,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,animal ,,ecology ,illu/ration ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,oy/] ,bank 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,%[+ colonies ( 8coon0 oy/]s gr[+ 9 area betwe5 tides4 ,consult ,mbius1 ,dean1 & ,grave = ! ecological conditions ( ! animals on oy/] banks4 ,?is is a repres5tative animal community4 ,photo4 by ,b4 ,dean1 loan$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies4 ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,animal ,,ecology ,,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,adams1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,associate ,,9 ,,animal ,,ecology1 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,zo,,logy ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiac ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,augu/1 #aiac4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ! writ] has be5 try+ to f9d "s consi/5t & satisfactory work+ plan = h&l+ ! almo/ bewild]+ numb] ( facts1 ( ecological significance1 :i* h be5 accumulat+ 9 ! lit]ature ( zology1 biology1 & ! alli$ sci5ces4 ,?is book is ! outgr[? ( ! ef=t z x has develop$ 9 ! /udy & tea*+ ( animal ecology4 ,i h n attempt$ to make ?is an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! subject1 b r to indicate briefly "s ( its g5]al be>+s & a me?od ( approa*4 ,i h tri$ to keep 9 m9d ! ne$s ( ! beg9n] 9 ecology4 ,an ecological po9t ( view is describ$ m fully ?an ! o!r subjects discuss$1 s t ! /ud5t may see ! ne$ ( famili>ity ) ^? te/s or crit]ia by means ( :i* he may be able to det]m9e = himself ecological relations & ! validity ( ecological /udies4 ,! o!r phases are treat$ less fully 9 ! discussions & ) m detail bibliographically s t ?is may be a useful s\rce book4 ,! geographical 79 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w7 aspect has be5 delib]ately omitt$4 ,! ref]5ces %\ld be look$ ^u f ! /&po9t pres5t$ 9 ! g5]al portions ( ?is book1 & if ! facts & inf]5ces aid 9 ! int]pretation ( ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 animals & ! sum total ( _! environm5ts1 "o may fairly consid] t !y are ( ecological wor?4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ref]5ces ,i h tri$ to gr\p relat$ pap]s1 b _m defy any s+le sy/em4 ,"s ( ! publications des]ve to be 9 sev]al li/s1 b little duplication has be5 made1 z ?is w\ld unduly prolong ! li/s4 ,! annotations w supplem5t ! titles & _! gr\p+ 9 indicat+ ! cont5ts & importance ( ! pap]s = our purpose4 ,x has (t5 be5 difficult to select f sev]al almo/ equally valuable & useful pap]s4 ,o!rs ) diff]5t int]e/s1 aims1 & exp]i5ce w\ld d\btless make a diff]5t *oice4 ,x w !re=e be a favor1 if ^? :o use ?is h&book & feel t important pap]s h be5 exclud$1 w communicate ?is fact to ! au?or4 ,?is book is n int5d$ z a treatise on ! sci5ce ( ecology2 its aim is prim>ily educational4 ,?is is ! ju/ification1 if any 7 necess>y1 = plac+ emphasis ^u ! po9t ( view & ! importance ( an und]/&+ ( explanatory processes & ( ! me?ods ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,any adequate treatm5t ( ?is subject w\ld exce$ ! space ( ?is volume & x is res]v$ = future elaboration4 ,at pres5t ecology is a sci5ce ) its facts out ( all proportion to _! organization or integration4 ,!re is ?us an imm$iate ne$ ( integration1 & ?is above all requires a cle> conception ( ! sci5tific me?od z a tool1 & indep5d5t ?9k+ z well4 ,! fact t sci5tific "w progresses m rapidly :5 consci\sly pursu$ ?an o!rwise %\ld s]ve z ample ju/ification = ?is emphasis4 ,a ^w ( explanation is desirable to expla9 c]ta9 features ( ?is volume4 ,x is ! outcome ( cop]ative "w on ! "p ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory ( ,natural ,hi/ory & c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,ecological ,survey ,committee ( ! ,ill9ois ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,pr(essors ,e4 ,n4 ,transeau & ,t4 ,l4 ,hank9son4 ,a local ecological /udy 0 made1 z a piece ( cop]ative "w1 & directions = /udy 7 to be an introductory section ( my "p ( ?is report4 ,b z ?is "p grew on my h&s1 ) ! p]mission ( ,pr(essor ,s4 ,a4 ,=bes1 ,director ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i decid$ to publi% x sep>ately4 ,?is "p 0 writt5 two ye>s & a half ago1 & :5 sep>ate publication 0 decid$ ^u1 additional ref]5ces to ! lit]ature 7 add$ to br+ x to date4 ,^! circum/ances expla9 ! emphasis plac$ ^u ecological survey+ & also ! brevity ( treatm5t ( o!r aspects4 ,fur!r1 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,=bes = read+ ! manuscript & = valuable criticisms1 & likewise1 = simil> assi/ance1 to my wife1 ,alice ,norton ,adams4 ,skillful help on ! pro( & index has be5 giv5 by ,miss ,m>ion ,e4 ,sp>ks4 ,,*>les ,c4 ,,adams4 ,,urbana1 ,,ill41 ,u4,s4,a41 ,june #i1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,aim1 ,,cont5t1 ,,& ,,po9t ,,( ,,view #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,value ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,ecological ,,surveys #bc ,,iii4 ,,field ,,/udy #cf ,,iv4 ,,! ,,collection1 ,,pres]vation1 ,,& ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,specim5s #di ,v4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,sci5tific ,,te*nique #ee #a4 ,! ,sci5tific ,me?od #ee #b4 ,directions = ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,specim5s1 ,photograph+1 ,survey+1 & ,o!r ,phases ( ,te*nique #eg #c4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,pap]s = ,publication & on ,pro( ,read+ #fe ,,vi4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,important ,,s\rces ,,( ,,in=mation ,,on ,,! ,,life ,,hi/ories ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,insects ,,& ,,alli$ ,,inv]tebrates #gj ,,vii4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,environm5tal ,,*ange1 ,,or ,,! 8,,ord]ly ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,nature407,,! ,,dynamic ,,or ,,process ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,environm5t7 #gi ,,viii4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,ord]ly ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,metabolism1 ,,gr[?1 ,,developm5t1 ,,physiological ,,conditions1 ,,& ,,behavior1 ,,or 8,,! ,,liv+ ,,organism ,,& ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,take ,,place ,,9 ,,x40 7,,! ,,dynamic ,,or ,,process ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,animal7 #ib #a4 ,g5]al ,physiology & ,developm5t #ie #b4 ,a ,selection ( ,physiological & ,ecological ,pap]s #ajj #c4 ,animal ,behavior z a ,process #ajb #d4 ,a ,li/ ( ,select$ ,reviews & ,bibliographies #ajg #e4 ,a ,selection ( ,ref]5ces on ,life ,hi/ories & ,behavior #ajh ,,ix4 ,,! ,,cont9u\s ,,process ,,( ,,adju/m5t ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,environm5t ,,& ,,! ,,animal1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,o!r ,,organisms4 7,,! ,,dynamic ,,or ,,process ,,relations ,,( ,,animal ,,associations ,,& ,,aggregations7 #abb #a4 ,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce #abc #b4 ,! ,dynamic ,relations ( ,associations & ,aggregations1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,animal ,associations #acj a4 ,! ,relation ( ,animals to ,poll9ation & to ,plant ,galls #ada b4 ,subt]ranean & ,cave ,associations #adc c4 ,select$ ,ref]5ces on ,aggregations & ,associations #ade ,,index #aea ,,index ,,to ,,names #agi ,,li/ ,,( ,,figures ,,fig4 #a4 ,an ,oy/] ,habitat on ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,coa/ ,frontispiece #b4 ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce on a ,clam ,flat4 ,ov]cr[d$ ,condition fac+ page #g #c4 ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce on a ,clam ,flat4 ,de/ruction ( ,clams by ,pr$ace\s ,animals 0 0 #h #d4 ,a ,small ,m\nta9 ,/ream z an ,animal ,environm5t 0 0 #hf #e4 ,a ,small ,riv] z an ,animal ,environm5t 0 0 #hg #f4 ,an ,ill9ois ,prairie ,remnant z an ,animal ,environm5t 0 0 #aci #g4 ,an ,ill9ois ,decidu\s ,=e/ z an ,animal ,environm5t 0 0 #adf ,,relation ,,( ,,ecology ,,to ,,biology 8,i %all try to %[ t life is response to ! ord] ( nature4444 ,b if x be admitt$1 x foll[s t biology is ! /udy ( response1 & t ! /udy ( t ord] ( nature to :i* response is made is z well )9 its prov9ce z ! /udy ( ! liv+ organism :i* responds1 = all ! k we c get ( bo? ^! aspects ( nature is ne$$ z a prep>ation = ! /udy ( t relation betwe5 !m :i* con/itutes life40 8,to /udy life we mu/ consid] ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( ext]nal nature2 second1 ! liv+ organism & ! *anges :i* take place 9 x2 &1 ?ird1 t cont9u\s adju/m5t betwe5 ! two sets ( ph5om5a :i* con/itutes life40 8,! physical sci5ces deal ) ! ext]nal _w1 & 9 ! laboratory we /udy ! /ructure & activities ( organisms by v simil> me?ods2 b if we /op !re1 neglect+ ! relation ( ! liv+ be+ to its environm5t1 our /udy is n biology or ! sci5ce ( life40 ,w4 ,k4 ,,brooks4 ,,animal ,,ecology ,i4 ,,aim1 ,,cont5t1 ,,& ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,ecology has no aim1 b ecologi/s h4 ,! problems ( ! ecologi/ are n fundam5tally diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r k9d ( naturali/4 ,! sup]ficial diff]5ces 9 aim are due to ! diff]5t po9ts ( view1 or me?ods ( approa*1 r ?an to any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! problems4 ,! ess5tially biological core ( ecology may be be/ %[n by consid]+ ! relation :i* ?is sci5ce be>s to o!r bran*es ( biology1 a relation :i* has be5 admirably express$ by ! em95t physiologi/1 ,burdon-,s&]son 7'#id1 pp4 #dch-dci71 z foll[s3 8,n[ ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u 9 beg9n+ to ?9k ab\t ! activities ( an organism is t !y are naturally di/+ui%able into two k9ds1 accord+ z we consid] ! action ( ! :ole organism 9 its relation to ! ext]nal _w or to o!r organisms1 or ! action ( ! p>ts or organs 9 _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,! di/9ction to :i* we are ?us l$ betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal relation ( plants & animals has ( c\rse always exi/$1 b has only lately come into su* prom95ce t x divides biologi/s m or less completely into two camps--on ! "o h& ^? :o make x _! aim to inve/igate ! actions ( ! organism & its p>ts by ! accept$ me?ods ( physics & *emi/ry1 c>ry+ ?is inve/igation z f> z ! conditions "u :i* ea* process manife/s itself w p]mit2 on ! o!r1 ^? :o int]e/ !mselves r 9 consid]+ ! place :i* ea* organism occupies1 & ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,x is app>5t t ! two l9es ( inquiry1 al?\gh !y equally relate to :at ! organism does1 r ?an to :at x is1 & !re=e bo? h equal "r to be includ$ 9 ! "o great sci5ce ( life1 or biology1 yet lead 9 directions :i* are sc>cely ev5 p>allel4 ,s m>k$1 inde$1 is ! di/9ction1 t ,pr(essor ,haeckel "s tw5ty ye>s ago propos$ to sep>ate ! /udy ( organisms ) ref]5ce to _! place 9 nature "u ! designation ( #8cology1' def9+ x z compris+ #8! relations ( ! animal to its organic z well z to its inorganic environm5t1 p>ticul>ly its fri5dly or ho/ile relations to ^? animals or plants ) :i* x comes into direct contact4'#a ,:e!r ?is t]m expresses x or n1 ! di/9ction is a fundam5tal "o4 ,:e!r ) ! cologi/ we reg>d ! organism 9 relation to ! _w1 or ) ! physiologi/ z a wond]ful complex ( vital en]gies1 ! two bran*es h ?is 9 common1 t bo? /udies fix _! att5tion1 n on /uff$ animals1 butt]flies 9 cases1 or ev5 microscopical sections ( ! animal or plant body--all ( :i* relate to ! framework ( life--b on life itself40 #a ,^! he id5tifies ) 8^? complicat$ mutual relations :i* ,d>w9 designates z conditions ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce40 ,along ) *orology--! di/ribution ( animals--cology con/itutes :at he calls ,relations-physiologie4 ,haeckel1 8,entwickelungsgang u4 ,aufgab5 d] ,zoologie10 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*r41 #ahfi1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cec4 ,! quotations f ,brooks1 on a prec$+ page1 %[ ev5 m explicitly ! intimate relation :i* exi/s betwe5 biology & ecology4 ,at fir/ glance !y may seem to prove almo/ too mu*--t biology & ecology are synonym\s4 ,!y %[ at lea/ t ecology is conc]n$ ) fundam5tal biological problems--! responses ( organisms to _! complete environm5ts4 ,! relations :i* diff]5t bran*es ( ecology be> to "o ano!r may be discuss$ "u ?ree head+s1 individual1 aggregate1 & associational ecology4 ,^! phases are sup]ficially s di/9ct t /ud5ts ( "o bran* may be almo/ unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cord9ate bran*es & may n realize t ea* is a "p ( ! l>g] unit4 ,individual ,ecology4--,! /udy ( individual ecology is ! inve/igation ( ! developm5t 7process ( =mation7 ( ! /ructure1 function1 & behavior ( a giv5 individual or k9d ( animal f ! /&po9t ( its relations & responses to ! complete environm5t4 ,all ecologically significant facts %\ld be consid]$4 ,su* a /udy may be devot$ to an animal1 z1 = example1 a bumblebee1 a crawfi%1 or a g>t] snake1 & may be limit$ to a s+le habitat or locality1 or ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! entire geographic range ( an animal4 ,f ?is /&po9t ! individual /udi$ becomes ! hub ( ! microcosm1 f :i* all relations & responses radiate4 ,mo/ ( ! physiological /udies ( ecological be>+ & _m inve/igations ( animal behavior h be5 made f ?is viewpo9t4 ,! organism is ?us consid]$ z an ag5t :i*1 trans=m+ & utiliz+ sub/ance & en]gy1 produces a v>i$ numb] ( physiological conditions & =ms ( activity1 :i* 9 turn furni% ! basis = ! con/ant process ( response betwe5 ! organism & its environm5t4 ,aggregate ,ecology4--,! /udy ( aggregate ecology is ! inve/igation ( ! ecological developm5t1 relations1 & responses ( animals bas$ ^u h]$it>y or taxonomic units1 z 9 a family community1 or 9 g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 etc4 ,^! gr\ps or aggregates are made ! basis = ! ecologic /udy1 z a hive ( bees1 birds1 dragon flies 7,odonata71 ! g5us ,bombus4 ,f ?is approa* ! activities & responses ( ! gr\p are trac$ ?r\gh\t all environm5ts & associations )9 ! area /udi$1 or ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & its responses & adju/m5ts to ! :ole environm5t receive prim>y att5tion4 ,! h]$it>y or taxonomic unit is "h ! hub ( ! microcosm4 ,p]haps mo/ ( ! contributions to ecology by ! taxonomi/s are made f ?is /&po9t4 ,"h also ! aggregate is consid]$ z an ag5t or entity :i* produces _m k9ds ( activities & adju/m5ts to ! environm5t4 ,associational ,ecology4--,associational ecology is devot$ to ! inve/igation ( ! developm5t1 int]relations1 & responses ( animals :i* are gr\p$ or associat$ 9 ! same habitats & environm5ts4 ,9 ?is case ! associates 9 a giv5 association & habitat are consid]$ z a unit1 ^: activities & int]relations & responses are inve/igat$ 9 ! same mann] z if x 7 a s+le animal4 ,! int]actions among memb]s ( an association are to be comp>$ to ! simil> relations exi/+ betwe5 ! diff]5t cells1 organs1 or activities ( a s+le individual4 ,su* gr\p+s h a composition :i* has develop$ into an arrangem5t1 or 8spac+10 ( individuals )9 x1 & :i* produces a p>ticul> plan or patt]n1 z a result ( ! innum]able responsive activities on ! "p ( ! individuals :i* live toge!r4 ,= example1 :5 ! animals liv+ 9 a small brook1 ! littoral zone ( a lake1 9 a colony ( bre$+ gulls1 or on ! floor ( a =e/1 are treat$ z a unit1 ! entire hi/ory ( ! animals 9 ! habitat is consid]$ z a response to ! conditions ( life4 ,9 ?is =m ( /udy ! association becomes ! c5t] ( all radiat+ relations & responses4 ,su* an association is an ag5t :i* trans=ms sub/ance & en]gy1 produc+ v>i$ physiological conditions & responses 9 ! cont9u\s process ( adju/m5t 8:i* con/itutes life40 ,! physiological ne$s & /ates ( an association h z real exi/5ce 9 individual animals z h simil> ne$s 9 ! cell or cells :i* compose ! animal body4 ,! m]e /atem5t ( ! facts ( su* relations is en\gh to make valid su* a comp>ison4 ,= ! associational aspect ( ecology ! ,g]man naturali/1 ,mbius1 propos$ 9 #ahgg ! t]m 8biocnosis40 ,! mean+ ( ?is he express$ v cle>ly & concisely1 & on acc\nt ( its relatively obscure publication1 9 a pap] devot$ to oy/] culture1 x has n ga9$ ! circulation among zologi/s :i* its importance m]its4 ,8 /atem5t 7,mbius1 '#hc1 p4 #gbc7 is z foll[s3 8,e oy/]-b$ is ?us1 to a c]ta9 degree1 a community ( liv+ be+s1 a collection ( species1 & a mass+ ( individuals1 :i* f9d "h ev]y?+ necess>y = _! gr[? & cont9uance1 su* z suitable soil1 suffici5t food1 ! requisite p]c5tage ( salt1 & a temp]ature favorable to _! developm5t4 ,ea* species :i* lives "h is repres5t$ by ! greate/ numb] ( individuals :i* c gr[ to maturity subject to ! conditions :i* surr\nd !m1 = among all species ! numb] ( individuals :i* arrive at maturity at ea* bre$+ p]iod is mu* small] ?an ! numb] ( g]ms produc$ at t "t4 ,! total numb] ( mature individuals ( all ! species liv+ toge!r 9 any region is ! sum ( ! survivors ( all ! g]ms :i* h be5 produc$ at all pa/ bre$+ or brood p]iods2 & ?is sum ( matur$ g]ms repres5ts a c]ta9 quantum ( life :i* ent]s into a c]ta9 numb] ( individuals1 & :i*1 z does all life1 ga9s p]man5ce by means ( transmission4 ,sci5ce possesses1 z yet1 no ^w by :i* su* a community ( liv+ be+s may be designat$2 no ^w = a community :]e ! sum ( species & individuals1 be+s mutually limit$ & select$ "u ! av]age ext]nal conditions ( life1 h1 by means ( transmission1 cont9u$ 9 possession ( a c]ta9 def9ite t]ritory4 ,i propose ! ^w ,biocnosis#b = su* a community4 ,any *ange 9 any ( ! relative factors ( a biocnose produces *anges 9 o!r factors ( ! same4 ,if1 at any "t1 "o ( ! ext]nal conditions ( life %\ld deviate = a long "t f its ord9>y mean1 ! entire biocnose1 or community1 w\ld be trans=m$4 ,x w\ld also be trans=m$1 if ! numb] ( individuals ( a p>ticul> species increas$ or dim9i%$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( man1 or if "o species entirely disappe>$ f1 or a new species ent]$ into1 ! community40 7,see ,figure #a74 #b ,f 1 life1 & 1 to h some?+ 9 common4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce on a ,clam ,flat4 ,%[+ ! ov]cr[d$ condition ( a colony ( ,s(t ,clams 7,mya ar5>ia7 on ,r[ley ,reef1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! pits m>k ! position ( ! liv+ clams4 ,photo4 by ,beld+1 loan$ by ,mass4 ,comms4 ,fi%]ies & ,game4 ,! ?ree me?ods ( approa* to ecological /udy are n s di/9ct z !y appe> at fir/ ?\ght4 ,) p]fect+ k ! network ( int]relations increases & ! pa?s conv]ge4 ,!n also ! /udy ( ! individual behavior ( 8social0 animals1 z ants1 :ite ants1 bees1 or birds :i* live & bre$ 9 colonies1 %[s transitional /ages f ! individual unit to t ( ! family1 ! colony1 & on to ! association4 ,yet ! advantage ( ea* po9t ( view %\ld be recogniz$ z an aid 9 ! analysis & syn!sis ( any problem4 ,"s /ud5ts feel t ! /udy ( individual ecology %\ld prec$e t ( ! associational4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits ?is is true1 b if our g5]al k ( biology _h wait$ = ! p]fection ( our k ( ! individual cells ( animals1 ! results w\ld h be5 disa/r\s to all conc]n$4 ,ev5 n[ our k ( ^! subjects is v incomplete4 ,= simil> reasons !re %\ld be no delay 9 /udy+ animal aggregates & associations4 ,a comb9ation ( ecological & taxonomic /udy g5]ally appeals mo/ /rongly to ^? /ud5ts :o h made a specialty ( "s gr\p ( animals4 ,!y are famili> ) c]ta9 =ms1 h "s confid5ce 9 taxonomic me?ods1 & frequ5tly h giv5 "s att5tion to habits1 life hi/ories1 & to collect+4 ,to ^? :o l ! descriptive aspect ( taxonomy1 ecological /udies also (f] a new field = fur!r description & classification4 ,at pres5t p]haps ! majority ( ecological /ud5ts h ent]$ ! subject ?r\gh taxonomy4 ,x is ! almo/ univ]sal v]dict ( su* /ud5ts t x has requir$ mu* ef=t on _! "p to make ! *ange 9 ! po9t ( view4 ,su* a *ange _c be made by a simple resolve1 b requires a modification ( ! habits ( ! m9d1 :i* w be att5d$ by a di/9ct consci\sness ( ef=t4 ,z 9 o!r habits1 rev]sion to ! old] attitude ( m9d is v easy4 ,?is *ange 9 po9t ( view is a problem 9 habit =mation1 a /udy ( ! m5tal behavior ( ! ecologi/1 :i* is 9 reality ! ma9 topic ?us f> discuss$4 ,"o may attempt to make su* a *ange & f9d t he does n h suffici5t modifiability to make x p]man5t1 s t x is only = ! mom5t1 dur+ actual collision ) "s /ubborn fact1 t he is able to realize ecological relations & an ecological po9t ( view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce on a ,clam ,flat4 ,%[+ ! de/ruction ( a colony ( ,s(t ,clams by ,horse-%oe ,crabs 7,limulus7 & ,cockles 7,lunatia71 ,r[ley ,reef1 ,massa*usetts4 ,photo4 by ,beld+1 loan$ by ,mass4 ,comms4 ,fi%]ies & ,game4 ,to ! physiologi/1 h[ev]1 individual ecology t5ds to appeal mo/ /rongly1 & he1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ! prepond]ance ( analytical me?ods 9 8 "w1 feels t ?is is ! safe/ & mo/ important aspect4 ,?is /atem5t is p]haps also true ( mo/ /ud5ts ( animal behavior4 ,?is is l>gely due to ! great pres5t ne$ ( analytical me?ods 9 ^! l9es1 & p]haps indicates a /age 9 ! developm5t ( _! sci5ce r ?an a p]man5t condition4 ,lat] a syn!tic developm5t w probably become m prom95t1 & ) x w come a *ange 9 e/imat+ relative values4 ,g5]ally physiologi/s all[ = a great] influ5ce ( ! environm5t ?an d _m o!r /ud5ts4 ,!y are impress$ ) ! dep5d5ce ( organisms ^u _! environm5t1 & ! /udy ( _! reactions only re9=ces ?is conception4 ,! ecologi/ :o /udies ! responses ( animals _c help be+ impress$ ) ! processes ( adju/m5t1 & ) adaptation z a process4 ,x is adaptation z a process1 r ?an z a product1 :i* p]haps int]e/s him mo/1 & emphasis ne$s to be plac$ ^u ?is di/9ction4 ,! problem ( adaptation z a process may be a diff]5t & sep>ate "o f t ( evolution1 b individual animals mu/ h %[n adju/ive adaptation1 or !re c\ld h be5 no p]petuation to cont9ue ! /ruggle ( adju/m5t4 ,ecological problems are likely to raise a "q z to ! relative importance ( adaptation & evolution--if !y are sep>ate problems4 ,! pres5t g5]ation has p]haps be5 m deeply impress$ by evolution z a process1 ?an by adaptation z a process4 ,! ecology ( liv+ animals is only ! late/ *apt] 9 ! volume on ?is subject2 ! prec$+ *apt]s w conta9 a hi/ory ( ! indef9itely long s]ies ( ecological responses :i* h tak5 place 9 ! geologic pa/4 ,"h is :]e ! ecologi/ & paleontologi/ & geologi/ f9d common gr\nd4 ,! ecology ( liv+ animals mu/ furni% u ) :atev] firm basis we h = ! int]pretation ( ! conditions ( life 9 ! pa/1 ^u :i* ! paleontologi/1 /ratigraph]1 or paleogeograph] mu/ dep5d1 at lea/ 9 "p1 = 8 int]pretations4 ,) /ill ano!r tra9+ & int]e/1 z 9 ! case ( ^? especially int]e/$ 9 human affairs1 su* z ! sociologi/1 ! physician1 ! sanit>y exp]t1 & ! agriculturi/1 we may ultimately expect a great] appreciation = ! associational aspect because ( ! social or associational "* ( human society4 ,! associational is ! phase ( animal activity :i* may be consid]$ z ! =m ( animal behavior :i* has develop$ into ! human social relations4 ,x is a response to ! complete organic & inorganic environm5t4 ,x is r natural t 9 a relatively newly recogniz$ subject l ecology ?is human aspect has n be5 v fully discuss$4 ,= practical reasons ! ecology ( man has be5 develop$ l>gely indep5d5t ( t ( animals2 j z human physiology & psy*ology h be5 develop$ relatively indep5d5t ( comp>ative or g5]al physiological psy*ology4 ,to ! mutual advantage ( ^! subjects !y are n[ rapidly conv]g+1 & we may anticipate a simil> relation betwe5 g5]al animal ecology & ! ecology ( man4 ,9 a g5]al treatise on animal ecology ! human phase %\ld n receive undue emphasis any m ?an x %\ld 9 a g5]al physiology ( animals or 9 a comp>ative psy*ology4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ! relation%ips ( man & 8 animal associates 7slaves1 dome/ic animals1 rats1 mice1 p>asites1 etc47 =m z truly an animal association z d ^? ( ! animals :i* live associat$ 9 "s =e/ glade2 & 9 all probability1 be=e any approximately complete und]/&+ c be _h ( ! human associations1 _! roots & pr9ciples ( activity mu/ be kn[n & und]/ood 9 ! less ari/ocratic portion ( 8 animal relatives4 ,! recognition ( ! associational aspect ( ecology1 z well z t human ecology is a "p ( g5]al animal ecology1 is ( rec5t orig94 ,?is is v well %[n 9 ! foll[+ quotation f ,huxley 7#ahed4 ,on ! ,educational ,value ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,sci5ces73 8,biology deals only ) liv+ be+s z isolat$ ?+s--treats only ( ! life ( ! individual3 b !re is a high] division ( sci5ce /ill1 :i* consid]s liv+ be+s z aggregates--:i* deals ) ! relation ( liv+ be+s "o to ano!r--! sci5ce :i* obs]ves m5--^: exp]im5ts are made by nations "o ^u ano!r1 9 battlefields--^: g5]al propositions are embodi$ 9 hi/ory1 morality1 & religion--^: d$uctions lead to our happ9ess or our mis]y--& ^: v]ifications s (t5 come too late1 & s]ve only #8,to po9t a moral1 or adorn a tale'-- ,i mean ! sci5ce ( ,society or ,sociology40 ,at a lat] date 7#ahgf4 ,on ! ,/udy ( ,biology7 ,huxley says3 8,= :atev] view we may ent]ta9 ab\t ! nature ( man1 "o ?+ is p]fectly c]ta91 t he is a liv+ creature4 ,h5ce1 if our def9ition is to be int]pret$ /rictly1 we mu/ include man & all 8 ways & works "u ! head ( ,biology2 9 :i* case1 we %\ld f9d t psy*ology1 politics1 & political economy w\ld be absorb$ into ! prov9ce ( ,biology4 ,9 /rict logic no "o c object to ?is c\rse4444 ,! real fact is t we biologi/s are a self-sacrific+ p 444 s t we feel t we h m ?an suffici5t t]ritory4444 ,b ,i %\ld l y to recollect t t is a sacrifice1 & t y %\ld n be surpris$ if x occasionally happ5s t y see a biologi/ app>5tly trespass+ 9 ! region ( philosophy or politics2 or m$dl+ ) human education2 because1 aft] all1 t is a "p ( 8 k+dom :i* he has only volunt>ily =sak540 ,:e!r sociology is reg>d$ z a response ( man to 8 fell[s or to ! :ole ( 8 environm5t is inconsequ5tial 9 its be>+ ^u :e!r or n x is ecological4 ,! response ( man1 z an animal1 to a "p or ! :ole ( 8 environm5t is /rictly ecological4 ,huxley recogniz$ "o relation v cle>ly1 & t is t ! ecological relations ( individuals d n curr5tly include ! high] syn!sis :i* deals ) !m z associations1 or 8aggregates0 z he t]ms !m4 ,s f> z kn[n to ! writ]1 human activities 9 g5]al h nev] be5 fully & compreh5sively ori5t$ f ! ecological /&po9t1 ev5 by ! humanit>ians !mselves1 al?\gh "s important prelim9>y /eps h be5 tak54 ,x looks z if su* a viewpo9t might give a new unity to all /udies ( human relations4 ,!re is /ill ano!r class ( p]sons1 p>ticul>ly tea*]s & isolat$ /ud5ts1 :o desire fir/ ( all to und]/& & int]pret _! own vic9ity1 & :o w inquire :i* ( ! ?ree plans _! "w be/ fits4 ,if su* a "o beg9s ) ! detail$ /udy ( ea* species1 ! g5]al survey w n be complet$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,if he uses ! l>g] taxonomic units1 he may survey ! field by go+ ov] ! same gr\nd aga9 & aga91 ) ea* ( ! diff]5t gr\ps successively 9 m9d1 until ! entire field has be5 survey$4 ,or1 la/ly1 he may divide ! area into associations & /udy ! animals :i* are f\nd liv+ toge!r1 & by /udy+ "o association aft] ano!r he may cov] ! entire field4 ,a tea*] w f9d c]ta9 important advantages 9 ?is plan1 & c]ta9 disadvantages4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations 9 its favor is t su* a /udy results 9 a famili>ity ) ! k9ds ( animals "o actually f9ds 9 natural gr\ps1 z :5 8 class is on an excursion4 ,! natural hi/ory :i* a f>m]1 a fi%]man1 a summ] vacationi/1 or a sportsman acquires is gr\p$ 9 ?is same mann]4 ,?us to a l>ge numb] ( p ?is is ! natural me?od ( approa*1 & is g5]ally ( mo/ p]man5t value1 except possibly to "s pr(essional tea*]s or zologi/s4 ,"o ( its greate/ disadvantages is t 9 mo/ ( ! lit]ature :i* "o mu/ use1 ! animals are n gr\p$ 9 ?is way1 b tax9omically4 ,! individual1 aggregate1 & associational me?ods ( /udy are 9 !mselves subject to div]se angles ( approa*1 & ea* has its p>ticul> advantages & disadvantages4 ,( ! me?ods ( approa* m5tion w be made ( ?ree only1 ! descriptive1 ! comp>ative1 & ! g5etic or me?od ( processes4 ,! descriptive me?od mu/ develop to "s degree be=e ! g5etic problems c be adequately /at$1 & ! mature developm5t ( ! g5etic may1 & g5]ally does1 lag f> beh9d t ( ! descriptive4 ,! reason = ?is is simple1 = x is evid5t t x is mu* easi] to describe :at we see ?an x is to expla9 h[ x orig9at$ or its process ( developm5t4 ,at pres5t biology z a sci5ce is ma9ly 9 ! descriptive /age1 ?\gh x is sl[ly b surely becom+ explanatory & g5etic4 ,! developm5tal or explanatory me?od is s difficult t e possible exp$i5t--obs]vation1 comp>ison1 reflection1 exp]im5t1 etc4--mu/ be us$ to secure ! prop] developm5t ( ! ma9 phases ( ecology4 ,!re is a m>k$ t5d5cy 9 ! naturali/ to ma/] "o sy/em ( "w1 z obs]vation or exp]im5t1 & to use x z a tool almo/ exclusively1 turn+ f "o phase ( ! subject to ano!r1 & cont9u+ ! use ( ! same me?od4 ,?is way ( work+ is favorable to a good te*nique1 b its weakness is t x (t5 t5ds to give its us] a feel+ ( ! great sup]iority & reliability ( ! result rea*$ by 8 me?od1 & a correspond+ly less appreciative recognition ( results secur$ by o!r me?ods4 ,to obs]ve1 to exp]im5t1 to reflect1 to dissect1 to /a91 & to collect are only p>tial me?ods ( inve/igation1 & ?is fact %\ld be realiz$ & be kept 9 m9d :5 e/imat+ values & plann+ "w4 ,! aim ( ! ecologi/ is pr(ess$ly g5etic or explanatory because x is ! /udy ( responses to all conditions ( ! complete environm5t4 ,b ^! responses mu/ be describ$1 & ! conditions influ5c+ !m z well1 s t a descriptive aspect is an ess5tial "p 9 all phases ( ecology4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! responses ( an individual1 an ord]1 or an association1 pure description ( ! responses is necess>y2 b a description :i* w at once describe & %[ ! work+ ( ! processes by :i* ! results 7 produc$1 is ( q a diff]5t ord]4 ,?is phase ( explanation has be5 mo/ concisely express$ & appli$ by ! /ud5ts ( ! physical sci5ces1 & biologi/s may pr(it mu* f a /udy ( _! me?ods4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we turn to ! viewpo9t ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( ecology z a :ole1 a symmetrical developm5t ( ! subject is mo/ desirable4 ,! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( any special po9t ( view t5ds1 l dom9ance 9 g5]al1 to smo!r or suppress o!r g]m9at+ & compet+ ideas4 ,! diff]5t special int]e/s ea* h _! advantages & disadvantages1 z does a g5]al int]e/4 ,div]sity 9 /ud5ts leads to div]sity 9 ! developm5t ( ! subject1 & a v>iety ( emotional appeals to ! /ud5t has its advantages4 ,& j z ! special /ud5t %\ld devote "s att5tion to ! g5]al be>+ ( 8 "w1 s also %\ld ! /ud5t ( ! g5]al aspects cultivate "s special field ( int]e/4 ,! prec$+ discussion ( ! aims & me?ods 9 ecological /udy has be5 int5d$ to indicate "s ( its g5]al be>+s1 & to give ! /ud5t "s idea ( ! te/s or crit]ia :i* may be us$ to aid 9 /e]+ 8 c\rse ?r\gh ! maze ( obs]vations :i* he may make & ! op9ions :i* he enc\nt]s4 ,x is ( equal importance = ! /ud5t to be able to p]ceive ecological relations z record$ by o!rs1 because "o p]son's exp]i5ce is s limit$ comp>$ ) ! g5]al body ( record$ fact & inf]5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are also s _m degrees & k9ds ( "w t g by ! "n ecological1 :i* may or may n be1 & s _m also :i* are truly ecological b :i* d n pass "u t "n1 t x is necess>y t ! /ud5t %all be able to see ?r\gh its div]se guises & recognize its ess5tial "*4 ,:5ev] ! "q arises z to ! ecological "* ( a fact1 inf]5ce1 or conclusion1 its ecological validity may be te/$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,d ! facts1 inf]5ces1 or conclusions %[ a response to ! inorganic or organic environm5t3 #a4 ,z an individual ( a species or k9d ( animal8 #b4 ,z a gr\p ( taxonomically relat$ animals8 #c4 ,z an association ( int]act+ animals8 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,! ,,ecological ,,/&po9t ,9 ?is ,i h li/$ only ^? pap]s :i* h seem$ to me p>ticul>ly significant because ( _! po9t ( view1 reg>dless ( :e!r or n !y are prim>ily zological or specifically m5tion ecology4 ,,brooks1 ,w4 ,k4 #ahii4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,zology4 pp4 #cci4 ,new ,york4 ,introductory1 pp4 #a-bi2 ,huxley1 & ! ,problem ( ! ,naturali/1 pp4 #cc-df2 ,nature & ,nurture1 pp4 #di-gi4 #aijf4 ,h]$ity & ,v>iation2 ,logical & ,biological4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #gj-gf4 ,an extremely sugge/ive pap] :i* %\ld be read by e ecological /ud5t4 ,,ganong1 ,w4 ,f4 #aijg4 ,! ,organization ( ! ,ecological ,inve/igation ( ! ,physiological ,life-,hi/ories ( ,plants4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #cda-cdd4 #aijd4 ,! ,c>d9al ,pr9ciples ( ,ecology4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #dic-dih4 ,,burdon-,,s&]son1 ,j4 ,s4 #ahid4 ,biology 9 ,relation to ,o!r ,natural ,sci5ces4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahic1 pp4 #dce-dfc4 ,m,,bius1 ,k4 #ahgg4 ,die ,au/] und die ,au/]nwir?s*aft4 pp4 #abf4 ,b]l94 ,on page #gb he proposes ! t]m 8biocnose0 = ! gr\p ( animals :i* live toge!r 9 ! same habitat4 ,n se5 by writ]4 #ahhc4 ,! ,oy/] & ,oy/]-,culture4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,comm41 #ahhj1 ,"p ,,viii1 pp4 #fhc-gea4 ,translation ( prec$+ pap]4 ,on pp4 #gba-gbi he discusses 8,an ,oy/]-,bank z a ,biocnose1 or a ,social ,community02 on page #gbc he proposes ! ^w 8biocnosis40 ,an illum9at+ pap]4 ,,dahl1 ,f4 #aijb4 ,die ,ziele d] v]glei*5d5 8,e?ologie0 7d4 i4 ,biologie im lt]5 eng]5 ,s9ne74 ,v]h4 ,v4 ,int]4 ,zol4-,cong4 #aija1 pp4 #bif-cjj4 #aijh4 ,grundstze und ,grundbegriffe d] biocnotis*5 ,=s*ung4 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,bd4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #cdi-cec4 #ahih4 ,exp]im5tell-/ati/is*e ,e?ologie4 ,v]h4 d] ,deuts*4 ,zool4 ,gesell4 ,bd41 #ahih1 pp4 #aba-aca4 #aija4 ,0 i/ e9 ,exp]im5t1 0 ,/ati/ik 9 d] ,e?ologie8 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ,bd4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #fge-fha4 ,,wasmann1 ,e4 #aija4 ,biologie od] ,e?ologie8 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ,bd4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #cia-djj4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 #aijb4 #8,natural ,hi/ory1' #8cology' or #8,e?ology'8 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #iga-igf4 ,advocates ! use ( ! t]m e?ology4 ,,/4 ,,hilaire1 ,i4 ,,ge(fray4 #ahei4 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,rgnes ,organiques1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,n se5 by writ]4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,:eel]1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 has k9dly s5t me ! foll[+ note f p4 #bhe4 8#8,x is to e?ology !re=e t ! f\r? "p ( ?is "w is devot$1 to :i* belongs ! /udy ( ! relations ( organisms )9 ! family & ! society 9 ! aggregate & 9 ! community4' ,9 a volume ( ! same "w1 page xx1 ,/4 ,hilaire gives 8 program & speaks ( ! g5]al facts belong+ to e?ological laws4 ,^! are def9$ z #8relat+ to ! in/9cts1 habits & m g5]ally to ! ext]nal vital manife/ations ( organisms4'0 ,ab\t ! prec$+ ,dr4 ,:eel] rem>ks3 8,y see ?is cov]s precisely ! field :i* 0 a few ye>s lat] call$ #8ecology' by ,haeckel4 ,app>5tly ! "p ( ! "w 9 :i* ,/4 ,hilaire wi%$ to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! e?ological ph5om5a ( animals 0 n publi%$4 ,only ?ree volumes ( ! "w exi/4 ,he di$ ,novemb] #aj1 #ahfa1 )\t hav+ complet$ ! "w40 ,?us e?ology has priority ov] ecology1 b to my m9d ?is fact c>ries no special weight1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! ^w has become curr5t 9 botany4 ,to use a diff]5t "n = ! same subject or process 9 botany & zology is z undesirable z to use a diff]5t t]m = h]$ity 9 plants & 9 animals4 ,,lanke/]1 ,e4 ,r4 #ahhi4 ,article 8,zology40 ,ency4 ,britannica1 #i? ed4 ,am]4 ,repr9t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #hdb1 #hef4 ,lanke/] def9es 8,bionomics4--,! lore ( ! f>m]1 g>d5]1 sportsman1 fanci]1 & field naturali/1 includ+ ?remmatology1 or ! sci5ce ( bre$+1 & ! alli$ teleology1 or sci5ce ( organic adaptations3 exemplifi$ by ! patri>* ,jacob1 ! poet ,v]gil1 ,spr5gel1 ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,wallace1 & ,d>w94444 ,buffon 7#agjg-aghh7 alone among ! great] writ]s ( ! ?ree pa/ c5turies emphasiz$ t view ( liv+ ?+s :i* we call #8bionomics4' ,buffon delib]ately oppos$ himself to ! m]e exposition ( ! /ructural resemblances & diff]5ces ( animals1 &1 disreg>d+ classification1 devot$ 8 treatise on natural hi/ory to a consid]ation ( ! habits ( animals & _! adaptations to _! surr\nd+s1 :il/ a special volume 0 devot$ by him to ! subject ( reproduction4444 ,buffon is ! only prom95t writ] :o c be accord$ hi/oric rank 9 ?is /udy40 ,z ,i h access to b few ( ,buffon's writ+s1 ,i quote ! above4 ,bionomics is se5 n to be synonym\s ) ecology1 z def9$ by mo/ /ud5ts1 al?\gh x includes mu* t is ecological4 ,! *aotic & unorganiz$ 8lore ( ! f>m]0 has no unify+ or guid+ pr9ciples1 & al?\gh x conta9s _m facts1 f :i* a sci5ce may be built1 to call x sci5ce seems undesirable4 ,x is ( c\rse advantage\s 9 "s ways to h agreem5t z to ! limitations ( ecology1 or any sci5ce1 b ev5 ! m exact sci5ces seem to f>e little bett]1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,x is n long s9ce ,i he>d a univ]sity pr(essor beg9 a lecture on physics some:at 9 ?is way3 #8,physics is ! sci5ce ( matt] & en]gy4 ,?is field is s l>ge t x is cu/om>y at pres5t to break (f ! physics ( ! molecule & its reactions & call x *emi/ry4 ,also to put to "o side ! physics ( ! heav5ly bodies & call ?is a "p ( a/ronomy1' etc40 7,/rong1 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #dji1 #aiaa47 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a4 #ahie4 ,on ,contagi\s ,disease 9 ! ,*9*-,bug 7,blissus leucopt]us ,say74 #ai? ,rep4 ,/ate ,ent4 ,ill4 7#h? ,rep4 ( ,s4 ,a4 ,=bes71 pp4 #af-agf4 ,9 ?is pap] ,=bes def9es 7pp4 #af-ah7 ecology & po9ts out1 ,i believe = ! fir/ "t1 t economic entomology is simply appli$ ecology4 ,he says1 8,! /udy ( cology is ?us to ! economic entomologi/ :at ! /udy ( physiology is to ! physician40 #aiji4 ,aspects ( ,progress 9 ,economic ,entomology4 ,j\rn4 ,econ4 ,ent41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #be-ce4 ,especially pp4 #bh-cb on ! relation ( ecology to economic entomology4 ,,h]dmann1 ,w4 ,a4 #ahif4 ,oceanography1 ,bionomics1 & ,aquiculture4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahie1 pp4 #dcc-ded4 ,,em]y1 ,c4 #aije4 ?ologie1 ,phylognie et ,classification4 ,c4 ,r4 #fme ,cong4 int]4 de ,zool4 ,b]ne1 #aijd1 pp4 #afj-agd4 ,,clem5ts1 ,f4 ,e4 #aije4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,ecology1 pp4 #a-ag4 ,rese>* ,me?ods 9 ,ecology1 pp4 #ccd4 ,l9coln1 ,nebraska4 ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aijf4 ,introductory ,note4 ,an ,ecological ,survey 9 ,nor!rn ,mi*igan4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aije1 pp4 #aa-ab4 #aiji4 ,! ,ecological ,succession ( ,birds4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aijh1 pp4 #aba-aed4 ,,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e4 #aiab4 ,ecological ,succession4 ,v4 ,aspects ( ,physiological ,classification4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #cca-cgj4 ,! /&po9t ( ?is pap] is v mu* 9 h>mony ) t advanc$ 9 ?is book4 ,,case1 ,e4 ,c4 #aije4 cological ,features ( ,evolution4 ,bull4 ,wis4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #afi-ahj4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 #aije4 ,e?ology & ! ,mutation ,!ory4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #ece-edj4 ,,flahault1 ,c41 & ,,s*r,,t]1 ,c4 #aiaj4 ,phytogeographical ,nom5clature4 ,reports & ,propositions4 ,,iii ,cong4 ,int]4 de ,botanique4 ,bruxelles1 #aiaj4 pp4 #bh x4 ,zuri*4 ,,:ite1 ,c4 ,a4 #ahic4 ,! ,relation ( ,biology to ,geological ,inve/igation4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 = #ahib1 pp4 #bde-cfh4 ,?is pap] & ! two foll[+ ref]5ces illu/rate ! intimate relation ( ecology to phases ( geology4 ,,grabau1 ,a4 ,w4 #ahii4 ,! ,relation ( ,m>9e ,bionomy to ,/ratigraphy4 ,bull4 ,buffalo ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cai-cfg4 ,,wal!r1 ,j4 #ahic-id4 ,e9leitung 9 die ,geologie als hi/oris*e ,wiss5s*aft4 ,i4 ,bionomie des ,me]es4 ,,ii4 ,die ,leb5sweise d] ,me]e/hi]e4 ,,iii4 ,li?og5esis d] ,geg5w>t4 ,j5a4 ,%[s ! close relation betwe5 ecology & geology4 ,! process /&po9t is emphasiz$ & ! pa/ is int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( processes n[ 9 op]ation4 ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aijh4 ,"s ( ! ,advantages ( an ,ecological ,organization ( a ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,associa4 ,museums1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #agj-agh4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,value ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,ecological ,,surveys 8,i _c too /rongly emphasize ! fact 444 t a compreh5sive survey ( our entire natural hi/ory is absolutely ess5tial to a good work+ k ( ^? p>ts ( x :i* *iefly attract popul> att5tion1--t is1 its edible fi%es1 its injuri\s & b5eficial insects1 & its p>asitic plants4 ,su* a survey1 h[ev]1 %\ld n /op ) a /udy ( ! dead =ms ( nature1 end+ 9 m]e li/s & descriptions4 ,to h an applicable value1 x mu/ treat ! life ( ! region z an organic unit1 mu/ /udy x 9 action1 & direct pr9cipal att5tion to ! laws ( its activity40--,s4 ,a4 ,,=bes4 #ahhc4 ,natural hi/ory surveys h come d[n to u f ! e>ly days ( zology4 ,^! surveys h be5 ( _m k9ds & h rang$ f ! adv5tur\s acc\nts ( e>ly & d>+ explor]s to ^? ( su* naturali/s z ,belt1 ,bates1 ,wallace1 & ,d>w91 onw>d to ! volum9\s acc\nts ( ! 8,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana10 & 9 ! ,*all5g] reports4 ,^! surveys h contribut$ greatly to our k ( ! fundam5tal facts ( zology & to ! tra9+ ( naturali/s4 ,! mo/ frequ5t =m ( survey is t c>ri$ on along ! l9es :i* mo/ ne>ly approa* individual & aggregate ecology4 ,mo/ ( su* surveys give only slight att5tion to ! responsive relation1 or only to its mo/ g5]al aspects4 ,surveys ( ! usual "* are ( great importance1 & ) /ud5ts ( taxonomic tra9+ & int]e/s only1 ?is =m ( survey occurs v naturally4 ,mo/ ( ! gov]nm5tal & /ate surveys & museum exp$itions are develop$ along ^! l9es4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* su* me?ods are us$ 9 surveys1 :i* are expect$ to produce economic results1 indicates t ^! me?ods are g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule are ma9ly surveys ( fre% & salt wat]s1 & are relat$ 9 "s way to aquatic res\rces4 ,except :5 detail$ individual /udies ( c]ta9 species or "s special subject has be5 made1 ! usual =m ( ! reports ( su* surveys is ! annotat$ li/4 ,x is r>ely t ev5 brief *apt]s discuss ! gr\p+s ( ! animals z !y are f\nd associat$ 9 nature4 ,^! /atem5ts %[ t1 judg+ f ! pa/1 ! me?ods curr5tly us$ _c be dep5d$ ^u = a rapid & symmetrical developm5t ( ecology1 or = ! be/ developm5t ( ecological surveys4 ,^! mu/ be develop$ 9 a m direct & delib]ate mann]1 by c>efully plann$ & execut$ ecological inve/igations4 ,x is desirable also t ecological surveys %\ld be conduct$ along "s "o ( ! ?ree ma9 av5ues ( approa*1 individual1 aggregate1 & associational1 9 ord] t ! sci5ce may develop symmetrically4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! reasons :i* may be m5tion$ 9 favor ( su* surveys3 ,z a record ( ! associations1 _! int]relations & responses to _! environm5t--be=e !y h become too mu* *ang$ or ext]m9at$4 ,?is is a duty to future naturali/s & to future sci5ce4 ,! animal rema9s 9 !mselves are only a v incomplete record2 _! activities & environm5ts are an ess5tial "p ( ! animals & %\ld also be pres]v$4 ,! /udy ( orig9al conditions is a simpl] problem ?an aft] int]f]5ce by man1 b excessive modifications result 9 ! simplicity due to annihilation & a correspond+ imp]fection ( k4 ,! value ( a k ( orig9al conditions t5ds to increase ) "t1 & w aid mu* 9 future int]pretations :5 !re is /ill m di/urbance4 ,?us an important p]spective may be develop$ :i* w aid 9 e/imat+ relative values4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! loss ( records ( orig9al conditions is only beg9n+ to be felt4 ,! possibility ( mak+ c]ta9 records w vani% ) ea* g5]ation4 ,x is n ev5 desirable to pres]ve all1 b x is evid5t t _m ecological records %\ld be pres]v$4 ,z ! importance ( ecological /udies1 9 natural environm5ts1 comes to be m g5]ally recogniz$ ! s]i\s encroa*m5ts ( civilization ^u habitats & associations is en=c$ ^u u4 ,n only are ! descriptions ( ^! associations v few 9 numb]1 b ! int]relations ( ! animals 9 !m are ev5 less kn[n1 & ! *ances ( pres]v+ adequate records be=e _! complete ext9ction are becom+ few] e ye>4 ,)\t ! lea/ disp>agem5t ( o!r l9es ( "w1 "o c b wond] if ! naturali/s ( ! future w comm5d our =esight 9 /udy+ ) su* great dilig5ce c]ta9 aspects ( biology :i* might be v well delay$1 :ile ephem]al & vani%+ records are all[$ to be oblit]at$ )\t ! lea/ conc]n4 ,^! *anges are g5]ally greate/ :]e civiliz$ man is mo/ dom9ant1 & 9 progressive att5uations1 zones1 or /rips1 ! degree ( *ange produc$ by him radiates4 ,ecology has develop$ only at a late /age 9 civilization1 aft] mu* ( ! environm5t has und]gone great *anges1 s t 9 ord] to /udy ! orig9al conditions1 :i* are ( su* great hi/oric & g5etic significance1 he mu/ make long j\rneys1 or invade ! swamps or /]ile upl&s :i* man has n yet be5 able to r$uce to ! av]age conditions be/ suit$ to 8 ne$s4 ,?is /ate ( affairs is "o :i*1 at times1 makes him ?ankful t !re are conditions :i*1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 man _c cultivate & utt]ly *ange & mutilate4 ,"s appe> to ?9k t an int]e/ 9 su* orig9al conditions is ( no p>ticul> sci5tific value1 or is l>gely "o ( s5tim5t2 /ill o!rs1 t su* /udies h no practical value4 ,b if we come to consid] t ! orig9al primeval conditions give u our be/ conception ( ! normal processes ( nature & are comp>able to ! normal heal? ( an organism1 x puts ! subject 9 ano!r light4 ,a pa?ological condition is1 ( c\rse1 a /ate 9 a natural process1 z is also any di/urbance ( ! normal ord] ( nature by man1 & ea* %\ld be /udi$ sci5tifically4 ,b ! sci5ce ( pa?ology has develop$ be/ z a /udy ( ! di/urbances ( normal processes & is int]pret$ prim>ily 9 t]ms ( ! normal2 & ! artificial %\ld be simil>ly int]pret$--! natural be+ ! basis to :i* all /&>ds mu/ be ref]r$4 ,a comp>ison may also pr(itably be made betwe5 natural conditions & ! physiological & vital optima ( organisms & to ! responses :i* are made ) dep>tures f su* conditions4 ,simil> comp>isons %\ld be made 9 ! /udy ( ! responses ( aggregations & associations 9 natural environm5ts & dep>tures f !m4 ,no matt] h[ mu* we le>n1 ! normal mu/ rema9 z ! ideal1 & all dep>tures f & di/urbances ( su* conditions mu/ be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( ?is fundam5tal unit4 ,to /udy di/urb$1 artificial1 & 8pa?ological0 conditions1 )\t an adequate k ( ! normal & orig9al conditions ( bo? ! organisms & ! environm5t1 is an attempt to int]pret ! abnormal & artificial 9 t]ms ( itself1 r ?an 9 t]ms ( ! normal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! normal is no long] pres]v$1 !n its ne>e/ approa* %\ld be /udi$1 b ) all ! m c>e & caution4 ,) a prop] und]/&+ ( ! normal1 ! di/urbances made by man w be capable ( int]pretation 9 an ord]ly sequ5ce /rictly comp>able to t f\nd 9 ! orig9al & natural conditions4 ,! cutt+ d[n & wa%+ ( ! l&s1 ! dra9+ & fill+ ( depressions1 ! flood+ ( ! l&s1 ! de/ruction 7or succession7 ( plant & animal associations 7includ+ crop rotation71 are processes br\ght ab\t or practic$ by o!r organisms or animal ag5cies4 ,an ecological /&po9t gives u a consi/5t1 compreh5sive ori5tation ( all ^! natural & 8artificial0 activities & processes1 & %[s ! unity 9 all organic responses to ! environm5t4 ,man's influ5ce 9 ! ma9 consi/s ( ha/5+ or ret>d+ 8natural processes40 ,naturali/s h = a long "t spok5 ( ! 8balance ( nature0 & ( ! all-p]vad+ influ5ce ( any s]i\s di/urbance ( x4 ,?is balance is1 ( c\rse1 only a relative condition1 & n absolutely fix$4 ,x sw+s f "o side1 !n back1 sometimes %[+ consid]able amplitude 9 its sw+1 !n aga9 its moves are v slight1 m]e trembl+s1 z x 74 ,b n[ & !n "s local cata/rophic ev5t occurs :i* ov]turns ev]y?+1 z :5 a volcano becomes active1 or "s dom9ant association takes possession ( ! field1--z 9 ! case ( man1--& a new ord] is initiat$ & a new balance is develop$4 ,! mongoose 9 ,jamaica1 our ,engli% sp>r[1 & rabbits 9 ,au/ralia are ! classic examples ( ! ov]turn+ ( ! local ord] ( nature by ! ag5cy ( o!r organisms4 ,obvi\sly ?is balance is n a condition limit$ to any p>ticul> locality or gr\p ( organisms4 ,balance is v g5]ally conc$$ to be ( fundam5tal importance 9 ! /udy ( any species or gr\p ( organisms1 if its place 9 ! economy ( nature is und]/ood4 ,a va/ numb] ( ! problems ( ! economic zologi/ are ?us problems1 n s mu* ( individual or aggregate ecology1 b ones 9 :i* ! balance ( ! :ole local biotic association is conc]n$4 ,?is 0 ! fact po9t$ out by ,mbius :5 he /udi$ ! oy/] & came to see t x mu/ be /udi$ n 9 isolation b z a memb] ( a community1 association ( animals1 or a biocnosis1 z he call$ ^! int]relat$ organisms4 ,^! facts are m5tion$1 z examples f a va/ numb] t are record$1 to %[ t our appli$ or economic zology & entomology are fundam5tally m closely relat$ to associational ecology ?an to any o!r phase ( zology1 & to sugge/ t x w\ld be to ! great advantage ( ! /ud5ts ( su* problems if !y cle>ly und]/ood ?is relation4 ,?is is also an argum5t = ! ecological organization ( a va/ numb] ( natural hi/ory surveys1 because ! associational gr\p+ ( obs]vations & responses gives ! mo/ intimate k ( ! life ( animals 9 ! network ( _! environm5tal relations4 ,9 addition to ! balance ( nature :i* is f\nd )9 ! small associational units !re are ! l>g] ones ( consid]able geographic ext5t1 :i* ! /ud5ts ( faunal or floral problems frequ5tly call zones or di/9ct regions4 ,"s ( ^! are di/9ct ecological units1 ^: dynamic /atus %\ld be det]m9$1 s t we may "k & und]/& :e!r x is 9 a condition ( /ress1 a process ( adju/m5t1 or "o ( relative equilibrium or balance4 ,"u pres5t conditions 9 :at direction does x t5d to move8 ,at :at rate8 ,! non-ecological surveys h n put ^! que/ions or work$ delib]ately t[>d a goal :i* w answ] !m4 ,= any compreh5sive /udy ( ?is "* we ne$ to h det]m9$ :at may be consid]$ z a biotic base1 optimum1 or balance1 t[>d :i* relations "u giv5 conditions t5d1 & at :i* an equilibrium w become e/abli%$ 7,! ,auk1 #aijh1 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #abe74 ,su* facts und]lie all ( ! problems involv$ 9 ! int]pretation ( climax biotic associations1 & _! application by man4 ,cook 7#aiji1 ,bull4 #ade1 ,bur4 ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 pp4 #g1 #h7 has express$ simil> relations z foll[s3 8,unless we c =m a def9ite idea ( ! orig9al conditions we _c expect to judge ( _! influ5ce on primitive man1 nor c we det]m9e :at effects man has _h ^u ! vegetation & o!r natural conditions4 ,we ne$ :at might be call$ a bionomic base l9e1 an idea ( ! conditions :i* exi/$ be=e man came ^u ! sc5e1 ! conditions :i* w\ld aga9 sup]v5e if ! human inhabitants 7 )drawn40 ,x is p]haps significant t ! g5etic or successional relations ( habitats & associations1 z contra/$ ) _! descriptive classification1 bo? 9 plants & animals1 h 9 ! pa/ be5 develop$1 n by ! ecological /ud5ts :o live & "w among conditions greatly modifi$ by man1 z 9 p>ts ( ,europe1 b 9 ! new]1 less modifi$ ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is respect a p>allel exi/s to ! developm5t ( our k & ! process & g5etic int]pretation ( topography1 :i* has also develop$ m rapidly 9 ,am]ica ?an else:]e4 ,! process & g5etic me?od :i* has develop$ 9 ?is physical sci5ce has n[ spread to ! biological sci5ces & has f\nd a f]tile soil !re = developm5t on acc\nt ( ! relatively undi/urb$ biotic conditions :i* /ill p]si/ 9 c]ta9 areas4 ,9 ?is connection x may be wor? :ile to indicate "s ( ! ecological disadvantages "u :i* ! non-ecological surveys are c>ri$ on4 ,z a rule1 su* surveys feel no /rong obligation to record fully ! conditions ( ! environm5t1 or its developm5tal processes4 ,! environm5t is consid]$ z /atic1 & n z a *ang+ m$ium2 x has no pa/ or future1 x has m]ely horizontal ext5sion4 ,! problem z to its dynamic /atus1 :e!r 9 a condition ( /ress1 9 ! process ( adju/m5t1 or 9 relative equilibrium1 is n rais$1 or if x %\ld be1 x c\ld n be h&l$4 ,! /ud5t eag] = new & little-kn[n species is n ! "o to /udy su* relations1 at lea/1 z a rule1 ?is has n be5 8 practice4 ,s long z ! success ( a day's "w is measur$ by ! l5g? ( ! li/ ( novelties secur$1 r ?an by ! quality & quantity ( ecological relations discov]$1 su* /ud5ts & surveys w n contribute greatly to our k ( ! economy ( nature 9 ! regions survey$4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is v difficult to secure tra9$ m5 to d ecological survey+4 ,ev5 a sup]ficial exam9ation ( ?is pap] %\ld %[ t famili>ity ) ecologic me?ods & results is n "o to be acquir$ (fh&1 b a k :i* requires consid]able special tra9+2 n only z mu* z is usually requir$ = o!r k9ds ( zological "w1 b g5]ally m1 because ( its syn!tic relational t5d5cy :i* requires a broad k z well z "s special k 9 sev]al l9es ( biology & ! alli$ sci5ces4 ,conv5tionally consid]$1 a prop]ly equipp$ physiologi/ mu/ h a work+ k ( c]ta9 phases ( mod]n physics & *emi/ry 9 addition to 8 gr\nd+ 9 biology4 ,a prop]ly tra9$ anatomi/ %\ld h a k ( physiological & developm5tal processes1 or 8 anatomy is purely descriptive & /atic4 ,a /ud5t ( g5]al zology %\ld be gr\nd$ n only 9 physiological & developm5tal processes1 b also 9 ! relations ( ! organisms to _! complete environm5t4 ,! ecologi/ requires also ! gr\nd+ 9 physiological1 developm5tal1 & ecological processes ( adju/m5t1 b z well he mu/ und]/& ! processes by :i* ! vegetation & ! physical environm5t h be5 & are be+ develop$ & _! me?od ( mutual int]relations & adju/m5t4 ,x is difficult = "s /ud5ts to develop ! ecological phases 9 ! field4 ,!re are _m disadvantages to be ov]come4 ,! difficulties are simil>1 9 "s respects1 to ^? ( ! e?nologi/ :o is s5t on "s museum exp$ition4 ,! weal?y donor ( ! funds may wi% to see a room fill$ ) specim5s on ! return ( ! e?nologi/1 s t mat]ials :i* h bulk & make a %[+ take prec$5ce ov] detail$ /udies ( ! habits1 traditions1 languages1 & descriptions ( ! p1 because su* /udies require appreciation r ?an inspection = evaluation4 ,! zological /ud5t may meet ) j ! same k9d ( difficulty4 ,8 in/itutional au?orities (t5 judge values by ! cubic foot & p\nd1 r ?an by ! quality ( relations discov]$4 ,! /ud5t himself :o has _h an ext5sive collect+ exp]i5ce1 9 :i* quantity & v>iety h be5 ! ideal1 f9ds x difficult to return f a day's "w ) only a few pages ( notes on ! responses ( ! animals1 & ) p]haps only a few specim5s4 ,) su* an und]/&+ ( ! g5]al rules ( ! game we may turn to ! application or art ( ecology1 to indicate its relation to g5]al problems4 ,) a gr\nd+ 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( organic response to ! total environm5t1 "o is able to see t ! di/urbances due to man are a problem 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! highe/ type ( animal1 z a memb] ( an animal association1 to its complete environm5t4 ,! 8control ( nature0 = :i* m5 /rive is ! process ( mak+ ! environm5ts & associations to ord]4 ,! di/urbances 9 ! natural ord] may be look$ ^u z s _m huge exp]im5ts or trial activities 9 ?is process ( adju/m5t4 ,if natural pres]ves are n made1 h[ w ! next g5]ation be be/ gr\nd$ 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce8 ,are ^! complex modifi$ conditions ! natural place to />t ! /ud5t1 or %\ld su* problems be res]v$ = ! maturely tra9$ "o8 ,^! di/urb$ fragm5t>y conditions may be lik5$ to fragm5t>y fossils ^: int]pretation is attempt$4 ,a paleontologi/ ^: only k ( animals 0 d]iv$ f su* fragm5ts1 & :o _h nev] kn[n a p]fect liv+ animal1 w\ld c]ta9ly be at a great disadvantage 9 su* an inve/igation4 ,! natural />t+ po9t !re=e seems to be 9 z ne>ly natural normal environm5ts & associations z is possible1 & ) su* exp]i5ce "o is prep>$ = ! m complex problems result+ f man's activity4 ,by way ( conclusion1 "s ( ! ma9 advantages ( ecological surveys are3 #a4 ,! record ( natural environm5ts & _! associations = future g5]ations4 #b4 ,! /udy ( natural biotic conditions giv+ a p]spective n d]iv$ 9 any o!r way4 #c4 ,! cle>] conception ( ! dynamic relations ( ! balance ( nature1 biotic base1 & climax associations4 #d4 ,emphasis ( ! process & int]pretative phase ( sci5tific inve/igation ov] t ( purely descriptive /udy4 #e4 ,facilitat+ ! inv5tion ( multiple work+ hypo!ses :i* be> ^u animal responses 9 nature4 #f4 ,furni%+ important conceptions to ! /udy ( ! processes ( adaptation & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 #g4 ,furni%+ important g5]al pr9ciples ( great value 9 appli$ ecology4 #h4 ,furni%+ "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( le>n+ h[ to get acqua9t$ ) ! liv+ aspect ( ! animals ( any region4 ,,iii4 ,,field ,,/udy 8,is n ! biological laboratory :i* leaves out ! ocean & ! m\nta9s & mead[s a mon/r\s absurdity8 ,0 n ! greate/ sci5tific g5]alization ( y\r times rea*$ indep5d5tly by two m5 :o 7 em95t 9 _! famili>ity ) liv+ ?+s 9 _! homes80--,,brooks1 #ahii1 p4 #da4 ,9 tak+ up field "w1 or any o!r k9d ( complex /udy1 a def9ite work+ plan is ( mu* value4 ,= ?is reason ?is subject des]ves m ?an a m]e m5tion4 ,su* a plan greatly aids 9 keep+ 9 m9d ! g5]al aim ( ! /udy1 & p>ticul>ly ! less] aims :i* develop ) ! analysis ( ! subject4 ,x fur!r aids 9 ! prop] ori5tation & subord9ation ( alli$ subjects :i* cr[d 9 f all directions4 ,= _m /ud5ts x is a good plan to make out a g5]al outl9e ( any propos$ /udy z soon z possible aft] ! "w has be5 />t$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ x is difficult to realize ! radiat+ relations ( a subject1 & ! attempt at su* plans aids 9 ! p]ception ( ^! relation%ips & becomes an important guide4 ,su* an outl9e w ne$ sev]al revisions1 b ^! *anges w come ) a broad5+ & deep5+ grasp ( ! subject4 ,p]haps ! greate/ value ( su* a plan is t x facilitates ! consci\s ef=t to seek a def9ite goal by ma9ta9+ a /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,9 addition to a compreh5sive analytical plan o!rs are useful4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true :5 sev]al l9es ( "w are be+ done simultane\sly or :5 ! "w mu/ be int]rupt$ frequ5tly4 ,"u su* circum/ances ev5 a daily program may aid 9 utiliz+ _m ( ! fragm5ts ( "t :i* are s easily lo/4 ,9 ?is way incomplete obs]vations1 v]ifications1 & simil> small items :i* are "t-consum+ may be made4 ,^! plans apply ) p>ticul> =ce to field /udy :5 sev]al l9es ( obs]vation are be+ driv5 abrea/4 ,i h f\nd x pr(itable to keep memor&a on note slips :i* w recall items ne$+ fur!r att5tion1 at c]ta9 places 9 ! field or on c]ta9 subjects4 ,?us1 = example1 if plans are sudd5ly *ang$ & ano!r locality is visit$1 ! prop] note slips indicat+ ! po9ts = special /udy at su* a place are quickly secur$1 & "o c ha/5 to ! field prep>$ = ! "w ( ! day4 ,( c\rse1 simil> plans are applicable to _m k9ds ( "w4 ,to le>n h[ to /udy 9 ! field1 & n simply to collect1 is "o ( ! mo/ important habits :i* a field naturali/ & ! ecologi/ has to acquire4 ,?is is "o :i* he mu/1 to a l>ge degree1 ma/] alone1 )\t ! ready access to assi/ance1 z is usually ! case 9 ! laboratory /udy4 ,x is also a subject ab\t :i* x is difficult to give useful sugge/ions1 o!r ?an ^? ( ! mo/ g5]al nature4 ,directions = collect+ are1 on ! o!r h&1 simpl] & m accessible 9 ! =m ( num]\s manuals fill$ ) practical sugge/ions4 ,field /udy is n conf9$ to obs]vations alone1 b to ! secur+ ( all k9ds ( evid5ce f ! field :i* w aid 9 ! int]pretation ( ! field relations ( animals4 ,?or\gh intimacy ) ! animals c only be acquir$ ?r\gh repeat$ & prolong$ excursions 9 ! field4 ,?is may mean excursions at any h\r ( ! day or night4 ,"p ( ?is famili>ity is be/ acquir$ by an int5sive /udy ( "s limit$ area or association1 & by ?us e/abli%+ a unit = comp>ison s t ! diff]5ces 9 o!r places are m readily p]ceiv$ & describ$4 ,be=e select+ a limit$ area = /udy "o %\ld make a g5]al exam9ation ( a mu* l>g] tract1 s t "o may be sure t ! area select$ is a fair sample & wor?y ( ! special /udy4 ,!re are also _m advantages 9 select+ areas little modifi$ by man4 ,su* modifi$ areas may1 to bett] advantage1 be consid]$ lat]2 j z pa?ology %\ld be /udi$ aft] "o is gr\nd$ 9 normal hi/ology4 ,und\bt$ly ! normal1 or its approximation1 is ! be/ f\ndation ^u :i* to build1 & "h we h ! educational argum5t = natural pres]ves = animals & _! sup]iority ov] highly modifi$ 8p>ks0 = ! same purpose4 ,hav+ select$ a locality1 repeat$ & prolong$ visits1 c>eful obs]vation1 & description ( ! place & animals w enable "o to acquire ! desir$ famili>ity4 ,= ! /udy ( ! behavior ( ! animals conc]n$ _m obs]vations c be made by rema9+ quiet1 c>efully conceal$1 & record+ all obs]vations4 ,?is me?od is p>ticul>ly applicable to animals :i* live 9 expos$ places1 su* z _m insects1 birds1 & mammals4 ,= o!r k9ds1 only indirect me?ods ( obs]vation are possible1 or only :5 "u controll$ conditions4 ,= ! indirect me?ods ( obs]vation _m =ms ( traps h be5 devis$1 traps n int5d$ m]ely to receive ! dead animal1 b ^? also :i* w secure ! animal & reveal some?