,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics71 text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold 7bold71 & encloses subscript$ mat]ial4 ,! :ole numb] "p ( a mix$ fraction is sep>at$ f ! fractional "p ) -1 = example1 #b-a_/b4 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 ,h[ to ,become a ,sci5ti/4 ,,giv+ ,int]e/+ & ,in/ructive ,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,*emi/ry1 ,me*anics1 ,ac\/ics ,,& ,,pyrote*nics4 ,,also ,,conta9+ ,,ma!matical ,,problems & ,,puzzles ,,bo? ,,useful ,,& ,,amus+4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 #bd ,,union ,,squ>e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aijj1 by ,,frank ,,t\sey1 9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,h[ to ,become a ,sci5ti/4 ,*emi/ry1 optics1 pneumatics1 me*anics1 & ma!matics1 all contribute _! %>e t[>ds furni%+ recreation & sport = ! social ga!r+1 or ! family fireside4 ,! magical comb9ations & effects ( *emi/ry h furni%$ an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( pleasant exp]im5ts1 :i* may be p]=m$ by our y\?ful fri5ds ) great success if a little c>e be tak52 & ! o!r bran*es ( natural sci5ce are ne>ly z replete ) int]e/4 ,! foll[+ rep]toire ( su* tricks & illusions w be f\nd exce$+ly complete1 al?\gh pa9s h be5 tak5 to select only ! be/ & mo/ />tl+ ( !m4 ,a l>ge numb] are entirely new1 b are describ$ ) suffici5t cle>ness to enable any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce to become exp]t 9 !m1 ) a little practice4 ,*emical ,amusem5ts4 ,*emi/ry is "o ( ! mo/ attractive sci5ces4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end ! /ud5t is surpris$ & delight$ ) ! developm5ts ( ! exact discrim9ation1 z well z ! p[] & capacity1 :i* are display$ 9 v>i\s =ms ( *emical action4 ,dissolve two sub/ances 9 ! same fluid1 & !n1 by evaporation or o!rwise1 cause !m to reassume a solid =m1 & ea* p>ticle w unite ) its own k9d1 to ! entire exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,?us1 if sulphate ( copp] & c>bonate ( soda are dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & !n ! wat] is evaporat$1 ea* salt w be re=m$ z be=e4 ,?is ph5om5on is ! result ( "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 & z su* is pass$ ov] )\t ?\ght2 b x is a wond]ful ph5om5on1 & made ( no acc\nt1 only by ! fact t x is s common & s famili>4 ,x is by ! action ( ?is same pr9ciple1 8*emical aff9ity10 t we produce ! curi\s exp]im5ts ) ,sympa!tic ,inks4 ,by means ( ^!1 we may c>ry on a correspond5ce :i* is beyond ! discov]y ( all n 9 ! secret4 ,) "o class ( ^! inks1 ! writ+ becomes visible only :5 moi/5$ ) a p>ticul> solution4 ,?us1 if we write to y ) a solution ( ! sulphate ( iron1 ! lett]s are invisible4 ,on ! receipt ( our lett]1 y rub ov] ! %eet a fea!r or sponge1 wet ) a solution ( nut-galls1 & ! lett]s bur/ =? into s5sible be+ at once1 & are p]man5t4 #b4 ,if we write ) a solution ( sug> ( lead1 & y moi/5 ) a sponge or p5cil1 dipp$ 9 wat] impregnat$ ) sulphuret$ hydrog51 ! lett]s w appe> ) metallic brilliancy4 #c4 ,if we write ) a weak solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & y apply ammonia1 ! lett]s assume a beautiful blue4 ,:5 ! ammonia evaporates1 z x does on exposure to ! sun1 ! writ+ disappe>s1 b may be reviv$ aga9 z be=e4 #d4 ,if y write ) ! oil ( vitriol v mu* dilut$1 s z to prev5t its de/roy+ ! pap]1 ! manuscript w be invisible except :5 held to ! fire1 :5 ! lett]s w appe> black4 #e4 ,write ) cobalt dissolv$ 9 dilut$ muriatic acid2 ! lett]s w be invisible :5 cold1 b :5 w>m$ !y w appe> a blui% gre54 ,we are almo/ sure t our secrets ?us writt5 w n be br\ght to ! k ( a /rang]1 because he does n "k ! solution :i* 0 us$ 9 writ+1 &1 !re=e1 does n "k :at to apply to br+ out ! lett]s4 ,to ,light a ,c&le ,)\t ,t\*+ ! ,wick4 ,let ! c&le burn until x has a good long snuff2 !n bl[ x out ) a sudd5 puff1 a bright wrea? ( :ite smoke w curl up f ! hot wick4 ,n[1 if a flame be appli$ to ?is smoke1 ev5 at a di/ance ( two or ?ree in*es f ! c&le1 ! flame w run d[n ! smoke & rek9dle ! wick 9 a v fanta/ic mann]4 ,to p]=m ?is exp]im5t nicely1 !re mu/ be no draught or 8bang+0 doors :ile ! my/ic spell is ris+4 ,magic ,milk4 ,lime-wat] is q transp>5t1 & cle> z common spr+ wat]2 b if we brea! or bl[ into x1 ! bright liquid becomes opalesc5t & z :ite z milk4 ,! be/ way to try ?is simple exp]im5t is to put "s p[d]$ quicklime into a w9e bottle full ( cold wat]2 %ake !m well toge!r1 n[ & !n1 = a day2 !n all[ ! bottle to rema9 quiet till ! next day1 :5 ! cle> lime-wat] may be p\r$ (f f ! s$im5t4 ,n[ fill a w9e-glass or tumbl] ) ! lime-wat] ?us made1 & bl[ ?r\gh ! liquid ) a glass tube1 a piece ( new tobacco-pipe1 or a clean /raw1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a m9ute or s--z ! magicians say--8! wat] w be turn$ into milk40 ,by means ( ?is pa/ime 8,wise ,m50 c asc]ta9 :i* "y ladies are 9 love & :i* "y g5tlem5 are n4 ,) a %rewd guess !y pres5t1 z a te/1 a glass ( lime-wat] to ! "o & ( pure wat] to ! o!r1 ) un]r+ effect4 ,! ,mimic ,vesuvius4 ,?is exp]im5t is a demon/ration ( ! heat & light :i* are evolv$ dur+ *emical comb9ation4 ,! sub/ance phosphorus has a great aff9ity = oxyg5 gas1 & :]ev] x c get x f x w1 especially :5 aid$ by ! application ( heat4 ,to p]=m ?is exp]im5t1 put half a dra*m ( solid phosphorus into a ,flor5ce oil-flask1 hold+ ! glass slant+ly1 t ! phosphorus may n take fire & break ! glass2 p\r ^u x a gill & a half ( wat]1 & place ! :ole ov] a tea-kettle lamp1 or any common lamp fill$ ) spirits ( w9e2 light ! wick1 :i* %\ld be ab\t half an in* f ! flask2 & z soon z ! wat] is boil+ hot1 /reams ( fire1 resembl+ sky-rockets1 w bur/ at int]vals f ! wat]2 "s p>ticles w also adh]e to ! sides ( ! glass1 imm$iately display+ brilliant rays1 & ?us cont9ue until ! wat] beg9s to simm]1 :5 a beautiful imitation ( ! aurora borealis w comm5ce & gradually asc5d until x collects into a po9t$ cone at ! m\? ( ! flask2 aft] a half a m9ute1 bl[ out ! flame ( ! lamp1 & ! apex ( fire t 0 =m$ at ! m\? ( ! flask w ru% d[n1 =m+ beautiful illum9$ cl\ds ( fire1 roll+ ov] ea* o!r = "s "t2 & :5 ^! disappe>1 a spl5did hemisph]e ( />s w pres5t itself4 ,aft] wait+ a m9ute or two1 light ! lamp aga91 & ne>ly ! same ph5om5a w be display$ z at ! beg9n+4 ,let a repetition ( light+ & bl[+ out ! lamp be made = ?ree or f\r times1 s t ! numb] ( />s may be increas$2 & aft] ! ?ird or f\r? act ( bl[+ out ! lamp1 ! int]nal surface ( ! flask w be dry4 ,_m ( ! />s w %oot ) great spl5dor f side to side1 :ile o!rs w appe> & bur/ at ! m\? ( ! flask4 ,:at liquid rema9s 9 ! flask w s]ve = ! same exp]im5t ?ree or f\r times1 )\t add+ any wat]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 aft] ! op]ation is ov]1 to put ! flask 9 a cool & secure place4 ,! ,real ,w-o'-!-,wisp4 ,into a small retort place ab\t an ounce ( /rong liquor ( pota%2 t is1 pure pota% dissolv$ 9 wat]1 toge!r ) ab\t a dra*m ( phosphorus4 ,let ! neck or beak ( ! retort dip into a sauc] ( wat]1 say half an in* deep2 n[ v g5tly heat ! liquid 9 ! retort ) a _s-lamp until x boils4 ,9 a few m9utes ! retort w be fill$ ) a :ite cl\d2 !n ! gas g5]at$ w beg9 to bubble at ! end ( ! sauc]2 a m9ute m1 ea* bubble1 z x issues f ! boil+ fluid1 w spontane\sly take fire z x comes into ! air1 =m+ at ! same "t ! philosoph]'s r+ ( phosphoric acid4 ,c>e is requir$ 9 h&l+ phosphorus2 b our "y *emical read]s w1 we ?9k1 n =ego ?is wond]ful exp]im5t = ! want ( due att5tion2 =1 )\t prop] c>e on _! "p1 we mu/ give up %[+ !m wond]s ev5 great] ?an ^!4 ,! ,pap] ,oracle4 ,"s amusem5t may be obta9$ among "y p by writ+1 ) common ink1 a v>iety ( que/ions1 on diff]5t bits ( pap]1 & add+ a p]t95t reply to ea*1 writt5 ) nitro-muriate ( gold4 ,! collection %\ld be suff]$ to dry1 & put aside1 until an opportunity (f]s = us+ !m4 ,:5 produc$1 ! answ]s w be invisible2 desire diff]5t p]sons to select su* que/ions z !y may fancy1 & take !m home ) !m2 !n promise1 if !y are plac$ ne> ! fire dur+ ! night1 answ]s w appe> writt5 b5ea? ! que/ions 9 ! morn+2 & su* w be ! fact1 if ! pap] be put 9 any dry1 w>m situation4 ,! ,mimic ,gas-,h\se4 ,?is %[s a simple way ( mak+ illum9at+ gas1 by means ( a tobacco-pipe4 ,bitum9\s coal conta9s a numb] ( *emical comp\nds1 ne>ly all ( :i* c1 by di/illation1 be conv]t$ into an illum9at+ gas2 z ) ?is gas ne>ly all our cities are n[ light$ 9 ! d>k h\rs ( night4 ,to make x1 obta9 "s coal-du/ 7or walnut or butt]nut meats w answ]71 & fill ! b[l ( a pipe ) x2 !n cem5t ! top ov] ) "s clay2 place ! b[l 9 ! fire1 & soon smoke w be se5 issu+ f ! end ( ! /em2 :5 t has ceas$ com+ apply a light & x w burn brilliantly = sev]al m9utes2 aft] x has ceas$1 take ! pipe f ! fire & let x cool1 !n remove ! clay1 & a piece ( coke w be f\nd inside3 ?is is ! excess ( c>bon ov] ! hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! coal1 = all ! hydrog5 w comb9e ) c>bon at a high temp]ature1 & make :at are call$ hydroc>bons--a s]ies ( sub/ances conta9+ bo? ^! elem5tal =ms ( matt]4 ,alum ,basket4 ,make a small basket1 ab\t ! size ( ! h&1 ( iron wire or split will[2 !n take "s lamp-cotton1 untwi/ x1 & w9d x ar\nd e portion ( ! basket4 ,!n mix alum1 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd ) a qu>t ( wat]1 & boil x until ! alum is dissolv$4 ,p\r ! solution into a deep pan1 & 9 ! liquor susp5d ! basket1 s t no "p ( x t\* ! vessel or be expos$ to ! air4 ,let ! :ole rema9 p]fectly at re/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 :51 if y take out ! basket1 ! alum w be f\nd prettily cry/alliz$ ov] all ! limbs ( ! cotton$ frame4 ,9 l mann]1 a c9d]1 a piece ( coke1 ! sprig ( a plant1 or any o!r object1 susp5d$ 9 ! solution by a ?read1 w become cov]$ ) beautiful cry/als4 ,if p[d]$ tum]ic be add$ to ! hot solution1 ! cry/als w be ( a bright yell[2 if litmus be us$ in/ead1 !y w be ( a bright r$2 logwood w yield !m ( a purple1 & common writ+-ink1 ( a black t9t2 or1 if sulphate ( copp] be us$ in/ead ( alum1 ! cry/als w be ( f9e blue4 ,b ! color$ alum cry/als are mu* m brittle ?an ^? ( pure alum1 & ! colors fly2 ! be/ way ( pres]v+ !m is to place !m "u a glass %ade1 ) a sauc] conta9+ wat]4 ,?is keeps ! atmosph]e con/antly saturat$ ) moi/ure1 ! cry/als nev] become too dry1 & _! texture & color und]go b little *ange4 ,! ,magic ,bottle4 ,?is trick1 if well manag$1 is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful t c be p]=m$ 9 a draw+-room )\t app>atus2 b x requires dext]ity at ! conclusion4 ,! p]son p]=m+ ! trick (f]s to p\r f a common w9e-bottle1 port-w9e1 %]ry1 milk1 & *ampagne1 9 succession1 & 9 any ord]4 ,to accompli% ! trick1 y mu/ make solutions ( ! foll[+ *emicals1 & label ! bottles ) numb]s1 ?us3 ,no4 #a4 ,a mixture ( two p>ts p]*loride ( iron1 & "o "p sulphuric acid 7vitriol74 ,no4 #b4 ,a /rong solution ( ! sulphocyanate ( pota%4 ,no4 #c4 ,a /rong solution ( acetate ( lead4 ,no4 #d4 ,a solution ( bic>bonate ( soda1 or pota%4 ,no4 #e4 ,a cle> solution ( gum arabic4 ,procure a *ampagne-bottle1 & wa% x out well2 !n p\r ?ree teaspoonfuls ( ,no4 #a into x4 ,z ! quantity is v small1 x w n be obs]v$1 especially if y are quick 9 y\r movem5ts4 ,p\r "s di/ill$ or ra9 wat] into a common wat]-bottle1 or jug1 & add a tablespoonful ( ,no4 #e to x2 !n set x aside1 ready = use4 ,provide "s w9e-glasses1 ( f\r diff]5t patt]ns1 & into "o patt]n put "o drop ( solution ,no4 #b2 into ano!r1 ?ree drops ( solution ,no4 #b2 r9se ! ?ird ) solution ,no4 #c1 & ! f\r? ) solution ,no4 #d4 ,arrange ! glasses on a small tray1 rememb]+ ! solutions t 7 p\r$ into ea* patt]n4 ,ev]y?+ be+ ready1 take ! *ampagne bottle t y h prep>$1 f two or ?ree o!rs1 & hold+ x up1 to %[ ! company t x is cle> & empty2 y mu/ desire "s p]son to h& y ! wat]-bottle or jug1 & !n fill up ! bottle ) ! wat]4 ,p\r "s ( ! cont5ts ( ! bottle into an unprep>$ glass1 9 ord] to %[ t x is wat]2 !n say3 8,*ange to *ampagne10 & p\r ! liquid f ! bottle into "o ( ! glasses r9s$ ) ,no4 #d2 !n p\r into ! glass conta9+ ?ree drops ( ,no4 #b1 & x w *ange to port w9e2 b if p\r$ into ! glass r9s$ ) ,no4 #c1 x w *ange to milk2 & if into ! glass ) "o drop ( ,no4 #b1 x w produce %]ry4 ,be c>eful 9 p\r+ ! fluid f ! bottle1 n to hold x high above ! glasses1 b to keep ! m\? ( x close to ! edges1 o!rwise p]sons w obs]ve t x und]goes *ange ( color aft] x is p\r$ into !m2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 ! glasses %\ld be held r high4 ,z all ! solutions us$ 9 ! above trick are delet]i\s1 !y %\ld n be left ab\t 9 ! way ( *ildr51 &1 ( c\rse1 ! fluid 9 ! w9e-glasses mu/ n ev5 be ta/$2 b if any ( ! company wi% to dr9k ! w9es y h made1 !n ! tray mu/ be adroitly ex*ang$ = ano!r ) ! prop] w9es plac$ on x4 ,! ,fad$ ,rose ,re/or$4 ,take a rose t is q fad$1 & ?r[ "s sulphur on a *af+-di% ( hot coals2 !n hold ! rose ov] ! fumes ( ! sulphur1 & x w become q :ite2 9 ?is /ate dip x into wat]1 put x into a box1 or draw]1 = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & :5 tak5 out x w be q r$ aga94 ,! ,protean ,liquid4 ,a r$ liquor1 :i*1 :5 p\r$ into diff]5t glasses1 w become yell[1 blue1 black1 & violet1 may be ?us made3 ,infuse a few %av+s ( logwood 9 common wat]1 & :5 ! liquor is r$1 p\r x into a bottle2 !n take ?ree dr9k+-glasses1 r9se "o ( !m ) /rong v9eg>1 ?r[ into ! second a small quantity ( p\nd$ alum1 :i* w n be obs]v$ if ! glass has be5 newly wa%$1 & leave ! ?ird )\t any prep>ation4 ,if ! r$ liquor 9 ! bottle be p\r$ into ! fir/ glass x w assume a /raw color2 if into ! second1 x w pass gradually f blui%-gray to black1 provid$ x be /irr$ ) a bit ( iron1 :i* has be5 privately imm]s$ 9 good v9eg>2 9 ! ?ird glass ! r$ liquor w assume a violet t9t4 ,! ,*angeable ,ribbon4 ,dip a rose-color$ ribbon into nitric acid1 dilut$ ) eight or t5 p>ts ( wat]1 & z soon z ! color disappe>s1 :i* x w d 9 a %ort "t1 take out ! ribbon & put x into a v weak alkal9e solution1 :5 ! alkali w quickly neutralize ! acid1 & ! color w reappe>4 ,! ,*emical ,*ameleon4 ,put a dra*m ( p[d]$ nitrate ( cobalt into a vial1 conta9+ an ounce ( ! solution ( cau/ic pota%1 :5 ! decomposition ( ! salt1 & precipitation ( a blue oxide ( cobalt w take place4 ,cork ! vial1 & ! liquid w assume a blue color1 f :i* x w pass to a lilac1 aft]w>d to a pea* t9t1 & f9ally to a light r$4 ,musical ,flame4 ,fit a good cork into a w9e-bottle2 burn a hole ?r\gh ! cork ) a r\nd iron skew]1 & into x fix a piece ( tobacco pipe ab\t eight in*es long4 ,put into ! bottle ab\t two or ?ree ounces ( z9c1 9 slips1 su* z ! wa/e cutt+s f a z9c-work]2 n[ p\r wat] on to ! z9c until ! bottle is m ?an half full2 !n add ab\t ?ree p>ts ( a w9e-glassful ( sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol72 ?is causes a rapid eff]vesc5ce at fir/1 b :i* subsides to a mod]ate & cont9u\s boil+ = a l5g!n$ p]iod2 z soon z ! boil+ is regul>1 ! cork ) ! pipe ?r\gh x may be ins]t$ into ! bottle4 ,if a light be plac$ to ! end ( ! pipe1 a flame w be produc$1 :i* w cont9ue to burn s long z !re is any visible action 9 ! bottle4 ,?is flame is ! ignit$ hydrog5 gas 7wat] gas71 result+ f ! decomposition ( wat] by ! acid & z9c1 & z su* is an exce$+ly int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,n[1 to be musical1 procure a glass or metal pipe1 ab\t sixte5 or eighte5 in*es long1 & f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 place ! tube ov] ! flame1 & all[ ! pipe to be ab\t ?ree to five in*es up ! tube1 :i* w act z a k9d ( high *imney2 x mu/ be held p]fectly /eady & upright1 at a p>ticul> di/ance up ! tube1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! flame4 ,a beautiful s\nd is ?us produc$1 simil> to an organ-pipe4 ,?is s\nd1 or 8musical flame10 v>ies 9 note accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! tube1 be+ deep] or m bass z ! tube is increas$ 9 size4 ,by us+ v>i\s-siz$ tubes1 diff]5t s\nds are ?us readily produc$4 ,! true explanation ( ?is s+ul> exp]im5t rema9s yet to be solv$4 ,optical ,amusem5ts4 ,! sci5ce ( optics af=ds an inf9ite v>iety ( amusem5ts1 :i* _c fail to in/ruct ! m9d1 z well z delight ! eye4 ,by ! aid ( optical in/rum5ts we are enabl$ to less5 ! di/ance to our visual organs betwe5 ! globe we inhabit & 8! wond]s ( ! heav5s above u20 to wat* 8! />s 9 _! c\rses10 & survey at leisure ! magnific5ce ( 8comets import+ *ange ( times & /ates20 to obs]ve ! exquisite f9i% & propriety ( con/ruction :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ m9ute productions ( ! e>?2--to trace ! pa? ( ! planet1 9 its c\rse ar\nd ! magnific5t orb ( day1 & to detect ! pulsation ( ! blood1 z x fl[s ?r\gh ! ve9s ( an insect4 ,^! are b a few ( ! p[]s :i* ?is sci5ce (f]s to man2 to enum]ate !m all w\ld require a space equal to ! body ( our "w2 nei!r d we propose to notice ! v>i\s in/rum5ts & exp]im5ts :i* are devot$ to purposes m]ely sci5tific2 x be+ our desire only to call ! att5tion ( our juv5ile read]s to su* ?