,7 ,i to pray = a ta/e :i* %\ld /& me 9 /ead "u e v>iety ( circum/ances1 & be a s\rce ( happ9ess & *e]fulness to me dur+ life1 & a %ield aga9/ its ills1 h[ev] ?+s might g amiss & ! _w fr[n ^u me1 x w\ld he a ta/e = read+4444 ,give a man ?is ta/e1 & ! means ( gratify+ x1 & y c h>dly fail ( mak+ him a happy man2 unless1 inde$1 y put into 8 h&s a mo/ p]v]se selection ( ,books4 ,y place him 9 contact ) ! be/ society 9 e p]iod ( hi/ory1--) ! wise/1 ! wittie/1 ! t5d]e/1 ! brave/1 & ! pure/ *>act]s :o h adorn$ humanity4 ,y make him a d5iz5 ( all nations1 a contempor>y ( all ages4 ,! _w has be5 creat$ = him4--,,sir ,,john ,,h]s*el4 ,address on ! op5+ ( ! ,eton ,libr>y1 #ahcc4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,dramatic ,,art ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,by ,,augu/ ,,wilhelm ,,s*legel4 ,,cont5ts4 ,preface ( ! ,translator4 ,au?or's ,preface4 ,memoir ( ! ,life ( ,augu/us ,william ,s*legel4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,introduction--,_s ( ,true ,criticism--,diff]5ce ( ,ta/e betwe5 ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns--,classical & ,romantic ,poetry & ,art--,division ( ,dramatic ,lit]ature2 ! ,anci5ts1 _! ,imitators1 & ! ,romantic ,poets4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,def9ition ( ! ,drama--,view ( ! ,!atres ( all ,nations--,!atrical ,effect--,importance ( ! ,/age--,pr9cipal ,species ( ! ,drama4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,ess5ce ( ,trag$y & ,com$y--,e>ne/ness & ,sport--,h[ f> x is possible to become acqua9t$ ) ! ,anci5ts )\t kn[+ ,orig9al ,languages--,w9kelmann4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,/ructure ( ! ,/age among ! ,greeks--,_! ,act+--,use ( ,masks--,false comp>ison ( ,anci5t ,trag$y to ! ,op]a--,tragical ,lyric ,poetry4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,ess5ce ( ! ,greek ,trag$ies--,ideality ( ! ,repres5tation--,idea ( ,fate--,s\rce ( ! ,pleasure d]iv$ f ,tragical ,repres5tations--,import ( ! ,*orus--,! mat]ials ( ,greek ,trag$y d]iv$ f ,my?ology-- ,comp>ison ) ! ,pla/ic ,arts4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,progress ( ! ,tragic ,art among ! ,greeks--,v>i\s /yles ( ,tragic ,art --,aes*ylus--,connexion 9 a ,trilogy ( ,aes*ylus--,8 rema9+ ,works4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,life & ,political ,"* ( ,sophocles--,"* ( 8 diff]5t ,trag$ies4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,euripides--,8 ,m]its & ,defects--,decl9e ( ,tragic ,poetry ?r\gh him4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! ,*oephorae ( ,aes*ylus1 ! ,electra ( ,sophocles1 & t ( ,euripides4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,"* ( ! rema9+ ,works ( ,euripides--,! ,satirical ,drama-- ,alex&rian ,tragic ,poets4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,! ,old ,com$y prov$ to be completely a contra/ to ,trag$y--,p>ody-- ,ideality ( ,com$y ! rev]se ( t ( ,trag$y--,mir?ful ,caprice-- ,allegoric & ,political ,signification--,! ,*orus & its ,p>abases4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,ari/ophanes--,8 ,"* z an ,arti/--,description & ,"* ( 8 rema9+ ,works--,a ,sc5e1 translat$ f ! ,a*>nae1 by way ( ,app5dix4 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,:e!r ! ,middle ,com$y 0 a di/9ct species--,orig9 ( ! ,new ,com$y--,a mix$ species--,its prosaic "*--,:e!r v]sification is ess5tial to ,com$y--,subord9ate k9ds--,pieces ( ,"*1 & ( ,intrigue--,! ,comic ( obs]vation1 ( self-consci\sness1 & arbitr>y ,comic--,morality ( ,com$y4 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,plautus & ,t]5ce z ,imitators ( ! ,greeks1 "h exam9$ & *>act]iz$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,orig9als !y copi$--,motives ( ! ,a!nian ,com$y f ,mann]s & ,society--,portrait-,/atues ( two ,com$ians4 ,,lecture ,,xv4 ,roman ,!atre--,native k9ds3 ,atellane ,fables1 ,mimes1 ,como$ia ,togata-- ,greek ,trag$y transplant$ to ,rome--,tragic ,au?ors ( a =m] ,epo*1 & ( ! ,augu/an ,age--,idea ( a ,national ,roman ,trag$y--,causes ( ! want ( success ( ! ,romans 9 ,trag$y--,s5eca4 ,,lecture ,,xvi4 ,! ,italians--,pa/oral ,dramas ( ,tasso & ,gu>9i--,small progress 9 ,trag$y--,meta/asio & ,alfi]i--,"* ( bo?--,com$ies ( ,ario/o1 ,aret91 ,porta--,improvisatore ,masks--,goldoni--,gozzi--,late/ /ate4 ,,lecture ,,xvii4 ,antiquities ( ! ,fr5* ,/age--,influ5ce ( ,ari/otle & ! ,imitation ( ! ,anci5ts--,inve/igation ( ! ,?ree ,unities--,:at is ,unity ( ,action8--,unity ( ,"t--,0 x obs]v$ by ! ,greeks8--,unity ( ,place z connect$ ) x4 ,,lecture ,,xviii4 ,mis*ief result+ to ! ,fr5* ,/age f too n>r[ ,int]pretation ( ! ,rules ( ,unity--,influ5ce ( ^! rules on ,fr5* ,trag$y--,mann] ( treat+ ,my?ological & ,hi/orical ,mat]ials--,idea ( ,tragical ,dignity-- ,obs]vation ( ,conv5tional ,rules--,false ,sy/em ( ,expositions4 ,,lecture ,,xix4 ,use at fir/ made ( ! ,spani% ,!atre by ! ,fr5*--,g5]al ,"* ( ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 & ,voltaire--,review ( ! pr9cipal ,works ( ,corneille & ( ,rac9e--,?omas ,corneille & ,crebillon4 ,,lecture ,,xx4 ,voltaire--,trag$ies on ,greek ,subjects3 ,o$ipe1 ,m]ope1 ,ore/e-- ,trag$ies on ,roman ,subjects3 ,brute1 ,mort de ,cs>1 ,catil9e1 ,le ,triumvirat--,e>li] ,pieces3 ,zaire1 ,alzire1 ,mahomet1 ,semiramis1 ,& ,tancr$4 ,,lecture ,,xxi4 ,fr5* ,com$y--,molire--,criticism ( 8 ,works--,sc>ron1 ,b\rsault1 ,regn>d2 ,com$ies 9 ! ,"t ( ! ,reg5cy2 ,m>ivaux & ,de/\*es2 ,piron & ,gresset--,lat] ,attempts--,! ,h]oic ,op]a3 ,qu9ault--,op]ettes & ,vaudevilles--,did]ot's attempt$ ,*ange ( ! ,!atre--,! ,weep+ ,drama--,beaum>*ais--,melo-,dramas--,m]i ts & ,defects ( ! ,hi/rionic ,art4 ,,lecture ,,xxii4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,engli% & ,spani% ,!atres--,_s ( ! ,romantic ,drama--,%akspe>e--,8 ,age & ! ,circum/ances ( 8 ,life4 ,,lecture ,,xxiii4 ,ignorance or ,le>n+ ( ,%akspe>e--,co/ume z obs]v$ by ,%akspe>e1 & h[ f> necess>y1 or may be disp5s$ )1 9 ! ,drama--,%akspe>e ! greate/ draw] ( ,"*--,v9dication ( ! g5u95ess ( 8 pa?os--,play on ,words--,moral ,delicacy--,irony-,mixture ( ! ,tragic & ,comic--,! "p ( ! ,fool or ,cl[n--,%akspe>e's ,language & ,v]sification4 ,,lecture ,,xxiv4 ,criticisms on ,%akspe>e's ,com$ies4 ,,lecture ,,xxv4 ,criticisms on ,%akspe>e's ,trag$ies4 ,,lecture ,,xxvi4 ,criticisms on ,%akspe>e's ,hi/orical ,dramas4 ,,lecture ,,xxvii4 ,two ,p]iods ( ! ,engli% ,!atre3 ! fir/ ! mo/ important--,! fir/ ,con=mation ( ! ,/age1 & its ,advantages--,/ate ( ! ,hi/rionic ,art 9 ,%akspe>e's ,"t--,antiquities ( ,dramatic ,lit]ature-- ,lilly1 ,m>l[1 ,heywood--,b5 ,jonson2 ,criticism ( 8 ,works--,masques-- ,beaumont & ,flet*]--,g5]al ,*>act]ization ( ^! ,poets1 & ,rem>ks on "s ( _! ,pieces--,mass+] & o!r ,contempor>ies ( ,*>les ,i4 ,,lecture ,,xxviii4 ,clos+ ( ! ,/age by ! ,puritans--,revival ( ! ,/age "u ,*>les ,,ii4--,depravity ( ,ta/e & ,morals--,dryd51 ,otway1 & o!rs-- ,*>act]ization ( ! ,comic ,poets f ,wy*]ley & ,congreve to ! ,middle ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury--,trag$ies ( ! same ,p]iod--,r[e-- ,addison's ,cato--,lat] ,pieces--,famili> ,trag$y3 ,lillo--,g>rick-- ,late/ ,/ate4 ,,lecture ,,xxix4 ,spani% ,!atre--,its ?ree ,p]iods3 ,c]vantes1 ,lope de ,vega1 ,cald]on-- ,_s ( ! ,spani% ,poetry 9 g5]al--,influ5ce ( ! ,national ,hi/ory on x--,=m1 & v>i\s ,species ( ! ,spani% ,drama--,decl9e s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,,lecture ,,xxx4 ,orig9 ( ! ,g]man ,!atre--,hans ,sa*s--,gryphius--,! ,age ( ,gotts*$-- ,wret*$ ,imitation ( ! ,fr5*--,less+1 ,goe!1 & ,s*ill]--,review ( _! ,works--,_! ,influ5ce on ,*ivalr\s ,dramas1 ,affect+ ,dramas1 & ,family ,pictures--,prospect = ,futurity4 ,,preface ,,( ,,! ,,translator4 ,! ,lectures ( ,a4 ,w4 ,,s*legel on ,dramatic ,poetry h obta9$ high celebrity on ! ,cont95t1 & be5 mu* allud$ to ( late 9 sev]al publications 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! boldness ( 8 attacks on rules :i* are consid]$ z sacr$ by ! ,fr5* critics1 & on works ( :i* ! ,fr5* nation 9 g5]al h long be5 pr\d1 call$ =? a m ?an ord9>y degree ( indignation aga9/ 8 "w 9 ,france4 ,x 0 amus+ en\gh to obs]ve ! ho/ility c>ri$ on aga9/ him 9 ! ,p>isian ,j\rnals4 ,! writ]s 9 ^! ,j\rnals f\nd x mu* easi] to condemn ,m4 ,,s*legel ?an to refute him3 !y all[$ t :at he said 0 v +5i\s1 & _h a great appe>ance ( tru?2 b /ill !y said x 0 n tru?4 ,!y nev]1 h[ev]1 z f> z ,i c\ld obs]ve1 ?\ght prop] to grapple ) him1 to po9t out any?+ unf\nd$ 9 8 premises1 or illogical 9 ! conclusions :i* he drew f !m2 !y g5]ally conf9$ !mselves to m]e ass]tions1 or to m9ute & unimportant obs]vations by :i* ! real "q 0 9 no mann] affect$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! "w w no d\bt meet ) a v diff]5t reception4 ,"h we h no want ( s*ol>s to appreciate ! value ( 8 views ( ! anci5t drama2 & x w be no disadvantage to him1 9 our eyes1 t he has be5 unsp>+ 9 8 attack on ! lit]ature ( our enemies4 ,x w h>dly fail to a/oni% u1 h[ev]1 to f9d a /rang] bett] acqua9t$ ) ! brighte/ poetical ornam5t ( ?is c\ntry ?an any ( ourselves2 & t ! admiration ( ! ,engli% nation = ,%akspe>e %\ld fir/ obta9 a truly enlight5$ int]pret] 9 a critic ( ,g]many4 ,x is n = me1 h[ev]1 to enl>ge on ! m]its ( a "w :i* has already obta9$ s high a reputation4 ,i %all bett] consult my own advantage 9 giv+ a %ort extract f ! animat$ acc\nt ( ,m4 ,,s*legel',s ,lectures 9 ! late "w on ,g]many by ,madame de ,/al3-- ,w4 ,,s*legel has giv5 a c\rse ( ,dramatic ,lit]ature at ,vi5na1 :i* comprises e ?+ rem>kable t has be5 compos$ = ! !atre1 f ! "t ( ! ,grecians to our own days4 ,x is n a b>r5 nom5clature ( ! works ( ! v>i\s au?ors3 he seizes ! _s ( _! diff]5t sorts ( lit]ature ) all ! imag9ation ( a poet4 ,we are s5sible t to produce su* consequ5ces extraord9>y /udies are requir$3 b le>n+ is n p]ceiv$ 9 ?is "w1 except by 8 p]fect k ( ! *efs-d'oeuvre ( composition4 ,9 a few pages we reap ! fruit ( ! lab\r ( a :ole life2 e op9ion =m$ by ! au?or1 e epi!t giv5 to ! writ]s ( :om he speaks1 is beautiful & j1 concise & animat$4 ,he has f\nd ! art ( treat+ ! f9e/ pieces ( poetry z s _m wond]s ( nature1 & ( pa9t+ !m 9 lively col\rs1 :i* d n injure ! ju/ness ( ! outl9e2 = we _c repeat too (t51 t imag9ation1 f> f be+ an enemy to tru?1 br+s x =w>d m ?an any o!r faculty ( ! m9d2 & all ^? :o dep5d ^u x z an excuse = indef9ite t]ms or exagg]at$ expressions1 are at lea/ z de/itute ( poetry z ( good s5se4 ,an analysis ( ! pr9ciples on :i* bo? ,trag$y & ,com$y are f\nd$1 is treat$ 9 ?is c\rse ) mu* dep? ( philosophy4 ,?is k9d ( m]it is (t5 f\nd among ! ,g]man writ]s2 b ,,s*legel has no equal 9 ! art ( inspir+ 8 own admiration2 9 g5]al1 be %[s himself atta*$ to a simple ta/e1 sometimes bord]+ on ru/icity2 b he deviates f 8 usual op9ions 9 fav\r ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,s\?4 ,_! play on words is n ! object ( 8 c5sure2 he dete/s ! affectation :i* owes its exi/5ce to ! _s ( society3 b t :i* is excit$ by ! luxury ( imag9ation pleases him1 9 poetry1 z ! pr(usion ( col\rs & p]fumes w\ld d 9 nature4 ,,s*legel1 aft] hav+ acquir$ a great reputation by 8 translation ( ,%akspe>e1 became also enam\r$ ( ,cald]on1 b ) a v diff]5t sort ( atta*m5t f t ) :i* ,%akspe>e _h inspir$ him2 = :ile ! ,engli% au?or is deep & gloomy 9 8 k ( ! human he>t1 ! ,spani% poet gives himself up ) pleasure & delight to ! beauty ( life1 to ! s9c]ity ( fai?1 & to all ! brilliancy ( ^? virtues :i* d]ive _! col\r+ f ! sun%9e ( ! s\l4 ,i 0 at ,vi5na :5 ,w4 ,,s*legel gave 8 public c\rse ( ,lectures4 ,i expect$ only good s5se & in/ruction1 :]e ! object 0 m]ely to convey in=mation3 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to he> a critic z eloqu5t z an orator1 & :o1 f> f fall+ ^u defects1 :i* are ! et]nal food ( mean & little jeal\sy1 s\ght only ! means ( reviv+ a creative g5ius4 ,?us f> ,madame de ,/al4 ,9 tak+ ^u me to become ! int]pret] ( a "w ( ?is description to my c\ntrym51 ,i am aw>e t ,i h incurr$ no slight degree ( responsibility4 ,h[ ,i h execut$ my task x is n = me to speak1 b = ! read] to judge4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 ,i w say1--t ,i h always endeav\r$ to discov] ! true mean+ ( ! au?or1 & t ,i believe ,i h seldom mi/ak5 x4 ,^? :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) ! psy*ological ri*es ( ! ,g]man language1 w be ! mo/ dispos$ to look on my lab\r ) an eye ( indulg5ce4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,f ! size ( ! pres5t "w1 x w n be expect$ t x %\ld conta9 ei!r a c\rse ( ,dramatic ,lit]ature bibliographically complete1 or a hi/ory ( ! !atre compil$ ) antiqu>ian accuracy4 ,( books conta9+ dry acc\nts & li/s ( names !re are already en\gh4 ,my purpose 0 to give a g5]al view1 & to develope ^? ideas :i* ought to guide u 9 our e/imate ( ! value ( ! dramatic productions ( v>i\s ages & nations4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! foll[+ ,lectures1 ) ! exception ( a few obs]vations ( a second>y nature1 ! sugge/ion ( ! mom5t1 7 deliv]$ orally z !y n[ appe> 9 pr9t4 ,! only alt]ation consi/s 9 a m commodi\s di/ribution1 & "h & !re 9 additions1 :]e ! limits ( ! "t prev5t$ me f h&l+ _m matt]s ) uni=m m9ut5ess4 ,?is may af=d a comp5sation = ! animation ( oral deliv]y :i* sometimes ?r[s a veil ov] defici5cies ( expression1 & always excites a c]ta9 degree ( expectation4 ,i deliv]$ ^! ,lectures1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjh1 at ,vi5na1 to a brilliant audi5ce ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ individuals ( bo? sexes4 ,! inhabitants ( ,vi5na h long be5 9 ! habit ( refut+ ! injuri\s descriptions :i* _m writ]s ( ! ,nor? ( ,g]many h giv5 ( t capital1 by ! k9de/ reception ( all le>n$ m5 & arti/s belong+ to ^! regions1 & by ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ zeal = ! cr$it ( our national lit]ature1 a zeal :i* a j s5sibility has n be5 able to cool4 ,i f\nd "h ! cordiality ( bett] times unit$ ) t amiable animation ( ! ,s\?1 :i* is (t5 d5i$ to our ,g]man s]i\sness1 & ! univ]sal diffusion ( a ke5 ta/e = intellectual amusem5t4 ,to ?is circum/ance alone ,i mu/ attribute x t n a few ( ! m5 :o hold ! mo/ important places at c\rt1 9 ! /ate1 & 9 ! army1 arti/s & lit]>y m5 ( m]it1 wom5 ( ! *oice/ social cultivation1 paid me n m]ely an occasional visit1 b devot$ to me an un9t]rupt$ att5tion4 ,) joy ,i seize ?is fre% opportunity ( lay+ my gratitude at ! feet ( ! b5ignant mon>* :o1 9 ! p]mission to deliv] ^! ,lectures communicat$ to me by way ( di/9ction imm$iately f 8 own h&1 gave me an hon\rable te/imony ( 8 graci\s confid5ce1 :i* ,i z a =eign] :o _h n ! happ9ess to be born "u 8 sceptre1 & m]ely felt myself b\nd z a ,g]man & a citiz5 ( ! _w to wi% him e bless+ & prosp]ity1 c\ld n possibly h m]it$4 ,_m enlight5$ patrons & zeal\s promot]s ( ev]y?+ good & becom+ h m]it$ my gratitude = ! assi/ance :i* !y gave to my und]tak+1 & ! enc\ragem5t :i* !y af=d$ me dur+ its execution4 ,! :ole ( my auditors r5d]$ my lab\r extremely agreeable by _! indulg5ce1 _! att5tive p>ticipation1 & _! read9ess to di/+ui%1 9 a feel+ mann]1 e passage :i* seem$ wor?y ( _! applause4 ,x 0 a flatt]+ mom5t1 :i* ,i %all nev] =get1 :51 9 ! la/ h\r1 aft] ,i _h call$ up recollections ( ! old ,g]man r5[n sacr$ to e "o possess$ ( true patriotic s5tim5t1 & :5 ! m9ds ( my auditors 7 ?us m solemnly attun$1 ,i 0 at la/ oblig$ to take my leave p[]fully agitat$ by ! reflection t our rec5t relation1 f\nd$ on a common love = a nobl] m5tal cultivation1 w\ld be s soon dissolv$1 & t ,i %\ld nev] aga9 see ^? toge!r :o 7 !n assembl$ ar\nd me4 ,a g5]al emotion 0 p]ceptible1 excit$ by s mu* t ,i c\ld n say1 b respect+ :i* our he>ts und]/ood ea* o!r4 ,9 ! m5tal dom9ion ( ?\ght & poetry1 inaccessible to worldly p[]1 ! ,g]mans1 :o are sep>at$ 9 s _m ways f ea* o!r1 /ill feel _! unity3 & 9 ?is feel+1 ^: int]pret] ! writ] & orator mu/ be1 amid/ our cl\d$ prospects we may /ill *]i% ! elevat+ presage ( ! great & immortal call+ ( our p1 :o f "t immemorial h rema9$ unmix$ 9 _! pres5t habitations4 ,,g5eva1 ,febru>y1 #ahji4 ,,obs]vation ,,prefix$ ,,to ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,pr9t$ ,,9 #ahaa4 ,! decl>ation 9 ! ,preface t ^! ,lectures 71 ) "s additions1 pr9t$ z !y 7 deliv]$1 is 9 s f> to be correct$1 t ! additions 9 ! second "p are mu* m consid]able ?an 9 ! fir/4 ,! re/riction1 9 po9t ( "t 9 ! oral deliv]y1 compell$ me to leave m gaps 9 ! la/ half ?an 9 ! fir/4 ,! "p respect+ ,%akspe>e & ! ,engli% !atre1 9 p>ticul>1 has be51 almo/ altoge!r re-writt54 ,i h be5 prev5t$1 p>tly by ! want ( leisure & p>tly by ! limits ( ! "w1 f treat+ ( ! ,spani% !atre ) t fulness :i* its importance des]ves4 ,,memoir ,,( ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,life ,,( ,,augu/us ,,william ,,von ,,s*legel ,,augu/us ,,william ,,von ,,s*legel1 ! au?or ( ! foll[+ ,lectures1 01 ) 8 no-less di/+ui%$ bro!r1 ,fr$]ick1 ! son ( ,john ,adolph ,s*legel1 a native ( ,saxony1 & desc5d$ f a noble family4 ,hold+ a high appo9tm5t 9 ! ,lu!ran *ur*1 ,adolph ,s*legel di/+ui%$ himself z a religi\s poet1 & 0 ! fri5d & associate ( ,rab5]1 ,gell]t1 & ,klop/ock4 ,celebrat$ = 8 eloqu5ce 9 ! pulpit1 & /rictly dilig5t 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 religi\s duties1 he di$ 9 #agib1 leav+ an example to 8 *ildr5 :i* no d\bt _h a happy influ5ce on !m4 ,( ^!1 ! sev5?1 ,augu/us ,william1 0 born 9 ,hanov]1 ,septemb] #e?1 #agfg4 ,9 8 e>ly *ildhood1 he ev9c$ a g5u9e susceptibility = all t 0 good & noble2 & ?is e>ly promise ( a g5]\s & virtu\s disposition 0 c>efully nurtur$ by ! religi\s in/ruction ( 8 "m1 an amiable & highly-gift$ woman4 ,( ?is p>5t's pi\s & judici\s tea*+1 ,augu/us ,william _h to ! end ( 8 days a grateful remembrance1 & he *]i%$ = h] ?r\gh\t life a s9c]e & affectionate e/eem1 ^: ard\r nei!r "t nor di/ance c\ld dim9i%4 ,! filial affection ( h] fav\rite son soo!d ! decl9+ ye>s ( 8 "m1 & light5$ ! anxieties ) :i* ! critical & tr\bl$ /ate ( ! times al>m$ h] old age4 ,8 fur!r education 0 c>ri$ on by a private tutor1 :o prep>$ him = ! gramm>-s*ool at ,hanov]1 :]e he 0 di/+ui%$ bo? = 8 unremitt+ application1 to :i* he (t5 sacrific$ ! h\rs ( leisure & recreation1 & = ! e>ly display ( a natural gift = language1 :i* enabl$ him imm$iately on ! close ( 8 academic c>e] to accept a tutorial appo9tm5t1 :i* dem&$ ( its hold] a k n only ( ! classics b also ( ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,he also display$ at a v e>ly age a tal5t = poetry1 & "s ( 8 juv5ile extempore effusions 7 rem>kable = _! easy v]sification & rhy?mical fl[4 ,9 8 eighte5? ye> he 0 call$ ^u to deliv] 9 ! ,lyceum ( 8 native city1 ! anniv]s>y oration 9 hon\r ( a royal bir?day4 ,8 address on ?is occasion excit$ an extraord9>y s5sation bo? by ! graceful elegance ( ! /yle & ! int]e/ ( ! matt]1 writt5 9 hexamet]s4 ,x embrac$ a %ort hi/ory ( poetry 9 ,g]many1 & 0 reliev$ & animat$ ) _m judici\s & /rik+ illu/rations f ! e>lie/ ,teutonic poets4 ,he n[ proce$$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 z a /ud5t ( !ology1 :i* sci5ce1 h[ev]1 he %ortly ab&on$ = ! m cong5ial "o ( philology4 ,! propriety ( ?is *>ge he amply atte/$ by 8 ,essay on ! ,geography ( ,hom]1 :i* display$ bo? an intellig5t & compreh5sive /udy ( ?is difficult bran* ( classical ar*aeology4 ,at ,gtt+5 he liv$ 9 ! close/ intimacy ) ,heyne1 = ^: ,virgil1 9 #aghh he complet$ an index2 he also became acqua9t$ ) ! celebrat$ ,mi*aelis4 ,x 0 "h too t he =m$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,brg]1 to ^: ,academie d] ,s*n5 ,r$ekn/e1 he contribut$ 8 ,ariadne1 & an essay on ,dante4 ,! k9dr$ g5ius ( ,brg] fav\rably influ5c$ 8 own m9d & ta/es1 & mov$ him to make ! fir/ kn[n attempt to naturalize ! ,italian sonnet 9 ,g]many4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 univ]sity c>e] he comb9$ 8 own /udies ) ! private in/ruction ( a ri* "y ,engli%man1 born 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & at ! close ( x accept$ ! po/ ( tutor to ! only son ( ,h]r ,muilmann1 ! celebrat$ ,bank] ( ,am/]dam4 ,9 ?is situation he ga9$ univ]sal respect & e/eem1 b aft] ?ree ye>s he quitt$ x to ent] ^u a wid] sph]e ( lit]>y activity4 ,on 8 return to 8 native c\ntry he 0 elect$ ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,s*legel's resid5ce 9 ?is place1 :i* may truly be call$ ! classic soil ( ,g]man lit]ature1 z x ga9$ him ! acqua9tance ( 8 em95t contempor>ies ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 m>ks a decisive epo* 9 ! =mation ( 8 intellectual "*4 ,at ?is date he contribut$ l>gely to ! ,hor51 & also to ,s*ill]'s ,mus5-,almana*1 & d[n to #agii 0 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile writ]s 9 ! ,allgeme95 ,lit]atur-,zeitung ( ,j5a4 ,x 0 "h1 also1 t he comm5c$ 8 translations ( ,%akspe>e1 7#i vols41 ,b]l91 #agig-ahaj17 :i* produc$ a salut>y effect on ! ta/e & judgm5t ( 8 c\ntrym51 & also on ,dramatic ,art & !atrical repres5tation 9 ,g]many4 ,not)/&+ ! fav\rable reception ( ?is "w he subsequ5tly ab&on$ x1 & on ! publication ( a new edition1 9 #ahbe1 he *e]fully consign$ to ,tieck ! revision ( 8 own lab\rs1 & ! completion ( ! yet untranslat$ pieces4 ,cont9u+ atta*$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 :]e ! dignity ( ,pr(essor%ip 0 associat$ ) t ( ,memb] ( ! ,c\ncil1 he n[ comm5c$ a c\rse ( lectures on ,ae/hetics1 & jo9$ 8 bro!r ,fr$]ick 9 ! editor%ip ( ! ,a!naeum1 7#c vols41 ,b]l91 #agif-ahjj17 an ,ae/hetico-critical j\rnal1 int5d$1 :ile obs]v+ a rigor\s b an imp>tial _s ( criticism1 to discov] & fo/] e gra9 ( a truly vital developm5t ( m9d4 ,x 0 also dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,j5a t he publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,poems1 among :i* ! religi\s pieces & ! ,sonnets on ,art 7 greatly admir$ & _h _m imitators4 ,to ! latt] ye>s ( 8 resid5ce at ,j5a1 :i* may be call$ ! political portion ( ,s*legel's lit]>y c>e]1 belongs ! ,gate ( ,hon\r = ! ,/age-,presid5t ,von-,kotzebue1 7,ehr5p=te fur d5 ,!at] ,prsid5t5 von ,kotzebue1 #ahjj17 an ill-natur$ & mu*- c5sur$ satire 9 reply to ,kotzebue's attack1 entitl$ ! ,hyp]borean ,ass 7,hyp]boreis*5 ,esee74 ,at ?is "t he also collect$ sev]al ( 8 own & bro!r ,fr$]ick's e>li] & occasional contributions to v>i\s p]iodicals1 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! hi!rto unpubli%$ diss]tations on ,brg]'s works1 make up ! ,*>act]i/ik5 u ,kritik5 7#b vols41 ,ko5igsb]g1 #ahja74 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he und]took ) ,tieck ! editor%ip ( ,mus5-,almanack = #ahjb4 ,! two bro!rs 7 n[ lead+ a truly sci5tific & poetic life1 associat+ & co-op]at+ ) _m m9ds ( a k9dr$ _s1 :o ga!r$ r\nd ,tieck & ,novalis z _! c5tre4 ,8 m>riage ) ! daught] ( ,mi*aelis 0 n a happy "o1 & 0 quickly foll[$ by a sep>ation1 ^u :i* ,s*legel proce$$ to ,b]l94 ,9 ?is city1 t[>ds ! end ( #ahjb1 he deliv]$ 8 ,lectures on ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,lit]ature & ! ,f9e ,arts1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds pr9t$ 9 ! ,europa1 "u 8 bro!r's editor%ip4 ,! publication 9 #ahjc ( 8 ,ion1 a drama 9 imitation ( ! anci5ts1 b z a composition unm>k$ by any peculi> display ( vig\r1 l$ to an int]e/+ argum5t betwe5 himself1 ,b]nh>di1 & ,s*ill+4 ,?is discussion1 :i* ext5d$ f its orig9al subject to ,euripides & ,dramatic ,repres5tation 9 g5]al1 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! ,j\rnal = ! ,polite ,_w 7,zeitung fur die elegante ,welt17 :i* ,s*legel support$ by 8 advice & contributions4 ,9 ?is p]iodical he also ent]$ ! li/s 9 opposition to ,kotzebue & ,m]kel 9 ! ,freim?ige 7,! ,lib]al71 & ! m]its ( ! s-call$ mod]n s*ool & its lead]s1 0 ! subject ( a pap] w>1 wag$ ) ! bitt]e/ acrimony ( controv]sy1 :i* did n scruple to employ ! %>pe/ weapons ( p]sonal abuse & ridicule4 ,at ?is date ,s*legel 0 engag$ ^u 8 ,spani% ,!atre1 7#b vols41 ,b]l91 #ahjc-ahji74 ,9 ! execution ( ?is "w1 mu* 0 naturally dem&$ ( ! translator ( ,%akspe>e1 nor did he disappo9t ! g5]al expectator1 al?\gh he _h "h f> great] difficulties to cont5d )4 ,n cont5t ) m]ely giv+ a fai?ful int]pretation ( 8 au?or's mean+1 he laid d[n & /rictly obs]v$ ! law ( adh]+ rigor\sly to all ! measures1 rhy?ms1 & assonances ( ! orig9al4 ,^! two excell5t translations1 9 ea* ( :i* he has br\ght to be> bo? ! great comm& ( 8 own1 & a wond]ful quickness 9 cat*+ ! _s ( a =eign language1 h e>n$ = ,s*legel ! =emo/ place among successful & able translators1 :ile 8 ,fl[]s ( ,italian1 ,spani%1 & ,portuguese ,poetry 7,blum5/russe d4 ,ital4 ,span4 u4 ,portug4 ,poesie1 ,b]l91 #ahjd71 furni% ano!r pro( bo? ( 8 skill 9 ?is pursuit & ( ! ext5t ( 8 acqua9tance ) ,european lit]ature4 ,moreov]1 ! m]it ( hav+ by ^! translations made ,%akspe>e & ,cald]on m widely kn[n & bett] appreciat$ 9 ,g]many w\ld1 9 default ( any o!r claim1 alone entitle him to take high rank 9 ! annals ( mod]n lit]ature4 ,b a new & m important c>e] 0 n[ op5 to him by 8 introduction to ,madame de ,/al4 ,mak+ a t\r 9 ,g]many1 ?is di/+ui%$ woman arriv$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahje1 & desir\s ( acqua9t+ h]self m ?or\ghly ) ,g]man lit]ature %e select$ ,s*legel to direct h] /udies ( x1 & at ! same "t confid$ to 8 *>ge ! completion ( h] *ildr5's education4 ,quitt+ ,b]l9 he accompani$ ?is lady on h] travels ?r\gh ,italy & ,france1 & aft]w>ds repair$ ) h] to h] pat]nal seat at ,coppet1 on ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 :i* n[ became = "s "t 8 fix$ abode4 ,x 0 "h t 9 #ahjg he wrote 9 ,fr5* 8 ,p>allel betwe5 ! ,pha$ra ( ,euripides & ! ,phdre ( ,rac9e1 :i* produc$ a lively s5sation 9 ! lit]>y circles ( ,p>is4 ,?is city _h peculi> attractions = ,s*legel1 bo? 9 its invaluable lit]>y /ores & its re-union ( m5 ( lett]s1 among :om 8 own views & op9ions f\nd _m en?usia/ic admir]s & p>tisans1 not)/&+ t 9 8 critical analysis ( ,rac9e's ,phdre he _h presum$ to attack :at ,fr5*m5 deem$ ! *iefe/ glory ( _! lit]ature1 & _h mortifi$ _! national vanity 9 its mo/ s5sitive po9t4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahjh he visit$ ,vi5na1 & !re read to a brilliant audi5ce 8 ,lectures on ,dramatic ,art & ,lit]ature1 :i*1 on _! publication1 7 hail$ ?r\gh\t ,europe ) m>k$ approbation1 & :i* w1 unque/ionably1 transmit 8 "n to ! late/ po/]ity4 ,8 object 9 ^! ,lectures is bo? to take a rapid survey ( dramatic productions ( diff]5t ages & nations1 & to develope & det]m9e ! g5]al ideas by :i* _! true arti/ic value mu/ be judg$4 ,9 8 travels ) ,madame de ,/al he 0 introduc$ to ! pres5t ,k+1 !n ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 ( ,bav>ia1 :o be/[$ on him _m m>ks ( 8 respect & e/eem1 & ab\t ?is "t he took a "p 9 ! ,g]man ,museum 7,deuts*e ,museum71 ( 8 bro!r ,fr$]ick1 contribut+ "s le>n$ & pr(\nd diss]tations on ! ,lay ( ! ,nibelung54 ,9 #ahab1 :5 ! subjugat$ ,s\? no long] af=d$ an asylum to ! lib]al-m9d$ ,de ,/al1 ) ^: p]sonal =tunes he felt himself insep>ably l9k$ by t deep feel+ ( e/eem & fri5d%ip :i* speaks s t\*+ly & pa!tically 9 "s ( 8 lat] poems1 he accompani$ t lady on a visit to ,/ockholm1 :]e he =m$ ! acqua9tance ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce4 ,! great political ev5ts ( ?is p]iod 7 n )\t _! effect on ,s*legel's m9d1 & 9 #ahac he came =w>d z a political writ]1 :5 8 p[]ful p5 0 n )\t its effect 9 r\s+ ! ,g]man m9d f ! torpor into :i* x _h sunk b5ea? ! victori\s milit>y despotism ( ,france4 ,b he 0 call$ ^u to take a m active "p 9 ! measures ( ^! /irr+ times1 & 9 ?is ye> ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,sw$51 z secret>y & c\nsellor at head qu>t]s4 ,= ?is ,pr9ce he _h a great p]sonal reg>d1 & e/imat$ highly bo? 8 virtues z a man & 8 tal5ts z a g5]al4 ,! s]vices he r5d]$ ! ,sw$i% ,pr9ce 7 duly appreciat$ & rew>d$1 among o!r m>ks ( di/9ction by a pat5t ( nobility1 9 virtue ( :i* he prefix$ ! ,von to 8 pat]nal "n ( ,s*legel4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 ( ^: religi\s elevation ( "* he always spoke ) admiration1 also hon\r$ him ) 8 intimacy & _m tok5s ( e/eem4 ,^u ! fall ( ,napoleon he return$ to ,coppet ) ,madame de ,/al1 & 9 #ahae publi%$ a second volume ( 8 ,poetical ,works1 7,heildelb]g1 #ahaa-ahae1 #bnd edit41 #b vols41 #ahbj74 ,^! are *>act]iz$ n m]ely by ! brilliancy & purity ( ! language1 b also by ! v>iety & ri*ness ( ! imag]y4 ,among ^! ! ,arion1 ,pygmalion1 & ,d] ,heilige ,lucas 7,/4 ,luke17 ! ,sonnets1 & ! sublime elegy1 ,rh9e1 d$icat$ to ,madame de ,/al1 des]ve especial m5tion1 & give him a j claim to a poet's cr[n4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fri5d & patroness 9 #ahai1 he accept$ ! (f] ( a pr(essor's *air 9 ,bonn1 :]e he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,pr(essor ,paulus4 ,?is union1 z %ort-liv$ z ! fir/1 0 foll[$ by a sep>ation 9 #ahbj4 ,9 8 new position ( academic tutor1 :ile he dilig5tly promot$ ! /udy ( ! f9e arts & sci5ces1 bo? ( ! ,anci5t & ! ,mod]ns1 he appli$ himself ) peculi> ard\r to ,ori5tal lit]ature1 & p>ticul>ly to ! ,sanscrit4 ,z a fruit ( ^! /udies1 he publi%$ 8 ,indian ,libr>y1 7#b vols41 ,bonn1 #ahbj-bf72 he also set up a press = pr9t+ ! great ,sanscrit "w1 ! ,rmjana 7,bonn1 #ahbe74 ,he also edit$ ! ,sanscrit text1 ) a ,lat9 translation1 ( ! ,bhagavad-,gita1 an episode ( ! great ,indian ,epos1 ! ,mahbhrata 7,bonn1 #ahbi74 ,ab\t ?is p]iod 8 ,ori5tal /udies took1 him to ,france1 & aft]w>ds to ,engl&1 :]e1 9 ,london & 9 ! college libr>ies ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & ! ,ea/ ,india ,college at ,hailesbury1 he c>efully exam9$ ! v>i\s collections ( ,ori5tal ,,mss4 ,on 8 return he 0 appo9t$ ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,museum ( ,antiquities1 & 9 #ahbg deliv]$ at ,b]l9 a c\rse ( ,lectures on ! ,!ory & ,hi/ory ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 7,b]l91 #ahbg74 ,^! 7 foll[$ by 8 ,criticisms1 7,b]l91 #ahbh71 & 8 ,rflexion sur l',etude des ,langues ,asiatiques1 address$ to ,sir ,james ,mack9to%4 ,be+ accus$ ( a secret lean+ to ,roman ,ca?olicism1 7,kryptoca?olicisme17 he ably def5d$ himself 9 a reply entitl$ ,explication de quelques ,mal5t5dus1 7,b]l91 #ahbh47 ,a4 ,w4 ,von ,s*legel1 besides be+ a ,memb] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 0 inve/$ ) ! decorations ( sev]al o!r ,ord]s4 ,he wrote ,fr5* ) z mu* facility z 8 native language1 & _m ,fr5* j\rnals 7 pr\d to numb] him among _! contributors4 ,he also assi/$ ,madame de ,/al 9 h] celebrat$ "w ,de l',allemagne1 & sup]9t5d$ ! publication ( h] po/hum\s ,considrations sur la ,rvolution ,franaise4 ,aft] ?is long c>e] ( successful lit]>y activity1 ,a4 ,w4 ,von ,s*legel di$ at ,bonn1 #ab ,may1 #ahde4 ,8 dea? 0 ?us notic$ 9 ! ,a!naeum3-- ,?is illu/ri\s writ] 01 9 conjunction ) 8 bro!r ,fr$]ick1 z mo/ ,european read]s well "k1 ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n romantic s*ool ( ,g]man lit]ature1 & z a critic f\ght _m a h>d battle = 8 fai?4 ,! cle>ness ( 8 insight into poetical & dramatic tru?1 ,engli%m5 w always be apt to e/imate by ! fact t x procur$ = himself & = 8 c\ntrym5 ! fre$om ( ,%akspe>e's en*ant$ _w1 & ! ta/e ( all ! m>vell\s ?+s t1 l ! treasures ( ,aladd9's g>d51 are fruit & gem at once ^u its immortal b\ghs3-- ,fr5*m5 w n readily =get t he disp>ag$ ,molire4 ,! m]it ( ,s*legel's dramatic criticism ought n1 h[ev]1 to be ?us limit$4 ,engli%m5 !mselves are deeply indebt$ to him4 ,8 ,lectures1 translat$ by ,black1 excit$ great int]e/ "h :5 fir/ publi%$1 "s ?irty ye>s s9ce1 & h wor?ily tak5 a p]man5t place 9 our libr>ies4 ,8 collection ( books1 :i* 0 r ext5sive1 & ri* 9 ,ori5tal1 especially ,sanscrit lit]ature1 0 sold by auction 9 ,bonn1 ,decemb]1 #ahde4 ,x appe>s by a *ronological li/ prefix$ to ! catalogue1 t reckon+ bo? 8 sep>ate publications & ^? contribut$ to p]iodicals1 8 pr9t$ works numb] no few] ?an #abf4 ,besides ^! he left _m unpubli%$ manuscripts1 :i*1 says ! ,a!naeum1 he bequea!d to ! celebrat$ ar*aeologi/1 ,welck]1 pr(essor at ! ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 ) a reque/ t he w\ld cause !m to be publi%$4 ,,dramatic ,,lit]ature4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,introduction--,_s ( ,true ,criticism--,diff]5ce ( ,ta/e betwe5 ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns--,classical & ,romantic ,poetry & ,art--,division ( ,dramatic ,lit]ature2 ! ,anci5ts1 _! ,imitators1 & ! ,romantic ,poets4 ,! object ( ! pres5t s]ies ( ,lectures w be to comb9e ! !ory ( ,dramatic ,art ) its hi/ory1 & to br+ be=e my auditors at once its pr9ciples & its models4 ,x belongs to ! g5]al philosophical !ory ( poetry1 & ! o!r f9e arts1 to e/abli% ! fundam5tal laws ( ! beautiful4 ,e art1 on ! o!r h&1 has its own special !ory1 design$ to tea* ! limits1 ! difficulties1 & ! means by :i* x mu/ be regulat$ 9 its attempt to realize ^? laws4 ,= ?is purpose1 c]ta9 sci5tific inve/igations are indisp5sable to ! arti/1 al?\gh !y h b little attraction = ^? ^: admiration ( art is conf9$ to ! enjoym5t ( ! actual productions ( di/+ui%$ m9ds4 ,! g5]al !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 seeks to analyze t ess5tial faculty ( human nature--! s5se ( ! beautiful1 :i* at once calls ! f9e arts into exi/5ce1 & acc\nts = ! satisfaction :i* arises f ! contemplation ( !m2 & also po9ts out ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 ?is & all o!r s5ti5t & cognizant faculties ( man4 ,to ! man ( ?\ght & speculation1 !re=e1 x is ( ! highe/ importance1 b by itself alone x is q inadequate to guide & direct ! essays & practice ( art4 ,n[1 ! hi/ory ( ! f9e arts in=ms u :at has be51 & ! !ory tea*es :at ought to be accompli%$ by !m4 ,b )\t "s int]m$iate & connect+ l9k1 bo? w\ld rema9 indep5d5t & sep>ate f "o & o!r1 & ea* by itself1 inadequate & defective4 ,?is connect+ l9k is furni%$ by criticism1 :i* bo? elucidates ! hi/ory ( ! arts1 & makes ! !ory fruitful4 ,! comp>+ toge!r1 & judg+ ( ! exi/+ productions ( ! human m9d1 necess>ily ?r[s light ^u ! conditions :i* are indisp5sable to ! creation ( orig9al & ma/]ly works ( art4 ,ord9>ily1 inde$1 m5 ent]ta9 a v errone\s notion ( criticism1 & und]/& by x no?+ m ?an a c]ta9 %rewdness 9 detect+ & expos+ ! faults ( a "w ( art4 ,z ,i h devot$ ! great] "p ( my life to ?is pursuit1 ,i may be excus$ if1 by way ( preface1 ,i seek to lay be=e my auditors my own ideas ( ! true g5ius ( criticism4 ,we see numb]s ( m51 & ev5 :ole nations1 s fett]$ by ! conv5tions ( education & habits ( life1 t1 ev5 9 ! appreciation ( ! f9e arts1 !y _c %ake !m (f4 ,no?+ to !m appe>s natural1 appropriate1 or beautiful1 :i* is ali5 to _! own language1 mann]s1 & social relations4 ,) ?is exclusive mode ( see+ & feel+1 x is no d\bt possible to atta91 by means ( cultivation1 to great nicety ( discrim9ation )9 ! n>r[ circle to :i* x limits & circumscribes !m4 ,b no man c be a true critic or connoisseur )\t univ]sality ( m9d1 )\t t flexibility :i* enables him1 by r5\nc+ all p]sonal pr$ilections & bl9d habits1 to adapt himself to ! peculi>ities ( o!r ages & nations--to feel !m1 z x 71 f _! prop] c5tral po9t1 &1 :at ennobles human nature1 to recognise & duly appreciate :atev] is beautiful & gr& "u ! ext]nal accessories :i* 7 necess>y to its embody+1 ev5 ?\gh occasionally !y may seem to disguise & di/ort x4 ,!re is no monopoly ( poetry = p>ticul> ages & nations2 & consequ5tly t despotism 9 ta/e1 :i* w\ld seek to inve/ ) univ]sal au?ority ! rules :i* at fir/1 p]haps1 7 b arbitr>ily advanc$1 is b a va9 & empty pret5sion4 ,poetry1 tak5 9 its wide/ acceptation1 z ! p[] ( creat+ :at is beautiful1 & repres5t+ x to ! eye or ! e>1 is a univ]sal gift ( ,heav51 be+ %>$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 by ^? :om we call b>b>ians & savages4 ,int]nal excell5ce is alone decisive1 & :]e ?is exi/s1 we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be repell$ by ! ext]nal appe>ance4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be trac$ up to ! root ( human nature3 if x has sprung f !nce1 x has an und\bt$ wor? ( its own2 b if1 )\t possess+ a liv+ g]m1 x is m]ely ext]nally atta*$ !reto1 x w nev] ?rive nor acquire a prop] gr[?4 ,_m productions :i* appe> at fir/ sight dazzl+ ph5om5a 9 ! prov9ce ( ! f9e arts1 & :i* z a :ole h be5 hon\r$ ) ! appellation ( works ( a gold5 age1 resemble ! mimic g>d5s ( *ildr53 impati5t to witness ! "w ( _! h&s1 !y break (f "h & !re bran*es & fl[]s1 & plant !m 9 ! e>?2 ev]y?+ at fir/ assumes a noble appe>ance3 ! *ildi% g>d5] /ruts pr\dly up & d[n among 8 %[y b$s1 till ! rootless plants beg9 to droop1 & hang _! )]$ leaves & blossoms1 & no?+ soon rema9s b ! b>e twigs1 :ile ! d>k =e/1 on :i* no art or c>e 0 ev] be/[$1 & :i* t[]$ up t[>ds heav5 long be=e human remembrance1 be>s e bla/ un%ak51 & fills ! solit>y behold] ) religi\s awe4 ,let u n[ apply ! idea :i* we h be5 develop+1 ( ! univ]sality ( true criticism1 to ! hi/ory ( poetry & ! f9e arts4 ,?is1 l ! s-call$ univ]sal hi/ory1 we g5]ally limit 7ev5 ?\gh beyond ?is range !re may be mu* t is bo? rem>kable & wor? kn[+7 to :atev] has _h a ne>] or m remote influ5ce on ! pres5t civilisation ( ,europe3 consequ5tly1 to ! works ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & ( ^? ( ! mod]n ,european nations1 :o fir/ & *iefly di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 art & lit]ature4 ,x is well kn[n t1 ?ree c5turies & a-half ago1 ! /udy ( anci5t lit]ature receiv$ a new life1 by ! diffusion ( ! ,grecian language 7= ! ,lat9 nev] became ext9ct72 ! classical au?ors 7 br\ght to light1 & r5d]$ univ]sally accessible by means ( ! press2 & ! monum5ts ( anci5t art 7 dilig5tly dis9t]r$ & pres]v$4 ,all ?is p[]fully excit$ ! human m9d1 & =m$ a decid$ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( human civilisation2 its manifold effects h ext5d$ to our times1 & w yet ext5d to an incalculable s]ies ( ages4 ,b ! /udy ( ! anci5ts 0 =?) mo/ fatally p]v]t$4 ,! le>n$1 :o 7 *iefly 9 ! possession ( ?is k1 & :o 7 incapable ( di/+ui%+ !mselves by works ( _! own1 claim$ = ! anci5ts an unlimit$ au?ority1 & ) great appe>ance ( reason1 s9ce !y are models 9 _! k9d4 ,ma9ta9+ t no?+ c\ld be hop$ = ! human m9d b f an imitation ( antiquity1 9 ! works ( ! mod]ns !y only valu$ :at resembl$1 or seem$ to be> a resemblance to1 ^? ( ! anci5ts4 ,ev]y?+ else !y reject$ z b>b>\s & unnatural4 ,) ! great poets & arti/s x 0 q o!rwise4 ,h[ev] /rong _! en?usiasm = ! anci5ts1 & h[ev] det]m9$ _! purpose ( ent]+ into competition ) !m1 !y 7 compell$ by _! indep5d5ce & orig9ality ( m9d1 to /rike out a pa? ( _! own1 & to impress ^u _! productions ! /amp ( _! own g5ius4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ,dante among ! ,italians1 ! fa!r ( mod]n poetry2 ackn[l$g+ ,virgil = 8 ma/]1 he has produc$ a "w :i*1 ( all o!rs1 mo/ diff]s f ! ,a5eid1 & 9 our op9ion f> excels its pret5d$ model 9 p[]1 tru?1 compass1 & pr(undity4 ,x 0 ! same aft]w>ds ) ,ario/o1 :o has mo/ unacc\ntably be5 comp>$ to ,hom]1 = no?+ c be m unlike4 ,s 9 art ) ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael1 :o _h no d\bt deeply /udi$ ! antique4 ,:5 we gr\nd our judgm5t ( mod]n pa9t]s m]ely on _! great] or less resemblance to ! anci5ts1 we mu/ necess>ily be unju/ t[>ds !m1 z ,w9kelmann und\bt$ly has 9 ! case ( ,raphael4 ,z ! poets = ! mo/ "p _h _! %>e ( s*ol>%ip1 x gave rise to a curi\s /ruggle betwe5 _! natural incl9ation & _! imag9>y duty4 ,:5 !y sacrific$ to ! latt]1 !y 7 prais$ by ! le>n$2 b by yield+ to ! =m]1 !y became ! fav\rites ( ! p4 ,:at pres]ves ! h]oic poems ( a ,tasso & a ,camons to ?is day alive 9 ! he>ts & on ! lips ( _! c\ntrym51 is by no means _! imp]fect resemblance to ,virgil1 or ev5 to ,hom]1 b 9 ,tasso ! t5d] feel+ ( *ivalr\s love & hon\r1 & 9 ,camons ! gl[+ inspiration ( h]oic patriotism4 ,^? v ages1 nations1 & ranks1 :o felt lea/ ! want ( a poetry ( _! own1 7 ! mo/ assidu\s 9 _! imitation ( ! anci5ts2 accord+ly1 its results are b dull s*ool ex]cises1 :i* at be/ excite a frigid admiration4 ,b 9 ! f9e arts1 m]e imitation is always fruitless2 ev5 :at we borr[ f o!rs1 to assume a true poetical %ape1 mu/1 z x 71 be born aga9 )9 u4 ,( :at avail is all =eign imitation8 ,art _c exi/ )\t nature1 & man c give no?+ to 8 fell[-m5 b himself4 ,g5u9e successors & true rivals ( ! anci5ts1 :o1 by virtue ( cong5ial tal5ts & cultivation h walk$ 9 _! pa? & work$ 9 _! _s1 h ev] be5 z r>e z _! me*anical spiritless copyi/s are common4 ,s$uc$ by ! =m1 ! great body ( critics h be5 b too indulg5t to ^! s]vile imitators4 ,^! 7 held up z correct mod]n classics1 :ile ! great truly liv+ & popul> poets1 ^: reputation 0 a "p ( _! nations' glory1 & to ^: sublimity x 0 impossible to be altoge!r bl9d1 7 at be/ b tol]at$ z rude & wild natural g5iuses4 ,b ! unqualifi$ sep>ation ( g5ius & ta/e on :i* su* a judgm5t proce$s1 is altoge!r unt5able4 ,g5ius is ! almo/ unconsci\s *oice ( ! highe/ degree ( excell5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is ta/e 9 its highe/ activity4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ne>ly1 matt]s cont9u$ till a p]iod n f> back1 :5 sev]al inquir+ m9ds1 *iefly ,g]mans1 endeav\r$ to cle> up ! misconception1 & to give ! anci5ts _! due1 )\t be+ ins5sible to ! m]its ( ! mod]ns1 al?\gh ( a totally diff]5t k9d4 ,! app>5t contradiction did n intimidate !m4 ,! gr\ndwork ( human nature is no d\bt ev]y:]e ! same2 b 9 all our inve/igations1 we may obs]ve t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( nature1 !re is no elem5t>y p[] s simple1 b t x is capable ( divid+ & div]g+ into opposite directions4 ,! :ole play ( vital motion h+es on h>mony & contra/4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld n ?is ph5om5on recur on a gr&] scale 9 ! hi/ory ( man8 ,9 ?is idea we h p]haps discov]$ ! true key to ! anci5t & mod]n hi/ory ( poetry & ! f9e arts4 ,^? :o adopt$ x1 gave to ! peculi> _s ( mod]n art1 z contra/$ ) ! antique or classical1 ! "n ( romantic4 ,! t]m is c]ta9ly n inappropriate2 ! ^w is d]iv$ f romance--! "n orig9ally giv5 to ! languages :i* 7 =m$ f ! mixture ( ! ,lat9 & ! old ,teutonic dialects1 9 ! same mann] z mod]n civilisation is ! fruit ( ! het]og5e\s union ( ! peculi>ities ( ! nor!rn nations & ! fragm5ts ( antiquity2 :]eas ! civilisation ( ! anci5ts 0 mu* m ( a piece4 ,! di/9ction :i* we h j /at$ c h>dly fail to appe> well f\nd$1 if x c be %[n1 s f> z our k ( antiquity ext5ds1 t ! same contra/ 9 ! lab\rs ( ! anci5ts & mod]ns runs symmetrically1 ,i might almo/ say sy/ematically1 ?r\gh\t e bran* ( art--t x is z evid5t 9 music & ! pla/ic arts z 9 poetry4 ,?is is a problem :i*1 9 its full ext5t1 /ill rema9s to be demon/rat$1 ?\gh1 on p>ticul> portions ( x1 _m excell5t obs]vations h be5 advanc$ already4 ,among ! =eign au?ors :o wrote be=e ?is s*ool c be said to h be5 =m$ 9 ,g]many1 we may m5tion ,r\sseau1 :o ackn[l$g$ ! contra/ 9 music1 & %[$ t rhy?m & melody 7 ! prevail+ pr9ciples ( anci5t1 z h>mony is t ( mod]n music4 ,9 8 prejudices aga9/ h>mony1 h[ev]1 we _c at all concur4 ,on ! subject ( ! arts ( design an +5i\s obs]vation 0 made by ,hem/]huys1 t ! anci5t pa9t]s 7 p]haps too mu* ( sculptors1 & ! mod]n sculptors too mu* ( pa9t]s4 ,?is is ! exact po9t ( diff]5ce2 =1 z ,i %all di/9ctly %[ 9 ! sequel1 ! _s ( anci5t art & poetry is pla/ic1 b t ( ! mod]ns pcturesque4 ,by an example tak5 f ano!r art1 t ( ar*itecture1 ,i %all endeav\r to illu/rate :at ,i mean by ?is contra/4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages !re prevail$1 & 9 ! latt] c5turies ( t a]a 0 c>ri$ to p]fection1 a /yle ( ar*itecture1 :i* has be5 call$ ,go?ic1 b ought really to h be5 t]m$ old ,g]man4 ,:51 on ! g5]al revival ( classical antiquity1 ! imitation ( ,grecian ar*itecture became preval5t1 & b too frequ5tly )\t a due reg>d to ! diff]5ce ( climate & mann]s or to ! purpose ( ! build+1 ! zealots ( ?is new ta/e1 pass+ a sweep+ s5t5ce ( condemnation on ! ,go?ic1 reprobat$ x z ta/eless1 gloomy1 & b>b>\s4 ,?is 0 9 "s degree p>donable 9 ! ,italians1 among :om a love = anci5t ar*itecture1 *]i%$ by h]$it>y rema9s ( classical edifices1 & ! simil>ity ( _! climate to t ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 might1 9 "s sort1 be said to be innate4 ,b we ,nor!rns are n s easily to be talk$ out ( ! p[]ful1 solemn impressions :i* seize ^u ! m9d at ent]+ a ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,we feel1 on ! contr>y1 a /rong desire to inve/igate & to ju/ify ! s\rce ( ?is impression4 ,a v slight att5tion w conv9ce u1 t ! ,go?ic ar*itecture displays n only an extraord9>y degree ( me*anical skill1 b also a m>vell\s p[] ( inv5tion2 &1 on a clos] exam9ation1 we recognize its pr(\nd significance1 & p]ceive t z well z ! ,grecian x con/itutes 9 itself a complete & f9i%$ sy/em4 ,to ! application6--,! ,pan!on is n m diff]5t f ,we/m9/] ,abbey or ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,/eph5 at ,vi5na1 ?an ! /ructure ( a trag$y ( ,sophocles f a drama ( ,%akspe>e4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ^! wond]ful productions ( poetry & ar*itecture might be c>ri$ /ill f>!r4 ,b does our admiration ( ! "o compel u to depreciate ! o!r8 ,may we n admit t ea* is great & admirable 9 its k9d1 al?\gh ! "o is1 & is meant to be1 diff]5t f ! o!r8 ,! exp]im5t is wor? attempt+4 ,we w qu>rel ) no man = 8 pr$ilection ei!r = ! ,grecian or ! ,go?ic4 ,! _w is wide1 & af=ds room = a great div]sity ( objects4 ,n>r[ & bl9dly adopt$ prepossessions w nev] con/itute a g5u9e critic or connoisseur1 :o ought1 on ! contr>y1 to possess ! p[] ( dwell+ ) lib]al imp>tiality on ! mo/ discrepant views1 r5\nc+ ! :ile all p]sonal incl9ations4 ,= our pres5t object1 ! ju/ification1 namely1 ( ! gr& division :i* we lay d[n 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 & accord+ to :i* we conceive ourselves equally w>rant$ 9 e/abli%+ ! same division 9 dramatic lit]ature1 x might be suffici5t m]ely to h /at$ ?is contra/ betwe5 ! anci5t1 or classical1 & ! romantic4 ,b z !re are exclusive admir]s ( ! anci5ts1 :o nev] cease ass]t+ t all deviation f !m is m]ely ! :im ( a new s*ool ( critics1 :o1 express+ !mselves 9 language full ( my/]y1 cauti\sly avoid convey+ _! s5tim5ts 9 a tangible %ape1 ,i %all endeav\r to expla9 ! orig9 & _s ( ! romantic1 & !n leave ! _w to judge if ! use ( ! ^w1 & ( ! idea :i* x is int5d$ to convey1 be !reby ju/ifi$4 ,! m5tal culture ( ! ,greeks 0 a f9i%$ education 9 ! s*ool ( ,nature4 ,( a beautiful & noble race1 end[$ ) susceptible s5ses & a *e]ful _s "u a mild sky1 !y liv$ & bloom$ 9 ! full heal? ( exi/5ce2 &1 fav\r$ by a r>e comb9ation ( circum/ances1 accompli%$ all t ! f9ite nature ( man is capable (4 ,! :ole ( _! art & poetry is ! expression ( a consci\sness ( ?is h>mony ( all _! faculties4 ,!y inv5t$ ! poetry ( joy4 ,_! religion 0 ! deification ( ! p[]s ( nature & ( ! e>?ly life3 b ?is wor%ip1 :i*1 among o!r nations1 cl\d$ ! imag9ation ) hide\s %apes1 & h>d5$ ! he>t to cruelty1 assum$1 among ! ,greeks1 a mild1 a gr&1 & a dignifi$ =m4 ,sup]/ition1 too (t5 ! tyrant ( ! human faculties1 seem$ to h "h contribut$ to _! free/ developm5t4 ,x *]i%$ ! arts by :i* x 0 adorn$1 & its idols became ! models ( ideal beauty4 ,b h[ev] highly ! ,greeks may h succe$$ 9 ! ,beautiful1 & ev5 9 ! ,moral1 we _c conc$e any high] "* to _! civilisation ?an t ( a ref9$ & ennobl$ s5suality4 ,( c\rse ?is mu/ be und]/ood g5]ally4 ,! conjectures ( a few philosoph]s1 & ! irradiations ( poetical inspiration1 con/itute an occasional exception4 ,man c nev] altoge!r turn aside 8 ?\ghts f inf9ity1 & "s obscure recollections w always rem9d him ( ! home he has lo/2 b we are n[ speak+ ( ! pr$om9ant t5d5cy ( 8 endeav\rs4 ,religion is ! root ( human exi/5ce4 ,7 x possible = man to r5\nce all religion1 includ+ t :i* is unconsci\s1 indep5d5t ( ! w1 he w\ld become a m]e surface )\t any int]nal sub/ance4 ,:5 ?is c5tre is di/urb$1 ! :ole sy/em ( ! m5tal faculties & feel+s takes a new %ape4 ,& ?is is :at has actually tak5 place 9 mod]n ,europe ?r\gh ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is sublime & b5efic5t religion has reg5]at$ ! anci5t _w f its /ate ( exhau/ion & debasem5t2 x is ! guid+ pr9ciple 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n nations1 & ev5 at ?is day1 :5 _m suppose !y h %ak5 (f its au?ority1 !y /ill f9d !mselves mu* m influ5c$ by x 9 _! views ( human affairs ?an !y !mselves are aw>e4 ,aft] ,*ri/ianity1 ! "* ( ,europe has1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 be5 *iefly influ5c$ by ! ,g]manic race ( nor!rn conqu]ors1 :o infus$ new life & vig\r into a deg5]at$ p4 ,! /]n nature ( ! ,nor? drives man back )9 himself2 & :at is lo/ 9 ! free sportive developm5t ( ! s5ses1 mu/1 9 noble dispositions1 be comp5sat$ by e>ne/ness ( m9d4 ,h5ce ! hone/ cordiality ) :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 welcom$ by all ! ,teutonic tribes1 s t among no o!r race ( m5 has x p5etrat$ m deeply into ! inn] man1 display$ m p[]ful effects1 or become m int]wov5 ) all human feel+s & s5sibilities4 ,! r\gh1 b hone/ h]oism ( ! nor!rn conqu]ors1 by its admixture ) ! s5tim5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 gave rise to *ivalry1 ( :i* ! object 01 by v[s :i* %\ld be look$ ^u z sacr$1 to gu>d ! practice ( arms f e rude & ung5]\s abuse ( =ce into :i* x 0 s likely to s9k4 ,) ! virtues ( *ivalry 0 associat$ a new & pur] _s ( love1 an inspir$ homage = g5u9e female wor?1 :i* 0 n[ rev]$ z ! acm ( human excell5ce1 &1 ma9ta9$ by religion itself "u ! image ( a virg9 "m1 infus$ into all he>ts a my/]i\s s5se ( ! purity ( love4 ,z ,*ri/ianity did n1 l ! hea!n wor%ip1 re/ satisfi$ ) c]ta9 ext]nal acts1 b claim$ an au?ority ov] ! :ole inw>d man & ! mo/ hidd5 movem5t ( ! he>t2 ! feel+ ( moral indep5d5ce took refuge 9 ! doma9 ( hon\r1 a worldly morality1 z x 71 :i* subsi/+ alongside (1 0 (t5 at v>iance ) t ( religion1 b yet 9 s f> resembl+ x t x nev] calculat$ consequ5ces1 b consecrat$ unconditionally c]ta9 pr9ciples ( action1 :i* l ! articles ( fai?1 7 elevat$ f> beyond ! inve/igation ( a casui/ical reason+4 ,*ivalry1 love1 & hon\r1 toge!r ) religion itself1 are ! subjects ( t poetry ( nature :i* p\r$ itself out 9 ! ,middle ,ages ) incr$ible fulness1 & prec$$ ! m arti/ic cultivation ( ! romantic _s4 ,?is age _h also its my?ology1 consi/+ ( *ivalr\s tales & leg5ds2 b its wond]s & its h]oism 7 ! v rev]se ( ^? ( ! anci5t my?ology4 ,sev]al inquir]s :o1 9 o!r respects1 ent]ta9 ! same conception ( ! peculi>ities ( ! mod]ns1 & trace !m to ! same s\rce t we d1 h plac$ ! ess5ce ( ! nor!rn poetry 9 melan*oly2 & to ?is1 :5 prop]ly und]/ood1 we h no?+ to object4 ,among ! ,greeks human nature 0 9 itself all-suffici5t2 x 0 consci\s ( no defects1 & aspir$ to no high] p]fection ?an t :i* x c\ld actually atta9 by ! ex]cise ( its own en]gies4 ,we1 h[ev]1 are taught by sup]ior wisdom t man1 ?r\gh a griev\s transgression1 =feit$ ! place = :i* he 0 orig9ally de/9$2 & t ! sole de/9ation ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce is to /ruggle to rega9 8 lo/ position1 :i*1 if left to 8 own /r5g?1 he c nev] accompli%4 ,! old religion ( ! s5ses s\ght no high] possession ?an outw>d & p]i%able bless+s2 & immortality1 s f> z x 0 believ$1 /ood %ad[-l 9 ! obscure di/ance1 a fa9t dream ( ?is sunny wak+ life4 ,! v rev]se ( all ?is is ! case ) ! ,*ri/ian view3 e ?+ f9ite & mortal is lo/ 9 ! contemplation ( inf9ity2 life has become %ad[ & d>kness1 & ! fir/ day ( our real exi/5ce dawns 9 ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,su* a religion mu/ wak5 ! vague =ebod+1 :i* slumb]s 9 e feel+ he>t1 into a di/9ct consci\sness t ! happ9ess aft] :i* we are "h /riv+ is unatta9able2 t no ext]nal object c ev] entirely fill our s\ls2 & t all e>?ly enjoym5t is b a fleet+ & mom5t>y illusion4 ,:5 ! s\l1 re/+ z x 7 "u ! will[s ( exile1 ,footnote3 ,trau]weid5 d] v]bannung1 lit]ally ! weep+ will[s ( bani%m5t1 an allusion1 z e read] mu/ "k1 to ! #acg? ,psalm4 ,l9naeus1 f ?is ,psalm1 calls ! weep+ will[ ,salix ,babylonica4--,,trans4 brea!s out its long+ = its di/ant home1 :at else b melan*oly c be ! key-note ( its songs8 ,h5ce ! poetry ( ! anci5ts 0 ! poetry ( enjoym5t1 & ours is t ( desire3 ! =m] has its f\ndation 9 ! sc5e :i* is pres5t1 :ile ! latt] hov]s betwixt recollection & hope4 ,let me n be und]/ood z affirm+ t ev]y?+ fl[s 9 "o unv>y+ /ra9 ( wail+ & compla9t1 & t ! voice ( melan*oly is always l\dly he>d4 ,z ! au/]ity ( trag$y 0 n incompatible ) ! joy\s views ( ! ,greeks1 s t romantic poetry ^: orig9 ,i h be5 describ+1 c assume e tone1 ev5 t ( ! livelie/ joy2 b /ill x w always1 9 "s indescribable way1 be> traces ( ! s\rce f :i* x orig9at$4 ,! feel+ ( ! mod]ns is1 ^u ! :ole1 m inw>d1 _! fancy m incorporeal1 & _! ?\ghts m contemplative4 ,9 nature1 x is true1 ! b\nd>ies ( objects run m into "o ano!r1 & ?+s are n s di/9ctly sep>at$ z we mu/ exhibit !m 9 ord] to convey di/9ct notions ( !m4 ,! ,grecian ideal ( human nature 0 p]fect unison & proportion betwe5 all ! p[]s1--a natural h>mony4 ,! mod]ns1 on ! contr>y1 h arriv$ at ! consci\sness ( an int]nal discord :i* r5d]s su* an ideal impossible2 & h5ce ! endeav\r ( _! poetry is to reconcile ^! two worlds betwe5 :i* we f9d ourselves divid$1 & to bl5d !m indissolubly toge!r4 ,! impressions ( ! s5ses are to be hall[$1 z x 71 by a my/]i\s connexion ) high] feel+s2 & ! s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 embodies its =ebod+s1 or indescribable intuitions ( inf9ity1 9 types & symbols borr[$ f ! visible _w4 ,9 ,grecian art & poetry we f9d an orig9al & unconsci\s unity ( =m & matt]2 9 ! mod]n1 s f> z x has rema9$ true to its own _s1 we obs]ve a ke5 /ruggle to unite ! two1 z be+ naturally 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,! ,grecian execut$ :at x propos$ 9 ! utmo/ p]fection2 b ! mod]n c only d ju/ice to its endeav\rs aft] :at is inf9ite by approximation2 &1 f a c]ta9 appe>ance ( imp]fection1 is 9 great] dang] ( n be+ duly appreciat$4 ,x w\ld lead u too f>1 if 9 ! sep>ate arts ( ar*itecture1 music1 & pa9t+ 7= ! mod]ns h nev] _h a sculpture ( _! own71 we %\ld endeav\r to po9t out ! di/9ctions :i* we h "h ann\nc$1 to %[ ! contra/ obs]vable 9 ! "* ( ! same arts among ! anci5ts & mod]ns1 & at ! same "t to demon/rate ! k9dr$ aim ( bo?4 ,nei!r c we "h ent] into a m p>ticul> consid]ation ( ! diff]5t k9ds & =ms ( romantic poetry 9 g5]al1 b mu/ return to our m imm$iate subject1 :i* is dramatic art & lit]ature4 ,! division ( ?is1 z ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( art1 into ! antique & ! romantic1 at once po9ts out to u ! c\rse :i* we h to pursue4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! anci5ts2 !n proce$ to _! imitators1 _! g5u9e or suppos$ successors among ! mod]ns2 & la/ly1 we %all consid] ^? poets ( lat] times1 :o1 ei!r disreg>d+ ! classical models1 or purposely deviat+ f !m1 h /ruck out a pa? = !mselves4 ,( ! anci5t dramati/s1 ! ,greeks alone are ( any importance4 ,9 ?is bran* ( art ! ,romans 7 at fir/ m]e translators ( ! ,greeks1 & aft]w>ds imitators1 & n always v successful ones4 ,besides1 ( _! dramatic lab\rs v little has be5 pres]v$4 ,among mod]n nations an endeav\r to re/ore ! anci5t /age1 &1 :]e possible1 to improve x1 has be5 %[n 9 a v lively mann] by ! ,italians & ! ,fr5*4 ,9 o!r nations1 also1 attempts ( ! same k9d1 m or less e>ne/1 h at times1 especially ( late1 be5 made 9 trag$y2 = 9 com$y1 ! =m "u :i* x appe>s 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce has c]ta9ly be5 m g5]ally preval5t4 ,( all /udi$ imitations ( ! anci5t trag$y ! ,fr5* is ! mo/ brilliant essay1 has acquir$ ! greate/ r5[n1 & consequ5tly des]ves ! mo/ att5tive consid]ation4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* come ! mod]n ,italians2 viz41 ,meta/asio & ,alfi]i4 ,! romantic drama1 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 c nei!r be call$ trag$y nor com$y 9 ! s5se ( ! anci5ts1 is indig5\s only to ,engl& & ,spa94 ,9 bo? x began to fl\ri% at ! same "t1 some:at m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 be+ br\ght to p]fection by ,%akspe>e 9 ! =m] c\ntry1 & 9 ! latt] by ,lope de ,vega4 ,! ,g]man /age is ! la/ ( all1 & has be5 influ5c$ 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( ways by all ^? :i* prec$$ x4 ,x w be mo/ appropriate1 !re=e1 to ent] ^u its consid]ation la/ ( all4 ,by ?is c\rse we %all be bett] enabl$ to judge ( ! directions :i* x has hi!rto tak51 & to po9t out ! prospects :i* are /ill op5 to x4 ,:5 ,i promise to g ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek & ,roman1 ( ! ,italian & ,fr5*1 & ( ! ,engli% & ,spani% !atres1 9 ! few h\rs :i* are d$icat$ to ^! ,lectures1 ,i wi% x to be und]/ood t ,i c only ent] into su* an acc\nt ( !m z w compreh5d _! mo/ ess5tial peculi>ities "u g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,al?\gh ,i conf9e myself to a s+le doma9 ( poetry1 /ill ! mass ( mat]ials compreh5d$ )9 x is too ext5sive to be tak5 9 by ! eye at once1 & ?is w\ld be ! case 7 ,i ev5 to limit myself to "o ( its subord9ate dep>tm5ts4 ,we might read ourselves to dea? ) f>ces4 ,9 ! ord9>y hi/ories ( lit]ature ! poets ( "o language1 & "o description1 are enum]at$ 9 succession1 )\t any fur!r discrim9ation1 l ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian k+s 9 ! old univ]sal hi/ories4 ,!re are p]sons :o h an unconqu]able passion = ! titles ( books1 & we will+ly conc$e to !m ! privilege ( increas+ _! numb] by books on ! titles ( books4 ,x is mu* ! same ?+1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( a w> to give ! "n ( e soldi] :o f\ght 9 ! ranks ( ! ho/ile armies4 ,x is usual1 h[ev]1 to speak only ( ! g5]als1 & ^? :o may h p]=m$ actions ( di/9ction4 ,9 l mann] ! battles ( ! human m9d1 if ,i may use ! expression1 h be5 won by a few intellectual h]oes4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( art & its v>i\s =ms may be !re=e exhibit$ 9 ! *>act]s ( a numb]1 by no means consid]able1 ( elevat$ & creative m9ds4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,def9ition ( ! ,drama--,view ( ! ,!atres ( all ,nations--,!atrical ,effect--,importance ( ! ,/age--,pr9cipal ,species ( ! ,drama4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ent]+ ^u su* a hi/ory z we h n[ describ$1 x w be necess>y to exam9e :at is meant by dramatic1 !atrical1 tragic1 & comic4 ,:at is dramatic8 ,to _m ! answ] w seem v easy3 :]e v>i\s p]sons are introduc$ conv]s+ toge!r1 & ! poet does n speak 9 8 own p]son4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 m]ely ! fir/ ext]nal f\ndation ( ! =m2 & t is dialogue4 ,b ! *>act]s may express ?\ghts & s5tim5ts )\t op]at+ any *ange on ea* o!r1 & s leave ! m9ds ( bo? 9 exactly ! same /ate 9 :i* !y 7 at ! comm5cem5t2 9 su* a case1 h[ev] int]e/+ ! conv]sation may be1 x _c be said to possess a dramatic int]e/4 ,i %all make ?is cle> by allud+ to a m tranquil species ( dialogue1 n adapt$ = ! /age1 ! philosophic4 ,:51 9 ,plato1 ,socrates asks ! conceit$ sophi/ ,hippias1 :at is ! mean+ ( ! beautiful1 ! latt] is at once ready ) a sup]ficial answ]1 b is aft]w>ds compell$ by ! ironical objections ( ,socrates to give up 8 =m] def9ition1 & to grope ab\t him = o!r ideas1 till1 a%am$ at la/ & irritat$ at ! sup]iority ( ! sage :o has convict$ him ( 8 ignorance1 he is =c$ to quit ! field3 ?is dialogue is n m]ely philosophically in/ructive1 b arre/s ! att5tion l a drama 9 m9iature4 ,& ju/ly1 !re=e1 has ?is lively movem5t 9 ! ?\ghts1 ?is /ret* ( expectation = ! issue1 9 a ^w1 ! dramatic ca/ ( ! dialogues ( ,plato1 be5 always celebrat$4 ,f ?is we may conceive :]e9 consi/s ! great *>m ( dramatic poetry4 ,action is ! true enjoym5t ( life1 nay1 life itself4 ,m]e passive enjoym5ts may lull u into a /ate ( li/less complac5cy1 b ev5 !n1 if possess$ ( ! lea/ int]nal activity1 we _c avoid be+ soon we>i$4 ,! great bulk ( mank9d m]ely f _! situation 9 life1 or f _! incapacity = extraord9>y ex]tions1 are conf9$ )9 a n>r[ circle ( insignificant op]ations4 ,_! days fl[ on 9 succession "u ! sleepy rule ( cu/om1 _! life advances by an ins5sible progress1 & ! bur/+ torr5t ( ! fir/ passions ( y\? soon settles into a /agnant m>%4 ,f ! discont5t :i* ?is occasions !y are compell$ to h rec\rse to all sorts ( div]sions1 :i* uni=mly consi/ 9 a species ( occupation t may be r5\nc$ at pleasure1 & ?\gh a /ruggle ) difficulties1 yet ) difficulties t are easily surm\nt$4 ,b ( all div]sions ! !atre is und\bt$ly ! mo/ ent]ta9+4 ,"h we may see o!rs act ev5 :5 we _c act to any great purpose ourselves4 ,! highe/ object ( human activity is man1 & 9 ! drama we see m51 measur+ _! p[]s ) ea* o!r1 z intellectual & moral be+s1 ei!r z fri5ds or foes1 influ5c+ ea* o!r by _! op9ions1 s5tim5ts1 & passions1 & decisively det]m9+ _! reciprocal relations & circum/ances4 ,! art ( ! poet accord+ly consi/s 9 sep>at+ f ! fable :atev] does n ess5tially belong to x1 :atev]1 9 ! daily necessities ( real life1 & ! petty occupations to :i* !y give rise1 int]rupts ! progress ( important actions1 & conc5trat+ )9 a n>r[ space a numb] ( ev5ts calculat$ to attract ! m9ds ( ! he>]s & to fill !m ) att5tion & expectation4 ,9 ?is mann] he gives u a r5ovat$ picture ( life2 a comp5dium ( :atev] is mov+ & progressive 9 human exi/5ce4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,ev5 9 a lively oral n>ration1 x is n unusual to introduce p]sons 9 conv]sation ) ea* o!r1 & to give a correspond+ v>iety to ! tone & ! expression4 ,b ! gaps1 :i* ^! conv]sations leave 9 ! /ory1 ! n>rator fills up 9 8 own "n ) a description ( ! accompany+ circum/ances1 & o!r p>ticul>s4 ,! dramatic poet mu/ r5\nce all su* exp$i5ts2 b = ?is he is ri*ly recomp5s$ 9 ! foll[+ inv5tion4 ,he requires ea* ( ! *>act]s 9 8 /ory to be p]sonat$ by a liv+ individual2 t ?is individual %\ld1 9 sex1 age1 & figure1 meet z ne> z may be ! preval5t conceptions ( 8 fictiti\s orig9al1 nay1 assume 8 entire p]sonality2 t e spee* %\ld be deliv]$ 9 a suitable tone ( voice1 & accompani$ by appropriate action & ge/ure2 & t ^? ext]nal circum/ances %\ld be add$ :i* are necess>y to give ! he>]s a cle> idea ( :at is go+ =w>d4 ,moreov]1 ^! repres5tatives ( ! creatures ( 8 imag9ation mu/ appe> 9 ! co/ume belong+ to _! assum$ rank1 & to _! age & c\ntry2 p>tly = ! sake ( great] resemblance1 & p>tly because1 ev5 9 dress1 !re is some?+ *>act]i/ic4 ,la/ly1 he mu/ see !m plac$ 9 a locality1 :i*1 9 "s degree1 resembles t :]e1 accord+ to 8 fable1 ! action took place1 because ?is also contributes to ! resemblance3 he places !m1 i4e41 on a sc5e4 ,all ?is br+s u to ! idea ( ! !atre4 ,x is evid5t t ! v =m ( dramatic poetry1 t is1 ! exhibition ( an action by dialogue )\t ! aid ( n>rative1 implies ! !atre z its necess>y complem5t4 ,we all[ t !re are dramatic works :i* 7 n orig9ally design$ = ! /age1 & n calculat$ to produce any great effect !re1 :i* nev]!less af=d great pleasure 9 ! p]usal4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 v mu* incl9$ to d\bt :e!r !y w\ld produce ! same /rong impression1 ) :i* !y affect u1 ^u a p]son :o _h nev] se5 or he>d a description ( a !atre4 ,9 read+ dramatic works1 we are accu/om$ ourselves to supply ! repres5tation4 ,! inv5tion ( dramatic art1 & ( ! !atre1 seems a v obvi\s & natural "o4 ,man has a great disposition to mimicry2 :5 he ent]s vividly into ! situation1 s5tim5ts1 & passions ( o!rs1 he involunt>ily puts on a resemblance to !m 9 8 ge/ures4 ,*ildr5 are p]petually go+ out ( !mselves2 x is "o ( _! *ief amusem5ts to repres5t ^? gr[n p :om !y h _h an opportunity ( obs]v+1 or :atev] /rikes _! fancy2 & ) ! happy pliancy ( _! imag9ation1 !y c exhibit all ! *>act]i/ics ( any dignity !y may *oose to assume1 be x t ( a fa!r1 a s*oolma/]1 or a k+4 ,b "o /ep m 0 requisite = ! inv5tion ( ! drama1 namely1 to sep>ate & extract ! mimetic elem5ts f ! sep>ate p>ts ( social life1 & to pres5t !m to itself aga9 collectively 9 "o mass2 yet 9 _m nations x has n be5 tak54 ,9 ! v m9ute description ( anci5t ,egypt giv5 by ,h]odotus & o!r writ]s1 ,i d n recollect obs]v+ ! smalle/ trace ( x4 ,! ,etruscans1 on ! contr>y1 :o 9 _m respects resembl$ ! ,egyptians1 _h !atrical repres5tations2 & :at is s+ul> en\gh1 ! ,etruscan "n = an actor hi/rio1 is pres]v$ 9 liv+ languages ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,arabians & ,p]sians1 ?\gh possess$ ( a ri* poetical lit]ature1 are unacqua9t$ ) ! drama4 ,x 0 ! same ) ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,on ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! plays h&$ d[n f ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 set aside1 p>tly because !y _h ref]5ce to hea!n ideas1 & p>tly because !y _h deg5]at$ into ! mo/ %ameless immorality2 nor 7 !y aga9 reviv$ till aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,ev5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 t complete picture :i* ,boccacio gives u ( ! exi/+ frame ( society1 we d n f9d ! smalle/ trace ( plays4 ,9 place ( !m !y _h simply _! conteurs1 m5e/ri]s1 jongleurs4 ,on ! o!r h& we are by no means entitl$ to assume t ! inv5tion ( ! drama 0 made once = all 9 ! _w1 to be aft]w>ds borr[$ by "o p f ano!r4 ,! ,engli% circumnavigators tell u1 t among ! isl&]s ( ! ,s\? ,seas1 :o 9 e m5tal qualification & acquirem5t are at ! l[e/ grade ( civilization1 !y yet obs]v$ a rude drama 9 :i* a common incid5t 9 life 0 imitat$ = ! sake ( div]sion4 ,& to pass to ! o!r extremity ( ! _w1 among ! ,indians1 ^: social in/itutions & m5tal cultivation desc5d unque/ionably f a remote antiquity1 plays 7 kn[n long be=e !y c\ld h exp]i5c$ any =eign influ5ce4 ,x has lately be5 made kn[n to ,europe t !y possess a ri* dramatic lit]ature1 :i* goes backw>d ?r\gh ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! only specim5 ( _! plays 7nataks7 hi!rto kn[n to u 9 ! delightful ,sakontala1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! =eign col\r+ ( its native climate1 be>s 9 its g5]al /ructure su* a /rik+ resemblance to our own romantic drama1 t we might be incl9$ to suspect we owe ?is resemblance to ! pr$ilection = ,%akspe>e ent]ta9$ by ! ,engli% translator 7,sir ,william ,jones71 if 8 fidelity 7 n atte/$ by o!r le>n$ ori5tali/s4 ,! drama1 inde$1 seems to h be5 a fav\rite amusem5t ( ! ,native ,pr9ces2 & to owe to ?is circum/ance t tone ( ref9$ society :i* prevails 9 x4 ,ugg>g9i 7,oude87 is specially nam$ z a seat ( ?is art4 ,"u ! ,mahomm$an rul]s x naturally fell into decay3 ! national tongue 0 /range to !m1 ,p]sian be+ ! language ( ! c\rt2 & moreov]1 ! my?ology :i* 0 s intimately int]wov5 ) poetry 0 irreconcilable ) _! religi\s notions4 ,g5]ally1 inde$1 we "k ( no ,mahomm$an nation t has accompli%$ any ?+ 9 dramatic poetry1 or ev5 _h any notion ( x4 ,! ,*9ese aga9 h _! /&+ national !atre1 /&+ p]haps 9 e s5se ( ! ^w2 & ,i d n d\bt1 t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( arbitr>y rules1 & ! delicate obs]vance ( insignificant conv5tionalities1 !y leave ! mo/ correct ,europeans v f> beh9d !m4 ,:5 ! new ,european /age sprung up 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) its allegorical & religi\s pieces call$ ,moralities & ,my/]ies1 its rise 0 un9flu5c$ by ! anci5t dramati/s1 :o did n come into circulation till "s "t aft]w>ds4 ,9 ^? rude beg9n+s lay ! g]m ( ! romantic drama z a peculi> inv5tion4 ,9 ?is wide diffusion ( !atrical ent]ta9m5ts1 ! great diff]5ce 9 dramatic tal5t :i* subsi/s betwe5 nations equally di/+ui%$ = intellect1 is some?+ rem>kable2 s t !atrical tal5t w\ld seem to be a peculi> quality1 ess5tially di/9ct f ! poetical gift 9 g5]al4 ,we d n wond] at ! contra/ 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 = ! ,greeks 7 altoge!r a nation ( arti/s1 & ! ,romans a practical p4 ,among ! latt] ! f9e arts 7 introduc$ z a corrupt+ article ( luxury1 bo? betok5+ & accel]at+ ! deg5]acy ( ! times4 ,!y c>ri$ ?is luxury s f> ) respect to ! !atre itself1 t ! p]fection 9 ess5tials 0 sacrific$ to ! accessories ( embelli%m5t4 ,ev5 among ! ,greeks dramatic tal5t 0 f> f univ]sal4 ,! !atre 0 inv5t$ 9 ,a!ns1 & 9 ,a!ns alone 0 x br\ght to p]fection4 ,! ,doric dramas ( ,epi*>mus =m only a slight exception to ! tru? ( ?is rem>k4 ,all ! great creative dramati/s ( ! ,greeks 7 born 9 ,attica1 & =m$ _! /yle 9 ,a!ns4 ,widely z ! ,grecian race 0 spread1 successfully z ev]y:]e almo/ x cultivat$ ! f9e arts1 yet beyond ! b\nds ( ,attica x 0 cont5t to admire1 )\t v5tur+ to rival1 ! productions ( ! ,a!nian /age4 ,equally rem>kable is ! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! ,spani>ds & _! neighb\rs ! ,portuguese1 ?\gh relat$ to !m bo? by desc5t & by language4 ,! ,spani>ds possess a dramatic lit]ature ( inexhau/ible weal?2 9 f]tility _! dramati/s resemble ! ,greeks1 among :om m ?an a hundr$ pieces c frequ5tly be assign$ by "n to a s+le au?or4 ,:atev] judgm5t may be pron\nc$ on !m 9 o!r respects1 ! praise ( inv5tion has nev] yet be5 d5i$ to !m2 _! claim to ?is has 9 fact be5 b too well e/abli%$1 s9ce ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% writ]s h all avail$ !mselves ( ! +5i\s inv5tions ( ! ,spani>ds1 & (t5 )\t ackn[l$g+ ! s\rce f :i* !y d]iv$ !m4 ,! ,portuguese1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile 9 ! o!r bran*es ( poetry !y rival ! ,spani>ds1 h 9 ?is dep>tm5t accompli%$ h>dly any?+1 & h nev] ev5 possess$ a national !atre2 visit$ f "t to "t by /roll+ play]s f ,spa91 !y *ose r to li/5 to a =eign dialect1 :i*1 )\t previ\s /udy1 !y c\ld n p]fectly und]/&1 ?an to inv5t1 or ev5 to translate & imitate1 = !mselves4 ,( ! _m tal5ts = art & lit]ature display$ by ! ,italians1 ! dramatic is by no means pre-em95t1 & ?is defect !y seem to h inh]it$ f ! ,romans1 9 ! same mann] z _! great tal5t = mimicry & buffoon]y goes back to ! mo/ anci5t times4 ,! extempor>y compositions call$ ,fabulae ,atellanae1 ! only orig9al & national =m ( ! ,roman drama1 9 respect ( plan1 7 n p]haps m p]fect ?an ! s-call$ ,comm$ia dell' ,arte1 9 :i*1 ! p>ts be+ fix$ & inv>iable1 ! dialogue is extemporis$ by mask$ actors4 ,9 ! anci5t ,saturnalia we h probably ! g]m ( ! pres5t c>nival1 :i* is entirely an ,italian inv5tion4 ,! ,op]a & ! ,ballet 7 also ! inv5tion ( ! ,italians3 two species ( !atrical amusem5t1 9 :i* ! dramatic int]e/ is entirely subord9ate to music & danc+4 ,if ! ,g]man m9d has n develop$ itself 9 ! drama ) ! same fulness & ease z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature1 ?is defect is p]haps to be acc\nt$ = by ! peculi> "* ( ! nation4 ,! ,g]mans are a speculative p2 9 o!r words1 !y wi% to discov] by reflection & m$itation1 ! pr9ciple ( :atev] !y engage 94 ,on t v acc\nt !y are n suffici5tly practical2 = if we wi% to act ) skill & det]m9ation1 we mu/ make up our m9ds t we h someh[ or o!r become ma/]s ( our subject1 & n be p]petually recurr+ to an exam9ation ( ! !ory on :i* x re/s2 we mu/1 z x 71 h settl$ d[n & cont5t$ ourselves ) a c]ta9 p>tial appreh5sion ( ! idea4 ,b n[ 9 ! inv5tion & conduct ( a drama ! practical _s mu/ prevail3 ! dramatic poet is n all[$ to dream away "u 8 inspiration1 he mu/ take ! /raighte/ road to 8 end2 b ! ,g]mans are only too apt to lose sight ( ! object 9 ! c\rse ( _! way to x4 ,besides1 9 ! drama ! nationality does usually1 nay1 mu/ %[ itself 9 ! mo/ m>k$ mann]1 & ! national "* ( ! ,g]mans is mode/ & retir+3 x loves n to make a noisy display ( itself2 & ! noble endeav\r to become acqua9t$ )1 & to appropriate to itself :atev] is excell5t 9 o!rs1 is n seldom accompani$ ) an und]valu+ ( its own wor?4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,g]man /age has (t51 9 =m & matt]1 be5 m ?an duly affect$ by =eign influ5ce4 ,n inde$ t ! ,g]mans propose to !mselves no high] object ?an ! m]e passive repetition ( ! ,grecian1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,spani%1 or ! ,engli% !atre2 b1 z x appe>s to me1 !y are 9 se>* ( a m p]fect =m1 :i*1 exclud+ all t is m]ely local or tempor>y1 may comb9e :atev] is truly poetical 9 all ^! !atres4 ,9 ! matt]1 h[ev]1 ! ,g]man national features ought c]ta9ly to pr$om9ate4 ,aft] ?is rapid sket* ( :at may be call$ ! map ( dramatic lit]ature1 we return to ! exam9ation ( its fundam5tal ideas4 ,s9ce1 z we h already %[n1 visible repres5tation is ess5tial to ! v =m ( ! drama2 a dramatic "w may always be reg>d$ f a d\ble po9t ( view1--h[ f> x is poetical1 & h[ f> x is !atrical4 ,! two are by no means insep>able4 ,let n1 h[ev]1 ! expression poetical be misund]/ood3 ,i am n n[ speak+ ( ! v]sification & ! ornam5ts ( language2 ^!1 :5 n animat$ by "s high] excell5ce1 are ! lea/ effective on ! /age2 b ,i speak ( ! poetry 9 ! _s & design ( a piece2 & ?is may exi/ 9 z high a degree :5 ! drama is writt5 9 prose z 9 v]se4 ,:at is x1 !n1 t makes a drama poetical8 ,! v same1 assur$ly1 t makes o!r works s4 ,x mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be a connect$ :ole1 complete & satisfactory )9 itself4 ,b ?is is m]ely ! negative def9ition ( a "w ( art1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! ph5om5a ( nature1 :i* run into ea* o!r1 & d n possess 9 !mselves a complete & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,to be poetical x is necess>y t a composition %\ld be a mirror ( ideas1 t is1 ?\ghts & feel+s :i* 9 _! "* are necess>y & et]nally true1 & so> above ?is e>?ly life1 & also t x %\ld exhibit !m embodi$ be=e u4 ,:at ! ideas are1 :i* 9 ?is view are ess5tial to ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! drama1 w h]eaft] be ! subject ( our inve/igation4 ,we %all also1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ t )\t !m a drama becomes altoge!r prosaic & empirical1 t is to say1 pat*$ toge!r by ! und]/&+ out ( ! obs]vations x has ga!r$ f lit]al reality4 ,b h[ does a dramatic "w become !atrical1 or fitt$ to appe> ) advantage on ! /age8 ,9 s+le in/ances x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e :e!r a "w possesses su* a prop]ty or n4 ,x is inde$ frequ5tly ! subject ( great controv]sy1 especially :5 ! self-love ( au?ors & actors comes into collision2 ea* %ifts ! blame ( failure on ! o!r1 & ^? :o advocate ! cause ( ! au?or appeal to an imag9>y p]fection ( ! hi/rionic art1 & compla9 ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! exi/+ means = its realization4 ,b 9 g5]al ! answ] to ?is "q is by no means s difficult4 ,! object propos$ is to produce an impression on an assembl$ multitude1 to rivet _! att5tion1 & to excite _! int]e/ & sympa?y4 ,9 ?is respect ! poet's occupation co9cides ) t ( ! orator4 ,h[ !n does ! latt] atta9 8 end8 ,by p]spicuity1 rapidity1 & en]gy4 ,:atev] exce$s ! ord9>y measure ( pati5ce or compreh5sion he mu/ dilig5tly avoid4 ,moreov]1 :5 a numb] ( m5 are assembl$ toge!r1 !y mutually di/ract ea* o!r's att5tion :5ev] _! eyes & e>s are n drawn to a common object )\t & beyond !mselves4 ,h5ce ! dramatic poet1 z well z ! orator1 mu/ f ! v comm5cem5t1 by /rong impressions1 transport 8 he>]s out ( !mselves1 &1 z x 71 take bodily possession ( _! att5tion4 ,!re is a species ( poetry :i* g5tly /irs a m9d attun$ to solit>y contemplation1 z s(t breezes elicit melody f ! ,aeolian h>p4 ,h[ev] excell5t ?is poetry may be 9 itself1 )\t "s o!r accompanim5ts its tones w\ld be lo/ on ! /age4 ,! melt+ h>monica is n calculat$ to regulate ! m>* ( an army1 & k9dle its milit>y en?usiasm4 ,= ?is we mu/ h pi]c+ in/rum5ts1 b above all a /rongly-m>k$ rhy?m1 to quick5 ! pulsation & give a m rapid movem5t to ! animal spirits4 ,! gr& requisite 9 a drama is to make ?is rhy?m p]ceptible 9 ! onw>d progress ( ! action4 ,:5 ?is has once be5 effect$1 ! poet may all ! soon] halt 9 8 rapid c>e]1 & indulge ! b5t ( 8 own g5ius4 ,!re are po9ts1 :5 ! mo/ elaborate & poli%$ /yle1 ! mo/ en?usia/ic lyrics1 ! mo/ pr(\nd ?\ghts & remote allusions1 ! sm>te/ coruscations ( wit1 & ! mo/ dazzl+ flights ( a sportive or e!real fancy1 are all 9 _! place1 & :5 ! will+ audi5ce1 ev5 ^? :o _c entirely compreh5d !m1 foll[ ! :ole ) a gre$y e>1 l music 9 unison ) _! feel+s4 ,"h ! poet's great art lies 9 avail+ himself ( ! effect ( contra/s1 :i* enable him at "o "t to produce calm repose1 pr(\nd contemplation1 & ev5 ! self-ab&on$ indiff]5ce ( exhau/ion1 or at ano!r1 ! mo/ tumultu\s emotions1 ! mo/ viol5t /orm ( ! passions4 ,) respect to !atrical fitness1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t mu* mu/ always dep5d on ! capacities & hum\rs ( ! audi5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 on ! national "* 9 g5]al1 & ! p>ticul> degree ( m5tal culture4 ,( all k9ds ( poetry ! dramatic is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! mo/ secul>2 =1 issu+ f ! /illness ( an inspir$ m9d1 x yet fe>s n to exhibit itself 9 ! mid/ ( ! noise & tumult ( social life4 ,! dramatic poet is1 m ?an any o!r1 oblig$ to c\rt ext]nal fav\r & l\d applause4 ,b ( c\rse x is only 9 appe>ance t he ?us l[]s himself to 8 he>]s2 :ile1 9 reality1 he is elevat+ !m to himself4 ,9 ?us produc+ an impression on an assembl$ multitude ! foll[+ circum/ance des]ves to be weigh$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! :ole am\nt ( its importance4 ,9 ord9>y int]c\rse m5 exhibit only ! outw>d man to ea* o!r4 ,!y are )held by mi/ru/ or indiff]5ce f all[+ o!rs to look into :at passes )9 !m2 & to speak ) any ?+ l emotion or agitation ( t :i* is ne>e/ our he>t is consid]$ unsuitable to ! tone ( poli%$ society4 ,! orator & ! dramati/ f9d means to break ?r\gh ^! b>ri]s ( conv5tional res]ve4 ,:ile !y transport _! he>]s into su* lively emotions t ! outw>d signs !re( break =? involunt>ily1 e man p]ceives ^? ar\nd him to be affect$ 9 ! same mann] & degree1 & ^? :o be=e 7 /rang]s to "o ano!r1 become 9 a mom5t intimately acqua9t$4 ,! te>s :i* ! dramati/ or ! orator compels !m to %$ = calumniat$ innoc5ce or dy+ h]oism1 make fri5ds & bro!rs ( !m all4 ,almo/ inconceivable is ! p[] ( a visible communion ( numb]s to give int5sity to ^? feel+s ( ! he>t :i* usually retire into privacy1 or only op5 !mselves to ! confid5ce ( fri5d%ip4 ,! fai? 9 ! validity ( su* emotions becomes irrefragable f its diffusion2 we feel ourselves /rong among s _m associates1 & all he>ts & m9ds fl[ toge!r 9 "o great & irresi/ible /ream4 ,on ?is v acc\nt ! privilege ( influ5c+ an assembl$ cr[d is expos$ to mo/ dang]\s abuses4 ,z "o may dis9t]e/$ly animate !m1 = ! noble/ & be/ ( purposes1 s ano!r may entangle !m 9 ! deceitful me%es ( sophi/ry1 & dazzle !m by ! gl>e ( a false magnanimity1 ^: va+lori\s crimes may be pa9t$ z virtues & ev5 z sacrifices4 ,b5ea? ! delightful *>ms ( oratory & poetry1 ! poison /eals imp]ceptibly into e> & he>t4 ,above all o!rs mu/ ! comic poet 7see+ t 8 v occupation keeps him always on ! slipp]y br9k ( ?is precipice17 take he$1 le/ he af=d an opportunity = ! l[] & bas] p>ts ( human nature to display !mselves )\t re/ra9t4 ,:5 ! s5se ( %ame :i* ord9>ily keeps ^! bas] prop5sities )9 ! b\nds ( dec5cy1 is once weak5$ by ! sight ( o!rs' p>ticipation 9 !m1 our inh]5t sympa?y ) :at is vile w soon break out into ! mo/ unbridl$ lic5ti\sness4 ,! p[]ful nature ( su* an eng9e = ei!r good or bad purposes has 9 all times ju/ly drawn ! att5tion ( ! legislature to ! drama4 ,_m regulations h be5 devis$ by diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 to r5d] x subs]vi5t to _! views & to gu>d aga9/ its abuse4 ,! great difficulty is to comb9e su* a degree ( fre$om z is necess>y = ! production ( works ( excell5ce1 ) ! precautions dem&$ by ! cu/oms & in/itutions ( ! diff]5t /ates4 ,9 ,a!ns ! !atre enjoy$ up to its maturity1 "u ! patronage ( religion1 almo/ unlimit$ fre$om1 & ! public morality pres]v$ x = a "t f deg5]acy4 ,! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes1 :i* ) our views & habits appe> to u s intol]ably lic5ti\s1 & 9 :i* ! s5ate & ! p itself are unm]cifully turn$ to ridicule1 7 ! seal ( ,a!nian fre$om4 ,to meet ?is abuse1 ,plato1 :o liv$ 9 ! v same ,a!ns1 & ei!r witness$ or =esaw ! decl9e ( art1 propos$ ! entire bani%m5t ( dramatic poets f 8 ideal republic4 ,few /ates1 h[ev]1 h conceiv$ x necess>y to subscribe to ?is sev]e s5t5ce ( condemnation2 b few also h ?\ght prop] to leave ! !atre to itself )\t any sup]9t5d5ce4 ,9 _m ,*ri/ian c\ntries ! dramatic art has be5 hon\r$ by be+ made subs]vi5t to religion1 9 ! popul> treatm5t & exhibition ( religi\s subjects2 & 9 ,spa9 m especially competition 9 ?is dep>tm5t has giv5 bir? to _m works :i*1 nei!r devotion nor poetry w dis[n4 ,9 o!r /ates & "u o!r circum/ances ?is has be5 ?\ght bo? objectionable & inexp$i5t4 ,:]ev]1 h[ev]1 ! subsequ5t responsibility ( ! poet & actor has be5 ?\ght insuffici5t1 & x has be5 deem$ advisable to submit e piece be=e its appe>ance on ! /age to a previ\s c5sor%ip1 x has be5 g5]ally f\nd to fail 9 ! v po9t :i* is ( ! greate/ importance3 namely1 ! _s & g5]al impression ( a play4 ,f ! nature ( ! dramatic art1 ! poet mu/ put into ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s mu* ( :i* he does n himself approve1 :ile ) respect to 8 own s5tim5ts he claims to be judg$ by ! _s & connexion ( ! :ole4 ,x may aga9 happ5 t a piece is p]fectly in(f5sive 9 its s+le spee*es1 & defies all c5sor%ip1 :ile z a :ole x is calculat$ to produce ! mo/ p]nici\s effect4 ,we h 9 our own times se5 b too _m plays fav\rably receiv$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ov]-fl[+ ) ebullitions ( good-he>t$ness & traits ( magnanimity1 & 9 :i*1 not)/&+1 a ke5] eye _c fail to detect ! hidd5 purpose ( ! writ] to sap ! f\ndations ( moral pr9ciple1 & ! v5]ation = :atev] ought to be held sacr$ by man2 :ile all ?is s5tim5tality is only to bribe to 8 purpose ! effem9ate s(t-he>t$ness ( 8 contempor>ies ,footnote3 ,! au?or x is suppos$ alludes to ,kotzebue4--,,trans44 ,on ! o!r h&1 if any p]son 7 to und]take ! moral v9dication ( poor ,ari/ophanes1 :o has su* a bad "n1 & ^: lic5ti\sness 9 p>ticul> passages1 is to our ideas q intol]able1 he w f9d good gr\nds = 8 def5ce 9 ! g5]al object ( 8 pieces1 9 :i* he at lea/ displays ! s5tim5ts ( a patriotic citiz54 ,! purport ( ^! obs]vations is to ev9ce ! importance ( ! subject we are consid]+4 ,! !atre1 :]e _m arts are comb9$ to produce a magical effect2 :]e ! mo/ l(ty & pr(\nd poetry has = its int]pret] ! mo/ f9i%$ action1 :i* is at once eloqu5ce & an animat$ picture2 :ile ar*itecture contributes h] spl5did decorations1 & pa9t+ h] p]spective illusions1 & ! aid ( music is call$ 9 to attune ! m9d1 or to height5 by its /ra9s ! emotions :i* already agitate x2 ! !atre1 9 %ort1 :]e ! :ole ( ! social & arti/ic enlight5m5t1 :i* a nation possesses1 ! fruit ( _m c5turies ( cont9u$ ex]tion1 are br\ght into play )9 ! repres5tation ( a few %ort h\rs1 has an extraord9>y *>m = e age1 sex1 & rank1 & has ev] be5 ! fav\rite amusem5t ( e cultivat$ p4 ,"h1 pr9ces1 /atesm51 & g5]als1 behold ! great ev5ts ( pa/ times1 simil> to ^? 9 :i* !y !mselves are call$ ^u to act1 laid op5 9 _! inmo/ spr+s & motives2 "h1 too1 ! philosoph] f9ds subject = pr(\nde/ reflection on ! nature & con/itution ( man2 ) curi\s eye ! arti/ foll[s ! gr\ps :i* pass rapidly be=e him1 & f !m impresses on 8 fancy ! g]m ( _m a future picture2 ! susceptible y\? op5s 8 he>t to e elevat+ feel+2 age becomes "y aga9 9 recollection2 ev5 *ildhood sits ) anxi\s expectation be=e ! gaudy curta91 :i* is soon to be drawn up ) its ru/l+ s\nd1 & to display to x s _m unkn[n wond]s3 all alike are div]t$1 all exhil>at$1 & all feel !mselves = a "t rais$ above ! daily c>es1 ! tr\bles1 & ! sorr[s ( life4 ,z ! drama1 ) ! arts :i* are subs]vi5t to x1 may1 f neglect & ! mutual contempt ( arti/s & ! public1 s f> deg5]ate1 z to become no?+ bett] ?an a trivial & /upid amusem5t1 & ev5 a d[nright wa/e ( "t1 we conceive t we are attempt+ some?+ m ?an a pass+ ent]ta9m5t1 if we propose to ent] on a consid]ation ( ! works produc$ by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ nations 9 _! mo/ brilliant p]iods1 & to in/itute an inquiry into ! means ( ennobl+ & p]fect+ s important an art4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,ess5ce ( ,trag$y & ,com$y--,e>ne/ness & ,sport--,h[ f> x is possible to become acqua9t$ ) ! ,anci5ts )\t kn[+ ,orig9al ,languages--,w9kelmann4 ,! importance ( our subject is1 ,i ?9k1 fully prov$4 ,let u n[ ent] ^u a brief consid]ation ( ! two k9ds into :i* all dramatic poetry is divid$1 ! tragic & comic1 & exam9e ! mean+ & import ( ea*4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal k9ds ( poetry 9 g5]al are ! epic1 ! lyric1 & ! dramatic4 ,all ! o!r subord9ate species are ei!r d]iv$ f ^!1 or =m$ by comb9ation f !m4 ,if we w\ld consid] ^! ?ree lead+ k9ds 9 _! purity1 we mu/ g back to ! =ms 9 :i* !y appe>$ among ! ,greeks4 ,= ! !ory ( poetical art is mo/ conv5i5tly illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( ,grecian poetry2 = ! latt] is well entitl$ to ! appellation ( sy/ematical1 s9ce x furni%es = e indep5d5t idea d]iv$ f exp]i5ce ! mo/ di/9ct & precise manife/ation4 ,x is s+ul> t epic & lyric poetry admit n ( any su* precise division into two opposite species1 z ! dramatic does4 ,! ludicr\s epopee has1 x is true1 be5 /yl$ a peculi> species1 b x is only an accid5tal v>iety1 a m]e p>ody ( ! epos1 & consi/s 9 apply+ its solemn /aidness ( developm5t1 :i* seems only suitable to great objects1 to trifl+ & insignificant ev5ts4 ,9 lyric poetry !re are only int]vals & gradations betwe5 ! song1 ! ode1 & ! elegy1 b no prop] contra/4 ,! _s ( epic poetry1 z we recognise x 9 its fa!r1 ,hom]1 is cle> self-possession4 ,! epos is ! calm quiet repres5tation ( an action 9 progress4 ,! poet relates joyful z well z m\rnful ev5ts1 b he relates !m ) equanimity1 & consid]s !m z already pa/1 & at a c]ta9 remot5ess f our m9ds4 ,! lyric poem is ! musical expression ( m5tal emotions by language4 ,! ess5ce ( musical feel+ consi/s 9 ?is1 t we endeav\r ) complac5cy to dwell on1 & ev5 to p]petuate 9 our s\ls1 a joyful or pa9ful emotion4 ,! feel+ mu/ consequ5tly be already s f> mitigat$ z n to impel u by ! desire ( its pleasure or ! dread ( its pa91 to te> ourselves f x1 b su* z to all[ u1 unconc]n$ at ! fluctuations ( feel+ :i* "t produces1 to dwell ^u & be absorb$ 9 a s+le mom5t ( exi/5ce4 ,! dramatic poet1 z well z ! epic1 repres5ts ext]nal ev5ts1 b he repres5ts !m z real & pres5t4 ,9 common ) ! lyric poet he also claims our m5tal p>ticipation1 b n 9 ! same calm compos$ness2 ! feel+ ( joy & sorr[ :i* ! dramati/ excites is m imm$iate & vehem5t4 ,he calls =? all ! emotions :i* ! sight ( simil> de$s & =tunes ( liv+ m5 w\ld elicit1 & x is only by ! total sum ( ! impression :i* he produces t he ultimately resolves ^! conflict+ emotions into a h>moni\s tone ( feel+4 ,z he /&s 9 su* close proximity to real life1 & endeav\rs to endue 8 own imag9>y creations ) vitality1 ! equanimity ( ! epic poet w\ld 9 him be indiff]5ce2 he mu/ decid$ly take "p ) "o or o!r ( ! lead+ views ( human life1 & con/ra9 8 audi5ce also to p>ticipate 9 ! same feel+4 ,to employ simpl] & m intelligible language3 ! tragic & comic be> ! same relation to "o ano!r z e>ne/ & sport4 ,e man1 f 8 own exp]i5ce1 is acqua9t$ ) bo? ^! /ates ( m9d2 b to det]m9e _! ess5ce & _! s\rce w\ld dem& deep philosophical inve/igation4 ,bo?1 inde$1 be> ! /amp ( our common nature2 b e>ne/ness belongs m to its moral1 & mir? to its animal "p4 ,! creatures de/itute ( reason are incapable ei!r ( e>ne/ or ( sport4 ,animals seem inde$ at times to lab\r z if !y 7 e>ne/ly int5t ^u "s aim1 & z if !y made ! pres5t mom5t subord9ate to ! future2 at o!r times !y seem to sport1 t is1 !y give !mselves up )\t object or purpose to ! pleasure ( exi/5ce3 b !y d n possess consci\sness1 :i* alone c entitle ^! two conditions to ! names ( e>ne/ & sport4 ,man alone1 ( all ! animals ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 is capable ( look+ back t[>ds ! pa/1 & =w>d into futurity2 & he has to pur*ase ! enjoym5t ( ?is noble privilege at a de> rate4 ,e>ne/ness1 9 ! mo/ ext5sive signification1 is ! direction ( our m5tal p[]s to "s aim4 ,b z soon z we beg9 to call ourselves to acc\nt = our actions1 reason compels u to fix ?is aim high] & high]1 till we come at la/ to ! highe/ end ( our exi/5ce3 & "h t long+ = ! inf9ite :i* is inh]5t 9 our be+1 is baffl$ by ! limits ( our f9ite exi/5ce4 ,all t we d1 all t we effect1 is va9 & p]i%able2 dea? /&s ev]y:]e 9 ! back gr\nd1 & to x e well or ill- sp5t mom5t br+s u ne>] & clos]2 & ev5 :5 a man has be5 s s+ul>ly =tunate z to rea* ! utmo/ t]m ( life )\t any griev\s calamity1 ! inevitable doom /ill awaits him to leave or to be left by all t is mo/ de> to him on e>?4 ,!re is no bond ( love )\t a sep>ation1 no enjoym5t )\t ! grief ( los+ x4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we contemplate ! relations ( our exi/5ce to ! extreme limit ( possibilities3 :5 we reflect on its entire dep5d5ce on a *a9 ( causes & effects1 /ret*+ beyond our k53 :5 we consid] h[ weak & helpless1 & doom$ to /ruggle aga9/ ! enorm\s p[]s ( nature1 & conflict+ appetites1 we are ca/ on ! %ores ( an unkn[n _w1 z x 71 %ipwreck$ at our v bir?2 h[ we are subject to all k9ds ( errors & deceptions1 any "o ( :i* may be our ru92 t 9 our passions we *]i% an enemy 9 our bosoms2 h[ e mom5t dem&s f u1 9 ! "n ( ! mo/ sacr$ duties1 ! sacrifice ( our de>e/ incl9ations1 & h[ at "o bl[ we may be robb$ ( all t we h acquir$ ) mu* toil & difficulty2 t ) e accession to our /ores1 ! risk ( loss is proportionately increas$1 & we are only ! m expos$ to ! malice ( ho/ile =tune3 :5 we ?9k ^u all ?is1 e he>t :i* is n dead to feel+ mu/ be ov]p[]$ by an inexpressible melan*oly1 = :i* !re is no o!r c\nt]-poise ?an ! consci\sness ( a vocation transc5d+ ! limits ( ?is e>?ly life4 ,?is is ! tragic tone ( m9d2 & :5 ! ?\ght ( ! possible issues out ( ! m9d z a liv+ reality1 :5 ?is tone p]vades & animates a visible repres5tation ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( viol5t revolutions 9 a man's =tunes1 ei!r pro/rat+ 8 m5tal en]gies or call+ =? ! mo/ h]oic endurance--!n ! result is ,tragic ,poetry4 ,we ?us see h[ ?is k9d ( poetry has its f\ndation 9 our nature1 :ile to a c]ta9 ext5t we h also answ]$ ! "q1 :y we are fond ( su* m\rnful repres5tations1 & ev5 f9d some?+ consol+ & elevat+ 9 !m8 ,?is tone ( m9d we h describ$ is insep>able f /rong feel+2 & al?\gh poetry _c remove ^! int]nal dissonances1 %e mu/ at lea/ endeav\r to effect an ideal reconciliation ( !m4 ,z e>ne/ness1 9 ! highe/ degree1 is ! ess5ce ( tragic repres5tation2 s is sport ( ! comic4 ,! disposition to mir? is a =getfulness ( all gloomy consid]ations 9 ! pleasant feel+ ( pres5t happ9ess4 ,we are !n incl9$ to view e ?+ 9 a sportive light1 & to all[ no?+ to di/urb or ruffle our m9ds4 ,! imp]fections & ! irregul>ities ( m5 are no long] an object ( dislike & compassion1 b s]ve1 by _! /range inconsi/5cies1 to ent]ta9 ! und]/&+ & to amuse ! fancy4 ,! comic poet mu/ !re=e c>efully ab/a9 f :atev] is calculat$ to excite moral indignation at ! conduct1 or sympa?y ) ! situations ( 8 p]sonages1 because ?is w\ld inevitably br+ u back aga9 into e>ne/ness4 ,he mu/ pa9t _! irregul>ities z spr++ out ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! animal "p ( _! nature1 & ! incid5ts :i* befal !m z m]ely ludicr\s di/resses1 :i* w be att5d$ ) no fatal consequ5ces4 ,?is is uni=mly :at takes place 9 :at we call ,com$y1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is /ill a mixture ( s]i\sness1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! sequel4 ,! olde/ com$y ( ! ,greeks 01 h[ev]1 entirely sportive1 & 9 t respect =m$ ! mo/ complete contra/ to _! trag$y4 ,n only 7 ! *>act]s & situations ( individuals work$ up into a comic picture ( real life1 b ! :ole frame ( society1 ! con/itution1 nature1 & ! gods1 7 all fanta/ically pa9t$ 9 ! mo/ ridicul\s & laughable col\rs4 ,:5 we h =m$ 9 ?is mann] a pure idea ( ! tragic & comic1 z exhibit$ to u 9 ,grecian examples1 we %all !n be enabl$ to analyze ! v>i\s corruptions ( bo?1 :i* ! mod]ns h inv5t$1 to discrim9ate _! incongru\s additions1 & to sep>ate _! sev]al +r$i5ts4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( poetry & ! f9e arts among ! ,greeks1 _! developm5t 0 subject to an inv>iable law4 ,ev]y?+ het]og5e\s 0 fir/ exclud$1 & !n all homog5e\s elem5ts 7 comb9$1 & ea* be+ p]fect$ 9 itself1 at la/ elevat$ into an indep5d5t & h>moni\s unity4 ,h5ce ) !m ea* species is conf9$ )9 its natural b\nd>ies1 & ! diff]5t /yles di/9ctly m>k$4 ,9 beg9n+1 !re=e1 ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,grecian art & poetry1 we are n m]ely obs]v+ ! ord] ( "t1 b also ! ord] ( ideas4 ,9 ! case ( ! majority ( my he>]s1 ,i c h>dly presume ^u a direct acqua9tance ) ! ,greeks1 d]iv$ f ! /udy ( _! poetical works 9 ! orig9al language4 ,translations 9 prose1 or ev5 9 v]se1 9 :i* !y are b dress$ up aga9 9 ! mod]n ta/e1 c af=d no true idea ( ! ,grecian drama4 ,true & fai?ful translations1 :i* endeav\r 9 expression & v]sification to rise to ! height ( ! orig9al1 h z yet be5 attempt$ only 9 ,g]many4 ,b al?\gh our language is extremely flexible1 & 9 _m respects resembl+ ! ,greek1 x is aft] all a battle ) unequal weapons2 & /iffness & h>%ness n unfrequ5tly take ! place ( ! easy sweetness ( ! ,greek4 ,b we are ev5 f> f hav+ yet done all t c p]haps be accompli%$3 ,i "k ( no translation ( a ,greek trag$ian des]v+ ( unqualifi$ praise4 ,b ev5 suppos+ ! translation z p]fect z possible1 & deviat+ v slightly f ! orig9al1 ! read] :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! o!r works ( ! ,greeks1 w be p]petually di/urb$ by ! =eign nature ( ! subject1 by national peculi>ities & num]\s allusions 7:i* _c be und]/ood )\t "s s*ol>%ip71 & ?us unable to compreh5d p>ticul> p>ts1 he w be prev5t$ f =m+ a cle> idea ( ! :ole4 ,s long z we h to /ruggle ) difficulties x is impossible to h any true enjoym5t ( a "w ( art4 ,to feel ! anci5ts z we ought1 we mu/ h become 9 "s degree "o ( !mselves1 & brea!d z x 7 ! ,grecian air4 ,:at is ! be/ means ( becom+ imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! ,greeks1 )\t a k ( _! language8 ,i answ] )\t hesitation1--! /udy ( ! antique2 & if ?is is n always possible ?r\gh ! orig9als1 yet1 by means ( ca/s1 x is to a c]ta9 ext5t )9 ! p[] ( e man4 ,^! models ( ! human =m require no int]pretation2 _! elevat$ "* is imp]i%able1 & w always be recogniz$ ?r\gh all vicissitudes ( "t1 & 9 e region "u heav51 :]ev] !re exi/s a noble race ( m5 ak9 to ! ,grecian 7z ! ,european und\bt$ly is71 & :]ev] ! unk9dness ( nature has n degrad$ ! human features too mu* bel[ ! pure /&>d1 &1 by habituat+ !m to _! own de=mity1 r5d]$ !m ins5sible to g5u9e corporeal beauty4 ,respect+ ! inimitable p]fection ( ! antique 9 its few rema9s ( a fir/-rate "*1 !re is b "o voice ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( civiliz$ ,europe2 & if ev] _! m]it 0 call$ 9 "q1 x 0 9 times :5 ! mod]n arts ( design _h sunk to ! l[e/ dep?s ( mann]ism4 ,n only all intellig5t arti/s1 b all m5 ( any degree ( ta/e1 b[ ) en?usia/ic adoration be=e ! ma/]ly productions ( anci5t sculpture4 ,! be/ guide to conduct u to ?is sanctu>y ( ! beautiful1 ) deep & ?\ghtful contemplation1 is ! ,hi/ory ( ,art by our immortal ,w9kelmann4 ,9 ! description ( p>ticul> works x no d\bt leaves mu* to be desir$2 nay1 x ev5 ab\nds 9 grave errors1 b no man has s deeply p5etrat$ into ! inn]mo/ _s ( ,grecian art4 ,w9kelmann trans=m$ himself completely into an anci5t1 & seem+ly liv$ 9 8 own c5tury1 unmov$ by its _s & influ5ces4 ,! imm$iate subject ( 8 "w is ! pla/ic arts1 b x conta9s also _m important h9ts conc]n+ o!r bran*es ( ,grecian civilisation1 & is v useful z a prep>ation = ! und]/&+ ( _! poetry1 & especially _! dramatic poetry4 ,z ! latt] 0 design$ = visible repres5tation be=e spectators1 ^: eye mu/ h be5 z difficult to please on ! /age z else:]e1 we h no bett] means ( feel+ ! :ole dignity ( _! tragic exhibitions1 & ( giv+ x a sort ( !atrical animation1 ?an to keep ^! =ms ( gods & h]oes ev] pres5t to our fancy4 ,! ass]tion may appe> some:at /range at pres5t1 b ,i hope 9 ! sequel to demon/rate its ju/ice3 x is only be=e ! gr\ps ( ,niobe or ,laocon t we fir/ ent] into ! _s ( ! trag$ies ( ,sophocles4 ,we are yet 9 want ( a "w 9 :i* ! entire poetic1 arti/ic1 sci5tific1 & social culture ( ! ,greeks %\ld be pa9t$ z "o gr& & h>moni\s :ole1 z a true "w ( nature1 prevad$ by ! mo/ wondr\s symmetry & proportion ( ! p>ts1 & trac$ ?r\gh its connect$ developm5t 9 ! same _s :i* ,w9kelmann has execut$ 9 ! "p :i* he attempt$4 ,an attempt has inde$ be5 made 9 a popul> "w1 :i* is 9 ev]ybody's h&s1 ,i mean ! ,travels ( ! ,y\ng] ,ana*>sis4 ,?is book is valuable = its le>n+1 & may be v useful 9 diffus+ a k ( antiquities2 b1 )\t c5sur+ ! error ( ! dress 9 :i* x is exhibit$1 x betrays m good-w to d ju/ice to ! ,greeks1 ?an ability to ent] deeply into _! _s4 ,9 ?is respect ! "w is 9 _m po9ts sup]ficial1 & ev5 disfigur$ ) mod]n views4 ,x is n ! travels ( a "y ,scy?ian1 b ( an old ,p>isian4 ,! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! ,greeks 9 ! f9e arts1 z ,i h already said1 is ! mo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,an en?usiasm = _! lit]ature is 9 a great measure conf9$ to ! ,engli% & ,g]mans1 among :om also ! /udy ( ! ,grecian language is ! mo/ zeal\sly prosecut$4 ,x is s+ul> t ! ,fr5* critics ( all o!rs1 !y :o s zeal\sly ackn[l$ge ! rema9s ( ! !oretical writ+s ( ! anci5ts on lit]ature1 ,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,qu9ctilian1 c41 z infallible /&>ds ( ta/e1 %\ld yet di/+ui% !mselves by ! contemptu\s & irrev]5t mann] 9 :i* !y speak ( _! poetical compositions1 & especially ( _! dramatic lit]ature4 ,look1 = in/ance1 into a book v mu* read1--,la ,h>pe's ,c\rs de ,littrature4 ,x conta9s _m acute rem>ks on ! ,fr5* ,!atre2 b :oev] %\ld ?9k to le>n ! ,greeks f x mu/ be v ill advis$3 ! au?or 0 z defici5t 9 a solid k ( _! lit]ature z 9 a s5se = appreciat+ x4 ,voltaire1 also1 (t5 speaks mo/ unw>rantably on ?is subject3 he elevates or l[]s !m at ! sugge/ions ( 8 caprice1 or accord+ to ! purpose ( ! mom5t to produce su* or su* an effect on ! m9d ( ! public4 ,i rememb] too to h read a cursory critique ( ,meta/asio's on ! ,greek trag$ians1 9 :i* he treats !m l s _m s*ool-boys4 ,rac9e is mu* m mode/1 & _c be 9 any mann] *>g$ ) ?is sort ( presumption3 ev5 because he 0 ! be/ acqua9t$ ( all ( !m ) ! ,greeks4 ,x is easy to see into ! motives ( ^! ho/ile critics4 ,_! national & p]sonal vanity has mu* to d ) ! matt]2 conceit+ !mselves t !y h f> surpass$ ! anci5ts1 !y v5ture to commit su* obs]vations to ! public1 kn[+ t ! works ( ! anci5t poets h come d[n to u 9 a dead language1 accessible only to ! le>n$1 )\t ! animat+ accompanim5t ( recitation1 music1 ideal & truly pla/ic imp]sonation1 & sc5ic pomp2 all :i*1 9 e respect wor?y ( ! poetry1 0 on ! ,a!nian /age comb9$ 9 su* wond]ful h>mony1 t if only x c\ld be repres5t$ to our eye & e>1 x w\ld at once /rike dumb ! :ole h]d ( ^! noisy & int]e/$ critics4 ,! anci5t /atues require no comm5t>y2 !y speak = !mselves1 & ev]y?+ l competition on ! "p ( a mod]n arti/ w\ld be reg>d$ z ridicul\s pret5sion4 ,9 respect ( ! !atre1 !y lay great /ress on ! infancy ( ! art2 & because ^! poets liv$ two ?\s& ye>s be=e u1 !y conclude t we mu/ h made great progress s9ce4 ,9 ?is way poor ,aes*ylus especially is got rid (4 ,b 9 sob] tru?1 if ?is 0 ! infancy ( dramatic art1 x 0 ! infancy ( a ,h]cules1 :o /rangl$ s]p5ts 9 8 cradle4 ,i h already express$ my op9ion on t bl9d p>tiality = ! anci5ts1 :i* reg>ds _! excell5ce z a frigid faultlessness1 & :i* exhibits !m z models1 9 su* a way z to put a /op to ev]y?+ l improvem5t1 & r$uce u to ab&on ! ex]cise ( art z altoge!r fruitless4 ,i1 = my "p1 am dispos$ to believe t poetry1 z ! f]vid expression ( our :ole be+1 mu/ assume new & peculi> =ms 9 diff]5t ages4 ,nev]!less1 ,i *]i% an en?usia/ic v5]ation = ! ,greeks1 z a p end[$1 by ! peculi> fav\r ( ,nature1 ) ! mo/ p]fect g5ius = art2 9 ! consci\sness ( :i*1 !y gave to all ! nations ) :i* !y 7 acqua9t$1 comp>$ ) !mselves1 ! appellation ( b>b>ians1--an appellation 9 ! use ( :i* !y 7 9 "s degree ju/ifi$4 ,i w\ld n wi% to imitate c]ta9 travell]s1 :o1 on return+ f a c\ntry :i* _! read]s _c easily visit1 give su* exagg]at$ acc\nts ( x1 & relate s _m m>vels1 z to haz>d _! own "* = v]acity4 ,i %all r endeav\r to *>act]ize !m z !y appe> to me aft] s$ul\s & repeat$ /udy1 )\t conceal+ _! defects1 & to br+ a liv+ picture ( ! ,grecian /age be=e ! eyes ( my he>]s4 ,we %all treat fir/ ( ! ,trag$y ( ! ,greeks1 !n ( _! ,old ,com$y1 & la/ly ( ! ,new ,com$y :i* arose out ( x4 ,! same !atrical accompanim5ts 7 common to all ! ?ree k9ds4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 give a %ort prelim9>y view ( ! !atre1 its ar*itecture & decorations1 t we may h a di/9ct idea ( _! repres5tation4 ,! hi/rionic art ( ! anci5ts _h also _m peculi>ities3 ! use ( masks1 = example1 al?\gh ^! 7 q diff]5t 9 trag$y & com$y2 9 ! =m]1 ideal1 & 9 ! latt]1 at lea/ 9 ! ,old ,com$y1 some:at c>icatur$4 ,9 trag$y1 we %all fir/ consid] :at con/itut$ its mo/ di/9ctive peculi>ity among ! anci5ts3 ! ideality ( ! repres5tation1 ! prevail+ idea ( de/9y1 & ! *orus2 & we %all la/ly treat ( _! my?ology1 z ! mat]ials ( tragic poetry4 ,we %all !n proce$ to *>act]ize1 9 ! ?ree trag$ians ( :om alone entire works /ill rema91 ! diff]5t /yles--t is1 ! necess>y epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! tragic art4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,/ructure ( ! ,/age among ! ,greeks--,_! ,act+--,use ( ,masks--,false comp>ison ( ,anci5t ,trag$y to ! ,op]a--,tragical ,lyric ,poetry4 ,:5 we he> ! ^w !atre1 we naturally ?9k ( :at ) u be>s ! same "n2 & yet no?+ c be m diff]5t f our !atre1 9 its entire /ructure1 ?an t ( ! ,greeks4 ,if 9 read+ ! ,grecian pieces we associate our own /age ) !m1 ! light 9 :i* we %all view !m mu/ be false 9 e respect4 ,! lead+ au?ority on ?is subject1 & "o1 too1 ^: /atem5ts are ma!matically accurate1 is ,vitruvius1 :o also di/9ctly po9ts out ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ,roman !atres4 ,b ^! & simil> passages ( ! anci5t writ]s h be5 mo/ incorrectly int]pret$ by ar*itects unacqua9t$ ) ! anci5t dramati/s ,footnote3 ,we h a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is 9 ! pret5d$ anci5t !atre ( ,palladio1 at ,vic5za4 ,h]culaneum1 x is true1 _h n !n be5 discov]$2 & x is difficult to und]/& ! ru9s ( ! anci5t !atre )\t hav+ se5 a complete "o42 & philologi/s1 9 _! turn1 f ignorance ( ar*itecture1 h also egregi\sly err$4 ,! anci5t dramati/s are /ill1 !re=e1 greatly 9 want ( t illu/ration :i* a "r und]/&+ ( _! sc5ic arrangem5ts is calculat$ to ?r[ ^u !m4 ,9 _m trag$ies ,i ?9k t ,i h a tol]ably cle> notion ( ! matt]2 b o!rs1 aga91 pres5t difficulties :i* are n easily solv$4 ,b x is 9 figur+ ! repres5tation ( ,ari/ophanes' com$ies t ,i f9d myself mo/ at a loss3 ! +5i\s poet mu/ h br\ght 8 wond]ful inv5tions be=e ! eyes ( 8 audi5ce 9 a mann] equally bold & a/oni%+4 ,ev5 ,b>?lemy's description ( ! ,grecian /age is n a little confus$1 & 8 subjo9$ plan extremely incorrect2 :]e he attempts to describe ! act+ ( a play1 ! ,antigone or ! ,ajax1 = in/ance1 he goes altoge!r wrong4 ,= ?is reason ! foll[+ explanation w appe> ! less sup]flu\s ,footnote3 ,i am p>tly indebt$ = !m to ! elucidations ( a le>n$ ar*itect1 ,m4 ,g5elli1 ( ,b]l91 au?or ( ! +5i\s ,lett]s on ,vitruvius4 ,we h comp>$ sev]al ,greek trag$ies ) our int]pretation ( ,vitruvius's description1 & endeav\r$ to figure to ourselves ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 repres5t$2 & ,i aft]w>ds f\nd our ideas confirm$ by an exam9ation ( ! !atre ( ,h]culaneum1 & ! two v small ones at ,pompeii44 ,! !atres ( ! ,greeks 7 q op5 above1 & _! dramas 7 always act$ 9 day1 & b5ea? ! canopy ( heav54 ,! ,romans1 inde$1 at an aft] p]iod1 may h scre5$ ! audi5ce1 by an awn+1 f ! sun2 b luxury 0 sc>cely ev] c>ri$ s f> by ! ,greeks4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s appe>s v uncom=table to u2 b ! ,greeks _h no?+ ( effem9acy ab\t !m2 & we mu/ n =get1 too1 ! mildness ( _! climate4 ,:5 a /orm or a %[] came on1 ! play 0 ( c\rse int]rupt$1 & ! spectators s\ght %elt] 9 ! l(ty colonnade :i* ran beh9d _! seats2 b !y 7 will+ r to put up ) su* occasional inconv5i5ces1 ?an1 by %utt+ !mselves up 9 a close & cr[d$ h\se1 entirely to =feit ! sunny brightness ( a religi\s solemnity--= su*1 9 fact1 _! plays 7 ,footnote3 ,!y c>efully made *oice ( a beautiful situation4 ,! !atre at ,taurom5ium1 at pres5t ,taorm9o1 9 ,sicily1 ( :i* ! ru9s are /ill visible1 01 accord+ to ,hunt]'s description1 situat$ 9 su* a mann] t ! audi5ce _h a view ( ,etna ov] ! back-gr\nd ( ! !atre44 ,to h cov]$ 9 ! sc5e itself1 & imprison$ gods & h]oes 9 a d>k & gloomy ap>tm5t1 artificially light$ up1 w\ld h appe>$ /ill m ridicul\s to !m4 ,an action :i* s glori\sly atte/$ _! aff9ity ) heav51 c\ld fitly be exhibit$ only b5ea? ! free heav51 &1 z x 71 "u ! v eyes ( ! gods1 = :om1 accord+ to ,s5eca1 ! sight ( a brave man /ruggl+ ) adv]sity is a suitable spectacle4 ,) respect to ! suppos$ inconv5i5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ass]tion ( _m mod]n critics1 h5ce accru$1 compell+ ! poets always to lay ! sc5e ( _! pieces out ( doors1 & consequ5tly (t5 =c+ !m to violate probability1 x 0 v little felt by ,trag$y & ! ,old] ,com$y4 ,! ,greeks1 l _m s\!rn nations ( ! pres5t day1 liv$ mu* m 9 ! op5 air ?an we d1 & transact$ _m ?+s 9 public places :i* ) u usually take place )9 doors4 ,besides1 ! !atre did n repres5t ! /reet1 b a front area belong+ to ! h\se1 :]e ! alt> /ood on :i* sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! h\sehold gods4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! wom51 not)/&+ ! retir$ life !y l$ among ! ,greeks1 ev5 ^? :o 7 unm>ri$1 might appe> )\t any impropriety4 ,nei!r 0 x impossible = !m1 if necess>y1 to give a view ( ! int]ior ( ! h\se2 & ?is 0 effect$1 z we %all pres5tly see2 by means ( ! ,encyclema4 ,b ! pr9cipal gr\nd ( ?is practice 0 t publicity :i*1 accord+ to ! republican notion ( ! ,greeks1 0 ess5tial to all grave & important transactions4 ,?is 0 signifi$ by ! pres5ce ( ! *orus1 ^: pres5ce dur+ _m secret transactions has be5 judg$ ( accord+ to rules ( propriety inapplicable to ! c\ntry1 & s mo/ undes]v$ly c5sur$4 ,! !atres ( ! anci5ts 71 9 comp>ison ) ! small scale ( ours1 ( colossal magnitude1 p>tly = ! sake ( conta9+ ! :ole ( ! p1 ) ! conc\rse ( /rang]s :o flock$ to ! fe/ivals1 & p>tly to correspond ) ! maje/y ( ! dramas repres5t$ 9 !m1 :i* requir$ to be se5 at a respectful di/ance4 ,! seats ( ! spectators 7 =m$ by asc5d+ /eps :i* rose r\nd ! semicircle ( ! or*e/ra1 7call$ by u ! pit17 s t all c\ld see ) equal conv5i5ce4 ,! dim9ution ( effect by di/ance 0 c\nt]act$ to ! eye & e> by artificial contrivances consi/+ 9 ! employm5t ( masks1 & ( an app>atus = increas+ ! l\dness ( ! voice1 & ( ! co?urnus to give additional /ature4 ,vitruvius speaks also ( vehicles ( s\nd1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! build+2 b comm5tators are mu* at v>iance ) respect to _! nature4 ,9 g5]al x may be assum$1 t ! !atres ( ! anci5ts 7 con/ruct$ on excell5t ac\/ic pr9ciples4 ,ev5 ! l[e/ ti] ( ! amphi!atre 0 rais$ consid]ably above ! or*e/ra1 & opposite to x 0 ! /age1 at an equal degree ( elevation4 ,! holl[ semicircle ( ! or*e/ra 0 unoccupi$ by spectators1 & 0 design$ = ano!r purpose4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 o!rwise ) ! ,romans1 ?\gh inde$ ! arrangem5t ( _! !atres does n at pres5t conc]n u4 ,! /age consi/$ ( a /rip :i* /ret*$ f "o end ( ! build+ to ! o!r1 & ( :i* ! dep? bore little proportion to ?is bread?4 ,?is 0 call$ ! logeum1 9 ,lat9 pulpitum1 & ! middle ( x 0 ! usual place = ! p]sons :o spoke4 ,beh9d ?is middle "p1 ! sc5e w5t inw>ds 9 a quadrangul> =m1 ) less dep?1 h[ev]1 ?an bread?4 ,! space ?us enclos$ 0 call$ ! prosc5ium4 ,! front ( ! logeum t[>ds ! or*e/ra 0 ornam5t$ ) pila/]s & small /atues betwe5 !m4 ,! /age1 erect$ on a f\ndation ( /onework1 0 a wood5 plat=m re/+ on raft]s4 ,! surr\nd+ appurt5ances ( ! /age1 toge!r ) ! rooms requir$ = ! ma*9]y1 7 also ( wood4 ,! wall ( ! build+1 directly opposite to ! seats ( ! spectators1 0 rais$ to a level ) ! upp]mo/ ti]4 ,! sc5ic decoration 0 contriv$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! pr9cipal & ne>e/ object cov]$ ! backgr\nd1 & ! prospects ( di/ance 7 giv5 at ! two sides2 ! v rev]se ( ! mode adopt$ by u4 ,! latt] arrangem5t _h also its rules3 on ! left1 0 ! t[n to :i* ! palace1 temple1 or :atev] occupi$ ! middle1 belong$2 on ! "r1 ! op5 c\ntry1 l&scape1 m\nta9s1 sea-coa/1 c4 ,! side-sc5es 7 compos$ ( triangles :i* turn$ on a pivot b5ea?2 & 9 ?is mann] ! *ange ( sc5e 0 effect$4 ,accord+ to an obs]vation on ,virgil1 by ,s]vius1 ! *ange ( sc5e 0 p>tly produc$ by revolv+1 & p>tly by )draw+4 ,! =m] applies to ! lat]al decorations1 & ! latt] to ! middle ( ! backgr\nd4 ,! p>tition 9 ! middle op5$1 disappe>$ at bo? sides1 & exhibit$ to view a new picture4 ,b all ! p>ts ( ! sc5e 7 n always *ang$ at ! same "t4 ,9 ! back or c5tral sc5e1 x is probable1 t mu* :i* ) u is only pa9t$ 0 giv5 bodily4 ,if ?is repres5t$ a palace or temple1 !re 0 usually 9 ! prosc5ium an alt>1 :i* 9 ! p]=mance answ]$ a numb] ( purposes4 ,! decoration 0 = ! mo/ "p ar*itectural1 b occasionally also a pa9t$ l&scape1 z ( ,caucasus 9 ! ,prome!us1 or 9 ! ,philoctetes1 ( ! des]t isl& ( ,lemnos1 & ! rocks ) its cav]n4 ,f a passage ( ,plato x is cle>1 t ! ,greeks c>ri$ ! illusions ( !atrical p]spective mu* f>!r ?an1 judg+ f "s wret*$ l&scapes discov]$ 9 ,h]culaneum1 we %\ld be dispos$ to all[4 ,9 ! back wall ( ! /age !re 0 "o ma9 entrance1 & two side doors4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$1 t f !m x might be discov]$ :e!r an actor play$ a pr9cipal or "u "p1 z 9 ! fir/ case he came 9 by ! ma9 entrance1 b 9 ! second1 ent]$ f ei!r ( ! sides4 ,b ?is %\ld be und]/ood ) ! proviso1 t ?is mu/ h v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! piece4 ,z ! middle sc5e 0 g5]ally a palace1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal *>act]s g5]ally ( royal desc5t resid$1 !y naturally came on ! /age ?r\gh ! great door1 :ile ! s]vants dwelt 9 ! w+s4 ,b besides ^! ?ree entrances1 :i* 7 directly opposite to ! spectators1 & 7 real doors1 ) appropriate ar*itectural decorations1 !re 7 also f\r side entrances1 to :i* ! "n ( doors _c prop]ly apply3 two1 namely1 on ! /age on ! "r & ! left1 t[>ds ! inn] angles ( ! prosc5ium1 & two f>!r (f1 9 ! or*e/ra1 also "r & left4 ,! latt] 7 int5d$ prop]ly = ! *orus1 b 7 likewise n unfrequ5tly us$ by ! actors1 :o 9 su* cases asc5d$ to ! /age by "o or o!r ( ! d\ble flight ( /eps :i* ran f ! or*e/ra to ! middle ( ! logeum4 ,! ent]+ f ! "r or ! left ( itself indicat$ ! place f :i* ! dramatic p]sonages mu/ be suppos$ to come4 ,! situation ( ^! entrances s]ves to expla9 _m passages 9 ! anci5t dramas1 :]e ! p]sons /&+ 9 ! middle see "s "o advanc+1 long be=e he approa*es !m4 ,some:]e b5ea? ! seats ( ! spectators1 a flight ( /airs 0 con/ruct$1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,*>onic1 & by :i*1 unse5 by ! audi5ce1 ! %ad[s ( ! dep>t$1 asc5d$ into ! or*e/ra1 & !nce to ! /age4 ,! fur!rmo/ br9k ( ! logeum mu/ sometimes h repres5t$ ! sea %ore4 ,moreov] ! ,greeks 9 g5]al skilfully avail$ !mselves ev5 ( extra-sc5ic matt]s1 & made !m subs]vi5t to ! /age effect4 ,?us1 ,i d\bt n1 b t 9 ! ,eum5ides ! spectators 7 twice address$ z an assembl$ p2 fir/1 z ! ,greeks invit$ by ! ,py?oness to consult ! oracle2 & a second "t z ! ,a!nian multitude1 :5 ,pallas1 by ! h]ald1 comm&s sil5ce dur+ ! trial ab\t to comm5ce4 ,s too ! frequ5t appeals to heav5 7 und\bt$ly address$ to ! real heav52 & :5 ,electra on h] fir/ appe>ance exclaims3 ,o holy light1 & ?\ air co-expansive ) e>?6 %e probably turn$ t[>ds ! actual sun asc5d+ 9 ! heav5s4 ,! :ole ( ?is proc$ure is highly des]v+ ( praise2 & ?\gh mod]n critics h c5sur$ ! mixture ( reality & imitation1 z de/ructive ( !atrical illusion1 ?is only proves t !y h misund]/ood ! ess5ce ( ! illusion :i* a "w ( art aims at produc+4 ,if we are to be truly deceiv$ by a picture1 t is1 if we are to believe 9 ! reality ( ! object :i* we see1 we mu/ n p]ceive its limits1 b look at x ?r\gh an op5+2 ! frame at once decl>es x = a picture4 ,n[ 9 /age-sc5]y we _c avoid ! use ( ar*itectural contrivances1 productive ( ! same effect on dramatic repres5tation z frames on pictures4 ,x is consequ5tly mu* bett] n to attempt to disguise ?is fact1 b leav+ ?is k9d ( illusion = ^? cases :]e x c be advantage\sly employ$1 to take x z a p]mitt$ lic5ce occasionally to /ep out ( ! limits ( m]e sc5ic decoration4 ,x 01 g5]ally speak+1 a pr9ciple ( ! ,greeks1 ) respect to /age imitation1 ei!r to require a p]fect repres5tation1 & :]e ?is c\ld n be accompli%$1 to be satisfi$ ) m]ely symbolical allusions4 ,! ma*9]y = ! desc5t ( gods ?r\gh ! air1 or ! )draw+ ( m5 f ! e>?1 0 plac$ al(t beh9d ! walls ( ! two sides ( ! sc5e1 & consequ5tly remov$ f ! sight ( ! spectators4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,aes*ylus1 great use 0 already made ( x1 z 9 ! ,prome!us he n only br+s ,oceanus ?r\gh ! air on a griff91 b also 9 a w+$ *>iot introduces ! :ole *oir ( ocean nymphs1 at lea/ fifte5 9 numb]4 ,!re 7 also holl[ places b5ea? ! /age into :i*1 :5 necess>y1 ! p]sonages c\ld disappe>1 & contrivances = ?und] & lightn+1 = ! app>5t fall or burn+ ( a h\se1 c4 ,to ! h9dmo/ wall ( ! sc5e an upp] /ory c\ld be add$2 :5ev]1 = in/ance1 x 0 wi%$ to repres5t a t[] ) a wide prospect1 or ! l4 ,beh9d ! great middle entrance !re 0 a space = ! ,exo/ra1 a ma*9e ( a semicircul> =m1 & cov]$ above1 :i* repres5t$ ! objects conta9$ 9 x z 9 a h\se4 ,?is 0 us$ = gr& /rokes ( !atrical effect1 z we may see f _m pieces4 ,on su* occasions ! fold+-doors ( ! entrance w\ld naturally be op51 or ! curta9 :i* cov]$ x )drawn4 ,a /age curta91 :i*1 we cle>ly see f a description ( ,ovid1 0 n dropp$1 b drawn upw>ds1 is m5tion$ bo? by ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 & ! ,lat9 appellation1 aulaeum1 is ev5 borr[$ f ! ,greeks4 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t ! curta9 0 n mu* us$ at fir/ on ! ,attic /age4 ,9 ! pieces ( ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 ! sc5e is evid5tly empty at ! op5+ z well z ! conclusion1 & seems !re=e to h requir$ no prep>ation :i* ne$$ to be %ut out f ! view ( ! spectators4 ,h[ev]1 9 _m ( ! pieces ( ,euripides1 & p]haps also 9 ! ,o$ipus ,tyrannus1 ! /age is fill$ f ! v fir/1 & pres5ts a /&+ gr\p :i* c\ld n well h be5 assembl$ "u ! v eyes ( ! spectators4 ,x mu/1 besides1 be rememb]$1 t x 0 only ! comp>atively small prosc5ium1 & n ! logeum1 :i* 0 cov]$ by ! curta9 :i* disappe>$ ?r\gh a n>r[ op5+ betwe5 two ( ! bo>ds ( ! floor+1 be+ w\nd up on a roll] b5ea? ! /age4 ,! entrances ( ! *orus 7 b5ea? 9 ! or*e/ra1 9 :i* x g5]ally rema9$1 & 9 :i* also x p]=m$ its solemn dance1 mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds dur+ ! *oral songs4 ,9 ! front ( ! or*e/ra1 opposite to ! middle ( ! sc5e1 !re 0 an elevation ) /eps1 resembl+ an alt>1 z high z ! /age1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,?ymele4 ,?is 0 ! /ation ( ! *orus :5 x did n s+1 b m]ely look$ on z an int]e/$ spectator ( ! action4 ,at su* times ! *oragus1 or lead] ( ! *orus1 took 8 /ation on ! top ( ! ?ymele1 to see :at 0 pass+ on ! /age1 & to conv]se ) ! *>act]s !re pres5t4 ,= ?\gh ! *oral song 0 common to ! :ole1 yet :5 x took "p 9 ! dialogue1 "o usually spoke = all ! re/2 & h5ce we may acc\nt = ! %ift+ f ?\ to ye 9 address+ !m4 ,! ?ymele 0 situat$ 9 ! v c5tre ( ! build+2 all ! measurem5ts 7 made f x1 & ! semicircle ( ! amphi!atre 0 describ$ r\nd x z ! c5tre4 ,x 01 !re=e1 an excell5t contrivance to place ! *orus1 :o 7 ! ideal repres5tatives ( ! spectators1 9 ! v spot :]e all ! radii conv]g$4 ,! tragical imitation ( ! anci5ts 0 altoge!r ideal & rhy?mical2 & 9 =m+ a judgm5t ( x1 we mu/ always keep ?is 9 view4 ,x 0 ideal1 9 s f> z x aim$ at ! highe/ grace & dignity2 & rhy?mical1 insomu* z ! ge/ures & inflections ( voice 7 m solemnly measur$ ?an 9 real life4 ,z ! /atu>y ( ! ,greeks1 sett+ out1 ) almo/ sci5tific /rictness1 ) ! mo/ g5]al conception1 s\ght to embody x aga9 9 v>i\s g5]al *>act]s :i* 7 gradually inve/$ ) ! *>ms ( life1 s t ! individual 0 ! la/ ?+ to :i* !y desc5d$2 9 l mann] 9 ! mimetic art1 !y began ) ! idea 7! del9eation ( p]sons ) h]oical gr&eur1 m ?an human dignity1 & ideal beauty71 !n pass$ to "*1 & made passion ! la/ ( all2 :i*1 9 ! collision ) ! requisitions ( ei!r ( ! o!rs1 0 =c$ to give way4 ,fidelity ( repres5tation 0 less _! object ?an beauty2 ) u x is exactly ! rev]se4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 ! use ( masks1 :i* appe>s a/oni%+ to u1 0 n only ju/ifiable1 b absolutely ess5tial2 f> f consid]+ !m z a make%ift1 ! ,greeks w\ld c]ta9ly1 & ) ju/ice too1 h look$ ^u x z a make%ift to be oblig$ to all[ a play] ) vulg>1 ignoble1 or /rongly m>k$ features1 to repres5t an ,apollo or a ,h]cules2 nay1 r !y w\ld h deem$ x d[nright pr(anation4 ,h[ little is x 9 ! p[] ( ! mo/ f9i%$ actor to *ange ! "* ( 8 features6 ,h[ prejudicial mu/ ?is be to ! expression ( passion1 z all passion is t+$ m or less /rongly by ! "*4 ,nor is !re any ne$ to h rec\rse to ! conjecture t !y *ang$ ! masks 9 ! diff]5t sc5es1 = ! purpose ( exhibit+ a great] degree ( joy or sorr[4 ,i call x conjecture1 ?\gh ,b>?lemy1 9 8 ,ana*>sis1 consid]s x a settl$ po9t4 ,he cites no au?orities1 & ,i d n recollect any4 ,= ! exp$i5t w\ld by no means h be5 suffici5t1 z ! passions (t5 *ange 9 ! same sc5e1 & ?is has r$uc$ mod]n critics to suppose1 t ! masks exhibit$ diff]5t appe>ances on ! two sides2 & t n[ ?is1 n[ t side 0 turn$ t[>ds ! spectators1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,voltaire1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,trag$y ( ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns1 prefix$ to ,semiramis1 has actually gone ?is l5g?4 ,amid/ a multitude ( suppos$ improprieties :i* he heaps toge!r to conf\nd ! admir]s ( anci5t trag$y1 he urges ! foll[+3 ,aucune nation 7t is to say1 except+ ! ,greeks7 ne fait p>atre ses acteurs sur des espces d'*asses1 le visage c\v]t d'un masque1 qui exprime la d\leur d'un ct et la joie de l'autre4 ,aft] a consci5ti\s inquiry into ! au?orities = an ass]tion s v improbable1 & yet s boldly made1 ,i c only f9d "o passage 9 ,qu9ctilian1 lib4 xi4 cap4 #c1 & an allusion ( ,platonius /ill m vague4 7,vide ,ari/oph4 ed4 ,k/]1 prolegom4 p4 x47 ,bo? passages ref] only to ! new com$y1 & only am\nt to ?is1 t 9 "s *>act]s ! eyebr[s 7 dissimil>4 ,z to ! int5tion ( ?is1 ,i %all say a ^w or two h]eaft]1 :5 ,i come to consid] ! new ,greek com$y4 ,voltaire1 h[ev]1 is )\t excuse1 z ! m5tion ( ! co?urnus leaves no d\bt t he allud$ to tragic masks4 ,b 8 error _h probably no su* le>n$ orig94 ,9 mo/ cases1 x w\ld be a fruitless task to trace ! s\rce ( 8 mi/akes4 ,! :ole description ( ! ,greek trag$y1 z well z t ( ! co?urnus 9 p>ticul>1 is wor?y ( ! man ^: k ( antiquity 0 su*1 t 9 8 ,essay on ,trag$y1 prefix$ to ,brutus1 he boa/s ( hav+ introduc$ ! ,roman ,s5ate on ! /age 9 r$ mantles4 ,no2 ! c\nt5ance rema9$ f beg9n+ to end ! v same1 z we may see f ! anci5t masks cut out 9 /one4 ,= ! expression ( passion1 ! glances ( ! eye1 ! motion ( ! arms & h&s1 ! attitudes1 &1 la/ly1 ! tones ( ! voice1 rema9$ !re4 ,we compla9 ( ! loss ( ! play ( ! features1 )\t reflect+1 t at su* a great di/ance1 its effect w\ld h be5 altoge!r lo/4 ,we are n n[ inquir+ :e!r1 )\t ! use ( masks1 x may n be possible to atta9 a high] degree ( sep>ate excell5ce 9 ! mimetic art4 ,?is we w\ld v will+ly all[4 ,cic]o1 x is true1 speaks ( ! expression1 ! s(tness1 & delicacy ( ! act+ ( ,roscius1 9 ! same t]ms t a mod]n critic w\ld apply to ,g>rick or ,s*rd]4 ,b ,i w n lay any /ress on ! act+ ( ?is celebrat$ play]1 ! excell5ce ( :i* has become prov]bial1 because x appe>s f a passage 9 ,cic]o t he frequ5tly play$ )\t a mask1 & t ?is 0 pref]r$3 by 8 contempor>ies4 ,i d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is 0 ev] ! case among ! ,greeks4 ,b ! same writ] relates1 t actors 9 g5]al1 = ! sake ( acquir+ ! mo/ p]fect purity & flexibility ( voice 7& n m]ely ! musical voice1 o!rwise ! example w\ld n h be5 applicable to ! orator71 submitt$ to su* a c\rse ( un9t]rupt$ ex]cises1 z our mod]n play]s1 ev5 ! ,fr5*1 :o ( all foll[ ! /ricte/ tra9+1 w\ld consid] a mo/ intol]able oppression4 ,= ! display ( dext]ity 9 ! mimetic art1 )\t ! accompanim5t ( words1 0 c>ri$ by ! anci5ts 9 _! pantomimes1 to a degree ( p]fection q unkn[n to ! mod]ns4 ,9 trag$y1 h[ev]1 ! great object 9 ! art 0 ! due subord9ation ( e elem5t2 ! :ole 0 to appe> animat$ by "o & ! same _s1 & h5ce1 n m]ely ! poetry1 b ! musical accompanim5t1 ! sc5ical decoration1 & tra9+ ( ! actors1 all issu$ f ! poet4 ,! play] 0 a m]e in/rum5t 9 8 h&s1 & 8 m]it consi/$ 9 ! accuracy ) :i* he fill$ 8 "p1 & by no means 9 arbitr>y bravura1 or o/5tati\s display ( 8 own skill4 ,z f ! nature ( _! writ+ mat]ials1 !y _h n a facility ( mak+ _m copies1 ! p>ts 7 le>nt f ! repeat$ recitation ( ! poet1 & ! *orus 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is 0 call$ tea*+ a play4 ,z ! poet 0 also a musician1 & = ! mo/ "p a play] likewise1 ?is mu/ h greatly contribut$ to ! p]fection ( ! p]=mance4 ,we may safely all[ t ! task ( ! mod]n play]1 :o mu/ *ange 8 p]son )\t conceal+ x1 is mu* m difficult2 b ?is difficulty af=ds no j crit]ion = decid+ :i* ( ! two ! pref]5ce mu/ be aw>d$1 z a skilful repres5tation ( ! noble & ! beautiful4 ,z ! features ( ! play] acquir$ a m decid$ expression f ! mask1 z 8 voice 0 /r5g!n$ by a contrivance atta*$ to ! mask1 s ! co?urnus1 consi/+ ( sev]al soles ( consid]able ?ickness1 z may be se5 9 ! anci5t /atues ( ,melpom5e1 rais$ 8 figure consid]ably above ! usual /&>d4 ,! female p>ts 7 also play$ by m51 z ! voice & g5]al c>riage ( wom5 w\ld h be5 inadequate to ! en]gy ( tragic h]o9es4 ,! =ms ( ! masks1 ,footnote3 ,we h obta9$ a k ( !m f ! imitations 9 /one :i* h come d[n to u4 ,!y display bo? beauty & v>iety4 ,t great v>iety mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! tragical dep>tm5t 79 ! comic we c h no d\bt ab\t ! matt]7 is evid5t f ! ri* /ore ( te*nical expressions 9 ! ,greek language1 = e gradation ( ! age1 & "* ( masks4 ,see ! ,onoma/icon ( ,jul4 ,pollux4 ,9 ! m>ble masks1 h[ev]1 we c nei!r see ! ?9ness ( ! mass f :i* ! real masks 7 execut$1 ! m delicate col\r+1 nor ! exquisite me*anism ( ! fitt+s4 ,! abundance ( excell5t workm5 possess$ by ,a!ns1 9 ev]y?+ :i* _h a ref]5ce to ! pla/ic arts1 w w>rant ! conjecture t !y 7 9 ?is respect inimitable4 ,^? :o h se5 ! masks ( wax 9 ! gr& /yle1 :i* 9 "s degree conta9 ! :ole head1 lately contriv$ at ! ,roman c>nival1 may =m to !mselves a pretty good idea ( ! !atrical masks ( ! anci5ts4 ,!y imitate life1 ev5 to its movem5ts1 9 a mo/ ma/]ly mann]1 & at su* a di/ance z t f :i* ! anci5t play]s 7 se51 ! deception is mo/ p]fect4 ,!y always conta9 ! :ite ( ! eye1 z we see x 9 ! anci5t masks1 & ! p]son cov]$ sees m]ely ?r\gh ! ap]ture left = ! iris4 ,! anci5ts mu/ sometimes h gone /ill f>!r1 & contriv$ also an iris = ! masks1 accord+ to ! anecdote ( ! s+] ,?amyris1 :o1 9 a piece :i* 0 probably ( ,sophocles1 made 8 appe>ance ) a black eye4 ,ev5 accid5tal circum/ances 7 imitat$2 = in/ance1 ! *eeks ( ,tyro1 /ream+ blood f ! cruel conduct ( 8 /epmo!r4 ,! head f ! mask mu/ no d\bt h appe>$ some:at l>ge = ! re/ ( ! figure2 b ?is disproportion1 9 trag$y at lea/1 w\ld n be p]ceiv$ f ! elevation ( ! co?urnus4 & ! :ole appe>ance ( ! tragic figures1 we may easily suppose1 7 suffici5tly beautiful & dignifi$4 ,we %\ld d well to h ! anci5t sculpture always pres5t to our m9ds2 & ! mo/ accurate conception1 p]haps1 t we c possibly h1 is to imag9e !m s _m /atues 9 ! gr& /yle end[$ ) life & motion4 ,b1 z 9 sculpture1 !y 7 fond ( disp5s+ z mu* z possible ) dress1 = ! sake ( exhibit+ ! m ess5tial beauty ( ! figure2 on ! /age !y w\ld endeav\r1 f an opposite pr9ciple1 to clo! z mu* z !y c\ld well d1 bo? f a reg>d to dec5cy1 & because ! actual =ms ( ! body w\ld n correspond suffici5tly ) ! beauty ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,!y w\ld also exhibit _! div9ities1 :i* 9 sculpture we always obs]ve ei!r entirely nak$1 or only half cov]$1 9 a complete dress4 ,!y _h rec\rse to a numb] ( means = giv+ a suitable /r5g? to ! =ms ( ! limbs1 & ?us re/or+ proportion to ! increas$ height ( ! play]4 ,! great bread? ( ! !atre 9 proportion to its dep? mu/ h giv5 to ! gr\p+ ( ! figures ! simple & di/9ct ord] ( ! bas-relief4 ,we mod]ns pref] on ! /age1 z else:]e1 gr\ps ( a picturesque description1 ) figures m closely cr[d$ toge!r1 & p>tly conceal+ "o ano!r1 & p>tly retir+ into ! di/ance2 b ! anci5ts 7 s little fond ( =e%ort5+1 t ev5 9 _! pa9t+ !y g5]ally avoid$ x4 ,_! movem5t kept "t ) ! rhy?mus ( ! declamation1 & 9 ?is accompanim5t ! utmo/ grace & beauty 7 aim$ at4 ,! poetical conception requir$ a c]ta9 degree ( repose 9 ! action1 & ! keep+ toge!r c]ta9 masses1 s z to exhibit a succession ( /atuesque situations1 & x is n improbable t ! play] rema9$ = "s "t motionless 9 "o attitude4 ,b we are n to suppose f ?is1 t ! ,greeks 7 cont5t$ ) a cold & feeble repres5tation ( ! passions4 ,h[ c\ld we reconcile su* a supposition ) ! fact1 t :ole l9es ( _! trag$ies are frequ5tly d$icat$ to in>ticulate exclamations ( pa91 ) :i* we h no?+ to correspond 9 any ( our mod]n languages8 ,x has be5 (t5 conjectur$ t ! deliv]y ( _! dialogue resembl$ ! mod]n recitative4 ,= su* a conjecture !re is no o!r f\ndation ?an ! fact t ! ,greek1 l almo/ all s\!rn languages1 0 pron\nc$ ) a great] musical inflexion ?an ours ( ! ,nor?4 ,9 o!r respects _! tragic declamation mu/1 ,i conceive1 h be5 altoge!r unlike recitative1 be+ bo? mu* m measur$1 & also f> remov$ f its /udi$ & artificial modulation4 ,s1 aga91 ! anci5t trag$y1 because x 0 accompani$ ) music & danc+1 ,footnote3 ,ev5 ,b>?lemy falls into ?is error 9 a note to ! #gj? ,*apt] ( ,ana*>sis4 has also be5 frequ5tly comp>$ ) ! op]a4 ,b ?is comp>ison betrays an utt] ignorance ( ! _s ( classical antiquity4 ,_! danc+ & music _h no?+ b ! "n 9 common ) ours4 ,9 trag$y ! prim>y object 0 ! poetry1 & ev]y?+ else 0 /rictly & truly subord9ate to x4 ,b 9 ! op]a ! poetry is m]ely an accessory1 ! means ( connect+ ! diff]5t p>ts toge!r2 & x is almo/ lo/ amid/ its _m & m fav\r$ accompanim5ts4 ,! be/ prescription = ! composition ( an op]a is1 take a rapid poetical sket* & !n fill up & col\r ! outl9es by ! o!r arts4 ,?is an>*y ( ! arts1 :]e music1 danc+1 & decoration are seek+ to outvie ea* o!r by ! pr(use display ( _! mo/ dazzl+ *>ms1 con/itutes ! v ess5ce ( ! op]a4 ,:at sort ( op]a-music w\ld x be1 :i* %\ld set ! words to a m]e rhy?mical accompanim5t ( ! simple/ modulations8 ,! fanta/ic magic ( ! op]a consi/s altoge!r 9 ! revelry ( emulation betwe5 ! diff]5t means1 & 9 ! m$ley ( _! pr(usion4 ,?is *>m w\ld at once be de/roy$ by any approximation to ! sev]ity ( ! anci5t ta/e 9 any "o po9t1 ev5 9 t ( ! co/ume2 = ! contra/ w\ld r5d] ! v>iety 9 all ! o!r dep>tm5ts ev5 ! m insupportable4 ,gay1 t9sell$1 spangl$ drap]ies suit be/ to ! op]a2 & h5ce _m ?+s :i* h be5 c5sur$ z unnatural1 su* z exhibit+ h]oes w>bl+ & trill+ 9 ! excess ( despond5cy1 are p]fectly ju/ifiable4 ,?is fairy _w is n peopl$ by real m51 b by a s+ul> k9d ( s++ creatures4 ,nei!r is x any disadvantage t ! op]a is br\ght be=e u 9 a language :i* we d n g5]ally und]/&2 ! words are altoge!r lo/ 9 ! music1 & ! language :i* is mo/ h>moni\s & musical1 & conta9s ! greate/ numb] ( op5 v[els = ! airs1 & di/9ct acc5ts = recitative1 is !re=e ! be/4 ,x w\ld be z incongru\s to attempt to give to ! op]a ! simplicity ( ! ,grecian ,trag$y1 z x is absurd to ?9k ( comp>+ !m toge!r4 ,9 ! syllabic composition1 :i* !n at lea/ prevail$ univ]sally 9 ,grecian music1 ! solemn *oral song1 ( :i* we may =m to ourselves "s idea f our artless national airs1 & m especially f our *ur*-tunes1 _h no o!r in/rum5tal accompanim5t ?an a s+le flute1 :i* 0 su* z n 9 ! slighte/ degree to impair ! di/9ctness ( ! words4 ,o!rwise x mu/ h>e increas$ ! difficulty ( ! *oruses & lyrical songs1 :i*1 9 g5]al1 are ! "p :i* we f9d x ! h>de/ to und]/& ( ! anci5t trag$y1 & z x mu/ also h be5 = contempor>y auditors4 ,!y ab\nd 9 ! mo/ involv$ con/ructions1 ! mo/ unusual expressions1 & ! bolde/ images & recondite allusions4 ,:y !n %\ld ! poets h lavi%$ su* lab\r & art ^u !m1 if x 7 all to be lo/ 9 ! deliv]y8 ,su* a display ( ornam5t )\t an object w\ld h be5 v unlike ,grecian ways ( ?9k+4 ,9 ! syllabic measures ( _! trag$ies1 !re g5]ally prevails a highly f9i%$ regul>ity1 b by no means a /iff symmetrical uni=mity4 ,besides ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! lyrical /rophes1 :i* ! poet inv5t$ = ea* occasion1 !y h also a measure to suit ! transition 9 ! tone ( m9d f ! dialogue to ! lyric1 ! anape/2 & two = ! dialogue itself1 "o ( :i*1 by f> ! mo/ usual1 ! iambic trimet]1 d5ot$ ! regul> progress ( ! action1 & ! o!r1 ! tro*aic tetramet]1 0 expressive ( ! impetu\sness ( passion4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> into ! dep?s ( metrical sci5ce1 7 we to v5ture at pres5t on a m m9ute acc\nt ( ! /ructure & significance ( ^! measures4 ,i m]ely wi%$ to make ?is rem>k1 z s mu* has be5 said ( ! simplicity ( ! anci5t trag$y1 :i*1 no d\bt1 exi/s 9 ! g5]al plan1 at lea/ 9 ! two olde/ poets2 :]eas 9 ! execution & details ! ri*e/ v>iety ( poetical ornam5t is employ$4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be evid5t t ! utmo/ accuracy 9 ! deliv]y ( ! diff]5t modes ( v]sification 0 expect$ f ! play]1 z ! delicacy ( ! ,grecian e> w\ld n excuse1 ev5 9 an orator1 ! false quantity ( a s+le syllable4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,ess5ce ( ! ,greek ,trag$ies--,ideality ( ! ,repres5tation--,idea ( ,fate--,s\rce ( ! ,pleasure d]iv$ f ,tragical ,repres5tations--,import ( ! ,*orus--,! mat]ials ( ,greek ,trag$y d]iv$ f ,my?ology-- ,comp>ison ) ! ,pla/ic ,arts4 ,we come n[ to ! ess5ce ( ,greek trag$y4 ,t 9 conception x 0 ideal1 is univ]sally all[$2 ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be und]/ood z imply+ t all its *>act]s 7 depict$ z morally p]fect4 ,9 su* a case :at room c\ld !re be = t contra/ & collision :i* ! v plot ( a drama requires8--,!y h _! weaknesses1 errors1 & ev5 crimes1 b ! mann]s are always elevat$ above reality1 & e p]son is inve/$ ) z high a portion ( dignity z 0 compatible ) 8 "p 9 ! action4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! ideality ( ! repres5tation *iefly consi/$ 9 ! elevation ( e ?+ 9 x to a high] sph]e4 ,tragic poetry wi%$ to sep>ate ! image ( humanity :i* x pres5t$ to u1 f ! level ( nature to :i* man is 9 reality *a9$ d[n1 l a slave ( ! soil4 ,h[ 0 ?is to be accompli%$8 ,by exhibit+ to u an image hov]+ 9 ! air8 ,b ?is w\ld h be5 incompatible ) ! law ( gravitation & ) ! e>?ly mat]ials ( :i* our bodies are fram$4 ,frequ5tly1 :at is prais$ 9 art z ideal is really no?+ m4 ,b ?is w\ld give u no?+ m ?an airy evanesc5t %ad[s incapable ( mak+ any durable impression on ! m9d4 ,! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 9 _! arti/ic creations1 succe$$ mo/ p]fectly1 9 comb9+ ! ideal ) ! real1 or1 to drop s*ool t]ms1 an elevation m ?an human ) all ! tru? ( life1 & 9 inve/+ ! manife/ation ( an idea ) en]getic corporeity4 ,!y did n all[ _! figures to flit ab\t )\t consi/5cy 9 empty space1 b !y fix$ ! /atue ( humanity on ! et]nal & immovable basis ( moral lib]ty2 & t x might /& !re un%ak51 =m$ x ( /one or brass1 or "s m massive sub/ance ?an ! bodies ( liv+ m51 mak+ an impression by its v weight1 & f its v elevation & magnific5ce only ! m completely subject to ! laws ( gravity4 ,inw>d lib]ty & ext]nal necessity are ! two poles ( ! tragic _w4 ,x is only by contra/ ) its opposite t ea* ( ^! ideas is br\ght into full manife/ation4 ,z ! feel+ ( an int]nal p[] ( self-det]m9ation elevates ! man above ! unlimit$ dom9ion ( impulse & ! in/9cts ( nature2 9 a ^w1 absolves him f nature's gu>dian%ip1 s ! necessity1 :i* alongside ( h] he mu/ recognize1 is no m]e natural necessity1 b "o ly+ beyond ! _w ( s5se 9 ! abyss ( inf9itude2 consequ5tly x exhibits itself z ! unfa?omable p[] ( ,de/9y4 ,h5ce ?is p[] ext5ds also to ! _w ( gods3 = ! ,grecian gods are m]e p[]s ( nature2 & al?\gh immeasurably high] ?an mortal man1 yet1 comp>$ ) inf9itude1 !y are on an equal foot+ ) himself4 ,9 ,hom] & 9 ! trag$ians1 ! gods are introduc$ 9 a mann] altoge!r diff]5t4 ,9 ! =m] _! appe>ance is arbitr>y & accid5tal1 & communicate to ! epic poem no high] int]e/ ?an ! *>m ( ! wond]ful4 ,b 9 ,trag$y ! gods ei!r come =w>d z ! s]vants ( de/9y1 & m$iate executors ( its decrees2 or else approve !mselves godlike only by ass]t+ _! lib]ty ( action1 & ent]+ ^u ! same /ruggles ) fate :i* man himself has to enc\nt]4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( ! tragical 9 ! s5se ( ! anci5ts4 ,we are accu/om$ to give to all t]rible or sorr[ful ev5ts ! appellation ( tragic1 & x is c]ta9 t su* ev5ts are select$ 9 pref]5ce by ,trag$y1 ?\gh a melan*oly conclusion is by no means indisp5sably necess>y2 & sev]al anci5t trag$ies1 viz41 ! ,eum5ides1 ,philoctetes1 & 9 "s degree also ! ,o$ipus ,coloneus1 )\t m5tion+ _m ( ! pieces ( ,euripides1 h a happy & *e]ful t]m9ation4 ,b :y does ,trag$y select subjects s awfully repugnant to ! wi%es & ! wants ( our s5su\s nature8 ,?is "q has (t5 be5 ask$1 & seldom satisfactorily answ]$4 ,"s h said t ! pleasure ( su* repres5tations arises f ! comp>ison we make betwe5 ! calmness & tranquillity ( our own situation1 & ! /orms & p]plexities to :i* ! victims ( passion are expos$4 ,b :5 we take a w>m int]e/ 9 ! p]sons ( a trag$y1 we cease to ?9k ( ourselves2 & :5 ?is is n ! case1 x is ! be/ ( all pro(s t we take b a feeble int]e/ 9 ! exhibit$ /ory1 & t ! trag$y has fail$ 9 its effect4 ,o!rs aga9 h _h rec\rse to a suppos$ feel+ = moral improvem5t1 :i* is gratifi$ by ! view ( poetical ju/ice 9 ! rew>d ( ! good & ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$4 ,b he = :om ! aspect ( su* dreadful examples c\ld really be :olesome1 mu/ be consci\s ( a base feel+ ( depression1 v f> remov$ f g5u9e morality1 & w\ld exp]i5ce humiliation r ?an elevation ( m9d4 ,besides1 poetical ju/ice is by no means indisp5sable to a good trag$y2 x may end ) ! suff]+ ( ! j & ! triumph ( ! wick$1 if only ! balance be pres]v$ 9 ! spectator's own consci\sness by ! prospect ( futurity4 ,little does x m5d ! matt] to say ) ,ari/otle1 t ! object ( trag$y is to purify ! passions by pity & t]ror4 ,9 ! fir/ place comm5tators h nev] be5 able to agree z to ! mean+ ( ?is proposition1 & h _h rec\rse to ! mo/ =c$ explanations ( x4 ,look1 = in/ance1 into ! ,dramaturgie ( ,less+4 ,less+ gives a new explanation ( 8 own1 & fancies he has f\nd 9 ,ari/otle a poetical ,euclid4 ,b ma!matical demon/rations are liable to no misconception1 & geometrical evid5ce may well be suppos$ inapplicable to ! !ory ( ! f9e arts4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t trag$y does op]ate ?is moral cure 9 u1 /ill %e does s by ! pa9ful feel+s ( t]ror & compassion3 & x rema9s to be prov$ h[ x is t we take a pleasure 9 subject+ ourselves to su* an op]ation4 ,o!rs h be5 pleas$ to say t we are attract$ to !atrical repres5tations f ! want ( "s viol5t agitation to r\se u out ( ! torpor ( our e-day life4 ,su* a crav+ does exi/2 ,i h already ackn[l$g$ ! exi/5ce ( ?is want1 :5 speak+ ( ! attractions ( ! drama2 b to x we mu/ equally attribute ! fights ( wild bea/s among ! ,romans1 nay1 ev5 ! combats ( ! gladiators4 ,b mu/ we1 less indurat$1 & m incl9$ to t5d] feel+s1 require demi-gods & h]oes to desc5d1 l s _m desp]ate gladiators1 into ! bloody ar5a ( ! tragic /age1 9 ord] to agitate our n]ves by ! spectacle ( _! suff]+s8 ,no3 x is n ! sight ( suff]+ :i* con/itutes ! *>m ( a trag$y1 or ev5 ( ! games ( ! circus1 or ( ! fight ( wild bea/s4 ,9 ! latt] we see a display ( activity1 /r5g?1 & c\rage2 spl5did qualities ^!1 & relat$ to ! m5tal & moral p[]s ( man4 ,! satisfaction1 !re=e1 :i* we d]ive f ! repres5tation1 9 a good trag$y1 ( p[]ful situations & ov]:elm+ sorr[s1 mu/ be ascrib$ ei!r to ! feel+ ( ! dignity ( human nature1 excit$ 9 u by su* gr& in/ances ( x z are !re9 display$1 or to ! trace ( a high] ord] ( ?+s1 impress$ on ! app>5tly irregul> c\rse ( ev5ts1 & my/]i\sly reveal$ 9 !m2 or p]haps to bo? ^! causes conjo9tly4 ,! true reason1 !re=e1 :y trag$y ne$ n %un ev5 ! h>%e/ subject is1 t a spiritual & invisible p[] c only be measur$ by ! opposition :i* x enc\nt]s f "s ext]nal =ce capable ( be+ appreciat$ by ! s5ses4 ,! moral fre$om ( man1 !re=e1 c only be display$ 9 a conflict ) 8 s5su\s impulses3 s long z no high] call summons x to action1 x is ei!r actually dormant )9 him1 or appe>s to slumb]1 s9ce o!rwise x does b me*anically fulfil its "p z a m]e p[] ( nature4 ,x is only amid/ difficulties & /ruggles t ! moral "p ( man's nature av\*es itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 we mu/ expla9 ! di/9ctive aim ( trag$y by way ( !ory1 we w\ld give x ?us3 t to e/abli% ! claims ( ! m9d to a div9e orig91 its e>?ly exi/5ce mu/ be disreg>d$ z va9 & insignificant1 all sorr[s endur$ & all difficulties ov]come4 ,) respect to ev]y?