,,sci5ce ,,education ,,essays ,,by ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley ,,preface ,! apology (f]$ 9 ! ,preface to ! fir/ volume ( ?is s]ies = ! occurr5ce ( repetitions1 is ev5 m ne$ful "h ,i am afraid4 ,b x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise ) spee*es & essays1 on ! same topic1 address$ at int]vals1 dur+ m ?an ?irty ye>s1 to widely di/ant & diff]5t he>]s & read]s4 ,! olde/ piece1 t ,on ! ,educational ,value ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,sci5ces1 conta9s "s crudities1 :i* ,i repudiat$ :5 ! lecture 0 fir/ repr9t$1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago2 b x w be se5 t mu* ( :at ,i h _h to say1 lat] on 9 life1 is m]ely a developm5t ( ! propositions enunciat$ 9 ?is e>ly & sadly-imp]fect piece ( "w4 ,9 view ( ! rec5t attempt to di/urb ! compromise ab\t ! tea*+ ( dogmatic !ology1 solemnly agre$ to by ! fir/ ,s*ool ,bo>d = ,london1 ! fifte5? ,essay2 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ! note n4 #c1 may be f\nd int]e/+4 ,t4 ,h4 ,h4 ,hodeslea1 ,ea/b\rne1 ,septemb] #d?1 #ahic4 ,,cont5ts ,i ,,joseph ,,prie/ley #ahgd 7,an ,address deliv]$ on ! occasion ( ! pres5tation ( a /atue ( ,prie/ley to ! t[n ( ,birm+ham7 ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,educational ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,sci5ces #ahed 7,an ,address deliv]$ 9 ,s4 ,m>t9's ,hall7 ,,iii ,,emancipation--,,black ,,& ,,:ite #ahfe ,,iv ,a ,,lib]al ,,education2 ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,f9d ,,x #ahfh 7,an ,address to ! ,s\? ,london ,work+ ,m5's ,college7 ,v ,,sci5tific ,,education3 ,,notes ,,( ,,an ,,aft]-,,d9n] ,,spee* #ahfi 7,liv]pool ,philoma?ic ,society7 ,,vi ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture #ahhj 7,an ,address deliv]$ at ! op5+ ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,sci5ce ,college1 ,birm+ham7 ,,vii ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,education #ahhb 7,an ,address to ! memb]s ( ! ,liv]pool ,in/itution7 ,,viii ,,univ]sities3 ,,actual ,,& ,,ideal #ahgd 7,rectorial ,address1 ,ab]de57 ,,ix ,,address ,,on ,,univ]sity ,,education #ahgf 7,deliv]$ at ! op5+ ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore7 ,x ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,biology #ahgf 7,a ,lecture 9 connection ) ! ,loan ,collection ( ,sci5tific ,app>atus1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum7 ,,xi ,,on ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,physiology #ahgg ,,xii ,,on ,,m$ical ,,education #ahgj 7,an ,address to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london7 ,,xiii ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,! ,,m$ical ,,pr(ession #ahhd ,,xiv ,,! ,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,biological ,,sci5ces ,,) ,,m$ic9e #ahha 7,an ,address to ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress7 ,,xv ,,! ,,s*ool ,,bo>ds3 ,,:at ,,!y ,,c ,,d1 ,,& ,,:at ,,!y ,,may ,,d #ahgj ,,xvi ,,te*nical ,,education #ahgg ,,xvii ,,address ,,on ,,behalf ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,te*nical ,,education #ahhg ,,collect$ ,,essays ,,volume ,,iii ,i ,,joseph ,,prie/ley #ahgd ,if ! man to p]petuate ^: memory we h ?is day rais$ a /atue _h be5 ask$ on :at "p ( 8 busy life's "w he set ! highe/ value1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h po9t$ to 8 volum9\s contributions to !ology4 ,9 season & out ( season1 he 0 ! /eadfa/ *ampion ( t hypo!sis respect+ ! ,div9e nature :i* is t]m$ ,unit>ianism by its fri5ds & ,soc9ianism by its foes4 ,reg>dless ( odds1 he 0 ready to d battle ) all com]s 9 t cause2 & if no adv]s>ies ent]$ ! li/s1 he w\ld sally =? to seek !m4 ,to ?is1 8 highe/ ideal ( duty1 ,joseph ,prie/ley sacrific$ ! vulg> prizes ( life1 :i*1 assur$ly1 7 )9 easy rea* ( a man ( 8 s+ul> en]gy & v>i$ abilities4 ,= ?is object he put aside1 z ( second>y importance1 ^? sci5tific inve/igations :i* he lov$ s well1 & 9 :i* he %[$ himself s compet5t to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( natural k & to w9 fame4 ,9 ?is cause he n only *e]fully suff]$ obloquy f ! bigot$ & ! un?9k+1 & came )9 sight ( m>tyrdom2 b bore ) t :i* is mu* h>d] to be borne ?an all ^!1 ! unfeign$ a/oni%m5t & h>dly disguis$ contempt ( a brilliant society1 compos$ ( m5 ^: sympa?y & e/eem mu/ h be5 mo/ de> to him1 & to :om x 0 simply incompreh5sible t a philosoph] %\ld s]i\sly occupy himself ) any =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x appe>s to me t ! man :o1 sett+ be=e himself su* an ideal ( life1 act$ up to x consi/5tly1 is wor?y ( ! deepe/ respect1 :atev] op9ion may be ent]ta9$ z to ! real value ( ! t5ets :i* he s zeal\sly propagat$ & def5d$4 ,b ,i am sure t ,i speak n only = myself1 b = all ?is assemblage1 :5 ,i say t our purpose to-day is to d hon\r1 n to ,prie/ley1 ! ,unit>ian div9e1 b to ,prie/ley1 ! fe>less def5d] ( rational fre$om 9 ?\ght & 9 action3 to ,prie/ley1 ! philosophic ?9k]2 to t ,prie/ley :o held a =emo/ place among ! swift runn]s :o h& ov] ! lamp ( life1 #a & transmit f "o g5]ation to ano!r ! fire k9dl$1 9 ! *ildhood ( ! _w1 at ! ,prome!an alt> ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ma9 incid5ts ( ,prie/ley's life are s well kn[n t ,i ne$ dwell ^u !m at no great l5g?4 ,born 9 #agcc1 at ,fieldhead1 ne> ,le$s1 & br\ght up among ,calv9i/s ( ! /raite/ or?odoxy1 ! boy's /rik+ natural ability l$ to 8 be+ devot$ to ! pr(ession ( a m9i/] ( religion2 &1 9 #ageb1 he 0 s5t to ! ,diss5t+ ,academy at ,dav5try--an in/itution :i* au?ority left undi/urb$1 ?\gh its exi/5ce contrav5$ ! law4 ,! tea*]s "u ^: in/ruction & influ5ce ! "y man came at ,dav5try1 c>ri$ out to ! lett] ! injunction to try all ?+s3 hold fa/ t :i* is good1 & enc\rag$ ! discussion ( e imag9able proposition ) complete fre$om1 ! lead+ pr(essors tak+ opposite sides2 a discipl9e :i*1 admirable z x may be f a purely sci5tific po9t ( view1 w\ld seem to be calculat$ to make acute1 r ?an s\nd1 div9es4 ,prie/ley tells u1 9 8 ,autobiography1 t he g5]ally f\nd himself on ! unor?odox side3 &1 z he grew old]1 & 8 faculties atta9$ _! maturity1 ?is native t5d5cy t[>ds het]odoxy grew ) 8 gr[? & /r5g!n$ ) 8 /r5g?4 ,he pass$ f ,calv9ism to ,arianism2 & f9ally1 9 middle life1 l&$ 9 t v broad =m ( ,unit>ianism by :i* 8 crav+ aft] a cr$ible & consi/5t !ory ( ?+s 0 satisfi$4 ,on leav+ ,dav5try ,prie/ley became m9i/] ( a congregation1 fir/ at ,ne$ham ,m>ket1 & secondly at ,nantwi*2 b :e!r on acc\nt ( 8 het]odox op9ions1 or ( ! /utt]+ :i* imp$$ 8 expression ( !m 9 ! pulpit1 little success att5d$ 8 ef=ts 9 ?is capacity4 ,9 #agfa1 a c>e] mu* m suit$ to 8 abilities became op5 to him4 ,he 0 appo9t$ tutor 9 ! languages 9 ! ,diss5t+ ,academy at ,w>r+ton1 9 :i* capacity1 besides giv+ ?ree c\rses ( lectures1 he taught ,lat91 ,greek1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian1 & read lectures on ! !ory ( language & univ]sal gramm>1 on oratory1 philosophical criticism1 & civil law4 ,& x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 z a tea*]1 he enc\rag$ & *]i%$ 9 ^? :om he in/ruct$ ! fre$om :i* he _h enjoy$1 9 8 own /ud5t days1 at ,dav5try4 ,"o ( 8 pupils tells u t1 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 lecture1 he always enc\rag$ 8 /ud5ts to express _! s5tim5ts relative to ! subject ( x1 & to urge any objections to :at he _h deliv]$1 )\t res]ve4 ,x pleas$ him :5 any "o comm5c$ su* a conv]sation4 ,9 ord] to excite ! free/ discussion1 he occasionally invit$ ! /ud5ts to dr9k tea ) him1 9 ord] to canvass ! subjects ( 8 lectures4 ,i d n recollect t he ev] %[$ ! lea/ displeasure at ! /ronge/ objections t 7 made to :at he deliv]$1 b ,i di/9ctly rememb] ! smile ( approbation ) :i* he usually receiv$ !m3 nor did he fail to po9t out1 9 a v enc\rag+ mann]1 ! +5uity or =ce ( any rem>ks t 7 made1 :5 !y m]it$ ^! *>act]s4 ,8 object1 z well z ,dr4 ,aik9's1 0 to engage ! /ud5ts to exam9e & decide = !mselves1 un9flu5c$ by ! s5tim5ts ( any o!r p]sons4 #b ,x w\ld be difficult to give a bett] description ( a model tea*] ?an t convey$ 9 ^! words4 ,f 8 e>lie/ days1 ,prie/ley _h %[n a /rong b5t t[>ds ! /udy ( nature2 & 8 bro!r ,timo?y tells u t ! boy put spid]s into bottles1 to see h[ long !y w\ld live 9 ! same air--a curi\s anticipation ( ! inve/igations ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,at ,nantwi*1 :]e he set up a s*ool1 ,prie/ley in=ms u t he b\ght an air pump1 an electrical ma*9e1 & o!r in/rum5ts1 9 ! use ( :i* he in/ruct$ 8 s*ol>s4 ,b he does n seem to h devot$ himself s]i\sly to physical sci5ce until #agff1 :5 he _h ! great good =tune to meet ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ^: fri5d%ip he ev] aft]w>ds enjoy$4 ,enc\rag$ by ,frankl91 he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,electricity1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agfg1 & appe>s to h met ) consid]able success4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,prie/ley left ,w>r+ton to become ! m9i/] ( a congregation at ,le$s2 &1 "h1 happ5+ to live next door to a public brew]y1 z he says1 ,i1 at fir/1 amus$ myself ) mak+ exp]im5ts on ! fix$ air :i* ,i f\nd ready-made 9 ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,:5 ,i remov$ f t h\se ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( mak+ fix$ air = myself2 & "o exp]im5t lead+ to ano!r1 z ,i h di/9ctly & fai?fully not$ 9 my v>i\s publications on ! subject1 ,i by degrees contriv$ a conv5i5t app>atus = ! purpose1 b ( ! *eape/ k9d4 ,:5 ,i began ^! exp]im5ts ,i knew v little ( *emi/ry1 & _h1 9 a mann]1 no idea on ! subject be=e ,i att5d$ a c\rse ( *emical lectures1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,academy at ,w>r+ton1 by ,dr4 ,turn] ( ,liv]pool4 ,b ,i h (t5 ?\ght t1 ^u ! :ole1 ?is circum/ance 0 no disadvantage to me2 z1 9 ?is situation1 ,i 0 l$ to devise an app>atus & processes ( my own1 adapt$ to my peculi> views2 :]eas1 if ,i _h be5 previ\sly accu/om$ to ! usual *emical processes1 ,i %\ld n h s easily ?\ght ( any o!r1 & )\t new modes ( op]ation1 ,i %\ld h>dly h discov]$ any?+ mat]ially new4 #c ,! fir/ outcome ( ,prie/ley's *emical "w1 publi%$ 9 #aggb1 0 ( a v practical "*4 ,he discov]$ ! way ( impregnat+ wat] ) an excess ( fix$ air1 or c>bonic acid1 & !reby produc+ :at we n[ "k z soda wat]--a s]vice to naturally1 & /ill m to artificially1 ?ir/y s\ls1 :i* ^? ^: p>*$ ?roats & hot heads are cool$ by morn+ draughts ( t bev]age1 _c too gratefully ackn[l$ge4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,prie/ley communicat$ ! ext5sive s]ies ( obs]vations :i* 8 indu/ry & +5uity _h accumulat$1 9 ! c\rse ( f\r ye>s1 to ! ,royal ,society1 "u ! title ( ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air--a memoir :i* 0 ju/ly reg>d$ ( s mu* m]it & importance1 t ! ,society at once conf]r$ ^u ! au?or ! highe/ di/9ction 9 _! p[]1 by aw>d+ him ! ,copley ,m$al4 ,9 #agga a proposal 0 made to ,prie/ley to accompany ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 second voyage to ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,he accept$ x1 & 8 congregation agre$ to pay an assi/ant to supply 8 place dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,b ! appo9tm5t lay 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 ( :i* c]ta9 cl]gym5 7 memb]s2 & :e!r ^! wor?y ecclesia/ics fe>$ t ,prie/ley's pres5ce among ! %ip's company might expose ,8 ,maje/y's sloop ,resolution to ! fate :i* a=etime befell a c]ta9 %ip t w5t f ,joppa to ,t>%i%2 or :e!r !y 7 al>m$ le/ a ,soc9ian %\ld und]m9e t piety :i*1 9 ! days ( ,commodore ,trunnion1 s /rik+ly *>act]is$ sailors1 does n appe>2 b1 at any rate1 !y object$ to ,prie/ley on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s pr9ciples1 & appo9t$ ! two ,=/]s1 ^: religi\s pr9ciples1 if !y _h be5 kn[n to ^! well-mean+ b n f>-sight$ p]sons1 w\ld probably h surpris$ !m4 ,9 #aggb ano!r proposal 0 made to ,prie/ley4 ,"l ,%elburne1 desir+ a lit]>y companion1 _h be5 br\ght into communication ) ,prie/ley by ! good (fices ( a fri5d ( bo?1 ,dr4 ,price2 & (f]$ him ! nom9al po/ ( libr>ian1 ) a good h\se & appo9tm5ts1 & an annuity 9 case ( ! t]m9ation ( ! engagem5t4 ,prie/ley accept$ ! (f]1 & rema9$ ) ,"l ,%elburne = sev5 ye>s1 sometimes resid+ at ,calne1 sometimes travell+ abroad ) ! ,e>l4 ,:y ! connection t]m9at$ has nev] be5 exactly kn[n2 b x is c]ta9 t ,"l ,%elburne behav$ ) ! utmo/ consid]ation & k9dness t[>ds ,prie/ley2 t he fulfill$ 8 engagem5ts to ! lett]2 & t1 at a lat] p]iod1 he express$ a desire t ,prie/ley %\ld return to 8 old foot+ 9 8 h\se4 ,probably en\gh1 ! politician1 aspir+ to ! highe/ (fices 9 ! ,/ate1 may h f\nd ! position ( ! protector ( a man :o 0 be+ d5\nc$ all ov] ! c\ntry z an infidel & an a!i/ some:at emb>rass+4 ,9 fact1 a passage 9 ,prie/ley's ,autobiography on ! occasion ( ! publication ( 8 ,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s1 :i* took place 9 #aggg1 indicates pretty cle>ly ! /ate ( ! case3-- 7#abf7 ,x be+ probable t ?is publication w\ld be unpopul>1 & might be ! means ( br++ odium on my patron1 sev]al attempts 7 made by 8 fri5ds1 ?\gh none by himself1 to dissuade me f p]si/+ 9 x4 ,b be+1 z ,i ?\ght1 engag$ 9 ! cause ( important tru?1 ,i proce$$ )\t reg>d to any consequ5ces1 assur+ !m t ?is publication %\ld n be injuri\s to 8 lord%ip4 ,x is n unreasonable to suppose t 8 lord%ip1 z a ke51 practical man ( ! _w1 did n d]ive mu* satisfaction f ?is assurance4 ,! evid5t m>ks ( dissatisfaction :i* ,prie/ley says he fir/ p]ceiv$ 9 8 patron 9 #aggh1 may well h aris5 f ! pe]'s n unnatural uneas9ess z to :at 8 dome/icat$1 b n tam$1 philosoph] might write next1 & :at /orm might !reby he br\ght d[n on 8 own head2 & x speaks v highly = ,"l ,%elburne's delicacy t1 9 ! mid/ ( su* p]plexities1 he made n ! lea/ attempt to int]f]e ) ,prie/ley's fre$om ( action4 ,9 #aghj1 h[ev]1 he intimat$ to ,dr4 ,price t he %\ld be glad to e/abli% ,prie/ley on 8 ,iri% e/ates3 ! sugge/ion 0 int]pret$1 z ,"l ,%elburne probably int5d$ x %\ld be1 & ,prie/ley left him1 ! annuity ( #aej a ye>1 :i* _h be5 promis$ 9 view ( su* a cont+5cy1 be+ punctually paid4 ,aft] leav+ ,calne1 ,prie/ley sp5t "s little "t 9 ,london1 & !n1 hav+ settl$ 9 ,birm+ham at ! desire ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 he 0 soon invit$ to become ! m9i/] ( a l>ge congregation4 ,?is settlem5t ,prie/ley consid]$1 at ! "t1 to be ! happie/ ev5t ( 8 life4 ,& well he might ?9k s2 = x gave him compet5ce & leisure2 plac$ him )9 rea* ( ! be/ mak]s ( app>atus ( ! day2 made him a memb] ( t rem>kable ,lun> ,society1 at ^: meet+s he c\ld ex*ange ?\ghts ) su* m5 z ,watt1 ,w$gwood1 ,d>w91 & ,b\lton2 & ?rew op5 to him ! pleasant h\se ( ! ,galtons ( ,b>r1 :]e ^! m51 & o!rs ( less note1 =m$ a society ( exceptional *>m & intellig5ce4 #d ,b ^! halcyon days 7 end$ by a bitt] /orm4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution broke out4 ,an electric %ock ran ?r\gh ! nations2 :atev] !re 0 ( corrupt & retrograde1 &1 at ! same "t1 a great deal ( :at !re 0 ( be/ & noble/1 9 ,european society %udd]$ at ! outbur/ ( long-p5t-up social fires4 ,m5's feel+s 7 excit$ 9 a way t we1 9 ?is g5]ation1 c h>dly compreh5d4 ,p>ty wra? & virul5ce 7 express$ 9 a mann] unp>allel$1 & x is to be hop$ impossible1 9 our times2 & ,prie/ley & 8 fri5ds 7 held up to public scorn1 ev5 9 ,p>liam5t1 z fom5t]s ( s$ition4 ,a ,*ur*-&-,k+ cry 0 rais$ aga9/ ! ,lib]al ,diss5t]s2 &1 9 ,birm+ham1 x 0 int5sifi$ & specially direct$ t[>ds ,prie/ley by a local controv]sy1 9 :i* he _h engag$ ) 8 usual vig\r4 ,9 #agia1 ! celebration ( ! second anniv]s>y ( ! tak+ ( ! ,ba/ille by a public d9n]1 ) :i* ,prie/ley _h no?+ :atev] to d1 gave ! signal to ! loyal & pi\s mob1 :o1 un*eck$1 & inde$ to "s ext5t enc\rag$1 by ^? :o 7 responsible = ord]1 _h ! t[n at _! m]cy = ?ree days4 ,! *apels & h\ses ( ! lead+ ,diss5t]s 7 wreck$1 & ,prie/ley & 8 family _h to fly = _! lives1 leav+ libr>y1 app>atus1 pap]s1 & all _! possessions1 a prey to ! flames4 ,prie/ley nev] return$ to ,birm+ham4 ,he bore ! outrages & losses inflict$ ^u him ) extreme pati5ce & sweetness1 #e & betook himself to ,london4 ,b ev5 8 sci5tific colleagues gave him a cold %\ld]2 & ?\gh he 0 elect$ m9i/] ( a congregation at ,hackney1 he felt 8 position to be insecure1 & f9ally det]m9$ on emigrat+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he l&$ 9 ,am]ica 9 #agid2 liv$ quietly ) 8 sons at ,nor?umb]l&1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e 8 po/]ity /ill fl\ri%2 &1 cle>-head$ & busy to ! la/1 di$ on ! #f? ( ,febru>y #ahjd4 ,su* 7 ! conditions "u :i* ,joseph ,prie/ley did ! "w :i* lay be=e him1 & !n1 z ! ,norse ,sagas say1 w5t out ( ! /ory4 ,! "w itself 0 ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d4 ,no human int]e/ 0 )\t its attraction = ,prie/ley1 & few m5 h ev] _h s _m irons 9 ! fire at once2 b1 ?\gh he may h burn$ 8 f+]s a little1 v few :o h tri$ t op]ation h burn$ _! f+]s s little4 ,he made admirable discov]ies 9 sci5ce2 8 philosophical treatises are /ill well wor? read+2 8 political works are full ( insight & replete ) ! _s ( fre$om2 & :ile all ^! sp>ks flew (f f 8 anvil1 ! controv]sial hamm] ra9$ a hail ( bl[s on or?odox prie/ & bi%op4 ,:ile ?us engag$1 ! k9dly1 *e]ful doctor felt no m wra? or un*>itabl5ess t[>ds 8 oppon5ts ?an a smi? does t[>ds 8 iron4 ,b if ! iron c\ld only speak6--& ! prie/s & bi%ops took ! po9t ( view ( ! iron4 ,no d\bt :at ,prie/ley's fri5ds repeat$ly urg$ ^u him--t he w\ld h escap$ ! heavi] trials ( 8 life & done m = ! advancem5t ( k1 if he _h conf9$ himself to 8 sci5tific pursuits & let 8 fell[-m5 g _! way--0 true4 ,b x seems to h be5 ,prie/ley's feel+ t he 0 a man & a citiz5 be=e he 0 a philosoph]1 & t ! duties ( ! two =m] positions are at lea/ z imp]ative z ^? ( ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 !re are m5 7& ,i ?9k ,prie/ley 0 "o ( !m7 to :om ! satisfaction ( ?r[+ d[n a triumphant fallacy is z great z t :i* att5ds ! discov]y ( a new tru?2 :o feel bett] satisfi$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :5 !y h be5 help+ ,provid5ce by knock+ an impo/ure on ! head2 & :o c>e ev5 m = fre$om ( ?\ght ?an = m]e advance ( k4 ,^! m5 are ! ,c>nots :o organise victory = tru?1 & !y are1 at lea/1 z important z ! g5]als :o visibly fight h] battles 9 ! field4 ,prie/ley's reputation z a man ( sci5ce re/s ^u 8 num]\s & important contributions to ! *emi/ry ( gase\s bodies2 & to =m a j e/imate ( ! value ( 8 "w--( ! ext5t to :i* x advanc$ ! k ( fact & ! developm5t ( s\nd !oretical views--we mu/ reflect :at *emi/ry 0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! va/ sci5ce :i* n[ passes "u t "n _h no exi/5ce4 ,air1 wat]1 & fire 7 /ill c\nt$ among ! elem5tal bodies2 & ?\gh ,van ,helmont1 a c5tury be=e1 _h di/+ui%$ diff]5t k9ds ( air z gas v5tosum & gas sylve/re1 & ,boyle & ,hales _h exp]im5tally def9$ ! physical prop]ties ( air1 & discrim9at$ "s ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ari=m bodies1 no "o suspect$ ! exi/5ce ( ! num]\s totally di/9ct gase\s elem5ts :i* are n[ kn[n1 or dream$ t ! air we brea! & ! wat] we dr9k are comp\nds ( gase\s elem5ts4 ,b1 9 #aged1 a "y ,scot* physician1 ,dr4 ,black1 made ! fir/ cle>+ 9 ?is tangl$ backwood ( k4 ,& x gives "o a wond]ful impression ( ! juv5ility ( sci5tific *emi/ry to ?9k t ,"l ,br\gham1 :om s _m ( u recollect1 att5d$ ,black's lectures :5 he 0 a /ud5t 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,black's rese>*es gave ! _w ! novel & />tl+ conception ( a gas t 0 a p]man5tly ela/ic fluid l air1 b t diff]$ f common air 9 be+ mu* heavi]1 v poison\s1 & 9 hav+ ! prop]ties ( an acid1 capable ( neutralis+ ! /ronge/ alkalies2 & x took ! _w "s "t to become accu/om$ to ! notion4 ,a doz5 ye>s lat]1 "o ( ! mo/ sagaci\s & accurate inve/igators :o has adorn$ ?is1 or any o!r1 c\ntry1 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 publi%$ a memoir 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 9 :i* he deals n only ) ! fix$ air 7n[ call$ c>bonic acid or c>bonic anhydride7 ( ,black1 b ) inflammable air1 or :at we n[ t]m hydrog54 ,by ! rigor\s application ( weight & measure to all 8 processes1 ,cav5di% impli$ ! belief subsequ5tly =mulat$ by ,lavoisi]1 t1 9 *emical processes1 matt] is nei!r creat$ nor de/roy$1 & indicat$ ! pa? along :i* all future explor]s mu/ travel4 ,nor did he himself halt until ?is pa? l$ him1 9 #aghd1 to ! brilliant & fundam5tal discov]y t wat] is compos$ ( two gases unit$ 9 fix$ & con/ant proportions4 ,x is a try+ ordeal = any man to be comp>$ ) ,black & ,cav5di%1 & ,prie/ley _c be said to /& on _! level4 ,nev]!less 8 a*ievem5ts are n only great 9 !mselves1 b truly wond]ful1 if we consid] ! disadvantages "u :i* he lab\r$4 ,)\t ! c>eful sci5tific tra9+ ( ,black1 )\t ! leisure & appliances secur$ by ! weal? ( ,cav5di%1 he scal$ ! walls ( sci5ce z s _m ,engli%m5 h done be=e & s9ce 8 day2 & tru/+ to "m wit to supply ! place ( tra9+1 & to +5uity to create app>atus out ( wa%+ tubs1 he discov]$ m new gases ?an all 8 pr$ecessors put toge!r _h done4 ,he laid ! f\ndations ( gas analysis2 he discov]$ ! complem5t>y actions ( animal & vegetable life ^u ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e2 &1 f9ally1 he cr[n$ 8 "w1 ?is day "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 by ! discov]y ( t pure dephlogi/icat$ air to :i* ! ,fr5* *emi/s subsequ5tly gave ! "n ( oxyg54 ,its importance1 z ! con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e :i* disappe>s 9 ! processes ( respiration & combu/ion1 & is re/or$ by gre5 plants gr[+ 9 sun%9e1 0 prov$ some:at lat]4 ,= ^! brilliant discov]ies1 ! ,royal ,society elect$ ,prie/ley a fell[ & gave him _! m$al1 :ile ! ,academies ( ,p>is & ,/4 ,pet]sburg conf]r$ _! memb]%ip ^u him4 ,ed9burgh _h made him an honor>y doctor ( laws at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e]2 b1 ,i ne$ h>dly add1 t a man ( ,prie/ley's op9ions receiv$ no recognition f ! univ]sities ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,t ,prie/ley's contributions to ! k ( *emical fact 7 ( ! greate/ importance1 & t !y ri*ly des]ve all ! praise t has be5 aw>d$ to !m1 is unque/ionable2 b x mu/1 at ! same "t1 be admitt$ t he _h no compreh5sion ( ! deep] significance ( 8 "w2 &1 s f> f contribut+ any?+ to ! !ory ( ! facts :i* he discov]$1 or assi/+ 9 _! rational explanation1 8 influ5ce to ! end ( 8 life 0 w>mly ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( error4 ,f fir/ to la/1 he 0 a /iff adh]5t ( ! phlogi/on doctr9e :i* 0 preval5t :5 8 /udies comm5c$2 &1 by a curi\s irony ( fate1 ! man :o by ! discov]y ( :at he call$ dephlogi/icat$ air furni%$ ! ess5tial datum = ! true !ory ( combu/ion1 ( respiration1 & ( ! composition ( wat]1 to ! end ( 8 days f\ght aga9/ ! inevitable coroll>ies f 8 own lab\rs4 ,8 la/ sci5tific "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahjj1 be>s ! title1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,phlogi/on e/abli%$1 & t ( ! ,composition ( ,wat] refut$4 ,:5 ,prie/ley comm5c$ 8 /udies1 ! curr5t belief 01 t atmosph]ic air1 fre$ f accid5tal impurities1 is a simple elem5t>y sub/ance1 inde/ructible & unalt]able1 z wat] 0 suppos$ to be4 ,:5 a combu/ible burn$1 or :5 an animal brea!d 9 air1 x 0 suppos$ t a sub/ance1 phlogi/on1 ! matt] ( heat & light1 pass$ f ! burn+ or brea?+ body into x1 & de/roy$ its p[]s ( support+ life & combu/ion4 ,?us1 air conta9$ 9 a vessel 9 :i* a light$ c&le _h gone out1 or a liv+ animal _h brea!d until x c\ld brea! no long]1 0 call$ phlogi/icat$4 ,! same result 0 suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by ! addition ( :at ,prie/ley call$ nitr\s gas to common air4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es1 ,prie/ley f\nd t ! quantity ( common air :i* c ?us become phlogi/icat$1 am\nts to ab\t "o-fif? ! volume ( ! :ole quantity submitt$ to exp]im5t4 ,h5ce x appe>$ t common air consi/s1 to ! ext5t ( f\r-fif?s ( its volume1 ( air :i* is already phlogi/icat$2 :ile ! o!r fif? is free f phlogi/on1 or dephlogi/icat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,prie/ley f\nd t air phlogi/icat$ by combu/ion or respiration c\ld be dephlogi/icat$1 or h ! prop]ties ( pure common air re/or$ to x1 by ! action ( gre5 plants 9 sun%9e4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 w\ld naturally arise--z common air c be :olly phlogi/icat$ by combu/ion1 & conv]t$ into a sub/ance :i* w no long] support combu/ion1 is x possible to get air t %all be less phlogi/icat$ ?an common air1 & consequ5tly support combu/ion bett] ?an common air does8 ,n[1 ,prie/ley says t1 9 #aggd1 ! possibility ( obta9+ air less phlogi/icat$ ?an common air _h n occurr$ to him4 #f ,b 9 pursu+ 8 exp]im5ts on ! evolution ( air f v>i\s bodies by means ( heat1 x happ5$ t1 on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #aggd1 he ?rew ! heat ( ! sun1 by means ( a l>ge burn+ glass :i* he _h rec5tly obta9$1 ^u a sub/ance :i* 0 !n call$ m]curius calc9atus p] se1 & :i* is commonly kn[n z r$ precipitate4 ,i pres5tly f\nd t1 by means ( ?is l5s1 air 0 expell$ f x v readily4 ,hav+ got ab\t ?ree or f\r times z mu* z ! bulk ( my mat]ials1 ,i admitt$ wat] to x1 & f\nd t x 0 n imbib$ by x4 ,b :at surpris$ me m ?an ,i c well express1 0 t a c&le burn$ 9 ?is air ) a rem>kably vigor\s flame1 v mu* l t enl>g$ flame ) :i* a c&le burns 9 nitr\s air1 expos$ to iron or lime ( sulphur2 b z ,i _h got no?+ l ?is rem>kable appe>ance f any k9d ( air besides ?is p>ticul> modification ( nitr\s air1 & ,i knew no nitr\s acid 0 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( m]curius calc9atus1 ,i 0 utt]ly at a loss h[ to acc\nt = x4 ,9 ?is case also1 ?\gh ,i did n give suffici5t att5tion to ! circum/ance at t "t1 ! flame ( ! c&le1 besides be+ l>g]1 burn$ ) m spl5d\r & heat ?an 9 t species ( nitr\s air2 & a piece ( r$-hot wood sp>kl$ 9 x1 exactly l pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitre1 & x consum$ v fa/--an exp]im5t :i* ,i _h nev] ?\ght ( try+ ) nitr\s air4 #g ,prie/ley obta9$ ! same sort ( air f r$ lead1 b1 z he says himself1 he rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ! prop]ties ( ?is new k9d ( air = sev5 mon?s1 or until ,m>* #agge1 :5 he f\nd t ! new air behav$ ) nitr\s gas 9 ! same way z ! dephlogi/icat$ "p ( common air does2 #h b t1 in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$ to f\r-fif?s1 x almo/ completely vani%$1 &1 !re=e1 %[$ itself to be betwe5 five & six times z good z ! be/ common air ,i h ev] met )4 #i ,z ?is new air ?us appe>$ to be completely free f phlogi/on1 ,prie/ley call$ x dephlogi/icat$ air4 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ?is air8 ,prie/ley f\nd t ! same k9d ( air 0 to be obta9$ by moi/5+ ) ! _s ( nitre 7:i* he t]ms nitr\s acid7 any k9d ( e>? t is free f phlogi/on1 & apply+ heat2 & consequ5tly he says3 ,!re rema9$ no d\bt on my m9d b t ! atmosph]ical air1 or ! ?+ t we brea!1 consi/s ( ! nitr\s acid & e>?1 ) s mu* phlogi/on z is necess>y to its ela/icity1 & likewise s mu* m z is requir$ to br+ x f its /ate ( p]fect purity to ! mean condition 9 :i* we f9d x4 #aj ,prie/ley's view1 9 fact1 is t atmosph]ic air is a k9d ( saltpetre1 9 :i* ! pota% is replac$ by "s unkn[n e>?4 ,& 9 speculat+ on ! mann] 9 :i* saltpetre is =m$1 he enunciates ! hypo!sis1 t nitre is1 =m$ by a real decomposition ( ! air itself1 ! bases t are pres5t$ to x hav+1 9 su* circum/ances1 a ne>] aff9ity ) ! _s ( nitre ?an t k9d ( e>? ) :i* x is unit$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 #aa ,x w\ld h be5 h>d = ! mo/ +5i\s p]son to h w&]$ f>!r f ! tru? ?an ,prie/ley does 9 ?is hypo!sis2 &1 ?\gh ,lavoisi] und\bt$ly treat$ ,prie/ley v ill1 & pret5d$ to h discov]$ dephlogi/icat$ air1 or oxyg51 z he call$ x1 indep5d5tly1 we c almo/ =give him :5 we reflect h[ diff]5t 7 ! ideas :i* ! great ,fr5* *emi/ atta*$ to ! body :i* ,prie/ley discov]$4 ,!y are l two navigators ( :om ! fir/ sees a new c\ntry1 b takes cl\ds = m\nta9s & mirage = l[l&s2 :ile ! second det]m9es its l5g? & bread?1 & lays d[n on a *>t its exact place1 s t1 !nce=?1 x s]ves z a guide to 8 successors1 & becomes a secure outpo/ :5ce new explorations may be pu%$4 ,nev]!less1 z ,prie/ley himself some:]e rem>ks1 ! fir/ object ( physical sci5ce is to asc]ta9 facts1 & ! s]vice :i* he r5d]$ to *emi/ry by ! def9ite e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge numb] ( new & fundam5tally important facts1 is su* z to entitle him to a v high place among ! fa!rs ( *emical sci5ce4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ,prie/ley's philosophical1 political1 or !ological views 7 mo/ responsible = ! bitt] hatr$ :i* 0 borne to him by a l>ge body ( 8 c\ntry-m51 #ab & :i* f\nd its expression 9 ! malignant ins9uations 9 :i* ,burke1 to 8 ev]la/+ %ame1 indulg$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,)\t conta9+ mu* t w be new to ! read]s ( ,hobbs1 ,sp9oza1 ,coll9s1 ,hume1 & ,h>tley1 &1 inde$1 :ile mak+ no pret5sions to orig9ality1 ,prie/ley's ,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s1 & 8 ,doctr9e ( ,philosophical ,necessity ,illu/rat$1 are among ! mo/ p[]ful1 cle>1 & unfl9*+ expositions ( mat]ialism & necess>ianism :i* exi/ 9 ! ,engli% language1 & are /ill well wor? read+4 ,prie/ley d5i$ ! fre$om ( ! w 9 ! s5se ( its self-det]m9ation2 he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a s\l di/9ct f ! body2 & z a natural consequ5ce1 he d5i$ ! natural immortality ( man4 ,9 relation to ^! matt]s ,engli% op9ion1 a c5tury ago1 0 v mu* :at x is n[4 ,a man may be a necess>ian )\t incurr+ grav] reproa* ?an t impli$ 9 be+ call$ a gloomy fanatic1 necess>ianism1 ?\gh v %ock+1 hav+ a note ( ,calvani/ic or?odoxy2 b1 if a man is a mat]iali/2 or1 if good au?orities say he is & mu/ be s1 9 spite ( 8 ass]tion to ! contr>y2 or1 if he ackn[l$ge himself unable to see good reasons = believ+ 9 ! natural immortality ( man1 respectable folks look ^u him z an unsafe neighb\r ( a ca%-box1 z an actual or pot5tial s5suali/1 ! m virtu\s 9 outw>d seem+1 ! m c]ta9ly load$ ) secret grave p]sonal s9s4 ,nev]!less1 x is z c]ta9 z any?+ c be1 t ,joseph ,prie/ley 0 no gloomy fanatic1 b z *e]ful & k9dly a s\l z ev] brea!d1 ! idol ( *ildr52 a man :o 0 hat$ only by ^? :o did n "k him1 & :o *>m$ away ! bitt]e/ prejudices 9 p]sonal int]c\rse2 a man :o nev] lo/ a fri5d1 & ! be/ te/imony to ^: wor? is ! g5]\s & t5d] w>m? ) :i* 8 _m fri5ds vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 r5d]+ him sub/antial help1 9 all ! crises ( 8 c>e]4 ,! unspott$ purity ( ,prie/ley's life1 ! /rictness ( 8 p]=mance ( e duty1 8 transp>5t s9c]ity1 ! uno/5tati\s & deep-seat$ piety :i* brea!s ?r\gh all 8 correspond5ce1 are 9 !mselves a suffici5t refutation ( ! hypo!sis1 inv5t$ by bigots to cov] un*>itabl5ess1 t su* op9ions z 8 mu/ arise f moral defects4 ,& 8 /atue w d z good s]vice z ! braz5 image t 0 set ^u a pole be=e ! ,israelites1 if ^? :o h be5 bitt5 by ! fi]y s]p5ts ( sect>ian hatr$1 :i* /ill haunt ?is wild]ness ( a _w1 are made :ole by look+ ^u ! image ( a h]etic :o 0 yet a sa9t4 ,?\gh ,prie/ley did n believe 9 ! natural immortality ( man1 he held ) an almo/ nave realism t man w\ld be rais$ f ! dead by a direct ex]tion ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & !nce=w>d be immortal4 ,& x may be z well = ^? :o may be %ock$ by ?is doctr9e to "k t views1 sub/antially id5tical ) ,prie/ley's1 h be5 advocat$1 s9ce 8 "t1 by two prelates ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*3 by ,dr4 ,:ately1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl91 9 8 well-kn[n ,essays2 #ac & by ,dr4 ,c\rt5ay1 ,bi%op ( ,k+/on 9 ,jamaica1 ! fir/ edition ( ^: rem>kable book ,on ! ,future ,/ates1 d$icat$ to ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdc & ! second 9 #aheg4 ,accord+ to ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay1 ,! dea? ( ! body w cause a cessation ( all ! activity ( ! m9d by way ( natural consequ5ce2 to cont9ue = ev] ,,unless ! ,creator %\ld int]f]e4 ,& aga93-- ,! natural end ( human exi/5ce is ! 'fir/ dea?1 ! dreamless slumb] ( ! grave1 :]e9 man lies spell-b\nd1 s\l & body1 "u ! dom9ion ( s9 & dea?--t :atev] modes ( consci\s exi/5ce1 :atev] future /ates ( 'life' or ( 'torm5t' beyond ,hades are res]v$ = man1 are results ( our bless$ ,"l's victory ov] s9 & dea?2 t ! resurrection ( ! dead mu/ be prelim9>y to _! entrance into ei!r ( ! future /ates1 & t ! nature & ev5 exi/5ce ( ^! /ates1 & ev5 ! m]e fact t !re is a futurity ( consci\sness1 c be kn[n only ?r\gh ,god's revelation ( ,himself 9 ! ,p]son & ! ,gospel ( ,8 ,son4--,p4 #chi4 ,& n[ he> ,prie/ley3-- ,man1 accord+ to ?is sy/em 7( mat]ialism71 is no m ?an we n[ see ( him4 ,8 be+ comm5ces at ! "t ( 8 conception1 or p]haps at an e>li] p]iod4 ,! corporeal & m5tal faculties1 9 be+ 9 ! same sub/ance1 gr[1 rip51 & decay toge!r2 & :5ev] ! sy/em is dissolv$ x cont9ues 9 a /ate ( dissolution till x %all please t ,almighty ,be+ :o call$ x into exi/5ce to re/ore x to life aga94--,matt] & ,_s1 p4 #di4 ,& aga93-- ,! doctr9e ( ! ,scripture is1 t ,god made man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & by simply animat+ ?is organis$ matt]1 made man t liv+ p]cipi5t & intellig5t be+ t he is4 ,accord+ to ,revelation1 dea? is a /ate ( re/ & ins5sibility1 & our only ?\gh sure hope ( a future life is f\nd$ on ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! :ole man at "s di/ant p]iod2 ?is assurance be+ suffici5tly confirm$ to u bo? by ! evid5t tok5s ( a ,div9e commission att5d+ ! p]sons :o deliv]$ ! doctr9e1 & especially by ! actual resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* is m au!ntically atte/$ ?an any o!r fact 9 hi/ory4--,ibid41 p4 #bdg4 ,we all "k t a sa9t 9 crape is twice a sa9t 9 lawn2 b x is n yet admitt$ t ! views :i* are consi/5t ) su* sa9tl9ess 9 lawn1 become diabolical :5 held by a m]e diss5t]4 #ad ,i am n "h ei!r to def5d or to attack ,prie/ley's philosophical views1 & ,i _c say t ,i am p]sonally dispos$ to atta* mu* value to episcopal au?ority 9 philosophical que/ions2 b x seems "r to call att5tion to ! fact1 t ^? ( ,prie/ley's op9ions :i* h br\ght mo/ odium ^u him h be5 op5ly promulgat$1 )\t *all5ge1 by p]sons occupy+ ! highe/ positions 9 ! ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,i mu/ confess t :at int]e/s me mo/ ab\t ,prie/ley's mat]ialism1 is ! evid5ce t he saw dimly ! se$ ( de/ruction :i* su* mat]ialism c>ries )9 its own bosom4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ = 8 ,hi/ory ( ,discov]ies relat+ to ,vision1 ,light1 & ,col\rs1 he _h come ^u ! speculations ( ,boscovi* & ,mi*ell1 & _h be5 l$ to admit ! suffici5tly obvi\s tru? t our k ( matt] is a k ( its prop]ties2 & t ( its sub/ance--if x h a sub/ance--we "k no?+4 ,& ?is l$ to ! fur!r admission t1 s f> z we c "k1 !re may be no diff]5ce betwe5 ! sub/ance ( matt] & ! sub/ance ( _s 7,disquisitions1 p4 #af74 ,a /ep f>!r w\ld h %[n ,prie/ley t 8 mat]ialism 01 ess5tially1 v little diff]5t f ! ,idealism ( 8 contempor>y1 ! ,bi%op ( ,cloyne4 ,z ,prie/ley's philosophy is ma9ly a cle> /atem5t ( ! views ( ! deep] ?9k]s ( 8 day1 s are 8 political conceptions bas$ ^u ^? ( ,locke4 ,locke's aphorism t ! end ( gov]nm5t is ! good ( mank9d1 is ?us exp&$ by ,prie/ley3-- ,x mu/ necess>ily be und]/ood1 !re=e1 :e!r x be express$ or n1 t all p live 9 society = _! mutual advantage2 s t ! good & happ9ess ( ! memb]s1 t is1 ( ! majority ( ! memb]s1 ( any /ate1 is ! great /&>d by :i* ev]y?+ relat+ to t /ate mu/ f9ally be det]m9$4 #ae ,! little s5t5ce "h int]polat$1 t is1 ( ! majority ( ! memb]s ( any /ate1 appe>s to be t passage :i* sugge/$ to ,b5?am1 accord+ to 8 own ackn[l$gm5t1 ! fam\s greate/ happ9ess =mula1 :i* by sub/itut+ happ9ess = good1 has conv]t$ a noble into an ignoble pr9ciple4 ,b ,i d n call to m9d t !re is any utt]ance 9 ,locke q s outspok5 z ! foll[+ passage 9 ! ,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,aft] lay+ d[n z a fundam5tal maxim 9 all ,gov]nm5ts1 ! proposition t k+s1 s5ators1 & nobles are ! s]vants ( ! public1 ,prie/ley goes on to say3-- ,b 9 ! l>ge/ /ates1 if ! abuses ( ! gov]nm5t %\ld at any "t be great & manife/2 if ! s]vants ( ! p1 =gett+ _! ma/]s & _! ma/]s' int]e/1 %\ld pursue a sep>ate "o ( _! own2 if1 in/ead ( consid]+ t !y are made = ! p1 !y %\ld consid] ! p z made = !m2 if ! oppressions & violation ( "r %\ld be great1 flagrant1 & univ]sally res5t$2 if ! tyrannical gov]nors %\ld h no fri5ds b a few sycophants1 :o _h long prey$ ^u ! vitals ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 & :o might be expect$ to des]t a gov]nm5t :5ev] _! int]e/s %\ld be deta*$ f x3 if1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! circum/ances1 x %\ld become manife/ t ! risk :i* w\ld be run 9 attempt+ a revolution w\ld be trifl+1 & ! evils :i* might be appreh5d$ f x 7 f> less ?an ^? :i* 7 actually suff]$ & :i* 7 daily increas+2 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,i ask1 :at pr9ciples are ^? :i* ought to re/ra9 an injur$ & insult$ p f ass]t+ _! natural rights1 & f *ang+ or ev5 puni%+ _! gov]nors--t is1 _! s]vants--:o _h abus$ _! tru/1 or f alt]+ ! :ole =m ( _! gov]nm5t1 if x appe>$ to be ( a /ructure s liable to abuse8 ,z a ,diss5t]1 subject to ! op]ation ( ! ,corporation & ,te/ ,acts1 & z a ,unit>ian exclud$ f ! b5efit ( ! ,tol]ation ,act1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ,prie/ley _h v def9ite op9ions ab\t ,ecclesia/ical ,e/abli%m5ts2 ! only wond] is t ^! op9ions 7 s mod]ate z ! foll[+ passages %[ !m to h be53-- ,ecclesia/ical au?ority may h be5 necess>y 9 ! infant /ate ( society1 &1 = ! same reason1 x may p]haps cont9ue to be1 9 "s degree1 necess>y z long z society is imp]fect2 & !re=e may n be entirely aboli%$ till civil gov]nm5ts h arriv$ at a mu* great] degree ( p]fection4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i 7 ask$ :e!r ,i %\ld approve ( ! imm$iate dissolution ( all ! ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts 9 ,europe1 ,i %\ld answ]1 ,no4444 ,let exp]im5t be fir/ made ( alt]ations1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ( bett] e/abli%m5ts ?an ! pres5t4 ,let !m be re=m$ 9 _m ess5tial articles1 & !n n ?r[n aside entirely till x be f\nd by exp]i5ce t no good c be made ( !m4 ,prie/ley goes on to sugge/ f\r su* re=ms ( a capital nature3-- #a4 ,let ! ,articles ( ,fai? to be subscrib$ by c&idates = ! m9i/ry be greatly r$uc$4 ,9 ! =mul>y ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 might n ?irty-eight out ( ! ?irty-n9e be v well sp>$8 ,x is a reproa* to any ,*ri/ian e/abli%m5t if e man _c claim ! b5efit ( x :o c say t he believes 9 ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z x is set =? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,y say ! t]ms are s g5]al t ev5 ,dei/s w\ld quibble & ins9uate !mselves4 ,i answ] t all ! articles :i* are subscrib$ at pres5t by no means exclude ,dei/s :o w prev>icate2 & ^u ?is s*eme y w\ld at lea/ exclude few] hone/ m54 #af ,! second re=m sugge/$ is ! equalisation1 9 proportion to "w done1 ( ! /ip5ds ( ! cl]gy2 ! ?ird1 ! exclusion ( ! ,bi%ops f ,p>liam5t2 & ! f\r?1 complete tol]ation1 s t e man may enjoy ! rights ( a citiz51 & be qualifi$ to s]ve 8 c\ntry1 :e!r he belong to ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* or n4 ,op9ions su* z ^? ,i h quot$1 respect+ ! duties & ! responsibilities ( gov]nors1 are ! commonplaces ( mod]n ,lib]alism2 & ,prie/ley's views on ,ecclesia/ical ,e/abli%m5ts w\ld1 ,i fe>1 meet ) b a cool reception1 z altoge!r too cons]vative1 f a l>ge proportion ( ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! p :o taught _! *ildr5 to cry ,damn ,prie/ley2 & ) t love = ! practical application ( sci5ce :i* is ! s\rce ( ! greatness ( ,birm+ham1 tri$ to set fire to ! doctor's h\se ) sp>ks f 8 own electrical ma*9e2 !reby giv+ ! man !y call$ an inc5di>y & rais] ( s$ition aga9/ ,*ur* & ,k+1 an appropriately exp]im5tal illu/ration ( ! nature ( arson & riot4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 putt+ be=e y ! ma9 features ( ,prie/ley's "w1 its value w become app>5t :5 we comp>e ! condition ( ! ,engli% nation1 z he knew x1 ) its pres5t /ate4 ,! fact t ,france has be5 = eighty-five ye>s try+1 )\t mu* success1 to "r h]self aft] ! great /orm ( ! ,revolution1 is n unfrequ5tly cit$ among u z an indication ( "s inh]5t incapacity = self-gov]nm5t among ! ,fr5* p4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,engli%m5 :o argue ?us1 =get t1 f ! meet+ ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t 9 #afdj1 to ! la/ ,/u>t rebellion 9 #agde1 is a hundr$ & five ye>s1 & t1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 we _h b j safely fre$ ourselves f our ,b\rbons & all t !y repres5t$4 ,! corruption ( our /ate 0 z bad z t ( ! ,second ,empire4 ,brib]y 0 ! in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t1 & peculation its rew>d4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7 m or less op5ly dealt ) z prop]ty4 ,a m9i/] _h to consid] ! /ate ( ! vote m>ket1 & ! sov]eign secur$ a suffici5cy ( k+'s fri5ds by paym5ts allott$ ) retail1 r ?an royal1 sagacity4 ,b>efac$ & brutal immorality & intemp]ance p]vad$ ! l&1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ classes ( society4 ,! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 0 torpid1 z f> z x 0 n a sc&al2 b ^? :o diss5t$ f x came )9 ! me%es ( ! ,act ( ,uni=mity1 ! ,te/ ,act1 & ! ,corporation ,act4 ,by law1 su* a man z ,prie/ley1 be+ a ,unit>ian1 c\ld nei!r tea* nor prea*1 & 0 liable to ru9\s f9es & long imprisonm5t4 #ag ,9 ^? days ! guns t 7 po9t$ by ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! ,diss5t]s 7 %ott$4 ,! law 0 a cesspool ( iniquity & cruelty4 ,adam ,smi? 0 a new prophet :om few reg>d$1 & comm]ce 0 hamp]$ by idiotic imp$im5ts1 & ru9$ by /ill m absurd help1 on ! "p ( gov]nm5t4 ,birm+ham1 ?\gh already ! c5tre ( a consid]able indu/ry1 0 a m]e village z comp>$ ) its pres5t ext5t4 ,p :o travell$ w5t ab\t arm$1 by reason ( ! abundance ( highwaym5 & ! paucity & ineffici5cy ( ! police4 ,/age coa*es _h n rea*$ ,birm+ham1 & x took ?ree days to get to ,london4 ,ev5 canals 7 a rec5t & mu* oppos$ inv5tion4 ,newton _h laid ! f\ndation ( a me*anical conception ( ! physical univ]se3 ,h>tley1 putt+ a mod]n face ^u anci5t mat]ialism1 _h ext5d$ t me*anical conception to psy*ology2 ,l9naeus & ,hall] 7 beg9n+ to introduce me?od & ord] into ! *aotic accumulation ( biological facts4 ,b ^? p>ts ( physical sci5ce :i* deal ) heat1 electricity1 & magnetism1 & above all1 *emi/ry1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 c h>dly be said to h _h an exi/5ce4 ,no "o knew t two ( ! old elem5tal bodies1 air & wat]1 are comp\nds1 & t a ?ird1 fire1 is n a sub/ance b a motion4 ,! great indu/ries t h gr[n out ( ! applications ( mod]n sci5tific discov]ies _h no exi/5ce1 & ! man :o %\ld h =etold _! com+ into be+ 9 ! days ( 8 son1 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a mad en?usia/4 ,9 common ) _m o!r excell5t p]sons1 ,prie/ley believ$ t man is capable ( rea*+1 & w ev5tually atta91 p]fection4 ,if ! temp]ature ( space pres5t$ no ob/acle1 ,i %\ld be glad to ent]ta9 ! same idea2 b judg+ f ! pa/ progress ( our species1 ,i am afraid t ! globe w h cool$ d[n s f>1 be=e ! adv5t ( ?is natural mill5nium1 t we %all be1 at be/1 p]fect$ ,esquimaux4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 x is en\gh t man may visibly improve 8 condition 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury or s4 ,&1 if ! picture ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,prie/ley's "t1 :i* ,i h j drawn1 h any pret5ce to accuracy1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t !re has be5 a consid]able *ange = ! bett]4 ,i ne$ n adv]t to ! well-worn topic ( mat]ial advancem5t1 9 a place 9 :i* ! v /ones te/ify to t progress--9 ! t[n ( ,watt & ( ,b\lton4 ,i w only rem>k1 9 pass+1 t mat]ial advancem5t has its %>e 9 moral & intellectual progress4 ,becky ,%>p's acute rem>k t x is n difficult to be virtu\s on t5 ?\s& a ye>1 has its application to nations2 & x is futile to expect a hungry & squalid population to be any?+ b viol5t & gross4 ,b z reg>ds o!r ?an mat]ial welf>e1 al?\gh p]fection is n yet 9 sight--ev5 f ! ma/-head--x is surely true t ?+s are mu* bett] ?an !y 74 ,take ! upp] & middle classes z a :ole1 & x may be said t op5 immorality & gross intemp]ance h vani%$4 ,f\r & six bottle m5 are z ext9ct z ! dodo4 ,wom5 ( good repute d n gamble1 & talk modell$ ^u ,dean ,swift's ,art ( ,polite ,conv]sation w\ld be tol]at$ 9 no dec5t kit*54 ,memb]s ( ! legislature are n to be b\ght2 & con/itu5ts are awak5+ to ! fact t votes mu/ n be sold--ev5 = su* trifles z rabbits & tea & cake4 ,political p[] has pass$ into ! h&s ( ! masses ( ! p4 ,^? :om ,prie/ley calls _! s]vants h recognis$ _! position1 & h reque/$ ! ma/] to be s good z to g to s*ool & fit himself = ! adm9i/ration ( 8 prop]ty4 ,9 ord9>y life1 no civil disability atta*es to any "o on !ological gr\nds1 & high (fices ( ! /ate are op5 to ,papi/1 ,jew1 & ,secul>i/4 ,:atev] m5's op9ions z to ! policy ( ,e/abli%m5t1 no "o c hesitate to admit t ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* are m5 ( pure life & conv]sation1 zeal\s 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties2 & at pres5t1 app>5tly1 m b5t on prosecut+ "o ano!r ?an on m$dl+ ) ,diss5t]s4 ,!ology itself has broad5$ s mu*1 t ,anglican div9es put =w>d doctr9es m lib]al ?an ^? ( ,prie/ley2 &1 9 our /ate-support$ *ur*es1 "o li/5] may he> a s]mon to :i* ,bossuet might h giv5 8 approbation1 :ile ano!r may he> a disc\rse 9 :i* ,socrates w\ld f9d no?+ new4 ,b great z ^! *anges may be1 !y s9k into insignificance beside ! progress ( physical sci5ce1 :e!r we consid] ! improvem5t ( me?ods ( inve/igation1 or ! increase 9 bulk ( solid k4 ,consid] t ! lab\rs ( ,laplace1 ( ,"y1 ( ,davy1 & ( ,f>aday2 ( ,cuvi]1 ( ,lam>ck1 & ( ,rob]t ,br[n2 ( ,von ,ba]1 & ( ,s*wann2 ( ,smi? & ( ,hutton1 h all be5 c>ri$ on s9ce ,prie/ley discov]$ oxyg52 & consid] t !y are n[ ?+s ( ! pa/1 conceal$ by ! indu/ry ( ^? :o h built ^u !m1 z ! fir/ f\nd]s ( a coral reef are hidd5 b5ea? ! life's "w ( _! successors2 consid] t ! me?ods ( physical sci5ce are sl[ly spread+ into all inve/igations1 & t pro(s z valid z ^? requir$ by h] canons ( inve/igation are be+ dem&$ ( all doctr9es :i* ask = m5's ass5t2 & y w h a fa9t image ( ! a/\nd+ diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! eighte5?4 ,if we ask :at is ! deep] mean+ ( all ^! va/ *anges1 ,i ?9k !re c be b "o reply4 ,!y mean t reason has ass]t$ & ex]cis$ h] primacy ov] all prov9ces ( human activity3 t ecclesia/ical au?ority has be5 relegat$ to its prop] place2 t ! good ( ! gov]n$ has be5 f9ally recognis$ z ! end ( gov]nm5t1 & ! complete responsibility ( gov]nors to ! p z its means2 & t ! dep5d5ce ( natural ph5om5a 9 g5]al on ! laws ( action ( :at we call matt] has become an axiom4 ,b x 0 to br+ ^! ?+s ab\t1 & to en=ce ! recognition ( ^! tru?s1 t ,joseph ,prie/ley lab\r$4 ,if ! n9ete5? c5tury is o!r & bett] ?an ! eighte5?1 x is1 9 great measure1 to him1 & to su* m5 z he1 t we owe ! *ange4 ,if ! tw5tie? c5tury is to be bett] ?an ! n9ete5?1 x w be because !re are among u m5 :o walk 9 ,prie/ley's foot/eps4 ,su* m5 are n ^? :om _! own g5]ation delights to hon\r2 su* m51 9 fact1 r>ely tr\ble !mselves ab\t hon\r1 b ask1 9 ano!r _s ?an ,fal/aff's1 ,:at is hon\r8 ,:o ha? x8 ,he t di$ o' ,w$nesday4 ,b :e!r ,prie/ley's lot be !irs1 & a future g5]ation1 9 ju/ice & 9 gratitude1 set up _! /atues2 or :e!r _! names & fame are blott$ out f remembrance1 _! "w w live z long z "t endures4 ,to all et]nity1 ! sum ( tru? & "r w h be5 increas$ by _! means2 to all et]nity1 falsehood & inju/ice w be ! weak] because !y h liv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,quasi cursores1 vitai lampada tradunt4--,,lucr4 ,de ,r]um ,nat4 ii4 #gh4 #b ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,rutt4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ej4 #c ,autobiography1 #ajj1 #aja4 #d ,see ,! ,life ( ,m>y ,anne ,s*immelp5n9ck4 ,mrs4 ,s*immelp5n9ck 7ne ,galton7 rememb]$ ,prie/ley v well1 & h] description ( him is wor? quotation3--,a man ( admirable simplicity1 g5tl5ess & k9dness ( he>t1 unit$ ) great acut5ess ( intellect4 ,i c nev] =get ! impression produc$ on me by ! s]5e expression ( 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he1 inde$1 seem$ pres5t ) ,god by recollection1 & ) man by *e]fulness4 ,i rememb] t1 9 ! assembly ( ^! di/+ui%$ m51 among/ :om ,mr4 ,b\lton1 by 8 noble mann]1 8 f9e c\nt5ance 7:i* mu* resembl$ t ( ,l\is ,,xiv471 & pr9cely munific5ce1 /ood pre-em95tly z ! great ,meca5as2 ev5 z a *ild1 ,i us$ to feel1 :5 ,dr4 ,prie/ley ent]$ aft] him1 t ! glory ( ! "o 0 t]re/rial1 t ( ! o!r cele/ial2 & utt]ly f> z ,i am remov$ f a belief 9 ! suffici5cy ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley's !ological cre$1 ,i _c b "h record ?is evid5ce ( ! et]nal p[] ( any portion ( ! tru? held 9 its vitality4 #e ,ev5 ,mrs4 ,prie/ley1 :o might be =giv5 = reg>d+ ! de/roy]s ( h] h\sehold gods ) "s asp]ity1 cont5ts h]self1 9 writ+ to ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 ) ! s>casm t ! ,birm+ham p w sc>cely f9d s _m respectable *>act]s1 a second "t1 to make a bonfire (4 #f ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 #g ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 #h ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #dj4 #i ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh4 #aj ,ibid4 p4 #ee4 #aa ,ibid4 p4 #fj4 ,! italics are ,prie/ley's own4 #ab ,9 all ! newspap]s & mo/ ( ! p]iodical publications ,i 0 repres5t$ z an unbeliev] 9 ,revelation1 & no bett] ?an an a!i/4--,autobiography1 ,rutt1 vol i4 p4 #abd4 ,on ! walls ( h\ses1 etc41 & especially :]e ,i usually w5t1 7 to be se51 9 l>ge *>act]s1 ',,madan ,,= ,,ev]2 ,,damn ,,prie/ley2 ,,no ,,presbyt]ianism2 ,,damn ,,! ,,presbyt]ians1' etc41 etc42 &1 at "o "t1 ,i 0 foll[$ by a numb] ( boys1 :o left _! play1 repeat+ :at !y _h se5 on ! walls1 & %\t+ out1 ',damn ,prie/ley2 damn him1 damn him1 = ev]1 = ev]1' etc41 etc4 ,?is 0 no d\bt a lesson :i* !y _h be5 taught by _! p>5ts1 & :at !y1 ,i fe>1 _h le>n$ f _! sup]iors4--,appeal to ! ,public on ! ,subject ( ! ,riots at ,birm+ham4 #ac ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,on ,"s ( ! ,peculi>ities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,essay ,i4 ,revelation ( a ,future ,/ate4 #ad ,n only is ,prie/ley at "o ) ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay 9 ?is matt]1 b ) ,h>tley & ,bonnet1 bo? ( !m /\t *ampions ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,moreov]1 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately's essay is little bett] ?an an expansion ( ! fir/ p>agraph ( ,hume's fam\s essay on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l3--,by ! m]e light ( reason x seems difficult to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l2 ! argum5ts = x are commonly d]iv$ ei!r f metaphysical topics1 or moral1 or physical4 ,b x is 9 reality ! ,gospel1 & ! ,gospel alone1 t has br\ght life & immortality to light4 ,x is impossible to imag9e t a man ( ,:ately's ta/es & acquirem5ts _h n read ,hume or ,h>tley1 ?\gh he ref]s to nei!r4 #ae ,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t1 ,second edition1 #agga4 #af ,utility ( ,e/abli%m5ts1 9 ,essay on ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t1 #agga4 #ag ,9 #agcb ,doddridge 0 cit$ = tea*+ )\t ! ,bi%op's leave1 at ,nor?ampton4 ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,educational ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,sci5ces #ahed ,! subject to :i* ,i h to beg y\r att5tion dur+ ! ensu+ h\r is ,! ,relation ( ,physiological ,sci5ce to o!r bran*es ( ,k4 ,_h circum/ances p]mitt$ ( ! deliv]y1 9 _! /rict logical ord]1 ( t s]ies ( disc\rses ( :i* ! pres5t lecture is a memb]1 ,i %\ld h prec$$ my fri5d & colleague ,mr4 ,h5frey1 :o address$ y on ,monday la/2 b :ile1 = ! sake ( t ord]1 ,i mu/ beg y to suppose t ?is discussion ( ! ,educational be>+s ( ,biology 9 g5]al does prec$e t ( ,special ,zoology & ,botany1 ,i am rejoic$ to be able to take advantage ( ! light ?us already ?r[n ^u ! t5d5cy & me?ods ( ,physiological ,sci5ce4 ,reg>d+ ,physiological ,sci5ce1 !n1 9 its wide/ s5se--z ! equival5t ( ,biology--! ,sci5ce ( ,individual ,life--we h to consid] 9 succession3 #a4 ,its position & scope z a bran* ( k4 #b4 ,its value z a means ( m5tal discipl9e4 #c4 ,its wor? z practical in=mation4 ,& la/ly1 #d4 ,at :at p]iod x may be/ be made a bran* ( ,education4 ,our conclusions on ! fir/ ( ^! heads mu/ dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! nature ( ! subject-matt] ( ,biology2 & ,i ?9k a few prelim9>y consid]ations w place be=e y 9 a cle> light ! va/ diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! liv+ bodies ) :i* ,physiological sci5ce is conc]n$1 & ! rema9d] ( ! univ]se2--betwe5 ! pha5om5a ( ,numb] & ,space1 ( ,physical & ( ,*emical =ce1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( ,life on ! o!r4 ,! ma!matician1 ! physici/1 & ! *emi/ contemplate ?+s 9 a condition ( re/2 !y look ^u a /ate ( equilibrium z t to :i* all bodies normally t5d4 ,! ma!matician does n suppose t a quantity w alt]1 or t a giv5 po9t 9 space w *ange its direction ) reg>d to ano!r po9t1 spontane\sly4 ,& x is ! same ) ! physici/4 ,:5 ,newton saw ! apple fall1 he conclud$ at once t ! act ( fall+ 0 n ! result ( any p[] inh]5t 9 ! apple1 b t x 0 ! result ( ! action ( some?+ else on ! apple4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 all physical =ce is reg>d$ z ! di/urbance ( an equilibrium to :i* ?+s t5d$ be=e its ex]tion1--to :i* !y w t5d aga9 aft] its cessation4 ,! *emi/ equally reg>ds *emical *ange 9 a body z ! effect ( ! action ( some?+ ext]nal to ! body *ang$4 ,a *emical comp\nd once =m$ w\ld p]si/ = ev]1 if no alt]ation took place 9 surr\nd+ conditions4 ,b to ! /ud5t ( ,life ! aspect ( ,nature is rev]s$4 ,"h1 incessant1 &1 s f> z we "k1 spontane\s *ange is ! rule1 re/ ! exception--! anomaly to be acc\nt$ =4 ,liv+ ?+s h no in]tia1 & t5d to no equilibrium4 ,p]mit me1 h[ev]1 to give m =ce & cle>ness to ^! some:at ab/ract consid]ations by an illu/ration or two4 ,imag9e a vessel full ( wat]1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 9 an atmosph]e saturat$ ) vap\r4 ,! quantity & ! figure ( t wat] w n *ange1 s f> z we "k1 = ev]4 ,suppose a lump ( gold be ?r[n into ! vessel--motion & di/urbance ( figure exactly proportional to ! mom5tum ( ! gold w take place4 ,b aft] a "t ! effects ( ?is di/urbance w subside--equilibrium w be re/or$1 & ! wat] w return to its passive /ate4 ,expose ! wat] to cold--x w solidify--& 9 s do+ its p>ticles w arrange !mselves 9 def9ite cry/all9e %apes4 ,b once =m$1 ^! cry/als *ange no fur!r4 ,aga91 sub/itute = ! lump ( gold "s sub/ance capable ( ent]+ into *emical relations ) ! wat]3--say1 a mass ( t sub/ance :i* is call$ prote9--! sub/ance ( fle%3--a v consid]able di/urbance ( equilibrium w take place--all sorts ( *emical compositions & decompositions w occur2 b 9 ! end1 z be=e1 ! result w be ! resumption ( a condition ( re/4 ,in/ead ( su* a mass ( dead prote91 h[ev]1 take a p>ticle ( liv+ prote9--"o ( ^? m9ute microscopic liv+ ?+s :i* ?rong our pools1 & are kn[n z ,infusoria--su* a creature1 = in/ance1 z an ,eugl5a1 & place x 9 our vessel ( wat]4 ,x is a r\nd mass provid$ ) a long filam5t1 & except 9 ?is peculi>ity ( %ape1 pres5ts no appreciable physical or *emical diff]5ce :]eby x might be di/+ui%$ f ! p>ticle ( dead prote94 ,b ! diff]5ce 9 ! pha5om5a to :i* x w give rise is imm5se3 9 ! fir/ place x w develop a va/ quantity ( physical =ce--cleav+ ! wat] 9 all directions ) consid]able rapidity by means ( ! vibrations ( ! long filam5t or cilium4 ,nor is ! am\nt ( *emical en]gy :i* ! little creature possesses less /rik+4 ,x is a p]fect laboratory 9 itself1 & x w act & react ^u ! wat] & ! matt]s conta9$ !re92 conv]t+ !m into new comp\nds resembl+ its own sub/ance1 & at ! same "t giv+ up portions ( its own sub/ance :i* h become effete4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,eugl5a w increase 9 size2 b ?is increase is by no means unlimit$1 z ! increase ( a cry/al might be4 ,aft] x has gr[n to a c]ta9 ext5t x divides1 & ea* portion assumes ! =m ( ! orig9al1 & proce$s to repeat ! process ( gr[? & division4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,= aft] a s]ies ( su* divisions & subdivisions1 ^! m9ute po9ts assume a totally new =m1 lose _! long tails--r\nd !mselves1 & secrete a sort ( envelope or box1 9 :i* !y rema9 %ut up = a "t1 ev5tually to resume1 directly or indirectly1 _! primitive mode ( exi/5ce4 ,n[1 s f> z we "k1 !re is no natural limit to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eugl5a1 or ( any o!r liv+ g]m4 ,a liv+ species once laun*$ into exi/5ce t5ds to live = ev]4 ,consid] h[ widely diff]5t ?is liv+ p>ticle is f ! dead atoms ) :i* ! physici/ & *emi/ h to d6 ,! p>ticle ( gold falls to ! bottom & re/s--! p>ticle ( dead prote9 decomposes & disappe>s--x also re/s3 b ! liv+ prote9 mass nei!r t5ds to exhau/ion ( its =ces nor to any p]man5cy ( =m1 b is ess5tially di/+ui%$ z a di/urb] ( equilibrium s f> z =ce is conc]n$1--z und]go+ cont9ual metamorphosis & *ange1 9 po9t ( =m4 ,t5d5cy to equilibrium ( =ce & to p]man5cy ( =m1 !n1 are ! *>act]s ( t portion ( ! univ]se :i* does n live--! doma9 ( ! *emi/ & physici/4 ,t5d5cy to di/urb exi/+ equilibrium--to take on =ms :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 def9ite cycles--is ! "* ( ! liv+ _w4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is wond]ful diff]5ce betwe5 ! dead p>ticle & ! liv+ p>ticle ( matt] appe>+ 9 o!r respects id5tical8 t diff]5ce to :i* we give ! "n ( ,life8 ,i1 = "o1 _c tell y4 ,x may be t1 by & by1 philosoph]s w discov] "s high] laws ( :i* ! facts ( life are p>ticul> cases--v possibly !y w f9d out "s bond betwe5 physico-*emical pha5om5a on ! "o h&1 & vital pha5om5a on ! o!r4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 we assur$ly "k ( none2 & ,i ?9k we %all ex]cise a wise humility 9 confess+ t1 = u at lea/1 ?is successive assumption ( diff]5t /ates--7ext]nal conditions rema9+ ! same7--?is spontaneity ( action--if ,i may use a t]m :i* implies m ?an ,i w\ld be answ]able =--:i* con/itutes s va/ & pla9 a practical di/9ction betwe5 liv+ bodies & ^? :i* d n live1 is an ultimate fact2 indicat+ z su*1 ! exi/5ce ( a broad l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! subject-matt] ( ,biological & t ( all o!r sci5ces4 ,= ,i w\ld h x und]/ood t ?is simple ,eugl5a is ! type ( all liv+ ?+s1 s f> z ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! & in]t matt] is conc]n$4 ,t cycle ( *anges1 :i* is con/itut$ by p]haps n m ?an two or ?ree /eps 9 ! ,eugl5a1 is z cle>ly manife/$ 9 ! multitud9\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ! g]m ( an oak or ( a man passes4 ,:atev] =ms ! ,liv+ ,be+ may take on1 :e!r simple or complex1 production1 gr[?1 reproduction1 are ! pha5om5a :i* di/+ui% x f t :i* does n live4 ,if ?is be true1 x is cle> t ! /ud5t1 9 pass+ f ! physico-*emical to ! physiological sci5ces1 ent]s ^u a totally new ord] ( facts2 & x w next be = u to consid] h[ f> ^! new facts involve new me?ods1 or require a modification ( ^? ) :i* he is already acqua9t$4 ,n[ a great deal is said ab\t ! peculi>ity ( ! sci5tific me?od 9 g5]al1 & ( ! diff]5t me?ods :i* are pursu$ 9 ! diff]5t sci5ces4 ,! ,ma!matics are said to h "o special me?od2 ,physics ano!r1 ,biology a ?ird1 & s =?4 ,= my own "p1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i d n und]/& ?is phraseology4 ,s f> z ,i c arrive at any cle> compreh5sion ( ! matt]1 ,sci5ce is n1 z _m w\ld seem to suppose1 a modification ( ! black art1 suit$ to ! ta/es ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & fl\ri%+ ma9ly 9 consequ5ce ( ! decay ( ! ,inquisition4 ,sci5ce is1 ,i believe1 no?+ b tra9$ & organis$ common s5se1 diff]+ f ! latt] only z a vet]an may diff] f a raw recruit3 & its me?ods diff] f ^? ( common s5se only s f> z ! gu>dsman's cut & ?ru/ diff] f ! mann] 9 :i* a savage wields 8 club4 ,! prim>y p[] is ! same 9 ea* case1 & p]haps ! untutor$ savage has ! m brawny arm ( ! two4 ,! real advantage lies 9 ! po9t & poli% ( ! swordsman's weapon2 9 ! tra9$ eye quick to spy out ! weakness ( ! adv]s>y2 9 ! ready h& prompt to foll[ x on ! in/ant4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! sword ex]cise is only ! hew+ & pok+ ( ! clubman develop$ & p]fect$4 ,s1 ! va/ results obta9$ by ,sci5ce are won by no my/ical faculties1 by no m5tal processes1 o!r ?an ^? :i* are practis$ by e "o ( u1 9 ! humble/ & meane/ affairs ( life4 ,a detective policeman discov]s a burgl> f ! m>ks made by 8 %oe1 by a m5tal process id5tical ) t by :i* ,cuvi] re/or$ ! ext9ct animals ( ,montm>tre f fragm5ts ( _! bones4 ,nor does t process ( induction & d$uction by :i* a lady1 f9d+ a /a9 ( a peculi> k9d ^u h] dress1 concludes t somebody has upset ! ink/& !reon1 diff] 9 any way1 9 k9d1 f t by :i* ,adams & ,lev]ri] discov]$ a new planet4 ,! man ( sci5ce1 9 fact1 simply uses ) scrupul\s exactness ! me?ods :i* we all1 habitually & at e mom5t1 use c>elessly2 & ! man ( bus9ess mu/ z mu* avail himself ( ! sci5tific me?od--mu/ be z truly a man ( sci5ce--z ! v]ie/ bookworm ( u all2 ?\gh ,i h no d\bt t ! man ( bus9ess w f9d himself out to be a philosoph] ) z mu* surprise z ,m4 ,j\rda9 exhibit$ vh5 he discov]$ t he _h be5 all 8 life talk+ prose4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be no real diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?ods ( sci5ce & ^? ( common life1 x w\ld seem1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 highly improbable t !re %\ld be any diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?ods ( ! diff]5t sci5ces2 nev]!less1 x is con/antly tak5 = grant$ t !re is a v wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,physiological & o!r sci5ces 9 po9t ( me?od4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is said--& ,i take ?is po9t fir/1 because ! imputation is too frequ5tly admitt$ by ,physiologi/s !mselves--t ,biology diff]s f ! ,physico-*emical & ,ma!matical sci5ces 9 be+ inexact4 ,n[1 ?is phrase inexact mu/ ref] ei!r to ! me?ods or to ! results ( ,physiological sci5ce4 ,x _c be correct to apply x to ! me?ods2 =1 z ,i hope to %[ y by & by1 ^! are id5tical 9 all sci5ces1 & :atev] is true ( ,physiological me?od is true ( ,physical & ,ma!matical me?od4 ,is x !n ! results ( ,biological sci5ce :i* are inexact8 ,i ?9k n4 ,if ,i say t respiration is p]=m$ by ! lungs2 t dige/ion is effect$ 9 ! /oma*2 t ! eye is ! organ ( sight2 t ! jaws ( a v]tebrat$ animal nev] op5 sideways1 b always up & d[n2 :ile ^? ( an annulose animal always op5 sideways1 & nev] up & d[n--,i am enum]at+ propositions :i* are z exact z any?+ 9 ,euclid4 ,h[ !n has ?is notion ( ! inexactness ( ,biological sci5ce come ab\t8 ,i believe f two causes3 fir/1 because 9 consequ5ce ( ! great complexity ( ! sci5ce & ! multitude ( int]f]+ conditions1 we are v (t5 only enabl$ to pr$ict approximately :at w occur "u giv5 circum/ances2 & secondly1 because1 on acc\nt ( ! comp>ative y\? ( ! ,physiological sci5ces1 a great _m ( _! laws are /ill imp]fectly work$ out4 ,b1 9 an educational po9t ( view1 x is mo/ important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5ce ( a sci5ce & ! accid5ts :i* surr\nd x2 & ess5tially1 ! me?ods & results ( ,physiology are z exact z ^? ( ,physics or ,ma!matics4 ,x is said t ! ,physiological me?od is especially comp>ative2 #a & ?is dictum also f9ds fav\r 9 ! eyes ( _m4 ,i %\ld be sorry to sugge/ t ! speculators on sci5tific classification h be5 misl$ by ! accid5t ( ! "n ( "o lead+ bran* ( ,biology--,comp>ative ,anatomy2 b ,i w\ld ask :e!r comp>ison1 & t classification :i* is ! result ( comp>ison1 are n ! ess5ce ( e sci5ce :atsoev]8 ,h[ is x possible to discov] a relation ( cause & effect ( any k9d )\t comp>+ a s]ies ( cases toge!r 9 :i* ! suppos$ cause & effect occur s+ly1 or comb9$8 ,s f> f comp>ison be+ 9 any way peculi> to ,biological sci5ce1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 ! ess5ce ( e sci5ce4 ,a speculative philosoph] aga9 tells u t ! ,biological sci5ces are di/+ui%$ by be+ sci5ces ( obs]vation & n ( exp]im5t6 #b ,( all ! /range ass]tions into :i* speculation )\t practical acqua9tance ) a subject may lead ev5 an able man1 ,i ?9k ?is is ! v /range/4 ,physiology n an exp]im5tal sci5ce8 ,:y1 !re is n a function ( a s+le organ 9 ! body :i* has n be5 det]m9$ :olly & solely by exp]im5t8 ,h[ did ,h>vey det]m9e ! nature ( ! circulation1 except by exp]im5t8 ,h[ did ,sir ,*>les ,bell det]m9e ! functions ( ! roots ( ! sp9al n]ves1 save by exp]im5t8 ,h[ d we "k ! use ( a n]ve at all1 except by exp]im5t8 ,nay1 h[ d y "k ev5 t y\r eye is y\r see+ app>atus1 unless y make ! exp]im5t ( %utt+ x2 or t y\r e> is y\r he>+ app>atus1 unless y close x up & !reby discov] t y become deaf8 ,x w\ld really be mu* m true to say t ,physiology is ! exp]im5tal sci5ce p> excell5ce ( all sci5ces2 t 9 :i* !re is lea/ to be le>nt by m]e obs]vation1 & t :i* af=ds ! greate/ field = ! ex]cise ( ^? faculties :i* *>act]ise ! exp]im5tal philosoph]4 ,i confess1 if any "o 7 to ask me = a model application ( ! logic ( exp]im5t1 ,i %\ld "k no bett] "w to put into 8 h&s ?an ,b]n>d's late ,rese>*es on ! ,functions ( ! ,liv]4 #c ,n to give ?is lecture a too controv]sial tone1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ only adv]t to "o m doctr9e1 held by a ?9k] ( our own age & c\ntry1 ^: op9ions are wor?y ( all respect4 ,x is1 t ! ,biological sci5ces diff] f all o!rs1 inasmu* z 9 !m classification takes place by type & n by def9ition4 #d ,x is said1 9 %ort1 t a natural-hi/ory class is n capable ( be+ def9$--t ! class ,rosaceae1 = in/ance1 or ! class ( ,fi%es1 is n accurately & absolutely def9able1 inasmu* z its memb]s w pres5t exceptions to e possible def9ition2 & t ! memb]s ( ! class are unit$ toge!r only by ! circum/ance t !y are all m l "s imag9>y av]age rose or av]age fi%1 ?an !y resemble any?+ else4 ,b "h1 z be=e1 ,i ?9k ! di/9ction has aris5 entirely f confus+ a transitory imp]fection ) an ess5tial "*4 ,s long z our in=mation conc]n+ !m is imp]fect1 we class all objects toge!r accord+ to resemblances :i* we feel1 b _c def9e2 we gr\p !m r\nd types1 9 %ort4 ,?us if y ask an ord9>y p]son :at k9ds ( animals !re are1 he w probably say1 bea/s1 birds1 reptiles1 fi%es1 insects1 c4 ,ask him to def9e a bea/ f a reptile1 & he _c d x2 b he says1 ?+s l a c[ or a horse are bea/s1 & ?+s l a frog or a liz>d are reptiles4 ,y see he does class by type1 & n by def9ition4 ,b h[ does ?is classification diff] f t ( ! sci5tific ,zoologi/8 ,h[ does ! mean+ ( ! sci5tific class-"n ( ,mammalia diff] f ! unsci5tific ( ,bea/s8 ,:y1 exactly because ! =m] dep5ds on a def9ition1 ! latt] on a type4 ,! class ,mammalia is sci5tifically def9$ z all animals :i* h a v]tebrat$ skeleton & suckle _! "y4 ,"h is no ref]5ce to type1 b a def9ition rigor\s en\gh = a geometrician4 ,& su* is ! "* :i* e sci5tific naturali/ recognises z t to :i* 8 classes mu/ aspire--kn[+1 z he does1 t classification by type is simply an ackn[l$gm5t ( ignorance & a tempor>y device4 ,s mu* 9 ! way ( negative argum5t z aga9/ ! reput$ diff]5ces betwe5 ,biological & o!r me?ods4 ,no su* diff]5ces1 ,i believe1 really exi/4 ,! subject-matt] ( ,biological sci5ce is diff]5t f t ( o!r sci5ces1 b ! me?ods ( all are id5tical2 & ^! me?ods are-- #a4 ,obs]vation ( facts--includ+ "u ?is head t artificial obs]vation :i* is call$ exp]im5t4 #b4 ,t process ( ty+ up simil> facts into bundles1 ticket$ & ready = use1 :i* is call$ ,comp>ison & ,classification1--! results ( ! process1 ! ticket$ bundles1 be+ nam$ ,g5]al propositions4 #c4 ,d$uction1 :i* takes u f ! g5]al proposition to facts aga9--tea*es u1 if ,i may s say1 to anticipate f ! ticket :at is inside ! bundle4 ,& f9ally-- #d4 ,v]ification1 :i* is ! process ( asc]ta9+ :e!r1 9 po9t ( fact1 our anticipation is a correct "o4 ,su* are ! me?ods ( all sci5ce :atsoev]2 b p]haps y w p]mit me to give y an illu/ration ( _! employm5t 9 ! sci5ce ( ,life2 & ,i w take z a special case ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,circulation ( ! ,blood4 ,9 ?is case1 simple obs]vation yields u a k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! blood f "s accid5tal haemorrhage1 we w say2 we may ev5 grant t x in=ms u ( ! localisation ( ?is blood 9 p>ticul> vessels1 ! he>t1 c41 f "s accid5tal cut or ! l4 ,x tea*es also ! exi/5ce ( a pulse 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & acqua9ts u ) ! /ructure ( ! he>t & vessels4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 simple obs]vation /ops1 & we mu/ h rec\rse to exp]im5t4 ,y tie a ve91 & y f9d t ! blood accumulates on ! side ( ! ligature opposite ! he>t4 ,y tie an art]y1 & y f9d t ! blood accumulates on ! side ne> ! he>t4 ,op5 ! *e/1 & y see ! he>t contract+ ) great =ce4 ,make op5+s into its pr9cipal cavities1 & y w f9d t all ! blood fl[s out1 & no m pressure is ex]t$ on ei!r side ( ! art]ial or v5\s ligature4 ,n[ all ^! facts1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute ! evid5ce t ! blood is propell$ by ! he>t ?r\gh ! art]ies1 & returns by ! ve9s--t1 9 %ort1 ! blood circulates4 ,suppose our exp]im5ts & obs]vations h be5 made on horses1 !n we gr\p & ticket !m into a g5]al proposition1 ?us3--all horses h a circulation ( _! blood4 ,h5ce=w>d a horse is a sort ( indication or label1 tell+ u :]e we %all f9d a peculi> s]ies ( pha5om5a call$ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,"h is our g5]al proposition1 !n4 ,h[1 & :51 are we ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ our next /ep--a d$uction f x8 ,suppose our physiologi/1 ^: exp]i5ce is limit$ to horses1 meets ) a zebra = ! fir/ "t1--w he suppose t ?is g5]alisation holds good = zebras also8 ,t dep5ds v mu* on 8 turn ( m9d4 ,b we w suppose him to be a bold man4 ,he w say1 ,! zebra is c]ta9ly n a horse1 b x is v l "o1--s l1 t x mu/ be ! 