+ ( its behavior4 ,= ! /udy ( ! habits & behavior ( su* animals z live 9 ! soil or "u b>k1 etc41 bo? ext5sive collect+ & exam9ation ( ! animals 9 viv>ia w also be necess>y4 ,=tunately = ! /ud5t ( mammals1 birds1 & fi%es we h excell5t guides = ! te*nique ( /udy & photograph+ ( individual & associat$ k9ds 9 ! works ( ,ke>ton 7#aijg71 ,*apman 7#aijj71 ,h]rick 7#aije71 & ,reigh>d 7#aijh74 ,x is v desirable t ^! me?ods be appli$ to ! int]relations among ! animals ( an association4 ,! /ud5t ( behavior 9 nature has mu* to le>n f _m excell5t /udies ( animal behavior :i* h be5 c>ri$ on 9 rec5t ye>s by laboratory /ud5ts4 ,=tunately ! l9e betwe5 ^! two me?ods ( /udy is break+ d[n to ! mutual advantage ( ea*4 ,! bord] l9e betwe5 ^! two me?ods w give excell5t returns to any /ud5t well prep>$ 9 ea* l9e ( "w4 ,ano!r ess5tial = good field "w is a cle> und]/&+ ( :at ecological /udies attempt to d4 ,?is implies "s g5]al conception ( :at is wor? :ile ecologically2 x assumes a po9t ( view or o!r crit]ion :i* may be appli$ to te/ ! tru5ess ( "o's aim4 ,! ecologi/ w meet ) mu* m ?an ecological facts1 b x is to ^! t he %\ld give prim>y att5tion4 ,^! accessory facts1 no matt] h[ int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 %\ld n div]t him f ! ma9 c\rse4 ,! ecologi/ mu/ select f ?is mass ( exp]i5ce ^? facts1 inf]5ces1 & conclusions :i* help 9 ! int]pretation ( ! responses ( animals to _! complete environm5t4 ,x is ?us evid5t :y ! ecologi/ mu/ h a cle>ly def9$ aim1 ) crit]ia = e/imat+ values1 or he w be at ! risk ( dissipat+ 8 en]gies4 ,?is phase ( our problem z appli$ to ! /udies ( a geologi/1 b apply+ ) equal =ce to ! ecologi/1 has be5 concisely express$ by ,van ,hise 7#aijd1 pp4 #faa-fab7 z foll[s3 8,i h he>d a man say3 #8,i obs]ve ! facts z ,i f9d !m1 unprejudic$ by any !ory4' ,i reg>d ?is /atem5t z n only condemn+ ! "w ( ! man1 b ! position is an impossible "o4 ,no man has ev] /at$ m ?an a small "p ( ! facts ) ref]5ce to any area4 ,! geologi/ mu/ select ! facts :i* he reg>ds ( suffici5t note to record & describe4 ,b su* selection implies !ories ( _! importance & significance4 ,9 a giv5 case ! problem is !re=e r$uc$ to select+ ! facts = record1 ) a broad & deep compreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples involv$1 a def9ite und]/&+ ( ! rules ( ! game1 an appreciation ( :at is probable & :at is n probable2 or else mak+ m]e r&om obs]vations4 ,all agree t ! latt] alt]native is worse ?an useless1 & !re=e ! only tra9+ :i* c make a geologi/ safe1 ev5 9 8 obs]vations1 is to equip him ) su* a k ( ! pr9ciples conc]n$ z w make 8 obs]vations ( value40 ,e>ly 9 field "w "o %\ld le>n t ! collection ( specim5s is n ! prim>y aim ( excursions1 t specim5s are only "o k9d ( facts1 b t field /udy %\ld be devot$ to ! accumulation ( specim5s1 & to obs]vations on ! habits1 activities1 int]relations1 & responses ( animals1 z well z to all facts1 inf]5ces1 & sugge/ions :i* are likely to be ( use 9 ! int]pretation ( ! problems /udi$4 ,we sometimes he> t reflections ^u ! "w %\ld be res]v$ = ! return to ! laboratory or /udy4 ,?is advice seems to be bas$ ^u ! assumption t /udy 9 ! field is n p>ticul>ly /imulat+ & sugge/ive4 ,on ! o!r h& delib]at+ int]pretatively 9 ! mid/ ( ! problems "u consid]ation is "o ( ! mo/ favorable conditions possible = ! improvem5t ( ! quality & quantity ( "o's "w4 ,x %\ld be recall$ 9 ?is connection t ,d>w9 & ,wallace's evolution>y !ory did n orig9ate 9 ! laboratory1 b :ile 9 ! field 9 ! mid/ ( _! /udies1 :ile work+ reflectively ^u _! obs]vations & collections1 z ,brooks indicates 9 ! quotation at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,! classic case ( ,bates discov]+ mimicry 9 8 ,london /udy in/ead ( 9 ! =e/s ( ,brazil is to "s m9ds n an argum5t = laboratory /udy1 b "o = field /udy4 ,!re are b few subjects :i* h suff]$ m f ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! laboratory4 ,to be sure1 x may require m "t to /udy 9 ! field ?an if "o collects specim5s only1 b x is economical 9 ! long run4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 c]ta9 phases ( m indirect obs]vation :i* c be done be/ 9 ! /udy or laboratory1 b at pres5t1 field /udy1 z contra/$ ) collect+1 is a phase ( ef=t urg5tly ne$+ emphasis4 ,! processes ( obs]vation & field /udy & note tak+ are s intimately relat$ t tak+ notes becomes "o ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( c>eful obs]vation4 ,?is is also "o ( ! mo/ difficult habits to acquire4 ,! beg9n] is incl9$ to write !m up1 especially field notes1 9 ! ev5+ aft] 8 return f ! field4 ,su* notes are g5]ally brief1 lack details1 & are usually ( little value4 ,!re=e ! safe/ c\rse to pursue is to describe fully :atev] seems ( value1 !n to g ov] ^! facts aga9 & by fur!r obs]vations increase ! numb] ( items not$ sev]al times4 ,^! obs]vations %\ld be record$ z soon z made1 = g5]ally ! lack ( notes means a lack ( detail$ obs]vation4 ,"s obs]vations c be made only at long int]vals1 ev5 ( _m ye>s1 o!rs only ) ! return ( ano!r cycle ( behavior1 or ( ano!r season1 & /ill o!rs _c be repeat$4 ,x is su* consid]ations z ^! :i* emphasize ! ne$ ( pursu+ ! safe/ c\rse & record+ in/antly & fully all obs]vations :5 made4 ,an excess ( notes is ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,9 ! ef=t to write c>efully word$ notes "o has a v important *eck ^u ! t5d5cy t[>d ha/y obs]vation1 because su* a description requires "o to ?9k ov] ! obs]vation be=e x c be express$4 ,?is delib]ation is ?us made at ! "t :5 reobs]vation c be made to ! be/ advantage1 & calls att5tion to ! weak po9ts to :i* special consid]ation may p]haps be giv5 a mom5t lat]1 & ?us af=ds a *ance to complete ! obs]vation4 ,com/ock 7,insect ,life1 #ahig1 p4 #cbc7 has well summ$ up ! tak+ ( notes z foll[s3 8,fill y\r notebook ) descriptions1 b dige/ !m c>efully1 sift+ out = publication only ^? t exhau/ive /udy & repeat$ obs]vation prove to be valuable4 ,9 mak+ obs]vations be sure y are "r & !n look aga940 ,& aga9 z ,van ,hise 7,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #cbf7 has said1 8,! diff]5ce betwe5 bad obs]vation & good obs]vation is t ! =m] is errone\s2 ! latt] is incomplete40 ,notes are g5]ally tak5 9 "o ( two =ms1 9 a book or on loose slips ( pap] or c>ds 7,hopk9s1 #ahic2 ,s&]son1 #aijd74 ,x seems to be v g5]ally agre$ t if a book is us$ x %\ld be ( small size1 ( ab\t #d #f in*es1 s t x may be conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4 ,= a p]man5t record su* books are a great conv5i5ce :5 once index$4 ,b :5 us+ su* notes1 :ile prep>+ a report1 !y are n s conv5i5t z ! note slips1 unless "o limits su* a report to ! =m ( a n>rative4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ! writ] began us+ a =m ( notebook 9 :i* an alum9um cov] held ! loose note slips4 ,?us :ile 9 ! field "o has ! advantage ( a book ) a firm writ+ surface1 & also t ( ! loose-leaf plan4 ,?is =m ( cov] is n[ us$ by a numb] ( field naturali/s4 ,! disadvantage ( ! slips n be+ b\nd might be rem$i$ 9 "p by us+ "s =m ( pun*$ slips :i* are conv5i5t = b9d+4 ,ea* "o mu/ decide = himself :i* =m ( record+ notes answ]s 8 ne$s mo/ satisfactorily4 ,!re are advantages 9 uni=mity1 b ) ! v>iable nature ( "w1 x is sometimes v conv5i5t to use bo? me?ods ( record+4 ,"s /ud5ts h no me?od ( record+ _! obs]vations or reflections ^u _! l9es ( int]e/4 ,?is seems to be unwise & sugge/s a me?od ( bus9ess )\t bookkeep+4 ,! effici5cy ( "s /ud5ts is great] ?an t ( o!rs1 n s mu* because !y possess sup]ior m5tal ability1 b because !y h sup]ior me?ods ( pres]v+ :atev] useful ideas occur to !m1 :ile ! o!rs1 f _! lack ( records1 h no cumulative /ore ^u :i* to draw4 ,?is is an important =m ( capital4 ,note keep+ is readily se5 to consi/ n only ( obs]vations1 b also ( sugge/ions1 inf]5ces1 conclusions1 & reflections ( any k9d :i* w facilitate me?ods ( "w & ! int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,9 describ+ environm5ts1 x is desirable to use ! same g5]al me?od = diff]5t localities s t ! descriptions may be comp>able & %[ "s degree ( /&>dization4 ,?is me?od has be5 f\nd v useful 9 taxonomic /udies & has simil> advantages "h4 ,a brief g5]al /atem5t ( ! mo/ conspicu\s features may prec$e1 & be foll[$ by detail$ descriptions4 ,! ord] may well v>y ) individual work]s1 b a uni=m me?od is desirable ?r\gh\t any s+le piece ( "w & has obvi\s advantages4 ,?us "o practical plan appli$ to a =e/ habitat is1 to describe ! sub/ratum1 ! soil1 rock1 etc41 !n ! =e/ litt] ( organic dbris1 !n ! boles ( ! trees & ! =e/ cr[n & its "*1 & f9ally ! op]ation ( ^? ag5cies :i* are caus+ *anges 9 ! =e/ & :i* w p]petuate or *ange x 9 ! future4 ,no practical =e/] w\ld be cont5t to %ut 8 eyes to ! future crop ( wood1 & 9 ! /udy ( animal habitats we mu/ n be cont5t to re/ bel[ su* a comm]cial /&>d4 ,to "s ?is seems v !oretical1 & yet a f>m] :o c\nts ^u a crop 9 five mon?s1 or a =e/]1 9 fifty ye>s1 is n s br&$1 & ! ecologi/ ne$ h no fe> 9 us+ su* practical me?ods4 ,9 o!r words1 we %\ld consid] ! future /ages ( ! develop+ habitat & le>n to p]ceive ! evid5ces :i* %[ 9 :i* direction developm5t or *ange is tak+ place2 or to det]m9e ! 8ord]ly sequ5ce ( ext]nal nature40 ,n only %\ld ! future be consid]$1 b we %\ld /rive also to read ! record backw>d & int]pret ! pa/ 9 t]ms ( processes n[ 9 op]ation4 ,9 ?is respect ! po9t ( view ( ! geologi/ :o int]prets ! pa/ 9 t]ms ( pres5t processes may well m]it our att5tion4 ,to und]/& our habitats !y mu/ be /udi$ n only 9 _! l5g? & bread?1 b also 9 dep?--pa/ & future--z !y h all ?ree dim5sions4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks be> equally well ^u obs]vations ( ! activities ( animals 9 nature1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( controll$ conditions1 = ^! me?ods h almo/ z mu* significance z ! /udy ( ! environm5ts !mselves2 & equally c>eful obs]vations & descriptions are ess5tial1 if ! detail$ processes ( animal activities & _! trans=mations are to be record$4 ,an exp]i5c$ naturali/ f9ds t f ye> to ye> ! am\nt ( notes :i* he takes increases rapidly1 & 9 a v direct ratio to ! progress :i* he makes 9 8 /udy4 ,good note tak+ is n a passive process1 b "o :i* calls = an al]t m9d4 ,! prolong$ int]e/ :i* is necess>y to secure detail$ obs]vations implies su* a frame ( m9d4 ,e "o soon tires ( any subject unless new features are con/antly be+ discov]$4 ,9 ! description ( ! associations 9 any giv5 habitat1 ! problem is mu* simplifi$ if "o has a cle> idea ( dom9ance1 kn[s h[ to recognize x1 & und]/&s "s ( its ma9 implications4 ,! dom9ant =ms are ! mo/ common & p[]ful individuals 9 ! association4 ,!y may or may n be ! mo/ conspicu\s1 f a sup]ficial view4 ,conspicu\sness may dep5d ^u size1 b dom9ance ref]s to l>ge absolute numb]s & to influ5ce ex]t$4 ,we may pr(itably comp>e an association ( animals 9 a giv5 habitat to a play ^u ! /age4 ,! environm5t corresponds to ! /age4 ,! dom9ant memb]s ( ! association correspond to ! lead+ *>act]s1 ! second>y species1 always pres5t1 to ! ess5tial b subord9ate *>act]s4 ,! individual animals adju/ !mselves to "o ano!r1 especially to ! dom9ant =ms1 & to ! environm5t1 z ! p]sonalities 9 ! play adju/ !mselves to ! dom9ant *>act]s1 to "o ano!r1 & to ! environm5t4 ,9 bo? gr\ps "s individuals are dom9ant1 "s us$ & useful1 "s are tol]at$1 o!rs pick up ! crumbs1 /ill o!rs are pr$atory or p>asitic1 & all mu/ be mutually adju/$ to "o ano!r & to ! environm5t4 ,! numb] ( dom9ant species )9 an association is relatively limit$1 a fact :i* holds = bo? plants & animals4 ,a k ( p]haps #bjj or #cjj species ( animals 7& #aej plants7 w enable "o to "w advantage\sly 9 _m localities 7z 9 ! /ate ( ,ill9ois74 ,( ?is numb] p]haps n m ?an ab\t "o half or "o ?ird c be consid]$ dom9ant4 ,e "o :o has tri$ to make ext5sive local li/s ( species kn[s t x requires _m ye>s ( collect+ to secure a l>ge numb] ( species4 ,^! r>e species are g5]ally ( q m9or importance ecologically4 ,consid]ations ( ?is "* %\ld be enc\rag+ to ^? :o may be intimidat$ by ! idea ( l>ge numb]s ( species4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re are _m aspects ( ecological "w :i* d n meet ) ?is v>iety ( animals4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,collection1 ,,pres]vation ,,& ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,specim5s ,ecological /udy does n end ) collect+ specim5s1 & x may n beg9 !re4 ,! importance ( collect+ & pres]v+ specim5s w v>y ) ! phase ( ecological /udy consid]$4 ,9 ! field /udy ( behavior ( a s+le species !re may be almo/ no collect+ ( animals b mu* collect+ ( notes2 b if "o is devot$ prim>ily to ! recognition & /udy ( ! composition ( associations & _! int]relations1 mu* collect+ w h to be done4 ,also1 :5 /udy+ ! ecological relations ( "s taxonomic unit1 z 9 aggregate ecology1 ! numb] ( associates is s l>ge t "o mu/ d r ext5sive collect+4 ,b ev5 ! exhau/ive /udy ( ! behavior ( any s+le species w necessitate consid]able collect+4 ,! necessity = ?is has be5 %[n by ,=bes 7#ahhj1 ,! ,food ( ,fi%es1 p4 #bj7 z foll[s3 8,if "o wi%es to become acqua9t$ ) ! black bass1 = example1 he w le>n b little if he limits himself to t species4 ,he mu/ evid5tly /udy also ! species ^u :i* x dep5ds = its exi/5ce1 & ! v>i\s conditions ^u :i* ^! dep5d4 ,he mu/ likewise /udy ! species ) :i* x comes 9 competition1 & ! entire sy/em ( conditions affect+ _! prosp]ity4 ,leav+ out any ( ^!1 he is l "o :o und]takes to make out ! con/ruction ( a wat*1 b ov]looks "o :eel2 & by ! "t he has /udi$ all ^! suffici5tly1 he w f9d t he has run ?r\gh ! :ole complicat$ me*anism ( ! aquatic life ( ! locality1 bo? animal & vegetable1 ( :i* 8 species =ms b a s+le elem5t40 ,collect+ is an important means ( ecological /udy4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! e>ly /ages ( su* /udy1 b z ! /ud5t becomes famili> ) species & comes to "k _m ( !m at sight1 less collect+ w be necess>y1 except 9 ! case ( v small species & 9 ^? /udies :i* dep5d ^u ! total cat* z a means ( secur+ data1 z1 = example1 ! case ( plankton organisms4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge numb] ( species1 v few /ud5ts w be able to det]m9e !m at sight1 b ?is does n disqualify a /ud5t = beg9n+ ecological /udy4 ,! greate/ aid 9 h&l+ su* a v>i$ population is a numb]+ ( ! individuals1 or lots ( specim5s1 consecutively & record+ ! full data = !m 9 ! notebook4 ,! "q arises at once z to h[ _m specim5s are to be assign$ to "o numb]4 ,no rigid rule c be foll[$1 b 9 g5]al x is safe to assign a s+le numb] to all specim5s :i* agree 9 all ! fundam5tal data1 z date1 place ( capture1 & exact habitat4 ,& = my own "p ,i numb] all individuals tak51 ^u :i* any special obs]vations are made1 z :5 a ,phymatid is tak5 ) a dy+ or dead honeybee1 or a dragon fly is tak5 f ! web ( an ,argiope4 ,9 ?is way ! confusion :i* is p>ticul>ly liable to creep into "o's "w1 :]e he deals ) a l>ge numb] ( species1 & be=e famili>ity ) !m is acquir$1 may be r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,= small animals ,i h f\nd useful a v lib]al use ( vials1 into :i* field numb]s1 correspond+ to numb]s 9 ! field notes1 are plac$ imm$iately ^u capture ( ! specim5s1 & n m9utes or h\rs lat] :5 ! vials h become mix$1 & recollection is less %>p4 ,specim5s :i* h be5 ?or\ghly numb]$ may ?us be s5t to speciali/s = det]m9ation4 ,?is me?od uses up _m numb]s1 b1 =tunately1 ! supply is unlimit$1 & x gives great] precision to "o's notes1 & enc\rages detail$ obs]vations on individual animals4 ,9 ! eyes ( _m ! det]m9ation ( specim5s is su* a =midable task t !y are at once repell$ f any subject :i* involves num]\s species4 ,b z we h previ\sly rem>k$1 !re are phases ( ecological /udy :i* involve only a m9imum am\nt ( su* "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o may readily h an undue fe> ( num]\s species1 b no "o c d\bt t ! small] numb] ( species f\nd ^u m\nta9s or 9 ! f> nor? gives to a beg9n] c]ta9 advantages = /udy4 ,b if "o's /udies are conf9$ to ! m re/rict$ habitats1 ! numb] ( species involv$ is comp>able to ! m favor$ localities m5tion$4 ,an accurately det]m9$ s]ies ( specim5s1 conv5i5tly arrang$1 w be an important aid 9 "o's /udies4 ,two =ms ( arrangem5t ( su* det]m9$ s]ies are v helpful2 "o be+ synoptic or sy/ematically arrang$1 & ! o!r ecologically1 by associations or by a topical arrangem5t 9 h>mony ) ! subjects be+ inve/igat$4 ,) ! use ( su* s]ies & prop] caution1 aid$ by ! be/ keys 9 ! lit]ature1 "o may hope to make _m ( 8 own det]m9ations & ?us economize 8 "t4 ,!re are _m ways to secure ! initial s]ies ( det]m9$ specim5s1 & "s ( ^! are ! foll[+3 ,our gov]nm5tal dep>tm5ts1 bo? national & /ate1 & _m ( our l>ge museums1 univ]sities1 & academies1 h num]\s exp]ts :o are q will+ & ev5 eag] to aid e>ne/ /ud5ts :o wi% to h specim5s det]m9$4 ,!n1 9 addition1 !re are _m exp]t amateurs :o are equally lib]al1 s t :5 all ! s\rces ( aid are consid]$1 ! li/ becomes a surpris+ly long "o4 ,?is is ! fact t %\ld be call$ to m9d :5 consid]+ l>ge numb]s ( species4 ,a /ud5t !re=e does n ne$ to "w alone1 b may h ! cop]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( able & will+ collaborators4 ,naturally we turn = aid to our ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum z "o ( ! fir/ s\rces ( assi/ance1 to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 & to ! v>i\s sci5tific dep>tm5ts ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p>ticul>ly to ! ,bureaus ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,biological ,survey1 & ,entomology4 ,^! s\rces alone are able to det]m9e almo/ any reasonable s]ies ( specim5s1 p>ticul>ly if !y are well pres]v$4 ,arrangem5ts = su* det]m9ations c probably be made by address+ ! prop] au?orities4 ,! museums ( our l>g] cities1 z ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 ! ,c>negie ,museum at ,pittsburgh1 ! ,field ,museum ( ,*icago1 & _m small] /ate & local museums are able to give v effici5t aid 9 ?is l9e4 ,o!r local in/itutions are ! ,/ate ,univ]sities & ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 & ! local natural hi/ory surveys1 :i* (t5 exi/ "u ! guise ( a geological or agricultural organization4 ,frequ5tly !y are qualifi$ & will+ to d ?is "w4 ,9 v difficult cases x may be necess>y to h rec\rse to ,cassell's ,naturali/'s ,univ]sal ,directory 7,bo/on1 #aije71 9 ord] to f9d ! address ( "s speciali/ 9 a =eign l&1 :o c help1 b g5]ally ,am]icans are ! be/ in=m$ ^u _! own fauna4 ,supplem5t>y to1 & 9 "s cases a necess>y sub/itute =1 a ref]5ce s]ies ( au!ntically det]m9$ specim5s1 is "o :i* ! /ud5t is able to "n = himself1 by ! /udy ( ! lit]ature4 ,)\t "s special tra9+ ?is may become dang]\s gr\nd to tread ^u1 b e n[ & !n "s "y /ud5t beg9s 9 ?is way & develops su* c>e 9 det]m9+ 8 own collections1 t ! me?od _c be :olly condemn$4 ,su* "w 9 itself has fasc9ations1 & "o may easily occupy all "o's "t ) x4 ,f ! ecological /&po9t to /op ) det]m9ations only w\ld be l acquir+ a c]ta9 vocabul>y1 & /opp+ be=e le>n+ h[ to use ! language4 ,ecological "w aims to use ! names ( species z ! mo/ concise me?od ( ref]r+ to k9ds ( animals ^: int]relations are to be describ$ & int]pret$4 ,taxonomy is ! tool4 ,v4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,sci5tific ,,te*nique #a4 ,! ,sci5tific ,me?od4 #b4 ,directions = ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,specim5s1 ,photograph+1 ,survey+1 & ,o!r ,phases ( ,te*nique4 #c4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,pap]s = ,publication & ,pro( ,read+4 #a4 ,! ,sci5tific ,me?od ,,*amb]l91 ,t4 ,c4 #ahig4 ,! ,me?od ( ,multiple ,work+ ,hypo!ses4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #hcg-hdh4 #aijf4 ,! ,me?od ( ! ,e>? ,sci5ces4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 pp4 #ff-ge4 ,int]4 ,cong4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #dgg-dhg4 ,v important pap]s & wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k4 #ahhf4 ,! ,inculcation ( ,sci5tific ,me?od by ,example1 ) an ,illu/ration drawn f ! ,quat]n>y ,geology ( ,utah4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 7#c71 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #bhd-bii4 #ahhg4 ,special ,processes ( ,rese>*4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 7#c71 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #deb-dgc4 ,,meldola1 ,r4 #ahie4 ,! ,speculative ,me?od 9 ,entomology4 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahie1 pp4 ,,xlviii-,,lxxiii4 ,,van ,,hise1 ,c4 ,r4 #aijb4 ,! ,tra9+ & ,"w ( a ,geologi/4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cba-ccd4 ,,keyes1 ,c4 ,r4 #ahih4 ,! ,g5etic ,classification ( ,geological ,ph5om5a4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #hji-hae4 ,valuable = its discussion ( ! crit]ia us$ 9 g5etic /udies4 ,,van ,,hise1 ,c4 ,r4 #aijd4 ,! ,problems ( ,geology4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #ehi-faf2 ,int]4 ,cong4 ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ebe-edh4 #aijf4 ,an excell5t discussion ( ! en]gy1 ag5t1 & process me?od ( inve/igation4 ,i h se5 no simil> discussion appli$ to biological or zological subjects4 ,,boas1 ,f4 #ahif4 ,! ,limitations ( ! ,comp>ative ,me?od ( ,an?ropology4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ija-ijh4 ,a sugge/ive pap] = ! /ud5t ( ecology :o uses ! comp>ative me?od 9 8 own "w4 #aijd4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,an?ropology4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #eac-ebd4 ,application ( ! g5etic & hi/orical me?od to ! /udy ( man4 ,,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 #ahha4 ,a ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,ratioc9ative & ,inductive3 ,be+ a ,connect$ ,view ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,evid5ce & ! ,me?ods ( ,sci5tific ,inve/igation4 ,eigh? ,edition1 pp4 #fei4 ,new ,york4 ,,pe>son1 ,k4 #aijj4 ,! ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce4 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #edh4 ,london4 ,,jevons1 ,s4 #ahgi4 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce4 ,?ird ,edition1 pp4 #ghf4 ,london4 ,c]ta9 *apt]s are ( special int]e/4 ,,cram]1 ,f4 #ahif4 ,! ,me?od ( ,d>w94 ,a ,/udy 9 ,sci5tific ,me?od1 pp4 #bcb4 ,*icago4 ,,macd\gal1 ,,robt4 #aije4 ,on ! ,discrim9ation ( ,critical & ,creative ,attitudes4 ,j\r4 ,philos4 ,psy4 & ,sci4 ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhg-bic4 ,,lebon1 ,g4 #ahih4 ,! ,life ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lii1 pp4 #bea-bed4 #b4 ,directions = ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,specim5s1 ,photograph+1 ,survey+1 & ,o!r ,phases ( ,te*nique ,!re is su* an abundance ( lit]ature on ! te*nique ( collect+ & pres]v+ specim5s1 & s mu* ( x c easily be secur$ by any e>ne/ /ud5t1 t space w n be tak5 to discuss ^! subjects 9 detail4 ,ref]5ce w simply be made to ! ma9 conv5i5t s\rces ( in=mation4 ,x %\ld p]haps be m5tion$ t v few ( ^! pap]s h be5 especially prep>$ f ! /&po9t ( ! animal ecologi/4 ,! /ud5t mu/ select & devise 8 me?ods f all available s\rces4 ,i h includ$ 9 ?is li/ a few ref]5ces on ! subject ( camp+1 photography1 & ! use ( in/rum5ts ne$$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! physical features ( ! environm5t4 ,a few miscellane\s pap]s :i* are sugge/ive on me?ods ( te*nique are also add$4 ,,_m ,,au?ors4 #ahia-ahii4 ,bullet9 #ci1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,p>ts ,a to ,o4 ,conta9 directions = collect+ & pres]v+ a great v>iety ( animals1 includ+ m>9e animals1 mollusks1 insects1 spid]s1 myriapods1 reptiles1 amphibians1 birds1 birds' eggs & ne/s1 mammals1 etc4 ,,anonym\s4 #ahif4 ,manual = ,army ,cooks1 pp4 #cjf4 ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,manual us$ by ! cooks 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,x includes *apt]s on camp cook+1 a subject ( mu* importance 9 c]ta9 ecological surveys4 #aije4 ,t]ms us$ 9 ,=e/ry & ,logg+4 ,bull4 #fa1 ,bureau ( ,=e/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 pp4 #ec4 ,useful 9 ! descriptions ( =e/ conditions4 #aijd4 ,in/ructions to ,field ,p>ties & ,descriptions ( ,soil ,types4 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 pp4 #aih4 ,useful 9 ! description ( soils 9 ! /udy ( subt]ranean animals4 ,,banks1 ,n4 #aijg4 ,a 8,c5sus ( ,f\r ,squ>e ,feet40 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 p4 #fcg4 ,a criticism ( ,mc,atee 7#aijg74 #aiji4 ,directions = ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,insects4 ,bull4 #fg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 pp4 #ace4 ,an excell5t manual4 ,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t ( insects4 ,,brets*]1 ,k4 #aijb4 ,beoba*tung b] die ,oligo*aet5 d] ,s*weiz1 ,,vi4 ,folge4 ,rev4 ,suisse de ,zol41 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,zol4 ,suisse et du ,mus4 d',84 ,nat4 de ,g5eve1 ,tome #aj1 pp4 7#a-bi74 #aijd4 ,die x]ophil5 ,en*ytraeid5 d] ,s*weiz4 ,biol1 ,c5tralbl41 ,bd4 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #eja-eac4 ,quantitative /udies ( e>?worms 9 ! soil4 ,,brunn]1 ,j4 #aiab4 ,tracks & ,track+1 pp4 #bai4 ,new ,york4 ,out+ ,publi%+ ,co4 ,an illu/rat$ guide = ! id5tification ( mammal & bird tracks or foot pr9ts4 ,devot$ ma9ly to game & fur-be>+ animals4 ,v valuable to ! /ud5t ( live animals 9 nature4 ,_m ( our small] species are wor?y ( simil> treatm5t4 ,,burns1 ,f4 ,l4 #aija4 ,a ,sectional ,bird ,c5sus4 ,wilson ,bullet91 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #hd-ajc4 ,a quantitative /udy ( ! birds f\nd bre$+ on an area ( "o squ>e mile4 ,o!r simil> /udies %\ld be made4 ,,*apman1 ,f4 ,m4 #aijj4 ,bird ,/udies ) a ,cam]a4 ,) ,introductory ,*apt]s on ! ,outfit & ,me?ods ( ! ,bird ,photograph]1 pp4 #bah4 ,new ,york4 ,! title cle>ly indicates ! "* ( ?is book4 ,,com/ock1 ,j4 ,h4 #ahig4 ,insect ,life4 pp4 #cdi4 ,new ,york4 ,directions = ! /udy ( insects4 ,,clem5ts1 ,f4 ,e4 #aije4 ,rese>* ,me?ods 9 ,ecology4 pp4 #ccd4 ,l9coln1 ,nebraska4 ,important = me?ods ( /udy 9 plant ecology1 p>tly also applicable to animals2 photography1 & in/rum5ts = ! /udy ( environm5ts4 ,,dahl1 ,f4 #aija4 ,0 i/ e9 ,exp]im5t1 0 ,/ati/ik 9 d] ,e?ologie8 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ,bd4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #fge-fha4 #aijc4 ,w9ke fr e9 wiss5s*aftli*] ,sammeln von ,?i]54 ,sitzungs-,b]4 d] ,gesell4 natur=4 ,freunde zu ,b]l94 ,jahrg4 #aijc1 pp4 #ddd-dge4 ,?is conta9s1 9 addition to its sugge/ions on collect+1 an int]e/+ outl9e or classification ( animal habitats 7,cf4 also ,end]le91 #aijh1 pp4 #gb-gg74 ,?is is n a g5etic classification4 ,dahl's li/ ( habitats w prove v sugge/ive to ! /ud5t :o wi%es to develop ! g5etic sy/em ( classification4 ,ultimately we mu/1 ( c\rse1 develop ! latt] sy/em4 #aijd4 ,kurze ,anleitung zum wiss5s*aftli*5 ,sammeln und zum ,cons]vi]5 von ,?i]54 pp4 #ei4 ,j5a4 ,an enl>g$ edition ( ! prec$+ pap]4 ,,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b4 #aijd4 ,/ati/ical ,v>iation ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,biological ,v>iation4 ,second1 ,revis$ ,edition4 pp4 #bbc4 ,new ,york4 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a4 #aijg4 ,an ,orni?ological ,cross-,section ( ,ill9ois 9 ,autumn4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,841 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #cje-cce4 #aijh4 ,! ,mid-,summ] ,bird ,life ( ,ill9ois3 ,a ,/ati/ical ,/udy4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xlii1 pp4 #eje-eai4 ,,flahault1 ,c41 & ,,s*r,,t]1 ,c4 #aiaj4 ,phytogeographical ,nom5clature4 ,reports & ,propositions1 ,,iii ,cong4 ,int]4 de ,bot4 #aiaj4 ,bruxelles4 pp4 #bh4 ,zuri*4 ,a v valuable discussion ( ecological nom5clature = plants4 ,def9es ! use ( su* t]ms z biology1 ecology1 habitat1 association1 =mation1 etc4 ,x is v desirable t ! plant & animal ecologi/s cop]ate z mu* z possible 9 ?is subject4 ,,gibson1 ,w4 ,h4 #aije4 ,camp ,life 9 ! ,woods & ! ,tricks ( ,trapp+ & ,trap ,mak+4 pp4 #cjj4 ,new ,york4 ,a book = boys1 b n )\t value to ! old] /ud5t ( live animals4 ,,h5s51 ,v4 #ahhg4 ,ueb] die ,be/immung des ,plankton's od] des 9 ,me]e treib5d5 ,mat]ials an ,pflanz5 und ,?i]52 neb/ ,anhang4 ,fnft] ,b]4 d] ,komm4 zur wiss5s*4 ,unt]su*4 d4 deuts*5 ,me]e 9 ,kiel fr die ,jahre #ahhb bis #ahhf1 pp4 #a-ajg1 ,,iii-,,xviii1 ,b]l94 ,?is appe>s to be ! orig9al acc\nt ( quantitative /udies z appli$ to plants & animals ( an association4 ,^! me?ods h be5 ext5d$ to ! sea bottom by ,pet]s51 to fre% wat] by _m /ud5ts1 to l& animals ma9ly by ,dahl1 & 9 rec5t ye>s to plants by ,clem5ts & o!rs4 ,,h]rick1 ,c4 ,l4 #aije4 ,home ,life ( ,wild ,birds4 ,revis$ ,edition1 pp4 #bee4 ,new ,york4 ,v valuable = sugge/ions on ! /udy ( live birds & h[ to photograph !m4 ,,hopk9s1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahic4 ,note & ,record ,keep+ = ! ,economic ,entomologi/4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,insect ,life1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ajc-ajh4 ,,job1 ,h4 ,k4 #aiaj4 ,h[ to ,/udy ,birds4 ,a ,practical ,guide = ,amateur ,bird-,lov]s & ,cam]a-,hunt]s1 pp4 #bgb4 ,new ,york4 ,out+ ,publi%+ ,co4 ,int5d$ prim>ily = beg9n]s 9 bird /udy1 b conta9s valuable practical advice on me?ods ( /udy+ & photograph+ live birds :i* w aid ! ecologi/4 ,consult also ,ke>ton 7#aijg71 ,*apman 7#aijj71 & ,h]rick 7#aije74 ,,ke>ton1 ,r4 #aijg4 ,wild ,life at ,home3 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,photograph ,x4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition1 pp4 #bjd4 ,london4 ,,keph>t1 ,h4 #aiab4 ,! ,book ( ,camp+ & ,woodcraft4 pp4 #cca4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,out+ ,publi%+ ,co4 ,?is is ! be/ all-r\nd book on ! te*nique ( camp+ & liv+ 9 ! wild]ness :i* ,i h se54 ,x includes direction = select+ outfits1 mak+ camps1 cook]y1 pe/s 9 ! woods1 blazes & survey l9es1 rations1 em]g5cy foods1 gett+ lo/1 accid5ts1 etc4 ,,knau!1 ,k4 #aijg4 ,das ,ssswass]1 *emis*e1 biologis*e1 und bakt]iologis*e ,unt]su*ungsme?od5 unt] besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,biologie und d] fis*]eiwirts*aftli*5 ,praxis4 pp4 #ffc4 ,neudamm4 ,a v important "w on ! te*nique ( fre% wat] biology4 ,,lee1 ,a4 ,b4 #aijj4 ,! ,microscopi/'s ,vade ,mecum4 ,a ,h&book on ! ,me?ods ( ,microscopic ,anatomy4 ,fif? ,edition1 pp4 #ecb4 ,phila4 ,v useful = me?ods ( pres]v+ delicate animals1 & ^? 