+ connect$ ) ?is po9t1 ,i ref] my he>]s to ! ,section on ! ,sublime 9 ,kant's ,criticism ( ! ,judgm5t 7,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft71 to ! complete p]fection ( :i* no?+ is want+ b a m def9ite idea ( ! trag$y ( ! anci5ts1 ) :i* he does n seem to h be5 v well acqua9t$4 ,i come n[ to ano!r peculi>ity :i* di/+ui%es ! trag$y ( ! anci5ts f ours1 ,i mean ! ,*orus4 ,we mu/ consid] x z a p]sonifi$ reflection on ! action :i* is go+ on2 ! incorporation into ! repres5tation itself ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! poet1 z ! spokesman ( ! :ole human race4 ,?is is its g5]al poetical "*2 & t is all t "h conc]ns u1 & t "* is by no means affect$ by ! circum/ance t ! ,*orus _h a local orig9 9 ! fea/s ( ,bac*us1 & t1 moreov]1 x always reta9$ among ! ,greeks a peculi> national signification2 publicity be+1 z we h already said1 accord+ to _! republican notions1 ess5tial to ! complet5ess ( e important transaction4 ,if 9 _! compositions !y rev]t$ to ! h]oic ages1 9 :i* mon>*ical polity 0 yet 9 =ce1 !y nev]!less gave a c]ta9 republican ca/ to ! families ( _! h]oes1 by c>ry+ on ! action 9 pres5ce ei!r ( ! eld]s ( ! p1 or ( o!r p]sons :o repres5t$ "s correspond5t rank or position 9 ! social body4 ,?is publicity does n1 x is true1 q correspond ) ,hom]'s picture ( ! mann]s ( ! h]oic age2 b bo? co/ume & my?ology 7 h&l$ by dramatic poetry ) ! same _s ( indep5d5ce & consci\s lib]ty4 ,^! ?\ghts1 !n1 & ^! modes ( feel+ l$ to ! introduction ( ! ,*orus1 :i*1 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ! appe>ance ( reality :i* ! :ole ought to possess1 mu/ adju/ itself to ! ev]- v>y+ requisitions ( ! exhibit$ /ories4 ,:atev] x might be & d 9 ea* p>ticul> piece1 x repres5t$ 9 g5]al1 fir/ ! common m9d ( ! nation1 & !n ! g5]al sympa?y ( all mank9d4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,*orus is ! ideal spectator4 ,x mitigates ! impression ( a he>t- r5d+ or mov+ /ory1 :ile x conveys to ! actual spectator a lyrical & musical expression ( 8 own emotions1 & elevates him to ! region ( contemplation4 ,mod]n critics h nev] kn[n :at to make ( ! ,*orus2 & ?is is ! less to be wond]$ at1 z ,ari/otle af=ds no satisfactory solution ( ! matt]4 ,its (fice is bett] pa9t$ by ,horace1 :o ascribes to x a g5]al expression ( moral sympa?y1 exhortation1 in/ruction1 & w>n+4 ,b ! critics 9 "q h ei!r believ$ t its *ief object 0 to prev5t ! /age f ev] be+ altoge!r empty1 :]eas 9 tru? ! /age 0 n at all ! prop] place = ! ,*orus2 or else !y h c5sur$ x z a sup]flu\s & cumb]some app5dage1 express+ _! a/oni%m5t at ! alleg$ absurdity ( c>ry+ on secret transactions 9 ! pres5ce ( assembl$ multitudes4 ,!y h also consid]$ x z ! pr9cipal reason ) ! ,greek trag$ians = ! /rict obs]vance ( ! unity ( place1 z x c\ld n be *ang$ )\t ! removal ( ! ,*orus2 an act1 :i* c\ld n h be5 done )\t "s available pretext4 ,or la/ly1 !y h believ$ t ! ,*orus ow$ its cont9uance f ! fir/ orig9 ( ,trag$y m]ely to accid5t2 & z x is pla9 t 9 ,euripides1 ! la/ ( ! ?ree great tragic poets1 ! *oral songs h frequ5tly little or no connexion ) ! fable1 & are no?+ bett] ?an a m]e episodical ornam5t1 !y !re=e conclude t ! ,greeks _h only to take "o m /ep 9 ! progress ( dramatic art1 to explode ! ,*orus altoge!r4 ,to refute ^! sup]ficial conjectures1 x is only necess>y to obs]ve t ,sophocles wrote a ,treatise on ! ,*orus1 9 prose1 9 opposition to ! pr9ciples ( "s o!r poets2 & t1 f> f foll[+ bl9dly ! practice :i* he f\nd e/abli%$1 l an intellig5t arti/ he 0 able to assign reasons = 8 own do+s4 ,mod]n poets ( ! fir/ rank h (t51 s9ce ! revival ( ! /udy ( ! anci5ts1 attempt$ to introduce ! ,*orus 9 _! own pieces1 = ! mo/ "p )\t a correct1 & always )\t a vivid idea ( its real import4 ,!y seem to h =gott5 t we h nei!r suitable s++ or danc+1 nor1 z our !atres are con/ruct$1 any conv5i5t place = x4 ,on ^! acc\nts x is h>dly likely to become naturaliz$ ) u4 ,! ,greek trag$y1 9 its pure & unalt]$ /ate1 w always = our !atres rema9 an exotic plant1 :i* we c h>dly hope to cultivate ) any success1 ev5 9 ! hot-h\se ( le>n$ art & criticism4 ,! ,grecian my?ology1 :i* furni%es ! mat]ials ( anci5t trag$y1 is z =eign to ! m9ds & imag9ations ( mo/ ( ! spectators1 z its =m & mann] ( repres5tation4 ,b to endeav\r to =ce into t =m mat]ials ( a :olly diff]5t nature1 an hi/orical "o1 = example1 to assume t =m1 mu/ always be a mo/ unpr(itable & hopeless attempt4 ,i h call$ my?ology ! *ief mat]ials ( trag$y4 ,we "k1 inde$1 ( two hi/orical trag$ies by ,grecian au?ors3 ! ,capture ( ,miletus1 ( ,phryni*us1 & ! ,p]sians1 ( ,aes*ylus1 a piece :i* /ill exi/s2 b ^! s+ul> exceptions bo? belong to an epo* :5 ! art _h n atta9$ its full maturity1 & among s _m hundr$ examples ( a diff]5t description1 only s]ve to e/abli% m /rongly ! tru? ( ! rule4 ,! s5t5ce pass$ by ! ,a!nians on ,phryni*us1 9 :i* !y condemn$ him to a pecuni>y f9e because he _h pa9fully agitat$ !m by repres5t+ on ! /age a contempor>y calamity1 :i* ) due caution !y might1 p]haps1 h avoid$2 h[ev] h>d & arbitr>y x may appe> 9 a judicial po9t ( view1 displays1 h[ev]1 a correct feel+ ( ! proprieties & limits ( art4 ,oppress$ by ! consci\sness ( ! proximity & reality ( ! repres5t$ /ory1 ! m9d _c reta9 t repose & self-possession :i* are necess>y = ! reception ( pure tragical impressions4 ,! h]oic fables1 on ! o!r h&1 came to view at a c]ta9 remot5ess2 & surr\nd$ ) a c]ta9 halo ( ! m>vell\s4 ,! m>vell\s possesses ! advantage t x c1 9 "s measure1 be at once believ$ & disbeliev$3 believ$ 9 s f> z x is support$ by its connexion ) o!r op9ions2 disbeliev$ :ile we nev] take su* an imm$iate int]e/ 9 x z we d 9 :at we>s ! hue ( ! e-day life ( our own exp]i5ce4 ,! ,grecian my?ology 0 a web ( national & local traditions1 held 9 equal hon\r z a sequ5ce ( religion1 & z an introduction to hi/ory2 ev]y:]e pres]v$ 9 full vitality among ! p by c]emonies & monum5ts1 already elaborat$ = ! requirem5ts ( art & ! high] species ( poetry by ! div]sifi$ mann] 9 :i* x has be5 h&l$1 & by ! num]\s epic or m]ely my?ical poets4 ,! trag$ians _h only1 !re=e1 to engraft "o species ( poetry on ano!r4 ,c]ta9 po/ulates1 & ^? inv>iably s]viceable to ! air ( dignity & gr&eur1 & ! remov+ ( all meanness ( idea1 7 conc$$ to !m at ! v outset4 ,ev]y?+1 d[n to ! v errors & weaknesses ( t dep>t$ race ( h]oes :o claim$ _! desc5t f ! gods1 0 ennobl$ by ! sanctity ( leg5d4 ,^? h]oes 7 pa9t$ z be+s end[$ ) m ?an human /r5g?2 b1 s f> f possess+ un]r+ virtue & wisdom1 !y 7 ev5 depict$ z "u ! dom9ion ( furi\s & unbridl$ passions4 ,x 0 an age ( wild eff]vesc5ce2 ! h& ( social ord] _h n z yet br\ght ! soil ( morality into cultivation1 & x yield$ at ! same "t ! mo/ b5efic5t & poison\s productions1 ) ! fre% luxuriant fulness ( prolific nature4 ,"h ! occurr5ce ( ! mon/r\s & horrible did n necess>ily indicate t degradation & corruption out ( :i* alone1 "u ! developm5t ( law & ord]1 !y c\ld arise1 & :i*1 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 make !m fill u ) s5tim5ts ( horror & av]sion4 ,! guilty be+s ( ! fable are1 if we may be all[$ ! expression1 exempt f human jurisdiction1 & am5able to a high] tribunal alone4 ,"s1 inde$1 h advanc$ ! op9ion1 t ! ,greeks1 z zeal\s republicans1 took a p>ticul> pleasure 9 witness+ ! repres5tation ( ! outrages & consequ5t calamities ( ! diff]5t royal families1 & are almo/ dispos$ to consid] ! anci5t trag$y 9 g5]al z a satire on mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,su* a p>ty- view1 h[ev]1 w\ld h dead5$ ! sympa?y ( ! audi5ce1 & consequ5tly de/roy$ ! effect :i* x 0 ! aim ( ! trag$y to produce4 ,besides1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! royal families1 ^: crimes & consequ5t suff]+s af=d$ ! mo/ abundant mat]ials = affect+ tragical pictures1 7 ! ,pelopidae ( ,myc5ae1 & ! ,labdacidae ( ,!bes1 families :o _h no?+ to d ) ! political hi/ory ( ! ,a!nians1 = :om ! pieces 7 compos$4 ,we d n see t ! ,attic poets ev] endeav\r$ to exhibit ! anci5t k+s ( _! c\ntry 9 an odi\s light2 on ! contr>y1 !y always hold up _! national h]o1 ,!seus1 = public admiration1 z a model ( ju/ice & mod]ation1 ! *ampion ( ! oppress$1 ! fir/ lawgiv]1 & ev5 z ! f\nd] ( lib]ty4 ,x 0 also "o ( _! fav\rite modes ( flatt]+ ! p1 to %[ to !m ,a!ns1 ev5 9 ! h]oic ages1 z di/+ui%$ above all ! o!r /ates ( ,greece1 = ob$i5ce to ! laws1 = humanity1 & ackn[l$gm5t ( ! national rights ( ! ,hell5es4 ,t univ]sal revolution1 by :i* ! indep5d5t k+doms ( anci5t ,greece 7 conv]t$ into a community ( small free /ates1 _h sep>at$ ! h]oic age f ! age ( social cultivation1 by a wide int]val1 beyond :i* a few families only attempt$ to trace _! g5ealogy4 ,?is 0 extremely advantage\s = ! ideal elevation ( ! *>act]s ( ,greek trag$y1 z few human ?+s w admit ( a v close inspection )\t betray+ "s imp]fections4 ,to ! v diff]5t relations ( ! age 9 :i* ^? h]oes liv$1 ! /&>d ( m]e civil & dome/ic morality is n applicable1 & to judge ( !m ! feel+ mu/ g back to ! prim>y +r$i5ts ( human nature4 ,be=e ! exi/5ce ( con/itutions1--:5 z yet ! notions ( law & "r 7 undevelop$1--! sov]eigns 7 _! own lawgiv]s1 9 a _w :i* z yet 0 dep5d5t on !m2 & ! fulle/ scope 0 ?us giv5 to ! en]getic w1 ei!r = good or = evil4 ,moreov]1 an age ( h]$it>y k+dom naturally exhibit$ m /rik+ in/ances ( sudd5 *anges ( =tune ?an ! lat] times ( political equality4 ,x 0 9 ?is respect t ! high rank ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 0 ess5tial1 or at lea/ fav\rable to tragic impressiv5ess2 & n1 z "s mod]ns h pret5d$1 because ! *ang+ =tunes ( su* p]sons ex]cise a mat]ial influ5ce on ! happ9ess or mis]y ( numb]s1 & !re=e !y alone are suffici5tly important to int]e/ u 9 _! behalf2 nor1 aga91 because int]nal elevation ( s5tim5t mu/ be clo!d ) ext]nal dignity1 to call =? our respect & admiration4 ,! ,greek trag$ians pa9t ! d[nfall ( k+ly h\ses )\t any ref]5ce to its effects on ! condition ( ! p2 !y %[ u ! man 9 ! k+1 &1 f> f veil+ _! h]oes f our sight by _! purple mantles1 !y all[ u to look1 ?r\gh _! va9 spl5d\r1 into a bosom torn & h>r[$ ) grief & passion4 ,t ! ma9 ess5tial 0 n s mu* ! regal dignity z ! h]oic co/ume1 is evid5t f ^? trag$ies ( ! mod]ns :i* h be5 writt5 "u diff]5t circum/ances inde$1 b /ill ^u ?is suppos$ pr9ciple3 su*1 ,i mean1 z "u ! exi/5ce ( mon>*y h tak5 _! subject f k+s & c\rts4 ,prom ! exi/+ reality !y d>e n draw1 = no?+ is less suitable = trag$y ?an a c\rt & a c\rt life4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 !y d n pa9t an ideal k+dom1 ) ! mann]s ( "s remote age1 !y inv>iably fall into /iffness & =mality1 :i* are mu* m fatal to boldness ( "*1 & to dep? ( pa?os1 ?an ! monoton\s & equable relations ( private life4 ,a few my?ological fables alone seem orig9ally m>k$ out = trag$y3 su*1 = example1 z ! long-cont9u$ alt]nation ( crime1 rev5ge1 & curses1 :i* we witness 9 ! h\se ( ,atreus4 ,:5 we exam9e ! names ( ! pieces :i* are lo/1 we h great difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ ! my?ological fables 7su*1 at lea/1 z !y are kn[n to u17 c\ld h furni%$ suffici5t mat]ials = ! compass ( an entire trag$y4 ,x is true1 ! poets1 9 ! v>i\s editions ( ! same /ory1 _h a great latitude ( selection2 & ?is v fluctuation ( tradition ju/ifi$ !m 9 go+ /ill f>!r1 & mak+ consid]able alt]ations 9 ! circum/ances ( an ev5t1 s t ! inv5tions employ$ = ?is purpose 9 "o piece sometimes contradict ! /ory z giv5 by ! same poet 9 ano!r4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally expla9 ! prolific capability ( my?ology1 = ! purposes ( trag$y1 by ! pr9ciple :i* we obs]ve 9 op]ation ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ,grecian m9d & art2 t1 namely1 ! t5d5cy :i* pr$om9at$ = ! "t1 assimilat$ ev]y?+ else to itself4 ,z ! h]oic leg5d ) all its manifold discrepancies 0 easily develop$ into ! tranquil fulness & light v>iety ( epic poetry1 s aft]w>ds x readily respond$ to ! dem&s :i* ! tragic writ]s made ^u x = e>ne/ness1 en]gy1 & compression2 & :atev] 9 ?is sift+ process ( trans=mation fell out z inapplicable to trag$y1 af=d$ mat]ials = a sort ( half sportive1 ?\gh /ill ideal repres5tation1 9 ! subord9ate species call$ ! satirical drama4 ,i hope ,i %all be =giv51 if ,i attempt to illu/rate ! above reflections on ! ess5ce ( ,anci5t ,trag$y1 by a comp>ison borr[$ f ! pla/ic arts1 :i* w1 ,i tru/1 be f\nd some:at m ?an a m]e fanciful resemblance4 ,! ,hom]ic epic is1 9 poetry1 :at bas-relief is 9 sculpture1 & trag$y ! di/9ct isolat$ gr\p4 ,! poetry ( ,hom]1 sprung f ! soil ( leg5d1 is n yet :olly deta*$ f x1 ev5 z ! figures ( a bas-relief adh]e to an extrane\s back+ ( ! orig9al block4 ,^! figures are b slightly rais$1 & 9 ! epic poem all is pa9t$ z pa/ & remote4 ,9 bas- relief ! figures are usually 9 pr(ile1 & 9 ! epos all are *>act]iz$ 9 ! simple/ mann] 9 relief2 !y are n gr\p$ toge!r1 b foll[ "o ano!r2 s ,hom]'s h]oes advance1 "o by "o1 9 succession be=e u4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! ,iliad is n def9itively clos$1 b t we are left to suppose some?+ bo? to prec$e & to foll[ x4 ,! bas-relief is equally )\t limit1 & may be cont9u$ ad inf9itum1 ei!r f be=e or beh9d1 on :i* acc\nt ! anci5ts pref]r$ = x su* subjects z admitt$ ( an indef9ite ext5sion1 sacrificial processions1 dances1 & l9es ( combatants1 c4 ,h5ce !y also exhibit$ bas-reliefs on curv$ surfaces1 su* z vases1 or ! frieze ( a rotunda1 :]e1 by ! curvature1 ! two ends are )drawn f our sight1 & :]e1 :ile we advance1 "o object appe>s z ano!r disappe>s4 ,read+ ,hom] is v mu* l su* a circuit2 ! pres5t object alone arre/+ our att5tion1 we lose sight ( t :i* prec$es1 & d n conc]n ourselves ab\t :at is to foll[4 ,b 9 ! di/9ct out/&+ gr\p1 & 9 ,trag$y1 sculpture & poetry alike br+ be=e our eyes an indep5d5t & def9ite :ole4 ,to di/+ui% x f natural reality1 ! =m] places x on a base z on an ideal gr\nd1 deta*+ f x z mu* z possible all =eign & accid5tal accessories1 t ! eye may re/ :olly on ! ess5tial objects1 ! figures !mselves4 ,^! figures ! sculptor works out ) _! :ole body & cont\r1 & z he rejects ! illusion ( col\rs1 ann\nces by ! solidity & uni=mity ( ! mass 9 :i* !y are con/ruct$1 a creation ( no p]i%able exi/5ce1 b end[$1 ) a high] p[] ( endurance4 ,beauty is ! aim ( sculpture1 & repose is mo/ advantage\s = ! display ( beauty4 ,repose alone1 !re=e1 is suitable to ! s+le figure4 ,b a numb] ( figures c only be comb9$ toge!r into unity1 i4e41 gr\p$ by an action4 ,! gr\p repres5ts beauty 9 motion1 & its aim is to comb9e bo? 9 ! highe/ degree ( p]fection4 ,?is c be effect$ ev5 :ile portray+ ! mo/ viol5t bodily or m5tal angui%1 if only ! arti/ f9ds means s to temp] ! expression by "s trait ( manly resi/ance1 calm gr&eur1 or inh]5t sweetness1 t1 ) all ! mo/ mov+ tru?1 ! l9eam5ts ( beauty %all yet be undefac$4 ,! obs]vation ( ,w9kelmann on ?is subject is inimitable4 ,he says1 t beauty ) ! anci5ts 0 ! tongue on ! balance ( expression1 & 9 ?is s5se ! gr\ps ( ,niobe & ,laocon are ma/]- pieces2 ! "o 9 ! sublime & sev]e2 ! o!r 9 ! /udi$ & ornam5tal /yle4 ,! comp>ison ) anci5t trag$y is ! m apposite "h1 z we "k t bo? ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles produc$ a ,niobe1 & t ,sophocles 0 also ! au?or ( a ,laocon4 ,9 ! gr\p ( ! ,laocon ! ef=ts ( ! body 9 endur+1 & ( ! m9d 9 resi/+1 are balanc$ 9 admirable equipoise4 ,! *ildr5 call+ = help1 t5d] objects ( compassion1 n ( admiration1 recal our eyes to ! fa!r1 :o seems to be 9 va9 uplift+ 8 eyes to ! gods4 ,! wrea!d s]p5ts repres5t to u t inevitable de/9y :i* (t5 involves all ! p>ties ( an action 9 "o common ru94 ,& yet ! beauty ( proportion1 ! agreeable fl[ ( ! outl9e1 are n lo/ 9 ?is viol5t /ruggle2 & a repres5tation1 ! mo/ appall+ to ! s5ses1 is yet manag$ ) =be>ance1 :ile a mild brea? ( gracefulness is diffus$ ov] ! :ole4 ,9 ! gr\p ( ,niobe !re is ! same p]fect mixture ( t]ror & pity4 ,! upturn$ looks ( ! "m1 & ! m\? half op5 9 supplication1 seem yet to accuse ! invisible wra? ( heav54 ,! daught]1 cl++ 9 ! agonies ( dea? to ! bosom ( h] "m1 9 h] *ildi% innoc5ce has no fe> b = h]self3 ! innate impulse ( self-pres]vation 0 nev] m t5d]ly & affect+ly express$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c !re be a m beautiful image ( self-devot+1 h]oic magnanimity ?an ,niobe1 z %e b5ds =w>d to receive1 if possible1 9 h] own body ! deadly %aft8 ,pride & defiance dissolve 9 ! dep?s ( mat]nal love4 ,! m ?an e>?ly dignity ( ! features are ! less m>r$ by ! agony1 z "u ! rapid accumulation ( bl[ ^u bl[ %e seems1 z 9 ! deeply significant fable1 already petrify+ into ! /ony torpor4 ,b be=e ?is figure1 ?us twice /ruck into /one1 & yet s full ( life & s\l1--be=e ?is /ony t]m9us ( ! limits ( human endurance1 ! spectator melts into te>s4 ,amid all ! agitat+ emotions :i* ^! gr\ps give rise to1 !re is /ill a some?+ 9 _! aspect :i* attracts ! m9d & gives rise to manifold contemplation2 s ! anci5t trag$y leads u =w>d to ! highe/ reflections involv$ 9 ! v sph]e ( ?+s x sets be=e u--reflections on ! nature & ! inexplicable my/]y ( man's be+4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,progress ( ! ,tragic ,art among ! ,greeks--,v>i\s /yles ( ,tragic ,art --,aes*ylus--,connexion 9 a ,trilogy ( ,aes*ylus--,8 rema9+ ,works4 ,( ! inexhau/ible /ores possess$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! dep>tm5t ( trag$y1 :i* ! public competition at ! ,a!nian fe/ivals call$ into be+ 7z ! rival poets always cont5d$ = a prize71 v little inde$ has come d[n to u4 ,we only possess works ( ?ree ( _! num]\s trag$ians1 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides1 & ( ^! b a few 9 proportion to ! :ole numb] ( _! compositions4 ,! extant dramas are su* z 7 select$ by ! ,alex&rian critics z ! f\ndation = ! /udy ( ! old] ,grecian lit]ature1 n because !y alone 7 des]v+ ( e/imation1 b because !y af=d$ ! be/ illu/ration ( ! v>i\s /yles ( tragic art4 ,( ea* ( ! two old] poets1 we h sev5 pieces rema9+2 9 ^!1 h[ev]1 we h1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 sev]al ( _! mo/ di/+ui%$ productions4 ,( ,euripides we h a mu* great] numb]1 & we might well ex*ange _m ( !m = o!r works :i* are n[ lo/2 = example1 = ! satirical dramas ( ,a*aeus1 ,aes*ylus1 & ,sophocles1 or1 = ! sake ( comp>ison ) ,aes*ylus1 = "s ( ,phryni*us' pieces1 or ( ,aga?on's1 :om ,plato describes z effem9ate1 b sweet & affect+1 & :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,euripides1 ?\gh some:at 8 junior4 ,leav+ to antiqu>ians to sift ! /ories ab\t ! waggon ( ! /roll+ ,!spis1 ! conte/s = ! prize ( a he-goat1 f :i* ! "n ( trag$y is said to be d]iv$1 & ! lees ( w9e ) :i* ! fir/ improvisatory actors sme>$ ov] _! visages1 f :i* rude beg9n+s1 x is pret5d$1 ,aes*ylus1 by "o gigantic /ride1 gave to trag$y t dignifi$ =m "u :i* x appe>s 9 8 works1 we %all proce$ imm$iately to ! consid]ation ( ! poets !mselves4 ,! tragic /yle ( ,aes*ylus 7,i use ! ^w /yle 9 ! s5se x receives 9 sculpture1 & n 9 ! exclusive signification ( ! mann] ( writ+17 is gr&1 sev]e1 & n unfrequ5tly h>d3 t ( ,sophocles is m>k$ by ! mo/ f9i%$ symmetry & h>moni\s gracefulness3 t ( ,euripides is s(t & luxuriant2 ov]fl[+ 9 8 easy copi\sness1 he (t5 sacrifices ! g5]al effect to brilliant passages4 ,! analogies :i* ! undi/urb$ developm5t ( ! f9e arts among ! ,greeks ev]y:]e furni%es1 w enable u1 ?r\gh\t to comp>e ! epo*s ( tragic art ) ^? ( sculpture4 ,aes*ylus is ! ,phidias ( ,trag$y1 ,sophocles h] ,polycletus1 & ,euripides h] ,lysippus4 ,phidias =m$ sublime images ( ! gods1 b l5t !m an extr9sic magnific5ce ( mat]ial1 & surr\nd$ _! maje/ic repose ) images ( ! mo/ viol5t /ruggles 9 /rong relief4 ,polycletus c>ri$ 8 art to p]fection ( proportion1 & h5ce "o ( 8 /atues 0 call$ ! ,/&>d ( ,beauty4 ,lysippus di/+ui%$ himself by ! fire ( 8 works2 b 9 8 "t ,sculpture _h deviat$ f its orig9al de/9ation1 & 0 mu* m desir\s ( express+ ! *>m ( motion & life ?an ( adh]+ to ideality ( =m4 ,aes*ylus is to be consid]$ z ! creator ( ,trag$y3 9 full panoply %e sprung f 8 head1 l ,pallas f ! head ( ,jupit]4 ,he clad h] ) dignity1 & gave h] an appropriate /age2 he 0 ! inv5tor ( sc5ic pomp1 & n only in/ruct$ ! *orus 9 s++ & danc+1 b appe>$ himself z an actor4 ,he 0 ! fir/ t exp&$ ! dialogue1 & set limits to ! lyrical "p ( trag$y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 /ill occupies too mu* space 9 8 pieces4 ,8 *>act]s are sket*$ ) a few bold & /rong t\*es4 ,8 plots are simple 9 ! extreme3 he did n und]/& ! art ( enri*+ & v>y+ an action1 & ( giv+ a measur$ m>* & progress to ! complication & d5\em5t4 ,h5ce 8 action (t5 /&s /ill2 a circum/ance :i* becomes yet m app>5t1 f ! undue ext5sion ( 8 *oral songs4 ,b all 8 poetry ev9ces a sublime & e>ne/ m9d4 ,t]ror is 8 elem5t1 & n ! s(t] affections1 he holds up a head ( ,m$usa be=e ! petrifi$ spectators4 ,9 8 h&l+ ,de/9y appe>s au/]e 9 ! extreme2 %e hov]s ov] ! heads ( mortals 9 all h] gloomy maje/y4 ,! co?urnus ( ,aes*ylus has1 z x 71 ! weight ( iron3 gigantic figures /alk 9 ^u x4 ,x seems z if x requir$ an ef=t = him to condesc5d to pa9t m]e m52 he is ev] br++ 9 gods1 b especially ! ,titans1 ^? eld] div9ities :o typify ! gloomy p[]s ( primaeval nature1 & :o _h be5 driv5 long ago into ,t>t>us be=e ! pres5ce ( a new & bett] ord] ( ?+s4 ,he endeav\rs to swell out 8 language to a gigantic sublimity1 correspond+ to ! va/ dim5sions ( 8 p]sonages4 ,h5ce he ab\nds 9 h>% comp\nds & ov]-/ra9$ epi!ts1 & ! lyrical p>ts ( 8 pieces are (t51 f _! involv$ con/ruction1 extremely obscure4 ,9 ! s+ul> /rang5ess ( 8 images & expressions he resembles ,dante & ,%akspe>e4 ,yet 9 ^! images !re is no want ( t t]rific grace :i* almo/ all ! writ]s ( antiquity comm5d 9 ,aes*ylus4 ,aes*ylus fl\ri%$ 9 ! v fre%ness & vig\r ( ,grecian fre$om1 & a pr\d s5se ( ! glori\s /ruggle by :i* x 0 won1 seems to h animat$ him & 8 poetry4 ,he _h be5 an eye-witness ( ! greate/ & mo/ glori\s ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 ! ov]?r[ & annihilation ( ! ,p]sian ho/s "u ,d>ius & ,x]xes1 & _h f\ght ) di/+ui%$ brav]y 9 ! memorable battles ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis4 ,9 ! ,p]sians he has1 9 an indirect mann]1 sung ! triumph :i* he contribut$ to obta91 :ile he pa9ts ! d[nfall ( ! ,p]sian asc5dancy1 & ! ignom9i\s return ( ! despot1 ) difficulty escap+ ) 8 life1 to 8 royal resid5ce4 ,! battle ( ,salamis he describes 9 ! mo/ vivid & gl[+ col\rs4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is piece1 & ! ,sev5 be=e ,!bes1 !re gu%es =? a w>like ve92 ! p]sonal incl9ation ( ! poet = a soldi]'s life1 %9es ?r\gh\t ) ! mo/ dazzl+ lu/re4 ,x 0 well rem>k$ by ,gorgias1 ! sophi/1 t ,m>s1 in/ead ( ,bac*us1 _h inspir$ ?is la/ drama2 = ,bac*us1 & n ,apollo1 0 ! tutel>y deity ( tragic poets1 :i*1 on a fir/ view ( ! matt]1 appe>s some:at s+ul>1 b !n we mu/ recollect t ,bac*us 0 n m]ely ! god ( w9e & joy1 b also ! god ( all high] k9ds ( inspiration4 ,among ! rema9+ pieces ( ,aes*ylus1 we h :at is highly des]v+ ( our att5tion--a complete ,trilogy4 ,! antiqu>ian acc\nt ( ! trilogies is ?is3 t 9 ! m e>ly times ! poet did n cont5d = ! prize ) a s+le piece1 b ) ?ree1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 n always connect$ toge!r 9 _! subjects1 & t to ^! 0 add$ a f\r?1--namely1 a satiric drama4 ,all 7 act$ 9 "o day1 "o aft] ano!r4 ,! idea :i*1 9 relation to ! tragic art1 we mu/ =m ( ! trilogy1 is ?is3 a trag$y _c be indef9itely l5g!n$ & cont9u$1 l ! ,hom]ic ,epos = in/ance1 to :i* :ole rhapsodies h be5 app5d$2 trag$y is too indep5d5t & complete )9 itself = ?is2 nev]!less1 sev]al trag$ies may be connect$ toge!r 9 "o great cycle by means ( a common de/9y runn+ ?r\gh ! actions ( all4 ,h5ce ! re/riction to ! numb] ?ree admits ( a satisfactory explanation4 ,x is ! !sis1 ! anti!sis1 & ! syn!sis4 ,! advantage ( ?is conjunction 0 t1 by ! consid]ation ( ! connect$ fables1 a m complete gratification 0 furni%$ ?an c\ld possibly be obta9$ f a s+le action4 ,! subjects ( ! ?ree trag$ies might be sep>at$ by a wide int]val ( "t1 or foll[ close ^u "o ano!r4 ,! ?ree pieces :i* =m ! trilogy ( ,aes*ylus1 are ! ,agamemnon1 ! ,*oephorae or1 we %\ld call x1 ,electra1 & ! ,eum5ides or ,furies4 ,! subject ( ! fir/ is ! murd] ( ,agamemnon by ,clytemne/ra1 on 8 return f ,troy4 ,9 ! second1 ,ore/es av5ges 8 fa!r by kill+ 8 "m3 facto pius et scel]atus eodem4 ,?is de$1 al?\gh enjo9$ by ! mo/ p[]ful motives1 is1 h[ev]1 repugnant to ! natural & moral ord] ( ?+s4 ,ore/es1 z a pr9ce1 01 x is true1 call$ ^u to ex]cise ju/ice1 ev5 on ! memb]s ( 8 own family2 b we behold him "h "u ! necessity ( /eal+ 9 disguise into ! dwell+ ( ! tyrannical usurp] ( 8 ?rone1 & ( go+ to "w l an assass94 ,! memory ( 8 fa!r pleads 8 excuse2 b h[ev] mu* ,clytemne/ra may h des]v$ h] dea?1 ! voice ( blood cries f )94 ,?is conflict ( natural duties is repres5t$ 9 ! ,eum5ides 9 ! =m ( a cont5tion among ! gods1 "s ( :om approve ( ! de$ ( ,ore/es1 :ile o!rs p]secute him1 till at la/ ,div9e ,wisdom1 9 ! p]sona ( ,m9]va1 balances ! opposite claims1 e/abli%es peace1 & puts an end to ! long s]ies ( crime & puni%m5t :i* h desolat$ ! royal h\se ( ,atreus4 ,a consid]able int]val takes place betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! fir/ & second pieces1 dur+ :i* ,ore/es gr[s up to manhood4 ,! second & ?ird are connect$ toge!r imm$iately 9 ord] ( "t4 ,^u ! murd] ( 8 "m1 ,ore/es flees =?) to ,delphi1 :]e we f9d him at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,eum5ides4 ,9 ea* ( ! two fir/ pieces1 !re is a visible ref]5ce to ! "o :i* foll[s4 ,9 ,agamemnon1 ,cass&ra & ! *orus1 at ! close1 pr$ict to ! haughty ,clytemne/ra & h] p>am\r1 ,aegi/hus1 ! puni%m5t :i* awaits !m at ! h&s ( ,ore/es4 ,9 ! ,*oephorae1 ,ore/es1 ^u ! execution ( ! de$ ( retribution1 f9ds t all peace is gone3 ! furies ( 8 "m beg9 to p]secute him1 & he ann\nces 8 resolution ( tak+ refuge 9 ,delphi4 ,! connexion is !re=e evid5t ?r\gh\t2 & we may consid] ! ?ree pieces1 :i* 7 connect$ toge!r ev5 9 ! repres5tation1 z s _m acts ( "o great & entire drama4 ,i m5tion ?is z a prelim9>y ju/ification ( ! practice ( ,%akspe>e & o!r mod]n poets1 to connect toge!r 9 "o repres5tation a l>g] circle ( human de/9ies1 z we c produce to ! critics :o object to ?is ! suppos$ example ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 ,agamemnon1 x 0 ! int5tion ( ,aes*ylus to exhibit to u a sudd5 fall f ! highe/ p9nacle ( prosp]ity & r5[n into ! abyss ( ru94 ,! pr9ce1 ! h]o1 ! g5]al ( ! comb9$ =ces ( ! ,greeks1 9 ! v mom5t ( success & ! glori\s a*ievem5t ( ! de/ruction ( ,troy1 ! fame ( :i* is to be re-e*o$ f ! m\?s ( ! greate/ poets ( all ages1 9 ! v act ( cross+ ! ?re%old ( 8 home1 aft] :i* he _h s long sigh$1 & amid/ ! fe>less security ( prep>ations = a fe/ival1 is but*]$1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,hom]1 l an ox 9 ! /all1 sla9 by 8 fai?less wife1 8 ?rone usurp$ by h] wor?less s$uc]1 & 8 *ildr5 consign$ to bani%m5t or to hopeless s]vitude4 ,) ! view ( giv+ great] effect to ?is dreadful rev]se ( =tune1 ! poet endeav\rs to ?r[ a great] spl5d\r ov] ! de/ruction ( ,troy4 ,he has done ?is 9 ! fir/ half ( ! piece 9 a mann] peculi> to himself1 :i*1 h[ev] s+ul>1 mu/ be all[$ to be impressive 9 ! extreme1 & well fitt$ to lay fa/ hold ( ! imag9ation4 ,x is ( importance to ,clytemne/ra t %e %\ld n be surpris$ by ! sudd5 arrival ( h] husb&2 %e has !re=e arrang$ an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( signal fires f ,troy to ,myc5ae1 to ann\nce to h] t great ev5t4 ,! piece comm5ces ) ! spee* ( a wat*man1 :o supplicates ! gods = a deliv]ance f 8 lab\rs1 z = t5 long ye>s he has be5 expos$ to ! cold dews ( night1 has witness$ ! *angeful c\rse ( ! />s1 :ile look+ 9 va9 = ! expect$ signal2 at ! same "t he sighs 9 secret ov] ! corruption :i* reigns )9 ! royal h\se4 ,at ?is mom5t he sees ! long- wi%$-= beacon blaz+ up1 & ha/5s to ann\nce x to 8 mi/ress4 ,a *orus ( ag$ p]sons appe>s1 & 9 _! songs !y g ?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,trojan ,w>1 ?r\gh all its ev5tful fluctuations ( =tune1 f its orig91 & rec\nt all ! prophecies relat+ to x1 & ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 by :i* ! sail+ ( ! ,greeks 0 pur*as$4 ,clytemne/ra expla9s to ! *orus ! joyful cause ( ! sacrifice :i* %e ord]s2 & ! h]ald ,tal?ybius imm$iately makes 8 appe>ance1 :o1 z an eye-witness1 relates ! drama ( ! conqu]$ & plund]$ city1 consign$ z a prey to ! flames1 ! joy ( ! victors1 & ! glory ( _! lead]4 ,) reluctance1 z if unwill+ to *eck _! congratulatory pray]s1 he rec\nts to !m ! subsequ5t mis=tunes ( ! ,greeks1 _! disp]sion1 & ! %ipwreck suff]$ by _m ( !m1 an imm$iate symptom ( ! wra? ( ! gods4 ,x is obvi\s h[ little ! unity ( "t 0 obs]v$ by ! poet1--h[ mu*1 on ! contr>y1 he avails himself ( ! pr]ogative ( 8 m5tal dom9ion ov] ! p[]s ( nature1 to give w+s to ! circl+ h\rs 9 _! c\rse t[>ds ! dreadful goal4 ,agamemnon n[ arrives1 borne 9 a sort ( triumphal c>2 & seat$ on ano!r1 lad5 ) booty1 foll[s ,cass&ra1 8 prison] ( w>1 & concub9e also1 accord+ to ! cu/om>y privilege ( h]oes4 ,clytemne/ra greets him ) hypocritical joy & v5]ation2 %e ord]s h] slaves to cov] ! gr\nd ) ! mo/ co/ly embroid]ies ( purple1 t x might n be t\*$ by ! foot ( ! conqu]or4 ,agamemnon1 ) wise mod]ation1 refuses to accept an hon\r due only to ! gods2 at la/ he yields to h] solicitations1 & ent]s ! palace4 ,! *orus !n beg9s to utt] its d>k =ebod+s4 ,clytemne/ra returns to allure1 by fri5dly spee*es1 ,cass&ra also to de/ruction4 ,! latt] is sil5t & unmov$1 b ! que5 is h>dly gone1 :51 seiz$ ) prophetic furor1 %e breaks out into ! mo/ confus$ & obscure lam5tations1 b pres5tly unfolds h] prophecies m di/9ctly to ! *orus2 9 _s %e beholds all ! enormities :i* h be5 p]petrat$ )9 t h\se--! repa/ ( ,?ye/es1 :i* ! sun refus$ to look ^u2 ! gho/s ( ! mangl$ *ildr5 appe> to h] on ! battlem5ts ( ! palace4 ,%e also sees ! dea? :i* is prep>+ = h] "l2 &1 ?\gh %udd]+ at ! reek ( dea?1 z if seiz$ ) madness1 %e ru%es into ! h\se to meet h] own inevitable doom1 :ile f beh9d ! sc5e we he> ! groans ( ! dy+ ,agamemnon4 ,! palace op5s2 ,clytemne/ra /&s beside ! body ( h] k+ & husb&2 l an insol5t crim9al1 %e n only confesses ! de$1 b boa/s ( & ju/ifies x1 z a righte\s requital = ,agamemnon's sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia to 8 own ambition4 ,h] jeal\sy ( ,cass&ra1 & crim9al connexion ) ! wor?less ,aegi/hus1 :o does n appe> till aft] ! completion ( ! murd] & t[>ds ! conclusion ( ! piece1 are motives :i* %e h>dly t\*es on1 & ?r[s entirely into ! backgr\nd4 ,?is 0 necess>y to pres]ve ! dignity ( ! subject2 =1 inde$1 ,clytemne/ra c\ld n ) propriety h be5 portray$ z a frail s$uc$ woman--%e mu/ appe> ) ! features ( t h]oic age1 s ri* 9 bloody cata/rophes1 9 :i* all passions 7 viol5t1 & m51 bo? 9 good & evil1 surpass$ ! ord9>y /&>d ( lat] & m deg5]at$ ages4 ,:at is m revolt+--:at proves a deep] deg5]acy ( human nature1 ?an horrid crimes conceiv$ 9 ! bosom ( c[>dly effem9acy8 ,if su* crimes are to be portray$ by ! poet1 he mu/ nei!r seek to palliate !m1 nor to mitigate our horror & av]sion ( !m4 ,moreov]1 by br++ ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia ?us imm$iately be=e u1 ! poet has succe$$ 9 less5+ ! indignation :i* o!rwise ! f\l & pa9ful fate ( ,agamemnon is calculat$ to awak54 ,he _c be pron\nc$ :olly innoc5t2 a =m] crime recoils on 8 own head3 besides1 accord+ to ! religi\s idea ( ! anci5ts1 an old curse hung ov] 8 h\se4 ,aegi/hus1 ! au?or ( 8 de/ruction1 is a son ( t v ,?ye/es on :om 8 fa!r ,atreus took su* an unnatural rev5ge2 & ?is fateful connexion is vividly br\ght be=e our m9ds by ! *orus1 & m especially by ! prophecies ( ,cass&ra4 ,i pass ov] ! subsequ5t piece ( ! ,*oephorae = ! pres5t2 ,i %all speak ( x :5 ,i come to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ?ree poets h h&l$ ! same subject4 ,! fable ( ! ,eum5ides is1 z ,i h already said1 ! ju/ification ( ,ore/es1 & 8 absolution f blood-guilt9ess3 x is a trial1 b a trial :]e ! accus]s & ! def5d]s & ! presid+ judges are gods4 ,& ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject is treat$ corresponds ) its maje/y & importance4 ,! sc5e itself br\ght be=e ! eyes ( ! ,greeks all ! highe/ objects ( v5]ation t !y ackn[l$g$4 ,x op5s 9 front ( ! celebrat$ temple at ,delphi1 :i* occupies ! backgr\nd2 ! ag$ ,py?ia ent]s 9 sac]dotal pomp1 addresses h] pray]s to all ! gods :o at any "t presid$1 or /ill preside1 ov] ! oracle1 h>angues ! assembl$ p 7repres5t$ by ! actual audi5ce71 & goes into ! temple to seat h]self on ! tripod4 ,%e returns full ( con/]nation1 & describes :at %e has se5 9 ! temple3 a man1 /a9$ ) blood1 supplicat+ protection1 surr\nd$ by sleep+ wom5 ) snaky hair2 %e !n makes h] exit by ! same entrance z %e came 9 by4 ,apollo n[ appe>s ) ,ore/es1 :o is 9 a travell]'s g>b1 & c>ries a sword & olive-bran* 9 8 h&s4 ,he promises him 8 f>!r protection1 enjo9s him to flee to ,a!ns1 & comm5ds him to ! c>e ( ! pres5t b invisible ,m]cury1 to ^: safegu>d travell]s1 & especially ^? :o 7 "u ! necessity ( j\rney+ by /eal?1 7 usually consign$4 ,ore/es goes (f at ! side :i* 0 suppos$ to lead to =eign l&s2 ,apollo re-ent]s 8 temple1 :i* rema9s op51 & ! ,furies are se5 9 ! int]ior1 sleep+ on ! b5*es4 ,clytemne/ra's gho/ n[ asc5ds by ! *>onic /airs1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! or*e/ra1 appe>s on ! /age4 ,we are n to imag9e x a hagg>d skeleton1 b a figure ) ! appe>ance ( life1 ?\gh pal]1 ) ! w\nd /ill op5 9 h] brea/1 & %r\d$ 9 e!real-col\r$ ve/m5ts4 ,%e calls on ! ,furies1 9 ! language ( vehem5t reproa*1 & !n disappe>s1 probably ?r\gh a trap-door4 ,! ,furies awake1 & n f9d+ ,ore/es1 !y dance 9 wild commotion r\nd ! /age1 :ile !y s+ ! *oral song4 ,apollo aga9 comes out ( ! temple1 & drives !m away1 z pr(an+ 8 sanctu>y4 ,we may imag9e him appe>+ ) ! sublime displeasure ( ! ,apollo ( ! ,vatican1 ) b[ & quiv]1 b also clad ) tunic & *lamys4 ,! sc5e n[ *anges2 b z ! ,greeks on su* occasions 7 fond ( go+ ! %orte/ way to "w1 ! backgr\nd probably rema9$ un*ang$1 & 0 n[ suppos$ to repres5t ! temple ( ,m9]va1 on ! ,areopagus1 :ile ! lat]al decorations 7 conv]t$ into ,a!ns & its surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,ore/es n[ ent]s1 z f =eign l&1 &1 z a suppliant1 embraces ! /atue ( ,pallas /&+ be=e ! temple4 ,! *orus 7:o1 accord+ to ! poet's own description1 7 clo!d 9 black1 ) purple girdles1 & s]p5ts 9 _! hair1 9 masks hav+ p]haps some?+ ( ! t]rific beauty ( ,m$usa-heads1 & m>k+ too _! great age on ! pr9ciples ( sculpture7 foll[s close on 8 /eps1 b = ! re/ ( ! piece rema9s bel[ 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,! ,furies _h at fir/ behav$ !mselves l bea/s ( prey1 furi\s at ! escape ( _! booty1 b n[1 hymn+ ) tranquil dignity ! high & t]rible (fice !y _h among mortals1 !y claim ! head ( ,ore/es1 z =feit$ to !m1 & devote x ) my/]i\s *>ms to endless torm5t4 ,at ! int]cession ( ! suppliant1 ,pallas1 ! w>rior-virg91 appe>s 9 a *>iot drawn by f\r horses4 ,%e inquires ! cause ( 8 invocation1 & li/5s ) calm dignity to ! mutual compla9ts ( ,ore/es & 8 adv]s>ies1 &1 at ! solicitation ( ! two p>ties1 f9ally und]takes1 aft] due reflection1 ! (fice ( umpire4 ,! assembl$ judges take _! seats on ! /eps ( ! temple--! h]ald comm&s sil5ce among ! p by s\nd ( trumpet1 j z 9 a real trial4 ,apollo advances to advocate ! cause ( 8 suppliant1 ! ,furies 9 va9 prote/ aga9/ 8 int]f]5ce1 & ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! de$ are debat$ betwe5 !m 9 %ort spee*es4 ,! judges ca/ _! ballots into ! urn1 ,pallas ?r[s 9 a :ite "o2 all is wr\ght up to ! highe/ pit* ( expectation2 ,ore/es1 9 agony ( susp5se1 exclaims to 8 protector-- ,o ,phoebus ,apollo1 h[ w ! cause be decid$8 ,! ,furies on ! o!r h&3 ,o ,night1 black ,"m1 see/ ?\ ^! do+s8 ,^u c\nt+ ! black & :ite pebbles1 !y are f\nd equal 9 numb]1 & ! accus$1 !re=e1 by ! decision ( ,pallas1 is acquitt$4 ,he breaks out into joyful ?anksgiv+1 :ile ! ,furies on ! o!r h& declaim aga9/ ! ov]be>+ arrogance ( ^! y\ng] gods1 :o take su* lib]ties ) ^? ( ,titanic race4 ,pallas be>s _! rage ) equanimity1 addresses !m 9 ! language ( k9dness1 & ev5 ( v5]ation2 & ^! s indomitable be+s are unable to )/& ! *>ms ( h] mild eloqu5ce4 ,!y promise to bless ! l& :i* is "u h] tutel>y protection1 :ile on h] "p ,pallas assigns !m a sanctu>y 9 ! ,attic doma91 :]e !y are to be call$ ! ,eum5ides1 t is1 ! ,b5evol5t ,goddesses4 ,! :ole ends ) a solemn procession r\nd ! !atre1 ) hymns ( bless+1 :ile b&s ( *ildr51 wom51 & old m51 9 purple robes & ) tor*es 9 _! h&s1 accompany ! ,furies 9 _! exit4 ,let u n[ take a retrospective view ( ! :ole trilogy4 ,9 ! ,agamemnon we h a pr$om9ance ( free-w bo? 9 ! plan & execution ( ! de$3 ! pr9cipal "* is a great crim9al1 & ! piece ends ) ! revolt+ impressions produc$ by ! sight ( triumphant tyranny & crime4 ,i h already po9t$ out ! allusions x conta9s to a prec$+ de/9y4 ,! de$ committ$ 9 ! ,*oephorae is p>tly enjo9$ by ,apollo z ! appo9tm5t ( fate1 & p>tly orig9ates 9 natural motives3 ,ore/es' desire ( av5g+ 8 fa!r1 & 8 bro!rly love = ! oppress$ ,electra4 ,x is only aft] ! execution ( ! de$ t ! /ruggle betwe5 ! mo/ sacr$ feel+s becomes manife/1 & "h aga9 ! sympa?ies ( ! spectators are excit$ )\t be+ fully appeas$4 ,f its v comm5cem5t1 ! ,eum5ides /&s on ! v summit ( tragical elevation3 all ! pa/ is "h1 z x 71 conc5trat$ into a focus4 ,ore/es has become ! m]e passive in/rum5t ( fate2 & free ag5cy is transf]r$ to ! m elevat$ sph]e ( ! gods4 ,pallas is prop]ly ! pr9cipal "*4 ,t opposition betwe5 ! mo/ sacr$ relations1 :i* (t5 occurs 9 life z a problem n to be solv$ by man1 is "h repres5t$ z a cont5tion 9 ! _w ( ! gods4 ,& ?is br+s me to ! pregnant mean+ ( ! :ole4 ,! anci5t my?ology is 9 g5]al symbolical1 al?\gh n allegorical2 = ! two are c]ta9ly di/9ct4 ,allegory is ! p]sonification ( an idea1 a poetic /ory inv5t$ solely ) su* a view2 b t is symbolical :i*1 creat$ by ! imag9ation = o!r purposes1 or possess+ an indep5d5t reality ( its own1 is at ! same "t easily susceptible ( an emblematical explanation2 & ev5 ( itself sugge/s x4 ,! ,titans 9 g5]al symbolize ! d>k & my/]i\s p[]s ( primaeval nature & m9d2 ! y\ng] gods1 :atsoev] ent]s m imm$iately )9 ! circle ( consci\sness4 ,! =m] are m ne>ly alli$ to orig9al *aos1 ! latt] belong to a _w already r$uc$ to ord]4 ,! ,furies d5ote ! dreadful p[]s ( consci5ce1 9 s f> z x re/s on obscure feel+s & =ebod+s1 & yields to no pr9ciples ( reason4 ,9 va9 ,ore/es dwells on ! j motives :i* urg$ him to ! de$1 ! cry ( blood /ill s\nds 9 8 e>4 ,apollo is ! god ( y\?1 ( ! noble ebullition ( passionate indignation1 ( bold & d>+ action4 ,accord+ly ?is de$ 0 comm&$ by him4 ,pallas is ?\ghtful wisdom1 ju/ice1 & mod]ation1 :i* alone c allay ! conflict ( reason & passion4 ,ev5 ! sleep ( ! ,furies 9 ! temple is symbolical2 = only 9 ! sanctu>y1 9 ! bosom ( religion1 c ! fugitive f9d re/ f ! torm5ts ( consci5ce4 ,sc>cely1 h[ev]1 has he v5tur$ =? aga9 into ! _w1 :5 ! image ( 8 murd]$ "m appe>s1 & aga9 awakes !m4 ,! v spee* ( ,clytemne/ra betrays its symbolical import1 z mu* z ! attributes ( ! ,furies1 ! s]p5ts1 & _! suck+ ( blood4 ,! same may be said ( ,apollo's av]sion = !m2 9 fact1 ?is symbolical "* runs ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,! equal cog5cy ( ! motives = & aga9/ ! de$ is d5ot$ by ! equally divid$ votes ( ! judges4 ,& if at la/ a sanctu>y )9 ! ,a!nian t]ritory is (f]$ to ! s(t5$ ,furies1 ?is is z mu* z to say t reason is n ev]y:]e to en=ce its pr9ciples aga9/ involunt>y in/9ct1 t !re are 9 ! human m9d c]ta9 b\nd>ies :i* are n to be pass$1 & all contact ) :i* ev5 e p]son possess$ ( a true s5tim5t ( rev]5ce w cauti\sly avoid1 if he w\ld pres]ve peace )94 ,s mu* = ! deep philosophical mean+ :i* we ne$ n wond] to f9d 9 ?is poet1 :o1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,cic]o1 0 a ,py?agorean4 ,aes*ylus _h also political views4 ,=emo/ ( ^! 0 ! design ( r5d]+ ,a!ns illu/ri\s4 ,delphi 0 ! religi\s c5tre ( ,greece1 & yet h[ f> x is ?r[n into ! %ade by him6 ,x c %elt] ,ore/es1 inde$1 f ! fir/ onset ( p]secution1 b n af=d him a complete lib]ation2 ?is is res]v$ = ! l& ( law & humanity4 ,b1 a fur!r1 & 9 tru?1 8 pr9cipal object 0 to recomm5d z ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ,a!ns ! ,areopagus ,footnote3 ,i d n f9d t ?is aim has ev] be5 expressly ascrib$ to ,aes*ylus by any anci5t writ]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 too pla9 to be mi/ak51 & is reveal$ especially 9 ! spee* ( ,pallas1 beg9n+ ) ! #fhj? v]se4 ,x agrees1 moreov]1 ) ! acc\nt1 t 9 ! v ye> :5 ! piece 0 repres5t$1 7,olymp4 lxxx4 #a47 a c]ta9 ,ephialtes excit$ ! p aga9/ ! ,areopagus1 :i* 0 ! be/ gu>dian ( ! old & m au/]e con/itution1 & kept democratic extravagance 9 *eck4 ,?is ,ephialtes 0 murd]$ "o night by an unkn[n h&4 ,aes*ylus receiv$ ! fir/ prize 9 ! !atrical games1 b we "k t he left ,a!ns imm$iately aft]w>ds1 & pass$ 8 rema9+ ye>s 9 ,sicily4 ,x is possible t1 al?\gh ! !atrical judges did him ju/ice1 he might be held 9 av]sion by ! populace1 & t ?is induc$ him1 )\t any express s5t5ce ( bani%m5t1 to leave 8 native city4 ,! /ory ( ! sight ( ! t]rible *orus ( ,furies hav+ ?r[n *ildr5 into mortal convulsions1 & caus$ wom5 to misc>ry1 appe>s to be fabul\s4 ,a poet w\ld h>dly h be5 cr[n$1 :o _h be5 ! occasion ( pr(an+ ! fe/ival by su* occurr5ces41 an uncorruptible yet mild tribunal1 9 :i* ! :ite ballot ( ,pallas giv5 9 fav\r ( ! accus$ is an inv5tion :i* does hon\r to ! humanity ( ! ,a!nians4 ,! poet %[s h[ a port5t\s s]ies ( crimes l$ to an in/itution fraught ) bless+s to humanity4 ,b x w be ask$1 are n extr9sic aims ( ?is k9d prejudicial to ! pure poetical impressions :i* ! composition ought to produce8 ,mo/ und\bt$ly1 if pursu$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* o!r poets1 & especially ,euripides1 h foll[$ !m out4 ,b 9 ,aes*ylus ! aim is subs]vi5t to ! poetry1 r ?an ! poetry to ! aim4 ,he does n l[] himself to a circumscrib$ reality1 b1 on ! contr>y1 elevates x to a high] sph]e1 & connects x ) ! mo/ sublime conceptions4 ,9 ! ,ore/eia 7= s ! trilogy or ?ree connect$ pieces 0 call$17 we c]ta9ly possess "o ( ! sublime/ poems t ev] 0 conceiv$ by ! imag9ation ( man1 &1 probably1 ! ripe/ & mo/ p]fect ( all ! productions ( 8 g5ius4 ,! date ( ! composition ( !m confirms ?is supposition3 = ,aes*ylus 0 at lea/ sixty ye>s ( age :5 he br\ght ^! dramas on ! /age1 ! la/ ) :i* he ev] compet$ = ! prize at ,a!ns4 ,b1 inde$1 e "o ( 8 pieces t has come d[n to u1 is rem>kable ei!r = display+ "s peculi> prop]ty ( ! poet1 or1 z indicative ( ! /ep 9 art at :i* he /ood at ! date ( its composition4 ,i am dispos$ to consid] ! ,suppliants "o ( 8 m e>ly works4 ,x probably belong$ to a trilogy1 & /ood betwe5 two o!r trag$ies on ! same subject1 ! names ( :i* are /ill pres]v$1 namely ! ,egyptians & ! ,danaidae4 ,! fir/1 we may suppose1 describ$ ! flight ( ! ,danaidae f ,egypt to avoid ! dete/$ m>riage ) _! c\s9s2 ! second depicts ! protection :i* !y s\ght & obta9$ 9 ,argos2 :ile ! ?ird w\ld conta9 ! murd] ( ! husb&s :o 7 =c$ ^u !m4 ,we are dispos$ to view ! two fir/ pieces z s+le acts1 introductory to ! tragical action :i* prop]ly comm5ces 9 ! la/4 ,b ! trag$y ( ! ,suppliants1 :ile x is complete 9 itself1 & =ms a :ole1 is yet1 :5 view$ 9 ?is position1 defective1 s9ce x is altoge!r )\t ref]5ce to or connexion ) :at prec$es & :at foll[s4 ,9 ! ,suppliants ! *orus n only takes a "p 9 ! action1 z 9 ! ,eum5ides1 b x is ev5 ! pr9cipal "* t attracts & comm&s our int]e/4 ,?is ca/ ( ! trag$y is nei!r fav\rable = ! display ( peculi>ity ( "*1 nor ! excit+ emotion by ! play ( p[]ful passions2 or1 to speak 9 ! language ( ,grecian art1 x is unfav\rable bo? to e?os & to pa?os4 ,! *orus has b "o voice & "o s\l3 to h m>k$ ! disposition common to fifty "y wom5 7= ! *orus ( ,danaidae c]ta9ly am\nt$ to ?is numb]17 by any exclusive peculi>ities1 w\ld h be5 absurd 9 ! v nature ( ?+s3 ov] & above ! common features ( humanity su* a multitude c\ld only be pa9t$ ) ^? common to _! sex1 _! age1 &1 p]haps1 ^? ( _! nation4 ,9 respect to ! la/1 ! int5tion ( ,aes*ylus is m conspicu\s ?an 8 success3 he lays a great /ress on ! =eign desc5t ( ! ,danaidae2 b ?is he does b ass]t ( !m1 )\t all[+ ! =eign "* to be discov]$ 9 _! words & disc\rse4 ,! s5tim5ts1 resolutions1 & actions ( a multitude1 & yet manife/$ ) su* uni=mity1 & conceiv$ & execut$ l ! movem5ts ( a regul> army1 h sc>cely ! appe>ance ( proce$+ freely & directly f ! inmo/ be+4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 we take a mu* /rong] int]e/ 9 ! situations & =tunes ( a s+le individual ) ^: :ole "* we h become intimately acqua9t$1 ?an 9 a multitude ( uni=mly repeat$ impressions mass$ z x 7 toge!r4 ,we h m ?an reason to d\bt :e!r ,aes*ylus treat$ ! fable ( ! ?ird piece 9 su* a way t ,hyp]mne/ra1 ! only "o ( ! ,danaidae :o is all[$ to =m an exception f ! re/1 became1 ) h] compassion or h] love1 ! pr9cipal object ( ! dramatic int]e/3 "h1 aga91 probably1 8 *ief object 0 by express+1 9 maje/ic *oral songs1 ! compla9ts1 ! wi%es1 ! c>es1 & supplications ( ! :ole si/]hood1 to exhibit a k9d ( social solemnity ( action & suff]+4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 ! ,sev5 be=e ,!bes1 ! k+ & ! mess5g]1 ^: spee*es occupy ! greate/ "p ( ! piece1 speak m 9 virtue ( _! (fice ?an z int]pret]s ( _! own p]sonal feel+s4 ,! description ( ! assault ) :i* ! city is ?reat5$1 & ( ! sev5 lead]s :o1 l heav5-/orm+ giants1 h sworn its de/ruction1 & :o1 9 ! emblems borne on _! %ields1 display _! arrogance1 is an epic subject clo!d 9 ! pomp ( trag$y4 ,?is long & asc5d+ s]ies ( prep>ation is e way wor?y ! "o agitat+ mom5t at :i* ,eteocles1 :o has hi!rto display$ ! utmo/ degree ( prud5ce & firmness1 & /ation$1 at ea* gate1 a patriotic h]o to confront ea* ( ! insol5t foes2 :5 ! sev5? is describ$ to him z no o!r ?an ,polynices1 ! au?or ( ! :ole ?reat5$ calamity1 hurri$ away by ! ,er9nys ( a fa!r's curse1 insi/s on becom+ himself 8 antagoni/1 &1 not)/&+ all ! entreaties ( ! *orus1 ) ! cle> consci\sness ( inevitable dea?1 ru%es headlong to ! fratricidal /rife4 ,w>1 9 itself1 is no subject = trag$y1 & ! poet hurries u rapidly f ! om9\s prep>ation to ! fatal mom5t ( decision3 ! city is sav$1 ! two competitors = ! ?rone fall by ea* o!r's h&s1 & ! :ole is clos$ by _! fun]al dirge1 sung conjo9tly by ! si/]s & a *orus ( ,!ban virg9s4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ,antigone's det]m9ation to int] h] bro!r1 not)/&+ ! prohibition ) :i* ,sophocles op5s 8 own piece1 :i* he names aft] h]1 is int]wov5 ) ! conclusion ( ?is play1 a circum/ance :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,*oephorae1 imm$iately connects x ) a new & fur!r developm5t ( ! tragic /ory4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld p]suade myself t ,aes*ylus compos$ ! ,p]sians to comply ) ! wi% ( ,hi]o1 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 :o 0 desir\s vividly to realize ! great ev5ts ( ! ,p]sian w>4 ,su* is ! sub/ance ( "o tradition2 b accord+ to ano!r1 ! piece _h be5 previ\sly exhibit$ 9 ,a!ns4 ,we h already allud$ to ?is drama1 :i*1 bo? 9 po9t ( *oice ( subject1 & ! mann] ( h&l+ x1 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ imp]fect ( all ! trag$ies ( ?is poet t we possess4 ,sc>cely has ! vision ( ,atossa rais$ our expectation 9 ! comm5cem5t1 :5 ! :ole cata/rophe imm$iately op5s on u ) ! arrival ( ! fir/ mess5g]1 & no fur!r progress is ev5 imag9able4 ,b al?\gh n a legitimate drama1 we may /ill consid] x z a pr\d triumphal hymn ( lib]ty1 clo!d 9 s(t & unceas+ lam5tations ( k9dr$ & subjects ov] ! fall5 maje/y ( ! ambiti\s despot4 ,) great judgm5t1 bo? "h & 9 ! ,sev5 be=e ,!bes1 ! poet describes ! issue ( ! w>1 n z accid5tal1 :i* is almo/ always ! case 9 ,hom]1 b 7= 9 trag$y !re is no place = accid5t17 z ! result ( ov]we5+ infatuation on ! "o h&1 & wise mod]ation on ! o!r4 ,! ,prome!us ,b\nd1 held also a middle place betwe5 two o!rs-- ! ,fire-br++ ,prome!us & ! ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 if we d>e reckon ! fir/1 :i*1 )\t "q1 0 a satiric drama1 a "p ( a trilogy4 ,a consid]able fragm5t ( ! ,prome!us ,unb\nd has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 a ,lat9 translation by ,attius4 ,! ,prome!us ,b\nd is ! repres5tation ( con/ancy "u suff]+1 & t ! nev]-end+ suff]+ ( a god4 ,exil$ 9 its sc5e to a nak$ rock on ! %ore ( ! e>?-encircl+ ocean1 ?is drama /ill embraces ! _w1 ! ,olympus ( ! gods1 & ! e>?1 ! abode ( mortals2 all z yet sc>cely repos+ 9 security above ! dread abyss ( ! d>k primaeval p[]s--! ,titans4 ,! idea ( a self-devot+ div9ity has be5 my/]i\sly inculcat$ 9 _m religions1 9 dim =ebod+ ( ! true2 "h1 h[ev]1 x appe>s 9 mo/ fe>ful contra/ to ! consolations ( ,revelation4 ,= ,prome!us does n suff] f any und]/&+ ) ! p[] :i* rules ! _w1 b 9 atonem5t = 8 disob$i5ce to t p[]1 & 8 disob$i5ce consi/s 9 no?+ b ! attempt to give p]fection to ! human race4 ,he is ?us an image ( human nature itself2 end[$ ) an unbless$ =esight & rivet$ to a n>r[ exi/5ce1 )\t a fri5d or ally1 & ) no?+ to oppose to ! comb9$ & inexorable p[]s ( nature1 b an un%ak5 w & ! consci\sness ( h] own l(ty aspirations4 ,! o!r productions ( ! ,greek ,trag$ians are s _m trag$ies2 b ?is ,i might say is ,trag$y h]self3 h] pure/ _s reveal$ ) all ! annihilat+ & ov]p[]+ =ce ( its fir/1 & z yet unmitigat$1 au/]ity4 ,!re is little ( ext]nal action 9 ?is piece4 ,prome!us m]ely suff]s & resolves f ! beg9n+ to ! end2 & 8 suff]+s & resolutions are always ! same4 ,b ! poet has1 9 a ma/]ly mann]1 contriv$ to introduce v>iety & progress into t :i* 9 itself 0 det]m9ately fix$1 & has 9 ! objects ) :i* he has surr\nd$ him1 giv5 u a scale = ! measurem5t ( ! mat*less p[] ( 8 sublime ,titan4 ,fir/ ! sil5ce ( ,prome!us1 :ile he is *a9$ d[n "u ! h>% inspection ( ,/r5g? & ,=ce1 ^: ?reats s]ve only to excite a useless compassion 9 ,vulcan1 :o is nev]!less =c$ to c>ry !m into execution2 !n 8 solit>y compla9+s1 ! arrival ( ! womanly t5d] ocean nymphs1 ^: k9d b di%e>t5+ sympa?y /imulates him to give fre] v5t to 8 feel+s1 to relate ! causes ( 8 fall1 & to reveal ! future1 ?\gh ) prud5t res]ve he reveals x only 9 "p2 ! visit ( ! anci5t ,oceanus1 a k9dr$ god ( ! ,titanian race1 :o1 "u ! pretext ( a zeal\s atta*m5t to 8 cause1 c\nsels submission to ,jupit]1 & is !re=e dismiss$ ) pr\d contempt2 next comes ,io1 ! fr5zy-driv5 w&]]1 a victim ( ! same tyranny z ,prome!us himself suff]s "u3 to h] he pr$icts ! w&]+s to :i* %e is /ill doom$1 & ! fate :i* at la/ awaits h]1 :i*1 9 "s degree1 is connect$ ) 8 own1 z f h] blood1 aft] ! lapse ( _m ages1 8 deliv]] is to spr+2 !n ! appe>ance ( ,m]cury1 z ! mess5g] ( ! univ]sal tyrant1 :o1 ) haughty m5aces1 comm&s him to disclose ! secret :i* is to ensure ! safety ( ,jupit]'s ?rone aga9/ all ! malice ( fate & =tune2 &1 la/ly1 be=e ,prome!us has well decl>$ 8 refusal1 ! yawn+ ( ! e>?1 :i*1 amid/ ?und] & lightn+1 /orms & e>?quake1 engulfs bo? him & ! rock to :i* he is *a9$ 9 ! abyss ( ! ne!r _w4 ,! triumph ( subjection 0 nev] p]haps m glori\sly celebrat$1 & we h difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ ! poet 9 ! ,prome!us ,unb\nd c\ld h su/a9$ himself on ! same height ( elevation4 ,9 ! dramas ( ,aes*ylus we h "o ( _m examples t1 9 art z well z 9 nature1 gigantic productions prec$e ^? t ev9ce regul>ity ( proportion1 :i* aga9 9 _! turn decl9e gradually into littl5ess & insignificance1 & t poetry 9 h] e>lie/ appe>ance atta*es itself closely to ! sanctities ( religion1 :atev] may be ! =m :i* ! latt] assumes among ! v>i\s races ( m54 ,a say+ ( ! poet1 :i* has be5 record$1 proves t he endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 ?is elevation1 & purposely avoid$ all artificial poli%1 :i* might l[] him f ?is godlike sublimity4 ,8 bro!rs urg$ him to write a new ,paean4 ,he answ]$3 ,! old "o ( ,tynni*us is ! be/1 & 8 comp>$ ) ?is1 f>e z ! new /atues d beside ! old2 = ! latt]1 ) all _! simplicity1 are consid]$ div9e2 :ile ! new1 ) all ! c>e be/[$ on _! execution1 are inde$ admir$1 b be> mu* less ( ! impression ( div9ity4 ,9 religion1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 he c>ri$ 8 boldness to ! utmo/ limits2 & ?us he ev5 came to be accus$ ( hav+ 9 "o ( 8 pieces disclos$ ! ,eleus9ean my/]ies1 & 0 only acquitt$ on ! int]cession ( 8 bro!r ,am9ias1 :o b>$ 9 sight ( ! judges ! w\nds :i* he _h receiv$ 9 ! battle ( ,salamis4 ,he p]haps believ$ t 9 ! communication ( ! poetic feel+ 0 conta9$ ! initiation into ! my/]ies1 & t no?+ 0 9 ?is way reveal$ to any "o :o 0 n wor?y ( x4 ,9 ,aes*ylus ! tragic /yle is z yet imp]fect1 & n unfrequ5tly runs into ei!r unmix$ epic or lyric4 ,x is (t5 abrupt1 irregul>1 & h>%4 ,to compose m regul> & skilful trag$ies ?an ^? ( ,aes*ylus 0 by no means difficult2 b 9 ! m ?an mortal gr&eur :i* he display$1 x 0 impossible t he %\ld ev] be surpass$2 & ev5 ,sophocles1 8 y\ng] & m =tunate rival1 did n 9 ?is respect equal him4 ,! latt]1 9 speak+ ( ,aes*ylus1 gave a pro( t he 0 himself a ?\ghtful arti/3 ,aes*ylus does :at is "r )\t kn[+ x4 ,^! few simple words exhau/ ! :ole ( :at we und]/& by ! phrase1 p[]ful g5ius work+ unconsci\sly4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,life & ,political ,"* ( ,sophocles--,"* ( 8 diff]5t ,trag$ies4 ,! bir? ( ,sophocles 0 ne>ly at an equal di/ance betwe5 t ( 8 pr$ecessor & t ( ,euripides1 s t he 0 ab\t half a life-"t f ea*3 b on ?is po9t all ! au?orities d n co9cide4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 dur+ ! greate/ "p ( 8 life ! contempor>y ( bo?4 ,he frequ5tly cont5d$ = ! ivy-wrea? ( trag$y ) ,aes*ylus1 & he outliv$ ,euripides1 :o1 h[ev]1 also atta9$ to a good old age4 ,to speak 9 ! _s ( ! anci5t religion1 x seems t a b5efic5t ,provid5ce wi%$ 9 ?is individual to ev9ce to ! human race ! dignity & bless$ness ( its lot1 by end[+ him ) e div9e gift1 ) all t c adorn & elevate ! m9d & ! he>t1 & cr[n+ him ) e imag9able bless+ ( ?is life4 ,desc5d$ f ri* & hon\rable p>5ts1 & born a free citiz5 ( ! mo/ enlight5$ /ate ( ,greece2--!re 7 bir?1 necess>y condition1 & f\ndation4 ,beauty ( p]son & ( m9d1 & ! un9t]rup$ enjoym5t ( bo? 9 ! utmo/ p]fection1 to ! extreme t]m ( human exi/5ce2 a mo/ *oice & f9i%$ education 9 gymna/ics & ! musical arts1 ! =m] s important 9 ! developm5t ( ! bodily p[]s1 & ! latt] 9 ! communication ( h>mony2 ! sweet bloom ( y\?1 & ! ripe fruit ( age2 ! possession ( & unbrok5 enjoym5t ( poetry & art1 & ! ex]cise ( s]5e wisdom2 love & respect among 8 fell[ citiz5s1 r5[n abroad1 & ! c\nt5ance & fav\r ( ! gods3 ^! are ! g5]al features ( ! life ( ?is pi\s & virtu\s poet4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! gods1 to :om1 & to ,bac*us 9 p>ticul>1 z ! giv] ( all joy1 & ! civiliz] ( ! human race1 he devot$ himself at an e>ly age by ! composition ( tragical dramas = 8 fe/ivals1 _h wi%$ to conf] immortality on him1 s long did !y delay ! h\r ( 8 dea?2 b z ?is c\ld n be1 !y loos5$ him f life z g5tly z 0 possible1 t he might imp]ceptibly *ange "o immortality = ano!r1 ! long duration ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce = ! imp]i%able vitality ( 8 "n4 ,:5 a y\? ( sixte51 he 0 select$1 on acc\nt ( 8 beauty1 to dance 7play+ ! :ile1 aft] ! ,greek mann]1 on ! lyre7 at ! head ( ! *orus ( y\?s :o1 aft] ! battle ( ,salamis 79 :i* ,aes*ylus f\ght1 & :i* he has s nobly describ$71 execut$ ! ,paean r\nd ! trophy erect$ on t occasion4 ,?us !n ! beautiful season ( 8 y\?ful bloom co9cid$ ) ! mo/ glori\s epo* ( ! ,a!nian p4 ,he held ! rank ( g5]al z colleague ) ,p]icles & ,?ucydides1 &1 :5 arriv$ at a m advanc$ age1 0 elect$ to ! prie/hood ( a native h]o4 ,9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye> he began to exhibit trag$ies2 tw5ty times 0 he victori\s2 he (t5 ga9$ ! second place1 b nev] 0 he rank$ s l[ z 9 ! ?ird4 ,9 ?is c>e] he proce$$ ) increas+ success till he _h pass$ 8 n9etie? ye>2 & "s ( 8 greate/ works 7 ev5 ! fruit ( a /ill lat] p]iod4 ,!re is a /ory ( an accusation be+ br\ght aga9/ him by "o or m ( 8 eld] sons1 ( hav+ become *ildi% f age1 & ( be+ incapable ( manag+ 8 own affairs4 ,an alleg$ p>tiality = a gr&son by a second wife is said to h be5 ! motive ( ! *>ge4 ,9 8 def5ce he cont5t$ himself ) read+ to 8 judges 8 ,o$ipus at ,colonos1 :i* he _h !n j compos$ 7or1 accord+ to o!rs1 only ! magnific5t *orus 9 x1 :]e9 he s+s ! praises ( ,colonos1 8 bir?-place17 & ! a/oni%$ judges1 )\t f>!r consultation1 conduct$ him 9 triumph to 8 h\se4 ,if x be true t ! second ,o$ipus 0 writt5 at s late an age1 z f its mature s]5ity & total fre$om f ! impetuosity & viol5ce ( y\? we h good reason to conclude t x actually 01 x af=ds u a pleas+ picture ( an old age at once amiable & v5]able4 ,al?\gh ! v>y+ acc\nts ( 8 dea? h a fabul\s look1 !y all co9cide 9 ?is1 & alike convey ?is same purport1 t he dep>t$ life )\t a /ruggle1 :ile employ$ 9 8 art1 or some?+ connect$ ) x1 & t1 l an old swan ( ,apollo1 he brea!d out 8 life 9 song4 ,! /ory also ( ! ,lac$aemonian g5]al1 :o hav+ entr5*$ ! bury+-gr\nd ( ! poet's ance/ors1 & be+ twice w>n$ by ,bac*us 9 a vision to all[ ,sophocles to be !re int]r$1 dispat*$ a h]ald to ! ,a!nians on ! subject1 ,i consid] z true1 z well z a numb] ( o!r circum/ances1 :i* s]ve to set 9 a /rong light ! illu/ri\s rev]5ce 9 :i* 8 "n 0 held4 ,9 call+ him virtu\s & pi\s1 ,i us$ ! words 9 8 own s5se2 = al?\gh 8 works brea! ! real "* ( anci5t gr&eur1 gracefulness1 & simplicity1 he1 ( all ! ,grecian poets1 is also ! "o ^: feel+s be> ! /ronge/ aff9ity to ! _s ( our religion4 ,"o gift alone 0 d5i$ to him by nature3 a voice attun$ to song4 ,he c\ld only call =? & direct ! h>moni\s effusions ( o!r voices2 he 0 !re=e compell$ to dep>t f ! hi!rto e/abli%$ practice = ! poet to act a "p 9 8 own pieces4 ,once only did he make 8 appe>ance on ! /age 9 ! "* ( ! bl9d s+] ,?amyris 7a v *>act]i/ic trait7 play+ on ! ci?>a4 ,z ,aes*ylus1 :o rais$ tragic poetry f its rude beg9n+s to ! dignity ( ! ,co?urnus1 0 8 pr$ecessor2 ! hi/orical relation 9 :i* he /ood to him enabl$ ,sophocles to pr(it by ! essays ( t orig9al ma/]1 s t ,aes*ylus appe>s z ! r\gh design]1 & ,sophocles z ! f9i%] & successor4 ,! m artificial con/ruction ( ,sophocles' dramas is easily p]ceiv$3 ! great] limitation ( ! *orus 9 proportion to ! dialogue1 ! smoo!r poli% ( ! rhy?m1 & ! pur] ,attic diction1 ! introduction ( a great] numb] ( *>act]s1 ! ri*] complication ( ! fable1 ! multiplication ( incid5ts1 a high] degree ( developm5t1 ! m tranquil dwell+ ^u all ! mom5ta ( ! action1 & ! m /rik+ !atrical effect all[$ to decisive ones1 ! m p]fect r\nd+ (f ( ! :ole1 ev5 consid]$ f a m]ely ext]nal po9t ( view4 ,b he excell$ ,aes*ylus 9 some?+ /ill m ess5tial1 & prov$ himself des]v+ ( ! good =tune ( hav+ su* a preceptor1 & ( be+ all[$ to ent] into competition 9 ! same field ) him3 ,i mean ! h>moni\s p]fection ( 8 m9d1 :i* enabl$ him spontane\sly to satisfy e requisition ( ! laws ( beauty1 a m9d ^: free impulse 0 accompani$ by ! mo/ cle> consci\sness4 ,to surpass ,aes*ylus 9 boldness ( conception 0 p]haps impossible3 ,i am incl9$1 h[ev]1 to believe t is only because ( 8 wisdom & mod]ation t ,sophocles appe>s less bold1 s9ce he always goes to "w ) ! greate/ en]gy1 & p]haps ) ev5 a m su/a9$ e>ne/ness1 l a man :o kn[s ! ext5t ( 8 p[]s1 & is det]m9$1 :5 he does n exce$ !m1 to /& up ) ! great] confid5ce = 8 rights ,footnote3 ,?is idea has be5 s happily express$ by ! greate/ g5ius p]haps ( ! la/ c5tury1 t ! translator hopes he w be =giv5 = "h transcrib+ ! passage3 ,i c truly say t1 poor & unkn[n z ,i !n 01 ,i _h pretty ne>ly z high an idea ( myself & ( my works1 z ,i h at ?is mom5t1 :5 ! public has decid$ 9 _! fav\r4 ,x ev] 0 my op9ion1 t ! mi/akes & blund]s bo? 9 a rational & religi\s po9t ( view1 ( :i* we see ?\s&s daily guilty1 are ow+ to _! ignorance ( !mselves4 ,to "k myself1 _h be5 all along my con/ant /udy4 ,i weigh$ myself alone2 ,i balanc$ myself ) o!rs2 ,i wat*$ e means ( in=mation to see h[ mu* gr\nd ,i occupi$ z a man & z a poet2 ,i /udi$ assidu\sly nature's design 9 my =mation-- :]e ! lights & %ades 9 my "* 7 int5d$4--,lett] f ,burns to ,dr4 ,moore1 9 ,currie's ,life4--,,trans44 ,z ,aes*ylus delights 9 transport+ u to ! convulsions ( ! prim>y _w ( ! ,titans1 ,sophocles1 on ! o!r h&1 nev] avails himself ( div9e int]position except :]e x is absolutely necess>y2 he =m$ m51 accord+ to ! g5]al confession ( antiquity1 bett]1 t is1 n m moral & exempt f error1 b m beautiful & noble ?an !y really are2 & :ile he took e ?+ 9 ! mo/ human s5se1 he 0 at ! same "t op5 to its high] significance4 ,accord+ to all appe>ance he 0 also m temp]ate ?an ,aes*ylus 9 8 use ( sc5ic ornam5ts2 display+ p]haps m ( ta/e & *a/5$ beauty1 b n attempt+ ! same colossal magnific5ce4 ,to *>act]ize ! native sweetness & gracefulness s em95t 9 ?is poet1 ! anci5ts gave him ! appellation ( ! ,attic bee4 ,:oev] is ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! feel+ ( ?is peculi>ity may flatt] himself t a s5se = anci5t art has aris5 )9 him2 = ! affect$ s5tim5tality ( ! pres5t day1 f> f co9cid+ ) ! anci5ts 9 ?is op9ion1 w\ld 9 ! trag$ies ( ,sophocles1 bo? 9 respect ( ! repres5tation ( bodily suff]+s1 & 9 ! s5tim5ts & /ructure1 f9d mu* t is insupportably au/]e4 ,:5 we consid] ! great f]tility ( ,sophocles1 = accord+ to "s he wrote a hundr$ & ?irty pieces 7( :i*1 h[ev]1 sev5te5 7 pron\nc$ spuri\s by ,ari/ophanes ! gramm>ian71 & eighty accord+ to ! mo/ mod]ate acc\nt1 little1 x mu/ be own$1 has come d[n to u1 = we h only sev5 ( !m4 ,*ance1 h[ev]1 has s f> fav\r$ u1 t 9 ^! sev5 pieces we f9d sev]al :i* 7 held by ! anci5ts z 8 greate/ works1 ! ,antigone1 = example1 ! ,electra1 & ! two on ! subject ( ,o$ipus2 & ^! h also come d[n to u tol]ably free f mutilation & corruption 9 _! text4 ,! ,o$ipus ,tyrannus1 & ! ,philoctetes1 h be5 g5]ally1 b )\t good reason1 pref]r$ by mod]n critics to all ! o!rs3 ! fir/ on acc\nt ( ! artifice ( ! plot1 9 :i* ! dreadful cata/rophe1 :i* s p[]fully excites ! curiosity 7a r>e case 9 ! ,greek trag$ies71 is inevitably br\ght ab\t by a succession ( connect$ causes2 ! latt] on acc\nt ( ! ma/]ly display ( "*1 ! beautiful contra/ obs]vable 9 ^? ( ! ?ree lead+ p]sonages1 & ! simple /ructure ( ! piece1 9 :i*1 ) s few p]sons1 ev]y?+ proce$s f ! true/ & mo/ adequate motives4 ,b ! :ole ( ! trag$ies ( ,sophocles are sep>ately respl5d5t ) peculi> excell5cies4 ,9 ,antigone we h ! pure/ display ( fem99e h]oism2 9 ,ajax ! s5se ( manly hon\r 9 its full =ce2 9 ! ,tra*9iae 7or1 z we %\ld r "n x1 ! ,dy+ ,h]cules71 ! female levity ( ,dejanira is beautifully aton$ = by h] dea?1 & ! suff]+s ( ,h]cules are portray$ ) suitable dignity2 ,electra is di/+ui%$ by en]gy & pa?os2 9 ,o$ipus ,coloneus !re prevails a mild & g5tle emotion1 & ov] ! :ole piece is diffus$ ! sweete/ gracefulness4 ,i w n und]take to weigh ! respective m]its ( ^! pieces aga9/ ea* o!r3 b ,i own ,i ent]ta9 a s+ul> pr$ilection = ! la/ ( !m1 because x appe>s to me ! mo/ expressive ( ! p]sonal feel+s ( ! poet himself4 ,z ?is piece 0 writt5 = ! v purpose ( ?r[+ a lu/re on ,a!ns1 & 8 own bir?-place m p>ticul>ly1 he appe>s to h lab\r$ on x ) a special love & affection4 ,ajax & ,antigone are usually ! lea/ und]/ood4 ,we _c conceive h[ ^! pieces %\ld run on s long aft] :at we usually call ! cata/rophe4 ,on ?is subject ,i %all h]eaft] (f] a rem>k or two4 ,( all ! fables ( anci5t my?ology 9 :i* fate is made to play a conspicu\s "p1 ! /ory ( ,o$ipus is p]haps ! mo/ +5i\s2 b /ill _m o!rs1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ,niobe1 :i*1 )\t any complication ( incid5ts1 simply exhibit on a scale ( colossal dim5sions bo? ( human arrogance1 & its imp5d+ puni%m5t f ! gods1 appe> to me to be conceiv$ 9 a gr&] /yle4 ,! v intrigue :i* is involv$ 9 t ( ,o$ipus detracts f its l(t9ess ( "*4 ,intrigue 9 ! dramatic s5se is a complication aris+ f ! cross+ ( purposes & ev5ts1 & ?is is f\nd 9 a high degree 9 ! fate ( ,o$ipus1 z all t is done by 8 p>5ts or himself 9 ord] to evade ! pr$ict$ horrors1 s]ves only to br+ !m on ! m surely4 ,b t :i* gives s gr& & t]rible a "* to ?is drama1 is ! circum/ance :i*1 h[ev]1 is = ! mo/ "p ov]look$2 t to ! v ,o$ipus :o solv$ ! riddle ( ! ,sph9x relat+ to human life1 8 own life %\ld rema9 s long an inextricable riddle1 to be s awfully cle>$ up1 :5 all 0 irretrievably lo/4 ,a /rik+ picture ( ! arrogant pret5sion ( human wisdom1 :i* is ev] "r en\gh 9 its g5]al pr9ciples1 b does n enable ! possessor to make ! prop] application to himself4 ,not)/&+ ! sev]e conclusion ( ! fir/ ,o$ipus we are s f> reconcil$ to x by ! viol5ce1 suspicion1 & haught9ess 9 ! "* ( ,o$ipus1 t our feel+s d n absolutely revolt at s horrible a fate4 ,= ?is end1 x 0 necess>y ?us f> to sacrifice ! "* ( ,o$ipus1 :o1 h[ev]1 raises himself 9 our e/imation by 8 fa!rly c>e & h]oic zeal = ! welf>e ( 8 p1 t occasion him1 by 8 hone/ se>* = ! au?or ( ! crime1 to accel]ate 8 own de/ruction4 ,x 0 also necess>y1 = ! sake ( contra/ ) 8 future mis]y1 to exhibit him 9 8 treatm5t ( ,tiresias & ,creon1 9 all ! haught9ess ( regal dignity4 ,&1 inde$1 all 8 e>li] proce$+s ev9ce1 9 "s measure1 ! same suspici\sness & viol5ce ( "*2 ! =m]1 9 8 refus+ to be quiet$ by ! assurances ( ,polybos1 :5 taunt$ ) be+ a suppositi\s *ild1 & ! latt]1 9 8 bloody qu>rel ) ,laius4 ,! latt] "* he seems to h inh]it$ f bo? 8 p>5ts4 ,! arrogant levity ( ,joca/a1 :i* induces h] to d]ide ! oracle z n confirm$ by ! ev5t1 ! p5alty ( :i* %e is s soon aft]w>ds to inflict ^u h]self1 0 n inde$ inh]it$ by h] son2 he is1 on ! contr>y1 conspicu\s ?r\gh\t = ! purity ( 8 int5tions2 & 8 c>e & anxiety to escape f ! pr$ict$ crime1 add$ naturally to ! poignancy ( 8 despair1 :5 he f\nd t he _h nev]!less be5 ov]tak5 by x4 ,awful inde$ is 8 bl9dness 9 n p]ceiv+ ! tru? :5 x 01 z x 71 br\ght directly home to him2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 he puts ! "q to ,joca/a1 ,h[ did ,laius look8 & %e answ]s he _h become gray-hair$1 o!rwise 9 appe>ance he 0 n unlike ,o$ipus4 ,?is is also ano!r feature ( h] levity1 t %e %\ld n h be5 /ruck ) ! resemblance to h] husb&1 a circum/ance t might h l$ h] to recognize him z h] son4 ,?us a close analysis ( ! piece w ev9ce ! utmo/ propriety & significance ( e portion ( x4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is cu/om>y to extol ! correctness ( ,sophocles1 & to boa/ m especially ( ! /rict obs]vance ( probability :i*1 prevails ?r\gh\t ?is ,o$ipus1 ,i mu/ "h rem>k t ?is v piece is a pro( h[1 on ?is subject1 ! anci5t arti/s foll[$ v diff]5t pr9ciples f ^? ( mod]n critics4 ,=1 accord+ to our way ( ?9k+1 no?+ c\ld be m improbable ?an t ,o$ipus %\ld1 s long1 h =borne to inquire into ! circum/ances ( ! dea? ( ,laius1 & t ! sc>s on 8 feet1 & ev5 ! "n :i* he bore1 %\ld nev] h excit$ ! curiosity ( ,joca/a1 c4 ,b ! anci5ts did n produce _! works ( art = calculat+ & prosaic und]/&+s2 & an improbability :i*1 to be f\nd out1 requir$ dissection1 & did n exi/ )9 ! matt]s ( ! repres5tation itself1 0 to !m none at all4 ,! div]sity ( "* ( ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles is n[h]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! ,eum5ides & ! ,o$ipus ,coloneus1 z bo? ^! pieces 7 compos$ ) ! same aim4 ,?is aim 0 to glorify ,a!ns z ! sacr$ abode ( law & humanity1 on ^: soil ! crimes ( ! h]o families ( o!r c\ntries might1 by a high] m$iation1 be at la/ propitiat$2 :ile an ev]-dur+ prosp]ity 0 pr$ict$ to ! ,a!nian p4 ,! patriotic & lib]ty-brea?+ ,aes*ylus has rec\rse to a judicial1 & ! pi\s ,sophocles to a religi\s1 proc$ure2 ev5 ! consecration ( ,o$ipus 9 dea?4 ,b5t d[n by ! consci\sness ( inevitable crimes1 & l5g!n$ mis]y1 8 hon\r is1 z x 71 cle>$ up by ! gods !mselves1 z if desir\s ( %[+ t1 9 ! t]rible example :i* !y made ( him1 !y _h no int5tion ( visit+ him 9 p>ticul>1 b m]ely wi%$ to give a solemn lesson to ! :ole human race4 ,sophocles1 to :om ! :ole ( life 0 "o cont9u$ wor%ip ( ! gods1 delight$ to ?r[ all possible hon\r on its la/ mom5ts z if a m solemn fe/ival2 & associat$ x ) emotions v diff]5t f :at ! ?\ght ( mortality is 9 g5]al calculat$ to excite4 ,t ! tortur$ & exhau/$ ,o$ipus %\ld at la/ f9d peace & repose 9 ! grove ( ! ,furies1 9 ! v spot f :i* all o!r mortals fl$ ) av]sion & horror1 he ^: mis=tune consi/$ 9 hav+ done a de$ at :i* all m5 %udd]1 unconsci\sly & )\t w>n+ ( any inw>d feel+2 9 ?is !re is a pr(\nd & my/]i\s mean+4 ,aes*ylus has giv5 u 9 ! p]son ( ,pallas a m maje/ic repres5tation ( ! ,attic cultivation1 prud5ce1 mod]ation1 mildness1 & magnanimity2 b ,sophocles1 :o delight$ to draw all t is godlike )9 ! sph]e ( humanity1 has1 9 8 ,!seus1 giv5 a m delicate developm5t ( all ^! same ?+s4 ,:oev] is desir\s ( ga9+ an accurate idea ( ,grecian h]oism1 z contra/$ ) ! ,b>b>ian1 w\ld d well to consid] ?is "* ) att5tion4 ,9 ,aes*ylus1 be=e ! victim ( p]secution c be deliv]$1 & ! l& c p>ticipate 9 bless+s1 ! inf]nal horror ( ! ,furies congeals ! spectators' blood1 & makes 8 hair /& on end1 & ! :ole ranc\r ( ^! goddesses ( rage is exhau/$3 aft] ?is ! transition to _! peaceful retreat is ! m wond]ful2 ! :ole human race seems1 z x 71 deliv]$ f _! p[]4 ,9 ,sophocles1 h[ev]1 !y d n ev] appe>1 b are kept altoge!r 9 ! backgr\nd2 & !y are nev] m5tion$ by _! own "n1 b always allud$ to by "s s(t5+ euphemism4 ,b ?is v obscurity1 s exactly befitt+ ^! daught]s ( night1 & ! v di/ance at :i* !y are kept1 are calculat$ to excite a sil5t horror 9 :i* ! bodily s5ses h no "p4 ,! clo?+ ! grove ( ! ,furies ) all ! *>ms ( a s\!rn spr+ completes ! sweetness ( ! poem2 & 7 ,i to select f 8 own trag$ies an emblem ( ! poetry ( ,sophocles1 ,i %\ld describe x z a sacr$ grove ( ! d>k goddesses ( fate1 9 :i* ! laurel1 ! olive1 & ! v9e1 are always gre51 & ! song ( ! night+ale is = ev] he>d4 ,two ( ! pieces ( ,sophocles ref]1 to :at 9 ! ,greek way ( ?9k+1 are ! sacr$ rights ( ! dead1 & ! solemn importance ( burial2 9 ,antigone ! :ole ( ! action h+es on ?is1 & 9 ,ajax x =ms ! only satisfactory conclusion ( ! piece4 ,! ideal ( ! female "* 9 ,antigone is *>act]iz$ by great au/]ity1 & x is suffici5t ( itself to put an end to all ! s$uctive repres5tations ( ,grecian s(tness1 :i* ( late h be5 s univ]sally curr5t4 ,h] indignation at ,ism5e's refusal to take "p 9 h] d>+ resolution2 ! mann] 9 :i* %e aft]w>ds repulses ,ism5e1 :5 rep5t+ ( h] =m] weakness1 %e begs to be all[$ to %>e h] h]oic si/]'s dea?1 bord]s on h>%ness2 bo? h] sil5ce1 & !n h] invectives aga9/ ,creon1 by :i* %e provokes him to execute 8 tyrannical ?reats1 display ! immovable en]gy ( manly c\rage4 ,! poet has1 h[ev]1 discov]$ ! secret ( pa9t+ ! lov+ he>t ( woman 9 a s+le l9e1 :5 to ! ass]tion ( ,creon1 t ,polynices 0 an enemy to 8 c\ntry1 %e replies3 ,my love %all g ) ?9e1 b n my hate4 ,footnote3 ,?is is ! v]sion ( ,frankl91 b x does n convey ! mean+ ( ! orig9al1 & ,i am n aw>e t ! ,engli% language is suffici5tly flexible to admit ( an exact translation4 ,! ,g]man1 :i*1 ?\gh f> inf]ior to ! ,greek 9 h>mony1 is little beh9d 9 flexibility1 has 9 ?is respect great advantage ov] ! ,engli%2 & ,s*legel's ni*t mitzuhass51 mitzulieb5 b9 i* da1 repres5ts exactly ,outoi syne*!9 alla symphile9 ephyn4--,,trans4 ,moreov]1 %e puts a con/ra9t on h] feel+s only s long z by giv+ v5t to !m1 %e might make h] firmness ( purpose appe> equivocal4 ,:51 h[ev]1 %e is be+ l$ =? to inevitable dea?1 %e p\rs =? h] s\l 9 ! t5d]e/ & mo/ t\*+ wait+s ov] h] h>d & untimely fate1 & does n hesitate1 %e1 ! mode/ virg91 to m\rn ! loss ( nuptials1 & ! un5joy$ bliss ( m>riage4 ,yet %e nev] 9 a s+le syllable betrays any incl9ation = ,haemon1 & does n ev5 m5tion ! "n ( t amiable y\? ,footnote3 ,b>?lemy ass]ts ! contr>y2 b ! l9e to :i* he ref]s1 accord+ to ! m correct manuscripts1 & ev5 accord+ to ! context1 belongs to ,ism5e44 ,aft] su* h]oic det]m9ation1 to h %[n t any tie /ill b\nd h] to exi/5ce1 w\ld h be5 a weakness2 b to rel9qui% )\t "o sorr[ful regret ^? common enjoym5ts ) :i* ! gods h enri*$ ?is life1 w\ld h ill accord$ ) h] dev\t sanctity ( m9d4 ,on a fir/ view ! *orus 9 ,antigone may appe> weak1 acc$+1 z x does1 at once1 )\t opposition to ! tyrannical comm&s ( ,creon1 & )\t ev5 attempt+ to make ! slighte/ repres5tation 9 behalf ( ! "y h]o9e4 ,b to exhibit ! det]m9ation & ! de$ ( ,antigone 9 _! full glory1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld /& out q alone1 & t %e %\ld h no /ay or support4 ,moreov]1 ! v submissiv5ess ( ! *orus increases our impression ( ! irresi/ible nature ( ! royal comm&s4 ,s1 too1 0 x necess>y = x to m+le ) its conclud+ addresses to ,antigone ! mo/ pa9ful recollections1 t %e might dra9 ! full cup ( e>?ly sorr[s4 ,! case is v diff]5t 9 ,electra1 :]e ! *orus appropriately takes an int]e/ 9 ! fate ( ! two pr9cipal *>act]s1 & enc\rages !m 9 ! execution ( _! design1 z ! moral feel+s are divid$ z to its legitimacy1 :]eas !re is no su* conflict 9 ,antigone's case1 :o _h no?+ to det] h] f h] purpose b m]e ext]nal fe>s4 ,aft] ! fulfilm5t ( ! de$1 & ! infliction ( its p5alties1 ! arrogance ( ,creon /ill rema9s to be correct$1 & ! dea? ( ,antigone to be av5g$2 no?+ less ?an ! de/ruction ( 8 :ole family1 & 8 own despair1 c\ld be a suffici5t atonem5t = ! sacrifice ( a life s co/ly4 ,we h !re=e ! k+'s wife1 :o _h n ev5 be5 nam$ be=e1 br\ght at la/ on ! /age1 t %e may he> ! mis=tunes ( h] family1 & put an end to h] own exi/5ce4 ,to ,grecian feel+s x w\ld h be5 impossible to consid] ! poem z prop]ly conclud+ ) ! dea? ( ,antigone1 )\t its p5al retribution4 ,! case is ! same 9 ,ajax4 ,8 arrogance1 :i* 0 puni%$ ) a degrad+ madness1 is aton$ = by ! deep %ame :i* at l5g? drives him ev5 to self-murd]4 ,! p]secution ( ! un=tunate man mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be c>ri$ f>!r2 :51 !re=e1 x is 9 contemplation to di%on\r 8 v corpse by ! refusal ( int]m5t1 ev5 ,ulysses int]f]es4 ,he owes ! hon\rs ( burial to t ,ulysses :om 9 life he _h look$ ^u z 8 mortal enemy1 & to :om1 9 ! dreadful introductory sc5e1 ,pallas %[s1 9 ! example ( ! deliri\s ,ajax1 ! no?+ness ( man4 ,?us ,ulysses appe>s z ! p]sonification ( mod]ation1 :i*1 if x _h be5 possess$ by ,ajax1 w\ld h prev5t$ 8 fall4 ,self-murd] is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 anci5t my?ology1 at lea/ z adapt$ to trag$y2 b x g5]ally takes place1 if n 9 a /ate ( insanity1 yet 9 a /ate ( agitation1 aft] "s sudd5 calamity :i* leaves no room = consid]ation4 ,su* self-murd]s z ^? ( ,joca/a1 ,haemon1 ,eurydice1 & la/ly ( ,dejanira1 appe> m]ely 9 ! light ( a subord9ate app5dage 9 ! tragical pictures ( ,sophocles2 b ! suicide ( ,ajax is a cool det]m9ation1 a free action1 & ( suffici5t importance to become ! pr9cipal subject ( ! piece4 ,x is n ! la/ fatal crisis ( a sl[ m5tal malady1 z is s (t5 ! case 9 ^! m effem9ate mod]n times2 /ill less is x t m !oretical disgu/ ( life1 f\nd$ on a conviction ( its wor?lessness1 :i* induc$ s _m ( ! lat] ,romans1 on ,epicurean z well z ,/oical pr9ciples1 to put an end to _! exi/5ce4 ,x is n ?r\gh any unmanly despond5cy t ,ajax is unfai?ful to 8 rude h]oism4 ,8 delirium is ov]1 z well z 8 fir/ com=tless feel+s ^u awak+ f x2 & x is n till aft] ! complete return ( consci\sness1 & :5 he has _h "t to measure ! dep? ( ! abyss into :i*1 by a div9e de/9y1 8 ov]we5+ haught9ess has plung$ him1 :5 he contemplates 8 situation1 & feels x ru9$ beyond rem$y3--8 hon\r w\nd$ by ! refusal ( ! arms ( ,a*illes2 & ! outbur/ ( 8 v9dictive rage wa/$ 9 8 infatuation on def5celess flocks2 himself1 aft] a long & reproa*less h]oic c>e]1 a s\rce ( amusem5t to 8 enemies1 an object ( d]ision & abom9ation to ! ,greeks1 & to 8 hon\r$ fa!r1--%\ld he ?us return to him--a disgrace3 aft] review+ all ?is1 he decides agreeably to 8 own motto1 glori\sly to live or glori\sly to die1 t ! latt] c\rse alone rema9s op5 to him4 ,ev5 ! dissimulation1--! fir/1 p]haps1 t he ev] practis$1 by :i*1 to prev5t ! execution ( 8 purpose f be+ di/urb$1 he pacifies 8 comrades1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! fruit ( greatness ( s\l4 ,he appo9ts ,teuc] gu>dian to 8 infant boy1 ! future consolation ( 8 own b]eav$ p>5ts2 &1 l ,cato1 dies n be=e he has arrang$ ! conc]ns ( all :o belong to him4 ,z ,antigone 9 h] womanly t5d]ness1 s ev5 he 9 8 wild mann]1 seems 9 8 la/ spee* to feel ! maje/y ( t light ( ! sun f :i* he is dep>t+ = ev]4 ,8 rude c\rage disda9s compassion1 & !re=e excites x ! m p[]fully4 ,:at a picture ( awak+ f ! tumult ( passion1 :5 ! t5t op5s & 9 ! mid/ ( ! slaught]$ h]ds he sits on ! gr\nd bewail+ himself6 ,z ,ajax1 9 ! feel+ ( inext+ui%able %ame1 =ms ! viol5t resolution ( ?r[+ away life1 ,philoctetes1 on ! o!r h&1 be>s its we>isome load dur+ long ye>s ( mis]y ) ! mo/ endur+ pati5ce4 ,if ,ajax is hon\r$ by 8 despair1 ,philoctetes is equally ennobl$ by 8 con/ancy4 ,:5 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation comes into collision ) no moral impulse1 x naturally exhibits itself 9 all its /r5g?4 ,nature has arm$ ) ?is in/9ct :atev] is possess$ ( ! brea? ( life1 & ! vig\r ) :i* e ho/ile attack on exi/5ce is repell$ is ! /ronge/ pro( ( its excell5ce4 ,9 ! pres5ce1 x is true1 ( t b& ( m5 by :i* he _h be5 ab&on$1 & if he mu/ dep5d on _! sup]ior p[]1 ,philoctetes w\ld no m h wi%$ = life ?an did ,ajax4 ,b he is alone ) nature2 he quails n be=e ! frightful aspect :i* %e exhibits to him1 & /ill cl+s ev5 to ! mat]nal bosom ( ! all-n\ri%+ e>?4 ,exil$ on a des]t isl&1 tortur$ by an incurable w\nd1 solit>y & helpless z he is1 8 b[ procures him food f ! birds ( ! =e/1 ! rock yields him soo?+ h]bs1 ! f\nta9 supplies a fre% bev]age1 8 cave af=ds him a cool %elt] 9 summ]1 9 w9t] he is w>m$ by ! mid-day sun1 or a fire ( k9dl$ b\ghs2 ev5 ! rag+ attacks ( 8 pa9 at l5g? exhau/ !mselves1 & leave him 9 a refre%+ sleep4 ,alas6 x is ! artificial ref9em5ts1 ! oppressive burd5 ( a relax+ & dead5+ sup]fluity :i* r5d] man indiff]5t to ! value ( life3 :5 x is /ripp$ ( all =eign app5dages1 ?\gh borne d[n ) suff]+s s t ! nak$ exi/5ce alone rema9s1 /ill w its sweetness fl[ f ! he>t at e pulse ?r\gh all ! ve9s4 ,mis]able man6 t5 long ye>s has he /ruggl$2 & yet he /ill lives1 & cl+s to life & hope4 ,:at =ce ( tru? is !re 9 all ?is6 ,:at1 h[ev]1 mo/ moves u 9 behalf ( ,philoctetes is1 t he1 :o by an abuse ( p[] _h be5 ca/ out f society1 :5 x aga9 approa*es him is expos$ by x to a second & /ill m dang]\s evil1 t ( falsehood4 ,! anxiety excit$ 9 ! m9d ( ! spectator le/ ,philoctetes %\ld be depriv$ ( 8 la/ means ( subsi/5ce1 8 b[1 w\ld be too pa9ful1 did he n f ! beg9n+ ent]ta9 a suspicion t ! op5-he>t$ & /raight-=w>d ,neoptolemus w n be able to ma9ta9 to ! end ! "* :i*1 s mu* aga9/ 8 w1 he has assum$4 ,n )\t reason aft] ?is deception does ,philoctetes turn away f mank9d to ^? inanimate companions to :i* ! in/9ctive crav+ = society _h atta*$ him4 ,he calls on ! isl& & its volcanoes to witness ?is fre% wrong2 he believes t 8 belov$ b[ feels pa9 9 be+ tak5 f him2 & at l5g? he takes a melan*oly leave ( 8 hospitable cav]n1 ! f\nta9s & ! wave-wa%$ cliffs1 f :i* he s (t5 look$ 9 va9 ^u ! ocean3 s incl9$ to love is ! uncorrupt$ m9d ( man4 ,respect+ ! bodily suff]+s ( ,philoctetes & ! mann] ( repres5t+ !m1 ,less+ has 9 8 ,laocon decl>$ himself aga9/ ,w9kelmann1 & ,h]d] aga9 has 9 ! ,silvae ,criticae 7,kritis*e ,wld]7 contradict$ ,less+4 ,bo? ! two la/ writ]s h made _m excell5t obs]vations on ! piece1 al?\gh we mu/ all[ ) ,h]d]1 t ,w9kelmann 0 correct 9 affirm+ t ! ,philoctetes ( ,sophocles1 l ,laocon 9 ! celebrat$ gr\p1 suff]s ) ! suppress$ agony ( an h]oic s\l nev] altoge!r ov]come by 8 pa94 ,! ,tra*9iae appe>s to me s v inf]ior to ! o!r pieces ( ,sophocles :i* h rea*$ u1 t ,i c\ld wi% !re 7 "s w>rant = suppos+ t ?is trag$y 0 compos$ 9 ! age1 inde$1 & 9 ! s*ool ( ,sophocles1 p]haps by 8 son ,iophon1 & t x 0 by mi/ake attribut$ to ! fa!r4 ,!re is mu* bo? 9 ! /ructure & plan1 & 9 ! /yle ( ! piece1 calculat$ to excite suspicion2 & _m critics h rem>k$ t ! introductory soliloquy ( ,dejanira1 :i* is :olly uncall$-=1 is v unlike ! g5]al "* ( ,sophocles' prologues3 & al?\gh ?is poet's usual rules ( art are obs]v$ on ! :ole1 yet x is v sup]ficially2 no :]e c we disc]n 9 x ! pr(\nd m9d ( ,sophocles4 ,b z no writ] ( antiquity appe>s to h d\bt$ its au!nticity1 :ile ,cic]o ev5 quotes f x ! compla9t ( ,h]cules1 z f an indisputable "w ( ,sophocles1 we are compell$ to cont5t ourselves ) ! rem>k1 t 9 ?is "o in/ance ! trag$ian has fail$ to rea* 8 usual elevation4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( a g5]al "q1 :i*1 9 ! exam9ation ( ! works ( ,euripides1 w /ill m p>ticul>ly engage ! att5tion ( ! critic3 h[ f>1 namely1 ! inv5tion & execution ( a drama mu/ belong to "o man to entitle him to pass = its au?or4 ,dramatic lit]ature af=ds num]\s examples ( plays compos$ by sev]al p]sons conjo9tly4 ,x is well kn[n t ,euripides1 9 ! details & execution ( 8 pieces1 avail$ himself ( ! assi/ance ( a le>n$ s]vant1 ,cephisophon2 & he p]haps also consult$ ) him respect+ 8 plots4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 c]ta9 t 9 ,a!ns s*ools ( dramatic art _h at ?is date be5 =m$2 su*1 inde$1 z usually arise :5 poetical tal5ts are1 by public competition1 call$ abundantly & actively into ex]cise3 s*ools ( art :i* conta9 s*ol>s ( su* excell5ce & ( su* k9dr$ g5ius1 t ! ma/] may confide to !m a "p ( ! execution1 & ev5 ! plan1 & yet all[ ! :ole to pass "u 8 "n )\t any disp>agem5t to 8 fame4 ,su* 7 ! s*ools ( pa9t+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & e "o kn[s :at a rem>kable degree ( critical acum5 is necess>y to discov] 9 _m ( ,raphael's pictures h[ mu* really belongs to 8 own p5cil4 ,sophocles _h educat$ 8 son ,iophon to ! tragic art1 & might !re=e easily receive assi/ance f him 9 ! actual lab\r ( composition1 especially z x 0 necess>y t ! trag$ies t 7 to compete = ! prize %\ld be ready & got by he>t by a c]ta9 day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he might also execute occasional passages = works orig9ally design$ by ! son2 & ! pieces ( ?is description1 9 :i* ! h& ( ! ma/] 0 p]ceptible1 w\ld be naturally attribut$ to ! m celebrat$ "n4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,euripides--,8 ,m]its & ,defects--,decl9e ( ,tragic ,poetry ?r\gh him4 ,:5 we consid] ,euripides by himself1 )\t any comp>ison ) 8 pr$ecessors1 :5 we s+le out "s ( 8 bett] pieces1 & p>ticul> passages 9 o!rs1 we _c refuse to him an extraord9>y me$ ( praise4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 we take him 9 8 connexion ) ! hi/ory ( art1 :5 we look at ea* ( 8 pieces z a :ole1 & aga9 at ! g5]al scope ( 8 lab\rs1 z reveal$ to u 9 ! works :i* h come d[n to u1 we are =c$ to c5sure him sev]ely on _m acc\nts4 ,( few writ]s c s mu* good & evil be said ) tru?4 ,he 0 a man ( b\ndless +5uity & mo/ v]satile tal5ts2 b he ei!r want$ ! l(ty e>ne/ness ( purpose1 or ! sev]e arti/ic wisdom1 :i* we rev]5ce 9 ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 to regulate ! luxuriance ( 8 c]ta9ly spl5did & amiable qualities4 ,8 con/ant aim is to please1 he c>es n by :at means2 h5ce is he s unequal3 frequ5tly he has passages ( ov]p[]+ beauty1 b at o!r times he s9ks into d[nright m$iocrity4 ,) all 8 faults he possesses an admirable ease1 & a c]ta9 ins9uat+ *>m4 ,^! prelim9>y obs]vations ,i h judg$ necess>y1 s9ce o!rwise1 on acc\nt ( :at foll[s1 x might be object$ to me t ,i am at v>iance ) myself1 hav+ lately1 9 a %ort ,fr5* essay1 endeav\r$ to %[ ! sup]iority ( a piece ( ,euripides to ,rac9e's imitation ( x4 ,!re ,i fix$ my att5tion on a s+le drama1 & t "o ( ! poet's be/2 b "h ,i consid] ev]y?+ f ! mo/ g5]al po9ts ( view1 & relatively to ! highe/ requisitions ( art2 & t my en?usiasm = anci5t trag$y may n appe> bl9d & extravagant1 ,i mu/ ju/ify x by a ke5 exam9ation into ! traces ( its deg5]acy & decl9e4 ,we may comp>e p]fection 9 art & poetry to ! summit ( a /eep m\nta91 on :i* an uproll$ load _c long ma9ta9 its position1 b imm$iately rolls d[n aga9 ! o!r side irresi/ibly4 ,x desc5ds accord+ to ! laws ( gravity ) quickness & ease1 & "o c calmly look on :ile x is desc5d+2 = ! mass foll[s its natural t5d5cy1 :ile ! labori\s asc5t is1 9 "s degree1 a pa9ful spectacle4 ,h5ce x is1 = example1 t ! pa9t+s :i* belong to ! age ( decl9+ art are mu* m pleas+ to ! unle>n$ eye1 ?an ^? :i* prec$$ ! p]iod ( its p]fection4 ,! g5u9e connoisseur1 on ! contr>y1 w hold ! pictures ( a ,zuc*]i & o!rs1 :o gave ! tone :5 ! great s*ools ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 deg5]at+ into empty & sup]ficial mann]ism1 to be 9 real & ess5tial wor?1 f> inf]ior to ! works ( a ,mantegna1 ,p]ug9o1 & _! contempor>ies4 ,or let u suppose ! p]fection ( art a focus3 at equal di/ances on ei!r side1 ! collect$ rays occupy equal spaces1 b on ?is side !y conv]ge t[>ds a common effect2 :]eas1 on ! o!r !y div]ge1 till at la/ !y are totally lo/4 ,we h1 besides1 a p>ticul> reason = c5sur+ )\t res]ve ! errors ( ?is poet2 ! fact1 namely1 t our own age is infect$ ) ! same faults ) ^? :i* procur$ = ,euripides s mu* fav\r1 if n e/eem1 among 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 our times we h be5 doom$ to witness a numb] ( plays :i*1 ?\gh 9 matt] & =m !y are f> inf]ior to ^? ( ,euripides1 be> yet 9 s f> a resemblance to !m1 t :ile !y s$uce ! feel+s & corrupt ! judgm5t1 by means ( weakly1 & sometimes ev5 t5d]1 emotions1 _! g5]al t5d5cy is to produce a d[nright moral lic5ti\sness4 ,:at ,i %all say on ?is subject w n1 = ! mo/ "p1 possess ev5 ! attraction ( novelty4 ,al?\gh ! mod]ns1 attract$ ei!r by ! great] aff9ity ( 8 views ) _! own s5tim5ts1 or l$ a/ray by an ill-und]/ood op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 h n unfrequ5tly pref]r$ ,euripides to 8 two pr$ecessors1 & h unque/ionably read1 admir$1 & imitat$ him mu* m2 x admits ( be+ %[n1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ! anci5ts1 & "s ev5 ( ! contempor>ies ( ,euripides1 held ! same op9ion ( him z myself4 ,9 ,ana*>sis we f9d ?is mixture ( praise & c5sure at lea/ allud$ to1 ?\gh ! au?or s(t5s ev]y?+ = ! sake ( 8 object ( %[+ ! productions ( ! ,greeks1 9 e dep>tm5t1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable light4 ,we possess "s cutt+ say+s ( ,sophocles respect+ ,euripides1 ?\gh he 0 s f> f be+ actuat$ by any?+ l ! jeal\sy ( au?or%ip1 t he m\rn$ 8 dea?1 &1 9 a piece :i* he exhibit$ %ortly aft]1 he did n all[ 8 actors ! usual ornam5t ( ! wrea?4 ,! *>ge :i* ,plato br+s aga9/ ! tragic poets1 z t5d+ to give m5 entirely up to ! dom9ion ( ! passions1 & to r5d] !m effem9ate1 by putt+ extravagant lam5tations 9 ! m\?s ( _! h]oes1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be ju/ly ref]r$ to ,euripides alone2 =1 ) respect to 8 pr$ecessors1 ! inju/ice ( x w\ld h be5 univ]sally app>5t4 ,! d]isive attacks ( ,ari/ophanes are well kn[n1 ?\gh n suffici5tly und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,ari/otle be/[s on him _m a sev]e c5sure1 & :5 he calls ,euripides ! mo/ tragic poet1 he by no means ascribes to him ! greate/ p]fection 9 ! tragic art 9 g5]al1 b m]ely alludes to ! mov+ effect :i* is produc$ by un=tunate cata/rophes2 = he imm$iately adds1 al?\gh he does n well arrange ! re/4 ,la/ly1 ! ,s*olia/ on ,euripides conta9s _m concise & /r+5t criticisms on p>ticul> pieces1 among :i* p]haps are pres]v$ ! op9ions ( ,alex&rian critics--^? critics :o reckon$ among !m t ,ari/>*us1 :o1 = ! solidity & acut5ess ( 8 critical p[]s1 has _h 8 "n transmitt$ to po/]ity z ! prov]bial designation ( a judge ( art4 ,9 ,euripides we f9d ! ess5ce ( ! anci5t trag$y no long] pure & unmix$2 its *>act]i/ical features are already 9 "p defac$4 ,we h already plac$ ?is ess5ce 9 ! prevail+ idea ( ,de/9y1 9 ! ,ideality ( ! composition1 & 9 ! significance ( ! ,*orus4 ,euripides inh]it$1 x is true1 ! idea ( ,de/9y f 8 pr$ecessors1 & ! belief ( x 0 inculcat$ 9 him by ! tragic usage2 b yet 9 him fate is seldom ! invisible _s ( ! :ole composition1 ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! tragic _w4 ,we h se5 t ?is idea may be exhibit$ "u sev]] or mild] aspects2 t ! midnight t]rors ( de/9y may1 9 ! c\rses ( a :ole trilogy1 bright5 into indications ( a wise & b5efic5t ,provid5ce4 ,euripides1 h[ev]1 has drawn x d[n f ! region ( ! inf9ite2 & ) him inevitable necessity n unfrequ5tly deg5]ates into ! caprice ( *ance4 ,accord+ly1 he c no long] apply x to its prop] purpose1 namely1 by contra/ ) x1 to height5 ! moral lib]ty ( man4 ,h[ few ( 8 pieces turn ^u a /eadfa/ resi/ance to ! decrees ( fate1 or an equally h]oic submission to !m6 ,8 *>act]s g5]ally suff] because !y mu/1 & n because !y w4 ,! mutual subord9ation1 betwe5 "* & passion & ideal elevation1 :i* we f9d obs]v$ 9 ! same ord] 9 ,sophocles1 & 9 ! sculpture ( ,greece1 ,euripides has completely rev]s$4 ,passion ) him is ! fir/ ?+2 8 next c>e is = "*1 & :5 ^! endeav\rs leave him /ill fur!r scope1 he occasionally seeks to lay on a t\* ( gr&eur & dignity1 b m frequ5tly a display ( amiabl5ess4 ,x has be5 already admitt$ t ! p]sons 9 trag$y ought n to be all alike faultless1 z !re w\ld !n be no opposition among !m1 & consequ5tly no room = a complication ( plot4 ,b 7z ,ari/otle obs]ves7 ,euripides has1 )\t any necessity1 frequ5tly pa9t$ 8 *>act]s 9 ! blacke/ col\rs1 z1 = example1 8 ,m5elaus 9 ,ore/es4 ,! traditions inde$1 sanction$ by popul> belief1 w>rant$ him 9 attribut+ great crimes to _m ( ! old h]oes1 b he has also palm$ ^u !m _m base & paltry traits ( 8 own arbitr>y inv5tion4 ,x 0 by no means ! object ( ,euripides to repres5t ! race ( h]oes z t[]+ 9 _! maje/ic /ature above ! m5 ( 8 own age2 he r endeav\rs to fill up1 or to build ov] ! *asm t yawn$ betwe5 8 contempor>ies & t wondr\s old5 _w1 & to come ^u ! gods & h]oes 9 _! undress1 a surprise ( :i* no greatness1 x is said1 c /& ! te/4 ,he introduces 8 spectators to a sort ( famili> acqua9tance ) !m2 he does n draw ! sup]natural & fabul\s into ! circle ( humanity 7a proce$+ :i* we prais$ 9 ,sophocles71 b )9 ! limits ( ! imp]fect individuality4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,sophocles1 :5 he said t he drew m5 su* z !y ought to be1 ,euripides su* z !y are4 ,n t 8 own p]sonages are always repres5t$ z irreproa*able models2 8 expression ref]r$ m]ely to ideal elevation & sweetness ( "* & mann]s4 ,x seems z if ,euripides took a pleasure 9 be+ able p]petually to rem9d 8 spectators--,see6 ^? be+s 7 m51 subject to ! v same weaknesses1 act+ f ! same motives z y\rselves1 & ev5 z ! meane/ among y4 ,accord+ly1 he takes delight 9 depict+ ! defects & moral fail+s ( 8 *>act]s2 nay1 he (t5 makes !m disclose !m = !mselves 9 ! mo/ nave confession4 ,!y are frequ5tly n m]ely undignifi$1 b !y ev5 boa/ ( _! imp]fections z t :i* ought to be4 ,! ,*orus ) him is = ! mo/ "p an uness5tial ornam5t2 its songs are frequ5tly :olly episodical1 )\t ref]5ce to ! action1 & m di/+ui%$ = brilliancy ?an = sublimity & true inspiration4 ,! ,*orus1 says ,ari/otle1 mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ! actors1 & z a "p ( ! :ole2 x mu/ co-op]ate 9 ! action-- n z ,euripides1 b z ,sophocles manages x4 ,! old] com$ians enjoy$ ! privilege ( all[+ ! ,*orus occasionally to address ! spectators 9 its own "n2 ?is 0 call$ a ,p>abasis1 &1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds %[1 0 9 accordance ) ! _s ( com$y4 ,al?\gh ! practice is by no means tragical1 x 01 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,julius ,pollux1 frequ5tly adopt$ by ,euripides 9 8 trag$ies1 :o s f> =got himself on "s ( ^! occasions1 t 9 ! ,danaidae1 = in/ance1 ! *orus1 :i* consi/$ ( females1 made use ( grammatical inflections :i* belong$ only to ! male sex4 ,?is poet has ?us at once de/roy$ ! int]nal ess5ce ( trag$y1 & s9n$ aga9/ ! laws ( beauty & proportion 9 its ext]nal /ructure4 ,he g5]ally sacrifices ! :ole to ! p>ts1 & 9 ^! aga9 he is m ambiti\s ( =eign attractions1 ?an ( g5u9e poetic beauty4 ,9 ! accompany+ music1 he adopt$ all ! innovations inv5t$ by ,timo!us1 & *ose ^? melodies :i* 7 mo/ 9 unison ) ! effem9acy ( 8 own poetry4 ,he proce$$ 9 ! same mann] ) 8 metres2 8 v]sification is luxuriant1 & runs into anomaly4 ,! same dilut$ & effem9ate "* w\ld1 on a m pr(\nd inve/igation1 be unque/ionably f\nd 9 ! rhy?ms ( 8 *oral songs likewise4 ,on all occasions he lays on1 ev5 to ov]load+1 ^? m]ely corporeal *>ms :i* ,w9kelmann calls a flatt]y ( ! gross ext]nal s5ses2 :atev] is excit+1 /rik+--9 a ^w1 all t produces a vivid effect1 ?\gh )\t true wor? = ! m9d & ! feel+s4 ,he lab\rs = effect to a degree :i* _c be all[$ ev5 to ! dramatic poet4 ,= example1 he h>dly ev] omits an opportunity ( ?r[+ 8 *>act]s into a sudd5 & useless t]ror2 8 old m5 are ev]la/+ly bemoan+ ! infirmities ( age1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 are made to crawl ) trembl+ limbs1 & sigh+ at ! fatigue1 up ! asc5t f ! or*e/ra to ! /age1 :i* frequ5tly repres5t$ ! slope ( a hill4 ,he is always endeav\r+ to move1 & = ! sake ( emotion1 he n only violates probability1 b ev5 sacrifices ! coh]5ce ( ! piece4 ,he is /rong 9 8 pictures ( mis=tune2 b he (t5 claims our compassion n = inw>d agony ( ! s\l1 nor = pa9 :i* ! suff]] endures ) manly =titude1 b = m]e bodily wret*$ness4 ,he is fond ( r$uc+ 8 h]oes to ! condition ( begg>s1 ( mak+ !m suff] hung] & want1 & br++ !m on ! /age ) all ! outw>d signs ( x1 & clad 9 rags & tatt]s1 = :i* ,ari/ophanes1 9 8 ,a*>nians1 has s humor\sly tak5 him to task4 ,euripides 0 a frequ5t] ( ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s 7he _h be5 a s*ol> ( ,anaxagoras1 & n1 z _m h errone\sly /at$1 ( ,socrates1 ) :om he 0 only connect$ by social int]c\rse73 & accord+ly he indulges 8 vanity 9 introduc+ philosophical doctr9es on all occasions2 9 my op9ion1 9 a v imp]fect mann]1 z we %\ld n be able to und]/& ^! doctr9es f 8 /atem5ts ( !m1 if we 7 n previ\sly acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,he ?9ks x too vulg> a ?+ to believe 9 ! gods aft] ! simple mann] ( ! p1 & he !re=e seizes e opportunity ( int]sp]s+ some?+ ( ! allegorical int]pretation ( !m1 & c>efully gives 8 spectators to und]/& t ! s9c]ity ( 8 own belief 0 v problematical4 ,we may di/+ui% 9 him a tw(old "*3 ! poet1 ^: productions 7 consecrat$ to a religi\s solemnity1 :o /ood "u ! protection ( religion & :o1 !re=e1 on 8 "p1 0 b\nd to hon\r x2 & ! sophi/1 ) 8 philosophical dicta1 :o endeav\r$ to ins9uate 8 sceptical op9ions & d\bts into ! fabul\s m>vels ( religion1 f :i* he d]iv$ ! subjects ( 8 pieces4 ,b :ile he is %ak+ ! gr\nd-works ( religion1 he at ! same "t acts ! morali/2 &1 = ! sake ( popul>ity1 he applies to ! h]oic life & ! h]oic ages maxims :i* c\ld only apply to ! social relations ( 8 own times4 ,he ?r[s out a multitude ( moral apoph!gms1 _m ( :i* he (t5 repeats1 & :i* are mo/ly trite1 & n seldom fundam5tally false4 ,) all ?is p>ade ( morality1 ! aim ( 8 pieces1 ! g5]al impression :i* !y are calculat$ to produce is sometimes extremely immoral4 ,a pleasant anecdote is told ( 8 hav+ put into ! m\? ( ,bell]ophon a silly eulogium on weal?1 9 :i* he decl>es x to be pref]able to all dome/ic happ9ess1 & ends ) obs]v+1 ,if ,aphrodite 7:o bore ! epi!t gold57 be inde$ glitt]+ z gold1 %e well des]ves ! love ( ,mortals3 :i* s (f5d$ ! spectators1 t !y rais$ a great outcry1 & w\ld h /on$ bo? actor & poet1 out ,euripides sprang =w>d1 & call$ out1 ,wait only till ! end--he w be requit$ accord+ly6 ,9 l mann] he def5d$ himself aga9/ ! objection t 8 ,ixion express$ himself 9 too disgu/+ & abom9able language1 by obs]v+ t ! piece conclud$ ) 8 be+ brok5 on ! :eel4 ,b ev5 ?is plea t ! repres5t$ villany is requit$ by ! f9al retribution ( poetical ju/ice1 is n available 9 def5ce ( all 8 trag$ies4 ,9 "s ! wick$ escape altoge!r unt\*$4 ,ly+ & o!r infam\s practices are op5ly protect$1 especially :5 he c manage to palm !m ^u a suppos$ noble motive4 ,he has also p]fectly at comm& ! s$uctive sophi/ry ( ! passions1 :i* c l5d a plausible appe>ance to ev]y?+4 ,! foll[+ v]se 9 ju/ification ( p]jury1 & 9 :i* ! res]vatio m5talis ( ! casui/s seems to be sub/antially express$1 is well kn[n3 ,! tongue swore1 b ! m9d 0 unsworn4 ,tak5 9 its context1 ?is v]se1 on acc\nt ( :i* he 0 s (t5 ridicul$ by ,ari/ophanes1 may1 inde$1 be ju/ifi$2 b ! =mula is1 nev]!less1 bad1 on acc\nt ( ! possible abuse ( its application4 ,ano!r v]se ( ,euripides3 ,= a k+dom x is wor? :ile to commit inju/ice1 b 9 o!r cases x is well to be j1 0 frequ5tly 9 ! m\? ( ,caes>1 ) ! l int5tion ( mak+ a bad use ( x4 ,euripides 0 frequ5tly condemn$ ev5 by ! anci5ts = 8 s$uctive invitations to ! enjoym5t ( s5sual love4 ,e "o mu/ be disgu/$ :5 ,hecuba1 9 ord] to induce ,agamemnon to puni% ,polyme/or1 rem9ds him ( ! pleasures :i* he has enjoy$ 9 ! arms ( ,cass&ra1 8 captive1 &1 !re=e1 by ! laws ( ! h]oic ages 8 concub9e3 %e w\ld pur*ase rev5ge = a murd]$ son ) ! ackn[l$g$ & p]mitt$ degradation ( a liv+ daught]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to make ! unbridl$ passion ( a ,m$ea1 & ! unnatural love ( a ,pha$ra1 ! ma9 subject ( 8 dramas1 :]eas f ! mann]s ( ! anci5ts1 we may easily conceive :y love1 :i* among !m 0 mu* less dignifi$ by t5d] feel+s ?an among ourselves1 %\ld hold only a subord9ate place 9 ! old] trag$ies4 ,) all ! importance :i* he has assign$ to 8 female *>act]s1 he is notori\s = 8 hatr$ ( wom52 & x is impossible to d5y t he ab\nds 9 passages descant+ on ! frailties ( ! female sex1 & ! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! male2 toge!r ) _m maxims ( h\sehold wisdom3 ) all :i* he 0 evid5tly endeav\r+ to pay c\rt to ! m51 :o =m$1 if n ! :ole1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ consid]able portion ( 8 audi5ce4 ,a cutt+ say+ & an epigram ( ,sophocles1 on ?is subject1 h be5 pres]v$1 9 :i* he acc\nts = ! 7pret5d$7 misogyny ( ,euripides by 8 exp]i5ce ( _! s$uctibility 9 ! c\rse ( 8 own illicit am\rs4 ,9 ! mann] 9 :i* wom5 are pa9t$ by ,euripides1 we may obs]ve1 ^u ! :ole1 mu* s5sibility ev5 = ! m noble graces ( female mode/y1 b no g5u9e e/eem4 ,! sub/antial fre$om 9 treat+ ! fables1 :i* 0 "o ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! tragic art1 is frequ5tly c>ri$ by ,euripides to ! extreme ( lic5ce4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ! fables ( ,hyg9us1 :i* diff] s ess5tially f ^? g5]ally receiv$1 7 p>tly extract$ f 8 pieces4 ,z he frequ5tly reject$ all ! incid5ts :i* 7 g5]ally kn[n1 & to :i* ! p 7 accu/om$1 ,le 0 r$uc$ to ! necessity ( expla9+ 9 a prologue ! situation ( ?+s 9 8 drama1 & ! c\rse :i* !y 7 to take4 ,less+1 9 8 ,dramaturgie1 has haz>d$ ! s+ul> op9ion t x is a pro( ( an advance 9 ! dramatic art1 t ,euripides %\ld h tru/$ :olly to ! effect ( situations1 )\t calculat+ on ! excitem5t ( curiosity4 ,= my "p ,i _c see :y1 amid/ ! impressions :i* a dramatic poem produces1 ! unc]ta9ty ( expectation %\ld n be all[$ a legitimate place4 ,! objection t a piece w only please 9 ?is respect = ! fir/ "t1 because on an acqua9tance ) x we "k ! result be=eh&1 may be easily answ]$3 if ! repres5tation be truly en]getic1 x w always rivet ! att5tion ( ! spectator 9 su* a mann] t he w =get :at he already knew1 & be aga9 excit$ to ! same /ret* ( expectation4 ,moreov]1 ^! prologues give to ! op5+s ( ,euripides' plays a v uni=m & monoton\s appe>ance3 no?+ c h a m awkw>d effect ?an = a p]son to come =w>d & say1 ,i am s & s2 ?is & t has already happ5$1 & :at is next to come is z foll[s4 ,x resembles ! labels 9 ! m\?s ( ! figures 9 old pa9t+s1 :i* no?+ b ! great simplicity ( /yle 9 anci5t times c excuse4 ,b !n all ! re/ ought to correspond1 :i* is by no means ! case ) ,euripides1 ^: *>act]s always speak 9 ! newe/ mode ( ! day4 ,bo? 9 8 prologues & d5\em5ts he is v lavi% ( unmean+ appe>ances ( ! gods1 :o are only elevat$ above m5 by ! ma*9e 9 :i* !y are susp5d$1 & :o might c]ta9ly well be sp>$4 ,! practice ( ! e>li] trag$ians1 to comb9e all 9 l>ge masses1 & to exhibit repose & motion 9 di/9ctly-m>k$ contra/1 0 c>ri$ by him to an unw>rantable extreme4 ,if = ! sake ( giv+ animation to ! dialogue 8 pr$ecessors occasionally employ$ an alt]nation ( s+le-l9e spee*es1 9 :i* "q & answ]1 objection & retort1 fly ab\t l arr[s f side to side1 ,euripides makes s immod]ate & arbitr>y use ( ?is poetical device t v frequ5tly "o-half ( 8 l9es might be left out )\t detrim5t to ! s5se4 ,at ano!r "t he p\rs himself out 9 endless spee*es1 :]e he sets himself to %ew (f 8 rhetorical p[]s 9 +5i\s argum5ts1 or 9 pa!tic appeals4 ,_m ( 8 sc5es h altoge!r ! appe>ance ( a lawsuit1 :]e two p]sons1 z ! p>ties 9 ! litigation1 7) sometimes a ?ird = a judge17 d n conf9e !mselves to ! matt] 9 h&1 b expatiate 9 a wide field1 accus+ _! adv]s>ies or def5d+ !mselves ) all ! adroitness ( practis$ advocates1 & n unfrequ5tly ) all ! w9d+s & subt]fuges ( pettifogg+ sycophants4 ,9 ?is way ! poet endeav\r$ to make 8 poetry ent]ta9+ to ! ,a!nians1 by its resemblance to _! fav\rite daily occupation ( conduct+1 decid+1 or at lea/ li/5+ to lawsuits4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,qu9ctilian expressly recomm5ds him to ! "y orator1 & ) great ju/ice1 z capable ( furni%+ him ) m in/ruction ?an ! old] trag$ians4 ,b su* a recomm5dation x is evid5t is little to 8 cr$it2 = eloqu5ce may1 no d\bt1 h its place 9 ! drama :5 x is consi/5t ) ! "* & ! object ( ! suppos$ speak]1 yet to all[ rhetoric to usurp ! place ( ! simple & spontane\s expression ( ! feel+s1 is any?+ b poetical4 ,! /yle ( ,euripides is ^u ! :ole too loose1 al?\gh he has _m happy images & +5i\s turns3 he has nei!r ! dignity & en]gy ( ,aes*ylus1 nor ! *a/e sweetness ( ,sophocles4 ,9 8 expressions he frequ5tly affects ! s+ul> & ! uncommon1 b pres5tly relapses into ! ord9>y2 ! tone ( ! disc\rse (t5 s\nds v famili>1 & desc5ds f ! elevation ( ! co?urnus to ! level gr\nd4 ,9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 ! attempt 7:i* frequ5tly bord]s only too closely on ! ludicr\s17 to pa9t c]ta9 *>act]i/ic peculi>ities1 7= in/ance1 ! awkw>d c>riage ( ! ,bac*us-/rick5 ,p5!us 9 8 female attire1 ! gluttony ( ,h]cules1 & 8 boi/]\s dem&s on ! hospitality ( ,admetus17 ,euripides 0 a precursor ( ! new com$y1 to :i* he _h an evid5t incl9ation1 z he frequ5tly pa9ts1 "u ! names ( ! h]oic ages1 ! m5 & mann]s ( 8 own times4 ,h5ce ,m5&] express$ a mo/ m>k$ admiration = him1 & proclaim$ himself 8 s*ol>2 & we h a fragm5t ( ,philemon1 :i* displays su* an extravagant admiration1 t x h>dly appe>s to h be5 s]i\sly meant4 ,if ! dead1 he ei!r himself says1 or makes "o ( 8 *>act]s to say1 _h inde$ any s5sation1 z "s p ?9k !y h1 ,i w\ld hang myself = ! sake ( see+ ,euripides4--,) ?is adoration ( ! lat] comic au?ors1 ! op9ion ( ,ari/ophanes1 8 contempor>y1 =ms a /rik+ contra/4 ,ari/ophanes p]secutes him bitt]ly & unceas+ly2 he seems almo/ orda9$ to be 8 p]petual sc\rge1 t none ( 8 moral or poetical extravagances might g unpuni%$4 ,al?\gh z a comic poet ,ari/ophanes is1 g5]ally speak+1 9 ! relation ( a p>odi/ to ! trag$ians1 yet he nev] attacks ,sophocles1 & ev5 :]e he lays hold ( ,aes*ylus1 on t side ( 8 "* :i* c]ta9ly may excite a smile1 8 rev]5ce = him is /ill visible1 & he takes e opportunity ( contra/+ 8 gigantic gr&eur ) ! petty ref9em5ts ( ,euripides4 ,) inf9ite clev]ness & inexhau/ible fl[ ( wit1 he has expos$ ! sophi/ical subtilty1 ! rhetorical & philosophical pret5sions1 ! immoral & s$uctive effem9acy1 & ! excitations to undisguis$ s5suality ( ,euripides4 ,z1 h[ev]1 mod]n critics h g5]ally look$ ^u ,ari/ophanes z no bett] ?an a writ] ( extravagant & libell\s f>ces1 & _h no notion ( elicit+ ! s]i\s tru?s :i* he veil$ b5ea? 8 m]ry disguises1 x is no wond] if !y h paid b little att5tion to 8 op9ion4 ,b ) all ?is we mu/ nev] =get t ,euripides 0 /ill a ,greek1 & ! contempor>y ( _m ( ! greate/ names ( ,greece 9 politics1 philosophy1 hi/ory1 & ! f9e arts4 ,if1 :5 comp>$ ) 8 pr$ecessors1 he mu/ rank f> bel[ !m1 he appe>s 9 8 turn great :5 plac$ by ! side ( _m ( ! mod]ns4 ,he has a p>ticul> /r5g? 9 portray+ ! ab]rations ( a s\l diseas$1 misguid$1 & franticly ab&on$ to its passions4 ,he is admirable :]e ! subject calls *iefly = emotion1 & makes no high] requisitions2 & he is /ill m s :]e pa?os & moral beauty are unit$4 ,few ( 8 pieces are )\t passages ( ! mo/ ravi%+ beauty4 ,x is by no means my int5tion to d5y him ! possession ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ tal5ts2 ,i h only /at$ t ^! tal5ts 7 n unit$ ) a m9d 9 :i* ! au/]ity ( moral pr9ciples1 & ! sanctity ( religi\s feel+s1 7 held 9 ! highe/ hon\r4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! ,*oephorae ( ,aes*ylus1 ! ,electra ( ,sophocles & t ( ,euripides4 ,! relation 9 :i* ,euripides /ood to 8 two great pr$ecessors1 may be set 9 ! cle>e/ light by a comp>ison betwe5 _! ?ree pieces :i* we =tunately /ill possess1 on ! same subject1 namely1 ! av5g+ murd] ( ,clytemne/ra by h] son ,ore/es4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,*oephorae ( ,aes*ylus is laid 9 front ( ! royal palace2 ! tomb ( ,agamemnon appe>s on ! /age4 ,ore/es appe>s at ! sepul*re1 ) 8 fai?ful ,pylades1 & op5s ! play 7:i* is un=tunately some:at mutilat$ at ! comm5cem5t17 ) a pray] to ,m]cury1 & ) an invocation to 8 fa!r1 9 :i* he promises to av5ge him1 & to :om he consecrates a lock ( 8 hair4 ,he sees a female tra9 9 m\rn+ we$s issu+ f ! palace1 to br+ a libation to ! grave2 &1 z he ?9ks he recognises 8 si/] among !m1 he /eps aside ) ,pylades 9 ord] to obs]ve !m unp]ceiv$4 ,! *orus1 :i* consi/s ( captive ,trojan virg9s1 9 a spee*1 accompani$ ) m\rnful ge/ures1 reveals ! occasion ( _! com+1 namely1 a fe>ful dream ( ,clytemne/ra2 x adds its own d>k =ebod+s ( an imp5d+ retribution ( ! bloody crime1 & bewails its lot 9 be+ oblig$ to s]ve unrighte\s ma/]s4 ,electra dem&s ( ! *orus :e!r %e %all fulfil ! commission ( h] ho/ile "m1 or p\r out _! (f]+s 9 sil5ce2 & !n1 9 compliance ) _! advice1 %e also (f]s up a pray] to ! subt]ranean ,m]cury & to ! s\l ( h] fa!r1 9 h] own "n & t ( ! abs5t ,ore/es1 t he may appe> z ! av5g]4 ,:ile p\r+ out ! (f]+ %e jo9s ! *orus 9 lam5tations = ! dep>t$ h]o4 ,pres5tly1 f9d+ a lock ( hair resembl+ h] own 9 col\r1 & see+ foot/eps ne> ! grave %e conjectures t h] bro!r has be5 !re1 & :5 %e is almo/ frantic ) joy at ! ?\ght1 ,ore/es /eps =w>d & discov]s himself4 ,he completely ov]comes h] d\bts by exhibit+ a g>m5t wov5 by h] own h&3 !y give !mselves up to _! joy2 he addresses a pray] to ,jupit]1 & makes kn[n h[ ,apollo1 "u ! mo/ dreadful ?reats ( p]secution by 8 fa!r's ,furies1 has call$ on him to de/roy ! au?ors ( 8 dea? 9 ! same mann] z !y _h de/roy$ him1 namely1 by guile & cunn+4 ,n[ foll[ odes ( ! *orus & ,electra2 p>tly consi/+ ( pray]s to h] fa!r's %ade & ! subt]ranean div9ities1 & p>tly recapitulat+ all ! motives = ! de$1 especially ^? d]iv$ f ! dea? ( ,agamemnon4 ,ore/es inquires into ! vision :i* induc$ ,clytemne/ra to (f] ! libation1 & is in=m$ t %e dreamt t %e _h giv5 h] brea/ to a dragon 9 h] son's cradle1 & suckl$ x ) h] blood4 ,he h]eupon resolves to become ?is dragon1 & ann\nces 8 int5tion ( /eal+ into ! h\se1 disguis$ z a /rang]1 & attack+ bo? h] & ,aegi/hus by surprise4 ,) ?is view he )draws along ) ,pylades4 ,! subject ( ! next *oral hymn is ! b\ndless audacity ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 & especially ( wom5 9 ! gratification ( _! unlawful passions1 :i* x confirms by t]rible examples f my?ic /ory1 & descants ^u ! av5g+ ju/ice :i* is sure to ov]take !m at la/4 ,ore/es1 9 ! guise ( a /rang]1 returns ) ,pylades1 & desires admission into ! palace4 ,clytemne/ra comes out1 & be+ in=m$ by him ( ! dea? ( ,ore/es1 at :i* tid+s ,electra assumes a feign$ grief1 %e invites him to ent] & p>take ( _! hospitality4 ,aft] a %ort pray] ( ! *orus1 ! nurse comes & m\rns = h] fo/]-*ild2 ! *orus inspires h] ) a hope t he yet lives1 & advises h] to contrive to br+ ,aegi/hus1 = :om ,clytemne/ra has s5t h]1 n )1 b )\t 8 body gu>d4 ,z ! critical mom5t draws ne>1 ! *orus pr(f]s pray]s to ,jupit] & ,m]cury = ! success ( ! plot4 ,aegi/hus ent]s into conv]sation ) ! mess5g]3 he c h>dly all[ himself to believe ! joyful news ( ! dea? ( ,ore/es1 & ha/5s into ! h\se = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?1 f :5ce1 aft] a %ort pray] ( ! *orus1 we he> ! cries ( ! murd]$4 ,a s]vant ru%es out1 & to w>n ,clytemne/ra gives ! al>m at ! door ( ! wom5's ap>tm5t4 ,%e he>s x1 comes =w>d1 & calls = an axe to def5d h]self2 b z ,ore/es in/antane\sly ru%es on h] ) ! bloody sword1 h] c\rage fails h]1 &1 mo/ affect+ly1 %e holds up to him ! brea/ at :i* %e _h suckl$ him4 ,hesitat+ 9 8 purpose1 he asks ! c\nsel ( ,pylades1 :o 9 a few l9es exhorts him by ! mo/ cog5t reasons to p]si/2 aft] a brief dialogue ( accusation & def5ce1 he pursues h] into ! h\se to slay h] beside ! body ( ,aegi/hus4 ,9 a solemn ode ! *orus exults 9 ! consummat$ retribution4 ,! doors ( ! palace are ?r[n op51 & disclose 9 ! *amb] ! two dead bodies laid side by side on "o b$4 ,ore/es ord]s ! s]vants to unfold ! g>m5t 9 ^: capaci\s folds 8 fa!r 0 muffl$ :5 he 0 sla91 t x may be se5 by all2 ! *orus recognise on x ! /a9s ( blood1 & m\rn afre% ! murd] ( ,agamemnon4 ,ore/es1 feel+ 8 m9d already becom+ confus$1 seizes ! fir/ mom5t to ju/ify 8 acts1 & hav+ decl>$ 8 int5tion ( repair+ to ,delphi to purify himself f 8 blood-guilt9ess1 flies 9 t]ror f ! furies ( 8 "m1 :om ! *orus does n p]ceive1 b conceives to be a m]e phantom ( 8 imag9ation1 b :o1 nev]!less1 w no long] all[ him any repose4 ,! *orus concludes ) a reflection on ! sc5e ( murd] ?rice-repeat$ 9 ! royal palace s9ce ! repa/ ( ,?ye/es4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,electra ( ,sophocles is also laid be=e ! palace1 b does n conta9 ! grave ( ,agamemnon4 ,at break ( day ,pylades1 ,ore/es1 & ! gu>dian slave :o _h be5 8 pres]v] on t bloody day1 ent] ! /age z j arriv+ f a =eign c\ntry4 ,! keep] :o acts z 8 guide comm5ces ) a description ( 8 native city1 & he is answ]$ by ,ore/es1 :o rec\nts ! commission giv5 him by ,apollo1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he int5ds to c>ry x into execution1 aft] :i* ! "y man puts up a pray] to 8 dome/ic gods & to ! h\se ( 8 fa!rs4 ,electra is he>d compla9+ )92 ,ore/es is desir\s ( greet+ h] )\t delay1 b ! old man leads him away to (f] a sacrifice at ! grave ( 8 fa!r4 ,electra !n appe>s1 & p\rs out h] sorr[ 9 a pa!tic address to heav51 & 9 a pray] to ! inf]nal deities h] unconqu]able desire ( rev5ge4 ,! *orus1 :i* consi/s ( native virg9s1 endeav\rs to console h]2 &1 int]*ang+ hymn & spee* ) ! *orus1 ,electra discloses h] unabatable sorr[1 ! contumely & oppression "u :i* %e suff]s1 & h] hopelessness occasion$ by ! _m delays ( ,ore/es1 not)/&+ h] frequ5t exhortations2 & %e turns a deaf e> to all ! gr\nds ( consolation :i* ! *orus c sugge/4 ,*ryso!mis1 ,clytemne/ra's y\ng]1 m submissive1 & fav\rite daught]1 approa*es ) an (f]+ :i* %e is to c>ry to ! grave ( h] fa!r4 ,_! diff]5ce ( s5tim5t leads to an alt]cation betwe5 ! two si/]s1 dur+ :i* ,*ryso!mis in=ms ,electra t ,aegi/hus1 n[ abs5t 9 ! c\ntry1 has det]m9$ to adopt ! mo/ sev]e measures ) h]1 :om1 h[ev]1 %e sets at defiance4 ,%e !n le>ns f h] si/] t ,clytemne/ra has _h a dream t ,agamemnon _h come to life aga91 & _h plant$ 8 sceptre 9 ! floor ( ! h\se1 & x _h gr[n up into a tree t ov]%ad[$ ! :ole l&2 t1 al>m$ at ?is vision1 %e _h commission$ ,*ryso!mis to c>ry an oblation to 8 grave4 ,electra c\nsels h] n to execute ! comm&s ( h] wick$ "m1 b to put up a pray] = h]self & h] si/]1 & = ! return ( ,ore/es z ! av5g] ( 8 fa!r2 %e !n adds to ! oblation h] own girdle & a lock ( h] hair4 ,*ryso!mis goes (f1 promis+ ob$i5ce to h] wi%es4 ,! *orus augurs f ! dream1 t retribution is at h&1 & traces back ! crimes committ$ 9 ?is h\se to ! primal s9 ( ,pelops4 ,clytemne/ra rebukes h] daught]1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 probably "u ! influ5ce ( ! dream1 %e is mild] ?an usual2 %e def5ds h] murd] ( ,agamemnon1 ,electra condemns h] = x1 b )\t viol5t alt]cation4 ,^u ?is ,clytemne/ra1 /&+ at ! alt> 9 front ( ! h\se1 pr(f]s a pray] to ,apollo = heal? & long life1 & a secret "o = ! dea? ( h] son4 ,! gu>dian ( ,ore/es arrives1 &1 9 ! "* ( a mess5g] f a ,phocian fri5d1 ann\nces ! dea? ( ,ore/es1 & m9utely enum]ates all ! circum/ances :i* att5d$ 8 be+ kill$ 9 a *>iot-race at ! ,py?ian games4 ,clytemne/ra1 al?\gh visit$ = a mom5t ) a "m's feel+s1 c sc>ce conceal h] triumphant joy1 & invites ! mess5g] to p>take ( ! hospitality ( h] h\se4 ,electra1 9 t\*+ spee*es & hymns1 gives h]self up to grief2 ! *orus 9 va9 endeav\rs to console h]4 ,*ryso!mis returns f ! grave1 full ( joy 9 ! assurance t ,ore/es is ne>2 = %e has f\nd 8 lock ( hair1 8 dr9k-(f]+ & wrea?s ( fl[]s4 ,?is s]ves b to r5ew ! despair ( ,electra1 :o rec\nts to h] si/] ! gloomy tid+s :i* h j arriv$1 & exhorts h]1 n[ t all o!r hope is at an end1 to jo9 ) h] 9 ! d>+ de$ ( putt+ ,aegi/hus to dea?3 a proposal :i* ,*ryso!mis1 n possess+ ! necess>y c\rage1 rejects z fooli%1 & aft] a viol5t alt]cation %e re-ent]s ! h\se4 ,! *orus bewails ,electra1 n[ left utt]ly desolate4 ,ore/es returns ) ,pylades & sev]al s]vants be>+ an urn ) ! pret5d$ a%es ( ! deceas$ y\?4 ,electra begs x ( !m1 & lam5ts ov] x 9 ! mo/ affect+ language1 :i* agitates ,ore/es to su* a degree t he c no long] conceal himself2 aft] "s prep>ation he discloses himself to h]1 & confirms ! ann\ncem5t by produc+ ! seal-r+ ( _! fa!r4 ,%e gives v5t 9 spee* & song to h] unb\nd$ joy1 till ! old att5dant ( ,ore/es comes out & reprim&s !m bo? = _! want ( consid]ation4 ,electra ) "s difficulty recognizes 9 him ! fai?ful s]vant to :om %e _h entru/$ ! c>e ( ,ore/es1 & expresses h] gratitude to him4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! old man1 ,ore/es & ,pylades accompany him ) all spe$ into ! h\se1 9 ord] to surprise ,clytemne/ra :ile %e is /ill alone4 ,electra (f]s up a pray] to ,apollo 9 _! behalf2 ! *oral ode ann\nces ! mom5t ( retribution4 ,f )9 ! h\se is he>d ! %rieks ( ! affright$ ,clytemne/ra1 h] %ort pray]1 h] cry ( agony "u ! dea?-bl[4 ,electra f )\t /imulates ,ore/es to complete ! de$1 & he comes out ) bloody h&s4 ,w>n$ h[ev] by ! *orus ( ! approa* ( ,aegi/hus1 he ha/ily re-ent]s ! h\se 9 ord] to take him by surprise4 ,aegi/hus inquires into ! /ory ( ,ore/es' dea?1 & f ! ambigu\s language ( ,electra is l$ to believe t 8 corpse is 9 ! palace4 ,he comm&s all ! gates to be ?r[n op51 imm$iately1 = ! purpose ( conv9c+ ^? ( ! p :o yield$ reluctant ob$i5ce to 8 sov]eignty1 t !y _h no long] any hopes 9 ,ore/es4 ,! middle entrance op5s1 & discloses 9 ! int]ior ( ! palace a body ly+ on ! b$1 b closely cov]$ ov]3 ,ore/es /&s beside ! body1 & invites ,aegi/hus to uncov] x2 he sudd5ly beholds ! bloody corpse ( ,clytemne/ra1 & concludes himself lo/ & )\t hope4 ,he reque/s to be all[$ to speak1 b ?is is prev5t$ by ,electra4 ,ore/es con/ra9s him to ent] ! h\se1 t he may kill him on ! v spot :]e 8 own fa!r _h be5 murd]$4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,electra ( ,euripides is n 9 ,myc5ae1 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 b on ! bord]s ( ,argolis1 & be=e a solit>y & mis]able cottage4 ,! own]1 an old peasant1 comes out & 9 a prologue tells ! audi5ce h[ matt]s /& 9 ! royal h\se1 ) ?is addition1 h[ev]1 to ! incid5ts relat$ 9 ! two plays already consid]$1 t n cont5t to treat ,electra ) ignom9y1 & to leave h] 9 a /ate ( celibacy1 !y _h =c$ h] to m>ry b5ea? h] rank1 & to accept ( himself = a husb&3 ! motives he assigns = ?is proce$+ are s+ul> en\gh2 he decl>es1 h[ev]1 t he has too mu* respect = h] to r$uce h] to ! humiliation ( becom+ 9 reality 8 wife4--,!y live !re=e 9 virg9 w$lock4 ,electra comes =? be=e x is yet daybreak be>+ ^u h] head1 :i* is close %orn 9 s]vile fa%ion1 a pit*] to fet* wat]3 h] husb& entreats h] n to tr\ble h]self ) su* unaccu/om$ lab\rs1 b %e w n be )held f ! dis*>ge ( h] h\sehold duties2 & ! two dep>t1 he to 8 "w 9 ! field & %e ^u h] err&4 ,ore/es n[ ent]s ) ,pylades1 &1 9 a spee* to him1 /ates t he has already sacrific$ at 8 fa!r's grave1 b t n d>+ to ent] ! city1 he wi%es to f9d 8 si/]1 :o1 he is aw>e1 is m>ri$ & dwells some:]e ne> on ! fronti]s1 t he may le>n f h] ! po/ure ( affairs4 ,he sees ,electra approa* ) ! wat]-pit*]1 & retires4 ,%e breaks out into an ode bewail+ h] own fate & t ( h] fa!r4 ,h]eupon ! *orus1 consi/+ ( ru/ic virg9s1 makes its appe>ance1 & exhorts h] to take a "p 9 a fe/ival ( ,juno1 :i* %e1 h[ev]1 depress$ 9 _s1 po9t+ to h] tatt]$ g>m5ts1 decl9es4 ,! *orus (f] to supply h] ) fe/al ornam5ts1 b %e /ill refuses4 ,%e p]ceives ,ore/es & ,pylades 9 _! hid+-place1 takes !m = robb]s1 & ha/5s to escape into ! h\se2 :5 ,ore/es /eps =w>d & prev5ts h]1 %e imag9es he int5ds to murd] h]2 he removes h] fe>s1 & gives h] assurances t h] bro!r is /ill alive4 ,on ?is he inquires into h] situation1 & ! spectators are aga9 treat$ ) a repetition ( all ! circum/ances4 ,ore/es /ill =be>s to disclose himself1 & promis+ m]ely to c>ry any message f ,electra to h] bro!r1 te/ifies1 z a /rang]1 8 sympa?y 9 h] situation4 ,! *orus seizes ?is opportunity ( gratify+ its curiosity ab\t ! fatal ev5ts ( ! city2 & ,electra1 aft] describ+ h] own mis]y1 depicts ! wantonness & arrogance ( h] "m & ,aegi/hus1 :o1 %e says1 leaps 9 contempt ^u ,agamemnon's grave1 & ?r[s /ones at x4 ,! peasant returns f 8 "w1 & ?9ks x r indecor\s 9 8 wife to be gossip+ ) "y m51 b :5 he he>s t !y h br\ght news ( ,ore/es1 he invites !m 9 a fri5dly mann] into 8 h\se4 ,ore/es1 on witness+ ! behavi\r ( ! wor?y man1 makes ! reflection t ! mo/ e/imable p are frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 l[ /ations1 & 9 l[ly g>b4 ,electra upbraids h] husb& = invit+ !m1 kn[+ z he mu/ t !y _h no?+ 9 ! h\se to ent]ta9 !m )2 he is ( op9ion t ! /rang]s w be satisfi$ ) :at he has1 t a good h\sewife c always make ! mo/ ( ?+s1 & t !y h at lea/ en\gh = "o day4 ,%e dispat*es him to ,ore/es' old keep] & pres]v] :o lives h>d by !m1 to bid him come & br+ some?+ ) him to ent]ta9 ! /rang]s1 & ! peasant dep>ts mutt]+ wise saws ab\t ri*es & mod]ation4 ,! *orus bur/+ out into an ode on ! exp$ition ( ! ,greeks aga9/ ,troy1 describes at great l5g? ! figures wr\ght on ! %ield :i* ,a*illes receiv$ f ,!tis1 & concludes ) express+ a wi% t ,clytemne/ra may be puni%$ = h] wick$ness4 ,! old gu>dian1 :o ) no small difficulty asc5ds ! hill t[>ds ! h\se1 br+s ,electra a lamb1 a *eese1 & a sk9 ( w9e2 he !n beg9s to weep1 n fail+ ( c\rse to wipe 8 eyes ) 8 tatt]$ g>m5ts4 ,9 reply to ! que/ions ( ,electra he /ates1 t at ! grave ( ,agamemnon he f\nd traces ( an oblation & a lock ( hair2 f :i* circum/ance he conjectur$ t ,ore/es _h be5 !re4 ,we h !n an allusion to ! means :i* ,aes*ylus _h employ$ to br+ ab\t ! recognition1 namely1 ! resemblance ( ! hair1 ! pr9ts ( feet1 z well z ! homespun-robe1 ) a condemnation ( !m z insuffici5t & absurd4 ,! probability ( ?is "p ( ! drama ( ,aes*ylus may1 p]haps1 admit ( be+ cle>$ up1 at all ev5ts "o is ready to ov]look x2 b an express ref]5ce l ?is to ano!r au?or's treatm5t ( ! same subject1 is ! mo/ annoy+ int]ruption & ! mo/ fatal to g5u9e poetry t c possibly be conceiv$4 ,! gue/s come out2 ! old man att5tively consid]s ,ore/es1 recognizes him1 & conv9ces ,electra t he is h] bro!r by a sc> on 8 eyebr[1 :i* he receiv$ f a fall 7?is is ! sup]b inv5tion1 :i* he sub/itutes = t ( ,aes*ylus71 ,ore/es & ,electra embrace dur+ a %ort *oral ode1 & ab&on !mselves to _! joy4 ,9 a long dialogue1 ,ore/es1 ! old slave1 & ,electra1 =m _! plans4 ,! old man in=ms !m t ,aegi/hus is at pres5t 9 ! c\ntry sacrific+ to ! ,nymphs1 & ,ore/es resolves to /eal !re z a gue/1 & to fall on him by surprise4 ,clytemne/ra1 f a dread ( unpleasant rem>ks1 has n accompani$ him2 & ,electra und]takes to entice h] "m to !m by a false message ( h] be+ 9 *ild-b$4 ,! bro!r & si/] n[ jo9 9 pray]s to ! gods & _! fa!r's %ade1 = a successful issue ( _! designs4 ,electra decl>es t %e w put an end to h] exi/5ce if !y %\ld misc>ry1 &1 = t purpose1 %e w keep a sword 9 read9ess4 ,! old tutor dep>ts ) ,ore/es to conduct him to ,aegi/hus1 & to repair aft]w>ds to ,clytemne/ra4 ,! *orus s+s ( ! ,gold5 ,ram1 :i* ,?ye/es1 by ! assi/ance ( ! fai?less wife ( ,atreus1 0 enabl$ to c>ry (f f him1 & ! repa/ furni%$ ) ! fle% ( 8 own *ildr51 ) :i* he 0 puni%$ 9 return2 at ! sight ( :i* ! sun turn$ aside f 8 c\rse2 a circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* ! *orus v sapi5tly adds1 t x 0 v mu* incl9$ to call 9 "q4 ,f a di/ance is he>d a noise ( tumult & groans2 ,electra fe>s t h] bro!r has be5 ov]come1 & is on ! po9t ( kill+ h]self4 ,b at ! mom5t a mess5g] arrives1 :o gives a long-w9d$ acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,aegi/hus1 & int]l>ds x ) _m a joke4 ,amid/ ! rejoic+s ( ! *orus1 ,electra fet*es a wrea? & cr[ns h] bro!r1 :o holds 9 8 h&s ! head ( ,aegi/hus by ! hair4 ,?is head %e upbraids 9 a long spee* ) its follies & crimes1 & among o!r ?+s says to x1 x is nev] well to m>ry a woman ) :om "o has previ\sly liv$ 9 illicit int]c\rse2 t x is an unseemly ?+ :5 a woman obta9s ! ma/]y 9 a family1 c4 ,clytemne/ra is n[ se5 approa*+2 ,ore/es beg9s to h scruples ( consci5ce z to 8 purpose ( murd]+ a "m1 & ! au?ority ( ! oracle1 b yields to ! p]suasions ( ,electra1 & agrees to d ! de$ )9 ! h\se4 ,! que5 arrives1 drawn 9 a *>iot sumptu\sly hung ) tape/ry1 & surr\nd$ by ,trojan slaves2 ,electra makes an (f] to assi/ h] 9 alight+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is decl9$4 ,clytemne/ra !n alleges ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia z a ju/ification ( h] own conduct t[>ds ,agamemnon1 & calls ev5 ^u h] daught] to /ate h] reasons 9 condemnation1 t an opportunity may be giv5 to ! latt] ( deliv]+ a subtle1 capti\s h>angue1 9 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 %e reproa*es h] "m ) hav+1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,agamemnon1 sat be=e h] mirror1 & /udi$ h] toilette too mu*4 ,) all ?is ,clytemne/ra is n provok$1 ev5 ?\gh h] daught] does n hesitate to decl>e h] int5tion ( putt+ h] to dea? if ev] x %\ld be 9 h] p[]2 %e makes inquiries ab\t h] daught]'s suppos$ conf9em5t1 & ent]s ! hut to prep>e ! necess>y sacrifice ( purification4 ,electra accompanies h] ) a s>ca/ic spee*4 ,on ?is ! *orus beg9s an ode on retribution3 ! %rieks ( ! murd]$ woman are he>d )9 ! h\se1 & ! bro!r & si/] come out /a9$ ) h] blood4 ,!y are full ( rep5tance & despair at ! de$ :i* !y h committ$2 increase _! remorse by repeat+ ! pitiable words & ge/ures ( _! dy+ p>5t4 ,ore/es det]m9es on flight into =eign l&s1 :ile ,electra asks1 ,:o w n[ take me 9 m>riage8 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 _! uncles1 appe> 9 ! air1 abuse ,apollo on acc\nt ( 8 oracle1 comm& ,ore/es1 9 ord] to save himself f ! ,furies1 to submit to ! s5t5ce ( ! ,areopagus1 & conclude ) pr$ict+ a numb] ( ev5ts :i* are yet to happ5 to him4 ,!y !n enjo9 a m>riage betwe5 ,electra & ,pylades2 :o are to take h] fir/ husb& ) !m to ,phocis1 & !re ri*ly to provide = him4 ,aft] a fur!r outbur/ ( sorr[1 ! bro!r & si/] take leave ( "o ano!r = life1 & ! piece concludes4 ,we easily p]ceive t ,aes*ylus has view$ ! subject 9 its mo/ t]rible aspect1 & drawn x )9 t doma9 ( ! gloomy div9ities1 ^: recesses he s loves to haunt4 ,! grave ( ,agamemnon is ! murky gloom f :i* retributive v5geance issues2 8 discont5t$ %ade1 ! s\l ( ! :ole poem4 ,! obvi\s ext]nal defect1 t ! action l+]s too long at ! same po9t1 )\t any s5sible progress1 appe>s1 on reflection1 a true int]nal p]fection3 x is ! /illness ( expectation be=e a deep /orm or an e>?quake4 ,x is true ! pray]s are repeat$1 b _! v accumulation height5s ! impression ( a great unhe>d-( purpose1 = :i* human p[]s & motives by !mselves are insuffici5t4 ,9 ! murd] ( ,clytemne/ra1 & h] he>t-r5d+ appeals1 ! poet1 )\t disguis+ h] guilt1 has gone to ! v v]ge ( :at 0 all[able 9 awak5+ our sympa?y ) h] suff]+s4 ,! crime :i* is to be puni%$ is kept 9 view f ! v fir/ by ! grave1 &1 at ! conclusion1 x is br\ght /ill ne>] to our m9ds by ! unfold+ ! fatal g>m5t3 ?us1 ,agamemnon non1 aft] be+ fully av5g$1 is1 z x 71 murd]$ aga9 be=e ! m5tal eye4 ,! flight ( ,ore/es betrays no undignifi$ weakness or rep5tance2 x is m]ely ! inevitable tribute :i* he mu/ pay to (f5d$ nature4 ,x is only necess>y to notice 9 g5]al t]ms ! admirable managem5t ( ! subject by ,sophocles4 ,:at a beautiful introduction has he made to prec$e ! que5's mission to ! grave1 ) :i* ,aes*ylus beg9s at once6 ,) :at poli%$ ornam5t has he embelli%$ x ?r\gh\t1 = example1 ) ! description ( ! games6 ,) :at nice judgm5t does he husb& ! pa?os ( ,electra2 fir/1 g5]al lam5tations1 !n hopes d]iv$ f ! dream1 _! annihilation by ! news ( ,ore/es' dea?1 ! new hopes sugge/$ by ,*ryso!mis only to be reject$1 & la/ly h] m\rn+ ov] ! urn4 ,electra's h]oism is f9ely set (f by ! contra/ ) h] m submissive si/]4 ,! poet has giv5 q a new turn to ! subject by mak+ ,electra ! *ief object ( int]e/4 ,a noble pair has ! poet "h giv5 u2 ! si/] endu$ ) un%ak5 con/ancy 9 true & noble s5tim5ts1 & ! inv9cible h]oism ( endurance2 ! bro!r prompt & vigor\s 9 all ! en]gy ( y\?4 ,to ?is he skilfully opposes circumspection & exp]i5ce 9 ! old man1 :ile ! fact t ,sophocles z well z ,aes*ylus has left ,pylades sil5t1 is a pro( h[ c>efully anci5t art disda9$ all unnecess>y surplusage4 ,b :at m especially *>act]izes ! trag$y ( ,sophocles1 is ! heav5ly s]5ity beside a subject s t]rific1 ! fre% air ( life & y\? :i* brea!s ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,! bright div9ity ( ,apollo1 :o enjo9$ ! de$1 seems to %$ 8 influ5ce ov] x2 ev5 ! break ( day1 9 ! op5+ sc5e1 is significant4 ,! grave & ! _w ( %ad[s1 are kept 9 ! backgr\nd3 :at 9 ,aes*ylus is effect$ by ! _s ( ! murd]$ mon>*1 proce$s "h f ! he>t ( ! /ill liv+ ,electra1 :i* is end[$ ) an equal capacity = inext+ui%able hatr$ or ard5t love4 ,! disposition to avoid ev]y?+ d>k & om9\s1 is rem>kable ev5 9 ! v fir/ spee* ( ,ore/es1 :]e he says he feels no conc]n at be+ ?\ght dead1 s long z he kn[s himself to be alive1 & 9 ! full enjoym5t ( heal? & /r5g?4 ,he is n beset ) misgiv+s or /+s ( consci5ce ei!r be=e or aft] ! de$1 s t ! det]m9ation is m /eadily ma9ta9$ by ,sophocles ?an 9 ,aes*ylus2 & ! appall+ sc5e ) ,aegi/hus1 & ! res]v+ him = an ignom9i\s dea? to ! v close ( ! piece1 is m au/]e & solemn ?an any?+ 9 ! old] drama4 ,clytemne/ra's dreams furni% ! mo/ /rik+ tok5 ( ! relation :i* ! two poets be> to ea* o!r3 bo? are equally appropriate1 significant1 & om9\s2 t ( ,aes*ylus is gr&]1 b appall+ to ! s5ses2 t ( ,sophocles1 9 its v te>fulness1 maje/ically beautiful4 ,! piece ( ,euripides is a s+ul> example ( poetic1 or r unpoetic obliquity2 we %\ld nev] h done 7 we to attempt to po9t out all its absurdities & contradictions4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 does ,ore/es fruitlessly torm5t 8 si/] by ma9ta9+ 8 incognito s long8 ,! poet too1 makes x a light matt] to ?r[ aside :atev] /&s 9 8 way1 z 9 ! case ( ! peasant1 ( :om1 aft] 8 dep>ture to summon ! old keep]1 we h no f>!r acc\nt4 ,p>tly = ! sake ( appe>+ orig9al1 & p>tly f an idea t to make ,ore/es kill ! k+ & que5 9 ! middle ( _! capital w\ld be inconsi/5t ) probability1 ,euripides has involv$ himself 9 /ill great] improbabilities4 ,:atev] !re is ( ! tragical 9 8 drama is n 8 own1 b belongs ei!r to ! fable1 to 8 pr$ecessors1 or to tradition4 ,9 8 h&s1 at lea/1 x has ceas$ to be trag$y1 b is l[]$ into a family picture1 9 ! mod]n signification ( ! ^w4 ,! effect attempt$ to be produc$ by ! pov]ty ( ,electra is pitiful 9 ! extreme2 ! poet has betray$ 8 secret 9 ! complac5t display :i* %e makes ( h] mis]y4 ,all ! prep>ations = ! cr[n+ act are m>k$ by levity1 & a want ( int]nal conviction3 x is a gratuit\s torture ( our feel+s to make ,aegi/hus display a good- natur$ hospitality1 & ,clytemne/ra a mat]nal sympa?y ) h] daught]1 m]ely to excite our compassion 9 _! behalf2 ! de$ is no soon] execut$1 b its effect is oblit]at$ by ! mo/ despicable rep5tance1 a rep5tance :i* arises f no moral feel+1 b f a m]ely animal revulsion4 ,i %all say no?+ ( 8 abuse ( ! oracle ( ,delphi4 ,z x de/roys ! v basis ( ! :ole drama1 ,i _c see :y ,euripides %\ld h writt5 x1 except to provide a =tunate m>riage = ,electra1 & to rew>d ! peasant = 8 cont95cy4 ,i c\ld wi% t ! w$d+ ( ,pylades _h be5 celebrat$ on ! /age1 & t a good r\nd sum ( money _h be5 paid to ! peasant on ! spot2 !n ev]y?+ w\ld h end$ to ! satisfaction ( ! spectators z 9 an ord9>y com$y4 ,n1 h[ev]1 to be unju/1 ,i mu/ admit t ! ,electra is p]haps ! v wor/ ( ,euripides' pieces4 ,0 x ! rage = novelty :i* l$ him "h into su* faults8 ,he 0 truly to be piti$ = hav+ be5 prec$$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is same subject by two su* m5 z ,sophocles & ,aes*ylus4 ,b :at compell$ him to measure 8 p[]s ) !irs1 & to write an ,electra at all8 ,,lecture ,x4 ,"* ( ! rema9+ ,works ( ,euripides--,! ,satirical ,drama-- ,alex&rian ,tragic ,poets4 ,( ! plays ( ,euripides1 :i* h come d[n to u 9 great numb]1 we c only give a v %ort & g5]al acc\nt4 ,on ! score ( beautiful morality1 !re is none ( !m1 p]haps1 s des]v+ ( praise z ! ,alce/is4 ,h] resolution to die1 & ! f>ewell :i* %e takes ( h] husb& & *ildr51 are depict$ ) ! mo/ ov]p[]+ pa?os4 ,! poet's =be>ance1 9 n all[+ ! h]o9e to speak on h] return f ! inf]nal _w1 le/ he might draw aside ! my/]i\s veil :i* %r\ds ! condition ( ! dead1 is des]v+ ( high praise4 ,admetus1 x is true1 & m especially 8 fa!r1 s9k too mu* 9 our e/eem f _! selfi% love ( life2 & ,h]cules appe>s1 at fir/1 blunt ev5 to rud5ess1 aft]w>ds m noble & wor?y ( himself1 & at la/ jovial1 :51 = ! sake ( ! joke1 he introduces to ,admetus 8 veil$ wife z a new bride4 ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulis is a subject peculi>ly suit$ to ! ta/es & p[]s ( ,euripides2 ! object "h is to excite a t5d] emotion = ! innoc5t & *ild-l simplicity ( ! h]o9e3 b ,iphig5ia is /ill v f> f be+ an ,antigone4 ,ari/otle has already rem>k$ t ! "* is n well su/a9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,iphig5ia implor+1 he says1 has no resemblance to ,iphig5ia aft]w>ds yield+ h]self up a will+ sacrifice4 ,ion is also "o ( 8 mo/ delightful pieces1 on acc\nt ( ! picture ( innoc5ce & prie/ly sanctity 9 ! boy ^: "n x be>s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! plot1 x is true1 !re are n a few improbabilities1 make%ifts1 & repetitions2 & ! cata/rophe1 produc$ by a falsehood1 9 :i* bo? gods & m5 unite aga9/ ,xu?us1 c h>dly be satisfactory to our feel+s4 ,z del9eations ( female passion1 & ( ! ab]rations ( a m9d diseas$1 ,pha$ra & ,m$ea h be5 ju/ly prais$4 ,! play 9 :i* ! =m] is introduc$ dazzles u by ! sublime & beautiful h]oism ( ,hippolytus2 & x is also des]v+ ( ! highe/ comm5dation on acc\nt ( ! obs]vance ( propriety & moral /rictness1 9 s critical a subject4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* ! m]it ( ! poet himself z ( ! delicacy ( 8 contempor>ies2 = ! ,hippolytus :i* we possess1 accord+ to ! s*olia/1 is an improvem5t ^u an e>li] "o1 9 :i* !re 0 mu* t 0 (f5sive & repreh5sible4 ,footnote3 ,! le>n$ & acute ,brunck1 )\t cit+ any au?ority1 or ! co9cid5ce ( fragm5ts 9 corroboration1 says t ,s5eca 9 8 ,hippolytus1 foll[$ ! plan ( ! e>li] play ( ,euripides1 call$ ! ,veil$ ,hippolytus4 ,h[ f> ?is is m]e conjecture ,i _c say1 b at any rate ,i %\ld be incl9$ to d\bt :e!r ,euripides1 ev5 9 ! c5sur$ drama1 admitt$ ! sc5e ( ! decl>ation ( love1 :i* ,rac9e1 h[ev] 9 8 ,pha$ra4 has n hesitat$ to adopt f ,s5eca4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,m$ea is admirable2 h] desp]ate situation is1 by ! conv]sation betwe5 h] nurse & ! keep] ( h] *ildr51 & h] own wail+s beh9d ! sc5e1 depict$ ) mo/ t\*+ effect4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z %e makes h] appe>ance1 ! poet takes c>e to cool our emotion by ! numb] ( g5]al & commonplace reflections :i* he puts into h] m\?4 ,l[] does %e s9k 9 ! sc5e ) ,aegeus1 :]e1 m$itat+ a t]rible rev5ge on ,jason1 %e fir/ secures a place ( refuge1 & seems almo/ on ! po9t ( bespeak+ a new connection4 ,?is is v unlike ! d>+ crim9al :o has r$uc$ ! p[]s ( nature to m9i/] to h] ungov]nable passions1 & spe$s f l& to l& l a desolat+ meteor2--! ,m$ea :o1 ab&on$ by all ! _w1 0 /ill suffici5t = h]self4 ,no?+ b a wi% to hum\r ,a!nian antiquities c\ld h induc$ ,euripides to adopt ?is cold int]polation ( 8 /ory4 ,) ?is exception he has1 9 ! mo/ vivid col\rs1 pa9t$1 9 "o & ! same p]son1 ! mighty en*antress1 & ! woman weak only f ! social position ( h] sex4 ,z x is1 we are ke5ly affect$ by ! /ruggles ( mat]nal t5d]ness 9 ! mid/ ( h] prep>ations = ! cruel de$4 ,moreov]1 %e ann\nces h] deadly purpose mu* too soon & too di/9ctly1 in/ead ( brood+ a:ile ov] ! fir/ confus$1 d>k sugge/ion ( x4 ,:5 %e does put x 9 execution1 h] ?ir/ ( rev5ge on ,jason might1 we %\ld h ?\ght1 h be5 suffici5tly slak$ by ! horrible dea? ( 8 "y wife & h] fa!r2 & ! new motive1 namely1 t ,jason1 z %e pret5ds1 w\ld infallibly murd] ! *ildr51 & !re=e %e mu/ anticipate him1 w by no means be> exam9ation4 ,= %e c\ld z easily h sav$ ! liv+ *ildr5 ) h]self1 z h c>ri$ (f _! dead bodies 9 ! dragon-*>iot4 ,/ill ?is may1 p]haps1 be ju/ifi$ by ! p]turbation ( m9d into :i* %e 0 plung$ by ! crime %e _h p]petrat$4 ,p]haps x 0 su* pictures ( univ]sal sorr[1 ( ! fall ( fl\ri%+ families & /ates f ! greate/ glory to ! l[e/ mis]y1 nay1 to entire annihilation1 z ,euripides has sket*$ 9 ! ,troades1 t ga9$ = him1 f ,ari/otle1 ! title ( ! mo/ tragic ( poets4 ,! conclud+ sc5e1 :]e ! captive ladies1 allott$ z slaves to diff]5t ma/]s1 leave ,troy 9 flames beh9d !m1 & proce$ t[>ds ! %ips1 is truly gr&4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 = a piece to h less action1 9 ! en]getical s5se ( ! ^w3 x is a s]ies ( situations & ev5ts1 :i* h no o!r connexion ?an t ( a common orig9 9 ! capture ( ,troy1 b 9 no respect h !y a common aim4 ,! accumulation ( helpless suff]+1 aga9/ :i* ! w & s5tim5t ev5 are n all[$ to revolt1 at la/ we>ies u1 & exhau/s our compassion4 ,! great] ! /ruggle to av]t a calamity1 ! deep] ! impression x makes :5 x bur/s =? aft] all4 ,b :5 s little conc]n is %[n1 z is "h ! case ) ,a/yanax1 = ! spee* ( ,tal?ybius prev5ts ev5 ! slighte/ attempt to save him1 ! spectator soon acquiesces 9 ! result4 ,9 ?is way ,euripides frequ5tly fails4 ,9 ! ceaseless dem&s :i* ?is play makes on our compassion1 ! pa?os is n duly economiz$ & br\ght to a climax3 = in/ance1 ,&roma*e's lam5t ov] h] liv+ son is mu* m he>t- r5d+ ?an t ( ,hecuba = h] dead "o4 ,! effect ( ! latt] is1 h[ev]1 aid$ by ! sight ( ! little corpse ly+ on ,hector's %ield4 ,inde$1 9 ! composition ( ?is piece ! poet has evid5tly reckon$ mu* on ocul> effect3 ?us1 = ! sake ( contra/ ) ! captive ladies1 ,hel5 appe>s spl5didly dress$1 ,&roma*e is m\nt$ on a c> lad5 ) spoils2 & ,i d\bt n b t at ! conclusion ! entire sc5e 0 9 flames4 ,! trial ( ,hel5 pa9fully int]rupts ! tra9 ( our sympa?ies1 by an idle alt]cation :i* ends 9 no?+2 = 9 spite ( ! accusations ( ,hecuba1 ,m5elaus abides by ! resolution :i* he _h previ\sly =m$4 ,! def5ce ( ,hel5 is ab\t z ent]ta9+ z ,isocrates' sophi/ical eulogium ( h]4 ,euripides 0 n cont5t ) mak+ ,hecuba roll 9 ! du/ ) cov]$ head1 & :9e a :ole piece ?r\gh2 he has also introduc$ h] 9 ano!r trag$y :i* be>s h] "n1 z ! /&+ repres5tative ( suff]+ & woe4 ,! two actions ( ?is piece1 ! sacrifice ( ,polyx5a1 & ! rev5ge on ,polyme/or1 on acc\nt ( ! murd] ( ,polydorus1 h no?+ 9 common ) ea* o!r b _! connexion ) ,hecuba4 ,! fir/ half possesses great beauties ( t p>ticul> k9d 9 :i* ,euripides is pre-em95tly successful3 pictures ( t5d] y\?1 female innoc5ce1 & noble resignation to an e>ly & viol5t dea?4 ,a human sacrifice1 t triumph ( b>b>ian sup]/ition1 is repres5t$ z execut$1 suff]$1 & look$ ^u1 ) t ,hell5ism ( feel+ :i* s e>ly effect$ ! abolition ( su* sacrifices among ! ,greeks4 ,b ! second half mo/ revolt+ly effaces ^! s(t impressions4 ,x is made up ( ! rev5geful artifices ( ,hecuba1 ! bl9d av>ice ( ,polyme/or1 & ! paltry policy ( ,agamemnon1 :o1 n d>+ himself to call ! ,?racian k+ to acc\nt1 nev]!less beguiles him into ! h&s ( ! captive wom54 ,nei!r is x v consi/5t t ,hecuba1 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 b]eft ( /r5g?1 & ov]:elm$ ) sorr[1 %\ld nev]!less display s mu* pres5ce ( m9d 9 ! execution ( rev5ge1 & su* a comm& ( tongue 9 h] accusation & d]ision ( ,polyme/or4 ,we h ano!r example ( two di/9ct & sep>ate actions 9 ! same trag$y1 ! ,mad ,h]cules4 ,! fir/ is ! di/ress ( 8 family dur+ 8 abs5ce1 & _! deliv]ance by 8 return2 ! second1 8 remorse at hav+ 9 a sudd5 fr5zy murd]$ 8 wife & *ildr54 ,! "o action foll[s1 b by no means arises out ( ! o!r4 ,! ,pho5issae is ri* 9 tragic incid5ts1 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w3 ! son ( ,creon1 to save 8 native city1 precipitates himself f ! walls2 ,eteocles & ,polynices p]i% by ea* o!r's h&s2 ov] _! dead bodies ,joca/a falls by h] own h&2 ! ,argives :o h>e made w> ^u ,!bes are de/roy$ 9 battle2 ,polynices rema9s un9t]r$2 & la/ly1 ,o$ipus & ,antigone are driv5 into exile4 ,aft] ?is enum]ation ( ! incid5ts1 ! ,s*olia/ aptly notices ! arbitr>y mann] 9 :i* ! poet has proce$$1 ,?is drama1 says he1 is beautiful 9 !atrical effect1 ev5 because x is full ( incid5ts totally =eign to ! prop] action4 ,antigone look+ d[n f ! walls has no?