'ticket' or m>k ( a blood-circulation also2 &1 ,i conclude t ! zebra has a circulation4 ,t is a d$uction1 a v fair d$uction1 b by no means to be consid]$ sci5tifically secure4 ,?is la/ quality 9 fact c only be giv5 by v]ification--t is1 by mak+ a zebra ! subject ( all ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ on ! horse4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! d$uction w\ld be confirm$ by ?is process ( v]ification1 & ! result w\ld be1 n m]ely a positive wid5+ ( k1 b a fair increase ( confid5ce 9 ! tru? ( "o's g5]alisations 9 o!r cases4 ,?us1 hav+ settl$ ! po9t 9 ! zebra & horse1 our philosoph] w\ld h great confid5ce 9 ! exi/5ce ( a circulation 9 ! ass4 ,nay1 ,i fancy mo/ p]sons w\ld excuse him1 if 9 ?is case he did n take ! tr\ble to g ?r\gh ! process ( v]ification at all2 & x w\ld n be )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 if our imag9>y physiologi/ n[ ma9ta9$ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) as99e circulation priori4 ,h[ev]1 if ,i might impress any caution ^u y\r m9ds1 x is1 ! utt]ly conditional nature ( all our k1--! dang] ( neglect+ ! process ( v]ification "u any circum/ances2 & ! film ^u :i* we re/1 ! mom5t our d$uctions c>ry u beyond ! rea* ( ?is great process ( v]ification4 ,!re is no bett] in/ance ( ?is ?an is af=d$ by ! hi/ory ( our k ( ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! animal k+dom until ! ye> #ahbd4 ,9 e animal possess+ a circulation at all1 :i* _h be5 obs]v$ up to t "t1 ! curr5t ( ! blood 0 kn[n to take "o def9ite & inv>iable direction4 ,n[1 !re is a class ( animals call$ ,ascidians1 :i* possess a he>t & a circulation1 & up to ! p]iod ( :i* ,i speak1 no "o w\ld h dreamt ( que/ion+ ! propriety ( ! d$uction1 t ^! creatures h a circulation 9 "o direction2 nor w\ld any "o h ?\ght x wor? :ile to v]ify ! po9t4 ,b1 9 t ye>1 ,m4 von ,hasselt1 happ5+ to exam9e a transp>5t animal ( ?is class1 f\nd1 to 8 inf9ite surprise1 t aft] ! he>t _h beat a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 x /opp$1 & !n began beat+ ! opposite way--s z to rev]se ! c\rse ( ! curr5t1 :i* return$ by & by to its orig9al direction4 ,i h myself tim$ ! he>t ( ^! little animals4 ,i f\nd x z regul> z possible 9 its p]iods ( rev]sal3 & ,i "k no spectacle 9 ! animal k+dom m wond]ful ?an t :i* x pres5ts--all ! m wond]ful t to ?is day x rema9s an unique fact1 peculi> to ?is class among ! :ole animat$ _w4 ,at ! same "t ,i "k ( no m /rik+ case ( ! necessity ( ! v]ification ( ev5 ^? d$uctions :i* seem f\nd$ on ! wide/ & safe/ inductions4 ,su* are ! me?ods ( ,biology--me?ods :i* are obvi\sly id5tical ) ^? ( all o!r sci5ces1 & !re=e :olly incompet5t to =m ! gr\nd ( any di/9ction betwe5 x & !m4 #e ,b ,i %all be ask$ at once1 ,d y mean to say t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! habit ( m9d ( a ma!matician & t ( a naturali/8 ,d y imag9e t ,laplace might h be5 put into ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 & ,cuvi] into ! ,obs]vatory1 ) equal advantage to ! progress ( ! sci5ces !y pr(ess$8 ,to :i* ,i w\ld reply1 t no?+ c\ld be fur!r f my ?\ghts4 ,b diff]5t habits & v>i\s special t5d5cies ( two sci5ces d n imply diff]5t me?ods4 ,! m\nta9e] & ! man ( ! pla9s h v diff]5t habits ( progression1 & ea* w\ld be at a loss 9 ! o!r's place2 b ! me?od ( progression1 by putt+ "o leg be=e ! o!r1 is ! same 9 ea* case4 ,e /ep ( ea* is a comb9ation ( a lift & a pu%2 b ! m\nta9e] lifts m & ! l[l&] pu%es m4 ,& ,i ?9k ! case ( two sci5ces resembles ?is4 ,i d n "q = a mom5t1 t :ile ! ,ma!matician is busy ) d$uctions f g5]al propositions1 ! ,biologi/ is m especially occupi$ ) obs]vation1 comp>ison1 & ^? processes :i* lead to g5]al propositions4 ,all ,i wi% to insi/ ^u is1 t ?is diff]5ce dep5ds n on any fundam5tal di/9ction 9 ! sci5ces !mselves1 b on ! accid5ts ( _! subject-matt]1 ( _! relative complexity1 & consequ5t relative p]fection4 ,! ,ma!matician deals ) two prop]ties ( objects only1 numb] & ext5sion1 & all ! inductions he wants h be5 =m$ & f9i%$ ages ago4 ,he is occupi$ n[ ) no?+ b d$uction & v]ification4 ,! ,biologi/ deals ) a va/ numb] ( prop]ties ( objects1 & 8 inductions w n be complet$1 ,i fe>1 = ages to come2 b :5 !y are1 8 sci5ce w be z d$uctive & z exact z ! ,ma!matics !mselves4 ,su* is ! relation ( ,biology to ^? sci5ces :i* deal ) objects hav+ few] prop]ties ?an itself4 ,b z ! /ud5t1 9 rea*+ ,biology1 looks back ^u sci5ces ( a less complex & !re=e m p]fect nature2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 does he look =w>d to o!r m complex & less p]fect bran*es ( k4 ,biology deals only ) liv+ be+s z isolat$ ?+s--treats only ( ! life ( ! individual3 b !re is a high] division ( sci5ce /ill1 :i* consid]s liv+ be+s z aggregates--:i* deals ) ! relation ( liv+ be+s "o to ano!r--! sci5ce :i* obs]ves m5--^: exp]im5ts are made by nations "o ^u ano!r1 9 battlefields--^: g5]al propositions are embodi$ 9 hi/ory1 morality1 & religion--^: d$uctions lead to our happ9ess or our mis]y--& ^: v]ifications s (t5 come too late1 & s]ve only ,to po9t a moral1 or adorn a tale-- ,i mean ! sci5ce ( ,society or ,sociology4 ,i ?9k x is "o ( ! gr&e/ features ( ,biology1 t x occupies ?is c5tral position 9 human k4 ,!re is no side ( ! human m9d :i* physiological /udy leaves uncultivat$4 ,connect$ by innum]able ties ) ab/ract sci5ce1 ,physiology is yet 9 ! mo/ intimate relation ) humanity2 & by tea*+ u t law & ord]1 & a def9ite s*eme ( developm5t1 regulate ev5 ! /range/ & wilde/ manife/ations ( individual life1 %e prep>es ! /ud5t to look = a goal ev5 amid/ ! erratic w&]+s ( mank9d1 & to believe t hi/ory (f]s some?+ m ?an an ent]ta9+ *aos--a j\rnal ( a toilsome1 tragi-comic m>* no-:i!r4 ,! prec$+ consid]ations h1 ,i hope1 s]v$ to indicate ! replies :i* befit ! fir/ two ( ! que/ions :i* ,i set be=e y at />t+1 viz4 ,:at is ! range & position ( ,physiological ,sci5ce z a bran* ( k1 & :at is its value z a means ( m5tal discipl9e8 ,its subject-matt] is a l>ge moiety ( ! univ]se--its position is midway betwe5 ! physico-*emical & ! social sci5ces4 ,its value z a bran* ( discipl9e is p>tly t :i* x has 9 common ) all sci5ces--! tra9+ & /r5g!n+ ( common s5se2 p>tly t :i* is m peculi> to itself--! great ex]cise :i* x af=ds to ! faculties ( obs]vation & comp>ison2 &1 ,i may add1 ! exactness ( k :i* x requires on ! "p ( ^? among its vot>ies :o desire to ext5d its b\nd>ies4 ,if :at has be5 said z to ! position & scope ( ,biology be correct1 our ?ird "q--,:at is ! practical value ( physiological in/ruction8--might1 "o w\ld ?9k1 be left to answ] itself4 ,on o!r gr\nds ev51 7 mank9d des]v+ ( ! title rational1 :i* !y arrogate to !mselves1 !re c be no "q t !y w\ld consid]1 z ! mo/ necess>y ( all bran*es ( in/ruction = !mselves & = _! *ildr51 t :i* pr(esses to acqua9t !m ) ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce !y prize s highly--:i* tea*es !m h[ to avoid disease & to *]i% heal?1 9 !mselves & ^? :o are de> to !m4 ,i am address+1 ,i imag9e1 an audi5ce ( educat$ p]sons2 & yet ,i d>e v5ture to ass]t t1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( my he>]s :o may *ance to h receiv$ a m$ical education1 !re is n "o :o c\ld tell me :at is ! mean+ & use ( an act :i* he p]=ms a score ( times e m9ute1 & ^: susp5sion w\ld involve 8 imm$iate dea?2--,i mean ! act ( brea?+--or :o c\ld /ate 9 precise t]ms :y x is t a conf9$ atmosph]e is injuri\s to heal?4 ,! practical value ( ,physiological k6 ,:y is x t educat$ m5 c be f\nd to ma9ta9 t a slaught]-h\se 9 ! mid/ ( a great city is r a good ?+ ?an o!rwise8--t mo!rs p]si/ 9 expos+ ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( surface ( _! *ildr5 to ! cold1 by ! absurd /yle ( dress !y adopt1 & !n m>vel at ! peculi> disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1 :i* removes _! infants by bron*itis & ga/ric fev]8 ,:y is x t quack]y rides rampant ov] ! l&2 & t n long ago1 "o ( ! l>ge/ public rooms 9 ?is great city c\ld be fill$ by an audi5ce gravely li/5+ to ! rev]5d expositor ( ! doctr9e--t ! simple physiological pha5om5a kn[n z _s-rapp+1 table-turn+1 phr5o-magnetism1 & ,i "k n :at o!r absurd & inappropriate names1 are due to ! direct & p]sonal ag5cy ( ,satan8 ,:y is all ?is1 except f ! utt] ignorance z to ! simple/ laws ( _! own animal life1 :i* prevails among ev5 ! mo/ highly educat$ p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,b !re are o!r bran*es ( ,biological ,sci5ce1 besides ,physiology prop]1 ^: practical influ5ce1 ?\gh less obvi\s1 is n1 z ,i believe1 less c]ta94 ,i h he>d educat$ m5 speak ) an ill-disguis$ contempt ( ! /udies ( ! naturali/1 & ask1 n )\t a %rug1 ,:at is ! use ( kn[+ all ab\t ^! mis]able animals--:at be>+ has x on human life8 ,i w endeav\r to answ] t "q4 ,i take x t all w admit !re is def9ite ,gov]nm5t ( ?is univ]se--t its pleasures & pa9s are n scatt]$ at r&om1 b are di/ribut$ 9 accordance ) ord]ly & fix$ laws1 & t x is only 9 accordance ) all we "k ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 t !re %\ld be an agreem5t betwe5 "o portion ( ! s5sitive creation & ano!r 9 ^! matt]s4 ,surely !n x int]e/s u to "k ! lot ( o!r animal creatures--h[ev] f> bel[ u1 !y are /ill ! sole creat$ ?+s :i* %>e ) u ! capability ( pleasure & ! susceptibility to pa94 ,i _c b ?9k t he :o f9ds a c]ta9 proportion ( pa9 & evil insep>ably wov5 up 9 ! life ( ! v worms1 w be> 8 own %>e ) m c\rage & submission2 & w1 at any rate1 view ) suspicion ^? weakly amiable !ories ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 :i* w\ld h u believe pa9 to be an ov]sight & a mi/ake1--to be correct$ by & by4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr$om9ance ( happ9ess among liv+ ?+s--_! lavi% beauty--! secret & wond]ful h>mony :i* p]vades !m all1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 are equally /rik+ refutations ( t mod]n ,mani*ean doctr9e1 :i* exhibits ! _w z a slave-mill1 work$ ) _m te>s1 = m]e utilit>ian ends4 ,!re is yet ano!r way 9 :i* natural hi/ory may1 ,i am conv9c$1 take a pr(\nd hold ^u practical life1--& t is1 by its influ5ce ov] our f9] feel+s1 z ! greate/ ( all s\rces ( t pleasure :i* is d]ivable f beauty4 ,i d n pret5d t natural-hi/ory k1 z su*1 c increase our s5se ( ! beautiful 9 natural objects4 ,i d n suppose t ! dead s\l ( ,pet] ,bell1 ( :om ! great poet ( nature says1-- ,a primrose by ! riv]'s brim1 ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1-- ,& x 0 no?+ m1-- w\ld h be5 a :it r\s$ f its apa?y by ! in=mation t ! primrose is a ,dicotyl$on\s ,exog51 ) a monopetal\s corolla & c5tral plac5tation4 ,b ,i advocate natural-hi/ory k f ?is po9t ( view1 because x w\ld lead u to seek ! beauties ( natural objects1 in/ead ( tru/+ to *ance to =ce !m on our att5tion4 ,to a p]son un9/ruct$ 9 natural hi/ory1 8 c\ntry or sea-side /roll is a walk ?r\gh a gall]y fill$ ) wond]ful works ( art1 n9e-t5?s ( :i* h _! faces turn$ to ! wall4 ,tea* him some?+ ( natural hi/ory1 & y place 9 8 h&s a catalogue ( ^? :i* are wor? turn+ r\nd4 ,surely our innoc5t pleasures are n s abundant 9 ?is life1 t we c af=d to despise ?is or any o!r s\rce ( !m4 ,we %\ld fe> be+ bani%$ = our neglect to t limbo1 :]e ! great ,flor5t9e tells u are ^? :o1 dur+ ?is life1 wept :5 !y might be joyful4 ,b ,i %all be trespass+ unw>rantably on y\r k9dness1 if ,i d n proce$ at once to my la/ po9t--! "t at :i* ,physiological ,sci5ce %\ld fir/ =m a "p ( ! ,curriculum ( ,education4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! facts ( a sci5ce z in/ruction1 & ! tea*+ x sy/ematically z k1 has already be5 plac$ be=e y 9 a previ\s lecture3 & x appe>s to me t1 z ) o!r sci5ces1 ! common facts ( ,biology--! uses ( p>ts ( ! body--! names & habits ( ! liv+ creatures :i* surr\nd u--may be taught ) advantage to ! y\nge/ *ild4 ,inde$1 ! avidity ( *ildr5 = ?is k9d ( k1 & ! comp>ative ease ) :i* !y reta9 x1 is some?+ q m>vell\s4 ,i d\bt :e!r any toy w\ld be s acceptable to "y *ildr5 z a viv>ium ( ! same k9d z1 b ( c\rse on a small] scale ?an1 ^? admirable devices 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sy/ematic tea*+ 9 ,biology _c be attempt$ ) success until ! /ud5t has atta9$ to a c]ta9 k ( physics & *emi/ry3 = ?\gh ! pha5om5a ( life are dep5d5t nei!r on physical nor on *emical1 b on vital =ces1 yet !y result 9 all sorts ( physical & *emical *anges1 :i* c only be judg$ by _! own laws4 ,& n[ to sum up 9 a few words ! conclusions to :i* ,i hope y see reason to foll[ me4 ,biology ne$s no apologi/ :5 %e dem&s a place--& a prom95t place--9 any s*eme ( education wor?y ( ! "n4 ,leave out ! ,physiological sci5ces f y\r curriculum1 & y laun* ! /ud5t into ! _w1 undiscipl9$ 9 t sci5ce ^: subject-matt] w\ld be/ develop 8 p[]s ( obs]vation2 ignorant ( facts ( ! deepe/ importance = 8 own & o!rs' welf>e2 bl9d to ! ri*e/ s\rces ( beauty 9 ,god's creation2 & unprovid$ ) t belief 9 a liv+ law1 & an ord] manife/+ itself 9 & ?r\gh endless *ange & v>iety1 :i* might s]ve to *eck & mod]ate t phase ( despair ?r\gh :i*1 if he take an e>ne/ int]e/ 9 social problems1 he w assur$ly soon] or lat] pass4 ,f9ally1 "o ^w = myself4 ,i h n hesitat$ to speak /rongly :]e ,i h felt /rongly2 & ,i am b too consci\s t ! indicative & imp]ative moods h too (t5 tak5 ! place ( ! m becom+ subjunctive & conditional4 ,i feel1 !re=e1 h[ necess>y x is to beg y to =get ! p]sonality ( him :o has ?us v5tur$ to address y1 & to consid] only ! tru? or error 9 :at has be5 said4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,9 ! ?ird place1 we h to review ! me?od ( ,comp>ison1 :i* is s specially adapt$ to ! /udy ( liv+ bodies1 & by :i*1 above all o!rs1 t /udy mu/ be advanc$4 ,9 ,a/ronomy1 ?is me?od is necess>ily inapplicable2 & x is n till we arrive at ,*emi/ry t ?is ?ird means ( inve/igation c be us$1 & !n only 9 subord9ation to ! two o!rs4 ,x is 9 ! /udy1 bo? /atical & dynamical1 ( liv+ bodies t x fir/ acquires its full developm5t2 & its use else:]e c be only ?r\gh its application "h4--,,comte',s ,positive ,philosophy1 translat$ by ,miss ,m>t9eau4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #cgb4 ,by :at me?od does ,m4 ,comte suppose t ! equality or inequality ( =ces & quantities & ! dissimil>ity or simil>ity ( =ms--po9ts ( "s slight importance n only 9 ,a/ronomy & ,physics1 b ev5 9 ,ma!matics--are asc]ta9$1 if n by ,comp>ison8 #b ,proce$+ to ! second class ( means1--,exp]im5t _c b be less & less decisive1 9 proportion to ! complexity ( ! pha5om5a to be explor$2 & !re=e we saw ?is res\rce to be less effectual 9 *emi/ry ?an 9 physics3 & we n[ f9d t x is em95tly useful 9 *emi/ry 9 comp>ison ) physiology4 ,9 fact1 ! nature ( ! ph5om5a seems to (f] almo/ insurm\ntable imp$im5ts to any ext5sive & prolific application ( su* a proc$ure 9 biology4--,,comte1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfg4 ,m4 ,comte1 z 8 mann] is1 contradicts himself two pages fur!r on1 b t w h>dly relieve him f ! responsibility ( su* a p>agraph z ! above4 #c ,n\velle ,fonction du ,foie considr comme organe producteur de matire sucre *ez l',homme et les ,animaux1 p> ,m4 ,claude ,b]n>d4 #d ,natural ,gr\ps giv5 by ,type1 n by ,def9ition4444 ,! class is /eadily fix$1 ?\gh n precisely limit$2 x is giv51 ?\gh n circumscrib$2 x is det]m9$1 n by a b\nd>y-l9e )\t1 b by a c5tral po9t )92 n by :at x /rictly excludes1 b :at x em95tly includes2 by an example1 n by a precept2 9 %ort1 in/ead ( ,def9ition we h a ,type = our director4 ,a type is an example ( any class1 = in/ance1 a species ( a g5us1 :i* is consid]$ z em95tly possess+ ! *>act]s ( ! class4 ,all ! species :i* h a great] aff9ity ) ?is type-species ?an ) any o!rs1 =m ! g5us1 & are rang$ ab\t ab\t x1 deviat+ f x 9 v>i\s directions & diff]5t degrees4--,,:ewell1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dgf1 #dgg4 #e ,save = ! pleasure ( do+ s1 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t put my obligations to ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,sy/em ( ,logic1 9 ?is view ( sci5tific me?od4 ,,iii ,,emancipation--,,black ,,& ,,:ite #ahfe4 ,qua%ie's pla9tive inquiry1 ,am ,i n a man & a bro!r8 seems at la/ to h receiv$ its f9al reply--! rec5t decision ( ! fi]ce trial by battle on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic fully concurr+ ) t long s9ce deliv]$ "h 9 a m peaceful way4 ,! "q is settl$2 b ev5 ^? :o are mo/ ?or\ghly conv9c$ t ! doom is j1 mu/ see good gr\nds = repudiat+ half ! argum5ts :i* h be5 employ$ by ! w9n+ side2 & = d\bt+ :e!r its ultimate results w embody ! hopes ( ! victors1 ?\gh !y may m ?an realise ! fe>s ( ! vanqui%$4 ,x may be q true t "s negroes are bett] ?an "s :ite m52 b no rational man1 cognisant ( ! facts1 believes t ! av]age negro is ! equal1 /ill less ! sup]ior1 ( ! av]age :ite man4 ,&1 if ?is be true1 x is simply incr$ible t1 :5 all 8 disabilities are remov$1 & our progna?\s relative has a fair field & no fav\r1 z well z no oppressor1 he w be able to compete successfully ) 8 bigg]-bra9$ & small]-jaw$ rival1 9 a conte/ :i* is to be c>ri$ on by ?\ghts & n by bites4 ,! highe/ places 9 ! hi]>*y ( civilisation w assur$ly n be )9 ! rea* ( our dusky c\s9s1 ?\gh x is by no means necess>y t !y %\ld be re/rict$ to ! l[e/4 ,b :atev] ! position ( /able equilibrium into :i* ! laws ( social gravitation may br+ ! negro1 all responsibility = ! result w h5ce=w>d lie betwe5 ,nature & him4 ,! :ite man may wa% 8 h&s ( x1 & ! ,caucasian consci5ce be void ( reproa* = ev]more4 ,& ?is1 if we look to ! bottom ( ! matt]1 is ! real ju/ification = ! abolition policy4 ,! doctr9e ( equal natural rights may be an illogical delusion2 emancipation may conv]t ! slave f a well-f$ animal into a paup]is$ man2 mank9d may ev5 h to d )\t cotton %irts2 b all ^! evils mu/ be fac$ if ! moral law1 t no human be+ c arbitr>ily dom9ate ov] ano!r )\t griev\s damage to 8 own nature1 be1 z _m ?9k1 z readily demon/rable by exp]im5t z any physical tru?4 ,if ?is be true1 no slav]y c be aboli%$ )\t a d\ble emancipation1 & ! ma/] w b5efit by fre$om m ?an ! fre$-man4 ,! l consid]ations apply to all ! o!r que/ions ( emancipation :i* are at pres5t /irr+ ! _w--! multif>i\s dem&s t classes ( mank9d %all be reliev$ f re/rictions impos$ by ! artifice ( man1 & n by ! necessities ( ,nature4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important1 if n ! mo/ important1 ( all ^!1 is t :i* daily ?reat5s to become ! irrepressible woman "q4 ,:at social & political rights h wom58 ,:at ought !y to be all[$1 or n all[$1 to d1 be1 & suff]8 ,&1 z involv$ 91 & und]ly+ all ^! que/ions1 h[ ought !y to be educat$8 ,!re are philogyni/s z fanatical z any misogyni/s :o1 rev]s+ our antiquat$ notions1 bid ! man look ^u ! woman z ! high] type ( humanity2 :o ask u to reg>d ! female intellect z ! cle>] & ! quick]1 if n ! /rong]2 :o desire u to look up to ! fem99e moral s5se z ! pur] & ! nobl]2 & bid man abdicate 8 usurp$ sov]eignty ov] ,nature 9 fav\r ( ! female l9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are p]sons n to be outdone 9 all loyalty & j respect = womank9d1 b by nature h>d ( head & hat]s ( delusion1 h[ev] *>m+1 :o n only repudiate ! new woman-wor%ip :i* s _m s5tim5tali/s & "s philosoph]s are desir\s ( sett+ up1 b1 c>ry+ _! audacity fur!r1 d5y ev5 ! natural equality ( ! sexes4 ,!y ass]t1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 e excell5t "*1 :e!r m5tal or physical1 ! av]age woman is inf]ior to ! av]age man1 9 ! s5se ( hav+ t "* less 9 quantity & l[] 9 quality4 ,tell ^! p]sons ( ! rapid p]ceptions & ! in/9ctive intellectual insight ( wom51 & !y reply t ! fem99e m5tal peculi>ities1 :i* pass "u ^! names1 are m]ely ! outcome ( a great] impressibility to ! sup]ficial aspects ( ?+s1 & ( ! abs5ce ( t re/ra9t ^u expression :i*1 9 m51 is impos$ by reflection & a s5se ( responsibility4 ,talk ( ! passive endurance ( ! weak] sex1 & oppon5ts ( ?is k9d rem9d y t ,job 0 a man1 & t1 until q rec5t times1 pati5ce & long-suff]+ 7 n c\nt$ among ! specially fem99e virtues4 ,claim passionate t5d]ness z especially fem99e1 & ! inquiry is made :e!r all ! be/ love-poetry 9 exi/5ce 7except1 p]haps1 ! ,sonnets f ! ,portuguese 7 has n be5 writt5 by m52 :e!r ! song :i* embodies ! ideal ( pure & t5d] passion--,adelaida --0 writt5 by ,frau ,bee?ov52 :e!r x 0 ! ,=n>9a1 or ,raphael1 :o pa9t$ ! ,si/9e ,madonna4 ,nay1 we h kn[n "o su* h]etic g s f> z to lay 8 h&s ^u ! ark itself1 s to speak1 & to def5d ! />tl+ p>adox t1 ev5 9 physical beauty1 man is ! sup]ior4 ,he admitt$1 inde$1 t !re 0 a brief p]iod ( e>ly y\? :5 x might be h>d to say :e!r ! prize %\ld be aw>d$ to ! graceful undulations ( ! female figure1 or ! p]fect balance & supple vig\r ( ! male frame4 ,b :ile our new ,p>is might hesitate betwe5 ! y\?ful ,bac*us & ! ,v5us em]g+ f ! foam1 he av]r$ t1 :5 ,v5us & ,bac*us _h rea*$ ?irty1 ! po9t no long] admitt$ ( a d\bt2 ! male =m hav+ !n atta9$ its greate/ nobility1 :ile ! female is f> gone 9 decad5ce2 & t1 at ?is epo*1 womanly beauty1 s f> z x is indep5d5t ( grace or expression1 is a "q ( drap]y & accessories4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t all ^! argum5ts h a c]ta9 f\ndation2 admitt+1 = a mom5t1 t !y are comp>able to ^? by :i* ! inf]iority ( ! negro to ! :ite man may be demon/rat$1 are !y ( any value z aga9/ woman-emancipation8 ,d !y af=d u ! smalle/ gr\nd = refus+ to educate wom5 z well z m5--to give wom5 ! same civil & political rights z m58 ,no mi/ake is s commonly made by clev] p z t ( assum+ a cause to be bad because ! argum5ts ( its support]s are1 to a great ext5t1 non-s5sical4 ,& we conceive t ^? :o may laugh at ! argum5ts ( ! extreme philogyni/s1 may yet feel b\nd to "w he>t & s\l t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( _! practical ends4 ,z reg>ds education1 = example4 ,grant+ ! alleg$ defects ( wom51 is x n some:at absurd to sanction & ma9ta9 a sy/em ( education :i* w\ld seem to h be5 specially contriv$ to exagg]ate all ^! defects8 ,naturally n s firmly /rung1 nor s well balanc$ z boys1 girls are 9 great measure deb>r$ f ! sports & physical ex]cises :i* are ju/ly ?\ght absolutely necess>y = ! full developm5t ( ! vig\r ( ! m fav\r$ sex4 ,wom5 are1 by nature1 m excitable ?an m5--prone to be swept by tides ( emotion1 proce$+ f hidd5 & inw>d1 z well z f obvi\s & ext]nal causes2 & female education does its be/ to weak5 e physical c\nt]poise to ?is n]v\s mobility--t5ds 9 all ways to /imulate ! emotional "p ( ! m9d & /unt ! re/4 ,we f9d girls naturally timid1 incl9$ to dep5d5ce1 born cons]vatives2 & we tea* !m t indep5d5ce is unladylike2 t bl9d fai? is ! "r frame ( m9d2 & t :atev] we may be p]mitt$1 & inde$ enc\rag$1 to d to our bro!r1 our si/] is to be left to ! tyranny ( au?ority & tradition4 ,) few insignificant exceptions1 girls h be5 educat$ ei!r to be drudges1 or toys1 b5ea? man2 or a sort ( angels above him2 ! highe/ ideal aim$ at oscillat+ betwe5 ,clr*5 & ,beatrice4 ,! possibility t ! ideal ( womanhood lies nei!r 9 ! fair sa9t1 nor 9 ! fair s9n]2 t ! female type ( "* is nei!r bett] nor worse ?an ! male1 b only weak]2 t wom5 are meant nei!r to be m5's guides nor _! play-?+s1 b _! comrades1 _! fell[s1 & _! equals1 s f> z ,nature puts no b> to t equality1 does n seem to h ent]$ into ! m9ds ( ^? :o h _h ! conduct ( ! education ( girls4 ,if ! pres5t sy/em ( female education /&s self-condemn$1 z inh]5tly absurd2 & if t :i* we h j indicat$ is ! true position ( woman1 :at is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a bett] /ate ( ?+s8 ,we reply1 emancipate girls4 ,recognise ! fact t !y %>e ! s5ses1 p]ceptions1 feel+s1 reason+ p[]s1 emotions1 ( boys1 & t ! m9d ( ! av]age girl is less diff]5t f t ( ! av]age boy1 ?an ! m9d ( "o boy is f t ( ano!r2 s t :atev] argum5t ju/ifies a giv5 education = all boys1 ju/ifies its application to girls z well4 ,s f> f impos+ artificial re/rictions ^u ! acquirem5t ( k by wom51 ?r[ e facility 9 _! way4 ,let our ,fau/9as1 if !y w1 toil ?r\gh ! :ole r\nd ( ,juri/]ei und ,m$iz91 ,und leid]6 au* ,philosophie4 ,let u h sweet girl graduates by all means4 ,!y w be none ! less sweet = a little wisdom2 & ! gold5 hair w n curl less gracefully outside ! head by reason ( !re be+ bra9s )94 ,nay1 if obvi\s practical difficulties c be ov]come1 let ^? wom5 :o feel incl9$ to d s desc5d into ! gladiatorial ar5a ( life1 n m]ely 9 ! guise ( reti>iae1 z h]et(ore1 b z bold sic>iae1 brea/+ ! op5 fray4 ,let !m1 if !y s please1 become m]*ants1 b>ri/]s1 politicians4 ,let !m h a fair field1 b let !m und]/&1 z ! necess>y correlative1 t !y are to h no fav\r4 ,let ,nature alone sit high above ! li/s1 ra9 influ5ce & judge ! prize4 ,& ! result8 ,= our p>ts1 ?\gh lo? to prophesy1 we believe x w be t ( o!r emancipations4 ,wom5 w f9d _! place1 & x w nei!r be t 9 :i* !y h be5 held1 nor t to :i* "s ( !m aspire4 ,nature's old salique law w n be repeal$1 & no *ange ( dyna/y w be effect$4 ,! big *e/s1 ! massive bra9s1 ! vigor\s muscles & /\t frames ( ! be/ m5 w c>ry ! day1 :5ev] x is wor? _! :ile to conte/ ! prizes ( life ) ! be/ wom54 ,& ! h>d%ip ( x is1 t ! v improvem5t ( ! wom5 w less5 _! *ances4 ,bett] mo!rs w br+ =? bett] sons1 & ! impetus ga9$ by ! "o sex w be transmitt$1 9 ! next g5]ation1 to ! o!r4 ,! mo/ ,d>w9ian ( !ori/s w n v5ture to prop\nd ! doctr9e1 t ! physical disabilities "u :i* wom5 h hi!rto lab\r$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) m5 are likely to be remov$ by ev5 ! mo/ skilfully conduct$ process ( educational selection4 ,we are1 inde$1 fully prep>$ to believe t ! be>+ ( *ildr5 may1 & ought1 to become z free f dang] & long disability to ! civilis$ woman z x is to ! savage2 nor is x improbable t1 z society advances t[>ds its "r organisation1 mo!rhood w occupy a less space ( woman's life ?an x has hi!rto done4 ,b /ill1 unless ! human species is to come to an end altoge!r--a consummation :i* c h>dly be desir$ by ev5 ! mo/ ard5t advocate ( wom5's rights--somebody mu/ be good en\gh to take ! tr\ble & responsibility ( annually add+ to ! _w exactly z _m p z die out ( x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( "s dome/ic difficulties1 ,sydney ,smi? is said to h sugge/$ t x w\ld h be5 good = ! human race _h ! model (f]$ by ! hive be5 foll[$1 & _h all ! work+ "p ( ! female community be5 neut]s4 ,fail+ any ?or\gh-go+ re=m ( ?is k9d1 we see no?+ = x b ! old division ( humanity into m5 pot5tially1 or actually1 fa!rs1 & wom5 pot5tially1 if n actually1 mo!rs4 ,& we fe> t s long z ?is pot5tial mo!rhood is h] lot1 woman w be f\nd to be fe>fully weight$ 9 ! race ( life4 ,! duty ( man is to see t n a gra9 is pil$ ^u t load beyond :at ,nature imposes2 t inju/ice is n add$ to inequality4 ,,iv ,a ,,lib]al ,,education2 ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,f9d ,,x #ahfh4 ,! bus9ess :i* ! ,s\? ,london ,work+ ,m5's ,college has und]tak5 is a great "w2 inde$1 ,i might say1 t ,education1 ) :i* t college proposes to grapple1 is ! greate/ "w ( all ^? :i* lie ready to a man's h& j at pres5t4 ,&1 at l5g?1 ?is fact is becom+ g5]ally recognis$4 ,y _c g any:]e )\t he>+ a buzz ( m or less confus$ & contradictory talk on ?is subject--nor c y fail to notice t1 9 "o po9t at any rate1 !re is a v decid$ advance ^u l discussions 9 =m] days4 ,nobody outside ! agricultural int]e/ n[ d>es to say t education is a bad ?+4 ,if any repres5tative ( ! once l>ge & p[]ful p>ty1 :i*1 9 =m] days1 proclaim$ ?is op9ion1 /ill exi/s 9 a semi-fossil /ate1 he keeps 8 ?\ghts to himself4 ,9 fact1 !re is a *orus ( voices1 almo/ di/ress+ 9 _! h>mony1 rais$ 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t education is ! great panacea = human tr\bles1 & t1 if ! c\ntry is n %ortly to g to ! dogs1 ev]ybody mu/ be educat$4 ,! politicians tells u1 ,y mu/ educate ! masses because !y are go+ to be ma/]s4 ,! cl]gy jo9 9 ! cry = education1 = !y affirm t ! p are drift+ away f *ur* & *apel into ! broade/ infidelity4 ,! manufactur]s & ! capitali/s swell ! *orus lu/ily4 ,!y decl>e t ignorance makes bad workm52 t ,engl& w soon be unable to turn out cotton goods1 or /eam eng9es1 *eap] ?an o!r p2 & !n1 ,i*abod6 ,i*abod6 ! glory w be dep>t$ f u4 ,& a few voices are lift$ up 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t ! masses %\ld be educat$ because !y are m5 & wom5 ) unlimit$ capacities ( be+1 do+1 & suff]+1 & t x is z true n[1 z ev] x 01 t ! p p]i% = lack ( k4 ,^! memb]s ( ! m9ority1 ) :om ,i confess ,i h a good deal ( sympa?y1 are d\btful :e!r any ( ! o!r reasons urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! education ( ! p are ( mu* value--:e!r1 inde$1 "s ( !m are bas$ ^u ei!r wise or noble gr\nds ( action4 ,!y "q if x be wise to tell p t y w d = !m1 out ( fe> ( _! p[]1 :at y h left undone1 s long z y\r only motive 0 compassion = _! weakness & _! sorr[s4 ,&1 if ignorance ( ev]y?+ :i* x is ne$ful a rul] %\ld "k is likely to d s mu* h>m 9 ! gov]n+ classes ( ! future1 :y is x1 !y ask reasonably en\gh1 t su* ignorance 9 ! gov]n+ classes ( ! pa/ has n be5 view$ ) equal horror8 ,comp>e ! av]age artisan & ! av]age c\ntry squire1 & x may be d\bt$ if y w f9d a p9 to *oose betwe5 ! two 9 po9t ( ignorance1 class feel+1 or prejudice4 ,x is true t ! ignorance is ( a diff]5t sort--t ! class feel+ is 9 fav\r ( a diff]5t class--& t ! prejudice has a di/9ct sav\r ( wrong-head$ness 9 ea* case--b x is que/ionable if ! "o is ei!r a bit bett]1 or a bit worse1 ?an ! o!r4 ,! old protectioni/ !ory is ! doctr9e ( trades unions z appli$ by ! squires1 & ! mod]n trades unionism is ! doctr9e ( ! squires appli$ by ! artisans4 ,:y %\ld we be worse (f "u "o rgime ?an "u ! o!r8 ,aga91 ?is sceptical m9ority asks ! cl]gy to ?9k :e!r x is really want ( education :i* keeps ! masses away f _! m9i/rations--:e!r ! mo/ completely educat$ m5 are n z op5 to reproa* on ?is score z ! workm52 & :e!r1 p]*ance1 ?is may n indicate t x is n education :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! matt]8 ,once m1 ^! p1 :om !re is no pleas+1 v5ture to d\bt :e!r ! glory1 :i* re/s ^u be+ able to und]sell all ! re/ ( ! _w1 is a v safe k9d ( glory--:e!r we may n pur*ase x too de>2 especially if we all[ education1 :i* ought to be direct$ to ! mak+ ( m51 to be div]t$ into a process ( manufactur+ human tools1 wond]fully adroit 9 ! ex]cise ( "s te*nical indu/ry1 b good = no?+ else4 ,&1 f9ally1 ^! p inquire :e!r x is ! masses alone :o ne$ a re=m$ & improv$ education4 ,!y ask :e!r ! ri*e/ ( our public s*ools might n well be made to supply k1 z well z g5tlemanly habits1 a /rong class feel+1 & em95t pr(ici5cy 9 cricket4 ,!y seem to ?9k t ! noble f\ndations ( our old univ]sities are h>dly fulfill+ _! functions 9 _! pres5t po/ure ( half-cl]ical sem9>ies1 half racec\rses1 :]e m5 are tra9$ to w9 a s5ior wrangl]%ip1 or a d\ble-fir/1 z horses are tra9$ to w9 a cup1 ) z little ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( aft]-life 9 ! case ( ! man z 9 t ( ! rac]4 ,&1 :ile z zeal\s = education z ! re/1 !y affirm t1 if ! education ( ! ri*] classes 7 su* z to fit !m to be ! lead]s & ! gov]nors ( ! poor]2 &1 if ! education ( ! poor] classes 7 su* z to enable !m to appreciate really wise guidance & good gov]nance1 ! politicians ne$ n fe> mob-law1 nor ! cl]gy lam5t _! want ( flocks1 nor ! capitali/s progno/icate ! annihilation ( ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,su* is ! div]sity ( op9ion ^u ! :y & ! :]e=e ( education4 ,& my he>]s w be prep>$ to expect t ! practical recomm5dations :i* are put =w>d are n less discordant4 ,!re is a l\d cry = compulsory education4 ,we ,engli%1 9 spite ( con/ant exp]i5ce to ! contr>y1 pres]ve a t\*+ fai? 9 ! efficacy ( acts ( ,p>liam5t2 & ,i believe we %\ld h compulsory education 9 ! c\rse ( next session1 if !re 7 ! lea/ probability t half a doz5 lead+ /atesm5 ( diff]5t p>ties w\ld agree :at t education %\ld be4 ,"s hold t education )\t !ology is worse ?an none4 ,o!rs ma9ta91 q z /rongly1 t education ) !ology is 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,b ?is is c]ta91 t ^? :o hold ! fir/ op9ion c by no means agree :at !ology %\ld be taught2 & t ^? :o ma9ta9 ! second are 9 a small m9ority4 ,at any rate make p le>n to read1 write1 & ciph]1 say a great _m2 & ! advice is und\bt$ly s5sible z f> z x goes4 ,b1 z has happ5$ to me 9 =m] days1 ^? :o1 9 despair ( gett+ any?+ bett]1 advocate ?is measure1 are met ) ! objection t x is v l mak+ a *ild practise ! use ( a knife1 =k1 & spoon1 )\t giv+ x a p>ticle ( meat4 ,i really don't "k :at reply is to be made to su* an objection4 ,b x w\ld be unpr(itable to sp5d m "t 9 dis5tangl+1 or r 9 %[+ up ! knots 91 ! ravell$ ske9s ( our neighb\rs4 ,mu* m to ! purpose is x to ask if we possess any clue ( our own :i* may guide u among ^! entanglem5ts4 ,& by way ( a beg9n+1 let u ask ourselves--,:at is education8 ,above all ?+s1 :at is our ideal ( a ?or\ghly lib]al education8--( t education :i*1 if we c\ld beg9 life aga91 we w\ld give ourselves--( t education :i*1 if we c\ld m\ld ! fates to our own w1 we w\ld give our *ildr58 ,well1 ,i "k n :at may be y\r conceptions ^u ?is matt]1 b ,i w tell y m9e1 & ,i hope ,i %all f9d t our views are n v discrepant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,suppose x 7 p]fectly c]ta9 t ! life & =tune ( e "o ( u w\ld1 "o day or o!r1 dep5d ^u 8 w9n+ or los+ a game at *ess4 ,don't y ?9k t we %\ld all consid] x to be a prim>y duty to le>n at lea/ ! names & ! moves ( ! pieces2 to h a notion ( a gambit1 & a ke5 eye = all ! means ( giv+ & gett+ out ( *eck8 ,d y n ?9k t we %\ld look ) a disapprobation am\nt+ to scorn1 ^u ! fa!r :o all[$ 8 son1 or ! /ate :i* all[$ its memb]s1 to gr[ up )\t kn[+ a pawn f a knight8 ,yet x is a v pla9 & elem5t>y tru?1 t ! life1 ! =tune1 & ! happ9ess ( e "o ( u1 &1 m or less1 ( ^? :o are connect$ ) u1 d dep5d ^u our kn[+ some?+ ( ! rules ( a game inf9itely m difficult & complicat$ ?an *ess4 ,x is a game :i* has be5 play$ = untold ages1 e man & woman ( u be+ "o ( ! two play]s 9 a game ( 8 or h] own4 ,! *ess-bo>d is ! _w1 ! pieces are ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 ! rules ( ! game are :at we call ! laws ( ,nature4 ,! play] on ! o!r side is hidd5 f u4 ,we "k t 8 play is always fair1 j & pati5t4 ,b also we "k1 to our co/1 t he nev] ov]looks a mi/ake1 or makes ! smalle/ all[ance = ignorance4 ,to ! man :o plays well1 ! highe/ /akes are paid1 ) t sort ( ov]fl[+ g5]osity ) :i* ! /rong %[s delight 9 /r5g?4 ,& "o :o plays ill is *eckmat$--)\t ha/e1 b )\t remorse4 ,my metaphor w rem9d "s ( y ( ! fam\s picture 9 :i* ,retzs* has depict$ ,satan play+ at *ess ) man = 8 s\l4 ,sub/itute = ! mock+ fi5d 9 t picture a calm1 /rong angel :o is play+ = love1 z we say1 & w\ld r lose ?an w9--& ,i %\ld accept x u an image ( human life4 ,well1 :at ,i mean by ,education is le>n+ ! rules ( ?is mighty game4 ,9 o!r words1 education is ! in/ruction ( ! intellect 9 ! laws ( ,nature1 "u :i* "n ,i include n m]ely ?+s & _! =ces1 b m5 & _! ways2 & ! fa%ion+ ( ! affections & ( ! w into an e>ne/ & lov+ desire to move 9 h>mony ) ^? laws4 ,= me1 education means nei!r m nor less ?an ?is4 ,any?+ :i* pr(esses to call itself education mu/ be tri$ by ?is /&>d1 & if x fails to /& ! te/1 ,i w n call x education1 :atev] may be ! =ce ( au?ority1 or ( numb]s1 ^u ! o!r side4 ,x is important to rememb] t1 9 /rictness1 !re is no su* ?+ z an un$ucat$ man4 ,take an extreme case4 ,suppose t an adult man1 9 ! full vig\r ( 8 faculties1 c\ld be sudd5ly plac$ 9 ! _w1 z ,adam is said to h be51 & !n left to d z he be/ might4 ,h[ long w\ld he be left un$ucat$8 ,n five m9utes4 ,nature w\ld beg9 to tea* him1 ?r\gh ! eye1 ! e>1 ! t\*1 ! prop]ties ( objects4 ,pa9 & pleasure w\ld be at 8 elb[ tell+ him to d ?is & avoid t2 & by sl[ degrees ! man w\ld receive an education :i*1 if n>r[1 w\ld be ?or\gh1 real1 & adequate to 8 circum/ances1 ?\gh !re w\ld be no extras & v few accompli%m5ts4 ,& if to ?is solit>y man ent]$ a second ,adam1 or1 bett] /ill1 an ,eve1 a new & great] _w1 t ( social & moral ph5om5a1 w\ld be reveal$4 ,joys & woes1 comp>$ ) :i* all o!rs might seem b fa9t %ad[s1 w\ld spr+ f ! new relations4 ,happ9ess & sorr[ w\ld take ! place ( ! co>s] monitors1 pleasure & pa92 b conduct w\ld /ill be %ap$ by ! obs]vation ( ! natural consequ5ces ( actions2 or1 9 o!r words1 by ! laws ( ! nature ( man4 ,to e "o ( u ! _w 0 once z fre% & new z to ,adam4 ,& !n1 long be=e we 7 susceptible ( any o!r mode ( in/ruction1 ,nature took u 9 h&1 & e m9ute ( wak+ life br\ght its educational influ5ce1 %ap+ our actions into r\gh accordance ) ,nature's laws1 s t we might n be end$ untimely by too gross disob$i5ce4 ,nor %\ld ,i speak ( ?is process ( education z pa/ = any "o1 be he z old z he may4 ,= e man ! _w is z fre% z x 0 at ! fir/ day1 & z full ( untold novelties = him :o has ! eyes to see !m4 ,& ,nature is /ill cont9u+ h] pati5t education ( u 9 t great univ]sity1 ! univ]se1 ( :i* we are all memb]s--,nature hav+ no ,te/-,acts4 ,^? :o take hon\rs 9 ,nature's univ]sity1 :o le>n ! laws :i* gov]n m5 & ?+s & obey !m1 are ! really great & successful m5 9 ?is _w4 ,! great mass ( mank9d are ! ,poll1 :o pick up j en\gh to get ?r\gh )\t mu* discr$it4 ,^? :o won't le>n at all are pluck$2 & !n y c't come up aga94 ,nature's pluck means ext]m9ation4 ,?us ! "q ( compulsory education is settl$ s f> z ,nature is conc]n$4 ,h] bill on t "q 0 fram$ & pass$ long ago4 ,b1 l all compulsory legislation1 t ( ,nature is h>% & wa/eful 9 its op]ation4 ,ignorance is visit$ z %>ply z wilful disob$i5ce--incapacity meets ) ! same puni%m5t z crime4 ,nature's discipl9e is n ev5 a ^w & a bl[1 & ! bl[ fir/2 b ! bl[ )\t ! ^w4 ,x is left to y to f9d out :y y\r e>s are box$4 ,! object ( :at we commonly call education--t education 9 :i* man int]v5es & :i* ,i %all di/+ui% z artificial education--is to make good ^! defects 9 ,nature's me?ods2 to prep>e ! *ild to receive ,nature's education1 nei!r incapably nor ignorantly1 nor ) wilful disob$i5ce2 & to und]/& ! prelim9>y symptoms ( h] pleasure1 )\t wait+ = ! box on ! e>4 ,9 %ort1 all artificial education ought to be an anticipation ( natural education4 ,& a lib]al education is an artificial education :i* has n only prep>$ a man to escape ! great evils ( disob$i5ce to natural laws1 b has tra9$ him to appreciate & to seize ^u ! rew>ds1 :i* ,nature scatt]s ) z free a h& z h] p5alties4 ,t man1 ,i ?9k1 has _h a lib]al education :o has be5 s tra9$ 9 y\? t 8 body is ! ready s]vant ( 8 w1 & does ) ease & pleasure all ! "w t1 z a me*anism1 x is capable (2 ^: intellect is a cle>1 cold1 logic eng9e1 ) all its p>ts ( equal /r5g?1 & 9 smoo? work+ ord]2 ready1 l a /eam eng9e1 to be turn$ to any k9d ( "w1 & sp9 ! gossam]s z well z =ge ! an*ors ( ! m9d2 ^: m9d is /or$ ) a k ( ! great & fundam5tal tru?s ( ,nature & ( ! laws ( h] op]ations2 "o :o1 no /unt$ ascetic1 is full ( life & fire1 b ^: passions are tra9$ to come to heel by a vigor\s w1 ! s]vant ( a t5d] consci5ce2 :o has le>n$ to love all beauty1 :e!r ( ,nature or ( art1 to hate all vil5ess1 & to respect o!rs z himself4 ,su* an "o & no o!r1 ,i conceive1 has _h a lib]al education2 = he is1 z completely z a man c be1 9 h>mony ) ,nature4 ,he w make ! be/ ( h]1 & %e ( him4 ,!y w get on toge!r r>ely3 %e z 8 ev] b5efic5t "m2 he z h] m\?piece1 h] consci\s self1 h] m9i/] & int]pret]4 ,:]e is su* an education z ?is to be _h8 ,:]e is !re any approximation to x8 ,has any "o tri$ to f\nd su* an education8 ,look+ ov] ! l5g? & bread? ( ^! isl&s1 ,i am afraid t all ^! que/ions mu/ receive a negative answ]4 ,consid] our prim>y s*ools & :at is taught 9 !m4 ,a *ild le>ns3-- #a4 ,to read1 write1 & ciph]1 m or less well2 b 9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases n s well z to take pleasure 9 read+1 or to be able to write ! commone/ lett] prop]ly4 #b4 ,a quantity ( dogmatic !ology1 ( :i* ! *ild1 n9e times out ( t51 und]/&s next to no?+4 #c4 ,mix$ up ) ?is1 s z to seem to /& or fall ) x1 a few ( ! broade/ & simple/ pr9ciples ( morality4 ,?is1 to my m9d1 is mu* z if a man ( sci5ce %\ld make ! /ory ( ! fall ( ! apple 9 ,newton's g>d5 an integral "p ( ! doctr9e ( gravitation1 & tea* x z ( equal au?ority ) ! law ( ! inv]se squ>es4 #d4 ,a good deal ( ,jewi% hi/ory & ,syrian geography1 & p]haps a little some?+ ab\t ,engli% hi/ory & ! geography ( ! *ild's own c\ntry4 ,b ,i d\bt if !re is a prim>y s*ool 9 ,engl& 9 :i* hangs a map ( ! hundr$ 9 :i* ! village lies1 s t ! *ildr5 may be practically taught by x :at a map means4 #e4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( regul>ity1 att5tive ob$i5ce1 respect = o!rs3 obta9$ by fe>1 if ! ma/] be incompet5t or fooli%2 by love & rev]5ce1 if he be wise4 ,s f> z ?is s*ool c\rse embraces a tra9+ 9 ! !ory & practice ( ob$i5ce to ! moral laws ( ,nature1 ,i gladly admit1 n only t x conta9s a valuable educational elem5t1 b t1 s f>1 x deals ) ! mo/ valuable & important "p ( all education4 ,yet1 contra/ :at is done 9 ?is direction ) :at might be done2 ) ! "t giv5 to matt]s ( comp>atively no importance2 ) ! abs5ce ( any att5tion to ?+s ( ! highe/ mom5t2 & "o is tempt$ to ?9k ( ,fal/aff's bill & ! halfp5ny wor? ( bread to all t quantity ( sack4 ,let u consid] :at a *ild ?us educat$ kn[s1 & :at x does n "k4 ,beg9 ) ! mo/ important topic ( all--morality1 z ! guide ( conduct4 ,! *ild kn[s well en\gh t "s acts meet ) approbation & "s ) disapprobation4 ,b x has nev] he>d t !re lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s a reason = e moral law1 z cog5t & z well def9$ z t :i* und]lies e physical law2 t /eal+ & ly+ are j z c]ta9 to be foll[$ by evil consequ5ces1 z putt+ y\r h& 9 ! fire1 or jump+ out ( a g>ret w9d[4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! s*ol> may h be5 made acqua9t$1 9 dogmatic fa%ion1 ) ! broad laws ( morality1 he has _h no tra9+ 9 ! application ( ^? laws to ! difficult problems :i* result f ! complex conditions ( mod]n civilisation4 ,w\ld x n be v h>d to expect any "o to solve a problem 9 conic sections :o _h m]ely be5 taught ! axioms & def9itions ( ma!matical sci5ce8 ,a workman has to be> h>d lab\r1 & p]haps privation1 :ile he sees o!rs roll+ 9 weal?1 & fe$+ _! dogs ) :at w\ld keep 8 *ildr5 f />vation4 ,w\ld x n be well to h help$ t man to calm ! natural prompt+s ( discont5t by %[+ him1 9 8 y\?1 ! necess>y connection ( ! moral law :i* prohibits /eal+ ) ! /ability ( society--by prov+ to him1 once = all1 t x is bett] = 8 own p1 bett] = himself1 bett] = future g5]ations1 t he %\ld />ve ?an /eal8 ,if y h no f\ndation ( k1 or habit ( ?\ght1 to "w ^u1 :at *ance h y ( p]suad+ a hungry man t a capitali/ is n a ?ief ) a circumb5dibus8 ,& if he hone/ly believes t1 ( :at avail is x to quote ! comm&m5t aga9/ /eal+1 :5 he proposes to make ! capitali/ disgorge8 ,aga91 ! *ild le>ns absolutely no?+ ( ! hi/ory or ! political organisation ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,8 g5]al impression is1 t ev]y?+ ( mu* importance happ5$ a v long :ile ago2 & t ! ,que5 & ! g5tlefolks gov]n ! c\ntry mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ,k+ ,david & ! eld]s & nobles ( ,israel--8 sole models4 ,w y give a man ) ?is mu* in=mation a vote8 ,9 easy times he sells x = a pot ( be]4 ,:y %\ld he n8 ,x is ( ab\t z mu* use to him z a *ignon1 & he kn[s z mu* :at to d ) x1 = any o!r purpose4 ,9 bad times1 on ! contr>y1 he applies 8 simple !ory ( gov]nm5t1 & believes t 8 rul]s are ! cause ( 8 suff]+s--a belief :i* sometimes be>s rem>kable practical fruits4 ,lea/ ( all1 does ! *ild ga!r f ?is prim>y education ( ours a conception ( ! laws ( ! physical _w1 or ( ! relations ( cause & effect !re94 ,& ?is is ! m to be lam5t$1 z ! poor are especially expos$ to physical evils1 & are m int]e/$ 9 remov+ !m ?an any o!r class ( ! community4 ,if any "o is conc]n$ 9 kn[+ ! ord9>y laws ( me*anics "o w\ld ?9k x is ! h&-lab\r]1 ^: daily toil lies among lev]s & pulleys2 or among ! o!r implem5ts ( artisan "w4 ,& if any "o is int]e/$ 9 ! laws ( heal?1 x is ! poor workman1 ^: /r5g? is wa/$ by ill-prep>$ food1 ^: heal? is sapp$ by bad v5tilation & bad dra9age1 & half ^: *ildr5 are massacr$ by disord]s :i* might be prev5t$4 ,n only does our pres5t prim>y education c>efully ab/a9 f h9t+ to ! workman t "s ( 8 greate/ evils are traceable to m]e physical ag5cies1 :i* c\ld be remov$ by en]gy1 pati5ce1 & frugality2 b x does worse--x r5d]s him1 s f> z x c1 deaf to ^? :o c\ld help him1 & tries to sub/itute an ,ori5tal submission to :at is falsely decl>$ to be ! w ( ,god1 = 8 natural t5d5cy to /rive aft] a bett] condition4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 if v rec5tly an appeal has be5 made to /ati/ics = ! pr(\ndly fooli% purpose ( %[+ t education is ( no good--t x dim9i%es nei!r mis]y nor crime among ! masses ( mank9d8 ,i reply1 :y %\ld ! ?+ :i* has be5 call$ education d ei!r ! "o or ! o!r8 ,if ,i am a knave or a fool1 tea*+ me to read & write won't make me less ( ei!r "o or ! o!r--unless somebody %[s me h[ to put my read+ & writ+ to wise & good purposes4 ,suppose any "o 7 to argue t m$ic9e is ( no use1 because x c\ld be prov$ /ati/ically1 t ! p]c5tage ( dea?s 0 j ! same among p :o _h be5 taught h[ to op5 a m$ic9e *e/1 & among ^? :o did n s mu* z "k ! key by sight4 ,! argum5t is absurd2 b x is n m prepo/]\s ?an t aga9/ :i* ,i am cont5d+4 ,! only m$ic9e = suff]+1 crime1 & all ! o!r woes ( mank9d1 is wisdom4 ,tea* a man to read & write1 & y h put into 8 h&s ! great keys ( ! wisdom box4 ,b x is q ano!r matt] :e!r he ev] op5s ! box or n4 ,& he is z likely to poison z to cure himself1 if1 )\t guidance1 he swall[s ! fir/ drug t comes to h&4 ,9 ^! times a man may z well be purbl9d1 z unable to read--lame1 z unable to write4 ,b ,i prote/ t1 if ,i ?\ght ! alt]native 7 a necess>y "o1 ,i w\ld r t ! *ildr5 ( ! poor %\ld gr[ up ignorant ( bo? ^! mighty arts1 ?an t !y %\ld rema9 ignorant ( t k to :i* ^! arts are means4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may be said t all ^! animadv]sions may apply to prim>y s*ools1 b t ! high] s*ools1 at any rate1 mu/ be all[$ to give a lib]al education4 ,9 fact !y pr(ess$ly sacrifice ev]y?+ else to ?is object4 ,let u inquire into ?is matt]4 ,:at d ! high] s*ools1 ^? to :i* ! great middle class ( ! c\ntry s5ds its *ildr51 tea*1 ov] & above ! in/ruction giv5 9 ! prim>y s*ools8 ,!re is a little m read+ & writ+ ( ,engli%4 ,b1 = all t1 e "o kn[s t x is a r>e ?+ to f9d a boy ( ! middle or upp] classes :o c read al\d dec5tly1 or :o c put 8 ?\ghts on pap] 9 cle> & grammatical 7to say no?+ ( good or elegant7 language4 ,! ciph]+ ( ! l[] s*ools exp&s into elem5t>y ma!matics 9 ! high]2 into ari?metic1 ) a little algebra1 a little ,euclid4 ,b ,i d\bt if "o boy 9 five hundr$ has ev] he>d ! explanation ( a rule ( ari?metic1 or kn[s 8 ,euclid o!rwise ?an by rote4 ,( !ology1 ! middle class s*oolboy gets r less ?an poor] *ildr51 less absolutely & less relatively1 because !re are s _m o!r claims ^u 8 att5tion4 ,i v5ture to say t1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 8 ideas on ?is subject :5 he leaves s*ool are ( ! mo/ %ad[y & vague description1 & associat$ ) pa9ful impressions ( ! we>y h\rs sp5t 9 le>n+ collects & cate*ism by he>t4 ,mod]n geography1 mod]n hi/ory1 mod]n lit]ature2 ! ,engli% language z a language2 ! :ole circle ( ! sci5ces1 physical1 moral & social1 are ev5 m completely ignor$ 9 ! high] ?an 9 ! l[] s*ools4 ,up till )9 a few ye>s back1 a boy might h pass$ ?r\gh any "o ( ! great public s*ools ) ! greate/ di/9ction & cr$it1 & might nev] s mu* z h he>d ( "o ( ! subjects ,i h j m5tion$4 ,he might nev] h he>d t ! e>? goes r\nd ! sun2 t ,engl& und]w5t a great revolution 9 #afhh1 & ,france ano!r 9 #aghi2 t !re once liv$ c]ta9 notable m5 call$ ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,voltaire1 ,goe!1 ,s*ill]4 ,! fir/ might be a ,g]man & ! la/ an ,engli%man = any?+ he c\ld tell y to ! contr>y4 ,& z = ,sci5ce1 ! only idea ! ^w w\ld sugge/ to 8 m9d w\ld be dext]ity 9 box+4 ,i h said t ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s a few ye>s back1 = ! sake ( ! few righte\s :o are to be f\nd among ! educational cities ( ! pla94 ,b ,i w\ld n h y too sangu9e ab\t ! result1 if y s\nd ! m9ds ( ! exi/+ g5]ation ( public s*oolboys1 on su* topics z ^? ,i h m5tion$4 ,n[ let u pause to consid] ?is wond]ful /ate ( affairs2 = ! "t w come :5 ,engli%m5 w quote x z ! /ock example ( ! /olid /upidity ( _! ance/ors 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ ?or\ghly comm]cial p1 ! greate/ volunt>y w&]]s & coloni/s ! _w has ev] se51 are precisely ! middle classes ( ?is c\ntry4 ,if !re be a p :i* has be5 busy mak+ hi/ory on ! great scale = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s--& ! mo/ pr(\ndly int]e/+ hi/ory--hi/ory :i*1 if x happ5$ to be t ( ,greece or ,rome1 we %\ld /udy ) avidity--x is ! ,engli%4 ,if !re be a p :i*1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 has develop$ a rem>kable lit]ature1 x is our own4 ,if !re be a nation ^: prosp]ity dep5ds absolutely & :olly ^u _! ma/]y ov] ! =ces ( ,nature1 ^u _! intellig5t appreh5sion (1 & ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ! creation & di/ribution ( weal?1 & ( ! /able equilibrium ( ! =ces ( society1 x is precisely ?is nation4 ,& yet ?is is :at ^! wond]ful p tell _! sons3--,at ! co/ ( f "o to two ?\s& p\nds ( our h>d-e>n$ money1 we devote twelve ( ! mo/ preci\s ye>s ( y\r lives to s*ool4 ,!re y %all toil1 or be suppos$ to toil2 b !re y %all n le>n "o s+le ?+ ( all ^? y w mo/ want to "k directly y leave s*ool & ent] ^u ! practical bus9ess ( life4 ,y w 9 all probability g into bus9ess1 b y %all n "k :]e1 or h[1 any article ( comm]ce is produc$1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 an export or an import1 or ! mean+ ( ! ^w capital4 ,y w v likely settle 9 a colony1 b y %all n "k :e!r ,tasmania is "p ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 or vice v]s4 ,v probably y may become a manufactur]1 b y %all n be provid$ ) ! means ( und]/&+ ! work+ ( "o ( y\r own /eam-eng9es1 or ! nature ( ! raw products y employ2 &1 :5 y are ask$ to buy a pat5t1 y %all n h ! slighte/ means ( judg+ :e!r ! inv5tor is an impo/or :o is contrav5+ ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 or a man :o w make y z ri* z ,croesus4 ,y w v likely get into ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,y w h to take y\r %>e 9 mak+ laws :i* may prove a bless+ or a curse to millions ( m54 ,b y %all n he> "o ^w respect+ ! political organisation ( y\r c\ntry2 ! mean+ ( ! controv]sy betwe5 free-trad]s & protectioni/s %all nev] h be5 m5tion$ to y2 y %all n s mu* z "k t !re are su* ?+s z economical laws4 ,! m5tal p[] :i* w be ( mo/ importance 9 y\r daily life w be ! p[] ( see+ ?+s z !y are )\t reg>d to au?ority2 & ( draw+ accurate g5]al conclusions f p>ticul> facts4 ,b at s*ool & at college y %all "k ( no s\rce ( tru? b au?ority2 nor ex]cise y\r reason+ faculty ^u any?+ b d$uction f t :i* is laid d[n by au?ority4 ,y w h to we>y y\r s\l ) "w1 & _m a "t eat y\r bread 9 sorr[ & 9 bitt]ness1 & y %all n h le>n$ to take refuge 9 ! great s\rce ( pleasure )\t alloy1 ! s]5e re/+-place = worn human nature1--! _w ( art4 ,said ,i n rightly t we are a wond]ful p8 ,i am q prep>$ to all[1 t education entirely devot$ to ^! omitt$ subjects might n be a completely lib]al education4 ,b is an education :i* ignores !m all a lib]al education8 ,nay1 is x too mu* to say t ! education :i* %\ld embrace ^! subjects & no o!rs w\ld be a real education1 ?\gh an incomplete "o2 :ile an education :i* omits !m is really n an education at all1 b a m or less useful c\rse ( intellectual gymna/ics8 ,= :at does ! middle-class s*ool put 9 ! place ( all ^! ?+s :i* are left out8 ,x sub/itutes :at is usually compris$ "u ! comp5di\s title ( ! classics--t is to say1 ! languages1 ! lit]ature1 & ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & ! geography ( s mu* ( ! _w z 0 kn[n to ^! two great nations ( antiquity4 ,n[1 d n expect me to depreciate ! e>ne/ & enlight5$ pursuit ( classical le>n+4 ,i h n ! lea/ desire to speak ill ( su* occupations1 nor any sympa?y ) ^? :o run !m d[n4 ,on ! contr>y1 if my opportunities _h la9 9 t direction1 !re is no inve/igation into :i* ,i c\ld h ?r[n myself ) great] delight ?an t ( antiquity4 ,:at sci5ce c pres5t great] attractions ?an philology8 ,h[ c a lov] ( lit]>y excell5ce fail to rejoice 9 ! anci5t ma/]pieces8 ,& ) :at consi/5cy c\ld ,i1 ^: bus9ess lies s mu* 9 ! attempt to deciph] ! pa/1 & to build up intelligible =ms out ( ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( long-ext9ct be+s1 fail to take a sympa!tic1 ?\gh an unle>n$1 int]e/ 9 ! lab\rs ( a ,niebuhr1 a ,gibbon1 or a ,grote8 ,classical hi/ory is a great section ( ! palaeontology ( man2 & ,i h ! same d\ble respect = x z = o!r k9ds ( palaeontology--t is to say1 a respect = ! facts :i* x e/abli%es z = all facts1 & a /ill great] respect = x z a prep>ation = ! discov]y ( a law ( progress4 ,b if ! classics 7 taught z !y might be taught--if boys & girls 7 in/ruct$ 9 ,greek & ,lat91 n m]ely z languages1 b z illu/rations ( philological sci5ce2 if a vivid picture ( life on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean two ?\s& ye>s ago 7 impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( s*ol>s2 if anci5t hi/ory 7 taught1 n z a we>y s]ies ( feuds & fights1 b trac$ to its causes 9 su* m5 plac$ "u su* conditions2 if1 la/ly1 ! /udy ( ! classical books 7 foll[$ 9 su* a mann] z to impress boys ) _! beauties1 & ) ! gr& simplicity ( _! /atem5t ( ! ev]la/+ problems ( human life1 in/ead ( ) _! v]bal & grammatical peculi>ities2 ,i /ill ?9k x z little prop] t !y %\ld =m ! basis ( a lib]al education = our contempor>ies1 z ,i %\ld ?9k x fitt+ to make t sort ( palaeontology ) :i* ,i am famili> ! back-bone ( mod]n education4 ,x is wond]ful h[ close a p>allel to classical tra9+ c\ld be made out ( t palaeontology to :i* ,i ref]4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i c\ld get up an o/eological prim] s arid1 s p$antic 9 its t]m9ology1 s altoge!r di/a/eful to ! y\?ful m9d1 z to beat ! rec5t fam\s production ( ! head-ma/]s out ( ! field 9 all ^! excell5ces4 ,next1 ,i c\ld ex]cise my boys ^u easy fossils1 & br+ out all _! p[]s ( memory & all _! +5uity 9 ! application ( my o/eo-grammatical rules to ! int]pretation1 or con/ru+1 ( ^? fragm5ts4 ,to ^? :o _h rea*$ ! high] classes1 ,i might supply odd bones to be built up into animals1 giv+ great hon\r & rew>d to him :o succe$$ 9 fabricat+ mon/]s mo/ entirely 9 accordance ) ! rules4 ,t w\ld answ] to v]se-mak+ & essay-writ+ 9 ! dead languages4 ,to be sure1 if a great comp>ative anatomi/ 7 to look at ^! fabrications he might %ake 8 head1 or laugh4 ,b :at !n8 ,w\ld su* a cata/rophe de/roy ! p>allel8 ,:at1 ?9k y1 w\ld ,cic]o1 or ,horace1 say to ! production ( ! be/ six? =m go+8 ,& w\ld n ,t]5ce /op 8 e>s & run out if he c\ld be pres5t at an ,engli% p]=mance ( 8 own plays8 ,w\ld ,hamlet1 9 ! m\?s ( a set ( ,fr5* actors1 :o %\ld insi/ on pron\nc+ ,engli% aft] ! fa%ion ( _! own tongue1 be m hide\sly ridicul\s8 ,b x w be said t ,i am =gett+ ! beauty1 & ! human int]e/1 :i* app]ta9 to classical /udies4 ,to ?is ,i reply t x is only a v /rong man :o c appreciate ! *>ms ( a l&scape z he is toil+ up a /eep hill1 along a bad road4 ,:at ) %ort-w9d$ness1 /ones1 ruts1 & a p]vad+ s5se ( ! wisdom ( re/ & be ?ankful1 mo/ ( u h little en\gh s5se ( ! beautiful "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! ord9>y s*oolboy is precisely 9 ?is case4 ,he f9ds ,p>nassus uncommonly /eep1 & !re is no *ance ( 8 hav+ mu* "t or incl9ation to look ab\t him till he gets to ! top4 ,& n9e times out ( t5 he does n get to ! top4 ,b if ?is be a fair picture ( ! results ( classical tea*+ at its be/--& ,i ga!r f ^? :o h au?ority to speak on su* matt]s t x is s--:at is to be said ( classical tea*+ at its wor/1 or 9 o!r words1 ( ! classics ( our ord9>y middle-class s*ools8 #a ,i w tell y4 ,x means gett+ up endless =ms & rules by he>t4 ,x means turn+ ,lat9 & ,greek into ,engli%1 = ! m]e sake ( be+ able to d x1 & )\t ! smalle/ reg>d to ! wor?1 or wor?lessness1 ( ! au?or read4 ,x means ! le>n+ ( innum]able1 n always dec5t1 fables 9 su* a %ape t ! mean+ !y once _h is dri$ up into utt] tra%2 & ! only impression left ^u a boy's m9d is1 t ! p :o believ$ su* ?+s mu/ h be5 ! greate/ idiots ! _w ev] saw4 ,& x means1 f9ally1 t aft] a doz5 ye>s sp5t at ?is k9d ( "w1 ! suff]] %all be incompet5t to int]pret a passage 9 an au?or he has n already got up2 t he %all loa! ! sight ( a ,greek or ,lat9 book2 & t he %all nev] op51 or ?9k (1 a classical writ] aga91 until1 wond]ful to relate1 he insi/s ^u submitt+ 8 sons to ! same process4 ,^! be y\r gods1 ,o ,israel6 ,= ! sake ( ?is net result 7& respectability7 ! ,briti% fa!r d5ies 8 *ildr5 all ! k !y might turn to acc\nt 9 life1 n m]ely = ! a*ievem5t ( vulg> success1 b = guidance 9 ! great crises ( human exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! /one he (f]s to ^? :om he is b\nd by ! /ronge/ & t5d]e/ ties to fe$ ) bread4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if prim>y & second>y education are 9 ?is unsatisfactory /ate1 :at is to be said to ! univ]sities8 ,?is is an awful subject1 & "o ,i almo/ fe> to t\* ) my unhall[$ h&s2 b ,i c tell y :at ^? say :o h au?ority to speak4 ,! ,rector ( ,l9coln ,college1 9 8 lately publi%$ valuable ,sugge/ions = ,academical ,organisation ) especial ref]5ce to ,ox=d1 tells u 7p4 #abg73-- ,! colleges 71 9 _! orig91 end[m5ts1 n = ! elem5ts ( a g5]al lib]al education1 b = ! prolong$ /udy ( special & pr(essional faculties by m5 ( rip] age4 ,! univ]sities embrac$ bo? ^! objects4 ,! colleges1 :ile !y incid5tally aid$ 9 elem5t>y education1 7 specially devot$ to ! highe/ le>n+4444 ,?is 0 ! !ory ( ! middle-age univ]sity & ! design ( collegiate f\ndations 9 _! orig94 ,"t & circum/ances h br\ght ab\t a total *ange4 ,! colleges no long] promote ! rese>*es ( sci5ce1 or direct pr(essional /udy4 ,"h & !re college walls may %elt] an occasional /ud5t1 b n 9 l>g] proportions ?an may be f\nd 9 private life4 ,elem5t>y tea*+ ( y\?s "u tw5ty is n[ ! only function p]=m$ by ! univ]sity1 & almo/ ! only object ( college end[m5ts4 ,colleges 7 homes = ! life-/udy ( ! highe/ & mo/ ab/ruse p>ts ( k4 ,!y h become bo>d+ s*ools 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( ! le>n$ languages are taught to y\?s4 ,if ,mr4 ,pattison's high position1 & 8 obvi\s love & respect = 8 univ]sity1 be insuffici5t to conv9ce ! outside _w t language s sev]e is yet no m ?an j1 ! au?ority ( ! ,commission]s :o report$ on ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 9 #ahej is op5 to no *all5ge4 ,yet !y write3-- ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t bo? ,ox=d & ! c\ntry at l>ge suff] greatly f ! abs5ce ( a body ( le>n$ m5 devot+ _! lives to ! cultivation ( sci5ce1 & to ! direction ( academical education4 ,! fact t s few books ( pr(\nd rese>* emanate f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 mat]ially impairs its "* z a seat ( le>n+1 & consequ5tly its hold on ! respect ( ! nation4 ,cambridge c claim no exemption f ! reproa*es address$ to ,ox=d4 ,& ?us !re seems no escape f ! admission t :at we fondly call our great seats ( le>n+ are simply bo>d+ s*ools = bigg] boys2 t le>n$ m5 are n m num]\s 9 !m ?an out ( !m2 t ! advancem5t ( k is n ! object ( fell[s ( colleges2 t1 9 ! philosophic calm & m$itative /illness ( _! gre5sw>d$ c\rts1 philosophy does n ?rive1 & m$itation be>s few fruits4 ,x is my great good =tune to reckon among/ my fri5ds resid5t memb]s ( bo? univ]sities1 :o are m5 ( le>n+ & rese>*1 zeal\s cultivators ( sci5ce1 keep+ be=e _! m9ds a noble ideal ( a univ]sity1 & do+ _! be/ to make t ideal a reality2 &1 to me1 !y w\ld necess>ily typify ! univ]sities1 did n ! au?oritative /atem5ts ,i h quot$ compel me to believe t !y are exceptional1 & n repres5tative m54 ,inde$1 ^u calm consid]ation1 sev]al circum/ances lead me to ?9k t ! ,rector ( ,l9coln ,college & ! ,commission]s _c be f> wrong4 ,i believe !re c be no d\bt t ! =eign] :o %\ld wi% to become acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific1 or ! lit]>y1 activity ( mod]n ,engl&1 w\ld simply lose 8 "t & 8 pa9s if he visit$ our univ]sities ) t object4 ,&1 z = works ( pr(\nd rese>* on any subject1 &1 above all1 9 t classical lore = :i* ! univ]sities pr(ess to sacrifice almo/ ev]y?+ else1 :y1 a ?ird-rate1 pov]ty-/rick5 ,g]man univ]sity turns out m produce ( t k9d 9 "o ye>1 ?an our va/ & weal?y f\ndations elaborate 9 t54 ,ask ! man :o is inve/igat+ any "q1 pr(\ndly & ?or\ghly--be x hi/orical1 philosophical1 philological1 physical1 lit]>y1 or !ological2 :o is try+ to make himself ma/] ( any ab/ract subject 7except1 p]haps1 political economy & geology1 bo? ( :i* are int5sely ,anglican sci5ces71 :e!r he is n compell$ to read half a doz5 times z _m ,g]man z ,engli% books8 ,& :e!r1 ( ^! ,engli% books1 m ?an "o 9 t5 is ! "w ( a fell[ ( a college1 or a pr(essor ( an ,engli% univ]sity8 ,is ?is f any lack ( p[] 9 ! ,engli% z comp>$ ) ! ,g]man m9d8 ,! c\ntrym5 ( ,grote & ( ,mill1 ( ,f>aday1 ( ,rob]t ,br[n1 ( ,lyell1 & ( ,d>w91 to g no fur!r back ?an ! contempor>ies ( m5 ( middle age1 c af=d to smile at su* a sugge/ion4 ,engl& c %[ n[1 z %e has be5 able to %[ 9 e g5]ation s9ce civilisation spread ov] ! ,we/1 individual m5 :o hold _! own aga9/ ! _w1 & keep alive ! old tradition ( h] intellectual em95ce4 ,b1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ^! m5 are :at !y are 9 virtue ( _! native intellectual =ce1 & ( a /r5g? ( "* :i* w n recognise imp$im5ts4 ,!y are n tra9$ 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,temple ( ,sci5ce1 b /orm ! walls ( t edifice 9 all sorts ( irregul> ways1 & ) mu* loss ( "t & p[]1 9 ord] to obta9 _! legitimate positions4 ,our univ]sities n only d n enc\rage su* m52 d n (f] !m positions1 9 :i* x %\ld be _! highe/ duty to d1 ?or\ghly1 t :i* !y are mo/ capable ( do+2 b1 z f> z possible1 univ]sity tra9+ %uts out ( ! m9ds ( ^? among !m1 :o are subject$ to x1 ! prospect t !re is any?+ 9 ! _w = :i* !y are specially fitt$4 ,imag9e ! success ( ! attempt to /ill ! intellectual hung] ( any ( ! m5 ,i h m5tion$1 by putt+ be=e him1 z ! object ( exi/5ce1 ! successful mimicry ( ! measure ( a ,greek song1 or ! roll ( ,cic]onian prose6 ,imag9e h[ mu* success w\ld be likely to att5d ! attempt to p]suade su* m5 t ! education :i* leads to p]fection 9 su* elegances is alone to be call$ culture2 :ile ! facts ( hi/ory1 ! process ( ?\ght1 ! conditions ( moral & social exi/5ce1 & ! laws ( physical nature are left to be dealt ) z !y may by outside b>b>ians6 ,x is n ?us t ! ,g]man univ]sities1 f be+ b5ea? notice a c5tury ago1 h become :at !y are n[--! mo/ int5sely cultivat$ & ! mo/ productive intellectual corporations ! _w has ev] se54 ,! /ud5t :o repairs to !m sees 9 ! li/ ( classes & ( pr(essors a fair picture ( ! _w ( k4 ,:atev] he ne$s to "k !re is "s "o ready to tea* him1 "s "o compet5t to discipl9e him 9 ! way ( le>n+2 :atev] 8 special b5t1 let him b be able & dilig5t1 & 9 due "t he %all f9d di/9ction & a c>e]4 ,among 8 pr(essors1 he sees m5 ^: names are kn[n & rev]$ ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w2 & _! liv+ example infects him ) a noble ambition1 & a love = ! _s ( "w4 ,! ,g]mans dom9ate ! intellectual _w by virtue ( ! same simple secret z t :i* made ,napoleon ! ma/] ( old ,europe4 ,!y h decl>$ la c>rire ouv]te aux tal5ts1 & e ,burs* m>*es ) a pr(essor's g[n 9 8 knapsack4 ,let him become a great s*ol>1 or man ( sci5ce1 & m9i/]s w compete = 8 s]vices4 ,9 ,g]many1 !y d n leave ! *ance ( 8 hold+ ! (fice he w\ld r5d] illu/ri\s to ! t5d] m]cies ( a hot canvass1 & ! f9al wisdom ( a mob ( c\ntry p>sons4 ,9 %ort1 9 ,g]many1 ! univ]sities are exactly :at ! ,rector ( ,l9coln & ! ,commission]s tell u ! ,engli% univ]sities are n2 t is to say1 corporations ( le>n$ m5 devot+ _! lives to ! cultivation ( sci5ce1 & ! direction ( academical education4 ,!y are n bo>d+ s*ools = y\?s1 nor cl]ical sem9>ies2 b in/itutions = ! high] culture ( m51 9 :i* ! !ological faculty is ( no m importance1 or prom95ce1 ?an ! re/2 & :i* are truly univ]sities1 s9ce !y /rive to repres5t & embody ! totality ( human k1 & to f9d room = all =ms ( intellectual activity4 ,may zeal\s & cle>-head$ re=m]s l ,mr4 ,pattison succe$ 9 _! noble endeav\rs to %ape our univ]sities t[>ds "s su* ideal z ?is1 )\t los+ :at is valuable & di/9ctive 9 _! social tone6 ,b until !y h succe$$1 a lib]al education w be no m obta9able 9 our ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,univ]sities ?an 9 our public s*ools4 ,if ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 my conception ( ! ideal ( a lib]al education2 & if :at ,i h said ab\t ! exi/+ educational in/itutions ( ! c\ntry is also true1 x is cle> t ! two h no sort ( relation to "o ano!r2 t ! be/ ( our s*ools & ! mo/ complete ( our univ]sity tra9+s give b a n>r[1 "o-sid$1 & ess5tially illib]al education--:ile ! wor/ give :at is really next to no education at all4 ,! ,s\? ,london ,work+-,m5's ,college c\ld n copy any ( ^! in/itutions if x w\ld2 ,i am bold en\gh to express ! conviction t x ought n if x c\ld4 ,= :at is want$ is ! reality & n ! m]e "n ( a lib]al education2 & ?is ,college mu/ /eadily set be=e itself ! ambition to be able to give t education soon] or lat]4 ,at pres5t we are b beg9n+1 %>p5+ our educational tools1 z x 71 &1 except a modicum ( physical sci5ce1 we are n able to (f] mu* m ?an is to be f\nd 9 an ord9>y s*ool4 ,moral & social sci5ce--"o ( ! greate/ & mo/ fruitful ( our future classes1 ,i hope--at pres5t lacks only "o ?+ 9 our programme1 & t is a tea*]4 ,a consid]able want1 no d\bt2 b x mu/ be recollect$ t x is mu* bett] to want a tea*] ?an to want ! desire to le>n4 ,fur!r1 we ne$ :at1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ,i mu/ call ,physical ,geography4 ,:at ,i mean is t :i* ! ,g]mans call ,erdkunde4 ,x is a description ( ! e>?1 ( its place & relation to o!r bodies2 ( its g5]al /ructure1 & ( its great features--w9ds1 tides1 m\nta9s1 pla9s3 ( ! *ief =ms ( ! vegetable & animal worlds1 ( ! v>ieties ( man4 ,x is ! peg ^u :i* ! greate/ quantity ( useful & ent]ta9+ sci5tific in=mation c be susp5d$4 ,lit]ature is n ^u ! ,college programme2 b ,i hope "s day to see x !re4 ,= lit]ature is ! greate/ ( all s\rces ( ref9$ pleasure1 & "o ( ! great uses ( a lib]al education is to enable u to enjoy t pleasure4 ,!re is scope en\gh = ! purposes ( lib]al education 9 ! /udy ( ! ri* treasures ( our own language alone4 ,all t is ne$$ is direction1 & ! cultivation ( a ref9$ ta/e by att5tion to s\nd criticism4 ,b !re is no reason :y ,fr5* & ,g]man %\ld n be ma/]$ suffici5tly to read :at is wor? read+ 9 ^? languages ) pleasure & ) pr(it4 ,& f9ally1 by & by1 we mu/ h ,hi/ory2 treat$ n z a succession ( battles & dyna/ies2 n z a s]ies ( biographies2 n z evid5ce t ,provid5ce has always be5 on ! side ( ei!r ,:igs or ,tories2 b z ! developm5t ( man 9 times pa/1 & 9 o!r conditions ?an our own4 ,b1 z x is "o ( ! pr9ciples ( our ,college to be self-support+1 ! public mu/ lead1 & we mu/ foll[1 9 ^! matt]s4 ,if my he>]s take to he>t :at ,i h said ab\t lib]al education1 !y w desire ^! ?+s1 & ,i d\bt n we %all be able to supply !m4 ,b we mu/ wait till ! dem& is made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,= a ju/ification ( :at is "h said ab\t ^! s*ools1 see t valuable book1 ,essays on a ,lib]al ,education1 passim4 ,v ,,sci5tific ,,education3 ,,notes ,,( ,,an ,,aft]-,,d9n] ,,spee* #ahfi ,mr4 ,?ack]ay1 talk+ ( aft]-d9n] spee*es1 has lam5t$ t "o nev] c recollect ! f9e ?+s "o ?