,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,study              
,,of                                    
,,animal ,,ecology                      
,illustration                           
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
,,new ,,york  ,,boston  ,,chicago       
,,dallas                                
,,atlanta  ,,san ,,francisco            
,,macmillan  ,,co41 ,,limited           
,,london  ,,bombay  ,,calcutta          
,,melbourne                       ,,the 
,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,of ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 
,,toronto                               
,illustration3      ,,fig4 #a4--,oyster 
,bank in ,south ,carolina4 ,showing     
colonies of 8coon0  oysters growing in  
area between tides4 ,consult ,mbius1    
,dean1 and ,grave   for the ecological  
conditions of the animals on oyster     
banks4 ,this is   a representative      
animal community4 ,photo4 by ,b4 ,dean1 
loaned by ,u4 ,s4                       
,bureau of ,fisheries4                  
,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,study              
,,of                                    

,,animal ,,ecology                      
,,by                                    
,,charles ,c4 ,,adams1 ,,ph4,d4         
,,associate ,,in ,,animal ,,ecology1    
,,department ,,of ,,zo,,logy            
,,university ,,of ,,illinois            
,,new ,,york                            
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
#aiac                             ,all  
rights reserved                         
,,copyright1 #aiac1                     
,,by ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company4       
,set up and electrotyped4 ,published    
,august1 #aiac4                         
,norwood ,press                   ,j4   
,s4 ,cushing ,co4--,berwick  ,smith ,co4
                           ,norwood1    
,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4                       
,,preface      ,during the past ten     
years the writer has been trying to find
 some  consistent and satisfactory      
working plan for handling the almost    
bewildering number of facts1 of         
ecological significance1 which have     
been accumulating in the literature of  

zology1 biology1 and the allied         
sciences4 ,this book is the outgrowth of
 the effort as it has developed  in the 
study and teaching of animal ecology4 ,i
 have not attempted  to make this an    
exhaustive treatment of the subject1 but
 rather to  indicate briefly some of its
 general bearings and a method of       
approach4  ,i have tried to keep in mind
 the needs of the beginner in ecology4  
,an ecological point of view is         
described more fully than the other     
subjects discussed1 so that the student 
may see the need of familiarity  with   
those tests or criteria by means of     
which he may be able to  determine for  
himself ecological relations and the    
validity of  ecological studies4 ,the   
other phases are treated less fully in  
the  discussions and with more detail   
bibliographically so that this may be  a
 useful source book4 ,the geographical  
7in the ordinary sense of the  word7    
aspect has been deliberately omitted4   
,the references should be  looked upon  

from the standpoint presented in the    
general portions of  this book1 and if  
the facts and inferences aid in the     
interpretation of  the relations which  
exist between animals and the sum total 
of their  environments1 one may fairly  
consider that they are of ecological    
worth4    ,in the arrangement of the    
references ,i have tried to group       
related  papers1 but many defy any      
single system4 ,some of the publications
  deserve to be in several lists1 but   
little duplication has been made1  as   
this would unduly prolong the lists4    
,the annotations will supplement  the   
titles and their grouping in indicating 
the contents and importance  of the     
papers for our purpose4 ,it has often   
been difficult to select  from several  
almost equally valuable and useful      
papers4 ,others with  different         
interests1 aims1 and experience would   
doubtless make a  different choice4 ,it 
will therefore be a favor1 if those who 
use this  handbook and feel that        

important papers have been excluded1    
will  communicate this fact to the      
author4    ,this book is not intended as
 a treatise on the science of ecology2  
its aim is primarily educational4 ,this 
is the justification1 if any  were      
necessary1 for placing emphasis upon the
 point of view and the  importance of an
 understanding of explanatory processes 
and of the  methods of scientific       
investigation4 ,any adequate treatment  
of this  subject would exceed the space 
of this volume and it is reserved for   
future elaboration4    ,at present      
ecology is a science with its facts out 
of all proportion  to their organization
 or integration4 ,there is thus an      
immediate need  of integration1 and this
 above all requires a clear conception  
of the  scientific method as a tool1 and
 independent thinking as well4 ,the     
fact that scientific work progresses    
more rapidly when consciously  pursued  
than otherwise should serve as ample    
justification for this  emphasis4    ,a 

word of explanation is desirable to     
explain certain features of  this       
volume4 ,it is the outcome of coperative
 work on the part of the  ,illinois     
,state ,laboratory of ,natural ,history 
and certain members of  the ,ecological 
,survey ,committee of the ,illinois     
,academy of ,science1  ,professors ,e4  
,n4 ,transeau and ,t4 ,l4 ,hankinson4 ,a
 local ecological study  was made1 as a 
piece of coperative work1 and directions
 for study  were to be an introductory  
section of my part of this report4 ,but 
as  this part grew on my hands1 with the
 permission of ,professor ,s4 ,a4       
,forbes1 ,director of the ,illinois     
,state ,laboratory of ,natural ,history1
 ,i  decided to publish it separately4  
,this part was written two years and  a 
half ago1 and when separate publication 
was decided upon1 additional  references
 to the literature were added to bring  
it to date4 ,these  circumstances       
explain the emphasis placed upon        
ecological surveying and  also the      

brevity of treatment of other aspects4  
,further1 ,i am indebted to ,professor  
,forbes for reading the manuscript  and 
for valuable criticisms1 and likewise1  
for similar assistance1 to  my wife1    
,alice ,norton ,adams4 ,skillful help on
 the proof and index has  been given by 
,miss ,marion ,e4 ,sparks4              
,,charles ,c4 ,,adams4      ,,urbana1   
,,ill41 ,u4,s4,a41    ,june #i1 #aiac4  
,,contents                              
,,page    ,,preface                     
v    ,,chapter    ,i4 ,,aim1 ,,content1 
,,and ,,point ,,of ,,view               
#a    ,,ii4 ,,the ,,value ,,and ,,method
 ,,of ,,ecological ,,surveys            
#bc    ,,iii4 ,,field ,,study           
#cf    ,,iv4 ,,the ,,collection1        
,,preservation1 ,,and ,,determination   
,,of ,,specimens      #di    ,v4        
,,references ,,to ,,scientific          
,,technique                             
#ee         #a4 ,the ,scientific ,method
                                        
#ee         #b4 ,directions for         

,collecting and ,preserving ,specimens1 
,photographing1 ,surveying1 and ,other  
,phases              of ,technique      
#eg         #c4 ,the ,preparation of    
,papers for ,publication and            
on ,proof ,reading                      
#fe    ,,vi4 ,,references ,,to          
,,important ,,sources ,,of ,,information
 ,,on ,,the ,,life ,,histories  ,,and   
,,habits ,,of ,,insects ,,and ,,allied  
,,invertebrates                         
#gj    ,,vii4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of         
,,environmental ,,change1 ,,or ,,the    
8,,orderly ,,sequence ,,of  ,,external  
,,nature407,,the ,,dynamic ,,or         
,,process ,,relations ,,of ,,the        
,,environment7                          
#gi    ,,viii4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of        
,,orderly ,,sequence ,,of ,,metabolism1 
,,growth1 ,,development1                
,,physiological ,,conditions1 ,,and     
,,behavior1 ,,or 8,,the ,,living        
,,organism ,,and ,,the  ,,changes       
,,which ,,take ,,place ,,in ,,it40      
7,,the ,,dynamic ,,or ,,process         

,,relations ,,of  ,,the ,,animal7       
#ib          #a4 ,general ,physiology   
and ,development                        
#ie          #b4 ,a ,selection of       
,physiological and ,ecological ,papers  
#ajj          #c4 ,animal ,behavior as a
 ,process                               
#ajb          #d4 ,a ,list of ,selected 
,reviews and ,bibliographies            
#ajg          #e4 ,a ,selection of      
,references on ,life ,histories and     
,behavior                               
#ajh    ,,ix4 ,,the ,,continuous        
,,process ,,of ,,adjustment ,,between   
,,the ,,environment ,,and ,,the         
,,animal1 ,,with ,,special ,,reference  
,,to ,,other ,,organisms4 7,,the        
,,dynamic ,,or  ,,process ,,relations   
,,of ,,animal ,,associations ,,and      
,,aggregations7           #abb          
#a4 ,the ,struggle for ,existence       
#abc          #b4 ,the ,dynamic         
,relations of ,associations and         
,aggregations1             with ,special
 ,reference to ,animal ,associations    

#acj            a4 ,the ,relation of    
,animals to ,pollination and to         
,plant ,galls                           
#ada            b4 ,subterranean and    
,cave ,associations                     
#adc            c4 ,selected ,references
 on ,aggregations and ,associations     
#ade    ,,index                         
#aea    ,,index ,,to ,,names            
#agi                                    
,,list ,,of ,,figures      ,,fig4    #a4
   ,an ,oyster ,habitat on the ,south   
,carolina ,coast      ,frontispiece     
#b4   ,struggle for ,existence on a     
,clam ,flat4 ,overcrowded               
,condition                              
facing page #g      #c4   ,struggle for 
,existence on a ,clam ,flat4            
,destruction           of ,clams by     
,predaceous ,animals                    
0    0    #h      #d4   ,a ,small       
,mountain ,stream as an ,animal         
,environment      0    0   #hf      #e4 
,a ,small ,river as an ,animal          
,environment                0    0   #hg

      #f4   ,an ,illinois ,prairie      
,remnant as an ,animal ,environment  0  
0  #aci      #g4   ,an ,illinois        
,deciduous ,forest as an ,animal        
,environment 0    0  #adf               
,,relation ,,of ,,ecology ,,to ,,biology
      8,i shall try to show that life is
 response to the order of nature4444    
,but if it be admitted1 it follows that 
biology is the study of  response1 and  
that the study of that order of nature  
to which response  is made is as well   
within its province as the study of the 
living  organism which responds1 for all
 the knowledge we can get of both these 
aspects of nature is needed as a        
preparation for the study of that       
relation between them which constitutes 
life40    8,to study life we must       
consider three things3    first1 the    
orderly sequence of external nature2    
second1 the living organism and the     
changes which take place in it2  and1   
third1 that continuous adjustment       
between the two sets of phenomena  which

 constitutes life40    8,the physical   
sciences deal with the external world1  
and in the  laboratory we study the     
structure and activities of organisms by
 very  similar methods2 but if we stop  
there1 neglecting the relation of  the  
living being to its environment1 our    
study is not biology or the  science of 
life40                                  
,w4 ,k4 ,,brooks4                       
,,animal ,,ecology                      
,i4 ,,aim1 ,,content1 ,,and ,,point ,,of
 ,,view      ,ecology has no aim1 but   
ecologists have4 ,the problems of the   
ecologist  are not fundamentally        
different from those of any other kind  
of  naturalist4 ,the superficial        
differences in aim are due to the       
different  points of view1 or methods of
 approach1 rather than to any essential 
difference in the character of the      
problems4    ,the essentially biological
 core of ecology may be best shown by   
considering the relation which this     
science bears to other branches of      

biology1 a relation which has been      
admirably expressed by the eminent      
physiologist1 ,burdon-,sanderson 7'#id1 
pp4 #dch-dci71 as follows3    8,now the 
first thing that strikes us in beginning
 to think about the  activities of an   
organism is that they are naturally     
distinguishable  into two kinds1        
according as we consider the action of  
the whole  organism in its relation to  
the external world or to other          
organisms1  or the action of the parts  
or organs in their relation to each     
other4  ,the distinction to which we are
 thus led between the internal  and     
external relation of plants and animals 
has of course always  existed1 but has  
only lately come into such prominence   
that it divides  biologists more or less
 completely into two camps--on the one  
hand  those who make it their aim to    
investigate the actions of the organism 
and its parts by the accepted methods of
 physics and chemistry1  carrying this  
investigation as far as the conditions  

under which  each process manifests     
itself will permit2 on the other1 those 
who  interest themselves rather in      
considering the place which each        
organism  occupies1 and the part which  
it plays in the economy of nature4 ,it  
is  apparent that the two lines of      
inquiry1 although they equally relate   
to what the organism does1 rather than  
to what it is1 and therefore  both have 
equal right to be included in the one   
great science of life1  or biology1 yet 
lead in directions which are scarcely   
even parallel4 ,so  marked1 indeed1 is  
the distinction1 that ,professor        
,haeckel some twenty  years ago proposed
 to separate the study of organisms with
 reference  to their place in nature    
under the designation of #8cology1'     
defining  it as comprising #8the        
relations of the animal to its organic  
as well  as to its inorganic            
environment1 particularly its friendly  
or hostile  relations to those animals  
or plants with which it comes into      

direct  contact4'#a ,whether this term  
expresses it or not1 the distinction is 
a fundamental one4 ,whether with the    
cologist we regard the organism in      
relation to the world1 or with the      
physiologist as a wonderful complex  of 
vital energies1 the two branches have   
this in common1 that both  studies fix  
their attention1 not on stuffed animals1
 butterflies in  cases1 or even         
microscopical sections of the animal or 
plant body--all  of which relate to the 
framework of life--but on life itself40 
#a ,these he identifies with 8those     
complicated mutual relations which      
,darwin designates as conditions of the 
struggle for existence40 ,along  with   
chorology--the distribution of          
animals--cology constitutes what  he    
calls ,relations-physiologie4 ,haeckel1 
8,entwickelungsgang u4  ,aufgaben der   
,zoologie10 ,jenaische ,zeitschr41      
#ahfi1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cec4    ,the       
quotations from ,brooks1 on a preceding 
page1 show even more  explicitly the    

intimate relation which exists between  
biology and  ecology4 ,at first glance  
they may seem to prove almost too       
much--that  biology and ecology are     
synonymous4 ,they show at least that    
ecology  is concerned with fundamental  
biological problems--the responses of   
organisms to their complete             
environments4    ,the relations which   
different branches of ecology bear to   
one another  may be discussed under     
three headings1 individual1 aggregate1  
and  associational ecology4 ,these      
phases are superficially so distinct    
that  students of one branch may be     
almost unaware of the existence of the  
cordinate branches and may not realize  
that each is a part of the  larger unit4
    ,individual ,ecology4--,the study of
 individual ecology is the              
investigation of the development        
7process of formation7 of the           
structure1 function1 and behavior of a  
given individual or kind of  animal from
 the standpoint of its relations and    

responses to the  complete environment4 
,all ecologically significant facts     
should be  considered4 ,such a study may
 be devoted to an animal1 as1 for       
example1  a bumblebee1 a crawfish1 or a 
garter snake1 and may be limited to  a  
single habitat or locality1 or extended 
throughout the entire  geographic range 
of an animal4 ,from this standpoint the 
individual  studied becomes the hub of  
the microcosm1 from which all relations 
and  responses radiate4 ,most of the    
physiological studies of ecological     
bearing and many investigations of      
animal behavior have been made from     
this viewpoint4 ,the organism is thus   
considered as an agent which1           
transforming and utilizing substance and
 energy1 produces a varied  number of   
physiological conditions and forms of   
activity1 which in turn  furnish the    
basis for the constant process of       
response between the  organism and its  
environment4    ,aggregate              
,ecology4--,the study of aggregate      

ecology is the  investigation of the    
ecological development1 relations1 and  
responses  of animals based upon        
hereditary or taxonomic units1 as in a  
family  community1 or in genera1        
families1 orders1 etc4 ,these groups or 
aggregates are made the basis for the   
ecologic study1 as a hive  of bees1     
birds1 dragon flies 7,odonata71 the     
genus ,bombus4 ,from  this approach the 
activities and responses of the group   
are traced  throughout all environments 
and associations within the area        
studied1  or throughout the world1 and  
its responses and adjustments to the    
whole  environment receive primary      
attention4 ,the hereditary or taxonomic 
unit  is here the hub of the microcosm4 
,perhaps most of the contributions to   
ecology by the taxonomists are made from
 this standpoint4 ,here also the        
aggregate is considered as an agent or  
entity which produces many kinds  of    
activities and adjustments to the       
environment4    ,associational          

,ecology4--,associational ecology is    
devoted to the  investigation of the    
development1 interrelations1 and        
responses of  animals which are grouped 
or associated in the same habitats and  
environments4 ,in this case the         
associates in a given association and   
habitat are considered as a unit1 whose 
activities and interrelations  and      
responses are investigated in the same  
manner as if it were a  single animal4  
,the interactions among members of an   
association are to  be compared to the  
similar relations existing between the  
different  cells1 organs1 or activities 
of a single individual4 ,such groupings 
have a composition which has developed  
into an arrangement1 or  8spacing10 of  
individuals within it1 and which        
produces a particular  plan or pattern1 
as a result of the innumerable          
responsive activities  on the part of   
the individuals which live together4    
,for example1 when  the animals living  
in a small brook1 the littoral zone of a

 lake1 in a  colony of breeding gulls1  
or on the floor of a forest1 are treated
 as a  unit1 the entire history of the  
animals in the habitat is considered as 
a response to the conditions of life4   
,in this form of study the association  
becomes the center of all  radiating    
relations and responses4 ,such an       
association is an agent  which          
transforms substance and energy1        
producing varied physiological          
conditions and responses in the         
continuous process of adjustment 8which 
constitutes life40 ,the physiological   
needs and states of an association  have
 as real existence in individual animals
 as have similar needs in  the cell or  
cells which compose the animal body4    
,the mere statement of  the facts of    
such relations is enough to make valid  
such a comparison4    ,for the          
associational aspect of ecology the     
,german naturalist1 ,mbius1  proposed in
 #ahgg the term 8biocnosis40 ,the       
meaning of this he  expressed very      

clearly and concisely1 and on account of
 its relatively  obscure publication1 in
 a paper devoted to oyster culture1 it  
has not  gained the circulation among   
zologists which its importance merits4  
,his statement 7,mbius1 '#hc1 p4 #gbc7  
is as follows3    8,every oyster-bed is 
thus1 to a certain degree1 a community  
of living  beings1 a collection of      
species1 and a massing of individuals1  
which  find here everything necessary   
for their growth and continuance1 such  
as suitable soil1 sufficient food1 the  
requisite percentage of salt1  and a    
temperature favorable to their          
development4 ,each species which  lives 
here is represented by the greatest     
number of individuals which  can grow to
 maturity subject to the conditions     
which surround them1 for  among all     
species the number of individuals which 
arrive at maturity  at each breeding    
period is much smaller than the number  
of germs  produced at that time4 ,the   
total number of mature individuals of   

all  the species living together in any 
region is the sum of the survivors  of  
all the germs which have been produced  
at all past breeding or brood  periods2 
and this sum of matured germs represents
 a certain quantum of  life which enters
 into a certain number of individuals1  
and which1  as does all life1 gains     
permanence by means of transmission4    
,science  possesses1 as yet1 no word by 
which such a community of living beings 
may be designated2 no word for a        
community where the sum of species and  
individuals1 beings mutually limited and
 selected under the average  external   
conditions of life1 have1 by means of   
transmission1 continued  in possession  
of a certain definite territory4 ,i     
propose the word  ,biocnosis#b for such 
a community4 ,any change in any of the  
relative  factors of a biocnose produces
 changes in other factors of the same4  
,if1 at any time1 one of the external   
conditions of life should deviate  for a
 long time from its ordinary mean1 the  

entire biocnose1 or  community1 would be
 transformed4 ,it would also be         
transformed1 if the  number of          
individuals of a particular species     
increased or diminished  through the    
instrumentality of man1 or if one       
species entirely  disappeared from1 or a
 new species entered into1 the          
community40 7,see  ,figure #a74    #b   
,from 1 life1 and 1 to have something in
 common4                                
,illustration3    ,,fig4 #b4--,struggle 
for ,existence on a ,clam ,flat4        
,showing the overcrowded   condition of 
a colony of ,soft ,clams 7,mya arenaria7
 on ,rowley ,reef1   ,massachusetts4    
,the pits mark the position of the      
living clams4 ,photo4         by        
,belding1 loaned by ,mass4 ,comms4      
,fisheries and ,game4     ,the three    
methods of approach to ecological study 
are not so distinct  as they appear at  
first thought4 ,with perfecting         
knowledge the network  of interrelations
 increases and the paths converge4 ,then

 also the study  of the individual      
behavior of 8social0 animals1 as ants1  
white ants1  bees1 or birds which live  
and breed in colonies1 shows            
transitional  stages from the individual
 unit to that of the family1 the colony1
 and  on to the association4 ,yet the   
advantage of each point of view should  
be recognized as an aid in the analysis 
and synthesis of any problem4    ,some  
students feel that the study of         
individual ecology should precede  that 
of the associational4 ,within certain   
limits this is true1 but  if our general
 knowledge of biology had waited for the
 perfection of  our knowledge of the    
individual cells of animals1 the results
 would  have been disastrous to all     
concerned4 ,even now our knowledge of   
these  subjects is very incomplete4 ,for
 similar reasons there should be no     
delay in studying animal aggregates and 
associations4    ,a combination of      
ecological and taxonomic study generally
 appeals most  strongly to those        

students who have made a specialty of   
some group of  animals4 ,they are       
familiar with certain forms1 have some  
confidence  in taxonomic methods1 and   
frequently have given some attention to 
habits1 life histories1 and to          
collecting4 ,to those who like the      
descriptive aspect of taxonomy1         
ecological studies also offer a new     
field for further description and       
classification4 ,at present perhaps  the
 majority of ecological students have   
entered the subject through  taxonomy4  
,it is the almost universal verdict of  
such students that it  has required much
 effort on their part to make the change
 in the point  of view4 ,such a change  
cannot be made by a simple resolve1 but 
requires  a modification of the habits  
of the mind1 which will be attended by a
  distinct consciousness of effort4 ,as 
in other habits1 reversion to the  older
 attitude of mind is very easy4 ,this   
change in point of view is  a problem in
 habit formation1 a study of the mental 

behavior of the  ecologist1 which is in 
reality the main topic thus far         
discussed4  ,one may attempt to make    
such a change and find that he does not 
have  sufficient modifiability to make  
it permanent1 so that it is only for    
the moment1 during actual collision with
 some stubborn fact1 that he is  able to
 realize ecological relations and an    
ecological point of view4               
,illustration3    ,,fig4 #c4--,struggle 
for ,existence on a ,clam ,flat4        
,showing the destruction   of a colony  
of ,soft ,clams by ,horse-shoe ,crabs   
7,limulus7 and ,cockles   7,lunatia71   
,rowley ,reef1 ,massachusetts4 ,photo4  
by ,belding1 loaned by                  
,mass4 ,comms4 ,fisheries and ,game4    
,to the physiologist1 however1          
individual ecology tends to appeal  most
 strongly1 and he1 perhaps on account of
 the preponderance of  analytical       
methods in his work1 feels that this is 
the safest and most  important aspect4  
,this statement is perhaps also true of 

most students  of animal behavior4 ,this
 is largely due to the great present    
need of  analytical methods in these    
lines1 and perhaps indicates a stage in 
the development of their science rather 
than a permanent condition4  ,later a   
synthetic development will probably     
become more prominent1 and  with it will
 come a change in estimating relative   
values4 ,generally  physiologists allow 
for a greater influence of the          
environment than  do many other         
students4 ,they are impressed with the  
dependence of  organisms upon their     
environment1 and the study of their     
reactions only  reinforces this         
conception4    ,the ecologist who       
studies the responses of animals cannot 
help being  impressed with the processes
 of adjustment1 and with adaptation as a
  process4 ,it is adaptation as a       
process1 rather than as a product1      
which perhaps interests him most1 and   
emphasis needs to be placed  upon this  
distinction4 ,the problem of adaptation 

as a process may be  a different and    
separate one from that of evolution1 but
 individual  animals must have shown    
adjustive adaptation1 or there could    
have been  no perpetuation to continue  
the struggle of adjustment4 ,ecological 
problems are likely to raise a question 
as to the relative importance  of       
adaptation and evolution--if they are   
separate problems4 ,the present         
generation has perhaps been more deeply 
impressed by evolution as a  process1   
than by adaptation as a process4    ,the
 ecology of living animals is only the  
latest chapter in the volume  on this   
subject2 the preceding chapters will    
contain a history of the  indefinitely  
long series of ecological responses     
which have taken place  in the geologic 
past4 ,here is where the ecologist and  
paleontologist  and geologist find      
common ground4 ,the ecology of living   
animals must  furnish us with whatever  
firm basis we have for the              
interpretation of  the conditions of    

life in the past1 upon which the        
paleontologist1  stratigrapher1 or      
paleogeographer must depend1 at least in
 part1 for  his interpretations4        
,with still another training and        
interest1 as in the case of those       
especially interested in human affairs1 
such as the sociologist1  the physician1
 the sanitary expert1 and the           
agriculturist1 we may  ultimately expect
 a greater appreciation for the         
associational aspect  because of the    
social or associational character of    
human society4  ,the associational is   
the phase of animal activity which may  
be  considered as the form of animal    
behavior which has developed into the   
human social relations4 ,it is a        
response to the complete organic and    
inorganic environment4    ,it is rather 
natural that in a relatively newly      
recognized subject  like ecology this   
human aspect has not been very fully    
discussed4  ,for practical reasons the  
ecology of man has been developed       

largely  independent of that of animals2
 just as human physiology and psychology
  have been developed relatively        
independent of comparative or general   
physiological psychology4 ,to the mutual
 advantage of these subjects  they are  
now rapidly converging1 and we may      
anticipate a similar  relation between  
general animal ecology and the ecology  
of man4 ,in  a general treatise on      
animal ecology the human phase should   
not  receive undue emphasis any more    
than it should in a general physiology  
of animals or in a comparative          
psychology4 ,but1 nevertheless1 the     
relationships of man and his animal     
associates 7slaves1 domestic  animals1  
rats1 mice1 parasites1 etc47 form as    
truly an animal  association as do those
 of the animals which live associated in
 some  forest glade2 and in all         
probability1 before any approximately   
complete  understanding can be had of   
the human associations1 their roots and 
principles of activity must be known and

 understood in the less  aristocratic   
portion of his animal relatives4    ,the
 recognition of the associational aspect
 of ecology1 as well as that  human     
ecology is a part of general animal     
ecology1 is of recent origin4  ,this is 
very well shown in the following        
quotation from ,huxley 7#ahed4  ,on the 
,educational ,value of the ,natural     
,history ,sciences73    8,biology deals 
only with living beings as isolated     
things--treats  only of the life of the 
individual3 but there is a higher       
division  of science still1 which       
considers living beings as              
aggregates--which  deals with the       
relation of living beings one to        
another--the science  which observes    
men--whose experiments are made by      
nations one upon  another1 in           
battlefields--whose general propositions
 are embodied  in history1 morality1 and
 religion--whose deductions lead to our 
happiness or our misery--and whose      
verifications so often come too  late1  

and serve only        #8,to point a     
moral1 or adorn a tale'--    ,i mean the
 science of ,society or ,sociology40    
,at a later date 7#ahgf4 ,on the ,study 
of ,biology7 ,huxley says3 8,for        
whatever view we may entertain about the
 nature of man1 one thing  is perfectly 
certain1 that he is a living creature4  
,hence1 if our  definition is to be     
interpreted strictly1 we must include   
man and  all his ways and works under   
the head of ,biology2 in which case1 we 
should find that psychology1 politics1  
and political economy would  be absorbed
 into the province of ,biology4 ,in     
strict logic no one can  object to this 
course4444 ,the real fact is that we    
biologists are a  self-sacrificing      
people 444 so that we feel that we have 
more than  sufficient territory4444 ,but
 ,i should like you to recollect that   
that  is a sacrifice1 and that you      
should not be surprised if it           
occasionally  happens that you see a    
biologist apparently trespassing in the 

region  of philosophy or politics2 or   
meddling with human education2 because1 
after all1 that is a part of his kingdom
 which he has only voluntarily          
forsaken40    ,whether sociology is     
regarded as a response of man to his    
fellows or  to the whole of his         
environment is inconsequential in its   
bearing upon  whether or not it is      
ecological4 ,the response of man1 as an 
animal1  to a part or the whole of his  
environment is strictly ecological4     
,huxley recognized one relation very    
clearly1 and that is that the           
ecological relations of individuals do  
not currently include the  higher       
synthesis which deals with them as      
associations1 or 8aggregates0  as he    
terms them4 ,so far as known to the     
writer1 human activities in  general    
have never been fully and               
comprehensively oriented from the       
ecological standpoint1 even by the      
humanitarians themselves1 although  some
 important preliminary steps have been  

taken4 ,it looks as if such a  viewpoint
 might give a new unity to all studies  
of human relations4    ,there is still  
another class of persons1 particularly  
teachers and  isolated students1 who    
desire first of all to understand and   
interpret  their own vicinity1 and who  
will inquire which of the three plans   
their  work best fits4 ,if such a one   
begins with the detailed study of each  
species1 the general survey will not be 
completed during his lifetime4  ,if he  
uses the larger taxonomic units1 he may 
survey the field by going  over the same
 ground again and again1 with each of   
the different groups  successively in   
mind1 until the entire field has been   
surveyed4 ,or1  lastly1 he may divide   
the area into associations and study the
 animals  which are found living        
together1 and by studying one           
association  after another he may cover 
the entire field4 ,a teacher will find  
certain important advantages in this    
plan1 and certain disadvantages4  ,one  

of the most important considerations in 
its favor is that such a  study results 
in a familiarity with the kinds of      
animals one actually  finds in natural  
groups1 as when his class is on an      
excursion4 ,the  natural history which a
 farmer1 a fisherman1 a summer          
vacationist1  or a sportsman acquires is
 grouped in this same manner4 ,thus to a
  large number of people this is the    
natural method of approach1 and is      
generally of most permanent value1      
except possibly to some professional    
teachers or zologists4 ,one of its      
greatest disadvantages is that in  most 
of the literature which one must use1   
the animals are not grouped  in this    
way1 but taxinomically4    ,the         
individual1 aggregate1 and associational
 methods of study are in  themselves    
subject to diverse angles of approach1  
and each has its  particular advantages 
and disadvantages4 ,of the methods of   
approach  mention will be made of three 
only1 the descriptive1 the comparative1 

and the genetic or method of processes4 
,the descriptive method must  develop to
 some degree before the genetic problems
 can be adequately  stated1 and the     
mature development of the genetic may1  
and generally  does1 lag far behind that
 of the descriptive4 ,the reason for    
this  is simple1 for it is evident that 
it is much easier to describe  what we  
see than it is to explain how it        
originated or its process  of           
development4 ,at present biology as a   
science is mainly in the  descriptive   
stage1 though it is slowly but surely   
becoming explanatory  and genetic4 ,the 
developmental or explanatory method is  
so difficult  that every possible       
expedient--observation1 comparison1     
reflection1  experiment1 etc4--must be  
used to secure the proper development of
 the  main phases of ecology4 ,there is 
a marked tendency in the naturalist  to 
master one system of work1 as           
observation or experiment1 and to use   
it as a tool almost exclusively1 turning

 from one phase of the subject  to      
another1 and continuing the use of the  
same method4 ,this way of  working is   
favorable to a good technique1 but its  
weakness is that it  often tends to give
 its user a feeling of the great        
superiority and  reliability of the     
result reached by his method1 and a     
correspondingly  less appreciative      
recognition of results secured by other 
methods4  ,to observe1 to experiment1 to
 reflect1 to dissect1 to stain1 and to  
collect are only partial methods of     
investigation1 and this fact should  be 
realized and be kept in mind when       
estimating values and planning  work4   
,the aim of the ecologist is professedly
 genetic or explanatory because  it is  
the study of responses to all conditions
 of the complete  environment4 ,but     
these responses must be described1 and  
the conditions  influencing them as     
well1 so that a descriptive aspect is an
 essential  part in all phases of       
ecology4 ,in the study of the responses 

of an  individual1 an order1 or an      
association1 pure description of the    
responses is necessary2 but a           
description which will at once describe 
and show the working of the processes by
 which the results were  produced1 is of
 quite a different order4 ,this phase of
 explanation  has been most concisely   
expressed and applied by the students of
 the  physical sciences1 and biologists 
may profit much from a study of their   
methods4    ,when1 however1 we turn to  
the viewpoint of the development of the 
science of ecology as a whole1 a        
symmetrical development of the subject  
is most desirable4 ,the preponderating  
influence of any special point  of view 
tends1 like dominance in general1 to    
smother or suppress other  germinating  
and competing ideas4 ,the different     
special interests each  have their      
advantages and disadvantages1 as does a 
general interest4  ,diversity in        
students leads to diversity in the      
development of the  subject1 and a      

variety of emotional appeals to the     
student has its  advantages4 ,and just  
as the special student should devote    
some  attention to the general bearing  
of his work1 so also should the  student
 of the general aspects cultivate some  
special field of interest4    ,the      
preceding discussion of the aims and    
methods in ecological study  has been   
intended to indicate some of its general
 bearings1 and to give  the student some
 idea of the tests or criteria which may
 be used to aid  in steering his course 
through the maze of observations which  
he may  make and the opinions which he  
encounters4 ,it is of equal importance  
for the student to be able to perceive  
ecological relations as recorded  by    
others1 because one person's experience 
is so limited compared  with the general
 body of recorded fact and inference4   
,furthermore1  there are also so many   
degrees and kinds of work that go by the
 name  ecological1 which may or may not 
be1 and so many also which are truly    

ecological but which do not pass under  
that name1 that it is necessary  that   
the student shall be able to see through
 its diverse guises and  recognize its  
essential character4 ,whenever the      
question arises as  to the ecological   
character of a fact1 inference1 or      
conclusion1 its  ecological validity may
 be tested in the following way3    ,do 
the facts1 inferences1 or conclusions   
show a response to the  inorganic or    
organic environment3    #a4 ,as an      
individual of a species or kind of      
animal8    #b4 ,as a group of           
taxonomically related animals8    #c4   
,as an association of interacting       
animals8      ,,references ,,on ,,the   
,,ecological ,,standpoint    ,in this ,i
 have listed only those papers which    
have seemed to me  particularly         
significant because of their point of   
view1 regardless of  whether or not they
 are primarily zological or specifically
 mention  ecology4    ,,brooks1 ,w4 ,k4 
#ahii4 ,the ,foundations of ,zology4 pp4

 #cci4 ,new ,york4    ,introductory1 pp4
 #a-bi2 ,huxley1 and the ,problem of the
 ,naturalist1 pp4  #cc-df2 ,nature and  
,nurture1 pp4 #di-gi4    #aijf4         
,heredity and ,variation2 ,logical and  
,biological4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4       
,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #gj-gf4    ,an  
extremely suggestive paper which should 
be read by every ecological  student4   
,,ganong1 ,w4 ,f4    #aijg4 ,the        
,organization of the ,ecological        
,investigation of the  ,physiological   
,life-,histories of ,plants4 ,bot4      
,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4  #cda-cdd4    
#aijd4 ,the ,cardinal ,principles of    
,ecology4 ,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4      
,,xix1 pp4  #dic-dih4                   
,,burdon-,,sanderson1 ,j4 ,s4    #ahid4 
,biology in ,relation to ,other ,natural
 ,sciences4 ,smithsonian ,report  for   
#ahic1 pp4 #dce-dfc4    ,m,,bius1 ,k4   
#ahgg4 ,die ,auster und die             
,austernwirthschaft4 pp4 #abf4 ,berlin4 
,on page #gb he proposes the term       
8biocnose0 for the group of animals     

which live together in the same habitat4
 ,not seen by writer4    #ahhc4 ,the    
,oyster and ,oyster-,culture4 ,rep4 ,u4 
,s4 ,fish ,comm41 #ahhj1 ,part  ,,viii1 
pp4 #fhc-gea4    ,translation of        
preceding paper4 ,on pp4 #gba-gbi he    
discusses 8,an  ,oyster-,bank as a      
,biocnose1 or a ,social ,community02 on 
page #gbc he  proposes the word         
8biocnosis40 ,an illuminating paper4    
,,dahl1 ,f4    #aijb4 ,die ,ziele der   
vergleichenden 8,ethologie0 7d4 i4      
,biologie im  lteren engeren ,sinne74   
,verh4 ,v4 ,inter4 ,zol4-,cong4 #aija1  
pp4 #bif-cjj4    #aijh4 ,grundstze und  
,grundbegriffe der biocnotischen        
,forschung4 ,zool4  ,anz41 ,bd4         
,,xxxiii1 pp4 #cdi-cec4    #ahih4       
,experimentell-statistische ,ethologie4 
,verh4 der ,deutsch4 ,zool4  ,gesell4   
,bd41 #ahih1 pp4 #aba-aca4    #aija4    
,was ist ein ,experiment1 was ,statistik
 in der ,ethologie8 ,biol4  ,centralbl41
 ,bd4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #fge-fha4    ,,wasmann1
 ,e4    #aija4 ,biologie oder           

,ethologie8 ,biol4 ,centralbl41 ,bd4    
,,xxi1 pp4 #cia-djj4    ,,wheeler1 ,w4  
,m4    #aijb4 #8,natural ,history1'     
#8cology' or #8,ethology'8 ,science1 ,n4
 ,s41 ,vol4  ,,xv1 pp4 #iga-igf4        
,advocates the use of the term ethology4
    ,,st4 ,,hilaire1 ,i4 ,,geoffray4    
#ahei4 ,histoire ,gnrale des ,rgnes     
,organiques1 ,vol4 ,,ii4    ,not seen by
 writer4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,wheeler1 of      
,harvard ,university1 has  kindly sent  
me the following note from p4 #bhe4     
8#8,it is to ethology  therefore that   
the fourth part of this work is devoted1
 to which  belongs the study of the     
relations of organisms within the family
 and  the society in the aggregate and  
in the community4' ,in a volume of  the 
same work1 page xx1 ,st4 ,hilaire gives 
his program and speaks of  the general  
facts belonging to ethological laws4    
,these are defined as  #8relating to the
 instincts1 habits and more generally to
 the external  vital manifestations of  
organisms4'0 ,about the preceding ,dr4  

,wheeler  remarks3 8,you see this covers
 precisely the field which was a few    
years  later called #8ecology' by       
,haeckel4 ,apparently the part of the   
work in  which ,st4 ,hilaire wished to  
give a detailed account of the          
ethological  phenomena of animals was   
not published4 ,only three volumes of   
the work  exist4 ,he died ,november #aj1
 #ahfa1 without having completed the    
work40    ,thus ethology has priority   
over ecology1 but to my mind this fact  
carries no special weight1 particularly 
since the word has become  current in   
botany4 ,to use a different name for the
 same subject or  process in botany and 
zology is as undesirable as to use a    
different  term for heredity in plants  
and in animals4    ,,lankester1 ,e4 ,r4 
#ahhi4 ,article 8,zology40 ,ency4       
,britannica1 #ith ed4 ,amer4 ,reprint4  
,vol4  ,,xxiv1 pp4 #hdb1 #hef4          
,lankester defines 8,bionomics4--,the   
lore of the farmer1 gardener1           
sportsman1 fancier1 and field           

naturalist1 including thremmatology1  or
 the science of breeding1 and the allied
 teleology1 or science of  organic      
adaptations3 exemplified by the         
patriarch ,jacob1 the poet  ,vergil1    
,sprengel1 ,kirby and ,spence1 ,wallace1
 and ,darwin4444 ,buffon  7#agjg-aghh7  
alone among the greater writers of the  
three past centuries  emphasized that   
view of living things which we call     
#8bionomics4'  ,buffon deliberately     
opposed himself to the mere exposition  
of the  structural resemblances and     
differences of animals1 and1            
disregarding  classification1 devoted   
his treatise on natural history to a    
consideration of the habits of animals  
and their adaptations to their          
surroundings1 whilst a special volume   
was devoted by him to the subject  of   
reproduction4444 ,buffon is the only    
prominent writer who can be  accorded   
historic rank in this study40    ,as ,i 
have access to but few of ,buffon's     
writings1 ,i quote the above4           

,bionomics is seen not to be synonymous 
with ecology1 as defined by most        
students1 although it includes much that
 is ecological4 ,the chaotic and        
unorganized 8lore of the farmer0 has no 
unifying or guiding principles1  and    
although it contains many facts1 from   
which a science may be built1  to call  
it science seems undesirable4    ,it is 
of course advantageous in some ways to  
have agreement as to  the limitations of
 ecology1 or any science1 but even the  
more exact  sciences seem to fare little
 better1 as is shown by the following   
statement3 8,it is not long since ,i    
heard a university professor begin  a   
lecture on physics somewhat in this way3
 #8,physics is the science  of matter   
and energy4 ,this field is so large that
 it is customary at  present to break   
off the physics of the molecule and its 
reactions and  call it chemistry4 ,also 
to put to one side the physics of the   
heavenly  bodies and call this a part of
 astronomy1' etc40 7,strong1 ,science1  

,n4  ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #dji1       
#aiaa47    ,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a4    #ahie4  
,on ,contagious ,disease in the         
,chinch-,bug 7,blissus leucopterus      
,say74 #aith ,rep4 ,state ,ent4 ,ill4   
7#hth ,rep4 of ,s4 ,a4 ,forbes71 pp4    
#af-agf4    ,in this paper ,forbes      
defines 7pp4 #af-ah7 ecology and points 
out1 ,i  believe for the first time1    
that economic entomology is simply      
applied  ecology4 ,he says1 8,the study 
of cology is thus to the economic       
entomologist what the study of          
physiology is to the physician40        
#aiji4 ,aspects of ,progress in         
,economic ,entomology4 ,journ4 ,econ4   
,ent41  ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #be-ce4         
,especially pp4 #bh-cb on the relation  
of ecology to economic entomology4      
,,herdmann1 ,w4 ,a4    #ahif4           
,oceanography1 ,bionomics1 and          
,aquiculture4 ,smithsonian ,report for  
#ahie1 pp4 #dcc-ded4    ,,emery1 ,c4    
#aije4 thologie1 ,phylognie et          
,classification4 ,c4 ,r4 #fme ,cong4    

inter4  de ,zool4 ,berne1 #aijd1 pp4    
#afj-agd4    ,,clements1 ,f4 ,e4        
#aije4 ,the ,foundations of ,ecology1   
pp4 #a-ag4    ,research ,methods in     
,ecology1 pp4 #ccd4 ,lincoln1 ,nebraska4
    ,,adams1 ,,chas4 ,c4    #aijf4      
,introductory ,note4 ,an ,ecological    
,survey in ,northern ,michigan4  ,ann4  
,rep4 ,mich4 ,geol4 ,surv4 for #aije1   
pp4 #aa-ab4    #aiji4 ,the ,ecological  
,succession of ,birds4 ,ann4 ,rep4      
,mich4 ,geol4 ,surv4  for #aijh1 pp4    
#aba-aed4    ,,shelford1 ,v4 ,e4        
#aiab4 ,ecological ,succession4 ,v4     
,aspects of ,physiological              
,classification4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4   
,,xxiii1 pp4 #cca-cgj4    ,the          
standpoint of this paper is very much in
 harmony with that advanced  in this    
book4    ,,case1 ,e4 ,c4    #aije4      
cological ,features of ,evolution4      
,bull4 ,wis4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41  ,vol4 
,,iii1 pp4 #afi-ahj4    ,,wheeler1 ,w4  
,m4    #aije4 ,ethology and the         
,mutation ,theory4 ,science1 ,n4 ,s41   