+ to d ) ! action1 & ,polynices ent]s ! t[n "u ! safe-conduct ( a truce1 )\t any effect be+ !reby produc$4 ,aft] all ! re/ ! bani%$ ,o$ipus & a wordy ode are tack$ on1 be+ equally to no purpose4 ,?is is a sev]e criticism1 b x is j4 ,n m l5i5t is ! ,s*olia/ on ,ore/es3 ,?is piece1 he says1 is "o ( ^? :i* produce a great effect on ! /age1 b ) respect to *>act]s x is extremely bad2 =1 ) ! exception ( ,pylades1 all ! re/ are good = no?+4 ,moreov]1 ,its cata/rophe is m suitable to com$y ?an trag$y4 ,?is drama beg9s1 inde$1 9 ! mo/ agitat+ mann]4 ,ore/es1 aft] ! murd] ( 8 "m1 is repres5t$ ly+ on 8 b$1 afflict$ ) angui% ( s\l & madness2 ,electra sits at 8 feet1 & %e & ! *orus rema9 9 trembl+ expectation ( 8 awak+4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ takes a p]v]se turn1 & ends ) ! mo/ viol5t /rokes ( /age effect4 ,! ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris1 9 :i* ! fate ( ,ore/es is /ill fur!r foll[$ out1 is less wild & extravagant1 b 9 ! repres5tation bo? ( "* or passion1 x seldom rises above m$iocrity4 ,! mutual recognition betwe5 bro!r & si/]1 aft] su* adv5tures & actions1 z t ,iphig5ia1 :o _h h]self once trembl$ be=e ! bloody alt>1 0 on ! po9t ( devot+ h] bro!r to a simil> fate1 produces no m ?an a transi5t emotion4 ,! flight ( ,ore/es & 8 si/] is n highly calculat$ to excite our int]e/3 ! artifice by :i* ,iphig5ia br+s x ab\t is readily cr$it$ by ,?oas1 :o does n attempt to make any opposition till bo? are safe1 & !n he is appeas$ by "o ( ! ord9>y div9e int]positions4 ,?is device has be5 s us$ & abus$ by ,euripides1 t 9 n9e out ( 8 eighte5 trag$ies1 a div9ity desc5ds to unravel ! complicat$ knot4 ,9 ,&roma*e ,ore/es makes 8 appe>ance = ! f\r? "t4 ,! ,s*olia/1 9 ^: op9ion we may1 we ?9k1 g5]ally recognize ! s5tim5ts ( ! mo/ important ( anci5t critics1 decl>es ?is to be a v second-rate play1 9 :i* s+le sc5es alone are des]v+ ( any praise4 ,( ^? on :i* ,rac9e has bas$ 8 free imitations1 ?is is unque/ionably ! v wor/1 & !re=e ! ,fr5* critics h an easy game to play 9 _! endeav\rs to depreciate ! ,grecian pr$ecessor1 f :om ,rac9e has 9 fact d]iv$ little m ?an ! fir/ sugge/ion ( 8 trag$y4 ,! ,bac*ae repres5ts ! infecti\s & tumultu\s en?usiasm ( ! wor%ip ( ,bac*us1 ) great s5su\s p[] & vividness ( conception4 ,! ob/9ate unbelief ( ,p5!us1 8 infatuation1 & t]rible puni%m5t by ! h&s ( 8 own "m1 =m a bold picture4 ,! effect on ! /age mu/ h be5 extraord9>y4 ,imag9e1 only1 a *orus ) fly+ & di%evell$ hair & dress1 tamb\r9es1 cymbals1 c41 9 _! h&s1 l ! ,bac*ants we see on bas-reliefs1 bur/+ impetu\sly into ! or*e/ra1 & execut+ _! inspir$ dances amid/ tumultu\s music1--a circum/ance1 altoge!r unusual1 z ! *oral odes 7 g5]ally sung & danc$ at a solemn /ep1 & ) no o!r accompanim5t ?an a flute4 ,"h ! luxuriance ( ornam5t1 :i* ,euripides ev]y:]e affects1 0 = once appropriate4 ,:51 !re=e1 sev]al ( ! mod]n critics assign to ?is piece a v l[ rank1 !y seem to me n to "k :at !y !mselves w\ld wi%4 ,9 ! composition ( ?is piece1 ,i _c help admir+ a h>mony & unity1 :i* we seldom meet ) 9 ,euripides1 z well z ab/95ce f e =eign matt]1 s t all ! motives & effects fl[ f "o s\rce1 & concur t[>ds a common end4 ,aft] ! ,hippolytus1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to assign to ?is play ! fir/ place among all ! extant works ( ,euripides4 ,! ,h]aclidae & ! ,supplices are m]e occasional trag$ies1 i4e41 ow+ _! exi/5ce to "s tempor>y incid5t or excitem5t1 & !y mu/ h be5 indebt$ = _! success to no?+ else b _! flatt]y ( ! ,a!nians4 ,!y celebrate two anci5t h]oic de$s ( ,a!ns1 on :i* ! panegyri/s1 among/ ! re/ ,isocrates1 :o always mix$ up ! fabul\s ) ! hi/orical1 lay a/oni%+ /ress3 ! protection !y are said to h af=d$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,h]cules1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,lac$aemonian k+s1 f ! p]secution ( ,eury/heus1 & _! go+ to w> ) ,!bes on behalf ( ,adra/us1 k+ ( ,argos1 & =c+ ! ,!bans to give ! rites ( burial to ! ,sev5 ,*iefta9s & _! ho/4 ,! ,supplices 01 z we "k1 repres5t$ dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>1 aft] ! conclusion ( a treaty betwe5 ! ,argives & ! ,lac$aemonians2 & 0 int5d$ to rem9d ! ,argives ( _! anci5t obligation to ,a!ns1 & to %[ h[ little !y c\ld hope to prosp] 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,a!nians4 ,! ,h]aclidae 0 und\bt$ly writt5 ) a simil> view 9 respect to ,lac$aemon4 ,( ! two pieces1 h[ev]1 :i* are bo? ca/ 9 ! same m\ld1 ! ,female ,suppliants1 s call$ f ! mo!rs ( ! fall5 h]oes1 is by f> ! ri*e/ 9 poetical m]it2 ! ,h]aclidae appe>s1 z x 71 b a fa9t impression ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! =m] piece1 x is true1 ,!seus appe>s at fir/ 9 a some:at unamiable light1 upbraid+1 z he does1 ! un=tunate ,adra/us ) 8 errors at su* great l5g?1 & p]haps ) s little ju/ice1 be=e he condesc5ds to assi/ him2 aga9 ! disputation betwe5 ,!seus & ! ,argive h]ald1 z to ! sup]iority ( a mon>*ical or a democratical con/itution1 ought 9 ju/ice to be bani%$ f ! /age to ! rhetorical s*ools2 :ile ! moral eulogium ( ,adra/us ov] ! fall5 h]oes is1 at lea/1 v mu* out ( place4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,euripides 0 "h draw+ ! *>act]s ( p>ticul> ,a!nian g5]als1 :o _h fall5 9 "s battle or o!r4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! passage _c be ju/ifi$ 9 a dramatic po9t ( view2 h[ev]1 )\t su* an object1 x w\ld h be5 silly & ridicul\s 9 describ+ ^? h]oes ( ! age ( ,h]cules1 7a ,capaneus1 = in/ance1 :o set ev5 heav5 itself at defiance17 to h laun*$ out into ! praise ( _! civic virtues4 ,h[ apt ,euripides 0 to w&] f 8 subject 9 allusions to p]fectly extrane\s matt]s1 & sometimes ev5 to himself1 we may see f a spee* ( ,adra/us1 :o mo/ imp]t95tly is made to say1 ,x is n fair t ! poet1 :ile he delights o!rs ) 8 works1 %\ld himself suff] inconv5i5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ! fun]al lam5tations & ! swan-l song ( ,evadne are affect+ly beautiful1 al?\gh %e is s unexpect$ly introduc$ into ! drama4 ,lit]ally1 inde$1 may we say ( h]1 t %e jumps into ! play1 = )\t ev5 be+ m5tion$ be=e %e sudd5ly appe>s fir/ ( all on ! rock1 f :i* %e ?r[s h]self on ! burn+ pile ( ,capaneus4 ,! ,h]aclidae is a v poor piece2 its conclusion is s+ul>ly bald4 ,we he> no?+ m ( ! self-sacrifice ( ,mac>ia1 aft] x is ov]3 z ! det]m9ation seems to h co/ h]self no /ruggle1 x makes z little impression ^u o!rs4 ,! ,a!nian k+1 ,demophon1 does n return aga92 nei!r does ,iolaus1 ! companion ( ,h]cules & gu>dian ( 8 *ildr51 ^: y\? is s wond]fully r5ew$4 ,hyllus1 ! noble-m9d$ ,h]aclide1 nev] ev5 makes 8 appe>ance2 & nobody at la/ rema9s b ,alcm5e1 :o keeps up a bitt] alt]cation ) ,eury/heus4 ,euripides seems to h tak5 a p>ticul> pleasure 9 draw+ su* implacable & rancor\s old wom53 twice has he exhibit$ ,hecuba 9 ?is light1 pitt+ h] aga9/ ,hel5 & ,polyme/or4 ,9 g5]al1 we may obs]ve ! con/ant recurr5ce ( ! same artifice & motives is a sure symptom ( mann]ism4 ,we h 9 ! works ( ?is poet ?ree in/ances ( wom5 (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 :i* are mov+ f _! p]fect resignation3 ,iphig5ia1 ,polyx5a1 & ,mac>ia2 ! volunt>y dea?s ( ,alce/e & ,evadne belong 9 "s sort also to ?is class4 ,suppliants are 9 l mann] a fav\rite subject ) him1 because !y oppress ! spectator ) appreh5sion le/ !y %\ld be torn by =ce f ! sanctu>y ( ! alt>4 ,i h already notic$ 8 lavi% introduction ( deities t[>ds ! conclusion4 ,! m]rie/ ( all trag$ies is ,hel51 a m>vell\s drama1 full ( wond]ful adv5tures & appe>ances1 :i* are evid5tly bett] suit$ to com$y4 ,! inv5tion on :i* x is f\nd$ is1 t ,hel5 rema9$ conceal$ 9 ,egypt 7s f> w5t ! ass]tion ( ! ,aegyptian prie/s71 :ile ,p>is c>ri$ (f an airy phantom 9 h] lik5ess1 = :i* ! ,greeks & ,trojans f\ght = t5 long ye>s4 ,by ?is contrivance ! virtue ( ! h]o9e is sav$1 & ,m5elaus1 7to make good ! ridicule ( ,ari/ophanes on ! begg>y ( ,euripides' h]oes17 appe>s 9 rags z a begg>1 & 9 n[ise dissatisfi$ ) 8 condition4 ,b ?is mann] ( improv+ my?ology be>s a resemblance to ! ,tales ( ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights4 ,mod]n philologi/s h d$icat$ volum9\s treatises1 to prove ! spuri\sness ( ,rhesus1 ! subject ( :i* is tak5 f ! elev5? book ( ! ,iliad4 ,_! op9ion is1 t ! piece conta9s su* a numb] ( improbabilities & contradictions1 t x is altoge!r unwor?y ( ,euripides4 ,b ?is is by no means a legitimate conclusion4 ,d n ! faults :i* !y c5sure unavoidably foll[ f ! selection ( an intractable subject1 s v inconv5i5t z a nightly ent]prise8 ,! "q respect+ ! g5u95ess ( any "w1 turns n s mu* on its m]its or dem]its1 z r on ! resemblance ( its /yle & peculi>ities to ^? ( ! pret5d$ au?or4 ,! few words ( ! ,s*olia/ am\nt to a v diff]5t op9ion3 ,"s h consid]$ ?is drama to be spuri\s1 & n ! "w ( ,euripides1 because x be>s _m traces ( ! /yle ( ,sophocles4 ,b x is inscrib$ 9 ! ,didascaliae z 81 & its accuracy ) respect to ! ph5om5a ( ! />ry heav5 betrays ! h& ( ,euripides4 ,i ?9k ,i und]/& :at is "h meant by ! /yle ( ,sophocles1 b x is r 9 deta*$ sc5es1 ?an 9 ! g5]al plan1 t ,i at all disc]n x4 ,h5ce1 if ! piece is to be tak5 f ,euripides1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to attribute x to "s eclectic imitator1 b "o ( ! s*ool ( ,sophocles r ?an ( t ( ,euripides1 & :o liv$ only a little lat] ?an bo?4 ,?is ,i inf] f ! famili>ity ( _m ( ! sc5es1 = trag$y at ?is "t 0 fa/ s9k+ into ! dome/ic trag$y1 :]eas1 at a /ill lat] p]iod1 ! ,alex&rian age1 x fell into an opposite error ( bomba/4 ,! ,cyclops is a satiric drama4 ,?is is a mix$ & l[] species ( tragic poetry1 z we h already 9 pass+ ass]t$4 ,! want ( "s relaxation = ! m9d1 aft] ! engross+ sev]ity ( trag$y1 appe>s to h giv5 rise to ! satiric drama1 z inde$ to ! aft]-piece 9 g5]al4 ,! satiric drama nev] possess$ an indep5d5t exi/5ce2 x 0 ?r[n 9 by way ( an app5dage to sev]al trag$ies1 & to judge f t we "k ( x1 0 always consid]ably %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 ext]nal =m x resembl$ ,trag$y1 & ! mat]ials 7 9 l mann] my?ological4 ,! di/9ctive m>k 0 a *orus consi/+ ( satyrs1 :o accompani$ ) lively songs1 ge/ures1 & movem5ts1 su* h]oic adv5tures z 7 ( a m *e]ful hue1 7_m 9 ! ,odyssey = in/ance2 = "h1 also1 z 9 _m o!r respects1 ! g]m is to be f\nd 9 ,hom]17 or1 at lea/1 c\ld be made to we> su* an appe>ance4 ,! proximate cause ( ?is species ( drama 0 d]iv$ f ! fe/ivals ( ,bac*us1 :]e satyr-masks 0 a common disguise4 ,9 my?ological /ories ) :i* ,bac*us _h no conc]n1 ^! con/ant att5dants ( 8 71 no d\bt1 9 "s sort arbitr>ily introduc$1 b /ill n )\t a degree ( propriety4 ,z nature1 9 h] orig9al fre$om1 appe>$ to ! fancy ( ! ,greeks to teem ev]y:]e ) wond]ful productions1 !y c\ld ) propriety p ) ^! sylvan be+s ! wild l&scapes1 remote f poli%$ cities1 :]e ! sc5e 0 usually laid1 & enliv5 !m ) _! wild animal frolics4 ,! composition ( demi-god ) demi-bea/ =m$ an amus+ contra/4 ,we h an example 9 ! ,cyclops ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! poets proce$$ 9 su* subjects4 ,x is n un5t]ta9+1 ?\gh ! subject- matt] is = ! mo/ "p conta9$ 9 ! ,odyssey2 only ! pranks ( ,sil5us & 8 b& are occasionally a little co>se4 ,we mu/ confess t1 9 our eyes1 ! great m]it ( ?is piece is its r>ity1 be+ ! only extant specim5 ( its class :i* we possess4 ,9 ! satiric dramas ,aes*ylus mu/1 )\t d\bt1 h display$ m boldness & mean+ 9 8 mir?2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 he introduc$ ,prome!us br++ d[n fire f heav5 to rude & /upid man2 :ile ,sophocles1 to judge f ! few fragm5ts we h1 mu/ h be5 m elegant & moral1 z :5 he introduc$ ! goddesses cont5d+ = ! prize ( beauty1 or ,nausicaa (f]+ protection to ! %ipwreck$ ,ulysses4 ,x is a /rik+ feature ( ! easy uncon/ra9$ "* ( life among ! ,greeks1 ( its gladsome joy\sness ( disposition1 :i* knew no?+ ( a />*$ & /ately dignity1 b arti/-l admir$ aptness & gracefulness1 ev5 9 ! mo/ insignificant trifles1 t 9 ?is drama call$ ,nausicaa1 or ,! ,wa%]wom51 9 :i*1 aft] ,hom]1 ! pr9cess at ! end ( ! wa%+1 amuses h]self at a game ( ball ) h] maids1 ,sophocles himself play$ at ball1 & by 8 grace 9 ?is ex]cise acquir$ mu* applause4 ,! great poet1 ! respect$ ,a!nian citiz51 ! man :o _h already p]haps be5 a ,g5]al1 appe>$ publicly 9 woman's clo!s1 & z1 on acc\nt ( ! feebl5ess ( 8 voice1 he c\ld n play ! lead+ "p ( ,nausicaa1 took p]haps ! mute "u "p ( a maid1 = ! sake ( giv+ to ! repres5tation ( 8 piece ! slight ornam5t ( bodily agility4 ,! hi/ory ( anci5t trag$y ends ) ,euripides1 al?\gh !re 7 a numb] ( /ill lat] trag$ians2 ,aga?on1 = in/ance1 :om ,ari/ophanes describes z fragrant ) o9tm5t & cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 & 9 ^: m\? ,plato1 9 8 ,symposium1 puts a disc\rse 9 ! ta/e ( ! sophi/ ,gorgias1 full ( ! mo/ exquisite ornam5ts & empty tautological anti!ses4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to ab&on my?ology1 z furni%+ ! natural mat]ials ( trag$y1 & occasionally wrote pieces ) purely fictiti\s names1 7?is is wor?y ( notice1 z =m+ a transition t[>ds ! new com$y17 "o ( :i* 0 call$ ! ,fl[]1 & 0 probably !re=e nei!r s]i\sly affect+ nor t]rible1 b 9 ! /yle ( ! idyl1 & pleas+4 ,! ,alex&rian s*ol>s1 among _! o!r lucubrations1 attempt$ also ! composition ( trag$ies2 b if we are to judge ( !m f ! only piece :i* has come d[n to u1 ! ,alex&ra ( ,lycophron1 :i* consi/s ( an endless monologue1 full ( prophecy1 & ov]lad5 ) obscure my?ology1 ^! productions ( a subtle dilettantism mu/ h be5 extremely inanimate & un!atrical1 & e way devoid ( int]e/4 ,! creative p[]s ( ! ,greeks 71 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 s completely exhau/$1 t !y 7 =c$ to cont5t !mselves ) ! repetition ( ! works ( _! anci5t ma/]s4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,! ,old ,com$y prov$ to be completely a contra/ to ,trag$y--,p>ody-- ,ideality ( ,com$y ! rev]se ( t ( ,trag$y--,mir?ful ,caprice-- ,allegoric & ,political ,signification--,! ,*orus & its ,p>abases4 ,we n[ leave ,tragic ,poetry to occupy ourselves ) an entirely opposite species1 ! ,old ,com$y4 ,/rik+ z ?is div]sity is1 we %all1 h[ev]1 comm5ce ) po9t+ out a c]ta9 symmetry 9 ! contra/ & c]ta9 relations betwe5 !m1 :i* h a t5d5cy to exhibit ! ess5tial "* ( bo? 9 a cle>] light4 ,9 =m+ a judgm5t ( ! ,old ,com$y1 we mu/ bani% e idea ( :at is call$ ,com$y by ! mod]ns1 & :at w5t by ! same "n among ! ,greeks !mselves at a lat] p]iod4 ,^! two species ( ,com$y diff] f ea* o!r1 n only 9 accid5tal peculi>ities1 7su* z ! introduction 9 ! old ( real names & *>act]s17 b ess5tially & diametrically4 ,we mu/ also gu>d aga9/ ent]ta9+ su* a notion ( ! ,old ,com$y z w\ld lead u to reg>d x z ! rude beg9n+s ( ! m f9i%$ & cultivat$ com$y ( a subsequ5t age ,footnote3 ,?is is ! purport ( ! section ( ,b>?lemy 9 ! ,ana*>sis on ! ,old ,com$y3 "o ( ! poore/ & mo/ errone\s p>ts ( 8 "w4 ,) ! pitiful presumption ( ignorance1 ,voltaire pron\nc$ a sweep+ condemnation ( ,ari/ophanes1 79 o!r places1 & 9 8 ,philosophical ,diction>y "u ,art4 ,a?e71 & ! mod]n ,fr5* critics h = ! mo/ "p foll[$ 8 example4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 f9d ! f\ndation ( all ! errone\s op9ions ( ! mod]ns on ?is subject1 & ! same prosaical mode ( view+ x1 9 ,plut>*'s p>allel betwe5 ,ari/ophanes & ,m5&]41 an idea :i* _m1 f ! unbridl$ lic5ti\sness ( ! old comic writ]s1 h be5 l$ to ent]ta94 ,on ! contr>y ! =m] is ! g5u9e poetic species2 b ! ,new ,com$y1 z ,i %all %[ 9 due c\rse1 is its decl9e into prose & reality4 ,we %all =m ! be/ idea ( ! ,old ,com$y1 by consid]+ x z ! direct opposite ( ,trag$y4 ,?is 0 probably ! mean+ ( ! ass]tion ( ,socrates1 :i* is giv5 by ,plato t[>ds ! end ( 8 ,symposium4 ,he tells u t1 aft] ! o!r gue/s 7 disp]s$ or _h fall5 asleep1 ,socrates 0 left awake ) ,ari/ophanes & ,aga?on1 & t :ile he drank ) !m out ( a l>ge cup1 he =c$ !m to confess1 h[ev] unwill+ly1 t x is ! bus9ess ( "o & ! same man to be equally ma/] ( tragic & comic composition1 & t ! tragic poet is1 9 virtue ( 8 art1 comic poet also4 ,?is 0 n only repugnant to ! g5]al op9ion1 :i* :olly sep>at$ ! two k9ds ( tal5t1 b also to all exp]i5ce1 inasmu* z no tragic poet _h ev] attempt$ to %9e 9 ,com$y1 nor conv]sely2 8 rem>k1 !re=e1 c only h be5 meant to apply to ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ! ?+s4 ,?us at ano!r "t1 ! ,platonic ,socrates says1 on ! subject ( comic imitation3 ,all opposites c be fully und]/ood only by & ?r\gh ea* o!r2 consequ5tly we c only "k :at is s]i\s by kn[+ also :at is laughable & ludicr\s4 ,if ! div9e ,plato by work+ out t dialogue _h be5 pleas$ to communicate 8 own1 or 8 ma/]'s ?\ghts1 respect+ ^! two k9ds ( poetry1 we %\ld h be5 sp>$ ! necessity ( ! foll[+ inve/igation4 ,"o aspect ( ! relation ( comic to tragic poetry may be compreh5d$ "u ! idea ( p>ody4 ,?is p>ody1 h[ev]1 is "o inf9itely m p[]ful ?an t ( ! mock h]oic poem1 z ! subject p>odi$1 by means ( sc5ic repres5tation1 acquir$ q ano!r k9d ( reality & pres5ce 9 ! m9d1 f :at ! pope did1 :i* relat+ ! transactions ( a di/ant age1 retir$1 z x 71 ) !m into ! remote old5 "t4 ,! comic p>ody 0 br\ght out :5 ! ?+ p>odi$ 0 fre% 9 recollection1 & z ! repres5tation took place on ! same /age :]e ! spectators 7 accu/om$ to see its s]i\s orig9al1 ?is circum/ance mu/ h greatly contribut$ to height5 ! effect ( x4 ,moreov]1 n m]ely s+le sc5es1 b ! v =m ( tragic composition 0 p>odi$1 & d\btless ! p>ody ext5d$ n only to ! poetry1 b also to ! music & danc+1 to ! act+ itself1 & ! sc5ic decoration4 ,nay1 ev5 :]e ! drama trod 9 ! foot/eps ( ! pla/ic arts1 x 0 /ill ! subject ( comic p>ody1 z ! ideal figures ( deities 7 evid5tly trans=m$ into c>icatures ,footnote3 ,z an example ( ?is1 ,i may allude to ! well- kn[n vase-figures1 :]e ,m]cury & ,jupit]1 ab\t to asc5d by a ladd] into ,alcm5e's *amb]1 are repres5t$ z comic masks44 ,n[ ! m imm$iately ! productions ( all ^! arts fall )9 ! obs]vance ( ! ext]nal s5ses1 &1 above1 all ! m ! ,greeks1 9 _! popul> fe/ivals1 religi\s c]emonies1 & solemn processions1 7 accu/om$ to1 & famili> )1 ! noble /yle :i* 0 ! native elem5t ( tragic repres5tation1 s mu* ! m irresi/ibly ludicr\s mu/ h be5 ! effect ( t g5]al p>ody ( ! arts1 :i* x 0 ! object ( ,com$y to exhibit4 ,b ?is idea does n exhau/ ! ess5tial "* ( ,com$y2 = p>ody always supposes a ref]5ce to ! subject :i* is p>odi$1 & a necess>y dep5d5ce on x4 ,! ,old ,com$y1 h[ev]1 z a species ( poetry1 is z indep5d5t & orig9al z ,trag$y itself2 x /&s on ! same elevation ) x1 t is1 x ext5ds j z f> beyond ! limits ( reality into ! doma9s ( free creative fancy4 ,trag$y is ! highe/ e>ne/ness ( poetry2 ,com$y altoge!r sportive4 ,n[ e>ne/ness1 z ,i obs]v$ 9 ! ,introduction1 consi/s 9 ! direction ( ! m5tal p[]s to an aim or purpose1 & ! limitation ( _! activity to t object4 ,its opposite1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! app>5t want ( aim1 & fre$om f all re/ra9t 9 ! ex]cise ( ! m5tal p[]s2 & x is !re=e ! m p]fect1 ! m unres]v$ly x goes to "w1 & ! m lively ! appe>ance !re is ( purposeless fun & unre/ra9$ caprice4 ,wit & raill]y may be employ$ 9 a sportive mann]1 b !y are also bo? ( !m compatible ) ! sev]e/ e>ne/ness1 z is prov$ by ! example ( ! lat] ,roman satires & ! anci5t ,iambic poetry ( ! ,greeks1 :]e ^! means 7 employ$ = ! expression ( indignation & hatr$4 ,! ,new ,com$y1 x is true1 repres5ts :at is amus+ 9 "*1 & 9 ! contra/ ( situations & comb9ations2 & x is ! m comic ! m x is di/+ui%$ by a want ( aim3 cross purposes1 mi/akes1 ! va9 ef=ts ( ridicul\s passion1 & especially if all ?is ends at la/ 9 no?+2 b /ill1 ) all ?is mir?1 ! =m ( ! repres5tation itself is s]i\s1 & regul>ly ti$ d[n to a c]ta9 aim4 ,9 ! ,old ,com$y ! =m 0 sportive1 & a seem+ aimlessness reign$ ?r\gh\t2 ! :ole poem 0 "o big je/1 :i* aga9 conta9$ )9 itself a _w ( sep>ate je/s1 ( :i* ea* occupi$ its own place1 )\t appe>+ to tr\ble itself ab\t ! re/4 ,9 trag$y1 if ,i may be all[$ to make my mean+ pla9 by a comp>ison1 ! mon>*ical con/itution prevails1 b a mon>*y )\t despotism1 su* z x 0 9 ! h]oic times ( ! ,greeks3 ev]y?+ yields a will+ ob$i5ce to ! dignity ( ! h]oic sceptre4 ,com$y1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! democracy ( poetry1 & is m incl9$ ev5 to ! confusion ( an>*y ?an to any circumscription ( ! g5]al lib]ty ( its m5tal p[]s & purposes1 & ev5 ( its sep>ate ?\ghts1 sallies1 & allusions4 ,:atev] is dignifi$1 noble1 & gr& 9 human nature1 admits only ( a s]i\s & e>ne/ repres5tation2 = :oev] attempts to repres5t x1 feels himself1 z x 71 9 ! pres5ce ( a sup]ior be+1 & is consequ5tly aw$ & re/ra9$ by x4 ,! comic poet1 !re=e1 mu/ dive/ 8 *>act]s ( all su* qualities2 he mu/ place himself )\t ! sph]e ( !m2 nay1 ev5 d5y altoge!r _! exi/5ce1 & =m an ideal ( human nature ! direct opposite ( t ( ! trag$ians1 namely1 z ! odi\s & base4 ,b z ! tragic ideal is n a collective model ( all possible virtues1 s nei!r does ?is conv]se ideality consi/ 9 an aggregation1 n[h]e to be f\nd 9 real life1 ( all moral enormities & m>ks ( deg5]acy1 b r 9 a dep5d5ce on ! animal "p ( human nature1 9 t want ( fre$om & indep5d5ce1 t want ( coh]5ce1 ^? inconsi/5cies ( ! inw>d man1 9 :i* all folly & infatuation orig9ate4 ,! e>ne/ ideal consi/s ( ! unity & h>moni\s bl5d+ ( ! s5sual man ) ! m5tal1 su* z may be mo/ cle>ly recognis$ 9 ,sculpture1 :]e ! p]fection ( =m is m]ely a symbol ( m5tal p]fection & ! l(tie/ moral ideas1 & :]e ! body is :olly p]vad$ by s\l1 & spiritualiz$ ev5 to a glori\s transfiguration4 ,! m]ry or ludicr\s ideal1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s 9 ! p]fect h>mony & unison ( ! high] "p ( our nature ) ! animal z ! rul+ pr9ciple4 ,reason & und]/&+ are repres5t$ z ! volunt>y slaves ( ! s5ses4 ,h5ce we %all f9d t ! v pr9ciple ( ,com$y necess>ily occasion$ t :i* 9 ,ari/ophanes has giv5 s mu* (f5ce2 namely1 8 frequ5t allusions to ! base necessities ( ! body1 ! wanton pictures ( animal desire1 :i*1 9 spite ( all ! re/ra9ts impos$ on x by morality & dec5cy1 is always break+ loose be=e "o c be aw>e ( x4 ,if we reflect a mom5t1 we %all f9d t ev5 9 ! pres5t day1 on our own /age1 ! infallible & inexhau/ible s\rce ( ! ludicr\s is ! same ungov]nable impulses ( s5suality 9 collision ) high] duties2 or c[>dice1 *ildi% vanity1 loquacity1 gulosity1 laz9ess1 c4 ,h5ce1 9 ! weakness ( old age1 amor\sness is ! m laughable1 z x is pla9 t x is n m]e animal in/9ct1 b t reason has only s]v$ to ext5d ! dom9ion ( ! s5ses beyond _! prop] limits4 ,9 drunk5ness1 too1 ! real man places himself1 9 "s degree1 9 ! condition ( ! comic ideal4 ,! fact t ! ,old ,com$y introduc$ liv+ *>act]s on ! /age1 by "n & ) all circum/antiality1 mu/ n mislead u to inf] t !y actually did repres5t c]ta9 def9ite individuals4 ,= su* hi/orical *>act]s 9 ! ,old ,com$y h always an allegorical signification1 & repres5t a class2 & z _! features 7 c>icatures 9 ! masks1 s1 9 l mann]1 7 _! *>act]s 9 ! repres5tation4 ,b /ill ?is con/ant allusion to a proximate reality1 :i* n only all[$ ! poet1 9 ! "* ( ! *orus1 to conv]se ) ! public 9 a g5]al way1 b also to po9t ! f+] at c]ta9 individual spectators1 0 ess5tial to ?is species ( poetry4 ,z ,trag$y delights 9 h>moni\s unity1 ,com$y fl\ri%es 9 a *aotic exub]ance2 x seeks out ! mo/ motley contra/s1 & ! unceas+ play ( cross purposes4 ,x works up1 !re=e1 ! mo/ s+ul>1 unhe>d-(1 & ev5 impossible incid5ts1 ) allusions to ! well-kn[n & special circum/ances ( ! imm$iate locality & "t4 ,! comic poet1 z well z ! tragic1 transports 8 *>act]s into an ideal elem5t3 n1 h[ev]1 into a _w subject$ to necessity1 b "o :]e ! caprice ( inv5tive wit rules )\t *eck or re/ra9t1 & :]e all ! laws ( reality are susp5d$4 ,he is at lib]ty1 !re=e1 to inv5t an action z arbitr>y & fanta/ic z possible2 x may ev5 be unconnect$ & unreal1 if only x be calculat$ to place a circle ( comic incid5ts & *>act]s 9 ! mo/ gl>+ light4 ,9 ?is la/ respect1 ! "w %\ld1 nay1 mu/1 h a lead+ aim1 or x w o!rwise be 9 want ( keep+2 & 9 ?is view also ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes may be consid]$ z p]fectly sy/ematical4 ,b !n1 to pres]ve ! comic inspiration1 ?is aim mu/ be made a matt] ( div]sion1 & be conceal$ b5ea? a m$ley ( all sorts ( out-(-!- way matt]s4 ,com$y at its fir/ comm5cem5t1 namely1 "u ! h&s ( its ,doric f\nd]1 ,epi*>mus1 borr[$ its mat]ials *iefly f ! my?ical _w4 ,ev5 9 its maturity1 to judge f ! titles ( _m lo/ plays ( ,ari/ophanes & 8 contempor>ies1 x does n seem to h r5\nc$ ?is *oice altoge!r1 z at a lat] p]iod1 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! old & new com$y1 x return$1 = p>ticul> reasons1 ) a natural pr$ilection to my?ology4 ,b z ! contra/ betwe5 ! matt] & =m is "h 9 its prop] place1 & no?+ c be m ?or\ghly opposite to ! ludicr\s =m ( exhibition ?an ! mo/ important & s]i\s conc]ns ( m51 public life & ! /ate naturally became ! peculi> subject-matt] ( ! ,old ,com$y4 ,x is1 !re=e1 altoge!r political2 & private & family life1 beyond :i* ! new nev] so>s1 0 only introduc$ occasionally & indirectly1 9 s f> z x might h a ref]5ce to public life4 ,! ,*orus is !re=e ess5tial to x1 z be+ 9 "s sort a repres5tation ( ! public3 x mu/ by no means be consid]$ z a m]e accid5tal prop]ty1 to be acc\nt$ = by ! local orig9 ( ! ,old ,com$y2 we may assign its exi/5ce to a m sub/antial reason--its necessity = a complete p>ody ( ! tragic =m4 ,x contributes also to ! expression ( t fe/al gladness ( :i* ,com$y 0 ! mo/ unre/ra9$ effusion1 = 9 all ! national & religi\s fe/ivals ( ! ,greeks1 *oral songs1 accompani$ by danc+1 7 p]=m$4 ,! comic *orus trans=ms itself occasionally into su* an expression ( public joy1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! wom5 :o celebrate ! ,!smophoriae 9 ! piece t be>s t "n1 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ amus+ droll]ies1 beg9 to *ant _! melodi\s hymn1 j z 9 a real fe/ival1 9 hon\r ( ! presid+ gods4 ,at ^! times we meet ) su* a display ( sublime lyric poetry1 t ! passages may be transplant$ into trag$y )\t any *ange or alt]ation :atev]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is deviation f ! tragic model1 t !re are frequ5tly1 9 ! same com$y1 sev]al *oruses :i* sometimes are pres5t toge!r1 s++ 9 response1 or at o!r times come on alt]nately & drop (f1 )\t ! lea/ g5]al ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity1 h[ev]1 ( ! comic *orus is ! ,p>abasis1 an address to ! spectators by ! *orus1 9 ! "n1 & z ! repres5tative ( ! poet1 b hav+ no connexion ) ! subject ( ! piece4 ,sometimes he enl>ges on 8 own m]its1 & ridicules ! pret5sions ( 8 rivals2 at o!r times1 avail+ himself ( 8 "r z an ,a!nian citiz51 to speak on public affairs 9 e assembly ( ! p1 he br+s =w>d s]i\s or ludicr\s motions = ! common good4 ,! ,p>abasis mu/1 /rictly speak+1 be consid]$ z incongru\s ) ! ess5ce ( dramatic repres5tation2 = 9 ! drama ! poet %\ld always be beh9d 8 dramatic p]sonages1 :o aga9 ought to speak & act z if !y 7 alone1 & to take no p]ceptible notice ( ! spectators4 ,su* int]mixtures1 !re=e1 de/roy all tragic impression1 b to ! comic tone ^! int5tional int]ruptions or int]mezzos are welcome1 ev5 ?\gh !y be 9 !mselves m s]i\s ?an ! subject ( ! repres5tation1 because we are at su* times unwill+ to submit to ! con/ra9t ( a m5tal occupation :i* mu/ p]=ce be kept up1 = !n x w\ld assume ! appe>ance ( a task or obligation4 ,! ,p>abasis may p>tly h ow$ its inv5tion to ! circum/ance ( ! comic poets n hav+ su* ample mat]ials z ! tragic1 = fill+ up ! int]vals ( ! action :5 ! /age 0 empty1 by sympa?is+ & en?usia/ic odes4 ,b x is1 moreov]1 consi/5t ) ! ess5ce ( ! ,old ,com$y1 :]e n m]ely ! subject1 b ! :ole mann] ( treat+ x 0 sportive & jocul>4 ,! unlimit$ dom9ion ( mir? & fun manife/s itself ev5 9 ?is1 t ! dramatic =m itself is n s]i\sly adh]$ to1 & t its laws are (t5 susp5d$2 j z 9 a droll disguise ! masqu]ad] sometimes v5tures to lay aside ! mask4 ,! practice ( ?r[+ out allusions & h9ts to ! pit is reta9$ ev5 9 ! com$y ( ! pres5t day1 & is (t5 f\nd to be att5d$ ) great success2 al?\gh unconditionally reprobat$ by _m critics4 ,i %all aft]w>ds exam9e h[ f>1 & 9 :at dep>tm5ts ( com$y1 ^! allusions are admissible4 ,to sum up 9 a few words ! aim & object ( ,trag$y & ,com$y1 we may obs]ve1 t z ,trag$y1 by pa9ful emotions1 elevates u to ! mo/ dignifi$ views ( humanity1 be+1 9 ! words ( ,plato1 ! imitation ( ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ excell5t life2 ,com$y1 on ! o!r h&1 by its jocose & depreciatory view ( all ?+s1 calls =? ! mo/ petulant hil>ity4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,ari/ophanes--,8 ,"* z an ,arti/--,description & ,"* ( 8 rema9+ ,works--,a ,sc5e1 translat$ f ! ,a*>nae1 by way ( ,app5dix4 ,( ! ,old ,com$y b "o writ] has come d[n to u1 & we _c1 !re=e1 9 =m+ an e/imate ( 8 m]its1 en=ce x by a comp>ison ) o!r ma/]s4 ,ari/ophanes _h _m pr$ecessors1 ,magnes1 ,crat9us1 ,crates1 & o!rs2 he 0 inde$ "o ( ! late/ ( ?is s*ool1 = he outliv$ ! ,old ,com$y4 ,we h no reason1 h[ev]1 to believe t we witness 9 him its decl9e1 z we d t ( ,trag$y 9 ! case ( ! la/ trag$ian2 9 all probability ! ,old ,com$y 0 /ill ris+ 9 p]fection1 & he himself "o ( its mo/ f9i%$ au?ors4 ,x 0 v diff]5t ) ! ,old ,com$y & ) ,trag$y2 ! latt] di$ a natural1 & ! =m] a viol5t dea?4 ,trag$y ceas$ to exi/1 because t species ( poetry seem$ to be exhau/$1 because x 0 ab&on$1 & because no "o 0 n[ able to rise to ! pit* ( its elevation4 ,com$y 0 depriv$ by ! h& ( p[] ( t unre/ra9$ fre$om :i* 0 necess>y to its exi/5ce4 ,horace1 9 a few words1 in=ms u ( ?is cata/rophe3 ,aft] ^! 7,!spis & ,aes*ylus7 foll[$ ! ,old ,com$y1 n )\t great m]it2 b its fre$om deg5]at$ into lic5ti\sness1 & into a viol5ce :i* des]v$ to be *eck$ by law4 ,! law 0 enact$1 & ! ,*orus sunk into disgraceful sil5ce z soon z x 0 depriv$ ( ! "r to injure4 ,footnote3 ,successit vetus 8 com$ia1 non s9e mult ,laude1 s$ 9 vitium lib]tas excidit1 et vim ,dignam lege regi3 lex e/ accepta3 *orusque ,turpit] obticuit1 sublato jure noc5di4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 :5 a few individuals1 9 violation ( ! con/itution1 _h assum$ ! supreme au?ority 9 ,a!ns1 a law 0 enact$1 giv+ e p]son attack$ by comic poets a rem$y by law4 ,moreov]1 ! introduction ( real p]sons on ! /age1 or ! use ( su* masks z bore a resemblance to _! features1 c41 0 prohibit$4 ,?is gave rise to :at is call$ ! ,middle ,com$y4 ,! =m /ill cont9u$ mu* ! same2 & ! repres5tation1 if n p]fectly allegorical1 0 nev]!less a p>ody4 ,b ! ess5ce 0 tak5 away1 & ?is species mu/ h become insipid :5 x c\ld no long] be season$ by ! salt ( p]sonal ridicule4 ,its :ole attraction consi/$ 9 idealiz+ jocul>ly ! reality t came ne>e/ home to e "o ( ! spectators1 t is1 9 repres5t+ x "u ! light ( ! mo/ prepo/]\s p]v]sity2 & h[ 0 x possible n[ to la% ev5 ! g5]al mismanagem5t ( ! /ate-affairs1 if no (f5ce 0 to be giv5 to individuals8 ,i _c1 !re=e1 agree ) ,horace 9 8 op9ion t ! abuse gave rise to ! re/riction4 ,! ,old ,com$y fl\ri%$ toge!r ) ,a!nian lib]ty2 & bo? 7 oppress$ "u ! same circum/ances1 & by ! same p]sons4 ,s f> 7 ! calumnies ( ,ari/ophanes f hav+ be5 ! occasion ( ! dea? ( ,socrates1 z1 )\t a k ( hi/ory1 _m p]sons h ?\ght prop] to ass]t 7= ! ,cl\ds 7 compos$ a great numb] ( ye>s be=e71 t x 0 ! v same revolution>y despotism t r$uc$ to sil5ce alike ! sportive c5sure ( ,ari/ophanes1 & also puni%$ ) dea? ! grav] animadv]sions ( ! incorruptible ,socrates4 ,nei!r d we see t ! p]secut+ jokes ( ,ari/ophanes 7 9 any way detrim5tal to ,euripides3 ! free p ( ,a!ns beheld alike ) admiration ! trag$ies ( ! "o1 & _! p>ody by ! o!r1 repres5t$ on ! same /age2 !y all[$ e v>iety ( tal5t to fl\ri% undi/urb$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( equal rights4 ,nev] did a sov]eign1 = su* 0 ! ,a!nian p1 li/5 m good-hum\r$ly to ! mo/ unwelcome tru?s1 & ev5 all[ itself to be op5ly laugh$ at4 ,& ev5 if ! abuses 9 ! public adm9i/ration 7 n by ^! means correct$1 /ill x 0 a gr& po9t t ?is unsp>+ exposure ( !m 0 tol]at$4 ,besides1 ,ari/ophanes always %[s himself a zeal\s patriot2 ! p[]ful demagogues :om he attacks are ! same p]sons t ! grave ,?ucydides describes z s p]nici\s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( civil w>1 :i* de/roy$ = ev] ! prosp]ity ( ,greece1 he 0 ev] c\nsell+ peace1 & ev]y:]e recomm5d$ ! simplicity & au/]ity ( ! anci5t mann]s4 ,s mu* = ! political import ( ! ,old ,com$y4 ,b ,ari/ophanes1 ,i he> x said1 0 an immoral buffoon4 ,yes1 among o!r ?+s1 he 0 t also2 & we are by no means dispos$ to ju/ify ! man :o1 ) su* great tal5ts1 c\ld yet s9k s v l[1 :e!r x 0 to gratify 8 own co>se prop5sities1 or f a suppos$ necessity ( w9n+ ! fav\r ( ! populace1 t he might be able to tell !m bold & unpleasant tru?s4 ,we "k at lea/ t he boa/s ( hav+ be5 mu* m sp>+ ?an 8 rivals 9 ! use ( obsc5e je/s1 to ga9 ! laught] ( ! mob1 & ( hav+1 9 ?is respect1 c>ri$ 8 art to p]fection4 ,n to be unju/ t[>ds him1 we mu/ judge ( all t appe>s s repulsive to u1 n by mod]n ideas1 b by ! op9ions ( 8 own age & nation4 ,on c]ta9 subjects ! morals ( ! anci5ts 7 v diff]5t f ours1 & ( a mu* fre] "*4 ,?is arose f ! v nature ( _! religion1 :i* 0 a real wor%ip ( ,nature1 & _h sanction$ _m public cu/oms grossly injuri\s to dec5cy4 ,besides1 f ! v retir$ mann] 9 :i* ! wom5 liv$1 ,footnote3 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( ! "q s mu* agitat$ by antiqu>ies1 :e!r ! ,grecian wom5 7 pres5t at ! repres5tation ( plays 9 g5]al1 & m especially ( com$ies4 ,) respect to trag$y1 ,i ?9k ! "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 s9ce ! /ory ab\t ! ,eum5ides ( ,aes*ylus c\ld n h be5 inv5t$ ) any degree ( propriety1 _h wom5 nev] visit$ ! !atre4 ,moreov]1 !re is a passage 9 ,plato 7,de ,leg41 lib4 ii4 p4 #feh1 ,d471 9 :i* he m5tions ! pr$ilection educat$ wom5 ev9ce = tragical composition4 ,la/ly1 ,julius ,pollux1 among ! te*nical expressions belong+ to ! !atre1 m5tions ! ,greek ^w = a spectatress4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! old com$y1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to ?9k t !y 7 n pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 its indec5cy alone does n appe> to be a decisive pro(4 ,ev5 9 ! religi\s fe/ivals ! eyes ( ! wom5 mu/ h be5 expos$ to sights ( gross indec5cy4 ,b 9 ! num]\s addresses ( ,ari/ophanes to ! spectators1 ev5 :]e he di/+ui%es !m accord+ to _! respective ages & o!rwise1 we nev] obs]ve any m5tion ( spectatresses1 & ! poet w\ld h>dly h omitt$ ! opportunity :i* ?is af=d$ him = "s witticism or joke4 ,! only passage ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 :5ce any conclusion may be drawn 9 fav\r ( ! pres5ce ( wom51 is ,pax1 v4 #ifc-ifg4 ,b /ill x rema9s d\btful1 & ,i recomm5d x to ! consid]ation ( ! critic4--,,au?or41 :ile ! m5 7 almo/ con/antly toge!r1 ! language ( conv]sation contract$ a c]ta9 co>s5ess1 z is always ! case "u simil> circum/ances4 ,9 mod]n ,europe1 s9ce ! orig9 ( *ivalry1 wom5 h giv5 ! tone to social life1 & to ! respectful homage :i* we yield to !m1 we owe ! preval5ce ( a nobl] morality 9 conv]sation1 9 ! f9e arts1 & 9 poetry4 ,besides1 ! anci5t comic writ]s1 :o took ! _w z !y f\nd x1 _h be=e _! eyes a v great degree ( corruption ( morals4 ,! mo/ hon\rable te/imony 9 fav\r ( ,ari/ophanes is t ( ! sage ,plato1 :o 9 an epigram says1 t ! ,graces *ose 8 s\l = _! abode1 :o 0 con/antly read+ him1 & transmitt$ ! ,cl\ds1 7?is v play1 9 :i*1 ) ! me%es ( ! sophi/s1 philosophy itself1 & ev5 8 ma/] ,socrates1 0 attack$71 to ,dionysius ! eld]1 ) ! rem>k1 t f x he w\ld be be/ able to und]/& ! /ate ( ?+s at ,a!ns4 ,he c\ld h>dly mean m]ely t ! play 0 a pro( ( ! unbridl$ democratic fre$om :i* prevail$ 9 ,a!ns2 b mu/ h int5d$ x z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! poet's pr(\nd k ( ! _w1 & 8 insight into ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! civil con/itution4 ,plato has also admirably *>act]is$ him 9 8 ,symposium1 :]e he puts into 8 m\? a spee* on love1 :i* ,ari/ophanes1 f> f e ?+ l high en?usiasm1 consid]s m]ely 9 a s5sual view4 ,8 description ( x is1 h[ev]1 equally bold & +5i\s4 ,we might apply to ! pieces ( ,ari/ophanes ! motto ( a pleasant & acute adv5tur] 9 ,goe!3 ,mad1 b clev]4 ,9 !m we are be/ enabl$ to conceive :y ! ,dramatic ,art 9 g5]al 0 consecrat$ to ,bac*us3 x is ! intoxication ( poetry1 ! ,bac*analia ( fun4 ,?is faculty w at times ass]t its rights z well z o!rs2 & h5ce sev]al nations h set ap>t c]ta9 fe/ivals1 su* z ,saturnalia1 ,c>nivals1 c41 9 :i* ! p may give !mselves altoge!r up to frolicsome follies1 t :5 once ! fit is ov]1 !y may = ! re/ ( ! ye> rema9 quiet1 & apply !mselves to s]i\s bus9ess4 ,! ,old ,com$y is a g5]al masqu]ade ( ! _w1 dur+ :i* mu* passes t is n au?oris$ by ! ord9>y rules ( propriety2 b dur+ :i* mu* also t is div]t+1 witty1 & ev5 in/ructive1 is manife/$1 :i* w\ld nev] be he>d ( )\t ?is mom5t>y break+ up ( ! b>ricades ( precision4 ,h[ev] vulg> & ev5 corrupt ,ari/ophanes may h be5 9 8 own p]sonal prop5sities1 & h[ev] (f5sive 8 jokes are to good mann]s & good ta/e1 we _c d5y to him1 bo? 9 ! g5]al plan & execution ( 8 poems1 ! praise ( c>efulness1 & ! ma/]ly skill ( a f9i%$ arti/4 ,8 language is extremely poli%$1 ! pure/ ,atticism reigns 9 x ?r\gh\t1 & ) ! greate/ dext]ity he adapts x to e tone1 f ! mo/ famili> dialogue up to ! high elevation ( ! ,di?yrambic ode4 ,we _c d\bt t he w\ld h be5 em95tly successful 9 grave poetry1 :5 we see h[ at times ) caprici\s wantonness he lavi%es x only to de/roy at ! next mom5t ! impression he has made4 ,! elegant *oice ( ! language becomes only ! m attractive f ! contra/ 9 :i* x is occasionally display$ by him2 = he n only indulges at times 9 ! rude/ expressions ( ! p1 ! diff]5t dialects1 & ev5 9 ! brok5 ,greek ( b>b>ians1 b he ext5ds ! same arbitr>y p[] :i* he ex]cis$ ov] nature & human affairs1 to language itself1 & by composition1 allusion to names ( p]sons1 or imitation ( p>ticul> s\nds1 co9s ! /range/ words imag9able4 ,! /ructure ( 8 v]sification is n less artificial ?an t ( ! trag$ians2 he uses ! same =ms1 b diff]5tly modifi$3 8 object is ease & v>iety1 in/ead ( gravity & dignity2 b amid/ all ?is app>5t irregul>ity1 he /ill adh]es ) great accuracy to ! laws ( metrical composition4 ,z ,ari/ophanes1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 sep>ate b inf9itely v>i$ & v]satile art1 appe>s to me to h display$ ! ri*e/ developm5t ( almo/ e poetical tal5t1 s also :5ev] ,i read 8 works ,i am no less a/oni%$ at ! extraord9>y capacity ( 8 he>]s1 :i* ! v nature ( !m presupposes4 ,we might1 inde$1 expect f ! citiz5s ( a popul> gov]nm5t an intimate acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory & con/itution ( _! c\ntry1 ) public ev5ts & transactions1 ) ! p]sonal circum/ance ( all _! contempor>ies ( any note or consequ5ce4 ,b besides all ?is1 ,ari/ophanes requir$ ( 8 auditory a cultivat$ poetical ta/e2 to und]/& 8 p>odies1 !y mu/ h almo/ e ^w ( ! tragical ma/]-pieces by he>t4 ,& :at quickness ( p]ception 0 requisite to cat*1 9 pass+ ! lighte/ & mo/ cov]t irony1 ! mo/ unexpect$ sallies & /range/ allusions1 :i* are frequ5tly d5ot$ by ! m]e twi/+ ( a syllable6 ,we may boldly affirm1 t not)/&+ all ! explanations :i* h come d[n to u--not)/&+ ! accumulation ( le>n+ :i* has be5 sp5t ^u x1 "o-half ( ! wit ( ,ari/ophanes is altoge!r lo/ to ! mod]ns4 ,no?+ b ! incr$ible acut5ess & vivacity ( ! ,a!nian intellect c\ld make x conceivable t ^! com$ies :i*1 ) all _! f>cical droll]ies1 d1 nev]!less1 all ! :ile be> ^u ! mo/ grave int]e/s ( human life1 c\ld ev] h =m$ a s\rce ( popul> amusem5t4 ,we may envy ! poet :o c\ld reckon on s clev] & accompli%$ a public2 b ?is 0 9 tru? a v dang]\s advantage4 ,spectators ^: und]/&+s 7 s quick1 w\ld n be easily pleas$4 ,?us ,ari/ophanes compla9s ( ! too fa/idi\s ta/e ( ! ,a!nians1 ) :om ! mo/ admir$ ( 8 pr$ecessors 7 imm$iately out ( fav\r z soon z ! slighte/ trace ( a fall+ (f 9 _! m5tal p[]s 0 p]ceivable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he all[s t ! o!r ,greeks c\ld n be> ! slighte/ comp>ison ) !m 9 a k ( ! ,dramatic ,art4 ,ev5 g5ius 9 ?is dep>tm5t /rove to excel at ,a!ns1 & "h1 too1 ! competition 0 conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ p]iod ( a few fe/ivals1 dur+ :i* ! p always expect$ to see some?+ new1 ( :i* !re 0 always a pl5tiful supply4 ,! prizes 7on :i* all dep5d$1 !re be+ no o!r means ( ga9+ publicity7 7 di/ribut$ aft] a s+le repres5tation4 ,we may easily imag9e1 !re=e1 ! /ate ( p]fection to :i* ?is w\ld be c>ri$ "u ! direct+ c>e ( ! poet4 ,if we also take into consid]ation ! high /ate ( ! co-op]at+ arts1 ! utmo/ di/9ctness ( deliv]y 7bo? 9 speak+ & s++17 ( ! mo/ f9i%$ poetry1 z well z ! magnific5ce & va/ size ( ! !atre1 we %all !n h "s idea ( a !atrical treat1 ! l ( :i* has nev] s9ce be5 (f]$ to ! _w4 ,al?\gh1 among ! rema9+ works ( ,ari/ophanes1 we h sev]al ( 8 e>lie/ pieces1 !y all be> ! /amp ( equal maturity4 ,he _h1 9 fact1 be5 long lab\r+ 9 sil5ce to p]fect himself 9 ! ex]cise ( an art :i* he conceiv$ to be ( all o!rs ! mo/ difficult2 nay1 f diffid5ce 9 8 own p[]1 7or1 to use 8 own words1 l a "y girl :o consigns to ! c>e ( o!rs ! *ild ( h] secret love17 he ev5 br\ght out 8 e>lie/ pieces "u o!rs' names4 ,he appe>$ = ! fir/ "t )\t ?is disguise ) ! ,knights1 & "h he display$ ! undaunt$ resolution ( a com$ian1 by an op5 assault on popul> op9ion4 ,8 object 0 no?+ less ?an ! ov]?r[ ( ,cleon1 :o1 aft] ! dea? ( ,p]icles1 0 at ! head ( all /ate affairs1 a promot] ( w>1 & a wor?less man ( v ord9>y abilities1 b at ! same "t ! idol ( an infatuat$ p4 ,! only oppon5ts ( ,cleon 7 ! ri* proprietors1 :o con/itut$ ! class ( horsem5 or knights3 ^! ,ari/ophanes 9 ! /ronge/ mann] made ( 8 p>ty1 by =m+ ! *orus ( !m4 ,he _h ! prud5ce nev] to "n ,cleon1 ?\gh he portray$ him 9 su* a way t x 0 impossible to mi/ake him4 ,yet su* 0 ! dread ent]ta9$ ( ,cleon & 8 faction1 t no mask-mak] w\ld v5ture to execute 8 lik5ess3 ! poet1 !re=e1 resolv$ to act ! "p himself1 m]ely pa9t+ 8 face4 ,we may easily imag9e ! /orms & tumults :i* ?is repres5tation mu/ h excit$ among ! assembl$ cr[d2 h[ev]1 ! bold & well-conc]t$ ef=ts ( ! poet 7 cr[n$ ) success3 8 piece ga9$ ! prize4 ,he 0 pr\d ( ?is feat ( !atrical h]oism1 & (t5 alludes ) a feel+ ( satisfaction to ! ,h]culean val\r ) :i* he fir/ combat$ ! mighty mon/]4 ,no "o ( 8 plays1 p]haps1 is m hi/orical & political2 & its rhetorical p[] 9 excit+ our indignation is almo/ irresi/ible3 x is a true dramatic ,philippic4 ,h[ev]1 9 po9t ( amusem5t & inv5tion1 x does n appe> to me ! mo/ =tunate4 ,! ?\ght ( ! s]i\s dang] :i* he 0 incurr+ may possibly h dispos$ him to a m s]i\s tone ?an 0 suitable to com$y1 or /ung1 p]haps1 by ! p]secution he _h already suff]$ f ,cleon1 he may1 p]haps1 h v5t$ 8 rage 9 too ,ar*ilo*ean a /yle4 ,:5 ! /orm ( cutt+ invective has some:at sp5t itself1 we h !n sev]al droll sc5es1 su* u t :]e ! two demagogues1 ! lea!r-deal] 7t is1 ,cleon7 & ! sausage-sell]1 vie ) ea* o!r by adulation1 by oracle-quot+1 & by da9ty tit-bits1 to ga9 ! fav\r ( ,demos1 a p]sonification ( ! p1 :o has become *ildi% ?r\gh age1 a sc5e humor\s 9 ! highe/ degree2 & ! piece ends ) a triumphal rejoic+1 :i* may almo/ be said to be affect+1 :5 ! sc5e *anges f ! ,pnyx1 ! place :]e ! p assembl$1 to ! maje/ic ,propylaea1 :5 ,demos1 :o has be5 wond]fully re/or$ to a second y\?1 comes =w>d 9 ! g>b ( an anci5t ,a!nian1 & %[s t ) 8 y\?ful vig\r1 he has also recov]$ ! old5 s5tim5ts ( ! days ( ,m>a?on4 ,) ! exception ( ?is attack on ,cleon1 & ) ! exception also ( ! attacks on ,euripides1 :om he seems to h pursu$ ) ! mo/ unrel5t+ p]sev]ance1 ! o!r pieces ( ,ari/ophanes are n s exclusively po9t$ aga9/ individuals4 ,!y h always a g5]al1 & = ! mo/ "p a v important aim1 :i* ! poet1 ) all 8 turn+s1 digressions1 & odd m$leys1 nev] loses sight (4 ,! ,peace1 ! ,a*>nae1 & ! ,lysi/rata1 ) _m turns1 /ill all recomm5d peace2 & "o object ( ! ,ecclesiazusae1 or ,wom5 9 ,p>liam5t11 ( ! ,!smophoriazusae1 or ,wom5 keep+ ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoriae1 & ( ,lysi/rata1 is to ?r[ ridicule on ! relations & ! mann]s ( ! female sex4 ,9 ! ,cl\ds he laughs at ! metaphysics ( ! ,sophi/s1 9 ! ,wasps at ! mania ( ! ,a!nians = he>+ & det]m9+ law-suits2 ! subject ( ! ,frogs is ! decl9e ( ! tragic art1 & ,plutus is an allegory on ! unju/ di/ribution ( weal?4 ,! ,birds are1 ( all 8 pieces1 ! "o ( :i* ! aim is ! lea/ app>5t1 & x is on t v acc\nt "o ( ! mo/ div]t+4 ,peace beg9s 9 ! mo/ spirit$ & lively mann]2 ! peace- lov+ ,trygaeus rides on a dung-beetle to heav5 9 ! mann] ( ,bell]ophon2 ,w>1 a desolat+ giant1 ) 8 comrade ,riot1 alone1 9 place ( all ! o!r gods1 inhabits ,olympus1 & !re p\nds ! cities ( m5 9 a great mort>1 mak+ use ( ! mo/ celebrat$ g5]als = pe/les4 ,! ,goddess ,peace lies buri$ 9 a deep well1 out ( :i* %e is haul$ up by ropes1 ?r\gh ! unit$ ex]tions ( all ! /ates ( ,greece3 all ^! +5i\s & fanciful inv5tions are calculat$ to produce ! mo/ ludicr\s effect4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ! play is n su/a9$ at an equal elevation2 no?+ rema9s b to sacrifice1 & to c>\se 9 hon\r ( ! recov]$ ,goddess ( ,peace1 :5 ! importunate visits ( su* p]sons z f\nd _! advantage 9 w> =m1 inde$1 an ent]ta9m5t pleasant en\gh1 b by no means correspond5t to ! expectations :i* ! comm5cem5t gives rise to4 ,we h1 9 ?is piece1 an additional example to prove t ! anci5t comic writ]s n only *ang$ ! decoration dur+ ! int]vals1 :5 ! /age 0 empty1 b also :ile an actor 0 9 sight4 ,! sc5e *anges f ,attica to ,olympus1 :ile ,trygaeus is susp5d$ 9 ! air on 8 beetle1 & calls anxi\sly to ! director ( ! ma*9]y to take c>e t he does n break 8 neck4 ,8 desc5t into ! or*e/ra aft]w>ds d5otes 8 return to ! e>?4 ,x 0 possible to ov]look ! lib]ties tak5 by ! trag$ians1 accord+ z _! subject might require x1 ) ! ,unities ( ,place & ,"t1 on :i* su* ridicul\s /ress has be5 laid by _m ( ! mod]ns1 b ! bold mann] 9 :i* ! old comic writ] subjects ^! m]e ext]nalities to 8 sportive caprice is s /rik+1 t x mu/ en=ce itself on ! mo/ %ort-sight$ obs]v]s3 & yet 9 all ! treatises on ! con/itution ( ! ,greek /age1 due respect has nev] yet be5 paid to x4 ,! ,a*>nians1 an e>li] piece1 ,footnote3 ,! ,didascaliae place x 9 ! ye> be=e ! ,knights4 ,x is !re=e1 ! e>lie/ ( ! extant pieces ( ,ari/ophanes1 & ! only "o ( ^? :i* he br\ght out "u a borr[$ "n1 t has come d[n to u4 appe>s to me to possess a mu* high] excell5ce ?an ,peace1 on acc\nt ( ! cont9ual progress ( ! /ory1 & ! increas+ droll]y1 :i* at la/ ends 9 a d[nright ,bac*analian upro>4 ,dikaiopolis1 ! hone/ citiz51 enrag$ at ! base artifices by :i* ! p are delud$1 & by :i* !y are induc$ to reject all proposals = peace1 s5ds an embassy to ,lac$aemon1 & concludes a sep>ate treaty = himself & 8 family4 ,he !n retires to ! c\ntry1 &1 9 spite ( all assaults1 encloses a piece ( gr\nd be=e 8 h\se1 )9 :i* !re is a peaceful m>ket = ! p ( ! neighb\r+ /ates1 :ile ! re/ ( ! c\ntry is suff]+ f ! calamities ( w>4 ,! bless+s ( peace are repres5t$ mo/ tempt+ly to hungry /oma*s3 ! fat ,boeotian br+s 8 delici\s eels & p\ltry = sale1 & no?+ is ?\ght ( b fea/+ & c>\s+4 ,lama*us1 ! celebrat$ g5]al1 :o lives on ! o!r side1 is1 9 consequ5ce ( a sudd5 inroad ( ! enemy1 call$ away to def5d ! fronti]s2 ,dikaiopolis1 on ! o!r h&1 is invit$ by 8 neighb\rs to a fea/1 :]e e "o br+s 8 own scot4 ,prep>ations milit>y & prep>ations cul9>y are n[ c>ri$ on ) equal indu/ry & alacrity2 "h !y seize ! lance1 !re ! spit2 "h ! arm\r r+s1 !re ! w9e-flagon2 !re !y are fea!r+ helmets1 "h !y are pluck+ ?ru%es4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,lama*us returns1 support$ by two ( 8 comrades1 ) a brok5 head & a lame foot1 & f ! o!r side ,dikaiopolis is br\ght 9 drunk1 & l$ by two good-natur$ damsels4 ,! lam5tations ( ! "o are p]petually mimick$ & ridicul$ 9 ! rejoic+s ( ! o!r2 & ) ?is contra/1 :i* is c>ri$ to ! v utmo/ limit1 ! play ends4 ,lysi/rata is 9 su* bad repute1 t we mu/ m5tion x lightly & rapidly1 j z we w\ld tread ov] hot emb]s4 ,accord+ to ! /ory ( ! poet1 ! wom5 h tak5 x into _! heads to compel _! husb&s1 by a sev]e resolution1 to make peace4 ,"u ! direction ( a clev] lead] !y organize a conspiracy = ?is purpose ?r\gh\t all ,greece1 & at ! same "t ga9 possession 9 ,a!ns ( ! =tifi$ ,acropolis4 ,! t]rible plight ! m5 are r$uc$ to by ?is sep>ation gives rise to ! mo/ laughable sc5es2 pl5ipot5ti>ies appe> f ! two ho/ile p[]s1 & peace is spe$ily conclud$ "u ! managem5t ( ! sage ,lysi/rata4 ,not)/&+ ! mad indec5cies :i* are conta9$ 9 ! piece1 its purpose1 :5 /ript ( ^!1 is ^u ! :ole v innoc5t3 ! long+ = ! enjoym5t ( dome/ic joys1 s (t5 int]rupt$ by ! abs5ce ( ! husb&s1 is to be ! means ( putt+ an end to ! calamit\s w> by :i* ,greece _h s long be5 torn 9 pieces4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! hone/ bluntness ( ! ,lac$aemonians is inimitably portray$4 ,! ,ecclesiazusae is 9 l mann] a picture ( woman's asc5d5cy1 b "o mu* m deprav$ ?an ! =m]4 ,9 ! dress ( m5 ! wom5 /eal into ! public assembly1 & by means ( ! majority ( voices :i* !y h ?us surreptiti\sly obta9$1 !y decree a new con/itution1 9 :i* !re is to be a community ( goods & ( wom54 ,?is is a satire on ! ideal republics ( ! philosoph]s1 ) simil> laws2 ,protagoras _h project$ su* be=e ,plato4 ,! com$y appe>s to me to lab\r "u ! v same fault z ! ,peace3 ! introduction1 ! secret assembly ( ! wom51 _! rehe>sal ( _! p>ts z m51 ! description ( ! popul> assembly1 are all h&l$ 9 ! mo/ ma/]ly mann]2 b t[>ds ! middle ! action /&s /ill4 ,no?+ rema9s b ! repres5tation ( ! p]plexities & confusion :i* arise f ! diff]5t communities1 especially ! community ( wom51 & f ! prescrib$ equality ( rights 9 love bo? = ! old & ugly1 & = ! "y & beautiful4 ,^! p]plexities are pleasant en\gh1 b !y turn too mu* on a repetition ( ! same joke4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! old allegorical com$y is 9 its progress expos$ to ! dang] ( s9k+4 ,:5 we beg9 ) turn+ ! _w upside d[n1 ! mo/ wond]ful incid5ts foll[ "o ano!r z a matt] ( c\rse1 b !y are apt to appe> petty & insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! decisive /rokes ( fun 9 ! comm5cem5t4 ,! ,!smophoriazusae has a prop] intrigue1 a knot :i* is n loos$ till ! conclusion1 & 9 ?is possesses !re=e a great advantage4 ,euripides1 on acc\nt ( ! well-kn[n hatr$ ( wom5 display$ 9 8 trag$ies1 is accus$ & condemn$ at ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoriae1 at :i* wom5 only 7 admitt$4 ,aft] a fruitless attempt to induce ! effem9ate poet ,aga?on to und]take ! haz>d\s exp]im5t1 ,euripides prevails on 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,mnesilo*us1 :o 0 some:at advanc$ 9 ye>s1 to disguise himself z a woman1 t "u ?is assum$ appe>ance he may plead 8 cause4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he does ?is gives rise to suspicions1 & he is discov]$ to be a man2 he flies to ! alt> = refuge1 & to secure himself /ill m f ! imp5d+ dang]1 he snat*es a *ild f ! arms ( "o ( ! wom51 & ?reat5s to kill x if !y d n let him alone4 ,z he attempts to /rangle x1 x turns out to be a lea!r w9e-flask wrapp$ up l a *ild4 ,euripides n[ appe>s 9 a numb] ( diff]5t %apes to save 8 fri5d3 at "o "t he is ,m5elaus1 :o f9ds ,hel5 aga9 9 ,egypt2 at ano!r "t he is ,e*o1 help+ ! *a9$ ,&rom$a to p\r out h] lam5tations1 & imm$iately aft] he appe>s z ,p]seus1 ab\t to release h] f ! rock4 ,at l5g? he succe$s 9 rescu+ ,mnesilo*us1 :o is fa/5$ to a sort ( pillory1 by assum+ ! "* ( a procuress1 & entic+ away ! (fic] ( ju/ice :o has *>ge ( him1 a simple b>b>ian1 by ! *>ms ( a female flute-play]4 ,^! p>odi$ sc5es1 compos$ almo/ entirely 9 ! v words ( ! trag$ies1 are inimitable4 ,:5ev] ,euripides is introduc$1 we may always1 g5]ally speak+1 lay our acc\nt ) hav+ ! mo/ +5i\s & apposite ridicule2 x seems z if ! m9d ( ,ari/ophanes possess$ a peculi> & specific p[] ( giv+ a comic turn to ! poetry ( ?is trag$ian4 ,! ,cl\ds is well kn[n1 b yet1 = ! mo/ "p1 has n be5 duly und]/ood or appreciat$4 ,its object is to %[ t ! fondness = philosophical subtleties _h l$ to a neglect ( w>like ex]cises1 t speculation only s]v$ to %ake ! f\ndations ( religion & morals1 & t by ! arts ( sophi/ry1 e duty 0 r5d]$ d\btful1 & ! worse cause frequ5tly came (f victori\s4 ,! ,cl\ds !mselves1 z ! *orus ( ! piece 7= ! poet conv]ts ^! sub/ances into p]sons1 & dresses !m out /rangely en\gh71 are an allegory on ! metaphysical speculations :i* d n re/ on ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce1 b float ab\t )\t any def9ite %ape or body1 9 ! region ( possibilities4 ,we may obs]ve 9 g5]al t x is "o ( ! peculi>ities ( ! wit ( ,ari/ophanes to take a metaphor lit]ally1 & to exhibit x 9 ?is light be=e ! eyes ( ! spectators4 ,( a man addict$ to un9telligible rev]ies1 x is a common way ( speak+ to say t he is up 9 ! cl\ds1 & accord+ly ,socrates makes 8 fir/ appe>ance actually desc5d+ f ! air 9 a basket4 ,:e!r ?is applies exactly to him is ano!r "q2 b we h reason to believe t ! philosophy ( ,socrates 0 v ideal1 & t x 0 by no means s limit$ to popul> & practical matt]s z ,x5ophon w\ld h u believe4 ,b :y has ,ari/ophanes p]sonifi$ ! sophi/ical metaphysics by ! v5]able ,socrates1 :o 0 himself a det]m9$ oppon5t ( ! ,sophi/s8 ,!re 0 probably "s p]sonal grudge at ! bottom ( ?is1 & we d n attempt to ju/ify x2 b ! *oice ( ! "n by no means dim9i%es ! m]it ( ! picture itself4 ,ari/ophanes decl>es ?is play to be ! mo/ elaborate ( all 8 works3 b 9 su* expressions we are n always to take him exactly at 8 ^w4 ,on all occasions1 & )\t ! lea/ hesitation1 he lavi%es ^u himself ! mo/ extravagant praises2 & ?is mu/ be consid]$ a feature ( ! lic5ce ( com$y4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,cl\ds 0 unfav\rably receiv$1 & twice unsuccessfully compet$ = ! prize4 ,! ,frogs1 z we h already said1 has = its subject ! decl9e ( ,tragic ,art4 ,euripides 0 dead1 z well z ,sophocles & ,aga?on1 & none b poets ( ! second rank 7 n[ rema9+4 ,bac*us misses ,euripides1 & det]m9es to br+ him back f ! inf]nal _w4 ,9 ?is he imitates ,h]cules1 b al?\gh furni%$ ) t h]o's lion- sk9 & club1 9 s5tim5ts he is v unlike him1 & z a da/>dly voluptu>y af=ds u mu* matt] = laught]4 ,"h we h a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! audacity ( ,ari/ophanes3 he does n ev5 sp>e ! patron ( 8 own art1 9 ^: hon\r ?is v play 0 exhibit$4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! gods und]/ood a joke z well1 if n bett]1 ?an m54 ,bac*us r[s himself ov] ! ,a*]usian lake1 :]e ! frogs m]rily greet him ) _! melodi\s croak+s4 ,! prop] *orus1 h[ev]1 consi/s ( ! %ades ( ^? initiat$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 & odes ( surpass+ beauty are put 9 _! m\?s4 ,aes*ylus _h hi!rto occupi$ ! tragic ?rone 9 ! _w bel[1 b ,euripides wants to eject him4 ,pluto presides1 b appo9ts ,bac*us to det]m9e ?is great controv]sy2 ! two poets1 ! sublimely wra?ful ,aes*ylus1 & ! subtle & conceit$ ,euripides1 /& opposite ea* o!r & deliv] specim5s ( _! poetical p[]s2 !y s+1 !y declaim aga9/ ea* o!r1 & 9 all _! peculi> traits are *>act]is$ 9 ma/]ly /yle4 ,at la/ a balance is br\ght1 on :i* ea* lays a v]se2 b not)/&+ all ! ef=ts ( ,euripides to produce pond]\s l9es1 ^? ( ,aes*ylus always make ! scale ( 8 rival to kick ! beam4 ,at la/ ! latt] becomes impati5t ( ! conte/1 & proposes t ,euripides himself1 ) all 8 works1 8 wife1 *ildr51 ,cephisophon & all1 %all get into "o scale1 & he w only lay aga9/ !m 9 ! o!r two v]ses4 ,bac*us 9 ! mean "t has become a conv]t to ! m]its ( ,aes*ylus1 & al?\gh he _h sworn to ,euripides t he w\ld take him back ) him f ! l[] _w1 he dismisses him ) a p>ody ( "o ( 8 own v]ses 9 ,hippolytus3 ,my tongue ha? sworn1 ,i h[ev] make *oice ( ,aes*ylus4 ,aes*ylus consequ5tly returns to ! liv+ _w1 & resigns ! tragic ?rone 9 8 abs5ce to ,sophocles4 ,! obs]vation on ! *anges ( place1 :i* ,i made :5 m5tion+ ,peace1 may be "h repeat$4 ,! sc5e is fir/ at ,!bes1 ( :i* bo? ,bac*us & ,h]cules 7 natives2 aft]w>ds ! /age is *ang$1 )\t its ev] be+ left by ,bac*us1 to ! ne!r %ore ( ! ,a*]usian lake1 :i* mu/ h be5 repres5t$ by ! sunk5 space ( ! or*e/ra1 & x 0 n till ,bac*us l&$ at ! o!r end ( ! logeum t ! sc5]y repres5t$ ! inf]nal _w1 ) ! palace ( ,pluto 9 ! back-gr\nd4 ,?is is n a m]e conjecture1 x is expressly /at$ by ! old s*olia/4 ,! ,wasps is1 9 my op9ion1 ! feeble/ ( ,ari/ophanes' plays4 ,! subject is too limit$1 ! folly x ridicules appe>s a disease ( too s+ul> a description1 )\t a suffici5t univ]sality ( application1 & ! action is too mu* drawn out4 ,! poet himself speaks ?is "t 9 v mode/ language ( 8 means ( ent]ta9m5t1 & does n ev5 promise u immod]ate laught]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,birds transports u by "o ( ! bolde/ & ri*e/ inv5tions into ! k+dom ( ! fanta/ically wond]ful1 & delights u ) a display ( ! gaye/ hil>ity3 x is a joy\s- w+$ & gay-plum$ creation4 ,i _c concur ) ! old critic 9 ?9k+ t we h 9 ?is "w a univ]sal & undisguis$ satire on ! corruptions ( ! ,a!nian /ate1 & ( all human society4 ,x seems r a h>mless display ( m]ry pranks1 :i* hit alike at gods & m5 )\t any p>ticul> object 9 view4 ,:atev] 0 rem>kable ab\t birds 9 natural hi/ory1 9 my?ology1 9 ! doctr9e ( div9ation1 9 ! fables ( ,aesop1 or ev5 9 prov]bial expressions1 has be5 +5i\sly drawn to 8 purpose by ! poet2 :o ev5 goes back to cosmogony1 & %[s t at fir/ ! rav5-w+$ ,night laid a w9d-egg1 out ( :i* ! lovely ,eros1 ) gold5 p9ions 7)\t d\bt a bird71 so>$ al(t1 & !reupon gave bir? to all ?+s4 ,two fugitives ( ! human race fall into ! doma9 ( ! birds1 :o resolve to rev5ge !mselves on !m = ! num]\s cruelties :i* !y h suff]$3 ! two m5 contrive to save !mselves by prov+ ! pre-em95cy ( ! birds ov] all o!r creatures1 & !y advise !m to collect all _! scatt]$ p[]s into "o imm5se /ate2 ! wondr\s city1 ,cl\d-cuckoot[n1 is !n built above ! e>?2 all sorts ( unbidd5 gue/s1 prie/s1 poets1 soo?say]s1 geomet]s1 lawy]s1 sycophants1 wi% to ne/le 9 ! new /ate1 b are driv5 out2 new gods are appo9t$1 naturally en\gh1 aft] ! image ( ! birds1 z ^? ( m5 bore a resemblance to man4 ,olympus is wall$ up aga9/ ! old gods1 s t no od\r ( sacrifices c rea* !m2 9 _! em]g5cy1 !y s5d an embassy1 consi/+ ( ! voraci\s ,h]cules1 ,neptune1 :o swe>s accord+ to ! common =mula1 by ,neptune1 & a ,?racian god1 :o is n v famili> ) ,greek1 b speaks a sort ( mix$ j>gon2 !y are1 h[ev]1 "u ! necessity ( submitt+ to any conditions !y c get1 & ! sov]eignty ( ! _w is left to ! birds4 ,h[ev] mu* all ?is resembles a m]e f>cical fairy tale1 x may be said1 h[ev]1 to h a philosophical signification1 9 ?us tak+ a sort ( bird's-eye view ( all ?+s1 see+ t mo/ ( our ideas are only true 9 a human po9t ( view4 ,! old critics 7 ( op9ion t ,crat9us 0 p[]ful 9 t bit+ satire :i* makes its attack )\t disguise1 b t he 0 defici5t 9 a pleasant hum\r1 also t he want$ ! skill to develope a /rik+ subject to ! be/ advantage1 & to fill up 8 pieces ) ! necess>y details4 ,eupolis !y tell u 0 agreeable 9 8 jokes1 & +5i\s 9 cov]t allusions1 s t he nev] ne$$ ! assi/ance ( p>abases to say :atev] he wi%$1 b t he 0 defici5t 9 satiric p[]4 ,b ,ari/ophanes1 !y add1 by a happy m$ium1 unit$ ! excell5cies ( bo?1 & t 9 him we h satire & pleasantry comb9$ 9 due proportion & attractive mann]4 ,f ^! /atem5ts ,i conceive myself ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t among ! pieces ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! ,knights is ! mo/ 9 ! /yle ( ,crat9us1 & ! ,birds 9 t ( ,eupolis2 & t he _h _! respective mann]s 9 view :5 he compos$ ^! pieces4 ,= al?\gh he boa/s ( 8 indep5d5t orig9ality1 & ( 8 nev] borr[+ any?+ f o!rs1 x 0 h>dly possible t among su* di/+ui%$ contempor>y arti/s1 all reciprocal influ5ce %\ld be exclud$4 ,if ?is op9ion be well f\nd$1 we h to lam5t ! loss ( ! works ( ,crat9us1 p]haps pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! light !y w\ld h ?r[n on ! mann]s ( ! times1 & ! k !y might h af=d$ ( ! ,a!nian con/itution1 :ile ! loss ( ! works ( ,eupolis is to be regrett$1 *iefly = ! comic =m 9 :i* !y 7 deliv]$4 ,plutus 0 "o ( ! e>li] pieces ( ! poet1 b z we h x1 x is "o ( 8 la/ works2 = ! fir/ piece 0 aft]w>ds reca/ by him4 ,9 its ess5ce x belongs to ! ,old ,com$y1 b 9 ! sp>+ness ( p]sonal satire1 & 9 ! mild tone :i* prevails ?r\gh\t1 we may trace an approximation to ! ,middle ,com$y4 ,! ,old ,com$y inde$ _h n yet receiv$ its dea?-bl[ f a =mal enactm5t1 b ev5 at ?is date ,ari/ophanes may h deem$ x prud5t to avoid a full ex]cise ( ! democratic privilege ( com$y4 ,x has ev5 be5 said 7p]haps )\t any f\ndation1 z ! circum/ance has be5 d5i$ by o!rs7 t ,alcibiades ord]$ ,eupolis to be dr[n$ on acc\nt ( a piece :i* he _h aim$ at him4 ,dang]s ( ?is description w\ld repress ! mo/ ard5t zeal ( au?or%ip3 x is b fair t ^? :o seek to af=d pleasure to _! fell[-citiz5s %\ld at lea/ be secure ( _! life4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,! ,,twelf? ,,lecture4 ,z we d n1 s f> z ,i "k1 possess z yet a satisfactory poetical translation ( ,ari/ophanes1 & z ! :ole works ( ?is au?or mu/1 = _m reasons1 ev] rema9 untranslatable1 ,i h be5 induc$ to lay be=e my read]s ! sc5e 9 ! ,a*>nians :]e ,euripides makes 8 appe>ance2 n t ?is play does n conta9 _m o!r sc5es ( equal1 if n sup]ior m]it1 b because x relates to ! "* ( ?is trag$ian z an arti/1 & is bo? free f indec5cy1 &1 moreov]1 easily und]/ood4 ,! ,a*>nians1 c\ntry-p ( ,attica1 :o h greatly suff]$ f ! enemy1 are highly enrag$ at ,dikaiopolis = conclud+ a peace ) ! ,lac$aemonians1 & det]m9e to /one him4 ,he und]takes to speak 9 def5ce ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 /&+ ! :ile beh9d a block1 z he is to lose 8 head if he does n succe$ 9 conv9c+ !m4 ,9 ?is tickli% pr$icam5t1 he calls on ,euripides1 to l5d him ! tatt]$ g>m5ts 9 :i* t poet's h]oes 7 9 ! habit ( excit+ commis]ation4 ,we mu/ suppose ! h\se ( ! tragic poet to occupy ! middle ( ! back sc5e4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ',tis "t ,i pluck up all my c\rage !n1 ,& pay a visit to ,euripides4 ,boy1 boy6 ,,cephisophon4 ,:o's !re8 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,is ,euripides )98 ,,cephisophon4 ,)91 & n )93 ,c'/ fa?om t8 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,h[ )91 yet n )98 ,,cephisophon4 ',tis true1 old fell[4 ,8 m9d is out collect+ da9ty v]ses1 #a ,& n )94 ,b he's himself al(t ,writ+ a trag$y4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,happy ,euripides1 ,^: s]vant "h c give su* witty answ]s4 ,call him4 ,,cephisophon4 ,x may n be4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,i say1 y mu/ ?\gh-- ,= h5ce ,i w n budge1 b knock ! door d[n4 ,euripides1 ,euripides1 my d>l+6 #b ,he> me1 at lea/1 if deaf to all besides4 ',tis ,dikaiopolis ( ,*ollis calls y4 ,,euripides4 ,i h n "t4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,at lea/ roll r\nd4 #c ,,euripides4 ,i c't4 #d ,,dikaiopolis4 ,y mu/4 ,,euripides4 ,well1 ,i'll roll r\nd4 ,come d[n ,i c't2 ,i'm busy4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,euripides6 ,,euripides4 ,:at w\ld'/ ?\ ) ?y bawl+4 ,,dikaiopolis ,:at6 y compose al(t & n bel[4 ,no wond] if y\r muse's bantl+s halt4 ,aga91 ^? rags & cloak "r tragical1 ,! v g>b = sket*+ begg>s 96 ,b sweet ,euripides1 a boon1 ,i pray !e4 ,give me ! mov+ rags ( "s old play2 ,i've a long spee* to make be=e ! ,*orus1 ,& if ,i falt]1 :y ! =feit's dea?4 ,,euripides4 ,:at rags w suit y8 ,^? 9 :i* old ,o5eus1 ,t hapless wight1 w5t ?r\gh 8 bitt] conflict8 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,n ,o5eus1 no1--b "o /ill sorri]4 ,,euripides4 ,^? ( bl9d ,pho5ix8 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,no1 n ,pho5ix ei!r2 ,b ano!r1 m wret*$ /ill ?an ,pho5ix ,,euripides4 ,^: sorry tatt]s c ! fell[ want8 ',tis ,philoctetes' sure6 ,y mean t begg>4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,no2 b a p]son /ill m begg>ly4 ,,euripides4 ,i h x4 ,y want ! sorry g>m5ts ,bell]ophon1 ! lame man1 us$ to we>4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,no1--n ,bell]ophon4 ,?\gh ! man ,i mean ,0 lame1 importunate1 & bold ( spee*4 ,,euripides4 ,i "k1 ',tis ,telephus ! ,mysian4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,"r4 ,yes1 ,telephus3 l5d me 8 rags ,i pray y4 ,,euripides4 ,ho1 boy6 ,give him ! rags ( ,telephus4 ,!re lie !y2 j ^u ,?ye/es' rags1 ,& "u ^? ( ,ino4 ,,cephisophon4 ,"h6 take !m4 ,,dikaiopolis 7putt+ !m on74 ,n[ ,jove6 :o looke/ on1 & see'/ ?r\gh all1 #e ,y\r bless+1 :ile ?us wret*$ly ,i g>b me4 ,pr'y!e1 ,euripides1 a fur!r boon1 ,x goes1 ,i ?9k1 toge!r ) ^! rags3 ,! little ,mysian bonnet = my head2 ,= soo? to-day ,i mu/ put on ! begg>1 ,& be /ill :at ,i am1 & yet n seem s4 #f ,! audi5ce "h may "k me :o ,i am1 ,b l poor fools ! *orus /& unwitt+1 ,:ile ,i trick !m ) my fl[]s ( rhetoric4 ,,euripides4 ,a r>e device1 i'fai?6 ,take x & welcome4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,= !e4 my bless+2 = ,telephus1 my ?\ghts4 #g ',tis well2 already1 words fl[ ?ick & fa/4 ,oh6 ,i _h ne> =got--,a begg>'s /aff1 ,i pray4 ,,euripides4 ,"h1 take "o1 & ?yself too f ^! doors4 ,,dikaiopolis4 7,aside47 ,see'/ ?\1 my s\l1--he'd drive !e f 8 door ,/ill lack+ _m ?+s4 ,become at once ,a supple1 oily begg>4 7,al\d47 ,good ,euripides1 ,l5d me a basket1 pray2--?\gh ! bottom's ,scor*'d1 'twill d4 ,,euripides4 ,poor wret*6 ,a basket8 ,:at's ?y ne$ on't8 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,no ne$ beyond ! simple wi% to h x4 ,,euripides4 ,y're gett+ tr\blesome4 ,come pack--be (f4 ,,dikaiopolis4 7,aside47 ,faugh6 ,faugh6 7,al\d47 ,may heav5 prosp] !e z--?y good "m4 #h ,,euripides4 ,be (f1 ,i say6 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,n till ?\ grant'/ my pray]4 ,only a little cup ) brok5 rim4 ,,euripides4 ,take x & g2 = "k y're q a plague4 ,,dikaiopolis4 7,aside47 ,kn[s he h[ great a pe/ he is himself8 7,al\d47 ,b1 my ,euripides6 my sweet6 "o ?+ m3 ,give me a crack$ pipk9 /opp$ ) sponge4 ,,euripides4 ,! man w\ld rob me ( a trag$y complete4 ,!re--take x1 & begone4 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,well6 ,i am go+4 ,yet :at to d8 ,"o ?+ ,i lack1 ^: want ,undoes me4 ,good1 sweet ,euripides6 ,grant me b ?is1 ,i'll ask no m1 b g-- ,"s cabbage-leaves--a few j 9 my basket6 ,,euripides4 ,y'll ru9 me4 ,see !re6 ,a :ole play's gone6 ,,dikaiopolis 7seem+ly go+ (f74 ,no?+ m n[4 ,i'm really (f4 ,i am1 ,i own1 ,a bore1 want+ 9 tact to please ! great4 ,woe's me6 ,0 ev] su* a wret*8 ,alas6 ,i h =got ! v *iefe/ ?+ ( all4 ,he> me1 ,euripides1 my de>6 my d>l+4 ,*oice/ ills betide me6 if e'er ,i ask ,aught m ?an ?is2 b "o--?is "o alone3 ,?r[ me a pot-h]b f ?y "m's /ock4 ,,euripides4 ,! fell[ w\ld insult me--%ut ! door4 7,! ,encyclema revolves1 & ,euripides & ,cephisophon retire47 ,,dikaiopolis4 ,s\l ( me1 ?\ mu/ g )\t a pot-h]b6 ,wi/ ?\ :at conflict ?\ mu/ soon cont5d 9 ,to pr(f] spee* & full def5ce = ,sp>ta8 ,=w>d1 my s\l6 ! b>ri]s are be=e !e4 ,:at1 do/ loit]8 ha/ n imbib$ ,euripides8 ,& yet ,i blame !e n4 ,c\rage1 sad he>t6 ,& =w>d1 ?\gh x be to lay ?y head ,^u ! block4 ,r\se !e1 & speak ?y m9d4 ,=w>d !re6 =w>d aga96 bravely he>t1 bravely4 ,,notes #a ,! ,greek dim9utive epullia is "h correctly express$ by ! ,g]man v]s*51 b v]sicle w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 ,engli%4--,,trans4 #b ,euripidion--9 ! ,g]man ,euripidele94--,,trans4 #c ,a te*nical expression f ! ,encyclema1 :i* 0 ?ru/ out4 #d ,euripides appe>s 9 ! upp] /ory2 b z 9 an altana1 or sitt+ to an op5 gall]y4 #e ,allud+ to ! holes 9 ! mantle :i* he holds up to ! light4 #f ,^! l9es are f ,euripides' trag$y ( ,telephus4 #g ,an allusion 7:i* a few l9es l[] is aga9 repeat$7 to 8 "m z a poor retail] ( vegetables4 #h ,see previ\s footnote4 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,:e!r ! ,middle ,com$y 0 a di/9ct species--,orig9 ( ! ,new ,com$y--,a mix$ species--,its prosaic "*--,:e!r v]sification is ess5tial to ,com$y--,subord9ate k9ds--,pieces ( ,"*1 & ( ,intrigue--,! ,comic ( obs]vation1 ( self-consci\sness1 & arbitr>y ,comic--,morality ( ,com$y--,plautus & ,t]5ce z imitators ( ! ,greeks "h cit$ & *>act]is$ = want ( ! ,orig9als--,moral & social aim ( ! ,attic ,com$y--,/atues ( two ,comic ,au?ors4 ,anci5t critics assume ! exi/5ce ( a ,middle ,com$y1 betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new4 ,its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics are v>i\sly describ$3 by "s its peculi>ity is made to consi/ 9 ! ab/95ce f p]sonal satire & introduction ( real *>act]s1 & by o!rs 9 ! abolition ( ! *orus4 ,b ! introduction ( real p]sons "u _! true names 0 nev] an indisp5sable requisite4 ,inde$1 9 sev]al1 ev5 ( ,ari/ophanes' plays1 we f9d *>act]s 9 no respect hi/orical1 b altoge!r fictiti\s1 b be>+ significant names1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,new ,com$y2 :ile p]sonal satire is only occasionally employ$4 ,?is "r ( p]sonal satire 0 no d\bt1 z ,i h already %[n1 ess5tial to ! ,old ,com$y1 & ! loss ( x incapacitat$ ! poets f ?r[+ ridicule on public actions & affairs ( /ate4 ,:5 accord+ly !y conf9$ !mselves to private life1 ! *orus ceas$ at once to h any significance4 ,h[ev]1 accid5tal circum/ances accel]at$ its abolition4 ,to dress & tra9 ! *ori/]s 0 an exp5sive und]tak+2 n[1 z ,com$y ) ! =feiture ( its political privileges lo/ also its fe/al dignity1 & 0 degrad$ into a m]e amusem5t1 ! poet no long] f\nd any ri* patrons will+ to take ^u !mselves ! exp5se ( furni%+ ! *orus4 ,platonius m5tions a fur!r *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,com$y4 ,on acc\nt1 he says1 ( ! dang] ( allud+ to public affairs1 ! comic writ]s _h turn$ all _! satire aga9/ s]i\s poetry1 :e!r epic or tragic1 & s\ght to expose its absurdities & contradictions4 ,z a specim5 ( ?is k9d he gives ! ,aeolosikon1 "o ( ,ari/ophanes' late/ works4 ,?is description co9cides ) ! idea ( p>ody1 :i* we plac$ =emo/ 9 our acc\nt ( ! ,old ,com$y4 ,platonius adduces also ano!r in/ance 9 ! ,ulysses ( ,crat9us1 a burlesque ( ! ,odyssey4 ,b1 9 ord] ( "t1 no play ( ,crat9us c\ld belong to ! ,middle ,com$y2 = 8 dea? is m5tion$ by ,ari/ophanes 9 8 ,peace4 ,& z to ! drama ( ,eupolis1 9 :i* he describ$ :at we call an ,utopia1 or ,lubb]ly ,l&1 :at else 0 x b a p>ody ( ! poetical leg5ds ( ! gold5 age8 ,b 9 ,ari/ophanes1 n to m5tion 8 p>odies ( s _m tragic sc5es1 are n ! ,heav5-j\rney ( ,trygaeus1 & ! ,hell-j\rney ( ,bac*us1 ludicr\s imitations ( ! de$s ( ,bell]ophon & ,h]cules1 sung 9 epic & tragic poetry8 ,9 va9 !re=e %\ld we seek 9 ?is re/riction to p>ody any di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! s-call$ ,middle ,com$y4 ,frolicsome caprice1 & allegorical significance ( composition are1 poetically consid]$1 ! only ess5tial crit]ia ( ! ,old ,com$y4 ,9 ?is class1 !re=e1 we %all rank e "w :]e we f9d ^! qualities1 9 :atev] times1 & "u :atev] circum/ances1 x may h be5 compos$4 ,z ! ,new ,com$y arose out ( a m]e negation1 ! abolition1 viz41 ( ! old political fre$om1 we may easily conceive t !re w\ld be an int]val ( fluctuat+1 & t5tative ef=ts to supply its place1 be=e a new comic =m c\ld be develop$ & fully e/abli%$4 ,h5ce !re may h be5 _m k9ds ( ! ,middle ,com$y1 _m int]m$iate gradations1 betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new2 & ?is is ! op9ion ( "s m5 ( le>n+4 ,&1 inde$1 hi/orically consid]$1 !re appe>s good gr\nds = su* a view2 b 9 an arti/ic po9t ( view1 a transition does n itself con/itute a species4 ,we proce$ !re=e at once to ! ,new ,com$y1 or t species ( poetry :i* ) u receives ! appellation ( ,com$y4 ,we %all1 ,i ?9k1 =m a m correct notion ( x1 if we consid] x 9 its hi/orical connexion1 & f a reg>d to its v>i\s +r$i5ts expla9 x to be a mix$ & modifi$ species1 ?an we %\ld 7 we to t]m x an orig9al & pure species1 z ^? d :o ei!r d n conc]n !mselves at all ) ! ,old ,com$y1 or else reg>d x z no?+ bett] ?an a m]e rude comm5cem5t4 ,h5ce1 ! inf9ite importance ( ,ari/ophanes1 z we h 9 him a k9d ( poetry ( :i* !re is no o!r example to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,! ,new ,com$y may1 9 c]ta9 respects1 be describ$ z ! ,old1 tam$ d[n2 b 9 productions ( g5ius1 tam5ess is n g5]ally consid]$ a m]it4 ,! loss incurr$ by ! prohibition ( an unre/rict$ fre$om ( satire ! new comic writ]s endeav\r$ to comp5sate by a mixture ( e>ne/ness borr[$ f trag$y1 bo? 9 ! =m ( repres5tation & ! g5]al /ructure1 & also 9 ! impressions :i* !y lab\r$ to produce4 ,we h se5 h[1 9 its la/ epo*1 tragic poetry desc5d$ f its ideal elevation1 & came ne>] to common reality1 bo? 9 ! *>act]s & 9 ! tone ( ! dialogue1 b m especially 9 its endeav\r to convey practical in/ruction respect+ ! conduct ( civil & dome/ic life 9 all _! sev]al requirem5ts4 ,?is utilit>ian turn 9 ,euripides 0 ! subject ( ,ari/ophanes' ironical comm5dation ,footnote3 ,! ,frogs1 v4 #iga-iia44 ,euripides 0 ! precursor ( ! ,new ,com$y2 & all ! poets ( ?is species p>ticul>ly admir$ him1 & ackn[l$g$ him z _! ma/]4--,! simil>ity ( tone & _s is ev5 s great betwe5 !m1 t moral maxims ( ,euripides h be5 ascrib$ to ,m5&]1 & o!rs ( ,m5&] to ,euripides4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! fragm5ts ( ,m5&]1 we f9d topics ( consolation :i* frequ5tly rise to ! height ( ! true tragic tone4 ,new ,com$y1 !re=e1 is a mixture ( e>ne/ness & mir?4 ,footnote3 ,! orig9al "h is n susceptible ( an exact translation into ,engli%4 ,?\gh ! ,g]man language has ?is great advantage1 t !re are few ideas :i* may n be express$ 9 x 9 words ( ,teutonic orig91 yet words d]iv$ f ,greek & ,lat9 are also occasionally us$ indiscrim9ately ) ! ,teutonic synonymes1 = ! sake ( v>iety or o!rwise4 ,?us ! g5]ic ^w spiel 7play71 is =m$ into lu/spiel 7com$y71 trau]spiel 7trag$y71 s+-spiel 7op]a71 s*auspiel 7drama72 b ! ,g]mans also use trago$ie1 komo$ie1 op]a & drama4 ,9 ! text1 ! au?or proposes1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 to give ! "n ( lu/spiel to ! ,new ,com$y1 to di/+ui% x f ! old2 b hav+ only ! s+le t]m com$y 9 ,engli%1 ,i mu/1 9 translat+ lu/spiel1 make use ( ! two words1 ,new ,com$y4--,,trans4 ,! poet no long] turns poetry & ! _w into ridicule1 he no long] ab&ons himself to an en?usiasm ( fun1 b seeks ! sportive elem5t 9 ! objects !mselves2 he depicts 9 human *>act]s & situations :atev] occasions mir?1 9 a ^w1 :at is pleasant & laughable4 ,b ! ridicul\s mu/ no long] come =w>d z ! pure creation ( 8 own fancy1 b mu/ be v]isimil>1 t is1 seem to be real4 ,h5ce we mu/ consid] anew ! above describ$ comic ideal ( human nature "u ! re/rictions :i* ?is law ( composition imposes1 & det]m9e accord+ly ! diff]5t k9ds & gradations ( ! ,comic4 ,! highe/ tragic e>ne/ness1 z ,i h already %[n1 runs ev] into ! inf9ite2 & ! subject ( ,trag$y 7prop]ly speak+7 is ! /ruggle betwe5 ! outw>d f9ite exi/5ce1 & ! inw>d inf9ite aspirations4 ,! subdu$ e>ne/ness ( ! ,new ,com$y1 on ! o!r h&1 rema9s always )9 ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce4 ,! place ( ,de/9y is suppli$ by ,*ance1 = ! latt] is ! empirical conception ( ! =m]1 z be+ t :i* lies beyond our p[] or control4 ,& accord+ly we actually f9d among ! fragm5ts ( ! ,comic writ]s z _m expressions ab\t ,*ance1 z we d 9 ! trag$ians ab\t ,de/9y4 ,to unconditional necessity1 moral lib]ty c\ld alone be oppos$2 z = ,*ance1 e "o mu/ use 8 wits1 & turn x to 8 own pr(it z he be/ c4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! :ole moral ( ! ,new ,com$y1 j l t ( ! ,fable1 is no?+ m ?an a !ory ( prud5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se1 an anci5t critic has1 ) inimitable brevity1 giv5 u ! :ole sum ( ! matt]3 t ,trag$y is a runn+ away f1 or mak+ an end (1 life2 ,com$y its regulation4 ,! idea ( ! ,old ,com$y is a fanta/ic illusion1 a pleasant dream1 :i* at la/1 ) ! exception ( ! g5]al effect1 all ends 9 no?+4 ,! ,new ,com$y1 on ! o!r h&1 is e>ne/ 9 its =m4 ,x rejects e ?+ ( a contradictory nature1 :i* might h ! effect ( de/roy+ ! impressions ( reality4 ,x endeav\rs aft] /rict coh]5ce1 & has1 9 common ) ,trag$y1 a =mal complication & dn\em5t ( plot4 ,l ,trag$y1 too1 x connects toge!r its incid5ts1 z cause & effect1 only t x adopts ! law ( exi/5ce z x manife/s itself 9 exp]i5ce1 )\t any su* ref]5ce z ,trag$y assumes to an idea4 ,z ! latt] endeav\rs to satisfy our feel+s at ! close1 9 l mann] ! ,new ,com$y endeav\rs to provide1 at lea/1 an app>5t po9t ( re/ = ! und]/&+4 ,?is1 ,i may rem>k 9 pass+1 is by no means an easy task = ! comic writ]3 he mu/ contrive at la/ skilfully & naturally to get rid ( ! contradictions :i* ) _! complication & intricacy h div]t$ u dur+ ! c\rse ( ! action2 if he really smoo?s !m all (f by mak+ 8 fools become rational1 or by re=m+ or puni%+ 8 villa9s1 !n !re is an end at once ( ev]y?+ l a pleasant & comical impression4 ,su* 7 ! comic & tragic +r$i5ts ( ! ,new ,com$y1 or ,com$y 9 g5]al4 ,!re is yet a ?ird1 h[ev]1 :i* 9 itself is nei!r comic nor tragic1 9 %ort1 n ev5 poetic4 ,i allude to its portrait-l tru?fulness4 ,! ideal & c>icature1 bo? 9 ! pla/ic arts & 9 dramatic poetry1 lay claim to no o!r tru? ?an t :i* lies 9 _! significance3 _! individual be+s ev5 are n int5d$ to appe> real4 ,trag$y moves 9 an ideal1 & ! ,old ,com$y 9 a fanciful or fanta/ical _w4 ,z ! creative p[] ( ! fancy 0 circumscrib$ 9 ! ,new ,com$y1 x became necess>y to af=d "s equival5t to ! und]/&+1 & ?is 0 furni%$ by ! probability ( ! subjects repres5t$1 ( :i* x 0 to be ! judge4 ,i d n mean ! calculation ( ! r>ity or frequ5cy ( ! repres5t$ incid5ts 7= )\t ! lib]ty ( depict+ s+ul>ities1 ev5 :ile keep+ )9 ! limits ( e-day life1 comic amusem5t w\ld be impossible71 b all t is "h meant is ! individual tru? ( ! picture4 ,! ,new ,com$y mu/ be a true picture ( ! mann]s ( ! day1 & its tone mu/ be local & national2 & ev5 if we %\ld see com$ies ( o!r times1 & o!r nations1 br\ght ^u ! /age1 we %all /ill be able to trace & be pleas$ ) ?is resemblance4 ,by portrait-l tru?fulness ,i d n mean t ! comic *>act]s mu/ be altoge!r individual4 ,! mo/ /rik+ features ( diff]5t individuals ( a class may be comb9$ toge!r 9 a c]ta9 complet5ess1 provid$ !y are clo!d ) a suffici5t degree ( peculi>ity to h an individual life1 & are n repres5t$ z examples ( any p>tial & incomplete conception4 ,b 9 s f> z ,com$y depicts ! con/itution ( social & dome/ic life 9 g5]al1 x is a portrait2 f ?is prosaic side x mu/ be v>i\sly modifi$1 accord+ to "t & place1 :ile ! comic motives1 9 respect ( _! poetical pr9ciple1 are always ! same4 ,! anci5ts !mselves ackn[l$g$ ! ,new ,com$y to be a fai?ful picture ( life4 ,full ( ?is idea1 ! gramm>ian ,ari/ophanes exclaim$ 9 a some:at affect$1 ?\gh highly +5i\s turn ( expression3 ,o life & ,m5&]6 :i* ( y copi$ ! o!r8 ,horace in=ms u t "s d\bt$ :e!r ,com$y be a poem2 because nei!r 9 its subject nor 9 its language is !re ! same impressive elevation :i* di/+ui%$ f ord9>y disc\rse by ! v]sification4 ,b x 0 urg$ by o!rs1 t ,com$y occasionally elevates h] tone2 = in/ance1 :5 an angry fa!r reproa*es a son = 8 extravagance4 ,?is answ]1 h[ev]1 is reject$ by ,horace z insuffici5t4 ,w\ld ,pomponius1 says he1 ) a s>ca/ic application1 he> mild] reproa*es if 8 fa!r 7 liv+8 ,to answ] ! d\bt1 we mu/ exam9e :]e9 ,com$y goes beyond individual reality4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is a simulat$ :ole1 compos$ ( congru\s p>ts1 agreeably to ! scale ( art4 ,moreov]1 ! subject repres5t$ is h&l$ accord+ to ! laws ( !atrical exhibition2 ev]y?+ =eign & incongru\s is kept out1 :ile all t is ess5tial to ! matt] 9 h& is hurri$ on ) swift] progress ?an 9 real life2 ov] ! :ole1 viz41 ! situations & *>act]s1 a c]ta9 cle>ness & di/9ctness ( appe>ance is ?r[n1 :i* ! vague & indet]m9ate outl9es ( reality seldom possess4 ,?us ! =m con/itutes ! poetic elem5t ( ,com$y1 :ile its prosaic pr9ciple lies 9 ! matt]1 9 ! requir$ assimilation to some?+ individual & ext]nal4 ,we may n[ fitly proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! mu* moot$ "q1 :e!r v]sification be ess5tial to ,com$y1 & :e!r a com$y writt5 9 prose is an imp]fect production4 ,?is "q has be5 frequ5tly answ]$ 9 ! affirmative on ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts1 :o1 x is true1 _h no !atrical works 9 prose2 ?is1 h[ev]1 may h aris5 f accid5tal circum/ances1 = example1 ! great ext5t ( _! /age1 9 :i* v]se1 f its m emphatic deliv]y1 mu/ h be5 bett] he>d ?an prose4 ,moreov]1 ^! critics =get t ! ,mimes ( ,sophron1 s mu* admir$ by ,plato1 7 writt5 9 prose4 ,& :at 7 ^! ,mimes8 ,if we may judge ( !m f ! /atem5t t "s ( ! ,idylls ( ,!ocritus 7 imitations ( !m 9 hexamet]s1 !y 7 pictures ( real life1 9 :i* e appe>ance ( poetry 0 /udi\sly avoid$4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! coh]5ce & connexion ( a drama1 :i* c]ta9ly is n f\nd 9 ^! pieces2 !y are m]ely s _m deta*$ sc5es1 9 :i* "o ?+ succe$s ano!r by *ance1 & )\t prep>ation1 z ! p>ticul> h\r ( any work+-day or holiday br\ght x ab\t4 ,! want ( dramatic int]e/ 0 suppli$ by ! mimic elem5t1 t is1 by ! mo/ accurate repres5tation ( individual peculi>ities 9 action & language1 :i* arose f nationality z modifi$ by local circum/ances1 & f sex1 age1 rank1 occupations1 & s =?4 ,ev5 9 v]sifi$ ,com$y1 ! language mu/1 9 ! *oice ( words & phrases1 diff] 9 no respect1 or at lea/ 9 no p]ceptible degree1 f t ( ord9>y life2 ! lic5ces ( poetical expression1 :i* are indisp5sable 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( poetry1 are "h inadmissible4 ,n only mu/ ! v]sification n int]f]e ) ! common1 uncon/ra9$1 & ev5 c>eless tone ( conv]sation1 b x mu/ also seem to be itself unprem$itat$4 ,x mu/ n by its l(ty tone elevate ! *>act]s z 9 ,trag$y1 :]e1 along ) ! unusual sublimity ( ! language1 x becomes z x 7 a m5tal ,co?urnus4 ,9 ,com$y ! v]se mu/ s]ve m]ely to give great] lightness1 _s1 & elegance to ! dialogue4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 a p>ticul> com$y ought to be v]sifi$ or n1 mu/ dep5d on ! consid]ation :e!r x w\ld be m suitable to ! subject 9 h& to give to ! dialogue ?is p]fection ( =m1 or to adopt into ! comic imitation all rhetorical & grammatical errors1 & ev5 physical imp]fections ( spee*4 ,! frequ5t production1 h[ev]1 ( prose com$ies 9 mod]n times has n be5 ow+ s mu* to ?is cause z to ! ease & conv5i5ce ( ! au?or1 & 9 "s degree also ( ! play]4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 recomm5d to my c\ntrym51 ! ,g]mans1 ! dilig5t use ( v]se1 & ev5 ( rhyme1 9 ,com$y2 = z our national ,com$y is yet to be =m$1 ! :ole composition1 by ! great] /rictness ( ! =m1 w\ld ga9 9 keep+ & appe>ance1 & we %\ld be enabl$ at ! v outset to gu>d aga9/ _m important errors4 ,we h n yet atta9$ su* a ma/]y 9 ?is matt] z w all[ u to ab&on ourselves to an agreeable neglig5ce4 ,z we h pron\nc$ ! ,new ,com$y to be a mix$ species1 =m$ out ( comic & tragic1 poetic & prosaic elem5ts1 x is evid5t t ?is species may comprise sev]al subord9ate k9ds1 accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( "o or o!r ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,if ! poet plays 9 a sportive hum\r ) 8 own inv5tions1 ! result is a f>ce2 if he conf9es himself to ! ludicr\s 9 situations & *>act]s1 c>efully avoid+ all admixture ( s]i\s matt]1 we h a pure com$y 7lu/spiel72 9 proportion z e>ne/ness prevails 9 ! scope ( ! :ole composition1 & 9 ! sympa?y & moral judgm5t x gives rise to1 ! piece becomes :at is call$ ,in/ructive or ,s5tim5tal ,com$y2 & !re is only ano!r /ep to ! famili> or dome/ic trag$y4 ,great /ress has (t5 be5 laid on ! two la/ m5tion$ species z inv5tions entirely new1 & ( great importance1 & peculi> !ories h be5 devis$ = !m1 c4 ,9 ! lacrymose drama ( ,did]ot1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds s mu* decri$1 ! failure consi/$ altoge!r 9 t :i* 0 new2 ! affectation ( nature1 ! p$antry ( ! dome/ic relations1 & ! lavi% use ( pa?os4 ,did we /ill possess ! :ole ( ! comic lit]ature ( ! ,greeks1 we %\ld1 )\t d\bt1 f9d 9 x ! models ( all ^! species1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! cle> head ( ! ,greeks assur$ly nev] all[$ !m to fall into a *ill+ monotony1 b t !y array$ & temp]$ all 9 due proportion4 ,h n we1 ev5 among ! few pieces t rema9 to u1 ! ,captives ( ,plautus1 :i* may be call$ a pa!tic drama1 ! ,/ep-,"m ( ,t]5ce1 a true family picture2 :ile ! ,amphitryo bord]s on ! fanta/ic boldness ( ! ,old ,com$y1 & ! ,tw9-,bro!rs 7,m5ae*mi7 is a wild piece ( intrigue8 ,d we n f9d 9 all ,t]5ce's plays s]i\s1 impassion$1 & t\*+ passages8 ,we h only to call to m9d ! fir/ sc5e ( ! ,heautontimorum5os4 ,f our po9t ( view we hope 9 %ort to f9d a due place = all ?+s4 ,we see "h no di/9ct species1 b m]ely gradations 9 ! tone ( ! composition1 :i* are m>k$ by transitions m or less p]ceptible4 ,nei!r c we all[ ! common division into ,plays ( ,"* & ,plays ( ,intrigue1 to pass )\t limitation4 ,a good com$y ought always to be bo?1 o!rwise x w be defici5t ei!r 9 body or animation4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! "o & sometimes ! o!r w1 no d\bt1 prepond]ate4 ,! developm5t ( ! comic *>act]s requires situations to place !m 9 /rong contra/1 & ^! aga9 c result f no?+ b t cross+ ( purposes & ev5ts1 :i*1 z ,i h already %[n1 con/itutes intrigue 9 ! dramatic s5se4 ,e "o kn[s ! mean+ ( intrigu+ 9 common life2 namely1 ! lead+ o!rs by cunn+ & dissimulation1 to fur!r1 )\t _! k & aga9/ _! w1 our own hidd5 designs4 ,9 ! drama bo? ^! significations co9cide1 = ! cunn+ ( ! "o becomes a cross-purpose = ! o!r4 ,:5 ! *>act]s are only slightly sket*$1 s f> m]ely z is necess>y to acc\nt = ! actions ( ! *>act]s 9 ?is or t case2 :5 also ! incid5ts are s accumulat$1 t little room is left = display ( "*2 :5 ! plot is s wr\ght up1 t ! motley tangle ( misund]/&+s & emb>rassm5ts seems e mom5t on ! po9t ( be+ loos5$1 & yet ! knot is only drawn tight] & tight]3 su* a composition may well be call$ a ,play ( ,intrigue4 ,! ,fr5* critics h made x fa%ionable to consid] ?is k9d ( play mu* bel[ ! s-call$ ,play ( ,"*1 p]haps because !y look too exclusively to h[ mu* ( a play may be reta9$ by u & c>ri$ home4 ,x is true1 ! ,piece ( ,intrigue1 9 "s degree1 ends at la/ 9 no?+3 b :y %\ld x n be occasionally all[able to div]t oneself +5i\sly1 )\t any ult]ior object8 ,c]ta9ly1 a good com$y ( ?is description requires mu* inv5tive wit3 besides ! ent]ta9m5t :i* we d]ive f ! display ( su* acut5ess & +5uity1 ! wond]ful tricks & contrivances :i* are practis$ possess a great *>m = ! fancy1 z ! success ( _m a ,spani% piece proves4 ,to ! ,play ( ,intrigue x is object$1 t x deviates f ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 t x is improbable4 ,we may admit ! =m] )\t h[ev] admitt+ ! latt]4 ,! poet1 no d\bt1 exhibits be=e u :at is unexpect$1 extraord9>y1 & s+ul>1 ev5 to incr$ibility2 & (t5 he ev5 sets out ) a great improbability1 z1 = example1 ! resemblance betwe5 two p]sons1 or a disguise :i* is n se5 ?r\gh2 aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 all ! incid5ts mu/ h ! appe>ance ( tru?1 & all ! circum/ances by means ( :i* ! affair takes s m>vell\s a turn1 mu/ be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,z 9 respect to ! ev5ts :i* take place1 ! poet gives u b a light play ( wit1 we are ! m /rict ) him respect+ ! h[ by :i* !y are br\ght ab\t4 ,9 ! com$ies :i* aim m at del9eation ( "*1 ! dramatic p]sonages mu/ be skilfully gr\p$ s z to ?r[ light on ea* o!r's "*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is v apt to deg5]ate into too sy/ematic a me?od1 ea* "* be+ regul>ly mat*$ ) its symmetrical opposite1 & !reby an unnatural appe>ance is giv5 to ! :ole4 ,nor are ^? com$ies des]v+ ( mu* praise1 9 :i* ! re/ ( ! *>act]s are introduc$ only1 z x 71 to all[ ! pr9cipal "o to g ?r\gh all 8 diff]5t probations2 especially :5 t "* consi/s ( no?+ b an op9ion1 or a habit 7= in/ance1 ,l',optimi/e1 ,le ,di/rait71 z if an individual c\ld ?us be made up entirely ( "o s+le peculi>ity1 & mu/ n r be on all sides v>i\sly modifi$ & affect$4 ,:at 0 ! sportive ideal ( human nature 9 ! ,old ,com$y ,i h already %[n4 ,n[ z ! ,new ,com$y _h to give to its repres5tation a resemblance to a def9ite reality1 x c\ld n indulge 9 su* /udi$ & arbitr>y exagg]ation z ! old did4 ,x 01 !re=e1 oblig$ to seek = o!r s\rces ( comic amusem5t1 :i* lie ne>] ! prov9ce ( e>ne/ness1 & ^! x f\nd 9 a m accurate & ?or\gh del9eation ( "*4 ,9 ! *>act]s ( ! ,new ,com$y1 ei!r ! ,comic ( ,obs]vation or ! ,self-,consci\s & ,confess$ ,comic1 w be f\nd to prevail4 ,! =m] con/itutes ! m ref9$1 or :at is call$ ,high ,com$y1 & ! latt] ,l[ ,com$y or ,f>ce4 ,b to expla9 myself m di/9ctly3 !re are laughable peculi>ities1 follies1 & obliquities1 ( :i* ! possessor himself is unconsci\s1 or :i*1 if he does at all p]ceive !m1 he /udi\sly endeav\rs to conceal1 z be+ calculat$ to injure him 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,su* p]sons consequ5tly d n give !mselves out = :at !y actually are2 _! secret escapes f !m unwitt+ly1 or aga9/ _! w4 ,rightly1 !re=e1 to portray su* *>act]s1 ! poet mu/ l5d u 8 own peculi> tal5t = obs]vation1 t we may fully und]/& !m4 ,8 art consi/s 9 mak+ ! "* appe> ?r\gh slight h9ts & /ol5 glimpses1 & 9 s plac+ ! spectator1 t :atev] delicacy ( obs]vation x may require1 he c h>dly fail to see ?r\gh !m4 ,!re are o!r moral defects1 :i* are beheld by _! possessor ) a c]ta9 degree ( satisfaction1 & :i* he ev5 makes x a pr9ciple n to get rid (1 b to *]i% & pres]ve4 ,( ?is k9d is all t1 )\t selfi% pret5sions1 or ho/ile incl9ations1 m]ely orig9ates 9 ! prepond]ance ( ! animal be+4 ,?is may1 )\t d\bt1 be unit$ to a high degree ( intellect1 & :5 su* a p]son applies 8 m5tal p[]s to ! consid]ation ( 8 own "*1 laughs at himself1 confesses 8 fail+s or endeav\rs to reconcile o!rs to !m1 by sett+ !m 9 a droll light1 we h !n an in/ance ( ! ,self- ,consci\s ,comic ,?is species always supposes a c]ta9 inw>d duality ( "*1 & ! sup]ior half1 :i* rallies & laughs at ! o!r1 has 9 its tone & occupation a ne> aff9ity to ! comic poet himself4 ,he occasionally deliv]s ov] 8 functions entirely to ?is repres5tative1 all[+ him /udi\sly to ov]*>ge ! picture :i* he draws ( himself1 & to ent] into a tacit und]/&+ ) ! spectators1 t he & !y are to turn ! o!r *>act]s into ridicule4 ,we h 9 ?is way ! ,com$y ( ,caprice1 :i* g5]ally produces a p[]ful effect1 h[ev] mu* critics may depreciate x4 ,9 x ! _s ( ! ,old ,com$y is /ill at "w4 ,! privileg$ m]ry-mak]1 :o1 "u diff]5t names1 has appe>$ on almo/ all /ages1 ^: "p is at "o "t a display ( %rewd wit1 & at ano!r ( co>se cl[ni%ness1 has inh]it$ some?+ ( ! lic5ti\s en?usiasm1 b )\t ! rights & privileges ( ! free & unre/ra9$ writ]s ( ! ,old ,com$y4 ,c\ld !re be a /rong] pro( t ! ,old ,com$y1 :i* we h describ$ z ! orig9al species1 0 n a m]e ,grecian peculi>ity1 b _h its root & pr9ciple 9 ! v nature ( ?+s8 ,to keep ! spectators 9 a mir?ful tone ( m9d ,com$y mu/ hold !m z mu* z possible alo( f all moral appreciation ( its p]sonages1 & f all deep int]e/ 9 _! =tunes1 = 9 bo? ^! cases an entrance w infallibly be giv5 to s]i\sness4 ,h[ !n does ! poet avoid agitat+ ! moral feel+1 :5 ! actions he repres5ts are ( su* a nature z mu/ give rise sometimes to disgu/ & contempt1 & sometimes to e/eem & love8 ,by always keep+ )9 ! prov9ce ( ! und]/&+1 he contra/s m5 ) m5 z m]e physical be+s1 j to measure on ea* o!r _! p[]s1 ( c\rse _! m5tal p[]s z well z o!rs1 nay1 ev5 m especially4 ,9 ?is respect ,com$y be>s a v ne> aff9ity to ,fable3 9 ! ,fable we h animals end[$ ) reason1 & 9 ,com$y we h m5 s]v+ _! animal prop5sities ) _! und]/&+4 ,by animal prop5sities ,i mean s5suality1 or1 9 a /ill m g5]al s5se1 self-love4 ,z h]oism & self-sacrifice raise ! "* to a tragic elevation1 s ! true comic p]sonages are complete egoti/s4 ,?is mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood ) due limitation3 we d n mean t ,com$y nev] portrays ! social in/9cts1 only t x inv>iably repres5ts !m z orig9at+ 9 ! natural endeav\r aft] our own happ9ess4 ,:5ev] ! poet goes beyond ?is1 he leaves ! comic tone4 ,x is n 8 purpose to direct our feel+s to a s5se ( ! dignity or meanness1 ! innoc5ce or corruption1 ! goodness or bas5ess ( ! act+ p]sonages2 b to %[ u :e!r !y act /upidly or wisely1 adroitly or clumsily1 ) sill9ess or ability4 ,examples w place ! matt] 9 ! cle>e/ light4 ,we possess an involunt>y & imm$iate v5]ation = tru?1 & ?is belongs to ! inn]mo/ emotions ( ! moral s5se4 ,a malignant lie1 :i* ?reat5s mis*iev\s consequ5ces1 fills u ) ! highe/ indignation1 & belongs to ,trag$y4 ,:y !n are cunn+ & deceit admitt$ to be excell5t z comic motives1 s long z !y are us$ ) no malici\s purpose1 b m]ely to promote our self-love1 to extricate "o's-self f a dilemma1 or to ga9 "s p>ticul> object1 & f :i* no dang]\s consequ5ces are to be dread$8 ,x is because ! deceiv] hav+ already )drawn f ! sph]e ( morality1 tru? & untru? are 9 !mselves indiff]5t to him1 & are only consid]$ 9 ! light ( means2 & s we ent]ta9 ourselves m]ely ) obs]v+ h[ great an exp5diture ( %>pness & ready-witt$ness is necess>y to s]ve ! turn ( a "* s little exalt$4 ,/ill m amus+ is x :5 ! deceiv] is caught 9 8 own sn>e2 = in/ance1 :5 he is to keep up a lie1 b has a bad memory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mi/ake ( ! deceiv$ p>ty1 :5 n s]i\sly dang]\s1 is a comic situation1 & ! m s 9 proportion z ?is error ( ! und]/&+ arises f previ\s abuse ( ! m5tal p[]s1 f vanity1 folly1 or obliquity4 ,b above all :5 deceit & error cross "o ano!r1 & are by t means multipli$1 ! comic situations produc$ are p>ticul>ly excell5t4 ,= in/ance1 two m5 meet ) ! int5tion ( deceiv+ "o ano!r2 ea* h[ev] is =ew>n$ & on 8 gu>d1 & s bo? g away deceiv$ only 9 respect to ! success ( _! deception4 ,or aga91 "o wi%es to deceive ano!r1 b unwitt+ly tells him ! tru?2 ! o!r p]son1 h[ev]1 be+ suspici\s1 falls into ! sn>e1 m]ely f be+ ov]-mu*1 on 8 gu>d4 ,we might 9 ?is way compose a sort ( comic gramm>1 :i* %\ld %[ h[ ! sep>ate motives are to be entangl$ "o ) ano!r1 ) cont9ually increas+ effect1 up to ! mo/ artificial complication4 ,x might also po9t out h[ t tangle ( misund]/&+ :i* con/itutes a ,com$y ( ,intrigue is by no means s contemptible a "p ( ! comic art1 z ! advocates ( ! f9e-spun ,com$y ( ,"* are pleas$ to ass]t4 ,ari/otle describes ! laughable z an imp]fection1 an impropriety :i* is n productive ( any ess5tial h>m4 ,excell5tly said6 = f ! mom5t t we ent]ta9 a real compassion = ! *>act]s1 all mir?ful feel+ is at an end4 ,comic mis=tune mu/ n g beyond an emb>rassm5t1 :i* is to be set "r at la/1 or at mo/1 a des]v$ humiliation4 ,( ?is description are corporeal means ( education appli$ to gr[n p1 :i* our f9]1 or at lea/ m fa/idi\s age1 w n tol]ate on ! /age1 al?\gh ,molire1 ,holb]g1 & o!r ma/]s1 h frequ5tly avail$ !mselves ( !m4 ,! comic effect arises f our hav+ h]e9 a pretty obvi\s demon/ration ( ! m9d's dep5d5ce on ext]nal ?+s3 we h1 z x 71 motives assum+ a palpable =m4 ,9 ,com$y ^! *a/isem5ts hold ! same place t viol5t dea?s1 met ) h]oic magnanimity1 d 9 ,trag$y4 ,"h ! resolution rema9s un%ak5 amid all ! t]rors ( annihilation2 ! man p]i%es b 8 pr9ciples survive2 !re ! corporeal exi/5ce rema9s1 b ! s5tim5ts suff] an in/antane\s *ange4 ,z !n ,com$y mu/ place ! spectator 9 a po9t ( view altoge!r diff]5t f t ( moral appreciation1 ) :at "r c moral in/ruction be dem&$ ( ,com$y1 ) :at gr\nd c x be expect$8 ,:5 we exam9e m closely ! moral apoph!gms ( ! ,greek comic writ]s1 we f9d t !y are all ( !m maxims ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 f exp]i5ce t we ga9 a k ( our duties1 ( :i* consci5ce gives u an imm$iate conviction2 exp]i5ce c only enlight5 u ) respect to :at is pr(itable or detrim5tal4 ,! in/ruction ( ,com$y does n turn on ! dignity ( ! object propos$ b on ! suffici5cy ( ! means employ$4 ,x is1 z has be5 already said1 ! doctr9e ( prud5ce2 ! morality ( consequ5ces & n ( motives4 ,morality1 9 its g5u9e acceptation1 is ess5tially alli$ to ! _s ( ,trag$y4 ,_m philosoph]s h on ?is acc\nt reproa*$ ,com$y ) immorality1 & among o!rs1 ,r\sseau1 ) mu* eloqu5ce1 9 8 ,epi/le on ! ,drama4 ,! aspect ( ! actual c\rse ( ?+s 9 ! _w is1 no d\bt1 f> f edify+2 x is n1 h[ev]1 held up 9 ,com$y z a model = imitation1 b z a w>n+ & admonition4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( morals !re is an appli$ or practical "p3 x may be call$ ! ,art ( ,liv+4 ,:oev] has no k ( ! _w is p]petually 9 dang] ( mak+ a wrong application ( moral pr9ciples to individual cases1 &1 s ) ! v be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 may occasion mu* mis*ief bo? to himself & o!rs4 ,com$y is int5d$ to %>p5 our p[]s ( discrim9ation1 bo? ( p]sons & situations2 to make u %rewd]2 & ?is is its true & only possible morality4 ,s mu* = ! det]m9ation ( ! g5]al idea1 :i* mu/ s]ve z our clue 9 ! exam9ation ( ! m]its ( ! individual poets4 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,plautus & ,t]5ce z ,imitators ( ! ,greeks1 "h exam9$ & *>act]iz$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,orig9als !y copi$--,motives ( ! ,a!nian ,com$y f ,mann]s & ,society--,portrait-,/atues ( two ,com$ians4 ,on ! little ( ! ,new ,com$y ( ! ,greeks t has rea*$ u1 ei!r 9 fragm5ts or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,roman imitations1 all ,i h to say may be compris$ 9 a few words4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ,greek lit]ature 0 extremely ri*3 ! m]e li/ ( ! comic writ]s ^: works are lo/1 & ( ! names ( _! works1 s f> z !y are kn[n to u1 makes ( itself no inconsid]able diction>y4 ,al?\gh ! ,new ,com$y develop$ itself & fl\ri%$ only 9 ! %ort int]val betwe5 ! end ( ! ,peloponnesian w> & ! fir/ successors ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 yet ! /ock ( pieces am\nt$ to ?\s&s2 b "t has made su* havoc 9 ?is sup]abundance ( tal5t$ & +5i\s works1 t no?+ rema9s 9 ! orig9al b a numb] ( deta*$ fragm5ts1 ( :i* _m are s disfigur$ z to be un9telligible1 &1 9 ! ,lat91 ab\t tw5ty translations or reca/s ( ,greek orig9als by ,plautus1 & six by ,t]5ce4 ,"h is a fitt+ task = ! r$9tegrative lab\rs ( criticism1 to put toge!r all ! fragm5t>y traces :i* we possess1 9 ord] to =m f !m some?+ l a j e/imate & "* ( :at is lo/4 ,! *ief requisites 9 an und]tak+ ( ?is k9d1 ,i w take ^u myself to po9t out4 ,! fragm5ts & moral maxims ( ! comic writ]s are1 9 _! v]sification & language1 di/+ui%$ by extreme purity1 elegance1 & accuracy2 moreov]1 ! tone ( society :i* speaks 9 !m brea!s a c]ta9 ,attic grace4 ,! ,lat9 comic poets1 on ! o!r h&1 are neglig5t 9 _! v]sification2 !y tr\ble !mselves v little ab\t syllabic quantity1 & ! v idea ( x is almo/ lo/ amid/ _! _m metrical lic5ces4 ,_! language also1 at lea/ t ( ,plautus1 is defici5t 9 cultivation & poli%4 ,sev]al le>n$ ,romans1 & ,v>ro among o!rs1 h1 x is true1 highly prais$ ! /yle ( ?is poet1 b !n we mu/ make ! due di/9ction betwe5 philological & poetical approbation4 ,plautus & ,t]5ce 7 among ! mo/ anci5t ,roman writ]s1 & belong$ to an age :5 a book-language _h h>dly yet an exi/5ce1 & :5 e phrase 0 caught up fre% f ! life4 ,?is nave simplicity _h its peculi> *>ms = ! lat] ,romans ( ! age ( le>n$ cultivation3 x 01 h[ev]1 r ! gift ( nature ?an ! fruit ( poetical art4 ,horace set himself aga9/ ?is excessive p>tiality1 & ass]t$ t ,plautus & ! o!r comic poets ?rew (f _! pieces neglig5tly1 & wrote !m 9 ! utmo/ ha/e1 t !y might be ! soon] paid = !m4 ,we may safely affirm1 !re=e1 t 9 ! graces & elegances ( execution1 ! ,greek poets h always lo/ 9 ! ,lat9 imitations4 ,^! we mu/1 9 imag9ation1 retranslate into ! f9i%$ elegance :i* we p]ceive 9 ! ,greek fragm5ts4 ,moreov]1 ,plautus & ,t]5ce made _m *anges 9 ! g5]al plan1 & ^! c\ld h>dly be improvem5ts4 ,! =m] at times omitt$ :ole sc5es & *>act]s1 & ! latt] made additions1 & occasionally ran two plays into "o4 ,0 ?is done ) an arti/ic design1 & 7 !y actually desir\s ( excell+ _! ,grecian pr$ecessors 9 ! /ructure ( _! pieces8 ,i d\bt x4 ,plautus 0 p]petually runn+ out into diffus5ess1 & he 0 oblig$ to rem$y 9 "s o!r way ! l5g!n+ :i* ?is gave to ! orig9al2 ! imitations ( ,t]5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 f 8 lack ( inv5tion1 turn$ out some:at meagre1 & he fill$ up ! gaps ) mat]ials borr[$ f o!r pieces4 ,ev5 8 contempor>ies reproa*$ him ) hav+ falsifi$ or corrupt$ a numb] ( ,greek pieces1 = ! purpose ( mak+ out ( !m a few ,lat9 ones4 ,plautus & ,t]5ce are g5]ally m5tion$ z writ]s 9 e respect orig9al4 ,9 ,romans ?is 0 p]haps p>donable3 !y possess$ b little ( ! true poetic _s1 & _! poetical lit]ature ow$ its orig91 = ! mo/ "p1 fir/ to translation1 !n to free imitation1 & f9ally to appropriation & new modell+1 ( ! ,greek4 ,) !m1 !re=e1 a p>ticul> sort ( adaptation pass$ = orig9ality4 ,?us we f9d1 f ,t]5ce's apologetic prologues1 t !y _h s l[]$ ! notion ( plagi>ism1 t he 0 accus$ ( x1 because he _h made use ( matt] :i* _h be5 already adapt$ f ! ,greek4 ,z we _c1 !re=e1 consid] ^! writ]s 9 ! light ( creative arti/s1 & s9ce consequ5tly !y are only important to u 9 s f> z we may by _! means become acqua9t$ ) ! %ape ( ! ,greek ,new ,com$y1 ,i w "h ins]t ! few rem>ks ,i h to make on _! "* & diff]5ces1 & !n return to ! ,greek writ]s ( ! ,new ,com$y4 ,among ! ,greeks1 poets & arti/s 7 at all times held 9 hon\r & e/imation2 among ! ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 polite lit]ature 0 at fir/ cultivat$ by m5 ( ! l[e/ rank1 by ne$y =eign]s1 & ev5 by slaves4 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 :o closely foll[$ ea* o!r 9 "t1 & ^: lifetime belongs to ! la/ ye>s ( ! second ,punic w>1 & to ! int]val betwe5 ! second & ?ird1 7 ( ! l[e/ rank3 ! =m]1 at be/ a poor day lab\r]1 & ! latt]1 a ,c>?ag9ian slave1 & aft]w>ds a fre$ man4 ,_! =tunes1 h[ev]1 7 v diff]5t4 ,plautus1 :5 he 0 n employ$ 9 writ+ com$ies1 0 fa9 to hire himself out to d ! "w ( a bea/ ( bur!n 9 a mill2 ,t]5ce 0 dome/icat$ ) ! eld] ,scipio & 8 bosom fri5d ,laelius1 :o deign$ to admit him to su* famili>ity1 t he fell "u ! hon\rable imputation ( be+ assi/$ 9 ! composition ( 8 pieces by ^! noble ,romans1 & x 0 ev5 said t !y all[$ _! own lab\rs to pass "u 8 "n4 ,! habits ( _! lives are p]ceptible 9 _! respective modes ( writ+3 ! bold1 co>se /yle ( ,plautus1 & 8 fam\s je/s1 betray 8 int]c\rse ) ! vulg>2 9 t ( ,t]5ce1 we disc]n ! traces ( good society4 ,!y are fur!r di/+ui%$ by _! *oice ( matt]4 ,plautus g5]ally incl9es to ! f>cical1 to ov]wr\ght1 & (t5 disgu/+ droll]y2 ,t]5ce pref]s ! m delicate %ades ( *>act]ization1 &1 avoid+ ev]y?+ l exagg]ation1 approa*es ! s]i\sly in/ructive & s5tim5tal k9d4 ,"s ( ! pieces ( ,plautus are tak5 f ,diphilus & ,philemon1 b !re is reason to believe t he add$ a consid]able degree ( co>s5ess to 8 orig9als2 f :om he d]iv$ ! o!rs is unkn[n1 unless1 p]haps1 ! ass]tion ( ,horace1 ,x is said t ,plautus took = 8 model ! ,sicilian ,epi*>mus1 w w>rant ! conjecture t he borr[$ ! ,amphitryo1 a piece :i* is q diff]5t 9 k9d f all 8 o!rs1 & :i* he himself calls a ,tragi-com$y1 f t old ,doric com$ian1 :o we "k employ$ himself *iefly on my?ological subjects4 ,among ! pieces ( ,t]5ce1 ^: copies1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 *anges ( ! plan & /ructure1 are probably mu* m fai?ful 9 detail ?an ^? ( ! o!r1 we f9d two f ,apollodorus1 & ! re/ f ,m5&]4 ,julius ,caes> has hon\r$ ,t]5ce ) "s v]ses1 9 :i* he calls him a half ,m5&]1 prais+ ! smoo?ness ( 8 /yle1 & only lam5t+ t he has lo/ a c]ta9 comic vig\r :i* m>k$ 8 orig9al4 ,?is naturally br+s u back to ! ,grecian ma/]s4 ,diphilus1 ,philemon1 ,apollodorus1 & ,m5&]1 are c]ta9ly f\r ( ! mo/ celebrat$ names among !m4 ,! palm1 = elegance1 delicacy1 & sweetness1 is ) "o voice giv5 to ,m5&]1 al?\gh ,philemon frequ5tly c>ri$ (f ! prize be=e him1 probably because he /udi$ m ! ta/e ( ! multitude1 or because he avail$ himself ( adscititi\s means ( popul>ity4 ,?is 0 at lea/ ins9uat$ by ,m5&]1 :o :5 he met 8 rival "o day said to him1 ,pray1 ,philemon1 do/ ?\ n blu% :5 ?\ ga9e/ a victory ov] me8 ,m5&] fl\ri%$ aft] ! times ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & 0 ! contempor>y ( ,demetrius ,phal]eus4 ,he 0 in/ruct$ 9 philosophy by ,!ophra/us1 b 8 own op9ions incl9$ him to t ( ,epicurus1 & he boa/$ 9 an epigram1 t if ,!mi/ocles fre$ 8 c\ntry f slav]y1 ,epicurus fre$ x f irrationality4 ,he 0 fond ( ! *oice/ s5sual enjoym5ts3 ,pha$rus1 9 an unf9i%$ tale1 describes him to u z ev5 9 8 ext]ior1 an effem9ate voluptu>y2 & 8 am\r ) ! c\rtesan ,glyc]a is notori\s4 ,! ,epicurean philosophy1 :i* plac$ ! supreme happ9ess ( life 9 ! b5evol5t affections1 b nei!r spurr$ m5 on to h]oic action1 nor excit$ any s5se ( x 9 ! m9d1 c\ld h>dly fail to be well receiv$ among ! ,greeks1 aft] ! loss ( _! old & glori\s fre$om3 ) _! *e]ful mild way ( ?9k+1 x 0 admirably calculat$ to console !m4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ suitable = ! comic poet1 z ! /oical philosophy is = ! trag$ian4 ,! object ( ! com$ian is m]ely to produce mitigat$ impressions1 & by no means to excite a /rong indignation at human frailties4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may easily compreh5d :y ! ,greeks conceiv$ a passion = ! ,new ,com$y at ! v p]iod :5 !y lo/ _! fre$om1 z x div]t$ !m f sympa?y ) ! c\rse ( human affairs 9 g5]al1 & ) political ev5ts1 & absorb$ _! att5tion :olly 9 dome/ic & p]sonal conc]ns4 ,! ,grecian !atre 0 orig9ally =m$ = high] walks ( ! drama2 & we d n attempt to dissemble ! inconv5i5ces & disadvantages :i* its /ructure mu/ h occasion$ to ,com$y4 ,! frame 0 too l>ge1 & ! picture c\ld n fill x4 ,! ,greek /age 0 op5 to ! heav5s1 & x exhibit$ little or no?+ ( ! int]ior ( ! h\ses ,footnote3 ,to s]ve ?is purpose rec\rse 0 _h to ! encyclema1 :i*1 no d\bt1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,cl\ds1 exhibit$ ,/repsiades & 8 son sleep+ on _! b$s4 ,moreov]1 ,julius ,pollux m5tions among ! decorations ( ,new ,com$y1 a sort ( t5t1 hut1 or %$1 adjo9+ to ! middle edifice1 ) a doorway1 orig9ally a /able1 b aft]w>ds applicable to _m purposes4 ,9 ! ,semp/resses ( ,antiphanes1 x repres5t$ a sort ( work%op4 ,"h1 or 9 ! encyclema1 ent]ta9m5ts 7 giv51 :i* 9 ! old com$ies sometimes took place be=e ! eyes ( ! spectators4 ,) ! s\!rn habits ( ! anci5ts1 x 0 n1 p]haps1 s unnatural to fea/ ) op5 doors1 z x w\ld be 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,b no mod]n comm5tator has yet1 s f> z ,i "k1 endeav\r$ to illu/rate 9 a prop] mann] ! !atrical arrangem5t ( ! plays ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,see ! ,f\r? ,lecture1 c41 & ! ,app5dix on ! ,sc5ic ,arrangem5t ( ! ,greek ,!atre44 ,! ,new ,com$y 0 !re=e "u ! necessity ( plac+ its sc5e 9 ! /reet4 ,?is gave rise to _m inconv5i5ces2 ?us p frequ5tly come out ( _! h\ses to tell _! secrets to "o ano!r 9 public4 ,x is true1 ! poets 7 ?us also sav$ ! necessity ( *ang+ ! sc5e1 by suppos+ t ! families conc]n$ 9 ! action liv$ 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,x may be urg$ 9 _! ju/ification1 t ! ,greeks1 l all o!r s\!rn nations1 liv$ a good deal out ( _! small private h\ses1 9 ! op5 air4 ,! *ief disadvantage ) :i* ?is con/ruction ( ! /age 0 att5d$1 0 ! limitation ( ! female p>ts4 ,) t due obs]vance ( cu/om :i* ! ess5ce ( ! ,new ,com$y requir$1 ! exclusion ( unm>ri$ wom5 & "y maid5s 9 g5]al 0 an inevitable consequ5ce ( ! retir$ life ( ! female sex 9 ,greece4 ,none appe> b ag$ matrons1 female slaves1 or girls ( light reputation4 ,h5ce1 besides ! loss ( _m agreeable situations1 arose ?is fur!r inconv5i5ce1 t frequ5tly ! :ole piece turns on a m>riage )1 or a passion =1 a "y woman1 :o is nev] once se54 ,a!ns1 :]e ! fictiti\s1 z well z ! actual1 sc5e 0 g5]ally plac$1 0 ! c5tre ( a small t]ritory1 & 9 no wise to be comp>$ ) our capital cities1 ei!r 9 ext5t or population4 ,republican equality admitt$ ( no m>k$ di/9ction ( ranks2 !re 0 no prop] nobility3 all 7 alike citiz5s1 ri*] or poor]1 & = ! mo/ "p _h no o!r occupation ?an ! managem5t ( _! sev]al prop]ties4 ,h5ce ! ,attic ,new ,com$y c\ld n well admit ( ! contra/s aris+ f div]sity ( tone & m5tal culture2 x g5]ally moves )9 a sort ( middle rank1 & has some?+ citiz5-l1 nay1 if ,i may s say1 some?+ ( ! mann]s ( a small t[n ab\t x1 :i* is n at all to ! ta/e ( ^? :o w\ld h com$y to portray ! mann]s ( a c\rt1 & ! ref9em5t or corruption ( mon>*ical capitals4 ,) respect to ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! two sexes1 ! ,greeks knew no?+ ( ! gallantry ( mod]n ,europe1 nor ! union ( love ) en?usia/ic v5]ation4 ,all 0 s5sual passion or m>riage4 ,! latt] 01 by ! con/itution & mann]s ( ! ,greeks1 mu* m a matt] ( duty1 or an affair ( conv5i5ce1 ?an ( incl9ation4 ,! laws 7 /rict only 9 "o po9t1 ! pres]vation ( ! pure national extraction ( ! *ildr51 :i* alone 0 legitimate4 ,! "r ( citiz5%ip 0 a great pr]ogative1 & ! m valuable ! small] ! numb] ( citiz5s1 :i* 0 n all[$ to increase beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,h5ce m>riages ) =eign wom5 7 invalid4 ,! society ( a wife1 :om1 9 mo/ cases1 ! husb& _h n ev5 se5 be=e 8 m>riage ) h]1 & :o pass$ h] :ole life )9 ! walls ( h] h\se1 c\ld n af=d him mu* ent]ta9m5t2 ?is 0 s\ght among wom5 :o _h =feit$ all title to /rict respect1 & :o 7 g5]ally =eign]s )\t prop]ty1 or fre$ slaves1 & ! l4 ,) wom5 ( ?is description ! easy morality ( ! ,greeks all[$ ( ! greate/ lic5se1 especially to "y unm>ri$ m54 ,! anci5t writ]s1 !re=e1 ( ! ,new ,com$y pa9t ?is mode ( life ) mu* less disguise ?an we ?9k decor\s4 ,_! com$ies1 l all com$ies 9 ! _w1 frequ5tly end ) m>riages 7x seems ?is cata/rophe br+s s]i\sness along ) x72 b ! m>riage is (t5 ent]$ ^u m]ely z a means ( propitiat+ a fa!r inc5s$ at ! irregul>ities ( "s illicit am\r4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! am\r is *ang$ into a lawful m>riage by means ( a discov]y t ! suppos$ =eign] or slave is by bir? an ,a!nian citiz54 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! fruitful m9d ( ! v poet :o c>ri$ ! ,old ,com$y to p]fection1 put =? also ! fir/ g]m ( ! ,new4 ,cocalus1 ! la/ piece :i* ,ari/ophanes compos$1 conta9$ a s$uction1 a recognition1 & all ! lead+ circum/ances :i* 7 aft]w>ds employ$ by ,m5&] 9 8 comic pieces4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is easy to ov]look ! :ole r\nd ( *>act]s2 nay1 !y are s few1 & s p]petually recur1 t !y may be almo/ all enum]at$4 ,! au/]e & /+y1 or ! mild easy fa!r1 ! latt] n unfrequ5tly "u ! dom9ion ( 8 wife1 & mak+ common cause ) 8 son aga9/ h]2 ! h\sewife ei!r lov+ & s5sible1 or scold+ & dom9e]+1 & presum+ on ! accession %e has br\ght to ! family prop]ty2 ! "y man giddy & extravagant1 b frank & amiable1 :o ev5 9 a passion s5sual at its comm5cem5t is capable ( true atta*m5t2 ! girl ( light "*1 ei!r ?or\ghly deprav$1 va91 cunn+1 & selfi%1 or /ill good-he>t$ & susceptible ( bett] feel+s2 ! simple & cl[ni%1 & ! cunn+ slave :o assi/s 8 "y ma/] 9 *eat+ 8 old fa!r1 & by all mann] ( knavi% tricks procures him money = ! gratification ( 8 passions2 7z ?is "* plays a pr9cipal "p1 ,i %all %ortly make "s fur!r obs]vations on x27 ! flatt]] or accommodat+ p>asite1 :o1 = ! sake ( a good meal1 is ready to say or d any ?+ t may be requir$ ( him ! sycophant1 a man ^: bus9ess x 0 to set quietly dispos$ p by ! e>s1 & /ir up law-suits1 = ! conduct ( :i* he (f]$ 8 s]vices2 ! gasconad+ soldi]1 return$ f =eign s]vice1 g5]ally c[>dly & simple1 b :o assumes airs & boa/s ( 8 exploits abroad2 & la/ly1 a s]vant or pret5d$ "m1 :o prea*es v indiff]5t morals to ! "y girl entru/$ to h] c>e2 & ! slave-deal]1 :o speculates on ! extravagant passions ( "y p1 & reg>ds no?+ b 8 own pecuni>y advantage4 ,! two la/ *>act]s1 ) _! revolt+ co>s5ess1 are1 to our feel+s1 a real blot 9 ! ,greek ,com$y2 b its v subject-matt] r5d]$ x impossible = x to disp5se ) !m4 ,! knavi% s]vant is g5]ally also ! buffoon1 :o takes pleasure 9 av[+1 & ev5 exagg]at+1 8 own s5suality & want ( pr9ciple1 & :o jokes at ! exp5se ( ! o!r *>act]s1 & occasionally ev5 addresses ! pit4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! comic s]vants ( ! mod]ns1 b ,i am incl9$ to d\bt :e!r1 ) our mann]s1 !re is propriety & tru? 9 introduc+ su* *>act]s4 ,! ,greek s]vant 0 a slave1 subject = life to ! arbitr>y caprice ( 8 ma/]1 & frequ5tly ! victim ( ! mo/ sev]e treatm5t4 ,a man1 :o1 ?us depriv$ by ! con/itution ( society ( all 8 natural rights1 makes trick & artifice 8 trade may well be p>don$3 he is 9 a /ate ( w> ) 8 oppressors1 & cunn+ is 8 natural weapon4 ,b 9 our times1 a s]vant1 :o is free to *oose 8 situation & 8 ma/]1 is a good- =-no?+ sc\ndrel if he assi/s ! son to deceive ! fa!r4 ,) respect1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! op5 av[al ( fondness ( good eat+ & dr9k+ :i* is employ$ to give a comic /amp to s]vants & p]sons 9 a l[ rank ( life1 x may /ill be us$ )\t impropriety3 ( ^? to :om life has grant$ b few privileges x does n require mu*2 & !y may boldly own ! vulg>ity ( _! incl9ations1 )\t giv+ any %ock to our moral feel+s4 ,! bett] ! condition ( s]vants 9 real life1 ! less adapt$ are !y = ! /age2 & ?is at lea/ r$\nds to ! praise ( our m humane age1 t 9 our family picture tales we meet ) s]vants :o are "r wor?y *>act]s1 bett] fitt$ to excite our sympa?y ?an our d]ision4 ,! repetition ( ! same *>act]s 0 z x 7 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,greek comic writ]s1 by _! frequ5t use ( ! same names1 & ^? too 9 "p expressive ( "*4 ,9 ?is !y did bett] ?an _m comic poets ( mod]n times1 :o1 = ! sake ( novelty ( "*1 torture !mselves to atta9 complete individuality1 by :i* ef=ts no o!r effect g5]ally is produc$ ?an t ( div]t+ our att5tion f ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! piece1 & dissipat+ x on accessory circum/ances4 ,& !n aft] all !y imp]ceptibly fall back aga9 into ! old well-kn[n "*4 ,x is bett] to del9eate ! *>act]s at fir/ ) a c]ta9 bread?1 & to leave ! actor room to t\* !m up m accurately1 & to add ! nic] & m p]sonal traits1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ea* composition4 ,9 ?is respect ! use ( masks admits ( ju/ification2 :i*1 l _m o!r peculi>ities ( ! anci5t !atre1 7su* z ! act+ 9 ! op5 air17 7 /ill reta9$1 ?\gh orig9ally design$ = o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! drama1 & ?\gh !y seem a great] incongruity 9 ! ,new ,com$y ?an 9 ! ,old1 & 9 ,trag$y4 ,b c]ta9ly x 0 unsuitable to ! _s ( ! ,new1 t1 :ile 9 o!r respects ! repres5tation approa*$ nature ) a m exact1 nay1 illusive resemblance1 ! masks deviat$ m f x ?an 9 ! ,old1 be+ ov]*>g$ 9 ! features1 & almo/ to c>icature4 ,h[ev] s+ul> ?is may appe>1 x is too expressly & =mally atte/$ to admit ( a d\bt4 ,footnote3 ,see ,platonius1 9 ,ari/oph4 cur4 ,k/]1 p4 xi4 ,z !y 7 prohibit$ f br++ portraits ( real p]sons on ! /age !y 71 aft] ! loss ( _! fre$om1 v c>eful le/ !y %\ld accid5tally /umble ^u any resemblance1 & especially to any ( _! ,mac$onian rul]s2 & 9 ?is way !y endeav\r$ to secure !mselves aga9/ ! dang]4 ,yet ! exagg]ation 9 "q 0 h>dly )\t its mean+4 ,accord+ly we f9d x /at$1 t an unsymmetrical pr(ile1 ) "o eyebr[ drawn up & ! o!r d[n1 d5ot$ an idle1 inquisitive1 & int]m$dl+ busy- body1 ,footnote3 ,see ,jul4 ,pollux1 9 ! section ( comic masks4 ,comp>e ,platonius z above1 & ,qu9ctilian1 #a4 xi4 c4 #c4 ,! suppos$ wond]ful discov]y ( ,voltaire respect+ tragic masks1 :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 ! f\r? ,lecture1 w h>dly be =gott54 & we may 9 fact rem>k t m51 :o are 9 ! habit ( look+ at ?+s ) anxi\s exact obs]vation1 are apt to acquire di/ortions ( ?is k9d4 ,among o!r peculi>ities ! masks 9 com$y h ?is advantage1 t f ! unavoidable repetition ( ! same *>act]s ! spectator knew at once :at he _h to expect4 ,i once witness$ at ,weim> a repres5tation ( ! ,adelphi ( ,t]5ce1 entirely 9 anci5t co/ume1 :i*1 "u ! direction ( ,goe!1 furni%$ u a truly ,attic ev5+4 ,! actors us$ p>tial masks1 clev]ly fitt$ to ! real c\nt5ance1 ,footnote3 ,?is also 0 n unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 z x prov$ by _m comic masks hav+ 9 ! place ( ! m\? a circul> op5+ ( consid]able wid?1 ?r\gh :i* ! m\? & ! adjo9+ features 7 all[$ to appe>2 & :i*1 ) _! di/ort$ movem5ts1 mu/ h produc$ a highly ludicr\s effect1 f ! contra/ 9 ! fix$ di/ortion ( ! re/ ( ! c\nt5ance4 & not)/&+ ! smallness ( ! !atre1 ,i did n f9d t !y 7 9 any way prejudicial to vivacity4 ,! mask 0 peculi>ly fav\rable = ! jokes ( ! rogui% slave3 8 unc\? physiognomy1 z well z 8 app>el1 /amp$ him at once z a man ( a peculi> race1 7z 9 tru? ! slaves 71 p>tly ev5 by extraction17 & he might !re=e well be all[$ to act & speak diff]5tly f ! re/ ( ! *>act]s4 ,out ( ! limit$ range ( _! civil & dome/ic life1 & out ( ! simple !me ( ! *>act]s above m5tion$1 ! inv5tion ( ! ,greek comic writ]s contriv$ to extract an inexhau/ible multitude ( v>iations1 & yet1 :at is des]v+ ( high praise1 ev5 9 t on :i* !y gr\nd$ _! developm5t & cata/rophe1 !y ev] rema9$ true to _! national cu/oms4 ,! circum/ances ( :i* !y avail$ !mselves = ?is purpose 7 g5]ally ! foll[+3--,greece consi/$ ( a numb] ( small sep>ate /ates1 ly+ r\nd ab\t ,a!ns on ! coa/ & isl&s4 ,navigation 0 frequ5t1 piracy n unusual1 :i*1 moreov]1 0 direct$ aga9/ human be+s 9 ord] to supply ! slave-m>ket4 ,?us1 ev5 free-born *ildr5 might be kidnapp$4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 too1 !y 7 expos$ by _! own p>5ts1 9 virtue ( _! legal rights1 & be+ unexpect$ly sav$ f de/ruction1 7 aft]w>ds re/or$ to _! families4 ,all ?is prep>$ a gr\nd-"w = ! recognitions 9 ,greek ,com$y betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 bro!rs & si/]s1 c41 :i* z a means ( br++ ab\t ! dn\em5t1 0 borr[$ by ! comic f ! tragic writ]s4 ,! complicat$ intrigue is c>ri$ on )9 ! repres5t$ action1 b ! s+ul> & improbable accid5t on :i* x is f\nd$1 is remov$ to a di/ance bo? ( "t & place1 s t ! com$y1 ?\gh tak5 f e-day life1 has /ill1 9 "s degree1 a m>vell\s romantic back-gr\nd4 ,! ,greek ,comic writ]s 7 acqua9t$ ) ,com$y 9 all its ext5t1 & employ$ !mselves ) equal dilig5ce on all its v>ieties1 ! ,f>ce1 ! ,play ( ,intrigue1 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( ! ,play ( ,"*1 f c>icature to ! nice/ delicacy ( del9eation1 & ev5 ! s]i\s or s5tim5tal drama4 ,!y possess$ moreov] a mo/ en*ant+ species1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 no examples are n[ rema9+4 ,f ! titles ( _! pieces1 & o!r indications1 x appe>s !y sometimes introduc$ hi/orical p]sonages1 z = in/ance ! poetess ,sappho1 ) ,alcaeus's & ,anacreon's love = h]1 or h] own passion = ,phaon2 ! /ory ( h] leap f ! ,leucadian rock owes1 p]haps1 its orig91 solely to ! inv5tion ( ! comic writ]s4 ,to judge f _! subject-matt]1 ^! com$ies mu/ h approa*$ to our romantic drama2 & ! mixture ( beautiful passion ) ! tranquil grace ( ! ord9>y comic repres5tation mu/ und\bt$ly h be5 v attractive4 ,9 ! above obs]vations ,i h1 ,i conceive1 giv5 a fai?ful picture ( ! ,greek ,com$y4 ,i h n attempt$ to disguise ei!r its defects or its limitation4 ,! anci5t ,trag$y & ! ,old ,com$y are inimitable1 unapproa*able1 & /& alone 9 ! :ole range ( ! hi/ory ( art4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,com$y we may v5ture to measure our /r5g? ) ! ,greeks1 & ev5 attempt to surpass !m4 ,:5ev] we desc5d f ! ,olympus ( true poetry to ! common e>?1 9 o!r words1 :5 once we mix ! prose ( a def9ite reality ) ! ideal creations ( fancy1 ! success ( productions is no long] det]m9$ by ! g5ius alone1 & a feel+ = art1 b ! m or less fav\rable nature ( circum/ances4 ,! figures ( ! gods ( ! ,grecian sculptors /& be=e u z ! p]fect models = all ages4 ,! noble occupation ( giv+ an ideal p]fection to ! human =m hav+ once be5 ent]$ ^u by ! fancy1 all t is left ev5 to an equal degree ( inspiration is b to make a repetition ( ! same attempts4 ,9 ! execution1 h[ev]1 ( p]sonal & individual resemblances1 ! mod]n /atu>y is ! rival ( ! anci5t3 b ?is is no pure creation ( art2 obs]vation mu/ "h come 93 & :atev] degree ( sci5ce1 pr(undity1 & ta/e may be display$ 9 ! execution1 ! arti/ is /ill ti$ d[n to ! object :i* is actually be=e him4 ,9 ! admirable portrait-/atues ( two ( ! mo/ celebrat$ comic writ]s1 ,m5&] & ,posidippus 79 ! ,vatican71 ! physiognomy ( ! ,greek ,new ,com$y appe>s to me to be almo/ visibly & p]sonally express$6 ,clad 9 ! mo/ simple dress1 & hold+ a roll 9 _! h&s1 !y are sitt+ 9 arm-*airs ) all ! ease & self- possession :i* m>k ! consci\s sup]iority ( ! ma/]2 & 9 t maturity ( age :i* befits ! undi/urb$ imp>tial obs]vation :i* is requisite = ,com$y1 b yet hale & active1 & free f all symptoms ( decay4 ,we recognise 9 !m t corporeal vig\r1 :i* te/ifies at once to equal s\ndness bo? ( m9d & ( temp]2 no l(ty en?usiasm1 b at ! same "t no?+ ( folly or extravagance2 r does a sage s]i\sness dwell on a br[ wr9kl$ inde$1 ?\gh n ) c>e1 b ) ! ex]cise ( ?\ght2 :ile 9 ! quick-se>*+ eye1 & 9 ! m\? half curl+ into a smile1 we h ! unmi/akable indications ( a light playful irony4 ,,lecture ,,xv4 ,roman ,!atre--,native k9ds3 ,atellane ,fables1 ,mimes1 ,como$ia ,togata-- ,greek ,trag$y transplant$ to ,rome--,tragic ,au?ors ( a =m] ,epo*1 & ( ! ,augu/an ,age--,idea ( a ,national ,roman ,trag$y--,causes ( ! want ( success ( ! ,romans 9 ,trag$y--,s5eca4 ,! exam9ation ( ! nature ( ! ,drama 9 g5]al1 z well z ! consid]ation ( ! ,greek !atre1 :i* 0 z peculi> 9 its orig9 z 9 its maturity x 0 actually p]fect1 h hi!rto alone occupi$ our att5tion4 ,our notice ( ! dramatic lit]ature ( mo/ ( ! o!r nations1 :i* pr9cipally call = consid]ation1 mu/ be m>k$ ) great] brevity2 & yet1 we are n afraid t we %all be accus$ 9 ei!r case ( ei!r disproportionate l5g? or concis5ess4 ,& fir/1 ) respect to ! ,romans1 ^: !atre is 9 e way imm$iately atta*$ to t ( ! ,greeks1 we h only1 z x 71 to notice "o great gap1 :i* p>tly arises f _! own want ( creative p[]s 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 & p>tly f ! loss1 ) ! exception ( a few fragm5ts1 ( all t !y did produce 9 x4 ,! only works :i* h desc5d$ to u f ! good classical times are ^? ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 :om ,i h already *>act]is$ z copyi/s ( ! ,greeks4 ,poetry 9 g5]al _h no native gr[? 9 ,rome2 x 0 fir/ artificially cultivat$ along ) o!r luxuries 9 ^? lat] times :5 ! orig9al "* ( ,rome 0 be+ fa/ ext+ui%$ "u an imitation ( =eign mann]s4 ,9 ! ,lat9 we h an example ( a language modell$ into poetical expression1 altoge!r aft] =eign grammatical & metrical =ms4 ,?is imitation ( ! ,greek 0 n accompli%$ easily & )\t =ce3 ! ,graecis+ 0 c>ri$ ev5 to ! l5g? ( a clumsy int]mixture ( ! two languages4 ,gradually only 0 ! poetical /yle smoo!d & s(t5$1 & 9 ,catullus we /ill p]ceive ! la/ traces ( its e>ly h>%ness1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n )\t a c]ta9 rugg$ *>m4 ,^? con/ructions1 & especially ^? comp\nds :i* 7 too mu* at v>iance ) ! int]nal /ructure ( ! ,lat91 & fail$ to become agreeable to ! ,roman e>1 7 9 "t reject$1 & at l5g?1 9 ! age ( ,augu/us1 ! poets succe$$ 9 produc+ ! mo/ agreeable comb9ation ( ! peculi>ities1 native & borr[$4 ,h>dly1 h[ev]1 _h ! desir$ equilibrium be5 atta9$ :5 a pause ensu$2 all free developm5t 0 *eck$1 & ! poetical /yle1 not)/&+ a seem+ advance to great] boldness & le>n+1 0 irrevocably conf9$ )9 ! r\nd ( already sanction$ modes ( expression4 ,?us ! language ( ,lat9 poetry fl\ri%$ only )9 ! %ort int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! p]iod ( its unf9i%$ /ate & its second dea?2 & z to ! _s also ( poetry1 x too f>$ no bett]4 ,to ! inv5tion ( !atrical amusem5ts ! ,romans 7 n l$ f any desire to enliv5 ! leisure ( _! fe/ivals ) su* exhibitions z )draw ! m9d f ! c>es & conc]ns ( life2 b 9 _! despond5cy "u a desolat+ pe/il5ce1 aga9/ :i* all rem$ies seem$ unavail+1 !y _h rec\rse to ! !atre1 z a means ( appeas+ ! ang] ( ! gods1 hav+ previ\sly be5 only acqua9t$ ) ! ex]cises ( ! gymnasium & ! games ( ! circus4 ,! hi/riones1 h[ev]1 :om = ?is purpose !y summon$ f ,etruria1 7 m]ely danc]s1 :o probably did n attempt any pantomimic dances1 b endeav\r$ to delight _! audi5ce by ! agility ( _! movem5ts4 ,_! olde/ spok5 plays1 ! ,fabulae ,atellanae1 ! ,romans borr[$ f ! ,osci1 ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ,italy4 ,) ^! saturae1 7s call$ because fir/ !y 7 improvisatory f>ces1 )\t dramatic connexion2 satura signify+ a m$ley1 or mixture ( e ?+17 !y 7 satisfi$ till ,livius ,&ronicus1 some:at m ?an five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ,home1 began to imitate ! ,greeks2 & ! regul> compositions ( ,trag$y & ! ,new ,com$y 7! ,old x 0 impossible to transplant7 7 !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 introduc$ into ,rome4 ,?us ! ,romans ow$ ! fir/ idea ( a play to ! ,etruscans1 ( ! effusions ( a sportive hum\r to ! ,oscans1 & ( a high] class ( dramatic works to ! ,greeks4 ,!y display$1 h[ev]1 m orig9ality 9 ! comic ?an 9 ! tragic dep>tm5t4 ,! ,oscans1 ^: language soon ceas+ to be spok51 surviv$ only 9 ^! f>ces1 7 at lea/ s ne> ak9 to ! ,romans1 t _! dialect 0 imm$iately und]/ood by a ,roman audi5ce3 = h[ else c\ld ! ,romans h d]iv$ any amusem5t f ! ,atellanae8 ,s completely did !y dome/icate ?is species ( drama t ,roman y\?s1 ( noble families1 enam\r$ ( ?is ent]ta9m5t1 us$ to exhibit x on _! fe/ivals2 on :i* acc\nt ev5 ! play]s :o act$ 9 ! ,atellane fables = money enjoy$ peculi> privileges1 be+ exempt f ! infamy & exclusion f ! tribes :i* atta*$ to all o!r !atrical arti/s1 & 7 also excus$ f milit>y s]vice4 ,! ,romans _h1 besides1 _! own ,mimes4 ,! =eign "n ( ^! little pieces w\ld lead u to conclude t !y bore a great aff9ity to ! ,greek ,mimes2 !y diff]$1 h[ev]1 f !m consid]ably 9 =m2 we "k also t ! mann]s portray$ 9 !m _h a local tru?1 & t ! subject-matt] 0 n d]iv$ f ,greek compositions4 ,x is peculi> to ,italy1 t f ! e>lie/ times its p h display$ a native tal5t = a m]ry1 amus+1 ?\gh v rude buffoon]y1 9 extempor>y spee*es & songs1 ) accompany+ appropriate ge/ures2 ?\gh x has seldom be5 c\pl$ ) true dramatic ta/e4 ,?is latt] ass]tion w be fully ju/ifi$ :5 we %all h exam9$ all t has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! high] walks ( ! ,drama 9 t c\ntry1 d[n to ! mo/ rec5t times4 ,! =m] might be easily sub/antiat$ by a numb] ( circum/ances1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld lead u too f> f our object into ! hi/ory ( ! ,saturnalia & simil> cu/oms1 ,ev5 ( ! wit :i* prevails 9 ! dialogues ( ! ,pasqu9o & ! ,m>=io & ( _! apposite & popul> ridicule on pass+ ev5ts1 _m traces are to be f\nd ev5 9 ! times ( ! ,emp]ors1 h[ev] little dispos$ !y 7 to be indulg5t to su* lib]ties4 ,b :at is m imm$iately connect$ ) our pres5t purpose is ! conjecture--t 9 ^! ,mimes & ,atellane ,fables we h p]haps ! fir/ g]m ( ! ,comm$ia dell' arte1 ! improvisatory f>ce ) /&+ masks4 ,a /rik+ aff9ity betwe5 ! latt] & ! ,atellanae consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( dialects to produce a ludicr\s effect4 ,b h[ w\ld ,h>lequ9 & ,pulc9ello be a/oni%$ 7 !y to be told t !y desc5d$ 9 a direct l9e f ! buffoons ( ! anci5t ,romans1 & ev5 f ! ,oscans6--,) :at droll]y w\ld !y requite ! lab\rs ( ! antiqu>ian :o %\ld trace _! glori\s p$igree to su* a root6 ,f ! figures on ,greek vases1 we "k t ! grotesque masks ( ! ,old ,com$y bore a dress v mu* resembl+ !irs3 long tr\s]s1 & a d\blet ) sleeves1 articles ( dress :i* ! ,greeks1 z well z ! ,romans1 nev] us$ except on ! /age4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day ,zanni is "o ( ! names ( ,h>lequ92 & ,sannio 9 ! ,lat9 f>ces 0 a buffoon1 :o1 accord+ to ! acc\nts ( anci5t writ]s1 _h a %av5 head1 & a dress pat*$ toge!r ( gay p>ti- col\r$ pieces4 ,! exact resemblance ( ! figure ( ,pulc9ello is said to h be5 f\nd among ! frescoes ( ,pompeii4 ,if he came orig9ally f ,atella1 he is /ill mo/ly to be met ) 9 ! old l& ( 8 nativity4 ,! objection t ^! traditions c\ld n well h be5 pres]v$ dur+ ! cessation = s _m c5turies ( all !atrical amusem5ts1 w be easily got ov] :5 we recollect ! lic5ces annually enjoy$ at ! ,c>nival1 & ! ,fea/s ( ,fools 9 ! middle ages4 ,! ,greek ,mimes 7 dialogues 9 prose1 & n de/9$ = ! /age2 ! ,roman 7 9 v]se1 7 act$1 & (t5 deliv]$ extempore4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ au?ors ( ?is k9d 7 ,lab]ius & ,syrus1 contempor>ies ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,! latt] :5 dictator1 by an imp]ial reque/1 compell$ ,lab]ius1 a ,roman knight1 to appe> publicly 9 8 own ,mimes1 al?\gh ! sc5ic employm5t 0 br&$ ) ! loss ( civil rights4 ,lab]ius compla9$ ( ?is 9 a prologue1 :i* is /ill extant1 & 9 :i* ! pa9ful feel+ ( annihilat$ self-respect is nobly & affect+ly express$4 ,we _c well conceive h[1 9 su* a /ate ( m9d1 he c\ld be capable ( mak+ ludicr\s jokes1 nor h[1 ) s bitt] an example ( despotic degradation ,footnote3 ,:at humiliation ,caes> w\ld h inw>dly felt1 c\ld he h =ese5 t1 )9 a few g5]ations1 ,n]o1 8 successor 9 absolute au?ority1 out ( a lu/ = self-degradation1 w\ld expose himself frequ5tly to infamy 9 ! same mann] z he1 ! fir/ despot1 _h expos$ a ,roman ( ! middle rank1 n )\t excit+ a g5]al feel+ ( indignation4 be=e _! eyes1 ! spectators c\ld take any delight 9 !m4 ,caes>1 on 8 "p1 kept 8 engagem5t3 he gave ,lab]ius a consid]able sum ( money1 & inve/$ him anew ) ! eque/rian rank1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c\ld n re-in/ate him 9 ! op9ion ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he took 8 rev5ge = ! prologue & o!r allusions by be/[+ ! prize on ,syrus1 ! slave1 & aft]w>d ! fre$man & s*ol> ( ,lab]ius 9 ! mimetic art4 ,( ! ,mimes ( ,syrus we h /ill extant a numb] ( s5t5ces1 :i*1 9 matt] & elegant concis5ess ( expression1 are des]v+ ( a place by ! side ( ,m5&]'s4 ,"s ( !m ev5 g beyond ! moral horizon ( s]i\s ,com$y1 & assume an almo/ /oical elevation4 ,h[ 0 ! transition f l[ f>ce to su* elevation effect$8 ,& h[ c\ld su* maxims be at all introduc$1 )\t ! same important involution ( human relations z t :i* is exhibit$ 9 p]fect ,com$y8 ,at all ev5ts1 !y are calculat$ to give u a v fav\rable idea ( ! ,mimes4 ,horace1 inde$1 speaks slight+ly ( ! lit]>y m]it ( ,lab]ius' ,mimes1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! arbitr>y nature ( _! composition1 or ( ! neglig5t mann] 9 :i* !y 7 work$ out4 ,h[ev]1 we ought n to all[ our own op9ion to be too mu* influ5c$ aga9/ him by ?is critical poet2 =1 f motives :i* are easy to und]/&1 he lays mu* great] /ress on ! c>eful use ( ! file1 ?an on orig9al boldness & f]tility ( inv5tion4 ,a s+le entire ,mime1 :i* "t un=tunately has d5i$ u1 w\ld h ?r[n m light on ?is "q ?an all ! confus$ notices ( gramm>ians1 & all ! conjectures ( mod]n s*ol>s4 ,! regul> ,com$y ( ! ,romans 01 = ! mo/ "p1 palliata1 t is1 x appe>$ 9 a ,grecian co/ume1 & repres5t$ ,grecian mann]s4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! com$ies ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,b !y _h also a como$ia togata2 s call$ f ! ,roman dress :i* 0 usually worn 9 x4 ,afranius is celebrat$ z ! pr9cipal writ] 9 ?is walk4 ,( ^! com$ies we h no rema9s :atev]1 & ! notices ( !m are s scanty1 t we c-n ev5 det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :e!r ! togatae 7 orig9al com$ies ( an entirely new inv5tion1 or m]ely ,greek com$ies reca/ ) ,roman mann]s4 ,! latt] case is ! m probable1 z ,afranius liv$ 9 a p]iod :5 ,roman g5ius _h n yet v5tur$ to try a flight ( orig9al inv5tion2 al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n easy to conceive h[ ! ,attic com$ies c\ld1 )\t great viol5ce & con/ra9t1 h be5 adapt$ to local circum/ances s entirely diff]5t4 ,! t5or ( ,roman life 01 9 g5]al1 e>ne/ & grave1 al?\gh 9 private society !y _h no small turn = wit & joviality4 ,! div]sity ( ranks among ! ,romans1 politically1 0 v /rongly m>k$1 & ! opul5ce ( private individuals 0 frequ5tly almo/ k+ly2 _! wom5 liv$ mu* m 9 society1 & act$ a mu* m important "p ?an ! ,grecian wom5 did1 & f ?is indep5d5ce !y fully p>ticipat$ 9 ! ov]:elm+ tide ( corruption :i* accompani$ ext]nal ref9em5t4 ,! diff]5ces be+ s ess5tial1 an orig9al ,roman com$y w\ld h be5 a rem>kable ph5om5on1 & w\ld h enabl$ u to see ^! conqu]ors ( ! _w 9 an aspect altoge!r new4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 n accompli%$ by ! como$ia togata1 is prov$ by ! indiff]5t mann] 9 :i* x is m5tion$ by ! anci5ts4 ,qu9ctilian does n scruple to say1 t ! ,lat9 lit]ature limps mo/ 9 com$y2 ?is is 8 expression1 ^w = ^w4 ,) respect to ,trag$y1 we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 rem>k1 t ! ,grecian !atre 0 n introduc$ into ,rome )\t consid]able *anges 9 its arrangem5t4 ,! *orus1 = in/ance1 _h no long] a place 9 ! or*e/ra1 :]e ! mo/ di/+ui%$ spectators1 ! knights & s5ators1 n[ sat2 b x rema9$ on ! /age itself4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ! v disadvantage :i* we alleg$ 9 objection to ! mod]n attempts to introduce ! *orus4 ,o!r deviations f ! ,grecian mode ( repres5tation 7 also sanction$1 :i* c h>dly be consid]$ z improvem5ts4 ,at ! v fir/ introduction ( ! regul> drama1 ,livius ,&ronicus1 a ,greek by bir?1 & ! fir/ tragic poet & actor ( ,rome1 9 8 monodies 7lyrical pieces :i* 7 sung by a s+le p]son1 & n by ! :ole *orus71 sep>at$ ! song f ! mimetic danc+1 ! latt] only rema9+ to ! actor1 9 ^: /ead a boy1 /&+ beside ! flute-play]1 accompani$ him ) 8 voice4 ,among ! ,greeks1 9 bett] times1 ! tragic s++1 & ! accompany+ rhy?mical ge/ures1 7 s simple1 t a s+le p]son 0 able to d at ! same "t ample ju/ice to bo?4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 x w\ld seem1 pref]r$ sep>ate excell5ce to h>moni\s unity4 ,h5ce arose1 at an aft] p]iod1 _! fondness = pantomime1 ( :i* ! art 0 c>ri$ to ! greate/ p]fection 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,prom ! names ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! p]=m]s1 ,pylades1 ,ba?yllus1 c41 x w\ld appe> t x 0 ,greeks t practis$ ?is mute eloqu5ce 9 ,rome2 & ! lyric pieces :i* 7 express$ by _! dances 7 also deliv]$ 9 ,greek4 ,la/ly1 ,roscius frequ5tly play$ )\t a mask1 & 9 ?is respect probably he did n /& alone2 b1 z f> z we "k1 !re nev] 0 any in/ance ( x among ! ,greeks4 ,! alt]ation 9 "q might be fav\rable to ! m brilliant display ( 8 own skill1 & ! ,romans1 :o 7 pleas$ ) x1 %[$ "h also t !y _h a high] reli% = ! disproportionate & prom95t tal5ts ( a virtuoso1 ?an = ! h>moni\s impression ( a "w ( art consid]$ z a :ole4 ,9 ! tragic lit]ature ( ! ,romans1 two epo*s are to be di/+ui%$3 ! fir/ t ( ,livius ,&ronicus1 ,naevius1 ,ennius1 & also ,pacuvius & ,attius1 :o bo? fl\ri%$ some:at lat] ?an ,plautus & ,t]5ce2 & ! second1 ! ref9$ epo* ( ! ,augu/an age4 ,! =m] produc$ none b translators & remodell]s ( ,greek works1 b x is probable t !y succe$$ bett] 9 ,trag$y ?an 9 ,com$y4 ,elevation ( expression is usually some:at awkw>d 9 a language z yet imp]fectly cultivat$1 b /ill its height may be atta9$ by p]sev]ance2 b to hit (f ! neglig5t grace ( social wit requires natural hum\r & ref9em5t ,"h1 h[ev]1 7z well z 9 ! case ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce17 we d n possess a s+le fragm5t ( any "w ^: ,greek orig9al is extant1 to enable u to judge ( ! accuracy & g5]al felicity ( ! copy2 b a spee* ( consid]able l5g? f ,attius' ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 is 9 no respect unwor?y (--,aes*ylus1 & ! v]sification1 also1 is mu* m c>eful ,footnote3 ,9 :at metres c\ld ^! trag$ians h translat$ ! ,greek *oral odes8 ,horace decl>es ! imitation1 9 ,lat91 ( ,p9d>1 ^: lyrical productions be> great resemblance to ^? ( ,trag$y1 altoge!r impracticable4 ,probably !y nev] v5tur$ into ! labyr9?s ( ! *oral /rophes1 :i* 7 nei!r calculat$ = ! language nor = ! e> ( ! ,romans4 ,beyond ! anape/1 ! trag$ies ( ,s5eca nev] asc5d high] ?an a sophic or *oriambic v]se1 :i*1 :5 monoton\sly repeat$1 is v disagreeable to ! e>4 ?an t ( ! ,lat9 comic writ]s g5]ally4 ,?is e>li] /yle 0 c>ri$ to p]fection by ,pacuvius & ,attius1 ^: pieces alone kept _! place on ! /age1 & seem to h _h _m admir]s d[n to ! times ( ,cic]o1 & ev5 /ill lat]4 ,horace directs 8 jeal\s criticism aga9/ ^!1 z well z all ! o!r old poets4 ,x 0 ! ambition ( ! contempor>ies ( ,augu/us1 to measure _! p[]s ) ! ,greeks 9 a m orig9al mann]2 b _! lab\rs 7 n att5d$ ) equal success 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,! numb] ( amateurs :o attempt$ to %9e 9 ,trag$y 0 p>ticul>ly great2 & works ( ?is k9d by ! ,emp]or himself ev5 are m5tion$4 ,h5ce !re is mu* 9 fav\r ( ! conjecture t ,horace wrote 8 epi/le to ! ,pisos1 *iefly ) ! view ( det]r+ ^! "y m5 f s dang]\s a c>e]1 be+1 9 all probability1 infect$ by ! univ]sal passion1 )\t possess+ ! requisite tal5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ tragic poets ( ?is age 0 ! fam\s ,as9ius ,pollio1 a man ( a viol5tly impassion$ disposition1 z ,pl9y in=ms u1 & :o 0 fond ( :atev] bore ! same "* 9 works ( f9e art4 ,x 0 he :o br\ght ) him f ,rhodes1 & erect$ at ,rome1 ! well-kn[n gr\p ( ! ,f>nese ,bull4 ,if 8 trag$ies bore ! same relation to ^? ( ,sophocles1 :i* ?is bold1 wild1 b some:at ov]wr\ght gr\p does to ! calm sublimity ( ! ,niobe1 we h e reason to regret _! loss4 ,b ,pollio's political influ5ce might easily bl9d 8 contempor>ies to ! true value ( 8 poetical lab\rs4 ,ovid1 :o tri$ s _m dep>tm5ts ( poetry1 also attempt$ ,trag$y1 & 0 ! au?or ( a ,m$ea4 ,to judge f ! wordy & commonplace displays ( passion 9 8 ,h]oides1 we might expect f him1 9 ,trag$y1 at mo/1 a c>icature ( ,euripides4 ,qu9ctilian1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t he prov$ "h1 = once1 :at he might h done1 _h he *os5 to re/ra9 himself in/ead ( yield+ to 8 natural prop5sity to diffus5ess4 ,?is1 & all ! o!r tragic attempts ( ! ,augu/an age1 h p]i%$4 ,we _c e/imate ) c]ta9ty ! magnitude ( ! loss :i* we h "h suff]$1 b f all appe>ances x is n extraord9>ily great4--,fir/ ( all ! ,grecian ,trag$y _h 9 ,rome to /ruggle ) all ! disadvantages ( a plant remov$ to a =eign soil2 ! ,roman religion 0 9 "s degree ak9 to t ( ! ,greeks1 7?