\ght ( 9 ! cab1 9 go+ to ! place ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,i am n aw>e t !re are any f9e ?+s 9 ! foll[+ pages1 b su* z !re are /& to a spee* :i* really did get itself spok51 at ! hospitable table ( ! ,liv]pool ,philoma?ic ,society1 m or less 9 ! position ( :at "o ?\ght ( 9 ! cab4 ,! introduction ( sci5tific tra9+ into ! g5]al education ( ! c\ntry is a topic ^u :i* ,i c\ld n h spok51 )\t "s m or less apologetic introduction1 a few ye>s ago4 ,b ^u ?is1 z ^u o!r matt]s1 public op9ion has ( late und]gone a rapid modification4 ,committees ( bo? ,h\ses ( ! ,legislature h agre$ t some?+ mu/ be done 9 ?is direction1 & h ev5 ?r[n out timid & falt]+ sugge/ions z to :at %\ld be done2 :ile at ! opposite pole ( society1 committees ( work+ m5 h express$ _! conviction t sci5tific tra9+ is ! "o ?+ ne$ful = _! advancem5t1 :e!r z m51 or z workm54 ,only ! o!r day1 x 0 my duty to take "p 9 ! reception ( a deputation ( ,london work+ m51 :o desir$ to le>n f ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ! ,director ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 :e!r ! organisation ( ! ,in/itution 9 ,j]myn ,/reet c\ld be made available = ! supply ( t sci5tific in/ruction ! ne$ ( :i* c\ld n h be5 appreh5d$1 or /at$1 m cle>ly ?an x 0 by !m4 ,! heads ( colleges 9 our great univ]sities 7:o h n ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ mobile ( p]sons7 h1 9 sev]al cases1 ?\ght x well t1 out ( ! great numb] ( hon\rs & rew>ds at _! disposal1 a few %\ld h]eaft] be giv5 to ! cultivators ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,nay1 ,i he> t "s colleges h ev5 gone s f> z to appo9t "o1 or1 maybe1 two special tutors = ! purpose ( putt+ ! facts & pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce be=e ! und]graduate m9d4 ,& ,i say x ) gratitude & great respect = ^? em95t p]sons1 t ! head ma/]s ( our public s*ools1 ,eton1 ,h>r[1 ,w9*e/]1 h address$ !mselves to ! problem ( introduc+ in/ruction 9 physical sci5ce among ! /udies ( ^? great educational bodies1 ) mu* hone/y ( purpose & enlight5m5t ( und]/&+2 & ,i live 9 hope t1 be=e long1 important *anges 9 ?is direction w be c>ri$ into effect 9 ^? /rongholds ( anci5t prescription4 ,9 fact1 su* *anges h already be5 made1 & physical sci5ce1 ev5 n[1 con/itutes a recognis$ elem5t ( ! s*ool curriculum 9 ,h>r[ & ,rugby1 :il/ ,i und]/& t ample prep>ations = su* /udies are be+ made at ,eton & else:]e4 ,look+ at ^! facts1 ,i might p]haps sp>e myself ! tr\ble ( giv+ any reasons = ! introduction ( physical sci5ce into elem5t>y education2 yet ,i _c b ?9k t x may be well if ,i place be=e y "s consid]ations :i*1 p]haps1 h h>dly receiv$ full att5tion4 ,at o!r times1 & 9 o!r places1 ,i h endeav\r$ to /ate ! high] & m ab/ract argum5ts1 by :i* ! /udy ( physical sci5ce may be %[n to be indisp5sable to ! complete tra9+ ( ! human m9d2 b ,i d n wi% x to be suppos$ t1 because ,i happ5 to be devot$ to m or less ab/ract & unpractical pursuits1 ,i am ins5sible to ! weight :i* ought to be atta*$ to t :i* has be5 said to be ! ,engli% conception ( ,p>adise--namely1 gett+ on4 ,i look ^u x1 t gett+ on is a v important matt] inde$4 ,i d n mean m]ely = ! sake ( ! co>se & tangible results ( success1 b because humanity is s con/itut$ t a va/ numb] ( u w\ld nev] be impell$ to ^? /ret*es ( ex]tion :i* make1 u wis] & m capable m51 if x 7 n = ! absolute necessity ( putt+ on our faculties all ! /ra9 !y w be>1 = ! purpose ( gett+ on 9 ! mo/ practical s5se4 ,n[ ! value ( a k ( physical sci5ce z a means ( gett+ on is indubitable4 ,!re are h>dly any ( our trades1 except ! m]ely huck/]+ ones1 9 :i* "s k ( sci5ce may n be directly pr(itable to ! pursu] ( t occupation4 ,z indu/ry atta9s high] /ages ( its developm5t1 z its processes become m complicat$ & ref9$1 & competition m ke51 ! sci5ces are dragg$ 91 "o by "o1 to take _! %>e 9 ! fray2 & he :o c be/ avail himself ( _! help is ! man :o w come out upp]mo/ 9 t /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* goes on z fi]cely b5ea? ! smoo? surface ( mod]n society1 z among ! wild inhabitants ( ! woods4 ,b 9 addition to ! be>+ ( sci5ce on ord9>y practical life1 let me direct y\r att5tion to its imm5se influ5ce on sev]al ( ! pr(essions4 ,i ask any "o :o has adopt$ ! call+ ( an eng9e]1 h[ mu* "t he lo/ :5 he left s*ool1 because he _h to devote himself to pursuits :i* 7 absolutely novel & /range1 & ( :i* he _h n obta9$ ! remote/ conception f 8 in/ructors8 ,he _h to famili>ise himself ) ideas ( ! c\rse & p[]s ( ,nature1 to :i* 8 att5tion _h nev] be5 direct$ dur+ 8 s*ool-life1 & to le>n1 = ! fir/ "t1 t a _w ( facts lies outside & beyond ! _w ( words4 ,i appeal to ^? :o "k :at eng9e]+ is1 to say h[ f> ,i am "r 9 respect to t pr(ession2 b ) reg>d to ano!r1 ( no less importance1 ,i %all v5ture to speak ( my own k4 ,!re is no "o ( u :o may n at any mom5t be ?r[n1 b\nd h& & foot by physical incapacity1 into ! h&s ( a m$ical practition]4 ,! *ances ( life & dea? = all & ea* ( u may1 at any mom5t1 dep5d on ! skill ) :i* t practition] is able to make out :at is wrong 9 our bodily frames1 & on 8 ability to apply ! prop] rem$y to ! defect4 ,! necessities ( mod]n life are su*1 & ! class f :i* ! m$ical pr(ession is *iefly recruit$ is s situat$1 t few m$ical m5 c hope to sp5d m ?an ?ree or f\r1 or x may be five1 ye>s 9 ! pursuit ( ^? /udies :i* are imm$iately g]mane to physic4 ,h[ is t all too brief p]iod sp5t at pres5t8 ,i speak z an old exam9]1 hav+ s]v$ "s elev5 or twelve ye>s 9 t capacity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 & !re=e hav+ a practical acqua9tance ) ! subject2 b ,i might =tify myself by ! au?ority ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,mr4 ,qua91 :om ,i he>d ! o!r day 9 an admirable address 7! ,hunt]ian ,oration7 deal fully & wisely ) ?is v topic4 #a ,a "y man comm5c+ ! /udy ( m$ic9e is at once requir$ to endeav\r to make an acqua9tance ) a numb] ( sci5ces1 su* z ,physics1 z ,*emi/ry1 z ,botany1 z ,physiology1 :i* are absolutely & entirely /range to him1 h[ev] excell5t 8 s-call$ education at s*ool may h be54 ,n only is he devoid ( all appreh5sion ( sci5tific conceptions1 n only does he fail to atta* any mean+ to ! words matt]1 =ce1 or law 9 _! sci5tific s5ses1 b1 worse /ill1 he has no notion ( :at x is to come into contact ) ,nature1 or to lay 8 m9d alongside ( a physical fact1 & try to conqu] x1 9 ! way our great naval h]o told 8 capta9s to ma/] _! enemies4 ,8 :ole m9d has be5 giv5 to books1 & ,i am h>dly exagg]at+ if ,i say t !y are m real to him ?an ,nature4 ,he imag9es t all k c be got out ( books1 & re/s ^u ! au?ority ( "s ma/] or o!r2 nor does he ent]ta9 any misgiv+ t ! me?od ( le>n+ :i* l$ to pr(ici5cy 9 ! rules ( gramm> w suffice to lead him to a ma/]y ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,! y\ng/]1 ?us unprep>$ = s]i\s /udy1 is turn$ loose among 8 m$ical /udies1 ) ! result1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 t ! fir/ ye> ( 8 curriculum is sp5t 9 le>n+ h[ to le>n4 ,inde$1 he is lucky if1 at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 by ! ex]tions ( 8 tea*]s & 8 own indu/ry1 he has acquir$ ev5 t art ( arts4 ,aft] :i* !re rema9 n m ?an ?ree1 or p]haps f\r1 ye>s = ! pr(itable /udy ( su* va/ sci5ces z ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 ,!rapeutics1 ,m$ic9e1 ,surg]y1 ,ob/etrics1 & ! l1 ^u 8 k or ignorance ( :i* x dep5ds :e!r ! practition] %all dim9i%1 or increase1 ! bills ( mortality4 ,n[ :at is x b ! prepo/]\s condition ( ord9>y s*ool education :i* prev5ts a "y man ( sev5te51 de/9$ = ! practice ( m$ic9e1 f be+ fully prep>$ = ! /udy ( ,nature2 & f com+ to ! m$ical s*ool1 equipp$ ) t prelim9>y k ( ! pr9ciples ( ,physics1 ( ,*emi/ry & ( ,biology1 ^u :i* he has n[ to wa/e "o ( ! preci\s ye>s1 e mom5t ( :i* ought to be giv5 to ^? /udies :i* be> directly ^u ! k ( 8 pr(ession8 ,!re is ano!r pr(ession1 to ! memb]s ( :i*1 ,i ?9k1 a c]ta9 prelim9>y k ( physical sci5ce might be q z valuable z to ! m$ical man4 ,! practition] ( m$ic9e sets be=e himself ! noble object ( tak+ c>e ( man's bodily welf>e2 b ! memb]s ( ?is o!r pr(ession und]take to m9i/] to m9ds diseas$1 &1 s f> z may be1 to dim9i% s9 & s(t5 sorr[4 ,l ! m$ical pr(ession1 ! cl]ical1 ( :i* ,i n[ speak1 re/s its p[] to heal ^u its k ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se--^u c]ta9 !ories ( man's relation to t :i* lies outside him4 ,x is n my bus9ess to express any op9ion ab\t ^! !ories4 ,i m]ely wi% to po9t out t1 l all o!r !ories1 !y are pr(ess$ly bas$ ^u matt]s ( fact4 ,?us ! cl]ical pr(ession has to deal ) ! facts ( ,nature f a c]ta9 po9t ( view2 & h5ce x comes into contact ) t ( ! man ( sci5ce1 :o has to treat ! same facts f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,y "k h[ (t5 t contact is to be describ$ z collision1 or viol5t friction2 & h[ great ! heat1 h[ little ! light1 :i* commonly results f x4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( fair play1 to say no?+ ( ^? ( mank9d1 ,i ask1 ,:y d n ! cl]gy z a body acquire1 z a "p ( _! prelim9>y education1 "s su* t9cture ( physical sci5ce z w put !m 9 a position to und]/& ! difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ _! !ories1 :i* are =c$ ^u ! m9d ( e ?\ghtful & intellig5t man1 :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to in/ruct himself 9 ! elem5ts ( natural k8 ,"s "t ago ,i att5d$ a l>ge meet+ ( ! cl]gy1 = ! purpose ( deliv]+ an address :i* ,i _h be5 invit$ to give4 ,i spoke ( "s ( ! mo/ elem5t>y facts 9 physical sci5ce1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y directly contradict c]ta9 ( ! ord9>y tea*+s ( ! cl]gy4 ,! result 01 t1 aft] ,i _h f9i%$1 "o section ( ! assembl$ ecclesia/ics attack$ me ) all ! intemp]ance ( pi\s zeal1 = /at+ facts & conclusions :i* no compet5t judge d\bts2 :ile1 aft] ! fir/ speak]s _h subsid$1 amid/ ! *e]s ( ! great majority ( _! colleagues1 ! m rational m9ority rose to tell me t ,i _h tak5 :olly sup]flu\s pa9s1 t !y already knew all ab\t :at ,i _h told !m1 & p]fectly agre$ ) me4 ,a h>d-head$ fri5d ( m9e1 :o 0 pres5t1 put ! n unnatural "q1 ,!n :y don't y say s 9 y\r pulpits8 to :i* inquiry ,i he>d no reply4 ,9 fact ! cl]gy are at pres5t divisible into ?ree sections3 an imm5se body :o are ignorant & speak out2 a small proportion :o "k & are sil5t2 & a m9ute m9ority :o "k & speak accord+ to _! k4 ,by ! cl]gy1 ,i mean especially ! ,prote/ant cl]gy4 ,our great antagoni/--,i speak z a man ( sci5ce--! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! "o great spiritual organisation :i* is able to resi/1 & mu/1 z a matt] ( life & dea?1 resi/1 ! progress ( sci5ce & mod]n civilisation1 manages h] affairs mu* bett]4 ,x 0 my =tune "s "t ago to pay a visit to "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! in/itutions 9 :i* ! cl]gy ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ^! isl&s are tra9$2 & x seem$ to me t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! m5 & ! com=table *ampions ( ,anglicanism & ( ,diss5t1 0 comp>able to ! diff]5ce betwe5 our gallant ,volunte]s & ! tra9$ vet]ans ( ,napoleon's ,old ,gu>d4 ,! ,ca?olic prie/ is tra9$ to "k 8 bus9ess1 & d x effectually4 ,! pr(essors ( ! college 9 "q1 le>n$1 zeal\s1 & det]m9$ m51 p]mitt$ me to speak frankly ) !m4 ,we talk$ l outpo/s ( oppos$ armies dur+ a truce--z fri5dly enemies2 & :5 ,i v5tur$ to po9t out ! difficulties _! /ud5ts w\ld h to enc\nt] f sci5tific ?\ght1 !y repli$3 ,our ,*ur* has la/$ _m ages1 & has pass$ safely ?r\gh _m /orms4 ,! pres5t is b a new gu/ ( ! old tempe/1 & we d n turn out our "y m5 less fitt$ to wea!r x1 ?an !y h be51 9 =m] times1 to cope ) ! difficulties ( ^? times4 ,! h]esies ( ! day are expla9$ to !m by _! pr(essors ( philosophy & sci5ce1 & !y are taught h[ ^? h]esies are to be met4 ,i he>tily respect an organisation :i* faces its enemies 9 ?is way2 & ,i wi% t all ecclesia/ical organisations 7 9 z effective a condition4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be bett]1 n only = !m1 b = u4 ,! army ( lib]al ?\ght is1 at pres5t1 9 v loose ord]2 & _m a spirit$ free-?9k] makes use ( 8 fre$om ma9ly to v5t nons5se4 ,we %\ld be ! bett] = a vigor\s & wat*ful enemy to hamm] u into cohesion & discipl9e2 & ,i1 = "o1 lam5t t ! b5* ( ,bi%ops _c %[ a man ( ! calibre ( ,butl] ( ! ,analogy1 :o1 if he 7 alive1 w\ld make %ort "w ( mu* ( ! curr5t priori infidelity4 ,i hope y w consid] t ! argum5ts ,i h n[ /at$1 ev5 if !re 7 no bett] ones1 con/itute a suffici5t apology = urg+ ! introduction ( sci5ce into s*ools4 ,! next "q to :i* ,i h to address myself is1 ,:at sci5ces ought to be ?us taught8 ,& ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important ( que/ions1 because my side 7,i am afraid ,i am a t]ribly c&id fri5d7 sometimes spoils its cause by go+ 9 = too mu*4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( culture beside physical sci5ce2 & ,i %\ld be pr(\ndly sorry to see ! fact =gott51 or ev5 to obs]ve a t5d5cy to />ve1 or cripple1 lit]>y1 or ae/hetic1 culture = ! sake ( sci5ce4 ,su* a n>r[ view ( ! nature ( education has no?+ to d ) my firm conviction t a complete & ?or\gh sci5tific culture ought to be introduc$ into all s*ools4 ,by ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i d n mean t e s*oolboy %\ld be taught ev]y?+ 9 sci5ce4 ,t w\ld be a v absurd ?+ to conceive1 & a v mis*iev\s ?+ to attempt4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t no boy nor girl %\ld leave s*ool )\t possess+ a grasp ( ! g5]al "* ( sci5ce1 & )\t hav+ be5 discipl9$1 m or less1 9 ! me?ods ( all sci5ces2 s t1 :5 turn$ into ! _w to make _! own way1 !y %all be prep>$ to face sci5tific problems1 n by kn[+ at once ! conditions ( e problem1 or by be+ able at once to solve x2 b by be+ famili> ) ! g5]al curr5t ( sci5tific ?\ght1 & by be+ able to apply ! me?ods ( sci5ce 9 ! prop] way1 :5 !y h acqua9t$ !mselves ) ! conditions ( ! special problem4 ,t is :at ,i und]/& by sci5tific education4 ,to furni% a boy ) su* an education1 x is by no means necess>y t he %\ld devote 8 :ole s*ool exi/5ce to physical sci5ce3 9 fact1 no "o w\ld lam5t s "o-sid$ a proce$+ m ?an ,i4 ,nay m1 x is n necess>y = him to give up m ?an a mod]ate %>e ( 8 "t to su* /udies1 if !y be prop]ly select$ & arrang$1 & if he be tra9$ 9 !m 9 a fitt+ mann]4 ,i conceive ! prop] c\rse to be some:at z foll[s4 ,to beg9 )1 let e *ild be in/ruct$ 9 ^? g5]al views ( ! pha5om5a ( ,nature = :i* we h no exact ,engli% "n4 ,! ne>e/ approximation to a "n = :at ,i mean1 :i* we possess1 is physical geography4 ,! ,g]mans h a bett]1 ,erdkunde 7e>? k or geology 9 its etymological s5se71 t is to say1 a g5]al k ( ! e>?1 & :at is on x1 9 x1 & ab\t x4 ,if any "o :o has _h exp]i5ce ( ! ways ( "y *ildr5 w call to m9d _! que/ions1 he w f9d t s f> z !y c be put into any sci5tific category1 !y come "u ?is head ( ,erdkunde4 ,! *ild asks1 ,:at is ! moon1 & :y does x %9e8 ,:at is ?is wat]1 & :]e does x run8 ,:at is ! w9d8 ,:at makes ?is waves 9 ! sea8 ,:]e does ?is animal live1 & :at is ! use ( t plant8 ,& if n snubb$ & /unt$ by be+ told n to ask fooli% que/ions1 !re is no limit to ! intellectual crav+ ( a "y *ild2 nor any b\nds to ! sl[1 b solid1 accretion ( k & developm5t ( ! ?9k+ faculty 9 ?is way4 ,to all su* que/ions1 answ]s :i* are necess>ily incomplete1 ?\gh true z f> z !y g1 may be giv5 by any tea*] ^: ideas repres5t real k & n m]e book le>n+2 & a panoramic view ( ,nature1 accompani$ by a /rong infusion ( ! sci5tific habit ( m9d1 may ?us be plac$ )9 ! rea* ( e *ild ( n9e or t54 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y op5+ ( ! eyes to ! great spectacle ( ! daily progress ( ,nature1 z ! reason+ faculties ( ! *ild gr[1 & he becomes famili> ) ! use ( ! tools ( k--read+1 writ+1 & elem5t>y ma!matics--he %\ld pass on to :at is1 9 ! m /rict s5se1 physical sci5ce4 ,n[ !re are two k9ds ( physical sci5ce3 ! "o reg>ds =m & ! relation ( =ms to "o ano!r2 ! o!r deals ) causes & effects4 ,9 _m ( :at we t]m sci5ces1 ^! two k9ds are mix$ up toge!r2 b sy/ematic botany is a pure example ( ! =m] k9d1 & physics ( ! latt] k9d1 ( sci5ce4 ,e educational advantage :i* tra9+ 9 physical sci5ce c give is obta9able f ! prop] /udy ( ^! two2 & ,i %\ld be cont5t$1 = ! pres5t1 if !y1 add$ to our ,erdkunde1 furni%$ ! :ole ( ! sci5tific curriculum ( s*ool4 ,inde$1 ,i conceive x w\ld be "o ( ! greate/ boons :i* c\ld be conf]r$ ^u ,engl&1 if h5ce=w>d e *ild 9 ! c\ntry 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! g5]al k ( ! ?+s ab\t x1 9 ! elem5ts ( physics1 & ( botany4 ,b ,i %\ld be /ill bett] pleas$ if !re c\ld be add$ some:at ( *emi/ry1 & an elem5t>y acqua9tance ) human physiology4 ,s f> z s*ool education is conc]n$1 ,i want to g no fur!r j n[2 & ,i believe t su* in/ruction w\ld make an excell5t introduction to t prep>atory sci5tific tra9+ :i*1 z ,i h indicat$1 is s ess5tial = ! successful pursuit ( our mo/ important pr(essions4 ,b ?is modicum ( in/ruction mu/ be s giv5 z to ensure real k & practical discipl9e4 ,if sci5tific education is to be dealt ) z m]e bookwork1 x w be bett] n to attempt x1 b to /ick to ! ,lat9 ,gramm> :i* makes no pret5ce to be any?+ b bookwork4 ,if ! great b5efits ( sci5tific tra9+ are s\ght1 x is ess5tial t su* tra9+ %\ld be real3 t is to say1 t ! m9d ( ! s*ol> %\ld be br\ght into direct relation ) fact1 t he %\ld n m]ely be told a ?+1 b made to see by ! use ( 8 own intellect & ability t ! ?+ is s & no o!rwise4 ,! great peculi>ity ( sci5tific tra9+1 t 9 virtue ( :i* x _c be replac$ by any o!r discipl9e :atsoev]1 is ?is br++ ( ! m9d directly into contact ) fact1 & practis+ ! intellect 9 ! complete/ =m ( induction2 t is to say1 9 draw+ conclusions f p>ticul> facts made kn[n by imm$iate obs]vation ( ,nature4 ,! o!r /udies :i* ent] into ord9>y education d n discipl9e ! m9d 9 ?is way4 ,ma!matical tra9+ is almo/ purely d$uctive4 ,! ma!matician />ts ) a few simple propositions1 ! pro( ( :i* is s obvi\s t !y are call$ self-evid5t1 & ! re/ ( 8 "w consi/s ( subtle d$uctions f !m4 ,! tea*+ ( languages1 at any rate z ord9>ily practis$1 is ( ! same g5]al nature1--au?ority & tradition furni% ! data1 & ! m5tal op]ations ( ! s*ol> are d$uctive4 ,aga93 if hi/ory be ! subject ( /udy1 ! facts are /ill tak5 ^u ! evid5ce ( tradition & au?ority4 ,y _c make a boy see ! battle ( ,!rmopylae = himself1 or "k1 ( 8 own k1 t ,cromwell once rul$ ,engl&4 ,!re is no gett+ into direct contact ) natural fact by ?is road2 !re is no disp5s+ ) au?ority1 b r a re/+ ^u x4 ,9 all ^! respects1 sci5ce diff]s f o!r educational discipl9e1 & prep>es ! s*ol> = common life4 ,:at h we to d 9 e-day life8 ,mo/ ( ! bus9ess :i* dem&s our att5tion is matt] ( fact1 :i* ne$s1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be accurately obs]v$ or appreh5d$2 9 ! second1 to be int]pret$ by inductive & d$uctive reason+s1 :i* are altoge!r simil> 9 _! nature to ^? employ$ 9 sci5ce4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 :atev] is tak5 = grant$ is s tak5 at "o's own p]il2 fact & reason are ! ultimate arbit]s1 & pati5ce & hone/y are ! great help]s out ( difficulty4 ,b if sci5tific tra9+ is to yield its mo/ em95t results1 x mu/1 ,i repeat1 be made practical4 ,t is to say1 9 expla9+ to a *ild ! g5]al pha5om5a ( ,nature1 y mu/1 z f> z possible1 give reality to y\r tea*+ by object-lessons2 9 tea*+ him botany1 he mu/ h&le ! plants & dissect ! fl[]s = himself2 9 tea*+ him physics & *emi/ry1 y mu/ n be solicit\s to fill him ) in=mation1 b y mu/ be c>eful t :at he le>ns he kn[s ( 8 own k4 ,don't be satisfi$ ) tell+ him t a magnet attracts iron4 ,let him see t x does2 let him feel ! pull ( ! "o ^u ! o!r = himself4 ,&1 especially1 tell him t x is 8 duty to d\bt until he is compell$1 by ! absolute au?ority ( ,nature1 to believe t :i* is writt5 9 books4 ,pursue ?is discipl9e c>efully & consci5ti\sly1 & y may make sure t1 h[ev] scanty may be ! measure ( in=mation :i* y h p\r$ into ! boy's m9d1 y h creat$ an intellectual habit ( priceless value 9 practical life4 ,"o is con/antly ask$1 ,:5 %\ld ?is sci5tific education be comm5c$8 ,i %\ld say ) ! dawn ( intellig5ce4 ,z ,i h already said1 a *ild seeks = in=mation ab\t matt]s ( physical sci5ce z soon z x beg9s to talk4 ,! fir/ tea*+ x wants is an object-lesson ( "o sort or ano!r2 & z soon z x is fit = sy/ematic in/ruction ( any k9d1 x is fit = a modicum ( sci5ce4 ,p talk ( ! difficulty ( tea*+ "y *ildr5 su* matt]s1 & 9 ! same brea? insi/ ^u _! le>n+ _! ,cate*ism1 :i* conta9s propositions f> h>d] to compreh5d ?an any?+ 9 ! educational c\rse ,i h propos$4 ,aga93 ,i am incessantly told t we1 :o advocate ! introduction ( sci5ce 9 s*ools1 make no all[ance = ! /upidity ( ! av]age boy or girl2 b1 9 my belief1 t /upidity1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 fit1 non nascitur1 & is develop$ by a long process ( p>5tal & p$agogic repression ( ! natural intellectual appetites1 accompani$ by a p]si/5t attempt to create artificial ones = food :i* is n only ta/eless1 b ess5tially indige/ible4 ,^? :o urge ! difficulty ( in/ruct+ "y p 9 sci5ce are apt to =get ano!r v important condition ( success--important 9 all k9ds ( tea*+1 b mo/ ess5tial1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 :5 ! s*ol>s are v "y4 ,?is condition is1 t ! tea*] %\ld himself really & practically "k 8 subject4 ,if he does1 he w be able to speak ( x 9 ! easy language1 & ) ! complet5ess ( conviction1 ) :i* he talks ( any ord9>y e-day matt]4 ,if he does n1 he w be afraid to w&] beyond ! limits ( ! te*nical phraseology :i* he has got up2 & a dead dogmatism1 :i* oppresses1 or raises opposition1 w take ! place ( ! lively confid5ce1 born ( p]sonal conviction1 :i* *e]s & enc\rages ! em95tly sympa!tic m9d ( *ildhood4 ,i h already h9t$ t su* sci5tific tra9+ z we seek = may be giv5 )\t mak+ any extravagant claim ^u ! "t n[ devot$ to education4 ,we ask only = a mo/ fav\r$ nation clause 9 our treaty ) ! s*oolma/]2 we dem& no m ?an t sci5ce %all h z mu* "t giv5 to x z any o!r s+le subject--say f\r h\rs a week 9 ea* class ( an ord9>y s*ool4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i ?9k m5 ( sci5ce w\ld be well cont5t ) su* an arrangem5t z ?is3 b speak+ = myself1 ,i d n pret5d to believe t su* an arrangem5t c be1 or w be1 p]man5t4 ,9 ^! times ! educational tree seems to me to h its roots 9 ! air1 its leaves & fl[]s 9 ! gr\nd2 &1 ,i confess1 ,i %\ld v mu* l to turn x upside d[n1 s t its roots might be solidly emb$d$ among ! facts ( ,nature1 & draw !nce a s\nd nutrim5t = ! foliage & fruit ( lit]ature & ( art4 ,no educational sy/em c h a claim to p]man5ce1 unless x recognises ! tru? t education has two great ends to :i* ev]y?+ else mu/ be subord9at$4 ,! "o ( ^! is to increase k2 ! o!r is to develop ! love ( "r & ! hatr$ ( wrong4 ,) wisdom & uprightness a nation c make its way wor?ily1 & beauty w foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! two1 ev5 if %e be n specially invit$2 :ile !re is p]haps no sight 9 ! :ole _w m sadd5+ & revolt+ ?an is (f]$ by m5 sunk 9 ignorance ( ev]y?+ b :at o!r m5 h writt52 seem+ly devoid ( moral belief or guidance2 b ) ! s5se ( beauty s ke51 & ! p[] ( expression s cultivat$1 t _! s5sual cat]waul+ may be almo/ mi/ak5 = ! music ( ! sph]es4 ,at pres5t1 education is almo/ entirely devot$ to ! cultivation ( ! p[] ( expression1 & ( ! s5se ( lit]>y beauty4 ,! matt] ( hav+ any?+ to say1 beyond a ha% ( o!r p's op9ions1 or ( possess+ any crit]ion ( beauty1 s t we may di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,godlike & ! devili%1 is left aside z ( no mom5t4 ,i ?9k ,i d n err 9 say+ t if sci5ce 7 made a f\ndation ( education1 in/ead ( be+1 at mo/1 /uck on z cornice to ! edifice1 ?is /ate ( ?+s c\ld n exi/4 ,9 advocat+ ! introduction ( physical sci5ce z a lead+ elem5t 9 education1 ,i by no means ref] only to ! high] s*ools4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i believe t su* a *ange is ev5 m imp]atively call$ = 9 ^? prim>y s*ools1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! poor are expect$ to turn to ! be/ acc\nt ! little "t !y c devote to ! acquisition ( k4 ,a great /ep 9 ?is direction has already be5 made by ! e/abli%m5t ( sci5ce-classes "u ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art1--a measure :i* came into exi/5ce unnotic$1 b :i* w1 ,i believe1 turn out to be ( m importance to ! welf>e ( ! p ?an _m political *anges ov] :i* ! noise ( battle has r5t ! air4 ,"u ! regulations to :i* ,i ref]1 a s*oolma/] c set up a class 9 "o or m bran*es ( sci5ce2 8 pupils w be exam9$1 & ! ,/ate w pay him1 at a c]ta9 rate1 = all :o succe$ 9 pass+4 ,i h act$ z an exam9] "u ?is sy/em f ! beg9n+ ( its e/abli%m5t1 & ?is ye> ,i expect to h n few] ?an a c\ple ( ?\s& sets ( answ]s to que/ions 9 ,physiology1 ma9ly f "y p ( ! artisan class1 :o h be5 taught 9 ! s*ools :i* are n[ scatt]$ all ov] great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,"s ( my colleagues1 :o h to deal ) subjects su* z ,geometry1 = :i* ! pres5t tea*+ p[] is bett] organis$1 ,i und]/& are likely to h ?ree or f\r times z _m pap]s4 ,s f> z my own subjects are conc]n$1 ,i c und]take to say t a great deal ( ! tea*+1 ! results ( :i* are be=e me 9 ^! exam9ations1 is v s\nd & good2 & ,i ?9k x is 9 ! p[] ( ! exam9]s1 n only to keep up ! pres5t /&>d1 b to cause an almo/ unlimit$ improvem5t4 ,n[ :at does ?is mean8 ,x means t by hold+ out a v mod]ate inducem5t1 ! ma/]s ( prim>y s*ools 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry h be5 l$ to conv]t !m into little foci ( sci5tific in/ruction2 & t !y & _! pupils h contriv$ to f9d1 or to make1 "t en\gh to c>ry out ?is object ) a v consid]able degree ( effici5cy4 ,t effici5cy w1 ,i d\bt n1 be v mu* increas$ z ! sy/em becomes kn[n & p]fect$1 ev5 ) ! v limit$ leisure left to ma/]s & tea*]s on week-days4 ,& ?is leads me to ask1 ,:y %\ld sci5tific tea*+ be limit$ to week-days8 ,ecclesia/ically-m9d$ p]sons are 9 ! habit ( call+ ?+s !y d n l by v h>d names1 & ,i %\ld n wond] if !y br& ! proposition ,i am ab\t to make z blasphem\s1 & worse4 ,b1 n m9d+ ?is1 ,i v5ture to ask1 ,w\ld !re really be any?+ wrong 9 us+ "p ( ,sunday = ! purpose ( in/ruct+ ^? :o h no o!r leisure1 9 a k ( ! pha5om5a ( ,nature1 & ( man's relation to ,nature8 ,i %\ld l to see a sci5tific ,sunday-s*ool 9 e p>i%1 n = ! purpose ( sup]s$+ any exi/+ means ( tea*+ ! p ! ?+s t are = _! good1 b side by side ) !m4 ,i _c b ?9k t !re is room = all ( u to "w 9 help+ to bridge ov] ! great abyss ( ignorance :i* lies at our feet4 ,& if any ( ! ecclesia/ical p]sons to :om ,i h ref]r$1 object t !y f9d x d]ogatory to ! hon\r ( ! ,god :om !y wor%ip1 to awak5 ! m9ds ( ! "y to ! inf9ite wond] & maje/y ( ! works :i* !y proclaim ,81 & to tea* !m ^? laws :i* mu/ ne$s be ,8 laws1 & !re=e ( all ?+s ne$ful = man to "k--,i c only recomm5d !m to be let blood & put on l[ diet4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ v wrong go+ on 9 ! in/rum5t ( logic if x turns out su* conclusions f su* premises4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,mr4 ,quam's words 7,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,febru>y #bj7 are3--,a few words z to our special ,m$ical c\rse ( in/ruction & ! influ5ce ^u x ( su* *anges 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools z ,i h m5tion$4 ,! /ud5t n[ ent]s at once ^u sev]al sci5ces--physics1 *emi/ry1 anatomy1 physiology1 botany1 ph>macy1 !rapeutics--all ^!1 ! facts & ! language & ! laws ( ea*1 to be ma/]$ 9 eighte5 mon?s4 ,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m$ical c\rse _m h le>n$ little4 ,we _c claim any?+ bett] ?an ! ,exam9] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london & ! ,cambridge ,lectur] h report$ = _! ,univ]sities4 ,suppos+ t at s*ool "y p _h acquir$ "s exact elem5t>y k 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 & a bran* ( natural hi/ory--say botany--) ! physiology connect$ ) x1 !y w\ld !n h ga9$ necess>y k1 ) "s practice 9 inductive reason+4 ,! :ole /udies are processes ( obs]vation & induction--! be/ discipl9e ( ! m9d = ! purposes ( life--= our purposes n less ?an any4 ',by su* /udy 7says ,dr4 ,:ewell7 ( "o or m dep>tm5ts ( inductive sci5ce ! m9d may escape f ! ?raldom ( m]e words4' ,by t plan ! burd5 ( ! e>ly ,m$ical c\rse w\ld be mu* light5$1 & m "t devot$ to practical /udies1 includ+ ,sir ,?omas ,watson's 'f9al & supreme /age' ( ! k ( ,m$ic9e4 ,,vi ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture #ahhj ,six ye>s ago1 z "s ( my pres5t he>]s may rememb]1 ,i _h ! privilege ( address+ a l>ge assemblage ( ! inhabitants ( ?is city1 :o _h ga!r$ toge!r to d hon\r to ! memory ( _! fam\s t[nsman1 ,joseph ,prie/ley2 #a &1 if any satisfaction atta*es to po/hum\s glory1 we may hope t ! manes ( ! burnt-out philosoph] 7 !n f9ally appeas$4 ,no man1 h[ev]1 :o is end[$ ) a fair %>e ( common s5se1 & n m ?an a fair %>e ( vanity1 w id5tify ei!r contempor>y or po/hum\s fame ) ! highe/ good2 & ,prie/ley's life leaves no d\bt t he1 at any rate1 set a mu* high] value ^u ! advancem5t ( k1 & ! promotion ( t fre$om ( ?\ght :i* is at once ! cause & ! consequ5ce ( intellectual progress4 ,h5ce ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t1 if ,prie/ley c\ld be among/ u to-day1 ! occasion ( our meet+ w\ld af=d him ev5 great] pleasure ?an ! proce$+s :i* celebrat$ ! c5t5>y ( 8 *ief discov]y4 ,! k9dly he>t w\ld be mov$1 ! high s5se ( social duty w\ld be satisfi$1 by ! spectacle ( well-e>n$ weal?1 nei!r squ&]$ 9 tawdry luxury & va+lori\s %[1 nor scatt]$ ) ! c>eless *>ity :i* blesses nei!r him t gives nor him t takes1 b exp5d$ 9 ! execution ( a well-consid]$ plan = ! aid ( pres5t & future g5]ations ( ^? :o are will+ to help !mselves4 ,we %all all be ( "o m9d ?us f>4 ,b x is ne$ful to %>e ,prie/ley's ke5 int]e/ 9 physical sci5ce2 & to h le>n$1 z he _h le>n$1 ! value ( sci5tific tra9+ 9 fields ( inquiry app>5tly f> remote f physical sci5ce2 9 ord] to appreciate1 z he w\ld h appreciat$1 ! value ( ! noble gift :i* ,sir ,josiah ,mason has be/[$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ! ,midl& di/rict4 ,= u *ildr5 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a college "u ! conditions ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,tru/1 has a significance ap>t f any :i* x c\ld h possess$ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x appe>s to be an indication t we are rea*+ ! crisis ( ! battle1 or r ( ! long s]ies ( battles1 :i* h be5 f\ght ov] education 9 a campaign :i* began long be=e ,prie/ley's "t1 & w probably n be f9i%$ j yet4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! combatants 7 ! *ampions ( anci5t lit]ature on ! "o side1 & ^? ( mod]n lit]ature on ! o!r2 b1 "s ?irty ye>s #b ago1 ! conte/ became complicat$ by ! appe>ance ( a ?ird army1 rang$ r\nd ! bann] ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o has au?ority to speak 9 ! "n ( ?is new ho/4 ,= x mu/ be admitt$ to be some:at ( a gu]illa =ce1 compos$ l>gely ( irregul>s1 ea* ( :om fights pretty mu* = 8 own h&4 ,b ! impressions ( a full private1 :o has se5 a good deal ( s]vice 9 ! ranks1 respect+ ! pres5t position ( affairs & ! conditions ( a p]man5t peace1 may n be devoid ( int]e/2 & ,i d n "k t ,i c\ld make a bett] use ( ! pres5t opportunity ?an by lay+ !m be=e y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! "t t ! fir/ sugge/ion to introduce physical sci5ce into ord9>y education 0 timidly :isp]$1 until n[1 ! advocates ( sci5tific education h met ) opposition ( two k9ds4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y h be5 pooh-pooh$ by ! m5 ( bus9ess :o pride !mselves on be+ ! repres5tatives ( practicality2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h be5 excommunicat$ by ! classical s*ol>s1 9 _! capacity ( ,levites 9 *>ge ( ! ark ( culture & monopoli/s ( lib]al education4 ,! practical m5 believ$ t ! idol :om !y wor%ip--rule ( ?umb--has be5 ! s\rce ( ! pa/ prosp]ity1 & w suffice = ! future welf>e ( ! arts & manufactures4 ,!y 7 ( op9ion t sci5ce is speculative rubbi%2 t !ory & practice h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r2 & t ! sci5tific habit ( m9d is an imp$im5t1 r ?an an aid1 9 ! conduct ( ord9>y affairs4 ,i h us$ ! pa/ t5se 9 speak+ ( ! practical m5--= al?\gh !y 7 v =midable ?irty ye>s ago1 ,i am n sure t ! pure species has n be5 extirpat$4 ,9 fact1 s f> z m]e argum5t goes1 !y h be5 subject$ to su* a feu d'enf] t x is a miracle if any h escap$4 ,b ,i h rem>k$ t y\r typical practical man has an unexpect$ resemblance to "o ( ,milton's angels4 ,8 spiritual w\nds1 su* z are inflict$ by logical weapons1 may be z deep z a well & z wide z a *ur* door1 b beyond %$d+ a few drops ( i*or1 cele/ial or o!rwise1 he is no :it ! worse4 ,s1 if any ( ^! oppon5ts be left1 ,i w n wa/e "t 9 va9 repetition ( ! demon/rative evid5ce ( ! practical value ( sci5ce2 b kn[+ t a p>able w sometimes p5etrate :]e syllogisms fail to effect an entrance1 ,i w (f] a /ory = _! consid]ation4 ,once ^u a "t1 a boy1 ) no?+ to dep5d ^u b 8 own vigor\s nature1 0 ?r[n into ! ?ick ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! mid/ ( a great manufactur+ population4 ,he seems to h _h a h>d fight1 inasmu* z1 by ! "t he 0 ?irty ye>s ( age1 8 total disposable funds am\nt$ to tw5ty p\nds4 ,nev]!less1 middle life f\nd him giv+ pro( ( 8 compreh5sion ( ! practical problems he _h be5 r\ghly call$ ^u to solve1 by a c>e] ( rem>kable prosp]ity4 ,f9ally1 hav+ rea*$ old age ) its well-e>n$ surr\nd+s ( hon\r1 troops ( fri5ds1 ! h]o ( my /ory be?\ght himself ( ^? :o 7 mak+ a l />t 9 life1 & h[ he c\ld /ret* out a help+ h& to !m4 ,aft] long & anxi\s reflection ?is successful practical man ( bus9ess c\ld devise no?+ bett] ?an to provide !m ) ! means ( obta9+ s\nd1 ext5sive1 & practical sci5tific k4 ,& he devot$ a l>ge "p ( 8 weal? & five ye>s ( incessant "w to ?is end4 ,i ne$ n po9t ! moral ( a tale :i*1 z ! solid & spaci\s fabric ( ! ,sci5tific ,college assures u1 is no fable1 nor c any?+ :i* ,i c\ld say int5sify ! =ce ( ?is practical answ] to practical objections4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may take x = grant$ !n1 t1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? be/ qualifi$ to judge1 ! diffusion ( ?or\gh sci5tific education is an absolutely ess5tial condition ( indu/rial progress2 & t ! ,college :i* has be5 op5$ to-day w conf] an ine/imable boon ^u ^? ^: livelihood is to be ga9$ by ! practise ( ! arts & manufactures ( ! di/rict4 ,! only "q wor? discussion is1 :e!r ! conditions1 "u :i* ! "w ( ! ,college is to be c>ri$ out1 are su* z to give x ! be/ possible *ance ( a*iev+ p]man5t success4 ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 )\t d\bt mo/ wisely1 has left v l>ge fre$om ( action to ! tru/ees1 to :om he proposes ultimately to commit ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,college1 s t !y may be able to adju/ its arrangem5ts 9 accordance ) ! *ang+ conditions ( ! future4 ,b1 ) respect to ?ree po9ts1 he has laid mo/ explicit injunctions ^u bo? adm9i/rators & tea*]s4 ,p>ty politics are =bidd5 to ent] into ! m9ds ( ei!r1 s f> z ! "w ( ! ,college is conc]n$2 !ology is z /onily bani%$ f its prec9cts2 & f9ally1 x is especially decl>$ t ! ,college %all make no provision = m]e lit]>y in/ruction & education4 ,x does n conc]n me at pres5t to dwell ^u ! fir/ two injunctions any long] ?an may be ne$ful to express my full conviction ( _! wisdom4 ,b ! ?ird prohibition br+s u face to face ) ^? o!r oppon5ts ( sci5tific education1 :o are by no means 9 ! moribund condition ( ! practical man1 b alive1 al]t1 & =midable4 ,x is n impossible t we %all he> ?is express exclusion ( lit]>y in/ruction & education f a ,college :i*1 nev]!less1 pr(esses to give a high & effici5t education1 %>ply criticis$4 ,c]ta9ly ! "t 0 t ! ,levites ( culture w\ld h s\nd$ _! trumpets aga9/ its walls z aga9/ an educational ,j]i*o4 ,h[ (t5 h we n be5 told t ! /udy ( physical sci5ce is incompet5t to conf] culture2 t x t\*es none ( ! high] problems ( life2 &1 :at is worse1 t ! cont9ual devotion to sci5tific /udies t5ds to g5]ate a n>r[ & bigot$ belief 9 ! applicability ( sci5tific me?ods to ! se>* aft] tru? ( all k9ds8 ,h[ frequ5tly "o has reason to obs]ve t no reply to a tr\blesome argum5t tells s well z call+ its au?or a m]e sci5tific speciali/4 ,&1 z ,i am afraid x is n p]missible to speak ( ?is =m ( opposition to sci5tific education 9 ! pa/ t5se2 may we n expect to be told t ?is1 n only omission1 b prohibition1 ( m]e lit]>y in/ruction & education is a pat5t example ( sci5tific n>r[-m9d$ness8 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) ,sir ,josiah ,mason's reasons = ! action :i* he has tak52 b if1 z ,i appreh5d is ! case1 he ref]s to ! ord9>y classical c\rse ( our s*ools & univ]sities by ! "n ( m]e lit]>y in/ruction & education1 ,i v5ture to (f] sundry reasons ( my own 9 support ( t action4 ,= ,i hold v /rongly by two convictions--,! fir/ is1 t nei!r ! discipl9e nor ! subject-matt] ( classical education is ( su* direct value to ! /ud5t ( physical sci5ce z to ju/ify ! exp5diture ( valuable "t ^u ei!r2 & ! second is1 t = ! purpose ( atta9+ real culture1 an exclusively sci5tific education is at lea/ z effectual z an exclusively lit]>y education4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out to y t ^! op9ions1 especially ! latt]1 are diametrically oppos$ to ^? ( ! great majority ( educat$ ,engli%m51 influ5c$ z !y are by s*ool & univ]sity traditions4 ,9 _! belief1 culture is obta9able only by a lib]al education2 & a lib]al education is synonym\s1 n m]ely ) education & in/ruction 9 lit]ature1 b 9 "o p>ticul> =m ( lit]ature1 namely1 t ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity4 ,!y hold t ! man :o has le>n$ ,lat9 & ,greek1 h[ev] little1 is educat$2 :ile he :o is v]s$ 9 o!r bran*es ( k1 h[ev] deeply1 is a m or less respectable speciali/1 n admissible into ! cultur$ ca/e4 ,! /amp ( ! educat$ man1 ! ,univ]sity degree1 is n = him4 ,i am too well acqua9t$ ) ! g5]\s ca?olicity ( _s1 ! true sympa?y ) sci5tific ?\ght1 :i* p]vades ! writ+s ( our *ief apo/le ( culture to id5tify him ) ^! op9ions2 & yet "o may cull f "o & ano!r ( ^? epi/les to ! ,phili/9es1 :i* s mu* delight all :o d n answ] to t "n1 s5t5ces :i* l5d !m "s support4 ,mr4 ,arnold tells u t ! mean+ ( culture is to "k ! be/ t has be5 ?\ght & said 9 ! _w4 ,x is ! criticism ( life conta9$ 9 lit]ature4 ,t criticism reg>ds ,europe z be+1 = intellectual & spiritual purposes1 "o great conf$]ation1 b\nd to a jo9t action & work+ to a common result2 & ^: memb]s h1 = _! common outfit1 a k ( ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,ea/]n antiquity1 & ( "o ano!r4 ,special1 local1 & tempor>y advantages be+ put out ( acc\nt1 t mod]n nation w 9 ! intellectual & spiritual sph]e make mo/ progress1 :i* mo/ ?or\ghly c>ries out ?is programme4 ,& :at is t b say+ t we too1 all ( u1 z individuals1 ! m ?or\ghly we c>ry x out1 %all make ! m progress8 #c ,we h "h to deal ) two di/9ct propositions4 ,! fir/1 t a criticism ( life is ! ess5ce ( culture2 ! second1 t lit]ature conta9s ! mat]ials :i* suffice = ! con/ruction ( su* a criticism4 ,i ?9k t we mu/ all ass5t to ! fir/ proposition4 ,= culture c]ta9ly means some?+ q diff]5t f le>n+ or te*nical skill4 ,x implies ! possession ( an ideal1 & ! habit ( critically e/imat+ ! value ( ?+s by comp>ison ) a !oretic /&>d4 ,p]fect culture %\ld supply a complete !ory ( life1 bas$ ^u a cle> k alike ( its possibilities & ( its limitations4 ,b we may agree to all ?is1 & yet /rongly diss5t f ! assumption t lit]ature alone is compet5t to supply ?is k4 ,aft] hav+ le>nt all t ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,ea/]n antiquity h ?\ght & said1 & all t mod]n lit]atures h to tell u1 x is n self-evid5t t we h laid a suffici5tly broad & deep f\ndation = t criticism ( life1 :i* con/itutes culture4 ,inde$1 to any "o acqua9t$ ) ! scope ( physical sci5ce1 x is n at all evid5t4 ,consid]+ progress only 9 ! intellectual & spiritual sph]e1 ,i f9d myself :olly unable to admit t ei!r nations or individuals w really advance1 if _! common outfit draws no?+ f ! /ores ( physical sci5ce4 ,i %\ld say t an army1 )\t weapons ( precision & ) no p>ticul> base ( op]ations1 might m hopefully ent] ^u a campaign on ! ,rh9e1 ?an a man1 devoid ( a k ( :at physical sci5ce has done 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ^u a criticism ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 a biologi/ meets ) an anomaly1 he in/9ctively turns to ! /udy ( developm5t to cle> x up4 ,! rationale ( contradictory op9ions may ) equal confid5ce be s\ght 9 hi/ory4 ,x is1 happily1 no new ?+ t ,engli%m5 %\ld employ _! weal? 9 build+ & end[+ in/itutions = educational purposes4 ,b1 five or six hundr$ ye>s ago1 de$s ( f\ndation express$ or impli$ conditions z ne>ly z possible contr>y to ^? :i* h be5 ?\ght exp$i5t by ,sir ,josiah ,mason4 ,t is to say1 physical sci5ce 0 practically ignor$1 :ile a c]ta9 lit]>y tra9+ 0 enjo9$ z a means to ! acquirem5t ( k :i* 0 ess5tially !ological4 ,! reason ( ?is s+ul> contradiction betwe5 ! actions ( m5 alike animat$ by a /rong & dis9t]e/$ desire to promote ! welf>e ( _! fell[s1 is easily discov]$4 ,at t "t1 9 fact1 if any "o desir$ k beyond su* z c\ld be obta9$ by 8 own obs]vation1 or by common conv]sation1 8 fir/ necessity 0 to le>n ! ,lat9 language1 inasmu* z all ! high] k ( ! we/]n _w 0 conta9$ 9 works writt5 9 t language4 ,h5ce1 ,lat9 gramm>1 ) logic & rhetoric1 /udi$ ?r\gh ,lat91 7 ! fundam5tals ( education4 ,) respect to ! sub/ance ( ! k imp>t$ ?r\gh ?is *annel1 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 z int]pret$ & supplem5t$ by ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 7 held to conta9 a complete & infallibly true body ( in=mation4 ,!ological dicta 71 to ! ?9k]s ( ^? days1 t :i* ! axioms & def9itions ( ,euclid are to ! geomet]s ( ^!4 ,! bus9ess ( ! philosoph]s ( ! middle ages 0 to d$uce f ! data furni%$ by ! !ologians1 conclusions 9 accordance ) ecclesia/ical decrees4 ,!y 7 all[$ ! high privilege ( %[+1 by logical process1 h[ & :y t :i* ! ,*ur* said 0 true1 mu/ be true4 ,& if _! demon/rations fell %ort ( or exce$$ ?is limit1 ! ,*ur* 0 mat]nally ready to *eck _! ab]rations2 if ne$ 7 by ! help ( ! secul> arm4 ,betwe5 ! two1 our ance/ors 7 furni%$ ) a compact & complete criticism ( life4 ,!y 7 told h[ ! _w began & h[ x w\ld end2 !y le>n$ t all mat]ial exi/5ce 0 b a base & insignificant blot ^u ! fair face ( ! spiritual _w1 & t nature 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 ! play-gr\nd ( ! devil2 !y le>n$ t ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! visible univ]se1 & t man is ! cynosure ( ?+s t]re/rial2 & m especially 0 x inculcat$ t ! c\rse ( nature _h no fix$ ord]1 b t x c\ld be1 & con/antly 01 alt]$ by ! ag5cy ( innum]able spiritual be+s1 good & bad1 accord+ z !y 7 mov$ by ! de$s & pray]s ( m54 ,! sum & sub/ance ( ! :ole doctr9e 0 to produce ! conviction t ! only ?+ really wor? kn[+ 9 ?is _w 0 h[ to secure t place 9 a bett] :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! ,*ur* promis$4 ,our ance/ors _h a liv+ belief 9 ?is !ory ( life1 & act$ ^u x 9 _! deal+s ) education1 z 9 all o!r matt]s4 ,culture meant sa9tl9ess--aft] ! fa%ion ( ! sa9ts ( ^? days2 ! education t l$ to x 01 ( necessity1 !ological2 & ! way to !ology lay ?r\gh ,lat94 ,t ! /udy ( nature--fur!r ?an 0 requisite = ! satisfaction ( ev]yday wants--%\ld h any be>+ on human life 0 f> f ! ?\ghts ( m5 ?us tra9$4 ,inde$1 z nature _h be5 curs$ = man's sake1 x 0 an obvi\s conclusion t ^? :o m$dl$ ) nature 7 likely to come into pretty close contact ) ,satan4 ,&1 if any born sci5tific inve/igator foll[$ 8 in/9cts1 he might safely reckon ^u e>n+ ! reputation1 & probably ^u suff]+ ! fate1 ( a sorc]]4 ,_h ! we/]n _w be5 left to itself 9 ,*9ese isolation1 !re is no say+ h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s might h endur$4 ,b1 happily1 x 0 n left to itself4 ,ev5 e>li] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! developm5t ( ,moori% civilisation 9 ,spa9 & ! great movem5t ( ! ,crusades _h introduc$ ! leav5 :i*1 f t day to ?is1 has nev] ceas$ to "w4 ,at fir/1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ,arabic translations1 aft]w>ds by ! /udy ( ! orig9als1 ! we/]n nations ( ,europe became acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s & poets1 &1 9 "t1 ) ! :ole ( ! va/ lit]ature ( antiquity4 ,:atev] !re 0 ( high intellectual aspiration or dom9ant capacity 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 sp5t itself = c5turies 9 tak+ possession ( ! ri* inh]itance left by ! dead civilisations ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,m>vell\sly aid$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 classical le>n+ spread & fl\ri%$4 ,^? :o possess$ x prid$ !mselves on hav+ atta9$ ! highe/ culture !n )9 ! rea* ( mank9d4 ,& ju/ly4 ,=1 sav+ ,dante on 8 solit>y p9nacle1 !re 0 no figure 9 mod]n lit]ature at ! "t ( ! ,r5asc5ce to comp>e ) ! m5 ( antiquity2 !re 0 no art to compete ) _! sculpture2 !re 0 no physical sci5ce b t :i* ,greece _h creat$4 ,above all1 !re 0 no o!r example ( p]fect intellectual fre$om--( ! unhesitat+ acceptance ( reason z ! sole guide to tru? & ! supreme arbit] ( conduct4 ,! new le>n+ necess>ily soon ex]t$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u education4 ,! language ( ! monks & s*oolm5 seem$ little bett] ?an gibb]i% to s*ol>s fre% f ,virgil & ,cic]o1 & ! /udy ( ,lat9 0 plac$ ^u a new f\ndation4 ,moreov]1 ,lat9 itself ceas$ to af=d ! sole key to k4 ,! /ud5t :o s\ght ! highe/ ?\ght ( antiquity1 f\nd only a second-h& reflection ( x 9 ,roman lit]ature1 & turn$ 8 face to ! full light ( ! ,greeks4 ,& aft] a battle1 n altoge!r dissimil> to t :i* is at pres5t be+ f\ght ov] ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce1 ! /udy ( ,greek 0 recognis$ z an ess5tial elem5t ( all high] education4 ,?us ! ,humani/s1 z !y 7 call$1 won ! day2 & ! great re=m :i* !y effect$ 0 ( incalculable s]vice to mank9d4 ,b ! ,nemesis ( all re=m]s is f9ality2 & ! re=m]s ( education1 l ^? ( religion1 fell into ! pr(\nd1 h[ev] common1 error ( mi/ak+ ! beg9n+ = ! end ( ! "w ( re=mation4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! ,humani/s1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 take _! /& ^u classical education z ! sole av5ue to culture1 z firmly u if we 7 /ill 9 ! age ( ,r5asc5ce4 ,yet1 surely1 ! pres5t intellectual relations ( ! mod]n & ! anci5t worlds are pr(\ndly diff]5t f ^? :i* obta9$ ?ree c5turies ago4 ,leav+ aside ! exi/5ce ( a great & *>act]i/ically mod]n lit]ature1 ( mod]n pa9t+1 &1 especially1 ( mod]n music1 !re is "o feature ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! civilis$ _w :i* sep>ates x m widely f ! ,r5asc5ce1 ?an ! ,r5asc5ce 0 sep>at$ f ! middle ages4 ,?is di/9ctive "* ( our own times lies 9 ! va/ & con/antly increas+ "p :i* is play$ by natural k4 ,n only is our daily life %ap$ by x1 n only does ! prosp]ity ( millions ( m5 dep5d ^u x1 b our :ole !ory ( life has long be5 influ5c$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by ! g5]al conceptions ( ! univ]se1 :i* h be5 =c$ ^u u by physical sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ elem5t>y acqua9tance ) ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation %[s u t !y (f] a broad & /rik+ contradiction to ! op9ion s implicitly cr$it$ & taught 9 ! middle ages4 ,! notions ( ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! _w ent]ta9$ by our =efa!rs are no long] cr$ible4 ,x is v c]ta9 t ! e>? is n ! *ief body 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 & t ! _w is n subord9at$ to man's use4 ,x is ev5 m c]ta9 t nature is ! expression ( a def9ite ord] ) :i* no?+ int]f]es1 & t ! *ief bus9ess ( mank9d is to le>n t ord] & gov]n !mselves accord+ly4 ,moreov] ?is sci5tific criticism ( life pres5ts itself to u ) diff]5t cr$5tials f any o!r4 ,x appeals n to au?ority1 nor to :at anybody may h ?\ght or said1 b to nature4 ,x admits t all our int]pretations ( natural fact are m or less imp]fect & symbolic1 & bids ! le>n] seek = tru? n among words b among ?+s4 ,x w>ns u t ! ass]tion :i* out/rips evid5ce is n only a blund] b a crime4 ,! purely classical education advocat$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! ,humani/s 9 our day1 gives no inkl+ ( all ?is4 ,a man may be a bett] s*ol> ?an ,erasmus1 & "k no m ( ! *ief causes ( ! pres5t intellectual f]m5tation ?an ,erasmus did4 ,s*ol>ly & pi\s p]sons1 wor?y ( all respect1 fav\r u ) allocutions ^u ! sadness ( ! antagonism ( sci5ce to _! m$iaeval way ( ?9k+1 :i* betray an ignorance ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5tific inve/igation1 an incapacity = und]/&+ :at a man ( sci5ce means by v]acity1 & an unconsci\sness ( ! weight ( e/abli%$ sci5tific tru?s1 :i* is almo/ comical4 ,!re is no great =ce 9 ! tu quoque argum5t1 or else ! advocates ( sci5tific education might fairly en\gh retort ^u ! mod]n ,humani/s t !y may be le>n$ speciali/s1 b t !y possess no su* s\nd f\ndation = a criticism ( life z des]ves ! "n ( culture4 ,&1 inde$1 if we 7 dispos$ to be cruel1 we might urge t ! ,humani/s h br\ght ?is reproa* ^u !mselves1 n because !y are too full ( ! _s ( ! anci5t ,greek1 b because !y lack x4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,r5asc5ce is commonly call$ t ( ! ,revival ( ,lett]s1 z if ! influ5ces !n br\ght to be> ^u ! m9d ( ,we/]n ,europe _h be5 :olly exhau/$ 9 ! field ( lit]ature4 ,i ?9k x is v commonly =gott5 t ! revival ( sci5ce1 effect$ by ! same ag5cy1 al?\gh less conspicu\s1 0 n less mom5t\s4 ,9 fact1 ! few & scatt]$ /ud5ts ( nature ( t day pick$ up ! clue to h] secrets exactly z x fell f ! h&s ( ! ,greeks a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,! f\ndations ( ma!matics 7 s well laid by !m1 t our *ildr5 le>n _! geometry f a book writt5 = ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,mod]n a/ronomy is ! natural cont9uation & developm5t ( ! "w ( ,hipp>*us & ( ,ptolemy2 mod]n physics ( t ( ,democritus & ( ,ar*im$es2 x 0 long be=e mod]n biological sci5ce outgrew ! k bequea!d to u by ,ari/otle1 by ,!ophra/us1 & by ,gal54 ,we _c "k all ! be/ ?\ghts & say+s ( ! ,greeks unless we "k :at !y ?\ght ab\t natural pha5om5a4 ,we _c fully appreh5d _! criticism ( life unless we und]/& ! ext5t to :i* t criticism 0 affect$ by sci5tific conceptions4 ,we falsely pret5d to be ! inh]itors ( _! culture1 unless we are p5etrat$1 z ! be/ m9ds among !m 71 ) an unhesitat+ fai? t ! free employm5t ( reason1 9 accordance ) sci5tific me?od1 is ! sole me?od ( rea*+ tru?4 ,?us ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! pret5sions ( our mod]n ,humani/s to ! possession ( ! monopoly ( culture & to ! exclusive inh]itance ( ! _s ( antiquity mu/ be abat$1 if n ab&on$4 ,b ,i %\ld be v sorry t any?+ ,i h said %\ld be tak5 to imply a desire on my "p to depreciate ! value ( classical education1 z x might be & z x sometimes is4 ,! native capacities ( mank9d v>y no less ?an _! opportunities2 & :ile culture is "o1 ! road by :i* "o man may be/ rea* x is widely diff]5t f t :i* is mo/ advantage\s to ano!r4 ,aga91 :ile sci5tific education is yet in*oate & t5tative1 classical education is ?or\ghly well organis$ ^u ! practical exp]i5ce ( g5]ations ( tea*]s4 ,s t1 giv5 ample "t = le>n+ & de/9ation = ord9>y life1 or = a lit]>y c>e]1 ,i d n ?9k t a "y ,engli%man 9 se>* ( culture c d bett] ?an foll[ ! c\rse usually m>k$ out = him1 supplem5t+ its defici5cies by 8 own ef=ts4 ,b = ^? :o mean to make sci5ce _! s]i\s occupation2 or :o int5d to foll[ ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e2 or :o h to ent] e>ly ^u ! bus9ess ( life2 = all ^!1 9 my op9ion1 classical education is a mi/ake2 & x is = ?is reason t ,i am glad to see m]e lit]>y education & in/ruction %ut out f ! curriculum ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,college1 see+ t its inclusion w\ld probably lead to ! introduction ( ! ord9>y smatt]+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,nev]!less1 ,i am ! la/ p]son to "q ! importance ( g5u9e lit]>y education1 or to suppose t intellectual culture c be complete )\t x4 ,an exclusively sci5tific tra9+ w br+ ab\t a m5tal twi/ z surely z an exclusively lit]>y tra9+4 ,! value ( ! c>go does n comp5sate = a %ip's be+ out ( trim2 & ,i %\ld be v sorry to ?9k t ! ,sci5tific ,college w\ld turn out none b lop-sid$ m54 ,!re is no ne$1 h[ev]1 t su* a cata/rophe %\ld happ54 ,in/ruction 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man is provid$1 & ?us ! ?ree greate/ lit]atures ( ! mod]n _w are made accessible to ! /ud5t4 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 & especially ! latt] language1 are absolutely indisp5sable to ^? :o desire full k 9 any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ! k ( ^! languages acquir$ is n m ?an suffici5t = purely sci5tific purposes1 e ,engli%man has1 9 8 native tongue1 an almo/ p]fect in/rum5t ( lit]>y expression2 &1 9 8 own lit]ature1 models ( e k9d ( lit]>y excell5ce4 ,if an ,engli%man _c get lit]>y culture out ( 8 ,bible1 8 ,%akespe>e1 8 ,milton1 nei!r1 9 my belief1 w ! pr(\nde/ /udy ( ,hom] & ,sophocles1 ,virgil & ,horace1 give x to him4 ,?us1 s9ce ! con/itution ( ! ,college makes suffici5t provision = lit]>y z well z = sci5tific education1 & s9ce arti/ic in/ruction is also contemplat$1 x seems to me t a fairly complete culture is (f]$ to all :o are will+ to take advantage ( x4 ,b ,i am n sure t at ?is po9t ! practical man1 scot*$ b n sla91 may ask :at all ?is talk ab\t culture has to d ) an ,in/itution1 ! object ( :i* is def9$ to be to promote ! prosp]ity ( ! manufactures & ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,he may sugge/ t :at is want$ = ?is end is n culture1 nor ev5 a purely sci5tific discipl9e1 b simply a k ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,i (t5 wi% t ?is phrase1 appli$ sci5ce1 _h nev] be5 inv5t$4 ,= x sugge/s t !re is a sort ( sci5tific k ( direct practical use1 :i* c be /udi$ ap>t f ano!r sort ( sci5tific k1 :i* is ( no practical utility1 & :i* is t]m$ pure sci5ce4 ,b !re is no m complete fallacy ?an ?is4 ,:at p call appli$ sci5ce is no?+ b ! application ( pure sci5ce to p>ticul> classes ( problems4 ,x consi/s ( d$uctions f ^? g5]al pr9ciples1 e/abli%$ by reason+ & obs]vation1 :i* con/itute pure sci5ce4 ,no "o c safely make ^! d$uctions until he has a firm grasp ( ! pr9ciples2 & he c obta9 t grasp only by p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! op]ations ( obs]vation & ( reason+ on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,almo/ all ! processes employ$ 9 ! arts & manufactures fall )9 ! range ei!r ( physics or ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ord] to improve !m1 "o mu/ ?or\ghly und]/& !m2 & no "o has a *ance ( really und]/&+ !m1 unless he has obta9$ t ma/]y ( pr9ciples & t habit ( deal+ ) facts1 :i* is giv5 by long-cont9u$ & well-direct$ purely sci5tific tra9+ 9 ! physical & ! *emical laboratory4 ,s t !re really is no "q z to ! necessity ( purely sci5tific discipl9e1 ev5 if ! "w ( ! ,college 7 limit$ by ! n>r[e/ int]pretation ( its /at$ aims4 ,&1 z to ! desirabl5ess ( a wid] culture ?an t yield$ by sci5ce alone1 x is to be recollect$ t ! improvem5t ( manufactur+ processes is only "o ( ! conditions :i* contribute to ! prosp]ity ( indu/ry4 ,indu/ry is a means & n an end2 & mank9d "w only to get some?+ :i* !y want4 ,:at t some?+ is dep5ds p>tly on _! innate1 & p>tly on _! acquir$1 desires4 ,if ! weal? result+ f prosp]\s indu/ry is to be sp5t ^u ! gratification ( unwor?y desires1 if ! increas+ p]fection ( manufactur+ processes is to be accompani$ by an increas+ debasem5t ( ^? :o c>ry !m on1 ,i d n see ! good ( indu/ry & prosp]ity4 ,n[ x is p]fectly true t m5's views ( :at is desirable dep5d ^u _! *>act]s2 & t ! innate proclivities to :i* we give t "n are n t\*$ by any am\nt ( in/ruction4 ,b x does n foll[ t ev5 m]e intellectual education may n1 to an indef9ite ext5t1 modify ! practical manife/ation ( ! *>act]s ( m5 9 _! actions1 by supply+ !m ) motives unkn[n to ! ignorant4 ,a pleasure-lov+ "* w h pleasure ( "s sort2 b1 if y give him ! *oice1 he may pref] pleasures :i* d n degrade him to ^? :i* d4 ,& ?is *oice is (f]$ to e man1 :o possesses 9 lit]>y or arti/ic culture a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( pleasures1 :i* are nei!r )]$ by age1 nor /al$ by cu/om1 nor embitt]$ 9 ! recollection by ! pangs ( self-reproa*4 ,if ! ,in/itution op5$ to-day fulfils ! int5tion ( its f\nd]1 ! pick$ intellig5ces among all classes ( ! population ( ?is di/rict w pass ?r\gh x4 ,no *ild born 9 ,birm+ham1 h5ce=w>d1 if he h ! capacity to pr(it by ! opportunities (f]$ to him1 fir/ 9 ! prim>y & o!r s*ools1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,sci5tific ,college1 ne$ fail to obta91 n m]ely ! in/ruction1 b ! culture mo/ appropriate to ! conditions ( 8 life4 ,)9 ^! walls1 ! future employ] & ! future artisan may soj\rn toge!r = a :ile1 & c>ry1 ?r\gh all _! lives1 ! /amp ( ! influ5ces !n br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,h5ce1 x is n beside ! m>k to rem9d y1 t ! prosp]ity ( indu/ry dep5ds n m]ely ^u ! improvem5t ( manufactur+ processes1 n m]ely ^u ! ennobl+ ( ! individual "*1 b ^u a ?ird condition1 namely1 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( social life1 on ! "p ( bo? ! capitali/ & ! op]ative1 & _! agreem5t ^u common pr9ciples ( social action4 ,!y mu/ le>n t social pha5om5a are z mu* ! expression ( natural laws z any o!rs2 t no social arrangem5ts c be p]man5t unless !y h>monise ) ! requirem5ts ( social /atics & dynamics2 & t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 !re is an arbit] ^: decisions execute !mselves4 ,b ?is k is only to be obta9$ by ! application ( ! me?ods ( inve/igation adopt$ 9 physical rese>*es to ! inve/igation ( ! pha5om5a ( society4 ,h5ce1 ,i confess1 ,i %\ld l to see "o addition made to ! excell5t s*eme ( education prop\nd$ = ! ,college1 9 ! %ape ( provision = ! tea*+ ( ,sociology4 ,= ?\gh we are all agre$ t p>ty politics are to h no place 9 ! in/ruction ( ! ,college2 yet 9 ?is c\ntry1 practically gov]n$ z x is n[ by univ]sal suffrage1 e man :o does 8 duty mu/ ex]cise political functions4 ,&1 if ! evils :i* are insep>able f ! good ( political lib]ty are to be *eck$1 if ! p]petual oscillation ( nations betwe5 an>*y & despotism is to be replac$ by ! /eady m>* ( self-re/ra9+ fre$om2 x w be because m5 w gradually br+ !mselves to deal ) political1 z !y n[ deal ) sci5tific que/ions2 to be z a%am$ ( undue ha/e & p>tisan prejudice 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r2 & to believe t ! ma*9]y ( society is at lea/ z delicate z t ( a sp9n+-j5ny1 & z little likely to be improv$ by ! m$dl+ ( ^? :o h n tak5 ! tr\ble to ma/] ! pr9ciples ( its action4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i am sure t ,i make myself ! m\?piece ( all pres5t 9 (f]+ to ! v5]able f\nd] ( ! ,in/itution1 :i* n[ comm5ces its b5efic5t c>e]1 our congratulations on ! completion ( 8 "w2 & 9 express+ ! conviction1 t ! remote/ po/]ity w po9t to x z a crucial in/ance ( ! wisdom :i* natural piety leads all m5 to ascribe to _! ance/ors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,see ! fir/ essay 9 ?is volume4 #b ,! advocacy ( ! introduction ( physical sci5ce into g5]al education by ,george ,combe & o!rs comm5c$ a good deal e>li]2 b ! movem5t _h acquir$ h>dly any practical =ce be=e ! "t to :i* ,i ref]4 #c ,essays 9 ,criticism1 p4 #cg4 ,,vii ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,education #ahhb ,:5 a man is hon\r$ by su* a reque/ z t :i* rea*$ me f ! au?orities ( y\r in/itution "s "t ago1 ,i ?9k ! fir/ ?+ t occurs to him is t :i* occurr$ to ^? :o 7 bidd5 to ! fea/ 9 ! ,gospel--to beg9 to make an excuse2 & probably all ! excuses sugge/$ on t fam\s occasion crop up 9 8 m9d "o aft] ! o!r1 includ+ 8 hav+ m>ri$ a wife1 z reasons = n do+ :at he is ask$ to d4 ,b1 9 my own case1 & on ?is p>ticul> occasion1 !re 7 o!r difficulties ( a sort peculi> to ! "t1 & m or less p]sonal to myself2 because ,i felt t1 if ,i came among/ y1 ,i %\ld be expect$1 &1 inde$1 morally compell$1 to speak ^u ! subject ( ,sci5tific ,education4 ,& !n !re arose 9 my m9d ! recollection ( a fact1 :i* probably no "o "h b myself rememb]s2 namely1 t "s f\rte5 ye>s ago ,i 0 ! gue/ ( a citiz5 ( y\rs1 :o be>s ! hon\r$ "n ( ,ra?bone1 at a v *>m+ & pleasant d9n] giv5 by ! ,philoma?ic ,society2 & ,i !re & !n1 & 9 ?is v city1 made a spee* ^u ! topic ( ,sci5tific ,education4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 y see1 "o runs two dang]s--! fir/1 ( repeat+ "o's self1 al?\gh ,i may fairly hope t ev]ybody has =gott5 ! fact ,i h j n[ m5tion$1 except myself2 & ! second1 & ev5 great] difficulty1 is ! dang] ( say+ some?+ diff]5t f :at "o said be=e1 because !n1 h[ev] =gott5 y\r previ\s spee* may be1 somebody f9ds out its exi/5ce1 & !re goes on t process s hateful to memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* may be d5ot$ by ! t]m ,hans>disation4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ! be/ ?+ ,i c\ld d 0 to take ! bull by ! horns1 & to ,hans>dise myself1--to put be=e y1 9 ! briefe/ possible way1 ! ?ree or f\r propositions :i* ,i endeav\r$ to support on ! occasion ( ! spee* to :i* ,i h ref]r$2 & !n to ask myself1 suppos+ y 7 ask+ me1 :e!r ,i _h any?+ to retract1 or to modify1 9 !m1 9 virtue ( ! increas$ exp]i5ce1 &1 let u *>itably hope1 ! increas$ wisdom ( an add$ f\rte5 ye>s4 ,n[1 ! po9ts to :i* ,i direct$ p>ticul> att5tion on t occasion 7 ^!3 9 ! fir/ place1 t in/ruction 9 physical sci5ce supplies in=mation ( a "* ( especial value1 bo? 9 a practical & a speculative po9t ( view--in=mation :i* _c be obta9$ o!rwise2 &1 9 ! second place1 t1 z educational discipl9e1 x supplies1 9 a bett] =m ?an any o!r /udy c supply1 ex]cise 9 a special =m ( logic1 & a peculi> me?od ( te/+ ! validity ( our processes ( inquiry4 ,i said fur!r1 t1 ev5 at t "t1 a great & increas+ att5tion 0 be+ paid to physical sci5ce 9 our s*ools & colleges1 & t1 mo/ assur$ly1 su* att5tion mu/ g on gr[+ & increas+1 until education 9 ^! matt]s occupi$ a v mu* l>g] %>e ( ! "t :i* is giv5 to tea*+ & tra9+1 ?an _h be5 ! case h]et(ore4 ,& ,i ?rew all ! /r5g? ( argum5tation ( :i* ,i 0 possess$ into ! support ( ^! propositions4 ,b ,i v5ture to rem9d y1 also1 ( "s o!r words ,i us$ at t "t1 & :i* ,i ask p]mission to read to y4 ,!y 7 ^!3--,!re are o!r =ms ( culture besides physical sci5ce1 & ,i %\ld be pr(\ndly sorry to see ! fact =gott51 or ev5 to obs]ve a t5d5cy to />ve or cripple lit]>y or ae/hetic culture = ! sake ( sci5ce4 ,su* a n>r[ view ( ! nature ( education has no?+ to d ) my firm conclusion t a complete & ?or\gh sci5tific culture ought to be introduc$ into all s*ools4 ,i say ,i desire1 9 comm5t+ ^u ^! v>i\s po9ts1 & judg+ !m z fairly z ,i c by ! light ( increas$ exp]i5ce1 to p>ticul>ly emphasise ?is la/1 because ,i am told1 al?\gh ,i assur$ly d n "k x ( my own k--?\gh ,i ?9k if ! fact 7 s ,i ought to "k x1 be+ tol]ably well acqua9t$ ) t :i* goes on 9 ! sci5tific _w1 & :i* has gone on !re = ! la/ ?irty ye>s--t !re is a k9d ( sect1 or horde1 ( sci5tific ,go?s & ,v&als1 :o ?9k x w\ld be prop] & desirable to sweep away all o!r =ms ( culture & in/ruction1 except ^? 9 physical sci5ce1 & to make !m ! univ]sal & exclusive1 or1 at any rate1 ! dom9ant tra9+ ( ! human m9d ( ! future g5]ation4 ,?is is n my view--,i d n believe t x is anybody's view1--b x is attribut$ to ^? :o1 l myself1 advocate sci5tific education4 ,i !re=e dwell /rongly ^u ! po9t1 & ,i beg y to believe t ! words ,i h j n[ read 7 by no means int5d$ by me z a sop to ! ,c]b]us ( culture4 ,i h n be5 9 ! habit ( (f]+ sops to any k9d ( ,c]b]us2 b x 0 an expression ( pr(\nd conviction on my own "p--a conviction =c$ ^u me n only by my m5tal con/itution1 b by ! lessons ( :at is n[ becom+ a some:at long exp]i5ce ( v>i$ conditions ( life4 ,i am n ab\t to tr\ble y ) my autobiography2 ! om5s are h>dly fav\rable1 at pres5t1 = "w ( t k9d4 ,b ,i %\ld l if ,i may d s )\t appe>+1 :at ,i e>ne/ly desire n to be1 egoti/ical1--,i %\ld l to make x cle> to y1 t su* notions z ^!1 :i* are sometimes attribut$ to me1 are1 z ,i h said1 inconsi/5t ) my m5tal con/itution1 & /ill m inconsi/5t ) ! up%ot ( ! tea*+ ( my exp]i5ce4 ,= ,i c c]ta9ly claim = myself t sort ( m5tal temp]am5t :i* c say t no?+ human comes amiss to x4 ,i h nev] yet met ) any bran* ( human k :i* ,i h f\nd unattractive--:i* x w\ld n h be5 pleasant to me to foll[1 s f> z ,i c\ld g2 & ,i h yet to meet ) any =m ( art 9 :i* x has n be5 possible = me to take z acute a pleasure z1 ,i believe1 x is possible = m5 to take4 ,& ) respect to ! circum/ances ( life1 x s happ5s t x has be5 my fate to "k _m l&s & _m climates1 & to be famili>1 by p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ) almo/ e =m ( society1 f ! uncivilis$ savage ( ,papua & ,au/ralia & ! civilis$ savages ( ! slums & d5s ( ! pov]ty-/rick5 p>ts ( great cities1 to ^? :o p]haps1 are occasionally ! some:at ov]-civilis$ memb]s ( our upp] t5 ?\s&4 ,& ,i h nev] f\nd1 9 any ( ^! conditions ( life1 a defici5cy ( some?+ :i* 0 attractive4 ,savag]y has its pleasures1 ,i assure y1 z well z civilisation1 & ,i may ev5 v5ture to confess--if y w n let a :isp] ( ! matt] get back to ,london1 :]e ,i am kn[n--,i am ev5 fa9 to confess1 t sometimes 9 ! d9 & ?rong ( :at is call$ a brilliant reception ! vision crosses my m9d ( wak+ up f ! s(t plank :i* _h af=d$ me satisfactory sleep dur+ ! h\rs ( ! night1 9 ! bright dawn ( a tropical morn+1 :5 my comrades 7 yet asleep1 :5 e s\nd 0 hu%$1 except ! little lap-lap ( ! ripples aga9/ ! sides ( ! boat1 & ! di/ant twitt] ( ! sea-bird on ! reef4 ,& :5 t vision crosses my m9d1 ,i am free to confess ,i desire to be back 9 ! boat aga94 ,s t1 if ,i %>e ) ^? /range p]sons to ^: ass]t$1 b /ill hypo!tical exi/5ce ,i h ref]r$1 ! want ( appreciation ( =ms ( culture o!r ?an ! pursuit ( physical sci5ce1 all ,i c say is1 t x is1 9 spite ( my con/itution1 & 9 spite ( my exp]i5ce1 t su* %\ld be my fate4 ,b n[ let me turn to ano!r po9t1 or r to two o!r po9ts1 ) :i* ,i propose to occupy myself4 ,h[ f> does ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s ju/ify ! e/imate :i* ,i v5tur$ to put =w>d ( ! value ( sci5tific culture1 & ( ! %>e--! increas+ %>e--:i* x mu/ take 9 ord9>y education8 ,happily1 9 respect to t matt]1 y ne$ n rely ^u my te/imony4 ,9 ! la/ half-doz5 numb]s ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,education1 y w f9d a s]ies ( v int]e/+ & rem>kable pap]s1 by g5tlem5 :o are practically engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( education 9 our great public & o!r s*ools1 tell+ u :at is do+ 9 ^! s*ools1 & :at is _! exp]i5ce ( ! results ( sci5tific education !re1 s f> z x has gone4 ,i am n go+ to tr\ble y ) an ab/ract ( ^? pap]s1 :i* are well wor? y\r /udy 9 _! fulness & complet5ess1 b ,i h copi$ out "o rem>kable passage1 because x seems to me s entirely to be> out :at ,i h =m]ly v5tur$ to say ab\t ! value ( sci5ce1 bo? z to its subject-matt] & z to ! discipl9e :i* ! le>n+ ( sci5ce involves4 ,x is f a pap] by ,mr4 ,wor?+ton--"o ( ! ma/]s at ,clifton1 ! reputation ( :i* s*ool y "k well1 & at ! head ( :i* is an old fri5d ( m9e1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilson--to :om mu* cr$it is due = be+ "o ( ! fir/1 z ,i c say f my own k1 to take up ?is "q & "w x into practical %ape4 ,:at ,mr4 ,wor?+ton says is ?is3-- ,x is n easy to exagg]ate ! importance ( ! in=mation imp>t$ by c]ta9 bran*es ( sci5ce2 x modifies ! :ole criticism ( life made 9 matur] ye>s4 ,! /udy has (t51 on a mass ( boys1 a c]ta9 influ5ce :i*1 ,i ?9k1 0 h>dly anticipat$1 & to :i* a good deal ( value mu/ be atta*$--an influ5ce z mu* moral z intellectual1 :i* is %[n 9 ! increas$ & increas+ respect = precision ( /atem5t1 & = t =m ( v]acity :i* consi/s 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( difficulties4 ,x produces a real effect to f9d t ,nature _c be impos$ ^u1 & ! att5tion giv5 to exp]im5tal lectures1 at fir/ sup]ficial & curi\s only1 soon becomes m9ute1 s]i\s1 & practical4 ,ladies & g5tlem51 ,i c\ld n h *os5 bett] words to express--9 fact1 ,i h1 9 o!r words1 express$ ! same conviction 9 =m] days--:at ! influ5ce ( sci5tific tea*+1 if prop]ly c>ri$ out1 mu/ be4 ,b n[ comes ! "q ( prop]ly c>ry+ x out1 because1 :5 ,i he> ! value ( s*ool tea*+ 9 physical sci5ce disput$1 my fir/ impulse is to ask ! disput]1 ,:at h y kn[n ab\t x8 & he g5]ally tells me "s lam5table case ( failure4 ,!n ,i ask1 ,:at are ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & h[ 0 ! tea*+ c>ri$ out8 ,i rememb]1 "s few ye>s ago1 he>+ ( ! head ma/] ( a l>ge s*ool1 :o _h express$ great dissatisfaction ) ! adoption ( ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce--& t aft] exp]im5t4 ,b ! exp]im5t consi/$ 9 ?is--9 ask+ "o ( ! junior ma/]s 9 ! s*ool to get up sci5ce1 9 ord] to tea* x2 & ! "y g5tleman w5t away = a ye> & got up sci5ce & taught x4 ,well1 ,i h no d\bt t ! result 0 z disappo9t+ z ! head-ma/] said x 01 & ,i h no d\bt t x ought to h be5 z disappo9t+1 & f> m disappo9t+ too2 =1 if ?is k9d ( in/ruction is to be ( any good at all1 if x is n to be less ?an no good1 if x is to take ! place ( t :i* is already ( "s good1 !n !re are sev]al po9ts :i* mu/ be att5d$ to4 ,& ! fir/ ( ^! is ! prop] selection ( topics1 ! second is practical tea*+1 ! ?ird is practical tea*]s1 & ! f\r? is suffici5cy ( "t4 ,if ^! f\r po9ts are n c>efully att5d$ to by anybody :o und]takes ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce 9 s*ools1 my advice to him is1 to let x alone4 ,i w n dwell at any l5g? ^u ! fir/ po9t1 because !