,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4  #ece-edj4             
,,flahault1 ,c41 and ,,schr,,ter1 ,c4   
#aiaj4 ,phytogeographical ,nomenclature4
 ,reports and ,propositions4 ,,iii      
,cong4 ,inter4 de ,botanique4           
,bruxelles1 #aiaj4 pp4 #bh  x4 ,zurich4 
,,white1 ,c4 ,a4    #ahic4 ,the         
,relation of ,biology to ,geological    
,investigation4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4  ,s4    
,nat4 ,mus4 for #ahib1 pp4 #bde-cfh4    
,this paper and the two following       
references illustrate the intimate      
relation of ecology to phases of        
geology4    ,,grabau1 ,a4 ,w4    #ahii4 
,the ,relation of ,marine ,bionomy to   
,stratigraphy4 ,bull4 ,buffalo  ,soc4   
,nat4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cai-cfg4  
,,walther1 ,j4    #ahic-id4 ,einleitung 
in die ,geologie als historische        
,wissenschaft4  ,i4 ,bionomie des       
,meeres4 ,,ii4 ,die ,lebensweise der    
,meeresthiere4 ,,iii4  ,lithogenesis der
 ,gegenwart4 ,jena4    ,shows the close 
relation between ecology and geology4   
,the process  standpoint is emphasized  

and the past is interpreted in terms of 
processes now in operation4    ,,adams1 
,,chas4 ,c4    #aijh4 ,some of the      
,advantages of an ,ecological           
,organization of a ,natural  ,history   
,museum4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,associa4        
,museums1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #agj-agh4       
,,ii4 ,,the ,,value ,,and ,,method ,,of 
,,ecological ,,surveys    8,i cannot too
 strongly emphasize the fact 444 that a 
comprehensive  survey of our entire     
natural history is absolutely essential 
to a good  working knowledge of those   
parts of it which chiefly attract       
popular  attention1--that is1 its edible
 fishes1 its injurious and beneficial   
insects1 and its parasitic plants4 ,such
 a survey1 however1 should not  stop    
with a study of the dead forms of       
nature1 ending in mere lists and        
descriptions4 ,to have an applicable    
value1 it must treat the life of  the   
region as an organic unit1 must study it
 in action1 and direct  principal       
attention to the laws of its            

activity40--,s4 ,a4 ,,forbes4 #ahhc4    
,natural history surveys have come down 
to us from the early days of  zology4   
,these surveys have been of many kinds  
and have ranged from  the adventurous   
accounts of early and daring explorers  
to those of  such naturalists as ,belt1 
,bates1 ,wallace1 and ,darwin1 onward to
 the  voluminous accounts of the        
8,biologia ,centrali-,americana10 and in
 the  ,challenger reports4 ,these       
surveys have contributed greatly to our 
knowledge of the fundamental facts of   
zology and to the training of           
naturalists4    ,the most frequent form 
of survey is that carried on along the  
lines  which most nearly approach       
individual and aggregate ecology4 ,most 
of  such surveys give only slight       
attention to the responsive relation1   
or only to its most general aspects4    
,surveys of the usual character  are of 
great importance1 and with students of  
taxonomic training and  interests only1 
this form of survey occurs very         

naturally4 ,most of the  governmental   
and state surveys and museum expeditions
 are developed  along these lines4 ,the 
frequency with which such methods are   
used in  surveys1 which are expected to 
produce economic results1 indicates     
that these methods are generally        
considered the most satisfactory4 ,the  
exceptions to this rule are mainly      
surveys of fresh and salt waters1  and  
are related in some way to aquatic      
resources4 ,except when detailed        
individual studies of certain species or
 some special subject has been  made1   
the usual form of the reports of such   
surveys is the annotated  list4 ,it is  
rarely that even brief chapters discuss 
the groupings of  the animals as they   
are found associated in nature4 ,these  
statements  show that1 judging from the 
past1 the methods currently used cannot 
be depended upon for a rapid and        
symmetrical development of ecology1  or 
for the best development of ecological  
surveys4 ,these must be  developed in a 

more direct and deliberate manner1 by   
carefully planned  and executed         
ecological investigations4 ,it is       
desirable also that  ecological surveys 
should be conducted along some one of   
the three main  avenues of approach1    
individual1 aggregate1 and              
associational1 in order  that the       
science may develop symmetrically4 ,the 
following are some of  the reasons which
 may be mentioned in favor of such      
surveys3    ,as a record of the         
associations1 their interrelations and  
responses  to their environment--before 
they have become too much changed or    
exterminated4 ,this is a duty to future 
naturalists and to future  science4 ,the
 animal remains in themselves are only a
 very incomplete  record2 their         
activities and environments are an      
essential part of the  animals and      
should also be preserved4    ,the study 
of original conditions is a simpler     
problem than after  interference by man1
 but excessive modifications result in  

the  simplicity due to annihilation and 
a corresponding imperfection of         
knowledge4 ,the value of a knowledge of 
original conditions tends to  increase  
with time1 and will aid much in future  
interpretations when  there is still    
more disturbance4 ,thus an important    
perspective may be  developed which will
 aid in estimating relative values4 ,at 
the present  time the loss of records of
 original conditions is only beginning  
to  be felt4 ,the possibility of making 
certain records will vanish with  each  
generation4 ,it is not even desirable to
 preserve all1 but it is  evident that  
many ecological records should be       
preserved4    ,as the importance of     
ecological studies1 in natural          
environments1  comes to be more         
generally recognized the serious        
encroachments of  civilization upon     
habitats and associations is enforced   
upon us4 ,not  only are the descriptions
 of these associations very few in      
number1 but  the interrelations of the  

animals in them are even less known1 and
 the  chances of preserving adequate    
records before their complete extinction
  are becoming fewer every year4        
,without the least disparagement of     
other lines of work1 one can but wonder 
if the naturalists of the  future will  
commend our foresight in studying with  
such great diligence  certain aspects of
 biology which might be very well       
delayed1 while  ephemeral and vanishing 
records are allowed to be obliterated   
without  the least concern4 ,these      
changes are generally greatest where    
civilized  man is most dominant1 and in 
progressive attenuations1 zones1 or     
strips1 the degree of change produced by
 him radiates4 ,ecology has  developed  
only at a late stage in civilization1   
after much of the  environment has      
undergone great changes1 so that in     
order to study  the original conditions1
 which are of such great historic and   
genetic  significance1 he must make long
 journeys1 or invade the swamps or      

sterile uplands which man has not yet   
been able to reduce to the  average     
conditions best suited to his needs4    
,this state of affairs  is one which1 at
 times1 makes him thankful that there   
are conditions  which1 for the present  
at least1 man cannot cultivate and      
utterly  change and mutilate4 ,some     
appear to think that an interest in such
  original conditions is of no          
particular scientific value1 or is      
largely  one of sentiment2 still others1
 that such studies have no practical    
value4 ,but if we come to consider that 
the original primeval conditions  give  
us our best conception of the normal    
processes of nature and are  comparable 
to the normal health of an organism1 it 
puts the subject  in another light4 ,a  
pathological condition is1 of course1 a 
state in  a natural process1 as is also 
any disturbance of the normal order  of 
nature by man1 and each should be       
studied scientifically4 ,but the        
science of pathology has developed best 

as a study of the disturbances  of      
normal processes and is interpreted     
primarily in terms of the  normal2 and  
the artificial should be similarly      
interpreted--the natural  being the     
basis to which all standards must be    
referred4 ,a comparison  may also       
profitably be made between natural      
conditions and the  physiological and   
vital optima of organisms and to the    
responses which  are made with          
departures from such conditions4        
,similar comparisons  should be made in 
the study of the responses of           
aggregations and  associations in       
natural environments and departures from
 them4 ,no  matter how much we learn1   
the normal must remain as the ideal1 and
 all  departures from and disturbances  
of such conditions must be interpreted  
in terms of this fundamental unit4      
,to study disturbed1 artificial1 and    
8pathological0 conditions1 without  an  
adequate knowledge of the normal and    
original conditions of both  the        

organisms and the environment1 is an    
attempt to interpret the  abnormal and  
artificial in terms of itself1 rather   
than in terms of  the normal4 ,if1      
however1 the normal is no longer        
preserved1 then its  nearest approach   
should be studied1 but with all the more
 care and  caution4 ,with a proper      
understanding of the normal1 the        
disturbances  made by man will be       
capable of interpretation in an orderly 
sequence  strictly comparable to that   
found in the original and natural       
conditions4 ,the cutting down and       
washing of the lands1 the draining  and 
filling of depressions1 the flooding of 
the lands1 the destruction  7or         
succession7 of plant and animal         
associations 7including crop  rotation71
 are processes brought about or         
practiced by other organisms  or animal 
agencies4 ,an ecological standpoint     
gives us a consistent1  comprehensive   
orientation of all these natural and    
8artificial0  activities and processes1 

and shows the unity in all organic      
responses  to the environment4 ,man's   
influence in the main consists of       
hastening  or retarding 8natural        
processes40    ,naturalists have for a  
long time spoken of the 8balance of     
nature0  and of the all-pervading       
influence of any serious disturbance of 
it4 ,this balance is1 of course1 only a 
relative condition1 and not  absolutely 
fixed4 ,it swings from one side1 then   
back1 sometimes  showing considerable   
amplitude in its swing1 then again its  
moves are  very slight1 mere tremblings1
 as it were4 ,but now and then some     
local  catastrophic event occurs which  
overturns everything1 as when a volcano 
becomes active1 or some dominant        
association takes possession of the     
field1--as in the case of man1--and a   
new order is initiated and a new        
balance is developed4 ,the mongoose in  
,jamaica1 our ,english sparrow1 and     
rabbits in ,australia are the classic   
examples of the overturning of the      

local order of nature by the agency of  
other organisms4 ,obviously this        
balance is not a condition limited to   
any particular locality or group  of    
organisms4 ,balance is very generally   
conceded to be of fundamental           
importance in the study of any species  
or group of organisms1 if its  place in 
the economy of nature is understood4 ,a 
vast number of the  problems of the     
economic zologist are thus problems1 not
 so much of  individual or aggregate    
ecology1 but ones in which the balance  
of the  whole local biotic association  
is concerned4    ,this was the fact     
pointed out by ,mbius when he studied   
the oyster and  came to see that it must
 be studied not in isolation but as a   
member  of a community1 association of  
animals1 or a biocnosis1 as he called   
these interrelated organisms4 ,these    
facts are mentioned1 as examples  from a
 vast number that are recorded1 to show 
that our applied or  economic zology and
 entomology are fundamentally more      

closely related  to associational       
ecology than to any other phase of      
zology1 and to  suggest that it would be
 to the great advantage of the students 
of such  problems if they clearly       
understood this relation4 ,this is also 
an  argument for the ecological         
organization of a vast number of natural
  history surveys1 because the          
associational grouping of observations  
and  responses gives the most intimate  
knowledge of the life of animals in  the
 network of their environmental         
relations4    ,in addition to the       
balance of nature which is found within 
the  small associational units there are
 the larger ones of considerable        
geographic extent1 which the students of
 faunal or floral problems  frequently  
call zones or distinct regions4 ,some of
 these are distinct  ecological units1  
whose dynamic status should be          
determined1 so that  we may know and    
understand whether it is in a condition 
of stress1  a process of adjustment1 or 

one of relative equilibrium or balance4 
,under present conditions in what       
direction does it tend to move8 ,at     
what rate8 ,the non-ecological surveys  
have not put these questions  or worked 
deliberately toward a goal which will   
answer them4 ,for any  comprehensive    
study of this character we need to have 
determined what  may be considered as a 
biotic base1 optimum1 or balance1 toward
 which  relations under given conditions
 tend1 and at which an equilibrium  will
 become established 7,the ,auk1 #aijh1  
,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #abe74 ,such facts      
underlie all of the problems involved in
 the interpretation of climax  biotic   
associations1 and their application by  
man4 ,cook 7#aiji1 ,bull4  #ade1 ,bur4  
,plant ,industry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4        
,agriculture1 pp4 #g1 #h7 has  expressed
 similar relations as follows3 8,unless 
we can form a definite  idea of the     
original conditions we cannot expect to 
judge of their  influence on primitive  
man1 nor can we determine what effects  

man has  had upon the vegetation and    
other natural conditions4 ,we need what 
might be called a bionomic base line1 an
 idea of the conditions which  existed  
before man came upon the scene1 the     
conditions which would  again supervene 
if the human inhabitants were           
withdrawn40    ,it is perhaps           
significant that the genetic or         
successional relations  of habitats and 
associations1 as contrasted with their  
descriptive  classification1 both in    
plants and animals1 have in the past    
been  developed1 not by the ecological  
students who live and work among        
conditions greatly modified by man1 as  
in parts of ,europe1 but in the  newer1 
less modified ,america4 ,in this respect
 a parallel exists to the  development  
of our knowledge and the process and    
genetic interpretation  of topography1  
which has also developed more rapidly in
 ,america than  elsewhere4 ,the process 
and genetic method which has developed  
in  this physical science has now spread

 to the biological sciences and  has    
found a fertile soil there for          
development on account of the           
relatively undisturbed biotic conditions
 which still persist in  certain areas4 
,in this connection it may be worth     
while to indicate some of the           
ecological disadvantages under which the
 non-ecological surveys are  carried on4
 ,as a rule1 such surveys feel no strong
 obligation to  record fully the        
conditions of the environment1 or its   
developmental  processes4 ,the          
environment is considered as static1 and
 not as a  changing medium2 it has no   
past or future1 it has merely horizontal
  extension4 ,the problem as to its     
dynamic status1 whether in a  condition 
of stress1 in the process of adjustment1
 or in relative  equilibrium1 is not    
raised1 or if it should be1 it could not
 be  handled4 ,the student eager for new
 and little-known species is not the    
one to study such relations1 at least1  
as a rule1 this has not been his        

practice4 ,so long as the success of a  
day's work is measured by the  length of
 the list of novelties secured1 rather  
than by the quality and  quantity of    
ecological relations discovered1 such   
students and surveys  will not          
contribute greatly to our knowledge of  
the economy of nature  in the regions   
surveyed4    ,at the present time it is 
very difficult to secure trained men to 
do  ecological surveying4 ,even a       
superficial examination of this paper   
should show that familiarity with       
ecologic methods and results is not  one
 to be acquired offhand1 but a knowledge
 which requires considerable  special   
training2 not only as much as is usually
 required for other  kinds of zological 
work1 but generally more1 because of its
 synthetic  relational tendency which   
requires a broad knowledge as well as   
some  special knowledge in several lines
 of biology and the allied sciences4    
,conventionally considered1 a properly  
equipped physiologist must have  a      

working knowledge of certain phases of  
modern physics and chemistry  in        
addition to his grounding in biology4 ,a
 properly trained anatomist  should have
 a knowledge of physiological and       
developmental processes1  or his anatomy
 is purely descriptive and static4 ,a   
student of general  zology should be    
grounded not only in physiological and  
developmental  processes1 but also in   
the relations of the organisms to their 
complete environment4 ,the ecologist    
requires also the grounding in          
physiological1 developmental1 and       
ecological processes of adjustment1  but
 as well he must understand the         
processes by which the vegetation  and  
the physical environment have been and  
are being developed and  their method of
 mutual interrelations and adjustment4  
,it is difficult  for some students to  
develop the ecological phases in the    
field4 ,there  are many disadvantages to
 be overcome4 ,the difficulties are     
similar1  in some respects1 to those of 

the ethnologist who is sent on some     
museum expedition4 ,the wealthy donor of
 the funds may wish to see a  room      
filled with specimens on the return of  
the ethnologist1 so that  materials     
which have bulk and make a showing take 
precedence over  detailed studies of the
 habits1 traditions1 languages1 and     
descriptions  of the people1 because    
such studies require appreciation rather
 than  inspection for evaluation4 ,the  
zological student may meet with just    
the same kind of difficulty4 ,his       
institutional authorities often judge   
values by the cubic foot and pound1     
rather than by the quality of  relations
 discovered4 ,the student himself who   
has had an extensive  collecting        
experience1 in which quantity and       
variety have been the  ideal1 finds it  
difficult to return from a day's work   
with only a few  pages of notes on the  
responses of the animals1 and with      
perhaps only a  few specimens4    ,with 
such an understanding of the general    

rules of the game we may  turn to the   
application or art of ecology1 to       
indicate its relation  to general       
problems4 ,with a grounding in the      
general principles of  organic response 
to the total environment1 one is able to
 see that  the disturbances due to man  
are a problem in the adjustment of the  
highest type of animal1 as a member of  
an animal association1 to its  complete 
environment4 ,the 8control of nature0   
for which men strive is  the process of 
making the environments and associations
 to order4 ,the  disturbances in the    
natural order may be looked upon as so  
many huge  experiments or trial         
activities in this process of           
adjustment4    ,if natural preserves are
 not made1 how will the next generation 
be best  grounded in the general        
principles of the science8 ,are these   
complex  modified conditions the natural
 place to start the student1 or should  
such problems be reserved for the       
maturely trained one8 ,these disturbed  

fragmentary conditions may be likened to
 fragmentary fossils whose              
interpretation is attempted4 ,a         
paleontologist whose only knowledge  of 
animals was derived from such fragments1
 and who had never known  a perfect     
living animal1 would certainly be at a  
great disadvantage  in such an          
investigation4 ,the natural starting    
point therefore seems  to be in as      
nearly natural normal environments and  
associations as is  possible1 and with  
such experience one is prepared for the 
more complex  problems resulting from   
man's activity4    ,by way of           
conclusion1 some of the main advantages 
of ecological surveys  are3    #a4 ,the 
record of natural environments and their
 associations for  future generations4  
#b4 ,the study of natural biotic        
conditions giving a perspective not     
derived in any other way4    #c4 ,the   
clearer conception of the dynamic       
relations of the balance of  nature1    
biotic base1 and climax associations4   

#d4 ,emphasis of the process and        
interpretative phase of scientific      
investigation over that of purely       
descriptive study4    #e4 ,facilitating 
the invention of multiple working       
hypotheses which bear  upon animal      
responses in nature4    #f4 ,furnishing 
important conceptions to the study of   
the processes of  adaptation and the    
struggle for existence4    #g4          
,furnishing important general principles
 of great value in applied  ecology4    
#h4 ,furnishing one of the best methods 
of learning how to get acquainted  with 
the living aspect of the animals of any 
region4                                 
,,iii4 ,,field ,,study    8,is not the  
biological laboratory which leaves out  
the ocean and the  mountains and meadows
 a monstrous absurdity8 ,was not the    
greatest  scientific generalization of  
your times reached independently by two 
men who were eminent in their           
familiarity with living things in their 
homes80--,,brooks1 #ahii1 p4 #da4       

,in taking up field work1 or any other  
kind of complex study1 a definite       
working plan is of much value4 ,for this
 reason this subject deserves  more than
 a mere mention4 ,such a plan greatly   
aids in keeping in mind  the general aim
 of the study1 and particularly the     
lesser aims which  develop with the     
analysis of the subject4 ,it further    
aids in the proper  orientation and     
subordination of allied subjects which  
crowd in from  all directions4    ,for  
many students it is a good plan to make 
out a general outline of  any proposed  
study as soon as possible after the work
 has been started4  ,in the beginning it
 is difficult to realize the radiating  
relations  of a subject1 and the attempt
 at such plans aids in the perception of
  these relationships and becomes an    
important guide4 ,such an outline  will 
need several revisions1 but these       
changes will come with a  broadening and
 deepening grasp of the subject4        
,perhaps the greatest  value of such a  

plan is that it facilitates the         
conscious effort to  seek a definite    
goal by maintaining a standard of       
measurement4    ,in addition to a       
comprehensive analytical plan others are
 useful4  ,particularly is this true    
when several lines of work are being    
done  simultaneously or when the work   
must be interrupted frequently4  ,under 
such circumstances even a daily program 
may aid in utilizing  many of the       
fragments of time which are so easily   
lost4 ,in this way  incomplete          
observations1 verifications1 and similar
 small items which  are time-consuming  
may be made4 ,these plans apply with    
particular force  to field study when   
several lines of observation are being  
driven  abreast4 ,i have found it       
profitable to keep memoranda on note    
slips  which will recall items needing  
further attention1 at certain places  in
 the field or on certain subjects4      
,thus1 for example1 if plans are        
suddenly changed and another locality is

 visited1 the proper note slips         
indicating the points for special study 
at such a place are quickly  secured1   
and one can hasten to the field prepared
 for the work of the  day4 ,of course1  
similar plans are applicable to many    
kinds of work4    ,to learn how to study
 in the field1 and not simply to        
collect1 is one  of the most important  
habits which a field naturalist and the 
ecologist  has to acquire4 ,this is one 
which he must1 to a large degree1 master
  alone1 without the ready access to    
assistance1 as is usually the  case in  
the laboratory study4 ,it is also a     
subject about which it is  difficult to 
give useful suggestions1 other than     
those of the most  general nature4      
,directions for collecting are1 on the  
other hand1  simpler and more accessible
 in the form of numerous manuals filled 
with  practical suggestions4    ,field  
study is not confined to observations   
alone1 but to the securing  of all kinds
 of evidence from the field which will  

aid in the  interpretation of the field 
relations of animals4 ,thorough intimacy
  with the animals can only be acquired 
through repeated and prolonged          
excursions in the field4 ,this may mean 
excursions at any hour of the  day or   
night4 ,part of this familiarity is best
 acquired by an intensive  study of some
 limited area or association1 and by    
thus establishing a  unit for comparison
 so that the differences in other places
 are more  readily perceived and        
described4    ,before selecting a       
limited area for study one should make a
 general  examination of a much larger  
tract1 so that one may be sure that the 
area selected is a fair sample and      
worthy of the special study4 ,there  are
 also many advantages in selecting areas
 little modified by man4  ,such modified
 areas may1 to better advantage1 be     
considered later2  just as pathology    
should be studied after one is grounded 
in normal  histology4 ,undoubtedly the  
normal1 or its approximation1 is the    

best  foundation upon which to build1   
and here we have the educational        
argument for natural preserves for      
animals and their superiority over      
highly modified 8parks0 for the same    
purpose4    ,having selected a locality1
 repeated and prolonged visits1 careful 
observation1 and description of the     
place and animals will enable one  to   
acquire the desired familiarity4 ,for   
the study of the behavior of  the       
animals concerned many observations can 
be made by remaining quiet1  carefully  
concealed1 and recording all            
observations4 ,this method is           
particularly applicable to animals which
 live in exposed places1 such  as many  
insects1 birds1 and mammals4 ,for other 
kinds1 only indirect  methods of        
observation are possible1 or only when  
under controlled  conditions4 ,for the  
indirect methods of observation many    
forms of  traps have been devised1 traps
 not intended merely to receive the     
dead animal1 but those also which will  

secure the animal and reveal  something 
of its behavior4 ,for the study of the  
habits and behavior of  such animals as 
live in the soil or under bark1 etc41   
both extensive  collecting and          
examination of the animals in vivaria   
will also be  necessary4    ,fortunately
 for the student of mammals1 birds1 and 
fishes we have  excellent guides for the
 technique of study and photographing of
  individual and associated kinds in the
 works of ,kearton 7#aijg71 ,chapman    
7#aijj71 ,herrick 7#aije71 and ,reighard
 7#aijh74 ,it is very desirable that    
these methods be applied to the         
interrelations among the animals of an  
association4 ,the student of behavior in
 nature has much to learn from  many    
excellent studies of animal behavior    
which have been carried on in  recent   
years by laboratory students4           
,fortunately the line between these  two
 methods of study is breaking down to   
the mutual advantage of each4  ,the     
border line between these two methods   

will give excellent returns  to any     
student well prepared in each line of   
work4    ,another essential for good    
field work is a clear understanding of  
what  ecological studies attempt to do4 
,this implies some general conception   
of what is worth while ecologically2 it 
assumes a point of view or  other       
criterion which may be applied to test  
the trueness of one's  aim4 ,the        
ecologist will meet with much more than 
ecological facts1 but  it is to these   
that he should give primary attention4  
,these accessory  facts1 no matter how  
interesting in themselves1 should not   
divert  him from the main course4 ,the  
ecologist must select from this mass  of
 experience those facts1 inferences1 and
 conclusions which help in  the         
interpretation of the responses of      
animals to their complete  environment4 
,it is thus evident why the ecologist   
must have a clearly  defined aim1 with  
criteria for estimating values1 or he   
will be at  the risk of dissipating his 

energies4 ,this phase of our problem as 
applied to the studies of a geologist1  
but applying with equal force  to the   
ecologist1 has been concisely expressed 
by ,van ,hise 7#aijd1 pp4  #faa-fab7 as 
follows3 8,i have heard a man say3 #8,i 
observe the facts  as ,i find them1     
unprejudiced by any theory4' ,i regard  
this statement  as not only condemning  
the work of the man1 but the position is
 an  impossible one4 ,no man has ever   
stated more than a small part of the    
facts with reference to any area4 ,the  
geologist must select the facts  which  
he regards of sufficient note to record 
and describe4 ,but such  selection      
implies theories of their importance and
 significance4 ,in a  given case the    
problem is therefore reduced to         
selecting the facts for  record1 with a 
broad and deep comprehension of the     
principles involved1  a definite        
understanding of the rules of the game1 
an appreciation of  what is probable and
 what is not probable2 or else making   

mere random  observations4 ,all agree   
that the latter alternative is worse    
than  useless1 and therefore the only   
training which can make a geologist     
safe1 even in his observations1 is to   
equip him with such a knowledge  of the 
principles concerned as will make his   
observations of value40    ,early in    
field work one should learn that the    
collection of specimens  is not the     
primary aim of excursions1 that         
specimens are only  one kind of facts1  
but that field study should be devoted  
to  the accumulation of specimens1 and  
to observations on the habits1          
activities1 interrelations1 and         
responses of animals1 as well as to all 
facts1 inferences1 and suggestions which
 are likely to be of use in the         
interpretation of the problems studied4 
,we sometimes hear that reflections upon
 the work should be reserved  for the   
return to the laboratory or study4 ,this
 advice seems to be  based upon the     
assumption that study in the field is   

not particularly  stimulating and       
suggestive4 ,on the other hand          
deliberating  interpretatively in the   
midst of the problems under             
consideration is  one of the most       
favorable conditions possible for the   
improvement of  the quality and quantity
 of one's work4 ,it should be recalled  
in this  connection that ,darwin and    
,wallace's evolutionary theory did not  
originate in the laboratory1 but while  
in the field in the midst of  their     
studies1 while working reflectively upon
 their observations and  collections1 as
 ,brooks indicates in the quotation at  
the beginning of  this chapter4 ,the    
classic case of ,bates discovering      
mimicry in his  ,london study instead of
 in the forests of ,brazil is to some   
minds not  an argument for laboratory   
study1 but one for field study4 ,there  
are  but few subjects which have        
suffered more from the preponderating   
influence of the laboratory4    ,to be  
sure1 it may require more time to study 

in the field than if one  collects      
specimens only1 but it is economical in 
the long run4 ,there  are1 of course1   
certain phases of more indirect         
observation which can  be done best in  
the study or laboratory1 but at present1
 field study1  as contrasted with       
collecting1 is a phase of effort        
urgently needing  emphasis4    ,the     
processes of observation and field study
 and note taking are so  intimately     
related that taking notes becomes one of
 the essential parts  of careful        
observation4 ,this is also one of the   
most difficult habits  to acquire4 ,the 
beginner is inclined to write them up1  
especially field  notes1 in the evening 
after his return from the field4 ,such  
notes  are generally brief1 lack        
details1 and are usually of little      
value4  ,therefore the safest course to 
pursue is to describe fully whatever    
seems of value1 then to go over these   
facts again and by further  observations
 increase the number of items noted     

several times4 ,these  observations     
should be recorded as soon as made1 for 
generally the  lack of notes means a    
lack of detailed observation4 ,some     
observations  can be made only at long  
intervals1 even of many years1 others   
only  with the return of another cycle  
of behavior1 or of another season1 and  
still others cannot be repeated4 ,it is 
such considerations as these  which     
emphasize the need of pursuing the      
safest course and recording  instantly  
and fully all observations when made4   
,an excess of notes  is of very rare    
occurrence4 ,in the effort to write     
carefully worded  notes one has a very  
important check upon the tendency toward
 hasty  observation1 because such a     
description requires one to think over  
the observation before it can be        
expressed4 ,this deliberation is thus   
made at the time when reobservation can 
be made to the best advantage1  and     
calls attention to the weak points to   
which special consideration  may perhaps

 be given a moment later1 and thus      
affords a chance to  complete the       
observation4 ,comstock 7,insect ,life1  
#ahig1 p4 #cbc7 has well  summed up the 
taking of notes as follows3 8,fill your 
notebook with  descriptions1 but digest 
them carefully1 sifting out for         
publication  only those that exhaustive 
study and repeated observation prove to 
be  valuable4 ,in making observations be
 sure you are right and then look       
again40 ,and again as ,van ,hise        
7,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4     
#cbf7 has  said1 8,the difference       
between bad observation and good        
observation  is that the former is      
erroneous2 the latter is incomplete40   
,notes are generally taken in one of two
 forms1 in a book or on loose  slips of 
paper or cards 7,hopkins1 #ahic2        
,sanderson1 #aijd74 ,it seems to  be    
very generally agreed that if a book is 
used it should be of small  size1 of    
about #d  #f inches1 so that it may be  
conveniently carried in  the pocket4    

,for a permanent record such books are a
 great convenience  when once indexed4  
,but when using such notes1 while       
preparing a report1  they are not so    
convenient as the note slips1 unless one
 limits such a  report to the form of a 
narrative4 ,about ten years ago the     
writer began  using a form of notebook  
in which an aluminum cover held the     
loose note  slips4 ,thus while in the   
field one has the advantage of a book   
with a  firm writing surface1 and also  
that of the loose-leaf plan4 ,this form 
of cover is now used by a number of     
field naturalists4 ,the disadvantage  of
 the slips not being bound might be     
remedied in part by using some  form of 
punched slips which are convenient for  
binding4    ,each one must decide for   
himself which form of recording notes   
answers  his needs most satisfactorily4 
,there are advantages in uniformity1 but
  with the variable nature of work1 it  
is sometimes very convenient to  use    
both methods of recording4    ,some     

students have no method of recording    
their observations or  reflections upon 
their lines of interest4 ,this seems to 
be unwise and  suggests a method of     
business without bookkeeping4 ,the      
efficiency of  some students is greater 
than that of others1 not so much because
 they  possess superior mental ability1 
but because they have superior methods  
of preserving whatever useful ideas     
occur to them1 while the others1  from  
their lack of records1 have no          
cumulative store upon which to  draw4   
,this is an important form of capital4  
,note keeping is readily  seen to       
consist not only of observations1 but   
also of suggestions1  inferences1       
conclusions1 and reflections of any kind
 which will  facilitate methods of work 
and the interpretation of the facts4    
,in describing environments1 it is      
desirable to use the same general       
method for different localities so that 
the descriptions may be  comparable and 
show some degree of standardization4    

,this method has  been found very useful
 in taxonomic studies and has similar   
advantages  here4 ,a brief general      
statement of the most conspicuous       
features may  precede1 and be followed  
by detailed descriptions4 ,the order may
  well vary with individual workers1 but
 a uniform method is desirable          
throughout any single piece of work and 
has obvious advantages4 ,thus  one      
practical plan applied to a forest      
habitat is1 to describe the  substratum1
 the soil1 rock1 etc41 then the forest  
litter of organic  dbris1 then the boles
 of the trees and the forest crown and  
its  character1 and finally the         
operation of those agencies which are   
causing changes in the forest and which 
will perpetuate or change it in  the    
future4 ,no practical forester would be 
content to shut his eyes to  the future 
crop of wood1 and in the study of animal
 habitats we must  not be content to    
rest below such a commercial standard4  
,to some this  seems very theoretical1  

and yet a farmer who counts upon a crop 
in five  months1 or a forester1 in fifty
 years1 is not so branded1 and the      
ecologist need have no fear in using    
such practical methods4 ,in other       
words1 we should consider the future    
stages of the developing habitat  and   
learn to perceive the evidences which   
show in which direction  development or 
change is taking place2 or to determine 
the 8orderly  sequence of external      
nature40 ,not only should the future be 
considered1  but we should strive also  
to read the record backward and         
interpret the  past in terms of         
processes now in operation4 ,in this    
respect the point  of view of the       
geologist who interprets the past in    
terms of present  processes may well    
merit our attention4 ,to understand our 
habitats  they must be studied not only 
in their length and breadth1 but also in
  depth--past and future--as they have  
all three dimensions4    ,the preceding 
remarks bear equally well upon          

observations of  the activities of      
animals in nature1 on account of the    
absence  of controlled conditions1 for  
these methods have almost as much       
significance as the study of the        
environments themselves2 and equally    
careful observations and descriptions   
are essential1 if the detailed          
processes of animal activities and their
 transformations are to be  recorded4   
,an experienced naturalist finds that   
from year to year the amount of  notes  
which he takes increases rapidly1 and in
 a very direct ratio to  the progress   
which he makes in his study4 ,good note 
taking is not a  passive process1 but   
one which calls for an alert mind4 ,the 
prolonged  interest which is necessary  
to secure detailed observations implies 
such a frame of mind4 ,every one soon   
tires of any subject unless new         
features are constantly being           
discovered4    ,in the description of   
the associations in any given habitat1  
the  problem is much simplified if one  

has a clear idea of dominance1 knows    
how to recognize it1 and understands    
some of its main implications4  ,the    
dominant forms are the most common and  
powerful individuals in  the            
association4 ,they may or may not be the
 most conspicuous1 from a  superficial  
view4 ,conspicuousness may depend upon  
size1 but dominance  refers to large    
absolute numbers and to influence       
exerted4 ,we may  profitably compare an 
association of animals in a given       
habitat to  a play upon the stage4 ,the 
environment corresponds to the stage4   
,the dominant members of the association
 correspond to the leading  characters1 
the secondary species1 always present1  
to the essential but  subordinate       
characters4 ,the individual animals     
adjust themselves to  one another1      
especially to the dominant forms1 and to
 the environment1  as the personalities 
in the play adjust themselves to the    
dominant  characters1 to one another1   
and to the environment4 ,in both groups 

some  individuals are dominant1 some    
used and useful1 some are tolerated1    
others pick up the crumbs1 still others 
are predatory or parasitic1 and  all    
must be mutually adjusted to one another
 and to the environment4    ,the number 
of dominant species within an           
association is relatively  limited1 a   
fact which holds for both plants and    
animals4 ,a knowledge  of perhaps #bjj  
or #cjj species of animals 7and #aej    
plants7 will enable  one to work        
advantageously in many localities 7as in
 the state of  ,illinois74 ,of this     
number perhaps not more than about one  
half or one  third can be considered    
dominant4 ,every one who has tried to   
make  extensive local lists of species  
knows that it requires many years of    
collecting to secure a large number of  
species4 ,these rare species are        
generally of quite minor importance     
ecologically4 ,considerations of  this  
character should be encouraging to those
 who may be intimidated  by the idea of 

large numbers of species4 ,then1 of     
course1 it should be  remembered that   
there are many aspects of ecological    
work which do not  meet with this       
variety of animals4              ,,iv4  
,,the ,,collection1 ,,preservation ,,and
 ,,determination ,,of ,,specimens       
,ecological study does not end with     
collecting specimens1 and it may not    
begin there4 ,the importance of         
collecting and preserving specimens will
  vary with the phase of ecological     
study considered4 ,in the field study   
of behavior of a single species there   
may be almost no collecting of  animals 
but much collecting of notes2 but if one
 is devoted primarily  to the           
recognition and study of the composition
 of associations and  their             
interrelations1 much collecting will    
have to be done4 ,also1  when studying  
the ecological relations of some        
taxonomic unit1 as  in aggregate        
ecology1 the number of associates is so 
large that one  must do rather extensive

 collecting4 ,but even the exhaustive   
study  of the behavior of any single    
species will necessitate considerable   
collecting4 ,the necessity for this has 
been shown by ,forbes 7#ahhj1 ,the      
,food of ,fishes1 p4 #bj7 as follows3   
8,if one wishes to become acquainted    
with the black bass1 for example1 he    
will learn but little if he limits      
himself to that species4 ,he must       
evidently study also the species  upon  
which it depends for its existence1 and 
the various conditions  upon which these
 depend4 ,he must likewise study the    
species with  which it comes in         
competition1 and the entire system of   
conditions  affecting their prosperity4 
,leaving out any of these1 he is like   
one  who undertakes to make out the     
construction of a watch1 but overlooks  
one wheel2 and by the time he has       
studied all these sufficiently1 he  will
 find that he has run through the whole 
complicated mechanism of  the aquatic   
life of the locality1 both animal and   

vegetable1 of which  his species forms  
but a single element40    ,collecting is
 an important means of ecological study4
 ,this is  particularly true in the     
early stages of such study1 but as the  
student  becomes familiar with species  
and comes to know many of them at       
sight1 less collecting will be          
necessary1 except in the case of very   
small species and in those studies which
 depend upon the total catch  as a means
 of securing data1 as1 for example1 the 
case of plankton  organisms4 ,on account
 of the large number of species1 very   
few students  will be able to determine 
them at sight1 but this does not        
disqualify  a student for beginning     
ecological study4 ,the greatest aid in  
handling  such a varied population is a 
numbering of the individuals1 or lots   
of specimens1 consecutively and         
recording the full data for them in  the
 notebook4 ,the question arises at once 
as to how many specimens are  to be     
assigned to one number4 ,no rigid rule  

can be followed1 but in  general it is  
safe to assign a single number to all   
specimens which  agree in all the       
fundamental data1 as date1 place of     
capture1 and  exact habitat4 ,and for my
 own part ,i number all individuals     
taken1  upon which any special          
observations are made1 as when a        
,phymatid is  taken with a dying or dead
 honeybee1 or a dragon fly is taken from
 the  web of an ,argiope4 ,in this way  
the confusion which is particularly     
liable to creep into one's work1 where  
he deals with a large number of         
species1 and before familiarity with    
them is acquired1 may be reduced  to the
 minimum4 ,for small animals ,i have    
found useful a very liberal  use of     
vials1 into which field numbers1        
corresponding to numbers in the  field  
notes1 are placed immediately upon      
capture of the specimens1  and not      
minutes or hours later when the vials   
have become mixed1 and  recollection is 
less sharp4 ,specimens which have been  

thoroughly  numbered may thus be sent to
 specialists for determination4 ,this   
method  uses up many numbers1 but1      
fortunately1 the supply is unlimited1   
and  it gives greater precision to one's
 notes1 and encourages detailed         
observations on individual animals4     
,in the eyes of many the determination  
of specimens is such a formidable  task 
that they are at once repelled from any 
subject which involves  numerous        
species4 ,but as we have previously     
remarked1 there are phases  of          
ecological study which involve only a   
minimum amount of such work4  ,on the   
other hand1 one may readily have an     
undue fear of numerous  species1 but no 
one can doubt that the smaller number of
 species  found upon mountains or in the
 far north gives to a beginner certain  
advantages for study4 ,but if one's     
studies are confined to the more        
restricted habitats1 the number of      
species involved is comparable to  the  
more favored localities mentioned4      

,an accurately determined series of     
specimens1 conveniently arranged1  will 
be an important aid in one's studies4   
,two forms of arrangement  of such      
determined series are very helpful2 one 
being synoptic or  systematically       
arranged1 and the other ecologically1 by
 associations  or by a topical          
arrangement in harmony with the subjects
 being  investigated4 ,with the use of  
such series and proper caution1 aided by
  the best keys in the literature1 one  
may hope to make many of his own        
determinations and thus economize his   
time4    ,there are many ways to secure 
the initial series of determined        
specimens1 and some of these are the    
following3 ,our governmental            
departments1 both national and state1   
and many of our large museums1          
universities1 and academies1 have       
numerous experts who are quite  willing 
and even eager to aid earnest students  
who wish to have  specimens determined4 
,then1 in addition1 there are many      

expert amateurs  who are equally        
liberal1 so that when all the sources of
 aid are  considered1 the list becomes a
 surprisingly long one4 ,this is the    
fact that should be called to mind when 
considering large numbers of  species4  
,a student therefore does not need to   
work alone1 but may have  the coperation
 of a large number of able and willing  
collaborators4  ,naturally we turn for  
aid to our ,united ,states ,national    
,museum as one  of the first sources of 
assistance1 to the ,smithsonian         
,institution1  and to the various       
scientific departments of the ,u4 ,s4   
,department of  ,agriculture1           
particularly to the ,bureaus of ,plant  
,industry1 ,biological  ,survey1 and    
,entomology4 ,these sources alone are   
able to determine  almost any reasonable
 series of specimens1 particularly if   
they are  well preserved4 ,arrangements 
for such determinations can probably be 
made by addressing the proper           
authorities4    ,the museums of our     

larger cities1 as the ,american ,museum 
of ,natural  ,history of ,new ,york1 the
 ,carnegie ,museum at ,pittsburgh1 the  
,field  ,museum of ,chicago1 and many   
smaller state and local museums are able
  to give very efficient aid in this    
line4 ,other local institutions are  the
 ,state ,universities and ,experiment   
,stations1 and the local natural        
history surveys1 which often exist under
 the guise of a geological or           
agricultural organization4 ,frequently  
they are qualified and willing to  do   
this work4    ,in very difficult cases  
it may be necessary to have recourse to 
,cassell's ,naturalist's ,universal     
,directory 7,boston1 #aije71 in order to
  find the address of some specialist in
 a foreign land1 who can help1  but     
generally ,americans are the best       
informed upon their own fauna4          
,supplementary to1 and in some cases a  
necessary substitute for1  a reference  
series of authentically determined      
specimens1 is one  which the student is 

able to name for himself1 by the study  
of the  literature4 ,without some       
special training this may become        
dangerous  ground to tread upon1 but    
every now and then some young student   
begins  in this way and develops such   
care in determining his own collections1
  that the method cannot be wholly      
condemned4 ,such work in itself has     
fascinations1 and one may easily occupy 
all one's time with it4 ,from  the      
ecological standpoint to stop with      
determinations only would be  like      
acquiring a certain vocabulary1 and     
stopping before learning how  to use the
 language4 ,ecological work aims to use 
the names of species  as the most       
concise method of referring to kinds of 
animals whose  interrelations are to be 
described and interpreted4 ,taxonomy is 
the  tool4                           ,v4
 ,,references ,,to ,,scientific         
,,technique    #a4 ,the ,scientific     
,method4    #b4 ,directions for         
,collecting and ,preserving ,specimens1 

,photographing1  ,surveying1 and ,other 
,phases of ,technique4    #c4 ,the      
,preparation of ,papers for ,publication
 and ,proof ,reading4      #a4 ,the     
,scientific ,method    ,,chamberlin1 ,t4
 ,c4    #ahig4 ,the ,method of ,multiple
 ,working ,hypotheses4 ,jour4 ,geol41   
,vol4 ,v1  pp4 #hcg-hdh4    #aijf4 ,the 
,method of the ,earth ,sciences4 ,pop4  
,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 pp4  #ff-ge4  
,inter4 ,cong4 of ,arts and ,sciences1  
,st4 ,louis1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4  #dgg-dhg4 
,very important papers and worthy of    
careful study4    ,,gilbert1 ,g4 ,k4    
#ahhf4 ,the ,inculcation of ,scientific 
,method by ,example1 with an            
,illustration drawn from the ,quaternary
 ,geology of ,utah4 ,amer4 ,jour4       
,sci41 7#c71 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #bhd-bii4
    #ahhg4 ,special ,processes of       
,research4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 7#c71   
,vol4  ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #deb-dgc4          
,,meldola1 ,r4    #ahie4 ,the           
,speculative ,method in ,entomology4    
,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1  #ahie1   

pp4 ,,xlviii-,,lxxiii4    ,,van ,,hise1 
,c4 ,r4    #aijb4 ,the ,training and    
,work of a ,geologist4 ,science1 ,n4    
,s41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1  pp4 #cba-ccd4        
,,keyes1 ,c4 ,r4    #ahih4 ,the ,genetic
 ,classification of ,geological         
,phenomena4 ,jour4 ,geol41  ,vol4 ,,vi1 
pp4 #hji-hae4    ,valuable for its      
discussion of the criteria used in      
genetic studies4    ,,van ,,hise1 ,c4   
,r4    #aijd4 ,the ,problems of         
,geology4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,xii1   
pp4 #ehi-faf2  ,inter4 ,cong4 ,arts and 
,sciences1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 
#ebe-edh4 #aijf4    ,an excellent       
discussion of the energy1 agent1 and    
process method of  investigation4 ,i    
have seen no similar discussion applied 
to biological  or zological subjects4   
,,boas1 ,f4    #ahif4 ,the ,limitations 
of the ,comparative ,method of          
,anthropology4  ,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4
 ,,iv1 pp4 #ija-ijh4    ,a suggestive   
paper for the student of ecology who    
uses the comparative  method in his own 

work4    #aijd4 ,the ,history of        
,anthropology4 ,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 
,,xx1 pp4 #eac-ebd4    ,application of  
the genetic and historical method to the
 study of man4    ,,mill1 ,j4 ,s4       
#ahha4 ,a ,system of ,logic1            
,ratiocinative and ,inductive3 ,being a 
,connected  ,view of the ,principles of 
,evidence and the ,methods of           
,scientific  ,investigation4 ,eighth    
,edition1 pp4 #fei4 ,new ,york4         
,,pearson1 ,k4    #aijj4 ,the ,grammar  
of ,science4 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #edh4
 ,london4    ,,jevons1 ,s4    #ahgi4    
,principles of ,science4 ,third         
,edition1 pp4 #ghf4 ,london4    ,certain
 chapters are of special interest4      
,,cramer1 ,f4    #ahif4 ,the ,method of 
,darwin4 ,a ,study in ,scientific       
,method1 pp4 #bcb4  ,chicago4           
,,macdougal1 ,,robt4    #aije4 ,on the  
,discrimination of ,critical and        
,creative ,attitudes4 ,jour4  ,philos4  
,psy4 and ,sci4 ,methods1 ,vol4 ,,ii1   
pp4 #bhg-bic4    ,,lebon1 ,g4    #ahih4 

,the ,life ,history of ,scientific      
,ideas4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lii1  
pp4 #bea-bed4      #b4 ,directions for  
,collecting and ,preserving ,specimens1 
,photographing1  ,surveying1 and ,other 
,phases of ,technique    ,there is such 
an abundance of literature on the       
technique of collecting  and preserving 
specimens1 and so much of it can easily 
be secured  by any earnest student1 that
 space will not be taken to discuss     
these subjects in detail4 ,reference    
will simply be made to the main         
convenient sources of information4 ,it  
should perhaps be mentioned  that very  
few of these papers have been especially
 prepared from the  standpoint of the   
animal ecologist4 ,the student must     
select and devise  his methods from all 
available sources4    ,i have included  
in this list a few references on the    
subject of  camping1 photography1 and   
the use of instruments needed in the    
determination of the physical features  
of the environment4 ,a few              

miscellaneous papers which are          
suggestive on methods of technique are  
also added4      ,,many ,,authors4      
#ahia-ahii4 ,bulletin #ci1 ,u4 ,s4      
,national ,museum4 ,parts ,a to ,o4     
,contain directions for collecting and  
preserving a great variety  of animals1 
including marine animals1 mollusks1     
insects1 spiders1  myriapods1 reptiles1 
amphibians1 birds1 birds' eggs and      
nests1 mammals1  etc4    ,,anonymous4   
#ahif4 ,manual for ,army ,cooks1 pp4    
#cjf4 ,washington4    ,the ,manual used 
by the cooks in the ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,it  
includes chapters  on camp cooking1 a   
subject of much importance in certain   
ecological  surveys4    #aije4 ,terms   
used in ,forestry and ,logging4 ,bull4  
#fa1 ,bureau of ,forestry1  ,u4 ,s4     
,dept4 ,agr4 pp4 #ec4    ,useful in the 
descriptions of forest conditions4      
#aijd4 ,instructions to ,field ,parties 
and ,descriptions of ,soil ,types4      
,bureau of ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 
pp4 #aih4    ,useful in the description 

of soils in the study of subterranean   
animals4    ,,banks1 ,n4    #aijg4 ,a   
8,census of ,four ,square ,feet40       
,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 p4     
#fcg4    ,a criticism of ,mc,atee       
7#aijg74    #aiji4 ,directions for      
,collecting and ,preserving ,insects4   
,bull4 #fg1 ,u4 ,s4  ,nat4 ,mus4 pp4    
#ace4    ,an excellent manual4 ,should  
be in the hands of every student of     
insects4    ,,bretscher1 ,k4    #aijb4  
,beobachtung ber die ,oligochaeten der  
,schweiz1 ,,vi4 ,folge4 ,rev4  ,suisse  
de ,zol41 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,zol4 ,suisse et  
du ,mus4 d',his4 ,nat4 de  ,geneve1     
,tome #aj1 pp4 7#a-bi74    #aijd4 ,die  
xerophilen ,enchytraeiden der ,schweiz4 
,biol1 ,centralbl41 ,bd4  ,,xxiv1 pp4   
#eja-eac4    ,quantitative studies of   
earthworms in the soil4    ,,brunner1   
,j4    #aiab4 ,tracks and ,tracking1 pp4
 #bai4 ,new ,york4 ,outing ,publishing  
,co4    ,an illustrated guide for the   
identification of mammal and bird tracks
  or foot prints4 ,devoted mainly to    

game and fur-bearing animals4 ,very     
valuable to the student of live animals 
in nature4 ,many of our smaller  species
 are worthy of similar treatment4       
,,burns1 ,f4 ,l4    #aija4 ,a ,sectional
 ,bird ,census4 ,wilson ,bulletin1 ,n4  
,s41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4  #hd-ajc4    ,a  
quantitative study of the birds found   
breeding on an area of one  square mile4
 ,other similar studies should be made4 
,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4    #aijj4 ,bird      
,studies with a ,camera4 ,with          
,introductory ,chapters on the  ,outfit 
and ,methods of the ,bird ,photographer1
 pp4 #bah4 ,new ,york4    ,the title    
clearly indicates the character of this 
book4    ,,comstock1 ,j4 ,h4    #ahig4  
,insect ,life4 pp4 #cdi4 ,new ,york4    
,directions for the study of insects4   
,,clements1 ,f4 ,e4    #aije4 ,research 
,methods in ,ecology4 pp4 #ccd4         
,lincoln1 ,nebraska4    ,important for  
methods of study in plant ecology1      
partly also applicable  to animals2     
photography1 and instruments for the    

study of environments4    ,,dahl1 ,f4   
#aija4 ,was ist ein ,experiment1 was    
,statistik in der ,ethologie8 ,biol4    
,centralbl41 ,bd4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #fge-fha4  
#aijc4 ,winke fr ein wissenschaftlicher 
,sammeln von ,thieren4  ,sitzungs-,ber4 
der ,gesell4 naturfor4 ,freunde zu      
,berlin4 ,jahrg4 #aijc1 pp4  #ddd-dge4  
,this contains1 in addition to its      
suggestions on collecting1 an           
interesting outline or classification of
 animal habitats 7,cf4 also  ,enderlein1
 #aijh1 pp4 #gb-gg74 ,this is not a     
genetic classification4  ,dahl's list of
 habitats will prove very suggestive to 
the student who  wishes to develop the  
genetic system of classification4       
,ultimately we  must1 of course1 develop
 the latter system4    #aijd4 ,kurze    
,anleitung zum wissenschaftlichen       
,sammeln und zum  ,conservieren von     
,thieren4 pp4 #ei4 ,jena4    ,an        
enlarged edition of the preceding paper4
    ,,davenport1 ,c4 ,b4    #aijd4      
,statistical ,variation with ,special   

