,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,dead4  by ,e4 ,a4  
,wallis ,budge4     ,,*apt] ,i  ,!      
,title4  ,book ( ! ,dead is ! title n[  
commonly giv5 to ! great collection (   
fun]>y texts :i* ! anci5t ,egyptian     
scribes compos$ = ! b5efit ( ! dead4 ,^!
 consi/ ( spells & incantations1 hymns &
 litanies1 magical =mulae & names1 words
 ( p[] & pray]s1 & !y are f\nd cut or   
pa9t$ on walls ( pyramids & tombs1 &    
pa9t$ on c(f9s & s>cophagi & rolls (    
papyri4 ,! title ,book ( ! ,dead is     
some:at unsatisfactory & mislead+1 = !  
texts nei!r =m a connect$ "w nor belong 
to "o p]iod2 !y are miscellane\s 9 "*1 &
 tell u no?+ ab\t ! lives & works ( !   
dead ) :om !y 7 buri$4 ,moreov]1 !      
,egyptians possess$ _m fun]>y works t   
might rightly be call$ ,books ( ! ,dead1
 b none ( !m bore a "n t c\ld be        
translat$ by ! title ,book ( ! ,dead4   
,?is title 0 giv5 to ! great collection 
( fun]>y texts 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( !       
n9ete5? c5tury by ! pione]              
,egyptologi/s1 :o possess$ no exact k ( 

_! cont5ts4 ,!y 7 famili> ) ! rolls (   
papyrus inscrib$ 9 ! hi]oglyphic & !    
hi]atic "*1 = copies ( sev]al _h be5    
publi%$1 #a b ! texts 9 !m 7 %ort &     
fragm5t>y4 ,! publication ( ! ,facsimile
 #b ( ! ,papyrus (                      
,peta-,am5-neb-ne/-taui #c by ,m4 ,cadet
 9 #ahje made a long hi]oglyphic text & 
num]\s col\r$ vignettes available =     
/udy1 & ! ,fr5* ,egyptologi/s describ$ x
 z a copy ( ! ,rituel ,funraire ( !     
anci5t ,egyptians4 ,among ^! 0          
,*ampollion le ,jeune1 b lat]1 on 8     
return f ,egypt1 he & o!rs call$ x ,le  
,livre des ,morts1 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1  
,das ,todt5bu*1 etc4 ,^! titles are     
m]ely translations ( ! "n giv5 by !     
,egyptian tomb-robb]s to e roll (       
inscrib$ papyrus :i* !y f\nd ) mummies1 
namely1 ,kitb-al-,mayyit1 ,book ( ! dead
 man1 or ,kitb al-,mayyitun1 ,book ( !  
dead 7plur474 ,^! m5 knew no?+ ( !      
cont5ts ( su* a roll1 & all !y meant to 
say 0 t x 0 a dead man's book1 & t x 0  
f\nd 9 8 c(f9 ) him4   ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,! 

,pres]vation ( ! ,mummifi$ ,body 9 !    
,tomb by ,?o?4  ,! objects f\nd 9 !     
graves ( ! pr$yna/ic ,egyptians1 i4e41  
vessels ( food1 fl9t knives & o!r       
weapons1 etc41 prove t ^! e>ly dwell]s 9
 ! ,nile ,valley believ$ 9 "s k9d ( a   
future exi/5ce4 ,b z ! art ( writ+ 01   
unkn[n to !m _! graves conta9 no        
inscriptions1 & we c only inf] f texts (
 ! dyna/ic p]iod :at _! ideas ab\t !    
,o!r ,_w 74 ,x is cle> t !y did n       
consid] x ( great importance to pres]ve 
! dead body 9 z complete & p]fect /ate z
 possible1 = 9 _m ( _! graves ! heads1  
h&s & feet h be5 f\nd sev]$ f ! trunks &
 ly+ at "s di/ance f !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 dyna/ic ,egyptians1 ei!r z ! result ( a
 diff]5ce 9 religi\s belief1 or "u !    
influ5ce ( invad]s :o _h settl$ 9 _!    
c\ntry1 atta*$ supreme importance to !  
pres]vation & integrity ( ! dead body1 &
 !y adopt$ e means kn[n to !m to prev5t 
its dismemb]m5t & decay4 ,!y cleans$ x &
 embalm$ x ) drugs1 spices & balsams2 !y
 ano9t$ x ) aromatic oils & pres]vative 

fluids2 !y swa!d x 9 hundr$s ( y>ds (   
l95 b&ages2 & !n !y seal$ x up 9 a c(f9 
or s>cophagus1 :i* !y laid 9 a *amb]    
hewn 9 ! b[els ( ! m\nta94 ,all ^! ?+s 7
 done to protect ! physical body aga9/  
damp1 dry rot & decay1 & aga9/ ! attacks
 ( mo?1 beetles1 worms & wild animals4  
,b ^! 7 n ! only enemies ( ! dead aga9/ 
:i* precautions _h to be tak51 = bo? !  
mummifi$ body & ! spiritual elem5ts :i* 
_h inhabit$ x ^u e>? _h to be protect$ f
 a multitude ( devils & fi5ds1 & f !    
p[]s ( d>kness g5]ally4 ,^! p[]s ( evil 
_h hide\s & t]rify+ %apes & =ms1 & _!   
haunts 7 well kn[n1 = !y infe/$ ! region
 ?r\gh :i* ! road ( ! dead lay :5 pass+ 
f ?is _w to ! ,k+dom ( ,osiris4 ,! great
 gods 7 afraid ( !m1 & 7 oblig$ to      
protect !mselves by ! use ( spells &    
magical names1 & words ( p[]1 :i* 7     
compos$ & writt5 d[n by ,?o?4 ,9 fact x 
0 believ$ 9 v e>ly times 9 ,egypt t ,ra 
! ,sun-god ow$ 8 cont9u$ exi/5ce to !   
possession ( a secret "n ) :i* ,?o? _h  
provid$ him4 ,& ea* morn+ ! ris+ sun 0  

m5ac$ by a fe>ful mon/] call$ ,aapep1   
:i* lay hidd5 "u ! place ( sunrise wait+
 to swall[ up ! sol> disk4 ,x 0         
impossible1 ev5 = ! ,sun-god1 to de/roy 
?is ,great ,devil1 b by recit+ ea* morn+
 ! p[]ful spell ) :i* ,?o? _h provid$   
him he 0 able to p>alyse all ,aapep's   
limbs & to rise ^u ?is _w4 ,s9ce !n !   
great gods1 ev5 ?\gh b5evol5tly dispos$ 
t[>ds !m1 7 n able to deliv] ! dead f ! 
devils t liv$ ^u ! bodies1 s\ls1        
spirits1 %ad[s & he>ts ( ! dead1 !      
,egyptians decid$ to invoke ! aid ( ,?o?
 on behalf ( _! dead & to place !m "u ! 
protection ( 8 almighty spells4 ,inspir$
 by ,?o? ! !ologians ( anci5t ,egypt    
compos$ a l>ge numb] ( fun]>y texts :i* 
7 c]ta9ly 9 g5]al use "u ! ,i,vth dyna/y
 7ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c471 & 7 probably well 
kn[n "u ! ,i/ dyna/y1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole  
p]iod ( dyna/ic hi/ory ,?o? 0 reg>d$ z !
 au?or ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4   ,,*apt]   
,,iii  ,! ,book ,p]-t em hru1 or ,!     
,*apt]s ( ,com+ =? by 7or1 into7 ! ,day1
 commonly call$ ! ,book ( ! ,dead4   ,! 

spells & o!r texts :i* 7 writt5 by ,?o? 
= ! b5efit ( ! dead1 & are directly     
connect$ ) him1 7 call$1 accord+ to     
docum5ts writt5 "u ! ,x,ith &           
,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/ies1 ,*apt]s ( ! ,com+
 ,=? by 7or1 into7 ! ,day4 ,"o rubric 9 
! ,papyrus ( ,nu 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4     
#ajdgg7 /ates t ! text ( ! "w call$     
,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru1 i4e41 ,com+ ,=? 7or1
 into7 ! ,day1 0 discov]$ by a high     
(ficial 9 ! f\ndations ( a %r9e ( ! god 
,h5nu dur+ ! reign ( ,semti1 or         
,hesepti1 a k+ ( ! ,i/ dyna/y4 ,ano!r   
rubric 9 ! same papyrus says t ! text 0 
cut ^u ! alaba/] pl9? ( a /atue (       
,m5kaura 7,myc]9us71 a k+ ( ! ,i,vth    
dyna/y1 & t ! lett]s 7 inlaid ) lapis   
lazuli4 ,! pl9? 0 f\nd by ,pr9ce        
,h]utataf1 a son ( ,k+ ,khufu 7,*eops71 
:o c>ri$ x (f to 8 k+ & exhibit$ x z a  
mo/ wond]ful ?+4 ,?is composition 0     
greatly rev]5c$1 = x w\ld make a man    
victori\s ^u e>? & 9 ! ,o!r ,_w2 x w\ld 
ensure him a safe & free passage ?r\gh !
 ,tuat 7,"u ,_w72 x w\ld all[ him to g 9

 & to g out1 & to take at any "t any =m 
he pleas$2 x w\ld make 8 s\l to fl\ri%1 
& w\ld prev5t him f dy+ ! second dea?4  
,= ! deceas$ to receive ! full b5efit ( 
?is text x _h to be recit$ by a man :o 0
 c]emonially pure1 & :o _h n eat5 fi% or
 meat1 & _h n consort$ ) wom54 ,on c(f9s
 ( ! ,x,ith dyna/y & on papyri ( !      
,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y we f9d two v]sions (
 ! ,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru1 "o long & "o     
%ort4 ,z ! title ( ! %ort] v]sion /ates 
t x is ! ,*apt]s ( ! ,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru 
9 a s+le *apt]1 x is cle> t ?is "w1 ev5 
"u ! ,i,vth dyna/y1 conta9$ _m ,*apt]s1 
& t a mu* abbreviat$ =m ( ! "w 0 also   
curr5t at ! same p]iod4 ,! rubric t     
attributes ! f9d+ ( ! ,*apt] to         
,h]utataf associates x ) ,khem5u1 i4e41 
,h]mopolis1 & indicates t ,?o?1 ! god ( 
?is city1 0 its au?or4  ,! "w ,,p]-,t   
,,em ,,hru receiv$ _m additions 9 !     
c\rse ( c5turies1 & at l5g?1 "u !       
,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 x conta9$ ab\t #aij
 di/9ct compositions1 or ,*apt]s4 ,!    
orig9al =ms ( _m ( ^! are to be f\nd 9 !