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion z to ! nature ( ! topics :i* %\ld be *os54 ,! second po9t--practical tea*+--is "o ( great importance1 because x requires m capital to set x ago+1 dem&s m "t1 &1 la/1 b by no means lea/1 x requires mu* m p]sonal ex]tion & tr\ble on ! "p ( ^? pr(ess+ to tea*1 ?an is ! case ) o!r k9ds ( in/ruction4 ,:5 ,i accept$ ! invitation to be "h ?is ev5+1 y\r secret>y 0 good en\gh to s5d me ! addresses :i* h be5 giv5 by di/+ui%$ p]sons :o h previ\sly occupi$ ?is *air4 ,i don't "k :e!r he _h a malici\s desire to al>m me2 b1 h[ev] t may be1 ,i read ! addresses1 & d]iv$ ! greate/ pleasure & pr(it f "s ( !m1 & f none m ?an f ! "o giv5 by ! great hi/orian1 ,mr4 ,freeman1 :i* delight$ me mo/ ( all2 &1 if ,i _h n be5 a%am$ ( plagi>is+1 & if ,i _h n be5 sure ( be+ f\nd out1 ,i %\ld h be5 glad to h copi$ v mu* ( :at ,mr4 ,freeman said1 simply putt+ 9 ! ^w sci5ce = hi/ory4 ,!re 0 "o notable passage1--,! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad tea*+ ma9ly consi/s 9 ?is1 :e!r ! words us$ are really clo!d ) a mean+ or n4 ,& ,mr4 ,freeman gives a rem>kable example ( ?is4 ,he says1 :5 a little girl 0 ask$ :]e ,turkey 01 %e answ]$ t x 0 9 ! y>d ) ! o!r f[ls1 & t %[$ %e _h a def9ite idea connect$ ) ! ^w ,turkey1 & 01 s f>1 wor?y ( praise4 ,i q agree ) t comm5dation2 b :at a curi\s ?+ x is t "o %\ld n[ f9d x necess>y to urge t ?is is ! be-all & end-all ( sci5tific in/ruction--! s9e qu non1 ! absolutely necess>y condition1--& yet t x 0 insi/$ ^u m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago by "o ( ! greate/ m5 sci5ce ev] possess$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,william ,h>vey4 ,h>vey wrote1 or at lea/ publi%$1 only two small books1 "o ( :i* is ! well-kn[n treatise on ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! o!r1 ! ,ex]citationes de ,g5]atione1 is less kn[n1 b n less rem>kable4 ,& n ! lea/ valuable "p ( x is ! preface1 9 :i* !re occurs ?is passage3 ,^? :o1 read+ ! words ( au?ors1 d n =m s5sible images ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to1 obta9 no true ideas1 b conceive false imag9ations & inane phantasms4 ,y see1 ,william ,h>vey's words are j ! same 9 sub/ance z ^? ( ,mr4 ,freeman1 only !y happ5 to be r m ?an two c5turies old]4 ,s t :at ,i am n[ say+ has its application else:]e ?an 9 sci5ce2 b assur$ly 9 sci5ce ! condition ( kn[+1 ( y\r own k1 ?+s :i* y talk ab\t1 is absolutely imp]ative4 ,i rememb]1 9 my y\?1 !re 7 dete/able books :i* ought to h be5 burn$ by ! h&s ( ! common hangman1 = !y conta9$ que/ions & answ]s to be le>n$ by he>t1 ( ?is sort1 ,:at is a horse8 ,! horse is t]m$ ,equus caballus2 belongs to ! class ,mammalia2 ord]1 ,pa*yd]mata2 family1 ,solidungula4 ,0 any human be+ wis] = le>n+ t magic =mula8 ,0 he n m fooli%1 inasmu* z he 0 delud$ into tak+ words = k8 ,x is t k9d ( tea*+ t "o wants to get rid (1 & bani%$ out ( sci5ce4 ,make x z little z y l1 b1 unless t :i* is taught is bas$ on actual obs]vation & famili>ity ) facts1 x is bett] left alone4 ,!re are a great _m p :o imag9e t elem5t>y tea*+ might be prop]ly c>ri$ out by tea*]s provid$ ) only elem5t>y k4 ,let me assure y t t is ! pr(\nde/ mi/ake 9 ! _w4 ,!re is no?+ s difficult to d z to write a good elem5t>y book1 & !re is nobody s h>d to tea* prop]ly & well z p :o "k no?+ ab\t a subject1 & ,i w tell y :y4 ,if ,i address an audi5ce ( p]sons :o are occupi$ 9 ! same l9e ( "w z myself1 ,i c assume t !y "k a va/ deal1 & t !y c f9d out ! blund]s ,i make4 ,if !y don't1 x is _! fault & n m9e2 b :5 ,i appe> be=e a body ( p :o "k no?+ ab\t ! matt]1 :o take = gospel :atev] ,i say1 surely x becomes ne$ful t ,i consid] :at ,i say1 make sure t x w be> exam9ation1 & t ,i d n impose ^u ! cr$ulity ( ^? :o h fai? 9 me4 ,9 ! second place1 x involves t difficult process ( kn[+ :at y "k s well t y c talk ab\t x z y c talk ab\t y\r ord9>y bus9ess4 ,a man c always talk ab\t 8 own bus9ess4 ,he c always make x pla92 b1 if 8 k is he>say1 he is afraid to g beyond :at he has recollect$1 & put x be=e ^? t are ignorant 9 su* a %ape t !y %all compreh5d x4 ,t is :y1 to be a good elem5t>y tea*]1 to tea* ! elem5ts ( any subject1 requires mo/ c>eful consid]ation1 if y are a ma/] ( ! subject2 &1 if y are n a ma/] ( x1 x is ne$ful y %\ld famili>ise y\rself ) s mu* z y are call$ ^u to tea*--soak y\rself 9 x1 s to speak--until y "k x z "p ( y\r daily life & daily k1 & !n y w be able to tea* anybody4 ,t is :at ,i mean by practical tea*]s1 &1 al?\gh ! defici5cy ( su* tea*]s is be+ rem$i$ to a l>ge ext5t1 ,i ?9k x is "o :i* has long exi/$1 & :i* has exi/$ f no fault ( ^? :o und]took to tea*1 b because1 until ! la/ score ( ye>s1 x absolutely 0 n possible = any "o 9 a great _m bran*es ( sci5ce1 :atev] 8 desire might be1 to get in/ruction :i* w\ld enable him to be a good tea*] ( elem5t>y ?+s4 ,all t is be+ rapidly alt]$1 & ,i hope x w soon become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! la/ po9t ,i h ref]r$ to is ! "q ( ! suffici5cy ( "t4 ,& "h comes ! rub4 ,! tea*+ ( sci5ce ne$s "t1 z any o!r subject2 b x ne$s m "t proportionally ?an o!r subjects1 = ! am\nt ( "w obvi\sly done1 if ! tea*+ is to be1 z ,i h said1 practical4 ,"w done 9 a laboratory involves a good deal ( exp5diture ( "t )\t always an obvi\s result1 because we d n see any?+ ( t quiet process ( soak+ ! facts into ! m9d1 :i* takes place ?r\gh ! organs ( ! s5ses4 ,on ?is gr\nd !re mu/ be ample "t giv5 to sci5ce tea*+4 ,:at t am\nt ( "t %\ld be is a po9t :i* ,i ne$ n discuss n[2 9 fact1 x is a po9t :i* _c be settl$ until "o has made up "o's m9d ab\t v>i\s o!r que/ions4 ,all1 !n1 t ,i h to ask =1 on behalf ( ! sci5tific p1 if ,i may v5ture to speak = m ?an myself1 is t y %\ld put sci5tific tea*+ into :at /atesm5 call ! condition ( ! mo/ fav\r$ nation2 t is to say1 t x %all h z l>ge a %>e ( ! "t giv5 to education z any o!r pr9cipal subject4 ,y may say t t is a v vague /atem5t1 because ! value ( ! allotm5t ( "t1 "u ^? circum/ances1 dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( pr9cipal subjects4 ,x is x ! "t1 & an unkn[n quantity ( pr9cipal subjects divid+ t1 & sci5ce tak+ %>es ) ! re/4 ,t %[s t we _c deal ) ?is "q fully until we h made up our m9ds z to :at ! pr9cipal subjects ( education ought to be4 ,i "k q well t laun*+ myself into ?is discussion is a v dang]\s op]ation2 t x is a v l>ge subject1 & "o :i* is difficult to deal )1 h[ev] mu* ,i may trespass ^u y\r pati5ce 9 ! "t allott$ to me4 ,b ! discussion is s fundam5tal1 x is s completely impossible to make up "o's m9d on ^! matt]s until "o has settl$ ! "q1 t ,i w ev5 v5ture to make ! exp]im5t4 ,a great lawy]-/atesman & philosoph] ( a =m] age--,i mean ,francis ,bacon--said t tru? came out ( error mu* m rapidly ?an x came out ( confusion4 ,!re is a wond]ful tru? 9 t say+4 ,next to be+ "r 9 ?is _w1 ! be/ ( all ?+s is to be cle>ly & def9itely wrong1 because y w come out some:]e4 ,if y g buzz+ ab\t betwe5 "r & wrong1 vibrat+ & fluctuat+1 y come out n[h]e2 b if y are absolutely & ?or\ghly & p]si/5tly wrong1 y mu/1 "s ( ^! days1 h ! extreme good =tune ( knock+ y\r head aga9/ a fact1 & t sets y all /raight aga94 ,s ,i w n tr\ble myself z to :e!r ,i may be "r or wrong 9 :at ,i am ab\t to say1 b at any rate ,i hope to be cle> & def9ite2 & !n y w be able to judge = y\rselves :e!r1 9 foll[+ out ! tra9 ( ?\ght ,i h to introduce1 y knock y\r heads aga9/ facts or n4 ,i take x t ! :ole object ( education is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to tra9 ! faculties ( ! "y 9 su* a mann] z to give _! possessors ! be/ *ance ( be+ happy & useful 9 _! g5]ation2 &1 9 ! second place1 to furni% !m ) ! mo/ important portions ( t imm5se capitalis$ exp]i5ce ( ! human race :i* we call k ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,i am us+ ! t]m k 9 its wide/ possible s5se2 & ! "q is1 :at subjects to select by tra9+ & discipl9e1 9 :i* ! object ,i h j def9$ may be be/ atta9$4 ,i mu/ call y\r att5tion fur!r to ?is fact1 t all ! subjects ( our ?\ghts--all feel+s & propositions 7leav+ aside our s5sations z ! m]e mat]ials & occasions ( ?9k+ & feel+71 all our m5tal furniture--may be classifi$ "u "o ( two heads--z ei!r )9 ! prov9ce ( ! intellect1 some?+ t c be put into propositions & affirm$ or d5i$2 or z )9 ! prov9ce ( feel+1 or t :i*1 be=e ! "n 0 defil$1 0 call$ ! ae/hetic side ( our nature1 & :i* c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$1 b only felt & kn[n4 ,accord+ to ! classification :i* ,i h put be=e y1 !n1 ! subjects ( all k are divisible into ! two gr\ps1 matt]s ( sci5ce & matt]s ( art2 = all ?+s ) :i* ! reason+ faculty alone is occupi$1 come "u ! prov9ce ( sci5ce2 & 9 ! broade/ s5se1 & n 9 ! n>r[ & te*nical s5se 9 :i* we are n[ accu/om$ to use ! ^w art1 all ?+s feelable1 all ?+s :i* /ir our emotions1 come "u ! t]m ( art1 9 ! s5se ( ! subject-matt] ( ! ae/hetic faculty4 ,s t we are %ut up to ?is--t ! bus9ess ( education is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to provide ! "y ) ! means & ! habit ( obs]vation2 &1 secondly1 to supply ! subject-matt] ( k ei!r 9 ! %ape ( sci5ce or ( art1 or ( bo? comb9$4 ,n[1 x is a v rem>kable fact--b x is true ( mo/ ?+s 9 ?is _w--t !re is h>dly any?+ "o-sid$1 or ( "o nature2 & x is n imm$iately obvi\s :at ( ! ?+s t int]e/ u may be reg>d$ z pure sci5ce1 & :at may be reg>d$ z pure art4 ,x may be t !re are "s peculi>ly con/itut$ p]sons :o1 be=e !y h advanc$ f> into ! dep?s ( geometry1 f9d arti/ic beauty ab\t x2 b1 tak+ ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 ,i ?9k x may be said t1 :5 !y beg9 to le>n ma!matics1 _! :ole s\ls are absorb$ 9 trac+ ! connection betwe5 ! premisses & ! conclusion1 & t to !m geometry is pure sci5ce4 ,s ,i ?9k x may be said t me*anics & o/eology are pure sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 melody 9 music is pure art4 ,y _c reason ab\t x2 !re is no proposition involv$ 9 x4 ,s1 aga91 9 ! pictorial art1 an arabesque1 or a h>mony 9 grey1 t\*es none b ! ae/hetic faculty4 ,b a great ma!matician1 & ev5 _m p]sons :o are n great ma!maticians1 w tell y t !y d]ive imm5se pleasure f geometrical reason+s4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ma!maticians speak ( solutions & problems z elegant1 & !y tell y t a c]ta9 mass ( my/ic symbols is beautiful1 q lovely4 ,well1 y d n see x4 ,!y d see x1 because ! intellectual process1 ! process ( compreh5d+ ! reasons symbolis$ by ^! figures & ^! signs1 conf]s ^u !m a sort ( pleasure1 su* z an arti/ has 9 visual symmetry4 ,take a sci5ce ( :i* ,i may speak ) m confid5ce1 & :i* is ! mo/ attractive ( ^? ,i am conc]n$ )4 ,x is :at we call morphology1 :i* consi/s 9 trac+ out ! unity 9 v>iety ( ! inf9itely div]sifi$ /ructures ( animals & plants4 ,i _c give y any example ( a ?or\gh ae/hetic pleasure m int5sely real ?an a pleasure ( ?is k9d--! pleasure :i* arises 9 "o's m9d :5 a :ole mass ( diff]5t /ructures run into "o h>mony z ! expression ( a c5tral law4 ,t is :]e ! prov9ce ( art ov]lays & embraces ! prov9ce ( intellect4 ,&1 if ,i may v5ture to express an op9ion on su* a subject1 ! great majority ( =ms ( art are n 9 ! s5se :at ,i j n[ def9$ !m to be--pure art2 b !y d]ive mu* ( _! quality f simultane\s & ev5 unconsci\s excitem5t ( ! intellect4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 ,i 0 v fond ( music1 & ,i am s n[2 & x s happ5$ t ,i _h ! opportunity ( he>+ mu* good music4 ,among o!r ?+s1 ,i _h abundant opportunities ( he>+ t great old ma/]1 ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,i rememb] p]fectly well--?\gh ,i knew no?+ ab\t music !n1 &1 ,i may add1 "k no?+ :atev] ab\t x n[--! int5se satisfaction & delight :i* ,i _h 9 li/5+1 by ! h\r toge!r1 to ,ba*'s fugues4 ,x is a pleasure :i* rema9s ) me1 ,i am glad to ?9k2 b1 ( late ye>s1 ,i h tri$ to f9d out ! :y & :]e=e1 & x has (t5 occurr$ to me t ! pleasure d]iv$ f musical compositions ( ?is k9d is ess5tially ( ! same nature z t :i* is d]iv$ f pursuits :i* are commonly reg>d$ z purely intellectual4 ,i mean1 t ! s\rce ( pleasure is exactly ! same z 9 mo/ ( my problems 9 morphology--t y h ! !me 9 "o ( ! old ma/]'s works foll[$ out 9 all its endless v>iations1 always appe>+ & always rem9d+ y ( unity 9 v>iety4 ,s 9 pa9t+2 :at is call$ tru? to nature is ! intellectual elem5t com+ 91 & tru? to nature dep5ds entirely ^u ! intellectual culture ( ! p]son to :om art is address$4 ,if y are 9 ,au/ralia1 y may get cr$it = be+ a good arti/--,i mean among ! natives--if y c draw a kang>oo aft] a fa%ion4 ,b1 among m5 ( high] civilisation1 ! intellectual k we possess br+s its criticism into our appreciation ( works ( art1 & we are oblig$ to satisfy x1 z well z ! m]e s5se ( beauty 9 col\r & 9 outl9e4 ,& s1 ! high] ! culture & in=mation ( ^? :om art addresses1 ! m exact & precise mu/ be :at we call its tru? to nature4 ,if we turn to lit]ature1 ! same ?+ is true1 & y f9d works ( lit]ature :i* may be said to be pure art4 ,a little song ( ,%akespe>e or ( ,goe! is pure art2 x is exquisitely beautiful1 al?\gh its intellectual cont5t may be no?+4 ,a s]ies ( pictures is made to pass be=e y\r m9d by ! mean+ ( words1 & ! effect is a melody ( ideas4 ,nev]!less1 ! great mass ( ! lit]ature we e/eem is valu$1 n m]ely because ( hav+ arti/ic =m1 b because ( its intellectual cont5t2 & ! value is ! high] ! m precise1 di/9ct1 & true is t intellectual cont5t4 ,&1 if y w let me = a mom5t speak ( ! v highe/ =ms ( lit]ature1 d we n reg>d !m z highe/ simply because ! m we "k ! tru] !y seem1 & ! m compet5t we are to appreciate beauty ! m beautiful !y are8 ,no man ev] und]/&s ,%akespe>e until he is old1 ?\gh ! y\nge/ may admire him1 ! reason be+ t he satisfies ! arti/ic in/9ct ( ! y\nge/ & h>monises ) ! ripe/ & ri*e/ exp]i5ce ( ! olde/4 ,i h said ?is mu* to draw y\r att5tion to :at1 to my m9d1 lies at ! root ( all ?is matt]1 & at ! und]/&+ ( "o ano!r by ! m5 ( sci5ce on ! "o h&1 & ! m5 ( lit]ature1 & hi/ory1 & art1 on ! o!r4 ,x is n a "q :e!r "o ord] ( /udy or ano!r %\ld pr$om9ate4 ,x is a "q ( :at topics ( education y %all select :i* w comb9e all ! ne$ful elem5ts 9 su* due proportion z to give ! greate/ am\nt ( food1 support1 & enc\ragem5t to ^? faculties :i* enable u to appreciate tru?1 & to pr(it by ^? s\rces ( innoc5t happ9ess :i* are op5 to u1 &1 at ! same "t1 to avoid t :i* is bad1 & co>se1 & ugly1 & keep cle> ( ! multitude ( pitfalls & dang]s :i* beset ^? :o break ?r\gh ! natural or moral laws4 ,i address myself1 9 ?is _s1 to ! consid]ation ( ! "q ( ! value ( purely lit]>y education4 ,is x good & suffici5t1 or is x insuffici5t & bad8 ,well1 "h ,i v5ture to say t !re are lit]>y educations & lit]>y educations4 ,if ,i am to und]/& by t t]m ! education t 0 curr5t 9 ! great majority ( middle-class s*ools1 & upp] s*ools too1 9 ?is c\ntry :5 ,i 0 a boy1 & :i* consi/$ absolutely & almo/ entirely 9 keep+ boys = eight or t5 ye>s at le>n+ ! rules ( ,lat9 & ,greek gramm>1 con/ru+ c]ta9 ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors1 & possibly mak+ v]ses :i*1 _h !y be5 ,engli% v]ses1 w\ld h be5 condemn$ z abom9able dogg]el1--if t is :at y mean by lib]al education1 !n ,i say x is sc&al\sly insuffici5t & almo/ wor?less4 ,my reason = say+ s is n f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce at all1 b f ! po9t ( view ( lit]ature4 ,i say ! ?+ pr(esses to be lit]>y education t is n a lit]>y education at all4 ,x 0 n lit]ature at all t 0 taught1 b sci5ce 9 a v bad =m4 ,x is q obvi\s t gramm> is sci5ce & n lit]ature4 ,! analysis ( a text by ! help ( ! rules ( gramm> is j z mu* a sci5tific op]ation z ! analysis ( a *emical comp\nd by ! help ( ! rules ( *emical analysis4 ,!re is no?+ t appeals to ! ae/hetic faculty 9 t op]ation2 & ,i ask multitudes ( m5 ( my own age1 :o w5t ?r\gh ?is process1 :e!r !y ev] _h a conception ( art or lit]ature until !y obta9$ x = !mselves aft] leav+ s*ool8 ,!n y may say1 ,if t is s1 if ! education 0 sci5tific1 :y _c y be satisfi$ ) x8 ,i say1 because al?\gh x is a sci5tific tra9+1 x is ( ! mo/ inadequate & inappropriate k9d4 ,if !re is any good at all 9 sci5tific education x is t m5 %\ld be tra9$1 z ,i said be=e1 to "k ?+s = !mselves at fir/ h&1 & t !y %\ld und]/& e /ep ( ! reason ( t :i* !y d4 ,i desire to speak ) ! utmo/ respect ( t sci5ce--philology--( :i* gramm> is a "p & p>cel2 yet ev]ybody kn[s t gramm>1 z x is usually le>n$ at s*ool1 af=ds no sci5tific tra9+4 ,x is taught j z y w\ld tea* ! rules ( *ess or draughts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,i am to und]/& by a lit]>y education ! /udy ( ! lit]atures ( ei!r anci5t or mod]n nations--b especially ^? ( antiquity1 & especially t ( anci5t ,greece2 if ?is lit]ature is /udi$1 n m]ely f ! po9t ( view ( philological sci5ce1 & its practical application to ! int]pretation ( texts1 b z an exemplification ( & comm5t>y ^u ! pr9ciples ( art2 if y look ^u ! lit]ature ( a p z a *apt] 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 if y "w out ?is 9 a broad _s1 & ) su* collat]al ref]5ces to morals & politics1 & physical geography1 & ! l z are ne$ful to make y compreh5d :at ! mean+ ( anci5t lit]ature & civilisation is1--!n1 assur$ly1 x af=ds a spl5did & noble education4 ,b ,i /ill ?9k x is susceptible ( improvem5t1 & t no man w ev] compreh5d ! real secret ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t _w & our pres5t "t1 unless he has le>n$ to see ! diff]5ce :i* ! late developm5t ( physical sci5ce has made betwe5 ! ?\ght ( ?is day & ! ?\ght ( t1 & he w nev] see t diff]5ce1 unless he has "s practical insight into "s bran*es ( physical sci5ce2 & y mu/ rememb] t a lit]>y education su* z t :i* ,i h j ref]r$ to1 is out ( ! rea* ( ^? ^: s*ool life is cut %ort at sixte5 or sev5te54 ,b1 y w say1 all ?is is fault-f9d+2 let u he> :at y h 9 ! way ( positive sugge/ion4 ,!n ,i am b\nd to tell y t1 if ,i c\ld make a clean sweep ( ev]y?+--,i am v glad ,i _c because ,i might1 & probably %\ld1 make mi/akes1--b if ,i c\ld make a clean sweep ( ev]y?+ & />t afre%1 ,i %\ld1 9 ! fir/ place1 secure t tra9+ ( ! "y 9 read+ & writ+1 & 9 ! habit ( att5tion & obs]vation1 bo? to t :i* is told !m1 & t :i* !y see1 :i* ev]ybody agrees to4 ,b 9 addition to t1 ,i %\ld make x absolutely necess>y = ev]ybody1 = a long] or %ort] p]iod1 to le>n to draw4 ,n[1 y may say1 !re are "s p :o _c draw1 h[ev] mu* !y may be taught4 ,i d5y t 9 toto1 because ,i nev] yet met ) anybody :o c\ld n le>n to write4 ,writ+ is a =m ( draw+2 !re=e if y give ! same att5tion & tr\ble to draw+ z y d to writ+1 dep5d ^u x1 !re is nobody :o _c be made to draw1 m or less well4 ,d n misappreh5d me4 ,i d n say = "o mom5t y w\ld make an arti/ic draughtsman4 ,arti/s are n made2 !y gr[4 ,y may improve ! natural faculty 9 t direction1 b y _c make x2 b y c tea* simple draw+1 & y w f9d x an implem5t ( le>n+ ( extreme value4 ,i d n ?9k its value c be exagg]at$1 because x gives y ! means ( tra9+ ! "y 9 att5tion & accuracy1 :i* are ! two ?+s 9 :i* all mank9d are m defici5t ?an 9 any o!r m5tal quality :atev]4 ,! :ole ( my life has be5 sp5t 9 try+ to give my prop] att5tion to ?+s & to be accurate1 & ,i h n succe$$ z well z ,i c\ld wi%2 & o!r p1 ,i am afraid1 are n mu* m =tunate4 ,y _c beg9 ?is habit too e>ly1 & ,i consid] !re is no?+ ( s great a value z ! habit ( draw+1 to secure ^? two desirable ends4 ,!n we come to ! subject-matt]1 :e!r sci5tific or ae/hetic1 ( education1 & ,i %\ld naturally h no "q at all ab\t tea*+ ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce ( ! k9d ,i h sket*$1 9 a practical mann]2 b among sci5tific topics1 us+ ! ^w sci5tific 9 ! broade/ s5se1 ,i w\ld also include ! elem5ts ( ! !ory ( morals & ( t ( political & social life1 :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 x nev] seems to occur to anybody to tea* a *ild4 ,i w\ld h ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry1 & ( all ! influ5ces :i* h be5 br\ght to be> ^u x1 ) incid5tal geography1 n z a m]e *ronicle ( reigns & battles1 b z a *apt] 9 ! developm5t ( ! race1 & ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,!n ) respect to ae/hetic k & discipl9e1 we h happily 9 ! ,engli% language "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t /oreh\ses ( arti/ic beauty & ( models ( lit]>y excell5ce :i* exi/s 9 ! _w at ! pres5t "t4 ,i h said be=e1 & ,i repeat x "h1 t if a man _c get lit]>y culture ( ! highe/ k9d out ( 8 ,bible1 & ,*auc]1 & ,%akespe>e1 & ,milton1 & ,hobbes1 & ,bi%op ,b]keley1 to m5tion only a few ( our illu/ri\s writ]s--,i say1 if he _c get x out ( ^? writ]s1 he _c get x out ( any?+2 & ,i w\ld assur$ly devote a v l>ge portion ( ! "t ( e ,engli% *ild to ! c>eful /udy ( ! models ( ,engli% writ+ ( su* v>i$ & wond]ful k9d z we possess1 &1 :at is /ill m important & /ill m neglect$1 ! habit ( us+ t language ) precision1 ) =ce1 & ) art4 ,i fancy we are almo/ ! only nation 9 ! _w :o seem to ?9k t composition comes by nature4 ,! ,fr5* att5d to _! own language1 ! ,g]mans /udy !irs2 b ,engli%m5 d n seem to ?9k x is wor? _! :ile4 ,nor w\ld ,i fail to include1 9 ! c\rse ( /udy ,i am sket*+1 translations ( all ! be/ works ( antiquity1 or ( ! mod]n _w4 ,x is a v desirable ?+ to read ,hom] 9 ,greek2 b if y don't happ5 to "k ,greek1 ! next be/ ?+ we c d is to read z good a translation ( x z we h rec5tly be5 furni%$ ) 9 prose4 ,y won't get all y w\ld get f ! orig9al1 b y may get a great deal2 & to refuse to "k ?is great deal because y _c get all1 seems to be z s5sible z = a hungry man to refuse bread because he _c get p>tridge4 ,f9ally1 ,i w\ld add in/ruction 9 ei!r music or pa9t+1 or1 if ! *ild %\ld be s unhappy1 z sometimes happ5s1 z to h no faculty = ei!r ( ^?1 & no possibility ( do+ any?+ 9 any arti/ic s5se ) !m1 !n ,i w\ld see :at c\ld be done ) lit]ature alone2 b ,i w\ld provide1 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 = ! developm5t ( ! ae/hetic side ( ! m9d4 ,9 my judgm5t1 ^? are all ! ess5tials ( education = an ,engli% *ild4 ,) t outfit1 su* z x might be made 9 ! "t giv5 to education :i* is )9 ! rea* ( n9e-t5?s ( ! population--) t outfit1 an ,engli%man1 )9 ! limits ( ,engli% life1 is fitt$ to g any:]e1 to occupy ! highe/ positions1 to fill ! highe/ (fices ( ! ,/ate1 & to become di/+ui%$ 9 practical pursuits1 9 sci5ce1 or 9 art4 ,=1 if he h ! opportunity to le>n all ^? ?+s1 & h 8 m9d discipl9$ 9 ! v>i\s directions ! tea*+ ( ^? topics w\ld h necessitat$1 !n1 assur$ly1 he w be able to pick up1 on 8 road ?r\gh life1 all ! re/ ( ! intellectual baggage he wants4 ,if ! educational "t at our disposition 7 suffici5t1 !re are "o or two ?+s ,i w\ld add to ^? ,i h j n[ call$ ! ess5tials2 & p]haps y w be surpris$ to he>1 ?\gh ,i hope y w n1 t ,i %\ld add1 n m sci5ce1 b "o1 or1 if possible1 two languages4 ,! k ( "s o!r language ?an "o's own is1 9 fact1 ( s+ul> intellectual value4 ,_m ( ! faults & mi/akes ( ! anci5t philosoph]s are traceable to ! fact t !y knew no language b _! own1 & 7 (t5 l$ into confus+ ! symbol ) ! ?\ght :i* x embodi$4 ,i ?9k x is ,locke :o says t "o-half ( ! mi/akes ( philosoph]s h aris5 f que/ions ab\t words2 & "o ( ! safe/ ways ( deliv]+ y\rself f ! bondage ( words is1 to "k h[ ideas look 9 words to :i* y are n accu/om$4 ,t is "o reason = ! /udy ( language2 ano!r reason is1 t x op5s new fields 9 art & 9 sci5ce4 ,ano!r is ! practical value ( su* k2 & yet ano!r is ?is1 t if y\r languages are prop]ly *os51 f ! "t ( le>n+ ! additional languages y w "k y\r own language bett] ?an ev] y did4 ,s1 ,i say1 if ! "t giv5 to education p]mits1 add ,lat9 & ,g]man4 ,lat91 because x is ! key to ne>ly "o-half ( ,engli% & to all ! ,romance languages2 & ,g]man1 because x is ! key to almo/ all ! rema9d] ( ,engli%1 & helps y to und]/& a race f :om mo/ ( u h sprung1 & :o h a "* & a lit]ature ( a fateful =ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 su* z probably has be5 allott$ to ^? ( no o!r p1 except ! ,jews1 ! ,greeks1 & ourselves4 ,beyond ^!1 ! ess5tial & ! em95tly desirable elem5ts ( all education1 let ea* man take up 8 special l9e--! hi/orian devote himself to 8 hi/ory1 ! man ( sci5ce to 8 sci5ce1 ! man ( lett]s to 8 culture ( t k9d1 & ! arti/ to 8 special pursuit4 ,bacon has prefac$ "s ( 8 works ) no m ?an ?is3 ,franciscus ,bacon sic cogitavit2 let sic cogitavi be ! epilogue to :at ,i h v5tur$ to address to y to-night4 ,,viii ,,univ]sities3 ,,actual ,,& ,,ideal #ahgd ,elect$ by ! suffrages ( y\r f\r ,nations ,rector ( ! anci5t ,univ]sity ( :i* y are s*ol>s1 ,i take ! e>lie/ opportunity :i* has pres5t$ itself s9ce my re/oration to heal?1 ( deliv]+ ! ,address :i*1 by long cu/om1 is expect$ ( ! hold] ( my (fice4 ,my fir/ duty 9 op5+ t ,address1 is to (f] y my mo/ he>ty ?anks = ! signal hon\r y h conf]r$ ^u me--an hon\r ( :i*1 z a man unconnect$ ) y by p]sonal or by national ties1 devoid ( political di/9ction1 & a plebeian :o /&s by 8 ord]1 ,i c\ld n h dream$4 ,& x 0 ! m surpris+ to me1 z ! five-&-tw5ty ye>s :i* h pass$ ov] my head s9ce ,i rea*$ intellectual manhood1 h be5 l>gely sp5t 9 no half-he>t$ advocacy ( doctr9es :i* h n yet f\nd fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ,academic respectability2 s t1 :5 ! proposal to nom9ate me = y\r ,rector came1 ,i 0 almo/ z mu* a/oni%$ z 0 ,hal o' ! ,wynd1 :o f\ght = 8 own h&1 by ! ,black ,d\glas's pr(f] ( knigh?ood4 ,& ,i fe> t my acceptance mu/ be tak5 z evid5ce t1 less wise ?an ! ,arm\r] ( ,p]?1 ,i h n yet done ) soldi]+4 ,9 fact1 if1 = a mom5t1 ,i imag9$ t y\r int5tion 0 simply1 9 ! k9dness ( y\r he>ts1 to d me hon\r2 & t ! ,rector ( y\r ,univ]sity1 l t ( "s o!r ,univ]sities 0 "o ( ^? happy be+s :o sit 9 glory = ?ree ye>s1 ) no?+ to d = x save ! mak+ ( a spee*1 a conv]sation ) my di/+ui%$ pr$ecessor soon dispell$ ! dream4 ,i f\nd t1 by ! con/itution ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 ! incumb5t ( ! ,rectorate is1 if n a p[]1 at any rate a pot5tial en]gy2 & t1 :atev] may be 8 *ances ( success or failure1 x is 8 duty to conv]t t pot5tial en]gy into a liv+ =ce1 direct$ t[>ds su* ends z may seem to him conducive to ! welf>e ( ! corporation ( :i* he is ! !oretical head4 ,i ne$ n tell y t y\r late ,"l ,rector took ?is view ( 8 position1 & act$ ^u x ) ! compreh5sive1 f>-see+ insight into ! actual condition & t5d5cies1 n m]ely ( 8 own1 b ( o!r c\ntries1 :i* is 8 hon\rable *>act]i/ic among /atesm54 ,i h already done my be/1 &1 z long z ,i hold my (fice1 ,i %all cont9ue my endeav\rs1 to foll[ 9 ! pa? :i* he trod2 to d :at 9 me lies1 to br+ ?is ,univ]sity ne>] to ! ideal--alas1 t ,i %\ld be oblig$ to say ideal--( all ,univ]sities2 :i*1 z ,i conceive1 %\ld be places 9 :i* ?\ght is free f all fett]s2 & 9 :i* all s\rces ( k1 & all aids to le>n+1 %\ld be accessible to all com]s1 )\t di/9ction ( cre$ or c\ntry1 ri*es or pov]ty4 ,d n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,i am sangu9e en\gh to expect mu* to come ( any poor ef=ts ( m9e4 ,if y\r annals take any notice ( my incumb5cy1 ,i %all probably g d[n to po/]ity z ! ,rector :o 0 always beat54 ,b if !y add1 z ,i ?9k !y w1 t my defeats became victories 9 ! h&s ( my successors1 ,i %all be well cont5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sc5es are %ift+ 9 ! great !atre ( ! _w4 ,! act :i* comm5c$ ) ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation is ne>ly play$ out1 & a wid] & deep] *ange ?an t effect$ ?ree c5turies ago--a re=mation1 or r a revolution ( ?\ght1 ! extremes ( :i* are repres5t$ by ! intellectual heirs ( ,john ( ,leyd5 & ( ,ignatius ,loyola1 r ?an by ^? ( ,lu!r & ( ,leo--is wait+ to come on1 nay1 visible beh9d ! sc5es to ^? :o h good eyes4 ,m5 are beg9n+1 once m1 to awake to ! fact t matt]s ( belief & ( speculation are ( absolutely inf9ite practical importance2 & are draw+ (f f t sunny c\ntry :]e x is always aft]noon--! sleepy holl[ ( broad indiff]5tism--to range !mselves "u _! natural bann]s4 ,*ange is 9 ! air4 ,x is :irl+ fea!r-heads into all sorts ( ecc5tric orbits1 & fill+ ! /eadie/ ) a s5se ( insecurity4 ,x insi/s on reop5+ all que/ions & ask+ all in/itutions1 h[ev] v5]able1 by :at "r !y exi/1 & :e!r !y are1 or are n1 9 h>mony ) ! real or suppos$ wants ( mank9d4 ,& x is rem>kable t ^! se>*+ inquiries are n s mu* =c$ on in/itutions f )\t1 z develop$ f )94 ,consummate s*ol>s "q ! value ( le>n+2 prie/s contemn dogma2 & wom5 turn _! backs ^u man's ideal ( p]fect womanhood1 & seek satisfaction 9 apocalyptic visions ( "s1 z yet1 unrealis$ epic5e reality4 ,if !re be a type ( /ability 9 ?is _w1 "o w\ld be incl9$ to look = x 9 ! old ,univ]sities ( ,engl&4 ,b x has be5 my bus9ess ( late to he> a good deal ab\t :at is go+ on 9 ^! fam\s corporations2 & ,i h be5 fill$ ) a/oni%m5t by ! evid5ces ( int]nal f]m5tation :i* !y exhibit4 ,if ,gibbon c\ld revisit ! anci5t seat ( le>n+ ( :i* he has writt5 s cavali]ly1 assur$ly he w\ld no long] speak ( ! monks ( ,ox=d sunk 9 prejudice & port4 ,!re1 z else:]e1 port has gone out ( fa%ion1 & s has prejudice--at lea/ t p>ticul> f9e1 old1 cru/$ sort ( prejudice to :i* ! great hi/orian alludes4 ,inde$1 ?+s are mov+ s fa/ 9 ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 t1 = my "p1 ,i rejoic$ :5 ! ,royal ,commission1 ( :i* ,i am a memb]1 _h f9i%$ & pres5t$ ! ,report :i* relat$ to ^! ,univ]sities2 = we %\ld h look$ l m]e plagi>i/s1 if1 9 consequ5ce ( a little long] delay 9 issu+ x1 all ! measures ( re=m we propos$ _h be5 anticipat$ by ! spontane\s action ( ! ,univ]sities !mselves4 ,a mon? ago ,i %\ld h gone on to say t "o might spe$ily expect *anges ( ano!r k9d 9 ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,a ,commission has be5 inquir+ into ! rev5ues ( ! _m weal?y societies1 9 m or less direct connection ) ! ,univ]sities1 resid5t 9 ^? t[ns4 ,x is said t ! ,commission has report$1 & t1 = ! fir/ "t 9 record$ hi/ory1 ! nation1 & p]haps ! ,colleges !mselves1 w "k :at !y are wor?4 ,& x 0 ann\nc$ t a /atesman1 :o1 :atev] 8 o!r m]its or defects1 has aims above ! level ( m]e p>ty fight+1 & a cle> vision into ! mo/ complex practical problems1 meant to deal ) ^! rev5ues4 ,b1 ,bos locutus e/4 ,t my/]i\s indep5d5t v>iable ( political calculation1 ,public ,op9ion--:i* "s :isp] is1 9 ! pres5t case1 v mu* ! same ?+ z publican's op9ion--has will$ o!rwise4 ,! ,heads may return to _! wont$ slumb]s--at any rate = a space4 ,is ! _s ( *ange1 :i* is work+ ?us vigor\sly 9 ! ,s\?1 likely to affect ! ,nor!rn ,univ]sities1 & if s1 to :at ext5t8 ,! viol5ce ( f]m5tation dep5ds1 n s mu* on ! quantity ( ! yea/1 z on ! composition ( ! wort1 & its ri*ness 9 f]m5table mat]ial2 &1 z a prelim9>y to ! discussion ( ?is "q1 ,i v5ture to call to y\r m9ds ! ess5tial & fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,scotti% & ! ,engli% type ( ,univ]sity4 ,d n *>ge me ) any?+ worse ?an (ficial egotism1 if ,i say t ^! diff]5ces appe> to be l>gely symbolis$ by my own exi/5ce4 ,!re is no ,rector 9 an ,engli% ,univ]sity4 ,n[1 ! organisation ( ! memb]s ( a ,univ]sity into ,nations1 ) _! elective ,rector1 is ! la/ relic ( ! primitive con/itution ( ,univ]sities4 ,! ,rectorate 0 ! mo/ important ( all (fices 9 t ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ^u ! model ( :i* ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5 0 fa%ion$2 & :i* 0 c]ta9ly a great & fl\ri%+ in/itution 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,en?usia/s = ! antiquity ( "o ( ! two ackn[l$g$ p>5ts ( all ,univ]sities1 inde$1 d n hesitate to trace ! orig9 ( ! ,/udium ,p>isi5se up to t wond]ful k+ ( ! ,franks & ,lomb>ds1 ,k>l1 surnam$ ! ,great1 :om we all call$ ,*>lemagne1 & believ$ to be a ,fr5*man1 until a le>n$ hi/orian1 by b5efic5t it]ation1 taught u bett]4 ,k>l is said n to h be5 mu* ( a s*ol> himself1 b he _h ! wisdom ( :i* k is only ! s]vitor4 ,& t wisdom enabl$ him to see t ignorance is "o ( ! roots ( all evil4 ,9 ! ,capitul>y :i* enjo9s ! f\ndation ( mona/]ial & ca!dral s*ools1 he says3 ,"r action is bett] ?an k2 b 9 ord] to d :at is "r1 we mu/ "k :at is "r4 #a ,an irrefragable tru?1 ,i fancy4 ,act+ ^u x1 ! k+ took pretty full compulsory p[]s1 & c>ri$ into effect a really consid]able & effectual s*eme ( elem5t>y education ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( 8 dom9ions4 ,no d\bt ! idolat]s out by ! ,elbe1 9 :at is n[ "p ( ,prussia1 object$ to ! ,franki% k+'s measures2 no d\bt ! prie/s1 :o _h nev] hesitat$ ab\t sacrific+ all unbeliev]s 9 _! fanta/ic deities & futile conjurations1 7 ! l\de/ 9 *ant+ ! virtues ( tol]ation2 no d\bt !y d5\nc$ z a cruel p]secutor ! man :o w\ld n all[ !m1 h[ev] s9c]e !y might be1 to g on spread+ delusions :i* debas$ ! intellect1 z mu* z !y dead5$ ! moral s5se1 & und]m9$ ! bonds ( civil allegiance2 no d\bt1 if !y _h liv$ 9 ^! times1 !y w\ld h be5 able to %[1 ) ease1 t ! k+'s proce$+s 7 totally contr>y to ! be/ lib]al pr9ciples4 ,b x may be said1 9 ju/ification ( ! ,teutonic rul]1 fir/1 t he 0 born be=e ^? pr9ciples1 & did n suspect t ! be/ way ( gett+ disord] into ord] 0 to let x alone2 &1 secondly1 t 8 r\gh & que/ionable proce$+s did1 m or less1 br+ ab\t ! end he _h 9 view4 ,=1 9 a c\ple ( c5turies1 ! s*ools he s[$ broadca/ produc$ _! crop ( m51 ?ir/+ = k & crav+ = culture4 ,su* m5 gravitat+ t[>ds ,p>is1 z a light amid/ ! d>kness ( evil days1 f ,g]many1 f ,spa91 f ,brita91 & f ,sc&9avia1 came toge!r by natural aff9ity4 ,by degrees !y b&$ !mselves into a society1 :i*1 z its end 0 ! k ( all ?+s kn[able1 call$ itself a ,/udium ,g5]ale2 & :5 x _h gr[n into a recognis$ corporation1 acquir$ ! "n ( ,univ]sitas ,/udii ,g5]alis1 :i*1 m>k y1 means n a ,useful ,k ,society1 b a ,k-(-?+s-9-g5]al ,society4 ,& ?us ! fir/ ,univ]sity1 at any rate on ?is side ( ! ,alps1 came into be+4 ,orig9ally x _h b "o ,faculty1 t ( ,arts4 ,its aim 0 to be a c5tre ( k & culture2 n to be1 9 any s5se1 a te*nical s*ool4 ,! s*ol>s seem to h /udi$ ,gramm>1 ,logic1 & ,rhetoric2 ,ari?metic & ,geometry2 ,a/ronomy2 ,!ology2 & ,music4 ,?us1 _! "w1 h[ev] imp]fect & faulty1 judg$ by mod]n lights1 x may h be51 br\ght !m face to face ) all ! lead+ aspects ( ! _m-sid$ m9d ( man4 ,= ^! /udies did really conta91 at any rate 9 embryo--sometimes1 x may be1 9 c>icature--:at we n[ call ,philosophy1 ,ma!matical & ,physical ,sci5ce1 & ,art4 ,& ,i d\bt if ! curriculum ( any mod]n ,univ]sity %[s s cle> & g5]\s a compreh5sion ( :at is meant by culture1 z ?is old ,trivium & ,quadrivium does4 ,! /ud5ts :o _h pass$ ?r\gh ! ,univ]sity c\rse1 & _h prov$ !mselves compet5t to tea*1 became ma/]s & tea*]s ( _! y\ng] bre?r54 ,:5ce ! di/9ction ( ,ma/]s & ,reg5ts on ! "o h&1 & ,s*ol>s on ! o!r4 ,rapid gr[? necessitat$ organisation4 ,! ,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s ( v>i\s tongues & c\ntries gr\p$ !mselves into f\r ,nations2 & ! ,nations1 by _! own votes at fir/1 & subsequ5tly by ^? ( _! ,procurators1 or repres5tatives1 elect$ _! supreme head & gov]nor1 ! ,rector--at t "t ! sole repres5tative ( ! ,univ]sity1 & a v real p[]1 :o c\ld defy ,provo/s int]f]+ f )\t2 or c\ld inflict ev5 corporal puni%m5t on disob$i5t memb]s )9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,su* 0 ! primitive con/itution ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ?is orig9al /ate ( ?+s t ,i h spok5 ( ! ,rectorate1 & all t app]ta9s to x1 z ! sole relic ( t con/itution4 ,b ?is orig9al organisation did n la/ long4 ,society 0 n !n1 any m ?an x is n[1 pati5t ( culture1 z su*4 ,x says to ev]y?+1 ,be useful to me1 or away ) y4 ,& to ! le>n$1 ! unle>n$ man said !n1 z he does n[1 ,:at is ! use ( all y\r le>n+1 unless y c tell me :at ,i want to "k8 ,i am "h bl9dly grop+ ab\t1 & con/antly damag+ myself by collision ) ?ree mighty p[]s1 ! p[] ( ! invisible ,god1 ! p[] ( my fell[ ,man1 & ! p[] ( brute ,nature4 ,let y\r le>n+ be turn$ to ! /udy ( ^! p[]s1 t ,i may "k h[ ,i am to comport myself ) reg>d to !m4 ,9 answ] to ?is dem&1 "s ( ! ,ma/]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( ,!ology1 "s to t ( ,law1 & "s to t ( ,m$ic9e2 & !y became ,doctors--m5 le>n$ 9 ^? te*nical1 or1 z we n[ call !m1 pr(essional1 bran*es ( k4 ,l cleav+ to l1 ! ,doctors =m$ s*ools1 or ,faculties1 ( ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e1 :i* sometimes assum$ airs ( sup]iority ov] _! p>5t1 ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 ?\gh ! latt] always ass]t$ & ma9ta9$ its fundam5tal supremacy4 ,! ,faculties arose by process ( natural diff]5tiation out ( ! primitive ,univ]sity4 ,o!r con/itu5ts1 =eign to its nature1 7 spe$ily graft$ ^u x4 ,"o ( ^! extrane\s elem5ts 0 =c$ into x by ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :i* 9 ^? days ass]t$ ) effect1 t :i* x n[ ass]ts1 happily )\t any effect 9 ^! realms1 its "r ( c5sor%ip & control ov] all tea*+4 ,! local habitation ( ! ,univ]sity lay p>tly 9 ! l&s atta*$ to ! mona/]y ( ,s4 ,g5evive1 p>tly 9 ! diocese ( ! ,bi%op ( ,p>is2 & he :o w\ld tea* mu/ h ! lic5ce ( ! ,abbot1 or ( ! ,bi%op1 z ! ne>e/ repres5tative ( ! ,pope1 s to d1 :i* lic5ce 0 grant$ by ! ,*ancellors ( ^! ,ecclesia/ics4 ,?us1 if ,i am :at ar*aeologi/s call a survival ( ! primitive head & rul] ( ! ,univ]sity1 y\r ,*ancellor /&s 9 ! same relation to ! ,papacy2 &1 ) all respect = 8 ,grace1 ,i ?9k ,i may say t we bo? look t]ribly %runk5 :5 comp>$ ) our great orig9als4 ,n s is x ) a second =eign elem5t1 :i* sil5tly dropp$ into ! soil ( ,univ]sities1 l ! gra9 ( mu/>d-se$ 9 ! p>able2 &1 l t gra91 grew into a tree1 9 ^: bran*es a :ole avi>y ( f[ls took %elt]4 ,t elem5t is ! elem5t ( ,end[m5t4 ,x diff]$ f ! prec$+1 9 its orig9al design to s]ve z a prop to ! "y plant1 n to be a p>asite ^u x4 ,! *>itable & ! humane1 bless$ ) weal?1 7 v e>ly p5etrat$ by ! mis]y ( ! poor /ud5t4 ,& ! wise saw t intellectual ability is n s common or s unimportant a gift t x %\ld be all[$ to run to wa/e ^u m]e h&icrafts & *>es4 ,! man :o 0 a bless+ to 8 contempor>ies1 b :o s (t5 has be5 conv]t$ into a curse1 by ! bl9d adh]5ce ( 8 po/]ity to ! lett]1 r ?an to ! _s1 ( 8 wi%es--,i mean ! pi\s f\nd]--gave money & l&s1 t ! /ud5t1 :o 0 ri* 9 bra9 & poor 9 all else1 might be tak5 f ! pl\gh or f ! /i?y1 & enabl$ to devote himself to ! high] s]vice ( mank9d2 & built colleges & halls 9 :i* he might be n only h\s$ & f$1 b taught4 ,! ,colleges 7 v g5]ally plac$ 9 /rict subord9ation to ! ,univ]sity by _! f\nd]s2 b1 9 _m cases1 _! end[m5t1 consi/+ ( l&1 has und]gone an une>n$ increm5t1 :i* has giv5 ^! societies a cont9ually increas+ weight & importance z aga9/ ! un5d[$1 or fix$ly end[$1 ,univ]sity4 ,9 ,ph>aoh's dream1 ! sev5 lean k9e eat up ! sev5 fat ones4 ,9 ! reality ( hi/orical fact1 ! fat ,colleges h eat5 up ! lean ,univ]sities4 ,ev5 "h 9 ,ab]de51 ?\gh ! causes at "w may h be5 some:at diff]5t1 ! effects h be5 simil>2 & y see h[ mu* m sub/antial an entity is ! ,v ,rev]5d ! ,pr9cipal1 analogue1 if n homologue1 ( ! ,pr9cipals ( ,k+'s ,college1 ?an ! ,rector1 l9eal repres5tative ( ! anci5t mon>*s ( ! ,univ]sity1 ?\gh n[1 little m ?an a k+ ( %r$s & pat*es4 ,d n suppose t1 9 ?us briefly trac+ ! process ( ,univ]sity metamorphosis1 ,i h _h any int5tion ( qu>rell+ ) its results4 ,practically1 x seems to me t ! broad *anges effect$ 9 #aheh h giv5 ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities a v lib]al con/itution1 ) z mu* real approximation to ! primitive /ate ( ?+s z is at all desirable4 ,if y\r fat k9e h eat5 ! lean1 !y h n la9 d[n to *ew ! cud ev] s9ce4 ,! ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 l ! ,engli%1 h div]g$ widely en\gh f _! primitive model2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! nor!rn =m has rema9$ m fai?ful to its orig9al1 n only 9 con/itution1 b1 :at is m to ! purpose1 9 view ( ! cry = *ange1 9 ! practical application ( ! end[m5ts connect$ ) x4 ,9 ,ab]de51 ^! end[m5ts are num]\s1 b s small t1 tak5 altoge!r1 !y are n equal to ! rev5ue ( a s+le ?ird-rate ,engli% college4 ,!y are s*ol>%ips1 n fell[%ips2 aids to d "w--n rew>ds = su* "w z x lies )9 ! rea* ( an ord9>y1 or ev5 an extraord9>y1 "y man to d4 ,y d n ?9k t pass+ a respectable exam9ation is a fair equival5t = an income1 su* z _m a grey-head$ vet]an1 or cl]gyman w\ld envy2 & :i* is l>g] ?an ! end[m5t ( _m ,regius *airs4 ,y d n c>e to make y\r ,univ]sity a s*ool ( mann]s = ! ri*2 ( sports = ! a?letic2 or a hot-b$ ( high-f$1 hyp]critical ref9em5t1 m de/ructive to vig\r & orig9ality ?an are />vation & oppression4 ,no2 y\r little ,burs>ies ( t5 & tw5ty 7,i believe ev5 fifty7 p\nds a ye>1 enabl$ any boy :o has %[n ability 9 ! c\rse ( 8 education 9 ^? rem>kable prim>y s*ools1 :i* h made ,scotl& ! p[] %e is1 to obta9 ! highe/ culture ! c\ntry c give him2 & :5 he is arm$ & equipp$1 8 ,sp>tan ,alma ,mat] tells him t1 s f>1 he has _h 8 wages = 8 "w1 & t he may g & e>n ! re/4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! ho/ ( pleasant1 money$1 well-br$ "y g5tlem51 :o d a little le>n+ & mu* boat+ by ,cam & ,isis1 ! vision is a pleasant "o2 &1 z a patriot1 ,i rejoice t ! y\? ( ! upp] & ri*] classes ( ! nation receive a :olesome & a manly tra9+1 h[ev] small may be ! modicum ( k !y ga!r1 9 ! int]vals ( ?is1 _! s]i\s bus9ess4 ,i admit1 to ! full1 ! social & political value ( t tra9+4 ,b1 :5 ,i proce$ to consid] t ^! "y m5 may be said to repres5t ! great bulk ( :at ! ,colleges h to %[ = _! enorm\s weal?1 plus1 at lea/1 a hundr$ & fifty p\nds a ye> apiece :i* ea* und]graduate co/s 8 p>5ts or gu>dians1 ,i feel incl9$ to ask1 :e!r ! rate-9-aid ( ! education ( ! weal?y & pr(essional classes1 ?us levi$ on ! res\rces ( ! community1 is n1 aft] all1 a little heavy8 ,&1 /ill fur!r1 ,i am tempt$ to inquire :at has become ( ! indig5t s*ol>s1 ! sons ( ! masses ( ! p ^: daily lab\r j suffices to meet _! daily wants1 = ^: b5efit ^! ri* f\ndations 7 l>gely1 if n ma9ly1 in/itut$8 ,x seems z if ,ph>aoh's dream _h be5 rigor\sly c>ri$ out1 & t ev5 ! fat s*ol> has eat5 ! lean "o4 ,& :5 ,i turn f ?is picture to ! no less real vision ( _m a brave & frugal ,scot* boy1 sp5d+ 8 summ] 9 h>d manual lab\r1 t he may h ! privilege ( w5d+ 8 way 9 autumn to ?is ,univ]sity1 ) a bag ( oatmeal1 t5 p\nds 9 8 pocket1 & 8 own /\t he>t to dep5d ^u ?r\gh ! nor!rn w9t]2 n b5t on seek+ ,! bubble reputation at ! cannon's m\?1 b det]m9$ to wr+ k f ! h>d h&s ( p5ury2 :5 ,i see him w9 ?r\gh all su* outw>d ob/acles to positions ( wide usefulness & well-e>n$ fame2 ,i _c b ?9k t1 9 ess5ce1 ,ab]de5 has dep>t$ b little f ! primitive int5tion ( ! f\nd]s ( ,univ]sities1 & t ! _s ( re=m has s mu* to d on ! o!r side ( ! ,bord]1 t x may be long be=e he has leisure to look ?is way4 ,z comp>$ ) o!r actual ,univ]sities1 !n1 ,ab]de51 may1 p]haps1 be well satisfi$ ) itself4 ,b d n ?9k me an impracticable dream]1 if ,i ask y n to re/ & be ?ankful 9 ?is /ate ( satisfaction2 if ,i ask y to consid] a:ile1 h[ ?is actual good /&s relat$ to t ideal bett]1 t[>ds :i* bo? m5 & in/itutions mu/ progress1 if !y w\ld n retrograde4 ,9 an ideal ,univ]sity1 z ,i conceive x1 a man %\ld be able to obta9 in/ruction 9 all =ms ( k1 & discipl9e 9 ! use ( all ! me?ods by :i* k is obta9$4 ,9 su* a ,univ]sity1 ! =ce ( liv+ example %\ld fire ! /ud5t ) a noble ambition to emulate ! le>n+ ( le>n$ m51 & to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! explor]s ( new fields ( k4 ,& ! v air he brea!s %\ld be *>g$ ) t en?usiasm = tru?1 t fanaticism ( v]acity1 :i* is a great] possession ?an mu* le>n+2 a nobl] gift ?an ! p[] ( increas+ k2 by s mu* great] & nobl] ?an ^!1 z ! moral nature ( man is great] ?an ! intellectual2 = v]acity is ! he>t ( morality4 ,b ! man :o is all morality & intellect1 al?\gh he may be good & ev5 great1 is1 aft] all1 only half a man4 ,!re is beauty 9 ! moral _w & 9 ! intellectual _w2 b !re is also a beauty :i* is nei!r moral nor intellectual--! beauty ( ! _w ( ,art4 ,!re are m5 :o are devoid ( ! p[] ( see+ x1 z !re are m5 :o are born deaf & bl9d1 & ! loss ( ^?1 z ( ^!1 is simply inf9ite4 ,!re are o!rs 9 :om x is an ov]p[]+ passion2 happy m51 born ) ! productive1 or at l[e/1 ! appreciative1 g5ius ( ! ,arti/4 ,b1 9 ! mass ( mank9d1 ! ,ae/hetic faculty1 l ! reason+ p[] & ! moral s5se1 ne$s to be r\s$1 direct$1 & cultivat$2 & ,i "k n :y ! developm5t ( t side ( 8 nature1 ?r\gh :i* man has access to a p]5nial spr+ ( ennobl+ pleasure1 %\ld be omitt$ f any compreh5sive s*eme ( ,univ]sity education4 ,all ,univ]sities recognise ,lit]ature 9 ! s5se ( ! old ,rhetoric1 :i* is art inc>nate 9 words4 ,"s1 to _! cr$it1 recognise ,art 9 its n>r[] s5se1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & conf] degrees = pr(ici5cy 9 "s ( its bran*es4 ,if !re are ,doctors ( ,music1 :y %\ld !re be no ,ma/]s ( pa9t+1 ( ,sculpture1 ( ,ar*itecture8 ,i %\ld l to see ,pr(essors ( ! ,f9e ,arts 9 e ,univ]sity2 & in/ruction 9 "s bran* ( _! "w made a "p ( ! ,arts curriculum4 ,i j n[ express$ ! op9ion t1 9 our ideal ,univ]sity1 a man %\ld be able to obta9 in/ruction 9 all =ms ( k4 ,n[1 by =ms ( k ,i mean ! great classes ( ?+s kn[able2 ( :i* ! fir/1 9 logical1 ?\gh n 9 natural1 ord] is k relat+ to ! scope & limits ( ! m5tal faculties ( man1 a =m ( k :i*1 9 its positive aspect1 answ]s pretty mu* to ,logic & "p ( ,psy*ology1 :ile1 on its negative & critical side1 x corresponds ) ,metaphysics4 ,a second class compreh5ds all t k :i* relates to man's welf>e1 s f> z x is det]m9$ by 8 own acts1 or :at we call 8 conduct4 ,x answ]s to ,moral & ,religi\s philosophy4 ,practically1 x is ! mo/ directly valuable ( all =ms ( k1 b speculatively1 x is limit$ & criticis$ by t :i* prec$es & by t :i* foll[s x 9 my ord] ( enum]ation4 ,a ?ird class embraces k ( ! pha5om5a ( ! ,univ]se1 z t :i* lies ab\t ! individual man2 & ( ! rules :i* ^? pha5om5a are obs]v$ to foll[ 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce1 :i* we t]m ! laws ( ,nature4 ,?is is :at ought to be call$ ,natural ,sci5ce1 or ,physiology1 ?\gh ^? t]ms are hopelessly div]t$ f su* a mean+2 & x includes all exact k ( natural fact1 :e!r ,ma!matical1 ,physical1 ,biological1 or ,social4 ,kant has said t ! ultimate object ( all k is to give replies to ^! ?ree que/ions3 ,:at c ,i d8 ,:at ought ,i to d8 ,:at may ,i hope =8 ,! =ms ( k :i* ,i h enum]at$1 %\ld furni% su* replies z are )9 human rea*1 to ! fir/ & second ( ^! que/ions4 ,:ile to ! ?ird1 p]haps ! wise/ answ] is1 ,d :at y c to d :at y ought1 & leave hop+ & fe>+ alone4 ,if ?is be a j & an exhau/ive classification ( ! =ms ( k1 no "q z to _! relative importance1 or z to ! sup]iority ( "o to ! o!r1 c be s]i\sly rais$4 ,on ! face ( ! matt]1 x is absurd to ask :e!r x is m important to "k ! limits ( "o's p[]s2 or ! ends = :i* !y ought to be ex]t$2 or ! conditions "u :i* !y mu/ be ex]t$4 ,"o may z well inquire :i* ( ! t]ms ( a ,rule ( ,?ree sum "o ought to "k1 9 ord] to get a tru/wor?y result4 ,practical life is su* a sum1 9 :i* y\r duty multipli$ into y\r capacity1 & divid$ by y\r circum/ances1 gives y ! f\r? t]m 9 ! proportion1 :i* is y\r des]ts1 ) great accuracy4 ,all agree1 ,i take x1 t m5 ought to h ^! ?ree k9ds ( k4 ,! s-call$ conflict ( /udies turns ^u ! "q ( h[ !y may be/ be obta9$4 ,! f\nd]s ( ,univ]sities held ! !ory t ! ,scriptures & ,ari/otle tak5 toge!r1 ! latt] be+ limit$ by ! =m]1 conta9$ all k wor? hav+1 & t ! bus9ess ( philosophy 0 to int]pret & co-ord9ate ^! two4 ,i imag9e t 9 ! twelf? c5tury ?is 0 a v fair conclusion f kn[n facts4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w1 9 ^? days1 0 !re su* an encyclopa$ia ( k ( all ?ree classes1 z is to be f\nd 9 ^? writ+s4 ,! s*ola/ic philosophy is a wond]ful monum5t ( ! pati5ce & +5uity ) :i* ! human m9d toil$ to build up a logically consi/5t !ory ( ! ,univ]se1 out ( su* mat]ials4 ,& t philosophy is by no means dead & buri$1 z _m va9ly suppose4 ,on ! contr>y1 numb]s ( m5 ( no mean le>n+ & accompli%m5t1 & sometimes ( r>e p[] & subtlety ( ?\ght1 hold by x z ! be/ !ory ( ?+s :i* has yet be5 /at$4 ,&1 :at is /ill m rem>kable1 m5 :o speak ! language ( mod]n philosophy1 nev]!less ?9k ! ?\ghts ( ! s*oolm54 ,! voice is ! voice ( ,jacob1 b ! h&s are ! h&s ( ,esau4 ,e day ,i he> ,cause1 ,law1 ,=ce1 ,vitality1 spok5 ( z entities1 by p :o c enjoy ,swift's joke ab\t ! meat-roa/+ quality ( ! smoke-jack1 & com=t !mselves ) ! reflection t !y are n ev5 z ^? b5ight$ s*oolm54 ,well1 ?is great sy/em _h its day1 & !n x 0 sapp$ & m9$ by two influ5ces4 ,! fir/ 0 ! /udy ( classical lit]ature1 :i* famili>is$ m5 ) me?ods ( philosophis+2 ) conceptions ( ! highe/ ,good2 ) ideas ( ! ord] ( ,nature2 ) notions ( ,lit]>y & ,hi/orical ,criticism2 &1 above all1 ) visions ( ,art1 ( a k9d :i* n only w\ld n fit into ! s*ola/ic s*eme1 b %[$ !m a pre-,*ri/ian1 & inde$ altoge!r un-,*ri/ian _w1 ( su* gr&eur & beauty t !y ceas$ to ?9k ( any o!r4 ,!y 7 z m5 :o _h kiss$ ! ,fairy ,que51 & w&]+ ) h] 9 ! dim lovel9ess ( ! "u-_w1 c>$ n to return to ! famili> ways ( home & fa!rl&1 ?\gh !y lay1 at arm's l5g?1 ov]head4 ,c>d9als 7 m famili> ) ,virgil ?an ) ,isaiah2 & ,popes lab\r$1 ) great success1 to re-paganise ,rome4 ,! second influ5ce 0 ! sl[1 b sure1 gr[? ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,x 0 discov]$ t "s results ( speculative ?\ght1 ( imm5se practical & !oretical importance1 c be v]ifi$ by obs]vation2 & are always true1 h[ev] sev]ely !y may be te/$4 ,"h1 at any rate1 0 k1 to ! c]ta9ty ( :i* no au?ority c\ld add1 or take away1 "o jot or tittle1 & to :i* ! tradition ( a ?\s& ye>s 0 z insignificant z ! he>say ( ye/]day4 ,to ! s*ola/ic sy/em1 ! /udy ( classical lit]ature might be inconv5i5t & di/ract+1 b x 0 possible to hope t x c\ld be kept )9 b\nds4 ,physical sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 0 an irreconcilable enemy1 to be exclud$ at all haz>ds4 ,! ,college ( ,c>d9als has n di/+ui%$ itself 9 ,physics or ,physiology2 & no ,pope has1 z yet1 set up public laboratories 9 ! ,vatican4 ,p d n always =mulate ! beliefs on :i* !y act4 ,! in/9ct ( fe> & dislike is quick] ?an ! reason+ process2 & ,i suspect t1 tak5 9 conjunction ) "s o!r causes1 su* in/9ctive av]sion is at ! bottom ( ! long exclusion ( any s]i\s discipl9e 9 ! physical sci5ces f ! g5]al curriculum ( ,univ]sities2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 classical lit]ature has be5 gradually made ! backbone ( ! ,arts c\rse4 ,i am a%am$ to repeat "h :at ,i h said else:]e1 9 season & out ( season1 respect+ ! value ( ,sci5ce z k & discipl9e4 ,b ! o!r day ,i met ) "s passages 9 ! ,address to ano!r ,scotti% ,univ]sity1 ( a great ?9k]1 rec5tly lo/ to u1 :i* express s fully & yet s t]sely1 ! tru? 9 ?is matt] t ,i am fa9 to quote !m3-- ,to "q all ?+s2--nev] to turn away f any difficulty2 to accept no doctr9e ei!r f ourselves or f o!r p )\t a rigid scrut9y by negative criticism2 lett+ no fallacy1 or incoh]5ce1 or confusion ( ?\ght1 /ep by unp]ceiv$2 above all1 to insi/ ^u hav+ ! mean+ ( a ^w cle>ly und]/ood be=e us+ x1 & ! mean+ ( a proposition be=e ass5t+ to x2--^! are ! lessons we le>n f work]s 9 ,sci5ce4 ,) all ?is vigor\s managem5t ( ! negative elem5t1 !y inspire no scepticism ab\t ! reality ( tru? or indiff]5ce to its pursuit4 ,! noble/ en?usiasm1 bo? = ! se>* aft] tru? & = apply+ x to its highe/ uses1 p]vades ^? writ]s4 ,9 cultivat+1 !re=e1 sci5ce z an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 education1 we are all ! :ile lay+ an admirable f\ndation = e?ical & philosophical culture4 #b ,! passages ,i h quot$ 7 utt]$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill2 b y _c he> inv]t$ commas1 & x is !re=e "r t ,i %\ld add1 )\t delay1 t ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( sub/itut+ work]s 9 sci5ce = anci5t dialecticians1 & ,sci5ce z an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 education = ! anci5t languages z our be/ lit]>y education4 ,mill did1 9 fact1 deliv] a noble panegyric ^u classical /udies4 ,i d n d\bt its ju/ice1 nor presume to "q its wisdom4 ,b ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t no wise or j judge1 :o has a k ( ! facts1 w hesitate to say t x applies ) equal =ce to sci5tific tra9+4 ,b x is only fair to ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities to po9t out t !y h long und]/ood ! value ( ,sci5ce z a bran* ( g5]al education4 ,i obs]ve1 ) ! greate/ satisfaction1 t c&idates = ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 ?is ,univ]sity are requir$ to h a k1 n only ( ,m5tal & ,moral ,philosophy1 & ( ,ma!matics & ,natural ,philosophy1 b ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 addition to ! ord9>y ,lat9 & ,greek c\rse2 & t a c&idate may take hon\rs 9 ^! subjects & 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,i d n "k :at ! requirem5ts ( y\r exam9]s may be1 b ,i s9c]ely tru/ !y are n satisfi$ ) a m]e book k ( ^! matt]s4 ,= my own "p ,i w\ld n raise a f+]1 if ,i c\ld !reby introduce m]e book "w 9 sci5ce into e ,arts curriculum 9 ! c\ntry4 ,let ^? :o want to /udy books devote !mselves to ,lit]ature1 9 :i* we h ! p]fection ( books1 bo? z to sub/ance & z to =m4 ,if ,i may p>aphrase ,hobbes's well-kn[n aphorism1 ,i w\ld say t books are ! money ( ,lit]ature1 b only ! c\nt]s ( ,sci5ce1 ,sci5ce 79 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i n[ use ! t]m7 be+ ! k ( fact1 ( :i* e v]bal description is b an incomplete & symbolic expression4 ,& be assur$ t no tea*+ ( sci5ce is wor? any?+1 z a m5tal discipl9e1 :i* is n bas$ ^u direct p]ception ( ! facts1 & practical ex]cise ( ! obs]v+ & logical faculties ^u !m4 ,ev5 9 su* a simple matt] z ! m]e compreh5sion ( =m1 ask ! mo/ practis$ & widely in=m$ anatomi/ :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 k ( a /ructure :i* he has read ab\t1 & 8 k ( ! same /ructure :5 he has se5 x = himself2 & he w tell y t ! two ?+s are n comp>able--! diff]5ce is inf9ite4 ,?us ,i am v /rongly incl9$ to agree ) "s le>n$ s*oolma/]s :o say t1 9 _! exp]i5ce1 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce is all wa/e "t4 ,z !y tea* x1 ,i h no d\bt x is4 ,b to tea* x o!rwise requires an am\nt ( p]sonal lab\r & a developm5t ( means & appliances1 :i* mu/ /rike horror & dismay into a man accu/om$ to m]e book "w2 & :o has be5 9 ! habit ( tea*+ a class ( fifty )\t mu* /ra9 ^u 8 en]gies4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! real difficulties 9 ! way ( ! introduction ( physical sci5ce into ! ord9>y ,univ]sity c\rse1 to :i* ,i h allud$4 ,x is a difficulty :i* w n be ov]come1 until ye>s ( pati5t /udy h organis$ sci5tific tea*+ z well z1 or ,i hope bett] ?an1 classical tea*+ has be5 organis$ hi!rto4 ,a little :ile ago1 ,i v5tur$ to h9t a d\bt z to ! p]fection ( "s ( ! arrangem5ts 9 ! anci5t ,univ]sities ( ,engl&2 b1 9 _! provision = giv+ in/ruction 9 ,sci5ce z su*1 & )\t direct ref]5ce to any ( its practical applications1 !y h set a brilliant example4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ,ox=d alone has sunk m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds 9 build+ & furni%+ ,physical1 ,*emical1 & ,physiological ,laboratories1 & a magnific5t ,museum1 arrang$ ) an almo/ luxuri\s reg>d = ! ne$s ( ! /ud5t4 ,cambridge1 less ri*1 b aid$ by ! munific5ce ( h] ,*ancellor1 is tak+ ! same c\rse2 & 9 a few ye>s1 x w be = no lack ( ! means & appliances ( s\nd tea*+1 if ! mass ( ,engli% ,univ]sity m5 rema9 9 _! pres5t /ate ( b>b>\s ignorance ( ev5 ! rudim5ts ( sci5tific culture4 ,yet ano!r /ep ne$s to be made be=e ,sci5ce c be said to h tak5 its prop] place 9 ! ,univ]sities4 ,t is its recognition z a ,faculty1 or bran* ( /udy dem&+ recognition & special organisation1 on acc\nt ( its be>+ on ! wants ( mank9d4 ,! ,faculties ( ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e1 are te*nical s*ools1 int5d$ to equip m5 :o h receiv$ g5]al culture1 ) ! special k :i* is ne$$ = ! prop] p]=mance ( ! duties ( cl]gym51 lawy]s1 & m$ical practition]s4 ,:5 ! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! c\ntry dep5d$ ^u rude pa/ure & agriculture1 & /ill rud] m9+2 9 ! days :5 all ! innum]able applications ( ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce to practical purposes 7 non-exi/5t ev5 z dreams2 days :i* m5 liv+ may h he>d _! fa!rs speak (2 :at little physical sci5ce c\ld be se5 to be> directly ^u human life1 lay )9 ! prov9ce ( ,m$ic9e4 ,m$ic9e 0 ! fo/]-"m ( ,*emi/ry1 because x has to d ) ! prep>ation ( drugs & ! detection ( poisons2 ( ,botany1 because x enabl$ ! physician to recognise m$ic9al h]bs2 ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy & ,physiology1 because ! man :o /udi$ ,human ,anatomy & ,physiology = purely m$ical purposes 0 l$ to ext5d 8 /udies to ! re/ ( ! animal _w4 ,)9 my recollection1 ! only way 9 :i* a /ud5t c\ld obta9 any?+ l a tra9+ 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1 0 by att5d+ ! lectures ( ! ,pr(essors ( ,physical & ,natural ,sci5ce atta*$ to ! ,m$ical ,s*ools4 ,b1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 bo? fo/]-"m & *ild h gr[n s big1 t !y ?reat5 n only to cru% "o ano!r1 b to press ! v life out ( ! unhappy /ud5t :o ent]s ! nurs]y2 to ! great detrim5t ( all ?ree4 ,i speak 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :o "k practically :at m$ical education is2 = ,i may assume t a l>ge proportion ( my he>]s are m or less advanc$ /ud5ts ( m$ic9e4 ,i appeal to ! mo/ indu/ri\s & consci5ti\s among y1 to ^? :o are mo/ deeply p5etrat$ ) a s5se ( ! extremely s]i\s responsibilities :i* atta* to ! call+ ( a m$ical practition]1 :5 ,i ask :e!r1 out ( ! f\r ye>s :i* y devote to y\r /udies1 y ought to sp>e ev5 s mu* z an h\r = any "w :i* does n t5d directly to fit y = y\r duties8 ,consid] :at t "w is4 ,its f\ndation is a s\nd & practical acqua9tance ) ! /ructure ( ! human organism1 & ) ! modes & conditions ( its action 9 heal?4 ,i say a s\nd & practical acqua9tance1 to gu>d aga9/ ! supposition t my int5tion is to sugge/ t y ought all to be m9ute anatomi/s & accompli%$ physiologi/s4 ,! devotion ( y\r :ole f\r ye>s to ,anatomy & ,physiology alone1 w\ld be totally insuffici5t to atta9 t end4 ,:at ,i mean is1 ! sort ( practical1 famili>1 f+]-end k :i* a wat*mak] has ( a wat*1 & :i* y expect t craftsman1 z an hone/ man1 to h1 :5 y entru/ a wat* t goes badly1 to him4 ,x is a k9d ( k :i* is to be acquir$1 n 9 ! lecture-room1 nor 9 ! libr>y1 b 9 ! dissect+-room & ! laboratory4 ,x is to be _h n by %>+ y\r att5tion betwe5 ^! & sundry o!r subjects1 b by conc5trat+ y\r m9ds1 week aft] week1 & mon? aft] mon?1 six or sev5 h\rs a day1 ^u all ! complexities ( organ & function1 until ea* ( ! great] tru?s ( anatomy & physiology has become an organic "p ( y\r m9ds--until y w\ld "k !m if y 7 r\s$ & que/ion$ 9 ! middle ( ! night1 z a man kn[s ! geography ( 8 native place & ! daily life ( 8 home4 ,t is ! sort ( k :i*1 once obta9$1 is a life-long possession4 ,o!r occupations may fill y\r m9ds--x may gr[ dim1 & seem to be =gott5--b !re x is1 l ! inscription on a batt]$ & defac$ co91 :i* comes out :5 y w>m x4 ,if ,i _h ! p[] to remodel ,m$ical ,education1 ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! m$ical curriculum %\ld be devot$ to no?+ b su* ?or\gh /udy ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 ) ,physiological ,*emi/ry & ,physics2 ! /ud5t %\ld !n pass a real1 practical exam9ation 9 ^! subjects2 &1 hav+ gone ?r\gh t ordeal satisfactorily1 he %\ld be tr\bl$ no m ) !m4 ,8 :ole m9d %\ld !n be giv5 ) equal int5tness to ,!rapeutics1 9 its broade/ s5se1 to ,practical ,m$ic9e & to ,surg]y1 ) in/ruction 9 ,hygi5e & 9 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce2 & ( ^! subjects only--surely !re are en\gh ( !m--%\ld he be requir$ to %[ a k 9 8 f9al exam9ation4 ,i _c claim any special prop]ty 9 ?is !ory ( :at ! m$ical curriculum %\ld be1 = ,i f9d t views1 m or less closely approximat+ ^!1 are held by all :o h s]i\sly consid]$ ! v grave & press+ "q ( ,m$ical ,re=m2 & h1 inde$1 be5 c>ri$ into practice1 to "s ext5t1 by ! mo/ enlight5$ ,exam9+ ,bo>ds4 ,i h he>d b two k9ds ( objections to !m4 ,!re is fir/1 ! objection ( ve/$ int]e/s1 :i* ,i w n deal ) "h1 because ,i want to make myself z pleasant z ,i c1 & no discussions are s unpleasant z ^? :i* turn on su* po9ts4 ,& !re is1 secondly1 ! mu* m respectable objection1 :i* takes ! g5]al =m ( ! reproa* t1 9 ?us limit+ ! curriculum1 we are seek+ to n>r[ x4 ,we are told t ! m$ical man ought to be a p]son ( good education & g5]al in=mation1 if 8 pr(ession is to hold its own among o!r pr(essions2 t he ought to "k ,botany1 or else1 if he goes abroad1 he w n be able to tell poison\s fruits f edible ones2 t he ought to "k drugs1 z a druggi/ kn[s !m1 or he w n be able to tell %am b>k & s5na f ! real articles2 t he ought to "k ,zoology1 because--well1 ,i really h nev] be5 able to le>n exactly :y he is to be expect$ to "k zoology4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a popul> sup]/ition1 t doctors "k all ab\t ?+s t are que] or na/y to ! g5]al m9d1 & may1 !re=e1 be reasonably expect$ to "k ! b>b>\s b9omials applicable to snakes1 snails1 & slugs2 an am\nt ( in=mation ) :i* ! g5]al m9d is usually completely satisfi$4 ,& !re is a sci5tific sup]/ition t ,physiology is l>gely aid$ by ,comp>ative ,anatomy--a sup]/ition :i*1 l mo/ sup]/itions1 once _h a gra9 ( tru? at bottom2 b ! gra9 has become homoeopa?ic1 s9ce ,physiology took its mod]n exp]im5tal developm5t1 & became :at x is n[1 ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry to ! elucidation ( ! pha5om5a ( life4 ,i hold z /rongly z any "o c d1 t ! m$ical practition] ought to be a p]son ( education & good g5]al culture2 b ,i also hold by ! old !ory ( a ,faculty1 t a man %\ld h 8 g5]al culture be=e he devotes himself to ! special /udies ( t ,faculty2 & ,i v5ture to ma9ta91 t1 if ! g5]al culture obta9$ 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts 7 :at x ought to be1 ! /ud5t w\ld h q z mu* k ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,physics1 ( ,*emi/ry1 & ( ,biology1 z he ne$s1 be=e he comm5c$ 8 special m$ical /udies4 ,moreov]1 ,i w\ld urge1 t a ?or\gh /udy ( ,human ,physiology is1 9 itself1 an education broad] & m compreh5sive ?an mu* t passes "u t "n4 ,!re is no side ( ! intellect :i* x does n call into play1 no region ( human k into :i* ei!r its roots1 or its bran*es1 d n ext5d2 l ! ,atlantic betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,worlds1 its waves wa% ! %ores ( ! two worlds ( matt] & ( m9d2 its tribut>y /reams fl[ f bo?2 ?r\gh its wat]s1 z yet unfurr[$ by ! keel ( any ,columbus1 lies ! road1 if su* !re be1 f ! "o to ! o!r2 f> away f t ,nor?-we/ ,passage ( m]e speculation1 9 :i* s _m brave s\ls h be5 hopelessly froz5 up4 ,b :e!r ,i am "r or wrong ab\t all ?is1 ! pat5t fact ( ! limitation ( "t rema9s4 ,z ! song runs3-- ,if a man c\ld be sure ,t 8 life w\ld endure ,= ! space ( a ?\s& long ye>s------ he might d a numb] ( ?+s n practicable "u pres5t conditions4 ,me?uselah might1 ) mu* propriety1 h tak5 half a c5tury to get 8 doctor's degree2 & might1 v fairly1 h be5 requir$ to pass a practical exam9ation ^u ! cont5ts ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 be=e comm5c+ practice z a promis+ "y fell[ ( two hundr$1 or !reab\ts4 ,b y h f\r ye>s to d y\r "w 91 & are turn$ loose1 to save or slay1 at two or ?ree & tw5ty4 ,n[1 ,i put x to y1 :e!r y ?9k t1 :5 y come d[n to ! realities ( life--:5 y /& by ! sick-b$1 rack+ y bra9s = ! pr9ciples :i* %all furni% y ) ! means ( int]pret+ symptoms1 & =m+ a rational !ory ( ! condition ( y\r pati5t1 x w be satisfactory = y to f9d t ^? pr9ciples are n !re--al?\gh1 to use ! exam9ation slang :i* is un=tunately too famili> to me1 y c q easily give an acc\nt ( ! lead+ peculi>ities ( ! ,m>supialia1 or enum]ate ! *ief *>act]s ( ! ,compositae1 or /ate ! class & ord] ( ! animal f :i* ,ca/oreum is obta9$4 ,i really d n ?9k t /ate ( ?+s w be satisfactory to y2 ,i am v sure x w n be s to y\r pati5t4 ,inde$1 ,i am s n>r[-m9d$ myself1 t if ,i _h to *oose betwe5 two physicians--"o :o did n "k :e!r a :ale is a fi% or n1 & c\ld n tell g5tian f g+]1 b did und]/& ! applications ( ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e to 8 art2 :ile ! o!r1 l ,talleyr&'s doctor1 knew ev]y?+1 ev5 a little physic--) all my love = bread? ( culture1 ,i %\ld assur$ly consult ! =m]4 ,x is n pleasant to incur ! suspicion ( an incl9ation to injure or depreciate p>ticul> bran*es ( k4 ,b ! fact t "o ( ^? :i* ,i %\ld h no hesitation 9 exclud+ f ! m$ical curriculum1 is t to :i* my own life has be5 specially devot$1 %\ld1 at any rate1 def5d me f ! suspicion ( be+ urg$ to ?is c\rse by any b ! v grave/ consid]ations ( ! public welf>e4 ,& ,i %\ld l1 fur!r1 to call y\r att5tion to ! important circum/ance t1 9 ?us propos+ ! exclusion ( ! /udy ( su* bran*es ( k z ,zoology & ,botany1 f ^? compulsory ^u ! m$ical /ud5t1 ,i am n1 = a mom5t1 sugge/+ _! exclusion f ! ,univ]sity4 ,i ?9k t s\nd & practical in/ruction 9 ! elem5t>y facts & broad pr9ciples ( ,biology %\ld =m "p ( ! ,arts ,curriculum3 & "h1 happily1 my !ory is 9 entire accordance ) y\r practice4 ,moreov]1 z ,i h already said1 ,i h no sort ( d\bt t1 9 view ( ! relation ( ,physical ,sci5ce to ! practical life ( ! pres5t day1 x has ! same "r z ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e1 to a ,faculty ( its own 9 :i* m5 %all be tra9$ to be pr(essional m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,univ]sities are ! places = te*nical s*ools ( ,eng9e]+ or appli$ ,*emi/ry1 or ,agriculture4 ,b !re c surely be little "q1 t in/ruction 9 ! bran*es ( ,sci5ce :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( ^! ,arts1 ( a f> m advanc$ & special "* ?an c\ld1 ) any propriety1 be includ$ 9 ! ord9>y ,arts ,curriculum1 ought to be obta9able by means ( a duly organis$ ,faculty ( ,sci5ce 9 e ,univ]sity4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( su* a ,faculty w\ld h ! additional advantage ( provid+1 9 "s measure1 = "o ( ! greate/ wants ( our "t & c\ntry4 ,i mean ! prop] support & enc\ragem5t ( orig9al rese>*4 ,! o!r day1 an emphatic fri5d ( m9e committ$ himself to ! op9ion t1 9 ,engl&1 x is bett] = a man's worldly prospects to be a drunk>d1 ?an to be smitt5 ) ! div9e dipsomania ( ! orig9al inve/igator4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k he 0 n f> wrong4 ,&1 be x obs]v$1 t ! "q is n1 :e!r su* a man %all be able to make z mu* out ( 8 abilities z 8 bro!r1 ( l ability1 :o goes into ,law1 or ,eng9e]+1 or ,comm]ce2 x is n a "q ( ma9ta9+ a due numb] ( saddle horses1 z ,george ,eliot some:]e puts x--x is a "q ( liv+ or />v+4 ,if a /ud5t ( my own subject %[s p[] & orig9ality1 ,i d>e n advise him to adopt a sci5tific c>e]2 =1 suppos+ he is able to ma9ta9 himself until he has atta9$ di/9ction1 ,i _c give him ! assurance t any am\nt ( pr(ici5cy 9 ! ,biological ,sci5ces w be conv]tible into1 ev5 ! mo/ mode/1 bread & *eese4 ,& ,i believe t ! case is z bad1 or p]haps worse1 ) o!r bran*es ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is respect ,brita91 ^: imm5se weal? & prosp]ity hang ^u ! ?read ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 is f> beh9d ,france1 & inf9itely beh9d ,g]many4 ,& ! wor/ ( x is1 t x is v difficult to see "o's way to any imm$iate rem$y = ?is /ate ( affairs :i* %all be free f a t5d5cy to become worse ?an ! disease4 ,great s*emes = ! ,end[m5t ( ,rese>* h be5 propos$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 t ,laboratories = all bran*es ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 provid$ ) e app>atus ne$$ by ! inve/igator1 %all be e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate3 & %all be accessible1 "u due conditions & regulations1 to all prop]ly qualifi$ p]sons4 ,i see no objection to ! pr9ciple ( su* a proposal4 ,if x be legitimate to sp5d great sums ( money on public ,libr>ies & public collections ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 9 aid ( ! ,man ( ,lett]s1 or ! ,arti/1 or = ! m]e sake ( af=d+ pleasure to ! g5]al public4 ,i appreh5d t x _c be illegitimate to d z mu* = ! promotion ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,to take ! l[e/ gr\nd1 z a m]e inve/m5t ( money1 ! latt] is likely to be mu* m imm$iately pr(itable4 ,to my m9d1 ! difficulty 9 ! way ( su* s*emes is n !oretical1 b practical4 ,giv5 ! laboratories1 h[ are ! inve/igators to be ma9ta9$8 ,:at c>e] is op5 to ^? :o h be5 ?us enc\rag$ to leave bread-w9n+ pursuits8 ,if !y are to be provid$ = by end[m5t1 we come back to ! ,college ,fell[%ip sy/em1 ! results ( :i*1 = ,lit]ature1 h n be5 s brilliant t "o w\ld wi% to see x ext5d$ to ,sci5ce2 unless "s mu* bett] securities ?an at pres5t exi/ c be tak5 t x w fo/] real "w4 ,y "k t among ! ,bees1 x dep5ds on ! k9d ( cell 9 :i* ! egg is deposit$1 & ! quantity & quality ( food :i* is suppli$ to ! grub1 :e!r x %all turn out a busy little work] or a big idle que54 ,&1 9 ! human hive1 ! cells ( ! end[$ l>vae are always t5d+ to enl>ge1 & _! food to improve1 until we get que5s1 beautiful to behold1 b :i* ga!r no honey & build no comb4 ,i d n say t ^! difficulties may n be ov]come1 b _! gravity is n to be lightly e/imat$4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 !re is "o /ep 9 ! direction ( ! end[m5t ( rese>* :i* is free f su* objections4 ,x is possible to place ! sci5tific enquir] 9 a position 9 :i* he %all h ample leisure & opportunity = orig9al "w1 & yet %all give a fair & tangible equival5t = ^? privileges4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a ,faculty ( ,sci5ce 9 e ,univ]sity1 implies t ( a correspond+ numb] ( ,pr(essorial *airs1 ! incumb5ts ( :i* ne$ n be s burd5$ ) tea*+ z to deprive !m ( ample leisure = orig9al "w4 ,i d n ?9k t x is any imp$im5t to an orig9al inve/igator to h to devote a mod]ate portion ( 8 "t to lectur+1 or sup]9t5d+ practical in/ruction4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x may be1 & (t5 is1 a b5efit to be oblig$ to take a compreh5sive survey ( y\r subject2 or to br+ y\r results to a po9t1 & give !m1 z x 71 a tangible objective exi/5ce4 ,! besett+ s9s ( ! inve/igator are two3 ! "o is ! desire to put aside a subject1 ! g5]al be>+s ( :i* he has ma/]$ himself1 & pass on to some?