,reference to ,biological  ,variation4  
,second1 ,revised ,edition4 pp4 #bbc4   
,new ,york4    ,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a4        
#aijg4 ,an ,ornithological              
,cross-,section of ,illinois in ,autumn4
 ,bull4 ,ill4  ,state ,lab4 ,nat4 ,his41
 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #cje-cce4    #aijh4   
,the ,mid-,summer ,bird ,life of        
,illinois3 ,a ,statistical ,study4      
,amer4  ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xlii1 pp4        
#eje-eai4    ,,flahault1 ,c41 and       
,,schr,,ter1 ,c4    #aiaj4              
,phytogeographical ,nomenclature4       
,reports and ,propositions1 ,,iii       
,cong4 ,inter4 de ,bot4 #aiaj4          
,bruxelles4 pp4 #bh4 ,zurich4    ,a very
 valuable discussion of ecological      
nomenclature for plants4  ,defines the  
use of such terms as biology1 ecology1  
habitat1  association1 formation1 etc4  
,it is very desirable that the plant and
  animal ecologists coperate as much as 
possible in this subject4    ,,gibson1  
,w4 ,h4    #aije4 ,camp ,life in the    
,woods and the ,tricks of ,trapping and 

,trap  ,making4 pp4 #cjj4 ,new ,york4   
,a book for boys1 but not without value 
to the older student of live  animals4  
,,hensen1 ,v4    #ahhg4 ,ueber die      
,bestimmung des ,plankton's oder des in 
,meere treibenden  ,materials an        
,pflanzen und ,thieren2 nebst ,anhang4  
,fnfter ,ber4 der ,komm4  zur wissensch4
 ,untersuch4 d4 deutschen ,meere in     
,kiel fr die ,jahre  #ahhb bis #ahhf1   
pp4 #a-ajg1 ,,iii-,,xviii1 ,berlin4     
,this appears to be the original account
 of quantitative studies as  applied to 
plants and animals of an association4   
,these methods have  been extended to   
the sea bottom by ,petersen1 to fresh   
water by many  students1 to land animals
 mainly by ,dahl1 and in recent years to
 plants  by ,clements and others4       
,,herrick1 ,c4 ,l4    #aije4 ,home ,life
 of ,wild ,birds4 ,revised ,edition1 pp4
 #bee4 ,new ,york4    ,very valuable for
 suggestions on the study of live birds 
and how to  photograph them4            
,,hopkins1 ,a4 ,d4    #ahic4 ,note and  

,record ,keeping for the ,economic      
,entomologist4 ,u4 ,s4  ,dept4 ,agr41   
,div4 ,ent41 ,insect ,life1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 
pp4 #ajc-ajh4    ,,job1 ,h4 ,k4         
#aiaj4 ,how to ,study ,birds4 ,a        
,practical ,guide for ,amateur          
,bird-,lovers and  ,camera-,hunters1 pp4
 #bgb4 ,new ,york4 ,outing ,publishing  
,co4    ,intended primarily for         
beginners in bird study1 but contains   
valuable  practical advice on methods of
 studying and photographing live birds  
which will aid the ecologist4 ,consult  
also ,kearton 7#aijg71 ,chapman         
7#aijj71 and ,herrick 7#aije74          
,,kearton1 ,r4    #aijg4 ,wild ,life at 
,home3 ,how to ,study and ,photograph   
,it4 ,new and  ,revised ,edition1 pp4   
#bjd4 ,london4    ,,kephart1 ,h4        
#aiab4 ,the ,book of ,camping and       
,woodcraft4 pp4 #cca4 ,fifth ,edition4  
,outing  ,publishing ,co4    ,this is   
the best all-round book on the technique
 of camping and  living in the          
wilderness which ,i have seen4 ,it      

includes direction for  selecting       
outfits1 making camps1 cookery1 pests in
 the woods1 blazes  and survey lines1   
rations1 emergency foods1 getting lost1 
accidents1  etc4    ,,knauthe1 ,k4      
#aijg4 ,das ,ssswasser1 chemische1      
biologische1 und bakteriologische       
,untersuchungsmethoden unter besonderer 
,bercksichtigung der ,biologie  und der 
fischereiwirtschaftlichen ,praxis4 pp4  
#ffc4 ,neudamm4    ,a very important    
work on the technique of fresh water    
biology4    ,,lee1 ,a4 ,b4    #aijj4    
,the ,microscopist's ,vade ,mecum4 ,a   
,handbook on the ,methods of            
,microscopic ,anatomy4 ,fifth ,edition1 
pp4 #ecb4 ,phila4    ,very useful for   
methods of preserving delicate animals1 
and those in  which the detailed        
structure of the animal must be studied4
    ,,livingston1 ,b4 ,e4    #aijf4 ,the
 ,relation of ,desert ,plants to ,soil  
,moisture and to  ,evaporation4         
,carnegie ,inst4 ,pub4 ,no4 #ej4 pp4    
#gh4    ,methods of determination of    

moisture content of the soil and the    
air4    ,,mcatee1 ,w4 ,l4    #aijg4     
,census of ,four ,square ,feet4         
,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4    
#ddg-ddi4    ,a quantitative study of   
the species of invertebrates and seeds  
found on  the forest floor and on a     
meadow4    #aiab4 ,methods of           
,estimating the ,contents of ,bird      
,stomachs4 ,the ,auk1  ,vol4 ,,xxix1 pp4
 #ddi-dfd4    #aiab4 ,the ,experimental 
,method of ,testing the ,efficiency of  
,warning and  ,cryptic ,coloration in   
,protecting ,animals from their         
,enemies4 ,proc4  ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4    
,phila41 #aiab1 pp4 #bha-cfd4    ,an    
important critical study of the value of
 feeding experiments1  conducted in     
captivity1 as a method of determining   
normal food habits4  ,the method is     
strongly condemned4 ,valuable series of 
references4    ,,neumayer1 ,g4 ,,von4   
#aijf4 ,anleitung zu ,wissenschaftlichen
 ,beobachtungen auf ,reisen4 ,dritte    
,auflage1 ,bd4 #a1 pp4 #hdb2 ,bd4 #b1   

pp4 #hhj4 ,hanover4    ,a very important
 work1 particularly for the traveling   
naturalist4  ,chapters by specialists1  
valuable references on collecting       
natural  history specimens1 and other   
phases of scientific exploration4       
,,pearl1 ,r4    #aiaa4 ,biometric ,ideas
 and ,methods in ,biology2 their        
,significance and  ,limitations4        
,scientia1 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #aja-aai4      
,,petersen1 ,c4 ,g4 ,,joh41 and         
,,jensen1 ,p4 ,b4    #aiaa4 ,valuation  
of the ,sea4 #a4 ,animal ,life of the   
,sea-,bottom1 its  ,food and ,quantity4 
,rep4 of the ,danish ,biol4 ,sta4 to the
 ,board of  ,agriculture1 ,vol4 ,,xx4   
pp4 #gf4 ,translated from               
,fiskeri-,beretning for  #aiaj4         
,copenhagen4    ,methods and results of 
a quantitative study of animals on the  
sea-bottom4 ,a very important paper4    
,descriptions and figures of the        
apparatus used4    ,,reighard1 ,j4      
#aijh4 ,methods of ,studying the ,habits
 of ,fishes1 with an ,account of the    

,breeding ,habits of the ,horned ,dace4 
,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 of ,fisheries ,bull41     
,vol4  ,,xxviii1 pp4 #aaaa-aacf4        
#aijh4 ,the ,photography of ,aquatic    
,animals in their ,natural ,environment4
  ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 of ,fisheries1   
,vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #da-fh4    ,these   
papers also contain references to others
 on the habits of fishes4    ,,king1 ,l4
 ,a4 ,l41 and ,,russell1 ,e4 ,s4        
#aiji4 ,a ,method for the ,study of the 
,animal ,ecology of the ,shore4 ,proc4  
,roy4 ,phys4 ,soc4 of ,edinburgh1 ,vol4 
,,xvii1 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #bbe-bec4          
,,sanderson1 ,e4 ,d4    #aijd4 ,a       
,card-,index ,system for ,entomological 
,records4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41  ,div4  
,ent41 ,bull4 #df1 pp4 #bf-cd4          
,contains references to other methods of
 recording notes4    ,,simpson1 ,c4 ,b4 
#aijc4 ,photographing ,nets of          
,hydropsyche4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wash41
 ,vol4 ,v1  pp4 #ic-ie4    ,,sumner1 ,f4
 ,b4    #aiaj4 ,an ,intensive ,study of 
the ,fauna and ,flora of a ,restricted  

,area  of the ,sea ,bottom4 ,bull4 ,u4  
,s4 ,bur4 of ,fisheries1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1
 pp4  #abbe-abfc4    ,a study on our    
coast along lines similar to those of   
,c4 ,g4 ,j4  ,petersen's 8,det          
,videnskabelige ,udbytte af ,kanonbaaden
 #8,hauchs' ,togter  ,i de ,danske ,have
 ,indenfor ,skagen ,i ,aarene0          
#ahhc-ahhf4 #ahic4 pp4 #dfd4  ,atlas4   
,copenhagen4    ,,transeau1 ,e4 ,n4     
#aijh4 ,the ,relation of ,plant         
,societies to ,evaporation4 ,bot4 ,gaz41
 ,vol4  ,,xlv1 pp4 #bag-bca4    ,methods
 of studying the relative humidity of   
the air in various plant  associations1 
also applicable to certain studies of   
animals4    ,,wainwright1 ,d4 ,b4       
#aije4 ,a ,plane ,table ,manual4        
,department of ,commerce and ,labor1    
,report ,u4  ,s4 ,coast and ,geodetic   
,survey for #aije4 ,appendix ,no4 #g1   
pp4 #bie-cda4    ,in making local       
studies the plane table may be very     
helpful4    ,,wright1 ,a4 ,h4    #aijg4 
,a ,graphic ,method of ,correlating     

,fish ,environment and  ,distribution4  
,amer4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #cea-ced4
    ,,wilson1 ,h4 ,m4    #aije4         
,topographical ,surveying4 ,second      
,edition4 ,new ,york4    ,directions for
 camping1 emergency surgery1            
photography1 etc41 pp4  #haa-hhd4    ,in
 concluding this list of references ,i  
would suggest to the student  the       
desirability of securing the following  
catalogues or lists of  publications4 ,a
 glance at the lists in this volume will
 show that a  surprisingly large number 
of the papers or works are governmental 
publications1 many of which have long   
been out of print1 but many  may still  
be secured from the different           
departments or from the  ,superintendent
 of ,documents at ,washington1 ,d4,c4   
#a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,list  
of ,publications1 including maps4       
,washington1 ,d4,c4    #b4              
,superintendent of ,documents4 ,lists of
 publications of the ,u4 ,s4            
,department of ,agriculture4            

,washington1 ,d4,c4    #c4 ,smithsonian 
,institution4 ,list of publications4    
,washington1 ,d4,c4    #d4 ,u4 ,s4      
,national ,museum4 ,list of             
publications4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4    #e4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,fisheries 7formerly
 ,u4 ,s4 ,fish ,commission74 ,list of   
publications4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4    #f4
 ,for list of dealers in second-hand    
books see ,banks' ,bull4 #ha1 ,u4  ,s4  
,national ,museum1 pp4 #aag-aah4 ,this  
is one of the best methods of  securing 
many publications which are out of      
print4      #c4 ,the ,preparation of    
,papers for ,publication and on ,proof  
,reading    ,the preparation of papers  
for publication is a practical phase of 
study  and an art1 or form of technique1
 about which the zological student is   
liable to hear but little4 ,there may be
 a great economy of effort1 and  much   
time saved1 if early in his work the    
student realizes the need of            
cultivating the habit of preparing all  
manuscripts in a form suitable  for     

publication4 ,while there is much       
variation in details1 yet within        
certain limits there is a certain amount
 of standardization which  should become
 habitual4 ,departures from such a      
standard necessitate  much loss of time 
which must be devoted to revisions and  
corrections4  ,one may work for years   
and fail to realize this fact1 until he 
attempts  to adjust his habits of       
writing to the requirements of the      
editors of  scientific publications4    
,the following references are intended  
to cover  the main aspects of the       
preparation of manuscripts and the      
reading of  proof4    ,,lewes1 ,,george 
,,henry 7,edited by ,f4 ,n4 ,scott74    
#ahia4 ,the ,principles of ,success in  
,literature1 pp4 #afc4 ,boston4 ,allyn  
and ,bacon4    ,a very sane little book 
on writing1 a subject on which it is    
difficult  to receive and apply advice4 
,,wendell1 ,b4    #ahii4 ,english       
,composition4 pp4 #caf4 ,new ,york4     
,,fernald1 ,j4 ,c4    #ahif4 ,english   

,synonyms and ,antonyms with ,notes on  
the ,correct ,use of  ,prepositions4    
,tenth ,edition4 pp4 #efd4 ,new ,york4  
#aijd4 ,connectives of ,english ,speech4
 ,the ,correct ,usage of ,prepositions1 
,conjunctions1 ,relative ,pronouns and  
,adverbs ,explained and ,illustrated4   
pp4 #cbd4 ,new ,york4    ,,allbutt1 ,t4 
,c4    #aije4 ,notes on the ,composition
 of ,scientific ,papers4 pp4 #afd4      
,london4  ,macmillan ,company4    ,this 
book is by an experienced medical editor
 and contains many  practical           
suggestions4    ,,rickard1 ,t4 ,a4      
#aiaj4 ,a ,guide to ,technical ,writing4
 ,second ,edition4 pp4 #agb4 ,san       
,francisco4 ,mining and ,scientific     
,press4    ,intended primarily for      
writers on mining1 and yet it contains  
much that  is useful and suggestive to  
zoologists particularly the chapters on 
the need of simplicity in the language  
of science1 and on the value of         
standardization4    ,,warman1 ,p4 ,c4   
#aijc4 ,a ,plea for ,better ,english in 

,science4 ,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4      
,,xviii1  pp4 #efc-efh4 ,reprinted with 
revision1 #aiaj4 ,washington4           
,,davis1 ,w4 ,m4    #aiaa4 ,the         
,disciplinary ,value of ,geography4     
,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxviii1  pp4 
#aje-aai1 #bbc-bdj4    ,an illuminating 
paper on the 8art of presentation0 of   
scientific  results in oral and written 
form4    #aiji4 ,the ,systematic        
,description of ,land ,forms4 ,geogr4   
,jour41 ,vol4  ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #cjj-cah4   
#aiji4 ,glacial ,erosion in ,north      
,wales4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41    
,vol4  ,,lxv1 pp4 #bha-cej4    #aiaj4   
,experiments in ,geographical           
,description4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,geogr4     
,soc41  ,vol4 ,,xlii1 pp4 #dja-dce4     
#aiaa4 ,the ,colorado ,front ,range4 ,a 
,study in ,physiographic ,presentation4 
,ann4 ,associa4 ,amer4 ,geogr41 ,vol4   
,i1 pp4 #ba-hc4    ,the four preceding  
papers are in many respects models of   
presentation4  ,they exemplify the      
process method applied to regions1 a    

phase of  much importance in certain    
ecologic studies1 particularly          
ecological  surveys4 ,the last two      
papers are rather detailed applications 
of the  same ideas4 ,a very profitable  
study may be made of the method of      
presentation in these papers4           
,,devinne1 ,t4 ,l4    #aijb4 ,the       
,practice of ,typography4 ,correct      
,composition4 ,a ,treatise on           
,spelling1 ,abbreviations1 the          
,compounding and ,division of ,words1   
the  ,proper ,use of ,figures and       
,numerals1 ,italic and ,capital         
,letters1 ,notes1  etc41 with           
,observations on ,punctuation and       
,proof-reading4 ,second  ,edition1 pp4  
#dgf4 ,new ,york4    ,perhaps the       
highest ,american authority on all the  
subjects discussed4    ,,wood1 ,g4 ,m4  
#aiji4 ,suggestions to ,authors of      
,papers ,submitted for ,publication by  
the  ,united ,states ,geological ,survey
 with ,directions to ,typewriters4 ,u4  
,s4  ,geol4 ,survey1 pp4 #ej4           

,washington4    ,can be secured gratis  
from the ,survey4    ,,anonymous4       
#aijc4 ,government ,printing ,office    
,manual of ,style for ,use in           
,composition  and ,proof ,reading1 pp4  
#aia4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4    ,,vaux1 ,c4
 ,b4    #aiaj4 ,how to ,prepare a ,paper
 for ,publication4 ,bull4 ,no4 #d4      
,wistar ,inst4  ,anat4 and ,biology1 pp4
 #bj4 ,phila4    #aiaj4 ,style ,brief4  
,a ,guide for ,authors in ,preparing    
,copy and ,correcting  ,proof of        
,professional ,papers and for the ,use  
of ,editors and ,printer1  adopted as   
the ,standard of the ,journals          
,published by the ,wistar  ,institute of
 ,anatomy and ,biology1 ,philadelphia4  
pp4 #cb4 ,first ,edition4  ,baltimore4  
,the ,wistar ,institute publishes the   
8,journal of ,experimental ,zology10    
which is devoted to 8original researches
 of an experimental or  analytical      
nature0 on many branches of zology1     
including ecology  and general          
physiology4 ,the 8,style ,brief0 can be 

secured from the  ,institute4           
,,orcutt1 ,w4 ,d4    #aiab4 ,the        
,writer's ,desk ,book4 pp4 #ahd4 ,new   
,york4 ,f4 ,a4 ,stokes ,co4    ,a useful
 handbook on punctuation1               
capitalization1 spelling1               
abbreviations1 numerals1 etc41 and with 
an appendix on weights and  measures4   
,,woolley1 ,e4 ,c4    #aijg4 ,handbook  
of ,composition4 ,a ,compendium of      
,rules ,regarding ,good  ,english1      
,grammar1 ,sentence ,structure1         
,paragraphing1 ,manuscript              
,arrangement1 ,punctuation1 ,spelling1  
,essay ,writing and ,letter ,writing4   
pp4 #bci4 ,boston4           ,,vi4      
,,important ,,sources ,,of ,,information
 ,,on ,,the ,,life ,,histories ,,of     
,,insects                         ,,and 
,,allied ,,invertebrates      ,insects  
are to-day one of the dominant forms of 
life and are present  in almost every   
large animal association or habitat4    
,they therefore  form an important      
element in a large number of ecological 

studies4 ,and  although facts of        
ecological significance have been       
accumulating for  many years they are so
 widely scattered that to find them when
 needed  is quite a serious problem4 ,to
 aid in such a search the following     
references are given4 ,it should be     
remembered that spiders1 mites1  and    
myriapods are commonly included in      
entomological literature and  are       
therefore included in this list4 ,the   
list is not intended as a  substitute   
for the more elaborate sources such as  
the ,zological ,record  and similar     
standard works to be found in large     
libraries1 but it  includes publications
 that are more likely to be within the  
grasp of  teachers and students not     
located at library centers4 ,many of    
these are  public documents1 and even if
 out of print1 can easily be secured    
from  second-hand dealers4    ,a student
 who has access to large libraries will 
find the following  paper very valuable 
in suggestions as to the methods of     

finding the  literature on many general 
zological subjects4    ,,minot1 ,c4 ,s4 
#ahif4 ,bibliography4 ,a ,study of      
,resources1 pp4 #adi-afh4 ,biol4        
,lectures1  ,wood's ,holl1 #ahie4       
,boston4      7,alphabetically          
arranged47    ,,aldrich1 ,j4 ,m4        
#aije4 ,a ,catalogue of ,north ,american
 ,diptera4 ,smithsonian ,misc4 ,coll41  
,vol4 ,,xlvi1 ,no4 #addd4 pp4 #fhj4     
,contains an extensive bibliography on  
flies4    ,,anonymous4    #aijf4        
,catalogue of ,publications ,relating to
 ,entomology in the ,library  of the ,u4
 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4       
,library ,bulletin #ee4 pp4 #efb4       
,washington4    ,,banks1 ,n4    #ahib4  
,a ,synopsis1 ,catalogue1 and           
,bibliography of the ,neuropteroid      
,insects of ,temperate ,north ,america4 
,trans4 ,amer4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xix1
  pp4 #cbg-cgc4    #ahih-aije4          
,bibliography of the ,more ,important   
,contributions to ,american  ,economic  
,entomology1 ,parts ,,vi1 ,,vii1 and    

,,viii4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of          
,agriculture1 ,bureau of ,entomology4   
,a continuation of the work begun by    
,henshaw 7#ahhi-ahif74    #aijj4 ,a     
,list of ,works on ,north ,american     
,entomology4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41      
,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #bd 7,n4 ,s474 
pp4 #ie4    #aijb4 ,an ,index to        
,bulletins ,nos4 ,i-#cj 7,n4 ,s471      
7#ahif-aija71 of the  ,division of ,ent4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41     
,bull4 ,no4 #cf 7,n4,s474 pp4  #fd4     
#aiaj4 ,a ,list of ,works on ,north     
,american ,entomology4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4   
,agr41  ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4 #ha4 pp4    
#abj4    ,this and the preceding edition
 7#aijj7 form a very useful index to the
  systematic literature of insects1     
spiders1 myriapods1 etc4    #aiaj4      
,catalogue of the ,nearctic             
,hemiptera-,heteroptera4 ,amer4 ,ent4   
,soc4  pp4 #ajc4 ,philadelphia4         
#aiaj4 ,catalogue of ,nearctic ,spiders4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,bull4 #gb4 pp4   
#hj4    ,in the absence of special      

bibliographies these catalogues are the 
most  convenient avenue to the          
literature4    ,,bethune1 ,c4 ,j4 ,s4   
#aijj4 ,general ,index to the ,thirty   
,annual ,reports of the ,entomological  
,society of ,ontario1 #ahgj-ahii4 pp4   
#gf4 ,ontario ,dept4 ,agr4              
,,beutenm,,ller1 ,w4    #ahia4          
,bibliographical ,catalogue of the      
,described ,transformations of  ,north  
,american ,coleoptera4 ,jour4 ,n4 ,y4   
,micros4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #a-eb4 
#ahij4 ,preliminary ,catalogue of the   
,described ,transformations of the      
,odonata of the ,world1 pp4 #afe-agi4   
,in ,lamborn1 ,r4 ,h41 ,dragonflies vs4 
,mosquitoes4 ,new ,york4    #ahic4 ,on  
the ,food ,habits of the ,north         
,american ,rhynchophora4 ,jour4 ,n4  ,y4
 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cf-dc1     
#hj-hh4    #ahif4 ,food-,habits of      
,north ,american ,cerambycid4 ,jour4 ,n4
 ,y4 ,ent4 ,soc41  ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4      
#gc-ha4    ,,chittenden1 ,f4 ,h4        
#ahic4 ,note on the ,food ,habits of    

,some ,species of ,chrysomelid4 ,proc4  
,ent4 ,soc4 ,wash41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4     
#bfa-bfg4    #ahig4 ,general ,index to  
the ,seven ,volumes of ,insect ,life1   
#ahhh-ahie4 ,u4  ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4
 ,ent4    ,,commissioner ,,of           
,,agriculture4    #ahgf4 ,the ,general  
,index of the ,agricultural ,reports of 
the ,patent  ,office for #ahcg-ahfa1 and
 of the ,department of ,agriculture for 
#ahfb-ahgf4 ,washington4    ,,comstock1 
,j4 ,h4    #ahgi4 ,report upon ,cotton  
,insects4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 pp4 #eaa4
 ,this  report1 like those of the ,u4   
,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 gives   
very  full accounts of the habits and   
life histories of certain species and   
gives particular attention to their     
predaceous and parasitic enemies4  ,the 
predaceous insects are seldom given as  
detailed study as the  vegetable-feeding
 kinds4    ,,coquillett1 ,d4 ,w4        
#ahha4 ,larv of ,lepidoptera4 ,tenth    
,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,ent4 ,ill41 pp4     
#ade-ahf4    ,descriptions1 figures1 and

 keys to many common larv4    ,,cresson1
 ,e4 ,t4    #ahhg4 ,synopsis of the     
,hymenoptera of ,america1 ,north of     
,mexico4 ,trans4  ,amer4 ,ent4 ,soc41   
,supplem4 ,vol41 #ahhg1 ,pt4 #b4        
,catalogue of ,species and              
,bibliography1 pp4 #aee-cej4            
,philadelphia4    ,,currie1 ,r4 ,p41 and
 ,,caudell1 ,a4 ,n4    #aiaa4 ,an ,index
 to ,circulars #a to #ajj 7,second      
,series7 of the ,bureau of  ,entomology4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,ent41     
,circular ,no4 #ajj4 pp4 #di4    ,the   
circulars contain a large amount of     
information on life histories  of       
insects4    ,,dimmock1 ,g41 and ,,knab1 
,f4    #aijd4 ,early ,stages of         
,carabid4 ,bull4 ,no4 #a1 ,springfield  
,mus4 ,nat4  ,hist4 pp4 #ee4            
,springfield1 ,mass4    ,,dodge1 ,c4 ,r4
    #ahhh4 ,the ,life and ,entomological
 ,work of the ,late ,townend ,glover4   
,u4 ,s4  ,dept4 ,agric41 ,div4 ,ent41   
,bull4 ,no4 #ah 7,o4 ,s474 pp4 #fh4     
,,dyar1 ,h4 ,g4    #ahid4 ,a            

,classification of ,lepidopterous ,larv4
 ,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 of  ,sci41 ,vol4  
,,viii1 pp4 #aid-bcb4    ,,edwards1 ,h4 
#ahhi4 ,bibliographical ,catalogue of   
the ,described ,transformations of      
,north ,american ,lepidoptera4 ,u4 ,s4  
,nat4 ,mus41 ,bull4 #ce4 pp4 #adg4      
,,felt1 ,e4 ,p4    #aije-jf4 ,insects   
,affecting ,park and ,woodland ,trees4  
,mem4 #h1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state  ,mus41 ,vol4  
,i1 pp4 #a-ccb1 a#dce-;a#dei1 #aije2    
,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ccc-hgg1 #aijf4        
,excellently illustrated1 and with      
numerous references4 ,this report and   
,packard's ,forest ,insects form an     
excellent guide to the life histories   
and literature of forest insects4       
#ahii4 ,memorial of ,life and           
,entomologic ,work of ,joseph ,albert   
,lintner1  ,ph4 ,d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state      
,mus41 ,bull4 #bd1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4        
#cjc-faa4    ,contains an index to      
,lintner's thirteen reports as ,state   
,entomologist  of ,new ,york4 ,these    
reports contain rather full references  

and good  summaries of life histories4  
,,folsom1 ,j4 ,w4    #aijf4 ,entomology 
with ,special ,reference to its         
,biological and ,economic  ,aspects1 pp4
 #dhe4 ,philadelphia4    ,a very useful 
bibliography is given on pp4 #dji-dff4  
,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a4    #ahhe4 ,general    
,indexes to the ,first ,twelve ,reports 
of the ,state  ,entomologists of        
,illinois4 ,app4 to ,fourteenth ,rep4   
,state ,ent4 ,ill4 pp4  #abj4           
,springfield4    #aiji4 ,contents and   
,index of the ,reports of the ,state    
,entomologist of  ,illinois1            
,,xiii-,,xxiv4 #ahhd-aijh4 pp4 #aeg4    
,office of ,state ,entomologist4        
,,forbes1 ,w4 ,t4 ,m4    #aijf4 ,field  
,tables of ,lepidoptera4 pp4 #ada4      
,worcester1 ,mass4 ,keys for  the       
determination of larv4    #aiaj4 ,a     
,structural ,study of ,some             
,caterpillars4 ,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,amer41
  ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #id-acb4    ,contains
 a very useful bibliography 7pp4        
#abe-abg74    ,,forbush1 ,e4 ,h41 and   

,,fernald1 ,c4 ,h4    #ahif4 ,the ,gypsy
 ,moth4 ,mass4 ,board ,agr4 pp4 #die4   
,boston4    ,also discusses predaceous  
and parasitic animals which prey upon   
the  ,gypsy ,moth4    ,,hart1 ,c4 ,a4   
#ahie4 ,on the ,entomology of the       
,illinois ,river and ,adjacent ,waters4 
,bull4 ,ill4 ,state ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hist41 
,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #adi-bhd4    ,keys to   
immature stages of aquatic insects and  
many biological  observations4          
,,henshaw1 ,s4    #ahhg4 ,the           
,entomological ,writings of ,dr4        
,alpheus ,spring ,packard4 ,u4 ,s4      
,dept4 of ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bull4    
,no4 #af4 pp4 #di4    ,biological       
observations4    #ahhi-if4 ,bibliography
 of the ,more ,important ,contributions 
to ,american  ,economic ,entomology1    
,parts ,i-,v1 and index4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 
of ,agr41 ,div4  ,ent4    ,,hubbard1 ,h4
 ,g4    #ahhe4 ,insects ,affecting the  
,orange4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4    
,ent4 pp4 #bbg4    ,,johannsen1 ,o4 ,a4 
#aijc1 #aije4 ,aquatic ,nematocerous    

,diptera4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 ,bull4  
,no4  #fh1 pp4 #cbh-ddh2 ,bull4 ,no4    
#hf1 pp4 #gf-cbg4    ,immature stages of
 several families are rather fully      
treated and  valuable references on life
 histories given4    ,,macgillivray1 ,a4
 ,d4    #aijc4 ,aquatic ,chrysomelid and
 a ,table of the ,families of           
,coleopterous  ,larv4 ,bull4 ,no4 #fh1  
,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 pp4 #bhh-cca4     
,gives references to the most important 
papers on the immature stages of        
beetles4    ,,needham1 ,j4 ,g41 and     
,,betten1 ,c4    #aija4 ,aquatic        
,insects in the ,adirondacks4 ,bull4    
,no4 #dg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state  ,mus41 pp4    
#chc-fab4    ,keys to orders to immature
 aquatic insects2 keys to ,mayfly and   
dragon-fly nymphs4    ,,needham1 ,j4 ,g4
    #aijc4 ,life ,histories of ,odonata1
 ,suborder ,zygoptera4 ,bull4 ,no4 #fh1 
,n4  ,y4 ,state ,mus41 pp4 #bah-bgf4    
,keys to nymphs4    #aije4 ,ephemerid4  
,bull4 ,no4 #hf1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41  
pp4 #ag-ei4    ,keys to genera of adults

 and to nymphs4    #aijh4 ,report on the
 ,entomologic ,field ,station ,conducted
 at ,old ,forge1  ,n4 ,y41 in the       
,summer of #aije4 ,bull4 ,no4 #abd1 ,n4 
,y4 ,state ,mus41 pp4  #aef-bdh4        
,life histories of crane flies1         
,tipulid2 table of larval habits1 p4    
#bci1 and fish food4    ,,office ,,of   
,,experiment ,,stations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4
 ,,agric4    #ahhi4 ,experiment ,station
 ,record1 ,vol4 ,i to date4    #aijc4   
,general ,index to ,experiment ,station 
,record1 ,vols4 #a-ab1  #ahhi-aija1 and 
to ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b4 pp4 #fga4
    ,useful for references to current   
literature on economic species1 before  
they have appeared in the more slowly   
published bibliographies4    ,,packard1 
,a4 ,s4    #ahij4 ,forest ,insects4 ,u4 
,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,fifth ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4  
,ent4 ,comm4 pp4  #ieg4    ,almost an   
encyclopedia on forest insects1 insects 
listed by food  plants4 ,very useful4   
,,pierce1 ,w4 ,d4    #aijg4 ,on the     
,biologies of the ,rhynchophora of      

,north ,america4 ,ann4 ,rep4  ,neb4 ,st4
 ,bd4 ,agr41 #aijf-jg1 pp4 #bdg-cai4    
,this is an annotated list of breeding  
and food habits of the snout  and bark  
beetles4 ,references to the literature1 
index of plants and  beetles4 ,very     
useful4    #aijh4 ,a ,list of ,parasites
 ,known to ,attack ,american            
,rhynchophora4 ,jour4  ,econ4 ,ent41    
,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #chj-cif4    ,,riley1 ,c4 
,v41 ,,packard1 ,a4 ,s41 and ,,thomas1  
,c4    #ahgh4 ,first ,annual ,report of 
the ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission  
for  the ,year #ahgg1 ,relating to the  
,rocky ,mountain ,locust1 etc4 ,u4 ,s4  
,geol4  ,surv4 7,hayden74 pp4 #dgg4     
,discusses predaceous and parasitic     
animals which prey upon the locust4     
#ahhj4 ,second ,report of the ,u4 ,s4   
,entomological ,commission for the      
,years  #ahgh and #ahgi1 ,relating to   
the ,rocky ,mountain ,locust1 and the   
,western  ,cricket1 etc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 
,interior4 pp4 #cbb4    ,discusses      
predaceous and parasitic animals which  

prey upon the locust4    ,,rlley1 ,c4   
,v4    #ahhj4 ,food ,habits of the      
,longicorn ,beetles or ,wood ,borers4   
,amer4 ,ent41  ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4         
#bcg-bci1 #bgj-bga4    #ahha4 ,general  
,index and ,supplement to the ,nine     
,reports on the ,insects  of ,missouri4 
,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,interior4 ,u4 ,s4    
,ent4 ,comm41 ,bull4 ,no4 #f4  pp4 #agh4
    #ahhe4 ,fourth ,report of the ,u4   
,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 etc4    
7,on the  ,cotton and ,boll ,worm47 ,u4 
,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 pp4 #cii4    ,,schwarz1
 ,e4 ,a4    #ahij4 ,food-,plants and    
,food-,habits of ,some ,north ,american 
,coleoptera4  ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wash4 
,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bca-bcc4    ,,scudder1   
,s4 ,h4    #ahhi4 ,classified ,list of  
,food ,plants of ,american ,butterflies1
 drawn  from ,scudder's ,butterflies of 
the ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,psyche1  
,vol4  ,v1 pp4 #bgd-bgh4    #aija4      
,index to ,north ,american ,orthoptera4 
,occasional ,papers of the  ,bost4 ,soc4
 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,vi4 pp4 #dcf4    ,this 

is a complete alphabetical index to the 
literature of the species  of ,north    
,american ,orthoptera--a unique and very
 useful work4    ,,thomas1 ,c41         
,,middleton1 ,n41 and ,,martin1 ,j4     
#ahha4 ,descriptive ,catalogue of ,larv4
 ,tenth ,rep4 ,state ,ent4 ,ill41 pp4   
#fj-adj4    ,description and keys to    
saw-fly and ,lepidopterous larv4        
,,townsend1 ,c4 ,h4 ,t4    #ahic4 ,a    
,general ,summary of the ,known ,larval 
,food-habits of the  ,acalyptrate       
,muscid4 ,can4 ,ent41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 pp4  
#aj-af4    ,,ward1 ,h4 ,b41 ,,whipple1  
,g4 ,c41 and others4    ,fresh ,water   
,biology4 7,in press47 ,new ,york4      
,this work consists of chapters by      
numerous specialists on the various     
groups of fresh-water animals including 
insects1 gives keys for the             
determination of specimens1 short       
chapters on their general biological    
relations1 and references to the        
literature4            ,,vii4 ,,the     
,,laws ,,of ,,environmental ,,change1   

,,or ,,the 8,,orderly ,,sequence ,,of   
,,external ,,nature0             ,,the  
,,dynamic ,,and ,,process ,,relations   
,,of ,,the ,,environment    8,of all the
 truths relating to phenomena1 the most 
valuable to us are  those which relate  
to the order of succession4 ,on a       
knowledge of these  is founded every    
reasonable anticipation of future facts1
 and whatever  power we possess of      
influencing those facts to our          
advantage40--,,john  ,,stuart ,,mill4   
8,to study life we must consider three  
things3 first1 the orderly  sequence of 
external nature2 second1 the living     
organism and the  changes which take    
place in it2 and1 third1 the continuous 
adjustment  between the two sets of     
phenomena which constitutes life40--,w4 
,k4  ,,brooks4    8,the truth1 indeed1  
is1 that in physical inquiries1 the work
 of theory  and observation must go hand
 in hand1 and ought to be carried on at 
the same time1 more especially if the   
matter is very complicated1 for  there  

the clue of theory is necessary to      
direct the observer4 ,though  a man may 
begin to observe without any hypothesis1
 he cannot continue  long without seeing
 some general conclusion arise2 and to  
this nascent  theory it is his business 
to attend1 because1 by seeking either   
to verify or to disprove it1 he is led  
to new experiments1 or new              
observations4 ,he is led also to the    
very experiments and observations  that 
are of the greatest importance1 namely  
to those instanti  crucis1 which are the
 criteria that naturally present        
themselves for  the trial of every      
hypothesis4 ,he is conducted to the     
places where  the transitions of nature 
are most perceptible1 and where the     
absence  of former1 or the presence of  
new circumstances1 excludes the action  
of imaginary causes4 ,by this correction
 of his first opinion1 a new            
approximation is made to the truth2 and 
by the repetition of the same  process1 
certainty is finally obtained4 ,thus    

theory and observation  mutually assist 
one another2 and the spirit of system1  
against which  there are so many and    
such just complaints1 appears1          
nevertheless1 as  the animating         
principle of inductive investigation4   
,the business of  sound philosophy is   
not to extinguish this spirit1 but to   
restrain and  direct its efforts40      
--,j4 ,,playfair1 8,illustrations of the
 ,huttonian ,theory of the ,earth10     
,edinburgh1 #ahjb1 pp4 #ebd-ebe4        
,the facts and ideas with which the     
animal ecologist needs to become        
acquainted are so widely scattered that 
a large amount of selective  reading is 
necessary4 ,the ecologist must read1    
select1 and become  an organizing center
 of things ecological4 ,all of the facts
 and  conceptions which he needs are not
 even confined to zological or          
biological literature4 ,in seeking an   
understanding of any problem1           
conventional groupings of the sciences  
and their arbitrary boundaries  must not

 bar one from fertile fields4 ,many of  
the conceptions of the  physical        
sciences1 due to their more advanced    
stage of development1  anticipate the   
future development of biology4 ,this is 
particularly  true of their dynamic     
conceptions4 ,for this reason we should 
not  hesitate to utilize and            
deliberately strive to secure           
development  along similar lines in     
animal ecology4 ,elsewhere ,i have      
stated 7,an  ,ecological ,survey in     
,northern ,michigan1 #aijf1 pp4 #aa1    
#ab7 that3  8,it is thus very apparent  
that as soon as ecological phenomena    
are investigated dynamically and        
expressed in terms of processes1  this  
science will of necessity become more   
closely correlated with  those allied   
sciences which have already availed     
themselves of such  methods4444 ,it     
seems a very simple matter to give      
assent to the idea  of the law of       
change1 yet in its practical application
 this simplicity  often vanishes at once

 when it is seen that it involves the   
relation  of cause and effect4444 ,as   
this method of thinking is not generally
  understood1 it is occasionally applied
 in such a crude and general  sense that
 its bearing cannot be grasped when     
applied to special  or concrete         
problems4 ,there can be no question as  
to the general  validity of this method1
 but what is now needed is to know how  
these  processes are combined and       
related to produce particular           
environmental  conditions or situations4
 ,that these difficulties are not       
confined  to the ecologist alone1 but   
are obstacles which arise in any attempt
  at scientific interpretation1 is      
worthy of special notice4 ,we are  thus 
able to see why certain naturalists1    
apparently not recognizing  or          
understanding the developmental         
processes which scientific ideas        
undergo1 nor being acquainted with the  
tendencies of interpretation1           
dynamically considered1 now making such 

rapid headway in ecological  botany1    
geography1 physiography1 geology1 and   
psychology1 are inclined  to look upon  
such attempts in biology as merely a fad
 or personal  peculiarity of the        
student1 and not of any particular      
consequence4 ,such  ideas confuse the   
incidental with the essential and       
suggest a complete  failure to grasp the
 situation or to realize the fundamental
 importance  of stating explanations in 
terms of processes4 ,furthermore1 in    
several  of the allied sciences1 the    
methods of dynamical interpretation have
  already made considerable advance4    
,here1 then1 is a resource1 at  present 
largely unworked by many biologists1    
where a wealth of ideas  and            
explanations lies strewn over the       
surface and only need to be  picked up  
in order to be utilized by those        
acquainted with this method  of         
interpretation4444 ,if the signs of the 
times are now read correctly1  the most 
striking advance in scientific methods  

of thinking during the  present century 
will be in the direction of             
interpretation from the  standpoint of  
processes--dynamically40    ,for these  
reasons ,i have begun the list of       
literature with certain  references     
which deal with the dynamic relations of
 the environment4  ,these publications  
are particularly valuable not only for  
this method  of treatment1 but also for 
their content4 ,these papers clearly    
emphasize the 8orderly sequence of      
external nature10 a conception which    
must be grasped much more than          
superficially1 if one is to interpret   
the development or evolution of         
environments4 ,although this is an      
essential part of our problem1 as has   
been so well expressed by ,brooks1  yet 
this phase is probably one of the least 
understood by zologists4  ,and as long  
as zological students lack the proper   
training this  condition will continue4 
,to neglect this aspect in the training 
of an  ecologist is like neglect of     

chemical training in a physiologist or  
of a physiological training in a        
psychologist4 ,for one who is ignorant  
of the principles of 8orderly sequence10
 or successions of changes  occurring in
 the physical1 vegetational1 and animal 
environments1 it is  manifestly         
impossible to realize their development2
 and the application  of such principles
 to the interpretation of practical     
problems is  utterly beyond his grasp4  
,we are thus able to see that although  
the  phrase 8orderly sequence of        
external nature0 is fundamentally a     
simple  conception1 it is not grasped   
without effort1 training1 and careful   
investigation4    ,obviously it is      
impossible to arrange the series of     
references with  perfect satisfaction4  
,the arrangement which will serve one   
purpose  will not another1 and for this 
reason it has been necessary to arrange 
the lists in more than one order4       
,certain general references1 or some    
intended to facilitate the acquirement  

of the general point of view1  are given
 first1 and others are arranged         
alphabetically4 ,for example1  the      
papers listed on the processes of change
 in the physical and  vegetational      
environment are approximately in an     
order in which they  may profitably be  
studied to make the view as concrete as 
possible4 ,it  is primarily not the     
abstract idea of the principle of       
change1 which is  relatively easy to    
grasp1 but to be able to apply it to any
 condition  or location and to make it a
 guiding principle is very difficult4   
,and  judging from my own observation   
upon others and my own experience  this 
method is very rarely mastered1 if at   
all1 unless it is actually  worked out  
in some concrete case1 and later        
expanded to its logical  consequences4  
,only a few references are given on     
general physiology1 metabolism1 and     
allied subjects1 but those given furnish
 a valuable index to further            
literature4 ,only the most arbitrary    

line can be drawn between papers        
dealing with habits1 behavior1 and      
individual ecology1 and for this  reason
 most of the references selected are    
arranged alphabetically4    ,particular 
attention should be called to the fact  
that it is not to be  assumed that the  
various authors strive to make the      
points to which  attention is here      
called2 they may or may not do so4 ,my  
aim is to call  attention to the utility
 of the publications from the standpoint
  advocated throughout the book4        
,from this point onward in this book the
 references form its main  feature4 ,for
 this reason it is important that one   
should not get an  exaggerated idea of  
the value of the literature4 ,it is     
perhaps true  that a large part of the  
best ecological work has been done with 
little  knowledge of other ecological   
writings4 ,this was of course           
particularly  true of the early workers1
 and the best work of to-day does not   
come  from the largest library centers4 

,a student looking over these lists1    
and finding that he has access to       
relatively few papers1 may conclude     
that all effort is of no avail4 ,the    
greatest need is not all or even a      
majority of the publications on the     
general field1 but the relatively       
limited number which bear directly upon 
the problem at hand and enough  of the  
general papers to aid him in a general  
orientation4 ,it may be  of some comfort
 to the isolated student1 with his small
 shelf of books1  to realize that there 
are perhaps not a half-dozen libraries  
in ,america  which contain all the      
references given in this book4 ,the     
nearer one  reaches the boundaries of   
our knowledge1 the smaller the amount1  
and  often the smaller the value of the 
literature1 and the greater the  value  
of a proper orientation1 which comes    
only with a grasp of general            
principles4           99       99       
99       99       99    7,the laws of   
physical and vegetational changes and   

their influence upon  animals4 ,the     
dynamic or process relation of the      
environment47    ,,bancroft1 ,w4 ,d4    
#aiaa4 ,a ,universal ,law4 ,science1 ,n4
 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4 #aei-agi4    ,the
 law of adjustment or response to       
strain4 ,a very important paper  viewed 
from the dynamic and process standpoint4
    ,,henderson1 ,l4 ,j4    #aiac4 ,the 
,fitness of the ,environment4 ,an       
,enquiry into the ,biological           
,significance of the ,properties of     
,matter1 pp4 #cag4 ,new ,york4 ,the     
,macmillan ,company4    ,valuable       
ecologically because of its exposition  
of the orderly sequence  and regulatory 
character of physico-chemical and       
physiological  processes1 and the       
application of chemical equilibria and  
the ,phase  ,rule to metabolic changes4 
,he says1 8,now there can be no doubt   
that1  when feasible1 the ideal         
method--from the physico-chemical point 
of  view--to describe a material system 
is in terms of the phase rule40 p4      