9 :i* ! detail$ /ructure ( ! animal mu/ be /udi$4 ,,liv+/on1 ,b4 ,e4 #aijf4 ,! ,relation ( ,des]t ,plants to ,soil ,moi/ure & to ,evaporation4 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,pub4 ,no4 #ej4 pp4 #gh4 ,me?ods ( det]m9ation ( moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil & ! air4 ,,mcatee1 ,w4 ,l4 #aijg4 ,c5sus ( ,f\r ,squ>e ,feet4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #ddg-ddi4 ,a quantitative /udy ( ! species ( inv]tebrates & se$s f\nd on ! =e/ floor & on a mead[4 #aiab4 ,me?ods ( ,e/imat+ ! ,cont5ts ( ,bird ,/oma*s4 ,! ,auk1 ,vol4 ,,xxix1 pp4 #ddi-dfd4 #aiab4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od ( ,te/+ ! ,effici5cy ( ,w>n+ & ,cryptic ,coloration 9 ,protect+ ,animals f _! ,enemies4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aiab1 pp4 #bha-cfd4 ,an important critical /udy ( ! value ( fe$+ exp]im5ts1 conduct$ 9 captivity1 z a me?od ( det]m9+ normal food habits4 ,! me?od is /rongly condemn$4 ,valuable s]ies ( ref]5ces4 ,,neumay]1 ,g4 ,,von4 #aijf4 ,anleitung zu ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,beoba*tung5 auf ,reis54 ,dritte ,auflage1 ,bd4 #a1 pp4 #hdb2 ,bd4 #b1 pp4 #hhj4 ,hanov]4 ,a v important "w1 p>ticul>ly = ! travel+ naturali/4 ,*apt]s by speciali/s1 valuable ref]5ces on collect+ natural hi/ory specim5s1 & o!r phases ( sci5tific exploration4 ,,pe>l1 ,r4 #aiaa4 ,biometric ,ideas & ,me?ods 9 ,biology2 _! ,significance & ,limitations4 ,sci5tia1 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #aja-aai4 ,,pet]s51 ,c4 ,g4 ,,joh41 & ,,j5s51 ,p4 ,b4 #aiaa4 ,valuation ( ! ,sea4 #a4 ,animal ,life ( ! ,sea-,bottom1 its ,food & ,quantity4 ,rep4 ( ! ,dani% ,biol4 ,/a4 to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ,vol4 ,,xx4 pp4 #gf4 ,translat$ f ,fisk]i-,b]etn+ = #aiaj4 ,cop5hag54 ,me?ods & results ( a quantitative /udy ( animals on ! sea-bottom4 ,a v important pap]4 ,descriptions & figures ( ! app>atus us$4 ,,reigh>d1 ,j4 #aijh4 ,me?ods ( ,/udy+ ! ,habits ( ,fi%es1 ) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,bre$+ ,habits ( ! ,horn$ ,dace4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ( ,fi%]ies ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #aaaa-aacf4 #aijh4 ,! ,photography ( ,aquatic ,animals 9 _! ,natural ,environm5t4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ( ,fi%]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #da-fh4 ,^! pap]s also conta9 ref]5ces to o!rs on ! habits ( fi%es4 ,,k+1 ,l4 ,a4 ,l41 & ,,russell1 ,e4 ,s4 #aiji4 ,a ,me?od = ! ,/udy ( ! ,animal ,ecology ( ! ,%ore4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,phys4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #bbe-bec4 ,,s&]son1 ,e4 ,d4 #aijd4 ,a ,c>d-,index ,sy/em = ,entomological ,records4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 #df1 pp4 #bf-cd4 ,conta9s ref]5ces to o!r me?ods ( record+ notes4 ,,simpson1 ,c4 ,b4 #aijc4 ,photograph+ ,nets ( ,hydropsy*e4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wa%41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ic-ie4 ,,sumn]1 ,f4 ,b4 #aiaj4 ,an ,int5sive ,/udy ( ! ,fauna & ,flora ( a ,re/rict$ ,area ( ! ,sea ,bottom4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ( ,fi%]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #abbe-abfc4 ,a /udy on our coa/ along l9es simil> to ^? ( ,c4 ,g4 ,j4 ,pet]s5's 8,det ,vid5skabelige ,udbytte af ,kanonbaad5 #8,hau*s' ,togt] ,i de ,danske ,h ,ind5= ,skag5 ,i ,a>5e0 #ahhc-ahhf4 #ahic4 pp4 #dfd4 ,atlas4 ,cop5hag54 ,,transeau1 ,e4 ,n4 #aijh4 ,! ,relation ( ,plant ,societies to ,evaporation4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #bag-bca4 ,me?ods ( /udy+ ! relative humidity ( ! air 9 v>i\s plant associations1 also applicable to c]ta9 /udies ( animals4 ,,wa9wright1 ,d4 ,b4 #aije4 ,a ,plane ,table ,manual4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor1 ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey = #aije4 ,app5dix ,no4 #g1 pp4 #bie-cda4 ,9 mak+ local /udies ! plane table may be v helpful4 ,,wright1 ,a4 ,h4 #aijg4 ,a ,graphic ,me?od ( ,correlat+ ,fi% ,environm5t & ,di/ribution4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #cea-ced4 ,,wilson1 ,h4 ,m4 #aije4 ,topographical ,survey+4 ,second ,edition4 ,new ,york4 ,directions = camp+1 em]g5cy surg]y1 photography1 etc41 pp4 #haa-hhd4 ,9 conclud+ ?is li/ ( ref]5ces ,i w\ld sugge/ to ! /ud5t ! desirability ( secur+ ! foll[+ catalogues or li/s ( publications4 ,a glance at ! li/s 9 ?is volume w %[ t a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( ! pap]s or works are gov]nm5tal publications1 _m ( :i* h long be5 out ( pr9t1 b _m may /ill be secur$ f ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts or f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,li/ ( ,publications1 includ+ maps4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #b4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts4 ,li/s ( publications ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #c4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,li/ ( publications4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,li/ ( publications4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies 7=m]ly ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission74 ,li/ ( publications4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #f4 ,= li/ ( deal]s 9 second-h& books see ,banks' ,bull4 #ha1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 pp4 #aag-aah4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( secur+ _m publications :i* are out ( pr9t4 #c4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,pap]s = ,publication & on ,pro( ,read+ ,! prep>ation ( pap]s = publication is a practical phase ( /udy & an art1 or =m ( te*nique1 ab\t :i* ! zological /ud5t is liable to he> b little4 ,!re may be a great economy ( ef=t1 & mu* "t sav$1 if e>ly 9 8 "w ! /ud5t realizes ! ne$ ( cultivat+ ! habit ( prep>+ all manuscripts 9 a =m suitable = publication4 ,:ile !re is mu* v>iation 9 details1 yet )9 c]ta9 limits !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( /&>dization :i* %\ld become habitual4 ,dep>tures f su* a /&>d necessitate mu* loss ( "t :i* mu/ be devot$ to revisions & corrections4 ,"o may "w = ye>s & fail to realize ?is fact1 until he attempts to adju/ 8 habits ( writ+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! editors ( sci5tific publications4 ,! foll[+ ref]5ces are int5d$ to cov] ! ma9 aspects ( ! prep>ation ( manuscripts & ! read+ ( pro(4 ,,lewes1 ,,george ,,h5ry 7,edit$ by ,f4 ,n4 ,scott74 #ahia4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,success 9 ,lit]ature1 pp4 #afc4 ,bo/on4 ,allyn & ,bacon4 ,a v sane little book on writ+1 a subject on :i* x is difficult to receive & apply advice4 ,,w5dell1 ,b4 #ahii4 ,engli% ,composition4 pp4 #caf4 ,new ,york4 ,,f]nald1 ,j4 ,c4 #ahif4 ,engli% ,synonyms & ,antonyms ) ,notes on ! ,correct ,use ( ,prepositions4 ,t5? ,edition4 pp4 #efd4 ,new ,york4 #aijd4 ,connectives ( ,engli% ,spee*4 ,! ,correct ,usage ( ,prepositions1 ,conjunctions1 ,relative ,pron\ns & ,adv]bs ,expla9$ & ,illu/rat$4 pp4 #cbd4 ,new ,york4 ,,allbutt1 ,t4 ,c4 #aije4 ,notes on ! ,composition ( ,sci5tific ,pap]s4 pp4 #afd4 ,london4 ,macmillan ,company4 ,?is book is by an exp]i5c$ m$ical editor & conta9s _m practical sugge/ions4 ,,rick>d1 ,t4 ,a4 #aiaj4 ,a ,guide to ,te*nical ,writ+4 ,second ,edition4 pp4 #agb4 ,san ,francisco4 ,m9+ & ,sci5tific ,press4 ,int5d$ prim>ily = writ]s on m9+1 & yet x conta9s mu* t is useful & sugge/ive to zoologi/s p>ticul>ly ! *apt]s on ! ne$ ( simplicity 9 ! language ( sci5ce1 & on ! value ( /&>dization4 ,,w>man1 ,p4 ,c4 #aijc4 ,a ,plea = ,bett] ,engli% 9 ,sci5ce4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #efc-efh4 ,repr9t$ ) revision1 #aiaj4 ,wa%+ton4 ,,davis1 ,w4 ,m4 #aiaa4 ,! ,discipl9>y ,value ( ,geography4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxviii1 pp4 #aje-aai1 #bbc-bdj4 ,an illum9at+ pap] on ! 8art ( pres5tation0 ( sci5tific results 9 oral & writt5 =m4 #aiji4 ,! ,sy/ematic ,description ( ,l& ,=ms4 ,geogr4 ,j\r41 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #cjj-cah4 #aiji4 ,glacial ,erosion 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,lxv1 pp4 #bha-cej4 #aiaj4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,geographical ,description4 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,geogr4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xlii1 pp4 #dja-dce4 #aiaa4 ,! ,colorado ,front ,range4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,physiographic ,pres5tation4 ,ann4 ,associa4 ,am]4 ,geogr41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ba-hc4 ,! f\r prec$+ pap]s are 9 _m respects models ( pres5tation4 ,!y exemplify ! process me?od appli$ to regions1 a phase ( mu* importance 9 c]ta9 ecologic /udies1 p>ticul>ly ecological surveys4 ,! la/ two pap]s are r detail$ applications ( ! same ideas4 ,a v pr(itable /udy may be made ( ! me?od ( pres5tation 9 ^! pap]s4 ,,dev9ne1 ,t4 ,l4 #aijb4 ,! ,practice ( ,typography4 ,correct ,composition4 ,a ,treatise on ,spell+1 ,abbreviations1 ! ,comp\nd+ & ,division ( ,words1 ! ,prop] ,use ( ,figures & ,num]als1 ,italic & ,capital ,lett]s1 ,notes1 etc41 ) ,obs]vations on ,punctuation & ,pro(-read+4 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #dgf4 ,new ,york4 ,p]haps ! highe/ ,am]ican au?ority on all ! subjects discuss$4 ,,wood1 ,g4 ,m4 #aiji4 ,sugge/ions to ,au?ors ( ,pap]s ,submitt$ = ,publication by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey ) ,directions to ,typewrit]s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 pp4 #ej4 ,wa%+ton4 ,c be secur$ gratis f ! ,survey4 ,,anonym\s4 #aijc4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,manual ( ,/yle = ,use 9 ,composition & ,pro( ,read+1 pp4 #aia4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,vaux1 ,c4 ,b4 #aiaj4 ,h[ to ,prep>e a ,pap] = ,publication4 ,bull4 ,no4 #d4 ,wi/> ,in/4 ,anat4 & ,biology1 pp4 #bj4 ,phila4 #aiaj4 ,/yle ,brief4 ,a ,guide = ,au?ors 9 ,prep>+ ,copy & ,correct+ ,pro( ( ,pr(essional ,pap]s & = ! ,use ( ,editors & ,pr9t]1 adopt$ z ! ,/&>d ( ! ,j\rnals ,publi%$ by ! ,wi/> ,in/itute ( ,anatomy & ,biology1 ,philadelphia4 pp4 #cb4 ,fir/ ,edition4 ,baltimore4 ,! ,wi/> ,in/itute publi%es ! 8,j\rnal ( ,exp]im5tal ,zology10 :i* is devot$ to 8orig9al rese>*es ( an exp]im5tal or analytical nature0 on _m bran*es ( zology1 includ+ ecology & g5]al physiology4 ,! 8,/yle ,brief0 c be secur$ f ! ,in/itute4 ,,orcutt1 ,w4 ,d4 #aiab4 ,! ,writ]'s ,desk ,book4 pp4 #ahd4 ,new ,york4 ,f4 ,a4 ,/okes ,co4 ,a useful h&book on punctuation1 capitalization1 spell+1 abbreviations1 num]als1 etc41 & ) an app5dix on weights & measures4 ,,woolley1 ,e4 ,c4 #aijg4 ,h&book ( ,composition4 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,rules ,reg>d+ ,good ,engli%1 ,gramm>1 ,s5t5ce ,/ructure1 ,p>agraph+1 ,manuscript ,arrangem5t1 ,punctuation1 ,spell+1 ,essay ,writ+ & ,lett] ,writ+4 pp4 #bci4 ,bo/on4 ,,vi4 ,,important ,,s\rces ,,( ,,in=mation ,,on ,,! ,,life ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,insects ,,& ,,alli$ ,,inv]tebrates ,insects are to-day "o ( ! dom9ant =ms ( life & are pres5t 9 almo/ e l>ge animal association or habitat4 ,!y !re=e =m an important elem5t 9 a l>ge numb] ( ecological /udies4 ,& al?\gh facts ( ecological significance h be5 accumulat+ = _m ye>s !y are s widely scatt]$ t to f9d !m :5 ne$$ is q a s]i\s problem4 ,to aid 9 su* a se>* ! foll[+ ref]5ces are giv54 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t spid]s1 mites1 & myriapods are commonly includ$ 9 entomological lit]ature & are !re=e includ$ 9 ?is li/4 ,! li/ is n int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! m elaborate s\rces su* z ! ,zological ,record & simil> /&>d works to be f\nd 9 l>ge libr>ies1 b x includes publications t are m likely to be )9 ! grasp ( tea*]s & /ud5ts n locat$ at libr>y c5t]s4 ,_m ( ^! are public docum5ts1 & ev5 if out ( pr9t1 c easily be secur$ f second-h& deal]s4 ,a /ud5t :o has access to l>ge libr>ies w f9d ! foll[+ pap] v valuable 9 sugge/ions z to ! me?ods ( f9d+ ! lit]ature on _m g5]al zological subjects4 ,,m9ot1 ,c4 ,s4 #ahif4 ,bibliography4 ,a ,/udy ( ,res\rces1 pp4 #adi-afh4 ,biol4 ,lectures1 ,wood's ,holl1 #ahie4 ,bo/on4 7,alphabetically arrang$47 ,,aldri*1 ,j4 ,m4 #aije4 ,a ,catalogue ( ,nor? 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"w begun by ,h5%aw 7#ahhi-ahif74 #aijj4 ,a ,li/ ( ,works on ,nor? ,am]ican ,entomology4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #bd 7,n4 ,s474 pp4 #ie4 #aijb4 ,an ,index to ,bullet9s ,nos4 ,i-#cj 7,n4 ,s471 7#ahif-aija71 ( ! ,division ( ,ent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #cf 7,n4,s474 pp4 #fd4 #aiaj4 ,a ,li/ ( ,works on ,nor? ,am]ican ,entomology4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 #ha4 pp4 #abj4 ,?is & ! prec$+ edition 7#aijj7 =m a v useful index to ! sy/ematic lit]ature ( insects1 spid]s1 myriapods1 etc4 #aiaj4 ,catalogue ( ! ,ne>ctic ,hemipt]a-,het]opt]a4 ,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc4 pp4 #ajc4 ,philadelphia4 #aiaj4 ,catalogue ( ,ne>ctic ,spid]s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,bull4 #gb4 pp4 #hj4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( special bibliographies ^! catalogues are ! mo/ conv5i5t av5ue to ! lit]ature4 ,,be?une1 ,c4 ,j4 ,s4 #aijj4 ,g5]al ,index to ! ,?irty ,annual ,reports ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,ont>io1 #ahgj-ahii4 pp4 #gf4 ,ont>io ,dept4 ,agr4 ,,beut5m,,ll]1 ,w4 #ahia4 ,bibliographical ,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,trans=mations ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,coleopt]a4 ,j\r4 ,n4 ,y4 ,micros4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #a-eb4 #ahij4 ,prelim9>y ,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,trans=mations ( ! ,odonata ( ! ,_w1 pp4 #afe-agi4 ,9 ,lamborn1 ,r4 ,h41 ,dragonflies vs4 ,mosquitoes4 ,new ,york4 #ahic4 ,on ! ,food ,habits ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,rhyn*ophora4 ,j\r4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cf-dc1 #hj-hh4 #ahif4 ,food-,habits ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,c]ambycid4 ,j\r4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #gc-ha4 ,,*itt5d51 ,f4 ,h4 #ahic4 ,note on ! ,food ,habits ( ,"s ,species ( ,*rysomelid4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wa%41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfa-bfg4 #ahig4 ,g5]al ,index to ! ,sev5 ,volumes ( ,insect ,life1 #ahhh-ahie4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent4 ,,commission] ,,( ,,agriculture4 #ahgf4 ,! ,g5]al ,index ( ! ,agricultural ,reports ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice = #ahcg-ahfa1 & ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = #ahfb-ahgf4 ,wa%+ton4 ,,com/ock1 ,j4 ,h4 #ahgi4 ,report ^u ,cotton ,insects4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 pp4 #eaa4 ,?is report1 l ^? ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 gives v full acc\nts ( ! habits & life hi/ories ( c]ta9 species & gives p>ticul> att5tion to _! pr$ace\s & p>asitic enemies4 ,! pr$ace\s insects are seldom giv5 z detail$ /udy z ! vegetable-fe$+ k9ds4 ,,coquillett1 ,d4 ,w4 #ahha4 ,l>v ( ,lepidopt]a4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,ent4 ,ill41 pp4 #ade-ahf4 ,descriptions1 figures1 & keys to _m common l>v4 ,,cresson1 ,e4 ,t4 #ahhg4 ,synopsis ( ! ,hym5opt]a ( ,am]ica1 ,nor? ( ,mexico4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,supplem4 ,vol41 #ahhg1 ,pt4 #b4 ,catalogue ( ,species & ,bibliography1 pp4 #aee-cej4 ,philadelphia4 ,,currie1 ,r4 ,p41 & ,,caudell1 ,a4 ,n4 #aiaa4 ,an ,index to ,circul>s #a to #ajj 7,second ,s]ies7 ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,ent41 ,circul> ,no4 #ajj4 pp4 #di4 ,! circul>s conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation on life hi/ories ( insects4 ,,dimmock1 ,g41 & ,,knab1 ,f4 #aijd4 ,e>ly ,/ages ( ,c>abid4 ,bull4 ,no4 #a1 ,spr+field ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 pp4 #ee4 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,,dodge1 ,c4 ,r4 #ahhh4 ,! ,life & ,entomological ,"w ( ! ,late ,t[n5d ,glov]4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #ah 7,o4 ,s474 pp4 #fh4 ,,dy>1 ,h4 ,g4 #ahid4 ,a ,classification ( ,lepidopt]\s ,l>v4 ,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ( ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aid-bcb4 ,,edw>ds1 ,h4 #ahhi4 ,bibliographical ,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,trans=mations ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,lepidopt]a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,bull4 #ce4 pp4 #adg4 ,,felt1 ,e4 ,p4 #aije-jf4 ,insects ,affect+ ,p>k & ,woodl& ,trees4 ,mem4 #h1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a-ccb1 a#dce-;a#dei1 #aije2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ccc-hgg1 #aijf4 ,excell5tly illu/rat$1 & ) num]\s ref]5ces4 ,?is report & ,pack>d's ,=e/ ,insects =m an excell5t guide to ! life hi/ories & lit]ature ( =e/ insects4 #ahii4 ,memorial ( ,life & ,entomologic ,"w ( ,joseph ,alb]t ,l9tn]1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 ,bull4 #bd1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #cjc-faa4 ,conta9s an index to ,l9tn]'s ?irte5 reports z ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,new ,york4 ,^! reports conta9 r full ref]5ces & good summ>ies ( life hi/ories4 ,,folsom1 ,j4 ,w4 #aijf4 ,entomology ) ,special ,ref]5ce to its ,biological & ,economic ,aspects1 pp4 #dhe4 ,philadelphia4 ,a v useful bibliography is giv5 on pp4 #dji-dff4 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a4 #ahhe4 ,g5]al ,indexes to ! ,fir/ ,twelve ,reports ( ! ,/ate ,entomologi/s ( ,ill9ois4 ,app4 to ,f\rte5? ,rep4 ,/ate ,ent4 ,ill4 pp4 #abj4 ,spr+field4 #aiji4 ,cont5ts & ,index ( ! ,reports ( ! ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,ill9ois1 ,,xiii-,,xxiv4 #ahhd-aijh4 pp4 #aeg4 ,(fice ( ,/ate ,entomologi/4 ,,=bes1 ,w4 ,t4 ,m4 #aijf4 ,field ,tables ( ,lepidopt]a4 pp4 #ada4 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,keys = ! det]m9ation ( l>v4 #aiaj4 ,a ,/ructural ,/udy ( ,"s ,cat]pill>s4 ,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,am]41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #id-acb4 ,conta9s a v useful bibliography 7pp4 #abe-abg74 ,,=bu%1 ,e4 ,h41 & ,,f]nald1 ,c4 ,h4 #ahif4 ,! ,gypsy ,mo?4 ,mass4 ,bo>d ,agr4 pp4 #die4 ,bo/on4 ,also discusses pr$ace\s & p>asitic animals :i* prey ^u ! ,gypsy ,mo?4 ,,h>t1 ,c4 ,a4 #ahie4 ,on ! ,entomology ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv] & ,adjac5t ,wat]s4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #adi-bhd4 ,keys to immature /ages ( aquatic insects & _m biological obs]vations4 ,,h5%aw1 ,s4 #ahhg4 ,! ,entomological ,writ+s ( ,dr4 ,alpheus ,spr+ ,pack>d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #af4 pp4 #di4 ,biological obs]vations4 #ahhi-if4 ,bibliography ( ! ,m ,important ,contributions to ,am]ican ,economic ,entomology1 ,p>ts ,i-,v1 & index4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent4 ,,hubb>d1 ,h4 ,g4 #ahhe4 ,insects ,affect+ ! ,orange4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent4 pp4 #bbg4 ,,johanns51 ,o4 ,a4 #aijc1 #aije4 ,aquatic ,nematoc]\s ,dipt]a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 ,bull4 ,no4 #fh1 pp4 #cbh-ddh2 ,bull4 ,no4 #hf1 pp4 #gf-cbg4 ,immature /ages ( sev]al families are r fully treat$ & valuable ref]5ces on life hi/ories giv54 ,,macgillivray1 ,a4 ,d4 #aijc4 ,aquatic ,*rysomelid & a ,table ( ! ,families ( ,coleopt]\s ,l>v4 ,bull4 ,no4 #fh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #bhh-cca4 ,gives ref]5ces to ! mo/ important pap]s on ! immature /ages ( beetles4 ,,ne$ham1 ,j4 ,g41 & ,,bett51 ,c4 #aija4 ,aquatic ,insects 9 ! ,adirondacks4 ,bull4 ,no4 #dg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #chc-fab4 ,keys to ord]s to immature aquatic insects2 keys to ,mayfly & dragon-fly nymphs4 ,,ne$ham1 ,j4 ,g4 #aijc4 ,life ,hi/ories ( ,odonata1 ,subord] ,zygopt]a4 ,bull4 ,no4 #fh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #bah-bgf4 ,keys to nymphs4 #aije4 ,ephem]id4 ,bull4 ,no4 #hf1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #ag-ei4 ,keys to g5]a ( adults & to nymphs4 #aijh4 ,report on ! ,entomologic ,field ,/ation ,conduct$ at ,old ,=ge1 ,n4 ,y41 9 ! ,summ] ( #aije4 ,bull4 ,no4 #abd1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #aef-bdh4 ,life hi/ories ( crane flies1 ,tipulid2 table ( l>val habits1 p4 #bci1 & fi% food4 ,,(fice ,,( ,,exp]im5t ,,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,agric4 #ahhi4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,record1 ,vol4 ,i to date4 #aijc4 ,g5]al ,index to ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,record1 ,vols4 #a-ab1 #ahhi-aija1 & to ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b4 pp4 #fga4 ,useful = ref]5ces to curr5t lit]ature on economic species1 be=e !y h appe>$ 9 ! m sl[ly publi%$ bibliographies4 ,,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 #ahij4 ,=e/ ,insects4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,fif? ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,comm4 pp4 #ieg4 ,almo/ an encyclop$ia on =e/ insects1 insects li/$ by food plants4 ,v useful4 ,,pi]ce1 ,w4 ,d4 #aijg4 ,on ! ,biologies ( ! ,rhyn*ophora ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,neb4 ,/4 ,bd4 ,agr41 #aijf-jg1 pp4 #bdg-cai4 ,?is is an annotat$ li/ ( bre$+ & food habits ( ! sn\t & b>k beetles4 ,ref]5ces to ! lit]ature1 index ( plants & beetles4 ,v useful4 #aijh4 ,a ,li/ ( ,p>asites ,kn[n to ,attack ,am]ican ,rhyn*ophora4 ,j\r4 ,econ4 ,ent41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #chj-cif4 ,,riley1 ,c4 ,v41 ,,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s41 & ,,?omas1 ,c4 #ahgh4 ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission = ! ,ye> #ahgg1 ,relat+ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,locu/1 etc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 7,hayd574 pp4 #dgg4 ,discusses pr$ace\s & p>asitic animals :i* prey ^u ! locu/4 #ahhj4 ,second ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission = ! ,ye>s #ahgh & #ahgi1 ,relat+ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,locu/1 & ! ,we/]n ,cricket1 etc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,int]ior4 pp4 #cbb4 ,discusses pr$ace\s & p>asitic animals :i* prey ^u ! locu/4 ,,rlley1 ,c4 ,v4 #ahhj4 ,food ,habits ( ! ,longicorn ,beetles or ,wood ,bor]s4 ,am]4 ,ent41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bcg-bci1 #bgj-bga4 #ahha4 ,g5]al ,index & ,supplem5t to ! ,n9e ,reports on ! ,insects ( ,miss\ri4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,int]ior4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,comm41 ,bull4 ,no4 #f4 pp4 #agh4 #ahhe4 ,f\r? ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 etc4 7,on ! ,cotton & ,boll ,worm47 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 pp4 #cii4 ,,s*w>z1 ,e4 ,a4 #ahij4 ,food-,plants & ,food-,habits ( ,"s ,nor? ,am]ican ,coleopt]a4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wa%4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bca-bcc4 ,,scudd]1 ,s4 ,h4 #ahhi4 ,classifi$ ,li/ ( ,food ,plants ( ,am]ican ,butt]flies1 drawn f ,scudd]'s ,butt]flies ( ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,psy*e1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #bgd-bgh4 #aija4 ,index to ,nor? ,am]ican ,or?opt]a4 ,occasional ,pap]s ( ! ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,,vi4 pp4 #dcf4 ,?is is a complete alphabetical index to ! lit]ature ( ! species ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,or?opt]a--a unique & v useful "w4 ,,?omas1 ,c41 ,,middleton1 ,n41 & ,,m>t91 ,j4 #ahha4 ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ,l>v4 ,t5? ,rep4 ,/ate ,ent4 ,ill41 pp4 #fj-adj4 ,description & keys to saw-fly & ,lepidopt]\s l>v4 ,,t[ns5d1 ,c4 ,h4 ,t4 #ahic4 ,a ,g5]al ,summ>y ( ! ,kn[n ,l>val ,food-habits ( ! ,acalyptrate ,muscid4 ,c4 ,ent41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 pp4 #aj-af4 ,,w>d1 ,h4 ,b41 ,,:ipple1 ,g4 ,c41 & o!rs4 ,fre% ,wat] ,biology4 7,9 press47 ,new ,york4 ,?is "w consi/s ( *apt]s by num]\s speciali/s on ! v>i\s gr\ps ( fre%-wat] animals includ+ insects1 gives keys = ! det]m9ation ( specim5s1 %ort *apt]s on _! g5]al biological relations1 & ref]5ces to ! lit]ature4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,environm5tal ,,*ange1 ,,or ,,! 8,,ord]ly ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,nature0 ,,! ,,dynamic ,,& ,,process ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,environm5t 8,( all ! tru?s relat+ to ph5om5a1 ! mo/ valuable to u are ^? :i* relate to ! ord] ( succession4 ,on a k ( ^! is f\nd$ e reasonable anticipation ( future facts1 & :atev] p[] we possess ( influ5c+ ^? facts to our advantage40--,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4 8,to /udy life we mu/ consid] ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( ext]nal nature2 second1 ! liv+ organism & ! *anges :i* take place 9 x2 &1 ?ird1 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t betwe5 ! two sets ( ph5om5a :i* con/itutes life40--,w4 ,k4 ,,brooks4 8,! tru?1 inde$1 is1 t 9 physical inquiries1 ! "w ( !ory & obs]vation mu/ g h& 9 h&1 & ought to be c>ri$ on at ! same "t1 m especially if ! matt] is v complicat$1 = !re ! clue ( !ory is necess>y to direct ! obs]v]4 ,?\gh a man may beg9 to obs]ve )\t any hypo!sis1 he _c cont9ue long )\t see+ "s g5]al conclusion arise2 & to ?is nasc5t !ory x is 8 bus9ess to att5d1 because1 by seek+ ei!r to v]ify or to disprove x1 he is l$ to new exp]im5ts1 or new obs]vations4 ,he is l$ also to ! v exp]im5ts & obs]vations t are ( ! greate/ importance1 namely to ^? in/anti crucis1 :i* are ! crit]ia t naturally pres5t !mselves = ! trial ( e hypo!sis4 ,he is conduct$ to ! places :]e ! transitions ( nature are mo/ p]ceptible1 & :]e ! abs5ce ( =m]1 or ! pres5ce ( new circum/ances1 excludes ! action ( imag9>y causes4 ,by ?is correction ( 8 fir/ op9ion1 a new approximation is made to ! tru?2 & by ! repetition ( ! same process1 c]ta9ty is f9ally obta9$4 ,?us !ory & obs]vation mutually assi/ "o ano!r2 & ! _s ( sy/em1 aga9/ :i* !re are s _m & su* j compla9ts1 appe>s1 nev]!less1 z ! animat+ pr9ciple ( inductive inve/igation4 ,! bus9ess ( s\nd philosophy is n to ext+ui% ?is _s1 b to re/ra9 & direct its ef=ts40 --,j4 ,,playfair1 8,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory ( ! ,e>?10 ,ed9burgh1 #ahjb1 pp4 #ebd-ebe4 ,! facts & ideas ) :i* ! animal ecologi/ ne$s to become acqua9t$ are s widely scatt]$ t a l>ge am\nt ( selective read+ is necess>y4 ,! ecologi/ mu/ read1 select1 & become an organiz+ c5t] ( ?+s ecological4 ,all ( ! facts & conceptions :i* he ne$s are n ev5 conf9$ to zological or biological lit]ature4 ,9 seek+ an und]/&+ ( any problem1 conv5tional gr\p+s ( ! sci5ces & _! arbitr>y b\nd>ies mu/ n b> "o f f]tile fields4 ,_m ( ! conceptions ( ! physical sci5ces1 due to _! m advanc$ /age ( developm5t1 anticipate ! future developm5t ( biology4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( _! dynamic conceptions4 ,= ?is reason we %\ld n hesitate to utilize & delib]ately /rive to secure developm5t along simil> l9es 9 animal ecology4 ,else:]e ,i h /at$ 7,an ,ecological ,survey 9 ,nor!rn ,mi*igan1 #aijf1 pp4 #aa1 #ab7 t3 8,x is ?us v app>5t t z soon z ecological ph5om5a are inve/igat$ dynamically & express$ 9 t]ms ( processes1 ?is sci5ce w ( necessity become m closely correlat$ ) ^? alli$ sci5ces :i* h already avail$ !mselves ( su* me?ods4444 ,x seems a v simple matt] to give ass5t to ! idea ( ! law ( *ange1 yet 9 its practical application ?is simplicity (t5 vani%es at once :5 x is se5 t x involves ! relation ( cause & effect4444 ,z ?is me?od ( ?9k+ is n g5]ally und]/ood1 x is occasionally appli$ 9 su* a crude & g5]al s5se t its be>+ _c be grasp$ :5 appli$ to special or concrete problems4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! g5]al validity ( ?is me?od1 b :at is n[ ne$$ is to "k h[ ^! processes are comb9$ & relat$ to produce p>ticul> environm5tal conditions or situations4 ,t ^! difficulties are n conf9$ to ! ecologi/ alone1 b are ob/acles :i* arise 9 any attempt at sci5tific int]pretation1 is wor?y ( special notice4 ,we are ?us able to see :y c]ta9 naturali/s1 app>5tly n recogniz+ or und]/&+ ! developm5tal processes :i* sci5tific ideas und]go1 nor be+ acqua9t$ ) ! t5d5cies ( int]pretation1 dynamically consid]$1 n[ mak+ su* rapid headway 9 ecological botany1 geography1 physiography1 geology1 & psy*ology1 are incl9$ to look ^u su* attempts 9 biology z m]ely a fad or p]sonal peculi>ity ( ! /ud5t1 & n ( any p>ticul> consequ5ce4 ,su* ideas confuse ! incid5tal ) ! ess5tial & sugge/ a complete failure to grasp ! situation or to realize ! fundam5tal importance ( /at+ explanations 9 t]ms ( processes4 ,fur!rmore1 9 sev]al ( ! alli$ sci5ces1 ! me?ods ( dynamical int]pretation h already made consid]able advance4 ,"h1 !n1 is a res\rce1 at pres5t l>gely unwork$ by _m biologi/s1 :]e a weal? ( ideas & explanations lies /rewn ov] ! surface & only ne$ to be pick$ up 9 ord] to be utiliz$ by ^? acqua9t$ ) ?is me?od ( int]pretation4444 ,if ! signs ( ! times are n[ read correctly1 ! mo/ /rik+ advance 9 sci5tific me?ods ( ?9k+ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury w be 9 ! direction ( int]pretation f ! /&po9t ( processes--dynamically40 ,= ^! reasons ,i h begun ! li/ ( lit]ature ) c]ta9 ref]5ces :i* deal ) ! dynamic relations ( ! environm5t4 ,^! publications are p>ticul>ly valuable n only = ?is me?od ( treatm5t1 b also = _! cont5t4 ,^! pap]s cle>ly emphasize ! 8ord]ly sequ5ce ( ext]nal nature10 a conception :i* mu/ be grasp$ mu* m ?an sup]ficially1 if "o is to int]pret ! developm5t or evolution ( environm5ts4 ,al?\gh ?is is an ess5tial "p ( our problem1 z has be5 s well express$ by ,brooks1 yet ?is phase is probably "o ( ! lea/ und]/ood by zologi/s4 ,& z long z zological /ud5ts lack ! prop] tra9+ ?is condition w cont9ue4 ,to neglect ?is aspect 9 ! tra9+ ( an ecologi/ is l neglect ( *emical tra9+ 9 a physiologi/ or ( a physiological tra9+ 9 a psy*ologi/4 ,= "o :o is ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( 8ord]ly sequ5ce10 or successions ( *anges occurr+ 9 ! physical1 vegetational1 & animal environm5ts1 x is manife/ly impossible to realize _! developm5t2 & ! application ( su* pr9ciples to ! int]pretation ( practical problems is utt]ly beyond 8 grasp4 ,we are ?us able to see t al?\gh ! phrase 8ord]ly sequ5ce ( ext]nal nature0 is fundam5tally a simple conception1 x is n grasp$ )\t ef=t1 tra9+1 & c>eful inve/igation4 ,obvi\sly x is impossible to arrange ! s]ies ( ref]5ces ) p]fect satisfaction4 ,! arrangem5t :i* w s]ve "o purpose w n ano!r1 & = ?is reason x has be5 necess>y to arrange ! li/s 9 m ?an "o ord]4 ,c]ta9 g5]al ref]5ces1 or "s int5d$ to facilitate ! acquirem5t ( ! g5]al po9t ( view1 are giv5 fir/1 & o!rs are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,= example1 ! pap]s li/$ on ! processes ( *ange 9 ! physical & vegetational environm5t are approximately 9 an ord] 9 :i* !y may pr(itably be /udi$ to make ! view z concrete z possible4 ,x is prim>ily n ! ab/ract idea ( ! pr9ciple ( *ange1 :i* is relatively easy to grasp1 b to be able to apply x to any condition or location & to make x a guid+ pr9ciple is v difficult4 ,& judg+ f my own obs]vation ^u o!rs & my own exp]i5ce ?is me?od is v r>ely ma/]$1 if at all1 unless x is actually work$ out 9 "s concrete case1 & lat] exp&$ to its logical consequ5ces4 ,only a few ref]5ces are giv5 on g5]al physiology1 metabolism1 & alli$ subjects1 b ^? giv5 furni% a valuable index to fur!r lit]ature4 ,only ! mo/ arbitr>y l9e c be drawn betwe5 pap]s deal+ ) habits1 behavior1 & individual ecology1 & = ?is reason mo/ ( ! ref]5ces select$ are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! fact t x is n to be assum$ t ! v>i\s au?ors /rive to make ! po9ts to :i* att5tion is "h call$2 !y may or may n d s4 ,my aim is to call att5tion to ! utility ( ! publications f ! /&po9t advocat$ ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,f ?is po9t onw>d 9 ?is book ! ref]5ces =m its ma9 feature4 ,= ?is reason x is important t "o %\ld n get an exagg]at$ idea ( ! value ( ! lit]ature4 ,x is p]haps true t a l>ge "p ( ! be/ ecological "w has be5 done ) little k ( o!r ecological writ+s4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse p>ticul>ly true ( ! e>ly work]s1 & ! be/ "w ( to-day does n come f ! l>ge/ libr>y c5t]s4 ,a /ud5t look+ ov] ^! li/s1 & f9d+ t he has access to relatively few pap]s1 may conclude t all ef=t is ( no avail4 ,! greate/ ne$ is n all or ev5 a majority ( ! publications on ! g5]al field1 b ! relatively limit$ numb] :i* be> directly ^u ! problem at h& & en\gh ( ! g5]al pap]s to aid him 9 a g5]al ori5tation4 ,x may be ( "s com=t to ! isolat$ /ud5t1 ) 8 small %elf ( books1 to realize t !re are p]haps n a half-doz5 libr>ies 9 ,am]ica :i* conta9 all ! ref]5ces giv5 9 ?is book4 ,! ne>] "o rea*es ! b\nd>ies ( our k1 ! small] ! am\nt1 & (t5 ! small] ! value ( ! lit]ature1 & ! great] ! value ( a prop] ori5tation1 :i* comes only ) a grasp ( g5]al pr9ciples4 99 99 99 99 99 7,! laws ( physical & vegetational *anges & _! influ5ce ^u animals4 ,! dynamic or process relation ( ! environm5t47 ,,bancr(t1 ,w4 ,d4 #aiaa4 ,a ,univ]sal ,law4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4 #aei-agi4 ,! law ( adju/m5t or response to /ra94 ,a v important pap] view$ f ! dynamic & process /&po9t4 ,,h5d]son1 ,l4 ,j4 #aiac4 ,! ,fitness ( ! ,environm5t4 ,an ,enquiry into ! ,biological ,significance ( ! ,prop]ties ( ,matt]1 pp4 #cag4 ,new ,york4 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,valuable ecologically because ( its exposition ( ! ord]ly sequ5ce & regulatory "* ( physico-*emical & physiological processes1 & ! application ( *emical equilibria & ! ,phase ,rule to metabolic *anges4 ,he says1 8,n[ !re c be no d\bt t1 :5 feasible1 ! ideal me?od--f ! physico-*emical po9t ( view--to describe a mat]ial sy/em is 9 t]ms ( ! phase rule40 p4 #bfj4 ,,*amb]l91 ,t4 ,c41 & ,,salisbury1 ,r4 ,d4 #aijd4 ,geology4 ,geologic ,processes & _! ,results1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fed4 ,new ,york4 ,to be consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( ! ag5ts & processes :i* *ange animal habitats & result 9 _! 