+ :i* has ! attraction ( novelty2 & ! o!r1 ! desire = too mu* p]fection1 :i* leads him to ,add & alt] _m times1 ,till all be ripe & rott52 to sp5d ! en]gies :i* %\ld be res]v$ = action 9 :it5+ ! decks & poli%+ ! guns4 ,! obligation to produce results = ! in/ruction ( o!rs1 seems to me to be a m effectual *eck on ^! t5d5cies ?an ev5 ! love ( usefulness or ! ambition = fame4 ,b suppos+ ! ,pr(essorial =ces ( our ,univ]sity to be duly organis$1 !re rema9s an important "q1 relat+ to ! tea*+ p[]1 to be consid]$4 ,is ! ,pr(essorial sy/em--! sy/em1 ,i mean1 ( tea*+ 9 ! lecture-room alone1 & leav+ ! /ud5t to f9d 8 own way :5 he is outside ! lecture-room--adequate to ! wants ( le>n]s8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 ,i conf9e myself to my own prov9ce1 & ,i v5ture to reply = ,physical ,sci5ce1 assur$ly & und\bt$ly1 ,no4 ,z ,i h already intimat$1 practical "w 9 ! ,laboratory is absolutely indisp5sable1 & t practical "w mu/ be guid$ & sup]9t5d$ by a suffici5t /aff ( ,demon/rators1 :o are = ,sci5ce :at ,tutors are = o!r bran*es ( /udy4 ,& !re mu/ be a good supply ( su* ,demon/rators4 ,i d\bt if ! practical "w ( m ?an tw5ty /ud5ts c be prop]ly sup]9t5d$ by "o ,demon/rator4 ,if we take ! work+ day at six h\rs1 t is less ?an tw5ty m9utes apiece--n a v l>ge all[ance ( "t = help+ a dull man1 = correct+ an inaccurate "o1 or ev5 = mak+ an intellig5t /ud5t cle>ly appreh5d :at he is ab\t4 ,&1 no d\bt1 ! supply+ ( a prop] am\nt ( ?is tutorial1 practical tea*+1 is a difficulty 9 ! way ( giv+ prop] in/ruction 9 ,physical ,sci5ce 9 su* ,univ]sities z t ( ,ab]de51 :i* are devoid ( end[m5ts2 &1 unlike ! ,engli% ,univ]sities1 h no moral claim on ! funds ( ri*ly end[$ bodies to supply _! wants4 ,exam9ation--?or\gh1 se>*+ exam9ation--is an indisp5sable accompanim5t ( tea*+2 b ,i am almo/ incl9$ to commit myself to ! v het]odox proposition t x is a necess>y evil4 ,i am a v old ,exam9]1 hav+1 = "s tw5ty ye>s pa/1 be5 occupi$ ) exam9ations on a consid]able scale1 ( all sorts & conditions ( m51 & wom5 too1--f ! boys & girls ( elem5t>y s*ools to ! c&idates = ,hon\rs & ,fell[%ips 9 ! ,univ]sities4 ,i w n say t1 9 ?is case z 9 s _m o!rs1 ! adage1 t famili>ity bre$s contempt1 holds good2 b my admiration = ! exi/+ sy/em ( exam9ation & its products1 does n wax w>m] z ,i see m ( x4 ,exam9ation1 l fire1 is a good s]vant1 b a bad ma/]2 & !re seems to me to be "s dang] ( its becom+ our ma/]4 ,i by no means /& alone 9 ?is op9ion4 ,exp]i5c$ fri5ds ( m9e d n hesitate to say t /ud5ts ^: c>e] !y wat*1 appe> to !m to become det]iorat$ by ! con/ant ef=t to pass ?is or t exam9ation1 j z we he> ( m5's bra9s becom+ affect$ by ! daily necessity ( cat*+ a tra94 ,!y "w to pass1 n to "k2 & outrag$ ,sci5ce takes h] rev5ge4 ,!y d pass1 & !y don't "k4 ,i h pass$ sundry exam9ations 9 my "t1 n )\t cr$it1 & ,i confess ,i am a%am$ to ?9k h[ v little real k und]lay ! torr5t ( /uff :i* ,i 0 able to p\r out on pap]4 ,9 fact1 t :i* exam9ation1 z ord9>ily conduct$1 te/s1 is simply a man's p[] ( "w "u /imulus1 & 8 capacity = rapidly & cle>ly produc+ t :i*1 = ! "t1 he has got into 8 m9d4 ,n[1 ^! faculties are by no means to be despis$4 ,!y are ( great value 9 practical life1 & are ! mak+ ( _m an advocate1 & ( _m a s-call$ /atesman4 ,b 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 sci5tific or o!r1 !y c\nt = v little1 unless !y are supplem5t$ by t long-cont9u$1 pati5t int5d+ ( ! m9d1 z ,newton phras$ x1 :i* makes v little %[ 9 ,exam9ations4 ,i imag9e t an ,exam9] :o kn[s 8 /ud5ts p]sonally1 mu/ n unfrequ5tly h f\nd himself 9 ! position ( f9d+ ,a's pap] bett] ?an ,b's1 ?\gh 8 own judgm5t tells him1 q cle>ly1 t ,b is ! man :o has ! l>g] %>e ( g5u9e capacity4 ,aga91 !re is a fallacy ab\t ,exam9]s4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t any "o :o kn[s a subject is compet5t to tea* x2 & no "o seems to d\bt t any "o :o kn[s a subject is compet5t to exam9e 9 x4 ,i believe bo? ^! op9ions to be s]i\s mi/akes3 ! latt]1 p]haps1 ! m s]i\s ( ! two4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i d n believe t any "o :o is n1 or has n be51 a tea*] is really qualifi$ to exam9e advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ,exam9ation is an ,art1 & a difficult "o1 :i* has to be le>n$ l all o!r arts4 ,beg9n]s always set too difficult que/ions--p>tly because !y are afraid ( be+ suspect$ ( ignorance if !y set easy ones1 & p>tly f n und]/&+ _! bus9ess4 ,suppose t y want to te/ ! relative physical /r5g? ( a score ( "y m54 ,y d n put a hundr$weight d[n be=e !m1 & tell ea* to sw+ x r\nd4 ,if y d1 half ( !m won't be able to lift x at all1 & only "o or two w be able to p]=m ! task4 ,y mu/ give !m half a hundr$weight1 & see h[ !y manoeuvre t1 if y want to =m any e/imate ( ! muscul> /r5g? ( ea*4 ,s1 a practis$ ,exam9] w seek = in=mation respect+ ! m5tal vig\r & tra9+ ( c&idates f ! way 9 :i* !y deal ) que/ions easy en\gh to let reason1 memory1 & me?od h free play4 ,no d\bt1 a great deal is to be done by ! c>eful selection ( ,exam9]s1 & by ! copi\s introduction ( practical "w1 to remove ! evils insep>able f exam9ation2 b1 "u ! be/ ( circum/ances1 ,i believe t exam9ation w rema9 b an imp]fect te/ ( k1 & a /ill m imp]fect te/ ( capacity1 :ile x tells next to no?+ ab\t a man's p[] z an inve/igator4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( re/rict+ ! highe/ degrees 9 ea* ,faculty1 to ^? :o h %[n evid5ce ( su* orig9al p[]1 by prosecut+ a rese>* "u ! eye ( ! ,pr(essor 9 ^: prov9ce x lies2 or1 at any rate1 "u conditions :i* %all af=d satisfactory pro( t ! "w is !irs4 ,! notion may s\nd revolution>y1 b x is really v old2 =1 ,i take x1 t x lies at ! bottom ( t pres5tation ( a !sis by ! c&idate = a doctorate1 :i* has n[1 too (t51 become little bett] ?an a matt] ( =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f>1 ,i h endeav\r$ to lay be=e y1 9 a too brief & imp]fect mann]1 my views respect+ ! tea*+ half--! ,magi/ri & ,reg5tes--( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,future4 ,n[ let me turn to ! le>n+ half--! ,s*ol>es4 ,if ! ,univ]sities are to be ! sanctu>ies ( ! highe/ culture ( ! c\ntry1 ^? :o w\ld ent] t sanctu>y mu/ n come ) unwa%$ h&s4 ,if ! good se$ is to yield its hundr$fold h>ve/1 x mu/ n be scatt]$ amid/ ! /ones ( ignorance1 or ! t>es ( undiscipl9$ indol5ce & wantonness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! soil mu/ h be5 c>efully prep>$1 & ! ,pr(essor %\ld f9d t ! op]ations ( clod-cru%+1 dra9+1 & we$+1 & ev5 a good deal ( plant+1 h be5 done by ! ,s*oolma/]4 ,t is exactly :at ! ,pr(essor does n f9d 9 any ,univ]sity 9 ! ?ree ,k+doms t ,i c he> (--! reason ( :i* /ate ( ?+s lies 9 ! extremely faulty organisation ( ! majority ( second>y s*ools4 ,/ud5ts come to ! ,univ]sities ill-prep>$ 9 classics & ma!matics1 n at all prep>$ 9 any?+ else2 & half _! "t is sp5t 9 le>n+ t :i* !y ought to h kn[n :5 !y came4 ,i sometimes he> x said t ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities diff] f ! ,engli%1 9 be+ to a mu* great] ext5t places ( comp>atively elem5t>y education = a y\ng] class ( /ud5ts4 ,b x w\ld seem d\btful if any great diff]5ce ( ?is k9d really exi/s2 = a high au?ority1 himself ,head ( an ,engli% ,college1 has solemnly affirm$ t3 ,elem5t>y tea*+ ( y\?s "u tw5ty is n[ ! only function p]=m$ by ! ,univ]sity2 & t ,colleges are bo>d+ s*ools 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( ! le>n$ languages are taught to y\?s4 #c ,?is is n ! fir/ "t t ,i h quot$ ^? rem>kable ass]tions4 ,i %\ld l to engrave !m 9 public view1 = !y h n be5 refut$2 & ,i am conv9c$ t if _! import is once cle>ly appreh5d$1 !y w play no mean "p :5 ! "q ( ,univ]sity reorganisation1 ) a view to practical measures1 comes on = discussion4 ,y are n responsible = ?is anomal\s /ate ( affairs n[2 b1 z y pass into active life & acquire ! political influ5ce to :i* y\r education & y\r position %\ld entitle y1 y w become responsible = x1 unless ea* 9 8 sph]e does 8 be/ to alt] x1 by insi/+ on ! improvem5t ( second>y s*ools4 ,y\r pres5t responsibility is ( ano!r1 ?\gh n less s]i\s1 k9d4 ,in/itutions d n make m51 any m ?an organisation makes life2 & ev5 ! ideal ,univ]sity we h be5 dream+ ab\t w be b a sup]ior piece ( me*anism1 unless ea* /ud5t /rive aft] ! ideal ( ! ,s*ol>4 ,& t ideal1 x seems to me1 has nev] be5 bett] embodi$ ?an by ! great ,poet1 :o1 ?\gh lapp$ 9 luxury1 ! fav\rite ( a ,c\rt1 & ! idol ( 8 c\ntrym51 rema9$ ?r\gh all ! l5g? ( 8 hon\r$ ye>s a ,s*ol> 9 ,art1 9 ,sci5ce1 & 9 ,life4 ,w\ld/ %ape a noble life6 ,!n ca/ ,no backw>d glances t[>ds ! pa/3 ,& ?\gh some:at be lo/ & gone1 ,yet d ?\ act z "o new-born4 ,:at ea* day ne$s1 t %alt ?\ ask2 ,ea* day w set its prop] task4 ,give o!rs' "w j %>e ( praise2 ,n ( ?9e own ! m]its raise4 ,bew>e no fell[ man ?\ hate3 ,& s 9 ,god's h&s leave ?y fate4 #d 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,quamvis enim melius sit b5e fac]e quam nosse1 prius tam5 e/ nosse quam fac]e4--,k>oli ,magni ,regis ,con/itutio de ,s*olis p] s+ula ,episcopia et ,mona/]ia in/itu5dis1 address$ to ! ,abbot ( ,fulda4 ,baluzius1 ,capitul>ia ,regum ,francorum1 ,t4 i41 p4 #bjb4 #b ,inaugural ,address deliv]$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ,febru>y #a1 #ahfg1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity 7pp4 #cb1 #cc74 #c ,sugge/ions = ,academical ,organisation1 ) ,especial ,ref]5ce to ,ox=d4 ,by ! ,rector ( ,l9coln4 #d ,goe!1 ,zahme ,x5i51 ,vi]te ,ab!ilung4 ,i %\ld be glad to take cr$it = ! close & vigor\s ,engli% v]sion2 b x is my wife's1 & n m9e4 ,,ix ,,address ,,on ,,univ]sity ,,education #a #ahgf ,! actual "w ( ! ,univ]sity f\nd$ 9 ?is city by ! well-consid]$ munific5ce ( ,johns ,hopk9s comm5ces to-morr[1 & among ! _m m>ks ( confid5ce & good-w :i* h be5 be/[$ ^u me 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re is none :i* ,i value m highly ?an t conf]r$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,univ]sity :5 !y invit$ me to deliv] an address on su* an occasion4 ,= ! ev5t :i* has br\ght u toge!r is1 9 _m respects1 unique4 ,a va/ prop]ty is h&$ ov] to an adm9i/rative body1 hamp]$ by no conditions save ^!3--,t ! pr9cipal %all n be employ$ 9 build+3 t ! funds %all be appropriat$1 9 equal proportions1 to ! promotion ( natural k & to ! alleviation ( ! bodily suff]+s ( mank9d2 &1 f9ally1 t nei!r political nor ecclesia/ical sect>ianism %all be p]mitt$ to di/urb ! imp>tial di/ribution ( ! te/ator's b5efactions4 ,9 my exp]i5ce ( life a tru? :i* s\nds v mu* l a p>adox has (t5 ass]t$ itself3 namely1 t a man's wor/ difficulties beg9 :5 he is able to d z he likes4 ,s long z a man is /ruggl+ ) ob/acles he has an excuse = failure or %ortcom+2 b :5 =tune removes !m all & gives him ! p[] ( do+ z he ?9ks be/1 !n comes ! "t ( trial4 ,!re is b "o "r1 & ! possibilities ( wrong are inf9ite4 ,i d\bt n t ! tru/ees ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity felt ! full =ce ( ?is tru? :5 !y ent]$ on ! adm9i/ration ( _! tru/ a ye> & a half ago2 & ,i c b admire ! activity & resolution :i* h enabl$ !m1 aid$ by ! able presid5t :om !y h select$1 to lay d[n ! great outl9es ( _! plan1 & c>ry x ?us f> into execution4 ,x is impossible to /udy t plan )\t p]ceiv+ t great c>e1 =e?\ght1 & sagacity1 h be5 be/[$ ^u x1 & t x dem&s ! mo/ respectful consid]ation4 ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie x are 9 accordance ) ^? :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 my own m9d by mu* & long-cont9u$ ?\ght ^u educational que/ions4 ,p]mit me to place be=e y ! result ( my reflections4 ,"u "o aspect a univ]sity is a p>ticul> k9d ( educational in/itution1 & ! views :i* we may take ( ! prop] nature ( a univ]sity are coroll>ies f ^? :i* we hold respect+ education 9 g5]al4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t ! s*ool %\ld prep>e = ! univ]sity1 & t ! univ]sity %\ld cr[n ! edifice1 ! f\ndations ( :i* are laid 9 ! s*ool4 ,univ]sity education %\ld n be some?+ di/9ct f elem5t>y education1 b %\ld be ! natural outgr[? & developm5t ( ! latt]4 ,n[ ,i h a v cle> conviction z to :at elem5t>y education ought to be2 :at x really may be1 :5 prop]ly organis$2 & :at ,i ?9k x w be1 be=e _m ye>s h pass$ ov] our heads1 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica4 ,su* education %\ld enable an av]age boy ( fifte5 or sixte5 to read & write 8 own language ) ease & accuracy1 & ) a s5se ( lit]>y excell5ce d]iv$ f ! /udy ( our classic writ]s3 to h a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry & ) ! great laws ( social exi/5ce2 to h acquir$ ! rudim5ts ( ! physical & psy*ological sci5ces1 & a fair k ( elem5t>y ari?metic & geometry4 ,he %\ld h obta9$ an acqua9tance ) logic r by example ?an by precept2 :ile ! acquirem5t ( ! elem5ts ( music & draw+ %\ld h be5 pleasure r ?an "w4 ,x may s\nd /range to _m e>s if ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 ! proposition t a "y p]son1 educat$ ?us f>1 has _h a lib]al1 ?\gh p]haps n a full1 education4 ,b x seems to me t su* tra9+ z t to :i* ,i h ref]r$ may be t]m$ lib]al1 9 bo? ! s5ses 9 :i* t ^w is employ$1 ) p]fect accuracy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is lib]al 9 bread?4 ,x ext5ds ov] ! :ole gr\nd ( ?+s to be kn[n & ( faculties to be tra9$1 & x gives equal importance to ! two great sides ( human activity--art & sci5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 x is lib]al 9 ! s5se ( be+ an education fitt$ = free m52 = m5 to :om e c>e] is op51 & f :om _! c\ntry may dem& t !y %\ld be fitt$ to p]=m ! duties ( any c>e]4 ,i _c too /rongly impress ^u y ! fact t1 ) su* a prim>y education z ?is1 & ) no m ?an is to be obta9$ by build+ /rictly ^u its l9es1 a man ( ability may become a great writ] or speak]1 a /atesman1 a lawy]1 a man ( sci5ce1 pa9t]1 sculptor1 ar*itect1 or musician4 ,t ev5 developm5t ( all a man's faculties1 :i* is :at prop]ly con/itutes culture1 may be effect$ by su* an education1 :ile x op5s ! way = ! indef9ite /r5g!n+ ( any special capabilities ) :i* he may be gift$4 ,9 a c\ntry l ?is1 :]e mo/ m5 h to c>ve out _! own =tunes & devote !mselves e>ly to ! practical affairs ( life1 comp>atively few c hope to pursue _! /udies up to1 /ill less beyond1 ! age ( manhood4 ,b x is ( vital importance to ! welf>e ( ! community t ^? :o are reliev$ f ! ne$ ( mak+ a livelihood1 & /ill m1 ^? :o are /irr$ by ! div9e impulses ( intellectual ?ir/ or arti/ic g5ius1 %\ld be enabl$ to devote !mselves to ! high] s]vice ( _! k9d1 z c5tres ( intellig5ce1 int]pret]s ( ,nature1 or creators ( new =ms ( beauty4 ,& x is ! function ( a univ]sity to furni% su* m5 ) ! means ( becom+ t :i* x is _! privilege & duty to be4 ,to ?is end ! univ]sity ne$ cov] no gr\nd =eign to t occupi$ by ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,inde$ x _c2 = ! elem5t>y in/ruction :i* ,i h ref]r$ to embraces all ! k9ds ( real k & m5tal activity possible to man4 ,! univ]sity c add no new dep>tm5ts ( k1 c (f] no new fields ( m5tal activity2 b :at x c d is to int5sify & specialise ! in/ruction 9 ea* dep>tm5t4 ,?us lit]ature & philology1 repres5t$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool by ,engli% alone1 9 ! univ]sity w ext5d ov] ! anci5t & mod]n languages4 ,hi/ory1 :i*1 l *>ity1 be/ beg9s at home1 b1 l *>ity1 %\ld n end !re1 w ramify into an?ropology1 ar*aeology1 political hi/ory1 & geography1 ) ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! human m9d & ( its products 9 ! %ape ( philosophy1 sci5ce1 & art4 ,& ! univ]sity w pres5t to ! /ud5t libr>ies1 museums ( antiquities1 collections ( co9s1 & ! l1 :i* w effici5tly subs]ve ^! /udies4 ,in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( social economy1 a mo/ ess5tial1 b hi!rto sadly-neglect$ "p ( elem5t>y education1 w develop 9 ! univ]sity into political economy1 sociology1 & law4 ,physical sci5ce w h its great divisions ( physical geography1 ) geology & a/ronomy2 physics2 *emi/ry & biology2 repres5t$ n m]ely by pr(essors & _! lectures1 b by laboratories1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts1 "u guidance ( demon/rators1 w "w out facts = !mselves & come into t direct contact ) reality :i* con/itutes ! fundam5tal di/9ction ( sci5tific education4 ,ma!matics w so> into its highe/ regions2 :ile ! high peaks ( philosophy may be scal$ by ^? ^: aptitude = ab/ract ?\ght has be5 awak5$ by elem5t>y logic4 ,f9ally1 s*ools ( pictorial & pla/ic art1 ( ar*itecture1 & ( music1 w (f] a ?or\gh discipl9e 9 ! pr9ciples & practice ( art to ^? 9 :om lies nasc5t ! r>e faculty ( ae/hetic repres5tation1 or ! /ill r>] p[]s ( creative g5ius4 ,! prim>y s*ool & ! univ]sity are ! alpha & omega ( education4 ,:e!r in/itutions int]m$iate betwe5 ^! 7s-call$ second>y s*ools7 %\ld exi/1 appe>s to me to be a "q ( practical conv5i5ce4 ,if su* s*ools are e/abli%$1 ! important ?+ is t !y %\ld be true int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! prim>y s*ool & ! univ]sity1 keep+ on ! wide track ( g5]al culture1 & n sacrific+ "o bran* ( k = ano!r4 ,su* appe> to me to be ! broad outl9es ( ! relations :i* ! univ]sity1 reg>d$ z a place ( education1 ought to be> to ! s*ool1 b a numb] ( po9ts ( detail require "s consid]ation1 h[ev] briefly & imp]fectly ,i c deal ) !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! important "q ( ! limitations :i* %\ld be fix$ to ! entrance into ! univ]sity2 or1 :at qualifications %\ld be requir$ ( ^? :o propose to take advantage ( ! high] tra9+ (f]$ by ! univ]sity4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is obvi\sly desirable t ! "t & opportunities ( ! univ]sity %\ld n be wa/$ 9 conf]r+ su* elem5t>y in/ruction z c be obta9$ else:]e2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is no less desirable t ! high] in/ruction ( ! univ]sity %\ld be made accessible to e "o :o c take advantage ( x1 al?\gh he may n h be5 able to g ?r\gh any v ext5d$ c\rse ( education4 ,my own feel+ is di/9ctly aga9/ any absolute & def9$ prelim9>y exam9ation1 ! pass+ ( :i* %all be an ess5tial condition ( admission to ! univ]sity4 ,i w\ld admit to ! univ]sity any "o :o c\ld be reasonably expect$ to pr(it by ! in/ruction (f]$ to him2 & ,i %\ld be incl9$1 on ! :ole1 to te/ ! fitness ( ! /ud5t1 n by exam9ation be=e he ent]s ! univ]sity1 b at ! end ( 8 fir/ t]m ( /udy4 ,if1 on exam9ation 9 ! bran*es ( k to :i* he has devot$ himself1 he %[ himself defici5t 9 indu/ry or 9 capacity1 x w be be/ = ! univ]sity & be/ = himself1 to prev5t him f pursu+ a vocation = :i* he is obvi\sly unfit4 ,& ,i h>dly "k ( any o!r me?od ?an ?is by :i* 8 fitness or unfitness c be safely asc]ta9$1 ?\gh no d\bt a good deal may be done1 n by =mal cut & dri$ exam9ation1 b by judici\s que/ion+1 at ! outset ( 8 c>e]4 ,ano!r v important & difficult practical "q is1 :e!r a def9ite c\rse ( /udy %all be laid d[n = ^? :o ent] ! univ]sity2 :e!r a curriculum %all be prescrib$2 or :e!r ! /ud5t %all be all[$ to range at w among ! subjects :i* are op5 to him4 ,& ?is "q is insep>ably connect$ ) ano!r1 namely1 ! conf]r+ ( degrees4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible t any /ud5t %\ld pass ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! s]ies ( c\rses ( in/ruction (f]$ by a univ]sity4 ,if a degree is to be conf]r$ z a m>k ( pr(ici5cy 9 k1 x mu/ be giv5 on ! gr\nd t ! c&idate is pr(ici5t 9 a c]ta9 fraction ( ^? /udies2 & !n w arise ! necessity ( insur+ an equival5cy ( degrees1 s t ! c\rse by :i* a degree is obta9$ %all m>k approximately an equal am\nt ( lab\r & ( acquirem5ts1 9 all cases4 ,b ?is equival5cy c h>dly be secur$ 9 any o!r way ?an by prescrib+ a s]ies ( def9ite l9es ( /udy4 ,?is is a matt] :i* w require grave consid]ation4 ,! important po9ts to be> 9 m9d1 ,i ?9k1 are t !re %\ld n be too _m subjects 9 ! curriculum1 & t ! aim %\ld be ! atta9m5t ( ?or\gh & s\nd k ( ea*4 ,"o half ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s beque/ is devot$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a hospital1 & x 0 ! desire ( ! te/ator t ! univ]sity & ! hospital %\ld co-op]ate 9 ! promotion ( m$ical education4 ,! tru/ees w unque/ionably take ! be/ advice t is to be _h z to ! con/ruction & adm9i/ration ( ! hospital4 ,9 respect to ! =m] po9t1 !y w d\btless rememb] t a hospital may be s arrang$ z to kill m ?an x cures2 &1 9 reg>d to ! latt]1 t a hospital may spread ! _s ( paup]ism among ! well-to-d1 z well z relieve ! suff]+s ( ! de/itute4 ,x is n = me to speak on ^! topics--r let me conf9e myself to ! "o matt] on :i* my exp]i5ce z a /ud5t ( m$ic9e1 & an exam9] ( long /&+1 :o has tak5 a great int]e/ 9 ! subject ( m$ical education1 may entitle me to a he>+4 ,i mean ! nature ( m$ical education itself1 & ! co-op]ation ( ! univ]sity 9 its promotion4 ,:at is ! object ( m$ical education8 ,x is to enable ! practition]1 on ! "o h&1 to prev5t disease by 8 k ( hygi5e2 on ! o!r h&1 to div9e its nature1 & to alleviate or cure x1 by 8 k ( pa?ology1 !rapeutics1 & practical m$ic9e4 ,t is 8 bus9ess 9 life1 & if he has n a ?or\gh & practical k ( ! conditions ( heal?1 ( ! causes :i* t5d to ! e/abli%m5t ( disease1 ( ! mean+ ( symptoms1 & ( ! uses ( m$ic9es & op]ative appliances1 he is incompet5t1 ev5 if he 7 ! be/ anatomi/1 or physiologi/1 or *emi/1 t ev] took a gold m$al or won a prize c]tificate4 ,?is is "o great tru? respect+ m$ical education4 ,ano!r is1 t all practice 9 m$ic9e is bas$ ^u !ory ( "s sort or o!r2 & !re=e1 t x is desirable to h su* !ory 9 ! close/ possible accordance ) fact4 ,! v]ie/ empiric :o gives a drug 9 "o case because he has se5 x d good 9 ano!r ( app>5tly ! same sort1 acts ^u ! !ory t simil>ity ( sup]ficial symptoms means simil>ity ( lesions2 :i*1 by ! way1 is p]haps z wild an hypo!sis z c\ld be inv5t$4 ,to und]/& ! nature ( disease we mu/ und]/& heal?1 & ! und]/&+ ( ! heal?y body means ! hav+ a k ( its /ructure & ( ! way 9 :i* its manifold actions are p]=m$1 :i* is :at is te*nically t]m$ human anatomy & human physiology4 ,! physiologi/ aga9 mu/ ne$s possess an acqua9tance ) physics & *emi/ry1 inasmu* z physiology is1 to a great ext5t1 appli$ physics & *emi/ry4 ,= ord9>y purposes a limit$ am\nt ( su* k is all t is ne$ful2 b = ! pursuit ( ! high] bran*es ( physiology no k ( ^! bran*es ( sci5ce c be too ext5sive1 or too pr(\nd4 ,aga91 :at we call !rapeutics1 :i* has to d ) ! action ( drugs & m$ic9es on ! liv+ organism1 is1 /rictly speak+1 a bran* ( exp]im5tal physiology1 & is daily receiv+ a great] & great] exp]im5tal developm5t4 ,! ?ird great fact :i* is to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 deal+ ) m$ical education1 is t ! practical necessities ( life d n1 z a rule1 all[ aspirants to m$ical practice to give m ?an ?ree1 or x may be f\r ye>s to _! /udies4 ,let u put x at f\r ye>s1 & !n reflect t1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "t1 a "y man fre% f s*ool has to acqua9t himself ) m$ic9e1 surg]y1 ob/etrics1 !rapeutics1 pa?ology1 hygi5e1 z well z ) ! anatomy & ! physiology ( ! human body2 & t 8 k %\ld be ( su* a "* t x c be reli$ ^u 9 any em]g5cy1 & always ready = practical application4 ,consid]1 9 addition1 t ! m$ical practition] may be call$ ^u1 at any mom5t1 to give evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice 9 a crim9al case2 & t x is !re=e well t he %\ld "k some?+ ( ! laws ( evid5ce1 & ( :at we call m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,on a m$ical c]tificate1 a man may be tak5 f 8 home & f 8 bus9ess & conf9$ 9 a lunatic asylum2 surely1 !re=e1 x is desirable t ! m$ical practition] %\ld h "s rational & cle> conceptions z to ! nature & symptoms ( m5tal disease4 ,be>+ 9 m9d all ^! requirem5ts ( m$ical education1 y w admit t ! burd5 on ! "y aspirant = ! m$ical pr(ession is some:at ( ! heavie/1 & t x ne$s "s c>e to prev5t 8 intellectual back f be+ brok54 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! exi/+ sy/ems ( m$ical education w obs]ve t1 long z is ! catalogue ( /udies :i* ,i h enum]at$1 ,i h omitt$ to m5tion sev]al t ent] into ! usual m$ical curriculum ( ! pres5t day4 ,i h said n a ^w ab\t zoology1 comp>ative anatomy1 botany1 or mat]ia m$ica4 ,assur$ly ?is is f no light e/imate ( ! value or importance ( su* /udies 9 !mselves4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t ,i %\ld be ! la/ p]son 9 ! _w to object to ! tea*+ ( zoology1 or comp>ative anatomy1 9 !mselves2 b ,i h ! /ronge/ feel+ t1 consid]+ ! numb] & ! gravity ( ^? /udies ?r\gh :i* a m$ical man mu/ pass1 if he is to be compet5t to dis*>ge ! s]i\s duties :i* devolve ^u him1 subjects :i* lie s remote z ^! d f 8 practical pursuits %\ld be rigor\sly exclud$4 ,! "y man1 :o has en\gh to d 9 ord] to acquire su* famili>ity ) ! /ructure ( ! human body z w enable him to p]=m ! op]ations ( surg]y1 ought n1 9 my judgm5t1 to be occupi$ ) inve/igations into ! anatomy ( crabs & />fi%es4 ,und\bt$ly ! doctor %\ld "k ! common poison\s plants ( 8 own c\ntry :5 he sees !m2 b t k may be obta9$ by a few h\rs devot$ to ! exam9ation ( specim5s ( su* plants1 & ! desirabl5ess ( su* k is no ju/ification1 to my m9d1 = sp5d+ ?ree mon?s ov] ! /udy ( sy/ematic botany4 ,aga91 mat]ia m$ica1 s f> z x is a k ( drugs1 is ! bus9ess ( ! druggi/4 ,9 all o!r call+s ! necessity ( ! division ( lab\r is fully recognis$1 & x is absurd to require ( ! m$ical man t he %\ld n avail himself ( ! special k ( ^? ^: bus9ess x is to deal 9 ! drugs :i* he uses4 ,x is all v well t ! physician %\ld "k t ca/or oil comes f a plant1 & ca/oreum f an animal1 & h[ !y are to be prep>$2 b = all ! practical purposes ( 8 pr(ession t k is n ( "o :it m value1 has no m relevancy1 ?an ! k ( h[ ! /eel ( 8 scalpel is made4 ,all k is good4 ,x is impossible to say t any fragm5t ( k1 h[ev] insignificant or remote f "o's ord9>y pursuits1 may n "s day be turn$ to acc\nt4 ,b 9 m$ical education1 above all ?+s1 x is to be recollect$ t1 9 ord] to "k a little well1 "o mu/ be cont5t to be ignorant ( a great deal4 ,let x n be suppos$ t ,i am propos+ to n>r[ m$ical education1 or1 z ! cry is1 to l[] ! /&>d ( ! pr(ession4 ,dep5d ^u x !re is only "o way ( really ennobl+ any call+1 & t is to make ^? :o pursue x real ma/]s ( _! craft1 m5 :o c truly d t :i* !y pr(ess to be able to d1 & :i* !y are cr$it$ ) be+ able to d by ! public4 ,& !re is no position s ignoble z t ( ! s-call$ lib]ally-educat$ practition]1 :o may be able to read ,gal5 9 ! orig9al2 :o kn[s all ! plants1 f ! c$> ( ,lebanon to ! hyssop ^u ! wall2 b :o f9ds himself1 ) ! issues ( life & dea? 9 8 h&s1 ignorant1 blund]+1 & bewild]$1 because ( 8 ignorance ( ! ess5tial & fundam5tal tru?s ^u :i* practice mu/ be bas$4 ,moreov]1 ,i v5ture to say1 t any man :o has s]i\sly /udi$ all ! ess5tial bran*es ( m$ical k2 :o has ! ne$ful acqua9tance ) ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce2 :o has be5 br\ght by m$ical jurisprud5ce into contact ) law2 ^: /udy ( insanity has tak5 him into ! fields ( psy*ology2 has ipso facto receiv$ a lib]al education4 ,hav+ light5$ ! m$ical curriculum by cull+ out ( x ev]y?+ :i* is uness5tial1 we may next consid] :e!r some?+ may n be done to aid ! m$ical /ud5t t[>d ! acquirem5t ( real k by modify+ ! sy/em ( exam9ation4 ,9 ,engl&1 )9 my recollection1 x 0 ! practice to require ( ! m$ical /ud5t att5dance on lectures ^u ! mo/ div]se topics dur+ ?ree ye>s2 s t x (t5 happ5$ t he w\ld h to li/51 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 to f\r or five lectures ^u totally diff]5t subjects1 9 addition to ! h\rs giv5 to dissection & to hospital practice3 & he 0 requir$ to keep all ! k he c\ld pick up1 9 ?is di/ract+ fa%ion1 at exam9ation po9t1 until1 at ! end ( ?ree ye>s1 he 0 set d[n to a table & que/ion$ pell-mell ^u all ! diff]5t matt]s ) :i* he _h be5 /riv+ to make acqua9tance4 ,a worse sy/em & "o m calculat$ to ob/ruct ! acquisition ( s\nd k & to give full play to ! cramm] & ! gr9d] c\ld h>dly h be5 devis$ by human +5uity4 ,( late ye>s great re=ms h tak5 place4 ,exam9ations h be5 divid$ s z to dim9i% ! numb] ( subjects among :i* ! att5tion has to be di/ribut$4 ,practical exam9ation has be5 l>gely introduc$2 b !re /ill rema9s1 ev5 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 too mu* ( ! old evil insep>able f ! contemporane\s pursuit ( a multiplicity ( div]se /udies4 ,proposals h rec5tly be5 made to get rid ( g5]al exam9ations altoge!r1 to p]mit ! /ud5t to be exam9$ 9 ea* subject at ! end ( 8 att5dance on ! class2 & !n1 9 case ( ! result be+ satisfactory1 to all[ him to h done ) x2 & ,i may say t ?is me?od has be5 pursu$ = _m ye>s 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es 9 ,london1 & has be5 f\nd to "w v well4 ,x all[s ! /ud5t to conc5trate 8 m9d ^u :at he is ab\t = ! "t be+1 & !n to dismiss x4 ,^? :o are occupi$ 9 intellectual "w1 w1 ,i ?9k1 agree ) me t x is important1 n s mu* to "k a ?+1 z to h kn[n x1 & kn[n x ?or\ghly4 ,if y h once kn[n a ?+ 9 ?is way x is easy to r5ew y\r k :5 y h =gott5 x2 & :5 y beg9 to take ! subject up aga91 x slides back ^u ! famili> grooves ) great facility4 ,la/ly comes ! "q z to h[ ! univ]sity may co-op]ate 9 advanc+ m$ical education4 ,a m$ical s*ool is /rictly a te*nical s*ool--a s*ool 9 :i* a practical pr(ession is taught--:ile a univ]sity ought to be a place 9 :i* k is obta9$ )\t direct ref]5ce to pr(essional purposes4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t a univ]sity & its antec$5t1 ! s*ool1 may be/ co-op]ate ) ! m$ical s*ool by mak+ due provision = ! /udy ( ^? bran*es ( k :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( m$ic9e4 ,at pres5t1 "y m5 come to ! m$ical s*ools )\t a conception ( ev5 ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce2 !y le>n1 = ! fir/ "t1 t !re are su* sci5ces z physics1 *emi/ry1 & physiology1 & are introduc$ to anatomy z a new ?+4 ,x may be safely said t1 ) a l>ge proportion ( m$ical /ud5ts1 mu* ( ! fir/ session is wa/$ 9 le>n+ h[ to le>n--9 famili>is+ !mselves ) utt]ly /range conceptions1 & 9 awak5+ _! dormant & :olly untra9$ p[]s ( obs]vation & ( manipulation4 ,x is difficult to ov]-e/imate ! magnitude ( ! ob/acles :i* are ?r[n 9 ! way ( sci5tific tra9+ by ! exi/+ sy/em ( s*ool education4 ,n only are m5 tra9$ 9 m]e book-"w1 ignorant ( :at obs]vation means1 b ! habit ( le>n+ f books alone begets a disgu/ ( obs]vation4 ,! book-le>n$ /ud5t w r tru/ to :at he sees 9 a book ?an to ! witness ( 8 own eyes4 ,!re is n ! lea/ reason :y ?is %\ld be s1 &1 9 fact1 :5 elem5t>y education becomes t :i* ,i h assum$ x ought to be1 ?is /ate ( ?+s w no long] exi/4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 giv+ s\nd elem5t>y in/ruction 9 physics1 9 *emi/ry1 & 9 ! elem5ts ( human physiology1 9 ord9>y s*ools4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no reason :y ! /ud5t %\ld n come to ! m$ical s*ool1 provid$ ) z mu* k ( ^! sev]al sci5ces z he ord9>ily picks up 9 ! c\rse ( 8 fir/ ye> ( att5dance at ! m$ical s*ool4 ,i am n say+ ?is )\t full practical ju/ification = ! /atem5t4 ,= ! la/ eighte5 ye>s we h _h 9 ,engl& a sy/em ( elem5t>y sci5ce tea*+ c>ri$ out "u ! auspices ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 by :i* elem5t>y sci5tific in/ruction is made readily accessible to ! s*ol>s ( all ! elem5t>y s*ools 9 ! c\ntry4 ,comm5c+ ) small beg9n+s1 c>efully develop$ & improv$1 t sy/em n[ br+s up = exam9ation z _m z sev5 ?\s& s*ol>s 9 ! subject ( human physiology alone4 ,i c say t1 out ( t numb]1 a l>ge proportion h acquir$ a fair am\nt ( sub/antial k2 & t no inconsid]able p]c5tage %[ z good an acqua9tance ) human physiology z us$ to be exhibit$ by ! av]age c&idates = m$ical degrees 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 :5 ,i 0 fir/ an exam9] !re tw5ty ye>s ago2 & q z mu* k z is possess$ by ! ord9>y /ud5t ( m$ic9e at ! pres5t day4 ,i am ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 look+ =w>d to ! "t :5 ! /ud5t :o proposes to devote himself to m$ic9e w come1 n absolutely raw & inexp]i5c$ z he is at pres5t1 b 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( prep>ation = fur!r /udy2 & ,i look to ! univ]sity to help him /ill fur!r =w>d 9 t /age ( prep>ation1 ?r\gh ! organisation ( its biological dep>tm5t4 ,"h ! /ud5t w f9d means ( acqua9t+ himself ) ! ph5om5a ( life 9 _! broade/ acceptation4 ,he w /udy n botany & zoology1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 w\ld take him too f> away f 8 ultimate goal2 b1 by duly arrang$ in/ruction1 comb9$ ) "w 9 ! laboratory ^u ! lead+ types ( animal & vegetable life1 he w lay a broad1 & at ! same "t solid1 f\ndation ( biological k2 he w come to 8 m$ical /udies ) a compreh5sion ( ! great tru?s ( morphology & ( physiology1 ) 8 h&s tra9$ to dissect & 8 eyes taught to see4 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t su* prep>ation is wor? a full ye> add$ on to ! m$ical curriculum4 ,9 o!r words1 x w set free t mu* "t = att5tion to ^? /udies :i* be> directly ^u ! /ud5t's mo/ grave & s]i\s duties z a m$ical practition]4 ,up to ?is po9t ,i h consid]$ only ! tea*+ aspect ( y\r great f\ndation1 t function ( ! univ]sity 9 virtue ( :i* x plays ! "p ( a res]voir ( asc]ta9$ tru?1 s f> z our symbols c ev] int]pret nature4 ,all c le>n2 all c dr9k ( ?is lake4 ,x is giv5 to few to add to ! /ore ( k1 to /rike new spr+s ( ?\ght1 or to %ape new =ms ( beauty4 ,b s sure z x is t m5 live n by bread1 b by ideas1 s sure is x t ! future ( ! _w lies 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o are able to c>ry ! int]pretation ( nature a /ep fur!r ?an _! pr$ecessors2 s c]ta9 is x t ! highe/ function ( a univ]sity is to seek out ^? m51 *]i% !m1 & give _! ability to s]ve _! k9d full play4 ,i rejoice to obs]ve t ! enc\ragem5t ( rese>* occupies s prom95t a place 9 y\r (ficial docum5ts1 & 9 ! wise & lib]al inaugural address ( y\r presid5t4 ,?is subject ( ! enc\ragem5t1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! end[m5t ( rese>*1 has ( late ye>s greatly ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( m5 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 "o ( ! ma9 topics ( discussion by ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,commission ( :om ,i 0 "o1 & :o n long s9ce issu$ _! report1 aft] five ye>s' lab\r4 ,_m seem to ?9k t ?is "q is ma9ly "o ( money2 t y c g into ! m>ket & buy rese>*1 & t supply w foll[ dem&1 z 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( comm]ce4 ,?is view does n comm5d itself to my m9d4 ,i "k ( no m difficult practical problem ?an ! discov]y ( a me?od ( enc\rag+ & support+ ! orig9al inve/igator )\t op5+ ! door to nepotism & jobb]y4 ,my own conviction is admirably summ$ up 9 ! passage ( y\r presid5t's address1 t ! be/ inve/igators are usually ^? :o h also ! responsibilities ( in/ruction1 ga9+ ?us ! incitem5t ( colleagues1 ! enc\ragem5t ( pupils1 & ! obs]vation ( ! public4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is address ,i v5tur$ to assume t ,i might1 if ,i ?\ght fit1 criticise ! arrangem5ts :i* h be5 made by ! bo>d ( tru/ees1 b ,i confess t ,i h little to d b to applaud !m4 ,mo/ wise & sagaci\s seems to me ! det]m9ation n to build = ! pres5t4 ,x has be5 my fate to see great educational funds fossilise into m]e bricks & mort>1 9 ! petrify+ spr+s ( ar*itecture1 ) no?+ left to "w ! in/itution !y 7 int5d$ to support4 ,a great w>rior is said to h made a des]t & call$ x peace4 ,adm9i/rators ( educational funds h sometimes made a palace & call$ x a univ]sity4 ,if ,i may v5ture to give advice 9 a matt] :i* lies out ( my prop] compet5cy1 ,i w\ld say t :5ev] y d build1 get an hone/ bricklay]1 & make him build y j su* rooms z y really want1 leav+ ample space = expansion4 ,& a c5tury h5ce1 :5 ! ,baltimore & ,ohio %>es are at "o ?\s& premium1 & y h end[$ all ! pr(essors y ne$1 & built all ! laboratories t are want$1 & h ! be/ museum & ! f9e/ libr>y t c be imag9$2 !n1 if y h a few hundr$ ?\s& doll>s y don't "k :at to d )1 s5d = an ar*itect & tell him to put up a faade4 ,if ,am]ican is simil> to ,engli% exp]i5ce1 any o!r c\rse w probably lead y into hav+ "s /ately /ructure1 good = y\r ar*itect's fame1 b n 9 ! lea/ :at y want4 ,x appe>s to me t :at ,i h v5tur$ to lay d[n z ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n ! relations ( a univ]sity to education 9 g5]al1 are entirely 9 accordance ) ! measures y h adopt$4 ,y h set no re/rictions ^u access to ! in/ruction y propose to give2 y h provid$ t su* in/ruction1 ei!r z giv5 by ! univ]sity or by associat$ in/itutions1 %\ld cov] ! field ( human intellectual activity4 ,y h recognis$ ! importance ( enc\rag+ rese>*4 ,y propose to provide means by :i* "y m51 :o may be full ( zeal = a lit]>y or = a sci5tific c>e]1 b :o also may h mi/ak5 aspiration = inspiration1 may br+ _! capacities to a te/1 & give _! p[]s a fair trial4 ,if su* a "o fail1 8 end[m5t t]m9ates1 & !re is no h>m done4 ,if he succe$1 y may give p[] ( flight to ! g5ius ( a ,davy or a ,f>aday1 a ,c>lyle or a ,locke1 ^: influ5ce on ! future ( 8 fell[-m5 %all be absolutely incalculable4 ,y h enunciat$ ! pr9ciple t ! glory ( ! univ]sity %\ld re/ ^u ! "* ( ! tea*]s & s*ol>s1 & n ^u _! numb]s or build+s con/ruct$ = _! use4 ,& ,i look ^u x z an ess5tial & mo/ important feature ( y\r plan t ! income ( ! pr(essors & tea*]s %all be indep5d5t ( ! numb] ( /ud5ts :om !y c attract4 ,9 ?is way y provide aga9/ ! dang]1 pat5t else:]e1 ( f9d+ attempts at improvem5t ob/ruct$ by ve/$ int]e/s2 &1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( m$ical education especially1 y are free ( ! temptation to set loose ^u ! _w m5 utt]ly incompet5t to p]=m ! s]i\s & responsible duties ( _! pr(ession4 ,x is a delicate matt] = a /rang] to ! practical work+ ( y\r in/itutions1 l myself1 to pret5d to give an op9ion z to ! organisation ( y\r gov]n+ p[]4 ,i c conceive no?+ bett] ?an t x %\ld rema9 z x is1 if y c secure a succession ( wise1 lib]al1 hone/1 & consci5ti\s m5 to fill ! vacancies t occur among y4 ,i d n greatly believe 9 ! efficacy ( any k9d ( ma*9]y = secur+ su* a result2 b ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/ t ! exclusive adoption ( ! me?od ( co-optation = fill+ ! vacancies :i* mu/ occur 9 y\r body1 appe>s to me to be some:at l a tempt+ ( ,provid5ce4 ,d\btless !re are grave practical objections to ! appo9tm5t ( p]sons outside ( y\r body & n directly int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! univ]sity2 b might x n be well if !re 7 an und]/&+ t y\r academic /aff %\ld be (ficially repres5t$ on ! bo>d1 p]haps ev5 ! heads ( "o or two indep5d5t le>n$ bodies1 s t academic op9ion & ! views ( ! outside _w might h a c]ta9 influ5ce 9 t mo/ important matt]1 ! appo9tm5t ( y\r pr(essors8 ,i ?r[ out ^! sugge/ions1 z ,i h said1 9 ignorance ( ! practical difficulties t may lie 9 ! way ( c>ry+ !m into effect1 on ! g5]al gr\nd t p]sonal & local influ5ces are v subtle1 & (t5 unconsci\s1 :ile ! future greatness & effici5cy ( ! noble in/itution :i* n[ comm5ces its "w mu/ l>gely dep5d ^u its fre$om f !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i con/antly he> ,am]icans speak ( ! *>m :i* our old "m c\ntry has = !m1 ( ! delight ) :i* !y w&] ?r\gh ! /reets ( anci5t t[ns1 or climb ! battlem5ts ( m$iaeval /rongholds1 ! names ( :i* are indissolubly associat$ ) ! great epo*s ( t noble lit]ature :i* is our common inh]itance2 or ) ! blood-/a9$ /eps ( t secul> progress1 by :i* ! desc5dants ( ! savage ,britons & ( ! wild pirates ( ! ,nor? ,sea h become conv]t$ into w>riors ( ord] & *ampions ( peaceful fre$om1 exhau/+ :at /ill rema9s ( ! old ,b]s]k _s 9 subdu+ nature1 & turn+ ! wild]ness into a g>d54 ,b anticipation has no less *>m ?an retrospect1 & to an ,engli%man l&+ ^u y\r %ores = ! fir/ "t1 travell+ = hundr$s ( miles ?r\gh /r+s ( great & well-ord]$ cities1 see+ y\r enorm\s actual1 & almo/ inf9ite pot5tial1 weal? 9 all commodities1 & 9 ! en]gy & ability :i* turn weal? to acc\nt1 !re is some?+ sublime 9 ! vi/a ( ! future4 ,d n suppose t ,i am p&]+ to :at is commonly und]/ood by national pride4 ,i _c say t ,i am 9 ! slighte/ degree impress$ by y\r bigness1 or y\r mat]ial res\rces1 z su*4 ,size is n gr&eur1 & t]ritory does n make a nation4 ,! great issue1 ab\t :i* hangs a true sublimity1 & ! t]ror ( ov]hang+ fate1 is :at are y go+ to d ) all ^! ?+s8 ,:at is to be ! end to :i* ^! are to be ! means8 ,y are mak+ a novel exp]im5t 9 politics on ! greate/ scale :i* ! _w has yet se54 ,=ty millions at y\r fir/ c5t5>y1 x is reasonably to be expect$ t1 at ! second1 ^! /ates w be occupi$ by two hundr$ millions ( ,engli%-speak+ p1 spread ov] an area z l>ge z t ( ,europe1 & ) climates & int]e/s z div]se z ^? ( ,spa9 & ,sc&9avia1 ,engl& & ,russia4 ,y & y\r desc5dants h to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is great mass w hold toge!r "u ! =ms ( a republic1 & ! despotic reality ( univ]sal suffrage2 :e!r /ate rights w hold out aga9/ c5tralisation1 )\t sep>ation2 :e!r c5tralisation w get ! bett]1 )\t actual or disguis$ mon>*y2 :e!r %ift+ corruption is bett] ?an a p]man5t bureaucracy2 & z population ?ick5s 9 y\r great cities1 & ! pressure ( want is felt1 ! gaunt spectre ( paup]ism w /alk among y1 & communism & socialism w claim to be he>d4 ,truly ,am]ica has a great future be=e h]2 great 9 toil1 9 c>e1 & 9 responsibility2 great 9 true glory if %e be guid$ 9 wisdom & righte\sness2 great 9 %ame if %e fail4 ,i _c und]/& :y o!r nations %\ld envy y1 or be bl9d to ! fact t x is = ! highe/ int]e/ ( mank9d t y %\ld succe$2 b ! "o condition ( success1 y\r sole safegu>d1 is ! moral wor? & intellectual cle>ness ( ! individual citiz54 ,education _c give ^!1 b x may *]i% !m & br+ !m to ! front 9 :atev] /ation ( society !y are to be f\nd2 & ! univ]sities ought to be1 & may be1 ! =tresses ( ! high] life ( ! nation4 ,may ! univ]sity :i* comm5ces its practical activity to-morr[ abundantly fulfil its high purpose2 may its r5[n z a seat ( true le>n+1 a c5tre ( free inquiry1 a focus ( intellectual light1 increase ye> by ye>1 until m5 w&] hi!r f all p>ts ( ! e>?1 z ( old !y s\ght ,bologna1 or ,p>is1 or ,ox=d4 ,& x is pleasant to me to fancy t1 among ! ,engli% /ud5ts :o are drawn to y at t "t1 !re may l+] a dim tradition t a c\ntryman ( !irs 0 p]mitt$ to address y z he has done to-day1 & to feel z if y\r hopes 7 8 hopes & y\r success 8 joy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,deliv]$ at ! =mal op5+ ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity at ,baltimore1 ,u4,s41 ,septemb] #ab4 ,! total am\nt bequea!d by ,johns ,hopk9s is m ?an #g1jjj1jjj doll>s4 ,! sum ( #c1ejj1jjj doll>s is appropriat$ to a univ]sity1 a l sum to a hospital1 & ! re/ to local in/itutions ( education & *>ity4 ,x ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,biology #ahgf ,x is my duty to-night to speak ab\t ! /udy ( ,biology1 & :ile x may be t !re are _m ( my audi5ce :o are q famili> ) t /udy1 yet z a lectur] ( "s /&+1 x w\ld1 ,i "k by exp]i5ce1 be v bad policy on my "p to suppose su* to be ext5sively ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i mu/ imag9e t !re are _m ( y :o w\ld l to "k :at ,biology is2 t !re are o!rs :o h t am\nt ( in=mation1 b w\ld nev]!less gladly he> :y x %\ld be wor? _! :ile to /udy ,biology2 & yet o!rs1 aga91 to :om ^! two po9ts are cle>1 b :o desire to le>n h[ !y _h be/ /udy x1 &1 f9ally1 :5 !y _h be/ /udy x4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 address myself to ! endeav\r to give y "s answ] to ^! f\r que/ions--:at ,biology is2 :y x %\ld be /udi$2 h[ x %\ld be /udi$2 & :5 x %\ld be /udi$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 respect to :at ,biology is1 !re are1 ,i believe1 "s p]sons :o imag9e t ! t]m ,biology is simply a new-fangl$ d5om9ation1 a neologism 9 %ort1 = :at us$ to be kn[n "u ! title ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 b ,i %all try to %[ y1 on ! contr>y1 t ! ^w is ! expression ( ! gr[? ( sci5ce dur+ ! la/ #bjj ye>s1 & came into exi/5ce half a c5tury ago4 ,at ! revival ( le>n+1 k 0 divid$ into two k9ds--! k ( nature & ! k ( man2 = x 0 ! curr5t idea !n 7& a great deal ( t anci5t conception /ill rema9s7 t !re 0 a sort ( ess5tial anti!sis1 n to say antagonism1 betwe5 nature & man2 & t ! two _h n v mu* to d ) "o ano!r1 except t ! "o 0 (t5times exce$+ly tr\blesome to ! o!r4 ,?\gh x is "o ( ! sali5t m]its ( our great philosoph]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t !y recognis$ b "o sci5tific me?od1 applicable alike to man & to nature1 we f9d ?is notion ( ! exi/5ce ( a broad di/9ction betwe5 nature & man 9 ! writ+s bo? ( ,bacon & ( ,hobbes ( ,malmesbury2 & ,i h br\ght ) me t fam\s "w :i* is n[ s little kn[n1 greatly z x des]ves to be /udi$1 ,! ,levia?an1 9 ord] t ,i may put to y 9 ! wond]fully t]se & cle> language ( ,?omas ,hobbes1 :at 0 8 view ( ! matt]4 ,he says3-- ,! regi/] ( k ( fact is call$ hi/ory4 ,:]e( !re be two sorts1 "o call$ natural hi/ory2 :i* is ! hi/ory ( su* facts or effects ( nature z h no dep5d5ce on man's w2 su* z are ! hi/ories ( metals1 plants1 animals1 regions1 & ! l4 ,! o!r is civil hi/ory2 :i* is ! hi/ory ( ! volunt>y actions ( m5 9 commonweal?s4 ,s t all hi/ory ( fact 0 divid$ into ^! two great gr\ps ( natural & ( civil hi/ory4 ,! ,royal ,society 0 9 c\rse ( f\ndation ab\t ! "t t ,hobbes 0 writ+ ?is book1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afea2 & t ,society 0 t]m$ a ,society = ! ,improvem5t ( ,natural ,k1 :i* 0 !n ne>ly ! same ?+ z a ,society = ! ,improvem5t ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,z "t w5t on1 & ! v>i\s bran*es ( human k became m di/9ctly develop$ & sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 x 0 f\nd t "s 7 mu* m susceptible ( precise ma!matical treatm5t ?an o!rs4 ,! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia ( ,newton1 :i* probably gave a great] /imulus to physical sci5ce ?an any "w ev] publi%$ be=e1 or :i* is likely to be publi%$ h]eaft]1 %[$ t precise ma!matical me?ods 7 applicable to ^? bran*es ( sci5ce su* z a/ronomy1 & :at we n[ call physics1 :i* occupy a v l>ge portion ( ! doma9 ( :at ! old] writ]s und]/ood by natural hi/ory4 ,& inasmu* z ! p>tly d$uctive & p>tly exp]im5tal me?ods ( treatm5t to :i* ,newton & o!rs subject$ ^! bran*es ( human k1 %[$ t ! ph5om5a ( nature :i* belong$ to !m 7 susceptible ( explanation1 & !reby came )9 ! rea* ( :at 0 call$ philosophy 9 ^? days2 s mu* ( ?is k9d ( k z 0 n includ$ "u a/ronomy came to be spok5 ( z natural philosophy--a t]m :i* ,bacon _h employ$ 9 a mu* wid] s5se4 ,"t w5t on1 & yet o!r bran*es ( sci5ce develop$ !mselves4 ,*emi/ry took a def9ite %ape2 & s9ce all ^! sci5ces1 su* z a/ronomy1 natural philosophy1 & *emi/ry1 7 susceptible ei!r ( ma!matical treatm5t or ( exp]im5tal treatm5t1 or ( bo?1 a broad di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 ! exp]im5tal bran*es ( :at _h previ\sly be5 call$ natural hi/ory & ! obs]vational bran*es--^? 9 :i* exp]im5t 0 7or appe>$ to be7 ( d\btful use1 & :]e1 at t "t1 ma!matical me?ods 7 inapplicable4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! old "n ( ,natural ,hi/ory /uck by ! residuum1 by ^? ph5om5a :i* 7 n1 at t "t1 susceptible ( ma!matical or exp]im5tal treatm5t2 t is to say1 ^? ph5om5a ( nature :i* come n[ "u ! g5]al heads ( physical geography1 geology1 m9]alogy1 ! hi/ory ( plants1 & ! hi/ory ( animals4 ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t ! t]m 0 und]/ood by ! great writ]s ( ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury--,buffon & ,l9naeus--by ,buffon 9 8 great "w1 ! ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 & by ,l9naeus 9 8 spl5did a*ievem5t1 ! ,sy/ema ,naturae4 ,! subjects !y deal ) are spok5 ( z ,natural ,hi/ory1 & !y call$ !mselves & 7 call$ ,naturali/s4 ,b y w obs]ve t ?is 0 n ! orig9al mean+ ( ^! t]ms2 b t !y _h1 by ?is "t1 acquir$ a signification widely diff]5t f t :i* !y possess$ primitively4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ,natural ,hi/ory 0 us$ at ! "t ,i am n[ speak+ ( has1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 endur$ to ! pres5t day4 ,!re are n[ 9 exi/5ce 9 "s ( our nor!rn univ]sities1 *airs ( ,civil & ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 :i* ,natural ,hi/ory is us$ to indicate exactly :at ,hobbes & ,bacon meant by t t]m4 ,! unhappy incumb5t ( ! *air ( ,natural ,hi/ory is1 or 01 suppos$ to cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( geology1 m9]alogy1 & zoology1 p]haps ev5 botany1 9 8 lectures4 ,b z sci5ce made ! m>vell\s progress :i* x did make at ! latt] end ( ! la/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ?9k+ m5 began to disc]n t "u ?is title ( ,natural ,hi/ory !re 7 includ$ v het]og5e\s con/itu5ts--t1 = example1 geology & m9]alogy 71 9 _m respects1 widely diff]5t f botany & zoology2 t a man might obta9 an ext5sive k ( ! /ructure & functions ( plants & animals1 )\t hav+ ne$ to ent] ^u ! /udy ( geology or m9]alogy1 & vice v]s2 &1 fur!r z k advanc$1 x became cle> t !re 0 a great analogy1 a v close alliance1 betwe5 ^? two sci5ces1 ( botany & zoology :i* deal ) human be+s1 :ile !y are mu* m widely sep>at$ f all o!r /udies4 ,x is due to ,buffon to rem>k t he cle>ly recognis$ ?is great fact4 ,he says3 ,ces deux g5res d'tres organiss les animaux et les vgtaux ont beauc\p plus de proprits communes que de diffr5ces relles4 ,!re=e1 x is n wond]ful t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 9 two diff]5t c\ntries1 & s f> z ,i "k1 )\t any int]communication1 two fam\s m5 cle>ly conceiv$ ! notion ( unit+ ! sci5ces :i* deal ) liv+ matt] into "o :ole1 & ( deal+ ) !m z "o discipl9e4 ,9 fact1 ,i may say !re 7 ?ree m5 to :om ?is idea occurr$ contemporane\sly1 al?\gh !re 7 b two :o c>ri$ x into effect1 & only "o :o work$ x out completely4 ,! p]sons to :om ,i ref] 7 ! em95t physiologi/ ,bi*at1 & ! great naturali/ ,lam>ck1 9 ,france2 & a di/+ui%$ ,g]man1 ,treviranus4 ,bi*at #a assum$ ! exi/5ce ( a special gr\p ( physiological sci5ces4 ,lam>ck1 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #ahja1 #b = ! fir/ "t made use ( ! "n ,biologie1 f ! two ,greek words :i* signify a disc\rse ^u life & liv+ ?+s4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 x occurr$ to ,treviranus1 t all ^? sci5ces :i* deal ) liv+ matt] are ess5tially & fundam5tally "o1 & ought to be treat$ z a :ole2 &1 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 he publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( :at he also call$ ,biologie4 ,treviranus's great m]it lies 9 ?is1 t he work$ out 8 idea1 & wrote ! v rem>kable book to :i* ,i ref]4 ,x consi/s ( six volumes1 & occupi$ its au?or = tw5ty ye>s--f #ahjb to #ahbb4 ,t is ! orig9 ( ! t]m ,biology2 & t is h[ x has come ab\t t all cle> ?9k]s & lov]s ( consi/5t nom5clature h sub/itut$ = ! old confus+ "n ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* has convey$ s _m mean+s1 ! t]m ,biology :i* d5otes ! :ole ( ! sci5ces :i* deal ) liv+ ?+s1 :e!r !y be animals or :e!r !y be plants4 ,"s little "t ago--9 ! c\rse ( ?is ye>1 ,i ?9k--,i 0 fav\r$ by a le>n$ classic1 ,dr4 ,field ( ,norwi*1 ) a disquisition1 9 :i* he endeav\rv$ to prove t1 f a philological po9t ( view1 nei!r ,treviranus nor ,lam>ck _h any "r to co9 ?is new ^w ,biology = _! purpose2 t1 9 fact1 ! ,greek ^w ,bios _h relation only to human life & human affairs1 & t a diff]5t ^w 0 employ$ by ! ,greeks :5 !y wi%$ to speak ( ! life ( animals & plants4 ,s ,dr4 ,field tells u we are all wrong 9 us+ ! t]m biology1 & t we ought to employ ano!r2 only he is n sure ab\t ! propriety ( t :i* he proposes z a sub/itute4 ,x is a some:at h>d "o--zootocology4 ,i am sorry we are wrong1 because we are likely to cont9ue s4 ,9 ^! matt]s we mu/ h "s sort ( ,/atute ( ,limitations4 ,:5 a "n has be5 employ$ = half a c5tury1 p]sons ( au?ority #c h be5 us+ x1 & its s5se has become well und]/ood1 ,i am afraid p w g on us+ x1 :atev] ! weight ( philological objection4 ,n[ t we h arriv$ at ! orig9 ( ?is ^w ,biology1 ! next po9t to consid] is3 ,:at gr\nd does x cov]8 ,i h said t 9 its /rict te*nical s5se1 x d5otes all ! ph5om5a :i* are exhibit$ by liv+ ?+s1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are n liv+2 b :ile t is all v well1 s long z we conf9e ourselves to ! l[] animals & to plants1 x l&s u 9 consid]able difficulties :5 we rea* ! high] =ms ( liv+ ?+s4 ,= :atev] view we may ent]ta9 ab\t ! nature ( man1 "o ?+ is p]fectly c]ta91 t he is a liv+ creature4 ,h5ce1 if our def9ition is to be int]pret$ /rictly1 we mu/ include man & all 8 ways & works "u ! head ( ,biology2 9 :i* case1 we %\ld f9d t psy*ology1 politics1 & political economy w\ld be absorb$ into ! prov9ce ( ,biology4 ,9 fact1 civil hi/ory w\ld be m]g$ 9 natural hi/ory4 ,9 /rict logic x may be h>d to object to ?is c\rse1 because no "o c d\bt t ! rudim5ts & outl9es ( our own m5tal ph5om5a are traceable among ! l[] animals4 ,!y h _! economy & _! polity1 & if1 z is always admitt$1 ! polity ( bees & ! commonweal? ( wolves fall )9 ! purview ( ! biologi/ prop]1 x becomes h>d to say :y we %\ld n include !re9 human affairs1 :i*1 9 s _m cases1 resemble ^? ( ! bees 9 zeal\s gett+1 & are n )\t a c]ta9 p>ity 9 ! proce$+s ( ! wolves4 ,! real fact is t we biologi/s are a self-sacrific+ p2 & inasmu* z1 on a mod]ate e/imate1 !re are ab\t a qu>t] ( a million diff]5t species ( animals & plants to "k ab\t already1 we feel t we h m ?an suffici5t t]ritory4 ,!re has be5 a sort ( practical conv5tion by :i* we give up to a diff]5t bran* ( sci5ce :at ,bacon & ,hobbes w\ld h call$ ,civil ,hi/ory4 ,t bran* ( sci5ce has con/itut$ itself "u ! head ( ,sociology4 ,i may use phraseology :i*1 at pres5t1 w be well und]/ood & say t we h all[$ t prov9ce ( ,biology to become autonom\s2 b ,i %\ld l y to recollect t t is a sacrifice1 & t y %\ld n be surpris$ if x occasionally happ5s t y see a biologi/ app>5tly trespass+ 9 ! region ( philosophy or politics2 or m$dl+ ) human education2 because1 aft] all1 t is a "p ( 8 k+dom :i* he has only volunt>ily =sak54 ,hav+ n[ def9$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,biology1 & hav+ indicat$ ! g5]al scope ( ,biological ,sci5ce1 ,i turn to my second "q1 :i* is--,:y %\ld we /udy ,biology8 ,possibly ! "t may come :5 t w seem a v odd "q4 ,t we1 liv+ creatures1 %\ld n feel a c]ta9 am\nt ( int]e/ 9 :at x is t con/itutes our life w ev5tually1 "u alt]$ ideas ( ! fitte/ objects ( human inquiry1 appe> to be a s+ul> ph5om5on2 b at pres5t1 judg+ by ! practice ( tea*]s & educators1 ,biology w\ld seem to be a topic t does n conc]n u at all4 ,i propose to put be=e y a few consid]ations ) :i* ,i d>e say _m w be famili> already1 b :i* w suffice to %[--n fully1 because to demon/rate ?is po9t fully w\ld take a great _m lectures--t !re are "s v good & sub/antial reasons :y x may be advisable t we %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ?is bran* ( human le>n+4 ,i myself entirely agree ) ano!r s5tim5t ( ! philosoph] ( ,malmesbury1 t ! scope ( all speculation is ! p]=mance ( "s action or ?+ to be done1 & ,i h n any v great respect =1 or int]e/ 91 m]e kn[+ z su*4 ,i judge ( ! value ( human pursuits by _! be>+ ^u human int]e/s2 9 o!r words1 by _! utility2 b ,i %\ld l t we %\ld q cle>ly und]/& :at x is t we mean by ?is ^w utility4 ,9 an ,engli%man's m\? x g5]ally means t by :i* we get pudd+ or praise1 or bo?4 ,i h no d\bt t is "o mean+ ( ! ^w utility1 b x by no means includes all ,i mean by utility4 ,i ?9k t k ( e k9d is useful 9 proportion z x t5ds to give p "r ideas1 :i* are ess5tial to ! f\ndation ( "r practice1 & to remove wrong ideas1 :i* are ! no less ess5tial f\ndations & f]tile mo!rs ( e description ( error 9 practice4 ,& inasmu* z1 :atev] practical p may say1 ?is _w is1 aft] all1 absolutely gov]n$ by ideas1 & v (t5 by ! wilde/ & mo/ hypo!tical ideas1 x is a matt] ( ! v greate/ importance t our !ories ( ?+s1 & ev5 ( ?+s t seem a long way ap>t f our daily lives1 %\ld be z f> z possible true1 & z f> z possible remov$ f error4 ,x is n only 9 ! co>s]1 practical s5se ( ! ^w utility1 b 9 ?is high] & broad] s5se1 t ,i measure ! value ( ! /udy ( biology by its utility2 & ,i %all try to po9t out to y t y w feel ! ne$ ( "s k ( biology at a great _m turns ( ?is pres5t n9ete5? c5tury life ( ours4 ,= example1 mo/ ( u atta* great importance to ! conception :i* we ent]ta9 ( ! position ( man 9 ?is univ]se & 8 relation to ! re/ ( nature4 ,we h almo/ all be5 told1 & mo/ ( u hold by ! tradition1 t man occupies an isolat$ & peculi> position 9 nature2 t ?\gh he is 9 ! _w he is n ( ! _w2 t 8 relations to ?+s ab\t him are ( a remote "*2 t 8 orig9 is rec5t1 8 duration likely to be %ort1 & t he is ! great c5tral figure r\nd :i* o!r ?+s 9 ?is _w revolve4 ,b ?is is n :at ! biologi/ tells u4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t y w be k9d en\gh to sep>ate me f !m1 because x is 9 no way ess5tial to my pres5t argum5t t ,i %\ld advocate _! views4 ,don't suppose t ,i am say+ ?is = ! purpose ( escap+ ! responsibility ( _! beliefs2 inde$1 at o!r times & 9 o!r places1 ,i d n ?9k t po9t has be5 left d\btful2 b ,i want cle>ly to po9t out to y t = my pres5t argum5t !y may all be wrong2 &1 nev]!less1 my argum5t w hold good4 ,! biologi/s tell u t all ?is is an entire mi/ake4 ,!y turn to ! physical organisation ( man4 ,!y exam9e 8 :ole /ructure1 8 bony frame & all t clo!s x4 ,!y resolve him into ! f9e/ p>ticles into :i* ! microscope w enable !m to break him up4 ,!y consid] ! p]=mance ( 8 v>i\s functions & activities1 & !y look at ! mann] 9 :i* he occurs on ! surface ( ! _w4 ,!n !y turn to o!r animals1 & tak+ ! fir/ h&y dome/ic animal--say a dog--!y pr(ess to be able to demon/rate t ! analysis ( ! dog leads !m1 9 gross1 to precisely ! same results z ! analysis ( ! man2 t !y f9d almo/ id5tically ! same bones1 hav+ ! same relations2 t !y c "n ! muscles ( ! dog by ! names ( ! muscles ( ! man1 & ! n]ves ( ! dog by ^? ( ! n]ves ( ! man1 & t1 su* /ructures & organs ( s5se z we f9d 9 ! man su* also we f9d 9 ! dog2 !y analyse ! bra9 & sp9al cord & !y f9d t ! nom5clature :i* fits1 ! "o answ]s = ! o!r4 ,!y c>ry _! microscopic inquiries 9 ! case ( ! dog z f> z !y c1 & !y f9d t 8 body is resolvable into ! same elem5ts z ^? ( ! man4 ,moreov]1 !y trace back ! dog's & ! man's developm5t1 & !y f9d t1 at a c]ta9 /age ( _! exi/5ce1 ! two creatures are n di/+ui%able ! "o f ! o!r2 !y f9d t ! dog & 8 k9d h a c]ta9 di/ribution ov] ! surface ( ! _w1 comp>able 9 its way to ! di/ribution ( ! human species4 ,:at is true ( ! dog !y tell u is true ( all ! high] animals2 & !y ass]t t !y c lay d[n a common plan = ! :ole ( ^! creatures1 & reg>d ! man & ! dog1 ! horse & ! ox z m9or modifications ( "o great fundam5tal unity4 ,moreov]1 ! inve/igations ( ! la/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury h prov$1 !y tell u1 t simil> inquiries1 c>ri$ out ?r\gh all ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals :i* are met ) 9 nature1 w lead u1 n 9 "o /raight s]ies1 b by _m roads1 /ep by /ep1 gradation by gradation1 f man1 at ! summit1 to specks ( animat$ jelly at ! bottom ( ! s]ies4 ,s t ! idea ( ,leibnitz1 & ( ,bonnet1 t animals =m a great scale ( be+1 9 :i* !re are a s]ies ( gradations f ! mo/ complicat$ =m to ! l[e/ & simple/2 t idea1 ?\gh n exactly 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 prop\nd$ by ^? philosoph]s1 turns out to be sub/antially correct4 ,m ?an ?is1 :5 biologi/s pursue _! inve/igations into ! vegetable _w1 !y f9d t !y c1 9 ! same way1 foll[ out ! /ructure ( ! plant1 f ! mo/ gigantic & complicat$ trees d[n ?r\gh a simil> s]ies ( gradations1 until !y arrive at specks ( animat$ jelly1 :i* !y are puzzl$ to di/+ui% f ^? specks :i* !y rea*$ by ! animal road4 ,?us1 biologi/s h arriv$ at ! conclusion t a fundam5tal uni=mity ( /ructure p]vades ! animal & vegetable worlds1 & t plants & animals diff] f "o ano!r simply z div]se modifications ( ! same great g5]al plan4 ,aga91 !y tell u ! same /ory 9 reg>d to ! /udy ( function4 ,!y admit ! l>ge & important int]val :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 sep>ates ! manife/ations ( ! m5tal faculties obs]vable 9 ! high] =ms ( mank9d1 & ev5 9 ! l[] =ms1 su* z we "k !m1 f ^? exhibit$ by o!r animals2 b1 at ! same "t1 !y tell u t ! f\ndations1 or rudim5ts1 ( almo/ all ! faculties ( man are to be met ) 9 ! l[] animals2 t !re is a unity ( m5tal faculty z well z ( bodily /ructure1 & t1 "h also1 ! diff]5ce is a diff]5ce ( degree & n ( k9d4 ,i said almo/ all1 = a reason4 ,among ! _m di/9ctions :i* h be5 drawn betwe5 ! l[] creatures & ourselves1 !re is "o :i* is h>dly ev] insi/$ on1 #d b :i* may be v fitly spok5 ( 9 a place s l>gely devot$ to ,art z t 9 :i* we are assembl$4 ,x is ?is1 t :ile1 among v>i\s k9ds ( animals1 x is possible to discov] traces ( all ! o!r faculties ( man1 especially ! faculty ( mimicry1 yet t p>ticul> =m ( mimicry :i* %[s itself 9 ! imitation ( =m1 ei!r by modell+ or by draw+1 is n to be met )4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 !re is no sculpture or modell+1 & decid$ly no pa9t+ or draw+1 ( animal orig94 ,i m5tion ! fact1 9 ord] t su* com=t may be d]iv$ !refrom z arti/s may feel incl9$ to take4 ,if :at ! biologi/s tell u is true1 x w be ne$ful to get rid ( our errone\s conceptions ( man1 & ( 8 place 9 nature1 & to sub/itute "r ones = !m4 ,b x is impossible to =m any judgm5t z to :e!r ! biologi/s are "r or wrong1 unless we are able to appreciate ! nature ( ! argum5ts :i* !y h to (f]4 ,"o w\ld almo/ ?9k ?is to be a self-evid5t proposition4 ,i wond] :at a s*ol> w\ld say to ! man :o %\ld und]take to criticise a difficult passage 9 a ,greek play1 b :o obvi\sly _h n acqua9t$ himself ) ! rudim5ts ( ,greek gramm>4 ,& yet1 be=e giv+ positive op9ions ab\t ^! high que/ions ( ,biology1 p n only d n seem to ?9k x necess>y to be acqua9t$ ) ! gramm> ( ! subject1 b !y h n ev5 ma/]$ ! alphabet4 ,y f9d criticism & d5unciation %[]$ ab\t by p]sons :o n only h n attempt$ to g ?r\gh ! discipl9e necess>y to enable !m to be judges1 b :o h n ev5 rea*$ t /age ( em]g5ce f ignorance 9 :i* ! k t su* a discipl9e is necess>y dawns ^u ! m9d4 ,i h _h to wat* ) "s att5tion--9 fact ,i h be5 fav\r$ ) a good deal ( x myself--! sort ( criticism ) :i* biologi/s & biological tea*+s are visit$4 ,i am told e n[ & !n t !re is a brilliant article #e 9 s-&-s1 9 :i* we are all demoli%$4 ,i us$ to read ^! ?+s once1 b ,i am gett+ old n[1 & ,i h ceas$ to att5d v mu* to ?is cry ( wolf4 ,:5 "o does read any ( ^! productions1 :at "o f9ds g5]ally1 on ! face ( x is1 t ! brilliant critic is devoid ( ev5 ! elem5ts ( biological k1 & t 8 brilliancy is l ! light giv5 out by ! crackl+ ( ?orns "u a pot ( :i* ,solomon speaks4 ,s f> z ,i recollect1 ,solomon makes use ( ! image = purposes ( comp>ison2 b ,i w n proce$ fur!r into t matt]4 ,two ?+s mu/ be obvi\s3 9 ! fir/ place1 t e man :o has ! int]e/s ( tru? at he>t mu/ e>ne/ly desire t e well-f\nd$ & j criticism t c be made %\ld be made2 b t1 9 ! second place1 x is ess5tial to anybody's be+ able to b5efit by criticism1 t ! critic %\ld "k :at he is talk+ ab\t1 & be 9 a position to =m a m5tal image ( ! facts symbolis$ by ! words he uses4 ,if n1 x is z obvi\s 9 ! case ( a biological argum5t1 z x is 9 t ( a hi/orical or philological discussion1 t su* criticism is a m]e wa/e ( "t on ! "p ( its au?or1 & :olly undes]v+ ( att5tion on ! "p ( ^? :o are criticis$4 ,take x !n z an illu/ration ( ! importance ( biological /udy1 t !reby alone are m5 able to =m some?+ l a rational conception ( :at con/itutes valuable criticism ( ! tea*+s ( biologi/s4 #f ,next1 ,i may m5tion ano!r be>+ ( biological k--a m practical "o 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,consid] ! !ory ( infecti\s disease4 ,surely t is ( int]e/ to all ( u4 ,n[ ! !ory ( infecti\s disease is rapidly be+ elucidat$ by biological /udy4 ,x is possible to produce1 f among ! l[] animals1 examples ( deva/at+ diseases :i* spread 9 ! same mann] z our infecti\s disord]s1 & :i* are c]ta9ly & unmi/akably caus$ by liv+ organisms4 ,?is fact r5d]s x possible1 at any rate1 t t doctr9e ( ! causation ( infecti\s disease :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( ! g]m !ory may be well-f\nd$2 &1 if s1 x mu/ ne$s lead to ! mo/ important practical measures 9 deal+ ) ^? t]rible visitations4 ,x may be well t ! g5]al1 z well z ! pr(essional1 public %\ld h a suffici5t k ( biological tru?s to be able to take a rational int]e/ 9 ! discussion ( su* problems1 & to see1 :at ,i ?9k !y may hope to see1 t1 to ^? :o possess a suffici5t elem5t>y k ( ,biology1 !y are n all q op5 que/ions4 ,let me m5tion ano!r important practical illu/ration ( ! value ( biological /udy4 ,)9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ! !ory ( agriculture has be5 revolutionis$4 ,! rese>*es ( ,liebig1 & ^? ( our own ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 h _h a be>+ ^u t bran* ( indu/ry ! importance ( :i* _c be ov]-e/imat$2 b ! :ole ( ^! new views h gr[n out ( ! bett] explanation ( c]ta9 processes :i* g on 9 plants2 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 =m a "p ( ! subject-matt] ( ,biology4 ,i might g on multiply+ ^! examples1 b ,i see t ! clock won't wait = me1 & ,i mu/ !re=e pass to ! ?ird "q to :i* ,i ref]r$3--,grant$ t ,biology is some?+ wor? /udy+1 :at is ! be/ way ( /udy+ x8 ,"h ,i mu/ po9t out t1 s9ce ,biology is a physical sci5ce1 ! me?od ( /udy+ x mu/ ne$s be analog\s to t :i* is foll[$ 9 ! o!r physical sci5ces4 ,x has n[ long be5 recognis$ t1 if a man wi%es to be a *emi/1 x is n only necess>y t he %\ld read *emical books & att5d *emical lectures1 b t he %\ld actually p]=m ! fundam5tal exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory = himself1 & ?us le>n exactly :at ! words :i* he f9ds 9 8 books & he>s f 8 tea*]s1 mean4 ,if he does n d s1 he may read till ! crack ( doom1 b he w nev] "k mu* ab\t *emi/ry4 ,t is :at e *emi/ w tell y1 & ! physici/ w d ! same = 8 bran* ( sci5ce4 ,! great *anges & improvem5ts 9 physical & *emical sci5tific education1 :i* h tak5 place ( late1 h all result$ f ! comb9ation ( practical tea*+ ) ! read+ ( books & ) ! he>+ ( lectures4 ,! same ?+ is true 9 ,biology4 ,nobody w ev] "k any?+ ab\t ,biology except 9 a dilettante pap]-philosoph] way1 :o cont5ts himself ) read+ books on botany1 zoology1 & ! l2 & ! reason ( ?is is simple & easy to und]/&4 ,x is t all language is m]ely symbolical ( ! ?+s ( :i* x treats2 ! m complicat$ ! ?+s1 ! m b>e is ! symbol1 & ! m its v]bal def9ition requires to be supplem5t$ by ! in=mation d]iv$ directly f ! h&l+1 & ! see+1 & ! t\*+ ( ! ?+ symbolis$3--t is really :at is at ! bottom ( ! :ole matt]4 ,x is pla9 common s5se1 z all tru?1 9 ! long run1 is only common s5se cl>ifi$4 ,if y want a man to be a tea m]*ant1 y don't tell him to read books ab\t ,*9a or ab\t tea1 b y put him into a tea-m]*ant's (fice :]e he has ! h&l+1 ! smell+1 & ! ta/+ ( tea4 ,)\t ! sort ( k :i* c be ga9$ only 9 ?is practical way1 8 exploits z a tea m]*ant w soon come to a bankrupt t]m9ation4 ,! pap]-philosoph]s are "u ! delusion t physical sci5ce c be ma/]$ z lit]>y accompli%m5ts are acquir$1 b un=tunately x is n s4 ,y may read any quantity ( books1 & y may be almo/ z ignorant z y 7 at />t+1 if y don't h1 at ! back ( y\r m9ds1 ! *ange = words 9 def9ite images :i* c only be acquir$ ?r\gh ! op]ation ( y\r obs]v+ faculties on ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,x may be said3--,t is all v well1 b y told u j n[ t !re are probably some?