#bfj4    ,,chamberlin1 ,t4 ,c41 and     
,,salisbury1 ,r4 ,d4    #aijd4 ,geology4
 ,geologic ,processes and their         
,results1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fed4  ,new     
,york4    ,to be considered from the    
standpoint of the agents and processes  
which change animal habitats and result 
in their 8orderly sequence40    ,,van   
,,hise1 ,c4 ,r4    #aijd4 ,a ,treatise  
on ,metamorphism4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4        
,survey1 ,monog41 ,vol4  ,,xlvii1 pp4   
#a-abhf4    ,a formidable-looking volume
 on account of its size1 but one which  
will  abundantly repay a careful study  
of its method1 aside from the value  of 
the content1 for problems related to    
animals of the soils1 etc4  ,particular 
attention should be given to the        
formulation of dynamic  principles1 and 
the application of the process method4  
,,davis1 ,w4 ,m4    #aiji4 ,geographical
 ,essays1 pp4 #ggg4 ,new ,york4         
,essays on the orderly sequence of      
changing land forms1 or to the          
ecologist1 the development of inland    

habitats1 in so far as they are         
dependent upon the physiographic        
conditions4    ,,woodworth1 ,j4 ,b4     
#ahid4 ,the ,relation between           
,baseleveling and ,organic ,evolution4  
,amer4  ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4        
#bji-bce4    ,the influence of          
baseleveling factors in the development 
of the gross  environment and upon      
evolution4    ,,adams1 ,,chas4 ,c4      
#aija4 ,baseleveling and its ,faunal    
,significance1 with ,illustrations from 
,southeastern ,united ,states4 ,amer4   
,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxv1 pp4 #hci-heb4      
,the influence of baseleveling upon the 
sequence of changes in  fresh-water and 
land habitats4 7,see ,figures #d and    
#e47    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,a  
small stream as an animal environment1  
with  the preponderance of rapidly      
flowing water4 ,tumwater ,caon1 ,near   
,wenatchee ,washington4 ,photo4 by ,w4  
,b4 ,mc,callum4    ,illustration3       
,,fig4 #e4--;,a small river as an animal
 environment4 ,the rapid water          

conditions of a stream in an early stage
 of topographic development1  such as is
 shown in ,fig4 #d1 is here replaced by 
long pools of  relatively quietly       
flowing water1 connected by narrow      
stretches of more  rapidly flowing      
water4 ,wabash ,river1 ,bluffton        
,indiana4 ,photo4 by ,n4  ,miller and   
,e4 ,b4 ,williamson4     ,,brandt1 ,k4  
#ahii4 ,ueber den ,stoffwechsel im      
,meere4 ,wissen4 ,meeruntersuchungen1   
heraus4 v4 d4 ,komm4 zur wissen4        
,unters4 deutschen ,meere in ,kiel4 ,n4 
,f4  ,abth4 ,kiel1 ,bd4 ,,iv1 pp4       
#bac-bcj4    #aija4 ,life in the ,ocean4
 ,smithsonian ,report for #aijj1 pp4    
#dic-ejf4    ,a translation of the      
preceding paper on the transformation of
 substance  or 8cycle of matter0 in the 
sea4 ,the extensive footnotes are       
omitted4    #aijb4 ,ueber den           
,stoffwechsel im ,meere4 #b ,abhand4    
,wiss4 ,meeresunt4  heraus4 v4 d4 ,komm4
 zur wissen4 ,unters4 deutschen ,meere  
in ,kiel1 ,n4 ,f4  ,bd4 ,,vi1 ,abth4    

,kiel1 pp4 #bc-gi4    #aije4 ,on the    
,production and ,conditions of          
,production in the ,sea4  ,rapports et  
,procs-,verbaux1 ,inter4 ,council for   
the ,exploration of the  ,sea1 ,vol4    
,,iii1 ,appendix ,d4 ,copenhagen4       
,not seen by the writer4 ,johnstone     
states that it is a summary of the      
papers of #ahii and #aijb4              
,,johnstone1 ,j4    #aijh4 ,metabolism  
in the ,sea4 pp4 #bjf-bih4 ,in          
8,conditions of ,life in the  ,sea40    
,cambridge1 ,england4    ,,birge1 ,e4   
,a4    #aijg4 ,the ,respiration of an   
,inland ,lake4 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,fisheries
 ,soc41  ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #bbc-bda4   
#aijd4 ,the ,thermocline and its        
,biological ,significance4 ,trans4      
,amer4  ,micros4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 pp4
 #e-cc4 ,two studies in the sequential  
changes  in the lake habitat4           
,,birge1 ,e4 ,a41 and ,,juday1 ,c4      
#aiaa4 ,the ,inland ,lakes of           
,wisconsin4 ,the ,dissolved ,gases of   
the ,water  and their ,biological       

,significance4 ,wis4 ,geol4 and ,nat4   
,hist4 ,survey1  ,bull4 ,no4 #bb4 pp4   
#bei4    ,,peters1 ,a4 ,w4    #aijg4    
,chemical ,studies on the ,cell and its 
,medium4 ,part ,,ii1 ,some              
,chemico-,biological ,relations in      
,liquid ,culture ,media4 ,amer4 ,jour4  
,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #cba-cdf4 
,a study of changes in media and their  
biotic succession4    ,,cowles1 ,h4 ,c4 
#aiaa4 ,the ,causes of ,vegetative      
,cycles4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,li1 pp4   
#afa-ahc4  ,also ,ann4 ,associa4 ,amer4 
,geogr41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a-bj4 #aiab4    
,an important statement of the general  
principles and causes of  vegetational  
changes4 ,includes a history of the     
subject4    #aija4 ,the ,physiographic  
,ecology of ,chicago and ,vicinity2 ,a  
,study of the  ,origin1 ,development1   
and ,classification of ,plant           
,societies4 ,bot4 ,gaz41  ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 
pp4 #gc-ajh1 #ade-ahb4    ,a study of   
changes in the vegetation from the      
process and genetic  standpoint4        

,,clements1 ,f4 ,e4    #aijd4 ,the      
,development and ,structure of          
,vegetation4 ,bot4 ,surv4 ,nebraska1    
,,vii4 pp4 #age4 ,lincoln4    ,deals    
with vegetative changes from the process
 standpoint4    #aije4 ,research        
,methods in ,ecology1 pp4 #ccd4         
,lincoln1 ,neb4    ,,crampton1 ,c4 ,b4  
#aiaa4 ,the ,vegetation of ,caithness   
,considered in ,relation to the         
,geology4 pp4 #acb4 ,comm4 for the      
,survey and ,study of ,british          
,vegetation4    #aiab4 ,the ,geological 
,relations of ,stable and ,migratory    
,plant  ,formations4 ,scottish ,bot4    
,rev41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a-fa4    ,good    
examples of the process standpoint as   
applied to the vegetation4    ,,warming1
 ,e4 7,trans4 by ,p4 ,,groom and ,i4 ,b4
 ,,balfour47    #aiji4 cology of        
,plants4 pp4 #dbb4 ,oxford4    ,a       
treatise on the general principles of   
plant ecology1 and an index to  the     
literature4    ,,zon1 ,,raphael4        
#aijf4 ,principles ,involved in         

,determining ,forest ,types4 ,proc4     
,soc4 ,amer4  ,foresters1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 
#agi-ahi4    ,discusses the sequence of 
change in the forest4    ,,ostenfeld1   
,c4 ,h4    #aijh4 ,on the ,ecology and  
,distribution of the ,grass-,wrack      
7,zostera  marina7 in ,danish ,waters4  
,rep4 ,danish ,biol4 ,sta4 to ,board of 
,agriculture1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 #aijh4       
,trans4 from the ,fiskeri-,beretning for
  #aijg1 pp4 #a-fb4    ,an important    
paper showing the controlling relation  
of marine  vegetation upon animal       
associations and particularly the fish  
of the  coast4 ,references to related   
zological papers4    ,,moore1 ,j4 ,e4   
,s4    #aijc4 ,the ,tanganyika ,problem4
 pp4 #cga4 ,london4    ,on pp4 #ajg-aai 
,moore describes the invasion and       
succession of  vegetation upon alluvial 
flats1 recently drained4 ,a graphic     
account of  forest invasion4 ,apparently
 a little known study4    ,,ernst1 ,a4  
7,trans4 by ,a4 ,c4 ,,seward47    #aijh4
 ,the ,new ,flora of the ,volcanic      

,island of ,krakatau4 pp4 #gd4          
,cambridge4    ,a study of the invasion 
of vegetation upon a new land surface   
formed by  volcanic activity4 ,such     
studies as this aid one in breaking away
 from  the older static view of         
vegetation and in seeing its more vital 
aspect4    ,,vaughan1 ,t4 ,w4    #aiaa4 
,the ,geological ,work of ,mangroves in 
,southern ,florida4 ,smithsonian        
,miscell4 ,coll4 7,quart4 ,issue71 ,vol4
 ,,lii1 pp4 #dfa-dfd4    ,plants as     
agents in the formation of animal       
habitats4    ,,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4    #aiji4 
,a ,preliminary ,account of the         
,submerged ,vegetation of ,lake         
,windermere as ,affecting the ,feeding  
,ground of ,fish4 ,mem4 and ,pro4       
,manchester ,lit4 and ,phil4 ,soc41     
,manchester ,memoirs1 #aijh-aiji1 ,vol4 
,,liii1 ,mem4 #aa1 pp4 #a-i4            
,,transeau1 ,e4 ,n4    #aijh4 ,the      
,relation of ,plant ,societies to       
,evaporation4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4  ,,xlv1
 pp4 #bag-bca4    ,shows vegetational   

control upon the relative humidity of   
the air4    ,,fuller1 ,g4 ,d4    #aiaa4 
,evaporation and ,plant ,succession4    
,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 ,,lii1 pp4  #aic-bjh4
    ,further studies of the vegetational
 control of the relative evaporating    
power of the air4    ,,shelford1 ,v4 ,e4
    #aijg4 ,preliminary ,note on the    
,distribution of the ,tiger ,beetles    
7,cicindela7 and its ,relation to ,plant
 ,succession4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4      
,,xiv1 pp4 #i-ad4    ,the sequence of   
vegetational changes which determine the
 habitats of a  predaceous insect4      
#aiab4 ,ecological ,succession4 ,,iv4   
,vegetation and the ,control of ,land   
,animal ,communities4 ,biol4 ,bull41    
,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #ei-ii4    ,an       
important paper correlating the         
development of the vegetation and  the  
changing animal associations4    ,,cook1
 ,o4 ,f4    #aiji4 ,vegetation ,affected
 by ,agriculture in ,central ,america4  
,u4 ,s4  ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,plant     
,industry1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ade4 pp4 #cj4   

,vegetational change in the tropics as  
affected by man and its relation  to    
plant succession4    ,,fernow1 ,b4 ,e41 
and ,,harrington1 ,m4 ,w41 and others4  
#ahic4 ,forest ,influences4 ,u4 ,s4     
,dept4 ,agr41 ,forestry ,div41 ,bull4   
,no4 #g4  pp4 #aig4 ,very valuable      
discussion of the atmospheric conditions
 in and  about woodlands2 temperature1  
evaporation1 etc41 in open and wooded   
areas4 ,not written from the process    
standpoint1 but capable of such an      
interpretation4 7,see ,figures #f and   
#g47    ,,adams1 ,,chas4 ,c4    #aije4  
,the ,postglacial ,dispersal of the     
,north ,american ,biota4 ,biol4  ,bull41
 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #ec-ga4    ,climatic   
sequences applied to inland habitats and
 the succession of  their associations4 
#aiji4 ,isle ,royale as a ,biotic       
,environment4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mich4 ,geol4 
,surv4  for #aijh1 pp4 #a-ef4    ,an    
attempt is made to treat the environment
 and biota from both the  dynamic or    
process standpoint--so far as the       

present processes are  concerned--and   
genetically with regard to the          
development of the  present conditions4 
,,ruthven1 ,a4 ,g4    #aijf4 ,an        
,ecological ,survey in the ,porcupine   
,mountains and ,isle ,royale1           
,michigan4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mich4 ,geol4    
,surv4 for #aije1 pp4 #ag-ee4    ,the   
environment and biotic associations are 
treated from the dynamic  and genetic   
standpoint4          ,,viii4 ,,the      
,,laws ,,of ,,orderly ,,sequence ,,of   
,,metabolism1 ,,growth1 ,,development1  
,,physiological ,,conditions1 ,,and     
,,behavior1 ,,or 8,,the ,,living        
,,organism ,,and ,,the                  
,,changes ,,which ,,take ,,place ,,in   
,,it0                ,,the ,,dynamic    
,,or ,,process ,,relations ,,of ,,the   
,,animal    #a4 ,general ,physiology and
 ,development4  #b4 ,a ,selection of    
,physiological and ,ecological ,papers4 
#c4 ,animal ,behavior as a ,process4    
#d4 ,a ,list of ,selected ,reviews and  
,bibliographies4  #e4 ,a ,selection of  

,references on ,life ,histories and     
,behavior4    8,seeing1 then1 that in   
all cases we may consider the external  
phenomena  as simply in relation1 and   
the internal phenomena also as simply in
  relation2 the broadest and most       
complete definition of ,life will       
be--,the continuous adjustment of       
internal relations to external          
relations40--,,herbert ,,spencer4       
8,it is of the utmost importance1 if we 
are to understand the behavior  of      
organisms1 that we think of them as     
dynamic--as processes1 rather  than as  
structures4 ,the animal is something    
happening40--,h4 ,s4 ,,jennings         
7#aijg74      ,not only is the          
environment subject to an orderly       
sequence of changes1  but this same law 
applies with equal thoroughness to the  
living animal  itself4 ,the animal is an
 agent which transforms1 in 8an orderly 
sequence10 by its processes of          
metabolism1 both energy and substance1  
resulting in growth1 differentiation1   

multiplication1 and behavior4  ,these   
activities take place in an orderly     
manner and are dependent  upon both     
energy and substance derived from the   
environment4 ,for these  reasons the    
processes or changes in metabolism1     
growth1 development1  and behavior1 in  
so far as they are responses to the     
orderly sequence  of environmental      
changes1 are ecological problems4 ,the  
changes in  behavior during the life of 
the animal or the development of its    
behavior give one of the main clues to  
the physiological conditions  which     
determine some of the most              
characteristic forms of responses1 and  
finally as a result of all these        
activities and processes of adjustment  
to the conditions of life1 a relatively 
mature and adjusted condition  of the   
struggle for existence in animals and   
associations may be  reached1 the       
culmination of animal harmonies4 ,for   
this reason studies  in modifications of
 behavior are of fundamental ecological 

importance1  because they consider      
behavior not only as ready-made1 but    
also in  the process of making4 ,such   
considerations as these make it         
desirable  to include some of the most  
valuable and suggestive books and papers
  which deal with those general         
physiological processes influencing     
growth1 development1 multiplication1 and
 behavior1 and particularly  those which
 aid one in realizing their order or    
successive changes1 or  8orderly        
sequence40    ,in studying the          
activities of the individual animal1 the
 normal  environment to which it is     
attuned forms the natural unit or basis 
for study4 ,all processes which modify  
or change such an optimum will          
stimulate the animal1 cause responses   
and adjustments4 ,there are many        
degrees or stages in the development of 
these optima which change  with the     
functional rhythms and with the         
development of the animal4  ,there are  
those conditions which influence the    

activity of certain  functions or       
organs2 those which influence the       
general vital processes  in general1 the
 vital optimum2 those which appear to   
condition the  best development of      
certain families1 genera1 etc42 and     
finally those  of animal associations4  
,of course these grade imperceptibly    
into one  another1 and a single animal  
may in its development1 traverse all of 
these stages in the development of its  
associational optimum4 ,optima  thus    
have histories1 and their development   
and laws of transformation  are of the  
most fundamental ecological importance  
7,adams1 #aijd1 #aiji2  ,blackman1      
#aije1 #aijf2 ,shelford1 #aiaa1 #aiab74 
,in the selection of these papers ,i    
have been guided by several             
considerations4 ,studies of common      
animals are given preference1 also      
those papers which by their method of   
treatment and point of view  are        
especially suggestive and may act as    
models for further study1  and          

particularly those papers which treat of
 the activities from the  standpoint of 
their changes1 cycles1 modifiability1   
and development4  ,it is to such papers 
that we must look for suggestions       
regarding  the methods or processes of  
adjustment between the animal and the   
environment4 ,all of these papers are   
not equally ecological1 but all  will be
 of much utility in ecological work4    
7,general works are listed first1       
followed by special papers arranged     
alphabetically47    #a4 ,general        
,physiology and ,development            
,,verworn1 ,m4    #ahii4 ,general       
,physiology4 pp4 #fae4 ,new ,york4    ,a
 very good general summary1 but somewhat
 out of date4 ,there is a  ,german      
edition of #aiji 7fifth74               
,,rosenthal1 ,j4    #aija4 ,lehrbuch der
 ,allgemeinen ,physiologie4 pp4 #faf4   
,leipzig4    ,f,,rth1 ,o4 ,,von4        
#aijc4 ,vergleichende chemische         
,physiologic der niederen ,tiere4 pp4   
#fgj4  ,jena4    ,an excellent general  

work4 ,indispensable4 ,full references4 
,p,,tter1 ,a4    #aiaa4 ,vergleichende  
,physiologie4 pp4 #gba4 ,jena4          
,,winterstein1 ,h4 7,editor74    #aiaj4 
,handbuch der vergleichenden            
,physiologie4 7,to be completed in four 
volumes47 ,jena4    ,,hammarsten1 ,o4   
7,trans4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,,mandel47    #aiaa4
 ,a ,text-,book of ,physiological       
,chemistry4 ,sixth ,edition1 pp4 #ifd4  
,new ,york4    ,,davenport1 ,c4 ,b4     
#aijh4 ,experimental ,morphology1 pp4   
#eji4 ,new ,york4    ,excellent         
summaries and full references to the    
influence of various  stimuli upon      
growth and upon protoplasm4    ,,loeb1  
,j4    #aijf4 ,the ,dynamics of ,living 
,matter4 pp4 #bcc4 ,new ,york4          
,,przibram1 ,h4    #aiaj4               
,experimental-,zoologie4 #c4            
,phylogenese4 pp4 #cae4 ,leipzig and    
,vienna4    ,,jennings1 ,h4 ,s4         
#aijf4 ,behavior of the ,lower          
,organisms1 pp4 #cff4 ,new ,york4       
,the general chapters are particularly  

helpful4    ,,morgan1 ,t4 ,h4    #aijg4 
,experimental ,zology1 pp4 #ded4 ,new   
,york4    ,summaries of a variety of    
experimental studies4    ,,semper1 ,k4  
#ahha4 ,animal ,life as ,affected by the
 ,natural ,conditions of ,existence4    
pp4 #dgb4 ,new ,york4    8#8,the        
,physiology of ,organisms1' in          
contradistinction to the  ,physiology of
 ,organs1 444 is that branch of animal  
biology which  regards the species of   
animals as actualities and investigates 
the  reciprocal relations which adjust  
the balance between the existence of    
any species and the natural1 external   
conditions of its existence1 in  the    
widest sense of the term40 p4 #cc4      
,,jensen1 ,p4    #aijg4 ,organische     
,zweckmssigkeit1 ,entwicklung und       
,vererbung vom  ,standpunkt der         
,physiologie4 ,jena4 pp4 #bea4          
,,vernon1 ,h4 ,m4    #aijc4 ,variation  
in ,animals and ,plants4 pp4 #dae4      
,london4    ,,varigny1 ,h4 ,,de4        
#ahib4 ,experimental ,evolution1 pp4    

#bga4 ,new ,york4    ,,bachmetjew1 ,p4  
#aija-aijg4 ,experimentelle             
entomologische ,studien vom             
physikalisch-chemischen ,standpunkt aus4
 ,bd4 ,i4 ,temperaturverhltnisse  bei   
,insekten4 pp4 #afj4 ,leipzig4 #aija4   
,bd4 ,,ii4 ,einfluss der ,ausseren      
,faktoren auf ,insekten4 pp4 #idd4      
,sophia4 #aijg4    ,an extremely        
valuable index to environmental         
influences upon insects4  ,numerous     
summaries4    ,,herrick1 ,c4 ,l4        
#aijf4 ,applications of ,dynamic ,theory
 to ,physiological ,problems4 ,jour4    
,comp4 ,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4    
,,xvi1 pp4 #cfb-cge4    ,,richards1 ,h4 
,m4    #aiaj4 ,on the ,nature of        
,response to ,chemical ,stimulation4    
,science1 ,n4  ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4   
#eb-fb4    ,,sch,,fer1 ,e4 ,a4    #aiab4
 ,the ,nature1 ,origin and ,maintenance 
of ,life4 ,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4      
,,xxxvi1 pp4 #bhi-cab4    ,,baskerville1
 ,c4    #aije4 ,life and ,chemistry4    
,science1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4     

#fda-fdh4    ,,morgan1 ,t4 ,h4    #aiaj4
 ,chance or ,purpose in the ,origin and 
,evolution of ,adaptation4  ,science1   
,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #bja-baj4    
,,mathews1 ,a4 ,p4    #aije4 ,a ,theory 
of the ,nature of ,protoplasmic         
,respiration and ,growth4  ,biol4       
,bull41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cca-cdf4     
,,jennings1 ,h4 ,s4    #aiab4 ,age1     
,death and ,conjugation in the ,light of
 ,work on ,lower  ,organisms4 ,pop4     
,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxx1 pp4 #efc-egg4 
,death is due to differentiation and not
 to a 8running down0 of the  organism4  
,,lillie1 ,f4 ,r4    #aiji4 ,the ,theory
 of ,individual ,development4 ,pop4     
,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxv1  pp4 #bci-beb4
    ,,holmes1 ,s4 ,j4    #aijd4 ,the    
,problem of ,form ,regulation4 ,archiv  
fr ,entwickelungsmechanik  der          
,organismen 7,roux71 ,bd4 ,,xvii1 pp4   
#bfe-cje4    #aijg4 ,regeneration as    
,functional ,adjustment4 ,jour4 ,exp4   
,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iv1  pp4 #dai-dcj4       
,,wilson1 ,e4 ,b4    #aije4 ,the        

,problem of ,development4 ,science1 ,n4 
,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bha-bid4         
,,sherrington1 ,c4 ,s4    #aijf4 ,the   
,integrative ,action of the ,nervous    
,system4 pp4 #daa4 ,new ,york4    ,the  
activity of the nervous system is viewed
 as a regulatory process4    ,the       
similar responses to diverse stimuli or 
the similar results  produced by diverse
 causes are the conditions which make an
 analysis  and the isolation of causes  
necessary4 ,with departures from the    
normal  and optimum into zones of       
stimulation and of unfavorable          
conditions  many similar effects or     
results are produced4 ,the similar      
results of  extremes of high and low    
temperature as shown in ,fischer's      
experiments  on ,lepidoptera1 and the   
effects of high temperatures1 aridity1  
and the  lack of oxygen may be cited as 
examples4 ,such effects have an         
important  bearing upon the subject of  
physical and chemical limiting factors  
which influence individuals1            

aggregations1 and associations4         
,,blackman1 ,f4 ,f4    #aije4 ,optima   
and ,limiting ,factors4 ,ann4 of ,bot41 
,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #bha-bie4    8,when a  
process is conditioned as to its        
rapidity by a number of  separate       
factors1 the rate of the process is     
limited by the pace of the  #8slowest'  
factor40 p4 #bhi4    #aijh4 ,the        
,manifestations of the ,principles of   
,chemical ,mechanics in the  ,living    
,plant4 ,british ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41   
#aijh1 pp4 #a-ah4    ,,adams1 ,,chas4   
,c4    #aijd4 ,on the ,analogy ,between 
the ,departure from ,optimum ,vital     
,conditions and ,departure from         
,geographic ,life ,centers4 ,science1   
,n4 ,s41  ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #baj-baa4    
,,greeley1 ,a4 ,w4    #aija4 ,on the    
,analogy ,between the ,effects of ,loss 
of ,water and ,lowering  of             
,temperature4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,physiol41  
,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #abb-abh4    ,,zoethout1
 ,w4 ,d4    #ahii4 ,on ,some ,analogies 
,between the ,physiological ,effects of 

,high  ,temperature1 ,lack of ,oxygen1  
and ,certain ,poisons4 ,amer4 ,jour4    
,physiol41  ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbj-bdb4   
,,lyon1 ,e4 ,p4    #aijb4 ,effects of   
,potassium ,cyanide and of ,lack of     
,oxygen upon  the ,fertilized ,eggs and 
the ,embryos of the ,sea-,urchin        
7,arbacia  punctulata74 ,amer4 ,jour4   
,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #ef-ge4     
,,packard1 ,w4 ,h4    #aije4 ,on        
,resistance to ,lack of ,oxygen and on a
 ,method of ,increasing  this           
,resistance4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,physiol41   
,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #cj-da4    #aijg4 ,the  
,effect of ,carbohydrates on ,resistance
 to ,lack of ,oxygen4  ,amer4 ,jour4    
,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #afd-ahj4 
,,fischer1 ,e4    #aijc4                
,lepidopterologische                    
,experimental-,forschungen4 ,,iii4      
,allgem4 ,zeit4  fr ,entomologie1 ,bd4  
,,viii1 pp4 #bba-bbh4    ,these         
experiments illustrate in a very        
striking manner how abnormally  high and
 low temperatures produce the same kind 

of effect or response4      #b4 ,a      
,selection of ,physiological and        
,ecological ,papers    7,alphabetically 
arranged7    ,,clessin1 ,s4    #ahig4   
ber den ,einfluss der ,umgebung auf die 
,gehuse der ,schnecken4  ,wrttemberg    
naturw4 ,jahreshefte #ec1 pp4 #fh-hf4   
,,colton1 ,h4 ,s4    #aijh4 ,some       
,effects of ,environment on the ,growth 
of ,lymnaea columella  ,say4 ,proc4     
,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aijh1 pp4  
#daj-ddh4    ,,keller1 ,c4    #ahhg4    
,humusbildung und ,bodenkultur unter dem
 ,einfluss tierischer  ,thtigkeit4      
,not seen4    ,,knauthe1 ,k4    #ahih4  
,zur ,kenntnis des ,stoffwechsels der   
,fische4 ,archiv f4 d4 gesammte         
,physiol4 7,pflger71 ,bd4 ,,lxxiii1 pp4 
#dij-ejj4    ,,lang1 ,a4    #ahhh4 ber  
den ,einfluss der festsitzenden         
,lebensweise auf die ,thiere  und ber   
den ,ursprung der ungeschlichtlichen    
,fortpflanzung durch  ,theilung und     
,knospung4 pp4 #aff4 ,jena4    ,,locard1
 ,a4    #ahib4 ,l',influence des        

,milieux sur le ,dveloppement des       
,mollusques4 pp4  #adj4 ,lyon4          
,,marshall1 ,f4 ,h4    #aiaj4 ,the      
,physiology of ,reproduction4 pp4 #gjf4 
,london4    ,,miller1 ,n4    #aiji4 ,the
 ,american ,toad 7,bufo lentiginosus    
americanus ,le ,conte74 ,amer4  ,nat41  
,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #fda-ffh1 #gcj-gde4  
,a study of the natural history of a    
single species4    ,,riddle1 ,o4        
#aiji4 ,the ,rate of ,digestion in      
,cold-,blooded ,vertebrates1--,the      
,influence of ,season and ,temperature4 
,amer4 ,jour4 ,physiol41 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1  
pp4 #ddg-deh4    ,,russell1 ,e4 ,s4     
#aijh4 ,environmental ,studies on the   
,limpet4 ,proc4 ,zol4 ,soc41 ,london1   
#aijg1 pp4 #hef-hgj4    ,,schiemenz1 ,p4
    #aiaa4 ,vergleichung der            
,fruchtbarkeit von ,seen und ,flussen4  
,aus  deutscher ,fischerei4 pp4 #ge-hb4 
,neudamm4    ,a comparison of the       
relative productivity of fish in        
standing and  running water             
environments4    ,,shelford1 ,v4 ,e4    

#aiaa4 ,physiological ,animal           
,geography4 ,jour4 ,morph41 ,vol4       
,,xxii1 pp4  #eea-fah4    ,an important 
paper4 ,explains the habitats and       
distribution of animals  as due to      
physiological responses and characters4 
,the dynamic and  genetic standpoint of 
the present writer 7p4 #eee7 is         
erroneously  contrasted with a          
physiological process4 ,the dynamic     
includes all  processes1 the physiologic
 process is a species of this genus4    
,the  genetic is the application of     
processes to explain origins4 ,the      
responsive and functional processes are 
dynamic in character4    #aiab4         
,ecological ,succession4 ,v4 ,aspects of
 ,physiological  ,classification4 ,biol4
 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #cca-cgj4   
,further studies along the lines of the 
preceding paper4    ,,vire1 ,a4         
#ahif4 ,modifications ,produced in the  
,organs of ,sense and of ,nutrition in  
,certain ,arthropods by ,confinement in 
,caves4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist4 7#f71  

,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #djg-djh4             
,,vosseler1 ,j4    #aijb4 ber ,anpassung
 und chemische ,vertheidigungs mittel   
bei  nordafrikanischen ,orthopteren4    
,verh4 ,deutsch4 ,zool4 ,gesell4 #aijb1 
pp4  #ajh-abj4    #aijb-aijc4 ,beitrge  
zur ,faunistik und ,biologie der        
,orthopteren  ,algeriens und ,tunesiens4
 ,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,abteilung f4 ,syst4    
,geog4 u4 ,biol4  der ,tiere1 ,bd4      
,,xvi1 pp4 #ccg-djd2 ,bd4 ,,xvii1 pp4   
#a-ih4      #c4 ,animal ,behavior as a  
,process    8,the actual method of work 
is to first watch the organism under its
  natural environment1 until one finds  
out all things it does4 ,then the       
environment is changed a little1 to see 
what difference this makes in  the      
behavior4 ,we thus try all sorts of     
different ways of getting the  animal to
 change its behavior1--including the    
application of definite  chemical and   
physical reagents of most varied        
character4444 ,we thus try  to find the 
organism's system of behavior and the   

things that influence  it1--becoming    
acquainted with the creature as we might
 get acquainted  with a person with whom
 we are thrown much in contact40--,h4   
,s4 ,,jennings  7#aiaj74    8,my object 
being the study of the correlative      
instincts of the young  and adult in    
relation to all that could be learned   
about them in a  natural environment1 ,i
 have followed my usual custom of going 
out to  the birds1 instead of taking    
them into the laboratory4 ,the facts    
which  the laboratory can be made to    
yield are invaluable1 but they belong to
  a different class from those for which
 we are now mainly in search1  behavior 
under the usual or normal               
conditions40--,f4 ,h4 ,,herrick 7#aiaj74
    8,as will be seen1 these studies    
include both field and laboratory work1 
especially of the ,american species1 and
 ,i have made the field work  emphatic  
wherever at all practicable4 ,i have    
elsewhere 7#aiji1 p4 #aeg7  ,jour4 ,exp4
 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,vii emphasized the      

crying need for larger  attention to    
this phase of experimental work1        
believing that in many  cases it is all 
but impossible to secure trustworthy    
results as to  behavior of animals where
 the work has been done under such      
unusual1  unnatural and artificial      
conditions as most laboratory provisions
  afford4 ,what right has one to assume 
that the actions of an animal  taken    
rudely from its natural habitat and as  
rudely imprisoned in some  improvised   
cage are in any scientific sense an     
expression of its normal  behavior1     
either physical or psychical8 ,is it    
within the range of the  calculus of    
probability that conclusions drawn from 
observations made  upon an animal in the
 shallow confines of a finger-bowl1 but 
whose  habitat has been the open sea1   
are wholly trustworthy8 ,it is no part  
of my purpose to discredit the          
laboratory or laboratory appliances as  
related to such investigations4 ,they   
are indispensable4 ,but at the  same    

time let it be recognized that they are 
at best but artificial  make-shifts     
whose values1 unless checked up by      
constant appeal to  nature1 must be     
taken at something of discount4444 ,it  
seems to the  writer that until one has 
been able to place his specimens under  
conditions approximating the natural1 or
 has at least brought them  to a state  
of semi-domestication1 where in         
food-taking1 evidence of  health1 etc41 
they are at ease1 he has small right to 
dogmatize as to  conclusions1 or presume
 to make such conclusions the basis of  
so-called  laws of behavior4 ,not a     
little of recent investigation along the
 lines  of behavior has been vitiated at
 just this point1 and must be repeated  
to be made trustworthy4 ,the amazing    
mass of contradictory results which  has
 loaded the literature of recent years  
is attributable to some  extent to this 
misfortune40--,c4 ,w4 ,,hargitt 7#aiab74
    8,we are apt to contrast the        
extremes of instinct and intelligence1  

to emphasize the blindness and          
inflexibility of the one and the        
consciousness and freedom of the other4 
,it is like contrasting the  extremes of
 light and dark and forgetting all the  
transitional degrees  of twilight4444   
,instinct is blind2 so is the highest   
human wisdom  blind4 ,the distinction is
 one of degree4 ,there is no absolute   
blindness  on the one side1 and no      
absolute wisdom on the other40--,c4 ,o4 
,,whitman  7#ahii74    ,the precedence  
here given to changes in behavior is in 
harmony  with the emphasis which is put 
upon processes and genetic phases  or   
sequences throughout this book4 ,as     
,holmes 7#aije1 p4 #ajh7 has well       
pointed out1 behavior consists of       
relatively fixed and relatively         
changeable responses1 with              
intergradations4 ,there are thus two    
avenues  of approach which he sums up as
 follows 7p4 #aab73 8,in the trial and  
error method the random character of the
 movement impresses us most2 in  the    

tropisms1 the element of direct         
determination by the environment4  ,both
 of these factors run through the       
behavior of all animals1 but they  are  
mingled in various proportions in       
different forms4 ,in the lives of  most1
 if not all animals both are essential  
elements in the adjustment  of the      
organism to its conditions of           
existence40 ,and in regard to those     
responses which do not change in form   
with experience1 he says 7p4  #ajf73    
8,the element of spontaneous undirected 
activity is one of vast if  not         
essential importance in the life of     
nearly all animals4 ,the simpler        
animals profit by their varied          
experience1 although they may not learn1
  and thus secure some of the advantages
 which it is generally considered  the  
special function of intelligence to     
confer40 ,thus to the ecologist         
studying the sequences of changes in the
 environment1 and changes in  the       
organism1 it is but natural and         

consistent for him to apply the  same   
methods to behavior1 in order to        
facilitate their mutual relations  and  
aid in their interpretation4 ,in a study
 of the environment we also  have the   
relatively stable elements and the      
relatively rapidly changing  ones1 and  
any adequate understanding of animals   
must correlate these  four variables3   
two relatively changing1 one in the     
organism and  one in the environment2   
and two others relatively stable1 one in
 the  organism and the other in the     
environment4    ,,jennings1 ,h4 ,s4     
#aije4 ,the ,method of ,regulation in   
,behavior and in ,other ,fields4 ,jour4 
,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dgc-did4  
,,holmes1 ,s4 ,j4    #aije4 ,the        
,selection of ,random ,movements as a   
,factor in ,phototaxis4  ,jour4 ,comp4  
,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 
#ih-aab4    ,,jennings1 ,h4 ,s4         
#aije4 ,modifiability in ,behavior4 ,i4 
,behavior of ,sea ,anemones4 ,jour4     
,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ddg-dgb4  

#aijf4 ,modifiability in ,behavior1     
,,ii4 ,factors ,determining ,direction  
and  ,character of ,movement in the     
,earthworm4 ,jour4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4   
,,iii1 pp4  #dce-dee4    #aijf4         
,behavior of the ,lower ,organisms1 pp4 
#cff4 ,new ,york4    #aijg4 ,behavior of
 the ,starfish 7,asterias ,forreri ,de  
,loriol74 ,univ4  ,calif4 ,pub4 ,zol41  
,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ec-ahe4    ,,walter1   
,h4 ,e4    #aijg4 ,the ,reactions of    
,planarians to ,light4 ,jour4 ,exp4     
,zol41 ,vol4 ,v1  pp4 #ce-afb4          
,,yerkes1 ,r4 ,m4    #aija4 ,the        
,formation of ,habits in the ,turtle4   
,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lviii1  pp4   
#eai-ebe4    ,,pearl1 ,r4    #aijd4 ,on 
the ,behavior and ,reactions of ,limulus
 in ,early ,stages of its  ,development4
 ,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and ,psychol41  
,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #ach-afd4    ,,hadley1 
,p4 ,b4    #aijh4 ,the ,behavior of the 
,larval and ,adolescent ,stages of the  
,american  ,lobster 7,homarus           
,americanus74 ,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and

 ,psychol41 ,vol4  ,,xviii1 pp4         
#aii-cja4    ,,mayer1 ,a4 ,g41 and      
,,soule1 ,c4 ,g4    #aijf4 ,some        
,reactions of ,caterpillars and ,moths4 
,jour4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4  ,,iii1 pp4   
#dae-dcc4    ,,craig1 ,w4    #aijh4 ,the
 ,voices of ,pigeons ,regarded as a     
,means of ,social ,control4  ,amer4     
,jour4 ,sociol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4       
#hf-ajj4    ,,herrick1 ,f4 ,h4    #aiab4
 ,organization of the ,gull ,community4 
,proc4 ,seventh ,inter4 ,zol4  ,cong41  
,boston1 #aijg1 pp4 #aef-aeh4           
,,yerkes1 ,a4 ,w4    #aijf4             
,modifiability of ,behavior in          
,hydroides ,dianthus ,v4 ,jour4 ,comp4  
,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4
 #dda-ddi4    ,,yerkes1 ,r4 ,m41 and    
,,huggins1 ,g4 ,e4    #aijc4 ,habit     
,formation in the ,crawfish1 ,cambarus  
affinis4 ,psychol4 ,rev42  ,series of   
,monog4 ,suppl41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 ,i2   
,harvard ,psychol4 ,studies1 ,vol4  ,i1 
pp4 #efe-egg4    ,,yerkes1 ,r4 ,m4      
#aije4 ,animal ,psychology and the      

,criteria of the ,psychic4 ,jour4       
,phil41  ,psychol41 and ,sci4 ,methods1 
,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ada-adi4    #aije4     
,concerning the ,genetic ,relations of  
,types of ,action4 ,jour4 ,comp4        
,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 
#acb-acg4    ,,allee1 ,w4 ,c4    #aiab4 
,an ,experimental ,analysis of the      
,relation between ,physiological        
,states and ,rheotaxis in ,isopoda4     
,jour4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4   
#bfi-cdd4    ,a study of the responses  
of pond and stream ,isopods to natural  
and  experimental conditions4           
,,washburn1 ,m4 ,f4    #aijh4 ,the      
,animal ,mind4 pp4 #ccc4 ,new ,york4    
,for modifications of behavior by       
experience see pp4 #bje-bfi4 ,also many 
references on behavior4      #d4 ,a     
,list of ,selected ,reviews and         
,bibliographies    #aiaa4 ,reviews of   
papers on animal behavior for #aiaj4    
,jour4 ,animal  ,behavior1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4
 #cic-dee1 #dfe-dgj4    ,reviews by     
,holmes1 ,turner1 ,wheeler1 ,watson1 and

 ,bohn4    ,,jennings1 ,h4 ,s4    #aiji4
 ,the ,work of ,j4 von ,uexkuell on the 
,physiology of ,movements and           
,behavior4 ,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and   
,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #cac-ccf4   
,,congdon1 ,e4 ,d4    #aijh4 ,recent    
,studies upon the ,locomotor ,responses 
of ,animals to ,white  ,light4 ,jour4   
,comp4 ,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4    
,,xviii1 pp4 #cji-cbh4    ,,mast1 ,s4   
,o4    #aiaj4 ,literature of the ,past  
,year on the ,behavior of ,lower        
,organisms4  ,psychol4 ,bull41 ,vol4    
,,vii1 pp4 #bfg-bhj4    #aiaa4 ,recent  
,literature on the ,behavior of the     
,lower ,invertebrates4  ,psychol4       
,bull41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bfc-bgg4     
,,yerkes1 ,r4 ,m4    #aijf4 ,george     
,bohn's ,studies in ,animal ,behavior4  
,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and  ,psychol41  
,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #bca-bch4              
,,washburn1 ,m4 ,f4    #aijh4 ,french   
,work in ,comparative ,psychology for   
the ,past ,two ,years4  ,jour4 ,comp4   
,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1  

pp4 #eaa-ebj4    ,,washburn1 ,m4 ,f4    
7,editor74    #aiab4 ,comparative       
,psychology ,number4 ,psychol4 ,bull41  
,vol4 ,,ix1 ,no4 #h1  pp4 #bha-cac4     
,reviews by ,pearse1 ,turner1 and       
,washburn4    ,,coues1 ,e4    #ahgg4    
,monograph of ,north ,american          
,rodentia4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4  
,terr4 7,hayden71 ,vol4 ,,xi4           
,contains on pp4 #bee-bfd and #iea-ajha 
an extensive bibliography of ,north     
,american mammals1 and includes much on 
their habits4      #e4 ,a ,selection of 
,references on ,life ,histories and     
,behavior    7,alphabetically arranged7 
,,andrews1 ,e4 ,a4    #aijf4 ,egg-laying
 of ,crayfish4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xl1
 pp4 #cdc-cef4    #aijd4 ,breeding      
,habits of ,crayfish4 ,amer4 ,nat41     
,vol4 ,,xxxviii1 pp4  #afe-bjf4         
,,baker1 ,f4 ,c4    #aiaa4 ,ecology of  
,lymnas4 pp4 #ai-ea4 ,lymnid of ,north  
and ,middle  ,america ,recent and       
,fossil4 ,special ,pub4 ,no4 #c1        
,chicago ,acad4 ,sciences4    ,,banta1  

,a4 ,m4    #aiaj4 ,a ,comparison of the 
,reactions of a ,species of ,surface    
,isopod with  those of a ,subterranean  
,species4 ,jour4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4     
,,viii1 ,part ,i1  ,experiments with    
,light1 pp4 #bdc-caj2 ,part ,,ii1 pp4   
#dci-dhh4    ,,belding1 ,d4 ,l41 and    
,,lane1 ,f4 ,c4    #aiji4 ,the          
,shellfisheries of ,massachusetts3 their
 ,present ,condition and  ,extent4      
,report upon the ,mollusk ,fisheries of 
,massachusetts1 pp4 #af-bcc4  ,boston4  
,contains some excellent photographs of 
the habitat4    #aiaj4 ,a ,report upon  
the ,scallop ,fishery of ,massachusetts1
 including the  ,habits1 ,life ,history 
of ,pecten irradians1 its ,rate of      
,growth1 and  ,other ,facts of ,economic
 ,value4 pp4 #aej4 ,boston4    #aiaa4   
,the ,life ,history and ,growth of the  
,quahaug 7,venus mercenaria74  ,rep4    
,mass4 ,comm4 ,fisheries and ,game for  
#aiaj1 pp4 #ah-abh4 ,boston4    ,these  
papers are examples of applied ecology1 
and contain much on the  life histories 

and habits of these mollusks4           
,,bendire1 ,c4    #ahib4 ,life          
,histories of ,north ,american ,birds   
with ,special ,reference  to their      
,breeding ,habits and ,eggs1 with       
,twelve ,lithographic ,plates4          
,smithsonian ,inst41 ,special ,bull4    
,no4 #a4 pp4 #dad4    #ahie4 ,life      
,histories of ,north ,american ,birds1  
from the ,parrots to the  ,grackles1    
with ,special ,reference to their       
,breeding ,habits and ,eggs4            
,smithsonian ,inst41 ,special ,bull4 pp4
 #ejh4    ,,blackwall1 ,j4    #ahgc4    
,researches in ,zology4 ,london4    ,not
 seen by writer4    ,b,,ving1 ,a4 ,g4   
#aiaj4 ,natural ,history of the ,larv of
 ,donaciin4 ,inter4 ,revue der  gesamten
 ,hydrobiol4 u4 ,hydrog41 ,bd4 ,,iii1   
,biol4 ,suppl41 ,heft ,i1 pp4  #a-ajh4  
,,buttel-,,reepen1 ,h4 ,,von4 7,trans4  
by ,m4 ,h4 ,,geisler47    #aijg4 ,are   
,bees ,reflex ,machines8 ,experimental  
,contribution to the  ,natural ,history 
of the ,honey-bee4 pp4 #dh4 ,medina1    

,ohio4    ,,calkins1 ,m4 ,w4    #aije4  
,the ,limits of ,genetic and of         
,comparative ,psychology4 ,jour4 of     
,psychol41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bfa-bhe2      
,inter4 ,cong4 of ,arts and ,sciences1  
,st4  ,louis1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #gab-gcd4   
,,carpenter1 ,f4 ,w4    #aijh4 ,some    
,reactions of ,drosophila1 with ,special
 ,reference to  ,convulsive ,reflexes4  
,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and ,psych41     
,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4  #dhc-dia4    #aiaj4 
,feeding ,reactions of the ,rose ,coral 
7,isophyllia74 ,proc4 ,amer4  ,acad4    
,arts and ,sciences1 ,vol4 ,,xlvi1 pp4  
#adi-afb4    ,,casteel1 ,d4 ,b4         
#aiaa4 ,the ,discriminative ,ability of 
the ,painted ,turtle4 ,jour4 ,animal    
,behavior1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a-bh4         
,,clarke1 ,w4 ,e4    #aiab4 ,studies in 
,bird ,migration4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cbc2   
,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdf4  ,london4    ,bird
 migration may be studied as a response 
of the animals to the  conditions of    
their life1 and the above work is a good
 example of the  best kind of work being

 done along this line4    ,,cole1 ,l4   
,j4    #aijg4 ,an ,experimental ,study  
of the ,image-,forming ,powers of       
,various  ,types of ,eyes4 ,proc4 ,amer4
 ,acad4 ,arts and ,sci41 ,vol ,,xlii1   
pp4 #cce-dag4    ,a study of worms1     
insects1 sow bug1 snail1 slug1 and      
frogs4    #aiac4 ,direction of          
,locomotion of the ,starfish 7,asterias 
,forbesi74 ,jour4  ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4   
,,xiv1 pp4 #a-cb4    ,,cole1 ,l4 ,w4    
#aijg4 ,concerning the ,intelligence of 
,raccoons4 ,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and   
,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #baa-bfa4  
#aiab4 ,observations on the ,senses and 
,instincts of the ,raccoon4 ,jour4      
,animal ,behavior1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4      
#bii-cji4    ,,cole1 ,l4 ,w41 and       
,,long1 ,f4 ,m4    #aiji4 ,visual       
,discrimination in ,raccoons4 ,jour4    
,comp4 ,neurol4 and  ,psychol41 ,vol4   
,,xix1 pp4 #feg-fhc4    ,,colton1 ,h4   
,s4    #aijh4 ,how ,fulgur and          
,sycotypus ,eat ,oysters1 ,mussels and  
,clams4 ,proc4  ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4      

,phila41 #aijh1 pp4 #c-aj4    ,,coker1  
,r4 ,e4    #aijf4 ,the ,natural ,history
 and ,cultivation of the ,diamond-,back 
,terrapin  with ,notes on other ,forms  
of ,turtles4 ,bull4 ,no4 #ad1 ,n4       
,carolina ,geol4  ,survey1 pp4 #a-fg4   
,,craig1 ,w4    #aiji4 ,the ,expressions
 of ,emotion in the ,pigeons4 ,i4 ,the  
,blond ,ring-,dove  7,turtor risorius74 
,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and ,psychol41   
,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4  #cj-hj4    ,,dawson1  
,j4    #aiaa4 ,the ,biology of ,physa4  
,behavior ,monographs1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4   
#d1 pp4  #a-abj4    ,behavior is related
 to the natural environment4    ,,davis1
 ,h4 ,b4    #aijg4 ,the ,raccoon3 ,a    
,study in ,animal ,intelligence4 ,amer4 
,jour4  ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4   
#ddg-dhi4    ,,dean1 ,b4    #ahib4 ,the 
,physical and ,biological               
,characteristics of the ,natural ,oyster
  ,grounds of ,south ,carolina4 ,bull4  
,u4 ,s4 ,fish ,comm4 for #ahij1 ,vol4   
,x1 pp4  #cce-cfa4    ,contains good    
illustrations of the oyster habitat4    