 ,pyramid ,texts 7i4e41 ! fun]>y        
compositions cut on ! walls ( ! *amb]s &
 corridors ( ! pyramids ( ,k+s ,unas1   
,teta1 ,pepi ,i ,m]i-,ra1 ,m]5ra & ,pepi
 ,,ii at ,sakkrah71 :i* 7 writt5 "u !   
,v? & ,v,ith dyna/ies4 ,! =ms :i* _m o!r
 *apt]s _h "u ! ,x,ith & ,x,i,ith       
dyna/ies are well repres5t$ by ! texts  
pa9t$ on ! c(f9s ( ,amamu1 ,s51 &       
,guatep 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,nos4      
#ffed1 #cjhci1 #cjhda71 b x is possible 
t bo? ^! & ! s-call$ ,pyramid ,texts all
 belong$ to ! "w ,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru1 &  
are extracts f x4 ,! ,pyramid ,texts h  
no illu/rations1 b a few ( ! texts on ! 
c(f9s ( ! ,x,ith & ,x,i,ith dyna/ies h  
col\r$ vignettes1 e4g41 ^? :i* ref] to !
 region to be trav]s$ by ! deceas$ on 8 
way to ! ,o!r ,_w1 & ! ,isl&s ( !       
,bless$ or ! ,elysian ,fields4 ,on !    
upp] m>g9s ( ! insides ( su* c(f9s !re  
are frequ5tly giv5 two or m r[s ( col\r$
 draw+s ( ! (f]+s :i* "u ! ,v? dyna/y 7 
pres5t$ to ! deceas$ or 8 /atue dur+ !  
celebration ( ! s]vice ( ,op5+ ! ,m\? & 

! p]=mance ( ! c]emonies ( ,! ,liturgy (
 ,fun]>y ,(f]+s4 ,"u ! ,x,v,i,i,ith     
dyna/y1 :5 ! use ( l>ge rectangul> c(f9s
 & s>cophagi fell some:at into disuse1 !
 scribes began to write collections (   
,*apt]s f ! ,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru on rolls 
( papyri in/ead ( on c(f9s4 ,at fir/ !  
texts 7 writt5 9 hi]oglyphs1 ! great]   
numb] ( !m be+ 9 black ink1 & an attempt
 0 made to illu/rate ea* text by a      
vignette drawn 9 black outl9e4 ,! f9e/  
kn[n example ( su* a codex is ! ,papyrus
 ( ,nebs5i 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #iijj71   
:i* is #gg feet #g #a_/b in*es 9 l5g? & 
,i foot ,i#a_/b in*es 9 bread?4 ,e>ly 9 
! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y scribes began to  
write ! titles ( ! ,*apt]s1 ! rubrics1 &
 ! cat*words 9 r$ ink & ! text 9 black1 
& x became cu/om>y to decorate !        
vignettes ) col\rs1 & to increase _!    
size & numb]4 ,! olde/ codex ( ?is class
 is ! ,papyrus ( ,nu 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 
#ajdgg7 :i* is #fe feet #c #a_/b in*es 9
 l5g?1 & #a foot #a #a_/b in*es 9       
bread?4 ,?is & _m o!r rolls 7 writt5 by 

_! own]s = _! own tombs1 & 9 ea* roll   
bo? text & vignettes 7 usually1 ! "w ( !
 same h&4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! scribe wrote !
 text only1 & a skill$ arti/ 0 employ$  
to add ! col\r$ vignettes1 = :i* spaces 
7 m>k$ out & left blank by ! scribe4 ,! 
f9e/ example ( ?is class ( roll is !    
,papyrus ( ,ani 7,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4     
#ajdgj74 :i* is #gh feet 9 l5g? & #a    
foot #c in*es 9 bread?4 ,9 all papyri ( 
?is class ! text is writt5 9 hi]oglyphs1
 b "u ! ,x,i,xth & foll[+ dyna/ies _m   
papyri are writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 ! hi]atic   
"*2 ^! usually lack vignettes1 b h      
col\r$ frontispieces4  ,"u ! rule ( !   
,high ,prie/s ( ,am5 _m *anges 7        
introduc$ into ! cont5ts ( ! papyri1 & !
 arrangem5t cf ! texts & vignettes ( !  
,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru 0 alt]$4 ,! great    
confrat]nity ( ,am5-,ra1 ! ,k+ ( !      
,gods1 felt x to be necess>y to         
emphasize ! supremacy ( _! god1 ev5 9 ! 
,k+dom ( ,osiris1 & !y add$ _m pray]s1  
litanies & hymns to ! ,sun-god to e     
selection ( ! texts f ! ,,p]-,t ,,em    

,,hru t 0 copi$ on a roll ( papyrus =   
fun]>y purposes4 ,! great] numb] ( !    
rolls ( ?is p]iod are %ort & conta9 only
 a few ,*apt]s1 e4g41 ! ,papyrus ( !    
,royal ,"m ,net*emet 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 
#ajeda7 & ! ,papyrus ( ,que5 ,net*emet  
7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #ajdgh74 ,9 "s ! text
 is v defective & c>elessly writt51 b ! 
col\r$ vignettes are rem>kable = _! size
 & beauty2 ( ?is class ( roll ! f9e/    
example is ! ,papyrus ( ,anhai 7,brit4  
,mus4 ,no4 #ajdgb74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( all
 ! rolls t 7 writt5 dur+ ! rule ( !     
,prie/-,k+s ov] ,upp] ,egypt is !       
,papyrus ( ,pr9cess ,nesitanebta%ru     
7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #ajeed71 n[ commonly 
kn[n z ! ,gre5field ,papyrus4 ,x is !   
longe/ & wide/ fun]>y papyrus #d kn[n1 =
 x measures #abc feet by #a foot #f     
#a_/b in*es1 & x conta9s m ,*apt]s1     
,hymns1 ,litanies1 ,adorations &        
,homages to ! gods ?an any o!r roll4 ,! 
#hg ,*apt]s f ! ,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru :i* x
 conta9s prove ! pr9cess's devotion to !
 cult ( ,osiris1 & ! ,hymns to ,am5-,ra 

%[ t %e 0 able to reg>d ?is god &       
,osiris n z rivals b z two aspects ( !  
same god4 ,%e believ$ t ! hidd5 creative
 p[] :i* 0 mat]ializ$ 9 ,am5 0 only     
ano!r =m ( ! p[] ( procreation1 r5ew$   
bir? & resurrection :i* 0 typifi$ by    
,osiris4 ,! olde/ copies ( ! ,,p]-,t    
,,em ,,hru :i* we h on papyrus conta9 a 
few extracts f o!r anci5t fun]>y works1 
su* z ! ,book ( ,op5+ ! ,m\?1 ! ,liturgy
 ( ,fun]>y ,(f]+s1 & ! ,book ( ! ,two   
,ways4 ,b "u ! rule ( ! ,prie/-,k+s !   
scribes incorporat$ ) ! ,*apt]s ( !     
,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru extracts f ! ,book ( 
,ami-,tuat & ! ,book ( ,gates1 & sev]al 
( ! vignettes & texts t are f\nd on !   
walls ( ! royal tombs ( ,!bes4  ,"o ( ! 
mo/ rem>kable texts writt5 at ?is p]iod 
is f\nd 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,nesi-,kh5su1 :i*
 is n[ 9 ! ,egyptian ,museum 9 ,cairo4  
,?is is really ! copy ( a contract :i*  
is decl>$ to h be5 made betwe5          
,nesi-,kh5su & ,am5-,ra1 ! holy god1 !  
"l ( all ! gods4 ,z a rew>d = ! great   
piety ( ! que51 & h] devotion to !      

int]e/s ( ,am5-,ra ^u e>?1 ! god        
und]takes to make h] a goddess 9 8      
k+dom1 to provide h] ) an e/ate !re 9   
p]petuity & a nev]-fail+ supply ( (f]+s1
 & happ9ess ( he>t1 s\l & body1 & !     
daily recital ^u e>? ( ! ,sev5ty ,songs 
( ,ra = ! b5efit ( h] s\l 9 !           
,kh]t-,net]1 or ,"u ,_w4 ,! contract 0  
drawn up 9 a s]ies ( p>agraphs 9 legal  
phraseology by ! prie/s ( ,am51 :o      
believ$ !y _h ! p[] ( mak+ _! god d z !y
 pleas$ :5 !y pleas$4  ,little is kn[n (
 ! hi/ory ( ! ,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru aft] ! 
d[nfall ( ! prie/s ( ,am51 & dur+ !     
p]iod ( ! rule ( ! ,nubians1 b "u ! k+s 
( ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y ! ,book enjoy$ a  
great vogue4 ,_m fun]>y rolls 7 writt5  
bo? 9 hi]oglyphs & hi]atic1 & 7 decorat$
 ) vignettes drawn 9 black outl9e2 &    
ab\t ?is "t ! scribes began to write    
fun]>y texts 9 ! demotic "*4 ,b m5 no   
long] copi$ long selections f ! ,,p]-,t 
,,em ,,hru z !y _h done "u !            
,x,v,i,i,ith1 ,x,i,xth & ,x,xth         
dyna/ies1 p>tly because ! religi\s views

 ( ! ,egyptians _h und]gone a great     
*ange1 & p>tly because a numb] ( ,books 
( ! ,dead ( a m popul> "* _h appe>$4 ,! 
cult ( ,osiris 0 triumphant ev]y:]e1 &  
m5 pref]r$ ! hymns & litanies :i* dealt 
) 8 suff]+s1 dea? & resurrection to !   
compositions 9 :i* ! absolute supremacy 
( ,ra & 8 sol> cycle ( gods & goddesses 
0 assum$ or proclaim$4 ,?us1 9 !        
,lam5tations ( ,isis & ! ,fe/ival ,songs
 ( ,isis & ,neph?ys1 & ! ,litanies (    
,sek]1 & ! ,book ( ,hon\r+ ,osiris1     
etc41 ! c5tral figure is ,osiris1 & he  
alone is reg>d$ z ! giv] ( ev]la/+ life4
 ,! dead 7 no long] buri$ ) l>ge rolls (
 papyrus fill$ ) ,*apt]s ( ! ,,p]-,t    
,,em ,,hru laid 9 _! c(f9s1 b ) small   
%eets or /rips ( papyrus1 on :i* 7      
inscrib$ ! above compositions1 or !     
%ort] texts ( ! ,book ( ,brea?+s1 or !  
,book ( ,trav]s+ ,et]nity1 or ! ,book ( 
,may my "n fl\ri%1 or a "p ( ! ,*apt] ( 
! ,la/ ,judgm5t4  ,anci5t ,egyptian     
tradition ass]ts t ! ,book ,,p]-,t ,,em 
,,hru 0 us$ e>ly 9 ! ,i/ dyna/y1 & !    

papyri & c(f9s ( ! ,roman ,p]iod af=d   
evid5ce t ! native ,egyptians /ill      
accept$ all ! ess5tial beliefs &        
doctr9es conta9$ 9 x4 ,dur+ ! f\r ?\s&  
ye>s ( its exi/5ce _m additions 7 made  
to x1 b no?+ ( importance seems to h be5
 tak5 away f x4 ,9 ! space "h available 
x is impossible to describe 9 detail !  
v>i\s ,rec5sions ( ?is "w1 viz41 7#a7 ! 
,heliopolitan1 7#b7 ! ,!ban & its v>i\s 
=ms1 & 7#c7 ! ,sate2 b x is propos$ to  
sket* briefly ! ma9 facts ( ! ,egyptian 
,religion :i* may be d$uc$ f !m g5]ally1
 & especially f ! ,!ban ,rec5sion1 & to 
indicate ! cont5ts ( ! pr9cipal ,*apt]s4
 ,no "o papyrus c be cit$ z a f9al      
au?ority1 = no payprus conta9s all !    
,*apt]s1 #aij 9 numb]1 ( ! ,!ban        
,rec5sion1 & 9 no two papyri are !      
selection & sequ5ce ( ! ,*apt]s         
id5tical1 or is ! treatm5t ( ! vignettes
 ! same4   ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,?o?1 ! ,au?or 
( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4  ,?o?1 9 ,egyptian 
,t*ehuti or ,tehuti1 :o has already be5 
m5tion$ z ! au?or ( ! texts t =m !      