+ l a qu>t] ( a million diff]5t k9ds ( liv+ & ext9ct animals & plants1 & a human life c\ld n suffice = ! exam9ation ( "o-fiftie? "p ( all ^!4 ,t is true1 b !n comes ! great conv5i5ce ( ! way ?+s are arrang$2 :i* is1 t al?\gh !re are ^! imm5se numb]s ( diff]5t k9ds ( liv+ ?+s 9 exi/5ce1 yet !y are built up1 aft] all1 ^u m>vell\sly few plans4 ,!re are c]ta9ly m ?an #ajj1jjj species ( insects1 & yet anybody :o kn[s "o insect--if a prop]ly *os5 "o--w be able to h a v fair conception ( ! /ructure ( ! :ole4 ,i d n mean to say he w "k t /ructure ?or\ghly1 or z well z x is desirable he %\ld "k x2 b he w h en\gh real k to enable him to und]/& :at he reads1 to h g5u9e images 9 8 m9d ( ^? /ructures :i* become s v>i\sly modifi$ 9 all ! =ms ( insects he has n se54 ,9 fact1 !re are su* ?+s z types ( =m among animals & vegetables1 & = ! purpose ( gett+ a def9ite k ( :at con/itutes ! lead+ modifications ( animal & plant life1 x is n ne$ful to exam9e m ?an a comp>atively small numb] ( animals & plants4 ,let me tell y :at we d 9 ! biological laboratory :i* is lodg$ 9 a build+ adjac5t to ?is4 ,!re ,i lecture to a class ( /ud5ts daily = ab\t f\r-&-a-half mon?s1 & my class h1 ( c\rse1 _! text-books2 b ! ess5tial "p ( ! :ole tea*+1 & t :i* ,i reg>d z really ! mo/ important "p ( x1 is a laboratory = practical "w1 :i* is simply a room ) all ! appliances ne$$ = ord9>y dissection4 ,we h tables prop]ly arrang$ 9 reg>d to light1 microscopes1 & dissect+ in/rum5ts1 & we "w ?r\gh ! /ructure ( a c]ta9 numb] ( animals & plants4 ,z1 = example1 among ! plants1 we take a yea/ plant1 a ,protococcus1 a common m\ld1 a ,*>a1 a f]n1 & "s fl[]+ plant2 among animals we exam9e su* ?+s z an ,amoeba1 a ,vorticella1 & a fre%-wat] polype4 ,we dissect a />-fi%1 an e>?-worm1 a snail1 a squid1 & a fre%-wat] mussel4 ,we exam9e a lob/] & a cray-fi%1 & a black beetle4 ,we g on to a common skate1 a cod-fi%1 a frog1 a tortoise1 a pigeon1 & a rabbit1 & t takes u ab\t all ! "t we h to give4 ,! purpose ( ?is c\rse is n to make skill$ dissectors1 b to give e /ud5t a cle> & def9ite conception1 by means ( s5se-images1 ( ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( ea* ( ! lead+ modifications ( ! animal k+dom2 & t is p]fectly possible1 by go+ no fur!r ?an ! l5g? ( t li/ ( =ms :i* ,i h enum]at$4 ,if a man kn[s ! /ructure ( ! animals ,i h m5tion$1 he has a cle> & exact1 h[ev] limit$1 appreh5sion ( ! ess5tial features ( ! organisation ( all ^? great divisions ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms to :i* ! =ms ,i h m5tion$ sev]ally belong4 ,& x !n becomes possible = him to read ) pr(it2 because e "t he meets ) ! "n ( a /ructure1 he has a def9ite image 9 8 m9d ( :at ! "n means 9 ! p>ticul> creature he is read+ ab\t1 & !re=e ! read+ is n m]e read+4 ,x is n m]e repetition ( words2 b e t]m employ$ 9 ! description1 we w say1 ( a horse1 or ( an elephant1 w call up ! image ( ! ?+s he _h se5 9 ! rabbit1 & he is able to =m a di/9ct conception ( t :i* he has n se51 z a modification ( t :i* he has se54 ,i f9d ?is sy/em to yield excell5t results2 & ,i h no hesitation :atev] 9 say+1 t any "o :o has gone ?r\gh su* a c\rse1 att5tively1 is 9 a bett] position to =m a conception ( ! great tru?s ( ,biology1 especially ( morphology 7:i* is :at we *iefly deal )71 ?an if he _h m]ely read all ! books on t topic put toge!r4 ,! connection ( ?is disc\rse ) ! ,loan ,collection ( ,sci5tific ,app>atus arises out ( ! exhibition 9 t collection ( c]ta9 aids to our laboratory "w4 ,su* ( y z h visit$ t v int]e/+ collection may h notic$ a s]ies ( diagrams & ( prep>ations illu/rat+ ! /ructure ( a frog4 ,^? diagrams & prep>ations h be5 made = ! use ( ! /ud5ts 9 ! biological laboratory4 ,simil> diagrams & prep>ations illu/rat+ ! /ructure ( all ! o!r =ms ( life we exam9e1 are ei!r made or 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,?us ! /ud5t has be=e him1 fir/1 a picture ( ! /ructure he ought to see2 secondly1 ! /ructure itself work$ out2 & if ) ^! aids1 & su* ne$ful explanations & practical h9ts z a demon/rator c supply1 he _c make out ! facts = himself 9 ! mat]ials suppli$ to him1 he _h bett] take to "s o!r pursuit ?an t ( biological sci5ce4 ,i %\ld h be5 glad to h said a few words ab\t ! use ( museums 9 ! /udy ( ,biology1 b ,i see t my "t is becom+ %ort1 & ,i h yet ano!r "q to answ]4 ,nev]!less1 ,i mu/1 at ! risk ( we>y+ y1 say a ^w or two ^u ! important subject ( museums4 ,)\t d\bt !re are no helps to ! /udy ( ,biology1 or r to "s bran*es ( x1 :i* are1 or may be1 m important ?an natural hi/ory museums2 b1 9 ord] to take ?is place 9 reg>d to ,biology1 !y mu/ be museums ( ! future4 ,! museums ( ! pres5t d n1 by any means1 d s mu* = u z !y might d4 ,i d n wi% to p>ticul>ise1 b ,i d>e say _m ( y1 seek+ k1 or 9 ! laudable desire to employ a holiday usefully1 h visit$ "s great natural hi/ory museum4 ,y h walk$ ?r\gh a qu>t] ( a mile ( animals1 m or less well /uff$1 ) _! long names writt5 out und]nea? !m2 &1 unless y\r exp]i5ce is v diff]5t f t ( mo/ p1 ! up%ot ( x all is t y leave t spl5did pile ) sore feet1 a bad heada*e1 & a g5]al idea t ! animal k+dom is a mighty maze )\t a plan4 ,i d n ?9k t a museum :i* br+s ab\t ?is result does all t may be reasonably expect$ f su* an in/itution4 ,:at is ne$$ 9 a collection ( natural hi/ory is t x %\ld be made z accessible & z useful z possible1 on ! "o h& to ! g5]al public1 & on ! o!r to sci5tific work]s4 ,t ne$ is n met by con/ruct+ a sort ( happy hunt+-gr\nd ( miles ( glass cases2 &1 "u ! pret5ce ( exhibit+ ev]y?+ putt+ ! maximum am\nt ( ob/acle 9 ! way ( ^? :o wi% prop]ly to see any?+4 ,:at ! public want is easy & unh9d]$ access to su* a collection z !y c und]/& & appreciate2 & :at ! m5 ( sci5ce want is simil> access to ! mat]ials ( sci5ce4 ,to ?is end ! va/ mass ( objects ( natural hi/ory %\ld be divid$ into two p>ts--"o op5 to ! public1 ! o!r to m5 ( sci5ce1 e day4 ,! =m] division %\ld exemplify all ! m important & int]e/+ =ms ( life4 ,explanatory tablets %\ld be atta*$ to !m1 & catalogues conta9+ cle>ly-writt5 popul> expositions ( ! g5]al significance ( ! objects exhibit$ %\ld be provid$4 ,! latt] %\ld conta91 pack$ into a comp>atively small space1 9 rooms adapt$ = work+ purposes1 ! objects ( purely sci5tific int]e/4 ,= example1 we w say ,i am an orni?ologi/4 ,i g to exam9e a collection ( birds4 ,x is a positive nuisance to h !m /uff$4 ,x is n only %e] wa/e1 b ,i h to reckon ) ! ideas ( ! bird-/uff]1 :ile1 if ,i h ! sk9 & nobody has int]f]$ ) x1 ,i c =m my own judgm5t z to :at ! bird 0 l4 ,= orni?ological purposes1 :at is ne$$ is n glass cases full ( /uff$ birds on p]*es1 b conv5i5t draw]s into ea* ( :i* a great quantity ( sk9s w g4 ,!y occupy no great space & d n require any exp5diture beyond _! orig9al co/4 ,b = ! edification ( ! public1 :o want to le>n inde$1 b d n seek = m9ute & te*nical k1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,:at "o ( ! g5]al public walk+ into a collection ( birds desires to see is n all ! birds t c be got toge!r4 ,he does n want to comp>e a hundr$ species ( ! sp>r[ tribe side by side2 b he wi%es to "k :at a bird is1 & :at are ! great modifications ( bird /ructure1 & to be able to get at t k easily4 ,:at w be/ s]ve 8 purpose is a comp>atively small numb] ( birds c>efully select$1 & arti/ically1 z well z accurately1 set up2 ) _! diff]5t ages1 _! ne/s1 _! "y1 _! eggs1 & _! skeletons side by side2 & 9 accordance ) ! admirable plan :i* is pursu$ 9 ?is museum1 a tablet1 tell+ ! spectator 9 legible *>act]s :at !y are & :at !y mean4 ,= ! in/ruction & recreation ( ! public su* a typical collection w\ld be ( f> great] value ?an any _m-acr$ imitation ( ,noah's ark4 ,la/ly comes ! "q z to :5 biological /udy may be/ be pursu$4 ,i d n see any valid reason :y x %\ld n be made1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a "p ( ord9>y s*ool tra9+4 ,i h long advocat$ ?is view1 & ,i am p]fectly c]ta9 t x c be c>ri$ out ) ease1 & n only ) ease1 b ) v consid]able pr(it to ^? :o are taught2 b !n su* in/ruction mu/ be adapt$ to ! m9ds & ne$s ( ! s*ol>s4 ,!y us$ to h a v odd way ( tea*+ ! classical languages :5 ,i 0 a boy4 ,! fir/ task set y 0 to le>n ! rules ( ! ,lat9 gramm> 9 ! ,lat9 language--t be+ ! language y 7 go+ to le>n6 ,i ?\ght !n t ?is 0 an odd way ( le>n+ a language1 b did n v5ture to rebel aga9/ ! judgm5t ( my sup]iors4 ,n[1 p]haps1 ,i am n s mode/ z ,i 0 !n1 & ,i all[ myself to ?9k t x 0 a v absurd fa%ion4 ,b x w\ld be no less absurd1 if we 7 to set ab\t tea*+ ,biology by putt+ into ! h&s ( boys a s]ies ( def9itions ( ! classes & ord]s ( ! animal k+dom1 & mak+ !m repeat !m by he>t4 ,t is s v fav\rite a me?od ( tea*+1 t ,i sometimes fancy ! _s ( ! old classical sy/em has ent]$ into ! new sci5tific sy/em1 9 :i* case ,i w\ld mu* r t any pret5ce at sci5tific tea*+ 7 aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,:at really has to be done is to get into ! "y m9d "s notion ( :at animal & vegetable life is4 ,9 ?is matt]1 y h to consid] practical conv5i5ce z well z o!r ?+s4 ,!re are difficulties 9 ! way ( a lot ( boys mak+ messes ) slugs & snails2 x might n "w 9 practice4 ,b !re is a v conv5i5t & h&y animal :i* ev]ybody has at h&1 & t is himself2 & x is a v easy & simple matt] to obta9 common plants4 ,h5ce ! g5]al tru?s ( anatomy & physiology c be taught to "y p 9 a v real fa%ion by deal+ ) ! broad facts ( human /ructure4 ,su* visc]a z !y _c v well exam9e 9 !mselves1 su* z he>ts1 lungs1 & liv]s1 may be obta9$ f ! ne>e/ but*]'s %op4 ,9 respect to tea*+ some?+ ab\t ! biology ( plants1 !re is no practical difficulty1 because almo/ any ( ! common plants w d1 & plants d n make a mess--at lea/ !y d n make an unpleasant mess2 s t1 9 my judgm5t1 ! be/ =m ( ,biology = tea*+ to v "y p is elem5t>y human physiology on ! "o h&1 & ! elem5ts ( botany on ! o!r2 beyond t ,i d n ?9k x w be feasible to advance = "s "t to come4 ,b !n ,i see no reason1 :y1 9 second>y s*ools1 & 9 ! ,sci5ce ,classes :i* are "u ! control ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t--& :i* ,i may say1 9 pass+1 h 9 my judgm5t1 done s v mu* = ! diffusion ( a k ( sci5ce ov] ! c\ntry--we %\ld n hope to see in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( ,biology c>ri$ out1 n p]haps to ! same ext5t1 b /ill ^u some:at ! same pr9ciple z "h4 ,!re is no difficulty1 :5 y h to deal ) /ud5ts ( ! ages ( fifte5 or sixte51 9 practis+ a little dissection & 9 gett+ a notion (1 at any rate1 ! f\r or five great modifications ( ! animal =m2 & ! l is true 9 reg>d to ! high] anatomy ( plants4 ,:ile1 la/ly1 to all ^? :o are /udy+ biological sci5ce ) a view to _! own edification m]ely1 or ) ! int5tion ( becom+ zoologi/s or botani/s2 to all ^? :o int5d to pursue physiology--& especially to ^? :o propose to employ ! work+ ye>s ( _! lives 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e--,i say t !re is no tra9+ s fitt$1 or :i* may be ( su* important s]vice to !m1 z ! discipl9e 9 practical biological "w :i* ,i h sket*$ out z be+ pursu$ 9 ! laboratory h>d by4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i may add t1 beyond all ^! diff]5t classes ( p]sons :o may pr(it by ! /udy ( ,biology1 !re is yet "o o!r4 ,i rememb]1 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 t a g5tleman :o 0 a vehem5t oppon5t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views & _h writt5 "s t]rible articles aga9/ !m1 appli$ to me to "k :at 0 ! be/ way 9 :i* he c\ld acqua9t himself ) ! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( evolution4 ,i wrote back1 9 all good fai? & simplicity1 recomm5d+ him to g ?r\gh a c\rse ( comp>ative anatomy & physiology1 & !n to /udy developm5t4 ,i am sorry to say he 0 v mu* displeas$1 z p (t5 are ) good advice4 ,not)/&+ ?is disc\rag+ result1 ,i v5ture1 z a p>t+ ^w1 to repeat ! sugge/ion1 & to say to all ! m or less acute lay & cl]ical pap]-philosoph]s #g :o v5ture into ! regions ( biological controv]sy--,get a little s\nd1 ?or\gh1 practical1 elem5t>y in/ruction 9 biology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,see ! di/9ction betwe5 ! sci5ces physiques & ! sci5ces physiologiques 9 ! ,anatomie ,gnrale1 #ahja4 #b ,hydrogologie1 an4 x4 7#ahja74 #c ,! t]m ,biology1 :i* means exactly :at we wi% to express1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,life1 has (t5 be5 us$1 & has ( late become n uncommon1 among good writ]s4--,:ewell1 ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 i4 p4 #edd 7edition ( #ahdg74 #d ,i ?9k t my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,allman1 0 ! fir/ to draw att5tion to x4 #e ,galileo 0 tr\bl$ by a sort ( p :om he call$ pap] philosoph]s1 because !y fanci$ t ! true read+ ( nature 0 to be detect$ by ! collation ( texts4 ,! race is n ext9ct1 b1 z ( old1 br+s =? its w9ds ( doctr9e by :i* ! wea!rcock heads among u are mu* ex]cis$4 #f ,"s critics d n ev5 take ! tr\ble to read4 ,i h rec5tly be5 adjur$ ) mu* solemnity2 to /ate publicly :y ,i h *ang$ my op9ion z to ! value ( ! palaeontological evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( evolution4 ,to ?is my reply is1 ,:y %\ld ,i1 :5 t /atem5t 0 made sev5 ye>s ago8 ,an address deliv]$ f ! ,presid5tial ,*air ( ! ,geological ,society1 9 #ahgj1 may be said to be a public docum5t1 inasmu* z x n only appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( t le>n$ body1 b 0 re-publi%$1 9 #ahgc1 9 a volume ( ,critiques & ,addresses1 to :i* my "n is atta*$4 ,!re9 w be f\nd a pretty full /atem5t ( my reasons = enunciat+ two propositions3 7#a7 t :5 we turn to ! high] ,v]tebrata1 ! results ( rec5t inve/igations1 h[ev] we may sift & criticise !m1 seem to me to leave a cle> balance 9 fav\r ( ! evolution ( liv+ =ms "o f ano!r2 & 7#b7 t ! case ( ! horse is "o :i* w /& rigor\s criticism4 ,?us ,i d n see cle>ly 9 :at way ,i c be said to h *ang$ my op9ion1 except 9 ! way ( int5sify+ x1 :5 9 consequ5ce ( ! accumulation ( simil> evid5ce s9ce #ahgj1 ,i rec5tly spoke ( ! d5ial ( evolution z n wor? s]i\s consid]ation4 #g ,writ]s ( ?is /amp are fond ( talk+ ab\t ! ,baconian me?od4 ,i beg !m !re=e to lay to he>t ^! two weighty say+s ( ! h]ald ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce3-- ,syllogismus ex propositionibus con/at1 propositiones ex v]bis1 v]ba notionum tess]ae sunt4 ,itaque si notiones ipsae 7id quod basis rei e/7 confusae s9t et tem]e a rebus ab/ractae1 nihil 9 iis quae sup]/ruuntur e/ firmitud9is4--,novum ,organon1 ii4 #ad4 ,huic autem vanitati nonnulli ex mod]nis summa levitate ita induls]unt1 ut 9 primo capitulo ,g5eseos et 9 libro ,job et aliis scripturis sacris1 philosophiam naturalem fund>e conati s9t2 int] vivos qua]5tes mortua4--,ibid4 #fe4 ,,xi ,,on ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,physiology #ahgg ,! *ief gr\nd ^u :i* ,i v5ture to recomm5d t ! tea*+ ( elem5t>y physiology %\ld =m an ess5tial "p ( any organis$ c\rse ( in/ruction 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to dome/ic economy1 is1 t a k ( ev5 ! elem5ts ( ?is subject supplies ^? conceptions ( ! con/itution & mode ( action ( ! liv+ body1 & ( ! nature ( heal? & disease1 :i* prep>e ! m9d to receive in/ruction f sanit>y sci5ce4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 em95tly desirable t ! hygi5i/ & ! physician %\ld f9d some?+ 9 ! public m9d to :i* !y c appeal2 "s little /ock ( univ]sally ackn[l$g$ tru?s1 :i* may s]ve z a f\ndation = _! w>n+s1 & pr$ispose t[>ds an intellig5t ob$i5ce to _! recomm5dations4 ,li/5+ to ord9>y talk ab\t heal?1 disease1 & dea?1 "o is (t5 l$ to ent]ta9 a d\bt :e!r ! speak]s believe t ! c\rse ( natural causation runs z smoo?ly 9 ! human body z else:]e4 ,indications are too (t5 obvi\s ( a /rong1 ?\gh p]haps an unav[$ & half unconsci\s1 "u-curr5t ( op9ion t ! ph5om5a ( life are n only widely diff]5t1 9 _! sup]ficial *>act]s & 9 _! practical importance1 f o!r natural ev5ts1 b t !y d n foll[ 9 t def9ite ord] :i* *>act]ises ! succession ( all o!r occurr5ces1 & ! /atem5t ( :i* we call a law ( nature4 ,h5ce1 ,i ?9k1 arises ! want ( he>t9ess ( belief 9 ! value ( k respect+ ! laws ( heal? & disease1 & ( ! =esight & c>e to :i* k is ! ess5tial prelim9>y1 :i* is s (t5 noticeable2 & a correspond+ laxity & c>elessness 9 practice1 ! results ( :i* are too frequ5tly lam5table4 ,x is said t among ! _m religi\s sects ( ,russia1 !re is "o :i* holds t all disease is br\ght ab\t by ! direct & special int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity1 & :i*1 !re=e1 looks ) repugnance ^u bo? prev5tive & curative measures z alike blasphem\s int]f]5ces ) ! w ( ,god4 ,among ourselves1 ! ,peculi> ,p are1 ,i believe1 ! only p]sons :o hold ! l doctr9e 9 its integrity1 & c>ry x out ) logical rig\r4 ,b _m ( u are old en\gh to recollect t ! adm9i/ration ( *lor(orm 9 assuagem5t ( ! pangs ( *ild-bir? 01 at its introduction1 /r5u\sly resi/$ ^u simil> gr\nds4 ,i am n sure t ! feel+1 ( :i* ! doctr9e to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is ! full expression1 does n lie at ! bottom ( ! m9ds ( a great _m p :o yet w\ld vigor\sly object to give a v]bal ass5t to ! doctr9e itself4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ma9 po9t is t suffici5t k has n[ be5 acquir$ ( vital ph5om5a1 to ju/ify ! ass]tion1 t ! notion1 t !re is any?+ exceptional ab\t ^! ph5om5a1 receives n a p>ticle ( support f any kn[n fact4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a va/ & an increas+ mass ( evid5ce t bir? & dea?1 heal? & disease1 are z mu* p>ts ( ! ord9>y /ream ( ev5ts z ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 or ! *anges ( ! moon2 & t ! liv+ body is a me*anism1 ! prop] work+ ( :i* we t]m heal?2 its di/urbance1 disease2 its /oppage1 dea?4 ,! activity ( ?is me*anism is dep5d5t ^u _m & complicat$ conditions1 "s ( :i* are hopelessly beyond our control1 :ile o!rs are readily accessible1 & are capable ( be+ indef9itely modifi$ by our own actions4 ,! bus9ess ( ! hygi5i/ & ( ! physician is to "k ! range ( ^! modifiable conditions1 & h[ to influ5ce !m t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( heal? & ! prolongation ( life2 ! bus9ess ( ! g5]al public is to give an intellig5t ass5t1 & a ready ob$i5ce bas$ ^u t ass5t1 to ! rules laid d[n = _! guidance by su* exp]ts4 ,b an intellig5t ass5t is an ass5t bas$ ^u k1 & ! k :i* is "h 9 "q means an acqua9tance ) ! elem5ts ( physiology4 ,x is n difficult to acquire su* k4 ,:at is true1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( all ! physical sci5ces1 is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( physiology--! difficulty ( ! subject beg9s beyond ! /age ( elem5t>y k1 & increases ) e /age ( progress4 ,:ile ! mo/ highly tra9$ & ! be/ furni%$ intellect may f9d all its res\rces insuffici5t1 :5 x /rives to rea* ! heights & p5etrate into ! dep?s ( ! problems ( physiology1 ! elem5t>y & fundam5tal tru?s c be made cle> to a *ild4 ,no "o c h any difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ! me*anism ( circulation or respiration2 or ! g5]al mode ( op]ation ( ! organ ( vision2 ?\gh ! unravell+ ( all ! m9utiae ( ^! processes1 may1 = ! pres5t1 baffle ! conjo9$ attacks ( ! mo/ accompli%$ physici/s1 *emi/s1 & ma!maticians4 ,to "k ! anatomy ( ! human body1 ) ev5 an approximation to ?or\ghness1 is ! "w ( a life2 b z mu* z is ne$$ = a s\nd compreh5sion ( elem5t>y physiological tru?s1 may be le>n$ 9 a week4 ,a k ( ! elem5ts ( physiology is n only easy ( acquirem5t1 b x may be made a real & practical acqua9tance ) ! facts1 z f> z x goes4 ,! subject ( /udy is always at h&1 9 "o's self4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! skeleton1 & ! *anges ( =m ( contract+ muscles1 may be felt ?r\gh "o's own sk94 ,! beat+ ( "o's he>t1 & its connection ) ! pulse1 may be not$2 ! influ5ce ( ! valves ( "o's own ve9s may be %[n2 ! movem5ts ( respiration may be obs]v$2 :ile ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( s5sation af=d an endless field = curi\s & int]e/+ self-/udy4 ,! prick ( a ne$le w yield1 9 a drop ( "o's own blood1 mat]ial = microscopic obs]vation ( ph5om5a :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( all biological conceptions2 & a cold1 ) its concomitant c\gh+ & sneez+1 may prove ! sweet uses ( adv]sity by help+ "o to a cle> conception ( :at is meant by reflex action4 ,( c\rse !re is a limit to ?is physiological self-exam9ation4 ,b !re is s close a solid>ity betwe5 ourselves & our poor relations ( ! animal _w1 t our inaccessible inw>d p>ts may be supplem5t$ by !irs4 ,a comp>ative anatomi/ kn[s t a %eep's he>t & lungs1 or eye1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( a man2 b1 s f> z ! compreh5sion ( ! elem5t>y facts ( ! physiology ( circulation1 ( respiration1 & ( vision goes1 ! "o furni%es ! ne$ful anatomical data z well z ! o!r4 ,?us1 x is q possible to give in/ruction 9 elem5t>y physiology 9 su* a mann] z1 n only to conf] k1 :i*1 = ! reason ,i h m5tion$1 is useful 9 itself2 b to s]ve ! purposes ( a tra9+ 9 accurate obs]vation1 & 9 ! me?ods ( reason+ ( physical sci5ce4 ,b t is an advantage :i* ,i m5tion only incid5tally1 z ! pres5t ,conf]5ce does n deal ) education 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x w n be suspect$ t ,i wi% to make physiologi/s ( all ! _w4 ,x w\ld be z reasonable to accuse an advocate ( ! ?ree ,r's ( a desire to make an orator1 an au?or1 & a ma!matician ( ev]ybody4 ,a /umbl+ read]1 a pot-hook writ]1 & an ari?metician :o has n got beyond ! rule ( ?ree1 is n a p]son ( brilliant acquirem5ts2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a memb] ( society & "o :o c nei!r read1 write1 nor ciph] is almo/ inexpressible2 & no "o n[adays d\bts ! value ( in/ruction1 ev5 if x goes no f>!r4 ,! say+ t a little k is a dang]\s ?+ is1 to my m9d1 a v dang]\s adage4 ,if k is real & g5u9e1 ,i d n believe t x is o!r ?an a v valuable possession1 h[ev] inf9itesimal its quantity may be4 ,inde$1 if a little k is dang]\s1 :]e is ! man :o has s mu* z to be out ( dang]8 ,if ,william ,h>vey's life-long lab\rs _h reveal$ to him a t5? "p ( t :i* may be made s\nd & real k to our boys & girls1 he w\ld n only h be5 :at he 01 ! greate/ physiologi/ ( 8 age1 b he w\ld h loom$ ^u ! sev5te5? c5tury z a sort ( intellectual port5t4 ,our little k w\ld h be5 to him a great1 a/\nd+1 unlook$-= vision ( sci5tific tru?4 ,i really see no h>m :i* c come ( giv+ our *ildr5 a little k ( physiology4 ,b !n1 z ,i h said1 ! in/ruction mu/ be real1 bas$ ^u obs]vation1 ek$ out by good explanatory diagrams & models1 & convey$ by a tea*] ^: own k has be5 acquir$ by a /udy ( ! facts2 & n ! m]e cate*ismal p>rot-"w :i* too (t5 usurps ! place ( elem5t>y tea*+4 ,x is1 ,i hope1 unnecess>y = me to give a =mal contradiction to ! silly fiction1 :i* is assidu\sly circulat$ by fanatics :o n only ought to "k1 b d "k1 t _! ass]tions are untrue1 t ,i h advocat$ ! introduction ( t exp]im5tal discipl9e :i* is absolutely indisp5sable to ! pr(ess$ physiologi/1 into elem5t>y tea*+4 ,b :ile ,i %\ld object to any exp]im5tation :i* c ju/ly be call$ pa9ful1 = ! purpose ( elem5t>y in/ruction2 &1 :ile1 z a memb] ( a late ,royal ,commission1 ,i gladly did my be/ to prev5t ! infliction ( ne$less pa91 = any purpose2 ,i ?9k x is my duty to take ?is opportunity ( express+ my regret at a condition ( ! law :i* p]mits a boy to troll = pike1 or set l9es ) live frog bait1 = idle amusem5t2 &1 at ! same "t1 lays ! tea*] ( t boy op5 to ! p5alty ( f9e & imprisonm5t1 if he uses ! same animal = ! purpose ( exhibit+ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & in/ructive ( physiological spectacles1 ! circulation 9 ! web ( ! foot4 ,no "o c\ld und]take to affirm t a frog is n inconv5i5c$ by be+ wrapp$ up 9 a wet rag1 & hav+ 8 toes ti$ out2 & x _c be d5i$ t inconv5i5ce is a sort ( pa94 ,b y mu/ n inflict ! lea/ pa9 on a v]tebrat$ animal = sci5tific purposes 7?\gh y may d a good deal 9 t way = ga9 or = sport7 )\t due lic5ce ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,home ,dep>tm5t1 grant$ "u ! au?ority ( ! ,vivisection ,act4 ,s x comes ab\t1 t1 9 ?is pres5t ye> ( grace #ahgg1 two p]sons may be *>g$ ) cruelty to animals4 ,"o has impal$ a frog1 & suff]$ ! creature to wri! ab\t 9 t condition = h\rs2 ! o!r has pa9$ ! animal no m ?an "o ( u w\ld be pa9$ by ty+ /r+s r\nd 8 f+]s1 & keep+ him 9 ! position ( a hydropa?ic pati5t4 ,! fir/ (f5d] says ,i did x because ,i f9d fi%+ v amus+1 & ! magi/rate bids him dep>t 9 peace2 nay1 probably wi%es him good sport4 ,! second pleads1 ,i want$ to impress a sci5tific tru?1 ) a di/9ctness atta9able 9 no o!r way1 on ! m9ds ( my s*ol>s1 & ! magi/rate f9es him five p\nds4 ,i _c b ?9k t ?is is an anomal\s & n :olly cr$itable /ate ( ?+s4 ,,xii ,,on ,,m$ical ,,education #ahgj ,x has giv5 me s9c]e pleasure to be "h today1 at ! desire ( y\r highly respect$ ,presid5t & ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,college4 ,9 look+ back ^u my own pa/1 ,i am sorry to say t ,i h f\nd t x is a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ,i took "p 9 ^? hopes & 9 ^? fe>s by :i* y h all rec5tly be5 agitat$1 & :i* n[ are at an end4 ,b1 al?\gh s long a "t has elaps$ s9ce ,i 0 mov$ by ! same feel+s1 ,i beg leave to assure y t my sympa?y ) bo? victors & vanqui%$ rema9s fre%--s fre%1 inde$1 t ,i c\ld almo/ try to p]suade myself t1 aft] all1 x _c be s v long ago4 ,my bus9ess dur+ ! la/ h\r1 h[ev]1 has be5 to %[ t sympa?y ) "o side only1 & ,i assure y ,i h done my be/ to play my "p he>tily1 & to rejoice 9 ! success ( ^? :o h succe$$4 ,/ill1 ,i %\ld l to rem9d y at ! end ( x all1 t success on an occasion ( ?is k9d1 valuable & important z x is1 is 9 reality only putt+ ! foot ^u "o rung ( ! ladd] :i* leads upw>ds2 & t ! rung ( a ladd] 0 nev] meant to re/ ^u1 b only to hold a man's foot long en\gh to enable him to put ! o!r some:at high]4 ,i tru/ t y w all reg>d ^! successes z simply rem9d]s t y\r next bus9ess is1 hav+ enjoy$ ! success ( ! day1 no long] to look at t success1 b to look =w>d to ! next difficulty t is to be conqu]$4 ,& n[1 hav+ _h s mu* to say to ! successful c&idates1 y mu/ =give me if ,i add t a sort ( "u-curr5t ( sympa?y has be5 go+ on 9 my m9d all ! "t = ^? :o h n be5 successful1 = ^? valiant knights :o h be5 ov]?r[n 9 y\r t\rney1 & h n made _! appe>ance 9 public4 ,i tru/ t1 9 accordance ) old cu/om1 !y1 w\nd$ & ble$+1 h be5 c>ri$ (f to _! t5ts1 to be c>efully t5d$ by ! faire/ ( maid5s2 & 9 ^! days1 :5 ! *ances are t e "o ( su* maid5s w be a qualifi$ practition]1 ,i h no d\bt t all ! spl9t]s w h be5 c>efully extract$1 & t !y are n[ physically heal$4 ,b !re may rema9 "s little fragm5t ( moral or intellectual disc\ragem5t1 & !re=e ,i w take ! lib]ty to rem>k t y\r *airman to-day1 if he occupi$ 8 prop] place1 w\ld be among !m4 ,y\r *airman1 9 virtue ( 8 position1 & = ! brief h\r t he occupies t position1 is a p]son ( importance2 & x may be "s consolation to ^? :o h fail$ if ,i say1 t ! qu>t] ( a c5tury :i* ,i h be5 speak+ (1 takes me back to ! "t :5 ,i 0 up at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 a c&idate = hon\rs 9 anatomy & physiology1 & :5 ,i 0 exce$+ly well beat5 by my excell5t fri5d1 ,dr4 ,ransom1 ( ,nott+ham4 ,!re is a p]son "h :o recollects t circum/ance v well4 ,i ref] to y\r v5]at$ tea*] & m9e1 ,dr4 ,%>pey4 ,he 0 at t "t "o ( ! exam9]s 9 anatomy & physiology1 & y may be q sure t1 z he 0 "o ( ! exam9]s1 !re rema9$ n ! smalle/ d\bt 9 my m9d ( ! propriety ( 8 judgm5t1 & ,i accept$ my defeat ) ! mo/ com=table assurance t ,i _h ?or\ghly well e>n$ x4 ,b1 g5tlem51 ! competitor hav+ be5 a wor?y "o1 & ! exam9ation a fair "o1 ,i _c say t ,i f\nd 9 t circum/ance any?+ v disc\rag+4 ,i said to myself1 ,nev] m9d2 :at's ! next ?+ to be done8 ,& ,i f\nd t policy ( nev] m9d+ & go+ on to ! next ?+ to be done1 to be ! mo/ important ( all policies 9 ! conduct ( practical life4 ,x does n matt] h[ _m tumbles y h 9 ?is life1 s long z y d n get dirty :5 y tumble2 x is only ! p :o h to /op to be wa%$ & made clean1 :o mu/ necess>ily lose ! race4 ,& ,i c assure y t !re is ! greate/ practical b5efit 9 mak+ a few failures e>ly 9 life4 ,y le>n t :i* is ( ine/imable importance--t !re are a great _m p 9 ! _w :o are j z clev] z y are4 ,y le>n to put y\r tru/1 by & by1 9 an economy & frugality ( ! ex]cise ( y\r p[]s1 bo? moral & intellectual2 & y v soon f9d out1 if y h n f\nd x out be=e1 t pati5ce & t5acity ( purpose are wor? m ?an twice _! weight ( clev]ness4 ,9 fact1 if ,i 7 to g on disc\rs+ on ?is subject1 ,i %\ld become almo/ eloqu5t 9 praise ( non-success2 b1 le/ s do+ %\ld seem1 9 any way1 to )] well-e>n$ laurels1 ,i w turn f t topic1 & ask y to accompany me 9 "s consid]ations t\*+ ano!r subject :i* has a v pr(\nd int]e/ = me1 & :i* ,i ?9k ought to h an equally pr(\nd int]e/ = y4 ,i presume t ! great majority ( ^? :om ,i address propose to devote !mselves to ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e2 & ,i d n d\bt1 f ! evid5ces ( ability :i* h be5 giv5 to-day1 t ,i h be=e me a numb] ( m5 :o w rise to em95ce 9 t pr(ession1 & :o w ex]t a great & des]v$ influ5ce ^u its future4 ,t 9 :i* ,i am int]e/$1 & ab\t :i* ,i wi% to speak1 is ! subject ( m$ical education1 & ,i v5ture to speak ab\t x = ! purpose1 if ,i c1 ( influ5c+ y1 :o may h ! p[] ( influ5c+ ! m$ical education ( ! future4 ,y may ask1 by :at au?ority d ,i v5ture1 be+ a p]son n conc]n$ 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e1 to m$dle ) t subject8 ,i c only tell y x is a fact1 ( :i* a numb] ( y ,i d>e say are aw>e by exp]i5ce 7& ,i tru/ ! exp]i5ce has no pa9ful associations71 t ,i h be5 = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s 7twelve or ?irte5 ye>s to ! be/ ( my recollection7 "o ( ! exam9]s 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,y are fur!r aw>e t ! m5 :o come up to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london are ! pick$ m5 ( ! m$ical s*ools ( ,london1 & !re=e su* obs]vations z ,i may h to make ^u ! /ate ( k ( ^! g5tlem51 if !y be ju/ifi$1 9 reg>d to any faults ,i may h to f9d1 _c be held to indicate defects 9 ! capacity1 or 9 ! p[] ( application ( ^? g5tlem51 b mu/ be laid1 m or less1 to ! acc\nt ( ! preval5t sy/em ( m$ical education4 ,i w tell y :at has /ruck me--b 9 speak+ 9 ?is frank way1 z "o always does ab\t ! defects ( "o's fri5ds1 ,i mu/ beg y to disabuse y\r m9ds ( ! notion t ,i am allud+ to any p>ticul> s*ool1 or to any p>ticul> college1 or to any p>ticul> p]son2 & to believe t if ,i am sil5t :5 ,i %\ld be glad to speak ) high praise1 x is because t praise w\ld come too close to ?is locality4 ,:at has /ruck me1 !n1 9 ?is long exp]i5ce ( ! m5 be/ in/ruct$ 9 physiology f ! m$ical s*ools ( ,london is 7) ! _m & brilliant exceptions to :i* ,i h ref]r$71 tak+ x z a :ole1 & broadly1 ! s+ul> unreality ( _! k ( physiology4 ,n[1 ,i use t ^w unreality advis$ly4 ,i d n say scanty2 on ! contr>y1 !re is pl5ty ( x--a great deal too mu* ( x--b x is ! quality1 ! nature ( ! k1 :i* ,i qu>rel )4 ,i "k ,i us$ to h--,i don't "k :e!r ,i h n[1 b ,i _h once ^u a "t--a bad reputation among /ud5ts = sett+ up a v high /&>d ( acquirem5t1 & ,i d>e say y may ?9k t ! /&>d ( ?is old exam9]1 :o happily is n[ v ne>ly an ext9ct exam9]1 has be5 pit*$ too high4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d1 ,i assure y4 ,! defects ,i h notic$1 & ! faults ,i h to f9d1 arise entirely f ! circum/ance t my /&>d is pit*$ too l[4 ,?is is no p>adox1 g5tlem51 b q simply ! fact4 ,! k ,i h look$ = 0 a real1 precise1 ?or\gh1 & practical k ( fundam5tals2 :]eas t :i* ! be/ ( ! c&idates1 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases1 h _h to give me 0 a l>ge1 ext5sive1 & inaccurate k ( sup]/ructure2 & t is :at ,i mean by say+ t my dem&s w5t too l[ & n too high4 ,:at ,i h _h to compla9 ( is1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! g5tlem5 :o come up = physiology to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london d n "k x z !y "k _! anatomy1 & h n be5 taught x z !y h be5 taught _! anatomy4 ,n[1 ,i %\ld n wond] at all if ,i he>d a great _m ,no1 noes "h2 b ,i am n talk+ ab\t ,univ]sity ,college2 z ,i h told y be=e1 ,i am talk+ ab\t ! av]age education ( m$ical s*ools4 ,:at ,i h f\nd1 & f\nd s mu* reason to lam5t1 is1 t :ile anatomy has be5 taught z a sci5ce ought to be taught1 z a matt] ( autopsy1 & obs]vation1 & /rict discipl9e2 9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases1 physiology has be5 taught z if x 7 a m]e matt] ( books & ( he>say4 ,i decl>e to y1 g5tlem51 t ,i h (t5 expect$ to be told1 :5 ,i h ask$ a "q ab\t ! circulation ( ! blood1 t ,pr(essor ,breitkopf is ( op9ion t x circulates1 b t ! :ole ?+ is an op5 "q4 ,i assure y t ,i am h>dly exagg]at+ ! /ate ( m9d on matt]s ( fundam5tal importance :i* ,i h f\nd ov] & ov] aga9 to obta9 among g5tlem5 com+ up to t pick$ exam9ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,n[1 ,i d n ?9k t is a desirable /ate ( ?+s4 ,i _c und]/& :y physiology %\ld n be taught--9 fact1 y h "h abundant evid5ce t x c be taught--) ! same def9it5ess & ! same precision z anatomy is taught4 ,& y may dep5d ^u ?is1 t ! only physiology :i* is to be ( any good :atev] 9 m$ical practice1 or 9 its application to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 is t physiology :i* a man kn[s ( 8 own k2 j z ! only anatomy :i* w\ld be ( any good to ! surgeon is ! anatomy :i* he kn[s ( 8 own k4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ,i h f\nd 9 ! physiology :i* has be5 curr5t1 & t is1 t 9 ! m9ds ( a great _m g5tlem5 x has be5 supplant$ by hi/ology4 ,!y h le>nt a great deal ( hi/ology1 & !y h fanci$ t hi/ology & physiology are ! same ?+s4 ,i h ask$ = "s k ( ! physics & ! me*anics & ! *emi/ry ( ! human body1 & ,i h be5 met by talk ab\t cells4 ,i decl>e to y ,i believe x w take me two ye>s1 at lea/1 ( absolute re/ f ! bus9ess ( an exam9] to he> ! ^w cell1 g]m9al matt]1 or c>m9e1 )\t a sort ( inw>d %udd]4 ,well1 n[1 g5tlem51 ,i am sure my colleagues 9 ?is exam9ation w be> me out 9 say+ t ,i h n be5 exagg]at+ ! evils & defects :i* are curr5t--h be5 curr5t--9 a l>ge quantity ( ! physiological tea*+ ! results ( :i* come be=e exam9]s4 ,& x becomes a v int]e/+ "q to "k h[ all ?is comes ab\t1 & 9 :at way x c be rem$i$4 ,h[ x comes ab\t w be p]fectly obvi\s to any "o :o has consid]$ ! gr[? ( m$ic9e4 ,i suppose t m$ic9e & surg]y fir/ began by "s savage m intellig5t ?an ! re/1 discov]+ t a c]ta9 h]b 0 good = a c]ta9 pa91 & t a c]ta9 pull1 someh[ or o!r1 set a dislocat$ jo9t "r4 ,i suppose all ?+s _h _! humble beg9n+s1 & m$ic9e & surg]y 7 9 ! same condition4 ,p :o we> wat*es "k no?+ ab\t wat*mak+4 ,a wat* goes wrong & x /ops2 y see ! own] giv+ x a %ake1 or1 if he is v bold1 he op5s ! case1 & gives ! balance-:eel a pu%4 ,g5tlem51 t is empirical practice1 & y "k :at are ! results ^u ! wat*4 ,i %\ld ?9k y c div9e :at are ! results ( analog\s op]ations ^u ! human body4 ,& because m5 ( s5se v soon f\nd t su* 7 ! effects ( m$dl+ ) v complicat$ ma*9]y !y did n und]/&1 ,i suppose ! fir/ ?+1 z be+ ! easie/1 0 to /udy ! nature ( ! works ( ! human wat*1 & ! next ?+ 0 to /udy ! way ! p>ts work$ toge!r1 & ! way ! wat* work$4 ,?us1 by degrees1 we h _h gr[+ up our body ( anatomi/s1 or kn[]s ( ! con/ruction ( ! human wat*1 & our physiologi/s1 :o "k h[ ! ma*9e works4 ,& j z any s5sible man1 :o has a valuable wat*1 does n m$dle ) x himself1 b goes to "s "o :o has /udi$ wat*mak+1 & und]/&s :at ! effect ( do+ ?is or t may be2 s1 ,i suppose1 ! man :o1 hav+ *>ge ( t valuable ma*9e1 8 own body1 wants to h x kept 9 good ord]1 comes to a pr(essor ( ! m$ical art = ! purpose ( hav+ x set "r1 believ+ t1 by d$uction f ! facts ( /ructure & f ! facts ( function1 ! physician w div9e :at may be ! matt] ) 8 bodily wat* at t p>ticul> "t1 & :at may be ! be/ means ( sett+ x "r4 ,if t may be tak5 z a j repres5tation ( ! relation ( ! !oretical bran*es ( m$ic9e--:at we may call ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e1 to use an old t]m--to ! practical bran*es1 ,i ?9k x w be obvi\s to y t !y are ( prime & fundam5tal importance4 ,:atev] t5ds to affect ! tea*+ ( !m injuri\sly mu/ t5d to de/roy & to disorganise ! :ole fabric ( ! m$ical art4 ,i ?9k e s5sible man has se5 ?is long ago2 b ! difficulties 9 ! way ( atta9+ good tea*+ 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! !ory1 or in/itutes1 ( m$ic9e are v s]i\s4 ,x is a comp>atively easy matt]--pray m>k t ,i use ! ^w comp>atively --x is a comp>atively easy matt] to le>n anatomy & to tea* x2 x is a v difficult matt] to le>n physiology & to tea* x4 ,x is a v difficult matt] to "k & to tea* ^? bran*es ( physics & ^? bran*es ( *emi/ry :i* be> directly ^u physiology2 & h5ce x is t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! tea*+ ( physiology1 & ! tea*+ ( ! physics & ! *emi/ry :i* be> ^u x1 mu/ necess>ily be 9 a /ate ( relative imp]fection2 & !re is no?+ to be grumbl$ at 9 ! fact t ?is relative imp]fection exi/s4 ,b is ! relative imp]fection :i* exi/s only su* z is necess>y1 or is x made worse by our practical arrangem5ts8 ,i believe--& if ,i did n s believe ,i %\ld n h tr\bl$ y ) ^! obs]vations--,i believe x is made inf9itely worse by our practical arrangem5ts1 or r1 ,i ought to say1 our v unpractical arrangem5ts4 ,"s v wise man long ago affirm$ t e "q1 9 ! long run1 0 a "q ( f9ance2 & !re is a good deal to be said = t view4 ,mo/ assur$ly ! "q ( m$ical tea*+ is1 9 a v l>ge & broad s5se1 a "q ( f9ance4 ,:at ,i mean is ?is3 t 9 ,london ! arrangem5ts ( ! m$ical s*ools1 & ! numb] ( !m1 are su* z to r5d] x almo/ impossible t m5 :o conf9e !mselves to ! tea*+ ( ! !oretical bran*es ( ! pr(ession %\ld be able to make _! bread by t op]ation2 &1 y "k1 if a man _c make 8 bread he _c tea*--at lea/ 8 tea*+ comes to a spe$y end4 ,t is a matt] ( physiology4 ,anatomy is fairly well taught1 because x lies 9 ! direction ( practice1 & a man is all ! bett] surgeon = be+ a good anatomi/4 ,x does n absolutely int]f]e ) ! pursuits ( a practical surgeon if he %\ld hold a ,*air ( ,anatomy--?\gh ,i d n = "o mom5t say t he w\ld n be a bett] tea*] if he did n devote himself to practice4 7,applause47 ,yes1 ,i "k exactly :at t *e] means1 b ,i am keep+ z c>efully z possible f any sort ( allusion to ,pr(essor ,ellis4 ,b ! fact is1 t ev5 human anatomy has n[ gr[n to be s l>ge a matt]1 t x takes ! :ole devotion ( a man's life to put ! great mass ( k ^u t subject into su* a %ape t x c be tea*able to ! m9d ( ! ord9>y /ud5t4 ,:at ! /ud5t wants 9 a pr(essor is a man :o %all /& betwe5 him & ! inf9ite div]sity & v>iety ( human k1 & :o %all ga!r all t toge!r1 & extract f x t :i* is capable ( be+ assimilat$ by ! m9d4 ,t function is a va/ & an important "o1 & unless1 9 su* subjects z anatomy1 a man is :olly free f o!r c>es1 x is almo/ impossible t he c p]=m x ?or\ghly & well4 ,b if x be h>dly possible = a man to pursue anatomy )\t actually break+ ) 8 pr(ession1 h[ is x possible = him to pursue physiology8 ,i get e ye> ^? v elaborate reports ( ,h5le & ,meissn]--volumes (1 ,i suppose1 #djj pages altoge!r--& !y consi/ m]ely ( ab/racts ( ! memoirs & works :i* h be5 writt5 on ,anatomy & ,physiology--only ab/racts ( !m6 ,h[ is a man to keep up 8 acqua9tance ) all t is do+ 9 ! physiological _w--9 a _w advanc+ ) enorm\s /rides e day & e h\r--if he has to be di/ract$ ) ! c>es ( practice8 ,y "k v well x mu/ be impracticable to d s4 ,our m5 ( ability jo9 our m$ical s*ools ) an eye to ! future4 ,!y take ! ,*airs ( ,anatomy or ( ,physiology2 & by & by !y leave ^? ,*airs = ! m pr(itable pursuits into :i* !y h drift$ by pr(essional success1 & s !y become clo!d1 & physiology is b>e4 ,! result is1 t 9 ^? s*ools 9 :i* physiology is ?us left to ! b5evol5ce1 s to speak1 ( ^? :o h no "t to look to x1 ! effect ( su* tea*+ comes out obvi\sly1 & is made manife/ 9 :at ,i spoke ( j n[--! unreality1 ! booki%ness ( ! k ( ! taught4 ,& if ?is is ! case 9 physiology1 /ill m mu/ x be ! case 9 ^? bran*es ( physics :i* are ! f\ndation ( physiology2 al?\gh x may be less ! case 9 *emi/ry1 because = an able *emi/ a c]ta9 hon\rable & indep5d5t c>e] lies 9 ! direction ( 8 "w1 & he is able1 l ! anatomi/1 to look ^u :at he may tea* to ! /ud5t z n absolutely tak+ him away f 8 bread-w9n+ pursuits4 ,b x is ( no use to grumble ab\t ?is /ate ( ?+s unless "o is prep>$ to indicate "s sort ( practical rem$y4 ,& ,i believe--& ,i v5ture to make ! /atem5t because ,i am :olly indep5d5t ( all sorts ( m$ical s*ools1 & may1 !re=e1 say :at ,i believe )\t be+ suppos$ to be affect$ by any p]sonal int]e/--b ,i say ,i believe t ! rem$y = ?is /ate ( ?+s1 = t imp]fection ( our !oretical k :i* keeps d[n ! ability ( ,engl& at ! pres5t "t 9 m$ical matt]s1 is a m]e affair ( me*anical arrangem5t2 t s long z y h a doz5 m$ical s*ools scatt]$ ab\t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! metropolis1 & divid+ ! /ud5ts among !m1 s long1 9 all ! small] s*ools at any rate1 x is impossible t any o!r /ate ( ?+s ?an t :i* ,i h be5 depict+ %\ld obta94 ,pr(essors mu/ live2 to live !y mu/ occupy !mselves ) practice1 & if !y occupy !mselves ) practice1 ! pursuit ( ! ab/ract bran*es ( sci5ce mu/ g to ! wall4 ,all ?is is a pla9 & obvi\s matt] ( common-s5se reason+4 ,i believe y w nev] alt] ?is /ate ( ?+s until1 ei!r by cons5t or by =ce majeure--& ,i %\ld be v sorry to see ! latt] appli$--b until !re is "s new arrangem5t1 & until all ! !oretical bran*es ( ! pr(ession1 ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e1 are taught 9 ,london 9 n m ?an "o or two1 or at ! outside ?ree1 c5tral in/itutions1 no good w be effect$4 ,if t l>ge body ( m51 ! m$ical /ud5ts ( ,london1 7 oblig$ 9 ! fir/ place to get a k ( ! !oretical bran*es ( _! pr(ession 9 two or ?ree c5tral s*ools1 !re w\ld be abundant means = ma9ta9+ able pr(essors--n1 inde$1 = enri*+ !m1 z !y w\ld be able to enri* !mselves by practice--b = enabl+ !m to make t *oice :i* su* m5 are s will+ to make2 namely1 ! *oice betwe5 weal? & a mode/ compet5cy1 :5 t mode/ compet5cy is to be comb9$ ) a sci5tific c>e]1 & ! means ( advanc+ k4 ,i d n believe t all ! talk+ ab\t1 & t9k]+ (1 m$ical education w d ! slighte/ good until ! fact is cle>ly recognis$1 t m5 mu/ be ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! !oretical bran*es ( _! pr(ession1 & t to ?is end ! tea*+ ( ^? !oretical bran*es mu/ be conf9$ to two or ?ree c5tres4 ,n[ let me add "o o!r ^w1 & t is1 t if ,i 7 a despot1 ,i w\ld cut d[n ^! bran*es to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,! next ?+ to be done beyond t :i* ,i m5tion$ j n[1 is to g back to prim>y education4 ,! great /ep t[>ds a ?or\gh m$ical education is to insi/ ^u ! tea*+ ( ! elem5ts ( ! physical sci5ces 9 all s*ools1 s t m$ical /ud5ts %all n g up to ! m$ical colleges utt]ly ignorant ( t ) :i* !y h to deal2 to insi/ on ! elem5ts ( *emi/ry1 ! elem5ts ( botany1 & ! elem5ts ( physics be+ taught 9 our ord9>y & common s*ools1 s t !re %all be "s prep>ation = ! discipl9e ( m$ical colleges4 ,&1 if ?is re=m 7 once effect$1 y might conf9e ! ,in/itutes ( ,m$ic9e to physics z appli$ to physiology--to *emi/ry z appli$ to physiology--to physiology itself1 & to anatomy4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! /ud5t1 ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ^! matt]s1 might g to any hospital he pleas$ = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! practical bran*es ( 8 pr(ession4 ,! practical tea*+ might be made z local z y l2 & y might use to advantage ! opportunities af=d$ by all ^! local in/itutions = acquir+ a k ( ! practice ( ! pr(ession4 ,b y may say3 ,?is is aboli%+ a great deal2 y are gett+ rid ( botany & zoology to beg9 )4 ,i h n a d\bt t !y ought to be got rid (1 z bran*es ( special m$ical education2 !y ought to be put back to an e>li] /age1 & made bran*es ( g5]al education4 ,let me say1 by way ( self-d5y+ ord9ance1 = :i* y w1 ,i am sure1 give me cr$it1 t ,i believe t comp>ative anatomy ought to be absolutely aboli%$4 ,i say s1 n )\t a c]ta9 fe> ( ! ,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london :o sits ^u my left4 ,b ,i d n ?9k ! *>t] gives him v mu* p[] ov] me2 moreov]1 ,i %all soon come to an end ( my exam9]%ip1 & !re=e ,i am n afraid1 b %all g on to say :at ,i 0 go+ to say1 & t is1 t 9 my belief x is a d[nright cruelty--,i h no o!r ^w = x--to require f g5tlem5 :o are engag$ 9 m$ical /udies1 ! pret5ce--= x is no?+ else1 & c be no?+ else1 ?an a pret5ce--( a k ( comp>ative anatomy z "p ( _! m$ical curriculum4 ,make x "p ( _! ,arts tea*+ if y l1 make x "p ( _! g5]al education if y l1 make x "p ( _! qualification = ! sci5tific degree by all means--t is its prop] place2 b to require t g5tlem5 ^: :ole faculties %\ld be b5t ^u ! acquirem5t ( a real k ( human physiology %\ld worry !mselves ) gett+ up he>say ab\t ! alt]nation ( g5]ations 9 ! ,salpae is really mon/r\s4 ,i _c *>act]ise x 9 any o!r way4 ,& hav+ sacrific$ my own pursuit1 ,i am sure ,i may sacrifice o!r p's2 & ,i make ?is rem>k ) all ! m will+ness because ,i discov]$1 on read+ ! names ( y\r ,pr(essors j n[1 t ! ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica is n pres5t4 ,i mu/ confess1 if ,i _h my way ,i %\ld aboli% ,mat]ia ,m$ica #a altoge!r4 ,i recollect1 :5 ,i 0 fir/ "u exam9ation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 ,dr4 ,p]eira 0 ! exam9]1 & y "k t ,p]eira's ,mat]ia ,m$ica 0 a book de omnibus rebus4 ,i recollect my /ruggles ) t book late at night & e>ly 9 ! morn+ 7,i work$ v h>d 9 ^? days71 & ,i d believe t ,i got t book into my head someh[ or o!r1 b !n ,i w und]take to say t ,i =got x all a week aft]w>ds4 ,n "o trace ( a k ( drugs has rema9$ 9 my memory f t "t to ?is2 & really1 z a matt] ( common s5se1 ,i _c und]/& ! argum5ts = oblig+ a m$ical man to "k all ab\t drugs & :]e !y come f4 ,:y n make him belong to ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 & le>n some?+ ab\t cutl]y1 because he uses knives8 ,b d n suppose t1 aft] all ^! d$uctions1 !re w\ld n be ample room = y\r activity4 ,let u c\nt up :at we h left4 ,i suppose all ! "t = m$ical education t c be hop$ = is1 at ! outside1 ab\t f\r ye>s4 ,well1 :at h y to ma/] 9 ^? f\r ye>s ^u my supposition8 ,physics appli$ to physiology2 *emi/ry appli$ to physiology2 physiology2 anatomy2 surg]y2 m$ic9e 7includ+ !rapeutics72 ob/etrics2 hygi5e2 & m$ical jurisprud5ce--n9e subjects = f\r ye>s6 ,& :5 y consid] :at ^? subjects are1 & t ! acquisition ( any?+ beyond ! rudim5ts ( any "o ( !m may tax ! en]gies ( a lifetime1 ,i ?9k t ev5 ^? en]gies :i* y "y g5tlem5 h be5 display+ = ! la/ h\r or two might be tax$ to keep y ?or\ghly up to :at is want$ = y\r m$ical c>e]4 ,i ent]ta9 a v /rong conviction t any "o :o adds to m$ical education "o iota or tittle beyond :at is absolutely necess>y1 is guilty ( a v grave (f5ce4 ,g5tlem51 x w dep5d ^u ! k t y happ5 to possess1--^u y\r means ( apply+ x )9 y\r own field ( action1--:e!r ! bills ( mortality ( y\r di/rict are increas$ or dim9i%$2 & t1 g5tlem51 is a v s]i\s consid]ation inde$4 ,&1 "u ^? circum/ances1 ! subjects ) :i* y h to deal be+ s difficult1 _! ext5t s enorm\s1 & ! "t at y\r disposal s limit$1 ,i c\ld n feel my consci5ce easy if ,i did n1 on su* an occasion z ?is1 raise a prote/ aga9/ employ+ y\r en]gies ^u ! acquisition ( any k :i* may n be absolutely ne$$ 9 y\r future c>e]4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,x w1 ,i hope1 be und]/ood t ,i d n include ,!rapeutics "u ?is head4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,! ,,m$ical ,,pr(ession #ahhd ,at int]vals dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury committees ( ! ,h\ses ( ! ,legislature & specially appo9t$ commissions h occupi$ !mselves ) ! affairs ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,mu* evid5ce has be5 tak51 mu* wrangl+ has gone on ov] ! reports ( ^! bodies2 & sometimes mu* tr\ble has be5 tak5 to get measures bas$ ^u all ?is "w ?r\gh ,p>liam5t1 b v little has be5 a*iev$4 ,! ,bill introduc$ la/ session 0 n m =tunate ?an sev]al pr$ecessors4 ,i suppose t x is n "r to rejoice 9 ! mis=tunes ( any?+1 ev5 a ,bill2 b ,i confess t ?is ev5t af=d$ me lively satisfaction1 = ,i 0 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! report ( :i* ! ,bill 0 f\nd$1 & ,i did my be/ to oppose & nullify t report4 ,t ! "q mu/ be tak5 up aga9 & f9ally dealt ) by ! ,legislature be=e long _c be d\bt$2 b 9 ! mean:ile !re is "t = reflection1 & ,i ?9k t ! non-m$ical public w\ld be wise if !y paid a little att5tion to a subject :i* is really ( consid]able importance to !m4 ,! fir/ "q :i* a pla9 man is dispos$ to ask himself is1 ,:y %\ld ! ,/ate int]f]e ) ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e any m ?an x does1 say1 ) ! pr(ession ( eng9e]+8 ,anybody :o pleases may call himself an eng9e]1 & may practice z su*4 ,! ,/ate conf]s no title ^u eng9e]s1 & does n pr(ess to tell ! public t "o man is a qualifi$ eng9e] & t ano!r is n s4 ,! answ]s :i* are giv5 to ! "q are v>i\s1 & mo/ ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 are bad4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p]sons seem to be ( op9ion t ! ,/ate is b\nd no less to take c>e ( ! g5]al public1 ?an to see t x is protect$ aga9/ incompet5t p]sons1 aga9/ quacks & m$ical impo/ors 9 g5]al4 ,i d n take t view ( ! case4 ,i ?9k x is v mu* :olesom] = ! public to take c>e ( itself 9 ?is z 9 all o!r matt]s2 & al?\gh ,i am n su* a fanatic = ! lib]ty ( ! subject z to plead t int]f]+ ) ! way 9 :i* a man may *oose to be kill$ is a violation ( t lib]ty1 yet ,i d ?9k t x is f> bett] to let ev]ybody d z he likes4 ,:e!r t be s or n1 ,i am p]fectly c]ta9 t1 z a matt] ( practice1 x is absolutely impossible to prohibit ! practice ( m$ic9e by p :o h no special qualification = x4 ,consid] ! t]rible consequ5ces ( attempt+ to prohibit practice by a v l>ge class ( p]sons :o are c]ta9ly n te*nically qualifi$--,i am f> f say+ a ^w z to :e!r !y are o!rwise qualifi$ or n4 ,! numb] ( ,ladies ,b\ntiful--gr&mo!rs1 aunts1 & mo!rs-9-law--^: *ief delight lies 9 ! adm9i/ration ( _! *]i%$ provision ( dome/ic m$ic9e1 is pa/ computation1 & "o %udd]s to ?9k ( :at might happ5 if _! en]gies 7 turn$ f ?is innocu\s1 if n b5efic5t *annel1 by ! /rong arm ( ! law4 ,b ! ?+ is impracticable4 ,ano!r reason = int]v5tion is prop\nd$1 ,i am sorry to say1 by "s1 ?\gh n _m1 memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 & is simply an expression ( t trades unionism :i* t5ds to infe/ pr(essions no less ?an trades4 ,! g5]al practition] try+ to make bo? ends meet on a poor practice1 ^: m$ical tra9+ has co/ him a good deal ( "t & money1 f9ds t _m pot5tial pati5ts1 ^: small fees w\ld be welcome z ! little t helps1 pref] to g & get _! %ill+'s wor? ( doctor's /uff & advice f ! *emi/ & druggi/ r\nd ! corn]1 :o has n paid sixp5ce = 8 m$ical tra9+1 because he has nev] _h any4 ,! g5]al practition] ?9ks ?is is v h>d ^u him & ought to be /opp$4 ,x is p]haps natural t he %\ld ?9k s1 ?\gh x w\ld be v difficult = him to ju/ify 8 op9ion on any gr\nd ( public policy4 ,b ! "q is really n wor? discussion1 z x is obvi\s t x w\ld be utt]ly impracticable to /op ! practice ov] ! c\nt] ev5 x x 7 desirable4 ,is a man :o has a sudd5 attack ( pa9 9 too? or /oma* n to be p]mitt$ to g to ! ne>e/ druggi/'s %op & ask = some?+ t w relieve him8 ,! notion is prepo/]\s4 ,b if ?is is to be legal1 ! :ole pr9ciple ( ! p]missibility ( c\nt] practice is grant$4 ,9 my judgm5t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate 9 ! affairs ( ! m$ical pr(ession c be ju/ifi$ n ^u any pret5ce ( protect+ ! public1 & /ill less ^u t ( protect+ ! m$ical pr(ession1 b simply & solely ^u ! fact t ! ,/ate employs m$ical m5 = c]ta9 purposes1 &1 z employ]1 has a "r to def9e ! conditions on :i* x w accept s]vice4 ,x is = ! int]e/ ( ! community t no p]son %all die )\t !re be+ "s (ficial recognition ( ! cause ( 8 dea?4 ,x is a matt] ( ! highe/ importance to ! community t1 9 civil & crim9al cases1 ! law %all be able to h rec\rse to p]sons ^: evid5ce may be tak5 z t ( exp]ts2 & x w n be d\bt$ t ! ,/ate has a "r to dictate ! conditions "u :i* x w appo9t p]sons to ! va/ numb] ( naval1 milit>y1 & civil m$ical (fices held directly or indirectly "u ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,"h1 & "h only1 x appe>s to me1 lies ! ju/ification = ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate 9 m$ical affairs4 ,x says1 or1 9 my judgm5t1 %\ld say1 to ! public1 ,practice m$ic9e if y l--g to be practis$ ^u by anybody2 & to ! m$ical practition]1 ,h a qualification1 or d n h a qualification if p don't m9d x2 b if ! ,/ate is to receive y\r c]tificate ( dea?1 if ! ,/ate is to take y\r evid5ce z t ( an exp]t1 if ! ,/ate is to give y any k9d ( civil1 or milit>y1 or naval appo9tm5t1 !n we c call ^u y to comply ) our conditions1 & to produce evid5ce t y are1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 qualifi$4 ,)\t t we w n place y 9 t position4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t is ! relation ( ! ,/ate to ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= my "p1 ,i ?9k x an extremely heal?y relation2 & x is "o t ,i %\ld be v sorry to see alt]$1 except 9 s f> t x w\ld c]ta9ly be bett] if great] facilities 7 giv5 = ! swift & %>p puni%m5t ( ^? :o pr(ess to h ! ,/ate qualification :51 9 po9t ( fact1 !y d n possess x4 ,!y are simply *eats & sw9dl]s1 l o!r p :o pr(ess to be :at !y are n1 & %\ld be puni%$ z su*4 ,b suppos+ we are agre$ ab\t ! ju/ification ( ,/ate int]v5tion 9 m$ical affairs1 new que/ions arise z to ! mann] 9 :i* t int]v5tion %\ld take place & ! ext5t to :i* x %\ld g1 on :i* ! div]g5ce ( op9ion is ev5 great] ?an x is on ! g5]al "q ( int]v5tion4 ,x is n[1 ,i am sorry to say1 some?+ ov] =ty ye>s s9ce ,i began my m$ical /udies2 &1 at t "t1 ! /ate ( affairs 0 extremely s+ul>4 ,i %\ld ?9k x h>dly possible t x c\ld h obta9$ any:]e b 9 su* a c\ntry z ,engl&1 :i* *]i%es a f9e old cru/$ abuse z mu* z x does its port w9e4 ,at t "t !re 7 tw5ty-"o lic5s+ bodies--t is to say1 bodies ^: c]tificate 0 receiv$ by ! ,/ate z evid5ce t ! p]sons :o possess$ t c]tificate 7 m$ical exp]ts4 ,h[ ^! bodies came to possess ^! p[]s is a v curi\s *apt] 9 hi/ory1 9 :i* x w\ld be out ( place to enl>ge4 ,!y 7 p>tly univ]sities1 p>tly m$ical guilds & corporations1 p>tly ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,^? 7 ! ?ree s\rces f :i* ! lic5ce to practice came 9 t day4 ,!re 0 no c5tral au?ority1 !re 0 no?+ to prev5t any "o ( ^? lic5s+ au?orities f grant+ a lic5ce to any "o ^u any conditions x ?\ght fit4 ,! exam9ation might be a %am1 ! curriculum might be a %am1 ! c]tificate might be b\ght & sold l any?+ 9 a %op2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exam9ation might be fairly good & ! diploma correspond+ly valuable2 b !re 0 n ! smalle/ gu>antee1 except ! p]sonal "* ( ! p :o compos$ ! adm9i/ration ( ea* ( ^! lic5s+ bodies1 z to :at might happ54 ,x 0 possible = a "y man to come to ,london & to sp5d two ye>s & six mon?s ( ! "t ( 8 compulsory ?ree ye>s walk+ ! hospitals 9 idl5ess or worse2 he c\ld !n1 by putt+ himself 9 ! h&s ( a judici\s gr9d] = ! rema9+ six mon?s1 pass triumphantly ?r\gh ! ordeal ( "o h\r's viv voce exam9ation1 :i* 0 all t 0 absolutely necess>y1 to enable him to be turn$ loose ^u ! public1 l dea? on ! pale horse1 conqu]+ & to conqu]1 ) ! full sanction ( ! law1 z a qualifi$ practition]4 ,x is difficult to imag9e1 at pres5t1 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 /ill m difficult to depict ! consequ5ces ( x1 because !y w\ld appe> l a gross & malignant c>icature2 b x may be said t !re 0 nev] a sy/em1 or want ( sy/em1 :i* 0 bett] calculat$ to ru9 ! /ud5ts :o came "u x1 or to degrade ! pr(ession z a :ole4 ,my memory goes back to a "t :5 models f :om ! ,bob ,sawy] ( ! ,pickwick ,pap]s might h be5 drawn 7 any?+ b r>e4 ,%ortly be=e my /ud5t days1 h[ev]1 ! dawn ( a bett] /ate ( ?+s 9 ,engl& began to be visible1 9 consequ5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 & ! comp>atively v high /&>d :i* x plac$ be=e its m$ical graduates4 ,i say comp>atively high /&>d1 = ! requirem5ts ( ! ,univ]sity 9 ^? days1 & ev5 dur+ ! twelve ye>s at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ,i 0 "o ( ! exam9]s ( ! m$ical faculty1 7 su* z w\ld n n[ be ?\ght m ?an respectable1 & inde$ 7 9 _m respects v imp]fect4 ,b1 relatively to ! means ( le>n+1 ! /&>d 0 high1 & none b ! m able & ambiti\s ( ! /ud5ts dream$ ( pass+ ! ,univ]sity4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact t _m m5 ( ?is /amp did succe$ 9 obta9+ _! degrees1 l$ o!rs to foll[ 9 _! /eps1 & sl[ly b surely react$ ^u ! /&>d ( tea*+ 9 ! bett] m$ical s*ools4 ,!n came ! ,m$ical ,act ( #aheh4 ,t ,act introduc$ two imm5se improvem5ts3 "o ( !m 0 ! in/itution ( :at is call$ ! ,m$ical ,regi/]1 ^u :i* ! names ( all p]sons recognis$ by ! ,/ate z m$ical practition]s are ent]$3 & ! o!r 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,m$ical ,c\ncil1 :i* is a k9d ( ,m$ical ,p>liam5t1 compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! lic5s+ bodies & ( lead+ m5 9 ! m$ical pr(ession nom9at$ by ! ,cr[n4 ,! p[]s giv5 by ! ,legislature to ! ,m$ical ,c\ncil 7 f\nd practically to be v limit$1 b ,i ?9k t no fair obs]v] ( ! "w w d\bt t ?is mu* attack$ body has excit$ no small influ5ce 9 br++ ab\t ! great *ange = ! bett]1 :i* has be5 effect$ 9 ! tra9+ ( m5 = ! m$ical pr(ession )9 my recollection4 ,ano!r s\rce ( improvem5t mu/ be recognis$ 9 ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 & especially 9 ! m$ical faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! m$ical education & exam9ations ( ?is body 7 = _m ye>s ! be/ ( _! k9d 9 ^! isl&s1 & ,i d\bt if1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! ?ree k+doms c %[ a bett] s*ool ( m$ic9e ?an t ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! va/ numb] ( m$ical /ud5ts at t ,univ]sity is suffici5t evid5ce ( ! op9ion ( ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 ?is subject4 ,ow+ to all ^? influ5ces1 & to ! revolution :i* has tak5 place 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s 9 our conceptions ( ! prop] me?od ( tea*+ physical sci5ce1 ! tra9+ ( ! m$ical /ud5t 9 a good s*ool1 & ! exam9ation te/ appli$ by ! great majority ( ! pres5t lic5s+ bodies1 r$uc$ n[ to n9ete51 9 consequ5ce ( ! retirem5t ( ! ,ar*bi%op & ! fusion ( two ( ! o!r lic5s+ bodies1 are totally diff]5t f :at !y 7 ev5 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,i 0 p]fectly a/oni%$1 ^u "o ( my sons comm5c+ 8 m$ical c>e] ! o!r day1 :5 ,i contra/$ ! c>efully-wat*$ c\rses ( !oretical & practical in/ruction1 :i* he is expect$ to foll[ ) regul>ity & indu/ry1 & ! numb] & nature ( ! exam9ations :i* he w h to pass be=e he c receive 8 lic5ce1 n only ) ! mon/r\s laxity ( my own /ud5t days1 b ev5 ) ! /ate ( ?+s :i* obta9$ :5 my t]m ( (fice z exam9] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london expir$ "s sixte5 ye>s ago4 ,i h no hesitation 9 express+ ! op9ion1 :i* is fully borne out by ! evid5ce tak5 be=e ! late ,royal ,commission1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! exi/+ lic5s+ bodies grant _! lic5ce on conditions :i* ensure q z high a /&>d z x is practicable or advisable to exact "u pres5t circum/ances1 & t !y %[ e desire to keep pace ) ! improvem5ts ( ! times4 ,& ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t ! great majority h s mu* improv$ _! ways1 t _! /&>d is f> above t ( ! ord9>y qualification ?irty ye>s ago1 & ,i _c see :at excuse !re w\ld be = m$dl+ ) !m if x 7 n = two o!r defects :i* h to be rem$i$4 ,un=tunately !re rema9 two or ?ree black %eep--lic5s+ bodies :i* simply trade ^u _! privilege1 & sell ! *eape/ w>es !y c = %ame's sake supply to ! bidd]4 ,ano!r defect 9 ! exi/+ sy/em1 ev5 :]e ! exam9ation has be5 s greatly improv$ z to be good ( its k9d1 is t !re are c]ta9 lic5s+ bodies :i* give a qualification = an acqua9tance ) ei!r m$ic9e or surg]y alone1 & :i* m or less ignore ob/etrics4 ,?is is a revival ( ! ar*aic condition ( ! pr(ession :5 surgical op]ations 7 mo/ly left to ! b>b]s & ob/etrics to ! mid-wives1 & :5 ! physicians ?\ght !mselves1 & 7 consid]$ by ! _w1 ! sup]ior p]sons ( ! pr(ession4 ,i rememb] a /ory 0 curr5t 9 my "y days ( a great c\rt physician :o 0 travell+ ) a fri5d1 l himself1 b\nd on a visit to a c\ntry h\se4 ,! fri5d fell d[n 9 an apoplectic fit1 & ! physician refus$ to ble$ him because x 0 contr>y to pr(essional etiquette = a physician to p]=m t op]ation4 ,:e!r ! fri5d di$ or :e!r he got bett] because he 0 n bl$ ,i d n rememb]1 b ! moral ( ! /ory is ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a fam\s surgeon 0 ask$ :e!r he meant to br+ up 8 son to 8 own call+1 ,no1 he said1 he is su* a fool1 ,i mean to make a physician ( him4 ,n[adays1 x is happily recognis$ t m$ic9e is "o & indivisible1 & t no "o c prop]ly practice "o bran* :o is n famili> ) at any rate ! pr9ciples ( all4 ,?us ! two great ?+s t are want$ n[ are1 9 ! fir/ place1 "s means ( en=c+ su* a degree ( uni=mity ^u all ! exam9+ bodies t none %\ld pres5t a disgracefully l[ m9imum or pass exam9ation2 & ! second po9t is t "s body or o!r %all h ! p[] ( en=c+ ^u e c&idate = ! lic5ce to practice ! /udy ( ! ?ree bran*es1 :at is call$ ! trip>tite qualification4 ,all ! memb]s ( ! late commission 7 agre$ t ^! 7 ! ma9 po9ts to be att5d$ to 9 any proposals = ! fur!r improvem5t ( m$ical tra9+ & qualification4 ,b su* be+ ! ends 9 view1 our notions z to ! be/ way ( atta9+ !m 7 s+ul>ly div]g5t2 s t x came ab\t t elev5 commission]s made sev5 reports4 ,!re 0 "o ma9 majority report & six m9or reports1 :i* diff]$ m or less f x1 *iefly z to ! be/ me?od ( atta9+ ^! two objects4 ,! majority report recomm5d$ ! adoption ( :at is kn[n z ! conjo9t s*eme4 ,accord+ to ?is plan ! p[] ( grant+ a lic5ce to practise is to be tak5 away f all ! exi/+ bodies1 :e!r !y h done well or ill1 & to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a body ( delegates 7divisional bo>ds71 "o = ea* ( ! ?ree k+doms4 ,! lic5ce to practise is to be conf]r$ by pass+ ! delegate exam9ation4 ,! lic5see may aft]w>ds1 if he pleases1 g be=e any ( ! exi/+ bodies & indulge 9 ! luxury ( ano!r exam9ation & ! paym5t ( ano!r fee 9 ord] to obta9 a title1 :i* does n legally place him 9 any bett] position ?an t :i* he w\ld occupy )\t x4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ( c\rse1 ! only motive = obta9+ ! degree ( a ,univ]sity or ! lic5ce ( a m$ical corporation w\ld be ! pre/ige ( ^! bodies4 ,h5ce ! black %eep w\ld c]ta9ly be des]t$1 :ile ^? bodies :i* h acquir$ a reputation by do+ _! duty w\ld suff] less4 ,b1 z ! majority report proposes t ! exi/+ bodies %\ld be comp5sat$ = any loss !y might suff] out ( ! fees ( ! exam9]s = ! ,/ate lic5ce1 ! curi\s result w\ld be br\ght ab\t t ! pr(ession ( ! future w\ld be tax$1 = all "t1 = ! purpose ( h&+ ov] to :olly irresponsible bodies a sum1 ! am\nt ( :i* w\ld be l>ge = ^? :o _h fail$ 9 _! duty & small = ^? :o _h done x4 ,! s*eme 9 fact involv$ a p]petual end[m5t ( ! black %eep1 calculat$ on ! maximum ( _! ill-ga9$ pr(its4 #a ,i confess t ,i f\nd myself unable to ass5t to a plan :i*1 9 addition to ! rew>d+ ! evil do]s1 propos$ to take away ! privileges ( a numb] ( exam9+ bodies :i* confess$ly 7 do+ _! duty well1 = ! sake ( gett+ rid ( a few :o _h fail$4 ,x 0 too mu* l ! ,*9aman's device ( burn+ d[n 8 h\se to obta9 a poor di% ( roa/ pig--unc]ta9 :e!r 9 ! end he might n f9d a m]e mass ( c9d]s4 ,:at we d "k is t ! great majority ( ! exi/+ lic5s+ bodies h m>vell\sly improv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & are improv+4 ,:at we d n "k is t ! complicat$ s*eme ( ! divisional bo>ds w ev] be got to "w at all4 ,my own belief is t e necess>y re=m may be effect$1 )\t any int]f]5ce ) ve/$ int]e/s1 )\t any unju/ int]f]5ce ) ! pre/ige ( in/itutions :i* h be51 & /ill are1 extremely valuable1 )\t any "q ( comp5sation aris+1 & by an extremely simple op]ation4 ,x is only necess>y 9 fact to add a c\ple ( clauses to ! ,m$ical ,act to ?is effect3 7#a7 ,t f & aft] su* a date no p]son %all be plac$ ^u ! ,m$ical ,regi/] unless he possesses ! ?reefold qualification4 7#b7 ,t f & aft] ?is date no exam9ation %all be accept$ z satisfactory f any lic5s+ body except su* z has be5 c>ri$ on 9 "p by exam9]s appo9t$ by ! lic5s+ body1 & 9 "p by coadjutor-exam9]s ( equal au?ority appo9t$ by ! ,m$ical ,c\ncil or o!r c5tral au?ority1 & act+ "u _! in/ructions4 ,9 lay+ d[n a rule ( ?is k9d ! ,/ate confiscates no?+1 & m$dles ) nobody1 b simply acts )9 its und\bt$ "r ( lay+ d[n ! conditions "u :i* x w conf] c]ta9 privileges ^u m$ical practition]s4 ,no "o c say t ! ,/ate has n ! "r to d ?is2 no "o c say t ! ,/ate int]f]es ) any private ent]prise or corporate int]e/ unju/ly1 9 lay+ d[n its own conditions = its own s]vice4 ,! plan w\ld h ! fur!r advantage t all ^? corporate bodies :i* h obta9$ 7z _m ( !m h7 a great & j pre/ige by ! admirable way 9 :i* !y h done _! "w1 w\ld reap _! j rew>d 9 ! ?rong+ ( /ud5ts1 !nce=w>d z =m]ly1 to obta9 _! qualifications2 :ile ^? :o h neglect$ _! duties1 :o h 9 "s "o or two cases1 ,i am sorry to say1 absolutely disgrac$ !mselves1 w\ld s9k into oblivion1 & come to a happy & natural eu?anasia1 9 :i* _! misde$s & !mselves w\ld be entirely =gott54 ,two ( my colleagues1 ,pr(essor ,turn] & ,mr4 ,bryce1 ,m4,p41 ^: practical famili>ity ) exam9ations gave _! op9ions a high value1 express$ _! sub/antial approval ( ?is s*eme1 & ,i am unable to see ! weight ( ! objections urg$ aga9/ x4 ,x is urg$ t ! difficulty & exp5se ( adequately inspect+ s _m exam9ations & ( gu>antee+ _! effici5cy w\ld be great1 & ! difficulty 9 ! way ( a fair adju/m5t ( ! repres5tation ( exi/+ int]e/s & ( ! repres5tation ( new int]e/s ^u ! g5]al ,m$ical ,c\ncil w\ld be almo/ insup]able4 ,! latt] objection is un9telligible to me4 ,i am n aw>e t any attempt at su* adju/m5t has be5 fairly discuss$1 & until t has be5 done x may be well n to talk ab\t insup]able difficulties4 ,z to ! notion t !re is any difficulty 9 gett+ ! coadjutor-exam9]s1 or t ! exp5se w be ov]:elm+1 we h ! exp]i5ce ( ,scotl&1 9 :i* e ,univ]sity does1 at ! pres5t "t1 appo9t its coadjutor-exam9]s1 :o d _! "w j 9 ! way propos$4 ,:e!r 9 ! way ,i h propos$1 or by ! ,conjo9t ,s*eme1 h[ev]1 ?is is p]fectly c]ta93 ! two ?+s ,i ref] to h to be done3 y mu/ h ! ?reefold qualification2 y mu/ h ! limitation ( ! m9imum qualification also2 & any s*eme = ! improvem5t ( ! relations ( ! ,/ate to m$ic9e :i* does n pr(ess to d ^! two ?+s ?or\ghly & well1 has no *ance ( f9ality4 ,b :5 ^! re=ms are witness$1 :5 !re is a ,m$ical ,c\ncil arm$ ) a m real au?ority ?an x at pres5t possesses2 :5 a lic5se to practice _c be obta9$ )\t ! ?reefold qualification2 & :5 an ev5 m9imum ( qualification is exact$ = e lic5ce1 is !re any?+ else t rema9s t any "o s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 z ,i may mo/ consci5ti\sly decl>e myself to be1 w\ld l to see done8 ,i ?9k !re are ?ree ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 n[1 :5 a f\r ye>s' curriculum is requir$1 ! "t allott$ = m$ical education is too brief4 ,a "y man ( eighte5 beg9n+ to /udy m$ic9e is probably absolutely ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ z anatomy1 or physiology1 or inde$ ( any bran* ( physical sci5ce4 ,he comes into an entirely new _w2 he addresses himself to a k9d ( "w ( :i* he has n ! smalle/ exp]i5ce4 ,up to t "t 8 "w has be5 ) books2 he ru%es sudd5ly into "w ) ?+s1 :i* is z diff]5t f "w ) books z any?+ c well be4 ,i am q sure t a v consid]able numb] ( "y m5 sp5d a v l>ge portion ( _! fir/ session 9 simply le>n+ h[ to le>n subjects :i* are entirely new to !m4 ,& yet recollect t 9 ?is p]iod ( f\r ye>s !y h to acquire a k ( all ! bran*es ( a great & responsible practical call+ ( m$ic9e1 surg]y1 ob/etrics1 g5]al pa?ology1 m$ical jurisprud5ce1 & s =?4 ,anybody :o kn[s :at ^! ?+s are1 & :o kn[s :at is ! k9d ( "w :i* is necess>y to give a man ! confid5ce :i* w enable him to /& at ! b$side & say to ! satisfaction ( 8 own consci5ce :at %all be done1 & :at %all n be done1 mu/ be aw>e t if a man has only f\r ye>s to d all t 9 he w n h mu* "t to sp>e4 ,b t is n all4 ,z ,i h said1 ! "y man comes up1 probably ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( sci5ce2 he has nev] he>d a ^w ( *emi/ry1 he has nev] he>d a ^w ( physics1 he has n ! smalle/ conception ( ! outl9es ( biological sci5ce2 & all ^! ?