+s z comb9e a va/ deal ( amusem5t ) mu* in/ruction1 to in=m !m z to ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s popul> in/rum5ts2 to %[ ! mann] ( us+ !m1 & to expla9 "s ( ! mo/ attractive exp]im5ts :i* ! sci5ce af=ds4 ,by do+ ?us mu*1 we hope to (f] a suffici5t inducem5t to ext5d inquiry mu* fur!r ?an ! in=mation :i* a "w ( ?is nature w enable u to af=d4 ,! ,cam]a ,obscura4 ,?is is a v pleas+ & in/ructive optical app>atus1 & may be pur*as$ = a small sum4 ,b x may be easily made by ! "y optician4 ,procure an oblong box1 ab\t two feet long1 twelve in*es wide1 & eight high4 ,9 "o end ( ?is a tube mu/ be fitt$ conta9+ a l5s1 & be made to slide backw>d & =w>d1 s z to suit ! focus4 ,)9 ! box %\ld be a pla9 mirror1 recl9+ backw>d f ! tube at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,at ! top ( ! box is a squ>e ( unpoli%$ glass1 ^u :i*1 f b5ea?1 ! picture w be ?r[n1 & may be se5 by rais+ ! lid4 ,to use ! cam]a1 place ! tube ) ! l5s on x opposite to ! object1 & hav+ adju/$ ! focus1 ! image w be ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd glass1 z above /at$1 :]e x may be easily copi$ by a p5cil or 9 colors4 ,! ,magic ,lant]n4 ,! object ( ?is +5i\s in/rum5t is to repres5t1 9 a d>k room1 on a :ite wall or clo?1 a succession ( enl>g$ figures ( rem>kable1 natural1 or grotesque objects4 ,x consi/s ( a t9 box1 ) a funnel on ! top1 & a door on "o side ( x4 ,?is funnel1 by be+ b5t1 s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( lett+ out ! smoke & keep+ 9 ! light4 ,9 ! middle ( ! bottom ( ! box is plac$ a movable lamp1 :i* mu/ h two or ?ree good lights1 at ! height ( ! c5t] ( ! poli%$ t9 reflector4 ,9 ! front ( ! box1 opposite ! reflector1 is fix$ a t9 tube1 9 :i* !re slides ano!r tube4 ,! slid+ tube has1 at its out] extremity1 a convex l5s fix$ 9 x1 ( ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! focus ( ! small] ( ^! l5ses may be ab\t five in*es4 ,betwe5 ! /ation>y tube & ! lamp1 !re mu/ be a split or op5+ to admit ( ! passage ( glass slid]s1 m\nt$ 9 pap] or wood5 frames1 ^u :i* slid]s x is t ! m9iature figures are pa9t$1 :i* are int5d$ to be %[n ^u ! wall4 ,! di/9ctness ( ! enl>g$ figures dep5ds n only ^u ! goodness ( ! magnify+ glass1 b ^u ! cle>ness ( ! light yield$ by ! lamp4 ,x may be pur*as$ ready made ( any optician4 ,to ,pa9t ! ,glasses4--,! slides conta9+ ! objects usually %[n 9 a magic lant]n are to be b\ght ( opticians ) ! lant]n1 & c be procur$ *eap] & bett] 9 ?is way ?an by any attempt at manufactur+ !m4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! "y optician wi% to make a few slides1 ( objects ( p>ticul> int]e/ to himself1 he may proce$ z foll[s3 ,draw on a pap] ! subject y desire to pa9t4 ,lay x on a table or any flat surface1 & place ! glass ov] x2 !n draw ! outl9es ) a v f9e p5cil1 9 v>ni% mix$ ) black pa9t1 &1 :5 dry1 fill up ! o!r p>ts 9 _! prop] colors4 ,transp>5t colors mu/ be us$ = ?is purpose1 su* z c>m9e1 lake1 ,prussian blue1 v]digris1 sulphate ( iron1 t9cture ( ,brazil wood1 gamboge1 etc42 & ^! mu/ be temp]$ ) a /rong :ite v>ni%1 to prev5t _! peel+ (f4 ,!n %ade !m ) black1 or ) bi/re1 mix$ ) ! same v>ni%4 ,to ,exhibit ! ,magic ,lant]n4--,! room = ! exhibition ought to be l>ge1 & ( an oblong %ape4 ,at "o end ( x susp5d a l>ge %eet1 s z to cov] ! :ole ( ! wall4 ,! company be+ all seat$1 d>k5 ! room1 & plac+ ! lant]n ) its tube 9 ! direction ( ! %eet1 introduce "o ( ! slides into ! slit1 tak+ c>e to inv]t ! figures2 !n adju/ ! focus ( ! glasses 9 ! tube1 by draw+ x 9 or out1 z requir$1 & a p]fect repres5tation ( ! object w appe>4 ,effects ( ! ,magic ,lant]n4--,mo/ extraord9>y effects may be produc$ by means ( ! magic lant]n2 "o ( ! mo/ effective ( :i* is a tempe/ at sea4 ,?is is effect$ by hav+ two slides pa9t$1 "o ) ! tempe/ z approa*+ on "o side1 & cont9u+ 9 int5sity till x rea*es ! o!r4 ,ano!r slide has %ips pa9t$ on x1 & :ile ! lant]n is 9 use1 t conta9+ ! %ips is dext]\sly drawn be=e ! o!r1 & repres5ts %ips 9 ! /orm4 ,! effects ( sunrise1 moonlight1 />light1 etc41 may be imitat$ also1 by means ( d\ble slid]s2 & figures may be introduc$ sometimes ( fe>ful proportions4 ,heads may be made to nod1 faces to laugh2 eyes may be made to roll1 tee? to gna%2 crocodiles may be made to swall[ tig]s2 combats may be repres5t$2 b "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive uses ( ! slides is to make !m illu/rative ( a/ronomy1 & to %[ ! ratio ( ! seasons1 ! cause ( ! eclipses1 ! m\nta9s 9 ! moon1 spots on ! sun1 & ! v>i\s motions ( ! planet>y bodies & _! satellites4 ,! ,phantasmagoria4 ,betwe5 ! phantasmagoria & ! magic lant]n !re is ?is diff]5ce3 9 common magic lant]ns ! figures are pa9t$ on transp>5t glass2 consequ5tly ! image on ! scre5 is a circle ( light1 hav+ figures ^u x2 b 9 ! phantasmagoria all ! glass is opaque1 except ! figures1 :i*1 be+ pa9t$ 9 transp>5t colors1 ! light %9es ?r\gh !m1 & no light c come ^u ! scre5 except t :i* passes ?r\gh ! figure4 ,!re is no %eet to receive ! picture1 b ! repres5tation is ?r[n on a ?9 scre5 ( silk or musl91 plac$ betwe5 ! spectators & ! lant]n4 ,! images are made to appe> approa*+ & rec$+1 by remov+ ! lant]n fur!r f ! scre51 or br++ x ne>] to x4 ,?is is a great advantage ov] ! arrangem5ts ( ! magic lant]n1 & by x ! mo/ a/oni%+ effects are (t5 produc$4 ,dissolv+ ,views4 ,! dissolv+ views1 by :i* "o l&scape or sc5e appe>s to pass into ! o!r :ile ! sc5e is *ang+1 are produc$ by us+ two magic lant]ns1 plac$ side by side1 & t c be incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r :5 necess>y1 s z to mix ! rays ( light1 proce$+ f ! l5ses ( ea*1 toge!r1 :i* produces t confusion ( images1 9 :i* "o view melts1 z x 71 into ! o!r1 :i* gradually becomes cle> & di/9ct4 ,h[ to ,raise a ,gho/4 ,! magic lant]n or phantasmagoria may be us$ 9 a numb] ( m>vel\s ways1 b 9 none m /rik+ ?an 9 rais+ an app>5t spect]4 ,let an op5 box1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 a foot & a half broad1 & two feet high1 be prep>$4 ,at "o end ( ?is place a small sw+ dress+-glass1 & at ! o!r let a magic lant]n be fix$1 ) ! l5ses 9 a direction t[>ds ! glass4 ,a glass %\ld n[ be made to slide up & d[n 9 ! groove to :i* a cord & pulley %\ld be atta*$1 ! end ( ! cord com+ to ! l[] "p ( ! left h& side4 ,on ?is glass ! mo/ hide\s spect] t c be imag9$ may be pa9t$1 b 9 a squat or contract$ position1 & :5 all is done1 ! lid ( ! box mu/ be prep>$ by rais+ a k9d ( gable at ! end ( ! box1 & 9 its l[] "p an oval hole %\ld be cut suffici5tly l>ge to suff] ! rays reflect$ f ! glass to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,on ! top or ! box place a *af+-di%1 ^u :i* put "s burn+ *>coal4 ,n[ light ! lamp 9 ! lant]n1 spr9kle "s p[d]$ camphor or :ite inc5se on ! *>coal1 adju/ ! slide on :i* ! spect] is pa9t$1 & ! image w be ?r[n ^u ! smoke4 ,9 p]=m+ ! feat ! room mu/ be d>k5$1 & ! box %\ld be plac$ on a high table1 t ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! light comes may n be notic$4 ,to ,imitate a ,mirage4 ,provide a glass tumbl] two-?irds full ( wat]1 & p\r spirits ( w9e ^u x2 or p\r into a tumbl] "s syrup1 & fill x up ) wat]2 :5 mix$1 ! object se5 ?r\gh x w be inv]t$4 ,two-fold ,reflections4 ,provide a circul> piece ( glass1 & ) a common awl1 moi/5$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e1 pi]ce ! c5t] ( ! glass2 hold x encircl$ ) ! f+]s & ?umb 9 ! sun%9e1 or ! /rong light ( a lamp1 :5 ^! /rik+ effects w be produc$3 ,if ! glass be r$1 ! hole pi]c$ 9 ! middle w be reflect$ gre52 if ! glass be gre51 ! spot w be r$2 if blue1 orange2 & if yell[1 indigo4 ,! ,?aumatrope4 ,cut out a piece ( c>d-bo>d ( circul> =m1 & affix to x six pieces ( /r+1 ?ree on ea* side4 ,pa9t on "o side ( ! c>d a bird1 & on ! o!r a cage1 tak+ c>e to pa9t ! bird upside d[n1 or ! desir$ effect w n be produc$4 ,:5 %[+ ! toy1 take hold ( ! c5t] /r+s1 betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb1 & twirl ! c>d rapidly ar\nd1 & ! bird w appe> snugly ensconc$ 9 its cage4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is effect is produc$ is1 t ! image ( any object receiv$ on ! ret9a or optic n]ve is reta9$ on ! m9d ab\t eight seconds aft] ! object caus+ ! impression is )drawn1 be+ ! memory ( ! object2 consequ5tly1 ! impression ( ! pa9t+ on "o side ( ! c>d is n oblit]at$ ere ! pa9t+ on ! o!r side is br\ght be=e ! eye4 ,x is easy to und]/& f ?is fact h[ bo? are se5 at once4 ,_m objects w suit ! ?aumatrope1 su* z a juggl] ?r[+ up two balls on "o side1 & two balls on ! o!r2 & accord+ to ! pairs ( /r+s employ$1 he w appe> to ?r[ up two1 ?ree1 or f\r balls2 ! body & legs ( a man on "o side1 & ! arms & head on ano!r2 a horse & 8 rid]2 a m\se & trap4 ,b we leave x to ! +5uity ( our read]s to devise = !mselves4 ,,pneumatic ,,amusem5ts4 ,! bran* ( ! physical sci5ces :i* relates to ! air & its v>i\s ph5om5a is call$ ,pneumatics4 ,by x we le>n _m curi\s p>ticul>s4 ,by x we f9d t ! air has weight & pressure1 color1 d5sity1 ela/icity1 compressibility1 & "s o!r prop]ties ) :i* we %all endeavor to make ! "y read] acqua9t$1 by _m pleas+ exp]im5ts1 e>ne/ly impress+ ^u him to lose no opportunity ( mak+ physical sci5ce 8 /udy4 ,to %[ t ! air has weight & pressure1 ! common lea!r suck] by :i* boys raise /ones w %[ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( s(t b firm lea!r1 hav+ a piece ( /r+ drawn ?r\gh its c5t]4 ,! lea!r is made q wet & pliable1 & !n its "u "p is plac$ ^u ! /one & /amp$ d[n by ! foot4 ,?is press+ ( ! lea!r excludes ! air f betwe5 ! lea!r & ! /one1 & by pull+ ! /r+ a vacuum is left und]nea? its c5t]2 consequ5tly ! weight ( ! air ab\t ! edges ( ! lea!r n be+ c\nt]balanc$ by any air betwe5 x & ! /one1 enables ! boy to lift x4 ,! ,magic ,tumbl]4 ,! air :i* = ab\t =ty miles surr\nds our e>? has a def9ite weight2 & al?\gh we c nei!r see nor feel x1 we are consci\s ( its pres5ce by ! mom5t>y op]ation ( brea?+4 ,! weight ( a column ( air "o in* squ>e1 & =ty miles high1 is ab\t fifte5 p\nds4 ,! reason :y we are n cru%$ d[n by ?is enorm\s weight is because we are surr\nd$ on all sides by x1 & z ! pressure ( weight is equal all ar\nd1 x becomes1 z f> z we are p]sonally conc]n$1 ins5sible4 ,t ! air does ex]t a def9ite pressure1 9 consequ5ce ( its weight1 may be easily prov$ by any "o ) ! above simple app>atus--only a tumbl] & a %eet ( pap]4 ,fill a tumbl] q full ( wat]1 & c>efully draw ov] its top a %eet ( clean lett] pap]1 & be c>eful to see t !re are no bubbles ( air 9 ! wat]2 place y\r h& ov] ! pap] :ile inv]t+ x1 & :5 ! glass is m\? d[nw>d ! wat] w be kept 91 until ! pap] becomes wet ?r\gh4 ,! air press+ aga9/ ! m\? ( ! tumbl] is ( great] weight ?an ! conta9$ wat]1 & s1 until "s air c get 9 to supply ! place ( ! wat]1 x _c fall out4 ,! ,weight ( ! ,air ,prov$ by a ,pair ( ,bell[s4 ,%ut ! nozzle & valve-hole ( a pair ( bell[s1 & aft] hav+ squeez$ ! air out ( !m1 if !y are p]fectly air-tight1 we %all f9d t a v great =ce1 ev5 "s hundr$s ( p\nds1 is necess>y = sep>at+ ! bo>ds4 ,!y are kept toge!r by ! weight ( ! heavy air :i* surr\nds !m1 9 ! same mann] z if !y 7 surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,! ,revolv+ ,s]p5t4 ,?is illu/ration repres5ts an amus+ & in/ructive exp]im5t1 :i* proves ! asc5sion ( heat$ air by r5d]+ its effects visible1 & x may also be us$ to te/ ! direction ( ! curr5ts 9 our rooms & dwell+s4 ,to con/ruct "o1 a piece ( c>d-bo>d is tak5 & cut 9 ! =m ( a spiral1 & to give effect x may be pa9t$ to repres5t a s]p5t4 ,!n prep>e a /&1 hav+ a ne$le 9 its upp] end1 & susp5d ! s]p5t f its c5t] on ! ne$le4 ,if ?is be n[ plac$ ov] a /ove1 or ! tail ( ! s]p5t susp5d$ by a bit ( ?read ov] a lamp1 ! heat$ air asc5d+ ?r\gh x w cause x to revolve 9 a v amus+ mann]4 ,two s]p5ts may be made to turn 9 opposite directions1 by pull+ out "o f ! "o side1 & ! o!r 9 ! rev]se direction1 s t _! heads may po9t t[>d ea* o!r :5 susp5d$4 ,to ,put a ,light$ ,c&le ,"u ,wat]4 ,procure a good-siz$ cork1 or bung2 ^u ?is place a small1 light$ tap]2 !n set x afloat 9 a pail ( wat]4 ,n[1 ) a /eady h&1 inv]t a l>ge dr9k+ glass ov] ! light1 & pu% x c>efully d[n into ! wat]4 ,! glass be+ full ( air1 prev5ts ! wat] f ent]+ x4 ,y may ?us see ! c&le burn "u wat]1 & br+ x up aga9 to ! surface1 /ill alight4 ,?is exp]im5t1 simple z x is1 s]ves to elucidate t useful contrivance call$ ! div+-bell1 be+ p]=m$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! l>ge/ dr9k+-glass holds b half a p9t1 s t y\r div+ light soon goes out = ! want ( air4 ,z an av]age1 a burn+ c&le consumes z mu* air z a man1 & he requires ne>ly a gallon ( air e m9ute1 s t1 accord+ to ! size ( ! glass ov] ! flame1 y c calculate h[ _m seconds x w rema9 alight2 ( c\rse1 a l>ge flame requires m air ?an a small "o4 ,= ?is1 & sev]al o!r exp]im5ts1 a qu>t bell-glass is v useful1 b be+ exp5sive x is n f\nd 9 e p>lor laboratory3 "o is1 h[ev]1 easily made f a gre5 glass pickle-bottle2 get a glazi] to cut (f ! bottom1 & y h a bell-glass t ,*ilton w\ld n reject4 ,to ,place ,wat] 9 a ,dr9k+-,glass ,upside ,d[n4 ,procure a plate1 a tumbl]1 & a small piece ( tissue or silv] pap]4 ,set ! plate on a table1 & p\r wat] 9 x up to ! fir/ rim4 ,n[ slightly crumple up ! pap]1 & place x 9 ! glass2 !n set x on fire4 ,:5 x is burnt out1 or r j z ! la/ flame disappe>s1 turn ! glass quickly upside d[n into ! wat]4 ,a/oni%+6 ! wat] ru%es ) great viol5ce into ! glass6 ,n[ y are satisfi$ t wat] c be plac$ 9 a dr9k+-glass upside d[n4 ,hold ! glass firm1 & ! plate also4 ,y c n[ rev]se ! position ( ! plate & glass1 & ?us conv9ce ! mo/ skeptical ( ! tru? ( y\r pneumatic exp]im5t4 ,in/ead ( burn+ pap]1 a little br&y or spirits ( w9e c be ignit$ 9 ! glass2 ! result ( its combu/ion be+ invisible1 ! exp]im5t is clean]4 ,,amusem5ts ,,9 ,,me*anics4 ,!re is no subject s important z me*anics1 z its pr9ciples are f\nd$ ^u ! prop]ties ( matt] & ! laws ( motion2 &1 kn[+ some?+ ( ^!1 ! tyro w lay ! f\ndation ( all sub/antial k4 ,! prop]ties ( matt] are ! foll[+3 ,solidity 7or imp5etrability71 divisibility1 mobility1 ela/icity1 brittl5ess1 malleability1 ductility & t5acity4 ,! laws ( motion are z foll[s3 #a4 ,e body cont9ues 9 a /ate ( re/1 or uni=m rectil9eal motion1 unless affect$ by "s extrane\s =ce4 #b4 ,! *ange ( motion is always proportionate to ! impell+ =ce4 #c4 ,action & reaction are always equal & contr>y4 ,exp]im5t ( ! ,law ( ,motion4 ,9 %oot+ at 8taw10 if ! m>ble be /ruck 8plump10 z x is call$1 x moves =w>d exactly 9 ! same l9e ( direction2 b if /ruck sideways1 x w move 9 an oblique direction1 & its c\rse w be 9 a l9e situat$ betwe5 ! direction ( its =m] motion & t ( ! =ce impress$4 ,x is call$ ! resolution ( =ces4 ,balanc+4 ,! c5t] ( gravity 9 a body is t "p ab\t :i* all ! o!r p>ts equally balance ea* o!r4 ,9 balanc+ a /ick ^u ! f+]1 or ^u ! *91 x is necess>y only to keep ! *9 or f+] exactly "u ! po9t :i* is call$ ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,! ,balanc$ ,co94 ,x seems to be an a/\nd+ /atem5t t a qu>t]1 or o!r piece ( money1 c be made to sp9 on ! po9t ( a ne$le4 ,to p]=m ?is exp]im5t1 procure a bottle1 cork x1 & 9 ! cork place a ne$le4 ,n[ take ano!r cork & cut a slit 9 x1 s t ! edge ( ! co9 w fit into ! slit2 next place two =ks 9 ! cork1 & plac+ ! edge ( ! co9 on ! ne$le1 x w sp9 ar\nd )\t fall+ (f4 ,! reason is ?is3 t ! weight ( ! =ks project+ z !y d s mu* bel[ ! co91 br+s ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! arrangem5t mu* bel[ ! po9t ( susp5sion1 or ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 & !re=e ! co9 rema9s p]fectly safe & upright4 ,! ,spani% ,danc]4 ,! laws :i* gov]n ! motion ( bodies are capable ( _m pleas+ illu/rations1 & ! example :i* we n[ give ( caus+ rot>y motion is v int]e/+ & easily p]=m$4 ,take a piece ( c>d1 & cut out a little figure1 & pa/e or gum x 9 an erect position on ! inside ( a wat*-glass4 ,!n procure a black japann$ wait]1 or a clean plate w d1 &1 hold+ x 9 an incl9$ position1 place ! figure & wat*-glass on x1 & !y w1 ( c\rse1 slide d[n4 ,next let fall a drop ( wat] on ! wait]1 place ! wat*-glass on x1 & aga9 incl9e ! wait]1 & in/ead ( ! wat*-glass slid+ d[n1 x w beg9 to revolve4 ,x w cont9ue to revolve ) increas+ velocity1 obey+ ! incl9ation & position ( ! plane1 z direct$ by ! h& ( ! exp]im5tali/4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cohesion ( ! wat] to ! two surfaces1 a new =ce is introduc$1 by :i* an unequal degree ( resi/ance is imp>t$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! wat*-glass 9 contact ) ! wait]1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 its ef=t to slide d[n1 x revolves4 ,aga91 if ! drop ( wat] be obs]v$1 x w be se5 t x und]goes a *ange ( figure2 a film ( wat]1 by capill>y action1 is drawn to ! =emo/ portion ( ! glass1 :ile1 by ! c5trifugal =ce1 a body ( wat] is ?r[n "u ! "u "p ( x4 ,! effect ( bo? ^! actions is to accel]ate ! motion1 or1 9 o!r words1 to gradually increase ! spe$4 ,! ,me*anical ,bucephalus4 ,! illu/ration ( ! horse furni%es a v good solution ( a popul> p>adox 9 me*anics3 ,giv51 a body hav+ a t5d5cy to fall by its own weight2 requir$1 h[ to prev5t x f fall+ by add+ to x a weight on ! same side on :i* x t5ds to fall4 ,take a horse 9 an erect position1 ! c5t] ( gravity ( :i* is some:]e ab\t ! middle ( its body4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 7 x plac$ on its h9d] legs1 on a table1 ! l9e ( its direction1 or c5t]1 w\ld fall consid]ably beyond its base1 & ! horse w\ld fall on ! gr\nd2 b to prev5t ?is1 !re is a /iff wire atta*$ to a weight or bullet1 connect$ ) ! body ( ! horse1 & by ?is means a horse prances on a table )\t fall+ (f2 s t ! figure t 0 incapable ( support+ itself1 is actually prev5t$ f fall+ by add+ a weight to its unsupport$ end4 ,?is seems almo/ impossible1 b :5 we consid] t 9 ord] to h ! desir$ effect1 ! wire mu/ be b5t1 & ! weight be fur!r "u ! table ?an ! horse's feet are on x1 ! my/]y is solv$1 z x br+s ! total weight ( bullet & horse 9 su* a position t ! t5d5cy is r to make x /& up ?an to let x fall d[n4 ,! ,revolv+ ,image4 ,?is little figure may be made to balance itself amus+ly4 ,get a piece ( wood1 ab\t two in*es long2 cut "o end ( x into ! =m ( a man's head & %\ld]s1 & let ! o!r end tap] (f to a f9e po9t4 ,next furni% ! little g5tleman ) a pair ( waft]s1 %ap$ l o>s1 in/ead ( arms1 b !y mu/ be m ?an d\ble ! l5g? ( 8 body2 /ick !m 9 8 %\ld]s1 & he is complete4 ,:5 y place him on ! tip ( y\r f+]1 if y h tak5 c>e to make ! po9t exactly 9 ! c5t]1 he w /& upright4 ,by bl[+ on ! wait]s he may be made to turn ar\nd v quickly4 ,x is expla9$ by ! reasons t 7 giv5 9 ! exp]im5t ( ! 8balanc$ co940 ,! ,bridge ( ,knives4 ,place ?ree glasses 9 ! =m ( a triangle1 & arrange ! h&les ( ?ree knives ^u !m4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 ! blade ( ,no4 #a ov] t ( ,no4 #b1 & t ov] ,no4 #c1 :i* re/s on ,no4 #a4 ,! bridge s made w be self-support$4 ,! ,p>lor ,boom]ang4 ,! boom]ang is a weapon us$ by ! savages ( ,au/ralia4 ,by !m x is made ( a flat piece ( h>d wood4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is in/rum5t is1 t 9 :atev] direction x is ?r[n1 x w return to ! place f :5ce x />t$1 9 a curve4 ,! ,au/ralian aborig9es use x ) great dext]ity1 mak+ x travel ar\nd a h\se & return to _! feet1 or !y c ?r[ x on ! gr\nd s t x w fly into ! air1 =m a p]fect arc ov] _! heads1 & /rike !m on ! back4 ,?is curi\s in/rum5t c be made 9 m9iature1 & is a v amus+ toy = ! p>lor4 ,get a piece ( tol]ably /iff c>dbo>d1 & cut f x a figure resembl+ a boom]ang4 ,! next ?+ is to propel x ?r\gh ! air s t x w return to y\r feet2 to d ?is1 lay ! boom]ang on a flat book1 all[+ "o end to project ab\t an in*2 !n1 hold+ ! book to a slight angle1 /rike ! project+ end ( ! boom]ang ) a piece ( /ick1 or heavy p5-hold]1 :5 x w fly across ! room & return to y\r feet4 ,! ,balanc$ ,turk4 ,a decant] or bottle is fir/ obta9$1 & 9 its cork is plac$ a ne$le2 on ?is is balanc$ a ball ( wood1 hav+ a cork or wood5 figure cut out1 /&+ on ! top4 ,f ! ball project two wires1 b5t semicircul>ly1 hav+ at _! extremities two bullets4 ,pu% ! bullets1 & ! :ole w turn ar\nd on ! ne$le1 ! figure /&+ upright all ! :ile2 &1 twi/ x ab\t f side to side z mu* z y l1 x w always rega9 its erect position4 ,! two bullets 9 ?is case cause ! c5t] ( gravity to fall bel[ ! ball on :i* ! figure is plac$1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 z ! c5t] ( gravity always assumes ! l[e/ position1 x _c d s )\t mak+ ! figure /& erect1 or1 9 o!r words1 until ! bullets !mselves are equally balanc$4 ,any boy may :ittle "o ( ^! toys out ) a jack-knife4 ,! ,complac5t ,vizi]4 ,among ! novelties :i* sci5tific inve/igation has add$ to our toys1 are sev]al figures :i* w raise !mselves upright :5 ?r[n d[n1 & rega9 ! erect position1 not)/&+ _! equilibrium is di/urb$4 ,! figures !mselves are made ( ! pi? ( eld] trees1 or any o!r v light sub/ance4 ,ea* is plac$ on half a bullet1 or may be made to /& on its head1 by mak+ its cap ( lead4 ,_! appe>ance is v droll :5 !y are mov$ ab\t1 z !y seem e mom5t to be fall+ ov]1 & yet cont9ually "r !mselves4 ,! philosophy ( ?is is1 t ! c5t] ( gravity be+ 9 ! base1 & always try+ to assume ! l[e/ position1 x keeps ! figures upright4 ,h[ev] mu* ! equilibrium is di/urb$1 x w always try to rega9 its orig9al position4 ,,ari?metical ,,amusem5ts4 ,z ! pr9cipal object ( ^! articles is to enable ! "y read] to le>n some?