\gh by no means s completely id5tical ) x z _m p suppose17 b at all ev5ts ! h]oic my?ology ( ,greece 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,rome by ! poets1 & 0 9 no wise int]wov5 ) ! national recollections1 z 0 ! case 9 s _m ways ) ^? ( ,greece4 ,! ideal ( a g5u9e ,roman ,trag$y floats be=e me dimly inde$1 & 9 ! backgr\nd ( ages1 & ) all ! indi/9ctness :i* mu/ surr\nd an entity1 :i* nev] issu$ out ( ! womb ( possibility into reality4 ,x w\ld be altoge!r diff]5t 9 =m & significance f t ( ! ,greeks1 &1 9 ! old ,roman s5se1 religi\s & patriotic4 ,all truly creative poetry mu/ proce$ f ! inw>d life ( a p1 & f religion1 ! root ( t life4 ,! _s ( ! ,roman religion 0 h[ev] orig9ally1 & be=e ! sub/ance ( x 0 sacrific$ to =eign ornam5t1 q diff]5t f t ( ! ,grecian4 ,! latt] 0 yield+ & flexible to ! h& ( art1 ! =m] immutable b5ea? ! rigor\s jeal\sy ( prie/craft4 ,! ,roman fai?1 & ! cu/oms f\nd$ on x1 7 m s]i\s1 m moral1 & pi\s1 display+ m insight into nature1 & m magical & my/]i\s1 ?an ! ,greek religion1 at lea/ ?an t "p ( x :i* 0 extr9secal to ! my/]ies4 ,z ! ,greek ,trag$y repres5t$ ! /ruggle ( ! free man ) de/9y1 a true ,roman ,trag$y w\ld exhibit ! subjection ( human motives to ! holy & b9d+ =ce ( religion1 & its visible pres5ce 9 all e>?ly ?+s4 ,b ?is _s _h be5 long ext9ct1 be=e ! want ( a cultivat$ poetry 0 fir/ felt by !m4 ,! ,patricians1 orig9ally an ,etruscan sac]dotal s*ool1 _h become m]e secul> /atesm5 & w>riors1 :o reg>d$ _! h]$it>y prie/hood 9 no o!r light ?an t ( a political =m4 ,_! sacr$ books1 _! ,v$as1 7 become un9telligible to !m1 n s mu* f obsolet5ess ( "*1 z because !y no long] possess$ ! high] k :i* 0 ! key to t sanctu>y4 ,:at ! h]oic tales ( ! ,lat9s might h become "u an e>li] developm5t1 z well z _! peculi> col\r+1 we may /ill see1 f "s traces 9 ,virgil1 ,prop]tius1 & ,ovid1 al?\gh ev5 ^! poets did b h&le !m z matt]s ( antiquity4 ,moreov]1 desir\s z ! ,romans 7 ( becom+ ?or\gh ,hell5i/s1 !y want$ = x t mild] humanity :i* is s di/9ctly traceable 9 ,grecian hi/ory1 poetry1 & art1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,hom]4 ,prom ! mo/ au/]e virtue1 :i* buri$ e p]sonal incl9ation1 z ,curtius did 8 life1 9 ! bosom ( fa!r-l&1 !y pass$ ) fe>ful rapidity to a /ate ( corruption1 by av>ice & luxury1 equally )\t example4 ,nev] 9 _! "* did !y belie ! leg5d t _! fir/ f\nd] 0 suckl$1 n at ! brea/ ( woman1 b ( a rav5+ %e-wolf4 ,!y 7 ! trag$ians ( ! _w's hi/ory1 :o exhibit$ _m a deep trag$y ( k+s l$ 9 *a9s & p9+ 9 dungeons2 !y 7 ! iron necessity ( all o!r nations2 univ]sal de/roy]s = ! sake ( rais+ at la/1 out ( ! ru9s1 ! mausoleum ( _! own dignity & fre$om1 9 ! mid/ ( ! monoton\s solitude ( an obsequi\s _w4 ,to !m1 x 0 n giv5 to excite emotion by ! temp]$ acc5ts ( m5tal suff]+1 & to t\* ) a light & delicate h& e note 9 ! scale ( feel+4 ,!y naturally s\ght also 9 ,trag$y1 by ov]leap+ all int]v5+ gradations1 to rea* at once ! extreme1 :e!r 9 ! /oicism ( h]oic =titude1 or 9 ! mon/r\s fury ( crim9al desire4 ,( all _! anci5t greatness no?+ rema9$ to !m b ! contempt ( pa9 & dea? :5ev] an extravagant enjoym5t ( life mu/ f9ally be ex*ang$ = !m4 ,?is seal1 !re=e1 ( _! =m] gr&eur !y accord+ly impress$ on _! tragic h]oes ) a self-satisfi$ & o/5tati\s pr(usion4 ,f9ally1 ev5 9 ! age ( cultivat$ lit]ature1 ! dramatic poets 7 /ill 9 want ( a poetical public among a p fond1 ev5 to a degree ( madness1 ( %[s & spectacles4 ,9 ! triumphal processions1 ! fights ( gladiators1 & ( wild bea/s1 all ! magnific5ce ( ! _w1 all ! r5d]s ( e clime1 7 br\ght be=e ! eye ( ! spectator1 :o 0 glutt$ ) ! mo/ viol5t sc5es ( blood4 ,on n]ves s /eel$ :at effect c\ld ! m ref9$ gradations ( tragic pa?os produce8 ,x 0 ! ambition ( ! p[]ful to exhibit to ! p 9 "o day1 on /ages erect$ = ! purpose1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds de/roy$1 ! enorm\s spoils ( =eign or civil w>4 ,! relation :i* ,pl9y gives ( ! ar*itectural decoration ( ! /age erect$ by ,scaurus1 bord]s on ! incr$ible4 ,:5 magnific5ce c\ld be c>ri$ no f>!r1 !y endeav\r$ to surprise by ! novelty ( me*anical contrivances4 ,?us1 a ,roman1 at 8 fa!r's fun]al solemnity1 caus$ two !atres to be con/ruct$1 ) _! backs re/+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & made moveable on a s+le pivot1 s t at ! end ( ! play !y 7 :eel$ r\nd ) all ! spectators )9 !m1 & =m$ into "o circus1 9 :i* gladiator combats 7 exhibit$4 ,9 ! gratification ( ! eye t ( ! e> 0 altoge!r lo/2 rope-danc]s & :ite elephants 7 pref]r$ to e k9d ( dramatic ent]ta9m5t2 ! embroid]$ purple robe ( ! actor 0 applaud$1 z we are told by ,horace1 & s f> 0 ! great body ( ! spectators f be+ att5tive & quiet1 t he comp>es _! noise to t ( ! ro> ( ! ocean1 or ( a m\nta9 =e/ 9 a /orm4 ,only "o sample ( ! tragical tal5t ( ! ,romans has come d[n to u1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be unju/ to =m a judgm5t ( ! productions ( bett] times2 ,i allude to ! t5 trag$ies :i* pass "u ,s5eca's "n4 ,_! claim to ?is title appe>s v d\btful2 p]haps x is f\nd$ m]ely on a circum/ance :i* w\ld lead r to a diff]5t conclusion2 t1 namely1 9 "o ( !m1 ! ,octavia1 ,s5eca himself appe>s among ! dramatic p]sonages4 ,! op9ions ( ! le>n$ are v mu* divid$ on ! subject2 "s ascribe !m p>tly to ,s5eca ! philosoph]1 & p>tly to 8 fa!r ! rhetorician2 o!rs1 aga91 assume ! exi/5ce ( a ,s5eca1 a trag$ian1 a diff]5t p]son f bo?4 ,x is g5]ally all[$ t ! sev]al pieces are nei!r all f ! same h&1 nor 7 ( ! same age4 ,= ! hon\r ( ! ,roman ta/e1 "o w\ld be dispos$ to consid] !m ! productions ( a v late p]iod ( antiquity3 b ,qu9ctilian quotes a v]se f ! ,m$ea ( ,s5eca1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! play ( t "n 9 our collection1 & !re=e no d\bt c be rais$ aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ?is piece1 ?\gh x seems to be 9 no way pre-em95t above ! re/4 ,footnote3 ,! au?or ( ?is ,m$ea makes ! h]o9e /rangle h] *ildr5 be=e ! eyes ( ! p1 not)/&+ ! admonition ( ,horace1 :o probably _h "s simil> example ( ! ,roman !atre be=e 8 eyes2 = a ,greek w\ld h>dly h committ$ ?is error ,! ,roman trag$ians mu/ h _h a p>ticul> rage = novelty & effect to seek !m 9 su* atrocities4 ,we f9d also 9 ,lucan1 a contempor>y ( ,n]o1 a simil> display ( bomba/1 :i* di/orts ev]y?+ great into nons5se4 ,! /ate ( con/ant outrage 9 :i* ,rome 0 kept by a s]ies ( blood-?ir/y tyrants1 gave an unnatural "* ev5 to eloqu5ce & poetry4 ,! same effect has be5 obs]v$ 9 simil> p]iods ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,"u ! wise & mild gov]nm5t ( a ,vespasian & a ,titus1 & m especially ( a ,trajan1 ! ,romans return$ to a pur] ta/e4 ,b :atev] p]iod may h giv5 bir? to ! trag$ies ( ,s5eca1 !y are beyond description bomba/ic & frigid1 unnatural bo? 9 "* & action1 revolt+ f _! violation ( propriety1 & s de/itute ( !atrical effect1 t ,i believe !y 7 nev] meant to leave ! rhetorical s*ools = ! /age4 ,) ! old trag$ies1 ^? sublime creations ( ! poetical g5ius ( ! ,greeks1 ^! h no?+ 9 common1 b ! "n1 ! outw>d =m1 & ! my?ological mat]ials2 & yet !y seem to h be5 compos$ ) ! obvi\s purpose ( surpass+ !m2 9 :i* attempt !y succe$ z mu* z a holl[ hyp]bole w\ld 9 competition ) a mo/ f]v5t tru?4 ,e tragical common-place is worri$ out to ! la/ gasp2 all is phrase2 & ev5 ! mo/ common rem>k is =c$ & /ilt$4 ,a total pov]ty ( s5tim5t is dress$ out ) wit & acut5ess4 ,!re is fancy 9 !m1 or at lea/ a phantom ( x2 = !y conta9 an example ( ! misapplication ( e m5tal faculty4 ,! au?ors h f\nd out ! secret ( be+ diffuse1 ev5 to we>isom5ess1 & at ! same "t s epigrammatically laconic1 z to be (t5 obscure & un9telligible4 ,_! *>act]s are nei!r ideal nor real be+s1 b mis%ap5 gigantic puppets1 :o are set 9 motion at "o "t by ! /r+ ( an unnatural h]oism1 & at ano!r by t ( a passion equally unnatural1 :i* no guilt nor enormity c appal4 ,9 a hi/ory1 !re=e1 ( ,dramatic ,art1 ,i %\ld altoge!r h pass$ ov] ! trag$ies ( ,s5eca1 if1 f a bl9d prejudice = ev]y?+ :i* has come d[n to u f antiquity1 !y _h n be5 (t5 imitat$ 9 mod]n times4 ,!y 7 m e>ly & m g5]ally kn[n ?an ! ,greek trag$ies4 ,n only s*ol>s1 )\t a feel+ = art1 h judg$ fav\rably ( !m1 nay1 pref]r$ !m to ! ,greek trag$ies1 b ev5 poets h acc\nt$ !m wor? /udy+4 ,! influ5ce ( ,s5eca on ,corneille's idea ( trag$y _c be mi/ak52 ,rac9e too1 9 8 ,pha$ra1 has condesc5d$ to borr[ a good deal f him1 & among o!r ?+s1 ne>ly ! :ole sc5e ( ! decl>ation ( love2 z may be se5 9 ,brumoy's enum]ation4 ,,lecture ,,xvi4 ,! ,italians--,pa/oral ,dramas ( ,tasso & ,gu>9i--,small progress 9 ,trag$y--,meta/asio & ,alfi]i--,"* ( bo?--,com$ies ( ,ario/o1 ,aret91 ,porta--,improvisatore ,masks--,goldoni--,gozzi--,late/ /ate4 ,leav+ n[ ! productions ( ,classical ,antiquity1 we proce$ to ! dramatic lit]ature ( ! mod]ns4 ,) respect to ! ord] mo/ conv5i5t = treat+ our pres5t subject1 x may be d\btful :e!r x is bett] to consid]1 s]iatim1 :at ea* nation has accompli%$ 9 ?is doma91 or to pass cont9ually f "o to ano!r1 9 ! tra9 ( _! reciprocal b fluctuat+ influ5ces4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,italian !atre1 at its fir/ revival1 ex]cis$ orig9ally an influ5ce on ! ,fr5*1 to be1 h[ev]1 greatly influ5c$ 9 its turn by ! latt]4 ,s1 too1 ! ,fr5*1 be=e _! /age atta9$ its full maturity1 borr[$ /ill m f ! ,spani>ds ?an f ! ,italians2 9 lat] times1 ,voltaire attempt$ to enl>ge _! !atrical circle1 on ! model ( ! ,engli%2 ! attempt1 h[ev]1 0 productive ( no great effect1 ev5 because ev]y?+ _h already be5 immutably fix$1 9 con=mity ) _! ideas ( imitation ( ! anci5ts1 & _! ta/e 9 art4 ,! ,engli% & ,spani% /ages are ne>ly indep5d5t ( all ! re/1 & also ( ea* o!r2 on ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 h[ev]1 !y h ex]cis$ a great influ5ce1 b exp]i5c$ v little 9 return4 ,b1 to avoid ! p]plexity & confusion :i* w\ld att5d su* a plan1 x w be advisable to treat ! sev]al lit]atures sep>ately1 po9t+ out1 at ! same "t1 :atev] effects =eign influ5ce may h produc$4 ,?is c\rse is also r5d]$ necess>y1 by ! circum/ance t among mod]n nations ! pr9ciple ( imitation ( ! anci5ts has 9 "s prevail$1 )\t *eck or modification2 :ile 9 o!rs1 ! romantic _s pr$om9at$1 or at lea/ an orig9ality altoge!r indep5d5t ( classical models ,! =m] is ! case ) ! ,italians & ,fr5*1 & ! latt] ) ! ,engli% & ,spani>ds4 ,i h already indicat$1 9 pass+1 h[ ev5 be=e ! eruption ( ! nor!rn conqu]ors _h put an end to ev]y?+ l art1 ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity l$ to ! abolition ( plays1 :i*1 bo? ) ,greeks & ,romans1 _h become extremely corrupt4 ,aft] ! long sleep ( ! dramatic & !atrical _s 9 ! middle ages1 :i*1 h[ev] un9flu5c$ by ! classical models1 began to awake aga9 9 ! ,my/]ies & ,moralities1 ! fir/ attempt to imitate ! anci5ts 9 ! !atre1 z well z 9 ! o!r arts & dep>tm5ts ( poetry1 0 made by ! ,italians4 ,! ,sophonisba ( ,triss9o1 :i* belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is g5]ally nam$ z ! fir/ regul> trag$y4 ,?is lit]>y curiosity ,i _c boa/ ( hav+ read1 b f o!r s\rces ,i "k ! au?or to be a spiritless p$ant4 ,^? ev5 ( ! le>n$1 :o are mo/ zeal\s = ! imitation ( ! anci5ts1 pron\nce x a dull lab\r$ "w1 )\t a brea? ( true poetical _s2 we may !re=e1 )\t fur!r exam9ation1 safely appeal to _! judgm5t ^u x4 ,x is s+ul>1 t :ile all anci5t =ms1 ev5 ! ,*orus1 are scrupul\sly reta9$1 ! prov9ce ( my?ology is ab&on$ = t ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,! pa/oral dramas ( ,tasso & ,gu>9i 7:i* belong to ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury71 ^: subjects1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p n tragical1 are yet noble1 n to say ideal1 may be consid]$ to =m an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( dramatic poetry4 ,!y are furni%$ ) *oruses ( ! mo/ ravi%+ beauty1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are b s _m lyrical voices float+ 9 ! air2 !y d n appe> z p]sonages1 & /ill less are !y introduc$ ) due reg>d to probability z con/ant witnesses ( ! repres5t$ actions4 ,^! compositions 71 !re is no d\bt1 design$ = ! !atre2 & !y 7 repres5t$ at ,f]r>a & at ,tur9 ) great pomp1 & we may presume ) em95t ta/e4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 s]ves to give u an idea ( ! infant9e /ate ( ! !atre at t "t2 al?\gh1 z a :ole1 !y h ea* _! plot & cata/rophe1 ! action nev]!less /&s /ill 9 "s sc5es4 ,_! popul>ity1 !re=e1 w\ld lead u to conclude t ! spectators1 little accu/om$ to !atrical amusem5ts1 7 consequ5tly n difficult to please1 & pati5tly foll[$ ! progress ( a beautiful poem1 ev5 ?\gh defici5t 9 dramatic developm5t4 ,! ,pa/or ,fido1 9 p>ticul>1 is an inimitable production2 orig9al & yet classical2 romantic 9 ! _s ( ! love :i* x portrays2 9 its =m impress$ ) ! gr& b simple /amp ( classical antiquity2 & unit+ ) ! sweet trifl+s ( poetry1 ! high & *a/e beauty ( feel+4 ,no poet has succe$$ s well z ,gu>9i 9 comb9+ ! peculi>ities ( ! mod]n & antique4 ,he displays a pr(\nd feel+ ( ! ess5ce ( ,anci5t ,trag$y2 = ! idea ( fate p]vades ! subject- matt]1 & ! pr9cipal *>act]s may be said to be ideal3 he has also introduc$ c>icatures1 & on t acc\nt call$ ! composition a ,tragi-,com$y2 b x is n f ! vulg>ity ( _! mann]s t !y are c>icatures1 z f _! ov]-l(ty s5tim5ts1 j z 9 ,anci5t ,trag$y ! subord9ate p]sonages ev] are inve/$ ) m or less ( ! g5]al dignity4 ,! great importance ( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 belongs r to ! ,hi/ory ( ,poetry 9 g5]al2 on ,dramatic ,poetry x _h no effect1 z 9 tru? x 0 n calculat$ to produce any4 ,i !n return to :at may prop]ly be call$ ! ,trag$y ( ! ,italians4 ,aft] ! ,sophonisba1 & a few pieces ( ! same p]iod1 :i* ,calsabigi calls ! fir/ tragic lisp+s ( ,italy1 a numb] ( works ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies are cit$2 b ( ^! none made1 or at any rate ma9ta9$ any consid]able reputation4 ,al?\gh all ^! writ]s1 9 int5tion at lea/1 lab\r$1 to foll[ ! rules ( ,ari/otle1 _! tragical abortions are ?us describ$ by ,calsabigi1 a critic entirely devot$ to ! ,fr5* sy/em3--,di/ort$1 complicat$1 improbable plots1 ill-und]/ood sc5ic regulations1 useless p]sonages1 d\ble plots1 inconsi/5t *>act]s1 gigantic or *ildi% ?\ghts1 feeble v]ses1 affect$ phrases1 ! poetry nei!r h>moni\s nor natural2 all ?is deck$ out ) ill-tim$ descriptions & similes1 or idle philosophical & political disquisitions2 9 e sc5e "s silly am\r1 ) all ! trite insipidity ( common-place s5tim5tality2 ( true tragic en]gy1 ( ! /ruggle ( conflict+ passions1 ( ov]p[]+ !atrical cata/rophes1 n ! slighte/ trace4 ,among/ ! lumb] ( ?is =gott5 lit]ature we _c /op to rummage1 & we %all !re=e proce$ imm$iately to ! consid]ation ( ! ,m]ope ( ,maffei1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,its success 9 ,italy1 on its fir/ publication1 0 great2 & 9 o!r c\ntries1 ow+ to ! competition ( ,voltaire1 x also obta9$ an extraord9>y reputation4 ,! object ( bo? ,maffei & ,voltaire 01 f ,hyg9us' acc\nt ( its cont5ts1 to re/ore 9 "s measure a lo/ piece ( ,euripides1 :i* ! anci5ts highly comm5d$4 ,voltaire1 pret5d+ to eulogize1 has giv5 a rival's criticism ( ,maffei's ,m]ope2 !re is also a l5g!n$ criticism on x 9 ! ,dramaturgie ( ,less+1 z clev] z x is imp>tial4 ,he pron\nces x1 not)/&+ its purity & simplicity ( ta/e1 ! "w ( a le>n$ antiqu>y1 r ?an ( a m9d naturally adapt$ =1 & practis$ 9 ! dramatic art4 ,we mu/ !re=e judge accord+ly ( ! previ\s /ate ( ! drama 9 ! c\ntry :]e su* a "w c\ld arrive at s great an e/imation4 ,aft] ,maffei came ,meta/asio & ,alfi]i2 ! fir/ be=e ! middle1 & ! o!r 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i "h include ! musical dramas ( ,meta/asio1 because !y aim 9 g5]al at a s]i\s & pa!tic effect1 because !y lay claim to ideality ( conception1 & because 9 _! ext]nal =m !re is a p>tial obs]vance ( :at is consid]$ z belong+ to ! regul>ity ( a trag$y4 ,bo? ^! poets1 ?\gh totally diff]+ 9 _! aim1 7 nev]!less influ5c$ 9 common by ! productions ( ! ,fr5* /age4 ,bo?1 x is true1 decl>$ !mselves too decid$ly aga9/ ! au?ority ( ?is s*ool to be consid]$ prop]ly z belong+ to x2 !y assure u t1 9 ord] to pres]ve _! own orig9ality1 !y purposely avoid$ read+ ! ,fr5* models4 ,b ?is v precaution appe>s some:at suspici\s3 :oev] feels himself p]fectly firm & secure 9 8 own indep5d5ce1 may )\t hesitation /udy ! works ( 8 pr$ecessors2 he w ?us be able to d]ive f !m _m an improvem5t 9 8 art1 & yet /amp on 8 own productions a peculi> "*4 ,b !re is no?+ on ?is head t ,i c urge 9 support ( ^! poets3 if x be really true t !y nev]1 or at lea/ n be=e ! completion ( _! works1 p]us$ ! works ( ,fr5* trag$ians1 "s invisible influ5ce mu/ h diffus$ itself ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 )\t _! be+ consci\s ( x1 det]m9$ !m4 ,?is is at once conceivable f ! great e/imation :i*1 s9ce ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,fr5* ,trag$y has enjoy$1 n only ) ! le>n$1 b also ) ! great _w ?r\gh\t ,europe2 f ! new-modell+ ( sev]al =eign !atres to ! fa%ion ( ! ,fr5*2 f ! prevail+ _s ( criticism1 ) :i* negative correctness 0 ev]y?+1 & 9 :i* ,france gave ! tone to ! lit]ature ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! aff9ity is 9 bo? und5iable1 b1 f ! int]mixture ( ! musical elem5t 9 ,meta/asio1 x is less /rik+ ?an 9 ,alfi]i4 ,i trace x 9 ! total abs5ce ( ! romantic _s2 9 a c]ta9 fanciless insipidity ( composition2 9 ! mann] ( h&l+ my?ological & hi/orical mat]ials1 :i* is nei!r prop]ly my?ological nor hi/orical2 la/ly1 9 ! aim to produce a tragic purity1 :i* deg5]ates into monotony4 ,! unities ( bo? place & "t h be5 uni=mly obs]v$ by ,alfi]i2 ! latt] only c\ld be respect$ by ,meta/asio1 z *ange ( sc5e is necess>y to ! op]a poet4 ,alfi]i af=ds 9 g5]al no food = ! eyes4 ,9 8 plots he aim$ at ! antique simplicity1 :ile ,meta/asio1 9 8 ri* intrigues1 foll[$ ,spani% models1 & 9 p>ticul> borr[$ l>gely f ,cald]on4 ,footnote3 ,?is is expressly ass]t$ by ! le>n$ ,spani>d ,arteaga1 9 8 ,italian "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,op]a4 ,yet ! h>moni\s ideality ( ! anci5ts 0 z =eign to ! "o1 z ! o!r 0 de/itute ( ! *>m ( ! romantic poets1 :i* arises f ! indissoluble mixture ( elem5ts app>5tly incongru\s4 ,ev5 be=e ,meta/asio1 ,apo/olo ,z5o _h1 z x is call$1 purifi$ ! op]a1 a phrase :i*1 9 ! s5se ( mod]n critics1 (t5 means empty+ a ?+ ( all its sub/ance & vig\r4 ,he =m$ x on ! model ( ,trag$y1 & m especially ( ,fr5* ,trag$y2 & a too fai?ful1 or r too slavi% approximation to ?is model1 is ! v cause :y he left s little room = musical developm5t1 on :i* acc\nt 8 pieces 7 imm$iately driv5 f ! /age ( ! op]a by ^? ( 8 m exp]t successor4 ,x is 9 g5]al an arti/ic mi/ake = "o species to attempt1 at evid5t disadvantage1 t :i* ano!r m p]fectly accompli%es1 & 9 ! attempt1 to sacrifice its own peculi> excell5cies4 ,x orig9ates 9 a *ill+ idea ( regul>ity1 once = all e/abli%$ = e k9d alike1 in/ead ( asc]ta9+ ! _s & peculi> laws ( ea* di/9ct species4 ,meta/asio quickly ?rew ,z5o into ! %ade1 s9ce1 ) ! same object 9 view1 he display$ great] flexibility 9 accommodat+ himself to ! requisitions ( ! musician4 ,! m]its :i* h ga9$ = him ! reputation ( a classic among ! ,italians ( ! pres5t day1 & :i*1 9 "s degree1 h made him ) !m :at ,rac9e is ) ! ,fr5*1 are g5]ally ! p]fect purity1 cle>ness1 elegance1 & sweetness ( 8 language1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! s(t melody & ! extreme lovel9ess ( 8 songs4 ,p]haps no poet ev] possess$ 9 a great] degree ! tal5t ( briefly br++ toge!r all ! ess5tial features ( a pa!tic situation2 ! songs ) :i* ! *>act]s make _! exit1 are almo/ always ! pure/ conc5trat$ musical extract ( _! /ate ( m9d4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 we mu/ own t all 8 del9eations ( passion are g5]al3 8 pa?os is purifi$1 n only f all *>act]i/ic1 z well z f all contemplative matt]2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! poetic repres5tation1 un5cumb]$ !reby1 proce$s ) a light & easy motion1 leav+ to ! musician ! c>e ( a ri*] & full] developm5t4 ,meta/asio is musical ?r\gh\t2 b1 to foll[ up ! simile1 we may obs]ve1 t ( poetical music1 melody is ! only "p t he possesses1 be+ defici5t 9 h>moni\s compass1 & 9 ! my/]i\s effects ( c\nt]po9t4 ,or1 to express myself 9 diff]5t t]ms1 he is musical1 b 9 no respect picturesque4 ,8 melodies are light & pleasant1 b !y are con/antly repeat$ ) little or no v>iation3 :5 we h read a few ( 8 pieces1 we "k !m all2 & ! composition z a :ole is always )\t significance4 ,8 h]oes1 l ^? ( ,corneille1 are gallant2 8 h]o9es t5d]1 l ^? ( ,rac9e2 b ?is has be5 too sev]ely c5sur$ by _m1 )\t a due consid]ation ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ,op]a4 ,to me he appe>s c5surable only = ! selection ( subjects1 ^: v s]i\sness c\ld n )\t great incongruity be unit$ ) su* trifl+s4 ,_h ,meta/asio n adopt$ great hi/orical names--_h he borr[$ 8 subject-matt] m frequ5tly f my?ology1 or f /ill m fanciful fictions--_h he made always ! same happy *oice z t 9 8 ,a*illes 9 ,scyros1 :]e1 f ! nature ( ! /ory1 ! ,h]oic is int]wov5 ) ! ,idyllic1 we might !n h p>don$ him if he inv>iably depicts 8 p]sonages z 9 love4 ,!n %\ld we1 if only we ourselves und]/ood :at ought to be expect$ f an op]a1 will+ly h p]mitt$ him to indulge 9 feats ( fancy /ill m v5turesome4 ,by 8 tragical pret5sions he has injur$ himself3 8 p[]s 7 inadequate to support !m1 & ! s$uctive mov+ness at :i* he aim$ 0 irreconcileable ) ov]p[]+ en]gy4 ,i h he>d a celebrat$ ,italian poet ass]t t 8 c\ntrym5 7 mov$ to te>s by ,meta/asio4 ,we _c get ov] su* a national te/imony z ?is1 except by ?r[+ x back on ! nation itself z a symptom ( its own moral temp]am5t4 ,x appe>s to me und5iable1 t a c]ta9 melt+ s(tness 9 ! s5tim5ts1 & ! expression ( !m1 r5d]$ ,meta/asio ! delight ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he has l9es :i*1 f _! dignity & vigor\s compression1 are p]fectly suit$ to ,trag$y1 & yet we p]ceive 9 !m an indescribable some?+1 :i* seems to %[ t !y 7 design$ = ! flexible ?roat ( a soprano s+]4 ,! a/oni%+ success ( ,meta/asio ?r\gh\t all ,europe1 & especially at c\rts1 mu/ also 9 a great measure be attribut$ to 8 be+ a c\rt poet1 n m]ely by pr(ession1 b also by ! /yle 9 :i* he compos$1 & :i* 0 9 e respect t ( ! trag$ians ( ! era ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,a brilliant surface )\t dep?2 prosaic s5tim5ts & ?\ghts deck$ out ) a *oice poetical language2 a c\rtly mod]ation ?r\gh\t1 :e!r 9 ! display ( passion1 or 9 ! exhibition ( mis=tune & crime2 obs]vance ( ! proprieties1 & an app>5t morality1 = 9 ^! dramas voluptu\sness is b brea!d1 nev] nam$1 & ! he>t is always 9 e m\?2 all ^! prop]ties c\ld n fail to recomm5d su* tragical m9iatures to ! _w ( fa%ion4 ,!re is an unsp>+ pomp ( noble s5tim5ts1 b )al mo/ /rangely associat$ ) atroci\s bas5ess4 ,n unfrequ5tly does an injur$ fair "o dispat* a despis$ lov] to /ab ! fai?less "o f beh9d4 ,9 almo/ e piece !re is a crafty knave :o plays ! traitor1 = :om1 h[ev]1 !re is ready prep>$ "s royal magnanimity1 to make all "r at ! la/4 ,! facility ) :i* base trea*]y is ?us tak5 into fav\r1 z if x 7 no?+ m ?an an amiable weakness1 w\ld h be5 extremely revolt+1 if !re _h be5 any?+ s]i\s 9 ?is array ( tragical incid5ts4 ,b ! poison$ cup is always seasonably da%$ f ! lips2 ! dagg] ei!r drops1 or is =c$ f ! murd]\s h&1 be=e ! deadly bl[ c be /ruck2 or if injury is inflict$1 x is nev] m ?an a slight scrat*2 & "s subt]ranean exit is always at h& to furni% ! means ( flight f ! dungeon or o!r imm95t p]il4 ,! dread ( ridicule1 t consci5ce ( all poets :o write = ! _w ( fa%ion1 is v visible 9 ! c>e ) :i* he avoids all bold] flights z yet unsanction$ by prec$5t1 & ab/a9s f ev]y?+ sup]natural1 because su* a public c>ries n ) x1 ev5 to ! fanta/ic /age ( ! op]a1 a belief 9 wond]s4 ,yet ?is fe> has n always s]v$ z a sure guide to ,meta/asio3 besides su* an extravagant use ( ! aside1 z (t5 to appe> ludicr\s1 ! subord9ate love-/ories frequ5tly assume ! appe>ance ( be+ a p>ody on ! o!rs4 ,"h ! ,abb1 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s gradations ( ,cicisbeism1 its pa9s & its pleasures1 at once betrays himself4 ,to ! fav\r$ lov] !re is g5]ally oppos$ an importunate "o1 :o presses 8 suit )\t return1 ! s(fione among ! cicisbei2 ! =m] loves 9 sil5ce1 & frequ5tly f9ds no opportunity till ! end ( ! piece1 ( (f]+ 8 little ^w ( decl>ation2 we might call him ! patito4 ,?is un9t]mitt+ love-*ase is n conf9$ to ! male p>ts1 b ext5d$ also to ! female1 t ev]y:]e ! mo/ v>i$ & brilliant contra/s may (f] !mselves4 ,a few only ( ! op]as ( ,meta/asio /ill keep possession ( ! /age1 ow+ to ! *ange ( musical ta/e1 :i* dem&s a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! text4 ,meta/asio seldom has *oruses1 & 8 airs are almo/ always = a s+le voice3 ) ^! ! sc5es uni=mly close1 & ) !m ! s+] nev] fails to make 8 exit4 ,x appe>s z if1 pr\d ( hav+ play$ (f ?is highe/ triumph ( feel+1 he left ! spectators to _! a/oni%m5t at witness+ ! *irp+ ( ! passions 9 ! recitatives ris+ at la/ 9 ! air1 to ! full] night+ale tones4 ,at pres5t we require 9 an op]a m frequ5t duos & trios1 & a cra%+ f9ale4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ difficult problem = ! op]a poet is to r$uce ! m+l$ voices ( conflict+ passions 9 "o p]vad+ h>mony1 )\t de/roy+ any "o ( !m3 a problem1 h[ev]1 :i* is g5]ally solv$ by bo? poet & musician 9 a v arbitr>y mann]4 ,alfi]i1 a hold & pr\d man1 disda9$ to please by su* m]etrici\s means z ^? ( :i* ,meta/asio _h avail$ himself3 he 0 highly indignant at ! lax immorality ( 8 c\ntrym51 & ! deg5]acy ( 8 contempor>ies 9 g5]al4 ,?is indignation /imulat$ him to ! exhibition ( a manly /r5g? ( m9d1 ( /oical pr9ciples & free op9ions1 & on ! o!r h&1 l$ him to depict ! horrors & enormities ( despotism4 ,?is en?usiasm1 h[ev]1 0 by f> m political & moral ?an poetical1 & we mu/ praise 8 trag$ies r z ! actions ( ! man ?an z ! works ( ! poet4 ,f 8 great dis9cl9ation to pursue ! same pa? ) ,meta/asio1 he naturally fell into ! opposite extreme3 ,i might n unaptly call him a ,meta/asio rev]s$4 ,if ! muse ( ! latt] he a love-sick nymph1 ,alfi]i's muse is an ,amazon4 ,he gave h] a ,sp>tan education2 he aim$ at be+ ! ,cato ( ! !atre2 b he =got t1 ?\gh ! tragic poet may himself he a /oic1 tragic poetry itself1 if x w\ld move & agitate u1 mu/ nev] be /oical4 ,8 language is s b>r5 ( imag]y1 t 8 *>act]s seem altoge!r devoid ( fancy2 x is brok5 & h>%3 he wi%$ to /eel x anew1 & 9 ! process x n only lo/ its spl5d\r1 b became brittle & inflexible4 ,n only is he n musical1 b positively anti- musical2 he tortures our feel+s by ! h>%e/ dissonances1 )\t any s(t5+ or solution4 ,trag$y is int5d$ by its elevat+ s5tim5ts 9 "s degree to emancipate our m9ds f ! s5sual despotism ( ! body2 b really to d ?is1 x mu/ n attempt to /rip ?is dang]\s gift ( heav5 ( its *>ms3 b r x mu/ po9t out to u ! sublime maje/y ( our exi/5ce1 ?\gh surr\nd$ on all sides by dang]\s abysses4 ,:5 we read ! trag$ies ( ,alfi]i1 ! _w looms ^u u d>k & repulsive4 ,a /yle ( composition :i* exhibits ! ord9>y c\rse ( human affairs 9 a gloomy & tr\bl\s light1 & ^: extraord9>y cata/rophes are horrible1 resembles a climate :]e ! p]petual fogs ( a nor!rn w9t] %\ld be jo9$ ) ! fi]y tempe/s ( ! torrid zone4 ,pr(\nd & delicate del9eation ( "* is z little to be look$ = 9 ,alfi]i z 9 ,meta/asio3 he does b exhibit ! opposite b equally p>tial view ( human nature4 ,8 *>act]s also are ca/ 9 ! m\ld ( nak$ g5]al notions1 & he frequ5tly pa9ts ! extremes ( black & :ite1 side by side1 & 9 unreliev$ contra/4 ,8 villa9s = ! mo/ "p betray all _! de=mity1 9 _! outw>d conduct2 ?is might1 p]haps1 be all[$ to pass1 al?\gh inde$ su* a picture w h>dly enable u to recognise !m 9 real life2 b 8 virtu\s p]sons are n amiable1 & ?is is a defect op5 to mu* grav] c5sure4 ,( all s$uctive graces1 & ev5 ( all subord9ate *>ms & ornam5ts1 7z if ! degree 9 :i* nature h]self _h d5i$ !m to ?is cau/ic g5ius _h n be5 suffici5t17 he /udi\sly dive/$ himself1 because z he ?\ght x w\ld be/ advance 8 m e>ne/ moral aim1 =gett+1 h[ev]1 t ! poet has no o!r means ( sway+ ! m9ds ( m5 ?an ! fasc9ations ( 8 art4 ,f ! trag$y ( ! ,greeks1 ) :i* he did n become acqua9t$ until ! end ( 8 c>e]1 he 0 sep>at$ by a wide *asm2 & ,i _c consid] 8 pieces z an improvem5t on ! ,fr5* trag$y4 ,_! /ructure is m simple1 ! dialogue 9 "s cases less conv5tional2 he has also got rid ( confidants1 & ?is has be5 highly extoll$ z a difficulty ov]come1 & an improvem5t on ! ,fr5* sy/em2 he _h ! same av]sion to *amb]la9s & c\rt ladies 9 poetry z 9 real life4 ,b 9 captivat+ & brilliant eloqu5ce1 8 pieces be> no comp>ison ) ! bett] ,fr5* trag$ies2 !y also display mu* less skill 9 ! plot1 its gradual m>*1 prep>ations1 & transitions4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! ,britannicus ( ,rac9e ) ! ,octavia ( ,alfi]i4 ,bo? drew _! mat]ials f ,tacitus3 b :i* ( !m has %[n ! m p]fect und]/&+ #ja ?is pr(\nd ma/] ( ! human he>t8 ,rac9e appe>s "h be=e u z a man :o 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! corruptions ( a c\rt1 & _h beheld anci5t ,rome "u ! ,emp]ors1 reflect$ 9 ?is mirror ( obs]vation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,alfi]i did n expressly assure u t 8 ,octavia 0 a daught] ( ,tacitus1 we %\ld be incl9$ to believe t x 0 modell$ on t ( ! pret5d$ ,s5eca4 ,! col\rs ) :i* he pa9ts 8 tyrants are borr[$ f ! rhetorical ex]cises ( ! s*ool4 ,:o c recognise1 9 8 blu/]+ & rag+ ,n]o1 ! man :o1 z ,tacitus says1 seem$ =m$ by nature to veil hatr$ ) c>esses8--! c[>dly ,syb>ite1 fanta/ically va9 till ! v la/ mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 cruel at fir/1 f fe>1 & aft]w>ds f inord9ate lu/4 ,if ,alfi]i has1 9 ?is case1 be5 untrue to ,tacitus1 9 ! ,conspiracy ( ! ,pazzi he has equally fail$ 9 8 attempt to translate ,mac*iavel into ! language ( poetry4 ,9 ?is & o!r pieces f mod]n hi/ory1 ! ,filippo = in/ance1 & ! ,don ,g>cia1 he has by no means hit ! _s & tone ( mod]n times1 nor ev5 ( 8 own nation3 8 ideas ( ! tragic /yle 7 oppos$ to ! obs]vance ( ev]y?+ l a local & det]m9ate co/ume4 ,on ! o!r h& x is a/oni%+ to obs]ve ! subjects :i* he has borr[$ f ! tragic cycles ( ! ,greeks1 su* z ! ,ore/iad1 = in/ance1 los+ "u 8 h&s all _! h]oic magnific5ce1 & assum+ a mod]n1 n to say a vulg> air4 ,he has succe$$ be/ 9 pa9t+ ! public life ( ! ,roman republic2 & x is a great m]it 9 ! ,virg9ia t ! action takes place 9 ! =um1 & 9 "p be=e ! eyes ( ! p4 ,9 o!r pieces1 :ile ! ,unity ( ,place is /rictly obs]v$1 ! sc5e *os5 is = ! mo/ "p s invisible & indet]m9ate1 t "o w\ld fa9 imag9e x is "s out-(-!-way corn]1 :]e nobody comes b p]sons involv$ 9 pa9ful & disagreeable transactions4 ,aga91 ! /ripp+ 8 k+s & h]oes1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 ( all _! ext]nal ret9ue1 produces ! impression t ! _w is actually depopulat$ ar\nd !m4 ,?is /age-solitude is v /rik+ 9 ,saul1 :]e ! sc5e is laid be=e two armies 9 battle-array1 on ! po9t ( a decisive engagem5t4 ,& yet1 9 o!r respects ?is piece is fav\rably di/+ui%$ f ! re/1 by a c]ta9 ,ori5tal spl5d\r1 & ! lyrical sublimity 9 :i* ! tr\bl$ m9d ( ,saul gives utt]ance to itself4 ,myrrha is a p]il\s attempt to treat ) propriety a subject equally revolt+ to ! s5ses & ! feel+s4 ,! ,spani>d ,arteaga has criticis$ ?is trag$y & ! ,filippo ) great sev]ity b ) great tru?4 ,i res]ve = my notice ( ! pres5t condition ( ! ,italian !atre all t ,i h to rem>k on ! successors ( ,alfi]i1 & g back 9 ord] ( "t 9 ord] to give a %ort sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,com$y4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ! ,italians began ) an imitation ( ! anci5ts1 :i* 0 n suffici5tly att5tive to ! diff]5ce ( times & mann]s1 & translations ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce 7 usually repres5t$ 9 _! e>lie/ !atres2 !y soon fell1 h[ev]1 into ! mo/ s+ul> extravagancies4 ,we h com$ies ( ,ario/o & ,mac*iavelli-- ^? ( ! =m] are 9 rhymeless v]se1 v]si sdruccioli1 & ^? ( ! latt] 9 prose4 ,su* m5 c\ld produce no?+ :i* did n be> traces ( _! g5ius4 ,b ,ario/o 9 ! /ructure ( 8 pieces kept too close to ! /ories ( ! anci5ts1 &1 !re=e1 did n exhibit any true liv+ picture ( ! mann]s ( 8 own times4 ,9 ,mac*iavelli ?is is only ! case 9 8 ,clitia1 an imitation ( ,plautus2 ! ,m&ragola1 & ano!r com$y1 :i* is )\t a "n1 are suffici5tly ,flor5t9e2 b1 un=tunately1 !y are n ( a v edify+ description4 ,a simple deceiv$ husb&1 & a hypocritical & p&]+ monk1 =m ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,tales1 9 ! /yle ( ! free & m]ry tales ( ,boccacio1 are boldly & bluntly1 ,i _c say1 dramatis$3 = ) respect to !atrical effect !y are altoge!r in>tificial1 b giv5 9 ! =m ( dialogue4 ,z ,mimes1 t is1 z pictures ( ! language ( ord9>y life ) all its idioms1 ^! productions are mu* to be comm5d$4 ,9 "o po9t !y resemble ! ,lat9 comic poets2 !y are n defici5t 9 indec5cy4 ,?is 01 inde$1 _! g5]al tone4 ,! com$ies ( ,pietro ,aret9o are m]ely rem>kable = _! %ameless immode/y4 ,x almo/ seems z if ^! writ]s1 deem+ ! _s ( ref9$ love inconsi/5t ) ! ess5ce ( ,com$y1 _h exhau/$ ! v lees ( ! s5sual am\rs ( ,greek ,com$y4 ,at a /ill e>li] p]iod1 9 ! beg9n+1 namely1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 an unsuccessful attempt _h be5 made 9 ! ,virg9ia ( ,accolti to dramatise a s]i\s novel1 z a middle species betwe5 ,com$y & ,trag$y1 & to adorn x ) poetical spl5d\r4 ,its subject is ! same /ory on :i* ,%akspe>e's ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well1 is f\nd$4 ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( read+ x1 b ! unfav\rable report ( a lit]>y man disposes me to ?9k fav\rably ( x4 ,footnote3 ,b\t]wek's ,ges*i*te d] ,poesie und ,b]$samkeit4--,er/5 ,b&1 s4 #ccd1 c4 ,accord+ to 8 description1 x resembles ! old] pieces ( ! ,spani% /age be=e x _h atta9$ to maturity ( =m1 & 9 common ) !m x employs ! /anza = its metre4 ,! attempts at romantic drama h always fail$ 9 ,italy2 :]eas 9 ,spa91 on ! contr>y1 all endeav\rs to model ! !atre accord+ to ! rules ( ! anci5ts1 & latt]ly ( ! ,fr5*1 h f ! diff]5ce ( national ta/e uni=mly be5 abortive4 ,we h a com$y ( ,tasso's1 ,gli ,intri*i d',amore1 :i* ought r to be call$ a l5g?y romance 9 ! =m ( dialogue4 ,s _m & su* wond]ful ev5ts are cr[d$ toge!r )9 ! n>r[ limit ( five acts1 t "o incid5t treads closely ^u ! heels ( ano!r1 )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ acc\nt$ = by human motives1 s z to give to ! :ole an insupportable h>dness4 ,crim9al designs are portray$ ) indiff]5ce1 & ! m]rim5t is made to consi/ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* "s accid5t or o!r inv>iably fru/rates _! consequ5ces4 ,we _c "h recognise ! ,tasso ^: nice s5se ( love1 *ivalry1 & hon\r speaks s delightfully 9 ! ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 & on ?is gr\nd x has ev5 be5 d\bt$ :e!r ?is "w be really 84 ,! ri*ness ( inv5tion1 if we may give ?is "n to a rude accumulation ( incid5ts1 is s great1 t ! att5tion is pa9fully tortur$ 9 ! endeav\r to keep cle> & dis5tangl$ ! _m & div]sely cross+ ?reads4 ,we h ( ?is date a multitude ( ,italian com$ies on a simil> plan1 only ) less ord] & connexion1 & :oso aim app>5tly is to delight by means ( indec5cy4 ,a p>asite & procuress are /&+ *>act]s 9 all4 ,among ! comic poets ( ?is class1 ,giambati/a ,porta des]ves to be di/+ui%$4 ,8 plots1 x is true1 are l ! re/1 imitations ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 or dramatis$ tales2 b1 ?r\gh\t ! love- dialogues1 on :i* he seems to h lab\r$ ) peculi> fondness1 !re brea!s a t5d] feel+ :i* rises ev5 f ! mid/ ( ! rud5ess ( ! old ,italian ,com$y1 & its g5]ally uncong5ial mat]ials4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,spani% !atre fl\ri%$ 9 all its glory1 ! ,italians seem to h borr[$ frequ5tly f x2 b n )\t misemploy+ & disfigur+ :atev] !y s acquir$4 ,! neglect ( ! regul> /age increas$ ) ! all-absorb+ passion = ! op]a1 & ) ! gr[+ ta/e ( ! multitude = improvisatory f>ces ) /&+ masks4 ,! latt] are n 9 !mselves to be despis$3 !y s]ve to fix1 z x 71 s _m c5tral po9ts ( ! national "* 9 ! comic exhibition1 by ! ext]nal peculi>ities ( spee*1 dress1 c4 ,_! con/ant recurr5ce does n by any means preclude ! greate/ possible div]sity 9 ! plot ( ! pieces1 ev5 z 9 *ess1 ) a small numb] ( m51 ( :i* ea* has 8 fix$ movem5t1 an endless numb] ( comb9ations is possible4 ,b z to extempor>y play+1 x no d\bt readily deg5]ates into insipidity2 & ?is may h be5 ! case ev5 9 ,italy1 not)/&+ ! great fund ( droll]y & fanta/ic wit1 & a peculi> felicity 9 f>cical ge/iculation1 :i* ! ,italians possess4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,goldoni appe>$ z ! re=m] ( ,italian ,com$y1 & 8 success 0 s great1 t he rema9$ almo/ exclusively 9 possession ( ! comic /age4 ,he is c]ta9ly n defici5t 9 !atrical skill2 b1 z ! ev5t has prov$1 he is want+ 9 t solidity1 t dep? ( *>act]ization1 t novelty & ri*ness ( inv5tion1 :i* are necess>y to ensure a la/+ reputation4 ,8 pictures ( mann]s are true1 b n suffici5tly elevat$ above ! range ( e-day life2 he has exhau/$ ! surface ( life2 & z !re is little progression 9 8 dramas1 & e ?+ turns usually on ! same po9t1 ?is adds to ! impression ( %all[ness & ennui1 z *>act]i/ic ( ! exi/+ /ate ( society4 ,will+ly w\ld he h aboli%$ masks altoge!r1 b he c\ld h>dly h comp5sat$ = !m out ( 8 own res\rces2 h[ev]1 he reta9$ only a few ( !m1 z ,h>lequ91 ,brighella1 & ,pantaloon1 & limit$ _! p>ts4 ,& yet he fell aga9 into a great uni=mity ( "*1 :i*1 inde$1 he p>tly confesses 9 8 repeat$ use ( ! same names3 = in/ance1 8 ,beatrice is always a lively1 & 8 ,rosaura a feel+ "y maid52 & z = any f>!r di/9ction1 x is n to be f\nd 9 him4 ,! excessive admiration ( ,goldoni1 & ! injury su/a9$ !reby by ! mask$ com$y1 = :i* ! company ( ,sac*i 9 ,v5ice possess$ ! highe/ tal5ts1 gave rise to ! dramas ( ,gozzi4 ,!y are fairy tales 9 a dramatic =m1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 along side ( ! wond]ful1 v]sifi$1 & m s]i\s "p1 he employ$ ! :ole ( ! masks1 & all[$ !m full & unre/ra9$ developm5t ( _! peculi>ities4 ,!y1 if ev] any 71 are pieces = effect1 ( great boldness ( plot1 /ill m fanta/ic ?an romantic2 ev5 ?\gh ,gozzi 0 ! fir/ among ! comic poets ( ,italy to %[ any true feel+ = hon\r & love4 ,! execution does n betok5 ei!r c>e or skill1 b is sket*ily da%$ (f4 ,) all 8 :imsical boldness he is /ill q a popul> writ]2 ! pr9cipal motives are detail$ ) ! mo/ unambigu\s p]spicuity1 all ! t\*es are co>se & vigor\s3 he says1 he kn[s well t 8 c\ntrym5 are fond ( robu/ situations4 ,aft] 8 imag9ation _h revell$ to satiety among ,ori5tal tales1 he took to re-modell+ ,spani% plays1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,cald]on2 b "h he is1 9 my op9ion1 less des]v+ ( praise4 ,by him ! e!real & delicately-t9t$ poetry ( ! ,spani>d is uni=mly vulg>is$1 & deep5$ ) ! mo/ gl>+ col\rs2 :ile ! weight ( 8 masks draws ! a]ial tissue to ! gr\nd1 = ! humor\s introduction ( ! gracioso 9 ! ,spani% is ( f> f9] texture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wond]ful extravagance ( ! mask$ p>ts s]ves z an admirable contra/ to ! wild m>vels ( fairy tale4 ,?us ! "* ( ^! pieces 01 9 ! s]i\s "p1 z well z 9 ! accompany+ droll]y1 equally remov$ f natural tru?4 ,"h ,gozzi _h fall5 almo/ accid5tally on a fund ( ^: value he 0 n1 p]haps1 fully aw>e3 8 prosaical1 & = ! mo/ "p improvisatory1 masks1 =m+ altoge!r ( !mselves ! irony on ! poetical "p4 ,:at ,i "h mean by irony1 ,i %all expla9 m fully :5 ,i come to ! ju/ification ( ! mixture ( ! tragic & comic 9 ! romantic drama ( ,%akspe>e & ,cald]on4 ,at pres5t ,i %all only obs]ve1 t x is a sort ( confession int]wov5 into ! repres5tation itself1 & m or less di/9ctly express$1 ( its ov]*>g$ "o-sid$ness 9 matt]s ( fancy & feel+1 & by means ( :i* ! equipoise is aga9 re/or$4 ,! ,italians 7 n1 h[ev]1 consci\s ( ?is1 & ,gozzi did n f9d any foll[]s to c>ry 8 rude sket*es to a high] degree ( p]fection4 ,in/ead ( comb9+ l him1 only ) great] ref9em5t1 ! *>ms ( wond]ful poetry ) exhil>at+ mir?2 in/ead ( comp>+ ,gozzi ) ! =eign ma/]s ( ! romantic drama1 :om he resembles not)/&+ 8 great disp>ity1 & f ! unconsci\s aff9ity betwe5 !m 9 _s & plan1 draw+ ! conclusion t ! pr9ciple common to bo? 0 f\nd$ 9 nature2 ! ,italians cont5t$ !mselves ) consid]+ ! pieces ( ,gozzi z ! wild (fspr+ ( an extravagant imag9ation1 & ) bani%+ !m f ! /age4 ,! com$y ) masks is held 9 contempt by all :o pret5d to any degree ( ref9em5t1 z if !y 7 too wise = x1 & is ab&on$ to ! vulg>1 9 ! ,sunday repres5tations at ! !atres & 9 ! puppet-%[s4 ,al?\gh ?is contempt mu/ h _h an injuri\s influ5ce on ! masks1 prev5t+1 z x does1 any actor ( tal5t f devot+ himself to !m1 s t !re are no examples n[ ( ! _s & wit ) :i* !y 7 =m]ly fill$ up1 /ill ! ,comm$ia dell' ,arte is ! only "o 9 ,italy :]e we c meet ) orig9al & truly !atrical ent]ta9m5t4 ,footnote3 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,i saw 9 ,milan an excell5t ,truffald9 or ,h>lequ91 & "h & !re 9 obscure !atres1 & ev5 9 puppet-%[s1 admirable repres5tations ( ! old traditional jokes ( ! c\ntry4 ,un=tunately1 on my la/ visit to ,milan1 my fri5d 0 no long] to be met )4 ,"u ! ,fr5* rule1 ,h>lequ9's m]ry occupation _h be5 proscrib$ 9 ! ,great ,!atres1 f a c>e1 x 0 alleg$1 = ! dignity ( man4 ,! ,puppet-!atre ( ,g]olamo /ill fl\ri%es1 h[ev] b a /rang] f9ds x difficult to foll[ ! jokes ( ! ,pi$montese & ,milan ,masks4--,,la/ ,,edition4 ,9 ,trag$y ! ,italians g5]ally imitate ,alfi]i1 :o1 al?\gh x is ! prevail+ fa%ion to admire him1 is too bold & manly a ?9k] to be tol]at$ on ! /age4 ,!y h produc$ "s s+le pieces ( m]it1 b ! pr9ciples ( tragic art :i* ,alfi]i foll[$ are altoge!r false1 & 9 ! bawl+ & he>tless declamation ( _! actors1 ?is tragic poetry1 /ripp$ ) /oical sev]ity ( all ! *>ms ( gr\p+1 ( musical h>mony1 & ( e t5d] emotion1 is repres5t$ ) ! mo/ dead5+ uni=mity & monotony4 ,z all ! ri* rew>ds are res]v$ = ! s+]s1 x is only natural t _! play]s1 :o are only introduc$ z a sort ( /op-gaps betwe5 s++ & danc+1 %\ld1 = ! mo/ "p1 n ev5 possess ! v elem5ts ( _! art1 viz41 pure pronunciation1 & practis$ memory4 ,!y seem to h no idea t _! p>ts c be got by he>t1 & h5ce1 9 an ,italian !atre1 we he> e piece z x 7 twice ov]2 ! prompt] speak+ z l\d z a good play] else:]e1 & ! actors 9 ord] to be di/+ui%$ f him bawl+ mo/ insuff]ably4 ,x is exce$+ly amus+ to see ! prompt]1 :51 f ! g5]al =getfulness1 a sc5e ?reat5s to fall into confusion1 lab\r+ away1 & /ret*+ out 8 head l a s]p5t f 8 hole1 hurry+ ?r\gh ! dialogue be=e ! diff]5t speak]s4 ,( all ! actors 9 ! _w1 ,i conceive ^? ( ,p>is to h _! p>ts be/ by he>t2 9 ?is1 z well z 9 ! k ( v]sification1 ! ,g]mans are f> inf]ior to !m4 ,"o ( _! liv+ poets1 ,giovanni ,p9demonti1 has endeav\r$ to introduce great] ext5t1 v>iety1 & nature into 8 hi/orical plays1 b he has be5 sev]ely h&l$ by _! critics = desc5d+ f ! height ( ! co?urnus to atta9 t tru? ( circum/ance )\t :i* x is impossible = ?is species ( drama to exi/2 p]haps also = deviat+ f ! /rict obs]vation ( ! traditional rules1 s bl9dly wor%ipp$ by !m4 ,if ! ,italian v]se be 9 fact s fa/idi\s z n to consort ) _m hi/orical peculi>ities1 mod]n names & titles = in/ance1 let !m write p>tly 9 prose1 & call ! production n a trag$y1 b an hi/orical drama4 ,x seems 9 g5]al to be assum$ z an und\bt$ pr9ciple1 t ! v]so sciolto1 or rhymeless l9e1 ( elev5 syllables1 is alone fit = ! drama1 b ?is does n seem to me to be by any means prov$4 ,?is v]se1 9 v>iety & metrical signification1 is greatly inf]ior to ! ,engli% & ,g]man rhymeless iambic1 f its uni=m fem99e t]m9ation1 & f !re be+ m]ely an acc5tuation 9 ,italian1 )\t any syllabic measure4 ,moreov]1 f ! frequ5t transition ( ! s5se f v]se to v]se1 accord+ to e possible division1 ! l9es fl[ into "o ano!r )\t its be+ possible = ! e> to sep>ate !m4 ,alfi]i imag9$ t he _h f\nd out ! g5u9e dramatic mann] ( treat+ ?is v]se correspond5t to ! =m ( 8 own dialogue1 :i* consi/s ( simply deta*$ p]iods1 or r ( propositions entirely unp]iodical & abruptly t]m9at$4 ,x is possible t he c>ri$ into 8 works a p]sonal peculi>ity1 = he is said to h be5 extremely laconic2 he 0 also1 z he himself relates1 influ5c$ by ! example ( ,s5eca3 b h[ diff]5t a lesson might he h le>n$ f ! ,greeks6 ,we d n1 x is true1 9 conv]sation1 connect our language s closely z 9 an oratorical h>angue1 b ! opposite extreme is equally unnatural4 ,ev5 9 our common disc\rses1 we obs]ve a c]ta9 cont9uity1 we give a developm5t bo? to argum5ts & objections1 & 9 an in/ant passion w animate u to fulness ( expression1 to a fl[ ( eloqu5ce1 & ev5 to lyrical sublimity4 ,! ideal dialogue ( ,trag$y may !re=e f9d 9 actual conv]sation all ! v>i\s tones & turns ( poetry1 ) ! exception ( epic repose4 ,! metre !re=e ( ,meta/asio1 & be=e him1 ( ,tasso & ,gu>9i1 9 _! pa/oral dramas1 seems to me mu* m agreeable & suitable ?an ! monoton\s v]se ( elev5 syllables3 !y int]m+le ) x v]ses ( sev5 syllables1 & occasionally1 aft] a numb] ( blank l9es1 introduce a pair ( rhymes1 & ev5 ins]t a rhyme 9 ! middle ( a v]se4 ,f ?is ! transition to m measur$ /rophes1 ei!r 9 ottave rime1 or 9 direct lyrical metres1 w\ld be easy4 ,rhyme1 & ! connexion :i* x =ms1 h no?+ 9 !m inconsi/5t ) ! ess5ce ( dramatic dialogue1 & ! objection to *ange ( measure 9 ! drama re/s m]ely on a *ill+ idea ( regul>ity4 ,no suitable v]sification = ,com$y has yet be5 inv5t$ 9 ,italy4 ,! v]so sciolto1 x is well kn[n1 does n answ]2 x is n suffici5tly famili>4 ,! v]se ( twelve syllables1 ) a sdrucciolo t]m9ation select$ by ,ario/o1 is mu* bett]1 resembl+ ! trimet] ( ! anci5ts1 b is /ill some:at monoton\s4 ,x has be51 h[ev]1 b little cultivat$4 ,! ,m>tellian v]se1 a bad imitation ( ! ,alex&r9e1 is a d[nright torture to ! e>4 ,*i>i1 & occasionally ,goldoni1 came at la/ to use x1 & ,gozzi by way ( d]ision4 ,x /ill rema9s !re=e to ! prejudice ( a m elegant /yle ( prose4 ,( ,com$y1 ! mod]n ,italians h no?+ wor? ! "n4 ,:at !y h1 are no?+ b pictures ( mann]s /ill m dull & sup]ficial ?an ^? ( ,goldoni1 )\t droll]y1 or inv5tion1 & f _! e-day commonplace1 d[nright disagreeable4 ,!y h1 on ! o!r h&1 acquir$ a true reli% = ! s5tim5tal drama & famili> trag$y2 !y frequ5t ) great p>tiality ! repres5tation ( popul> ,g]man pieces ( ?is description1 & ev5 produce ! /range/ & odde/ imitations ( !m4 ,long accu/om$ to op]as & ballets1 z _! fav\rite ent]ta9m5ts1 :]e9 no?+ is ev] attempt$ beyond a beautiful air or an elegant movem5t1 ! public seems altoge!r to h lo/ all s5se ( dramatic connexion3 !y are p]fectly satisfi$ ) see+ ! same ev5+ two acts f diff]5t op]as1 or ev5 ! la/ act ( an op]a be=e ! fir/4 ,we believe1 !re=e1 t we are n go+ too f> if we affirm1 t bo? dramatic poetry & ! hi/rionic art are 9 a lam5table /ate ( decl9e 9 ,italy1 t n ev5 ! fir/ f\ndations ( a true national !atre h yet be5 laid1 & t !re is no prospect ( x1 till ! prevail+ ideas on ! subject %all h und]gone a total *ange4 ,calsabigi attributes ! cause ( ?is /ate to ! want ( p]man5t companies ( play]s1 & ( a capital4 ,9 ?is la/ reason !re is c]ta9ly "s f\ndation3 9 ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,france1 a national sy/em ( dramatic art has be5 develop$ & e/abli%$2 9 ,italy & ,g]many1 :]e !re are only capitals ( sep>ate /ates1 b no g5]al metropolis1 great difficulties are oppos$ to ! improvem5t ( ! !atre4 ,calsabigi c\ld n adduce ! ob/acles aris+ f a false !ory1 = he 0 himself "u _! influ5ce4 ,,lecture ,,xvii4 ,antiquities ( ! ,fr5* ,/age--,influ5ce ( ,ari/otle & ! ,imitation ( ! ,anci5ts--,inve/igation ( ! ,?ree ,unities--,:at is ,unity ( ,action8--,unity ( ,"t--,0 x obs]v$ by ! ,greeks8--,unity ( ,place z connect$ ) x4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! ,dramatic ,lit]ature ( ,france4 ,we h no int5tion ( dwell+ at l5g? on ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,trag$y 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re=e leave to ,fr5* critics ! task ( depreciat+ ! antiquities ( _! own lit]ature1 :i*1 ) ! m]e view ( add+ to ! glory ( ! lat] age ( ,ri*elieu & ,l\is ,,xiv41 !y s zeal\sly ent] ^u4 ,_! language1 x is true1 0 at ?is "t fir/ cultivat$1 f an indescribable wa/e ( ta/elessness & b>b>ity1 :ile ! h>moni\s diction ( ! ,italian & ,spani% poetry1 :i* _h long be=e spontane\sly develop$ itself 9 ! mo/ beautiful luxuriance1 0 rapidly deg5]at+4 ,h5ce we are n to be a/oni%$ if ! ,fr5* lay su* great /ress on negative excell5ces1 & s c>efully endeav\r to avoid ev]y?+ l impropriety1 & t f dread ( relapse into rud5ess ?is has ev] s9ce be5 ! g5]al object ( _! critical lab\rs4 ,:5 ,la ,h>pe says ( ! trag$ies ( ,corneille1 t _! tone rises above flatness1 only to fall into ! opposite extreme ( affectation1 judg+ f ! pro(s :i* he adduces1 we see no reason to diff] f him4 ,! publication rec5tly ( ,leg\v's ,dea? ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 has l$ to ! repr9t+ ( a contempor>y piece on ! same subject1 :i* is n only writt5 9 a ludicr\s /yle1 b 9 ! g5]al plan & di/ribution ( ! subject1 ) its prologue spok5 by ,satan1 & its *orus ( pages1 ) its endless monologues & want ( progress & action1 betrays ! infancy ( ! dramatic art2 n a nave infancy1 full ( hope & promise1 b "o disfigur$ by ! mo/ p$antic bomba/ & absurdity4 ,= a "* ( ! e>li] tragical attempts ( ! ,fr5* 9 ! la/ half ( ! sixte5? & ! fir/ ?irty or =ty ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we ref] to ,font5elle1 ,la ,h>pe1 & ! ,mlanges ,littraires ( ,su>d & ,&r4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to ! *>act]i/ics ( ?ree ( _! mo/ celebrat$ tragic poets1 ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 & ,voltaire1 :o1 x w\ld seem1 h giv5 an immutable %ape to _! tragic /age4 ,our *ief object1 h[ev]1 is an exam9ation ( ! sy/em ( tragic art practically foll[$ by ^! poets1 & by !m1 9 "p1 b by ! ,fr5* critics univ]sally1 consid]$ z alone entitl$ to any au?ority1 & e deviation f x view$ z an (f5ce aga9/ good ta/e4 ,if only ! sy/em be 9 itself ! "r "o1 we %all be compell$ to all[ t its execution is ma/]ly1 p]haps n to be surpass$4 ,b ! great "q "h is3 h[ f> ! ,fr5* trag$y is 9 _s & inw>d ess5ce relat$ to ! ,greek1 & :e!r x des]ves to be consid]$ z an improvem5t ^u x8 ,( ! e>li] attempts x is only necess>y = u to obs]ve1 t ! endeav\r to imitate ! anci5ts %[$ itself f ! v e>lie/ p]iod 9 ,france4 ,moreov]1 !y consid]$ x ! sure/ me?od ( succe$+ 9 ?is endeav\r to obs]ve ! outw>d regul>ity ( =m1 ( :i* _! notion 0 d]iv$ f ,ari/otle1 & especially f ,s5eca1 r ?an f any intimate acqua9tance ) ! ,greek models !mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ trag$ies t 7 repres5t$1 ! ,cleopatra1 & ,dido ( ,jodelle1 a prologue & *orus 7 introduc$2 ,jean de la ,p]use translat$ ! ,m$ea ( ,s5eca2 & ,g>ni]'s pieces are all tak5 f ! ,greek trag$ies or f ,s5eca1 b 9 ! execution !y be> a mu* clos] resemblance to ! latt]4 ,! writ]s ( t day1 moreov]1 modell$ !mselves dilig5tly on ! ,sophonisbe ( ,triss9o1 9 good confid5ce ( its classic =m4 ,:oev] is acqua9t$ ) ! proc$ure ( true g5ius1 h[ x is impell$ by an almo/ unconsci\s & imm$iate contemplation ( great & important tru?s1 & 9 no wise by convictions obta9$ m$iately1 & by circuit\s d$uctions1 w be on t gr\nd alone extremely suspici\s ( all activity 9 art :i* orig9ates 9 an ab/ract !ory4 ,b ,corneille did n1 l an antiqu>y1 execute 8 dramas z s _m le>n$ s*ool ex]cises1 on ! model ( ! anci5ts4 ,s5eca1 x is true1 l$ him a/ray1 b he knew & lov$ ! ,spani% !atre1 & x _h a great influ5ce on 8 m9d4 ,! fir/ ( 8 pieces1 ) :i*1 accord+ to g5]al admission1 ! classical a]a ( ,fr5* trag$y comm5ces1 & :i* is c]ta9ly "o ( 8 be/1 ! ,cid1 is well kn[n to h be5 borr[$ f ! ,spani%4 ,x violates 9 a great degree ! unity ( place1 if n also t ( "t1 & x is animat$ ?r\gh\t by ! _s ( *ivalr\s love & hon\r4 ,b ! op9ion ( 8 contempor>ies1 t a trag$y mu/ be fram$ 9 /rict accordance ) ! rules ( ,ari/otle1 0 s univ]sally pr$om9ant1 t x bore d[n all opposition4 ,almo/ at ! close ( 8 dramatic c>e]1 ,corneille began to ent]ta9 scruples ( consci5ce1 & 9 a sep>ate treatise endeav\r$ to prove t1 al?\gh 9 ! composition ( 8 pieces he _h nev] ev5 ?\ght ( ,ari/otle1 !y 7 yet all accurately writt5 accord+ to 8 rules4 ,?is 0 no easy task1 & he 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to all mann] ( =c$ explanations4 ,if he _h be5 able to e/abli% 8 case satisfactorily1 x w\ld b lead to ! inf]5ce t ! rules ( ,ari/otle mu/ be v loose & indet]m9ate1 if works s dissimil> 9 _s & =m1 z ! trag$ies ( ! ,greeks & ^? ( ,corneille are yet equally true to !m4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ,rac9e3 ( all ! ,fr5* poets he 01 )\t d\bt1 ! "o :o 0 be/ acqua9t$ ) ! anci5ts2 & n m]ely did he /udy !m z a s*ol>1 he felt !m also z a poet4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 ! practice ( ! !atre already firmly e/abli%$1 & he did n1 = ! sake ( approa*+ ^! models1 und]take to deviate f x4 ,he cont5t$ himself1 !re=e1 ) appropriat+ ! sep>ate beauties ( ! ,greek poets2 b1 :e!r f def]5ce to ! ta/e ( 8 age1 or f incl9ation1 he rema9$ fai?ful to ! prevail+ gallantry s ali5 to ! _s ( ,greek trag$y1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 made x ! f\ndation ( ! complication ( 8 plots4 ,su*1 ne>ly1 0 ! /ate ( ! ,fr5* !atre be=e ! appe>ance ( ,voltaire4 ,8 k ( ! ,greeks 0 v limit$1 al?\gh he n[ & !n spoke ( !m ) en?usiasm1 9 ord]1 on o!r occasions1 to rank !m bel[ ! m mod]n ma/]s ( 8 own nation1 includ+ himself /ill1 he always felt himself b\nd to prea* up ! gr& sev]ity & simplicity ( ! ,greeks z ess5tial to ,trag$y4 ,he c5sur$ ! deviations ( 8 pr$ecessors !refrom z mi/akes1 & insi/$ on purify+ & at ! same "t enl>g+ ! /age1 z1 9 8 op9ion1 f ! con/ra9t ( c\rt mann]s1 x _h be5 almo/ /rait5$ to ! dim5sions ( an ante*amb]4 ,he at fir/ spoke ( ,%akspe>e's bur/s ( g5ius1 & borr[$ _m ?+s f ?is poet1 at t "t altoge!r unkn[n to 8 c\ntrym52 he insi/$1 too1 on great] dep? 9 ! del9eation ( passion--on a /rong] !atrical effect2 he call$ = a sc5e m maje/ically ornam5t$2 &1 la/ly1 he frequ5tly endeav\r$ to give to 8 pieces a political or philosophical int]e/ altoge!r =eign to poetry4 ,8 lab\rs h>e unque/ionably be5 ( utility to ! ,fr5* /age1 al?\gh 9 language & v]sification 7:i* 9 ! classification ( dramatic excell5ces ought only to hold a second>y place1 ?\gh 9 ,france !y alone almo/ decide ! fate ( a piece71 he is1 by mo/ critics1 consid]$ inf]ior to 8 pr$ecessors1 or at lea/ to ,rac9e4 ,x is n[ ! fa%ion to attack ?is idol ( a bygone g5]ation on e po9t1 & ) ! mo/ unrel5t+ & p>tial ho/ility4 ,8 innovations on ! /age are !re=e cri$ d[n z s _m lit]>y h]esies1 ev5 by wat*m5 ( ! critical ,zion1 :o seem to ?9k t ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 has left no?+ = all succe$+ "t1 to ! end ( ! _w1 b a passive admiration ( its p]fections1 )\t a presumptu\s ?\ght ( mak+ improvem5ts ( its own4 ,= au?ority is av[$ ) s little disguise z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! ,fr5* critics1 t ?is expression ( lit]>y h]esy is q curr5t ) !m4 ,9 s f> z we h to raise a d\bt ( ! unconditional au?ority ( ! rules foll[$ by ! old ,fr5* tragic au?ors1 ( ! pret5d$ aff9ity betwe5 ! _s ( _! works & ! _s ( ! ,greek trag$ians1 & ( ! indisp5sabl5ess ( _m suppos$ proprieties1 we f9d an ally 9 ,voltaire4 ,b 9 _m o!r po9ts he has1 )\t exam9ation1 nay ev5 unconsci\sly1 adopt$ ! maxims ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & foll[$ _! practice4 ,he is alike implicat$ ) !m 9 _m op9ions1 :i* are p]haps f\nd$ m on national peculi>ities ?an on human nature & ! ess5ce ( tragic poetry 9 g5]al4 ,on ?is acc\nt we may include him 9 a common exam9ation ) !m2 = we are "h conc]n$ n ) ! execution ( p>ticul> p>ts1 b ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( tragic art :i* reveal !mselves 9 ! %ape ( ! works4 ,! consid]ation ( ! dramatic regul>ity = :i* ^! critics cont5d br+s u back to ! s-call$ ,?ree ,unities ( ,ari/otle4 ,we %all !re=e exam9e ! doctr9e deliv]$ by ! ,greek philosoph] on ?is subject3 h[ f> ! ,greek trag$ians knew or obs]v$ ^! rules2 :e!r ! ,fr5* poets h 9 reality ov]come ! difficulty ( obs]v+ !m )\t ! sacrifice ( fre$om & probability1 or m]ely dext]\sly avoid$ x2 & f9ally1 :e!r ! m]it ( ?is obs]vance is actually s great & ess5tial z x has be5 deem$1 & does n r entail ! sacrifice ( /ill m ess5tial beauties4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r aspect ( ,fr5* ,trag$y f :i* x _c appeal to ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts3 ?is is1 ! ty+ ( poetry to a numb] ( m]ely conv5tional proprieties4 ,on ?is subject ! ,fr5* are f> less cle> ?an on t ( ! rules2 = nations are n usually m capable ( kn[+ & appreciat+ !mselves ?an individuals are4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 intimately connect$ ) ! _s ( ,fr5* poetry 9 g5]al1 nay1 r ( _! :ole lit]ature & ! v language itself4 ,all ?is1 9 ,france1 has be5 =m$ "u ! gu>dian%ip ( society1 &1 9 its progressive developm5t1 has uni=mly be5 guid$ & det]m9$ by x--! gu>dian%ip ( a society :i* zeal\sly imitat$ ! tone ( ! capital1 :i* aga9 took its direction f ! reign+ modes ( a brilliant c\rt4 ,if1 z !re is inde$ no difficulty 9 prov+1 su* be really ! case1 we may easily conceive :y ,fr5* lit]ature1 ( & s9ce ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 has be51 & /ill is1 s well receiv$ 9 ! upp] ranks ( society & ! fa%ionable _w ?r\gh\t ,europe1 :]eas ! body ( ! p1 ev]y:]e true to _! own cu/oms & mann]s1 h nev] %[n any?+ l a cordial lik+ = x4 ,9 ?is way1 ev5 9 =eign c\ntries1 x aga9 9 "s measure f9ds ! place ( its bir?4 ,! f>-fam$ ,?ree ,unities1 :i* h giv5 rise to a :ole ,iliad ( critical w>s1 are ! ,unities ( ,action1 ,"t1 & ,place4 ,! validity ( ! fir/ is univ]sally all[$1 b ! difficulty is to agree ab\t its true mean+2 &1 ,i may add1 t x is no easy matt] to come to an und]/&+ on ! subject4 ,! ,unities ( ,"t & ( ,place are consid]$ by "s q a subord9ate matt]1 :ile o!rs lay ! greate/ /ress ^u !m1 & affirm t out ( ! pale ( !m !re is no safety = ! dramatic poet4 ,9 ,france ?is zeal is n conf9$ m]ely to ! le>n$ _w1 b seems to be %>$ by ! :ole nation 9 common4 ,e ,fr5*man :o has suck$ 9 8 ,boileau ) 8 "m's milk1 consid]s himself a born *ampion ( ! ,dramatic ,unities1 mu* 9 ! same way t ! k+s ( ,engl& s9ce ,h5ry ,,viii4 are h]$it>y ,def5d]s ( ! ,fai?4 ,x is amus+ en\gh to see ,ari/otle driv5 p]=ce to l5d 8 "n to ^! ?ree ,unities1 :]eas ! only "o ( :i* he speaks ) any degree ( fulness is ! fir/1 ! ,unity ( ,action4 ,) respect to ! ,unity ( ,"t he m]ely ?r[s out a vague h9t2 :ile ( ! ,unity ( ,place he says n a syllable4 ,i d n1 !re=e1 f9d myself 9 a polemical relation to ,ari/otle1 = ,i by no means conte/ ! ,unity ( ,action prop]ly und]/ood3 ,i only claim a great] latitude ) respect to place & "t = _m species ( ! drama1 nay1 hold x ess5tial to !m4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t we may view ! matt] 9 its true light1 ,i mu/ fir/ say a few words on ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle1 ^? few pages :i* h giv5 rise to su* volum9\s comm5t>ies4 ,x is well e/abli%$ t ?is treatise is m]ely a fragm5t1 = x does n ev5 t\* ^u _m important matt]s4 ,sev]al s*ol>s h ev5 be5 ( op9ion1 t x is n a fragm5t ( ! true orig9al1 b ( an abridgm5t :i* "s "o _h made = 8 own improvem5t4 ,on "o po9t all philological critics are unanim\s3 namely1 t ! text is v mu* corrupt$1 & !y h endeav\r$ to re/ore x by conjectural em5dations4 ,its great obscurity is ei!r expressly compla9$ ( by comm5tators1 or sub/antiat$ by ! fact1 t all 9 turn reject ! int]pretations ( _! pr$ecessors1 :ile !y _c approve _! own to ^? :o succe$ !m4 ,v diff]5t is x ) ! ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle4 ,x is und\bt$ly g5u9e1 p]fect1 & easily und]/ood4 ,b h[ does he !re consid] ! oratorical art8 ,z a si/] ( ,logic3 = z ?is produces conviction by its syllogism1 s mu/ ,rhetoric 9 a k9dr$ mann] op]ate p]suasion4 ,?is is ab\t ! same z to consid] ar*itecture simply z ! art ( build+ solidly & conv5i5tly4 ,?is is1 c]ta9ly1 ! fir/ requisite1 b a great deal m is /ill necess>y be=e we c consid] x z "o ( ! f9e arts4 ,:at we require ( ar*itecture is1 t x %\ld comb9e ^! ess5tial objects ( an edifice ) beauty ( plan & h>mony ( proportion1 & give to ! :ole a correspond5t impression4 ,n[ :5 we see h[ ,ari/otle1 )\t all[+ = imag9ation or feel+1 has view$ oratory only on t side :i* is accessible to ! und]/&+1 & is subs]vi5t to an ext]nal aim1 c x surprise u if t he has /ill less fa?om$ ! my/]y ( poetry1 t art :i* is absolv$ f e o!r aim b its own unconditional "o ( creat+ ! beautiful by free inv5tion & clo?+ x 9 suitable language8--,already h ,i _h ! h>dihood to ma9ta9 ?is h]esy1 & hi!rto ,i h se5 no reason = retract+ my op9ion4 ,less+ ?\ght o!rwise4 ,b :at if ,less+1 ) 8 acute analytical criticism1 split exactly on ! same rock8 ,?is species ( criticism is completely victori\s :5 x exposes ! contradictions = ! und]/&+ 9 works compos$ exclusively ) ! und]/&+2 b x c\ld h>dly rise to ! idea ( a "w ( art creat$ by ! true g5ius4 ,! philosophical !ory ( ! f9e arts collectively 01 z a di/9ct sci5ce1 little cultivat$ among ! anci5ts2 ( te*nical works on ! sev]al arts individually1 9 :i* ! means ( execution 7 alone consid]$1 !y _h no lack4 ,7 ,i to select a guide f among ! anci5t philosoph]s1 x %\ld und\bt$ly be ,plato1 :o acquir$ ! idea ( ! beautiful n by dissection1 :i* nev] c give x1 b by intuitive inspiration1 & 9 ^: works ! g]ms ( a g5u9e ,philosophy ( ,art1 are e :]e scatt]$4 ,let u n[ he> :at ,ari/otle says on ! ,unity ( ,action4 ,we affirm t ,trag$y is ! imitation ( a p]fect & entire action :i* has a c]ta9 magnitude3 = !re may be a :ole )\t any magnitude :atev]4 ,n[ a :ole is :at has a beg9n+1 middle1 & end4 ,a beg9n+ is t :i* is n necess>ily aft] "s o!r ?+1 b t :i* f its nature has some?+ aft] x1 or aris+ out ( x4 ,an end1 on ! o!r h&1 is t :i* f its nature is aft] some?+ else1 ei!r necess>ily1 or usually1 b aft] :i* !re is no?+1 ,a middle1 :at is itself aft] "s o!r ?+1 & aft] :i* also !re is some?+4 ,h5ce poems :i* are prop]ly compos$ mu/ nei!r beg9 nor end accid5tally1 b accord+ to ! pr9ciples above laid d[n4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is a contradiction 9 t]ms to say t a :ole1 :i* has p>ts1 c be )\t magnitude4 ,b ,ari/otle goes on to /ate1 9 explanation1 t by magnitude z a requisition ( beauty1 he means1 a c]ta9 measure :i* is nei!r s small z to preclude u f di/+ui%+ its p>ts1 nor s ext5sive z to prev5t u f tak+ ! :ole 9 at "o view4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 m]ely an ext]nal def9ition ( ! beautiful1 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & f\nd$ on ! quality ( our organs ( s5se & our p[]s ( compreh5sion4 ,h[ev]1 8 application ( x to ! drama is rem>kable4 ,x mu/ h an ext5sion1 b su* z may easily be tak5 9 by ! memory4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! l5g? accord+ to ! wants ( ! repres5tation1 does n come )9 ! prov9ce ( ,art4 ,) respect to ! ess5ce ( ! ?+1 ! composition w be ! m beautiful ! m ext5sive x is )\t prejudice to its compreh5sibility4 ,?is ass]tion w\ld be highly fav\rable = ! compositions ( ,%akspe>e & ( o!r romantic poets1 :o h includ$ 9 "o picture a m ext5sive circle ( life1 *>act]s1 & ev5ts1 ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! simple ,greek trag$y1 if only we c\ld %[ t !y h giv5 x ! necess>y unity1 & su* a magnitude z c be cle>ly tak5 9 at a view1 & ?is we h no hesitation 9 affirm+ to be actually ! case4 ,9 ano!r place ,ari/otle requires ! same unity ( action f ! epic z f ! dramatic poet2 he repeats ! prec$+ def9itions1 & says t ! poet mu/ n resemble ! hi/orian1 :o relates contempor>y ev5ts1 al?\gh !y h no be>+ on "o ano!r4 ,"h we h /ill a m express dem& ( t connexion ( cause & effect betwe5 ! repres5t$ ev5ts1 :i* be=e1 9 8 explanation ( ! p>ts ( a :ole1 0 at mo/ impli$4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t ! epic poet may take 9 a mu* great] numb] ( ev5ts connect$ ) "o ma9 action1 s9ce ! n>rative =m enables him to describe _m ?+s z go+ on at ! same "t2 on ! o!r h&1 ! dramatic poet _c repres5t sev]al simultane\s actions1 b only s mu* z is go+ on ^u ! /age1 & ! "p :i* ! p]sons :o appe> !re take 9 "o action4 ,b :at if a diff]5t con/ruction ( ! sc5e1 & a m skilful !atric p]spective1 %\ld enable ! dramatic poet1 duly & )\t confusion1 al?\gh 9 a m compress$ space1 to develope a fable n inf]ior 9 ext5t to ! epic poem8 ,:]e w\ld be ! objection1 if ! only ob/acle 7 ! suppos$ impossibility8 ,?is is ne>ly all t is to be f\nd 9 ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle on ,unity ( ,action4 ,a %ort inve/igation w s]ve to %[ h[ v mu* ^! anatomical ideas1 :i* h be5 /amp$ z rules1 are bel[ ! ess5tial requisites ( poetry4 ,unity ( ,action is requir$4 ,:at is action8 ,mo/ critics pass ov] ?is po9t1 z if x 7 self-evid5t ,9 ! high]1 prop] signification1 action is an activity dep5d5t on ! w ( man4 ,its unity w consi/ 9 ! direction t[>ds a s+le end2 & to its complet5ess belongs all t lies betwe5 ! fir/ det]m9ation & ! execution ( ! de$4 ,?is idea ( action is applicable to _m trag$ies ( ! anci5ts 7= in/ance1 ,ore/es' murd] ( 8 "m1 ,o$ipus' det]m9ation to discov] & puni% ! murd]] ( ,laius71 b by no means to all2 /ill less does x apply to ! great] "p ( mod]n trag$ies1 at lea/ if ! action is to be s\ght 9 ! pr9cipal *>act]s4 ,:at comes to pass ?r\gh !m1 & proce$s ) !m1 has frequ5tly no m connexion ) a volunt>y det]m9ation1 ?an a %ip's /rik+ on a rock 9 a /orm4 ,b fur!r1 9 ! t]m action1 z und]/ood by ! anci5ts1 we mu/ include ! resolution to be> ! consequ5ces ( ! de$ ) h]oic magnanimity1 & ! execution ( ?is det]m9ation w belong to its completion4 ,! pi\s resolve ( ,antigone to p]=m ! la/ duties to h] unburi$ bro!r is soon execut$ & )\t difficulty2 b g5u95ess1 on :i* alone re/s its claim to be a fit subject = a trag$y1 is only subsequ5tly prov$ :51 )\t rep5tance1 & )\t any symptoms ( weakness1 %e suff]s dea? z its p5alty4 ,& to take an example f q a diff]5t sph]e1 is n ,%akspe>e's ,julius ,caes>1 z respects ! action1 con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple8 ,brutus is ! h]o ( ! piece2 ! completion ( 8 great resolve does n consi/ 9 ! m]e assass9ation ( ,caes> 7an action ambigu\s 9 itself1 & ( :i* ! motives might h be5 ambition & jeal\sy71 b 9 ?is1 t he proves himself ! pure *ampion ( ,roman lib]ty1 by ! calm sacrifice ( 8 amiable life4 ,f>!r1 !re c\ld be no complication ( ! plot )\t opposition1 & ?is arises mo/ly out ( ! contradictory motives & views ( ! act+ p]sonages4 ,if1 !re=e1 we limit ! notion ( an action to ! det]m9ation & ! de$1 !n we %all1 9 mo/ cases1 h two or ?ree actions 9 a s+le trag$y4 ,:i* n[ is ! pr9cipal action8 ,e p]son ?9ks 8 own ! mo/ important1 = e man is 8 own c5tral po9t4 ,creon's det]m9ation to ma9ta9 8 k+ly au?ority1 by puni%+ ! burial ( ,polynices ) dea?1 is equally fix$ ) ,antigone's det]m9ation1 equally important1 &1 z we see at ! end1 n less dang]\s1 z x draws aft] x ! ru9 ( 8 :ole h\se4 ,x may be p]haps urg$ t ! m]ely negative det]m9ation is to be consid]$ simply z ! complem5t ( ! affirmative4 ,b :at if ea* det]m9es on some?+ n exactly opposite1 b altoge!r diff]5t8 ,9 ! ,&roma*e ( ,bac9e1 ,ore/es wi%es to move ,h]mione to return 8 love2 ,h]mione is resolv$ to compel ,pyrrhus to m>ry h]1 or %e w be rev5g$ on him2 ,pyrrhus wi%es to be rid ( ,h]mione1 & to be unit$ to ,&roma*e2 ,&roma*e is desir\s ( sav+ h] son1 & at ! same "t rema9+ true to ! memory ( h] husb&4 ,yet nobody ev] que/ion$ ! unity ( ?is piece1 z ! :ole has a common connexion1 & ends ) "o common cata/rophe4 ,b :i* ( ! actions ( ! f\r p]sons is ! ma9 action8 ,9 /r5g? ( passion1 _! endeav\rs are pretty ne>ly equal--9 all ! :ole happ9ess ( life is at /ake2 ! action ( ,&roma*e has1 h[ev]1 ! advantage 9 moral dignity1 & ,rac9e 0 !re=e p]fectly "r 9 nam+ ! piece aft] h]4 ,we see "h a new condition 9 ! notion ( action1 namely1 ! ref]5ce to ! idea ( moral lib]ty1 by :i* alone man is consid]$ z ! orig9al au?or ( 8 own resolutions4 ,=1 consid]$ )9 ! prov9ce ( exp]i5ce1 ! resolution1 z ! beg9n+ ( action1 is n a cause m]ely1 b is also an effect ( antec$5t motives4 ,x 0 9 ?is ref]5ce to a high] idea1 t we previ\sly f\nd ! unity & :ol5ess ( ,trag$y 9 ! s5se ( ! anci5ts2 namely1 its absolute beg9n+ is ! ass]tion ( ,free-w1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,necessity its absolute end4 ,b we consid] ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 affirm+ t ,ari/otle 0 altoge!r a /rang] to ?is view2 he n[h]e speaks ( ! idea ( ,de/9y z ess5tial to ,trag$y4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ n expect f him a /rict idea ( action z a resolution & de$4 ,he says some:]e--,! ext5t ( a trag$y is always suffici5tly great1 if1 by a s]ies ( probable or necess>y consequ5ces1 a rev]se f adv]sity to prosp]ity1 or f happ9ess to mis]y1 is br\ght ab\t4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t he1 l all ! mod]ns1 und]/ood by action some?+ m]ely t takes place4 ,?is action1 accord+ to him1 mu/ h beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 & consequ5tly consi/ ( a plurality ( connect$ ev5ts4 ,b :]e are ! limits ( ?is plurality8 ,is n ! concat5ation ( causes & effects1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 )\t end8 & may we !n1 ) equal propriety1 beg9 & break (f :]ev] we please8 ,9 ?is prov9ce1 c !re be ei!r beg9n+ or end1 correspond+ to ,ari/otle's v accurate def9ition ( ^! notions8 ,complet5ess w\ld !re=e be altoge!r impossible4 ,if1 h[ev]1 = ! unity ( a plurality ( ev5ts no?+ m is requisite ?an casual connexion1 !n ?is rule is indef9ite 9 ! extreme1 & ! unity admits ( be+ n>r[$ or enl>g$ at pleasure4 ,= e s]ies ( incid5ts or actions1 :i* are occasion$ by ea* o!r1 h[ev] mu* x be prolong$1 may always be compreh5d$ "u a s+le po9t ( view1 & d5ot$ by a s+le "n4 ,:5 ,cald]on 9 a s+le drama describes ! conv]sion ( ,p]u to ,*ri/ianity1 f its v beg9n+ 7t is1 f ! discov]y ( ! c\ntry7 d[n to its completion1 & :5 no?+ actually occurs 9 ! piece :i* _h n "s influ5ce on t ev5t1 does he n give u z mu* ,unity 9 ! above s5se z ! simple/ ,greek trag$y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! *ampions ( ,ari/otle's rules w by no means all[8 ,corneille 0 well aw>e ( ! difficulty ( a prop] def9ition ( unity1 z applicable to an inevitable plurality ( subord9ate actions2 & 9 ?is way did he endeav\r to get rid ( x4 ,i assume1 says he1 t 9 ,com$y1 ,unity ( ,action consi/s 9 ,unity ( ! ,intrigue2 t is1 ( ! ob/acles rais$ to ! designs ( ! pr9cipal p]sons2 & 9 ,trag$y1 9 ! unity ( ! dang]1 :e!r ! h]o s9ks "u1 or extricates himself f x4 ,by ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i d n mean to ass]t t sev]al dang]s 9 ,trag$y1 & sev]al intrigues or ob/acles 9 ,com$y1 may n be all[able1 provid$ only t ! p]sonage falls necess>ily f "o into ! o!r2 = !n ! escape f ! fir/ dang] does n make ! action complete1 = x draws a second aft] x1 z also ! cle>+ up ( "o intrigue does n place ! act+ p]sons at _! ease1 because x involves !m 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! diff]5ce "h assum$ betwe5 tragic & comic ,unity is altoge!r uness5tial4 ,= ! mann] ( putt+ ! play toge!r is n influ5c$ by ! circum/ance1 t ! incid5ts 9 ,trag$y are m s]i\s1 z affect+ p]son & life2 ! emb>rassm5t ( ! *>act]s 9 ,com$y :5 !y _c accompli% _! design & intrigues1 may equally be t]m$ a dang]4 ,corneille1 l mo/ o!rs1 ref]s all to ! idea ( connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,no d\bt :5 ! pr9cipal p]sons1 ei!r by m>riage or dea?1 are set at re/1 ! drama comes to a close2 b if no?+ m is necess>y to its ,unity ?an ! un9t]rupt$ progress ( an opposition1 :i* s]ves to keep up ! dramatic movem5t1 simplicity w !n come b poorly (f3 =1 )\t violat+ ?is rule ( ,unity1 we may g on to an almo/ endless accumulation ( ev5ts1 z 9 ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1 :]e ! ?read ( ! /ory is nev] once brok54 ,de la ,motte1 a ,fr5* au?or1 :o wrote aga9/ ! ,unities 9 g5]al1 w\ld sub/itute = ,unity ( action1 ! ,unity ( int]e/4 ,if ! t]m be n conf9$ to ! int]e/ 9 ! de/9ies ( "s s+le p]sonage1 b is tak5 to mean 9 g5]al ! direction :i* ! m9d takes at ! sight ( an ev5t1 ?is explanation1 s und]/ood1 seems mo/ satisfactory & v ne> ! tru?4 ,b we %\ld d]ive b little advantage f grop+ ab\t empirically ) ! comm5tators on ,ari/otle4 ,! idea ( ,"o & ,:ole is 9 no way :atev] d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 b arises out ( ! prim>y & spontane\s activity ( ! human m9d4 ,to acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* we 9 g5]al arrive at ?is idea1 & come to ?9k ( "o & a :ole1 w\ld require no?+ %ort ( a sy/em ( metaphysics4 ,! ext]nal s5se p]ceives 9 objects only an indef9ite plurality ( di/+ui%able p>ts2 ! judgm5t1 by :i* we compreh5d ^! into an entire & p]fect unity1 is 9 all cases f\nd$ on a ref]5ce to a high] sph]e ( ideas4 ,?us1 = example1 ! me*anical unity ( a wat* consi/s 9 its aim ( measur+ "t2 ?is aim1 h[ev]1 exi/s only = ! und]/&+1 & is nei!r visible to ! eye1 nor palpable to ! t\*3 ! organic unity ( a plant or an animal consi/s 9 ! idea ( life2 b ! inw>d intuition ( life1 :i*1 9 itself uncorporeal1 nev]!less manife/s itself ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! corporeal _w1 is br\ght by u to ! obs]vation ( ! individual liv+ object1 o!rwise we c\ld n obta9 x f t object4 ,! sep>ate p>ts ( a "w ( art1 & 7to return to ! "q be=e u17 ! sep>ate p>ts1 consequ5tly1 ( a trag$y1 mu/ n be tak5 9 by ! eye & e> alone1 b also compreh5d$ by ! und]/&+4 ,collectively1 h[ev]1 !y are all subs]vi5t to "o common aim1 namely1 to produce a jo9t impression on ! m9d4 ,"h1 !re=e1 z 9 ! above examples1 ! ,unity lies 9 a high] sph]e1 9 ! feel+ or 9 ! ref]5ce to ideas4 ,?is is all "o2 = ! feel+1 s f> z x is n m]ely s5sual & passive1 is our s5se1 our organ = ! ,inf9ite1 :i* =ms itself into ideas = u4 ,f>1 !re=e1 f reject+ ! law ( a p]fect ,unity 9 ,trag$y z unnecess>y1 ,i require a deep]1 m intr9sic1 & m my/]i\s unity ?an t ) :i* mo/ critics are satisfi$4 ,?is ,unity ,i f9d 9 ! tragical compositions ( ,%akspe>e1 9 z great p]fection z 9 ^? ( ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ,i d n f9d x 9 _m ( ^? trag$ies :i* nev]!less are laud$ z correct by ! critics ( ! dissect+ s*ool4 ,logical coh]5ce1 ! causal connexion1 ,i hold to be equally ess5tial to ,trag$y & e s]i\s drama1 because all ! m5tal p[]s act & react ^u ea* o!r1 & if ! ,und]/&+ be compell$ to take a leap1 ,imag9ation & ,feel+ d n foll[ ! composition ) equal alacrity4 ,b un=tunately ! *ampions ( :at is call$ regul>ity h appli$ ?is rule ) a degree ( petty subtlety1 :i* c h no o!r effect ?an t ( cramp+ ! poet1 & r5d]+ true excell5ce impossible4 ,we mu/ n suppose t ! ord] ( sequ5ces 9 a trag$y resembles a sl5d] ?read1 ( :i* we are e mom5t 9 anxi\s dread le/ x %\ld snap4 ,?is simile is by no means applicable1 = x is admitt$ t a plurality ( subord9ate actions & int]e/s is inevitable2 b r let u suppose x a mighty /ream1 :i* 9 its impetu\s c\rse ov]comes _m ob/ructions1 & loses itself at la/ 9 ! repose ( ! ocean4 ,x spr+s p]haps f diff]5t s\rces1 & c]ta9ly receives into itself o!r riv]s1 :i* ha/5 t[>ds x f opposite regions4 ,:y %\ld n ! poet be all[$ to c>ry on sev]al1 &1 = a :ile1 indep5d5t /reams ( human passions & endeav\rs1 d[n to ! mom5t ( _! rag+ junction1 if only he c place ! spectator on an em95ce f :5ce he may ov]look ! :ole ( _! c\rse8 ,& if ?is great & swoll5 body ( wat]s aga9 divide into sev]al bran*es1 & p\r itself into ! sea by sev]al m\?s1 is x n /ill "o & ! same /ream8 ,s mu* = ! ,unity ( ,action4 ,) respect to ! ,unity ( ,"t1 we f9d 9 ,ari/otle no m ?an ! foll[+ passage3 ,moreov]1 ! ,epos is di/+ui%$ f ,trag$y by its l5g?3 = ! latt] seeks z f> z possible to circumscribe itself )9 "o revolution ( ! sun1 or to exce$ x b little2 ! ,epos is unlimit$ 9 po9t ( "t1 & 9 t respect diff]s f ,trag$y4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ! case 0 9 ?is respect alike 9 trag$ies & epic poems4 ,we may 9 ! fir/ place obs]ve t ,ari/otle is n giv+ a precept "h1 b only mak+ hi/orical m5tion ( a peculi>ity :i* he obs]v$ 9 ! ,grecian examples be=e him4 ,b :at if ! ,greek trag$ians _h p>ticul> reasons = circumscrib+ !mselves )9 ?is ext5t ( "t1 :i* ) ! con/itution ( our !atres no long] exi/8 ,we %all imm$iately see t ?is 0 really ! case4 ,corneille ) great reason f9ds ! rule extremely inconv5i5t2 he !re=e pref]s ! m l5i5t int]pretation1 & says1 he w\ld n scruple to ext5d ! duration ( ! action ev5 to ?irty h\rs4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 mo/ rigor\sly insi/ on ! pr9ciple t ! action %\ld n occupy a long] p]iod ?an t ( its repres5tation1 t is to say1 f two to ?ree h\rs4--,! dramatic poet mu/1 accord+ to !m1 be punctual to 8 h\r4 ,9 ! ma91 ! latt] plead a s\nd] cause ?an ! m l5i5t critics4 ,= ! only gr\nd ( ! rule is ! obs]vation ( a probability :i* !y suppose to be necess>y = illusion1 namely1 t ! actual "t & t ( ! repres5tation %\ld be ! same4 ,if once a discrepancy be all[$1 su* z ! diff]5ce betwe5 two h\rs & ?irty1 we may ^u ! same pr9ciple g mu* f>!r4 ,?is idea ( illusion has occasion$ great errors 9 ! !ory ( art4 ,by ?is t]m !re has (t5 be5 und]/ood ! unwitt+ly errone\s belief t ! repres5t$ action is reality4 ,9 t case ! t]rors ( ,trag$y w\ld be a true torture to u1 !y w\ld be l an ,alp9e load on ! fancy4 ,no1 ! !atrical z well z e o!r poetical illusion1 is a wak+ dream1 to :i* we volunt>ily surr5d] ourselves4 ,to produce x1 ! poet & actors mu/ p[]fully agitate ! m9d1 & ! probabilities ( calculation d n 9 ! lea/ contribute t[>ds x4 ,?is dem& ( lit]al deception1 pu%$ to ! extreme1 w\ld make all poetic =m impossible2 = we "k well t ! my?ological & hi/orical p]sons did n speak our language1 t impassion$ grief does n express itself 9 v]se1 c4 ,:at an unpoetical spectator 7 he :o1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! incid5ts ) 8 sympa?y1 %\ld1 l a gaol]1 ) wat* or h\r-glass 9 h&1 c\nt out to ! h]oes ( ! trag$y1 ! m9utes :i* !y /ill h to live & act6 ,is our s\l !n a piece ( clock-"w1 t tells ! h\rs & m9utes ) infallible accuracy8 ,has x n r v diff]5t measures ( "t = agreeable occupation & = we>isom5ess8 ,9 ! "o case1 "u an easy & v>i$ activity1 ! h\rs fly apace2 9 ! o!r1 :ile we feel all our m5tal p[]s clogg$ & imp$$1 !y are /ret*$ out to an immeasurable l5g?4 ,?us x is dur+ ! pres5t1 b 9 memory q ! rev]se3 ! int]val ( dull & empty uni=mity vani%es 9 a mom5t2 :ile t :i* m>ks an abundance ( v>i$ impressions gr[s & wid5s 9 ! same proportion4 ,our body is subject$ to ext]nal a/ronomical "t1 because ! organical op]ations are regulat$ by x2 b our m9d has its own ideal "t1 :i* is no o!r b ! consci\sness ( ! progressive developm5t ( our be+s4 ,9 ?is measure ( "t ! int]vals ( an indiff]5t inactivity pass = no?+1 & two important mom5ts1 ?\gh !y lie ye>s ap>t1 l9k !mselves imm$iately to ea* o!r4 ,?us1 :5 we h be5 int5sely engag$ ) any matt] be=e we fell asleep1 we (t5 resume ! v same tra9 ( ?\ght ! in/ant we awake & ! int]v5+ dreams vani% into _! unsub/antial obscurity4 ,x is ! same ) dramatic exhibition3 our imag9ation ov]leaps ) ease ! times :i* are presuppos$ & intimat$1 b :i* are omitt$ because no?+ important takes place 9 !m2 x dwells solely on ! decisive mom5ts plac$ be=e x1 by ! compression ( :i* ! poet gives w+s to ! lazy c\rse ( days & h\rs4 ,b1 x w be object$1 ! anci5t trag$ians at lea/ obs]v$ ! ,unity ( ,"t4 ,?is expression is by no means precise2 x %\ld at lea/ be ! id5tity ( ! imag9>y ) ! mat]ial "t4 ,b ev5 !n x does n apply to ! anci5ts3 :at !y obs]ve is no?+ b ! seem+ cont9uity ( "t4 ,x is ( importance to att5d to ?is di/9ction--! seem+2 = !y unque/ionably all[ mu* m to take place dur+ ! *oral songs ?an c\ld really happ5 )9 _! actual duration4 ,?us ! ,agamemnon ( ,aes*ylus comprises ! :ole int]val1 f ! de/ruction ( ,troy to 8 arrival 9 ,myc5ae1 :i*1 x is pla91 mu/ h consi/$ ( a v consid]able numb] ( days2 9 ! ,tra*9iae ( ,sophocles1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! play1 ! voyage f ,!ssaly to ,euboea is ?rice p]=m$2 & aga91 9 ! ,supplices ( ,euripides1 dur+ a s+le *oral "o1 ! entire m>* ( an army f ,a!ns to ,!bes is suppos$ to take place1 a battle to be f\ght1 & ! ,g5]al to return victori\s4 ,s f> 7 ! ,greeks f ?is sort ( m9ute & pa9ful calculations6 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 a p>ticul> reason = obs]v+ ! seem+ cont9uity ( "t 9 ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! ,*orus4 ,:5 ! ,*orus leaves ! /age1 ! cont9u\s progress is int]rupt$2 ( ?is we h a /rik+ in/ance 9 ! ,eum5ides ( ,aes*ylus1 :]e ! :ole int]val is omitt$ :i* 0 necess>y to all[ ,ore/es to proce$ f ,delphi to ,a!ns4 ,moreov]1 betwe5 ! ?ree pieces ( a trilogy1 :i* 7 act$ consecutively1 & 7 int5d$ to con/itute a :ole1 !re 7 saps ( "t z consid]able z ^? betwe5 ! ?ree acts ( _m a ,spani% drama4 ,! mod]ns h1 9 ! division ( _! plays into acts1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 7 unkn[n to ,greek ,trag$y1 a conv5i5t means ( ext5d+ ! p]iod ( repres5tation )\t any ill effect4 ,= ! poet may fairly reckon s f> on ! spectator's imag9ation z to presume t dur+ ! entire susp5sion ( ! repres5tation1 he w readily conceive a mu* long] int]val to h elaps$ ?an t :i* is measur$ by ! rhy?mical "t ( ! music betwe5 ! acts2 o!rwise to make x appe> ! m natural to him1 x might be z well to invite him to come & see ! next act to-morr[4 ,! division into acts _h its orig9 ) ! ,new ,com$y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exclusion ( ! *orus4 ,horace prescribes ! condition ( a regul> play1 t x %\ld h nei!r m nor less ?an five acts4 ,! rule is s uness5tial1 t ,wiel& ?\ght ,horace 0 "h laugh+ at ! "y ,pisos 9 urg+ a precept l ?is ) su* solemnity ( tone z if x 7 really ( importance4 ,if 9 ! anci5t ,trag$y we may m>k x z ! conclusion ( an act :]ev] ! /age rema9s empty1 & ! *orus is left alone to proce$ ) its dance & ode1 we %all (t5 h few] ?an five acts1 b (t5 also m ?an five4 ,z an obs]vation t 9 a repres5tation1 betwe5 two or ?ree h\rs long1 su* a numb] ( re/s are necess>y = ! att5tion1 x may be all[$ to pass4 ,b1 consid]$ 9 any o!r light1 ,i %\ld l to he> a reason = x1 gr\nd$ on ! nature ( ,dramatic ,poetry1 :y a drama mu/ h s _m & only s _m divisions4 ,b ! _w is gov]n$ by prescription & tradition3 a small] numb] ( acts has be5 tol]at$2 to transgress ! consecrat$ numb] ( five ,footnote3 ,?ree unities1 five acts3 :y n sev5 p]sons8 ,^! rules seem to proce$ accord+ to odd numb]s4 is /ill consid]$ a dang]\s & atroci\s pr(anation4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! division into acts seems to me errone\s1 :51 z is s (t5 ! case 9 mod]n plays1 no?+ takes place 9 ! int]vals betwe5 !m1 & :5 ! p]sons at ! beg9n+ ( ! new act are exhibit$ 9 exactly ! same situation z at ! close ( ! =ego+ "o4 ,& yet ?is /&-/ill has giv5 mu* less (f5ce ?an ! assumption ( a consid]able int]val1 or ( incid5ts omitt$ 9 ! repres5tation1 because ! =m] is m]ely a negative error4 ,! romantic poets take ! lib]ty ev5 ( *ang+ ! sc5e dur+ ! c\rse ( an act4 ,z ! /age is always previ\sly left empty1 ^! also are su* int]ruptions ( ! cont9uity1 z w\ld w>rant !m 9 ! assumption ( z _m int]vals4 ,if we /umble at ?is1 b admit ! propriety ( a division into acts1 we h only to consid] ^! *anges ( sc5e 9 ! light ( a great] numb] ( %ort acts4 ,b !n1 x w p]haps be object$1 ?is is b ju/ify+ "o error by ano!r1 ! violation ( ! ,unity ( ,"t by ! violation ( ! ,unity ( ,place3 we %all1 !re=e1 proce$ to exam9e m at l5g? h[ f> ! la/- m5tion$ rule is indisp5sable4 ,9 va91 z we h already said1 %all we look to ,ari/otle = any op9ion on ?is subject4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! rule 0 obs]v$ by ! anci5ts4 ,n always1 only g5]ally4 ,( sev5 plays by ,aes*ylus1 & ! same numb] by ,sophocles1 !re are two1 ! ,eum5ides & ! ,ajax1 9 :i* ! sc5e is *ang$4 ,t !y g5]ally reta9 ! same sc5e foll[s naturally f ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! *orus1 :i* mu/ be got rid ( by "s suitable device be=e !re c be a *ange ( place4 ,& !n1 aga91 x mu/ n be =gott51 t _! sc5e repres5t$ a mu* wid] ext5t ?an 9 mo/ cases ours does2 n a m]e room1 b ! op5 space be=e sev]al build+s3 & ! disclos+ ! int]ior ( a h\se by means ( ! encyclema1 may be consid]$ 9 ! same light z ! draw+ a back curta9 on our /age4 ,! objection to ! *ange ( sc5e is f\nd$ on ! same errone\s idea ( illusion :i* we h already discuss$4 ,to transf] ! action to ano!r place w\ld1 x is urg$1 dispel ! illusion4 ,b n[ if we are 9 reality to consid] ! imag9>y = ! actual place1 !n mu/ /age decoration & sc5]y be altoge!r diff]5t f :at x n[ is4 ,footnote3 ,x is calculat$ m]ely = a s+le po9t ( view3 se5 f e o!r po9t1 ! brok5 l9es betray ! imp]fection ( ! imitation4 ,ev5 z to ! ar*itectural import1 s little att5tion d ! audi5ce 9 g5]al pay to ^! niceties1 t !y are n ev5 %ock$ :5 ! actors ent] & disappe> ?r\gh a wall )\t a door1 betwe5 ! side sc5es4 ,johnson1 a critic :o1 9 g5]al1 is an advocate = ! /rict rules1 v ju/ly obs]ves1 t if our imag9ation once goes ! l5g? ( transport+ u eighte5 hundr$ ye>s back to ,alex&ria1 9 ord] to figure to ourselves ! /ory ( ,antony & ,cleopatra z actually tak+ place be=e u1 ! next /ep1 ( transport+ ourselves f ,alex&ria to ,rome1 is easi]4 ,! capability ( our m9d to fly 9 ?\ght1 ) ! rapidity ( lightn+1 ?r\gh ! imm5sity ( "t & space1 is well kn[n & ackn[l$g$ 9 common life2 & %all poetry1 ^: v purpose x is to add all mann] ( w+s to our m9d1 & :i* has at comm& all ! magic ( g5u9e illusion1 t is1 ( a lively & enraptur+ fiction1 be alone compell$ to r5\nce ?is univ]sal pr]ogative8 ,voltaire wi%es to d]ive ! ,unity ( ,place & ,"t f ! ,unity ( ,action1 b 8 reason+ is %all[ 9 ! extreme4 ,= ! same reason1 says he1 ! ,unity ( ,place is ess5tial1 because no "o action c g on 9 sev]al places at once4 ,b /ill1 z we h already se51 sev]al p]sons necess>ily take "p 9 ! "o pr9cipal action1 s9ce x consi/s ( a plurality ( subord9ate actions1 & :at %\ld h9d] ^! f proce$+ 9 diff]5t places at ! same "t8 ,is n ! same w> frequ5tly c>ri$ on simultane\sly 9 ,europe & ,india2 & mu/ n ! hi/orian rec\nt alike 9 8 n>rative ! ev5ts :i* take place on bo? ^! sc5es8 ,! ,unity ( ,"t1 he adds1 is naturally connect$ ) ! two fir/4 ,if ! poet repres5ts a conspiracy1 & ext5ds ! action to f\rte5 days1 he mu/ acc\nt to me = all t takes place 9 ^! f\rte5 days4 ,yes1 = all t belongs to ! matt] 9 h&2 all ! re/1 be+ extrane\s to x1 he passes ov] 9 sil5ce1 z e good /orytell] w\ld1 & no p]son ev] ?9ks ( ! omission4 ,if1 !re=e1 he places be=e me ! ev5ts ( f\rte5 days1 ?is gives at lea/ f\rte5 diff]5t actions1 h[ev] small !y may be4 ,no d\bt1 if ! poet 7 s unskilful z to w9d (f ! f\rte5 days "o aft] ano!r ) visible precision2 if day & night are j s (t5 to come & g & ! *>act]s to g to b$ & get up aga9 j s _m times4 ,b ! clev] poet ?ru/s into ! backgr\nd all ! int]vals :i* are connect$ ) no p]ceptible progress 9 ! action1 & 9 8 picture annihilates all ! pauses ( absolute /&-/ill1 & contrives1 ?\gh ) a rapid t\*1 to convey an accurate idea ( ! p]iod suppos$ to h elaps$4 ,b :y is ! privilege ( adopt+ a mu* wid] space betwe5 ! two extremes ( ! piece ?an ! mat]ial "t ( ! repres5tation important to ! dramati/1 & ev5 indisp5sable to him 9 _m subjects8 ,! example ( a conspiracy giv5 by ,voltaire comes 9 "h v opportunely4 ,a conspiracy plott$ & execut$ 9 two h\rs is1 9 ! fir/ place1 an incr$ible ?+4 ,moreov]1 ) ref]5ce to ! *>act]s ( ! p]sonages ( ! piece1 su* a plot is v diff]5t f "o 9 :i* ! conceiv$ purpose1 h[ev] dang]\s1 is sil5tly p]sev]$ 9 by all ! p>ties = a consid]able "t4 ,?\gh ! poet does n admit ?is lapse ( "t into 8 exhibition imm$iately1 9 ! mid/ ( ! *>act]s1 z 9 a mirror1 he gives u z x 7 a p]spective view ( x4 ,9 ?is sort ( p]spective ,%akspe>e is ! greate/ ma/] ,i "k3 a s+le ^w frequ5tly op5s to view an almo/ int]m9able vi/a ( antec$5t /ates ( m9d4 ,conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( "t1 ! poet is 9 _m subjects oblig$ to mutilate ! action1 by beg9n+ close to ! la/ decisive /roke1 or else he is "u ! necessity ( unsuitably hurry+ on its progress3 on ei!r supposition he mu/ r$uce )9 petty dim5sions ! gr& picture ( a /rong purpose1 :i* is no mom5t>y ebullition1 b a firm resolve undaunt$ly ma9ta9$ 9 ! mid/ ( all ext]nal vicissitudes1 till ! "t is ripe = its execution4 ,x is no long] :at ,%akspe>e has s (t5 pa9t$1 & :at he has describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,betwe5 ! act+ ( a dreadful ?+1 ,& ! fir/ motion1 all ! int]im is ,l a phantasma1 or a hide\s dream3 ,! g5ius1 & ! mortal in/rum5ts1 ,are !n 9 c\ncil2 & ! /ate ( man1 ,l to a little k+dom1 suff]s !n ,! nature ( an insurrection4 ,b :y are ! ,greek & romantic poets s diff]5t 9 _! practice ) respect to place & "t8 ,! _s ( our criticism w n all[ u to foll[ ! practice ( _m critics1 :o s summ>ily pron\nce ! latt] to be b>b>ians4 ,on ! contr>y1 we conceive t !y liv$ 9 v cultivat$ times1 & 7 !mselves highly cultivat$ m54 ,z to ! anci5ts1 besides ! /ructure ( _! /age1 :i*1 z we h already said1 l$ naturally to ! seem+ cont9uity ( "t & to ! abs5ce ( *ange ( sc5e1 _! obs]vance ( ?is practice 0 also fav\r$ by ! nature ( ! mat]ials on :i* ! ,grecian dramati/ _h to "w4 ,^! mat]ials 7 my?ology1 &1 consequ5tly1 a fiction1 :i*1 "u ! h&l+ ( prec$+ poets1 _h collect$ into cont9u\s & p]spicu\s masses1 :at 9 reality 0 deta*$ & scatt]$ ab\t 9 v>i\s ways4 ,moreov]1 ! h]oic age :i* !y pa9t$ 0 at once extremely simple 9 its mann]s1 & m>vell\s 9 its incid5ts2 & h5ce ev]y?+ ( itself w5t /raight to ! m>k ( a tragic resolution4 ,b ! pr9cipal cause ( ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! pla/ic _s ( ! antique1 & ! picturesque _s ( ! romantic poetry4 ,sculpture directs our att5tion exclusively to ! gr\p :i* x sets be=e u1 x dive/s x z f> z possible f all ext]nal accompanim5ts1 & :]e !y _c be disp5s$ )1 x indicates !m z slightly z possible4 ,pa9t+1 on ! o!r h&1 delights 9 exhibit+1 along ) ! pr9cipal figures1 all ! details ( ! surr\nd+ locality & all second>y circum/ances1 & to op5 a prospect into a b\ndless di/ance 9 ! backgr\nd2 & light & %ade ) p]spective are its peculi> *>ms4 ,h5ce ! ,dramatic1 & especially ! ,tragic ,art1 ( ! anci5ts1 annihilates 9 "s measure ! ext]nal circum/ances ( space & "t2 :ile1 by _! *anges1 ! romantic drama adorns its m v>i$ pictures4 ,or1 to express myself 9 o!r t]ms1 ! pr9ciple ( ! antique poetry is ideal2 t ( ! romantic is my/ical3 ! =m] subjects space & "t to ! int]nal free-ag5cy ( ! m9d2 ! latt] hon\rs ^! incompreh5sible ess5ces z sup]natural p[]s1 9 :i* !re is some:at ( indwell+ div9ity4 ,,lecture ,,xviii4 ,mis*ief result+ to ! ,fr5* ,/age f too n>r[ ,int]pretation ( ! ,rules ( ,unity--,influ5ce ( ^! rules on ,fr5* ,trag$y--,mann] ( treat+ ,my?ological & ,hi/orical ,mat]ials--,idea ( ,tragical ,dignity-- ,obs]vation ( ,conv5tional ,rules--,false ,sy/em ( ,expositions4 ,i come n[ to ! influ5ce :i* ! above rules ( ,unity1 /rictly int]pret$ & receiv$ z inviolable1 h1 ) o!r conv5tional rules1 ex]cis$ on ! %ape ( ,fr5* trag$y4 ,) ! /age ( a :olly diff]5t /ructure1 ) mat]ials = ! mo/ "p dissimil>1 & h&l$ 9 an opposite _s1 !y 7 /ill desir\s ( reta9+ ! rules ( ! anci5t ,trag$y1 s f> z !y are to be le>nt f ,ari/otle4 ,!y prescrib$ ! same simplicity ( action z ! ,grecian ,trag$y obs]v$1 & yet reject$ ! lyrical "p1 :i* is a protract$ developm5t ( ! pres5t mom5t1 & consequ5tly a /&-/ill ( ! action4 ,?is "p c\ld n1 x is true1 be reta9$1 s9ce we no long] possess ! anci5t music1 :i* 0 subs]vi5t to ! poetry1 in/ead ( ov]be>+ x z ours does4 ,if we d$uct f ! ,greek ,trag$ies ! *oral odes1 & ! lyrical pieces :i* are occasionally put into ! m\?s ( individuals1 !y w be f\nd ne>ly "o-half %ort] ?an an ord9>y ,fr5* trag$y4 ,voltaire1 9 8 prefaces1 frequ5tly compla9s ( ! great difficulty 9 procur+ mat]ials = five long acts4 ,h[ n[ h ! gaps aris+ f ! omission ( ! lyrical p>ts be5 fill$ up8 ,by intrigue4 ,:ile ) ! ,greeks ! action1 measur$ by a few great mom5ts1 rolls on un9t]rupt$ly to its issue1 ! ,fr5* h introduc$ _m second>y *>act]s almo/ exclusively ) ! view t _! opposite purposes may give rise to a multitude ( imp$+ incid5ts1 to keep up our att5tion1 or r our curiosity1 to ! close4 ,!re 0 n[ an end !re=e ( ev]y?+ l simplicity2 /ill !y flatt]$ !mselves t !y _h1 by means ( an artificial coh]5ce1 pres]v$ at lea/ a unity = ! und]/&+4 ,intrigue is n1 9 itself1 a ,tragical motive2 to ,com$y1 x is ess5tial1 z we h already %[n4 ,com$y1 ev5 at its close1 mu/ (t5 be satisfi$ ) m]e suppositions = ! und]/&+2 b ?is is by no means ! poetic side ( ?is demi-prosaic species ( ! ,drama4 ,al?\gh ! ,fr5* ,trag$y endeav\rs 9 ! details ( execution to rise by e>ne/ness1 dignity1 & pa?os1 z high z possible above ,com$y1 9 its g5]al /ructure & composition1 x /ill be>s1 9 my op9ion1 b too close an aff9ity to x4 ,9 _m ,fr5* trag$ies ,i f9d inde$ a ,unity = ! ,und]/&+1 b ! ,feel+ is left unsatisfi$4 ,out ( a complication ( pa9ful & viol5t situations we d1 x is true1 arrive at la/1 happily or unhappily1 at a /ate ( repose2 b 9 ! repres5t$ c\rse ( affairs !re is no secret & my/]i\s revelation ( a high] ord] ( ?+s2 !re is no allusion to any consolatory ?\ghts ( heav51 :e!r 9 ! dignity ( human nature successfully ma9ta9$ 9 its conflicts ) fate1 or 9 ! guidance ( an ov]- rul+ provid5ce4 ,to su* a tranquilliz+ feel+ ! s-call$ poetical ju/ice is p>tly unnecess>y1 & p>tly also1 s v que/ionably & obliquely is x usually adm9i/]$1 v insuffici5t4 ,b ev5 poetical ju/ice 7:i* ,i _c help consid]+ z a made-up example ( a doctr9e false 9 itself1 & "o1 moreov]1 :i* by no means t5ds to ! excitation ( truly moral feel+s7 has n unfrequ5tly be5 altoge!r neglect$ by ! ,fr5* trag$ians4 ,! use ( intrigue is c]ta9ly well calculat$ to effect ! all-desir$ %ort duration ( an important action4 ,= ! intrigu] is ev] exp$iti\s1 & loses no "t 9 atta9+ to 8 object4 ,b ! mighty c\rse ( human de/9ies proce$s1 l ! *ange ( seasons1 ) measur$ pace3 great designs rip5 sl[ly2 /eal?ily & hesitat+ly ! d>k sugge/ions ( deadly malice quit ! abysses ( ! m9d = ! light ( day2 &1 z ,horace1 ) equal tru? & beauty obs]ves1 ! fly+ crim9al is only limp+ly foll[$ by p5al retribution4 ,footnote3 ,r> antec$5tem scele/um ,des]uit p$e pa5a claudo4--,,trans4 ,let only ! attempt be made1 = in/ance1 to br+ )9 ! n>r[ frame ( ! ,unity ( ,"t ,%akspe>e's gigantic picture ( ,macbe?'s murd] ( ,duncan1 8 tyrannical usurpation & f9al fall2 let z _m z may be ( ! ev5ts :i* ! great dramati/ successively exhibits be=e u 9 su* dread array be plac$ ant]ior to ! op5+ ( ! piece1 & made ! subject ( an aft] recital1 & x w be se5 h[ !reby ! /ory loses all its sublime significance4 ,?is drama does1 x is true1 embrace a consid]able p]iod ( "t3 b does its rapid progress leave u leisure to calculate ?is8 ,we see1 z x 71 ! ,fates weav+ _! d>k web on ! :i/l+ loom ( "t2 & we are drawn irresi/ibly on by ! /orm & :irlw9d ( ev5ts1 :i* hurries on ! h]o to ! fir/ atroci\s de$1 & f x to innum]able crimes to secure its fruits ) fluctuat+ =tunes & p]ils1 to 8 f9al fall on ! field ( battle4 ,su* a tragic exhibition resembles a comet's c\rse1 :i*1 h>dly visible at fir/1 & reveal+ itself only to ! a/ronomic eye1 appe>s at a nebul\s di/ance 9 ! heav5s1 b soon so>s ) unhe>d-( & accel]at+ rapidity t[>ds ! c5tral po9t ( our sy/em1 scatt]+ dismay among ! nations ( ! e>?1 till1 9 a mom5t1 :5 lea/ expect$1 ) its port5t\s tail x ov]spreads ! half ( ! firmam5t ) respl5d5t flame4 ,= ! sake ( ! prescrib$ ,unity ( ,"t ! ,fr5* poets mu/ fa9 r5\nce all ^? arti/ic effects :i* proce$ f ! gradually accel]at$ gr[? ( any object 9 ! m9d1 or 9 ! ext]nal _w1 ?r\gh ! m>* ( "t1 :ile ( all t 9 a drama is calculat$ to fasc9ate ! eye !y 7 ?r\gh _! wret*$ arrangem5t ( /age- sc5]y depriv$ 9 a great measure by ! ,unity ( ,place4 ,accid5tal circum/ances might 9 tru? en=ce a clos] obs]vance ( ?is rule1 or ev5 r5d] x indisp5sable4 ,f a rem>k ( ,corneille's ,footnote3 ,9 8 ,premi] ,disc\rs sur la ,posie ,dramatique he says3 ,une *anson a quelquefois bonne grce2 et dans les pices de ma*9es cet ornem5t e/ r$ev5u ncessaire p\r remplir les oreilles du spectateur1 p5dant que les ma*9es desc5d5t4 we are l$ to conjecture t /age- ma*9]y 9 ,france 0 9 8 "t extremely clumsy & imp]fect4 ,x 0 moreov] ! g5]al cu/om = a numb] ( di/+ui%$ spectators to h seats on bo? sides ( ! /age itself1 :i* h>dly left a bread? ( t5 paces = ! free movem5ts ( ! actors4 ,regn>d1 9 ,le ,di/rait1 gives u an amus+ description ( ! noise & disord] ^! fa%ionable petit-matres 9 8 day kept up 9 ?is privileg$ place1 h[ *att]+ & laugh+ beh9d ! backs ( ! actors !y di/urb$ ! spectators1 & drew away att5tion f ! play to !mselves z ! prom95t objects ( ! /age4 ,?is evil practice cont9u$ ev5 d[n to ,voltaire's "t1 :o has ! m]it ( hav+ by 8 zeal\s opposition to x obta9$ at la/ its complete abolition1 on ! appe>ance ( 8 ,semiramis4 ,h[ c\ld !y h v5tur$ to make a *ange ( sc5e 9 pres5ce ( su* an unpoetical *orus z ?is1 totally unconnect$ ) ! piece1 & yet ?ru/ into ! v middle ( ! repres5tation8 ,9 ! ,cid1 ! sc5e ( ! action manife/ly *anges sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ! same act1 & yet 9 ! repres5tation ! mat]ial sc5e 0 nev] *ang$4 ,9 ! ,engli% & ,spani% plays ( ! same date ! case 0 g5]ally ! same2 c]ta9 signs1 h[ev]1 7 agre$ on :i* s]v$ to d5ote ! *ange ( place1 & ! docile imag9ation ( ! spectators foll[$ ! poet :i!rsoev] he *ose4 ,b 9 ,france1 ! "y m5 ( quality :o sat on ! /age lay 9 wait to discov] some?+ to laugh at2 & z all !atrical effect requires a c]ta9 di/ance1 & :5 view$ too closely appe>s ludicr\s1 all attempt at x 01 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 necess>ily ab&on$1 & ! poet conf9$ himself pr9cipally to ! dialogue betwe5 a few *>act]s1 ! /age be+ subject$ to all ! =malities ( an ante*amb]4 ,& 9 tru?1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! sc5e did actually repres5t an ante*amb]1 or at lea/ a hall 9 ! int]ior ( a palace4 ,z ! action ( ! ,greek trag$ies is always c>ri$ on 9 op5 places surr\nd$ by ! abode or symbols ( maje/y1 s ! ,fr5* poets h modifi$ _! my?ological mat]ials1 f a consid]ation ( ! sc5e1 to ! mann]s ( mod]n c\rts4 ,9 a pr9cely palace no /rong emotion1 no brea* ( social etiquette is all[able2 & z 9 a trag$y affairs _c always proce$ ) pure c\rtesy1 e bold] de$1 !re=e1 e act ( viol5ce1 e ?+ />tl+ & calculat$ /rongly to impress ! s5ses1 z transact$ beh9d ! sc5es1 & relat$ m]ely by confidants or o!r mess5g]s4 ,& yet z ,horace1 c5turies ago rem>k$1 :atev] is communicat$ to ! e> excites ! m9d f> m feebly ?an :at is exhibit$ to ! tru/y eye1 & ! spectator in=ms himself (4 ,:at he recomm5ds to be )drawn f obs]vation is only ! incr$ible & ! revolt+ly cruel4 ,! dramatic effect ( ! visible may1 x is true1 be liable to great abuse2 & x is possible = a !atre to deg5]ate into a noisy ar5a ( m]e bodily ev5ts1 to :i* words & ge/ures may be b sup]flu\s app5dages4 ,b surely ! opposite extreme ( all[+ to ! eye no conviction ( its own1 & always ref]r+ to some?+ abs5t1 is des]v+ ( equal reprobation4 ,9 _m ,fr5* trag$ies ! spectator might well ent]ta9 a feel+ t great actions 7 actually tak+ place1 b t he _h *os5 a bad place to be witness ( !m4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! obvi\s impression ( a drama is greatly impair$ :5 ! effects1 :i* ! spectators behold1 proce$ f invisible & di/ant causes4 ,! conv]se proc$ure ( ?is is pref]able1--to exhibit ! cause itself1 & to all[ ! effect to be simply rec\nt$4 ,voltaire 0 aw>e ( ! injury :i* !atrical effect su/a9$ f ! e/abli%$ practice ( ! tragic /age 9 ,france2 he frequ5tly insi/$ on ! necessity ( ri*] sc5ical decorations2 & he himself 9 8 pieces1 & o!rs aft] 8 example1 h v5tur$ to repres5t _m ?+s to ! eye1 :i* be=e w\ld h be5 consid]$ z unsuitable1 n to say1 ridicul\s4 ,b not)/&+ ?is attempt1 & ! /ill e>li] "o ( ,rac9e 9 8 ,a?alie1 ! eye is n[ m out ( fav\r ?an ev] ) ! fa%ionable critics4 ,:]ev] any ?+ is all[$ to be se51 or an action is p]=m$ bodily be=e !m1 !y sc5t a melodrama2 & ! idea t ,trag$y1 if its purity1 or r its bald insipidity1 0 n wat*fully gu>d$1 w\ld be gradually amalgamat$ ) ?is species ( play1 7( :i* a ^w h]eaft]17 haunts !m z a horrible phantom4 ,voltaire himself has indulg$ 9 v>i\s infractions ( ! ,unity ( ,"t2 nev]!less he has n d>$ directly to attack ! rule itself z uness5tial4 ,he did b wi% to see a great] latitude giv5 to its int]pretation4 ,x w\ld1 he ?\ght1 be suffici5t if ! action took place )9 ! circuit ( a palace or ev5 ( a t[n1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t "p ( !m4 ,9 ord] h[ev]1 to avoid a *ange ( sc5e1 he w\ld h x s contriv$ z at once to comprise ! sev]al localities4 ,"h he betrays v confus$ ideas1 bo? ( ar*itecture & p]spective4 ,he ref]s to ,palladio's !atre at ,vic5za1 :i* he c\ld h>dly h ev] se53 = 8 acc\nt ( ?is !atre1 :i*1 z we h already obs]v$1 is itself a misconception ( ! /ructure ( ! anci5t /age1 appe>s to be altoge!r f\nd$ on descriptions :i* cle>ly he did n und]/&4 ,9 ! ,semiramis1 ! play 9 :i* he fir/ attempt$ to c>ry into practice 8 pr9ciples on ?is subject1 he has fall5 into a s+ul> error4 ,in/ead ( all[+ ! p]sons to proce$ to v>i\s places1 he has actually br\ght ! places to ! p]sons4 ,! sc5e 9 ! ?ird act is a cab9et2 ?is cab9et1 to use ,voltaire's own words1 gives way 7)\t--let x be rememb]$--! que5 leav+ x71 to a gr& saloon magnific5tly furni%$4 ,! ,mausoleum ( ,n9us too1 :i* /ood at fir/ 9 an op5 place be=e ! palace1 & opposite to ! temple ( ! ,magi1 has also f\nd means to /eal to ! side ( ! ?rone 9 ! c5tre ( ?is hall4 ,aft] yield+ 8 _s to ! light ( day1 to ! t]ror ( _m behold]s1 & aga9 receiv+ x back1 x repairs 9 ! foll[+ act to its old place1 :]e x probably _h left its obelisks beh9d4 ,9 ! fif? act we see t ! tomb is extremely spaci\s1 & provid$ ) subt]rane\s passages4 ,:at a noise w\ld ! ,fr5* critics make 7 a =eign] to commit su* ridicul\s blund]s4 ,9 ,brutus we h ano!r example ( ?is runn+ ab\t ( ! sc5e ) ! p]sons4 ,be=e ! op5+ ( ! fir/ act we h a long & p>ticul> description ( ! sc5ic arrangem5t3 ! ,s5ate is assembl$ betwe5 ! ,capitol9e temple & ! h\se ( ! ,consuls1 9 ! op5 air4 ,aft]w>ds1 on ! ris+ ( ! assembly1 ,arons & ,alb9 alone rema9 beh9d1 & ( !m x is n[ said3 qui sont supposs tre entrs de la salle d'audi5ce dans un autre app>tem5t de la maison de ,brutus4 ,:at is ! poet's mean+ "h8 ,is ! sc5e *ang$ )\t be+ empty1 or does he tru/ s f> to ! imag9ation ( 8 spectators1 z to require !m aga9/ ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses1 to take = a *amb] a sc5e :i* is ornam5t$ 9 q a diff]5t /yle8 ,& h[ does t :i* 9 ! fir/ description is a public place become aft]w>ds a hall ( audi5ce8 ,9 ?is sc5ic arrangem5t !re mu/ be ei!r leg]dema9 or a bad memory4 ,) respect to ! ,unity ( ,place1 we may 9 g5]al obs]ve t x is (t5 v unsatisfactorily obs]v$1 ev5 9 com$y1 by ! ,fr5* poets1 z well z by all :o foll[ ! same sy/em ( rules4 ,! sc5e is n1 x is true1 *ang$1 b ?+s :i* d n usually happ5 9 ! same place are made to foll[ ea* o!r4 ,:at c be m improbable ?an t p %\ld confide _! secrets to "o ano!r 9 a place :]e !y "k _! enemies are close at h&8 or t plots aga9/ a sov]eign %\ld be hat*$ 9 8 own ante*amb]8 ,great importance is atta*$ to ! pr9ciple t ! /age %\ld nev] 9 ! c\rse ( an act rema9 empty4 ,?is is call$ b9d+ ! sc5es4 ,b frequ5tly ! rule is obs]v$ 9 appe>ance only1 s9ce ! p]sonages ( ! prec$+ sc5e g out at "o door ! v mom5t t ^? ( ! next ent] at ano!r4 ,moreov]1 !y mu/ n make _! entrance or exit )\t a motive di/9ctly ann\nc$3 to ensure ?is p>ticul> pa9s are tak52 ! confidants are despat*$ on missions1 & equals also are expressly1 & sometimes n ev5 c\rte\sly1 told to g out ( ! way4 ,) all ^! endeav\rs1 ! det]m9ations ( ! places :]e ?+s take place are (t5 s vague & contradictory1 t 9 _m pieces1 z a ,g]man writ] ,footnote3 ,joh4 ,elias ,s*legel1 9 8 ,g$ank5 zur ,aufnahme des ,dnis*5 ,!atres4 has well said1 we ought to ins]t "u ! li/ ( ! dramatis p]sonae--,! sc5e is on ! !atre4 ,^! inconv5i5ces arise almo/ inevitably f an anxi\s obs]vance ( ! ,greek rules1 "u a total *ange ( circum/ances4 ,to avoid ! pret5d$ improbability :i* w\ld lie 9 spr++ f "o "t & "o place to ano!r1 !y h (t5 involv$ !mselves 9 real & grave improbabilities4 ,a ?\s& times h we reason to repeat ! obs]vation ( ! ,academy1 9 _! criticism on ! ,cid1 respect+ ! cr[d+ toge!r s _m ev5ts 9 ! p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs3 ,f ! fe> ( s9n+ aga9/ ! rules ( art1 ! poet has r *os5 to s9 aga9/ ! rules ( nature4 ,b ?is imag9>y contradiction betwe5 art & nature c\ld only be sugge/$ by a l[ & n>r[ range ( arti/ic ideas4 ,i come n[ to a m important po9t1 namely1 to ! h&l+ ( ! subject-matt] unsuitably to its nature & quality4 ,! ,greek trag$ians1 ) a few exceptions1 select$ _! subjects f ! national my?ology4 ,! ,fr5* trag$ians borr[ !irs sometimes f ! anci5t my?ology1 b mu* m frequ5tly f ! hi/ory ( almo/ e age & nation1 & _! mode ( treat+ my?ological & hi/orical subjects respectively1 is b too (t5 n prop]ly my?ological1 & n prop]ly hi/orical4 ,i w expla9 myself m di/9ctly4 ,! poet :o selects an anci5t my?ological fable1 t is1 a fable connect$ by hall[+ tradition ) ! religi\s belief ( ! ,greeks1 %\ld transport bo? himself & 8 spectators into ! _s ( antiquity2 he %\ld keep ev] be=e our m9ds ! simple mann]s ( ! h]oic ages1 ) :i* alone su* viol5t passions & actions are consi/5t & cr$ible2 8 p]sonages %\ld pres]ve t ne> resemblance to ! gods :i*1 f _! desc5t1 & ! frequ5cy ( _! imm$iate int]c\rse ) !m1 ! anci5ts believ$ !m to possess2 ! m>vell\s 9 ! ,greek religion %\ld n be purposely avoid$ or und]/at$1 b ! imag9ation ( ! spectators %\ld be requir$ to surr5d] itself fully to ! belief ( x4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! ,fr5* poets h giv5 to _! my?ological h]oes & h]o9es ! ref9em5t ( ! fa%ionable _w1 & ! c\rt mann]s ( ! pres5t day2 !y h1 because ^? h]oes 7 pr9ces 7%eph]ds ( ! p1 ,hom] calls !m71 acc\nt$ = _! situations & views by ! motives ( a calculat+ policy1 & violat$1 9 e po9t1 n m]ely ar*aeological co/ume1 b all ! co/ume ( "*4 ,9 ,pha$ra1 ?is pr9cess is1 ^u ! suppos$ dea? ( ,!seus1 to be decl>$ reg5t dur+ ! m9ority ( h] son4 ,h[ 0 ?is compatible ) ! relations ( ! ,grecian wom5 ( t day8 ,x br+s u d[n to ! times ( a ,cleopatra4 ,h]mione rema9s alone1 )\t ! protection ( a bro!r or a fa!r1 at ! c\rt ( ,pyrrhus1 nay1 ev5 9 8 palace1 & yet %e is n m>ri$ to him4 ,) ! anci5ts1 & n m]ely 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 m>riage consi/$ simply 9 ! bride be+ receiv$ into ! bridegroom's h\se4 ,b :atev] ju/ification ( ,h]mione's situation may be f\nd 9 ! practice ( ,european c\rts1 x is n ! less repugnant to female dignity1 & ! m indecor\s1 z ,h]mione is 9 love ) ! unwill+ ,pyrrhus1 & uses e influ5ce to incl9e him to m>riage4 ,:at w\ld ! ,greeks h ?\ght ( ?is bold & indec5t c\rt%ip8 ,no d\bt x w\ld appe> equally (f5sive to a ,fr5* audi5ce1 if ,&roma*e 7 exhibit$ to !m 9 ! situation 9 :i* %e appe>s 9 ,euripides1 :]e1 z a captive1 h] p]son is enjoy$ by ! conqu]or ( h] c\ntry4 ,b :5 ! ways ( ?9k+ ( two nations are s totally diff]5t1 :y %\ld !re be s pa9ful an ef=t to poli% a subject f\nd$ on ! mann]s ( ! "o1 ) ! mann]s ( ! o!r8 ,:at is all[$ to rema9 aft] ?is poli%+ process w always exhibit a /rik+ incongruity ) t :i* is new- modell$1 & to *ange ! :ole is ei!r impossible1 or 9 n[ise pref]able to a new inv5tion4 ,! ,grecian trag$ians c]ta9ly all[$ !mselves a great latitude 9 *ang+ ! circum/ances ( _! my?s1 b ! alt]ations 7 always consi/5t ) ! g5]al & preval5t notions ( ! h]oic age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y always left ! *>act]s z !y receiv$ !m f tradition & an e>li] fiction1 by means ( :i* ! cunn+ ( ,ulysses1 ! wisdom ( ,ne/or1 & ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 _h almo/ become prov]bial4 ,horace p>ticul>ly insi/s on ! rule4 ,b h[ unlike is ! ,a*illes ( ,rac9e's ,iphig5ia to ! ,a*illes ( ,hom]6 ,! gallantry ascrib$ to him is n m]ely a s9 aga9/ ,hom]1 b x r5d]s ! :ole /ory improbable4 ,are human sacrifices conceivable among a p ^: *iefs & h]oes are s susceptible ( ! t5d]e/ emotions8 ,9 va9 rec\rse is _h to ! p[]ful influ5ces ( religion3 hi/ory tea*es t a cruel religion inv>iably becomes mild] ) ! s(t5+ mann]s ( a p4 ,9 ^! new exhibitions ( anci5t fables1 ! m>vell\s has be5 /udi\sly reject$ z ali5 to our belief4 ,b :5 we are once br\ght f a _w 9 :i* x 0 a "p ( ! v ord] ( ?+s1 into a _w entirely prosaical & hi/orically settl$1 !n :atev] m>vel ! poet may exhibit mu/1 f ! insulat$ /ate 9 :i* x /&s1 appe> only s mu* ! m incr$ible4 ,9 ,hom]1 & 9 ! ,greek trag$ians1 ev]y?+ takes place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods1 & :5 !y become visible1 or manife/ !mselves 9 "s wond]ful op]ation1 we are 9 no degree a/oni%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! lab\r & art ( ! mod]n poets1 all ! eloqu5ce ( _! n>ratives1 _c reconcile our m9ds to ^! exhibitions4 ,examples are sup]flu\s1 ! ?+ is s univ]sally kn[n4 ,yet ,i _c help cursorily rem>k+ h[ s+ul>ly ,rac9e1 cauti\s z he g5]ally is1 has on an occasion ( ?is k9d involv$ himself 9 an inconsi/5cy4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( ! fable ( ,!seus desc5d+ into ! _w bel[ to c>ry (f ,pros]p9e = 8 fri5d ,piri?u1 he adopts ! hi/orical explanation ( ,plut>*1 t he 0 ! prison] ( a ,?racian k+1 ^: wife he endeav\r$ to c>ry (f = 8 fri5d4 ,on ?is he gr\nds ! report ( ! dea? ( ,!seus1 :i*1 at ! op5+ ( ! play1 0 curr5t4 ,& yet he all[s ,pha$ra ,footnote3 ,je l'aime1 non po9t tel que l'ont vu les enf]s1 ,volage adorateur de mille objets div]s1 ,qui va du dieu des morts d%onor] la c\*e4 to m5tion ! fabul\s tradition z an e>li] a*ievem5t ( ! h]o4 ,h[ _m wom5 !n did ,!seus wi% to c>ry (f = ,piri?u8 ,pradon manages ?is mu* bett]3 :5 ,!seus is ask$ by a confidant if he really _h be5 9 ! _w bel[1 he answ]s1 h[ c\ld any s5sible man possibly believe s silly a tale6 he m]ely avail$ himself ( ! cr$ulity ( ! p1 & gave out ?is report f political motives4 ,s mu* ) respect to ! mann] ( h&l+ my?ological mat]ials4 ,) respect to ! hi/orical1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! same objection applies1 namely1 t ! ,fr5* mann]s ( ! day are sub/itut$ to ^? :i* prop]ly belong to ! sev]al p]sons1 & t ! *>act]s d n suffici5tly be> ! col\r ( _! age & nation4 ,b to ?is we mu/ add ano!r detrim5tal circum/ance4 ,a my?ological subject is 9 its nature poetical1 & ev] ready to take a new poetical %ape4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,trag$y1 z 9 ! ,greek1 an equable & p]vad+ dignity is requir$1 & ! ,fr5* language is ev5 mu* m fa/idi\s 9 ?is respect1 z v _m ?+s _c be at all m5tion$ 9 ,fr5* poetry4 ,b 9 hi/ory we are on a prosaic doma91 & ! tru? ( ! picture requires conditions1 circum/ances1 & features1 :i* _c be giv5 )\t a great] or less desc5t f ! elevation ( ! tragical co?urnus2 su* z has be5 made )\t hesitation by ,%akspe>e1 ! mo/ p]fect ( hi/orical dramati/s4 ,! ,fr5* trag$ians1 h[ev]1 c\ld n br+ _! m9ds to submit to ?is1 & h5ce _! works are frequ5tly defici5t 9 ^? circum/ances :i* give life & tru? to a picture2 & :5 an ob/9ate prosaical circum/ance mu/ aft] all be m5tion$1 !y avail !mselves ( lab\r$ & artificial circumlocutions4 ,respect+ ! tragic dignity ( hi/orical subjects1 peculi> pr9ciples h prevail$4 ,corneille 0 9 ! be/ way ( ! _w :5 he br\ght 8 ,cid on ! /age1 a /ory ( ! middle ages1 :i* belong$ to a k9dr$ p1 *>act]iz$ by *ivalr\s love & hon\r1 & 9 :i* ! pr9cipal *>act]s are n ev5 ( pr9cely rank4 ,_h ?is example be5 foll[$1 a numb] ( prejudices respect+ ! tragic ,c]emonial w\ld h disappe>$ ( !mselves2 ,trag$y f its great] v]isimilitude1 & be+ mo/ readily intelligible1 & d]iv+ its motives f /ill curr5t modes ( ?9k+ & act+1 w\ld h come m home to ! he>t3 ! v nature ( ! subjects w\ld alone h turn$ !m f ! /iff obs]vation ( ! rules ( ! anci5ts1 :i* !y did n und]/&1 z inde$ ,corneille nev] deviat$ s f> f ^! rules z1 9 ! tra91 no d\bt1 ( 8 ,spani% model1 he does 9 ?is v piece2 9 "o ^w1 ! ,fr5* ,trag$y w\ld h become national & truly romantic4 ,b ,i "k n :at malignant /> 0 9 ! asc5dant3 not)/&+ ! extraord9>y success ( 8 ,cid1 ,corneille did n g "o /ep fur!r1 & ! attempt :i* he made f\nd no imitators4 ,9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 x 0 consid]$ z a matt] e/abli%$ beyond dispute1 t ! ,fr5*1 nay g5]ally ! mod]n ,european hi/ory 0 n adapt$ = ! purposes ( trag$y4 ,!y _h rec\rse !re=e to ! anci5t univ]sal hi/ory3 besides ! ,romans & ,grecians1 !y frequ5tly hunt$ ab\t among ! ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,p]sians1 & ,egyptians1 = ev5ts :i*1 h[ev] obscure !y might (t5 be1 !y c\ld dress out = ! tragic /age4 ,rac9e1 accord+ to 8 own confession1 made a haz>d\s attempt ) ! ,turks2 x 0 successful1 & s9ce t "t ! necess>y tragical dignity has be5 all[$ to ?is b>b>\s p1 among :om ! cu/oms & habits ( ! rude/ despotism & ! mo/ abject slav]y are (t5 unit$ 9 ! same p]son1 & no?+ is kn[n ( love1 b ! mo/ luxuri\s s5suality2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 refus$ to ! ,europeans1 not)/&+ t _! religion1 _! s5se ( hon\r1 & _! respect = ! female sex1 plead s p[]fully 9 _! behalf4 ,b x 0 m]ely mod]n1 & m p>ticul>ly ,fr5* names t1 z untragical & unpoetical1 c\ld n1 = a mom5t1 be tol]at$2 = ! h]oes ( antiquity are ) !m ,fr5*m5 9 ev]y?+ b ! "n2 & antiquity 0 m]ely a ?9 veil b5ea? :i* ! mod]n ,fr5* "* might be di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,rac9e's ,alex&] is c]ta9ly n ! ,alex&] ( hi/ory2 b if "u ?is "n we imag9e to ourselves ! great ,cond1 ! :ole w appe> tol]ably natural4 ,& :o does n suppose t ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ! ,du*ess de la ,vallire are repres5t$ "u ! names ,titus & ,b]5ice8 ,! poet has himself flatt]+ly allud$ to 8 sov]eign4 ,voltaire's expression is some:at /rong1 :5 he says t 9 read+ ! trag$ies :i* succe$$ ^? ( ,rac9e we might fancy ourselves p]us+ ! romances ( ,mademoiselle ,scud]i1 :i* pa9t citiz5s ( ,p>is "u ! names ( h]oes ( antiquity4 ,he allud$ h]e9 m p>ticul>ly to ,crebillon4 ,corneille & ,rac9e1 h[ev]1 deeply ta9t$ z !y 7 ) ! way ( ?9k+ ( _! own nation1 7 /ill at times p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( true objective exhibition4 ,corneille gives u a ma/]ly picture ( ! ,spani>ds 9 ! ,cid2 & ?is is conceivable en\gh1 = he drew 8 mat]ials f ! f\nta9-head4 ,) ! exception ( ! orig9al s9 ( gallantry1 he succe$$ also pretty well ) ! ,romans3 ( "o "p ( _! "*1 at lea/1 he _h a tol]able conception1 _! pr$om9at+ patriotism1 & unb5d+ pride ( lib]ty1 & ! magnanimity ( _! political s5tim5ts4 ,all ?is1 x is true1 is ne>ly ! same z we f9d x 9 ,lucan1 v>ni%$ ov] ) a c]ta9 inflation & self-consci\s pomp4 ,! simple republican au/]ity1 & _! religi\s submissiv5ess1 0 beyond 8 rea*4 ,rac9e has admirably pa9t$ ! corruptions ( ! ,romans ( ! ,empire1 & ! fir/ timid outbreaks ( ,n]o's tyranny4 ,x is true1 z he himself gratefully ackn[l$ges1 he _h 9 ?is ,tacitus = a pr$ecessor1 b /ill x is a great m]it s ably to translate hi/ory into poetry4 ,he _h also a j p]ception ( ! g5]al _s ( ,hebrew hi/ory2 "h he 0 guid$ by religi\s rev]5ce1 :i*1 9 great] or less degree1 ! poet ought always to br+ ) him to 8 subject4 ,he 0 less successful ) ! ,turks3 ,bajazet makes love q 9 ! /yle ( an ,european2 ! blood?ir/y policy ( ,ea/]n despotism is well portray$1 x is true1 9 ! ,vizi]3 b ! :ole resembles ,turkey upside d[n1 :]e ! wom51 in/ead ( be+ slaves1 h contriv$ to get possession ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* !reupon assumes s revolt+ an appe>ance z to incl9e u to believe ! ,turks are1 aft] all1 n mu* to blame 9 keep+ _! wom5 "u lock & key4 ,nei!r has ,voltaire1 9 my op9ion1 succe$$ mu* bett] 9 8 ,mahomet & ,zaire2 ?r\gh\t we miss ! gl[+ col\r+ ( ,ori5tal fancy4 ,voltaire has1 h[ev]1 ?is great m]it1 t z he insi/$ on treat+ subjects ) m hi/orical tru?1 he made x also ! object ( 8 own endeav\rs2 & f>!r1 t he aga9 rais$ to ! dignity ( ! tragical /age ! *ivalr\s & ,*ri/ian *>act]s ( mod]n ,europe1 :i* s9ce ! "t ( ! ,cid _h be5 altoge!r exclud$ f x4 ,8 ,lusignan & ,n]e/an are among 8 mo/ tru?ful1 affect+1 & noble creations2 8 ,tancr$1 al?\gh z a :ole ! inv5tion is defici5t 9 keep+1 w always1 l 8 namesake 9 ,tasso1 w9 e he>t4 ,alzire1 9 a hi/orical po9t ( view1 is highly em95t4 ,x is s+ul> en\gh t ,voltaire1 9 8 re/less se>* aft] tragic mat]ials1 has actually travell$ ! :ole _w ov]2 = z 9 ,alzire he exhibits ! ,am]ican tribes ( ! o!r hemisph]e1 9 8 ,ds*+iskan he br+s ,*9ese on ! /age1 f ! f>!/ extremity ( ours1 :o1 h[ev]1 f ! fai?ful obs]vation ( _! co/ume1 h almo/ ! /amp ( comic or grotesque figures4 ,un=tunately ,voltaire came too late ) 8 project$ re=mation ( ! !atre3 mu* _h be5 already ru9$ by ! trammels )9 :i* ,fr5* ,trag$y _h be5 s long conf9$2 & ! prejudice :i* gave su* disproportionate importance to ! obs]vance ( ext]nal rules & proprieties 01 at x appe>s1 e/abli%$ firmly & irrevocably4 ,next to ! rules reg>d+ ! ext]nal me*anism1 :i* )\t exam9ation !y _h adopt$ f ! anci5ts1 ! prevail+ national ideas ( social propriety 7 ! pr9cipal h9drances :i* imp$$ ! ,fr5* poets 9 ! ex]cise ( _! tal5ts1 & 9 _m cases put x altoge!r out ( _! p[] to rea* ! highe/ tragical effect4 ,! problem :i* ! dramatic poet has to solve is to comb9e poetic =m ) nature & tru?1 & consequ5tly no?+ ought to be includ$ 9 ! =m] :i* is inadmissible by ! latt]4 ,fr5* ,trag$y1 f ! "t ( ,ri*elieu1 develop$ itself "u ! fav\r & protection ( ! c\rt2 & ev5 its sc5e _h 7z already obs]v$7 ! appe>ance ( an ante*amb]4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e ! spectators might impress ! poet ) ! idea t c\rtesy is "o ( ! orig9al & ess5tial +r$i5ts ( human nature4 ,b 9 ,trag$y m5 are ei!r mat*$ ) m5 9 fe>ful /rife1 or set 9 close /ruggle ) mis=tune2 we c1 !re=e1 exact f !m only an ideal dignity1 = f ! nice obs]vance ( social punctilios !y are absolv$ by _! situation4 ,s long z !y possess suffici5t pres5ce ( m9d n to violate !m1 s long z !y d n appe> completely ov]p[]$ by _! grief & m5tal agony1 ! deepe/ emotion is n z yet rea*$4 ,! poet may inde$ be all[$ to take t c>e = 8 p]sons :i* ,caes>1 aft] 8 dea?-bl[1 _h = himself1 & make !m fall ) decorum4 ,he mu/ n exhibit human nature 9 all its repulsive nak$ness4 ,! mo/ he>t- r5d+ & dreadful pictures mu/ /ill be inve/$ ) beauty1 & endu$ ) a dignity high] ?an ! common reality4 ,?is miracle is effect$ by poetry3 x has its indescribable sighs1 its imm$iate acc5ts ( ! deepe/ agony1 9 :i* !re /ill runs a some?+ melodi\s4 ,x is only a c]ta9 full-dress$ & =mal beauty1 :i* is incompatible ) ! greate/ tru? ( expression4 ,& yet x is exactly ?is beauty t is dem&$ 9 ! /yle ( a ,fr5* trag$y4 ,no d\bt some?+ too is to be ascrib$ to ! quality ( _! language & v]sification4 ,! ,fr5* language is :olly incapable ( _m bold flights1 x has little poetical fre$om1 & x c>ries into poetry all ! grammatical /iffness ( prose4 ,?is _! poets h (t5 ackn[l$g$ & lam5t$4 ,besides1 ! ,alex&r9e ) its c\plets1 ) its hemi/i*s ( equal l5g?1 is a v symmetrical & monoton\s species ( v]se1 & f> bett] adapt$ = ! expression ( anti!tical maxims1 ?an = ! musical del9eation ( passion ) its unequal1 abrupt1 & erratic c\rse ( ?\ghts4 ,b ! ma9 cause lies 9 a national feature1 9 ! social endeav\r nev] to =get !mselves 9 pres5ce ( o!rs1 & always to exhibit !mselves to ! greate/ possible advantage4 ,x has be5 (t5 rem>k$1 t 9 ,fr5* ,trag$y ! poet is always too easily se5 ?r\gh ! disc\rses ( ! diff]5t p]sonages1 t he communicates to !m 8 awn pres5ce ( m9d1 8 cool reflections on _! situation1 & 8 desire to %9e on all occasions4 ,:5 mo/ ( _! tragical spee*es are closely exam9$1 !y are seldom f\nd to be su* z ! p]sons speak+ or act+ by !mselves )\t re/ra9t w\ld deliv]2 some?+ or o!r is g5]ally discov]$ 9 !m :i* betrays a ref]5ce to ! spectator m or less p]ceptible4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 our compassion c be p[]fully excit$1 we mu/ be famili> ) ! p]sons2 b h[ is ?is possible if we are always to see !m "u ! yoke ( _! designs & endeav\rs1 or1 :at is worse1 ( an unnatural & assum$ gr&eur ( "*8 ,we mu/ ov]he> !m 9 _! ungu>d$ mom5ts1 :5 !y imag9e !mselves alone1 & ?r[ aside all c>e & res]ve4 ,eloqu5ce may & ought to h a place 9 ,trag$y1 b 9 s f> z x is 9 "s measure artificial 9 its me?od & prep>ation1 x c only be 9 "* :5 ! speak] is suffici5tly ma/] ( himself2 =1 = ov]p[]+ passion1 an unconsci\s & involunt>y eloqu5ce is alone suitable4 ,! truly inspir$ orator =gets himself 9 ! subject ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,we call x rhetoric :5 he ?9ks less ( 8 subject ?an ( himself1 & ( ! art 9 :i* he flatt]s himself he has obta9$ a ma/]y4 ,rhetoric1 & rhetoric 9 a c\rt dress1 prevails b too mu* 9 _m ,fr5* trag$ies1 especially 9 ^? ( ,corneille1 in/ead ( ! sugge/ions ( a noble1 b simple & artless nature2 ,rac9e & ,voltaire1 h[ev]1 h come mu* ne>] to ! true conception ( a m9d c>ri$ away by its suff]+s4 ,:5ev] ! tragic h]o is able to express 8 pa9 9 anti!ses & +5i\s allusions1 we may safely res]ve our pity4 ,?is sort ( conv5tional dignity is1 z x 71 a coat ( mail1 :i* prev5ts ! pa9 f rea*+ ! inmo/ he>t4 ,on acc\nt ( _! reta9+ ?is fe/al pomp 9 situations :]e ! mo/ complete self-=getfulness w\ld be natural1 ,s*ill] has wittily en\gh comp>$ ! h]oes 9 ,fr5* ,trag$y to ! k+s 9 old engrav+s :o lie 9 b$1 cr[n1 sceptre1 robes & all4 ,?is social ref9em5t prevails ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,fr5* lit]ature & art4 ,social ref9em5t %>p5s1 no d\bt1 ! s5se = ! ludicr\s1 & ev5 on t acc\nt1 :5 x is c>ri$ to a fa/idi\s excess1 x is ! dea? ( e ?+ l en?usiasm4 ,= all en?usiasm1 all poetry1 has a ludicr\s aspect = ! unfeel+4 ,:51 !re=e1 su* a way ( ?9k+ has once become univ]sal 9 a nation1 a c]ta9 negative criticism w be associat$ ) x4 ,a ?\s& diff]5t ?+s mu/ be avoid$1 & 9 att5d+ to ^!1 ! highe/ object ( all1 t :i* ought prop]ly to be accompli%$1 is lo/ sight (4 ,! fe> ( ridicule is ! consci5ce ( ,fr5* poets2 x has clipt _! w+s1 & impair$ _! flight4 ,= x is exactly 9 ! mo/ s]i\s k9d ( poetry t ?is fe> mu/ torm5t !m ! mo/2 = extremes run into "o ano!r1 & :5ev] pa?os fails x gives rise to laught] & p>ody4 ,x is amus+ to witness ,voltaire's extreme agony :5 he 0 ?reat5$ ) a p>ody ( 8 ,semiramis on ! ,italian !atre4 ,9 a petition to ! que51 ?is man1 ^: :ole life _h be5 pass$ 9 turn+ e ?+ great & v5]able into ridicule1 urges 8 situation z "o ( ! s]vants ( ! k+'s h\sehold1 z a gr\nd = obta9+ f high au?ority ! prohibition ( a v innoc5t & all[able amusem5t4 ,z ,fr5* wits h indulg$ !mselves 9 turn+ e ?+ 9 ! _w into ridicule1 & m especially ! m5tal productions ( o!r nations1 !y w also all[ u on our "p to div]t ourselves at ! exp5se ( _! tragic writ]s1 if ) all _! c>e !y h n[ & !n split ^u ! rock ( :i* !y 7 mo/ 9 dread4 ,less+ has1 ) ! mo/ irresi/ible & victori\s wit1 po9t$ out ! ludicr\s nature ( ! v plans ( ,rodogune1 ,semiramis1 ,m]ope1 & ,zaire4 ,b bo? 9 ?is respect & ) reg>d to s+le laughable turns1 a ri* h>ve/ might yet be ga!r$4 ,footnote3 ,a few examples ( ! latt] w be suffici5t4 ,! l9es ) :i* ,!seus 9 ! ,o$ipus ( ,corneille op5s 8 "p1 are des]v+ ( "o ( ! fir/ places3 ,quelque ravage affreux qu'tale ici la pe/e ,l'abs5ce aux vrais amans e/ encore plus fune/e4 ,! foll[+ f 8 ,o?o are equally well kn[n3 ,dis moi donc1 lorsqu' ,o?on s'e/ (f]t ,camille1 ,a-t-il p>u contra9t8 a-t-elle t facile8 ,son hommage auprs d'elle a-t-il eu ple9 effet8 ,comm5t l'a-t-elle pris1 et comm5t l'a-t-il fait8 ,:]e x is almo/ inconceivable1 t ! poet c\ld h fail$ to see ! application :i* might be made ( ! passage1 especially z he all[s ! confidant to answ]1 ,j'ai t\t vu4 ,t ,attila %\ld treat ! k+s :o are dep5d5t on him l good-=-no?+ fell[s3 ,ils ne sont pas v5us1 nos deux rois2 qu'on leur die ,qu'ils se font trop att5dre1 et qu' ,attila s'ennuie ,qu'alors que je les m&e ils doiv5t se ht]3 may 9 "o view appe> v s]i\s & true2 b nev]!less x appe>s exce$+ly droll to u f ! turn ( expression1 & especially f its be+ ! op5+ ( ! piece4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ) respect to ! ludicr\s1 ,corneille liv$ 9 a /ate ( great innoc5ce2 s9ce 8 "t ! _w has become a great deal m witty4 ,h5ce1 aft] mak+ all all[ances = :at he _c ju/ly be blam$ =1 :at1 namely1 arises m]ely f 8 language hav+ become obsolete1 we %all /ill f9d an ample field rema9+ = our ridicule4 ,among ! num]\s plays :i* are n reckon$ among 8 ma/]-pieces1 we h only to turn up any "o at r&om to light ^u num]\s passages susceptible ( a ludicr\s application4 ,rac9e1 f ! ref9em5t & mod]ation :i* 7 natural to him1 0 mu* bett] gu>d$ aga9/ ?is dang]2 b yet1 "h & !re1 expressions ( ! same k9d escape f him4 ,among ^! we may include ! :ole ( ! spee* 9 :i* ,!ram5es exhorts 8 pupil ,hippolytus to yield himself up to love4 ,! ludicr\s c h>dly be c>ri$ f>!r ?an x is 9 ^! l9es3 ,cra9t-on de s'g>] sur les traces d',h]cule8 ,quels c\rages ,v5us n'a-t-elle pas domts8 ,v\s mme1 o s]iez v\s1 v\s qui la combattez1 ,si t\j\rs ,antiope1 ses loix oppose1 ,d'une pudique ardeur n'eut brl p\r ,?se8 ,9 ,b]5ice1 ,antio*us receives 8 confidant1 :om he _h s5t to ann\nce 8 visit to ! ,que51 ) ! words3 ,arsace1 entr]ons- n\s8 ,?is humble pati5ce 9 an ante*amb] w\ld appe> ev5 undignifi$ 9 ,com$y1 b x appe>s too pitiful ev5 = a second-rate tragical h]o4 ,antio*us says aft]w>ds to ! que53 ,je me suis t c9q ans ,madame1 et vais encore me taire plus long-tems-- ,& to give an imm$iate pro( ( 8 int5tion by 8 conduct1 he repeats aft] ?is no less ?an fifty v]ses 9 a brea?4 ,:5 ,orosman says to ,zaire1 :om he pret5ds to love ) ,european t5d]ness1 ,je sais que notre loi1 favorable aux plaisirs ,ouvre un *amp sans limite nos va/es dsirs3 8 language is /ill m indecor\s ?an laughable4 ,b ! answ] ( ,zaire to h] confidante1 :o !reupon rem9d$ h] t %e is a ,*ri/ian1 is highly comic3 ,ah6 que dis-tu8 p\rquoi rappel] mes ennuis8 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,voltaire is mu* m ^u 8 gu>d aga9/ ! ludicr\s ?an 8 pr$ecessors3 ?is 0 p]fectly natural1 = 9 8 "t ! rage ( turn+ e ?+ into ridicule 0 mo/ preval5t4 ,we may boldly affirm t 9 our days a s+le v]se ( ! same k9d z hundr$s 9 ,corneille w\ld inevitably ru9 any play4 ,b ! w> :i* ,less+ c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,fr5* /age 0 mu* m m]ciless1 p]haps1 ?an we1 9 ! pres5t day1 %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 wag+4 ,at ! "t :5 he publi%$ 8 ,dramaturgie1 we ,g]mans _h sc>cely any b ,fr5* trag$ies ^u our /ages1 & ! extravagant pr$ilection = !m z classical models _h n !n be5 combat$4 ,at pres5t ! national ta/e has decl>$ itself s decid$ly aga9/ !m1 t we h no?+ to fe> ( an illusion 9 t qu>t]4 ,x is f>!r said t ! ,fr5* dramati/s h to d ) a public n only extremely fa/idi\s 9 its dislike ( any l[ int]mixture1 & highly susceptible ( ! ludicr\s1 b also extremely impati5t4 ,we w all[ !m ! full enjoym5t ( ?is self-flatt]y3 = we h no d\bt t _! real mean+ is1 t ?is impati5ce is a pro( ( quickness ( appreh5sion & %>pness ( wit4 ,x is susceptible1 h[ev]1 ( ano!r int]pretation3 sup]ficial k1 & m especially intr9sic empt9ess ( m9d1 inv>iably display !mselves 9 fretful impati5ce4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! disposition 9 "q has _h bo? a fav\rable & an unfav\rable influ5ce on ! /ructure ( _! pieces4 ,fav\rable1 9 s f> z x has compell$ !m to lop (f e sup]fluity1 to g directly to ! ma9 bus9ess1 to be p]spicu\s1 to /udy compression1 to endeav\r to turn e mom5t to ! utmo/ advantage4 ,all ^! are good !atrical proprieties1 & h be5 ! means ( recomm5d+ ! ,fr5* trag$ies z models ( p]fection to ^? :o 9 ! exam9ation ( works ( art1 measure ev]y?+ by ! dry te/ ( ! und]/&+1 r ?an li/5 to ! voice ( imag9ation & feel+4 ,x has be5 unfav\rable1 9 s f> z ev5 motion1 rapidity1 & a cont9u$ /ret* ( expectation1 become at l5g? monoton\s & we>isome4 ,x is l a music f :i* ! piano %\ld be altoge!r exclud$1 & 9 :i* ev5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 =te & =tissimo %\ld1 f ! mi/ak5 emulation ( ! p]=m]s1 be r5d]$ indi/+ui%able4 ,i f9d too few re/+-places 9 _! trag$ies simil> to ^? 9 ! anci5t trag$ies :]e ! lyric p>ts come 94 ,!re are mom5ts 9 human life :i* are d$icat$ by e religi\s m9d to self-m$itation1 & :51 ) ! view turn$ t[>ds ! pa/ & ! future1 x keeps z x 7 holiday4 ,?is sacr$ness ( ! mom5t is n1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly rev]5c$3 ! actors & spectators alike are incessantly hurri$ on to some?+ t is to foll[2 & we %all f9d v few sc5es inde$1 :]e a m]e /ate1 indep5d5t ( its causal connexion1 is repres5t$ develop+ itself4 ,! "q ) !m is always :at happ5s1 & only too seldom h[ happ5s x4 ,& yet ?is is ! ma9 po9t1 if an impression is to be made on ! witnesses ( human ev5ts4 ,h5ce e ?+ l sil5t effect is almo/ entirely exclud$ f _! doma9 ( dramatic art4 ,! only leisure :i* rema9s = ! actor = 8 sil5t pantomime is dur+ ! deliv]y ( ! long disc\rses address$ to him1 :51 h[ev]1 x m frequ5tly s]ves to emb>rass him ?an assi/s him 9 ! developm5t ( 8 "p4 ,!y are satisfi$ if ! web ( ! intrigue keeps un9t]rupt$ly 9 advance ( _! own quickness ( tact1 & if 9 ! spee*es & answ]s ! %uttle flies dilig5tly backw>ds & =w>ds to ! end4 ,g5]ally speak+1 impati5ce is by no means a good disposition = ! reception ( ! beautiful4 ,ev5 dramatic poetry1 ! mo/ animat$ production ( art1 has its contemplative side1 & :]e ?is is neglect$1 ! repres5tation1 f its v rapidity & animation1 eng5d]s only a deaf5+ tumult 9 our m9d1 in/ead ( t inw>d music :i* ought to accompany x4 ,! exi/5ce ( _m te*nical imp]fections 9 _! trag$y has be5 admitt$ ev5 by ,fr5* critics !mselves2 ! confidants1 = in/ance4 ,e h]o & h]o9e regul>ly drags "s "o along ) !m1 a g5tleman 9 wait+ or a c\rt lady4 ,9 n a few pieces1 we may c\nt ?ree or f\r ( ^! m]ely passive he>]s1 :o sometimes op5 _! lips to tell some?+ to _! patron :i* he mu/ h kn[n bett] himself1 or :o on occasion are dispat*$ hi!r & ?i!r on messages4 ,! confidants 9 ! ,greek trag$ies1 ei!r old gu>dian-slaves & nurses1 or s]vants1 h always peculi> *>act]i/ical de/9ations1 & ! anci5t trag$ians felt s little ! want ( communications betwe5 a h]o & 8 confidant1 to make u acqua9t$ ) ! h]o's /ate ( m9d & views1 t !y ev5 introduce z a mute p]sonage s important & prov]bially fam\s a fri5d z a ,pylades4 ,b :atev] ridicule 0 ca/ on ! confidants1 & h[ev] great ! reproa* ( be+ r$uc$ to make use ( !m1 no attempt 0 ev] made till ! "t ( ,alfi]i to get rid ( !m4 ,! expositions or /atem5ts ( ! prelim9>y situation ( ?+s are ano!r nuisance4 ,!y g5]ally consi/ ( *oicely turn$ disclosures to ! confidants1 deliv]$ 9 a happy mom5t ( leisure4 ,t v public ^: impati5ce keeps ! poets & play]s "u su* /rict discipl9e1 has1 h[ev]1 pati5ce en\gh to li/5 to ! prolix unfold+ ( :at ought to be s5sibly develop$ be=e _! eyes4 ,x is all[$ t an exposition is seldom unexceptionable2 t 9 _! spee*es ! p]sons g5]ally beg9 f>!r back ?an !y naturally ought1 & t !y tell "o ano!r :at !y mu/ bo? h kn[n be=e1 c4 ,if ! affair is complicat$1 ^! expositions are g5]ally extremely t$i\s3 ^? ( ,h]aclius & ,rodogune absolutely make ! head giddy4 ,*aulieu says ( ,crebillon's ,rhadami/e1 ,! piece w\ld be p]fectly cle> 7 x n = ! exposition4 ,to me x seems t _! :ole sy/em ( expositions1 bo? 9 ,trag$y & 9 ,high ,com$y1 is exce$+ly errone\s4 ,no?+ c be m ill-judg$ ?an to beg9 at once to in/ruct u )\t any dramatic movem5t4 ,at ! fir/ draw+ up ( ! curta9 ! spectator's att5tion is almo/ unavoidably di/ract$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 8 int]e/ has n yet be5 excit$2 & ?is is precisely ! "t *os5 by ! poet to exact f him an e>ne/ ( undivid$ att5tion to a dry explanation1--a dem& :i* he c h>dly be suppos$ ready to meet4 ,x w p]haps be urg$ t ! same ?+ 0 done by ! ,greek poets4 ,b ) !m ! subject 0 = ! mo/ "p extremely simple1 & already kn[n to ! spectators2 & _! expositions1 ) ! exception ( ! unskilful prologues ( ,euripides1 h n ! didactic p>ticul>is+ tone ( ! ,fr5*1 b are full ( life & motion4 ,h[ admirable aga9 are ! expositions ( ,%akspe>e & ,cald]on6 ,at ! v outset !y lay hold ( ! imag9ation2 & :5 !y h once ga9$ ! spectator's int]e/ & sympa?y !y !n br+ =w>d ! in=mation necess>y = ! full und]/&+ ( ! impli$ transactions4 ,?is means is1 x is true1 d5i$ to ! ,fr5* tragic poets1 :o1 if at all1 are only v sp>+ly all[$ ! use ( any ?+ calculat$ to make an impression on ! s5ses1 any ?+ l corporeal action2 & :o1 !re=e1 = ! sake ( a gradual height5+ ( ! impression are oblig$ to res]ve to ! la/ acts ! little :i* is )9 _! p[]4 ,to sum up all my previ\s obs]vations 9 a few words3 ! ,fr5* h endeav\r$ to =m _! trag$y accord+ to a /rict idea2 b in/ead ( ?is !y h set up m]ely an ab/ract notion4 ,!y require tragical dignity & gr&eur1 tragical situations1 passions1 & pa?os1 altoge!r simple & pure1 & )\t any =eign app5dages4 ,/ript ?us ( _! prop] inve/iture1 !y lose mu* 9 tru?1 pr(undity1 & "*2 & ! :ole composition is depriv$ ( ! liv+ *>m ( v>iety1 ( ! magic ( picturesque situations1 & ( all ^? ravi%+ effects :i* a light b prep>atory matt]1 :5 left to itself1 (t5 produces on ! m9d by its m>vell\s & spontane\s gr[?4 ,) respect to ! !ory ( ! tragic art1 !y are yet at ! v same po9t t !y 7 9 ! art ( g>d5+ be=e ! "t ( ,l5otre4 ,all m]it consi/$1 9 _! judgm5t1 9 extort+ a triumph f nature by means ( art4 ,!y _h no o!r idea ( regul>ity ?an ! measur$ symmetry ( /raight alleys1 clipp$ edges1 c4 ,va9 w\ld h be5 ! attempt to make ^? :o laid out su* g>d5s to compreh5d t !re c\ld be any plan1 any hidd5 ord]1 9 an ,engli% p>k1 & demon/rate to !m t a succession ( l&scapes1 :i* f _! gradation1 _! alt]nation1 & _! opposition1 give effect to ea* o!r1 did all aim at excit+ 9 u a c]ta9 m5tal impression4 ,! root$ & la/+ prejudices ( a :ole nation are seldom accid5tal1 b are connect$ ) "s g5]al want ( intr9sic capacities1 f :i* ev5 ! em95t m9ds :o read ! re/ are n exempt$4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 to consid] su* prejudices m]ely z causes2 we mu/ also consid] !m at ! same "t z important effects4 ,we all[ t ! n>r[ sy/em ( rules1 t a dissect+ criticism ( ! und]/&+1 has %ackl$ ! ef=ts ( ! ,fr5* trag$ians2 /ill1 h[ev]1 x rema9s d\btful :e!r ( _! own incl9ation !y w\ld ev] h made *oice ( m compreh5sive designs1 &1 if s1 9 :at way !y w\ld h fill$ !m up4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ among !m h c]ta9ly n be5 defici5t 9 means & tal5ts4 ,9 a p>ticul> exam9ation ( _! diff]5t productions we _c %[ !m any fav\r2 b1 on a g5]al view1 !y are m des]v+ ( pity ?an c5sure2 & :51 "u su* unfav\rable circum/ances1 !y yet produce :at is excell5t1 !y are d\bly entitl$ to our admiration1 al?\gh we c by no means admit ! ju/ice ( ! common-place obs]vation1 t ! ov]com+ ( difficulty is a s\rce ( pleasure1 nor f9d any?