+s h to be le>n$ z well & cramm$ into ! "t :i* 9 itself is b>ely suffici5t to acquire a fair am\nt ( t k :i* is requisite = ! satisfactory dis*>ge ( 8 pr(essional duties4 ,!re=e x is q cle> to me t1 someh[ or o!r1 ! curriculum mu/ be light5$4 ,x is n t any ( ! subjects :i* ,i h m5tion$ ne$ n to be /udi$1 & may be elim9at$4 ,! only alt]native !re=e is to l5g!n ! "t giv5 to /udy4 ,ev]ybody w agree ) me t ! practical necessities ( life 9 ?is c\ntry are su* t1 = ! av]age m$ical practition] at any rate1 x is hopeless to ?9k ( ext5d+ ! p]iod ( pr(essional /udy beyond ! age ( tw5ty-two4 ,s t z ! p]iod ( /udy _c be ext5d$ =w>ds1 ! only ?+ to be done is to ext5d x backw>ds4 ,! "q is h[ ?is c be done4 ,my own belief is t if ! ,m$ical ,c\ncil1 in/ead ( insi/+ ^u t exam9ation 9 g5]al education :i* ,i am sorry to say ,i believe to be entirely futile1 7 to insi/ ^u a k ( elem5t>y physics1 & *emi/ry1 & biology1 !y w\ld be tak+ "o ( ! greate/ /eps :i* at pres5t c be made = ! improvem5t ( m$ical education4 ,& ! improvem5t w\ld be ?is4 ,! great majority ( ! "y m5 :o are go+ into ! pr(ession h practically complet$ _! g5]al education--or !y might v well h done s--by ! age ( sixte5 or sev5te54 ,if ! int]val betwe5 ?is age & t at :i* !y comm5ce _! purely m$ical /udies 7 employ$ 9 obta9+ a practical acqua9tance ) elem5t>y physics1 *emi/ry1 & biology1 9 my judgm5t x w\ld be z good z two ye>s add$ to ! c\rse ( m$ical /udy4 ,& = two reasons3 9 ! fir/ place1 because ! subject-matt] ( t :i* !y w\ld le>n is g]mane to _! future /udies1 & is s mu* ga9$2 9 ! second place1 because y might cle> out ( ! c\rse ( _! pr(essional /udy a great deal :i* at pres5t occupies "t & att5tion2 & la/1 b n lea/--probably mo/--!y w\ld !n come to _! m$ical /udies prep>$ = t le>n+ f ,nature :i* is :at !y h to d 9 ! c\rse ( becom+ skilful m$ical m51 & = :i* at pres5t !y are n 9 ! slighte/ degree prep>$ by _! previ\s education4 ,! second wi% ,i h to express conc]ns ,london especially1 & ,i may speak ( x briefly z a m economical use ( ! tea*+ p[] 9 ! m$ical s*ools4 ,at ?is pres5t "t e great hospital 9 ,london--& !re are t5 or elev5 ( !m--has its complete m$ical s*ool1 9 :i* n only are ! bran*es ( practical m$ic9e taught1 b also ^? /udies 9 g5]al sci5ce1 su* z *emi/ry1 elem5t>y physics1 g5]al anatomy1 & a v>iety ( o!r topics :i* are :at us$ to be call$ 7& ! t]m 0 an extremely useful "o7 ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e4 ,t 0 all v well half a c5tury ago2 x is all v ill n[1 simply because ^? g5]al bran*es ( sci5ce1 su* z anatomy1 physiology1 *emi/ry1 physiological *emi/ry1 physiological physics1 & s =?1 h n[ become s l>ge1 & ! mode ( tea*+ !m is s completely alt]$1 t x is absolutely impossible = any man to be a ?or\ghly compet5t tea*] ( !m1 or = any /ud5t to be effectually taught )\t ! devotion ( ! :ole "t ( ! p]son :o is engag$ 9 tea*+4 ,i und]take to say t x is hopelessly impossible = any man at ! pres5t "t to keep abrea/ ) ! progress ( physiology unless he gives 8 :ole m9d to x2 & ! bigg] ! m9d is1 ! m scope he w f9d = its employm5t4 ,aga91 tea*+ has become1 & mu/ become /ill m1 practical1 & t also involves a l>ge exp5diture ( "t4 ,b if a man is to give 8 :ole "t to my bus9ess he mu/ live by x1 & ! res\rces ( ! s*ools d n p]mit !m to ma9ta9 t5 or elev5 physiological speciali/s4 ,if ! /ud5ts 9 _! fir/ "o or two ye>s 7 taught ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e1 9 two or ?ree c5tral in/itutions1 x w\ld be p]fectly easy to h ^? subjects taught ?or\ghly & effectually by p]sons :o gave _! :ole m9d & att5tion to ! subject2 :ile at ! same "t ! m$ical s*ools at ! hospitals w\ld rema9 :at !y ought to be--great in/itutions 9 :i* ! l>ge/ possible opportunities are laid op5 = acquir+ practical acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a ( disease4 ,s t ! prelim9>y or e>li] half ( m$ical education w\ld take place 9 ! c5tral in/itutions1 & ! f9al half w\ld be devot$ altoge!r to practical /udies 9 ! hospitals4 ,i happ5 to "k t ?is conception has be5 ent]ta9$1 n only by myself1 b by a great _m ( ^? p]sons :o are mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( m$ical /udy = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s4 ,i d n "k :e!r any?+ w come ( x ?is half-c5tury or n2 b ! ?+ has to be done4 ,x is n a speculative notion2 x lies pat5t to ev]ybody :o is accu/om$ to tea*+1 & kn[s :at ! necessities ( tea*+ are2 & ,i %\ld v mu* l to see ! fir/ /ep tak5--p mak+ up _! m9ds t x has to be done someh[ or o!r4 ,! la/ po9t to :i* ,i may adv]t is "o :i* conc]ns ! action ( ! pr(ession itself m ?an any?+ else4 ,we h arrangem5ts = tea*+1 we h arrangem5ts = ! te/+ ( qualifications1 we h m>vell\s aids & appliances = ! treatm5t ( disease 9 all sorts ( ways2 b ,i d n f9d 9 ,london at ! pres5t "t1 9 ?is little place ( f\r or five million inhabitants :i* supports s _m ?+s1 any organisation or any arrangem5t = advanc+ ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 consid]$ z a pure sci5ce4 ,i am q aw>e t !re are m$ical societies ( v>i\s k9ds2 ,i am n ignorant ( ! lecture%ips at ! ,college ( ,physicians & ! ,college ( ,surgeons2 !re is ! ,br[n ,in/itute2 & !re is ! ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,m$ic9e by ,rese>*1 b !re is no means1 s f> z ,i "k1 by :i* any p]son :o has ! inborn gifts ( ! inve/igator & discov]] ( new tru?1 & :o desires to apply t to ! improvem5t ( m$ical sci5ce1 c c>ry out 8 int5tion4 ,9 ,p>is !re is ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :i* gives degrees2 b !re are also ! ,sorbonne & ! ,collge de ,france1 places 9 :i* pr(essoriates are e/abli%$ = ! express purpose ( enabl+ m5 :o h ! p[] ( inve/igation1 ! p[] ( advanc+ k & !reby react+ on practice1 to d t :i* x is _! special mission to d4 ,i d n "k ( any?+ ( ! k9d 9 ,london2 & if x %\ld s happ5 t a ,claude ,b]n>d or a ,ludwig %\ld turn up 9 ,london1 ,i really h n ! slighte/ notion ( :at we c\ld d ) him4 ,we c\ld n turn him to acc\nt1 & ,i ?9k we %\ld h to export him to ,g]many or ,france4 ,i d\bt :e!r t is a good or a wise condition ( ?+s4 ,i d n ?9k x is a condition ( ?+s :i* c exi/ = any great l5g? ( "t1 n[ t p are e day becom+ m & m awake to ! importance ( sci5tific inve/igation & to ! a/\nd+ & unexpect$ mann] 9 :i* x ev]y:]e reacts ^u practical pursuits4 ,i %\ld look ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( "s in/itution ( t k9d z a recognition on ! "p ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9 g5]al1 t if _! great & b5efic5t "w is to be c>ri$ on1 !y mu/1 l o!r p :o h great & b5efic5t "w to d1 contribute to ! advancem5t ( k 9 ! only way 9 :i* exp]i5ce %[s t x c be advanc$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a,! fees to be paid by c&idates = admission to ! exam9ations ( ! ,divisional ,bo>d %\ld be ( su* an am\nt z w be suffici5t to cov] ! co/ ( ! exam9ations & ! o!r exp5ses ( ! ,divisional ,bo>d1 & also to provide ! sum requir$ to comp5sate ! m$ical au?orities1 or su* ( !m z may be entitl$ to comp5sation1 = any pecuni>y losses !y may h]eaft] su/a9 by reason ( ! abolition ( _! privilege ( conf]r+ a lic5ce to practise4 ,report #ej1 p4 xii4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,biological ,,sci5ces ,,) ,,m$ic9e #ahha ,! great body ( !oretical & practical k :i* has be5 accumulat$ by ! lab\rs ( "s eighty g5]ations1 s9ce ! dawn ( sci5tific ?\ght 9 ,europe1 has no collective ,engli% "n to :i* an objection may n be rais$2 & ,i use ! t]m m$ic9e z t :i* is lea/ likely to be misund]/ood2 ?\gh1 z e "o kn[s1 ! "n is commonly appli$1 9 a n>r[] s5se1 to "o ( ! *ief divisions ( ! totality ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,tak5 9 ?is broad s5se1 m$ic9e n m]ely d5otes a k9d ( k1 b x compreh5ds ! v>i\s applications ( t k to ! alleviation ( ! suff]+s1 ! repair ( ! injuries1 & ! cons]vation ( ! heal?1 ( liv+ be+s4 ,9 fact1 ! practical aspect ( m$ic9e s f> dom9ates ov] e o!r1 t ! ,heal+ ,art is "o ( its mo/ widely-receiv$ synonyms4 ,x is s difficult to ?9k ( m$ic9e o!rwise ?an z some?+ :i* is necess>ily connect$ ) curative treatm5t1 t we are apt to =get t !re mu/ be1 & is1 su* a ?+ z a pure sci5ce ( m$ic9e--a pa?ology :i* has no m necess>y subs]vi5ce to practical ends ?an has zoology or botany4 ,! logical connection betwe5 ?is purely sci5tific doctr9e ( disease1 or pa?ology1 & ord9>y biology1 is easily trac$4 ,liv+ matt] is *>act]is$ by its innate t5d5cy to exhibit a def9ite s]ies ( ! morphological & physiological ph5om5a :i* con/itute organisation & life4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 range ( conditions1 & ^! ph5om5a rema9 ! same1 )9 n>r[ limits1 = ea* k9d ( liv+ ?+4 ,!y furni% ! normal & typical "* ( ! species1 &1 z su*1 !y are ! subject-matt] ( ord9>y biology4 ,outside ! range ( ^! conditions1 ! normal c\rse ( ! cycle ( vital ph5om5a is di/urb$2 abnormal /ructure makes its appe>ance1 or ! prop] "* & mutual adju/m5t ( ! functions cease to be pres]v$4 ,! ext5t & ! importance ( ^! deviations f ! typical life may v>y indef9itely4 ,!y may h no noticeable influ5ce on ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! economy1 or !y may fav\r x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may be ( su* a nature z to imp$e ! activities ( ! organism1 or ev5 to involve its de/ruction4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ^! p]turbations are rang$ "u ! wide & some:at vague category ( v>iations2 9 ! second1 !y are call$ lesions1 /ates ( poison+1 or diseases2 &1 z morbid /ates1 !y lie )9 ! prov9ce ( pa?ology4 ,no %>p l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 ! two classes ( ph5om5a4 ,no "o c say :]e anatomical v>iations end & tum\rs beg91 nor :]e modification ( function1 :i* may at fir/ promote heal?1 passes into disease4 ,all t c be said is1 t :atev] *ange ( /ructure or function is hurtful belongs to pa?ology4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t pa?ology is a bran* ( biology2 x is ! morphology1 ! physiology1 ! di/ribution1 ! aetiology ( abnormal life4 ,h[ev] obvi\s ?is conclusion may be n[1 x 0 n[ise app>5t 9 ! infancy ( m$ic9e4 ,= x is a peculi>ity ( ! physical sci5ces t !y are indep5d5t 9 proportion z !y are imp]fect2 & x is only z !y advance t ! bonds :i* really unite !m all become app>5t4 ,a/ronomy _h no manife/ connection ) t]re/rial physics be=e ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia2 t ( *emi/ry ) physics is ( /ill m mod]n revelation2 t ( physics & *emi/ry ) physiology1 has be5 /\tly d5i$ )9 ! recollection ( mo/ ( u1 & p]haps /ill may be4 ,or1 to take a case :i* af=ds a clos] p>allel ) t ( m$ic9e4 ,agriculture has be5 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ times1 &1 f a remote antiquity1 m5 h atta9$ consid]able practical skill 9 ! cultivation ( ! useful plants1 & h empirically e/abli%$ _m sci5tific tru?s conc]n+ ! conditions "u :i* !y fl\ri%4 ,b1 x is )9 ! memory ( _m ( u1 t *emi/ry on ! "o h&1 & vegetable physiology on ! o!r1 atta9$ a /age ( developm5t su* t !y 7 able to furni% a s\nd basis = sci5tific agriculture4 ,simil>ly1 m$ic9e took its rise 9 ! practical ne$s ( mank9d4 ,at fir/1 /udi$ )\t ref]5ce to any o!r bran* ( k1 x long ma9ta9$1 inde$ /ill to "s ext5t ma9ta9s1 t indep5d5ce4 ,hi/orically1 its connection ) ! biological sci5ces has be5 sl[ly e/abli%$1 & ! full ext5t & intimacy ( t connection are only n[ beg9n+ to be app>5t4 ,i tru/ ,i h n be5 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t an attempt to give a brief sket* ( ! /eps by :i* a philosophical necessity has become an hi/orical reality1 may n be devoid ( int]e/1 possibly ( in/ruction1 to ! memb]s ( ?is great ,congress1 pr(\ndly int]e/$ z all are 9 ! sci5tific developm5t ( m$ic9e4 ,! hi/ory ( m$ic9e is m complete & full] ?an t ( any o!r sci5ce1 except1 p]haps1 a/ronomy2 &1 if we foll[ back ! long record z f> z cle> evid5ce lights u1 we f9d ourselves tak5 to ! e>ly /ages ( ! civilisation ( ,greece4 ,! olde/ hospitals 7 ! temples ( ,aesculapius2 to ^! ,asclepeia1 always erect$ on heal?y sites1 h>d by fre% spr+s & surr\nd$ by %ady groves1 ! sick & ! maim$ resort$ to seek ! aid ( ! god ( heal?4 ,votive tablets or inscriptions record$ ! symptoms1 no less ?an ! gratitude1 ( ^? :o 7 heal$2 &1 f ^! primitive cl9ical records1 ! half-prie/ly1 half-philosophic ca/e ( ! ,asclepiads compil$ ! data ^u :i* ! e>lie/ g5]alisations ( m$ic9e1 z an inductive sci5ce1 7 bas$4 ,9 ?is /ate1 pa?ology1 l all ! inductive sci5ces at _! orig91 0 m]ely natural hi/ory2 x regi/]$ ! ph5om5a ( disease1 classifi$ !m1 & v5tur$ ^u a prognosis1 :]ev] ! obs]vation ( con/ant co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces sugge/$ a rational expectation ( ! l recurr5ce "u simil> circum/ances4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x h>dly w5t4 ,9 fact1 9 ! !n /ate ( k1 & 9 ! condition ( philosophical speculation at t "t1 nei!r ! causes ( ! morbid /ate1 nor ! rationale ( treatm5t1 7 likely to be s\ght = z we seek = !m n[4 ,! ang] ( a god 0 a suffici5t reason = ! exi/5ce ( a malady1 & a dream ample w>ranty = !rapeutic measures2 t a physical ph5om5on mu/ ne$s h a physical cause 0 n ! impli$ or express$ axiom t x is to u mod]ns4 ,! great man ^: "n is insep>ably connect$ ) ! f\ndation ( m$ic9e1 ,hippocrates1 c]ta9ly knew v little1 inde$ practically no?+1 ( anatomy or physiology2 & he w\ld1 probably1 h be5 p]plex$ ev5 to imag9e ! possibility ( a connection betwe5 ! zoological /udies ( 8 contempor>y ,democritus & m$ic9e4 ,nev]!less1 9 s f> z he1 & ^? :o work$ be=e & aft] him1 9 ! same _s1 asc]ta9$1 z matt]s ( exp]i5ce1 t a w\nd1 or a luxation1 or a fev]1 pres5t$ su* & su* symptoms1 & t ! return ( ! pati5t to heal? 0 facilitat$ by su* & su* measures1 !y e/abli%$ laws ( nature1 & began ! con/ruction ( ! sci5ce ( pa?ology4 ,all true sci5ce beg9s ) empiricism--?\gh all true sci5ce is su* exactly1 9 s f> z x /rives to pass out ( ! empirical /age into t ( ! d$uction ( empirical f m g5]al tru?s4 ,?us1 x is n wond]ful1 t ! e>ly physicians _h little or no?+ to d ) ! developm5t ( biological sci5ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! e>ly biologi/s did n mu* conc]n !mselves ) m$ic9e4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ! ,asclepiads took any prom95t %>e 9 ! "w ( f\nd+ anatomy1 physiology1 zoology1 & botany4 ,r d ^! seem to h sprung f ! e>ly philosoph]s1 :o 7 ess5tially natural philosoph]s1 animat$ by ! *>act]i/ically ,greek ?ir/ = k z su*4 ,py?agoras1 ,alcmeon1 ,democritus1 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 are all cr$it$ ) anatomical & physiological inve/igations2 &1 ?\gh ,ari/otle is said to h belong$ to an ,asclepiad family1 & n improbably ow$ 8 ta/e = anatomical & zoological inquiries to ! tea*+s ( 8 fa!r1 ! physician ,nicoma*us1 ! ,hi/oria ,animalium1 & ! treatise ,de ,p>tibus ,animalium1 are z free f any allusion to m$ic9e z if !y _h issu$ f a mod]n biological laboratory4 ,x may be add$1 t x is n easy to see 9 :at way x c\ld h b5efit$ a physician ( ,alex&]'s "t to "k all t ,ari/otle knew on ^! subjects4 ,8 human anatomy 0 too r\gh to avail mu* 9 diagnosis2 8 physiology 0 too errone\s to supply data = pa?ological reason+4 ,b :5 ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 ) ,erasi/ratus & ,h]ophilus at _! head1 turn$ to acc\nt ! opportunities ( /udy+ human /ructure1 af=d$ to !m by ! ,ptolemies1 ! value ( ! l>ge am\nt ( accurate k ?us obta9$ to ! surgeon = 8 op]ations1 & to ! physician = 8 diagnosis ( int]nal disord]s1 became obvi\s1 & a connection 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 anatomy & m$ic9e1 :i* has ev] become clos] & clos]4 ,s9ce ! revival ( le>n+1 surg]y1 m$ical diagnosis1 & anatomy h gone h& 9 h&4 ,morgagni call$ 8 great "w1 ,de s$ibus et causis morborum p] anatom5 indagatis1 & n only %[$ ! way to se>* out ! localities & ! causes ( disease by anatomy1 b himself travell$ wond]fully f> ^u ! road4 ,bi*at1 discrim9at+ ! gross] con/itu5ts ( ! organs & p>ts ( ! body1 "o f ano!r1 po9t$ out ! direction :i* mod]n rese>* mu/ take2 until1 at l5g?1 hi/ology1 a sci5ce ( ye/]day1 z x seems to _m ( u1 has c>ri$ ! "w ( ,morgagni z f> z ! microscope c take u1 & has ext5d$ ! realm ( pa?ological anatomy to ! limits ( ! invisible _w4 ,?anks to ! intimate alliance ( morphology ) m$ic9e1 ! natural hi/ory ( disease has1 at ! pres5t day1 atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,accurate regional anatomy has r5d]$ practicable ! exploration ( ! mo/ hidd5 p>ts ( ! organism1 & ! det]m9ation1 dur+ life1 ( morbid *anges 9 !m2 anatomical & hi/ological po/-mortem inve/igations h suppli$ physicians ) a cle> basis ^u :i* to re/ ! classification1 ( diseases1 & ) un]r+ te/s ( ! accuracy or inaccuracy ( _! diagnoses4 ,if m5 c\ld be satisfi$ ) pure k1 ! extreme precision ) :i*1 9 ^! days1 a suff]] may be told :at is happ5+1 & :at is likely to happ51 ev5 9 ! mo/ recondite p>ts ( 8 bodily frame1 %\ld be z satisfactory to ! pati5t z x is to ! sci5tific pa?ologi/ :o gives him ! in=mation4 ,b ,i am afraid x is n2 & ev5 ! practis+ physician1 :ile n[ise "u-e/imat+ ! regulative value ( accurate diagnosis1 mu/ (t5 lam5t t s mu* ( 8 k r prev5ts him f do+ wrong ?an helps him to d "r4 ,a scorn] ( physic once said t nature & disease may be comp>$ to two m5 fight+1 ! doctor to a bl9d man ) a club1 :o /rikes into ! mle1 sometimes hitt+ ! disease1 & sometimes hitt+ nature4 ,! matt] is n m5d$ if y suppose ! bl9d man's he>+ to be s acute t he c regi/] e /age ( ! /ruggle1 & pretty cle>ly pr$ict h[ x w end4 ,he _h bett] n m$dle at all1 until 8 eyes are op5$1 until he c see ! exact position ( ! antagoni/s1 & make sure ( ! effect ( 8 bl[s4 ,b t :i* x behoves ! physician to see1 n1 inde$1 ) 8 bodily eye1 b ) cle>1 intellectual vision1 is a process1 & ! *a9 ( causation involv$ 9 t process4 ,disease1 z we h se51 is a p]turbation ( ! normal activities ( a liv+ body1 & x is1 & mu/ rema91 un9telligible1 s long z we are ignorant ( ! nature ( ^! normal activities4 ,9 o!r words1 !re c\ld be no real sci5ce ( pa?ology until ! sci5ce ( physiology _h rea*$ a degree ( p]fection unatta9$1 & inde$ unatta9able1 until q rec5t times4 ,s f> z m$ic9e is conc]n$1 ,i am n sure t physiology1 su* z x 0 d[n to ! "t ( ,h>vey1 might z well n h exi/$4 ,nay1 x is p]haps no exagg]ation to say t1 )9 ! memory ( liv+ m51 ju/ly r5[n$ practition]s ( m$ic9e & surg]y knew less physiology ?an is n[ to be le>n$ f ! mo/ elem5t>y text-book2 &1 beyond a few broad facts1 reg>d$ :at !y did "k z ( extremely little practical importance4 ,nor am ,i dispos$ to blame !m = ?is conclusion2 physiology mu/ be useless1 or worse ?an useless1 to pa?ology1 s long z its fundam5tal conceptions are errone\s4 ,h>vey is (t5 said to be ! f\nd] ( mod]n physiology2 & !re c be no "q t ! elucidations ( ! function ( ! he>t1 ( ! nature ( ! pulse1 & ( ! c\rse ( ! blood1 put =? 9 ! ev]-memorable little essay1 ,de motu cordis1 directly work$ a revolution 9 m5's views ( ! nature & ( ! concat5ation ( "s ( ! mo/ important physiological processes among ! high] animals2 :ile1 indirectly1 _! influ5ce 0 p]haps ev5 m rem>kable4 ,b1 ?\gh ,h>vey made ?is signal & p]5nially important contribution to ! physiology ( ! mod]ns1 8 g5]al conception ( vital processes 0 ess5tially id5tical ) t ( ! anci5ts2 &1 9 ! ,ex]citationes de g5]atione1 & notably 9 ! s+ul> *apt] ,de calido innato1 he %[s himself a true son ( ,gal5 & ( ,ari/otle4 ,= ,h>vey1 ! blood possesses p[]s sup]ior to ^? ( ! elem5ts2 x is ! seat ( a s\l :i* is n only vegetative1 b also s5sitive & motor4 ,! blood ma9ta9s & fa%ions all p>ts ( ! body1 idque summ cum provid5ti et intellectu 9 f9em c]tum ag5s1 quasi ratioc9io quodam ut]etur4 ,"h is ! doctr9e ( ! pneuma1 ! product ( ! philosophical m\ld into :i* ! animism ( primitive m5 ran 9 ,greece1 9 full =ce4 ,nor did its /r5g? abate = long aft] ,h>vey's "t4 ,! same +ra9$ t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to suppose t a process is expla9$ :5 x is ascrib$ to a p[] ( :i* no?+ is kn[n except t x is ! hypo!tical ag5t ( ! process1 gave rise1 9 ! next c5tury1 to ! animism ( ,/ahl2 &1 lat]1 to ! doctr9e ( a vital pr9ciple1 t asylum ignorantiae ( physiologi/s1 :i* has s easily acc\nt$ = ev]y?+ & expla9$ no?+1 d[n to our own times4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( mod]n1 z contra/$ ) anci5t1 physiological sci5ce appe>s to me to lie 9 its antagonism to animi/ic hypo!ses & animi/ic phraseology4 ,x (f]s physical explanations ( vital ph5om5a1 or frankly confesses t x has none to (f]4 ,&1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ p]son :o gave expression to ?is mod]n view ( physiology1 :o 0 bold en\gh to enunciate ! proposition t vital ph5om5a1 l all ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! physical _w1 are1 9 ultimate analysis1 resolvable into matt] & motion1 0 ,r5 ,desc>tes4 ,! fifty-f\r ye>s ( life ( ?is mo/ orig9al & p[]ful ?9k] are widely ov]lapp$1 on bo? sides1 by ! eighty ( ,h>vey1 :o surviv$ 8 y\ng] contempor>y by sev5 ye>s1 & takes pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ ! ,fr5* philosoph]'s appreciation ( 8 great discov]y4 ,9 fact1 ,desc>tes accept$ ! doctr9e ( ! circulation z prop\nd$ by ,h>vaeus mdec9 d',anglet]re1 & gave a full acc\nt ( x 9 8 fir/ "w1 ! fam\s ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afcg1 only n9e ye>s aft] ! ex]citation ,de motu cordis2 &1 ?\gh diff]+ f ,h>vey on "s important po9ts 79 :i* x may be not$1 9 pass+1 ,desc>tes 0 wrong & ,h>vey "r71 he always speaks ( him ) great respect4 ,& s important does ! subject seem to ,desc>tes1 t he returns to x 9 ! ,trait des ,passions1 & 9 ! ,trait de l',homme4 ,x is easy to see t ,h>vey's "w mu/ h _h a peculi> significance = ! subtle ?9k]1 to :om we owe bo? ! spirituali/ic & ! mat]iali/ic philosophies ( mod]n times4 ,x 0 9 ! v ye> ( its publication1 #afbh1 t ,desc>tes )drew into t life ( solit>y inve/igation & m$itation ( :i* 8 philosophy 0 ! fruit4 ,&1 z ! c\rse ( 8 speculations l$ him to e/abli% an absolute di/9ction ( nature betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! m5tal worlds1 he 0 logically compell$ to seek = ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w )9 itself2 & hav+ allott$ ! realm ( ?\ght to ! s\l1 to see no?+ b ext5sion & motion 9 ! re/ ( nature4 ,desc>tes uses ?\ght z ! equival5t ( our mod]n t]m consci\sness4 ,?\ght is ! function ( ! s\l1 & its only function4 ,our natural heat & all ! movem5ts ( ! body1 says he1 d n dep5d on ! s\l4 ,dea? does n take place f any fault ( ! s\l1 b only because "s ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! body become corrupt$4 ,! body ( a liv+ man diff]s f t ( a dead man 9 ! same way z a wat* or o!r automaton 7t is to say1 a ma*9e :i* moves ( itself7 :5 x is w\nd up & has1 9 itself1 ! physical pr9ciple ( ! movem5ts :i* ! me*anism is adapt$ to p]=m1 diff]s f ! same wat*1 or o!r ma*9e1 :5 x is brok51 & ! physical pr9ciple ( its movem5t no long] exi/s4 ,all ! actions :i* are common to u & ! l[] animals dep5d only on ! con=mation ( our organs1 & ! c\rse :i* ! animal spirits take 9 ! bra91 ! n]ves1 & ! muscles2 9 ! same way z ! movem5t ( a wat* is produc$ by no?+ b ! =ce ( its spr+ & ! figure ( its :eels & o!r p>ts4 ,desc>tes' ,treatise on ,man is a sket* ( human physiology1 9 :i* a bold attempt is made to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( life1 except ^? ( consci\sness1 by physical reason+s4 ,to a m9d turn$ 9 ?is direction1 ,h>vey's exposition ( ! he>t & vessels z a hydraulic me*anism mu/ h be5 supremely welcome4 ,desc>tes 0 n a m]e philosophical !ori/1 b a h>dwork+ dissector & exp]im5t]1 & he held ! /ronge/ op9ion respect+ ! practical value ( ! new conception :i* he 0 introduc+4 ,he speaks ( ! importance ( pres]v+ heal?1 & ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d on ! body be+ s close t1 p]haps1 ! only way ( mak+ m5 wis] & bett] ?an !y are1 is to be s\ght 9 m$ical sci5ce4 ,x is true1 says he1 t z m$ic9e is n[ practis$ x conta9s little t is v useful2 b )\t any desire to depreciate1 ,i am sure t !re is no "o1 ev5 among pr(essional m51 :o w n decl>e t all we "k is v little z comp>$ ) t :i* rema9s to be kn[n2 & t we might escape an inf9ity ( diseases ( ! m9d1 no less ?an ( ! body1 & ev5 p]haps f ! weakness ( old age1 if we _h suffici5t k ( _! causes1 & ( all ! rem$ies ) :i* nature has provid$ u4 #a ,s /rongly impress$ 0 ,desc>tes ) ?is1 t he resolv$ to sp5d ! re/ ( 8 life 9 try+ to acquire su* a k ( nature z w\ld lead to ! con/ruction ( a bett] m$ical doctr9e4 #b ,! anti-,c>tesians f\nd mat]ial = *eap ridicule 9 ^! aspirations ( ! philosoph]2 & x is almo/ ne$less to say t1 9 ! ?irte5 ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! publication ( ! ,disc\rs & ! dea? ( ,desc>tes1 he did n contribute mu* to _! realisation4 ,b1 = ! next c5tury1 all progress 9 physiology took place along ! l9es :i* ,desc>tes laid d[n4 ,! greate/ physiological & pa?ological "w ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,borelli's treatise ,de ,motu ,animalium1 is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a developm5t ( ,desc>tes' fundam5tal conception2 & ! same may be said ( ! physiology & pa?ology ( ,bo]haave1 ^: au?ority dom9at$ 9 ! m$ical _w ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,) ! orig9 ( mod]n *emi/ry1 & ( electrical sci5ce1 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 aids 9 ! analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 ( :i* ,desc>tes c\ld n h dream$1 7 (f]$ to ! physiologi/4 ,& ! great] "p ( ! gigantic progress :i* has be5 made 9 ! pres5t c5tury is a ju/ification ( ! prevision ( ,desc>tes4 ,= x consi/s1 ess5tially1 9 a m & m complete resolution ( ! gross] organs ( ! liv+ body into physico*emical me*anisms4 ,i %all try to expla9 our :ole bodily ma*9]y 9 su* a way1 t x w be no m necess>y = u to suppose t ! s\l produces su* movem5ts z are n volunt>y1 ?an x is to ?9k t !re is 9 a clock a s\l :i* causes x to %[ ! h\rs4 #c ,^! words ( ,desc>tes might be appropriately tak5 z a motto by ! au?or ( any mod]n treatise on physiology4 ,b ?\gh1 z ,i ?9k1 !re is no d\bt t ,desc>tes 0 ! fir/ to prop\nd ! fundam5tal conception ( ! liv+ body z a physical me*anism1 :i* is ! di/9ctive feature ( mod]n1 z contra/$ ) anci5t physiology1 he 0 misl$ by ! natural temptation to c>ry out1 9 all its details1 a p>allel betwe5 ! ma*9es ) :i* he 0 famili>1 su* z clocks & pieces ( hydraulic app>atus1 & ! liv+ ma*9e4 ,9 all su* ma*9es !re is a c5tral s\rce ( p[]1 & ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e are m]ely passive di/ributors ( t p[]4 ,! ,c>tesian s*ool conceiv$ ( ! liv+ body z a ma*9e ( ?is k9d2 & h]e9 !y might h le>n$ f ,gal51 :o1 :atev] ill use he may h made ( ! doctr9e ( natural faculties1 nev]!less _h ! great m]it ( p]ceiv+ t local =ces play a great "p 9 physiology4 ,! same tru? 0 recognis$ by ,glisson1 b x 0 fir/ prom95tly br\ght =w>d 9 ! ,hall]ian doctr9e ( ! vis insita ( muscles4 ,if muscle c contract )\t n]ve1 !re is an end ( ! ,c>tesian me*anical explanation ( its contraction by ! influx ( animal spirits4 ,! discov]ies ( ,trembley t5d$ 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ! fre%wat] ,hydra1 no trace 0 to be f\nd ( t complicat$ ma*9]y ^u :i* ! p]=mance ( ! functions 9 ! high] animals 0 suppos$ to dep5d4 ,& yet ! hydra mov$1 f$1 grew1 multipli$1 & its fragm5ts exhibit$ all ! p[]s ( ! :ole4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! "w ( ,casp> ,f4 ,wolff1 #d by demon/rat+ ! fact t ! gr[? & developm5t ( bo? plants & animals take place antec$5tly to ! exi/5ce ( _! gross] organs1 & are1 9 fact1 ! causes & n ! consequ5ces ( organisation 7z !n und]/ood71 sapp$ ! f\ndations ( ! ,c>tesian physiology z a complete expression ( vital ph5om5a4 ,= ,wolff1 ! physical basis ( life is a fluid1 possess$ ( a vis ess5tialis & a solidescibilitas1 9 virtue ( :i* x gives rise to organisation2 &1 z he po9ts out1 ?is conclusion /rikes at ! root ( ! :ole iatro-me*anical sy/em4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! great au?ority ( ,john ,hunt] ex]t$ a simil> influ5ce2 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! too sibyll9e utt]ances :i* are ! outcome ( ,hunt]'s /ruggles to def9e 8 conceptions are (t5 susceptible ( m ?an "o int]pretation4 ,nev]!less1 on "s po9ts ,hunt] is cle> en\gh4 ,= example1 he is ( op9ion t ,_s is only a prop]ty ( matt] 7,introduction to ,natural ,hi/ory1 p4 #f71 he is prep>$ to r5\nce animism1 7l4c4 p4 #h71 & 8 conception ( life is s completely physical t he ?9ks ( x z some?+ :i* c exi/ 9 a /ate ( comb9ation 9 ! food4 ,! alim5t we take 9 has 9 x1 9 a fix$ /ate1 ! real life2 & ?is does n become active until x has got into ! lungs2 = !re x is fre$ f its prison 7,obs]vations on ,physiology1 p4 #aac74 ,he also ?9ks t ,x is m 9 accord ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! animal ma*9e to suppose t none ( its effects are produc$ f any me*anical pr9ciple :atev]2 & t e effect is produc$ f an action 9 ! "p2 :i* action is produc$ by a /imulus ^u ! "p :i* acts1 or ^u "s o!r "p ) :i* ?is "p sympa?ises s z to take up ! :ole action 7l4c4 p4 #aeb74 ,& ,hunt] is z cle> z ,wolff1 ) ^: "w he 0 probably unacqua9t$1 t :atev] life is1 x mo/ c]ta9ly does n dep5d ^u /ructure or organisation 7l4c4 p4 #aad74 ,( c\rse x is impossible t ,hunt] c\ld h int5d$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( purely me*anical op]ations 9 ! animal body4 ,b :ile1 ) ,borelli & ,bo]haave1 he look$ ^u absorption1 nutrition1 & secretion z op]ations effect$ by means ( ! small vessels1 he diff]$ f ! me*anical physiologi/s1 :o reg>d$ ^! op]ations z ! result ( ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! small vessels1 su* z ! size1 =m1 & disposition ( _! canals & ap]tures4 ,hunt]1 on ! contr>y1 consid]s !m to be ! effect ( prop]ties ( ^! vessels :i* are n me*anical b vital4 ,! vessels1 says he1 h m ( ! polypus 9 !m ?an any o!r "p ( ! body1 & he talks ( ! liv+ & s5sitive pr9ciples ( ! art]ies1 & ev5 ( ! dispositions or feel+s ( ! art]ies4 ,:5 ! blood is good & g5u9e ! s5sations ( ! art]ies1 or ! dispositions = s5sation1 are agreeable4444 ,x is !n !y dispose ( ! blood to ! be/ advantage1 increas+ ! gr[? ( ! :ole1 supply+ any losses1 keep+ up a due succession1 etc4 7l4c4 p4 #acc74 ,if we foll[ ,hunt]'s conceptions to _! logical issue1 ! life ( "o ( ! high] animals is ess5tially ! sum ( ! lives ( all ! vessels1 ea* ( :i* is a sort ( physiological unit1 answ]+ to a polype2 &1 z heal? is ! result ( ! normal action ( ! vessels1 s is disease an effect ( _! abnormal action4 ,hunt] ?us /&s 9 ?\ght1 z 9 "t1 midway betwe5 ,borelli on ! "o h&1 & ,bi*at on ! o!r4 ,! acute f\nd] ( g5]al anatomy1 9 fact1 outdoes ,hunt] 9 8 desire to exclude physical reason+s f ! realm ( life4 ,except 9 ! int]pretation ( ! action ( ! s5se organs1 he w n all[ physics to h any?+ to d ) physiology4 ,to apply ! physical sci5ces to physiology is to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( liv+ bodies by ! laws ( in]t bodies4 ,n[ ?is is a false pr9ciple1 h5ce all its consequ5ces are m>k$ ) ! same /amp4 ,let u leave to *emi/ry its aff9ity2 to physics1 its ela/icity & its gravity4 ,let u invoke = physiology only s5sibility & contractility4 #e ,( all ! un=tunate dicta ( m5 ( em95t ability ?is seems "o ( ! mo/ unhappy1 :5 we ?9k ( :at ! application ( ! me?ods & ! data ( physics & *emi/ry has done t[>ds br++ physiology into its pres5t /ate4 ,x is n too mu* to say t "o-half ( a mod]n text-book ( physiology consi/s ( appli$ physics & *emi/ry2 & t x is exactly 9 ! exploration ( ! ph5om5a ( s5sibility & contractility t physics & *emi/ry h ex]t$ ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,bi*at r5d]$ a solid s]vice to physiological progress by insi/+ ^u ! fact t :at we call life1 9 "o ( ! high] animals1 is n an indivisible unit>y ar*aeus dom9at+1 f its c5tral seat1 ! p>ts ( ! organism1 b a comp\nd result ( ! syn!sis ( ! sep>ate lives ( ^? p>ts4 ,all animals1 says he1 are assemblages ( diff]5t organs1 ea* ( :i* p]=ms its function & concurs1 aft] its fa%ion1 9 ! pres]vation ( ! :ole4 ,!y are s _m special ma*9es 9 ! g5]al ma*9e :i* con/itutes ! individual4 ,b ea* ( ^! special ma*9es is itself comp\nd$ ( _m tissues ( v diff]5t natures1 :i* 9 tru? con/itute ! elem5ts ( ^? organs 7l4c4 lxxix474 ,! conception ( a prop] vitality is applicable only to ^! simple tissues1 & n to ! organs !mselves 7l4c4 lxxxiv474 ,& ,bi*at proce$s to make ! obvi\s application ( ?is doctr9e ( syn!tic life1 if ,i may s call x1 to pa?ology4 ,s9ce diseases are only alt]ations ( vital prop]ties1 & ! prop]ties ( ea* tissue are di/9ct f ^? ( ! re/1 x is evid5t t ! diseases ( ea* tissue mu/ be diff]5t f ^? ( ! re/4 ,!re=e1 9 any organ compos$ ( diff]5t tissues1 "o may be diseas$ & ! o!r rema9 heal?y2 & ?is is :at happ5s 9 mo/ cases 7l4c4 lxxxv474 ,9 a _s ( true prophecy1 ,bi*at says1 ,we h arriv$ at an epo* 9 :i* pa?ological anatomy %\ld />t afre%4 ,=1 z ! analysis ( ! organs _h l$ him to ! tissues z ! physiological units ( ! organism2 s1 9 a succe$+ g5]ation1 ! analysis ( ! tissues l$ to ! cell z ! physiological elem5t ( ! tissues4 ,! contemporane\s /udy ( developm5t br\ght out ! same result2 & ! zoologi/s & botani/s1 explor+ ! simple/ & ! l[e/ =ms ( animat$ be+s1 confirm$ ! great induction ( ! cell !ory4 ,?us ! app>5tly oppos$ views1 :i* h be5 battl+ ) "o ano!r ev] s9ce ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 h prov$ to be ea* half ! tru?4 ,! proposition ( ,desc>tes t ! body ( a liv+ man is a ma*9e1 ! actions ( :i* are explicable by ! kn[n laws ( matt] & motion1 is unque/ionably l>gely true4 ,b x is also true1 t ! liv+ body is a syn!sis ( innum]able physiological elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* may ne>ly be describ$1 9 ,wolff's words1 z a fluid possess$ ( a vis ess5tialis & a solidescibilitas2 or1 9 mod]n phrase1 z protoplasm susceptible ( /ructural metamorphosis & functional metabolism3 & t ! only ma*9]y1 9 ! precise s5se 9 :i* ! ,c>tesian s*ool und]/ood me*anism1 is1 t :i* co-ord9ates & regulates ^! physiological units into an organic :ole4 ,9 fact1 ! body is a ma*9e ( ! nature ( an army1 n ( t ( a wat* or ( a hydraulic app>atus4 ,( ?is army ea* cell is a soldi]1 an organ a brigade1 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em headqu>t]s & field telegraph1 ! alim5t>y & circulatory sy/em ! commiss>iat4 ,losses are made good by recruits born 9 camp1 & ! life ( ! individual is a campaign1 conduct$ successfully = a numb] ( ye>s1 b ) c]ta9 defeat 9 ! long run4 ,! efficacy ( an army1 at any giv5 mom5t1 dep5ds on ! heal? ( ! individual soldi]1 & on ! p]fection ( ! ma*9]y by :i* he is l$ & br\ght into action at ! prop] "t2 &1 !re=e1 if ! analogy holds good1 !re c be only two k9ds ( diseases1 ! "o dep5d5t on abnormal /ates ( ! physiological units1 ! o!r on p]turbations ( _! co-ord9at+ & alim5tative ma*9]y4 ,h5ce1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cell !ory1 9 normal biology1 0 swiftly foll[$ by a cellul> pa?ology1 z its logical c\nt]p>t4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y h[ great an in/rum5t ( inve/igation ?is doctr9e has prov$ 9 ! h&s ( ! man ( g5ius to :om its developm5t is due1 & :o w\ld probably be ! la/ to =get t abnormal conditions ( ! co-ord9ative & di/ributive ma*9]y ( ! body are no less important factors ( disease4 ,h5ce=w>d1 z x appe>s to me1 ! connection ( m$ic9e ) ! biological sci5ces is cle>ly indicat$4 ,pure pa?ology is t bran* ( biology :i* def9es ! p>ticul> p]turbation ( cell-life1 or ( ! co-ord9at+ ma*9]y1 or ( bo?1 on :i* ! ph5om5a ( disease dep5d4 ,^? :o are conv]sant ) ! pres5t /ate ( biology w h>dly hesitate to admit t ! conception ( ! life ( "o ( ! high] animals z ! summation ( ! lives ( a cell aggregate1 br\ght into h>moni\s action by a co-ord9ative ma*9]y =m$ by "s ( ^! cells1 con/itutes a p]man5t acquisition ( physiological sci5ce4 ,b ! la/ =m ( ! battle betwe5 ! animi/ic & ! physical views ( life is se5 9 ! cont5tion :e!r ! physical analysis ( vital ph5om5a c be c>ri$ beyond ?is po9t or n4 ,!re are "s to :om liv+ protoplasm is a sub/ance1 ev5 su* z ,h>vey conceiv$ ! blood to be1 summ cum provid5ti et intellectu 9 f9em c]tum ag5s1 quasi ratioc9io quodam2 & :o look ) z little fav\r z ,bi*at did1 ^u any attempt to apply ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods ( physics & *emi/ry to ! inve/igation ( ! vital processes ( gr[?1 metabolism1 & contractility4 ,!y /& ^u ! anci5t ways2 only1 9 accordance ) t progress t[>ds democracy1 :i* a great political writ] has decl>$ to be ! fatal *>act]i/ic ( mod]n times1 !y sub/itute a republic =m$ by a few billion ( animulae = ! mon>*y ( ! all-p]vad+ anima4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 support$ by a robu/ fai? 9 ! univ]sal applicability ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,desc>tes1 & see+ t ! actions call$ vital are1 s f> z we h any means ( kn[+1 no?+ b *anges ( place ( p>ticles ( matt]1 look to molecul> physics to a*ieve ! analysis ( ! liv+ protoplasm itself into a molecul> me*anism4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! receiv$ doctr9es ( physics1 t contra/ betwe5 liv+ & in]t matt]1 on :i* ,bi*at lays s mu* /ress1 does n exi/4 ,9 nature1 no?+ is at re/1 no?+ is amorph\s2 ! simple/ p>ticle ( t :i* m5 9 _! bl9dness are pleas$ to call brute matt] is a va/ aggregate ( molecul> me*anisms p]=m+ complicat$ movem5ts ( imm5se rapidity1 & s5sitively adju/+ !mselves to e *ange 9 ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,liv+ matt] diff]s f o!r matt] 9 degree & n 9 k9d2 ! microcosm repeats ! macrocosm2 & "o *a9 ( causation connects ! nebul\s orig9al ( suns & planet>y sy/ems ) ! protoplasmic f\ndation ( life & organisation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 pa?ology is ! analogue ( ! !ory ( p]turbations 9 a/ronomy2 & !rapeutics resolves itself into ! discov]y ( ! means by :i* a sy/em ( =ces compet5t to elim9ate any giv5 p]turbation may be introduc$ into ! economy4 ,&1 z pa?ology bases itself ^u normal physiology1 s !rapeutics re/s ^u ph>macology2 :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 a "p ( ! great biological topic ( ! influ5ce ( conditions on ! liv+ organism1 & has no sci5tific f\ndation ap>t f physiology4 ,x appe>s to me t !re is no m hopeful indication ( ! progress ( m$ic9e t[>ds ! ideal ( ,desc>tes ?an is to be d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( ! /ate ( ph>macology1 at ! pres5t day1 ) t :i* exi/$ =ty ye>s ago4 ,if we consid] ! k positively acquir$1 9 ?is %ort "t1 ( ! modus op]&i ( ur>i1 ( atropia1 ( physo/igm91 ( v]atria1 ( casca1 ( /ry*nia1 ( bromide ( potassium1 ( phosphorus1 !re c surely be no gr\nd = d\bt+ t1 soon] or lat]1 ! ph>macologi/ w supply ! physician ) ! means ( affect+1 9 any desir$ s5se1 ! functions ( any physiological elem5t ( ! body4 ,x w1 9 %ort1 become possible to introduce into ! economy a molecul> me*anism :i*1 l a v cunn+ly-contriv$ torp$o1 %all f9d its way to "s p>ticul> gr\p ( liv+ elem5ts1 & cause an explosion among !m1 leav+ ! re/ unt\*$4 ,! se>* = ! explanation ( diseas$ /ates 9 modifi$ cell-life2 ! discov]y ( ! important "p play$ by p>asitic organisms 9 ! aetiology ( disease2 ! elucidation ( ! action ( m$icam5ts by ! me?ods & ! data ( exp]im5tal physiology2 appe> to me to be ! greate/ /eps :i* h ev] be5 made t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( m$ic9e on a sci5tific basis4 ,i ne$ h>dly say !y c\ld n h be5 made except = ! advance ( normal biology4 ,!re c be no "q1 !n1 z to ! nature or ! value ( ! connection betwe5 m$ic9e & ! biological sci5ces4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! future ( pa?ology & ( !rapeutics1 &1 !re=e1 t ( practical m$ic9e1 dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* ^? :o occupy !mselves ) ^! subjects are tra9$ 9 ! me?ods & impregnat$ ) ! fundam5tal tru?s ( biology4 ,&1 9 conclusion1 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! collective sagacity ( ?is congress c\ld occupy itself ) no m important "q ?an ) ?is3 ,h[ is m$ical education to be arrang$1 s t1 )\t entangl+ ! /ud5t 9 ^? details ( ! sy/emati/ :i* are valueless to him1 he may be enabl$ to obta9 a firm grasp ( ! great tru?s respect+ animal & vegetable life1 )\t :i*1 not)/&+ all ! progress ( sci5tific m$ic9e1 he w /ill f9d himself an empiric8 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode1 #f;e p>tie1 ,ed4 ,c\s91 p4 #aic4 #b ,ibid4 pp4 #aic & #baa4 #c ,de la ,=mation du ,foetus4 #d ,!oria ,g5]ationis1 #agei4 #e ,anatomie gnrale1 i4 p4 liv4 ,,xv ,,! ,,s*ool ,,bo>ds3 ,,:at ,,!y ,,c ,,d1 ,,& ,,:at ,,!y ,,may ,,d4 #ahgj ,an electione]+ manife/o w\ld be out ( place 9 ! pages ( ?is ,review2 b any suspicion t may arise 9 ! m9d ( ! read] t ! foll[+ pages p>take ( t nature1 w be dispell$1 if he reflect t !y _c be publi%$ #a until aft] ! day on :i* ! ratepay]s ( ! metropolis w h decid$ :i* c&idates = seats ^u ! ,metropolitan ,s*ool ,bo>d !y w take1 & :i* !y w leave4 ,z "o ( ^? c&idates1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to say1 t ,i feel mu* 9 ! frame ( m9d ( ! ,iri% bricklay]'s lab\r]1 :o bet ano!r t he c\ld n c>ry him to ! top ( ! ladd] 9 8 hod4 ,! *all5g$ hodman won 8 wag]1 b z ! /akes 7 h&$ ov]1 ! *all5g] wi/fully rem>k$1 ,i'd great hopes ( fall+ at ! ?ird r\nd f ! top4 ,&1 9 view ( ! "w & ! worry :i* awaits ! memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 ,i mu/ confess to an occasional ungrateful hope t ! fri5ds :o are toil+ upw>ds ) me 9 _! hod1 may1 :5 !y rea* ! ?ird r\nd f ! top1 let me fall back into peace & quietness4 ,b :e!r =tune befri5d me 9 ?is r\gh me?od1 or n1 ,i %\ld l to submit to ^? ( :om ,i am pot5tial1 b ( :om ,i may n be an actual1 colleague1 & to o!rs :o may be int]e/$ 9 ?is mo/ important problem--h[ to get ! ,education ,act to "w effici5tly--"s consid]ations z to :at are ! duties ( ! memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 & :at are ! limits ( _! p[]4 ,i suppose no "o w be dispos$ to dispute ! proposition1 t ! prime duty ( e memb] ( su* a ,bo>d is to endeav\r to adm9i/] ! ,act hone/ly2 or 9 accordance1 n only ) its lett]1 b ) its _s4 ,& if s1 x w\ld seem t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is v desirable end is1 to obta9 a cle> notion ( :at t lett] signifies1 & :at t _s implies2 or1 9 o!r words1 :at ! clauses ( ! ,act are int5d$ to enjo9 & to =bid4 ,s t x is really n admissible1 except = facti\s & abusive purposes1 to assume t any "o :o endeav\rs to get at ?is cle> mean+ is desir\s only ( rais+ quibbles & mak+ difficulties4 ,read+ ! ,act ) ?is desire to und]/& x1 ,i f9d t its provisions may be classifi$1 z might naturally be expect$1 "u two heads3 ! "o set relat+ to ! subject-matt] ( education2 ! o!r to ! e/abli%m5t1 ma9t5ance1 & adm9i/ration ( ! s*ools 9 :i* t education is to be conduct$4 ,n[ x is a mo/ important circum/ance1 t all ! sections ( ! ,act1 except f\r1 belong to ! latt] division2 t is1 !y ref] to m]e matt]s ( adm9i/ration4 ,! f\r sections 9 "q are ! sev5?1 ! f\rte5?1 ! sixte5?1 & ! n9ety-sev5?4 ,( ^!1 ! sev5?1 ! f\rte5?1 & ! n9ety-sev5? deal ) ! subject-matt] ( education1 :ile ! sixte5? def9es ! nature ( ! relations :i* are to exi/ betwe5 ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 7an euphemism = ! future ,m9i/] ( ,education7 & ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,x is ! sixte5? clause :i* is ! mo/ important1 &1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( all4 ,x runs ?us3-- ,if ! ,s*ool ,bo>d d1 or p]mit1 any act 9 contrav5tion (1 or fail to comply )1 ! regulations1 accord+ to :i* a s*ool provid$ by !m is requir$ by ?is ,act to be conduct$1 ! ,education ,dep>tm5t may decl>e ! ,s*ool ,bo>d to be1 & su* ,bo>d %all accord+ly be deem$ to be1 a ,bo>d 9 default1 & ! ,education ,dep>tm5t may proce$ accord+ly2 & e act1 or omission1 ( any memb] ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 or manag] appo9t$ by !m1 or any p]son "u ! control ( ! ,bo>d1 %all be deem$ to be p]mitt$ by ! ,bo>d1 unless ! contr>y be prov$4 ,if any dispute arises z to :e!r ! ,s*ool ,bo>d h done1 or p]mitt$1 any act 9 contrav5tion (1 or h fail$ to comply )1 ! said regulations1 ! matt] %all be ref]r$ to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t1 ^: decision !reon %all be f9al4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is clause gives ! ,m9i/] ( ,education absolute p[] ov] ! do+s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,he is n only ! adm9i/rator ( ! ,act1 b he is its int]pret]4 ,i _h imag9$ t on ! occurr5ce ( a dispute1 n z reg>ds a "q ( pure adm9i/ration1 b z to ! mean+ ( a clause ( ! ,act1 a case might be tak5 & ref]r$ to a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,b ,i am l$ to believe t ! ,legislature has1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 delib]ately tak5 ?is p[] out ( ! h&s ( ! judges & lodg$ x 9 ^? ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education1 :o1 9 accordance ) our me?od ( mak+ ,m9i/]s1 w necess>ily be a political p>tisan1 & :o may be a /rong !ological sect>y into ! b>ga94 ,& ,i am in=m$ by memb]s ( ,p>liam5t :o wat*$ ! progress ( ! ,act1 t ! responsibility = ?is unusual /ate ( ?+s re/s1 n ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 b ) ! ,legislature1 :i* exhibit$ a s+ul> disposition to accumulate p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! future ,m9i/] ( ,education1 & to evade ! m tr\blesome difficulties ( ! education "q by leav+ !m to be settl$ betwe5 t ,m9i/] & ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,i express no op9ion :e!r x is1 or is n1 desirable t su* p[]s ( controll+ all ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds 9 ! c\ntry %\ld be possess$ by a p]son :o may be1 l ,mr4 ,=/]1 em95tly likely to use ^! p[]s ju/ly & wisely1 b :o also may be q ! rev]se4 ,i m]ely wi% to draw att5tion to ! fact t su* p[]s are giv5 to ! ,m9i/]1 :e!r he be fit or unfit4 ,! ext5t ( ^! p[]s becomes app>5t :5 ! o!r sections ( ! ,act ref]r$ to are consid]$4 ,! f\r? clause ( ! sev5? section says3-- ,! s*ool %all be conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! conditions requir$ to be fulfill$ by an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ord] to obta9 an annual ,p>liam5t>y grant4 ,:at ^! conditions are appe>s f ! foll[+ clauses ( ! n9ety-sev5? section3-- ,! conditions requir$ to be fulfill$ by an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ord] to obta9 an annual ,p>liam5t>y grant %all be ^? conta9$ 9 ! m9utes ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 9 =ce = ! "t be+4444 ,provid$ t no su* m9ute ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t1 n 9 =ce at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ?is ,act1 %all be deem$ to be 9 =ce until x has la9 = n less ?an "o mon? on ! table ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,let u consid] h[ ?is w "w 9 practice4 ,a s*ool e/abli%$ by a ,s*ool ,bo>d may receive support f ?ree s\rces--f ! rates1 ! s*ool fees1 & ! ,p>liam5t>y grant4 ,! latt] may be z great z ! two =m] tak5 toge!r2 & z x may be assum$1 )\t mu* risk ( error1 t a con/ant pressure w be ex]t$ by ! ratepay]s on ! memb]s :o repres5t !m to get z mu* out ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & z little out ( ! rates1 z possible1 ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds w h a v /rong motive = %ap+ ! education !y give1 z ne>ly z may be1 on ! model :i* ! ,education ,m9i/] (f]s = _! imitation1 & = ! copy+ ( :i* he is prep>$ to pay4 ,! ,revis$ ,code did n compel any s*oolma/] to leave (f tea*+ any?+2 b1 by ! v simple process ( refus+ to pay = _m k9ds ( tea*+1 x has practically put an end to !m4 ,mr4 ,=/] is said to be engag$ 9 revis+ ! ,revis$ ,code2 a successor ( 8 may re-revise x--& !re w be no sort ( *eck ^u ^! revisions & c\nt] revisions1 except ! possibility ( a ,p>liam5t>y debate1 :5 ! revis$1 or add$1 m9utes are laid ^u ! table4 ,:at *ance is !re t any su* debate w take place on a matt] ( detail relat+ to elem5t>y education--a subject ) :i* memb]s ( ! ,legislature1 hav+ be51 = ! mo/ "p1 s5t to our public s*ools ?irty ye>s ago1 h n ! lea/ practical acqua9tance1 & = :i* !y c>e no?+1 unless x d]ives a political value f its connection ) sect>ian politics8 ,i _c b ?9k1 !n1 t ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds w h ! appe>ance1 b n ! reality1 ( fre$om ( action1 9 reg>d to ! subject-matt] ( :at is commonly call$ secul> education4 ,z respects :at is commonly call$ religi\s education1 ! p[] ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education is ev5 m despotic4 ,an int]e/1 almo/ am\nt+ to pa?os1 atta*es itself1 9 my m9d1 to ! frantic ex]tions :i* are at pres5t go+ on 9 almo/ e s*ool division1 to elect c]ta9 c&idates ^: names h nev] be=e be5 he>d ( 9 connection ) education1 & :o are ei!r sect>ian p>tisans1 or no?+4 ,9 my own p>ticul> division1 a body organis$ ad hoc is mov+ heav5 & e>? to get ! sev5 seats fill$ by sev5 g5tlem51 f\r ( :om are good ,*ur*m51 & ?ree no less good ,diss5t]s4 ,b :y %\ld ?is sev5 times heat$ fi]y furnace ( !ological zeal be s desir\s to %$ its g5ial w>m? ov] ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d8 ,c x be t ^! zeal\s sect>ies mean to evade ! solemn pl$ge giv5 9 ! ,act8 ,no religi\s cate*ism or religi\s =mul>y :i* is di/9ctive ( any p>ticul> d5om9ation %all be taught 9 ! s*ool4 ,i confess ,i %\ld h ?\ght x my duty to reject any su* sugge/ion1 z di%on\r+ to a numb] ( wor?y p]sons1 if x _h n be5 = a lead+ article & "s correspond5ce :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,gu>dian ( ,novemb] #i?1 #ahgj4 ,! ,gu>dian is1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 "o ( ! be/ ( ! religi\s newspap]s2 &1 p]sonally1 ,i h e reason to speak highly ( ! fairness1 & inde$ k9dness1 ) :i* ! editor is good en\gh to deal ) a writ] :o mu/1 9 _m ways1 be s objectionable to him z myself4 ,i quote ! foll[+ passages f a lead+ article on a lett] ( m9e1 !re=e1 ) all respect1 & ) a g5u9e conviction t ! c\rse ( conduct advocat$ by ! writ] mu/ appe> to him 9 a v diff]5t light f t "u :i* ,i see x3-- ,! fir/ ( ^! po9ts is ! int]pretation :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley puts on ! ',c[p]-,temple clause4' ,x is1 9 fact1 t :i* we =etold "s "t ago z likely to be =c$ ^u x by ^? :o ?9k ) him4 ,! clause itself 0 "o ( ^? compromises :i* x is v difficult to def9e or to ma9ta9 logically4 ,on ! "o side 0 ! simple fre$om to ,s*ool ,bo>ds to e/abli% :at s*ools !y pleas$1 :i* ,mr4 ,=/] orig9ally gave1 b aga9/ :i* ! ,noncon=mi/s lift$ up _! voices1 because !y conceiv$ x likely to give too mu* p[] to ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! o!r side !re 0 ! proposition to make ! s*ools secul>--intelligible en\gh1 b 9 ! consid]ation ( public op9ion simply impossible--& !re 0 ! vague impracticable idea1 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one ?or\ghly tore to pieces1 ( enact+ t ! tea*+ ( all s*ool-ma/]s 9 ! new s*ools %\ld be /rictly 'und5om9ational4' ,! ,c[p]-,temple clause 01 we repeat1 propos$ simply to tide ov] ! difficulty4 ,x 0 to satisfy ! ,noncon=mi/s & ! 'unsect>ian1' z di/9ct f ! secul> p>ty ( ! ,league1 by =bidd+ all di/9ctive 'cate*isms & =mul>ies1' :i* might h ! effect ( op5ly assign+ ! s*ools to ?is or t religi\s body4 ,x refus$1 at ! same "t1 to attempt ! impossible task ( def9+ :at 0 und5om9ational2 & its au?or ev5 cont5d$1 if we und]/ood him correctly1 t x w\ld 9 no way1 ev5 indirectly1 int]f]e ) ! sub/antial tea*+ ( any ma/] 9 any s*ool4 ,?is ass]tion we always believ$ to be unt5able2 we c\ld n see h[1 9 ! face ( ?is clause1 a di/9ctly d5om9ational tone c\ld be hone/ly giv5 to s*ools nom9ally g5]al4 ,b beyond ?is m]e sugge/ion ( an attempt at a g5]al tone ( compreh5siv5ess 9 religi\s tea*+ x 0 n int5d$ to g1 & only because su* 0 its limitation 0 x accept$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & by ! ,h\se4 ,b n[ we are told t x is to be con/ru$ z do+ precisely t :i* x refus$ to d4 ,a '=mul>y1' x seems1 is a collection ( =mulas1 & =mulas are simply propositions ( :atev] k9d t\*+ religi\s fai?4 ,all su* propositions1 if !y _c be accept$ by all ,*ri/ian d5om9ations1 are to be proscrib$2 & x is add$ significantly t ! ,jews also are a d5om9ation1 & s t any tea*+ di/9ctively ,*ri/ian is p]haps to be exclud$1 le/ x %\ld int]f]e ) _! fre$om & rights4 ,are we !n to fall back on ! simple read+ ( ! lett] ( ! ,bible8 ,no6 ?is1 x is grant$1 w\ld be an 'unwor?y pret5ce4' ,! tea*] is to give 'grammatical1 geographical1 or hi/orical explanations2' b he is to keep cle> ( '!ology prop]1' because1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley takes great pa9s to prove1 !re is no !ological tea*+ :i* is n oppos$ by "s sect or o!r1 f ,roman ,ca?olicism on ! "o h& to ,unit>ianism on ! o!r4 ,x 0 n1 p]haps1 h>d to see t ?is difficulty w\ld be />t$2 & to ^? :o1 l ,pr(essor ,huxley look at x !oretically1 )\t mu* practical exp]i5ce ( s*ools1 x may appe> s]i\s or unansw]able4 ,b !re is v little 9 x practically2 :5 x is fac$ det]m9ately & h&l$ firmly1 x w soon %r9k into its true dim5sions4 ,! class :o are lea/ fright5$ at x are ! s*ool tea*]s1 simply because !y "k mo/ ab\t x4 ,x is q cle> t ! s*ool manag]s mu/ be caution$ aga9/ all[+ _! s*ools to be made places ( proselytism3 b :5 ?is is done1 ! case is simple en\gh4 ,leave ! ma/]s "u ?is g5]al und]/&+ to tea* freely2 if !re 9 gr\nd ( compla9t1 let x be made1 b leave ! onus prob&i on ! objectors4 ,= extreme peculi>ities ( belief or unbelief !re is ! ,consci5ce ,clause2 z to ! mass ( p>5ts1 !y w be m anxi\s to h religion taught ?an afraid ( its assum+ ?is or t p>ticul> %ade4 ,!y w tru/ ! s*ool manag]s & tea*]s till !y h reason to di/ru/ !m1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t !y may tru/ !m safely en\gh4 ,any attempt to ?r[ ! burd5 ( mak+ ! tea*+ und5om9ational ^u ! manag]s mu/ be /]nly resi/$3 x is simply evad+ ! int5tions ( ! ,act 9 an elaborate attempt to c>ry !m out4 ,we ?ank ,pr(essor ,huxley = ! w>n+4 ,to be =ew>n$ is to be =e>m$4 ,a good deal ( light seems to me to be ?r[n on ! practical significance ( ! op9ions express$ 9 ! =ego+ extract by ! foll[+ int]e/+ lett]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! same pap]3-- ,sir1--,i v5ture to s5d to y ! sub/ance ( a correspond5ce ) ! ,education ,dep>tm5t ^u ! "q ( ! lawfulness ( religi\s tea*+ 9 rate s*ools "u section #ad 7#b7 ( ! ,act4 ,i ask$ :e!r ! words ':i* is di/9ctive1' c41 tak5 grammatically z limit+ ! prohibition ( any religi\s =mul>y1 might be con/ru$ z all[+ 7subject1 h[ev]1 to ! o!r provisions ( ! ,act7 any religi\s =mul>y common to any two d5om9ations any:]e 9 ,engl& to be taught 9 su* s*ools2 & if practically ! limit c\ld n be s ext5d$1 b w\ld h to be fix$ accord+ to ! special circum/ances ( ea* di/rict1 !n :at degree ( g5]al acceptance 9 a di/rict w\ld exempt su* a =mul>y f ! prohibition8 ,! answ] to ?is 0 z foll[s3--',x 0 und]/ood1 :5 clause #ad ( ! ,education ,act 0 discuss$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t1 accord+ to a well-kn[n rule ( int]pret+ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 d5om9ation mu/ be held to include d5om9ations4 ,:5 any dispute is ref]r$ to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t "u ! la/ p>agraph ( section #af1 x w be dealt ) accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4' ,^u my ask+ fur!r if ,i might h5ce inf] t ! lawfulness ( tea*+ any religi\s =mul>y 9 a rate s*ool w\ld ?us dep5d exclusively on local circum/ances1 & w\ld accord+ly be s decid$ by ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 9 case ( dispute1 ,i 0 in=m$ 9 explanation t '_! lord%ips'' lett] 0 int5d$ to convey to me t no g5]al rule1 beyond t /at$ 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( _! lett]1 c\ld at pres5t be laid d[n by !m2 & t _! decision 9 ea* p>ticul> case mu/ dep5d on ! special circum/ances accompany+ x4 ,i ?9k x w\ld appe> f ?is t x may yet be 9 _m cases bo? lawful & exp$i5t to tea* religi\s =mul>ies 9 rate s*ools4 ,h4 ,i4 ,/eyn+1 ,novemb] #e1 #ahgj4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean to sugge/ t ! editor ( ! ,gu>dian is b\nd by ! op9ions ( 8 correspond5t2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ,i d n misrepres5t him1 :5 ,i say t he also ?9ks t x may yet be1 9 _m cases1 bo? lawful & exp$i5t to tea* religi\s =mul>ies 9 rate s*ools "u ^! circum/ances4 ,x is n un*>itable1 !re=e1 to assume t1 ! express words ( ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t not)/&+1 all ! sect>ies :o are toil+ s h>d = seats 9 ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d h ! lively hope ( ! g5tleman f ,/eyn+1 t x may be bo? lawful & exp$i5t to tea* religi\s =mul>ies 9 rate s*ools2 & t !y mean to d _! utmo/ to br+ ?is happy consummation ab\t4 #b ,n[ ! pa!tic emotion to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 z accompany+ my contemplations ( ! viol5t /ruggles ( s _m excell5t p]sons1 is caus$ by ! circum/ance t1 s f> z ,i c judge1 _! lab\r is 9 va94 ,suppos+ t ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d conta9s1 z x probably w d1 a majority ( sect>ies2 & t !y c>ry ov] ! heads ( a m9ority1 a resolution t c]ta9 !ological =mulas1 ab\t :i* !y all happ5 to agree1--say1 = example1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1--%all be taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,d !y fondly imag9e t ! m9ority w n at once dispute _! int]pretation ( ! ,act1 & appeal to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t to settle t dispute8 ,& if s1 d !y suppose t any ,m9i/] ( ,education1 :o wants to keep 8 place1 w tight5 b\nd>ies :i* ! ,legislature has left loose2 & w give a f9al decision :i* %all be (f5sive to e ,unit>ian & to e ,jew 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 besides creat+ a prec$5t :i* w aft]w>ds be us$ to ! injury ( e ,noncon=mi/8 ,! editor ( ! ,gu>dian tells 8 fri5ds /]nly to resi/ e attempt to ?r[ ! burd5 ( mak+ ! tea*+ und5om9ational on ! manag]s1 & ?anks me = ! w>n+ ,i h giv5 him4 ,i return ! ?anks1 ) int]e/1 = 8 w>n+1 z to ! c\rse ! p>ty he repres5ts int5ds to pursue1 & = enabl+ me ?us to draw public att5tion to a p]fectly con/itutional & effectual mode ( *eckmat+ !m4 ,&1 9 tru?1 x is wond]ful to note ! surpris+ entanglem5t into :i* our able editor gets himself 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 8 native hone/y & judgm5t & ! necessities ( 8 p>ty4 ,we c\ld n see1 says he1 9 ! face ( ?is clause h[ a di/9ct d5om9ational tone c\ld be hone/ly giv5 to s*ools nom9ally g5]al4 ,!re speaks ! hone/ & cle>-head$ man4 ,any attempt to ?r[ ! burd5 ( mak+ ! tea*+ und5om9ational mu/ be /]nly resi/$4 ,!re speaks ! advocate hold+ a brief = 8 p>ty4 ,v]ily1 z ,tr9culo says1 ! mon/] ha? two m\?s3 ! "o1 ! =w>d m\?1 tells u v ju/ly t ! tea*+ _c hone/ly be di/9ctly d5om9ational2 b ! o!r1 ! backw>d m\?1 ass]ts t x mu/ by no mann] ( means be und5om9ational4 ,putt+ ! two utt]ances toge!r1 ,i c only int]pret !m to mean t ! tea*+ is to be indi/9ctly d5om9ational4 ,if ! editor ( ! ,gu>dian _h n %[n signs ( ang] at my use ( ! t]m !ological fog1 ,i %\ld h be5 tempt$ to suppose x mu/ h be5 :at he _h 9 8 m9d1 "u ! "n ( indi/9ct d5om9ationalism4 ,b ?is read+ be+ pla9ly inadmissible1 ,i c only imag9e t he inculcates ! tea*+ ( =mulas common to a numb] ( d5om9ations4 ,b ! ,education ,dep>tm5t has already told ! g5tleman f ,/eyn+ t any su* proce$+ w be illegal4 ,accord+ to a well-kn[n rule ( int]pret+ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 'd5om9ation' w\ld be held to include 'd5om9ations4' ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ read ! ,act ?us3-- ,no religi\s cate*ism or religi\s =mul>y :i* is di/9ctive ( any p>ticul> d5om9ations %all be taught4 ,?us we are really v mu* indebt$ to ! editor ( ! ,gu>dian & 8 correspond5t4 ,! "o has %[n u t ! sect>ies mean to try to get z mu* d5om9ational tea*+ z !y c agree ^u among !mselves1 =c$ into ! elem5t>y s*ools2 :ile ! o!r has obta9$ a =mal decl>ation f ! ,educational ,dep>tm5t t any su* attempt w contrav5e ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & t1 !re=e1 ! unsect>ian1 law-abid+ memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds may safely reckon ^u br++ d[n ^u _! oppon5ts ! heavy h& ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education4 #c ,s mu* = ! p[]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,limit$ z !y seem to be1 x by no means foll[s t su* ,bo>ds1 if !y are compos$ ( intellig5t & practical m51 really m 9 e>ne/ ab\t education ?an ab\t sect>ian squabbles1 may n ex]t a v great am\nt ( influ5ce4 ,&1 f _m circum/ances1 ?is is especially likely to be ! case ) ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 :i*1 if x conducts itself wisely1 may become a true educational p>liam5ts z subord9ate 9 au?ority to ! ,m9i/] ( ,education1 !oretically1 z ! ,legislature is to ! ,cr[n1 & yet1 l ! ,legislature1 possess$ ( great practical au?ority4 ,& ,i suppose t no ,m9i/] ( ,education w\ld be o!r ?an glad to h ! aid ( ! delib]ations ( su* a body1 or fail to pay c>eful att5tion to its recomm5dations4 ,:at1 !n1 ought to be ! nature & scope ( ! education :i* a ,s*ool ,bo>d %\ld endeav\r to give to e *ild "u its influ5ce1 & = :i* x %\ld try to obta9 ! aid ( ! ,p>liam5t>y grants8 ,9 my judgm5t x %\ld include at lea/ ! foll[+ k9ds ( in/ruction & ( discipl9e3-- #a4 ,physical tra9+ & drill1 z "p ( ! regul> bus9ess ( ! s*ool4 ,x is impossible to insi/ too mu* on ! importance ( ?is "p ( education = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor ( great t[ns4 ,all ! conditions ( _! lives are unfav\rable to _! physical well-be+4 ,!y are badly lodg$1 badly h\s$1 badly f$1 & live f "o ye>'s end to ano!r 9 bad air1 )\t *ance ( a *ange4 ,!y h no play-gr\nds2 !y amuse !mselves ) m>bles & *uck-f>?+1 in/ead ( cricket or h>e-&-h\nds2 & if x 7 n = ! wond]ful in/9ct :i* leads all poor *ildr5 ( t5d] ye>s to run "u ! feet ( cab-horses :5ev] !y c1 ,i "k n h[ !y w\ld le>n to use _! limbs ) agility4 ,n[ !re is no real difficulty ab\t tea*+ drill & ! simpl] k9ds ( gymna/ics4 ,x is done admirably well1 = example1 9 ! ,nor? ,surrey ,union s*ools2 & a ye> or two ago :5 ,i _h an opportunity ( inspect+ ^! s*ools1 ,i 0 greatly /ruck ) ! effect ( su* tra9+ ^u ! poor little waifs & /rays ( humanity1 mo/ly pick$ out ( ! gutt]1 :o are be+ made into cleanly1 heal?y1 & useful memb]s ( society 9 t excell5t in/itution4 ,:atev] d\bts p may ent]ta9 ab\t ! efficacy ( natural selection1 !re c be none ab\t artificial selection2 & ! bre$] :o %\ld attempt to make1 or keep up1 a f9e /ock ( pigs1 or %eep1 "u ! conditions to :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! poor are expos$1 w\ld be ! laugh+-/ock ev5 ( ! bucolic m9d4 ,p>liam5t has already done some?+ 9 ?is direction by decl9+ to be an accomplice 9 ! asphyxiation ( s*ool *ildr54 ,x refuses to make any grant to a s*ool 9 :i* ! cubical cont5ts ( ! s*ool-room are inadequate to all[ ( prop] respiration4 ,i %\ld l to see x make ano!r /ep 9 ! same direction1 & ei!r refuse to give a grant to a s*ool 9 :i* physical tra9+ is n a "p ( ! programme1 or1 at any rate1 (f] to pay ^u su* tra9+4 ,if some?+ ( ! k9d is n done1 ! ,engli% physique1 :i* has be51 & is /ill1 on ! :ole1 a gr& "o1 w become z ext9ct z ! dodo 9 ! great t[ns4 ,& !n ! moral & intellectual effect ( drill1 z an introduction to1 & aid (1 all o!r sorts ( tra9+1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,if y want to break 9 a colt1 surely ! fir/ ?+ to d is to cat* him & get him quietly to face 8 tra9]2 to "k 8 voice & be> 8 h&2 to le>n t colts h some?+ else to d ) _! heels ?an to kick !m up :5ev] !y feel s incl9$2 & to discov] t ! dreadful human figure has no desire to dev\r1 or ev5 to beat him1 b t1 9 case ( att5tion & ob$i5ce1 he may hope = patt+ & ev5 a sieve ( oats4 ,b1 y\r /reet ,arabs1 & o!r neglect$ poor *ildr51 are r worse & wild] ?an colts2 = ! reason t ! horse-colt has only 8 animal in/9cts 9 him1 & 8 "m1 ! m>e1 has be5 always t5d] ov] him1 & nev] came home drunk & kick$ him 9 h] life2 :ile ! man-colt is inspir$ by t v real devil1 p]v]t$ manhood1 & 8 "m may h done all t & m4 ,s1 on ! :ole1 x may probably be ev5 m exp$i5t to beg9 y\r attempt to get at ! high] nature ( ! *ild1 ?an at t ( ! colt1 f ! physical side4 #b4 ,next 9 ord] to physical tra9+ ,i put ! in/ruction ( *ildr51 & especially ( girls1 9 ! elem5ts ( h\sehold "w & ( dome/ic economy2 9 ! fir/ place = _! own sakes1 & 9 ! second = t ( _! future employ]s4 ,e "o :o kn[s any?+ ( ! life ( ! ,engli% poor is aw>e ( ! mis]y & wa/e caus$ by _! want ( k ( dome/ic economy1 & by _! lack ( habits ( frugality & me?od4 ,i suppose x is no exagg]ation to say t a poor ,fr5*woman w\ld make ! money :i* ! wife ( a poor ,engli%man sp5ds 9 food g twice z f>1 & at ! same "t turn out twice z palatable a d9n]4 ,:y ,engli%m51 :o are s notori\sly fond ( good liv+1 %\ld be s helplessly incompet5t 9 ! art ( cook]y1 is "o ( ! great my/]ies ( nature2 b f ! v>i$ abom9ations ( ! railway refre%m5t-rooms to ! monoton\s d9n]s ( ! poor1 ,engli% fe$+ is ei!r wa/eful or na/y1 or bo?4 ,& z to dome/ic s]vice1 ! groans ( ! h\sewives ( ,engl& asc5d to heav56 ,9 five cases out ( six ! girl :o takes a place has to be tra9$ by h] mi/ress 9 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( dec5cy & ord]2 & x is a m]cy if %e does n turn up h] nose at any?+ l ! m5tion ( an hone/ & prop] economy4 ,?\s&s ( "y girls are said to />ve1 or worse1 ye>ly 9 ,london2 & at ! same "t ?\s&s ( mi/resses ( h\seholds are ready to pay high wages = a dec5t h\semaid1 or cook1 or a fair workwoman2 & c by no means get :at !y want4 ,surely1 if ! elem5t>y s*ools are wor? any?+1 !y may put an end to a /ate ( ?+s :i* is demoralis+ ! poor1 :ile x is wa/+ ! lives ( ^? bett] (f 9 small worries & annoyances4 #c4 ,b ! boys & girls = ^: education ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds h to provide1 h n m]ely to dis*>ge dome/ic duties1 b ea* ( !m is a memb] ( a social & political organisation ( great complexity1 & has1 9 future life1 to fit himself into t organisation1 or be cru%$ by x4 ,to ?is end x is surely ne$ful1 n only t !y %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! elem5t>y laws ( conduct1 b t _! affections %\ld be tra9$1 s z to love ) all _! he>ts t conduct :i* t5ds to ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ good = !mselves & _! fell[ m51 & to hate ) all _! he>ts t opposite c\rse ( action :i* is fraught ) evil4 ,s f> z ! laws ( conduct are det]m9$ by ! intellect1 ,i appreh5d t !y belong to sci5ce1 & to t "p ( sci5ce :i* is call$ morality4 ,b ! engagem5t ( ! affections 9 fav\r ( t p>ticul> k9d ( conduct :i* we call good1 seems to me to be some?+ q beyond m]e sci5ce4 ,& ,i _c b ?9k t x1 toge!r ) ! awe & rev]5ce1 :i* h no k9%ip ) base fe>1 b arise :5ev] "o tries to pi]ce bel[ ! surface ( ?+s1 :e!r !y be mat]ial or spiritual1 con/itutes all t has any un*angeable reality 9 religion4 ,& j z ,i ?9k x w\ld be a mi/ake to conf\nd ! sci5ce1 morality1 ) ! affection1 religion2 s d ,i conceive x to be a mo/ lam5table & mis*iev\s error1 t ! sci5ce1 !ology1 is s conf\nd$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m--inde$1 ,i might say1 ( ! majority ( m54 ,i d n express any op9ion z to :e!r !ology is a true sci5ce1 or :e!r x does n come "u ! apo/olic def9ition ( sci5ce falsely s call$2 ?\gh ,i may be p]mitt$ to express ! belief t if ! ,apo/le to :om t mu* misappli$ phrase is due c\ld make ! acqua9tance ( mu* ( mod]n !ology1 he w\ld n hesitate a mom5t 9 decl>+ t x is exactly :at he meant ! words to d5ote4 ,b x is at any rate conceivable1 t ! nature ( ! ,deity1 & 8 relations to ! univ]se1 & m especially to mank9d1 are capable ( be+ asc]ta9$1 ei!r inductively or d$uctively1 or by bo? processes4 ,&1 if !y h be5 asc]ta9$1 !n a body ( sci5ce has be5 =m$ :i* is v prop]ly call$ !ology4 ,fur!r1 !re c be no d\bt t affection = ! ,be+ ?us def9$ & describ$ by !ologic sci5ce w\ld be prop]ly t]m$ religion2 b x w\ld n be ! :ole ( religion4 ,! affection = ! e?ical ideal def9$ by moral sci5ce w\ld claim equal if n sup]ior rights4 ,= suppose !ology e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( an evil deity--& "s !ologies1 ev5 ,*ri/ian ones1 h come v ne> ?is1--is ! religi\s affection to be transf]r$ f ! e?ical ideal to any su* omnipot5t demon8 ,i tr[ n4 ,bett] a ?\s& times t ! human race %\ld p]i% "u 8 ?und]bolts ?an x %\ld say1 ,evil1 be ?\ my good4 ,!re is no?