,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru1 or ,book ( ! ,dead1 
0 believ$ by ! ,egyptians to h be5 !    
he>t & m9d ( ! ,creator1 :o 0 9 v e>ly  
times 9 ,egypt call$ by ! natives       
,pautti1 & by =eign]s ,ra4 ,?o? 0 also !
 tongue ( ! ,creator1 & he at all times 
voic$ ! w ( ! great god1 & spoke ! words
 :i* comm&$ e be+ & ?+ 9 heav5 & 9 e>?  
to come into exi/5ce4 ,8 words 7        
almighty & once utt]$ nev] rema9$ )\t   
effect4 ,he fram$ ! laws by :i* heav51  
e>? & all ! heav5ly bodies are ma9ta9$2 
he ord]$ ! c\rses ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 
he inv5t$ draw+ & design & ! arts1 !    
lett]s ( ! alphabet & ! art ( writ+1 & !
 sci5ce ( ma!matics4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod 
he 0 call$ ! scribe 7or secret>y7 ( !   
,great ,company ( ! ,gods1 & z he kept !
 cele/ial regi/] ( ! words & de$s ( m51 
he 0 reg>d$ by _m g5]ations ( ,egyptians
 z ! ,record+ ,angel4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( 
physical & moral ,law & became !        
p]sonification ( ,,ju/ice2 & z !        
,companies ( ! ,gods ( ,heav51 & ,e>?1 &
 ! ,o!r ,_w appo9t$ him to weigh ! words

 & de$s ( m51 & 8 v]dicts 7 unalt]able1 
he became m p[]ful 9 ! ,o!r ,_w ?an     
,osiris himself4 ,osiris ow$ 8 triumph  
ov] ,set 9 ! ,great ,judgm5t ,hall ( !  
,gods entirely to ! skill ( ,?o? ( !    
wise m\? z an ,advocate1 & to 8 influ5ce
 ) ! gods 9 heav54 ,& e foll[] ( ,osiris
 reli$ ^u ! advocacy ( ,?o? to secure 8 
acquittal on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 & to    
procure = him an ev]la/+ habitation 9 ! 
,k+dom ( ,osiris4   ,,*apt] ,v  ,?o? &  
,osiris4  ,! ,egyptians 7 n satisfi$ ) !
 m]e possession ( ! texts ( ,?o?1 :5 _! 
s\ls 7 be+ weigh$ 9 ! ,great ,scales 9 !
 ,judgm5t ,hall ( ,osiris1 b !y also    
wi%$ ,?o? to act z _! ,advocate on ?is  
dread occasion & to prove _! innoc5ce z 
he _h prov$ t ( ,osiris be=e ! great    
gods 9 prehi/oric times4 ,accord+ to a v
 anci5t ,egyptian tradition1 ! god      
,osiris1 :o 0 orig9ally ! god ( !       
pr9ciple ( ! f]tility ( ! ,nile1 became 
inc>nate on e>? z ! son ( ,geb1 !       
,e>?-god1 & ,nut1 ! ,sky-goddess4 ,he _h
 two si/]s1 ,isis & ,neph?ys1 & "o      

bro!r1 ,set2 he m>ri$ ,isis & ,set m>ri$
 ,neph?ys4 ,geb set ,osiris on ! ?rone (
 ,egypt1 & 8 rule 0 b5efic5t & ! nation 
0 happy & prosp]\s4 ,set m>k$ ?is &     
became v jeal\s ( 8 bro!r1 & wi%$ to    
slay him s t he might seize 8 ?rone &   
take possession ( ,isis1 ^: reputation z
 a devot$ & lov+ wife & able manag]     
fill$ ! c\ntry4 ,by "s means or o!r ,set
 did contrive to kill ,osiris3 accord+  
to "o /ory he kill$ him by ! side ( a   
canal at ,netat1 ne> ,abydos1 & accord+ 
to ano!r he caus$ him to be dr[n$4      
,isis1 accompani$ by h] si/] ,neph?ys1  
w5t to ,netat & rescu$ ! body ( h] "l1 &
 ! two si/]s1 ) ! help ( ,anpu1 a son ( 
,ra ! ,sun-god1 embalm$ x4 ,!y !n laid !
 body 9 a tomb1 & a sycamore tree grew  
r\nd x & fl\ri%$ ov] ! grave4 ,a        
tradition :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,pyramid      
,texts /ates t be=e ,osiris 0 laid 9 8  
tomb1 8 wife ,isis1 by means ( h]       
magical p[]s1 succe$$ 9 re/or+ him to   
life tempor>ily1 & made him beget ( h]  
an heir1 :o 0 call$ ,horus4 ,aft] !     

burial ( ,osiris1 ,isis retreat$ to !   
m>%es 9 ! ,delta1 & !re %e br\ght =?    
,horus4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! p]secution ( 
,set1 :o on "o occasion succe$$ 9 kill+ 
,horus by ! /+ ( a scorpion1 %e fl$ f   
place to place 9 ! ,delta1 & liv$ a v   
unhappy life = "s ye>s4 ,b ,?o? help$ h]
 9 all h] difficulties & provid$ h] ) ! 
words ( p[] :i* re/or$ ,horus to life1 &
 enabl$ h] to pass unh>m$ among !       
crocodiles & o!r evil bea/s t infe/$ !  
wat]s ( ! ,delta at t "t4  ,:5 ,horus   
arriv$ at ye>s ( maturity1 he set out to
 f9d ,set & to wage w> aga9/ 8 fa!r's   
murd]]4 ,at l5g? !y met & a fi]ce fight 
ensu$1 & ?\gh ,set 0 defeat$ be=e he 0  
f9ally hurl$ to ! gr\nd1 he succe$$ 9   
te>+ out ! "r eye ( ,horus & keep+ x4   
,ev5 aft] ?is fight ,set 0 able to      
p]secute ,isis1 & ,horus 0 p[]less to   
prev5t x until ,?o? made ,set give him !
 "r eye ( ,horus :i* he _h c>ri$ (f4    
,?o? !n br\ght ! eye to ,horus1 &       
replac$ x 9 8 face1 & re/or$ sight to x 
by spitt+ ^u x4 ,horus !n s\ght out !   

body ( ,osiris 9 ord] to raise x up to  
life1 & :5 he f\nd x he unti$ ! b&ages s
 t ,osiris might move 8 limbs1 & rise   
up4 ,"u ! direction ( ,?o? ,horus recit$
 a s]ies ( =mulas z he pres5t$ (f]+s to 
,osiris1 & he & 8 sons & ,anubis p]=m$ !
 c]emonies :i* op5$ ! m\?1 & no/rils1 & 
! eyes & ! e>s ( ,osiris4 ,he embrac$   
,osiris & s transf]r$ to him 8 ka1 i4e41
 8 own liv+ p]sonality & virility1 &    
gave him 8 eye :i* ,?o? _h rescu$ f ,set
 & _h replac$ 9 8 face4 ,z soon z       
,osiris _h eat5 ! eye ( ,horus he became
 end[$ ) a s\l & vital p[]1 & recov]$   
!reby ! complete use ( all 8 m5tal      
faculties1 :i* dea? _h susp5d$4         
,/raightway he rose up f 8 bi] & became 
! ,"l ( ! ,dead & ,k+ ( ! ,"u ,_w4      
,osiris became ! type & symbol (        
resurrection among ! ,egyptians ( all   
p]iods1 because he 0 a god :o _h be5    
orig9ally a mortal & _h ris5 f ! dead4  
,b be=e ,osiris became ,k+ ( ! ,"u ,_w  
he suff]$ fur!r p]secution f ,set4      
,piec+ toge!r a numb] ( disconnect$ h9ts

 & brief /atem5ts 9 ! texts1 x seems    
pretty cle> ei!r t ,osiris appeal$ to ! 
,great ,gods to take notice t ,set _h   
murd]$ him1 or t ,set br\ght a s]ies (  
*>ges aga9/ ,osiris4 ,at all ev5ts !    
,great ,gods det]m9$ to inve/igate !    
matt]4 ,! ,great] & ! ,less] ,companies 
( ! ,gods assembl$ 9 ! cele/ial ,anu1 or
 ,heliopolis1 & ord]$ ,osiris to /& up &
 def5d himself aga9/ ! *>ges br\ght     
aga9/ him by ,set4 ,isis & ,neph?ys     
br\ght him be=e ! gods1 & ,horus1 !     
av5g] ( 8 fa!r1 came to wat* ! case on  
behalf ( 8 fa!r1 ,osiris4 ,?o? appe>$ 9 
! ,hall ( ,judgm5t 9 8 (ficial capacity 
z scribe1 i4e41 secret>y to ! gods1 & ! 
he>+ ( ! evid5ce began4 ,set seems to h 
plead$ 8 own cause1 & to h repeat$ !    
*>ges :i* he _h made aga9/ ,osiris4 ,!  
def5ce ( ,osiris 0 und]tak5 by ,?o?1 :o 
prov$ to ! gods t ! *>ges br\ght aga9/  
,osiris by ,set 7 unf\nd$1 t ! /atem5ts 
( ,set 7 lies1 & t !re=e ,set 0 a li>4  
,! gods accept$ ,?o?'s pro( ( ! innoc5ce
 ( ,osiris & ! guilt ( ,set1 & ord]$ t  

,osiris 0 to be consid]$ a ,great ,god &
 to h rule ov] ! ,k+dom ( ! ,"u ,_w1 & t
 ,set 0 to be puni%$4 ,?o? conv9c$ !m t 
,osiris 0 ,,maa ,,kh]u1 true ( ^w1 i4e41
 t he _h spok5 ! tru? :5 he gave 8      
evid5ce1 & 9 texts ( all p]iods ,?o? is 
frequ5tly describ$ z ,s-,,maa ,,kh]u    
,,as>1 i4e41 he :o prov$ ,osiris to be  
true ( ^w4 ,z = ,set ! ,li>1 he 0 seiz$ 
by ! m9i/]s ( ! ,great ,gods1 :o ?rew   
him d[n on 8 h&s & face & made ,osiris  
m\nt ^u 8 back z a m>k ( 8 victory &    
sup]iority4 ,aft] ?is ,set 0 b\nd )     
cords l a bea/ = sacrifice1 & 9 !       
pres5ce ( ,?o? 0 hack$ 9 pieces4        
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,osiris z ,judge ( ! ,dead
 & ,k+ ( ! ,"u ,_w4  ,:5 ,set 0 de/roy$ 
,osiris dep>t$ f ?is _w to ! k+dom :i* !
 gods _h giv5 him & began to reign ov] !
 dead4 ,he 0 absolute k+ ( ?is realm1 j 
z ,ra ! ,sun-god 0 absolute k+ ( ! sky4 
,?is region ( ! dead1 or ,dead-l&1 is   
call$ ,tat1 or ,tuat1 b :]e ! ,egyptians
 ?\ght x 0 situat$ is n q cle>4 ,!      
orig9al home ( ! cult ( ,osiris 0 9 !   

,delta1 9 a city :i* 9 hi/oric times 0  
call$ ,tetu by ! ,egyptians & ,busiris  
by ! ,greeks1 & x is reasonable to      
assume t ! ,tuat1 ov] :i* ,osiris rul$1 
0 situat$ ne> ?is place4 ,:]ev] x 0 x 0 
n und]gr\nd1 & x 0 n orig9ally 9 ! sky  
or ev5 on its conf9es2 b x 0 locat$ on !
 bord]s ( ! visible _w1 9 ! ,out]       
,d>kness4 ,! ,tuat 0 n a place (        
happ9ess1 judg+ f ! description ( x 9 ! 
,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru1 or ,book ( ! ,dead4 
,:5 ,ani ! scribe arriv$ !re he said1   
,:at is ?is to :i* ,i h come8 ,!re is   
nei!r wat] nor air "h1 its dep? is      
unfa?omable1 x is z d>k z ! d>ke/ night1
 & m5 w&] ab\t "h helplessly4 ,a man _c 
live "h & be satisfi$1 & he _c gratify !
 crav+s ( affection 7,*apt] ,,clxxv74 ,9
 ! ,tuat !re 0 nei!r tree nor plant1 = x
 0 ! l& :]e no?+ grew2 & 9 primitive    
times x 0 a region ( de/ruction & dea?1 
a place :]e ! dead rott$ & decay$1 a    
place ( abom9ation1 & horror & t]ror1 & 
annihilation4 ,b 9 v e>ly times1 c]ta9ly
 9 ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod1 ! ,egyptians     

believ$ 9 "s k9d ( a future life1 & !y  
dimly conceiv$ t ! atta9m5t ( t life    
might possibly dep5d ^u ! mann] ( life  
:i* ^? :o hop$ to enjoy x l$ "h4 ,!     
,egyptians hat$ dea? & lov$ life1 & :5 !
 belief ga9$ gr\nd among !m t ,osiris1 !
 ,god ( ! ,dead1 _h himself ris5 f !    
dead1 & _h be5 acquitt$ by ! gods (     
heav5 aft] a se>*+ trial1 & _h ! p[] to 
make m5 & wom5 to be born aga91 & to    
r5ew life because ( 8 tru? &            
righte\sness1 !y came to reg>d him z !  
,judge z well z ! ,god ( ! ,dead4 ,z "t 
w5t on1 & moral & religi\s ideas        
develop$ among ! ,egyptians1 x became   
c]ta9 to !m t only ^? :o _h satisfi$    
,osiris z to _! tru?-speak+ & hone/     
deal+ ^u e>? c\ld hope = admission into 
8 k+dom4  ,:5 ! p[] ( ,osiris became    
pr$om9ant 9 ! ,"u ,_w1 & 8 fame z a j & 
righte\s judge became well e/abli%$     
among ! natives ( ,l[] & ,upp] ,egypt1 x
 0 univ]sally believ$ t aft] dea? all m5
 w\ld appe> be=e him 9 8 dread ,hall (  
,judgm5t to receive _! rew>d or _!      