+ 9 8 sports1 & to und]/& :at he is do+1 we %all1 be=e proce$+ to ! curi\s tricks & feats connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( numb]s1 pres5t him ) "s ari?metical aphorisms1 ^u :i* mo/ ( ! foll[+ examples are f\nd$3 ,aphorisms ( ,numb]4 #a4 ,if two ev5 numb]s be add$ toge!r1 or subtract$ f ea* o!r1 _! sum or diff]5ce w be an ev5 numb]4 #b4 ,if two unev5 numb]s be add$ or subtract$1 _! sum or diff]5ce w be an ev5 numb]4 #c4 ,! sum or diff]5ce ( an ev5 & an unev5 numb] add$ or subtract$ w be an unev5 numb]4 #d4 ,! product ( two ev5 numb]s w be an ev5 numb]1 & ! product ( two unev5 numb]s w be an unev5 numb]4 #e4 ,! product ( an ev5 & unev5 numb] w be an ev5 numb]4 #f4 ,if two diff]5t numb]s be divisible by any "o numb]1 _! sum & _! diff]5ce w also be divisible by t numb]4 #g4 ,if sev]al diff]5t numb]s1 divisible by #c1 be add$ or multipli$ toge!r1 _! sum & _! product w also be divisible by #c4 #h4 ,if two numb]s divisible by #i1 be add$ toge!r1 _! sum ( ! figures 9 ! am\nt w be ei!r #i or a numb] divisible by #i4 #i4 ,if any numb] be multipli$ by #i1 or by any o!r numb] divisible by #i1 ! am\nt ( ! figures ( ! product w be ei!r #i or a numb] divisible by #i4 #aj4 ,9 e ari?metical progression1 if ! fir/ & la/ t]m be ea* multipli$ by ! numb] ( t]ms1 & ! sum ( ! two products be divid$ by #b1 ! quoti5t w be ! sum ( ! s]ies4 #aa4 ,9 e geometric progression1 if any two t]ms be multipli$ toge!r1 _! product w be equal to t t]m :i* answ]s to ! sum ( ^! two indices4 ,?us1 9 ! s]ies3 #a #b #c #d #e #b #d #h #af #cb ,if ! ?ird & f\r? t]ms1 #h & #af1 be multipli$ toge!r1 ! product1 #abh1 w be ! sev5? t]m ( ! s]ies4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! fif? t]m be multipli$ into itself1 ! product w be ! t5? t]m2 & if t sum be multipli$ into itself1 ! product w be ! tw5tie? t]m4 ,!re=e1 to f9d ! la/1 or tw5tie? t]m ( a geometric s]ies1 x is n necess>y to cont9ue ! s]ies beyond a few ( ! fir/ t]ms4 ,previ\s to ! num]ical recreations1 we %all "h describe c]ta9 me*anical me?ods ( p]=m+ ari?metical calculations1 su* z are n only 9 !mselves ent]ta9+1 b w be f\nd m or less useful to ! "y read]4 ,to ,f9d a ,numb] ,?\ght (4 ,,fir/ ,,me?od4 ,,example4 ,let a p]son ?9k ( a numb]1 say #f #a4 ,let him multiply by #c #ah #b4 ,add #a #ai #c4 ,multiply by #c #eg #d4 ,add to ?is ! numb] ?\ght ( #fc ,let him in=m y :at is ! numb] produc$2 x w always end ) #c4 ,/rike (f ! #c1 & in=m him t he ?\ght ( #f4 ,,second ,,me?od4 ,,example4 ,suppose ! numb] ?\ght ( to be #f #a4 ,let him d\ble x #ab #b4 ,add #d #af #c4 ,multiply by #e #hj #d4 ,add #ab #ib #e4 ,multiply by #aj #ibj ,let him in=m y :at is ! numb] produc$4 ,y mu/ !n1 9 e case1 subtract #cbj2 ! rema9d] is1 9 ?is example1 #fjj2 /rike (f ! #b ciph]s1 & ann\nce #f z ! numb] ?\ght (4 ,,?ird ,,me?od4 ,desire a p]son to ?9k ( a numb]--say #f4 ,he mu/ !n proce$3 ,,example4 #a4 ,to multiply ?is numb] by itself #cf #b4 ,to take #a f ! numb] ?\ght ( #e #c4 ,to multiply ?is by itself #be #d4 ,to tell y ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is product & ! =m] #aa ,y mu/ !n add #a to x #ab ,& halve ?is numb] #f ,:i* w be ! numb] ?\ght (4 ,,f\r? ,,me?od4 ,desire a p]son to ?9k ( a numb]--say #f4 ,he mu/ !n proce$ z foll[s3 ,,example4 #a4 ,add #a to x #g #b4 ,multiply by #c #ba #c4 ,add #a aga9 #bb #d4 ,add ! numb] ?\ght ( #bh ,let him tell y ! figures produc$ #bh #e4 ,y !n subtract #d f x #bd #f4 ,& divide by #d #f ,:i* y c say is ! numb] he ?\ght (4 ,,fif? ,,me?od4 ,,example4 ,suppose ! numb] ?\ght ( be #f #a4 ,let him d\ble x #ab #b4 ,desire him to add to ?is a numb] y tell him--say #d #af #c4 ,to halve x #h ,y c !n tell him t if he w subtract f ?is ! numb] he ?\ght (1 ! rema9d] w be1 9 ! case suppos$1 #b4 ,,note4--,! rema9d] is always half ! numb] y tell him to add4 ,to ,discov] ,two or ,m ,numb]s t a ,p]son has ,?\ght (4 ,,fir/ ,,case4 ,:]e ea* ( ! numb]s is less ?an #aj4 ,suppose ! numb]s ?\ght ( 7 #b1 #c1 #e4 ,,example4 #a4 ,desire him to d\ble ! fir/ numb]1 mak+ #d #b4 ,to add "o to x #e #c4 ,to multiply by #e #be #d4 ,to add ! second numb] #bh ,!re be+ a ?ird numb]1 repeat ! process4 #e4 ,to d\ble x #ef #f4 ,to add #a to x #eg #g4 ,to multiply by #e #bhe #h4 ,to add ! ?ird numb] #bij ,& to proce$ 9 ! same mann] = z _m numb]s z 7 ?\ght (4 ,let him tell y ! la/ sum produc$ 79 ?is case1 #bij74 ,!n1 if !re 7 two numb]s ?\ght (1 y mu/ subtract #e2 if ?ree1 #ee2 if f\r1 #eee4 ,y mu/ "h subtract #ee2 leav+ a rema9d] ( #bce1 :i* are ! numb]s ?\ght (1 #b1 #c1 & #e4 ,,second ,,case4 ,:]e "o or m ( ! numb]s are #aj1 or m ?an #aj1 & :]e !re is an odd numb] ( numb]s ?\ght (4 ,suppose he fixes ^u five numb]s1 viz41 #d1 #f1 #i1 #ae1 #af4 ,he mu/ add toge!r ! numb]s z foll[s1 & tell y ! v>i\s sums3 #a4 ,! sum ( ! #a/ & #b;d #aj #b4 ,! sum ( ! #b;d & #c;d #ae #c4 ,! sum ( ! #c;d & #d? #bd #d4 ,! sum ( ! #d? & #e? #ca #e4 ,! sum ( ! #a/ & la/ #bj ,y mu/ !n add toge!r ! #a/1 #c;d1 & #e? sums1 viz41 #aj #bd #bj #ed1 & ! #b;d & #d?1 #ae #ca #df2 take "o f ! o!r1 leav+ #h4 ,! half ( ?is is ! fir/ numb]1 #d2 if y take ?is f ! sum ( ! #a/ & #b;d y w h ! #b;d numb]1 #f2 ?is tak5 f ! sum ( ! #b;d & #c;d w give y ! #c;d1 #i2 & s on = ! o!r numb]s4 ,,?ird ,,case4 ,:]e "o or m ( ! numb]s are #aj1 or m ?an #aj1 & :]e an ev5 numb] ( numb]s has be5 ?\ght (4 ,suppose he fixes on six numb]s1 viz3 #b1 #f1 #g1 #ae1 #af1 #ah4 ,he mu/ add toge!r ! numb]s z foll[s1 & tell y ! sum 9 ea* case3 #a4 ,! sum ( ! #a/ & #b;d #h #b4 ,! sum ( ! #b;d & #c;d #ac #c4 ,! sum ( ! #c;d & #d? #bb #d4 ,! sum ( ! #d? & #e? #ca #e4 ,! sum ( ! #e? & #f? #cd #f4 ,! sum ( ! #b;d & la/ #bd ,y mu/ !n add toge!r ! #b;d1 #d?1 & #f? sums1 #ac #ca #bd #fh1 & ! #c;d & #e? sums1 #bb #cd #ef4 ,subtract "o f ! o!r1 leav+ #ab2 ! #b;d numb] w be #f1 ! half ( ?is2 take ! #b;d f ! sum ( ! #a/ & #b;d1 & y w get ! #a/2 take ! #b;d f ! sum ( ! #b;d & #c;d1 & y w h ! #c;d1 & s on4 ,h[ ,_m ,c\nt]s ,h ,i 9 ,my ,h&s8 ,a p]son hav+ an equal numb] ( c\nt]s 9 ea* h&1 x is requir$ to f9d h[ _m he has altoge!r4 ,suppose he has #af c\nt]s1 or #h 9 ea* h&4 ,desire him to transf] f "o h& to ! o!r a c]ta9 numb] ( !m1 & to tell y ! numb] s transf]r$4 ,suppose x be #d1 ! h&s n[ conta9 #d & #ab4 ,ask him h[ _m times ! small] numb] is conta9$ 9 ! l>g]2 9 ?is case x is ?ree times4 ,y mu/ !n multiply ! numb] transf]r$1 #d1 by ! #c1 mak+ #ab1 & add ! #d1 mak+ #af2 !n divide #af by ! #c m9us #a2 ?is w br+ #h1 ! numb] 9 ea* h&4 ,9 mo/ cases fractions w occur 9 ! process2 :5 #aj c\nt]s are 9 ea* h& & if f\r be transf]r$1 ! h&s w conta9 #f & #ad4 ,he w divide #ad by #f & in=m y t ! quoti5t is #b-a_/c4 ,y multiply #d by #b-a_/c1 :i* is #i-a_/c4 ,add f\r to ?is1 mak+ #ac-a_/c equal to #dj_/c4 ,subtract #a f #b-a_/c1 leav+ #a-a_/c or #d_/c4 ,divide #dj_/c by #d_/c1 giv+ #aj1 ! numb] 9 ea* h&4 ,! ,?ree ,travel]s4 ,?ree m5 met at a c>avans>y or inn1 9 ,p]sia2 & two ( !m br\ght _! provisions along ) !m1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry2 b ! ?ird1 n hav+ provid$ any1 propos$ to ! o!rs t !y %\ld eat toge!r1 & he w\ld pay ! value ( 8 proportion4 ,?is be+ agre$ to1 ,a produc$ #e loaves1 & ,b #c loaves1 all ( :i* ! travel]s ate toge!r1 & ,c paid #h pieces ( money z ! value ( 8 %>e1 ) :i* ! o!rs 7 satisfi$1 b qu>rel$ ab\t ! division ( x4 ,^u ?is ! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! judge1 :o decid$ imp>tially4 ,:at 0 8 decision8 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem t ! money %\ld be divid$ accord+ to ! bread furni%$2 b we mu/ consid] t z ! #c ate #h loaves1 ea* "o ate #b-b_/c loaves ( ! bread he furni%$4 ,?is f #e w\ld leave #b-a_/c loaves furni%$ ! /rang] by ,a2 & #c - #b-b_/c #a_/c furni%$ by ,b1 h5ce #b-a_/c to #a_/c #g to #a1 is ! ratio 9 :i* ! money is to be divid$4 ,if y imag9e ,a & ,b to furni%1 & ,c to consume all1 !n ! division w be accord+ to am\nts furni%$4 ,! ,money ,game4 ,a p]son hav+ 9 "o h& a piece ( gold1 & 9 ! o!r a piece ( silv]1 y may tell 9 :i* h& he has ! gold1 & 9 :i* ! silv]1 by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,"s value1 repres5t$ by an ev5 numb]1 su* z #h1 mu/ be assign$ to ! gold2 & a value repres5t$ by an odd numb]1 su* z #c1 mu/ be assign$ to ! silv]2 aft] :i*1 desire ! p]son to multiply ! numb] 9 ! "r h& by any ev5 numb] :atev]1 su* z #b1 & t 9 ! left by an odd numb]1 z #c2 !n bid him add toge!r ! two products1 & if ! :ole sum be odd1 ! gold w be 9 ! "r h&1 & ! silv] 9 ! left2 if ! sum be ev51 ! contr>y w be ! case4 ,to conceal ! artifice bett]1 x w be suffici5t to ask :e!r ! sum ( ! two products c be halv$ )\t a rema9d]1 = 9 t case ! total w be ev51 & 9 ! contr>y case odd4 ,x may be readily se5 t ! pieces1 in/ead ( be+ 9 ! two h&s ( ! same p]son1 may be suppos$ to be 9 ! h&s ( two p]sons1 "o ( :om has ! ev5 numb]1 or piece ( gold1 & ! o!r ! odd numb]1 or piece ( silv]4 ,! same op]ations may !n be p]=m$ 9 reg>d to ^! two p]sons1 z are p]=m$ 9 reg>d to ! two h&s ( ! same p]son1 call+ ! "o privately ! "r1 & ! o!r ! left4 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,pupils4 ,to f9d a numb] ( :i* ! half1 f\r?1 & sev5?1 add$ to ?ree1 %all be equal to itself4 ,?is 0 a favorite problem among ! anci5t ,grecian ari?meticians1 :o /at$ ! "q 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,tell u1 illu/ri\s ,py?agoras1 h[ _m pupils frequ5t ?y s*ool80 8,"o-half10 repli$ ! philosoph]1 8/udy ma!matics1 "o-f\r? natural philosophy1 "o-sev5? pres]ve sil5ce1 & !re are ?ree females besides40 ,! answ] is #bh3 #ad #g #d #c #bh4 ,! ,c]ta9 ,game4 ,two p]sons agree to take1 alt]nately1 numb]s less ?an a giv5 figure1 = example1 #aa1 & to add !m toge!r till "o ( !m has rea*$ a c]ta9 sum1 su* z #ajj4 ,by :at means c "o ( !m infallibly atta9 to t numb] be=e ! o!r8 ,! :ole artifice 9 ?is consi/s 9 imm$iately mak+ *oice ( ! numb]s1 #a1 #ab1 #bc1 #cd1 & s on1 or ( a s]ies :i* cont9ually increases by #aa1 up to #ajj4 ,let u suppose t ! fir/ p]son1 :o kn[s ! game1 makes *oice ( #a1 x is evid5t t 8 adv]s>y1 z he mu/ c\nt less ?an #aa1 c at mo/ rea* #aa1 by add+ #aj to x4 ,! fir/ w !n take #a1 :i* w make #ab2 & :atev] numb] ! second may add1 ! fir/ w c]ta9ly w91 provid$ he cont9ually add ! numb] :i* =ms ! complem5t ( t ( 8 adv]s>y to #aa2 t is to say1 if ! latt] take #h1 he mu/ take #c2 if #i1 he mu/ take #b2 & s on4 ,by foll[+ ?is me?od1 he w infallibly atta9 to #hi1 & x w !n be impossible = ! second to prev5t him f gett+ fir/ to #ajj2 = :atev] numb] ! second takes he c atta9 only to #ii2 aft] :i* ! fir/ may say--8& #a makes #ajj40 ,if ! second take #a aft] #hi1 x w\ld make #ij1 & 8 adv]s>y w\ld f9i% by say+--8& #aj make #ajj40 ,betwe5 two p]sons :o are equally acqua9t$ ) ! game1 he :o beg9s mu/ necess>ily w94 ,! ,dice ,guess$ ,unse54 ,a pair ( dice be+ ?r[n1 to f9d ! numb] ( po9ts on ea* die )\t see+ !m4 ,tell ! p]son :o ca/ ! dice to d\ble ! numb] ( po9ts ^u "o ( !m1 & add #e to x2 !n to multiply ! sum produc$ by #e1 & to add to ! product ! numb] ( po9ts ^u ! o!r die4 ,?is be+ done1 desire him to tell y ! am\nt1 & hav+ ?r[n out #be1 ! rema9d] w be a numb] consi/+ ( two figures1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 to ! left1 is ! numb] ( po9ts on ! fir/ die1 & ! second figure1 to ! "r1 ! numb] ( ! o!r4 ,?us3 ,suppose ! numb] ( po9ts ( ! fir/ die :i* comes up to be #b1 & t ( ! o!r #c2 !n1 if to #d1 ! d\ble ( ! po9ts ( ! fir/1 !re be add$ #e1 & ! sum produc$1 #i1 be multipli$ by #e1 ! product w be #de2 to :i*1 if #c1 ! numb] ( po9ts on ! o!r die1 be add$1 #dh w be produc$1 f :i*1 if #be be subtract$1 #bc w rema92 ! fir/ figure ( :i* is #b1 ! numb] ( po9ts on ! fir/ die1 & ! second figure #c1 ! numb] on ! o!r4 ,! ,fam\s ,=ty-five4 ,h[ c numb] #de be divid$ into f\r su* p>ts t1 if to ! fir/ "p y add #b1 f ! second "p y subtract #b1 ! ?ird "p y multiply by #b1 & ! f\r? "p y divide by #b1 ! sum ( ! addition1 ! rema9d] ( ! subtraction1 ! product ( ! multiplication1 & ! quoti5t ( ! division1 be all equal8 ,! fir/ is #h2 to :i* add #b1 ! sum is #aj ,! second is #ab2 subtract #b1 ! rema9d] is #aj ,! ?ird is #e2 multipli$ by #b1 ! product is #aj ,! f\r? is #bj2 divid$ by #b1 ! quoti5t is #aj -- #de ,requir$ to subtract #de f #de1 & leave #de z a rema9d]4 ,,solution4--#i #h #g #f #e #d #c #b #a #de4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #de4 -------------------------------------- #h #f #d #a #i #g #e #c #b #de4 ,! ,a/oni%$ ,f>m]4 ,a & ,b took ea* #cj pigs to m>ket4 ,a sold 8 at #c = a doll>1 ,b at #b = a doll>1 & toge!r !y receiv$ #be4 ,a aft]w>ds took #fj alone1 :i* he sold z be=e1 at #e = #b1 & receiv$ b #bd3 :at became ( ! o!r doll>8 ,?is is r a cat* "q1 ! ins9uation t ! fir/ lot 7 sold at ! rate ( #e = #b1 be+ only true 9 "p4 ,!y comm5ce sell+ at t rate1 b aft] mak+ t5 sales1 ,a's pigs are exhau/$1 & !y h receiv$ #bj2 ,b /ill has #aj1 :i* he sells at 8two = a doll>10 & ( c\rse receives #e2 :]eas _h he sold !m at ! rate ( #e = #b1 he w\ld h receiv$ b #d4 ,h5ce ! difficulty is easily settl$4 ,! ,expung$ ,figure4 ,9 ! fir/ place we desire a p]son to write d[n secretly1 9 a l9e1 any numb] ( figures he may *oose1 & add !m toge!r z units2 hav+ done ?is1 tell him to subtract t sum f ! l9e ( figures orig9ally set d[n2 !n desire him to /rike out any figure he pleases1 & add ! rema9+ figures 9 ! l9e toge!r z units 7z 9 ! fir/ in/ance71 & in=m y ( ! result1 :5 y w tell him ! figure he has /ruck out4 #gfedb -#bd #bd ----- #gfeah ,suppose1 = example1 ! figures put d[n are #gfedb2 ^! add$ toge!r1 z units1 make a total ( #bd2 d$uct tw5ty-f\r f ! fir/ l9e1 & #gfeah rema92 if #e1 ! c5t] figure1 be /ruck out1 ! total w be #bb4 ,if #h1 ! fir/ figure1 be /ruck out1 #ai w be ! total4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :i* figure has be5 /ruck out1 y make a m5tal sum "o multiple ( #i high] ?an ! total giv54 ,if #bb be giv5 z ! total1 !n #c times #i are #bg1 & #bb f #bg %[ t #e 0 /ruck4 ,if #ai be giv51 t sum d$uct$ f #bg %[s #h4 ,%\ld ! total be equal multiples ( #i1 z #ah1 #bg1 #cf1 !n #i has be5 expung$4 ,) v little practice1 any p]son may p]=m ?is ) rapidity3 x is !re=e ne$less to give any fur!r examples4 ,! only way 9 :i* a p]son c fail 9 solv+ ?is riddle is :5 ei!r a numb] #i or a #j is /ruck out1 z x !n becomes impossible to tell :i* ( ! two x is1 ! sum ( ! figures 9 ! l9e be+ an ev5 numb] ( n9es 9 bo? cases4 ,my/]i\s ,addition4 ,x is requir$ to "n ! quoti5t ( five or ?ree l9es ( figures--ea* l9e consi/+ ( five or m figures--only see+ ! fir/ l9e be=e ! o!r l9es are ev5 put d[n4 ,any p]son may write d[n ! fir/ l9e ( figures = y4 ,h[ d y f9d ! quoti5t8 #hf1bad #db1fhj #eg1cai #fb1hed #cg1ade ------ #bhf1bab ,:5 ! fir/ l9e ( figures is set d[n1 subtract #b f ! la/ "r-h& figure1 & place x be=e ! fir/ figure ( ! l9e1 & t is ! quoti5t = five l9es4 ,= example1 suppose ! figures are #hf1bad1 ! quoti5t w be #bhf1bab4 ,y may all[ any p]son to put d[n ! two fir/ & ! f\r? l9es1 b y mu/ always set d[n ! ?ird & fif? l9es1 & 9 do+ s always make up #i ) ! l9e above4 ,!re=e 9 ! annex$ diagram y w see t y h made #i 9 ! ?ird & fif? l9es ) ! l9es above !m4 ,if ! p]son y reque/ to put d[n ! figures %\ld set d[n a #a or #j = ! la/ figure1 y mu/ say3 8,we w h ano!r figure10 & ano!r1 & s on until he sets d[n some?+ above #a or #b4 #fg1hef #dg1bah #eb1gha ------ #afg1hee ,9 solv+ ! puzzle ) #c l9es1 y subtract #a f ! la/ figure1 & place x be=e ! fir/ figure1 & make up ! ?ird l9e y\rself to #i4 ,= example3 #fg1hef is giv51 & ! quoti5t w be #afg1hee1 z %[n 9 ! above diagram4 ,! ,rema9d]4 ,a v pleas+ way to arrive at an ari?metical sum1 )\t ! use ( ei!r slate or p5cil1 is to ask a p]son to ?9k ( a figure1 !n to d\ble x1 !n add a c]ta9 figure to x1 n[ halve ! :ole sum1 & f9ally to ab/ract f t ! figure fir/ ?\ght (4 ,y are !n to tell ! ?9k] :at is ! rema9d]4 ,! key to ?is lock ( figures is1 t half ( :atev] sum y reque/ to be add$ dur+ ! work+ ( ! sum is ! rema9d]4 ,9 ! example giv51 #e is ! half ( #aj1 ! numb] reque/$ to be add$4 ,any am\nt may be add$1 b ! op]ation is simplifi$ by giv+ only ev5 numb]s1 z !y w divide )\t fractions4 ,?9k ( #g ,d\ble x #ad ,add #aj to x #aj -- ,halve x #b 7 #bd -- ,:i* w leave #ab ,subtract ! numb] ?\ght ( #g -- ,! rema9d] w be #e ,! ,?ree ,jeal\s ,husb&s4 ,?ree jeal\s husb&s1 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 ) _! wives be+ ready to pass by night ov] a riv]1 f9d at ! wat]-side a boat :i* c c>ry b two at a "t1 & = want ( a wat]man !y are compell$ to r[ !mselves ov] ! riv] at sev]al times4 ,! "q is1 h[ ^? six p]sons %all pass1 two at a "t1 s t none ( ! ?ree wives may be f\nd 9 ! company ( "o or two m51 unless h] husb& be pres5t8 ,?is may be effect$ 9 two or ?ree ways2 ! foll[+ may be z good z any3 ,let ,a & wife g ov]--let ,a return--let ,b's & ,c's wives g ov]--,a's wife returns--,b & ,c g ov]--,b & wife return1 ,a & ,b g ov]--,c's wife returns1 & ,a's & ,b's wives g ov]--!n ,c comes back = 8 wife4 ,simple z ?is "q may appe>1 x is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,alcu91 :o fl\ri%$ a ?