8ord]ly sequ5ce40 ,,van ,,hise1 ,c4 ,r4 #aijd4 ,a ,treatise on ,metamorphism4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,monog41 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 pp4 #a-abhf4 ,a =midable-look+ volume on acc\nt ( its size1 b "o :i* w abundantly repay a c>eful /udy ( its me?od1 aside f ! value ( ! cont5t1 = problems relat$ to animals ( ! soils1 etc4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! =mulation ( dynamic pr9ciples1 & ! application ( ! process me?od4 ,,davis1 ,w4 ,m4 #aiji4 ,geographical ,essays1 pp4 #ggg4 ,new ,york4 ,essays on ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( *ang+ l& =ms1 or to ! ecologi/1 ! developm5t ( inl& habitats1 9 s f> z !y are dep5d5t ^u ! physiographic conditions4 ,,woodwor?1 ,j4 ,b4 #ahid4 ,! ,relation betwe5 ,baselevel+ & ,organic ,evolution4 ,am]4 ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #bji-bce4 ,! influ5ce ( baselevel+ factors 9 ! developm5t ( ! gross environm5t & ^u evolution4 ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aija4 ,baselevel+ & its ,faunal ,significance1 ) ,illu/rations f ,s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxv1 pp4 #hci-heb4 ,! influ5ce ( baselevel+ ^u ! sequ5ce ( *anges 9 fre%-wat] & l& habitats4 7,see ,figures #d & #e47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,a small /ream z an animal environm5t1 ) ! prepond]ance ( rapidly fl[+ wat]4 ,tumwat] ,caon1 ,ne> ,w5at*ee ,wa%+ton4 ,photo4 by ,w4 ,b4 ,mc,callum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,a small riv] z an animal environm5t4 ,! rapid wat] conditions ( a /ream 9 an e>ly /age ( topographic developm5t1 su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 is "h replac$ by long pools ( relatively quietly fl[+ wat]1 connect$ by n>r[ /ret*es ( m rapidly fl[+ wat]4 ,waba% ,riv]1 ,bluffton ,indiana4 ,photo4 by ,n4 ,mill] & ,e4 ,b4 ,williamson4 ,,br&t1 ,k4 #ahii4 ,ueb] d5 ,/(fwe*sel im ,me]e4 ,wiss54 ,me]unt]su*ung51 h]aus4 v4 d4 ,komm4 zur wiss54 ,unt]s4 deuts*5 ,me]e 9 ,kiel4 ,n4 ,f4 ,ab?4 ,kiel1 ,bd4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bac-bcj4 #aija4 ,life 9 ! ,ocean4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #aijj1 pp4 #dic-ejf4 ,a translation ( ! prec$+ pap] on ! trans=mation ( sub/ance or 8cycle ( matt]0 9 ! sea4 ,! ext5sive footnotes are omitt$4 #aijb4 ,ueb] d5 ,/(fwe*sel im ,me]e4 #b ,abh&4 ,wiss4 ,me]esunt4 h]aus4 v4 d4 ,komm4 zur wiss54 ,unt]s4 deuts*5 ,me]e 9 ,kiel1 ,n4 ,f4 ,bd4 ,,vi1 ,ab?4 ,kiel1 pp4 #bc-gi4 #aije4 ,on ! ,production & ,conditions ( ,production 9 ! ,sea4 ,rapports et ,procs-,v]baux1 ,int]4 ,c\ncil = ! ,exploration ( ! ,sea1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,app5dix ,d4 ,cop5hag54 ,n se5 by ! writ]4 ,john/one /ates t x is a summ>y ( ! pap]s ( #ahii & #aijb4 ,,john/one1 ,j4 #aijh4 ,metabolism 9 ! ,sea4 pp4 #bjf-bih4 ,9 8,conditions ( ,life 9 ! ,sea40 ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,,birge1 ,e4 ,a4 #aijg4 ,! ,respiration ( an ,inl& ,lake4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,fi%]ies ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #bbc-bda4 #aijd4 ,! ,!rmocl9e & its ,biological ,significance4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,micros4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 pp4 #e-cc4 ,two /udies 9 ! sequ5tial *anges 9 ! lake habitat4 ,,birge1 ,e4 ,a41 & ,,juday1 ,c4 #aiaa4 ,! ,inl& ,lakes ( ,wiscons94 ,! ,dissolv$ ,gases ( ! ,wat] & _! ,biological ,significance4 ,wis4 ,geol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey1 ,bull4 ,no4 #bb4 pp4 #bei4 ,,pet]s1 ,a4 ,w4 #aijg4 ,*emical ,/udies on ! ,cell & its ,m$ium4 ,"p ,,ii1 ,"s ,*emico-,biological ,relations 9 ,liquid ,culture ,m$ia4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #cba-cdf4 ,a /udy ( *anges 9 m$ia & _! biotic succession4 ,,c[les1 ,h4 ,c4 #aiaa4 ,! ,causes ( ,vegetative ,cycles4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,li1 pp4 #afa-ahc4 ,also ,ann4 ,associa4 ,am]4 ,geogr41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a-bj4 #aiab4 ,an important /atem5t ( ! g5]al pr9ciples & causes ( vegetational *anges4 ,includes a hi/ory ( ! subject4 #aija4 ,! ,physiographic ,ecology ( ,*icago & ,vic9ity2 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,orig91 ,developm5t1 & ,classification ( ,plant ,societies4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #gc-ajh1 #ade-ahb4 ,a /udy ( *anges 9 ! vegetation f ! process & g5etic /&po9t4 ,,clem5ts1 ,f4 ,e4 #aijd4 ,! ,developm5t & ,/ructure ( ,vegetation4 ,bot4 ,surv4 ,nebraska1 ,,vii4 pp4 #age4 ,l9coln4 ,deals ) vegetative *anges f ! process /&po9t4 #aije4 ,rese>* ,me?ods 9 ,ecology1 pp4 #ccd4 ,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,,crampton1 ,c4 ,b4 #aiaa4 ,! ,vegetation ( ,cai?ness ,consid]$ 9 ,relation to ! ,geology4 pp4 #acb4 ,comm4 = ! ,survey & ,/udy ( ,briti% ,vegetation4 #aiab4 ,! ,geological ,relations ( ,/able & ,migratory ,plant ,=mations4 ,scotti% ,bot4 ,rev41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a-fa4 ,good examples ( ! process /&po9t z appli$ to ! vegetation4 ,,w>m+1 ,e4 7,trans4 by ,p4 ,,groom & ,i4 ,b4 ,,balf\r47 #aiji4 cology ( ,plants4 pp4 #dbb4 ,ox=d4 ,a treatise on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( plant ecology1 & an index to ! lit]ature4 ,,zon1 ,,raphael4 #aijf4 ,pr9ciples ,involv$ 9 ,det]m9+ ,=e/ ,types4 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,am]4 ,=e/]s1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #agi-ahi4 ,discusses ! sequ5ce ( *ange 9 ! =e/4 ,,o/5feld1 ,c4 ,h4 #aijh4 ,on ! ,ecology & ,di/ribution ( ! ,grass-,wrack 7,zo/]a m>9a7 9 ,dani% ,wat]s4 ,rep4 ,dani% ,biol4 ,/a4 to ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 #aijh4 ,trans4 f ! ,fisk]i-,b]etn+ = #aijg1 pp4 #a-fb4 ,an important pap] %[+ ! controll+ relation ( m>9e vegetation ^u animal associations & p>ticul>ly ! fi% ( ! coa/4 ,ref]5ces to relat$ zological pap]s4 ,,moore1 ,j4 ,e4 ,s4 #aijc4 ,! ,tanganyika ,problem4 pp4 #cga4 ,london4 ,on pp4 #ajg-aai ,moore describes ! invasion & succession ( vegetation ^u alluvial flats1 rec5tly dra9$4 ,a graphic acc\nt ( =e/ invasion4 ,app>5tly a little kn[n /udy4 ,,ern/1 ,a4 7,trans4 by ,a4 ,c4 ,,sew>d47 #aijh4 ,! ,new ,flora ( ! ,volcanic ,isl& ( ,krakatau4 pp4 #gd4 ,cambridge4 ,a /udy ( ! invasion ( vegetation ^u a new l& surface =m$ by volcanic activity4 ,su* /udies z ?is aid "o 9 break+ away f ! old] /atic view ( vegetation & 9 see+ its m vital aspect4 ,,vaughan1 ,t4 ,w4 #aiaa4 ,! ,geological ,"w ( ,mangroves 9 ,s\!rn ,florida4 ,smi?sonian ,miscell4 ,coll4 7,qu>t4 ,issue71 ,vol4 ,,lii1 pp4 #dfa-dfd4 ,plants z ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( animal habitats4 ,,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 #aiji4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,acc\nt ( ! ,subm]g$ ,vegetation ( ,lake ,w9d]m]e z ,affect+ ! ,fe$+ ,gr\nd ( ,fi%4 ,mem4 & ,pro4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc41 ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 #aijh-aiji1 ,vol4 ,,liii1 ,mem4 #aa1 pp4 #a-i4 ,,transeau1 ,e4 ,n4 #aijh4 ,! ,relation ( ,plant ,societies to ,evaporation4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #bag-bca4 ,%[s vegetational control ^u ! relative humidity ( ! air4 ,,full]1 ,g4 ,d4 #aiaa4 ,evaporation & ,plant ,succession4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,lii1 pp4 #aic-bjh4 ,fur!r /udies ( ! vegetational control ( ! relative evaporat+ p[] ( ! air4 ,,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e4 #aijg4 ,prelim9>y ,note on ! ,di/ribution ( ! ,tig] ,beetles 7,cic9dela7 & its ,relation to ,plant ,succession4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #i-ad4 ,! sequ5ce ( vegetational *anges :i* det]m9e ! habitats ( a pr$ace\s insect4 #aiab4 ,ecological ,succession4 ,,iv4 ,vegetation & ! ,control ( ,l& ,animal ,communities4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #ei-ii4 ,an important pap] correlat+ ! developm5t ( ! vegetation & ! *ang+ animal associations4 ,,cook1 ,o4 ,f4 #aiji4 ,vegetation ,affect$ by ,agriculture 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ade4 pp4 #cj4 ,vegetational *ange 9 ! tropics z affect$ by man & its relation to plant succession4 ,,f]n[1 ,b4 ,e41 & ,,h>r+ton1 ,m4 ,w41 & o!rs4 #ahic4 ,=e/ ,influ5ces4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,=e/ry ,div41 ,bull4 ,no4 #g4 pp4 #aig4 ,v valuable discussion ( ! atmosph]ic conditions 9 & ab\t woodl&s2 temp]ature1 evaporation1 etc41 9 op5 & wood$ areas4 ,n writt5 f ! process /&po9t1 b capable ( su* an int]pretation4 7,see ,figures #f & #g47 ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aije4 ,! ,po/glacial ,disp]sal ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,biota4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #ec-ga4 ,climatic sequ5ces appli$ to inl& habitats & ! succession ( _! associations4 #aiji4 ,isle ,royale z a ,biotic ,environm5t4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aijh1 pp4 #a-ef4 ,an attempt is made to treat ! environm5t & biota f bo? ! dynamic or process /&po9t--s f> z ! pres5t processes are conc]n$--& g5etically ) reg>d to ! developm5t ( ! pres5t conditions4 ,,ru?v51 ,a4 ,g4 #aijf4 ,an ,ecological ,survey 9 ! ,porcup9e ,m\nta9s & ,isle ,royale1 ,mi*igan4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aije1 pp4 #ag-ee4 ,! environm5t & biotic associations are treat$ f ! dynamic & g5etic /&po9t4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,ord]ly ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,metabolism1 ,,gr[?1 ,,developm5t1 ,,physiological ,,conditions1 ,,& ,,behavior1 ,,or 8,,! ,,liv+ ,,organism ,,& ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,take ,,place ,,9 ,,x0 ,,! ,,dynamic ,,or ,,process ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,animal #a4 ,g5]al ,physiology & ,developm5t4 #b4 ,a ,selection ( ,physiological & ,ecological ,pap]s4 #c4 ,animal ,behavior z a ,process4 #d4 ,a ,li/ ( ,select$ ,reviews & ,bibliographies4 #e4 ,a ,selection ( ,ref]5ces on ,life ,hi/ories & ,behavior4 8,see+1 !n1 t 9 all cases we may consid] ! ext]nal ph5om5a z simply 9 relation1 & ! int]nal ph5om5a also z simply 9 relation2 ! broade/ & mo/ complete def9ition ( ,life w be--,! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations40--,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 8,x is ( ! utmo/ importance1 if we are to und]/& ! behavior ( organisms1 t we ?9k ( !m z dynamic--z processes1 r ?an z /ructures4 ,! animal is some?+ happ5+40--,h4 ,s4 ,,j5n+s 7#aijg74 ,n only is ! environm5t subject to an ord]ly sequ5ce ( *anges1 b ?is same law applies ) equal ?or\ghness to ! liv+ animal itself4 ,! animal is an ag5t :i* trans=ms1 9 8an ord]ly sequ5ce10 by its processes ( metabolism1 bo? en]gy & sub/ance1 result+ 9 gr[?1 diff]5tiation1 multiplication1 & behavior4 ,^! activities take place 9 an ord]ly mann] & are dep5d5t ^u bo? en]gy & sub/ance d]iv$ f ! environm5t4 ,= ^! reasons ! processes or *anges 9 metabolism1 gr[?1 developm5t1 & behavior1 9 s f> z !y are responses to ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( environm5tal *anges1 are ecological problems4 ,! *anges 9 behavior dur+ ! life ( ! animal or ! developm5t ( its behavior give "o ( ! ma9 clues to ! physiological conditions :i* det]m9e "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic =ms ( responses1 & f9ally z a result ( all ^! activities & processes ( adju/m5t to ! conditions ( life1 a relatively mature & adju/$ condition ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 animals & associations may be rea*$1 ! culm9ation ( animal h>monies4 ,= ?is reason /udies 9 modifications ( behavior are ( fundam5tal ecological importance1 because !y consid] behavior n only z ready-made1 b also 9 ! process ( mak+4 ,su* consid]ations z ^! make x desirable to include "s ( ! mo/ valuable & sugge/ive books & pap]s :i* deal ) ^? g5]al physiological processes influ5c+ gr[?1 developm5t1 multiplication1 & behavior1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* aid "o 9 realiz+ _! ord] or successive *anges1 or 8ord]ly sequ5ce40 ,9 /udy+ ! activities ( ! individual animal1 ! normal environm5t to :i* x is attun$ =ms ! natural unit or basis = /udy4 ,all processes :i* modify or *ange su* an optimum w /imulate ! animal1 cause responses & adju/m5ts4 ,!re are _m degrees or /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ^! optima :i* *ange ) ! functional rhy?ms & ) ! developm5t ( ! animal4 ,!re are ^? conditions :i* influ5ce ! activity ( c]ta9 functions or organs2 ^? :i* influ5ce ! g5]al vital processes 9 g5]al1 ! vital optimum2 ^? :i* appe> to condition ! be/ developm5t ( c]ta9 families1 g5]a1 etc42 & f9ally ^? ( animal associations4 ,( c\rse ^! grade imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r1 & a s+le animal may 9 its developm5t1 trav]se all ( ^! /ages 9 ! developm5t ( its associational optimum4 ,optima ?us h hi/ories1 & _! developm5t & laws ( trans=mation are ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ecological importance 7,adams1 #aijd1 #aiji2 ,blackman1 #aije1 #aijf2 ,%el=d1 #aiaa1 #aiab74 ,9 ! selection ( ^! pap]s ,i h be5 guid$ by sev]al consid]ations4 ,/udies ( common animals are giv5 pref]5ce1 also ^? pap]s :i* by _! me?od ( treatm5t & po9t ( view are especially sugge/ive & may act z models = fur!r /udy1 & p>ticul>ly ^? pap]s :i* treat ( ! activities f ! /&po9t ( _! *anges1 cycles1 modifiability1 & developm5t4 ,x is to su* pap]s t we mu/ look = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! me?ods or processes ( adju/m5t betwe5 ! animal & ! environm5t4 ,all ( ^! pap]s are n equally ecological1 b all w be ( mu* utility 9 ecological "w4 7,g5]al works are li/$ fir/1 foll[$ by special pap]s arrang$ alphabetically47 #a4 ,g5]al ,physiology & ,developm5t ,,v]worn1 ,m4 #ahii4 ,g5]al ,physiology4 pp4 #fae4 ,new ,york4 ,a v good g5]al summ>y1 b some:at out ( date4 ,!re is a ,g]man edition ( #aiji 7fif?74 ,,ros5?al1 ,j4 #aija4 ,lehrbu* d] ,allgeme95 ,physiologie4 pp4 #faf4 ,leipzig4 ,f,,r?1 ,o4 ,,von4 #aijc4 ,v]glei*5de *emis*e ,physiologic d] ni$]5 ,ti]e4 pp4 #fgj4 ,j5a4 ,an excell5t g5]al "w4 ,indisp5sable4 ,full ref]5ces4 ,p,,tt]1 ,a4 #aiaa4 ,v]glei*5de ,physiologie4 pp4 #gba4 ,j5a4 ,,w9t]/e91 ,h4 7,editor74 #aiaj4 ,h&bu* d] v]glei*5d5 ,physiologie4 7,to be complet$ 9 f\r volumes47 ,j5a4 ,,hamm>/51 ,o4 7,trans4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,,m&el47 #aiaa4 ,a ,text-,book ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 ,six? ,edition1 pp4 #ifd4 ,new ,york4 ,,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b4 #aijh4 ,exp]im5tal ,morphology1 pp4 #eji4 ,new ,york4 ,excell5t summ>ies & full ref]5ces to ! influ5ce ( v>i\s /imuli ^u gr[? & ^u protoplasm4 ,,loeb1 ,j4 #aijf4 ,! ,dynamics ( ,liv+ ,matt]4 pp4 #bcc4 ,new ,york4 ,,przibram1 ,h4 #aiaj4 ,exp]im5tal-,zoologie4 #c4 ,phylog5ese4 pp4 #cae4 ,leipzig & ,vi5na4 ,,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s4 #aijf4 ,behavior ( ! ,l[] ,organisms1 pp4 #cff4 ,new ,york4 ,! g5]al *apt]s are p>ticul>ly helpful4 ,,morgan1 ,t4 ,h4 #aijg4 ,exp]im5tal ,zology1 pp4 #ded4 ,new ,york4 ,summ>ies ( a v>iety ( exp]im5tal /udies4 ,,semp]1 ,k4 #ahha4 ,animal ,life z ,affect$ by ! ,natural ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce4 pp4 #dgb4 ,new ,york4 8#8,! ,physiology ( ,organisms1' 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,physiology ( ,organs1 444 is t bran* ( animal biology :i* reg>ds ! species ( animals z actualities & inve/igates ! reciprocal relations :i* adju/ ! balance betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( any species & ! natural1 ext]nal conditions ( its exi/5ce1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m40 p4 #cc4 ,,j5s51 ,p4 #aijg4 ,organis*e ,zweckmssigkeit1 ,entwicklung und ,v]]bung vom ,/&punkt d] ,physiologie4 ,j5a4 pp4 #bea4 ,,v]non1 ,h4 ,m4 #aijc4 ,v>iation 9 ,animals & ,plants4 pp4 #dae4 ,london4 ,,v>igny1 ,h4 ,,de4 #ahib4 ,exp]im5tal ,evolution1 pp4 #bga4 ,new ,york4 ,,ba*metjew1 ,p4 #aija-aijg4 ,exp]im5telle entomologis*e ,/udi5 vom physikalis*-*emis*5 ,/&punkt aus4 ,bd4 ,i4 ,temp]aturv]hltnisse bei ,insekt54 pp4 #afj4 ,leipzig4 #aija4 ,bd4 ,,ii4 ,e9fluss d] ,auss]5 ,faktor5 auf ,insekt54 pp4 #idd4 ,sophia4 #aijg4 ,an extremely valuable index to environm5tal influ5ces ^u insects4 ,num]\s summ>ies4 ,,h]rick1 ,c4 ,l4 #aijf4 ,applications ( ,dynamic ,!ory to ,physiological ,problems4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cfb-cge4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,h4 ,m4 #aiaj4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,response to ,*emical ,/imulation4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #eb-fb4 ,,s*,,f]1 ,e4 ,a4 #aiab4 ,! ,nature1 ,orig9 & ,ma9t5ance ( ,life4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #bhi-cab4 ,,bask]ville1 ,c4 #aije4 ,life & ,*emi/ry4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #fda-fdh4 ,,morgan1 ,t4 ,h4 #aiaj4 ,*ance or ,purpose 9 ! ,orig9 & ,evolution ( ,adaptation4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #bja-baj4 ,,ma!ws1 ,a4 ,p4 #aije4 ,a ,!ory ( ! ,nature ( ,protoplasmic ,respiration & ,gr[?4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cca-cdf4 ,,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s4 #aiab4 ,age1 ,dea? & ,conjugation 9 ! ,light ( ,"w on ,l[] ,organisms4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxx1 pp4 #efc-egg4 ,dea? is due to diff]5tiation & n to a 8runn+ d[n0 ( ! organism4 ,,lillie1 ,f4 ,r4 #aiji4 ,! ,!ory ( ,individual ,developm5t4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxv1 pp4 #bci-beb4 ,,holmes1 ,s4 ,j4 #aijd4 ,! ,problem ( ,=m ,regulation4 ,ar*iv fr ,entwickelungsme*anik d] ,organism5 7,r\x71 ,bd4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bfe-cje4 #aijg4 ,reg5]ation z ,functional ,adju/m5t4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #dai-dcj4 ,,wilson1 ,e4 ,b4 #aije4 ,! ,problem ( ,developm5t4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bha-bid4 ,,%]r+ton1 ,c4 ,s4 #aijf4 ,! ,integrative ,action ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 pp4 #daa4 ,new ,york4 ,! activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em is view$ z a regulatory process4 ,! simil> responses to div]se /imuli or ! simil> results produc$ by div]se causes are ! conditions :i* make an analysis & ! isolation ( causes necess>y4 ,) dep>tures f ! normal & optimum into zones ( /imulation & ( unfavorable conditions _m simil> effects or results are produc$4 ,! simil> results ( extremes ( high & l[ temp]ature z %[n 9 ,fis*]'s exp]im5ts on ,lepidopt]a1 & ! effects ( high temp]atures1 aridity1 & ! lack ( oxyg5 may be cit$ z examples4 ,su* effects h an important be>+ ^u ! subject ( physical & *emical limit+ factors :i* influ5ce individuals1 aggregations1 & associations4 ,,blackman1 ,f4 ,f4 #aije4 ,optima & ,limit+ ,factors4 ,ann4 ( ,bot41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #bha-bie4 8,:5 a process is condition$ z to its rapidity by a numb] ( sep>ate factors1 ! rate ( ! process is limit$ by ! pace ( ! #8sl[e/' factor40 p4 #bhi4 #aijh4 ,! ,manife/ations ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,*emical ,me*anics 9 ! ,liv+ ,plant4 ,briti% ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #aijh1 pp4 #a-ah4 ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aijd4 ,on ! ,analogy ,betwe5 ! ,dep>ture f ,optimum ,vital ,conditions & ,dep>ture f ,geographic ,life ,c5t]s4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #baj-baa4 ,,greeley1 ,a4 ,w4 #aija4 ,on ! ,analogy ,betwe5 ! ,effects ( ,loss ( ,wat] & ,l[]+ ( ,temp]ature4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #abb-abh4 ,,zoe?\t1 ,w4 ,d4 #ahii4 ,on ,"s ,analogies ,betwe5 ! ,physiological ,effects ( ,high ,temp]ature1 ,lack ( ,oxyg51 & ,c]ta9 ,poisons4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbj-bdb4 ,,lyon1 ,e4 ,p4 #aijb4 ,effects ( ,potassium ,cyanide & ( ,lack ( ,oxyg5 ^u ! ,f]tiliz$ ,eggs & ! ,embryos ( ! ,sea-,ur*9 7,arbacia punctulata74 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #ef-ge4 ,,pack>d1 ,w4 ,h4 #aije4 ,on ,resi/ance to ,lack ( ,oxyg5 & on a ,me?od ( ,increas+ ?is ,resi/ance4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #cj-da4 #aijg4 ,! ,effect ( ,c>bohydrates on ,resi/ance to ,lack ( ,oxyg54 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #afd-ahj4 ,,fis*]1 ,e4 #aijc4 ,lepidopt]ologis*e ,exp]im5tal-,=s*ung54 ,,iii4 ,allgem4 ,zeit4 fr ,entomologie1 ,bd4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bba-bbh4 ,^! exp]im5ts illu/rate 9 a v /rik+ mann] h[ abnormally high & l[ temp]atures produce ! same k9d ( effect or response4 #b4 ,a ,selection ( ,physiological & ,ecological ,pap]s 7,alphabetically arrang$7 ,,cless91 ,s4 #ahig4 b] d5 ,e9fluss d] ,umgebung auf die ,gehuse d] ,s*neck54 ,wrttemb]g naturw4 ,jahre%efte #ec1 pp4 #fh-hf4 ,,colton1 ,h4 ,s4 #aijh4 ,"s ,effects ( ,environm5t on ! ,gr[? ( ,lymnaea columella ,say4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aijh1 pp4 #daj-ddh4 ,,kell]1 ,c4 #ahhg4 ,humusbildung und ,bod5kultur unt] dem ,e9fluss ti]is*] ,?tigkeit4 ,n se54 ,,knau!1 ,k4 #ahih4 ,zur ,k5ntnis des ,/(fwe*sels d] ,fis*e4 ,ar*iv f4 d4 gesammte ,physiol4 7,pflg]71 ,bd4 ,,lxxiii1 pp4 #dij-ejj4 ,,lang1 ,a4 #ahhh4 b] d5 ,e9fluss d] fe/sitz5d5 ,leb5sweise auf die ,?i]e und b] d5 ,ursprung d] unges*li*tli*5 ,=tpflanzung dur* ,!ilung und ,knospung4 pp4 #aff4 ,j5a4 ,,loc>d1 ,a4 #ahib4 ,l',influ5ce des ,milieux sur le ,dveloppem5t des ,mollusques4 pp4 #adj4 ,lyon4 ,,m>%all1 ,f4 ,h4 #aiaj4 ,! ,physiology ( ,reproduction4 pp4 #gjf4 ,london4 ,,mill]1 ,n4 #aiji4 ,! ,am]ican ,toad 7,bufo l5tig9osus am]icanus ,le ,conte74 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #fda-ffh1 #gcj-gde4 ,a /udy ( ! natural hi/ory ( a s+le species4 ,,riddle1 ,o4 #aiji4 ,! ,rate ( ,dige/ion 9 ,cold-,blood$ ,v]tebrates1--,! ,influ5ce ( ,season & ,temp]ature4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #ddg-deh4 ,,russell1 ,e4 ,s4 #aijh4 ,environm5tal ,/udies on ! ,limpet4 ,proc4 ,zol4 ,soc41 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #hef-hgj4 ,,s*iem5z1 ,p4 #aiaa4 ,v]glei*ung d] ,fru*tb>keit von ,se5 und ,fluss54 ,aus deuts*] ,fis*]ei4 pp4 #ge-hb4 ,neudamm4 ,a comp>ison ( ! relative productivity ( fi% 9 /&+ & runn+ wat] environm5ts4 ,,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e4 #aiaa4 ,physiological ,animal ,geography4 ,j\r4 ,morph41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #eea-fah4 ,an important pap]4 ,expla9s ! habitats & di/ribution ( animals z due to physiological responses & *>act]s4 ,! dynamic & g5etic /&po9t ( ! pres5t writ] 7p4 #eee7 is errone\sly contra/$ ) a physiological process4 ,! dynamic includes all processes1 ! physiologic process is a species ( ?is g5us4 ,! g5etic is ! application ( processes to expla9 orig9s4 ,! responsive & functional processes are dynamic 9 "*4 #aiab4 ,ecological ,succession4 ,v4 ,aspects ( ,physiological ,classification4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #cca-cgj4 ,fur!r /udies along ! l9es ( ! prec$+ pap]4 ,,vire1 ,a4 #ahif4 ,modifications ,produc$ 9 ! ,organs ( ,s5se & ( ,nutrition 9 ,c]ta9 ,ar?ropods by ,conf9em5t 9 ,caves4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 7#f71 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #djg-djh4 ,,vossel]1 ,j4 #aijb4 b] ,anpassung und *emis*e ,v]!idigungs mittel bei nordafrikanis*5 ,or?opt]54 ,v]h4 ,deuts*4 ,zool4 ,gesell4 #aijb1 pp4 #ajh-abj4 #aijb-aijc4 ,beitrge zur ,fauni/ik und ,biologie d] ,or?opt]5 ,alg]i5s und ,tunesi5s4 ,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,abteilung f4 ,sy/4 ,geog4 u4 ,biol4 d] ,ti]e1 ,bd4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #ccg-djd2 ,bd4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #a-ih4 #c4 ,animal ,behavior z a ,process 8,! actual me?od ( "w is to fir/ wat* ! organism "u its natural environm5t1 until "o f9ds out all ?+s x does4 ,!n ! environm5t is *ang$ a little1 to see :at diff]5ce ?is makes 9 ! behavior4 ,we ?us try all sorts ( diff]5t ways ( gett+ ! animal to *ange its behavior1--includ+ ! application ( def9ite *emical & physical reag5ts ( mo/ v>i$ "*4444 ,we ?us try to f9d ! organism's sy/em ( behavior & ! ?+s t influ5ce x1--becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! creature z we might get acqua9t$ ) a p]son ) :om we are ?r[n mu* 9 contact40--,h4 ,s4 ,,j5n+s 7#aiaj74 8,my object be+ ! /udy ( ! correlative in/9cts ( ! "y & adult 9 relation to all t c\ld be le>n$ ab\t !m 9 a natural environm5t1 ,i h foll[$ my usual cu/om ( go+ out to ! birds1 in/ead ( tak+ !m into ! laboratory4 ,! facts :i* ! laboratory c be made to yield are invaluable1 b !y belong to a diff]5t class f ^? = :i* we are n[ ma9ly 9 se>*1 behavior "u ! usual or normal conditions40--,f4 ,h4 ,,h]rick 7#aiaj74 8,z w be se51 ^! /udies include bo? field & laboratory "w1 especially ( ! ,am]ican species1 & ,i h made ! field "w emphatic :]ev] at all practicable4 ,i h else:]e 7#aiji1 p4 #aeg7 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,vii emphasiz$ ! cry+ ne$ = l>g] att5tion to ?is phase ( exp]im5tal "w1 believ+ t 9 _m cases x is all b impossible to secure tru/wor?y results z to behavior ( animals :]e ! "w has be5 done "u su* unusual1 unnatural & artificial conditions z mo/ laboratory provisions af=d4 ,:at "r has "o to assume t ! actions ( an animal tak5 rudely f its natural habitat & z rudely imprison$ 9 "s improvis$ cage are 9 any sci5tific s5se an expression ( its normal behavior1 ei!r physical or psy*ical8 ,is x )9 ! range ( ! calculus ( probability t conclusions drawn f obs]vations made ^u an animal 9 ! %all[ conf9es ( a f+]-b[l1 b ^: habitat has be5 ! op5 sea1 are :olly tru/wor?y8 ,x is no "p ( my purpose to discr$it ! laboratory or laboratory appliances z relat$ to su* inve/igations4 ,!y are indisp5sable4 ,b at ! same "t let x be recogniz$ t !y are at be/ b artificial make-%ifts ^: values1 unless *eck$ up by con/ant appeal to nature1 mu/ be tak5 at some?+ ( disc\nt4444 ,x seems to ! writ] t until "o has be5 able to place 8 specim5s "u conditions approximat+ ! natural1 or has at lea/ br\ght !m to a /ate ( semi-dome/ication1 :]e 9 food-tak+1 evid5ce ( heal?1 etc41 !y are at ease1 he has small "r to dogmatize z to conclusions1 or presume to make su* conclusions ! basis ( s-call$ laws ( behavior4 ,n a little ( rec5t inve/igation along ! l9es ( behavior has be5 vitiat$ at j ?is po9t1 & mu/ be repeat$ to be made tru/wor?y4 ,! amaz+ mass ( contradictory results :i* has load$ ! lit]ature ( rec5t ye>s is attributable to "s ext5t to ?is mis=tune40--,c4 ,w4 ,,h>gitt 7#aiab74 8,we are apt to contra/ ! extremes ( in/9ct & intellig5ce1 to emphasize ! bl9dness & inflexibility ( ! "o & ! consci\sness & fre$om ( ! o!r4 ,x is l contra/+ ! extremes ( light & d>k & =gett+ all ! transitional degrees ( twilight4444 ,in/9ct is bl9d2 s is ! highe/ human wisdom bl9d4 ,! di/9ction is "o ( degree4 ,!re is no absolute bl9dness on ! "o side1 & no absolute wisdom on ! o!r40--,c4 ,o4 ,,:itman 7#ahii74 ,! prec$5ce "h giv5 to *anges 9 behavior is 9 h>mony ) ! emphasis :i* is put ^u processes & g5etic phases or sequ5ces ?r\gh\t ?is book4 ,z ,holmes 7#aije1 p4 #ajh7 has well po9t$ out1 behavior consi/s ( relatively fix$ & relatively *angeable responses1 ) int]gradations4 ,!re are ?us two av5ues ( approa* :i* he sums up z foll[s 7p4 #aab73 8,9 ! trial & error me?od ! r&om "* ( ! movem5t impresses u mo/2 9 ! tropisms1 ! elem5t ( direct det]m9ation by ! environm5t4 ,bo? ( ^! factors run ?r\gh ! behavior ( all animals1 b !y are m+l$ 9 v>i\s proportions 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,9 ! lives ( mo/1 if n all animals bo? are ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! organism to its conditions ( exi/5ce40 ,& 9 reg>d to ^? responses :i* d n *ange 9 =m ) exp]i5ce1 he says 7p4 #ajf73 8,! elem5t ( spontane\s undirect$ activity is "o ( va/ if n ess5tial importance 9 ! life ( ne>ly all animals4 ,! simpl] animals pr(it by _! v>i$ exp]i5ce1 al?