,,dimon1 ,a4 ,c4    #aije4 ,the ,mud    
,snail3 ,nassa obsoleta4 ,cold ,spring  
,harbor1 ,monogr4 ,v4 pp4  #dh4    ,a   
behavior study of a marine snail4       
,,embody1 ,g4 ,c4    #aiab4 ,a          
,preliminary ,study of the              
,distribution1 ,food1 and ,reproductive 
,capacity of ,some ,fresh-water         
,amphipods4 ,inter4 ,revue4 der gesamten
  ,hydrobiol4 u4 ,hydrog41 ,biol4       
,suppl4 ,,iii4 ,serie1 ,heft #b1 pp4    
#a-cc4    ,,enteman1 ,m4 ,m4    #aijb4  
,some ,observations on the ,behavior of 
,social ,wasps4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41  ,vol4
 ,,xli1 pp4 #cci-cea4    ,,fabre1 ,j4   
,h4 7,translated47    #aija4 ,insect    
,life4 ,souvenirs of a ,naturalist4 pp4 
#cbj4 ,london4    ,,fabre1 ,j4 ,h4      
7,trans4 by ,,miall1 ,b47    #aiab4     
,social ,life in the ,insect ,world4 pp4
 #cbg4 ,london4    ,,florentin1 ,r4     
#ahii4 tudes sur la ,faune des ,mares   
,sales de ,lorraine4 ,ann4 des ,sci4    
,nat4 ,zol4 7#h ,s471 ,tome ,x1 pp4     
#bji-cej4    ,,forel1 ,a4 7,trans4 by   

,,wheeler1 ,w4 ,m47    #aijd4 ,ants and 
,some ,other ,insects4 ,religion of     
,sci4 ,library ,no4 #ef4 pp4  #di4      
,chicago4    ,,forel1 ,a4 7,trans4 by   
,,yearsley1 ,m47    #aijh4 ,the ,senses 
of ,insects1 pp4 #cbd4 ,london4         
,,gill1 ,t4    #aiji4 ,contributions to 
the ,life ,histories of ,fishes4 ,vol4  
,i1 #aijd-aijg4  ,smithsonian           
,institution1 ,no4 #aheh4    ,a         
collection of reprints on the natural   
history of fishes1 including  much on   
their habits4    ,,grave1 ,c4    #aijd4 
,investigations for the ,promotion of   
the ,oyster ,industry of ,north         
,carolina4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fish ,comm4   
for #aijc1 pp4 #bdg-cda4    ,on pp4     
#bfa-bfd the growth or development of an
 oyster reef is  described4 ,this       
illustrates ecological succession on a  
reef4 ,the food  and the influence of   
storms are described4    ,,groos1 ,k4   
7,trans4 by ,,baldwin1 ,e4 ,l47         
#ahih4 ,the ,play of ,animals4 pp4 #cda4
 ,new ,york4    ,,gurley1 ,r4 ,r4       

#aijb4 ,the ,habits of ,fishes4 ,amer4  
,jour4 ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4     
#djh-dbe4    ,an important and          
apparently little known paper which     
explains the  spawning habits of fish   
and their distribution in terms of their
  physiological responses4 ,compare with
 ,shelford's ,physiological ,animal     
,geography4 #aiaa4    ,,hahn1 ,w4       
#aijh4 ,some ,habits and ,sensory       
,adaptations of ,cave-inhabiting ,bats4 
,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #ace-aic4
    ,,hargitt1 ,c4 ,w4    #aijf4        
,experiments on the ,behavior of        
,tubicolous ,annelids4 ,jour4 ,exp4     
,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bie-cbj4       
#aiji4 ,further ,observations on the    
,behavior of ,tubicolous ,annelids4     
,jour4 ,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4    
#aeg-ahg4    #aiab4 ,observations on the
 ,behavior of ,tubicolous ,annelids1    
,,iii4 ,biol4  ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4
 #fg-id4    #aiab4 ,behavior and ,color 
,changes of ,tree ,frogs4 ,jour4 ,animal
 ,behavior1  ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ea-gh4    

,,harris1 ,j4 ,a4    #aijc4 ,an         
,ecological ,catalogue of the           
,crayfishes belonging to the ,genus     
,cambarus4 ,kan4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41   
,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ea-ahg4    ,habits and 
distribution of crawfish4 ,very useful  
references to the  stream environment   
and to crawfish4    ,,hartman1 ,c4      
#aije4 ,observations on the ,habits of  
,some ,solitary ,wasps of ,texas4 ,univ4
  of ,texas ,bull4 ,no4 #fe1 ,sci4 ,ser4
 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #a-gb4    ,,herrick1 ,c4  
,j4    #aijc4 ,the ,organ and ,sense of 
,taste in ,fishes4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fish 
,comm4  for #aijb1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4    
#bcg-bgb4    ,,herrick1 ,f4 ,h4         
#aiaj4 ,instinct and ,intelligence in   
,birds4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxvi1
  pp4 #ecb-eef2 ,vol4 ,,lxxvii1 pp4     
#hb-ig1 #abb-ada4    #aiaj4 ,life and   
,behavior of the ,cuckoo4 ,jour4 ,exp4  
,zol41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4  #afi-bcc4       
,illustrates the orderly sequence of    
forms of behavior4    #aiaa4 ,natural   
,history of the ,american ,lobster4     

,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4  ,fisheries1 ,vol4 
,,xxix1 pp4 #adi-djh4 ,doc4 ,no4 #gdg4  
,,hodge1 ,c4 ,f4    #ahid4 ,the ,methods
 of ,homing ,pigeons4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 
,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4  #geh-gge4    ,,holmes1
 ,s4 ,j4    #aija4 ,observations on the 
,habits and ,natural ,history of        
,amphithoe  longimana ,smith4 ,biol4    
,bull41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #afe-aic4       
#aijf4 ,death-,feigning in ,ranatra4    
,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 and ,psychol41   
,vol4  ,,xvi1 pp4 #bjj-baf4    #aijh4   
,the ,instinct of ,feigning ,death4     
,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 ,,lxxii1 pp4    
#agi-ahe4    #aiaa4 ,the ,evolution of  
,animal ,intelligence4 pp4 #bif4 ,new   
,york4    ,,jennings1 ,h4 ,s4    #aiaj4 
,diverse ,ideals and ,divergent         
,conclusions in the ,study of ,behavior 
in ,lower ,organisms4 ,amer4 ,jour4     
,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #cdi-cgj4   
,valuable for its discussion of points  
of view in the study of behavior4       
,,kellogg1 ,j4 ,l4    #aijj4            
,observations on the ,life-,history of  

the ,common ,clam1 ,mya  ,arenaria4     
,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,fish and ,fisheries     
,comm4 for #ahii1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4      
#aic-bjb4    #aijc4 ,feeding ,habits and
 ,growth of ,venus ,mercenaria4 ,bull4  
#ga1 ,n4 ,y4  ,state ,museum4 pp4 #bg4  
,albany4    #aijd4 ,conditions          
,governing ,existence and ,growth of the
 ,soft ,clam 7,mya  ,arenaria74 ,rep4   
,u4 ,s4 ,comm4 ,fish and ,fisheries for 
#aijc1 pp4 #aie-bbd4    ,a suggestive   
paper4    #aije4 ,notes on ,marine ,food
 ,mollusks of ,louisiana4 ,bull4 ,no4   
#c1 ,gulf  ,biologic ,station4 pp4 #dc4 
,baton ,rouge4    ,all of these papers  
by ,kellogg are careful studies of the  
relation of  animals to their           
environment4 ,they also show the        
intimate relation of  ecology to        
economic problems4 ,biological surveys  
intended for economic  results should be
 ecological in their method4    #aiaj4  
,shell-,fish ,industries4 pp4 #cfa4 ,new
 ,york1 ,henry ,holt and ,co4    ,a     
popular summary of the marine shell-fish

 industries of the ,american  coast1    
from the standpoint of their biology1   
culture1 and utilization4  ,the oyster1 
hard and soft clams1 and scallops are   
considered4 ,the  following subjects    
deserve mention3 ciliary action1 feeding
 reflexes1  function of mucus1 and food4
    ,,lefevre1 ,g41 and ,,curtis1 ,w4   
,c4    #aiab4 ,studies on the           
,reproduction and ,artificial           
,propagation of  ,fresh-water ,mussels4 
,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,fisheries for #aiaj1     
,bull4 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4  #aje-bja4      
,,lyon1 ,e4 ,p4    #aijd4 ,on           
,rheotropism4 ,i4 ,rheotropism in       
,fishes4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,physiol41  ,vol4
 ,,xii1 pp4 #adi-afa4    ,,mast1 ,s4 ,o4
    #aiaa4 ,light and the ,behavior of  
,organisms4 pp4 #daj4 ,new ,york4    ,an
 elaborate treatise on reactions to     
light4    ,,mead1 ,a4 ,d4    #aijj4 ,the
 ,natural ,history of the ,star-fish4   
,u4 ,s4 ,fish ,comm4 ,bull4 for  #ahii1 
,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #bjc-bbd4    ,,michael1
 ,e4    #aiaa4 ,classification and      

,vertical ,distribution of the          
,chtognatha of  the ,san ,diego ,region4
 ,univ4 of ,calif4 ,pub4 ,zol41 ,vol4   
,,viii1 pp4 #ba-ahf4    ,the            
distribution is studied as a response to
 the conditions of life1  and the optima
 are determined4    ,,mills1 ,w4        
#ahih4 ,the ,nature and ,development of 
,animal ,intelligence4 pp4 #cjg4 ,new   
,york4    ,valuable account of the      
habits of squirrels4 ,observations on   
hibernation1 and on the psychic         
development of the young of some of the 
domestic animals4    ,,montgomery1 ,t4  
,h4    #aijc4 ,studies on the ,habits of
 ,spiders1 particularly those of the    
,mating ,period4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4    
,sci4 ,phila41 #aijc1 pp4 #ei-adi4      
,contains a valuable bibliography4      
#aijh4 ,further ,studies on the         
,activities of ,araneads4 ,amer4 ,nat41 
,vol4  ,,xlii1 pp4 #fig-gji4    #aiaj4  
,further ,studies on the ,activities of 
,araneads1 ,,ii4 ,proc4 ,acad4  ,nat4   
,sci4 ,phila41 #aiji1 pp4 #edh-efi4     

#aiaj4 ,the ,significance of the        
,courtship and ,secondary ,sexual       
,characters  of ,araneads4 ,amer4 ,nat41
 ,vol4 ,,xliv1 pp4 #aea-agg4            
,,newman1 ,h4 ,h4    #aijf4 ,the ,habits
 of ,certain ,tortoises4 ,jour4 ,comp4  
,neurol4 and  ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xvi1   
pp4 #abf-aeb4    ,,newman1 ,h4 ,h41 and 
,,patterson1 ,j4 ,t4    #aiji4 ,field   
,studies of the ,behavior of the        
,lizard1 ,sceloporus ,spinosus          
,floridanus4 ,bull4 ,univ4 of ,texas1   
,no4 #acg1 pp4 #a-bd4    ,,ortmann1 ,a4 
,e4    #aije4 ,the ,crawfishes of the   
,state of ,pennsylvania4 ,mem4 ,carnegie
 ,mus41  ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdc-ebc4      
,habits and habitats of crawfish4       
,,parker1 ,g4 ,h4    #aijc4 ,the        
,phototropism of the ,mourning-cloak    
,butterfly1 ,vanessa ,antiopa  ,linn4   
,mark ,anniversary ,volume1 pp4         
#dec-dfi4 ,new ,york4    #aijc4 ,the    
,sense of ,hearing in ,fishes4 ,amer4   
,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii1 pp4  #ahe-bjd4   
#aije4 ,the ,functions of the           

,lateral-,line ,organs of ,fishes4 ,u4  
,s4 ,bur4  ,fisheries1 ,bull4 ,vol4     
,,xxiv1 pp4 #ahe-bjg4    #aijh4 ,the    
,sensory ,reactions of ,amphioxus4      
,proc4 ,amer4 ,acad4 ,arts and          
,sciences1 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #dae-dee4 
#aiaj4 ,the ,reactions of ,sponges1 with
 a ,consideration of the ,origin of  the
 ,nervous ,system4 ,jour4 ,exp4 ,zol41  
,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #a-da4    ,,pearl1 ,r4
    #aijc4 ,the ,movements and          
,reactions of ,fresh ,water ,planarians4
 ,quart4  ,jour4 ,micros4 ,sci41 ,vol4  
,,xlvi1 pp4 #eji-gad4    ,a good example
 of a very detailed study of behavior of
 a lower animal4    ,,pearse1 ,a4 ,s4   
#aiaj4 ,the ,reactions of ,amphibians to
 ,light4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,acad4 ,arts and 
,sciences1 ,vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #afa-bjh4   
,,peckham1 ,g4 ,w4 and ,e4 ,g4    #ahih4
 ,on the ,instincts and ,habits of the  
,solitary ,wasps4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1  ,wis4
 ,geol4 and ,nat4 ,hist4 ,surv4 pp4     
#bde4    #aije4 ,wasps1 ,social and     
,solitary4 pp4 #caa4 ,boston and ,new   

,york4    ,a revised and enlarged       
edition of the preceding reference4     
,,piersol1 ,w4 ,h4    #aiji4 ,the       
,habits and ,larval ,state of ,plethodon
 cinereus erythronotus4  ,trans4        
,canadian ,inst41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4     
#dfi-dic4    ,contains a useful list of 
references on ,amphibians4    ,,porter1 
,j4 ,p4    #aijd4 ,a ,preliminary ,study
 of the ,psychology of the ,english     
,sparrow4  ,amer4 ,jour4 ,psychol41     
,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #cac-cdf4    #aijf4 ,the
 ,habits1 ,instincts and ,mental ,powers
 of ,spiders1 ,genera  ,argiope and     
,epeira4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,psychol41 ,vol4 
,,xvii1 pp4 #cjf-ceg4    #aijf4 ,further
 ,study of the ,english ,sparrow and    
,other ,birds4 ,amer4 ,jour4  ,psychol41
 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bdh-bga4            
,includes the ,vesper ,sparrow1         
,cowbird1 ,common ,pigeon1 ,passenger   
,pigeon1  and ,red-headed ,woodpecker4  
#aiaj4 ,intelligence and ,imitation in  
,birds1 a ,criterion of ,imitation4     
,amer4 ,jour4 ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1   

pp4 #a-ga4    ,studies of ,english      
,sparrow1 ,cowbird1 ,snowbird1          
,white-throated ,sparrow1  ,field       
,sparrow1 ,bluebird1 ,white-crowned     
,sparrow1 ,fox1 ,song and ,tree         
,sparrows1 ,blue ,jay1 ,baltimore       
,oriole1 and ,crows4    ,,poulton1 ,e4  
,b4    #ahif4 ,on the ,courtship of     
,certain ,acridiid4 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 
,london1  pp4 #bcc-beb4    ,,reighard1  
,j4    #aijc4 ,the ,natural ,history of 
,amia calva ,linnus4 ,mark ,anniversary 
,volume1 pp4 #eg-aji4    ,,reynaud1 ,g4 
#aijj4 ,the ,laws of ,orientation ,among
 ,animals4 ,smithsonian ,report for     
#ahih1 pp4 #dha-dih4    ,,riley1 ,c4 ,f4
 ,c4    #aiab4 ,observations on the     
,ecology of the ,dragon-,fly ,nymphs3   
,reactions  to ,light and ,contact4     
,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,amer41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 
#bgc-bib4    ,,scheffer1 ,t4 ,h4        
#aije4 ,the ,cocooning ,habits of       
,spiders4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41   
,vol4  ,,iii1 pp4 #he-aad4    ,,seitz1  
,a4    #ahia4 ,allgemeine ,biologie der 

,schmetterlinge4 ,zool4 ,jahrb41 ,abth4 
,syst4  ,geog4 ,biol4 der ,thiere1 ,bd4 
,v1 pp4 #bha-cdc4    ,,seton1 ,,ernest  
,,thompson4    #aiji4 ,life ,histories  
of ,northern ,animals4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4    
#fgc1 and ,vol4 ,,ii1  pp4 #fgg-abfg4   
,new ,york4    ,valuable for life       
histories and habits4 ,extensive        
bibliography4    ,,severin1 ,h4 ,h4 ,p4 
and ,h4 ,c4    #aiaa4 ,an ,experimental 
,study on the ,death-,feigning of       
,belostoma 7  ,zaitha ,aucct47 flumineum
 ,say and ,nepa apiculata ,uhler4       
,behavior  ,monographs1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4  
#c1 pp4 #a-dd4    ,,shelford1 ,v4 ,e4   
#aijh4 ,life-,histories and ,larval     
,habits of the ,tiger ,beetles          
7,cicindelid74 ,jour4 ,linn4 ,soc4      
,zol41 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4 #aeg-ahd4       
,,shelford1 ,v4 ,e41 and ,,allee1 ,w4   
,c4    #aiac4 ,the ,reactions of ,fishes
 to ,gradients of ,dissolved            
,atmospheric  ,gases4 ,jour4 ,exp4      
,zol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #bjg-bff4       
,the reaction of fish to oxygen and     

carbonic acid2 the latter is  considered
 the best single index to the           
environment4    ,,simpson1 ,c4 ,t4      
#ahii4 ,the ,pearly ,fresh-water        
,mussels of the ,united ,states2 their  
,habits1 ,enemies1 and ,diseases2 with  
,suggestions for their ,protection4  ,u4
 ,s4 ,fish ,comm4 ,bull4 for #ahih1     
,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bgi-bhh4            
,,sladen1 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4    #aiab4 ,the    
,humble-,bee1 its ,life-,history and how
 to ,domesticate it4 pp4  #bhc4 ,london4
    ,a very valuable account of the     
,british species1 with numerous         
suggestions on methods of studying them4
    ,,smallwood1 ,m4 ,e4    #aijc4 ,the 
,beach ,flea3 ,talorchestia longicornis4
 ,cold ,spring ,harbor  ,monogr4 ,i4 pp4
 #bg4    #aije4 ,the ,salt-,marsh       
,amphipod3 ,orchestia palustris4 ,cold  
,spring ,harbor  ,monogr4 ,,iii4 pp4    
#ba4    ,both of these papers discuss   
habits and life histories4    ,,smith1  
,b4 ,g4    #aijg4 ,the ,life ,history   
and ,habits of ,cryptobranchus          

,allegheniensis4  ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4  
,,xiii1 pp4 #e-ci4    ,contains         
references to other salamanders4        
,,stockard1 ,c4 ,r4    #aijh4 ,habits1  
,reactions1 and ,mating ,instincts of   
the 8,walking ,stick10  ,aplopus        
,mayeri4 ,carnegie ,inst4 ,pub4 ,no4    
#ajc1 pp4 #dc-ei4    ,,tower1 ,w4 ,l4   
#aijf4 ,habits and ,instincts in        
,leptinotarsa4 pp4 #bbi-beg4 ,in ,an    
,investigation of ,evolution in         
,chrysomelid ,beetles of the ,genus     
,leptinotarsa1 ,carnegie ,inst4 ,pub4   
,no4 #h4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4    ,,tutt1 
,j4 ,w4    #ahig4 ,the ,drinking ,habits
 of ,butterflies and ,moths4 ,proc4     
,south ,london  ,ent4 and ,nat4 ,hist4  
,soc41 #ahig1 pp4 #a-i4    ,,voigt1 ,w4 
#aijd4 ber die ,wanderungen der         
,strudelwrmer in unseren ,gebirgsbchen4 
,verhand4 naturhis4 ,ver4 der preuss4   
,rheinlande1 ,westfalens und des        
,regiersungsbezirks ,osnabrck1 ,jahrg4  
#fa1 pp4 #ajc-agh4    ,shows the        
relation of behavior to the local       

distributions of ,planarians4           
,,wagner1 ,w4    #aijg4                 
,psycho-biologische ,untersuchungen an  
,hummeln mit ,bezugnahme auf  die ,frage
 der ,geselligkeit im ,tierreich4       
,zoologica 7,chun71 ,bd4 ,,xix1  ,heft  
#df1 pp4 #a-bci4    ,an important study 
of the behavior of ,bombus4    ,,walter1
 ,h4 ,e4    #aijf4 ,the ,behavior of the
 ,pond ,snail1 ,lymnus ,eleodes ,say4   
,cold  ,spring ,harbor ,monogr4 ,,vi4   
pp4 #ce4    ,,wasmann1 ,e4 7,trans47    
#aijc4 ,instinct and ,intelligence in   
the ,animal ,kingdom4 ,a ,critical      
,contribution to ,modern ,animal        
,psychology4 pp4 #aga4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4
 ,from  the second and enlarged ,german 
edition4    #aije4 ,comparative ,studies
 in the ,psychology of ,ants and of     
,higher  ,animals4 pp4 #bjj4 ,st4       
,louis1 ,mo4 ,translated from the       
revised and  enlarged second ,german    
edition4    ,,watson1 ,j4 ,b4    #aijh4 
,the ,behavior of ,noddy and ,sooty     
,terns4 ,pub4 #ajc1 ,carnegie ,inst4    

pp4 #ahg-bee4    ,an excellent account  
of bird behavior in colonial species4   
,,wheeler1 ,w4 ,m4    #aijc4            
,ethological ,observations on an        
,american ,ant 7,leptothorax ,emersoni  
,wheeler74 ,jour4 fr ,psychol4 und      
,neurol41 ,bd4 ,,ii1 pp4 7#a-ca74       
#aiaj4 ,ants1 their ,structure1         
,development and ,behavior4 pp4 #ffc4   
,new  ,york4    ,the most useful single 
work on ants1 ant behavior1 slaves1     
commensals1  etc42 a very important     
work4 ,extensive references4            
,,whitman1 ,c4 ,o4    #ahii4 ,animal    
,behavior4 ,biol4 ,lectures1 ,marine    
,biol4 ,lab41 ,wood's ,holl1  #ahih1 pp4
 #bhe-cch4    ,behavior of leech1       
,necturus1 birds1 etc4    ,,wickham1 ,h4
 ,f4    #ahii4 ,the ,habits of ,american
 ,cicindelid4 ,proc4 ,davenport ,acad4  
,sci41  ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #bjf-bbh4      
,,yerkes1 ,r4 ,m4    #aijd4 ,space      
,perception of ,tortoises4 ,jour4 ,comp4
 ,neurol4 and ,psychol41  ,vol4 ,,xiv1  
pp4 #ag-bf4    ,,yoakum1 ,c4 ,s4        

#aiji4 ,some ,experiments upon the      
,behavior of ,squirrels4 ,jour4 ,comp4  
,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4
 #eda-efh4          ,,ix4 ,,the         
,,continuous ,,process ,,of ,,adjustment
 ,,between ,,the ,,environment ,,and    
,,the ,,animal1 ,,with ,,special        
,,reference ,,to ,,other ,,organisms    
,,the ,,dynamic ,,or ,,process          
,,relation ,,of ,,animal ,,associations 
,,and ,,aggregations    #a4 ,the        
,struggle for ,existence4    #b4 ,the   
,dynamic ,relations of ,aggregations and
 ,associations1 with ,special           
,reference to ,animal ,associations4    
a4 ,the ,relation of ,animals to        
,pollination and to ,plant ,galls4    b4
 ,subterranean and ,cave ,associations4 
c4 ,selected ,references on             
,aggregations and ,associations4        
8,nothing is easier than to admit in    
words the truth of the universal        
struggle for life1 or more difficult--at
 least ,i have found it so--than        
constantly to bear this conclusion in   

mind4 ,yet unless it be thoroughly      
engrained in the mind1 the whole economy
 of nature1 with every fact on          
distribution1 rarity1 abundance1        
extinction1 and variation1 will be      
dimly seen or quite                     
misunderstood40--,,darwin4    8,every   
reflective biologist must know that no  
living being is  self-sufficient1 or    
would be what it is1 or be at all1 if it
 were not  part of the natural world1   
although no truth is easier to lose     
sight  of4 ,living things are real      
things1 444 but their reality is in     
their  interrelations with the rest of  
nature1 and not in themselves40--,w4 ,k4
  ,,brooks4 7#aijf47      #a4 ,the      
,struggle for ,existence    ,,darwin1   
,,chas4    #ahgf4 ,struggle for         
,existence4 pp4 #dc-fa4 ,in ,on the     
,origin of ,species1  #fth ed4 ,new     
,york4 7,see ,figures #b and #c47       
,,brooks1 ,w4 ,k4    #ahic4 ,salpa in   
its ,relation to the ,evolution of      
,life4 ,studies ,biol4  ,lab41 ,johns   

,hopkins ,univ41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #abi-baa4
 ,see particularly pp4  #abi-agj4    ,a 
remarkable and little known paper on the
 struggle for existence in  the sea4    
,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a4    #ahhg4 ,the ,lake  
as a ,microcosm4 ,bull4 ,sci4 ,assoc4 of
 ,peoria1 ,illinois1  #ahhg1 pp4 #gg-hg4
 ,reprinted1 with revisions1 as from the
 ,bull4 ,peoria  ,sci4 ,association1    
#ahhg1 pp4 #a-ae4    ,an excellent      
picture of the struggle for existence in
 a lake1 where the  life is considered  
as a microcosm or social community4     
#ahhj4 ,on ,some ,interactions of       
,organisms4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,state ,lab4   
,nat4  ,hist41 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c1 pp4   
#a-ah4 ,second ,edition4 #aijc4         
#ahhb4 ,the ,ornithological             
,balance-,wheel4 ,trans4 ,ill4 ,state   
,hort4 ,soc4  for #ahha1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 
,,xv1 pp4 #abj-aca4    #ahhc4 ,the      
,regulative ,action of ,birds upon      
,insect ,oscillations4 ,bull4  ,ill4    
,state ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4 ,i1    
,no4 #f1 pp4 #c-cb4    ,these three     

papers are very important for their     
discussion of the  dynamic character of 
the struggle among organisms1 and how   
the balance  of nature is maintained4   
#ahhh4 ,on the ,food ,relations of      
,fresh-,water ,fishes3 a ,summary and   
,discussion4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,state ,lab4  
,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dge-ech4 
,a summary of the food of fishes1 based 
upon a detailed study of the  contents  
of their stomachs4    ,,rodway1 ,j4     
#aiaa4 ,in the ,guiana ,forest1 ,studies
 of ,nature in ,relation to the         
,struggle for ,life4 ,second ,edition1  
pp4 #cbf4 ,london4    ,a graphic account
 of the biotic competition in the       
tropics4    ,,johnstone1 ,j4    #aijh4  
,conditions of ,life in the ,sea4 pp4   
#ccb4 ,cambridge1 ,england4    ,an      
excellent study of the recent           
quantitative investigations of marine   
life4    ,,adams1 ,,chas4 ,c4    #aiji4 
,the ,ecological ,succession of ,birds4 
,ann4 ,rep4 ,mich4 ,geol4 ,surv4  for   
#aijh1 pp4 #aba-aed4    ,ecological     

succession is discussed from the process
 standpoint4  ,references to literature 
on birds4    ,,forbush1 ,e4 ,h4         
#ahii4 ,nature's ,foresters4            
,forty-sixth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4   
,state ,board  ,agr4 for #ahih1 pp4     
#bgi-bid4    #aija4 ,birds as           
,protectors of ,woodlands4 ,forty-eighth
 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,sec4  ,mass4 ,state ,board
 ,agr4 for #aijj1 pp4 #cjj-cba4         
#aijd4 ,the ,destruction of ,birds by   
the ,elements in #aijc-aijd4            
,fifty-first ,ann4 ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4   
,state ,board ,agr4 for #aijc1 pp4      
#deg-ejc4    #aije4 ,special ,report on 
the ,decrease of ,certain ,birds1 and   
its ,causes1  with ,suggestions for     
,bird ,protection4 ,fifty-,second ,ann4 
,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4  ,state ,board ,agr4 
for #aijd1 pp4 #dbi-edc4    ,,palmer1   
,t4 ,s4    #ahih4 ,the ,danger of       
,introducing ,noxious ,animals and      
,birds4 ,yearbook ,u4  ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 
for #ahih1 pp4 #hg-aaj4    ,,ryder1 ,j4 
,a4    #ahib4 ,a ,geometrical           

,representation of the ,relative        
,intensity of the  ,conflict between    
,organisms4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 
pp4 #ibc-ibi4    ,,mcatee1 ,w4 ,l4      
#aiab4 ,the ,experimental ,method of    
,testing the ,efficiency of ,warning and
  ,cryptic ,coloration in ,protecting   
,animals from their ,enemies4 ,proc4    
,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #aiab1 pp4  
#bha-cfd4    ,,judd1 ,s4 ,d4    #ahii4  
,the ,efficiency of ,some ,protective   
,adaptations in ,securing ,insects  from
 ,birds4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii1  
pp4 #dfa-dhd4    #aijb4 ,the ,birds of a
 ,maryland ,farm4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 
,div4 ,biol4 ,surv41  ,bull4 ,no4 #ag4  
pp4 #aaf4    ,a study in applied        
ecology4 ,one of the best detailed      
studies of the  birds of a small tract  
of land and their ecological relations4 
,,stahl1 ,e4    #ahhh4 ,pflanzen und    
,schnecken4 ,biologische ,studie ber die
 ,schutzmittel  der ,pflanzen gegen     
,schneckenfrass4 ,jena4 ,zeitschr4 fr   
,naturwiss4  herausgegeben von der      

med4-naturwiss4 ,gesell4 zu ,jena1 ,bd4 
,,xxii1 pp4  #eeg-fhd4    ,a study of   
the means by which plants are           
protected787 from snails and  slugs4    
,numerous feeding experiments4          
,,dahl1 ,f4    #aijh4 ,die ,lycosiden   
oder ,wolfspinnen ,deutschlands und ihre
 ,stellung im  ,haushalte der ,natur4   
,nova ,acta der ,ksl4                   
,leop4-,carol4-,deutschen ,akad4  der   
,naturf41 ,bd4 ,,lxxxvii1 pp4 #age-fgh4 
,halle4    ,not seen by writer4 ,mr4 ,j4
 ,h4 ,emerton writes that this paper    
8gives  tables of comparative collecting
 in all kinds of country40    ,,pierce1 
,w4 ,d41 ,,cushman1 ,r4 ,a41 and ,,hood1
 ,c4 ,e4    #aiab4 ,the ,insect ,enemies
 of the ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,u4 ,s4  
,dept4 ,agr41  ,bur4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 
#ajj4 pp4 #ii4    ,an excellent example 
of the character of the competition with
 which an  animal meets when extending  
its range into new territory4 ,see      
diagram1  p4 #dd4    ,,wheeler1 ,w4 ,m4 
#aijf4 ,an ,ethological ,study of       

,certain ,maladjustments in the         
,relations  of ,ants to ,plants4 ,bull4 
,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1
 pp4 #djc-dah4    ,competition between  
plants and ants4    ,,massart1 ,j41 and 
,,vandervelde1 ,e4 7,trans4 ,w4         
,,macdonald47    #aijg4 ,parasitism     
,organic and ,social4 ,second ,edition4 
,revised by ,j4  ,arthur ,thompson1 pp4 
#abd4 ,london4    ,contains many        
examples of responses to a parasitic    
environment4      ,selected ,references 
on the ,struggle for ,existence         
7,alphabetically arranged7    ,,beal1   
,f4 ,e4 ,l4    #aiaa4 ,food of the      
,woodpeckers of the ,united ,states4 ,u4
 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41  ,bur4 ,biol4 ,surv41
 ,bull4 #cg4 pp4 #fd4    ,,chapman1 ,f4 
,m4    #aijb4 ,the ,economic ,value of  
,birds to the ,state4 ,seventh ,rep4 ,n4
 ,y4  ,forest1 ,fish1 and ,game ,comm41 
#aija1 pp4 #aae-agf4 ,reprint1 pp4 #ff1 
#aijc4  ,albany4    ,contains an        
extensive list of papers on the food of 
birds4    ,,eichelbaum1 ,e4    #aiaj4   

ber ,nahrung und ,ernhrungsorgane von   
,echinodermen4 ,wiss4  ,meeruntersuch4  
heraus4 von der ,komm4 zur wiss4 ,unter4
 der deutsch4  ,meere in ,kiel4 ,n4 ,f4 
,bd4 ,,xi1 ,abth4 ,kiel1 pp4 #ahg-bge4  
,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a4    #ahhc4 ,the ,food  
,relations of ,predaceous ,beetles4     
,twelfth ,rep4 ,state ,ent4  ,ill41 pp4 
#aje-abj4    #aijc4 ,the ,food of       
,birds4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,state ,lab4 ,nat4 
,hist41 ,second  ,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4
 #hf-afa4    #aijc4 ,notes on           
,insectivorous ,coleoptera4 ,bull4 ,ill4
 ,state ,lab4 ,nat4  ,hist41 ,second    
,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afg-agf4       
#ahhc4 ,the ,food ,relations of the     
,carabid and ,coccinellid4 ,bull4 ,ill4 
,state ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4 ,i1    
,no4 #f1 pp4 #cc-fd4    ,,forbush1 ,e4  
,h4    #aijg4 ,useful ,birds and their  
,protection4 ,mass4 ,state ,board ,agr4 
pp4  #dcg4 ,boston4    ,,forel1 ,a4     
#ahif4 ,ants' ,nests4 ,smithsonian      
,report for #ahid1 pp4 #dgi-eje4        
,ants' nests1 and symbiosis between     

plants and ants4    ,,gamble1 ,f4 ,w41  
and ,,keeble1 ,f4    #aijc4 ,the        
,bionomics of ,convoluta roscoffensis   
with ,special ,reference  to its ,green 
,cells4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,micros4 ,sci41  
,vol4 ,,xlvii1 pp4 #cfc-dca4    ,a study
 of the ecology of a ,turbellarian worm1
 its food1 habitat1 and  behavior4      
,,heim4    #ahih4 ,the ,biologic        
,relations ,between ,plants and ,ants4  
,smithsonian  ,report for #ahif1 pp4    
#daa-dee4    ,,hopkins1 ,a4 ,d4         
#aiji4 ,insect ,depredations in ,north  
,american ,forests and ,practical       
,methods of ,prevention and ,control4   
,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,ent41      
,bull4  ,no4 #eh1 pp4 #eg-aja4          
,contains many facts of much ecological 
value showing the interrelations        
existing between forests and insects4   
,good examples of insects as  initiators
 of successions and changes in insect   
associations4    ,,hubbard1 ,h4 ,g4     
#ahig4 ,the ,ambrosia ,beetles of the   
,united ,states4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41  

,div4  ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #g1 ,n4 ,s41  
pp4 #i-cj4    ,the relations of bark    
beetles to fungi4    ,,huber1 ,j4       
#aijg4 ,the ,founding of ,colonies by   
,atta ,sexdens4 ,smithsonian ,report for
  #aijf1 pp4 #cee-cgb4    ,ants and     
fungi4    ,,judd1 ,s4 ,d4    #aija4 ,the
 ,food of ,nestling ,birds4 ,yearbook   
,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 for #aijj1  pp4    
#daa-dcf4    ,,keeble1 ,f4    #aiaj4    
,plant ,animals1 ,a ,study of           
,symbiosis4 pp4 #afc4 ,cambridge1       
,england4    ,,kirby1 ,w41 and ,,spence1
 ,w4    #ahei4 ,an ,introduction to     
,entomology2 or1 ,elements of the       
,natural  ,history of ,insects3         
,comprising an ,account of ,noxious and 
,useful  ,insects1 of their             
,metamorphoses1 ,food1 ,stratagems1     
,habitations1  ,societies1 ,motions1    
,noises1 ,hybernation1 ,instinct1 ,etc41
 ,etc4 pp4 #fjg4  ,seventh edition1     
,london4    ,,marshall1 ,g4 ,a4 ,k41 and
 others4    #aijb4 ,five ,years'        
,observations and ,experiments          

7#ahif-aija7 on  the ,bionomics of      
,south ,african ,insects1 chiefly       
directed to the  ,investigation of      
,mimicry and ,warning ,colours4 ,trans4 
,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1  #aijb1 pp4       
#bhg-ehd4    ,,mcatee1 ,w4 ,l4    #aijh4
 ,food ,habits of the ,grosbeaks4 ,u4   
,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bur4 ,biol4 ,surv41  
,bull4 #cb4 pp4 #ib4    #aiac4 ,index to
 ,papers ,relating to the ,food of      
,birds by ,members of the  ,biological  
,survey in ,publications of the ,united 
,states ,department of  ,agriculture1   
#ahhe-aiaa4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,biol4
 ,surv41 ,bull4 ,no4 #dc4  pp4 #fi4     
,the ,bureau of ,biological ,survey1 and
 its predecessor1 the ,division of      
,ornithology and ,mammalogy1 have       
published in the ,annual ,reports and in
  numerous bulletins elaborate studies  
of the foods and habits of birds  and   
mammals4    ,,rauschenplat1 ,e4         
#aija4 ,ueber die ,nahrung von ,thieren 
aus der ,kieler ,bucht4 ,wiss4          
,meeruntersuch4 heraus4 von der ,komm4  

zur wiss4 ,unter4 der deutsch4  ,meere  
in ,kiel4 ,n4 ,f4 ,bd4 ,v1 ,abth4 ,kiel1
 pp4 #he-aea4    ,,riley1 ,c4 ,v4       
#ahic4 ,parasitism in ,insects4 ,proc4  
,ent4 ,soc4 ,wash41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4     
#cig-dca4    ,,stiles1 ,c4 ,w4    #ahic4
 ,parasitism4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wash41
 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-g4    ,,stiles1 ,c4
 ,w41 and ,,hassall1 ,a4    #aijb--4    
,index-,catalogue of ,medical and       
,veterinary ,zology4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4     
,agr41 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 ,bull4  
,no4 #ci1 ,parts #a-cf 7#aiab74         
#aijh1 #aiab4 ,index-,catalogue of      
,medical and ,veterinary ,zology4       
,subjects3 ,trematoda and trematode     
diseases1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cg1 pp4 #dja1    
#aijh4--,subjects3 ,cestoda and         
,cestodaria1 ,bull4 ,no4 #he4 pp4 #dfg1 
#aiab4  ,hyg4 ,lab41 ,u4 ,s4 ,pub4      
,health and ,mar4-,hosp4 ,serv41        
,washington4    ,these extensive        
bibliographies are very useful4         
,,surface1 ,h4 ,a4    #aijf4 ,the       
,serpents of ,pennsylvania4 ,penn4      

,dept4 ,agr41 ,monthly ,bull41  ,vol4   
,,iv1 pp4 #aac-bjh4    ,observations on 
food of serpents4    #aijh4 ,first      
,report on the ,lizards of              
,pennsylvania4 ,penn4 ,dept4 ,agr41     
,zol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #bcc-bfd4   
,food of lizards4    #aijh4 ,first      
,report on the ,economy of ,pennsylvania
 ,turtles4 ,penn4 ,dept4  ,agr41 ,zol4  
,bull41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ajg-aie4       
,many observations on food4    ,,ward1  
,h4 ,b4    #aiaj4 ,internal ,parasites  
of the ,sebago ,salmon4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4   
,fisheries1  ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4
 #aaea-aaid4    8,the parasitic fauna of
 any animal is primarily a function of  
its  habitat40 p4 #aaia4    #aiab4 ,the 
,influence of ,hibernation and          
,migration on ,animal ,parasites4       
,proc4 ,seventh ,inter4 ,zol4 ,cong41   
,boston1 #aijg1 pp4 #fgc-fhd4           
,,wasmann1 ,e4    #ahid4 ,kritisches    
,verzeichniss der ,myrmekophilen und    
,termitophilen  ,arthropoden4 pp4 #bca4 
,berlin4    ,a list of ,arthropods found

 living with ants and termites4         
,,webster1 ,f4 ,m4    #aijc4 ,notes upon
 the ,food of ,predaceous ,beetles4     
,bull4 ,ill4 ,state ,lab4  ,nat4 ,hist41
 ,second ,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4        
#afb-aff4    ,,weed1 ,c4 ,m41 and       
,,dearborn1 ,n4    #aijc4 ,birds in     
their ,relations to ,man4 pp4 #chj4     
,phila4 ,extensive  bibliography on the 
food of birds4    ,,wheeler1 ,w4 ,m4    
#aiaa4 ,insect ,parasitism and its      
,peculiarities4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 
,,lxxix1 pp4 #dca-ddi4    #aiaj4 ,the   
,effects of ,parasitic and ,other ,kinds
 of ,castration in  ,insects4 ,jour4    
,exp4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cgg-dch4
    ,,zacharias1 ,o41 and others4       
#ahia4 ,die ,tier- und ,pflanzenwelt des
 ,ssswassers4 ,bd4 ,i1 pp4 #chj2 ,bd4   
,,ii1 pp4 #cfi4 ,leipzig4    ,contains  
several valuable and suggestive papers  
on the general  biological relations of 
fresh-water plants and animals4      #b4
 ,the ,dynamic ,relations of            
,aggregations and ,associations1 with   

,special ,reference to ,animal          
,associations    8,a group or           
association of animals or plants is like
 a single organism  in the fact that it 
brings to bear upon the outer world only
 the  surplus of forces remaining after 
all conflicts interior to itself have   
been adjusted4 ,whatever expenditure of 
energy is necessary to maintain  the    
existing internal balance amounts to so 
much power locked up1  and rendered     
unavailable for external use4 ,in many  
groups this latent  energy is so        
considerable and is liable to such      
fluctuations1 that  a knowledge of its  
amounts and kinds1 and of the laws      
governing its  distribution1 is         
extremely important to one interested in
 measuring or  foreseeing the sum and   
character of the outward-tending        
activities of  the class40              
--,s4 ,a4 ,,forbes 7#ahhc74    ,m,,bius1
 ,k4    #ahhc4 ,the ,oyster and         
,oyster-,culture4 ,u4 ,s4 ,comm4 of     
,fish and ,fisheries1  ,report of ,comm4

 for #ahhj1 ,part ,,viii1 pp4 #fhc-gea4 
,on pp4 #gba-gbi the oyster is discussed
 as a member of a social  community or  
8biocnosis40 ,he describes the          
succession of animals due  to the       
overfishing of the oyster beds and the  
invasion of cockles and  edible mussels 
which close up the available space and  
prevent the  return of the oyster4 ,one 
of the earliest papers to recognize     
clearly a  social community in animals4 
,a very important paper1 which also     
shows  the method of applying the       
science of ecology4    ,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a4
    #ahhg4 ,the ,lake as a ,microcosm4  
,reprint from ,bull4 ,sci4 ,associa4 of 
,peoria1 ,illinois1 #ahhg1 pp4 #a-ae4   
,perhaps the first paper by an ,american
 naturalist recognizing the             
interrelations of the social community4 
,,wheeler1 ,w4 ,m4    #aiaa4 ,the       
,ant-,colony as an ,organism4 ,jour4    
,morphology1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4          
#cjg-cbe4    ,the ant colony is         
considered as a unit4 ,this paper       

furnishes an  excellent example showing 
how 8individual ecology0 may become     
transformed into an 8associational0     
unit4    ,m,,bius1 ,k4    #ahic4 ,ueber 
die ,thiere der                         
,schleswig-,holsteinischen ,austerbnke1 
ihre  physikalischen und biologischen   
,lebensvershltnisse4 ,sitzungsber4 d4   
,kgl4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 zu       
,berlin1 ,jhrg4 #ahic1 ,i1 pp4 #fg-ib4  
,the physical and biological relations  
of the ,schleswig-,holstein oyster  bank
 as a social community are carefully    
described4 ,the animals  associated are 
listed 7in all about #ajj kinds1 p4 #hj7
 and their  relation to the oyster is   
shown4    ,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a4    #aiji4   
,the ,general ,entomological ,ecology of
 the ,indian ,corn ,plant4 ,amer4       
,nat41 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #bhf-cja4     
,,espinas1 ,,alfred4    #ahgh4 ,des     
,socits ,animales4 ,second ,edition1 pp4
 #ehh4 ,paris4    ,discusses            
associations of different               
species--parasites1 commensals1         

mutuals1 domestic animals2 associations 
of the same species and related  through
 nutrition--the colonial forms1 as      
corals2 associations based  upon        
reproduction--the family2 and           
associations based upon relation--as  in
 a horde4 ,contains an extensive        
historical introduction4 ,valuable1     
although somewhat old4    ,,petrucci1   
,r4    #aijf4 ,origine ,polyphyltique1  
,homotypie1 et ,non ,comparabilit       
directe  des ,socits ,animales4         
,l',inst4 de ,sociologie 7,solvay74     
,notes et  ,mmoires1 ,fascicule #g4 pp4 
#abf4 ,bruxelles4    ,the multiple or   
independent origin of 8social0 life in  
diverse lines of  descent is emphasized 
and viewed from the comparative and     
phylogenetic  standpoint4               
,,waxweiler1 ,e4    #aijf4 ,esquisse    
d'une ,sociologie4 ,l',inst4 de         
,sociologie 7,solvay74 ,notes  et       
,mmoires1 ,fascicule #b4 pp4 #cjf4      
,bruxelles4    ,a very important survey 
of sociology as a branch of ethology or 

ecology4 ,the history of ecology1 and   
animal societies are parts which        
deserve special mention4 ,a diagram1 on 
p4 #fc1 gives the subdivisions of       
ethology4    ,,kropotkin1 ,p4    #aijc4 
,mutual ,aid a ,factor of ,evolution4   
pp4 #cdh4 ,new ,york4    ,,parmelee1 ,m4
    #aiac4 ,the ,science of ,human      
,behavior4 ,biological and              
,psychological  ,foundations4 pp4 #ddc4 
,new ,york4 ,the ,macmillan ,company4   
,an important discussion of certain     
phases of animal and human  responses4  
,communities are considered mainly from 
the standpoint of  8aggregate ecology0  
and phylogeny4 ,little recognition is   
made of the  8ecological association0 as
 a fundamental unit in the study of     
human  relations4    ,,adams1 ,,chas4   
,c4    #aiji4 ,the ,ecological          
,succession of ,birds4 ,ann4 ,rep4      
,mich4 ,geol4 ,surv4  for #aijh1 pp4    
#aba-aed4    ,a study of changes in bird
 associations4    ,,shelford1 ,v4 ,e4   
#aiaa4 ,ecological ,succession4    ,i4  