\s& ye>s ago1 hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ! art ( pr9t+ 0 inv5t$4 ,! ,ari?metical ,m\se-,trap4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ simple m\se-traps 9 use may be con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,get a slip ( smoo? p9e1 ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 a qu>t] ( an in* broad1 & ( suffici5t l5g? to cut out ! foll[+ p>ts ( a trap3 ,fir/1 an upright piece1 ?ree or f\r in*es high1 :i* mu/ be squ>e at ! bottom1 & a small piece to be cut (f at ! top to fit a not* 9 ,no4 #b4 ,! second piece mu/ be ( ! same l5g? z ! fir/1 ) ! not* cut across ne>ly at ! top ( x1 to fit ! top ( ,no4 #a1 & ! o!r end ( x trimm$ to cat* ! not* 9 ,no4 #c4 ,! ?ird piece %\ld be twice z long z ei!r ( ! o!rs2 a not*1 simil> to t 9 ,no4 #b1 mu/ be cut 9 "o end ( x to cat* ! l[] end ( ,no4 #b4 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f>1 y mu/ put ! pieces toge!r1 9 ord] to f9i% x1 by add+ ano!r not* 9 ,no4 #c1 ! exact situation ( :i* y w discov] z foll[s3 ,place ,no4 #a upright1 !n put ! not* ( ,no4 #b 9 ! ?9n$ top ( ,no4 #a2 !n get a flat piece ( wood1 or a slate1 "o end ( :i* mu/ re/ on ! gr\nd1 & ! c5t] ( ! edge ( ! o!r on ! top ( ,no4 #b4 ,y w n[ f9d ! ?9n$ end ( ,no4 #b elevat$ by ! weight ( ! flat piece ( wood or slate2 !n put ! ?9n$ end ( x 9 ! not* ( ,no4 #c1 & draw ,no4 #b d[n by x1 until ! :ole =ms a resemblance ( a figure #d2 at ! exact place :]e ,no4 #c t\*es ! upright1 cut a not*1 :i*1 by cat*+ ! end ( ,no4 #a1 w keep ! trap toge!r4 ,y may n[ bait ! end ( ,no4 #c ) pieces ( *eese2 a m\se1 by nibbl+ ! bait1 w pull d[n ,no4 #c1 ! o!r pieces imm$iately sep>ate1 & ! slate or bo>d falls ^u ! m\se4 ,we h se5 numb]s ( mice1 rats & birds caught by ?is4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,*emi/4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,fir/1 surnam$ ,beaucl]k1 or ! f9e s*ol>1 !re appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 c]ta9 books1 pr(ess+ to tea* ! art ( mak+ gold1 ! words *emi/ry1 *emi/1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek4 ,sev5 hundr$ ye>s & m h pass$ away1 & t :i* 0 only ! pursuit ( a %ad[ call$ al*emy1 has result$ 9 ! acquisition ( a great & noble sci5ce1 n[ & aga9 call$ *emi/ry4 ,s x is ) ! great edifice ,*emi/ry2 we may1 9 ^! brief pages1 peep 9 at ! op5 door1 b %\ld we desire to g beyond ! ?re%old1 !re are num]\s guides1 su* z ,roscoe1 ,wilson1 & ,f[nes1 :o w conduct u ?r\gh ! mazes ( ! int]ior1 & expla9 9 elem5t>y language ! beautiful processes :i* h become s useful to mank9d4 ,*emi/ry is "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive ( all ! sci5ces1 & at ! same "t "o :i* comes home to u 9 ! mo/ ord9>y ( our daily avocations4 ,mo/ ( ! arts ( life are indebt$ to x = _! v exi/5ce1 & ne>ly all h be51 f "t to "t1 improv$ by ! application ( its pr9ciples4 ,*emi/ry is1 9 fact1 ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! composition ( all mat]ial bodies1 & ( ! means ( =m+ !m into new comb9ations1 & r$uc+ !m to _! ultimate elem5ts1 z !y are t]m$2 t is1 bodies :i* we are unable to split up1 z x 71 or sep>ate into o!r bodies4 ,to take a common sub/ance z an illu/ration2 wat]1 by a great numb] ( processes1 c be sep>at$ into two o!r sub/ances1 call$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportion by weight ( #h p>ts ( ! fir/ to #a ( ! second2 b no p[] t we at pres5t possess c sep>ate ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 into any o!r bodies2 !y are !re=e call$ ultimate elem5ts1 or undecomposable bodies4 ,aga91 sulphate ( magnesia 7common ,epsom salts7 c be v easily sep>at$ into two o!r sub/ances1--sulphuric acid & magnesia2 & 9 ?is in/ance1 bo? ^! sub/ances c aga9 be subdivid$--! acid into sulphur & oxyg51 & ! magnesia into a metallic body call$ magnesium & oxyg52 b sulphur1 oxyg51 & magnesium are incapable ( fur!r division1 & are !re=e call$ ultimate elem5ts4 ,^! ultimate elem5ts am\nt to #fd 9 numb]1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 & may be arrang$ 9 v>i\s ways2 ! simple/ plan1 p]haps1 is divid+ !m into ,non-metallic & ,metallic elem5ts4 ,! ,non-metallic elem5ts are3--#a4 ,oxyg54 #b4 ,hydrog54 #c4 ,nitrog54 #d4 ,*lor9e4 #e4 ,iod9e4 #f4 ,brom9e4 #g4 ,fluor9e4 #h4 ,c>bon4 #i4 ,sulphur4 #aj4 ,sel5ium4 #aa4 ,tellurium4 #ab4 ,silicon4 #ac4 ,boron4 #ad4 ,phosphorus4 ,! la/-nam$ elem5t is ! connect+ l9k ) ! metals ?r\gh ars5ic1 :i* phosphorus closely resembles 9 its *emical prop]ties4 ,! ,metallic elem5ts may be sub-divid$ into ! metals ( ! alkalies1 ! metals ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 ! metals ( ! e>?s1 & ! o!r metals sometimes call$ metals prop]4 #a/4 ,! metallic bases ( ! alkalies3--potassium1 sodium1 li?ium1 ammonium1 csium1 rubidium4 #b;d4 ,! metallic bases ( ! alkal9e e>?s3--calcium1 /rontium1 b>ium4 #c;d4 ,! metallic bases ( ! e>?s3--alum9um1 gluc9um1 zirconium1 ?orium1 yttrium1 erbium1 c]ium1 lan?anum1 didymium4 #d?4 ,! metals prop]1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are3--plat9um1 gold1 silv]1 m]cury1 copp]1 iron1 t91 lead1 nickel1 z9c1 bismu?1 antimony1 manganese1 cobalt1 ars5ic4 ,n[1 f ^! elem5t>y bodies1 unit$ toge!r 9 v>i\s proportions1 is =m$ ! inf9ite v>iety ( sub/ances ar\nd u1 :e!r animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al2 9 fact1 a few only are g5]ally employ$3--9 ! case ( animals & vegetables1 oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 nitrog51 ) occasionally "s sulphur1 calcium1 phosphorus1 & silicon1 suffice = build+ up ! beautiful =ms ( animat$ nature2 :ile ! fabric ( our globe itself consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( ! e>?s2 silex1 i4e41 fl9t or cry/al2 lime1 9 ! %ape ( *alk1 m>ble1 or lime/one1 su* z our flag/ones are compos$ (2 slate & granite1 :i* are comp\nds ( alum9ium1 silica1 & small quantities ( oxide ( iron1 & sometimes a little pota%1 etc42 & ?r\gh _! masses are project$ irregul> /reams--ve9s z !y are t]m$--( ! metals1 ei!r 9 a pure /ate1 z is ! case sometimes ) gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 m]cury1 & p]haps "o or two o!rs2 or comb9$ ) "o ( ! non-metallic elem5ts1 or ) "o ano!r4 ,late calculations h det]m9$ ! composition ( ! e>?'s solid cru/ 9 #ajj p>ts by weight to be3 ,oxyg5 #dd4j to #dh4g4 ,silicon #bb4h 8 #cf4b4 ,alum9ium #i4i 8 #f4a4 ,iron #i4i 8 #b4d4 ,calcium #f4f 8 #j4i4 ,magnesium #b4g 8 #j4a4 ,sodium #b4d 8 #b4e4 ,potassium #a4g 8 #c4a4 ------ ------ #ajj4j #ajj4j ------ ------ ,all ^! comb9ations are effect$ by c]ta9 p[]s1 t]m$ =ces2 ^? :i* cause ! union ( ! elem5ts are call$ ! =ces ( attraction2 ^? caus+ _! sep>ation1 ! =ces ( repulsion4 ,! =ce ( attraction :5 ex]t$ betwe5 masses ( matt]1 is t]m$ gravitation2 :5 x unites p>ticles ( matt] ( a simil> k9d & produces masses1 x is call$ ! attraction ( cohesion2 :5 ! p>ticles unit$ are ( a dissimil> "*1 x is !n t]m$ *emical or elective aff9ity4 ,= example1 ! cry/als ( ,epsom salts are =m$ f m9ute p>ticles ( ! salt1 unit$ into a l>g] or small] mass by ! attraction ( cohesion1 :ile ! elem5ts ( :i* ea* p>ticle consi/s1 namely1 ! sulphur1 oxyg51 & magnesium1 are unit$ by ! attraction ( *emical aff9ity4 ,cohesion ?us unites p>ticles ( a simil> k9d2 *emical aff9ity1 ( a dissimil> nature4 ,x is to cohesion t ! exi/5ce ( masses ( matt] is ow+1 & its p[] increases z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances dim9i%1 9 an inv]se ratio to ! squ>es ( ! di/ances ( ! p>ticles on :i* x acts4 ,! p[] ex]t$ by cohesion may be exhibit$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?is is "o3 ,procure two discs ( glass ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 _! surfaces be+ gr\nd extremely smoo?2 fix ea* into a squ>e piece ( wood1 tak+ c>e t !y are plac$ accurately 9 ! c5t]2 !n put !m toge!r by slid+ _! edges v c>efully ov] ea* o!r1 s z to avoid any air gett+ betwe5 !m1 & y w f9d a great =ce necess>y to sep>ate !m4 ,a hook %\ld be fix$ into ! c5t] ( ea* piece ( wood1 s t !y may be susp5d$1 & a weight hung to ! l[] "o4 ,x is almo/ impossible = any "o to sep>ate !m by m]ely pull+ !m ) bo? h&s2 a weight ( _m p\nds is requir$ = t purpose4 ,9 l mann] two fre%ly-cut surfaces ( ca\t*\c w1 on be+ squeez$ toge!r1 coh]e s p]fectly1 t x is difficult to te> !m asund]1 & x is 9 ?is way t tubes ( ca\t*\c may be rapidly prep>$ = exp]im5ts1 :]e little or no pressure is ex]t$4 ,*emical aff9ity is sometimes call$ elective1 or ! effect ( *oice1 z if "o sub/ance ex]t$ a k9d ( pref]5ce = ano!r1 & *ose to be unit$ to x r ?an to t ) :i* x 0 previ\sly comb9$2 ?us1 if y p\r "s v9eg>1 :i* is a weak acetic acid1 ^u "s pe>la% 7a comb9ation ( pota% & c>bonic acid71 or "s c>bonate ( soda 7a comb9ation ( ! same acid ) soda71 a viol5t eff]vesc5ce w take place1 occasion$ by ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid1 displac$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! pota% or soda pref]r+ ! acetic acid1 & =m+ a comp\nd call$ an acetate4 ,!n if "s sulphuric acid be p\r$ on ?is new comp\nd1 ! acetic acid w 9 its turn be displac$ by ! great] atta*m5t ( ei!r ( ! bases1 z !y are t]m$1 = ! sulphuric acid4 ,aga91 if into a solution ( blue vitriol 7a comb9ation ( sulphuric acid ) oxide ( copp]7 ! bright blade ( a knife be introduc$1 ! knife w spe$ily be cov]$ ) a coat ( copp]1 deposit$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! acid pref]r+ ! iron1 ( :i* ! knife is made1 a quantity ( x be+ dissolv$ 9 exact proportion to ! quantity ( copp] deposit$4 ,x is on ! same pr9ciple t a v beautiful prep>ation call$ a silv]-tree1 or a lead-tree1 may be =m$ ?us3--,fill a wide bottle1 capable ( hold+ f half a p9t to a p9t1 ) a tol]ably /rong solution ( nitrate ( silv] 7lun> cau/ic71 or acetate ( lead1 9 pure di/ill$ wat]2 !n atta* a small piece ( z9c by a /r+ to ! cork or /opp] ( ! bottle1 s t ! z9c %all hang ab\t ! middle ( ! bottle1 & set x by :]e x may be q undi/urb$2 9 a %ort "t1 brilliant plates ( silv] or lead1 z ! case may be1 w be se5 to collect ar\nd ! piece ( z9c1 assum+ m or less ( ! cry/all9e =m4 ,?is at fir/ is a case ( elective aff9ity2 ! acid ) :i* ! silv] or lead 0 unit$ pref]s ! z9c to ei!r ( ^? metals1 & 9 consequ5ce disc>ds !m 9 ord] to atta* ! z9c to itself1 subsequ5tly a voltaic curr5t is set up betwe5 ! two metals1 & ! process w cont9ue until almo/ ! :ole ( ! z9c is tak5 up1 or ne>ly ! :ole ( ! silv] or lead deposit$4 ,aga91 _m animal & vegetable sub/ances consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( c>bon or *>coal1 unit$ ) oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! proportion :i* =ms wat]4 ,n[ oil ( vitriol 7/rong sulphuric acid7 has s p[]ful an aff9ity1 or s great a ?ir/ = wat]1 t x w ab/ract x f almo/ any body 9 :i* x exi/s2 if y !n p\r "s ( ?is acid on a lump ( sug>1 or place a *ip ( wood 9 x1 ! sug> or wood w spe$ily become q black1 or be *>r$1 z x is call$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 be+ remov$ by ! sulphuric acid1 & only ! c>bon1 or *>coal1 left4 ,:5 ,cleopatra dissolv$ pe>ls ( wondr\s value 9 v9eg>1 %e 0 exhibit+ unwitt+ly an in/ance ( *emical elective aff9ity2 ! pe>l be+ simply c>bonate ( lime1 :i* 0 decompos$ by ! great] aff9ity or fondness ( lime = its new acqua9tance 7! acetic acid ( ! v9eg>7 ?an = ! c>bonic acid1 ) :i* x _h be5 unit$ all its life1--an example ( incon/ancy 9 /rong contra/ ) ! conduct ( its own]1 :o *ose dea? r ?an become ! mi/ress ( h] lov]'s conqu]or4 ,gases4 ,! ?ree p]man5t gase\s elem5ts are oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog54 ,! comp\nd gases are v num]\s1 "s be+ combu/ible1 & o!rs support]s ( combu/ion4 ,gases are = ! mo/ "p transp>5t & colorless1 ) a few exceptions1 & ( c\rse1 l ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 invisible4 ,!y are little affect$ by ! attraction ( cohesion1 b r1 on ! contr>y1 ! p>ticles compos+ !m h a con/ant t5d5cy to sep>ate f ea* o!r1 s t _! =ce ( expansion is only limit$ by ! pressure "u :i* !y may be kept1 & ! temp]ature !y may be expos$ to4 ,!y h a t5d5cy to p5etrate ea* o!r1 z x 72 = in/ance1 if y take a j> ( heavy gas1 su* z c>bonic gas1 set x ) its m\? upw>ds1 !n inv]t ov] x ano!r j> conta9+ hydrog51 a gas ne>ly tw5ty-two times light]1 9 a v %ort "t ! two gases w h become ?or\ghly mix$1 ! heavy c>bonic acid hav+ ris51 & ! light hydrog5 fall51 until ! gases are ?or\ghly mix$1 ea* j> conta9+ an equal quantity ( ea* gas4 ,oxyg5 ,gas4 ,?is gas1 s nam$ f two ,greek words signify+ ! mak] ( acid1 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ly 9 #aggd4 ,he obta9$ x by heat+ ! r$ oxide ( m]cury 9 a glass retort1 :5 ! gas escap$ 9 consid]able quantities4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye> ,s*eele obta9$ x by a v>iety ( me?ods1 & a few ye>s aft]w>ds ,lavoisi] discov]$ t x 0 conta9$ 9 atmosph]ic air1 :]e x exi/s 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o-fif?1 ! rema9+ f\r fif?s be+ almo/ entirely nitrog54 ,oxyg5 gas may be obta9$ = ! purpose ( exp]im5t1 by heat+ to r$ness ! black oxide ( manganese 9 an iron bottle1 to ! m\? ( :i* a flexible tube is atta*$ to convey away ! gas z fa/ z x is lib]at$ f ! manganese4 ,! fir/ portions %\ld be all[$ to escape1 be+ mix$ ) ! air 9 ! tubes & bottle1 & ! rema9d] may be collect$ 9 a gasomet]1 or 9 glass j>s inv]t$ ov] wat]4 ,ano!r me?od to obta9 ! gas1 & "o to be us$ only 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r +r$i5ts1 is to mix 9 a retort "s ( ?is same oxide ( manganese ) ab\t half its weight ( /rong sulphuric acid1 & apply heat to ! retort1 :5 ! gas w come ov] 9 consid]able quantities2 ! fir/ portions mu/ be all[$ to escape z be=e4#a ,if ! gas is requir$ v pure1 a small quantity ( ! salt call$ *lorate ( potassa1 may be heat$ 9 a retort1 & oxyg5 gas w be evolv$1 & may be collect$ z be=e4 ,if y h an iron bottle1 ! fir/ mode is by f> ! *eape/1 z ! heat ( a bright fire is suffici5t = ! op]ation1 & a l>ge quantity ( gas is obta9$ 9 a %ort "t f a v inexp5sive mat]ial4 ,! mo/ rapid & conv5i5t process ( all is to heat a mixture ( two p>ts *lorate ( pota%1 & "o ( p[d]$ black oxide ( manganese1 9 a common clean oil flask1 to :i* a cork & b5t tube has be5 adapt$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to mi/ake sulphide ( antimony = black oxide ( manganese1 z v s]i\s accid5ts h aris5 f ?is cause4 ,oxyg5 is l>gely di/ribut$ ov] our globe1 bo? 9 its uncomb9$ /ate1 & 9 union ) o!r sub/ances4 ,besides =m+ "o-fif? ( ! atmosph]e1 x =ms eight-n9?s by weight ( all ! wat] 9 ! ocean1 riv]s1 & spr+s on ! face ( ! :ole e>?4 ,x also1 9 comb9ation ) v>i\s metals1 =ms ! v>i\s e>?s & m9]als ( :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? consi/s1 s t x is ! mo/ abundant & widely di/ribut$ sub/ance 9 nature1 & 9 comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts1 =ms ne>ly half ! weight ( ! solid e>?4 ,9 its uncomb9$ /ate x is a colorless gas1 some:at heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air1 )\t ta/e or smell4 ,x is a p[]ful support] ( combu/ion1 & is absolutely necess>y = ! support ( animal life1 :i* _c exi/ = any "t )\t a free supply ( ?is gas1 :i* is con/antly consum$ 9 ! act ( brea?+ & is replac$ by an equival5t portion ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! want ( oxyg5 is p>tly ! cause ( ! oppression felt 9 cr[d$ rooms1 :]e ! air _c be r5ew$ s fa/ z is requir$ = ! numb] ( p]sons :o are con/antly consum+ ! oxyg52 & if an animal be conf9$ "u a glass j> inv]t$ ov] wat]1 x w pres5tly die1 j = ! same reason t burn+ tap]s are ext+ui%$ "u simil> circum/ances4 ,if a jet ( ?is gas be ?r[n ^u a piece ( *>coal1 sulphur1 or almo/ any combu/ible body 9 a /ate ( ignition1 x w make x burn ) great vividness & rapidity4 ,,footnote3 #a ,"s boil+ wat] %\ld be add$ to ! mass left 9 ! retort directly ! gas has ceas$ to come away1 or x w adh]e to ! glass s firmly1 t ! retort w c]ta9ly be spoilt4 ,exp]im5t4 ,b by f> ! mo/ int5se heat1 & mo/ brilliant light1 may be produc$ by introduc+ a piece ( phosphorus into a j> ( oxyg54 ,! phosphorus may be plac$ 9 a small copp] cup1 ) a long h&le ( ?ick wire pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 a cork t fits ! j>4 ,! phosphorus mu/ fir/ be ignit$2 &1 z soon z x is introduc$ into ! oxyg51 x gives out a light s brilliant t no eye c be> x1 & ! :ole j> appe>s fill$ ) an int5sely lum9\s atmosph]e4 ,x is well to dilute ! oxyg5 ) ab\t "o-f\r? "p ( common air to mod]ate ! int5se heat :i* is ne>ly c]ta9 to break ! j> if pure oxyg5 is us$4 ,exp]im5t4 ,if a piece ( *>coal1 :i* is pure c>bon or ne>ly s1 be ignit$1 & introduc$ into a j> conta9+ oxyg5 or common atmosph]ic air1 ! product w be c>bonic gas only1 ( :i* we %all speak pres5tly4 ,z mo/ combu/ible bodies conta9 bo? c>bon & hydrog51 ! result ( _! comb9ation is c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,?is is ! case ) ! gas us$ = illum9ation2 & 9 ord] to prev5t ! wat] s produc$ f spoil+ goods 9 %ops1 v>i\s plans h be5 devis$ = c>ry+ (f ! wat] :5 9 ! /ate ( /eam4 ,?is is g5]ally accompli%$ by susp5d+ ov] ! burn]s glass bells1 communicat+ ) tubes op5+ into ! *imney1 or pass+ outside ! h\se4 ,to %[ t oxyg51 or "s equival5t1 is necess>y = ! support ( combu/ion1 fix two or ?ree pieces ( wax-tap] on flat pieces ( cork1 & set !m float+ on wat] 9 a s\p-plate1 light !m1 & inv]t ov] !m a glass j>2 z !y burn1 ! heat produc$ may p]haps at fir/ exp& ! air s z to =ce a small quantity out ( ! j>1 b ! wat] w soon rise 9 ! j>1 & cont9ue to d s until ! tap]s expire1 :5 y w f9d t a consid]able portion ( ! air has disappe>$1 & :at rema9s w no long] support flame2 t is1 ! oxyg5 has be5 conv]t$ p>tly into wat]1 & p>tly into c>bonic acid gas1 by unit+ ) ! c>bon & hydrog51 ( :i* ! tap] consi/s1 & ! rema9+ air is pr9cipally nitrog51 ) "s c>bonic acid2 ! pres5ce ( ! latt] may be prov$ by decant+ "s ( ! rema9+ air into a bottle1 & !n %ak+ "s lime-wat] ) x1 :i* w absorb ! c>bonic acid & =m *alk1 r5d]+ ! wat] q turbid4 ,nitrog54 ,?is gas is1 z its "n implies1 ! produc] ( nit]1 or at lea/ =ms a portion ( ! nitric acid conta9$ 9 nit]4 ,x is r light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 colorless1 transp>5t1 incapable ( support+ animal life1 on :i* acc\nt x is sometimes call$ azote--an objectionable "n1 z x is n a poison l _m o!r gases1 b de/roys life only 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,?is gas ext+ui%es all burn+ bodies plung$ into x1 & does n itself burn4 ,x exi/s l>gely 9 nature1 = f\r-fif?s ( ! atmosph]e consi/s ( nitrog5 gas4 ,x is also an important con/itu5t ( animal bodies1 & is f\nd 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,nitrog5 may be mo/ easily obta9$ = exp]im5t by sett+ fire to "s phosphorus conta9$ 9 a porcela9 or metallic cup1 plac$ "u a gas j> full ( air1 & re/+ on ! %elf ( ! pneumatic tr\gh1 or 9 a s\p-plate fill$ ) wat]4 ,nitrog5 comb9es 9 five diff]5t proportions ) oxyg5 produc+ five di/9ct *emical comp\nds1 nam$ respectively nitr\s oxide1 nitric oxide1 nitric tri-oxide1 nitric tetroxide1 nitric p5t-oxide1 :i* la/1 unit$ ) wat]1 =ms nitric acid1 n[ call$ hydric nitrate1 z nitr\s acid is t]m$ hydric nitrite4 ,nitr\s oxide gas is g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( 8laugh+ gas10 f ! jolly s5sations exp]i5c$ on inhal+ x4 ,x may be procur$ by di/ill+ 9 a glass retort a salt call$ nitrate ( ammonia1 :i* yields ! gas 9 consid]able quantities1 & x %\ld be kept /&+ 9 j>s ov] wat] = "s h\rs be=e x is us$4 ,x %\ld be transf]r$ into a silk air-tight bag1 furni%$ ) a /op-cock & m\?