s5t5ce ( doom4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,pyramid   
,texts1 m ?an fifty-five c5turies ago1  
dream$ ( a "t :5 heav5 & e>? & m5 did n 
exi/1 :5 ! gods _h n yet be5 born1 :5   
dea? _h n be5 creat$1 & :5 ang]1 spee*  
7871 curs+ & rebellion 7 unkn[n4 #e ,b t
 "t 0 v remote1 & long be=e ! great     
fight took place betwe5 ,horus & ,set1  
:5 ! =m] lo/ 8 eye & ! latt] 0 w\nd$ 9 a
 vital "p ( 8 body4 ,mean:ile dea? _h   
come into ! _w1 & s9ce ! religion (     
,osiris gave man a hope ( escape f dea?1
 & ! promise ( ev]la/+ life ( ! peculi> 
k9d t appeal$ to ! great mass ( !       
,egyptian p1 ! spread ( ! cult ( ,osiris
 & its ultimate triumph ov] all =ms (   
religion 9 ,egypt 7 assur$4 ,"u ! e>ly  
dyna/ies ! prie/hood ( ,anu 7! ,on ( !  
,bible7 /rove to make _! ,sun-god ,ra   
pre-em95t 9 ,egypt1 b ! cult ( ?is god  
nev] appeal$ to ! p z a :ole4 ,x 0      
embrac$ by ! ,ph>aohs1 & _! high        
(ficials1 & "s ( ! nobles1 & ! (ficial  
prie/hood1 b ! rew>d :i* its doctr9e    
(f]$ 0 n popul> ) ! mat]iali/ic         

,egyptians4 ,a life pass$ 9 ! ,boat (   
,ra ) ! gods1 be+ array$ 9 light & f$ ^u
 light1 made no appeal to ! ord9>y folk 
s9ce ,osiris (f]$ !m z a rew>d a life 9 
! ,field ( ,re$s1 & ! ,field ( ,(f]+s ( 
,food1 & ! ,field ( ! ,gras%opp]s1 &    
ev]la/+ exi/5ce 9 a transmut$ &         
beautifi$ body among ! resurrect$ bodies
 ( fa!r & "m1 wife & *ildr51 k9sfolk &  
fri5ds4  ,b1 z accord+ to ! cult ( ,ra1 
! wick$1 ! rebels1 & ! blasphem]s ( !   
,sun-god suff]$ swift & f9al puni%m5t1 s
 also all ^? :o _h s9n$ aga9/ ! /]n     
moral ,law ( ,osiris1 & :o _h fail$ to  
satisfy its dem&s1 paid ! p5alty )\t    
delay4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,ra 0 held at      
sunrise1 & ! wick$ 7 ?r[n into deep pits
 fill$ ) fire1 & _! bodies1 s\ls1 %ad[s 
& he>ts 7 consum$ =?)4 ,! ,judgm5t (    
,osiris took place ne> ,abydos1 probably
 at midnight1 & a decree ( swift        
annihilation 0 pass$ by him on ! damn$4 
,_! heads 7 cut (f by ! headsman (      
,osiris1 :o 0 call$ ,%esmu1 & _! bodies 
dismemb]$ & de/roy$ 9 pits ( fire4 ,!re 

0 no et]nal puni%m5t = m51 = ! wick$ 7  
annihilat$ quickly & completely2 b      
inasmu* z ,osiris sat 9 judgm5t & doom$ 
! wick$ to de/ruction daily1 !          
infliction ( puni%m5t nev] ceas$4       
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,! ,judgm5t ( ,osiris4   
,! olde/ religi\s texts sugge/ t !      
,egyptians always associat$ ! ,la/      
,judgm5t ) ! weigh+ ( ! he>t 9 a pair ( 
scales1 & 9 ! illu/rat$ papyri ( ! ,book
 ( ! ,dead great prom95ce is always giv5
 to ! vignettes 9 :i* ?is weigh+ is be+ 
c>ri$ out4 ,! he>t1 ab1 0 tak5 z !      
symbol ( all ! emotions1 desires1 &     
passions1 bo? good & evil1 & out ( x    
proce$$ ! issues ( life4 ,x 0 intimately
 connect$ ) ! ka1 i4e41 ! d\ble or      
p]sonality ( a man1 & sev]al %ort spells
 9 ! ,book ,,p]-,t ,,em ,,hru 7 compos$ 
to ensure its pres]vation 7,*apt]s      
,,xxvi-,,xxxb9974 ,! great ,*apt] ( !   
,judgm5t ( ,osiris1 ! ,c,x,x,vth1 is    
divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 :i* are sometimes
 7z 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ani7 prefac$ by a   
,hymn to ,osiris4 ,! fir/ "p conta9s !  

foll[+1 :i* 0 said by ! deceas$ :5 he   
ent]$ ! ,hall ( ,maati1 9 :i* ,osiris   
sat 9 judgm5t3  ,homage to !e1 ,o ,great
 ,god1 ,"l ( ,maati1 #f ,i h come to !e1
 ,o my ,"l1 t ,i may behold ?y          
b5efic5ce4 ,i "k !e1 & ,i "k ?y "n1 & ! 
names ( ! ,=ty-,two :o live ) !e 9 !    
,hall ( ,maati1 :o keep w>d ov] s9n]s1 &
 fe$ ^u _! blood on ! day ( e/imat+     
*>act]s be=e ,un-,nef] #g 444 ,behold1  
,i h come to !e1 & ,i h br\ght maat     
7i4e41 tru?1 integrity7 to !e4 ,i h     
de/roy$ s9 = !e4 ,i h n s9n$ aga9/ m54  
,i h n oppress$ my k9sfolk4 ,i h done no
 wrong 9 ! place ( tru?4 ,i h n kn[n    
wor?less folk4 ,i h n wr\ght evil4 ,i h 
n defraud$ ! oppress$ "o ( 8 goods4 ,i h
 n done ! ?+s t ! gods abom9ate4 ,i h n 
vilifi$ a s]vant to 8 ma/]4 ,i h n caus$
 pa94 ,i h n let any man hung]4 ,i h    
made no "o to weep4 ,i h n committ$     
murd]4 ,i h n comm&$ any to commit murd]
 = me4 ,i h inflict$ pa9 on no man4 ,i h
 n defraud$ ! temples ( _! oblations4 ,i
 h n purlo9$ ! cakes ( ! gods4 ,i h n   

/ol5 ! (f]+s to ! spirits 7i4e41 !      
dead74 ,i h n committ$ =nication4 ,i h n
 pollut$ myself 9 ! holy places ( ! god 
( my city4 ,i h n dim9i%$ f ! bu%el4 ,i 
did n take f or add to ! acre-measure4  
,i did n encroa* on ! fields ( o!rs4 ,i 
h n add$ to ! weights ( ! scales4 ,i h n
 misread ! po9t] ( ! scales4 ,i h n tak5
 milk f ! m\?s ( *ildr54 ,i h n driv5   
cattle f _! pa/ures4 ,i h n sn>$ ! birds
 ( ! gods4 ,i h n caught fi% ) fi% ( _! 
k9d4 ,i h n /opp$ wat] :5 x %\ld fl[4 ,i
 h n cut ! dam ( a canal4 ,i h n        
ext+ui%$ a fire :5 x %\ld burn4 ,i h n  
alt]$ ! times ( ! *os5 meat (f]+s4 ,i h 
n turn$ away ! cattle int5d$ = (f]+s4 ,i
 h n repuls$ ! god at 8 appe>ances4 ,i  
am pure4 ,i am pure4 ,i am pure4 ,i am  
pure4444  ,9 ! second "p ( ,*apt] ,,cxxv
 ,osiris is se5 seat$ at "o end ( !     
,hall ( ,maati accompani$ by ! two      
goddesses ( ,law & ,tru?1 & ! ,=ty-,two 
gods :o are !re to assi/ him4 ,ea* ( !  
,=ty-,two gods repres5ts "o ( ! nomes ( 
,egypt & has a symbolic "n4 ,:5 !       

deceas$ _h repeat$ ! magical names ( !  
doors ( ! ,hall1 he ent]$ x & saw ^!    
gods arrang$ 9 two r[s1 tw5ty-"o on ea* 
side ( ! ,hall4 ,at ! end1 ne> ,osiris1 
7 ! ,great ,scales1 "u ! *>ge ( ,anpu   
7,anubis71 & ! mon/] ,amemit1 ! ,eat] ( 
! ,dead1 i4e41 ( ! he>ts ( ! wick$ :o 7 
condemn$ 9 ! ,judgm5t ( ,osiris4 ,!     
deceas$ advanc$ along ! ,hall &1        
address+ ea* ( ! ,=ty-,two gods by 8 "n1
 decl>$ t he _h n committ$ a c]ta9 s91  
?us3  ,o ,usekh-nemmit1 com] =? f ,anu1 
,i h n committ$ s94  ,o ,f5ti1 com] =? f
 ,khem5u1 ,i h n robb$4  ,o ,neha-hau1  
com] =? f ,re-/au1 ,i h n kill$ m54  ,o 
,neba1 com] =? 9 retreat+1 ,i h n       
plund]$ ! prop]ty ( ,god4  ,o ,set-qesu1
 com] =? f ,h5su1 ,i h n li$4  ,o       
,uammti1 com] =? f ,khebt1 ,i h n defil$
 any man's wife4  ,o ,maa-anuf1 com] =? 
f ,p]-,m5u1 ,i h n defil$ myself4  ,o   
,tem-,sep1 com] =? f ,tetu1 ,i h n curs$
 ! k+4  ,o ,nef]-,tem1 com] =? f        
,het-ka-,ptah1 ,i h n act$ deceitfully2 
,i h n committ$ wick$ness4  ,o ,nekh51  

com] =? f ,heqat1 ,i h n turn$ a deaf e>
 to ! words ( ! ,law 7or ,tru?74  ,!    
names ( mo/ ( ! ,=ty-,two gods are n    
anci5t1 b 7 inv5t$ by ! prie/s probably 
ab\t ! same "t z ! names 9 ! ,book (    
,him t is 9 ! ,tuat & ! ,book ( ,gates1 
i4e41 betwe5 ! ,x,i,ith & ! ,x,v,i,i,ith
 dyna/ies4 ,_! artificial "* is %[n by  
_! mean+s4 ,?us ,usekh-nemmit means ,he 
( ! long /rides2 ,f5ti means ,he ( !    
,nose2 ,neha-hau means ,/9k+-memb]s2    
,set-qesu means ,break] ( bones1 etc4 ,!
 e>ly ,egyptologi/s call$ ! second "p ( 
! ,c,x,x,vth ,*apt] ! ,negative         
,confession1 & x is g5]ally kn[n by ?is 
some:at inexact title to ?is day4  ,9 ! 
?ird "p ( ! ,c,x,x,vth ,*apt] comes !   
address :i* ! deceas$ made to ! gods    
aft] he _h decl>$ 8 innoc5ce ( ! s9s    
enum]at$ be=e ! ,=ty-,two gods4 ,he     
says3 ,homage to y1 ,o ye gods :o dwell 
9 y\r ,hall ( ,maati4 ,i "k y & ,i "k   
y\r names4 ,let me n fall "u y\r        
slaught]+ knives4 ,br+ n my wick$ness to
 ! notice ( ! god ^: foll[]s ye are4    

,let n ! affair ( my judgm5t come "u y\r
 jurisdiction4 ,speak ye ! ,law 7or     
tru?7 conc]n+ me be=e ,neb-er-t*]1 #h = 
,i p]=m$ ! ,law 7or1 tru?7 9 ,ta-m]a    
7i4e41 ,egypt74 ,i h n blasphem$ ! ,god4
 ,no affair ( m9e came "u ! notice ( !  
k+ 9 8 day4 ,homage to y1 ,o ye :o are 9
 y\r ,hall ( ,maati1 :o h no lies 9 y\r 
bodies1 :o live on tru?1 :o eat tru?    
be=e ,horus1 ! dwell] 9 8 disk1 deliv]  
ye me f ,babai #i :o live? ^u ! entrails
 ( ! mighty ones on ! day ( ! ,great    
,reckon+ 7,,apt ,,aat74 ,behold me6 ,i h
 come to y )\t s91 )\t deceit 7871 )\t  
evil1 )\t false te/imony 787 ,i h n done
 an evil ?+4 ,i live ^u tru? & ,i fe$ ^u
 tru?4 ,i h p]=m$ ! behe/s ( m51 & ! ?+s
 t satisfy ! gods4 #aj ,i h propitiat$ !
 ,god by do+ ,8 w4 ,i h giv5 bread to ! 
hungry1 wat] to ! ?ir/y1 raim5t to !    
nak$1 & a boat to him t ne$$ "o4 ,i h   
made holy (f]+s to ! gods1 & sepul*ral  
(f]+s to ! beautifi$ dead4 ,be ye !n my 
savi\rs1 be ye my protectors1 & make no 
accusation aga9/ me be=e ! ,great ,god4 

