 #c1 #dda 7:o def9es z b>ley & salt mix$ ) wat] or w9e''' ''' 72 ,s*ol4 ,ari/4 ,equ41 #aafg1 4 ,vide ,fritz4 ,h]mes1 #cb1 #bce2 = ano!r !ory1 vide ,/oll1 8,alte ,taufgebra*e10 9 ,ar*4 ,relig4 ,wiss5s*41 #aije1 ,beiheft1 p4 #cc4 #bcg4a ,vide ,evans1 8,myc5aean ,tree & ,pill> ,cult10 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 pp4 #aad-aae4 #bcg4b ,od41 #ad1 #dbf2 cf4 ! cu/om report$ f ,arabia ( m+l+ hair f ! head ( a wor%ipp] ) ! pa/e f :i* an idol is made4 #bcg4c ,ari/oph4 ,pax41 #ief4 #bcg4d ,a!nae1 p4 #dai1 ,b4 #bcg4e ,vide ,ar*4 ,rel4 ,wiss41 #aiji1 p4 #dfg2 ,?oms5 !re expla9s x :olly f ! idea ( tabu4 #bcg4f ,! common meal ( ! ?iasota is (t5 repres5t$ on lat] reliefs1 vide ,p]driyet1 8,reliefs ,mysi5s10 ,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 #ahii1 p4 #eib4 #bch4a ,vide ,cults1 i4 pp4 #ef-eh1 #hh-ib4 #bci4a ,9 my article on 8,sacrificial ,communion 9 ,greek ,religion10 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aijd1 p4 #cbj1 ,i h be5 myself guilty ( ?is1 9 quot+ ! /ory told by ,polyna5us 7,/rategem4 #h1 #dc71 ab\t ! dev\r+ ( ! mad bull ) gold5 horns by ! ,ery?raean ho/1 z conta9+ an example ( a true sacram5t4 #bci4b ,vide ,cults1 vol4 i4 p4 #ade4 #bci4c ,see ,crusius' article 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 s4v4 8,h>palyke40 #bdj4a ,vide ,cults1 v4 pp4 #afa-agb4 #bdj4b ,ib41 v4 p4 #afe4 #bda4a ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #eif4 #bda4b ,j]emias1 ,die ,cultus-,tafel von ,sipp>1 p4 #bf4 #bda4c ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge zur ,k5nt4 ,bab4 ,rel41 p4 #ae4 #bdb4a ,vide ,fraz]1 ,adonis-,attis-,osiris1 p4 #ahi2 cf4 8,communion 9 ,greek ,religion10 ,hibb]t ,j\rn41 #aijd1 p4 #cag4 #bdb4b ,j]emias1 ,die ,cultus-,tafel von ,sipp>1 p4 #bh4 #bdc4a ,web]1 ,dmon5bes*wrung1 etc41 p4 #bi4 #bdc4b iv4 ,r#b1 pl4 #bf1 ,no4 #f2 ?is is ! inscription quot$ by ,pr(4 ,sayce 7vide infra1 p4 #ahb1 n47 z a docum5t prov+ human sacrifice4 ,i owe ! above translation to ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,langdon2 x diff]s v slightly f ,zimm]n's 9 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #eig4 #bdc4c ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 p4 #bi4 #bdc4d ,r5an's !sis 7,c4 ,i4 ,sem41 i4 p4 #bbi7 t ! idea ( s91 s dom9ant 9 ! ,hebrew & ,pho5ician sacrifice1 0 entirely lack+ 9 ! ,hell5ic1 _c be ma9ta9$2 he quotes ,porph4 ,de ,ab/941 #a1 #b1 #bd1 a passage :i* conta9s an incomplete !ory ( ,greek sacrifice4 ,! s9-(f]+ is indicat$ by ,hom]1 & is recognis$ frequ5tly 9 ,greek lit]ature & leg5d2 only no te*nical t]m 0 inv5t$ to di/+ui% x f ! ord9>y *e]ful sacrifice4 #bdd4a ,cults1 ii4 p4 #dda4 #bdd4b ,vide ,k4,a4,t4#c1 pp4 #dcd1 #eii1 :]e ,zimm]n ref]s to ! monum5ts publi%$ by ,mnant1 ,pi]res graves1 i4 figs4 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 z possibly %[+ a sc5e ( human sacrifice4 ,b ,mnant's int]pretation ( !m is wrong2 vide ,langdon1 ,babyloniaca1 ,tome iii4 p4 #bcf1 8two ,babylonian seals02 ! kneel+ figure is ! own] ( ! seal2 ! p]sonage beh9d him is no execution]1 b ,ramman or ,tes*ub hold+1 n a knife1 b 8 usual club4 ,! inscriptions publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,sayce 7,trans4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*41 