-piece1 f :i* ! gas may be brea!d2 a little practice is requir$ to d ?is easily1 & m resolution to desi/ :5 ! gas beg9s to produce its effects1 z x appe>s to fasc9ate ! exp]im5t]1 & actual =ce is (t5 necess>y to remove ! bag f ! m\?4 ,! effects produc$ v>y accord+ to ! temp]am5t ( ! p]son inhal+ x2 !y are1 h[ev]1 always ( a highly pleasurable nature1 muscul> action be+ g5]ally greatly exalt$1 compell+ ! individual to race r\nd ! ap>tm5t & execute leaps & pir\ettes p]fectly a/\nd+4 ,"s p]sons %\t & s+1 & ,i h se5 "o exp5d 8 sup]flu\s animation 9 twi/+ 8 features into su* ludicr\s grimaces z w\ld be ! envy ( ! c&idates at a gr9n+ mat*1 & beat !m all out ( ! field4 ,?is gas is heavi] ?an air1 & supports combu/ion ne>ly z en]getically z oxyg51 z may be %[n by introduc+ a piece ( ignit$ phosphorus into a j> ( ?is gas4 ,x w n1 h[ev]1 support ! life ( small animals1 su* z mice1 :i* introduc$ into x die v quickly4 ,! next comp\nd ( nitrog5 ) oxyg51 :5 "o proportion ( nitrog5 unites ) two ( oxyg51 is t]m$ nitric oxide gas4 ,x may be easily procur$ by heat+ 9 a retort "s copp] turn+s 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,x is colorless & transp>5t1 & has ! prop]ty ( comb9+ ) oxyg5 to =m o!r comp\nds4 ,exp]im5t4 ,into a j> ( ?is gas /&+ ov] wat] pass "s oxyg5 gas4 ,! j> w be fill$ ) r$ fumes1 :i* w be rapidly absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,if atmosph]ic air be us$ in/ead ( oxyg51 !re w rema9 9 ! j> ! nitrog5 ( ! air am\nt+ to f\r-fif?s ( ! air employ$4 ,?is gas is de/ructive to animal life1 9 consequ5ce ( its prop]ty ( unit+ ) ! oxyg5 9 ! lungs1 & produc+ ! highly corrosive nitr\s acid gas4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 support ! combu/ion ( a few sub/ances1 phosphorus = in/ance1 provid$ x is suffici5tly heat$ be=e be+ plung$ into ! gas4 ,we pass ov] ! ?ird & f\r? comp\nds ( nitrog5 ) oxyg51 z !y are n calculat$ = amus+ exp]im5ts4 ,nitric acid is easily prep>$ on ! small scale1 by gradually heat+ equal p>ts by weight ( nitric & sulphuric acid 9 a retort to :i* a receiv] has be5 adapt$4 ,! receiv]1 :i* may be a clean oil flask1 %\ld be kept cool ) wett$ blott+ pap]4 ,nitrog5 comb9es ) *lor9e & iod9e1 =m+ detonat+ comp\nds1 ! =m] be+ s extremely dang]\s t x w be bett] to pass x by4 ,! comp\nd ) iod9e1 call$ iodide ( nitrog51 may v easily be made by p\r+ a /rong solution ( ammonia 7a comp\nd ( nitrog5 & hydrog57 ^u "s iod9e 9 a vial1 %ak+ !m well toge!r1 & aft] lett+ !m /& = a few h\rs1 p\r+ (f ! fluid2 ! black p[d] rema9+ 9 ! vial is ! explosive comp\nd1 ! iodide ( nitrog54 ,:5 dry1 x is v apt to detonate spontane\sly2 x %\ld !re=e be %ak5 out ( ! vial :ile wet1 & spread 9 v small quantities on sep>ate pieces ( blott+ pap]1 :i* %\ld be kept ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! slighte/ t\* ) ! po9t ( a fea!r1 %ak+ ! pap] on :i* x re/s1 or ev5 op5+ too rapidly ! door ( a closet :]e x has be5 put to dry1 w cause x to explode1 produc+ a quantity ( violet-color$ fumes4 ,! explosion is some:at viol5t1 produc+ a %>p crack+ noise2 & ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 9 exp]im5t+ ) x4 ,atmosph]ic ,air4 ,z has be5 already m5tion$1 nitrog5 is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! air ( ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds our globe1 ext5d+ to a height ( ab\t =ty-five miles above x1 & play+ a mo/ important "p 9 ! economy ( nature1 inorganic z well z organic4 ,?is atmosph]ic air consi/s by volume ( ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( nitrog51 & r m ?an "o-fif? ( oxyg51 viz43 sev5ty-n9e ( ! =m] to tw5ty-"o ( ! latt]1 or tw5ty-?ree p>ts by weight ( oxyg5 & sev5ty-sev5 ( nitrog52 x g5]ally conta9s also a v>iable proportion ( ! vapor ( wat]1 & a v small quantity ( c>bonic acid gas1 be+ only ab\t f\r volumes to #aj1jjj ( air4 ,its con/itu5t p>ts are easily sep>at$1 z x is a me*anical mixture & n a *emical comp\nd1 ?\gh ! mixture by diffusion is s complete t *emi/s h n be5 able to asc]ta9 any diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( air tak5 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & f diff]5t heights1 up to ! highe/ po9t :i* has to ?is "t be5 atta9$4 ,! atmosph]e presses on ! surface ( ! globe1 & e be+ on x1 ) a =ce ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds to e squ>e in* ( surface1 b z x presses equally 9 all directions1 upw>ds z well z d[nw>ds1 its weight _c be p]ceiv$ unless ! pressure be remov$ f "o surface by "s artificial means4 ,atmosph]ic air conta9s1 besides ! oxyg5 & nitrog51 its pr9cipal con/itu5ts1 a small proportion ( c>bonic acid gas1 z has be5 m5tion$1 & ?is may be %[n by fill+ a tube ab\t half full ( lime-wat]1 & %ak+ x ) ! air conta9$ 9 ! o!r half1 :5 x w become slightly turbid f ! insoluble c>bonate ( lime =m$4 ,:5 we consid] t e liv+ animal is con/antly consum+ oxyg51 & replac+ x by c>bonic acid gas1 & t all burn+ bodies1 fires 9 our dwell+s1 furnaces1 artificial lights ( all k9ds1 act 9 ! same way 9 ab/ract+ ! oxyg5 f ! air1 & replac+ x by imm5se quantities ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is a poison to all animals :o brea!1 or attempt to brea! x1 we mu/ wond] :at becomes ( ?is irrespirable gas1 z x is f\nd to exi/ 9 ! air 9 quantities s m9ute1 & by :at means ! oxyg5 is re/or$1 & ! air aga9 made fit = respiration4 ,?is is effect$ by "o ( ^? laws :i* ! wisdom ( ! ,creator has impress$ ^u matt]1 by :i* "o "p ( creation z x 7 balances ano!r1 & all proce$s 9 an endless circle ( *ange4 ,?is c>bonic acid1 :i* is s poison\s to animal life1 is ! food ( ! vegetable _w1 plants hav+ ! p[] ( tak+ up ! c>bonic acid into _! pores2 conv]t+ ! c>bon into _! own sub/ance1 & reject+ ! oxyg51 :i* is aga9 respir$ by animals1 c4 ,9 ! same way1 all animal refuse is ! food ( vegetables1 & is us$ "u ! "n ( manures4 ,! atmosph]e conta9s also a v>iable quantity ( vapor ( wat]1 invisible z long z x is 9 ! /ate ( vapor1 b x may be r5d]$ obvi\s by br++ any v cold body into w>m air1 :5 ! vapor w cond5se on ! cold body 9 ! =m ( small drops ( wat]4 ,a tumbl] ( fre%-pump$ wat] br\ght into a cr[d$ room is almo/ imm$iately cov]$ ) moi/ure1 & x may also be se5 on bottles ( w9e :i* h be5 put into ice be=e com+ to table4 ,fogs are occasion$ by ! cond5sation ( vapor produc$ by mix+ a curr5t ( w>m air ) a cold] air4 ,! banks ( ,newf\ndl& are notori\s = d5se fogs1 occasion$ by ! w>m air br\ght f ! s\? by ! great ,gulf ,/ream1 mix+ ) ! cold air f ! ,arctic regions1 & ?us precipitat+ ! vapor 9 a visible =m1 r5d]+ ev]y?+ b itself invisible4 ,! fam\s ,london fogs dep5d ^u ! same precipitation ( ! vapor ( wat]1 ) ! addition ( ! smoke f ! num]\s sea-coal fires1 :i* give x t int]e/+ yell[ t+e = :i* x is s rem>kable4 ,aque\s vapor appe>s to imp>t a transp>5cy to air1 & p]mits objects to be se5 m di/9ctly 9 proportion to its quantity2 h5ce1 :5 di/ant hills appe> ne>]1 & objects ^u !m m di/9ct ?an usual1 ra9 may be expect$1 ! air be+ fully *>g$ ) vapor ready to be deposit$ on ! slighte/ cause4 ,hydrog54 ,hydrog5 gas is ! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n1 be+ fifte5 times light] ?an atmosph]ic air4 ,x is colorless & transp>5t1 incapable ( support+ combu/ion or respiration1 b is itself combu/ible4 ,hydrog51 z its "n implies 7be+ d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 signify+ ! g5]ator ( wat]71 is a con/itu5t ( wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o-n9? by weight1 & is always obta9$ by decompos+ t fluid1 by pres5t+ to x "s body to take up its o!r +r$i5t1 oxyg51 & s set ! hydrog5 at lib]ty4 ,if ! /eam ( wat] be pass$ ?r\gh a r$-hot gun-b>rel1 conta9+ iron fil+s1 ! wat] is decompos$1 ! iron tak+ ! oxyg51 & ! hydrog5 comes ov] 9 torr5ts2 b z e "o has n a gun-b>rel & furnace to heat x1 ! usual mode is to employ dilute sulphuric acid1 & iron fil+s1 or z9c1 9 small pieces1 & x may be collect$ ov] wat] by means ( a b5t tube issu+ f ! bottle 9 :i* x is =m$4 ,x is s light t x 0 us$ to fill balloons be=e coal gas 0 to be _h1 & if y procure a light air-tight bag ( silk1 or ?9 membrane1 su* z a turkey's crop1 & fill x ) gas1 x w asc5d rapidly1 & dance ab\t ! ceil+ ( a room4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,atta* a tobacco-pipe to a bladd] fill$ ) ?is gas1 & bl[ "s soap-bubbles ) x2 !y w rise v rapidly1 & if a light$ tap] be appli$ to !m !y burn4 ,if y mix 9 a soda-wat] bottle "o-?ird ( oxyg5 ) two-?irds ( hydrog51 & apply flame1 ! mixture w explode ) a %>p report4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 all exp]im5ts ) ! mix$ gases4 ,to avoid dang] ! gases are plac$ 9 sep>ate ,india-rubb] bags1 & are only br\ght toge!r at ! jet4 ,?is is an exp5sive app>atus1 & %\ld only be us$ by exp]i5c$ p]sons4 #b4 ,if a j> ( ?is gas be held ) its m\? d[nw>ds1 & a light$ tap] pass$ up well into ! j>1 ! tap] w be ext+ui%$1 & ! gas take fire1 & burn quietly at ! m\? ( ! j>2 if mix$ ) oxyg5 or atmosph]ic air1 x w explode4 ,hold op5 ! jet ( hydrog5 issu+ f a small tube1 holl[ cyl9d]s ( glass or e>!nw>e1 ,flor5ce flasks1 or holl[ glass balls1 & musical s\nds w be produc$1 :i* 7 suppos$ to dep5d on "s peculi> prop]ty ( hydrog5 gas1 until ,mr4 ,f>aday tri$ flame f coal gas1 olefiant gas1 & ev5 ! vapor ( e!r1 :5 ! s\nds 7 /ill produc$1 & he attribut$ !m to a cont9u\s explosion1 or s]ies ( explosions1 produc$ by ! union ( oxyg5 ) ! hydrog5 ( ! flames4 ,wat]4 ,) oxyg51 hydrog5 unites to =m ! important comp\nd wat]1 :i* exi/s n only 9 ! obvi\s =m ( oceans1 riv]s1 lakes1 ra9s1 dews1 c41 c41 b is f\nd intimately comb9$ ) _m sub/ances1 giv+ !m "s ( _! peculi> prop]ties4 ,_m cry/als h a def9ite proportion ( wat] comb9$ ) !m1 & on los+ ?is wat] !y lose _! cry/all9e =m4 ,_m acids also _c exi/ z acids )\t wat]4 ,! slak+ ( lime dep5ds ^u ! union ( wat] ) ! lime1 ! dry p[d] result+ f ! process be+ a hydrate ( lime1 ! wat] hav+ become solidifi$1 & 9 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate gives out its lat5t caloric1 produc+ ! heat obs]v$ dur+ ! process4 ,:5 a l>ge quantity ( lime1 a b>ge-load = in/ance1 has got wett$ by accid5t1 ! heat evolv$ has be5 suffici5t to set fire to ! b>ge4 ,at ! temp]ature ( #cb ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]1 wat] loses its fluid =m1 & becomes ice4 ,z x solidifies1 x />ts into beautiful cry/als1 :i* unite & cross ea* o!r at det]m9ate angles4 ,ice is light] ?an ! wat] on :i* x floats1 =m+ a protection to ! wat] b5ea?1 & prev5t+ x f be+ froz5 s rapidly2 else1 if ! ice 7 heavi] ?an wat]1 & consequ5tly sank z soon z =m$1 ea* portion ( wat] w\ld be froz5 9 its turn1 until riv]s became solid ?r\gh\t1 & e liv+ creature 9 !m mu/ be de/roy$4 ,n[1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] "u ! ice is seldom mu* bel[ #dj1 & if c>e be tak5 to break holes at int]vals to all[ access to ! air1 ! fi% & o!r aquatic animals seldom suff] ev5 9 our colde/ w9t]s4 ,al?\gh x is impossible to raise ice ev5 "o degree above #cb )\t ?aw+1 x is n difficult to r$uce wat] _m degrees bel[ t po9t )\t freez+ x4 ,9 ord] to obta9 bo? ! con/itu5ts ( wat] 9 a sep>ate /ate1 x mu/ be decompos$ by galvanism1 ea* pole ( a batt]y t]m9at+ 9 a sep>ate tube conta9+ wat]1 :5 ! result w be t at ! positive pole oxyg5 gas w be evolv$1 & hydrog5 at ! negative1 ! latt] be+ d\ble ! quantity ( ! =m]4 ,n[1 if y mix ! gases ?us obta9$1 introduce !m into a vessel call$ a 8,eudiomet]10 & pass an electric sp>k ?r\gh !m f a ,leyd5 vial1 a sudd5 fla% w be se51 & ! gases w entirely disappe>1 be+ aga9 conv]t$ into wat]4 ,if y h a m]curial tr\gh1 & p]=m ?is exp]im5t ov] m]cury1 ! inside ( ! eudiomet] w exhibit m9ute drops ( wat]4 ,?us y h prov$ bo? by analysis & syn!sis1 t wat] consi/s ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportion ( "o volume ( ! =m] to two ( ! latt]4 ,exp]im5t4 ,take "s p]fectly pure di/ill$ wat]1 filt] x1 surr\nd x ) a mixture ( light sn[1 or p[d]$ ice1 & salt1 tak+ c>e to keep x p]fectly /ill1 a !rmomet] hav+ be5 previ\sly plac$ 9 x4 ,! m]cury w gradually s9k _m degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t #cb 7x has be5 r$uc$ z l[ z #d71 ! wat] /ill rema9+ fluid2 :5 all at once1 ei!r f %ak+ ! table1 or simply because ! r$uction c be c>ri$ no fur!r1 x sudd5ly />ts into ice1 & ! !rmomet] jumps up at once to #cb1 :]e x rema9s until ! :ole is froz51 :5 ! temp]ature gradually s9ks to t ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,n[ if y remove ! glass ( ice f ! freez+ mixture into ! ap>tm5t1 & wat* ! !rmomet]1 y w f9d x gradually rise to #cb1 & !re rema9 until all ! ice is melt$1 :5 x w gradually acquire ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! wat] 9 pass+ f ! solid to ! fluid =m absorbs1 & 9 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid =m gives out caloric1 s ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature at #cb1 ! po9t at :i* ! *ange ( =m takes place1 until x is complet$4 ,betwe5 ! temp]ature ( #cb & #bab1 wat] exi/s 9 a fluid =m1 "u ord9>y circum/ances2 b at ! latt] po9t x assumes ! =m ( vapor or /eam1 & acquires _m ( ! prop]ties ( gases1 be+ indef9itely expansible by heat1 ! =ce increas+ z ! temp]ature is rais$1 provid$ ! /eam be conf9$1 until x becomes irresi/ible--witness ! frequ5t explosions ( /eam-eng9es 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! eng9es are work$ at a high pressure4 ,! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils is modifi$ by ! pressure appli$ to x4 ,?us1 z y asc5d a m\nta91 & s pass ?r\gh a portion ( ! atmosph]e1 wat] boils at a l[] temp]ature1 until at great heights x boils at s l[ a heat1 t good tea _c be made because x is impossible to heat ! wat] suffici5tly4 ,"u ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump1 wat] boils at ab\t #adj4 ,*lor9e4 ,ano!r gase\s elem5t1 sometimes call$ a support] ( combu/ion1 is nam$ *lor9e1 f a ,greek ^w signify+ yell[i% gre54 ,?is gas 0 =m]ly call$ 8oxymuriatic acid10 be+ suppos$ to be a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & muriatic acid gases1 until ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 9 a s]ies ( ma/]ly exp]im5ts c>ri$ on dur+ ! ye>s #ahjh-i-aj & #aa1 prov$ t x conta9$ no oxyg5 or muriatic acid1 & t x 0 9 fact a simple or undecomp\nd$ sub/ance1 & *ang$ its "n to *lor9e1 :i* "n 01 aft] "s discussion1 accept$ by ! sci5tific _w1 & is /ill 9 use4 ,?is gas may be obta9$ = exp]im5t1 by g5tly heat+ 9 a retort a mixture ( muriatic or hydro*loric acid1 hydro*loride1 z x is n[ call$1 ) "s black oxide ( manganese3 ! muriatic acid1 a comp\nd ( *lor9e & hydrog51 is decompos$1 & s is ! oxide ( manganese1 giv+ out "s ( its oxyg51 :i* takes ! hydrog5 f ! muriatic acid to =m wat]1 :ile ! *lor9e gas1 ) :i* ! hydrog5 _h be5 unit$1 is set at lib]ty1 & may be collect$ 9 j>s ov] wat]4 ,*lor9e gas is transp>5t1 ( a gre5i% yell[ color1 has a peculi> disagreeable ta/e & smell1 & if brea!d ev5 9 small quantities1 occasions a s5sation ( suffocation1 ( tightness 9 ! *e/1 & viol5t c\gh+1 att5d$ ) great pro/ration4 ,i h be5 compell$ to retire to b$ f hav+ upset a bottle conta9+ "s ( ?is gas4 ,x de/roys mo/ vegetable colors :5 moi/1 & is 9 fact ! ag5t n[ univ]sally employ$ = blea*+ purposes4 ,x has also ! p[] ( comb9+ ) & de/roy+ all noxi\s smells1 & is invaluable z a purifi] ( f\l rooms1 & de/roy] ( infection4 ,= ^! latt] purposes x is us$ 9 comb9ation ) lime1 ei!r 9 sub/ance or solution1 "u ! "n ( 8,*loride ( ,lime40 ,*lor9e gas is a p[]ful support] ( combu/ion1 _m ( ! metals tak+ fire spontane\sly :5 introduc$ 9 a f9e /ate ( division into ! gas4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,into a j> ( *lor9e gas introduce a few %eets ( copp] leaf1 sold "u ! "n ( ,dut* foil1 :5 x w burn ) a dull r$ light4 #b4 ,if "s metallic antimony 9 a /ate ( p[d] be p\r$ into a j> ( ?is gas1 x w take fire z x falls1 & burn ) a bright :ite light4 #c4 ,a small piece ( ! metal potassium may be introduc$1 & w also take fire4 #d4 ,a piece ( phosphorus w also g5]ally take fire spontane\sly :5 introduc$ into ?is gas4 ,9 all ^! cases direct comp\nds ( ! sub/ances ) *lor9e are produc$1 call$ *lorides4 #e4 ,if a light$ tap] be plung$ quickly into ! gas1 x w cont9ue to burn ) a dull light1 giv+ (f a v l>ge quantity ( smoke1 be+ 9 fact ! c>bon ( ! wax tap]1 ) :i* ! *lor9e does n unite2 :ile ! o!r con/itu5t ( ! tap]1 ! hydrog51 =ms muriatic acid by union ) ! *lor9e4 #f4 ,?is sub/ance has ! prop]ty ( de/roy+ mo/ vegetable colors & is us$ 9 l>ge quantities = blea*+ calico1 l951 & ! rags ( :i* pap] is made4 ,x is a curi\s fact t x %[s ?is prop]ty only :5 wat] is pres5t1 = if a piece ( color$ clo? is introduc$ dry into a j> ( ! gas1 also dry1 no effect w be produc$--wet ! clo?1 & re9troduce x1 & 9 a v %ort "t its color w be dis*>g$4 #g4 ,introduce a quantity ( ! infusion ( ! common r$ cabbage1 :i* is ( a beautiful blue color1 into a j> ( ?is gas1 & x w in/antly become ne>ly z pale z wat]1 reta9+ a slight t+e ( yell[4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( indigo c always be obta9$1 & answ]s well = ?is exp]im5t4 ,muriatic ,acid ,gas1 or ,*loride4 ,) *lor9e1 hydrog5 =ms a comp\nd call$ muriatic1 or hydro*loric acid gas4 ,x _c easily be =m$ by ! direct union ( its elem5ts1 b is procur$ f "s comp\nd 9 :i* x exi/s ready =m$4 ,common salt 7*loride ( sodium7 is g5]ally employ$2 & :5 act$ on by /rong sulphuric acid 7or oil ( vitriol71 ! gas is dis5gag$ 9 abundance4 ,x mu/ be collect$ ov] m]cury1 = wat] absorbs x1 =m+ ! liquid muriatic1 or hydro*loric acid4 ,a light$ tap] plung$ into ?is gas is in/antly ext+ui%$4 ,x is v dang]\s to animal life if respir$4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( de/roy+ animal effluvia1 & 0 once employ$ to purify ! ca!dral ( ,dijon1 :i* 0 s fill$ ) putrid emanations f ! bodies buri$ 9 x1 t x _h be5 clos$ = "s "t4 ,x p]fectly succe$$1 b x is s de/ructive to all metallic sub/ances t x is n us$ n[1 = ! *lorides ( lime & z9c h s9ce be5 discov]$ to act m effectually ?an ! muriatic acid gas1 )\t its inconv5i5ce4 ,! comp\nds ( hydrog5 ) iod9e are pass$ ov]4 ,) nitrog51 hydrog5 unites & =ms "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y comp\nds 9 ! :ole range ( *emi/ry1--! gas call$ ammonia4 ,?is is ! only gas possess+ :at are call$ alkal9e prop]ties2 i4e41 x *anges ! blue color ( c]ta9 vegetables to gre51 yell[ to deep br[n1 & unites ) ! acids to =m neutral comp\nds1 j z ! o!r alkalies1 pota% & soda1 :i* are oxides ( metals4 ,x may be procur$ 9 abundance by heat+ ! hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 or sal ammoniac1 z x is usually call$1 ) quick-lime1 :i* takes ! hydro*loric acid1 & sets free ?is rem>kable gas4 ,x mu/ be receiv$ ov] m]cury1 z x is absorb$ to almo/ any ext5t by wat]1 =m+ ! fluid sold z 8spirits ( h>t%orn0 9 ! %ops4 ,?is gas is colorless & transp>5t1 light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 & w n support combu/ion2 x has a v pung5t b n disagreeable smell4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances x is combu/ible4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,take a bottle conta9+ *lor9e gas1 & inv]t ov] its m\? ano!r fill$ ) ammoniacal gas2 !n if ! bottles be held 9 ! h& 7gu>d$ by a pair ( gloves71 & sudd5ly turn$1 s t ! *lor9e be upp]mo/1 ! two gases w unite s rapidly t a :ite flame fills ! bottles = an in/ant4 #b4 ,sub/itute = ! *lor9e ( ! la/ exp]im5t a bottle ( c>bonic or hydro*loric acid gas2 9 ei!r case ! gases disappe>1 & a light :ite p[d] settles on ! sides ( ! bottles1 be+ ! c>bonate or hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 accord+ to ! acid us$4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia is ! sub/ance sold = 8smell+ salts20 & ! hydro*lorate1 or muriate ( ammonia1 is ! salt call$ 8sal ammoniac10 :5ce ! alkal9e gas 0 fir/ obta9$1 & f :i* x got its "n ( ammonia4 ,! salt itself 0 s call$1 because x 0 =m]ly br\ght f ! des]ts ne> ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,?is salt is1 z has be5 %[n1 a comp\nd ( muriatic acid gas & ammoniacal gas1 conta9+ !re=e only ?ree simple elem5ts--hydrog51 *lor9e1 & nitrog51 all gases1 & kn[n only 9 ! gase\s /ate1 its symbol be+ ,,nh#d;,c#b2 yet !y by union =m a solid body1 resembl+ 9 all ess5tial qualities ! salts ( pota% & soda1 :i* are oxides ( kn[n metals4 ,moreov]1 if "s m]cury be plac$ 9 a solution ( ?is salt1 & subject$ to ! action ( galvanism1 ! negative pole be+ appli$ to ! m]cury1 & ! positive to ! sal ammoniac1 ! m]cury pres5tly loses its fluidity1 increases greatly 9 size1 & 9 fact pres5ts ! same appe>ance z :5 x is mix$ ) "s metal1 =m+ :at is call$ an 8amalgam40 ,:5 ! batt]y ceases to act1 a succession ( :ite films =ms on ! surface ( ! amalgam1 & ! m]cury soon returns to its orig9al /ate4 ,h[ is ?is to be expla9$8 ,"s *emi/s h suppos$ t !re mu/ be a base unit$ to ! m]cury1 & h nam$ ?is hypo!tical sub/ance 8ammonium10 to correspond to potassium & sodium1 ! bases ( pota% & soda1 :i* resemble ammonia 9 s _m prop]ties4 ,b :at is ?is ammonium8 & h[ is x =m$8 = hydrog5 & nitrog5 are simply elem5t>y bodies4 ,are all metals comp\nds ( gases8 & are !re b a few elem5ts in/ead ( ! #fd n[ enum]at$8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a difficult "q1 n fitt$ = discussion "h4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia may be obta9$ by mix+ toge!r p[d]$ *alk 7:i* is a c>bonate ( lime7 & muriate ( ammonia1 & heat+ ! mixture 9 close vessels1 :5 ! salt 9 "q w rise 9 fumes1 & be cond5s$ 9 a mass 9 ! upp] "p ( ! vessel4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s l>gely produc$ 9 o!r manufactures1 p>ticul>ly 9 gas-works1 t !re is no necessity to resort to ! m exp5sive & direct me?od4 ,x is ! well-kn[n 8smell+ salts40 ,! only o!r salt ( ammonia wor? our notice "h is ! nitrate1 f ! de/ructive di/illation ( :i* is obta9$ ! nitr\s oxide1 or laugh+ gas1 already m5tion$4 ,iod9e--,brom9e--,fluor9e4 ,on ! coa/s ( c]ta9 isl&s belong+ to ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 va/ quantities ( sea-we$ are occasionally torn up f _! ocean b$s & deposit$ on ! %ores4 ,?is we$1 aft] be+ p>tially dri$ by exposure to ! sun & air1 is burnt 9 a %all[ pit2 ! a%es are !n collect$1 & =m ! comm]cial raw mat]ial call$ kelp1 f :i* iod9e is procur$ by a gradual s]ies ( processes4 ,exp]im5ts4 ,iod9e has a beautiful metallic lu/]1 ) a blui% black color1 & %\ld be kept 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,a small quantity plac$ 9 a cle> flask & heat$1 af=ds a magnific5t violet vapor1 :i* may be p\r$ f ! flask into ano!r glass vessel1 :5 x cond5ses aga9 into cry/all9e plates4 ,! color ( ! vapor orig9ates ! "n ( ?is elem5t1 s call$ f a ,greek ^w1 mean+ violet-color$4 ,if a little iod9e be plac$ 9 contact ) a ?9 slice ( phosphorus1 ! latt] takes fire almo/ imm$iately4 ,brom9e4 ,f ! ,greek1 signifies a bad odor1 & is mo/ intimately alli$ ) *lor9e & iod9e2 l ^! elem5ts1 x belongs to ! sea1 & is a con/itu5t ( sea-wat]4 ,brom9e is a v heavy fluid1 & %\ld be pres]v$ by keep+ x cov]$ ) wat] 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,exp]im5ts ) liquid brom9e are n recomm5d$1 z all ! mo/ int]e/+ ones c be p]=m$ ) ! vapor1 :i* is easily procur$ by lett+ fall a few drops ( brom9e into a w>m dry bottle4 ,exp]im5ts4 ,p\nd$ antimony spr9kl$ into ! vapor takes fire imm$iately4 ,a ?9 slice ( phosphorus plac$ 9 a deflagrat+ ladle & plac$ into ! vapor ( brom9e ignites v quickly4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( indigo1 or an infusion ( r$ cabbage1 are easily blea*$ by be+ %ak5 viol5tly ) ! vapor ( brom9e4 ,fluor9e4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 especially 9 ,devon%ire1 ,cornwall1 & above all 9 ,d]by%ire1 is f\nd a v beautiful m9]al1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,fluor ,sp>1 ,d]by%ire ,sp>1 & call$ by ! m9]s ,blue ,john1 to di/+ui% x f ano!r m9]al f\nd 9 ! same locality1 call$ ,black ,jack4 ,x occurs 9 v regul> & frequ5tly l>ge cry/als 9 ! =m ( cubes1 & occasionally 9 octodra4 ,x is a comp\nd ( calcium ) fluor9e1 & is v abundant 9 c]ta9 fossil bones4 ,?is elem5t1 9 comb9ation ) hydrog5 & call$ hydr(luoric acid1 acts s en]getically ^u all sub/ances conta9+ silica1 t x _c be pres]v$ 9 vessels ( glass or porcela9--v few ( ! metals are capable ( resi/+ its action1 lead be+ ne>ly ! only common metal possess$ ( ?is p[]4 ,gutta p]*a may also be employ$ = vessels to hold x4 ,?is prop]ty ( dissolv+ silica has caus$ ?is acid to be us$ = engrav+ on glass4 ,exp]im5t4 ,mix "o "p ( fluor-sp>1 q pure1 ) two p>ts ( oil ( vitriol1 9 a sauc]1 & apply a g5tle heat1 :5 ! acid w be dis5gag$ 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,prep>e a piece ( glass aft] ! mann] ( engrav+ on copp]1 by coat+ x ) a ?9 cov]+ ( wax1 plac+ a pap] ov] ! wax1 & !n draw+ any design ) a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t1 :51 on remov+ ! pap]1 ! wax-coat+ w be f\nd to be remov$ :]ev] ! in/rum5t has pass$ ov] x4 ,n[ inv]t ?is glass ov] ! fumes ( ! acid = half an h\r or s1 & !n heat ! glass s z to s(t5 ! coat+1 & wipe x (f2 ! design w !n appe> 8bitt5 910 z ! t]m is1 t is1 ! acid w h dissolv$ ! glass :]ev] x 0 n protect$ by ! wax1 & w exhibit ! design indelibly fix$ on ! glass4 ,?is acid requires ! greate/ c>e 9 h&l+1 = x is extremely corrosive1 produc+ v tr\blesome ulc]s if x comes 9 contact ) ! sk92 ev5 ! fumes w produce sm>t+ if ! sk9 is long expos$ to !m4 ,c>bon4 ,! next sub/ance 9 our li/ ( elem5t>y bodies is nam$ c>bon4 ,! pure/ =m ( c>bon is ! preci\s /one call$ diamond1 :i* consi/s entirely ( c>bon 9 a cry/alliz$ =m4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/ ,lavoisi] 0 ! fir/ :o prov$ ! combu/ibility ( ! diamond2 & ,sir ,h4 ,davy f\nd t :5 once set on fire x w\ld cont9ue to burn 9 oxyg5 gas air1 & t ! product ( ! combu/ion 0 c>bonic acid gas1 exactly equal 9 quantity to ! gas produc$ by burn+ an equal weight ( pure *>coal1 ! mo/ common =m ( c>bon4 ,plumbago1 or 8black-lead10 z x is v improp]ly call$1 is also ne>ly pure c>bon1 a v small quantity ( iron be+ unit$ ) x4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( all vegetable1 & a v l>ge portion ( animal bodies consi/s ( c>bon2 & 9 ! /ate ( c>bonic acid 9 comb9ation ) lime & "s o!r e>?s1 x =ms ne>ly ! half ( all ! *alk1 m>ble1 & lime/one ( our hills2 s t x is1 9 "o %ape or o!r1 "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ bodies 9 nature4 ,c>bon =ms two gase\s comp\nds ) oxyg52 ! fir/1 call$ c>bonic oxide1 is easily obta9$ by boil+ oxalic acid ) its own bulk ( sulphuric acid1 9 a flask to :i* a cork & b5t tube is atta*$4 ,! gas comes ov] 9 l>ge quantities1 & mu/ be collect$ 9 a gas j>1 or ! pneumatic tr\gh4 ,x is inflammable1 & burns ) a lamb5t blue flame4 ,! o!r comp\nd1 c>bonic acid1 is transp>5t1 colorless1 mu* heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air1 has an agreeable ta/e1 has ! p[] ( irritat+ ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose 7z any "o c tell :o has drunk soda-wat]71 )\t possess+ any p>ticul> odor1 is absorb$ by wat]1 does n support respiration1 & ext+ui%es flame4 ,c>bonic acid gas may be obta9$ ) ! greate/ facility by p\r+ "s muriatic or sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) ab\t six p>ts ( wat]1 ^u "s pieces ( m>ble or lime/one 9 a bottle ) a tube atta*$1 :5 ! gas comes ov] 9 torr5ts4 ,x may be collect$ ov] wat]4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,to %[ ! great comp>ative weight ( ?is gas1 place a light$ tap] at ! bottom ( a tall glass j>1 !n take a j> full ( c>bonic acid gas1 & p\r x z y w\ld p\r wat] into ! j> conta9+ ! light$ tap]2 y w soon f9d ! tap] w be ext+ui%$ z effectually z if y _h p\r$ wat] on x1 & ! smoke ( ! tap] w float on ! surface ( ! gas 9 v beautiful wavy =ms4 #b4 ,heat a piece ( ! metal potassium 9 a metal spoon 7plat9um is be/71 & if introduc$ 9 a /ate ( ignition into ! gas1 x w cont9ue burn+ brilliantly1 produc+ a quantity ( d5se smoke1 :i* is ! c>bon f ! c>bonic acid1 ! potassium hav+ seiz$ ! oxyg51 & be+ conv]t$ by x into pota%4 #c4 ,if a m\se1 bird1 or o!r small animal be plac$ 9 a j> ( ?is gas1 x becomes ins5sible almo/ imm$iately2 b if spe$ily remov$ x w occasionally recov]4 #d4 ,%ake up "s wat] ) "s ( ?is gas 9 a bottle2 ! great] "p ( ! gas w be absorb$ by ! wat]1 :i* acquires a sp>kl+ appe>ance & a pleasant %>p ta/e2 ) ! addition ( a little soda ?is becomes ! well-kn[n bev]age call$ soda-wat]1 s fam\s = remov+ ! morn+ heada*es caus$ by 8t salmon0 hav+ disagre$ at ye/]day's d9n]4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ?is gas :i* r5d]s x s dang]\s to desc5d into deep wells1 = by its great weight x collects at ! bottom1 & in/antly suffocates any un=tunate p]son :o incauti\sly subjects himself to x4 ,h5ce x is prud5t always to let d[n a light$ c&le be=e any "o desc5ds into a well1 or o!r deep excavation1 & if ! c&le is ext+ui%$1 x is necess>y to ?r[ d[n sev]al pails ( wat]--lime-wat]1 if possible--& aga9 to try ! c&le1 :i* mu/ burn freely be=e x is safe = any "o to desc5d4 ,x is ?is same gas1 "u ! "n ( 8*oke-damp10 :i* proves s dang]\s to m9]s1 p>ticul>ly aft] an explosion ( 8fire-damp10 = x is ! pr9cipal product ( ! explosion1 & x is by no means an easy matt] to dislodge x4 ,c>bonic acid gas has be5 cond5s$ into ! fluid =m by caus+ x to be dis5gag$ "u great pressure2 ! fluid acid has ! appe>ance ( wat]4 ,:5 ! pressure is remov$1 z by all[+ "s ( ! fluid acid to escape f ! vessel 9 :i* x has be5 cond5s$1 x in/antly reassumes ! gase\s =m1 & 9 s do+ absorbs s mu* lat5t caloric t a portion ( ! acid is actually solidifi$1 & appe>s 9 ! %ape ( sn[1 :i* may be collect$ & pres]v$ = a %ort "t4 ,c>bonic acid & lime are mutually te/s = ea* o!r4 ,if a j> conta9+ a little lime-wat] be put into a j> ( ?is gas1 x spe$ily becomes turbid1 ! gas unit+ ) ! lime1 & produc+ *alk 7! c>bonate ( lime71 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,?is gas is produc$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! respiration ( animals1 z may be prov$ by respir+ ?r\gh a tube imm]s$ 9 lime-wat]1 :5 ! wat] w be in/antly r5d]$ turbid f ! =mation ( *alk4 ,c>bon & ,hydrog54 ,to ! comb9ation ( ^! elem5ts 9 v>i\s proportions1 & ) ! occasional addition ( o!r sub/ances1 we are indebt$ = all1 or ne>ly all1 our means ( obta9+ light & heat4 ,coal1 wood1 _s1 oil1 & all ! v>ieties ( fats1 are compos$ pr9cipally ( c>bon & hydrog51 & may easily be conv]t$ into ! gas ) :i* our h\ses & /reets are light$1 :i* is ne>ly pure c>buret$ hydrog54 ,! two *ief def9ite gase\s comp\nds ( ^? two elem5ts are ! light c>buret$ hydrog5 & ! heavy c>buret$ hydrog51 or olefiant gas4 ,! fir/ is easily procur$ by /irr+ ! bottom ( /agnant wat] on a hot summ]'s day1 & collect+ ! bubbles 9 a bottle fill$ ) wat] & inv]t$ ov] ! place :]e ! bubbles rise4 ,?is gas burns ) a yell[i% flame1 & :5 mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( air1 or oxyg5 gas1 explodes ) great viol5ce on ! application ( a flame4 ,x is ! mu* dread$ fire-damp g5]at$ s pr(usely 9 "s coal-m9es1 & caus+ su* fe>ful de/ruction to life & prop]ty :5 accid5tally inflam$4 ,! o!r comp\nd1 ! heavy c>buret$ hydrog51 =ms "p ( ! gas us$ = illum9ation2 &1 9 fact1 :atev] sub/ance is employ$ = artificial light1 :e!r oil1 tall[1 wax1 etc41 etc41 x is conv]t$ into ?is gas by heat1 & !n furni%es ! light by its own combu/ion4 ,?is gas has "s v curi\s prop]ties1 & may be obta9$ ne>ly pure by mix+ 9 a retort1 v c>efully1 "o "p ( spirits ( w9e & f\r ( sulphuric acid4 ,a lamp mu/ be plac$ "u ! retort1 :5 ! gas w be spe$ily dis5gag$1 & come ov] 9 great abundance2 x may be collect$ ov] wat]4 ,?is gas is transp>5t1 colorless1 w n support combu/ion1 b is itself inflammable1 burn+ ) a brilliant :ite light1 & be+ conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,if mix$ ) ?ree or f\r times its bulk ( oxyg51 or ) common atmosph]ic air 9 mu* l>g] proportion1 x explodes ) great viol5ce4 ,?is gas is sometimes call$ 8olefiant gas10 f ! prop]ty x has ( =m+ an oily sub/ance :5 mix$ ) *lor9e4 ,exp]im5t4 ,into a j> /&+ ov] wat] half full ( ?is gas1 pass an equal quantity ( *lor9e gas4 ,! gases w spe$ily unite & =m an oily-look+ liquid1 :i* may be collect$ f ! sides ( ! j> z x trickles d[n4 ,by cont9ually supply+ ! j> ) ! two gases z !y comb9e1 a consid]able quantity ( ?is sub/ance may be collect$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! olefiant gas is r 9 excess4 ,! sub/ance produc$ is insoluble 9 wat]1 ) :i* x %\ld be wa%$ by %ak+ !m toge!r 9 a tube1 & has a pleasant sweeti% ta/e & aromatic smell1 some:at resembl+ e!r4 ,coal ,gas4 ,! gas s univ]sally employ$ = ! purposes ( illum9ation is a mixture ( ! c>buret$ & ! bi-c>buret$ hydrog51 ) m9ute portions ( o!r gases sc>cely wor? m5tion+4 ,x is procur$ by submitt+ coals to a r$ heat 9 iron retorts1 hav+ a tube pass+ f "o end1 along :i* passes all ! fluid & gase\s matt] sep>at$ f ! coal1 namely1 gas t>1 ammoniacal liquor1 & v>i\s gases1 c>buret$ hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 sulphuret$ hydrog51 etc41 etc4 ,! t> & ammoniacal liquor rema9 9 ! vessel 9 :i* ! tubes f ! retorts t]m9ate1 & ! gase\s productions are convey$ ?r\gh wat] & lime to sep>ate ! impurities2 ! rema9+ gas1 n[ fit = use1 passes into l>ge iron vessels1 call$ gasomet]s1 inv]t$ ov] wat] 7l ! j>s 9 a pneumatic tr\gh71 :5ce x is s5t ?r\gh pipes & di/ribut$ :]e requir$4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! retorts is call$ coke4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( *>coal mix$ ) ! e>?y & metallic p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! coal4 ,exp]im5t4 ,if y possess an iron bottle1 fill x ) p[d]$ coal1 & atta* a flexible tube to x1 & put x 9 ! fire2 z soon z x becomes r$-hot1 l>ge quantities ( smoke w escape f ! end ( ! tube1 be+ ! gas mix$ ) all its impurities4 ,by pass+ x ?r\gh wat] 7if mix$ ) lime x w be bett]71 ! gas may be collect$ 9 j>s /&+ ov] wat]1 & submitt$ to exp]im5t4 ,if y d n possess a bottle1 take a tobacco-pipe ) a l>ge b[l1 fill ! b[l ) small coal1 cov] x ) clay or putty1 & :5 dry put x into ! fire1 & ! gas w soon appe> at ! o!r end ( ! pipe1 :5 x may be light$1 or ! gas may be collect$ ov] wat]1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,! light c>buret$ hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ?is gas is giv5 (f spontane\sly 9 "s coal-m9es1 & z x =ms explosive mixtures ) atmosph]ic air1 ! m9es :]e x ab\nds c\ld n be work$ except at ! greate/ risk until ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :ile prosecut+ "s rese>*es on ! nature ( flame1 f\nd t flame w\ld n pass ?r\gh metallic tubes1 & he gradually r$uc$ ! l5g? ( ! tubes1 until he f\nd f9e iron-wire gauze =m$ an effectual b>ri] aga9/ ! passage ( flame4 ,he !n ?\ght t if ! light 9 a lant]n 7 surr\nd$ ) ?is gauze x might safely be us$ 9 an inflammable atmosph]e1 :]e a nak$ light w\ld in/antly cause an explosion4 ,^u submitt+ ! lamp to exp]im5t1 he f\nd t by pass+ coal-gas by degrees into a vessel 9 :i* "o ( 8 lamps 0 susp5d$1 ! flame fir/ became mu* l>g]1 & !n 0 ext+ui%$1 ! cyl9d] ( gauze be+ fill$ ) a pale flame1 & ?\gh ! gauze sometimes became r$-hot1 x did n ignite ! gas outside4 ,z ! supply ( coal-gas 0 dim9i%$1 ! wick ( ! lamp 0 rek9dl$1 & all w5t on z at fir/4 ,a coil ( plat9um wire 0 aft]w>ds susp5d$ 9 ! lamps1 :i* becomes int5sely heat$ by ! burn+ gas1 & gives out suffici5t light to enable ! m9] to see to "w4 ,z long z ! gauze is p]fect x is almo/ impossible = ! ext]nal air to be k9dl$ by ! wick ( ! lamp1 b ! m9]s are s c>eless t !y w (t5 remove ! gauze to get a bett] light1 to look = a tool1 or "s cause equally trivial1 & _m lives h be5 lo/ 9 consequ5ce ( su* c>elessness4 ,! effect ( ! f9e wire gauze 9 prev5t+ ! passage ( flame may be %[n by br++ a piece ( ! gauze gradually ov] ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 until x ne>ly t\*es ! wick1 :5 ! flame w be ne>ly ext+ui%$1 b ! vapor ( ! _s passes ?r\gh1 & may be light$ on ! upp] side ( ! gauze1 :i* w ?us h a flame on ei!r side1 ?\gh totally unconnect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! flame f a gas-burn] w answ] z well z ! _s-lamp4 ,ne>ly all ! fluids1 & solids also1 us$ = procur+ artificial light1 su* z nap?a1 v>i\s oils1 tall[1 wax1 sp]maceti1 spirits ( w9e1 e!r1 etc41 are comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog5 9 diff]5t proportions1 ) ! occasional addition ( "s o!r elem5ts1 especially oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportions to =m wat]2 z a g5]al rule1 ^? bodies conta9+ ! greate/ proportion ( c>bon give ! mo/ light1 ?\gh n necess>ily ! mo/ heat4 ,phosphorus4 ,! next body we h to notice is phosphorus1 a mo/ rem>kable sub/ance1 procur$ f ! e>?y "p ( bones by a process n wor? detail+ "h4 ,x %\ld be always kept "u wat]1 & ! nak$ f+]s %\ld n be all[$ ev5 to t\* x1 = ! smalle/ piece gett+ "u ! nail w inflame ! fir/ "t ! h& comes ne> ! fire1 & produce a sore v pa9ful & difficult to heal4 ,x %\ld be cut "u wat] by a knife or scissors1 & remov$ ) a pair ( =ceps4 ,its combu/ible prop]ties h be5 frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,x has also ! prop]ty ( %9+ 9 ! d>k1 s t if y write on a wall ) a solution ( phosphorus 9 oil1 ! lett]s w appe> lum9\s 9 ! d>k--!re is no dang]1 except+ f ! greas9ess ( ! oil4 ,( ! comp\nds ( phosphorus ) oxyg5 we h no?+ to d "h1 b x =ms ) hydrog5 a v curi\s gase\s comp\nd1 :i* takes fire spontane\sly on ! contact ( air1 or almo/ any gas conta9+ oxyg54 ,exp]im5ts4 ,x may be procur$ 9 ei!r ( two ways1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is want$4 ,! simple/ way is to put a lump or two ( phosphuret ( lime into a sauc]1 ab\t two in*es 9 dep?1 conta9+ "s v dilut$ hydro*loric acid2 bubbles ( gas w spe$ily arise1 & bur/+ on ! surface ( ! fluid w burn ) a slight explosion1 & a circul> wrea? ( smoke w rise into ! atmosph]e1 enl>g+ z x rises1 & wrea?+ itself r\nd & r\nd 9 ! mo/ elegant =ms4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! phosphuret is fre%1 & has be5 kept 9 a well-clos$ bottle1 or ! exp]im5t w fail4 ,! ap>tm5t mu/ be free f draughts4 ,if y desire to collect ! gas1 ano!r me?od mu/ be employ$4 ,fill a small retort q full1 neck & all1 ( a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 drop five or six pieces ( phosphorus into x1 place ! f+] on ! end ( ! retort1 & imm]se x 9 a bas9 also conta9+ a hot solution ( pota%1 remove ! f+]1 & on apply+ ! heat ( a lamp to ! retort1 ! gas w soon be dis5gag$ rapidly1 & drive out ! fluid 9 ! retort2 x !n escapes into ! air1 :5 x inflames ) ! same appe>ances z be=e describ$4 ,or x may be collect$ 9 gas j>s fill$ ) ! pota% solution1 & held ov] ! m\? ( ! retort4 ,! object 9 us+ hot solution ( pota% 9 ! bas9 is1 t :5 ! gas ceases to be giv5 (f1 & ! heat ( ! lamp is )drawn1 ! hot fluid may gradually fill ! vacuum :i* w =m 9 ! retort1 & s prev5t its be+ brok54 ,?is gas is transp>5t & invisible1 l mo/ o!r gases4 ,x is v poison\s if inhal$4 ,if kept = any "t1 x loses its prop]ty ( spontane\s inflammation1 & mu/ !re=e be made at ! "t x is requir$4 ,sulphur4 ,sulphur1 or brim/one1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 is sold 9 ! =m ( /icks1 or roll brim/one1 or 9 f9e p[d] call$ fl[]s ( brim/one4 ,x is capable ( %[+ electric ph5om5a :5 rubb$1 giv+ out slight sp>ks1 & fir/ attract+ & !n repell+ light bodies1 su* z small pieces ( pap]1 etc4 ,x is s bad a conductor ( heat1 t if grasp$ sudd5ly 9 a hot h&1 x w crack & split into pieces j z glass does :5 sudd5ly heat$ or cool$--( c\rse ,i am speak+ ( ! roll brim/one4 ,wat] has no effect on x1 z may be se5 9 ! pans plac$ = pet dogs to dr9k out (1 :]e ! same piece ( brim/one lies = ye>s entirely unalt]$1 ?