+ m]itori\s 9 a "w ( art m]ely because x is artificially compos$4 ,z = ! claim :i* ! ,fr5* advance to set !mselves up1 9 spite ( all _! "o-sid$ness & inadequacy ( view1 z ! lawgiv]s ( ta/e1 x mu/ be reject$ ) becom+ indignation4 ,,lecture ,,xix4 ,use at fir/ made ( ! ,spani% ,!atre by ! ,fr5*--,g5]al ,"* ( ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 & ,voltaire--,review ( ! pr9cipal ,works ( ,corneille & ( ,rac9e--,?omas ,corneille & ,crebillon4 ,i h briefly notic$ all t 0 necess>y to m5tion ( ! antiquities ( ! ,fr5* /age4 ,! duties ( ! poet 7 gradually m rigor\sly laid d[n1 "u a belief 9 ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts1 & ! infallibility ( ,ari/otle4 ,by _! own incl9ation1 h[ev]1 ! poets 7 l$ to ! ,spani% !atre1 z long z ! ,dramatic ,art 9 ,france1 "u a native education1 _h n atta9$ its full maturity4 ,!y n only imitat$ ! ,spani>ds1 b1 f ?is m9e ( +5i\s inv5tion1 ev5 borr[$ l>gely & directly4 ,i d n m]ely allude to ! e>li] times "u ,ri*elieu2 ?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! fir/ half ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 & ,rac9e is p]haps ! olde/ poet :o seems to h be5 altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ! ,spani>ds1 or at lea/ :o 0 9 no mann] influ5c$ by !m4 ,! com$ies ( ,corneille are ne>ly all tak5 f ,spani% pieces2 & ( 8 celebrat$ works1 ! ,cid & ,don ,san*o ( ,aragon are also ,spani%4 ,! only piece ( ,rotr\ :i* /ill keeps its place on ! !atre1 ,w5ceslas1 is borr[$ f ,francisco de ,roxas3 ,molire's unf9i%$ ,pr9cess ( ,etis is f ,moreto1 8 ,don ,g>cia ( ,nav>re f an unkn[n au?or1 & ! ,fe/9 de ,pi]re c>ries its orig9 9 its front3 ,footnote3 ,& betrays at ! same "t ,molire's ignorance ( ,spani%4 ,= if he _h possess$ ev5 a tol]able k ( x1 h[ c\ld he h translat$ ,el ,convidado de ,pi$ra 7! ,/one ,gue/7 into ! ,/one ,fea/1 :i* has no mean+ "h1 & c\ld only be applicable to ! ,fea/s ( ,midas8 we h only to look at ! works ( ,?omas ,corneille to be at once conv9c$ t1 ) ! exception ( a few1 !y are all ,spani%2 z also are ! e>li] lab\rs ( ,qu9ault1 namely1 8 com$ies & tragi-com$ies4 ,! "r ( draw+ )\t scruple f ?is s\rce 0 s univ]sal1 t ! ,fr5* imitators1 :5 !y borr[$ )\t ! lea/ disguise1 did n ev5 give !mselves ! tr\ble ( nam+ ! au?or ( ! orig9al1 & assign+ to ! true own] a "p ( ! applause :i* !y might e>n4 ,9 ! ,cid alone ! text ( ! ,spani% poet is frequ5tly cit$1 & t only because ,corneille's claim to orig9ality _h be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly d]ive mu* in/ruction f a discov]y ( ! prototypes1 :5 !y are n among ! m celebrat$1 or already kn[n by _! titles1 & !reupon in/itut+ a comp>ison betwe5 !m & _! copies4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 g v diff]5tly to "w f ,voltaire 9 ,h]aclius1 9 :i*1 z ,g>cia de la ,hu]ta ,footnote3 ,9 ! introduction to 8 ,!atro ,hespaol4 has inconte/ably prov$1 he displays bo? great ignorance & /udi$ & disgu/+ p]v]sions4 ,if ! mo/ ( ^! imitations give little pleasure to ,france 9 ! pres5t day1 ?is decision is n[ays aga9/ ! orig9als1 :i* mu/ always h suff]$ consid]ably f ! reca/4 ,! national *>act]s ( ! ,fr5* & ,spani% are totally diff]5t2 & consequ5tly also ! _s ( _! language & poetry4 ,! mo/ temp]ate & re/ra9$ "* belongs to ! ,fr5*2 ! ,spani>d1 ?\gh 9 ! remote/ ,we/1 displays1 :at 8 hi/ory may easily acc\nt =1 an ,ori5tal ve91 :i* luxuriates 9 a pr(usion ( bold images & sallies ( wit4 ,:5 we /rip _! dramas ( ^! ri* & spl5did ornam5ts1 :51 = ! gl[+ col\rs ( _! romance & ! musical v>iations ( ! rhym$ /rophes 9 :i* !y are compos$1 we compel !m to assume ! monotony ( ! ,alex&r9e1 & submit to ! fett]s ( ext]nal regul>ities1 :ile ! "* & situations are all[$ to rema9 ess5tially ! same1 !re c no long] be any h>mony betwe5 ! subject & its mode ( treatm5t1 & x loses t tru? :i* x may /ill reta9 )9 ! doma9 ( fancy4 ,! *>m ( ! ,spani% poetry consi/s1 g5]ally speak+1 9 ! union ( a sublime & en?usia/ic e>ne/ness ( feel+1 :i* peculi>ly desc5ds f ! ,nor?1 ) ! lovely brea? ( ! ,s\?1 & ! dazzl+ pomp ( ! ,ea/4 ,corneille possess$ an aff9ity to ! ,spani% _s b only 9 ! fir/ po9t2 he might be tak5 = a ,spani>d educat$ 9 ,norm&y4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t he _h n1 aft] ! composition ( ! ,cid1 employ$ himself )\t dep5d+ on =eign models1 ^u subjects :i* w\ld h all[$ him to foll[ altoge!r 8 feel+ = *ivalr\s hon\r & fidelity4 ,b on ! o!r h& he took himself to ! ,roman hi/ory2 & ! sev]e patriotism ( ! old]1 & ! ambiti\s policy ( ! lat] ,romans1 suppli$ ! place ( *ivalry1 & 9 "s measure assum$ its g>b4 ,x 0 by no means s mu* 8 object to excite our t]ror & compassion z our admiration = ! *>act]s & a/oni%m5t at ! situations ( 8 h]oes4 ,he h>dly ev] affects u2 & is seldom capable ( agitat+ our m9ds4 ,& "h ,i may inde$ obs]ve1 t su* is 8 p>tiality = excit+ our wond] & admiration1 t1 n cont5t$ ) exact+ x = ! h]oism ( virtue1 he claims x also = ! h]oism ( vice1 by ! boldness1 /r5g? ( s\l1 pres5ce ( m9d1 & elevation above all human weakness1 ) :i* he end[s 8 crim9als ( bo? sexes4 ,nay1 (t5 8 *>act]s express !mselves 9 ! language ( o/5tati\s pride1 )\t our be+ well able to see :at !y h to be pr\d (3 !y are m]ely pr\d ( _! pride4 ,we _c (t5 say t we take an int]e/ 9 !m3 !y ei!r appe>1 f ! great res\rces :i* !y possess )9 !mselves1 to /& 9 no ne$ ( our compassion1 or else !y are undes]v+ ( x4 ,he has del9eat$ ! conflict ( passions & motives2 b = ! mo/ "p n imm$iately z su*1 b z already metamorphos$ into a conte/ ( pr9ciples4 ,x is 9 love t he has be5 f\nd colde/2 & ?is 0 because he c\ld n prevail on himself to pa9t x z an amiable weakness1 al?\gh he ev]y:]e introduc$ x1 ev5 :]e mo/ unsuitable1 ei!r out ( a condesc5sion to ! ta/e ( ! age or a private incl9ation = *ivalry1 :]e love always appe>s z ! ornam5t ( val\r1 z ! *ecqu]$ fav\r wav+ at ! lance1 or ! elegant ribbon-knot to ! sword4 ,seldom does he pa9t love z a p[] :i* imp]ceptibly /eals ^u u1 & ga9s at la/ an involunt>y & irresi/ible dom9ion ov] u2 b z an homage freely *os5 at fir/1 to ! exclusion ( duty1 b aft]w>ds ma9ta9+ its place along ) x4 ,?is is ! case at lea/ 9 8 bett] pieces2 = 9 8 lat] works love is frequ5tly compell$ to give way to ambition2 & ^! two spr+s ( action mutually weak5 ea* o!r4 ,8 females are g5]ally n suffici5tly fem99e2 & ! love :i* !y inspire is ) !m n ! la/ object1 b m]ely a means to some?+ beyond4 ,!y drive _! lov]s into great dang]s1 & sometimes also to great crimes2 & ! m5 too (t5 appe> to disadvantage1 :ile !y all[ !mselves to become m]e in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( wom51 or to be dispat*$ by !m on h]oic err&s1 z x 71 = ! sake ( w9n+ ! prize ( love held out to !m4 ,su* wom5 z ,emilia 9 ,c9na & ,rodogune1 mu/ surely be unsusceptible ( love4 ,b if 9 8 pr9cipal *>act]s1 ,corneille1 by exagg]at+ ! en]getic & und]rat+ ! passive "p ( our nature1 has dep>t$ f tru?2 if 8 h]oes display too mu* volition & too little feel+1 he is /ill mu* m unnatural 9 8 situations4 ,he has1 9 defiance ( all probability1 po9t$ !m 9 su* a way t we might ) great propriety give !m ! "n ( tragical anti!ses1 & x becomes almo/ natural if ! p]sonages express !mselves 9 a s]ies ( epigrammatical maxims4 ,he is fond ( exhibit+ p]fectly symmetrical oppositions4 ,8 eloqu5ce is (t5 admirable f its /r5g? & compression2 b x sometimes deg5]ates into bomba/1 & exhau/s itself 9 sup]flu\s accumulations4 ,! lat] ,romans1 ,s5eca ! philosoph]1 & ,lucan1 7 consid]$ by him too mu* 9 ! light ( models2 & un=tunately he possess$ also a ve9 ( ,s5eca ! trag$ian4 ,f ?is we>isome pomp ( declamation1 a few simple words int]sp]s$ "h & !re1 h be5 (t5 made ! subject ( extravagant praise4 ,footnote3 ,= in/ance1 ! ,qu'il m\rt ( ! old ,horatius2 ! ,soyons amis1 ,c9na3 also ! ,moi ( ,m$ea1 :i*1 we may obs]ve 9 pass+1 is borr[$ f ,s5eca4 ,if !y /ood alone !y w\ld c]ta9ly be entitl$ to praise2 b !y are imm$iately foll[$ by long h>angues :i* de/roy _! effect4 ,:5 ! ,sp>tan "m1 on deliv]+ ! %ield to h] son1 us$ ! well-kn[n words1 ,?is1 or on ?is6 %e c]ta9ly made no f>!r addition to !m4 ,corneille 0 peculi>ly well qualifi$ to portray ambition & ! lu/ ( p[]1 a passion :i* /ifles all o!r human feel+s1 & nev] prop]ly erects its ?rone till ! m9d has become a cold & dre>y wild]ness4 ,8 y\? 0 pass$ 9 ! la/ civil w>s1 & he /ill saw ar\nd him rema9s ( ! feudal indep5d5ce4 ,i w n pret5d to decide h[ mu* ?is may h influ5c$ him1 b x is und5iable t ! s5se :i* he (t5 %[$ ( ! great importance ( political que/ions 0 altoge!r lo/ 9 ! foll[+ age1 & did n make its appe>ance aga9 be=e ,voltaire4 ,h[ev] he1 l ! re/ ( ! poets ( 8 "t1 paid 8 tribute ( flatt]y to ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?1 9 v]ses :i* are n[ =gott54 ,rac9e1 :o = all b an entire c5tury has be5 unhesitat+ly proclaim$ ! fav\rite poet ( ! ,fr5* nation1 0 by no means dur+ 8 lifetime 9 s enviable a situation1 &1 not)/&+ _m an in/ance ( brilliant success1 c\ld n re/ z yet 9 ! pleas+ & undi/urb$ possession ( 8 fame4 ,8 m]it 9 giv+ ! la/ poli% to ! ,fr5* language1 8 unrivall$ excell5ce bo? ( expression & v]sification1 7 n !n all[$2 on ! /age he _h rivals1 ( :om "s 7 undes]v$ly pref]r$ be=e him4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! exclusive admir]s ( ,corneille1 ) ,madame ,sevign at _! head1 made a =mal p>ty aga9/ him2 on ! o!r h&1 ,pradon1 a y\ng] c&idate = ! hon\rs ( ! ,tragic ,muse1 endeav\r$ to wre/ ! victory f him1 & actually succe$$1 n m]ely1 x w\ld appe>1 9 ga9+ ov] ! cr[d1 b ! v c\rt itself1 not)/&+ ! zeal ) :i* he 0 oppos$ by ,boileau4 ,! *agr9 to :i* ?is gave rise1 un=tunately int]rupt$ 8 !atrical c>e] at ! v p]iod :5 8 m9d _h rea*$ its full maturity3 a mi/ak5 piety aft]w>ds prev5t$ him f resum+ 8 !atrical occupations1 & x requir$ all ! influ5ce ( ,madame ,ma9t5on to induce him to employ 8 tal5t ^u religi\s subjects = a p>ticul> occasion4 ,x is probable t b = ?is int]ruption1 he w\ld h c>ri$ 8 art /ill high]3 = 9 ! works :i* we h ( him1 we trace a gradually advanc+ improvem5t4 ,he is a poet 9 e way wor?y ( our love3 he possess$ a delicate susceptibility = all ! t5d]] emotions1 & great sweetness 9 express+ !m4 ,8 mod]ation1 :i* nev] all[$ him to transgress ! b\nds ( propriety1 mu/ n be e/imat$ too highly3 = he did n possess /r5g? ( "* 9 any em95t degree1 nay1 !re are ev5 m>ks ( weakness p]ceptible 9 him1 :i*1 x is said1 he also exhibit$ 9 private life4 ,he has also paid 8 homage to ! sug>$ gallantry ( 8 age1 :]e x m]ely s]ves z a %[ ( love to connect toge!r ! intrigue2 b he has (t5 also succe$$ completely 9 ! del9eation ( a m g5u9e love1 especially 9 8 female *>act]s2 & _m ( 8 love-sc5es brea! a t5d] voluptu\sness1 :i*1 f ! veil ( res]ve & mode/y ?r[n ov] x1 /eals only ! m s$uctively into ! s\l4 ,! inconsi/5cies ( unsuccessful passion1 ! w&]+s ( a m9d diseas$1 & a prey to irresi/ible desire1 he has portray$ m t\*+ly & tru?fully ?an any ,fr5* poet be=e him1 or ev5 p]haps aft] him4 ,g5]ally speak+1 he 0 m incl9$ to ! elegiac & ! idyllic1 ?an to ! h]oic4 ,i w n say t he w\ld nev] h elevat$ himself to m s]i\s & dignifi$ conceptions ?an are to be f\nd 9 8 ,britannicus & ,mi?ridate2 b "h we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 t :i* 8 subject sugge/$1 & :at he pa9t$ ) a peculi> fondness1 & :]e9 he is n s mu* ! dramatic arti/ z ! spokesman ( 8 own feel+s4 ,at ! same "t1 x ought n to be =gott5 t ,rac9e compos$ mo/ ( 8 pieces :5 v "y1 & t ?is may possibly h influ5c$ 8 *oice4 ,he seldom disgu/s u1 l ,corneille & ,voltaire1 ) ! undisguis$ repulsiv5ess ( unnecess>y crimes2 he has1 h[ev]1 (t5 veil$ mu* t 9 reality is h>%1 base1 & mean1 b5ea? ! =ms ( polit5ess & c\rtesy4 ,i _c all[ ! plans ( 8 pieces to be1 z ! ,fr5* critics insi/1 unexceptionable2 ^? :i* he borr[$ f anci5t my?ology are1 9 my op9ion1 ! mo/ liable to objection2 b /ill ,i believe1 t ) ! rules & obs]vations :i* he took = 8 guide1 he c\ld h>dly 9 mo/ cases h extricat$ himself f 8 difficulties m cauti\sly & ) great] propriety ?an he has actually done4 ,:atev] may be ! defects ( 8 productions sep>ately consid]$1 :5 we comp>e him ) o!rs1 & view him 9 connexion ) ! ,fr5* lit]ature 9 g5]al1 we c h>dly be/[ ^u him too high a me$ ( praise4 ,a new a]a ( ,fr5* ,trag$y beg9s ) ,voltaire1 ^: fir/ appe>ance1 9 8 e>ly y\?1 z a writ] = ! !atre1 foll[$ close ^u ! age ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?4 ,i h already1 9 a g5]al way1 allud$ to ! *anges & enl>gem5ts :i* he project$1 & p>tly c>ri$ into execution4 ,corneille & ,rac9e l$ a true arti/'s life3 !y 7 dramatic poets ) _! :ole s\l2 _! desire1 z au?ors1 0 conf9$ to t object alone1 & all _! /udies 7 direct$ to ! /age4 ,voltaire1 on ! contr>y1 wi%$ to %9e 9 e possible dep>tm5t2 a re/less vanity p]mitt$ him n to be satisfi$ ) ! pursuit ( p]fection 9 any s+le walk ( lit]ature2 & f ! v>iety ( subjects on :i* 8 m9d 0 employ$1 x 0 impossible = him to avoid %all[ness & immaturity ( ideas4 ,to =m a correct idea ( 8 relation to 8 two pr$ecessors 9 ! tragic art1 we mu/ in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! prec$+ classical age & ( t 9 :i* he gave ! tone4 ,9 ! "t ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?1 a c]ta9 tradition>y code ( op9ions on all ! mo/ important conc]ns ( humanity reign$ 9 full =ce & unque/ion$2 & ev5 9 poetry1 ! object 0 n s mu* to enri* z to =m ! m9d1 by a lib]al & noble ent]ta9m5t4 ,b n[1 at l5g?1 ! want ( orig9al ?9k+ began to be felt2 h[ev]1 x un=tunately happ5$1 t bold presumption hurri$ f> 9 advance ( pr(\nd inquiry1 & h5ce ! spread ( public immorality 0 quick foll[$ by a dang]\s sc(f+ scepticism1 :i* %ook to ! f\ndation e religi\s & moral conviction1 & ! v pr9ciples ( society itself4 ,voltaire 0 by turns philosoph]1 rhetorician1 sophi/1 & buffoon4 ,! want ( s+l5ess1 :i* m or less *>act]is$ all 8 views1 0 irreconcileable ) a complete fre$om ( prejudice ev5 z an arti/ 9 8 c>e]4 ,z he saw ! public long+ = in=mation1 :i* 0 r tol]at$ by ! fav\r ( ! great ?an au?oris$ & =mally approv$ ( & disp5s$ by appropriate public in/itutions1 he did n fail to meet _! want1 & to deliv]1 9 beautiful v]ses1 on ! /age1 :at no man dur/ yet prea* f ! pulpit or ! pr(essor's *air4 ,he made use ( poetry z a means to accompli% ends =eign & extr9secal to x2 & ?is has (t5 pollut$ ! arti/ic purity ( 8 compositions4 ,?us1 ! end ( 8 ,mahomet 0 to portray ! dang]s ( fanaticism1 or r1 lay+ aside all circumlocution1 ( a belief 9 revelation4 ,= ?is purpose1 he has mo/ unju/ifiably disfigur$ a great hi/orical "*1 revolt+ly load$ him ) ! mo/ cry+ enormities1 ) :i* he racks & tortures our feel+s4 ,univ]sally kn[n1 z he 01 to be ! bitt] enemy ( ,*ri/ianity1 he be?\ght himself ( a new triumph = 8 vanity2 9 ,zaire & ,alzire1 he _h rec\rse to ,*ri/ian s5tim5ts to excite emotion3 & "h1 = once1 8 v]satile he>t1 :i*1 inde$1 9 its mom5t>y ebullitions1 0 n unsusceptible ( good feel+s1 %am$ ! root$ malice ( 8 und]/&+2 he actually succe$$1 & ^! affect+ & religi\s passages cry out l\dly aga9/ ! sl&]\s levity ( 8 petulant misrepres5tations4 ,9 ,engl& he _h acquir$ a k ( a free con/itution1 & became an en?usia/ic admir] ( lib]ty4 ,corneille _h introduc$ ! ,roman republicanism & g5]al politics into 8 works1 = ! sake ( _! poetical en]gy4 ,voltaire aga9 exhibit$ !m "u a poetical =m1 because ( ! political effect he ?\ght !m calculat$ to produce on popul> op9ion4 ,z he fanci$ he 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,greeks ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 & z he _h obta9$ a slight k ( ! ,engli% !atre & ,%akspe>e1 :i*1 be=e him1 7 = ,france1 q an unkn[n l&1 he wi%$ 9 l mann] to use !m to 8 own advantage4--,he insi/$ on ! e>ne/ness1 ! sev]ity1 & ! simplicity ( ! ,greek dramatic repres5tation2 & actually 9 s f> approa*$ !m1 z to exclude love f v>i\s subjects to :i* x did n prop]ly belong4 ,he 0 desir\s ( reviv+ ! maje/y ( ! ,grecian sc5]y2 & "h 8 endeav\rs _h ?is good effect1 t 9 !atrical repres5tation ! eye 0 no long] s mis]ably neglect$ z x _h be54 ,he borr[$ f ,%akspe>e1 z he ?\ght1 bold /rokes ( !atrical effect2 b "h he 0 ! lea/ successful2 :51 9 imitation ( t great ma/]1 he v5tur$ 9 ,semiramis to call up a gho/ f ! l[] _w1 he fell into innum]able absurdities4 ,9 a ^w he 0 p]petually mak+ exp]im5ts ) dramatic art1 avail+ himself ( "s new device = effect4 ,h5ce "s ( 8 works seem to h /opt %ort half way betwe5 /udies & f9i%$ productions2 !re is a trace ( some?+ unfix$ & unf9i%$ 9 8 :ole m5tal =mation4 ,corneille & ,rac9e1 )9 ! limits :i* !y set !mselves1 are mu* m p]fect2 !y are altoge!r t :i* !y are1 & we h no glimpses 9 _! works ( any suppos$ high] object beyond !m4 ,voltaire's pret5sions are mu* m ext5sive ?an 8 means4 ,corneille has express$ ! maxims ( h]oism ) great] sublimity1 & ,rac9e ! natural emotions ) a sweet] gracefulness2 :ile ,voltaire1 x mu/ be all[$1 has employ$ ! moral motives ) great] effect1 & display$ a m intimate acqua9tance ) ! prim>y & fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! human m9d4 ,h5ce1 9 "s ( 8 pieces1 he is m deeply affect+ ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,! fir/ & la/ only ( ^! ?ree great ma/]s ( ! ,fr5* tragic /age c be said to be fruitful writ]s2 &1 ev5 ^! c h>dly be acc\nt$ s1 if comp>$ ) ! ,greeks4 ,t ,rac9e 0 n m prolific1 0 ow+ p>tly to accid5tal circum/ances4 ,he enjoys ?is advantage1 h[ev]1 t ) ! exception ( 8 fir/ y\?ful attempts1 ! :ole ( 8 pieces h kept possession ( ! /age1 & ! public e/imation4 ,b _m ( ,corneille's & ,voltaire's1 ev5 su* z 7 popul> at fir/1 h be5 s9ce )drawn f ! /age1 & at pres5t are n ev5 s mu* z read4 ,accord+ly1 selections only f _! works1 "u ! title ( ,*ef-d'oeuvres1 are n[ g5]ally publi%$4 ,x is rem>kable1 t few only ( ! _m ,fr5* attempts 9 ,trag$y h be5 successful4 ,la ,h>pe reckons up ne>ly a ?\s& trag$ies :i* h be5 act$ or pr9t$ s9ce ! dea? ( ,rac9e2 & ( ^! n m ?an ?irty1 besides ^? ( ,voltaire1 h kept possession ( ! /age4 ,not)/&+1 !re=e1 ! great competition 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ! tragic treasures ( ! ,fr5* are f> f ample4 ,/ill we d n feel ourselves call$ ^u to give a full acc\nt ev5 ( ^!2 & /ill f>!r is x f our purpose to ent] into a circum/antial & anatomical inve/igation ( sep>ate pieces4 ,all t our limits w all[ u is1 ) a rapid p51 to sket* ! "* & relative value ( ! pr9cipal works ( ^? ?ree ma/]s1 & a few o!rs specially des]v+ ( m5tion4 ,corneille brilliantly op5$ 8 c>e] ( fame ) ! ,cid1 ( :i*1 inde$1 ! execution alone is 8 own3 9 ! plan he appe>s to h closely foll[$ 8 ,spani% orig9al4 ,z ! ,cid ( ,guill5 de ,ca/ro has nev] fall5 into my h&s1 x has be5 out ( my p[] to in/itute an accurate comp>ison betwe5 ! two works4 ,b if we may judge f ! specim5s produc$1 ! ,spani% piece seems writt5 ) f> great] simplicity2 & ! subject owes to ,corneille its rhetorical pomp ( ornam5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are ignorant h[ mu* he has left out & sacrific$4 ,all ! ,fr5* critics are agre$ 9 ?9k+ ! "p ( ! ,infanta sup]flu\s4 ,!y _c see t by mak+ a pr9cess =get h] elevat$ rank1 & ent]ta9 a passion = ,rodrigo1 ! ,spani% poet !reby di/+ui%$ him z ! fl[] ( noble & amiable knights2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 furni%$ a /rong ju/ification ( ,*im5e's love1 :i* s _m p[]ful motives c\ld n ov]come4 ,x is true1 t to be attractive 9 !mselves1 & duly to aid ! g5]al effect1 ! ,infanta's passion requir$ to be set =? m musically1 & ,rodrigo's a*ievem5ts aga9/ ! ,moors m especially1 i4 e41 ) great] vividness ( detail3 & probably !y 7 s 9 ! ,spani% orig9al4 ,! raptur\s applause1 :i*1 on its fir/ appe>ance1 univ]sally welcom$ a piece l ?is1 :i*1 )\t ! admixture ( any ignoble inc5tive1 f\nd$ its attraction altoge!r on ! repres5t$ conflict betwe5 ! pure/ feel+s ( love1 hon\r1 & filial duty1 is a /rong pro( t ! romantic _s 0 n yet ext9ct among spectators :o 7 /ill op5 to su* natural impressions4 ,?is 0 entirely misund]/ood by ! le>n$2 ) ! ,academy at _! head1 !y affirm$ t ?is subject 7"o ( ! mo/ beautiful t ev] fell to ! lot ( a poet7 0 unfit = ,trag$y2 incapable ( ent]+ hi/orically into ! _s ( ano!r age1 !y made up improbabilities & improprieties = _! c5sure4 ,footnote3 ,scud]i speaks ev5 ( ,*im5e z a mon/]1 & (f-h& dismisses ! :ole1 z ce m*ant combat de l'am\r et de l'honneur4 ,excell5t6 ,surely he und]/ood ! romantic6 ,! ,cid is n c]ta9ly a trag$y 9 ! s5se ( ! anci5ts2 &1 at fir/1 ! poet himself call$ x a ,tragi-com$y4 ,w\ld t ?is _h be5 ! only occasion 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle has be5 appli$ to subjects :i* d n belong to 8 jurisdiction6 ,! ,horatii has be5 c5sur$ = want ( unity2 ! murd] ( ! si/] & ! acquittal ( ! victori\s ,roman is said to be a second action1 indep5d5t ( ! combat ( ! ,horatii & ,curiatii4 ,corneille himself 0 talk$ into a belief ( x4 ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 to me fully ju/ifi$ 9 :at he has done4 ,if ! murd] ( ,camilla _h n made a "p ( ! piece1 ! female *>act]s 9 ! fir/ act w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s2 & )\t ! triumph ( patriotism ov] family ties1 ! combat c\ld n h be5 an action1 b m]ely an ev5t de/itute ( all tragic complication4 ,b ! real defect1 9 my op9ion1 is ,corneille repres5t+ a public act :i* decid$ ! fate ( two /ates1 z tak+ place altoge!r infra privates p>ietes1 & /ripp+ x ( e visible pomp ( circum/ance4 ,h5ce ! great flatness ( ! fif? act4 ,:at a diff]5t impression w\ld h be5 produc$ _h ,horatius1 9 pres5ce ( ! k+ & p1 be5 solemnly condemn$1 9 ob$i5ce to ! /]n m&ate ( ! law1 & aft]w>ds sav$ ?r\gh ! te>s & lam5tations ( 8 fa!r1 j z ,livy describes x4 ,moreov]1 ! poet1 n satisfi$ ) mak+1 z ! hi/ory does1 "o si/] ( ! ,horatii 9 love ) "o ( ! ,curiatii1 has ?\ght prop] to inv5t ! m>riage ( a si/] ( ! ,curiatii ) "o ( ! ,horatii3 & z 9 ! =m] ! love ( c\ntry yields to p]sonal incl9ation1 9 ! latt] p]sonal incl9ation yields to love ( c\ntry4 ,?is gives rise to a great improbability3 = is x likely t m5 w\ld h be5 select$ = ! combat :o1 ) a well-kn[n family connexion ( ?is k9d1 w\ld h _h ! mo/ p[]ful inducem5ts to sp>e "o ano!r8 ,besides1 ! conqu]or's murd] ( 8 si/] _c be r5d]$ ev5 poetically tol]able1 except by suppos+ him 9 all ! boil+ impetuosity ( ungov]nable y\?4 ,horatius1 already a husb&1 w\ld h %[n a wis] & mild] =be>ance t[>ds 8 un=tunate si/]'s language2 else 7 he a f]oci\s savage4 ,c9na is commonly rank$ mu* high] ?an ,! ,horatii2 al?\gh1 z to purity ( s5tim5t1 !re is "h a p]ceptible fall+ (f f t ideal sph]e 9 :i* ! action ( ! two prec$+ pieces moves4 ,all is div]sely complicat$ & diseas$4 ,c9na's republicanism is m]ely ! cloak ( ano!r passion3 he is a tool 9 ! h&s ( ,emilia1 :o1 on h] "p1 con/antly sacrifices h] pret5d$ love to h] passion ( rev5ge4 ,! magnanimity ( ,augu/us is ambigu\s3 x appe>s r ! caution ( a tyrant gr[n timid ?r\gh age4 ,! conspiracy is1 ) a spl5did n>ration1 ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd2 x does n excite 9 u t gloomy appreh5sion :i* s !atrical an object ought to d4 ,emilia1 ! s\l ( ! piece1 is call$ by ! witty ,balzac1 :5 comm5d+ ! "w1 an adorable fury4 ,yet ! ,furies !mselves c\ld be appeas$ by purifications & expiations3 b ,emilia's he>t is inaccessible to ! s(t5+ influ5ces ( b5evol5ce & g5]osity2 ! adoration ( s unfem99e a creature is h>dly p>donable ev5 9 a lov]4 ,h5ce %e has no bett] ador]s ?an ,c9na & ,maximus1 two great villa9s1 ^: rep5tance comes too late to be ?\ght s9c]e4 ,"h we h ! fir/ specim5 ( t ,ma*iavellism ( motives1 :i* subsequ5tly disfigur$ ! poetry ( ,corneille1 & :i* is n only repulsive1 b also = ! mo/ "p bo? clumsy & unsuitable4 ,he flatt]$ himself1 t 9 k ( m5 & ! _w1 9 an acqua9tance ) c\rts & politics1 he surpass$ ! mo/ %rewd & cle>-sight$ obs]v]s4 ,) a m9d naturally alive to hon\r1 he yet conceiv$ ! design ( tak+ 9 h& ! doctr9e ( ! murd]\s ,ma*iavel2 & displays1 broadly & didactically1 all ! k :i* he _h acquir$ ( ^! arts4 ,he _h no suspicion t a remorseless & selfi% policy goes always smoo?ly to "w1 & dext]\sly disguises itself4 ,_h he be5 really capable ( any?+ ( ! k9d1 he might h tak5 a lesson f ,ri*elieu4 ,( ! rema9+ pieces 9 :i* ,corneille has pa9t$ ! ,roman love ( lib]ty & conque/1 ! ,dea? ( ,pompey is ! mo/ em95t4 ,x is full1 h[ev]1 ( a gr&eur :i* is m dazzl+ ?an g5u9e2 &1 inde$1 we c\ld expect no?+ else f a c5to ( ,lucan's hyp]bolical anti!ses4 ,^! bravuras ( rhetoric are /rung toge!r on ! ?read ( a clumsy plot4 ,! intrigues ( ,ptolemy1 & ! ambiti\s coquetry ( 8 si/] ,cleopatra1 h a petty & mis]able appe>ance alongside ( ! picture ( ! fate ( ! great ,pompey1 ! v5geance-brea?+ sorr[ ( 8 wife1 & ! magnanim\s compassion ( ,caes>4 ,sc>cely has ! conqu]or paid ! la/ hon\rs to ! reluctant %ade ( 8 rival1 :5 he does homage at ! feet ( ! beautiful que52 he is n only 9 love1 b sigh+ly & ard5tly 9 love4 ,cleopatra1 on h] "p1 accord+ to ! poet's own expression1 is desir\s1 by h] love-ogl+1 to ga9 ! sceptre ( h] bro!r4 ,caes> c]ta9ly made love1 9 8 own way1 to a numb] ( wom53 b ^! cynical loves1 if repres5t$ ) any?+ l tru?1 w\ld be mo/ unfit = ! /age4 ,:o c refra9 f laugh+1 :5 ,rome1 9 ! spee* ( ,caes>1 implores ! *a/e love ( ,cleopatra = "y ,caes>8 ,9 ,s]torius1 a mu* lat] "w1 ,corneille has contriv$ to make ! great ,pompey appe> little1 & ! h]o ridicul\s4 ,s]torius on "o occasion exclaims-- ,que c'e/ un sort cruel d'aim] p> politique6 ,?is admits ( be+ appli$ to all ! p]sonages ( ! piece4 ,9 love !y are n 9 ! lea/2 b !y all[ a pret5d$ love to be subs]vi5t to political ends4 ,s]torius1 a h>dy & ho>y vet]an1 acts ! lov] ) ! ,spani% ,que51 ,viriata2 he br+s =w>d1 h[ev]1 pretext aft] pretext1 & (f]s himself ! :ile to ,ari/ia2 z ,viriata presses him to m>ry h] on ! spot1 he begs anxi\sly = a %ort delay2 ,viriata1 along ) h] o!r elegant phrases1 says r\ndly1 t %e nei!r kn[s love nor hatr$2 ,ari/ia1 ! repudiat$ wife ( ,pompey1 says to him1 ,take me back aga91 or ,i w m>ry ano!r2 ,pompey besee*es h] to wait only till ! dea? ( ,sylla1 :om he d>e n (f5d3 aft] ?is !re is no ne$ to m5tion ! l[ sc\ndrel ,p]p5na4 ,! t5d5cy to ?is frigidity ( s\l 0 p]ceptible 9 ,corneille1 ev5 at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e]2 b 9 ! works ( 8 old age x increas$ to an incr$ible degree4 ,9 ,polyeucte1 ,*ri/ian s5tim5ts are n unwor?ily express$2 yet we f9d 9 x m sup]/iti\s rev]5ce ?an f]v5t en?usiasm = religion3 ! wond]s ( grace are r affirm$1 ?an embrac$ by a my/]i\s illum9ation4 ,bo? ! tone & ! situations 9 ! fir/ acts1 incl9e greatly1 z ,voltaire obs]ves1 to com$y4 ,a woman :o1 9 ob$i5ce to h] fa!r1 has m>ri$ aga9/ h] incl9ations1 & :o decl>es bo? to h] lov] 7:o returns :5 too late7 & to h] husb&1 t %e /ill reta9s h] fir/ love1 b t %e w keep )9 ! b\nds ( virtue2 a vulg> & selfi% fa!r1 :o is sorry t he has n *os5 = 8 son-9-law ! fir/ suitor1 n[ become ! fav\rite ( ! ,emp]or2 all ?is promises no v high tragical det]m9ations4 ,! divid$ he>t ( ,paul9a is 9 nature1 & consequ5tly does n detract f ! int]e/ ( ! piece4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t h] situation1 & ! "* ( ,sev]us1 con/itute ! pr9cipal *>m ( ?is drama4 ,b ! practical magnanimity ( ?is ,roman1 9 conqu]+ 8 passion1 ?r[s ,polyeucte's self-r5unciation1 :i* appe>s to co/ him no?+1 q into ! %ade4 ,f ?is a conclusion has be5 p>tly drawn1 t m>tyrdom is1 9 g5]al1 an unfav\rable subject = ,trag$y4 ,b no?+ c be m unju/ ?an ?is inf]5ce4 ,! *e]fulness ) :i* m>tyrs embrac$ pa9 & dea? did n proce$ f want ( feel+1 b f ! h]oism ( ! highe/ love3 !y mu/ previ\sly1 9 /ruggles pa9ful beyond expression1 h obta9$ ! victory ov] e e>?ly tie2 & by ! exhibition ( ^! /ruggles1 ( ^! suff]+s ( our mortal nature1 :ile ! s]aph so>s on its flight to heav51 ! poet may awak5 9 u ! mo/ f]v5t emotion4 ,9 ,polyeucte1 h[ev]1 ! means employ$ to br+ ab\t ! cata/rophe1 namely1 ! dull & l[ artifice ( ,felix1 by :i* ! endeav\rs ( ,sev]us to save 8 rival are made r to contribute to 8 de/ruction1 are inexpressibly contemptible4 ,h[ mu* ,corneille delight$ 9 ! symmetrical & nicely balanc$ play ( intrigue1 we may see at once f 8 hav+ pron\nc$ ,rodogune 8 fav\rite "w4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) ref]r+ to ,less+1 :o has expos$ pleasantly en\gh ! ridicul\s appe>ance :i* ! two di/ress$ pr9ces cut1 betwe5 a "m :o says1 ,he :o murd]s 8 mi/ress ,i w "n heir to my ?rone1 & a mi/ress :o says1 ,he :o murd]s 8 "m %all be my husb&4 ,! be/ & %orte/ way ( go+ to "w w\ld h be5 to h lock$ up ! two furies toge!r4 ,z = ,voltaire1 he is always recurr+ to ! fif? act1 :i* he decl>es to be "o ( ! noble/ productions ( ! ,fr5* /age4 ,?is s+ul> way ( judg+ works ( art by piecemeal1 :i* w\ld praise ! p>ts 9 di/9ction f ! :ole1 )\t :i* x is impossible = ! p>ts to exi/1 is altoge!r =eign to our way ( ?9k+4 ,) respect to ,h]aclius1 ,voltaire gives himself ! unnecess>y tr\ble ( %[+ t ,cald]on did n imitate ,corneille2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he lab\rs1 ) little success1 to give a negative to ! "q :e!r ! latt] _h ! ,spani% au?or be=e him1 & avail$ himself ( 8 lab\rs4 ,corneille1 x is true1 gives out ! :ole z 8 own inv5tion2 b we mu/ n =get1 t only :5 h>d press$ did he ackn[l$ge h[ mu* he ow$ to ! au?or ( ! ,spani% ,cid4 ,! *ief circum/ance ( ! plot1 namely1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! tyrant ,phocas z to :i* ( ! two y\?s is 8 own son1 or ! son ( 8 murd]$ pr$ecessor1 be>s great resemblance to an incid5t 9 a drama ( ,cald]on's1 & no?+ ( ! k9d is to be f\nd 9 hi/ory2 9 o!r respects ! plot is1 x is true1 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 9 ,cald]on ! +5i\s boldness ( an extravagant inv5tion is always pres]v$ 9 due keep+ by a deep] magic col\r+ ( ! poetry2 :]eas 9 ,corneille1 aft] our head has become giddy 9 endeav\r+ to dis5tangle a complicat$ & ill-contriv$ intrigue1 we are recomp5s$ by a succession ( m]e tragical epigrams1 )\t ! slighte/ recreation = ! fancy4 ,nicom$es is a political com$y1 ! dryness ( :i* is h>dly 9 any degree reliev$ by ! ironical tone :i* runs ?r\gh ! spee*es ( ! h]o4 ,?is is ne>ly all ( ,corneille's t n[ appe>s on ! /age4 ,8 lat] works are1 )\t exception1 m]ely treatises or reasons ( /ate 9 c]ta9 difficult conjunctures1 dress$ out 9 a pomp\s dialogical =m4 ,we might z well make a trag$y out ( a game at *ess4 ,^? :o h ! pati5ce to wade ?r\gh ! =gott5 pieces ( ,corneille w p]ceive ) a/oni%m5t t !y are con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciples1 &1 ) ! exception ( occasional neglig5ces ( /yle1 execut$ ) z mu* exp5diture ( :at he consid]$ art1 z 8 admir$ productions4 ,= example1 ,attila be>s 9 its plot a /rik+ resemblance to ,rodogune4 ,9 8 own judgm5ts on 8 works1 x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! uness5tial nature ( ?+s on :i* he lays /ress2 all along he seems q unconc]n$ ab\t t :i* is c]ta9ly ! highe/ object ( tragical composition1 ! lay+ op5 ! dep?s ( ! m9d & ! de/9y ( man4 ,= ! unfav\rable reception :i* he has s frequ5tly to confess1 8 self-love c always f9d "s excuse1 "s trifl+ circum/ance to :i* ! fate ( 8 piece 0 to be attribut$4 ,9 ! two fir/ y\?ful attempts ( ,rac9e1 no?+ des]ves to be rem>k$1 b ! flexibility ) :i* he accommodat$ himself to ! limits fix$ by ,corneille to ! c>e] :i* he _h op5$4 ,9 ! ,&roma*e he fir/ broke loose f !m & became himself4 ,he gave utt]ance to ! inw>d /ruggles & inconsi/5cies ( passion1 ) a tru? & an en]gy :i* _h nev] be=e be5 witness$ on ! ,fr5* /age4 ,! fidelity ( ,&roma*e to ! memory ( h] husb&1 & h] mat]nal t5d]ness1 are affect+ly beautiful3 ev5 ! pr\d ,h]mione c>ries u along ) h] 9 h] wild ab]rations4 ,h] av]sion to ,ore/es1 aft] he _h made himself ! in/rum5t ( h] rev5ge1 & h] awak+ f h] bl9d fury to utt] helplesssness & despair1 may almo/ be call$ tragically gr&4 ,! male p>ts1 z is g5]ally ! case ) ,rac9e1 are n to advantage\sly drawn4 ,! con/antly repeat$ ?reat ( ,pyrrhus to deliv] up ,a/yanax to dea?1 if ,&roma*e %\ld n li/5 to him1 ) 8 gallant prote/ations1 resembles ! arts ( an execution]1 :o applies ! torture to 8 victim ) ! mo/ c\rtly phrases4 ,x is difficult to ?9k ( ,ore/es1 aft] 8 horrible de$1 z a light-he>t$ & pati5t lov]4 ,n ! lea/ m5tion is made ( ! murd] ( 8 "m2 he seems to h completely =gott5 x ! :ole piece ?r\gh2 :5ce1 !n1 d ! ,furies come all at once at ! end8 ,?is is a s+ul> contradiction4 ,9 %ort1 ! way 9 :i* ! :ole is connect$ toge!r be>s too great a resemblance to c]ta9 sports ( *ildr51 :]e "o always runs be=e & tries to surprise ! o!r4 ,9 ,britannicus1 ,i h already prais$ ! hi/orical fidelity ( ! picture4 ,n]o1 ,agripp9a1 ,n>cissus1 & ,burrhus1 are s accurately sket*$1 & f9i%$ ) su* light t\*es & su* delicate col\r+1 t1 9 respect to "*1 x yields1 p]haps1 to no ,fr5* trag$y :atev]4 ,rac9e has "h possess$ ! art ( giv+ u to und]/& mu* t is left unsaid1 & enabl+ u to look =w>d into futurity4 ,i w only notice "o inconsi/5cy :i* has escap$ ! poet4 ,he w\ld pa9t to u ! cruel voluptu>y1 :om education has only 9 appe>ance tam$1 break+ loose f ! re/ra9ts ( discipl9e & virtue4 ,& yet1 at ! close ( ! f\r? act1 ,n>cissus speaks z if he _h ev5 !n exhibit$ himself be=e ! p z a play] & a *>iote]4 ,b x 0 n until he _h be5 h>d5$ by ! commission ( grave crimes t he sunk to ?is ignom9y4 ,to repres5t ! p]fect ,n]o1 t is1 ! flatt]+ & c[>dly tyrant1 9 ! same p]son ) ! va9 & fanta/ical be+ :o1 z poet1 s+]1 play]1 & almo/ z juggl]1 0 desir\s ( admiration1 & 9 ! agony ( dea? ev5 recit$ v]ses f ,hom]1 0 compatible only ) a mix$ drama1 9 :i* tragical dignity is n requir$ ?r\gh\t4 ,to ,b]5ice1 compos$ 9 hon\r ( a virtu\s pr9cess1 ! ,fr5* critics g5]ally seem to me extremely unju/4 ,x is an idyllic trag$y1 no d\bt2 b x is full ( m5tal t5d]ness4 ,no "o 0 bett] skill$ ?an ,rac9e 9 ?r[+ a veil ( dignity ov] female weakness4--,:o d\bts t ,b]5ice has long yield$ to ,titus e pro( ( h] t5d]ness1 h[ev] c>efully x may be veil$ ov]8 ,%e is l a ,magdal5a ( ,guido1 :o langui%+ly rep5ts ( h] rep5tance4 ,! *ief error ( ! piece is ! tiresome "p ( ,antio*us4 ,on ! fir/ repres5tation ( ,bajazet1 ,corneille1 x seems 0 he>d to say1 ,^! ,turks are v mu* ,fr5*ifi$4 ,! c5sure1 z is well kn[n1 atta*es pr9cipally to ! p>ts ( ,bajazet & ,atalide4 ,! old ,gr& ,vizi] is c]ta9ly ,turki% en\gh2 & 7 a ,sultana ev] to become ! ,sultan1 %e w\ld p]haps ?r[ ! h&k]*ief 9 ! same ,sultanic mann] z ! disgu/+ ,roxane4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ,turkey1 9 its nak$ rud5ess1 h>dly admits ( repres5tation be=e a cultivat$ public4 ,rac9e felt ?is1 & m]ely ref9$ ! =ms )\t *ang+ ! ma9 incid5ts4 ,! mutes & ! /rangl+ 7 motives :i* 9 a s]aglio c\ld h>dly be disp5s$ )2 & s he gives1 on sev]al occasions1 v elegant circumlocutory descriptions ( /rangl+4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 inconsi/5t2 :5 p are s famili> ) ! idea ( a ?+1 !y usually call x also by its true "n4 ,! intrigue ( ,mi?ridate1 z ,voltaire has rem>k$1 be>s great resemblance to t ( ! ,mis] ( ,molire4 ,two bro!rs are rivals = ! bride ( _! fa!r1 :o cunn+ly extorts f h] ! "n ( h] fav\r$ lov]1 by feign+ a wi% to r5\nce 9 8 fav\r4 ,! confusion ( bo? sons1 :5 !y le>n t _! fa!r1 :om !y _h believ$ dead1 is /ill alive1 & w spe$ily make 8 appe>ance1 is 9 reality exce$+ly comic4 ,! "o calls out3 ,qu'avons n\s fait8 ,?is is j ! al>m ( s*ool-boys1 consci\s ( "s impropriety1 on ! unexpect$ entrance ( _! ma/]4 ,! political sc5e1 :]e ,mi?ridates consults 8 sons respect+ 8 gr& project ( conqu]+ ,rome1 & 9 :i* ,rac9e successfully competes ) ,corneille1 is no d\bt logically int]wov5 9 ! g5]al plan2 b /ill x is unsuitable to ! tone ( ! :ole1 & ! impression :i* x is int5d$ to produce4 ,all ! int]e/ is c5tr$ 9 ,monime3 %e is "o ( ,rac9e's mo/ amiable creations1 & excites 9 u a t5d] commis]ation4 ,on no "w ( ?is poet w ! s5t5ce ( ,g]man read]s diff] m f t ( ! ,fr5* critics & _! :ole public1 ?an on ! ,iphig5ie4--,voltaire decl>es x ! trag$y ( all times & all nations1 :i* approa*es z ne> to p]fection z human essays c2 & 9 ?is op9ion he is univ]sally foll[$ by 8 c\ntrym54 ,b we see 9 x only a mod]nis$ ,greek trag$y1 ( :i* ! mann]s are inconsi/5t ) ! my?ological traditions1 its simplicity de/roy$ by ! intrigu+ ,eriphile1 & 9 :i* ! amor\s ,a*illes1 h[ev] brave 9 o!r respects 8 behavi\r may be1 is altoge!r insupportable4 ,la ,h>pe affirms t ! ,a*illes ( ,rac9e is ev5 m ,hom]ic ?an t ( ,euripides4 ,:at %all we say to ?is8 ,be=e acquiesc+ 9 ! s5t5ces ( su* critics1 we mu/ fir/ =get ! ,greeks4 ,respect+ ,phdre ,i may express myself ) ! great] brevity1 z ,i h already d$icat$ a sep>ate ,treatise to t trag$y4 ,h[ev] mu* ,rac9e may h borr[$ f ,euripides & ,s5eca1 & h[ev] he may h spoil$ ! =m] )\t improv+ ! latt]1 /ill x is a great advance f ! affect$ mann]ism ( 8 age to a m g5u9e tragic /yle4 ,:5 we comp>e x ) ! ,pha$ra ( ,pradon1 :i* 0 s well receiv$ by 8 contempor>ies = no o!r reason ?an because no trace :atev] ( antiquity 0 disc]nible 9 x1 b e ?+ r$uc$ to ! scale ( a mod]n m9iature portrait = a toilette1 we mu/ ent]ta9 a high] admiration ( ! poet :o _h s /rong a feel+ = ! excell5ce ( ! anci5t poets1 & ! c\rage to atta* himself to !m1 & d>$1 9 an age ( vitiat$ & unnatural ta/e1 to display s mu* purity & unaffect$ simplicity4 ,if ,rac9e actually said1 t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 8 ,pha$ra & t ( ,pradon 01 t he knew h[ to write1 he did himself ! mo/ cry+ inju/ice1 & mu/ h all[$ himself to be bl9d$ by ! mis]able doctr9e ( 8 fri5d ,boileau1 :i* made ! ess5ce ( poetry to consi/ 9 diction & v]sification1 in/ead ( ! display ( imag9ation & fancy4 ,rac9e's la/ two pieces belong1 z is well kn[n1 to a v diff]5t epo* ( 8 life3 !y 7 bo? writt5 at ! same in/igation2 b are extremely dissimil> to ea* o!r4 ,e/h] sc>cely des]ves ! "n ( a trag$y2 writt5 = ! ent]ta9m5t ( well-br$ "y wom5 9 a pi\s sem9>y1 x does n rise mu* high] ?an its purpose4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 an a/oni%+ success4 ,! invitation to ! repres5tations 9 ,/4 ,cyr 0 look$ ^u z a c\rt fav\r2 flatt]y & sc&al delight$ to discov] allusions ?r\gh\t ! piece2 ,ahasu]us 0 said to repres5t ,l\is ,,xiv2 ,e/h]1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on2 ! pr\d ,va/i1 :o is only incid5tally allud$ to1 ,madame de ,montespan2 & ,haman1 ! ,m9i/] ,l\vois4 ,?is is c]ta9ly r a pr(ane application ( ! sacr$ hi/ory1 if we c suppose ! poet to h _h any su* object 9 view4 ,9 ,a?alie1 h[ev]1 ! poet exhibit$ himself = ! la/ "t1 be=e tak+ leave ( poetry & ! _w1 9 8 :ole /r5g?4 ,x is n only 8 mo/ f9i%$ "w1 b1 ,i h no hesitation 9 decl>+ x to be1 ( all ,fr5* trag$ies ! "o :i*1 free f all mann]ism1 approa*es ! ne>e/ to ! gr& /yle ( ! ,greeks4 ,! *orus is conceiv$ fully 9 ! anci5t s5se1 ?\gh introduc$ 9 a diff]5t mann] 9 ord] to suit our music1 & ! diff]5t arrangem5t ( our !atre4 ,! sc5e has all ! maje/y ( a public action4 ,expectation1 emotion1 & ke5 agitation succe$ ea* o!r1 & cont9ually rise ) ! progress ( ! drama3 ) a sev]e ab/95ce f all =eign matt]1 !re is /ill a display ( ! ri*e/ v>iety1 sometimes ( sweetness1 b m frequ5tly ( maje/y & gr&eur4 ,! inspiration ( ! prophet elevates ! fancy to flights ( m ?an usual boldness4 ,its import is exactly :at t ( a religi\s drama ought to be3 on e>?1 ! /ruggle betwe5 good & evil2 & 9 heav5 ! wakeful eye ( provid5ce beam+1 f unapproa*able glory1 rays ( con/ancy & resolution4 ,all is animat$ by "o brea?--! poet's pi\s en?usiasm1 ( ^: s9c]ity nei!r 8 life nor ! "w itself all[ u a mom5t to d\bt4 ,?is is ! v po9t 9 :i* s _m ,fr5* works ( art ) _! great pret5sions are1 nev]!less1 defici5t3 _! au?ors 7 n inspir$ by a f]v5t love ( _! subject1 b by ! desire ( ext]nal effect3 & h5ce ! vanity ( ! arti/ is cont9ually break+ =? to ?r[ a damp ov] our feel+s4 ,! un=tunate fate ( ?is piece is well kn[n4 ,scruples ( consci5ce z to ! propriety ( all !atrical repres5tations 7:i* appe> to be exclusively ent]ta9$ by ! ,gallican *ur*1 = bo? 9 ,italy & ,spa9 m5 ( religion & piety h ?\ght v diff]5tly on ?is subject17 prev5t$ ! repres5tation 9 ,/4 ,cyr2 x appe>$ 9 pr9t1 & 0 univ]sally abus$ & reprobat$2 & ?is reprobation ( x long surviv$ its au?or4 ,s incapable ( e ?+ s]i\s 0 ! pu]ile ta/e ( ! age4 ,among ! poets ( ?is p]iod1 ! y\ng] ,corneille des]ves to be m5tion$1 :o did n seek1 l 8 bro!r1 to excite a/oni%m5t by pictures ( h]oism s mu* z to w9 ! fav\r ( ! spectators by ^? t5d]nesses :i*1 to use ! words ( ,pradon1 are s agreeable4 ,( 8 num]\s trag$ies1 two1 only ! ,comte d',essex & ,ariadn1 keep possession ( ! /age2 ! re/ are consign$ to oblivion4 ,! latt] ( ! two1 compos$ aft] ! model ( ,b]5ice1 is a trag$y ( :i* ! cata/rophe may1 prop]ly speak+1 be said to consi/ 9 a swoon4 ,! situation ( ! resign$ & enam\r$ ,ariadne1 :o1 aft] all h] sacrifices1 sees h]self ab&on$ by ,!seus & betray$ by h] own si/]1 is express$ ) great tru? ( feel+4 ,:5ev] an actress ( an engag+ figure1 & ) a sweet voice1 appe>s 9 ?is "*1 %e is sure to excite our int]e/4 ,! o!r p>ts1 ! cold & deceitful ,!seus1 ! intrigu+ ,pha$ra1 :o cont9ues to ! la/ h] deception ( h] confid+ si/]1 ! p&]+ ,piri?bus1 & ,k+ ,o5>us1 :o in/antly (f]s himself 9 ! place ( ! fai?less lov]1 are all pitiful 9 ! extreme1 & frequ5tly ev5 laughable4 ,moreov]1 ! des]t rocks ( ,naxos are "h smoo!d d[n to mod]n draw+-rooms2 & ! pr9ces :o p !m1 ) all ! obs]vances ( polit5ess seek to out-wit ea* o!r1 or to beguile ! un=tunate pr9cess1 :o alone has any?+ l pret5sions to nature4 ,crebillon1 9 po9t ( "t1 comes betwe5 ,rac9e & ,voltaire1 ?\gh he 0 also ! rival ( ! latt]4 ,a num]\s p>ty wi%$ to set him1 :5 f> advanc$ 9 ye>s1 on a p> )1 nay1 ev5 to rank him f> high] ?an1 ,voltaire4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 b ! bitt]e/ ranc\r ( p>ty1 or ! utmo/ depravity ( ta/e1 or1 :at is mo/ probable1 ! two toge!r1 c\ld h l$ !m to su* signal inju/ice4 ,f> f hav+ contribut$ to ! purification ( ! tragic art1 he evid5tly atta*$ himself1 n to ! bett]1 b ! m affect$ au?ors ( ! age ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?4 ,9 8 total ignorance ( ! anci5ts1 he has ! arrogance to rank himself above !m4 ,8 fav\rite books 7 ! antiquat$ romances ( a ,calpr5$e1 & o!rs ( a simil> /amp3 f ^! he d]iv$ 8 extravagant & ill-connect$ plots4 ,"o ( ! means to :i* he ev]y:]e has rec\rse1 is ! unconsci\s or int5tional disguise ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s "u o!r names2 ! fir/ example ( :i* 0 giv5 9 ! ,h]aclius4 ,?us1 9 ,crebillon's ,electra1 ,ore/es does n become kn[n to himself be=e ! middle ( ! piece4 ,! bro!r & si/]1 & a son & daught] ( ,aegi/hus1 are almo/ exclusively occupi$ ) _! d\ble am\rs1 :i* nei!r contribute to1 nor injure1 ! ma9 action2 & ,clytemne/ra is kill$ by a bl[ f ,ore/es1 :i*1 )\t kn[+ h]1 he un9t5tionally & involunt>ily inflicts4 ,he ab\nds 9 extravagances ( e k9d2 ( su*1 = in/ance1 z ! %ameless impud5ce ( ,semiramis1 9 p]si/+ 9 h] love aft] %e has le>nt t its object is h] own son4 ,a few empty rav+s & common-place displays ( t]ror1 h ga9$ = ,crebillon ! appellation ( ! t]rible1 :i* af=ds u a /&>d = judg+ ( ! b>b>\s & affect$ ta/e ( ! age1 & ! inf9ite di/ance f nature & tru? to :i* x _h fall54 ,x is pretty mu* ! same z1 9 pa9t+1 to give ! appellation ( ! maje/ic to ,coypel4 ,,lecture ,,xx4 ,voltaire--,trag$ies on ,greek ,subjects3 ,o$ipe1 ,m]ope1 ,ore/e-- ,trag$ies on ,roman ,subjects3 ,brute1 ,mort de ,cs>1 ,catil9e1 ,le ,triumvirat--,e>li] ,pieces3 ,zaire1 ,alzire1 ,mahomet1 ,semiramis1 & ,tancr$4 ,to ,voltaire1 f 8 fir/ entrance on 8 dramatic c>e]1 we mu/ give cr$it bo? = a conviction t high] & m ext5sive ef=ts rema9$ to be made1 & = ! zeal necess>y to accompli% all t 0 yet undone4 ,h[ f> he 0 successful1 & h[ mu* he 0 himself bl9d$ by ! v national prejudices aga9/ :i* he cont5d$1 is ano!r "q4 ,= ! m easy review ( 8 works1 x w be useful to class toge!r ! pieces 9 :i* he h&l$ my?ological mat]ials1 & ^? :i* he d]iv$ f ! ,roman hi/ory4 ,8 e>lie/ trag$y1 ,o$ipe1 is a mixture ( adh]5ce to ! ,greeks ,footnote3 ,8 admiration ( !m seems to h be5 m d]iv$ f =eign influ5ce ?an f p]sonal /udy4 ,9 8 lett] to ! ,du*ess ( ,ma9e1 prefix$ to ,ore/e1 he relates h[1 9 8 e>ly y\?1 he _h access to a noble h\se :]e x 0 a cu/om to read ,sophocles1 & to make extempor>y translations f him1 & :]e !re 7 m5 :o ackn[l$g$ ! sup]iority ( ! ,greek ,!atre ov] ! ,fr5*4 ,9 va91 9 ! pres5t day1 %\ld we seek = su* m5 9 ,france1 among p ( any di/9ction1 s univ]sally is ! /udy ( ! classics depreciat$4 7) ! proviso1 h[ev]1 z may be suppos$1 ( improv+ on !m17 & ( compliance ) ! prevail+ mann]4 ,! be/ feature ( ?is "w ,voltaire ow$ to ,sophocles1 :om he nev]!less sl&]s 9 8 preface2 & 9 comp>ison ) ^: cata/rophe 8 own is flat 9 ! extreme4 ,n a little1 h[ev]1 0 borr[$ f ! frigid ,o$ipus ( ,corneille2 & m especially ! love ( ,philoctetus = ,joca/e1 :i* may be said to correspond ne>ly ) t ( ,!seus & ,dirce 9 ,corneille4 ,voltaire alleg$ 9 8 def5ce ! tyranny ( ! play]s1 f :i* a "y & unkn[n writ] _c emancipate himself4 ,we may notice ! frequ5t allusions to prie/craft1 sup]/ition1 c41 :i* ev5 at t e>ly p]iod betray ! future direction ( 8 m9d4 ,! ,m]ope1 a "w ( 8 ripe/ ye>s1 0 int5d$ z a p]fect revival ( ,greek trag$y1 an und]tak+ ( s great difficulty1 & s long ann\nc$ ) e note ( prep>ation4 ,its real m]it is ! exclusion ( ! cu/om>y love-sc5es 7( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,rac9e _h already giv5 an example 9 ! ,a?alie72 = 9 o!r respects ,g]man read]s h>dly ne$ to be told h[ mu* is n conceiv$ 9 ! true ,grecian _s4 ,moreov] ! confidants are also entirely aft] ! old traditional cut4 ,! o!r defects ( ! piece h be5 circum/antially1 &1 ,i might almo/ say1 too sev]ely1 c5sur$ by ,less+4 ,! trag$y ( ,m]ope1 if well act$1 c h>dly fail ( be+ receiv$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( fav\r4 ,?is is ow+ to ! nature ( its subject4 ,! passionate love ( a "m1 :o1 9 dread ( los+ h] only treasure1 & ?reat5$ ) cruel oppression1 /ill supports h] trials ) h]oic con/ancy1 & at la/ triumphs ov] !m1 is altoge!r a picture ( su* tru? & beauty1 t ! sympa?y x awak5s is b5efic5t1 & rema9s pure f e pa9ful +r$i5t4 ,/ill we mu/ n =get t ! piece belongs only 9 a v small measure to ,voltaire4 ,h[ mu* he has borr[$ f ,maffei1 & *ang$-- n always = ! bett]--has be5 already po9t$ out by ,less+4 ,( all remodell+s ( ,greek trag$ies1 ,ore/e1 ! late/1 appe>s ! f>!/ f ! antique simplicity & sev]ity1 al?\gh x is free f any mixture ( love-mak+1 & all m]e confidants are exclud$4 ,t ,ore/es %\ld und]take to de/roy ,aegi/hus is n[ise s+ul>1 & seems sc>cely to m]it su* m>k$ notice 9 ! tragical annals ( ! _w4 ,x is ! case :i* ,ari/otle lays d[n z ! mo/ indiff]5t1 :]e "o enemy kn[+ly attacks ! o!r4 ,& 9 ,voltaire's play nei!r ,ore/es nor ,electra h any?+ beyond ?is 9 view3 ,clytemne/ra is to be sp>$2 no oracle consigns to h] own son ! execution ( ! puni%m5t due to h] guilt4 ,b ev5 ! de$ 9 "q c h>dly be said to be execut$ by ,ore/es himself3 he goes to ,aegi/hus1 & falls1 simply en\gh x mu/ be own$1 into ! net1 & is only sav$ by an insurrection ( ! p4 ,accord+ to ! anci5ts1 ! oracle _h comm&$ him to attack ! crim9als ) cunn+1 z !y _h s attack$ ,agamemnon4 ,?is 0 a j retaliation3 to fall 9 op5 conflict w\ld h be5 too hon\rable a dea? = ,aegi/hus4 ,voltaire has add$1 ( 8 own inv5tion1 t he 0 also prohibit$ by ! oracle f mak+ himself kn[n to 8 si/]2 & :5 c>ri$ away by frat]nal love1 he breaks ?is injunction1 he is bl9d$ by ! ,furies1 & involunt>ily p]petrates ! de$ ( matricide4 ,^! c]ta9ly are s+ul> ideas to assign to ! gods1 & a mo/ unexampl$ puni%m5t = a slight1 nay1 ev5 a noble crime4 ,! accid5tal & un9t5tional /abb+ ( ,clytemne/ra 0 borr[$ f ,crebillon4 ,a ,fr5* writ] w h>dly v5ture to repres5t ?is subject ) my?ological tru?2 to describe1 = in/ance1 ! murd] z int5tional1 & execut$ by ! comm& ( ! gods4 ,if ,clytemne/ra 7 depict$ n z rejoic+ 9 ! success ( h] crime1 b rep5tant & s(t5$ by mat]nal love1 !n1 x is true1 h] dea? w\ld no long] be supportable4 ,b h[ does ?is apply to s prem$itat$ a crime8 ,by su* a transition to littl5ess ! :ole pr(\nd significance ( ! dreadful example is lo/4 ,z ! ,fr5* are 9 g5]al bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,romans ?an ! ,greeks1 we might expect ! ,roman pieces ( ,voltaire to be m consi/5t1 9 a political po9t ( view1 ) hi/orical tru?1 ?an 8 ,greek pieces are ) ! symbolical orig9al ( my?ology4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ! case only 9 ,brutus1 ! e>lie/ ( !m1 & ! only "o :i* c be said to be s5sibly plann$4 ,voltaire sket*$ ?is trag$y 9 ,engl&2 he _h !re le>n$ f ,julius ,caes> ! effect :i* ! publicity ( ,republican transactions is capable ( produc+ on ! /age1 & he wi%$ !re=e to hold some?+ l a middle c\rse betwe5 ,corneille & ,%akspe>e4 ,! fir/ act op5s maje/ically2 ! cata/rophe is brief b /rik+1 & ?r\gh\t ! pr9ciples ( g5u9e fre$om are pron\nc$ ) a grave & noble eloqu5ce4 ,brutus himself1 8 son ,titus1 ! ambassador ( ! k+1 & ! *ief ( ! conspirators1 are admirably depict$4 ,i am by no means dispos$ to c5sure ! introduction ( love into ?is play4 ,! passion ( ,titus = a daught] ( ,t>qu91 :i* con/itutes ! knot1 is n improbable1 & 9 its tone h>monizes ) ! mann]s :i* are depict$4 ,/ill less am ,i dispos$ to agree ) ,la ,h>pe1 :5 he says t ,tullia1 to af=d a fitt+ c\nt]poise to ! republican virtues1 ought to utt] pr\d & h]oic s5tim5ts1 l ,emilia 9 ,c9na4 ,by :at means c a noble y\? be m easily s$uc$ ?an by female t5d]ness & mode/y8 ,x is n1 g5]ally speak+1 natural t a be+ l ,emilia %\ld ev] inspire love4 ,! ,mort de ,cs> is a mutilat$ trag$y3 x ends ) ! spee* ( ,antony ov] ! dead body ( ,caes>1 borr[$ f ,%akspe>e2 t is to say1 x has no conclusion4 ,& :at a pat*$ & bungl+ ?+ is x 9 all its p>ts6 ,h[ co>se-spun & hurri$ is ! conspiracy6 ,h[ /upid ,caes> mu/ h be51 to all[ ! conspirators to brave him be=e 8 face )\t suspect+ _! design6 ,t ,brutus1 al?\gh he knew ,caes> to be 8 fa!r1 nay1 imm$iately aft] ?is fact _h come to 8 k1 %\ld lay murd]\s h&s on him1 is cruel1 &1 at ! same "t1 mo/ un-,roman4 ,hi/ory af=ds u _m examples ( fa!rs 9 ,rome :o condemn$ _! own sons to dea? = crimes ( /ate2 ! law gave fa!rs an unlimit$ p[] ( life & dea? ov] _! *ildr5 9 _! own h\ses4 ,b ! murd] ( a fa!r1 ?\gh p]petrat$ 9 ! cause ( lib]ty1 w\ld1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,romans1 h /amp$ ! p>ricide an unnatural mon/]4 ,! inconsi/5cies :i* "h arise f ! attempt to obs]ve ! unity ( place1 are obvi\s to ! lea/ disc]n+ eye4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! ,capitol2 "h ! conspiracy is hat*$ 9 ! cle> light ( day1 & ,caes> ! :ile goes 9 & out among !m4 ,b ! p]sons1 !mselves1 d n seem to "k rightly :]e !y are2 = ,caes> on "o occasion exclaims1 ,c\rons au ,capitole6 ,! same improprieties are repeat$ 9 ,catil9e1 :i* is b a little bett] ?an ! prec$+ piece4 ,f ,voltaire's s5tim5ts respect+ ! dramatic exhibition ( a conspiracy1 :i* ,i quot$ 9 ! =ego+ ,lecture1 we might well conclude t he _h n himself a "r und]/&+ on ?is head1 7 x n q evid5t t ! ,fr5* sy/em r5d]$ a true repres5tation ( su* transactions all b impossible1 n only by ! requir$ obs]vance ( ! ,unities ( ,place & ,"t1 b also on acc\nt ( a dem& = dignity ( poetical expression1 su* z is q incompatible ) ! accurate m5tion ( p>ticul> circum/ances1 on :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case dep5ds ! tru?fulness ( ! :ole4 ,! ma*9ations ( a conspiracy1 & ! endeav\rs to fru/rate !m1 are l ! und]gr\nd m9e & c\nt]- m9e1 ) :i* ! besieg]s & ! besieg$ endeav\r to bl[ up ea* o!r4--,some?+ mu/ be done to enable ! spectators to compreh5d ! art ( ! m9]s4 ,if ,catil9e & 8 adh]5ts _h employ$ no m art & dissimulation1 & ,cic]o no m det]m9$ wisdom1 ?an ,voltaire has giv5 !m1 ! "o c\ld n h endang]$ ,rome1 & ! o!r c\ld n h sav$ x4 ,! piece turns always on ! same po9t2 !y all declaim aga9/ ea* o!r1 b no "o acts2 & at ! conclusion1 ! affair is decid$ z if by accid5t1 by ! bl9d *ance ( w>4 ,:5 we read ! simple relation ( ,sallu/1 x has ! appe>ance ( ! g5u9e poetry ( ! matt]1 & ,voltaire's "w by ! side ( x looks l a piece ( s*ool rhetoric4 ,b5 ,jonson has treat$ ! subject ) a v diff]5t insight into ! true connexion ( human affairs2 & ,voltaire might h le>n$ a great deal f ! man 9 traduc+ :om he did n sp>e ev5 falsehood4 ,! ,triumvirat belongs to ! ackn[l$g$ unsuccessful essays ( 8 old age4 ,x consi/s ( endless declamations on ! subject ( proscription1 :i* are poorly support$ by a m]e %[ ( action4 ,"h we f9d ! ,triumvirs quietly sitt+ 9 _! t5ts on an isl& 9 ! small riv] ,rh5us1 :ile /orms1 e>?quakes1 & volcanoes rage ar\nd !m2 & ,julia & ! "y ,pompeius1 al?\gh !y are travell+ on t]ra firma1 are depict$ z if !y _h be5 j %ipwreck$ on ! /r&2 besides a numb] ( o!r absurdities4 ,voltaire1 probably by way ( apology = ! poor success :i* ! piece _h on its repres5tation1 says1 ,?is piece is p]haps 9 ! ,engli% ta/e4--,heav5 =bid6 ,we return to ! e>li] trag$ies ( ,voltaire1 9 :i* he br\ght on ! /age subjects nev] be=e attempt$1 & on :i* 8 fame z a dramatic poet pr9cipally re/s3 ,zaire1 ,alzire1 ,mahomet1 ,semiramis1 & ,tancr$4 ,zaire is consid]$ 9 ,france z ! triumph ( tragic poetry 9 ! repres5tation ( lore & jeal\sy4 ,we w n ass]t ) ,less+1 t ,voltaire 0 acqua9t$ only ) ! legal /yle ( love4 ,he (t5 expresses feel+ ) a fi]y en]gy1 if n ) t famili> tru? & navet 9 :i* an unres]v$ he>t lays itself op54 ,b ,i see no trace ( an ori5tal col\r+ 9 ,zaire's ca/ ( feel+3 educat$ 9 ! s]aglio1 %e %\ld cl+ to ! object ( h] passion ) all ! f]v\r ( a maid5 ( a gl[+ imag9ation1 riot+1 z x 71 9 ! fragrant p]fumes ( ! ,ea/4 ,h] fanciless love dwells solely 9 ! he>t2 & aga9 h[ is ?is conceivable ) su* a "*6 ,orosman1 on 8 "p1 lays claim inde$ to ,european t5d]ness ( feel+2 b 9 him ! ,t>t> is m]ely v>ni%$ ov]1 & he has frequ5t relapses into ! ungov]nable fury & despotic habits ( 8 race4 ,! poet ought at lea/ to h giv5 a cr$ibility to ! magnanimity :i* he ascribes to him1 by inve/+ him ) a celebrat$ hi/orical "n1 su* z t ( ! ,s>ac5 mon>* ,salad91 well kn[n = 8 nobl5ess & lib]ality ( s5tim5t4 ,b all our sympa?y incl9es to ! oppress$ ,*ri/ian & *ivalr\s side1 & ! glori\s names to :i* x is appropriat$4 ,:at c be m affect+ ?an ! royal m>tyr ,lusignan1 ! upright & pi\s ,n]e/an1 :o1 ?\gh 9 ! fire ( y\?1 has no he>t = de$s ( bloody ent]prise except to r$eem ! associates ( 8 fai?8 ,! sc5es 9 :i* ^! two *>act]s appe> are uni=mly excell5t1 & m p>ticul>ly ! :ole ( ! second act4 ,! idea ( connect+ ! discov]y ( a daught] ) h] conv]sion c nev] be suffici5tly prais$4 ,b1 9 my op9ion1 ! great effect ( ?is act is injuri\s to ! re/ ( ! piece4 ,does any p]son s]i\sly wi% ! union ( ,zaire ) ,orosman1 except lady spectators flatt]$ ) ! homage :i* is paid to beauty1 or ^? ( ! male "p ( ! audi5ce :o are /ill entangl$ 9 ! follies ( y\?8 ,:o else c g along ) ! poet1 :5 ,zaire's love = ! ,sultan1 s ill-ju/ifi$ by 8 acts1 balances 9 h] s\l ! voice ( blood1 & ! mo/ sacr$ claims ( filial duty1 hon\r1 & religion8 ,x 0 a praisewor?y d>+ 7su* s+ul> prejudices !n prevail$ 9 ,france7 to exhibit ,fr5* h]oes 9 ,zaire4 ,9 ,alzire ,voltaire w5t /ill f>!r1 & treat$ a subject 9 mod]n hi/ory nev] yet t\*$ by 8 c\ntrym54 ,9 ! =m] piece he contra/$ ! *ivalr\s & ,s>ac5ic way ( ?9k+2 9 ?is we h ,spani>ds oppos$ to ,p]uvians4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & new _w has giv5 rise to descriptions ( a truly poetical nature4 ,?\gh ! action is a pure inv5tion1 ,i recognise 9 ?is piece m hi/orical & m ( :at we may call symbolical tru?1 ?an 9 mo/ ,fr5* trag$ies4 ,zamor is a repres5tation ( ! savage 9 8 free1 & ,monteze 9 8 subdu$ /ate2 ,guzman1 ( ! arrogance ( ! conqu]or2 & ,alv>ez1 ( ! mild influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,alzire rema9s betwe5 ^! conflict+ elem5ts 9 an affect+ /ruggle betwixt atta*m5t to h] c\ntry1 its mann]s1 & ! fir/ *oice ( h] he>t1 on ! "o "p1 & new ties ( hon\r & duty on ! o!r4 ,all ! human motives speak 9 fav\r ( ,alzire's love1 :i* 7 aga9/ ! passion ( ,zaire4 ,! la/ sc5e1 :]e ! dy+ ,guzman is dragg$ 91 is b5efic5tly ov]p[]+4 ,! noble l9es on ! diff]5ce ( _! religions1 by :i* ,zamor is conv]t$ by ,guzman1 are borr[$ f an ev5t 9 hi/ory3 !y are ! words ( ! ,duke ( ,guise to a ,hugu5ot :o wi%$ to kill him2 b ! glory ( ! poet is n !re=e less 9 apply+ !m z he has done4 ,9 %ort1 not)/&+ ! improbabilities 9 ! plot1 :i* are easily discov]$1 & h (t5 be5 c5sur$1 ,alzire appe>s to be ! mo/ =tunate attempt1 & ! mo/ f9i%$ ( all ,voltaire's compositions4 ,9 ,mahomet1 want ( true s+l5ess ( purpose has fe>fully av5g$ itself on ! arti/4 ,he may affirm z mu* z he pleases t 8 aim 0 direct$ solely aga9/ fanaticism2 !re c be no d\bt t he wi%$ to ov]?r[ ! belief 9 revelation altoge!r1 & t = t object he consid]$ e means all[able4 ,we h ?us a "w :i* is productive ( effect2 b an al>m+ly pa9ful effect1 equally repugnant to humanity1 philosophy1 & religi\s feel+4 ,! ,mahomet ( ,voltaire makes two innoc5t "y p]sons1 a bro!r & si/]1 :o1 ) a *ildlike rev]5ce1 adore him z a mess5g] f ,god1 unconsci\sly murd] _! own fa!r1 & ?is f ! motives ( an ince/u\s love 9 :i*1 by 8 all[ance1 !y _h also become unkn[+ly entangl$2 ! bro!r1 aft] he has bl9dly execut$ 8 horrible mission1 he rew>ds ) poison1 & ! si/] he res]ves = ! gratification ( 8 own vile lu/4 ,?is tissue ( atrocities1 ?is cold-blood$ delight 9 wick$ness1 exce$s p]haps ! measure ( human nature2 b1 at all ev5ts1 x exce$s ! b\nds ( poetic exhibition1 ev5 ?\gh su* a mon/] %\ld ev] h appe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,b1 ov]look+ ?is1 :at a disfigurem5t1 nay1 di/ortion1 ( hi/ory6 ,he has /ripp$ h]1 too1 ( h] wond]ful *>ms2 n a trace ( ori5tal col\r+ is to be f\nd4 ,mahomet 0 a false prophet1 b "o c]ta9ly "u ! inspiration ( en?usiasm1 o!rwise he w\ld nev] by 8 doctr9e h revolutioniz$ ! half ( ! _w4 ,:at an absurdity to make him m]ely a cool deceiv]6 ,"o alone ( ! _m sublime maxims ( ! ,koran w\ld be suffici5t to annihilate ! :ole ( ^! incongru\s inv5tions4 ,semiramis is a motley pat*work ( ! ,fr5* mann] & mi/ak5 imitations4 ,x has some?+ ( ,hamlet1 & some?+ ( ,clytemne/ra & ,ore/es2 b no?+ ( any ( !m z x ought to be4 ,! passion = an unkn[n son is borr[$ f ! ,semiramis ( ,crebillon4 ,! appe>ance ( ,n9us is a mixture ( ! ,gho/ 9 ,hamlet & ! %ad[ ( ,d>ius 9 ,aes*ylus4 ,t x is sup]flu\s has be5 admitt$ ev5 by ! ,fr5* critics4 ,less+1 ) 8 raill]y1 has sc>$ away ! ,gho/4 ,) a great _m faults common to ord9>y gho/-sc5es1 x has ?is peculi> "o1 t its spee*es are dreadfully bomba/ic4 ,not)/&+ ! great zeal display$ by ,voltaire aga9/ subord9ate love intrigues 9 trag$y1 he has1 h[ev]1 contriv$ to exhibit two pairs ( lov]s1 ! p>tie c>re z x is call$1 9 ?is play1 :i* 0 to be ! f\ndation ( an entirely new species4 ,s9ce ! ,cid1 no ,fr5* trag$y _h appe>$ ( :i* ! plot 0 f\nd$ on su* pure motives ( hon\r & love )\t any ignoble int]mixtures1 & s completely consecrat$ to ! exhibition ( *ivalr\s s5tim5ts1 z ,tancr$4 ,am5aide1 ?\gh hon\r & life are at /ake1 disda9s to exculpate h]self by a decl>ation :i* w\ld endang] h] lov]2 & ,tancr$1 ?\gh ju/ifi$ 9 e/eem+ h] fai? less1 def5ds h] 9 s+le combat1 &1 9 despair1 is ab\t to seek a h]o's dea?1 :5 ! un=tunate mi/ake is cle>$ up4 ,s f> ! piece is irreproa*able1 & des]v+ ( ! greate/ praise4 ,b x is weak5$ by o!r imp]fections4 ,x is ( great detrim5t to its p]spicuity1 t we are n at ! v fir/ all[$ to he> ! lett] )\t sup]scription :i* occasions all ! emb>rassm5t1 & t x is n s5t (f be=e our eyes4 ,! political disquisitions 9 ! fir/ act are extremely t$i\s2 ,tancr$ does n appe> till ! ?ird act1 ?\gh 8 pres5ce is impati5tly look$ =1 to give animation to ! sc5e4 ,! furi\s imprecations ( ,am5aide1 at ! conclusion1 are n 9 h>mony ) ! deep b s(t emotion ) :i* we are ov]p[]$ by ! reconciliation ( ! two lov]s1 ^: he>ts1 aft] s long a mutual misund]/&+1 are reunit$ 9 ! mom5t ( sep>ation by dea?4 ,9 ! e>li] piece ( ! ,orphel9 de la ,*9e1 x might be consid]$ p>donable if ,voltaire repres5t$ ! great ,ds*+is-kan 9 love4 ,?is drama ought to be entitl$ ,! ,conque/ ( ,*9a1 ) ! conv]sion ( ! cruel ,khan ( ,t>t>y1 c4 ,its :ole int]e/ is conc5trat$ 9 two *ildr51 :o are nev] once se54 ,! ,*9ese are repres5t$ z ! mo/ wise & virtu\s ( mank9d1 & !y ov]fl[ ) philosophical maxims4 ,z ,corneille1 9 8 old age1 made "o & all ( 8 *>act]s politicians1 ,voltaire 9 l mann] furni%$ 8 out ) philosophy1 & avail$ himself ( !m to prea* up 8 fav\rite op9ions4 ,he 0 n det]r$ by ! example ( ,corneille1 :5 ! p[] ( repres5t+ ! passions 0 ext9ct1 f publi%+ a ho/ ( weak & faulty productions4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,voltaire ! con/itution ( ! ,fr5* /age has rema9$ ne>ly ! same4 ,no g5ius has yet aris5 suffici5tly mighty to advance ! art a /ep f>!r1 & victori\sly to refute1 by success1 _! "t-/r5g!n$ prejudices4 ,_m attempts h be5 made1 b !y g5]ally foll[ 9 ! track ( previ\s essays1 )\t surpass+ !m4 ,! endeav\r to introduce m hi/orical ext5t into dramatic composition is fru/rat$ by ! traditional limitations & re/ra9ts4 ,! attacks1 bo? !oretical & practical1 :i* h be5 made 9 ,france itself on ! prevail+ sy/em ( rules1 w be mo/ suitably notic$ & obs]v$ ^u :5 we come to review ! pres5t condition ( ! ,fr5* /age1 aft] consid]+ _! ,com$y & ! o!r second>y k9ds ( dramatic works1 s9ce 9 ^! attempts h be5 made ei!r to f\nd new species1 or arbitr>ily to ov]turn ! classification hi!rto e/abli%$4 ,,lecture ,,xxi4 ,fr5* ,com$y--,molire--,criticism ( 8 ,works--,sc>ron1 ,beursault1 ,regn>d2 ,com$ies 9 ! ,"t ( ! ,reg5cy2 ,m>ivaux & ,de/\*es2 ,piron & ,gresset--,lat] ,attempts--,! ,h]oic ,op]a3 ,qu9ault--,op]ettes & ,vaudevilles--,did]ot's attempt$ ,*ange ( ! ,!atre--,! ,weep+ ,drama--,beaum>*ais--,melo-,dramas--,m]i ts & ,defects ( ! ,hi/rionic ,art4 ,! same sy/em ( rules & proprieties1 :i*1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 mu/ inevitably h a n>r[+ influ5ce on ,trag$y1 has1 9 ,france1 be5 appli$ to ,com$y mu* m advantage\sly4 ,= ?is mix$ species ( composition has1 z already se51 an unpoetical side2 & "s degree ( artificial con/ra9t1 if n altoge!r ess5tial to ,com$y1 is c]ta9ly b5eficial to x2 = if x is treat$ ) too neglig5t a latitude1 x runs a risk1 9 respect ( g5]al /ructure1 ( fall+ into %apelessness1 & 9 ! repres5tation ( individual peculi>ities1 ( s9k+ into e-day common-place4 ,9 ! ,fr5*1 z well z 9 ! ,greek1 x happ5s t ! same syllabic measure is us$ 9 ,trag$y & ,com$y1 :i*1 on a fir/ view1 may appe> s+ul>4 ,b if ! ,alex&r9e did n appe> to u peculi>ly adapt$ to ! free imitative expression ( pa?os1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be own$ t a comical effect is produc$ by ! application ( s symmetrical a measure to ! famili> turns ( dialogue4 ,moreov]1 ! grammatical consci5ti\sness ( ,fr5* poetry1 :i* is s greatly injuri\s 9 o!r species ( ! drama1 is fully suit$ to ,com$y1 :]e ! v]sification is n pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( resemblance to ! language ( conv]sation1 :]e x is n int5d$ to elevate ! dialogue by sublimity & dignity above real life1 b m]ely to communicate to x great] ease & lightness4 ,h5ce ! op9ion ( ! ,fr5*1 :o hold a com$y 9 v]se 9 mu* high] e/imation ?an a com$y 9 prose1 seems to me to admit fairly ( a ju/ification4 ,i endeav\r$ to %[ t ! ,unities ( ,place & ,"t are inconsi/5t ) ! ess5ce ( _m tragical subjects1 because a compreh5sive action is frequ5tly c>ri$ on 9 di/ant places at ! same "t1 & because great det]m9ations c only be sl[ly prep>$4 ,?is is n ! case 9 ,com$y3 "h ,intrigue ought to prevail1 ! active _s ( :i* quickly hurries t[>ds its object2 & h5ce ! unity ( "t may "h be almo/ naturally obs]v$4 ,! dome/ic & social circles 9 :i* ,com$y moves are usually assembl$ 9 "o place1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! poet is n "u ! necessity ( s5d+ our imag9ation abroad3 only x might p]haps h be5 z well n to int]pret ! unity ( place s v /rictly z n to all[ ! transition f "o room to ano!r1 or to diff]5t h\ses ( ! same t[n4 ,! *oice ( ! /reet = ! sc5e1 a practice 9 :i* ! ,lat9 comic writ]s 7 frequ5tly foll[$ 9 ! e>li] times ( ,mod]n ,com$y1 is q irreconcileable ) our way ( liv+1 & ! m des]v+ ( c5sure1 z 9 ! case ( ! anci5ts x 0 an inconv5i5ce :i* arose f ! con/ruction ( _! !atre4 ,accord+ to ,fr5* critics1 & ! op9ion :i* has become preval5t ?r\gh !m1 ,molire alone1 ( all _! comic writ]s1 is classical2 & all t has be5 done s9ce 8 "t is m]ely e/imat$ z x approximates m or less to ?is suppos$ patt]n ( an excell5ce :i* c nev] be surpass$1 nor ev5 equall$4 ,h5ce we %all fir/ proce$ to *>act]ize ?is f\nd] ( ! ,fr5* ,com$y1 & !n give a %ort sket* ( its subsequ5t progress4 ,molire has produc$ works 9 s _m dep>tm5ts1 & ( su* diff]5t value1 t we are h>dly able to recognize ! same au?or 9 all ( !m2 & yet x is usual1 :5 speak+ ( 8 peculi>ities & m]its1 & ! advance :i* he gave to 8 art1 to ?r[ ! :ole ( 8 lab\rs into "o mass toge!r4 ,born & educat$ 9 an inf]ior rank ( life1 he enjoy$ ! advantage ( le>n+ by direct exp]i5ce ! modes ( liv+ among ! indu/ri\s portion ( ! community--! s-call$ ,b\rgeois class--& ( acquir+ ! tal5t ( imitat+ l[ modes ( expression4 ,at an aft] p]iod1 :5 ,l\is ,,xiv4 took him into 8 s]vice1 he _h opportunities1 ?\gh f a subord9ate /ation1 ( n>r[ly obs]v+ ! c\rt4 ,he 0 an actor1 &1 x w\ld appe>1 ( peculi> p[] 9 ov]*>g$ & f>cical comic p>ts2 s little 0 he possess$ ) prejudices ( p]sonal dignity1 t he r5\nc$ all ! conditions by :i* x 0 accompani$1 & 0 ev] ready to deal out1 or to receive ! bl[s :i* 7 !n s frequ5t on ! /age4 ,nay1 8 mimetic zeal w5t s f>1 t1 actually sick1 he act$ & drew 8 la/ brea? 9 repres5t+ 8 ,imag9>y ,invalid 7,le ,malade ,imag9aire71 & became1 9 ! true/ s5se1 a m>tyr to ! laught] ( o!rs4 ,8 bus9ess 0 to inv5t all mann] ( pleasant ent]ta9m5ts = ! c\rt1 & to provoke ! greate/ mon>* ( ! _w to laught]1 by way ( relaxation f 8 /ate affairs or w>like und]tak+s4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 on ! triumphant return f a glori\s campaign1 ?is might h be5 accompli%$ ) m ref9em5t ?an by ! repres5tation ( ! disgu/+ /ate ( an imag9>y invalid4 ,b ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 n s fa/idi\s2 he 0 v well cont5t ) ! buffoon :om he protect$1 & ev5 occasionally exhibit$ 8 own elevat$ p]son 9 ! dances ( 8 ballets4 ,?is ext]nal position ( ,molire 0 ! cause :y _m ( 8 lab\rs _h _! orig9 z m]e occasional pieces 9 ! comm&s ( ! c\rt4 ,&1 accord+ly1 !y be> ! /amp ( t orig94 ,)\t travell+ out ( ,france1 he _h opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! lazzis ( ! ,italian comic masks on ! ,italian !atre at ,p>is1 :]e improvisatory dialogues 7 int]mix$ ) sc5es writt5 9 ,fr5*3 9 ! ,spani% com$ies he /udi$ ! +5i\s complications ( intrigue3 ,plautus & ,t]5ce taught him ! salt ( ! ,attic wit1 ! g5u9e tone ( comic maxims1 & ! nic] %ades ( "*4 ,all ?is he employ$1 ) m or less success1 9 ! exig5cy ( ! mom5t1 & also 9 ord] to deck out 8 drama 9 a sprightly & v>iegat$ dress1 made use ( all mann] ( means1 h[ev] =eign to 8 art3 su* z ! allegorical op5+ sc5es ( ! op]a prologues1 musical int]mezzos1 9 :i* he ev5 introduc$ ,italian & ,spani% national music1 ) texts 9 _! own language2 ballets1 at "o "t sumptu\s & at ano!r grotesque2 & ev5 sometimes m]e vault+ & cap]+4 ,he knew h[ to turn ev]y?+ to pr(it3 ! c5sure pass$ ^u 8 pieces1 ! defects ( rival actors imitat$ to ! life by himself & 8 company1 & ev5 ! emb>rassm5t 9 n be+ able to produce a !atrical ent]ta9m5t z quickly z x 0 requir$ by ! k+1--all became = him a matt] = amusem5t4 ,! pieces he borr[$ f ! ,spani%1 8 pa/orals & tragi-com$ies1 calculat$ m]ely to please ! eye1 & also ?ree or f\r ( 8 e>li] com$ies1 :i* are ev5 v]sifi$1 & consequ5tly c>efully lab\r$1 ! critics give up )\t m ado4 ,b ev5 9 ! f>ces1 ) or )\t ballets1 & int]mezzos1 9 :i* ! ov]*>g$1 & frequ5tly ! self-consci\s & arbitr>y comic ( buffoon]y prevails1 ,molire has exhibit$ an inexhau/ible /ore ( excell5t hum\r1 scatt]$ capital jokes ) a lavi% h&1 & drawn ! mo/ amus+ c>icatures ) a bold & vigor\s p5cil4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 _h be5 (t5 done be=e 8 "t2 & ,i _c see h[1 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 he c /& alone1 z a creative & altoge!r orig9al arti/3 = example1 is ,plautus' braggadocio soldi] less m]itori\s 9 grotesque *>act]ization ?an ! ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme8 ,we %all imm$iately exam9e briefly :e!r ,molire has actually improv$ ! pieces :i* he borr[$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 f ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d t 9 ^! ,lat9 au?ors we h only a fa9t & fad$ copy ( ! new ,attic ,com$y1 we %all !n be enabl$ to judge :e!r he w\ld h be5 able to surpass its ma/]s _h !y come d[n to u4 ,_m ( 8 %ifts & inv5tions1 ,i am induc$ to suspect1 are borr[$2 & ,i am conv9c$ t we %\ld soon discov] ! s\rces1 7 we to se>* into ! antiquities ( f>cical lit]ature ,footnote3 ,! le>n$ ,tiranos*i 7,/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana1 ,lib4 ,,iii4 #be7 atte/s ?is 9 v /rong language3 ,molire1 says he1 has made s mu* use ( ! ,italian comic writ]s1 t 7 we to take f him all t he has tak5 f o!rs1 ! volumes ( 8 com$ies w\ld be v mu* r$uc$ 9 bulk44 ,o!rs are s obvi\s1 & h s (t5 be5 bo? us$ & abus$1 t !y may 9 "s measure be consid]$ z ! common /ock ( ,com$y4 ,su* is ! sc5e 9 ! ,malade ,imag9aire1 :]e ! wife's love is put to ! te/ by ! suppos$ dea? ( ! husb&--an old joke1 :i* our ,hans ,sa*s has h&l$ drolly en\gh4 ,footnote3 ,i "k n :e!r x has be5 already rem>k$1 t ! idea on :i* ! ,m>iage ,=c is f\nd$ is borr[$ f ,rabelais2 :o makes ,panurge ent] ^u ! v same consultation z to 8 future m>riage1 & receive f ,pantagruel j su* a sceptical answ] z ,sgan>elle does f ! second philosoph]4 ,we h an av[al ( ,molire's1 :i* pla9ly %[s he ent]ta9$ no v great scruples ( consci5ce on ! s9 ( plagi>ism4 ,9 ! undignifi$ relations amid/ :i* he liv$1 & 9 :i* e ?+ 0 s mu* calculat$ = dazzl+ %[1 t 8 v "n did n legally belong to him1 we see less reason to wond] at all ?is4 ,& ev5 :5 9 8 f>cical pieces ,molire did n lean on =eign inv5tion1 he /ill appropriat$ ! comic mann]s ( o!r c\ntries1 & m p>ticul>ly ! buffoon]y ( ,italy4 ,he wi%$ to introduce a sort ( mask$ "* )\t masks1 :o %\ld con/antly recur ) ! same "n4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 becom+ prop]ly domiciliat$ 9 ,france2 because ! flexible national "* ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* s nimbly imitates e v>y+ mode ( ! day1 is incompatible ) t odd orig9ality ( ext]ior to :i* 9 o!r nations1 :]e all are n modell$ alike by ! prevail+ social tone1 humorsome & s+ul> individuals c>elessly give !mselves up4 ,z ! ,sgan>elles1 ,masc>illes1 ,scap9s1 & ,crisp9s1 mu/ be all[$ to reta9 _! uni=m1 t e ?+ l consi/5cy may n be lo/1 !y h become completely obsolete on ! /age4 ,! ,fr5* ta/e is1 g5]ally speak+1 little incl9$ to ! self-consci\s & arbitr>y comic1 ) its droll exagg]ations1 ev5 because ^! k9ds ( ! comic speak m to ! fancy ?an ! und]/&+4 ,we d n mean to c5sure ?is1 nor to qu>rel ab\t ! respective m]its ( ! diff]5t species4 ,! l[ e/imation 9 :i* ! =m] are held may p]haps contribute ! m to ! success ( ! comic ( obs]vation1 ,&1 9 fact1 ! ,fr5* comic writ]s h "h display$ a great deal ( ref9em5t & +5uity3 9 ?is lies ! great m]it ( ,molire1 & x is c]ta9ly v em95t4 ,only1 we w\ld ask1 :e!r x is ( su* a description z to ju/ify ! ,fr5* critics1 on acc\nt ( "s half a doz5 ( s- call$ regul> com$ies ( ,molire1 9 hold+ 9 su* inf9ite contempt z !y d all ! ri* /ores ( ref9$ & *>act]i/ic del9eation :i* o!r nations possess1 & 9 sett+ up ,molire z ! unrivall$ ,g5ius ( ,com$y4 ,if ! praise be/[$ by ! ,fr5* on _! tragic writ]s be1 bo? f national vanity & f ignorance ( ! m5tal productions ( o!r nations1 exce$+ly extravagant2 s _! praises ( ,molire are out ( all proportion ) _! subject4 ,voltaire calls him ! ,fa!r ( ,g5u9e ,com$y2 & ?is may be true en\gh ) respect to ,france4 ,accord+ to ,la ,h>pe1 ,com$y & ,molire are synonym\s t]ms2 he is ! fir/ ( all moral philosoph]s1 8 works are ! s*ool ( ! _w4 ,*am=t t]ms him ! mo/ amiable tea*] ( humanity s9ce ,socrates2 & is ( op9ion t ,julius ,caes> :o call$ ,t]5ce a half ,m5&]1 w\ld h call$ ,m5&] a half ,molire4--,i d\bt ?is4 ,! k9d ( moral :i* we may 9 g5]al expect f ,com$y ,i h already %[n3 x is an appli$ doctr9e ( e?ics1 ! art ( life4 ,9 ?is respect ! high] com$ies ( ,molire conta9 _m admirable obs]vations happily express$1 :i* are /ill 9 ! pres5t day applicable2 o!rs are ta9t$ ) ! n>r[ness ( 8 own private op9ions1 or ( ! op9ions :i* 7 preval5t 9 8 age4 ,9 ?is s5se ,m5&] 0 also a philosophical comic writ]2 & we may boldly place ! moral maxims :i* rema9 ( 8 by ! side at lea/ ( ^? ( ,molire4 ,b no com$y is con/ruct$ ( m]e apoph!gms4 ,! poet mu/ be a morali/1 b 8 p]sonages _c always be moraliz+4 ,& "h ,molire appe>s to me to h exce$$ ! b\nds ( propriety3 he gives u 9 l5g!n$ disquisitions ! pro & con ( ! "* exhibit$ by him2 nay1 he all[s ^! to consi/1 9 "p1 ( pr9ciples :i* ! p]sons !mselves def5d aga9/ ! attacks ( o!rs4 ,n[ ?is leaves no?+ to conjecture2 & yet ! highe/ ref9em5t & delicacy ( ! comic ( obs]vation consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! *>act]s disclose !mselves unconsci\sly by traits :i* involunt>ily escape f !m4 ,to ?is species ( comic elem5t1 ! way 9 :i* ,oronte introduces 8 sonnet1 ,orgon li/5s to ! acc\nts respect+ ,t>tuffe & 8 wife1 & ,vadius & ,trissot9 fall by ! e>s1 und\bt$ly belongs2 b ! endless disquisitions ( ,alce/e & ,phil9te z to ! mann] 9 :i* we ought to behave amid ! falsity & corruption ( ! _w d n 9 ! slighte/ respect belong to x4 ,!y are s]i\s1 & yet !y _c satisfy u z exhau/+ ! subject2 & z dialogues :i* at ! end leave ! *>act]s precisely at ! same po9t z at ! beg9n+1 !y are devoid 9 ! necess>y dramatic movem5t4 ,su* argum5tative disquisitions :i* lead to no?+ are frequ5t 9 all ! mo/ admir$ pieces ( ,molire1 & n[h]e m ?an 9 ! ,misan?rope4 ,h5ce ! action1 :i* is also poorly inv5t$1 is f\nd to drag heavily2 =1 ) ! exception ( a few sc5es ( a m sprightly description1 x consi/s altoge!r ( disc\rses =mally introduc$ & support$1 :ile ! /agnation is only p>tially conceal$ by ! art employ$ on ! details ( v]sification & expression4 ,9 a ^w1 ^! pieces are too didactic1 too expressly in/ructive2 :]eas 9 ,com$y ! spectator %\ld only be in/ruct$ incid5tally1 &1 z x 71 )\t its appe>+ to h be5 int5d$4 ,be=e we proce$ to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! productions :i* prop]ly belong to ! poet himself1 & are ackn[l$g$ z ma/]- pieces1 we %all (f] a few obs]vations on 8 imitations ( ! ,lat9 comic writ]s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ is ! ,av>e4 ,! manuscripts ( ! ,aulul>ia ( ,plautus are un=tunately mutilat$ t[>ds ! end2 b yet we f9d en\gh 9 !m to excite our admiration4 ,f ?is play ,molire has m]ely borr[$ a few sc5es & jokes1 = 8 plot is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,9 ,plautus x is extremely simple3 8 ,mis] has f\nd a treasure1 :i* he anxi\sly wat*es & conceals4 ,! suit ( a ri* ba*elor = 8 daught] excites a suspicion t 8 weal? is kn[n4 ,! prep>ations = ! w$d+ br+ /range s]vants & cooks into 8 h\se2 he consid]s 8 pot ( gold no long] secure1 & conceals x out ( doors1 :i* gives an opportunity to a slave ( 8 daught]'s *os5 lov]1 s5t to glean tid+s ( h] & h] m>riage1 to /eal x4 ,)\t d\bt ! ?ief mu/ aft]w>ds h be5 oblig$ to make re/itution1 o!rwise ! piece w\ld end 9 too melan*oly a mann]1 ) ! lam5tations & imprecations ( ! old man4 ,! knot ( ! love intrigue is easily unti$3 ! "y man1 :o _h anticipat$ ! rights ( ! m>riage /ate1 is ! nephew ( ! bridegroom1 :o will+ly r5\nces 9 8 fav\r4 ,all ! incid5ts s]ve m]ely to lead ! mis]1 by a gradually height5+ s]ies ( agitations & al>ms1 to display & expose 8 mis]able passion4 ,molire1 on ! o!r h&1 )\t atta9+ ?is object1 puts a complicat$ ma*9e 9 motion4 ,"h we h a lov] ( ! daught]1 :o1 disguis$ z a s]vant1 flatt]s ! av>ice ( ! old man2 a prodigal son1 :o c\rts ! bride ( 8 fa!r2 intrigu+ s]vants2 an usur]2 & aft] all a discov]y at ! end4 ,! love intrigue is spun out 9 a v clumsy & e-day sort ( mann]2 & x has ! effect ( mak+ u at diff]5t times lose sight altoge!r ( ,h>pagon4 ,sev]al sc5es ( a good comic description are m]ely subord9ate1 & d n1 9 a true arti/ic me?od1 arise necess>ily out ( ! ?+ itself4 ,molire has accumulat$1 z x 71 all k9ds ( av>ice 9 "o p]son2 & yet ! mis] :o buries 8 treasures & he :o l5ds on usury c h>dly be ! same4 ,h>pagon />ves 8 coa*- horses3 b :y has he any8 ,?is w\ld apply bett] to a man :o1 ) a disproportionate income1 /rives to keep up a c]ta9 appe>ance ( rank4 ,comic *>act]ization w\ld soon be at an end 7 !re really only "o univ]sal "* ( ! mis]4 ,! mo/ important deviation ( ,molire f ,plautus is1 t :ile ! "o pa9ts m]ely a p]son :o wat*es ov] 8 treasure1 ! o!r makes 8 mis] 9 love4 ,! love ( an old man is 9 itself an object ( ridicule2 ! anxiety ( a mis] is no less s4 ,we may easily see t :5 we unite ) av>ice1 :i* sep>ates a man f o!rs & )draws him )9 himself1 ! sympa!tic & lib]al passion ( love1 ! union mu/ give rise to ! mo/ h>% contra/s4 ,av>ice1 h[ev]1 is usually a v good pres]vative aga9/ fall+ 9 love4 ,:]e !n is ! m ref9$ *>act]ization2 & z su* a wond]ful noise is made ab\t x1 :]e %all we "h f9d ! m valuable moral in/ruction8--9 ,plautus or 9 ,molire8 ,a mis] & a sup]annuat$ lov] may bo? be pres5t at ! repres5tation ( ,h>pagon1 & bo? return f ! !atre satisfi$ ) !mselves1 :ile ! mis] says to himself1 ,i am at lea/ n 9 love2 & ! lov]1 ,well1 at all ev5ts ,i am n a mis]4 ,high ,com$y repres5ts ^? follies :i*1 h[ev] /rik+ !y may be1 are reconcilable ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s2 :atev] =ms a s+ul> exception1 & is only conceivable amid an utt] p]v]sion ( ideas1 belongs to ! arbitr>y exagg]ation ( f>ce4 ,h5ce s9ce 7& x 0 und\bt$ly ! case long be=e7 ! "t ( ,molire1 ! enam\r$ & av>ici\s old man has be5 ! peculi> common-place ( ! ,italian mask$ com$y & op]a buffa1 to :i* 9 tru? x c]ta9ly belongs4 ,molire has treat$ ! ma9 incid5t1 ! !ft ( ! *e/ ( gold1 ) an uncommon want ( skill4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ,h>pagon1 9 a sc5e borr[$ f ,plautus1 is fidgetty ) suspicions le/ a slave %\ld h discov]$ 8 treasure4 ,aft] ?is he =gets x2 = f\r :ole acts !re is n a ^w ab\t x1 & ! spectator drops1 z x 71 f ! cl\ds :5 ! s]vant all at once br+s 9 ! /ol5 c(f]2 = we h no in=mation z to ! way 9 :i* he fell ^u ! treasure :i* _h be5 s c>efully conceal$4 ,n[ ?is is really to beg9 aga91 n truly to "w out4 ,b ,plautus has "h %[n a great deal ( +5uity3 ! excessive anxiety ( ! old man = 8 pot ( gold1 & all t he does to save x1 are ! v cause ( its loss4 ,! subt]rane\s treasure is always invisibly pres5t2 x is1 z x 71 ! evil _s :i* drives its keep] to madness4 ,9 all ?is we h1 an impressive moral ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,9 ,h>pagon's soliloquy1 aft] ! !ft1 ! mod]n poet has introduc$ ! mo/ incr$ible exagg]ations4 ,! call+ on ! pit to discov] ! !ft1 :i*1 :5 well act$1 produces s great an effect1 is a trait ( ! old com$y ( ,ari/ophanes1 & may s]ve to give u "s idea ( its p[]s ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,! ,amphitryon is h>dly any?+ m ?an a free imitation ( ! ,lat9 orig9al4 ,! :ole plan & ord] ( ! sc5es is reta9$4 ,! wait+-woman1 or wife ( ,sosia1 is ! inv5tion ( ,molire4 ,! p>ody ( ! /ory ( ! ma/]'s m>riage 9 t ( ! s]vant is +5i\s1 & gives rise to ! mo/ amus+ inve/igations on ! "p ( ,sosia to f9d out :e!r1 dur+ 8 abs5ce a dome/ic bless+ may n h also be5 conf]r$ on him z well z on ,amphitryon4 ,! revolt+ co>s5ess ( ! old my?ological /ory is ref9$ z mu* z x possibly c\ld )\t injury to its _s & boldness2 & 9 g5]al ! execution is extremely elegant4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! p]sonages respect+ _! own id5tity & duplication is f\nd$ on a sort ( comic metaphysics3 ,sosia's reflections on 8 two egos1 :i* h cudgell$ ea* o!r1 may 9 reality furni% mat]ials = ?9k+ to our philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! mo/ unsuccessful ( ,molire's imitations ( ! anci5ts is t ( ! ,phormio 9 ! ,f\rb]ies de ,scap94 ,! :ole plot is borr[$ f ,t]5ce1 &1 by ! addition ( a second inv5tion1 be5 adapt$1 well or ill1 or r tortur$1 to a consi/5cy ) mod]n mann]s4 ,! poet has inde$ gone v hurri$ly to "w ) 8 plot1 :i* he has mo/ neglig5tly pat*$ toge!r4 ,! tricks ( ,scap91 = ! sake ( :i* he has spoil$ ! plot1 occupy ! =emo/ place3 b we may well ask :e!r !y des]ve x8 ,! ,grecian ,phormio1 a man :o1 = ! sake ( fea/+ ) "y companions1 l5ds himself to all sorts ( haz>d\s tricks1 is an int]e/+ & mode/ knave2 ,scap9 directly ! rev]se4 ,he _h no cause to boa/ s mu* ( 8 tricks3 !y are s /upidly plann$ t 9 ju/ice !y ought n to h succe$$4 ,ev5 suppos+ ! two old m5 to be obtuse & bra9less 9 ! extreme1 we c h>dly conceive h[ !y c\ld s easily fall into su* a clumsy & obvi\s sn>e z he lays = !m4 ,x is also disgu/+ly improbable t ,z]b9ette1 :o z a gipsy ought to h kn[n h[ to conceal knavi% tricks1 %\ld run out into ! /reet & tell ! fir/ /rang] t %e meets1 :o happ5s to be none o!r ?an ,g]onte himself1 ! deceit practis$ ^u him by ,scap94 ,! f>ce ( ! sack into :i* ,scap9 makes ,g]onte to crawl1 !n be>s him (f1 & cudgels him z if by ! h& ( /rang]s1 is altoge!r a mo/ inappropriate excresc5ce4 ,boileau 0 !re=e well w>rant$ 9 reproa*+ ,molire ) hav+ %amelessly alli$ ,t]5ce to ,tabur91 7! m]ry-&rew ( a m\ntebank74 ,9 reality1 ,molire has "h = once borr[$1 n1 z he frequ5tly did1 f ! ,italian masks1 b f ! ,pagliasses ( ! rope-danc]s & vault]s4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! ,rogu]ies ( ,scap9 is "o ( ! late/ works ( ! poet4 ,?is & sev]al o!rs ( ! same p]iod1 z ,monsieur de ,p\rceaugnac1 ,la ,comtesse d',esc>bagnas1 & ev5 8 la/1 ! ,malade ,imag9aire1 suffici5tly prove t ! maturity ( 8 m9d z an arti/ did n keep pace ) ! progress ( ye>s1 o!rwise he w\ld h be5 disgu/$ ) su* loose productions4 ,!y s]ve1 moreov]1 to %[ t frequ5tly he br\ght =? pieces ) great levity & ha/e1 ev5 :5 he _h full leisure to ?9k ( po/]ity4 ,if he occasionally subject$ himself to /rict] rules1 we owe x m to 8 ambition1 & 8 desire to be numb]$ among ! classical writ]s ( ! gold5 age1 ?an to any int]nal & gr[+ aspiration aft] ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,! high claims already m5tion$1 :i* ! ,fr5* critics make 9 behalf ( _! fav\rite1 are pr9cipally f\nd$ on ! cole des ,femmes1 ,t>tuffe1 ,le ,misan?rope1 & ,les ,femmes ,savantes2 pieces :i* are c]ta9ly f9i%$ ) great c>e & dilig5ce4 ,n[1 ( ^!1 we mu/ expressly /ate 9 ! outset1 t we leave ! sep>ate beauties ( language & v]sification altoge!r to ! decision ( native critics4 ,^! m]its c only be subord9ate requisites2 & ! undue /ress :i* is laid 9 ,france on ! mann] 9 :i* a piece is writt5 & v]sifi$ has1 9 our op9ion1 be5 bo? 9 ,trag$y & ,com$y injuri\s to ! developm5t ( o!r & m ess5tial requisites ( ! dramatic art4 ,we %all conf9e our exceptions to ! g5]al _s & plan ( ^! com$ies4 ,l'cole des ,femmes1 ! e>lie/ ( !m1 seems to me also ! mo/ excell5t2 x is ! "o 9 :i* !re is ! greate/ display ( vivaci\s hum\r1 rapidity1 & comic vig\r4 ,z to ! inv5tion3 a man arriv$ at an age unsuitable = w$lock1 purposely educat+ a "y girl 9 ignorance & simplicity1 t he may keep h] fai?ful to himself1 :ile ev]y?+ turns out ! v rev]se ( 8 wi%es1 0 n a new "o3 a %ort :ile be=e ,molire x _h be5 employ$ by ,sc>ron1 :o borr[$ x f a ,spani% novel4 ,/ill1 x 0 a lucky ?\ght 9 him to adapt ?is subject to ! /age1 & ! execution ( x is mo/ ma/]ly4 ,"h we h a real & v int]e/+ plot2 no creep+ inve/igations :i* d n c>ry =w>d ! plot2 all ! matt] is ( "o piece1 )\t =eign lev]s & accid5tal int]mixtures1 ) ! exception ( ! cata/rophe1 :i* is br\ght ab\t some:at arbitr>ily1 by means ( a sc5e ( recognition4 ,! nave confessions & innoc5t devices ( ,agnes are full ( sweetness2 !y1 toge!r ) ! ungu>d$ confid5ce repos$ by ! "y lov] 9 8 unkn[n rival1 & ! /ifl$ rage ( ! old man aga9/ bo?1 =m a s]ies ( comic sc5es ( ! mo/ amus+1 & at ! same "t ( ! mo/ ref9$ description4 ,z an example h[ little ! violation ( c]ta9 probabilities dim9i%es our pleasure1 we may rem>k t ,molire1 ) respect to ! *oice ( sc5e1 has "h indulg$ 9 v great lib]ties4 ,we w n inquire h[ ,arnolph frequ5tly happ5s to conv]se ) ,agnes 9 ! /reet or 9 an op5 place1 :ile he keeps h] at ! same "t s c>efully lock$ up4 ,b if ,horace does n "k ,arnolph to be ! int5d$ husb& ( 8 mi/ress1 & betrays ev]y?+ to him1 ?is c only be all[able f ,arnolph's pass+ ) h] by ano!r "n4 ,horace ought !re=e to look = ,arnolph 9 8 own h\se 9 a remote qu>t]1 & n be=e ! door ( 8 mi/ress1 :]e yet he always f9ds him1 )\t ent]ta9+ any suspicion f t circum/ance4 ,:y d ! ,fr5* critics set su* a high value on simil> probabilities 9 ! dramatic art1 :5 !y mu/ be compell$ to admit t _! be/ ma/]s h n always obs]v$ !m8 ,t>tuffe is an exact picture ( hypocritical piety held up = univ]sal w>n+2 x is an excell5t s]i\s satire1 b ) ! exception ( sep>ate sc5es x is n a com$y4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! cata/rophe is bad1 z x is br\ght ab\t by a =eign means4 ,x is bad1 too1 because ! dang] :i* ,orgon runs ( be+ driv5 f 8 h\se & ?r[n into prison is by no means su* an emb>rassm5t z 8 bl9d confid5ce actually m]it$4 ,"h ! s]i\s purpose ( ! "w is op5ly disclos$1 & ! eulogium ( ! k+ is a d$ication by :i* ! poet1 ev5 9 ! piece itself1 humbly recomm5ds himself to ! protection ( 8 maje/y aga9/ ! p]secutions :i* he dread$4 ,9 ! ,femmes ,savantes raill]y has also ! upp] h& ( mir?2 ! action is insignificant & n 9 ! lea/ degree attractive2 & ! cata/rophe1 aft] ! mann] ( ,molire1 is arbitr>ily br\ght ab\t by =eign means4 ,yet ^! te*nical imp]fections might well be excus$ = ! sake ( its satirical m]it4 ,b 9 ?is respect ! composition1 f ! limit$ nature ( its views1 is any?+ b equal ?r\gh\t4 ,we are n to expect f ! comic poet t he %\ld always give u1 along ) ! exhibition ( a folly1 a repres5tation also ( ! opposite way ( wisdom2 9 ?is way he w\ld ann\nce 8 object ( in/ruct+ u ) too mu* ( me?od4 ,b two opposite follies admit ( be+ exhibit$ toge!r 9 an equally ludicr\s light4 ,molire has "h ridicul$ ! affectation ( a false ta/e1 & ! va9-glori\sness ( empty k4 ,pr\d 9 _! own ignorance & contempt = all high] enlight5m5t1 ^! *>act]s c]ta9ly des]ve ! ridicule be/[$ on !m2 b t :i* 9 ?is com$y is portray$ z ! correct way ( wisdom falls ne>ly into ! same error4 ,all ! reasonable p]sons ( ! piece1 ! fa!r & 8 bro!r1 ! lov] & ! daught]1 nay1 ev5 ! ungrammatical maid1 are all pr\d ( :at !y are n1 h n1 & "k n1 & ev5 :at !y d n seek to be1 to h1 or to "k4 ,*yrsale's limit$ view ( ! de/9ation ( ! female sex1 ,clit&]'s op9ion on ! inutility ( le>n+1 & ! s5tim5ts else:]e advanc$ respect+ ! measure ( cultivation & k :i* is suitable to a man ( rank1 7 all int5d$ to convey ,molire's own op9ions himself on ^! subjects4 ,we may "h trace 9 him a c]ta9 ve9 ( valet-de-*ambre morality1 :i* also makes its appe>ance on _m o!r po9ts4 ,we c easily conceive h[ 8 education & situation %\ld lead him to ent]ta9 su* ideas2 b !y are h>dly su* z entitle him to read lectures on human society4 ,t1 at ! end1 ,trissot9 %\ld be ignom9i\sly made to commit an act ( l[ selfi%ness is odi\s2 = we "k t a le>n$ man !n alive 0 satiriz$ "u ?is "*1 & t 8 "n 0 v slightly disguis$4 ,! vanity ( an au?or is1 on ! :ole1 a pres]vative aga9/ ?is weakness3 !re are _m m lucrative c>e]s ?an t ( au?or%ip = selfi%ness )\t a feel+ ( hon\r4 ,! ,misan?rope1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 0 at fir/ coldly receiv$1 is /ill less amus+ ?an ! two prec$+ pieces3 ! action is less rapid1 or r !re is none at all2 & !re is a great want ( coh]5ce betwe5 ! meagre incid5ts :i* give only an app>5t life to ! dramatic movem5t1--! qu>rel ) ,oronte respect+ ! sonnet1 & its adju/m5t2 ! decision ( ! law-suit :i* is ev] be+ br\ght =w>d2 ! unmask+ ( ,celim5e ?r\gh ! vanity ( ! two ,m>quisses1 & ! jeal\sy ( ,ars9e4 ,besides all ?is1 ! g5]al plot is n ev5 probable4 ,x is fram$ ) a view to exhibit ! ?or\gh del9eation ( a "*2 b a "* discloses itself mu* m 9 its relations ) o!rs ?an imm$iately4 ,h[ comes ,alce/e to h *os5 ,phil9te = a fri5d1 a man ^: pr9ciples 7 directly ! rev]se ( 8 own8 ,h[ comes he also to be enam\r$ ( a coquette1 :o has no?+ amiable 9 h] "*1 & :o ent]ta9s u m]ely by h] sc&al8 ,we might well say ( ?is ,celim5e1 )\t exagg]ation1 t !re is n "o good po9t 9 h] :ole composition4 ,9 a "* l t ( ,alce/e1 love is n a fleet+ s5sual impulse1 b a s]i\s feel+ aris+ f a want ( a s9c]e m5tal union4 ,8 dislike ( flatt]+ falsehood & malici\s sc&al1 :i* always *>act]ise ! conv]sation ( ,celim5e1 breaks =? s incessantly1 t1 we feel1 ! fir/ mom5t he he>d h] op5 h] lips ought to h driv5 him = ev] f h] society4 ,f9ally1 ! subject is ambigu\s1 & t is its greate/ fault4 ,! limits )9 :i* ,alce/e is 9 ! "r & beyond :i* he is 9 ! wrong1 x w\ld be no easy matt] to fix1 & ,i am afraid ! poet himself did n "h see v cle>ly :at he w\ld be at4 ,phil9te1 h[ev]1 ) 8 illusory ju/ification ( ! way ( ! _w1 & 8 phlegmatic resignation1 he pa9ts ?r\gh\t z ! intellig5t & amiable man4 ,z aga9/ ! elegant ,celim5e1 ,alce/e is mo/ decid$ly 9 ! "r1 & only 9 ! wrong 9 ! inconceivable weakness ( 8 conduct t[>ds h]4 ,he is 9 ! "r 9 8 compla9ts ( ! corruption ( ! social con/itution2 ! facts1 at lea/1 :i* he adduces1 are disput$ by nobody4 ,he is 9 ! wrong1 h[ev]1 9 deliv]+ 8 s5tim5ts ) s mu* viol5ce1 & at an unseasonable "t2 b z he _c prevail on himself to assume ! dissimulation :i* is necess>y to be well receiv$ 9 ! _w1 he is p]fectly 9 ! "r 9 pref]r+ solitude to society4 ,r\sseau has already c5sur$ ! ambiguity ( ! piece1 by :i* :at is des]v+ ( approbation seems to be turn$ into ridicule4 ,8 op9ion 0 n altoge!r unprejudic$2 = 8 own "*1 & 8 behavi\r t[>ds ! _w1 _h a /rik+ simil>ity to t ( ,alce/e2 &1 moreov]1 he mi/akes ! ess5ce ( dramatic composition1 & f\nds 8 condemnation on examples ( an accid5tally false direction4 ,s f> ) respect to ! fam$ moral philosophy ( ,molire 9 8 pret5d$ ma/]-piece4 ,f :at has be5 /at$1 ,i consid] myself w>rant$ to ass]t1 9 opposition to ! prevail+ op9ion1 t ,molire succe$$ be/ ) ! co>se & homely comic1 & t bo? 8 tal5ts & 8 incl9ation1 if un=c$1 w\ld h det]m9$ him altoge!r to ! composition ( f>ces su* z he cont9u$ to write ev5 to ! v end ( 8 life4 ,he seems always to h :ipp$ himself up z x 7 to 8 m s]i\s pieces 9 v]se3 we discov] some?+ ( con/ra9t 9 bo? plot & execution4 ,8 fri5d ,boileau probably communicat$ to him 8 view ( a correct mir?1 ( a grave & decor\s laught]2 & s ,molire det]m9$1 aft] ! c>nival ( 8 f>ces1 to accommodate himself occasionally to ! sp>e diet ( ! regul> ta/e1 & to unite :at 9 _! own nature are irreconcileable1 namely1 dignity & droll]y4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d ev5 9 8 prosaic pieces traces ( t didactical & satirical ve9 :i* is peculi>ly ali5 to ,com$y2 = example1 9 8 con/ant attacks on physicians & lawy]s1 9 8 disquisitions ^u ! true correct tone ( society1 c41 ! int5tion ( :i* is actually to c5sure1 to refute1 to in/ruct1 & n m]ely to af=d ent]ta9m5t4 ,! classical reputation ( ,molire /ill pres]ves 8 pieces on ! /age1 ,footnote3 ,if !y 7 n already 9 possession ( ! /age1 ! indec5cy ( a numb] ( ! sc5es w\ld cause _m ( !m to be reject$1 z ! public ( ! pres5t day1 ?\gh probably n less corrupt ?an t ( ! au?or's times1 is passionately fond ( ?r[+ ov] e ?+ a cloak ( morality4 ,:5 a piece ( ,molire is act$1 ! head !atre ( ,p>is is g5]ally a d[nright solitude1 if no p>ticul> circum/ance br+s ! spectators toge!r4 ,s9ce ^! ,lectures 7 held1 ,george ,d&9 has be5 hiss$ at ,p>is1 to ! great grief ( ! wat*m5 ( ! critical ,sion4 ,?is 0 probably n on acc\nt ( m]e indec5cy4 ,:atev] may be said 9 def5ce ( ! morality ( ! piece1 ! privileges ( ! high] classes are (f5sively fav\r$ 9 x2 & x concludes ) ! %ameless triumph ( arrogance & depravity ov] pla9 hone/y4 al?\gh 9 tone & mann]s !y are altoge!r obsolete4 ,?is is a dang] to :i* ! comic poet is inevitably expos$ f t side ( 8 composition :i* does n re/ on a poetical f\ndation1 b is det]m9$ by ! prose ( ext]nal reality4 ,! orig9als ( ! individual portraits ( ,molire h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,! comic poet :o lays claim to immortality mu/1 9 ! del9eation ( "* & ! disposition ( 8 plan1 re/ pr9cipally on su* motives z are always intelligible1 be+ tak5 n f ! mann]s ( any p>ticul> age1 b drawn f human nature itself4 ,9 addition to ,molire we h to notice b a few old] or contempor>y com$ians4 ,( ,corneille1 :o f ! imitation ( ,spani% com$ies acquir$ a "n be=e he 0 kn[n z a tragic au?or1 only "o piece keeps possession ( ! /age1 ,le ,m5teur1 f ,lope de ,vega2 & ev5 ?is ev9ces1 9 our op9ion1 no comic tal5t4 ,! poet1 accu/om$ to /ilts1 moves awkw>dly 9 a species ( ! drama ! fir/ requisites ( :i* are ease & sweetness4 ,sc>ron1 :o only und]/ood burlesque1 has display$ ?is tal5t or knack 9 sev]al com$ies tak5 f ! ,spani%1 ( :i* two1 ,jodelle1 or ! ,s]vant turn$ ,ma/]1 & ,don ,japhet ( ,arm5ia1 h till )9 ^! few ye>s be5 occasionally act$ z c>nival f>ces1 & h always be5 v successful4 ,! plot ( ! ,jodelle1 :i* belongs to ,don ,francisco de ,roxas1 is excell5t2 ! /yle & ! additions ( ,sc>ron h n be5 able altoge!r to disfigure x4 ,all t is co>se1 nause\s1 & repugnant to ta/e1 belongs to ! ,fr5* writ] ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o 9 8 day 0 n )\t celebrity2 = ! ,spani% "w is ?r\gh\t *>act]iz$ by a _s ( t5d]ness4 ,! burlesque tone1 :i* 9 _m languages may be tol]at$1 has be5 prop]ly reject$ by ! ,fr5*1 = :5ev] x is n guid$ by judgm5t & ta/e1 x s9ks to disgu/+ vulg>ity4 ,don ,japhet repres5ts 9 a /ill rud] mann] ! my/ification ( a co>se fool4 ,! orig9al belongs to ! k9d :i* ! ,spani>ds call ,com$ias de ,figuron3 x also has und\bt$ly be5 spoil$ by ,sc>ron1 ,! wor/ ( ! matt] is1 t 8 exagg]ations are trifl+ )\t be+ amus+4 ,rac9e hit ^u a v diff]5t plan ( imitation f t :i* 0 !n foll[$1 9 8 ,plaideurs1 ( :i* ! idea is d]iv$ f ,ari/ophanes4 ,! piece 9 ?is respect /&s alone4 ,! action is m]ely a light piece ( leg]dema92 b ! follies :i* x portrays belong to a circle1 &1 ) ! imitations ( ! (fic]s ( c\rt & advocates1 =m a complete :ole4 ,_m l9es are at once witty sallies & *>act]i/ic traits2 & "s ( ! jokes h t app>5tly aimless droll]y1 :i* g5u9e comic inspiration c alone inspire4 ,rac9e w\ld h become a dang]\s rival ( ,molire1 if he _h cont9u$ to ex]cise ! tal5t :i* he has "h display$4 ,"s ( ! com$ies ( a y\ng] contempor>y & rival ( ,molire1 ,b\rsault1 h /ill kept possession ( ! /age2 !y are all ( ! second>y description1 :i* ! ,fr5* call pices tiroir1 & ( :i* ,molire gave ! fir/ example 9 ,le ,f*eux4 ,?is k9d1 f ! accid5tal succession ( ! sc5es1 :i* are /rung toge!r on "s "o common occasion1 be> 9 s f> a resemblance to ! ,mimes ( ! anci5ts2 !y are int5d$ also to resemble !m 9 ! accurate imitation ( individual peculi>ities4 ,^! subjects are p>ticul>ly fav\rable = ! display ( ! ,mimic art 9 ! m limit$ signification ( ! ^w1 z ! same play] always appe>s 9 a diff]5t disguise1 & assumes a new "*4 ,x is advisable n to ext5d su* pieces beyond a s+le act1 z ! want ( dramatic movem5t1 & ! uni=mity ( ! occasion ?r\gh all ! diff]5t *anges1 are v apt to excite impati5ce4 ,b ,b\rsault's pieces1 :i* o!rwise are n )\t m]it1 are t$i\sly spun out to five acts4 ,! idea ( exhibit+ ,aesop1 a slave-born sage1 & de=m$ 9 p]son1 9 possession ( c\rt fav\r1 0 orig9al & happy4 ,b 9 ! two pieces1 ,aesop 9 ! ,city1 & ,aesop at ,c\rt1 ! fables :i* are tack$ to e important sc5e are dr[n$ 9 diffuse morals2 besides1 !y are q di/9ct f ! dialogue1 in/ead ( be+ int]wov5 ) x1 l ! fable ( ,m55ius ,agrippa 9 ,%akespe>e2 & mod]n mann]s d n suit ) ?is *ildi% mode ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! ,m]cure ,galant all sorts ( out-(-!-way be+s br+ _! petitions to ! writ] ( a weekly pap]4 ,?is ?\ght & _m ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ details h1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 be5 borr[$ by a popul> ,g]man au?or )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,a consid]able "t elaps$ aft] ! dea? ( ,molire be=e ! appe>ance ( ,regn>d1 to :om 9 ,france ! second place 9 ,com$y is usually assign$4 ,he 0 a sort ( adv5tur] :o1 aft] roam+ a long "t up & d[n ! _w1 fell to ! trade ( a dramatic writ]1 & divid$ himself betwixt ! composition ( regul> com$ies 9 v]se1 & ! ,italian !atre1 :i* /ill cont9u$ to fl\ri% "u ,gh]>di1 & = :i* he sket*$ ! ,fr5* sc5es4 ,! ,j\eur1 8 fir/ play1 is ju/ly pref]r$ to ! o!rs4 ,! au?or 0 acqua9t$ ) ?is passion1 & a game/]'s life1 f 8 own exp]i5ce3 x is a picture aft] nature1 ) features /rongly drawn1 b )\t exagg]ation2 & ! plot & accessory circum/ances1 ) ! exception ( a pair ( c>icatures :i* might well h be5 disp5s$ )1 are all appropriate & 9 "*4 ,! ,di/rait possesses n only ! faults ( ! me?odical pieces ( "* :i* ,i h already c5sur$1 b x is n ev5 a peculi> "* at all2 ! mi/akes occasion$ by ! un=tunate habit ( be+ abs5t 9 ?\ght are all alike1 & admit ( no height5+3 !y might !re=e h fill$ up an aft]-piece1 b1 c]ta9ly did n m]it ! di/9ction ( be+ spun out into a com$y ( five acts4 ,regn>d has done little m ?an dramatize a s]ies ( anecdotes :i* ,la ,bruyre _h assembl$ toge!r "u ! "n ( a c]ta9 "*4 ,! execution ( ! ,lgataire ,univ]sel %[s m comic tal5t2 b f ! error ( ! g5]al plan1 aris+ out ( a want ( moral feel+1 ?is tal5t is completely ?r[n away4 ,la ,h>pe decl>es ?is piece ! *ef-d'oeuvre ( comic pleasantry4 ,x is1 9 fact1 su* a subject = pleasantry z w\ld move a /one to pity1--z enliv5+ z ! gr9 ( a dea?'s head4 ,:at a subject = mir?3 a feeble old man 9 ! v arms ( dea?1 teas$ by "y pr(ligates = 8 prop]ty1 has a false w impos$ on him :ile he is ly+ ins5sible1 z is believ$1 on 8 dea?-b$6 ,if x be true t ^! sc5es h always giv5 rise to mu* laught] on ! ,fr5* /age1 x only proves ! spectators to possess ! same unfeel+ levity :i* disgu/s u 9 ! au?or4 ,we h else:]e %[n t1 ) an app>5t indiff]5ce1 a moral res]ve is ess5tial to ! comic poet1 s9ce ! impressions :i* he w\ld wi% to produce are inevitably de/roy$ :5ev] disgu/ or compassion is excit$4 ,legr& ! actor1 a contempor>y ( ,regn>d1 0 "o ( ! fir/ comic poets :o ga9$ celebrity = aft]-pieces 9 v]se1 a species ( composition 9 :i* ! ,fr5* h s9ce produc$ a numb] ( elegant trifles4 ,he has n1 h[ev]1 ris5 to any ?+ l ! same height ( po/hum\s fame z ,regn>d3 ,la ,h>pe dismisses him ) v little c]emony4 ,yet we %\ld be dispos$ to rank him v high z an arti/1 ev5 if he _h compos$ no?+ else ?an ! ,k+ ( ,lubb]l& 7,le ,roi de ,cocagne71 a sprightly f>ce 9 ! m>vell\s /yle1 ov]fl[+ ) :at is v r>e 9 ,france1 a native fanciful wit1 animat$ by ! mo/ lively mir?1 :i* al?\gh c>ri$ ! l5g? ( ! mo/ frolicsome gidd9ess1 sports on & r\nd all subjects ) ! utmo/ h>mlessness4 ,we might call x an elegant & +5i\s piece ( madness2 an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! play ( ,ari/ophanes1 or r t ( ,eupolis1 ,footnote3 ,see page #afg4 :o _h also dramatis$ ! tale ( ,lubb]l&1 might be br\ght on our /age )\t excit+ disgu/1 & )\t p]sonal satire4 ,& yet ,legr& 01 c]ta9ly1 unacqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,com$y1 & 8 own g5ius 7we scruple n to use ! expression7 l$ him to ! inv5tion4 ,! execution is z c>eful z 9 a regul> com$y2 b to ?is title 9 ! ,fr5* op9ion x c h no pret5sions1 because ( ! wond]ful _w :i* x repres5ts1 ( sev]al ( ! decorations1 & ( ! music "h & !re introduc$4 ,! ,fr5* critics %[ !mselves 9 g5]al indiff]5t1 or r unju/ t[>ds e sugge/ion ( g5u9e fancy4 ,be=e !y c feel respect = a "w x mu/ pres5t a c]ta9 appe>ance ( lab\r & ef=t4 ,among a giddy & light-m9d$ p1 !y h appropriat$ to !mselves ! po/ ( hon\r ( p$antry3 !y conf\nd ! levity ( jocul>ity1 :i* is q compatible ) pr(undity 9 art1 ) ! levity ( %all[ness1 :i* 7z a natural gift or natural defect17 is s frequ5t among _! c\ntrym54 ,! eighte5? c5tury produc$ 9 ,france a numb] ( comic writ]s ( ! second & ?ird rank1 b no di/+ui%$ g5ius capable ( advanc+ ! art a /ep f>!r2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! belief 9 ,molire's unapproa*able excell5ce has become /ill m firmly rivet$4 ,z we h n space at pres5t to g ?r\gh all ^! sep>ate productions1 we %all premise a few obs]vations on ! g5]al _s ( ,fr5* ,com$y be=e ent]+ on ! consid]ation ( ! writ]s :om we h n yet m5tion$4 ,! want ( easy progress1 & ov]-l5g?y disquisitions 9 /ation>y dialogue1 h *>act]iz$ m or less e writ] s9ce ! "t ( ,molire1 on ^: regul> pieces also ! conv5tional rules applicable to ,trag$y h _h an indisputable influ5ce4 ,fr5* ,com$y 9 v]se has its tirades z well z ,trag$y4 ,besides1 !re 0 ano!r circum/ance1 ! introduction ( a c]ta9 degree ( /iff etiquette4 ,! ,com$y ( o!r nations has g5]ally1 f motives :i* we c be at no loss 9 und]/&+1 desc5d$ into ! circle ( ! l[] classes3 b ! ,fr5* ,com$y is usually conf9$ to ! upp] ranks ( society4 ,"h1 !n1 we trace ! influ5ce ( ! c\rt z ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole national vanity4 ,^? spectators :o 9 reality _h no access to ! great _w1 7 flatt]$ by be+ surr\nd$ on ! /age ) m>quises & *evali]s1 & :ile ! poet satiriz$ ! fa%ionable follies1 !y endeav\r$ to snat* some?+ ( t privileg$ tone :i* 0 s mu* ! object ( envy4 ,society rubs (f ! sali5t angles ( "*2 its only amusem5t consi/s 9 ! pursuit ( ! ridicul\s1 & on ! o!r h& x tra9s u 9 ! faculty ( be+ ^u our gu>d aga9/ ! obs]vations ( o!rs4 ,! natural1 cordial1 & jovial comic ( ! inf]ior classes is ?r[n aside1 & in/ead ( x ano!r description 7! fruit ( poli%$ society1 & be>+ 9 its insipidity ! /amp ( s purposeless a way ( liv+7 is adopt$4 ,! object ( ^! com$ies is no long] life b society1 t p]petual negotiation betwe5 conflict+ vanities :i* nev] ends 9 a s9c]e treaty ( peace3 ! embroid]$ dress1 ! hat "u ! arm1 & ! sword by ! side1 ess5tially belong to !m1 & ! :ole ( _! *>act]ization is limit$ to pa9t+ ! folly ( ! m5 & ! coquetry ( ! wom54 ,! insipid uni=mity ( ^! pictures 0 un=tunately too (t5 season$ by ! corruption ( moral pr9ciples :i*1 m especially aft] ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 x became1 "u ! ,reg5cy ( ,l\is ,,xv41 ! fa%ion op5ly to av[4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! fav\rite ( ! wom51 ! homme bonnes =tunes1 :o 9 ! tone ( satiety boa/s ( ! multitude ( 8 conque/s too easily won1 0 n a "* inv5t$ by ! comic writ]s1 b a portrait accurately tak5 f real life1 z is prov$ by ! num]\s memoirs ( ! la/ c5tury1 ev5 d[n to ^? ( a ,bes5val4 ,we are disgu/$ ) ! unveil$ s5suality ( ! love intrigues ( ! ,greek ,com$y3 b ! ,greeks w\ld h f\nd mu* m disgu/+ ! love intrigues ( ! ,fr5* ,com$y1 ent]$ into ) m>ri$ wom51 m]ely f giddy vanity4 ,limits h be5 fix$ by nature h]self to s5sual excess2 b :5 vanity assumes ! "p ( a s5suality already dead5$ & en]vat$1 x gives bir? to ! mo/ holl[ corruption4 ,& ev5 if1 9 ! con/ant ridicule ( m>riage by ! petit-matres1 & 9 _! moral scepticism especially ) reg>d to female virtue1 x 0 ! int5tion ( ! poets to ridicule a prevail+ depravity1 ! picture is n on t acc\nt ! less immoral4 ,! great or fa%ionable _w1 :i* 9 po9t ( numb]s is ! little _w1 & yet consid]s itself alone ( importance1 c h>dly be improv$ by x2 & = ! o!r classes ! example is b too s$uctive1 f ! brilliancy ) :i* ! *>act]s are surr\nd$4 ,b 9 s f> z ,com$y is conc]n$1 ?is dead5+ corruption is by no means inv>iably ent]ta9+2 & 9 _m pieces1 9 :i* fools ( quality give ! tone1 = example 9 ! ,*evali] la mode de ,danc\rt1 ! picture ( complete moral dissolut5ess :i*1 al?\gh true1 is nev]!less bo? unpoetical & unnatural1 is productive n m]ely ( ennui1 b ( ! mo/ decid$ repugnance & disgu/4 ,f ! numb] ( writ]s to :om ?is *>ge *iefly applies1 we mu/ 9 ju/ice except ,de/\*es & ,m>ivaux1 fruitful or at lea/ dilig5t comic writ]s1 ! =m] 9 v]se & ! latt] 9 prose4 ,!y acquir$ consid]able di/9ction among _! contempor>ies 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b on ! /age few ( _! works surviv$ ei!r ( !m4 ,de/\*es 0 a mod]ate1 tame1 & well-mean+ au?or1 :o appli$ himself ) all 8 p[]s to ! composition ( regul> com$ies1 :i* 7 always drawn out to ! l5g? ( five acts1 & 9 :i* !re is no?+ laughable1 ) ! exception ( ! vivacity display$ 9 virtue ( _! situation1 by ,lisette & h] lov] ,front91 or ,pasqu94 ,he 0 9 no dang]1 f any excess ( frolicsome petulance1 ( fall+ f ! dignifi$ tone ( ! suppos$ high comic into ! famili>ity ( f>ce1 :i* ! ,fr5* hold 9 su* contempt4 ,) mod]ate tal5ts1 )\t hum\r1 & almo/ )\t vivacity1 nei!r +5i\s 9 inv5tion1 nor possess$ ( a deep insight into ! human m9d & human affairs1 he has 9 "s ( 8 productions1 ,le ,glorieux1 ,le ,philosophe ,m>i1 & especially ,l',indcis1 %ewn ) great cr$it to himself :at true & unpret5d+ dilig5ce is by itself capable ( effect+4 ,o!r pieces1 = in/ance1 ,l',+rat & ,l',homme ,s+uli]1 are complete failures1 & enable u to see t a poet :o consid]s ,t>tuffe & ,! ,misan?rope z ! highe/ objects ( imitation1 7& ) ,de/\*es ?is 0 evid5tly ! case17 has only ano!r /ep to take to lose sight ( ! comic art altoge!r4 ,^! two works ( ,molire h n be5 fri5dly beacons to 8 foll[]s1 b false lights to _! ru94 ,:5ev] a comic poet 9 8 preface wor%ips ,! ,misan?rope z a model1 ,i c imm$iately =etell ! result ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he w sacrifice e ?+ l ! gladsome inspiration ( fun & all truly poetical amusem5t1 = ! dull & =mal s]i\sness ( prosaic life1 & = prosaical applications /amp$ ) ! respectable "n ( morals4 ,t ,m>ivaux is a mann]i/ is s univ]sally ackn[l$g$ 9 ,france1 t ! peculi> t]m ( m>ivaudage has be5 inv5t$ = 8 mann]ism4 ,b ?is is at lea/ 8 own1 & at fir/ sight by no means unpleas+4 ,delicacy ( m9d _c be d5i$ to ,m>ivaux1 only x is c\pl$ ) a c]ta9 littl5ess4 ,we h /at$ x to be ! mo/ ref9$ species ( ! comic ( obs]vation1 :5 a peculi>ity or prop]ty %[s itself mo/ conspicu\sly at ! v "t its possessor has ! lea/ suspicion ( x1 or is mo/ /udi\s to conceal x4 ,m>ivaux has appli$ ?is to ! passions2 & navet 9 ! involunt>y disclosure ( emotions c]ta9ly belongs to ! doma9 ( ,com$y4 ,b !n ?is navet is prep>$ by him ) too mu* art1 appe>s too solicit\s = our applause1 &1 we may almo/ say1 seems too well pleas$ ) x himself4 ,x is l *ildr5 9 ! game ( hide & seek1 !y _c /ay quiet 9 _! corn]1 b keep popp+ out _! heads1 if !y are n imm$iately discov]$2 nay1 sometimes1 :i* is /ill worse1 x is l ! squ9t+ ov] a fan held up f affect$ mode/y4 ,9 ,m>ivaux we always see 8 aim f ! v beg9n+1 & all our att5tion is direct$ to discov]+ ! way by :i* he is to lead u to x4 ,?is w\ld be a skilful mode ( compos+1 if x did n deg5]ate into ! insignificant & ! sup]ficial4 ,petty incl9ations are /r5g!n$ by petty motives1 expos$ to petty probations1 & br\ght by petty /eps ne>] & ne>] to a petty conclusion4 ,! :ole g5]ally turns on a decl>ation ( love1 & all sorts ( cl&e/9e means are tri$ to elicit x1 or e k9d ( slight allusion is haz>d$ to ha/5 x4 ,m>ivaux has nei!r pa9t$ *>act]s1 nor contriv$ intrigues4 ,! :ole plot g5]ally turns on an unpron\nc$ ^w1 :i* is always at ! tongue's end1 & :i* is frequ5tly kept back 9 a pretty arbitr>y mann]4 ,he is s uni=m 9 ! motives t he employs1 t :5 we h read "o ( 8 pieces ) a tol]able degree ( att5tion we "k all ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ /ill rank him above ! h]d ( /iff imitators2 some?+ is to be le>n$ ev5 f him1 = he possess$ a peculi> ?\gh a v limit$ view ( ! ess5ce ( ,com$y4 ,two o!r s+le works are nam$ z ma/]-pieces 9 ! regul> ,com$y 9 v]se1 belong+ to two writ]s :o "h p]haps h tak5 m pa9s1 b 9 o!r dep>tm5ts h giv5 a fre] scope to _! natural tal5t3 ! ,mtromanie ( ,piron & ! ,m*ant ( ,gresset4 ,! ,mtromanie is n writt5 )\t humor\s inspiration4 ,9 ! "y man possess$ ) a passion = poetry1 ,piron int5d$ 9 "s measure to pa9t himself2 b z we always g t5d]ly to "w 9 ! ridicule ( ourselves1 toge!r ) ! amiable weakness 9 "q1 he end[s 8 h]o ) tal5ts1 magnanimity1 & a good he>t4 ,b ?is t5d] res]ve is n peculi>ly fav\rable = comic /r5g?4 ,z to ! ,m*ant1 x is "o ( ^? gloomy com$ies :i* might be raptur\sly hail$ by a ,timon z s]v+ to confirm 8 av]sion to human society1 b :i*1 on social & *e]ful m9ds1 c only give rise to ! mo/ pa9ful impression4 ,:y pa9t a d>k & odi\s disposition :i*1 devoid ( all human sympa?y1 fe$s its vanity 9 a cold contempt & d]ision ( ev]y?+1 & solely occupies itself 9 aimless detraction8 ,:y exhibit su* a moral de=mity1 :i* c\ld h>dly be tol]at$ ev5 9 ,trag$y1 = ! m]e purpose ( produc+ dome/ic discont5t & petty emb>rassm5ts8 ,yet1 accord+ to ! decision ( ! ,fr5* critics1 ^! ?ree com$ies1 ! ,glorieux1 ! ,mtromanie1 & ! ,m*ant1 are all t ! eighte5? c5tury c oppose to ,molire4 ,we %\ld be dispos$ to rank ! ,le ,vieux ,ba*eli] ( ,coll9 d',h>leville mu* high]2 b = judg+ ?is true picture ( mann]s !re is no scale af=d$ 9 ! works ( ,molire1 & x c only be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,t]5ce4 ,we h "h ! utmo/ ref9em5t & accuracy ( *>act]ization1 mo/ felicit\sly comb9$ ) an able plot1 :i* keeps on ! /ret* & rivets our att5tion1 :ile a c]ta9 mildness ( s5tim5t is diffus$ ov] ! :ole4 ,i purpose n[ to make a few obs]vations on ! second>y species ( ! ,op]a1 ,op]ettes1 & ,vaudevilles1 & %all conclude ) a view ( ! pres5t condition ( ! ,fr5* /age ) ref]5ce to ! hi/rionic art4 ,9 ! s]i\s1 h]oic1 or r ! ideal op]a1 if we may s express ourselves1 we c only m5tion "o poet ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,qu9ault--:o is n[ little read1 b yet des]v+ ( high praise4 ,z a tragic poet1 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 he 0 satiriz$ by ,boileau2 b he 0 aft]w>ds highly successful 9 ano!r species1 ! musical drama4 ,maz>9 _h introduc$ into ,france a ta/e = ! ,italian op]a2 ,l\is 0 also desir\s ( rivall+ or surpass+ =eign c\ntries 9 ! ext]nal magnific5ce ( ! drama1 9 decoration1 ma*9]y1 music1 & danc+2 ^! 7 all to be employ$ 9 ! celebration ( ! c\rt fe/ivals2 & accord+ly ,molire 0 employ$ to write gay1 & ,qu9ault s]i\s op]as1 to ! music ( ,lulli4 ,i am n suffici5tly v]s$ 9 ! e>li] lit]ature ( ! ,italian op]a to be able to speak ) accuracy1 b ,i suspect t "h also ,qu9ault lab\r$ m aft] ,spani% ?an ,italian models2 & m p>ticul>ly1 t he d]iv$ f ! ,fie/as ( ,cald]on ! g5]al =m ( 8 op]as1 & _! frequ5tly allegorical preludes :i* are (t5 to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,x is true1 poetical ornam5t is mu* m sp>+ly dealt out1 z ! :ole is necess>ily %ort5$ = ! sake ( ! music1 & ! v nature ( ! ,fr5* language & v]sification is incompatible ) ! spl5did magnific5ce1 ! luxuri\s fulness1 display$ by ,cald]on4 ,b ! op]as ( ,qu9ault are1 9 _! easy progress1 truly fanciful2 & ! s]i\s op]a _c1 9 my op9ion1 be /ripp$ ( ! *>m ( ! m>vell\s )\t becom+ at l5g? we>isome4 ,s f> ,qu9ault appe>s to me to h tak5 a mu* bett] road t[>ds ! true vocation ( p>ticul> dep>tm5ts ( art1 ?an t on :i* ,meta/asio travell$ long aft] him4 ,! latt] has admirably provid$ = ! wants ( a melodi\s music expressive solely ( feel+2 b :]e does he furni% ! lea/ food = ! imag9ation8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i am n s sure t ,qu9ault is ju/ly entitl$ to praise = sacrific+1 9 compliance ) ! ta/e ( 8 c\ntrym51 ev]y?+ l comic int]mixture4 ,he has be5 c5sur$ = an occasional play on language 9 ! expression ( feel+4 ,b is x j to exact ! sev]ity ( ! tragical co?urnus 9 light works ( ?is description8 ,:y %\ld n ,poetry also be all[$ h] arabesque8 ,no p]son c be m an enemy to mann]ism ?an ,i am2 b to c5sure x aright1 we ought fir/ to und]/& ! degree ( nature & tru? :i* we h a "r to expect f ea* species1 & :at is alone compatible ) x4 ,! v]ses ( ,qu9ault h no o!r navet & simplicity ?an ^? ( ! madrigal2 & ?\gh !y occasionally fall into ! lusci\s1 at o!r times !y express a langui%+ t5d]ness ) gracefulness & a s(t melody4 ,! op]a ought to resemble ! en*ant$ g>d5s ( ,armida1 ( :i* ,qu9ault says1 ,dans ces lieux en*ants la volupt prside4 ,we ought only to be awak$ out ( ! voluptu\s dreams ( feel+ to enjoy ! magical illusions ( fancy4 ,:5 once we h come to imag9e1 in/ead ( real m51 be+s ^: only language is song1 x is b a v %ort /ep to repres5t to ourselves creatures ^: only occupation is love2 t feel+ :i* hov]s betwe5 ! s5sible & intellectual _w2 & ! fir/ inv5tion becomes natural aga9 by means ( ! second4 ,qu9ault has _h no successors4 ,h[ f> bel[ 81 bo? 9 po9t ( inv5tion & ( execution1 are ! ,fr5* op]as ( ! pres5t day6 ,! h]oic & tragic h be5 requir$ 9 a dep>tm5t :]e !y _c produce _! prop] effect4 ,in/ead ( h&l+ ) fanciful fre$om my?ological mat]ials or subjects tak5 f *ivalr\s or pa/oral romances1 !y h aft] ! mann] ( ,trag$y *a9$ !mselves d[n to hi/ory1 & by means ( _! heavy s]i\sness1 & ! p$antry ( _! rules1 !y h s manag$ matt]s1 t ,dulness ) lead5 sceptre presides ov] ! op]a4 ,! defici5cies ( _! music1 ! unfitness ( ! ,fr5* language = composition 9 a /yle any?+ high] ?an t ( ! mo/ simple national melodies1 ! unacc5t$ & arbitr>y nature ( _! recitative1 ! bawl+ bravura ( ! s+]s1 mu/ be left to ! animadv]sions ( musical critics4 ,) pret5sions f> l[]1 ! ,comic ,op]a or ,op]ette approa*es mu* m ne>ly to p]fection4 ,) respect to ! composition1 x may & inde$ ought to assume only a national tone4 ,! transition f song to spee*1 )\t any musical accompanim5t or height5+1 :i* 0 c5sur$ by ,r\sseau z an unsuitable mixture ( two di/9ct modes ( composition1 may be displeas+ to ! e>2 b x has unque/ionably produc$ an advantage\s effect on ! /ructure ( ! pieces4 ,9 ! recitatives1 :i* g5]ally are n half und]/ood1 & seldom li/5$ to ) any degree ( att5tion1 a plot :i* is ev5 mod]ately complicat$ _c be develop$ ) due cle>ness4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,italian op]a buffa1 ! action is altoge!r neglect$2 & along ) its grotesque c>icatures1 x is di/+ui%$ = uni=m situations1 :i* admit n ( dramatic progress4 ,b ! comic op]a ( ! ,fr5*1 al?\gh f ! space occupi$ by ! music x is unsusceptible ( any v p]fect dramatic developm5t1 is /ill calculat$ to produce a consid]able /age effect1 & speaks pleas+ly to ! imag9ation4 ,! poets h n "h be5 prev5t$ by ! con/ra9t ( rules f foll[+ out _! !atrical views4 ,h5ce ^! fleet+ productions are 9 no wise defici5t 9 ! rapidity1 life1 & amusem5t1 :i* are frequ5tly want+ 9 ! m correct dramatic works ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! di/+ui%$ fav\r :i* ! op]ettes ( a ,fav>t1 a ,s$a9e & lat] poets1 ( :om "s are /ill alive1 always meet ) 9 ,g]many1 7:]e =eign lit]ature has long lo/ its comm&+ influ5ce1 & :]e ! national ta/e has pron\nc$ s /rongly aga9/ ,fr5* ,trag$y17 is by no means to be plac$ to ! acc\nt ( ! music2 x is 9 reality ow+ to _! poetical m]it4 ,to cite only "o example out ( _m1 ,i d n hesitate to decl>e ! :ole s]ies ( sc5es 9 ,ra\l ,sire de ,crquy1 :]e ! *ildr5 ( ! drunk5 turnkey set ! prison] at lib]ty1 a ma/]-piece ( !atrical pa9t+4 ,h[ mu* 7 x to be wi%$ t ! ,trag$y ( ! ,fr5*1 & ev5 _! ,com$y 9 c\rt-dress1 _h b a little ( ?is tru? ( circum/ance1 ?is vivid pres5ce1 & p[] ( arre/+ ! att5tion4 ,9 sev]al op]ettes1 = in/ance 9 a ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion & a ,n9a1 ! traces ( ! romantic _s are n to be mi/ak54 ,! vaudeville is b a v>iation ( ! comic op]a4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce is t x disp5ses ) composition1 by :i* ! comic op]a =ms a musical :ole1 z ! songs are set to well-kn[n popul> airs4 ,! incessant skipp+ f ! song to ! dialogue1 (t5 aft] a few scrapes ( ! viol9 & a few words1 ) ! accumulation ( airs mo/ly common1 b frequ5tly also 9 a /yle altoge!r diff]5t f ! poetry1 drives an e> accu/om$ to ,italian music to despair4 ,if we c once make up our m9ds to be> ) ?is1 we %all n unfrequ5tly be ri*ly recomp5s$ 9 comic droll]y2 ev5 9 ! *oice ( a melody1 & ! allusion to ! common & well-kn[n words1 !re is (t5 a display ( wit4 ,9 e>li] times writ]s ( high] pret5sions1 a ,le ,sage & a ,piron h lab\r$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! vaudeville1 & ev5 = m>ionettes4 ,! wits :o n[ d$icate !mselves to ?is species are little kn[n out ( ,p>is1 b ?is gives !m no great conc]n4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t sev]al ( !m jo9 toge!r1 t ! fruit ( _! common tal5ts may be soon] br\ght to light4 ,! p>ody ( new !atrical pieces1 ! anecdotes ( ! day1 :i* =m ! common talk among all ! idl]s ( ! capital1 mu/ furni% !m ) subjects 9 work+ up :i* little delay c be brook$4 ,^! vaudevilles are l ! gnats t buzz ab\t 9 a summ] ev5+2 !y (t5 /+1 b !y fly m]rily ab\t s long z ! sun ( opportunity %9es ^u !m4 ,a piece l ! ,despair ( ,jocrisse1 :i*1 aft] a lapse ( ye>s1 may be /ill occasionally br\ght out1 passes ju/ly among ! ephem]al productions = a classical "w t has ga9$ ! cr[n ( immortality4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 see x act$ by ,brunet1 ^: face is almo/ a mask1 & :o is ne>ly z inexhau/ible 9 ! "p ( ! simpleton z ,punc9ello is 9 84 ,f a consid]ation ( ! sportive second>y species1 =m$ out ( a mixture ( ! comic ) ! affect+1 9 :i* au?ors & spectators give !mselves up )\t res]ve to _! natural incl9ations1 x appe>s to me evid5t1 t z comic wit ) ! ,italians consi/s 9 grotesque mimicry or buffoon]y1 & ) ! ,engli% 9 hum\r1 ) ! ,fr5* x consi/s 9 good-natur$ gaiety4 ,among ! l[] ord]s especially ?is prop]ty is ev]y:]e visible1 :]e x has n be5 supplant$ by ! artifice ( corruption4 ,) respect to ! pres5t condition ( ,dramatic ,art 9 ,france1 e ?+ dep5ds on ! endeav\rs to introduce ! !atrical lib]ties ( o!r c\ntries1 or mix$ species ( ! drama4 ,! hope ( produc+ any ?+ truly new 9 ! two species :i* are alone admitt$ to be regul>1 ( excell+ ! works already produc$1 ( fill+ up ! old frames ) ri*] pictures1 becomes m & m di/ant e day4 ,a new "w seldom obta9s a decid$ approbation2 &1 ev5 at be/1 ?is approbation only la/s till x has be5 f\nd out t ! "w is only a new prep>ation ( _! old classical productions4 ,we h pass$ ov] sev]al ?+s relat+ to ^! endeav\rs1 t we may deliv] toge!r all ! obs]vations :i* we h to make on ! subject4 ,! attacks hi!rto made aga9/ ! ,fr5* =ms ( art1 fir/ by ,de la ,motte1 & aft]w>ds by ,did]ot & ,m]ci]1 h be5 l voices 9 ! wild]ness4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise1 z ! pr9ciples on :i* ^! writ]s proce$$ 7 9 reality de/ructive1 n m]ely ( ! conv5tional =ms1 b ( all poetical =ms :atev]1 & z none ( !m %[$ !mselves capable ( suitably support+ _! doctr9e by _! own example1 ev5 :5 !y 7 9 ! "r !y contriv$1 nev]!less1 by a false application1 to be 9 ! wrong4 ,! mo/ rem>kable among !m is ,did]ot1 :om ,less+ calls ! be/ critic ( ! ,fr5*4 ,9 opposition to ?is op9ion ,i %\ld be dispos$ to affirm t he 0 no critic at all4 ,i w n lay any /ress on 8 mi/ak+ ! object ( poetry & ! f9e arts1 :i* he consid]$ to be m]ely moral3 a man may be a critic )\t be+ a !ori/4 ,b a man _c be a critic )\t be+ ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! conditions1 means1 & /yles ( an art2 & "h ! nature ( ,did]ot's /udies & acquirem5ts r5d]s 8 critical capabilities extremely que/ionable4 ,?is +5i\s sophi/ deals out 8 bl[s ) su* boi/]\s ha/e 9 ! prov9ce ( criticism1 t ! half ( !m are ?r[n away4 ,! true & ! false1 ! old & ! new1 ! ess5tial & ! unimportant1 are s mix$ up toge!r1 t ! highe/ praise we c be/[ ^u him is1 t he is wor?y ( ! lab\r ( dis5tangl+ !m4 ,:at he wi%$ to accompli% _h ei!r be5 accompli%$1 ?\gh n 9 ,france1 or did n des]ve to be accompli%$1 or 0 altoge!r impracticable4 ,8 attack on ! =mality & holiday primness ( ! dramatic probabilities1 ( ! excessive symmetry ( ! ,fr5* v]sification1 declamation1 & mode ( act+1 0 j2 b1 at ! same "t1 he object$ to all !atrical elevation1 & refus$ to all[ to ! *>act]s any?+ l a p]fect mode ( communicat+ :at 0 pass+ )9 !m4 ,he n[h]e assigns ! reason :y he held v]sification z n suitable1 or prose z m suitable1 to famili> trag$y2 ?is has be5 ext5d$ by o!rs1 & among ! re/1 un=tunately1 by ,less+1 to e species ( ! drama2 b ! gr\nd = x evid5tly re/s on no?+ b ! mi/ak5 pr9ciples ( illusion & nature1 to :i* we h m ?an once adv]t$4 ,footnote3 ,i h /at$ & refut$ !m 9 a treatise ,on ! ,relation ( ! ,f9e ,arts to ,nature 9 ! fif? numb] ( ! p]iodical "w ,prome!us1 publi%$ by ,leo von ,seck5dorf4 ,& if he gives an undue pref]5ce to ! s5tim5tal drama & ! famili> trag$y1 species valuable 9 !mselves1 & susceptible ( a truly poetic treatm5t2 0 n ?is on acc\nt ( ! application8 ,! ma9 ?+1 accord+ to him1 is n "* & situations1 b ranks ( life & family relations1 t spectators 9 simil> ranks & relations may lay ! example to he>t4 ,b ?is w\ld put an end to ev]y?+ l true enjoym5t 9 art4 ,did]ot recomm5d$ t ! composition %\ld h ?is direction1 ) ! v view :i*1 9 ! case ( a hi/orical trag$y f\nd$ on ! ev5ts ( _! own times1 met ) ! disapprobation ( ! ,a!nians1 & subject$ its au?or ,phryni*us to _! displeasure ,footnote3 ,see page #gb44 ,! view ( a fire by night may1 f ! wond]ful effect produc$ by ! comb9ation ( flames & d>kness1 fill ! unconc]n$ spectator ) delight2 b :5 our neighb\r's h\se is burn+1--jam oreximus ardet ,ucalegon--we %all h>dly be dispos$ to see ! affair 9 su* a picturesque light4 ,x is cle> t ,did]ot 0 induc$ to take 9 8 sail z he made way ) 8 own dramatic attempts4 ,he display$ ! greate/ boldness 9 an (f5sive publication ( 8 y\?1 9 :i* he wi%$ to ov]turn ! entire dramatic sy/em ( ! ,fr5*2 he 0 less d>+ 9 ! dialogues :i* accompany ! ,fils ,naturel1 & he %[$ ! greate/ mod]ation 9 ! treatise app5d$ to ! ,pre de ,famille4 ,he c>ri$ 8 ho/ility a great deal too f> ) respect to ! =ms & ! objects ( ! dramatic art4 ,b 9 o!r respects he has n gone f> en\gh3 9 8 view ( ! ,unities ( ,place & ,"t1 & ! mixture ( s]i\sness & mir?1 he has %[n himself infect$ ) ! prejudices ( 8 nation4 ,! two pieces above m5tion$1 :i* obta9$ an unm]it$ reputation on _! fir/ appe>ance1 h long s9ce receiv$ _! due appreciation4 ,on ! ,fils ,naturel ,less+ has pron\nc$ a sev]e s5t5ce1 )\t1 h[ev]1 c5sur+ ! sc&al\s plagi>ism f ,goldoni4 ,b ! ,pre de ,famille he calls an excell5t piece1 b has =gott51 h[ev]1 to assign any gr\nds = 8 op9ion4 ,its defective plot & want ( connexion h be5 well expos$ by ,la ,h>pe4 ,! execution ( bo? pieces exhibits ! utmo/ mann]ism3 ! *>act]s1 :i* are any?+ b natural1 become f _! frigid prat+ ab\t virtue 9 ! mo/ hypocritical /yle1 & ! te>s :i* !y are p]petually %$d+1 altoge!r intol]able4 ,we ,g]mans may ju/ly say1 ,h9c illae lacrymae6 h5ce ! unnecess>y te>s ) :i* our /age has ev] s9ce be5 ov]fl[$4 ,! cu/om :i* has gr[n up ( giv+ long & circum/antial directions respect+ ! action1 & :i* we owe also to ,did]ot1 has be5 ( ! greate/ detrim5t to dramatic eloqu5ce4 ,9 ?is way ! poet gives1 z x 71 an ord] on ! play]1 in/ead ( pay+ out ( 8 own purse4 ,footnote3 ,i rememb] to h read ! foll[+ direction 9 a ,g]man drama1 :i* is n worse ?an _m o!rs3--,he fla%es lightn+ at him ) 8 eyes 7,er blitzt ihn mit d5 ,aug5 an7 & goes (f4 ,all good dramati/s h uni=mly _h ! action 9 "s degree pres5t to _! m9ds2 b if ! actor requires in/ruction on ! subject1 he w h>dly possess ! tal5t ( foll[+ x up ) ! suitable ge/ures4 ,! spee*es %\ld be s fram$ t an intellig5t actor c\ld h>dly fail to give !m ! prop] action4 ,x w he admitt$1 t long be=e ,did]ot !re 7 s]i\s family pictures1 affect+ dramas1 & familial trag$ies1 mu* bett] ?an any :i* he 0 capable ( execut+4 ,voltaire1 :o c\ld nev] rightly succe$ 9 ,com$y1 gave 9 8 ,enfant ,prodigue & ,nan9e a mixture ( comic sc5es & affect+ situations1 ! latt] ( :i* are des]v+ ( high praise4 ,! affect+ drama _h be5 be=e attempt$ 9 ,france by ,la ,*ausse4 ,all ?is 0 9 v]se3 & :y n8 ,( ! famili> trag$y 7) ! v same moral direction = :i* ,did]ot cont5d$7 sev]al examples h be5 produc$ on ! ,engli% /age3 & "o ( !m1 ,bev]ley1 or ! ,game/]1 is translat$ into ,fr5*4 ,! p]iod ( s5tim5tality 0 ( "s use to ! affect+ or s5tim5tal drama2 b ! famili> trag$y 0 nev] v successful 9 ,france1 :]e !y 7 too mu* atta*$ to brilliancy & pomp4 ,! ,melanie ( ,la ,h>pe 7to :om ! /age ( ! pres5t day owes ,philoctete1 ! mo/ fai?ful imitation ( a ,grecian piece7 ab\nds ) ^? pa9ful impressions :i* =m ! rock ?is species may be said to split ^u4 ,! piece may p]haps be well adapt$ to enlight5 ! consci5ce ( a fa!r :o has det]m9$ to =ce 8 daught] to ent] a cloi/]2 b to o!r spectators x c only be pa9ful4 ,not)/&+ ! opposition :i* ,did]ot exp]i5c$1 he 0 h[ev] ! f\nd] ( a sort ( s*ool ( :i* ! mo/ di/+ui%$ names are ,beaum>*ais & ,m]ci]4 ,! =m] wrote only two pieces 9 ! _s ( 8 pr$ecessor--,eug5ie1 & ,la ,mre ,c\pable2 & !y display ! v same faults4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ,spa9 & ! ,spani% !atre l$ him to br+ some?+ new on ! /age 9 ! way ( ! piece ( intrigue1 a species :i* _h long be5 neglect$4 ,^! works 7 m di/+ui%$ by witty sallies ?an by hum\r ( "*2 b _! greate/ attraction consi/$ 9 ! allusions to 8 own c>e] z an au?or4 ,! plot ( ! ,b>b] ( ,seville is r trite2 ! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o is plann$ ) mu* m art1 b ! mann]s :i* x portrays are loose2 & x is also c5surable 9 a poetical po9t ( view1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( =eign excresc5ces ) :i* x is load$4 ,9 bo? ,fr5* *>act]s are exhibit$ "u ! disguise ( a ,spani% co/ume1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is v ill obs]v$ ,footnote3 ,! num]\s s9s ( ,beaum>*ais aga9/ ! ,spani% mann]s & obs]vances1 are po9t$ out by ,de la ,hu]ta 9 ! introduction to 8 ,teatro ,espaol44 ,! extraord9>y applause :i* ^! pieces met ) w\ld lead to ! conclusion1 t ! ,fr5* public d n hold ! com$y ( intrigue 9 su* l[ e/imation z x is by ! critics3 b ! means by :i* ,beaum>*ais pleas$ 7 c]ta9ly1 9 "p x lea/1 =eign to art4 ,! attempt ( ,ducis to make 8 c\ntrym5 acqua9t$ ) ,%akspe>e by modell+ a few ( 8 trag$ies accord+ to ! ,fr5* rules1 _c be acc\nt$ an enl>gem5t ( _! !atre4 ,we p]ceive "h & !re inde$ ! torn memb]s ( ! poet--disjecta membra poetae2 b ! :ole is s con/ra9$1 disfigur$1 &1 f ! simple fulness ( ! orig9al1 tortur$ & twi/$ into su* mis]able intricacy1 t ev5 :5 ! language is reta9$ ^w = ^w1 x ceases to convey its g5u9e mean+4 ,! cr[d :i* ^! trag$ies attract$1 especially f _! af=d+ an unusual room to ! inimitable ,talma = ! display ( 8 art1 mu/ be look$ ^u z no slight symptom ( ! p's dissatisfaction ) _! old works1 & ! want ( o!rs m p[]fully agitat+4 ,z ! ,p>isian !atres are at pres5t ti$ d[n to c]ta9 k9ds1 & z poetry has "h a po9t ( contact ) ! police1 ! num]\s mix$ & new attempts are = ! mo/ "p bani%$ to ! subord9ate !atres4 ,( ^! new attempts ! ,melo-dramas con/itute a pr9cipal "p4 ,a /ati/ical writ] ( ! !atre in=ms u1 t = a numb] ( ye>s back ! new productions 9 ,trag$y & regul> ,com$y h be5 fewe/1 & t ! melo-dramas h 9 numb] exce$$ all ! o!rs put toge!r4 ,!y d n mean by melo-drama1 z we d1 a drama 9 :i* ! pauses are fill$ up by monologue ) in/rum5tal music1 b :]e actions 9 any wise wond]ful1 adv5tur\s1 or ev5 s5su\s1 are exhibit$ 9 emphatic prose ) suitable decorations & dresses4 ,advantage might be tak5 ( ?is prevail+ incl9ation to furni% a bett] description ( ent]ta9m5t3 s9ce mo/ ( ! melo-dramas are un=tunately rude ev5 to insipidity1 & resemble abortive attempts at ! romantic4 ,9 ! sph]e ( dramatic lit]ature ! lab\rs ( a ,le ,m]ci] are und\bt$ly des]v+ ( ! critic's att5tion4 ,?is able man endeav\rs to break ?r\gh ! prescrib$ limits 9 e possible way1 & is s passionately fond ( 8 art t no?+ c det] him f x2 al?\gh almo/ e new attempt :i* he makes conv]ts ! pit into a regul> field ( battle4 ,footnote3 ,s9ce ^! ,lectures 7 held1 su* a tumult arose 9 ! !atre at ,p>is on ! repres5tation ( 8 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 t sev]al ( ! *ampions ( ,boileau came (f ) bruis$ heads & brok5 %9s4 ,!y 7 9 ! "r to fight l desp]adoes2 = if ?is piece _h succe$$1 x w\ld h be5 all ov] ) ! consecrat$ ,unities & good ta/e 9 ! sep>ation ( ! h]oic & ! l[4 ,! fir/ act takes place 9 ! h\se ( ,columbus1 ! second at ! c\rt ( ,isabella1 ! ?ird & la/ on %ipbo>d ne> ! ,new ,_w4 ,! object ( ! poet 0 to %[ t ! man 9 :om any gr& idea orig9ates is ev]y:]e oppos$ & ?w>t$ by ! limit$ & common-place views ( o!r m52 b t ! /r5g? ( 8 en?usiasm enables him to ov]come all ob/acles4 ,9 8 own h\se1 & among 8 acqua9tances1 ,columbus is consid]$ z insane2 at c\rt he obta9s ) difficulty a lukew>m support2 9 8 own vessel a mut9y is on ! po9t ( break+ out1 :5 ! wi%$-= l& is discov]$1 & ! piece ends ) ! exclamation ( ,l&1 l&6 ,all ?is is conceiv$ & plann$ v skilfully2 b 9 ! execution1 h[ev]1 !re are num]\s defects4 ,9 ano!r piece n yet act$ nor pr9t$1 call$ ,la ,j\rne des ,dupes1 :i* ,i he>d ! au?or read1 he has pa9t$ ) hi/orical tru?1 bo? 9 reg>d to circum/ances & ! _s ( ! age1 a well-kn[n b unsuccessful c\rt-cabal aga9/ ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu4 ,x is a political com$y1 9 :i* ! rag-ga!r] & ! k+ express !mselves 9 language suitable to _! /ations4 ,! poet has1 ) ! greate/ +5uity1 %[n ! mann] 9 :i* trivial causes assi/ or imp$e ! execution ( a great political design1 ! dissimulation practis$ by political p]sonages t[>ds o!rs1 & ev5 t[>ds !mselves1 & ! diff]5t tones :i* !y assume accord+ to circum/ances2 9 a ^w1 he has exhibit$ ! :ole inw>d aspect ( ! game ( politics4 ,f all ?is we may inf]1 t ! incl9ations ( ! ,fr5* public1 :5 !y =get ! duties !y h imbib$ f ,boileau's ,art ( ,poetry1 are n q s ho/ile to ! dramatic lib]ties ( o!r nations z might be suppos$1 & t ! old & n>r[ sy/em is *iefly upheld by a sup]/iti\s atta*m5t to traditional op9ions4 ,! hi/rionic art1 p>ticul>ly 9 high com$y & trag$y1 has be5 long c>ri$ 9 ,france to great p]fection4 ,9 ext]nal dignity1 quickness1 correctness ( memory1 & 9 a wond]ful degree ( propriety & elegance 9 ! deliv]y ( v]se1 ! be/ ,fr5* actors are h>dly to be surpass$4 ,_! ef=ts to please are incr$ible3 e mom5t !y pass on ! /age is a valuable opportunity1 ( :i* !y mu/ avail !mselves4 ,! extremely fa/idi\s ta/e ( a ,p>is pit1 & ! :olesome sev]ity ( ! j\rnali/s1 excite 9 !m a _s ( incessant emulation2 & ! circum/ance ( act+ a numb] ( classical works1 :i* = g5]ations h be5 9 ! possession ( ! /age1 contributes also greatly to _! excell5ce 9 _! art4 ,z ! spectators h ^! works ne>ly by he>t1 _! :ole att5tion may be direct$ to ! act+1 & e faulty syllable meets 9 ?is way ) imm$iate detection & reprobation4 ,9 high com$y ! social ref9em5t ( ! nation af=ds great advantages to _! actors4 ,b ) respect to tragical composition1 ! art ( ! actor %\ld also accommodate itself to ! _s ( ! poetry4 ,i am incl9$ to d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is is ! case ) ! ,fr5* actors1 & :e!r ! au?ors ( ! trag$ies1 especially ^? ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 w\ld altoge!r recognise !mselves 9 ! mode 9 :i* ^! compositions are at pres5t repres5t$4 ,! tragic imitation & recitation ( ! ,fr5* oscillate betwe5 two opposite extremes1 ! fir/ ( :i* is occasion$ by ! prevail+ tone ( ! piece1 :ile ! second seems r to be at v>iance ) x1-- betwe5 measur$ =mality & extravagant boi/]\sness4 ,! fir/ might =m]ly prepond]ate1 b ! balance is n[ on ! o!r side4 ,let u he> ,voltaire's description ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,augu/us deliv]$ 8 disc\rse to ,c9na & ,maximus4 ,augu/us ent]$ ) ! /ep ( a braggadocio1 8 head cov]$ ) a f\r-corn]$ p]uque1 :i* hung d[n to 8 girdle2 ! p]uque 0 /uck full ( laurel leaves1 & above ?is he wore a l>ge hat ) a d\ble r[ ( r$ fea!rs4 ,he seat$ himself on a huge fauteuil1 two /eps high1 ,c9na & ,maximus on two l[ *airs2 & ! pomp\s declamation fully correspond$ to ! o/5tati\s mann] 9 :i* he made 8 appe>ance4 ,z at t "t1 & ev5 long aft]w>ds1 trag$ies 7 act$ 9 a c\rt-dress ( ! newe/ fa%ion1 ) l>ge cravats1 swords1 & hats1 no o!r movem5ts 7 practicable b su* z 7 all[able 9 an ante*amb]1 or1 at mo/1 a slight wav+ ( ! h&2 & x 0 ev5 consid]$ a bold !atrical attempt1 :51 9 ! la/ sc5e ( ,polyeucte1 ,sev]us ent]$ ) 8 hat on 8 head = ! purpose ( accus+ ,felix ( trea*]y1 & ! latt] li/5$ to him ) 8 hat "u 8 arm4 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 ev5 e>ly examples ( an extravagance ( an opposite description4 ,9 ! ,m>iamne ( ,mairet1 an old] poet ?an ,corneille1 ! play] :o act$ ,h]od1 ro>$ himself to dea?4 ,?is may1 inde$1 be call$ out-h]od+ ,h]od6 ,:5 ,voltaire 0 in/ruct+ an actress 9 "s tragic "p1 %e said to him1 ,7 ,i to play 9 ?is mann]1 sir1 !y w\ld say ! devil 0 9 me4--,v "r1 answ]$ ,voltaire1 an actress ought to h ! devil 9 h]4 ,?is expression proves1 at lea/1 no v ke5 s5se = t dignity & sweetness :i* 9 an ideal composition1 su* z ! ,fr5* ,trag$y pret5ds to be1 ought nev] to be lo/ sight (1 ev5 9 ! wilde/ :irlw9d ( passion4 ,i f\nd occasionally1 ev5 9 ! action ( ! v be/ play]s ( ! pres5t day1 sudd5 leaps f ! measur$ solemnity 9 recitation & ge/iculation :i* ! g5]al tone ( ! composition requir$1 to a boi/]\sness ( passion absolutely convulsive1 )\t any due prep>ation or s(t5+ by int]v5+ gradations4 ,!y are l$ to ?is by a sort ( obscure feel+1 t ! conv5tional =ms ( poetry g5]ally imp$e ! movem5ts ( nature2 :5 ! poet any :]e leaves !m at lib]ty1 !y !n indemnify !mselves = ! =m] con/ra9t1 & load1 z x 71 ?is r>e mom5t ( ab&onm5t ) ! :ole am\nt ( life & animation :i* _h be5 kept back1 & :i* ought to h be5 equally diffus$ ov] ! :ole4 ,h5ce _! convulsive & ob/rep]\s viol5ce4 ,9 bravura !y take c>e n to be defici5t2 b !y frequ5tly lose sight ( ! true _s ( ! composition4 ,9 g5]al1 7) ! s+le exception ( ! great ,talma17 !y consid] _! p>ts z a sort ( mosaic "w ( brilliant passages1 & !y r endeav\r to make ! mo/ ( ea* sep>ate passage1 indep5d5tly ( ! re/1 ?an to g back to ! invisible c5tral po9t ( ! "*1 & to consid] e expression ( x z an emanation f t po9t4 ,!y are always afraid ( und]do+ _! p>ts2 & h5ce !y are worse qualifi$ = res]v$ action1 = eloqu5t sil5ce1 :]e1 "u an appe>ance ( outw>d tranquillity1 ! mo/ hidd5 emotions ( ! m9d are betray$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is a "p :i* is seldom impos$ on !m by _! poets2 & if ! cause ( su* excessive viol5ce 9 ! expression ( passion is n to be f\nd 9 ! works !mselves1 !y at all ev5ts occasion ! actor to lay great] /ress on sup]ficial brilliancy ?an on a pr(\nd k ( "* ,footnote3 ,see a treatise ( ,m4 ,von ,humboldt ! eld]1 9 ,goe!'s ,propylen1 on ! ,fr5* act+1 equally di/+ui%$ = a ref9$ & solid _s ( obs]vation44 ,,lecture ,,xxii4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,engli% & ,spani% ,!atres--,_s ( ! ,romantic ,drama--,%akspe>e--,8 age & ! circum/ances ( 8 ,life4 ,9 con=mity ) ! plan :i* we laid d[n at ! fir/1 we %all n[ proce$ to treat ( ! ,engli% & ,spani% !atres4 ,we h be51 on v>i\s occasions1 compell$ 9 pass+ to allude cursorily1 sometimes to ! "o & sometimes to ! o!r1 p>tly = ! sake ( plac+1 by means ( contra/1 _m ideas 9 a cle>] light1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ! influ5ce :i* ^! /ages h _h on ! !atres ( o!r c\ntries4 ,bo? ! ,engli% & ,spani>ds possess a v ri* dramatic lit]ature1 bo? h _h a numb] ( prolific & highly tal5t$ dramati/s1 among :om ev5 ! lea/ admir$ & celebrat$1 consid]$ z a :ole1 display uncommon aptitude = dramatic animation1 & insight into ! ess5ce ( !atrical effect4 ,! hi/ory ( _! !atres has no connexion ) t ( ! ,italians & ,fr5*1 = !y develop$ !mselves :olly out ( ! abundance ( _! own intr9sic en]gy1 )\t any =eign influ5ce3 ! attempts to br+ !m back to an imitation ( ! anci5ts1 or ev5 ( ! ,fr5*1 h ei!r be5 att5d$ ) no success1 or n be5 made till a late p]iod 9 ! decay ( ! drama4 ,! =mation ( ^! two /ages1 aga91 is equally indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 ! ,spani% poets 7 altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ! ,engli%2 & 9 ! old] & mo/ important p]iod ( ! ,engli% !atre ,i c\ld discov] no trace ( any k ( ,spani% plays1 7?\gh _! novels & romances 7 c]ta9ly kn[n17 & x 0 n till ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 t translations f ,cald]on fir/ made _! appe>ance4 ,s _m ?