iv4 pp4 #be-bi7 are translat$ diff]5tly by ,dr4 ,langdon1 s t ! fir/ "o 7iv4 ,r#b1 pl4 #bf1 ,no4 #f7 ref]s to ! sacrifice ( a kid1 n ( an infant4 ,! mis9t]pretation ( ! inscription has misl$ ,trumbull 7,blood ,cov5ant1 p4 #aff74 ,! /atem5t 9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #ca ab\t ! ,seph>vites 9 ,sam>ia does n necess>ily po9t to a g5u9e ,babylonian ritual1 ev5 if we are sure t ! ,seph>vites 7 ,babylonians4 #bde4a ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,laws1 p4 #ie4 #bde4b ,! excavations at ,gez] h reveal$ almo/ c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! e>ly practice ( human sacrifice2 a numb] ( skeletons1 "o ( a girl sawn 9 half1 7 f\nd buri$ "u ! f\ndation ( h\ses 7vide ,cook1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ch-ci74 #bdf4a ,/5gel1 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]tm]1 p4 #hi4 #bdf4b ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #eii4 #bdf4c ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 i4 p4 #ejj4 #bdf4d ,might ?is be ! mean+ ( a l9e 9 a hymn translat$ by ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #edi1 8,i turn myself to !e 7,o ,goddess ,gula71 ,i h grasp$ ?y cord z ! cord ( my god & goddess0 7vide ,k+1 ,babyl4 ,magic1 ,no4 #f1 ,no4 #ga-id72 or ( ! phrase 9 ! ,apocrypha 7,epi/4 ,j]em41 #dc71 8,! wom5 also ) cords ab\t !m sit 9 ! ways08 #bdf4e ,zimm]n's ,beitrge1 etc41 p4 #ii4 #bdg4a ,on ! fam\s bronze plaque ( ! ,l\vre 7,j]emias1 ,hlle und ,p>adies1 p4 #bh1 ,abb4 #f7 we see two repres5tatives ( ,ea 9 ! fi%-sk9 ( ! god2 & on a frieze ( ,assur-nasir-pal 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,hell4 ,j\rn41 #ahid1 p4 #aae1 fig4 #aj2 ,lay>d1 ,monum5ts ( ,n9eveh1 #a1 pl4 #cj71 two m5 9 lions' sk9s2 b ^! are n sk9s ( animals ( sacrifice4 #bdg4b ,vide my ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #aah-abj4 #bdh4a ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #di4 #bdh4b #c1 #cjj2 #ai1 #bfe-bfg4 #bdh4c ,polybius1 #c1 #be1 4 #bdh4d ,op4 cit41 ii4 p4 #bag4 #bej4a ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,langdon 7op4 cit41 p4 xvi471 ! wail+ = ,tammuz 0 develop$ 9 ! e>ly ,sum]ian p]iod ( ! f\r? mill5nium4 #bea4a ,langdon1 op4 cit41 #cjj-cda2 cf4 ,zimm]n1 8,sum]is*-,babylonis*e ,tamuzli$]10 9 ,sitzungsb]4 ,knig4 ,s*s4 ,gesell4 ,wiss541 #aijg1 pp4 #bja-beb1 & 8 discussion1 8,d] ,babylonis*e ,gott ,tamuz10 9 ,abh&l4 ,knig4 ,s*s4 ,gesell4 ,wiss541 #aiji4 #bea4b ,vide supra1 p4 #aje4 #bea4c ,vide ,langdon1 op4 cit41 p4 #eja4 #bea4d ,antiqu41 #h1 #e1 #c2 cf4 ,clem4 ,recogn41 #aj1 #bd2 ,baudiss9 9 8 ,es*mun-,asklepios 7,ori5tal4 ,/ud4 zu ,nldeke gewidmet1 p4 #geb7 ?9ks t ! ,heal]-god1 ,m>duk ,asclepios ,es*mun1 is himself "o :o di$ & rose aga9 9 ,assyrian & ,pho5ician !ology4 ,= ,asklepios ( ,b]ytos we h ! almo/ useless /ory ( ,damascius 9 ,phot4 ,bibl41 #egc ,h42 ! uncritical leg5d 9 ,ktesias 7c4 #ba7 & ,ael4 ,v>4 ,hi/41 #ac1 #c1 ab\t ! grave ( ,belitana at ,babylon 7to :i* ,/rabo also alludes1 p4 #gdj71 does n ju/ify ! view t ! dea? ( ,m>duk 0 ev] a ,babylonian dogma4 #beb4a ,p]rot-,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art1 iv4 pl4 viii4 #bec4a ,rev4 de ,philol41 #ahic1 p4 #aie4 #bec4b ,vide ,fraz]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ih-ii4 #bec4c ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajb-ajc4 #bec4d ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,asiat4 ,soc41 #aiji1 pp4 #iff1 #iga2 ! in=mation ab\t ! true mean+ ( ! ideogram ,i owe to ,dr4 ,langdon4 #bed4a ,vide supra1 p4 #ia2 cf4 ,cults1 ii4 pp4 #fdd-fdi2 iii4 pp4 #cjj-cje4 #bed4b ,! ,babylonian my?s ( ,etana & ,adapa1 & _! asc5t to heav51 may h giv5 ! cue to ! ,phrygian /ories ( ,ganym$e & ,tantalos4 #bef4a ,dr4 ,fraz]1 9 ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s 7,g4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #de71 quotes f ,n4 ,tsackni 7,la ,russie ,sectaire1 p4 #gd7 an example ( a fanatic ,*ri/ian sect 9 mod]n ,russia practis+ ca/ration4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d ?is treatise4 #beg4a ,vide ,cults1 iii4 pp4 #cjj-cja4 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s !ory is t ! act ( ca/ration 0 p]=m$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! fruitfulness ( ! e>? 7op4 cit41 pp4 #bbd-bcg74 ,b ?is is aga9/ ! c\ntless examples :i* he himself has adduc$ ( ! "* & function ( ! prie/ or prie/-k+ z "o ^: virile /r5g? ma9ta9s ! /r5g? ( ! e>?2 ! sexual act p]=m$ 9 ! field by ! own] increases ! fruitfulness ( ! field 7,fraz]1 ,,gb#b1 ii4 p4 #bje74 ,:y %\ld ! prie/ make himself impot5t s z to improve ! crops8 ,! only gr\nds ( 8 belief appe> to be t ! prie/'s te/icles 7 committ$ to ! e>? or to an und]gr\nd %r9e ( ,kybele 7,arnob4 ,adv4 ,g5t41 v4 #ad1 & ,s*ol4 ,nik&4 ,alexiph>m41 #g2 vide ,cults1 #c2 ,kybele ,ref4 #ed;a72 b su* consecration ( !m to ,kybele w\ld be natural on any hypo!sis1 & ,arnobius' words d n prove t !y 7 buri$ 9 ! b>e e>?4 #bei4a ,vide ,cults1 i4 pp4 #cf-ch4 #bei4b ,vide ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #fb4 #bfj4a ,porph4 ,vit4 ,py?41 #ag2 cf4 ,callim4 ,h4 ad4 ,jov41 #h2 ,diod4 ,sic41 #c1 #fa2 vide ,cults1 i4 pp4 #cf-cg4 #bfj4b ,vide ,a4 ,evans 9 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 xvii4 #cej4 #bfa4a ,vide ,cults1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fea2 cf4 ,clem4 ,recogn41 #aj1 #bd1 8sepulcrum ,cypriae ,v5]is apud ,cyprum40 #bfa4b ,ib41 pp4 #fea-feb4 #bfa4c ,vide ,cults1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ddg1 n4 c41 #dgh1 #fch1 n4 a4 #bfa4d ,ari/ot4 ,rhet41 #b1 #bc4 #bfb4a ,a!nae1 p4 #fbj ,a 7 72 ,pollux41 #d1 #ed4 #bfb4b ,fraz]1 ,,gb#b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajf4 #bfc4a ,vide ,?ureau-,dang91 ,vord]asiatis*e ,biblio!k1 i4 p4 #gg4 #bfc4b ,web]1 ,arabi5 vor dem ,islam1 p4 #ai4 #bfd4a ,vide ,evans 9 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #aija1 p4 #agf4 #bfd4b ,cults1 i4 pp4 #ahd-aia4 #bfd4c ,ib41 iii4 pp4 #abc-abd4 #bfd4d ,ib41 iii4 p4 #agf2 cf4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cd n4 b4 #bfd4e ,ib41 i4 pp4 #ahi-aij4 #bfe4a #a1 #aha4 #bfe4b ,vide1 = in/ance1 ,dr4 ,langdon 9 ! ,expositor1 #aiji1 p4 #adc4 #bfe4c ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,gesetze ,hammurabi1 p4 #ahb4 #bff4a ,vide ,diet]i*1 ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 pp4 #abf-abg2 ,reiz5/e91 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5-religion54 #bff4b ,vide ,h]zog's ,real-,encyclop41 s4v4 8,montanismus40 #bff4c ,j\rdanet et ,simon transl4 ( ,sahagun1 pp4 #adg-adh4 #bff4d ,gol!r1 ,h&bu* d] ,g]manis*5 ,my?ologie1 p4 #bbi2 cf4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #ehi4 #bfg4a ,pausan41 #b1 #cc1 #c2 #i1 #bg1 #f2 cf4 my article 9 ,ar*iv4 fr ,religionswiss41 #aijd1 p4 #gd2 ,e4 ,fehrle1 ,die ,kultis*e ,keus*heit im ,alt]?um1 p4 #bbc1 gives o!r examples :i* appe> to me m d\btful4 #bfg4b ,paus41 #c1 #af1 #a4 #bfg4c ,cults1 v4 pp4 #bag-bai4 #bfh4a ,vide ,cults1 v4 p4 #aji4 #bfh4b ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit41 p4 #aaj2 ,johns1 op4 cit41 p4 #ed4 #bfi4a ,code1 #ahb4 #bfi4b ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 ii4 #aeg4 #bfi4c ,vide ,w9ckl]'s int]pretation ( #agh1 #ahj1 #aha2 cf4 also ,zimm]n 9 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 #dbc4 #bfi4d #a1 #aii4 #bgj4a ,e4g4 ,zimm]n 9 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dbc4 #bgj4b ,v]se #dc4 #bga4a ,! fir/ to insi/ emphatically on ! necessity ( _! di/9ction 0 ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 pp4 #aij-aia2 b he has !re1 ,i ?9k1 wrongly classifi$--?r\gh a misund]/&+ ( a phrase 9 ,aelian--! ,lydian cu/om t ,h]odotus 7#a1 #ic7 & ,aelian 7,v>4 ,hi/41 iv4 #a7 ref] to2 bo? ^! writ]s m5tion ! cu/om ( ! wom5 ( ,lydia practis+ pro/itution be=e m>riage4 ,aelian does n m5tion ! motive t ,h]odotus assigns1 ! collection ( a d[ry2 nei!r associates x ) religion4 ,aelian m]ely adds t :5 once m>ri$ ! ,lydian wom5 7 virtu\s2 ?is ne$ h no?+ to d ) ! ,mylitta-rite4 #bgb4a ,e4g4 ,hosea iv4 #ac2 ,deut4 xxiii4 #ah2 #a ,k+s xiv4 #bd4 #bgb4b ,web]1 ,arabi5 vor dem ,islam1 p4 #ah4 #bgb4c ,c4 ,i4 ,sem41 #a1 #bfc4 #bgb4d ,/rab41 #bgb4 #bgb4e ,/rab41 #eei4 #bgb4f ,p9d4 ,frag41 #hg2 ,/rab41 #cgh2 7,cults1 ii4 p4 #gdf1 ,r4 #ii;g74 #bgc4a ,cities & ,bi%oprics1 i4 #id4 ,9 8 comm5t he rightly po9ts out t ! woman is ,lydian1 z h] "n is n g5u9e ,roman2 b he is wrong 9 speak+ ( h] s]vice z p]=m$ to a god 7,fraz]1 ,adonis1 etc41 p4 #cd1 foll[s him74 ,?is w\ld be a unique fact1 = ! s]vice 9 ,asia ,m9or is always to a goddess2 b ! inscription nei!r m5tions nor implies a god4 ,! bride ( ,zeus at ,egyptian ,!bes 0 also a temple-h>lot1 if we c\ld believe ,/rabo1 p4 #haf2 b on ?is po9t he contradicts ,h]odotus1 #a1 #ahb4 #bgc4b ,et4 ,mag41 s4v4 4 #bgd4a ,de ,dea ,syr41 #f2 cf4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 #d1 #aj3 8cui 7,v5]i7 etiam ,pho5ices donum dabant de pro/itutione fili>um1 antequam eas jung]5t viris03 religi\s pro/itution be=e m>riage prevail$ among ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 ! wor%ip ( ,a/>te 7,val]4 ,max41 #b1 *4 #a1 sub4 f943 ^! vague /atem5ts may ref] ei!r to defloration ( virg9s or prolong$ s]vice 9 ! temple74 #bgd4b ,see ,fraz]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cc1 n4 #a1 quot+ ,sozom54 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 #e1 #aj1 #g2 ,sokrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 #a1 #ah1 #g-i2 ,euseb4 ,vita ,con/ant941 #c1 #eh4 ,eusebius only vaguely alludes to x4 ,sokrates m]ely says t ! wives 7 9 common1 & t ! p _h ! habit ( giv+ ov] ! virg9s to /rang]s to violate4 ,sozom5os is ! only