\gh x is suppos$ to prev5t ! dogs f hav+ ! mange6 ,sulphur is l>gely us$ 9 ! arts1 pr9cipally 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 & fireworks ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x comb9es ) hydrog5 & =ms a gase\s comp\nd call$ sulphuret$ hydrog51 :i* is almo/ ! mo/ poison\s ( all ! gases4 ,x =tunately has s abom9able a smell t due notice is giv5 ( its pres5ce4 ,rott5 eggs1 a dirty gun-b>rel1 cabbage wat]1 putrid animal & vegetable matt]1 etc41 are indebt$ to ?is gas = _! invit+ odor2 & x is f\nd 9 c]ta9 m9]al spr+s1 z at ,h>rogate1 :]e ! wat] conta9s a consid]able quantity ( ?is gas1 & is f\nd useful 9 _m diseases ( ! sk94 ,x is also giv5 (f 9 a gase\s =m by "s volcanoes4 ,?is gas may be obta9$ by p\r+ dilute hydro*loric acid ^u a metallic sulphuret1 su* z t call$ crude antimony1 be+ a native sulphuret ( t metal4 ,! gas may be kept = a %ort "t ov] wat]4 ,x is colorless & transp>5t1 inflammable1 b q irrespirable1 a small bird dy+ in/antly :5 plac$ 9 air conta9+ only #a-aejj? ( ?is gas4 ,its mo/ rem>kable prop]ty p]haps is ! effect x has on c]ta9 metallic oxides & o!r metallic salts1 black5+ !m in/antly4 ,:ite pa9t is easily /a9$ by ?is gas1 & x w d>k5 ! color ( a metal 9 a solution1 especially ( lead1 ev5 :5 dilut$ ) #bj1jjj times its weight ( wat]4 ,by way ( exp]im5t slips ( ribbon1 silk1 or ev5 pap]1 may be wett$ ) v>i\s metallic solutions1 su* z silv]1 m]cury1 lead1 etc41 or words may be writt5 ) ! solutions1 & on hold+ !m ov] a /ream ( ?is gas !y w be in/antly d>k5$4 ,if ?is gas be collect$ 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh1 :i* is usually pa9t$ :ite1 y w h ! pleasure ( see+ ! color *ang$ to a v d>k br[n :5 y\r exp]im5ts are f9i%$4 ,) ?is v limit$ description ( "s ( ! non-metallic elem5ts & _! comb9ations1 we mu/1 = want ( space1 take leave ( ?is division ( *emi/ry1 8! beg9n+ ( :i* is pleasure1 its progress k1 its objects tru? & utility40 ,metals4 ,we h a few words to say ab\t a class ( bodies call$ metals1 :i* are ( ! utmo/ importance to mank9d1 & inde$ )\t "s ( !m1 especially iron1 few ( ! arts ( civiliz$ life c\ld exi/4 ,fifty sub/ances are n[ includ$ 9 ! li/ ( metals2 "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are only suppos$ to exi/1 su* z ammonium1 ! suppos$ base ( ammonia2 & v _m are to be view$ r 9 ! light ( *emical curiosities1 z f _! great r>ity !y are too exp5sive = use1 ev5 if possess$ ( valuable prop]ties ( :i* o!rs might be de/itute4 ,sev]al metals h be5 kn[n f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h any record2 su* 7 iron1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 t91 m]cury1 & probably z9c1 or at lea/ its ores2 = brass1 :i* is an alloy ( copp] & z9c1 is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury o!rs 7 discov]$1 su* z antimony & bismu?4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 cobalt1 ars5ic1 plat9um1 nickel1 manganese & *romium1 toge!r ) sev]al unimportant metals1 7 discov]$ by v>i\s philosoph]s2 :ile 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on discov]$ rhodium1 ! h>de/ & ne>ly ! mo/ inde/ructible ( all ! metals2 & a few ye>s lat] ,sir ,humphry ,davy f\nd t ! alkalies1 pota% & soda1 ) _m ( ! e>?s z !y 7 call$1 _h ea* a metal = its base1 to :i* he gave ! ,lat9 "n ( ! alkali or e>?1 ) ! t]m9ation um1 z potassium1 ! base ( potassa1 sodium ( soda1 calcium ( calx 7lime71 etc4 ,until ,sir ,h4 ,davy's discov]y ( ! metals ( ! alkalies1 great specific gravity 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( a metal1 ! lighte/ ( !m be+ mu* heavi] ?an ! heavie/ e>?2 b potassium is v mu* light] ?an wat]1 & n mu* heavi] ?an spirits ( w9e4 ,! o!r metals v>y f a specific gravity ( ne>ly tw5ty-"o--or tw5ty-"o times heavi] ?an an equal bulk ( wat]--t ( plat9um1 to some:at less ?an sev51 :i* is ! specific gravity ( antimony4 ,:5 pure1 !y all h a lu/]1 diff]+ inde$ among !mselves1 b s peculi> t x is call$ ! metallic lu/]2 = in/ance1 gold & copp] are yell[ & r$--ne>ly all ! o!rs :ite1 b ( a diff]5t %ade2 /ill !re is no mi/ak+ _! metallic "*1 no o!r sub/ances at all equal+ !m 9 ?is respect4 ,!y are also opaque1 al?\gh "s1 l gold1 :5 r$uc$ to ?9 films1 all[ light to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,!y are all good conductors ( heat & electricity1 ?\gh "s possess t prop]ty to a great] ext5t ?an o!rs4 ,_m ( !m are :at is call$ malleable1 t is1 may be ext5d$ or spread out by roll+1 or beat+ !m ) a hamm]2 & ductile1 or h ! prop]ty ( be+ drawn out into wire4 ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & iron are ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ?is respect4 ,all ! metals are fusible1 b "s require v diff]5t degrees ( heat to r5d] !m fluid--plat9um requir+ ! heat ( ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe1 :ile t9 melts 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 & m]cury is fluid at all temp]atures 9 ?is climate1 b becomes solid at #dj degrees ,fahr5heit bel[ #j--;a temp]ature occasionally exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,arctic regions1 :]e ! m]curial !rmomet] is useless1 ! m]cury becom+ solid4 ,!y are all excell5t conductors ( heat & electricity1 & h ! prop]ty ( reflect+ light & =m+ mirrors2 = look+-glasses owe _! p[] ( reflect+ objects pr9cipally to :at is call$ ! 8silv]+20 t is1 a mixture ( m]cury & t9 spread ov] ! back ( ! glass1 :i* be+ transp>5t1 all[s ! image reflect$ f ! metal to pass ?r\gh x4 ,! foll[+ classification is mo/ in/ructive1 because x sugge/s to ! "y /ud5t t !re mu/ be id5tical prop]ties 9 ! metals ?us plac$ toge!r3 ,class #a4 ,ammonium1 csium1 li?ium1 potassium1 sodium4 ,class #b4 ,calcium1 b>ium1 /rontium4 ,class #c4 ,alum9ium1 c]ium1 didymium1 erbium1 gluc9ium1 lan?anum1 ?orium1 yttrium1 zirconium4 ,class #d4 ,z9c class3 cadmium1 magnesium1 z9c4 ,class #e4 ,iron class3 cobalt1 *romium1 indium1 iron1 manganese1 nickel1 uranium4 ,class #f4 ,t9 class3 niobium1 tantalum1 t91 titanium4 ,class #g4 ,tung/5 class3 molybd5um1 tung/51 vanadium4 ,class #h4 ,ars5ic class3 antimony1 ars5ic1 bismu?4 ,class #i4 ,lead class3 lead1 ?allium4 ,class #aj4 ,silv] class3 copp]1 m]cury1 silv]4 ,class #aa4 ,gold class3 gold1 iridium1 osmium1 palladium1 plat9um1 rhodium1 ru!nium4 ,potassium4 ,potassium 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is a brilliant :ite metal1 s s(t z to be easily cut ) a p5knife1 & s light z to swim ^u wat]1 on :i* x acts ) great en]gy1 unit+ ) ! oxyg51 & lib]at+ ! hydrog51 :i* takes fire z x escapes4 ,exp]im5t4 ,trace "s cont9u\s l9es on pap] ) a camel's-hair bru% dipp$ 9 wat]1 & place a piece ( potassium ab\t ! size ( a pea on "o ( ! l9es1 & x w foll[ ! c\rse ( ! p5cil1 tak+ fire z x runs1 & burn+ ) a purpli% light4 ,! pap] w be f\nd cov]$ ) a solution ( ord9>y pota%4 ,if turm]ic pap] be us$1 ! c\rse ( ! potassium w be m>k$ ) a deep br[n color4--,coroll>y4 ,h5ce1 if y t\* potassium ) wet f+]s y w burn !m4 ,if a small piece ( ! metal be plac$ on a piece ( ice1 x w in/antly take fire1 & =m a deep hole1 :i* w be f\nd to conta9 a solution ( pota%4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its great aff9ity = oxyg51 potassium mu/ be kept 9 "s fluid de/itute ( t elem5t1 su* z naph?a4 ,caution6--,z ! globules ( potassium aft] conv]sion into pota%1 :5 ?r[n on ice or wat] bur/1 /rew+ small p>ticles ( cau/ic hot pota% 9 e direction1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep at a suffici5t di/ance :il/ p]=m+ ! above exp]im5t4 ,saltpet]1 or nit]1 is a comp\nd ( ?is metal 7or r its oxide7 ) nitric acid4 ,x is "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d]1 & has ! prop]ty ( quick5+ ! combu/ion ( all combu/ible bodies4 ,mix "s *lorate ( pota% ) lump sug>1 bo? be+ p[d]$1 & drop on ! mixture a little /rong sulphuric acid1 & x w in/antly bur/ into flame4 ,?is exp]im5t also requires caution4 ,want ( space precludes u f consid]+ ! individual metals & _! comp\nds 9 detail2 x mu/ suffice to describe "s exp]im5ts %[+ "s ( _! prop]ties4 ,! diff]5t aff9ities ( ! metals = oxyg5 may be exhibit$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! silv] or z9c tree has already be5 describ$4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,into a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 di/ill$ wat] imm]se a clean plate or slip ( copp]4 ,! solution1 :i* 0 colorless1 w soon beg9 to assume a gre5i% t9t1 & ! piece ( copp] w be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( a light gray color1 :i* is ! silv] =m]ly unit$ to ! nitric acid1 :i* has be5 displac$ by ! great] aff9ity or lik+ ( ! oxyg5 & acid = ! copp]4 #b4 ,:5 ! copp] is no long] coat$1 b rema9s clean & bright :5 imm]s$ 9 ! fluid1 all ! silv] has be5 deposit$1 & ! glass n[ conta9s a solution ( copp]4 ,place a piece ( clean iron 9 ! solution1 & x w almo/ in/antly be coat$ ) a film ( copp]1 & ?is w cont9ue until ! :ole ( t metal is remov$1 & its place fill$ by an equival5t quantity ( iron1 s t ! nitrate ( iron is f\nd 9 ! liquid4 ,! oxyg5 & nitric acid rema9 unalt]$ 9 quantity or quality dur+ ^! *anges1 be+ m]ely transf]r$ f "o metal to ano!r4 ,a piece ( z9c w displace ! iron 9 l mann]1 leav+ a solution ( nitrate ( z9c4 ,ne>ly all ! colors us$ 9 ! arts are produc$ by metals & _! comb9ations2 inde$1 "o is nam$ *romium1 f a ,greek ^w signify+ color1 on acc\nt ( ! beautiful t9ts obta9$ f its v>i\s comb9ations ) oxyg5 & ! o!r metals4 ,all ! v>i\s t9ts ( gre51 orange1 yell[1 & r$1 are obta9$ f ?is metal4 ,solutions ( mo/ ( ! metallic salts give precipitates ) solutions ( alkalies & _! salts1 z well z ) _m o!r sub/ances1 su* z :at are usually call$ prussiate ( pota%1 hydro-sulphuret ( ammonia1 etc42 & ! colors diff] accord+ to ! metal employ$1 & s small a quantity is requir$ to produce ! color t ! solutions be=e mix+ may be ne>ly colorless4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,to a solution ( sulphate ( iron add a drop or two ( a solution ( prussiate ( pota%1 & a blue color w be produc$4 #b4 ,sub/itute sulphate ( copp] = iron1 & ! color w be a ri* br[n4 #c4 ,ano!r blue1 ( q a diff]5t t9t1 may be produc$ by lett+ a few drops or a solution ( ammonia fall into "o ( sulphate ( copp]--a precipitate ( a light blue falls d[n1 :i* is dissolv$ by an additional quantity ( ! ammonia1 & =ms a transp>5t solution ( ! mo/ spl5did ri* blue color4 #d4 ,into a solution ( sulphate ( iron let fall a few drops ( a /rong infusion ( galls1 & ! color w become a blui%-black--9 fact1 ink4 ,a little tea w answ] z well z ! infusion ( galls4 ,?is is ! reason :y c]ta9 /uffs =m]ly 9 g5]al use = dress+-g[ns = g5tlem5 7 s objectionable2 = z !y 7 indebt$ to a salt ( iron = _! color1 buff z x 0 call$1 a drop ( tea accid5tally spilt produc$ all ! effect ( a drop ( ink4 #e4 ,put into a l>gi% te/ tube two or ?ree small pieces ( granulat$ z9c1 fill x ab\t "o-?ird full ( wat]1 put 9 a few gra9s ( iod9e & boil ! wat]1 :i* w at fir/ acquire a d>k purple color1 gradually fad+ z ! iod9e comb9es ) ! z9c4 ,add a little m iod9e f "t to "t1 until ! z9c is ne>ly all dissolv$4 ,if a few drops ( ?is solution be add$ to an equally colorless solution ( corrosive sublimate 7a salt ( m]cury7 a precipitate w take place ( a spl5did sc>let color1 bright] if possible ?an v]milion1 :i* is also a prep>ation ( m]cury4 ,cry/allization ( ,metals4 ,"s ( ! metals assume c]ta9 def9ite =ms 9 return+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate4 ,bismu? %[s ?is prop]ty m readily ?an mo/ o!rs4 ,exp]im5t4 ,melt a p\nd or two ( bismu? 9 an iron ladle ov] ! fire2 remove x z soon z ! :ole is fluid2 & :5 ! surface has become solid break a hole 9 x1 & p\r out ! /ill fluid metal f ! int]ior2 :at rema9s w exhibit beautifully-=m$ cry/als ( a cubic %ape4 ,sulphur may be cry/alliz$ 9 ! same mann]1 b its fumes1 :5 heat$1 are s v unpleasant t few w\ld wi% to enc\nt] !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 *emi/ry1 a sci5ce ab\nd+ 9 wond]s1 is ! circum/ance1 t ! m]e contact ( hydrog51 ! lighte/ body kn[n1 ) ! metal plat9um1 ! heavie/1 :5 9 a /ate ( m9ute division1 call$ spongy plat9um1 produces an int5se heat1 suffici5t to inflame ! hydrog52 ( c\rse ?is exp]im5t mu/ be made 9 ! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic air or oxyg54 ,"t & space 7or r ! want ( !m7 compel u to conclude ) a few exp]im5ts ( a miscellane\s "*4 ,to ,=m a ,solid ,f ,two ,liquids4 ,prep>e sep>ately1 saturat$ solutions ( sulphate ( magnesia 7,epsom salts7 & c>bonate ( pota%4 ,on mix+ !m ! result w be ne>ly solid4 ,solutions ( muriate ( lime & c>bonate ( pota% w answ] z well4 ,to ,=m a ,liquid ,f ,two ,solids4 ,rub toge!r 9 a ,w$gewood mort> a small quantity ( sulphate ( soda & acetate ( lead1 & z !y mix !y w become liquid4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia & sulphate ( copp]1 previ\sly r$uc$ to p[d] sep>ately1 w also1 :5 mix$1 become liquid1 & acquire a mo/ spl5did blue color4 ,! great] numb] ( salts h a t5d5cy to assume regul> =ms1 or become cry/alliz$1 :5 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate2 & ! size & regul>ity ( ! cry/als dep5d 9 a great measure on ! sl[ or rapid escape ( ! fluid 9 :i* !y 7 dissolv$4 ,sug> is a capital example ( ?is prop]ty2 ! ord9>y loaf-sug> be+ rapidly boil$ d[n1 z x is call$3 :ile to make sug>-c&y1 :i* is no?+ b sug> 9 a cry/alliz$ =m1 ! solution is all[$ to evaporate sl[ly1 & z x cools x =ms into ^? beautiful cry/als t]m$ sug>-c&y4 ,! ?reads f\nd 9 ! c5t] ( "s ( ! cry/als are m]ely plac$ = ! purpose ( ha/5+ ! =mation ( ! cry/als4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,make a /rong solution ( alum1 or ( sulphate ( copp]1 or blue vitriol1 & place 9 !m r\gh & irregul> pieces ( cl9k] f /oves1 or wire-baskets1 & set !m by 9 a cool place1 :]e !y w be free f du/1 & 9 a few days cry/als ( ! sev]al salts w deposit !mselves on ! baskets1 etc42 !y %\ld !n be tak5 out ( ! solutions1 & dri$1 :5 !y =m v pretty ornam5ts = a room4 #b4 ,fill a ,flor5ce flask up to ! neck ) a /rong solution ( sulphate ( soda1 or ,glaub]'s salt1 boil x1 & tie ! m\? ov] ) a piece ( moi/5$ bladd] :ile boil+1 & set x by 9 a place :]e x _c be di/urb$4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs x w probably /ill rema9 fluid4 ,pi]ce ! bladd] cov]+ ) a p5knife1 & ! entrance ( ! air w cause ! :ole mass in/antly to cry/allize1 & ! flask w become q w>m f ! lat5t caloric1 ( :i* we h spok5 be=e1 giv5 out by ! salt 9 pass+ f ! fluid to ! solid /ate4 ,x is bett] to prep>e two or ?ree flasks at ! same "t1 to provide aga9/ accid5ts1 = ! lea/ %ake w (t5 cause cry/allization to take place be=e ! prop] "t4 ,*anges ( ,color ,produc$ by ,colorless ,liquids4 ,make a /rong infusion ( ! leaves ( ! r$ cabbage1 :i* w be ( a beautiful blue color2 drop into x a few drops ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! color w *ange to a bright r$2 add "s solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 or soda1 & ! r$ color w gradually give way to ! orig9al blue2 cont9ue add+ ! alkal9e solution1 & ! fluid w assume a bright gre5 color4 ,n[ resume ! acid1 & z x is dropp$ 91 ! color w aga9 *ange f gre5 to blue1 & f blue to r$4 ,n[ ?is simple exp]im5t illu/rates ?ree po9ts3 fir/1 t acids *ange ! color ( mo/ vegetable blues & gre5s to r$2 second1 t alkalies *ange mo/ blues & r$s to gre52 & ?ird1 t :5 ! acid & alkali are unit$ toge!r1 !y bo? lose _! prop]ty ( *ang+ color1 & become :at is call$ a neutral salt1 i4e4 a comp\nd possess+ ! prop]ties ( nei!r ( its con/itu5ts4 ,,ac\/ics4 ,ac\/ics is ! sci5ce relat+ to s\nd & he>+4 ,s\nd is he>d :5 any %ock or impulse is giv5 to ! air1 or to any o!r body :i* is 9 contact directly or indirectly ) ! e>4 ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,s\nd & ,noise4 ,noises are made by ! crack ( :ips1 ! beat+ ( hamm]s1 ! creak ( a file or saw1 or ! hubbub ( a multitude4 ,b :5 a bell is /ruck1 ! b[ ( a viol9 drawn across ! /r+s1 or ! wett$ f+] turn$ r\nd a musical glass1 we h :at are prop]ly call$ s\nds4 ,s\nds1 ,h[ ,propagat$4 ,s\nds are propagat$ on all bodies mu* aft] ! mann] t waves are 9 wat]1 ) a velocity ( #a1adb feet 9 a second4 ,s\nds 9 liquids & 9 solids are m rapid ?an 9 air4 ,two /ones rubb$ toge!r may be he>d 9 wat] at half a mile2 solid bodies convey s\nds to great di/ances1 & pipes may be made to convey ! voice ov] e "p ( ! h\se4 ,to ,%[ ,h[ ,s\nd ,travels ,?r\gh a ,solid4 ,take a long piece ( wood1 su* z ! h&le ( a hair broom1 & plac+ a wat* at "o end1 apply y\r e> to ! o!r1 & ! tick+s w be di/9ctly he>d4 ,to ,%[ ,t ,s\nd ,dep5ds on ,vibration4 ,t\* a bell :5 x is s\nd+1 & ! noise ceases2 ! same may be done to a musical /r+ ) ! same results4 ,hold a musical pit*-=k to ! lips1 :5 x is made to s\nd1 & a quiv]+ motion w be felt f its vibrations4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t s\nd is produc$ by ! quick motions & vibrations ( diff]5t bodies4 ,musical ,figures ,result+ ,f ,s\nd4 ,cov] ! m\? ( a w9e-glass1 hav+ a foot-/alk1 ) a ?9 %eet ( membrane1 ov] :i* scatt] a lay] ( f9e s&4 ,! vibrations excit$ 9 ! air by ! s\nd ( a musical in/rum5t1 held )9 a few in*es ( ! membrane1 w cause ! s& on its surface to =m regul> l9es & figures ) a/oni%+ cel]ity1 :i* v>y ) ! s\nd produc$4 ,to ,make an olian ,h>p4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a long1 n>r[ box ( v ?9 deal1 ab\t six in*es deep1 ) a circle 9 ! middle ( ! upp] side ( an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 9 :i* are to be drill$ small holes4 ,on ?is side sev51 t5 or m /r+s ( v f9e catgut are /ret*$ ov] bridges at ea* end1 l ! bridges ( a fiddle1 & screw$ up or relax$ ) screw-p9s4 ,! /r+s mu/ all be tun$ to "o & ! same note1 & ! in/rum5t %\ld be plac$ 9 a w9d[ p>tly op51 9 :i* ! wid? is exactly equal to ! l5g? ( ! h>p1 ) ! sa% j rais$ to give ! air admission4 ,:5 ! air bl[s ^u ^! /r+s ) diff]5t degrees ( =ce1 x w excite diff]5t tones ( s\nd4 ,sometimes ! bla/ br+s out all ! tones 9 full conc]t1 & sometimes x s9ks !m to ! s(te/ murmurs4 ,a colossal imitation ( ! in/rum5t j describ$ 0 inv5t$ at ,milan 9 #aghf by ! ,abbate ,gattoni4 ,he /ret*$ sev5 /rong iron wires1 tun$ to ! notes ( ! gamut1 f ! top ( a t[] sixty feet high1 to ! h\se ( a ,signor ,moscate1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ! success ( ! exp]im5t2 & ?is app>atus1 call$ ! 