+s among m5 h be5 h&$ d[n f c5tury to c5tury & f nation to nation1 & ! human m9d is 9 g5]al s sl[ to inv5t1 t orig9ality 9 any dep>tm5t ( m5tal ex]tion is ev]y:]e a r>e ph5om5on4 ,we are desir\s ( see+ ! result ( ! ef=ts ( inv5tive g5iuses :51 reg>dless ( :at 9 ! same l9e has else:]e be5 c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection1 !y set to "w 9 good e>ne/ to inv5t altoge!r = !mselves2 :5 !y lay ! f\ndation ( ! new edifice on uncov]$ gr\nd1 & draw all ! prep>ations1 all ! build+ mat]ials1 f _! own res\rces4 ,we p>ticipate1 9 "s measure1 9 ! joy ( success1 :5 we see !m advance rapidly f _! fir/ helplessness & ne$ to a f9i%$ ma/]y 9 _! art4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,grecian !atre w\ld af=d u ?is *e]+ prospect c\ld we witness its rude/ beg9n+s1 :i* 7 n pres]v$1 = !y 7 n ev5 committ$ to writ+2 b x is easy1 :5 we comp>e toge!r ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 to =m "s idea ( ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,! ,greeks nei!r inh]it$ nor borr[$ _! dramatic art f any o!r p2 x 0 orig9al & native1 & = t v reason 0 x able to produce a liv+ & p[]ful effect4 ,b x end$ ) ! p]iod :5 ,greeks imitat$ ,greeks2 namely1 :5 ! ,alex&rian poets began le>n$ly & critically to compose dramas aft] ! model ( ! great tragic writ]s4 ,! rev]se ( ?is 0 ! case ) ! ,romans3 !y receiv$ ! =m & sub/ance ( _! dramas f ! ,greeks2 !y nev] attempt$ to act accord+ to _! own discretion1 & to express _! own way ( ?9k+2 & h5ce !y occupy s insignificant a place 9 ! hi/ory ( dramatic art4 ,among ! nations ( mod]n ,europe1 ! ,engli% & ,spani>ds alone 7= ! ,g]man /age is b =m+71 possess z yet a !atre entirely orig9al & national1 :i*1 9 its own peculi> %ape1 has arriv$ at maturity4 ,^? critics :o consid] ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts z models to be su*1 t 9 poetry1 z 9 all ! o!r arts1 !re c be no safety out ( ! pale ( imitation1 affirm1 t z ! nations 9 "q h n foll[$ ?is c\rse1 !y h br\ght no?+ b irregul> works on ! /age1 :i*1 ?\gh !y may possess occasional passages ( spl5d\r & beauty1 mu/ yet1 z a :ole1 be = ev] reprobat$ z b>b>\s1 & want+ 9 =m4 ,we h already1 9 ! introductory "p ( ^! ,lectures1 /at$ our s5tim5ts g5]ally on ?is way ( ?9k+2 b we mu/ n[ exam9e ! subject some:at m closely4 ,if ! ass]tion be well f\nd$1 all t di/+ui%es ! works ( ! greate/ ,engli% & ,spani% dramati/s1 a ,%akspe>e & a ,cald]on1 mu/ rank !m f> bel[ ! anci5ts2 !y c\ld 9 no wise be ( importance = !ory1 & w\ld at mo/ appe> rem>kable1 on ! assumption t ! ob/9acy ( ^! nations 9 refus+ to comply ) ! rules1 may h af=d$ a m ample field to ! poets1 to display _! native orig9ality1 ?\gh at ! exp5se ( art4 ,b ev5 ?is assumption1 on a clos] exam9ation1 appe>s extremely que/ionable4 ,! poetic _s requires to be limit$1 t x may move ) a becom+ lib]ty1 )9 its prop] prec9cts1 z has be5 felt by all nations on ! fir/ inv5tion ( metre2 x mu/ act accord+ to laws d]ivable f its own ess5ce1 o!rwise its /r5g? w evaporate 9 b\ndless vacuity4 ,! works ( g5ius _c !re=e be p]mitt$ to be )\t =m2 b ( ?is !re is no dang]4 ,h[ev]1 t we may answ] ?is objection ( want ( =m1 we mu/ und]/& ! exact mean+ ( ! t]m =m1 s9ce mo/ critics1 & m especially ^? :o insi/ on a /iff regul>ity1 int]pret x m]ely 9 a me*anical1 & n 9 an organical s5se4 ,=m is me*anical :51 ?r\gh ext]nal =ce1 x is imp>t$ to any mat]ial m]ely z an accid5tal addition )\t ref]5ce to its quality2 z1 = example1 :5 we give a p>ticul> %ape to a s(t mass t x may reta9 ! same aft] its induration4 ,organical =m1 aga91 is innate2 x unfolds itself f )91 & acquires its det]m9ation contemporane\sly ) ! p]fect developm5t ( ! g]m4 ,we ev]y:]e discov] su* =ms 9 nature ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( liv+ p[]s1 f ! cry/allization ( salts & m9]als to plants & fl[]s1 & f ^! aga9 to ! human body4 ,9 ! f9e arts1 z well z 9 ! doma9 ( nature--! supreme arti/1 all g5u9e =ms are organical1 t is1 det]m9$ by ! quality ( ! "w4 ,9 a ^w1 ! =m is no?+ b a significant ext]ior1 ! speak+ physiognomy ( ea* ?+1 :i*1 z long z x is n disfigur$ by any de/ructive accid5t1 gives a true evid5ce ( its hidd5 ess5ce4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! _s ( poetry1 :i*1 ?\gh imp]i%able1 migrates1 z x 71 ?r\gh diff]5t bodies1 mu/1 s (t5 z x is newly born 9 ! human race1 m\ld to itself1 out ( ! nutrim5tal sub/ance ( an alt]$ age1 a body ( a diff]5t con=mation4 ,! =ms v>y ) ! direction tak5 by ! poetical s5se2 & :5 we give to ! new k9ds ( poetry ! old names1 & judge ( !m accord+ to ! ideas convey$ by ^! names1 ! application :i* we make ( ! au?ority ( classical antiquity is altoge!r unju/ifiable4 ,no "o %\ld be tri$ be=e a tribunal to :i* he is n am5able4 ,we may safely admit1 t ! mo/ ( ! ,engli% & ,spani% dramatic works are nei!r trag$ies nor com$ies 9 ! s5se ( ! anci5ts3 !y are romantic dramas4 ,t ! /age ( a p :o1 9 its f\ndation & =mation1 nei!r knew nor wi%$ to "k any?+ ( =eign models1 w possess _m peculi>ities2 & n only deviate f1 b ev5 exhibit a /rik+ contra/ to1 ! !atres ( o!r nations :o _h a common model = imitation be=e _! eyes1 is easily supposable1 & we %\ld only be a/oni%$ 7 x o!rwise4 ,b :5 9 two nations1 diff]+ s widely z ! ,engli% & ,spani%1 9 physical1 moral1 political1 & religi\s respects1 ! !atres 7:i*1 )\t be+ kn[n to ea* o!r1 arose ab\t ! same "t17 possess1 along ) ext]nal & int]nal div]sities1 ! mo/ /rik+ features ( aff9ity1 ! att5tion ev5 ( ! mo/ ?\ghtless _c b be turn$ to ?is ph5om5on2 & ! conjecture w naturally occur1 t ! same1 or1 at lea/1 a k9dr$ pr9ciple mu/ h prevail$ 9 ! developm5t ( bo?4 ,?is comp>ison1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,engli% & ,spani% !atre1 9 _! common contra/ ) e dramatic lit]ature :i* has gr[n up out ( an imitation ( ! anci5ts1 has1 s f> z we "k1 nev] yet be5 attempt$4 ,c\ld we raise f ! dead a c\ntryman1 contempor>y1 & intellig5t admir] ( ,%akspe>e1 & ano!r ( ,cald]on1 & introduce to _! acqua9tance ! works ( ! poet to :i* 9 life !y 7 /rang]s1 !y w\ld bo?1 )\t d\bt1 consid]+ ! subject r f a national ?an a g5]al po9t ( view1 ent] ) difficulty into ! above idea1 & h _m objections to urge aga9/ x4 ,b "h a reconcil+ criticism ,footnote3 ,?is appropriate expression 01 if we mi/ake n1 fir/ us$ by ,m4 ,adam ,mll] 9 8 ,lectures on ,g]man ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he gives himself out = ! inv5tor ( ! ?+ itself1 he is1 to use ! s(te/ ^w1 9 error4 ,long be=e him o!r ,g]mans _h endeav\r$ to reconcile ! contr>ieties ( ta/e ( diff]5t ages & nations1 & to pay due homage to all g5u9e poetry & art4 ,betwe5 good & bad1 x is true1 no reconciliation is possible4 mu/ /ep 92 & ?is1 p]haps1 may be be/ ex]cis$ by a ,g]man1 :o is free f ! national peculi>ities ( ei!r ,engli%m5 or ,spani>ds1 yet by incl9ation fri5dly to bo?1 & prev5t$ by no jeal\sy f ackn[l$g+ ! greatness :i* has be5 e>li] exhibit$ 9 o!r c\ntries ?an 9 8 own4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ,engli% & ,spani% !atres does n consi/ m]ely 9 ! bold neglect ( ! ,unities ( ,place & ,"t1 & 9 ! commixture ( comic & tragic elem5ts3 t !y 7 unwill+ or unable to comply ) ! rules & ) "r reason1 79 ! mean+ ( c]ta9 critics ^! t]ms are equival5t17 may be consid]$ z an evid5ce ( m]ely negative prop]ties4 ,! gr\nd ( ! resemblance lies f> deep]1 9 ! inmo/ sub/ance ( ! fictions1 & 9 ! ess5tial relations1 ?r\gh :i* e deviation ( =m1 becomes a true requisite1 :i*1 toge!r ) its validity1 has also its significance4 ,:at !y h 9 common ) ea* o!r is ! _s ( ! romantic poetry1 giv+ utt]ance to itself 9 a dramatic %ape4 ,h[ev]1 to expla9 ourselves ) due precision1 ! ,spani% !atre1 9 our op9ion1 d[n to its decl9e & fall 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is almo/ entirely romantic2 ! ,engli% is completely s 9 ,%akspe>e alone1 its f\nd] & greate/ ma/]3 9 lat] poets ! romantic pr9ciple appe>s m or less deg5]at$1 or is no long] p]ceivable1 al?\gh ! m>* ( dramatic composition introduc$ by virtue ( x has be51 outw>dly at lea/1 pretty g5]ally reta9$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t ways ( ?9k+ ( ! two nations1 "o a nor!rn & ! o!r a s\!rn1 h be5 express$2 ! =m] end[$ ) a gloomy1 ! latt] ) a gl[+ imag9ation2 ! "o nation possess$ ( a scrut9iz+ s]i\sness dispos$ to )draw )9 !mselves1 ! o!r impell$ outw>dly by ! viol5ce ( passion2 ! mode 9 :i* all ?is has be5 accompli%$ w be mo/ satisfactorily expla9$ at ! close ( ?is section1 :5 we come to in/itute a p>allel betwe5 ,%akspe>e & ,cald]on1 ! only two poets :o are entitl$ to be call$ great4 ,( ! orig9 & ess5ce ( ! romantic ,i treat$ 9 my fir/ ,lecture1 & ,i %all "h1 !re=e1 m]ely briefly m5tion ! subject4 ,! anci5t art & poetry rigor\sly sep>ate ?+s :i* are dissimil>2 ! romantic delights 9 indissoluble mixtures2 all contr>ieties3 nature & art1 poetry & prose1 s]i\sness & mir?1 recollection & anticipation1 spirituality & s5suality1 t]re/rial & cele/ial1 life & dea?1 are by x bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! mo/ intimate comb9ation4 ,z ! olde/ lawgiv]s deliv]$ _! m&atory in/ructions & prescriptions 9 measur$ melodies2 z ?is is fabul\sly ascrib$ to ,orpheus1 ! fir/ s(t5] ( ! yet untam$ race ( mortals2 9 l mann] ! :ole ( ! anci5t poetry & art is1 z x 71 a rhy?mical nomos 7law71 an h>moni\s promulgation ( ! p]man5tly e/abli%$ legislation ( a _w submitt$ to a beautiful ord]1 & reflect+ 9 itself ! et]nal images ( ?+s4 ,romantic poetry1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! expression ( ! secret attraction to a *aos :i* lies conceal$ 9 ! v bosom ( ! ord]$ univ]se1 & is p]petually /riv+ aft] new & m>vell\s bir?s2 ! life-giv+ _s ( primal love broods "h anew on ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,! =m] is m simple1 cle>1 & l to nature 9 ! self-exi/5t p]fection ( h] sep>ate works2 ! latt]1 not)/&+ its fragm5t>y appe>ance1 approa*es m to ! secret ( ! univ]se4 ,= ,conception c only comprise ea* object sep>ately1 b no?+ 9 tru? c ev] exi/ sep>ately & by itself2 ,feel+ p]ceives all 9 all at "o & ! same "t4 ,respect+ ! two species ( poetry ) :i* we are "h pr9cipally occupi$1 we comp>$ ! anci5t ,trag$y to a gr\p 9 sculpture3 ! figures correspond+ to ! *>act]s1 & _! gr\p+ to ! action2 & to ^! two 9 bo? productions ( art is ! consid]ation exclusively direct$1 z be+ all t is prop]ly exhibit$4 ,b ! romantic drama mu/ be view$ z a l>ge picture1 :]e n m]ely figure & motion are exhibit$ 9 l>g]1 ri*] gr\ps1 b :]e ev5 all t surr\nds ! figures mu/ also be portray$2 :]e we see n m]ely ! ne>e/ objects1 b are indulg$ ) ! prospect ( a consid]able di/ance2 & all ?is "u a magical light1 :i* assi/s 9 giv+ to ! impression ! p>ticul> "* desir$4 ,su* a picture mu/ be b\nd$ less p]fectly & less di/9ctly1 ?an ! gr\p2 = x is l a fragm5t cut out ( ! optic sc5e ( ! _w4 ,h[ev] ! pa9t]1 by ! sett+ ( 8 =egr\nd1 by ?r[+ ! :ole ( 8 light into ! c5tre1 & by o!r means ( fix+ ! po9t ( view1 w le>n t he mu/ nei!r w&] beyond ! composition1 nor omit any ?+ )9 x4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( figure1 ,pa9t+ _c compete ) ,sculpture1 s9ce ! =m] c only exhibit x by a deception & f a s+le po9t ( view2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x communicates m life to its imitations1 by col\rs :i* 9 a picture are made to imitate ! lighte/ %ades ( m5tal expression 9 ! c\nt5ance4 ,! look1 :i* c be giv5 only v imp]fectly by ,sculpture1 enables u to read mu* deep] 9 ! m9d1 & to p]ceive its lighte/ movem5ts4 ,its peculi> *>m1 9 %ort1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t x enables u to see 9 bodily objects :at is lea/ corporeal1 namely1 light & air4 ,! v same description ( beauties are peculi> to ! romantic drama4 ,x does n 7l ! ,old ,trag$y7 sep>ate s]i\sness & ! action1 9 a rigid mann]1 f among ! :ole +r$i5ts ( life2 x embraces at once ! :ole ( ! *equ]$ drama ( life ) all its circum/ances2 & :ile x seems only to repres5t subjects br\ght accid5tally toge!r1 x satisfies ! unconsci\s requisitions ( fancy1 buries u 9 reflections on ! inexpressible signification ( ! objects :i* we view bl5d$ by ord]1 ne>ness & di/ance1 light & col\r1 into "o h>moni\s :ole2 & ?us l5ds1 z x 71 a s\l to ! prospect be=e u4 ,! *ange ( "t & ( place1 7suppos+ its influ5ce on ! m9d to be includ$ 9 ! picture2 & t x comes to ! aid ( ! !atrical p]spective1 ) ref]5ce to :at is indicat$ 9 ! di/ance1 or half- conceal$ by int]v5+ objects27 ! contra/ ( sport & e>ne/ 7suppos+ t 9 degree & k9d !y be> a proportion to ea* o!r27 f9ally1 ! mixture ( ! dialogical & ! lyrical elem5ts1 7by :i* ! poet is enabl$1 m or less p]fectly1 to trans=m 8 p]sonages into poetical be+s37 ^!1 9 my op9ion1 are n m]e lic5ses1 b true beauties 9 ! romantic drama4 ,9 all ^! po9ts1 & 9 _m o!rs also1 ! ,engli% & ,spani% works1 :i* are pre-em95tly wor?y ( ?is title ( ,romantic1 fully resemble ea* o!r1 h[ev] diff]5t !y may be 9 o!r respects4 ,( ! two we %all fir/ notice ! ,engli% !atre1 because x arriv$ e>li] at maturity ?an ! ,spani%4 ,9 bo? we mu/ occupy ourselves almo/ exclusively ) a s+le arti/1 ) ,%akspe>e 9 ! "o & ,cald]on 9 ! o!r2 b n 9 ! same ord] ) ea*1 = ,%akspe>e /&s fir/ & e>lie/ among ! ,engli%2 any rem>ks we may h to make on e>li] or contempor>y antiquities ( ! ,engli% /age may be made 9 a review ( 8 hi/ory4 ,b ,cald]on _h _m pr$ecessors2 he is at once ! summit & ! close ne>ly ( dramatic art 9 ,spa94 ,! wi% to speak ) ! brevity :i* ! limits ( my plan dem&1 ( a poet to ! /udy ( :om ,i h devot$ _m ye>s ( my life1 places me 9 no little emb>rassm5t4 ,i "k n :]e to beg92 = ,i %\ld nev] be able to end1 7 ,i to say all t ,i h felt & ?\ght on ! p]usal ( 8 works4 ,) ! poet z ) ! man1 a m ?an ord9>y intimacy prev5ts u1 p]haps1 f putt+ ourselves 9 ! place ( ^? :o are fir/ =m+ an acqua9tance ) him3 we are too famili> ) 8 mo/ /rik+ peculi>ities1 to be able to pron\nce ^u ! fir/ impression :i* !y are calculat$ to make on o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we ought to possess1 & to h ! p[] ( communicat+1 m correct ideas ( 8 mode ( proc$ure1 ( 8 conceal$ or less obvi\s views1 & ( ! mean+ & import ( 8 lab\rs1 ?an o!rs ^: acqua9tance ) him is m limit$4 ,%akspe>e is ! pride ( 8 nation4 ,a late poet has1 ) propriety1 call$ him ! g5ius ( ! ,briti% isles4 ,he 0 ! idol ( 8 contempor>ies3 dur+ ! int]val inde$ ( puritanical fanaticism1 :i* broke out 9 ! next g5]ation1 & rigor\sly proscrib$ all lib]al arts & lit]ature1 & dur+ ! reign ( ! ,second ,*>les1 :5 8 works 7 ei!r n act$ at all1 or if s1 v mu* *ang$ & disfigur$1 8 fame 0 a:ile obscur$1 only to %9e =? aga9 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury ) m ?an its orig9al brightness2 & s9ce !n x has b increas$ 9 lu/re ) ! c\rse ( "t2 & = c5turies to come1 7,i speak x ) ! greate/ confid5ce17 x w1 l an ,alp9e avalan*e1 cont9ue to ga!r /r5g? at e mom5t ( its progress4 ,( ! future ext5sion ( 8 fame1 ! en?usiasm ) :i* he 0 naturaliz$ 9 ,g]many1 ! mom5t t he 0 kn[n1 is a significant e>ne/4 ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 ,footnote3 ,?is difficulty ext5ds also to ,france2 = x mu/ n be suppos$ t a lit]al translation c ev] be a fai?ful "o4 ,mrs4 ,montague has done en\gh to prove h[ wret*$ly1 ev5 ,voltaire1 9 8 rhymeless ,alex&r9es1 has translat$ a few passages f ,hamlet & ! fir/ act ( ,julius ,caes>4 8 language1 & ! great difficulty ( translat+ him ) fidelity1 w be1 p]haps1 an inv9cible ob/acle to 8 g5]al diffusion4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! greate/ actors vie ) ea* o!r 9 ! imp]sonation ( 8 *>act]s2 ! pr9t]s 9 spl5did editions ( 8 works2 & ! pa9t]s 9 transf]r+ 8 sc5es to ! canvas4 ,l ,dante1 ,%akspe>e has receiv$ ! p]haps indisp5sable b /ill cumb]some hon\r ( be+ treat$ l a classical au?or ( antiquity4 ,! olde/ editions h be5 c>efully collat$1 & :]e ! read+s seem$ corrupt1 _m corrections h be5 sugge/$2 & ! :ole lit]ature ( 8 age has be5 drawn =? f ! oblivion to :i* x _h be5 consign$1 = ! sole purpose ( expla9+ ! phrases1 & illu/rat+ ! allusions ( ,%akspe>e4 ,comm5tators h succe$$ "o ano!r 9 su* numb]1 t _! lab\rs alone1 ) ! critical controv]sies to :i* !y h giv5 rise1 con/itute ( !mselves no inconsid]able libr>y4 ,^! lab\rs des]ve bo? our praise & gratitude2 & m especially ! hi/orical inve/igations into ! s\rces f :i* ,%akspe>e drew ! mat]ials ( 8 plays1 & also into ! previ\s & contempor>y /ate ( ! ,engli% /age1 & o!r k9dr$ subjects ( inquiry4 ,) respect1 h[ev]1 to _! m]ely philological criticisms1 ,i am frequ5tly compell$ to diff] f ! comm5tators2 & :]e1 too1 consid]+ him simply z a poet1 !y endeav\r to ent] into 8 views & to decide ^u 8 m]its1 ,i mu/ sep>ate myself f !m entirely4 ,i h h>dly ev] f\nd ei!r tru? or pr(undity 9 _! rem>ks2 & ^! critics seem to me to be b /amm]+ int]pret]s ( ! g5]al & almo/ idolatr\s admiration ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,!re may be p 9 ,engl& :o ent]ta9 ! same views ( !m ) myself1 at lea/ x is a well- kn[n fact t a satirical poet has repres5t$ ,%akspe>e1 "u ! h&s ( 8 comm5tators1 by ,actaeon worri$ to dea? by 8 own dogs2 &1 foll[+ up ! /ory ( ,ovid1 designat$ a female writ] on ! great poet z ! sn>l+ ,lycisca4 ,we %all endeav\r1 9 ! fir/ place1 to remove "s ( ^! false views1 9 ord] to cle> ! way = our own homage1 t we may !reupon (f] x ! m freely )\t let or h9drance4 ,f all ! acc\nts ( ,%akspe>e :i* h come d[n to u1 x is cle> t 8 contempor>ies knew well ! treasure !y possess$ 9 him2 & t !y felt & und]/ood him bett] ?an mo/ ( ^? :o succe$$ him4 ,9 ^? days a "w 0 g5]ally u%]$ into ! _w ) ,comm5datory ,v]ses2 & "o ( ^!1 prefix$ to an e>ly edition ( ,%akspe>e1 by an unkn[n au?or1 conta9s "s ( ! mo/ beautiful & happy l9es t ev] 7 appli$ to any poet ,footnote3 ,x beg9s ) ! words3 ,a m9d reflect+ ages pa/1 & is subscrib$1 ,i4,m4,s44 ,an idea1 h[ev]1 soon became preval5t t ,%akspe>e 0 a rude & wild g5ius1 :o p\r$ =? at r&om1 & )\t aim or object1 8 unconnect$ compositions4 ,b5 ,jonson1 a y\ng] contempor>y & rival ( ,%akspe>e1 :o lab\r$ 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[1 b ) no great success1 to expel ! romantic drama f ! ,engli% /age1 & to =m x on ! model ( ! anci5ts1 gave x z 8 op9ion t ,%akspe>e did n blot en\gh1 & t z he did n possess mu* s*ool-le>n+1 he ow$ m to nature ?an to art4 ,! le>n$1 & sometimes r p$antic ,milton 0 also ( ?is op9ion1 :5 he says1 ,our sweete/ ,%akspe>e1 fancy's *ild1 ,w>bles 8 native wood-notes wild4 ,yet x is highly hon\rable to ,milton1 t ! sweetness ( ,%akspe>e1 ! quality :i* ( all o!rs has be5 lea/ all[$1 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by him4 ,! mod]n editors1 bo? 9 _! prefaces1 :i* may be consid]$ z s _m rhetorical ex]cises 9 praise ( ! poet1 & 9 _! rem>ks on sep>ate passages1 g /ill f>!r4 ,judg+ !m by pr9ciples :i* are n applicable to !m1 n only d !y admit ! irregul>ity ( 8 pieces1 b on occasions !y accuse him ( bomba/1 ( a confus$1 ungrammatical1 & conceit$ mode ( writ+1 & ev5 ( ! mo/ contemptible buffoon]y4 ,pope ass]ts t he wrote bo? bett] & worse ?an any o!r man4 ,all ! sc5es & passages :i* did n squ>e ) ! littl5ess ( 8 own ta/e1 he wi%$ to place to ! acc\nt ( int]polat+ play]s2 & he 0 9 ! "r road1 _h 8 op9ion be5 tak51 ( giv+ u a mis]able dole ( a mangl$ ,%akspe>e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n to be wond]$ at if =eign]s1 ) ! exception ( ! ,g]mans latt]ly1 h1 9 _! ignorance ( him1 ev5 improv$ ^u ^! op9ions4 ,footnote3 ,less+ 0 ! fir/ to speak ( ,%akspe>e 9 a becom+ tone2 b he said un=tunately a great deal too little ( him1 z 9 ! "t :5 he wrote ! ,dramaturgie ?is poet _h n yet appe>$ on our /age4 ,s9ce t "t he has be5 m p>ticul>ly notic$ by ,h]d] 9 ! ,bltt] von deuts*] ,art und ,kun/2 ,goe!1 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]2 & ,tieck1 9 ,lett]s on ,%akspe>e 7,poetis*es ,j\rnal1 #ahjj71 :i* break (f1 h[ev]1 almo/ at ! comm5cem5t44 ,!y speak 9 g5]al ( ,%akspe>e's plays z mon/r\s productions1 :i* c\ld only h be5 giv5 to ! _w by a disord]$ imag9ation 9 a b>b>\s age2 & ,voltaire cr[ns ! :ole ) m ?an usual assurance1 :5 he obs]ves t ,hamlet1 ! pr(\nd ma/]- piece ( ! philosophical poet1 seems ! "w ( a drunk5 savage4 ,t =eign]s1 & 9 p>ticul> ,fr5*m51 :o ord9>ily speak ! mo/ /range language ( antiquity & ! middle ages1 z if cannibalism _h only be5 put an end to 9 ,europe by ,l\is ,,xiv4 %\ld ent]ta9 ?is op9ion ( ,%akspe>e1 might be p>donable2 b t ,engli%m5 %\ld jo9 9 calumniat+ t glori\s epo* ( _! hi/ory1 ,footnote3 ,! ,engli% "w ) :i* =eign]s ( e c\ntry are p]haps be/ acqua9t$ is ,hume's ,hi/ory2 & !re we h a mo/ unju/ifiable acc\nt bo? ( ,%akspe>e & 8 age4 ,born 9 a rude age1 & educat$ 9 ! l[e/ mann]1 )\t any in/ruction ei!r f ! _w or f books4 ,h[ c\ld a man ( ,hume's acut5ess suppose = a mom5t t a poet1 ^: *>act]s display su* an intimate acqua9tance ) life1 :o1 z an actor & manag] ( a !atre1 mu/ h come 9 contact ) all descriptions ( individuals1 _h no in/ruction f ! _w8 ,b ?is is n ! wor/2 he goes ev5 s f> z to say1 a reasonable propriety ( ?\ght he _c = any "t uphold4 ,?is is ne>ly z (f5sive z ,voltaire's drunk5 savage4--,,trans4 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( _! national greatness1 is incompreh5sible4 ,%akspe>e fl\ri%$ & wrote 9 ! la/ half ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? & fir/ half ( t ( ,james ,i42 &1 consequ5tly1 "u mon>*s :o 7 le>n$ !mselves1 & held lit]ature 9 hon\r4 ,! policy ( mod]n ,europe1 by :i* ! relations ( its diff]5t /ates h be5 s v>i\sly int]wov5 ) ea* o!r1 comm5c$ a c5tury be=e4 ,! cause ( ! ,prote/ants 0 decid$ by ! accession ( ,elizabe? to ! ?rone2 & ! atta*m5t to ! anci5t belief _c !re=e be urg$ z a pro( ( ! prevail+ d>kness4 ,su* 0 ! zeal = ! /udy ( ! anci5ts1 t ev5 c\rt ladies1 & ! que5 h]self1 7 acqua9t$ ) ,lat9 & ,greek1 & taught ev5 to speak ! =m]2 a degree ( k :i* we %\ld 9 va9 seek = 9 ! c\rts ( ,europe at ! pres5t day4 ,! trade & navigation :i* ! ,engli% c>ri$ on ) all ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 made !m acqua9t$ ) ! cu/oms & m5tal productions ( o!r nations2 & x w\ld appe> t !y 7 !n m indulg5t to =eign mann]s ?an !y are 9 ! pres5t day4 ,italy _h already produc$ all ne>ly t /ill di/+ui%es h] lit]ature1 & 9 ,engl& translations 9 v]se 7 dilig5tly1 & ev5 successfully1 execut$ f ! ,italian4 ,spani% lit]ature also 0 n unkn[n1 = x is c]ta9 t ,don ,quixote 0 read 9 ,engl& soon aft] its fir/ appe>ance4 ,bacon1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n exp]im5tal philosophy1 & ( :om x may be said1 t he c>ri$ 9 8 pocket all t ev5 9 ?is eighte5? c5tury m]its ! "n ( philosophy1 0 a contempor>y ( ,%akspe>e4 ,8 fame1 z a writ]1 did n1 inde$1 break =? into its glory till aft] 8 dea?2 b :at a numb] ( ideas mu/ h be5 9 circulation be=e su* an au?or c\ld arise6 ,_m bran*es ( human k h1 s9ce t "t1 be5 m ext5sively cultivat$1 b su* bran*es z are totally unproductive to poetry3 *emi/ry1 me*anics1 manufactures1 & rural & political economy1 w nev] enable a man to become a poet4 ,i h else:]e ,footnote3 ,9 my ,lectures on ! ,_s ( ! ,age4 exam9$ into ! pret5sions ( mod]n enlight5m5t1 z x is call$1 :i* looks ) su* contempt on all prec$+ ages2 ,i h %[n t at bottom x is all little1 sup]ficial1 & unsub/antial4 ,! pride ( :at has be5 call$ ! exi/+ maturity ( human int5sity1 has come to a mis]able end2 & ! /ructures erect$ by ^? p$agogues ( ! human race h fall5 to pieces l ! baby-h\ses ( *ildr54 ,) reg>d to ! tone ( society 9 ,%akspe>e's day1 x is necess>y to rem>k t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 true m5tal cultivation & :at is call$ poli%4 ,t artificial poli% :i* puts an end to e ?+ l free orig9al communication1 & subjects all int]c\rse to ! insipid uni=mity ( c]ta9 rules1 0 und\bt$ly :olly unkn[n to ! age ( ,%akspe>e1 z 9 a great measure x /ill is at ! pres5t day 9 ,engl&4 ,x possess$1 on ! o!r h&1 a fulness ( heal?y vig\r1 :i* %[$ itself always ) boldness1 & sometimes also ) petulance4 ,! _s ( *ivalry 0 n yet :olly ext9ct1 & a que51 :o 0 f> m jeal\s 9 exact+ homage to h] sex ?an to h] ?rone1 & :o1 ) h] det]m9ation1 wisdom1 & magnanimity1 0 9 fact1 well qualifi$ to inspire ! m9ds ( h] subjects ) an ard5t en?usiasm1 inflam$ t _s to ! noble/ love ( glory & r5[n4 ,! feudal indep5d5ce also /ill surviv$ 9 "s measure2 ! nobility vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 spl5d\r ( dress & numb] ( ret9ue1 & e great "l _h a sort ( small c\rt ( 8 own4 ,! di/9ction ( ranks 0 z yet /rongly m>k$3 a /ate ( ?+s ard5tly to be desir$ by ! dramatic poet4 ,9 conv]sation !y took pleasure 9 quick & unexpect$ answ]s2 & ! witty sally pass$ rapidly l a ball f m\? to m\?1 till ! m]ry game c\ld no long] be kept up4 ,?is1 & ! abuse ( ! play on words1 7( :i* ,k+ ,james 0 himself v fond1 & we ne$ n !re=e wond] at ! univ]sality ( ! mode17 may1 d\btless1 be consid]$ z in/ances ( a bad ta/e2 b to take !m = symptoms ( rud5ess & b>b>ity1 is n less absurd ?an to inf] ! pov]ty ( a p f _! luxuri\s extravagance4 ,^! /ra9$ rep>tees are frequ5tly employ$ by ,%akspe>e1 ) ! view ( pa9t+ ! actual tone ( ! society 9 8 day2 x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[1 t !y met ) 8 approbation2 on ! contr>y1 x cle>ly appe>s t he held !m 9 d]ision4 ,hamlet says1 9 ! sc5e ) ! ,grav$igg]1 ,by ! ,"l1 ,horatio1 ^! ?ree ye>s ,i h tak5 note ( x3 ! age is gr[n s pick$1 t ! toe ( ! peasant comes s ne> ! heel ( ! c\rti]1 he galls 8 kibe4 ,& ,lor5zo1 9 ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 allud+ to ,launcelot3 ,o de> discretion1 h[ 8 words are suit$6 ,! fool ha? plant$ 9 8 memory ,an army ( good words3 & ,i d "k ,a _m fools1 t /& 9 bett] place1 ,g>ni%'d l him1 t = a tricksy ^w4 ,defy ! matt]4 ,besides1 ,%akspe>e1 9 a ?\s& places1 lays great & m>k$ /ress on correct & ref9$ tone ( society1 & la%es e deviation f x1 :e!r ( boori%ness or affect$ fopp]y2 n only does he give admirable disc\rses on x1 b he repres5ts x 9 all its %ades & modifications by rank1 age1 or sex4 ,:at f\ndation is !re1 !n1 = ! alleg$ b>b>ity ( 8 age8 ,its (f5ces aga9/ propriety8 ,b if ?is is to be admitt$ z a te/1 !n ! ages ( ,p]icles & ,augu/us mu/ also be describ$ z rude & uncultivat$2 = ,ari/ophanes & ,horace1 :o bo? 7 consid]$ z models ( urbanity1 display1 at times1 ! co>se/ indelicacy4 ,on ?is subject1 ! div]sity 9 ! moral feel+ ( ages dep5ds on o!r causes4 ,%akspe>e1 x is true1 sometimes introduces u to improp] company2 at o!rs1 he suff]s ambigu\s expressions to escape 9 ! pres5ce ( wom51 & ev5 f wom5 !mselves4 ,?is species ( petulance 0 probably n !n unusual4 ,he c]ta9ly did n indulge 9 x m]ely to please ! multitude1 = 9 _m ( 8 pieces !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( ?is sort to be f\nd3 & 9 :at virg9 purity are _m ( 8 female p>ts work$ out6 ,:5 we see ! lib]ties tak5 by o!r dramatic poets 9 ,engl& 9 8 "t1 & ev5 mu* lat]1 we mu/ acc\nt him comp>atively *a/e & moral4 ,nei!r mu/ we ov]look c]ta9 circum/ances 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ! !atre4 ,! female p>ts 7 n act$ by wom51 b by boys2 & no p]son ( ! fair sex appe>$ 9 ! !atre )\t a mask4 ,"u su* a c>nival disguise1 mu* might be he>d by !m1 & mu* might be v5tur$ to be said 9 _! pres5ce1 :i* 9 o!r circum/ances w\ld h be5 absolutely improp]4 ,x is c]ta9ly to be wi%$ t dec5cy %\ld be obs]v$ on all public occasions1 & consequ5tly also on ! /age4 ,b ev5 9 ?is x is possible to g too f>4 ,t c>p+ c5sori\sness :i* sc5ts out impurity 9 e bold sally1 is1 at be/1 b an ambigu\s crit]ion ( purity ( morals2 & b5ea? ?is hypocritical guise !re (t5 lurks ! consci\sness ( an impure imag9ation4 ,! det]m9ation to tol]ate no?+ :i* has ! lea/ ref]5ce to ! s5sual relation betwe5 ! sexes1 may be c>ri$ to a pit* extremely oppressive to a dramatic poet1 & highly prejudicial to ! boldness & fre$om ( 8 compositions4 ,if su* consid]ations 7 to be att5d$ to1 _m ( ! happie/ p>ts ( ,%akspe>e's plays1 = example1 9 ,measure = ,measure1 & ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well1 :i*1 nev]!less1 are h&l$ ) a due reg>d to dec5cy1 mu/ be set aside z s9n+ aga9/ ?is w\ld-be propriety4 ,_h no o!r monum5t ( ! age ( ,elizabe? come d[n to u ?an ! works ( ,%akspe>e1 ,i %\ld1 f !m alone1 h =m$ ! mo/ fav\rable idea ( its /ate ( social culture & enlight5m5t4 ,:5 ^? :o look ?r\gh su* /range spectacles z to see no?+ 9 !m b rud5ess & b>b>ity _c d5y :at ,i h n[ hi/orically prov$1 !y are usually driv5 to ?is la/ res\rce1 & dem&1 ,:at has ,%akspe>e to d ) ! m5tal culture ( 8 age8 ,he _h no %>e 9 x4 ,born 9 an inf]ior rank1 ignorant & un$ucat$1 he pass$ 8 life 9 l[ society1 & lab\r$ to please a vulg> audi5ce = 8 bread1 )\t ev] dream+ ( fame or po/]ity4 ,9 all ?is !re is n a s+le ^w ( tru?1 ?\gh x has be5 repeat$ a ?\s& times4 ,x is true we "k v little ( ! poet's life2 & :at we d "k consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( rak$-up & *iefly suspici\s anecdotes1 ( su* a description ne>ly z ^? :i* are told at inns to inquisitive /rang]s1 :o visit ! bir?place or neighb\rhood ( a celebrat$ man4 ,)9 a v rec5t p]iod "s orig9al docum5ts h be5 br\ght to light1 & among !m 8 w1 :i* give u a peep into 8 family conc]ns4 ,x betrays m ?an ord9>y defici5cy ( critical acum5 9 ,%akspe>e's comm5tators1 t none ( !m1 s f> z we "k1 h ev] ?\ght ( avail+ !mselves ( 8 sonnets = trac+ ! circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,^! sonnets pa9t mo/ unequivocally ! actual situation & s5tim5ts ( ! poet2 !y make u acqua9t$ ) ! passions ( ! man2 !y ev5 conta9 rem>kable confessions ( 8 y\?ful errors4 ,%akspe>e's fa!r 0 a man ( prop]ty1 ^: ance/ors _h held ! (fice ( ald]man & bailiff 9 ,/rat=d1 & 9 a diploma f ! ,h]alds' ,(fice = ! r5ewal or confirmation ( 8 coat ( arms1 he is /yl$ g5tleman4 ,our poet1 ! olde/ son b ?ird *ild1 c\ld n1 x is true1 receive an academical education1 z he m>ri$ :5 h>dly eighte51 probably f m]e family consid]ations4 ,?is retir$ & unnotic$ life he cont9u$ to lead b a few ye>s2 & he 0 ei!r entic$ to ,london f we>isom5ess ( 8 situation1 or bani%$ f home1 z x is said1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 irregul>ities4 ,!re he assum$ ! pr(ession ( a play]1 :i* he consid]$ at fir/ z a degradation1 pr9cipally1 p]haps1 because ( ! wild excesses ,footnote3 ,9 "o ( 8 sonnets he says3 ,o1 = my sake d y ) =tune *ide1 ,! guilty goddess ( my h>mless de$s1 ,t did n bett] = my life provide1 ,?an public means :i* public mann]s bre$s4 ,& 9 ! foll[+3-- ,y\r love & pity do? ! impression fill1 ,:i* vulg> sc&al /amp'd ^u my br[4 into :i* he 0 s$uc$ by ! example ( 8 comrades4 ,x is extremely probable1 t ! poetical fame :i* 9 ! progress ( 8 c>e] he aft]w>ds acquir$1 greatly contribut$ to ennoble ! /age1 & to br+ ! play]'s pr(ession into bett] repute4 ,ev5 at a v e>ly age he endeav\r$ to di/+ui% himself z a poet 9 o!r walks ?an ^? ( ! /age1 z is prov$ by 8 juv5ile poems ( ,adonis & ,lucrece4 ,he quickly rose to be a %>] or jo9t proprietor1 & also manag] ( ! !atre = :i* he wrote4 ,t he 0 n admitt$ to ! society ( p]sons ( di/9ction is altoge!r incr$ible4 ,n to m5tion _m o!rs1 he f\nd a lib]al fri5d & k9d patron 9 ! ,e>l ( ,s\?ampton1 ! fri5d ( ! un=tunate ,essex4 ,8 pieces 7 n only ! delight ( ! great public1 b also 9 great fav\r at c\rt3 ! two mon>*s "u ^: reigns he wrote 71 accord+ to ! te/imony ( a contempor>y1 q tak5 ) him ,footnote3 ,b5 ,jonson3-- ,& make ^? flights ^u ! banks ( ,?ames1 ,t s did take ,eliza & our ,james64 ,_m 7 act$ at c\rt2 & ,elizabe? appe>s h]self to h comm&$ ! writ+ ( m ?an "o to be act$ at h] c\rt fe/ivals4 ,k+ ,james1 x is well kn[n1 hon\r$ ,%akspe>e s f> z to write to him ) 8 own h&4 ,all ?is looks v unlike ei!r contempt or bani%m5t into ! obscurity ( a l[ circle4 ,by 8 lab\rs z a poet1 play]1 & /age-manag]1 ,%akspe>e acquir$ a consid]able prop]ty1 :i*1 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 too %ort life1 he enjoy$ 9 8 native t[n 9 retirem5t & 9 ! society ( a belov$ daught]4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 dea? a monum5t 0 erect$ ov] 8 grave1 :i* may be consid]$ sumptu\s = ^? times4 ,9 ! mid/ ( su* brilliant success1 & ) su* di/+ui%$ pro(s ( respect & hon\r f 8 contempor>ies1 x w\ld be s+ul> inde$ if ,%akspe>e1 not)/&+ ! mode/y ( a great m9d1 :i* he c]ta9ly possess$ 9 a peculi> degree1 %\ld nev] h dream$ ( po/hum\s fame4 ,z a pr(\nd ?9k] he _h pretty accurately tak5 ! measure ( ! circle ( human capabilities1 & he c\ld say to himself ) confid5ce1 t _m ( 8 productions w\ld n easily be surpass$4 ,:at f\ndation !n is !re = ! contr>y ass]tion1 :i* w\ld degrade ! immortal arti/ to ! situation ( a daily lab\r] = a rude multitude8--,m]ely ?is1 t he himself publi%$ no edition ( 8 :ole works4 ,we d n reflect t a poet1 always accu/om$ to lab\r imm$iately = ! /age1 :o has (t5 enjoy$ ! triumph ( ov]p[]+ assembl$ cr[ds ( spectators1 & draw+ f !m ! mo/ tumultu\s applause1 :o ! :ile 0 n dep5d5t on ! caprice ( crot*ety /age directors1 b left to 8 own discretion to select & det]m9e ! mode ( !atrical repres5tation1 naturally c>es mu* less = ! closet ( ! solit>y read]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ =mation ( a national !atre1 m especially1 we f9d frequ5t examples ( su* indiff]5ce4 ,( ! almo/ innum]able pieces ( ,lope de ,vega1 _m und\bt$ly 7 nev] pr9t$1 & are consequ5tly lo/2 & ,c]vantes did n pr9t 8 e>li] dramas1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly boa/s ( !m z m]itori\s works4 ,z ,%akspe>e1 on 8 retir+ f ! !atre1 left 8 manuscripts beh9d ) 8 fell[-manag]s1 he may h reli$ on !atrical tradition = h&+ !m d[n to po/]ity1 :i* w\ld inde$ h be5 suffici5t = t purpose if ! clos+ ( ! !atres1 "u ! tyrannical intol]ance ( ! ,puritans1 _h n int]rupt$ ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,we "k1 besides1 t ! poets us$ !n to sell ! exclusive copyright ( _! pieces to ! !atre ,footnote3 ,?is is p]haps n uncommon /ill 9 "s c\ntries4 ,! ,v5etian ,director ,m$eba*1 = ^: company _m ( ,goldoni's ,com$ies 7 compos$1 claim$ an exclusive "r to !m4--,,trans43 x is !re=e n improbable t ! "r ( prop]ty 9 8 unpr9t$ pieces 0 no long] ve/$ 9 ,%akspe>e1 or _h n at lea/ yet rev]t$ to him4 ,8 fell[-manag]s ent]$ on ! publication sev5 ye>s aft] 8 dea? 7:i* probably cut %ort 8 own int5tion17 z x w\ld appe> on _! own acc\nt & = _! own advantage4 ,,lecture ,,xxiii4 ,ignorance or ,le>n+ ( ,%akspe>e--,co/ume z obs]v$ by ,%akspe>e1 & h[ f> necess>y1 or may be disp5s$ ) 9 ! ,drama--,%akspe>e ! greate/ draw] ( ,"*--,v9dication ( ! g5u95ess ( 8 pa?os--,play on words--,moral delicacy--,irony--,mixture ( ! ,tragic & ,comic--,! "p ( ! ,fool or ,cl[n--,%akspe>e's ,language & ,v]sification4 ,our poet's want ( s*ol>%ip has be5 ! subject ( endless controv]sy1 & yet x is surely a v easy matt] to decide4 ,%akspe>e 0 poor 9 dead s*ool-cram1 b he possess$ a ri* treasury ( liv+ & intuitive k4 ,he knew a little ,lat91 & ev5 some?+ ( ,greek1 ?\gh x may be n en\gh to read ) ease ! writ]s 9 ! orig9al4 ,) mod]n languages also1 ! ,fr5* & ,italian1 he _h1 p]haps1 b a sup]ficial acqua9tance4 ,! g5]al direction ( 8 m9d 0 n to ! collection ( words b ( facts4 ,) ,engli% books1 :e!r orig9al or translat$1 he 0 ext5sively acqua9t$3 we may safely affirm t he _h read all t 8 native language & lit]ature !n conta9$ t c\ld be ( any use to him 9 8 poetical avocations4 ,he 0 suffici5tly intimate ) my?ology to employ x1 9 ! only mann] he c\ld wi%1 9 ! way ( symbolical ornam5t4 ,he _h =m$ a correct notion ( ! _s ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 & m p>ticul>ly ( t ( ! ,romans2 & ! hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry 0 famili> to him ev5 9 detail4 ,=tunately = him x _h n z yet be5 treat$ 9 a diplomatic & pragmatic _s1 b m]ely 9 ! *ronicle-/yle2 9 o!r words1 x _h n yet assum$ ! appe>ance ( dry inve/igations respect+ ! developm5t ( political relations1 diplomatic negotiations1 f9ances1 c41 b exhibit$ a visible image ( ! life & movem5t ( an age prolific ( great de$s4 ,%akspe>e1 moreov]1 0 a nice obs]v] ( nature2 he knew ! te*nical language ( me*anics & artisans2 he seems to h be5 well travell$ 9 ! int]ior ( 8 own c\ntry1 :ile ( o!rs he inquir$ dilig5tly ( travell$ navigators respect+ _! peculi>ity ( climate & cu/oms4 ,he ?us became accurately acqua9t$ ) all ! popul> usages1 op9ions1 & traditions :i* c\ld be ( use 9 poetry4 ,! pro(s ( 8 ignorance1 on :i* ! greate/ /ress is laid1 are a few geographical blund]s & ana*ronisms4 ,because 9 a com$y f\nd$ on an e>li] tale1 he makes %ips visit ,bohemia1 he has be5 ! subject ( mu* laught]4 ,b ,i conceive t we %\ld be v unju/ t[>ds him1 7 we to conclude t he did n1 z well z ourselves1 possess ! useful b by no means difficult k t ,bohemia is n[h]e b\nd$ by ! sea4 ,he c\ld nev]1 9 t case1 h look$ into a map ( ,g]many1 :o yet describes else:]e1 ) great accuracy1 ! maps ( bo? ,indies1 toge!r ) ! discov]ies ( ! late/ navigators4 ,footnote3 ,twelf? ,night1 or ,:at ,y ,w--,act iii4 sc5e ii4 ,9 su* matt]s ,%akspe>e is only fai?ful to ! details ( ! dome/ic /ories4 ,9 ! novels on :i* he work$1 he avoid$ di/urb+ ! associations ( 8 audi5ce1 to :om !y 7 kn[n1 by novelties--! correction ( errors 9 second>y & unimportant p>ticul>s4 ,! m wond]ful ! /ory1 ! m x rang$ 9 a purely poetical region1 :i* he transf]s at w to an indef9ite di/ance4 ,^! plays1 :atev] names !y be>1 take place 9 ! true l& ( romance1 & 9 ! v c5tury ( wond]ful love /ories4 ,he knew well t 9 ! =e/ ( ,ard5nes !re 7 nei!r ! lions & s]p5ts ( ! ,torrid ,zone1 nor ! %eph]desses ( ,arcadia3 b he transf]r$ bo? to x1 ,footnote3 ,z ,y ,l ,x4 because ! design & import ( 8 picture requir$ !m4 ,"h he consid]$ himself entitl$ to take ! greate/ lib]ties4 ,he _h n to d ) a hair-splitt+1 hyp]critical age l ours1 :i* is always seek+ 9 poetry = some?+ else ?an poetry2 8 audi5ce ent]$ ! !atre1 n to le>n true *ronology1 geography1 & natural hi/ory1 b to witness a vivid exhibition4 ,i w und]take to prove t ,%akspe>e's ana*ronisms are1 = ! mo/ "p1 committ$ ( set purpose & delib]ately4 ,x 0 frequ5tly ( importance to him to move ! exhibit$ subject out ( ! backgr\nd ( "t1 & br+ x q ne> u4 ,h5ce 9 ,hamlet1 ?\gh av[$ly an old ,nor!rn /ory1 !re runs a tone ( modi% society1 & 9 e respect ! co/ume ( ! mo/ rec5t p]iod4 ,)\t ^? circum/antialities x w\ld n h be5 all[able to make a philosophical inquir] ( ,hamlet1 on :i* trait1 h[ev]1 ! mean+ ( ! :ole is made to re/4 ,on t acc\nt he m5tions 8 education at a univ]sity1 ?\gh1 9 ! age ( ! true ,hamlet ( hi/ory1 univ]sities 7 n 9 exi/5ce4 ,he makes him /udy at ,witt5b]g1 & no selection ( a place c\ld h be5 m suitable4 ,! "n 0 v popul>3 ! /ory ( ,dr4 ,fau/us ( ,witt5b]g _h made x well kn[n2 x 0 ( p>ticul> celebrity 9 prote/ant ,engl&1 z ,lu!r _h taught & writt5 !re %ortly be=e1 & ! v "n mu/ h imm$iately sugge/$ ! idea ( fre$om 9 ?9k+4 ,i _c ov5 consid] x an ana*ronism t ,ri*>d ! ,?ird %\ld speak ( ,mac*iavel4 ,! ^w is "h us$ altoge!r prov]bially3 ! cont5ts1 at lea/1 ( ! book entitl$ ,( ! ,pr9ce 7,del ,pr9cipe17 h be5 9 exi/5ce ev] s9ce ! exi/5ce ( tyrants2 ,mac*iavel 0 m]ely ! fir/ to commit !m to writ+4 ,t ,%akspe>e has accurately hit ! ess5tial co/ume1 namely1 ! _s ( ages & nations1 is at lea/ ackn[l$g$ g5]ally by ! ,engli% critics2 b _m s9s aga9/ ext]nal co/ume may be easily rem>k$4 ,b "h x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ! ,roman pieces 7 act$ ^u ! /age ( t day 9 ! ,european dress4 ,?is 01 x is true1 /ill gr& & spl5did1 n s silly & ta/eless z x became t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 7,brutus & ,cassius appe>$ 9 ! ,spani% cloak2 !y wore1 q contr>y to ! ,roman cu/om1 ! sword by _! side 9 "t ( peace1 &1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( an eye witness1 ,footnote3 ,9 "o ( ! comm5datory poems 9 ! fir/ folio edition3 ,& on ! /age at half sword p>ley 7 ,brutus & ,cassius4 x 01 9 ! dialogue :]e ,brutus /imulates ,cassius to ! conspiracy1 drawn1 z if involunt>ily1 half out ( ! %ea?47 ,?is does 9 no way agree ) our way ( ?9k+3 we are n cont5t )\t ! toga4 ,! pres5t1 p]haps1 is n an inappropriate place = a few g5]al obs]vations on co/ume1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to art4 ,x has nev] be5 m accurately obs]v$ ?an 9 ! pres5t day2 art has become a slop-%op = p$antic antiquities4 ,?is is because we live 9 a le>n$ & critical1 b by no means poetical age4 ,! anci5ts be=e u us$1 :5 !y _h to repres5t ! religions ( o!r nations1 :i* deviat$ v mu* f _! own1 to br+ !m into con=mity ) ! ,greek my?ology4 ,9 ,sculpture1 aga91 ! same dress1 namely1 ! ,phrygian1 0 adopt$1 once = all1 = e b>b>ic tribe4 ,n t !y did n "k t !re 7 z _m diff]5t dresses z nations2 b 9 art !y m]ely wi%$ to ackn[l$ge ! great contra/ betwe5 b>b>ian & civiliz$3 & ?is1 !y ?\ght1 0 r5d]$ mo/ /rik+ly app>5t 9 ! ,phrygian g>b4 ,! e>li] ,*ri/ian pa9t]s repres5t ! ,savi\r1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! ,patri>*s1 & ! ,apo/les 9 an ideal dress2 b ! subord9ate actors or spectators ( ! action1 9 ! dresses ( _! own nation & age4 ,"h !y 7 guid$ by a correct feel+3 ! my/]i\s & sacr$ ought to be kept at an awe- inspir+ di/ance1 b ! human _c be rightly und]/ood if se5 )\t its usual accompanim5ts4 ,9 ! middle ages all h]oical /ories ( antiquity1 f ,!seus & ,a*illes d[n to ,alex&]1 7 metamorphos$ into true tales ( *ivalry4 ,:at 0 relat$ to !mselves spoke alone an intelligible language to !m2 ( diff]5ces & di/9ctions !y did n c>e to "k4 ,9 an old manuscript ( ! ,iliad1 ,i saw a m9iature illum9ation repres5t+ ,hector's fun]al procession1 :]e ! c(f9 is hung ) noble coats ( arms1 & c>ri$ into a ,go?ic *ur*4 ,x is easy to make m]ry ) ?is piece ( simplicity1 b a reflect+ m9d w see ! subject 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,a p[]ful consci\sness ( ! univ]sal validity & ! solid p]man5cy ( _! own mann] ( be+1 an und\bt+ conviction t x has always s be5 & w ev] cont9ue s to be 9 ! _w3 ^! feel+s ( our ance/ors 7 symptoms ( a fre% fulness ( life2 !y 7 ! m>r[ ( action 9 reality z well z 9 fiction4 ,_! pla9 & affectionate atta*m5t to e ?+ ar\nd !m1 h&$ d[n f _! fa!rs1 is by no means to be conf\nd$ ) ! ob/rep]\s conceit ( ages ( mann]ism1 :o1 out ( vanity1 introduce ! fleet+ modes & fa%ion ( ! day into art1 because to !m ev]y?+ l noble simplicity seems boori% & rude4 ,! latt] impropriety is n[ aboli%$3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 our poets & arti/s1 if !y w\ld hope = our approbation1 mu/1 l s]vants1 we> ! liv]y ( di/ant c5turies & =eign nations4 ,we are ev]y:]e at home except at home4 ,we d ourselves ! ju/ice to all[ t ! pres5t mode ( dress+1 =ms ( polit5ess1 c41 are altoge!r unpoetical1 & art is !re=e oblig$ to beg1 z an alms1 a poetical co/ume f ! antiqu>ies4 ,to t simple way ( ?9k+1 :i* is m]ely att5tive to ! inw>d tru? ( ! composition1 )\t /umbl+ at ana*ronisms1 or o!r ext]nal inconsi/5cies1 we _c1 alas6 n[ return2 b we mu/ envy ! poets to :om x (f]$ itself2 x all[$ !m a great bread? & fre$om 9 ! h&l+ ( _! subject4 ,_m ?+s 9 ,%akspe>e mu/ be judg$ ( accord+ to ! above pr9ciples1 respect+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! m]ely le>n$ co/ume4 ,!y w also 9 _! measure admit ( an application to ,cald]on4 ,s mu* ) respect to ! _s ( ! age 9 :i* ,%akspe>e liv$1 & 8 peculi> m5tal culture & k4 ,to me he appe>s a pr(\nd arti/1 & n a bl9d & wildly luxuriant g5ius4 ,i consid]1 g5]ally speak+1 all t has be5 said on ! subject a m]e fable1 a bl9d & extravagant error4 ,9 o!r arts ! ass]tion refutes itself2 = 9 !m acquir$ k is an indisp5sable condition ( clev] execution4 ,b ev5 9 su* poets1 z are usually giv5 out z c>eless pupils ( nature1 devoid ( art or s*ool discipl9e1 ,i h always f\nd1 on a ne>] consid]ation ( ! works ( real excell5ce !y may h produc$1 ev5 a high cultivation ( ! m5tal p[]s1 practice 9 art1 & views bo? wor?y 9 !mselves & maturely consid]$4 ,?is applies to ,hom] z well z to ,dante4 ,! activity ( g5ius is1 x is true1 natural to x1 &1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 unconsci\s2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! p]son :o possesses x is n always at ! mom5t able to r5d] an acc\nt ( ! c\rse :i* he may h pursu$2 b x by no means foll[s1 t ! ?9k+ p[] _h n a great %>e 9 x4 ,x is f ! v rapidity & c]ta9ty ( ! m5tal process1 f ! utmo/ cle>ness ( und]/&+1 t ?9k+ 9 a poet is n p]ceiv$ z some?+ ab/ract$1 does n we> ! appe>ance ( reflex m$itation4 ,t notion ( poetical inspiration1 :i* _m lyrical poets h br\ght into circulation1 z if !y 7 n 9 _! s5ses1 & l ,py?ia1 :5 possess$ by ! div9ity1 deliv]$ oracles un9telligible to !mselves --?is notion1 7a m]e lyrical inv5tion17 is lea/ ( all applicable to dramatic composition1 "o ( ! mo/ ?\ghtful productions ( ! human m9d4 ,x is admitt$ t ,%akspe>e has reflect$1 & deeply reflect$1 on "* & passion1 on ! progress ( ev5ts & human de/9ies1 on ! human con/itution1 on all ! ?+s & relations ( ! _w2 ?is is an admission :i* mu/ be made1 = "o alone ( ?\s&s ( 8 maxims w\ld be a suffici5t refutation ( :oev] %\ld attempt to d5y x4 ,s t x 0 only = ! /ructure ( 8 own pieces t he _h no ?\ght to sp>e8 ,?is he left to ! dom9ion ( *ance1 :i* blew toge!r ! atoms ( ,epicurus4 ,b suppos+ t1 devoid ( any high] ambition to approve himself to judici\s critics & po/]ity1 & want+ 9 t love ( art :i* longs = self-satisfaction 9 ! p]fection ( its works1 he _h m]ely lab\r$ to please ! unlett]$ cr[d2 /ill ?is v object alone & ! pursuit ( !atrical effect1 w\ld h l$ him to be/[ att5tion to ! /ructure & adh]5ce ( 8 pieces4 ,= does n ! impression ( a drama dep5d 9 an especial mann] on ! relation ( ! p>ts to ea* o!r8 ,&1 h[ev] beautiful a sc5e may be 9 itself1 if yet x be at v>iance ) :at ! spectators h be5 l$ to expect 9 its p>ticul> place1 s z to de/roy ! int]e/ :i* !y _h hi!rto felt1 w x n be at once reprobat$ by all :o possess pla9 common s5se1 & give !mselves up to nature8 ,! comic int]mixtures may be consid]$ m]ely z a sort ( int]lude1 design$ to relieve ! /ra9+ ( ! m9d aft] ! /ret* ( ! m s]i\s p>ts1 s long z no bett] purpose c be f\nd 9 !m2 b 9 ! progress ( ! ma9 action1 9 ! concat5ation ( ! ev5ts1 ! poet mu/1 if possible1 display ev5 m exp5diture ( ?\ght ?an 9 ! composition ( individual "* & situations1 o!rwise he w\ld be l ! conductor ( a puppet-%[ :o has entangl$ 8 wires1 s t ! puppets receive f _! me*anism q diff]5t movem5ts f ^? :i* he actually int5d$4 ,! ,engli% critics are unanim\s 9 _! praise ( ! tru? & uni=m consi/5cy ( 8 *>act]s1 ( 8 he>tr5d+ pa?os1 & 8 comic wit4 ,moreov]1 !y extol ! beauty & sublimity ( 8 sep>ate descriptions1 images1 & expressions4 ,?is la/ is ! mo/ sup]ficial & *eap mode ( criticis+ works ( art4 ,johnson comp>es him :o %\ld endeav\r to recomm5d ?is poet by passages unconnect$ly torn f 8 works1 to ! p$ant 9 ,hi]ocles1 :o exhibit$ a brick z a sample ( 8 h\se4 ,& yet h[ little1 & h[ v unsatisfactorily does he himself speak ( ! pieces consid]$ z a :ole6 ,let any man1 = in/ance1 br+ toge!r ! %ort *>act]s :i* he gives at ! close ( ea* play1 & see if ! aggregate w am\nt to t sum ( admiration :i* he himself1 at 8 outset1 has /at$ z ! correct /&>d = ! appreciation ( ! poet4 ,x 01 g5]ally speak+1 ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( ! "t :i* prec$$ our own1 7& :i* has %[$ itself p>ticul>ly 9 physical sci5ce17 to consid] ev]y?+ hav+ life z a m]e accumulation ( dead p>ts1 to sep>ate :at exi/s only 9 connexion & _c o!rwise be conceiv$1 in/ead ( p5etrat+ to ! c5tral po9t & view+ all ! p>ts z s _m irradiations f x4 ,h5ce no?+ is s r>e z a critic :o c elevate himself to ! compreh5sive contemplation ( a "w ( art4 ,%akspe>e's compositions1 f ! v dep? ( purpose display$ 9 !m1 h be5 especially liable to ! mis=tune ( be+ misund]/ood4 ,besides1 ?is prosaic species ( criticism requires always t ! poetic =m %\ld he appli$ to ! details ( execution2 b :5 ! plan ( ! piece is conc]n$1 x nev] looks = m ?an ! logical connexion ( causes & effects1 or "s p>tial & trite moral by way ( application2 & all t _c be reconcil$ !re) is decl>$ sup]flu\s1 or ev5 a p]nici\s app5dage4 ,on ^! pr9ciples we mu/ ev5 /rike out f ! ,greek trag$ies mo/ ( ! *oral songs1 :i* also contribute no?+ to ! developm5t ( ! action1 b are m]ely an h>moni\s e*o ( ! impressions ! poet aims at convey+4 ,9 ?is !y altoge!r mi/ake ! rights ( poetry & ! nature ( ! romantic drama1 :i*1 = ! v reason t x is & ought to be picturesque1 requires ri*] accompanim5ts & contra/s = its ma9 gr\ps4 ,9 all ,art & ,poetry1 b m especially 9 ! romantic1 ! ,fancy lays claims to be consid]$ z an indep5d5t m5tal p[] gov]n$ accord+ to its own laws4 ,9 an essay on ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,footnote3 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ,*>akt]i/ik5 und ,kritik51 publi%$ by my bro!r & myself4 writt5 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 ,i w5t ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! sc5es 9 _! ord]1 & demon/rat$ ! inw>d necessity ( ea* ) ref]5ce to ! :ole2 ,i %[$ :y su* a p>ticul> circle ( *>act]s & relations 0 plac$ ar\nd ! two lov]s2 ,i expla9$ ! signification ( ! mir? "h & !re scatt]$1 & ju/ifi$ ! use ( ! occasional height5+ giv5 to ! poetical col\rs4 ,f all ?is x seem$ to foll[ unque/ionably1 t ) ! exception ( a few witticisms1 n[ become un9telligible or =eign to ! pres5t ta/e1 7imitations ( ! tone ( society ( t day17 no?+ c\ld be tak5 away1 no?+ add$1 no?+ o!rwise arrang$1 )\t mutilat+ & disfigur+ ! p]fect "w4 ,i w\ld readily und]take to d ! same = all ! pieces ( ,%akspe>e's matur] ye>s1 b to d ?is w\ld require a sep>ate book4 ,"h ,i am r$uc$ to conf9e my obs]vations to ! trac+ 8 great designs ) a rapid p5cil2 b /ill ,i mu/ previ\sly be all[$ to deliv] my s5tim5ts 9 a g5]al mann] on ! subject ( 8 mo/ em95t peculi>ities4 ,%akspe>e's k ( mank9d has become prov]bial3 9 ?is 8 sup]iority is s great1 t he has ju/ly be5 call$ ! ma/] ( ! human he>t4 ,a read9ess to rem>k ! m9d's fa9t] & involunt>y utt]ances1 & ! p[] to express ) c]ta9ty ! mean+ ( ^! signs1 z det]m9$ by exp]i5ce & reflection1 con/itutes ! obs]v] ( m52 b tacitly to draw f ^! /ill fur!r conclusions1 & to arrange ! sep>ate obs]vations accord+ to gr\nds ( probability1 into a j & valid comb9ation1 ?is1 x may be said1 is to "k m54 ,! di/+ui%+ prop]ty ( ! dramatic poet :o is great 9 *>act]ization1 is some?+ altoge!r diff]5t "h1 & :i*1 7take x :i* way we w17 ei!r includes 9 x ?is read9ess & ?is acut5ess1 or disp5ses ) bo?4 ,x is ! capability ( transport+ himself s completely into e situation1 ev5 ! mo/ unusual1 t he is enabl$1 z pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! :ole human race1 )\t p>ticul> in/ructions = ea* sep>ate case1 to act & speak 9 ! "n ( e individual4 ,x is ! p[] ( end[+ ! creatures ( 8 imag9ation ) su* self-exi/5t en]gy1 t !y aft]w>ds act 9 ea* conjuncture accord+ to g5]al laws ( nature3 ! poet1 9 8 dreams1 in/itutes1 z x 71 exp]im5ts :i* are receiv$ ) z mu* au?ority z if !y _h be5 made on wak+ objects4 ,! inconceivable elem5t h]e91 & :at moreov] c nev] be le>n$1 is1 t ! *>act]s appe> nei!r to d nor to say any ?+ on ! spectator's acc\nt m]ely2 & yet t ! poet simply1 by means ( ! exhibition1 & )\t any subsidi>y explanation1 communicates to 8 audi5ce ! gift ( look+ into ! inmo/ recesses ( _! m9ds4 ,h5ce ,goe! has +5i\sly comp>$ ,%akspe>e's *>act]s to wat*es ) cry/all9e plates & cases1 :i*1 :ile !y po9t out ! h\rs z correctly z o!r wat*es1 enable u at ! same "t to p]ceive ! inw>d spr+s :]eby all ?is is accompli%$4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is m =eign to ,%akspe>e ?an a c]ta9 anatomical /yle ( exhibition1 :i* labori\sly enum]ates all ! motives by :i* a man is det]m9$ to act 9 ?is or t p>ticul> mann]4 ,?is rage ( supply+ motives1 ! mania ( s _m mod]n hi/orians1 might be c>ri$ at l5g? to an ext5t :i* w\ld aboli% e ?+ l individuality1 & resolve all "* into no?+ b ! effect ( =eign or ext]nal1 influ5ces :]eas we "k t x (t5 ann\nces itself mo/ decid$ly 9 e>lie/ infancy4 ,aft] all1 a man acts s because he is s4 ,& :at ea* man is1 t ,%akspe>e reveals to u mo/ imm$iately3 he dem&s & obta9s our belief1 ev5 = :at is s+ul> & deviates f ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,nev] p]haps 0 !re s compreh5sive a tal5t = *>act]ization z ,%akspe>e4 ,x n only grasps e div]sity ( rank1 age1 & sex1 d[n to ! lisp+s ( infancy2 n only d ! k+ & ! begg>1 ! h]o & ! pickpocket1 ! sage & ! idiot1 speak & act ) equal tru?fulness2 n only does he transport himself to di/ant ages & =eign nations1 & portray ) ! greate/ accuracy 7a few app>5t violations ( co/ume except$7 ! _s ( ! anci5t ,romans1 ( ! ,fr5* 9 ! w>s ) ! ,engli%1 ( ! ,engli% !mselves dur+ a great "p ( _! hi/ory1 ( ! ,s\!rn ,europeans 79 ! s]i\s "p ( _m com$ies71 ! cultivat$ society ( ! day1 & ! rude b>b>ism ( a ,norman =e- "t2 8 human *>act]s h n only su* dep? & individuality t !y d n admit ( be+ class$ "u common names1 & are inexhau/ible ev5 9 conception3 no1 ?is ,prome!us n m]ely =ms m51 he op5s ! gates ( ! magical _w ( spirits1 calls up ! midnight gho/1 exhibits be=e u ! wit*es ) _! unhall[$ rites1 peoples ! air ) sportive fairies & sylphs2 & ^! be+s1 ?\gh exi/+ only 9 ! imag9ation1 nev]!less possess su* tru? & consi/5cy1 t ev5 ) su* mis%ap5 abortions z ,caliban1 he extorts ! ass5t+ conviction1 t 7 !re su* be+s !y w\ld s conduct !mselves4 ,9 a ^w1 z he c>ries a bold & pregnant fancy into ! k+dom ( nature1 on ! o!r h&1 he c>ries nature into ! regions ( fancy1 :i* lie beyond ! conf9es ( reality4 ,we are lo/ 9 a/oni%m5t at ! close intimacy he br+s u into ) ! extraord9>y1 ! wond]ful1 & ! unhe>d-(4 ,pope & ,johnson appe> /rangely to contradict ea* o!r1 :5 ! fir/ says1 all ! *>act]s ( ,%akspe>e are individuals1 & ! second1 !y are species4 ,& yet p]haps ^! op9ions may admit ( reconciliation4 ,pope's expression is unque/ionably ! m correct4 ,a "* :i* %\ld be m]ely a p]sonification ( a nak$ g5]al idea c\ld nei!r exhibit any great dep? nor any great v>iety4 ,! names ( g5]a & species are well kn[n to be m]ely auxili>ies = ! und]/&+1 t we may embrace ! inf9ite v>iety ( nature 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,! *>act]s :i* ,%akspe>e has s ?or\ghly del9eat$ h und\bt$ly a numb] ( individual peculi>ities1 b at ! same "t !y possess a significance :i* is n applicable to !m alone3 !y g5]ally supply mat]ials = a pr(\nd !ory ( _! mo/ prom95t & di/+ui%+ prop]ty4 ,b ev5 ) ! above correction1 ?is op9ion mu/ /ill h its limitations4 ,*>act]ization is m]ely "o +r$i5t ( ! dramatic art1 & n dramatic poetry itself4 ,x w\ld be improp] 9 ! extreme1 if ! poet 7 to draw our att5tion to sup]flu\s traits ( "*1 at a "t :5 x ought to be 8 endeav\r to produce o!r impressions4 ,:5ev] ! musical or ! fanciful prepond]ates1 ! *>act]i/ical necess>ily falls into ! backgr\nd4 ,h5ce _m ( ! figures ( ,%akspe>e exhibit m]ely ext]nal designations1 det]m9$ by ! place :i* !y occupy 9 ! :ole3 !y are l second>y p]sons 9 a public procession1 to ^: physiognomy we seldom pay mu* att5tion2 _! only importance is d]iv$ f ! solemnity ( _! dress & ! duty 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,%akspe>e's mess5g]s1 = in/ance1 are = ! mo/ "p m]e mess5g]s1 & yet n common1 b poetical mess5g]s3 ! messages :i* !y h to br+ is ! s\l :i* sugge/s to !m _! language4 ,o!r voices1 too1 are m]ely rais$ to p\r =? ^! z melodi\s lam5tations or rejoic+s1 or to dwell 9 reflection on :at has tak5 place2 & 9 a s]i\s drama )\t *orus ?is mu/ always be m or less ! case1 if we w\ld n h x prosaical4 ,if ,%akspe>e des]ves our admiration = 8 *>act]s1 he is equally des]v+ ( x = 8 exhibition ( passion1 tak+ ?is ^w 9 its wide/ signification1 z includ+ e m5tal condition1 e tone1 f indiff]5ce or famili> mir? to ! wilde/ rage & despair4 ,he gives u ! hi/ory ( m9ds2 he lays op5 to u1 9 a s+le ^w1 a :ole s]ies ( _! ant]ior /ates4 ,8 passions d n /& at ! same height1 f fir/ to la/1 z is ! case ) s _m tragic poets1 :o1 9 ! language ( ,less+1 are ?or\gh ma/]s ( ! legal /yle ( love4 ,he pa9ts1 ) inimitable v]acity1 ! gradual advance f ! fir/ orig92 he gives1 z ,less+ says1 a liv+ picture ( all ! slight & secret artifices by :i* a feel+ /eals into our s\ls1 ( all ! imp]ceptible advantages :i* x !re ga9s1 ( all ! /ratagems by :i* x makes e o!r passion subs]vi5t to itself1 till x becomes ! sole tyrant ( our desires & our av]sions4 ,( all ! poets1 p]haps1 he alone has portray$ ! m5tal diseases1 melan*oly1 delirium1 lunacy1 ) su* inexpressible &1 9 e respect1 def9ite tru?1 t ! physician may enri* 8 obs]vations f !m 9 ! same mann] z f real cases4 ,& yet ,johnson has object$ to ,%akspe>e t 8 pa?os is n always natural & free f affectation4 ,!re are1 x is true1 passages1 ?\gh comp>atively speak+ v few1 :]e 8 poetry exce$s ! b\nds ( actual dialogue1 :]e a too so>+ imag9ation1 a too luxuriant wit1 r5d]$ a complete dramatic =getfulness ( himself impossible4 ,) ?is exception1 ! c5sure orig9at$ 9 a fanciless way ( ?9k+1 to :i* ev]y?+ appe>s unnatural t does n consort ) its own tame insipidity4 ,h5ce an idea has be5 =m$ ( simple & natural pa?os1 :i* consi/s 9 exclamations de/itute ( imag]y & n[ise elevat$ above e-day life4 ,b en]getical passions electrify all ! m5tal p[]s1 & w consequ5tly1 9 highly-fav\r$ natures1 give utt]ance to !mselves 9 +5i\s & figurative expressions4 ,x has be5 (t5 rem>k$ t indignation makes a man witty2 & z despair occasionally breaks out into laught]1 x may sometimes also give v5t to itself 9 anti!tical comp>isons4 ,besides1 ! rights ( ! poetical =m h n be5 duly weigh$4 ,%akspe>e1 :o 0 always sure ( 8 p[] to excite1 :5 he wi%$1 suffici5tly p[]ful emotions1 has occasionally1 by indulg+ 9 a fre] play ( fancy1 purposely temp]$ ! impressions :5 too pa9ful1 & imm$iately introduc$ a musical s(t5+ ( our sympa?y4 ,footnote3 ,a contempor>y ( ! poet1 ! au?or ( ! already-notic$ poem1 7subscrib$ ,i4 ,m4 ,s417 t5d]ly felt ?is :ile he says-- ,yet s to temp] passion1 t our e>s ,take pleasure 9 _! pa91 & eyes 9 te>s ,bo? smile & weep4 ,he _h n ^? rude ideas ( 8 art :i* _m mod]ns seem to h1 z if ! poet1 l ! cl[n 9 ! prov]b1 mu/ /rike twice on ! same place4 ,an anci5t rhetorician deliv]$ a caution aga9/ dwell+ too long on ! excitation ( pity2 = no?+1 he said1 dries s soon z te>s2 & ,%akspe>e act$ con=mably to ?is +5i\s maxim )\t hav+ le>n$ x4 ,! p>adoxical ass]tion ( ,johnson t ,%akspe>e _h a great] tal5t = com$y ?an trag$y1 & t 9 ! latt] he has frequ5tly display$ an affect$ tone1 is sc>cely des]v+ ( l5g?y notice4 ,= its refutation1 x is unnecess>y to appeal to ! great tragical compositions ( ! poet1 :i*1 = ov]p[]+ effect1 leave f> beh9d !m almo/ ev]y?+ t ! /age has se5 besides2 a few ( _! less celebrat$ sc5es w\ld be q suffici5t4 ,:at to _m read]s might l5d an appe>ance ( tru? to ?is ass]tion are ! v]bal witticisms1 t play+ ^u words1 :i* ,%akspe>e n unfrequ5tly introduces into s]i\s & sublime passages1 & ev5 into ^? also ( a peculi>ly pa!tic nature4 ,i h already /at$ ! po9t ( view 9 :i* we ought to consid] ?is sportive play ^u words4 ,i %all "h1 !re=e1 m]ely deliv] a few obs]vations respect+ ! play+ ^u words 9 g5]al1 & its poetical use4 ,a ?or\gh inve/igation w\ld lead u too f> f our subject1 & too deeply into consid]ations on ! ess5ce ( language1 & its relation to poetry1 or rhyme1 c4 ,!re is 9 ! human m9d a desire t language %\ld exhibit ! object :i* x d5otes1 s5sibly1 by its v s\nd1 :i* may be trac$ ev5 z f> back z 9 ! fir/ orig9 ( poetry4 ,z1 9 ! %ape 9 :i* language comes d[n to u1 ?is is seldom p]ceptibly ! case1 an imag9ation :i* has be5 p[]fully excit$ is fond ( lay+ hold ( any congruity 9 s\nd :i* may accid5tally (f] itself1 t by su* means he may1 = ! nonce1 re/ore ! lo/ resemblance betwe5 ! ^w & ! ?+4 ,= example1 ,h[ common 0 x & is x to seek 9 ! "n ( a p]son1 h[ev] arbitr>ily be/[$1 a ref]5ce to 8 qualities & =tunes1--to conv]t x purposely into a significant "n4 ,^? :o cry out aga9/ ! play ^u words z an unnatural & affect$ inv5tion1 only betray _! own ignorance ( orig9al nature4 ,a great fondness = x is always ev9c$ among *ildr51 z well z ) nations ( simple mann]s1 among :om correct ideas ( ! d]ivation & aff9ity ( words h n yet be5 develop$1 & d n1 consequ5tly1 /& 9 ! way ( ?is caprice4 ,9 ,hom] we f9d sev]al examples ( x2 ! ,books ( ,moses1 ! olde/ writt5 memorial ( ! primitive _w1 are1 z is well kn[n1 full ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 poets ( a v cultivat$ ta/e1 l ,petr>*1 or orators1 l ,cic]o1 h delight$ 9 !m4 ,:oev]1 9 ,ri*>d ! ,second1 is disgu/$ ) ! affect+ play ( words ( ! dy+ ,john ( ,gaunt on 8 own "n1 %\ld rememb] t ! same ?+ occurs 9 ! ,ajax ( ,sophocles4 ,we d n mean to say t all play+ ^u words is on all occasions to be ju/ifi$4 ,?is mu/ dep5d on ! disposition ( m9d1 :e!r x w admit ( su* a play ( fancy1 & :e!r ! sallies1 comp>isons1 & allusions1 :i* lie at ! bottom ( !m1 possess int]nal solidity4 ,yet we mu/ n proce$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( try+ h[ ! ?\ght appe>s aft] x is depriv$ ( ! resemblance 9 s\nd1 any m ?an we are to endeav\r to feel ! *>m ( rhym$ v]sification aft] depriv+ x ( its rhyme4 ,! laws ( good ta/e on ?is subject mu/1 moreov]1 v>y ) ! quality ( ! languages4 ,9 ^? :i* possess a great numb] ( homonymes1 t is1 words possess+ ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 s\nd1 ?\gh q diff]5t 9 _! d]ivation & signification1 x is almo/ m difficult to avoid1 ?an to fall on su* a v]bal play4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 fe>$1 le/ a door might be op5$ to pu]ile witticism1 if !y 7 n rigor\sly proscrib$4 ,b ,i _c1 = my "p1 f9d t ,%akspe>e _h su* an inv9cible & immod]ate passion = ?is v]bal witticism4 ,x is true1 he sometimes makes a mo/ lavi% use ( ?is figure2 at o!rs1 he has employ$ x v sp>+ly2 & at times 7= example1 9 ,macbe?71 ,i d n believe a ve/ige ( x is to be f\nd4 ,h5ce1 9 respect to ! use or ! rejection ( ! play ^u words1 he mu/ h be5 guid$ by ! measure ( ! objects1 & ! diff]5t /yle 9 :i* !y requir$ to be treat$1 & probably h foll[$ "h1 z 9 e ?+ else1 pr9ciples :i*1 fairly exam9$1 w be> a /rict exam9ation4 ,! objection t ,%akspe>e w\nds our feel+s by ! op5 display ( ! mo/ disgu/+ moral odi\sness1 unm]cifully h>r[s up ! m9d1 & tortures ev5 our eyes by ! exhibition ( ! mo/ insupportable & hateful spectacles1 is "o ( great] & grav] importance4 ,he has1 9 fact1 nev] v>ni%$ ov] wild & blood-?ir/y passions ) a pleas+ ext]ior--nev] clo!d crime & want ( pr9ciple ) a false %[ ( greatness ( s\l2 & 9 t respect he is e way des]v+ ( praise4 ,twice he has portray$ d[nright villa9s1 & ! ma/]ly way 9 :i* he has contriv$ to elude impressions ( too pa9ful a nature may be se5 9 ,iago & ,ri*>d ! ,?ird4 ,i all[ t ! read+1 & /ill m ! sight1 ( "s ( 8 pieces1 is n advisable to weak n]ves1 any m ?an 0 ! ,eum5ides ( ,aes*ylus2 b is ! poet1 :o c only rea* an important object by a bold & haz>d\s d>+1 to be *eck$ by consid]ations = su* p]sons8 ,if ! effem9acy ( ! pres5t day is to s]ve z a g5]al /&>d ( :at tragical composition may prop]ly exhibit to human nature1 we %all be =c$ to set v n>r[ limits inde$ to art1 & ! hope ( any?+ l p[]ful effect mu/ at once & = ev] be r5\nc$4 ,if we wi% to h a gr& purpose1 we mu/ also wi% to h ! gr& means1 & our n]ves ought 9 "s measure to accommodate !mselves to pa9ful impressions1 if1 by way ( requital1 our m9d is !reby elevat$ & /r5g!n$4 ,! con/ant ref]5ce to a petty & puny race mu/ cripple ! boldness ( ! poet4 ,=tunately = 8 art1 ,%akspe>e liv$ 9 an age extremely susceptible ( noble & t5d] impressions1 b :i* _h yet inh]it$ en\gh ( ! firmness ( a vigor\s old5 "t1 n to %r9k ) dismay f e /rong & =cible pa9t+4 ,we h liv$ to see trag$ies ( :i* ! cata/rophe consi/s 9 ! swoon ( an enam\r$ pr9cess3 if ,%akspe>e falls occasionally into ! opposite extreme1 x is a noble error1 orig9at+ 9 ! fulness ( a gigantic /r5g?4 ,& ?is tragical ,titan1 :o /orms ! heav5s & ?reat5s to te> ! _w f (f its h+es1 :o1 m t]rible ?an ,aes*ylus1 makes our hair to /& on end1 & congeals our blood ) horror1 possess$ at ! same "t ! ins9uat+ lovel9ess ( ! sweete/ poesy2 he toys ) love l a *ild1 & 8 songs die away on ! e> l melt+ sighs4 ,he unites 9 8 s\l ! utmo/ elevation & ! utmo/ dep?2 & ! mo/ opposite & ev5 app>5tly irreconcilable prop]ties subsi/ 9 him peaceably toge!r4 ,! _w ( spirits & nature h laid all _! treasures at 8 feet3 9 /r5g? a demi-god1 9 pr(undity ( view a prophet1 9 all-see+ wisdom a gu>dian _s ( a high] ord]1 he l[]s himself to mortals z if unconsci\s ( 8 sup]iority1 & is z op5 & unassum+ z a *ild4 ,if ! del9eation ( all 8 *>act]s1 sep>ately consid]$1 is inimitably bold & correct1 he surpasses ev5 himself 9 s comb9+ & contra/+ !m1 t !y s]ve to br+ out ea* o!r's peculi>ities4 ,?is is ! v p]fection ( dramatic *>act]ization3 = we c nev] e/imate a man's true wor? if we consid] him altoge!r ab/ract$ly by himself2 we mu/ see him 9 8 relations ) o!rs2 & x is "h t mo/ dramatic poets are defici5t4 ,%akspe>e makes ea* ( 8 pr9cipal *>act]s ! glass 9 :i* ! o!rs are reflect$1 & by l means enables u to discov] :at c\ld n be imm$iately reveal$ to u4 ,:at 9 o!rs is mo/ pr(\nd1 is ) him b surface4 ,ill-advis$ %\ld we be 7 we always to take m5's decl>ations respect+ !mselves & o!rs = /]l+ co94 ,ambiguity ( design ) mu* propriety he makes to ov]fl[ ) ! mo/ praisewor?y pr9ciples2 & sage maxims are n unfrequ5tly put 9 ! m\? ( /upidity1 to %[ h[ easily su* common-place truisms may be acquir$4 ,nobody ev] pa9t$ s tru?fully z he has done ! facility ( self-deception1 ! half self-consci\s hypocrisy t[>ds ourselves1 ) :i* ev5 noble m9ds attempt to disguise ! almo/ inevitable influ5ce ( selfi% motives 9 human nature4 ,?is secret irony ( ! *>act]ization comm&s admiration z ! pr(\nd abyss ( acut5ess & sagacity2 b x is ! grave ( en?usiasm4 ,we arrive at x only aft] we h _h ! mis=tune to see human nature ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 & :5 no *oice rema9s b to adopt ! melan*oly tru?1 t no virtue or greatness is altoge!r pure & g5u9e1 or ! dang]\s error t ! highe/ p]fection is atta9able4 ,"h we !re=e may p]ceive 9 ! poet himself1 not)/&+ 8 p[] to excite ! mo/ f]v5t emotions1 a c]ta9 cool indiff]5ce1 b /ill ! indiff]5ce ( a sup]ior m9d1 :i* has run ?r\gh ! :ole sph]e ( human exi/5ce & surviv$ feel+4 ,! irony 9 ,%akspe>e has n m]ely a ref]5ce to ! sep>ate *>act]s1 b frequ5tly to ! :ole ( ! action4 ,mo/ poets :o p\rtray human ev5ts 9 a n>rative or dramatic =m take !mselves a "p1 & exact f _! read]s a bl9d approbation or condemnation ( :atev] side !y *oose to support or oppose4 ,! m zeal\s ?is rhetoric is1 ! m c]ta9ly x fails ( its effect4 ,9 e case we are consci\s t ! subject itself is n br\ght imm$iately be=e u1 b t we view x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a diff]5t way ( ?9k+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 by a dext]\s manoeuvre1 ! poet all[s u an occasional glance at ! less brilliant rev]se ( ! m$al1 !n he makes1 z x 71 a sort ( secret und]/&+ ) ! select circle ( ! m intellig5t ( 8 read]s or spectators2 he %[s !m t he _h previ\sly se5 & admitt$ ! validity ( _! tacit objections2 t he himself is n ti$ d[n to ! repres5t$ subject1 b so>s freely above x2 & t1 if he *ose1 he c\ld unrel5t+ly annihilate ! beautiful & irresi/ibly attractive sc5es :i* 8 magic p5 has produc$4 ,no d\bt1 :]ev] ! prop] tragic ent]s e ?+ l irony imm$iately ceases2 b f ! av[$ raill]y ( ,com$y1 to ! po9t :]e ! subjection ( mortal be+s to an inevitable de/9y dem&s ! highe/ degree ( s]i\sness1 !re are a multitude ( human relations :i* unque/ionably may be consid]$ 9 an ironical view1 )\t conf\nd+ ! et]nal l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 good & evil4 ,?is purpose is answ]$ by ! comic *>act]s & sc5es :i* are int]wov5 ) ! s]i\s p>ts 9 mo/ ( ^? pieces ( ,%akspe>e :]e romantic fables or hi/orical ev5ts are made ! subject ( a noble & elevat+ exhibition4 ,frequ5tly an int5tional p>ody ( ! s]i\s "p is n to be mi/ak5 9 !m2 at o!r times ! connexion is m arbitr>y & loose1 & ! m s ! m m>vell\s ! inv5tion ( ! :ole1 & ! m entirely x is become a light revell+ ( ! fancy4 ,! comic int]vals ev]y:]e s]ve to prev5t ! pa/ime f be+ conv]t$ into a bus9ess1 to pres]ve ! m9d 9 ! possession ( its s]5ity1 & to keep (f t gloomy & in]t s]i\sness :i* s easily /eals ^u ! s5tim5tal1 b n tragical1 drama4 ,mo/ assur$ly ,%akspe>e did n int5d !reby1 9 defiance to 8 own bett] judgm5t1 to hum\r ! ta/e ( ! multitude3 = 9 v>i\s pieces1 & ?r\gh\t consid]able portions ( o!rs1 & especially :5 ! cata/rophe is approa*+1 & ! m9d consequ5tly is m on ! /ret* & no long] likely to give he$ to any amusem5t :i* w\ld di/ract _! att5tion1 he has ab/a9$ f all su* comic int]mixtures4 ,x 0 also an object ) him1 t ! cl[ns or buffoons %\ld n occupy a m important place ?an t :i* he _h assign$ !m3 he expressly condemns ! extemporiz+ ) :i* !y love to enl>ge _! p>ts ,footnote3 ,9 ,hamlet's directions to ! play]s4 ,act iii1 sc4 #b44 ,johnson f\nds ! ju/ification ( ! species ( drama 9 :i* s]i\sness & mir? admix$1 on ?is1 t 9 real life ! vulg> is f\nd close to ! sublime1 t ! m]ry & ! sad usually accompany & succe$ "o ano!r4 ,b x does n foll[ t because bo? are f\nd toge!r1 !re=e !y mu/ n be sep>able 9 ! compositions ( art4 ,! obs]vation is 9 o!r respects j1 & ?is circum/ance inve/s ! poet ) a p[] to adopt ?is proc$ure1 because e ?+ 9 ! drama mu/ be regulat$ by ! conditions ( !atrical probability2 b ! mixture ( su* dissimil>1 & app>5tly contradictory1 +r$i5ts1 9 ! same works1 c only be ju/ifiable on pr9ciples reconcilable ) ! views ( art1 :i* ,i h already describ$4 ,9 ! dramas ( ,%akspe>e ! comic sc5es are ! ante*amb] ( ! poetry1 :]e ! s]vants rema92 ^! prosaic att5dants mu/ n raise _! voices s high z to deaf5 ! speak]s 9 ! pres5ce-*amb]2 h[ev]1 9 ^? int]vals :5 ! ideal society has retir$ !y des]ve to be li/5$ to2 _! bold raill]y1 _! presumption ( mock]y1 may af=d _m an insight into ! situation & circum/ances ( _! ma/]s4 ,%akspe>e's comic tal5t is equally wond]ful ) t :i* he has %[n 9 ! pa!tic & tragic3 x /&s on an equal elevation1 & possesses equal ext5t & pr(undity2 9 all t ,i h hi!rto said1 ,i only wi%$ to gu>d aga9/ admitt+ t ! =m] prepond]at$4 ,he is highly inv5tive 9 comic situations & motives3 x w be h>dly possible to %[ :5ce he has tak5 any ( !m1 :]eas1 9 ! s]i\s "p ( 8 dramas1 he has g5]ally laid hold ( "s well-kn[n /ory4 ,8 comic *>act]ization is equally true1 v>i\s1 & pr(\nd1 ) 8 s]i\s4 ,s little is he dispos$ to c>icature1 t r1 x may be said1 _m ( 8 traits are almo/ too nice & delicate = ! /age1 t !y c only be made available by a great actor1 & fully und]/ood by an acute audi5ce4 ,n only has he del9eat$ _m k9ds ( folly1 b ev5 ( %e] /upidity has he contriv$ to give a mo/ div]t+ & ent]ta9+ picture4 ,!re is also 9 8 pieces a peculi> species ( ! f>cical1 :i* app>5tly seems to be introduc$ m arbitr>ily1 b :i*1 h[ev]1 is f\nd$ on imitation ( "s actual cu/om4 ,?is is ! introduction ( ! m]ry-mak]1 ! fool ) 8 cap & bells1 & motley dress1 call$ m commonly 9 ,engl& ,cl[n1 :o appe>s 9 sev]al com$ies1 ?\gh n 9 all1 b ( ! trag$ies 9 ,le> alone1 & :o g5]ally m]ely ex]cises 8 wit 9 conv]sation ) ! pr9cipal p]sons1 ?\gh he is also sometimes incorporat$ into ! action4 ,9 ^? times x 0 n only usual = pr9ces to h _! c\rt fools1 b _m di/+ui%$ families1 among _! o!r reta9]s1 kept su* an exhil>at+ h\semate z a good antidote aga9/ ! insipidity & we>isom5ess ( ord9>y life1 & z a welcome int]ruption ( e/abli%$ =malities4 ,great /atesm51 & ev5 ecclesia/ics1 did n consid] x b5ea? _! dignity to recruit & solace !mselves aft] important bus9ess ) ! conv]sation ( _! fools2 ! celebrat$ ,sir ,?omas ,m _h 8 fool pa9t$ along ) himself by ,holbe94 ,%akspe>e appe>s to h liv$ imm$iately be=e ! "t :5 ! cu/om began to be aboli%$2 9 ! ,engli% comic au?ors :o succe$$ him ! cl[n is no long] to be f\nd4 ,! dismissal ( ! fool has be5 extoll$ z a pro( ( ref9em5t2 & our hone/ =efa!rs h be5 piti$ = tak+ delight 9 su* a co>se & f>cical amusem5t4 ,= my "p1 ,i am r dispos$ to believe1 t ! practice 0 dropp$ f ! difficulty 9 f9d+ fools able to d full ju/ice to _! p>ts3 ,footnote3 ,see ,hamlet's praise ( ,yorick4 ,9 ,! ,twelf? ,night1 ,viola says3-- ,?is fell[ is wise en\gh to play ! fool1 ,& to d t well craves a k9d ( wit2 ,he mu/ obs]ve _! mood on :om he je/s1 ,! quality ( ! p]sons1 & ! "t2 ,& l ! hagg>d1 *eck at e fea!r ,t comes be=e 8 eye4 ,?is is a practice ,z full ( lab\r z a wise man's art3 ,= folly t he wisely %[s if fit1 ,b wise m5s' folly fall'n q ta9ts _! wit4--,,au?or4 ,! passages f ,%akspe>e1 9 ! orig9al "w1 are giv5 f ! au?or's ma/]ly translation4 ,we may be all[$1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve t ! la/ l9e-- ,do* wozu i/ des ,weis5 ,?orheit nutz8 lit]ally1 ,( :at use is ! folly ( ! wise8--does n convey ! exact mean+ ( ,%akespe>e4--,,trans4 on ! o!r h&1 reason1 ) all its conceit ( itself1 has become too timid to tol]ate su* bold irony2 x is always c>eful le/ ! mantle ( its gravity %\ld be di/urb$ 9 any ( its folds2 & r ?an all[ a privileg$ place to folly beside itself1 x has unconsci\sly assum$ ! "p ( ! ridicul\s2 b1 alas6 a heavy & *e]less ridicule4 ,footnote3 ,s9ce ! little wit t fools h 0 sil5c$1 ! little fool]y t wise m5 h makes a great] %[4--,z ,y ,l ,x4 ,act i41 sc4 #b4 ,x w\ld be easy to make a collection ( ! excell5t sallies & bit+ s>casms :i* h be5 pres]v$ ( celebrat$ c\rt fools4 ,x is well kn[n t !y frequ5tly told su* tru?s to pr9ces z are nev] n[ told to !m4 ,footnote3 ,*>les ! ,bold1 ( ,burgundy1 is kn[n to h frequ5tly boa/$ t he wi%$ to rival ,hannibal z ! greate/ g5]al ( all ages4 ,aft] 8 defeat at ,granson1 8 fool accompani$ him 9 8 hurri$ flight1 & exclaim$1 ,ah1 y\r ,grace1 !y h = once ,hanniball$ u6 ,if ! ,duke _h giv5 an e> to ?is w>n+ raill]y1 he w\ld n s soon aft]w>ds h come to a disgraceful end4 ,%akspe>e's fools1 along ) some:at ( an ov]/ra9+ = wit1 :i* _c altoge!r be avoid$ :5 wit becomes a sep>ate pr(ession1 h = ! mo/ "p an incomp>able hum\r1 & an inf9ite abundance ( intellect1 en\gh inde$ to supply a :ole ho/ ( ord9>y wise m54 ,i h /ill a few obs]vations to make on ! diction & v]sification ( our poet4 ,! language is "h & !re some:at obsolete1 b on ! :ole mu* less s ?an 9 mo/ ( ! contempor>y writ]s1 a suffici5t pro( ( ! goodness ( 8 *oice4 ,prose _h z yet be5 b little cultivat$1 z ! le>n$ g5]ally wrote 9 ,lat93 a fav\rable circum/ance = ! dramatic poet2 = :at has he to d ) ! sci5tific language ( books8 ,he _h n only read1 b /udi$ ! e>li] ,engli% poets2 b he drew 8 language imm$iately f life itself1 & he possess$ a ma/]ly skill 9 bl5d+ ! dialogical elem5t ) ! highe/ poetical elevation4 ,i "k n :at c]ta9 critics mean1 :5 !y say t ,%akspe>e is frequ5tly ungrammatical4 ,to make good _! ass]tion1 !y mu/ prove t simil> con/ructions nev] occur 9 8 contempor>ies1 ! direct contr>y ( :i* c1 h[ev]1 be easily %[n4 ,9 no language is e ?+ det]m9$ on pr9ciple2 mu* is always left to ! caprice ( cu/om1 & if ?is has s9ce *ang$1 is ! poet to be made answ]able = x8 ,! ,engli% language _h n !n atta9$ to t correct insipidity :i* has be5 introduc$ into ! m rec5t lit]ature ( ! c\ntry1 to ! prejudice1 p]haps1 ( its orig9ality4 ,z a field :5 fir/ br\ght "u ! pl\gh produces1 along ) ! fruitful %oots1 _m luxuriant we$s1 s ! poetical diction ( ! day ran occasionally into extravagance1 b an extravagance orig9at+ 9 ! exub]ance ( its vig\r4 ,we may /ill p]ceive traces ( awkw>dness1 b n[h]e ( a lab\r$ & spiritless display ( art4 ,9 g5]al ,%akspe>e's /yle yet rema9s ! v be/ model1 bo? 9 ! vigor\s & sublime1 & ! pleas+ & t5d]4 ,9 8 sph]e he has exhau/$ all ! means & appliances ( language4 ,on all he has impress$ ! /amp ( 8 mighty _s4 ,8 images & figures1 9 _! uns\ght1 nay1 uncaprici\s s+ul>ity1 h (t5 a sweetness altoge!r peculi>4 ,he becomes occasionally obscure f too great fondness = compress$ brevity2 b /ill1 ! lab\r ( por+ ov] ,%akspe>e's l9es w inv>iably meet an ample requital4 ,! v]se 9 all 8 plays is g5]ally ! rhymeless ,iambic ( t5 or elev5 syllables1 occasionally only int]mix$ ) rhymes1 b m frequ5tly alt]nat+ ) prose4 ,no "o piece is writt5 entirely 9 prose2 = ev5 9 ^? :i* approa* ! mo/ to ! pure ,com$y1 !re is always some?+ add$ :i* gives !m a m poetical hue ?an usually belongs to ?is species4 ,_m sc5es are :olly 9 prose1 9 o!rs v]se & prose succe$ ea* o!r alt]nately4 ,?is c only appe> an impropriety 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to consid] ! l9es ( a drama l s _m soldi]s drawn up rank & file on a p>ade1 ) ! same uni=m1 arms1 & acc\trem5ts1 s t :5 we see "o or two we may repres5t to ourselves ?\s&s z be+ e way l !m4 ,9 ! use ( v]se & prose ,%akspe>e obs]ves v nice di/9ctions accord+ to ! ranks ( ! speak]s1 b /ill m accord+ to _! *>act]s & disposition ( m9d4 ,a noble language1 elevat$ above ! usual tone1 is only suitable to a c]ta9 decorum ( mann]s1 :i* is ?r[n ov] bo? vices & virtues1 & :i* does n ev5 :olly disappe> amid/ ! viol5ce ( passion4 ,if ?is is n exclusively possess$ by ! high] ranks1 x /ill1 h[ev]1 belongs naturally m to !m ?an to ! l[]2 & !re=e 9 ,%akspe>e dignity & famili>ity ( language1 poetry1 & prose1 are 9 ?is mann] di/ribut$ among ! *>act]s4 ,h5ce 8 tradesm51 peasants1 soldi]s1 sailors1 s]vants1 b m especially 8 fools & cl[ns1 speak almo/ )\t exception1 9 ! tone ( _! actual life4 ,h[ev]1 inw>d dignity ( s5tim5t1 :]ev] x is possess$1 inv>iably displays itself ) a nobl5ess ( its own1 & /&s n 9 ne$1 = t end1 ( ! artificial elegancies ( education & cu/om2 x is a univ]sal "r ( man1 ( ! highe/ z well z ! l[e/2 & h5ce also1 9 ,%akspe>e1 ! nobility ( nature & morality is ennobl$ above ! artificial nobility ( society4 ,n unfrequ5tly also he makes ! v same p]sons express !mselves at times 9 ! sublime/ language1 & at o!rs 9 ! l[e/2 & ?is inequality is 9 l mann] f\nd$ 9 tru?4 ,extraord9>y situations1 :i* int5sely occupy ! head & ?r[ mighty passions into play1 give elevation & t5sion to ! s\l3 x collects toge!r all its p[]s1 & exhibits an unusual en]gy1 bo? 9 its op]ations & 9 its communications by language4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! greate/ m5 h _! mom5ts ( remissness1 :5 to a c]ta9 degree !y =get ! dignity ( _! "* 9 unres]v$ relaxation4 ,?is v tone ( m9d is necess>y be=e !y c receive amusem5t f ! jokes ( o!rs1 or :at surely _c di%on\r ev5 a h]o1 f pass+ jokes !mselves4 ,let any p]son1 = example1 g c>efully ?r\gh ! "p ( ,hamlet4 ,h[ bold & p[]ful ! language ( 8 poetry :5 he conjures ! gho/ ( 8 fa!r1 :5 he spurs himself on to ! bloody de$1 :5 he ?und]s into ! s\l ( 8 "m6 ,h[ he l[]s 8 tone d[n to t ( common life1 :5 he has to d ) p]sons ^: /ation dem&s f him su* a l9e ( conduct2 :5 he makes game ( ,polonius & ! c\rti]s1 in/ructs ! play]1 & ev5 ent]s into ! jokes ( ! grave-digg]4 ,( all ! poet's s]i\s lead+ *>act]s !re is none s ri* 9 wit & hum\r z ,hamlet2 h5ce he x is ( all ( !m t makes ! greate/ use ( ! famili> /yle4 ,o!rs1 aga91 nev] d fall into x2 ei!r because !y are con/antly surr\nd$ by ! pomp ( rank1 or because a uni=m s]i\sness is natural to !m2 or1 9 %ort1 because ?r\gh ! :ole piece !y are "u ! dom9ion ( a passion1 calculat$ to excite1 & n1 l ! sorr[ ( ,hamlet1 to depress ! m9d4 ,! *oice ( ! "o =m or ! o!r is ev]y:]e s appropriate1 & s mu* f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ! ?+1 t ,i w v5ture to ass]t1 ev5 :]e ! poet 9 ! v same spee* makes ! speak] leave prose = poetry1 or ! conv]se1 ?is c\ld n be alt]$ )\t dang] ( injur+ or de/roy+ "s beauty or o!r4 ,! blank v]se has ?is advantage1 t its tone may be elevat$ or l[]$2 x admits ( approximation to ! famili> /yle ( conv]sation1 & nev] =ms su* an abrupt contra/ z t1 = example1 betwe5 pla9 prose & ! rhym+ ,alex&r9es4 ,%akspe>e's ,iambics are sometimes highly h>moni\s & full s\nd+2 always v>i$ & suitable to ! subject1 at "o "t di/+ui%$ by ease & rapidity1 at ano!r !y move along ) pond]\s en]gy4 ,!y nev] fall out ( ! dialogical "*1 :i* may always be trac$ ev5 9 ! cont9u$ disc\rses ( individuals1 except+ :5 ! latt] run into ! lyrical4 ,!y are a complete model ( ! dramatic use ( ?is species ( v]se1 :i*1 9 ,engli%1 s9ce ,milton1 has be5 also us$ 9 epic poetry2 b 9 ! latt] x has assum$ a q diff]5t turn4 ,ev5 ! irregul>ities ( ,%akspe>e's v]sification are expressive2 a v]se brok5 (f1 or a sudd5 *ange ( rhy?mus1 co9cides ) "s pause 9 ! progress ( ! ?\ght1 or ! entrance ( ano!r m5tal disposition4 ,z a pro( t he purposely violat$ ! me*anical rules1 f a conviction t too symmetrical a v]sification does n suit ) ! drama1 & on ! /age has 9 ! long run a t5d5cy to lull ! spectators asleep1 we may obs]ve t 8 e>li] pieces are ! mo/ dilig5tly v]sifi$1 & t 9 ! lat] works1 :5 ?r\gh practice he mu/ h acquir$ a great] facility1 we f9d ! /ronge/ deviations f ! regul> /ructure ( ! v]se4 ,z x s]v$ ) him m]ely to make ! poetical elevation p]ceptible1 he !re=e claim$ ! utmo/ possible fre$om 9 ! use ( x4 ,! views or sugge/ions ( feel+ by :i* he 0 guid$ 9 ! use ( rhyme may likewise be trac$ ) almo/ equal c]ta9ty4 ,n unfrequ5tly sc5es1 or ev5 s+le spee*es1 close ) a few rhym+ l9es1 = ! purpose ( m /rongly m>k+ ! division1 & ( giv+ x m r\nd+4 ,?is 0 injudici\sly imitat$ by ! ,engli% tragic poets ( a lat] date2 !y sudd5ly elevat$ ! tone 9 ! rhym$ l9es1 z if ! p]son began all at once to speak 9 ano!r language4 ,! practice 0 welcom$ by ! actors f its s]v+ z a signal = clapp+ :5 !y made _! exit4 ,9 ,%akspe>e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! transitions are m easy3 all *anges ( =ms are br\ght ab\t ins5sibly1 & z if ( !mselves4 ,moreov]1 he is g5]ally fond ( height5+ a s]ies ( +5i\s & anti!tical say+s by ! use ( rhyme4 ,we f9d o!r passages 9 cont9u$ rhyme1 :]e solemnity & !atrical pomp 7 suitable1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! mask1 ,footnote3 ,i %all take ! opportunity ( say+ a few words respect+ ?is species ( drama :5 ,i come to speak ( ,b5 ,jonson4 z x is call$1 ,! ,tempe/1 & 9 ! play introduc$ 9 ,hamlet4 ,( o!r pieces1 = in/ance1 ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 & ,romeo & ,juliet1 ! rhymes =m a consid]able "p2 ei!r because he may h wi%$ to give !m a gl[+ col\r1 or because ! *>act]s appropriately utt] 9 a m musical tone _! compla9ts or suits ( love4 ,9 ^! cases he has ev5 introduc$ rhym$ /rophes1 :i* approa* to ! =m ( ! sonnet1 !n usual 9 ,engl&4 ,! ass]tion ( ,malone1 t ,%akspe>e 9 8 y\? 0 fond ( rhyme1 b t he aft]w>ds reject$ x1 is suffici5tly refut$ by 8 own *ronology ( ! poet's works4 ,9 "s ( ! e>lie/1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,second & ,?ird ,"p ( ,h5ry ! ,six?1 !re are h>dly any rhymes2 9 :at is /at$ to be 8 la/ piece1 ,! ,twelf? ,night1 or ,:at ,y ,w1 & 9 ,macbe?1 :i* is prov$ to h be5 compos$ "u ! reign ( ,k+ ,james1 we f9d !m 9 no inconsid]able numb]4 ,ev5 9 ! second>y matt]s ( =m ,%akspe>e 0 n guid$ by hum\r & accid5t1 b1 l a g5u9e arti/1 act$ inv>iably on good & solid gr\nds4 ,?is we might also %[ ( ! k9ds ( v]se :i* he lea/ frequ5tly us$2 = in/ance1 if ! rhym+ v]ses ( sev5 & eight syllables1 7 we n afraid ( dwell+ too long on m]ely te*nical peculi>ities4 ,9 ,engl& ! mann] ( h&l+ rhym+ v]se1 & ! op9ion z to its h>mony & elegance1 h1 9 ! c\rse ( two c5turies1 und]gone a mu* great] *ange ?an is ! case ) ! rhymeless ,iambic or blank v]se4 ,9 ! =m]1 ,dryd5 & ,pope h become models2 ^! writ]s h communicat$ ! utmo/ smoo?+ to rhyme1 b !y h also ti$ x d[n to a h>moni\s uni=mity4 ,a =eign]1 to :om antiquat$ & new are ! same1 may p]haps feel ) great] fre$om ! advantages ( ! m anci5t mann]4 ,c]ta9 x is1 ! rhyme ( ! pres5t day1 f ! too great conf9em5t ( ! c\plet1 is unfit = ! drama4 ,we mu/ n e/imate ! rhyme ( ,%akspe>e by ! mode ( subsequ5t times1 b by a comp>ison ) 8 contempor>ies or ) ,sp5s]4 ,! comp>ison w1 )\t d\bt1 turn out to 8 advantage4 ,sp5s] is (t5 diffuse2 ,%akspe>e1 ?\gh sometimes h>d1 is always brief & vigor\s4 ,he has m frequ5tly be5 induc$ by ! rhyme to leave out some?+ necess>y ?an to ins]t any?+ sup]flu\s4 ,_m ( 8 rhymes1 h[ev]1 are faultless3 +5i\s ) attractive ease1 & ri* )\t false brilliancy4 ,! songs int]sp]s$ 7^?1 ,i mean1 ( ! poet himself7 are g5]ally sweetly playful & altoge!r musical2 9 imag9ation1 :ile we m]ely read !m1 we he> _! melody4 ,! :ole ( ,%akspe>e's productions be> ! c]ta9 /amp ( 8 orig9al g5ius1 b yet no writ] 0 ev] f>!r remov$ f e ?+ l a mann]ism d]iv$ f habit or p]sonal peculi>ities4 ,r is he1 su* is ! div]sity ( tone & col\r1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! quality ( 8 subjects he assumes1 a v ,proteus4 ,ea* ( 8 compositions is l a _w ( its own1 mov+ 9 its own sph]e4 ,!y are works ( art1 f9i%$ 9 "o p]vad+ /yle1 :i* reveal$ ! fre$om & judici\s *oice ( _! au?or4 ,if ! =mation ( a "w ?r\gh\t1 ev5 9 its m9ute/ p>ts1 9 con=mity ) a lead+ idea2 if ! dom9ation ( "o animat+ _s ov] all ! means ( execution1 des]ves ! "n ( correctness 7& ?is1 except+ 9 matt]s ( gramm>1 is ! only prop] s5se ( ! t]m72 we %all !n1 aft] all[+ to ,%akspe>e all ! high] qualities :i* dem& our admiration1 be also compell$1 9 mo/ cases1 to conc$e to him ! title ( a correct poet4 ,x w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree in/ructive to foll[1 if we c\ld1 9 8 c>e] /ep by /ep1 an au?or :o at once f\nd$ & c>ri$ 8 art to p]fection1 & to g ?r\gh 8 works 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,b1 ) ! exception ( a few fix$ po9ts1 :i* at l5g? h be5 obta9$1 all ! necess>y mat]ials = ?is are /ill want+4 ,! dilig5t ,malone has1 inde$1 made an attempt to arrange ! plays ( ,%akspe>e 9 *ronological ord]2 b he himself only gives out ! result ( 8 lab\rs = hypo!tical1 & x c\ld n possibly be att5d$ ) complete success1 s9ce he exclud$ f 8 inquiry a consid]able numb] ( pieces :i* h be5 ascrib$ to ! poet1 ?\gh reject$ z spuri\s by all ! editors s9ce ,r[e1 b :i*1 9 my op9ion1 mu/1 if n :olly1 at lea/ 9 great measure be attribut$ to him4 ,footnote3 ,7 ?is book de/9$ imm$iately = an ,engli% public1 ,i %\ld n h haz>d$ an op9ion l ?is at v>iance ) t :i* is g5]ally receiv$1 )\t support+ x by pro(s4 ,! inquiry1 h[ev]1 is too ext5sive = our pres5t limits1 & ,i h !re=e res]v$ x = a sep>ate treatise4 ,besides at ! pres5t mom5t1 :ile ,i am putt+ ! la/ h& to my ,lectures1 no collection ( ,engli% books b my own is accessible to me4 ,! latt] ,i %\ld h enl>g$ ) a view to ?is object1 if ! int]ruption ( int]c\rse ) ,engl& _h n r5d]$ x impossible to procure any o!r ?an ! mo/ common ,engli% books4 ,on ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ,i mu/ reque/ indulg5ce4 ,9 an ,app5dix to ?is ,lecture ,i %all m]ely make a few cursory obs]vations4 ,,lecture ,,xxiv4 ,criticisms on ,%akspe>e's ,com$ies4 ,! be/ & easie/ mode ( review+ ,%akspe>e's dramas w be to arrange !m 9 classes4 ,?is1 x mu/ be own$1 is m]ely a make%ift3 sev]al critics h decl>$ t all ,%akspe>e's pieces sub/antially belong to ! same species1 al?\gh sometimes "o +r$i5t1 sometimes ano!r1 ! musical or ! *>act]i/ical1 ! inv5tion ( ! wond]ful or ! imitation ( ! real1 ! pa!tic or ! comic1 s]i\sness or irony1 may prepond]ate 9 ! mixture4 ,%akspe>e himself1 x w\ld appe>1 did b laugh at ! petty endeav\rs ( critics to f9d out divisions & subdivisions ( species1 & to h$ge 9 :at _h be5 s sep>at$ ) ! mo/ anxi\s c>e2 ?us ! p$antic ,polonius 9 ,hamlet comm5ds ! play]s1 = _! k ( trag$y1 com$y1 hi/ory1 pa/oral1 pa/oral-comical1 hi/orical-pa/oral1 tragical- hi/orical1 tragical-comical1 hi/orical-pa/oral1 sc5e-undividable1 or poem unlimit$4 ,on ano!r occasion he ridicules ! limitation ( ,trag$y to an un=tunate cata/rophe3 ,& tragical1 my noble "l1 x is2 ,= ,pyramus !re9 do? kill himself4 ,h[ev] ! division into ,com$ies1 ,trag$ies1 & ,hi/orical ,dramas1 accord+ to ! usual practice1 may 9 "s measure be adopt$1 if we d n lose sight ( ! transitions & aff9ities4 ,! subjects ( ! com$ies are g5]ally tak5 f novels3 !y are romantic love tales2 none are altoge!r conf9$ to ! sph]e ( common or dome/ic relations3 all ( !m possess poetical ornam5t1 "s ( !m run into ! wond]ful or ! pa!tic4 ,) ^! two ( 8 mo/ fam\s trag$ies are connect$ by an imm$iate l9k1 ,romeo & ,juliet & ,o!llo2 bo? true novels1 & compos$ on ! same pr9ciples4 ,9 _m ( ! hi/orical plays a consid]able space is occupi$ by ! comic *>act]s & sc5es2 o!rs are s]i\s ?r\gh\t1 & leave beh9d a tragical impression4 ,! ess5tial circum/ance by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ is1 t ! plot be>s ref]5ce to a poetical & national int]e/4 ,?is is n equally ! case 9 ,hamlet1 ,le>1 & ,macbe?2 & !re=e x is t we d n include ^! trag$ies among ! hi/orical pieces1 ?\gh ! fir/ is f\nd$ on an old nor!rn1 ! second on a national tradition2 & ! ?ird comes ev5 )9 ! era ( ,scotti% hi/ory1 aft] x ceas$ to be fabul\s4 ,among ! com$ies1 ,! ,two ,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona1 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew1 & ,! ,com$y ( ,errors1 be> _m traces ( an e>ly orig94 ,! ,two ,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona pa9ts ! irresolution ( love1 & its infidelity to fri5d%ip1 pleasantly en\gh1 b 9 "s degree sup]ficially1 we might almo/ say ) ! levity ( m9d :i* a passion sudd5ly ent]ta9$1 & z sudd5ly giv5 up1 presupposes4 ,! fai?less lov] is at la/1 on acc\nt ( a v ambigu\s rep5tance1 =giv5 )\t mu* difficulty by 8 fir/ mi/ress2 = ! m s]i\s "p1 ! prem$itat$ flight ( ! daught] ( a ,pr9ce1 ! capture ( h] fa!r along ) h]self by a b& ( robb]s1 ( :i* "o ( ! ,two ,g5tlem51 ! betray$ & bani%$ fri5d1 has be5 aga9/ 8 w elect$ capta93 = all ?is a peaceful solution is soon f\nd4 ,x is z if ! c\rse ( ! _w 0 oblig$ to accommodate itself to a transi5t y\?ful caprice1 call$ love4 ,julia1 :o accompanies h] fai?less lov] 9 ! disguise ( a page1 is1 z x 71 a light sket* ( ! t5d] female figures ( a ,viola & an ,imog51 :o1 9 ! latt] pieces ( ,%akspe>e1 leave _! home 9 simil> disguises on love adv5tures1 & to :om a peculi> *>m is communicat$ by ! display ( ! mo/ virg9ly mode/y 9 _! haz>d\s & problematical situation4 ,! ,com$y ( ,errors is ! subject ( ! ,m5ae*mi ( ,plautus1 entirely reca/ & enri*$ ) new developm5ts3 ( all ! works ( ,%akspe>e ?is is ! only example ( imitation (1 or borr[+ f1 ! anci5ts4 ,to ! two tw9 bro!rs ( ! same "n are add$ two slaves1 also tw9s1 impossible to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 & ( ! same "n4 ,! improbability becomes by ?is means d\bl$3 b :5 once we h l5t ourselves to ! fir/1 :i* c]ta9ly bord]s on ! incr$ible1 we %all n p]haps be dispos$ to cavil at ! second2 & if ! spectator is to be ent]ta9$ by m]e p]plexities !y _c be too mu* v>i$4 ,9 su* pieces we mu/1 to give to ! s5ses at lea/ an appe>ance ( tru?1 always pre-suppose t ! p>ts by :i* ! misund]/&+s are occasion$ are play$ ) masks1 & ?is ! poet no d\bt obs]v$4 ,i _c acquiesce 9 ! c5sure t ! discov]y is too long def]r$3 s long z novelty & int]e/ are possess$ by ! p]plex+ incid5ts1 !re is no ne$ to be 9 dread ( we>isom5ess4 ,& ?is is really ! case "h3 matt]s are c>ri$ s f> t "o ( ! two bro!rs is fir/ arre/$ = debt1 !n conf9$ z a lunatic1 & ! o!r is =c$ to take refuge 9 a sanctu>y to save 8 life4 ,9 a subject ( ?is description x is impossible to /e] cle> ( all sorts ( l[ circum/ances1 abusive language1 & bl[s2 ,%akspe>e has h[ev] endeav\r$ to ennoble x 9 e possible way4 ,a c\ple ( sc5es1 d$icat$ to jeal\sy & love1 int]rupt ! c\rse ( p]plexities :i* are solely occasion$ by ! illusion ( ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,a great] solemnity is giv5 to ! discov]y1 f ! ,pr9ce presid+1 & f ! re-union ( ! long sep>at$ p>5ts ( ! tw9s :o are /ill alive4 ,! exposition1 by :i* ! spectators are previ\sly in/ruct$ :ile ! *>act]s !mselves are /ill involv$ 9 ignorance1 & :i* ,plautus artlessly conveys 9 a prologue1 is "h ma/]ly introduc$ 9 an affect+ n>rative by ! fa!r4 ,9 %ort1 ?is is p]haps ! be/ ( all writt5 or possible ,m5ae*mi2 & if ! piece be inf]ior 9 wor? to o!r pieces ( ,%akspe>e1 x is m]ely because no?+ m c\ld be made ( ! mat]ials4 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew has ! air ( an ,italian com$y2 & inde$ ! love intrigue1 :i* con/itutes ! ma9 "p ( x1 is d]iv$ m$iately or imm$iately f a piece ( ,ario/o4 ,! *>act]s & passions are lightly sket*$2 ! intrigue is introduc$ )\t mu* prep>ation1 & 9 its rapid progress imp$$ by no sort ( difficulties2 :ile1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,petru*io1 ?\gh previ\sly caution$ z to ,ka!r9e1 /ill enc\nt]s ! risks 9 m>ry+ h]1 & contrives to tame h]--9 all ?is ! "* & peculi> hum\r ( ! ,engli% are di/9ctly visible4 ,! col\rs are laid on some:at co>sely1 b ! gr\nd is good4 ,t ! ob/9acy ( a "y & untam$ girl1 possess$ ( none ( ! attractions ( h] sex1 & nei!r support$ by bodily nor m5tal /r5g?1 mu/ soon yield to ! /ill r\gh] & m caprici\s b assum$ self-w ( a man3 su* a lesson c only be taught on ! /age ) all ! p]spicuity ( a prov]b4 ,! prelude is /ill m rem>kable ?an ! play itself3 a drunk5 t9k]1 remov$ 9 8 sleep to a palace1 :]e he is deceiv$ into ! belief ( be+ a nobleman4 ,! inv5tion1 h[ev]1 is n ,%akspe>e's4 ,holb]g has h&l$ ! same subject 9 a ma/]ly mann]1 & ) inimitable tru?2 b he has spun x out to five acts1 = :i* su* mat]ial is h>dly suffici5t4 ,he probably did n borr[ f ! ,engli% dramati/1 b l him took ! h9t f a popul> /ory4 ,!re are sev]al comic motives ( ?is description1 :i* g back to a v remote age1 )\t ev] becom+ antiquat$4 ,"h1 z well z ev]y:]e else1 ,%akspe>e has prov$ himself a great poet3 ! :ole is m]ely a slight sket*1 b 9 elegance & delicate propriety x w h>dly ev] be excell$4 ,nei!r has he ov]look$ ! irony :i* ! subject naturally sugge/$3 ! great "l1 :o is driv5 by idl5ess & ennui to deceive a poor drunk>d1 c make no bett] use ( 8 situation ?an ! latt]1 :o e mom5t relapses into 8 vulg> habits4 ,! la/ half ( ?is prelude1 t 9 :i* ! t9k]1 9 8 new /ate1 aga9 dr9ks himself out ( 8 s5ses1 & is trans=m$ 9 8 sleep into 8 =m] condition1 is f "s accid5t or o!r1 lo/4 ,x ought to h foll[$ at ! end ( ! l>g] piece4 ,! occasional rem>ks ( ! t9k]1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! repres5tation ( ! com$y1 might h be5 improvisatory1 b x is h>dly cr$ible t ,%akspe>e %\ld h tru/$ to ! mom5t>y sugge/ions ( ! play]s1 :om he did n hold 9 high e/imation1 ! conclusion1 h[ev] %ort1 ( a "w :i* he _h s c>efully comm5c$4 ,moreov]1 ! only circum/ance :i* connects ! play ) ! prelude1 is1 t x belongs to ! new life ( ! suppos$ nobleman to h plays act$ 9 8 ca/le by /roll+ actors4 ,?is inv5tion ( introduc+ spectators on ! /age1 :o contribute to ! ent]ta9m5t1 has be5 v wittily us$ by lat] ,engli% poets4 ,love's ,lab\r ,lo/ is also numb]$ among ! pieces ( 8 y\?4 ,x is a humorsome display ( frolic2 a :ole cornucopia ( ! mo/ vivaci\s jokes is empti$ into x4 ,y\? is c]ta9ly p]ceivable 9 ! lavi% sup]fluity ( lab\r 9 ! execution3 ! unbrok5 succession ( plays on words1 & sallies ( e description1 h>dly leave ! spectator "t to brea!2 ! sp>kles ( wit fly ab\t 9 su* pr(usion1 t !y resemble a blaze ( fireworks2 :ile ! dialogue1 = ! mo/ "p1 is 9 ! same hurri$ /yle 9 :i* ! pass+ masks at a c>nival attempt to bant] ea* o!r4 ,! "y k+ ( ,nav>re1 ) ?ree ( 8 c\rti]s1 has made a v[ to pass ?ree ye>s 9 rigid retirem5t1 & devote !m to ! /udy ( wisdom2 = t purpose he has bani%$ all female society f 8 c\rt1 & impos$ a p5alty on ! int]c\rse ) wom54 ,b sc>cely has he1 9 a pomp\s h>angue1 wor?y ( ! mo/ h]oic a*ievem5ts1 ann\nc$ ?is det]m9ation1 :5 ! daught] ( ! k+ ( ,france appe>s at 8 c\rt1 9 ! "n ( h] old & b$-ridd5 fa!r1 to dem& ! re/itution ( a prov9ce :i* he held 9 pl$ge4 ,compell$ to give h] audi5ce1 he falls imm$iately 9 love ) h]4 ,matt]s f>e no bett] ) 8 companions1 :o on _! p>ts r5ew an old acqua9tance ) ! pr9cess's att5dants4 ,ea*1 9 he>t1 is already false to 8 v[1 )\t kn[+ t ! wi% is %>$ by 8 associates2 !y ov]he> "o ano!r1 z !y 9 turn confide _! sorr[s 9 a love-ditty to ! solit>y =e/3 e "o je]s & conf\nds ! "o :o foll[s him4 ,biron1 :o f ! beg9n+ 0 ! mo/ satirical among !m1 at la/ /eps =?1 & rallies ! k+ & ! two o!rs1 till ! discov]y ( a love-lett] =ces him also to hang d[n 8 head4 ,he extricates himself & 8 companions f _! dilemma by ridicul+ ! folly ( ! brok5 v[1 &1 aft] a noble eulogy on wom51 invites !m to swe> new allegiance to ! col\rs ( love4 ,?is sc5e is inimitable1 & ! cr[n+ beauty ( ! :ole4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y aft]w>ds prosecute _! love- suits 9 masks & disguise1 & 9 :i* !y are trick$ & laugh$ at by ! ladies1 :o are also mask$ & disguis$1 is1 p]haps1 spun out too long4 ,x may be ?\ght1 too1 t ! poet1 :5 he sudd5ly ann\nces ! dea? ( ! k+ ( ,france1 & makes ! pr9cess po/pone h] answ] to ! "y pr9ce's s]i\s advances till ! expiration ( ! p]iod ( h] m\rn+1 & impose1 besides1 a heavy p5ance on him = 8 levity1 drops ! prop] comic tone4 ,b ! tone ( raill]y1 :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! piece1 made x h>dly possible to br+ ab\t a m satisfactory conclusion3 aft] su* extravagance1 ! *>act]s c\ld n return to sobriety1 except "u ! pres5ce ( "s =eign influ5ce4 ,! grotesque figures ( ,don ,armado1 a pomp\s fanta/ic ,spani>d1 a c\ple ( p$ants1 & a cl[n1 :o betwe5 :iles contribute to ! ent]ta9m5t1 are ! creation ( a :imsical imag9ation1 & well adapt$ z foils = ! wit ( s vivaci\s a society4 ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well1 ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+1 ,measure = ,measure1 & ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 be>1 9 s f>1 a resemblance to ea* o!r1 t1 along ) ! ma9 plot1 :i* turns on important relations decisive ( no?+ less ?an ! happ9ess or mis]y ( life1 & !re=e is calculat$ to make a p[]ful impression on ! moral feel+1 ! poet1 ) ! skill ( a practis$ arti/1 has contriv$ to comb9e a numb] ( *e]ful accompanim5ts4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t ! poet seems bo? to all[ full scope to ! s]i\s impressions3 he m]ely adds a due c\nt]poise to !m 9 ! ent]ta9m5t :i* he supplies = ! imag9ation & ! und]/&+4 ,he has furni%$ ! /ory ) all ! sep>ate features :i* are necess>y to give to x ! appe>ance ( a real1 ?\gh extraord9>y1 ev5t4 ,b he nev] falls into ! la*rymose tone ( ! s5tim5tal drama1 nor into ! bitt]ness ( ^? dramas :i* h a moral direction1 & :i* are really no?+ b moral invectives dramatiz$4 ,compassion1 anxiety1 & dissatisfaction become too oppressive :5 !y are too long dwelt on1 & :5 ! :ole ( a "w is giv5 up to !m exclusively4 ,%akspe>e always f9ds means to transport u f ! conf9em5t ( social in/itutions or pret5sions1 :]e m5 d b %ut out ! light & air f ea* o!r1 into ! op5 space1 ev5 be=e we ourselves are consci\s ( our want4 ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well is ! old /ory ( a "y maid5 ^: love look$ mu* high] ?an h] /ation4 ,%e obta9s h] lov] 9 m>riage f ! h& ( ! ,k+ z a rew>d = cur+ him ( a hopeless & l+]+ disease1 by means ( a h]$it>y arcanum ( h] fa!r1 :o _h be5 9 8 lifetime a celebrat$ physician4 ,! "y man despises h] virtue & beauty2 concludes ! m>riage only 9 appe>ance1 & seeks 9 ! dang]s ( w>1 deliv]ance f a dome/ic happ9ess :i* w\nds 8 pride4 ,by fai?ful endurance & an innoc5t fraud1 %e fulfils ! app>5tly impossible conditions on :i* ! ,c\nt _h promis$ to ackn[l$ge h] z 8 wife4 ,love appe>s "h 9 humble guise3 ! woo+ is on ! woman's side2 x is /riv+1 unaid$ by a reciprocal incl9ation1 to ov]come ! prejudices ( bir?4 ,b z soon z ,hel5a is unit$ to ! ,c\nt by a sacr$ bond1 ?\gh by him consid]$ an oppressive *a91 h] error becomes h] virtue4--,%e affects u by h] pati5t suff]+3 ! mom5t 9 :i* %e appe>s to mo/ advantage is :5 %e accuses h]self z ! p]secutor ( h] inflexible husb&1 &1 "u ! pretext ( a pilgrimage to atone = h] error1 privately leaves ! h\se ( h] "m-9-law4 ,johnson expresses a cordial av]sion = ,c\nt ,b]tram1 & regrets t he %\ld be all[$ to come (f at la/ ) no o!r puni%m5t ?an a tempor>y %ame1 nay1 ev5 be rew>d$ ) ! unm]it$ possession ( a virtu\s wife4 ,b has ,%akspe>e ev] attempt$ to s(t5 ! impression made by 8 unfeel+ pride & light-he>t$ p]v]sity8 ,he has b giv5 him ! good qualities ( a soldi]4 ,& does n ! poet pa9t ! true way ( ! _w1 :i* nev] makes mu* ( man's inju/ice to woman1 if s-call$ family hon\r is pres]v$8 ,b]tram's sole ju/ification is1 t by ! ex]cise ( arbitr>y p[]1 ! ,k+ ?\ght prop] to con/ra9 him1 9 a matt] ( su* delicacy & private "r z ! *oice ( a wife4 ,besides1 ?is /ory1 z well z t ( ,grissel & _m simil> ones1 is int5d$ to prove t woman's tru? & pati5ce w at la/ triumph ov] man's abuse ( 8 sup]ior p[]1 :ile o!r novels & fabliaux are1 on ! o!r h&1 true satires on woman's inconsi/5cy & cunn+4 ,9 ?is piece old age is pa9t$ ) r>e fav\r3 ! pla9 hone/y ( ! ,k+1 ! good-natur$ impetuosity ( old ,lafeu1 ! mat]nal indulg5ce ( ! ,c\ntess to ,hel5a's passion = h] son1 seem all z x 7 to vie ) ea* o!r 9 endeav\rs to ov]come ! arrogance ( ! "y ,c\nt4 ,! /yle ( ! :ole is m s5t5ti\s ?an imag9ative3 ! gl[+ col\rs ( fancy c\ld n ) propriety h be5 employ$ on su* a subject4 ,9 ! passages :]e ! humiliat+ rejection ( ! poor ,hel5a is mo/ pa9fully affect+1 ! c[>dly ,p>olles /eps 9 to ! relief ( ! spectator4 ,! my/ification by :i* 8 pret5d$ val\r & 8 %ameless sl&]s are unmask$ mu/ be rank$ among ! mo/ comic sc5es t ev] 7 inv5t$3 !y conta9 matt] en\gh = an excell5t com$y1 if ,%akspe>e 7 n always ri* ev5 to pr(usion4 ,fal/aff has ?r[n ,p>olles into ! %ade1 o!rwise among ! poet's comic *>act]s he w\ld h be5 /ill m fam\s4 ,! ma9 plot 9 ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+ is ! same ) ! /ory ( ,ariodante & ,g9evra 9 ,ario/o2 ! second>y circum/ances & developm5t are no d\bt v diff]5t4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! innoc5t ,h]o be=e ! alt> at ! mom5t ( ! w$d+1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( h] family & _m witnesses1 is put to %ame by a mo/ degrad+ *>ge1 false inde$1 yet clo!d ) e appe>ance ( tru?1 is a gr& piece ( !atrical effect 9 ! true & ju/ifiable s5se4 ,! impression w\ld h be5 too tragical _h n ,%akspe>e c>efully s(t5$ x 9 ord] to prep>e = a =tunate cata/rophe4 ,! discov]y ( ! plot aga9/ ,h]o has be5 already p>tly made1 ?\gh n by ! p]sons int]e/$2 & ! poet has contriv$1 by means ( ! blund]+ simplicity ( a c\ple ( con/ables & wat*m51 to conv]t ! arre/ & ! exam9ation ( ! guilty individuals into sc5es full ( ! mo/ delightful amusem5t4 ,!re is also a second piece ( !atrical effect n inf]ior to ! fir/1 :]e ,claudio1 n[ conv9c$ ( 8 error1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ! p5ance laid on 8 fault1 ?9k+ to give 8 h& to a relation ( 8 injur$ bride1 :om he supposes dead1 discov]s on h] unmask+1 ,h]o h]self4 ,! extraord9>y success ( ?is play 9 ,%akspe>e's own day1 & ev5 s9ce 9 ,engl&1 is1 h[ev]1 to be ascrib$ m p>ticul>ly to ! p>ts ( ,b5$ict & ,beatrice1 two hum\rsome be+s1 :o incessantly attack ea* o!r ) all ! res\rces ( raill]y4 ,av[$ rebels to love1 !y are bo? entangl$ 9 its net by a m]ry plot ( _! fri5ds to make !m believe t ea* is ! object ( ! secret passion ( ! o!r4 ,"s "o or o!r1 n ov]-/ock$ ) p5etration has object$ to ! same artifice be+ twice us$ 9 entrapp+ !m2 ! droll]y1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! v symmetry ( ! deception4 ,_! fri5ds attribute ! :ole effect to _! own device2 b ! exclusive direction ( _! raill]y aga9/ ea* o!r is 9 itself a pro( ( a gr[+ incl9ation4 ,_! witty vivacity does n ev5 ab&on !m 9 ! av[al ( love2 & _! behavi\r only assumes a s]i\s appe>ance = ! purpose ( def5d+ ! sl&]$ ,h]o4 ,?is is exce$+ly well imag9$2 ! lov]s ( je/+ mu/ fix a po9t beyond :i* !y are n to indulge 9 _! hum\r1 if !y w\ld n be mi/ak5 = buffoons by trade4 ,9 ,measure = ,measure ,%akspe>e 0 compell$1 by ! nature ( ! subject1 to make 8 poetry m famili> ) crim9al ju/ice ?an is usual ) him4 ,all k9ds ( proce$+s connect$ ) ! subject1 all sorts ( active or passive p]sons1 pass 9 review be=e u3 ! hypocritical ,"l ,deputy1 ! compassionate ,provo/1 & ! h>d-he>t$ ,hangman2 a "y man ( quality :o is to suff] = ! s$uction ( 8 mi/ress be=e m>riage1 loose wret*es br\ght 9 by ! police1 nay1 ev5 a h>d5$ crim9al1 :om ev5 ! prep>ations = 8 execution _c awak5 out ( 8 call\sness4 ,b yet1 not)/&+ ?is agitat+ tru?fulness1 h[ t5d] & mild is ! p]vad+ tone ( ! picture6 ,! piece takes improp]ly its "n f puni%m5t2 ! true significance ( ! :ole is ! triumph ( m]cy ov] /rict ju/ice2 no man be+ himself s free f errors z to be entitl$ to deal x out to 8 equals4 ,! mo/ beautiful embelli%m5t ( ! composition is ! "* ( ,isabella1 :o1 on ! po9t ( tak+ ! veil1 is yet prevail$ ^u by si/]ly affection to tread aga9 ! p]plex+ ways ( ! _w1 :ile1 amid ! g5]al corruption1 ! heav5ly purity ( h] m9d is n ev5 /a9$ ) "o unholy ?\ght3 9 ! humble robes ( ! novice %e is a v angel ( light4 ,:5 ! cold & /]n ,angelo1 h]et(ore ( unblemi%$ reputation1 :om ! ,duke has commission$1 dur+ 8 pret5d$ abs5ce1 to re/ra91 by a rigid adm9i/ration ( ! laws1 ! excesses ( dissolute immorality1 is ev5 himself tempt$ by ! virg9 *>ms ( ,isabella1 supplicat+ = ! p>don ( h] bro!r ,claudio1 condemn$ to dea? = a y\?ful indiscretion2 :5 at fir/1 9 timid & obscure language1 he ins9uates1 b at la/ impud5tly av\*es 8 read9ess to grant ,claudio's life to ! sacrifice ( h] hon\r2 :5 ,isabella repulses 8 (f] ) a noble scorn2 9 h] acc\nt ( ! int]view to h] bro!r1 :5 ! latt] at fir/ applauds h] conduct1 b at l5g?1 ov]come by ! fe> ( dea?1 /rives to p]suade h] to cons5t to di%on\r2--9 ^! ma/]ly sc5es1 ,%akspe>e has s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! human he>t4 ,! int]e/ "h reposes altoge!r on ! repres5t$ action2 curiosity contributes no?+ to our delight1 = ! ,duke1 9 ! disguise ( a ,monk1 is always pres5t to wat* ov] 8 dang]\s repres5tative1 & to av]t e evil :i* c\ld possibly be appreh5d$2 we look to him ) confid5ce = a happy result4 ,! ,duke acts ! "p ( ! ,monk naturally1 ev5 to deception2 he unites 9 8 p]son ! wisdom ( ! prie/ & ! pr9ce4 ,only 9 8 wisdom he is too fond ( r\nd-ab\t ways2 8 vanity is flatt]$ ) act+ invisibly l an e>?ly provid5ce2 he takes m pleasure 9 ov]he>+ 8 subjects ?an gov]n+ !m 9 ! cu/om>y way ( pr9ces4 ,z he ultimately ext5ds a free p>don to all ! guilty1 we d n see h[ 8 orig9al purpose1 9 committ+ ! execution ( ! laws to o!r h&s1 ( re/or+ _! /rictness1 has 9 any wise be5 accompli%$4 ,! poet might h _h ?is irony 9 view1 t ( ! numb]less sl&]s ( ! ,duke1 told him by ! petulant ,lucio1 9 ignorance ( ! p]son :om he is address+1 t at lea/ :i* reg>d$ 8 s+ul>ities & :ims 0 n :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,x is des]v+ ( rem>k1 t ,%akspe>e1 amid/ ! ranc\r ( religi\s p>ties1 takes a delight 9 pa9t+ ! condition ( a monk1 & always repres5ts 8 influ5ce z b5eficial4 ,we f9d 9 him none ( ! black & knavi% monks1 :i* an en?usiasm = ,prote/antism1 r ?an poetical inspiration1 has sugge/$ to "s ( our mod]n poets4 ,%akspe>e m]ely gives 8 monks an incl9ation to busy !mselves 9 ! affairs ( o!rs1 aft] r5\nc+ ! _w = !mselves2 ) respect1 h[ev]1 to pi\s frauds1 he does n repres5t !m z v consci5ti\s4 ,su* are ! p>ts act$ by ! monk 9 ,romeo & ,juliet1 & ano!r 9 ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+1 & ev5 by ! ,duke1 :om1 contr>y to ! well-kn[n prov]b1 ! c[l seems really to make a monk4 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice is "o ( ,%akspe>e's mo/ p]fect works3 popul> to an extraord9>y degree1 & calculat$ to produce ! mo/ p[]ful effect on ! /age1 & at ! same "t a wond] ( +5uity & art = ! reflect+ critic4 ,%ylock1 ! ,jew1 is "o ( ! inimitable ma/]pieces ( *>act]ization :i* are to be f\nd only 9 ,%akspe>e4 ,x is easy = bo? poet & play] to exhibit a c>icature ( national s5tim5ts1 modes ( speak+1 & ge/ures4 ,%ylock1 h[ev]1 is ev]y?+ b a common ,jew3 he possesses a /rongly-m>k$ & orig9al individuality1 & yet we p]ceive a light t\* ( ,judaism 9 ev]y?+ he says or does4 ,we almo/ fancy we c he> a light :isp] ( ! ,jewi% acc5t ev5 9 ! writt5 words1 su* z we sometimes /ill f9d 9 ! high] classes1 not)/&+ _! social ref9em5t4 ,9 tranquil mom5ts1 all t is =eign to ! ,european blood & ,*ri/ian s5tim5ts is less p]ceptible1 b 9 passion ! national /amp comes out m /rongly m>k$4 ,all ^! inimitable niceties ! f9i%$ art ( a great actor c alone prop]ly express4 ,%ylock is a man ( in=mation1 9 8 own way1 ev5 a ?9k]1 only he has n discov]$ ! region :]e human feel+s dwell2 8 morality is f\nd$ on ! disbelief 9 goodness & magnanimity4 ,! desire to av5ge ! wrongs & indignities heap$ ^u 8 nation is1 aft] av>ice1 8 /ronge/ spr+ ( action4 ,8 hate is naturally direct$ *iefly aga9/ ^? ,*ri/ians :o are actuat$ by truly ,*ri/ian s5tim5ts3 a dis9t]e/$ love ( our neighb\r seems to him ! mo/ unrel5t+ p]secution ( ! ,jews4 ,! lett] ( ! law is 8 idol2 he refuses to l5d an e> to ! voice ( m]cy1 :i*1 f ! m\? ( ,portia1 speaks to him ) heav5ly eloqu5ce3 he insi/s on rigid & inflexible ju/ice1 & at la/ x recoils on 8 own head4 ,?us he becomes a symbol ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( 8 un=tunate nation4 ,! melan*oly & self-sacrific+ magnanimity ( ,antonio is affect+ly sublime4 ,l a pr9cely m]*ant1 he is surr\nd$ ) a :ole tra9 ( noble fri5ds4 ,! contra/ :i* ?is =ms to ! selfi% cruelty ( ! usur] ,%ylock 0 necess>y to r$eem ! hon\r ( human nature4 ,! dang] :i* almo/ to ! close ( ! f\r? act1 hangs ov] ,antonio1 & :i* ! imag9ation is almo/ afraid to approa*1 w\ld fill ! m9d ) too pa9ful anxiety1 if ! poet did n also provide = its recreation & div]sion4 ,?is is effect$ 9 an especial mann] by ! sc5es at ,portia's c\ntry-seat1 :i* transport ! spectator into q ano!r _w4 ,& yet !y are closely connect$ ) ! ma9 bus9ess by ! *a9 ( cause & effect3 ,bassanio's prep>ations = 8 c\rt%ip are ! cause ( ,antonio's subscrib+ ! dang]\s bond2 & ,portia aga91 by ! c\nsel & advice ( h] uncle1 a fam\s lawy]1 effects ! safety ( h] lov]'s fri5d4 ,b ! relations ( ! dramatic composition are ! :ile admirably obs]v$ 9 yet ano!r respect4 ,! trial betwe5 ,%ylock & ,antonio is inde$ record$ z be+ a real ev5t1 /ill1 = all t1 x mu/ ev] rema9 an unhe>d-( & s+ul> case4 ,%akspe>e has !re=e associat$ x ) a love intrigue n less extraord9>y3 ! "o consequ5tly is r5d]$ natural & probable by means ( ! o!r4 ,a ri*1 beautiful & clev] heiress1 :o c only be won by ! solv+ ! riddle--! lock$ caskets--! =eign pr9ces1 :o come to try ! v5ture--all ?is p[]fully excites ! imag9ation ) ! spl5d\r ( an old5 tale ( m>vels4 ,! two sc5es 9 :i*1 fir/ ! ,pr9ce ( ,morocco1 9 ! language ( ,ea/]n hyp]bole1 & !n ! self-conceit$ ,pr9ce ( ,arragon1 make _! *oice among ! caskets1 s]ve m]ely to raise our curiosity1 & give employm5t to our wits2 b on ! ?ird1 :]e ! two lov]s /& trembl+ be=e ! inevitable *oice1 :i* 9 "o mom5t mu/ unite or sep>ate !m = ev]1 ,%akspe>e has lavi%$ all ! *>ms ( feel+--all ! magic ( poesy4 ,we %>e 9 ! rapture ( ,portia & ,bassanio at ! =tunate *oice3 we easily conceive :y !y are s fond ( ea* o!r1 = !y are bo? mo/ des]v+ ( love4 ,! judgm5t sc5e1 ) :i* ! f\r? act is occupi$1 is 9 itself a p]fect drama1 conc5trat+ 9 itself ! int]e/ ( ! :ole4 ,! knot is n[ unti$1 & accord+ to ! common ideas ( !atrical satisfaction1 ! curta9 ought to drop4 ,b ! poet 0 unwill+ to dismiss 8 audi5ce ) ! gloomy impressions :i* ,antonio's acquittal1 effect$ ) s mu* difficulty1 & contr>y to all expectation1 & ! condemnation ( ,%ylock1 7 calculat$ to leave beh9d !m2 he has !re=e add$ ! fif? act by way ( a musical aft]lude 9 ! piece itself4 ,! episode ( ,jessica1 ! fugitive daught] ( ! ,jew1 9 :om ,%akspe>e has contriv$ to ?r[ a veil ( sweetness ov] ! national features1 & ! artifice by :i* ,portia & h] companion are enabl$ to rally _! newly-m>ri$ husb&s1 supply him ) ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,! sc5e op5s ) ! playful prattl+ ( two lov]s 9 a summ] ev5+2 x is foll[$ by s(t music1 & a raptur\s eulogy on ?is p[]ful dispos] ( ! human m9d & ! _w2 ! pr9cipal *>act]s !n make _! appe>ance1 & aft] a simulat$ qu>rel1 :i* is gracefully ma9ta9$1 ! :ole end ) ! mo/ exhil>at+ mir?4 ,z ,y ,l ,x is a piece ( an entirely diff]5t description4 ,x w\ld be difficult to br+ ! cont5ts )9 ! compass ( an ord9>y n>rative2 no?+ takes place1 or r :at is done is n s ess5tial z :at is said2 ev5 :at may be call$ ! dn\em5t is br\ght ab\t pretty arbitr>ily4 ,:oev] c p]ceive no?+ b :at c z x 7 be c\nt$ on ! f+]s1 w h>dly be dispos$ to all[ t x has any plan at all4 ,bani%m5t & flight h assembl$ toge!r1 9 ! =e/ ( ,ard51 a /range b&3 a ,duke de?ron$ by 8 bro!r1 :o1 ) ! fai?ful companions ( 8 mis=tune1 lives 9 ! wilds on ! produce ( ! *ase2 two disguis$ ,pr9cesses1 :o love ea* o!r ) a si/]ly affection2 a witty c\rt fool2 la/ly1 ! native inhabitants ( ! =e/1 ideal & natural %eph]ds & %eph]desses4 ,^! lightly- sket*$ figures =m a motley & div]sifi$ tra92 we see always ! %ady d>k-gre5 l&scape 9 ! backgr\nd1 & brea! 9 imag9ation ! fre% air ( ! =e/4 ,! h\rs are "h measur$ by no clocks1 no regulat$ recurr5ce ( duty or ( toil3 !y fl[ on unnumb]$ by volunt>y occupation or fanciful idl5ess1 to :i*1 accord+ to 8 hum\r or disposition1 e "o yields himself1 & ?is unre/ra9$ fre$om comp5sates !m all = ! lo/ conv5i5ces ( life4 ,"o ?r[s himself d[n 9 solit>y m$itation "u a tree1 & indulges 9 melan*oly reflections on ! *anges ( =tune1 ! falsehood ( ! _w1 & ! self-inflict$ torm5ts ( social life2 o!rs make ! woods res\nd ) social & fe/ive songs1 to ! accompanim5t ( _! hunt+-horns4 ,selfi%ness1 envy1 & ambition1 h be5 left beh9d 9 ! city2 ( all ! human passions1 love alone has f\nd an entrance into ?is wild]ness1 :]e x dictates ! same language alike to ! simple %eph]d & ! *ivalr\s y\?1 :o hangs 8 love-ditty to a tree4 ,a prudi% %eph]dess falls at fir/ sight 9 love ) ,rosal9d1 disguis$ 9 m5's app>el2 ! latt] %>ply reproa*es h] ) h] sev]ity to h] poor lov]1 & ! pa9 ( refusal1 :i* %e feels f exp]i5ce 9 h] own case1 disposes h] at l5g? to compassion & requital4 ,! fool c>ries 8 philosophical contempt ( ext]nal %[1 & 8 raill]y ( ! illusion ( love s f>1 t he purposely seeks out ! uglie/ & simple/ c\ntry w5* = a mi/ress4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole picture1 x seems to be ! poet's design to %[ t to call =? ! poetry :i* has its indwell+ 9 nature & ! human m9d1 no?+ is want$ b to ?r[ (f all artificial con/ra9t1 & re/ore bo? to m9d & nature _! orig9al lib]ty4 ,9 ! v progress ( ! piece1 ! dreamy c>elessness ( su* an exi/5ce is s5sibly express$3 x is ev5 allud$ to by ,%akspe>e 9 ! title4 ,:oev] affects to be displeas$1 if 9 ?is romantic =e/ ! c]emonial ( dramatic art is n duly obs]v$1 ought 9 ju/ice to be deliv]$ ov] to ! wise fool1 to be l$ g5tly out ( x to "s prosaical region4 ,! ,twelf? ,night1 or ,:at y ,w1 unites ! ent]ta9m5t ( an intrigue1 contriv$ ) great +5uity1 to a ri* fund ( comic *>act]s & situations1 & ! beaute\s col\rs ( an e!real poetry4 ,9 mo/ ( 8 plays1 ,%akspe>e treats love m z an affair ( ! imag9ation ?an ! he>t2 b "h he has tak5 p>ticul> c>e to rem9d u t1 9 8 language1 ! same ^w1 fancy1 signifi$ bo? fancy & love4 ,! love ( ! music-enraptur$ ,duke = ,olivia is n m]ely a fancy1 b an imag9ation2 ,viola appe>s at fir/ to fall arbitr>ily 9 love ) ! ,duke1 :om %e s]ves z a page1 al?\gh %e aft]w>ds t\*es ! t5d]e/ /r+s ( feel+2 ! pr\d ,olivia is captivat$ by ! mode/ & ins9uat+ mess5g] ( ! ,duke1 9 :om %e is f> f suspect+ a disguis$ rival1 & at la/1 by a second deception1 takes ! bro!r = ! si/]4 ,to ^!1 :i* ,i might call ideal follies1 a contra/ is =m$ by ! nak$ absurdities to :i* ! ent]ta9+ tricks ( ! ludicr\s p]sons ( ! piece give rise1 "u ! pretext also ( love3 ! silly & pr(ligate ,knight's awkw>d c\rt%ip ( ,olivia1 & h] decl>ation ( love to ,viola2 ! imag9ation ( ! p$antic /ew>d ,malvolio1 t 8 mi/ress is secretly 9 love ) him1 :i* c>ries him s f> t he is at la/ %ut up z a lunatic1 & visit$ by ! cl[n 9 ! dress ( a prie/4 ,^! sc5es are admirably conceiv$1 & z significant z !y are laughable4 ,if ?is 7 really1 z is ass]t$1 ,%akspe>e's late/ "w1 he mu/ h enjoy$ to ! la/ ! same y\?ful ela/icity ( m9d1 & h c>ri$ ) him to ! grave ! undim9i%$ fulness ( 8 tal5ts4 ,! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 ?\gh prop]ly a com$y 9 ! usual acceptation ( ! ^w1 we %all pass ov] at pres5t1 till we come to speak ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 t we may give our op9ion ( ! "* ( ,fal/aff 9 connexion4 ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream & ,! ,tempe/1 may be 9 s f> comp>$ toge!r t 9 bo? ! influ5ce ( a wond]ful _w ( spirits is int]wov5 ) ! turmoil ( human passions & ) ! f>cical adv5tures ( folly4 ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream is c]ta9ly an e>li] production2 b ,! ,tempe/1 accord+ to all appe>ance1 0 writt5 9 ,%akspe>e's lat] days3 h5ce mo/ critics1 on ! supposition t ! poet mu/ h cont9u$ to improve ) increas+ maturity ( m9d1 h hon\r$ ! la/ piece ) a m>k$ pref]5ce4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 altoge!r concur ) !m3 ! int]nal m]it ( ^! two works are1 9 my op9ion1 pretty ne>ly balanc$1 & a pr$ilection = ! "o or ! o!r c only be gov]n$ by p]sonal ta/e4 ,9 pr(\nd & orig9al *>act]ization ! sup]iority ( ,! ,tempe/ is obvi\s3 z a :ole we mu/ always admire ! ma/]ly skill :i* he has "h display$ 9 ! economy ( 8 means1 & ! dext]ity ) :i* he has disguis$ 8 prep>ations1--! scaffold+s = ! wond]ful arial /ructure4 ,9 ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 on ! o!r h&1 !re fl[s a luxuriant ve9 ( ! bolde/ & mo/ fanta/ical inv5tion2 ! mo/ extraord9>y comb9ation ( ! mo/ dissimil> +r$i5ts seems to h be5 br\ght ab\t )\t ef=t by "s +5i\s & lucky accid5t1 & ! col\rs are ( su* cle> transp>5cy t we ?9k ! :ole ( ! v>iegat$ fabric may be bl[n away ) a brea?4 ,! fairy _w "h describ$ resembles ^? elegant pieces ( arabesque1 :]e little g5ii ) butt]fly w+s rise1 half embodi$1 above ! fl[]-cups4 ,twilight1 moon%9e1 dew1 & spr+ p]fumes1 are ! elem5t ( ^! t5d] spirits2 !y assi/ nature 9 embroid]+ h] c>pet ) gre5 leaves1 _m-col\r$ fl[]s1 & glitt]+ insects2 9 ! human _w !y d b make sport *ildi%ly & wayw>dly ) _! b5efic5t or noxi\s influ5ces4 ,_! mo/ viol5t rage dissolves 9 good-natur$ raill]y2 _! passions1 /ripp$ ( all e>?ly matt]1 are m]ely an ideal dream4 ,to correspond ) ?is1 ! loves ( mortals are pa9t$ z a poetical en*antm5t1 :i*1 by a contr>y en*antm5t1 may be imm$iately susp5d$1 & !n r5ew$ aga94 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plot2 ! w$d+ ( ,!seus & ,hippolyta1 ,ob]on & ,titania's qu>rel1 ! flight ( ! two pair ( lov]s1 & ! !atrical manoeuvres ( ! me*anics1 are s lightly & happily int]wov5 t !y seem necess>y to ea* o!r = ! =mation1 ( a :ole4 ,ob]on is desir\s ( reliev+ ! lov]s f _! p]plexities1 b greatly adds to !m ?r\gh ! mi/akes ( 8 m9i/]1 till he at la/ comes really to ! aid ( _! fruitless amor\s pa91 _! incon/ancy & jeal\sy1 & re/ores fidelity to its old rights4 ,! extremes ( fanciful & vulg> are unit$ :5 ! en*ant$ ,titania awakes & falls 9 love ) a co>se me*anic ) an ass's head1 :o repres5ts1 or r disfigures1 ! "p ( a tragical lov]4 ,! droll wond] ( ,bottom's trans=mation is m]ely ! translation ( a metaphor 9 its lit]al s5se2 b 9 8 behavi\r dur+ ! t5d] homage ( ! ,fairy ,que5 we h an amus+ pro( h[ mu* ! consci\sness ( su* a head-dress height5s ! effect ( 8 usual folly4 ,!seus & ,hippolyta are1 z x 71 a spl5did frame = ! picture2 !y take no "p 9 ! action1 b surr\nd x ) a /ately pomp4 ,! disc\rse ( ! h]o & 8 ,amazon1 z !y c\rse ?r\gh ! =e/ ) _! noisy hunt+-tra91 works ^u ! imag9ation l ! fre% brea? ( morn+1 be=e :i* ! %apes ( night disappe>4 ,pyramus & ,?isbe is n unmean+ly *os5 z ! grotesque play )9 ! play2 x is exactly l ! pa!tic "p ( ! piece1 a secret meet+ ( two lov]s 9 ! =e/1 & _! sep>ation by an un=tunate accid5t1 & closes ! :ole ) ! mo/ amus+ p>ody4 ,! ,tempe/ has little action or progressive movem5t2 ! union ( ,f]d9& & ,mir&a is settl$ at _! fir/ int]view1 & ,prosp]o m]ely ?r[s app>5t ob/acles 9 _! way2 ! %ipwreck$ b& g leisurely ab\t ! isl&2 ! attempts ( ,seba/ian & ,antonio on ! life ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 & ! plot ( ,caliban & ! drunk5 sailors aga9/ ,prosp]o1 are no?+ b a fe9t1 = we =esee t !y w be completely fru/rat$ by ! magical skill ( ! latt]2 no?+ rema9s !re=e b ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty by dreadful sights :i* h>r[ up _! consci5ces1 & !n ! discov]y & f9al reconciliation4 ,yet ?is want ( movem5t is s admirably conceal$ by ! mo/ v>i$ display ( ! fasc9ations ( poetry1 & ! exhil>ation ( mir?1 ! details ( ! execution are s v attractive1 t x requires no small degree ( att5tion to p]ceive t ! dn\em5t is1 9 "s degree1 anticipat$ 9 ! exposition4 ,! hi/ory ( ! loves ( ,f]d9& & ,mir&a1 develop$ 9 a few %ort sc5es1 is en*ant+ly beautiful3 an affect+ union ( *ivalr\s magnanimity on ! "o "p1 & on ! o!r ( ! virg9 op5ness ( a he>t :i*1 br\ght up f> f ! _w on an un9habit$ isl&1 has nev] le>n$ to disguise its innoc5t movem5ts4 ,! wisdom ( ! pr9cely h]mit ,prosp]o has a magical & my/]i\s air2 ! disagreeable impression left by ! black falsehood ( ! two usurp]s is s(t5$ by ! hone/ gossipp+ ( ! old & fai?ful ,gonzalo2 ,tr9culo & ,/ephano1 two good-=-no?+ drunk>ds1 f9d a wor?y associate 9 ,caliban2 & ,ariel hov]s sweetly ov] ! :ole z ! p]sonifi$ g5ius ( ! wond]ful fable4 ,caliban has become a by-^w z ! /range creation ( a poetical imag9ation4 ,a mixture ( gnome & savage1 half daemon1 half brute1 9 8 behavi\r we p]ceive at once ! traces ( 8 native disposition1 & ! influ5ce ( ,prosp]o's education4 ,! latt] c\ld only unfold 8 und]/&+1 )\t1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 tam+ 8 root$ malignity3 x is z if ! use ( reason & human spee* 7 communicat$ to an awkw>d ape4 ,9 incl9ation ,caliban is malici\sly c[>dly1 false1 & base2 & yet he is ess5tially diff]5t f ! vulg> knaves ( a civiliz$ _w1 z portray$ occasionally by ,%akspe>e4 ,he is rude1 b n vulg>2 he nev] falls into ! prosaic & l[ famili>ity ( 8 drunk5 associates1 = he is1 9 8 way1 a poetical be+2 he always speaks 9 v]se4 ,he has pick$ up e ?+ dissonant & ?orny 9 language to compose out ( x a vocabul>y ( 8 own2 & ( ! :ole v>iety ( nature1 ! hateful1 repulsive1 & pettily de=m$1 h alone be5 impress$ on 8 imag9ation4 ,! magical _w ( spirits1 :i* ! /aff ( ,prosp]o has assembl$ on ! isl&1 ca/s m]ely a fa9t reflection into 8 m9d1 z a ray ( light :i* falls into a d>k cave1 incapable ( communicat+ to x ei!r heat or illum9ation1 s]ves m]ely to set 9 motion ! poison\s vap\rs4 ,! del9eation ( ?is mon/] is ?r\gh\t inconceivably consi/5t & pr(\nd1 &1 not)/&+ its hatefulness1 by no means hurtful to our feel+s1 z ! hon\r ( human nature is left unt\*$4 ,9 ! zephyr-l ,ariel ! image ( air is n to be mi/ak51 8 "n ev5 be>s an allusion to x2 z1 on ! o!r h& ,caliban signifies ! heavy elem5t ( e>?4 ,yet !y are nei!r ( !m simple1 allegorical p]sonifications b be+s individually det]m9$4 ,9 g5]al we f9d 9 ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 9 ,! ,tempe/1 9 ! magical "p ( ,macbe?1 & :]ev] ,%akspe>e avails himself ( ! popul> belief 9 ! invisible pres5ce ( spirits1 & ! possibility ( com+ 9 contact ) !m1 a pr(\nd view ( ! inw>d life ( nature & h] my/]i\s spr+s1 :i*1 x is true1 c nev] be altoge!r unkn[n to ! g5u9e poet1 z poetry is altoge!r incompatible ) me*anical physics1 b :i* few h possess$ 9 an equal degree ) ,dante & himself4 ,! ,w9t]'s ,tale is z appropriately nam$ z ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,x is "o ( ^? tales :i* are peculi>ly calculat$ to beguile ! dre>y leisure ( a long w9t] ev5+1 & are ev5 attractive & intelligible to *ildhood1 :ile animat$ by f]v5t tru? 9 ! del9eation ( "* & passion1 & inve/$ ) ! embelli%m5ts ( poetry l[]+ itself1 z x 71 to ! simplicity ( ! subject1 !y transport ev5 manhood back to ! gold5 age ( imag9ation4 ,! calculation ( probabilities has no?+ to d ) su* wond]ful & fleet+ adv5tures1 :5 all end at la/ 9 univ]sal joy2 &1 accord+ly1 ,%akspe>e has "h tak5 ! greate/ lic5se ( ana*ronisms & geographical errors2 n to m5tion o!r incongruities1 he op5s a free navigation betwe5 ,sicily & ,bohemia1 makes ,giulio ,romano ! contempor>y ( ! ,delphic oracle4 ,! piece divides itself 9 "s degree into two plays4 ,leontes becomes sudd5ly jeal\s ( 8 royal bosom-fri5d ,polyx5es1 :o is on a visit to 8 c\rt2 makes an attempt on 8 life1 f :i* ,polyx5es only saves himself by a cl&e/9e flight2--,h]mione1 suspect$ ( infidelity1 is ?r[n into prison1 & ! daught] :i* %e !re br+s into ! _w is expos$ on a remote coa/2--! accus$ ,que51 decl>$ innoc5t by ! oracle1 on le>n+ t h] infant son has p9$ to dea? on h] acc\nt1 falls d[n 9 a swoon1 & is m\rn$ z dead by h] husb&1 :o becomes s5sible1 :5 too late1 ( 8 error3 all ?is makes up ! ?ree fir/ acts4 ,! la/ two are sep>at$ f ^! by a *asm ( sixte5 ye>s2 b ! =ego+ tragical cata/rophe 0 only app>5t1 & ?is s]ves to connect ! two p>ts4 ,! ,pr9cess1 :o has be5 expos$ on ! coa/ ( ,polyx5es's k+dom1 gr[s up among l[ %eph]ds2 b h] t5d] beauty1 h] noble mann]s1 & elevation ( s5tim5t1 bespeak h] desc5t2 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ,florizel1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 hawk+1 falls 9 ) h]1 becomes enam\r$1 & c\rts h] 9 ! disguise ( a %eph]d2 at a rural ent]ta9m5t ,polyx5es discov]s _! atta*m5t1 & breaks out into a viol5t rage2 ! two lov]s seek refuge f 8 p]secutions at ! c\rt ( ,leontes 9 ,sicily1 :]e ! discov]y & g5]al reconciliation take place4 ,la/ly1 :5 ,leontes beholds1 z he imag9es1 ! /atue ( 8 lo/ wife1 x desc5ds f ! ni*e3 x is %e h]self1 ! /ill liv+ ,h]mione1 :o has kept h]self s long conceal$2 & ! piece ends ) univ]sal rejoic+4 ,! jeal\sy ( ,leontes is n1 l t ( ,o!llo1 develop$ ?r\gh all its causes1 symptoms & v>iations2 x is br\ght =w>d at once full gr[n & mature1 & is portray$ z a di/emp]$ fr5zy4 ,x is a passion ^: effects ! spectator is m conc]n$ ) ?an ) its orig91 & :i* does n produce ! cata/rophe1 b m]ely ties ! knot ( ! piece4 ,9 fact1 ! poet might p]haps h wi%$ slightly to indicate t ,h]mione1 ?\gh virtu\s1 0 too w>m 9 h] ef=ts to please ,polyx5es2 & x appe>s z if ?is g]m ( incl9ation fir/ atta9$ its prop] maturity 9 _! *ildr54 ,no?+ c be m fre% & y\?ful1 no?+ at once s ideally pa/oral & pr9cely z ! love ( ,florizel & ,p]dita2 ( ! pr9ce1 :om love conv]ts into a volunt>y %eph]d2 & ! pr9cess1 :o betrays h] exalt$ orig9 )\t kn[+ x1 & 9 ^: h&s nosegays become cr[ns4 ,%akspe>e has nev] hesitat$ to place ideal poetry side by side ( ! mo/ vulg> prose3 & 9 ! _w ( reality also ?is is g5]ally ! case4 ,p]dita's fo/]- fa!r & 8 son are bo? made simple boors1 t we may ! m di/9ctly see h[ all t ennobles h] belongs only to h]self4 ,autolycus1 ! m]ry p$l> & pickpocket1 s inimitably portray$1 is necess>y to complete ! ru/ic fea/1 :i* ,p]dita on h] "p seems to r5d] meet = an assemblage ( gods 9 disguise4 ,cymbel9e is also "o ( ,%akspe>e's mo/ wond]ful compositions4 ,he has "h comb9$ a novel ( ,boccacio's ) tradition>y tales ( ! anci5t ,britons rea*+ back to ! times ( ! fir/ ,roman ,emp]ors1 & he has contriv$1 by ! mo/ g5tle transitions1 to bl5d toge!r into "o h>moni\s :ole ! social mann]s ( ! newe/ times ) old5 h]oic de$s1 & ev5 ) appe>ances ( ! gods4 ,9 ! "* ( ,imog5 no "o feature ( female excell5ce is omitt$3 h] *a/e t5d]ness1 h] s(tness1 & h] virg9 pride1 h] b\ndless resignation1 & h] magnanimity t[>ds h] mi/ak5 husb&1 by :om %e is unju/ly p]secut$1 h] adv5tures 9 disguise1 h] app>5t dea?1 & h] recov]y1 =m altoge!r a picture equally t5d] & affect+4 ,! two ,pr9ces1 ,guid]ius & ,arviragus1 bo? educat$ 9 ! wilds1 =m a noble contra/ to ,mir&a & ,p]dita4 ,%akspe>e is fond ( %[+ ! sup]iority ( ! natural ov] ! artificial4 ,ov] ! art :i* enri*es nature1 he some:]e says1 !re is a high] art creat$ by nature h]self4 ,footnote3 ,! passage 9 ,%akspe>e "h quot$1 tak5 ) ! context1 w n be> ! con/ruction ( ! au?or4 ,! :ole runs ?us3-- ,yet nature is made bett] by no mean1 ,b nature makes t mean3 s1 o'er t art ,:i* y say adds to nature1 is an art ,t nature makes4 ,y see1 sweet maid1 we m>ry ,a g5tl] scion to ! wilde/ /ock2 ,& make conceive a b>k ( bas] k9d ,by bud ( nobl] race3 ?is is an art ,:i* does m5d nature1 *ange x r2 b ,! art itself is nature4 ,w9t]'s ,tale1 ,act iv4 sc4 #c4 ,%akspe>e does n "h mean to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! relative excell5cy ( t :i* is innate & t :i* we owe to in/ruction2 b m]ely says1 t ! in/ruction or art is itself a "p ( nature4 ,! spee* is address$ by ,polyx5es to ,p]dita1 to p]suade h] t ! *anges effect$ 9 ! appe>ance ( fl[]s by ! art ( ! g>d5] are n to be acc\nt$ unnatural2 & ! expression ( mak+ conceive a b>k ( bas] k9d by bud ( nobl] race 7i4e41 engraft+71 w\ld r lead to ! inf]5ce1 t ! m9d d]iv$ its *ief value f ! influ5ce ( culture4--,,trans4 ,z ,mir&a's unconsci\s & un/udi$ sweetness is m pleas+ ?an ^? *>ms :i* endeav\r to captivate u by ! brilliant embelli%m5ts ( a ref9$ cultivation1 s 9 ^! two y\?s1 to :om ! *ase has giv5 vig\r & h>dihood1 b :o are ignorant ( _! high de/9ation1 & h be5 br\ght up ap>t f human society1 we are equally en*ant$ by a nave h]oism :i* leads !m to anticipate & to dream ( de$s ( val\r1 till an occasion is (f]$ :i* !y are irresi/ibly compell$ to embrace4 ,:5 ,imog5 comes 9 disguise to _! cave2 :51 ) all ! innoc5ce ( *ildhood1 ,guid]ius & ,arviragus =m an impassion$ fri5d%ip = ! t5d] boy1 9 :om !y nei!r suspect a female nor _! own si/]2 :51 on _! return f ! *ase1 !y f9d h] dead1 !n s+ h] to ! gr\nd1 & cov] ! grave ) fl[]s3--^! sc5es might give to ! mo/ dead5$ imag9ation a new life = poetry4 ,if a tragical ev5t is only app>5t1 9 su* case1 :e!r ! spectators are already aw>e ( x or ought m]ely to suspect x1 ,%akspe>e always kn[s h[ to mitigate ! impression )\t weak5+ x3 he makes ! m\rn+ musical1 t x may ga9 9 solemnity :at x loses 9 s]i\sness4 ,) respect to ! o!r p>ts1 ! wise & vigor\s ,bel>ius1 :o aft] long liv+ z a h]mit aga9 becomes a h]o1 is a v5]able figure2 ! ,italian ,ia*imo's ready dissimulation & quick pres5ce ( m9d is q suitable to ! bold trea*]y :i* he plays2 ,cymbel9e1 ! fa!r ( ,imog51 & ev5 h] husb& ,po/humus1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! piece1 are some:at sacrific$1 b ?is c\ld n be o!rwise2 ! false & wick$ ,que5 is m]ely an in/rum5t ( ! plot2 %e & h] /upid son ,cloton 7! only comic "p 9 ! piece7 ^: rude arrogance is portray$ ) mu* hum\r1 are1 be=e ! conclusion1 got rid ( by m]it$ puni%m5t4 ,z = ! h]oical "p ( ! fable1 ! w> betwe5 ! ,romans & ,britons1 :i* br+s on ! dn\em5t1 ! poet 9 ! ext5t ( 8 plan _h s little room to sp>e1 t he m]ely endeav\rs to repres5t x z a mute procession4 ,b to ! la/ sc5e1 :]e all ! num]\s ?reads ( ! knot are unti$1 he has aga9 giv5 its full developm5t1 t he might collect toge!r into "o focus ! scatt]$ impressions ( ! :ole4 ,?is example & _m o!rs are a suffici5t refutation ( ,johnson's ass]tion1 t ,%akspe>e usually hurries ov] ! conclusion ( 8 pieces4 ,r does he1 f a desire to satisfy ! feel+s1 introduce a great deal :i*1 s f> z ! und]/&+ ( ! dn\em5t requires1 might 9 a /rict s5se be ju/ly sp>$3 our mod]n spectators are mu* m impati5t to see ! curta9 drop1 :5 !re is no?+ m to be det]m9$1 ?an ^? ( 8 day c\ld h be54 ,,lecture ,,xxv4 ,criticisms on ,%akspe>e's ,trag$ies4 ,romeo & ,juliet1 & ,o!llo1 diff] f mo/ ( ! pieces :i* we h hi!rto exam9$1 nei!r 9 ! +r$i5ts ( ! composition1 nor 9 ! mann] ( treat+ !m3 x is m]ely ! direction ( ! :ole t gives !m ! /amp ( ,trag$y4 ,romeo & ,juliet is a picture ( love & its pitiable fate1 9 a _w ^: atmosph]e is too %>p = ?is ! t5d]e/ blossom ( human life4 ,two be+s creat$ = ea* o!r feel mutual love at ! fir/ glance2 e consid]ation disappe>s be=e ! irresi/ible impulse to live 9 "o ano!r2 "u circum/ances ho/ile 9 ! highe/ degree to _! union1 !y unite !mselves by a secret m>riage1 rely+ simply on ! protection ( an invisible p[]4 ,unt[>d incid5ts foll[+ 9 rapid succession1 _! h]oic con/ancy is )9 a few days put to ! pro(1 till1 =cibly sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 by a volunt>y dea? !y are unit$ 9 ! grave to meet aga9 9 ano!r _w4 ,all ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! beautiful /ory :i* ,%akspe>e has n inv5t$1 & :i*1 h[ev] simply told1 w always excite a t5d] sympa?y3 b x 0 res]v$ = ,%akspe>e to jo9 9 "o ideal picture purity ( he>t ) w>m? ( imag9ation2 sweetness & dignity ( mann]s ) passionate int5sity ( feel+4 ,"u 8 h&l+1 x has become a glori\s song ( praise on t inexpressible feel+ :i* ennobles ! s\l & gives to x its highe/ sublimity1 & :i* elevates ev5 ! s5ses into s\l1 :ile at ! same "t x is a melan*oly elegy on its inh]5t & imp>t$ frailty2 x is at once ! apo!osis & ! obsequies ( love4 ,x appe>s "h a heav5ly sp>k1 t1 z x desc5ds to ! e>?1 is conv]t$ into ! lightn+ fla%1 :i* almo/ 9 ! same mom5t sets on fire & consumes ! mortal be+ on :om x lights4 ,all t is mo/ intoxicat+ 9 ! od\r ( a s\!rn spr+1--all t is langui%+ 9 ! song ( ! night+ale1 or voluptu\s 9 ! fir/ op5+ ( ! rose1 all alike brea! =? f ?is poem4 ,b ev5 m rapidly ?an ! e>lie/ blossoms ( y\? & beauty decay1 does x f ! fir/ timidly-bold decl>ation & mode/ return ( love hurry on to ! mo/ unlimit$ passion1 to an irrevocable union2 & !n ha/5s1 amid/ alt]nat+ /orms ( rapture & despair1 to ! fate ( ! two lov]s1 :o yet appe> enviable 9 _! h>d lot1 = _! love survives !m1 & by _! dea? !y h obta9$ an endless triumph ov] e sep>at+ p[]4 ,! sweete/ & ! bitt]e/ love & hatr$1 fe/ive rejoic+s & d>k =ebod+s1 t5d] embraces & sepul*ral horrors1 ! fulness ( life & self-annihilation1 are "h all br\ght close to ea* o!r2 & yet ^! contra/s are s bl5d$ into a unity ( impression1 t ! e*o :i* ! :ole leaves beh9d 9 ! m9d resembles a s+le b endless sigh4 ,! excell5t dramatic arrangem5t1 ! significance ( e "* 9 its place1 ! judici\s selection ( all ! circum/ances1 ev5 ! mo/ m9ute1 h already be5 dwelt ^u 9 detail4 ,i %all only reque/ att5tion to a trait :i* may s]ve = an example ( ! di/ance to :i* ,%akspe>e goes back to lay ! prep>atory f\ndation4 ,! mo/ /rik+ & p]haps incr$ible circum/ance 9 ! :ole /ory is ! liquor giv5 by ! ,monk to ,julia1 by :i* %e = a numb] ( h\rs n m]ely sleeps1 b fully resembles a corpse1 )\t h[ev] receiv+ ! lea/ injury4 ,h[ does ! poet dispose u to believe t ,fa!r ,lor5zo possesses su* a secret8--,at 8 fir/ appe>ance he exhibits him 9 a g>d51 :]e he is collect+ h]bs & descant+ on _! wond]ful virtues4 ,! disc\rse ( ! pi\s old man is full ( deep mean+3 he sees ev]y:]e 9 nature emblems ( ! moral _w2 ! same wisdom ) :i* he looks ?r\gh h] has also made him ma/] ( ! human he>t4 ,9 ?is mann] a circum/ance ( an ungrateful appe>ance1 has become ! s\rce ( a great beauty4 ,if ,romeo & ,juliet %9es ) ! col\rs ( ! dawn ( morn+1 b a dawn ^: purple cl\ds already ann\nce ! ?und] ( a sultry day1 ,o!llo is1 on ! o!r h&1 a /rongly %ad$ picture3 we might call x a tragical ,rembr&t4 ,:at a =tunate mi/ake t ! ,moor 7"u :i* "n 9 ! orig9al novel1 a baptiz$ ,s>ac5 ( ! ,nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa 0 unque/ionably meant71 has be5 made by ,%akspe>e 9 e respect a negro6 ,we recognize 9 ,o!llo ! wild nature ( t gl[+ zone :i* g5]ates ! mo/ rav5\s bea/s ( prey & ! mo/ deadly poisons1 tam$ only 9 appe>ance by ! desire ( fame1 by =eign laws ( hon\r1 & by nobl] & mild] mann]s4 ,8 jeal\sy is n ! jeal\sy ( ! he>t1 :i* is compatible ) ! t5d]e/ feel+ & adoration ( ! belov$ object2 x is ( t s5sual k9d :i*1 9 burn+ climes1 has giv5 bir? to ! disgraceful conf9em5t ( wom5 & _m o!r unnatural usages4 ,a drop ( ?is poison fl[s 9 8 ve9s1 & sets 8 :ole blood 9 ! wilde/ f]m5t4 ,! ,moor seems noble1 frank1 confid+1 grateful = ! love %[n him2 & he is all ?is1 &1 moreov]1 a h]o :o spurns at dang]1 a wor?y lead] ( an army1 a fai?ful s]vant ( ! /ate2 b ! m]e physical =ce ( passion puts to flight 9 "o mom5t all 8 acquir$ & m]e habitual virtues1 & gives ! upp] h& to ! savage ov] ! moral man4 ,?is tyranny ( ! blood ov] ! w betrays itself ev5 9 ! expression ( 8 desire ( rev5ge ^u ,cassio4 ,9 8 rep5tance1 a g5u9e t5d]ness = 8 murd]$ wife1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! damn+ evid5ce ( 8 de$1 ! pa9ful feel+ ( annihilat$ hon\r at la/ bur/s =?2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ^! pa9ful emotions he assails himself ) ! rage :]e) a despot puni%es a runaway slave4 ,he suff]s z a d\ble man2 at once 9 ! high] & ! l[] sph]e into :i* 8 be+ 0 divid$4--,:ile ! ,moor be>s ! nightly col\r ( suspicion & deceit only on 8 visage1 ,iago is black )94 ,he haunts ,o!llo l 8 evil g5ius1 & ) 8 light 7& !re=e ! m dang]\s17 ins9uations1 he leaves him no re/2 x is z if by means ( an un=tunate aff9ity1 f\nd$ h[ev] 9 nature1 ?is influ5ce 0 by necessity m p[]ful ov] him ?an ! voice ( 8 good angel ,desdemona4 ,a m artful villa9 ?an ?is ,iago 0 nev] portray$2 he spreads 8 nets ) a skill :i* no?+ c escape4 ,! repugnance inspir$ by 8 aims becomes tol]able f ! att5tion ( ! spectators be+ direct$ to 8 means3 ^! furni% endless employm5t to ! und]/&+4 ,cool1 discont5t$1 & morose1 arrogant :]e he d>e be s1 b humble & ins9uat+ :5 x suits 8 purposes1 he is a complete ma/] 9 ! art ( dissimulation2 accessible only to selfi% emotions1 he is ?or\ghly skill$ 9 r\s+ ! passions ( o!rs1 & ( avail+ himself ( e op5+ :i* !y give him3 he is z excell5t an obs]v] ( m5 z any "o c be :o is unacqua9t$ ) high] motives ( action f 8 own exp]i5ce2 !re is always "s tru? 9 8 malici\s obs]vations on !m4 ,he does n m]ely pret5d an obdurate incr$ulity z to ! virtue ( wom51 he actually ent]ta9s x2 & ?is1 too1 falls 9 ) 8 :ole way ( ?9k+1 & makes him ! m fit = ! execution ( 8 purpose4 ,z 9 e ?