,i am pure ( m\?1 & clean ( h&s2 !re=e x
 ha? be5 said by ^? :o saw me1 ',come 9 
peace1 come 9 peace4'  ,! deceas$ !n    
addresses ,osiris1 & says1 ,hail1 ?\ :o 
art exalt$ ^u ?y /&>d1 ?\ ,"l ( ! ,atefu
 ,cr[n1 ^: "n is ',"l ( ,w9ds1' save me 
f ?y ,mess5g]s 7or ,assessors7 ) uncov]$
 faces1 :o br+ *>ges ( evil & make      
%ortcom+s pla91 because ,i h p]=m$ !    
,law 7or ,tru?7 = ! ,"l ( ! ,law 7or    
,tru?74 ,i h purifi$ myself ) wa%+s 9   
wat]1 my back ha? be5 cleans$ ) salt1 & 
my inn] p>ts are 9 ! ,pool ( ,tru?4 ,!re
 is n a memb] ( m9e t lacke? tru?4 ,f ! 
l9es t foll[ ! above 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,nu 
x seems z ?\gh ! judgm5t ( ! deceas$ by 
! ,=ty-,two gods 0 prelim9>y to ! f9al  
judgm5t ( ,osiris4 ,at all ev5ts1 aft]  
que/ion+ him ab\t ! p]=mance ( c]ta9    
c]emonies1 !y invit$ him to ent] ! ,hall
 ( ,maati1 b :5 he 0 ab\t to d s !      
port]1 & ! door-bolts1 & ! v>i\s p>ts ( 
! door & its frame1 & ! floor1 refus$ to
 p]mit him to ent] until he _h repeat$  
_! magical names4 ,:5 he _h pron\nc$ ^! 

correctly ! port] took him 9 & pres5t$  
him to ,maau 787-,taui1 :o 0 ,?o?       
himself4 ,:5 ask$ by him :y he _h come !
 deceas$ answ]$1 ,i h come t report may 
be made ( me4 ,!n ,?o? said1 ,:at is ?y 
condition8 ,& ! deceas$ repli$1 ,i am   
purifi$ f evil ?+s1 ,i am free f !      
wick$ness ( ^? :o liv$ 9 my days2 ,i am 
n "o ( !m4 ,on ?is ,?o? said1 ,?\ %alt  
be report$4 ,tell me3 ,:o is he ^: ro(  
is fire1 ^: walls are liv+ s]p5ts1 & ^: 
floor is a /ream ( wat]8 ,:o is he8 ,!  
deceas$ hav+ repli$ ,osiris1 ,?o? !n l$ 
him =w>d to ! god ,osiris1 :o receiv$   
him1 & promis$ t subsi/5ce %\ld be      
provid$ = him f ! ,eye ( ,ra4  ,9 great 
papyri ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead su* z ^? (   
,nebs5i1 ,nu1 ,ani1 ,hunef]1 etc41 !    
,la/ ,judgm5t1 or ! ,great ,reckon+1 is 
made ! mo/ prom95t sc5e 9 ! :ole "w1 & !
 vignette 9 :i* x is depict$ is sev]al  
feet long4 ,! mo/ complete =m ( x is    
giv5 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ani1 & may be ?us  
describ$3 ,at "o end ( ! ,hall ( ,maati 
,osiris is seat$ on a ?rone )9 a %r9e   

made 9 ! =m ( a fun]>y c(f]2 beh9d him  
/& ,isis & ,neph?ys4 ,along "o side ( ! 
,hall are seat$ ! gods ,h>ma*is1 ,tem1  
,%u1 ,tefnut1 ,geb1 ,nut1 ,isis &       
,neph?ys1 ,horus1 ,ha?or1 ,hu & ,saa1 :o
 are to s]ve z ! div9e jury2 ^! =m$ !   
,great ,company ( ! ,gods ( ,anu        
7,heliopolis74 ,by ^! /&s ! ,great      
,balance1 & on its pill> sits !         
dog-head$ ape ,a/es1 or ,a/5u1 !        
associate ( ,?o?4 ,! po9t] ( ! ,balance 
is 9 ! *>ge ( ,anpu4 ,beh9d ,anpu are   
,?o? ! scribe ( ! gods1 & ! mon/]       
,amemit1 ) ! head ( a crocodile1 !      
=epaws & %\ld]s ( a lion1 & ! h9dqu>t]s 
( a hippopotamus2 ! duty ( ! la/-nam$ 0 
to eat up ! he>ts t 7 light 9 ! balance4
 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,balance ,ani1      
accompani$ by 8 wife1 is se5 /&+ ) head 
b5t l[ 9 adoration1 & betwe5 him & !    
,balance /& ! two goddesses :o nurse &  
re> *ildr51 ,meskh5et & ,r5net1 ,ani's  
s\l1 9 ! =m ( a man-head$ hawk1 a       
portion ( 8 body1 & 8 luck ,%ai4 ,s9ce !
 he>t 0 consid]$ to be ! seat ( all w1  

emotion1 feel+1 reason & intellig5ce1   
,ani's he>t1 is se5 9 "o pan ( !        
,balance1 & 9 ! o!r is ! fea!r1 symbolic
 ( tru? & righte\sness4 ,:il/ 8 he>t 0 9
 ! ,balance ,ani1 repeat+ ! words (     
,*apt] ,,xxxb99 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1    
address$ x1 say+1 ,my he>t ( my "m6 ,my 
he>t ( my "m6 ,my he>t ( my be+6 ,make  
no /& aga9/ me :5 te/ify+1 ?ru/ me n    
back be=e ! ,t*at*aut 7i4e41 ! ov]se]s (
 ,osiris71 & make no failure 9 respect (
 me be=e ! ,ma/] ( ! ,balance4 ,?\ art  
my ,ka1 ! dwell] 9 my body1 unit+ 787 & 
/r5g!n+ my memb]s4 ,?\ %alt come =? to !
 happ9ess to :i* we advance4 ,make n my 
"n to /9k ) ! (fic]s ( ,osiris :o made  
m51 utt] no lie aga9/ me be=e ! ,great  
,god1 ! ,"l ( ,am5tt4  ,!n ,?o?1 !      
,judge ( ,tru?1 ( ! ,great ,company ( ! 
,gods :o are 9 ! pres5ce ( ,osiris1 sai?
 to ! gods1 ,he>k5 ye to ?is ^w3 ,9 v   
tru? ! he>t ( ,osiris ha? be5 weigh$1 & 
8 s\l ha? borne te/imony conc]n+ him2   
accord+ to ! ,great ,balance 8 case is  
tru? 7i4e41 j74 ,no wick$ness ha? be5   

f\nd 9 him4 ,he did n fil* (f]+s f !    
temples4 ,he did n act crook$ly1 & he   
did n vilify folk :5 he 0 on e>?4  ,& ! 
,great ,company ( ! ,gods say to ,?o?1  
:o dwelle? 9 ,khem5u 7,h]mopolis73 ,?is 
t come? =? f ?y m\? ( tru? is confirm$  
787 ,! ,osiris1 ! scribe ,ani1 true (   
voice1 ha? te/ifi$4 ,he ha? n s9n$ & 8  
"n do? n /9k be=e u2 ,amemit 7i4e41 !   
,eat] ( ! ,dead7 %all n h ! ma/]y ov]   
him4 ,let !re be giv5 unto him (f]+s (  
food & an appe>ance be=e ,osiris1 & an  
abid+ home/ead 9 ! ,field ( ,(f]+s z    
unto ! ,foll[]s ( ,horus4  ,?us ! gods h
 decl>$ t ,ani is true ( voice1 z 0     
,osiris1 & !y h call$ ,ani ,osiris1     
because 9 8 purity ( ^w & de$ he        
resembl$ t god4 ,9 all ! copies ( !     
,book ( ! ,dead ! deceas$ is always     
call$ ,osiris1 & z x 0 always assum$ t  
^? = :om !y 7 writt5 w\ld be f\nd       
innoc5t :5 weigh$ 9 ! ,great ,balance1 !
 words true ( voice1 :i* 7 equival5t 9  
mean+ to innoc5t & acquitt$1 7 always   
writt5 aft] _! names4 ,x may be not$ 9  

pass+ t :5 ,ani's he>t 0 weigh$ aga9/   
,tru?1 ! beam ( ! ,great ,balance rema9$
 p]fectly horizontal4 ,?is sugge/s t !  
gods did n expect ! he>t ( ! deceas$ to 
kick ! beam1 b 7 q satisfi$ if x exactly
 c\nt]balanc$ ,tru?4 ,!y dem&$ !        
fulfilm5t ( ! ,law & no?+ m1 & 7 cont5t 
to be/[ immortality ^u ! man on :om     
,?o?'s v]dict 0 he ha? done no evil4  ,9
 accordance ) ! comm& ( ! gods ,ani     
passes f ! ,great ,balance to ! end ( ! 
,hall ( ,maati :]e ,osiris is seat$1 & z
 he approa*es ! god ,horus1 ! son (     
,isis1 takes him by ! h& & leads him    
=w>d1 & /&+ be=e 8 fa!r ,osiris says1 ,i
 h come to !e1 ,un-,nef]1 #aa ,i h      
br\ght to !e ! ,osiris ,ani4 ,8 he>t is 
righte\s & ha? come =? f ! ,balance4 ,x 
ha? no s9 be=e any god or any goddess4  
,?o? ha? set d[n 8 judgm5t 9 writ+1 & ! 
,company ( ! ,gods h decl>$ on 8 behalf 
t 8 evid5ce is v true4 ,let !re be giv5 
unto him ( ! bread & be] :i* appe> be=e 
,osiris4 ,let him be l ! ,foll[]s (     
,horus = ev]6 ,next we see ,ani kneel+ 9

 adoration be=e ,osiris1 & he says1     
,behold1 ,i am 9 ?y pres5ce1 ,o ,"l (   
,am5tt4 ,!re is no s9 9 my body4 ,i h n 
utt]$ a lie kn[+ly4 ,i h no duplicity   
787 ,grant t ,i may be l ! fav\r$ 7or   
rew>d$7 ones :o are 9 ?y tra94 ,"u fav\r
 ( ,osiris ,ani !n became a sahu1 or    
_s-body1 & 9 ?is =m pass$ into ! ,k+dom 
( ,osiris4    ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,! ,k+dom 
( ,osiris4  ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,gates
 & ! o!r ,guides to ! ,egyptian ,"u ,_w1
 ! ,k+dom ( ,osiris =m$ ! ,six?         
,division ( ! ,tuat2 9 v e>ly times x 0 
situat$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,delta1 b aft] !     
,x,i,ith dyna/y !ologians plac$ x ne>   
,abydos 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & be=e ! close (
 ! ,dyna/ic ,p]iod ! ,tuat ( ,osiris _h 
absorb$ ! ,"u ,_w ( e nome ( ,egypt4 ,:5
 ! s\l 9 its beautifi$ or _s body arriv$
 !re1 ! m9i/]s ( ,osiris took x to !    
home/ead or place ( abode :i* _h be5    
allott$ to x by ! comm& ( ,osiris1 & !re
 x began its new exi/5ce4 ,! l>ge       
vignette to ! ,c,xth ,*apt] %[s u       
exactly :at mann] ( place ! abode ( !   