8giant's h>p10 9 bl[+ wea!r yield$ l5g!n$ peals ( h>moni\s music4 ,9 a /orm ?is music 0 he>d at a great] di/ance4 ,,fireworks4 ,we "k full well ! int5se delight tak5 by boys 9 risk+ _! limbs or _! lives1 especially :5 su* risk is accompani$ ) noise4 ,boys always h done s1 & always w d s 9 spite ( ! v be/ ( advice or precautions4 ,z1 !re=e1 x is impossible to keep !m f mak+ noises1 & endang]+ !mselves1 we h1 9 ?is article1 endeavor$ to %[ !m h[ to make z mu* noise z possible1 ) z little dang] z possible4 ,:at is !re t makes ! mo/ noise1 & is mo/ dang]\s8 ,gunp[d]1 ( c\rse4 ,!re=e1 we h giv5 descriptions ( ! be/ me?ods ( employ+ ?is mat]ial1 feel+ q sure t ( accid5ts ) gunp[d] n9e out ( e t5 are caus$ by ignorance4 ,we knew a boy :o lo/ ! use ( a ?umb1 & took all ! sk9 (f ! palm ( 8 "r h&1 by ignorant managem5t ( p[d]4 ,he _h read ( bla/+ rocks1 & no?+ w\ld satisfy him b bla/+ a bank4 ,s he bor$ a deep hole 9 x ) a /ick1 fill$ ! hole ) gunp[d]1 & !n pok$ a light$ lucif] into ! p[d]4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t 8 face 0 s scor*$ z n to be recogniz$1 all 8 eyebr[s & eyela%es1 & mo/ ( 8 hair 7 burn$ (f1 :ile 8 "r h& 0 injur$1 z has be5 already m5tion$4 ,n[ t boy _h be5 /udi\sly kept out ( ! way ( p[d] by female relatives1 & 0 naturally pr(\ndly ignorant ( its effects4 ,_h he be5 taught to h&le x1 he w\ld n n[ be =c$ to keep 8 "r h& clos$1 or to write by hold+ ! p5 betwe5 ! f+]s ( 8 cl5*$ h&4 ,gunp[d]4 ,x w n be v advisable = ! firework boy to make 8 own p[d]1 b /ill x w n be amiss t he %\ld "k h[ x is prep>$4 ,pulv]ize sep>ately #e drams ( nitrate ( potass1 #a dram ( sulphur1 & #a dram ( newly-burnt *>coal2 mix !m toge!r 9 a mort>1 ) a little wat]1 s z to make ! comp\nd into a d\gh1 :i* roll out into r\nd pieces ( ! ?ickness ( a p9 ^u a slab4 ,?is mu/ be done by mov+ a bo>d backw>ds & =w>ds until ! d\gh is ( a prop] size4 ,:5 ?ree or f\r ( ^! pieces are ready put !m toge!r1 & cut !m (f into small gra9s4 ,place ^! gra9s on a %eet ( pap]1 9 a w>m place1 :]e !y w soon dry1 b away f a fire4 ,dur+ granulation ! d\gh mu/ be prev5t$ f /ick+ by us+ a little ( ! dry comp\nd p[d]4 ,?is mode ( granulation1 ?\gh t$i\s1 is ! only "o to be us$ = s small a quantity = ! sake ( exp]im5t4 ,9 mak+ p[d] 9 a l>ge way x is granulat$ by pass+ ! composition ?r\gh sieves4 ,h[ to ,make ,t\*-,pap]4 ,dissolve 9 a little spirits ( w9e or v9eg> a little saltpet]1 !n take "s purple or blue pap]1 & wet x ) ! above liquor1 & x w be fit = use4 ,:5 pa/+ pap] on any ( ! foll[+ works take c>e t ! pa/e does n t\* t "p :i* is to burn4 ,! me?od ( us+ ?is pap] is to cut x into slips long en\gh to g once r\nd ! m\? ( a s]p5t1 crack]1 etc4 ,cases = ,squibs1 ,fl[]-,pots1 ,rockets1 ,roman ,c&les1 ,etc4 ,procure a h>d wood5 cyl9d]1 or1 if possible1 "o made ( metal1 ^: diamet] corresponds ) t ( ! int]ior ( ! propos$ case4 ,roll r\nd x sev]al folds ( c>tridge pap]1 & pa/e ! edges well1 s t x may be held securely4 ,tie x r\nd until dry4 ,to ,*oke ! ,cases4 ,:5 ! cases are ?us made !y w require to be ti$ at ! l[] end4 ,?is is call$ *ok+ !m1 & z mu* =ce is requir$ x is necess>y4 ,fix a wire into a small solid cyl9d]4 ,take ano!r %ort piece1 an in* or two long1 ) a hole up x to admit ! o!r end ( ! wire1 fit x on1 & pass x up ! case4 ,!n hav+ fa/5$ a piece ( :ip-cord to a po/1 w9d x r\nd ! "p left holl[ by ! wire1 :i* %\ld be ab\t half an in* f ! end2 pull x tight ) ! "r h&1 & "w ! case r\nd ) ! left4 ,cut out a piece ( t\* pap] two in*es long1 & an in* & a half broad1 w9d x r\nd ! *oke1 & tie x on ) a piece ( f9e /r+--twi/ x to a po9t4 ,! cases are be/ *ok$ :ile damp4 ,composition = ,squibs1 ,etc4 ,gunp[d]1 half a p\nd2 *>coal1 #a ounce2 brim/one1 #a ounce1 or 9 l proportion2 gr9d !m 9 a mull] or p\nd !m 9 a mort>4 ,or y may take #a "p /eel fil+s1 #a *>coal1 #a sulphur1 & #d p[d]1 :i* is a v good mixture1 & c be rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort>4 ,h[ to ,fill ! ,cases4 ,y\r cases mu/ be v dry :5 ready1 & %\ld be put into an iron or wood5 mold2 fir/ put 9 a ?imble full ( y\r p[d]1 & ram x d[n v h>d ) y\r rul]1 !n put 9 a little m till ! case is full1 ramm+ x d[n h>d e "t4 ,if y h no mold1 hold ! case 9 y\r left h& ) ! twi/$ t\*-pap] d[nw>ds1 & fill x aft] ! same mann]4 ,:5 y h fill$ )9 an in* ( ! top1 fill up ?is ) loose p[d] n ramm$1 = a bang1 & fold 9 ! ends2 aft] fill+ a doz5 or two melt "s pit* 9 a small ladle1 & sme> ! end ( ! case ) x by means ( a small bru%4 ,to ,make ,crack]s4 ,cut "s /\t c>tridge-pap] into pieces ?ree in*es & a half broad & "o foot long1 fold d[n "o edge ( ^! pieces l5g?wise ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* broad1 !n fold ! d\ble edge d[n a qu>t] ( an in*1 & turn ! s+le edge back half ov] ! d\ble fold4 ,op5 x1 & lay all along ! *annel :i* is =m$ by ! fold+ ( ! pap] "s meal p[d]1 !n fold x ov] & ov] till ! pap] is d\bl$ up1 rubb+ x d[n at e turn2 ?is be+ done b5d x backw>ds & =w>ds two in*es & a half1 or !reab\ts1 at a "t1 z (t5 z ! pap] w all[4 ,hold all ^! folds flat & close1 & ) a small p9*+ cord give "o turn r\nd ! middle ( ! crack] & p9* x close2 b9d x ) pack ?read z tight z y c1 !n 9 ! place :]e x 0 p9*$ prime "o end & cap x ) t\*-pap]4 ,:5 ^! crack]s are fir$ !y w give a l\d report at e turn ( ! pap]3 if y want a great numb] ( ^!1 y h only to cut ! pap] long]1 or jo9 x on to a great] l5g?2 b if !y are made v long y mu/ h a piece ( wood ) a groove 9 x deep en\gh to let 9 half ! crack]1 :i* w hold x /raight :ile y are p9*+ x4 ,roman ,c&les & ,/>s4 ,^! are be/ made ) ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 #a ounce ( p[d]1 #a ounce ( sulphur1 & #b ounces ( nit]4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 pref] #a "p sulphur1 #a *>coal1 #a iron fil+s1 #d ( p[d]1 & #h ( nit]4 ,! composition be+ made1 9 fill+ ! cases fill ! contr>y way to a squib--/op up ! *oke by driv+ d[n a piece ( pap]4 ,put 9 #a quill ( gunp[d] loose & #a /> made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a ounce ( camphor1 #a ( sulphur1 #b ( meal p[d]1 #a ounce ( ! color$ fires1 moi/5 !m ) oil ( turp5t9e1 & "w !m into little r\nd balls4 ,hav+ plac$ a /> )9 ! case1 put 9 above x #c quills ( ! composition1 ram d[n1 !n p[d]1 />1 & composition alt]nately1 till ! case is full4 ,pa/e t\*-pap] r\nd ! top & twi/ to a po9t4 ,rockets4 ,!re are sev]al recipes = mak+ rockets1 ! be/ ( :i* is #c ounces ( *>coal1 #f ( sulphur1 #h ( nit]1 #cb ( meal p[d]4 ,ano!r v good "o is1 #c ounces ( iron fil+s1 #d ( p[d]$ *>coal1 #h ( sulphur1 #af ( nit]1 & #fd ( meal p[d]4 ,if a small] quantity is want$ divide ea* proportion by #b1 if a /ill small] divide by #d4 ,ra9s4 ,sometimes gold or silv] ra9s are add$ to rockets1 :i* give !m a v beautiful appe>ance4 ,a gold ra9 is made ( #b p>ts sawdu/1 #d sulphur1 #d meal p[d]1 #f glass du/1 #af nit]1 9 all #cb p>ts4 ,a silv] ra9 may be made ( #b p>ts salt prunella1 #h sulphuret ( antimony1 #h sulphur1 #h meal p[d]1 & #ad nit]1 9 all #cb p>ts4 ,ca!r9e ,:eels4 ,^! are v pretty fireworks1 & are made to turn on a pivot4 ,!re are _m recipes = ! composition ( :i* !y are =m$2 #a "p camphor1 #a sulphur1 #a nit]1 #b meal p[d]4 ,ano!r is1 #c p>ts iron fil+s1 #d sulphur1 #ab nit]1 #af meal p[d]4 ,?is composition is to be ramm$ into small cases1 & b\nd r\nd a small :eel hav+ a hole = a pivot 9 ! c5t]4 ,v>i\s ,color$ ,fires4 ,! foll[+ recipes w give ! "y firework mak] a great v>iety ( ! mo/ beautiful fires4 ,!y %\ld nev] be fir$ 9 a room1 h[ev]1 & always away f a dwell+4 ,crimson ,fire4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ?is is nitrate ( /rontium1 ( :i* #dj p>ts are tak51 ) #ac ( sulphur1 #ae ( *lorate ( potass1 #d ( sulphuret ( antimony1 & #b ( lamp-black4 ,^!1 z all ! +r$i5ts = ! o!r fires1 %\ld be rubb$ 9 a ladle1 & !y may be us$ 9 a ladle or iron di% set on ! gr\nd4 ,blue ,fire4 ,! +r$i5ts ( blue fire are #bj p>ts2 #ab ( nit]1 #d ( sulphur1 #b ( sulphuret ( antimony1 & #b ( lamp-black4 ,gre5 ,fire4 ,! +r$i5ts = gre5 fire are 9 #ed p>ts2 #db ( nitrate ( b>ytes1 #h ( sulphur1 #c ( *lorate ( potass1 & #a ( lamp-black4 ,purple ,fire4 ,! be/ recipe = purple fire is ( #fj p>ts2 #be ( nit]1 #be ( nitrate ( /rontium1 #g ( sulphur1 #b ( realgor1 & #a ( lamp-black4 ,:ite ,fire4 ,! be/ & pure/ :ite fire is made ( #bd p>ts ( nit]1 #g ( sulphur1 #b ( r$ ars5ic1 & "o ( lamp-black4 ,spur ,fire4 #i p>ts ( nit]1 #d ( sulphur1 & #c ( lamp-black1 well rubb$ toge!r4 ,blue ,lights4 ,^! are made ( #d p>ts ( sulphur1 #b ( nit]1 & #a ( p[d]1 & are ramm$ into squib-cases ! contr>y way4 ,port or ,wildfires4 ,saltpet] #d p>ts1 meal p[d] #f p>ts1 & sulphur #c p>ts4 ,! composition to be moi/5$ ) l9se$-oil4 ,sl[ ,fire = ,:eels4 ,saltpet] #d p>ts1 sulphur #b p>ts1 & meal p[d] #b p>ts4 ,dead ,fire = ,:eels4 ,saltpet] #e p>ts1 sulphur #a "p1 lapis calam9>is #a "p1 & antimony #a "p4 ,cautions4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples & me?ods by :i* fireworks may be made2 b we w\ld advise our "y fri5ds to be v cauti\s1 & nev] to attempt mak+ any fireworks by c&lelight2 always to select "s ou?\se = _! op]ations2 to see t no iron or /eel implem5ts are ab\t ! place 9 :i* _! fireworks are be+ manufactur$1 or !y may g (f be=e !y wi% x2 to use wood5 or brass implem5ts 9 ! bruis+1 gr9d+1 & sift+ ( _! mixtures2 & nev] to br+ ! fireworks1 or any ( _! +r$i5ts1 into ! dwell+-h\se1 or !y may sudd5ly receive a 8,heavy bl[ & great disc\ragem5t40 ,to ,make an ,illum9at$ ,spiral ,:eel4 ,procure a circul> horizontal :eel two feet 9 diamet] ) a hole q ?r\gh ! nave1 !n take f\r ?9 pieces ( deal ?ree feet long ea*1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* broad ea*4 ,"o end ( ea* ( ^! pieces is to be nail$ to ! felloe ( ! :eel at an equal di/ance f "o ano!r1 & ! o!r end nail$ to a block ) a hole 9 its bottom1 :i* mu/ be p]p5dicul> ) t 9 ! block ( ! :eel1 b n s l>ge4 ,! :eel be+ ?us made1 a hoop plan$ d[n v ?9 mu/ be nail$ to ! felloe ( ! :eel1 & w\nd r\nd ! f\r /icks 9 a spiral l9e f ! :eel to ! block at ! top2 on ! top ( ?is block a case ( ,*9ese fire mu/ be fix$1 & on ! :eel any numb] ( cases1 :i* mu/ incl9e d[nw>ds & burn two at a "t4 ,! axis ( ! :eel mu/ be a little long] ?an ! cone1 & made v smoo? at ! top1 on :i* ! upp] block is to turn & ! :ole weight ( ! :eel to re/4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,& ,,in/ructive ,,books4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,& ,,manage ,,pets--,giv+ complete in=mation z to ! mann] & me?od ( rais+1 keep+1 tam+1 bre$+1 & manag+ all k9ds ( pets2 also giv+ full in/ructions = mak+ cages1 etc4 ,fully expla9$ by #bh illu/rations1 mak+ x ! mo/ complete book ( ! k9d ev] publi%$4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,electrical ,,tricks--,conta9+ a l>ge collection ( in/ructive & highly amus+ electrical tricks1 toge!r ) illu/rations4 ,by ,a4 ,&]son4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or s5t1 po/-paid1 ^u receipt ( ! price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,lett]s--,a wond]ful little book1 tell+ y h[ to write to y\r swee!>t1 y\r fa!r1 "m1 si/]1 bro!r1 employ]2 &1 9 fact1 ev]ybody & anybody y wi% to write to4 ,e "y man & e "y lady 9 ! l& %\ld h ?is book4 ,x is = sale by all newsdeal]s4 ,price #aj c5ts1 or s5t f ?is (fice on receipt ( price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,puzzles--,conta9+ ov] #cjj int]e/+ puzzles & conundrums ) key to same4 ,a complete book4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,by ,a4 ,&]son4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or s5t1 po/-paid1 ^u receipt ( ! price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,d #dj ,,tricks ,,) ,,c>ds--,conta9+ deceptive ,c>d ,tricks z p]=m$ by lead+ conjur]s & magicians4 ,arrang$ = home amusem5t4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,magic ,,lant]n--,conta9+ a description ( ! lant]n1 toge!r ) its hi/ory & inv5tion4 ,also full directions = its use & = pa9t+ slides4 ,h&somely illu/rat$1 by ,john ,all54 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 or w be s5t to y\r address1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,actor--,conta9+ complete in/ructions h[ to make up = v>i\s *>act]s on ! /age2 toge!r ) ! duties ( ! ,/age ,manag]1 ,prompt]1 ,sc5ic ,arti/ & ,prop]ty ,man4 ,by a prom95t ,/age ,manag]4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,! ,,black ,,art--,conta9+ a complete description ( ! my/]ies ( ,magic & ,sleight-(-,h&1 toge!r ) _m wond]ful exp]im5ts4 ,by ,a4 ,&]son4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,be ,a ,,detective--,by ,old ,k+ ,brady1 ! _w kn[n detective4 ,9 :i* he lays d[n "s valuable & s5sible rules = beg9n]s1 & also relates "s adv5tures & exp]i5ces ( well-kn[n detectives4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 or s5t to y\r address1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,conjur]--,conta9+ tricks ) ,dom9oes1 ,dice1 ,cups & ,balls1 ,hats1 etc4 ,embrac+ #cf illu/rations4 ,by ,a4 ,&]son4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,me*anical ,,tricks--,conta9+ complete in/ructions = p]=m+ ov] sixty ,me*anical ,tricks4 ,by ,a4 ,&]son4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or we w s5d x by mail1 po/age free1 ^u receipt ( price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,sixty ,,tricks ,,) ,,c>ds--,embrac+ all ( ! late/ & mo/ deceptive c>d tricks ) illu/rations4 ,by ,a4 ,&]son4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or we w s5d x to y by mail1 po/age free1 ^u receipt ( price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,electrical ,,ma*9es--,conta9+ full directions = mak+ electrical ma*9es1 induction coils1 dynamos1 & _m novel toys to be work$ by electricity4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,r4 ,b5nett4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 or w be s5t to y\r address1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,b[l]--,a complete manual ( b[l+4 ,conta9+ full in/ructions = play+ all ! /&>d ,am]ican & ,g]man games1 toge!r ) rules & sy/ems ( sport+ 9 use by ! pr9cipal b[l+ clubs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,b>?olomew ,batt]son4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 or s5t to y\r address1 po/age free1 on receipt ( ! price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,secret ,s]vice4 ,old & ,"y ,k+ ,brady1 ,detectives4 #cb ,pages ( ,great ,detective ,/ories4 ,h&somely ,decorat$ ,cov]s4 ,issu$ ,weekly4 ,price #e ,c5ts4 ,conta9+ ,/ories ( ,old ,k+ ,brady1 ! ,great ,detective1 assi/$ by ,"y ,k+ ,brady1 8 fai?ful "y pupil4 ,embrac+ ! mo/ d>+ adv5tures1 />tl+ sc5es & hairbread? escapes ev] publi%$4 ,,read ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,li/4 #a4 ,! ,black ,b&2 or1 ,! ,two ,k+ ,bradys ,aga9/ a ,h>d ,gang4 #b4 ,told by ! ,tick]2 or1 ,! ,two ,k+ ,bradys on a ,wall ,/reet ,case4 #c4 ,! ,bradys ,aft] a ,million2 or1 ,_! ,*ase to ,save an ,heiress4 #d4 ,! ,bradys' ,great ,bluff2 or1 ,a ,bunco ,game t ,fail$ to ,"w4 #e4 ,9 & ,out2 or1 ,! ,two ,k+ ,bradys on a ,lively ,*ase4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s or s5t po/-paid on receipt ( price1 #e c5ts p] copy1 by ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,t5 ,,c5t ,,h& ,,books4 ,,useful1 ,,in/ructive ,,& ,,amus+4 ,conta9+ valuable in=mation on almo/ e subject1 su* z ,writ+1 ,speak+1 ,danc+1 ,cook+2 also ,rules ( ,etiquette1 ,! ,art ( ,v5triloquism1 ,gymna/ic ,ex]cises1 & ,! ,sci5ce ( ,self-,def5se1 etc41 etc4 #a ,napoleon's ,oraculum & ,dream ,book4 #b ,h[ to ,d ,tricks4 #c ,h[ to ,flirt4 #d ,h[ to ,dance4 #e ,h[ to ,make ,love4 #f ,h[ to ,become an ,a?lete4 #g ,h[ to ,keep ,birds4 #h ,h[ to ,become a ,sci5ti/4 #i ,h[ to ,become a ,v5triloqui/4 #aj ,h[ to ,box4 #aa ,h[ to ,write ,love ,lett]s4 #ab ,h[ to ,write ,lett]s to ,ladies4 #ac ,h[ to ,d ,x2 or1 ,book ( ,etiquette4 #ad ,h[ to ,make ,c&y4 #ae ,h[ to ,become ,ri*4 #af ,h[ to ,keep a ,w9d[ ,g>d54 #ag ,h[ to ,dress4 #ah ,h[ to ,become ,beautiful4 #ai ,frank ,t\sey's ,u4 ,s4 ,di/ance ,tables1 ,pocket ,companion & ,guide4 #bj ,h[ to ,ent]ta9 an ,ev5+ ,p>ty4 #ba ,h[ to ,hunt & ,fi%4 #bb ,h[ to ,d ,second ,sight4 #bc ,h[ to ,expla9 ,dreams4 #bd ,h[ to ,write ,lett]s to ,g5tlem54 #be ,h[ to ,become a ,gymna/4 #bf ,h[ to ,r[1 ,sail & ,build a ,boat4 #bg ,h[ to ,recite & ,book ( ,recitations4 #bh ,h[ to ,tell ,=tunes4 #bi ,h[ to ,become an ,inv5tor4 #cj ,h[ to ,cook4 #ca ,h[ to ,become a ,speak]4 #cb ,h[ to ,ride a ,bicycle4 #cc ,h[ to ,behave4 #cd ,h[ to ,f5ce4 #ce ,h[ to ,play ,games4 #cf ,h[ to ,solve ,conundrums4 #cg ,h[ to ,keep ,h\se4 #ch ,h[ to ,become ,y\r ,own ,doctor4 #ci ,h[ to ,raise ,dogs1 ,p\ltry1 ,pigeons & ,rabbits4 #dj ,h[ to ,make & ,set ,traps4 #da ,! ,boys ( ,new ,york ,end ,m5's ,joke ,book4 #db ,! ,boys ( ,new ,york ,/ump ,speak]4 #dc ,h[ to ,become a ,magician4 #dd ,h[ to ,write 9 an ,album4 #de ,! ,boys ( ,new ,york ,m9/rel ,guide & ,joke ,book4 #df ,h[ to ,make & ,use ,electricity4 #dg ,h[ to ,break1 ,ride & ,drive a ,horse4 #dh ,h[ to ,build & ,sail ,canoes4 #di ,h[ to ,debate4 #ej ,h[ to ,/uff ,birds & ,animals4 #ea ,h[ to ,d ,tricks ) ,c>ds4 #eb ,h[ to ,play ,c>ds4 #ec ,h[ to ,write ,lett]s4 #ed ,h[ to ,keep & ,manage ,pets4 #ee ,h[ to ,collect ,/amps & ,co9s4 #ef ,h[ to ,become an ,eng9e]4 #eg ,h[ to ,make ,musical ,in/rum5ts4 #eh ,h[ to ,become a ,detective4 #ei ,h[ to ,make a ,magic ,lant]n4 #fj ,h[ to ,become a ,photograph]4 #fa ,h[ to ,become a ,b[l]4 #fb ,h[ to ,become a ,we/ ,po9t ,milit>y ,cadet4 #fc ,h[ to ,become a ,naval ,cadet4 #fd ,h[ to ,make ,electrical ,ma*9es4 #fe ,muldoon's ,jokes4 #ff ,h[ to ,d ,puzzles4 #fg ,h[ to ,d ,electrical ,tricks4 #fh ,h[ to ,d ,*emical ,tricks4 #fi ,h[ to ,d ,sleight ( ,h&4 #gj ,h[ to ,make ,magic ,toys4 #ga ,h[ to ,d ,me*anical ,tricks4 #gb ,h[ to ,d ,sixty ,tricks ) ,c>ds4 #gc ,h[ to ,d ,tricks ) ,numb]s4 #gd ,h[ to ,write ,lett]s ,correctly4 #ge ,h[ to ,become a ,conjur]4 #gf ,h[ to ,tell ,=tunes by ! ,h&4 #gg ,h[ to ,d ,=ty ,tricks ) ,c>ds4 #gh ,h[ to ,d ! ,black ,art4 #gi ,h[ to ,become an ,actor4 #hj ,gus ,williams' ,joke ,book4 ,all ! above books are = sale by newsdeal]s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 or !y w be s5t1 po/-paid1 to y\r address1 on receipt ( #aj;c4 ea*4 ,s5d ,y\r ,"n & ,address = ,our ,late/ ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue4 ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 #bd ,,union ,,squ>e1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! "o footnote has be5 mov$ to ! end ( its section4 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,ma!matical notation has be5 /&>diz$ to curr5t conv5tions4 ,= example1 ! notation #a-b = fractions has be5 *ang$ to #a_/b4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 p4 #ad3 ,!re is no illu/ration 9 ! orig9al book 7,?is illu/ration repres5ts7 ,! foll[+ *ange 0 made3 p4 #g3 #b *ang$ to #c 7,no4 #c1 x7