v\*] = ! religi\s aspect ( ! practice2 f ,sokrates we ga!r t ! rule ab\t /rang]s 0 obs]v$ 9 ! rite4 #bgd4c #ah1 #e4 #bgd4d ,?is is confirm$ by ! leg5d giv5 by ,apollodoros 7,bibl41 #c1 #ad1 #c7 t ! daught]s ( ,k9yras1 ow+ to ! wra? ( ,aphrodite1 _h sexual int]c\rse ) /rang]s4 #bge4a ,ju/91 #ba1 #c2 ,a!naeus1 #eaf ,a1 speaks vaguely1 z if ! wom5 ( ! ,lokri ,epizephyrii 7 promiscu\s pro/itutes4 #bge4b ,pp4 #ecb-ecc4 #bge4c ,! lov]s1 ,melanippos & ,komai?o1 s9 9 ! temple ( ,artemis ,trikl>ia ( ! ,ionians 9 ,a*aia2 ! :ole community is visit$ ) ! div9e wra?1 & ! s9n]s are (f]$ up z a piacul> sacrifice 7,paus41 #g1 #ai1 #c72 accord+ to ,euphorion1 ,laokoon's fate 0 due to a simil> trespass committ$ ) 8 wife be=e ! /atue ( ,apollo 7,s]v4 ,a541 #b1 #bja74 ,x may be t su* leg5ds fa9tly reflect a v e>ly once p]=m$ 9 temples by ! prie/ & prie/ess3 if s1 !y also express ! repugnance ( ! lat] ,hell5e to ! idea ( x2 & 9 any case ?is is n ! in/itution t is be+ discuss$4 #bgf4a ,antike ,wald u4 ,feld ,kulte1 p4 #bhe1 etc4 #bgg4a ,:y %\ld n ! prie/ess r play ! "p ( ! goddess1 & :y1 if we tru/ ,plut>* 7,vit4 ,artax]x41 #bg71 0 ! prie/ess ( ,anaitis at ,ekbatana1 to ^: temple h>lots 7 atta*$1 oblig$ to obs]ve *a/ity aft] election8 #bgg4b ,vol4 i4 pp4 #id-if4 #bgg4c ,op4 cit41 p4 #ce1 etc4 #bgg4d ,op4 cit41 p4 #dd4 #bgh4a ,i po9t$ out ?is objection 9 an article 9 ! ,ar*iv4 f4 ,relig4 ,wiss5s*41 #aijd1 p4 #ha2 ,mr4 ,s4 ,h>tl& has also1 indep5d5tly1 develop$ x 7op4 cit41 p4 #aia74 #bgh4b ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ddf4 #bgh4c ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #ece-ecg4 #bgi4a ,vide ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #gf4 #bgi4b ,mr4 ,h>tl& objects 7loc4 cit41 p4 #bjj7 to ?is explanation on ! gr\nd t ! /rang] w\ld dislike ! dang] z mu* z any "o else2 b ! rite may h aris5 among a ,semitic tribe :o 7 peculi>ly s5sitive to t feel+ ( p]il1 :ile !y f\nd t ! usual /rang] 0 sceptical & m v5turesome3 :5 once ! rule 0 e/abli%$1 x c\ld become a /]eotyp$ conv5tion4 ,8 own sugge/ion 7p4 #bja7 t a /rang] 0 alone privileg$1 le/ ! solemn act %\ld become a m]e love-affair ) a native lov]1 does n seem to me s reasonable2 to prev5t t1 ! act might z well h be5 p]=m$ by a prie/4 ,dr4 ,fraz] 9 8 new edition ( ,adonis1 etc4 7pp4 #ej-ed71 criticises my explanation1 :i* ,i fir/ put =?--b ) insuffici5t cle>ness--9 ! ,ar*iv4 fr ,religionswiss5s*aft 7#aijd1 p4 #hh71 ma9ly on ! gr\nd t x does n naturally apply to g5]al temple-pro/itution nor to ! pro/itution ( m>ri$ wom54 ,b x 0 nev] meant to apply to ^!1 b only to ! defloration ( virg9s be=e m>riage4 ,dr4 ,fraz] also argues t ! acc\nt ( ,h]odotus does n %[ t ! ,babylonian rite 0 limit$ to virg9s4 ,explicitly x does n1 b implicitly x does2 = ,h]odotus decl>es t x 0 an isolat$ act1 & !re=e to be di/+ui%$ f temple-pro/itution ( indef9ite duration2 & he adds t ! same rite 0 p]=m$ 9 ,cyprus1 :i*1 z ! o!r record cle>ly atte/s1 0 ! defloration ( virg9s by /rang]s4 ,sozom5os & ,sokrates atte/ ! same ( ! ,baalbec rite1 & ,eusebius's vague words are n suffici5t to contradict !m4 ,"o rite might easily pass into ! o!r2 b our !ories z to ! orig9al mean+ ( diff]5t rites %\ld obs]ve ! diff]5ce4 #bhj4a ,b vide ,g5nep1 ,les ,rites de passage1 p4 #ajj4 #bhj4b ,cf4 ,arnob4 ,adv4 ,g5t41 #e1 #ai1 ) ,firmic4 ,mat]n4 ,de ,error41 #aj1 & ,clem5s1 ,protrept41 c4 #b1 p4 #ab1 ,pott4 #bha4a #a1 #aii4 #bha4b ,! lady :o !re boa/s ( h] pro/itute-ance/resses describes !m also z 8( unwa%$ feet02 & ?is is a po9t ( asceticism & hol9ess4 #bhb4a ,op4 cit41 p4 #aii4 #bhb4b ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #dbc4 #bhc4a ,vide supra1 p4 #afc4 ,! writ] ( ! late apocryphal docum5t1 8,! ,epi/le ( ,j]emy10 makes x a reproa* to ! ,babylonian cult t 8wom5 set meat be=e ! gods0 7v4 #cj71 & 8! m5/ru\s woman & ! woman 9 *ild-b$ t\* _! sacrifices0 7v4 #bi71 mean+1 p]haps1 t !re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! ,babylonian prie/ess be+ 9 t condition4 ,b we _c tru/ him = exact k ( ^! matt]s4 ,be+ a ,jew1 he objects to ! m9i/ration ( wom54 ,! ,babylonian & ,hell5e 7 wis]1 & admitt$ !m to ! high] functions ( religion4 #bhc4b ,vide ,cults1 iv4 p4 #cja4 #bhc4c ,vide ,inscription ( ,sipp> 9 ,briti% ,museum1 conc]n+ ! re-e/abli%m5t ( cult ( ,%ama% by ,k+ ,nabupaladd91 #hhd-hfj ,b4,c4 7,j]emias1 ,die ,cultus-,tafel von ,sipp>74 #bhd4a ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms1 p4 #ge4 #bhd4b ,vide ,langdon 9 ,transactions ( ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions 7#aijh71 vol4 i4 p4 #bej4 #bhd4c ,vide ,zeitung fr ,assyriologie1 #aiaj1 p4 #aeg4 #bhd4d ,=mula = driv+ out ! demon ( sickness1 8,bread at 8 head place1 ra9-wat] at 8 feet place0 7,langdon1 ib4 p4 #beb74 #bhd4e ,delits*1 ,wrt]bu*1 i4 #gi-hj4 #bhd4f ,zeit4 fr ,assyr41 #aiaj1 p4 #aeg4 #bhd4g ,vide ,hippocrates 7,littr71 vi4 #cfb2 ,/5gel1 ,grie*is*] ,kultusalt]tm] 7,iwan ,mll]'s ,h&bu*1 p4 #aaj74 #bhe4a ,ref]r$ to 9 ! com$y ( ,eupolis call$ ! 8,baptai40 #bhe4b ,ja/r[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ejj4 #bhe4c ,op4 cit41 p4 #big1 #dhg2 ! prie/-exorcis]1 ! ,a%ipu1 uses a brazi] 9 ! expulsion ( demons4 #bhe4d ,vide ,gol!r1 ,h&bu* d] ,g]manis*5 ,my?ologie1 p4 #ehj2 cf4 my ,cults1 v4 p4 #aif4 #bhe4e ,cults1 vol4 v4 pp4 #chc-chd2 cf4 iv4 p4 #cja4 #bhf4a ,cults1 v4 p4 #cef2 cf4 p4 #cfc 7! purify+ animal c>ri$ r\nd ! he>?74 #bhf4b ,eur4 ,h]c4 ,fur41 #ibh4 #bhf4c ,dio ,*rys4 ,or41 #dh 7,d9d41 vol4 ii4 p4 #add71 1 7cf4 ,lucian1 ,m5ipp41 c4 #g1 use ( squills & tor*es 9 8ka?>sis10 787 ,babylonian or ,hell5ic72 ,s]v4 ad ,a541 #f1 #gda1 89 sacris omnibus tres sunt i/ae purgationes1 nam aut ta$a purgant aut sulphure aut aqua abluunt aut a]e v5tilant40 #bhf4d 8,to take fire & swe> by ,god0 is a =mula t occurs 9 ! ?ird tablet ( ,surpu2 vide ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss ,babyl4 ,relig41 p4 #ac2 cf4 ,soph4 ,antig41 #bfd4 #bhf4e ,salt us$ z a means ( exorcism 9 ,babylonia z e>ly z ! ?ird mill5nium 7vide ,langdon1 ,transactions ( ,congress ,hi/4 ,relig41 #aijh1 vol4 i4 p4 #bea72 ! fell 8( ! great ox0 us$ to purify ! palace ( ! k+ 7vide ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge1 p4 #abc2 comp>e ! 