+ new1 t ,i "k (1 9 ?is /atem5t ( ! relations ( religion ) ! sci5ce ( morality on ! "o h& & t ( !ology on ! o!r4 ,b ,i believe x to be altoge!r true1 & v ne$ful1 at ?is "t1 to be cle>ly & emphatically recognis$ z su*1 by ^? :o h to deal ) ! education "q4 ,we are divid$ into two p>ties--! advocates ( s-call$ religi\s tea*+ on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( s-call$ secul> tea*+ on ! o!r4 ,& bo? p>ties seem to me to be n only hopelessly wrong1 b 9 su* a position t if ei!r succe$$ completely1 x w\ld discov]1 be=e _m ye>s 7 ov]1 t x _h made a great mi/ake & done s]i\s evil to ! cause ( education4 ,=1 leav+ aside ! m f>-see+ m9ority on ea* side1 :at ! religi\s p>ty is cry+ = is m]e !ology1 "u ! "n ( religion2 :ile ! secul>i/s h unwisely & wrongfully admitt$ ! assumption ( _! oppon5ts1 & dem& ! abolition ( all religi\s tea*+1 :5 !y only want to be free ( !ology--,burn+ y\r %ip to get rid ( ! cockroa*es6 ,b my belief is1 t no human be+1 & no society compos$ ( human be+s1 ev] did1 or ev] w1 come to mu*1 unless _! conduct 0 gov]n$ & guid$ by ! love ( "s e?ical ideal4 ,und\bt$ly1 y\r gutt] *ild may be conv]t$ by m]e intellectual drill into ! subtle/ ( all ! bea/s ( ! field2 b we "k :at has become ( ! orig9al ( t description1 & !re is no ne$ to increase ! numb] ( ^? :o imitate him successfully )\t be+ aid$ by ! rates4 ,& if ,i 7 compell$ to *oose = "o ( my own *ildr51 betwe5 a s*ool 9 :i* real religi\s in/ruction is giv51 & "o )\t x1 ,i %\ld pref] ! =m]1 ev5 ?\gh ! *ild might h to take a good deal ( !ology ) x4 ,n9e-t5?s ( a dose ( b>k is m]e half-rott5 wood2 b "o swall[s x = ! sake ( ! p>ticles ( qu99e1 ! b5eficial effect ( :i* may be weak5$1 b is n de/roy$1 by ! wood5 dilution1 unless 9 a few cases ( exceptionally t5d] /oma*s4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! great mass ( ! ,engli% p decl>e t !y want to h ! *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools taught ! ,bible1 & :5 x is pla9 f ! t]ms ( ! ,act1 ! debates 9 & out ( ,p>liam5t1 & especially ! emphatic decl>ations ( ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil1 t x 0 int5d$ t su* ,bible-read+ %\ld be p]mitt$1 unless good cause = prohibit+ x c\ld be %[n1 ,i d n see :at reason !re is = oppos+ t wi%4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i1 individually1 c\ld ) no %ad[ ( consi/5cy oppose ! tea*+ ( ! *ildr5 ( o!r p to d t :i* my own *ildr5 are taught to d4 ,&1 ev5 if ! read+ ! ,bible 7 n1 z ,i ?9k x is1 consonant ) political reason & ju/ice1 & ) a desire to act 9 ! _s ( ! education measure1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k x might /ill be well to read t book 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,i h always be5 /rongly 9 fav\r ( secul> education1 9 ! s5se ( education )\t !ology2 b ,i mu/ confess ,i h be5 no less s]i\sly p]plex$ to "k by :at practical measures ! religi\s feel+1 :i* is ! ess5tial basis ( conduct1 0 to be kept up1 9 ! pres5t utt]ly *aotic /ate ( op9ion on ^! matt]s1 )\t ! use ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,pagan morali/s lack life & col\r1 & ev5 ! noble ,/oic1 ,m>cus ,antonius1 is too high & ref9$ = an ord9>y *ild4 ,take ! ,bible z a :ole2 make ! sev]e/ d$uctions :i* fair criticism c dictate = %ortcom+s & positive errors2 elim9ate1 z a s5sible lay-tea*] w\ld d1 if left to himself1 all t x is n desirable = *ildr5 to occupy !mselves )2 & !re /ill rema9s 9 ?is old lit]ature a va/ residuum ( moral beauty & gr&eur4 ,& !n consid] ! great hi/orical fact t1 = ?ree c5turies1 ?is book has be5 wov5 into ! life ( all t is be/ & noble/ 9 ,engli% hi/ory2 t x has become ! national epic ( ,brita91 & is z famili> to noble & simple1 f ,john-o'-,groat's ,h\se to ,l&'s ,end1 z ,dante & ,tasso once 7 to ! ,italians2 t x is writt5 9 ! noble/ & pure/ ,engli%1 & ab\nds 9 exquisite beauties ( m]e lit]>y =m2 &1 f9ally1 t x =bids ! v]ie/ h9d :o nev] left 8 village to be ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r c\ntries & o!r civilisations1 & ( a great pa/1 /ret*+ back to ! fur!/ limits ( ! olde/ nations 9 ! _w4 ,by ! /udy ( :at o!r book c\ld *ildr5 be s mu* humanis$ & made to feel t ea* figure 9 t va/ hi/orical procession fills1 l !mselves1 b a mom5t>y space 9 ! int]val betwe5 two et]nities2 & e>ns ! bless+s or ! curses ( all "t1 accord+ to its ef=t to d good & hate evil1 ev5 z !y also are e>n+ _! paym5t = _! "w8 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i am 9 fav\r ( read+ ! ,bible1 ) su* grammatical1 geographical1 & hi/orical explanations by a lay-tea*] z may be ne$ful1 ) rigid exclusion ( any fur!r !ological tea*+ ?an t conta9$ 9 ! ,bible itself4 ,& 9 /at+ :at ?is is1 ! tea*] w\ld d well n to g beyond ! precise words ( ! ,bible2 = if he does1 he w1 9 ! fir/ place1 und]take a task beyond 8 /r5g?1 see+ t all ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian sects h be5 at "w ^u t subject = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 & h n yet arriv$1 & are n 9 ! lea/ likely to arrive1 at an agreem5t2 &1 9 ! second place1 he w c]ta9ly beg9 to tea* some?+ di/9ctively d5om9ational1 & !reby come into viol5t collision ) ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 #d4 ,! intellectual tra9+ to be giv5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools mu/ ( c\rse1 9 ! fir/ place1 consi/ 9 le>n+ to use ! means ( acquir+ k1 or read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic2 & x w be a great matt] to tea* read+ s completely t ! act %all h become easy & pleasant4 ,if read+ rema9s h>d1 t accompli%m5t w n be mu* resort$ to = in/ruction1 & /ill less = amusem5t--:i* la/ is "o ( its mo/ valuable uses to h>d-work$ p4 ,b along ) a due pr(ici5cy 9 ! use ( ! means ( le>n+1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( k1 ( intellectual discipl9e1 & ( arti/ic tra9+ %\ld be convey$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools2 & 9 ?is direction--= reasons :i* ,i am afraid to repeat1 hav+ urg$ !m s (t5--,i c conceive no subject-matt] ( education s appropriate & s important z ! rudim5ts ( physical sci5ce1 ) draw+1 modell+1 & s++4 ,n only w\ld su* tea*+ af=d ! be/ possible prep>ation = ! te*nical s*ools ab\t :i* s mu* is n[ said1 b ! organisation = c>ry+ x into effect already exi/s4 ,! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 ! op]ations ( :i* h already atta9$ consid]able magnitude1 n only (f]s to exam9e & pay ! results ( su* exam9ation 9 elem5t>y sci5ce & art1 b x provides :at is /ill m important1 viz4 a means ( giv+ *ildr5 ( high natural ability1 :o are j z abundant among ! poor z among ! ri*1 a help+ h&4 ,a good old prov]b tells u t ,"o %\ld n take a razor to cut a block3 ! razor is soon spoil$1 & ! block is n s well cut z x w\ld be ) a hat*et4 ,b x is worse economy to prev5t a possible ,watt f be+ any?+ b a /ok]1 or to give a possible ,f>aday no *ance ( do+ any?+ b to b9d books4 ,inde$1 ! loss 9 su* cases ( mi/ak5 vocation has no measure2 x is absolutely inf9ite & irrep>able4 ,& among ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 education1 none seems to be /rong] ?an ?is--t x is ! int]e/ ( e "o t ability %\ld be nei!r wa/$1 nor misappli$1 by any "o3 &1 !re=e1 t e "o's repres5tative1 ! ,/ate1 is necess>ily fulfill+ ! wi%es ( its con/itu5ts :5 x is help+ ! capacities to rea* _! prop] places4 ,x may be said t ! s*eme ( education "h sket*$ is too l>ge to be effect$ 9 ! "t dur+ :i* ! *ildr5 w rema9 at s*ool2 &1 secondly1 t ev5 if ?is objection did n exi/1 x w\ld co/ too mu*4 ,i atta* no importance :atev] to ! fir/ objection until ! exp]im5t has be5 fairly tri$4 ,consid]+ h[ mu* cate*ism1 li/s ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 geography ( ,pale/9e1 & ! l1 *ildr5 are made to swall[ n[1 ,i _c believe !re w be any difficulty 9 induc+ !m to g ?r\gh ! physical tra9+1 :i* is m ?an half play2 or ! in/ruction 9 h\sehold "w1 or 9 ^? duties to "o ano!r & to !mselves1 :i* h a daily & h\rly practical int]e/4 ,t *ildr5 take k9dly to elem5t>y sci5ce & art no "o c d\bt :o has tri$ ! exp]im5t prop]ly4 ,& if ,bible-read+ is n accompani$ by con/ra9t & solemnity1 z if x 7 a sacram5tal op]ation1 ,i d n believe !re is any?+ 9 :i* *ildr5 take m pleasure4 ,at lea/ ,i "k t "s ( ! pleasante/ recollections ( my *ildhood are connect$ ) ! volunt>y /udy ( an anci5t ,bible :i* belong$ to my gr&mo!r4 ,!re 7 spl5did pictures 9 x1 to be sure2 b ,i recollect little or no?+ ab\t !m save a portrait ( ! high prie/ 9 8 ve/m5ts4 ,:at come vividly back on my m9d are remembrances ( my delight 9 ! hi/ories ( ,joseph & ( ,david2 & ( my ke5 appreciation ( ! *ivalr\s k9dness ( ,abraham 9 8 deal+ ) ,lot4 ,l a sudd5 fla% !re returns back ^u me1 my utt] scorn ( ! pettifogg+ meanness ( ,jacob1 & my sympa!tic grief ov] ! he>tbreak+ lam5tation ( ! *eat$ ,esau1 ,ha/ ?\ n a bless+ = me also1 ,o my fa!r8 ,& ,i see1 z 9 a cl\d1 pictures ( ! gr& phantasmagoria ( ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,i enum]ate1 z !y issue1 ! *ildi% impressions :i* come cr[d+ out ( ! pigeon-holes 9 my bra91 9 :i* !y h la9 almo/ undi/urb$ = =ty ye>s4 ,i prize !m z an evid5ce t a *ild ( five or six ye>s old1 left to 8 own devices1 may be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! ,bible1 & draw s\nd moral su/5ance f x4 ,& ,i rejoice t ,i 0 left to deal ) ! ,bible alone2 = if ,i _h _h "s !ological expla9] at my side1 he might h tri$1 z su* d1 to less5 my indignation aga9/ ,jacob1 & !reby h w>p$ my moral s5se = ev]2 :ile ! great apocalyptic spectacle ( ! ultimate triumph ( "r & ju/ice might h be5 turn$ to ! base purposes ( a pi\s lampoon] ( ! ,papacy4 ,& z to ! second objection--co/l9ess--! reply is1 fir/1 t ! rate & ! ,p>liam5t>y grant toge!r ought to be en\gh1 consid]+ t sci5ce & art tea*+ is already provid$ =2 &1 secondly1 t if !y are n1 x may be well = ! educational p>liam5t to consid] :at has become ( ^? end[m5ts :i* 7 orig9ally int5d$ to be devot$1 m or less l>gely1 to ! education ( ! poor4 ,:5 ! mona/]ies 7 spoil$1 "s ( _! end[m5ts 7 appli$ to ! f\ndation ( ca!drals2 & 9 all su* cases x 0 ord]$ t a c]ta9 portion ( ! end[m5t %\ld be appli$ to ! purposes ( education4 ,h[ mu* is s appli$8 ,is t :i* may be s appli$ giv5 to help ! poor1 :o _c pay = education1 or does x virtually subsidise ! comp>atively ri*1 :o c8 ,h[ are ,*ri/'s ,hospital & ,alleyn's f\ndation secur+ _! "r purposes1 or h[ f> are !y p]v]t$ into contrivances = af=d+ relief to ! classes :o c af=d to pay = education8 ,h[-- ,b ?is pap] is already too long1 &1 if ,i beg91 ,i may f9d x h>d to /op ask+ que/ions ( ?is k9d1 :i* aft] all are wor?y only ( ! l[e/ ( ,radicals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,not)/&+ ,mr4 ,huxley's int5tions1 ! ,editor took ^u himself1 9 :at seem$ to him to be ! public int]e/1 to s5d an extract f ?is article to ! newspap]s--be=e ! day ( ! election ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4--,,editor ( ! ,contempor>y ,review4 #b ,a passage 9 an article on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education ,act1 9 ! ,saturday ,review = ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgj1 completely ju/ifies ?is anticipation ( ! l9e ( action :i* ! sect>ies mean to take4 ,aft] comm5d+ ! ,liv]pool compromise1 ! writ] goes on to say3-- ,if ?is plan is fairly adopt$ 9 ,liv]pool1 ! f\rte5? clause ( ! ,act w 9 effect be re/or$ to its orig9al =m1 & ! majority ( ! ratepay]s 9 ea* di/rict be p]mitt$ to decide to :at d5om9ation ! s*ool %all belong4 ,9 a previ\s p>agraph ! writ] speaks ( a possible mi/ru/ ( "o ano!r by ! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d1 & seems to anticipate accusations ( di%one/y4 ,if any ( ! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d adopt 8 views1 ,i ?9k x highly probable t he may turn out to be a true prophet4 #c ,s9ce ?is p>agraph 0 writt51 ,mr4 ,=/]1 9 speak+ at ! ,birkbeck ,in/itution1 has remov$ all d\bt z to :at 8 f9al decision w be 9 ! case ( su* disputes be+ ref]r$ to him3--,i h ! fulle/ confid5ce t 9 ! read+ & expla9+ ( ! ,bible1 :at ! *ildr5 w be taught w be ! great tru?s ( ,*ri/ian life & conduct1 :i* all ( u desire !y %\ld "k1 & t no ef=t w be made to cram into _! poor little m9ds1 !ological dogmas :i* _! t5d] age prev5ts !m f und]/&+4 ,,xvi ,,te*nical ,,education #ahgg ,any c&id obs]v] ( ! ph5om5a ( mod]n society w readily admit t bores mu/ be class$ among ! enemies ( ! human race2 & a little consid]ation w probably lead him to ! fur!r admission1 t no species ( t ext5sive g5us ( noxi\s creatures is m objectionable ?an ! educational bore4 ,conv9c$ z ,i am ( ! tru? ( ?is great social g5]alisation1 x is n )\t a c]ta9 trepidation t ,i v5ture to address y on an educational topic4 ,=1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ t5 ye>s1 to g back no f>!r1 ,i am afraid to say h[ (t5 ,i h v5tur$ to speak ( education1 f t giv5 9 ! prim>y s*ools to t :i* is to be _h 9 ! univ]sities & m$ical colleges2 inde$1 ! only "p ( ?is wide region into :i*1 z yet1 ,i h n adv5tur$ is t into :i* ,i propose to intrude to-day4 ,?us1 ,i _c b be aw>e t ,i am dang]\sly ne> becom+ ! ?+ :i* all m5 fe> & fly4 ,b ,i h delib]ately elect$ to run ! risk4 ,= :5 y did me ! hon\r to ask me to address y1 an unexpect$ circum/ance _h l$ me to occupy myself s]i\sly ) ! "q ( te*nical education2 & ,i _h acquir$ ! conviction t !re are few subjects respect+ :i* x is m important = all classes ( ! community to h cle> & j ideas ?an ?is2 :ile1 c]ta9ly1 !re is none :i* is m des]v+ ( att5tion by ! ,work+ ,m5's ,club & ,in/itute ,union4 ,x is n = me to express an op9ion :e!r ! consid]ations1 :i* ,i am ab\t to submit to y1 w be prov$ by exp]i5ce to be j or n1 b ,i w d my be/ to make !m cle>4 ,among ! _m good ?+s to be f\nd 9 ,"l ,bacon's works1 none is m full ( wisdom ?an ! say+ t tru? m easily comes out ( error ?an out ( confusion4 ,cle> & consecutive wrong-?9k+ is ! next be/ ?+ to "r-?9k+2 s t1 if ,i succe$ 9 cle>+ y\r ideas on ?is topic1 ,i %all h wa/$ nei!r y\r "t nor my own4 ,te*nical education1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is ord9>ily us$1 & 9 :i* ,i am n[ employ+ x1 means t sort ( education :i* is specially adapt$ to ! ne$s ( m5 ^: bus9ess 9 life x is to pursue "s k9d ( h&icraft2 x is1 9 fact1 a f9e ,greco-,lat9 equival5t = :at 9 good v]nacul> ,engli% w\ld be call$ ! tea*+ ( h&icrafts4 ,& probably1 at ?is /age ( our progress1 x may occur to _m ( y to ?9k ( ! /ory ( ! cobbl] & 8 la/1 & to say to y\rselves1 ?\gh y w be too polite to put ! "q op5ly to me1 ,:at does ! speak] "k practically ab\t ?is matt]8 ,:at is 8 h&icraft8 ,i ?9k ! "q is a v prop] "o1 & unless ,i 7 prep>$ to answ] x1 ,i hope satisfactorily1 ,i %\ld h *os5 "s o!r !me4 ,! fact is1 ,i am1 & h be51 any "t ^! ?irty ye>s1 a man :o works ) 8 h&s--a h&icraftsman4 ,i d n say ?is 9 ! broadly metaphorical s5se 9 :i* f9e g5tlem51 ) all ! delicacy ( ,agag ab\t !m1 trip to ! hu/+s ab\t election "t1 & prote/ t !y too are work+ m54 ,i really mean my words to be tak5 9 _! direct1 lit]al1 & /raight=w>d s5se4 ,9 fact1 if ! mo/ nimble-f+]$ wat*mak] among y w come to my work%op1 he may set me to put a wat* toge!r1 & ,i w set him to dissect1 say1 a blackbeetle's n]ves4 ,i d n wi% to vaunt1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,i %all manage my job to 8 satisfaction soon] ?an he w d 8 piece ( "w to m9e4 ,9 tru?1 anatomy1 :i* is my h&icraft1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult k9ds ( me*anical lab\r1 involv+1 z x does1 n only lightness & dext]ity ( h&1 b %>p eyes & endless pati5ce4 ,& y mu/ n suppose t my p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce is especially di/+ui%$ = ! dem& x makes ^u skill 9 manipulation4 ,a simil> requirem5t is made ^u all /ud5ts ( physical sci5ce4 ,! a/ronom]1 ! electrician1 ! *emi/1 ! m9]alogi/1 ! botani/1 are con/antly call$ ^u to p]=m manual op]ations ( exce$+ delicacy4 ,! progress ( all bran*es ( physical sci5ce dep5ds ^u obs]vation1 or on t artificial obs]vation :i* is t]m$ exp]im5t1 ( "o k9d or ano!r2 &1 ! f>!r we advance1 ! m practical difficulties surr\nd ! inve/igation ( ! conditions ( ! problems (f]$ to u2 s t mobile & yet /eady h&s1 guid$ by cle> vision1 are m & m 9 reque/ 9 ! work%ops ( sci5ce4 ,inde$1 x has /ruck me t "o ( ! gr\nds ( t sympa?y betwe5 ! h&icraftsm5 ( ?is c\ntry & ! m5 ( sci5ce1 by :i* x has s (t5 be5 my good =tune to pr(it1 may1 p]haps1 lie "h4 ,y feel & we feel t1 among ! s-call$ le>n$ folks1 we alone are br\ght into contact ) tangible facts 9 ! way t y are4 ,y "k well en\gh t x is "o ?+ to write a hi/ory ( *airs 9 g5]al1 or to address a poem to a ?rone1 or to speculate ab\t ! occult p[]s ( ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]2 & q ano!r ?+ to make ) y\r own h&s a v]itable *air1 t w /& fair & squ>e1 & af=d a safe & satisfactory re/+-place to a frame ( s5sitiv5ess & solidity4 ,s x is ) u1 :5 we look out f our sci5tific h&icrafts ^u ! do+s ( our le>n$ bre?r51 ^: "w is untrammell$ by any?+ base & me*anical1 z h&icrafts us$ to be call$ :5 ! _w 0 y\ng]1 &1 9 "s respects1 less wise ?an n[4 ,we take ! greate/ int]e/ 9 _! pursuits2 we are edifi$ by _! hi/ories & are *>m$ ) _! poems1 :i* sometimes illu/rate s rem>kably ! p[]s ( man's imag9ation2 "s ( u admire & ev5 humbly try to foll[ !m 9 _! high philosophical excursions1 ?\gh we "k ! risk ( be+ snubb$ by ! inquiry :e!r grovell+ dissectors ( monkeys & blackbeetles c hope to ent] into ! empyreal k+dom ( speculation4 ,b /ill we feel t our bus9ess is diff]5t2 humbl] if y w1 ?\gh ! dim9ution ( dignity is1 p]haps1 comp5sat$ by ! increase ( reality2 & t we1 l y1 h to get our "w done 9 a region :]e little avails1 if ! p[] ( deal+ ) practical tangible facts is want+4 ,y "k t clev] talk t\*+ jo9]y w n make a *air2 & ,i "k t x is ( ab\t z mu* value 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,"m ,nature is s]5ely obdurate to honey$ words2 only ^? :o und]/& ! ways ( ?+s1 & c sil5tly & effectually h&le !m1 get any good out ( h]4 ,& n[1 hav+1 z ,i hope1 ju/ifi$ my assumption ( a place among h&icraftsm51 & put myself "r ) y z to my qualification1 f practical k1 to speak ab\t te*nical education1 ,i w proce$ to lay be=e y ! results ( my exp]i5ce z a tea*] ( a h&icraft1 & tell y :at sort ( education ,i %\ld ?9k be/ adapt$ = a boy :om "o want$ to make a pr(essional anatomi/4 ,i %\ld say1 9 ! fir/ place1 let him h a good ,engli% elem5t>y education4 ,i d n mean t he %all be able to pass 9 su* & su* a /&>d--t may or may n be an equival5t expression--b t 8 tea*+ %all h be5 su* z to h giv5 him comm& ( ! common implem5ts ( le>n+ & to h creat$ a desire = ! ?+s ( ! und]/&+4 ,fur!r1 ,i %\ld l him to "k ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce1 & especially ( physics & *emi/ry1 & ,i %\ld take c>e t ?is elem5t>y k 0 real4 ,i %\ld l my aspirant to be able to read a sci5tific treatise 9 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 or ,g]man1 because an enorm\s am\nt ( anatomical k is lock$ up 9 ^? languages4 ,& especially1 ,i %\ld require "s ability to draw--,i d n mean arti/ically1 = t is a gift :i* may be cultivat$ b _c be le>n$1 b ) fair accuracy4 ,i w n say t ev]ybody c le>n1 ev5 ?is2 = ! negative developm5t ( ! faculty ( draw+ 9 "s p is almo/ miracul\s4 ,/ill ev]ybody1 or almo/ ev]ybody1 c le>n to write2 &1 z writ+ is a k9d ( draw+1 ,i suppose t ! majority ( ! p :o say !y _c draw1 & give copi\s evid5ce ( ! accuracy ( _! ass]tion1 c\ld draw1 aft] a fa%ion1 if !y tri$4 ,& t aft] a fa%ion w\ld be bett] ?an no?+ = my purposes4 ,above all ?+s1 let my imag9>y pupil h pres]v$ ! fre%ness & vig\r ( y\? 9 8 m9d z well z 8 body4 ,! educational abom9ation ( desolation ( ! pres5t day is ! /imulation ( "y p to "w at high pressure by incessant competitive exam9ations4 ,"s wise man 7:o probably 0 n an e>ly ris]7 has said ( e>ly ris]s 9 g5]al1 t !y are conceit$ all ! =5oon & /upid all ! aft]noon4 ,n[ :e!r ?is is true ( e>ly ris]s 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w or n1 ,i w n pret5d to say2 b x is too (t5 true ( ! unhappy *ildr5 :o are =c$ to rise too e>ly 9 _! classes4 ,!y are conceit$ all ! =5oon ( life1 & /upid all its aft]noon4 ,! vig\r & fre%ness1 :i* %\ld h be5 /or$ up = ! purposes ( ! h>d /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 practical life1 h be5 wa%$ out ( !m by precoci\s m5tal debau*]y--by book gluttony & lesson bibb+4 ,_! faculties are worn out by ! /ra9 put ^u _! call[ bra9s1 & !y are demoralis$ by wor?less *ildi% triumphs be=e ! real "w ( life beg9s4 ,i h no compassion = slo?1 b y\? has m ne$ = intellectual re/ ?an age2 & ! *e]fulness1 ! t5acity ( purpose1 ! p[] ( "w :i* make _m a successful man :at he is1 mu/ (t5 be plac$ to ! cr$it1 n ( 8 h\rs ( indu/ry1 b to t ( 8 h\rs ( idl5ess1 9 boyhood4 ,ev5 ! h>de/ work] ( u all1 if he has to deal ) any?+ above m]e details1 w d well1 n[ & aga91 to let 8 bra9 lie fall[ = a space4 ,! next crop ( ?\ght w c]ta9ly be all ! full] 9 ! e> & ! we$s few]4 ,?is is ! sort ( education :i* ,i %\ld l any "o :o 0 go+ to devote himself to my h&icraft to und]go4 ,z to kn[+ any?+ ab\t anatomy itself1 on ! :ole ,i w\ld r he left t alone until he took x up s]i\sly 9 my laboratory4 ,x is h>d "w en\gh to tea*1 & ,i %\ld n l to h sup]add$ to t ! possible ne$ ( un-tea*+4 ,well1 b1 y w say1 ?is is ,hamlet ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k left out2 y\r te*nical education is simply a good education1 ) m att5tion to physical sci5ce1 to draw+1 & to mod]n languages ?an is common1 & !re is no?+ specially te*nical ab\t x4 ,exactly s2 t rem>k takes u /raight to ! he>t ( :at ,i h to say2 :i* is1 t1 9 my judgm5t1 ! prep>atory education ( ! h&icraftsman ought to h no?+ ( :at is ord9>ily und]/ood by te*nical ab\t x4 ,! work%op is ! only real s*ool = a h&icraft4 ,! education :i* prec$es t ( ! work%op %\ld be entirely devot$ to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! body1 ! elevation ( ! moral faculties1 & ! cultivation ( ! intellig5ce2 &1 especially1 to ! imbu+ ! m9d ) a broad & cle> view ( ! laws ( t natural _w ) ! compon5ts ( :i* ! h&icraftsman w h to deal4 ,&1 ! e>li] ! p]iod ( life at :i* ! h&icraftsman has to ent] into actual practice ( 8 craft1 ! m important is x t he %\ld devote ! preci\s h\rs ( prelim9>y education to ?+s ( ! m9d1 :i* h no direct & imm$iate be>+ on 8 bran* ( indu/ry1 ?\gh !y lie at ! f\ndation ( all realities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ let me apply ! lessons ,i h le>n$ f my h&icraft to y\rs4 ,if any ( y 7 oblig$ to take an appr5tice1 ,i suppose y w\ld l to get a good heal?y lad1 ready & will+ to le>n1 h&y1 & ) 8 f+]s n all ?umbs1 z ! say+ goes4 ,y w\ld l t he %\ld read1 write1 & ciph] well2 &1 if y 7 an intellig5t ma/]1 & y\r trade involv$ ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples1 z s _m trades d1 y w\ld l him to "k en\gh ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( sci5ce to und]/& :at 0 go+ on4 ,i suppose t1 9 n9e trades out ( t51 x w\ld be useful if he c\ld draw2 & _m ( y mu/ h lam5t$ y\r inability to f9d out = y\rselves :at =eign]s are do+ or h done4 ,s t "s k ( ,fr5* & ,g]man might1 9 _m cases1 be v desirable4 ,s x appe>s to me t :at y want is pretty mu* :at ,i want2 & ! practical "q is1 ,h[ y are to get :at y ne$1 "u ! actual limitations & conditions ( life ( h&icraftsm5 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,i ?9k ,i %all h ! ass5t bo? ( ! employ]s ( lab\r & ( ! employ$ z to "o ( ^! limitations2 :i* is1 t no s*eme ( te*nical education is likely to be s]i\sly ent]ta9$ :i* w delay ! entrance ( boys into work+ life1 or prev5t !m f contribut+ t[>ds _! own support1 z e>ly z !y d at pres5t4 ,n only d ,i believe t any su* s*eme c\ld n be c>ri$ out1 b ,i d\bt its desirabl5ess1 ev5 if x 7 practicable4 ,! p]iod betwe5 *ildhood & manhood is full ( difficulties & dang]s1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances2 &1 ev5 among ! well-to-d1 :o c af=d to surr\nd _! *ildr5 ) ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 examples ( a c>e] ru9$1 be=e x has well begun1 are b too frequ5t4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o h to live by lab\r mu/ be %ap$ to lab\r e>ly4 ,! colt t is left at grass too long makes b a sorry draught-horse1 ?\gh 8 way ( life does n br+ him )9 ! rea* ( artificial temptations4 ,p]haps ! mo/ valuable result ( all education is ! ability to make y\rself d ! ?+ y h to d1 :5 x ought to be done1 :e!r y l x or n2 x is ! fir/ lesson t ought to be le>n$2 &1 h[ev] e>ly a man's tra9+ beg9s1 x is probably ! la/ lesson t he le>ns ?or\ghly4 ,!re is ano!r reason1 to :i* ,i h already adv]t$1 & :i* ,i w\ld reit]ate1 :y any ext5sion ( ! "t devot$ to ord9>y s*oolwork is undesirable4 ,9 ! newly-awak5$ zeal = education1 we run "s risk ( =gett+ ! tru? t :ile "u-in/ruction is a bad ?+1 ov]-in/ruction may possibly be a worse4 ,success 9 any k9d ( practical life is n dep5d5t solely1 or inde$ *iefly1 ^u k4 ,ev5 9 ! le>n$ pr(essions1 k alone1 is ( less consequ5ce ?an p are apt to suppose4 ,&1 if mu* exp5diture ( bodily en]gy is involv$ 9 ! day's "w1 m]e k is ( /ill less importance :5 weigh$ aga9/ ! probable co/ ( its acquirem5t4 ,to d a fair day's "w ) 8 h&s1 a man ne$s1 above all ?+s1 heal?1 /r5g?1 & ! pati5ce & *e]fulness :i*1 if !y d n always accompany ^! bless+s1 c h>dly 9 ! nature ( ?+s exi/ )\t !m2 to :i* we mu/ add hone/y ( purpose & a pride 9 do+ :at is done well4 ,a good h&icraftsman c get on v well )\t g5ius1 b he w f>e badly )\t a reasonable %>e ( t :i* is a m useful possession = workaday life1 namely1 "m-wit2 & he w be all ! bett] = a real k1 h[ev] limit$1 ( ! ord9>y laws ( nature1 & especially ( ^? :i* apply to 8 own bus9ess4 ,in/ruction c>ri$ s f> z to help ! s*ol> to turn 8 /ore ( "m-wit to acc\nt1 to acquire a fair am\nt ( s\nd elem5t>y k1 & to use 8 h&s & eyes2 :ile leav+ him fre%1 vigor\s1 & ) a s5se ( ! dignity ( 8 own call+1 :atev] x may be1 if fairly & hone/ly pursu$1 _c fail to be ( invaluable s]vice to all ^? :o come "u its influ5ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if s*ool in/ruction is c>ri$ s f> z to enc\rage booki%ness2 if ! ambition ( ! s*ol> is direct$1 n to ! ga9+ ( k1 b to ! be+ able to pass exam9ations successfully2 especially if enc\ragem5t is giv5 to ! mis*iev\s delusion t bra9work is1 9 itself1 & ap>t f its quality1 a nobl] or m respectable ?+ ?an h&iwork--su* education may be a deadly mis*ief to ! workman1 & lead to ! rapid ru9 ( ! indu/ries x is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,i "k t ,i am express+ ! op9ion ( "s ( ! l>ge/ z well z ! mo/ enlight5$ employ]s ( lab\r1 :5 ,i say t !re is a real dang] t1 f ! extreme ( no education1 we may run to ! o!r extreme ( ov]-education ( h&icraftsm54 ,& ,i appreh5d t :at is true = ! ord9>y h&-work] is true = ! =eman4 ,activity1 probity1 k ( m51 ready "m-wit1 supplem5t$ by a good k ( ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ 9 8 bus9ess1 are ! mak+ ( a good =eman4 ,if he possess ^! qualities1 no am\nt ( le>n+ w fit him bett] = 8 position2 :ile ! c\rse ( life & ! habit ( m9d requir$ = ! atta9m5t ( su* le>n+ may1 9 v>i\s direct & indirect ways1 act z direct disqualifications = x4 ,keep+ 9 m9d1 !n1 t ! two ?+s to be avoid$ are1 ! delay ( ! entrance ( boys into practical life1 & ! sub/itution ( exhau/$ bookworms = %rewd1 h&y m51 9 our works & factories1 let u consid] :at may be wisely & safely attempt$ 9 ! way ( improv+ ! education ( ! h&icraftsman4 ,fir/1 ,i look to ! elem5t>y s*ools n[ happily e/abli%$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,i am n go+ to criticise or f9d fault ) !m2 on ! contr>y1 _! e/abli%m5t seems to me to be ! mo/ important & ! mo/ b5eficial result ( ! corporate action ( ! p 9 our day4 ,a great deal is said ( ,briti% int]e/s j n[1 b1 dep5d ^u x1 t no ,ea/]n difficulty ne$s our int]v5tion z a nation s s]i\sly1 z ! putt+ d[n bo? ! ,ba%i-,baz\ks ( ignorance & ! ,cossacks ( sect>ianism at home4 ,:at has already be5 a*iev$ 9 ^! directions is a great ?+2 y mu/ h liv$ "s "t to "k h[ great4 ,an education1 bett] 9 its processes1 bett] 9 its sub/ance1 ?an t :i* 0 accessible to ! great majority ( well-to-d ,britons a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 is n[ obta9able by e *ild 9 ! l&4 ,let any man ( my age g into an ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool1 & unless he 0 unusually =tunate 9 8 y\?1 he w tell y t ! educational me?od1 ! intellig5ce1 pati5ce1 & good temp] on ! tea*]'s "p1 :i* are n[ at ! disposal ( ! v]ie/ waifs & wa/rels ( society1 are ?+s ( :i* he _h no exp]i5ce 9 ^? co/ly1 middle-class s*ools1 :i* 7 s +5i\sly contriv$ z to comb9e all ! evils & %ortcom+s ( ! great public s*ools ) none ( _! advantages4 ,_m a man1 ^: s-call$ education co/ a good deal ( valuable money & occupi$ _m a ye> ( invaluable "t1 leaves ! inspection ( a well-ord]$ elem5t>y s*ool dev\tly wi%+ t1 9 8 "y days1 he _h _h ! *ance ( be+ z well taught z ^! boys & girls are4 ,b :ile 9 view ( su* an advance 9 g5]al education1 ,i will+ly obey ! natural impulse to be ?ankful1 ,i am n will+ altoge!r to re/4 ,i want to see in/ruction 9 elem5t>y sci5ce & 9 art m ?or\ghly incorporat$ 9 ! educational sy/em4 ,at pres5t1 x is be+ adm9i/]$ by driblets1 z if x 7 a pot5t m$ic9e1 a few drops to be tak5 occasionally 9 a teaspoon4 ,e ye> ,i notice t t e>ne/ & untir+ fri5d ( y\rs & ( m9e1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 /irs up ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ?is subject2 & also t1 e ye>1 he1 & ! few memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 su* z ,dr4 ,playfair1 :o sympa?ise ) him1 are met ) expressions ( w>m admiration = sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & reasons at l>ge = do+ no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,b n[ t ,mr4 ,=/]1 to :om ! education ( ! c\ntry owes s mu*1 has ann\nc$ 8 conv]sion to ! "r fai?1 ,i beg9 to hope t1 soon] or lat]1 ?+s w m5d4 ,i h giv5 :at ,i believe to be a good reason = ! assumption1 t ! keep+ at s*ool ( boys1 :o are to be h&icraftsm51 beyond ! age ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 is nei!r practicable nor desirable2 &1 z x is q c]ta91 t1 ) ju/ice to o!r & no less important bran*es ( education1 no?+ m ?an ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce & art tea*+ c be introduc$ into elem5t>y s*ools1 we mu/ seek else:]e = a supplem5t>y tra9+ 9 ^! subjects1 &1 if ne$ be1 9 =eign languages1 :i* may g on aft] ! workman's life has begun4 ,! means ( acquir+ ! sci5tific & arti/ic "p ( ?is tra9+ already exi/s 9 full work+ ord]1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! classes ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 held 9 ! ev5+1 s z to be accessible to all :o *oose to avail !mselves ( !m aft] work+ h\rs4 ,! great advantage ( ^! classes is t !y br+ ! means ( in/ruction to ! doors ( ! factories & work%ops2 t !y are no artificial creations1 b by _! v exi/5ce prove ! desire ( ! p = !m2 & f9ally1 t !y admit ( indef9ite developm5t 9 proportion z !y are want$4 ,i h (t5 express$ ! op9ion1 & ,i repeat x "h1 t1 dur+ ! eighte5 ye>s !y h be5 9 exi/5ce ^! classes h done incalculable good2 & ,i c say1 ( my own k1 t ! ,dep>tm5t sp>es no pa9s & tr\ble 9 try+ to increase _! usefulness & ensure ! s\ndness ( _! "w4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an my fri5d ,colonel ,donnelly1 to ^: cle> views & great adm9i/rative abilities s mu* ( ! successful work+ ( ! sci5ce classes is due1 t !re is mu* to be done be=e ! sy/em c be said to be ?or\ghly satisfactory4 ,! in/ruction giv5 ne$s to be made m sy/ematic & especially m practical2 ! tea*]s are ( v unequal excell5ce1 & n a few /& mu* 9 ne$ ( in/ruction !mselves1 n only 9 ! subject :i* !y tea*1 b 9 ! objects = :i* !y tea*4 ,i d>e say y h he>d ( t proce$+1 reprobat$ by all true sportsm51 :i* is call$ %oot+ = ! pot4 ,well1 !re is su* a ?+ z tea*+ = ! pot--tea*+1 t is1 n t y\r s*ol> may "k1 b t he may c\nt = paym5t among ^? :o pass ! exam9ation2 & !re are "s tea*]s1 happily n _m1 :o h yet to le>n t ! exam9]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t reg>d !m z poa*]s ( ! wor/ description4 ,)\t presum+ 9 any way to speak 9 ! "n ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ,i ?9k ,i may say1 z a matt] :i* has come "u my own obs]vation1 t x is do+ its be/ to meet all ^! difficulties4 ,x sy/ematically promotes practical in/ruction 9 ! classes2 x af=ds facilities to tea*]s :o desire to le>n _! bus9ess ?or\ghly2 & x is always ready to aid 9 ! suppression ( pot-tea*+4 ,all ?is is1 z y may imag9e1 highly satisfactory to me4 ,i see t spread ( sci5tific education1 ab\t :i* ,i h s (t5 p]mitt$ myself to worry ! public1 become1 = all practical purposes1 an accompli%$ fact4 ,grateful z ,i am = all t is n[ be+ done1 9 ! same direction1 9 our high] s*ools & univ]sities1 ,i h ceas$ to h any anxiety ab\t ! weal?i] classes4 ,sci5tific k is spread+ by :at ! al*emi/s call$ a di/illatio p] asc5sum2 & no?+ n[ c prev5t x f cont9u+ to di/il upw>ds & p]meate ,engli% society1 until1 9 ! remote future1 !re %all be no memb] ( ! legislature :o does n "k z mu* ( sci5ce z an elem5t>y s*ool-boy2 & ev5 ! heads ( h\ses 9 our v5]able seats ( le>n+ %all ackn[l$ge t natural sci5ce is n m]ely a sort ( ,univ]sity back-door ?r\gh :i* inf]ior m5 may get at _! degrees4 ,p]haps ?is apocalyptic vision is a little wild2 & ,i feel ,i ought to ask p>don = an outbreak ( en?usiasm1 :i*1 ,i assure y1 is n my commone/ fail+4 ,i h said t ! ,gov]nm5t is already do+ a great deal 9 aid ( t k9d ( te*nical education = h&icraftsm5 :i*1 to my m9d1 is alone wor? seek+4 ,p]haps x is do+ z mu* z x ought to d1 ev5 9 ?is direction4 ,c]ta9ly !re is ano!r k9d ( help ( ! mo/ important "*1 = :i* we may look else:]e ?an to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! great mass ( mank9d h nei!r ! lik+1 nor ! aptitude1 = ei!r lit]>y1 or sci5tific1 or arti/ic pursuits2 nor1 inde$1 = excell5ce ( any sort4 ,_! ambition is to g ?r\gh life ) mod]ate ex]tion & a fair %>e ( ease1 do+ common ?+s 9 a common way4 ,& a great bless+ & com=t x is t ! majority ( m5 are ( ?is m9d2 = ! majority ( ?+s to be done are common ?+s1 & are q well en\gh done :5 commonly done4 ,! great end ( life is n k b action4 ,:at m5 ne$ is1 z mu* k z !y c assimilate & organise into a basis = action2 give !m m & x may become injuri\s4 ,"o kn[s p :o are z heavy & /upid f undige/$ le>n+ z o!rs are f ov]-fulness ( meat & dr9k4 ,b a small p]c5tage ( ! population is born ) t mo/ excell5t quality1 a desire = excell5ce1 or ) special aptitudes ( "s sort or ano!r2 ,mr4 ,galton tells u t n m ?an "o 9 f\r ?\s& may be expect$ to atta9 di/9ction1 & n m ?an "o 9 a million "s %>e ( t int5sity ( in/9ctive aptitude1 t burn+ ?ir/ = excell5ce1 :i* is call$ g5ius4 ,n[1 ! mo/ important object ( all educational s*emes is to cat* ^! exceptional p1 & turn !m to acc\nt = ! good ( society4 ,no man c say :]e !y w crop up2 l _! opposites1 ! fools & knaves1 !y appe> sometimes 9 ! palace1 & sometimes 9 ! hovel2 b ! great ?+ to be aim$ at1 ,i 0 almo/ go+ to say ! mo/ important end ( all social arrangem5ts1 is to keep ^! glori\s sports ( ,nature f be+ ei!r corrupt$ by luxury or />v$ by pov]ty1 & to put !m into ! position 9 :i* !y c d ! "w = :i* !y are especially fitt$4 ,?us1 if a lad 9 an elem5t>y s*ool %[$ signs ( special capacity1 ,i w\ld try to provide him ) ! means ( cont9u+ 8 education aft] 8 daily work+ life _h begun2 if 9 ! ev5+ classes he develop$ special capabilities 9 ! direction ( sci5ce or ( draw+1 ,i w\ld try to secure him an appr5tice%ip to "s trade 9 :i* ^? p[]s w\ld h applicability4 ,or1 if he *ose to become a tea*]1 he %\ld h ! *ance ( s do+4 ,f9ally1 to ! lad ( g5ius1 ! "o 9 a million1 ,i w\ld make accessible ! highe/ & mo/ complete tra9+ ! c\ntry c\ld af=d4 ,:atev] t might co/1 dep5d ^u x ! inve/m5t w\ld be a good "o4 ,i weigh my words :5 ,i say t if ! nation c\ld pur*ase a pot5tial ,watt1 or ,davy1 or ,f>aday1 at ! co/ ( a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds d[n1 he w\ld be dirt-*eap at ! money4 ,x is a m]e commonplace & ev]yday piece ( k1 t :at ^! ?ree m5 did has produc$ untold millions ( weal?1 9 ! n>r[e/ economical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!re=e1 z ! sum & cr[n ( :at is to be done = te*nical education1 ,i look to ! provision ( a ma*9]y = w9n[+ out ! capacities & giv+ !m scope4 ,:5 ,i 0 a memb] ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,i said1 9 ! c\rse ( a spee*1 t our bus9ess 0 to provide a ladd]1 rea*+ f ! gutt] to ! univ]sity1 along :i* e *ild 9 ! ?ree k+doms %\ld h ! *ance ( climb+ z f> z he 0 fit to g4 ,?is phrase 0 s mu* b&i$ ab\t at ! "t1 t1 to say tru?1 ,i am r tir$ ( x2 b ,i "k ( no o!r :i* s fully expresses my belief1 n only ab\t education 9 g5]al1 b ab\t te*nical education 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ess5tial f\ndation ( all ! organisation ne$$ = ! promotion ( education among h&icraftsm5 w1 ,i believe1 exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 e work+ lad c feel t society has done z mu* z lies 9 its p[] to remove all ne$less & artificial ob/acles f 8 pa?2 t !re is no b>ri]1 except su* z exi/s 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 betwe5 himself & :atev] place 9 ! social organisation he is fitt$ to fill2 &1 m ?an ?is1 t1 if he has capacity & indu/ry1 a h& is held out to help him along any pa? :i* is wisely & hone/ly *os54 ,i h endeav\r$ to po9t out to y t a great deal ( su* an organisation already exi/s2 & ,i am glad to be able to add t !re is a good prospect t :at is want+ w1 be=e long1 be supplem5t$4 ,^? p[]ful & weal?y societies1 ! liv]y companies ( ! ,city ( ,london1 rememb]+ t !y are ! heirs & repres5tatives ( ! trade guilds ( ! ,middle ,ages1 are int]e/+ !mselves 9 ! "q4 ,s f> back z #ahgb ! ,society ( ,arts organis$ a sy/em ( in/ruction 9 ! te*nology ( arts & manufactures1 = p]sons actually employ$ 9 factories & work%ops1 :o desir$ to ext5d & improve _! k ( ! !ory & practice ( _! p>ticul> avocations2 #a & a consid]able subsidy1 9 aid ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,society1 0 lib]ally grant$ by ! ,clo?work]s' ,company4 ,we h "h ! hopeful comm5cem5t ( a rational organisation = ! promotion ( excell5ce among h&icraftsm54 ,q rec5tly1 o!r ( ! liv]y companies h det]m9$ ^u giv+ _! p[]ful1 &1 inde$1 almo/ b\ndless1 aid to ! improvem5t ( ! tea*+ ( h&icrafts4 ,!y h already gone s f> z to appo9t a committee to act = !m2 & ,i betray no confid5ce 9 add+ t1 "s "t s9ce1 ! committee s\ght ! advice & assi/ance ( sev]al p]sons1 myself among ! numb]4 ,( c\rse ,i _c tell y :at may be ! result ( ! delib]ations ( ! committee2 b we may all fairly hope t1 be=e long1 /eps :i* w h a weighty & a la/+ influ5ce on ! gr[? & spread ( s\nd & ?or\gh tea*+ among ! h&icraftsm5 #b ( ?is c\ntry w be tak5 by ! liv]y companies ( ,london4 ,?is hope has be5 fully ju/ifi$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,c[p] ,/reet ,s*ools1 & t ( ! ,c5tral ,in/itution ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute1 ,septemb]1 #ahha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnotes3 #a ,see ! ,programme = #ahgh1 issu$ by ! ,society ( ,arts1 p4 #ad4 #b ,x is p]haps advisable to rem>k t ! important "q ( ! pr(essional education ( manag]s ( indu/rial works is n t\*$ 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,,xvii ,,address ,,on ,,behalf ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,te*nical ,,education #ahhg4 ,mr4 ,mayor & ,g5tlem51--,x mu/ be a matt] ( s9c]e satisfaction to ^? :o1 l myself1 h = _m ye>s pa/ be5 conv9c$ ( ! vital importance ( te*nical education to ?is c\ntry to see t t subject is n[ be+ tak5 up by "s ( ! mo/ important ( our manufactur+ t[ns4 ,! evid5ce :i* is af=d$ ( ! public int]e/ 9 ! matt] by su* meet+s z ^? at ,liv]pool & ,newca/le1 &1 la/ b n lea/1 by t at :i* ,i h ! hon\r to be pres5t to-day1 may conv9ce u all1 ,i ?9k1 t ! "q has pass$ out ( ! region ( speculation into t ( action4 ,i ne$ h>dly say to any "o "h t ! task :i* our ,association contemplates is n only "o ( prim>y importance--,i may say ( vital importance--to ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry2 b t x is "o ( great ext5t & ( va/ difficulty4 ,!re is a well-worn adage t ^? :o set out ^u a great ent]prise w\ld d well to c\nt ! co/4 ,i am n sure t ?is is always true4 ,i ?9k t "s ( ! v greate/ ent]prises 9 ?is _w h be5 c>ri$ out successfully simply because ! p :o und]took !m did n c\nt ! co/2 & ,i am mu* ( op9ion t1 9 ?is v case1 ! mo/ in/ructive consid]ation = u is ! co/ ( do+ no?+4 ,b !re is "o ?+ t is p]fectly c]ta91 & x is t1 9 und]tak+ all ent]prises1 "o ( ! mo/ important conditions ( success is to h a p]fectly cle> compreh5sion ( :at y want to d--to h t be=e y\r m9ds be=e y set out1 & f t po9t ( view to consid] c>efully ! measures :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! end4 ,mr4 ,acl& has j giv5 y an excell5t acc\nt ( :at is prop]ly & /rictly und]/ood by te*nical education2 b ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! purpose ( ?is ,association may be /at$ 9 some:at broad] t]ms1 & t ! object we h 9 view is ! developm5t ( ! indu/rial productivity ( ! c\ntry to ! utt]mo/ limits consi/5t ) social welf>e4 ,& y w obs]ve t1 9 ?us wid5+ ! def9ition ( our object1 ,i h gone no fur!r ?an ! ,mayor 9 8 spee*1 :5 he n obscurely h9t$--& mo/ ju/ly h9t$--t 9 deal+ ) ?is "q !re are o!r matt]s ?an te*nical education1 9 ! /rict s5se1 to be consid]$4 ,x w\ld be extreme presumption on my "p if ,i 7 to attempt to tell an audi5ce ( g5tlem5 intimately acqua9t$ ) all bran*es ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 su* z ,i see be=e me1 9 :at mann] ! practical details ( ! op]ations t we propose are to be c>ri$ out4 ,i am absolutely ignorant bo? ( trade & ( comm]ce1 & ^u su* matt]s ,i _c v5ture to say a solit>y ^w4 ,b !re is "o direction 9 :i* ,i ?9k x possible ,i may be ( s]vice--n mu* p]haps1 b /ill ( "s1--because ?is matt]1 9 ! fir/ place1 involves ! consid]ation ( me?ods ( education ) :i* x has be5 my bus9ess to occupy myself dur+ ! great] "p ( my life2 &1 9 ! second place1 x involves att5tion to "s ( ^? broad facts & laws ( nature ) :i* x has be5 my bus9ess to acqua9t myself to ! be/ ( my ability4 ,& :at ,i ?9k may be possible is ?is1 t if ,i succe$ 9 putt+ be=e y--z briefly z ,i c1 b 9 cle> & connect$ %ape--:at /rikes me z ! programme t we h ev5tually to c>ry out1 & :at are ! indisp5sable conditions ( success1 t t proce$+1 :e!r ! conclusions at :i* ,i arrive be su* z y approve or z y disapprove1 w nev]!less help to cle> ! c\rse4 ,9 ?is & 9 all complicat$ matt]s we mu/ rememb] a say+ ( ,bacon1 :i* may be freely translat$ ?us3 ,consi/5t error is v (t5 va/ly m useful ?an muddle-head$ tru?4 ,at any rate1 if !re be any error 9 ! conclusions ,i %all put be=e y1 ,i w d my be/ to make ! error p]fectly cle> & pla94 ,n[1 look+ at ! "q ( :at we want to d 9 ?is broad & g5]al way1 x appe>s to me t x is necess>y = u1 9 ! fir/ place1 to am5d & improve our sy/em ( prim>y education 9 su* a fa%ion z w make x a prop] prep>ation = ! bus9ess ( life4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i ?9k we h to consid] :at measures may be/ be adopt$ = ! developm5t to its utt]mo/ ( t :i* may be call$ te*nical skill2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 ,i ?9k we h to consid] :at o!r matt]s !re are = u to att5d to1 :at o!r arrangem5ts h to be kept c>efully 9 sight 9 ord] t1 :ile pursu+ ^! ends1 we d n =get t :i* is ! end ( civil exi/5ce1 ,i mean a /able social /ate )\t :i* all o!r measures are m]ely futile1 &1 9 effect1 modes ( go+ fa/] to ru94 ,y are aw>e--no p %\ld "k ! fact bett] ?an ,man*e/] p--t1 )9 ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s1 a va/ sy/em ( prim>y education has be5 creat$ & ext5d$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,i _h "s "p 9 ! orig9al organisation ( ?is sy/em 9 ,london1 & ,i am glad to ?9k t1 aft] all ^! ye>s1 ,i c look back ^u t p]iod ( my life z p]haps ! "p ( x lea/ wa/$4 ,no "o c d\bt t ?is sy/em ( prim>y education has done wond]s = our population2 b1 f our po9t ( view1 ,i d n ?9k anybody c d\bt t x /ill has v consid]able defects4 ,x has ! defect :i* is common to all ! educational sy/ems :i* we h inh]it$--x is too booki%1 too little practical4 ,! *ild is br\ght too little into contact ) actual facts & ?+s1 & z ! sy/em /&s at pres5t x con/itutes next to no education ( ^? p>ticul> faculties :i* are ( ! utmo/ importance to indu/rial life--,i mean ! faculty ( obs]vation1 ! faculty ( work+ accurately1 ( deal+ ) ?+s in/ead ( ) words4 ,i d n propose to enl>ge ^u ?is topic1 b ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/ t !re are "o or two rem$ial measures :i* are imp]atively ne$$2 inde$1 !y h already be5 allud$ to by ,mr4 ,acl&4 ,^? :i* /rike me z ( ! greate/ importance are two1 & ! fir/ ( !m is ! tea*+ ( draw+4 ,9 my judgm5t1 !re is no mode ( ex]cis+ ! faculty ( obs]vation & ! faculty ( accurate reproduction ( t :i* is obs]v$1 no discipl9e :i* s readily te/s error 9 ^! matt]s1 z draw+ prop]ly taught4 ,& by t ,i d n mean arti/ic draw+2 ,i mean figur+ natural objects3 mak+ plans & sections1 approa*+ geometrical r ?an arti/ic draw+4 ,i d n wi% to exagg]ate1 b ,i decl>e to y t1 9 my judgm5t1 ! *ild :o has be5 taught to make an accurate elevation1 plan & section ( a p9t pot has _h an admirable tra9+ 9 accuracy ( eye & h&4 ,i am n talk+ ab\t arti/ic education4 ,t is n ! "q4 ,accuracy is ! f\ndation ( ev]y?+ else1 & in/ruction 9 arti/ic draw+ is some?+ :i* may be put (f till a lat] /age4 ,no?+ has /ruck me m 9 ! c\rse ( my life ?an ! loss :i* p]sons1 :o are pursu+ sci5tific k ( any k9d1 su/a9 f ! difficulties :i* arise because !y nev] h be5 taught elem5t>y draw+2 & ,i am glad to say t 9 ,eton1 a s*ool ( ^: gov]n+ body ,i h ! hon\r ( be+ a memb]1 we "s ye>s ago made draw+ imp]ative on ! :ole s*ool4 ,! o!r matt] 9 :i* we want "s sy/ematic & good tea*+ is :at ,i h h>dly a "n =1 b :i* may be/ be expla9$ z a sort ( develop$ object lessons su* z ,mr4 ,acl& adv]t$ to4 ,anybody :o kn[s 8 bus9ess 9 sci5ce c make any?+ subs]vi5t to t purpose4 ,y "k x 0 said ( ,dean ,swift t he c\ld write an admirable poem ^u a broom/ick1 & ! man :o has a real k ( sci5ce c make ! commone/ object 9 ! _w subs]vi5t to an introduction to ! pr9ciples & great] tru?s ( natural k4 ,x is 9 t way t y\r sci5ce mu/ be taught if x is to be ( real s]vice4 ,d n suppose any am\nt ( book "w1 any repetition by rote ( cate*isms & o!r abom9ations ( t k9d are ( value = our object4 ,t is m]e wa/+ ( "t4 ,b take ! commone/ object & lead ! *ild f t f\ndation to su* tru?s ( a high] ord] z may be )9 8 grasp4 ,) reg>d to draw+1 ,i d n ?9k !re is any practical difficulty2 b 9 respect to ! sci5tific object lessons y want tea*]s tra9$ 9 a mann] diff]5t f t :i* n[ prevails4 ,if x is f\nd practicable to add fur!r tra9+ ( ! h& & eye by in/ruction 9 modell+ or 9 simple c>p5try1 well & good4 ,b ,i %\ld /op at ?is po9t4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools are already *>g$ ) q z mu* z !y c d prop]ly2 & ,i d n believe t any good c come ( burd5+ !m ) special te*nical in/ruction4 ,out ( t1 ,i ?9k1 h>m w\ld come4 ,n[ let me pass to my second po9t1 :i* is ! developm5t ( te*nical skill4 ,ev]ybody "h is aw>e t at ?is pres5t mom5t !re is h>dly a bran* ( trade or ( comm]ce :i* does n dep5d1 m or less directly1 ^u "s dep>tm5t or o!r ( physical sci5ce1 :i* does n involve1 = its successful pursuit1 reason+ f sci5tific data4 ,our ma*9]y1 our *emical processes or dyeworks1 & a ?\s& op]ations :i* x is n necess>y to m5tion1 are all directly & imm$iately connect$ ) sci5ce4 ,y h to look among y\r workm5 & =em5 = p]sons :o %all intellig5tly grasp ! modifications1 bas$ ^u sci5ce1 :i* are con/antly be+ introduc$ into ^! indu/rial processes4 ,i d n mean t y want pr(essional *emi/s1 or physici/s1 or ma!maticians1 or ! l1 b y want p suffici5tly famili> ) ! broad pr9ciples :i* und]lie indu/rial op]ations to be able to adapt !mselves to new conditions4 ,su* qualifications c only be secur$ by a sort ( sci5tific in/ruction :i* occupies a midway place betwe5 ^? prim>y notions giv5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools & ^? m advanc$ /udies :i* w\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! te*nical s*ools4 ,y are aw>e t1 at pres5t1 a v l>ge ma*9]y is 9 op]ation = ! purpose ( giv+ ?is in/ruction4 ,i don't ref] m]ely to su* "w z is be+ done at ,ow5s ,college "h1 = example1 or at o!r local colleges4 ,i allude to ! l>g] op]ations ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 ) :i* ,i h be5 connect$ = a great _m ye>s4 ,i con/antly he> a great _m objections rais$ to ! "w ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,if y w all[ me to say s1 my connection ) t dep>tm5t--:i*1 ,i am happy to say1 rema9s1 & :i* ,i am v pr\d (--is purely honor>y2 &1 if x appe>$ to me to be "r to criticise t dep>tm5t ) m]ciless sev]ity1 ! ,"l ,presid5t1 if he 7 incl9$ to res5t my proce$+s1 c\ld d no?+ m ?an dismiss me4 ,!re=e y may believe t ,i speak ) absolute imp>tiality4 ,my impression is ?is1 n t x is faultless1 nor t x has n v>i\s defects1 nor t !re are n sundry lacunae :i* want fill+ up2 b t1 if we consid] ! conditions "u :i* ! dep>tm5t works1 we %all see t c]ta9 defects are insep>able f ^? conditions4 ,p talk ( ! want ( flexibility ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ( its be+ b\nd by /rict rules4 ,n[1 w any man ( common s5se :o has _h any?+ to d ) ! adm9i/ration ( public funds or kn[s ! hum\r ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ^! matt]s--w any man :o is 9 ! smalle/ degree acqua9t$ ) ! practical work+ ( ,/ate dep>tm5ts ( any k9d1 imag9e t su* a dep>tm5t c\ld be o!r ?an b\nd by m9utely def9$ regulations8 ,c he imag9e t ! "w ( ! dep>tm5t %\ld g on fairly & 9 su* a mann] z to be free f j criticism1 unless x 7 b\nd by c]ta9 def9ite & fix$ rules8 ,i _c imag9e x4 ,! next objection ( importance t ,i h he>d commonly repeat$ is t ! tea*+ is too !oretical1 t !re is insuffici5t practical tea*+4 ,i v5ture to say t !re is no "o :o has tak5 m pa9s to insi/ ^u ! comp>ative uselessness ( sci5tific tea*+ )\t practical "w ?an ,i h2 ,i v5ture to say t !re are no p]sons :o are m cognisant ( ^! defects 9 ! "w ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t ?an ^? :o adm9i/] x4 ,b ^? :o talk 9 ?is way %\ld acqua9t !mselves ) ! fact t prop] practical in/ruction is a matt] ( no small difficulty 9 ! pres5t sc>city ( prop]ly taught tea*]s1 t x is v co/ly1 & t1 9 "s bran*es ( sci5ce1 !re are o!r difficulties :i* ,i won't allude to4 ,b x is a matt] ( fact t1 :]ev] x has be5 possible1 practical tea*+ has be5 introduc$1 & has be5 made an ess5tial elem5t 9 exam9ation2 & no d\bt if ! ,h\se ( ,commons w\ld grant unlimit$ means1 & if prop] tea*]s 7 to h&1 z ?ick z blackb]ries1 !re w\ld n be mu* difficulty 9 organis+ a complete sy/em ( practical in/ruction & exam9ation ancill>y to ! pres5t sci5ce classes4 ,^? :o qu>rel ) ! pres5t /ate ( affairs w\ld be bett] advis$ if1 in/ead ( groan+ ov] ! %ortcom+s ( ! pres5t sy/em1 !y w\ld put be=e !mselves ^! two que/ions--,is x possible "u ! conditions to inv5t any bett] sy/em8 ,is x possible "u ! conditions to enl>ge ! "w ( practical tea*+ & practical exam9ation :i* is ! "o desire ( ^? :o adm9i/] ! dep>tm5t8 ,t is all ,i h to say ^u t subject4 ,suppos+ we h ?is tea*+ ( :at ,i may call int]m$iate sci5ce1 :at we want next is te*nical in/ruction1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w te*nical2 ,i mean in/ruction 9 t k9d ( k :i* is ess5tial to ! successful prosecution ( ! sev]al bran*es ( trade & indu/ry4 ,n[1 ! be/ way ( obta9+ ?is end is a matt] ab\t :i* ! mo/ exp]i5c$ p]sons ent]ta9 v div]se op9ions4 ,i d n = "o mom5t pret5d to dogmatise ab\t x2 ,i c only tell y :at ! op9ion is t ,i h =m$ f he>+ ! views ( ^? :o are c]ta9ly be/ qualifi$ to judge1 f ^? :o h te/$ ! v>i\s me?ods ( convey+ ?is in/ruction4 ,i ?9k we h be=e u ?ree possibilities4 ,we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 trade s*ools--,i mean s*ools 9 :i* bran*es ( trade are taught4 ,we h1 9 ! next place1 s*ools atta*$ to factories = ! purpose ( in/ruct+ "y appr5tices & o!rs :o g !re1 & :o aim at becom+ intellig5t workm5 & capable =em54 ,we h1 la/ly1 ! sy/em ( day classes & ev5+ classes4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ !re is ?is objection1 t !y c be att5d$ only by ^? :o are n oblig$ to e>n _! bread1 & consequ5tly t !y w rea* only a v small fraction ( ! population4 ,moreov]1 ! exp5se ( trade s*ools is enorm\s1 & ^? :o are be/ able to judge assure me t1 inasmu* z ! "w :i* !y d is n done "u conditions ( pecuni>y success or failure1 x is apt to be too amateuri% & speculative1 & t x does n prep>e ! work] = ! real conditions "u :i* he w h to c>ry out 8 "w4 ,9 any case1 ! fact t ! s*ools are v exp5sive1 & ! fact t !y are accessible only to a small portion ( ! population1 seem to me to con/itute a v s]i\s objection to !m4 ,i suppose ! be/ ( all possible organisations is t ( a s*ool atta*$ to a factory1 :]e ! employ] has an int]e/ 9 see+ t ! in/ruction giv5 is ( a ?or\ghly practical k9d1 & :]e ! pupils pass gradually by successive /ages to ! position ( actual workm54 ,s*ools ( ?is k9d exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b x is obvi\s t !y are n likely to be rea*$ by any l>ge "p ( ! population2 s t x appe>s to me we are %ut up practically to s*ools accessible to ^? :o are e>n+ _! bread1 & 9 su* cases !y mu/ be ess5tially ev5+ classes4 ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t classes ( ?is k9d d an imm5se am\nt ( good2 t !y h ?is admirable quality1 t !y involve volunt>y att5dance1 take no man out ( 8 position1 b enable any :o *ooses1 to make ! be/ ( ! position he happ5s to occupy4 ,suppose t all ^! ?+s are desirable1 :at is ! be/ way ( obta9+ !m8 ,i mu/ confess t ,i h a /rong prejudice 9 fav\r ( c>ry+ out und]tak+s ( ?is k9d1 :i* at fir/1 at any rate1 mu/ be to a great ext5t t5tative & exp]im5tal1 by private ef=t4 ,i don't believe t ! man lives at ?is pres5t "t :o is compet5t to organise a f9al sy/em ( te*nical education4 ,i believe t all attempts made 9 t direction mu/ = _m ye>s to come be exp]im5tal1 & t we mu/ get to success ?r\gh a s]ies ( blund]s4 ,n[ t "w is f> bett] p]=m$ by private ent]prise ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,b !re is ano!r me?od :i* ,i ?9k is p]missible1 & n only p]missible b highly recomm5dable 9 ?is case1 & t is ! me?od ( all[+ ! locality itself 9 :i* any bran* ( indu/ry is pursu$ to be its own judge ( its own wants1 & to tax itself "u c]ta9 conditions = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out any s*eme ( te*nical education adapt$ to its ne$s4 ,i am aw>e t !re are _m extreme !ori/s ( ! individuali/ s*ool :o hold t all ?is is v wick$ & v wrong1 & t by leav+ ?+s to !mselves !y w get "r4 ,well1 my exp]i5ce ( ! _w is t ?+s left to !mselves don't get "r4 ,i believe x to be s\nd doctr9e t a municipality--& ! ,/ate itself = t matt]--is a corporation exi/+ = ! b5efit ( its memb]s1 & t "h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 x is = ! majority to det]m9e t :i* is = ! good ( ! :ole1 & to act ^u t4 ,t is ! pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! :ole !ory ( gov]nm5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 & if x is wrong we %all h to g back a long way4 ,b y may ask me1 ,?is process ( local taxation c only be c>ri$ out "u ! au?ority ( an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & d y propose to let any municipality or any local au?ority h c>te blan*e 9 ^! matt]s2 is ! ,legislature to all[ x to tax ! :ole body ( its memb]s to any ext5t x pleases & = any purposes x pleases8 ,i %\ld reply1 c]ta9ly n4 ,let me po9t out to y t at ?is pres5t mom5t x passes ! wit ( man1 s f> z ,i "k1 to give a legal def9ition ( te*nical education4 ,if y expect to h an ,act ( ,p>liam5t ) a def9ition :i* %all include all t ought to be includ$1 & exclude all t ought to be exclud$1 ,i ?9k y w h to wait a v long "t4 ,i imag9e ! :ole matt] is 9 a t5tative /ate4 ,y don't "k :at y w be call$ ^u to d1 & s y mu/ try & y mu/ blund]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is obvi\s t !re are two alt]natives4 ,"o ( ^! is to give a free h& to ea* locality4 ,well1 x is )9 my k t !re are a good _m p ) wond]ful1 /range1 & wild notions z to :at ought to be done 9 te*nical education1 & x is q possible t 9 "s places1 & especially 9 small places1 :]e !re are few p]sons :o take an int]e/ 9 ^! ?+s1 y w h v rem>kable projects put =?1 & 9 t case ! sole c\rt ( appeal = ^? taxpay]s1 :o did n approve ( su* projects1 w\ld be a c\rt ( law4 ,i suppose ! judges w\ld h to settle :at is te*nical education4 ,t w\ld n be an edify+ process1 ,i ?9k1 & c]ta9ly x w\ld be a v co/ly "o4 ,! o!r alt]native is ! pr9ciple adopt$ 9 ! bill ( la/ ye> n[ ab&on$4 ,i don't say :e!r ! bill 0 "r or wrong 9 detail4 ,i am deal+ n[ only ) ! pr9ciple ( ! bill1 :i* appe>s to me to h be5 v (t5 misund]/ood4 ,x has be5 said t x gave ! :ole ( te*nical education into ! h&s ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,x appe>s to me no?+ c\ld be m unf\nd$ ?an t ass]tion4 ,all ,i und]/& ! ,gov]nm5t propos$ to d 0 to provide "s au?ority :o %\ld h p[] to say 9 case any s*eme 0 propos$1 ,well1 ?is comes )9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 "w x z y l2 or if x 0 an obvi\sly que/ionable project1 %\ld take ^u itself ! responsibility ( say+1 ,no1 t is n :at ! ,legislature int5d$2 am5d y\r s*eme4 ,!re 0 no initiative1 no control2 !re 0 simply ?is p[] ( giv+ au?ority to decide ^u ! mean+ ( ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t to a p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate1 :i*ev] x might be2 & x seems to me t t is a v mu* simpl] & bett] process ?an relegat+ ! :ole "q to ! law c\rts4 ,i ?9k t "h1 or any:]e else1 p mu/ be extremely sangu9e if !y suppose t ! ,h\se ( ,commons & ! ,h\se ( ,lords w ev] dream ( giv+ any local au?ority unlimit$ p[] to tax ! inhabitants ( a di/rict = any object x pleases4 ,i %\ld say t 0 n 9 ! range ( practical politics4 ,well1 ,i put t be=e y z a matt] = y\r consid]ation4 ,ano!r v important po9t 9 ?is connection is ! "q ( ! supply ( tea*]s4 ,i %\ld say t is "o ( ! greate/ difficulties :i* beset ! :ole problem be=e u4 ,i d n wi% 9 ! slighte/ degree to criticise ! exi/+ sy/em ( prep>+ tea*]s = ord9>y s*ool "w4 ,i h no?+ to say ab\t x4 ,b :at ,i d wi% to say1 & :at ,i tru/ ,i may impress on y\r m9ds firmly is ?is1 t = ! purpose ( obta9+ p]sons compet5t to tea* sci5ce or to act z te*nical tea*]s1 a diff]5t sy/em mu/ be adopt$4 ,= ?is purpose a man mu/ "k :at he is ab\t ?or\ghly1 & be able to deal ) 8 subject z if x 7 ! bus9ess ( 8 ord9>y life4 ,= ?is purpose1 = ! obta9+ ( tea*]s ( sci5ce & ( te*nical classes1 ! sy/em ( cat*+ a boy or girl "y1 mak+ a pupil tea*] ( him1 compell+ ! poor little mortal to p\r f 8 little bucket1 into a /ill small] bucket1 t :i* has j be5 p\r$ into x out ( a big bucket2 & pass+ him aft]w>ds ?r\gh ! tra9+ college1 :]e 8 life is devot$ to fill+ ! bucket f ! pump f morn+ till night1 )\t "t = ?\ght or reflection1 is a sy/em :i* %\ld n cont9ue4 ,let me assure y t x w n d = u1 t y _h bett] give ! attempt up ?an try t sy/em4 ,i rememb] some:]e read+ ( an int]view betwe5 ! poet ,s\!y & a good ,quak]4 ,s\!y 0 a man ( m>vell\s p[]s ( "w4 ,he _h a habit ( divid+ 8 "t into little p>ts ea* ( :i* 0 fill$ up1 & he told ! ,quak] :at he did 9 ?is h\r & t1 & s on ?r\gh ! day until f> into ! night4 ,! ,quak] li/5$1 & at ! close said1 ,well1 b1 fri5d ,s\!y1 :5 do/ !e ?9k8 ,! sy/em :i* ,i am n[ adv]t+ to is arraign$ & condemn$ by putt+ t "q to x4 ,:5 does ! unhappy pupil tea*]1 or ov]-drill$ /ud5t ( a tra9+ college1 f9d any "t to ?9k8 ,i am sure if ,i 7 9 _! place ,i c\ld n4 ,i repeat1 t k9d ( ?+ w n d = sci5ce tea*]s4 ,= sci5ce tea*]s mu/ h k1 & k is n to be acquir$ on ^! t]ms4 ,! p[] ( repetition is1 b t is n k4 ,! k :i* is absolutely requisite 9 deal+ ) "y *ildr5 is ! k y possess1 z y w\ld "k y\r own bus9ess1 & :i* y c j turn ab\t z if y 7 expla9+ to a boy a matt] ( ev]yday life4 ,s f> z sci5ce tea*+ & te*nical education are conc]n$1 ! mo/ important ( all ?+s is to provide ! ma*9]y = tra9+ prop] tea*]s4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art has be5 at t "w = ye>s & ye>s1 & ?\gh unable "u pres5t conditions to d s mu* z c\ld be wi%$1 x has1 ,i believe1 already begun to leav5 ! lump to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,if te*nical education is to be c>ri$ out on ! scale at pres5t contemplat$1 ?is p>ticul> necessity mu/ be specially & mo/ s]i\sly provid$ =4 ,& !re is ano!r difficulty1 namely1 t :5 y h got y\r sci5ce or te*nical tea*] x may n be easy to keep him4 ,y h educat$ a man--a clev] fell[ v likely--on ! und]/&+ t he is to be a tea*]4 ,b ! bus9ess ( tea*+ is n a v lucrative & n a v attractive "o1 & an able man :o has _h a good tra9+ is "u extreme temptations to c>ry 8 k & 8 skill to a bett] m>ket1 9 :i* case y h _h all y\r tr\ble = no?+4 ,x has (t5 occurr$ to me t probably no?+ w\ld be ( m s]vice 9 ?is matt] ?an ! creation ( a numb] ( n v l>ge burs>ies or exhibitions1 to be ga9$ by p]sons nom9at$ by ! au?orities ( ! v>i\s sci5ce colleges & s*ools ( ! c\ntry--p]sons su* z !y ?\ght to be well qualifi$ = ! tea*+ bus9ess--& to be held = a c]ta9 t]m ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! hold]s %\ld be b\nd to tea*4 ,i believe t "s measure ( ?is k9d w\ld d m to secure a good supply ( tea*]s ?an any?+ else4 ,pray note t ,i d n sugge/ t y %\ld try to get hold ( good tea*]s by competitive exam9ation4 ,t is n ! be/ way ( gett+ m5 ( t special qualification4 ,an effectual me?od w\ld be to ask pr(essors & tea*]s ( any in/itution to recomm5d m5 :o1 to _! own k1 are wor?y ( su* support1 & are likely to turn x to good acc\nt4 ,i tru/ ,i am n deta9+ y too long2 b !re rema9s yet "o o!r matt] :i* ,i ?9k is ( pr(\nd importance1 p]haps ( m importance ?an all ! re/1 on :i* ,i e>ne/ly beg to be p]mitt$ to say "s few words4 ,x is ! ne$1 :ile do+ all ^! ?+s1 ( keep+ an eye1 & an anxi\s eye1 ^u ^? measures :i* are necess>y = ! pres]vation ( t /able & s\nd condition ( ! :ole social organism :i* is ! ess5tial condition ( real progress1 & a *ief end ( all education4 ,y w all recollect t "s "t ago !re 0 a sc&al & a great outcry ab\t c]ta9 cutlasses & bayonets :i* _h be5 suppli$ to our troops & sailors4 ,^! w>like implem5ts 7 poli%$ z bright z rubb+ c\ld make !m2 !y 7 v well %>p5$2 !y look$ lovely4 ,b :5 !y 7 appli$ to ! te/ ( ! "w ( w> !y broke & !y b5t1 & prov$ m likely to hurt ! h& ( him t us$ !m ?an to d any h>m to ! enemy4 ,let me apply t analogy to ! effect ( education1 :i* is a %>p5+ & poli%+ ( ! m9d4 ,y may develop ! intellectual side ( p z f> z y l1 & y may conf] ^u !m all ! skill t tra9+ & in/ruction c give2 b1 if !re is n1 und]nea? all t outside =m & sup]ficial poli%1 ! firm fibre ( heal?y manhood & e>ne/ desire to d well1 y\r lab\r is absolutely 9 va94 ,let me fur!r call y\r att5tion to ! fact t ! t]rible battle ( competition betwe5 ! diff]5t nations ( ! _w is no transitory ph5om5on1 & does n dep5d ^u ?is or t fluctuation ( ! m>ket1 or ^u any condition t is likely to pass away4 ,x is ! inevitable result ( t :i* takes place ?r\gh\t nature & affects man's "p ( nature z mu* z any o!r--namely1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 aris+ out ( ! con/ant t5d5cy ( all creatures 9 ! animat$ _w to multiply indef9itely4 ,x is t1 if y look at x1 :i* is at ! bottom ( all ! great movem5ts ( hi/ory4 ,x is t inh]5t t5d5cy ( ! social organism to g5]ate ! causes ( its own de/ruction1 nev] yet c\nt]act$1 :i* has be5 at ! bottom ( half ! cata/rophes :i* h ru9$ ,/ates4 ,we are at pres5t 9 ! swim ( "o ( ^? va/ movem5ts 9 :i*1 ) a population f> 9 excess ( t :i* we c fe$1 we are sav$ f a cata/rophe1 ?r\gh ! impossibility ( fe$+ !m1 solely by our possession ( a fair %>e ( ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,& 9 ord] t t fair %>e may be reta9$1 x is absolutely necess>y t we %\ld be able to produce commodities :i* we c ex*ange ) food-gr[+ p1 & :i* !y w take1 r ?an ^? ( our rivals1 on ! gr\nd ( _! great] *eapness or ( _! great] excell5ce4 ,t is ! :ole /ory4 ,& our c\rse1 let me say1 is n actuat$ by m]e motives ( ambition or by m]e motives ( gre$4 ,^? d\btless are visible en\gh on ! surface ( ^! great movem5ts1 b ! movem5ts !mselves h f> deep] s\rces4 ,if !re 7 no su* ?+s z ambition & gre$ 9 ?is _w1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce w\ld arise f ! same causes4 ,our sole *ance ( succe$+ 9 a competition1 :i* mu/ con/antly become m & m sev]e1 is t our p %all n only h ! k & ! skill :i* are requir$1 b t !y %all h ! w & ! en]gy & ! hone/y1 )\t :i* nei!r k nor skill c be ( any p]man5t avail4 ,?is is :at ,i mean by a /able social condition1 because any o!r condition ?an ?is1 any social condition 9 :i* ! developm5t ( weal? involves ! mis]y1 ! physical weakness1 & ! degradation ( ! work]1 is absolutely & infallibly doom$ to collapse4 ,y\r bayonets & cutlasses w break "u y\r h&1 & !re w g on accumulat+ 9 society a mass ( hopeless1 physically incompet5t1 & morally degrad$ p1 :o are1 z x 71 a sort ( dynamite :i*1 soon] or lat]1 :5 its accumulation becomes suffici5t & its t5sion intol]able1 w bur/ ! :ole fabric4 ,i am q aw>e t ! problem :i* ,i h put be=e y & :i* y "k z mu* ab\t z ,i d1 & a great deal m probably1 is "o extremely difficult to solve4 ,i am fully aw>e t "o great factor 9 indu/rial success is reasonable *eapness ( lab\r4 ,t has be5 po9t$ out ov] & ov] aga91 & is 9 itself an axiomatic proposition4 ,& x seems to me t ( all ! social que/ions :i* face u at ?is pres5t "t1 ! mo/ s]i\s is h[ to /e] a cle> c\rse betwe5 ! two horns ( an obvi\s dilemma4 ,"o ( ^! is ! con/ant t5d5cy ( competition to l[] wages beyond a po9t at :i* man c rema9 man--bel[ a po9t at :i* dec5cy & cleanl9ess & ord] & habits ( morality & ju/ice c reasonably be expect$ to exi/4 ,& ! o!r horn ( ! dilemma is ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ wages above ?is po9t consi/5tly ) success 9 indu/rial competition4 ,i h n ! remote/ conception h[ ?is problem w ev5tually "w itself out2 b ( ?is ,i am p]fectly conv9c$1 t ! sole c\rse compatible ) safety lies betwe5 ! two extremes2 betwe5 ! ,scylla ( successful indu/rial production ) a degrad$ population1 on ! "o side1 & ! ,*>ybdis ( a population1 ma9ta9$ 9 a reasonable & dec5t /ate1 ) failure 9 indu/rial competition1 on ! o!r side4 ,hav+ ?is /rong conviction1 :i*1 inde$1 ,i imag9e mu/ be t ( e p]son :o has ev] ?\ght s]i\sly ab\t ^! great problems1 ,i h v5tur$ to put x be=e y 9 ?is b>e & almo/ cynical fa%ion because x w ju/ify ! /rong appeal1 :i* ,i make to all conc]n$ 9 ?is "w ( promot+ indu/rial education1 to h a c>e1 at ! same "t1 t ! conditions ( indu/rial life rema9 ^? 9 :i* ! physical en]gies ( ! population may be ma9ta9$ at a prop] level2 9 :i* _! moral /ate may be c>$ =2 9 :i* !re may be "s rays ( hope & pleasure 9 _! lives2 & 9 :i* ! sole prospect ( a life ( lab\r may n be an old age ( p5ury4 ,^! are ! *ief sugge/ions ,i h to (f] to y1 ?\gh ,i h omitt$ mu* t ,i %\ld l to h said1 _h "t p]mitt$4 ,x may be t "s ( y feel incl9$ to look ^u !m z ! ,utopian dreams ( a /ud5t4 ,if !re be su*1 let me tell y t !re are1 to my k1 manufactur+ t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry1 n "o-t5? ! size1 or boa/+ "o-hundr$? "p ( ! weal?1 ( ,man*e/]1 9 :i* ,i d n say t ! programme t ,i h put be=e y is completely c>ri$ out1 b 9 :i*1 at any rate1 a wise & intellig5t ef=t _h be5 made to realise x1 & 9 :i* ! ma9 p>ts ( ! programme are 9 c\rse ( be+ work$ out4 ,?is is n ! fir/ "t t ,i h _h ! privilege & pleasure ( address+ a ,man*e/] audi5ce4 ,i h (t5 en\gh1 be=e n[1 ?r[n myself ) entire confid5ce ^u ! h>d-head$ intellig5ce & ! v s(t-he>t$ k9dness ( ,man*e/] p1 :5 ,i h _h a difficult & complicat$ sci5tific argum5t to put be=e !m4 ,if1 aft] ! consid]ations :i* ,i h put be=e y--& :i*1 pray be x und]/ood1 ,i by no means claim p>ticul>ly = myself1 = ,i presume !y mu/ be 9 ! m9ds ( a l>ge numb] ( p :o h ?\ght ab\t ?is matt]--if x be t ^! ideas comm5d !mselves to y\r mature reflection1 !n ,i am p]fectly c]ta9 t my appeal to y to c>ry !m into practice1 ) t abundant en]gy & w :i* h l$ y to take a =emo/ "p 9 ! great social movem5ts ( our c\ntry _m a "t be=eh&1 w n be made 9 va94 ,i !re=e confid5tly appeal to y to let ^? impulses once m h full sway1 & n to re/ until y h done some?+ bett] & great] ?an has yet be5 done 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! direction 9 :i* we are n[ go+4 ,i he>tily ?ank y = ! att5tion :i* y h be5 k9d en\gh to be/[ ^u me4 ,! practice ( public speak+ is "o ,i mu/ soon ?9k ( leav+ (f1 & ,i c\nt x a special & peculi> hon\r to h _h ! opportunity ( speak+ to y on ?is subject to-day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,iii