\gh !y may n le>n1 & ?us secure "s ( ! advantages :i* x is g5]ally consid]$ ! special function ( intellig5ce to conf]40 ,?us to ! ecologi/ /udy+ ! sequ5ces ( *anges 9 ! environm5t1 & *anges 9 ! organism1 x is b natural & consi/5t = him to apply ! same me?ods to behavior1 9 ord] to facilitate _! mutual relations & aid 9 _! int]pretation4 ,9 a /udy ( ! environm5t we also h ! relatively /able elem5ts & ! relatively rapidly *ang+ ones1 & any adequate und]/&+ ( animals mu/ correlate ^! f\r v>iables3 two relatively *ang+1 "o 9 ! organism & "o 9 ! environm5t2 & two o!rs relatively /able1 "o 9 ! organism & ! o!r 9 ! environm5t4 ,,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s4 #aije4 ,! ,me?od ( ,regulation 9 ,behavior & 9 ,o!r ,fields4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dgc-did4 ,,holmes1 ,s4 ,j4 #aije4 ,! ,selection ( ,r&om ,movem5ts z a ,factor 9 ,phototaxis4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #ih-aab4 ,,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s4 #aije4 ,modifiability 9 ,behavior4 ,i4 ,behavior ( ,sea ,anemones4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ddg-dgb4 #aijf4 ,modifiability 9 ,behavior1 ,,ii4 ,factors ,det]m9+ ,direction & ,"* ( ,movem5t 9 ! ,e>?worm4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #dce-dee4 #aijf4 ,behavior ( ! ,l[] ,organisms1 pp4 #cff4 ,new ,york4 #aijg4 ,behavior ( ! ,/>fi% 7,a/]ias ,=r]i ,de ,loriol74 ,univ4 ,calif4 ,pub4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ec-ahe4 ,,walt]1 ,h4 ,e4 #aijg4 ,! ,reactions ( ,plan>ians to ,light4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ce-afb4 ,,y]kes1 ,r4 ,m4 #aija4 ,! ,=mation ( ,habits 9 ! ,turtle4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #eai-ebe4 ,,pe>l1 ,r4 #aijd4 ,on ! ,behavior & ,reactions ( ,limulus 9 ,e>ly ,/ages ( its ,developm5t4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #ach-afd4 ,,hadley1 ,p4 ,b4 #aijh4 ,! ,behavior ( ! ,l>val & ,adolesc5t ,/ages ( ! ,am]ican ,lob/] 7,hom>us ,am]icanus74 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #aii-cja4 ,,may]1 ,a4 ,g41 & ,,s\le1 ,c4 ,g4 #aijf4 ,"s ,reactions ( ,cat]pill>s & ,mo?s4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #dae-dcc4 ,,craig1 ,w4 #aijh4 ,! ,voices ( ,pigeons ,reg>d$ z a ,means ( ,social ,control4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sociol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #hf-ajj4 ,,h]rick1 ,f4 ,h4 #aiab4 ,organization ( ! ,gull ,community4 ,proc4 ,sev5? ,int]4 ,zol4 ,cong41 ,bo/on1 #aijg1 pp4 #aef-aeh4 ,,y]kes1 ,a4 ,w4 #aijf4 ,modifiability ( ,behavior 9 ,hydroides ,dian?us ,v4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #dda-ddi4 ,,y]kes1 ,r4 ,m41 & ,,hugg9s1 ,g4 ,e4 #aijc4 ,habit ,=mation 9 ! ,crawfi%1 ,camb>us aff9is4 ,psy*ol4 ,rev42 ,s]ies ( ,monog4 ,suppl41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 ,i2 ,h>v>d ,psy*ol4 ,/udies1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #efe-egg4 ,,y]kes1 ,r4 ,m4 #aije4 ,animal ,psy*ology & ! ,crit]ia ( ! ,psy*ic4 ,j\r4 ,phil41 ,psy*ol41 & ,sci4 ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ada-adi4 #aije4 ,conc]n+ ! ,g5etic ,relations ( ,types ( ,action4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #acb-acg4 ,,allee1 ,w4 ,c4 #aiab4 ,an ,exp]im5tal ,analysis ( ! ,relation betwe5 ,physiological ,/ates & ,rheotaxis 9 ,isopoda4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #bfi-cdd4 ,a /udy ( ! responses ( pond & /ream ,isopods to natural & exp]im5tal conditions4 ,,wa%burn1 ,m4 ,f4 #aijh4 ,! ,animal ,m9d4 pp4 #ccc4 ,new ,york4 ,= modifications ( behavior by exp]i5ce see pp4 #bje-bfi4 ,also _m ref]5ces on behavior4 #d4 ,a ,li/ ( ,select$ ,reviews & ,bibliographies #aiaa4 ,reviews ( pap]s on animal behavior = #aiaj4 ,j\r4 ,animal ,behavior1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cic-dee1 #dfe-dgj4 ,reviews by ,holmes1 ,turn]1 ,:eel]1 ,watson1 & ,bohn4 ,,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s4 #aiji4 ,! ,"w ( ,j4 von ,uexkuell on ! ,physiology ( ,movem5ts & ,behavior4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #cac-ccf4 ,,congdon1 ,e4 ,d4 #aijh4 ,rec5t ,/udies ^u ! ,locomotor ,responses ( ,animals to ,:ite ,light4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #cji-cbh4 ,,ma/1 ,s4 ,o4 #aiaj4 ,lit]ature ( ! ,pa/ ,ye> on ! ,behavior ( ,l[] ,organisms4 ,psy*ol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #bfg-bhj4 #aiaa4 ,rec5t ,lit]ature on ! ,behavior ( ! ,l[] ,inv]tebrates4 ,psy*ol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bfc-bgg4 ,,y]kes1 ,r4 ,m4 #aijf4 ,george ,bohn's ,/udies 9 ,animal ,behavior4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #bca-bch4 ,,wa%burn1 ,m4 ,f4 #aijh4 ,fr5* ,"w 9 ,comp>ative ,psy*ology = ! ,pa/ ,two ,ye>s4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #eaa-ebj4 ,,wa%burn1 ,m4 ,f4 7,editor74 #aiab4 ,comp>ative ,psy*ology ,numb]4 ,psy*ol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,no4 #h1 pp4 #bha-cac4 ,reviews by ,pe>se1 ,turn]1 & ,wa%burn4 ,,c\es1 ,e4 #ahgg4 ,monograph ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,rod5tia4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,t]r4 7,hayd571 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ,conta9s on pp4 #bee-bfd & #iea-ajha an ext5sive bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican mammals1 & includes mu* on _! habits4 #e4 ,a ,selection ( ,ref]5ces on ,life ,hi/ories & ,behavior 7,alphabetically arrang$7 ,,&rews1 ,e4 ,a4 #aijf4 ,egg-lay+ ( ,crayfi%4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xl1 pp4 #cdc-cef4 #aijd4 ,bre$+ ,habits ( ,crayfi%4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #afe-bjf4 ,,bak]1 ,f4 ,c4 #aiaa4 ,ecology ( ,lymnz4 pp4 #ai-ea4 ,lymnid ( ,nor? & ,middle ,am]ica ,rec5t & ,fossil4 ,special ,pub4 ,no4 #c1 ,*icago ,acad4 ,sci5ces4 ,,banta1 ,a4 ,m4 #aiaj4 ,a ,comp>ison ( ! ,reactions ( a ,species ( ,surface ,isopod ) ^? ( a ,subt]ranean ,species4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,"p ,i1 ,exp]im5ts ) ,light1 pp4 #bdc-caj2 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #dci-dhh4 ,,beld+1 ,d4 ,l41 & ,,lane1 ,f4 ,c4 #aiji4 ,! ,%ellfi%]ies ( ,massa*usetts3 _! ,pres5t ,condition & ,ext5t4 ,report ^u ! ,mollusk ,fi%]ies ( ,massa*usetts1 pp4 #af-bcc4 ,bo/on4 ,conta9s "s excell5t photographs ( ! habitat4 #aiaj4 ,a ,report ^u ! ,scallop ,fi%]y ( ,massa*usetts1 includ+ ! ,habits1 ,life ,hi/ory ( ,pect5 irradians1 its ,rate ( ,gr[?1 & ,o!r ,facts ( ,economic ,value4 pp4 #aej4 ,bo/on4 #aiaa4 ,! ,life ,hi/ory & ,gr[? ( ! ,quahaug 7,v5us m]c5>ia74 ,rep4 ,mass4 ,comm4 ,fi%]ies & ,game = #aiaj1 pp4 #ah-abh4 ,bo/on4 ,^! pap]s are examples ( appli$ ecology1 & conta9 mu* on ! life hi/ories & habits ( ^! mollusks4 ,,b5dire1 ,c4 #ahib4 ,life ,hi/ories ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds ) ,special ,ref]5ce to _! ,bre$+ ,habits & ,eggs1 ) ,twelve ,li?ographic ,plates4 ,smi?sonian ,in/41 ,special ,bull4 ,no4 #a4 pp4 #dad4 #ahie4 ,life ,hi/ories ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds1 f ! ,p>rots to ! ,grackles1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to _! ,bre$+ ,habits & ,eggs4 ,smi?sonian ,in/41 ,special ,bull4 pp4 #ejh4 ,,blackwall1 ,j4 #ahgc4 ,rese>*es 9 ,zology4 ,london4 ,n se5 by writ]4 ,b,,v+1 ,a4 ,g4 #aiaj4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,l>v ( ,donaci94 ,int]4 ,revue d] gesamt5 ,hydrobiol4 u4 ,hydrog41 ,bd4 ,,iii1 ,biol4 ,suppl41 ,heft ,i1 pp4 #a-ajh4 ,,buttel-,,reep51 ,h4 ,,von4 7,trans4 by ,m4 ,h4 ,,geisl]47 #aijg4 ,are ,bees ,reflex ,ma*9es8 ,exp]im5tal ,contribution to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,honey-bee4 pp4 #dh4 ,m$9a1 ,ohio4 ,,calk9s1 ,m4 ,w4 #aije4 ,! ,limits ( ,g5etic & ( ,comp>ative ,psy*ology4 ,j\r4 ( ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bfa-bhe2 ,int]4 ,cong4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #gab-gcd4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,f4 ,w4 #aijh4 ,"s ,reactions ( ,drosophila1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,convulsive ,reflexes4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #dhc-dia4 #aiaj4 ,fe$+ ,reactions ( ! ,rose ,coral 7,isophyllia74 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,xlvi1 pp4 #adi-afb4 ,,ca/eel1 ,d4 ,b4 #aiaa4 ,! ,discrim9ative ,ability ( ! ,pa9t$ ,turtle4 ,j\r4 ,animal ,behavior1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a-bh4 ,,cl>ke1 ,w4 ,e4 #aiab4 ,/udies 9 ,bird ,migration4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cbc2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdf4 ,london4 ,bird migration may be /udi$ z a response ( ! animals to ! conditions ( _! life1 & ! above "w is a good example ( ! be/ k9d ( "w be+ done along ?is l9e4 ,,cole1 ,l4 ,j4 #aijg4 ,an ,exp]im5tal ,/udy ( ! ,image-,=m+ ,p[]s ( ,v>i\s ,types ( ,eyes4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci41 ,vol ,,xlii1 pp4 #cce-dag4 ,a /udy ( worms1 insects1 s[ bug1 snail1 slug1 & frogs4 #aiac4 ,direction ( ,locomotion ( ! ,/>fi% 7,a/]ias ,=besi74 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #a-cb4 ,,cole1 ,l4 ,w4 #aijg4 ,conc]n+ ! ,intellig5ce ( ,raccoons4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #baa-bfa4 #aiab4 ,obs]vations on ! ,s5ses & ,in/9cts ( ! ,raccoon4 ,j\r4 ,animal ,behavior1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bii-cji4 ,,cole1 ,l4 ,w41 & ,,long1 ,f4 ,m4 #aiji4 ,visual ,discrim9ation 9 ,raccoons4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #feg-fhc4 ,,colton1 ,h4 ,s4 #aijh4 ,h[ ,fulgur & ,sycotypus ,eat ,oy/]s1 ,mussels & ,clams4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aijh1 pp4 #c-aj4 ,,cok]1 ,r4 ,e4 #aijf4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory & ,cultivation ( ! ,diamond-,back ,t]rap9 ) ,notes on o!r ,=ms ( ,turtles4 ,bull4 ,no4 #ad1 ,n4 ,c>ol9a ,geol4 ,survey1 pp4 #a-fg4 ,,craig1 ,w4 #aiji4 ,! ,expressions ( ,emotion 9 ! ,pigeons4 ,i4 ,! ,blond ,r+-,dove 7,turtor risorius74 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #cj-hj4 ,,dawson1 ,j4 #aiaa4 ,! ,biology ( ,physa4 ,behavior ,monographs1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #a-abj4 ,behavior is relat$ to ! natural environm5t4 ,,davis1 ,h4 ,b4 #aijg4 ,! ,raccoon3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,animal ,intellig5ce4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #ddg-dhi4 ,,dean1 ,b4 #ahib4 ,! ,physical & ,biological ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,natural ,oy/] ,gr\nds ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,comm4 = #ahij1 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #cce-cfa4 ,conta9s good illu/rations ( ! oy/] habitat4 ,,dimon1 ,a4 ,c4 #aije4 ,! ,mud ,snail3 ,nassa obsoleta4 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,monogr4 ,v4 pp4 #dh4 ,a behavior /udy ( a m>9e snail4 ,,embody1 ,g4 ,c4 #aiab4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,/udy ( ! ,di/ribution1 ,food1 & ,reproductive ,capacity ( ,"s ,fre%-wat] ,amphipods4 ,int]4 ,revue4 d] gesamt5 ,hydrobiol4 u4 ,hydrog41 ,biol4 ,suppl4 ,,iii4 ,s]ie1 ,heft #b1 pp4 #a-cc4 ,,enteman1 ,m4 ,m4 #aijb4 ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,behavior ( ,social ,wasps4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #cci-cea4 ,,fabre1 ,j4 ,h4 7,translat$47 #aija4 ,insect ,life4 ,s\v5irs ( a ,naturali/4 pp4 #cbj4 ,london4 ,,fabre1 ,j4 ,h4 7,trans4 by ,,miall1 ,b47 #aiab4 ,social ,life 9 ! ,insect ,_w4 pp4 #cbg4 ,london4 ,,flor5t91 ,r4 #ahii4 tudes sur la ,faune des ,m>es ,sales de ,lorra9e4 ,ann4 des ,sci4 ,nat4 ,zol4 7#h ,s471 ,tome ,x1 pp4 #bji-cej4 ,,=el1 ,a4 7,trans4 by ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m47 #aijd4 ,ants & ,"s ,o!r ,insects4 ,religion ( ,sci4 ,libr>y ,no4 #ef4 pp4 #di4 ,*icago4 ,,=el1 ,a4 7,trans4 by ,,ye>sley1 ,m47 #aijh4 ,! ,s5ses ( ,insects1 pp4 #cbd4 ,london4 ,,gill1 ,t4 #aiji4 ,contributions to ! ,life ,hi/ories ( ,fi%es4 ,vol4 ,i1 #aijd-aijg4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,no4 #aheh4 ,a collection ( repr9ts on ! natural hi/ory ( fi%es1 includ+ mu* on _! habits4 ,,grave1 ,c4 #aijd4 ,inve/igations = ! ,promotion ( ! ,oy/] ,indu/ry ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,comm4 = #aijc1 pp4 #bdg-cda4 ,on pp4 #bfa-bfd ! gr[? or developm5t ( an oy/] reef is describ$4 ,?is illu/rates ecological succession on a reef4 ,! food & ! influ5ce ( /orms are describ$4 ,,groos1 ,k4 7,trans4 by ,,baldw91 ,e4 ,l47 #ahih4 ,! ,play ( ,animals4 pp4 #cda4 ,new ,york4 ,,gurley1 ,r4 ,r4 #aijb4 ,! ,habits ( ,fi%es4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #djh-dbe4 ,an important & app>5tly little kn[n pap] :i* expla9s ! spawn+ habits ( fi% & _! di/ribution 9 t]ms ( _! physiological responses4 ,comp>e ) ,%el=d's ,physiological ,animal ,geography4 #aiaa4 ,,hahn1 ,w4 #aijh4 ,"s ,habits & ,s5sory ,adaptations ( ,cave-inhabit+ ,bats4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #ace-aic4 ,,h>gitt1 ,c4 ,w4 #aijf4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,behavior ( ,tubicol\s ,annelids4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bie-cbj4 #aiji4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations on ! ,behavior ( ,tubicol\s ,annelids4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #aeg-ahg4 #aiab4 ,obs]vations on ! ,behavior ( ,tubicol\s ,annelids1 ,,iii4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #fg-id4 #aiab4 ,behavior & ,color ,*anges ( ,tree ,frogs4 ,j\r4 ,animal ,behavior1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ea-gh4 ,,h>ris1 ,j4 ,a4 #aijc4 ,an ,ecological ,catalogue ( ! ,crayfi%es belong+ to ! ,g5us ,camb>us4 ,kan4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ea-ahg4 ,habits & di/ribution ( crawfi%4 ,v useful ref]5ces to ! /ream environm5t & to crawfi%4 ,,h>tman1 ,c4 #aije4 ,obs]vations on ! ,habits ( ,"s ,solit>y ,wasps ( ,texas4 ,univ4 ( ,texas ,bull4 ,no4 #fe1 ,sci4 ,s]4 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #a-gb4 ,,h]rick1 ,c4 ,j4 #aijc4 ,! ,organ & ,s5se ( ,ta/e 9 ,fi%es4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,comm4 = #aijb1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #bcg-bgb4 ,,h]rick1 ,f4 ,h4 #aiaj4 ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce 9 ,birds4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxvi1 pp4 #ecb-eef2 ,vol4 ,,lxxvii1 pp4 #hb-ig1 #abb-ada4 #aiaj4 ,life & ,behavior ( ! ,cuckoo4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #afi-bcc4 ,illu/rates ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( =ms ( behavior4 #aiaa4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,lob/]4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,fi%]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xxix1 pp4 #adi-djh4 ,doc4 ,no4 #gdg4 ,,hodge1 ,c4 ,f4 #ahid4 ,! ,me?ods ( ,hom+ ,pigeons4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #geh-gge4 ,,holmes1 ,s4 ,j4 #aija4 ,obs]vations on ! ,habits & ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,amphi?oe longimana ,smi?4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #afe-aic4 #aijf4 ,dea?-,feign+ 9 ,ranatra4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #bjj-baf4 #aijh4 ,! ,in/9ct ( ,feign+ ,dea?4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxii1 pp4 #agi-ahe4 #aiaa4 ,! ,evolution ( ,animal ,intellig5ce4 pp4 #bif4 ,new ,york4 ,,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s4 #aiaj4 ,div]se ,ideals & ,div]g5t ,conclusions 9 ! ,/udy ( ,behavior 9 ,l[] ,organisms4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #cdi-cgj4 ,valuable = its discussion ( po9ts ( view 9 ! /udy ( behavior4 ,,kellogg1 ,j4 ,l4 #aijj4 ,obs]vations on ! ,life-,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,clam1 ,mya ,ar5>ia4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% & ,fi%]ies ,comm4 = #ahii1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #aic-bjb4 #aijc4 ,fe$+ ,habits & ,gr[? ( ,v5us ,m]c5>ia4 ,bull4 #ga1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,museum4 pp4 #bg4 ,albany4 #aijd4 ,conditions ,gov]n+ ,exi/5ce & ,gr[? ( ! ,s(t ,clam 7,mya ,ar5>ia74 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,comm4 ,fi% & ,fi%]ies = #aijc1 pp4 #aie-bbd4 ,a sugge/ive pap]4 #aije4 ,notes on ,m>9e ,food ,mollusks ( ,l\isiana4 ,bull4 ,no4 #c1 ,gulf ,biologic ,/ation4 pp4 #dc4 ,baton ,r\ge4 ,all ( ^! pap]s by ,kellogg are c>eful /udies ( ! relation ( animals to _! environm5t4 ,!y also %[ ! intimate relation ( ecology to economic problems4 ,biological surveys int5d$ = economic results %\ld be ecological 9 _! me?od4 #aiaj4 ,%ell-,fi% ,indu/ries4 pp4 #cfa4 ,new ,york1 ,h5ry ,holt & ,co4 ,a popul> summ>y ( ! m>9e %ell-fi% indu/ries ( ! ,am]ican coa/1 f ! /&po9t ( _! biology1 culture1 & utilization4 ,! oy/]1 h>d & s(t clams1 & scallops are consid]$4 ,! foll[+ subjects des]ve m5tion3 cili>y action1 fe$+ reflexes1 function ( mucus1 & food4 ,,lefevre1 ,g41 & ,,curtis1 ,w4 ,c4 #aiab4 ,/udies on ! ,reproduction & ,artificial ,propagation ( ,fre%-wat] ,mussels4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,fi%]ies = #aiaj1 ,bull4 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4 #aje-bja4 ,,lyon1 ,e4 ,p4 #aijd4 ,on ,rheotropism4 ,i4 ,rheotropism 9 ,fi%es4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #adi-afa4 ,,ma/1 ,s4 ,o4 #aiaa4 ,light & ! ,behavior ( ,organisms4 pp4 #daj4 ,new ,york4 ,an elaborate treatise on reactions to light4 ,,mead1 ,a4 ,d4 #aijj4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,/>-fi%4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,comm4 ,bull4 = #ahii1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #bjc-bbd4 ,,mi*ael1 ,e4 #aiaa4 ,classification & ,v]tical ,di/ribution ( ! ,*togna?a ( ! ,san ,diego ,region4 ,univ4 ( ,calif4 ,pub4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #ba-ahf4 ,! di/ribution is /udi$ z a response to ! conditions ( life1 & ! optima are det]m9$4 ,,mills1 ,w4 #ahih4 ,! ,nature & ,developm5t ( ,animal ,intellig5ce4 pp4 #cjg4 ,new ,york4 ,valuable acc\nt ( ! habits ( squirrels4 ,obs]vations on hib]nation1 & on ! psy*ic developm5t ( ! "y ( "s ( ! dome/ic animals4 ,,montgom]y1 ,t4 ,h4 #aijc4 ,/udies on ! ,habits ( ,spid]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,mat+ ,p]iod4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aijc1 pp4 #ei-adi4 ,conta9s a valuable bibliography4 #aijh4 ,fur!r ,/udies on ! ,activities ( ,araneads4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xlii1 pp4 #fig-gji4 #aiaj4 ,fur!r ,/udies on ! ,activities ( ,araneads1 ,,ii4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aiji1 pp4 #edh-efi4 #aiaj4 ,! ,significance ( ! ,c\rt%ip & ,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s ( ,araneads4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xliv1 pp4 #aea-agg4 ,,newman1 ,h4 ,h4 #aijf4 ,! ,habits ( ,c]ta9 ,tortoises4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #abf-aeb4 ,,newman1 ,h4 ,h41 & ,,patt]son1 ,j4 ,t4 #aiji4 ,field ,/udies ( ! ,behavior ( ! ,liz>d1 ,sceloporus ,sp9osus ,floridanus4 ,bull4 ,univ4 ( ,texas1 ,no4 #acg1 pp4 #a-bd4 ,,ortmann1 ,a4 ,e4 #aije4 ,! ,crawfi%es ( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,mem4 ,c>negie ,mus41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdc-ebc4 ,habits & habitats ( crawfi%4 ,,p>k]1 ,g4 ,h4 #aijc4 ,! ,phototropism ( ! ,m\rn+-cloak ,butt]fly1 ,vanessa ,antiopa ,l9n4 ,m>k ,anniv]s>y ,volume1 pp4 #dec-dfi4 ,new ,york4 #aijc4 ,! ,s5se ( ,he>+ 9 ,fi%es4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii1 pp4 #ahe-bjd4 #aije4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,lat]al-,l9e ,organs ( ,fi%es4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,fi%]ies1 ,bull4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #ahe-bjg4 #aijh4 ,! ,s5sory ,reactions ( ,amphioxus4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #dae-dee4 #aiaj4 ,! ,reactions ( ,sponges1 ) a ,consid]ation ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #a-da4 ,,pe>l1 ,r4 #aijc4 ,! ,movem5ts & ,reactions ( ,fre% ,wat] ,plan>ians4 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,micros4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,xlvi1 pp4 #eji-gad4 ,a good example ( a v detail$ /udy ( behavior ( a l[] animal4 ,,pe>se1 ,a4 ,s4 #aiaj4 ,! ,reactions ( ,amphibians to ,light4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #afa-bjh4 ,,peckham1 ,g4 ,w4 & ,e4 ,g4 #ahih4 ,on ! ,in/9cts & ,habits ( ! ,solit>y ,wasps4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ,wis4 ,geol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,surv4 pp4 #bde4 #aije4 ,wasps1 ,social & ,solit>y4 pp4 #caa4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york4 ,a revis$ & enl>g$ edition ( ! prec$+ ref]5ce4 ,,pi]sol1 ,w4 ,h4 #aiji4 ,! ,habits & ,l>val ,/ate ( ,ple?odon c9]eus ery?ronotus4 ,trans4 ,canadian ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #dfi-dic4 ,conta9s a useful li/ ( ref]5ces on ,amphibians4 ,,port]1 ,j4 ,p4 #aijd4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,/udy ( ! ,psy*ology ( ! ,engli% ,sp>r[4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #cac-cdf4 #aijf4 ,! ,habits1 ,in/9cts & ,m5tal ,p[]s ( ,spid]s1 ,g5]a ,argiope & ,epeira4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #cjf-ceg4 #aijf4 ,fur!r ,/udy ( ! ,engli% ,sp>r[ & ,o!r ,birds4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bdh-bga4 ,includes ! ,vesp] ,sp>r[1 ,c[bird1 ,common ,pigeon1 ,pass5g] ,pigeon1 & ,r$-head$ ,woodpeck]4 #aiaj4 ,intellig5ce & ,imitation 9 ,birds1 a ,crit]ion ( ,imitation4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #a-ga4 ,/udies ( ,engli% ,sp>r[1 ,c[bird1 ,sn[bird1 ,:ite-?roat$ ,sp>r[1 ,field ,sp>r[1 ,bluebird1 ,:ite-cr[n$ ,sp>r[1 ,fox1 ,song & ,tree ,sp>r[s1 ,blue ,jay1 ,baltimore ,oriole1 & ,cr[s4 ,,p\lton1 ,e4 ,b4 #ahif4 ,on ! ,c\rt%ip ( ,c]ta9 ,acridiid4 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 pp4 #bcc-beb4 ,,reigh>d1 ,j4 #aijc4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,amia calva ,l9nu4 ,m>k ,anniv]s>y ,volume1 pp4 #eg-aji4 ,,reynaud1 ,g4 #aijj4 ,! ,laws ( ,ori5tation ,among ,animals4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahih1 pp4 #dha-dih4 ,,riley1 ,c4 ,f4 ,c4 #aiab4 ,obs]vations on ! ,ecology ( ! ,dragon-,fly ,nymphs3 ,reactions to ,light & ,contact4 ,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,am]41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #bgc-bib4 ,,s*eff]1 ,t4 ,h4 #aije4 ,! ,cocoon+ ,habits ( ,spid]s4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #he-aad4 ,,seitz1 ,a4 #ahia4 ,allgeme9e ,biologie d] ,s*mett]l+e4 ,zool4 ,jahrb41 ,ab?4 ,sy/4 ,geog4 ,biol4 d] ,?i]e1 ,bd4 ,v1 pp4 #bha-cdc4 ,,seton1 ,,erne/ ,,?ompson4 #aiji4 ,life ,hi/ories ( ,nor!rn ,animals4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fgc1 & ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fgg-abfg4 ,new ,york4 ,valuable = life hi/ories & habits4 ,ext5sive bibliography4 ,,sev]91 ,h4 ,h4 ,p4 & ,h4 ,c4 #aiaa4 ,an ,exp]im5tal ,/udy on ! ,dea?-,feign+ ( ,belo/oma 7 ,zai?a ,aucct47 flum9eum ,say & ,nepa apiculata ,uhl]4 ,behavior ,monographs1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #a-dd4 ,,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e4 #aijh4 ,life-,hi/ories & ,l>val ,habits ( ! ,tig] ,beetles 7,cic9delid74 ,j\r4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4 #aeg-ahd4 ,,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e41 & ,,allee1 ,w4 ,c4 #aiac4 ,! ,reactions ( ,fi%es to ,gradi5ts ( ,dissolv$ ,atmosph]ic ,gases4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #bjg-bff4 ,! reaction ( fi% to oxyg5 & c>bonic acid2 ! latt] is consid]$ ! be/ s+le index to ! environm5t4 ,,simpson1 ,c4 ,t4 #ahii4 ,! ,pe>ly ,fre%-wat] ,mussels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 _! ,habits1 ,enemies1 & ,diseases2 ) ,sugge/ions = _! ,protection4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,comm4 ,bull4 = #ahih1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bgi-bhh4 ,,slad51 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4 #aiab4 ,! ,humble-,bee1 its ,life-,hi/ory & h[ to ,dome/icate x4 pp4 #bhc4 ,london4 ,a v valuable acc\nt ( ! ,briti% species1 ) num]\s sugge/ions on me?ods ( /udy+ !m4 ,,smallwood1 ,m4 ,e4 #aijc4 ,! ,bea* ,flea3 ,talor*e/ia longicornis4 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor ,monogr4 ,i4 pp4 #bg4 #aije4 ,! ,salt-,m>% ,amphipod3 ,or*e/ia palu/ris4 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor ,monogr4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ba4 ,bo? ( ^! pap]s discuss habits & life hi/ories4 ,,smi?1 ,b4 ,g4 #aijg4 ,! ,life ,hi/ory & ,habits ( ,cryptobran*us ,allegh5i5sis4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #e-ci4 ,conta9s ref]5ces to o!r salam&]s4 ,,/ock>d1 ,c4 ,r4 #aijh4 ,habits1 ,reactions1 & ,mat+ ,in/9cts ( ! 8,walk+ ,/ick10 ,aplopus ,may]i4 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,pub4 ,no4 #ajc1 pp4 #dc-ei4 ,,t[]1 ,w4 ,l4 #aijf4 ,habits & ,in/9cts 9 ,lept9ot>sa4 pp4 #bbi-beg4 ,9 ,an ,inve/igation ( ,evolution 9 ,*rysomelid ,beetles ( ! ,g5us ,lept9ot>sa1 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,pub4 ,no4 #h4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,tutt1 ,j4 ,w4 #ahig4 ,! ,dr9k+ ,habits ( ,butt]flies & ,mo?s4 ,proc4 ,s\? ,london ,ent4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 #ahig1 pp4 #a-i4 ,,voigt1 ,w4 #aijd4 b] die ,w&]ung5 d] ,/rudelwrm] 9 uns]5 ,gebirgsb*54 ,v]h&4 naturhis4 ,v]4 d] preuss4 ,rhe9l&e1 ,we/fal5s und des ,regi]sungsbezirks ,osnabrck1 ,jahrg4 #fa1 pp4 #ajc-agh4 ,%[s ! relation ( behavior to ! local di/ributions ( ,plan>ians4 ,,wagn]1 ,w4 #aijg4 ,psy*o-biologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 an ,hummeln mit ,bezugnahme auf die ,frage d] ,geselligkeit im ,ti]rei*4 ,zoologica 7,*un71 ,bd4 ,,xix1 ,heft #df1 pp4 #a-bci4 ,an important /udy ( ! behavior ( ,bombus4 ,,walt]1 ,h4 ,e4 #aijf4 ,! ,behavior ( ! ,pond ,snail1 ,lymnu ,eleodes ,say4 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor ,monogr4 ,,vi4 pp4 #ce4 ,,wasmann1 ,e4 7,trans47 #aijc4 ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,a ,critical ,contribution to ,mod]n ,animal ,psy*ology4 pp4 #aga4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,f ! second & enl>g$ ,g]man edition4 #aije4 ,comp>ative ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,ants & ( ,high] ,animals4 pp4 #bjj4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,translat$ f ! revis$ & enl>g$ second ,g]man edition4 ,,watson1 ,j4 ,b4 #aijh4 ,! ,behavior ( ,noddy & ,sooty ,t]ns4 ,pub4 #ajc1 ,c>negie ,in/4 pp4 #ahg-bee4 ,an excell5t acc\nt ( bird behavior 9 colonial species4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 #aijc4 ,e?ological ,obs]vations on an ,am]ican ,ant 7,lepto?orax ,em]soni ,:eel]74 ,j\r4 fr ,psy*ol4 und ,neurol41 ,bd4 ,,ii1 pp4 7#a-ca74 #aiaj4 ,ants1 _! ,/ructure1 ,developm5t & ,behavior4 pp4 #ffc4 ,new ,york4 ,! mo/ useful s+le "w on ants1 ant behavior1 slaves1 comm5sals1 etc42 a v important "w4 ,ext5sive ref]5ces4 ,,:itman1 ,c4 ,o4 #ahii4 ,animal ,behavior4 ,biol4 ,lectures1 ,m>9e ,biol4 ,lab41 ,wood's ,holl1 #ahih1 pp4 #bhe-cch4 ,behavior ( lee*1 ,necturus1 birds1 etc4 ,,wickham1 ,h4 ,f4 #ahii4 ,! ,habits ( ,am]ican ,cic9delid4 ,proc4 ,dav5port ,acad4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #bjf-bbh4 ,,y]kes1 ,r4 ,m4 #aijd4 ,space ,p]ception ( ,tortoises4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #ag-bf4 ,,yoakum1 ,c4 ,s4 #aiji4 ,"s ,exp]im5ts ^u ! ,behavior ( ,squirrels4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #eda-efh4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,cont9u\s ,,process ,,( ,,adju/m5t ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,environm5t ,,& ,,! ,,animal1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,o!r ,,organisms ,,! ,,dynamic ,,or ,,process ,,relation ,,( ,,animal ,,associations ,,& ,,aggregations #a4 ,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 #b4 ,! ,dynamic ,relations ( ,aggregations & ,associations1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,animal ,associations4 a4 ,! ,relation ( ,animals to ,poll9ation & to ,plant ,galls4 b4 ,subt]ranean & ,cave ,associations4 c4 ,select$ ,ref]5ces on ,aggregations & ,associations4 8,no?+ is easi] ?an to admit 9 words ! tru? ( ! univ]sal /ruggle = life1 or m difficult--at lea/ ,i h f\nd x s--?an con/antly to be> ?is conclusion 9 m9d4 ,yet unless x be ?or\ghly engra9$ 9 ! m9d1 ! :ole economy ( nature1 ) e fact on di/ribution1 r>ity1 abundance1 ext9ction1 & v>iation1 w be dimly se5 or q misund]/ood40--,,d>w94 8,e reflective biologi/ mu/ "k t no liv+ be+ is self-suffici5t1 or w\ld be :at x is1 or be at all1 if x 7 n "p ( ! natural _w1 al?\gh no tru? is easi] to lose sight (4 ,liv+ ?+s are real ?+s1 444 b _! reality is 9 _! int]relations ) ! re/ ( nature1 & n 9 !mselves40--,w4 ,k4 ,,brooks4 7#aijf47 #a4 ,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce ,,d>w91 ,,*as4 #ahgf4 ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 pp4 #dc-fa4 ,9 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f? ed4 ,new ,york4 7,see ,figures #b & #c47 ,,brooks1 ,w4 ,k4 #ahic4 ,salpa 9 its ,relation to ! ,evolution ( ,life4 ,/udies ,biol4 ,lab41 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #abi-baa4 ,see p>ticul>ly pp4 #abi-agj4 ,a rem>kable & little kn[n pap] on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! sea4 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a4 #ahhg4 ,! ,lake z a ,microcosm4 ,bull4 ,sci4 ,assoc4 ( ,peoria1 ,ill9ois1 #ahhg1 pp4 #gg-hg4 ,repr9t$1 ) revisions1 z f ! ,bull4 ,peoria ,sci4 ,association1 #ahhg1 pp4 #a-ae4 ,an excell5t picture ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 a lake1 :]e ! life is consid]$ z a microcosm or social community4 #ahhj4 ,on ,"s ,int]actions ( ,organisms4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #a-ah4 ,second ,edition4 #aijc4 #ahhb4 ,! ,orni?ological ,balance-,:eel4 ,trans4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,hort4 ,soc4 = #ahha1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #abj-aca4 #ahhc4 ,! ,regulative ,action ( ,birds ^u ,insect ,oscillations4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #c-cb4 ,^! ?ree pap]s are v important = _! discussion ( ! dynamic "* ( ! /ruggle among organisms1 & h[ ! balance ( nature is ma9ta9$4 #ahhh4 ,on ! ,food ,relations ( ,fre%-,wat] ,fi%es3 a ,summ>y & ,discussion4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dge-ech4 ,a summ>y ( ! food ( fi%es1 bas$ ^u a detail$ /udy ( ! cont5ts ( _! /oma*s4 ,,rodway1 ,j4 #aiaa4 ,9 ! ,guiana ,=e/1 ,/udies ( ,nature 9 ,relation to ! ,/ruggle = ,life4 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cbf4 ,london4 ,a graphic acc\nt ( ! biotic competition 9 ! tropics4 ,,john/one1 ,j4 #aijh4 ,conditions ( ,life 9 ! ,sea4 pp4 #ccb4 ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,an excell5t /udy ( ! rec5t quantitative inve/igations ( m>9e life4 ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aiji4 ,! ,ecological ,succession ( ,birds4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aijh1 pp4 #aba-aed4 ,ecological succession is discuss$ f ! process /&po9t4 ,ref]5ces to lit]ature on birds4 ,,=bu%1 ,e4 ,h4 #ahii4 ,nature's ,=e/]s4 ,=ty-six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ,agr4 = #ahih1 pp4 #bgi-bid4 #aija4 ,birds z ,protectors ( ,woodl&s4 ,=ty-eigh? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ,agr4 = #aijj1 pp4 #cjj-cba4 #aijd4 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,birds by ! ,elem5ts 9 #aijc-aijd4 ,fifty-fir/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ,agr4 = #aijc1 pp4 #deg-ejc4 #aije4 ,special ,report on ! ,decrease ( ,c]ta9 ,birds1 & its ,causes1 ) ,sugge/ions = ,bird ,protection4 ,fifty-,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ,agr4 = #aijd1 pp4 #dbi-edc4 ,,palm]1 ,t4 ,s4 #ahih4 ,! ,dang] ( ,introduc+ ,noxi\s ,animals & ,birds4 ,ye>book ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 = #ahih1 pp4 #hg-aaj4 ,,ryd]1 ,j4 ,a4 #ahib4 ,a ,geometrical ,repres5tation ( ! ,relative ,int5sity ( ! ,conflict betwe5 ,organisms4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #ibc-ibi4 ,,mcatee1 ,w4 ,l4 #aiab4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od ( ,te/+ ! ,effici5cy ( ,w>n+ & ,cryptic ,coloration 9 ,protect+ ,animals f _! ,enemies4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aiab1 pp4 #bha-cfd4 ,,judd1 ,s4 ,d4 #ahii4 ,! ,effici5cy ( ,"s ,protective ,adaptations 9 ,secur+ ,insects f ,birds4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #dfa-dhd4 #aijb4 ,! ,birds ( a ,m>yl& ,f>m4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,biol4 ,surv41 ,bull4 ,no4 #ag4 pp4 #aaf4 ,a /udy 9 appli$ ecology4 ,"o ( ! be/ detail$ /udies ( ! birds ( a small tract ( l& & _! ecological relations4 ,,/ahl1 ,e4 #ahhh4 ,pflanz5 und ,s*neck54 ,biologis*e ,/udie b] die ,s*utzmittel d] ,pflanz5 geg5 ,s*neck5frass4 ,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,naturwiss4 h]ausgegeb5 von d] m$4-naturwiss4 ,gesell4 zu ,j5a1 ,bd4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #eeg-fhd4 ,a /udy ( ! means by :i* plants are protect$787 f snails & slugs4 ,num]\s fe$+ exp]im5ts4 ,,dahl1 ,f4 #aijh4 ,die ,lycosid5 od] ,wolfsp9n5 ,deuts*l&s und ihre ,/ellung im ,hau%alte d] ,natur4 ,nova ,acta d] ,ksl4 ,leop4-,c>ol4-,deuts*5 ,akad4 d] ,naturf41 ,bd4 ,,lxxxvii1 pp4 #age-fgh4 ,halle4 ,n se5 by writ]4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,em]ton writes t ?is pap] 8gives tables ( comp>ative collect+ 9 all k9ds ( c\ntry40 ,,pi]ce1 ,w4 ,d41 ,,cu%man1 ,r4 ,a41 & ,,hood1 ,c4 ,e4 #aiab4 ,! ,insect ,enemies ( ! ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #ajj4 pp4 #ii4 ,an excell5t example ( ! "* ( ! competition ) :i* an animal meets :5 ext5d+ its range into new t]ritory4 ,see diagram1 p4 #dd4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 #aijf4 ,an ,e?ological ,/udy ( ,c]ta9 ,maladju/m5ts 9 ! ,relations ( ,ants to ,plants4 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #djc-dah4 ,competition betwe5 plants & ants4 ,,mass>t1 ,j41 & ,,v&]velde1 ,e4 7,trans4 ,w4 ,,macdonald47 #aijg4 ,p>asitism ,organic & ,social4 ,second ,edition4 ,revis$ by ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?ompson1 pp4 #abd4 ,london4 ,conta9s _m examples ( responses to a p>asitic environm5t4 ,select$ ,ref]5ces on ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce 7,alphabetically arrang$7 ,,beal1 ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 #aiaa4 ,food ( ! ,woodpeck]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,biol4 ,surv41 ,bull4 #cg4 pp4 #fd4 ,,*apman1 ,f4 ,m4 #aijb4 ,! ,economic ,value ( ,birds to ! ,/ate4 ,sev5? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,=e/1 ,fi%1 & ,game ,comm41 #aija1 pp4 #aae-agf4 ,repr9t1 pp4 #ff1 #aijc4 ,albany4 ,conta9s an ext5sive li/ ( pap]s on ! food ( birds4 ,,ei*elbaum1 ,e4 #aiaj4 b] ,nahrung und ,ernhrungsorgane von ,e*9od]m54 ,wiss4 ,me]unt]su*4 h]aus4 von d] ,komm4 zur wiss4 ,unt]4 d] deuts*4 ,me]e 9 ,kiel4 ,n4 ,f4 ,bd4 ,,xi1 ,ab?4 ,kiel1 pp4 #ahg-bge4 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a4 #ahhc4 ,! ,food ,relations ( ,pr$ace\s ,beetles4 ,twelf? ,rep4 ,/ate ,ent4 ,ill41 pp4 #aje-abj4 #aijc4 ,! ,food ( ,birds4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,second ,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #hf-afa4 #aijc4 ,notes on ,insectivor\s ,coleopt]a4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,second ,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afg-agf4 #ahhc4 ,! ,food ,relations ( ! ,c>abid & ,cocc9ellid4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #cc-fd4 ,,=bu%1 ,e4 ,h4 #aijg4 ,useful ,birds & _! ,protection4 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ,agr4 pp4 #dcg4 ,bo/on4 ,,=el1 ,a4 #ahif4 ,ants' ,ne/s4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahid1 pp4 #dgi-eje4 ,ants' ne/s1 & symbiosis betwe5 plants & ants4 ,,gamble1 ,f4 ,w41 & ,,keeble1 ,f4 #aijc4 ,! ,bionomics ( ,convoluta rosc(f5sis ) ,special ,ref]5ce to its ,gre5 ,cells4 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,micros4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 pp4 #cfc-dca4 ,a /udy ( ! ecology ( a ,turbell>ian worm1 its food1 habitat1 & behavior4 ,,heim4 #ahih4 ,! ,biologic ,relations ,betwe5 ,plants & ,ants4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahif1 pp4 #daa-dee4 ,,hopk9s1 ,a4 ,d4 #aiji4 ,insect ,depr$ations 9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,=e/s & ,practical ,me?ods ( ,prev5tion & ,control4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #eh1 pp4 #eg-aja4 ,conta9s _m facts ( mu* ecological value %[+ ! int]relations exi/+ betwe5 =e/s & insects4 ,good examples ( insects z initiators ( successions & *anges 9 insect associations4 ,,hubb>d1 ,h4 ,g4 #ahig4 ,! ,ambrosia ,beetles ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #g1 ,n4 ,s41 pp4 #i-cj4 ,! relations ( b>k beetles to fungi4 ,,hub]1 ,j4 #aijg4 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ,colonies by ,atta ,sexd5s4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #aijf1 pp4 #cee-cgb4 ,ants & fungi4 ,,judd1 ,s4 ,d4 #aija4 ,! ,food ( ,ne/l+ ,birds4 ,ye>book ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 = #aijj1 pp4 #daa-dcf4 ,,keeble1 ,f4 #aiaj4 ,plant ,animals1 ,a ,/udy ( ,symbiosis4 pp4 #afc4 ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,,kirby1 ,w41 & ,,sp5ce1 ,w4 #ahei4 ,an ,introduction to ,entomology2 or1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,insects3 ,compris+ an ,acc\nt ( ,noxi\s & ,useful ,insects1 ( _! ,metamorphoses1 ,food1 ,/ratagems1 ,habitations1 ,societies1 ,motions1 ,noises1 ,hyb]nation1 ,in/9ct1 ,etc41 ,etc4 pp4 #fjg4 ,sev5? edition1 ,london4 ,,m>%all1 ,g4 ,a4 ,k41 & o!rs4 #aijb4 ,five ,ye>s' ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts 7#ahif-aija7 on ! ,bionomics ( ,s\? ,african ,insects1 *iefly direct$ to ! ,inve/igation ( ,mimicry & ,w>n+ ,col\rs4 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 #aijb1 pp4 #bhg-ehd4 ,,mcatee1 ,w4 ,l4 #aijh4 ,food ,habits ( ! ,grosbeaks4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,biol4 ,surv41 ,bull4 #cb4 pp4 #ib4 #aiac4 ,index to ,pap]s ,relat+ to ! ,food ( ,birds by ,memb]s ( ! ,biological ,survey 9 ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahhe-aiaa4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,biol4 ,surv41 ,bull4 ,no4 #dc4 pp4 #fi4 ,! ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey1 & its pr$ecessor1 ! ,division ( ,orni?ology & ,mammalogy1 h publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports & 9 num]\s bullet9s elaborate /udies ( ! foods & habits ( birds & mammals4 ,,raus*5plat1 ,e4 #aija4 ,ueb] die ,nahrung von ,?i]5 aus d] ,kiel] ,bu*t4 ,wiss4 ,me]unt]su*4 h]aus4 von d] ,komm4 zur wiss4 ,unt]4 d] deuts*4 ,me]e 9 ,kiel4 ,n4 ,f4 ,bd4 ,v1 ,ab?4 ,kiel1 pp4 #he-aea4 ,,riley1 ,c4 ,v4 #ahic4 ,p>asitism 9 ,insects4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wa%41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cig-dca4 ,,/iles1 ,c4 ,w4 #ahic4 ,p>asitism4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wa%41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-g4 ,,/iles1 ,c4 ,w41 & ,,hassall1 ,a4 #aijb--4 ,index-,catalogue ( ,m$ical & ,vet]9>y ,zology4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ci1 ,p>ts #a-cf 7#aiab74 #aijh1 #aiab4 ,index-,catalogue ( ,m$ical & ,vet]9>y ,zology4 ,subjects3 ,trematoda & trematode diseases1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cg1 pp4 #dja1 #aijh4--,subjects3 ,ce/oda & ,ce/od>ia1 ,bull4 ,no4 #he4 pp4 #dfg1 #aiab4 ,hyg4 ,lab41 ,u4 ,s4 ,pub4 ,heal? & ,m>4-,hosp4 ,s]v41 ,wa%+ton4 ,^! ext5sive bibliographies are v useful4 ,,surface1 ,h4 ,a4 #aijf4 ,! ,s]p5ts ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,p5n4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,mon?ly ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #aac-bjh4 ,obs]vations on food ( s]p5ts4 #aijh4 ,fir/ ,report on ! ,liz>ds ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,p5n4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,zol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #bcc-bfd4 ,food ( liz>ds4 #aijh4 ,fir/ ,report on ! ,economy ( ,p5nsylvania ,turtles4 ,p5n4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,zol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ajg-aie4 ,_m obs]vations on food4 ,,w>d1 ,h4 ,b4 #aiaj4 ,int]nal ,p>asites ( ! ,sebago ,salmon4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,fi%]ies1 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #aaea-aaid4 8,! p>asitic fauna ( any animal is prim>ily a function ( its habitat40 p4 #aaia4 #aiab4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,hib]nation & ,migration on ,animal ,p>asites4 ,proc4 ,sev5? ,int]4 ,zol4 ,cong41 ,bo/on1 #aijg1 pp4 #fgc-fhd4 ,,wasmann1 ,e4 #ahid4 ,kritis*es ,v]zei*niss d] ,myrmekophil5 und ,t]mitophil5 ,ar?ropod54 pp4 #bca4 ,b]l94 ,a li/ ( ,ar?ropods f\nd liv+ ) ants & t]mites4 ,,web/]1 ,f4 ,m4 #aijc4 ,notes ^u ! ,food ( ,pr$ace\s ,beetles4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,second ,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afb-aff4 ,,we$1 ,c4 ,m41 & ,,de>born1 ,n4 #aijc4 ,birds 9 _! ,relations to ,man4 pp4 #chj4 ,phila4 ,ext5sive bibliography on ! food ( birds4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 #aiaa4 ,insect ,p>asitism & its ,peculi>ities4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxix1 pp4 #dca-ddi4 #aiaj4 ,! ,effects ( ,p>asitic & ,o!r ,k9ds ( ,ca/ration 9 ,insects4 ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cgg-dch4 ,,za*>ias1 ,o41 & o!rs4 #ahia4 ,die ,ti]- und ,pflanz5welt des ,ssswass]s4 ,bd4 ,i1 pp4 #chj2 ,bd4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfi4 ,leipzig4 ,conta9s sev]al valuable & sugge/ive pap]s on ! g5]al biological relations ( fre%-wat] plants & animals4 #b4 ,! ,dynamic ,relations ( ,aggregations & ,associations1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,animal ,associations 8,a gr\p or association ( animals or plants is l a s+le organism 9 ! fact t x br+s to be> ^u ! out] _w only ! surplus ( =ces rema9+ aft] all conflicts int]ior to itself h be5 adju/$4 ,:atev] exp5diture ( en]gy is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! exi/+ int]nal balance am\nts to s mu* p[] lock$ up1 & r5d]$ unavailable = ext]nal use4 ,9 _m gr\ps ?is lat5t en]gy is s consid]able & is liable to su* fluctuations1 t a k ( its am\nts & k9ds1 & ( ! laws gov]n+ its di/ribution1 is extremely important to "o int]e/$ 9 measur+ or =esee+ ! sum & "* ( ! outw>d-t5d+ activities ( ! class40 --,s4 ,a4 ,,=bes 7#ahhc74 ,m,,bius1 ,k4 #ahhc4 ,! ,oy/] & ,oy/]-,culture4 ,u4 ,s4 ,comm4 ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies1 ,report ( ,comm4 = #ahhj1 ,"p ,,viii1 pp4 #fhc-gea4 ,on pp4 #gba-gbi ! oy/] is discuss$ z a memb] ( a social community or 8biocnosis40 ,he describes ! succession ( animals due to ! ov]fi%+ ( ! oy/] b$s & ! invasion ( cockles & edible mussels :i* close up ! available space & prev5t ! return ( ! oy/]4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ pap]s to recognize cle>ly a social community 9 animals4 ,a v important pap]1 :i* also %[s ! me?od ( apply+ ! sci5ce ( ecology4 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a4 #ahhg4 ,! ,lake z a ,microcosm4 ,repr9t f ,bull4 ,sci4 ,associa4 ( ,peoria1 ,ill9ois1 #ahhg1 pp4 #a-ae4 ,p]haps ! fir/ pap] by an ,am]ican naturali/ recogniz+ ! int]relations ( ! social community4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 #aiaa4 ,! ,ant-,colony z an ,organism4 ,j\r4 ,morphology1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #cjg-cbe4 ,! ant colony is consid]$ z a unit4 ,?is pap] furni%es an excell5t example %[+ h[ 8individual ecology0 may become trans=m$ into an 8associational0 unit4 ,m,,bius1 ,k4 #ahic4 ,ueb] die ,?i]e d] ,s*leswig-,hol/e9is*5 ,au/]bnke1 ihre physikalis*5 und biologis*5 ,leb5sv]%ltnisse4 ,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,kgl4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 zu ,b]l91 ,jhrg4 #ahic1 ,i1 pp4 #fg-ib4 ,! physical & biological relations ( ! ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 oy/] bank z a social community are c>efully describ$4 ,! animals associat$ are li/$ 79 all ab\t #ajj k9ds1 p4 #hj7 & _! relation to ! oy/] is %[n4 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a4 #aiji4 ,! ,g5]al ,entomological ,ecology ( ! ,indian ,corn ,plant4 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #bhf-cja4 ,,esp9as1 ,,alfr$4 #ahgh4 ,des ,socits ,animales4 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ehh4 ,p>is4 ,discusses associations ( diff]5t species--p>asites1 comm5sals1 mutuals1 dome/ic animals2 associations ( ! same species & relat$ ?r\gh nutrition--! colonial =ms1 z corals2 associations bas$ ^u reproduction--! family2 & associations bas$ ^u relation--z 9 a horde4 ,conta9s an ext5sive hi/orical introduction4 ,valuable1 al?\gh some:at old4 ,,petrucci1 ,r4 #aijf4 ,orig9e ,polyphyltique1 ,homotypie1 et ,non ,comp>abilit directe des ,socits ,animales4 ,l',in/4 de ,sociologie 7,solvay74 ,notes et ,mmoires1 ,fascicule #g4 pp4 #abf4 ,bruxelles4 ,! multiple or indep5d5t orig9 ( 8social0 life 9 div]se l9es ( desc5t is emphasiz$ & view$ f ! comp>ative & phylog5etic /&po9t4 ,,waxweil]1 ,e4 #aijf4 ,esquisse d'une ,sociologie4 ,l',in/4 de ,sociologie 7,solvay74 ,notes et ,mmoires1 ,fascicule #b4 pp4 #cjf4 ,bruxelles4 ,a v important survey ( sociology z a bran* ( e?ology or ecology4 ,! hi/ory ( ecology1 & animal societies are p>ts :i* des]ve special m5tion4 ,a diagram1 on p4 #fc1 gives ! subdivisions ( e?ology4 ,,kropotk91 ,p4 #aijc4 ,mutual ,aid a ,factor ( ,evolution4 pp4 #cdh4 ,new ,york4 ,,p>melee1 ,m4 #aiac4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,human ,behavior4 ,biological & ,psy*ological ,f\ndations4 pp4 #ddc4 ,new ,york4 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,an important discussion ( c]ta9 phases ( animal & human responses4 ,communities are consid]$ ma9ly f ! /&po9t ( 8aggregate ecology0 & phylog5y4 ,little recognition is made ( ! 8ecological association0 z a fundam5tal unit 9 ! /udy ( human relations4 ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aiji4 ,! ,ecological ,succession ( ,birds4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aijh1 pp4 #aba-aed4 ,a /udy ( *anges 9 bird associations4 ,,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e4 #aiaa4 ,ecological ,succession4 ,i4 ,/ream ,fi%es & ! ,me?od ( ,physiographic ,analysis4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #i-cd4 #aiaa;a4 ,,ii4 ,pond ,fi%es4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #abg-aea4 #aiaa;b4 ,,iii4 ,a ,reconnaissance ( its ,causes 9 ,ponds ) ,p>ticul> ,ref]5ce to ,fi%4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #a-ch4 #aiab4 ,,iv4 ,vegetation & ! ,control ( ,l& ,animal ,communities4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #ei-ii4 #aiab;a4 ,v4 ,aspects ( ,physiological ,classification4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #cca-cgj4 ,a s]ies ( detail$ /udies on successions 9 /&+ & runn+ wat]1 & ^u l&4 ,intimately relat$ to ! foll[+4 #aiac4 ,animal ,communities 9 ,temp]ate ,am]ica z ,illu/rat$ 9 ! ,*icago ,region2 ,a ,/udy 9 ,animal ,ecology4 ,bull4 ,geogr4 ,soc4 ( ,*icago1 ,no4 #e4 pp4 7,9 press47 ,?is is ! mo/ compreh5sive & detail$ local /udy ( animal ecology ?us f> publi%$ f a di/9ctly mod]n /&po9t4 ,,craig1 ,w4 #aijh4 ,! ,voices ( ,pigeons ,reg>d$ z a ,means ( ,social ,control4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sociol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #hf-ajj4 ,,h]rick1 ,c4 ,l4 #aijd4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,social ,reaction 9 ,man & ,l[] ,animals4 ,j\r4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 & ,psy*ol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #aah-abc4 ,,h]rick1 ,f4 ,h4 #aiab4 ,organization ( ! ,gull ,community4 ,proc4 ,sev5? ,int]4 ,zol4 ,cong41 ,bo/on1 #aijg1 pp4 #aef-aeh4 ,,wes5b]g-,,lund1 ,c4 #aijh4 ,die littoral5 ,ti]gesells*aft5 uns]] gross]5 ,se54 a4 ,die ,ti]gesells*aft5 des ,br&ungsuf]s4 ,int]4 ,revue d] gesamt5 ,hydrobiol4 u4 ,hydrog41 ,bd4 ,i1 pp4 #egd-fji4 ,animal associations ( a lake %ore4 ,j,,g]1 ,g4 #ahgd4 ,deuts*l&s ,?i]welt na* ihr5 ,/&ort5 e+e!ilt4 ,bd4 ,i1 pp4 #djj2 ,bd4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfg ,,xxiv4 ,/uttg>t4 ,a popul> acc\nt ( ! fauna ( ,g]many arrang$ accord+ to habitat4 ,a sugge/ive book to ! /ud5t ( local associations4 ,wor?y ( imitation4 ,,mel&]1 ,a4 ,l41 & ,,brues1 ,c4 ,t4 #aijc4 ,gue/s & ,p>asites ( ! ,burr[+ ,bee ,halictus4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #a-bg4 ,gives a diagram ( ! ,halictus biocnose on p4 #bg4 ,,hubb>d1 ,h4 ,g4 #ahid4 ,! ,insect ,gue/s ( ! ,florida ,l& ,tortoise4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,insect ,life1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cjb-cae4 ,,hubb>d1 ,h4 ,g4 7,app5dix by ,,s*w>z1 ,e4 ,a47 #ahii4 ,insect ,fauna ( ! ,giant ,cactus ( ,arizona3 ,lett]s f ! ,s\?we/4 ,psy*e1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,suppl41 pp4 #a-h1 ,app5dix1 pp4 #h-ad4 ,,hunt]1 ,w4 ,d41 ,,pratt1 ,f4 ,c41 & ,,mit*ell1 ,j4 ,d4 #aiab4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,cactus ,insects ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #aac4 pp4 #ga4 ,9 addition to ! insects fe$+ ^u cacti1 _! enemies or p>asites are li/$ & also ! scav5g]s1 fl[] visitors1 & incid5tally associat$ species4 ,?is is a social community compos$ ( #cbd species ( insects1 & x =ms an excell5t f\ndation = a /udy ( _! int]relations4 ,?is is m ecological ?an is usually ! case 9 economic reports4 ,m,,ll]1 ,l4 #ahfg4 ,die ,abhngigkeit d] ,insect5 von ihr] ,umgebung4 pp4 #ajg4 ,leipzig4 ,w4 ,englemann4 ,a v int]e/+ & sugge/ive "w4 ,an excell5t local habitat /udy f ! /&po9t ( insects4 ,app>5tly n kn[n to ,dahl 7'#ih1 '#jc7 9 8 brief outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ecology4 ,mll] discusses ! influ5ce ( climate1 soil1 plants1 animal sub/ances & man ^u insects1 & ! influ5ce ( insects 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,,lor5z1 ,j4 ,r4 #ahfc4 ,physicalis*e ,v]hltnisse und ,v]!ilung d] ,organism5 im ,qu>n]is*5 ,golfe4 pp4 #cgi4 ,wi54 ,an e>ly & important /udy ( ! habitat & ! plants & animals associat$ 9 ! m>9e habitats4 ,app>5tly b little kn[n4 ,also n m5tion$ by ,dahl 7'#ih1 '#jc74 ,,v]rill1 ,a4 ,e4 #ahgc4 ,report ^u ! ,inv]tebrate ,animals ( ,v9ey>d ,s\nd & ! ,adjac5t ,wat]s1 ) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,physical ,*>act]s ( ! ,region4 ,u4 ,s4 ,comm4 ,fi% & ,fi%]ies4 ,rep4 on ! ,condition ( ! ,sea ,fi%]ies ( ! ,s\? ,coa/ ( ,new ,engl& 9 #ahga & #ahgb4 ,"p ,i4 ,s5ate ,misc4 ,doc4 ,no4 #fa1 #db;d ,cong41 #b;d ,sess41 pp4 #bie-ggh4 ,an e>ly descriptive associational & habitat /udy ( ! m>9e animals ( our coa/4 ,a k9d ( "w1 9 its /&po9t1 f> 9 advance ( ! times4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is well-kn[n "w has n be5 a model = o!r simil> /udies on our coa/4 ,,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b4 #aijc4 ,! ,collembola ( ,cold ,spr+ ,bea*1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,movem5ts ( ! ,poduridae4 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor ,monogr4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cb4 ,an excell5t /udy ( a s+le gr\p 9 a habitat1 & its relation to behavior4 #aijc;a4 ,! ,animal ,ecology ( ! ,cold ,spr+ ,s& ,spit1 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,!ory ( ,adaptation4 ,dec5nial ,pub4 ,univ4 ,*icago1 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #aeg-agf4 ,an associational /udy ( a sea bea*4 ,,pet]s51 ,c4 ,g4 ,,joh41 & ,,j5s51 ,p4 ,b4 #aiaa4 ,valuation ( ! ,sea4 ,i4 ,animal ,life ( ! ,sea-,bottom1 its ,food & ,quantity4 ,rep4 ( ,dani% ,biol4 ,/a4 to ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #a-gf4 ,transl4 f ,fisk]i-,b]etn+ = #aiaj4 ,cop5hag54 ,! sea-bottom animals are /udi$ z a community4 ,! mo/ important /udy ( ! k9d kn[n to ! writ]4 ,simil> "w %\ld be done 9 ,am]ican wat]s4 ,,w>m+1 ,e41 ,,wes5b]g-,,lund1 ,c41 & o!rs4 #aijd4 ,sur les #8vads' et les sables m>itimes de la m] du nord4 ,kon4 ,danske ,vid4 ,selsk4 ,skrift41 ,bd4 ,,vii1 ,r4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dh-ef4 ,! s&y flats ( ! sea coa/ ( ,jutl& & ,holl& are treat$ z a biotic association1 & f a mod]n ecological /&po9t4 ,,bak]1 ,f4 ,c4 #aiaj4 ,! ,ecology ( ! ,skokie ,m>% ,area1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,mollusca4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #dda-dii4 ,a descriptive acc\nt ( local molluscan associations ne> ,*icago4 #aiaa4 ,! ,molluscan ,fauna ( ,tomahawk ,lake1 ,wiscons94 ,trans4 ,wis4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,arts & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bjj-bdf4 ,an associational /udy ( molluscan succession4 ,"o ( ! v few ( its k9d4 ,,hancock1 ,j4 ,l4 #aiaa4 ,nature ,sket*es 9 ,temp]ate ,am]ica1 pp4 #dea4 ,*icago4 ,a discussion ( ! habitats ( ,or?opt]a is giv5 on pp4 #cag-dah1 & a classification ( !m on pp4 #dai-dcc1 bas$ ^u ! egg-lay+ sites4 ,,dahl1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,das ,leb5 d] ,vgel auf d5 ,bism>ck9seln na* eig55 ,beoba*tung5 v]glei*5d d>ge/ellt4 ,mitt4 aus d] ,zol4 ,sammlung des ,mus4 fr ,naturk4 9 ,b]l91 ,bd4 ,i1 ,heft #c1 pp4 #ajg-bbb4 ,! bird habitats ( ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago are discuss$4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ detail$ /udy ( bird habitats kn[n to ! writ]4 #aija4 ,das ,leb5 d] ,ameis5 im ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 na* eig55 ,beoba*tung5 v]glei*5d d>ge/ellt4 ,mitt4 aus4 d4 ,zol4 ,mus4 9 ,b]l91 ,bd4 ,,ii1 ,heft #a1 pp4 #a-fi4 ,an ecological /udy ( ants1 _! ne/+ habitats1 keys to _! ecological relations1 & quantitative data4 #aijb4 ,/uf5fnge e*t] ,sp9n5 am ,ries5gebirge4 7,e9e v]glei*5d e?ologis*e ,/udie47 ,sitz4-,b]4 ,ges4 naturf4 ,freunde zu ,b]l91 #aijb1 pp4 #ahe-bjc4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( ! habitats ( spid]s4 #aijc4 ,w9ke fr e9 wiss5s*aftli*es ,sammeln von ,?i]54 ,sitzungs-,b]4 d] ,gesell4 natur=4 ,freunde zu ,b]l91 #aijc1 pp4 #ddd-dge4 ,gives a classification ( animal habitats1 associations1 & a brief hi/ory ( _! recognition by zologi/s4 ,comp>e ! habitats ) ^? giv5 by ,%el=d1 ,physiological ,animal ,geography1 #aiaa4 #ahic4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,?i]welt d] ,unt]elbe4 ,se*/] ,b]4 ,komm4 zur ,wiss5s*aft4 ,unt]su*4 d] deuts*5 ,me]e 9 ,kiel1 ,jahrg4 ,,xvii-,,xxi1 ,heft ,,iii1 pp4 #aea-ahe4 ,b]l94 ,li/s ! fauna ( ! bracki% wat]s ( ! l[] ,elbe ,riv]1 discusses _! relation to ! environm5t 7sal9ity1 etc47 & gives quantitative det]m9ations ( its frequ5cy p] squ>e met]1 z det]m9$ by digg+ at l[ tide4 ,,mey]1 ,h4 ,a41 & ,m,,bius1 ,k4 #ahfe4 ,fauna d] ,kiel] ,bu*t4 ,bd4 ,i4 ,leipzig4 ,n se5 by writ]4 ,,loc>d1 ,a4 #ahha4 ,de ,l',habitat des ,mollusques4 pp4 #hh-abh4 tudes sur les ,v>iations ,malacologiques d'aprs la ,faune ,vivante et ,fossile de la ,p>tie ,c5trale du ,bass9 du ,rhone4 ,tome ,,ii1 ,p>is et ,lyon4 ,?is is ! mo/ detail$ /udy & classification ( ! habitats ( mollusks ( l& & fre%-wat] :i* ! writ] has se54 ,x seems to be little kn[n to /ud5ts4 ,! volume conta9s _m ecological obs]vations4 ,! classification ( habitats is (t5 v artificial4 ,see ,von ,m>t5's comm5t 7,zol4 ,record = #ahha1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #ah1 ,moll471 :i* ref]s to ,engli% & ,g]man works along simil> l9es1 b ^! h n be5 f\nd by ! writ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,remnant ( ! 7orig9al7 prairie animal habitat 9 c5tral ,ill9ois4 ,loxa1 ,ill9ois4 ,^! areas are becom+ ext9ct rapidly4 ,photo4 by ,t4 ,l4 ,hank9son4 ,,k+1 ,l4 ,a4 ,l41 & ,,russell1 ,e4 ,s4 #aiji4 ,a ,me?od = ! ,/udy ( ! ,animal ,ecology ( ! ,%ore4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,phys4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bbe-bec4 ,an associational /udy ( %ore animals4 ,,ortmann1 ,a4 ,e4 #ahif4 ,grundzge d] m>95 ,ti]geographie4 pp4 #if4 ,j5a4 ,conta9s mu* ( ecological value4 ,,end]le91 ,g4 #aijh4 ,biologis*-fauni/is*e ,moor- und ,dn5-,/udi54 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis-biosyncis*] ,region5 9 ,we/pruss54 #cj ,b]4 des ,we/preussis*5 ,bot4-,zol4 ,v]e9s ,danzig1 pp4 #ed-bch4 ,adopts ,dahl's 7#aijc7 classification ( habitats4 ,h,,ppn]1 ,h4 #aija4 ,die ,bi55fauna d] ,dn5 und ,wes]abhnge zwis*5 ,ues5 und ,bad54 ,beitr4 nordwe/-deuts*4 ,volks- und ,l&esk4 h]4 vom ,naturwiss54 ,v]4 zu ,brem51 ,bd4 ,,xv1 pp4 #bca-bee4 ,,pi]ce1 ,w4 ,d4 #aijd4 ,"s ,hyp]metamorphic ,beetles & ,_! ,hym5opt]\s ,ho/s4 ,univ4 ( ,nebraska ,/udies1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #aec-aij4 ,?is gives a description ( ! bee community ( ,ep9omia triangulif]a ,va*al1 a li/ ( insects 9 x & valuable data on _! p>asitic int]relations4 ,,ve/al1 ,a4 ,g4 #aiac4 ,an ,associational ,/udy ( ,ill9ois ,s& ,prairies4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,841 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 ,,/5roos1 ,k4 ,e4 #ahih4 ,das ,?i]leb5 im ,nurmijrvi-,see4 ,e9e ,fauni/is*-,biologis*e ,/udie4 ,acta ,soc4 ,pro ,fauna et ,flora ,f5nica1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #a-bei4 ,a descriptive associational /udy ( a lake fauna1 correlat+ ! fauna & ! vegetation4 ,,=bes1 ,s4 ,a41 & ,,ri*>dson1 ,r4 ,e4 #aiji4 ,! ,fi%es ( ,ill9ois4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,surv41 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ceg4 ,conta9s num]\s obs]vations on ! habitats & associations ( fi%2 a subject hi!rto greatly neglect$4 ,,wes5b]g-,,lund1 ,c4 #aijh4 ,plankton ,inve/igations ( ! ,dani% ,lakes4 ,dani% ,fre%wat] ,biol4 ,lab41 ,op4 #e1 ,"p ,i1 pp4 #chi4 ,"p ,,ii1 ,cop5hag54 ,! only fre%-wat] plankton /udy kn[n to ! writ]1 :i* takes up ! plankton f a di/9ctly mod]n ecological /&po9t4 ,an excell5t summ>y ( ! problems ( ! fre%-wat] lake plankton4 ,abundant ref]5ces to ! lit]ature4 ,,allee1 ,w4 ,c4 #aiab4 ,seasonal ,succession 9 ,old ,=e/ ,ponds4 ,trans4 ,ill4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #aiaa1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #abf-aca4 ,to det]m9e ! complete composition ( an animal association obs]vations mu/ cov] all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,?is pap] & ! foll[+ ones w indicate ! g5]al "* ( ! seasonal *anges4 ,,wood1 ,j4 ,g4 & ,t4 #ahhf4 ,! ,field ,naturali/'s ,h&book4 pp4 #afg4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,london4 ,?is is a ,briti% "w4 ,x gives by mon?s ! seasonal succession ( mo?s1 butt]flies1 birds1 fl[]+ ( plants1 notes on habitat1 etc4 ,,frits*1 ,c4 #ahej4 ,resultate dreijhrig] ,beoba*tung5 b] die jhrli*e ,v]!ilung d] ,papilionid54 ,sitzungsb]4 d] ma?4-naturw4 ,classe d] ,k4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4 zu ,wi51 ,jahresganges #ahej1 ,bd4 ,v1 pp4 #dbf-dcc4 #ahea4 ,ueb] die jhrli*e ,v]!ilung d] ,kf]4 ,sitzungsb]4 d] ma?4-naturw4 ,classe d] ,k4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4 zu ,wi51 ,jahresganges #ahea1 ,bd4 ,,vi1 pp4 #c-db4 #ahea4 ,resultate zweijhrig] ,beoba*tung5 b] die jhrli*e ,v]!ilung d] ,kf]4 ,sitzungsb]4 d] ma?4-naturw4 ,classe d] ,k4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4 zu ,wi51 ,jahresganges #ahea1 ,bd4 ,,vii1 pp4 #fhi-gaj4 #aheb4 ,jhrli*e ,v]!ilung d] ,hemipt]54 ,sitzungsb]4 d] ma?4-naturw4 ,classe d] ,k4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4 zu ,wi51 ,jahresganges #aheb1 ,bd4 ,,ix1 pp4 #eed-eee4 ,a s]ies ( pap]s %[+ ! seasonal succession 9 insects at ,prague1 ,bohemia4 a4 ,! ,relation ( ,animals to ,poll9ation & to ,plant ,galls ,! relation ( animals to ! poll9ation ( plants & to plant galls is a phase ( ! associational relation ( organisms1 b x has r>ely be5 consid]$ 7if at all7 f ! /&po9t ( a biotic community4 ,! foll[+ li/ w probably aid "o b little 9 ga9+ ?is g5]al conception1 b once ! /ud5t has x he w f9d ! li/ ( mu* assi/ance4 ,und\bt$ly a relatively new & f]tile field = inve/igation w\ld be to /udy ! int]relations ( plants & _! poll9ators z an ecological community1 ! association be+ tak5 z a unit r ?an ! individual species ( plants or animals4 ,,b\vi]1 ,e4 ,l4 #aije4 ,bees & ,fl[]s4 ,smi?sonian ,report = #aijd1 pp4 #dfi-dhd4 ,no4 #afbg4 ,,knu?1 ,p4 7,,appel1 ,o41 & ,,loew1 ,e47 #ahih-ahii4 ,h&bu* d] ,blt5biologie4 ,unt] ,zugrundelegung von ,h]mann ,mll]'s ,w]k3 8,die ,befru*tung d] ,blum5 dur* ,insekt540 ,bd4 ,i4 ,e9leitung und ,litt]atur4 #ahih4 ,leipzig4 ,bd4 ,,ii4 ,die bi%] 9 ,europa und im ,arktis*5 ,gebiet gema*t5 ,blt5biologis*5 ,beoba*tung54 ,!il #a und #b4 #ahii4 ,leipzig4 ,,appel1 ,o41 & ,,loew1 ,e4 #aijd-aije4 7,cont9ues ,knu?47 ,bd4 ,,iii4 ,die bi%] 9 ,auss]europis*5 ,gebiet5 gema*t5 ,blt5biologis*5 ,beoba*tung54 ,!il #a1 #aijd-aije1 ,leipzig2 ,!il #b1 #aije1 ,leipzig4 ,?is is an encyclop$ia on ! relation ( animals to ! poll9ation ( fl[]s4 ,plants are arrang$ sy/ematically & ! visitors are li/$4 ,9 ,bd4 ,,ii1 ,?4 #b1 pp4 #eei-fgb1 & ,bd4 ,,iii1 ,?4 #b1 pp4 #bei-dgj1 are giv5 sy/ematic-alphabetic li/s ( animal visitors to fl[]s4 ,full ref]5ces4 ,m,,ll]1 ,h4 7,trans4 by ,d4 ,w4 ,,?ompson47 #ahhc4 ,! ,f]tilization ( ,fl[]s1 pp4 #ffi4 ,london4 ,,ne$ham1 ,j4 ,g4 #aijj4 ,! ,fruit+ ( ! ,blue ,flag 7,iris v]sicolor ,l474 ,am]4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #cfa-chf4 ,,riley1 ,c4 ,v4 #ahib4 ,! ,yucca ,mo? & ,yucca ,poll9ation4 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mo4 ,bot4 ,g>d51 pp4 #ii-aeh4 ,,rob]tson1 ,c4 #ahig4 ,fl[]s & ,insects4 ,contributions to an ,acc\nt ( ! ,ecological ,relations ( ! ,entomophil\s ,flora & ! ,an?ophil\s ,insect ,fauna ( ! ,neighborhood ( ,c>l9ville1 ,ill9ois4 ,trans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #aea-agi4 ,?is is only "o ( a v ext5sive s]ies ( pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy1 ,vols4 ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 & 9 ! ,botanical ,gazette--beg9n+ ) ,vol4 ,,xiv1 #ahhi1 & ext5d+ to ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 #ahii4 ,,trelease1 ,w4 #ahic4 ,fur!r ,/udies ( ,yuccas & _! ,poll9ation4 ,f\r? ,annual ,rep4 ,mo4 ,bot4 ,g>d51 pp4 #aha-bbf4 ,,beut5m,,ll]1 ,w4 #aijd4 ,! ,insect-,galls ( ! ,vic9ity ( ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,j\r41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #hi-abd4 ,a descriptive illu/rat$ catalogue4 ,beut5mll] has publi%$ sev]al important pap]s on galls 9 ! ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/ory4 ,,adl]1 ,h4 7,trans4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,,/raton47 #ahid4 ,alt]nat+ ,g5]ations4 ,a ,bibliogical ,/udy ( ,oak ,galls & ,gall ,flies4 pp4 #aih4 ,ox=d4 ,,cook1 ,m4 ,t4 #aije4 ,! ,insect ,galls ( ,indiana4 ,tw5ty-n9? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,dept4 ,geol4 & ,natural ,res\rces ( ,indiana1 #aijd1 pp4 #hja-hfg4 ,descriptive illu/rat$ catalogue4 ,,h\>d1 ,c4 #aijh-aiji4 ,les ,zooccidies des ,plantes d',europe et du ,bass9 de la ,mdit]rane4 ,tome ,i1 pp4 #efi2 ,,ii1 pp4 #egc-abdg4 ,p>is4 ,,kir*n]1 ,o4 ,,von4 #aiaa4 ,blum5 und ,insekt51 ihre ,anpassung5 ane9&] und ihre ,geg5seitige ,abhngigkeit4 pp4 #dcf4 ,leipzig4 ,k,,/]1 ,e4 #aiaa4 ,die ,gall5 d] ,pflanz54 ,e9 ,lehrbu* fr ,botanik] und ,entomolog54 pp4 #dcg4 ,leipzig4 ,,ross1 ,h4 #aiaa4 ,die ,pflanz5gall5 7,cecidi57 ,mittel- und ,nord-,europas ihre ,erreg] und ,biologie und ,be/immung/abell54 pp4 #cej4 ,j5a4 b4 ,subt]ranean & ,cave ,associations ,,banta1 ,a4 ,m4 #aijg4 ,! ,fauna ( ,mayfield's ,cave4 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,pub4 ,no4 #fg4 pp4 #aad4 ,! cave environm5t1 ! vital optimum1 & ! food relations are discuss$4 ,a valuable pap]4 ,,blat*ley1 ,w4 ,s4 #ahif4 ,indiana ,caves & _! ,fauna4 ,tw5ty-fir/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 & ,natural ,res\rces ( ,indiana1 pp4 #aba-bab4 ,,d5dy1 ,a4 #ahif4 ,! ,cryptozoic ,fauna ( ,au/ralasia4 ,au/r4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ahie1 pp4 #a-ba4 ,on animals liv+ "u /ones1 logs1 & b>k ( trees4 ,,diem1 ,k4 #aijc4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,bod5fauna 9 d5 ,alp54 ,jahrb4 d4 ,/4 ,gallis*5 ,naturwiss4 ,gesells*4 f4 #aija-aijb1 pp4 #bcd-dad4 ,,hamann1 ,o4 #ahif4 ,europis*e ,hhl5fauna4 ,e9e ,d>/ellung d] 9 d5 ,hhl5 ,europas leb5d5 ,ti]welt mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,hhl5fauna ,kra9s4 pp4 #bif4 ,j5a4 ,,mott]1 ,m4 ,g4 #ahih4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,/udy ( ! ,fauna ( ! ,grave4 ,a ,/udy ( ,"o ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,dis9t]m5ts1 ) ,"s ,additional ,exp]im5tal ,obs]vations4 ,j\r4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bja-bca4 ,a li/ ( inv]tebrates1 snails1 cru/acea1 insects1 etc41 f\nd 9 graves4 ,table compil$ f ,megn9 %[s ! k9ds ( animals :i* invade bodies at ! diff]5t /ages ( decay4 ,?is is a =m ( succession comp>able to ! *anges 9 ! animals liv+ 9 a log at diff]5t /ages ( decay4 ,,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 #ahhh4 ,! ,cave ,fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,anatomy ( ! ,bra9 & ,orig9 ( ! ,bl9d ,species4 ,memoirs ,nat4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-aef4 ,monographic treatm5t2 ext5sive ref]5ces to lit]ature4 ,,scott1 ,w4 #aiji4 ,an ,ecological ,/udy ( ! ,plankton ( ,%awnee ,cave4 ,) ,notes on ! ,cave ,environm5t4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #chf-djf4 c4 ,select$ ,ref]5ces on ,aggregations & ,associations ,,adams1 ,,*as4 ,c4 #aiji4 ,! ,coleopt]a ( ,isle ,royale1 ,lake ,sup]ior1 & _! ,relation to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,c5t]s ( ,disp]sal4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aijh1 pp4 #aeg-bae4 ,on pp4 #aei-afc ! habitats & succession ( beetles are briefly discuss$4 #aiji4 ,notes on ,isle ,royale ,mammals & _! ,ecological ,relations4 ,ibid41 pp4 #chi-dbb4 ,brief m5tion ( mammal associations & successions1 pp4 #cij-cic4 ,,antipa1 ,g4 #aiab4 ,die ,biologie des ,inundationsgebietes d] unt]5 ,donau und des ,donaudeltas4 ,v]h&4 ,,viii4 ,int]4 ,zol4-,kongresses zu ,graz1 #aiaj1 pp4#afc-bjh4 ,description ( ! biological conditions on ! flood$ l[] ,danube & its delta4 ,,bak]1 ,h4 ,b4 #aiaa4 ,mollusca4 pp4 #aba-agf4 ,9 ,a ,biological ,survey ( ! ,s& ,dune ,region on ! ,s\? ,%ore ( ,sag9aw ,bay1 ,mi*igan4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,bo>d ( ,geol4 & ,biol4 ,survey = #aiaj4 ,lans+4 ,r full notes on mollusca1 gr\p$ by habitats4 ,,*apman1 ,f4 ,m4 #aiji4 ,! ,habitat ,gr\ps ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,841 ,guide ,leaflet ,no4 #bh4 pp4 #dh4 ,a descriptive illu/rat$ acc\nt ( ! rem>kable habitat exhibits 9 ! museum4 ,! mo/ rem>kable s]ies ( its k9d 9 exi/5ce4 ,an excell5t example ( ! educational value ( ecological ideas4 ,,dahl1 ,f4 #ahif4 ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,leb5sweise wirbellos] ,aasfress]4 ,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss54 ,b]l91 #ahif4 ,i1 pp4 #ag-cj4 ,a /udy ( c>rion-fe$+ insects by ! trapp+ me?od4 ,! k9ds ( insects attract$ *ange ) ! /age ( decay4 ,!re is ?us a succession4 ,comp>e ) ,m(fat's /udies 7#ahih74 ,,gates1 ,f4 ,c4 #aiaa4 ,summ]-bird ,life 9 ! ,vic9ity ( ,havana1 ,ill9ois1 9 its ,relation to ! ,prom95t ,plant ,associations4 ,wilson ,bullet91 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #gd1 pp4 #a-bg4 ,"o ( ! relatively few associational /udies ( birds4 ,,girod1 ,p4 #ahia4 ,les ,socits *ez les ,animaux4 pp4 #cdb4 ,p>is4 ,,gleason1 ,h4 ,a4 #aiji4 ,! ,ecological ,relations ( ! ,inv]tebrate ,fauna ( ,isle ,royale1 ,mi*igan4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geo4 ,surv4 = #aijh1 pp4 #eg-gh4 ,,grabau1 ,a4 ,u4 #ahih4 ,zology3 ,m>9e ,inv]tebrates1 pp4 #fg-if4 ,grabau1 ,a4 ,w41 & ,woodman1 ,j4 ,e4 7editors74 ,guide to ,localities ,illu/rat+ ! ,geology1 ,m>9e ,zology1 & ,botany ( ! ,vic9ity ( ,bo/on4 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,,h>t1 ,c4 ,a41 & ,,gleason1 ,h4 ,a4 #aijg4 ,on ! ,biology ( ! ,s& ,areas ( ,ill9ois4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #acg-bgb4 ,insect associations are discuss$ on pp4 #bbj-bbg4 ,habitats are figur$1 & associat$ plants & animals are li/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,a decidu\s =e/ 7orig9al7 z an animal habitat4 ,! ,br[nfield woods1 ,urbana1 ,ill9ois4 ,photo4 by ,h4 ,c4 ,*5[e?4 ,,hank9son1 ,t4 ,l4 #aiaj4 ,ecological ,notes on ! ,fi%es ( ,walnut ,lake1 ,mi*igan4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,fi%]ies ,soc41 #aiaj1 pp4 #aie-bjf4 ,"o ( ! few pap]s deal+ ) ! fi% associations 9 a lake4 #aiaj4 ,an ,ecological ,/udy ( ! ,fi% ( a ,small ,/ream4 ,trans4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,acad4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bc-ca4 ,,h]ms1 ,w4 ,b4 #aijg4 ,an ,ecological & ,exp]im5tal ,/udy ( ,s>cophagid ) ,relation to ,lake ,bea* ,dbris4 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #de-hc4 ,,jordan1 ,h4 #ahhc4 ,die ,b9n5mollusk5 d] nrdli* gemssigt5 ,lnd] von ,europa und ,asi5 und d] ,arktis*5 ,lnd]4 ,nova ,acta d] ,ksl4 ,leop4-,c>ol4-,deuts*5 ,akad4 d] ,naturf41 ,bd4 ,,xlv1 ,nr4 #d1 pp4 #aha-djb4 ,halle4 ,on pp4 #bja-bec !re are _m obs]vations on molluskan ecology1 includ+ habitats1 table ( habitats ( fre%wat] mollusks1 & important obs]vations on habitat v>iations or =ms4 ,mo/ ( ! pap] is devot$ to geographic problems4 ,,k(oid1 ,c4 ,a4 #aijc4 ,! ,plankton ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 #ahid-ahii1 ) ,introductory ,notes ^u ! ,hydrography ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv] & its ,bas94 ,"p ,i1 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ie-fbi4 ,! results ( a prolong$1 detail$ /udy ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv] plankton2 capable ( an associational int]pretation4 ,,l9tn]1 ,j4 ,a4 #ahgh4 ,report on ! ,insects & ,o!r ,animal ,=ms ( ,cal$onia ,creek1 ,new ,york4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,fi%]y ,comm4 = #ahgg1 pp4 #ab-cf4 ,"o ( ! relatively few /udies ( ! animals ( a small /ream2 a c5sus r ?an an ecological /udy4 ,,mccre>y1 ,o4 #aiji4 ,! ,ecological ,di/ribution ( ! ,birds ( ,isle ,royale1 ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mi*4 ,geol4 ,surv4 = #aijh1 pp4 #ha-ie4 ,habitat pref]5ces ( birds4 ,,morse1 ,a4 ,p4 #aijd4 ,rese>*es on ,nor? ,am]ican ,acridiid4 ,c>negie ,in/41 ,pub4 #ah4 pp4 #ee4 ,associational gr\p+s ( ! %ort-horn$ gras%opp]s1 ) figures ( habitats4 ,,ru?v51 ,a4 ,g4 #aijg4 ,a ,collection ( ,reptiles & ,amphibians f ,s\!rn ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #dhc-fjc4 ,discusses ! associations1 habitats1 & food ( ! des]t species4 ,,scott1 ,w4 #aiaj4 ,! ,fauna ( a ,solution ,pond4 ,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci5ce = #aiaj1 pp4 #cie-ddb4 ,includes a discussion ( _! int]relations4 ,,simro?1 ,h4 #ahia4 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,l&ti]e4 ,e9 ,biologis*e ,v]su*4 pp4 #dib4 ,leipzig4 ,,/eu]1 ,a4 #aiaj4 ,planktonkunde4 pp4 #gbc4 ,leipzig4 ,a g5]al treatise on plankton4 ,,watson1 ,j4 ,r4 #aiaa4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,/udy ( ! ,ecological ,di/ribution ( ! ,animal ,life ( ,nor? ,c5tral ,new ,mexico ) ,especial ,att5tion to ! ,insects4 ,fir/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,mexico ,nat4 ,res\rce & ,cons]v4 ,comm41 pp4 #fg-aag4 ,description1 li/s1 & obs]vations on ! animal & plant associations ( ! arid region4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 #aije4 ,an ,annotat$ ,li/ ( ! ,ants ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #cga-djc4 ,ants gr\p$ 9 ! foll[+ associations3 woodl&1 glade1 field1 mead[1 hea?1 & s&4 #aijh4 ,comp>ative ,e?ology ( ! ,european & ,nor? ,am]ican ,ants4 ,j\r4 fr ,psy*ol4 und ,neurol41 ,bd4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #djd-dce4 7,fe/s*rift ,=el47 ,,wickham1 ,h4 ,f4 #aijc4 ,! ,beetles ( an ,oregon ,bea*4 ,ottawa ,naturali/1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #di-eb4 ,,index ,abbreviations1 #fi ,acalyptrate ,muscid1 l>val food-habits1 #gh ,accid5ts1 #fb ,acridiid1 c\rt%ip1 #aag habitats1 #adh ,adaptation1 adju/ive1 #aj & evolution1 #ig z a process1 #i z a product1 #i !ory1 #acf ,adirondacks1 aquatic insects1 #ge ,adju/m5t ( organisms1 process (1 #abb ,adju/m5t1 process (1 #e1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 #abb ,age ( l[] organisms1 #ig ,aggregate1 #h z ag5t or entity1 #d ecology1 #d1 #bc1 #bd1 #acc ,aggregations1 #bg1 #ade dynamic relations (1 #acj ,agricultural reports ( ! ,u4 ,s4 pat5t (fice1 index1 #gb ,air1 vegetational control ( relative evaporat+ p[] (1 #ij vegetational control ( relative humidity1 #ij ,alluvial flats1 vegetational invasion1 #hi ,alps1 soil fauna1 #add ,alt]nat+ g5]ations ( oak gall flies1 #adc ,ambrosia beetles1 #abg ,am]ican lob/]1 natural hi/ory1 #aac ,amia calva1 natural hi/ory1 #aag ,amphibians1 associations ( des]t species1 #adh collect+1 #eh des]t species1 #adh food ( des]t species1 #adh reactions to light1 #aaf ,amphioxus1 behavior1 #aaf s5sory reactions1 #aaf ,amphipods1 di/ribution ( fre%-wat]1 #aaa food ( fre%-wat]1 #aaa reproductive capacity ( fre%-wat]1 #aaa salt-m>%1 habits & life hi/ory1 #aai ,amphi?oe longimana ,smi?1 habits & natural hi/ory1 #aac ,animal & plant associations ( arid region1 #adh1 #adi ,animal associations1 & m>9e vegetation1 #hi & vegetation1 #ij ( a lake %ore1 #acd ,animal behavior1 #ajg1 #aba z a process1 #ajb ,bohn's /udies 91 #ajg limits ( /udy1 #ajc ,animal communities1 #acc1 #acd ,animal ecology1 ( ,*icago region1 #acd ( ,cold ,spr+ s& spit1 #acf ( sea%ore1 #fc1 #fd ( %ore1 #aci ,animal galls1 #adc ,animal geography1 physiological1 #aja ,animal intellig5ce1 developm5t1 #aae evolution1 #aad nature1 #aae raccoon1 #aaa ,animal life1 ecological di/ribution 9 ,new ,mexico1 #adh ( sea-bottom1 #fc1 #acf ( sea-bottom1 food1 #acf ( sea-bottom1 quantity1 #acf m9d1 #ajf psy*ology1 #ajf1 #abj societies1 #acb1 #acc1 #adf sub/ances1 influ5ce ^u insects1 #ace visitors to fl[]s1 sy/ematic alphabetic li/1 #adb ,animals1 adju/m5t betwe5 environm5t &1 #abb & plant galls1 #ada & poll9ation1 #ada1 #adb collect+1 directions1 #eg compet+ 9 new t]ritory1 #abf di/ribution1 physiological1 #aja fre%-wat]1 #gh ( ,l[] ,elbe1 #ach ( sea%ore1 #adf ( small /ream1 #adg1 #adh ( soils1 #hf ori5tation1 #aah play1 #aab responses 7locomotor7 to :ite light1 #ajg seasonal succession1 #adj subt]ranean1 #eh v>iation1 #if ,annelids1 behavior ( tubicol\s1 #aab ,ant1 e?ological obs]vations on an ,am]ican1 #abj ,ant-colony1 z organism1 #aca z unit1 #aca ,an?ophil\s insect fauna1 ecological relations to entomophil\s flora1 #adb ,ants1 #aaa & fungi1 #abh & plants1 #abf1 #abg ,ar?ropods liv+ )1 #acj associations1 #adi associations by habitats1 #adi behavior1 #abj bibliography1 #abj developm5t1 #abj ecological /udy1 #acg ,european1 comp>ative e?ology1 #adi habitat associations1 #adi habitats1 #abj keys to ecological relations (1 9 ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 #acg ne/+ habits (1 9 ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 #acg ne/s1 #abg ,nor? ,am]ican1 comp>ative e?ology1 #adi quantitative data on1 #acg psy*ology1 #abj slaves1 #abj /ructure1 #abj ,aplopus ,may]i1 habits1 reactions1 & mat+ in/9cts1 #aai ,appli$ ecology1 #abe1 #aca ,application ( ! process me?od1 #hf ,aquatic animals1 photography1 #fc ,aquatic ,*rysomelid1 #ge ,aquatic insects1 #ge immature1 keys1 #ge 9 ,adirondacks1 #ge ,aquatic nematoc]\s ,dipt]a1 #ge ,aquatic res\rces1 #bd ,aquiculture1 #ba ,araneads1 activities1 #aae c\rt%ip (1 significance1 #aae second>y sexual *>act]s1 #aae ,arbacia punctulata1 #ii ,argiope1 habits & in/9cts1 #aag ,arid region1 animal & plant associations1 #adh1 #adi associations1 #adi habitats1 #adi ,arizona1 ,amphibians1 #adh cactus & insect fauna1 #ace reptiles1 #adh ,army cooks' manual1 #eh ,art1 ( ecology1 #cc ( pres5tation1 #fg ,ar?ropods1 effect ( caves on1 #aja liv+ ) ants1 #acj liv+ ) t]mites1 #acj ,artificial & 8pa?ological0 conditions1 #bg ,association1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #bg1 #fj1 #acb1 #aci1 #ade ,associational ecology1 #e1 #bd1 #bi ,associational optimum1 #id ,associational relation1 ( poll9ation1 #ada1 #adb ,associational /udy1 ( birds1 ,ill9ois1 #adf ( lake fauna1 #adj ( s& prairies ( ,ill9ois1 #aci ( sea bea*1 #acf ( %ore animals1 #aci ,associational unit1 & individual ecology1 #aca ,associations1 amphibian1 #adh animal1 #acg1 #ach animal1 local1 #acd ants1 #adi z ag5t1 #e biotic1 #bi biotic1 ( s& areas1 #adf cave1 #adc climax biotic1 #cj dynamic relations (1 #acj fi%1 ( ,ill9ois1 #adj fi%1 9 lake1 #adg human1 #aj1 #aa lake fi%1 #adg mak+ to ord]1 #cc mammal1 #ade m>9e animals1 #ace1 #acf me?ods ( /udy+ local1 #ad mollusks1 #acg1 #ach natural or normal1 #cd reptiles1 #adh resemble plays1 #dg s& flats1 #acf1 #acg %ort-horn$ gras%opp]s1 #adh succession1 #ia ,a/]ias ,=besi1 direction ( locomotion1 #aaj ,a/]ias ,=r]i ,de ,loriol1 behavior1 #aje ,atmosph]ic conditions ab\t woodl&s1 #ia ,atta sexd5s1 colonies f\nd$ by1 #abh ,au?ors1 guide1 #fh sugge/ions to1 #fh ,au/ralasia1 cryptozoic fauna1 #add ,balance ( nature1 #bh1 #bi1 #abc ,b>k beetles1 #gf & fungi1 #abg ,b>k ( trees1 fauna "u1 #add ,baselevel+1 #hf faunal significance1 #hf ,bass1 black1 z a microcosmic c5t]1 #di ,bats1 habits & s5sory adaptations ( cave-inhabit+1 #aab ,bea*1 associational /udy ( a sea1 #acf beetles ( an ,oregon1 #adi ,bea* flea1 habits1 #aai life hi/ory1 #aai ,bea*1 sea1 z animal habitat1 #acf ,bee1 burr[+1 #acd community ( ,ep9omia triangulif]a ,va*al1 #aci community1 p>asitic int]relations1 #aci fauna ( dunes1 #aci humble1 #aai ,bees1 & fl[]s1 #ada z reflex ma*9es1 #aji ,beetles1 ,ambrosia1 #abg b>k1 #gf evolution 9 ,*rysomelid1 #aai food ( pr$ace\s1 #abf1 #acj habitats1 #ade hym5opt]\s ho/s1 #aci hyp]metamorphic1 #aci immature /ages1 #ge longicorn1 food habits1 #gg ( an ,oregon bea*1 #adi pr$ace\s1 food1 #abf1 #acj seasonal succession (1 #adj sn\t1 #gf succession (1 #ade ,behavior1 #ib1 #ic ,amphioxus1 #aaf & natural environm5t1 #aaj animal1 #afg animal4 ,see also ,animal behavior animal1 z a process1 #ajb ants1 #abj birds1 #aba ,bombus1 #abj ,collembola1 #acf cuckoo1 #aac fix$ & *angeable responses1 #ajd human1 #acc ,hydroides ,dian?us ,v41 modifiability1 #ajf ideals & conclusions1 #aad ,isopods1 surface & subt]ranean1 #ajh laws1 #ajc lee*1 #aba ,lept9ot>sa1 #aai ,limulus1 #aje liz>d1 #aaf lob/]1 immature /ages1 #aje l[] organisms1 #if1 #aje1 #ajg me?od ( regulation1 #aje modifiability1 #ic1 #aje1 #ajf mud snail1 #aaa nature1 /udy ( 91 #ci ,necturus1 #aba ord]ly sequ5ce1 #aac organisms1 #aae physiology1 #ajg ,plan>ians1 fre%-wat]1 #aaf1 #abj pond snail1 #abj social wasps1 #aaa sponges1 #aaf squirrels1 #aba t]ns1 noddy & sooty1 #abj tree frogs1 #aab tubicol\s annelids1 #aab ,turbell>ian1 m>9e1 #abg 8walk+ /ick10 #aai ,belo/oma 7 ,zai?a7 flum9eum ,say1 dea?-feign+1 #aah ,bibliography1 #ga animals & poll9ation1 #ada1 #adb ants1 #abj b>k beetles1 #gf cat]pill>s1 #gd ecological succession ( birds1 #abd economic entomology 7,am]ican71 #ga1 #ge environm5tal influ5ces ^u insects1 #if1 #ig fl[]s & insects1 #ada1 #adb food ( birds1 #acj =e/ insects1 #gd fre%-wat] biology1 #gh ,hym5opt]a ( ,n4 ,am]ica1 #gc insects1 #gd1 #ge mammals1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 #ajg m$ical zology1 #abi plant ecology1 #hi sn\t beetles1 #gf vet]9>y zology1 #abi ,biocnose1 #ah or community1 #g ,biocnosis1 #f1 #g1 #bi ,biocnose1 #ah ,halictus1 #acd ,biocnosis1 #aca ,biocnotic1 #ah ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana1 #bc ,biologic relations ( plants & ants1 #abf1 #abg ,biological significance1 ( dissolv$ gases ( wat]1 #hg ( !rmocl9e1 #hg ,biological survey1 ( ,u4 ,s41 index to pap]s on1 #abh ecological 9 me?ods1 #aad ,biology1 #a1 #b1 #ah1 #fj butt]flies1 #aah l[] ,danube delta1 #ade ,or?opt]a1 #aja ,physa1 #aaj relation to geological inve/igation1 #bb relation to man1 #aa1 #ab s& areas ( ,ill9ois1 #adf ,biometric ideas1 #fc ,biometric me?ods1 #fc ,bionomic base l9e1 #cj ,bionomics1 #ai1 #ba gre5 cells ( ,convoluta rosc(f5sis1 #abg insects1 #abh ,bionomy1 m>9e1 & /ratigraphy1 #bb ,biota1 po/glacial disp]sal1 #ia ,biotic associations1 #bi1 #ia s& areas1 #adf s&y flats ( seacoa/1 #acf1 #acg ,biotic base1 #cj ,biotic community1 #ada ,biotic competition 9 tropics1 #abd ,biotic succession 9 m$ia1 #hh ,bird c5sus1 sectional1 #ei ,bird habitats ( ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 #acg ,birds1 adaptations by insects to1 #abe & man1 #acj associational /udies1 #adf behavior1 #aba bre$+ habits ( ,nor? ,am]ican1 #aji collect+1 #eh colonies1 #abj decrease1 #abd de/ruction by elem5ts1 #abd ecological succession1 #ba1 #abd1 #acc economic value1 #abc1 #abf eggs ( ,nor? ,am]ican1 #aji food1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj food ( ne/l+1 #abh habitat gr\ps1 #ade1 #adf habitat pref]5ces1 #adh habitats 9 summ]1 #adf in/9ct1 #aac intellig5ce1 #aac life hi/ories ( ,nor? ,am]ican1 #aji me?ods ( /udy1 #ci1 #fj1 #fa migration1 #aji migration z a response1 #aji noxi\s1 introduction1 #abd ( a ,m>yl& f>m1 #abe ( ,isle ,royale1 ecological di/ribution (1 #adh photograph+1 #ei1 #fa protect+ woodl&s1 #abd protection1 #abd protection ( useful1 #abg quantitative /udy1 #ei1 #fj regulative action ^u insect oscillations1 #abc /ati/ical /udy1 #ei1 #fj /oma* cont5ts1 e/imat+1 #fb /udy #ci1 #fj1 #fa ,birds' eggs1 collect+1 #eh ,birds' ne/s1 collect+1 #eh ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 bird habitats1 #acg ,black bass z a microcosmic c5t]1 #di ,bl9d species ( cave fauna1 orig91 #add ,blissus leucopt]us ,say1 #bj ,blond r+-dove1 #aaj ,blue flag1 fruit+1 #adb ,bluebird1 #aag ,bluejay1 #aag ,bohn's /udies 9 animal behavior1 #ajg ,boll worm1 report on1 #gg ,bombus1 behavior1 #abj see also ,humble-bee ,bor]s1 wood1 #gg ,bracki% wat]s ( ,l[] ,elbe1 fauna1 #ach ,bre$+ habits1 b>k beetles1 #gf birds1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #aji crawfi%1 #ajh horn$ dace1 #fc sn\t beetles1 #gf ,bufo l5tig9osus am]icanus ,le ,conte1 #ajj ,bumble-bee1 see ,bombus see also ,humble-bee ,burr[+ bee1 #acd ,butt]flies1 biology1 #aah dr9k+ habits1 #aai food plants1 #gg ,cactus1 ,arizona1 insect fauna1 #ace ,cactus1 giant1 & its insect fauna1 #ace insects1 #ace ,cai?ness1 vegetation1 #hh ,cal$onia ,creek1 ,n4 ,y41 insects & animal =ms1 #adg1 #adh ,camb>us1 #aac ,camb>us aff9is1 habit =mation1 #ajf ,camp cook+1 #fb ,camp+1 #eg1 #fj1 #fa1 #fe ,capitalization1 #fi ,c>abid1 e>ly /ages1 #gc food relations1 #abg ,c>bohydrates1 effect on resi/ance to lack ( oxyg51 #ii ,c>bonic acid1 reaction ( fi% to1 #aah ,c>d-index sy/em = records1 #fd ,c>rion-fe$+ insects1 #adf ,ca/ration1 p>asitic1 9 insects1 #acj ,catalogues ( gov]nm5tal publications1 #fe ,cat]pill>s1 #gd reactions1 #ajf ,cave associations1 #adc ,cave environm5t1 #add1 #ade ,cave fauna1 ,european1 #add orig9 ( bl9d species1 #add ,cave habitats1 #aab1 #add ,cave-inhabit+ bats1 habits & s5sory adaptations1 #aab ,cave life1 effect on ,ar?ropods1 #aja effect on nutrition1 #aja effect on s5se 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,d41 #dd1 #fd ,s*f]1 ,e4 ,a41 #ig ,s*eff]1 ,t4 ,h41 #aah ,s*iem5z1 ,p41 #aja ,s*rt]1 ,c41 #bb1 #fj ,s*w>z1 ,e4 ,a41 #gg1 #ace ,scott1 ,f4 ,n41 #ff ,scott1 ,w41 #ade1 #adh ,scudd]1 ,s4 ,h41 #gg ,seitz1 ,a41 #aah ,semp]1 ,k41 #if ,seton1 ,erne/ ,?ompson1 #aah ,sev]91 ,h4 ,c41 #aah ,sev]91 ,h4 ,h4 ,p41 #aah ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c41 #hi ,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e41 #ba1 #ij1 #id1 #aja1 #aab1 #aah1 #acc1 #ach ,%]r+ton1 ,c4 ,s41 #ih ,simpson1 ,c4 ,b41 #fd ,simpson1 ,c4 ,t41 #aai ,simro?1 ,h41 #adh ,slad51 ,f4 ,w4 ,l41 #aai ,smallwood1 ,m4 ,e41 #aai ,smi?1 ,b4 ,g41 #aai ,s\le1 ,c4 ,g41 #ajf ,sp5ce1 ,w41 #ai1 #abh ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #ib ,spr5gel1 #ai ,/ahl1 ,e41 #abe ,/5roos1 ,k4 ,e41 #aci ,/eu]1 ,a41 #adh ,/iles1 ,c4 ,w41 #abi ,/ock>d1 ,c4 ,r41 #aai ,/raton1 ,c4 ,r41 #adc ,/rong1 #bj ,sumn]1 ,f4 ,b41 #fd ,surface1 ,h4 ,a41 #abi ,?omas1 ,c41 #gf1 #gg ,?ompson1 ,d4 ,w41 #adb ,t[]1 ,w4 ,l41 #aai ,t[ns5d1 ,c4 ,h4 ,t41 #gh ,transeau1 ,e4 ,n41 #fd1 #ij ,trelease1 ,w41 #adb ,turn]1 #ajg ,tutt1 ,j4 ,w41 #aai ,uexkuell1 ,j4 von1 #ajg ,v&]velde1 ,e41 #abf ,van ,hise1 ,c4 ,r41 #dj1 #dc1 #ee1 #ef1 #hf ,v>igny1 ,h4 de1 #if ,vaughan1 ,t4 ,w41 #hi ,vaux1 ,c4 ,b41 #fh ,v]gil1 #ai ,v]non1 ,h4 ,m41 #if ,v]rill1 ,a4 ,e41 #acf ,v]worn1 ,m41 #ie ,ve/al1 ,a4 ,g41 #aci ,vire1 ,a41 #aja ,voigt1 ,w41 #aai ,von ,m>t51 #ach ,vossel]1 ,j41 #aja ,wagn]1 ,w41 #abj ,wa9wright1 ,d4 ,b41 #fd ,wallace1 #ai1 #bc1 #da ,walt]1 ,h4 ,e41 #aje1 #abj ,wal!r1 ,j41 #bb ,w>d1 ,h4 ,b41 #gh1 #abi ,w>man1 ,p4 ,c41 #fg ,w>m+1 ,e41 #hi1 #acf ,wa%burn1 ,m4 ,f41 #ajf1 #ajg ,wasmann1 ,e41 #ah1 #abj1 #acj ,watson1 ,j4 ,b41 #ajg1 #abj ,watson1 ,j4 ,r41 #adh ,waxweil]1 ,e41 #acb ,web/]1 ,f4 ,m41 #acj ,we$1 ,c4 ,m41 #acj ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e41 #ij ,w5dell1 ,b41 #ff ,wes5b]g-,lund1 ,c41 #acd1 #acf1 #adj ,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m41 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abf1 #acj1 #aca1 #adi ,:ipple1 ,g4 ,c41 #gh ,:ite1 ,c4 ,a41 #bb ,:itman1 ,c4 ,o41 #ajc1 #aba ,wickham1 ,h4 ,f41 #aba1 #adi ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b41 #ih ,wilson1 ,h4 ,m41 #fe ,w9t]/e91 ,h41 #ie ,wood1 ,g4 ,m41 #fh ,wood1 ,j4 ,g41 #adj ,wood1 ,t41 #adj ,woodman1 ,j4 ,e41 #adf ,woodwor?1 ,j4 ,b41 #hf ,woolley1 ,e4 ,c41 #fi ,wright1 ,a4 ,h41 #fd ,ye>sley1 ,m41 #aaa ,y]kes1 ,a4 ,w41 #ajf ,y]kes1 ,r4 ,m41 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aba ,yoakum1 ,c4 ,s41 #aba ,za*>ias1 ,o41 #acj ,zoe?\t1 ,w4 ,d41 #ii ,zon1 ,raphael1 #hi ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( a few ( ! ,macmillan books on k9dr$ subjects4 ,g5etics4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,h]$ity ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,eug5e ,,walt] ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,biology1 ,br[n ,univ]sity ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej net2 po/paid1 #a4fc ,9 8 8,g5etics0 ,pr(essor ,walt] summ>izes ! m rec5t phases ( ! /udy ( h]$ity & gives to ! non-te*nical read]s a cle> introduction to que/ions t are at pres5t agitat+ ! biological _w4 ,pr(essor ,walt]'s conception ( sexual reproduction is t x is a device = d\bl+ ! possible v>iations 9 ! (fspr+1 by ! m+l+ ( two /ra9s ( g]m plasm4 ,! weight ( probability1 he concludes1 is decid$ly aga9/ ! "t-honor$ belief 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,pr(essor ,walt] also pr$icts t ! key to ?is :ole problem w be furni%$ by ! *emi/1 & t ! f9al analysis ( ! matt] ( ! 8h]itage c>ri]s0 w be se5 to be *emical r ?an morphological 9 nature4 ,9 ! practical application ( ?is !ory to human cons]vation or eug5ics1 x w\ld foll[ t ! only control t a man has ov] ! inh]itance ( 8 *ildr5 is 9 select+ 8 wife4 ,pr(essor ,walt] holds1 if only modifications ( ! g]m plasm c c\nt 9 inh]itance1 & if ^! modifications come :olly f ! comb9ation ( two g]m plasms1 !n ! only me?od ( h]$it>y influ5ce is 9 ?is selection4 8,i f9d t x is a v useful /udy = an introduction to ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,walt] has c]ta9ly made "o ( ! cle>e/ /atem5ts ( ! matt]s involv$ t ,i h se51 & has made a book :i* /ud5ts w f9d v useful because he keeps ev]y?+ 9 su* entirely simple & cle> outl9es1 & at ! same "t he has br\ght ! book up to date40--,,pr(essor ,,loomis ( ,amh]/ ,college4 8,i am mu* pleas$ ) x & congratulate y ^u secur+ s excell5t a treatm5t4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ readable sci5tific books ,i h1 & goes un]r+ly to ! fundam5tals ( our mo/ rec5t advances 9 ! exp]im5tal /udy ( h]$ity z well z ^? ( ! old] /udies40--,,pr(essor ,,george ,h4 ,,%ull1 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y4 8,!re 0 a decid$ ne$ = j su* a "w4 ,! book /rikes me z mo/ excell5tly done40--,,pr(essor ,h4 ,s4 ,,j5n+s1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,! ,fitness ( ! ,environm5t ,,by ,,lawr5ce ,j4 ,,h5d]son ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,biological ,*emi/ry 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej net 8,d>w9ian fitness is comp\nd$ ( a mutual relation%ip betwe5 ! organism & ! environm5t4 ,( ?is1 fitness ( environm5t is q z ess5tial a compon5t z ! fitness :i* arises 9 ! process ( organic evolution2 & 9 fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ! actual environm5t is ! fitte/ possible abode ( life40 ,su* is ! !sis :i* ?is "w seeks to e/abli% ?r\gh discussions ( ! physical & *emical *>act]i/ics ( life & cosmogony1 & ?r\gh critical /udy ( ! prop]ties ( matt] 9 _! biological relations4 ,wat] & c>bonic acid are %[n to be ! prim>y con/itu5ts ( ! environm5t4 ,analysis %[s _! prop]ties1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! compon5t elem5ts1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & c>bon1 to make up a s]ies ( maxima1 among all kn[n comp\nds & elem5ts1 s num]\s1 s v>i$1 & s highly favorable1 to ! organic me*anism t ! fitness ( ! _w = life assumes an importance n less ?an ! fitness :i* has be5 won by adaptation 9 ! c\rse ( organic evolution4 ,a f9al *apt] discusses ! be>+ ( ^! conclusions ^u !ories ( organic evolution1 mod]n vitalism1 includ+ ! views ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 & ! old natural !ology1 & seeks to h>monize implications ( design ) ! me*ani/ic view ( nature4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,,college ,,zo,,logy ,by ,,rob]t ,w4 ,,hegn]1 ,ph4,d4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,zology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,illu/rat$1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 xxiv #gcc pp41 #b4fj net ,?is book is int5d$ to s]ve z a text = beg9n+ /ud5ts 9 univ]sities & colleges1 or = /ud5ts :o h already tak5 a c\rse 9 g5]al biology & wi% to ga9 a m compreh5sive view ( ! animal k+dom4 ,x diff]s f _m ( ! college text-books ( zology n[ on ! m>ket 9 sev]al important respects3 7#a7 ! animals & _! organs are n only describ$1 b _! functions are po9t$ out2 7#b7 ! animals describ$ are 9 mo/ cases native species2 & 7#c7 ! relations ( ! animals to man are emphasiz$4 ,besides s]v+ z a text-book1 x is believ$ t ?is book w be ( int]e/ to ! g5]al read]1 s9ce x gives a bird's-eye view ( ! entire animal k+dom z we "k x at ! pres5t "t4 ,)9 ! pa/ decade !re has be5 a t5d5cy = tea*]s ( zology to pay less att5tion to morphology & m to physiology4 ,z a prom95t morphologi/ rec5tly said1 8,morphology 444 is no long] 9 favor 444 & among a section ( ! zological _w has almo/ fall5 into disgrace0 7,b\rne74 ,! /udy ( ! =m & /ructure ( animals is1 h[ev]1 ( fundam5tal importance1 & is absolutely necess>y be=e physiological processes c be fully und]/ood2 b a c\rse :i* is built up on ! 8old-fa%ion$ morphological l9es0 is no long] adequate = ! pres5tation ( zological pr9ciples4 ,! pres5t volume has n be5 made by m]ely add+ a description ( ! v]tebrates to ! au?or's 8,introduction to ,zology0 7= a brief acc\nt ( :i* see ! la/ pages ( ?is circul>74 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a new "w ?r\gh\t1 al?\gh ! same g5]al me?od ( treatm5t1 :i* prov$ s successful 9 ! e>li] book1 has be5 employ$ 9 ?is "o4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book ! au?or has submitt$ ! manuscript ( ea* *apt] to a s*ol> & tea*] ( unque/ion$ au?ority 9 ! p>ticul> field4 ,! criticisms & sugge/ions ?us secur$ h greatly increas$ bo? ! accuracy & ! practicability ( ! text4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,an ,introduction to ,zology ,by ,,rob]t ,w4 ,,hegn]1 ,ph4,d4 ,in/ructor 9 ,zology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 #a4ij net ,only a few animals belong+ to ! m important phyla1 z view$ f an evolution>y /&po9t1 are consid]$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 int5sively /udi$ 9 an endeavor to tea* ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,zology 9 a way t is n possible :5 a sup]ficial exam9ation ( types f all ! phyla is made4 ,fur!rmore1 morphology is n specially emphasiz$1 b is cord9at$ ) physiology1 ecology1 & behavior1 & s]ves to illu/rate by a comp>ative /udy ! probable c\rse ( evolution4 ,! animals are n treat$ z in]t objects = dissection1 b z liv+ organisms ^: activities are ( fundam5tal importance4 ,no argum5ts are necess>y to ju/ify ! 8type c\rse10 develop$ ) ! problems ( organic evolution 9 m9d1 & deal+ ) dynamic z well z /atic ph5om5a4 8,i h read y\r *apt] 7,! ,crayfi% & ,ar?ropods 9 ,g5]al7 & c express my satisfaction ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! matt]1 z well z ) ref]5ce to ! detail4 ,! :ole treatm5t is up to date1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! mod]n advancem5t 9 our k ( ! crayfi%es1 &1 *ief ( all1 ! m important features 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ^! animals are v prop]ly sep>at$ f ! unimportant ones4 ,i ?9k ?is *apt] gives ! ess5ce ( :at we "k ab\t crayfi%es1 & any /ud5t might use ! book advantage\sly4 ,9 fact1 ,i "k no o!r text-book :i* gives su* a weal? ( in=mation ^u s few pages40--,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,or?mann1 ,c>negie ,museum4 8,! plan is v satisfactory1 & ! book w be v in/ructive = class use4 ,i am v glad t y h *os5 ! bee z y\r insect type40 7,*apt] ,,xii47--,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,phillips1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,h\sehold ,bact]iology ,,by ,,e/elle ,d4 ,,bu*anan1 ,m4,s4 ,rec5tly ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,botany1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ,,& ,,rob]t ,,e>le ,,bu*anan1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,bact]iology1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college1 & ,bact]iologi/ ( ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,clo?1 #hvo1 xv #ecf pp41 index1 #b4be net ,! ^w ,h\sehold is us$ z an ext5sion r ?an a limitation ( ! title4 ,9 a ?or\ghly sci5tific mann] ! au?ors treat ! subject-matt] ( g5]al z well z ( h\sehold bact]iology & include1 !re=e1 ! true bact]ia z well z ! yea/s1 molds1 & protozoa4 ,! volume is1 !re=e1 a g5]al textbook ( micro-biology 9 :i* special att5tion is giv5 to ^? problems :i* are ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( h\sehold sci5ce4 ,! ma9 divisions ( ! book treat 7#a7 ! micro-organisms !mselves1 7#b7 f]m5tations ) special ref]5ce to ^? affect+ foods1 7#c7 ! relations ( bact]ia & o!r micro-organisms to heal?4 ,a fully illu/rat$ key 7compris+ #cg pages7 to ! families & g5]a ( common molds1 supplem5ts ! unusually ext5d$ discussion ( ! morphology & classification ( yea/s & molds1 & makes possible ! satisfactory id5tification ( all =ms ord9>ily enc\nt]$ by ! /ud5t4 ,! "w embodies ! results ( ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es4 ,! book is exceptionally well writt51 ! diff]5t topics are treat$ consi/5tly & ) a good s5se ( proportion4 ,:ile concise 9 /atem5t1 x is ?or\gh 9 me?od & scope4 ,x is1 !re=e1 well adapt$ = use z a text n only = /ud5ts ( h\sehold sci5ce1 b also = ^? to :om x is desir$ to pres5t ! sci5ce ( bact]iology f an economic & sanit>y r ?an f a /rictly m$ical po9t ( view4 8,! book is a concisely writt5 "w on micro-biology1 a bran* ( economic sci5ce t ! public is beg9n+ gradually to und]/&1 has important relation%ip to ! total welf>e & prosp]ity ( ! community4444 ,! manual c be recomm5d$ z a v good elem5t>y bact]iology4 ,x comprises ab\t all !re is ( practical dome/ic value40--,bo/on ,adv]tis]4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,a ,laboratory ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,p>asitology ,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,h]ms ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,b]keley1 ,cali=nia2 ,au?or ( 8,mal>ia3 ,cause & ,control0 ,clo?1 #hvo1 xv #gb pages1 #hj c5ts net ,,"p ,i--,,m$ical ,,entomology ,,"p ,,ii--,,helm9?ology ,,"p ,,iii--,,life ,,hi/ory ,,/udies ,,on ,,liv+ ,,p>asites ,) ! rapid gr[? ( p>asitology !re is also a gr[+ dem& = laboratory in/ruction 9 ?is field4 ,! au?or's greate/ desire dur+ ! "t t he has be5 engag$ 9 tea*+ ?is subject has be5 to place ! "w ^u a good sy/ematic foot+1 giv+ x prop] rank ) o!r phases ( appli$ biology4 ,! ex]cises 9 ?is volume are bas$ ^u two /&>d c\rses giv5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,^! c\rses are ,human ,p>asitology 7fir/ half-ye>7 & ,vet]9>y ,p>asitology 7second half-ye>74 ,ea* ex]cise has _h c>eful te/+ 9 ! laboratory & is practical4 ,! aim ( ?is guide is to give ! /ud5t a wide1 practical view ( ! field1 s t he may h a fair grasp ( ! g5]al subject 9 its application to ! heal? & well-be+ ( man & bea/4 ,! ex]cises are 9 suffici5t detail to enable ! /ud5t to cont9ue "w on "s specific gr\p or species if he s *ooses4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york