+ he sees m]ely ! hateful side1 he dissolves 9 ! rude/ mann] ! *>m :i* ! imag9ation ca/s ov] ! relation betwe5 ! two sexes3 he does s = ! purpose ( revolt+ ,o!llo's s5ses1 ^: he>t o!rwise might easily h conv9c$ him ( ,desdemona's innoc5ce4 ,?is mu/ s]ve z an excuse = ! num]\s expressions 9 ! spee*es ( ,iago f :i* mode/y %r9ks4 ,if ,%akespe>e _h writt5 9 our days he w\ld n p]haps h d>$ to haz>d !m2 & yet ?is mu/ c]ta9ly h greatly injur$ ! tru? ( 8 picture4 ,desdemona is a sacrifice )\t blemi%4 ,%e is n1 x is true1 a high ideal repres5tation ( sweetness & en?usia/ic passion l ,juliet2 full ( simplicity1 s(tness1 & humility1 & s innoc5t1 t %e c h>dly =m to h]self an idea ( ! possibility ( infidelity1 %e seems calculat$ to make ! mo/ yield+ & t5d]e/ ( wives4 ,! female prop5sity :olly to resign itself to a =eign de/9y has l$ h] into ! only fault ( h] life1 t ( m>ry+ )\t h] fa!r's cons5t4 ,h] *oice seems wrong2 & yet %e has be5 ga9$ ov] to ,o!llo by t :i* induces ! female to hon\r 9 man h] protector & guide1-- admiration ( 8 det]m9$ h]oism1 & compassion = ! suff]+s :i* he _h und]gone4 ,) great art x is s contriv$1 t f ! v circum/ance t ! possibility ( a suspicion ( h] own purity ( motive nev] once ent]s h] m9d1 %e is ! less res]v$ 9 h] solicitations = ,cassio1 & !reby does b height5 m & m ! jeal\sy ( ,o!llo4 ,to ?r[ out /ill m cle>ly ! angelic purity ( ,desdemona1 ,%akspe>e has 9 ,emilia associat$ ) h] a companion ( d\btful virtue4 ,f ! s9ful levity ( ?is woman x is also conceivable t %e %\ld n confess ! ab/raction ( ! h&k]*ief :5 ,o!llo viol5tly dem&s x back3 ?is w\ld o!rwise be ! circum/ance 9 ! :ole piece ! mo/ difficult to ju/ify4 ,cassio is portray$ exactly z he ought to be to excite suspicion )\t actual guilt1--amiable & nobly dispos$1 b easily s$uc$4 ,! public ev5ts ( ! fir/ two acts %[ u ,o!llo 9 8 mo/ glori\s aspect1 z ! support ( ,v5ice & ! t]ror ( ! ,turks3 !y s]ve to )draw ! /ory f ! m]e dome/ic circle1 j z ?is is done 9 ,romeo & ,juliet by ! diss5sions betwe5 ! h\ses ( ,montague & ,capulet4 ,no eloqu5ce is capable ( pa9t+ ! ov]:elm+ =ce ( ! cata/rophe 9 ,o!llo1--! pressure ( feel+s :i* measure out 9 a mom5t ! abysses ( et]nity4 ,hamlet is s+ul> 9 its k9d3 a trag$y ( ?\ght inspir$ by cont9ual & nev]-satisfi$ m$itation on human de/9y & ! d>k p]plexity ( ! ev5ts ( ?is _w1 & calculat$ to call =? ! v same m$itation 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators4 ,?is enigmatical "w resembles ^? irrational equations 9 :i* a fraction ( unkn[n magnitude always rema9s1 t w 9 no way admit ( solution4 ,mu* has be5 said1 mu* writt51 on ?is piece1 & yet no ?9k+ head :o anew expresses himself on x1 w 79 8 view ( ! connexion & ! signification ( all ! p>ts7 entirely co9cide ) 8 pr$ecessors4 ,:at naturally mo/ a/oni%es u1 is ! fact t ) su* hidd5 purposes1 ) a f\ndation laid 9 su* unfa?omable dep?1 ! :ole %\ld1 at a fir/ view1 exhibit an extremely popul> appe>ance4 ,! dread appe>ance ( ! ,gho/ takes possession ( ! m9d & ! imag9ation almo/ at ! v comm5cem5t2 !n ! play )9 ! play1 9 :i*1 z 9 a glass1 we see reflect$ ! crime1 ^: fruitlessly attempt$ puni%m5t con/itutes ! subject-matt] ( ! piece2 ! al>m ) :i* x fills ! ,k+2 ,hamlet's pret5d$ & ,ophelia's real madness2 h] dea? & burial2 ! meet+ ( ,hamlet & ,la]tes at h] grave2 _! combat1 & ! gr& det]m9ation2 la/ly1 ! appe>ance ( ! "y h]o ,=t9bras1 :o1 ) w>like pomp1 pays ! la/ hon\rs to an ext9ct family ( k+s2 ! int]sp]sion ( comic *>act]i/ic sc5es ) ,polonius1 ! c\rti]s1 & ! grave-digg]s1 :i* h all ( !m _! signification1--all ?is fills ! /age ) an animat$ & v>i$ movem5t4 ,! only circum/ance f :i* ?is piece might be judg$ to be less !atrical ?an o!r trag$ies ( ,%akspe>e is1 t 9 ! la/ sc5es ! ma9 action ei!r /&s /ill or appe>s to retrograde4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 inevitable1 & lay 9 ! nature ( ! subject4 ,! :ole is int5d$ to %[ t a calculat+ consid]ation1 :i* exhau/s all ! relations & possible consequ5ces ( a de$1 mu/ cripple ! p[] ( act+2 z ,hamlet himself expresses x3-- ,& ?us ! native hue ( resolution ,is sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght2 ,& ent]prises ( great pi? & mom5t1 ,) ?is reg>d1 _! curr5ts turn awry1 ,& lose ! "n ( action4 ,) respect to ,hamlet's "*3 ,i _c1 z ,i und]/& ! poet's views1 pron\nce altoge!r s fav\rable a s5t5ce ^u x z ,goe! does4 ,he is1 x is true1 ( a highly cultivat$ m9d1 a pr9ce ( royal mann]s1 end[$ ) ! f9e/ s5se ( propriety1 susceptible ( noble ambition1 & op5 9 ! highe/ degree to an en?usia/ic admiration ( t excell5ce 9 o!rs ( :i* he himself is defici5t4 ,he acts ! "p ( madness ) unrivall$ p[]1 conv9c+ ! p]sons :o are s5t to exam9e into 8 suppos$ loss ( reason1 m]ely by tell+ !m unwelcome tru?s1 & rally+ !m ) ! mo/ cau/ic wit4 ,b 9 ! resolutions :i* he s (t5 embraces & always leaves unexecut$1 8 weakness is too app>5t3 he does himself only ju/ice :5 he implies t !re is no great] dissimil>ity ?an betwe5 himself & ,h]cules4 ,he is n solely impell$ by necessity to artifice & dissimulation1 he has a natural incl9ation = crook$ ways2 he is a hypocrite t[>ds himself2 8 f>-fet*$ scruples are (t5 m]e pretexts to cov] 8 want ( det]m9ation3 ?\ghts1 z he says on a diff]5t occasion1 :i* h ----b "o "p wisdom ,& ev] ?ree p>ts c[>d4----- ,he has be5 *iefly condemn$ bo? = 8 h>%ness 9 repuls+ ! love ( ,ophelia1 :i* he himself _h *]i%$1 & = 8 ins5sibility at h] dea?4 ,b he is too mu* ov]:elm$ ) 8 own sorr[ to h any compassion to sp>e = o!rs2 besides 8 outw>d indiff]5ce gives u by no means ! measure ( 8 int]nal p]turbation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we evid5tly p]ceive 9 him a malici\s joy1 :5 he has succe$$ 9 gett+ rid ( 8 enemies1 m ?r\gh necessity & accid5t1 :i* alone are able to impel him to quick & decisive measures1 ?an by ! m]it ( 8 own c\rage1 z he himself confesses aft] ! murd] ( ,polonius1 & ) respect to ,ros5crantz & ,guild5/]n4 ,hamlet has no firm belief ei!r 9 himself or 9 any?+ else3 f expressions ( religi\s confid5ce he passes ov] to sceptical d\bts2 he believes 9 ! ,gho/ ( 8 fa!r z long z he sees x1 b z soon z x has disappe>$1 x appe>s to him almo/ 9 ! light ( a deception4 ,footnote3 ,x has be5 c5sur$ z a contradiction1 t ,hamlet 9 ! soliloquy on self-murd] %\ld say1 ,! undiscov]'d c\ntry1 f ^: b\rn ,no travell] returns----- ,= 0 n ! ,gho/ a return$ travell]8 ,%akspe>e1 h[ev]1 purposely wi%$ to %[1 t ,hamlet c\ld n fix himself 9 any conviction ( any k9d :atev]4 ,he has ev5 gone s f> z to say1 !re is no?+ ei!r good or bad1 b ?9k+ makes x s2 ) him ! poet loses himself "h 9 labyr9?s ( ?\ght1 9 :i* nei!r end nor beg9n+ is discov]able4 ,! />s !mselves1 f ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 af=d no answ] to ! "q s urg5tly propos$ to !m4 ,a voice f ano!r _w1 commission$ x w\ld appe>1 by heav51 dem&s v5geance = a mon/r\s enormity1 & ! dem& rema9s )\t effect2 ! crim9als are at la/ puni%$1 b1 z x 71 by an accid5tal bl[1 & n 9 ! solemn way requisite to convey to ! _w a w>n+ example ( ju/ice2 irresolute =esight1 cunn+ trea*]y1 & impetu\s rage1 hurry on to a common de/ruction2 ! less guilty & ! innoc5t are equally involv$ 9 ! g5]al ru94 ,! de/9y ( humanity is !re exhibit$ z a gigantic ,sph9x1 :i* ?reat5s to precipitate into ! abyss ( scepticism all :o are unable to solve h] dreadful enigmas4 ,z "o example ( ! _m niceties ( ,%akspe>e :i* h nev] be5 und]/ood1 ,i may allude to ! /yle 9 :i* ! play]'s spee* ab\t ,hecuba is conceiv$4 ,x has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy among ! comm5tators1 :e!r ?is 0 borr[$ by ,%akspe>e f himself or f ano!r1 & :e!r1 9 ! praise ( ! piece ( :i* x is suppos$ to be a "p1 he 0 speak+ s]i\sly1 or m]ely meant to ridicule ! tragical bomba/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,x seems nev] to h occurr$ to !m t ?is spee* mu/ n be judg$ ( by itself1 b 9 connexion ) ! place :]e x is introduc$4 ,to di/+ui% x 9 ! play itself z dramatic poetry1 x 0 necess>y t x %\ld rise above ! dignifi$ poetry ( ! =m] 9 ! same proportion t g5]ally !atrical elevation so>s above simple nature4 ,h5ce ,%akspe>e has compos$ ! play 9 ,hamlet altoge!r 9 s5t5ti\s rhymes full ( anti!ses4 ,b ?is solemn & measur$ tone did n suit a spee* 9 :i* viol5t emotion ought to prevail1 & ! poet _h no o!r exp$i5t ?an ! "o ( :i* he made *oice3 ov]*>g+ ! pa?os4 ,! language ( ! spee* 9 "q is c]ta9ly falsely emphatical2 b yet ?is fault is s mix$ up ) true gr&eur1 t a play] practis$ 9 artificially call+ =? 9 himself ! emotion he is imitat+1 may c]ta9ly be c>ri$ away by x4 ,besides1 x w h>dly be believ$ t ,%akspe>e knew s little ( 8 art1 z n to be aw>e t a trag$y 9 :i* ,a5eas _h to make a l5g?y epic relation ( a transaction t happ5$ s long be=e z ! de/ruction ( ,troy1 c\ld nei!r be dramatical nor !atrical4 ,( ,macbe? ,i h already spok5 once 9 pass+1 & :o c\ld exhau/ ! praises ( ?is sublime "w8 ,s9ce ,! ,eum5ides ( ,aes*ylus1 no?+ s gr& & t]rible has ev] be5 writt54 ,! wit*es are n1 x is true1 div9e ,eum5ides1 & are n int5d$ to be3 !y are ignoble & vulg> in/rum5ts ( hell4 ,a ,g]man poet1 !re=e1 v ill und]/ood _! mean+1 :5 he trans=m$ !m into mongrel be+s1 a mixture ( fates1 furies1 & en*antresses1 & clo!d !m ) tragic dignity4 ,let no man v5ture to lay h& on ,%akspe>e's works ?9k+ to improve any?+ ess5tial3 he w be sure to puni% himself4 ,! bad is radically odi\s1 & to endeav\r 9 any mann] to ennoble x1 is to violate ! laws ( propriety4 ,h5ce1 9 my op9ion1 ,dante1 & ev5 ,tasso1 h be5 mu* m successful 9 _! portraiture ( daemons ?an ,milton4 ,:e!r ! age ( ,%akspe>e /ill believ$ 9 gho/s & wit*es1 is a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce = ! ju/ification ( ! use :i* 9 ,hamlet & ,macbe? he has made ( pre-exi/+ traditions4 ,no sup]/ition c be widely diffus$ )\t hav+ a f\ndation 9 human nature3 on ?is ! poet builds2 he calls up f _! hidd5 abysses t dread ( ! unkn[n1 t presage ( a d>k side ( nature1 & a _w ( spirits1 :i* philosophy n[ imag9es x has altoge!r explod$4 ,9 ?is mann] he is 9 "s degree bo? ! portray] & ! philosoph] ( sup]/ition2 t is1 n ! philosoph] :o d5ies & turns x into ridicule1 b1 :at is /ill m difficult1 :o di/9ctly exhibits its orig9 9 app>5tly irrational & yet natural op9ions4 ,b :5 he v5tures to make arbitr>y *anges 9 ^! popul> traditions1 he altoge!r =feits 8 "r to !m1 & m]ely holds up 8 own idle fancies to our ridicule4 ,%akspe>e's picture ( ! wit*es is truly magical3 9 ! %ort sc5es :]e !y ent]1 he has creat$ = !m a peculi> language1 :i*1 al?\gh compos$ ( ! usual elem5ts1 /ill seems to be a collection ( =mulae ( incantation4 ,! s\nd ( ! words1 ! accumulation ( rhymes1 & ! rhy?mus ( ! v]se1 =m1 z x 71 ! holl[ music ( a dre>y wit*-dance4 ,he has be5 abus$ = us+ ! names ( disgu/+ objects2 b he :o fancies ! kettle ( ! wit*es c be made effective ) agreeable aromatics1 is z wise z ^? :o desire t hell %\ld s9c]ely & hone/ly give good advice4 ,^! repulsive ?+s1 f :i* ! imag9ation %r9ks1 are "h emblems ( ! ho/ile p[]s :i* op]ate 9 nature2 & ! repugnance ( our s5ses is outweigh$ by ! m5tal horror4 ,) "o ano!r ! wit*es disc\rse l wom5 ( ! v l[e/ class2 = ?is 0 ! class to :i* wit*es 7 ord9>ily suppos$ to belong3 :51 h[ev]1 !y address ,macbe? !y assume a l(ti] tone3 _! pr$ictions1 :i* !y ei!r !mselves pron\nce1 or all[ _! app>itions to deliv]1 h all ! obscure brevity1 ! maje/ic solemnity ( oracles4 ,we "h see t ! wit*es are m]ely in/rum5ts2 !y are gov]n$ by an invisible _s1 or ! op]ation ( su* great & dreadful ev5ts w\ld be above _! sph]e4 ,) :at int5t did ,%akspe>e assign ! same place to !m 9 8 play1 :i* !y occupy 9 ! hi/ory ( ,macbe? z relat$ 9 ! old *ronicles8 ,a mon/r\s crime is committ$3 ,duncan1 a v5]able old man1 & ! be/ ( k+s1 is1 9 def5celess sleep1 "u ! hospitable ro(1 murd]$ by 8 subject1 :om he has load$ ) hon\rs & rew>ds4 ,natural motives alone seem inadequate1 or ! p]petrator mu/ h be5 portray$ z a h>d5$ villa94 ,%akspe>e wi%$ to exhibit a m sublime picture3 an ambiti\s b noble h]o1 yield+ to a deep-laid helli% temptation2 & 9 :om all ! crimes to :i*1 9 ord] to secure ! fruits ( 8 fir/ crime1 he is impell$ by necessity1 _c altoge!r eradicate ! /amp ( native h]oism4 ,he has1 !re=e1 giv5 a ?reefold division to ! guilt ( t crime4 ,! fir/ idea comes f t be+ ^: :ole activity is guid$ by a lu/ ( wick$ness4 ,! weird si/]s surprise ,macbe? 9 ! mom5t ( intoxication ( victory1 :5 8 love ( glory has be5 gratifi$2 !y *eat 8 eyes by exhibit+ to him z ! "w ( fate :at 9 reality c only be accompli%$ by 8 own de$1 & ga9 cr$5ce = all _! words by ! imm$iate fulfilm5t ( ! fir/ pr$iction4 ,! opportunity ( murd]+ ! ,k+ imm$iately (f]s2 ! wife ( ,macbe? conjures him n to let x slip2 %e urges him on ) a fi]y eloqu5ce1 :i* has at comm& all ^? sophisms t s]ve to ?r[ a false spl5d\r ov] crime4 ,little m ?an ! m]e execution falls to ! %>e ( ,macbe?2 he is driv5 into x1 z x 71 9 a tumult ( fasc9ation4 ,rep5tance imm$iately foll[s1 nay1 ev5 prec$es ! de$1 & ! /+s ( consci5ce leave him re/ nei!r night nor day4 ,b he is n[ fairly entangl$ 9 ! sn>es ( hell2 truly frightful is x to behold t same ,macbe?1 :o once z a w>rior c\ld spurn at dea?1 n[ t he dreads ! prospect ( ! life to come ,footnote3 ,we'd jump ! life to come41 cl++ ) gr[+ anxiety to 8 e>?ly exi/5ce ! m mis]able x becomes1 & pitilessly remov+ out ( ! way :atev] to 8 d>k & suspici\s m9d seems to ?reat5 dang]4 ,h[ev] mu* we may abhor 8 actions1 we _c altoge!r refuse to compassionate ! /ate ( 8 m9d2 we lam5t ! ru9 ( s _m noble qualities1 & ev5 9 8 la/ def5ce we are compell$ to admire ! /ruggle ( a brave w ) a c[>dly consci5ce4 ,we might believe t we witness 9 ?is trag$y ! ov]-rul+ de/9y ( ! anci5ts repres5t$ 9 p]fect accordance ) _! ideas3 ! :ole orig9ates 9 a sup]natural influ5ce1 to :i* ! subsequ5t ev5ts seem inevitably l9k$4 ,moreov]1 we ev5 f9d "h ! same ambigu\s oracles :i*1 by _! lit]al fulfilm5t1 deceive ^? :o confide 9 !m4 ,yet x may be easily %[n t ! poet has1 9 8 "w1 display$ m enlight5$ views4 ,he wi%es to %[ t ! conflict ( good & evil 9 ?is _w c only take place by ! p]mission ( ,provid5ce1 :i* conv]ts ! curse t individual mortals draw d[n on _! heads into a bless+ to o!rs4 ,an accurate scale is foll[$ 9 ! retaliation4 ,lady ,macbe?1 :o ( all ! human p>ticipators 9 ! k+'s murd] is ! mo/ guilty1 is ?r[n by ! t]rors ( h] consci5ce into a /ate ( incurable bodily & m5tal disease2 %e dies1 unlam5t$ by h] husb&1 ) all ! symptoms ( reprobation4 ,macbe? is /ill f\nd wor?y to die ! dea? ( a h]o on ! field ( battle4 ,! noble ,macduff is all[$ ! satisfaction ( sav+ 8 c\ntry by puni%+ ) 8 own h& ! tyrant :o _h murd]$ 8 wife & *ildr54 ,banquo1 by an e>ly dea?1 atones = ! ambiti\s curiosity :i* prompt$ ! wi% to "k 8 glori\s desc5dants1 z he !reby has r\s$ ,macbe?'s jeal\sy2 b he pres]v$ 8 m9d pure f ! evil sugge/ions ( ! wit*es3 8 "n is bless$ 9 8 race1 de/9$ to enjoy = a long succession ( ages t royal dignity :i* ,macbe? c\ld only hold = 8 own life4 ,9 ! progress ( ! action1 ?is piece is altoge!r ! rev]se ( ,hamlet3 x /rides =w>d ) amaz+ rapidity1 f ! fir/ cata/rophe 7= ,duncan's murd] may be call$ a cata/rophe7 to ! la/4 ,?\ght1 & done6 is ! g5]al motto2 = z ,macbe? says1 ,! flighty purpose nev] is o'ertook1 ,unless ! de$ g ) x4 ,9 e feature we see an en]getic h]oic age1 9 ! h>dy ,nor? :i* /eels e n]ve4 ,! precise duration ( ! action _c be asc]ta9$1--ye>s p]haps1 accord+ to ! /ory2 b we "k t to ! imag9ation ! mo/ cr[d$ "t appe>s always ! %orte/4 ,"h we c h>dly conceive h[ s v mu* c\ld ev] h be5 compress$ into s n>r[ a space2 n m]ely ext]nal ev5ts1--! v inmo/ recesses 9 ! m9ds ( ! dramatic p]sonages are laid op5 to u4 ,x is z if ! drags 7 tak5 f ! :eels ( "t1 & !y roll$ along )\t int]ruption 9 _! desc5t4 ,no?+ c equal ?is picture 9 its p[] to excite t]ror4 ,we ne$ only allude to ! circum/ances att5d+ ! murd] ( ,duncan1 ! dagg] t hov]s be=e ! eyes ( ,macbe?1 ! vision ( ,banquo at ! fea/1 ! madness ( ,lady ,macbe?2 :at c possibly be said on ! subject t w n r weak5 ! impression !y naturally leave8 ,su* sc5es /& alone1 & are to be f\nd only 9 ?is poet2 o!rwise ! tragic muse might ex*ange h] mask = ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,i wi% m]ely to po9t out z a second>y circum/ance ! prud5t dext]ity ( ,%akspe>e1 :o c\ld /ill contrive to flatt] a k+ by a "w 9 e "p ( ^: plan nev]!less ! poetical views are evid5t4 ,james ! ,fir/ drew 8 l9eage f ,banquo2 he 0 ! fir/ :o unit$ ! ?reefold sceptre ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&3 ?is is =e%[n 9 ! magical vision1 :5 a long s]ies ( glori\s successors is promis$ to ,banquo4 ,ev5 ! gift ( ! ,engli% k+s to heal c]ta9 maladies by ! t\*1 :i* ,james pret5d$ to h inh]it$ f ,edw>d ,footnote3 ,! nam+ ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor gives u at ! same "t ! epo* 9 :i* ^! hi/orically accr$it$ transactions are made to take place4 ,! ru9s ( ,macbe?'s palace are yet /&+ at ,inv]ness2 ! pres5t ,e>ls ( ,fife are ! desc5dants ( ! valiant ,macduff1 & d[n to ! union ( ,scotl& ) ,engl& !y 7 9 ! enjoym5t ( peculi> privileges = _! s]vices to ! cr[n4 ! ,confessor1 & on :i* he set a great value1 is br\ght 9 v naturally4--,) su* occasional matt]s we may well all[ ourselves to be pleas$ )\t fe>+ f !m any dang] to poetry3 by simil> allusions ,aes*ylus endeav\r$ to recomm5d ! ,areopagus to 8 fell[- citiz5s1 & ,sophocles to celebrate ! glory ( ,a!ns4 ,z 9 ,macbe? t]ror rea*es its utmo/ height1 9 ,k+ ,le> ! sci5ce ( compassion is exhau/$4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]s "h are n ^? :o act1 b ^? :o suff]4 ,we h n 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ trag$ies1 ! picture ( a calamity 9 :i* ! sudd5 bl[s ( fate seem /ill to hon\r ! head :i* !y /rike1 & :]e ! loss is always accompani$ by "s flatt]+ consolation 9 ! memory ( ! =m] possession2 b a fall f ! highe/ elevation into ! deepe/ abyss ( mis]y1 :]e humanity is /ripp$ ( all ext]nal & int]nal advantages1 & giv5 up a prey to nak$ helplessness4 ,! ?reefold dignity ( a k+1 an old man1 & a fa!r1 is di%on\r$ by ! cruel +ratitude ( 8 unnatural daught]s2 ! old ,le>1 :o out ( a fooli% t5d]ness has giv5 away e ?+1 is driv5 out to ! _w a w&]+ begg>2 ! *ildi% imbecility to :i* he 0 fa/ advanc+ *anges into ! wilde/ insanity1 & :5 he is rescu$ f ! disgraceful de/itution to :i* he 0 ab&on$1 x is too late3 ! k9d consolations ( filial c>e & att5tion & ( true fri5d%ip are n[ lo/ on him2 8 bodily & m5tal p[]s are de/roy$ beyond all hope ( recov]y1 & all t n[ rema9s to him ( life is ! capability ( lov+ & suff]+ beyond measure4 ,:at a picture we h 9 ! meet+ ( ,le> & ,edg> 9 a tempe/u\s night & 9 a wret*$ hovel6 ,! y\?ful ,edg> has1 by ! wick$ arts ( 8 bro!r1 & ?r\gh 8 fa!r's bl9dness1 fall51 z ! old ,le>1 f ! rank to :i* 8 bir? entitl$ him2 &1 z ! only means ( escap+ fur!r p]secution1 is r$uc$ to assume ! disguise ( a begg> torm5t$ by evil spirits4 ,! ,k+'s fool1 not)/&+ ! volunt>y degradation :i* is impli$ 9 8 situation1 is1 aft] ,k5t1 ,le>'s mo/ fai?ful associate1 8 wise/ c\nsellor4 ,?is good-he>t$ fool clo!s reason ) ! liv]y ( 8 motley g>b2 ! high-born begg> acts ! "p ( insanity2 & bo?1 7 !y ev5 9 reality :at !y seem1 w\ld /ill be enviable 9 comp>ison ) ! ,k+1 :o feels t ! viol5ce ( 8 grief ?reat5s to ov]p[] 8 reason4 ,! meet+ ( ,edg> ) ! bl9d$ ,glo/] is equally he>t-r5d+2 no?+ c be m affect+ ?an to see ! eject$ son become ! fa!r's guide1 & ! good angel1 :o "u ! disguise ( insanity1 saves him by an +5i\s & pi\s fraud f ! horror & despair ( self-murd]4 ,b :o c possibly enum]ate all ! diff]5t comb9ations & situations by :i* our m9ds are "h z x 7 /orm$ by ! poet8 ,respect+ ! /ructure ( ! :ole ,i w only make "o obs]vation4 ,! /ory ( ,le> & 8 daught]s 0 left by ,%akspe>e exactly z he f\nd x 9 a fabul\s tradition1 ) all ! features *>act]i/ical ( ! simplicity ( old times4 ,b 9 t tradition !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( ! /ory ( ,glo/] & 8 sons1 :i* 0 d]iv$ by ,%akspe>e f ano!r s\rce4 ,! incorporation ( ! two /ories has be5 c5sur$ z de/ructive ( ! unity ( action4 ,b :atev] contributes to ! intrigue or ! dn\em5t mu/ always possess unity4 ,& ) :at +5uity & skill are ! two ma9 p>ts ( ! composition dovetail$ into "o ano!r6 ,! pity felt by ,glo/] = ! fate ( ,le> becomes ! means :i* enables 8 son ,edmund to effect 8 complete de/ruction1 & af=ds ! outca/ ,edg> an opportunity ( be+ ! savi\r ( 8 fa!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,edmund is active 9 ! cause ( ,regan & ,gon]ill1 & ! crim9al passion :i* !y bo? ent]ta9 = him induces !m to execute ju/ice on ea* o!r & on !mselves4 ,! laws ( ! drama h !re=e be5 suffici5tly compli$ )2 b t is ! lea/3 x is ! v comb9ation :i* con/itutes ! sublime beauty ( ! "w4 ,! two cases resembles ea* o!r 9 ! ma93 an infatuat$ fa!r is bl9d t[>ds 8 well-dispos$ *ild1 & ! unnatural *ildr51 :om he pref]s1 requite him by ! ru9 ( all 8 happ9ess4 ,b all ! circum/ances are s diff]5t1 t ^! /ories1 :ile !y ea* make a correspond5t impression on ! he>t1 =m a complete contra/ = ! imag9ation4 ,7 ,le> alone to suff] f 8 daught]s1 ! impression w\ld be limit$ to ! p[]ful compassion felt by u = 8 private mis=tune4 ,b two su* unhe>d-( examples tak+ place at ! same "t h ! appe>ance ( a great commotion 9 ! moral _w3 ! picture becomes gigantic1 & fills u ) su* al>m z we %\ld ent]ta9 at ! idea t ! heav5ly bodies might "o day fall f _! appo9t$ orbits4 ,to save 9 "s degree ! hon\r ( human nature1 ,%akspe>e nev] wi%es 8 spectators to =get t ! /ory takes place 9 a dre>y & b>b>\s age3 he lays p>ticul> /ress on ! circum/ance t ! ,britons ( t day 7 /ill hea!ns1 al?\gh he has n made all ! rema9+ circum/ances to co9cide le>n$ly ) ! "t :i* he has *os54 ,f ?is po9t ( view we mu/ judge ( _m co>s5esses 9 expression & mann]s2 = in/ance1 ! immode/ mann] 9 :i* ,glo/] ackn[l$ges 8 ba/>d1 ,k5t's qu>rel ) ! ,/ew>d1 & m especially ! cruelty p]sonally inflict$ on ,glo/] by ! ,duke ( ,cornwall4 ,ev5 ! virtue ( ! hone/ ,k5t be>s ! /amp ( an iron age1 9 :i* ! good & ! bad display ! same uncontrollable en]gy4 ,great qualities h n be5 sup]flu\sly assign$ to ! ,k+2 ! poet c\ld comm& our sympa?y = 8 situation1 )\t conceal+ :at he _h done to br+ himself into x4 ,le> is *ol]ic1 ov]be>+1 & almo/ *ildi% f age1 :5 he drives out 8 y\nge/ daught] because %e w n jo9 9 ! hypocritical exagg]ations ( h] si/]s4 ,b he has a w>m & affectionate he>t1 :i* is susceptible ( ! mo/ f]v5t gratitude2 & ev5 rays ( a high & k+ly disposition bur/ =? f ! eclipse ( 8 und]/&+4 ,( ,cordelia's heav5ly beauty ( s\l1 pa9t$ 9 s few words1 ,i w n v5ture to speak2 %e c only be nam$ 9 ! same brea? ) ,antigone4 ,h] dea? has be5 ?\ght too cruel2 & 9 ,engl& ! piece is 9 act+ s f> alt]$ t %e rema9s victori\s & happy4 ,i mu/ own1 ,i _c conceive :at ideas ( art & dramatic connexion ^? p]sons h :o suppose t we c at pleasure tack a d\ble conclusion to a trag$y2 a melan*oly "o = h>d- he>t$ spectators1 & a happy "o = s\ls ( a s(t] m\ld4 ,aft] surviv+ s _m suff]+s1 ,le> c only die2 & :at m truly tragic end = him ?an to die f grief = ! dea? ( ,cordelia8 & if he is also to be sav$ & to pass ! rema9d] ( 8 days 9 happ9ess1 ! :ole loses its signification4 ,accord+ to ,%akspe>e's plan ! guilty1 x is true1 are all puni%$1 = wick$ness de/roys itself2 b ! virtues t w\ld br+ help & succ\r are ev]y:]e too late1 or ov]mat*$ by ! cunn+ activity ( malice4 ,! p]sons ( ?is drama h only su* a fa9t belief 9 ,provid5ce z hea!ns may be suppos$ to h2 & ! poet "h wi%es to %[ u t ?is belief requires a wid] range ?an ! d>k pilgrimage on e>? to be e/abli%$ 9 full ext5t4 ,,lecture ,,xxvi4 ,criticisms on ,%akspe>e's ,hi/orical ,dramas4 ,! five trag$ies ( :i* ,i h j spok5 are des]v$ly ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! works ( ,%akspe>e4 ,9 ! ?ree la/1 m especially1 we h a display ( a l(t9ess ( g5ius :i* may almo/ be said to surpass ! p[]s ( human nature3 ! m9d is z mu* lo/ 9 ! contemplation ( all ! heights & dep?s ( ^! works z our feel+s are ov]p[]$ by ! fir/ impression :i* !y produce4 ,( 8 hi/orical plays1 h[ev]1 "s possess a high degree ( tragical p]fection1 & all are di/+ui%$ by peculi> excell5cies4 ,9 ! ?ree ,roman pieces1 ,coriolanus1 ,julius ,caes>1 & ,antony & ,cleopatra1 ! mod]ation ) :i* ,%akspe>e excludes =eign app5dages & arbitr>y suppositions1 & yet fully satisfies ! wants ( ! /age1 is p>ticul>ly des]v+ ( admiration4 ,^! plays are ! v ?+ itself2 & "u ! app>5t artlessness ( adh]+ closely to hi/ory z he f\nd x1 an uncommon degree ( art is conceal$4 ,( e hi/orical transaction ,%akspe>e kn[s h[ to seize ! true poetical po9t ( view1 & to give unity & r\nd+ to a s]ies ( ev5ts deta*$ f ! immeasurable ext5t ( hi/ory )\t 9 any degree *ang+ !m4 ,! public life ( anci5t ,rome is call$ up f its grave1 & exhibit$ be=e our eyes ) ! utmo/ gr&eur & fre$om ( ! dramatic =m1 & ! h]oes ( ,plut>* are ennobl$ by ! mo/ eloqu5t poetry4 ,9 ,coriolanus we h m comic int]mixtures ?an 9 ! o!rs1 z ! _m-head$ multitude plays "h a consid]able "p2 & :5 ,%akspe>e portrays ! bl9d movem5ts ( ! p 9 a mass1 he almo/ always gives himself up to 8 m]ry hum\r4 ,to ! plebeians1 ^: folly is c]ta9ly suffici5tly conspicu\s already1 ! orig9al old satiri/ ,m55ius is add$ by way ( abundance4 ,droll sc5es arise ( a description altoge!r peculi>1 & :i* are compatible only ) su* a political drama2 = in/ance1 :5 ,coriolanus1 to obta9 ! consulate1 mu/ solicit ! l[] ord] ( citiz5s :om he holds 9 contempt = _! c[>dice 9 w>1 b _c s f> ma/] 8 haughty disposition z to assume ! cu/om>y humility1 & yet extorts f !m _! votes4 ,i h already %[n ,footnote3 ,page #bdj4 t ! piece ( ,julius ,caes>1 to complete ! action1 requires to be cont9u$ to ! fall ( ,brutus & ,cassius4 ,caes> is n ! h]o ( ! piece1 b ,brutus4 ,! amiable beauty ( ?is "*1 8 feel+ & patriotic h]oism1 are portray$ ) peculi> c>e4 ,yet ! poet has po9t$ out ) great nicety ! sup]iority ( ,cassius ov] ,brutus 9 indep5d5t volition & disc]nm5t 9 judg+ ( human affairs2 t ! latt] f ! purity ( 8 m9d & 8 consci5ti\s love ( ju/ice1 is unfit to be ! head ( a p>ty 9 a /ate entirely corrupt$2 & t ^! v faults give an un=tunate turn to ! cause ( ! conspirators4 ,9 ! "p ( ,caes> sev]al o/5tati\s spee*es h be5 c5sur$ z unsuitable4 ,b z he nev] appe>s 9 action1 we h no o!r measure ( 8 greatness ?an ! impression :i* he makes ^u ! re/ ( ! *>act]s1 & 8 peculi> confid5ce 9 himself4 ,9 ?is ,caes> 0 by no means defici5t1 z we le>n f hi/ory & 8 own writ+s2 b he display$ x m 9 ! easy ridicule ( 8 enemies ?an 9 pomp\s disc\rses4 ,! !atrical effect ( ?is play is injur$ by a p>tial fall+ (f ( ! la/ two acts comp>$ ) ! prec$+ 9 ext]nal spl5d\r & rapidity4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ,caes> 9 fe/al robes1 :5 ! music /ops1 & all are sil5t :5ev] he op5s 8 m\?1 & :5 ! few words :i* he utt]s are receiv$ z oracles1 is truly magnific5t2 ! conspiracy is a true conspiracy1 :i* 9 /ol5 int]views & 9 ! dead ( night prep>es ! bl[ :i* is to be /ruck 9 op5 day1 & :i* is to *ange ! con/itution ( ! _w2--! confus$ ?rong+ be=e ! murd] ( ,caes>1 ! g5]al agitation ev5 ( ! p]petrators aft] ! de$1 are all portray$ ) mo/ ma/]ly skill2 ) ! fun]al procession & ! spee* ( ,antony ! effect rea*es its utmo/ height4 ,caes>'s %ade is m p[]ful to av5ge 8 fall ?an he himself 0 to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! ext]nal spl5d\r & greatness ( ! conqu]or & rul] ( ! _w1 ! intr9sic gr&eur ( "* ( ,brutus & ,cassius is all t rema9 to fill ! /age & occupy ! m9ds ( ! spectators3 suitably to _! "n1 z ! la/ ( ! ,romans1 !y /& !re1 9 "s degree alone2 & ! =m+ a great & haz>d\s det]m9ation is m p[]fully calculat$ to excite our expectation1 ?an ! support+ ! consequ5ces ( ! de$ ) h]oic firmness4 ,antony & ,cleopatra may1 9 "s measure1 be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( ,julius ,caes>3 ! two pr9cipal *>act]s ( ,antony & ,augu/us are equally su/a9$ 9 bo? pieces4 ,antony & ,cleopatra1 is a play ( great ext5t2 ! progress is less simple ?an 9 ,julius ,caes>4 ,! fulness & v>iety ( political & w>like ev5ts1 to :i* ! union ( ! ?ree divisions ( ! ,roman _w "u "o ma/] necess>ily gave rise1 7 p]haps too great to admit ( be+ cle>ly exhibit$ 9 "o dramatic picture4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! great difficulty ( ! hi/orical drama3--x mu/ be a cr[d$ extract1 & a liv+ developm5t ( hi/ory2--! difficulty1 h[ev]1 has g5]ally be5 successfully ov]come by ,%akspe>e4 ,b n[ _m ?+s1 :i* are transact$ 9 ! backgr\nd1 are "h m]ely allud$ to1 9 a mann] :i* supposes an intimate acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory2 b a "w ( art %\ld conta91 )9 itself1 e ?+ necess>y = its be+ fully und]/ood4 ,_m p]sons ( hi/orical importance are m]ely introduc$ 9 pass+2 ! prep>atory & concurr+ circum/ances are n suffici5tly collect$ into masses to avoid di/ract+ our att5tion4 ,! pr9cipal p]sonages1 h[ev]1 are mo/ emphatically di/+ui%$ by l9eam5t & col\r+1 & p[]fully arre/ ! imag9ation4 ,9 ,antony we obs]ve a mixture ( great qualities1 weaknesses1 & vices2 viol5t ambition & ebullitions ( magnanimity2 we see him n[ s9k+ into luxuri\s enjoym5t & !n nobly a%am$ ( 8 own ab]rations1--mann+ himself to resolutions n unwor?y ( himself1 :i* are always %ipwreck$ aga9/ ! s$uctions ( an artful woman4 ,x is ,h]cules 9 ! *a9s ( ,omphale1 drawn f ! fabul\s h]oic ages into hi/ory1 & inve/$ ) ! ,roman co/ume4 ,! s$uctive arts ( ,cleopatra are 9 no respect veil$ ov]2 %e is an ambigu\s be+ made up ( royal pride1 female vanity1 luxury1 incon/ancy1 & true atta*m5t4 ,al?\gh ! mutual passion ( h]self & ,antony is )\t moral dignity1 x /ill excites our sympa?y z an insurm\ntable fasc9ation3-- !y seem =m$ = ea* o!r1 & ,cleopatra is z rem>kable = h] s$uctive *>ms z ,antony = ! spl5d\r ( 8 de$s4 ,z !y die = ea* o!r1 we =give !m = hav+ liv$ = ea* o!r4 ,! op5 & lavi% "* ( ,antony is admirably contra/$ ) ! he>tless littl5ess ( ,octavius1 :om ,%akspe>e seems to h completely se5 ?r\gh1 )\t all[+ himself to be l$ a/ray by ! =tune & ! fame ( ,augu/us4 ,timon ( ,a!ns1 & ,troilus & ,cressida1 are n hi/orical plays2 b we _c prop]ly call !m ei!r trag$ies or com$ies4 ,by ! selection ( ! mat]ials f antiquity !y h "s aff9ity to ! ,roman pieces1 & h5ce ,i h hi!rto ab/a9$ f m5tion+ !m4 ,timon ( ,a!ns1 ( all ! works ( ,%akspe>e1 possesses mo/ ! "* ( satire3--a laugh+ satire 9 ! picture ( ! p>asites & flatt]]s1 & ,juv5alian 9 ! bitt]ness ( ,timon's imprecations on ! +ratitude ( a false _w4 ,! /ory is v simply treat$1 & is def9itely divid$ into l>ge masses3--9 ! fir/ act ! joy\s life ( ,timon1 8 noble & hospitable extravagance1 & ar\nd him ! ?rong ( suitors ( e description2 9 ! second & ?ird acts 8 emb>rassm5t1 & ! trial :i* he is !reby r$uc$ to make ( 8 suppos$ fri5ds1 :o all des]t him 9 ! h\r ( ne$2--9 ! f\r? & fif? acts1 ,timon's flight to ! woods1 8 misan?ropical melan*oly1 & 8 dea?4 ,! only ?+ :i* may be call$ an episode is ! bani%m5t ( ,alcibiades1 & 8 return by =ce ( arms4 ,h[ev]1 !y are bo? examples ( +ratitude1--! "o ( a /ate t[>ds its def5d]1 & ! o!r ( private fri5ds to _! b5efactor4 ,z ! m]its ( ! ,g5]al t[>ds 8 fell[-citiz5s suppose m /r5g? ( "* ?an ^? ( ! g5]\s prodigal1 _! respective behavi\rs are n less diff]5t2 ,timon frets himself to dea?1 ,alcibiades rega9s 8 lo/ dignity by =ce4 ,if ! poet v prop]ly sides ) ,timon aga9/ ! common practice ( ! _w1 he is1 on ! o!r h&1 by no means dispos$ to sp>e ,timon4 ,timon 0 a fool 9 8 g5]osity2 9 8 discont5t he is a madman3 he is e :]e want+ 9 ! wisdom :i* enables a man 9 all ?+s to obs]ve ! due measure4 ,al?\gh ! tru? ( 8 extravagant feel+s is prov$ by 8 dea?1 & ?\gh :5 he digs up a treasure he spurns ! weal? :i* seems to tempt him1 we yet see di/9ctly en\gh t ! vanity ( wi%+ to be s+ul>1 9 bo? ! p>ts t he plays1 _h "s %>e 9 8 lib]al self-=getfulness1 z well z 9 8 an*oritical seclusion4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 ! incomp>able sc5e :]e ! cynic ,apemantus visits ,timon 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!y h a sort ( competition ) ea* o!r 9 _! trade ( misan?ropy3 ! ,cynic reproa*es ! impov]i%$ ,timon ) hav+ be5 m]ely driv5 by necessity to take to ! way ( liv+ :i* he himself _h long be5 foll[+ ( 8 free *oice1 & ,timon _c be> ! ?\ght ( be+ m]ely an imitator ( ! ,cynic4 ,9 su* a subject z ?is ! due effect c\ld only be produc$ by an accumulation ( simil> features1 /ill1 9 ! v>iety ( ! %ades1 an amaz+ degree ( und]/&+ has be5 display$ by ,%akspe>e4 ,:at a p[]fully div]sifi$ conc]t ( flatt]ies & ( empty te/imonies ( devot$ness6 ,x is highly amus+ to see ! suitors1 :om ! ru9$ circum/ances ( _! patron _h disp]s$1 imm$iately flock to him aga9 :5 !y le>n t he has be5 revisit$ by =tune4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! spee*es ( ,timon1 aft] he is undeceiv$1 all ho/ile figures ( spee* are exhau/$1--x is a diction>y ( eloqu5t imprecations4 ,troilus & ,cressida is ! only play ( ,%akspe>e :i* he all[$ to be pr9t$ )\t be+ previ\sly repres5t$4 ,x seems z if he "h = once wi%$1 )\t c>+ = !atrical effect1 to satisfy ! nicety ( 8 peculi> wit1 & ! incl9ation to a c]ta9 guile1 if ,i may say s1 9 ! *>act]ization4 ,! :ole is "o cont9u$ irony ( t cr[n ( all h]oic tales1 ! tale ( ,troy4 ,! contemptible nature ( ! orig9 ( ! ,trojan w>1 ! laz9ess & discord ) :i* x 0 c>ri$ on1 s t ! siege 0 made to la/ t5 ye>s1 are only plac$ 9 cle>] light by ! noble descriptions1 ! sage & +5i\s maxims ) :i* ! "w ov]fl[s1 & ! high ideas :i* ! h]oes ent]ta9 ( !mselves & ea* o!r4 ,agamemnon's /ately behavi\r1 ,m5elaus' irritation1 ,ne/or's exp]i5ce1 ,ulysses' cunn+1 are all productive ( no effect2 :5 !y h at la/ arrang$ a s+le combat betwe5 ! co>se bragg>t ,ajax & ,hector1 ! latt] w n fight 9 good e>ne/1 z ,ajax is 8 c\s94 ,a*illes is treat$ wor/3 aft] hav+ long /ret*$ himself out 9 arrogant idl5ess1 & pass$ 8 "t 9 ! company ( ,!rsites ! buffoon1 he falls ^u ,hector at a mom5t :5 he is def5celess1 & kills him by means ( 8 myrmidons4 ,9 all ?is let no man conceive t any indignity 0 int5d$ to ! v5]able ,hom]4 ,%akspe>e _h n ! ,iliad be=e him1 b ! *ivalr\s romances ( ! ,trojan w> d]iv$ f ,d>es ,phrygius4 ,f ?is s\rce also he took ! love-intrigue ( ,troilus & ,cressida1 a /ory at "o "t s popul> 9 ,engl&1 t ! "n ( ,troilus _h become prov]bial = fai?ful & ill-requit$ love1 & ,cressida = female falsehood4 ,! "n ( ! ag5t betwe5 !m1 ,p&>us1 has ev5 be5 adopt$ into ! ,engli% language to signify ^? p]sonages 7p&]s7 :o d$icate !mselves to simil> s]vices = inexp]i5c$ p]sons ( bo? sexes4 ,! endless contrivances ( ! c\rte\s ,p&>us to br+ ! two lov]s toge!r1 :o d n /& 9 ne$ ( him1 z ,cressida requires no s$uction1 are comic 9 ! extreme4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is trea*]\s beauty excites :ile %e refuses1 & conv]ts ! virg9 mode/y :i* %e pret5ds1 into a means ( s$uctive allurem5t1 is portray$ 9 col\rs extremely elegant1 ?\gh c]ta9ly some:at voluptu\s4 ,troilus1 ! patt]n ( lov]s1 looks pati5tly on1 :ile 8 mi/ress ent]s into an intrigue ) ,diom$4 ,no d\bt1 he swe>s t he w be rev5g$2 b not)/&+ 8 viol5ce 9 ! fight next day1 he does no h>m to any "o1 & ends ) only high-s\nd+ ?reats4 ,9 a ^w1 9 ?is h]oic com$y1 :]e1 f traditional fame1 & ! pomp ( poetry1 e ?+ seems to lay claim to admiration1 ,%akspe>e did n wi% t any room %\ld be left1 except1 p]haps1 9 ! "* ( ,hector1 = e/eem & sympa?y2 b 9 ?is d\ble mean+ ( ! picture1 he has af=d$ u ! mo/ *oice ent]ta9m5t4 ,! dramas d]iv$ f ! ,engli% hi/ory1 t5 9 numb]1 =m "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ,%akspe>e's works1 & p>tly ! fruit ( 8 mature/ age4 ,i say advis$ly "o ( 8 works1 = ! poet evid5tly int5d$ !m to =m "o great :ole4 ,x is1 z x 71 an hi/orical h]oic poem 9 ! dramatic =m1 ( :i* ! sep>ate plays con/itute ! rhapsodies4 ,! pr9cipal features ( ! ev5ts are exhibit$ ) su* fidelity2 _! causes1 & ev5 _! secret spr+s1 are plac$ 9 su* a cle> light1 t we may atta9 f !m a k ( hi/ory 9 all its tru?1 :ile ! liv+ picture makes an impression on ! imag9ation :i* c nev] be effac$4 ,b ?is s]ies ( dramas is int5d$ z ! vehicle ( a mu* high] & mu* m g5]al in/ruction2 x furni%es examples ( ! political c\rse ( ! _w1 applicable to all times4 ,?is mirror ( k+s %\ld be ! manual ( "y pr9ces2 f x !y may le>n ! intr9sic dignity ( _! h]$it>y vocation1 b !y w also le>n f x ! difficulties ( _! situation1 ! dang]s ( usurpation1 ! inevitable fall ( tyranny1 :i* buries itself "u its attempts to obta9 a firm] f\ndation2 la/ly1 ! ru9\s consequ5ces ( ! weaknesses1 errors1 & crimes ( k+s1 = :ole nations1 & _m subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,eight ( ^! plays1 f ,ri*>d ! ,second to ,ri*>d ! ,?ird1 are l9k$ toge!r 9 an un9t]rupt$ succession1 & embrace a mo/ ev5tful p]iod ( ne>ly a c5tury ( ,engli% hi/ory4 ,! ev5ts portray$ 9 !m n only foll[ "o ano!r1 b !y are l9k$ toge!r 9 ! close/ & mo/ exact connexion2 & ! cycle ( revolts1 p>ties1 civil & =eign w>s1 :i* began ) ! deposition ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 fir/ ends ) ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 to ! ?rone4 ,! c>eless rule ( ! fir/ ( ^! mon>*s1 & 8 injudici\s treatm5t ( 8 own relations1 drew ^u him ! rebellion ( ,bol+broke2 8 de?ronem5t1 h[ev]1 01 9 po9t ( =m1 altoge!r unju/1 & 9 no case c\ld ,bol+broke be consid]$ ! rightful heir to ! cr[n4 ,?is %rewd f\nd] ( ! ,h\se ( ,lanca/] nev] z ,h5ry ,,iv4 enjoy$ 9 peace ! fruits ( 8 usurpation3 8 turbul5t ,b>ons1 ! same :o aid$ him 9 asc5d+ ! ?rone1 all[$ him n a mom5t's repose ^u x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 jeal\s ( ! brilliant qualities ( 8 son1 & ?is di/ru/1 m ?an any really l[ incl9ation1 induc$ ! ,pr9ce1 t he might avoid e appe>ance ( ambition1 to give himself up to dissolute society4 ,^! two circum/ances =m ! subject-matt] ( ! two p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?2 ! ent]prises ( ! discont5t$ make up ! s]i\s1 & ! wild y\?ful frolics ( ! heir-app>5t supply ! comic sc5es4 ,:5 ?is w>like ,pr9ce asc5d$ ! ?rone "u ! "n ( ,h5ry ,v41 he 0 det]m9$ to ass]t 8 ambigu\s title2 he consid]$ =eign conque/s z ! be/ means ( gu>d+ aga9/ int]nal di/urbances1 & ?is gave rise to ! glori\s1 b m ru9\s ?an pr(itable1 w> ) ,france1 :i* ,%akspe>e has celebrat$ 9 ! drama ( ,h5ry ! ,fif?4 ,! e>ly dea? ( ?is k+1 ! long legal m9ority ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 & 8 p]petual m9ority 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t1 br\ght ! greate/ tr\bles on ,engl&4 ,! diss5sions ( ! ,reg5ts1 & ! consequ5tly wret*$ adm9i/ration1 occasion$ ! loss ( ! ,fr5* conque/s & !re arose a bold c&idate = ! cr[n1 ^: title 0 indisputable1 if ! prescription ( ?ree gov]nm5ts may n be assum$ to conf] legitimacy on usurpation4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! w>s betwe5 ! ,h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/]1 :i* desolat$ ! k+dom = a numb] ( ye>s1 & end$ ) ! victory ( ! ,h\se ( ,york4 ,all ?is ,%akspe>e has repres5t$ 9 ! ?ree p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,six?4 ,edw>d ,,iv4 %ort5$ 8 life by excesses1 & did n long enjoy ! ?rone pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( s _m cruel de$s4 ,8 bro!r ,ri*>d1 :o _h a great %>e 9 ! elevation ( ! ,h\se ( ,york1 0 n cont5t$ ) ! reg5cy1 & 8 ambition pav$ himself a way to ! ?rone ?r\gh trea*]y & viol5ce2 b 8 gloomy tyranny made him ! object ( ! p's hatr$1 & at l5g? drew on him ! de/ruction :i* he m]it$4 ,he 0 conqu]$ by a desc5dant ( ! royal h\se un/a9$ by ! guilt ( ! civil w>s1 & :at might seem defective 9 8 title 0 made good by ! m]it ( free+ 8 c\ntry f a mon/]4 ,) ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 to ! ?rone1 a new epo* ( ,engli% hi/ory beg9s3 ! curse seem$ at l5g? to be expiat$1 & ! long s]ies ( usurpations1 revolts1 & civil w>s1 occasion$ by ! levity ) :i* ! ,second ,ri*>d sport$ away 8 cr[n1 0 n[ br\ght to a t]m9ation4 ,su* is ! evid5t connexion ( ^! eight plays ) ea* o!r1 b !y 7 n1 h[ev]1 compos$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,accord+ to all appe>ance1 ! f\r la/ 7 fir/ writt52 ?is is c]ta91 inde$1 ) respect to ! ?ree p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,six?2 & ,ri*>d ! ,?ird is n only f its subject a cont9uation ( ^!1 b is also compos$ 9 ! same /yle4 ,%akspe>e !n w5t back to ,ri*>d ! ,second1 & ) ! mo/ c>eful art connect$ ! second s]ies ) ! fir/4 ,! trilogies ( ! anci5ts h already giv5 u an example ( ! possibility ( =m+ a p]fect dramatic :ole1 :i* %all yet conta9 allusions to some?+ :i* goes be=e1 & foll[s x4 ,9 l mann] ! mo/ ( ^! plays end ) a v def9ite division 9 ! hi/ory3 ,ri*>d ! ,second1 ) ! murd] ( t ,k+2 ! ,second ,"p ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 ) ! accession ( 8 son to ! ?rone2 ,h5ry ! ,fif?1 ) ! conclusion ( peace ) ,france2 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,h5ry ! ,six?1 also1 ) a treaty ( ,peace2 ! ?ird1 ) ! murd] ( ,h5ry1 & ,edw>d's elevation to ! ?rone2 ,ri*>d ! ,?ird1 ) 8 ov]?r[ & dea?4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 & ! ,second ( ,h5ry ! ,six?1 are r\nd$ (f 9 a less satisfactory mann]4 ,! revolt ( ! nobles 0 only half quell$ by ! ov]?r[ ( ,p]cy1 & x is !re=e cont9u$ ?r\gh ! foll[+ "p ( ! piece4 ,! victory ( ,york at ,/4 ,alban's c\ld z little be consid]$ a decisive ev5t1 9 ! w> ( ! two h\ses4 ,%akspe>e has fall5 into ?is dramatic imp]fection1 if we may s call x1 = ! sake ( advantages ( mu* m importance4 ,! picture ( ! civil w> 0 too great & too ri* 9 dreadful ev5ts = a s+le drama1 & yet ! un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( ev5ts (f]$ no m conv5i5t re/+-place4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 might c]ta9ly h be5 compreh5d$ 9 "o piece1 b x possesses too little tragical int]e/1 & too little hi/orical spl5d\r1 to be attractive1 if h&l$ 9 a s]i\s mann] ?r\gh\t3 h5ce ,%akspe>e has giv5 to ! comic *>act]s belong+ to ! ret9ue ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 ! free/ developm5t1 & ! half ( ! space is occupi$ by ?is con/ant int]lude betwe5 ! political ev5ts4 ,! two o!r hi/orical plays tak5 f ! ,engli% hi/ory are *ronologically sep>ate f ?is s]ies3 ,k+ ,john reign$ ne>ly two c5turies be=e ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & betwe5 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 comes ! long reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 :i* ,%akspe>e ju/ly pass$ ov] z unsusceptible ( dramatic int]e/4 ,h[ev]1 ^! two plays may 9 "s measure be consid]$ z ! ,prologue & ! ,epilogue to ! o!r eight4 ,9 ,k+ ,john1 all ! political & national motives :i* play s great a "p 9 ! foll[+ pieces are already indicat$3 w>s & treaties ) ,france2 a usurpation1 & ! tyrannical actions :i* x draws aft] x2 ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy1 ! factions ( ! nobles4 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? aga9 %[s u ! transition to ano!r age2 ! policy ( mod]n ,europe1 a ref9$ c\rt-life "u a voluptu\s mon>*1 ! dang]\s situation ( fav\rites1 :o1 aft] hav+ assi/$ 9 effect+ ! fall ( o!rs1 are !mselves precipitat$ f p[]2 9 a ^w1 despotism "u a mild] =m1 b n less unju/ & cruel4 ,by ! prophecies on ! bir? ( ,elizabe?1 ,%akspe>e has 9 "s degree br\ght 8 great poem on ,engli% hi/ory d[n to 8 own "t1 z f> at lea/ z su* rec5t ev5ts c\ld be yet h&l$ ) security4 ,he compos$ probably ! two plays ( ,k+ ,john ,footnote3 ,i mean ! piece ) ?is title 9 ! collection ( 8 works4 ,!re is an old] ,k+ ,john1 9 two p>ts1 ( :i* ! =m] is a re-ca/3--p]haps a juv5ile "w ( ,%akspe>e1 ?\gh n hi!rto ackn[l$g$ z su* by ! ,engli% critics4 ,see ! disquisition app5d$ to ?is ,lecture4 & ,h5ry ! ,eigh? at a lat] p]iod1 z an addition to ! o!rs4 ,9 ,k+ ,john ! political & w>like ev5ts are dress$ out ) solemn pomp1 = ! v reason t !y possess b little ( true gr&eur4 ,! falsehood & selfi%ness ( ! mon>* speak 9 ! /yle ( a manife/o4 ,conv5tional dignity is mo/ indisp5sable :]e p]sonal dignity is want+4 ,! ba/>d ,faulconbridge is ! witty int]pret] ( ?is language3 he ridicules ! secret spr+s ( politics1 )\t disapprov+ ( !m1 = he owns t he is endeav\r+ to make 8 =tune by simil> means1 & wi%es r to belong to ! deceiv]s ?an ! deceiv$1 = 9 8 view ( ! _w !re is no o!r *oice4 ,8 litigation ) 8 bro!r respect+ ! succession ( 8 pret5d$ fa!r1 by :i* he effects 8 ackn[l$gm5t at c\rt z natural son ( ! mo/ *ivalr\s k+ ( ,engl&1 ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion1 =ms a v ent]ta9+ & orig9al prelude 9 ! play itself4 ,:51 amid/ s _m disguises ( real s5tim5ts1 & s mu* ins9c]ity ( expression1 ! poet %[s u human nature )\t a veil1 & all[s u to take deep views ( ! inmo/ recesses ( ! m9d1 ! impression produc$ is only ! m deep & p[]ful4 ,! %ort sc5e 9 :i* ,john urges ,hub]t to put out ( ! way ,ar?ur1 8 "y rival = ! possession ( ! ?rone1 is sup]latively ma/]ly3 ! cauti\s crim9al h>dly v5tures to say to himself :at he wi%es ! o!r to d4 ,! "y & amiable pr9ce becomes a sacrifice ( unpr9cipl$ ambition3 8 fate excites ! w>me/ sympa?y4 ,:5 ,hub]t1 ab\t to put out 8 eyes ) ! hot iron1 is s(t5$ by 8 pray]s1 our compassion w\ld be almo/ ov]:elm+1 7 x n sweet5$ by ! w9n+ innoc5ce ( ,ar?ur's *ildi% spee*es4 ,con/ance's mat]nal despair on h] son's imprisonm5t is also ( ! highe/ beauty2 & ev5 ! la/ mom5ts ( ,john--an unju/ & feeble pr9ce1 :om we c nei!r respect nor admire--are yet s portray$ z to ext+ui% our displeasure ) him1 & fill u ) s]i\s consid]ations on ! arbitr>y de$s & ! inevitable fate ( mortals4 ,9 ,ri*>d ! ,second1 ,%akspe>e exhibits a noble k+ly nature1 at fir/ obscur$ by levity & ! errors ( an unbridl$ y\?1 & aft]w>ds purifi$ by mis=tune1 & r5d]$ by x m highly & spl5didly illu/ri\s4 ,:5 he has lo/ ! love & rev]5ce ( 8 subjects1 & is on ! po9t ( los+ also 8 ?rone1 he !n feels ) a bitt] en?usiasm ! high vocation ( ! k+ly dignity & its transc5d5tal rights1 indep5d5t ( p]sonal m]it or *angeable in/itutions4 ,:5 ! e>?ly cr[n is fall5 f 8 head1 he fir/ appe>s a k+ ^: innate nobility no humiliation c annihilate4 ,?is is felt by a poor groom3 he is %ock$ t 8 ma/]'s fav\rite horse %\ld h c>ri$ ! pr\d ,bol+broke to 8 coronation2 he visits ! captive k+ 9 prison1 & %ames ! des]tion ( ! great4 ,! political incid5t ( ! deposition is sket*$ ) extraord9>y k ( ! _w2--! ebb ( =tune1 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 ! swell+ tide1 :i* c>ries e ?+ along ) x4 ,:ile ,bol+broke acts z a k+1 & 8 adh]5ts behave t[>ds him z if he really 7 s1 he /ill cont9ues to give out t he has come ) an arm$ b& m]ely to dem& 8 bir?right & ! removal ( abuses4 ,! usurpation has be5 long complet$1 be=e ! ^w is pron\nc$ & ! ?+ publicly av[$4 ,! old ,john ( ,gaunt is a model ( *ivalr\s hon\r3 he /&s !re l a pill> ( ! old5 "t :i* he has outliv$4 ,8 son1 ,h5ry ,,iv41 0 altoge!r unlike him3 8 "* is admirably su/a9$ ?r\gh\t ! ?ree pieces 9 :i* he appe>s4 ,we see 9 x t mixture ( h>dness1 mod]ation1 & prud5ce1 :i*1 9 fact1 enabl$ him to secure ! possession ( ! ?rone :i* he _h viol5tly usurp$2 b )\t op5ness1 )\t true cordiality1 & incapable ( noble ebullitions1 he 0 s little able to r5d] 8 gov]nm5t belov$1 t ! depos$ ,ri*>d 0 ev5 wi%$ back aga94 ,! fir/ "p ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r? is p>ticul>ly brilliant 9 ! s]i\s sc5es1 f ! contra/ betwe5 two "y h]oes1 ,pr9ce ,h5ry & ,p]cy 7) ! *>act]i/ical "n ( ,hotspur47 ,all ! amiability & attractiv5ess is c]ta9ly on ! side ( ! pr9ce3 h[ev] famili> he makes himself ) bad company1 we c nev] mi/ake him = "o ( !m3 ! ignoble does inde$ t\*1 b x does n contam9ate him2 & 8 wilde/ freaks appe> m]ely z witty tricks1 by :i* 8 re/less m9d s\ght to bur/ ?r\gh ! inactivity to :i* he 0 con/ra9$1 = on ! fir/ occasion :i* wakes him out ( 8 unruly levity he di/+ui%es himself )\t ef=t 9 ! mo/ *ivalr\s guise4 ,p]cy's boi/]\s val\r is n )\t a mixture ( rude mann]s1 arrogance1 & boyi% ob/9acy2 b ^! errors1 :i* prep>e = him an e>ly dea?1 _c disfigure ! maje/ic image ( 8 noble y\?2 we are c>ri$ away by 8 fi]y _s at ! v mom5t we w\ld mo/ c5sure x4 ,%akspe>e has admirably %[n :y s =midable a revolt aga9/ an unpopul> & really an illegitimate pr9ce 0 n att5d$ ) success3 ,gl5d[]'s sup]/iti\s fancies respect+ himself1 ! effem9acy ( ! "y ,mortim]1 ! ungov]nable disposition ( ,p]cy1 :o w li/5 to no prud5t c\nsel1 ! irresolution ( 8 old] fri5ds1 ! want ( unity ( plan & motive1 are all *>act]iz$ by delicate b unmi/akable traits4 ,aft] ,p]cy has dep>t$ f ! sc5e1 ! spl5d\r ( ! ent]prise is1 x is true1 at an end2 !re rema9 none b ! subord9ate p>ticipators 9 ! revolts1 :o are r$uc$ by ,h5ry ,,iv41 m by policy ?an by w>like a*ievem5ts4 ,to ov]come ?is de>? ( matt]1 ,%akspe>e 0 9 ! second "p oblig$ to employ great art1 z he nev] all[$ himself to adorn hi/ory ) m arbitr>y embelli%m5ts ?an ! dramatic =m r5d]$ indisp5sable4 ,! piece is op5$ by confus$ rum\rs f ! field ( battle2 ! p[]ful impression produc$ by ,p]cy's fall1 ^: "n & reputation 7 peculi>ly adapt$ to be ! wat*word ( a bold ent]prise1 make him 9 "s degree an act+ p]sonage aft] 8 dea?4 ,! la/ acts are occupi$ ) ! dy+ k+'s remorse ( consci5ce1 8 uneas9ess at ! behavi\r ( ! pr9ce1 & la/ly1 ! cle>+ up ( ! misund]/&+ betwe5 fa!r & son1 :i* make up sev]al mo/ affect+ sc5es4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld /ill be inadequate to fill ! /age1 if ! s]i\s ev5ts 7 n int]rupt$ by a com$y :i* runs ?r\gh bo? p>ts ( ! play1 :i* is enri*$ f "t to "t ) new figures1 & :i* fir/ comes to its cata/rophe at ! conclusion ( ! :ole1 namely1 :5 ,h5ry ,v41 imm$iately aft] asc5d+ ! ?rone1 bani%es to a prop] di/ance ! companions ( 8 y\?ful excesses1 :o _h promis$ to !mselves a ri* h>ve/ f 8 k+ly fav\r4 ,fal/aff is ! cr[n ( ,%akspe>e's comic inv5tion4 ,he has1 )\t exhau/+ himself1 cont9u$ ?is "* ?r\gh\t ?ree plays1 & exhibit$ him 9 e v>iety ( situation2 ! figure is drawn s def9itely & individually1 t ev5 to ! m]e read] x conveys ! cle> impression ( p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,fal/aff is ! mo/ agreeable & ent]ta9+ knave t ev] 0 portray$4 ,8 contemptible qualities are n disguis$3 old1 le*]\s1 & dissolute2 corpul5t beyond measure1 & always int5t ^u *]i%+ 8 body ) eat+1 dr9k+1 & sleep+2 con/antly 9 debt1 & any?+ b consci5ti\s 9 8 *oice ( means by :i* money is to be rais$2 a c[>dly soldi]1 & a ly+ bragg>t2 a flatt]] ( 8 fri5ds be=e _! face1 & a satiri/ beh9d _! backs2 & yet we are nev] disgu/$ ) him4 ,we see t 8 t5d] c>e ( himself is )\t any mixture ( malice t[>ds o!rs2 he w only n be di/urb$ 9 ! pleasant repose ( 8 s5suality1 & ?is he obta9s ?r\gh ! activity ( 8 und]/&+4 ,always on ! al]t1 & good-hum\r$1 ev] ready to crack jokes on o!rs1 & to ent] into ^? ( :i* he is himself ! subject1 s t he ju/ly boa/s he is n only witty himself1 b ! cause ( wit 9 o!rs1 he is an admirable companion = y\?ful idl5ess & levity4 ,"u a helpless ext]ior1 he conceals an extremely acute m9d2 he has always at comm& "s dext]\s turn :5ev] any ( 8 free jokes beg9 to give displeasure2 he is %rewd 9 8 di/9ctions1 betwe5 ^? ^: fav\r he has to w9 & ^? ov] :om he may assume a famili> au?ority4 ,he is s conv9c$ t ! "p :i* he plays c only pass "u ! cloak ( wit1 t ev5 :5 alone he is nev] altoge!r s]i\s1 b gives ! drolle/ col\r+ to 8 love- intrigues1 8 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 & to 8 own s5sual philosophy4 ,witness 8 inimitable soliloquies on hon\r1 on ! influ5ce ( w9e on brav]y1 8 descriptions ( ! begg>ly vagabonds :om he enli/$1 ( ,ju/ice ,%all[1 c4 ,fal/aff has ab\t him a :ole c\rt ( amus+ c>icatures1 :o by turns make _! appe>ance1 )\t ev] ?r[+ him into ! %ade4 ,! adv5ture 9 :i* ! ,pr9ce1 "u ! disguise ( a robb]1 compels him to give up ! spoil :i* he _h j tak52 ! sc5e :]e ! two act ! "p ( ! ,k+ & ! ,pr9ce2 ,fal/aff's behavi\r 9 ! field1 8 mode ( rais+ recruits1 8 patronage ( ,ju/ice ,%all[1 :i* aft]w>ds takes su* an un=tunate turn3--all ?is =ms a s]ies ( *>act]i/ic sc5es ( ! mo/ orig9al description1 full ( pleasantry1 & replete ) nice & +5i\s obs]vation1 su* z c\ld only f9d a place 9 a hi/orical play l ! pres5t4 ,sev]al ( ! comic p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 are cont9u$ 9 ,! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor4 ,?is piece is said to h be5 compos$ by ,%akspe>e1 9 compliance ) ! reque/ ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,footnote3 ,we "k ) c]ta9ty1 t x 0 act$ be=e ! ,que54 ,_m local descriptions ( ,w9dsor & its neighb\rhood1 & an allusion 9 :i* ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t] is v poetically celebrat$1 make x cr$ible t ! play 0 de/9$ to be fir/ repres5t$ on ! occasion ( "s fe/ival ( ! ,ord] at ! palace ( ,w9dsor1 :]e ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t] h _! hall ( meet+4 :o admir$ ! "* ( ,fal/aff1 & wi%$ to see him exhibit$ once m1 & 9 love4 ,9 love1 prop]ly speak+1 ,fal/aff c\ld n be2 b = o!r purposes he c\ld pret5d to be s1 & at all ev5ts imag9e t he 0 ! object ( love4 ,9 ! pres5t piece accord+ly he pays 8 c\rt1 z a fav\r$ ,knight1 to two m>ri$ ladies1 :o lay _! heads toge!r & agree to li/5 app>5tly to 8 addresses1 = ! sake ( mak+ him ! butt ( _! j ridicule4 ,! :ole plan ( ! intrigue is !re=e d]iv$ f ! ord9>y circle ( ,com$y1 b yet ri*ly & artificially int]wov5 ) ano!r love affair4 ,! circum/ance :i* has be5 s mu* admir$ 9 ,molire's ,s*ool ( ,wom51 t a jeal\s individual %\ld be made ! con/ant confidant ( 8 rival's progress1 _h previ\sly be5 introduc$ into ?is play1 & c]ta9ly ) mu* m probability4 ,i w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood z ma9ta9+ t x 0 ! orig9al inv5tion ( ,%akspe>e3 x is "o ( ^? circum/ances :i* mu/ almo/ be consid]$ z "p ( ! common /ock ( ,com$y1 & ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! delicacy & hum\r ) :i* x is us$4 ,t ,fal/aff %\ld fall s repeat$ly into ! sn>e gives u a less fav\rable op9ion ( 8 %rewdness ?an ! =ego+ pieces _h l$ u to =m2 /ill x w n be ?\ght improbable1 if once we admit ! probability ( ! fir/ infatuation on :i* ! :ole piece is f\nd$1 namely1 t he c believe himself qualifi$ to inspire a passion4 ,?is leads him1 not)/&+ 8 age1 8 corpul5cy1 & 8 dislike ( p]sonal inconv5i5ces & dang]s1 to v5ture on an ent]prise :i* requires ! boldness & activity ( y\?2 & ! situations occasion$ by ?is infatuation are droll beyond all description4 ,( all ,%akspe>e's pieces1 ?is approa*es ! ne>e/ to ! species ( pure ,com$y3 x is exclusively conf9$ to ! ,engli% mann]s ( ! day1 & to ! dome/ic relations2 ! *>act]s are almo/ all comic1 & ! dialogue1 ) ! exception ( a c\ple ( %ort love sc5es1 is writt5 9 prose4 ,b we see t x 0 a po9t ( pr9ciple ) ,%akspe>e to make none ( 8 compositions a m]e imitation ( ! prosaic _w1 & to /rip !m ( all poetical decoration3 accord+ly he has elevat$ ! conclusion ( ! com$y by a wond]ful int]mixture1 :i* suit$ ! place :]e x 0 probably fir/ repres5t$4 ,a popul> sup]/ition is made ! means ( a fanciful my/ification ,footnote3 ,?is ^w is ,fr5*2 b x has lately be5 adopt$ by "s ,engli% writ]s4--,,trans4 ( ,fal/aff2 disguis$ z ! ,gho/ ( a ,hunt] :o1 ) ragg$ horns1 w&]s ab\t 9 ! woods ( ,w9dsor1 he is to wait = 8 frolicsome mi/ress2 9 ?is plight he is surpris$ by a *orus ( boys & girls disguis$ l fairies1 :o1 agreeably to ! popul> belief1 are hold+ _! midnight dances1 & :o s+ a m]ry song z !y p9* & torture him4 ,?is is ! la/ affront put ^u poor ,fal/aff2 & ) ?is contrivance ! conclusion ( ! second love affair is made 9 a mo/ +5i\s mann] to dep5d4 ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,fif? is manife/ly ,%akspe>e's fav\rite h]o 9 ,engli% hi/ory3 he pa9ts him z end[$ ) e *ivalr\s & k+ly virtue2 op51 s9c]e1 affable1 yet1 z a sort ( rem9isc5ce ( 8 y\?1 /ill dispos$ to innoc5t raill]y1 9 ! int]vals betwe5 8 p]il\s b glori\s a*ievem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 to repres5t on ! /age 8 :ole hi/ory subsequ5t to 8 accession to ! ?rone1 0 att5d$ ) great difficulty4 ,! conque/s 9 ,france 7 ! only di/+ui%$ ev5t ( 8 reign2 & w> is an epic r ?an a dramatic object4 ,= :]ev] m5 act 9 masses aga9/ ea* o!r1 ! appe>ance ( *ance c nev] :olly be avoid$2 :]eas x is ! bus9ess ( ! drama to exhibit to u ^? det]m9ations :i*1 ) a c]ta9 necessity1 issue f ! reciprocal relations ( diff]5t individuals1 _! *>act]s & passions4 ,9 sev]al ( ! ,greek trag$ies1 x is true1 combats & battles are exhibit$1 t is1 ! prep>ations = !m & _! results2 & 9 hi/orical plays w>1 z ! ultima ratio regum1 _c altoge!r be exclud$4 ,/ill1 if we w\ld h dramatic int]e/1 w> mu/ only be ! means by :i* some?+ else is accompli%$1 & n ! la/ aim & sub/ance ( ! :ole4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,macbe?1 ! battles :i* are ann\nc$ at ! v beg9n+ m]ely s]ve to height5 ! glory ( ,macbe? & to fire 8 ambition2 & ! combats :i* take place t[>ds ! conclusion1 be=e ! eyes ( ! spectator1 br+ on ! de/ruction ( ! tyrant4 ,x is ! v same 9 ! ,roman pieces1 9 ! mo/ ( ^? tak5 f ,engli% hi/ory1 &1 9 %ort1 :]ev] ,%akspe>e has introduc$ w> 9 a dramatic comb9ation4 ,) great insight into ! ess5ce ( 8 art1 he nev] pa9ts ! =tune ( w> z a bl9d deity :o sometimes fav\rs "o & sometimes ano!r2 )\t go+ into ! details ( ! art ( w>1 7?\gh sometimes he ev5 v5tures on ?is71 he all[s u to anticipate ! result f ! qualities ( ! g5]al1 & _! influ5ce on ! m9ds ( ! soldi]s2 sometimes1 )\t claim+ our belief = miracles1 he yet exhibits ! issue 9 ! light ( a high] volition3 ! consci\sness ( a j cause & reliance on ! protection ( ,heav5 give c\rage to ! "o p>ty1 :ile ! presage ( a curse hang+ ov] _! und]tak+ weighs d[n ! o!r4 ,footnote3 ,aes*ylus1 ) equal wisdom1 9 ! uni=mly w>like trag$y ( ! ,sev5 be=e ,!bes1 has giv5 to ! ,!ban *iefs =esight1 det]m9ation1 & pres5ce ( m9d2 to _! adv]s>ies1 arrogant audacity4 ,h5ce all ! combats1 except+ t betwe5 ,eteocles & ,polynices1 turn out 9 fav\r ( ! =m]4 ,! pat]nal curse1 & ! bl9dness to :i* x gives rise1 c>ry headlong ! two bro!rs to ! unnatural /rife 9 :i* !y bo? fall by ! h&s ( ea* o!r4--,see page #ia4 ,9 ,h5ry ! ,fif?1 no opportunity 0 af=d$ ,%akspe>e ( adopt+ ! la/-m5tion$ c\rse1 namely1 r5d]+ ! issue ( ! w> dramatic2 b he has skilfully avail$ himself ( ! fir/4--,be=e ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt he pa9ts 9 ! mo/ lively col\rs ! light-m9d$ impati5ce ( ! ,fr5* lead]s = ! mom5t ( battle1 :i* to !m seem$ infallibly ! mom5t ( victory2 on ! o!r h&1 he pa9ts ! uneas9ess ( ! ,engli% ,k+ & 8 army 9 _! desp]ate situation1 c\pl$ ) _! firm det]m9ation1 if !y mu/ fall1 at lea/ to fall ) hon\r4 ,he applies ?is z a g5]al contra/ betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% national *>act]s2 a contra/ :i* betrays a p>tiality = 8 own nation1 c]ta9ly excusable 9 a poet1 especially :5 he is back$ ) su* a glori\s docum5t z t ( ! memorable battle 9 "q4 ,he has surr\nd$ ! g5]al ev5ts ( ! w> ) a fulness ( individual1 *>act]i/ic1 & ev5 sometimes comic features4 ,a heavy ,scot*man1 a hot ,iri%man1 a well-mean+1 hon\rable1 b p$antic ,wel*man1 all speak+ 9 _! peculi> dialects1 are int5d$ to %[ u t ! w>like g5ius ( ,h5ry did n m]ely c>ry ! ,engli% ) him1 b also ! o!r natives ( ! two isl&s1 :o 7 ei!r n yet fully unit$ or 9 no degree subject to him4 ,sev]al good-=-no?+ associates ( ,fal/aff among ! dregs ( ! army ei!r af=d an opportunity = prov+ ,h5ry's /rictness ( discipl9e1 or are s5t home 9 disgrace4 ,b all ?is v>iety /ill seem$ to ! poet insuffici5t to animate a play ( :i* ! subject 0 a conque/1 & no?+ b a conque/4 ,he has1 !re=e1 tack$ a prologue 79 ! te*nical language ( t day a *orus7 to ! beg9n+ ( ea* act4 ,^! prologues1 :i* unite epic pomp & solemnity ) lyrical sublimity1 & among :i* ! description ( ! two camps be=e ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt =ms a mo/ admirable night-piece1 are int5d$ to keep ! spectators con/antly 9 m9d1 t ! peculi> gr&eur ( ! actions describ$ _c be develop$ on a n>r[ /age1 & t !y mu/1 !re=e1 supply1 f _! own imag9ations1 ! defici5cies ( ! repres5tation4 ,z ! matt] 0 n prop]ly dramatic1 ,%akspe>e *ose to w&] 9 ! =m also beyond ! b\nds ( ! species1 & to s+1 z a poetical h]ald1 :at he c\ld n repres5t to ! eye1 r ?an to cripple ! progress ( ! action by putt+ long descriptions 9 ! m\?s ( ! dramatic p]sonages4 ,! confession ( ! poet t f\r or five mo/ vile & ragg$ foils1 "r ill dispos$1 c only disgrace ! "n ( ,ag9c\rt1 7a scruple :i* he has ov]look$ 9 ! occasion ( _m o!r great battles1 & among o!rs ( t ( ,philippi17 br+s u "h naturally to ! "q h[ f>1 g5]ally speak+1 x may be suitable & advisable to repres5t w>s & battles on ! /age4 ,! ,greeks h uni=mly r5\nc$ !m3 z 9 ! :ole ( _! !atrical sy/em !y proce$$ on ideas ( gr&eur & dignity1 a feeble & petty imitation ( ! unatta9able w\ld h appe>$ insupportable 9 _! eyes4 ,) !m1 consequ5tly1 all fight+ 0 m]ely rec\nt$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! romantic dramati/s 0 altoge!r diff]5t3 _! wond]ful pictures 7 inf9itely l>g] ?an _! !atrical means ( visible execution2 !y 7 e :]e oblig$ to c\nt on ! will+ imag9ation ( ! spectators1 & consequ5tly !y also reli$ on !m 9 ?is po9t4 ,x is c]ta9ly laughable en\gh t a h&ful ( awkw>d w>riors 9 mock arm\r1 by means ( two or ?ree swords1 ) :i* we cle>ly see !y take especial c>e n to d ! slighte/ injury to "o ano!r1 %\ld decide ! fate ( mighty k+doms4 ,b ! opposite extreme is /ill mu* worse4 ,if we 9 reality succe$ 9 exhibit+ ! tumult ( a great battle1 ! /orm+ ( a =t1 & ! l1 9 a mann] any way calculat$ to deceive ! eye1 ! p[] ( ^! s5sible impressions is s great t !y r5d] ! spectator incapable ( be/[+ t att5tion :i* a poetical "w ( art dem&s2 & ?us ! ess5tial is sacrific$ to ! accessory4 ,we h le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 t :5ev] cavalry combats are introduc$ ! m5 soon become second>y p]sonages beside ! f\r-foot$ play]s ,footnote3 ,! ,greeks1 x is true1 br\ght horses on ! tragic /age1 b only 9 solemn processions1 n 9 ! wild disord] ( a fight4 ,agamemnon & ,pallas1 9 ,aes*ylus1 make _! appe>ance drawn 9 a *>iot ) f\r horses4 ,b _! !atres 7 built on a scale v diff]5t f ours44 ,=tunately1 9 ,%akspe>e's "t1 ! art ( conv]t+ ! yield+ bo>ds ( ! !atre into a rid+ c\rse _h n yet be5 inv5t$4 ,he tells ! spectators 9 ! fir/ prologue 9 ,h5ry ! ,fif?3-- ,?9k1 :5 we talk ( horses1 t y see !m ,pr9t+ _! pr\d ho(s 9 ! receiv+ e>?4 ,:5 ,ri*>d ! ,?ird utt]s ! fam\s exclamation1-- ,a horse6 a horse6 my k+dom = a horse6 x is no d\bt inconsi/5t to see him bo? be=e & aft]w>ds con/antly fight+ on foot4 ,x is h[ev] bett]1 p]haps1 t ! poet & play] %\ld by ov]p[]+ impressions dispose u to =get ?is1 ?an by lit]al exactness to expose !mselves to ext]nal int]ruptions4 ,) all ! disadvantages :i* ,i h m5tion$1 ,%akspe>e & sev]al ,spani% poets h contriv$ to d]ive su* great beauties f ! imm$iate repres5tation ( w>1 t ,i _c br+ myself to wi% !y _h ab/a9$ f x4 ,a !atrical manag] ( ! pres5t day w h a middle c\rse to foll[3 8 art mu/1 9 an especial mann]1 be direct$ to make :at he %[s u appe> only z sep>ate gr\ps ( an imm5se picture1 :i* _c be tak5 9 at once by ! eye2 he mu/ conv9ce ! spectators t ! ma9 action takes place beh9d ! /age2 & = ?is purpose he has easy means at 8 comm& 9 ! ne>] or m remote s\nd ( w>like music & ! d9 ( arms4 ,h[ev] mu* ,%akspe>e celebrates ! ,fr5* conque/ ( ,h5ry1 /ill he has n omitt$ to h9t1 aft] 8 way1 ! secret spr+s ( ?is und]tak+4 ,h5ry 0 9 want ( =eign w> to secure himself on ! ?rone2 ! cl]gy also wi%$ to keep him employ$ abroad1 & made an (f] ( ri* contributions to prev5t ! pass+ ( a law :i* w\ld h depriv$ !m ( ! half ( _! rev5ues4 ,8 le>n$ bi%ops consequ5tly are z ready to prove to him 8 indisputable "r to ! cr[n ( ,france1 z he is to all[ 8 consci5ce to be tranquilliz$ by !m4 ,!y prove t ! ,salic law is n1 & nev] 01 applicable to ,france2 & ! matt] is treat$ 9 a m succ9ct & conv9c+ mann] ?an su* subjects usually are 9 manife/oes4 ,aft] 8 r5[n$ battles1 ,h5ry wi%$ to secure 8 conque/s by m>riage ) a ,fr5* pr9cess2 all t has ref]5ce to ?is is int5d$ = irony 9 ! play4 ,! fruit ( ?is union1 f :i* two nations promis$ to !mselves su* happ9ess 9 future1 0 ! weak & feeble ,h5ry ,,vi41 "u :om e ?+ 0 s mis]ably lo/4 ,x mu/ n1 !re=e1 be imag9$ t x 0 )\t ! k & w ( ! poet t a h]oic drama turns out a com$y 9 8 h&s1 & ends 9 ! mann] ( ,com$y ) a m>riage ( conv5i5ce4 ,! ?ree p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,six?1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 7 compos$ mu* e>li] ?an ! prec$+ pieces4 ,%akspe>e's *oice fell fir/ on ?is p]iod ( ,engli% hi/ory1 s full ( mis]y & horrors ( e k9d1 because ! pa!tic is naturally m suitable ?an ! *>act]i/ic to a "y poet's m9d4 ,we d n yet f9d "h ! :ole maturity ( 8 g5ius1 yet c]ta9ly its :ole /r5g?4 ,c>eless z to ! app>5t unconnect$ness ( contempor>y ev5ts1 he be/[s little att5tion on prep>ation & developm5t3 all ! figures foll[ 9 rapid succession1 & ann\nce !mselves emphatically = :at we ought to take !m2 f sc5es :]e ! effect is suffici5tly agitat+ to =m ! cata/rophe ( a less ext5sive plan1 ! poet p]petually hurries u on to cata/rophes /ill m dreadful4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p conta9s only ! fir/ =m+ ( ! p>ties ( ! ,:ite & ,r$ ,rose1 "u :i* bloom+ ensigns su* bloody de$s 7 aft]w>ds p]petrat$2 ! v>y+ results ( ! w> 9 ,france pr9cipally fill ! /age4 ,! wond]ful savi\r ( h] c\ntry1 ,joan ( ,arc1 is portray$ by ,%akspe>e ) an ,engli%man's prejudices3 yet he at fir/ leaves x d\btful :e!r %e has n 9 reality a heav5ly mission2 %e appe>s 9 ! pure glory ( virg9 h]oism2 by h] sup]natural eloqu5ce 7& ?is circum/ance is ( ! poet's inv5tion7 %e w9s ov] ! ,duke ( ,burgundy to ! ,fr5* cause2 aft]w>ds1 corrupt$ by vanity & luxury1 %e has rec\rse to helli% fi5ds1 & comes to a mis]able end4 ,to h] is oppos$ ,talbot1 a r\gh iron w>rior1 :o moves u ! m p[]fully1 z1 9 ! mom5t :5 he is ?reat5$ ) inevitable dea?1 all 8 c>e is t5d]ly direct$ to save 8 son1 :o p]=ms 8 fir/ de$s ( arms "u 8 eye4 ,aft] ,talbot has 9 va9 sacrific$ himself1 & ! ,maid ( ,orleans has fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,engli%1 ! ,fr5* prov9ces are completely lo/ by an impolitic m>riage2 & ) ?is ! piece ends4 ,! conv]sation betwe5 ! ag$ ,mortim] 9 prison1 & ,ri*>d ,plantag5et1 aft]w>ds ,duke ( ,york1 conta9s an exposition ( ! claims ( ! latt] to ! ?rone3 consid]$ by itself x is a beautiful tragic elegy4 ,9 ! ,second ,"p1 ! ev5ts m p>ticul>ly prom95t are ! murd] ( ! hone/ ,protector1 ,glo/]1 & its consequ5ces2 ! dea? ( ,c>d9al ,beau=t2 ! p>t+ ( ! ,que5 f h] fav\rite ,suffolk1 & 8 dea? by ! h& ( savage pirates2 !n ! insurrection ( ,jack ,cade "u an assum$ "n1 & at ! in/igation ( ! ,duke ( ,york4 ,! %ort sc5e :]e ,c>d9al ,beau=t1 :o is torm5t$ by 8 consci5ce on acc\nt ( ! murd] ( ,glo/]1 is visit$ on 8 dea?- b$ by ,h5ry ,,vi4 is sublime beyond all praise4 ,c any o!r poet be nam$ :o has drawn aside ! curta9 ( et]nity at ! close ( ?is life ) su* ov]p[]+ & awful effect8 ,& yet x is n m]e horror ) :i* ! m9d is fill$1 b solemn emotion2 a bless+ & a curse /& side by side2 ! pi\s ,k+ is an image ( ! heav5ly m]cy :i*1 ev5 9 ! s9n]'s la/ mom5ts1 lab\rs to ent] into 8 s\l4 ,! adult]\s passion ( ,que5 ,m>g>et & ,suffolk is inve/$ ) tragical dignity & all l[ & ignoble ideas c>efully kept out ( sight4 ,)\t attempt+ to gloss ov] ! crime ( :i* bo? are guilty1 )\t seek+ to remove our disapprobation ( ?is crim9al love1 he /ill1 by ! magic =ce ( expression1 contrives to excite 9 u a sympa?y ) _! sorr[4 ,9 ! insurrection ( ,cade he has del9eat$ ! conduct ( a popul> demagogue1 ! fe>ful ludicr\sness ( ! an>*ical tumult ( ! p1 ) su* conv9c+ tru?1 t "o w\ld believe he 0 an eye-witness ( _m ( ! ev5ts ( our age1 :i*1 f ignorance ( hi/ory1 h be5 consid]$ z )\t example4 ,! civil w> only beg9s 9 ! ,second ,"p2 9 ! ,?ird x is unfold$ 9 its full de/ructive fury4 ,! picture becomes gloomi] & gloomi]2 & seems at la/ to be pa9t$ r ) blood ?an ) col\rs4 ,) horror we behold fury giv+ bir? to fury1 v5geance to v5geance1 & see t :5 all ! bonds ( human society are viol5tly torn asund]1 ev5 noble matrons became h>d5$ to cruelty4 ,! mo/ bitt] contempt is ! portion ( ! un=tunate2 no "o af=ds to 8 enemy t pity :i* he w himself %ortly /& 9 ne$ (4 ,) all p>ty is family1 c\ntry1 & religion1 ! only spr+ ( action4 ,z ,york1 ^: ambition is c\pl$ ) noble qualities1 prematurely p]i%es1 ! object ( ! :ole conte/ is n[ ei!r to support an imbecile k+1 or to place on ! ?rone a luxuri\s mon>*1 :o %ort5s ! de>-b\ght possession by ! gratification ( an insatiable voluptu\sness4 ,= ?is ! celebrat$ & magnanim\s ,w>wick sp5ds 8 *ivalr\s life2 ,clif=d rev5ges ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ) blood-?ir/y filial love2 & ,ri*>d1 = ! elevation ( 8 bro!r1 practises ^? d>k de$s by :i* he is soon aft] to pave ! way to 8 own greatness4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]al mis]y1 ( :i* he has be5 ! innoc5t cause1 ,k+ ,h5ry appe>s l ! p[]less image ( a sa9t1 9 ^: wond]-work+ influ5ce no man any long] believes3 he c b sigh & weep ov] ! enormities :i* he witnesses4 ,9 8 simplicity1 h[ev]1 ! gift ( prophecy is l5t to ?is pi\s k+3 9 ! mom5t ( 8 dea?1 at ! close ( ?is great trag$y1 he prophesies a /ill m dreadful trag$y ) :i* futurity is pregnant1 z mu* di/+ui%$ = ! poison\s wiles ( cold-blood$ wick$ness z ! =m] = de$s ( savage fury4 ,! "p ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 has become highly celebrat$ 9 ,engl& f its hav+ be5 fill$ by excell5t p]=m]s1 & ?is has naturally _h an influ5ce on ! admiration ( ! piece itself1 = _m read]s ( ,%akspe>e /& 9 want ( good int]pret]s ( ! poet to und]/& him prop]ly4 ,?is admiration is c]ta9ly 9 e respect well f\nd$1 ?\gh ,i _c help ?9k+ !re is an inju/ice 9 consid]+ ! ?ree p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,six? z ( little value comp>$ ) ,ri*>d ! ,?ird4 ,^! f\r plays 7 und\bt$ly compos$ 9 succession1 z is prov$ by ! /yle & ! _s 9 ! h&l+ ( ! subject3 ! la/ is def9itely ann\nc$ 9 ! "o :i* prec$es x1 & is also full ( ref]5ces to x3 ! same views run ?r\gh ! s]ies2 9 a ^w1 ! :ole make toge!r only "o s+le "w4 ,ev5 ! deep *>act]ization ( ,ri*>d is by no means ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! piece :i* be>s 8 "n3 8 "* is v di/9ctly drawn 9 ! two la/ p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,six?2 nay1 ev5 8 fir/ spee*es lead u already to =m ! mo/ unfav\rable anticipations ( 8 future conduct4 ,he l[]s obliquely l a d>k ?und]cl\d on ! horizon1 :i* gradually approa*es ne>] & ne>]1 & fir/ p\rs out ! deva/at+ elem5ts ) :i* x is *>g$ :5 x hangs ov] ! heads ( mortals4 ,two ( ,ri*>d's mo/ significant soliloquies :i* enable u to draw ! mo/ important conclusions ) reg>d to 8 m5tal temp]am5t1 are to be f\nd 9 ,! ,la/ ,"p ( ,h5ry ! ,six?4 ,z to ! value & ! ju/ice ( ! actions to :i* passion impels u1 we may be bl9d1 b wick$ness _c mi/ake its own nature2 ,ri*>d1 z well z ,iago1 is a villa9 ) full consci\sness4 ,t !y %\ld say ?is 9 s _m words1 is n p]haps 9 human nature3 b ! poet has ! "r 9 soliloquies to l5d a voice to ! mo/ hidd5 ?\ghts1 o!rwise ! =m ( ! monologue w\ld1 g5]ally speak+1 be c5surable4 ,footnote3 ,:at1 h[ev]1 happ5s 9 s _m trag$ies1 :]e a p]son is made to av[ himself a villa9 to 8 confidants1 is mo/ decid$ly unnatural4 ,he w1 inde$1 ann\nce 8 way ( ?9k+1 n1 h[ev]1 "u damn+ names1 b z some?+ t is und]/ood ( itself1 & is equally approv$ ( by o!rs4 ,ri*>d's de=mity is ! expression ( 8 int]nal malice1 & p]haps 9 "p ! effect ( x3 = :]e is ! ugl9ess t w\ld n be s(t5$ by b5evol5ce & op5ness8 ,he1 h[ev]1 consid]s x z an iniquit\s neglect ( nature1 :i* ju/ifies him 9 tak+ 8 rev5ge on t human society f :i* x is ! means ( exclud+ him4 ,h5ce ^! sublime l9es3 ,& ?is ^w love1 :i* graybe>ds call div9e4 ,be resid5t 9 m5 l "o ano!r1 ,& n 9 me4 ,i am myself alone4 ,wick$ness is no?+ b selfi%ness design$ly unconsci5ti\s2 h[ev] x c nev] d altoge!r )\t ! =m at lea/ ( morality1 z ?is is ! law ( all ?9k+ be+s1--x mu/ seek to f\nd its deprav$ way ( act+ on some?+ l pr9ciples4 ,al?\gh ,ri*>d is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! blackness ( 8 m9d & 8 helli% mission1 he yet endeav\rs to ju/ify ?is to himself by a sophism3 ! happ9ess ( be+ belov$ is d5i$ to him2 :at !n rema9s to him b ! happ9ess ( rul+8 ,all t /&s 9 ! way ( ?is mu/ be remov$4 ,?is envy ( ! enjoym5t ( love is s mu* ! m natural 9 ,ri*>d1 z 8 bro!r ,edw>d1 :o besides prec$$ him 9 ! possession ( ! cr[n1 0 di/+ui%$ by ! nobl5ess & beauty ( 8 figure1 & 0 an almo/ irresi/ible conqu]or ( female he>ts4 ,not)/&+ 8 pret5d$ r5unciation1 ,ri*>d places 8 *ief vanity 9 be+ able to please & w9 ov] ! wom51 if n by 8 figure at lea/ by 8 ins9uat+ disc\rse4 ,%akspe>e "h %[s u1 ) 8 accu/om$ acut5ess ( obs]vation1 t human nature1 ev5 :5 x is altoge!r decid$ 9 goodness or wick$ness1 is /ill subject to petty infirmities4 ,ri*>d's fav\rite amusem5t is to ridicule o!rs1 & he possesses an em95t satirical wit4 ,he ent]ta9s at bottom a contempt = all mank9d3 = he is confid5t ( 8 ability to deceive !m1 :e!r z 8 in/rum5ts or 8 adv]s>ies4 ,9 hypocrisy he is p>ticul>ly fond ( us+ religi\s =ms1 z if actuat$ by a desire ( pr(an+ 9 ! s]vice ( hell ! religion ^: bless+s he _h inw>dly abjur$4 ,s mu* = ! ma9 features ( ,ri*>d's "*4 ,! play nam$ aft] him embraces also ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 9 ! :ole a p]iod ( eight ye>s4 ,x exhibits all ! ma*9ations by :i* ,ri*>d obta9$ ! ?rone1 & ! de$s :i* he p]petrat$ to secure himself 9 its possession1 :i* la/$ h[ev] b two ye>s4 ,%akspe>e int5d$ t t]ror r ?an compassion %\ld prevail ?r\gh\t ?is trag$y3 he has r avoid$ ?an s\ght ! pa!tic sc5es :i* he _h at comm&4 ,( all ! sacrifices to ,ri*>d's lu/ ( p[]1 ,cl>5ce alone is put to dea? on ! /age3 8 dream excites a deep horror1 & proves ! omnipot5ce ( ! poet's fancy3 8 conv]sation ) ! murd]]s is p[]fully agitat+2 b ! e>li] crimes ( ,cl>5ce m]it$ dea?1 al?\gh n f 8 bro!r's h&4 ,! mo/ innoc5t & unspott$ sacrifices are ! two pr9ces3 we see b little ( !m1 & _! murd] is m]ely relat$4 ,anne disappe>s )\t our le>n+ any ?+ f>!r respect+ h]3 9 m>ry+ ! murd]] ( h] husb&1 %e _h %[n a weakness almo/ incr$ible4 ,! p>ts ( ,"l ,riv]s1 & o!r fri5ds ( ! que51 are ( too second>y a nature to excite a p[]ful sympa?y2 ,ha/+s1 f 8 triumph at ! fall ( 8 fri5d1 =feits all title to compassion2 ,buck+ham is ! satellite ( ! tyrant1 :o is aft]w>ds consign$ by him to ! axe ( ! execution]4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ! wid[$ ,que5 ,m>g>et appe>s z ! fury ( ! pa/1 :o invokes a curse on ! future3 e calamity1 :i* h] enemies draw d[n on ea* o!r1 is a cordial to h] rev5geful he>t4 ,o!r female voices jo91 f "t to "t1 9 ! lam5tations & imprecations4 ,b ,ri*>d is ! s\l or r ! daemon1 ( ! :ole trag$y4 ,he fulfils ! promise :i* he =m]ly made ( lead+ ! murd]\s ,mac*iavel to s*ool4 ,not)/&+ ! uni=m av]sion ) :i* he inspires u1 he /ill engages u 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( ways by 8 pr(\nd skill 9 dissimulation1 8 wit1 8 prud5ce1 8 pres5ce ( m9d1 8 quick activity1 & 8 val\r4 ,he fights at la/ aga9/ ,ri*mond l a desp]ado1 & dies ! hon\rable dea? ( a h]o on ! field ( battle4 ,%akspe>e c\ld n *ange ?is hi/orical issue1 & yet x is by no means satisfactory to our moral feel+s1 z ,less+1 :5 speak+ ( a ,g]man play on ! same subject1 has v judici\sly rem>k$4 ,h[ has ,%akspe>e solv$ ?is difficulty8 ,by a wond]ful inv5tion he op5s a prospect into ! o!r _w1 & %[s u ,ri*>d 9 8 la/ mom5ts already br&$ ) ! /amp ( reprobation4 ,we see ,ri*>d & ,ri*mond 9 ! night be=e ! battle sleep+ 9 _! t5ts2 ! spirits ( ! murd]$ victims ( ! tyrant asc5d 9 succession1 & p\r out _! curses aga9/ him1 & _! bless+s on 8 adv]s>y4 ,^! app>itions are prop]ly b ! dreams ( ! two g5]als repres5t$ visibly4 ,x is no d\bt contr>y to probability t _! t5ts %\ld only be sep>at$ by s small a space2 b ,%akspe>e c\ld reckon on poetical spectators :o 7 ready to take ! bread? ( ! /age = ! di/ance betwe5 two ho/ile camps1 if = su* indulg5ce !y 7 to be recomp5s$ by beauties ( s sublime a nature z ?is s]ies ( spectres & ,ri*>d's awak5+ soliloquy4 ,! cata/rophe ( ,ri*>d ! ,?ird is1 9 respect ( ! ext]nal ev5ts1 v l t ( ,macbe?3 we h only to comp>e ! ?or\gh diff]5ce ( h&l+ !m to be conv9c$ t ,%akspe>e has mo/ accurately obs]v$ poetical ju/ice 9 ! g5u9e s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 z signify+ ! revelation ( an invisible bless+ or curse :i* hangs ov] human s5tim5ts & actions4 ,al?\gh ! la/ f\r pieces ( ! hi/orical s]ies pa9t lat] ev5ts1 yet ! plays ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r? & ,fif? h1 9 tone & co/ume1 a mu* m mod]n appe>ance4 ,?is is p>tly ow+ to ! numb] ( comic sc5es2 = ! comic mu/ always be f\nd$ n only 9 national1 b also 9 contempor>y mann]s4 ,%akspe>e1 h[ev]1 seems also to h _h ! same design 9 ! s]i\s "p4 ,bloody revolutions & deva/ations ( civil w> appe> to po/]ity z a relapse into an e>li] & m uncultivat$ condition ( society1 or !y are 9 reality accompani$ by su* a relapse into unbridl$ savag5ess4 ,if !re=e ! prop5sity ( a "y poetical m9d to remove its object to a wond]ful di/ance has _h an influ5ce on ! /yle 9 :i* ,h5ry ! ,six? & ,ri*>d ! ,?ird are conceiv$1 ,%akspe>e has be5 rightly guid$ by 8 in/9ct4 ,z x is peculi> to ! h]oic poem to pa9t ! races ( m5 9 times pa/ z colossal 9 /r5g? ( body & resolution1 s 9 ^! plays1 ! voices ( a ,talbot1 a ,w>wick1 a ,clif=d1 & o!rs1 s r+ on our e> t we imag9e we he> ! clang+ trumpets ( =eign or ( civil w>4 ,! conte/ ( ! ,h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/] 0 ! la/ outbreak ( feudal indep5d5ce2 x 0 ! cause ( ! great & n ( ! p1 :o 7 only dragg$ into ! /ruggle by ! =m]4 ,aft]w>ds ! "p 0 swall[$ up 9 ! :ole1 & no long] c\ld any "o be1 l ,w>wick1 a mak] ( k+s4 ,%akspe>e 0 z pr(\nd a hi/orian z a poet2 :5 we comp>e 8 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ) ! prec$+ pieces1 we see di/9ctly t ! ,engli% nation dur+ ! long1 peaceable1 & economical reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 :e!r f ! exhau/ion :i* 0 ! fruit ( ! civil w>s1 or f m g5]al ,european influ5ces1 _h made a sudd5 transition f ! p[]ful confusion ( ! middle age1 to ! regul> tam5ess ( mod]n times4 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? has1 !re=e1 some:at ( a prosaic appe>ance2 = ,%akspe>e1 arti/-l1 adapt$ himself always to ! quality ( 8 mat]ials4 ,if o!rs ( 8 works1 bo? 9 elevation ( fancy & 9 en]gy ( pa?os & "*1 t[] f> above ?is1 we h "h on ! o!r h& occasion to admire 8 nice p[]s ( discrim9ation & 8 p]fect k ( c\rts & ! _w4 ,:at tact 0 requisite to repres5t be=e ! eyes ( ! que5 ,footnote3 ,x is q cle> t ,h5ry ! ,eigh? 0 writt5 :ile ,elizabe? 0 /ill alive4 ,we "k t ,b5 ,jonson1 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,james1 br\ght ! piece aga9 on ! /age ) additional pomp1 & took ! lib]ty ( mak+ sev]al *anges & additions4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! prophecy respect+ ,james ! ,fir/ is due to ,b5 ,jonson3 x w\ld only h displeas$ ,elizabe?1 & is s ill introduc$ t we at once recognize 9 x a =eign int]polation4 subjects ( su* a delicate nature1 & 9 :i* %e 0 p]sonally s ne>ly conc]n$1 )\t do+ viol5ce to ! tru?6 ,he has unmask$ ! tyrannical k+1 & to ! intellig5t obs]v] exhibit$ him su* z he 0 actually3 haughty & ob/9ate1 voluptu\s & unfeel+1 extravagant 9 conf]r+ fav\rs1 & rev5geful "u ! pretext ( ju/ice2 & yet ! picture is s dext]\sly h&l$ t a daught] might take x = fav\rable4 ,! legitimacy ( ,elizabe?'s bir? dep5d$ on ! invalidity ( ,h5ry's fir/ m>riage1 & ,%akspe>e has plac$ ! proce$+s respect+ 8 sep>ation f ,ca?>9e ( ,arragon 9 a v d\btful light4 ,we see cle>ly t ,h5ry's scruples ( consci5ce are no o!r ?an ! beauty ( ,anne ,boleyn4 ,ca?>9e is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! h]o9e ( ! piece2 %e excites ! w>me/ sympa?y by h] virtues1 h] def5celess mis]y1 h] mild b firm opposition1 & h] dignifi$ resignation4 ,aft] h]1 ! fall ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey con/itutes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! bus9ess4 ,h5ry's :ole reign 0 n adapt$ = dramatic poetry4 ,x w\ld h m]ely be5 a repetition ( ! same sc5es3 ! repudiation1 or ! execution ( 8 wives1 & ! disgrace ( 8 mo/ e/imable m9i/]s1 :i* 0 usually soon foll[$ by dea?4 ,( all t di/+ui%$ ,h5ry's life ,%akspe>e has giv5 u suffici5t specim5s4 ,b z1 prop]ly speak+1 !re is no division 9 ! hi/ory :]e he breaks (f1 we mu/ excuse him if he gives u a flatt]+ complim5t ( ! great ,elizabe? = a =tunate cata/rophe4 ,! piece ends ) ! g5]al joy at ! bir? ( t pr9cess1 & ) prophecies ( ! happ9ess :i* %e 0 aft]w>ds to enjoy or to diffuse4 ,x 0 only by su* a turn t ! haz>d\s fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ! re/ ( ! composition c\ld h pass$ ) impunity3 ,%akspe>e 0 n c]ta9ly himself deceiv$ respect+ ?is !atrical delusion4 ,! true conclusion is ! dea? ( ,ca?>9e1 :i* "u a feel+ ( ?is k9d1 he has plac$ e>li] ?an 0 con=mable to hi/ory4 ,i h n[ gone ?r\gh all ! unque/ionably g5u9e works ( ,%akspe>e4 ,i h c>efully ab/a9$ f all indef9ite eulogies1 :i* m]ely s]ve to prove a disproportion betwixt ! feel+ & ! capability ( express+ x4 ,to _m ! above obs]vations w appe> too diffuse = ! object & plan ( ^! ,lectures2 to o!rs !y w p]haps seem unsatisfactory4 ,i %all be satisfi$ if !y place ^? read]s :o are n yet famili> ) ! poet 9 ! "r po9t ( view1 & pave ! way = a solid k1 & if !y recall to ! m9ds ( intellig5t critics "s ( ^? ?\ghts :i* h occurr$ to !mselves4 ,,app5dix ,respect+ ! ,pieces said to be falsely attribut$ to ,%akspe>e4 ,! comm5tators ( ,%akspe>e1 9 _! attempts to deprive him ( p>ts ( 8 works1 or ev5 ( :ole pieces1 h = ! mo/ "p display$ v little ( a true critical _s4 ,pope1 z is well kn[n1 0 /rongly dispos$ to reject :ole sc5es z int]polations by ! play]s2 b 8 op9ion 0 n mu* li/5$ to4 ,h[ev]1 ,/eev5s acc$$ to ! op9ion ( ,pope1 z to ! app>ition ( ! gho/s & ( ,jupit]1 9 ,cymbel9e1 :ile ,po/humus is sleep+ 9 ! dungeon4 ,b ,po/humus f9ds on wak+ a tablet on 8 brea/1 ) a prophecy on :i* ! dn\em5t ( ! piece dep5ds4 ,is x to be imag9$ t ,%akspe>e w\ld require ( 8 spectators ! belief 9 a wond] )\t a visible cause8 ,c ,po/humus h got ?is tablet ) ! prophecy by dream+8 ,b ^! g5tlem5 d n desc5d to ?is objection4 ,! v]ses :i* ! app>itions deliv] d n appe> to !m good en\gh to be ,%akspe>e's4 ,i imag9e ,i c discov] :y ! poet has n giv5 !m m ( ! spl5d\r ( diction4 ,x is ! ag$ p>5ts & bro!rs ( ,po/humus1 :o1 f conc]n = 8 fate1 return f ! _w bel[3 ought !y n consequ5tly to speak ! language ( a m simple old5 "t1 & _! voices1 too1 ought !y n also to seem a feeble s\nd ( wail+1 :5 contra/$ ) ! ?und]+ oracul> language ( ,jupit]8 ,= ?is reason ,%akspe>e *ose a syllabic measure :i* 0 v common be=e 8 "t1 b :i* 0 !n go+ out ( fa%ion1 ?\gh x /ill cont9u$ to be frequ5tly us$1 especially 9 translations ( ! classical poets4 ,9 "s su* mann] might ! %ades express !mselves 9 ! !n exi/+ translations ( ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,! spee* ( ,jupit] is1 on ! o!r h&1 maje/ic1 & 9 =m & /yle be>s a complete resemblance to ,%akspe>e's sonnets4 ,no?+ b incapacity to appreciate ! views ( ! poet1 & ! p]spective obs]v$ by him1 c\ld lead !m to /umble at ?is passage4 ,pope w\ld will+ly h decl>$ ! ,w9t]'s ,tale spuri\s1 "o ( ! noble/ creations ( ! equally bold & lovely fancy ( ,%akspe>e4 ,:y8 ,i suppose on acc\nt ( ! %ip com+ to ,bohemia1 & ( ! *asm ( sixte5 ye>s betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? acts1 :i* ,"t z a prologue entreats u to ov]leap4 ,! ,?ree ,p>ts ( ,h5ry ! ,six? are n[ at l5g? admitt$ to be ,%akspe>e's4 ,!obald1 ,w>burton1 & la/ly ,f>m]1 affirm$ t !y 7 n ,%akspe>e's4 ,9 ?is case1 we might well ask !m to po9t out ! o!r works ( ! unkn[n au?or1 :o 0 capable ( inv5t+1 among _m o!rs1 ! noble dea?-sc5es ( ,talbot1 ,suffolk1 ,beau=t1 & ,york4 ,! ass]tion is s ridicul\s1 t 9 ?is case ,ri*>d ! ,?ird might also n be ,%akspe>e's1 z x is l9k$ 9 ! mo/ imm$iate mann] to ! ?ree o!r pieces1 bo? by ! subject1 & ! _s & /yle ( h&l+4 ,all ! editors1 ) ! exception ( ,capell1 are unanim\s 9 reject+ ,titus ,&ronicus z unwor?y ( ,%akspe>e1 ?\gh !y always all[ x to be pr9t$ ) ! o!r pieces1 z ! scape-goat1 z x 71 ( _! abusive criticism4 ,! correct me?od 9 su* an inve/igation is fir/ to exam9e into ! ext]nal gr\nds1 evid5ces1 c41 & to weigh _! value2 & !n to adduce ! int]nal reasons d]iv$ f ! quality ( ! "w4 ,! critics ( ,%akspe>e foll[ a c\rse directly ! rev]se ( ?is2 !y set out ) a preconceiv$ op9ion aga9/ a piece1 & seek1 9 ju/ification ( ?is op9ion1 to r5d] ! hi/orical gr\nd suspici\s1 & to set !m aside4 ,n[ ,titus ,&ronicus is to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ folio edition ( ,%akspe>e's works1 :i* x is kn[n 0 publi%$ by ,hem+e & ,condell1 = _m ye>s 8 fri5ds & fell[-manag]s ( ! same !atre4 ,is x possible to p]suade ourselves t !y w\ld n h kn[n if a piece 9 _! rep]tory did or did n really belong to ,%akspe>e8 ,& are we to lay to ! *>ge ( ^! hon\rable m5 an int5tional fraud 9 ?is s+le case1 :5 we "k t !y did n %[ !mselves s v desir\s ( scrap+ ev]y?+ toge!r :i* w5t by ! "n ( ,%akspe>e1 b1 z x appe>s1 m]ely gave ^? plays ( :i* !y _h manuscripts 9 h&8 ,yet ! foll[+ circum/ance is /ill /rong]4 ,george ,m]es1 a contempor>y & admir] ( ,%akspe>e1 9 an enum]ation ( 8 works1 m5tions ,titus ,&ronicus1 9 ! ye> #aeih4 ,m]es 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! poet1 & s v intimately1 t ! latt] read ov] to him 8 sonnets be=e !y 7 pr9t$4 ,i _c conceive t all ! critical scepticism 9 ! _w w\ld ev] be able to get ov] su* a te/imony4 ,?is trag$y1 x is true1 is fram$ accord+ to a false idea ( ! tragic1 :i* by an accumulation ( cruelties & enormities1 deg5]ates into ! horrible1 & yet leaves no deep impression beh9d3 ! /ory ( ,t]eus & ,philomela is height5$ & ov]*>g$ "u o!r names1 & mix$ up ) ! repa/ ( ,atreus & ,?ye/es1 & _m o!r incid5ts4 ,9 detail !re is no want ( beautiful l9es1 bold images1 nay1 ev5 features :i* betray ! peculi> conception ( ,%akspe>e4 ,among ^! we may reckon ! joy ( ! trea*]\s ,moor at ! blackness & ugl9ess ( 8 adult]\s (fspr+2 & 9 ! compassion ( ,titus ,&ronicus1 gr[n *ildi% ?r\gh grief1 = a fly :i* _h be5 /ruck dead1 :ile 8 rage aft]w>ds1 :5 he imag9es he discov]s 9 x 8 black enemy1 we recognize ! future poet ( ,le>4 ,are ! critics afraid t ,%akspe>e's fame w\ld be injur$1 7 x e/abli%$ t 9 8 e>ly y\? he u%]$ into ! _w a feeble & immature "w8 ,0 ,rome ! less ! conqu]or ( ! _w1 because ,remus c\ld leap ov] its fir/ walls8 ,let any "o place himself 9 ,%akspe>e's situation at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e]4 ,he f\nd only a few indiff]5t models1 & yet ^! met ) ! mo/ fav\rable reception1 because 9 ! novelty ( an art1 m5 are nev] difficult to please1 be=e _! ta/e has be5 made fa/idi\s by *oice & abundance4 ,mu/ n ?is situation h _h its influ5ce on him be=e he le>n$ to make high] dem&s on himself1 & by digg+ deep] 9 8 own m9d1 discov]$ ! ri* ve9s ( noble metal t ran !re8 ,x is ev5 highly probable t he mu/ h made sev]al failures be=e he succe$$ 9 gett+ into ! "r pa?4 ,g5ius is 9 a c]ta9 s5se infallible1 & has no?+ to le>n2 b art is to be le>n$1 & mu/ be acquir$ by practice & exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,%akspe>e's ackn[l$g$ works we f9d h>dly any traces ( 8 appr5tice%ip1 & yet appr5tice%ip he c]ta9ly _h4 ,?is e arti/ mu/ h1 & especially 9 a p]iod :]e he has n be=e him ! examples ( a s*ool already =m$4 ,i consid] x z extremely probable t ,%akspe>e began to write = ! !atre at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an ! "o :i* is g5]ally /at$1 namely1 aft] ! ye> #aeij4 ,x appe>s t1 z e>ly z ! ye> #aehd1 :5 only tw5ty ye>s ( age1 he _h left 8 pat]nal home & repair$ to ,london4 ,c we imag9e t su* an active head w\ld rema9 idle = six :ole ye>s )\t mak+ any attempt to em]ge by 8 tal5ts f an uncong5ial situation8 ,t 9 ! d$ication ( ! poem ( ,v5us & ,adonis he calls x ! fir/ heir ( 8 inv5tion1 proves no?+ aga9/ ! supposition4 ,x 0 ! fir/ :i* he pr9t$2 he might h compos$ x at an e>li] p]iod2 p]haps1 also1 9 ?is t]m1 heirs ( 8 inv5tion1 he did n indulge !atrical lab\rs1 especially z !y !n conf]r$ b little to 8 lit]>y dignity4 ,! e>li] ,%akspe>e began to compose = ! !atre1 ! less are we enabl$ to consid] ! immaturity & imp]fection ( a "w a pro( ( its spuri\sness 9 opposition to hi/orical evid5ce1 if only we c disc]n 9 x prom95t features ( 8 m9d4 ,sev]al ( ! works reject$ z spuri\s1 may /ill h be5 produc$ 9 ! p]iod betwixt ,titus ,&ronicus1 & ! e>lie/ ( ! ackn[l$g$ pieces4 ,at la/1 9 two supplem5t>y volumes1 ,/eev5s publi%$ sev5 pieces ascrib$ to ,%akspe>e4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 t !y all appe>$ 9 pr9t 9 ,%akspe>e's life-"t1 ) 8 "n prefix$ at full l5g?4 ,!y are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,lo*r9e4 ,! pro(s ( ! g5u95ess ( ?is piece are n altoge!r unambigu\s2 ! gr\nds = d\bt1 on ! o!r h&1 are entitl$ to att5tion4 ,h[ev]1 ?is "q is imm$iately connect$ ) t respect+ ,titus ,&ronicus1 & mu/ ) x be resolv$ 9 ! affirmative or negative4 #b4 ,p]icles1 ,pr9ce ( ,tyre4 ,?is piece 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,dryd5 to be a "w1 b a y\?ful "w ( ,%akspe>e's4 ,x is mo/ und\bt$ly 81 & x has be5 admitt$ into sev]al late editions ( 8 works4 ,! suppos$ imp]fections orig9ate 9 ! circum/ance1 t ,%akspe>e "h h&l$ a *ildi% & extravagant romance ( ! old poet ,g[]1 & 0 unwill+ to drag ! subject out ( its prop] sph]e4 ,h5ce he ev5 introduces ,g[] himself1 & makes him deliv] a prologue 9 8 own antiquat$ language & v]sification4 ,?is p[] ( assum+ s =eign a mann] is at lea/ no pro( ( helplessness4 #c4 ,! ,london ,prodigal4 ,if we are n mi/ak51 ,less+ pron\nc$ ?is piece to be ,%akspe>e's1 & wi%$ to br+ x on ! ,g]man /age4 #d4 ,! ,puritan2 or ,! ,wid[ ( ,wail+ ,/reet4 ,"o ( my lit]>y fri5ds1 intimately acqua9t$ ) ,%akspe>e1 0 ( op9ion t ! poet mu/ h wi%$ = once to write a play 9 ! /yle ( ,b5 ,jonson1 & t 9 ?is way we mu/ acc\nt = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t piece & 8 usual mann]4 ,to foll[ out ?is idea1 h[ev]1 w\ld lead to a long & v nice critical inve/igation4 #e4 ,?omas ,"l ,cromwell4 #f4 ,sir ,john ,oldca/le4--,fir/ "p4 #g4 ,a ,york%ire ,trag$y4 ,! ?ree la/ pieces are n only unque/ionably ,%akspe>e's1 b 9 my op9ion !y des]ve to be class$ among 8 be/ & mature/ works4 ,/eev5s at la/ admits1 9 "s degree1 t !y1 z well z ! re/1 except ,lo*r9e1 are ,%akspe>e's1 b he speaks ( all ( !m ) great contempt1 z wor?less productions4 ,8 condemnatory s5t5ce is n1 h[ev]1 9 ! slighte/ degree conv9c+1 nor is x support$ by mu* critical acum54 ,i %\ld l to see h[ su* a critic w\ld1 ( 8 own natural sugge/ion1 h decid$ on ,%akspe>e's ackn[l$g$ ma/]-pieces1 & h[ mu* he w\ld h ?\ght ( prais+ 9 !m1 _h n ! public op9ion already impos$ on him ! duty ( admiration4 ,?omas ,"l ,cromwell & ,sir ,john ,oldca/le are biographical dramas1 & 9 ?is species !y are models3 ! fir/1 by its subject1 atta*es itself to ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 & ! second to ,h5ry ! ,fif?4 ,! second "p ( ,sir ,john ,oldca/le is want+2 ,i "k n :e!r a copy ( ! old edition has be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl&1 or :e!r x is lo/4 ,! ,york%ire ,trag$y is a trag$y 9 "o act1 a dramatis$ tale ( murd]3 ! tragical effect is ov]p[]+1 & x is extremely important to see h[ poetically ,%akspe>e c\ld h&le su* a subject4 ,/ill f>!r1 !re h be5 ascrib$ to him1 #a/4 ,! ,m]ry ,devil ( ,edmonton1 a com$y 9 "o act1 pr9t$ 9 ,dodsley's ,collection ( ,old ,plays4 ,?is has1 c]ta9ly1 "s appe>ance 9 its fav\r4 ,x conta9s a m]ry l&lord1 :o be>s great simil>ity to ! "o 9 ,! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor4 ,h[ev]1 at all ev5ts1 ?\gh a clev]1 x is b a ha/y sket*4 #bnd4 ,! ,arraignm5t ( ,p>is4 #crd4 ,! ,bir? ( ,m]l94 #d?4 ,edw>d ! ,?ird4 #e?4 ,! ,fair ,em4 7,emma74 #f?4 ,muc$orus4 #g?4 ,ard5 ( ,fev]%am4 ,i h nev] se5 any ( ^!1 & _c !re=e say any?+ respect+ !m4 ,f ! passages cit$1 ,i am l$ to conjecture t ! subject ( ,muc$orus is ! popul> /ory ( ,val5t9e & ,orson3 a beautiful subject :i* ,lope de ,vega has also tak5 = a play4 ,ard5 ( ,fev]%am is said to be a trag$y on ! /ory ( a man f :om ! poet desc5d$ by ! "m's side4 ,?is circum/ance1 if ! quality ( ! piece be n too directly at v>iance ) its suppos$ au?or%ip1 w\ld af=d an additional probability 9 its fav\r4 ,= su* motives 7 n )\t _! influ5ce on ,%akspe>e3 ?us he treat$ ) a manife/ p>tiality1 ,h5ry ,,vii41 :o _h be/[$ l&s on 8 =efa!rs = s]vices p]=m$ by !m4 ,( ,%akspe>e's %>e 9 ,! ,two ,noble ,c\s9s1 x w be ! "t to speak :5 ,i come to m5tion ,flet*]'s works4 ,x w\ld be v in/ructive1 if x c\ld be prov$ t sev]al e>li] attempts ( works1 aft]w>ds re-writt51 proce$$ f himself1 & n f an unkn[n au?or4 ,we %\ld ?us be be/ enabl$ to trace 8 developm5t z an arti/4 ,( ! old] ,k+ ,john1 9 two p>ts1 7pr9t$ by ,/eev5s among six old plays17 ?is might probably be made out4 ,t he sometimes return$ to an old piece is c]ta94 ,) respect to ,hamlet1 = in/ance1 x is well kn[n1 t x 0 v gradually =m$ by him to its pres5t p]fect /ate4 ,:oev] takes f ,%akspe>e a play e>ly ascrib$ to him1 & confess$ly belong+ to 8 "t1 is c]ta9ly b\nd to answ]1 ) "s degree ( probability1 ?is "q3 :o !n wrote x8 ,%akspe>e's competitors 9 ! dramatic walk are pretty well kn[n1 & if ^? ( !m :o h ev5 acquir$ a consid]able reputation1 a ,lilly1 a ,m>l[1 a ,heywood1 are /ill v f> bel[ him1 we c h>dly imag9e t ! au?or ( a "w1 :i* rises s high beyond !irs1 c\ld h rema9$ unkn[n4 ,,lecture ,,xxvii4 ,two p]iods ( ! ,engli% ,!atre3 ! fir/ ! mo/ important--,! fir/ con=mation ( ! ,/age1 & its advantages--,/ate ( ! ,hi/rionic ,art 9 ,%akspe>e's "t--,antiquities ( ,dramatic ,lit]ature-- ,lilly1 ,m>l[1 ,heywood--,b5 ,jonson--,criticism ( 8 ,works--,masques-- ,beaumont & ,flet*]--,g5]al *>act]ization ( ^! ,poets1 & rem>ks on "s ( _! ,pieces--,mass+] & o!r contempor>ies ( ,*>les ! ,fir/4 ,! great ma/] ( :om we h spok5 9 ! prec$+ ,lecture1 =ms s s+ul> an exception to ! :ole hi/ory ( art1 t we are compell$ to assign a p>ticul> place to him4 ,he ow$ h>dly any?+ to 8 pr$ecessors1 & he has _h ! greate/ influ5ce on 8 successors3 b no man has yet le>n$ f him 8 secret4 ,= two :ole c5turies1 dur+ :i* 8 c\ntrym5 h dilig5tly employ$ !mselves 9 ! cultivation ( e bran* ( sci5ce & art1 accord+ to _! own confession1 he has n only nev] yet be5 surpass$1 b has left e dramatic poet at a great di/ance beh9d him4 ,9 ! sket* ( a hi/ory ( ! ,engli% !atre :i* ,i am n[ to give1 ,i %all be frequ5tly oblig$ to return to ,%akspe>e4 ,! dramatic lit]ature ( ! ,engli% is v ri*2 !y c boa/ ( a l>ge numb] ( dramatic poets1 :o possess$ 9 an em95t degree ! tal5t ( orig9al *>act]ization1 & ! k ( !atrical effect4 ,_! h&s 7 n %ackl$ by prejudices1 by arbitr>y rules1 & by ! anxi\s obs]vance ( s-call$ proprieties4 ,!re has nev] be5 9 ,engl& an academical c\rt ( ta/e2 9 art1 z 9 life1 e man !re gives 8 voice = :at be/ pleases him1 or :at is mo/ suitable to 8 nature4 ,not)/&+ ?is lib]ty1 _! writ]s h n1 h[ev]1 be5 able to escape ! influ5ce ei!r ( v>y+ modes1 or ( ! _s ( diff]5t ages4 ,we %all "h rema9 true to our pr9ciple ( m]ely dwell+ at l5g? on :at we consid] z ! highe/ ef=ts ( poetry1 & ( tak+ brief views ( all t occupies b ! second or ?ird place4 ,! antiquities ( ! ,engli% !atre h be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$ by ! ,engli% writ]s1 & especially by ,malone4 ,! e>lie/ dramatic attempts 7 "h z well z else:]e ,my/]ies & ,moralities4 ,h[ev] x w\ld seem t 9 ^! productions ! ,engli% di/+ui%$ !mselves at an e>li] p]iod ?an o!r nations4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance x is record$ t ! ,engli% prelates1 9 "o ( ! int]vals betwe5 ! sitt+s1 ent]ta9$ _! bre?r5 ) a spiritual play 9 ,lat91 su* z ! latt] 7 ei!r entirely unacqua9t$ )1 or at lea/ 9 su* p]fection1 7z p]fection 0 und]/ood by ! simple ideas ( art ( ^? times74 ,! beg9n+ ( a !atre1 prop]ly s call$1 _c1 h[ev]1 be plac$ f>!r back ?an ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,john ,heywood1 ! buffoon ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 is consid]$ z ! olde/ comic writ]3 ! s+le ,int]lude "u 8 "n1 publi%$ 9 ,dodsley's collection1 is 9 fact m]ely a dialogue1 & n a drama4 ,b ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le1 :i* 0 fir/ act$ ab\t ! ye> #aefj1 c]ta9ly des]ves ! "n ( a com$y4 ,h[ev] antiquat$ 9 language & v]sification1 x possesses unequivocal m]it 9 ! l[ comic4 ,! :ole plot turns on a lo/ ne$le1 ! se>* = :i* is pursu$ ) ! utmo/ assiduity3 ! pov]ty ( ! p]sons ( ! drama1 :i* ?is supposes1 & ! :ole ( _! dome/ic condition1 is v amus+ly portray$1 & ! "p ( a cunn+ begg> especially is drawn ) mu* hum\r4 ,! co>se comic ( ?is piece be>s a resemblance to t ( ! ,avocat ,patel92 yet ! ,engli% play has n1 l ! ,fr5*1 be5 hon\r$ ) a revival on ! /age 9 a new %ape4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% !atre divides itself naturally into two p]iods4 ,! fir/ beg9s ne>ly ) ! accession ( ,elizabe?1 & ext5ds to ab\t ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 :5 ! ,puritans ga9$ ! asc5d5cy1 & effect$ ! prohibition ( all plays :atsoev]4 ,! clos+ ( ! !atres la/$ ?irte5 ye>s2 & !y 7 n aga9 op5$ till ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,?is int]ruption1 ! *ange :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! mean "t on ! g5]al way ( ?9k+ & 9 mann]s1 & la/ly1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* lit]ature :i* 0 !n fl\ri%+1 gave q a diff]5t "* to ! plays subsequ5tly writt54 ,! works ( ! old] s*ool 7 inde$ 9 "p s\ght out1 b ! s*ool itself 0 ext9ct4 ,i apply ! t]m ( a s*ool to ! dramatical poets ( ! fir/ a]a1 9 ! same s5se z x is tak5 9 art1 = ) all _! p]sonal diff]5ces we may /ill p]ceive on ! :ole a common "* 9 _! productions4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! language or contempor>y allusions1 we %\ld nev] be dispos$ to take a play ( t s*ool1 ?\gh ignorant ( its au?or1 & ! date ( its production1 = a "w ( ! m mod]n p]iod4 ,! latt] p]iod admits ( _m subdivisions1 b ) ^!1 h[ev]1 we may disp5se4 ,! tal5ts ( ! au?ors1 & ! ta/e ( ! public1 h fluctuat$ 9 e possible way2 =eign influ5ce has ga9$ m & m ! asc5d5cy1 & 7to express myself )\t circumlocution17 ! ,engli% !atre has 9 its progress become m & m de/itute ( "* & indep5d5ce4 ,= a critic1 :o ev]y:]e seeks orig9ality1 tr\bl+ himself little ab\t :at has aris5 f ! foll[+ or ! avoid+ ( imitation1 ! dramatic poets ( ! fir/ p]iod are by f> ! mo/ important1 al?\gh1 ) ! exception ( ,%akspe>e1 !y may be reproa*$ ) great defects & extravagances1 & al?\gh _m ( ! mod]ns are di/+ui%$ = a m c>eful poli%4 ,!re are times :5 ! human m9d all at once makes gigantic /rides 9 an art previ\sly almo/ unkn[n1 z if dur+ its long sleep x _h be5 collect+ /r5g? = ! ef=t4 ,! age ( ,elizabe? 0 9 ,engl& su* an epo* = dramatic poetry4 ,?is que51 dur+ h] long reign1 witness$ ! fir/ infant9e attempts ( ! ,engli% !atre1 & its mo/ ma/]ly productions4 ,%akspe>e _h a lively feel+ ( ?is g5]al & rapid developm5t ( qualities n be=e call$ into ex]cise2 9 "o ( 8 sonnets he calls 8 age1 ^! "t-lett]+ days4 ,! pr$ilection = ! !atre 0 s great1 t 9 a p]iod ( sixty ye>s1 "u ?is & ! foll[+ reign1 sev5te5 play-h\ses 7 built or fitt$ up 9 ,london1 :]eas ! capital ( ! pres5t day1 ) twice ! population1 ,footnote3 ,! au?or might almo/ h said six times4--,,trans4 is satisfi$ ) two4 ,no d\bt !y did n act e day1 & sev]al ( ^! !atres 7 v small1 & probably n mu* bett] fitt$ up ?an ,m>ionette boo?s4 ,h[ev]1 !y s]v$ to call =? ! f]tility ( ^? writ]s :o possess$1 or suppos$ t !y possess$1 dramatic tal5ts2 = e !atre mu/ h _h its peculi> rep]tory1 z ! pieces 7 ei!r n pr9t$ at all1 or at lea/ n till long aft] _! composition1 & z a s+le !atrical company 0 9 ! exclusive possession ( ! manuscripts4 ,h[ev] _m ( feeble & lame productions might h be5 call$ =?1 /ill x 0 impossible t su* an ext5sive competition %\ld n h be5 advantage\s4 ,( all ! diff]5t species ( poetry ! dramatic is ! only "o 9 :i* exp]i5ce is necess>y3 & ! failure ( o!rs is1 = ! man ( tal5ts1 an exp]im5t at _! exp5se4 ,moreov]1 ! ex]cise ( ?is art requires vigor\s det]m9ation1 to :i* ! great arti/ is (t5 ! lea/ incl9$1 z 9 ! execution he f9ds ! greate/ difficulty 9 satisfy+ himself2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 8 greate/ enjoym5t consi/s 9 embody+ 9 8 own m9d ! belov$ creation ( 8 imag9ation4 ,x is !re=e =tunate = him :5 ! bold] =w>dness ( ^? :o1 ) trifl+ means1 v5ture on ?is difficult c>e] /imulates him to put fre% h& to ! "w4 ,fur!r1 x is ( importance to ! dramatic poet to be connect$ imm$iately ) ! /age1 t he may ei!r himself guide x1 or le>n to accommodate himself to its wants2 & ! dramatic poets ( t day 71 = ! mo/ "p1 also play]s4 ,! !atre /ill made small claims to lit]ature1 & x ?us escap$ ! p$antry ( s*ola/ic le>n+4 ,!re 7 z yet no p]iodical writ+s :i*1 z ! in/rum5t ( cabal1 c\ld mislead op9ion4 ,( jeal\sies1 inde$1 & bick]+s among ! au?ors !re 0 no want3 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 m a s\rce ( amusem5t ?an ( displeasure to ! public1 :o decid$ )\t prejudice or p>tiality accord+ to ! am\nt ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,! poets & play]s1 z well z ! spectators1 possess$ 9 g5]al ! mo/ ess5tial requisite ( success3 a true love = ! bus9ess4 ,?is 0 ! m unque/ionable1 z ! !atrical art 0 n !n surr\nd$ ) all ^? =eign ornam5ts & inv5tions ( luxury :i* s]ve to di/ract ! att5tion & corrupt ! s5se1 b made its appe>ance 9 ! mo/ mode/1 & we may well say 9 ! mo/ humble %ape4 ,= ! admir]s ( ,%akspe>e x mu/ be an object ( curiosity to "k :at 0 ! appe>ance ( ! !atre 9 :i* 8 works 7 fir/ p]=m$4 ,we h an engrav+ ( ! play-h\se ( :i* he 0 manag]1 & :i*1 f ! symbol ( a ,h]cules supply+ ! place ( ,atlas1 0 call$ ! ,globe3 x is a massive /ructure de/itute ( ar*itectural ornam5ts1 & almo/ )\t w9d[s 9 ! outw>d walls4 ,! pit 0 op5 to ! sky1 & ! act+ 0 by day-light2 ! sc5e _h no o!r decoration ?an wr\ght tape/ry1 :i* hung at "s di/ance f ! walls1 & left space = sev]al entrances4 ,9 ! back-gr\nd ( ! /age !re 0 a second /age rais$ above x1 a sort ( balcony1 :i* s]v$ = v>i\s purposes1 & accord+ to circum/ances signifi$ all mann] ( ?+s4 ,! play]s appe>$1 except+ on a few r>e occasions1 9 ! dress ( _! "t1 or at mo/ di/+ui%$ by high] fea!rs on _! hats & roses on _! %oes4 ,! *ief means ( disguise 7 false hair & be>ds1 & occasionally also masks4 ,! female p>ts 7 play$ by boys s long z _! voice all[$ x4 ,two companies ( actors 9 ,london consi/$ entirely ( boys1 namely1 ! *oir ( ! ,que5's ,*apel & t ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,betwixt ! acts x 0 n cu/om>y to h music1 b 9 ! pieces !mselves m>*es1 dances1 solo songs1 & ! l1 7 introduc$ on fitt+ occasions1 & trumpet fl\ri%es at ! entrance ( great p]sonages4 ,9 ! m e>ly "t x 0 usual to repres5t ! action be=e x 0 spok51 9 sil5t pantomime 7dumb %[7 betwe5 ea* act1 allegorically or ev5 )\t any disguise1 to give a def9ite direction to ! expectation4 ,%akspe>e has obs]v$ ?is practice 9 ! play 9 ,hamlet4 ,by ! pres5t lavi% appliance ( e !atrical accessory2--( ar*itecture1 light+1 music1 ! illusion ( decorations *ang+ 9 a mom5t z if by en*antm5t1 ma*9]y & co/ume2--by all ?is1 we are n[ s completely spoil$1 t ?is e>li] meagr5ess ( /age decoration w 9 no wise satisfy u4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 might be urg$ 9 fav\r ( su* a con/itution ( ! !atre4 ,:]e ! spectators are n allur$ by any spl5did accessories1 !y w be ! m difficult to please 9 ! ma9 ?+1 namely1 ! excell5ce ( ! dramatic composition1 & its embody+ by deliv]y & action4 ,:5 p]fection is n atta9able 9 ext]nal decoration1 ! critic w r altoge!r ov]look x ?an be di/urb$ by its defici5cies & ta/elessness4 ,& h[ seldom has p]fection be5 "h atta9$6 ,x is ab\t a c5tury & a half s9ce att5tion began to be paid to ! obs]vance ( co/ume on ! ,european /age2 :at ) ?is view has be5 accompli%$ has always appe>$ excell5t to ! multitude1 & yet1 to judge f ! engrav+s :i* sometimes accompany ! pr9t$ plays1 & f e o!r evid5ce1 x is pla9 t x 0 always *>act]iz$ by pu]ility & mann]ism1 & t 9 none ! endeav\rs to assume a =eign or antique appe>ance1 c\ld %ake !mselves free ( ! fa%ions ( ! "t4 ,a sort ( hoop 0 long consid]$ z an indisp5sable app5dage ( a h]o2 ! long p]uques & fontanges1 or topknots1 kept _! gr\nd 9 h]oical trag$y z long z 9 real life2 aft]w>ds x w\ld h be5 consid]$ z b>b>\s to appe> )\t p[d]$ & frizzl$ hair2 on ?is 0 plac$ a helmet ) v>iegat$ fea!rs2 a taffeta sc>f flutt]$ ov] ! gilt pap] coat ( mail2 & ! ,a*illes or ,alex&] 0 !n completely m\nt$4 ,we h n[ at la/ return$ to a pur] ta/e1 & 9 "s great !atres ! co/ume is actually obs]v$ 9 a le>n$ & sev]e /yle4 ,we owe ?is pr9cipally to ! antiqu>ian re=m 9 ! arts ( design1 & ! approximation ( ! female dress to ! ,grecian2 = ! actresses 7 always ! mo/ invet]ate 9 reta9+ on ! /age ^? fa%ions by :i* !y turn$ _! *>ms to acc\nt 9 society4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 yet !re are v few play]s :o "k h[ to we> a ,grecian purple mantle1 or a toga1 9 a natural & becom+ mann]2 & :o1 9 mom5ts ( passion1 d n seem to be unduly occupi$ ) hold+ & toss+ ab\t _! drap]y4 ,our sy/em ( decoration 0 prop]ly inv5t$ = ! op]a1 to :i* x is also 9 reality be/ adapt$4 ,x has sev]al unavoidable defects2 o!rs :i* c]ta9ly may be1 b seldom are avoid$4 ,among ! inevitable defects ,i reckon ! break+ ( ! l9es 9 ! side sc5es f e po9t ( view except "o2 ! disproportion betwe5 ! size ( ! play] :5 he appe>s 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! objects z dim9i%$ 9 ! p]spective2 ! unfav\rable light+ f bel[ & beh9d2 ! contra/ betwe5 ! pa9t$ & ! actual lights & %ades2 ! impossibility ( n>r[+ ! /age at pleasure1 s t ! inside ( a palace & a hut h ! same l5g? & bread?1 c4 ,! errors :i* may be avoid$ are1 want ( simplicity & ( great & repos+ masses2 ov]load+ ! sc5]y ) sup]flu\s & di/ract+ objects1 ei!r f ! pa9t] be+ desir\s ( %[+ 8 /r5g? 9 p]spective1 or n kn[+ h[ o!rwise to fill up ! space2 an ar*itecture full ( mann]ism1 (t5 altoge!r unconnect$1 nay1 ev5 at v>iance ) possibility1 col\r$ 9 a motley mann] :i* resembles no species ( /one 9 ! _w4 ,mo/ sc5e-pa9t]s owe _! success entirely to ! spectator's ignorance ( ! arts ( design2 ,i h (t5 se5 a :ole pit en*ant$ ) a decoration f :i* ! eye ( skill mu/ h turn$ away ) disgu/1 & 9 ^: place a pla9 gre5 wall w\ld h be5 inf9itely bett]4 ,a vitiat$ ta/e = spl5d\r ( decoration & magnific5ce ( dress1 has r5d]$ ! arrangem5t ( ! !atre a complicat$ & exp5sive bus9ess1 :5ce x frequ5tly happ5s t ! ma9 requisites1 good pieces & good play]s1 are consid]$ z second>y matt]s2 b ?is is an inconv5i5ce :i* x is "h unnecess>y to m5tion4 ,al?\gh ! e>li] ,engli% /age _h prop]ly no decorations1 we mu/ all[1 h[ev]1 t x 0 n altoge!r de/itute ( ma*9]y3 )\t x1 x is almo/ impossible to conceive h[ sev]al pieces1 = in/ance1 ,macbe?1 ,! ,tempe/1 & o!rs1 c\ld ev] be repres5t$4 ,! celebrat$ ar*itect1 ,inigo ,jones1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,james ! ,fir/1 put 9 motion v complicat$ & artificial ma*9es = ! decoration ( ! ,masques ( ,b5 ,jonson :i* 7 act$ at c\rt4 ,) ! ,spani% !atre at ! "t ( its =mation1 x 0 ! same z ) ! ,engli%1 & :5 ! /age _h rema9$ a mom5t empty1 & o!r p]sons came 9 by ano!r entrance1 a *ange ( sc5e 0 to be suppos$ ?\gh none 0 visible2 & ?is circum/ance _h ! mo/ fav\rable influ5ce on ! =m ( ! dramas4 ,! poet 0 n oblig$ to consult ! sc5e-pa9t] to "k :at c\ld or :at c\ld n be repres5t$2 nor to calculate :e!r ! /ore ( decorations on h& 7 suffici5t1 or new ones w\ld be requisite3 he 0 n driv5 to impose re/ra9t on ! action z to *ange ( times & places1 b repres5t$ x entirely z x w\ld naturally h tak5 place3 ,footnote3 ,capell1 an intellig5t comm5tator on ,%akspe>e1 unju/ly und]rat$ by ! o!rs1 has plac$ ! advantages 9 ?is respect 9 ! cle>e/ light1 9 an obs]vation on ,antony & ,cleopatra4 ,x embold5$ ! poet1 :5 ! tru? ( ! action requir$ x1 to plan sc5es :i* ! mo/ skilful me*ani/ & sc5e-pa9t] c\ld sc>cely exhibit to ! eye2 z = in/ance1 9 a ,spani% play :]e sea-fights occur4 he left to ! imag9ation to fill up ! int]vals agreeably to ! spee*es1 & to conceive all ! surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,?is call on ! fancy to supply ! defici5cies supposes1 inde$1 n m]ely b5evol5t1 b also intellig5t spectators ( a poetical tone ( m9d4 ,t is ! true illusion1 :5 ! spectators are s completely c>ri$ away by ! impressions ( ! poetry & ! act+1 t !y ov]look ! second>y matt]s1 & =get ! :ole ( ! rema9+ objects ar\nd !m4 ,to lie morosely on ! wat* to detect e circum/ance t may violate an app>5t reality :i*1 /rictly speak+1 c nev] be atta9$1 is 9 fact a pro( ( in]tness ( imag9ation & an incapacity = m5tal illusion4 ,?is prosaical incr$ulity may be c>ri$ s f> z to r5d] x utt]ly impossible = ! !atrical arti/s1 :o 9 e con/itution ( ! !atre require _m indulg5ces1 to amuse ! spectators by _! productions2 & ?us !y are1 9 ! end1 ! enemies ( _! own enjoym5t4 ,we n[ compla91 & ) ju/ice1 t 9 ! act+ ( ,%akspe>e's pieces ! too frequ5t *ange ( sc5es occasions an int]ruption4 ,b ! poet is "h p]fectly blameless4 ,x ought to be kn[n t ! ,engli% plays ( t "t1 z well z ! ,spani%1 7 pr9t$ )\t any m5tion ( ! sc5e & its *anges4 ,9 ,%akspe>e ! mod]n editors h ins]t$ ! sc5ical directions2 & 9 do+ s1 !y h proce$$ ) ! mo/ p$antic accuracy4 ,:oev] has ! managem5t ( ! repres5tation ( a piece ( ,%akspe>e's may1 )\t any hesitation1 /rike out at once all su* *anges ( sc5e z ! foll[+3-,ano!r room 9 ! palace1 ano!r /reet1 ano!r "p ( ! field ( battle1 c4 ,by ^! means alone1 9 mo/ cases1 ! *ange ( decorations w be r$uc$ to a v mod]ate numb]4 ,( ! actor's art on a !atre :i* possess$ s little ext]nal spl5d\r z ! old ,engli%1 ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( judg+ ( ! man f 8 dress w n be incl9$ to ent]ta9 a v fav\rable idea4 ,i am induc$1 h[ev]1 f ?is v circum/ance1 to draw q a contr>y conclusion3 ! want ( attractions ( an accessory nature r5d]s x ! m necess>y to be c>eful 9 ess5tials4 ,sev]al ,engli%m5 ,footnote3 ,see a ,dialogue prefix$ to ! #aa? volume ( ,dodsley's ,old ,plays4 h giv5 x z _! op9ion1 t ! play]s ( ! fir/ epo* 7 9 all likelihood greatly sup]ior to ^? ( ! second1 at lea/ ) ! exception ( ,g>rick2 & if we _h no o!r pro(1 ! quality ( ,%akspe>e's pieces r5d]s ?is extremely probable4 ,t mo/ ( 8 pr9cipal *>act]s require a great play] is self-evid5t2 ! elevat$ & compress$ /yle ( 8 poetry _c be und]/ood )\t ! mo/ en]getic & flexible deliv]y2 besides1 he (t5 supposes betwe5 ! spee*es a mute action ( great difficulty1 = :i* he gives no directions4 ,a poet :o lab\rs only & imm$iately = ! /age w n rely = 8 ma9 effect on traits :i* he mu/ be=eh& "k w be lo/ 9 ! repres5tation f ! unskilfulness ( 8 int]pret]s4 ,%akspe>e consequ5tly w\ld h be5 driv5 to l[] ! tone ( 8 dramatic art1 if he _h n possess$ excell5t !atrical coadjutors4 ,( ^!1 "s h desc5d$ by "n & fame ev5 to our times4 ,z = ,%akspe>e himself1 s9ce we are n fond ( all[+ any "o man to possess two great tal5ts 9 an equal degree1 x has be5 assum$ on v que/ionable gr\nds1 t he 0 b an indiff]5t actor4 ,footnote3 ,no c]ta9 acc\nt has yet be5 obta9$ ( any pr9cipal "p play$ by ,%akspe>e 9 8 own pieces4 ,9 ,hamlet he play$ ! ,gho/2 c]ta9ly a v important "p1 if we consid] t f ! failure 9 x1 ! :ole piece runs a risk ( appe>+ ridicul\s4 ,a writ] ( 8 "t says 9 a satirical pamphlet1 t ! ,gho/ :9$ 9 a pitiful mann]2 & x has be5 conclud$ f ?is t ,%akspe>e 0 a bad play]4 ,:at logic6 ,on ! re/oration ( ! !atre "u ,*>les ,,ii41 a desire 0 felt ( collect+ traditions & in=mation respect+ ! =m] p]iod4 ,l[91 ! orig9al ,hamlet1 in/ruct$ ,bett]ton z to ! prop] conception ( ! "*4 ,!re 0 /ill alive a bro!r ( ,%akspe>e1 a decrepid old man1 :o _h nev] _h any lit]>y cultivation1 & ^: memory 0 impair$ by age4 ,f him !y c\ld extract no?+1 b t he _h sometimes visit$ 8 bro!r 9 t[n1 & once saw him play an old man ) grey hair & be>d4 ,f ! above description x 0 conclud$ t ?is mu/ h be5 ! fai?ful s]vant ,adam 9 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 also a second- rate "p4 ,9 mo/ ( ,%akspe>e's pieces we h n ! slighte/ k ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! p>ts 7 di/ribut$4 ,9 two ( ,b5 ,jonson's pieces we see ,%akspe>e's "n among ! pr9cipal actors4 ,hamlet's in/ructions1 h[ev]1 to ! play]s prove at lea/ t he 0 an excell5t judge ( act+4 ,we "k t correctness ( conception & judgm5t are n always c\pl$ ) ! p[] ( execution2 ,%akspe>e1 h[ev]1 possess$ a v important & too frequ5tly neglect$ requisite = s]i\s act+1 a beautiful & noble c\nt5ance4 ,nei!r is x probable t he c\ld h be5 ! manag] ( ! mo/ respectable !atre1 _h he n himself possess$ ! tal5t bo? ( act+ & guid+ ! hi/rionic tal5ts ( o!rs4 ,b5 ,jonson1 ?\gh a m]itori\s poet1 c\ld n ev5 obta9 ! situation ( a play]1 z he did n possess ! requisite qualifications4 ,f ! passage cit$ f ,hamlet1 f ! burlesque trag$y ( ! me*anics 9 ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 & _m o!r passages1 x is evid5t t !re 0 !n an inundation ( bad play]s1 :o fell into all ! ab]rations f propriety :i* (f5d at ! pres5t day1 b ! public1 x w\ld appe>1 knew well h[ to di/+ui% good & bad act+1 & w\ld n be easily satisfi$4 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is respect1 ! foll[+ simile 9 ,ri*>d ! ,second is des]v+ ( att5tion3-- ,z 9 a !atre ! eyes ( m51 ,aft] a well-grac$ actor leaves ! /age1 ,are idly b5t on him t ent]s next1 ,?9k+ 8 prattle to be t$i\s1 c4 ,a ?or\gh critical k ( ! antiquities ( ! ,engli% !atre c only he obta9$ 9 ,engl&2 ! old editions ( ! pieces :i* belong to ! e>li] p]iod are ev5 !re extremely r>e1 & 9 =eign libr>ies !y are nev] to be met )2 ! mod]n collectors h m]ely be5 able to give a few specim5s1 & n ! :ole /ore4 ,x w\ld be highly important to see toge!r all ! plays :i* 7 und\bt$ly 9 exi/5ce be=e ,%akspe>e ent]$ on 8 c>e]1 t we might be able to decide ) c]ta9ty h[ mu* ( ! dramatic art x 0 possible = him to le>n f o!rs4 ,! ye> ( ! appe>ance ( a piece on ! /age is g5]ally1 h[ev]1 difficult to asc]ta91 z x 0 (t5 n pr9t$ till long aft]w>ds4 ,if 9 ! lab\rs ( ,%akspe>e's contempor>ies1 ev5 ! old] :o cont9u$ to write at ! same "t ) himself1 we c discov] resemblances to 8 /yle & traces ( 8 art1 /ill x w always rema9 d\btful :e!r we are to consid] ^! z ! feeble model1 or ! imp]fect imitation4 ,%akspe>e appe>s to h _h all ! flexibility ( m9d1 & all ! mode/y ( ,raphael1 :o1 also1 )\t ev] be+ an imitator & becom+ unfai?ful to 8 sublime & tranquil g5ius1 appli$ to 8 own advantage all ! improvem5ts ( 8 competitors4 ,a few feeble attempts to introduce ! =m ( ! antique trag$y ) *oruses1 c41 7 at an e>ly p]iod made1 & prais$1 )\t produc+ any effect4 ,!y1 l mo/ ( ! attempts ( ! mod]ns 9 ?is way1 s]ve to prove h[ /range 7 ! spectacles ?r\gh :i* ! old poets 7 view$2 = x is h>dly to be conceiv$ h[ unlike !y are to ! ,greek trag$ies1 n m]ely 9 m]it 7= t we may easily suppose71 b ev5 9 ^? ext]nal circum/ances :i* may be ! mo/ easily seiz$ & imitat$4 ,f]rex & ,porrex1 or ! ,trag$y ( ,gorboduc1 is mo/ frequ5tly cit$1 :i* 0 ! production ( a nobleman ,footnote3 ,?omas ,sackville1 ,"l ,buckhur/1 conjo9tly ) ,norton4--,f4,d41 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,pope be/[s high praise on ?is piece1 on acc\nt ( its regul>ity1 & lam5ts t ! contempor>y poets did n foll[ 9 ! same track2 = ?us he ?\ght a classical !atre might h be5 =m$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is op9ion only proves t ,pope 7:o1 h[ev]1 passes = a p]fect judge ( poetry17 _h n ev5 an idea ( ! fir/ elem5ts ( ,dramatic ,art4 ,no?+ c be m spiritless & inanimate1 nor m drawl+ & monoton\s 9 ! language & ! v]sification1 ?an ?is ,f]rex & ,porrex2 & al?\gh ! ,unities ( ,place & ,"t are 9 no way obs]v$1 & a numb] ( ev5ts are cr[d$ into x1 yet ! sc5e is :olly de/itute ( movem5t3 all t happ5s is previ\sly ann\nc$ by endless consultations1 & aft]w>ds /at$ 9 equally endless n>ratives4 ,mu/apha1 ano!r unsuccessful "w ( a k9dr$ description1 & also by a great "l1 ,footnote3 ,grevile1 ,"l ,broke4 is a t$i\s web ( all sorts ( political subtleties2 ! *oruses 9 p>ticul> are true treatises4 ,h[ev]1 ( ! innum]able maxims 9 rhyme1 !re are _m :i* might well h a place 9 ! lat] pieces ( ,corneille4 ,kyd1 "o ( ! pr$ecessors ( ,b5 ,jonson1 & m5tion$ by him 9 t]ms ( praise1 h&l$ ! ,cornelia ( ,g>ni]4 ,?is may be call$ receiv+ an imitation ( ! anci5ts f ! ?ird or f\r? h&4 ,! fir/ s]i\s piece calculat$ = popul> effect is ,! ,spani% ,trag$y by ,?omas ,kyd1 s call$ f ! sc5e ( ! /ory1 & n f its be+ borr[$ f a ,spani% writ]4 ,x kept possession ( ! /age = a tol]able l5g? ( "t1 ?\gh x 0 (t5 ! subject ( ! ridicule & ! p>odies ( succe$+ poets4 ,x usually happ5s t ! public d n easily give up a pr$ilection =m$ 9 _! fir/ w>m susceptibility = ! impressions ( an art yet unkn[n to !m1 ev5 aft] !y h long be5 acqua9t$ ) bett]1 nay1 ) excell5t works4 ,?is piece is c]ta9ly full ( pu]ilities2 ! au?or has v5tur$ on ! picture ( viol5t situations & passions )\t suspect+ 8 own want ( p[]2 ! cata/rophe1 m especially1 :i* 9 horror is int5d$ to out/rip ev]y?+ conceivable1 is v sillily introduc$1 & produces m]ely a ludicr\s effect4 ,! :ole is l ! draw+s ( *ildr51 )\t ! obs]vance ( proportion1 & )\t /ead9ess ( h&4 ,) a great deal ( bomba/1 ! tone ( ! dialogue1 h[ev]1 has some?+ natural1 nay1 ev5 famili>1 & 9 ! *ange ( sc5es we p]ceive a light movem5t1 :i* 9 "s degree w acc\nt = ! g5]al applause receiv$ by ?is immature production4 ,lilly & ,m>l[ des]ve to be notic$ among ! pr$ecessors ( ,%akspe>e4 ,lilly 0 a s*ol>1 & lab\r$ to introduce a /ilt$ elegance into ,engli% prose1 & 9 ! tone ( dialogue1 ) su* success1 t = a p]iod he 0 ! fa%ionable writ]1 & ! c\rt ladies ev5 =m$ _! conv]sation aft] ! model ( 8 ,euphues4 ,8 com$y 9 prose1 ,campaspe1 is a w>n+ example ( ! impossibility ( ev] con/ruct+1 out ( m]e anecdotes & epigrammatic sallies1 any?+ l a dramatic :ole4 ,! au?or 0 a le>n$ witl+1 b 9 no respect a poet4 ,m>l[ possess$ m real tal5t1 & 0 9 a bett] way4 ,he has h&l$ ! hi/ory ( ,edw>d ! ,second ) v little ( art1 x is true1 b ) a c]ta9 tru? & simplicity1 s t 9 _m sc5es he does n fail to produce a pa!tic effect4 ,8 v]ses are fl[+1 b )\t en]gy3 h[ ,b5 ,jonson c\ld come to use ! expression ,m>l['s mighty l9e1 is m ?an ,i c conceive4 ,%akspe>e c\ld nei!r le>n nor d]ive any?+ f ! lusci\s mann] ( ,lilly3 b 9 ,m>l['s ,edw>d ! ,second ,i c]ta9ly imag9e t ,i c discov] ! feebl] model ( ! e>lie/ hi/orical pieces ( ,%akspe>e4 ,( ! old com$ies 9 ,dodsley's collection1 ,! ,p9n] ( ,wakefielde1 & ,grim1 ! ,colli] ( ,croydon1 seem alone to belong to a p]iod be=e ,%akspe>e4 ,bo? are n )\t m]it1 9 ! mann] ( ,m>ionette pieces2 9 ! fir/1 a popul> tradition1 & 9 ! second1 a m]ry leg5d1 is h&l$ ) he>ty joviality4 ,i h dwelt long] on ! beg9n+s ( ! ,engli% !atre1 ?an f _! int]nal wor? !y des]ve1 because x has be5 affirm$ rec5tly 9 ,engl& t ,%akspe>e %[s m aff9ity to ! works ( 8 contempor>ies n[ sunk 9 oblivion ?an p h hi!rto be5 usually dispos$ to believe4 ,we are z little to wond] at c]ta9 outw>d resemblances1 z at ! simil>ity ( ! dresses 9 portraits ( ! same p]iod4 ,9 a m limit$ s5se1 h[ev]1 we apply ! ^w resemblance exclusively to ! relation ( ^? features :i* express ! _s & ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 su* plays alone c be admitt$ to be a satisfactory pro( ( an ass]tion ( ?is k9d z are asc]ta9$ to h be5 writt5 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ,%akspe>e's c>e]2 = 9 ! works ( 8 y\ng] contempor>ies1 a ,deck]1 ,m>/on1 ,web/]1 & o!rs1 some?+ ( a resemblance may be v naturally acc\nt$ =3 di/9ct traces ( imitation ( ,%akspe>e are suffici5tly abundant4 ,_! imitation 01 h[ev]1 m]ely conf9$ to ext]nal appe>ance & sep>ate peculi>ities2 ^! writ]s1 )\t ! virtues ( _! model1 possess 9 reality all ! faults :i* s5seless critics h falsely c5sur$ 9 ,%akspe>e4 ,a s5t5ce some:at m fav\rable is m]it$ by ,*apman1 ! translator ( ,hom]1 & ,?omas ,heywood1 if we may judge ( !m f ! s+le specim5s ( _! works 9 ,dodsley's collection4 ,*apman has h&l$ ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! ,ephesian matron1 "u ! title ( ,! ,wid['s ,te>s1 n )\t comic tal5t4 ,heywood's ,woman ,kill$ ) ,k9dness is a famili> trag$y3 s e>ly may we f9d examples ( ?is species1 :i* has be5 giv5 out = new4 ,x is ! /ory ( a wife t5d]ly belov$ by h] husb&1 & s$uc$ by a man :om he _h load$ ) b5efits2 h] s9 is discov]$1 & ! sev]e/ resolution :i* h] husb& c br+ himself to =m is to remove h] f him1 )\t proclaim+ h] di%on\r2 %e rep5ts1 & grieves to dea? 9 bitt] rep5t5ce4 ,a due gradation is n obs]v$ 9 ! s$uction1 b ! la/ sc5es are truly agitat+4 ,a di/9ct av[al ( a moral aim is1 p]haps1 ess5tial to ! famili> trag$y2 or r1 by means ( su* an aim1 a picture ( human de/9ies1 :e!r afflict+ k+s or private families1 is drawn f ! ideal sph]e into ! prosaic _w4 ,b :5 once we admit ! title ( ?is subord9ate species1 we %all f9d t ! dem&s ( morality & ! dramatic art co9cide1 & t ! utmo/ sev]ity ( moral pr9ciples leads aga9 to poetical elevation4 ,! aspect ( t false rep5tance :i* m]ely seeks exemption f puni%m5t1 is pa9ful2 rep5tance1 z ! pa9 aris+ f ! irrep>able =feiture ( innoc5ce1 is susceptible ( a truly tragic portraiture4 ,let only ! play 9 "q receive a happy conclusion1 su* z 9 a well-kn[n piece ,footnote3 ,! au?or alludes to ,kotzebue's play ( ,m5s*5hass und ,reue--7,! ,/rang]74--,,trans4 has1 not)/&+ ?is pa9ful feel+1 be5 s g5]ally applaud$ 9 ! pres5t day--viz41 ! reconciliation ( ! husb& & wife1 n on ! dea?-b$ ( ! rep5tant s9n]1 b 9 s\nd m9d & body1 & ! r5ewal ( ! m>riage2 & x w !n be f\nd t x has n m]ely lo/ its moral1 b also its poetical impression4 ,9 o!r respects1 ?is piece ( ,heywood is v in>ti/ic1 & c>elessly f9i%$3 in/ead ( duly develop+ ! ma9 action1 ! au?or di/racts our att5tion by a second intrigue1 :i* c h>dly be said to h ! slighte/ connection ) ! o!r4 ,at ?is we ne$ h>dly be a/oni%$1 = ,heywood 0 bo? a play] & an excessively prolific au?or4 ,two hundr$ & tw5ty pieces 71 he says1 writt5 entirely1 or = ! greate/ "p1 by himself2 & he 0 s c>eless respect+ ^! productions1 :i* 7 probably ?r[n (f )\t any great lab\r1 t he _h lo/ ! manuscript ( ! mo/ ( !m1 & only tw5ty-five rema9$ = publication ?r\gh ! press4 ,all ! above au?ors1 & _m o!rs beside1 :atev] applause !y obta9$ 9 _! life-"t1 h be5 unsuccessful 9 transmitt+ a liv+ memorial ( _! works to po/]ity4 ,( ,%akspe>e's y\ng] contempor>ies & competitors1 few h atta9$ ?is di/9ction2 & ( ^! ,b5 ,jonson1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 & ,mass+]1 are ! *ief4 ,b5 ,jonson f\nd 9 ,%akspe>e a ready enc\rag] ( 8 tal5ts4 ,8 fir/ piece1 imp]fect 9 _m respects1 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r1 0 by ,%akspe>e's int]v5tion br\ght out on ! /age2 ,sejanus 0 ev5 ret\*$ by him1 & 9 bo? he und]took a pr9cipal "*4 ,?is hospitable reception on ! "p ( t great man1 :o 0 f> above e ?+ l jeal\sy & petty rivalry1 met ) a v ungrateful return4 ,jonson assum$ a sup]iority ov] ,%akspe>e on acc\nt ( 8 s*ool le>n+1 ! only po9t 9 :i* he really _h an advantage2 he introduc$ all sorts ( bit+ allusions into 8 pieces & prologues1 & reprobat$ m especially ^? magical flights ( fancy1 ! peculi> h]itage ( ,%akspe>e1 z contr>y to g5u9e ta/e4 ,9 8 excuse we mu/ plead1 t he 0 n born "u a happy />3 8 pieces 7 ei!r altoge!r unsuccessful1 or1 comp>$ ) ! a/oni%+ popul>ity ( ,%akspe>e's1 !y obta9$ b a small %>e ( applause2 moreov]1 he 0 incessantly attack$1 bo? on ! /age & else:]e1 by 8 rivals1 z a disgraceful p$ant1 :o pret5d$ to "k e ?+ bett] ?an !mselves1 & ) all mann] ( satires3 all ?is r5d]$ him extremely irritable & unev5 ( temp]4 ,he possess$ 9 reality a v solid und]/&+2 he 0 consci\s t 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 art he display$ zeal & e>ne/ness3 t ,nature _h d5i$ him grace1 a quality :i* no lab\r c acquire1 he c\ld n inde$ suspect4 ,he ?\ght e man may boa/ ( 8 assiduity1 z ,less+ says on a simil> occasion4 ,aft] sev]al failures on ! /age1 he =m$ ! resolution to decl>e ( 8 pieces 9 ! outset t !y 7 good1 & t if !y %\ld n please1 ?is c\ld only proce$ f ! /upidity ( ! multitude4 ,! epigraph on "o ( 8 unsuccessful pieces ) :i* he committ$ x to ! press1 is highly amus+3 ,z x 0 nev] act$1 b mo/ neglig5tly play$ by "s1 ! ,k+'s s]vants1 & m squeami%ly beheld & c5sur$ by o!rs1 ! ,k+'s subjects4 ,jonson 0 a critical poet 9 ! good & ! bad s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he endeav\r$ to =m an exact e/imate ( :at he _h on e occasion to p]=m2 h5ce he succe$$ be/ 9 t species ( ! drama :i* makes ! pr9cipal dem& on ! und]/&+ & ) little call on ! imag9ation & feel+1--! com$y ( "*4 ,he introduc$ no?+ into 8 works :i* critical dissection %\ld n be able to extract aga91 z 8 confid5ce 9 x 0 su*1 t he conceiv$ x exhau/$ e ?+ :i* pleases & *>ms u 9 poetry4 ,he 0 n aw>e t1 9 ! *emical retort ( ! critic1 :at is mo/ valuable1 ! volatile liv+ _s ( a poem1 evaporates4 ,8 pieces are 9 g5]al defici5t 9 s\l1 9 t nameless some?+ :i* nev] ceases to attract & en*ant u1 ev5 because x is indef9able4 ,9 ! lyrical pieces1 8 ,masques1 we feel ! want ( a c]ta9 m5tal music ( imag]y & intonation1 :i* ! mo/ accurate obs]vation ( difficult measures _c give4 ,he is ev]y:]e defici5t 9 ^? excell5cies :i*1 uns\ght1 fl[ f ! poet's p51 & :i* no arti/1 :o purposely hunts = !m1 c ev] hope to f9d4 ,we mu/ n qu>rel ) him1 h[ev]1 = ent]ta9+ a high op9ion ( 8 own works2 s9ce1 :atev] m]its !y h1 he ow$ l acquir$ moral prop]ties altoge!r to himself4 ,! production ( !m 0 att5d$ ) lab\r1 & un=tunately x is also a lab\r to read !m4 ,!y resemble solid & regul>1 edifices1 be=e :i*1 h[ev]1 ! clumsy scaffold+ /ill rema9s1 to int]rupt & prev5t u f view+ ! ar*itecture ) ease1 & receiv+ f x a h>moni\s impression4 ,we h ( ,jonson two tragical attempts1 & a numb] ( com$ies & masques4 ,he c\ld h ris5 to ! dignity ( ! tragic tone1 b1 = ! pa!tic1 he _h n ! smalle/ turn4 ,z he incessantly prea*es up ! imitation ( ! anci5ts1 7& he _h1 we _c d5y1 a le>n$ acqua9tance ) _! works17 x is a/oni%+ to obs]ve h[ mu* 8 two trag$ies diff]1 bo? 9 sub/ance & =m1 f ! ,greek trag$y4 ,f ?is example we see ! influ5ce :i* ! prevail+ tone ( an age1 & ! c\rse already pursu$ 9 any art1 necess>ily h ^u ev5 ! mo/ indep5d5t m9ds4 ,9 ! hi/orical ext5t giv5 by ,jonson to 8 ,sejanus & ,catal9e1 unity ( "t & place 7 entirely out ( ! "q2 & bo? pieces are cr[d$ ) a multitude ( second>y p]sons1 su* z are nev] to be f\nd 9 a ,greek trag$y4 ,9 ,catal9e1 ! prologue is spok5 by ! _s ( ,sylla1 & x be>s a good deal ( resemblance to t ( ,tantalus1 9 ! ,atreus & ,?ye/es ( ,s5eca2 to ! end ( ea* act an in/ructive moraliz+ *orus is app5d$1 )\t be+ duly introduc$ or connect$ ) ! :ole4 ,?is is ! ext5t ( ! resemblance to ! anci5ts2 9 o!r respects1 ! =m ( ,%akspe>e's hi/orical dramas is adh]$ to1 b )\t _! romantic *>m4 ,we _c ) c]ta9ty say1 :e!r or n ,jonson _h ! ,roman pieces ( ,%akspe>e be=e him3 x is probable t he _h 9 ,catal9e at lea/2 b1 at all ev5ts1 he has n le>n$ f him ! art ( be+ true to hi/ory1 & yet satisfy+ ! dem&s ( poetry4 ,9 ,jonson's h&s1 ! subject cont9ues hi/ory1 )\t becom+ poetry2 ! political ev5ts :i* he has describ$ h m ! appe>ance ( a bus9ess ?an an action4 ,catal9e & ,sejanus are solid dramatic /udies aft] ,sallu/ & ,cic]o1 aft] ,tacitus1 ,suetonius1 ,juv5al1 & o!rs2 & t is ! be/ :i* we c say ( !m4 ,9 ,catal9e1 :i* ^u ! :ole is pref]able to ,sejanus1 he is also to be blam$ = n hav+ bl5d$ ! dissimil>ity ( ! masses4 ,! fir/ act possesses mo/ elevation1 ?\gh x disgu/s u f its want ( mod]ation3 we see a secret assembly ( conspirators1 & nature appe>s to answ] ! furi\s inspiration ( wick$ness by dreadful signs4 ,! second act1 :i* pa9ts ! intrigues & loves ( deprav$ wom51 by means ( :i* ! conspiracy 0 br\ght to light1 treads closely on com$y2 ! la/ ?ree acts conta9 a hi/ory 9 dialogue1 develop$ ) mu* good s5se1 b little poetical elevation4 ,x is to be lam5t$ t ,jonson gave only 8 own text ( ,sejanus )\t communicat+ ,%akspe>e's alt]ations4 ,we %\ld h be5 curi\s to "k ! means by :i* he might h attempt$ to give animation to ! monotony ( ! piece )\t *ang+ its plan1 & h[ f> 8 g5ius c\ld adapt itself to ano!r's conceptions4 ,aft] ^! attempts1 ,jonson took 8 leave ( ! ,tragic ,muse1 & 9 reality 8 tal5ts 7 f> bett] suit$ to ,com$y1 & t too m]ely ! ,com$y ( ,"*4 ,8 *>act]ization1 h[ev]1 is m m>k$ ) s]i\s satire ?an playful ridicule3 ! lat] ,roman satiri/s1 r ?an ! comic au?ors1 7 8 models4 ,nature _h d5i$ him t light & easy raill]y :i* plays h>mlessly r\nd e ?+1 & :i* seems to be ! m]e effusion ( gaiety1 b :i* is s mu* ! m philosophic1 z x is n ! vehicle ( any def9ite doctr9e1 b m]ely ! expression ( a g5]al irony4 ,!re is m ( a _s ( obs]vation ?an ( fancy 9 ! comic inv5tions ( ,jonson4 ,f ?is cause 8 pieces are also defective 9 po9t ( intrigue4 ,he 0 a /rong advocate = ! purity ( ! species1 0 unwill+ to make use ( any romantic motives1 & he nev] _h rec\rse to a novel = ! subject ( 8 plots4 ,b 8 contrivances = ! entangl+ & dis5tangl+ 8 plot are (t5 improbable & =c$1 )\t ga9+ ov] ! imag9ation by _! attractive boldness4 ,ev5 :]e he _h contriv$ a happy plot1 he took s mu* room = ! del9eation ( ! *>act]s1 t we (t5 lose sight ( ! intrigue altoge!r1 & ! action lags ) heavy pace4 ,occasionally he rem9ds u ( ^? ov]-accurate portrait pa9t]s1 :o1 to insure a lik5ess1 ?9k !y mu/ copy e m>k ( ! small- pox1 e c>buncle or freckle4 ,frequ5tly he has be5 suspect$ ( hav+1 9 ! del9eation ( p>ticul> *>act]s1 _h real p]sons 9 8 eye1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 he has be5 reproa*$ ) mak+ 8 *>act]s m]e p]sonifications ( g5]al ideas2 &1 h[ev] inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r ^! reproa*es may appe>1 !y are nei!r ( !m1 h[ev]1 )\t "s f\ndation4 ,he possess$ a me?odical head2 consequ5tly1 :]e he _h once conceiv$ a "* 9 its lead+ idea1 he foll[$ x out ) ! utmo/ rig\r2 :atev]1 hav+ no ref]5ce to ?is lead+ idea1 s]v$ m]ely to give individual animation1 appe>$ to him 9 ! light ( a digression4 ,h5ce 8 names are1 = ! mo/ "p1 expressive ev5 to an unpleasant degree ( di/9ctness3 &1 to add to our satiety1 he n unfrequ5tly tacks explanatory descriptions to ! dramatis p]sonae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he act$ ^u ! pr9ciple1 t ! comic writ] mu/ exhibit real life1 ) a m9ute & petty accuracy4 ,g5]ally he succe$$ 9 seiz+ ! mann]s ( 8 own age & nation3 9 itself ?is 0 des]v+ ( praise2 b ev5 "h he conf9$ himself too mu* to ext]nal peculi>ities1 to ! s+ul>ities & affectations ( ! modi% tone :i* 7 !n call$ hum\rs1 & :i* f _! nature are z transi5t z dresses4 ,h5ce a great "p ( 8 comic v soon became obsolete1 & z e>ly z ! re-op5+ ( ! !atre "u ,*>les ,,ii41 no actors c\ld be f\nd :o 7 capable ( do+ ju/ice to su* c>icatures4 ,local col\rs l ^! c only be pres]v$ f fad+ by ! mo/ complete season+ ) wit4 ,?is is :at ,%akspe>e has effect$4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 8 ,osric1 9 ,hamlet1 ) ,fa/idius ,brisk1 9 ,jonson's ,e ,man out ( 8 ,hum\r3 bo? are portraitures ( ! insipid affectation ( a c\rti] ( ! day2 b ,osric1 al?\gh he speaks 8 own peculi> language1 w rema9 to ! end ( "t an exact & intelligible image ( foppi% folly1 :]eas ,fa/idius is m]ely a portrait 9 a dress no long] 9 fa%ion1 & no?+ m4 ,h[ev]1 ,jonson has n always fall5 into ?is error2 8 ,capta9 ,bobadil1 = example1 9 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r1 a begg>ly & c[>dly adv5tur]1 :o passes himself (f ) "y & simple p = a ,hector1 is1 x is true1 f> f be+ z amus+ & orig9al z ,pi/ol2 b he also1 not)/&+ ! *ange ( mann]s1 /ill rema9s a model 9 8 way1 & he has be5 imitat$ by ,engli% writ]s ( com$y 9 aft] times4 ,9 ! piece ,i h j nam$1 ! fir/ "w ( ,jonson1 ! action is extremely feeble & insignificant4 ,9 ! foll[+1 ,e ,man out ( 8 ,hum\r1 he has gone /ill f>!r a/ray1 9 seek+ ! comic effect m]ely 9 c>icatur$ traits1 )\t any int]e/ ( situation3 x is a rhapsody ( ludicr\s sc5es )\t connexion & progress4 ,! ,b>?olomew ,fair1 also1 is no?+ b a co>se ,bambocciate1 9 :i* no m connexion is to be f\nd ?an usually exi/s 9 ! hubbub1 ! noise1 ! qu>rell+1 & !fts1 :i* att5d ^u su* amusem5ts ( ! populace4 ,vulg> delight is too naturally portray$2 ! "p ( ! ,puritan1 h[ev]1 is des]v+ ( di/9ction3 8 casui/ical consultation1 :e!r he ought to eat a suck+-pig accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! fair1 & 8 lecture aft]w>ds aga9/ puppet-%[s z a hea!n idolatry1 are inimitable1 & full ( ! mo/ bit+ salt ( com$y4 ,b5 ,jonson did n !n =esee t1 be=e ! lapse ( "o g5]ation1 ! ,puritans w\ld be suffici5tly p[]ful to take a v sev]e rev5ge on 8 art1 on acc\nt ( simil> raill]ies4 ,9 s f> z plot is conc]n$1 ! greate/ praise is m]it$ by ,volpone1 ,! ,al*emi/1 & ,epico5e1 or ! ,sil5t ,woman4 ,9 ,volpone ,jonson = once has ent]$ into ,italian mann]s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 tak+ an ideal view ( !m4 ,! lead+ idea is admirable1 & = ! mo/ "p work$ out ) ma/]ly skill4 ,t[>ds ! end1 h[ev]1 ! :ole turns too mu* on sw9dl+ & villany1 :i* necess>ily call = ! int]f]5ce ( crim9al ju/ice1 & ! piece1 f ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty1 has ev]y?+ b a m]ry conclusion4 ,9 ! ,al*emi/1 bo? ! deceiv]s & deceiv$ supply a fund ( ent]ta9m5t1 only ! au?or ent]s too deeply into ! le>n+ ( al*emy4 ,( an un9telligible j>gon v %ort specim5s at mo/ ought to be giv5 9 com$y1 & x is be/ t !y %\ld also h a second>y signification1 ( :i* ! p]son :o uses ! my/]i\s language %\ld n himself be aw>e2 :5 c>ri$ to too great a l5g?1 ! use ( !m occasions z mu* we>9ess z ! writ+s !mselves :i* s]v$ z a model4 ,9 ,! ,devil's an ,ass ! poet has fail$ to draw due advantage f a fanciful inv5tion ) :i* he op5s1 b :i* inde$ 0 n 8 own2 & our expectation1 aft] be+ once deceiv$1 causes u to rema9 dissatisfi$ ) o!r sc5es h[ev] excell5tly comic4 ,( all ,jonson's pieces !re is h>dly "o :i*1 z x /&s1 w\ld please on ! /age 9 ! pres5t day1 ev5 z mo/ ( !m fail$ to please 9 8 own "t2 extracts f !m1 h[ev]1 c\ld h>dly fail to be successful4 ,9 g5]al1 mu* might be borr[$ f him1 & mu* might be le>n$ bo? f 8 m]its & defects4 ,8 *>act]s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 solidly & judici\sly drawn2 :at he mo/ fails 91 is ! art ( sett+ !m (f by ! contra/ ( situations4 ,he has seldom plann$ 8 sc5es s successfully 9 ?is respect z 9 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r1 :]e ! jeal\s m]*ant is call$ (f to an important bus9ess1 :5 8 wife is 9 expectation ( a visit ( :i* he is suspici\s1 & :5 he is anxi\s to /ation 8 s]vant z a s5t9el1 )\t h[ev] confid+ 8 secret to him1 because1 above all ?+s he dreads ! discov]y ( 8 own jeal\sy4 ,?is sc5e is a ma/]-piece1 & if ,jonson _h always s compos$1 we mu/ h be5 oblig$ to rank him among ! fir/ ( comic writ]s4 ,m]ely le/ we %\ld be *>g$ ) an omission d we m5tion ,! ,masques3 allegorical1 occasional pieces1 *iefly design$ = c\rt fe/ivals1 & decorat$ ) ma*9]y1 mask$ dresses1 danc+1 & s++4 ,?is second>y species di$ aga9 ne>ly ) ,jonson himself2 ! only subsequ5t production 9 ?is way ( any fame is ! ,comus ( ,milton4 ,:5 allegory is conf9$ to m]e p]sonification1 x mu/ infallibly turn out v frigid 9 a play2 ! action itself mu/ be allegorical1 & 9 ?is respect !re are _m +5i\s inv5tions1 b ! ,spani% poets h almo/ alone furni%$ u ) successful examples ( x4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,jonson's ,masques mo/ des]v+ ( rem>k seems to me to be ! anti-masque1 z !y are call$1 :i* ! poet himself sometimes atta*es to 8 own inv5tion1 & g5]ally all[s to prec$e ! s]i\s act4 ,z ! ideal flatt]ies1 = ^: sake ! gods h be5 br\ght d[n f ,olympus1 are b too apt to fall into mawki%ness1 ?is antidote on su* occasions is c]ta9ly des]v+ ( comm5dation4 ,b5 ,jonson1 :o 9 all 8 pieces took a me*anical view ( art1 bore a f>!r resemblance to ! ma/] ( a h&icraft 9 tak+ an appr5tice4 ,he _h a s]vant ( ! "n ( ,broome1 :o =m$ himself z a !atrical writ] f ! conv]sation & in/ructions ( 8 ma/]1 & br\ght com$ies on ! /age ) applause4 ,beaumont & ,flet*] are always nam$ toge!r1 z if !y _h be5 two insep>able poets1 ^: works 7 all plann$ & execut$ 9 common4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r correct4 ,we "k1 inde$1 b little ( ! circum/ances ( _! lives3 ?is mu* h[ev] is kn[n1 t ,beaumont di$ v "y2 & t ,flet*] surviv$ 8 y\ng] fri5d t5 ye>s1 & 0 s unremitt+ly active 9 8 c>e] z a dramatic poet1 t sev]al ( 8 plays 7 fir/ br\ght on ! /age aft] 8 dea?1 & "s :i* he left unf9i%$ 7 complet$ by ano!r h&4 ,! pieces collect$ "u bo? names am\nt to upw>ds ( fifty2 & ( ?is numb] x is probable t ! half mu/ be consid]$ z ! "w ( ,flet*] alone4 ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s works did n make _! appe>ance until a %ort "t aft] ! dea? ( ! latt]2 ! publi%]s h n giv5 !mselves ! tr\ble to di/+ui% critically ! %>e :i* belong$ to ea*1 & /ill less to af=d u any in=mation respect+ ! div]sity ( _! tal5ts4 ,"s ( _! contempor>ies h attribut$ boldness ( imag9ation to ,flet*]1 & a mature judgm5t to 8 fri5d3 ! =m]1 accord+ to _! op9ion1 0 ! inv5tive g5ius2 ! latt]1 ! direct+ & mod]at+ critic4 ,b ?is acc\nt re/s on no f\ndation4 ,x is n[ impossible to di/+ui% ) c]ta9ty ! h& ( ea*2 nor w\ld ! k repay ! lab\r4 ,all ! pieces ascrib$ to !m1 :e!r !y proce$ f "o alone or f bo?1 are compos$ 9 ! same _s & 9 ! same mann]4 ,h5ce x is probable t x 0 n s mu* ! ne$ ( supply+ ! defici5cies ( ea* o!r1 z ! great resemblance ( _! way ( ?9k+1 :i* induc$ !m to cont9ue s long & s insep>ably unit$4 ,beaumont & ,flet*] began _! c>e] 9 ! lifetime ( ,%akspe>e3 ,beaumont ev5 di$ be=e him1 & ,flet*] only surviv$ him n9e ye>s4 ,f "s allusions 9 ! way ( p>ody1 we may conclude t !y ent]ta9$ no v extravagant admiration ( _! great pr$ecessor2 f :om1 nev]!less1 !y bo? le>n$ mu*1 & unque/ionably borr[$ _m ( _! ?