bless$ 04 ,! c\ntry 0 flat & ! fields 7 
int]sect$ by canals ( runn+ wat] 9 :i*  
!re 7 no fi% & no worms 7i4e41 wat]     
snakes74 ,9 "o "p ( x 7 sev]al small    
isl&s1 & on "o ( !m ,osiris 0 suppos$ to
 dwell ) 8 sa9ts4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,isl& (  
,tru?1 & ! f]ry-man ( ,osiris w\ld n    
convey to x any s\l t _h n be5 decl>$   
true ( ^w by ,?o?1 ,osiris & ! ,great   
,gods at ! ,great ,reckon+4 ,! portion (
 ! ,k+dom ( ,osiris depict$ 9 ! l>ge    
,books ( ! ,dead repres5ts 9 _m respects
 a typical ,egyptian f>m1 & we see !    
deceas$ engag$ 9 pl\gh+ & reap+ & driv+ 
! ox5 t are tread+ out ! corn4 ,he 0    
introduc$ into ! ,sekhet ,heteput 7a    
section ( ! ,sekhet ,a>u1 i4e41 ,field (
 ,re$s1 or ! ,elysian ,fields7 by ,?o?1 
& !re he f\nd ! s\ls ( 8 ance/ors1 :o 7 
jo9$ to ! ,company ( ! ,gods4 ,"o corn] 
( ?is region 0 specially set ap>t = !   
dwell+ place ( ! aakhu1 i4e41 beautifi$ 
s\ls1 or _s-s\ls1 :o 7 said to be sev5  
cubits 9 height1 & to reap :eat or b>ley
 :i* grew to a height ( ?ree cubits4    

,ne> ?is spot 7 moor$ two boats t 7     
always ready = ! use ( ! d5iz5s ( t     
region2 !y appe> to h be5 _s boats1     
i4e41 boats :i* mov$ ( !mselves & c>ri$ 
! beautifi$ :]esoev] !y want$ to g )\t  
any tr\ble or fatigue on _! "p4  ,h[ !  
beautifi$ pass$ _! "t 9 ! ,k+dom (      
,osiris may be se5 f ! pictures cut on !
 alaba/] s>cophagus ( ,seti ,i1 n[      
pres]v$ 9 ,sir ,john ,soane's ,museum 9 
,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,"h we see !m   
occupi$ 9 produc+ ! cele/ial food on :i*
 !y & ! god liv$4 ,"s are t5d+ ! :eat   
plants z !y gr[1 & o!rs are reap+ ! ripe
 gra94 ,9 ! texts t accompany ^! sc5es !
 e>s ( :eat are said to be ! memb]s (   
,osiris1 & ! :eat plant is call$ ! maat 
plant4 ,osiris 0 ! ,:eat-god & also !   
p]sonification ( ,maat 7i4e41 ,tru?71 & 
! beautifi$ liv$ ^u ! body ( _! god &   
ate him daily1 & ! sub/ance ( him 0 !   
,bread ( ,ev]la/+ness1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 
! ,pyramid ,texts4 ,! beautifi$ are     
describ$ z ,^? :o h (f]$ up inc5se to ! 
gods1 & ^: kau 7i4e41 d\bles1 or p]sons7

 h be5 wa%$ clean4 ,!y h be5 reckon$ up 
& !y are maat 7i4e41 ,tru?7 9 ! pres5ce 
( ! ,great ,god :o de/roye? s94 ,osiris 
says to !m1 ,ye are tru? ( tru?2 re/ 9  
peace4 ,& ( !m he says1 ,!y 7 do]s (    
tru? :il/ !y 7 ^u e>?1 !y did battle =  
_! god1 & !y %all be call$ to ! enjoym5t
 ( ! ,l& ( ! ,h\se ( ,life ) ,tru?4 ,_! 
tru? %all be reckon$ to !m 9 ! pres5ce (
 ! ,great ,god :o de/roye? s94 ,!n      
address+ !m aga9 ,osiris says1 ,ye are  
be+s ( ,tru?1 ,o ye ,tru?s4 ,take ye y\r
 re/ because ( :at ye h done1 becom+ ev5
 z ^? :o are 9 my foll[+1 & :o direct ! 
,h\se ( ,him ^: ,s\l is holy4 ,ye %all  
live !re ev5 z !y live1 & ye %all h     
dom9ion ov] ! cool wat]s ( y\r l&4 ,i   
comm& t ye h y\r be+ to ! limit ( t l& )
 ,tru? & )\t s94 ,9 ^! passages we h !  
two conceptions ( ,osiris well          
illu/rat$4 ,z ! ,:eat-god he w\ld       
satisfy ^? :o wi%$ = a purely mat]ial1  
agricultural heav51 :]e hung] w\ld be   
unkn[n & :]e ! bless$ w\ld be able to   
satisfy e physical desire & want daily2 

& z ! ,god ( ,tru?1 ( :om ! spiritually 
m9d$ hop$ to become ! c\nt]p>t1 he w\ld 
be _! hope1 & consolation1 & ! image ( !
 ,et]nal ,god4    ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,a ,%ort
 ,description ( ! ,doors or ,*apt]s ( ! 
,book ( ! ,dead4  ,all ! great papyri ( 
! ,book ( ! ,dead beg9 ) a ,,hymn ,,to  
,,ra1 :o f ! p]iod ( ! ,i,vth dyna/y 0 !
 ,k+ ( ! ,gods ( ,egypt4 ,8 cult 0      
f9ally e/abli%$ "u ! ,v? dyna/y :5 ! k+ 
( ,egypt began to call himself 9 (ficial
 docum5ts & monum5ts ,son ( ! ,sun1 ,sa 
,ra4 ,?is ,hymn is suppos$ to be sung by
 ! deceas$1 :o says3--  ,homage to !e1  
,o ,ra1 at ?y beaute\s ris+4 ,?\ rise/1 
?\ rise/2 ?\ %9e/1 ?\ %9e/ at ! dawn4   
,?\ art ,k+ ( ! ,gods1 & ! ,maati       
goddesses embrace !e4 ,! ,company ( !   
,gods praise !e at sunrise & at sunset4 
,?\ saile/ ov] ! heights ( heav5 & ?y   
he>t is glad4 ,?y ,morn+ ,boat meete? ?y
 ,ev5+ ,boat ) fair w9ds4 ,?y fa!r is ! 
,sky-god & ?y "m is ! ,sky-goddess1 & ?\
 art ,horus ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n skies4  
444 ,o ?\ ,only ,"o1 ,o ?\ ,p]fect ,"o1 

,o ?\ :o art et]nal1 :o art nev] weak1  
:om no mighty "o c abase2 none ha?      
dom9ion ov] ! ?+s :i* app]ta9 to !e4    
,homage to !e 9 ?y *>act]s ( ,horus1    
,tem1 & ,khep]a1 ?\ ,great ,hawk1 :o    
make/ man to rejoice by ?y beautiful    
face4 ,:5 ?\ rise/ m5 & wom5 live4 ,?\  
r5ewe/ ?y y\?1 & do/ set ?yself 9 !     
place :]e ?\ wa/ ye/]day4 ,o ,div9e     
,y\?1 :o art self-creat$1 ,i _c         
compreh5d !e4 ,?\ art ! "l ( heav5 &    
e>?1 & did/ create be+s cele/ial & be+s 
t]re/rial4 ,?\ art ! ,god ,"o1 :o came/ 
into be+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,?\ did/      
create ! e>?1 & man1 ?\ did/ make ! sky 
& ! cele/ial riv] ,hep2 ?\ did/ make !  
wat]s & did/ give life unto all t !re9  
is4 ,?\ ha/ knit toge!r ! m\nta9s1 ?\   
ha/ made mank9d & ! bea/s ( ! field to  
come into be+1 & ha/ made ! heav5s & !  
e>?4 ,! fi5d ,nak is ov]?r[n1 8 arms are
 cut (f4 ,o ?\ ,div9e ,y\?1 ?\ heir (   
ev]la/+ness1 self-begott5 & self-born1  
,"o1 ,might1 ( myriad =ms & aspects1    
,pr9ce ( ,an 7i4e41 ,on71 ,"l (         

,et]nity1 ,ev]la/+ ,rul]1 ! ,company ( !
 ,gods rejoice 9 !e4 ,z ?\ rise/ ?\     
gr[e/ great]3 ?y rays are ^u all faces4 
,?\ art unkn[able1 & no tongue c        
describe ?y similitude2 ?\ exi/e/ alone4
 ,millions ( ye>s h pass$ ov] ! _w1 ,i  
_c tell ! numb] ( ^? ?r\gh :i* ?\ ha/   
pass$4 ,?\ j\rneye/ ?r\gh spaces requir+
 millions ( ye>s to pass ov] 9 "o little
 mom5t ( "t1 & !n ?\ sette/ & do/ make  
an end ( ! h\rs4  ,! subject matt] ( !  
above extract is treat$ at great] l5g? 9
 ,*apt] ,,xv1 :i* conta9s a long ,hymn  
to ,ra at 8 ris+1 or ,am5-,ra1 or ,ra   
unit$ to o!r sol> gods1 e4g41 ,horus &  
,khep]a1 & a %ort ,hymn to ,ra at 8     
sett+4 ,9 ! latt] ! welcome :i* ,ra     
receives f ! dwell]s 9 ,am5tt 7i4e41 !  
,hidd5 ,place1 l ! ,greek ,hades7 is    
emphasiz$ ?us3--  ,all ! beautifi$ dead 
7,aakhu7 9 ! ,tuat receive him 9 !      
horizon ( ,am5tt4 ,!y %\t praises ( him 
9 8 =m ( ,tem 7i4e41 ! sett+ sun74 ,?\  
did/ rise & put on /r5g?1 & ?\ sette/1 a
 liv+ be+1 & ?y glories are 9 ,am5tt4 ,!

 gods ( ,am5tt rejoice 9 ?y beauties 7or
 b5efic5ce74 ,! hidd5 ones wor%ip !e1 ! 
ag$ ones br+ !e (f]+s & protect !e4 ,!  
,s\ls ( ,am5tt cry out1 & :5 !y meet ?y 
,maje/y 7,life1 ,/r5g?1 ,heal? be to    
!e67 !y %\t ',hail6 ,hail6' ,! lords ( !
 mansions ( ! ,tuat /ret* out _! h&s to 
!e f _! abodes1 & !y cry to !e1 & !y    
foll[ 9 ?y bright tra91 & ! he>ts ( !   
lords ( ! ,tuat rejoice :5 ?\ s5de/ ?y  
light into ,am5tt4 ,_! eyes foll[ !e1 !y
 press =w>d to see !e1 & _! he>ts       
rejoice at ! sight ( ?y face4 ,?\       
he>k5e/ to ! petitions ( ^? :o are 9 _! 
tombs1 ?\ dispelle/ _! helplessness &   
drive/ away evil f !m4 ,?\ give/ brea?  
to _! no/rils4 ,?\ art greatly fe>$1 ?y 
=m is maje/ic1 & v greatly art ?\ belov$
 by ^? :o dwell 9 ! ,o!r ,_w4  ,!       
,introductory ,,hymn ,,to ,,ra is foll[$
 by a ,,hymn ,,to ,,osiris1 9 :i* !     
deceas$ says3--  ,glory be to !e1 ,o    
,osiris ,un-,nef]1 ?\ great god 9 ,abtu 
7,abydos71 ,k+ ( ,et]nity1 ,"l (        
,ev]la/+ness1 ,god ^: exi/5ce is        

millions ( ye>s1 elde/ son ( ,nut1      
begott5 by ,geb1 ! ,ance/or-,*ief1 ,"l (
 ! ,cr[ns ( ! ,s\? & ! ,nor?1 ,"l ( !   
,high ,:ite ,cr[n4 ,?\ art ! ,gov]nor ( 
gods & ( m5 & ha/ receiv$ ! sceptre1 !  
:ip1 & ! rank ( ?y ,div9e ,fa!rs4 ,let  
?y he>t 9 ,am5tt be cont5t1 = ?y son    
,horus is seat$ ^u ?y ?rone4 ,?\ art ,"l
 ( ,tetu 7,busiris7 & ,gov]nor ( ,abtu  
7,abydos74 ,?\ make/ f]tile ! ,two ,l&s 
7i4e41 all ,egypt7 by ?y true ^w be=e ! 
,"l to ! ,utt]mo/ ,limit4444 ,?y p[] is 
widespread1 & great is ! t]ror ( ?y "n  
',osiris4' ,?\ endure/ = all et]nity 9  
?y "n ( ',un-,nef]' 7i4e41 ,b5efic5t    
,be+74 ,homage to !e1 ,k+ ( k+s1 ,"l (  
lords1 ,gov]nor ( gov]nors1 :o f ! womb 
( ! ,sky-goddess ha/ rul$ ! ,_w & ! ,"u 
,_w4 ,?y limbs are z silv]-gold1 ?y h&  
is blue l lapis-lazuli1 & ! space on    
ei!r side ( !e is ( ! col\r ( turquoise 
7or em]ald74 ,?\ god ,an ( millions (   
ye>s1 ?y body is all-p]vad+1 ,o dwell] 9
 ! ,l& ( ,hol9ess1 ?y face is beautiful 
444 ,! gods come be=e !e b[+ l[4 ,!y    