,stream ,fishes and the ,method of      
,physiographic ,analysis4 ,biol4 ,bull41
  ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #i-cd4    #aiaa;a4   
,,ii4 ,pond ,fishes4 ,biol4 ,bull41     
,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #abg-aea4    #aiaa;b4  
,,iii4 ,a ,reconnaissance of its ,causes
 in ,ponds with ,particular  ,reference 
to ,fish4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1  
pp4 #a-ch4    #aiab4 ,,iv4 ,vegetation  
and the ,control of ,land ,animal       
,communities4 ,biol4  ,bull41 ,vol4     
,,xxiii1 pp4 #ei-ii4    #aiab;a4 ,v4    
,aspects of ,physiological              
,classification4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4   
,,xxiii1 pp4 #cca-cgj4    ,a series of  
detailed studies on successions in      
standing and running  water1 and upon   
land4 ,intimately related to the        
following4    #aiac4 ,animal            
,communities in ,temperate ,america as  
,illustrated in the  ,chicago ,region2  
,a ,study in ,animal ,ecology4 ,bull4   
,geogr4 ,soc4 of  ,chicago1 ,no4 #e4 pp4
 7,in press47    ,this is the most      
comprehensive and detailed local study  

of animal  ecology thus far published   
from a distinctly modern standpoint4    
,,craig1 ,w4    #aijh4 ,the ,voices of  
,pigeons ,regarded as a ,means of       
,social ,control4  ,amer4 ,jour4        
,sociol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #hf-ajj4     
,,herrick1 ,c4 ,l4    #aijd4 ,the       
,beginnings of ,social ,reaction in ,man
 and ,lower ,animals4 ,jour4  ,comp4    
,neurol4 and ,psychol41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4
 #aah-abc4    ,,herrick1 ,f4 ,h4        
#aiab4 ,organization of the ,gull       
,community4 ,proc4 ,seventh ,inter4     
,zol4  ,cong41 ,boston1 #aijg1 pp4      
#aef-aeh4    ,,wesenberg-,,lund1 ,c4    
#aijh4 ,die littoralen                  
,tiergesellschaften unserer grosseren   
,seen4 a4  ,die ,tiergesellschaften des 
,brandungsufers4 ,inter4 ,revue der     
gesamten  ,hydrobiol4 u4 ,hydrog41 ,bd4 
,i1 pp4 #egd-fji4    ,animal            
associations of a lake shore4           
,j,,ger1 ,g4    #ahgd4 ,deutschlands    
,thierwelt nach ihren ,standorten       
eingetheilt4 ,bd4 ,i1  pp4 #djj2 ,bd4   

,,ii1 pp4 #cfg  ,,xxiv4 ,stuttgart4     
,a popular account of the fauna of      
,germany arranged according to  habitat4
 ,a suggestive book to the student of   
local associations4 ,worthy  of         
imitation4    ,,melander1 ,a4 ,l41 and  
,,brues1 ,c4 ,t4    #aijc4 ,guests and  
,parasites of the ,burrowing ,bee       
,halictus4 ,biol4 ,bull41  ,vol4 ,v1 pp4
 #a-bg4    ,gives a diagram of the      
,halictus biocnose on p4 #bg4           
,,hubbard1 ,h4 ,g4    #ahid4 ,the       
,insect ,guests of the ,florida ,land   
,tortoise4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41  ,div4 
,ent41 ,insect ,life1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4   
#cjb-cae4    ,,hubbard1 ,h4 ,g4         
7,appendix by ,,schwarz1 ,e4 ,a47       
#ahii4 ,insect ,fauna of the ,giant     
,cactus of ,arizona3 ,letters from the  
,southwest4 ,psyche1 ,vol4 ,,viii1      
,suppl41 pp4 #a-h1 ,appendix1 pp4 #h-ad4
    ,,hunter1 ,w4 ,d41 ,,pratt1 ,f4 ,c41
 and ,,mitchell1 ,j4 ,d4    #aiab4 ,the 
,principal ,cactus ,insects of the      
,united ,states4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4  ,agr41 

,bur4 ,ent41 ,bull4 ,no4 #aac4 pp4 #ga4 
,in addition to the insects feeding upon
 cacti1 their enemies or  parasites are 
listed and also the scavengers1 flower  
visitors1 and  incidentally associated  
species4 ,this is a social community    
composed  of #cbd species of insects1   
and it forms an excellent foundation for
 a  study of their interrelations4 ,this
 is more ecological than is usually  the
 case in economic reports4    ,m,,ller1 
,l4    #ahfg4 ,die ,abhngigkeit der     
,insecten von ihrer ,umgebung4 pp4 #ajg4
  ,leipzig4 ,w4 ,englemann4    ,a very  
interesting and suggestive work4 ,an    
excellent local habitat  study from the 
standpoint of insects4 ,apparently not  
known to ,dahl  7'#ih1 '#jc7 in his     
brief outline of the history of ecology4
 ,mller  discusses the influence of     
climate1 soil1 plants1 animal substances
 and  man upon insects1 and the         
influence of insects in the economy of  
nature4    ,,lorenz1 ,j4 ,r4    #ahfc4  
,physicalische ,verhltnisse und         

,vertheilung der ,organismen im         
,quarnerischen ,golfe4 pp4 #cgi4 ,wien4 
,an early and important study of the    
habitat and the plants and animals      
associated in the marine habitats4      
,apparently but little known4 ,also  not
 mentioned by ,dahl 7'#ih1 '#jc74       
,,verrill1 ,a4 ,e4    #ahgc4 ,report    
upon the ,invertebrate ,animals of      
,vineyard ,sound and the  ,adjacent     
,waters1 with an ,account of the        
,physical ,characters of the  ,region4  
,u4 ,s4 ,comm4 ,fish and ,fisheries4    
,rep4 on the ,condition of the  ,sea    
,fisheries of the ,south ,coast of ,new 
,england in #ahga and #ahgb4 ,part  ,i4 
,senate ,misc4 ,doc4 ,no4 #fa1 #db;d    
,cong41 #b;d ,sess41 pp4 #bie-ggh4      
,an early descriptive associational and 
habitat study of the marine  animals of 
our coast4 ,a kind of work1 in its      
standpoint1 far in advance  of the      
times4 ,it is remarkable that this      
well-known work has not been a  model   
for other similar studies on our coast4 

,,davenport1 ,c4 ,b4    #aijc4 ,the     
,collembola of ,cold ,spring ,beach1    
with ,special ,reference to  the        
,movements of the ,poduridae4 ,cold     
,spring ,harbor ,monogr4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cb4 
,an excellent study of a single group in
 a habitat1 and its relation to         
behavior4    #aijc;a4 ,the ,animal      
,ecology of the ,cold ,spring ,sand     
,spit1 with ,remarks  on the ,theory of 
,adaptation4 ,decennial ,pub4 ,univ4    
,chicago1 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4  #aeg-agf4      
,an associational study of a sea beach4 
,,petersen1 ,c4 ,g4 ,,joh41 and         
,,jensen1 ,p4 ,b4    #aiaa4 ,valuation  
of the ,sea4 ,i4 ,animal ,life of the   
,sea-,bottom1 its ,food  and ,quantity4 
,rep4 of ,danish ,biol4 ,sta4 to ,board 
of ,agriculture1 ,vol4  ,,xx1 pp4 #a-gf4
 ,transl4 from ,fiskeri-,beretning for  
#aiaj4 ,copenhagen4    ,the sea-bottom  
animals are studied as a community4 ,the
 most important  study of the kind known
 to the writer4 ,similar work should be 
done in  ,american waters4    ,,warming1

 ,e41 ,,wesenberg-,,lund1 ,c41 and      
others4    #aijd4 ,sur les #8vads' et   
les sables maritimes de la mer du nord4 
,kon4  ,danske ,vid4 ,selsk4 ,skrift41  
,bd4 ,,vii1 ,r4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dh-ef4       
,the sandy flats of the sea coast of    
,jutland and ,holland are treated as  a 
biotic association1 and from a modern   
ecological standpoint4    ,,baker1 ,f4  
,c4    #aiaj4 ,the ,ecology of the      
,skokie ,marsh ,area1 with ,special     
,reference to  the ,mollusca4 ,bull4    
,ill4 ,state ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4  
,,viii1 pp4 #dda-dii4    ,a descriptive 
account of local molluscan associations 
near ,chicago4    #aiaa4 ,the ,molluscan
 ,fauna of ,tomahawk ,lake1 ,wisconsin4 
,trans4 ,wis4  ,acad4 ,sci41 ,arts and  
,letters1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bjj-bdf4   
,an associational study of molluscan    
succession4 ,one of the very few of  its
 kind4    ,,hancock1 ,j4 ,l4    #aiaa4  
,nature ,sketches in ,temperate         
,america1 pp4 #dea4 ,chicago4    ,a     
discussion of the habitats of           

,orthoptera is given on pp4 #cag-dah1   
and a classification of them on pp4     
#dai-dcc1 based upon the egg-laying     
sites4    ,,dahl1 ,f4    #ahii4 ,das    
,leben der ,vgel auf den ,bismarckinseln
 nach eigenen  ,beobachtungen           
vergleichend dargestellt4 ,mitt4 aus der
 ,zol4 ,sammlung  des ,mus4 fr ,naturk4 
in ,berlin1 ,bd4 ,i1 ,heft #c1 pp4      
#ajg-bbb4    ,the bird habitats of the  
,bismarck ,archipelago are discussed4   
,this is  the earliest detailed study of
 bird habitats known to the writer4     
#aija4 ,das ,leben der ,ameisen im      
,bismarck-,archipel1 nach eigenen       
,beobachtungen vergleichend dargestellt4
 ,mitt4 aus4 d4 ,zol4 ,mus4 in  ,berlin1
 ,bd4 ,,ii1 ,heft #a1 pp4 #a-fi4    ,an 
ecological study of ants1 their nesting 
habitats1 keys to their  ecological     
relations1 and quantitative data4       
#aijb4 ,stufenfnge echter ,spinnen am   
,riesengebirge4 7,eine vergleichend     
ethologische ,studie47 ,sitz4-,ber4     
,ges4 naturf4 ,freunde zu ,berlin1      

#aijb1  pp4 #ahe-bjc4    ,a comparative 
study of the habitats of spiders4       
#aijc4 ,winke fr ein wissenschaftliches 
,sammeln von ,thieren4  ,sitzungs-,ber4 
der ,gesell4 naturfor4 ,freunde zu      
,berlin1 #aijc1 pp4  #ddd-dge4    ,gives
 a classification of animal habitats1   
associations1 and a brief  history of   
their recognition by zologists4 ,compare
 the habitats with  those given by      
,shelford1 ,physiological ,animal       
,geography1 #aiaa4    #ahic4            
,untersuchungen ber die ,thierwelt der  
,unterelbe4 ,sechster ,ber4  ,komm4 zur 
,wissenschaft4 ,untersuch4 der deutschen
 ,meere in ,kiel1 ,jahrg4  ,,xvii-,,xxi1
 ,heft ,,iii1 pp4 #aea-ahe4 ,berlin4    
,lists the fauna of the brackish waters 
of the lower ,elbe ,river1  discusses   
their relation to the environment       
7salinity1 etc47 and gives  quantitative
 determinations of its frequency per    
square meter1 as  determined by digging 
at low tide4    ,,meyer1 ,h4 ,a41 and   
,m,,bius1 ,k4    #ahfe4 ,fauna der      

,kieler ,bucht4 ,bd4 ,i4 ,leipzig4      
,not seen by writer4    ,,locard1 ,a4   
#ahha4 ,de ,l',habitat des ,mollusques4 
pp4 #hh-abh4 tudes sur les  ,variations 
,malacologiques d'aprs la ,faune        
,vivante et ,fossile de la  ,partie     
,centrale du ,bassin du ,rhone4 ,tome   
,,ii1 ,paris et ,lyon4    ,this is the  
most detailed study and classification  
of the habitats of  mollusks of land and
 fresh-water which the writer has seen4 
,it seems  to be little known to        
students4 ,the volume contains many     
ecological  observations4 ,the          
classification of habitats is often very
 artificial4  ,see ,von ,marten's       
comment 7,zol4 ,record for #ahha1 ,vol4 
,,xviii1 p4 #ah1  ,moll471 which refers 
to ,english and ,german works along     
similar  lines1 but these have not been 
found by the writer4    ,illustration3  
,,fig4 #f4--,remnant of the 7original7  
prairie animal  habitat in central      
,illinois4 ,loxa1 ,illinois4 ,these     
areas are becoming  extinct rapidly4    

,photo4 by ,t4 ,l4 ,hankinson4          
,,king1 ,l4 ,a4 ,l41 and ,,russell1 ,e4 
,s4    #aiji4 ,a ,method for the ,study 
of the ,animal ,ecology of the ,shore4  
,proc4  ,roy4 ,phys4 ,soc4 of           
,edinburgh1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bbe-bec4 
,an associational study of shore        
animals4    ,,ortmann1 ,a4 ,e4    #ahif4
 ,grundzge der marinen ,tiergeographie4 
pp4 #if4 ,jena4    ,contains much of    
ecological value4    ,,enderlein1 ,g4   
#aijh4 ,biologisch-faunistische ,moor-  
und ,dnen-,studien4 ,ein ,beitrag  zur  
,kenntnis-biosyncischer ,regionen in    
,westprussen4 #cj ,ber4 des             
,westpreussischen ,bot4-,zol4 ,vereins  
,danzig1 pp4 #ed-bch4    ,adopts ,dahl's
 7#aijc7 classification of habitats4    
,h,,ppner1 ,h4    #aija4 ,die           
,bienenfauna der ,dnen und ,weserabhnge 
zwischen ,uesen  und ,baden4 ,beitr4    
nordwest-deutsch4 ,volks- und ,landesk4 
her4 vom  ,naturwissen4 ,ver4 zu        
,bremen1 ,bd4 ,,xv1 pp4 #bca-bee4       
,,pierce1 ,w4 ,d4    #aijd4 ,some       

,hypermetamorphic ,beetles and ,their   
,hymenopterous ,hosts4  ,univ4 of       
,nebraska ,studies1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #b1
 pp4 #aec-aij4    ,this gives a         
description of the bee community of     
,epinomia  triangulifera ,vachal1 a list
 of insects in it and valuable data on  
their parasitic interrelations4         
,,vestal1 ,a4 ,g4    #aiac4 ,an         
,associational ,study of ,illinois ,sand
 ,prairies4 ,bull4 ,ill4  ,state ,lab4  
,nat4 ,his41 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4              
,,stenroos1 ,k4 ,e4    #ahih4 ,das      
,thierleben im ,nurmijrvi-,see4 ,eine   
,faunistisch-,biologische  ,studie4     
,acta ,soc4 ,pro ,fauna et ,flora       
,fennica1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #a-bei4     
,a descriptive associational study of a 
lake fauna1 correlating the  fauna and  
the vegetation4    ,,forbes1 ,s4 ,a41   
and ,,richardson1 ,r4 ,e4    #aiji4 ,the
 ,fishes of ,illinois4 ,ill4 ,state     
,nat4 ,hist4 ,surv41 ,vol4 ,,iii4  pp4  
#ceg4    ,contains numerous observations
 on the habitats and associations of    

fish2 a subject hitherto greatly        
neglected4    ,,wesenberg-,,lund1 ,c4   
#aijh4 ,plankton ,investigations of the 
,danish ,lakes4 ,danish ,freshwater     
,biol4 ,lab41 ,op4 #e1 ,part ,i1 pp4    
#chi4 ,part ,,ii1 ,copenhagen4    ,the  
only fresh-water plankton study known to
 the writer1 which takes  up the        
plankton from a distinctly modern       
ecological standpoint4 ,an  excellent   
summary of the problems of the          
fresh-water lake plankton4  ,abundant   
references to the literature4           
,,allee1 ,w4 ,c4    #aiab4 ,seasonal    
,succession in ,old ,forest ,ponds4     
,trans4 ,ill4 ,acad4 ,sci41  #aiaa1     
,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #abf-aca4    ,to        
determine the complete composition of an
 animal association  observations must  
cover all seasons of the year4 ,this    
paper and the  following ones will      
indicate the general character of the   
seasonal  changes4    ,,wood1 ,j4 ,g4   
and ,t4    #ahhf4 ,the ,field           
,naturalist's ,handbook4 pp4 #afg4      

,fourth ,edition4 ,london4    ,this is a
 ,british work4 ,it gives by months the 
seasonal succession of  moths1          
butterflies1 birds1 flowering of plants1
 notes on habitat1 etc4    ,,fritsch1   
,c4    #ahej4 ,resultate dreijhriger    
,beobachtungen ber die jhrliche         
,vertheilung der ,papilioniden4         
,sitzungsber4 der math4-naturw4 ,classe 
der ,k4 ,akad4 der ,wissensch4 zu ,wien1
 ,jahresganges #ahej1 ,bd4 ,v1 pp4      
#dbf-dcc4    #ahea4 ,ueber die jhrliche 
,vertheilung der ,kfer4 ,sitzungsber4   
der  math4-naturw4 ,classe der ,k4      
,akad4 der ,wissensch4 zu ,wien1        
,jahresganges  #ahea1 ,bd4 ,,vi1 pp4    
#c-db4    #ahea4 ,resultate zweijhriger 
,beobachtungen ber die jhrliche         
,vertheilung der ,kfer4 ,sitzungsber4   
der math4-naturw4 ,classe der ,k4       
,akad4 der ,wissensch4 zu ,wien1        
,jahresganges #ahea1 ,bd4 ,,vii1 pp4    
#fhi-gaj4    #aheb4 ,jhrliche           
,vertheilung der ,hemipteren4           
,sitzungsber4 der  math4-naturw4 ,classe

 der ,k4 ,akad4 der ,wissensch4 zu      
,wien1 ,jahresganges  #aheb1 ,bd4 ,,ix1 
pp4 #eed-eee4    ,a series of papers    
showing the seasonal succession in      
insects at  ,prague1 ,bohemia4      a4  
,the ,relation of ,animals to           
,pollination and to ,plant ,galls       
,the relation of animals to the         
pollination of plants and to plant galls
  is a phase of the associational       
relation of organisms1 but it has       
rarely been considered 7if at all7 from 
the standpoint of a biotic  community4  
,the following list will probably aid   
one but little in  gaining this general 
conception1 but once the student has it 
he will  find the list of much          
assistance4 ,undoubtedly a relatively   
new and  fertile field for investigation
 would be to study the interrelations   
of plants and their pollinators as an   
ecological community1 the  association  
being taken as a unit rather than the   
individual species of  plants or        
animals4    ,,bouvier1 ,e4 ,l4    #aije4

 ,bees and ,flowers4 ,smithsonian       
,report for #aijd1 pp4 #dfi-dhd4 ,no4   
#afbg4    ,,knuth1 ,p4 7,,appel1 ,o41   
and ,,loew1 ,e47    #ahih-ahii4         
,handbuch der ,bltenbiologie4 ,unter    
,zugrundelegung von  ,hermann ,mller's  
,werk3 8,die ,befruchtung der ,blumen   
durch ,insekten40  ,bd4 ,i4 ,einleitung 
und ,litteratur4 #ahih4 ,leipzig4 ,bd4  
,,ii4 ,die bisher  in ,europa und im    
,arktischen ,gebiet gemachten           
,bltenbiologischen  ,beobachtungen4     
,theil #a und #b4 #ahii4 ,leipzig4      
,,appel1 ,o41 and ,,loew1 ,e4           
#aijd-aije4 7,continues ,knuth47 ,bd4   
,,iii4 ,die bisher in ,aussereuropischen
  ,gebieten gemachten ,bltenbiologischen
 ,beobachtungen4 ,theil #a1  #aijd-aije1
 ,leipzig2 ,theil #b1 #aije1 ,leipzig4  
,this is an encyclopedia on the relation
 of animals to the pollination  of      
flowers4 ,plants are arranged           
systematically and the visitors are     
listed4 ,in ,bd4 ,,ii1 ,th4 #b1 pp4     
#eei-fgb1 and ,bd4 ,,iii1 ,th4 #b1 pp4  

#bei-dgj1  are given                    
systematic-alphabetic lists of animal   
visitors to flowers4  ,full references4 
,m,,ller1 ,h4 7,trans4 by ,d4 ,w4       
,,thompson47    #ahhc4 ,the             
,fertilization of ,flowers1 pp4 #ffi4   
,london4    ,,needham1 ,j4 ,g4    #aijj4
 ,the ,fruiting of the ,blue ,flag      
7,iris versicolor ,l474 ,amer4 ,nat41   
,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #cfa-chf4    ,,riley1
 ,c4 ,v4    #ahib4 ,the ,yucca ,moth and
 ,yucca ,pollination4 ,third ,ann4 ,rep4
 ,mo4 ,bot4  ,garden1 pp4 #ii-aeh4      
,,robertson1 ,c4    #ahig4 ,flowers and 
,insects4 ,contributions to an ,account 
of the  ,ecological ,relations of the   
,entomophilous ,flora and the           
,anthophilous  ,insect ,fauna of the    
,neighborhood of ,carlinville1          
,illinois4 ,trans4 ,acad4  ,sci4 ,st4   
,louis1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #aea-agi4      
,this is only one of a very extensive   
series of papers published in the       
,transactions of the ,st4 ,louis        
,academy1 ,vols4 ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 and in

 the  ,botanical ,gazette--beginning    
with ,vol4 ,,xiv1 #ahhi1 and extending  
to ,vol4  ,,xxviii1 #ahii4              
,,trelease1 ,w4    #ahic4 ,further      
,studies of ,yuccas and their           
,pollination4 ,fourth ,annual  ,rep4    
,mo4 ,bot4 ,garden1 pp4 #aha-bbf4       
,,beutenm,,ller1 ,w4    #aijd4 ,the     
,insect-,galls of the ,vicinity of ,n4  
,y4 ,city4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,jour41  ,vol4    
,,iv1 pp4 #hi-abd4    ,a descriptive    
illustrated catalogue4 ,beutenmller has 
published several  important papers on  
galls in the ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4  
,history4    ,,adler1 ,h4 7,trans4 by   
,c4 ,r4 ,,straton47    #ahid4           
,alternating ,generations4 ,a           
,bibliogical ,study of ,oak ,galls and  
,gall ,flies4 pp4 #aih4 ,oxford4        
,,cook1 ,m4 ,t4    #aije4 ,the ,insect  
,galls of ,indiana4 ,twenty-ninth ,ann4 
,rep4 ,dept4 ,geol4  and ,natural       
,resources of ,indiana1 #aijd1 pp4      
#hja-hfg4    ,descriptive illustrated   
catalogue4    ,,houard1 ,c4             

#aijh-aiji4 ,les ,zooccidies des        
,plantes d',europe et du ,bassin de la  
,mditerrane4 ,tome ,i1 pp4 #efi2 ,,ii1  
pp4 #egc-abdg4 ,paris4    ,,kirchner1   
,o4 ,,von4    #aiaa4 ,blumen und        
,insekten1 ihre ,anpassungen aneinander 
und ihre  ,gegenseitige ,abhngigkeit4   
pp4 #dcf4 ,leipzig4    ,k,,ster1 ,e4    
#aiaa4 ,die ,gallen der ,pflanzen4 ,ein 
,lehrbuch fr ,botaniker und             
,entomologen4 pp4 #dcg4 ,leipzig4       
,,ross1 ,h4    #aiaa4 ,die              
,pflanzengallen 7,cecidien7 ,mittel- und
 ,nord-,europas ihre  ,erreger und      
,biologie und ,bestimmungstabellen4 pp4 
#cej4 ,jena4      b4 ,subterranean and  
,cave ,associations    ,,banta1 ,a4 ,m4 
#aijg4 ,the ,fauna of ,mayfield's ,cave4
 ,carnegie ,inst4 ,pub4 ,no4 #fg4 pp4   
#aad4    ,the cave environment1 the     
vital optimum1 and the food relations   
are  discussed4 ,a valuable paper4      
,,blatchley1 ,w4 ,s4    #ahif4 ,indiana 
,caves and their ,fauna4 ,twenty-first  
,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 and  ,natural        

,resources of ,indiana1 pp4 #aba-bab4   
,,dendy1 ,a4    #ahif4 ,the ,cryptozoic 
,fauna of ,australasia4 ,austr4 ,assoc4 
,adv4 ,sci41  #ahie1 pp4 #a-ba4    ,on  
animals living under stones1 logs1 and  
bark of trees4    ,,diem1 ,k4    #aijc4 
,untersuchungen ber die ,bodenfauna in  
den ,alpen4 ,jahrb4 d4 ,st4  ,gallischen
 ,naturwiss4 ,gesellsch4 f4 #aija-aijb1 
pp4 #bcd-dad4    ,,hamann1 ,o4    #ahif4
 ,europische ,hhlenfauna4 ,eine         
,darstellung der in den ,hhlen  ,europas
 lebenden ,tierwelt mit besonderer      
,bercksichtigung der  ,hhlenfauna       
,krains4 pp4 #bif4 ,jena4    ,,motter1  
,m4 ,g4    #ahih4 ,a ,contribution to   
the ,study of the ,fauna of the ,grave4 
,a ,study of  ,one ,hundred and ,fifty  
,disinterments1 with ,some ,additional  
,experimental  ,observations4 ,jour4 ,n4
 ,y4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4       
#bja-bca4    ,a list of invertebrates1  
snails1 crustacea1 insects1 etc41 found 
in  graves4 ,table compiled from ,megnin
 shows the kinds of animals which       

invade bodies at the different stages of
 decay4 ,this is a form of  succession  
comparable to the changes in the animals
 living in a log at  different stages of
 decay4    ,,packard1 ,a4 ,s4    #ahhh4 
,the ,cave ,fauna of ,north ,america1   
with ,remarks on the ,anatomy of  the   
,brain and ,origin of the ,blind        
,species4 ,memoirs ,nat4 ,acad4 ,sci41  
,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-aef4    ,monographic 
treatment2 extensive references to      
literature4    ,,scott1 ,w4    #aiji4   
,an ,ecological ,study of the ,plankton 
of ,shawnee ,cave4 ,with ,notes  on the 
,cave ,environment4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,vol4
 ,,xvii1 pp4 #chf-djf4      c4 ,selected
 ,references on ,aggregations and       
,associations    ,,adams1 ,,chas4 ,c4   
#aiji4 ,the ,coleoptera of ,isle        
,royale1 ,lake ,superior1 and their     
,relation  to the ,north ,american      
,centers of ,dispersal4 ,ann4 ,rep4     
,mich4 ,geol4 ,surv4  for #aijh1 pp4    
#aeg-bae4    ,on pp4 #aei-afc the       
habitats and succession of beetles are  

briefly  discussed4    #aiji4 ,notes on 
,isle ,royale ,mammals and their        
,ecological ,relations4  ,ibid41 pp4    
#chi-dbb4    ,brief mention of mammal   
associations and successions1 pp4       
#cij-cic4    ,,antipa1 ,g4    #aiab4    
,die ,biologie des ,inundationsgebietes 
der unteren ,donau und des              
,donaudeltas4 ,verhand4 ,,viii4 ,inter4 
,zol4-,kongresses zu ,graz1 #aiaj1      
pp4#afc-bjh4    ,description of the     
biological conditions on the flooded    
lower ,danube  and its delta4           
,,baker1 ,h4 ,b4    #aiaa4 ,mollusca4   
pp4 #aba-agf4 ,in ,a ,biological ,survey
 of the ,sand ,dune  ,region on the     
,south ,shore of ,saginaw ,bay1         
,michigan4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mich4  ,board of
 ,geol4 and ,biol4 ,survey for #aiaj4   
,lansing4    ,rather full notes on      
mollusca1 grouped by habitats4          
,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4    #aiji4 ,the       
,habitat ,groups of ,north ,american    
,birds in the ,american ,museum  of     
,natural ,history4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4     

,his41 ,guide ,leaflet ,no4 #bh4 pp4    
#dh4    ,a descriptive illustrated      
account of the remarkable habitat       
exhibits  in the museum4 ,the most      
remarkable series of its kind in        
existence4 ,an  excellent example of the
 educational value of ecological ideas4 
,,dahl1 ,f4    #ahif4 ,vergleichende    
,untersuchungen ber die ,lebensweise    
wirbelloser  ,aasfresser4 ,sitzungsber4 
d4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wissen4 ,berlin1 #ahif4  
,i1 pp4 #ag-cj4    ,a study of          
carrion-feeding insects by the trapping 
method4 ,the kinds  of insects attracted
 change with the stage of decay4 ,there 
is thus a  succession4 ,compare with    
,moffat's studies 7#ahih74    ,,gates1  
,f4 ,c4    #aiaa4 ,summer-bird ,life in 
the ,vicinity of ,havana1 ,illinois1 in 
its  ,relation to the ,prominent ,plant 
,associations4 ,wilson ,bulletin1 ,vol4 
,,xxiii1 ,no4 #gd1 pp4 #a-bg4    ,one of
 the relatively few associational       
studies of birds4    ,,girod1 ,p4       
#ahia4 ,les ,socits chez les ,animaux4  

pp4 #cdb4 ,paris4    ,,gleason1 ,h4 ,a4 
#aiji4 ,the ,ecological ,relations of   
the ,invertebrate ,fauna of ,isle       
,royale1 ,michigan4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,mich4  
,geo4 ,surv4 for #aijh1 pp4 #eg-gh4     
,,grabau1 ,a4 ,u4    #ahih4 ,zology3    
,marine ,invertebrates1 pp4 #fg-if4     
,grabau1 ,a4 ,w41 and  ,woodman1 ,j4 ,e4
 7editors74 ,guide to ,localities       
,illustrating the ,geology1  ,marine    
,zology1 and ,botany of the ,vicinity of
 ,boston4 ,salem1 ,mass4    ,,hart1 ,c4 
,a41 and ,,gleason1 ,h4 ,a4    #aijg4   
,on the ,biology of the ,sand ,areas of 
,illinois4 ,bull4 ,ill4 ,state  ,lab4   
,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #acg-bgb4
    ,insect associations are discussed  
on pp4 #bbj-bbg4 ,habitats are figured1 
and associated plants and animals are   
listed4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4        
#g4--;,a deciduous forest 7original7 as 
an animal  habitat4 ,the ,brownfield    
woods1 ,urbana1 ,illinois4 ,photo4 by   
,h4 ,c4  ,chenoweth4    ,,hankinson1 ,t4
 ,l4    #aiaj4 ,ecological ,notes on the

 ,fishes of ,walnut ,lake1 ,michigan4   
,trans4  ,amer4 ,fisheries ,soc41 #aiaj1
 pp4 #aie-bjf4    ,one of the few papers
 dealing with the fish associations in a
 lake4    #aiaj4 ,an ,ecological ,study 
of the ,fish of a ,small ,stream4       
,trans4 ,ill4  ,state ,acad4 ,sci41     
,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bc-ca4    ,,herms1 ,w4
 ,b4    #aijg4 ,an ,ecological and      
,experimental ,study of ,sarcophagid    
with  ,relation to ,lake ,beach ,dbris4 
,jour4 ,exper4 ,zol41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4   
#de-hc4    ,,jordan1 ,h4    #ahhc4 ,die 
,binnenmollusken der nrdlich gemssigten 
,lnder von  ,europa und ,asien und der  
,arktischen ,lnder4 ,nova ,acta der     
,ksl4  ,leop4-,carol4-,deutschen ,akad4 
der ,naturf41 ,bd4 ,,xlv1 ,nr4 #d1 pp4  
#aha-djb4  ,halle4    ,on pp4 #bja-bec  
there are many observations on molluskan
 ecology1  including habitats1 table of 
habitats of freshwater mollusks1 and    
important observations on habitat       
variations or forms4 ,most of the  paper
 is devoted to geographic problems4     

,,kofoid1 ,c4 ,a4    #aijc4 ,the        
,plankton of the ,illinois ,river1      
#ahid-ahii1 with ,introductory  ,notes  
upon the ,hydrography of the ,illinois  
,river and its ,basin4 ,part ,i1  ,bull4
 ,ill4 ,state ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4 
,,vi1 pp4 #ie-fbi4    ,the results of a 
prolonged1 detailed study of the        
,illinois ,river  plankton2 capable of  
an associational interpretation4        
,,lintner1 ,j4 ,a4    #ahgh4 ,report on 
the ,insects and ,other ,animal ,forms  
of ,caledonia ,creek1  ,new ,york4      
,tenth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,fishery     
,comm4 for #ahgg1 pp4 #ab-cf4    ,one of
 the relatively few studies of the      
animals of a small stream2 a  census    
rather than an ecological study4        
,,mccreary1 ,o4    #aiji4 ,the          
,ecological ,distribution of the ,birds 
of ,isle ,royale1 ,lake  ,superior4     
,ann4 ,rep4 ,mich4 ,geol4 ,surv4 for    
#aijh1 pp4 #ha-ie4    ,habitat          
preferences of birds4    ,,morse1 ,a4   
,p4    #aijd4 ,researches on ,north     

,american ,acridiid4 ,carnegie ,inst41  
,pub4 #ah4  pp4 #ee4    ,associational  
groupings of the short-horned           
grasshoppers1 with figures  of habitats4
    ,,ruthven1 ,a4 ,g4    #aijg4 ,a     
,collection of ,reptiles and ,amphibians
 from ,southern ,new ,mexico  and       
,arizona4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4     
,hist41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #dhc-fjc4    
,discusses the associations1 habitats1  
and food of the desert species4         
,,scott1 ,w4    #aiaj4 ,the ,fauna of a 
,solution ,pond4 ,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4    
,science for #aiaj1  pp4 #cie-ddb4      
,includes a discussion of their         
interrelations4    ,,simroth1 ,h4       
#ahia4 ,die ,entstehung der ,landtiere4 
,ein ,biologische ,versuch4 pp4 #dib4   
,leipzig4    ,,steuer1 ,a4    #aiaj4    
,planktonkunde4 pp4 #gbc4 ,leipzig4     
,a general treatise on plankton4        
,,watson1 ,j4 ,r4    #aiaa4 ,a          
,contribution to the ,study of the      
,ecological ,distribution of the        
,animal ,life of ,north ,central ,new   

,mexico with ,especial ,attention to the
  ,insects4 ,first ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new     
,mexico ,nat4 ,resource and ,conserv4   
,comm41  pp4 #fg-aag4    ,description1  
lists1 and observations on the animal   
and plant  associations of the arid     
region4    ,,wheeler1 ,w4 ,m4    #aije4 
,an ,annotated ,list of the ,ants of    
,new ,jersey4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4  ,nat4
 ,hist41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #cga-djc4     
,ants grouped in the following          
associations3 woodland1 glade1 field1   
meadow1 heath1 and sand4    #aijh4      
,comparative ,ethology of the ,european 
and ,north ,american ,ants4  ,jour4 fr  
,psychol4 und ,neurol41 ,bd4 ,,xiii1 pp4
 #djd-dce4 7,festschrift  ,forel47      
,,wickham1 ,h4 ,f4    #aijc4 ,the       
,beetles of an ,oregon ,beach4 ,ottawa  
,naturalist1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4  #di-eb4 
,,index        ,abbreviations1 #fi      
,acalyptrate ,muscid1 larval            
food-habits1 #gh      ,accidents1 #fb   
,acridiid1      courtship1 #aag         
habitats1 #adh      ,adaptation1        

adjustive1 #aj      and evolution1 #ig  
as a process1 #i      as a product1 #i  
theory1 #acf      ,adirondacks1 aquatic 
insects1 #ge      ,adjustment of        
organisms1 process of1 #abb             
,adjustment1 process of1 #e1 #cj1 #ca1  
#cc1 #abb      ,age of lower organisms1 
#ig      ,aggregate1 #h      as agent or
 entity1 #d      ecology1 #d1 #bc1 #bd1 
#acc      ,aggregations1 #bg1 #ade      
dynamic relations of1 #acj              
,agricultural reports of the ,u4 ,s4    
patent office1 index1 #gb      ,air1    
vegetational control of relative        
evaporating power of1 #ij               
vegetational control of relative        
humidity1 #ij      ,alluvial flats1     
vegetational invasion1 #hi      ,alps1  
soil fauna1 #add      ,alternating      
generations of oak gall flies1 #adc     
,ambrosia beetles1 #abg      ,american  
lobster1 natural history1 #aac          
,amia calva1 natural history1 #aag      
,amphibians1      associations of desert
 species1 #adh      collecting1 #eh     

desert species1 #adh      food of desert
 species1 #adh      reactions to light1 
#aaf      ,amphioxus1      behavior1    
#aaf      sensory reactions1 #aaf       
,amphipods1      distribution of        
fresh-water1 #aaa      food of          
fresh-water1 #aaa      reproductive     
capacity of fresh-water1 #aaa           
salt-marsh1 habits and life history1    
#aai      ,amphithoe longimana ,smith1  
habits and natural history1 #aac        
,animal and plant associations of arid  
region1 #adh1 #adi      ,animal         
associations1 and marine vegetation1 #hi
      and vegetation1 #ij      of a lake
 shore1 #acd      ,animal behavior1     
#ajg1 #aba      as a process1 #ajb      
,bohn's studies in1 #ajg      limits of 
study1 #ajc      ,animal communities1   
#acc1 #acd      ,animal ecology1      of
 ,chicago region1 #acd      of ,cold    
,spring sand spit1 #acf      of         
seashore1 #fc1 #fd      of shore1 #aci  
,animal galls1 #adc      ,animal        
geography1 physiological1 #aja          

,animal intelligence1      development1 
#aae      evolution1 #aad      nature1  
#aae      raccoon1 #aaa      ,animal    
life1      ecological distribution in   
,new ,mexico1 #adh      of sea-bottom1  
#fc1 #acf      of sea-bottom1 food1 #acf
      of sea-bottom1 quantity1 #acf     
mind1 #ajf      psychology1 #ajf1 #abj  
societies1 #acb1 #acc1 #adf             
substances1 influence upon insects1 #ace
      visitors to flowers1 systematic   
alphabetic list1 #adb      ,animals1    
adjustment between environment and1 #abb
      and plant galls1 #ada      and    
pollination1 #ada1 #adb      collecting1
 directions1 #eg      competing in new  
territory1 #abf      distribution1      
physiological1 #aja      fresh-water1   
#gh      of ,lower ,elbe1 #ach      of  
seashore1 #adf      of small stream1    
#adg1 #adh      of soils1 #hf           
orientation1 #aah      play1 #aab       
responses 7locomotor7 to white light1   
#ajg      seasonal succession1 #adj     
subterranean1 #eh      variation1 #if   

,annelids1 behavior of tubicolous1 #aab 
,ant1 ethological observations on an    
,american1 #abj      ,ant-colony1       
as organism1 #aca      as unit1 #aca    
,anthophilous insect fauna1 ecological  
relations to entomophilous              
flora1 #adb      ,ants1 #aaa      and   
fungi1 #abh      and plants1 #abf1 #abg 
,arthropods living with1 #acj           
associations1 #adi      associations by 
habitats1 #adi      behavior1 #abj      
bibliography1 #abj      development1    
#abj      ecological study1 #acg        
,european1 comparative ethology1 #adi   
habitat associations1 #adi              
habitats1 #abj      keys to ecological  
relations of1 in ,bismarck ,archipelago1
 #acg      nesting habits of1 in        
,bismarck ,archipelago1 #acg      nests1
 #abg      ,north ,american1 comparative
 ethology1 #adi      quantitative data  
on1 #acg      psychology1 #abj          
slaves1 #abj      structure1 #abj       
,aplopus ,mayeri1 habits1 reactions1 and
 mating instincts1 #aai      ,applied   

ecology1 #abe1 #aca      ,application of
 the process method1 #hf      ,aquatic  
animals1 photography1 #fc      ,aquatic 
,chrysomelid1 #ge      ,aquatic insects1
 #ge      immature1 keys1 #ge      in   
,adirondacks1 #ge      ,aquatic         
nematocerous ,diptera1 #ge      ,aquatic
 resources1 #bd      ,aquiculture1 #ba  
,araneads1      activities1 #aae        
courtship of1 significance1 #aae        
secondary sexual characters1 #aae       
,arbacia punctulata1 #ii      ,argiope1 
habits and instincts1 #aag      ,arid   
region1      animal and plant           
associations1 #adh1 #adi                
associations1 #adi      habitats1 #adi  
,arizona1      ,amphibians1 #adh        
cactus and insect fauna1 #ace           
reptiles1 #adh      ,army cooks' manual1
 #eh      ,art1      of ecology1 #cc    
of presentation1 #fg      ,arthropods1  
effect of caves on1 #aja      living    
with ants1 #acj      living with        
termites1 #acj      ,artificial and     
8pathological0 conditions1 #bg          

,association1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #bg1 #fj1 
#acb1 #aci1 #ade      ,associational    
ecology1 #e1 #bd1 #bi                   
,associational optimum1 #id             
,associational relation1 of pollination1
 #ada1 #adb      ,associational study1  
of birds1 ,illinois1 #adf      of lake  
fauna1 #adj      of sand prairies of    
,illinois1 #aci      of sea beach1 #acf 
of shore animals1 #aci                  
,associational unit1 and individual     
ecology1 #aca      ,associations1       
amphibian1 #adh      animal1 #acg1 #ach 
animal1 local1 #acd      ants1 #adi     
as agent1 #e      biotic1 #bi           
biotic1 of sand areas1 #adf      cave1  
#adc      climax biotic1 #cj            
dynamic relations of1 #acj      fish1 of
 ,illinois1 #adj      fish1 in lake1    
#adg      human1 #aj1 #aa      lake     
fish1 #adg      making to order1 #cc    
mammal1 #ade      marine animals1 #ace1 
#acf      methods of studying local1 #ad
      mollusks1 #acg1 #ach      natural 
or normal1 #cd      reptiles1 #adh      

resemble plays1 #dg      sand flats1    
#acf1 #acg      short-horned            
grasshoppers1 #adh      succession1 #ia 
,asterias ,forbesi1 direction of        
locomotion1 #aaj      ,asterias ,forreri
 ,de ,loriol1 behavior1 #aje            
,atmospheric conditions about woodlands1
 #ia      ,atta sexdens1 colonies       
founded by1 #abh      ,authors1         
guide1 #fh      suggestions to1 #fh     
,australasia1 cryptozoic fauna1 #add    
,balance of nature1 #bh1 #bi1 #abc      
,bark beetles1 #gf      and fungi1 #abg 
,bark of trees1 fauna under1 #add       
,baseleveling1 #hf      faunal          
significance1 #hf      ,bass1 black1 as 
a microcosmic center1 #di      ,bats1   
habits and sensory adaptations of       
cave-inhabiting1 #aab      ,beach1      
associational study of a sea1 #acf      
beetles of an ,oregon1 #adi      ,beach 
flea1      habits1 #aai      life       
history1 #aai      ,beach1 sea1 as      
animal habitat1 #acf      ,bee1         
burrowing1 #acd      community of       

,epinomia triangulifera ,vachal1 #aci   
community1 parasitic interrelations1    
#aci      fauna of dunes1 #aci          
humble1 #aai      ,bees1      and       
flowers1 #ada      as reflex machines1  
#aji      ,beetles1      ,ambrosia1 #abg
      bark1 #gf      evolution in       
,chrysomelid1 #aai      food of         
predaceous1 #abf1 #acj      habitats1   
#ade      hymenopterous hosts1 #aci     
hypermetamorphic1 #aci      immature    
stages1 #ge      longicorn1 food habits1
 #gg      of an ,oregon beach1 #adi     
predaceous1 food1 #abf1 #acj            
seasonal succession of1 #adj      snout1
 #gf      succession of1 #ade           
,behavior1 #ib1 #ic      ,amphioxus1    
#aaf      and natural environment1 #aaj 
animal1 #afg      animal4 ,see also     
,animal behavior      animal1 as a      
process1 #ajb      ants1 #abj           
birds1 #aba      ,bombus1 #abj          
,collembola1 #acf      cuckoo1 #aac     
fixed and changeable responses1 #ajd    
human1 #acc      ,hydroides ,dianthus   

,v41 modifiability1 #ajf      ideals and
 conclusions1 #aad      ,isopods1       
surface and subterranean1 #ajh          
laws1 #ajc      leech1 #aba             
,leptinotarsa1 #aai      ,limulus1 #aje 
lizard1 #aaf      lobster1 immature     
stages1 #aje      lower organisms1 #if1 
#aje1 #ajg      method of regulation1   
#aje      modifiability1 #ic1 #aje1 #ajf
      mud snail1 #aaa      nature1 study
 of in1 #ci      ,necturus1 #aba        
orderly sequence1 #aac      organisms1  
#aae      physiology1 #ajg              
,planarians1 fresh-water1 #aaf1 #abj    
pond snail1 #abj      social wasps1 #aaa
      sponges1 #aaf      squirrels1 #aba
      terns1 noddy and sooty1 #abj      
tree frogs1 #aab      tubicolous        
annelids1 #aab      ,turbellarian1      
marine1 #abg      8walking stick10 #aai 
,belostoma 7 ,zaitha7 flumineum ,say1   
death-feigning1 #aah      ,bibliography1
 #ga      animals and pollination1 #ada1
 #adb      ants1 #abj      bark beetles1
 #gf      caterpillars1 #gd             

ecological succession of birds1 #abd    
economic entomology 7,american71 #ga1   
#ge      environmental influences upon  
insects1 #if1 #ig      flowers and      
insects1 #ada1 #adb      food of birds1 
#acj      forest insects1 #gd           
fresh-water biology1 #gh                
,hymenoptera of ,n4 ,america1 #gc       
insects1 #gd1 #ge      mammals1 ,north  
,american1 #ajg      medical zology1    
#abi      plant ecology1 #hi      snout 
beetles1 #gf      veterinary zology1    
#abi      ,biocnose1 #ah      or        
community1 #g      ,biocnosis1 #f1 #g1  
#bi      ,biocnose1 #ah      ,halictus1 
#acd      ,biocnosis1 #aca              
,biocnotic1 #ah      ,biologia          
,centrali-,americana1 #bc      ,biologic
 relations of plants and ants1 #abf1    
#abg      ,biological significance1     
of dissolved gases of water1 #hg      of
 thermocline1 #hg      ,biological      
survey1      of ,u4 ,s41 index to papers
 on1 #abh      ecological in methods1   
#aad      ,biology1 #a1 #b1 #ah1 #fj    

butterflies1 #aah      lower ,danube    
delta1 #ade      ,orthoptera1 #aja      
,physa1 #aaj      relation to geological
 investigation1 #bb      relation to    
man1 #aa1 #ab      sand areas of        
,illinois1 #adf      ,biometric ideas1  
#fc      ,biometric methods1 #fc        
,bionomic base line1 #cj                
,bionomics1 #ai1 #ba      green cells of
 ,convoluta roscoffensis1 #abg          
insects1 #abh      ,bionomy1 marine1 and
 stratigraphy1 #bb      ,biota1         
postglacial dispersal1 #ia      ,biotic 
associations1 #bi1 #ia      sand areas1 
#adf      sandy flats of seacoast1 #acf1
 #acg      ,biotic base1 #cj            
,biotic community1 #ada      ,biotic    
competition in tropics1 #abd            
,biotic succession in media1 #hh        
,bird census1 sectional1 #ei      ,bird 
habitats of ,bismarck ,archipelago1 #acg
      ,birds1      adaptations by       
insects to1 #abe      and man1 #acj     
associational studies1 #adf             
behavior1 #aba      breeding habits of  

,north ,american1 #aji      collecting1 
#eh      colonies1 #abj      decrease1  
#abd      destruction by elements1 #abd 
ecological succession1 #ba1 #abd1 #acc  
economic value1 #abc1 #abf      eggs of 
,north ,american1 #aji      food1 #abf1 
#abh1 #acj      food of nestling1 #abh  
habitat groups1 #ade1 #adf      habitat 
preferences1 #adh      habitats in      
summer1 #adf      instinct1 #aac        
intelligence1 #aac      life histories  
of ,north ,american1 #aji      methods  
of study1 #ci1 #fj1 #fa      migration1 
#aji      migration as a response1 #aji 
noxious1 introduction1 #abd      of a   
,maryland farm1 #abe      of ,isle      
,royale1 ecological distribution of1    
#adh      photographing1 #ei1 #fa       
protecting woodlands1 #abd              
protection1 #abd      protection of     
useful1 #abg      quantitative study1   
#ei1 #fj      regulative action upon    
insect oscillations1 #abc               
statistical study1 #ei1 #fj      stomach
 contents1 estimating1 #fb      study   