9 ,greek ritual74 #bhg4a ,vide ,?ureau-,dang91 ,cyl9dres de ,g\da1 pp4 #bi1 #ic4 #bhg4b ,vide ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #aac1 #aad1 #aag2 ,cults1 v4 p4 #cbb 7,s*ol4 ,demo/h41 #bb1 p4 #fh74 #bhg4c #e1 #ac1 #f4 #bhg4d ,vide ,cults1 iii4 pp4 #cjc-cjd2 ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #aba4 #bhh4a ,vide supra1 p4 #adf4 #bhh4b ,vide ,cults1 iii4 p4 #afg4 #bhh4c ,publi%$ 9 ,zimm]n's ,beitrge1 p4 #abc2 cf4 ,web]1 ,dmon5bes*wrung1 pp4 #ag-ai4 #bhi4a ,il41 xvi4 #bbh4 #bhi4b ,od41 ii4 #bfa4 #bhi4c ,il41 i4 #cac4 #bij4a ,od41 xxii4 #dha3 ,9 ! passage ref]r$ to above1 ,a*illes uses sulphur to purify ! cups4 #bij4b ,od41 xiii4 #bef-bha3 ,?is is rightly po9t$ out by ,/5gel 9 8 ,grie*is*e ,kultusalt]tm]1 p4 #ajg4 #bij4c ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #aci-aeb2 ,cults1 iv4 pp4 #bie-cjf4 #bia4a ,vide ,cults1 iv4 pp4 #add-adg1 #cjj3 ,to suppose t ,hellas le>nt its ca?>tic rites f ,lydia1 because ,h]odotus 7i4 #ce7 tells u t 9 8 "t ! ,lydians _h ! ,hell5ic sy/em ( purification f homicide1 is less natural4 ,lydia may well h le>nt x f ,delphi 9 ! "t ( ,alyattes or ,croesus4 ,or x may h surviv$ 9 ,lydia z a tradition ( ! e>ly 8,m9oan0 p]iod2 &1 simil>ly1 x may h surviv$ 9 ,crete4 #bia4b ,vide supra1 pp4 #agf-agh4 #bib4a ,vide ,cults1 iv4 pp4 #bfh-bhd4 #bib4b ,= simil> practices1 vide ,cults1 pp4 #dae-dag4 #bib4c ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom41 p4 #gee1 ,pott4 #bic4a ,paus41 #i1 #cc1 #d4 #bic4b ,= ! facts vide ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4#c1 p4 #eib4 #bid4a ,works & ,days1 l4 #hbd4 #bid4b ,ib41 l4 #hjd4 #bid4c ,expositor1 #aiji1 p4 #aef4 #bid4d ,vide ,photius & ,hesy*41 s4v4 4 #bie4a ,hell41 #a1 #d1 #ab4 #bie4b ,vide ,cults1 v4 pp4 #bae-baf4 #bie4c ,cults1 iv4 p4 #bei4 #bie4d ,vide supra1 pp4 #agf-agg4 #bif4a ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms1 p4 #aif4 #bif4b ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #aif4 #bif4c ,vide ,fossey1 ,la ,magie ,assyri5ne1 p4 #if4 #big4a ,knudtzon1 ,assyris*e ,gebete an d5 ,sonn5gott1 p4 #gh 7texts belong+ to p]iod ( ,as>haddon1 circ4 #fha74 #big4b ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge1 etc41 p4 #afa4 #bih4a ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge1 etc41 p4 #afc4 #bih4b ,fossey1 op4 cit41 p4 #cii4 #bih4c iv4 ,r4 #ef1 #ab2 ,fossey1 op4 cit41 p4 #dja4 #bih4d ,expositor1 #aiji1 p4 #aej1 giv+ text f iv4 ,r4 #dj4 #bii4a ,fossey1 op4 cit41 p4 #bji4 #bii4b ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge1 p4 #agc4 #bii4c ,supra1 p4 #agf4 #bii4d ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #afi4 #cjj4a ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge1 pp4 #cj-ca2 he m5tions also ! simil> practice ( ty+ up a %eepsk9 or a fillet ( wool & ?r[+ x into ! fire4 #cjj4b ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #cc3 note magic use ( knots 9 g5]al1 vide ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4#b1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cib-djc2 ,ar*iv4 fr ,religionsw41 #aijh1 pp4 #abh1 #chc1 #dje4 ,! sup]/ition may h prevail$ 9 ,m9oan ,crete 7see ,a4 ,evans1 ,annual ,briti% ,s*ool1 #aijb-aijc1 pp4 #g-i7 & 0 9 vogue 9 anci5t ,greece4 #cjj4c ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,! ,religi\s ,exp]i5ces ( ! ,roman ,p1 ,gif=d ,lectures1 p4 #di4 #cja4a ,vide supra1 pp4 #bdh-bdi2 ,cults1 iv4 p4 #aia4 #cja4b ,= ! ma9 facts relat+ to ! ,babylonian sy/em & ! 