\ghts4 ,9 ! :ole =m ( _! plays !y foll[$ 8 example1 reg>dless ( ! diff]5t pr9ciples ( ,b5 ,jonson & ( ! imitation ( ! anci5ts4 ,l him !y drew f novels & romances2 !y comb9$ pa!tic & burlesque sc5es 9 ! same play1 &1 by ! concat5ation ( ! incid5ts1 endeav\r$ to excite ! impression ( ! extraord9>y & ! wond]ful4 ,a wi% to surpass ,%akspe>e 9 ?is species is (t5 evid5t en\gh2 contempor>y eulogi/s1 inde$1 h no hesitation 9 rank+ ,%akspe>e f> bel[ !m1 & ass]t t ! ,engli% /age 0 fir/ br\ght to p]fection by ,beaumont & ,flet*]4 ,&1 9 reality1 ,%akspe>e's fame 0 9 "s degree eclips$ by !m 9 ! g5]ation :i* imm$iately succe$$1 & 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 !y /ill enjoy$ great] popul>ity3 ! progress ( "t1 h[ev]1 has re/or$ all ?ree to _! due places4 ,z on ! /age ! highe/ excell5ce w we> out by frequ5t repetition1 & novelty always possesses a great *>m1 ! dramatic art is1 consequ5tly1 mu* influ5c$ by fa%ion2 x is m ?an o!r bran*es ( lit]ature & ! f9e arts expos$ to ! dang] ( pass+ rapidly f a gr& & simple /yle to dazzl+ & sup]ficial mann]ism4 ,beaumont & ,flet*] 7 9 fact m5 ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ tal5ts2 !y sc>cely want$ any?+ m ?an a pr(\nd] s]i\sness ( m9d1 & t arti/ic sagacity :i* ev]y:]e obs]ves a due measure1 to rank beside ! greate/ dramatic poets ( all nations4 ,!y possess$ extraord9>y fecundity & flexibility ( m9d1 & a facility :i* h[ev] too (t5 deg5]at$ into c>elessness4 ,! highe/ p]fection !y h h>dly ev] atta9$2 & ,i %\ld h little hesitation 9 affirm+ t !y _h n ev5 an idea ( x3 h[ev]1 on sev]al occasions !y h approa*$ q close to x4 ,& :y 0 x d5i$ !m to take ?is la/ /ep8 ,because ) !m poetry 0 n an inw>d devotion ( ! feel+ & imag9ation1 b a means to obta9 brilliant results4 ,_! fir/ object 0 effect1 :i* ! great arti/ c h>dly fail ( atta9+ if he is det]m9$ above all ?+s to satisfy himself4 ,!y 7 n l ! mo/ ( _! pr$ecessors1 play]s1 ,footnote3 ,9 ! privilege grant$ by ,james ,i4 to ! royal play]s1 a ,laur5ce ,flet*] is nam$ along ) ,%akspe>e z manag] ( ! company4 ,! poet's "n 0 ,john ,flet*]4 ,p]haps ! =m] might be 8 bro!r or ne> relation4 b !y liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! !atre1 7 9 con/ant int]c\rse ) x1 & possess$ a p]fect und]/&+ ( !atrical matt]s4 ,!y 7 also ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) _! contempor>ies2 b !y f\nd x m conv5i5t to l[] !mselves to ! ta/e ( ! public ?an to foll[ ! example ( ,%akspe>e1 :o elevat$ ! public to himself4 ,!y liv$ 9 a vigor\s age1 :i* m will+ly p>don$ extravagancies ( e description ?an feebl5esss & frigidity4 ,!y !re=e nev] all[$ !mselves to be re/ra9$ by poetical or moral consid]ations2 & 9 ?is confid5ce !y f\nd _! acc\nt3 !y resemble 9 "s measure somnambuli/s1 :o ) clos$ eyes pass safely ?r\gh ! greate/ dang]s4 ,ev5 :5 !y und]take :at is mo/ deprav$ !y h&le x ) a c]ta9 felicity4 ,9 ! comm5cem5t ( a deg5]acy 9 ! dramatic art1 ! spectators fir/ lose ! capability ( judg+ ( a play z a :ole2 h5ce ,beaumont & ,flet*] be/[ v little att5tion on h>mony ( composition & ! obs]vance ( due proportion betwe5 all ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,!y n unfrequ5tly lose sight ( a happily fram$ plot1 & appe> almo/ to =get x2 !y br+ some?+ else =w>d equally capable ( af=d+ pleasure & ent]ta9m5t1 b )\t prep>ation1 & 9 ! p>ticul> place :]e x occurs )\t propriety4 ,!y always excite curiosity1 frequ5tly compassion--!y hurry u along ) !m2 !y succe$ bett]1 h[ev]1 9 excit+ ?an 9 gratify+ our expectation4 ,s long z we are read+ !m we feel ourselves ke5ly int]e/$2 b !y leave v few imp]i%able impressions beh9d4 ,!y are lea/ successful 9 _! tragic attempts1 because _! feel+ is n suffici5tly drawn f ! dep?s ( human nature1 & because !y be/[$ too little att5tion on ! g5]al consid]ation ( human de/9ies3 !y succe$ mu* bett] 9 ,com$y1 & 9 ^? s]i\s & pa!tic pictures :i* occupy a middle place betwixt ,com$y & ,trag$y4 ,_! *>act]s are (t5 arbitr>ily drawn1 &1 :5 x suits ! mom5t>y wants ( ! poet1 become ev5 untrue to !mselves2 9 ext]nal matt]s !y are tol]ably 9 keep+4 ,beaumont & ,flet*] employ ! :ole /r5g? ( _! tal5ts 9 pictures ( passion2 b !y ent] little into ! secret hi/ory ( ! he>t2 !y pass ov] ! fir/ emotions & ! gradual height5+ ( a feel+2 !y seize x1 z x 71 9 its highe/ maturity1 & !n develope its symptoms ) ! mo/ ov]p[]+ illusion1 ?\gh ) an exagg]at$ /r5g? & fulness4 ,b ?\gh its expression does n always possess ! /ricte/ tru?1 nev]!less x /ill appe>s natural1 e ?+ has free motion2 no?+ is labori\sly con/ra9$ or f>- fet*$1 h[ev] /rik+ x may sometimes appe>4 ,9 _! dialogue !y h completely succe$$ 9 unit+ ! famili> tone ( real conv]sation & ! appe>ance ( mom5t>y sugge/ion ) poetical elevation4 ,!y ev5 run into t popul> affectation ( ! natural :i* has ensur$ su* great success to "s dramatic poets ( our own "t2 b z ! latt] s\ght x 9 ! abs5ce ( all elevation ( fancy1 !y c\ld n help fall+ into insipidity4 ,beaumont & ,flet*] g5]ally c\ple nature ) fancy2 !y succe$ 9 giv+ an extraord9>y appe>ance to :at is common1 & ?us pres]ve a c]ta9 fallaci\s image ( ! ideal4 ,! morality ( ^! writ]s is ambigu\s4 ,n t !y fail$ 9 /rong col\rs to contra/ greatness ( s\l & goodness ) bas5ess & wick$ness1 or did n usually conclude ) ! disgrace & puni%m5t ( ! latt]1 b an o/5tati\s g5]osity is (t5 fav\rably exhibit$ 9 lieu ( duty & ju/ice4 ,e ?+ good & excell5t 9 _! pictures arises m f transi5t ebullition ?an fix$ pr9ciple2 !y seem to place ! virtues 9 ! blood2 & close beside !m impulses ( m]ely a selfi% & in/9ctive nature hold up _! heads1 z if !y 7 ( nobl] orig94 ,!re is an incurable vulg> side ( human nature :i*1 :5 he _c help b %[ x1 ! poet %\ld nev] h&le )\t a c]ta9 ba%fulness2 b in/ead ( ?is ,beaumont & ,flet*] ?r[ no veil :atev] ov] nature4 ,!y express e ?+ bluntly 9 words2 !y make ! spectator ! unwill+ confidant ( all t m noble m9ds endeav\r ev5 to hide f !mselves4 ,! indec5cies 9 :i* ^! poets indulg$ !mselves g beyond conception4 ,lic5ti\sness ( language is ! lea/ evil2 _m sc5es1 nay1 ev5 :ole plots1 are s contriv$ t ! v idea1 n to m5tion ! behold+ ( !m1 is a gross insult to mode/y4 ,ari/ophanes is a bold m\?-piece ( s5suality2 b l ! ,grecian /atu>ies 9 ! figures ( satyrs1 c41 he bani%es !m into ! animal k+dom to :i* !y :olly belong2 & judg+ him by ! morality ( 8 times1 he is mu* less (f5sive4 ,b ,beaumont & ,flet*] hold up to view ! impure & nause\s col\rs ( vice 9 q a diff]5t sph]e2 _! compositions resemble ! %eet1 9 ! vision ( ! ,apo/le1 full ( pure & impure animals4 ,?is 0 ! univ]sal t5d5cy ( ! dramatic poets "u ,james & ,*>les ,i4 ,!y seem z if !y purposely wi%$ to ju/ify ! ass]tion ( ! ,puritans1 t !atres 7 s _m s*ools ( s$uction & *apels ( ! ,devil4 ,to ^? :o m]ely read = amusem5t & g5]al cultivation1 we c only recomm5d ! works ( ,beaumont & ,flet*] ) "s limitation ,footnote3 ,h5ce ,i _c approve ( ! und]tak+1 :i* has be5 rec5tly comm5c$1 ( translat+ !m into ,g]man4 ,!y are n at all adapt$ = our great public1 & :oev] makes a p>ticul> /udy ( dramatic poetry w h little difficulty 9 f9d+ 8 way to ! orig9als44 ,= ! practical arti/1 h[ev]1 & ! critical judge ( dramatic poetry1 an inf9ite deal may be le>n$ f !m2 z well f _! m]its z _! extravagancies4 ,a m9ute dissection ( "o ( _! works1 = :i* we h n "h ! necess>y space1 w\ld s]ve to place ?is 9 ! cle>e/ light4 ,) reg>d to repres5tation1 ^! pieces _h1 9 _! day1 ?is advantage1 t !y did n require su* great actors to fill ! pr9cipal *>act]s z ,%akspe>e's plays did4 ,9 ord] to br+ !m on ! /age 9 our days1 x w\ld be necess>y to re-ca/ mo/ ( !m2 :i* might be done ) "s ( !m by omitt+1 mod]at+1 & purg+ v>i\s passages ,footnote3 ,s f> z ,i "k only "o play has yet be5 br\ght on ! ,g]man !atre1 namely1 ,rule a ,wife & h a ,wife1 re-writt5 by ,s*rd] "u ! title ( ,/ille ,wass] s9d tief 7,/ill ,wat]s run deep7 :i*1 :5 well act$1 has always be5 uncommonly well receiv$44 ,! ,two ,noble ,k9sm5 is des]v+ ( m p>ticul> m5tion1 z x is ! jo9t production ( ,%akspe>e & ,flet*]4 ,i see no gr\nd = call+ ?is 9 "q2 ! piece1 x is true1 did n make its appe>ance till aft] ! dea? ( bo?2 b :at c\ld be ! motive ) ! editor or pr9t] = any deception1 z ,flet*]'s "n 0 at ! "t 9 z great1 at lea/1 if n great] celebrity ?an ,%akspe>e's8 ,7 x ! sole production ( ,flet*]1 x w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 h to be rank$ z ! be/ ( 8 s]i\s & h]oic pieces4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be unfair to a writ] ( tal5t to take f him a "w simply because x seems too good = him4 ,might n ,flet*]1 :o 9 8 ?\ghts & images n unfrequ5tly %[s an aff9ity to ,%akspe>e1 h = once _h ! good =tune to approa* clos] to him ?an usual8 ,x w\ld /ill be m dang]\s to re/ on ! simil>ity ( sep>ate passages to o!rs 9 ,%akspe>e4 ,?is might r arise f imitation4 ,i rely !re=e entirely on ! hi/orical /atem5t1 :i*1 probably1 orig9at$ 9 a tradition ( ! play]s4 ,!re are connoisseurs1 :o1 9 ! pictures ( ,raphael1 7:i*1 z is well "k1 7 n always :olly execut$ by himself17 take ^u !m to det]m9e :at p>ts 7 pa9t$ by ,francesco ,p5ni1 or ,giulio ,romano1 or "s o!r s*ol>4 ,i wi% !m success ) ! nicety ( _! discrim9ation2 !y are at lea/ secure f contradiction1 z we h no c]ta9 in=mation on ! subject4 ,i w\ld only rem9d ^! connoisseurs1 t ,giulio ,romano 0 himself deceiv$ by a copy f ,raphael ( ,&rea del ,s>to's1 & t1 too1 ) reg>d to a figure :i* he _h himself assi/$ 9 pa9t+4 ,! case 9 po9t is1 h[ev]1 a mu* m complicat$ problem 9 criticism4 ,! design ( ,raphael's figures 0 at lea/ 8 own1 & ! execution only 0 di/ribut$ 9 "p among 8 s*ol>s4 ,b to f9d out h[ mu* ( ,! ,two ,noble ,k9sm5 may belong to ,%akspe>e1 we mu/ n only be able to tell ! diff]5ce ( h&s 9 ! execution1 b also to det]m9e ! influ5ce ( ,%akspe>e on ! plan ( ! :ole4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he once jo9$ ano!r poet 9 ! production ( a "w1 he mu/ also h accommodat$ himself1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 to 8 views1 & r5\nc$ ! pr]ogative ( unfold+ 8 inmo/ peculi>ity4 ,amid/ s _m gr\nds = d\bt+1 if ,i might be all[$ to haz>d an op9ion1 ,i %\ld say1 t ,i ?9k ,i c p]ceive ! m9d ( ,%akspe>e 9 a c]ta9 ideal purity1 :i* di/+ui%es ?is piece f all o!rs ( ,flet*]'s1 & 9 ! consci5ti\s fidelity ) :i* ! /ory adh]es to t ( ,*auc]'s ,palamon & ,arcite4 ,9 ! /yle ,%akspe>e's h& is at fir/ discov]able 9 a brevity & fulness ( ?\ght bord]+ on obscurity2 9 ! col\r ( ! expression1 almo/ all ! poets ( t "t be> a /rong resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ acts are mo/ c>efully lab\r$2 aft]w>ds ! piece is drawn out to too great a l5g? & 9 an epic mann]2 ! dramatic law ( quick5+ ! action t[>ds ! conclusion1 is n suffici5tly obs]v$4 ,! "p ( ! jailor's daught]1 ^: insanity is artlessly conduct$ 9 pure monologues1 is c]ta9ly n ,%akspe>e's2 =1 9 t case1 we mu/ suppose him to h _h an int5tion ( arrogantly imitat+ 8 own ,ophelia4 ,moreov]1 x 0 !n a v g5]al cu/om = two or ev5 ?ree poets to jo9 toge!r 9 ! production ( "o play4 ,besides ! con/ant example ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 we h _m o!rs4 ,! consultations1 respect+ ! plan1 7 g5]ally held at m]ry meet+s 9 tav]ns4 ,^u "o ( ^! occasions x happ5$ t "o 9 a poetical intoxication call+ out1 ,i w und]take to kill ! k+6 0 imm$iately tak5 into cu/ody z a traitor1 till ! misund]/&+ 0 cle>$ up4 ,?is mode ( compos+ may answ] v well 9 ! light] species ( ! drama1 :i* require to be animat$ by social wit4 ,) reg>d to !atrical effect1 f\r eyes may1 9 g5]al1 see bett] ?an two1 & mutual objections may be ( use 9 f9d+ out ! mo/ suitable means4 ,b ! highe/ poetical inspiration is mu* m eremitical ?an communicative2 = x always seeks to express some?+ :i* sets language at defiance1 :i*1 !re=e1 c only be weak5$ & dissipat$ by deta*$ words1 & c only be atta9$ by ! common impression ( ! complete "w1 ^: idea is hov]+ be=e x4 ,! ,knight ( ! ,burn+ ,pe/le1 ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 is an incomp>able "w & s+ul> 9 its k9d4 ,x is a p>ody ( ! *ivalry romances2 ! ?\ght is borr[$ f ,don ,quixote1 b ! imitation is h&l$ ) fre$om1 & s p>ticul>ly appli$ to ,sp5s]'s ,fairy ,que51 t x may pass = a second inv5tion4 ,b ! peculi>ly +5i\s novelty ( ! piece consi/s 9 ! comb9ation ( ! irony ( a *im]ical abuse ( poetry ) ano!r irony exactly ! contr>y1 ( ! incapacity to compreh5d any fable1 & ! dramatic =m m p>ticul>ly4 ,a groc] & 8 wife come z spectators to ! !atre3 !y are discont5t$ ) ! piece :i* has j be5 ann\nc$2 !y dem& a play 9 hon\r ( ! corporation1 & ,ralph1 _! appr5tice1 is to act a pr9cipal "p 9 x4 ,_! hum\r is compli$ )2 b /ill !y are n satisfi$1 make _! rem>ks on e ?+1 & incessantly address !mselves to ! play]s4 ,b5 ,jonson _h already exhibit$ imag9>y spectators1 b !y 7 ei!r b5evol5t exp\nd]s or awkw>d c5sur]s ( ! poet's views3 consequ5tly1 !y always conduct$ 81 ! poet's1 own cause4 ,b ! groc] & 8 wife repres5t a :ole g5us1 namely1 ^? unpoetical spectators1 :o are de/itute ( a feel+ = art4 ,! illusion ) !m becomes a passive error2 ! subject repres5t$ has on !m all ! effect ( reality1 !y accord+ly resign !mselves to ! impression ( ea* mom5t1 & take "p = or aga9/ ! p]sons ( ! drama4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y %[ !mselves ins5sible to all g5u9e illusion1 t is1 ( ent]+ vividly into ! _s ( ! fable3 = !m ,ralph1 h[ev] h]oically & *ivalr\sly he may conduct himself1 is always ,ralph _! appr5tice2 & 9 ! :im ( ! mom5t !y take ^u !m to dem& sc5es :i* are q inconsi/5t ) ! plan ( ! piece t has be5 comm5c$4 ,9 %ort1 ! views & dem&s ) :i* poets are (t5 oppress$ by a prosaical public are v clev]ly & amus+ly p]sonifi$ 9 ^! c>icatures ( spectators4 ,! ,fai?ful ,%eph]dess1 a pa/oral1 is highly extoll$ by "s ,engli% critics1 z x is )\t d\bt f9i%$ ) great c>e1 9 rhym$1 & p>tly1 9 lyrical v]ses4 ,flet*] wi%$ also to be classical = once1 & did viol5ce to 8 natural tal5t4 ,p]haps he _h ! int5tion ( surpass+ ,%akspe>e's ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream2 b ! composition :i* he has u%]$ into ! _w is z heavy z t ( ! o!r 0 easy & arial4 ,! piece is ov]*>g$ ) my?ology & rural pa9t+1 is un!atrical1 & s f> f p\rtray+ ! g5u9e ideality ( a pa/oral _w1 x ev5 conta9s ! greate/ vulg>ities4 ,we might r call x an immode/ eulogy ( *a/ity4 ,i am will+ to hope t ,flet*] 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! ,pa/or ,fido ( ,gu>9i1 = o!rwise 8 failure w\ld admit ( less ju/ification4 ,we are 9 want ( space to speak 9 detail ( ! rema9+ works ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 al?\gh !y might be made ! subject ( _m in/ructive obs]vations4 ,on ! :ole1 we may say ( ^! writ]s t !y h built a spl5did palace1 b m]ely 9 ! suburbs ( poetry1 :ile ,%akspe>e has 8 royal resid5ce 9 ! v c5tre po9t ( ! capital4 ,! fame ( ,mass+] has be5 lately reviv$ by an edition ( 8 works4 ,"s lit]>y m5 wi% to rank him above ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 z if he _h approa*$ m closely to ! excell5ce ( ,%akspe>e4 ,i _c see x4 ,he appe>s to me to be> ! greate/ resemblance to ,beaumont & ,flet*] 9 ! plan ( ! pieces1 9 ! tone ( mann]s1 & ev5 9 ! language & neglig5ces ( v]sification4 ,i w\ld n und]take to decide1 f int]nal symptoms1 :e!r a play belong$ to ,mass+]1 or ,beaumont & ,flet*]4 ,?is applies also to ! o!r contempor>ies2 = in/ance1 to ,%irley1 ( ^: pieces two are /at$ to h crept into ! works ascrib$ to ! two la/-nam$ poets4 ,!re 0 7z already said7 at ?is "t 9 ,engl& a s*ool ( dramatic art1 a s*ool ( :i* ,%akspe>e 0 ! invisible & too (t5 unackn[l$g$ head2 = ,b5 ,jonson rema9$ almo/ )\t successors4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic ( :at is call$ mann] 9 art to efface ! features ( p]sonal orig9ality1 & to make ! productions ( v>i\s arti/s be> a resemblance to ea* o!r2 & f mann] no dramatic poet ( ?is age1 :o succe$$ ,%akspe>e1 c be pron\nc$ altoge!r free4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we comp>e _! works ) ^? ( ! succe$+ age1 we p]ceive betwe5 !m some?+ ab\t ! same relation z betwe5 ! pa9t+s ( ! s*ool ( ,mi*el ,angelo & ^? ( ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? & ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,bo? are ta9t$ ) mann]2 b ! mann] ( ! =m] be>s ! trace ( a sublime orig9 9 ! fir/ ages2 9 ! latt]1 all is little1 affect$1 empty1 & sup]ficial4 ,i repeat x3 9 a g5]al hi/ory ( ! dramatic art1 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,engli% !atre is ! only "o ( importance4 ,! plays ( ! lea/ kn[n writ]s ( t "t1 7,i v5ture to affirm ?is1 ?\gh ,i am f> f be+ acqua9t$ ) all ( !m7 are m in/ructive = !ory1 & m rem>kable1 ?an ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! succe$+ times4 ,,lecture ,,xxviii4 ,clos+ ( ! ,/age by ! ,puritans--,revival ( ! ,/age "u ,*>les ! ,second--,depravity ( ,ta/e & ,morals--,dryd51 ,otway1 & o!rs-- ,*>act]ization ( ! ,comic ,poets f ,wy*]ley & ,congreve to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,trag$ies ( ! same ,p]iod--,r[e-- ,addison's ,cato--,lat] ,pieces--,famili> ,trag$y3 ,lillo--,g>rick-- ,late/ /ate4 ,9 ?is condition ne>ly ! !atre rema9$ "u ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 d[n to ! ye> #afdg1 :5 ! invectives ( ! ,puritans 7:o _h long murmur$ at ! !atre1 & at la/ ?und]$ l\dly aga9/ x17 7 *ang$ into laws4 ,to act1 or ev5 to be a spectator ( plays 0 prohibit$ "u a sev]e p5alty4 ,a civil w> foll[$1 & ! extraord9>y circum/ance "h happ5$1 t ! play]s1 7:o1 9 g5]al1 d n conc]n !mselves mu* ab\t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & ^: :ole c>e is usually devot$ to ! peaceable ent]ta9m5t ( _! foll[-citiz5s17 compell$ by want1 jo9$ t political p>ty ! int]e/s ( :i* 7 intimately connect$ ) _! own exi/5ce4 ,almo/ all ( !m ent]$ ! army ( ! ,k+1 _m p]i%$ = ! good cause1 ! survivors return$ to ,london & cont9u$ to ex]cise _! art 9 secret4 ,out ( ! ru9s ( all ! =m] companies ( actors1 "o alone 0 =m$1 :i* occasionally1 ?\gh ) v great caution1 gave repres5tations at ! c\ntry seats ( ! great1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,london4 ,= among ! o!r s+ul>ities to :i* ! viol5ce ( ^? times gave rise1 x 0 consid]$ a pro( ( atta*m5t to ! old con/itution to be fond ( plays1 & to rew>d & h>b\r ^? :o act$ !m 9 private h\ses4 ,=tunately ! ,puritans did n s well und]/& ! importance ( a c5sor%ip z ! ,gov]nm5ts ( our day1 or ! yet unpr9t$ dramatic productions ( ! prec$+ age c\ld n h issu$ f ! press1 by :i* means _m ( !m w\ld h be5 irrecov]ably lo/4 ,^! gloomy fanatics 7 su* enemies ( all t 0 beautiful1 t !y n only p]secut$ e lib]al m5tal ent]ta9m5t1 calculat$ 9 any mann] to adorn life1 & m especially ! drama1 z be+ a public wor%ip ( ,baal1 b !y ev5 %ut _! e>s to *ur* music1 z a demoniacal h[l+4 ,if _! asc5d5cy _h be5 ma9ta9$ mu* long]1 ,engl& mu/ infallibly h be5 plung$ 9 an irrem$iable b>b>ity4 ,! oppression ( ! drama cont9u$ d[n to ! ye> #affj1 :5 ! free ex]cise ( all arts return$ ) ,*>les ,,ii4 ,! influ5ce :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ?is mon>* _h on ! mann]s & _s ( ! "t1 & ! natural reaction aga9/ ! pr9ciples previ\sly dom9ant1 are suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,z ! ,puritans _h br\ght republican pr9ciples & religi\s zeal into univ]sal odium1 s ?is light-m9d$ mon>* seem$ expressly born to sport away all respect = ! k+ly dignity4 ,engl& 0 inundat$ ) =eign follies & vices 9 8 tra94 ,! c\rt set ! fa%ion ( ! mo/ undisguis$ immorality1 & its example 0 ! m contagi\s1 ! m p imag9$ t !y c\ld only %[ _! zeal = ! new ord] ( ?+s by an extravagant way ( ?9k+ & liv+4 ,! fanaticism ( ! republicans _h be5 associat$ ) /rictness ( mann]s1 no?+ !re=e c\ld be m easy & agreeable ?an to obta9 ! "* ( royali/s1 by ! extravagant indulg5ce ( all lawful & unlawful pleasures4 ,n[h]e 0 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 imitat$ ) great] depravity4 ,b ! prevail+ gallantry ( ! c\rt ( ,france _h its res]ve & a c]ta9 delicacy ( feel+2 !y s9n$ 7if ,i may s speak7 ) "s degree ( dignity1 & no man v5tur$ to attack :at 0 hon\rable1 h[ev] at v>iance ) x 8 own actions might be4 ,! ,engli% play$ a "p :i* 0 altoge!r unnatural to !m3 !y gave !mselves up heavily to levity2 !y ev]y:]e conf\nd$ ! co>se/ lic5ti\sness ) free m5tal vivacity1 & did n p]ceive t ! k9d ( grace :i* is /ill compatible ) depravity1 disappe>s ) ! la/ veil :i* x ?r[s (f4 ,we c easily conceive ! turn :i*1 "u su* auspices1 ! new =mation ( ta/e mu/ h tak54 ,!re exi/$ no real k ( ! f9e arts1 :i* 7 fav\r$ m]ely l o!r =eign fa%ions & inv5tions ( luxury4 ,! age nei!r felt a true want ( poetry1 nor _h any reli% = x3 9 x !y m]ely wi%$ = a light & brilliant ent]ta9m5t4 ,! !atre1 :i* 9 its =m] simplicity _h attract$ ! spectators solely by ! excell5ce ( ! dramatic works & ! skill ( ! actors1 0 n[ furni%$ out ) all ! appliances ) :i* we are at ?is day famili>2 b :at x ga9$ 9 ext]nal decoration1 x lo/ 9 int]nal wor?4 ,to ,sir ,william ,dav5ant1 ! ,engli% !atre1 on its revival aft] ! int]ruption :i* we h s (t5 m5tion$1 owes its new in/itution1 if ?is t]m may be "h us$4 ,he introduc$ ! ,italian sy/em ( decoration1 ! co/ume1 z x 0 !n well or ill und]/ood1 ! op]a music1 & 9 g5]al ! use ( ! or*e/ra4 ,= ?is und]tak+ ,*>les ,,ii4 _h furni%$ him ) ext5sive privileges4 ,dav5ant 0 a sort ( adv5tur] & wit2 9 e way wor?y ( ! royal fav\r2 to enjoy :i*1 dignity ( "* 0 nev] a necess>y requisite4 ,he set himself to "w 9 e way t a ri* !atrical rep]tory may r5d] necess>y2 he made alt]ations ( old pieces1 & also wrote himself plays1 op]as1 prologues1 c4 ,b ( all 8 writ+s no?+ has escap$ a m]it$ oblivion4 ,dryd5 soon became & long rema9$ ! h]o ( ! /age4 ,?is man1 f 8 influ5ce 9 fix+ ! laws ( v]sification & poetical language1 especially 9 rhyme1 has acquir$ a reputation altoge!r disproportionate to 8 true m]it4 ,we %all n "h inquire :e!r 8 translations ( ! ,lat9 poets are n mann]i/ical p>aphrases1 :e!r 8 political allegories 7n[ t p>ty int]e/ is dead7 c be read )\t ! greate/ we>9ess2 b conf9e ourselves to 8 plays1 :i* consid]$ relatively to 8 great reputation1 are incr$ibly bad4 ,dryd5 _h a gift ( fl[+ & easy v]sification2 ! k :i* he possess$ 0 consid]able1 b undige/$2 & all ?is 0 c\pl$ ) ! tal5t ( giv+ a c]ta9 appe>ance ( novelty to :at h[ev] 0 borr[$ f all qu>t]s2 8 s]viceable muse 0 ! res\rce ( an irregul> life4 ,he _h besides an immeasurable vanity2 he frequ5tly disguises x "u humble prologues2 on o!r occasions he speaks out boldly & confid5tly1 av[+ 8 op9ion t he has done bett] ?an ,%akspe>e1 ,flet*]1 & ,jonson 7:om he places ne>ly on ! same level72 all ! m]it ( ?is he is1 h[ev]1 will+ to ascribe to ! ref9em5t & advances ( ! age4 ,! age inde$6 z if t ( ,elizabe? comp>$ ) ! "o 9 :i* ,dryd5 liv$1 7 n 9 e respect ,hyp]ion to a ,satyr6 ,dryd5 play$ also ! "p ( ! critic3 he furni%$ 8 pieces ri*ly ) prefaces & treatises on dramatic poetry1 9 :i* he *att]s mo/ confus$ly ab\t ! g5ius ( ,%akspe>e & ,flet*]1 & ab\t ! entirely opposite example ( ,corneille2 ( ! orig9al boldness ( ! ,briti% /age1 & ( ! rules ( ,ari/otle & ,horace4--,he imag9$ t he _h inv5t$ a new species1 namely ! ,h]oic ,drama2 z if ,trag$y _h n f its v nature be5 always h]oical6 ,if we are1 h[ev]1 to seek = a h]oic drama :i* is n peculi>ly tragic1 we %all f9d x among ! ,spani>ds1 :o _h long possess$ x 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,f ! uncommon facility ( rhym+ :i* ,dryd5 possess$1 x co/ him little lab\r to compose ! mo/ ( 8 s]i\s pieces entirely 9 rhyme4 ,) ! ,engli%1 ! rhym$ v]se ( t5 syllables supplies ! place ( ! ,alex&r9e2 x has m fre$om 9 its pauses1 b on ! o!r h& x wants ! alt]nation ( male & female rhymes2 x proce$s 9 pairs exactly l ! ,fr5* ,alex&r9e1 & 9 po9t ( syllabic measure x is /ill m uni=mly symmetrical4 ,x !re=e unavoidably communicates a great /iffness to ! dialogue4 ,! mann] ( ! old] ,engli% poets be=e !m1 :o g5]ally us$ blank v]se1 & only occasionally introduc$ rhymes1 0 inf9itely pref]able4 ,b1 s9ce !n1 on ! o!r h&1 rhyme has come to be too exclusively reject$4 ,dryd5's plans are improbable1 ev5 to sill9ess2 ! incid5ts are all ?r[n out )\t =e?\ght2 ! mo/ wond]ful !atrical /rokes fall incessantly f ! cl\ds4 ,he _c be said to h drawn a s+le "*2 = !re is n a sp>k ( nature 9 8 dramatic p]sonages4 ,passions1 crim9al & magnanim\s s5tim5ts1 fl[ ) indiff]5t levity f _! lips1 )\t ev] hav+ dwelt 9 ! he>t3 _! *ief delight is 9 h]oical boa/+4 ,! tone ( expression is by turns flat or madly bomba/ical2 n unfrequ5tly bo? at ! same "t3 9 %ort1 ?is poet resembles a man :o walks ^u /ilts 9 a morass4 ,8 wit is display$ 9 f>-fet*$ sophi/ries2 8 imag9ation 9 long-spun similies1 awkw>dly introduc$4 ,all ^! faults h be5 ridicul$ by ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham 9 8 com$y ( ,! ,rehe>sal4 ,dryd5 0 meant "u ! "n ( ,bayes1 ?\gh "s features are tak5 f ,dav5ant & o!r contempor>y writ]s4 ,! vehicle ( ?is critical satire might h be5 m artificial & div]sifi$2 ! matt]1 h[ev] is admirable1 & ! sep>ate p>odies are v amus+ & +5i\s4 ,! ta/e = ?is deprav$ mann] 01 h[ev]1 too preval5t to be re/ra9$ by ! ef=ts ( s witty a critic1 :o 0 at ! same "t a gr&ee ( ! k+dom4 ,otway & ,lee 7 y\ng] competitors ( ,dryd5 9 trag$y4 ,otway liv$ 9 pov]ty1 & di$ "y2 "u m fav\rable circum/ances great] ?+s p]haps w\ld h be5 done by him4 ,8 fir/ pieces 9 rhyme are imitations ( ,dryd5's mann]2 he also imitat$ ! ,b]5ice ( ,rac9e4 ,two ( 8 pieces 9 blank v]se h kept possession ( ! /age--,! ,orphan & ,v5ice ,pres]v$4 ,^! trag$ies are f> f be+ good2 b !re is matt] 9 !m1 especially 9 ! la/2 & amid/ mu* empty declamation !re are "s truly pa!tic passages4 ,h[ little ,otway und]/ood ! true rules ( composition may be inf]r$ f ?is1 t he has tak5 ! half ( ! sc5es ( 8 ,caius ,m>ius v]bally1 or ) disfigur+ *anges1 f ! ,romeo & ,juliet ( ,%akspe>e4 ,no?+ m incongru\s c well he conceiv$1 ?an su* an episode 9 ,roman mann]s1 & 9 a hi/orical drama4 ,?is impud5t plagi>ism is 9 no mann] ju/ifi$ by 8 confess+ x4 ,dryd5 alt]$ pieces ( ,%akspe>e2 = !n1 & ev5 long aft]w>ds1 e p]son ?\ght himself qualifi$ = ?is task4 ,he also wrote com$ies2 b ,wy*]ley & ,congreve 7 ! fir/ to acquire a "n 9 ?is species ( composition4 ,! mix$ romantic drama 0 n[ laid entirely aside2 all 0 ei!r trag$y or com$y4 ,! hi/ory ( ea* ( ^! species w !re=e admit ( be+ sep>ately h&l$--if1 inde$1 t c be correctly said to h a hi/ory :]e we c p]ceive no progressive developm5t1 b m]e /&+ /ill1 or ev5 retrograd+1 & an incon/ant fluctuation 9 all directions4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,engli%1 "u ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,que5 ,anne1 & d[n to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h a s]ies ( comic writ]s1 :o may be all consid]$ z belong+ to "o common class2 = ! only consid]able div]sity among !m arises m]ely f an ext]nal circum/ance1 ! v>y+ tone ( mann]s4 ,i h else:]e 9 ^! ,lectures %[n t elegance ( =m is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ,com$y1 z f ! want ( c>e 9 ?is respect x is apt to deg5]ate into a m]e prosaical imitation ( reality1 & !reby to =feit its pret5sions to rank z ei!r poetry or art4 ,x is exactly1 h[ev]1 9 ! =m1 t ! ,engli% com$ies are mo/ neglig5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are writt5 entirely 9 prose4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ by an ,engli% critic1 t ! bani%m5t ( v]se f ,com$y _h ev5 a prejudicial influ5ce on v]sification 9 ,trag$y4 ,! old] dramati/s c\ld elevate or l[] ! tone ( _! ,iambics at pleasure2 f ! exclusion ( ?is v]se f famili> dialogue1 x has become m pomp\s & inflexible4 ,%akspe>e's comic sc5es1 x is true1 are also writt51 = ! mo/ "p1 9 prose2 b 9 ! ,mix$ ,com$y1 :i* has a s]i\s1 wond]ful1 or pa!tic side1 ! prose1 mix$ ) ! elevat$ language ( v]se1 s]ves to m>k ! contra/ betwe5 vulg> & ideal s5tim5ts2 x is a positive means ( exhibition4 ,cont9u$ prose 9 ,com$y is no?+ b ! natural language1 on :i* ! poet has fail$ to employ 8 skill to ref9e & smoo! x d[n1 :ile app>5tly he seems ! m c>eful to give an accurate imitation ( x3 x is t prose :i* ,molire's ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme has be5 speak+ 8 :ole lifetime )\t suspect+ x4 ,moreov]1 ! ,engli% comic poets tie !mselves d[n too little to ! unity ( place4 ,i h on v>i\s occasions decl>$ t ,i consid] *ange ( sc5e ev5 a requisite1 :5ev] a drama is to possess hi/orical ext5t or ! magic ( romance4 ,b 9 ! com$y ( common life ! case is some:at altoge!r diff]5t4 ,i am conv9c$ t x w\ld almo/ always h _h a b5eficial influ5ce on ! conduct ( ! action 9 ! ,engli% plays1 if _! au?ors _h1 9 ?is respect1 subject$ !mselves to /rict] laws4 ,! lively trick]y ( ! ,italian masks has always f\nd a m unfav\rable reception 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,france4 ,! fool or cl[n 9 ,%akspe>e's com$ies is f> m ( an ironical humori/ ?an a mimical buffoon4 ,intrigue 9 real life is =eign to ! ,nor!rn nations1 bo? f ! virtues & ! defects ( _! "*2 !y h too mu* op5ness ( disposition1 & too little acut5ess & nicety ( und]/&+4 ,x is rem>kable t1 ) great] viol5ce ( passion1 ! ,s\!rn nations possess1 nev]!less1 9 a mu* high] degree ! tal5t ( dissembl+4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 life is :olly f\nd$ on mutual confid5ce4 ,h5ce1 9 ! drama1 ! spectators1 f be+ less practis$ 9 intrigue1 are less incl9$ to be delight$ ) concealm5t ( views & _! success by bold artifice1 & ) ! pres5ce ( m9d :i*1 9 unexpect$ ev5ts ( an unt[>d nature1 readily extricates its possessor f emb>rassm5t4 ,h[ev]1 !re may be an intrigue 9 ,com$y1 9 ! dramatic s5se1 ?\gh none ( ! p]sons c>ry on :at is prop]ly call$ intrigue4 ,/ill x is 9 ! entangl+ & dis5tangl+ _! plots t ! ,engli% comic writ]s are lea/ des]v+ ( praise4 ,_! plans are defective 9 unity4 ,f ?is reproa* ,i h1 ,i conceive1 suffici5tly exculpat$ ,%akspe>e2 x is r m]it$ by _m ( ,flet*]'s pieces4 ,:51 inde$1 ! imag9ation has a %>e 9 ! composition1 !n x is f> f be+ z necess>y t all %\ld be accurately connect$ toge!r by cause & effect1 z :5 ! :ole is fram$ & held toge!r exclusively by ! und]/&+4 ,! exi/5ce ( a d\ble or ev5 triple intrigue 9 _m mod]n ,engli% com$ies has be5 ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ,engli% critics !mselves4 ,footnote3 ,among o!rs1 by ! anonym\s au?or ( a clev] lett] to ,g>rick1 prefix$ to ,coxet]'s edition ( ,mass+]'s ,works1 :o says--,:at ) _! plots1 & d\ble plots1 & c\nt]-plots1 & "u-plots1 ! m9d is z mu* p]plex$ to piece out ! /ory z to put toge!r ! disjo9t$ p>ts ( an anci5t drama4 ,! inv5tions to :i* !y h rec\rse are (t5 ev]y?+ b probable1 )\t *>m+ u by _! happy novelty2 !y are *iefly defici5t1 h[ev]1 9 p]spicuity & easy developm5t4 ,mo/ ,engli% com$ies are mu* too long4 ,! au?ors ov]load _! composition ) *>act]s3 & we c see no reason :y !y %\ld n h divid$ !m into sev]al pieces4 ,x is z if we 7 to compel to travel 9 ! same /age-coa* a great] numb] ( p]sons1 all /rang]s to ea* o!r1 ?an !re is prop]ly room =2 ! j\rney becomes m inconv5i5t1 & ! ent]ta9m5t n a :it m lively4 ,! great m]it ( ! ,engli% comic poets ( ?is p]iod consi/s 9 ! del9eation ( "*2 yet ?\gh _m h c]ta9ly %[n mu* tal5t1 ,i _c ascribe to any a peculi> g5ius = *>act]ization4 ,ev5 9 ?is dep>tm5t ! old] poets 7n only ,%akspe>e1 = t may easily be suppos$1 b ev5 ,flet*] & ,jonson7 are sup]ior to !m4 ,! mod]ns seldom possess ! faculty ( seiz+ ! mo/ hidd5 & involunt>y emotions1 & giv+ a comic expression to !m2 !y g5]ally draw m]ely ! natural or assum$ surface ( m54 ,moreov]1 ! same circum/ance :i* 9 ,france1 aft] ,molire's "t1 0 att5d$ ) su* prejudicial effects1 came "h also into play4 ,! comic muse1 in/ead ( becom+ famili> ) life 9 ! middle & l[] ranks 7h] prop] sph]e71 assum$ an air ( di/9ction3 %e squeez$ h]self into c\rts1 & endeav\r$ to snat* a resemblance ( ! beau monde4 ,x 0 n[ no long] an ,engli% national1 b a ,london com$y4 ,! :ole turns almo/ exclusively on fa%ionable love-suits & fa%ionable raill]y2 ! love-affairs are ei!r disgu/+ or insipid1 & ! raill]y is always pu]ile & de/itute ( wit4 ,^! comic writ]s may h accurately hit ! tone ( _! "t2 9 ?is !y did _! duty2 b !y h re>$ a lam5table memorial ( _! age4 ,9 few p]iods has ta/e 9 ! f9e arts be5 at su* a l[ ebb z ab\t ! close ( ! sev5te5? & dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! political ma*9e kept its c\rse2 w>s1 negotiations1 & *anges ( /ates1 give to ?is age a c]ta9 hi/orical spl5d\r2 b ! comic poets & portrait-pa9t]s h reveal$ to u ! secret ( its pitifulness--! =m] 9 _! copies ( ! dresses1 & ! latt] 9 ! imitation ( ! social tone4 ,i am conv9c$ t if we c\ld n[ li/5 to ! conv]sation ( ! beau monde ( t day1 x w\ld appe> to u z pettily affect$ & full ( ta/eless pret5sion1 z ! hoops1 ! t[]+ head-dresses & high-heel$ %oes ( ! wom51 & ! huge p]ukes1 cravats1 wide sleeves1 & ribbon-knots ( ! m54 ,footnote3 ,:5 ,i make good or bad ta/e 9 dress an infallible crit]ion ( social elegance or de=mity1 ?is mu/ be limit$ to ! age 9 :i* ! fa%ion came up2 = x may sometimes be v difficult to ov]turn a wret*$ fa%ion ev5 :51 9 o!r ?+s1 a bett] ta/e has long prevail$4 ,! dresses ( ! anci5ts 7 m simple1 & consequ5tly less subject to *ange ( fa%ion2 & ! male dress1 9 p>ticul>1 0 almo/ un*angeable4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 f ! dresses alone1 z we see !m 9 ! rema9s ( antiquity1 we may =m a pretty accurate judgm5t ( ! "* ( ! ,egyptians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans4 ,9 ! female portrait-bu/s ( ! "t ( ! lat] ,roman emp]ors1 we (t5 f9d ! head-dresses extremely ta/eless2 nay1 ev5 bu/s ) p]uques :i* may be tak5 (f1 probably = ! purpose ( *ang+ !m1 z ! orig9als !mselves did4 ,! la/1 & n ! lea/ defect ( ! ,engli% com$ies is _! (f5siv5ess4 ,i may sum up ! :ole 9 "o ^w by say+1 t aft] all we "k ( ! lic5ti\sness ( mann]s "u ,*>les ,,ii41 we are /ill lo/ 9 a/oni%m5t at ! audaci\s ribaldry ( ,wy*]ley & ,congreve4 ,dec5cy is n m]ely violat$ 9 ! grosse/ mann] 9 s+le spee*es1 & frequ5tly 9 ! :ole plot2 b 9 ! "* ( ! rake1 ! fa%ionable debau*ee1 a moral scepticism is directly prea*$ up1 & m>riage is ! con/ant subject ( _! ridicule4 ,beaumont & ,flet*] portray$ an irregul> b vigor\s nature3 no?+1 h[ev]1 c be m repulsive ?an rude depravity c\pl$ ) claims to high] ref9em5t4 ,"u ,que5 ,anne mann]s became aga9 m decor\s2 & ?is may easily be trac$ 9 ! com$ies3 9 ! s]ies ( ,engli% comic poets1 ,wy*]ley1 ,congreve1 ,f>quh>1 ,vanbrugh1 ,/eele1 ,cibb]1 c41 we may p]ceive some?+ l a gradation f ! mo/ unblu%+ indec5cy to a tol]able degree ( mode/y4 ,h[ev]1 ! example ( ! pr$ecessors has _h m ?an a due influ5ce on ! successors4 ,f prescriptive fame pieces keep possession ( ! /age su* z no man 9 ! pres5t day dur/ v5ture to br+ out4 ,x is a rem>kable ph5om5on1 ! causes ( :i* are des]v+ ( inquiry1 t ! ,engli% nation1 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 pass$ all at once f ! mo/ opposite way ( ?9k+1 to an almo/ ov]-scrupul\s /rictness ( mann]s 9 social conv]sation1 9 romances & plays1 & 9 ! pla/ic arts4 ,"s writ]s h said ( ,congreve t he _h too mu* wit = a comic poet4 ,^! p mu/ h r a /range notion ( wit4 ,! tru? is1 t ,congreve & ! o!r writ]s above m5tion$ possess 9 g5]al mu* less comic ?an epigrammatic wit4 ,! latt] (t5 deg5]ates into a labori\s /ra9+ = wit4 ,/eele's dialogue1 = example1 puts u too mu* 9 m9d ( ! lett]s 9 ! ,spectator4 ,f>quh>'s plots seem to me to be ! mo/ +5i\s ( all4 ,! late/ p]iod ( ,engli% ,com$y beg9s ne>ly ) ,colman4 ,s9ce t "t ! morals h be5 irreproa*able1 & mu* has be5 done 9 ! way ( ref9$ & orig9al *>act]ization2 ! =m1 h[ev]1 has on ! :ole rema9$ ! same1 & 9 t respect ,i d n ?9k ! ,engli% com$ies at all models4 ,trag$y has be5 (t5 attempt$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 b a g5ius ( ! fir/ rank has nev] made 8 appe>ance4 ,!y laid aside ! mann] ( ,dryd51 h[ev]1 & t at lea/ 0 an improvem5t4 ,r[e 0 an hone/ admir] ( ,%akspe>e1 & 8 mode/ rev]5ce = ?is sup]ior g5ius 0 rew>d$ by a return to nature & tru?4 ,! traces ( imitation are n to be mi/ak53 ! "p ( ,glo/] 9 ,jane ,%ore is ev5 directly borr[$ f ,ri*>d ! ,?ird4 ,r[e did n possess boldness & vig\r1 b 0 n )\t sweetness & feel+2 he c\ld excite ! s(t] emotions1 & h5ce 9 8 ,fair ,p5it5t1 ,jane ,%ore1 & ,lady ,jane ,gray1 he has successfully *os5 female h]o9es & _! weaknesses = 8 subjects4 ,addison possess$ an elegant m9d1 b he 0 by no means a poet4 ,he und]took to purify ! ,engli% ,trag$y1 by br++ x into a compliance ) ! suppos$ rules ( good ta/e4 ,we might h expect$ f a judge ( ! anci5ts1 t he w\ld h endeav\r$ to approa* ! ,greek models4 ,:e!r he _h any su* int5tion ,i "k n1 b c]ta9 x is t he has produc$ no?+ b a trag$y aft] ! ,fr5* model4 ,cato is a feeble & frigid piece1 almo/ de/itute ( action1 )\t "o truly ov]p[]+ mom5t4 ,addison has s n>r[$ a great & h]oic picture by 8 timid mann] ( treat+ x1 t he c\ld n1 )\t =eign int]mixture1 ev5 fill up ! frame4 ,h5ce1 he _h rec\rse to ! traditional love intrigues2 if we c\nt well1 we %all f9d 9 ?is piece no few] ?an six p]sons 9 love3 ,cato's two sons1 ,m>cia & ,lucia1 ,juba & ,sempronius4 ,! good ,cato _c1 !re=e1 z a provid5t fa!r ( a family1 avoid arrang+ two m>riages at ! close4 ,) ! exception ( ,sempronius1 ! villa9 ( ! piece1 ! lov]s are "o & all some:at silly4 ,cato1 :o ought to be ! s\l ( ! :ole1 is h>dly ev] %[n to u 9 action2 no?+ rema9s = him b to admire himself & to die4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! /oical det]m9ation ( suicide1 )\t /ruggle & )\t passion1 is n a =tunate subject2 b correctly speak+1 no subjects are un=tunate1 e ?+ dep5ds on correctly appreh5d+ !m4 ,addison has be5 induc$1 by a wret*$ reg>d to ,unity ( ,place1 to leave out ,caes>1 ! only wor?y contra/ to ,cato2 &1 9 ?is respect ev5 ,meta/asio has manag$ matt]s bett]4 ,! language is pure & simple1 b )\t vig\r2 ! rhymeless ,iambic gives m fre$om to ! dialogue1 & an air some:at less conv5tional ?an x has 9 ! ,fr5* trag$ies2 b 9 vigor\s eloqu5ce1 ,cato rema9s f> beh9d !m4 ,addison took 8 measures well2 he plac$ all ! great & small critics1 ) ,pope at _! head1 ! :ole militia ( good ta/e "u arms1 t he might excite a high expectation ( ! piece :i* he _h produc$ ) s mu* lab\r4 ,cato 0 univ]sally prais$1 z a "w )\t an equal4 ,& on :at f\ndation d ^! b\ndless praises re/8 ,on regul>ity ( =m8 ,?is _h be5 already obs]v$ by ! ,fr5* poets = ne>ly a c5tury1 & not)/&+ its con/ra9ts !y _h (t5 atta9$ a mu* /rong] pa!tic effect4 ,or on ! political s5tim5ts8 ,b 9 a s+le dialogue betwe5 ,brutus & ,cassius 9 ,%akspe>e !re is m ( a ,roman way ( ?9k+ & republican en]gy ?an 9 all ,cato4 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is piece c\ld ev] h produc$ a p[]ful impression1 b its reputation has c]ta9ly _h a prejudicial influ5ce on ,trag$y 9 ,engl&4 ,! example ( ,cato1 & ! translation ( ,fr5* trag$ies1 :i* became e day m frequ5t1 c\ld n1 x is true1 r5d] univ]sal ! belief 9 ! infallibility ( ! rules2 b !y 7 held 9 suffici5t consid]ation to di/urb ! consci5ce ( ! dramatic poets1 :o consequ5tly 7 extremely timid 9 avail+ !mselves ( ! pr]ogatives !y inh]it$ f ,%akspe>e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! pr]ogatives 7 at ! same "t problems2 x requires no ord9>y degree ( skill to arrange1 ) simplicity & p]spicuity1 su* great masses z ,%akspe>e uses to br+ toge!r3 m ( draw+ & p]spective are requir$ = an ext5sive fresco pa9t+1 ?an = a small oil picture4 ,9 r5\nc+ ! int]mixture ( comic sc5es :5 !y no long] und]/ood _! ironical aim1 !y did p]fectly "r3 ,s\!rn /ill attempt$ !m 9 8 ,oroonoko1 b 9 8 h&s !y exhibit a wret*$ appe>ance4 ,) ! g5]al k & admiration ( ! anci5ts :i* exi/$ 9 ,engl&1 we might h look$ = "s attempt at a true imitation ( ! ,greek ,trag$y2 no su* imitation has1 h[ev]1 made its appe>ance2 9 ! *oice & h&l+ ( _! mat]ials !y %[ an und\bt$ aff9ity to ! ,fr5*4 ,"s poets ( celebrity 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( poetry1 ,"y1 ,?omson1 ,glov]1 h writt5 trag$ies1 b no "o ( !m has display$ any true tragical tal5t4 ,!y h n[ & !n _h rec\rse to famili> trag$y to assi/ ! b>r5ness ( imag9ation2 b ! moral aim1 :i* mu/ exclusively prevail 9 ?is species1 is a true ext+ui%] ( g5u9e poetical inspiration4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 be5 satisfi$ ) a few attempts4 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,london1 & ,! ,game/]1 are ! only plays 9 ?is way :i* h atta9$ any great reputation4 ,george ,b>nwell is rem>kable f hav+ be5 prais$ by ,did]ot & ,less+1 z a model = imitation4 ,?is error c\ld only h escap$ f ,less+ 9 ! ke5ness ( 8 ho/ility to ! ,fr5* conv5tional tone4 ,= 9 tru? x is necess>y to keep ,lillo's hone/ views con/antly 9 m9d1 to prev5t u f f9d+ ,george ,b>nwell z laughable z x is c]ta9ly trivial4 ,:oev] possesses s little1 or r1 no k ( m5 & ( ! _w1 ought n to set up = a public lectur] on morals4 ,we might draw a v diff]5t conclusion f ?is piece1 f t :i* ! au?or _h 9 view1 namely1 t to prev5t "y p f ent]ta9+ a viol5t passion1 & be+ l$ at la/ to /eal & murd]1 = ! fir/ wret* :o spreads h] sn>es = !m1 7:i* !y ( c\rse _c possibly avoid17 we ought1 at an e>ly p]iod1 to make !m acqua9t$ ) ! true "* ( c\rtezans4 ,besides1 ,i _c approve ( n mak+ ! gall[s visible be=e ! la/ sc5e2 su* a piece ought always to be act$ ) a place ( execution 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,) respect to ! edification to be drawn f a drama ( ?is k9d1 ,i %\ld pref] ! hi/ories ( malefactors1 :i* 9 ,engl& are usually pr9t$ at executions2 !y conta91 at lea/1 real facts1 in/ead ( awkw>d fictions4 ,g>rick's appe>ance =ms an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% !atre1 z he *iefly d$icat$ 8 tal5ts to ! great *>act]s ( ,%akspe>e1 & built 8 own fame on ! gr[+ admiration = ?is poet4 ,be=e 8 "t1 ,%akspe>e _h only be5 br\ght on ! /age 9 mutilat$ & disfigur$ alt]ations4 ,g>rick return$ on ! :ole to ! true orig9als1 ?\gh he /ill all[$ himself to make "s v un=tunate *anges4 ,x appe>s to me t ! only excusable alt]ation ( ,%akspe>e is1 to leave out a few ?+s n 9 con=mity to ! ta/e ( ! "t4 ,g>rick 0 und\bt$ly a great actor4 ,:e!r he always conceiv$ ! p>ts ( ,%akspe>e 9 ! s5se ( ! poet1 ,i1 f ! v circum/ances /at$ 9 ! eulogies on 8 act+1 %\ld be incl9$ to d\bt4 ,he excit$1 h[ev]1 a noble emulation to repres5t wor?ily ! great national poet2 ?is has ev] s9ce be5 ! highe/ aim ( actors1 & ev5 at pres5t ! /age c boa/ ( m5 ^: hi/rionic tal5ts are des]v$ly fam\s4 ,b :y has ?is revival ( ! admiration ( ,%akspe>e rema9$ unproductive = dramatic poetry8 ,because he has be5 too mu* ! subject ( a/oni%m5t1 z an unapproa*able g5ius :o ow$ ev]y?+ to nature & no?+ to art4 ,8 success1 x is ?\ght1 is )\t example1 & c nev] be repeat$2 nay1 x is ev5 =bidd5 to v5ture into ! same region4 ,_h he be5 consid]$ m f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 x w\ld h l$ to an endeav\r to und]/& ! pr9ciples :i* he foll[$ 9 8 practice1 & an attempt to ma/] !m4 ,a meteor appe>s1 disappe>s1 & leaves no trace beh9d2 ! c\rse ( a heav5ly body1 h[ev]1 ought to be del9eat$ by ! a/ronom]1 = ! sake ( inve/igat+ m accurately ! laws ( g5]al me*anics4 ,i am n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! late/ dramatic productions ( ! ,engli%1 to ent] into a m9ute acc\nt ( !m4 ,t ! dramatic art & ! public ta/e are1 h[ev]1 9 a wret*$ /ate ( decl9e1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be safely inf]r$ f ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,"s ye>s ago1 sev]al ,g]man plays f\nd _! way to ! ,engli% /age2 plays1 :i*1 x is true1 are ) u ! fav\rites ( ! multitude1 b :i* are n consid]$ by ! intellig5t z =m+ a "p ( our lit]ature1 & 9 :i* di/+ui%$ actors are almo/ a%am$ ( e>n+ applause4 ,^! pieces h met ) extraord9>y fav\r 9 ,engl&2 !y h1 prop]ly speak+1 z ! ,italians say1 fatto furore1 ?\gh inde$ ! critics did n fail to declaim aga9/ _! immorality1 veil$ ov] by s5tim5tal hypocrisy4 ,f ! pov]ty ( our dramatic lit]ature1 ! admission ( su* abom9ations into ,g]many may be easily compreh5d$2 b :at c be alleg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is depravity ( ta/e 9 a nation l ! ,engli%1 :i* possesses su* treasures1 & :i* mu/ !re=e desc5d f su* an elevation8 ,c]ta9 writ]s are no?+ 9 !mselves2 !y are m]ely symptoms ( ! disease ( _! age2 & 7 we to judge f !m1 !re is b too mu* reason to fe> t1 9 ,engl&1 an effem9ate s5tim5tality 9 private life is m frequ5t1 ?an f ! a/oni%+ political greatness & en]gy ( ! nation we %\ld be l$ to suppose4 ,may ! romantic drama & ! gr& hi/orical drama1 ^? truly native species1 be aga9 spe$ily reviv$1 & may ,%akspe>e f9d su* wor?y imitators z "s ( ^? :om ,g]many has to produce6 ,,lecture ,,xxix4 ,spani% ,!atre--,its ?ree ,p]iods3 ,c]vantes1 ,lope de ,vega1 ,cald]on-- ,_s ( ! ,spani% ,poetry 9 g5]al--,influ5ce ( ! ,national ,hi/ory on x--,=m1 & v>i\s species ( ! ,spani% ,drama--,decl9e s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ri*es ( ! ,spani% /age h become prov]bial1 & x has be5 m or less ! cu/om ( ! ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% dramati/s1 to draw f ?is s\rce1 & g5]ally )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,i h (t51 9 ! prec$+ ,lectures1 _h occasion to notice ?is fact2 x 0 incompatible1 h[ev]1 ) my purpose1 to give an enum]ation ( all t has be5 s borr[$1 = x w\ld h assum$ r a bulky appe>ance1 & )\t great lab\r x c\ld n h be5 r5d]$ complete4 ,:at has be5 tak5 f ! mo/ celebrat$ ,spani% poets might be easily po9t$ out2 b ! writ]s ( ! second & ?ird rank h be5 equally laid "u contribution1 & _! works are n easily met ) out ( ,spa94 ,+5i\s boldness1 jo9$ to easy cle>ness ( intrigue1 is s exclusively peculi> to ! ,spani% dramati/s1 t :5ev] ,i f9d ^! 9 a "w1 ,i consid] myself ju/ifi$ 9 suspect+ a ,spani% orig91 ev5 ?\gh ! circum/ance may h be5 unkn[n to ! au?or himself1 :o drew 8 plagi>ism f a ne>] s\rce4 ,footnote3 ,?us = example1 ,! ,s]vant ( two ,ma/]s1 ( ,goldoni1 a piece highly di/+ui%$ above 8 o!rs = ! mo/ amus+ intrigue1 passes = an orig9al4 ,a le>n$ ,spani>d has assur$ me1 t he kn[s x to be a ,spani% inv5tion4 ,p]haps ,goldoni _h "h m]ely an old] ,italian imitation be=e him4 ,f ! political prepond]ance ( ,spa9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 a k ( its language became widely diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _m traces are to be f\nd ( an acqua9tance ) ,spani% lit]ature 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many2 s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 ! /udy ( x _h e :]e fall5 into neglect1 till ( late "s zeal = x has be5 aga9 excit$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,france !y h no o!r idea ( ! ,spani% !atre1 ?an :at c be =m$ f ! translations ( ,l+uet4 ,^! aga9 h be5 r5d]$ into ,g]man1 & _! numb] has be5 increas$ by o!rs1 9 no respect bett]1 d]iv$ imm$iately f ! orig9als4 ,! translators h1 h[ev]1 conf9$ !mselves almo/ exclusively to ! dep>tm5t ( com$ies ( intrigue1 & ?\gh all ! ,spani% plays ) ! exception ( a few ,entremeses1 ,saynetes1 & ^? ( a v late p]iod1 are v]sifi$1 !y h turn$ ! :ole into prose1 & ev5 consid]$ !mselves entitl$ to praise = hav+ c>efully remov$ e ?+ l poetical ornam5t4 ,aft] su* a mode ( proce$+ no?+ b ! mat]ial scaffold+ ( ! orig9al c\ld rema92 ! beautiful col\r+ mu/ h disappe>$ toge!r ) ! =m ( execution4 ,t translators :o c\ld %[ su* a total want ( judgm5t z to poetical excell5ces w\ld n *oose ! be/ pieces ( ! /ore1 may be easily suppos$4 ,! species 9 "q1 ?\gh 9 ! inv5tion ( innum]able intrigues1 ( su* a k9d z ! !atrical lit]ature ( all o!r c\ntries c produce b few examples ( x1 x c]ta9ly %[s a/oni%+ acut5ess1 is1 nev]!less1 by no means ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! ,spani% !atre1 :i* displays a mu* great] brilliancy 9 ! h&l+ ( wond]ful1 my?ological1 or hi/orical subjects4 ,! selection publi%$ by ,de la ,hu]ta 9 sixte5 small volumes1 "u ! title ( ,teatro ,hespaol1 ) introductions giv+ an acc\nt ( ! au?ors ( ! pieces & ! diff]5t species1 w n af=d1 ev5 to "o conv]sant ) ! language1 a v ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! ,spani% !atre4 ,8 collection is limit$ almo/ exclusively to ! dep>tm5t ( com$ies 9 mod]n mann]s1 & he has n admitt$ into x any ( ! pieces ( an e>li] p]iod1 compos$ by ,lope de ,vega1 or 8 pr$ecessors4 ,blank5burg & ,b\t]wek ,footnote3 ,! =m]1 9 8 annotations on ,sulz]s ,!orie d] s*n5 ,kn/e1 ! latt] 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,spanis*5 ,poesie4 among ourselves h lab\r$ to ?r[ light on ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! ,spani% !atre1 be=e x acquir$ its prop] %ape & atta9$ lit]>y dignity1--a subject involv$ 9 mu* obscurity4 ,b ev5 at an aft] p]iod1 an imm5se numb] ( works 7 writt5 = ! /age :i* nev] appe>$ 9 pr9t1 & :i* are ei!r n[ lo/ or only exi/ 9 manuscript2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is h>dly an in/ance ( a piece be+ pr9t$ )\t hav+ fir/ be5 br\ght on ! /age4 ,a correct & complete hi/ory ( ! ,spani% !atre1 !re=e1 c only be execut$ 9 ,spa94 ,! notices ( ! ,g]man writ]s above-m5tion$1 are h[ev] ( use1 ?\gh n free f errors2 _! op9ions ( ! poetical m]it ( ! sev]al pieces1 & ! g5]al view :i* !y h tak51 appe> to me exce$+ly objectionable4 ,! fir/ advances ( ,dramatic ,art 9 ,spa9 7 made 9 ! la/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ) ! end ( ! sev5te5? x ceas$ to fl\ri%4 ,9 ! eighte5?1 aft] ! ,w> ( ! ,succession1 7:i* seems to h _h a v prejudicial influ5ce on ! ,spani% lit]ature 9 g5]al17 v little c be m5tion$ :i* does n display extravagance1 decay1 ! ret5tion ( old obs]vances )\t mean+1 or a tame imitation ( =eign productions4 ,! ,spani% lit]>i ( ! la/ g5]ation frequ5tly boa/ ( _! old national poets1 ! p ent]ta9 a /rong atta*m5t to !m1 & 9 ,mexico1 z well z ,madrid1 _! pieces are always repres5t$ ) impassion$ applause4 ,! v>i\s epo*s 9 ! =mation ( ! ,spani% !atre may be designat$ by ! names ( ?ree ( its mo/ fam\s au?ors1 ,c]vantes1 ,lope de ,vega1 & ,cald]on4 ,! e>lie/ & mo/ valuable in=mation & op9ions on ?is subject are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,c]vantes2 *iefly 9 ,don ,quixote 79 ! dialogue ) ! ,canon71 9 ! ,preface to 8 lat] plays1 & 9 ! ,j\rney to ,p>nassus4 ,he has also 9 v>i\s o!r places ?r[n out occasional rem>ks on ! subject4 ,he _h witness$ 9 8 y\? ! comm5cem5t ( ! dramatic art 9 ,spa92 ! poetical pov]ty ( :i*1 z well z ! meagr5ess ( ! !atrical decorations1 are v humor\sly describ$ by him4 ,he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 look+ ^u himself z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ?is art2 = be=e he ga9$ immortal fame by 8 ,don ,quixote he _h dilig5tly lab\r$ = ! /age1 & f tw5ty to ?irty pieces 7s neglig5tly does he speak ( !m7 f 8 p5 _h be5 act$ ) applause4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 he made no v high claims1 nor aft] !y _h fulfill$ _! mom5t>y de/9ation did he all[ any ( !m to be pr9t$2 & x 0 only lately t two ( ^! e>li] lab\rs 7 = ! fir/ "t publi%$4 ,"o ( ^! plays1 probably ,c]vantes' fir/1 ,! ,way ( ,liv+ 9 ,algi]s 7,el ,trato de ,argel71 /ill be>s traces ( ! infancy ( ! art 9 ! prepond]ance ( n>rative1 9 ! g5]al meagr5ess1 & 9 ! want ( prom95cy 9 ! figures & situations4 ,! o!r1 h[ev]1 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,numantia1 has altoge!r ! elevation ( ! tragical co?urnus2 &1 f its unconsci\s & unlab\r$ approximation to antique gr&eur & purity1 =ms a rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n poetry4 ,! idea ( de/9y prevails 9 x ?r\gh\t2 ! allegorical figures :i* ent] betwe5 ! acts supply ne>ly1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way1 ! place ( ! *orus 9 ! ,greek trag$ies2 !y guide ! reflection & propitiate ! feel+4 ,a great de$ ( h]oism is accompli%$2 ! extremity ( suff]+ is endur$ ) con/ancy2 b x is ! de$ & ! suff]+ ( a :ole nation ^: individual memb]s1 x may almo/ be said1 appe> b z examples ( ! g5]al =titude & magnanimity1 :ile ! ,roman h]oes seem m]ely ! in/rum5ts ( fate4 ,!re is1 if ,i may s speak1 a sort ( ,sp>tan pa?os 9 ?is piece3 e s+le & p]sonal consid]ation is swall[$ up 9 ! feel+ ( patriotism2 & by allusions to ! w>like fame ( 8 nation 9 mod]n times1 ! poet has contriv$ to connect ! anci5t hi/ory ) ! int]e/s ( 8 own day4 ,lope de ,vega appe>$1 & soon became ! sole mon>* ( ! /age2 ,c]vantes 0 unable to compete ) him2 yet he 0 unwill+ altoge!r to ab&on a claim f\nd$ on e>li] success2 & %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 9 ! ye> #afae1 he pr9t$ eight plays & an equal numb] ( small] int]ludes1 z he _h fail$ 9 8 attempts to get !m br\ght on ! /age4 ,!y h g5]ally be5 consid]$ greatly inf]ior to 8 o!r prose & poetical works2 _! mod]n editor is ev5 ( op9ion t !y 7 meant z p>odies & satires on ! vitiat$ ta/e ( ! "t3 b to f9d ?is hypo!sis ridicul\s1 we h only to read !m )\t any su* prepossession4 ,_h ,c]vantes ent]ta9$ su* a design1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h accompli%$ x 9 a v diff]5t way 9 "o piece1 & also 9 a mann] bo? highly amus+ & n liable to misconception4 ,no1 !y 7 int5d$ z pieces 9 ! mann] ( ,lope3 contr>y to 8 own convictions1 ,c]vantes has "h endeav\r$1 by a display ( great] v>iety1 ( wond]ful plots1 & !atrical effect to comply ) ! ta/e ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,x w\ld appe> f !m t he consid]$ a sup]ficial composition z ! ma9 requisite = applause2 8 own1 at lea/1 is = ! mo/ "p1 extremely loose & ill-connect$1 & we h no examples 9 8 prose works ( a simil> degree ( neglig5ce4 ,h5ce1 z he p>tly r5\nc$ 8 peculi> excell5ces1 we ne$ n be a/oni%$ t he did n succe$ 9 surpass+ ,lope 9 8 own walk4 ,two1 h[ev]1 ( ^! pieces1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,slaves 9 ,algi]s 7,los ,baos de ,argel71 an alt]ation ( ! piece be=e-m5tion$1 & ,! ,labyr9? ( ,love1 are1 9 _! :ole plot1 des]v+ ( great praise1 :ile all ( !m conta9 s _m beautiful & +5i\s traits1 t :5 we consid] !m by !mselves1 & )\t comp>+ !m ) ! ,de/ruction ( ,numantia1 we feel dispos$ to look on ! op9ion ent]ta9$ pretty g5]ally by ! ,spani% critics z a m]e prejudice4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 we comp>e !m ) ,lope's pieces1 or be> 9 m9d ! high] excell5ces to :i* ,cald]on _h accu/om$ ! public1 ?is op9ion w appe> to admit ( conditional ju/ification4 ,we may1 on ! :ole1 all[ t ! m9d ( ?is poet 0 mo/ incl9$ to ! epic1 7tak+ ! ^w 9 its m ext5sive signification1 = ! n>rative =m ( composition72 & t ! light & g5tle mann] 9 :i* he delights to move ! m9d is n well suit$ to ! mak+ ! mo/ ( e mom5t1 & to ! rapid compression :i* are requir$ on ! !atre4 ,b :5 we1 on ! o!r h&1 view ! en]getical pa?os 9 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,numantia1 we are con/ra9$ almo/ to consid] x z m]ely accid5tal t ,c]vantes did n devote himself :olly to ?is species ( writ+1 & f9d room 9 x = ! complete developm5t ( 8 inv5tive m9d4 ,! s5t5ce pron\nc$ by ,c]vantes on ! dramas ( 8 lat] contempor>ies is "o ( ! neglect$ voices :i*1 f "t to "t1 9 ,spa9 h be5 rais$1 insi/+ on ! imitation ( ! anci5t classics1 :ile ! national ta/e _h decid$ly decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ! romantic drama 9 its bolde/ =m4 ,on ?is subject ,c]vantes1 f causes :i* we may easily compreh5d1 0 n altoge!r imp>tial4 ,lope de ,vega _h foll[$ him z a dramatic writ]1 & by 8 great] f]tility & ! effective brilliancy ( 8 pieces1 _h driv5 him f ! /age2 a circum/ance :i* ought c]ta9ly to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 expla9+ ! discont5t ( ,c]vantes 9 8 advanc$ age ) ! direction ( ! public ta/e & ! con/itution ( ! !atre4 ,x w\ld appe>1 too1 t 9 8 poetical m9d !re 0 a c]ta9 prosaical corn] 9 :i* !re /ill lurk$ a disposition to reject ! wond]ful1 & ! bold play ( fancy1 z contr>y to probability & nature4 ,on ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts he recomm5d$ a /rict] sep>ation ( ! sev]al k9ds ( ! drama2 :]eas ! romantic art endeav\rs1 9 its productions1 z he himself _h done 9 8 romances & novels1 to bl5d all ! elem5ts ( poetry2 & he c5sur$ ) great sev]ity1 z real (f5ces aga9/ propriety1 ! rapid *anges ( "t & place4 ,x is rem>kable t ,lope himself 0 unacqua9t$ ) 8 own rights1 & confess$ t he wrote 8 pieces1 contr>y to ! rules ) :i* he 0 well acqua9t$1 m]ely = ! sake ( pleas+ ! multitude4 ,t ?is object ent]$ prom95tly into 8 consid]ation is c]ta9ly true2 /ill he rema9s "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ( all ! popul> & fav\rite !atrical writ]s t ev] liv$1 & well des]ves to be call$ 9 all s]i\sness by 8 rival & adv]s>y1 ,c]vantes1 a wond] ( nature4 ,! pieces ( ,lope de ,vega1 num]\s beyond all belief1 h p>tly nev] be5 pr9t$2 :ile ( ^? t h1 a complete collection is seldom to be f\nd1 except 9 ,spa94 ,_m pieces are probably falsely ascrib$ to him2 an abuse ( :i* ,cald]on also compla9s4 ,i "k n :e!r ,lope himself ev] gave a li/ ( ! pieces actually compos$ by him2 inde$ he c\ld h>dly at la/ h rememb]$ ! :ole ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 by read+ a few1 we %all advance pretty f> t[>ds an acqua9tance ) ?is poet2 nor ne$ we be mu* afraid le/ we %\ld h fail$ to p]use ! mo/ excell5t1 z 9 8 sep>ate productions he does n surprise u by any elevat$ flight nor by lay+ op5 ! :ole unfa?omable dep?s ( 8 m9d4 ,?is prolific writ]1 at "o "t too mu* idoliz$1 at ano!r too mu* depreciat$1 appe>s "h und\bt$ly 9 ! mo/ advantage\s light1 z ! !atre 0 ! be/ s*ool = ! correction ( 8 ?ree great errors1 want ( connexion1 diffus5ess1 & an unnecess>y p>ade ( le>n+4 ,9 "s ( 8 pieces1 especially ! hi/orical ones1 f\nd$ on old romances or traditional tales1 = in/ance1 ,k+ ,wamba1 ,! ,y\?ful ,tricks ( ,b]n>do del ,c>pio1 ,! ,battlem5ts ( ,toro1 c41 !re prevails a c]ta9 rud5ess ( pa9t+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r )\t "*1 & seems to h be5 purposely *os5 to suit ! subjects3 9 o!rs1 :i* portray ! mann]s ( 8 own "t1 z = in/ance1 ,! ,lively ,fair ,"o ( ,told1 ,! ,fair de=m$1 we may obs]ve a highly cultivat$ social tone4 ,all ( !m conta91 besides truly int]e/+ situations1 a numb] ( inimitable jokes2 & !re are1 p]haps1 v few ( !m :i* w\ld n1 if skilfully treat$ & adapt$ to our /ages1 produce a great effect 9 ! pres5t day4 ,_! *ief defects are1 a pr(usion ( injudici\s inv5tion1 & neglig5ce 9 ! execution4 ,!y resemble ! gr\ps :i* an +5i\s sket*] scrawls on pap] )\t any prep>ation1 & )\t ev5 tak+ ! necess>y "t2 9 :i*1 not)/&+ ?is ha/y neglig5ce e l9e is full ( life & significance4 ,besides ! want ( c>eful f9i%1 ! works ( ,lope are defici5t 9 dep?1 & also 9 ^? m delicate allusions :i* con/itute ! peculi> my/]ies ( ! art4 ,if ! ,spani% !atre _h n advanc$ f>!r1 if x _h possess$ only ! works ( ,lope & ! m em95t ( 8 contempor>ies1 z ,guill5 de ,ca/ro1 ,montalban1 ,mol9a1 ,matos-,fragoso1 c41 we %\ld h to praise x1 r = gr&eur ( design & = promis+ subjects ?an = matur$ p]fection4 ,b ,don ,p$ro ,cald]on de la ,b>ca n[ made 8 appe>ance1 a writ] z prolific & dilig5t z ,lope1 & a poet ( a v diff]5t k9d1--a poet if ev] any man des]v$ t "n4 ,! wond] ( nature1 ! en?usia/ic popul>ity1 & ! sov]eignty ( ! /age 7 r5ew$ 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,! ye>s ( ,cald]on ,footnote3 ,born 9 #afja4 keep ne>ly equal pace ) ^? ( ! sev5tee? c5tury2 he 0 consequ5tly sixte5 :5 ,c]vantes1 & ?irty-five :5 ,lope di$1 :om he surviv$ ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,accord+ to 8 biograph]'s acc\nt1 ,cald]on wrote m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty plays1 m ?an a hundr$ spiritual allegorical acts 7,autos71 a hundr$ m]ry int]ludes or ,saynetes ,footnote3 ,?is acc\nt is p]haps some:at rhetorical4 ,! mo/ complete1 & 9 e respect ! be/ edition ( ! plays1 t ( ,apontes1 conta9s only a hundr$ & eight pieces4 ,at ! reque/ ( a great ,"l1 ,cald]on1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 gave a li/ ( 8 g5u9e works4 ,he names a hundr$ & elev5 plays2 b among !m !re are consid]ably m ?an ?ree :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! collection ( ,apontes4 ,"s ( !m may1 inde$1 be conceal$ "u o!r titles1 z1 = in/ance1 ! piece1 :i* ,cald]on himself calls1 ,el ,tuzani de la ,alpuj>ra1 is nam$ 9 ! collection1 ,am> despues de la ,mu]te4 ,o!rs are unque/ionably omitt$1 = in/ance1 a ,don ,quixote1 :i* ,i %\ld be p>ticul>ly desir\s ( see+4 ,we may inf] f _m circum/ances t ,cald]on _h a great respect = ,c]vantes4 ,! collection ( ! ,autos sacram5tales conta9s only sev5ty-two1 & ( ^! sev]al are n m5tion$ by ,cald]on4 ,& yet he lays ! greate/ /ress on ^!2 :olly devot$ to religion1 he _h become 9 8 age m indiff]5t t[>ds ! temporal plays ( 8 muse1 al?\gh he did n reject !m1 & /ill cont9u$ to add to ! numb]4 ,x might well be ) him z ) an excessively weal?y man1 :o1 9 a g5]al computation1 is apt to =get _m ( ! items ( 8 capital4 ,i h nev] yet be5 able to see any ( ! ,saynetes ( ,cald]on2 ,i _c ev5 f9d an acc\nt :e!r or n !y h be5 ev] collect$ & pr9t$4 besides a numb] ( poems :i* 7 n dramatical4 ,z f 8 f\rte5? to 8 eighty-fir/ ye>1 t 9 :i* he di$1 he cont9u$ to produce dramatic works1 !y spread ov] a great space1 & we may !re=e suppose t he did n write ) ! same ha/e z ,lope2 he _h suffici5t leisure to consid] 8 plans maturely1 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 he has done4 ,9 ! execution1 he c\ld n fail f 8 ext5sive practice to acquire great read9ess4 ,9 ?is almo/ incalculable exub]ance ( production1 we f9d no?+ ?r[n out at r&om2 all is f9i%$ 9 ma/]ly p]fection1 agreeably to e/abli%$ & consi/5t pr9ciples1 & ) ! mo/ pr(\nd arti/ic views4 ,?is _c be d5i$ ev5 by ^? :o w\ld conf\nd ! pure & high /yle ( ! romantic drama ) mann]ism1 & consid] ^! bold flights ( poetry1 on ! extreme b\nd>ies ( ! conceivable1 z ab]rations 9 art4 ,= ,cald]on has e :]e conv]t$ t into matt] :at pass$ ) 8 pr$ecessors = =m2--no?+ less ?an ! noble/ & mo/ exquisite excell5ce c\ld satisfy him4 ,& ?is is :y he repeats himself 9 _m expressions1 images1 comp>isons1 nay1 ev5 9 _m plays ( situation2 = he 0 too ri* to be "u ! necessity ( borr[+ f himself1 mu* less f o!rs4 ,! effect on ! /age is ) ,cald]on ! fir/ & la/ ?+2 b ?is consid]ation1 :i* is g5]ally felt by o!rs z a re/ra9t1 is ) him a positive end4 ,i "k ( no dramati/ equally skill$ 9 conv]t+ effect into poetry1 :o is at once s s5sibly vigor\s & s e!real4 ,8 dramas divide !mselves into f\r pr9cipal classes3 compositions on sacr$ subjects tak5 f scripture & leg5ds2 hi/orical2 my?ological1 or f\nd$ ^u o!r fictiti\s mat]ials2 & f9ally1 pictures ( social life 9 mod]n mann]s4 ,! pieces f\nd$ on ! hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry are hi/orical only 9 ! m limit$ acceptation4 ,! e>li] p]iods ( ,spani% hi/ory h (t5 be5 felt & portray$ by ,cald]on ) ! greate/ tru?2 b1 9 g5]al1 he _h too decid$1 ,i might almo/ say1 too burn+ a pr$ilection = 8 own nation1 to ent] into ! peculi>ities ( ano!r2 at be/ he c\ld h portray$ :at v]ges t[>ds ! sun1 ! ,s\? & ! ,ea/2 b classical antiquity1 z well z ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 7 altoge!r =eign to 8 conception4 ,mat]ials ( ?is description he has !re=e tak5 9 a p]fectly fanciful s5se3 g5]ally ! ,greek my?ology became 9 8 h&s a delightful tale1 & ! ,roman hi/ory a maje/ic hyp]bole4 ,8 sacr$ compositions mu/1 h[ev]1 9 "s degree1 be rank$ z hi/orical2 = al?\gh surr\nd$ ) ri* fiction1 z is always ! case 9 ,cald]on1 !y nev]!less 9 g5]al express ! "* ( ,biblical or leg5d>y /ory ) great fidelity4 ,!y are di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 f ! o!r hi/orical pieces by ! frequ5t prom95cy ( a significant allegory1 & by ! religi\s en?usiasm ) :i* ! poet1 9 ! spiritual acts design$ = ! celebration ( ! fe/ival ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,autos exhibits ! univ]se z x 71 "u an allegorical repres5tation 9 ! purple flames ( love4 ,9 ?is la/ class he 0 mo/ admir$ by 8 contempor>ies1 & "h also he himself set ! highe/ value on 8 lab\rs4 ,b )\t hav+ read1 at lea/1 "o ( !m 9 a truly poetical translation1 my auditors c\ld n =m ! slighte/ idea ( !m2 :ile ! due consid]ation ( ^! ,autos w\ld dem& a difficult inve/igation into ! admissibility ( allegory into dramatical composition4 ,i %all !re=e conf9e myself to ^? ( 8 dramas :i* are no allegorical4 ,! *>act]ization ( ^! ,i %all be v f> f exhau/+2 ,i c m]ely exhibit a few ( _! m g5]al features4 ,( ! great multitude ( +5i\s & acute writ]s1 :o 7 !n tempt$ by ! dazzl+ spl5d\r ( ! !atrical c>e] to write = ! /age1 ! great] "p 7 m]e imitators ( ,cald]on2 a few only des]ve to be nam$ along ) him1 z ,don ,agu/9 ,moreto1 ,don ,franzisco de ,roxas1 ,don ,antonio de ,solis1 ! acute & eloqu5t hi/orian ( ! conque/ ( ,mexico1 c4 ,! dramatic lit]ature ( ! ,spani>ds c ev5 boa/ ( a royal poet1 ,philip ,,iv41 ! great patron & admir] ,footnote3 ,?is mon>* seems1 9 reality1 to h _h a reli% = ! peculi> excell5ce ( 8 fav\rite poet1 :om he consid]$ z ! brighte/ ornam5t ( 8 c\rt4 ,he 0 s prepossess$ 9 fav\r ( ! national drama1 t he =bade ! introduction into ,spa9 ( ! ,italian op]a1 :i* 0 !n 9 g5]al fav\r at ! diff]5t ,european c\rts3 an example :i* des]ves to be held up to ! ,g]man ,pr9ces1 :o h hi!rto1 f indiff]5ce t[>ds e ?+ national1 & p>tiality = e ?+ =eign1 done all 9 _! p[] to disc\rage ! ,g]man poets4 ( ,cald]on1 to :om sev]al anonym\s pieces1 ) ! epigraph de un +5io de e/a corte1 are ascrib$4 ,all ! writ]s ( t day wrote 9 a k9dr$ _s2 !y =m$ a true s*ool ( art4 ,_m ( !m h peculi> excell5ces1 b ,cald]on 9 boldness1 fulness1 & pr(undity1 so>s beyond !m all2 9 him ! romantic drama ( ! ,spani>ds atta9$ ! summit ( p]fection4 ,we %all endeav\r to give a feeble idea ( ! _s & =m ( ^! compositions1 :i* diff] s widely f e o!r ,european production4 ,= ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 we mu/ ent] 9 "s measure into ! "* ( ! ,spani% poetry 9 g5]al1 & ^? hi/orical circum/ances by :i* x has be5 det]m9$4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! ,spani% poetry are extremely simple3 its two fundam5tal =ms 7 ! romaunt & ! song1 & 9 ^! orig9al national melodies we ev]y:]e fancy we he> ! accompanim5t ( ! guit>4 ,! romaunt1 :i* is half ,arabian 9 its orig91 0 at fir/ a simple h]oic tale2 aft]w>ds x became a v artificial species1 adapt$ to v>i\s uses1 b 9 :i* ! picturesque +r$i5t always pr$om9at$ ev5 to ! mo/ brilliant luxuriance ( col\r+4 ,! song aga91 almo/ de/itute ( imag]y1 express$ t5d] feel+s 9 +5i\s turns2 x ext5ds its sportiv5ess to ! v limits :]e ! self- m$itation1 :i* endeav\rs to transfuse an inexpressible disposition ( m9d into ?\ght1 w+s aga9 ! ?\ght to dreamlike intimations4 ,! =ms ( ! song 7 div]sifi$ by ! introduction into poetry ( :at 9 music is effect$ by v>iation4 ,! ri* prop]ties ( ! ,spani% language h[ev] c\ld n fully develop !mselves 9 ^! species ( poetry1 :i* 7 r t5d] & infant9e ?an elevat$4 ,h5ce t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury !y adapt$ ! m compreh5sive =ms ( ,italian poetry1 ,ottave ,t]z9e1 ,canzoni1 ,sonetti2 & ! ,ca/ilian language1 ! pr\de/ daught] ( ! ,lat91 0 !n fir/ enabl$ to display h] :ole p[] 9 dignity1 beautiful boldness1 & spl5d\r ( imag]y4 ,! ,spani% ) its guttural s\nds1 & frequ5t t]m9ation ) consonants1 is less s(t ?an ! ,italian2 b its tones are1 if possible1 m full] & deep]1 & fill ! e> ) a pure metallic resonance4 ,x _h n altoge!r lo/ ! r\gh /r5g? & he>t9ess ( ! ,go?ic1 :5 ,ori5tal int]mixtures gave x a wond]ful degree ( sublimity1 & elevat$ its poetry1 intoxicat$ z x 7 ) aromatic fragrances1 f> above all ! scrupul\s mod]ation ( ! sob] ,we/4 ,! /ream ( poetical inspiration1 swell$ by e pr\d consci\sness1 increas$ ) ! gr[+ fame 9 arms ( ?is once s free & h]oic nation4 ,! ,spani>ds play$ a glori\s "p 9 ! ev5ts ( ! middle ages1 a "p b too mu* =gott5 by ! envi\s +ratitude ( mod]n times4 ,!y 7 !n ! =lorn out-po/s ( ,europe2 !y lay on _! ,pyr5ean p59sula z 9 a camp1 expos$ )\t =eign assi/ance to ! incessant eruptions ( ! ,arabians1 b always ready = r5ew$ conflicts4 ,! f\nd+ ( _! ,*ri/ian k+dom1 ?r\gh c5turies ( conflicts1 f ! "t :5 ! desc5dants ( ! ,go?s driv5 be=e ! ,moors into ! m\nta9s ( ! ,nor? fir/ left _! protect+ %elt] = ! w> ( fre$om & indep5d5ce1 d[n to ! complete expulsion ( ! ,arabian invad]s1 0 "o long adv5ture ( *ivalry2 nay1 ! pres]vation ( ,*ri/ianity itself 9 ! face ( s p[]ful a foe seems ! wondr\s "w ( m ?an mortal guidance4 ,accu/om$ to fight at ! same "t = lib]ty & religion1 ! ,spani>d clung to 8 fai? ) a fi]y zeal1 z an acquisition pur*as$ by ! co/ly exp5diture ( noble blood4 ,^! consolations ( a holy wor%ip 7 to him ! rew>ds ( h]oic ex]tion2 9 e *ur* he saw z x 7 a trophy ( 8 =efa!rs' brav]y4 ,ready to %$ ! la/ drop ( 8 blood 9 ! cause ( 8 ,god & 8 ,k+2 t5d]ly s5sitive ( 8 hon\r2 pr\d1 yet humble 9 ! pres5ce ( all t is sacr$ & holy2 s]i\s1 temp]ate1 & mode/ 0 ! old ,ca/ilian3 & yet =soo? "s are f\nd to sc(f at a noble & a loyal race because ev5 at ! pl\gh !y 7 lo! to lay aside ! belov$ sword1 ! in/rum5t ( _! high vocation ( patriotism & lib]ty4 ,?is love ( w>1 & _s ( ent]prise1 :i* s _m circum/ances _h ?us s]v$ to keep alive among _! subjects1 ! mon>*s ( ,spa9 made use (1 at ! close ( ! fifte5? & ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 an attempt to obta9 univ]sal mon>*y2 & :ile ! arms ( ! ,spani>d 7 ?us employ$ to effect ! subjugation ( o!r nations1 he 0 himself depriv$ ( 8 own political fre$om4 ,! fai?less & tyrannical policy ( ,philip ,,ii4 has unm]it$ly drawn d[n on ! :ole nation ! hatr$ ( =eign]s4 ,9 ,italy1 ,mac*iavelism 0 n conf9$ to ! ,pr9ces & ,republican lead]s2 x 0 ! univ]sal "*2 all ranks 7 infect$ ) ! same love ( artifice & fraud4 ,b 9 ,spa9 x mu/ be laid to ! *>ge ( ! ,gov]nm5t alone1 & ev5 ! religi\s p]secutions 9 t c\ntry seldom or nev] proce$$ f ! outbreak+s ( a univ]sal popul> fury4 ,! ,spani>d nev] presum$ to "q ! conduct ( 8 spiritual & worldly sup]iors1 & c>ri$ on _! w>s ( aggression & ambition ) ! same fidelity & brav]y :i* he _h =m]ly display$ 9 8 own w>s ( self-def5ce & patriotism4 ,p]sonal glory1 & a mi/ak5 religi\s zeal1 bl9d$ him ) respect to ! ju/ice ( 8 cause4 ,ent]prises be=e unexampl$1 7 eag]ly und]tak51 & successfully a*iev$2 a newly discov]$ _w beyond ! ocean 0 conqu]$ by a h&ful ( bold adv5tur]s2 individual in/ances ( cruelty & av>ice may h /a9$ ! spl5d\r ( resolute h]oism1 b ! mass ( ! nation 0 un9fect$ by its contagion4 ,n[h]e did ! _s ( *ivalry s long outlive its political exi/5ce z 9 ,spa94 ,long aft] ! int]nal prosp]ity1 z well z ! =eign influ5ce ( ! nation1 _h fatally decl9$ "u ! ru9\s errors ( ! ,second ,philip1 ?is _s propagat$ itself ev5 to ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( _! lit]ature1 & pla9ly impr9t$ ^u x an indelible /amp4 ,"h1 9 all _! dazzl+ features1 b associat$ ) f> high] m5tal culture1 ! middle ages 71 z x 71 r5ew$--^? times :5 pr9ces & nobles lov$ to indite ! lays ( love & brav]y1 & :51 ) he>ts devot$ equally to _! lady-love & ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 knights joyfully expos$ !mselves to ! dang]s & h>d%ips ( pilgrimage to ! ,l& ( ,promise1 & :5 ev5 a lion-he>t$ k+ t\*$ ! lute to t5d] s\nds ( amor\s lam5tation4 ,! poets ( ,spa9 7 n1 z 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 c\rti]s or s*ol>s1 or engag$ 9 "s peaceful art or o!r2 ( noble bir? = ! mo/ "p1 !y also l$ a w>like life4 ,! union ( ! sword & ! p51 & ! ex]cise ( arms & ! nobl] m5tal arts1 0 _! wat*-^w4 ,g>cilaso1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,spani% poetry "u ,*>les ,v41 0 a desc5dant ( ! ,yncas ( ,p]u1 & 9 ,africa1 /ill accompani$ by 8 agreeable muse1 fell be=e ! walls ( ,tunis3 ,camons1 ! ,portuguese1 sail$ z a soldi] to ! remote/ ,indies1 9 ! track ( ! glori\s ,adv5tur] ^: discov]ies he celebrat$3 ,don ,alonso de ,ercilla compos$ 8 ,araucana 9 ! mid/ ( w>f>e ) revolt$ savages1 9 a t5t at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]as1 or 9 wild]nesses yet untrodd5 by m51 or 9 a /orm-toss$ vessel on ! re/less ocean2 ,c]vantes pur*as$1 ) ! loss ( an arm1 & a long slav]y 9 ,algi]s1 ! hon\r ( hav+ f\ght1 z a common soldi]1 9 ! battle ( ,lepanto1 "u ! illu/ri\s ,john ( ,au/ria2 ,lope de ,vega1 among o!r adv5tures1 surviv$ ! mis=tunes ( ! ,inv9cible ,armada2 ,cald]on s]v$ sev]al campaigns 9 ,fl&]s & 9 ,italy1 & dis*>g$ ! w>like duties ( a knight ( ,santiago until he ent]$ holy ord]s1 & ?us gave ext]nal evid5ce t religion 0 ! rul+ motive ( 8 life4 ,if a feel+ ( religion1 a loyal h]oism1 hon\r1 & love1 be ! f\ndation ( romantic poetry1 x c\ld n fail to atta9 to its highe/ developm5t 9 ,spa91 :]e its bir? & gr[? 7 *]i%$ by ! mo/ fri5dly auspices4 ,! fancy ( ! ,spani>ds1 l _! active p[]s1 0 bold & v5turesome2 no m5tal adv5ture seem$ too haz>d\s = x to essay4 ,! popul> pr$ilection = surpass+ m>vels _h already %[n itself 9 its *ivalr\s romaunts4 ,& s !y wi%$ also to see ! wond]ful on ! /age2 :51 !re=e1 _! poets1 /&+ on ! l(ty em95ce ( a highly poli%$ /ate ( art & society1 gave x ! requisite =m1 brea!d into x a musical s\l1 & ref9$ its beautiful hues & fragrance f all corporeal grossness1 !re arose1 f ! v contra/ ( ! matt] & ! =m1 an irresi/ible fasc9ation4 ,amid ! h>mony ( ! mo/ v>i$ metre1 ! elegance ( fanciful allusions1 & t spl5d\r ( imag]y & simile :i* no o!r language ?an _! own c\ld hope to furni%1 comb9$ ) inv5tions ev] new1 & almo/ always pre-em95tly +5i\s1 ! spectators p]ceiv$ 9 imag9ation a fa9t refulg5ce ( ! =m] greatness ( _! nation :i* _h measur$ ! :ole _w ) its victories4 ,! mo/ di/ant zones 7 call$ ^u to contribute1 = ! gratification ( ! "m c\ntry1 ! treasures ( fancy z well z ( nature1 & on ! dom9ions ( ?is poetry1 z on t ( ,*>les ,v41 ! sun may truly be said nev] to set4 ,ev5 ^? plays ( ,cald]on :i*1 ca/ 9 mod]n mann]s1 desc5d ! mo/ to ! tone ( common life1 /ill fasc9ate u by a sort ( fanciful magic1 & _c be consid]$ 9 ! same light ) ! ord9>y run ( com$ies4 ,( ^? ( ,%akspe>e1 we h se5 t !y are always compos$ ( two dissimil> elem5ts3 ! comic1 :i*1 9 s f> z comic imitation requires ! obs]vance ( local conditions1 is true to ,engli% mann]s2 & ! romantic1 :i*1 z ! native soil 0 n suffici5tly poetical = x1 is inv>iably transplant$ to a =eign sc5e4 ,9 ,spa91 on ! o!r h&1 ! national co/ume ( t day /ill admitt$ ( an ideal exhibition4 ,?is w\ld n inde$ h be5 possible1 _h ,cald]on introduc$ u into ! int]ior ( dome/ic life1 :]e want & habit g5]ally r$uce all ?+s to e-day n>r[ness4 ,8 com$ies1 l ^? ( ! anci5ts1 end ) m>riages2 b h[ diff]5t is all t prec$es6 ,) !m ! mo/ immoral means are set 9 motion = ! gratification ( s5sual passions & selfi% views1 human be+s ) _! m5tal p[]s /& oppos$ to ea* o!r z m]e physical be+s1 endeav\r+ to spy out & to expose _! mutual weaknesses4 ,cald]on1 x is true1 also repres5ts to u 8 pr9cipal *>act]s ( bo? sexes c>ri$ away by ! fir/ ebullitions ( y\?1 & 9 its unwav]+ pursuit ( ! hon\rs & pleasures ( life2 b ! aim aft] :i* !y /rive1 & 9 ! prosecution ( :i* e ?+ else kicks ! beam1 is nev] 9 _! m9ds conf\nd$ ) any o!r good4 ,hon\r1 love1 & jeal\sy1 are uni=mly ! motives out ( :i*1 by _! dang]\s b noble conflict1 ! plot arises1 & is n purposely complicat$ by knavi% trick]y & deception4 ,hon\r is always an ideal pr9ciple2 = x re/s1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 on t high] morality :i* consecrates pr9ciples )\t reg>d to consequ5ces4 ,x may s9k d[n to a m]e conv5tional obs]vance ( social op9ions or prejudices1 to a m]e in/rum5t ( vanity1 b ev5 :5 s disfigur$ we may /ill recognize 9 x "s fa9t feature ( a sublime idea4 ,i "k no apt] symbol ( t5d] s5sibility ( hon\r z portray$ by ,cald]on1 ?an ! fable ( ! erm9e1 :i* is said to prize s highly ! :it5ess ( its fur1 t r ?an /a9 x 9 flight1 x at once yields itself up to ! hunt]s & dea?4 ,?is s5se ( hon\r is equally p[]ful 9 ! female *>act]s2 x rules ov] love1 :i* is only all[$ a place beside x1 b n above x4 ,accord+ to ! s5tim5ts ( ,cald]on's dramas1 ! hon\r ( woman consi/s 9 lov+ only "o man ( pure & spotless hon\r1 & lov+ him ) p]fect purity1 free f all ambigu\s homage :i* encroa*es too closely on ! sev]e dignity ( woman4 ,love requires inviolable secrecy till a lawful union p]mits x to be publicly decl>$4 ,?is secrecy secures x f ! poison\s int]mixture ( vanity1 :i* might plume itself ) pret5sions or boa/s ( a confess$ pref]5ce2 x gives x ! appe>ance ( a v[1 :i* f its my/]y is ! m sacr$ly obs]v$4 ,?is morality does n1 x is true1 condemn cunn+ & dissimulation if employ$ 9 ! cause ( love1 & 9 s f> z ! rights ( hon\r may be said to be infr+$2 b nev]!less ! mo/ delicate consid]ation is obs]v$ 9 ! conflict ) o!r duties1-- ) ! obligations1 = in/ance1 ( fri5d%ip4 ,moreov]1 a p[] ( jeal\sy1 always alive & (t5 break+ out into fe>ful viol5ce1--n1 l t ( ! ,ea/1 a jeal\sy ( possession1--b "o wat*ful ( ! slighte/ emotions ( ! he>t & its mo/ imp]ceptible demon/rations s]ves to ennoble love1 z ?is feel+1 :5ev] x is n absolutely exclusive1 ceases to be itself4 ,! p]plexity to :i* ! m5tal conflict ( all ^! motives gives rise1 frequ5tly ends 9 no?+1 & 9 su* cases ! cata/rophe is truly comic2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 x takes a tragic turn1 & !n hon\r becomes a ho/ile de/9y = all :o _c satisfy its requisitions )\t sacrific+ ei!r _! happ9ess or _! innoc5ce4 ,^! are ! dramas ( a high] k9d1 :i* by =eign]s are call$ ,pieces ( ,intrigue1 b by ,spani>ds1 f ! dress 9 :i* !y are act$1 ,com$ies ( ,cloak & ,sword 7,com$ias de ,capa y ,espada74 ,!y h commonly no o!r burlesque "p ?an t ( ! m]ry valet1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,gracioso4 ,?is valet s]ves *iefly to p>ody ! ideal motives f :i* 8 ma/] acts1 & ?is he frequ5tly does ) mu* wit & grace4 ,seldom is he ) 8 artifices employ$ z an effici5t lev] 9 e/abli%+ ! intrigue1 9 :i* we r admire ! wit ( accid5t ?an ( contrivance4 ,o!r pieces are call$ ,com$ias de figuron2 all ! figures1 ) "o exception1 are usually ! same z ^? 9 ! =m] class1 & ?is "o is always drawn 9 c>icature1 & occupies a prom95t place 9 ! composition4 ,to _m ( ,cald]on's dramas we _c refuse ! "n ( pieces ( "*1 al?\gh we _c look = v delicate *>act]ization f ! poets ( a nation 9 :i* vehem5ce ( passion & exaltation ( fancy nei!r leave suffici5t leisure nor suffici5t coolness = pry+ obs]vation4 ,ano!r class ( 8 pieces is call$ by ,cald]on himself fe/al dramas 7fie/as74 ,!y 7 de/9$ = repres5tation at c\rt on solemn occasions2 & ?\gh !y require ! !atrical pomp ( frequ5t *ange ( decoration & visible wond]s1 & ?\gh music also is (t5 introduc$ into !m1 /ill we may call !m poetical op]as1 t is1 dramas :i*1 by ! m]e spl5d\r ( poetry1 p]=m :at 9 ! op]a c only be atta9$ by ! ma*9]y1 ! music1 & ! danc+4 ,"h ! poet gives himself :olly up to ! bolde/ flights ( fancy1 & 8 creations h>dly seem to t\* ! e>?4 ,! m9d ( ,cald]on1 h[ev]1 is mo/ di/9ctly express$ 9 ! pieces on religi\s subjects4 ,love he pa9ts m]ely 9 its mo/ g5]al features2 he b speaks h] te*nical poetical language4 ,religion is 8 peculi> love1 ! he>t ( 8 he>t4 ,= religion alone he excites ! mo/ ov]p[]+ emotions1 :i* p5etrate into ! inmo/ recesses ( ! s\l4 ,he did n wi%1 x w\ld seem1 to d ! same = m]e worldly ev5ts4 ,h[ev] turbid !y may be 9 !mselves to him1 su* is ! religi\s m$ium ?r\gh :i* he views !m1 !y are all cle>$ up & p]fectly bright4 ,bless$ man6 he _h escap$ f ! wild labyr9?s ( d\bt into ! /ronghold ( belief2 f !nce1 ) undi/urb$ tranquillity ( s\l1 he beheld & portray$ ! /orms ( ! _w2 to him human life 0 no long] a d>k riddle4 ,ev5 8 te>s reflect ! image ( heav51 l dew-drops on a fl[] 9 ! sun4 ,8 poetry1 :atev] its app>5t object1 is a nev]-end+ hymn ( joy on ! maje/y ( ! creation2 he celebrates ! productions ( nature & human art ) an a/oni%m5t always joyful & always new1 z if he saw !m = ! fir/ "t 9 an unworn fe/al spl5d\r4 ,x is ! fir/ awak+ ( ,adam1 & an eloqu5ce )al1 a skill ( expression1 & a ?or\gh insight into ! mo/ my/]i\s aff9ities ( nature1 su* z high m5tal culture & mature contemplation c alone be/[4 ,:5 he comp>es ! mo/ remote objects1 ! greate/ & ! smalle/1 />s & fl[]s1 ! s5se ( all 8 metaphors is ! mutual attraction subsi/+ betwe5 creat$ ?+s by virtue ( _! common orig91 & ?is delightful h>mony & unity ( ! _w aga9 is m]ely a refulg5ce ( ! et]nal all-embrac+ love4 ,cald]on 0 /ill fl\ri%+ at ! "t :5 o!r c\ntries ( ,europe began to manife/ a /rong incl9ation = t mann]ism ( ta/e 9 ! arts1 & ^? prosaic views 9 lit]ature1 :i* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury obta9$ su* univ]sal dom9ion4 ,he is consequ5tly to be consid]$ z ! la/ summit ( romantic poetry4 ,all its magnific5ce is lavi%$ 9 8 writ+s1 z 9 fireworks ! mo/ brilliant & r>e/ comb9ations ( col\rs1 ! mo/ dazzl+ ( fi]y %[]s & circles are usually res]v$ = ! la/ explosion4 ,! ,spani% !atre cont9u$ = ne>ly a c5tury aft] ,cald]on to be cultivat$ 9 ! same _s4 ,all1 h[ev]1 t 0 produc$ 9 t p]iod is b an e*o ( previ\s productions1 & no?+ new & truly peculi> appe>$ su* z des]ves to be nam$ aft] ,cald]on4 ,aft] him a great b>r5ness is p]ceptible4 ,n[ & !n attempts 7 made to produce regul> trag$ies1 t is to say1 aft] ! ,fr5* model4 ,ev5 ! declamatory drama ( ,did]ot f\nd imitators4 ,i rememb] read+ a ,spani% play1 :i* _h = its object ! abolition ( ! torture4 ,! exhil>ation to be expect$ f su* a "w may be easily conceiv$4 ,a few ,spani>ds1 apo/ates f ! old national ta/e1 extol highly ! prosaical & moral dramas ( ,morat92 b we see no reason = seek+ 9 ,spa9 :at we h z good1 or1 m correctly speak+1 equally bad at home4 ,! !atrical audi5ce has = ! mo/ "p pres]v$ itself tol]ably exempt f all su* =eign influ5ces2 a few ye>s ago :5 a bel esprit und]took to r$uce a ju/ly admir$ piece ( ,moreto 7,el ,p>eceido en la ,corte17 to a con=mity ) ! ?ree unities1 ! pit at ,madrid 7 ?r[n into su* a commotion t ! play]s c\ld only appease !m by ann\nc+ ! piece = ! next day 9 its g5u9e %ape4 ,:5 9 any c\ntry ext]nal circum/ances1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy1 ! oppression ( ! c5sor%ip1 & ev5 ! jeal\s vigilance ( ! p 9 ! ma9t5ance ( _! old national cu/oms1 oppose ! introduction ( :at 9 neighb\r+ /ates passes = a progress 9 m5tal culture1 x frequ5tly happ5s t clev] description ( heads w feel an undue long+ = ! =bidd5 fruit1 & fir/ beg9 to admire "s arti/ic depravity1 :5 x has else:]e ceas$ to be fa%ionable4 ,9 p>ticul> ages c]ta9 m5tal maladies are s univ]sally epidemic t a nation c nev] be secure f infection till x has be5 innoculat$ ) x4 ,) respect1 h[ev]1 to ! fatal enlight5m5t ( ! la/ g5]ation1 ! ,spani>ds x w\ld appe> h come (f ) ! *ick5-pox1 :ile 9 ! features ( o!r nations ! disfigur+ v>iol\s sc>s are b too visible4 ,liv+ ne>ly 9 an insul> situation1 ,spani>ds h slept ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury1 & h[ 9 ! ma9 c\ld !y h appli$ _! "t bett]8 ,%\ld ! ,spani% poetry ev] aga9 awake 9 old ,europe1 or 9 ! ,new ,_w1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h a /ep to make1 f in/9ct to consci\sness4 ,:at ! ,spani>ds h hi!rto lov$ f innate incl9ation1 !y mu/ le>n to rev]5ce on cle> pr9ciples1 &1 undismay$ at ! criticism to :i* x has 9 ! mean "t be5 expos$1 proce$ to fre% creations 9 ! _s ( _! greate/ poets4 ,,lecture ,,xxx4 ,orig9 ( ! ,g]man ,!atre--,hans ,sa*s--,gryphius--,! age ( ,gotts*$-- ,wret*$ ,imitation ( ! ,fr5*--,less+1 ,goe!1 & ,s*ill]--,review ( _! ,works--,_! influ5ce on ,*ivalr\s ,dramas1 ,affect+ ,dramas1 & ,family ,pictures--,prospect = ,futurity4 ,9 its cultivat$ /ate1 ! ,g]man !atre is mu* y\ng] ?an any ( ^? ( :i* we h>e already spok51 & we are n !re=e to wond] if ! /ore ( our lit]ature 9 valuable orig9al works1 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 is also mu* m scanty4 ,little m ?an half a c5tury ago1 ,g]man lit]ature 0 9 po9t ( tal5t at ! v l[e/ ebb2 at t "t1 h[ev]1 great] ex]tions fir/ began to be made1 & ! ,g]mans h s9ce advanc$ ) gigantic /rides4 ,& if ,dramatic ,art has n be5 cultivat$ ) ! same success1 & ,i may add ) ! same zeal1 z o!r bran*es1 ! cause mu/ p]haps be attribut$ to a numb] ( unfav\rable circum/ances r ?an to any want ( tal5ts4 ,! rude beg9n+s ( ! /age are ) u z old z ) o!r c\ntries ,footnote3 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! my/]ies or religi\s repres5tations 9 ,g]many1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,eul5spiegel4 ,9 ! #ac? ,hi/ory1 we may see ?is m]ry1 b some:at disgu/+ trick1 ( ! celebrat$ buffoon3 ,h[ ,eul5spiegel made a play 9 ! ,ea/] fair1 9 :i* ! prie/ & 8 maid-s]vant f\ght ) ! boors4 ,eul5spiegel is /at$ to h liv$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b ! book _c be plac$ f>!r back ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?44 ,! olde/ drama :i* we h 9 manuscript is ! production ( "o ,hans ,ros5pluet1 a native ( ,nuremb]g1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 foll[$ by two fruitful writ]s born 9 ! same imp]ial city1 ,hans ,sa*s & ,ayr]4 ,among ! works ( ,hans ,sa*s we f9d1 besides m]ry c>nival plays1 a great multitude ( trag$ies1 com$ies1 hi/ories bo? spiritual & temporal1 :]e ! prologue & epilogue are always spok5 by ! h]ald4 ,! latt]1 x appe>s1 7 all act$ )\t any !atrical app>atus1 n by play]s1 b by respectable citiz5s1 z an all[able relaxation = ! m9d4 ,! c>nival plays are some:at co>se1 b n unfrequ5tly extremely droll1 z ! jokes 9 g5]al are2 !y (t5 run out into ! wilde/ f>ce1 &1 inspir$ by mir? & droll]y1 leave f> beh9d ! n>r[ b\nds ( ! _w ( reality4 ,9 all ^! plays ! composition is respectable1 & )\t r\nd-ab\t goes at once to ! po9t3 all ! *>act]s1 f ,god ! ,fa!r d[nw>ds1 /ate at once 9 ! cle>e/ t]ms :at !y h at he>t1 & ! reasons :i* h caus$ !m to make _! appe>ance2 !y resemble ^? figures 9 old pictures :o h writt5 labels plac$ 9 _! m\?s1 to aid ! defective expression ( ! attitudes4 ,9 =m !y approa* mo/ ne>ly to :at 0 else:]e call$ ,moralities2 allegorical p]sonages are frequ5t 9 !m4 ,^! sket*es ( a dramatic art yet 9 its infancy1 are feebly b n falsely drawn2 & if only we _h cont9u$ to proce$ 9 ! same pa?1 we %\ld h produc$ some?+ bett] & m *>act]i/ic ?an ! fruits ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury1 poetry left ! sph]e ( common life1 to :i* x _h s long be5 conf9$1 & fell into ! h&s ( ! le>n$4 ,opiz1 :o may be consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( its mod]n =m1 translat$ sev]al trag$ies f ! anci5ts into v]se1 & compos$ pa/oral op]as aft] ! mann] ( ! ,italians2 b ,i "k n :e!r he wrote any?+ expressly = ! /age4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,&reas ,gryphius1 :o may be /yl$ our fir/ dramatic writ]4 ,he possess$ a c]ta9 ext5t ( erudition 9 8 p>ticul> dep>tm5t1 z is prov$ by sev]al ( 8 imitations & translations2 a piece f ! ,fr5*1 "o f ! ,italian1 a trag$y f ! ,flemi% ( ,vondel2 la/ly1 a f>ce call$ ,pet] ,squ5z1 an ext5sion ( ! burlesque trag$y ( ,pyramus & ,?isbe1 9 ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream ( ,%akspe>e4 ,! latt] 0 !n almo/ unkn[n beyond 8 own isl&2 ! le>n$ ,morh(1 :o wrote 9 ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 confesses t he _h nev] se5 ,%akspe>e's works1 ?\gh he 0 v well acqua9t$ ) ,b5 ,jonson4 ,ev5 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 a writ] ( repute 9 8 days1 & n )\t m]it1 has 9 "o ( 8 treatises in/itut$ a comp>ison betwe5 ,%akspe>e & ,&reas ,gryphius1 ! :ole resemblance consi/+ 9 ?is1 t ,gryphius1 l ,%akspe>e1 0 also fond ( call+ up ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,he seems r to h _h ,vondel1 ! ,flem+1 be=e 8 eyes1 a writ] /ill highly celebrat$ by 8 c\ntrym51 & univ]sally call$ by !m1 ! great ,vondel1 :ile ,gryphius himself has be5 consign$ to oblivion4 ,un=tunately ! metre 9 ,gryphius's plays is ! ,alex&r9e2 ! =m1 h[ev]1 is n s conf9$ z t ( ! ,fr5* at an aft] p]iod2 ! sc5e sometimes *anges1 & ! int]ludes1 p>tly musical1 p>tly allegorical1 be> "s resemblance to ! ,engli% masques4 ,9 o!r respects1 ,gryphius possess$ little !atrical skill1 & ,i d n ev5 "k if 8 pieces 7 ev] actually br\ght out on ! /age4 ,! trag$ies ( ,loh5/e91 :o 9 8 day may be /yl$ ! ,m>9o ( our lit]ature1 9 _! /ructure resemble ^? ( ,gryphius2 b1 n to m5tion _! o!r faults1 !y are ( su* an immeasurable l5g? z to set all ideas ( repres5tation at defiance4 ,! pitiful condition ( ! !atre 9 ,g]many at ! end ( ! sev5te5? & dur+ ! fir/ ?ird "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :]ev] !re 0 any o!r /age ?an t ( puppet-%[s & m\ntebanks1 correspond$ exactly to t ( ! o!r bran*es ( our lit]ature4 ,we h a /&>d = ?is wret*$ness1 9 ! fact t ,gotts*$ actually once pass$ = ! re/or] ( our lit]ature2 ,gotts*$1 ^: writ+s resemble ! wat]y bev]age1 :i* 0 !n usually recomm5d$ to convalesc5t pati5ts1 f an idea t !y c\ld be> no?+ /rong]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did b /ill m enfeeble _! /oma*s4 ,gotts*$1 among 8 o!r lab\rs1 compos$ a great deal = ! !atre2 connect$ ) a c]ta9 ,madam ,neub]1 :o 0 at ! head ( a company ( play]s 9 ,leipsic1 he disc>d$ ,pun* 7,hanswur/71 :om !y buri$ solemnly ) great triumph4 ,i c easily conceive t ! extemporane\s "p ( ,pun*1 ( :i* we may ev5 yet =m "s notion f ! puppet-%[s1 0 n always v skilfully fill$ up1 & t _m platitudes 7 occasionally utt]$ by him2 b /ill1 on ! :ole1 ,pun* _h c]ta9ly m s5se 9 8 little f+] ?an ,gotts*$ 9 8 :ole body4 ,pun*1 z an allegorical p]sonage1 is immortal2 & h[ev] /rong ! belief 9 8 dea? may be1 9 "s grave (fice-be>] or o!r he /ill pops up unexpect$ly ^u u almo/ e day4 ,gotts*$ & 8 s*ool n[ inundat$ ! ,g]man !atre1 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! insipid & diffuse translations f ! ,fr5*1 0 h]eaft] to become regul>4 ,heads ( a bett] description began to lab\r = ! /age2 b1 in/ead ( br++ =? really orig9al works1 !y cont5t$ !mselves ) produc+ wret*$ imitations2 & ! reputation ( ! ,fr5* !atre 0 s great1 t f x 0 borr[$ ! mo/ contemptible mann]ism no less ?an ! fruits ( a bett] ta/e4 ,?us1 = example1 ,gell]t /ill compos$ pa/oral plays aft] bad ,fr5* models1 9 :i* %eph]ds & %eph]desses1 ) rose- r$ & apple-gre5 rib&s1 utt]$ all mann] ( insipid complim5ts to "o ano!r4 ,besides ! v]sions ( ,fr5* com$ies1 o!rs1 translat$ f ! ,dani% ( ,holb]g1 7 act$ ) great applause4 ,?is writ] has c]ta9ly great m]it4 ,8 pictures ( mann]s possess great local tru?2 8 exhibitions ( depravity1 folly1 & /upidity1 are se>*+ & complete2 9 /r5g? ( comic motives & situations he is n defective2 only he does n %[ mu* inv5tion 9 8 intrigues4 ,! execution runs out too mu* into bread?4 ,! ,danes speak 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( ! delicacy ( 8 jokes 9 _! own language2 b to our pres5t ta/e ! vulg>ity ( 8 tone is revolt+1 ?\gh 9 ! l[ sph]e 9 :i* he moves1 & amid/ incessant /orms ( cudgell+s1 x may be natural en\gh4 ,attempts h lately be5 made to revive 8 works1 b seldom ) any great success4 ,z 8 pr9cipal m]it consi/s 9 8 *>act]ization1 :i* c]ta9ly bord]s some:at on c>icature1 he requires good comic actors to repres5t him ) advantage4 ,a few plays ( t "t1 9 ! mann]s ( our own c\ntry1 by ,gell]t & ,elias ,s*legel1 are n )\t m]it2 only !y h ?is error1 t 9 draw+ folly & /upidity ! same we>isom5ess has crept into _! picture :i* is insep>able f !m 9 real life4 ,9 trag$ies1 prop]ly s call$1 aft] ,fr5* models1 ! fir/ :o 7 9 any degree successful 7 ,elias ,s*legel1 & aft]w>ds ,cronegk & ,weisse4 ,i "k n :e!r _! lab\rs1 if translat$ into good ,fr5* v]se1 w\ld !n appe> z frigid z !y n[ d 9 ,g]man4 ,x is insuff]able to u to read v]ses ( an ell long1 9 :i* ! /yle seldom rises above wat]y prose2 = a true poetic language 0 n =m$ 9 ,g]man until a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! ,alex&r9e1 :i* 9 no language c be a good metre1 is d\bly /iff & heavy 9 ours4 ,long aft] our poetry _h aga9 begun to take a high] flight1 ,gott]1 9 8 translation ( ,fr5* trag$ies1 made ! la/ attempt to ennoble ! ,alex&r9e & procure its re-admission into ,trag$y1 &1 x appe>s to me1 prov$ by 8 example t we mu/ = ev] r5\nce ! idea4 ,x s]ves admirably1 h[ev]1 = a p>ody ( ! /ilt$ /yle ( false tragical emphasis2 its use1 too1 is mu* to be recomm5d$ 9 "s k9ds ( ,com$y1 especially 9 small aft]pieces4 ,^? e>li] trag$ies1 aft] ! ,fr5* model1 not)/&+ ! uncommon applause !y met ) 9 _! day1 %[ h[ little hope !re is ( any progress ( art 9 ! way ( slavi% imitation4 ,ev5 a =m1 n>r[ 9 itself1 :5 x has be5 e/abli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( a national way ( ?9k+1 has /ill "s significance2 b :5 x is bl9dly tak5 on tru/ 9 o!r c\ntries1 x becomes altoge!r a ,spani% mantle4 ,?us bad translations ( ,fr5* com$ies1 ) pieces f ,holb]g1 & aft]w>ds f ,goldoni1 & ) a few imitations ( a public nature1 & )\t any peculi> _s1 con/itut$ ! :ole rep]tory ( our /age1 till at la/ ,less+1 ,goe!1 & ,s*ill]1 successively appe>$ & r$eem$ ! ,g]man !atre f its long-cont9u$ m$iocrity4 ,less+1 inde$1 9 8 e>ly dramatic lab\rs1 did homage to ! _s ( 8 age4 ,8 y\?ful com$ies are r insignificant2 !y d n already ann\nce ! great m9d :o 0 aft]w>ds to =m an epo* 9 s _m dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature4 ,he sket*$ sev]al trag$ies aft] ! ,fr5* rules1 & execut$ sev]al sc5es 9 ,alex&r9es1 b has succe$$ ) none3 x w\ld appe> t he _h n ! requisite facility = s difficult a metre4 ,ev5 8 ,miss ,s>a ,sampson is a famili> trag$y 9 ! la*rymose & creep+ /yle1 9 :i* we evid5tly see t he _h ,george ,b>nwell be=e 8 eyes z a model4 ,9 ! ye> #agfg1 8 connexion ) a company ( actors 9 ,hamburgh1 & ! editor%ip ( a p]iodical pap] d$icat$ to !atrical criticism1 gave him an opportunity ( consid]+ m closely into ! nature & requisitions ( !atrical composition4 ,9 ?is pap] he display$ mu* wit & acut5ess2 8 bold1 nay1 7consid]+ ! op9ions !n preval5t17 8 haz>d\s attacks 7 especially successful 9 ov]?r[+ ! usurpation ( ,fr5* ta/e 9 ,trag$y4 ,) su* success 7 8 lab\rs att5d$1 t1 %ortly aft] ! publication ( 8 ,dramaturgie1 translations ( ,fr5* trag$ies1 & ,g]man trag$ies modell$ aft] !m1 disappe>$ altoge!r f ! /age4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o spoke ) w>m? ( ,%akspe>e1 & pav$ ! way = 8 reception 9 ,g]many4 ,b 8 l+]+ fai? 9 ,ari/otle1 ) ! influ5ce :i* ,did]ot's writ+s _h _h on him1 produc$ a /range comp\nd 9 8 !ory ( ! dramatic art4 ,he did n und]/& ! rights ( poetical imitation1 & dem&$ n only 9 dialogue1 b ev]y:]e else also1 a nak$ copy ( nature1 j z if ?is 7 9 g5]al all[able1 or ev5 possible 9 ! f9e arts4 ,8 attack on ! ,alex&r9e 0 j1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he wi%$ to1 & 0 only too successful 9 aboli%+ all v]sification3 = x is to ?is t we mu/ impute ! incr$ible defici5cy ( our actors 9 gett+ by he>t & deliv]+ v]se4 ,ev5 yet !y _c habituate !mselves to x4 ,he 0 ?us also indirectly ! cause ( ! insipid affectation ( nature ( our ,dramatic writ]s1 :i* a g5]al use ( v]sification w\ld1 9 "s degree1 h re/ra9$4 ,less+1 by 8 own confession1 0 no poet1 & ! few dramas :i* he produc$ 9 8 rip] ye>s 7 ! sl[ result ( great lab\r4 ,m9na van ,b>nhelm is a true com$y ( ! ref9$ class2 9 po9t ( =m x holds a middle place betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% /yle2 ! _s ( ! inv5tion1 h[ev]1 & ! social tone portray$ 9 x1 are peculi>ly ,g]man4 ,e ?+ is ev5 locally det]m9$2 & ! allusions to ! memorable ev5ts ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s ,w> contribut$ n a little to ! extraord9>y success :i* ?is com$y obta9$ at ! "t4 ,9 ! s]i\s "p ! expression ( feel+ is n free f affectation1 & ! difficulties ( ! two lov]s are c>ri$ ev5 to a pa9ful height4 ,! comic second>y figures are drawn ) mu* droll]y & hum\r1 & be> a g5u9e ,g]man /amp4 ,emilia ,galotti 0 /ill m admir$ ?an ,m9na von ,b>nhelm1 b h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 ) ju/ice4 ,its plan1 p]haps1 has be5 bett] consid]$1 & work$ out ) /ill great] dilig5ce2 b ,m9na von ,b>nhelm answ]s bett] to ! g5u9e idea ( ,com$y ?an ,emilia ,galotti to t ( ,trag$y4 ,less+'s !ory ( ! ,dramatic ,art w\ld1 x is easily conceiv$1 h mu* less ( prejudicial influ5ce on a demi- prosaic species ?an ^u "o :i* mu/ inevitably s9k :5 x does n take ! highe/ flight4 ,he 0 n[ too well acqua9t$ ) ! _w to fall aga9 into ! drawl+1 la*rymose1 & s]moniz+ tone :i* prevails 9 8 ,miss ,s>a ,sampson ?r\gh\t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 s\nd s5se1 not)/&+ all 8 admiration ( ,did]ot1 pres]v$ him f 8 declamatory & emphatical /yle1 :i* owes its *ief effect to breaks & m>ks ( int]rogation4 ,b z 9 ! dialogue he resolutely reject$ all poetical elevation1 he did n escape ?is fault )\t fall+ into ano!r4 ,he introduc$ into ,trag$y ! cool & close obs]vation ( ,com$y2 9 ,emilia ,galotti ! passions are r acutely & wittily *>act]iz$ ?an eloqu5tly express$4 ,"u a belief t ! drama is mo/ p[]ful :5 x exhibits fai?ful copies ( :at we "k1 & comes ne>e/ home to ourselves1 he has disguis$1 "u fictiti\s names1 mod]n ,european circum/ances1 & ! mann]s ( ! day1 an ev5t imp]i%ably record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 a fam\s de$ ( ! r\gh old ,roman virtue--! murd] ( ,virg9ia by h] fa!r4 ,virg9ia is conv]t$ into a ,c\ntess ,galotti1 ,virg9ius into ,c\nt ,odo>do1 an ,italian pr9ce takes ! place ( ,appius ,claudius1 & a *amb]la9 t ( ! unblu%+ m9i/] ( 8 lu/s1 c4 ,x is n prop]ly a famili> trag$y1 b a c\rt trag$y 9 ! conv]sational tone1 to :i* 9 "s p>ts ! sword ( /ate & ! hat "u ! arm z ess5tially belong z to _m ,fr5* trag$ies4 ,less+ wi%$ to transplant into ! r5[nless circle ( ! pr9cipality ( ,massa ,c>>a ! viol5t inju/ice ( ! ,decemvir's inevitable tyranny2 b z by tak+ a few /eps we c extricate ourselves f s petty a t]ritory1 s1 aft] a slight consid]ation1 we c easily escape f ! assumption s labori\sly plann$ by ! poet2 on :i*1 h[ev]1 ! necessity ( ! cata/rophe :olly re/s4 ,! visible c>e ) :i* he has assign$ a motive = e ?+1 invites to a clos] exam9ation1 9 :i* we are little likely to be int]rupt$ by any ( ! magical illusions ( imag9ation3 & 9 su* exam9ation ! want ( int]nal connect$ness _c escape detection1 h[ev] mu* ( ?\ght & reflection ! outw>d /ructure ( a drama may display4 ,x is s+ul> en\gh1 t ( all ! dramatical works ( ,less+1 ! la/1 ,na?an d] ,weise1 :i* he wrote :5 8 zeal = ! improvem5t ( ! ,g]man !atre _h ne>ly cool$1 &1 z he says1 m]ely ) a view to laugh at !ologi/s1 %\ld be ! mo/ con=mable to ! g5u9e rules ( art4 ,a rem>kable tale ( ,boccacio is wr\ght up ) a numb] ( inv5tions1 :i*1 h[ev] wond]ful1 are yet n improbable1 if ! circum/ances ( ! times are consid]$2 ! fictiti\s p]sons are gr\p$ r\nd a real & fam\s "*1 ! great ,salad91 :o is drawn ) hi/orical tru?2 ! crusades 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! sc5e at ,j]usalem1 ! meet+ ( p]sons ( v>i\s nations & religions on ?is ,ori5tal soil1--all ?is gives to ! "w a romantic air1 & ) ! ?\ghts1 =eign to ! age 9 "q1 :i* = ! sake ( 8 philosophical views ! poet has int]sp]s$1 =ms a contra/ some:at haz>d\s inde$1 b yet exce$+ly attractive4 ,! =m is fre] & m compreh5sive ?an 9 ,less+'s o!r pieces2 x is v ne>ly t ( a drama ( ,%akspe>e4 ,he has also return$ "h to ! use ( v]sification1 :i* he _h =m]ly reject$2 n inde$ ( ! ,alex&r9e1 = ! disc>d+ ( :i* f ! s]i\s drama we are 9 e respect indebt$ to him1 b ! rhymeless ,iambic4 ,! v]ses 9 ,na?an are inde$ (t5 h>% & c>elessly lab\r$1 b truly dialogical2 & ! advantage\s influ5ce ( v]sification becomes at once app>5t ^u comp>+ ! tone ( ! pres5t piece ) ! prose ( ! o!rs4 ,_h n ! developm5t ( ! tru?s :i* ,less+ _h p>ticul>ly at he>t dem&$ s mu* ( repose1 _h !re be5 m ( rapid motion 9 ! action1 ! piece w\ld c]ta9ly h pleas$ also on ! /age4 ,t ,less+1 ) all 8 indep5d5ce ( m9d1 0 /ill 9 8 dramatical pr9ciples influ5c$ 9 "s measure by ! g5]al incl9ation & ta/es ( 8 age1 ,i inf] f ?is1 t ! imitators ( ,na?an 7 v few z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,emilia ,galotti4 ,among ! /rik+ imitations ( ! latt] /yle1 ,i w m]ely m5tion ! ,julius van ,t>5t4 ,engel mu/ be reg>d$ z a disciple ( ,less+4 ,8 small aft]- pieces 9 ! mann] ( ,less+ are p]fectly insignificant2 b 8 treatise on imitation 7,mimik7 %[s ! po9t to :i* ! !ory ( 8 ma/] leads4 ,?is book conta9s _m useful obs]vations on ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! language ( ge/ure3 ! gr& error ( ! au?or is1 t he consid]$ x a complete sy/em ( mimicry or imitation1 ?\gh x only treats ( ! expression ( ! passions1 & does n conta9 a syllable on ! subject ( exhibition ( "*4 ,moreov]1 9 8 hi/rionic art he has n giv5 a place to ! ideas ( tragic comic2 & x may easily be suppos$ t he rejects ideality ( e k9d ,footnote3 ,among o!r /range ?+s ,engel says1 t z ! language ( ,euripides1 ! late/1 & 9 8 op9ion ! mo/ p]fect ( ! ,greek trag$ians has less elevation ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 x is probable t1 _h ! ,greeks c>ri$ ,trag$y to fur!r p]fection1 !y w\ld h proce$$ a /ep f>!r3 ! next /ep =w>d w\ld h be5 to disc>d v]se altoge!r4 ,s totally ignorant 0 ,engel ( ! _s ( ,grecian art4 ,?is approa* to ! tone ( common life1 :i* c]ta9ly may be trac$ 9 ,euripides1 is ! v indication ( ! decl9e & imp5d+ fall ( ,trag$y3 b ev5 9 ,com$y ! ,greeks nev] c\ld br+ !mselves to make use ( prose41 & m]ely requires a b>e copy ( nature4 ,! ne>] ,i draw to ! pres5t times ! m ,i wi% to be g5]al 9 my obs]vations1 & to avoid ent]+ into a m9ute criticism ( works ( liv+ writ]s ) "p ( :om ,i h be51 or /ill am1 9 relations ( p]sonal fri5d%ip or ho/ility4 ,( ! dramatic c>e]1 h[ev]1 ( ,goe! & ,s*ill]1 two writ]s ( :om our nation is ju/ly pr\d1 & ^: intimate society has frequ5tly enabl$ me to correct & enl>ge my own ideas ( art1 ,i may speak ) ! frankness t is wor?y ( _! great & dis9t]e/$ lab\rs4 ,! errors :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( errone\s pr9ciples1 !y at fir/ gave rise to1 are ei!r already1 or soon w be1 sunk 9 oblivion1 ev5 because f _! v mi/akes !y contriv$ to advance t[>ds great] purity & p]fectness2 _! works w live1 & 9 !m1 to say ! lea/1 we h ! f\ndation ( a dramatic s*ool at once ess5tially ,g]man1 & gov]n$ by g5u9e pr9ciples ( art4 ,sc>cely _h ,goe!1 9 8 ,w]!r1 publi%$ z x 7 a decl>ation ( ! rights ( feel+ 9 opposition to ! tyranny ( social relations1 :51 by ! example :i* he set 9 ,gtz von ,b]li*+51 he prote/$ aga9/ ! arbitr>y rules :i* _h hi!rto fett]$ dramatic poetry4 ,9 ?is play we see n an imitation ( ,%akspe>e1 b ! inspiration excit$ 9 a k9dr$ m9d by a creative g5ius4 ,9 ! dialogue1 he put 9 practice ,less+'s pr9ciples ( nature1 only ) great] boldness2 = 9 x he reject$ n only v]sification & all embelli%m5ts1 b also disreg>d$ ! laws ( writt5 language to a degree ( lic5ce :i* _h nev] be5 v5tur$ ^u be=e4 ,he avoid$ all poetical circumlocutions2 ! picture 0 to be ! v ?+ itself2 & ?us he s\nd$ 9 our e>s ! tone ( a remote age 9 a degree illusory en\gh = ^? at lea/ :o _h nev] le>n$ f hi/orical monum5ts ! v language 9 :i* our ance/ors !mselves spoke4 ,mo/ mov+ly has he express$ ! old ,g]man cordiality3 ! situations :i* are sket*$ ) a few rapid /rokes are irresi/ibly p[]ful2 ! :ole conveys a great hi/orical mean+1 = x repres5ts ! conflict betwe5 a dep>t+ & a com+ age2 betwe5 a c5tury ( rude b vigor\s indep5d5ce1 & "o ( political tam5ess4 ,9 ?is composition ! poet nev] seems to h _h an eye to its repres5tation on ! /age2 r does he appe>1 9 8 y\?ful arrogance1 to h scorn$ x = its insuffici5cy4 ,x seems1 9 g5]al1 to h be5 ! gr& object ( ,goe! to express 8 g5ius 9 8 works1 & to give new poetical animation to 8 age2 z to =m1 he 0 indiff]5t ab\t x1 ?\gh1 = ! mo/ "p1 he pref]r$ ! dramatic4 ,at ! same "t he 0 a w>m fri5d ( ! !atre1 & sometimes condesc5d$ ev5 to comply ) its dem&s z settl$ by cu/om & ! exi/+ ta/e2 z1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,clavigo1 a famili> trag$y 9 ,less+'s mann]4 ,besides o!r defects ( ?is piece1 ! fif? act does n correspond ) ! re/4 ,9 ! f\r fir/ acts ,goe! adh]$ pretty closely to ! /ory ( ,beaum>*ais1 b he inv5t$ ! cata/rophe2 & :5 we obs]ve t x /rongly rem9ds ! read] ( ,ophelia's burial1 & ! meet+ ( ,hamlet & ,la]tes at h] grave1 we h said en\gh to convey an idea h[ /rong a contra/ x =ms to ! tone & col\r+ ( ! re/4 ,9 ,/ella ,goe! has tak5 ne>ly ! same lib]ty ) ! /ory ( ,c\nt von ,glei*5 :i* ,less+ did ) t ( ,virg9ia1 b 8 lab\rs 7 /ill m unsuccessful2 ! trait ( ! times ( ! ,crusades on :i* he f\nd$ 8 play is affect+1 true-he>t$1 & ev5 edify+2 b ,/ella c only flatt] ! s5tim5tality ( sup]ficial feel+4 ,at a lat] p]iod he endeav\r$ to effect a reconciliation betwe5 8 own views ( art & ! common dramatic =ms1 ev5 ! v l[e/1 9 all ( :i* almo/ he has made at lea/ a s+le attempt4 ,9 ,iphig5ia1 he attempt$ to express ! _s ( ,anci5t ,trag$y1 accord+ to 8 conceptions ( x1 ) reg>d especially to repose1 p]spicuity1 & ideality4 ,) ! same simplicity1 flexibility1 & noble elegance1 he compos$ 8 ,tasso1 9 :i* he has avail$ himself ( an hi/orical anecdote to embody 9 a g5]al significance ! contra/ betwe5 a c\rt & a poet's life4 ,egmont aga9 is a romantic & hi/orical drama1 ! /yle ( :i* /e]s a middle c\rse betwe5 8 fir/ mann] 9 ,gtz1 & ! =m ( ,%akspe>e4 ,erw9 und ,elmire & ,claud9e von ,villabella1 if ,i may say s1 are ideal op]ettes1 :i* brea! s lightly & airily t1 ) ! accompanim5ts ( music & act+1 !y w\ld be 9 dang] ( becom+ heavy & prosaic2 9 ^! pieces ! noble & su/a9$ /yle ( ! dialogue 9 ,tasso is div]sifi$ ) ! mo/ t5d] songs4 ,j]y und ,btely is a *>m+ natural picture ( ,swiss mann]s1 & 9 ! _s & =m ( ! be/ ,fr5* op]ettes2 ,s*]z ,li/ und ,ba*e aga9 is a true op]a buffa1 full ( ,italian ,lazzi4 ,die ,mits*uldig5 is a com$y ( common life 9 rhyme1 & aft] ! ,fr5* rules4 ,goe! c>ri$ 8 condesc5sion s f> t he ev5 wrote a cont9uation ( an aft]-piece ( ,florian's2 & 8 ta/e 0 s imp>tial t he ev5 translat$ sev]al ( ,voltaire's trag$ies = ! ,g]man /age4 ,goe!'s words & rhy?m no d\bt h always gold5 resonance1 b /ill we _c praise ^! pieces z successful translations2 & inde$ x w\ld be matt] ( regret if t _h succe$$ :i* ought nev] to h be5 attempt$4 ,to bani% ^! unpr(itable productions f ! ,g]man soil1 x is n necess>y to call 9 ! aid ( ,less+'s ,dramaturgie2 ,goe!'s own ma/]ly p>ody on ,fr5* ,trag$y 9 "s sc5es ( ,e/h]1 w d ?is mu* m amus+ly & effectually4 ,d] ,triumph d] ,empf9dsamkeit 7,! ,triumph ( ,s5sibility7 is a highly +5i\s satire ( ,goe!'s own imitators1 & incl9es to ! arbitr>y comic1 & ! fancifully symbolical ( ,ari/ophanes1 b a mode/ ,ari/ophanes 9 good company & at c\rt4 ,at a mu* e>li] p]iod ,goe! _h1 9 "s ( 8 m]ry tales & c>nival plays1 completely appropriat$ ! mann] ( our hone/ ,hans ,sa*s4 ,9 all ^! trans=mations we di/9ctly recognize ! same free & p[]ful poetical _s1 to :i* we may safely apply ! ,hom]ic l9es on ,proteus3 ,all' aetoi proti/a leon g5et' aeug5eios-- ,p9eto d' aegron a$or1 kai d5dreon uphip]taelon4 ,odyss4 lib4 iv ,a lion n[1 he curls a surgy mane2 ,"h f our /rict embrace a /ream he glides1 ,& la/1 sublime 8 /ately gr[? he re>s1 ,a tree1 & well-dissembl$ foliage we>s4--,,pope4 ,footnote3 ,i h "h quot$ ! translation ( ,pope1 ?\gh no?+ c well be m vapid & m unlike ! orig9al1 :i* is lit]ally1 ,fir/1 he became a lion ) a huge mane--& !n fl[+ wat]2 & a tree ) l(ty foliage4--,x w\ld n1 p]haps1 be advisable to recur to our e>lie/ mode ( classical translation1 l9e = l9e1 & ne>ly ^w = ^w2 b :5 ,g]man ,lit]ature %all be bett] kn[n 9 ,engl&1 x w be se5 f ! ma/]ly v]sions ( ,voss & ,s*legel1 t )\t dilut+ by idle epi!ts "o l9e into ?ree1 z 9 ! above example1 x is /ill possible to comb9e fidelity ) _s4 ,! ,g]man translation quot$ by ,mr4 ,s*legel runs1 ,er/li* w>d er e9 ,leu mit fr*t]li* roll5d] ,mhne1 ,floss dann als ,wass] dah91 und raus*t' als ,baum 9 d5 ,wolk54 --,,trans4 ,to ! y\?ful epo* belongs 8 ,fau/1 a "w :i* 0 e>ly plann$1 ?\gh n publi%$ till a late p]iod1 & :i* ev5 9 its late/ %ape is /ill a fragm5t1 & f its v nature p]haps mu/ always rema9 s4 ,x is h>d to say :e!r we are "h m lo/ 9 a/oni%m5t at ! heights :i* ! poet frequ5tly rea*es1 or seiz$ ) gidd9ess at ! dep?s :i* he lays op5 to our sight4 ,b ?is is n ! place to express ! :ole ( our admiration ( ?is labyr9?9e & b\ndless "w1 ! peculi> creation ( ,goe!2 we h>e m]ely to consid] x 9 a dramatic po9t ( view4 ,! m>vell\s popul> /ory ( ,fau/us is a subject peculi>ly adapt$ = ! /age2 & ! ,m>ionette play1 f :i* ,goe!1 aft] ,less+ ,footnote3 ,less+ has borr[$ ! only sc5e ( 8 sket* :i* he has publi%$1 7,fau/us summon+ ! evil spirits 9 ord] to select ! nimble/ = 8 s]vant17 f ! old piece :i* be>s ! %[y title3 ,infelix ,prud5tia1 or ,doctor ,joannes ,fau/us4 ,9 ,engl& ,m>l[ _h long ago writt5 a ,fau/us1 b un=tunately x is n pr9t$ 9 ,dodsley's ,collection41 took ! fir/ idea ( a drama1 satisfies our expectation ev5 9 ! meagre sc5es & sorry words ( ignorant puppet-%[m54 ,goe!'s "w1 :i* 9 "s po9ts adh]es closely to ! tradition1 b leaves x entirely 9 o!rs1 purposely runs out 9 all directions beyond ! dim5sions ( ! !atre4 ,9 _m sc5es ! action /&s q /ill1 & !y consi/ :olly ( long soliloquies1 or conv]sations1 del9eat+ ,fau/us' int]nal conditions & dispositions1 & ! developm5t ( 8 reflections on ! insuffici5cy ( human k1 & ! unsatisfactory lot ( human nature2 o!r sc5es1 ?\gh 9 !mselves extremely +5i\s & significant1 nev]!less1 9 reg>d to ! progress ( ! action1 possess an accid5tal appe>ance2 _m aga91 :ile !y are 9 ! conception !atrically effective1 are b slightly sket*$1--rhapsodical fragm5ts )\t beg9n+ or end1 9 :i* ! poet op5s = a mom5t a surpris+ prospect1 & !n imm$iately drops ! curta9 aga93 :]eas 9 ! truly dramatic poem1 int5d$ to c>ry ! spectators along ) x1 ! sep>ate p>ts mu/ be fa%ion$ aft] ! figure ( ! :ole1 s t we may say1 ea* sc5e may h its exposition1 its intrigue1 & w9d+ up4 ,"s sc5es1 full ( ! highe/ en]gy & ov]p[]+ pa?os1 = example1 ! murd] ( ,val5t9e1 & ,m>g>et & ,fau/us 9 ! dungeon1 prove t ! poet 0 a complete ma/] ( /age effect1 & t he m]ely sacrific$ x = ! sake ( m compreh5sive views4 ,he makes frequ5t dem&s on ! imag9ation ( 8 read]s2 nay1 he compels !m1 by way ( backgr\nd = 8 fly+ gr\ps1 to supply imm5se moveable pictures1 & su* z no !atrical art is capable ( br++ be=e ! eye4 ,to repres5t ! ,fau/us ( ,goe!1 we mu/ possess ,fau/us' magic /aff1 & 8 =mulas ( conjuration4 ,& yet ) all ?is unsuitabl5ess = outw>d repres5tation1 v mu* may be le>n$ f ?is wond]ful "w1 ) reg>d bo? to plan & execution4 ,9 a prologue1 :i* 0 probably compos$ at a lat] p]iod1 ! poet expla9s h[1 if true to 8 g5ius1 he c\ld n accommodate himself to ! dem&s ( a mix$ multitude ( spectators1 & writes 9 "s measure a f>ewell lett] to ! !atre4 ,all mu/ all[ t ,goe! possesses dramatic tal5t 9 a v high degree1 b n inde$ mu* !atrical tal5t4 ,he is mu* m anxi\s to effect 8 object by t5d] developm5t ?an by rapid ext]nal motion2 ev5 ! mild grace ( 8 h>moni\s m9d prev5t$ him f aim+ at /rong demagogic effect4 ,iphig5ia 9 ,taurus possesses1 x is true1 m aff9ity to ! ,greek _s ?an p]haps any o!r "w ( ! mod]ns compos$ be=e ,goe!'s2 b is n s mu* an anci5t trag$y z a reflect$ image ( "o1 a musical e*o3 ! viol5t cata/rophes ( ! latt] appe> "h 9 ! di/ance only z recollections1 & all is s(tly dissolv$ )9 ! m9d4 ,! deepe/ & mo/ mov+ pa?os is to be f\nd 9 ,egmont1 b 9 ! conclusion ?is trag$y also is remov$ f ! ext]nal _w into ! doma9 ( an ideal s\l-music4 ,t ) ?is direction ( 8 poetical c>e] to ! pure/ expression ( 8 inspir$ imag9+1 )\t reg>d to any o!r object1 & ) ! univ]sality ( 8 arti/ic /udies1 ,goe! %\ld n h _h t decid$ influ5ce on ! %ape ( our !atre :i*1 if he _h *os5 to d$icate himself exclusively & imm$iately to x1 he might h ex]cis$1 is easily conceivable4 ,9 ! mean "t1 %ortly aft] ,goe!'s fir/ appe>ance1 ! attempt _h be5 made to br+ ,%akspe>e on our /age4 ,! ef=t 0 a great & extraord9>y "o4 ,actors /ill alive acquir$ _! fir/ laurels 9 ?is :olly novel k9d ( exhibition1 & ,s*rd]1 p]haps1 9 "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ tragic & comic p>ts1 atta9$ to ! same p]fection = :i* ,g>rick _h be5 idoliz$4 ,z a :ole1 h[ev]1 no "o piece appe>$ 9 a v p]fect %ape2 mo/ ( !m 7 9 heavy prose translations1 & frequ5tly m]e extracts1 ) disfigur+ alt]ations1 7 exhibit$4 ,! sep>ate *>act]s & situations _h be5 hit to a c]ta9 degree ( success1 b ! s5se ( 8 composition 0 (t5 miss$4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s ,s*ill] made 8 appe>ance1 a man end[$ ) all ! qualifications necess>y to produce at once a /rong effect on ! multitude1 & on nobl] m9ds4 ,he compos$ 8 e>lie/ works :ile v "y1 & unacqua9t$ ) t _w :i* he attempt$ to pa9t2 & al?\gh a g5ius indep5d5t & boldly d>+1 he 0 nev]!less influ5c$ 9 v>i\s ways by ! models :i* he saw 9 ! already m5tion$ pieces ( ,less+1 by ! e>li] lab\rs ( ,goe!1 & 9 ,%akspe>e1 s f> z he c\ld und]/& him )\t an acqua9tance ) ! orig9al4 ,9 ?is way 7 produc$ ! works ( 8 y\?3--,die ,rab]1 ,cabale und ,liebe1 & ,fiesco4 ,! fir/1 wild & horrible z x 01 produc$ s p[]ful an effect z ev5 to turn ! heads ( y\?ful en?usia/s4 ,! defective imitation "h ( ,%akspe>e is n to be mi/ak53 ,francis ,moor is a prosaical ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ennobl$ by none ( ! prop]ties :i* 9 ! latt] m+le admiration ) av]sion4 ,cabale und ,liebe c h>dly affect u by its extravagant s5tim5tality1 b x tortures u by ! mo/ pa9ful impressions4 ,fiesco is 9 design ! mo/ p]v]t$1 9 effect ! feeble/4 ,s noble a m9d c\ld n long p]sev]e 9 su* mi/ak5 c\rses1 ?\gh !y ga9$ him applauses :i* might h r5d]$ ! cont9uance ( 8 bl9dness excusable4 ,he _h 9 8 own case exp]i5c$ ! dang]s ( an undiscipl9$ _s & an ungov]nable defiance ( all con/ra9+ au?ority1 & !re=e1 ) incr$ible dilig5ce & a sort ( passion1 he gave himself up to arti/ic discipl9e4 ,! "w :i* m>ks ?is new epo* is ,don ,c>los4 ,9 p>ts we obs]ve a great] dep? 9 ! del9eation ( "*2 yet ! old & tumid extravagance is n altoge!r lo/1 b m]ely clo!d ) *oic] =ms4 ,9 ! situations !re is mu* ( pa!tic p[]1 ! plot is complicat$ ev5 to epigrammatic subtlety2 b ( su* value 9 ! eyes ( ! poet 7 8 de>ly pur*as$ reflections on human nature & social in/itutions1 t1 in/ead ( express+ !m by ! progress ( ! action1 he exhibit$ !m ) circum/antial fulness1 & made 8 *>act]s philosophize m or less on !mselves & o!rs1 & by t means swell$ 8 "w to a size q incompatible ) !atrical limits4 ,hi/orical & philosophical /udies seem$ n[1 to ! ultimate pr(it ( 8 art1 to h s$uc$ ! poet = a "t f 8 poetical c>e]1 to :i* he return$ ) a rip] m9d1 enri*$ ) v>i$ k1 & truly enlight5$ at la/ ) respect to 8 own aims & means4 ,he n[ appli$ himself exclusively to ,hi/orical ,trag$y1 & endeav\r$1 by dive/+ himself ( 8 p]sonality1 to rise to a truly objective repres5tation4 ,9 ,wall5/e9 he has adh]$ s consci5ti\sly to hi/orical tru?1 t he c\ld n :olly ma/] 8 mat]ials1 an ev5t ( no great hi/orical ext5t is spun out into two plays1 ) prologue 9 "s degree didactical4 ,9 =m he has closely foll[$ ,%akspe>e2 only t he might n make too l>ge a dem& on ! imag9ation ( ! spectators1 he has endeav\r$ to conf9e ! *anges ( place & "t )9 n>r[] limits4 ,he also ti$ himself d[n to a m su/a9$ obs]vance ( tragical dignity1 & has br\ght =w>d no p]sons ( mean condition1 or at lea/ did n all[ !m to speak 9 _! natural tone1 & bani%$ into ! prelude ! m]e p1 "h repres5t$ by ! army1 ?\gh ,%akspe>e introduc$ !m ) su* vividness & tru? into ! v mid/ ( ! great public ev5ts4 ,! loves ( ,!kla & ,max ,piccolom9i =m1 x is true1 prop]ly an episode1 & be> ! /amp ( an age v diff]5t f t depict$ 9 ! re/ ( ! "w2 b x af=ds an opportunity = ! mo/ affect+ sc5es1 & is conceiv$ ) equal t5d]ness & dignity4 ,m>ia ,/u>t is plann$ & execut$ ) m arti/ic skill1 & also ) great] dep? & bread?4 ,all is wisely weigh$2 we may c5sure p>ticul> p>ts z (f5sive3 ! qu>rel = in/ance1 betwe5 ! two ,que5s1 ! wild fury ( ,mortim]'s passion1 c42 b x is h>dly possible to take any ?+ away )\t involv+ ! :ole 9 confusion4 ,! piece _c fail ( effect2 ! la/ mom5ts ( ,m>y are truly wor?y ( a que52 religi\s impressions are employ$ ) becom+ e>ne/ness2 only f ! c>e1 p]haps sup]flu\s1 to ex]cise1 aft] ,m>y's dea?1 poetical ju/ice on ,elizabe?1 ! spectator is dismiss$ r cool$ & indiff]5t4 ,) su* a wond]ful subject z ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 ,s*ill] ?\ght himself entitl$ to take great] lib]ties4 ,! plot is loos]2 ! sc5e ) ,montgom]y1 an epic int]mixture1 is at v>iance ) ! g5]al tone2 9 ! s+ul> & inconceivable appe>ance ( ! black knight1 ! object ( ! poet is ambigu\s2 9 ! "* ( ,talbot1 & _m o!r p>ts1 ,s*ill] has ent]$ into an unsuccessful competition ) ,%akspe>e2 & ,i "k n b ! col\r+ employ$1 :i* is n s brilliant z might be imag9$1 is an equival5t = ! sev]] pa?os :i* has be5 sacrific$ to x4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 ev5 to its details1 is g5]ally kn[n2 h] high mission 0 believ$ by h]self & g5]ally by h] contempor>ies1 & produc$ ! mo/ extraord9>y effects4 ,! m>vel might1 !re=e1 h be5 repres5t$ by ! poet1 ev5 ?\gh ! sceptical _s ( 8 contempor>ies %\ld h det]r$ him f giv+ x out = real2 & ! real ignom9i\s m>tyrdom ( ?is betray$ & ab&on$ h]o9e w\ld h agitat$ u m deeply ?an ! gaudy & rose-col\r$ "o :i*1 9 contradiction to hi/ory1 ,s*ill] has inv5t$ = h]4 ,%akspe>e's picture1 ?\gh p>tial f national prejudice1 /ill possesses mu* m hi/orical tru? & pr(undity4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,g]man piece w ev] rema9 z a g5]\s attempt to v9dicate ! hon\r ( a "n de=m$ by impud5t ridicule2 & its dazzl+ effect1 /r5g!n$ by ! ri* ornat5ess ( ! language1 des]v$ly ga9$ = x on ! /age ! mo/ em95t success4 ,lea/ ( all am ,i dispos$ to approve ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,s*ill] foll[$ 9 ,! ,bride ( ,mess9a1 & :i* he op5ly av[s 9 8 preface4 ,! exam9ation ( !m1 h[ev]1 w\ld lead me too f> into ! prov9ce ( !ory4 ,x 0 int5d$ to be a trag$y1 at once anci5t 9 its =m1 b romantic 9 sub/ance4 ,a /ory altoge!r fictiti\s is kept 9 a co/ume s indef9ite & s devoid ( all intr9sic probability1 t ! picture is nei!r truly ideal nor truly natural1 nei!r my?ological nor hi/orical4 ,! romantic poetry seeks inde$ to bl5d toge!r ! mo/ remote objects1 b x _c admit ( comb9+ incompatible ?+s2 ! way ( ?9k+ ( ! p repres5t$ _c be at once ,pagan & ,*ri/ian4 ,i w n compla9 ( him = borr[+ op5ly z he has done2 ! :ole is pr9cipally compos$ ( two +r$i5ts1 ! /ory ( ,eteocles & ,polynices1 :o1 not)/&+ ! m$iation ( _! "m ,joca/e1 cont5d = ! sole possession ( ! ?rone1 & ( ! bro!rs1 9 ! ,zwill+5 van ,kl+]1 & 9 ,julius von ,t>5t1 impell$ to fratricide by rivalry 9 love4 ,9 ! introduction ( ! *oruses also1 ?\gh !y possess mu* lyrical sublimity & _m beauties1 ! _s ( ! anci5ts has be5 totally mi/ak52 z ea* ( ! ho/ile bro!rs has a *orus atta*$ to 81 ! "o cont5d+ aga9/ ! o!r1 !y bo? cease to be a true *orus2 t is1 ! voice ( human sympa?y & contemplation elevat$ above all p]sonal consid]ations4 ,s*ill]'s la/ "w1 ,wilhelm ,tell1 is1 9 my op9ion1 also 8 be/4 ,"h he has return$ to ! poetry ( hi/ory2 ! mann] 9 :i* he has h&l$ 8 subject1 is true1 cordial1 & :5 we consid] ,s*ill]'s ignorance ( ,swiss nature & mann]s1 wond]ful 9 po9t ( local tru?4 ,x is true he _h "h a noble s\rce to draw f 9 ! speak+ pictures ( ! immortal ,john ,mll]4 ,?is s\l-k9dl+ picture ( old ,g]man mann]s1 piety1 & true h]oism1 might h m]it$1 z a solemn celebration ( ,swiss fre$om1 five hundr$ ye>s aft] its f\ndation1 to h be5 exhibit$1 9 view ( ,tell's *apel on ! banks ( ! lake ( ,luc]ne1 9 ! op5 air1 & ) ! ,alps = a backgr\nd4 ,s*ill] 0 c>ri$ (f by an untimely dea? 9 ! fulness ( m5tal maturity2 up to ! la/ mom5t 8 heal?1 :i* _h long be5 und]m9$1 0 made to yield to 8 p[]ful w1 & completely exhau/$ 9 ! pursuit ( mo/ praisewor?y objects4 ,h[ mu* might he n h /ill p]=m$ _h he liv$ to d$icate himself exclusively to ! !atre1 & ) e "w atta9$ a high] ma/]y 9 8 art6 ,he 01 9 ! g5u9e s5se ( ! ^w1 a virtu\s arti/2 ) p>ity ( m9d he wor%ipp$ ! true & ! beautiful1 & to 8 indefatigable1 ef=ts to atta9 !m 8 own exi/5ce 0 ! sacrifice2 he 01 moreov]1 f> remov$ f t petty self-love & jeal\sy b too common ev5 among arti/s ( excell5ce4 ,great orig9al m9ds 9 ,g]many h always be5 foll[$ by a ho/ ( imitators1 & h5ce bo? ,goe! & ,s*ill] h be5 ! occasion1 )\t any fault ( !irs1 ( a numb] ( defective & deg5]ate productions be+ br\ght on our /age4 ,gtz van ,b]li*+5 0 foll[$ by q a flood ( *ivalr\s plays1 9 :i* !re 0 no?+ hi/orical b ! names & o!r ext]nal circum/ances1 no?+ *ivalr\s b ! helmets1 buckl]s1 & swords1 & no?+ ( old ,g]man hone/y b ! suppos$ rud5ess3 ! s5tim5ts 7 z mod]n z !y 7 vulg>4 ,f *ivalry-pieces !y became true cavalry-pieces1 :i* c]ta9ly des]v$ to be act$ by horses r ?an by m54 ,to all ^? :o 9 "s measure appeal to ! imag9ation by sup]ficial allusions to =m] times1 may be appli$ :at ,i said ( "o ( ! mo/ admir$ ( !m3 ,mit ,h>/hrn]n1 und ,burg51 uud ,h>nis*51 pranget ,johanna2 ,traun6 mir gefiele das ,/ck1 wr5 ni*t ,worte dabey4 ,footnote3 ,) trumpets1 & donjons1 & helmets1 ,johanna p>ades x4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly please 7 b ! words all away4--,,ed4 ,! next place 9 ! public fav\r has be5 held by ! ,family ,picture & ! ,affect+ ,drama1 two second>y species4 ,f ! *>ge ( enc\rag+ ^! bo? by precept & example ,less+1 ,goe!1 & ,s*ill] 7! two la/ by _! e>lie/ compositions ,/ella1 ,glavigo1 ,die ,ges*wi/]1 ,cabale und ,liebe71 _c be acquitt$4 ,i w "n no "o1 b m]ely suppose t two writ]s ( "s tal5t & !atrical k _h d$icat$ !mselves to ^! species1 t !y _h bo? mi/ak5 ! ess5ce ( dramatic poetry1 & laid d[n to !mselves a pret5d$ moral aim2 b t ! "o saw morality "u ! n>r[ guise ( economy1 & ! o!r 9 t ( s5sibility3 :at sort ( fruits w\ld ?us be put =?1 & h[ w\ld ! applause ( ! multitude f9ally decide betwe5 ^! two competitors8 ,! family picture is int5d$ to portray ! e-day c\rse ( ! middle ranks ( society4 ,! extraord9>y ev5ts :i* are produc$ by intrigue are consequ5tly bani%$ f x3 to cov] ?is want ( motion1 ! writ] has rec\rse to a *>act]ization :olly individual1 & capable ( receiv+ vividness f a practis$ play]1 b atta*es itself to ext]nal peculi>ities j z a bad portrait-pa9t] endeav\rs to atta9 a resemblance by notic+ e pit ( small-pox & w>t1 & peculi> dress & cravat-tie3 ! motives & situations are sometimes humor\s & droll1 b nev] truly div]t+1 z ! s]i\s & prosaical aim :i* is always kept 9 view completely prev5ts ?is4 ,! rapid det]m9ations ( ,com$y g5]ally end be=e ! family life beg9s1 by :i* all is fix$ 9 e-day habits4 ,to make economy poetical is impossible3 ! dramatic family pa9t] w be able to say z little ( a =tunate & tranquil dome/ic e/abli%m5t1 z ! hi/orian c ( a /ate 9 possession ( ext]nal & int]nal tranquillity4 ,he is !re=e driv5 to int]e/ u by pa9t+ ) pa9ful accuracy ! torm5ts & ! p5ury ( dome/ic life--*agr9s exp]i5c$ 9 ! hone/ ex]cise ( duty1 9 ! education ( *ildr51 int]m9able diss5sions betwe5 husb& & wife1 ! bad conduct ( s]vants1 &1 above all ?+s1 ! c>es ( e>n+ a daily subsi/5ce4 ,! spectators und]/& ^! pictures b too well1 = e man kn[s :]e ! %oe p9*es2 x may be v salut>y = !m to h1 9 pres5ce ( ! /age1 to run ov] weekly 9 ?\ght ! relation betwe5 _! exp5diture & income2 b surely !y w h>dly d]ive f x elevation ( m9d or recreation1 = !y d b f9d aga9 on ! /age ! v same ?+ :i* !y h at home f morn+ to night4 ,! s5tim5tal poet1 aga91 contrives to light5 _! he>t4 ,8 g5]al doctr9e am\nts prop]ly to ?is1 t :at is call$ a good he>t atones = all errors & extravagances1 & t1 ) respect to virtue1 we are n to insi/ s /rictly on pr9ciples4 ,d b all[1 he seems to say to 8 spectators1 free scope to y\r natural impulses2 see h[ well x becomes my nave girls1 :5 !y volunt>ily & )\t res]ve confess e ?+4 ,if he only kn[s h[ to corrupt by means ( effem9ate emotions--r s5sual ?an moral1 b at ! close contrives1 by ! introduction ( "s g5]\s b5efactor1 :o %[]s out 8 lib]ality ) op5 h&s1 to make all ?+s pretty ev51 he !n m>vell\sly delights ! vitiat$ he>ts ( 8 audi5ce3 !y feel z if !y _h !mselves done noble actions1 )\t1 h[ev]1 putt+ _! h&s 9 _! own pockets--all is drawn f ! purse ( ! g5]\s poet4 ,9 ! long run1 !re=e1 ! affect+ species c h>dly fail to ga9 a victory ov] ! economical2 & ?is has actually be5 ! case 9 ,g]many4 ,b :at 9 ^! dramas is pa9t$ to u n only z natural & all[able1 b ev5 z moral & dignifi$1 is /range beyond all ?\ght1 & ! s$uction1 consequ5tly1 is mu* m dang]\s ?an t ( ! lic5ti\s ,com$y1 = ?is v reason1 t x does n disgu/ u by ext]nal indec5cy1 b /eals into ungu>d$ m9ds1 & selects ! mo/ sacr$ names = a disguise4 ,! poetical z well z moral decl9e ( ta/e 9 our "t has be5 att5d$ ) ?is consequ5ce1 t ! mo/ popul> writ]s = ! /age1 reg>dless ( ! op9ion ( good judges1 & ( true repute1 seek only = mom5t>y applause2 :ile o!rs1 :o h bo? high] aims1 keep bo? ! =m] 9 view1 _c prevail on !mselves to comply ) ! dem&s ( ! multitude1 & :5 !y d compose dramatically1 h no reg>d to ! /age4 ,h5ce !y are defective 9 ! !atrical "p ( art1 :i* c only be atta9$ 9 p]fection by practice & exp]i5ce4 ,! rep]tory ( our /age1 !re=e1 exhibits1 9 its mis]able weal?1 a motley assemblage ( *ivalr\s pieces1 family pictures1 & s5tim5tal dramas1 :i* are occasionally1 ?\gh seldom1 v>i$ by works 9 a gr&] & high] /yle by ,%akspe>e & ,s*ill]4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 translations & imitations ( =eign novelties1 & especially ( ! ,fr5* aft]-pieces & op]ettes1 are indisp5sable4 ,f ! wor?lessness ( ! sep>ate works1 no?+ b ! fleet+ *>m ( novelty is s\ght = 9 !atrical ent]ta9m5t1 to ! great injury ( ! hi/rionic art1 z a numb] ( insignificant p>ts mu/ be got by he>t 9 ! mo/ hurri$ mann]1 to be imm$iately =gott5 ,footnote3 ,to ?is mu/ be add$1 by way ( r5d]+ ! vulg>ity ( our !atre almo/ incurable1 ! radically deprav$ disposition ( e ?+ hav+ any ref]5ce to ! !atre4 ,! companies ( actors ought to be "u ! managem5t ( intellig5t judges & p]sons practis$ 9 ! dramatic art1 & n !mselves play]s4 ,engel presid$ = a "t ov] ! ,b]l9 !atre1 & eye-witnesses univ]sally ass]t t he succe$$ 9 giv+ x a great elevation4 ,:at ,goe! has effect$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! !atre ( ,weim>1 9 a small t[n1 & ) small means1 is kn[n to all good !atrical judges 9 ,g]many4 ,r>e tal5ts he c nei!r create nor rew>d1 b he accu/oms ! actors to ord] & discipl9e1 to :i* !y are g5]ally altoge!r dis9cl9$1 & !reby gives to 8 repres5tations a unity & h>mony :i* we d n witness on l>g] !atres1 :]e e individual plays z 8 own fancy prompts him4 ,! little correctness ) :i* _! p>ts are got by he>t1 & ! imp]fection ( _! oral deliv]y1 ,i h else:]e c5sur$4 ,i h he>d v]ses mutilat$ by a celebrat$ play] 9 a mann] :i* w\ld at ,p>is be consid]$ unp>donable 9 a beg9n]4 ,x is a fact1 t 9 a c]ta9 !atre1 :5 !y 7 "u ! melan*oly necessity ( repres5t+ a piece 9 v]se !y wrote out ! p>ts z prose1 t ! play]s might n be di/urb$ 9 _! d>l+ b /upid affectation ( nature1 by obs]vation ( ! quantity4 ,h[ _m p]iwig-pat$ fell[s 7z ,%akspe>e call$ su* p71 mu/ we suff]1 :o imag9e !y are af=d+ ! public an enjoym5t1 :5 !y /raddle along ! bo>ds ) _! awkw>d p]sons1 consid]+ ! words :i* ! poet has giv5 !m to repeat m]ely z a necess>y evil4 ,our play]s are less anxi\s to please ?an ! ,fr5*4 ,by ! creation ( /&+ national !atres z !y are call$1 by :i* 9 sev]al capitals p suppose t !y h accompli%$ wond]s1 & are likely to improve ! hi/rionic art1 !y h on ! contr>y put a complete end to all competition4 ,!y be/[ on ! play]s exclusive privileges--!y secure _! sal>ies = life2 hav+ n[ no?+ to dread f m accompli%$ rivals1 & be+ indep5d5t ( ! fluctuat+ fav\r ( ! spectators1 ! only conc]n ( ! actors is to enjoy _! places1 l s _m b5efices1 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]4 ,h5ce ! national !atres h become true hospitals = languor & laz9ess4 ,! "q ( ,hamlet ) respect to ! play]s--,d !y gr[ ru/y8 w nev] become obsolete2 x mu/1 alas6 be always answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! actor1 f ! ambigu\s position 9 :i* he lives 7:i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 _c well be alt]$71 mu/ possess a c]ta9 extravagant en?usiasm = 8 art1 if he is to ga9 any extraord9>y repute4 ,he _c be too passionately alive to noisy applause1 reputation1 & e brilliant rew>d :i* may cr[n 8 ef=ts to please4 ,! pres5t mom5t is 8 k+dom1 "t is 8 mo/ dang]\s enemy1 z !re is no?+ durable 9 8 exhibition4 ,:5ev] he is fill$ ) ! tradesman-l anxiety ( secur+ a mod]ate ma9t5ance = himself1 8 wife1 & *ildr51 !re is an end ( all improvem5t4 ,we d n mean to say t ! old age ( des]v+ arti/s ought n to be provid$ =4 ,b to ^? play]s :o f age1 illness1 or o!r accid5ts1 h lo/ _! qualifications = act+1 we ought to give p5sions to induce !m to leave (f in/ead ( cont9u+ to play4 ,9 g5]al1 we ought n to put x into ! heads ( ! play]s t !y are su* important & indisp5sable p]sonages4 ,no?+ is m r>e ?an a truly great play]2 b no?+ is m common ?an ! qualifications = fill+ *>act]s 9 ! mann] we g5]ally see !m fill$2 ( ?is we may be conv9c$ 9 e amateur !atre among tol]ably educat$ p4 ,f9ally1 ! relation :i* subsi/s ) u betwe5 ! manag]s ( !atres & writ]s1 is also z detrim5tal z possible4 ,9 ,france & ,engl&1 ! au?or ( a piece has a c]ta9 %>e ( ! pr(its ( ea* repres5tation2 ?is procures = him a p]man5t income1 :5ev] any ( 8 pieces are s successful z to keep _! place on ! !atre4 ,aga91 if ! piece is unsuccessful1 he receives no?+4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! manag]s ( !atres pay a c]ta9 sum be=eh&1 & at _! own risk1 = ! manuscripts :i* !y receive4 ,!y may ?us be v consid]able los]s2 & on ! o!r h&1 if ! piece is extraord9>ily successful1 ! au?or is n suitably rew>d$4 ,! ,au?or is "u a mi/ake ) respect to ! rew>d :i* falls to ! %>e ( ! dramatic writ] 9 ,engl&4 ,he has n a "p ( ! pr(its ( ea* repres5tation4 ,if ! play runs ?ree nights1 x br+s him 9 z mu* z if x 7 to run ?ree ?\s& nights4--,,trans4 ,! lab\rs ( ! poets :o d n write imm$iately = ! !atre take e v>iety ( direction3 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 may be obs]v$ ! f]m5t ( ideas t has br\ght on our lit]ature 9 =eign c\ntries ! reproa* ( a *aotic an>*y1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! /riv+ aft] a high] aim z yet unrea*$ is suffici5tly visible4 ,! m pr(\nd /udy ( ,ae/hetics has among ! ,g]mans1 by nature a speculative r ?an a practical p1 l$ to ?is consequ5ce1 t works ( art1 & trag$ies m especially1 h be5 execut$ on ab/ract !ories1 m or less misund]/ood4 ,x 0 natural t ^! trag$ies %\ld produce no effect on ! !atre2 nay1 !y are1 9 g5]al1 unsuit$ = repres5tation1 & :olly devoid ( any inn] pr9ciple ( life4 ,o!rs aga91 ) true feel+ = x1 h1 z x 71 appropriat$ ! v _s ( ! anci5t trag$ians1 & s\ght = ! mo/ suitable means ( accommodat+ ! simple & pure =ms ( anci5t art to ! pres5t con/itution ( our /age4 ,m5 truly di/+ui%$ = _! tal5ts h atta*$ !mselves to ! romantic drama1 b 9 x !y h g5]ally adopt$ a latitude :i* is n really all[able1 except 9 a romance1 :olly disreg>d+ ! compression :i* ! dramatic =m necess>ily requires4 ,or !y h seiz$ only ! musically fanciful & picturesquely sportive side ( ! ,spani% dramas1 )\t _! ?or\gh keep+1 _! en]getical p[]1 & _! !atrical effect4 ,:at pa? %all we n[ ent]8 ,%all we endeav\r to accu/om ourselves aga9 to ! ,fr5* =m ( ,trag$y1 :i* has be5 s long bani%$8 ,repeat$ exp]i5ce ( x has prov$ t1 h[ev] modifi$ 9 ! translation & repres5tation1 = ev5 9 ! h&s ( a ,goe! or a ,s*ill] "s modification is indisp5sable1 x c nev] be v successful4 ,! g5u9e imitation ( ,greek ,trag$y has f> m aff9ity to our national ways ( ?9k+2 b x is beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! multitude1 &1 l ! contemplation ( anci5t /atues1 c nev] be m ?an an acquir$ arti/ic enjoym5t = a few highly cultivat$ m9ds4 ,9 ,com$y1 ,less+ has already po9t$ out ! difficulty ( introduc+ national mann]s :i* are n prov9cial1 inasmu* z ) u ! tone ( social life is n modell$ aft] a common c5tral /&>d4 ,if we wi% pure com$ies1 ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d ! use ( rhyme2 ) ! m artificial =m !y might1 p]haps1 gradually assume also a peculi>ity ( sub/ance4 ,to me1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t ?is is n ! mo/ urg5t want3 let u fir/ br+ to p]fection ! s]i\s & high] species1 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! ,g]man "*4 ,n[ "h1 x appe>s to me1 t our ta/e incl9es altoge!r to ! romantic4 ,:at mo/ attracts ! multitude 9 our half-s5tim5tal1 half-humor\s dramas1 :i* "o mom5t transport u to ,p]u1 & ! next to ,kams*atka1 & soon aft] into ! times ( *ivalry1 :ile ! s5tim5ts are all mod]n & la*rymose1 is inv>iably a c]ta9 spr9kl+ ( ! romantic1 :i* we recognize ev5 9 ! mo/ insipid magical op]as4 ,! true significance ( ?is species 0 lo/ ) u be=e x 0 prop]ly f\nd2 ! fancy has pass$ ) ! inv5tors ( su* *im]as1 & ! views ( ! plays are sometimes wis] ?an ^? ( _! au?ors4 ,9 a hundr$ play-bills ! "n romantic is pr(an$1 by be+ lavi%$ on rude & mon/r\s abortions2 let u !re=e be p]mitt$ to elevate x1 by criticism & hi/ory1 aga9 to its true import4 ,we h lately endeav\r$ 9 _m ways to revive ! rema9s ( our old national poetry4 ,^! may af=d ! poet a f\ndation = ! wond]ful fe/ival-play2 b ! mo/ dignifi$ species ( ! romantic is ! hi/orical4 ,9 ?is field ! mo/ glori\s laurels may yet be reap$ by dramatic poets :o are will+ to emulate ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,only let our hi/orical drama be 9 reality & ?or\ghly national2 let x n atta* itself to ! life & adv5tures ( s+le knights & petty pr9ces1 :o ex]cis$ no influ5ce on ! =tunes ( ! :ole nation4 ,let x1 at ! same "t1 be truly hi/orical1 drawn f a pr(\nd k1 & transport+ u back to ! great old5 "t4 ,9 ?is mirror let ! poet enable u to see1 :ile we take deep %ame to ourselves = :at we are1 :at ! ,g]mans 7 9 =m] times1 & :at !y mu/ aga9 be4 ,let him impress x /rongly on our he>ts1 t1 if we d n consid] ! lessons ( hi/ory bett] ?an we h hi!rto done1 we ,g]mans--we1 =m]ly ! greate/ & mo/ illu/ri\s nation ( ,europe1 ^: freely- elect$ pr9ce 0 will+ly ackn[l$g$ ! head ( all ,*ri/5dom--are 9 dang] ( disappe>+ altoge!r f ! li/ ( indep5d5t nations4 ,! high] ranks1 by _! pr$ilection = =eign mann]s1 by _! fondness = exotic lit]ature1 :i*1 transplant$ f its natural climate into hot-h\ses1 c only yield a mis]able fruit1 h long ali5at$ !mselves f ! body ( ! p2 /ill long]1 ev5 = ?ree c5turies1 at lea/1 has int]nal diss5sion wa/$ our noble/ en]gies 9 civil w>s1 ^: ru9\s consequ5ces are n[ fir/ beg9n+ to disclose !mselves4 ,may all :o h an opportunity ( influ5c+ ! public m9d ex]t !mselves to ext+ui% at la/ ! old misund]/&+s1 & to rally1 z r\nd a consecrat$ bann]1 all ! well-dispos$ objects ( rev]5ce1 :i*1 un=tunately1 h be5 too long des]t$1 b by fai?ful atta*m5t to :i* our =efa!rs acquir$ s mu* happ9ess & r5[n1 & to let !m feel _! inde/ructible unity z ,g]mans6 ,:at a glori\s picture is furni%$ by our hi/ory1 f ! mo/ remote times1 ! w>s ) ! ,romans1 d[n to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,g]man ,empire6 ,!n ! *ivalr\s & brilliant era ( ! ,h\se ( ,hoh5/auf56 & la/ly1 ( great] political importance1 & m ne>ly conc]n+ ourselves1 ! ,h\se ( ,hapsburg1 ) its _m pr9ces & h]oes4 ,:at a field = a poet1 :o1 l ,%akspe>e1 c\ld disc]n ! poetical aspect ( ! great ev5ts ( ! _w6 ,b1 alas1 s little int]e/ d we ,g]mans take 9 ev5ts truly important to our nation1 t its greate/ a*ievem5ts /ill lack ev5 a fitt+ hi/orical record4