hold !e 9 fe>4 ,!y )draw & retreat :5 !y
 see ! awfulness ( ,ra ^u !e2 ! ?\ght ( 
! conque/s ( ?y ,maje/y is 9 _! he>ts4  
,life is ) !e4  ,let me foll[ ?y ,maje/y
 z :5 ,i 0 on e>?1 let my s\l be        
summon$1 & let x be f\nd ne> ! ,lords ( 
,tru?4 ,i h come to ! ,city ( ,god1 !   
region t is et]nally old1 ) my s\l 7ba71
 d\ble 7ka7 & _s-s\l 7aakhu71 to be a   
dwell] 9 ?is l&4 ,its ,god is ! ,"l (   
,tru? 444 he give? old age to him t     
worke? ,tru?1 & hon\r to 8 foll[]s1 & at
 ! la/ abundant equipm5t = ! tomb1 &    
burial 9 ! ,l& ( ,hol9ess4 ,i h come    
unto !e1 my h&s hold ,tru?1 & !re is no 
falsehood 9 my he>t 444 ,?\ ha/ set     
,tru? be=e !e3 ,i "k on :at ?\ live/4 ,i
 h committ$ no s9 9 ?is l&1 & ,i h      
defraud$ no man ( 8 possessions4 7,*apt]
 ,,clxxxiii47  ,*apt] ,i 0 recit$ by !  
prie/ :o accompani$ ! mummy to ! tomb & 
p]=m$ ! burial c]emonies !re4 ,9 x !    
prie/ 7kh] heb7 assum$ ! "* ( ,?o? &    
promis$ ! deceas$ to d = him all t he _h
 done = ,osiris 9 days ( old4 ,*apt]    

,,ib gave ! sahu1 or _s-body1 p[] to    
ent] ! ,tuat imm$iately aft] ! burial ( 
! mat]ial body1 & deliv]$ x f ! ,n9e    
,worms t liv$ on ! dead4 ,*apt]s        
,,ii-,,iv are %ort spells writt5 to give
 ! deceas$ p[] to revisit ! e>?1 to jo9 
! gods1 & to travel ab\t ! sky4 ,*apt]s 
,v & ,,vi provid$ = ! p]=mance (        
agricultural lab\rs 9 ! ,o!r ,_w4 ,!    
text ( ,*apt] ,,vi 0 cut on figures made
 ( /one1 wood1 etc4 7u%abtiu71 :i* 7    
plac$ 9 ! tomb1 & :5 ! deceas$ recit$ x 
^! figures became alive & did ev]y?+ he 
wi%$4 ,! %abti figure1 took ! place ( ! 
human fun]>y sacrifice :i* 0 common all 
ov] ,egypt be=e ! g5]al adoption ( !    
cult ( ,osiris "u ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y4    
,ab\t #gjj u%abtiu figures 7 f\nd 9 !   
tomb ( ,seti ,i1 & _m ( !m are 9 !      
,briti% ,museum4 ,*apt] ,,vii is a spell
 to de/roy ! ,great ,s]p5t ,aapep1 !    
,ar*-enemy ( ,horus ! ,eld]1 ,ra1       
,osiris1 ,horus son ( ,isis1 & ( e      
foll[] ( ,osiris4 ,*apt]s ,,viii & ,,ix 
secur$ a passage = ! deceas$ ?r\gh !    

,tuat1 & ,*apt]s ,x & ,,xi gave him p[] 
ov] ! enemies he met !re4 ,*apt]s ,,xii 
& ,,xiii gave him great fre$om ( movem5t
 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,osiris4 ,*apt] ,,xiv is a
 pray] 9 :i* ,osiris is entreat$ to put 
away any feel+ ( dissatisfaction t he   
may h = ! deceas$1 :o says1 ,wa% away my
 s9s1 ,"l ( ,tru?2 de/roy my            
transgressions1 wick$ness & iniquity1 ,o
 ,god ( ,tru?4 ,may ?is god be at peace 
) me4 ,de/roy ! ?+s t are ob/acles      
betwe5 u4 ,give me peace1 & remove all  
dissatisfaction f ?y he>t 9 respect (   
me4  ,*apt] ,,xv has sev]al =ms1 & ea* (
 !m conta9s ,hymns to ,ra1 :i* 7 sung   
daily 9 ! morn+ & ev5+2 specim5         
p>agraphs are giv5 above 7pp4 #cc1 #cd74
 ,*apt] ,,xvi is only a vignette t      
illu/rates ,*apt] ,,xv1 ,*apt] ,,xvii is
 a v important *apt]1 = x conta9s       
/atem5ts ( div9e doctr9e z und]/ood by !
 prie/s ( ,heliopolis4 ,! op5+ words    
are1 ,i am ,tem 9 ris+4 ,i am ! ,only   
,"o4 ,i came into be+ 9 ,nu 7! ,sky74 ,i
 am ,ra1 :o rose 9 primeval "t1 rul] (  

:at he _h made4 ,foll[+ ?is comes ! "q1 
,:o is ?is8 & ! answ] is1 ,x is ,ra :o  
rose 9 ! city ( ,h5su1 9 primeval "t1   
cr[n$ z k+4 ,he exi/$ on ! height ( !   
,dwell] 9 ,khem5u 7i4e41 ,?o? (         
,h]mopolis7 be=e ! pill>s t support !   
sky 7 made4 ,*apt] ,,xviii conta9s !    
,addresses to ,?o?1 :o is entreat$ to   
make ! deceas$ to be decl>$ innoc5t be=e
 ! gods ( ,heliopolis1 ,busiris1        
,latopolis1 ,m5des1 ,abydos1 etc4 ,^!   
addresses =m$ a v p[]ful spell :i* 0 us$
 by ,horus1 & :5 he recit$ x f\r times  
all 8 enemies 7 ov]?r[n & cut to pieces4
 ,*apt]s ,,xix & ,,xx are v>iant =ms (  
,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,*apt]s ,,xxi-,,xxiii   
secur$ ! help ( ,?o? 9 op5+ ! m\? ( !   
deceas$1 :]eby he obta9$ ! p[] to brea! 
& ?9k & dr9k & eat4 ,?o? recit$ spells  
ov] ! gods :il/ ,ptah unti$ ! b&ages &  
,%u =c$ op5 _! m\?s ) an iron 787 knife4
 ,*apt] ,,xxiv gave to ! deceas$ a k ( !
 words ( p[] 7hekau7 :i* 7 us$ by !     
great god ,tem-,khep]a1 & ,*apt] ,,xxv  
re/or$ to him 8 memory4 ,five *apt]s1   

,,xxvi-,,xxx1 conta9 pray]s & spells    
:]eby ! deceas$ obta9$ p[] ov] 8 he>t & 
ga9$ absolute possession ( x4 ,! mo/    
popul> pray] is t ( ,*apt] ,,xxxb 7see  
above1 p4 #d7 :i*1 accord+ to its       
rubric1 0 f\nd1 i4e41 edit$1 by         
,h]utataf1 ! son ( ! great ,*eops1 ab\t 
#cfjj ,b4,c4 ,?is pray] 0 /ill 9 use 9 !
 e>ly ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,9 !      
,papyrus ( ,nu x is associat$ ) ,*apt]  
,,lxiv1 & ! e>lie/ =m ( x 0 probably 9  
exi/5ce "u ! ,i/ dyna/y4  ,*apt]s       
,,xxxi-,,xlii 7 writt5 to deliv] !      
deceas$ f ! ,great ,crocodile ,sui1 & ! 
,s]p5ts ,r]ek & ,seksek1 & ! ,lynx ) its
 deadly claws1 & ! ,beetle ,ap%ait1 & ! 
t]rible ,m]ti snake-goddesses1 & a gr\p 
( ?ree p>ticul>ly v5om\s s]p5ts1 &      
,aapep a p]sonification ( ,set ! god (  
evil1 & ! ,eat] ( ! ,ass1 & a s]ies (   
be+s :o liv$ by slaught]+ ! s\ls ( !    
dead4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xlii e memb] ( !      
deceas$ is put "u ! protection (1 or    
id5tifi$ )1 a god or goddess1 e4g41 !   
hair ) ,nu1 ! face ) ,at5 7i4e41 ! sol> 

disk71 ! eyes ) ,ha?or1 & ! deceas$     
exclaims triumphantly1 ,!re is no memb] 
( my body :i* is n ! memb] ( a god4     
,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,a spell to prev5t !    
decapitation ( ! deceas$1 :o assumes 9 x
 ! "* ( ,osiris ! ,"l ( ,et]nity4 ,*apt]
 ,,xliv4 ,an anci5t & mighty spell1 !   
recital ( :i* prev5t$ ! deceas$ f dy+ a 
second "t4 ,*apt]s ,,xlv & ,,xlvi       
pres]v$ ! mummy ( ! deceas$ f decay1 &  
,*apt] ,,xlvii prev5t$ ! removal ( 8    
seat or ?rone4 ,*apt] ,l enabl$ !       
deceas$ to avoid ! block ( execution ( !
 god ,%esmu4 ,*apt]s ,,li-,,liii provid$
 ! deceas$ ) pure food & clean wat] f ! 
table ( ! gods2 he liv$ ^u :at !y liv$  
^u1 & s became "o ) !m4 ,*apt]s         
,,liv-,,lxii gave ! deceas$ p[] to obta9
 cool wat] f ! ,cele/ial ,nile & ! spr+s
 ( wat]s ( heav51 & be+ id5tifi$ ) ,%u1 
! god ( light & air1 he 0 enabl$ to pass
 ov] all ! e>? at w4 ,8 life 0 t ( !    
,egg ( ! ,great ,cackl]1 & ! goddess    
,se%eta built a h\se = him 9 ! ,cele/ial
 ,anu1 or ,heliopolis4  ,! recital (    

,*apt] ,,lxiii enabl$ ! deceas$ to avoid
 dr9k+ boil+ wat] 9 ! ,tuat4 ,! wat] 9  
"s ( its pools 0 cool & refre%+ to ^? :o
 7 speak]s ( ! tru?1 b x turn$ into     
boil+ wat] & scald$ ! wick$ :5 !y tri$  
to dr9k ( x4 ,*apt] ,,lxiv is an epitome
 ( ! :ole ,book ( ! ,dead1 & x =m$ a    
great & div9e protection = ! deceas$4 ,!
 text is ( a my/ical "* & sugge/s t !   
deceas$ c\ld1 ?r\gh its recital1 ei!r   
absorb ! gods into 8 be+1 or become     
himself absorb$ by !m4 ,its rubric ord]s
 ab/5tion f meats1 fi% & wom5 on ! "p ( 
^? :o 7 to recite x4 ,*apt] ,,lxv gave !
 deceas$ victory ov] all 8 enemies1 &   
,*apt]s ,,lxvi & ,,lxvii gave him access
 to ! ,boat ( ,ra4 ,*apt]s              
,,lxviii-,,lxx procur$ him complete     
fre$om ( motion 9 heav5 & on e>?4 ,*apt]
 ,,lxxi is a s]ies ( addresses to !     
,sev5 ,spirits :o puni%$ ! wick$ 9 !    
,k+dom ( ,osiris1 & ,*apt] ,,lxxii aid$ 
! deceas$ to be reborn 9 ! ,mesqet      
,*amb]4 ,! ,mesqet 0 orig9ally a bull's 
sk9 9 :i* ! deceas$ 0 wrapp$4 ,*apt]    

,,lxxiii is ! same z ,*apt] ,,ix4       
,*apt]s ,,lxxiv & ,,lxxv secur$ a       
passage = ! deceas$ 9 ! ,h5u ,boat (    
,sek] ! ,dea?-god1 & ,*apt] ,,lxxvi     
br\ght to 8 help ! pray+ mantis :i*     
guid$ him ?r\gh ! bu% to ! ,h\se (      
,osiris4 ,by ! recital ( ,*apt]s        
,,lxxvii-,,lxxxviii1 i4e41 ! ,*apt]s (  
,trans=mations1 ! deceas$ 0 enabl$ to   
assume at w ! =ms ( 7#a7 ! ,gold5 ,hawk1
 7#b7 ! ,div9e ,hawk1 7#c7 ! ,great     
,self-creat$ ,god1 7#d7 ! ,light-god or 
! ,robe ( ,nu1 7#e7 ! ,pure ,lily1 7#f7 
! ,son ( ,ptah1 7#g7 ! ,b5u ,bird1 7#h7 
! ,h]on1 7#i7 ! ,s\l ( ,ra1 7#aj7 !     
,swall[1 7#aa7 ! ,sata or ,e>?-s]p5t1   
7#ab7 ! ,crocodile4 ,*apt] ,,lxxxix     
br\ght ! s\l 7ba7 ( ! deceas$ to 8 body 
9 ! ,tuat1 & ,*apt] ,,xc pres]v$ him f  
mutilation & attacks ( ! god :o cut (f  
heads & slit =eheads4 ,*apt]s ,,xci &   
,,xcii prev5t$ ! s\l ( ! deceas$ f be+  
%ut 9 ! tomb4 ,*apt] ,,xciii is a spell 
v difficult to und]/&4 ,*apt]s ,,xciv & 
,,xcv provid$ ! deceas$ ) ! books ( ,?o?