#ci1 #fj1 #fa      ,birds' eggs1        
collecting1 #eh      ,birds' nests1     
collecting1 #eh      ,bismarck          
,archipelago1 bird habitats1 #acg       
,black bass as a microcosmic center1 #di
      ,blind species of cave fauna1     
origin1 #add      ,blissus leucopterus  
,say1 #bj      ,blond ring-dove1 #aaj   
,blue flag1 fruiting1 #adb              
,bluebird1 #aag      ,bluejay1 #aag     
,bohn's studies in animal behavior1 #ajg
      ,boll worm1 report on1 #gg        
,bombus1      behavior1 #abj      see   
also ,humble-bee      ,borers1 wood1 #gg
      ,brackish waters of ,lower ,elbe1 
fauna1 #ach      ,breeding habits1      
bark beetles1 #gf      birds1 of ,north 
,america1 #aji      crawfish1 #ajh      
horned dace1 #fc      snout beetles1 #gf
      ,bufo lentiginosus americanus ,le 
,conte1 #ajj      ,bumble-bee1      see 
,bombus      see also ,humble-bee       
,burrowing bee1 #acd      ,butterflies1 
biology1 #aah      drinking habits1 #aai
      food plants1 #gg        ,cactus1  

,arizona1 insect fauna1 #ace            
,cactus1      giant1 and its insect     
fauna1 #ace      insects1 #ace          
,caithness1 vegetation1 #hh             
,caledonia ,creek1 ,n4 ,y41 insects and 
animal forms1 #adg1 #adh      ,cambarus1
 #aac      ,cambarus affinis1 habit     
formation1 #ajf      ,camp cooking1 #fb 
,camping1 #eg1 #fj1 #fa1 #fe            
,capitalization1 #fi      ,carabid1     
early stages1 #gc      food relations1  
#abg      ,carbohydrates1 effect on     
resistance to lack of oxygen1 #ii       
,carbonic acid1 reaction of fish to1    
#aah      ,card-index system for        
records1 #fd      ,carrion-feeding      
insects1 #adf      ,castration1         
parasitic1 in insects1 #acj             
,catalogues of governmental             
publications1 #fe      ,caterpillars1   
#gd      reactions1 #ajf      ,cave     
associations1 #adc      ,cave           
environment1 #add1 #ade      ,cave      
fauna1      ,european1 #add      origin 
of blind species1 #add      ,cave       

habitats1 #aab1 #add                    
,cave-inhabiting bats1 habits and       
sensory adaptations1 #aab      ,cave    
life1      effect on ,arthropods1 #aja  
effect on nutrition1 #aja      effect on
 sense organs1 #aja      ,cell and its  
medium1 chemical studies1 #hh           
,census1      bird1 #ei                 
invertebrates1 #fb      of four square  
feet1 #eh1 #fb      ,centers of         
dispersal for beetles of ,north         
,america1 #ade      ,cerambycid1 food   
habits1 #gb      ,cestoda and           
,cestodaria1 index to literature of1    
#abi      ,chtognatha1                  
classification1 #aae      distribution  
vertically1 #aae      ,san ,diego       
region1 #aae      ,challenger1 #bc      
,change1 laws of1 #gi      ,changes1 in 
fresh-water habitats1 sequence1 #hf     
,changes1 in land habitats1 sequence1   
#hf      ,chemical stimulations1        
responses to1 #ig      ,chemical studies
 on the cell and its medium1 #hh        
,chicago1 physiographic ecology1 #hh    

,chicago region1 animal communities1    
#acd      ,chinch-bug1 #bj              
,chorology1 #b      ,chrysomelid        
beetles1 evolution1 #aai                
,chrysomelid1      aquatic1 #ge         
food habits1 #gb      ,cicindela1 #ij   
,cicindelid1      habits1 #aba      life
 histories and larval habits1 #aah      
,ciliary action of shell-fish1 #aad     
,circulars of ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of        
,entomology1 ,index to1 #gc      ,clams1
      eaten by ,fulgur1 #aaj      eaten 
by ,sycotypus1 #aaj      growth of the  
soft1 #aad      hard1 #aad      life    
history of the common1 #aad      soft1  
#aad      ,classification1 #ba          
animal habitats1 #ach      genetic1 #ef 
habitats1 #aci      mollusks' habitats1 
#ach      physiological1 #ba1 #aja1     
#acc1 #acd      ,climate1 influence upon
 insects1 #ace      ,climatic sequences1
 #ia      ,climax biotic associations1  
#cj      ,coccinellid1 food relations1  
#abg      ,cocooning habits of spiders1 
#aah      ,cold-blooded vertebrates1    

digestion influenced by season and      
temperature1 #ajj      ,cold ,spring    
,beach1 ,collembola1 #acf      ,cold    
,spring sand spit1 animal ecology1 #acf 
,coleoptera1      centers of dispersal1 
,north ,american1 #ade      food1 #gf1  
#gg      insectivorous1 #abg      of    
,isle ,royale1 #ade      transformations
 described1 #gb      ,collecting1 #di1  
#ej1 #ei1 #fa      directions for1 #ci  
natural history specimens1 #fc      of  
specimens1 #di1 #ej      ,collembola1   
,cold ,spring ,beach1 #acf              
,colonial forms1 #acb      ,colonies    
founded by ,atta sexdens1 #abh          
,color changes of tree frogs1 #aab      
,colors of insects1 warning1 #abh       
,commensals1 #acb      of ants1 #abj    
,community1      biotic1 #ada           
,epinomia1 #aci      gulls1 #ajf        
gulls1 organization1 #acd      living   
beings1 #f      social1 #ah1 #abc1 #aca 
,see also ,associations                 
,communities of land animals1 #ia1 #abd 
vegetational control1 #ij1 #acc         

,comparative method1 #ad1 #ae           
limits1 #ef      ,comparative           
physiology1 #ie      ,comparative       
psychology1 #abj      ,french work in1  
#ajg      limits1 #aji      ,competition
 of animals1 in new territory1 #abf     
,competition1      ants and plants1 #abf
      cotton boll weevil1 #abe          
,composition1      correct1 #fh         
handbook of1 #fi      scientific papers1
 #ff      ,condition1      of stress1   
#cj1 #ca      pathological1 #bf         
,conditions1      artificial and        
8pathological10 #bg      of existence1  
natural1 #if      of production in the  
sea1 #hg      ,conflict between         
organisms1 geometrical representation1  
#abe      ,conjugation1 lower organisms1
 #ig      ,contact1 reactions of        
dragon-fly nymphs to1 #aah      ,control
 of nature1 #cc      ,convoluta         
roscoffensis1 bionomics of green cells1 
#abg      ,cooking1 manual1 #eh         
,coperation in study1 #eb      ,coral1  
rose1 feeding reactions1 #aji           

,corn1 #acb      entomological ecology  
of ,indian1 #acb      ,corn plant1      
entomological ecology of ,indian1 #acb  
,correct composition1 #fh      ,cotton  
boll weevil1 insect enemies1 #abe       
,cotton insects1 #gb      enemies1 #gb  
,cotton worm1 report on1 #gg            
,courtship1 ,acridiid1 #aag             
,cowbirds1 #aag      ,crane flies1 #gf  
larval habits1 #gf      life histories1 
#gf      ,crawfish1      breeding       
habits1 #ajh      ecological catalogue1 
#aac      egg-laying1 #ajh      habit   
formation1 #ajf      habitats1 #aaf     
,pennsylvania1 #aaf      stream         
environment1 references1 #aac           
,cricket1 western1 #gg      ,criteria1  
ecological1 #af      in genetic studies1
 #ef      of the psychic1 #ajf          
,criterion of imitation1 #aag      ,crop
 rotation1 #bh      ,crows1 #aag        
,crustacea1 in grave1 #add      ,cryptic
 coloration1 #fb      testing by        
experiment1 #abe      ,cryptobranchus   
,allegheniensis1      habits1 #aai      

life history1 #aai      ,cryptozoic     
fauna of ,australasia1 #add             
,cuckoo1      behavior1 #aac      life1 
#aac      ,cultivation of turtles1 #aaj 
,cycle of matter1 in the sea1 #hg       
,cycles1 vegetative1 causes1 #hh        
,dace1 horned1 #fc      ,danish lakes1  
plankton investigations1 #adj           
,danish waters1 ecology of grass-wrack  
in1 #hi      ,danube and its delta1     
biology affected by floods1 #ade        
,death feigning1      ,belostoma 7      
,zaitha7 flumineum ,say1 #aah           
instinct1 #aac      ,nepa apiculata     
,say1 #aah      ,ranatra1 #aac          
,death of lower organisms1 #ig          
,decrease of birds1 #abd                
,describing environments1 #de           
,descriptive method1 #ad      ,desert   
species1      of ,amphibians1 #adh      
of reptiles1 #adh      ,determination1  
of specimens1 #di1 #ea      of specimens
 at museums1 #eb      ,determined       
specimens1 series of1 #eb               
,development1 #ib1 #ic      ants1 #abj  

effect of environment on mollusks1 #ajj 
environment1 #de1 #df      individual1  
#ig      oysters1 #aab      optima1 #id 
problem1 #ih      ,developmental or     
explanatory method1 #ad1 #ae            
,digestion in cold-blooded vertebrates1 
influence of season and                 
temperature1 #ajj      ,diptera1        
aquatic nematocerous1 #ge      catalogue
 of ,north ,american1 #ga      ,north   
,american1 catalogue1 #ga               
,directions for collection1 #ci1 #eg    
,directory1 ,naturalist's1 #ec          
,disadvantages of non-ecological        
surveys1 #ca      ,diseases1 mussels1   
#aai      ,distribution1      fish1 #fd 
,planarians1 local1 #aai      vertically
 of ,chtognatha1 ,san ,diego region1    
#aae      ,domestic animals1 #acb       
psychic development of young1 #aae      
,dominance1 #dg      ,dominant animals1 
#dg1 #dh      ,donaciin1 natural history
 of larv1 #aji      ,dragon flies1 vs4  
mosquitoes1 #gb      ,dragon-fly nymphs1
      ecology1 #aah      keys1 #ge      

reactions to contact and light1 #aah    
,drinking habits1      butterflies1 #aai
      moths1 #aai      ,drosophila1     
convulsive reflexes1 #aji               
reactions1 #aji      ,dunes1 bee fauna1 
#aci      ,dynamic conceptions1 #hj     
,dynamic principles1 #hf      ,dynamic  
relation1 #he      ,dynamic relations1  
of aggregations1 #acj      of           
associations1 #acj      of environment1 
#hb      ,dynamic standpoint1 #ia1 #aja 
,dynamic status1 #bi1 #ca      ,dynamic 
theory and physiological problems1 #ig  
,dynamical interpretation1 #hb          
,dynamics of living matter1 #if         
,earthworm1      behavior modifiable1   
#aje      movements1 #aje               
quantitative studies1 #eh               
,echinoderms1 food1 #abf                
,ecological catalogue of crawfish1 #aac 
,ecological criteria1 #af               
,ecological distribution of birds of    
,isle ,royale1 #adh      ,ecological    
features of evolution1 #ba              
,ecological ideas1 educational value1   

#adf      ,ecological organization of   
museums1 #bb      ,ecological relations1
      of entomophilous flora and        
anthophilous insect fauna of ,illinois1 
#adb      of invertebrate fauna of ,isle
 ,royale1 #adf      ,ecological study1  
of cave plankton1 ,shawnee ,cave1 #ade  
of lake plankton1 #adj      ,ecological 
succession1 #ba1 #ij1 #aja1 #abd        
birds1 #abd1 #acc      causes in ponds1 
#acc      fish in ponds and streams1    
#acc      land animals1 #acc            
mammals of ,isle ,royale1 #ade      on  
an oyster reef1 #aab      ,ecological   
surveys1 #bc1 #bd1 #fg      ,ecological 
training for surveys1 #cb      ,ecology1
 #a1 #b1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #fj      and    
economic problems1 #aad      and        
geology1 #bb      art of1 #cc           
associational1 #bd      fish of ,walnut 
,lake1 #adg      history1 #acc1 #ach    
point of view1 #h      relation to      
economic entomology1 #ba      relation  
to geology and paleontology1 #aj        
relation to man1 #aj1 #aa      relation 

to physiology1 #h      relation to      
sociology1 #aj      relation to         
teaching1 #ac1 #ad      research        
methods1 #hh      ,economic entomology1 
#bi1 #ga1 #gd1 #ge      bibliography1   
#gd1 #ge      bibliography of ,american1
 #ga1 #ge      relation to ecology1 #ba 
,economic problems and ecology1 #aad    
,economic value1      of birds1 #abf    
of ,pecten irradians1 #ajh              
,economic zologist1 #bi      ,economic  
zology1 #bi      ,educational value of  
ecological ideas1 #adf      ,effects1   
similar1 of diverse stimuli1 #ih        
,egg-laying crawfish1 #ajh              
,egg-laying sites1 ,orthoptera1 #acg    
,eggs1      collecting birds'1 #eh      
of birds of ,north ,america1 #aji       
,elbe ,river1 fauna of lower1 #ach      
,emergency surgery1 #fe      ,emotion in
 pigeons1 #aaj      ,enchytrid1 #eh     
,encroachments of civilization1 #bf     
,enemies1 protection of animals from1   
#abe      ,english in science1 better1  
#fg      ,english sparrow1 #bh1 #aag    

psychology1 #aag      ,entomological    
,commission1      of ,u4 ,s41 report on 
cotton and boll worm1 #gg      of ,u4   
,s41 report on ,rocky ,mountain locust1 
#gf      of ,u4 ,s41 report on western  
cricket1 #gg      ,entomological ecology
 of ,indian corn plant1 #acb            
,entomological work of ,townend ,glover1
 #gc      ,entomological writings of ,a4
 ,s4 ,packard1 #gd      ,entomologists' 
reports1      ,illinois1 index1 #gd     
,missouri1 #gg      ,new ,york1 #gd     
,entomology1      bibliography of       
,american economic1 #ga1 #ge            
catalogue of publications on1 #ga       
economic1 see ,economic entomology      
,entomophilous flora1 ecological        
relations to anthophilous insect        
fauna1 #adb      ,environment1 #e       
and the animal1 adjustment between1 #abb
      describing1 #de      development1 
#de1 #df      effect on development of  
mollusks1 #ajj      effect on insects1  
#if1 #ig      effect on limpet1 #aja    
effect on snails1 #ajj      fish1 #fd1  

#aah      fitness1 #he      great       
changes1 #bf      gross evolution1 #hf  
making to order1 #cc      natural1 and  
behavior1 #aaj      natural or normal1  
#cd      orderly sequence1 #gi          
original conditions1 #be1 #bf           
parasites1 #abf      sequence of        
changes1 #ajd      ,epeira1 habits1     
instincts1 #aag      ,ephemerid1 #gf    
,epinomia triangulifera ,vachal1 bee    
community1 #aci      ,equilibrium1      
relative1 #cj1 #ca      ,ethological    
maladjustments of ants1 #abf            
,ethological observations on an ant1    
#abj      ,ethological study1           
comparative1 of spiders1 #ach           
,ethology1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #ei      and  
mutation theory1 #bb      ants1         
comparative1 #adi      diagram of       
subdivisions1 #acc      history1 #acc   
subdivisions1 in diagrams1 #acc         
,europe1      cave fauna1 #add          
plant galls1 #adc      ,evaporating     
power of air1 vegetational control of1  
relative1 #ij      ,evaporation1        

and plant societies1 #ij      and soil  
moisture1 #fb      open and wooded      
areas1 #ia      plant societies and1 #fd
      ,evolution1 #i      and           
adaptation1 #ig      as a process1 #aj  
ecological features of1 #ba             
experimental1 #if      mutual aid a     
factor of1 #acc      of life and ,salpa1
 #abc      organic1 and baseleveling1   
#hf      ,existence1      natural       
conditions1 #if      struggle for1 #b1  
#abb1 #abc      ,experiment ,station    
,record1 #gf      ,experimental         
evolution1 #if      ,experimental       
morphology1 #ie      ,experimental      
study1 limits1 #ajc      ,experimental  
zology1 #if      ,explanatory or        
developmental method1 #ad1 #ae          
,exploration1 scientific1 #fc           
,external relations1 #a      ,extremes1 
influence1 #ih      ,eyes1      frog1   
#aaj      insects1 #aaj      slug1 #aaj 
snail1 #aaj      sow bug1 #aaj          
various types and image-forming powers1 
#aaj      worms1 #aaj        ,factor of 

evolution1 mutual aid a1 #acc           
,factors1      influence of the slowest1
 #ih      limiting1 #ih      ,family1   
#acb      ,fauna1      and flora of the 
sea bottom1 #fd      cave1 #aja1 #aab1  
#adc1 #add1 #ade      cryptozoic of     
,australasia1 #add      ,germany1       
classified by habitat1 #acd      grave1 
#add      ,indiana caves1 #add          
,mayfield's ,cave1 #adc      of brackish
 waters of ,lower ,elbe1 #ach      of   
,kiel ,bay1 #ach      pond1 #adh        
quantitative determination in brackish  
waters1 #acg      salt water1 #aaa      
,faunal significance of baseleveling1   
#hf      ,feeding habits1      slugs1   
#abe      snails1 #abe      ,venus      
mercenaria1 #aad      ,feeding reactions
 of rose coral1 #aji      ,feeding      
reflexes of shell-fish1 #aad            
,fertilization of flowers1 #adb         
,field ants1 #adi      ,field           
naturalist1 #cg      ,field notes1 #db  
numbers in1 #ej1 #ea      recording1 #db
      ,field study1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch       

plan1 #cf      ,field work1 primary aim1
 #da      ,fish1      associations of a 
lake1 #adg      associations of         
,illinois1 #adj      distribution1 #fd  
ecological succession1 #acc             
environment and distribution1 #fd       
environment1 index to1 #aah      feeding
 grounds1 affected by vegetation1 #ij   
food1 #gf1 #abc      food relations of  
fresh-water1 #abc      habitats of      
,illinois1 #adj      habits1 #fc1 #aab  
,illinois1 #adj      lateral-line organs
 of1 functions1 #aaf      life          
histories1 #aab      marine vegetation1 
#hi      metabolism1 #ajj      methods  
of study1 #ci      of a small stream1   
#adg      organ of sense1 #aac          
organ of taste1 #aac      physiological 
responses of1 #aab      pond1 #acc      
productivity in standing and running    
water1 #aja      reaction to atmospheric
 gases in water1 #aah      reaction to  
carbonic acid1 #aah      reaction to    
oxygen1 #aah      rheotropism in1 #aae  
sense of hearing1 #aaf      spawning    

habits of1 #aab      stream1 #acc       
submerged vegetation affecting feeding  
ground1 #ij      ,fitness of            
environment1 #he      ,floods of lower  
,danube affecting biological conditions1
 #ade      ,florida mangroves forming   
animal habitats1 #hi      ,flowers1     
and insects1 #adb1 #adc      animal     
visitors1 #ada1 #adb      bees and1 #ada
      fertilization1 #adb               
pollination of1 in relation to animals1 
#ada1 #adb      ,food1      beetles1    
#abf      birds1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj       
butterflies1 #gg      ,coleoptera1 #gg  
,echinoderms1 #abf      fish1 #abc      
insects1 #abh      lizards1 #abi        
nestling birds1 #abh      oysters1 #aab 
predaceous beetles1 #acj      serpents1 
#abi      snails1 #abe                  
,turbellarian1 #abg      woodpeckers1   
#abf      ,food habits1      back       
beetles1 #gf      ,cerambycid1 #gb      
,chrysomelid1 #gb      ,coleoptera1 #gg 
grosbeaks1 #abh      larval ,acalyptrate
 ,muscid1 #gh      longicorn beetles1   

#gg      ,rhynchophora1 #gb      snout  
beetles1 #gf      ,food of animals1     
in ,kiel ,bay1 #abi      of sea-bottom1 
#fc1 #acf      ,food plants1      of    
,coleoptera1 #gg      of forest insects1
 #gf      ,food relations1              
,carabid1 #abg      cave animals1 #add  
,coccinellid1 #abg      ,forest         
influences1 #ij      ,forest insects1   
classified by food plants1 #gf      life
 histories1 #gd      literature1 #gd    
,forest invasion on alluvial flats1 #hi 
,forest types1 determining1 #hi         
,foresters1 nature's1 #abd              
,forestry1 #eh      ,forests1 insect    
depredations in1 #abg      ,form        
regulation1 #ig      ,formation1 #fj    
,french work in comparative psychology1 
#ajg      ,fresh-water ,amphipods1 #aaa 
,fresh-water animals and plants1        
biological relations1 #acj              
,fresh-water biology1 keys to organisms1
 #gh      ,fresh-water biology1         
technique1 #fb      ,fresh-water fish1  
food relations1 #abc      ,fresh-water  

habitats1 changes1 #hf      ,fresh-water
 mollusks1 habitats1 #adg               
,fresh-water mussels1 pearly1 #aai      
,fresh-water ,planarians1 reactions1    
#aaf      ,fresh-water plants and       
animals1 biological relations1 #acj     
,fruiting of blue flag1 #adb            
,fulgur eating oysters1 mussels1 and    
clams1 #aaj      ,function1      of     
lateral-line organs of fish1 #aaf       
of mucus of shell-fish1 #aad            
,fungi1      and ants1 #abh      and    
bark beetles1 #abg        ,galls1       
animals in relation to plant1 #ada      
insect1 #adc      on ,european plants1  
#adc      ,gases1      dissolved in     
water1 biological significance1 #hg     
reaction of fish to atmospheric1 #aah   
,general physiology1 #ie      ,general  
principles1 value of1 #da      ,genetic 
classification1 #ef      ,genetic       
method1 #ae      ,genetic psychology1   
limits1 #aji      ,genetic relation of  
types of action1 #ajf      ,genetic     
standpoint1 #ia1 #aja      ,genetic     

studies1 criteria in1 #ef               
,geographic life centers1 #ii           
,geologic processes1 #hf                
,geological investigation1 relation to  
biology1 #bb      ,geology and ecology1 
#bb      ,glade1      ants1 #adi        
associations of ants1 #adi      ,glover1
 ,townend1 entomological work1 #gc      
,governmental publications1 catalogues1 
#fe      ,grackles1 #aji                
,grasshoppers1      short-horned1       
associational groupings1 #adh           
short-horned1 habitats1 #adh            
,grass-wrack1 ecology of1 in ,danish    
waters1 #hi      ,grave1 fauna of the1  
#add      ,green cells of ,convoluta    
roscoffensis1 bionomics1 #abg           
,grosbeaks1 food habits1 #abh           
,gross environment1 evolution1 #hf      
,growth1 #ib1 #ic1 #ig      affected by 
environment1 #ajj      influence of     
stimuli upon1 #ie      quahaug1 #ajh    
soft clam1 #aad      ,venus mercenaria1 
#aad      ,guiana forest1 struggle for  
life in1 #abd      ,gull community1     

organization1 #ajf1 #acd      ,gypsy    
moth1 #gd      enemies of1 #gd          
,habitats1 #e1 #fj      affected by     
baseleveling1 #hf      amphibians1 #adh 
animal1 formed by plants1 #hi1 #ia      
animals classified by1 #acd      ants1  
#acg1 #adi      beetles1 #ade      bird 
preferences1 #adh      birds1 #acg      
birds in summer1 #adf      cave1 #aab1  
#adc1 #add      classification1 #ei1    
#ach1 #aci      ,collembola1 #acf       
crawfish1 #aaf      dune1 #aci      fish
 of ,illinois1 #adj      formed by river
 floods1 #ade      fresh-water1 #hf     
grasshoppers1 #adh      history of their
 recognition1 #ach      inland1 #ia     
insects1 #abh1 #ace      invertebrate1  
#adf      lake1 #hg      lake beach1    
#adg      lake fauna1 #adj      lake1   
for fish1 #adg      land1 #hf           
mammals1 #ade      marine animals1 #ace1
 #acf1 #adf      marsh for mollusks1    
#acg      mollusks1 #ach1 #ade1 #adg    
mollusks1 classification1 #ach          
mollusks of land and fresh water1       

classification1 #ach      moor1 #aci    
,oregon sea beach1 #adi                 
,orthoptera1 #acg      oyster1 #aaa1    
#aab1 #aca1 #acb      parasitic fauna1  
#abi      pond1 #adh      preferences of
 birds1 #adh      reptiles1 #adh        
sand areas1 #adf      sand prairie1 #aci
      sandy sea flats1 #acf1 #acg       
sea bottom1 #acf      shore animals1    
#aci      spiders1 #abe1 #ach           
stream1 #adg1 #adh      three           
dimensions1 #df      ,turbellarian1 #abg
      ,habits1      ,amphipods1 #aai    
,amphithoe longimana ,smith1 #aac       
cave-inhabiting bats1 #aab              
,cicindelid1 #aba      fish1 #fc1 #aab  
formation in crawfish1 #ajf             
formation in the turtle1 #aje           
,humble-bee1 #aah      ,leptinotarsa1   
#aai      mammals1 #aah      mammals of 
,north ,america1 #ajg      mating period
 of spiders1 #aae      ,plethodon1 #aag 
salamanders1 #aai      solitary wasps of
 ,texas1 #aac      spiders1 #aag1 #aah  
squirrels1 #aae      tortoises1 #aaf    

,venus mercenaria1 #aad      ,halictus1 
biocnose1 #acd      guests and          
parasites1 #acd      ,hearing in fish1  
sense of1 #aaf      ,heath ants1 #adi   
,hemiptera1 seasonal succession1 #ada   
,hemiptera-,heteroptera1 catalogue of   
,nearctic1 #ga      ,hibernation1 #aae  
influence on animal parasites1 #acj     
insects1 #abh      ,holland1 sandy flats
 of1 animals1 #acf1 #acg      ,homarus  
,americanus1 behavior of immature       
stages1 #aje      ,homing pigeons1      
methods1 #aac      ,honey-bee1 natural  
history1 #aji      ,horde1 #acb         
,human associations1 #aa      ,human    
behavior1 biological and psychological  
foundations1 #acc      ,humble-bee1     
domestication1 #aai      habits1 #aai   
life history1 #aai      ,humidity of    
air1 vegetational control of relative1  
#ij      ,humus1 effect on animal life  
of soil1 #ajj      ,huttonian theory1   
#hj      ,hydroides ,dianthus ,v41      
behavior modifiable1 #ajf               
,hydropsyche1 photographing nets of1 #fd

      ,hymenoptera of ,n4 ,america1     
bibliography1 #gc      catalogue of     
species1 #gc      ,hypermetamorphic     
beetles1 #aci      ,hypotheses1 multiple
 working1 #ee        ,ideas1            
biometric1 #fc      life history of     
scientific1 #eg      ,illinois1         
ecological relations of entomophilous   
flora and anthophilous insect           
fauna1 #adb      fish1 #adj      sand   
areas1 biology1 #adf      sand prairies1
 associational study1 #aci      ,state  
,entomologist's reports1 #gd            
,illinois ,river1 entomology1 #gd       
plankton1 #adg      ,image-forming      
powers of eyes of various types1 #aaj   
,imitation1      and intelligence in    
birds1 #aag      criterion1 #aag        
,index1      ,agricultural reports of   
the ,u4 ,s4 patent office1 #gb          
circulars1 ,u4 ,s4 ,entomology ,bureau1 
#gc      ,experiment ,station ,record1  
#gf      ,illinois ,state entomologist's
 reports1#gd      ,insect ,life1 #gb    
,lintner's ,new ,york ,state            

entomologist's reports1 #gd             
,missouri reports on insects1 #gg       
,ontario entomological society reports1 
#gb      ,orthoptera of ,north ,america1
 #gg      papers on biological survey of
 ,u4 ,s41 #abh      ,riley's ,missouri  
entomological reports1 #gg      ,index  
catalogue of medical and veterinary     
zology1 #abi      ,indian corn1 see     
,corn      ,indiana1      caves and     
their fauna1 #add      insect galls1    
#adc      ,individual development1 #ig  
,individual ecology1 #c1 #h1 #bc1 #bd   
and the associational unit1 #aca        
,influence1      of sessile habit1 #ajj 
of slowest factors1 #ih      ,inland    
habitats1 #ia      ,insect associations1
 changes in1 #abg      ,insect          
depredations in forests1 #abg           
,insect enemies of cotton boll weevil1  
#abe      ,insect fauna of the giant    
cactus of ,arizona1 #ace      ,insect   
galls1      ,europe1 #adc      ,indiana1
 #adc      ,new ,york1 #adc      ,insect
 guests of ,florida land tortoise1#ace  

,insect ,life1 #aaa      index1 #gb     
,insect oscillations regulated by birds1
 #abc      ,insectivorous ,coleoptera1  
#abg      ,insects1      affecting park 
trees1 #gd      affecting the orange1   
#ge      affecting woodland trees1 #gd  
and animal forms of ,caledonia ,creek1  
,n4 ,y41 #adg1 #adh      aquatic1 #gd   
aquatic in ,adirondacks1 #ge            
bibliography1 #gd1 #ge      bionomics   
of1 #abh      cactus1 #ace              
carrion-feeding1 #adf      collecting1  
#eh      environmental influences upon1 
#if1 #ig      eyes1 #aaj      flowers   
and1 #adb1 #adc      food1 #abh         
habitats1 #abh1 #ace      hibernation1  
#abh      ,illinois1 #gd      in grave1 
#add      influence in economy of       
nature1 #ace      influenced by animal  
substances1 #ace      influenced by     
climate1 #ace      influenced by        
environment1 #ace      influenced by    
man1 #ace      influenced by plants1    
#ace      influenced by soil1 #ace      
initiating successions1 #abg            

instinct1 #abh      life histories1 #gj1
 #gc      life histories in ,lintner's  
,new ,york ,state entomologist's        
reports1          #gd      mimicry of   
,south ,african1 #abh      ,missouri1   
#gg      motions1 #abh                  
,neuropteroid1 synopsis1 catalogue1 and 
bibliography1 #ga      ,new ,mexico1    
#adh      ,new ,york1 #gd      noises1  
#abh      parasitic and other kinds of  
castration in1 #acj      parasitism1    
#abi1 #acj      preserving1 #eh         
protective adaptations against birds by1
 #abe      seasonal succession1 #ada    
senses1 #aaa      social community1 #ace
      social life1 #aaa      societies1 
#abh      stratagems1 #abh      study1  
#ei      systematic literature1 #ga     
warning colors of ,south ,african1 #abh 
,instinct1      and intelligence1 #abj  
birds1 #aac      blindness of1 #ajc     
death-feigning1 #aac      insects1 #abh 
,leptinotarsa1 #aai      raccoons1 #aaj 
spiders1 #aag      ,instruments1 #eg1   
#ei      ,integrative action of nervous 

system1 #ih      ,intelligence1      and
 imitation in birds1 #aag      and      
instinct1 #abj      animal1 of the      
raccoon1 #aaa      birds1 #aac          
evolution of animal1 #aad      nature   
and development of animal1 #aae         
raccoons1 #aaj1 #aaa      ,interactions 
of organisms1 #di1 #abc      ,internal  
relations1 #a      ,interpretation1     
dynamical1 #hb      ,interrelations1 #e 
between forests and insects1 #abg       
of the social community1 #aca           
parasitic1 of the bee community1 #aci   
,introducing noxious animals1 #abd      
,invertebrate animals of ,vineyard      
,sound1 #acf      ,invertebrate fauna of
 ,isle ,royale1 ecological relations1   
#adf      ,invertebrates1      census1  
#fb      life histories1 #gj1 #acf      
marine1 #acf1 #adf      ,investigation1 
methods of scientific1 #ef      ,iris   
versicolor ,l41 fruiting1 #adb          
,isle ,royale1      as biotic           
environment1 #ia      birds1 ecological 
succession1 #abd1 #acc      birds'      

habitats1 #adh      ecology of          
,coleoptera1 #ade      ecological       
relations of invertebrate fauna1 #adf   
mammals of1 ecological succession1 #ade 
,isophyllia1 feeding reactions1 #aji    
,isopods1      of ponds and streams1    
responses1 #ajf      physiological      
states and rheotaxis1 #ajf              
reactions of surface and subterranean1  
#ajh      reactions to light1 #ajh      
,jutland1 sandy flats of1 animals1 #acf1
 #acg        ,kiel ,bay1      fauna1    
#ach      food of animals in1 #abi      
,krakatau1 new flora1 #hi        ,lack  
of oxygen1 resistance affected by       
carbohydrates1 #ii      ,lake as a      
microcosm1 #abc1 #aca      ,lake beach1 
habitat1 #adg      dbris1 ,sarcophagid  
with relation to1 #adg      ,lake fauna1
      associational study1 #adj         
correlated with vegetation1 #adj        
habitats1 #adj      ,lake1 fish         
associations of a1 #adg      ,lake      
habitat1      changes in1 #hg      fish1
 #adg      ,lake1 respiration of an     

inland1 #hg      ,lake shore1 animal    
associations1 #acd      ,lakes1         
gases dissolved in waters1 #hg          
plankton investigations of ,danish1 #adj
      ,land animal communities1         
controlled by vegetation1 #ij           
vegetation and control1 #abd1 #acc      
,land animals1      ecological          
succession1 #acc      origin1 #adh      
,land forms1 changing1 #hf      ,land   
habitats1 changes1 #hf      ,land       
tortoise of ,florida1 insect guests1    
#ace      ,larval habits of tiger       
beetles1 #aah      ,larv1               
catalogue1 #gg      classification of   
,lepidopterous1 #gc      ,coleopterous1 
table of families1 #ge      ,donaciin1  
natural history1 #aji                   
,lepidopterous1 #gc1 #gh      saw-fly1  
#gh      ,lateral-line organs of fish1  
functions1 #aaf      ,law of response to
 strain1 #he      ,laws of change1      
orderly sequence1 #gi      ,laws of     
regulation1      in behavior1 #aje      
in insect oscillations1 #abc      in    

metabolism1 #he      ,laws of sequence1 
in adjustment between animal and        
environment1 #abb      in animals1 #ib1 
#ic      in environment1 #gi      within
 the animal1 #ib      ,leech1 behavior1 
#aba      ,lepidoptera1      and        
temperature extremes1 #ii      field    
tables1 #gd      larv1 #gc1 #gh         
larv1 classification1 #gc               
transformations of described1 #gc       
,leptinotarsa1      behavior1 #aai      
habits1 #aai      instincts1 #aai       
,leptothorax ,emersoni ,wheeler1        
ethological observations1 #abj          
,life and chemistry1 #ig      ,life     
centers1 geographic1 #ii      ,life     
histories1      aquatic ,nematocerous   
,diptera1 #ge      fish1 #aab           
insects1 #gc      insects and allied    
invertebrates1 #gj      insects1 in     
,lintner's ,new ,york ,state            
entomologist's reports1 #gd             
mammals1 #aah      ,odonata1 #gf        
physiological1 #ag      salamanders1    
#aai      tiger beetles1 #aah      ,life

 history1      common clam1 #aad        
humble-bee1 #aai      quahaug1 #ajh     
scientific ideas1 #eg      ,life1       
maintenance1 #ig      nature1 #ig       
origin1 #ig      ,light1      and       
behavior of organisms1 #aae             
locomotor responses of animals to white1
 #ajg      reactions of ,amphibians1    
#aaf      reactions of dragon-fly nymphs
 to1 #aah      reactions of ,isopods to1
 #ajh      reactions of ,planarians to1 
#aje      white1 locomotor responses of 
animals to1 #ajg      ,limiting factors1
 #ih      ,limpet1 environmental        
studies1 #aja      ,limulus1 behavior of
 early stages1 #aje      ,lists1 local1 
#dh      ,literature1 limitations and   
value1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd      ,living       
matter1 dynamics1 #if      ,lizards1    
behavior1 #aaf      food1 #abi          
,pennsylvania1 #abi      ,lobster1      
behavior1 #aje1 #aac      natural       
history of the ,american1 #aac          
,local lists1 #dh      ,locomotion of   
starfish1 direction1 #aaj               

,locomotor responses to white light1    
#ajg      ,locust1 ,rocky ,mountain1 #gg
      ,logs1 fauna under1 #add          
,louisiana1 marine food mollusks1 #aad  
,lower organisms1      age1 #ig         
behavior1 #if1 #aje1 #ajg               
conjugation1 #ig      death1 #ig        
,lycosid1      ecology1 #abe            
habitats1 #abe      ,lymna ,columella   
,say1 effects of environment on growth1 
#ajj      ,lymnas1 ecology1 #ajh        
,lymnid1 ecology1 #ajh      ,lymnus     
,eleodes ,say1 behavior1 #abj           
,maize1 see ,indian ,corn               
,maladjustments of plants and ants1 #abf
      ,mammal associations1 #ade        
,mammal successions1 #ade      ,mammals1
      bibliography of ,north ,american1 
#ajg      collecting1 #eh      habits1  
#aah      habits of ,north ,american1   
#ajg      ,isle ,royale1 ecological     
succession1 #ade      life histories1   
#aah      methods of study1 #ci         
,man1 influence upon insects1 #ace      
,mangroves1 ,florida1 #hi      ,manual  

of style1 #fh      ,manuscript          
arrangement1 #fi      ,marine animals1  
and vegetation1 #hi      associational  
study1 #acf      associations1 #ace     
collecting1 #eg      distribution1 #aci 
food of1 in ,kiel ,bay1 #abi            
habitat study1 #acf      ,marine food   
mollusks of ,louisiana1 #aad            
,marine habitats of animals1 #ace       
,marine invertebrates1 #adf      ,marine
 life1 quantitative study1 #abd         
,marine vegetation and animal           
associations1 #hi      ,marsh habitats1 
mollusks1 #acg      ,maryland farm1     
birds of a1 #abe      ,massachusetts    
shell-fisheries1 #ajh      ,mating      
instincts1 of walking-stick1 #aai       
,mating period of spiders1 habits1 #aae 
,mayfield ,cave fauna1 #adc      ,mayfly
 nymphs1 keys1 #ge1 #gf      ,meadow    
ants1 #adi      ,media1 changes in1 #hh 
,medical zology1 bibliography1 #abi     
,metabolism1 #ib1 #ic      fish1 #ajj   
in the sea1 #hg      ,method1           
comparative1 limitations1 #ef           

genetic1 #ef      historical1 #ef       
scientific1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg      ,methods1
      biometric1 #fc      of homing     
pigeons1 #aac      of investigation1    
energy1 agent and process1 #ef      of  
microscopic anatomy1 #fb      of study1 
#ad1 #ci      of studying birds1 fish1  
mammals1 #ci      ,microcosm1 #d        
lake as a1 #abc1 #aca      ,microscopic 
anatomy1 methods1 #fb      ,migration1  
influence on animal parasites1 #acj     
of birds1 #aji      of birds1 as a      
response1 #aji1 #aaj      ,migratory    
plant formations1 #hh      ,mimicry1 #db
      of insects of ,south ,africa1 #abh
      ,missouri1      insects1 #gg      
insects1 index of reports on1 #gg       
,modifiability of behavior of ,hydroides
 ,dianthus ,v41 #ajf                    
,modifications1      of behavior1 #ic   
of behavior by experience1 #ajf         
,molluscan associations1 local1 #acg    
,molluscan succession1 associational    
study1 #acg      ,mollusk fisheries of  
,massachusetts1 #ajh      ,mollusks1    

associations1 #ach      collecting1 #eh 
ecology1 #adg      effect of            
environment1 #ajj      habitats1 #ach1  
#ade1 #adg      habitats in fresh water1
 #adg      of ,louisiana1 marine food1  
#aad      of ,skokie ,marsh area1       
ecology1 #acg      ,mongoose1 #bh       
,morphology1 experimental1 #ie          
,mosquitoes1 ,dragonflies vs41 #gb      
,moth1 ,yucca1 #adb      ,moths1        
drinking habits1 #aai      reactions1   
#ajf      ,mourning-cloak butterfly1    
phototropism1 #aaf      ,movements1     
physiology1 #ajg      ,mucus1 function  
of1 in shell-fish1 #aad      ,mud snail1
 behavior1 #aaa      ,multiple working  
hypotheses1 #ee      ,muscid1           
,acalyptrate1 #gh      ,museum exhibit  
of ,american birds1 ecological1 #ade1   
#adf      ,museums1      determination  
of specimens at1 #eb      relation to   
ecology1 #bb      use of ecological     
ideas1 #ade1 #adf      ,mussels1        
artificial propagation of fresh-water1  
#aad1 #aae      diseases1 #aai          

eaten by ,fulgur1 #aaj      eaten by    
,sycotypus1 #aaj      enemies1 #aai     
pearly fresh-water1 enemies and         
diseases1 #aai      pearly fresh-water1 
habits1 #aai      pearly fresh-water1   
protection1 #aai      reproduction of   
fresh-water1 #aad1 #aae      ,mutation  
theory and ethology1 #bb      ,mutual   
aid1 a factor of evolution1 #acc        
,mya arenaria1      growth1 #aad        
life history1 #aad      ,myriapods1     
collecting1 #eh      systematic         
literature1 #ga        ,nassa obsoleta1 
#aaj      ,natural conditions of        
existence1 #if      ,natural            
environments1 #bf      ,natural history1
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,amia calva ,l41 #aag      ,amphithoe1  
#aac      honey-bee1 #aji      larv of  
,donaciin1 #aji      starfish1 #aae     
surveys1 #bc1 #cj      ,natural         
preserves1 #cd1 #ch      ,naturalist's  
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nurture1 #ag      control1 #cc          
,nature's foresters1 #abd      ,nearctic

 ,hemiptera-,heteroptera1 catalogue1 #ga
      ,nearctic spiders1 #gb            
,necturus1 behavior1 #aba               
,nematocerous ,diptera1      aquatic1   
#ge      aquatic1 stages1 #ge      ,nepa
 apiculata ,uhler1 death-feigning1 #aah 
,nervous system1      integrative       
action1 #ih      origin of1 in sponges1 
#aaf      regulatory action1 #ih        
,nestling birds1 food1 #abh      ,nests1
      ants1 #abg      collecting birds'1
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distribution of animal life in1 #adh    
insects1 #adh      reptiles1 #adh       
,new ,york1      insect galls1 #adc     
,state entomologist's reports1 #gd      
,nomenclature1      ecological1 for     
plants1 #fj      phytogeographical1 #bb 
,non-ecological surveys1 #ca            
,normal1      as ideal1 #bg             
conditions1 #bg      departure from1 #ih
      processes of nature1 #bf          
,north ,carolina1 oyster industry1 #aab 
,notebook1 aluminum1 #dd      ,note     
slips1 #cg1 #dd      ,note taking1 #db1 

#de1 #fa      ,noxious animals1         
introducing1 #abd      ,numbering       
specimens1 #ej1 #ea      ,numerals1 #fi 
,nurmijrvi ,lake1 fauna and vegetation1 
#aci      ,nurture and nature1 #ag      
,nutrition of ,arthropods1 affected by  
cave life1 #aja      ,nymphs1           
dragon-fly1 #gf      ,mayfly1 #gf       
,zygoptera1 keys1 #gf        ,oak gall  
flies1 and oak galls1 #adc              
,oceanography1 #ba      ,odonata1       
life histories1 #gf      transformations
 described1 #gb      cology1 see        
,ecology      ,oligochta1 #eh           
,ontario1 ,entomological ,society of1   
index to thirty annual reports1 #gb     
,optima1 #ih      development1 #id      
of ,chtognatha1 #aae      physiological1
 #bg      vital1 #bg1 #id      ,optimum1
 #cj1 #id      associational1 #id       
departure from1 #ih      vital          
conditions1 #ii      vital1 in caves1   
#add      ,orange1 insects affecting    
the1 #ge      ,orchestia palustris1     
habits and life history1 #aai           

,orderly sequence1      laws1 #ib1 #ic  
of behavior1 #aac      of disturbances  
by man1 #bg      of environment1 #gi    
,oregon beach1 beetles of an1 #adi      
,orientation among animals1 #aah        
,origin of land animals1 #adh           
,original conditions1 #bf1 #bg      of  
environment1 #be1 #bf      ,oriole1     
,baltimore1 #aag      ,organ of taste1  
fish1 #aac      ,organic parasitism1    
#abf      ,organism1      ant colony as 
an1 #aca      as agent1 #d              
,organisms1      behavior of lower1 #if1
 #ajg      geometrical representations  
of the conflict between1 #abe           
interactions1 #di1 #abc      lower1     
behavior1 #if1 #ajg      physiology1 #if
      responses to light1 #aae          
,organization of gull community1 #ajf1  
#acd      ,organs1 physiology1 #if      
,ornithological balance-wheel1 #abc     
,orthoptera1      biology1 #aja         
classification of1 by egg-laying sites1 
#acg      habitats1 #acg      index to  
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of oyster beds1 #aca      ,oxygen1      
effects of lack of1 on sea-urchin1 #ii  
physiological effects of lack1 #ii      
reaction of fish to1 #aah               
resistance to lack of1 increased1 #ii   
,oyster1 #ah1 #aad1 #aca      ,oyster   
bank1 #ah      as social community1 #acb
      ,oyster bed1 #f      overfishing1 
#aca      succession of animals on1 #aca
      ,oyster culture1 #f1 #ah1 #aca    
,oyster1      development1 #aab         
food1 #aab      ,oyster grounds of      
,south ,carolina1 natural1 #aaa         
,oyster habitat1 #aaa      ,oyster      
industry of ,north ,carolina1 #aab      
,oyster reef affected by storms1 #aab   
,oysters1      eaten by ,fulgur1 #aaj   
eaten by ,sycotypus1 #aaj               
,painted turtle1 discriminative ability1
 #aji      ,papers1 composition of      
scientific1 #ff      ,papers1           
preparation for publication1 #fe1 #fh   
,papilionid1 seasonal succession1 #adj  
,paragraphing1 #fi      ,parasites1 #acb
      a function of habitat1 #abi       

,american ,rhynchophora1 #gf            
burrowing bee1 #acd      influence of   
hibernation on animal1 #acj             
influence of migration on animal1 #abi  
,sebago salmon1 #abi      ,parasitic    
castration in insects1 #acj             
,parasitic environment1 #abf            
,parasitic fauna1 relation to habitat1  
#abi      ,parasitic interrelations of  
bee community1 #aci      ,parasitism1   
#abi      insect1 #abi1 #acj            
organic1 #abf      social1 #abf         
,park trees1 insects affecting1 #gd     
,parks for ecological study1 #ch        
,parrots1 #aji      ,passenger pigeon1  
#aag      ,pathological condition1 #bf  
,pathological conditions1 artificial    
and1 #bg      ,pecten irradians1        
economic value1 #ajh      growth1 #ajh  
habits1 #ajh      life history1 #ajh    
,pennsylvania1      crawfish1 #aaf      
lizards1 #abi      serpents1 #abi       
turtles1 #abi      ,phase rule1 #he     
,photography1 #eg1 #ei1 #fa1 #fe        
aquatic animals1 #fc1 #fd      birds1   