8b>u0-prie/s1 vide ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge1 etc41 pp4 #hb-ib2 = ! ,hell5ic1 vide ,cults1 iv4 #aij-aib1 #bbd-bca2 also vol4 iii4 #i-ab4 #cja4c ,! docum5t>y evid5ce1 f a v e>ly p]iod1 is giv5 by ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge1 etc41 pp4 #he-ig4 #cja4d ,l4 #cbb3 ,clytemne/ra speaks ( p\r+ oil & v9eg> into ! same vessel & reproa*+ !m = _! unsociable behavi\r4 #cjb4a ,we h also "o example ( an oracle ( ,i%t> 79 pla9 prose71 ,keil4 ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #agi4 #cjc4a ,zimm]n1 op4 cit41 p4 #hi4 #cjc4b ,cults1 iii4 p4 #big4 #cjc4c ,lucian1 ,de ,dea ,syr41 #dc4 #cjc4d ,cults1 iii4 p4 #big4 #cjc4e ,vide ,cults1 iv4 pp4 #aia-aib2 iii4 p4 #aa4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes4 ,page numb]s are giv5 9 curly brackets4 ,pla9 text v]sion only3 endnote m>k]s are giv5 9 squ>e brackets4 ,m9or spell+ inconsi/5cies 7e4g4 coexi/_/co-exi/1 temple-ritual_/temple ritual1 etc47 h be5 pres]v$4 ,add title1 subtitle1 & au?or's "n to cov] image4 ,alt]ations to ! text3 ,conv]t footnotes to endnotes1 relabel note m>k]s 7app5d ! orig9al note numb] to ! page numb]71 & add a correspond+ entry to ! ,,toc4 ,title page ,add commas to au?or's bibliography4 ,*apt] ,i ,*ange 8f ! tyranny ( a morbid ascetism0 to asceticism4 ,*apt] ,,iii 8,9 8 ,hi/orie des anci5nes ,religions1 ,tiele classifies0 to ,hi/oire4 8& _! aborig9al god 0 ,possidon0 to ,poseidon4 ,*apt] ,,iv 8& expecially ! p[]s ( ! l[] _w0 to especially4 8,ev5 ,allat1 ! goddess ( ,hell1 %e :o0 to ,allatu4 8! great ,assyrian god ,ah%ur is qua9tly express$0 to ,as%ur4 8! idea t ,i/> is ! compe] 9 p[]0 to ,i%t>4 8betwe5 ! ,hittites & ! ,assyrian ,babylonian k+dom0 to ,assyrian-,babylonian4 8no cle> trace ( !riomophism ei!r 9 !0 to !riomorphism4 8h[ f> ! ,m9aon religion 0 purely an?ropomorphic0 to ,m9oan4 ,*apt] ,v 8,i =m]ly develop$ 9 ! second volume ( my cults0 capitalize & italicize cults4 ,*apt] ,,vi 8,/ill less is ,allalu1 ! mon/r\s & grim ,que50 to ,allatu4 ,*apt] ,,vii 7,alalkom5ai1 8! places ( ,a!na ,alalkom5e2 ,nemea1 8!'''7 add "r d\ble quotation m>k aft] ,alalkom5e4 ,*apt] ,,vii 8ab\t :om he is p>ticulurly ?\ghtful0 to p>ticul>ly4 ,*apt] ,,ix 8& reg>ds ?is ,hititte goddess z ! ance/ress0 to ,hittite4 ,*apt] ,,xiii 8mod]n savag]y & ! hi/ory ( ascetism0 to asceticism4 7& bewail h]03 8,if y reg>d h] z a deity1 d7 delete "r d\ble quotation m>k4 ,index 8,hell1 ,babylonian conception (1 #bje-bjf0 add p]iod at end ( l9e4 ,endnotes 7,page #ag1 note #a7 8,ar*iv fur ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aijd40 to fr4 7,page #db1 note #a7 8t ! idiogram ( ,enlil1 ! god (0 to ideogram4 7,page #hd1 note #c7 8la/ ( ! ,babylonian k+s1 ,nabuna 'id1 :o prays0 to ,nabuna'id4 7,page #abd1 note #a7 8,die ,pho5izis*5 ,ims*rift510 to ,phnizis*5 ,ins*rift54 7,page #adh1 note #a7 8,web]1 ,dmon5bes*worung bei d5 ,babyloni]n'''0 to ,dmon5bes*wrung4 7,page #ahc1 note #c7 8pp4 #ejb #ejc1 n4 #b0 add comma aft] #ejb4 7,page #bcb1 note #b7 8,lagranges1 tudes sur les religions smitiques0 to ,lagrange4 7,page #bdf1 note #a7 8,/5gel1 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]?m]1 p4 #hi0 to ,kultusalt]tm]4 7,page #bhf1 note #e7 8vide ,zimm]n1 ,beitrage1 p4 #abc20 to ,beitrge4 ,end ( text