 & ! p[] ( ?is god1 & enabl$ him to take
 8 place z ! scribe ( ,osiris4 ,*apt]s  
,,xcvi & ,,xcvii also plac$ him "u !    
protection ( ,?o?4 ,! recital ( ,*apt]  
,,xcviii provid$ ! deceas$ ) a boat 9   
:i* to sail ov] ! nor!rn heav5s1 & a    
ladd] by :i* to asc5d to heav54 ,*apt]s 
,,xcix-,,ciii gave him ! use ( ! magical
 boat1 ! my/ic "n ( ea* "p ( :i* he 0   
oblig$ to "k1 & help$ him to ent] !     
,boat ( ,ra & to be ) ,ha?or4 ,!        
,bebait1 or mantis1 l$ him to ! great   
gods 7,*apt] ,,civ71 & ! ,uat* amulet f 
! neck ( ,ra provid$ 8 d\ble 7ka7 & 8   
he>t-s\l 7ba7 ) (f]+s 7,*apt]s ,,cv1    
,,cvi74 ,*apt]s ,,cvii-,,cix made him   
fav\rably kn[n to ! spirits ( ! ,ea/ &  
,we/1 & ! gods ( ! ,m\nta9 ( ,sunrise4  
,9 ?is region liv$ ! t]rible ,s]p5t-god 
,ami-hem-f2 he 0 #cj cubits 7#ej feet7  
long4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! deceas$ saw ! ,morn+  
,/>1 & ! ,two ,sycamores1 f betwe5 :i* !
 ,sun-god appe>$ daily1 & f\nd !        
entrance to ! ,sekhet ,a>u or ,elysian  
,fields4 ,*apt] ,,cx & its vignette ( ! 

,elysian ,fields h already be5 describ$ 
7see p4 #ca74 ,*apt]s ,,cxi & ,,cxii    
describe h[ ,horus lo/ ! sight ( 8 eye  
tempor>ily ?r\gh look+ at ,set "u ! =m (
 a black pig1 & ,*apt] ,,cxiii ref]s to 
! leg5d ( ! dr[n+ ( ,horus & ! recov]y (
 8 body by ,sebek ! ,crocodile-god4     
,*apt] ,,cxiv enabl$ ! deceas$ to absorb
 ! wisdom ( ,?o? & 8 ,eight gods4       
,*apt]s ,,cxv-,,cxxii made him "l ( !   
,tuats ( ,memphis & ,heliopolis1 &      
suppli$ him ) food1 & ,*apt] ,,cxxiii   
enabl$ him to id5tify himself ) ,?o?4   
,*apt]s ,,cxxiv & ,,cxxv1 :i* treat ( ! 
,judgm5t1 h already be5 describ$4 ,*apt]
 ,,cxxvi conta9s a pray] to ! ,f\r ,holy
 ,apes1 ,*apt] ,,cxxvii a hymn to ! gods
 ( ! ,circles 9 ! ,tuat1 & ,*apt]       
,,cxxviii a hymn to ,osiris4 ,*apt]s    
,,cxxx & ,,cxxxi secur$ = ! deceas$ !   
use ( ! ,boats ( ,sunrise & ,sunset1 &  
,*apt] ,,cxxxii enabl$ him to return to 
e>? & visit ! h\se he _h liv$ 94 ,*apt]s
 ,,cxxxiii 7or ,,cxxxix7-,,cxxxvi       
resemble 9 cont5ts ,*apt] ,,cxxxi4      

,*apt] ,,cxxxvii describes a s]ies (    
magical c]emonies t 7 to be p]=m$ = !   
deceas$ daily 9 ord] to make him to     
become a liv+ s\l = ev]4 ,! =mulae are  
said to h be5 compos$ "u ! ,i,vth       
dyna/y4 ,*apt] ,,cxxxviii ref]s to !    
c]emony ( recon/itut+ ,osiris1 & ,*apt]s
 ,,cxl-,,cxlii deal ) ! sett+ up (      
twelve alt>s1 & ! mak+ ( (f]+s to all ! 
gods & to ! v>i\s =ms ( ,osiris4 ,*apt] 
,,cxliii consi/s ( a s]ies ( vignettes1 
9 ?ree ( :i* sol> boats are repres5t$4  
,*apt]s ,,cxliv & ,,cxlvii deal ) !     
,sev5 ,great ,halls 7,arit7 ( ! ,k+dom (
 ,osiris4 ,! gate ( ea* ,hall 0 gu>d$ by
 a port]1 a wat*man1 & a mess5g]2 ! fir/
 kept ! door1 ! second look$ out = !    
arrival ( visitors1 & ! ?ird took _!    
names to ,osiris4 ,no "o c\ld ent] a    
,hall )\t repeat+ ! "n ( x1 ( ! port]1 (
 ! wat*man1 & ( ! mess5g]4 ,accord+ to a
 late tradition ! ,gates ( ! ,k+dom (   
,osiris 7 tw5ty-"o 9 numb] 7,*apt]s     
,,cxlv & ,,cxlvi71 & ea* _h a magical   
"n1 & ea* 0 gu>d$ by "o or two gods1 ^: 

names _h to be repeat$ by ! deceas$ be=e
 he c\ld pass4 ,*apt] ,,cxlviii suppli$ 
! deceas$ ) ! names ( ! ,sev5 ,c[s & _! 
,bull on :i* ! gods 7 suppos$ to fe$4   
,*apt]s ,,cxlix & ,,cl give ! names ( ! 
,f\rte5 ,aats1 or di/ricts1 ( ! ,k+dom (
 ,osiris4 ,*apt] 99,,cli-,a & 99,,cli-,b
 give a picture ( ! mummy *amb] & !     
magical texts t 7 necess>y = !          
protection ( bo? ! *amb] & ! mummy 9 x4 
,*apt] ,,clii provid$ a h\se = ! deceas$
 9 ! ,cele/ial ,anu1 & ,*apt]           
99,,cliii-,a & 99,,cliii-,b enabl$ 8 s\l
 to avoid capture 9 ! net ( ! sn>] (    
s\ls4 ,*apt] ,,cliv is an address to    
,osiris 9 :i* ! deceas$ says1 ,i %all n 
decay1 nor rot1 nor putrefy1 nor become 
worms1 nor see corruption4 ,i %all h my 
be+1 ,i %all live1 ,i %all fl\ri%1 ,i   
%all rise up 9 peace4 ,*apt]s           
,,clv-,,clxvii are spells :i* 7 engrav$ 
on ! amulets1 giv+ ! deceas$ !          
protection ( ,ra1 ,osiris1 ,isis1       
,horus1 & o!r gods4 ,! rema9+ ,*apt]s   
7,,clxviii-,,cxc7 are ( a miscellane\s  

"*1 & few ( !m are f\nd 9 m ?an "o or   
two papyri ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,a few  
conta9 hymns t are n old] ?an !         
,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 & "o is an extract 
f ! text on ! ,pyramid ( ,unas 7l9es    
#cgi-cii74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ is1 p]haps1   
,*apt] ,,clxxv1 :i* describes ! ,tuat z 
airless1 wat]less1 & lightless4 ,9 ?is  
*apt] ! deceas$ is assur$ ( immortality 
9 ! words1 ,?\ %alt live = millions (   
millions ( ye>s1 a life ( millions (    
ye>s4   ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge4         
,dep>tm5t ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian       
,antiquities1 ,briti% ,museum4  ,april  
#ae1 #aibj4      ,note4  ,! ,tru/ees ( !
 ,briti% ,museum h publi%$3--  #a4      
,col\r$ facsimile ( ! ,papyrus (        
,hunef]1 ,x,i,xth dyna/y1 ) hi]oglyphic 
transcript & translation4 #aa plates1   
l>ge folio4  #b4 ,col\r$ facsimile ( !  
,papyrus ( ,anhai1 ,x,x,ist dyna/y1 )   
hi]oglyphic transcript & translation4 #h
 plates1 l>ge folio4  #c4 ,collotype    
reproduction ( ! ,papyrus ( ,que5       
,net*emet1 ,x,x,ist dyna/y1 )           

hi]oglyphic transcript & translation4   
#ab plates1 l>ge folio4  #d4 ,col\r$    
reproduction ( ! hi]atic text ( ! ,book 
( ,brea?+s1 ) hi]oglyphic transcript &  
translation4 ,) #b collotypes ( !       
vignettes1 l>ge folio4  #e4 ,hi]oglyphic
 transcript ( ! ,papyrus ( ,nu1 ) "o    
collotype plate4  ,nos4 #a-e are b\nd 9 
"o volume1 price #b #ajs4  #f4          
,collotype reproduction ( ! ,papyrus (  
,que5 ,nesi-ta-nebt-a%ru1 ) full        
descriptions ( ! vignettes1             
translations1 & introduction1 conta9+   
sev]al illu/rations1 & #aaf plates (    
hi]atic text4 ,l>ge #dto4 ,price #b     
#ajs4   ,,footnotes  #a ,see ,j\rnal de 
,trv\x1 ,june1 #agjd2 ,caylus1 ,antiq4  
,egypt41 tom4 ,i1 plate #ba2 ,d5on1     
,travels1 plates #acf & #acg2 &         
,description de l'gypte1 tom4 ,,ii1     
plate #fd ff4  #b ,copie ,figure d'un   
,r\leau de ,papyrus tr\v  ,?bes dans un 
tombeau des ,rois4 ,p>is1 ,,xiii-#ahje4 
,?is papyrus is ne>ly #cj feet 9 l5g? & 
0 br\ght to ,/rassburg by a payma/] 9   

,napoleon's ,army 9 ,egypt call$        
,p\ssielgue1 :o sold x to ,m4 ,cadet4   
#c ,hi]oglyphs4  #d ,! longe/ papyrus 9 
! _w is ,papyrus ,h>ris ,no4 #a 7,brit4 
,mus4 ,no4 #iiii72 x measures #acc feet 
by #a foot #d #a_/b in*es4  #e ,pyramid 
( ,pepi ,i1 ll4 #ffd & #ffb4  #f ,i4e41 
,tru?1 or ,law1 9 a d\ble aspect4  #g ,a
 "n ( ,osiris4  #h ,i4e41 ! ,"l to !    
utt]mo/ limit ( ev]y?+1 or ,god4  #i ,he
 0 accord+ to "o leg5d ! fir/born son ( 
,osiris4  #aj ,i4e41 ,i h kept ! ,moral 
& ,div9e ,law4  #aa ,i4e41 ! ,b5efic5t  
,be+1 a title ( ,osiris4