#ci      fish1 #ci      mammals1 #ci    
nets of ,hydropsyche 7aquatic71 #fd     
,phototaxis and random movements1 #aje  
,phototropism of ,mourning-cloak        
butterfly1 #aaf      ,phylogeny1 #ba1   
#if      of human behavior1 #acc        
,physa1 biology1 #aaj      ,physical    
change1 influence upon animals1 #he     
,physiographic ecology of ,chicago1 #hh 
,physiological chemistry1 #ie           
,physiological classification1 and      
ecological succession1 #ba      in      
ecology1 #aja1 #acc1 #acd               
,physiological conditions1 #ib1 #ic     
,physiological life histories of plants1
 #ag      ,physiological problems and   
dynamic theory1 #ig      ,physiological 
responses1      distribution due to1    
#aja1 #aab1 #acf      of fish1 #aab     
,physiological states and rheotaxis in  
,isopoda1 #ajf      ,physiology1        
comparative1 #ie      general1 #ie      
of organisms1 #if      of organs1 #if   
of reproduction1 #ajj                   
,phytogeographical nomenclature1 #bb1   

#fj      ,pigeon1      common1 #aag     
homing1 #aac      passenger1 #aag       
,pigeons1      emotion in1 #aaj         
methods of homing1 #aac      voices as  
means of social control1 #ajf1 #acd     
,planarians1      behavior1 #abj        
distribution locally1 #abj              
reactions of fresh-water1 #aaf          
reactions to light1 #aje      ,plane    
table manual1 #fd      ,plankton1 #fj1  
#adh      ecological study1 #adj        
investigations of ,danish lakes1 #adj   
of ,illinois river1 #adg      of        
,shawnee ,cave1 ecological study1 #ade  
organisms1 #ej      ,plant animals1 #abh
      ,plant ecology1 #ei               
bibliography1 #hi      general          
principles1 #hh1 #hi      ,plant        
formations1 stable and migratory1 #hh   
,plant galls1 #adc      animals in      
relation to1 #ada      biology and      
causes of ,european1 #adc      ,plant   
societies1      relation to evaporation1
 #fd1 #ij      relation to humidity1 #ij
      study of ,chicago1 #hh      ,plant

 succession1 #ij      relation to       
distribution of tiger beetles1 #ij      
,plants1      and ants1 #abf1 #abg      
and snails1 #abe      forming animal    
habitats1 #hi      influence upon       
insects1 #ace      life histories1      
physiological1 #ag      seasonal        
succession1 #adj      variation1 #if    
,play of animals1 #aab      ,plethodon  
cinereus erythronotus1      habits1 #aag
      larval state1 #aag      ,podurid1 
behavior and habitat1 #acf              
movements1 #acf      ,poisons1          
physiological effect of certain1 #ii    
,pollination1 animals in relation to1   
#ada      ,pollination of flowers1      
animals in relation1 #ada1 #adb         
,pollination of ,yucca1 #adb      ,pond1
      fauna1 #adh      fish1 ecological 
succession1 #acc      habitat1 #adh     
,isopods1 #ajf      ,pond snail1        
behavior1 #abj      ,pond1 solution1    
#adh      ,ponds1 seasonal succession in
 old forest1 #adj      ,porcupine       
mountains1 #ia      ,postglacial        

dispersal of biota1 #ia      ,potassium 
cyanide1 effects on sea-urchin1 #ii     
,potato beetles1 see ,leptinotarsa      
,predaceous beetles1 food1 #abf1 #acj   
,preservation of specimens1 #di1 #ej    
,preserves1 natural1 #cd1 #ch           
,principles1 value of general1 #da      
,process1 animal behavior as a1 #ajb    
,process method1      application1 #hf  
of investigation1 #ef      ,process of  
adjustment1 #cj1 #ca      in organisms1 
#abb      ,process of response1 #d      
,process standpoint1 #ia1 #aja          
applied to vegetation1 #hh              
,processes1      geologic1 #hf      of  
behavior1 #ic      of development1 #ic  
of growth1 #ic      of metabolism1 #ic  
of research1 #ee      regulatory        
character of physico-chemical and       
physiological1 #he      standpoint1 #hj1
 #ha1 #hb      ,production1 conditions  
of1 in the sea1 #hg      ,proof1        
correction1 #fh      ,proof-reading1    
#fe1 #fh      ,propagation1             
artificially1 of fresh-water mussels1   

#aad1 #aae      ,protection1      of    
birds1 #abd      of useful birds1 #abg  
,protective coloration1 #fb             
,protoplasm1 influence of stimuli upon1 
#ie      ,protoplasmic respiration1 #ig 
,psychic1      criteria1 #ajf           
development of young domestic animals1  
#aae      ,psychology1      comparative1
 #abj      comparative1 ,french work in1
 #ajg      ,english sparrow1 #aag       
limits of comparative and genetic1 #aji 
of ants1 #abj      ,publication1        
preparation of papers for1 #fe1 #fh     
,punctuation1 #fh1 #fi        ,quahaug1 
growth1 #ajh      life history1 #ajh    
,quantitative determination of fauna of 
lower ,elbe1 #ach      ,quantitative    
study1 #fa      animal life of          
sea-bottom1 #fc1 #abd1 #acf      of     
birds1 #ei1 #fj      of life of         
sea-bottom1 #fc1 #abd1 #acf             
,quarnerian ,gulf1 animals associated in
 the1 #ace        ,rabbits1 #bh         
,raccoon1 animal intelligence1 #aaa     
,raccoons1      instincts1 #aaj         

intelligence1 #aaj      sense1 #aaj     
visual discrimination1 #aaj             
,ranatra1 death-feigning1 #aac          
,random movements and phototaxis1 #aje  
,rations1 #fb      ,record keeping1 #fa 
,recording notes1 #fd      ,red-headed  
woodpecker1 #aag      ,reef1 ecological 
succession on an oyster1 #aab           
,regeneration as functional adjustment1 
#ih      ,regulation1      in behavior1 
#aje      of insect oscillations by     
birds1 #abc      regeneration as        
functional1 #ih      ,regulative action 
of nervous system1 #ih      ,regulatory 
character of physico-chemical and       
physiological processes1          #he   
,relative equilibrium1 #cj1 #ca         
,reproduction1      fresh-water mussels1
 #aad1 #aae      physiology1 #ajj       
,reptiles1      ,arizona1 #adh          
associations of desert species1 #adh    
collecting1 #eh      desert species1    
#adh      food of desert species1 #adh  
,new ,mexico1 #adh      ,research       
methods1      in plant ecology1 #ei1 #hh

      ,research1      processes1 #ee    
speculative method in1 #ee              
,respiration1      of an inland lake1   
#hg      protoplasmic1 #ig              
,response1      bird migration as a1    
#aji      to strain1 #he                
,responses1      ,isopods of ponds and  
streams1 #ajf      study1 #ae      to   
chemical stimulations1 #ig              
,rheotaxis in ,isopoda1 #ajf            
,rheotropism in fish1 #aae              
,rhynchophora1      biologies1 #gf      
food habits1 #gb      parasites1 #gf    
,ring-dove1 blond1 #aaj      ,river     
entomology1 ,illinois1 #ge      ,river  
fauna1      ,danube delta1 #ade         
lower ,elbe1 #ach      ,river habitat1  
flooded delta1 #ade      ,river         
plankton1 ,illinois1 #adg      ,rocky   
,mountain locust1 enemies1 #gg          
,rodentia1 #ajg      ,rose coral1       
feeding reactions1 #aji      ,running   
water1 effect on productivity of fish1  
#aja        ,salamanders1 habits1 #aai  
,salmon1 internal parasites of ,sebago1 

#abi      ,salpa and evolution of life1 
#abc      ,salt-marsh ,amphipod1 habits 
and life history1 #aai      ,salt-water 
fauna1 #aaa4      ,see also ,marine     
animals      ,san ,diego region1        
,chtognatha of1 #aae      ,sand1        
ants1 #adi      areas of ,illinois1     
biology1 #adf      prairies of          
,illinois1 associational study1 #aci    
,sandy flats of the sea coast as a      
biotic association1 #acf1 #acg          
,sarcophagid1 relation to lake beach    
dbris1 #adg      ,saw-fly1 larv1 #gh    
,scallop fishery1 #ajh      ,scallops1  
#aad      ,sceloporus spinosus          
floridanus1 behavior1 #aaf              
,schleswig-,holstein oyster bank        
described1 #acb      ,science1 better   
,english in1 #fg      ,scientific       
exploration1 #fc      ,scientific ideas1
 life history1 #eg      ,scientific     
investigation1 methods1 #ef             
,scientific method1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg       
,scientific papers1 composition1 #ff    
,scientific technique1 #ee      ,sea    

anemone1 behavior modifiable1 #aje      
,sea beach1 associational study1 #acf   
,sea-bottom1      animal life1 #fc1 #acf
      fauna and flora1 #fd              
quantitative study of animals1 #fc      
,sea1      conditions of life in1 #acd  
conditions of production in1 #hg        
cycle of matter in1 #hg      metabolism 
in1 #hg      struggle for existence in1 
#abc      valuation of the1 #acf        
,seashore1      animal ecology1 #fc1 #fd
      animals1 #adf      ,season1       
influence on digestion of cold-blooded  
vertebrates1 #ajj      ,seasonal        
succession1      animals1 #adj          
beetles1 #adj      butterflies1 #adj    
,hemiptera1 #ada      in old forest     
ponds1 #adj      plants1 #adj           
,sea-urchin1 #ii      resistance to lack
 of oxygen1 #ii      resistance to      
potassium cyanide1 #ii      ,sebago     
salmon1 internal parasites1 #abi        
,second-hand books1 dealers in1 #fe     
,sense organ1      ,arthropods1 effect  
of caves on1 #aja      of fish1 #aac    

,senses of insects1 #aaa      ,sensory  
adaptations of cave-inhabiting bats1    
#aab      ,sensory reactions of         
,amphioxus1 #aaf      ,sequence of      
changes in environment1 #ajd            
,sessile habit1 influence1 #ajj         
,serpents1      food1 #abi              
,pennsylvania1 #abi      ,sexual        
characters of ,araneads1 secondary1 #aae
      ,shawnee ,cave plankton1          
ecological study1 #ade      ,shell-fish1
      ciliary action1 #aad      feeding 
reflexes1 #aad      food1 #aad          
function of mucus1 #aad      ,shell-fish
 industries1      biology1 #aad         
culture1 #aad      utilization1 #aad    
,shell-fisheries of ,massachusetts1 #ajh
      ,shore1 animal ecology of the1    
#aci      ,shore animals1 associational 
study1 #aci      ,significance of       
courtship of ,araneads1 #aae            
,skokie ,marsh area1 ecology of         
mollusca1 #acg      ,slaves of ants1    
#abj      ,slug1      eyes1 #aaj        
feeding habits1 #abe      ,snail1       

eyes1 #aaj      mud1 #aaa      pond1    
#abj      ,snails1      and plants1 #abe
      feeding habits1 #abe      food1   
#abe      in grave1 #add      influence 
of environment on1 #ajj                 
,snout-beetles1 #gf      ,snowbird1 #aag
      ,social community1 #ah1 #abc      
animals1 #aca      insects1 #ace        
interrelations1 #aca      oyster bank1  
#acb      sea-bottom1 #acf      ,social 
control1 by voices among pigeons1 #ajf1 
#acd      ,social life1      from       
comparative and phylogenetic standpoint1
 #acb      insects1 #aaa      multiple  
origin1 #acb      origin1 #acb          
,social parasitism1 #abf      ,social   
reaction1      beginnings in lower      
animals1 #acd      beginnings in man1   
#acd      ,social wasps1 #aag           
behavior1 #aaa      ,societies1 insects1
 #abh      ,sociology1      a branch of 
ecology or ethology1 #acb      relation 
to ecology1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab      ,soil1   
animal life influenced by humus and     
tillage1 #ajj      animals of the1 #hf  

fauna of ,alps1 #add      influence upon
 insects1 #ace      ,soils1             
moisture1 #fb      study1 #eh           
,solitary wasps1      habits1 #aaf1 #aag
      habits in ,texas1 #aac            
instincts1 #aaf      ,solution pond1    
fauna1 #adh      ,south ,africa1        
insects1 #abh      ,south ,carolina1    
natural oyster grounds1 #aaa      ,sow  
bug1 eyes1 #aaj      ,space1 perception 
by tortoises1 #aba      ,sparrow1       
field1 #aag      fox1 #aag      song1   
#aag      tree1 #aag      vesper1 #aag  
white-crowned1 #aag      white-throated1
 #aag      ,spawning habits of fish1    
#aab      ,specimens1      collecting   
natural history1 #fc      collection1   
#di1 #ej      determination1 #di1 #ea   
determined1 #eb      numbering1 #ej1 #ea
      preservation1 #di1 #ej            
,spiders1      cocooning habits1 #aah   
collecting1 #eh      habitats1 #abe1    
#ach      habits1 #aag      instincts1  
#aag      mating habits1 #aae           
mental powers1 #aag      ,nearctic1 #gb 

systematic literature1 #ga              
,sponges1      behavior1 #aaf           
reactions1 #aaf      ,squirrels1        
behavior1 #aba      habits1 #aae        
,stable plant formations1 #hh           
,starfish1      behavior1 #aje          
locomotion1 #aaj      natural history1  
#aae      ,status1 dynamic1 #bi1 #ca    
,stimulations1 responses to chemical1   
#ig      ,stimuli1      influence upon  
growth1 #ie      influence upon         
protoplasm1 #ie      similar effects of 
diverse1 #ih      ,stones1 fauna under1 
#add      ,stratigraphy1 relation of    
marine bionomy to1 #bb      ,stream1    
animals of a small1 #adg1 #adh          
environment1 references to1 #aac        
fish1 ecological succession1 #acc       
fish of a small1 #adg      habitat1     
#adg1 #adh      ,isopods1 #ajf          
,stress1 condition1 #cj1 #ca            
,struggle among organisms1 #abc         
,struggle for existence1 #b1 #abb1 #abc 
in a lake1 #abc      in ,guiana forests1
 #abd      in the sea1 #abc             

references1 #abf      ,studies1         
quantitative1 #fa      ,style brief1    
,wistar ,institute1 #fh      ,style     
manual1 #fh      ,subterranean4 ,see    
also ,cave      ,subterranean animals1  
#eh1 #hf1 #adc1 #add1 #ade              
,subterranean ,isopods1 behavior1 #ajh  
,succession1      animals in oyster     
beds1 #aca      associations of inland  
habitats1 #ia      ,succession1         
beetles1 #ade      ecological1 #aja     
ecological1 birds1 #ba1 #abd1 #acc      
ecological1 in the grave1 #add          
ecological1 on oyster reef1 #aab      in
 stages of decay1 #add1 #adf            
mammal1 #ade      mollusks1 #acg        
seasonal1 #adj      ,successions1       
initiated by insects1 #abg              
,suggestions to authors1 #fh            
,summer-bird life near ,havana1         
,illinois1 #adf      ,surgery1          
emergency1 #fe      ,surveying1 #fe     
,surveys1      ecological1 #bc1 #fg     
ecological training for1 #cb            
natural history1 #bc1 #cj               

non-ecological1 #ca      ,sycotypus     
eating oysters1 mussels1 and clams1 #aaj
      ,symbiosis1 #abg1 #abh1 #acj      
,talorchestia longicornis1 habits and   
life history1 #aai      ,tanganyika     
problem1 #hi      ,taste1 fish's organ  
of1 #aab      ,taxonomy1 #ed            
relation to ecology1 #h      ,teaching1 
relation to ecology1 #ac                
,technique1 #ae1 #eg      of fresh-water
 biology1 #fb      scientific1 #ee      
,temperature1      effect of extremes1  
#ii      in open and wooded areas1 #ia  
influence on digestion of cold-blooded  
vertebrates1 #ajj      lowering of1 and 
loss of water1 #ii      physiological   
effects of high temperature1 #ii        
,termites1 ,arthropods living with1 #acj
      ,terns1 noddy and sooty1 behavior1
 #abj      ,terrapin1 diamond-back1     
cultivation1 #aaj      natural history1 
#aaj      ,texas1      habits of        
solitary wasps1 #aac      wasps1        
solitary1 habits1 #aac      ,theory1    
use1 #dj      ,thermocline1 biological  

significance1 #hg      ,tiger beetles1  
larval habits1 #aah      life histories1
 #aah      relation of distribution to  
plant succession1 #ij      ,tipulid1 #gf
      ,toad1 ,american1 #ajj            
,tomahawk ,lake1 ,wis41 ,mollusca of1   
#acg      ,tortoise1      ,florida land1
 #ace      habits1 #aaf      perception 
of space1 #aba      ,tracks and         
tracking1 #eh      ,trapping1 #ci1 #fj  
,tree frogs1      behavior1 #aab        
color changes1 #aab      ,trees1        
insects affecting1 #gd      ,trematoda  
and trematode diseases1 index to        
literature1 #abi      ,trial and error1 
#ajd      ,tubicolous ,annelids1        
behavior1 #aab      ,turbellarian1      
behavior1 #abg      ecology1 #abg       
food1 #abg      habitat1 #abg           
,turtles1      cultivation1 #aaj        
discriminative ability of painted1 #aji 
food1 #abi      formation of habits1    
#aje      natural history1 #aaj         
,pennsylvania1 #abi      ,turtur        
risorius1 #aaj      ,types of eyes1     

image-forming powers of various1 #aaj   
,typography1 #fh        ,use of theory1 
#dj      ,utah1 #ee        ,vanessa     
antiopa ,linn41 phototropism1 #aaf      
,variation1      in animals1 #if      in
 plants1 #if      statistical1 #fj      
,vegetation1      and animal            
associations1 #ij      and control of   
land animal communities1 #acc           
,caithness1 #hh      changes in1 #hh    
controlling land animal communities1 #ij
      correlated with lake fauna1 #adj  
development and structure1 #hh          
invading alluvial flats1 #hi            
invading new land surface1 #hi          
,vegetational change1 influence upon    
animals1 #he      ,vegetational control1
      of relative evaporating power of  
the air1 #ij      of relative humidity  
of air1 #ij      ,vegetative cycles1    
causes1 #hh      ,venus mercenaria1     
growth1 #ajh1 #aad      habits1 #aad    
life history1 #ajh      ,veterinary     
zology1 bibliography1 #abi              
,vineyard ,sound1 invertebrate animals  

of1 #acf      ,visual discrimination in 
raccoons1 #aaj      ,vital conditions1  
optimum1 #ii      ,vital optimum1 #id   
,voices of pigeons as means of social   
control1 #ajf1 #acd      ,volcanic      
activity and new land surface1 #hi      
,volcanic islands1 new flora1 #hi       
8,walking stick10      behavior1 #aai   
habits1 #aai      mating instincts1 #aai
      reactions1 #aai      ,walnut      
,lake1      ecological relations of     
fish1 #adg      fish ecology1 #adg      
,warning coloration1 #fb      testing by
 experiment1 #abe      ,warning colors1 
insects of ,south ,africa1 #abh         
,wasps1 social1 #aag      behavior1 #aaj
      ,wasps1 solitary1      habits1    
#aaf1 #aag      habits1 of ,texas1 #aac 
instincts1 #aaf1 #aag      ,water1      
loss of and lowering of temperature1 #ii
      running1 effect on productivity of
 fish1 #aja      standing1 effect on    
productivity of fish1 #aja      ,weights
 and measures1 #fi      ,wild life1     
photography1 #fa      study1 #fa        

,windermere1 ,lake1 #ij      ,wisdom1   
blindness of1 #ajc      ,wistar         
,institute1 style brief1 #fh      ,wood 
borers1 #gg      ,woodcraft1 #fa        
,woodland1      ants1 #adi              
associations of ants1 #adi              
atmospheric conditions about1 #ia       
birds as protectors1 #abd      ,woodland
 trees1 insects affecting1 #gd          
,woodpecker1 red-headed1 #aag           
,woodpeckers1 food1 #abf      ,worms1   
eyes1 #aaj        ,yucca1      moth1    
#adb      pollination1 #adb             
,zological ,record1 #gj      ,zologist1 
economic1 #bi      ,zology1             
experimental1 #if      ,zostera marina1 
ecology in ,danish waters1 #hi          
,zygoptera1 life histories1 #gf         
,,index ,,to ,,names        ,adams1     
,chas4 ,c41 #ba1 #bb1 #hf1 #ia1 #id1    
#ii1 #abd1 #acc1 #ade      ,adler1 ,h41 
#adc      ,aldrich1 ,j4 ,m41 #ga        
,allbutt1 ,t4 ,c41 #ff      ,allee1 ,w4 
,c41 #ajf1 #aah1 #adj      ,andrews1 ,e4
 ,a41 #ajh      ,antipa1 ,g41 #ade      

,appel1 ,o41 #ada1 #adb                 
,bachmetjew1 ,p41 #if      ,baker1 ,f4  
,c41 #ajh1 #acg      ,baker1 ,h4 ,b41   
#ade      ,baldwin1 ,e4 ,l41 #aab       
,balfour1 ,i4 ,b41 #hi      ,bancroft1  
,w4 ,d41 #he      ,banks1 ,n41 #eh1 #fe1
 #ga      ,banta1 ,a4 ,m41 #ajh1 #adc   
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 #db      ,beal1 ,f4 ,e4 ,l41 #abf      
,belding1 ,d4 ,l41 #ajh      ,belt1 #bc 
,bendire1 ,c41 #aji      ,bethune1 ,c4  
,j4 ,s41 #gb      ,betten1 ,c41 #ge     
,beutenmller1 ,w41 #gb1 #adc            
,birge1 ,e4 ,a41 #hg      ,blackman1    
#id1 #ih      ,blackwall1 ,j41 #ajh     
,blatchley1 ,w4 ,s41 #add      ,boas1   
,f41 #ef      ,bohn1 ,g41 #ajg          
,bouvier1 ,e4 ,l41 #ada      ,bving1 ,a4
 ,g41 #aji      ,brandt1 ,k41 #hg       
,bretscher1 ,k41 #eh      ,brooks1 ,w4  
,k41 #c1 #ag1 #cf1 #db1 #gi1 #hb1 #abb1 
#abc      ,brues1 ,c4 ,t41 #acd         
,brunner1 ,j41 #eh      ,buffon1 #bj    
,burdon-,sanderson1 ,j4 ,k41 #a1 #ah    
,burns1 ,f4 ,l41 #ei                    

,buttel-,reepen1 ,h4 von1 #aji          
,calkins1 ,m4 ,w41 #aji      ,carpenter1
 ,f4 ,w41 #aji      ,case1 ,e4 ,c41 #ba 
,cassell1 #ec      ,casteel1 ,d4 ,b41   
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,chapman1 ,f4 ,m41 #ci1 #ei1 #fa1 #abf1 
#ade      ,chittenden1 ,f4 ,h41 #gb     
,clarke1 ,w4 ,e41 #aji      ,clements1  
,f4 ,e41 #ba1 #ei1 #fa1 #hh             
,clessin1 ,s41 #ajj      ,coker1 ,r4    
,e41 #aaj      ,cole1 ,l4 ,j41 #aaj     
,cole1 ,l4 ,w41 #aaj      ,colton1 ,h4  
,s41 #ajj1 #aaj      ,comstock1 ,j4 ,h41
 #dc1 #ei1 #gb      ,congdon1 ,e4 ,d41  
#ajg      ,cook1 ,m4 ,t41 #adc          
,cook1 ,o4 ,f41 #cj1 #ij                
,coquillett1 ,d4 ,w41 #gc      ,coues1  
,e41 #ajg      ,cowles1 ,h4 ,c41 #hh    
,craig1 ,w41 #ajf1 #aaj1 #acd           
,cramer1 ,f41 #ef      ,crampton1 ,c4   
,b41 #hh      ,cresson1 ,e4 ,t41 #gc    
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,c41 #aad      ,cushman1 ,r4 ,a41 #abe  
,dahl1 ,f41 #ah1 #ei1 #fa1 #abe1 #ace1  

#acg1 #aci1 #adf      ,darwin1 ,charles1
 #b1 #bj1 #bc1 #da1 #ef1 #abb1 #abc     
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#add      ,dimmock1 ,g41 #gc            
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      ,enteman1 ,m4 ,m41 #aaa           
,ernst1 ,a41 #hi      ,espinas1 ,alfred1
 #acb        ,fabre1 ,j4 ,h41 #aaa      
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,e41 #ih1 #ii      ,flahault1 ,c41 #bb1 
#fj      ,florentin1 ,r41 #aaa          
,folsom1 ,j4 ,w41 #gd      ,forbes1 ,s4 
,a41 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #di1 #fj1 #gd1 #abc1

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 #gd1 #abd1 #abg      ,forel1 ,a41 #aaa1
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,c41 #adf      ,geisler1 ,m4 ,h41 #aji  
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 ,k41 #ee      ,gill1 ,t41 #aab         
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,a41 #adf      ,glover1 ,townend1 #gc   
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 ,c41 #aab      ,greeley1 ,a4 ,w41 #ii  
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,gurley1 ,r4 ,r41 #aab        ,hadley1  
,p4 ,b41 #aje      ,haeckel1 ,e41 #b1   
#ai      ,hahn1 ,w41 #aab      ,hamann1 
,o41 #add      ,hammarsten1 ,o41 #ie    
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#ajc1 #aab      ,harrington1 ,m4 ,w41   
#ij      ,harris1 ,j4 ,a41 #aac         
,hart1 ,c4 ,a41 #ge1 #adf      ,hartman1
 ,c41 #aac      ,hassall1 ,a41 #abi     

,hayden1 ,f4 ,p41 #gg      ,heim1 #abg  
,henderson1 ,l4 ,j41 #he      ,hensen1  
,v41 #fj      ,henshaw1 ,s41 #ga1 #ge   
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 ,b41 #adg      ,herrick1 ,c4 ,j41 #aac 
,herrick1 ,c4 ,l41 #ci1 #fa1 #ig1 #acd  
,herrick1 ,f4 ,h41 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aac1    
#acd      ,hodge1 ,c4 ,f41 #aac         
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 #aac      ,hood1 ,c4 ,e41 #abe         
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,hppner1 ,h41 #aci      ,houard1 ,c41   
#adc      ,hubbard1 ,h4 ,g41 #ge1 #abg1 
#ace      ,huber1 ,j41 #abh             
,huggins1 ,g4 ,e41 #ajf      ,hunter1   
,w4 ,d41 #ace      ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h41    
#aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag        ,jacob1 #ai   
,jager1 ,g41 #acd      ,jennings1 ,h4   
,s41 #ib1 #if1 #ig1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajg1   
#aad      ,jensen1 ,p4 ,b41 #fc1 #if1   
#acf      ,jevons1 ,s41 #ef      ,job1  
,h4 ,k41 #fa      ,johannsen1 ,o4 ,a41  
#ge      ,johnstone1 ,j41 #hg1 #abd     
,jordan1 ,h41 #adg      ,juday1 ,c41 #hg
      ,judd1 ,s4 ,d41 #abe1 #abh        

,kearton1 ,r41 #ci1 #fa      ,keeble1   
,f41 #abg1 #abh      ,keller1 ,c41 #ajj 
,kellogg1 ,j4 ,l41 #aad      ,kephart1  
,h41 #fa      ,keyes1 ,c4 ,r41 #ef      
,king1 ,l4 ,a4 ,l41 #fc1 #aci           
,kirby1 ,w41 #ai1 #abh      ,kirchner1  
,o4 von1 #adc      ,knab1 ,f41 #gc      
,knauthe1 ,k41 #fb1 #ajj      ,knuth1   
,p41 #ada1 #adb      ,kofoid1 ,c4 ,a41  
#adg      ,kropotkin1 ,p41 #acc         
,kster1 ,e41 #adc        ,lamborn1 ,r4  
,h41 #gb      ,lane1 ,e4 ,c41 #ajh      
,lang1 ,a41 #ajj      ,lankester1 ,e4   
,r41 #ai      ,le,bon1 ,g41 #eg         
,lee1 ,a4 ,b41 #fb      ,lefevre1 ,g41  
#aad      ,lewes1 ,g4 ,h41 #ff          
,lillie1 ,f4 ,r41 #ig      ,livingston1 
,b4 ,e41 #fb      ,lintner1 ,j4 ,a41    
#gd1 #adg      ,locard1 ,a41 #ajj1 #ach 
,loeb1 ,j41 #if      ,loew1 ,e41 #ada1  
#adb      ,long1 ,f4 ,m41 #aaj          
,lorenz1 ,j4 ,r41 #ace      ,lyon1 ,e4  
,p41 #ii1 #aae        ,mc,atee1 ,w4 ,l41
 #eh1 #fb1 #abe1 #abh      ,mc,creary1  
,o41 #adh      ,macdonald1 ,w41 #abf    

,mac,dougal1 ,r41 #eg                   
,mac,gillivray1 ,a4 ,d41 #ge            
,mandel1 ,j4 ,a41 #ie      ,marshall1   
,f4 ,h41 #ajj      ,marshall1 ,g4 ,a4   
,k41 #abh      ,martin1 ,j41 #gg        
,massart1 ,j41 #abf      ,mast1 ,s4 ,o41
 #ajg1 #aae      ,mathews1 ,a4 ,p41 #ig 
,mayer1 ,a4 ,g41 #ajf      ,mead1 ,a4   
,d41 #aae      ,melander1 ,a4 ,l41 #acd 
,meldola1 ,r41 #ee      ,meyer1 ,h4 ,a41
 #ach      ,miall1 ,b41 #aaa            
,michael1 ,e41 #aae      ,middleton1    
,n41 #gg      ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #ef1 #gi  
,miller1 ,n41 #ajj      ,mills1 ,w41    
#aae      ,minot1 ,c4 ,s41 #ga          
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,k41 #f1 #ah1 #bi1 #aca1 #ach           
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,montgomery1 ,t4 ,h41 #aae      ,moore1 
,j4 ,e4 ,s41 #hi      ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 
#if1 #ig      ,morse1 ,a4 ,p41 #adh     
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 #ada1 #adb        ,needham1 ,j4 ,g41   
#ge1 #gf1 #adb      ,neumayer1 ,g4 von1 
#fc      ,newman1 ,h4 ,h41 #aaf         

,orcutt1 ,w4 ,d41 #fi      ,ortmann1 ,a4
 ,e41 #aaf1 #aci      ,ostenfeld1 ,c4   
,h41 #hi        ,packard1 ,a4 ,s41 #gd1 
#gf1 #add      ,packard1 ,w4 ,h41 #ii   
,palmer1 ,t4 ,s41 #abd      ,parker1 ,g4
 ,h41 #aaf      ,parmelee1 ,m41 #acc    
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,r41 #fc1 #aje1 #aaf      ,pearse1 ,a4  
,s41 #ajg1 #aaf      ,pearson1 ,k41 #ef 
,peckham1 ,e4 ,g41 #aaf      ,peckham1  
,g4 ,w41 #aaf      ,peters1 ,a4 ,w41 #hh
      ,petersen1 ,c4 ,g4 ,joh41 #fa1    
#fc1 #fd1 #acf      ,petrucci1 ,r41 #acb
      ,pierce1 ,w4 ,d41 #gf1 #abe1 #aci 
,piersol1 ,w4 ,h41 #aag      ,playfair1 
,j41 #hj      ,porter1 ,j4 ,p41 #aag    
,poulton1 ,e4 ,b41 #aag      ,pratt1 ,f4
 ,c41 #ace      ,przibram1 ,h41 #if     
,ptter1 ,a41 #ie        ,rauschenplat1  
,e41 #abi      ,reighard1 ,j41 #ci1 #fc1
 #aag      ,reynaud1 ,g41 #aah          
,richards1 ,h4 ,m41 #ig                 
,richardson1 ,r4 ,e41 #adj              
,rickard1 ,t4 ,a41 #fg      ,riddle1    
,o41 #ajj      ,riley1 ,c4 ,f4 ,curtis1 

#aah      ,riley1 ,c4 ,v41 #gf1 #gg1    
#abi1 #adb      ,robertson1 ,c41 #adb   
,rodway1 ,j41 #abd      ,rosenthal1 ,j41
 #ie      ,ross1 ,h41 #adc              
,russell1 ,e4 ,s41 #fc1 #aja1 #aci      
,ruthven1 ,a4 ,g41 #ia1 #adh            
,ryder1 ,j4 ,a41 #abd        ,st4       
,hilaire1 ,i4 ,geoffray1 #ai            
,salisbury1 ,r4 ,d41 #hf                
,sanderson1 ,e4 ,d41 #dd1 #fd           
,schfer1 ,e4 ,a41 #ig      ,scheffer1   
,t4 ,h41 #aah      ,schiemenz1 ,p41 #aja
      ,schrter1 ,c41 #bb1 #fj           
,schwarz1 ,e4 ,a41 #gg1 #ace            
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#ade1 #adh      ,scudder1 ,s4 ,h41 #gg  
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      ,seton1 ,ernest ,thompson1 #aah   
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,h4 ,h4 ,p41 #aah      ,seward1 ,a4 ,c41
 #hi      ,shelford1 ,v4 ,e41 #ba1 #ij1 
#id1 #aja1 #aab1 #aah1 #acc1 #ach       
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,simpson1 ,c4 ,b41 #fd      ,simpson1   
,c4 ,t41 #aai      ,simroth1 ,h41 #adh  

,sladen1 ,f4 ,w4 ,l41 #aai              
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,b4 ,g41 #aai      ,soule1 ,c4 ,g41 #ajf
      ,spence1 ,w41 #ai1 #abh           
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#ai      ,stahl1 ,e41 #abe              
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,a41 #adh      ,stiles1 ,c4 ,w41 #abi   
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 ,a41 #abi        ,thomas1 ,c41 #gf1 #gg
      ,thompson1 ,d4 ,w41 #adb          
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,uexkuell1 ,j4 von1 #ajg                
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,m41 #ie      ,vestal1 ,a4 ,g41 #aci    

,vire1 ,a41 #aja      ,voigt1 ,w41 #aai 
,von ,marten1 #ach      ,vosseler1 ,j41 
#aja        ,wagner1 ,w41 #abj          
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#acf      ,washburn1 ,m4 ,f41 #ajf1 #ajg
      ,wasmann1 ,e41 #ah1 #abj1 #acj    
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,e41 #acb      ,webster1 ,f4 ,m41 #acj  
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,wheeler1 ,w4 ,m41 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #ajg1 
#aaa1 #abj1 #abf1 #acj1 #aca1 #adi      
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,a41 #bb      ,whitman1 ,c4 ,o41 #ajc1  
#aba      ,wickham1 ,h4 ,f41 #aba1 #adi 
,wilson1 ,e4 ,b41 #ih      ,wilson1 ,h4 
,m41 #fe      ,winterstein1 ,h41 #ie    
,wood1 ,g4 ,m41 #fh      ,wood1 ,j4 ,g41
 #adj      ,wood1 ,t41 #adj             

,woodman1 ,j4 ,e41 #adf      ,woodworth1
 ,j4 ,b41 #hf      ,woolley1 ,e4 ,c41   
#fi      ,wright1 ,a4 ,h41 #fd          
,yearsley1 ,m41 #aaa      ,yerkes1 ,a4  
,w41 #ajf      ,yerkes1 ,r4 ,m41 #aje1  
#ajf1 #ajg1 #aba      ,yoakum1 ,c4 ,s41 
#aba        ,zacharias1 ,o41 #acj       
,zoethout1 ,w4 ,d41 #ii      ,zon1      
,raphael1 #hi          ,the following   
pages contain advertisements of a few of
 the ,macmillan  books on kindred       
subjects4                   ,genetics4  
,an ,introduction to the ,study of      
,heredity                               
,,by ,,herbert ,,eugene ,,walter        
,assistant ,professor of ,biology1      
,brown ,university                      
,cloth1 #abmo1 #a4ej net2 postpaid1     
#a4fc    ,in his 8,genetics0 ,professor 
,walter summarizes the more recent      
phases of  the study of heredity and    
gives to the non-technical readers a    
clear  introduction to questions that   
are at present agitating the biological 
world4    ,professor ,walter's          

conception of sexual reproduction is    
that it is a  device for doubling the   
possible variations in the offspring1 by
 the  mingling of two strains of germ   
plasm4 ,the weight of probability1  he  
concludes1 is decidedly against the     
time-honored belief in the  inheritance 
of acquired characters4 ,professor      
,walter also predicts  that the key to  
this whole problem will be furnished by 
the chemist1  and that the final        
analysis of the matter of the 8heritage 
carriers0  will be seen to be chemical  
rather than morphological in nature4 ,in
  the practical application of this     
theory to human conservation or         
eugenics1 it would follow that the only 
control that a man has over  the        
inheritance of his children is in       
selecting his wife4 ,professor  ,walter 
holds1 if only modifications of the germ
 plasm can count  in inheritance1 and if
 these modifications come wholly from   
the  combination of two germ plasms1    
then the only method of hereditary      

influence is in this selection4    8,i  
find that it is a very useful study for 
an introduction to the  subject4        
,professor ,walter has certainly made   
one of the clearest  statements of the  
matters involved that ,i have seen1 and 
has made a  book which students will    
find very useful because he keeps       
everything  in such entirely simple and 
clear outlines1 and at the same time he 
has  brought the book up to             
date40--,,professor ,,loomis of ,amherst
 ,college4    8,i am much pleased with  
it and congratulate you upon securing so
  excellent a treatment4 ,it is one of  
the most readable scientific books  ,i  
have1 and goes unerringly to the        
fundamentals of our most recent         
advances in the experimental study of   
heredity as well as those of the  older 
studies40--,,professor ,,george ,h4     
,,shull1 ,cold ,spring ,harbor1 ,long   
,island1 ,n4 ,y4    8,there was a       
decided need for just such a work4 ,the 
book strikes me  as most excellently    

done40--,,professor ,h4 ,s4 ,,jennings1 
,johns ,hopkins  ,university4           
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
,publishers      #fd-ff ,fifth ,avenue  
,new ,york                              
,the ,fitness of the ,environment       
,,by ,,lawrence ,j4 ,,henderson         
,assistant ,professor of ,biological    
,chemistry in ,harvard ,university      
,cloth1 #abmo1 #a4ej net                
8,darwinian fitness is compounded of a  
mutual relationship between  the        
organism and the environment4 ,of this1 
fitness of environment is  quite as     
essential a component as the fitness    
which arises in the  process of organic 
evolution2 and in fundamental           
characteristics the  actual environment 
is the fittest possible abode of life40 
,such is  the thesis which this work    
seeks to establish through discussions  
of  the physical and chemical           
characteristics of life and cosmogony1  
and  through critical study of the      
properties of matter in their biological

  relations4    ,water and carbonic acid
 are shown to be the primary            
constituents of  the environment4       
,analysis shows their properties1       
together with those  of the component   
elements1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and carbon1 
to make up a  series of maxima1 among   
all known compounds and elements1 so    
numerous1  so varied1 and so highly     
favorable1 to the organic mechanism that
 the  fitness of the world for life     
assumes an importance not less than the 
fitness which has been won by adaptation
 in the course of organic  evolution4   
,a final chapter discusses the bearing  
of these conclusions upon  theories of  
organic evolution1 modern vitalism1     
including the views  of ,m4 ,bergson1   
and the old natural theology1 and seeks 
to harmonize  implications of design    
with the mechanistic view of nature4    
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
,publishers      #fd-ff ,fifth ,avenue  
,new ,york                              
,,college ,,zo,,logy                    

,by                            ,,robert 
,w4 ,,hegner1 ,ph4,d4    ,assistant     
,professor of ,zology in the ,university
 of ,michigan             ,illustrated1 
,cloth1 #abmo1 xxiv  #gcc pp41 #b4fj net
      ,this book is intended to serve as
 a text for beginning students in       
universities and colleges1 or for       
students who have already taken a       
course in general biology and wish to   
gain a more comprehensive view  of the  
animal kingdom4 ,it differs from many of
 the college text-books  of zology now  
on the market in several important      
respects3 7#a7 the  animals and their   
organs are not only described1 but their
 functions  are pointed out2 7#b7 the   
animals described are in most cases     
native  species2 and 7#c7 the relations 
of the animals to man are emphasized4   
,besides serving as a text-book1 it is  
believed that this book will be  of     
interest to the general reader1 since it
 gives a bird's-eye view of  the entire 
animal kingdom as we know it at the     

present time4    ,within the past decade
 there has been a tendency for teachers 
of  zology to pay less attention to     
morphology and more to physiology4 ,as  
a prominent morphologist recently said1 
8,morphology 444 is no longer in  favor 
444 and among a section of the zological
 world has almost fallen  into disgrace0
 7,bourne74 ,the study of the form and  
structure of animals  is1 however1 of   
fundamental importance1 and is          
absolutely necessary  before            
physiological processes can be fully    
understood2 but a course  which is built
 up on the 8old-fashioned morphological 
lines0 is no  longer adequate for the   
presentation of zological principles4   
,the present volume has not been made by
 merely adding a description  of the    
vertebrates to the author's             
8,introduction to ,zology0 7for a  brief
 account of which see the last pages of 
this circular74 ,on the  contrary1 it is
 a new work throughout1 although the    
same general method  of treatment1 which

 proved so successful in the earlier    
book1 has  been employed in this one4   
,similarly1 in the preparation of this  
book  the author has submitted the      
manuscript of each chapter to a scholar 
and teacher of unquestioned authority in
 the particular field4 ,the  criticisms 
and suggestions thus secured have       
greatly increased both the  accuracy and
 the practicability of the text4        
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
,publishers      #fd-ff ,fifth ,avenue  
,new ,york                              
,an ,introduction to ,zology            
,by                            ,,robert 
,w4 ,,hegner1 ,ph4,d4                   
,instructor in ,zology in the           
,university of ,michigan                
,illustrated1 #abmo1 #a4ij net          
,only a few animals belonging to the    
more important phyla1 as viewed  from an
 evolutionary standpoint1 are           
considered4 ,they are1 however1         
intensively studied in an endeavor to   
teach the fundamental principles  of    

,zology in a way that is not possible   
when a superficial examination  of types
 from all the phyla is made4            
,furthermore1 morphology is not         
specially emphasized1 but is cordinated 
with physiology1 ecology1 and  behavior1
 and serves to illustrate by a          
comparative study the probable  course  
of evolution4 ,the animals are not      
treated as inert objects for            
dissection1 but as living organisms     
whose activities are of fundamental     
importance4 ,no arguments are necessary 
to justify the 8type course10  developed
 with the problems of organic evolution 
in mind1 and dealing  with dynamic as   
well as static phenomena4    8,i have   
read your chapter 7,the ,crayfish and   
,arthropods in ,general7 and  can       
express my satisfaction with reference  
to the general arrangement  of the      
matter1 as well as with reference to the
 detail4 ,the whole  treatment is up to 
date1 taking account of the modern      
advancement in  our knowledge of the    

crayfishes1 and1 chief of all1 the more 
important  features in the natural      
history of these animals are very       
properly  separated from the unimportant
 ones4 ,i think this chapter gives the  
essence of what we know about           
crayfishes1 and any student might use   
the  book advantageously4 ,in fact1 ,i  
know no other text-book which gives     
such a wealth of information upon so few
 pages40--,professor ,a4 ,e4            
,,orthmann1 ,carnegie ,museum4    8,the 
plan is very satisfactory1 and the book 
will be very instructive  for class use4
 ,i am very glad that you have chosen   
the bee as your  insect type40 7,chapter
 ,,xii47--,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,phillips1      
,department of  ,agriculture1           
,washington1 ,d4,c4                     
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
,publishers      #fd-ff ,fifth ,avenue  
,new ,york                              
,household ,bacteriology                
,,by                           ,,estelle
 ,d4 ,,buchanan1 ,m4,s4                 

,recently ,assistant ,professor of      
,botany1 ,iowa ,state ,college          
,,and                         ,,robert  
,,earle ,,buchanan1 ,,ph4,d4            
,professor of ,bacteriology1 ,iowa      
,state ,college1 and ,bacteriologist of 
the ,iowa ,agricultural ,experiment     
,station                  ,cloth1 #hvo1 
xv  #ecf pp41 index1 #b4be net      ,the
 word ,household is used as an extension
 rather than a limitation  of the title4
 ,in a thoroughly scientific manner the 
authors treat the  subject-matter of    
general as well as of household         
bacteriology and  include1 therefore1   
the true bacteria as well as the yeasts1
 molds1 and  protozoa4 ,the volume is1  
therefore1 a general textbook of        
micro-biology  in which special         
attention is given to those problems    
which are of  particular interest to the
 student of household science4 ,the main
  divisions of the book treat 7#a7 the  
micro-organisms themselves1 7#b7        
fermentations with special reference to 

those affecting foods1 7#c7 the         
relations of bacteria and other         
micro-organisms to health4 ,a fully     
illustrated key 7comprising #cg pages7  
to the families and genera of  common   
molds1 supplements the unusually        
extended discussion of the  morphology  
and classification of yeasts and molds1 
and makes possible  the satisfactory    
identification of all forms ordinarily  
encountered  by the student4 ,the work  
embodies the results of the most recent 
researches4 ,the book is exceptionally  
well written1 the different  topics are 
treated consistently and with a good    
sense of proportion4  ,while concise in 
statement1 it is thorough in method and 
scope4 ,it  is1 therefore1 well adapted 
for use as a text not only for students 
of household science1 but also for those
 to whom it is desired to  present the  
science of bacteriology from an economic
 and sanitary  rather than from a       
strictly medical point of view4    8,the
 book is a concisely written work on    

micro-biology1 a branch of  economic    
science that the public is beginning    
gradually to understand1  has important 
relationship to the total welfare and   
prosperity of the  community4444 ,the   
manual can be recommended as a very good
 elementary  bacteriology4 ,it comprises
 about all there is of practical        
domestic  value40--,boston ,advertiser4 
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
,publishers      #fd-ff ,fifth ,avenue  
,new ,york                      ,a      
,laboratory ,guide to the ,study of     
,parasitology                           
,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,herms      ,university of
 ,california1 ,berkeley1 ,california2   
,author of 8,malaria3                   
,cause and ,control0                    
,cloth1 #hvo1 xv  #gb pages1 #hj cents  
net                             ,,part  
,i--,,medical ,,entomology              
,,part ,,ii--,,helminthology            
,,part ,,iii--,,life ,,history ,,studies
 ,,on ,,living ,,parasites      ,with   
the rapid growth of parasitology there  

is also a growing demand  for laboratory
 instruction in this field4 ,the        
author's greatest desire  during the    
time that he has been engaged in        
teaching this subject  has been to place
 the work upon a good systematic        
footing1 giving it  proper rank with    
other phases of applied biology4 ,the   
exercises in this  volume are based upon
 two standard courses given at the      
,university  of ,california during the  
last four years4 ,these courses are     
,human  ,parasitology 7first half-year7 
and ,veterinary ,parasitology 7second   
half-year74 ,each exercise has had      
careful testing in the laboratory and   
is practical4    ,the aim of this guide 
is to give the student a wide1 practical
 view  of the field1 so that he may have
 a fair grasp of the general subject  in
 its application to the health and      
well-being of man and beast4 ,the       
exercises are in sufficient detail to   
enable the student to continue  work on 
some specific group or species if he so 

chooses4                                
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company             
,publishers      #fd-ff ,fifth ,avenue  
,new ,york